bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison between measured and modelled open water evaporation from a reservoir in south‐east England
Authors: Finch J. W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEstimates of evaporation from large open water bodies are required for a variety of purposes in water resource management. The equilibrium temperature approach provides a means of taking into account the heat storage in the water body. The evaporation predicted by a model based on this method is tested against measured evaporation from a reservoir at Kempton Park, UK. The evaporation and water temperature predicted by the model are in good agreement with the measurements. The mean annual evaporation is predicted to almost the same accuracy as the measurements. Estimates of the monthly predicted evaporation have root mean square errors about three times those of the measurements. The error in the mean annual evaporation estimated without taking the heat storage into account is 16%. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The benthic macroinvertebrate community of the upper reaches of an Australian estuary that undergoes marked seasonal changes in hydrology
Authors: Kanandjembo A. N. , Platell M. E. , Potter I. C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBenthic macroinvertebrates were collected from the substrata of nearshore, shallow waters (depths <1 m) and offshore, deeper waters (depths 2·5–5 m) of three regions in the saline lower reaches of the tributary rivers that comprise the upper Swan Estuary in each season between winter 1995 and autumn 1997. Freshwater discharge in the two tributary rivers varied markedly during both years and consequently salinities in the upper estuary ranged from <1‰ in winter to >30‰ in autumn. The most abundant species, the galeommatid bivalve Arthritica semen, contributed >25% to the total numbers of macroinvertebrates in both shallow and deeper waters. The continuous reproduction, rapid growth, short life cycle and tolerance to a wide range of salinities, that characterize this species, represent ideal adaptations for life in a seasonally very variable environment. The overall number of species and density of benthic macroinvertebrates were typically greater in shallow than deeper waters. Species composition also differed significantly between water depths. The nereidid polychaete Ceratonereis aequisetis and mytilid bivalve Xenostrobus securis, which feed on plant material, were relatively far more abundant in shallow than deeper waters, whereas the reverse was true for the spionid polychaete Prionospio cirrifera and sabellid polychaete Desdemona ornata, which feed on the detrital material that settles out in deep waters. Heavy freshwater discharge in winter 1996 was accompanied by very marked changes in the richness, density and composition of species in shallow waters, but not in those of deeper waters where scouring would have been less pronounced. The species compositions in both the shallow and deeper waters of each region usually differed significantly among the seasons of each year and between the corresponding seasons in the different years. Region within the estuary had little or no influence on the species richness, density and faunal composition of benthic macroinvertebrates, even though the regions were located in two different tributary rivers. The above results demonstrate that, within each region, certain species were particularly successful in the first year, while others were more abundant in the second year, which in turn suggests that the benthic macroinvertebrate fauna of each region is responding to the same fine‐scale differences between environmental conditions in the two years. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of climate change on seasonal floods of a southern Quebec River Basin
Authors: Roy Luc , Leconte Robert , Brissette François P. , Marche Claude 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGlobal warming predicted by general circulation models (GCM) is now a more and more generally agreed upon effect. The impact of climate change on summer and fall flooding on the Châteauguay River Basin (2500 km2), located at the southern end of the Quebec province (Canada), was investigated using results from the Canadian GCM (CGCM1) and a coupled hydrology–hydraulics model of the basin. Three 20‐year periods, corresponding to 1975–1995, 2020–2040 and 2080–2100, were used for the analysis. For each period, 24‐h precipitation depths corresponding to the 20 and 100‐year return periods were determined from a frequency analysis of the summer–fall maximum 24‐h precipitations using a general extreme value frequency distribution. 