bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship Context as a Moderator of Sources of Individual Differences in Empathic Development
Authors: Robinson Joann L , Zahn-Waxler Carolyn , Emde Robert N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The expression of empathy is a complex constellation of emotions and behaviors that optimally convey a sense of caring and concern for another in distress with the goal of relieving that distress (Batson et al., 1981; Davis, 1983; Robinson et al., 1994). Empathic behaviors in children are generally considered to be subject to socialization or social forces that encourage or restrict their expression. Much research on empathic development has considered the importance of socializing influences, especially in early childhood (see Eisenberg & Mussen, 1989 for a review.) Some research has also considered the role of contextual factors influencing the degree of altruism or empathy expressed. This has included consideration of the role of degree of relatedness of the “victim” or beneficiary of prosocial acts. In general, children and adults are more likely to provide assistance to someone in distress if the individual is an acquaintance rather than a stranger (Dovidio, 1984; Krebs, 1975; Willis et al., 1977). Research has also shown that the degree of acquaintance is an important factor in the prediction of altruistic acts. For example, school-age children are more likely to share with or help a friend compared to a nonfriend (Bengtsson & Johnson, 1987). Few studies have considered these processes during the transition from infancy to early childhood, the developmental phases when empathic and altruistic behaviors are emerging in the child’s behavioral repertoire.
Stellar Evolution
Authors: Hartquist T W , Dyson J E , Ruffle D P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The physical structures and properties of stars change as they age. In this chapter, we give an overview of the way stars evolve to set the context for our later discussions. The mass is by far the most important single factor determining a star’s structure and evolution. A corollary of this statement is that any significant mass loss from a star affects both its structure and subsequent evolution. Much of present research into stellar structure and evolution involves the study of stars whose masses change significantly as they evolve.
Basic Structures Of Winds And Windblown Bubbles
Authors: Hartquist T W , Dyson J E , Ruffle D P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand winds, explosions, and the bubbles they blow, one must first possess a command of a number of simple concepts of the theory of hydrodynamics. This theory is used to describe flows in nonmagnetized liquids and gases in which ions, electrons, atoms, and molecules collide with each other on length scales that are short compared to length scales associated with structures in the flows. The flows that we observe as part of our ordinary experience (e.g. waves on lakes, brisk winds on early winter days, and flames on gas stoves) all obey the laws of hydrodynamics. The ways in which pressure differences affect flows, sound waves, and shocks are addressed in this chapter.
Star Formation And Low-Mass Young Stellar Objects
Authors: Hartquist T W , Dyson J E , Ruffle D P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rotation, in conjunction with a magnetic field, drives the outflow of a low mass young stellar object (LMYSO), a young star with a mass a few times that of the Sun or less. The star formation process determines how a LMYSO rotates. Consequently, the nature of the outflow is intimately connected with the entire history of the LMYSO’s formation. Therefore, in this chapter we begin with a review of observations of giant molecular clouds (GMCs), which are the sites of most stellar birth in the Galaxy, and also provide an over view of the standard picture of the formation of a LMYSO.
Supernovae And Their Remnants
Authors: Hartquist T W , Dyson J E , Ruffle D P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An explosion eventually occurs in a highly evolved single star of sufficient mass or in a white dwarf that has accreted enough material from its companion in a binary system. Explosions give some individual stars optical luminosities that for a couple of months are more than a billion times that of the Sun. These sources, when in our Galaxy, have appeared suddenly as very bright, new objects in the sky. They are called supernovae because of their power and because the Latin word for new is nova, as mentioned in section 1.3. (Supernovae differ from novae, which are introduced in that section and are treated more fully in section 11.3.) Supernovae within the Milky Way have been rare during historical times. The last one was observed in 1604 and is named after Kepler.
Self-Deception in Service of Deceit
Authors: Trivers Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was interested in self-deception well before I became interested in evolutionary biology, and I was conscious of deception as a problem from a very early age. At the end of my freshman year at Harvard in 1962, when I left mathematics in despair and disrepute (stripped of my scholarships, placed on academic probation, etc.), I decided to devote my life—not to science— but to fighting the good fights in society, toward justice instead of truth.
Hot Spots in the Genome
Authors: Barondes Samuel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the members of Ana’s extended family were being evaluated clinically, great strides were being made in mapping human chromosomes. The starting material for this work was a set of standard DNA samples from several dozen families that had been collected in the 1980s at the Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) in Paris and distributed to geneticists around the world. Using the CEPH samples facilitated the relative positioning of newly discovered markers-mostly short tandem repeat polymorphisms (stirps)-on the emerging chromosome maps. These maps are continually updated through an international cooperative effort, as part of the Human Genome Project. Much of the mapping is being done in France at a foundation called Genethon (the name-derived from “gene telethon”-reflects its support by the French equivalent of the Jerry Lewis telethons that helped fund the discovery of the gene responsible for muscular dystrophy); Another major mapper of stirps is a consortium of American scientists, many of whom are organized as the Cooperative Human Linkage Center.
