bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure trees and species trees: what they say about morphological development and evolution
Authors: Geeta R. 
Published: November 2003

SummaryThe evolutionary history of morphological structures generally is equated with that of the taxa that carry them. It is argued here that, analogous to genes, developmental genetic pathways underlying morphological structures may be subject to developmental evolutionary changes that result, for instance, in duplication (serial homology analogous to gene duplication and paralogy). Entities that undergo evolution are expected to be related to each other as a tree. Just as with molecular evolution, “structure trees” and species trees sometimes may be incongruent, with implications for morphological homology concepts. Detection of structure trees through morphological evolutionary analyses may point to an entity that is maintained through evolution, possibly in part because it is a developmentally integrated structure (“individualized”). This idea is illustrated in a morphological evolutionary analysis of leaf primordia. These analyses suggest that leaf primordia in monocots and close relatives are related to each other as a tree and, therefore, are developmentally integrated, evolving entities. Among monocot primordia this tree structure breaks down, and it is concluded that there is no entity, the “monocot leaf primordium.” However, one group of primordia is identified within monocots that have uniform characteristics and that are well represented by model species maize and rice. Such analyses of structure trees can facilitate the extrapolation and interpretation of results from molecular developmental and other comparative studies.
Intense Tai Chi Exercise Training and Fall Occurrences in Older, Transitionally Frail Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Wolf Steven L. , Sattin Richard W. , Kutner Michael , O'Grady Michael , Greenspan Arlene I. , Gregor Robert J. 
Published: November 2003

Objectives: To determine whether an intense tai chi (TC) exercise program could reduce the risk of falls more than a wellness education (WE) program in older adults meeting criteria for transitioning to frailty.Design: Randomized, controlled trial of 48 weeks duration.Setting: Twenty congregate living facilities in the greater Atlanta area.Participants: Sample of 291 women and 20 men aged 70 to 97.Measurements: Demographics, time to first fall and all subsequent falls, functional measures, Sickness Impact Profile, Centers for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression Scale, Activities‐specific Balance Confidence Scale, Falls Efficacy Scales, and adherence to interventions.Results: The risk ratio (RR) of falling was not statistically different in the TC group and the WE group (RR=0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.52–1.08), P=.13). Over the 48 weeks of intervention, 46% (n=132) of the participants did not fall; the percentage of participants that fell at least once was 47.6% for the TC group and 60.3% for the WE group.Conclusion: TC did not reduce the RR of falling in transitionally frail, older adults, but the direction of effect observed in this study, together with positive findings seen previously in more‐robust older adults, suggests that TC may be clinically important and should be evaluated further in this high‐risk population.
A Standardized Quality Assessment System To Evaluate Incontinence Care in the Nursing Home
Authors: Schnelle John F. , Cadogan Mary P. , Grbic Dragan , Bates‐jensen Barbara M. , Osterweil Dan , Yoshii June , Simmons Sandra F. 
Published: November 2003

Objectives: To demonstrate the reliability and feasibility of a standardized protocol to assess and score urinary incontinence care in nursing homes.Design: Descriptive.Setting: Eighteen nursing homes (NHs).Participants: Four hundred twenty‐six incontinent residents.Measurements: Resident interview data were used to score three quality indicators, and usable data were retrieved from 117 (27%) of 426 incontinent residents in 18 homes who were selected for interview based on evidence that they could accurately describe the care they received. Medical record data were used to score six quality indicators for a subset of 58 participants in five homes.Results: Zero to 98% of the participants were scored as receiving care consistent with the intent of the indicator across the nine indicators. All NHs failed to provide chart documentation of an assessment to determine an incontinent resident's appropriateness for a scheduled toileting program (0% passed). The absence of an assessment to determine a resident's potential responsiveness to toileting assistance may explain why 103 incontinent residents who were documented on the Minimum Data Set as being on a scheduled toileting program reported that they received the same number of toileting assists per day (1.3) as the group of 114 incontinent residents who were not on a scheduled toileting program (1.0). The received toileting assistance frequencies reported by both groups were too low to maintain continence.Conclusion: The standardized quality assessment system generated scores for nine incontinence quality indicators with good interrater reliability and provided explicit scoring rules that can facilitate replication. The focus of the indicators on care processes that are under the control of NH staff make the protocol useful for external survey and internal quality improvement purposes.
Occupational contact dermatitis to nickel: experience of the British dermatologists (EPIDERM) and occupational physicians (OPRA) surveillance schemes
Authors: Shum K W , Meyer J D , Chen Y , Cherry N , Gawkrodger D J 
Published: November 2003

