bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medicine and Public Health in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Fahmy Khaled 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter tells the story of the establishment in Egypt of a public health system in the first half of the nineteenth century. It traces the beginning of this system to the desire by Mehmed Ali Pasha (r. 1805–48) to create a medical corps for his new conscript army. The chapter follows the development of the public health system from its military origins in 1822 and throughout the succeeding five decades to ascertain how it dealt with the epidemics that ravaged the country, mainly cholera, smallpox, and the plague. Four areas of public health are studied in detail, namely, collection of vital statistics, opening hospitals and free public clinics, attention to urban sanitation, and smallpox vaccination. The chapter makes three main arguments. First, the Egyptian state and the public health establishment were mutually constitutive. In other words, there was not a well-defined modern state already in place that proceeded to create a public health system. Rather, the intricate manner in which vital statistics were gathered, quarantines imposed, and urban sanitation monitored was itself the manner in which the Egyptian state acquired its centralized, penetrative nature. Second, the military origins of the public health establishment shaped people’s understanding of, and reaction to, modern medicine. This is particularly noticeable in the strong resistance people staged against smallpox vaccination, as they associated conscription with vaccination. Third, the lack of administrative and financial independence meant that public health practitioners served the state and not the public.
Marriage and Family between the Mid-Nineteenth and Early Twenty-First Centuries
Authors: Cuno Kenneth M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the transformation of marriage as an ideal and practice between the mid-nineteenth and early twenty-first centuries. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, modernizing intellectuals and periodicals promoted an ideal conjugal family consisting of a monogamous couple and their children in an independent household, and women’s domesticity as a corollary. The family was envisioned as an elemental social unit in which women as mothers and homemakers nurtured the future generation. Reformers advocated monogamy and discouraged divorce out of a belief that cohesive and harmonious families contributed to social advance and national strength. These ideas underlay the codification and revision of Muslim family law after World War I. However, despite the recognition in the 1950s of women’s and men’s equality in the public sphere, family law, which is based on religious law, has empowered fathers and husbands over female and minor male relations. Religion and the family are sensitive subjects, and efforts to expand the rights of married women in Egypt have faced stout opposition from conservatives. The post-1952 military regime has been hostile toward independent women’s rights organizations, though women working within officially sponsored organizations made piecemeal gains in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The notion that marriage and the family are in crisis, a recurring theme in Egyptian media since at least the 1930s, reflects anxiety over the corrosion of traditional values.
The Unfinished Business of History
Authors: Gaudreault André , Marion Philippe 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter illustrates the concept of cultural series, as a means of thinking about early film history in particular and how media culture works in general. Although frequently invoked in the research landscape today as a way of making distinctions that would be difficult to establish otherwise, the notion of a cultural series has prompted a great deal of uncertainty and ambiguity regarding its applications and uses. After tracing the origin and evolution of the concept, the chapter offers an overview of the hermeneutic potential of cultural series when entrusted with the mission of putting various media “elements” (be they technological, aesthetic, cultural, etc.) into relationships that go beyond essentialized media and cultural identities.
Empire • State • Media
Authors: Grieveson Lee 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
“Empire • State • Media” explores the ways cinema as a mass and mobile medium was integrated into governmental efforts to sustain imperial governance (and the biopolitical management of racialized populations) as well as facilitate the global flow of materials and information. Put simply, cinema was enlisted to facilitate the political economy of empire as an extractive and circulatory system. This chapter explores the use of non-fiction and non-theatrical propaganda in the service of American economic imperialism and British territorial imperialism stretching from the late nineteenth century to the development and deployment of “documentary” by the fading hegemonic British state beginning in the 1920s.
Babies and Brochures
Authors: Horne Jennifer 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates why the US Children’s Bureau, the first federal agency in the United States to be led by a woman, decided to enter the educational film market. It describes the career trajectory of Julia Lathrop, whose legacy as the Bureau’s initial chief includes her staunch advocacy of motion pictures in public service. The filmmaker Carlyle Ellis was hired to make four non-theatrical films for the agency to loan to health departments. Among the most widely viewed short motion pictures of the day, these films were loose adaptations of the Children’s Bureau’s popular health education pamphlets. An analysis of the use of Bureau brochures in the films suggests that the agency’s female staff understood their viewers’ primary interest to be in the printed materials.
