bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Recurrence Time of Dansgaard–Oeschger Events and Limits on the Possible Periodic Component
Authors: Ditlevsen Peter D. , Kristensen Mikkel S. , Andersen Katrine K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBy comparing the high-resolution isotopic records from the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) and the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) ice cores, the common climate signal in the records has been approximately separated from local noise. From this, an objective criterion for defining Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) events is achieved. The analysis identifies several additional short-lasting events, increasing the total number of DO events to 27 in the period 12–90 kyr before present (BP). The quasi-regular occurrence of the DO events could indicate a stochastic or coherent resonance mechanism governing their origin. From the distribution of waiting times, a statistical upper bound on the strength of a possible periodic forcing is obtained. This finding indicates that the climate shifts are purely noise driven with no underlying periodicity.
Arctic Surface, Cloud, and Radiation Properties Based on the AVHRR Polar Pathfinder Dataset. Part II: Recent Trends
Authors: Wang Xuanji , Key Jeffrey R. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Over the past 20 yr, some Arctic surface and cloud properties have changed significantly. Results of an analysis of satellite data show that the Arctic has warmed and become cloudier in spring and summer but has cooled and become less cloudy in winter. The annual rate of surface temperature change is 0.057°C for the Arctic region north of 60°N. The surface broadband albedo has decreased significantly in autumn, especially over the Arctic Ocean, indicating a later freeze-up and snowfall. The surface albedo has decreased at an annual rate of −0.15% (absolute). Cloud fraction has decreased at an annual rate of −0.6% (absolute) in winter and increased at annual rates of 0.32% and 0.16% in spring and summer, respectively. On an annual time scale, there is no trend in cloud fraction. During spring and summer, changes in sea ice albedo that result from surface warming tend to modulate the radiative effect of increasing cloud cover. On an annual time scale, the all-wave cloud forcing at the surface has decreased at an annual rate of –0.335 W m−2, indicating an increased cooling by clouds. There are large correlations between surface temperature anomalies and climate indices such as the Arctic Oscillation (AO) index for some areas, implying linkages between global climate change and Arctic climate change.
On Using Global Climate Model Simulations to Assess the Accuracy of MSU Retrieval Methods for Tropospheric Warming Trends
Authors: Kiehl Jeffrey T. , Caron Julie M. , Hack James J. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Climate model simulations of the latter part of the twentieth century indicate a warming of the troposphere that is equal to or larger than the warming at the surface, while satellite observations from the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) indicate little warming of the troposphere relative to surface observations. Recently, Fu et al. proposed a new approach to retrieving free tropospheric temperature trends from MSU data that better accounts for stratospheric cooling, which contaminates the tropospheric signal and leads to a smaller trend in tropospheric warming. In this study, climate model simulations are used as a self-consistent dataset to test these retrieval algorithms. The two methods of retrieving tropospheric temperature trends are applied to three climate model simulations of the twentieth century. The Fu et al. algorithm is found to be in very good agreement with the model-simulated tropospheric warming, indicating that it accurately accounts for cooling from the lower stratosphere.
Injuries in Female Soccer Players
Authors: Faude Oliver , Junge Astrid , Kindermann Wilfried , Dvorak Jiri 
Published: August 2005

Background In contrast to the high number of studies about soccer injuries in men, epidemiologic data in high-level female soccer players are scarce. Purpose Analysis of injury incidence in elite female soccer players. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods There were 165 female soccer players (age, 22.4 ± 5.0 years) from 9 teams competing in the German national league, who were followed for one complete outdoor season. Their trainers documented the exposure to soccer on a weekly basis for each player, and the team physical therapists reported all injuries with regard to location, type, and circumstances of occurrence. An injury was defined as any physical complaint associated with soccer that limited sports participation for at least 1 day. Results There were 241 injuries sustained by 115 players (70%) reported; 39 injuries (16%) were owing to overuse, and 202 injuries (84%) were traumatic. Overall, 42% of the traumatic injuries occurred during training (2.8/1000 hours of training; 95% confidence interval, 2.2-3.4) and 58% during matches (23.3/1000 match hours; 95% confidence interval, 19.1-27.5); 102 of the traumatic injuries were caused by a contact situation, whereas 95 occurred without any contact. Most injuries (80%) were located at the lower extremities, concerning mainly the thigh (n = 44), knee (n = 45), and ankle (n = 43). Ankle sprain (n = 37) was the most often diagnosed injury. There were 51% minor injuries, 36% moderate injuries, and 13% major injuries. Eleven anterior cruciate ligament ruptures were observed during the season. Conclusion The results revealed a high injury incidence rate in games as well as a comparably low incidence rate during training. An important finding of this investigation was the frequent occurrence of anterior cruciate ligament ruptures. Preventive measures should thus focus on the high prevalence of anterior cruciate ligament tears, mostly occurring in noncontact situations.
Biochemical and Biomechanical Properties of Lesion and Adjacent Articular Cartilage after Chondral Defect Repair in an Equine Model
Authors: Strauss Eric J. , Goodrich Laurie R. , Chen Chih-Tung , Hidaka Chisa , Nixon Alan J. 
Published: August 2005