Aims:To examine, from occupational surveillance reporting data, whether scheme reporters considered nickel exposure to play a role in occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) in the UK.Methods:Data on occupational skin disease in the UK are collected by two occupational disease surveillance schemes, EPIDERM and OPRA. Cases of OCD believed to have relevant nickel exposure reported to EPIDERM or OPRA from February 1993 to January 1999 were studied.Results:An estimate of 1190 cases of occupational contact dermatitis thought to have relevant nickel exposure (12% of total estimated OCD) was derived from reports by dermatologists, an average of 198 per year. The highest incidence rates were seen in hairdressers (23.9/100 000 workers/year), bar staff (4.7), chefs and cooks (4.4), retail cash and checkout operators (2.8), and catering assistants (2.5). From May 1994 to January 1999, 158 cases of nickel associated dermatitis (1.9% of total OCD cases) were estimated; the most frequently reported occupations were electronic assemblers, nurses, sales assistants, and general assemblers. From July 1997 to January 1999, 547 positive patch tests to nickel were reported; in 195 cases (36%), nickel was felt to be a relevant occupational allergen (for example, coin handling). In hairdressers, nurses, cooks, and beauticians, nickel was usually considered, if relevant at all, to be only one of several causes of dermatitis.Conclusions:Up to 12% of total estimated cases of OCD were thought to be due in part to nickel. Results suggest that nickel hypersensitivity is one of several contributors to OCD in subjects with multiple occupational exposures. Coin handling may be a source of OCD to nickel.
Investigating the dose-response relation between air pollution and total mortality in the APHEA-2 multicity project
Authors: Samoli E , Touloumi G , Zanobetti A , Le Tertre A , Schindler Chr , Atkinson R , Vonk J , Rossi G , Saez M , Rabczenko D , Schwartz J , Katsouyanni K 
Published: November 2003

Background:Several recent studies have reported significant health effects of air pollution even at low levels of air pollutants, but in most of these studies linear non-threshold relations were assumed.Aims:To investigate the NO2mortality dose-response association in nine cities participating in the APHEA-2 project using two different methods: the meta-smooth and the cubic spline method.Methods:The meta-smooth method developed by Schwartz and Zanobetti is based on combining individual city non-parametric smooth curves; the cubic spline method developed within the APHEA-2 project combines individual city estimates of cubic spline shaped dose-response relations. The meta-smooth method is easier and faster to implement, but the cubic spline method is more flexible for further investigation of possible heterogeneity in the dose-response curves among cities.Results:In the range of the pollutant common to all cities the two methods gave similar and comparable curves. Using the cubic spline method it was found that smoking prevalence acts as an effect modifier with larger NO2effects on mortality at lower smoking prevalence.Conclusions:The NO2–mortality association in the cities included in the present analysis, could be adequately estimated using the linear model. However, investigation of the city specific dose-response curves should precede the application of linear models.
BOUNDED GENERATION AND LINEAR GROUPS
Authors: ABÉRT MIKLÓS , LUBOTZKY ALEXANDER , PYBER LÁSZLÓ 
Published: November 2003

A group Γ is called boundedly generated (BG) if it is the set-theoretic product of finitely many cyclic subgroups. We show that a BG group has only abelian by finite images in positive characteristic representations.We use this to reprove and generalize Rapinchuk's theorem by showing that a BG group with the FAb property has only finitely many irreducible representations in any given dimension over any field. We also give a structure theorem for the profinite completion G of such a group Γ.On the other hand, we exhibit boundedly generated profinite FAb groups which do not satisfy this structure theorem.
Looking Back—Dean's Address
Authors: RajaRayan Raj K 
Published: November 2003

General dental practitioners have been part of The Royal College of Surgeons of England since the LDS RCS examinations in 1860. For 87 years, it was the general dentists who were part of the College. Later, the political necessity of introducing hospital dentists to the National Health Service changed the ethos for dentists with the formation of the Faculty of Dental Surgery in 1947. Secondary care dentists became entrenched within The College at the expense of the majority of those who practised dentistry to the same level as secondary care dentists. It took a further 45 years before general practitioners could return to their home. The Faculty of General Dental Practitioners (UK), within a short space of time, has become the largest Faculty for dentists within any of the Royal Colleges. This article includes excerpts from the Dean's address at the Ceremony of Presentation of Diplomates held on 3rd March 2001 (see page 75). It unveils the accidents of history which formulated a Royal College, the perseverance of committed dentists which took them into the fold of The College. It describes the beginning of the Faculty of Dental Surgery and unravels the story of the Advisory Board in General Dental Practice which later became the Faculty of General Dental Practitioners (UK). The next article ‘Looking Forwards’ will describe a way forward for this Faculty, which has grown up all too quickly in a rapidly changing world.
Risks and Values in Treatment Decision Making
Authors: Kay Elizabeth J 
Published: November 2003