Unlikely Allies
Authors: Keil Charlie , McKenna Denise 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
As the filmmaking industry shifted operations to the West Coast, its efforts at self-definition coalesced in a singular cultural byword, “Hollywood,” nomenclature that came to stand for filmmaking as both industrial activity and cultural mythmaking. Crafting “Hollywood” out of Los Angeles was not merely a discursive exercise: during a crucial period of institutional development, the mid-1910s through the early 1920s, the industry needed to fix its place within the popular imagination. But how could filmmakers create an aura of businesslike stability and simultaneously promote flamboyant glamour and artistic creativity? By concentrating on three facets of this image—the role of managerial moviemakers, the formation of protective organizations to proactively fend off bad publicity, and the fusion of commercial growth with Southern California’s real-estate boom—the chapter examines the film industry’s varied efforts to manage and maintain its “institutional dualism” even as it defined the contours of “Hollywood.”
The Covered Wagon
Authors: Peterson Jennifer Lynn 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers an analysis of The Covered Wagon (1923), one of the most commercially successful films of the silent era, through the critical framework of settler colonialism. Shot on location in Utah and California, the film is a period piece depicting white settlers traveling westward along the Oregon trail in 1848. Modeled on the epic scope of D. W. Griffith’s 1915 The Birth of a Nation, The Covered Wagon used landscape and melodrama to naturalize the colonial impulse. The film also made the covered wagon itself into an iconic, nostalgic precursor to the automobile, at a time when the Ford Model T was selling more than a million units a year, and when the federal government was launching its first major road-building initiatives. In this respect, The Covered Wagon helped pave the way for fossil capitalism, serving as an ideological archetype for a generation of Hollywood films to come.
Coda
Authors: Kornhaber Donna 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the varied afterlife of silent film: in the long and often halting transition to synchronized sound beyond the Hollywood studio system; in sound-era depictions of silent filmmaking and their role in shaping the cultural memory of the form; and in numerous efforts across the later twentieth century to return to the conditions of silent filmmaking as either a new mode of aesthetic practice or a revival of historical forms. In the alternative silent cinema and the new silent cinema, filmmakers the world over have invested silence with newfound significance, following Rudolf Arnheim and Charlie Chaplin in treating the absence of sound as a deliberate artistic choice. As a thematic tool, a means of political commentary, or an oblique reference to new technological changes threatening further cinematic revolutions, silent filmmaking has continued to be an active and evocative form of cinematic practice into the twenty-first century.
Art, Anti-Art, and Poetic Cinema
Authors: Viejo Breixo 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter studies the conception, production, and exhibition of Un Chien andalou (1929) in order to reassess its relevance to the history of world cinema during the last years of the silent period. It argues that Luis Buñuel’s first collaboration with Salvador Dalí needs to be reconsidered as a work of conflicting forces (the artistic, the anti-artistic or commercial, and the poetical) that co-exist on equal terms. Previously published studies favoring one force at the expense of the others do little justice to the aesthetic and political complexity of the work. This chapter thus intends to take Un Chien andalou out of the margins of the history of experimental film and relocate it at the core of our current narrative of silent cinema. By doing so, it also aims to reactivate the (often neutralized) subversive element of Buñuel’s masterpiece.
LatCrit
Authors: Valdes Francisco , Bender Steven W. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Ever since its 1995 inception at a Puerto Rico colloquium on Critical Race Theory and Latina/o communities, Latina and Latino Critical Legal Theory (LatCrit) agendas have prioritized students and sustainability. This chapter highlights those priorities in the context of the times and ambitions that have helped to activate and shape LatCrit theory, community, and praxis as a form of organized academic activism. The authors describe LatCrit’s origins and history since 1995, its collective present, and their hopes for the future. Understanding the emergence, circumstances, and purposes of LatCrit’s development as a still thriving school of critical outsider jurisprudence and its programmatic expression of anti-subordination interventions during these past few decades brings into focus how and why LatCrit remains an “advocacy project” that might inspire other individuals or collectives, whether in academia or other parts of society, and whether focused on students or other populations. Specifically for students, we suggest a variety of ways to connect with LatCrit scholarship, events, and networks to build your own critical knowledge, professional capacity, and bottom-up advocacy projects.
Walt Whitman’s Print Personas
Authors: Stacy Jason 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This essay traces Walt Whitman’s fluid print personas during the first twenty-five years of his writing life—from moralistic schoolmaster to parvenu of clerk culture, from democratic aesthete to coiffed bohemian and health-advocating manly man— and thereby situates Whitman’s Leaves of Grass within the broader spectrum of the poet’s print experimentation in antebellum culture. After 1855, Walter Whitman Jr. increasingly came to be known as Walt Whitman, something of a popular personage among the New York literati, though he continued to play other, often anonymous, roles in print. When Whitman began penning reports from Washington, DC, during the Civil War for the New-York Times, he grafted his literary persona onto real-life events and thereby infused a print identity with real flesh and blood. Reporting on the war consummated the union of Walt Whitman and Walter Whitman Jr. The Good Gray Poet proved to be the result.
