bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
looking about a bit: non-christian sources for the historical jesus
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gospels of the new testament have always been cherished by christians wanting to know what to believe and how to live. as we have seen, though, they are somewhat problematic for historians who want to know what really happened during the life of Jesus. We will need to consider carefully how to make appropriate use of these documents, if we want to reconstruct the life of the historical Jesus. That will be a task we undertake later. Before moving there, we should look around a bit to see if there are other sources outside of the New Testament Gospels for knowing what Jesus said and did—other accounts of his life that might provide us with independent information that is either less theologically motivated or, at the least, motivated by different concerns. Such sources might provide a kind of point of comparison for us, a check on the theological tendencies of the more familiar books of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. In this chapter we’ll consider accounts of Jesus produced by authors who did not believe in him.
finding a fit: jesus in context
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I intimated at the end of the previous chapter, we can’t simply jump into a consideration of jesus’ words and deeds, even based on a careful application of the criteria I’ve spelled out, without first considering something about their historical context. For if we don’t situate Jesus in his own context, we take him out of context, and almost certainly, then, we’ll misunderstand him. Before moving forward, let me emphasize this point.
jesus the apocalyptic prophet
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few authors in modern times can be said to have redirected the course of an entire field of study. In 1906, albert schweitzer did, with his brilliant monograph, The Quest of the Historical Jesus (original German title: Von Reimarus zu Wrede). Although not the first scholar to take the view of Jesus that was to become prevalent in the academy, Schweitzer was certainly the most forceful Like a handful of historians before him and a myriad since, Schweitzer was convinced that Jesus was an apocalypticist.
the apocalyptic teachings of jesus
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So, jesus was evidently an apocalypticist. What, though, did he actually say and do? These are the key questions, the goals towards which we’ve been driving since word one. And now that we’ve passed through the preliminaries we can put the pedal to the floor. In this chapter and the one that follows we’ll consider teachings of Jesus that appear to go directly back to him (as opposed to those that his later followers put on his lips—for example, many of the ones found in the Gospel of Thomas). In this chapter, we’ll consider teachings that are most obviously apocalyptic in nature; in chapter io we’ll look at other teachings, for example, those involving Jesus’ “ethics,” that are rooted in this apocalyptic context. In subsequent chapters we’ll go on to consider Jesus’ deeds, controversies, and experiences in a similar light. Throughout these discussions you should recall that we are trying to reconstruct what the historical Jesus himself actually said, based on the various criteria that I mapped out in Chapter 6 and in light of the context of his life as discussed in Chapter 7.
Monastic Theology
Authors: Evans G R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Where shall I turn, so that I may turn to thee, my Lord God? If l ascend into the heaven, you are there. If I descend into hell, you are there too’ (Psalm 138.8). Am I to turn up or down, to left or right? Bernard’s answer to himself in this dilemma is that he must turn into a different person. He must change himself into a ‘little one,’ so as to learn from him who is meek and lowly ofheart. The text Bernard is discussing is Joel 2.12-13: Convertimini adme in toto corde vestro, ‘turn to me with all your heart.’ If the Lord had said only ‘turn’ and added nothing more, it would be different, argues Bernard. But the additional words require us to take a long-term view. We are to turn to God. That kind of conversion is not achieved in a day; it takes a lifetime. A merely bodily and therefore outward conversion is a form and not the truth (forma... non veritas). We are told to deny our bodies their sensual pleasures, but that is not enough. Wretched is the man who deals only outwardly and does not understand his inner self. But at the same time, it is not enough to be converted only in spirit. The whole person must turn to God.
Exegesis and Theology
Authors: Evans G R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Your Word goes out from you irrevocably, Lord, and it will not come back to you empty, but it will do that which you sent it to do.’1 Bernard is speaking of Christ here, but the Bible, too, is God’s Word, and he is confident that the advice in the Bible is salvific: scriptura salubriter monet.2 What, then, does Scripture do? Scripture is a ‘witness’,3 testifying to God’s will. Bernard commonly uses scriptura as shorthand for scriptura sacra. The terms divina Scriptura and divina pagina are also to be found in his writings. The key ideas, never far separated and communicated by sacra and divina in this context, are the holiness and divine inspiration of this special text. Scripture, for Bernard, is the Word of salvation (verbum salutis},4 and, for him, the Bible was consequently the most important thing he read.
Positive Theology
Authors: Evans G R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bernard did not want theology to be novel. He wanted it to be right, that is, true to the faith, helpful to the salvation of the faithful. He was not a ‘reformer’ in any sense which involved seeking improved clarity and exactitude in the official formulation of statements of the faith, nor in seeking to challenge at any point what the Church had been teaching. His is the theology of ‘damage limitation’; he strove to place a check on what others had done and said, which he feared would injure the confidence of the faithful, their simple trust in what the Church taught them.