24‐h rainfall hyetographs were generated using region‐specific cumulative distributions provided by the Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service. These hyetographs were then used as inputs to the hydrology–hydraulics model to simulate hydrographs, maximum discharge and maximum water levels at two sections of the river. Results indicate potentially very serious increases in the volume of runoff, maximum discharge and water level with future climate change scenarios. The changes get more drastic as longer return periods are considered. Increases of up to 250% of the maximum water discharge are encountered and water levels are significantly higher than the current flood levels. If realistic, these scenarios indicate that important decisions will have to be taken to alleviate future increases in flooding damages in what is already a flood prone river. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydraulic and mechanical properties of glacial sediments beneath Unteraargletscher, Switzerland: implications for glacier basal motion
Authors: Fischer Urs H. , Porter Philip R. , Schuler Thomas , Evans Andrew J. , Gudmundsson G. Hilmar 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe force on a ‘ploughmeter’ and subglacial water pressure have been measured in the same borehole at Unteraargletscher, Switzerland, in order to investigate ice–sediment coupling and the motion at the base of a soft‐bedded glacier. A strong inverse correlation of the recorded pressure and force fluctuations, in conjunction with a significant time lag between the two signals, suggests that pore‐water pressures directly affect the strength of the subglacial sediment. The lag is interpreted to reflect the time required for the water‐pressure wave to propagate through the pores of the sediment to the depth of the ploughmeter. Analysis of the propagation velocity of this pressure wave yielded an estimate of the hydraulic diffusivity, a key parameter necessary to characterize transient pore‐water flow. Furthermore, the inferred inverse relationship between pore‐water pressure and sediment strength implies that Coulomb‐plastic deformation is an appropriate rheological model for the sediment underlying Unteraargletscher. However, the sediment strength as derived from the ploughmeter data was found to be one order of magnitude smaller than that calculated for a Coulomb‐frictional material using the water‐pressure measurements. This significant discrepancy might result from pore‐water pressures in excess of hydrostatic down‐glacier from the ploughmeter. As the ploughmeter is dragged through the sediment, sediment is compressed. If the rate of this compression is large relative to the rate at which pore water can drain away, excess pore‐water pressures will develop that have the potential to weaken the sediment. The same process could lead to highly fluid sediment down‐glacier from clasts that protrude into the glacier sole and thus would otherwise provide the roughness to couple the glacier to its bed (Iverson, 1999). Rapidly sliding glaciers overlying sediments might therefore move predominantly by ‘ploughing’, which tends to focus basal motion near the glacier sole rather than at depth in the bed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial and temporal effects of wildfire on the hydrology of a steep rangeland watershed
Authors: Pierson Frederick B. , Robichaud Peter R. , Spaeth Kenneth E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWildfire is a major ecological process and management issue on western rangelands. The impacts of wildfire on hydrologic processes such as infiltration, runoff, and erosion are not well understood. Small‐plot rainfall simulation methods were applied in a rangeland wildfire setting to determine post‐fire hydrologic response. Infiltration and interrill erosion processes were measured immediately post‐fire and one year following the 1999 34 400 ha Denio fire in northwestern Nevada. Plot‐scale spatial and temporal variability in fire impacts was compared with adjacent unburned areas. An index of water repellency was derived and used to quantify the influence of water‐repellent soil conditions on infiltration. Results indicate the impact of the fire on infiltration was localized primarily on coppice microsites directly under shrubs characterized by high surface litter accumulations. Coppice microsites had very uniform fire‐induced soil water repellency with 29 of 30 plots exhibiting at least a 10% reduction in initial infiltration with an average 28% reduction. Cumulative erosion was nearly four times higher on burned coppices compared with unburned coppices. The impact of the fire on infiltration and erosion was reduced, but still evident, 1 year after fire. Significant temporal variability in infiltration between years was observed on both burned and unburned areas, complicating the interpretation of fire impacts and hydrologic recovery following wildfire. Published in 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post‐fire, rainfall intensity–peak discharge relations for three mountainous watersheds in the western USA