Background Chondral defects may lead to degradative changes in the surrounding cartilage, predisposing patients to developing osteoarthritis. Purpose To quantify changes in the biomechanical and biochemical properties of the articular cartilage adjacent to chondral defects after experimental defect repair. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Specimens were harvested from tissue within (lesion), immediately adjacent to, and at a distance from (remote area) a full-thickness cartilage defect 8 months after cartilage repair with genetically modified chondrocytes expressing insulin-like growth factor-I or unmodified, control chondrocytes. Biomechanical properties, including instantaneous Young's and equilibrium aggregate moduli, were determined by confined compression testing. Biochemical properties, such as water and proteoglycan content, were also measured. Results The instantaneous Young's modulus, equilibrium modulus, and proteoglycan content increased, whereas water content decreased with increasing distance from the repaired lesion. The instantaneous Young's and equilibrium moduli of the adjacent articular cartilage were 80% and 50% that of remote area samples, respectively, whereas water content increased 0.9% and proteoglycan content was decreased by 35%. No significant changes in biomechanical and biochemical properties were found either in the lesion tissue or in adjacent cartilage with genetic modification of the chondrocytes. Conclusion Articular cartilage adjacent to repaired chondral defects showed significant remodeling 8 months after chondral defect repair, regardless of whether genetically modified or unmodified cells were implanted. Clinical Relevance Changes in the biochemical and biomechanical properties of articular cartilage adjacent to repaired chondral defects may represent remodeling as part of an adaptive process or degeneration secondary to an altered distribution of joint forces. Quantification of these changes could provide important parameters for assessing progress after operative chondral defect repair.
Impact of Measurement Error in the Analysis of Bone Tunnel Enlargement after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Webster Kate E. , Chiu James J. , Feller Julian A. 
Published: August 2005

Background Radiographic bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is frequently reported. The error associated with measuring tunnels on radiographs has not been established and may be substantial. Hypothesis Measurement error influences interpretation of bone tunnel enlargement. Study Design Cohort study (Diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods Radiographs and clinical outcomes were obtained from 76 subjects who had undergone hamstring tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Tunnel enlargement was determined by measuring the widths of the femoral and tibial tunnels with a digital caliper in lateral and anteroposterior radiographs. Measurements were corrected for magnification; the percentage change in tunnel widths was recorded relative to the diameters drilled at surgery. One examiner measured all radiographs and repeated the procedure for 20 randomly selected radiographs 12 months later. A second examiner measured the same 20 radiographs. Intraclass correlation coefficients and 95% confidence intervals for intrarater and interrater measurement errors were calculated. Confidence intervals were used to divide subjects into 2 groups according to whether bone tunnel enlargement was within (unenlarged tunnel group) or greater than (enlarged tunnel group) the 95% confidence interval for measurement error; clinical comparisons between these groups were made for each view of tibial and femoral tunnels. Results Measurement errors for tunnel enlargement ranged from 17% to 26% for intrarater measurements and 24% to 38% for interrater measurements. For the lateral view of the tibial tunnel, there was a significant positive association between tunnel enlargement and anterior knee laxity. There was no relationship between femoral tunnel enlargement and anterior knee laxity. Conclusion There was considerable error associated with bone tunnel measurement. A relationship between tibial tunnel enlargement on the lateral radiograph and anterior knee laxity was evident once enlargement was defined as a change that exceeded measurement error. Clinical Relevance Measurement of bone tunnels on radiographs is useful for interpreting large changes; caution should be used when small changes are observed.
Suture Plication, Thermal Shrinkage, and Sclerosing Agents
Authors: Aneja Arun , Karas Spero G. , Weinhold Paul S. , Afshari Hessam M. , Dahners Laurence E. 
Published: August 2005

