bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prophetic Coalition
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter continues the discussion on coalitions in the Catholic Church started in Ch. 10, by describing the progressive or prophetic coalition – a coalition formed by charismatic leaders who draw mainly on hierophanic power. Vignettes are presented of two charismatic Church leaders in America who have attempted steps toward various reforms: Archbishop Rembert Weakland of Milwaukee, Wisconsin (who, among other things, advocates relaxation of celibacy for priests) and Bishop Kenneth Untener of Saginaw, Michigan (who has views on birth control, gender equality, and the ordination of women). The last part of the chapter discusses the joining of ranks by other bishops on these issues, the views of Catholic theologians, and those of the lower clergy, religious brothers and sisters, and the laity.
The Collapse of Celibate Exclusivity
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter contends that we are witnessing the collapse of celibate exclusivity in the Roman Catholic priesthood. Mandatory celibacy has already been identified as the major cause of decline in the priest population, and Catholic tradition is bound more deeply to sacerdotal sacramentalism than to male celibate exclusivity. The majority of Catholics would welcome a married (and gender‐inclusive) priesthood that would restore their rightful access to the sacraments, especially to the Eucharistic sacrifice of the Mass. It is argued that married men will be admitted to the priesthood during the lifetime of this generation of churchgoers, and a possible breakthrough scenario for this is presented.
Fixing God's Torah
Authors: Levy B. Barry 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The chapter is presented in two main parts. The first discusses the problem of whether or not it is possible to find or establish a letter‐perfect Torah text. The second looks at the subjection of scribal practices to halakhic determinations. It is pointed out at the end of the chapter that many rabbinic leaders over time (and now) have recognized the imperfection of the Torah, despite the insistence of many religious Jews that it is letter perfect. Furthermore, the halakhic literature continues to refine the text that has been transmitted through the ages.
Ibn Zimra's Responsum A: The Zohar, the Talmud, and Fixing the Torah Text
Authors: Levy B. Barry 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter and Chapters 3–5 explore the principles that underlie medieval rankings of various types of halakhic evidence for deciding on a number of questionable spellings of the Torah text, including an important shift in ranking that received much support in the sixteenth century; they centre on a closely related group of four responsa (responses to questions) about the accuracy of the Bible text and closely related matters, by Rabbi David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra (popularly known in English as Ibn Zimra, and in Hebrew as HaRaDBaZ). A careful look at Ibn Zimra's responses offers an important glimpse into how a leading sixteenth‐century rabbinic authority evaluated his predecessors’ treatments of textual questions and ranked the conflicting witnesses to the spellings or orthographic irregularities of certain biblical words; it also clarifies the halakhic literature's overall approach to fixing the Bible text and reveals what appears to be a major inconsistency in Ibn Zimra's attitude towards the Masorah (the collective textual notes and other additions to the text of the Torah itself). Translations of each responsum are given, and an analysis made of the sources and nuances of their author's arguments, with observations on the relationships between these documents and other issues and compositions of masoretic and halakhic importance. The first responsum, which is covered in this chapter, discusses the propriety of changing a word in the Torah to conform with the spelling evidenced by the Zohar. Following the Zohar's midrashic exposition, several people had changed the spelling of the word ’tw (’oto ), ‘him’, to ’wtw in two places. .
Ibn Zimra's Responsum B: The Masorah and Fixing the Torah Text
Authors: Levy B. Barry 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter and Chapters 2 and 4–5 explore the principles that underlie medieval rankings of various types of halakhic evidence for deciding on a number of questionable spellings of the Torah text, including an important shift in ranking that received much support in the sixteenth century; they centre on a closely related group of four responsa (responses to questions) about the accuracy of the Bible text and closely related matters, by Rabbi David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra (popularly known in English as Ibn Zimra, and in Hebrew as HaRaDBaZ). A careful look at Ibn Zimra's responses offers an important glimpse into how a leading sixteenth‐century rabbinic authority evaluated his predecessors’ treatments of textual questions and ranked the conflicting witnesses to the spellings or orthographic irregularities of certain biblical words; it also clarifies the halakhic literature's overall approach to fixing the Bible text and reveals what appears to be a major inconsistency in Ibn Zimra's attitude towards the Masorah (the collective textual notes and other additions to the text of the Torah itself). Translations of each responsum are given, and an analysis made of the sources and nuances of their author's arguments, with observations on the relationships between these documents and other issues and compositions of masoretic and halakhic importance. The second responsum, which is covered in this chapter, shares much with some well‐known medieval polemical literature, and is an important statement on the origin and authority of the Masorah and the extent to which it should be used to determine the correct spelling of biblical words.