Authors: Moody John A. , Martin Deborah A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWildfire alters the hydrologic response of watersheds, including the peak discharges resulting from subsequent rainfall. Improving predictions of the magnitude of flooding that follows wildfire is needed because of the increase in human population at risk in the wildland–urban interface. Because this wildland–urban interface is typically in mountainous terrain, we investigated rainfall‐runoff relations by measuring the maximum 30 min rainfall intensity and the unit‐area peak discharge (peak discharge divided by the area burned) in three mountainous watersheds (17–26·8 km2) after a wildfire.We found rainfall‐runoff relations that relate the unit‐area peak discharges to the maximum 30 min rainfall intensities by a power law. These rainfall‐runoff relations appear to have a threshold value for the maximum 30 min rainfall intensity (around 10 mm h−1) such that, above this threshold, the magnitude of the flood peaks increases more rapidly with increases in intensity. This rainfall intensity could be used to set threshold limits in rain gauges that are part of an early‐warning flood system after wildfire. The maximum unit‐area peak discharges from these three burned watersheds ranged from 3·2 to 50 m3 s−1 km−2. These values could provide initial estimates of the upper limits of runoff that can be used to predict floods after wildfires in mountainous terrain. Published in 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A process for fire‐related debris flow initiation, Cerro Grande fire, New Mexico
Authors: Cannon Susan H. , Bigio Erica R. , Mine Edouard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this study we examine factors that pertain to the generation of debris flows from a basin recently burned by wildfire. Throughout the summer 2000 thunderstorm season, we monitored rain gauges, channel cross‐sections, hillslope transects, and nine sediment‐runoff traps deployed in a steep, 0·15 km2 basin burned by the May 2000 Cerro Grande fire in New Mexico. Debris flows were triggered in the monitored basin during a rainstorm on July 16, 2000, in response to a maximum 30 min rainfall intensity of 31 mm h−1 (return period of approximately 2 years). Eleven other storms occurred before and after the July storm; these storms resulted in significant runoff, but did not generate debris flows.The debris flows generated by the July 16 storm initiated on a broad, open hillslope as levee‐lined rills. The levees were composed of gravel‐ and cobble‐sized material supported by an abundant fine‐grained matrix. Debris‐flow deposits were observed only on the hillslopes and in the first and second‐order drainages of the monitored basin. No significant amounts of channel incision were measured following the passage of the debris flows, indicating that most of the material in the flows originated from the hillslopes.Sediment‐runoff concentrations of between 0·23 and 0·81 kg l−1 (with a mean of 0·42 kg l−1) were measured from the hillslope traps following the debris‐flow‐producing storm. These concentrations, however, were not unique to the July 16 storm. The materials entrained by the July 16 storm contained a higher proportion of silt‐ plus clay‐sized materials in the <2 mm fraction than the materials collected from storms that produced comparable sediment‐runoff concentrations but not debris flows. The difference in materials demonstrates the critical role of the availability of fine‐grained wood ash mantling the hillslopes in the runoff‐dominated generation of post‐wildfire debris flows. The highest sediment‐runoff concentrations, again not unique to debris‐flow production, were produced from maximum 30 min rainfall intensities greater than 20 mm h−1. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of stromal collagen in immunomodulation and prognosis of advanced gastric carcinoma
Authors: Ohno Satoshi , Tachibana Mitsuo , Fujii Toshiyuki , Ueda Shuhei , Kubota Hirofumi , Nagasue Naofumi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough several hypotheses have been proposed explaining the mechanisms of the immune‐privileged status of malignant tumors, the exact pathway is yet to be explored. Tumor stroma plays a vital role in the prognosis of cancer patients; however, the immunomodulatory impact of gastric cancer stroma has not been reported. We have evaluated the amount of stromal collagen and its impact on the infiltration of immune‐competent cells into the tumor cell nest in gastric carcinoma. Tissue specimens from 84 advanced gastric carcinoma patients who had undergone a curative resection were evaluated for host immune status (CD8+ T cells), tumor stromal reaction (AZAN staining), tumor Fas ligand expression and incidence of tumor cell apoptosis (by TUNEL). The number of apoptotic tumor cells (apoptotic index [AI]) increased proportionally with an increase in