Morbidity in Primary Care
Authors: Starfield Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most approaches to characterizing health status in clinical practice are based on the frequency of individual diagnoses or on individual diagnoses grouped by organ system. This may not be the best approach for primary care practice. Many individuals have more than one diagnosis, and some diseases predispose to others. Thus, disease-by-disease approaches fail to capture morbidity experiences of individual patients or of populations of patients. Since primary care is focused on patients and on patient populations rather than on their diseases, approaches that characterize morbidity according to the different manifestations of health and illness would be more useful in primary care. This chapter discusses the challenges to characterizing morbidity patterns in these different ways.
Duns Scotus, Philosophy, And Theology
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Duns Scotus is, along with Thomas Aquinas, perhaps the greatest of the medieval theologians and certainly the one who inspired the most interest in the centuries after his death. But we know nothing of his life other than a few bare facts. Scotus was a Franciscan friar and, thus, a member of one of the two most intellectually active orders of the time (the other, of course, being the Dominicans). One of the few definite dates we have for Scotus’s life is his ordination: 17 March 1291, at St. Andrew’s Priory, Northampton, which like Oxford was in the diocese of Lincoln. But this date allows us to hazard reasonably secure estimates for other dates, too. The minimum canonical age for ordination was twenty-five, so Scotus must have been born before 17 March 1266. And we know that the bishop of Lincoln conducted an ordination on 23 December 1290, at Wycombe. Assuming that Scotus would have been ordained at the earliest opportunity allowed by canon law, he must have not yet turned twenty-five by the time of the December ordination. This places his birth late in 1265 or early in 1266. We learn from John Major’sHistory of Greater Britain that Duns, just north of the border into Scotland, was the place of his birth.
God: Existence, Unicity, And Simplicity
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The philosophical discipline responsible for proving God’s existence is metaphysics. God’s existence is the goal of metaphysics; so there is a crucial sense in which someone doing metaphysics is, for Scotus, doing natural theology. Scotus’s natural theology-what we can know of God without revelation, and consequently outside theological science-is sophisticated and of considerable complexity. Scotus clearly holds that God’s existence can be rationally proved. In some ways, Scotus’s natural theology is not unlike that of Aquinas. Like Aquinas, Scotus first attempts to show that there is some kind of entity that is prior to everything else; he then attempts to show that this entity has certain attributes in virtue of which we can label it ‘God’.
God: Perfection, Infinity, And Religious Language
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We customarily talk about God in terms derived from our talk about creatures. In this chapter, I discuss Scotus’s account of religious language. Scotus claims that some words, when applied to God and creatures, have exactly the same meaning or sense in both cases. Such a word is univocal when applied to God and creatures. The view that Scotus opposes holds that words applied to God and creatures have at best analogical senses. Scotus’s view has some quite striking consequences for his account of divine simplicity. But before I discuss these questions, I shall look briefly at the sorts of attributes that Scotus thinks God has.
Humanity: Body, Soul, And Immortality
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The medievals, following Aristotle, analyze substances into two components: matter and form. Like Aristotle, they believe that an analysis of this sort is necessary to explain change. When one substance changes through some process-into another, something remains constant over the change. This ‘‘something’’ is ‘matter’. But matter is arranged in different ways-perhaps very different ways-before and after any change. The arrangement of matter is known as ‘form’, or more properly ‘substantial form’, though, as we shall see, not all forms are simply ways in which matter is arranged. Form is supposed to explain why a given substance is the sort of thing it is. The medieval again following Aristotle-label the forms of living things ‘souls’. Thus, the form of Felix the cat could be called Felix’s ‘soul’, for example. A soul is the sort of form in virtue of which a substance is alive.
Humanity: Freedom, Ethics, And Sin
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I want to look at Scotus’s account of human freedom, ethics, and sin (actual and original). Scotus’s ethics lays great stress on the range of human actions that could be commanded by God. And his account of freedom is similarly voluntaristic: the will is radically indetermined, free to make its own choices. Scotus’s account of freedom allows place for genuine wrong-doing or sin; not all of our bad actions are just mistakes. Scotus’s account of original sin, however, is in every respect weaker than the standard Augustinian one accepted by most of his contemporaries. The supernatural gifts of unfallen humanity were minimal, and their loss has only the smallest effect on human existence.