Ibn Zimra's Responsum D: Logic and Vocalizing the Torah Text
Authors: Levy B. Barry 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter and Chapters 2–4 explore the principles that underlie medieval rankings of various types of halakhic evidence for deciding on a number of questionable spellings of the Torah text, including an important shift in ranking that received much support in the sixteenth century; they centre on a closely related group of four responsa (responses to questions) about the accuracy of the Bible text and closely related matters, by Rabbi David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra (popularly known in English as Ibn Zimra, and in Hebrew as HaRaDBaZ). A careful look at Ibn Zimra's responses offers an important glimpse into how a leading sixteenth century rabbinic authority evaluated his predecessors’ treatments of textual questions and ranked the conflicting witnesses to the spellings or orthographic irregularities of certain biblical words; it also clarifies the halakhic literature's overall approach to fixing the Bible text and reveals what appears to be a major inconsistency in Ibn Zimra's attitude towards the Masorah (the collective textual notes and other additions to the text of the Torah itself). Translations of each responsum are given, and an analysis made of the sources and nuances of their author's arguments, with observations on the relationships between these documents and other issues and compositions of masoretic and halakhic importance. The fourth responsum, which is covered in this chapter, comments on a medieval suggestion to change the traditional reading of hw’, ‘it’, in Lev. 25: 33 from hu’ to hi’.
Ibn Zimra, Ben Adret, Ibn Adoniyah, the Masorah, and Fixing the Torah Text in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Levy B. Barry 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter builds on the previous five, four of which (Chapters 2–5) analysed the closely related group of four responsa (responses to questions) about the accuracy of the Torah text and closely related matters, by Rabbi David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra. Ibn Zimra's approach was primarily halakhic, not masoretic, and to appreciate it an examination was made in the previous chapter of passages from both the halakhic and masoretic literature (the Masorah is the collective textual notes and other additions to the text of the Torah itself), especially the writings of Solomon ben Abraham Ben Adret, who was a prolific author and unchallenged rabbinic leader of Spanish Jewry until his death in 1310. The use by Ibn Zimra in his responsa of Ben Adret's responsum on matters of spelling in the Torah is considered. Also considered is the use by Ibn Zimra of Jacob ben Hayyim Ibn Adoniyah's masoretic Bible. A brief note is included on dating Ibn Zimra's responsa.
Fixing God's Torah Since the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Levy B. Barry 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
It is pointed out that the process of changing the text of the Torah is still continuing, as the evidence for doing this continues to grow and change. Moreover, despite the assurance that many previously questionable spellings have been settled to the satisfaction of the halakhic system, the historical fact that numerous conflicting readings (spellings and other variations) did (and still do) exist cannot be made to disappear. The text is testimony to both the care and precision of its preservation and to an extensive list of minor textual variations. Most of the variants in the postmedieval rabbinic literature are relatively minor, but there are quite a number, and examples of some of these passages are presented in this chapter. The current decoding craze (from an imperfect text that is treated as perfect for that purpose), and the possibility of the discovery of a new ‘old text’ of the Torah are also addressed.
United States: From Membership to Advocacy
Authors: Skocpol Theda 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter examines why voluntary associations in the United States were special, and how these fostered a special degree and kind of popular democratic engagement. Voluntary associations involved popular participation and mobilized people of different occupational and class backgrounds into the same or parallel groups. These served as schools of democratic citizenship by providing a large number of citizens with opportunities for active participation and democratic leverage.
A Decline of Social Capital? The German Case
Authors: Offe Claus , Fuchs Susanne 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Germany has not experienced a decline in social capital. However, it is difficult to tell whether the strength of social capital lies in the individual properties of citizens, collective properties of a local sort, or on overall institutional properties of political and economic regimes. A clear shift from company-, party-, and church-sponsored associations to more autonomous leisure-time-related associations such as sports clubs is observed.
2 A Cognitive Theory of Pretence
Authors: Nichols Shaun , Stich Stephen P. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractOne central theme of the book is that the capacity for mindreading implicates the capacity for pretense and imagination. In order to explain the processes underlying mindreading, it is vital to develop an account of the cognitive architecture subserving pretense and imagination. This chapter develops such an account and compares it to rival metarepresentational and simulation-theory accounts. On the account that is defended, pretense representations are contained in a separate mental workspace, a Possible World Box which is part of the basic architecture of the human mind. The representations in the Possible World Box can have the same content as beliefs, and are processed by the same inference mechanisms that operate over beliefs.