Introduction
Authors: Camie Andrew , Guilfoyle Eithne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until quite recently, the study of basic word order and correlates of ‘basic’ word order was limited to typological studies of language. The issue was either ignored by generative grammar or assumed to have no theoretical basis. Recent work in the minimalist approaches to principles and parameter syntax, however, has opened up the study of word orders, their derivations, and the correlates of those orders. Influential papers by Pollock (1989) and Chomsky (1991) provided a framework in which to develop a constrained view of phrase structure and predicate-argument placement. Kayne’s (1994) antisymmetric approach to phrase structure further constrains the possible word orders of language. In his view, the only underlying word order is subject-verb-object; all other word orders are derived from this order by one means or another. In this volume, we consider one subset of word orders—those that are verb initial; whether these orders are derived or not; whether there is a uniform derivation of the word orders; and whether there are any putative universal correlates of these orders.
VSO and VOS
Authors: Massam Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the verb initial theme through an examination of predicate fronting in the Polynesian language Niuean. Beginning with the V-fronting analysis advanced by Emonds (1980) and Sproat (1983), among others, two questions are addressed: Where does the Niuean fronted element land? And what sort of constituent undergoes fronting? In answering the first question in section 1, it is shown that the Niuean verb does not front to C or T, since another head, namely NEG, can appear between the complementizer/tense morpheme and the verb. This necessitates positing an additional functional head between C and VP, which, following convention, I label Infl Section 1 serves largely to describe Niuean fronting so as to place it in a typology of VSO languages. In sections 2 and 3, related issues are raised which have broader cross-linguistic and theoretical implications. In section 2, a brief examination of non-verbal predicate sentences, and of noun incorporation structures, leads to the conclusion that Niuean is not a verb-fronting language, but rather a predicate-fronting language.
V-Initial Languages
Authors: Rackowski Andrea , Travis Lisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kayne (1994) proposes a restrictive view of phrase structure which derives many aspects of X’-theory and also derives a universal underlying order of SVO. Cinque (1999) proposes an account of adverb ordering which includes a universal hierarchy of functional categories which introduce adverbial expressions into the syntax. In this chapter we investigate two verb initial languages within the context of Kayne’s view of phrase structure and Cinque’s view of adverbs. Given the restrictiveness of both these systems, we are forced to posit what would otherwise be very controversial structures to account for the word order of these languages (see, for example, the discussion in Freeze and Georgopoulos, this volume). However, we believe that these controversial structures lead us to questions that would not have otherwise been asked and to generalizations that would not have otherwise been observed.
Animacy Hierarchies and Sentence Processing
Authors: Minkoff Seth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers an explanation for the well-known observation that, in certain languages but not in others, the acceptability of any particular subject-object pairing in an unmarked transitive active declarative clause is determined according to a criterion along the lines of (1), by which an argument’s degree of animacy is determined by an animacy hierarchy minimally along the lines of (2), (See, for example, Hale 1973, Creamer 1974, and Witherspoon 1977.)
In a Casino
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some individuals have extraordinary memories when it comes to memorizing cards in a standard playing-card deck. For example, Dominic O’Brien from Great Britain memorized, on a single sighting, a random sequence of 40 separate decks of cards (2,080 cards in all) that had been shuffled together, with only one mistake! The fastest time on record for memorizing a single deck of shuffled cards is 42 seconds.
Dr. Googol was interested in similar feats of mental agility and was attending a card-memorization contest at the largest casino in the world—the Foxwoods Resort Casino in Ledyard, Connecticut. One of the casino’s employees, dressed as a Roman gladiator, came to him and slammed a deck of cards (Figure 3.1) on the table.
Where are the Ants?
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a child, Dr. Googol had an “ant farm” consisting of sand sandwiched between 2 plates of glass separated by several millimeters. When ants were added to the enclosure, they would soon tunnel into the sand, creating a maze of intricate paths and chambers. Since the space between the glass plates was very thin, confining the ants to a 2-dimensional world, it was always easy to observe the ants and their constructions. Every day, Dr. Googol added a little food and water to the enclosure.
A Ranking of the 10 Most influential Mathematicians
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the thousands of famous and important mathematicians who have affected the course of human history, which have most influenced our lives and our thoughts? Here is a ranking of the 10 most influential mathematicians who ever lived, starting with the most influential, Isaac Newton. (Anonymous persons, such as the first cave person to scratch numerical representations on cave walls, were disqualified from the list.)
