bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Perturbations of the Schwarzschild Black-Hole
Authors: Chandrasekhar S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the study of the perturbations of the Schwarzschild black-hole. On the physical side, the principal question to which the study is addressed is the manner in which gravitational waves, incident on the black hole, are scattered and absorbed. The answer to this question has clearly some astrophysical interest. On the theoretical side, the answer has a more transcendent interest: it provides insight, in its simplest and purest context, into the deeper aspects of space and time as conceived in general relativity; and it reveals the analytical richness of the theory. There are, at present, two avenues of approach to the study of the perturbations of space-times. One can either study, directly, the perturbations in the metric coefficients via the Einstein or the Einstein-Maxwell equations linearized about the unperturbed space-times; or, one can study the perturbations in the Wey! and in the Maxwell scalars via the equations of the Newman-Penrose formalism.
Magnetic solenoids and shells*.
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If a long narrow filament of magnetic matter like a wire is magnetized everywhere in a longitudinal direction, then the product of any transverse section of the filament into the mean intensity of the magnetization across it is called the strength of the magnet at that section. If the filament were cut in two at the section without altering the magnetization, the two surfaces, when separated, would be found to have equal and opposite quantities of superficial magnetization, each of which is numerically equal to the strength of the magnet at the section.
Induced magnetization
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have hitherto considered the actual distribution of magnetization in a magnet as given explicitly among the data, of the investigation. We have not made any assumption as to whether this magnetization is permanent or temporary, except in those parts of our reasoning in which we have supposed the magnet broken up into small portions, or small portions removed from the magnet in such a way as not to alter the magnetization of any part.
Electromagnetic force.
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It had been noticed by many different observers that in certain cases magnetism is produced or destroyed in needles by electric discharges through them or near them, and conjectures of various kinds had been made as to the relation between magnetism and electricity, but the laws of these phenomena, and the form of these relations, remained entirely unknown till hans christian Örsted*, at a private lecture to a few advanced students at copenhagen, observed that a wire connecting the ends of a voltaic battery affected a magnet in its vicinity. This discovery he published in a tract entitled experimenta circa effectum, conflictús electrici in .acum magneticam, dated july 21, 1820.
Theory of electric circuits.
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We may now confine our attention to that part of the kinetic energy of the system which depends on squares and products of the strengths of the electric currents. We may call this the electrokinetic energy of the system. The part depending on the motion of the conductors belongs to ordinary dynamics, and we have seen that the part depending on products of velocities and currents does not exist.
Parallel currents
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a very important class of electrical arrangements the current is conducted through round wires of nearly uniform section, and either straight, or such that the radius of curvature of the axis of the wire is very great compared with the radius of the transverse section of the wire. In order to be prepared to deal mathematically with such arrangements, we shall begin with the case in which the circuit consists of two very long parallel conductors, with two pieces joining their ends, and we shall confine our attention to a part of the circuit which is so far from the ends of the conductors that the fact of their not being infinitely long does not introduce any sensible change in the distribution of force.
Electromagnetic theory of light
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In several parts of this treatise an attempt has been made to explain electromagnetic phenomena by means of mechanical action transmitted from one body to another by means of a medium occupying the space between them. The undulatory theory of light also assumes the existence of a medium. We have now to shew that the properties of the electromagnetic medium are identical with those of the luminiferous medium.
Sorting out Life
Authors: Schilthuizen Menno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If this were a book about chemistry, there would be a good chance that it would start with explaining what chemical elements are. After all, elements are what chemistry is made of. Such a chapter would explain that different elements have different numbers of protons in their atomic nuclei, whereas the number of neutrons might differ. An oxygen atom has eight protons, and any number of neutrons between 6 and 14. It is the number of protons that determines whether it behaves chemically as oxygen, not the number of neutrons. So an atom with eight protons and eight neutrons is oxygen, whereas an atom with nine protons and eight neutrons is fluorine. Simple. Straightforward.
Tight Spots
Authors: Schilthuizen Menno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ernst Mayr was particularly fond of the spectacular sort of rapid allopatric speciation that had apparently gone on in the Lake Nabugabo cichlids, at the edge of Lake Victoria. He called it the ‘peripheral isolates’ model. When Mayr was on expeditions in South-East Asia and Oceania, he had time and time again noticed that the birds on small islands or tiny isolated populations on the rim of a species’ range, the periphery, were usually the most deviant in looks. Apparently, a different sort of evolution went on in those tight spots.
Lattice Boltzmann Models Without Underlying Boolean Microdynamics
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For some players luck itself is an art.