The 1984 Oral Health Strategy defined oral health as a subjective state rather than an objective one. It also made clear that oral health was far more than the mere absence of oral disease. Healthcare outcomes can therefore only be evaluated by the individual receiving healthcare rather than by those who provide it. The task of the healthcare provider is to determine the probability of achieving particular health outcomes. Weighting the value of an outcome by the probability with which it will occur can inform decision-making. The decisions which result from using such a system are sometimes counterintuitive but ensure that the patient's values are fully incorporated into the decision-making process. This is particularly important in cases where the problem is aesthetic rather than pathological. Patients’ evaluations of health outcomes are also known as health state utilities. Even if only considered implicitly, use of utility weighting ensures that patient consent is informed consent and encourages communication and understanding between patient and practitioners.
Adaptive Composite Systems: Modeling and Applications
Authors: Suleman A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn the past decade, technological developments in materials and computer sciences have evolved to the point where their synergistic combination have culminated in a new field of multidisciplinary research in adaptation. The advances in material sciences have provided a comprehensive and theoretical framework for implementing multifunctionality in materials, and the development of high speed digital computers has permitted transforming that framework into methodologies for practical design and production. The concept is elementary: a highly integrated sensor system provides data on the structural environment to a processing and control system which in turn signals integrated actuators to modify the structural properties appropriately.Multifunctional materials embedded in adaptive composite systems have presented exceptional promise in engineering design problems that require solutions in active vibration suppression, shape control, and noise attenuation. Piezoelectric materials, shape memory alloys, and magnetostrictive materials are the three most recognized types. These materials develop strains or displacements when exposed to electric, thermal, and magnetic fields, respectively.
Cure and Health Monitoring
Authors: Fukuda Takehito , Kosaka Tatsuro 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe smart monitoring system has evolved due to advances in sensors, sensing methods, and communication technologies. The sensing function involves sensors, signal sources, and signal detectors. Measured data are analyzed by a signal processor using an appropriate analytical approach. The analyzed results are reported to operators or observers. In the old days, human beings performed these functions. Today, they are replaced by sensor devices, computers, and communication networks. For example, a fire alarm system consists of a temperature sensor, a microcomputer, and an alarm. Furthermore, the recent development in sensors and computers make these devices so small and light that they can be integrated into structures. An integrated monitoring system makes the materials and structures “smart”, and then it can be called a “smart” monitoring system.The smart monitoring system has mainly two practical, commercial targets. One is “manufacturing process monitoring” and another is “health monitoring.” The former is a technique for monitoring the state of materials in the manufacturing process. Monitoring of the molding process for thermosetting polymers, called “cure monitoring,” has been especially focused on polymer matrix composites (PMCs). In manufacturing process monitoring, the chemical and physical state of materials and the integrity of products are monitored. The collected data can also be used for optimal control of the forming process to improve efficiency. Monitoring the integrity of the product makes it unnecessary to inspect after manufacture. Then, the manufacturing cost can be reduced by introducing this technique. Health monitoring, on the other hand is a technique for monitoring the condition of materials and structures in operation. In the last decade, health monitoring has become a hot issue especially in aerospace and civil structures. These structures suffer from mechanical and thermal fatigue, long exposure time, and natural disasters such as earthquakes and typhoons. Thus, periodic inspections are required to maintain the safety of these structures adequately. However, the inspection cost of large structures is very high, and operation must be interrupted during the inspection. Therefore, real‐time health monitoring promises to reduce maintenance costs and to improve reliability. By combining these two monitoring techniques, it is possible to monitor the state of materials and structures from their beginnings to their ends. This means that the quality of products can be ensured continuously at low cost. Therefore, the idea is a very attractive solution for reducing the total cost of ownership, including the price, maintenance, and operating cost. Details on these tapes are given.
Electrically Conductive Adhesives for Electronic Applications