Humanity: Predestination, Merit, And Grace
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Christian tradition has consistently held that God predestines some people to salvation: the enjoyment of everlasting life and the vision of God. Why does God predestine some people in this way? One answer is that God foresees the good works these people perform, and decides on this basis to save them. This answer allows God to differentiate justly between people, and does clear justice to the possibility of God’s depriving some people of salvation. Scotus believes, however, that this answer is demonstrably false. As we saw in chapter 4, God knows future contingents merely on the basis of the free determinations of his will. So his knowledge of our free actions derives solely from the fact that he has decided that we will act in certain ways. So our actions have no casual role in the genesis of God’s knowledge of how we will act. Thus his decision about our salvation cannot in any sense be caused by our actions.
Sacraments
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to Scotus, humanity has always needed signs of God’s activity. In the time of the New Covenant, sealed in Jesus’ blood, wayfaring humanity is in its closest state to beatitude. In this state, it consequently requires the most perfect signs of God’s salvific activity. The sacraments are such signs. They signify most appropriately the grace God confers through them. And the seven sacraments-baptism, Eucharist, confirmation, confession, unction, marriage, and ordination-correspond supernaturally to the seven requirements of natural life, individual and social: birth, nutrition, physical exercise, healing after illness, preparation for death, procreation, and the creation of spiritual leaders. According to Scotus, citing the standard scriptural texts, these seven sacraments were instituted by Christ himself.
The Building Blocks of Lean Retailing
Authors: Abernathy Frederick H , Dunlop John T , Hammond Janice H , Weil David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let’s reconsider the keys to effective retailing: providing customers with a variety of desirable products, procuring those products at a low enough cost to make a profit, marketing them well, and charging prices that reflect customers’ willingness to pay. Lean retailers still adhere to these principles-offering a variety of products, good marketing, and merchandising-just as a traditional player like Wanamaker did. But, as the opening quote indicates, today’s retail powerhouses have added a new twist: They also focus on continuously adjusting the supply of products offered to consumers at each retail outlet to match actual levels of market demand, thereby reducing their exposure to the risks of selling perishable goods. Lean retailers now incorporate into their total cost functions for sourcing both direct product costs (as reflected in the wholesale prices charged by suppliers plus transportation costs) and the indirect costs associated with demand uncertainty-including stock-out costs, costs of markdowns and write offs, and inventory carrying costs.
The Impact of Lean Retailing
Authors: Abernathy Frederick H , Dunlop John T , Hammond Janice H , Weil David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So said one of Wal-Mart’s apparel suppliers in the early 1990s. If anything, even more suppliers at the close of the decade have found they must deal with lean retailers. An increasing number of manufacturers have adopted technologies that support the information exchange and distribution practices discussed in the previous chapters. Consider KGR, a New England supplier of women’s fashion clothing to major department stores. One executive noted in 1996, Three years ago, KGR had a problem. One of our largest accounts announced that we had only four months to implement EDI invoices with U.P.C.-level detail. Non-compliance meant losing business Implementing U.P.C.s seemed impossible, because over 90 percent of the company’s products are custom-made to order and have a life cycle of a single shipment.
Human Resources in Apparel
Authors: Abernathy Frederick H , Dunlop John T , Hammond Janice H , Weil David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the early 1990s, a major American shirtmaker faced steady erosion of its markets and profits. Like many other apparel manufacturers in the 1970s and 1980s, the company had sought to improve its competitive performance by reducing the direct labor content of its shirts. Specifically, it had perfected its system of apparel assembly to minimize the labor content in each step of the assembly process, but that left little room for further productivity improvements when the company faced a new crisis. For one thing, the small size of this shirt manufacturer compared with its textile suppliers meant it did not have the necessary clout to reduce the costs of materials; for another, the growing power of its retail customers, combined with the presence of offshore competitors, provided almost no leeway in terms of the prices it charged for products. To reduce the time it took to produce a specific item, the company turned to team-based assembly, but this also proved costly and time consuming. The shirtmaker confronted the very real possibility of bankruptcy.
The End of the Golden Age
Authors: Rojstaczer Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every year in the fall, the president of my university gives a speech to the faculty. It is telling of modern university life that few faculty members attend these speeches. With the growth of the university, there has been a good deal of decentralization, and the importance to the faculty of the opinions or actions of a university president are usually not all that great. There is also a significant level of apathy concerning the activities of the administration amongst faculty. Besides, a synopsis of the speech is dutifully printed in the weekly university paper and the full text can be found on the Web. At Duke, the speech is given in the same 150-seat lecture hall where I taught my first undergraduate class.