The Color of Money
The work by McNamara and Zanetti and Higuera and Jimenez described in the previous chapter showed how to circumvent two major stumbling blocks of the LGCA approach, namely statistical noise and exponential complexity of the collision rule. It is then natural to wonder whether other inconveniences of LGCA can also be wiped out by further refinements of the LBE approach. The answer is a plain yes; by further departing from LGCA, it is possible to eliminate basically all LGCA idiosyncratic aspects. In particular, it is possible to break the highviscosity barrier set by the LGCA collision rules and take LBE into the territory of high-Reynolds flows. This program was accomplished by the so-called LBE with enhanced collisions, the main focus of the present chapter. 4.1 LBE with enhanced collisions Now that two major drawbacks of LGCA models, statistical noise and practical inviability to three-dimensional simulations, have been lifted, we can turn our attention to the third major limitation of LGCA: high momentum diffusivity, read low Reynolds flows. This further step was taken in short sequence by Higuera, Succi and Benzi [40], just a few months after quasilinear LBE was successfully demonstrated by the numerical simulations described in the previous chapter [37, 38, 41].
Out Of Legoland: Geoflexible Lattice Boltzmann Equations
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We shall handle the merging of LBE with finite ‘X’ (X = volumes, differences, elements) methods within the more general framework of coarse-graining . The idea is to gain geometrical flexibility by coarse-graining the information carried by the differential form of LBE, and define hydrodynamic observables on a coarse grid of virtually arbitrary shape. The basic idea is that the coarse grid need not be tied down to the symmetries of the underlying fine grid where the dynamics of the differential LBE takes place.
Lbe Schemes For Complex Fluids
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is all we need to generate faithful dynamics of ‘simple’37 isothermal, quasi-uniform, incompressible fluids. Many applications in modern science and technology need to address significantly more complicated problems, such as fast flows with substantial heat transfer, compressibility, chemical reactions, phase transitions and other assorted complexities. To handle this much broader context a new generation of LBEs is called for.
Lbe For Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lattice Boltzmann concepts and applications described so far refer to classical (non-quantum) physics. Whether this limitation is strictly scientific or purely contingental in character, it is difficult to say. However, it appears plausible to speculate that at least part of the LBE assets should be exportable to the quantum world. In principle, this does not even require much of a conceptual jump, since it has been known for a long time that quantum mechanics can be formulated in a fluid dynamic language. This analogy is precisely the stepping stone for this final chapter: stay with us, LBE goes quantum mechanical! Intriguing analogies between quantum mechanics and fluid mechanics have been pointed out since the earliest days of quantum theory [212]. The orthodox tenet is that these analogies are purely formal in character and do not bear upon the basic physics of quantum phenomena. A less orthodox, albeit not minor, stream of thought insists instead that quantum mechanics and notably its philosophical hard-core, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, are nothing but a mirror of our ignorance of the underlying (hidden) microscopic physical level. This leads to the puzzling theory of ‘hidden variables’ which can be traced back to Einstein and subsequently to D. Bohm and others [213]. It is not our intention here to enter this fascinating and still open subject [214]. We turn to a practical question instead: what can the analogy do for us in terms of numerical modeling of evolutionary quantum mechanical phenomena? The question is legitimate because, regardless of its philosophical implications, the fluid analogy certainly provides an intuitive and sound basis to develop numerical methods for time-dependent quantum mechanics. In particular, it appears reasonable to ask whether the advantages brought about by LBE in fluid dynamics can (by means of the fluid analogy) be exported to the context of quantum mechanics. Before we put forward our discrete kinetic theory version of the analogy, it is useful to provide a cursory survey of the main ideas behind the analogy itself. To this end, a short recap of basic notions of quantum mechanics is in order.
Inference-Robust Institutional Comparisons: A Case Study of School Examination Results
Authors: Spiegelhalter David J , Marshall E Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hierarchical models are increasingly used in comparing medical and educational institutions, both from an empirical and full Bayes perspective. Most applications assume the institutional effects have a normal prior distribution with unknown hyper-parameters, or possibly a Student’s t distribution to accommodate outliers. However, this is an area in which non-normality is of crucial interest in itself, as it may suggest important unobserved covariates that distinguish, say, schools or hospitals. This is also a context in which great scrutiny may be paid to each of a large number of estimated institutional effects, and so we must be particularly confident that the estimates would not be unduly changed were another model with reasonable support adopted. We therefore seek an ‘inference-robust’ analysis, in the sense introduced by Box and Tiao.