the number of CD8+ T cells within the cancer cell nest (nest CD8) (p= 0.0001). Nest CD8 was inversely correlated with the amount of stromal collagen (p< 0.0001). Nest CD8 and AI became independent predictors of patient survival (p= 0.0023 andp= 0.044, respectively) in Cox's multivariate analysis. The amount of stromal collagen was found to be a significant predictor of disease relapse in univariate analysis (p= 0.0010) but not in multivariate analysis (p= 0.4729). In conclusion, increased nest CD8 produced a survival advantage by inducing tumor cell apoptosis in gastric carcinoma patients. Increased tumor stromal collagen worked as a barrier for CD8+ T‐cell infiltration and might be one of the mechanisms of tumor escape from the host immune attack. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcriptional inactivation of TP73 expression in oligodendroglial tumors
Authors: Dong Shumin , Pang Jesse Chung‐sean , Hu Jie , Zhou Liang‐fu , Ng Ho‐keung 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe TP73 gene, located on chromosome 1p36.3, encodes a product that shares significant structural homology with the tumor suppressor TP53. The aim of this study was to investigate whether TP73 is involved in the development of oligodendroglial tumors, which frequently carry deletions involving 1p36.3. Semi‐quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction was used to determine TP73 transcript levels. Ten of 24 (42%) tumors showed negligible to more than 5‐fold reduction in TP73 expression when compared to normal brain level. To identify potential mechanisms that may modulate TP73 transcription in oligodendroglial tumors, we performed mutation analysis on the TP73 gene. No somatic mutations were however detected in the gene sequence. We then evaluated the possible involvement of epigenetic change in TP73 expression. Bisulfite genomic sequencing detected aberrant hypermethylation at the 5′ region upstream and including the first exon of the TP73 gene in 17 of 44 (39%) oligodendroglial tumors, whereas normal brain tissues showed no methylation in the same region examined. Moreover, 6 of 10 (60%) tumors with negligible or decreased levels of TP73 transcripts were methylation‐positive. In conclusion, our results showed that inactivation of TP73 occurs at the transcriptional level and is associated with promotor hypermethylation. Loss of or reduced TP73 transcript expression may contribute to the tumorigenesis of oligodendroglial tumors. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of tumor growth by systemic treatment with thrombospondin‐1 peptide mimetics
Authors: Reiher Frank K. , Volpert Olga V. , Jimenez Benilde , Crawford Susan E. , Dinney Colin P. , Henkin Jack , Haviv Fortuna , Bouck Noel P. , Campbell Steven C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMany normal human cells produce thrombospondin‐1 (TSP‐1), a potent antiangiogenic protein that promotes vascular quiescence. In various organ systems, including the brain, breast and bladder and in fibroblasts, TSP‐1 secretion is reduced during tumorigenesis, thereby allowing induction of the vigorous neovascularization required for tumor growth and metastasis. Full‐length and short TSP‐1–derived peptides inhibit angiogenesis by inducing endothelial cell apoptosis and thus disrupting the vasculature of the growing tumor. CD36 expressed on the surface of endothelial cells functions as the primary antiangiogenic receptor for TSP‐1. A D‐isoleucyl enantiomer of a TSP‐1 heptapeptide specifically inhibits the proliferation and migration of capillary endothelial cells. DI‐TSP, an approximately 1 kDa capped version of this peptide, is also antiangiogenic in vitro, with a specific activity approaching that of the 450 kDa parental molecule. Here, we show that DI‐TSP delivered systemically dose‐dependently inhibits the growth of murine melanoma metastases in syngeneic animals and that its more soluble isomer, DI‐TSPa, similarly blocks the progression of primary human bladder tumors in an orthotopic model in immune‐deficient mice. Like intact TSP‐1, these peptide mimetics had no effect on cancer cells growing in vitro but markedly suppressed the growth of endothelial cells by inducing receptor‐dependent apoptosis. Antibodies raised against CD36 blocked the ability of peptides to induce apoptosis in endothelial cells but had no effect on tumor necrosis factor‐α–induced apoptosis. In vivo, the peptide mimetics were associated with a significantly reduced microvessel density and increased apoptotic indices in both the endothelial and tumor cell compartments. Such short peptides targeted to a specific antiangiogenic receptor, potent and easy to synthesize, show great promise as lead compounds in clinical antiangiogenic strategies. