bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reforming Sex
Authors: Grossmann Atina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reforming Sex reconstructs the complicated history of a movement that has been romanticized as the harbinger of 1960s sexual radicalism and demonized as a precursor to Nazi racial policy, but mostly buried and obscured by Nazi bookburnings and repression. Relying on a broad range of sources--from police reports, films and personal interviews to sex manuals unearthed from library basements and secondhand bookstores--the book analyzes a remarkable mass mobilization during the turbulent and innovative Weimar years of doctors and laypeople for women's right to abortion and public access to birth control and sex education.
On Special Representations Of Polynomials That Are Positive On A System Of Closed Intervals, And Some Applications
Authors: Krein M G , Levin B Ya. , Nudel’Man A A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present reserach arose as a result of studying and discussing a remarkable paper [1] of N. I. Akhiezer. In particular, in section 5.3.3 we consider a result of Akhiezer in the theory of spectral functions of a Sturm-Liouville equation of special form. When establishing this result, Akhiezer proved in passing the following proposition: It is obvious that, conversely, if a polynomial P(z) admits a representation of type (5.1), then it is positive on E.
On Polyhedral Annexation Method For Concave Minimization
Authors: Tuy Hoang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We shall be concerned with the problem of finding the global minimum of a concave function over a polytope. This problem, which is encountered in many applications (see, e.g., [1], [2]), can be considered as a central problem in global optimization, at least as far as deterministic methods are used. Actually, this is perhaps the simplest problem that exhibits in full all the typical computational difficulties of global optimization. Moreover, many deterministic algorithms so far developed for global optimization use concave minimization over polytopes as basic subroutines (see, e.g., [3]-[13]).
Psychosociology
Authors: Collier Gary , Minton Henry L , Reynolds Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If William McDougall’s (1908) textbook on social psychology is regarded as British, then it is relatively easy to defend the position that American social psychology developed as a sub discipline of sociology. In deed, during the first three decades of the twentieth century, sociology and social psychology were so closely associated that the two disciplines were almost identical. Eight of the eleven textbooks published between 1908 and 1928 were written by sociologists, and two others (Gualt, 1923; Dunlap, 1925) were written by psychologists from a perspective so similar as to be in distinguishable. The only exception was the text writ ten by Floyd H. Allport (1924), which will be discussed in Chapter 5.
Oil and Gas Forecasting
Authors: Drew Lawrence J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the candid and often colourful account of the personal experiences of a resource analyst; experiences that led to major contributions in the modelling and forecasting of petroleum discovery rates and of potential oil and gas supply. The author ‘s approach is largely nontechnical. He relates the difficulties encountered in integrating geoscience, economics, and statistics, and stresses the value of critically examining data before formulating theories or building formal models.
What Is the Role of Frontal Lobe Damage in Memory Disorders?
Authors: Shimamura Arthur P , Janowsky, Jeri S , Squire Larry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prefrontal cortex comprises over 29% of the cortical mantle in humans (see Fuster, 1989). It is richly connected to other cortical regions (e.g., association areas, limbic structures) as well as to various subcortical structures (e.g., the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus) (Barbas and Pandya, Chapter 2, this vol ume; Goldman-Rakic, 1987, Chapter 4, this volume; Fuster, 1989). Thus, it is not surprising that damage to the prefrontal cortex can cause a variety of days functions in humans-including disorders of affect, motor control, language, problem solving, and memory (for reviews: Hecaen and Albert, 1978; Luria, 1966; Milner, 1964; Milner et al., 1985; Schacter, 1987; Stuss and Benson, 1986).
Somatic Markers and the Guidance of Behavior: Theory and Preliminary Testing
Authors: Damasio Antonio R , Tranel, Daniel , Damasio Hanna C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theory proposed here evolved as a response to the challenge posed by patient EVR. As has been discussed elsewhere in detail (Eslinger and Damasio, 1985), patient EVR developed profoundly abnormal personality characteristics following a bilateral ablation of ventromedial frontal cortices, which was required for the surgical treatment of a meningioma. Prior to the appearance of the tumor and to surgery (which took place when EVR was age 35), EVR was, from all possible perspectives, a normal individual.
Delayed-Response Tasks: Parallels Between Experimental Ablation Studies and Findings in Patients with Frontal Lesions
Authors: Oscar-Berman Marlene , Mcnamara, Patrick , Freedman Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we begin by defining a category of tasks usually referred to as delayed-response tasks. In particular, we describe the classic direct method delayed-response (DR) task, and the spatial delayed alternation (DA) task. Next, we briefly outline the neuroanatomic systems important for performing DR and DA tasks, and we review results of DR and DA testing in several human populations with neurologic dysfunction. One of our goals is to contribute toward an understanding of two basic issues: (1) The extent to which prefrontal cortex may be involved in DR and DA performance in humans, and (2) the nature of the neuropsychologic functions necessary for the successful performance of DR and DA tasks by humans.