Bayesian Analysis of Animal Abundance Data via MCMC
Authors: Brooks Stephen P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We examine the Bayesian approach to estimating parameters arising from the modelling of animal capture experiments. We discuss the application of the Bayesian approach to a so-called band-return model and look at how Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques can be very naturally applied to problems of this sort. We discuss the problems associated with the maximum likelihood approach to analysing such models and discuss how these problems are overcome by the corresponding Bayesian analysis. For data on mallard ducks, we compare the performance of the “traditional” Gibbs sampler, using the ratio method for non-standard updates, with the Metropolis-within-Gibbs hybrid. The sheer simplicity of the model we consider, where all parameters are probabilities and thus constrained to lie between 0 and 1, makes it a natural example for a comparison of this sort and we illustrate how the increase in efficiency per iteration afforded by the hybrid approach appears to be balanced by a corresponding increase in the number of iterations required.
Bayesian Estimation of a Location Parameter Using the Haar Basis
Authors: Leblanc Alexandre , Angers Jean,Francois 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eversince they were introduced to statisticians by Donoho and Johnstone (1995), wavelets have proven to be a powerfill tool for statistical inference, especially in the fields of density estimation, nonparametric regression and smoothing. However, they can also provide simple approximations to known densities the same way all orthogonal basis of functions do. These can be very useful to perform numerical integratioii, and therefore, Bayesian calculations. In this paper, we concentrate particularly on the Haar basis, and show how it can be used efficiently to approximate the posterior moments of a location parameter, thus suggesting a wide range of new interesting applications.
Extremes of Mixed Environmental Processes
Authors: Walshaw David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Models for the behaviour of environmental processes at extreme levels are vital for the design of defences against the rarest events which are liable to occur. A range of classical techniques have been developed to estimate high quantiles in the distributions of stationary and non-stationary series, but these generally suffer from a scarcity of data at the most extreme levels. Recently developed Bayesian methods for extremes have gone some way to improving the situation, see for example Coles and Powell (1996) and Coles and Tawn (1996).
Graphical Diagnostics for the Bayes Linear Analysis of Hierarchical Linear Models with Applications to Educational Data
Authors: Williams Dyfrig R , Goldstein Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We shall consider educational data which comes in the form of exam results. There are two main features which are crucial to the choice of analysis. Firstly, the data is naturally grouped into levels such as schools or classes. Pupils within these groups are likely to be more similar to pupils in the same group than to pupils in different groups, suggesting hierarchical modelling (Aitkin and Longford 1986). Secondly, pupils that did well in previous exams are likely to do well in future exams, suggesting a “value added” approach: see for example H. Goldstein (1984).
The origin of eukaryotic cells
Authors: Maynard Smith John , SzathmáRy EöRs 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our cells are much more complex than those of bacteria. We belong, with many other living species, to the large group (or empire, as taxonomists call this highest category) of eukaryotes. The name comes from the Greek, and refers to organisms with a ‘proper’ nucleus, the central body of the cell, separated by two membranes from the cytoplasm. Nuclei are easily seen through a light microscope. They harbour the chromosomes, in which the physically linked genes are packaged by proteins into coiled structures. In contrast, bacteria usually have only one chromosome, which lacks a similar coiled structure. Furthermore, the bacterial chromosome, although anchored to the cell wall, is free in the cytoplasm. Bacteria (including cyanobacteria, traditionally called blue-green algae) are therefore called prokaryotes: they lack a proper nucleus. Typically, eukaryotic cells are much larger than prokaryotic cells: the former have, on average, a 10 000-fold larger volume.
Hemorheology and Hemodynamics: A Complex Approach to the Coronary Circulation and Development of Myocardial Ischemia
Authors: Toth K , Kesmarky G , Habon* L , Vajda* G , Habon T , Juricskay I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the developed countries cardiovascular diseases, and among these ischemic heart disease (IHD), are the most frequent causes of mortality. While the classical risk factors of IHD (age, male sex, smoking, high cholesterol level, hypertension, diabetes, stress, etc.) are well known for decades, the important role of hemorheological parameters became really evident only during the last two decades when researchers verified that hemodynamic and hemorheologic factors play an almost equally important role in the coronary circulation. It is still questioned if these parameters have primary or secondary significance in the development of these diseases, but the results of recent studies show that these factors are primary risk factors in ischemic heart disease. However, it is still not completely clear, if these parameters change parallel with the severity of the disease during the clinical course, if they can be positively modified as a result of the adequate treatment, and how they affect the prognosis. Our own data on close to 1000 patients with IHD and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) show that the rheological parameters in IHD and AMI are in the pathological range and are significantly higher than in healthy controls.