Background Shortening or tightening of dense, collagenous tissues is often desirable in the treatment of laxity. Purpose To compare the effect of stress-protection suture, radiofrequency thermal shrinkage combined with stress-protection suture, and a 5% sodium morrhuate sclerosing injection on the length and biomechanical strength of the rat patellar tendon. Hypothesis Sclerosing agents will increase tendon mechanical strength. Thermal shrinkage combined with stress-protection suture and stress-protection suture only will cause a short-term decrease in tendon strength. All 3 methods will produce equivalent shortening of the tendon. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Forty-six female retired breeder rats were split into 4 groups, each receiving 1 of the 3 aforementioned treatments plus a control group that received a saline injection. After 4 weeks’ survival, the length and biomechanical properties of the patellar tendons were measured and compared to the contralateral untreated tendon. Results Rats treated with stress-protection suture had shorter tendons. Radiofrequency thermal shrinkage combined with stress-protection suture yielded tendons that were both shorter and stronger than were the untreated contralateral tendons. The sodium morrhuate-injected tendons were stronger whereas the saline-treated tendons were weaker than were their respective untreated contralateral tendons. Conclusion Surgical stress-protection suture without radiofrequency shrinkage is most effective at shortening the length of the rat patellar tendon, whereas radiofrequency thermal shrinkage combined with stress-protection suture as well as sodium morrhuate are effective at increasing the strength of rat patellar tendons. Clinical Relevance Judicious use of thermal shrinkage in combination with stress protection may improve ligament strength and decrease laxity.
Articular Cartilage Repair in Soccer Players with Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation
Authors: Mithöfer Kai , Peterson Lars , Mandelbaum Bert R. , Minas Tom 
Published: August 2005

Background The ability of autologous chondrocyte transplantation to produce and maintain an effective articular cartilage repair under high mechanical demands has not been investigated. Hypothesis Autologous chondrocyte transplantation provides a reliable and durable repair of full-thickness knee articular cartilage lesions in high-demand athletes. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods A total of 45 soccer players were evaluated 41 ± 4 months after autologous chondrocyte transplantation for their ability to return to soccer, the timing of their return, skill level, and functional outcome rating by the Tegner activity rating scale score and Brittberg score. The factors influencing the return to sport were analyzed. Results Of these players, 72% reported good to excellent results, with significant overall improvement of Tegner activity rating scale scores; 33% returned to soccer, including 83% of competitive-level players and 16% of recreational players. Of the returning players, 80% returned to the same skill level and 87% maintained their ability to play soccer at 52 ± 8 months postoperatively. Players who successfully returned to soccer were significantly younger and had a shorter preoperative duration of symptoms than did patients who did not return to the sport. Concomitant adjuvant procedures did not adversely affect the ability to return to soccer. Conclusion Repair of knee articular cartilage lesions by autologous chondrocyte transplantation in high-performance athletes is particularly successful in younger, competitive athletes with limited preoperative intervals.
Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using a 2-Stage Technique with Bone Grafting of the Tibial Tunnel
Authors: Thomas Neil P. , Kankate Raghu , Wandless Felicity , Pandit Hemant 
Published: August 2005