Liquid He
Authors: Isihara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Atmospheric He gas contains usually a minute amount of isotopic He atoms. Isotopic He atoms were separated out in small amounts in the 1940s. Although it was thought earlier that liquefaction could not be done, a gas of He was finally liquefied at Los Alamos in 1948. Subsequently, it became possible to obtain sufficient amounts of He by making use of the nuclear reaction of neutrons in lithium and the β-decay of the reaction product tritium. Liquid He attracted strong attention immediately because it is a Fermi liquid that is completely independent of electron systems and hence could be used as a new system to test Fermi liquid theory.
Polymers
Authors: Isihara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The shape of a chain polymer molecule in solutions depends on the molecular weight, its repeating units, the temperature, and the solvent. For a long flexible chain, it is convenient for theoretical consideration to introduce an effect repeating unit called a segment. The segments are more or less free from each other in orientation although they are connected. As such, each segment may consist of several monomers. The essential feature of their connectivity can be studied in terms of a simple pearl necklace model. The main point in using such a simple model comes from the expectation that as far as the dependence on the chain length is concerned, the internal structure of a segment will be irrelevant in the long-chain limit. This expectation is similar to the universality of the scaling laws near the critical points of second-order phase transitions, as we shall discuss later.
Life Histories, Unsolved Mysteries
Authors: Strier Karen B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One spring morning in 1990 I was watching Louise as she swung into a small legume tree next to the trail, and began eating the tiny young leaves sprouting from the branch tips. The rest of the group was scattered along the slope below her. Nilo, a young adult male, crossed into the tree to feed with Louise. He spotted some fresh shoots growing out of the ground, and descended the trunk to sit on the trail within a meter from where I stood. With a quick glance at me as I slowly sank down beside him, he began gently pulling handfuls of the tender shoots into his mouth. He was close enough to touch. I could smell his strong cinnamon scent, and hear his teeth snapping at the juicy greens. Nilo continued to feed for 5 minutes and then casually climbed back into the tree, where Louise was now resting. It had taken more than eight years for a muriqui to come to the ground so close to me.
Sociobiology of Plants: An Emerging Synthesis
Authors: Doust Jon Lovett , Doust Lesley Lovett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An exciting new synthesis is taking place within the literature of evolutionary biology. Botany, especially plant ecology, is being reexamined in light of theory derived from animal sociobiology. Greater communication between ecologists who study plants and those who study animals has led to some sharing and trading of concepts and contexts. Recently, for example, a number of workers have used the theory of sexual selection to explain intersexual differences in particular plant traits.
Monomorphic and Dimorphic Sexual Strategies: A Modular Approach
Authors: Cox Paul Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A seed plant has two possible pathways to transmit its genes to the next generation: pollen and/or ovules. The precise combination of pollen and ovules used to transmit genes depends on the types of sexual organs found within a single type of flower, the different types of flowers produced by a single individual, and the different types of individuals occurring within a population. Thus, compared to animals, plants have a wealth of means of varying their sexual expression.
Reproductive Ecology of Bryophytes
Authors: Mishler Brent d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The bryophytes, with some 25,000 species, are the second most diverse group ofland plants (behind the angiosperms) in terms of number of species, yet many aspects of their biology remain relatively under-studied, and reproductive ecology is no exception. This chapter has several goals, and since some of these differ from other chapters in this book, a few words of explanation are in order. The first goal is to present a picture of the evolutionary biology of bryophytes to general evolutionary ecologists who may not be fully aware of the unique or special features of this group.
Understanding the Created World
Authors: Weber Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I’m looking at the soup ladle in Figure 6.1. Why is it shaped this way instead of like the serving spoon next to it? What is the purpose behind its distinctive shape? Often we begin our understanding of an invention by determining its purpose. Strangely, it’s not always clear how to do this. Let’s look at two simple inventions, the soup ladle and the door knob, to see how we can determine purpose. Along the way, we will find out if it is a bad thing to be as dumb as a doorknob.
Multiple-Invention Heuristics: Linking
Authors: Weber Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I was younger, I always had a stationwagon. Not because I liked the ride or the way it responded or the exposure of cargo, but for reasons of economy. Ideally, I needed a sedan for the comfort it affords on longer trips and a pickup truck for all the junk I wanted to haul around. The stationwagon was a compromise, a kind of functional blend or interpolation between the sedan and the pickup truck. That’s an interesting new idea, that one invention can be between two others.