Walt Whitman
Authors: Miller Matt 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This article comprehensively examines Walt Whitman’s writings on nineteenth-century bare-knuckle prizefighting and its training regimens. Until recently, the only sport addressed in relation to Whitman has been baseball; however, the recent discovery of the poet’s self-help manifesto, “Manly Health and Training,” greatly expands his known writing on boxing and forces a reconsideration of Whitman in the context of sports literature in general and early American prizefighting in particular. For a brief period prior to the Civil War, culminating in 1858, Whitman expressed sustained interest in pugilism. He praises boxers’ character and physique, reviews a recent bout heralded as America’s first championship fight, recommends boxing training broadly to Americans, and argues for the sport’s legalization—making Whitman, as opposed to Jack London, the first American author of note to significantly address America’s most widely discussed spectator sport during the nineteenth century.
Walt Whitman and the Police
Authors: Hendler Glenn 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This essay traces Walt Whitman’s responses to shifts in policing practices in the antebellum United States, especially in New York City. Whitman’s awareness of a shifting policing landscape is evident in his 1840s writings on police abuses and his fictionalized police encounters in his novels, at least up through his writings his late 1850s writings in Brooklyn Daily Times. Finally, just as Whitman became ensconced in the federal state in Washington, DC, he corresponded in letters about the mishandled 1863 Draft Riots. The essay thus argues that policing provided a way for the writer to explore larger questions about the legitimacy and distribution of governmental power. Though critics, historians, and biographers have most often positioned Whitman as indifferent or even hostile to the state, “Walt Whitman and the Police” reads him as among other things a political thinker, a theorist of governmentality and of state power.
Walt Whitman, Daniel Garrison Brinton, and the Poetics of an “American” Ethnology
Authors: Robbins Timothy 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This essay graphs the intellectual partnership and corresponding careers of Daniel Garrison Brinton and Walt Whitman against the discursive development of anthropology in the United States. Over the course of their friendship, Brinton delivered numerous public lectures and published myriad articles and books on Native American folklore and languages as well as the methods of ethnology at large. He also served as president of the Walt Whitman Fellowship, and published articles linking Leaves of Grass to anthropological concepts in venues as various as the flagship American Anthropologist and the Whitman fanzine The Conservator. Despite the overlap between his roles in both anthropology and the Whitman societies, scholars have made only casual reference to Brinton. Filtering their alliance back into their respective works revives the adjoining projects of these nineteenth-century “Americanists,” who collected images, stories, and languages in an effort to restore and expand distinctive conceptions of national and racial identity.
“Arm, Fortify, Harden, Make Lithe, Himself”
Authors: Riley Peter 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This essay revisits Walt Whitman’s poetry of the 1850s in light of the 2016 rediscovery of his “Manly Health and Training” (1858). More attuned to the disciplinary aspects of his society than we might assume, this 1858 serialized prose work inflects Whitman’s early poetic output with a militaristic edge. Writing as Mose Velsor, Whitman aligned himself with the revolutionary-nationalist and Republican German Turnverein movement. A key tenet of “Turner” doctrine was physical and mental preparedness—especially readiness for war—an attitude that had emerged as a response to Napoleon’s routing of the Prussian armies earlier in the century, and which was finding renewed and ominous relevance in antebellum America. As the possibility of war on US soil presented itself, Whitman’s fascination with the male body mutated into a call for physical preparedness—readiness for the coming fight—made manifest through what this essay describes in terms of a “poetics of training.”
Walt Whitman and Muriel Rukeyser Among the Jews
Authors: Pollak Vivian R. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This essay uses Walt Whitman’s early writings to show that there is a long foreground to the poet’s claim to be an honorary Jew in the 1855 Leaves of Grass. Whitman wrote about Jews and Judaism from the earliest days of his career. To suit his purposes, he appropriated versions of the religion and culture in his journalism, in stories, and in the novel Jack Engle. The essay bears on a broader understanding of Whitman’s symbolic significance for Jewish American women poets including Muriel Rukeyser, who appropriated Whitman’s iconic Americanism to suit her political purposes, especially during and immediately after World War II. As a queer woman, an American, and a Jew, Rukeyser developed an uncanny interest in Whitman’s autopsy, which she read as confirmation of his bisexuality. The essay argues that Rukeyser found her second-class status as an American Jew less constricting than the bonds of bourgeois womanhood.