The Objectivity of Values
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Clarifies and defends a thesis that is implied by the conclusions of Ch. 2, namely, that values are as objective as propositional attitudes, since interpretation requires a shared framework of such attitudes and evaluations, which in turn constitutes a necessary condition for disagreement about values. Juxtaposes this thesis to two stances it should not be confused with, namely, relativism and realism about values. The author's claims do not amount to a value relativism, because the introduced relativisms to, e.g. time, place, and culture, merely stipulate what interpreters must come to understand in order to know whether they disagree or not; values themselves are as objective as the propositional attitudes that function in the processes of evaluation. Neither does objectivism about values amount to a value realism — the ontological position that values exist.
What Thought Requires
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Examines further the criteria for attributing thought to an object or creature by illuminating the relation between thought, language, and world on the one hand, and the sort of structure that thought and language require on the other. Examines the implications the Unified Theory has with regards to this relation, and challenges the widespread belief that we will not really understand the intentional attitudes, conceptualization, or language until we can give a purely extensional, physicalist account of them.
Paradoxes of Irrationality
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The author believes that large‐scale rationality on the part of the interpretant is essential to his interpretability, and therefore, in his view, to her having a mind. How, then are cases of irrationality, such as akrasia or self‐deception, judged by the interpretant's own standards, possible? He proposes that, in order to resolve the apparent paradoxes, one must distinguish between accepting a contradictory proposition and accepting separately each of two contradictory propositions, which are held apart, which in turn requires to conceive of the mind as containing a number of semi‐independent structures of interlocking beliefs, desires, emotions, memories, and other mental states.
The School Tradition of the Old Testament
Authors: Heaton E. W. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The books of the Old Testament are often thought of as being remote and ‘primitive’. In fact, they were written by thoroughly learned men, educated in the traditional schools of ancient Israel. This book presents a fresh and enlivening case for the strong influence that this schooling must have had on the writers of the stories, poetry and proverbs of the Bible. The eight Bampton Lectures that form the first eight chapters of this book were delivered in the University Church of St Mary the Virgin in Oxford, UK. The topics covered are: the evidence for schools in ancient Israel; comparisons between Egyptian and Israeli school-books and literature; ‘wisdom’ and school traditions in the Old Testament books of Proverbs and Ecclesiastes; the school tradition in the literary style of the teachings of the prophets and teachers; the narrative skills of the Jerusalem school tradition in the stories of the Old Testament; doubt and pessimism as expressed in Job and Ecclesiastes; and various aspects of belief and behaviour in the Old Testament, as reflected in the school tradition. The last chapter is a summing-up. The book is of interest to students and scholars of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) or religious studies, both in Judaism and Christianity.
The Eighteenth‐Century Religious Background
Authors: Harding Alan 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Eighteenth-century England presented a picture of substantial religious diversity. The Restoration Church of England had not regained all the ground lost after the Civil War, but despite some evidence of laxity among its clergy and institutions, the Church of the eighteenth century was not moribund. Roman Catholics and the various groups of Protestant Dissenters pursued an active independent existence through the century, but some of the latter (like some sections of the Church of England) were subject to doctrinal heterodoxy. The Evangelical Revival that encompassed the Church of England and established Dissent, as well as spawning new denominations, was a reaction against spiritual and theological laxity, and elevated the doctrine of grace in preference to High Church religious austerities.
The Life of the Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion
Authors: Harding Alan 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The chapter shows how itinerant preaching served to extend and nurture the work of the Connexion, where the initiative came from in opening new areas of work, how itinerancy was organised (including Lady Huntingdon’s personal role in this), and the source of funds for building chapels and running the Connexion. All the main reformed denominations were represented within the Connexion’s congregations; socially they appear to have consisted principally of artisans and small tradesmen. Ministry was supplied by students of Lady Huntingdon’s college, by Anglican clergymen, and occasionally by other established preachers. Other aspects of the Connexion discussed in this chapter include: instances of violent opposition; growing pressure for ministers to settle with congregations; sources of authority within congregations; the development of religious societies within the Connexion; pressures for regular Communion services; the use of the Anglican Prayer Book; the development of the Connexion’s own hymn book; the religious instruction of children; and the number, size, and catchment areas of congregations.