Discovering Heuristics
Authors: Weber Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Last week I bought a new set of tires for my car. I had to wait for some time for the tires to be put on, and, during my wait, I wandered through the counters and display of the sewing section of a nearby store. These experiences prompted me to think about two seemingly unrelated ideas: What are the origins of this device that moves us around so readily, this device we call the wheel? And where did the idea for sewing come from? Let’s use these questions as a vehicle for how to find heuristics, since by now you’re probably wondering where heuristics come from. The answer is simple enough. Usually, heuristics are tentative generalizations abstracted from actual cases of invention, and ideally they are tested for generality by seeing if they have explanatory power for other inventions.
Joining Biological and Economic Models for Conserving Plant Genetic Diversity
Authors: Falk Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intraspecific genetic diversity is a fundamental element in the modern concept of species. Although not necessarily prominent in the public understanding, the scientific view of species is not as a homogeneous set of organisms, but as a group of evolutionarily related individuals incorporating and expressing wide variety in genetically determined traits. This view of species as biological entities not only tolerates genetic variation, but depends on it; we recognize the importance of genetic variation in re production, in ecology, and in evolution and speciation itself (Lewontin 1974). Genetic variation is increasingly recognized as a basic component of population and community structure as well. We would no more consider a single specimen to capture the full functional, ecological, and evolutionary range of a species than we would consider one individual to represent human society.
Natural History and Epidemiology of Tobacco Use and Addiction
Authors: Fiore Michael C , Newcomb Polly , Mcbride Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While tobacco products have been consumed in the United States for many centuries, cigarette smoking was an uncommon behavior at the beginning of this century. In 1900, approximately 7 pounds of tobacco were consumed on a per capita basis for every adult in the United States (Shopland 1986). Of this, about 4 pounds were in the form of chewing tobacco, 1.6 pounds of pipe tobacco, and 0.3 pounds of snuff. In 1900, less than 1 pound of tobacco was consumed as cigars or cigarettes. By 1918, however, cigarette consumption had surpassed all other forms of tobacco use and the epidemic of cigarette smoking had begun.
Treating Nicotine Dependence in Medical Settings: A Stepped-Care Model
Authors: Orleans C Tracy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the rationale for treating nicotine dependence in health care set-tings and introduces a stepped-care model as a blueprint for intervention. It includes an overview of the patient characteristics associated with success in quitting smoking and of the stages of change smokers progress through as they quit. Treatments for cigarette smokers are emphasized because most clinical work and research has focused on cigarette smoking. Likewise, the chapter focuses on physician interventions, because they have been the most carefully studied. However, applications for allied health care providers (e.g., nurses, physician assistants, health educators, respiratory care practitioners), for dentists and their staffs, for pharmacists, and for chemical dependency counselors also are described. Subsequent chapters give detailed practical guidelines for implementing the interventions outlined here. They also will help the clinician modify this generic treatment model for different settings and for patients in selected high-risk groups (e.g., pregnant smokers, smokers with cardiac or pulmonary disease or cancer, psychiatric and chemical dependency patients) and for smokeless tobacco users.
Pharmacological Adjuncts for the Treatment of Tobacco Dependence
Authors: Jarvik Murray E , Henningfield Jack E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vast majority of current tobacco users are interested in quitting smoking and have tried to quit at some point (USDHHS 1989). Although approximately one-third of all cigarette smokers attempt to quit each year, most quickly relapse in the first week or two (USDHHS 1989). For many, pharmacologic aids may make the transition from nicotine addiction to a stable abstinence more tolerable, and this may make the difference be-tween premature death due to tobacco exposure and the improved health achieved by abstinence from tobacco. The advent of a medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for assisting in the maintenance of tobacco abstinencenicotine polacrilex (gum)-was one of the important biomedical breakthroughs in the 1970s. Understanding both the known benefits of this medication and the limits of its use provides a useful perspective for the evaluation of other putatively effective medications.
A Naturalist Perspective on Moral Reasoning and Moral Relativism
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You can say of normative argument what has been said of comedy: that it is a narrow escape not from truth but from despair. The emphasis falls on the narrowness of the escape; you cannot even be sure in the end whether you have made it. Perhaps the only view of normative argument that can be made to stick is one that approaches skepticism without being engulfed by it. Better this view than the familiar alternation between boastful moral dogmatism and barely hidden moral agnosticism. Thomas Scanlon has suggested that there are three basic “questions which a philosophical account of the foundations of morality must answer.” They are, first, the question of subject matter: Moral knowledge is knowledge of or about what? second, the espistemological question: How is moral knowledge achieved? and, third, the question of motivation: What reason, if any, does one have to take an interest in, to care about, moral knowledge?