Progenitors of the Information Age The Development of Chips and Computers
Authors: Cortada James W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ground zero and the first minute of the Computer Revolution occurred at 9:00 A.M., April 21, 1952, at Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey. Representatives from more than thirty companies gathered for a six-day seminar on the transistor, learning about what would become the heart of the computer. The companies had paid a $25,000 fee for their representatives to attend, and with that attendance to sign up for the right to manufacture the transistor. If one had to pick the one time, place, and item that heralded the arrival of the computer, this event is as good as any because the key to understanding why the computer was such an American story depended more on appreciating how this machine was diffused than on how it was invented. The initial development of the computer for primarily military purposes occurred simultaneously in Great Britain and the United States, with smaller projects underway in Germany and in Poland, but the transistor was clearly a U.S. invention that we can precisely document as having been created at Bell Labs in the 1940s. It was the decision of American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T) to license this technology to other firms that made it possible for the transistor to work its way out of one company into many, and therefore to be used in ways unanticipated in the beginning. One of those unanticipated uses would be as the heart of this new machine we call the computer.
Introduction
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In late March of 1996, Richard Swift, CEO of Foster Wheeler Corporation, a $4.5 billion New Jersey-based engineering and construction giant, was invited by then secretary of commerce Ron Brown to participate in a U.S. trade mission to Bosnia. Because of other demands on his time, Swift had to decline. But Robert A. Whittaker, vice president of Foster Wheeler’s Energy Equipment Group and president of Foster Wheeler Energy International, believed it was important for the company to be represented and volunteered to participate. As the world now knows, the plane carrying Brown, Whittaker, and eleven other corporate executives crashed in the Bosnian mountains, killing all of them.
The Purge of the Forties
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I would ... have done with this business of judicially examining other people’s faiths. Justice Robert Jackson by 1940, war threats had made Arnerlcan authorities particularly sensitive to possible threats from any movements seen as active or tacit supporters of enemy powers. Prominent among these potential subversives were some major organizations on the religious periphery, which naturally included the Silver Shirts, with all their overt fascist trappings, but also some other conspicuous groups. Charges of disloyalty raised the stakes in the struggle against cult ex cesses, and serious official sanctions were imposed in the early 1940s. Because the courts were initially less supportive of minority religious rights than they would be later on, they permitted a broad purge of various unorthodox movements: by 1943/44, a newspaper headline about “Cult Arrests” or “Cult Leaders Held” might refer to any one of a dozen groups, in any part of the country. The chillier climate for religious tolerance was reflected in an outpouring of books and articles that attacked the fringe religions as part of a sinister cult phenomenon. This alarmist message was carried to the general public through films, magazines, and other popular culture outlets.
The New Boom 1960-1980
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Millions of people are searching desperately for a true Father-Magician, especially at a time when the clergy and the psychiatrists are raking rather a poor show, and do not seem to have the courage of their convictions, or of the1r fantasies. Alan Watts, “The Trickster Guru,” in The Essential Alan Watts though acknowledged as a menace during the 1940s, popular concern about cults faded dung the next decade, to the point of near invisibility in the media. The hiatus of public interest during the 1950s had important implications for later perceptions of cults, as many once-thriving occult and sectarian traditions were consigned to historical oblivion. With few acknowledged precedents, scholars and journalists assumed, wrongly, that the new spirituality of the 1960s and 1970s was an entirely new phenomenon. Observers scarcely knew how to explain this apparently unprecedented situation in which young people were drawn into odd or alien movements, seduced by fashion able gurus, and proclaiming a new miscall Age of Aquarius.
Devil Cults and Doomsday Cults 1980-2000
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the 1970s were characterized by a generalized panic over cults, later decides would be more specifically concerned over particular aspects of the religious fringe, namely satanic movements m the 1980s and doomsday cults in more recent years. Both targets differed widely from earlier movements like the Unification Church or ISK CON; the newly conceived threats wen” for less obvious than their predecessors. As in the 1930s, a period of Reaction moved inexorablyinto one of Speculation. While it was easy to document misdeeds by the controversial cults of the 1970s, the careers of later satanic groups were much more shadowy, and many observers would now accept that the whole satanic nightmare of the 1980s was based upon bogus claims and fabrications. The doomsday cults are harder to dismiss in that many assuredly did die in the confrontation at Waco and in movements like the Solar Temple and Heaven’s Gate, although the interpretation of tows deaths is still open to debate. The whole notion of “cult miss suicide” must be treated with scepticism, and at least some incident of mass fatalities were not the snidest they initially seemed. As in the case of devil worship, the mas media interpreted the c events through the eyes of anticultcrincs, who have a vested interest in presenting their enemies as more threatening and sinister than the available evidence would suggest.