A Ranking of the 10 Most influential Mathematicians Alive Today
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During his 8-year search for a proof, Wiles had brought together most of the breakthroughs in 20th-century number theory and incorporated them in one stupendous proof. Along the way, he created completely new mathematical methods and combined them with traditional ones in novel ways. In doing this, Wiles opened up novel lines of attack on many other mathematical problems and made tremendous contributions toward the resolution of long-standing fundamental problems in number theory. The problems that he has addressed on his own and jointly with others include the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjectures, the main conjecture of Iwasawa theory, and the Shimura-Taniyama-Weil conjecture. Wiles has been awarded the Schock Prize in Mathematics from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Prix Fermat from the Universite Paul Sabatier.
The 10 Mathematical Formulas That Changed the Face of the World
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol is not sure how the Nicaraguan government determined which particular formulas should be elevated to so high a status. Perhaps a survey was conducted among the mathematicians in the country. In addition to scientific merit, perhaps such practical issues as space limitations were considered so as to avoid long formulas on small stamps.
Creator Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol collaborated with Ken Shirriff of the University of California for much of the analysis of this problem. Ken wrote a computer program in C that not only searches for the minimal solutions for the first 1,500 integers but also searches for the number of minimal ways to construct a number. For example, without allowing concatenation (multidigit numbers), he finds that there are 208 different ways to write the number 20, and 1,128 different ways to write the number 21! Even more exciting is the fact that these 208 and 1,128 different ways to write minimal solutions change to just 2 ways and 1 way if concatenation is allowed. (After all, there is just 1 way to minimally write 21 by concatenating 2 and 1.)
The abcdefghij Problem
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Using the program code at we can compute values for the variables that satisfy the equation (ab)c = def X ghij. Here are some possibilities: (a = 4, b= 8, c = 3, d- 1, e = 9,/ = 2, g = 0, 5, i = 7, j = 6); Gz = 4, b = 8, c= 3, d = 5, e = 7,f= 6, g = 0, h= 1, i = 9,j = 2); (a = 8, b = 4, c= 3, d = 5, e= 7, f= 6, g- 1, h = 0, i-2,j = 9). Dr. Googol does not know if there are any solutions to a related problem: (ab)c = def X ghij.
Doughnut Loops
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol believes the solution in Table F98.1 is the best solution for the doughnut puzzle. Can you find equally long or longer solutions? The maximal path length seems to be 70. In the schematic illustration of the path, the first position of the sequence is marked 1, the second 2, and so on, and the last is marked 70. Assuming the upper left corner to be (1,1) and the lower right (20,15), then this sequence starts at (6,14) and ends at (20,15). The first few numbers on the path are 6 — 34 — 37 — 25 — 15 — 70 — 26 — 20 — 43 — 60 — 9 — 54 —. . . . Since the 54 is the twelfth number in this sequence, its position (1,10) is marked 12 in the solution diagram.
Everything You Wanted to Know about Triangles but Were Afraid to Ask
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pythagorean triangles with integral sides have been the subject of a huge amount of mathematical inquiry. For example, Albert Beiler, author of Recreations in the Theory of Numbers, has been interested in Pythagorean triangles with large consecutive leg values. These triangles are as rare as diamonds for small legs. Triangle 3-4-5 is the first of these exotic gems. The next such one is 21-20-29. The tenth such triangle is quite large: 27304197-27304196-38613965.
Faberge Eggs Synthesis
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Have you ever noticed that many of our ancient designs consist of symmetrical and repeating patterns? For example, consider the beautiful Moorish, Persian, and other motifs in tiled floors and cloths. Among Dr. Googol’s favorite ornamental patterns are those found on century-old Russian Easter eggs that wealthy individuals and members of the royal family gave to one another. Some of these eggs were made of gold and silver and decorated with enamel, precious stones, and miniature paintings. The most splendid were commissioned by the czar from Faberge, the leading firm of Russian jewelers at the turn of the 20th century.
Peruvian Laser Battle
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Have you ever heard of Peruvian Laser Battle?” Monica asked Dr. Googol as their canoe floated down the Amazon River, ten miles north of Iquitos, Peru. Dr. Googol shook his head. “Please tell me more.” “Peruvians love science fiction, and Laser Battle is the hottest new game in Iquitos. Imagine yourself leading a battle on the Peruvian plains. Your attackers are a horde of alien robots.”
Anchovy Marriage Test
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Monica responded first by throwing her pizza at Dr. Googol. Then she gave him the answers. 9 + 9 + 999 = 1,000, and 646 + 20 = 666 (the small stroke is applied to the first + symbol). A less creative solution is 6 + 6 + 20 ± 666. For the last problem, (666/6) X (66-65) = 111.