The Connexion, the Church of England and Dissent
Authors: Harding Alan 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The Connexion’s secession from the Church of England in the early 1780s was triggered by a successful legal challenge to the Countess’s right to place her London chapel, Spa Fields, under her protection as a peeress, forcing her to license it under the Toleration Act. The Connexion’s Anglican ties were loosening well before that point, however, and secession did not mark any generally discernible change in its relations with the bishops and other clergy: for example, a number of chapels had been licensed well before secession, and the Connexion’s own ordination (which first occurred in 1783) had been under occasional consideration since the mid-1770s. The strength of Anglican loyalty among Lady Huntingdon’s ministers differed widely: most of her original clerical helpers had withdrawn from service in the Connexion well before secession, but there were other beneficed clergymen who took an active part in the Connexion in the years after it. Relations with Dissenters varied considerably, from location to location, though there was always friction with the Baptists. After secession, the Connexion sought to present itself as a distinct group in, the middle ground between the Church and Dissent, but it was as a new Dissenting body that it seems generally to have been perceived.
The Reader and the Text
Authors: Carroll R. P. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis is the first of five chapters on the Old Testament and the reader, and addresses the question of the reader and the text. The first section looks at the social context of reading. The second outlines the three major groups of Bible readers: Jewish groups, Christian groups, and all other groups who read the Bible without commitment to either of these original/foundational groups—such as members of other religions and secularists. The third section discusses Enlightenment and post‐Enlightenment approaches taken to the Bible in the Western world in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and after, and also looks at postmodern critics of this approach. The fourth section, New Reading Strategies, discusses ideological criticism, the postmodern Bible, feminist readings, ethnicity, and fundamentalism.
Feminist Study of the Old Testament
Authors: Exum J. Cheryl 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis is the fourth of five chapters on the Old Testament and the reader, and reviews feminist study of the Old Testament. It describes feminist criticism as one of the most significant intellectual developments of the twentieth century, and notes that biblical interpretation of this kind is not likely to be disinterested although feminist critics are more likely than most to admit their ideological presuppositions. These presuppositions, like those of other postmodern approaches, provide a compelling challenge to the dominant paradigms of ‘objective’ biblical scholarship through their recognition of the constructedness of history, gender, and self. Many and various examples of the vast and growing biblical feminist criticism are discussed through the chapter, looking, among other things, at the different methodological approaches taken, the strategies employed for getting at women's perspectives in androcentric texts, the search for traces of women's discourses in biblical texts, intertextual and cross‐cultural analysis, and gender studies.
Old Testament Ethics
Authors: Rogerson J. W. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis is the last of five chapters on the Old Testament and the reader, and is devoted to a discussion of Old Testament ethics. Begins by outlining possible reasons for people being interested in Old Testament ethics, and then discusses the strategies employed in each of these approaches. Four reasons for ethical study are advanced: first, from a confessional (religious/theological/devotional) standpoint, it could be maintained that the Old Testament in some sense contains the revealed will of God and that its ethical teaching therefore makes a claim upon Jews and Christians if not upon all humanity; a second reason springs from the conviction that the confessional position is mistaken and that it is the duty of scholarship to expose the crudities of Old Testament morality in order to prevent humankind from being subjected to its claims; a third answer might be that the study of Old Testament ethics is a valid subject in its own right, as is the study of the ethics of the Greeks or of the historical background to the Old Testament; a fourth response might go further than this and say that because the Old Testament is a classic text, what it has to say on ethical matters is of interest to ethicists. The next section starts by discussing the fact that differing agendas have shaped approaches to Old Testament ethics in earlier periods of history, and goes on to review three recent large‐scale confessional attempts to deal with Old Testament ethics: those of Walter Kaiser, Christopher Wright, and Bruce Birch. The following section attempts to illustrate how different results can follow if different approaches are made to the Old Testament, and discusses the evidence of moral and ethical sensitivity within the biblical text, discourse ethics, and the need for a plurality of methods and approaches.
Hebrew Poetry
Authors: Watson W. G. E. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis is the last of five chapters on the text of the Old Testament, and discusses Hebrew poetry in the context of the Hebrew (Old Testament) Bible. The introductory section looks at recent work on the discovery of the verse traditions of the ancient Near East, and discusses the difficulty of reading Hebrew poetry, the Hebrew poet's resources (tradition versus innovation) and the poet's voice and the lyrical first person singular (the lyrical ‘I’). The second section discusses the issue of differentiating between prose and poetry, the third discusses metre and rhythm, and the fourth discusses parallelism. Further sections discuss building blocks (line, half‐line, and couplet), the segmentation of poems, repetition, the exploitation of sound, figurative language, and poetic diction. The last section of the chapter looks at the matter of holding the reader's attention.