Authors: Lu Daoqiang , Wong C.P. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSoldering processes using tin/lead solders (Sn/Pb) are standard interconnection technologies for electronic components on printed circuit boards (PCBs). The most common reflow soldering process for surface mounted technology (SMT) uses tin/lead solder pastes. The pressure to reduce the industrial use of lead is growing, particularly in Europe. Lead is a well‐known hazard to human health. Even small quantities can damage the brain, nervous system, liver, and kidneys when ingested. When Sn/Pb solders are disposed of in landfills, lead can leach into soils and pollute ground water. As such, the pressure to remove or minimize the use of lead is steadily building. Most European communities, in fact, have proposed a ban on the landfill disposal of electronic products containing leaded printed circuit boards, as well as on the sale of products containing the metal. In United States, consumer electronics were identified as the second largest source of lead (30%) in the municipal solid waste stream after lead‐acid batteries (65%), which were already being separated from trash before disposal. Thus, usage of tin/lead solder paste in the SMT process is considered environmentally harmful and must be reduced or eliminated. Lead‐free and environmentally sound interconnect bonding processes are urgently needed. Among the possibilities are electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) and lead‐free solders. Compared to soldering technology, ECA technology can offer numerous advantages such as fewer processing steps which reduces processing cost, lowers the processing temperature which makes the use of heat‐sensitive and low cost substrates possible, and fine pitch capability.
Fish Aquatic Studies
Authors: Purdy Jesse E. , Eidson Harold D. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThough the application of smart materials and smart structures is widespread in the study of animal behavior, in this article the focus is on the application of smart materials and smart structures to fish aquatic studies. We concentrate on two specific aspects of behavioral studies of fish. First, operant conditioning, a laboratory technique used to study foraging, temperature regulation, and circadian rhythms in fish is examined. Second, the application of smart materials and smart structures to telemetry studies involving fish is discussed. Aquatic animal researchers have used telemetry technology to track fish to determine home range and movement patterns, quantify muscle movement to determine level of physical activity metabolism rates, and to assess temperature regulatory ability. For each of these applications, the use of such materials from a historical perspective is considered reader is brought up to date in terms of current technology. Specific details about the apparatus used by researchers that incorporates the use of smart materials and smart structures, and we provide several examples of the types of applications that researchers have developed are provided. In addition the findings that have resulted from using smart materials and smart structures are examined.This article is not meant to be exhaustive in its approach to the use of smart materials and smart structures in fish aquatic studies. The goal is to provide a representative set of applications that the reader could then explore in greater detail.
Health Monitoring (Structural) Using Wave Dynamics
Authors: Pines Darryll J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe extraction of the modal parameters of a structure for model‐based damage detection methods has received a considerable amount of attention in the literature. Many of these model‐based methods are widely used for problems of structural health monitoring of aerospace, civil, and mechanical systems. However, studies have shown that these methods have many limitations, including sensitivity to model uncertainty, changes in boundary conditions, insensitivity to incipient structural defects, and sensor and actuator placement. To counter these inherent problems, attention has focused on the development of alternative modeling approaches to describe the vibratory motion of structures under external excitation.One of the superposition of traveling waves that can traverse individual elements of a structure and reflect off boundaries to establish standing waves from constructive interference. These standing waves constitute the resonance or reverberant response of the structure and lead to reverberated transfer functions (RTF) from force excitation of sensor outputs. Common attributes of such frequency domain responses are characteristic pole‐zero patterns for collocated and noncollocated transfer functions. Using these frequency response functions, many methods have been developed to obtain modal properties of a variety of structures. However, often neglected in the process is that these RTF responses are comprised of the steady‐state superposition of incident and reflected traveling waves propagating along the structure. These traveling wave components can be used to identify local damage in structural systems.The idea of identifying damage using the scattering of transient structural waves is directly related to the dereverberated response of a structure.The concept of dereverberation is introduced, followed by a discussion of the way to obtain the DTF response of discrete and continuous structural elements. The DTF response is obtained from simulated nonuniform discrete and continuous structures. Finally, a damage detection method using the DTF response and a phase damage index method illustrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Polymaleamide–polymaleimide networks
Authors: Ivanov D. , Găină C. , Grigoraş C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPolymaleamide–polymaleimide networks were obtained as films by the thermal treatment of mixtures with different ratios of an aliphatic–aromatic polymaleamide (PMA) and 4,4′‐bis(maleimidodiphenylmethane) (BMI), in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrolidinone (NMP) as a solvent. The polymaleamides were synthesized by ring‐opening polyaddition of 1,6‐hexamethylene–bisisomaleimide with 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane in NMP at room temperature. The networks are infusible and insoluble in organic solvents; therefore, they were studied by solid‐state techniques such as IR, DSC, thermooptical analysis (TOA), TG/DTG analysis, and TEM. Thermal treatment of pure PMA and BMI occurs with the formation of crosslinked structures as proved by IR spectra. DSC and TOA curves show the appearance of chemical interactions between PMA and BMI in cured films and the formation of ordered morphologies, especially when BMI is the major component. TG/DTG and TEM results supported these observations. The PMA–polymaleimide network films present electrical insulator properties superior to individual polyamides or polyimides. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 779–788, 2004