An Idle Criticism
Authors: McLaughlin Don James 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This essay considers Walt Whitman’s series “How I Get Around at 60, and Take Notes,” in which the poet experiments with a method that might be termed “idle criticism.” In 1879, Whitman wrote to a friend about a new manuscript called “Idle Days and Nights of a Half-Paralytic.” Over subsequent months, the concept morphed into the more expansive autobiography Specimen Days (1882), characterized in its own pages as the “most wayward, spontaneous, fragmentary book ever printed.” However, prior to its appearance, Whitman also published “How I Get Around at 60, and Take Notes”—somewhat closer to the focused 1879 ambition—as a six-part series in The Critic in 1881. This series deserves recognition for the contribution it makes to a genealogy of disability theory. “Idle criticism” is, then, a variation on aesthetic criticism that elevates life with paralysis as a generative vantage point oriented toward exhilarating, enlightening, and erotic encounters with oneself, the natural world, and art.
“What Is It, Then, Between Us?”
Authors: Meehan Sean Ross , Peters John Durham 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This essay considers Walt Whitman through his thinking about “media,” arguing that he is fruitfully understood as a thinker of media that go beyond agents of human meaning, that are infrastructures of being, full of ecological, ethical, and existential import. In Whitman’s claim and desire for immediacies, there is always an underlying mediation. Like many of his contemporaries, he is fascinated by the media of his moment such as photography, electricity, and typography. Whitman’s engagement with media, however, also has a deeper, elemental dimension. Whitman’s meditations on conveyances, time and space, the ties between generations, the nitrogen cycle, weather, and bodies are productively seen also as mediations. Whitman wants immediacy, and gets it via media of various kinds, which he then fondles with delight and recoils from in horror. This tension—or marriage—between the plenitude of meaning and the vehicles that bring it to pass lies, this essay argues, at the burning heart of Whitman’s poetics.
“Robots at Work”
Authors: Czarniawska Barbara 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The idea of working robots has been coined already in the 1920s, and became discussed very seriously in the 1950s and the 1960s, especially in the context of the Cold War. In the 1970s, the debates concerned possible effects of automation, but it had faded out in the 1980s. Now the topic is back, due partly to the actual automatization of much industry work, to the ongoing war, and the space race. At present, the expression “robots at work” is being used both as a metaphor and as a label in texts belonging to popular culture, media, and social sciences. While the difference between the two uses is of interest as such, even more interesting is how such labels and metaphors are being interpreted. Interpretations vary from utopian to dystopian, with very few balanced and realistic. This chapter contains a review of the most popular uses and their interpretations in organization and management literature.
On Music- and Dance-Related Metaphors for Organization and Management
Authors: Rossi Paula 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the music- and dance-related metaphors utilized in previous literature on organization and management. First, an outline of the generative power of music- and dance-related metaphors is given, followed by an exploration of music and dance in general. Then, the individual metaphors of jazz, jamband, symphony orchestra, and Tango Argentino are explored in detail to reveal their contribution to the studies of organization and management. The chapter proceeds with an exploration of what these individual metaphors highlight about the increasingly complex, chaotic, and tension-filled organizational life, and how this emerging understanding could be utilized by organizational scholars and practitioners. To conclude, a metaphor of musical meaning, combining music- and dance-related metaphors, is introduced. The metaphor of musical meaning consists of the elements of context, relationality, polyphony, and embodied sensemaking, providing organizational scholars and practitioners with a human-centric, holistic, and dynamic image of organizational life.
Using Metaphors Critically and Reflexively in Empirical Organizational Research
Authors: Alvesson Mats , Gabriel Yiannis , Sandberg Jörgen 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the metaphors that guide our thinking and our practices in research. It suggests that a critical and reflexive approach to underlying metaphors in various parts of the research process may increase awareness and considerations of alternative ways of thinking about and doing empirical research. The chapter identifies and discusses different metaphors used by researchers. It also highlights common and less common metaphors of the key elements of the research process: literature review and theory; design and method; and analysis and writing. Finally, the chapter provides some guidelines for how to use metaphors in research in more creative ways.
Metaphors and Valence—do They Have It? Do They Need It?
Authors: Pinto Jonathan , Johnsen Hans Christian Garmann 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Valence is the affective quality referring to the attractiveness/“good”-ness (positive valence) or averseness/“bad”-ness (negative valence) of something: for example, an event or an object. This chapter explores two questions: (1) do metaphors have a fixed intrinsic valence?; and if not, (2) do they need to have it? These questions are explored by drawing on the main philosophical approaches to language and metaphor. The authors also analyze nine organizational metaphors: one, contemporary—that is, organization as Icehotel (Pinto 2016)—whose valence is explicit; and eight, classic images of organization (Morgan 1986), whose valences are unspecified and ambiguous. The authors conclude that metaphors neither have a fixed valence nor is it necessary that they do. However, a valence lens could be a useful analytical device that would facilitate a richer, more nuanced analysis of organizational metaphors and of organizations themselves.