Adhesive Interaction Between Leukocytes and Platelets at the Vessel Wall
Authors: Nash Gerard B , Kirton Christopher M , Stone Philip C W , Rainger G Ed 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adhesive interactions between leukocytes and platelets can be demonstrated in the flowing blood or at the vessel wall, where immobilised platelets may capture leucocytes. Platelets may bind to matrix proteins exposed after damage to endothelium or to intact endothelial cells ex posed to a variety of stimuli. When covering large areas, platelets support a rolling form of adhesion by all types of leukocytes, and even small numbers of platelets may briefly capture flowing cells. In the case of activated neutrophilic granulocytes, platelets can also support their immobilisation and migration. Platelets themselves may supply the neutrophil-activating signal. The molecular basis of the adhesive interactions have been well described, and from the rheological point of view, the flow rates and shear stresses at which interaction can occur have been defined in models using purified cells. However, it is not clear under what conditions such interactions can occur in whole blood, especially in the context of arterial flow where pulsatility and discontinuities in the wall may be predicted to greatly influence deposition of these cells. Animal models suggest that co deposition can occur in arteries, and an understanding of how this comes about could significantly contribute to our understanding of atherosclerosis and of thrombotic complications, for example, associated with reconstructive surgery or angioplasty.
Elements of Intuitionism
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a long-awaited new edition of one of the best known Oxford Logic Guides. The book gives an informal but thorough introduction to intuitionistic mathematics, leading the reader gently through the fundamental mathematical and philosophical concepts. The treatment of various topics has been completely revised for this second edition. Brouwer's proof of the Bar Theorem has been reworked, the account of valuation systems simplified, and the treatment of generalized Beth Trees and the completeness of intuitionistic first-order logic rewritten. Readers are assumed to have some knowledge of classical formal logic and a general awareness of the history of intuitionism. From reviews of the first edition: This excellent book can be recommended to the student of mathematics or philosophy wishing to get a comprehensive and reliable introduction to modern intuitionism. Zentralblatt für Mathematik The relevance of this book extends well beyond the confines of the philosophy of mathematics, right to the centre of debates in the philosophy of language. Philosophical Books . . . a valuable and original contribution to the philosophy of mathematics. Journal of Symbolic Logic
Preliminaries
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What everyone who has heard of intuitionism knows is that intuitionists want their proofs to be constructive. The notion of a constructive proof is, however, by no means restricted solely to intuitionistic or other forms of ‘constructivist’ mathematics: the distinction between constructive and non-constructive proofs arises within classical mathematics, and is perfectly intelligible from a completely platonistic standpoint.
The Semantics of Intuitionistic Logic
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the next four sections we consider only sentential logic. By a sentential language ℒ we mean a finite sequence of sentential operators, ⟨O 1, … , On⟩, where, for each i, Oi is of fixed finite degree di. We assume that there is a stock of denumerably many sentence-letters, p0,p1,p2, … , used in every sentential language.
Introduction
Authors: Janse van Rensburg E J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The general approach to lattice models of walks, polygons, trees and animals is rooted in statistical mechanics, and particularly in critical phenomena. It is from this vantage point that questions about these models are asked, and answers are also interpreted within this framework. In this chapter a very brief, and perhaps incomplete, overview is given. The motivation for studying these models comes from the chemistry and physics of macromolecules, and the models are attempts at representing, in a simple manner, the entropic contribution to the free energy made by the conformational degrees of freedom in these molecules. The mathematical description of almost all the models in this monograph is based on a basic theorem of sub-additive functions, which I discuss in Section 1.2.1. The scaling properties and critical exponents are discussed in Section J .3, and a Flory argument for estimating the metric exponent of linear polymers, and of branched polymers, is given in Sections 1.2.3 and 1.3.3. For the most part I shall accept the Flory values of exponents as adequate; while they are known to be accurate in some cases, it is also the case that in some dimensions (three dimensions for walks) the Flory argument gives a value which is incorrect (but not far off the mark).
The Painlevé Class Of Equations
Authors: Slavyanov Sergei yu. , Lay Wolfgang , Seeger Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose that an nth-order nonlinear ODE
is studied, with the function having good analytical properties in its variables, which we specify later. Solutions of this equation as functions of the independent complex variable t may have singularities detennined by the analytical behaviour of the function only (without taking into account initial data for the solution). These singularities are called fixed singularities.1 On the other hand, those singularities of solutions w(t) that cannot be predicted by the coefficients of the equation, and that change their position if the initial data for the solution change, are called movable singularities. The movable singularity may be a pole of the solution, an essential singularity, or a branch point (either algebraic or transcendental).