Foundations Of The Neuron Doctrine
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a century, the neuron doctrine has been the basis for our concepts of nervous organization and brain function, stating that the cell theory applies to the nervous system. Santiago Ramon y Cajal, Spain’s greatest scientist, was its main architect; his main tool being a capricious nerve cell stain discovered by Camillo Golgi. This book reviews the original papers on which the neuron doctrine was based, showing that the evidence came from such contributors as Albrecht Kolliker, Sigmund Freud, Wilhelm His, August Forel, Fritdjof Nansen and Gustav Retzius. Many questions were raised which remain relevant today. Electron microscopical studies in the 1950s appeared to confirm the classical doctrine but subsequent studies revealed unsuspected complexities. This book reviews the new studies against the classical work and suggests new directions for revising our concept of the neuron as a basis for the functional organization of the nervous system.
The Nerve Cell Studies of Freud
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Gerlach gave a new level of credibility to the reticular idea, there were many microscopists in the 1870s who were relatively unswayed by such theoretical considerations, and simply pushed forward in -the attempt to see more clearly the nerve cell and its relation to nerve fibers. As noted in the previous chapter, one of these was Sigmund Freud.
The Early Discoveries of Cajal
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year 1888 arrived, my greatest year, my year of fortune. For during this year, which rises in my memory with the rosy hues of dawn, there emerged at last those interesting discoveries so eagerly hoped and longed for. Had it not been for them, I should have vegetated sadly in a provincial university without passing in the scientific order beyond the category of more or less estimable delvers after details. As a result of them I attained the enjoyment of the sour flattery of celebrity; my humble surname, pronounced in the German manner (Cayal), crossed the frontiers; and my ideas, made known among scientific men, were discussed hotly. From that time on, the trench of science had one more recognized digger.
The Era of Cortical Localization
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that the cerebral cortex is composed of functionally distinct areas was not given serious consideration by the scientific establishment prior to the nineteenth century. Only Emanuel Swedenborg seemed to be working toward a coherent theory of this sort, but his ideas about cortical localization were not published in his lifetime and do not seem to have affected his contemporaries (Swedenborg, 1887; see also Akert and Hammond, 1962; Gibson, 1967; Schwedenberg, 1960).
Terrestrial Effects Of The Giant Impact
Authors: Benz W , Cameron A G W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the central goal of our investigations of the Giant Impact has been to find the optimum parameters that may have led to the formation of the Moon, a secondary goal has been to find what effects the collision would have had on the early Earth. We have found that the effects are rather dramatic, and that they do not vary a great deal from one case to another. The iron from the core of the Impactor plunges through the mantle of the proto-Earth and settles on top of its core. This iron is heated to a temperature of typically several tens of thousands of degrees. This will become an important heat source to drive convection in the mantle. Most of the rock from the mantle of the impactor, together with a considerable amount of rock ejected from the mantle of the proto-Earth during the collision, falls back onto the proto-Earth. There is at least some heating of all parts of the interior of the proto-Earth, but the rock in the surface layers is vaporized; the rock vapor at the surface of the proto-Earth has a temperature of typically 16,000 K This condition, combined with the presence of an orbiting disk of rock vapors and magmas, is expected to have caused the ejection of the early terrestrial atmosphere.
Giant Impacts And The Thermal State Of The Early Earth
Authors: Melosh H J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The putative giant collision between the proto-Earth and a protoplanet half its diameter that created the Moon 4500 m.y. ago would have had a profound effect on the thermal state of the early Earth. The history of thermal models of the accreting Earth began with consideration of impacts by bodies small enough that most of their energy was radiated to space before it became incotporated in the growing Earth. Such models had difficulty explaining the onset of melting and differentiation in any planet. More recent models examined the physics of energy deposition by impacts of bodies larger than a few tens of kilometers and concluded that a large fraction of their energy is retained as heat. These models indicate that melting should have begun in the Earth when it had grown to about 10% of its present mass. In both types of model the Earth is assumed to grow gradually from bodies much smaller than the growing planet itself. However, recent work on the size-frequency distribution of the planetesimal swarm indicates that most of the mass and energy of the swarm resides in objects at the large end of the spectrum, so that most of the Earth’s growth may have occurred in catastrophic impacts with bodies up to half its own diameter. In such collisions heat is deposited deep within the growing Earth, and at the latest stages of accretion the impacts may have melted the entire impacted hemisphere. The detailed effects of such a giant impact are explored using a 3-D numerical hydrocode to simulate the collision between the proto-Earth and a body half its diameter at two different impact velocities.