Background Revision anterior cruciate ligament surgery is often considered a salvage procedure with limited goals. However, this limitation need not be the case. Similar to primary reconstruction, the goal should be to choose an appropriate graft and place it in an anatomical position in a good quality bone. The issue of good quality bone seems to have been ignored. Hypothesis A 2-stage anterior cruciate ligament revision reconstruction with bone grafting of the tibial tunnel and the use of a different femoral tunnel will produce measured knee laxity and International Knee Documentation Committee scores similar to a primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Study Design Case control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods This prospective study involved 49 consecutive 2-stage anterior cruciate ligament revisions (group R) performed by a single surgeon from 1993 to 2000. Two-stage revision surgery was performed if the tibial tunnel from a previous reconstruction surgery would overlap (either partially or fully) the correctly placed revision tunnel. The first stage consisted of removal of the old graft and interfering metalwork, together with bone grafting of the tibial tunnel. After ensuring adequate bone graft incorporation using computed tomography scan, the second stage revision was undertaken. This stage comprised harvesting the autograft, its anatomical placement, and its adequate fixation. The results were compared with the results of a matched group of patients with primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (group P). Results In group R, as meniscal and chondral lesions were more common, the International Knee Documentation Committee scores were lower than those of group P (61.2 for group R and 72.8 for group P; P =. 006). Objective laxity measurement was similar in both groups (1.36 mm for group R and 1.2 mm for group P; P =. 25). Conclusion This study establishes that the laxity measurements achieved with a 2-stage revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction can be similar to those achieved after primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, although the International Knee Documentation Committee rating is lower.
Health-related quality of life in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Taichman Darren B , Shin Jennifer , Hud Laryssa , Archer-Chicko Christine , Kaplan Sandra , Sager Jeffery S , Gallop Robert , Christie Jason , Hansen-Flaschen John , Palevsky Harold 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Background
Improved outcomes with expanding treatment options for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension present the opportunity to consider additional end-points in approaching therapy, including factors that influence health-related quality of life. However, comparatively little is known about health-related quality of life and its determinants in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Methods
Health-related quality of life was evaluated in a cross sectional study of 155 outpatients with pulmonary arterial hypertension using generic and respiratory-disease specific measurement tools. Most patients had either World Health Organization functional Class II or III symptoms. Demographic, hemodynamic and treatment variables were assessed for association with health-related quality of life scores.

Results
Patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension suffered severe impairments in both physical and emotional domains of health-related quality of life. Patients with idiopathic ("primary") pulmonary arterial hypertension had the best, and those with systemic sclerosis the worst health-related quality of life. Greater six-minute walk distance correlated with better health-related quality of life scores, as did functional Class II versus Class III symptoms. Hemodynamic measurements, however, did not correlate with health-related quality of life scores. No differences in health-related quality of life were found between patients who were being treated with calcium channel antagonists, bosentan or continuously infused epoprostenol at the time of quality of life assessment.

Conclusion
Health-related quality of life is severely impaired in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and is associated with measures of functional status. Specific associations with impaired health-related quality of life suggest potential areas for targeted intervention.
Which resources should be used to identify RCT/CCTs for systematic reviews: a systematic review
Authors: Crumley Ellen T , Wiebe Natasha , Cramer Kristie , Klassen Terry P , Hartling Lisa 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackgroundSystematic reviewers seek to comprehensively search for relevant studies and summarize these to present the most valid estimate of intervention effectiveness. The more resources searched, the higher the yield, and thus time and costs required to conduct a systematic review. While there is an abundance of evidence to suggest how extensive a search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) should be, it is neither conclusive nor consistent. This systematic review was conducted in order to assess the value of different resources to identify trials for inclusion in systematic reviews.MethodsSeven electronic databases, four journals and Cochrane Colloquia were searched. Key authors were contacted and references of relevant articles screened. Included studies compared two or more sources to find RCTs or controlled clinical trials (CCTs). A checklist was developed and applied to assess quality of reporting. Data were extracted by one reviewer and checked by a second. Medians and ranges for precision and recall were calculated; results were grouped by comparison. Meta-analysis was not performed due to large heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses were conducted for: search strategy (Cochrane,Simple,Complex,Index), expertise of the searcher (Cochrane, librarian, non-librarian), and study design (RCT and CCT).ResultsSixty-four studies representing 13 electronic databases met inclusion criteria. The most common comparisons were MEDLINE vs. handsearching (n = 23), MEDLINE vs. MEDLINE+handsearching (n = 13), and MEDLINE vs. reference standard (n = 13). Quality was low, particularly for the reporting of study selection methodology. Overall, recall and precision varied substantially by comparison and ranged from 0 to 100% and 0 to 99%, respectively. The trial registries performed the best with median recall of 89% (range 84, 95) and median precision of 96.5% (96, 97), although these results are based on a small number of studies. Inadequate or inappropriate indexing was the reason most cited for missing studies.ComplexandCochranesearch strategies (SS) performed better thanSimpleSS.ConclusionMultiple-source comprehensive searches are necessary to identify all RCTs for a systematic review, although indexing needs to be improved. Although trial registries demonstrated the highest recall and precision, theCochraneSS or aComplexSS in consultation with a librarian are recommended. Continued efforts to develop CENTRAL should be supported.