Introduction
Authors: Poletto Cecilia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this book is to investigate the syntax of the upper portion of the functional sentence structure on the basis of comparative data collected from the domain of a hundred Romance varieties in northern Italy. This geographical choice is justified by the fact that the dialects spoken in this area are quite homogeneous from a lexical, morphological, and syntactic point of view. They represent an ideal ground for analyzing microvariations in syntax, as the grammatical systems compared do not differ very much from one another. Thus, this is as near as we can get to a controlled scientific experiment, in which grammatical systems that differ only on the basis of a single feature are compared. In this manner, the single varying feature may be isolated and studied through controlled experiments, as there are no other factors to interfere with the definition of the phenomenon under investigation, while the rest of the grammar remains constant. This book is not intended as a typological study, describing the simple distribution facts of a given phenomenon, but rather it aims to determine which phenomena are correlated and in what way these relationships can be encoded into syntax. Therefore, this book does not report all varieties of the data investigated but focuses only on those data that are relevant to the analysis of the empirical domain mentioned above.
Rhaetoromance Verb Second
Authors: Poletto Cecilia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on a number of Central Rhaetoromance varieties that have maintained a V2 structure similar to that present in Old Romance texts (cf. Benincà 1995b for a detailed analysis of this phenomenon in Old French and in the medieval stage of northern Italian dialects; see Roberts 1993c for a proposal about Old French). An analysis of these very conservative dialects enables investigation into several interesting properties in the higher part of the CP field. Chapter 3 describes the variation shown by interrogative structures within the northern Italian domain. I propose that the comparative data about interrogative structures can be accounted for only by a split-CP perspective. Only one portion of the structure in Rizzi’s (1997) hypothesis of a split CP in a language like standard Italian is examined here, namely the subfield that is activated in interrogative structures. Rhaeto romance verb second will help us to focus on the higher portion of the CP domain.
Subjunctive Clauses
Authors: Poletto Cecilia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I consider several cases of complementizer deletion in subjunctive selected and nonselected clauses. I show that the inflected V raises higher in subjunctive than in indicative clauses. Moreover, the position of the verb varies, depending on the modal feature that the verb has to check: in optative and counter factual clauses, the verb moves higher than in suppletive imperatives. The syntactic space-encoding modal distinction is higher than TP and (the set of projections corresponding to) AgrS. Cinque (1999) provides arguments for five distinct modal FPs, each encoding a distinct modal feature and hosting a different type of adverb in its specifier position. The structure he proposes for the modal FPs is the following (see section 5.4.3.2 for discussion):
Cinque (1999) does not debate the question of whether this set of modal FPs is located in IP or in the CP layer.
The Foramen Of Monro
Authors: Jellinek Ernest H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alexander Monro “Secundus” (1733-1817) was, according to Guthrie, born to greatness. His grandfather John Monro (1670-1740), who had studied medicine at Leyden under his fellow Scot Archibald Pitcairne (1652-1713), became one of the protagonists of the foundation of a medical school at Edinburgh. John Monro trained his son Alexander Monro “Primus” (1697-1767) to become the first professor of anatomy at Edinburgh at the age of 22 in 1719, after periods with Hermann Boerhaave (1668-1753) in Leyden and with William Cheselden (1688-1752) in London. Monro Primus was joined in the chair by his son Alexander Secundus in 1768. Secundus later also occupied chairs in medicine and surgery, passing on his chair in anatomy in 1798 to his son Alexander Monro “Tertius” (1773-1859), who occupied the chair until 1846, keeping it a “family chair” for 126 years.
The Cushing Reflex
Authors: August H , Alphen M van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During his life, Harvey Williams Cushing (1869-1939) was considered the undisputed founder of modern neurosurgery.1-5 It is not easy, however, to assess what this image was based on. Even as a boy, he was unbearable. His hotheadedness led his &lt;PP - ) family to nickname him Pepper Pot. During his time at Yale University (1887-1891), his mother wrote to him: “Here is a little private word for my darling boy. May I say it without offence? You know that you have propensity to scold. Watch against it, my dear.”5 25 25 During his stay in Europe as a junior surgeon (1900), his parochial haughtiness coaxed a smile from his hosts and teachers on several occasions. After returning to America, while at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, he soon (1902) received a handwritten note from William Osler (1849-1919), to whom Cushing was very close, bearing the following text: You will not mind a reference to one point.
The Hoffmann-Tinel Sign
Authors: Spaans Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paul Hoffmann was born on 1July 1884 in Dorpat, Estonia, where his father was a professor of internal medicine.1 He studied medicine at the universities of Leipzig, Marburg, and Berlin, and in 1911 he was appointed assistant to Max von Frey (1852-1932) at the physiology institute ofWiirzburg University, where he mostly investigated muscle potentials and reflexes. During World War I he worked in several German field hospitals in France and later at a military hospital in Wurzburg,, where he wrote the reports about the sign that was later named after him.2•3 In 1920 he was the first to describe the reflex which can be obtained by electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves, the so-called H (or Hoffmann) reflex. He can be regarded as the founder of modern German neurophysiology.