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on survival among HIV‐infected men with Kaposi sarcoma or non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Tam Henry K. , Zhang Zuo‐Feng , Jacobson Lisa P. , Margolick Joseph B. , Chmiel Joan S. , Rinaldo Charles , Detels Roger 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on survival in HIV‐infected patients with Kaposi sarcoma (KS) or non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is unknown. Our study examines survival after HAART for these 2 malignancies. Analyses were performed using data from 387 HIV‐infected men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) after a diagnosis of either KS or NHL in 1990–99. Potential prognostic factors, including HAART, were evaluated in univariate analyses using Kaplan‐Meier survival curves and log‐rank tests. Multivariate survival analyses were conducted using Cox's time‐dependent proportional hazards models, adjusting for CD4+cell levels at the time of cancer diagnosis and other covariates. Forty‐three of 287 KS patients (15%) and 13 of 100 NHL patients (13%) had been treated with HAART. HAART treatment was associated with improved survival for KS and NHL patients (log‐rankp= 0.0001 for each group). In multivariate analyses, HAART was associated with an 81% reduced risk of death among KS patients [relative hazard (RH) 0.19, 95% confidence limits (CL) (0.08, 0.45)], compared to those not exposed to HAART and an 84% reduced risk [RH 0.16, 95% CL (0.04, 0.64)] among NHL patients. Relative hazards estimates were similar for those with HAART initiation before and after NHL diagnosis. The use of HAART prolongs overall survival among HIV‐positive men diagnosed with KS and NHL. HAART appears to be effective in improving survival even when initiated after the diagnosis of NHL and KS. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Case‐control study evaluating the homogeneity and heterogeneity of risk factors between sinonasal and nasopharyngeal cancers
Authors: Zhu Kangmin , Levine Robert S. , Brann Edward A. , Hall H. Irene , Caplan Lee S. , Gnepp Douglas R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSinonasal cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer may share some risk factors because both are located within the upper aerodigestive tract. They may also have different etiological profiles because of anatomic or pathologic differences. However, the similarities and differences in risk factors have rarely been studied within the same population. We assessed the risk factor profiles of sinonasal and nasopharyngeal cancers, using data from a case‐control study. The 2 case groups consisted of men aged 31–59 and diagnosed pathologically with sinonasal cancer (n=70) and nasopharyngeal cancer (n=113), respectively. Controls were men without these cancers and selected from the same areas (n=1910). Logistic regression analysis showed that smoking was a risk factor for both sinonasal [odds ratio (OR)=2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–5.4] and nasopharyngeal cancer (OR=1.8, 95%CI 1.1–3.0). However, ever use of barbiturates without a prescription (OR=4.9, 95%CI 1.7–13.8), working with or around cutting oils on a job (OR=1.9, 95%CI 1.1–3.1) and ever having had sinus infections (OR=2.3, 95%CI 1.1–4.6) were associated with nasopharyngeal cancer only. Having received blood products other than a transfusion (OR=9.1, 95%CI 2.2–37.4) and exposure to a pesticide containing 2,4,5‐T (OR=5.9, 95%CI 1.5–23.7) were related to sinonasal cancer only. When data analyses were confined to squamous cell type, smoking and exposure to chlorophenols were related to squamous cell tumors at both sites. However, use of barbiturates and sinus problems other than infection only increased the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Our study suggests that except for smoking and chlorophenol exposure, which are associated with both sites, the risk factor profiles may differ between sinonasal and nasopharyngeal cancers. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detecting multiple objects under partial occlusion by integrating classification and tracking approaches
Authors: Foresti G.L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA visual‐based framework for detecting in real time multiple objects in real outdoor scenes is presented. The main novelty of the system is its capability to reduce the problems of partial occlusions and/or overlaps that occur very commonly in real scenes containing multiple moving objects. Overlaps and occlusions are dealt with by integrating classification and tracking procedures into a data‐fusion distributed sensory network. Neural tree‐based networks are applied to distinguish among isolated objects and groups of objects on the image plane. Extended Kalman filters are applied to estimate the number of objects in the scene, their position, and the related motion parameters. Experimental results on complex outdoor scenes with multiple moving objects are presented. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 11, 263–276, 2000