bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BLOOD GROUPS
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Bezer Ada E. 
Published: June 2004

1. With purified blood group A and B specific substances from the gastric mucin of pigs precipitin reactions can be obtained in sera containing homologous isoagglutinins. By microquantitative precipitin technics the anti-A and anti-B content of normal and immune isoagglutinin-containing sera can be estimated on a weight basis.
2. There was a general correlation between antibody N precipitable from the sera of groups O and B by A substance and the agglutinin titer for A erythrocytes before and after immunization with blood group substances.
3. The reaction between A substance and its homologous isoagglutinin present in the sera of immunized individuals was of the same type as in other antigen-antibody systems.
HEREDITARY ACHONDROPLASIA IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Brown Wade H. 
Published: June 2004

Hereditary achondroplasia (chondrodystrophia foetalis) in the rabbit has been described in the present and preceding papers (1, 2). It is the first instance of this abnormality in rodents to be reported. The variation arose in pure bred Havana stock.
The abnormality is determined by the expression of a simple recessive unit factor, affected individuals being homozygous for the factor. Females are somewhat more frequently affected than males, but the character is not sex-linked. Rabbits heterozygous for the factor as determined by appropriate breeding tests have a perfectly normal appearance at birth and in later life. The condition appears to be determined solely by the genetic constitution of the animal. Attention was drawn to the fact that although the development of the achondroplastic form proceeds to birth at term, death regularly occurs at the time of or very shortly after parturition. This feature of the condition is briefly discussed.
MAXIMAL HEMOGLOBIN AND PLASMA PROTEIN PRODUCTION UNDER THE STIMULUS OF DEPLETION
Authors: Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Miller L. L. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

The maximal output ceiling for hemoglobin in anemia due to blood loss is about 60 gm. per week—the dog receiving a rich protein diet plus high iron intake. Ferrous and ferric salts are equally effective. Iron intravenously plus a rich protein diet may push this level up to 90 to 100 gm. per week. Evidently iron absorption is a limiting factor.
Maximal output for hemoglobin plus plasma protein in doubly depleted dogs may reach 120 to 130 gm. per week and using intravenous iron may reach 140 to 160 gm. per week.
Maximal output for plasma protein alone in hypoproteinemia due to plasmapheresis reaches 60 to 70 gm. per week but this is not the true ceiling. Technically we cannot remove the new plasma protein as fast as it is formed and the hypoproteinemia is not maintained in the face of a rich protein diet intake. Furthermore the evidence points to the protein circulating pool contributing to the accretion of tissue protein in such dogs with a strong positive nitrogen balance and weight gain.
Maximal figures for hemoglobin production in anemia run close to 1 gm. hemoglobin per kilo per day. Maximal figures for new hemoglobin plus plasma protein production in anemia and hypoproteinemia using iron given intravenously, may reach 1.5 gm. blood protein per kilo per day. The actual maximal plasma protein production equals about 1 gm. per kilo per day but the true production ceiling cannot be reached by this technique, for reasons given above.
MECHANISM OF THE AUGMENTING ACTION OF MINERAL OIL ON ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
Authors: Ehrich W. E. , Halbert S. P. , Mertens E. , Mudd S. 
Published: June 2004

A comparative study was made in rabbits of antibody production and tissue changes following the injection into the foot pads, of saline in Falba and mineral oil emulsion, of killed cells of Shigella paradysenteriae Flexner in saline, and of killed cells of Shigella paradysenteriae in saline in Falba-mineral oil emulsion.
It was found that antibody production was greatly prolonged by the emulsification in oil. While with antigen in saline the serum titers began to fall 9 days after injection and disappeared somewhere between the 3rd and 6th months, with antigen in paraffin oil they began to drop only after 14 days, and were still high after 10 months, when the experiment was ended.
The toxic effects of the antigen were greatly reduced by the emulsification in oil. A subcutaneous dose of 1.5 mg. of antigen in saline caused mesenchymal reactions in lung, liver, and spleen as well as toxic degeneration and sometimes necrosis of the liver whereas eight times as much of the antigen in oil produced no systemic lesions.
Oil drops remained detectable in the foot pad until the end of the experiment. Bacteria remained visible in the oil for 1 week or more, but with saline they disappeared within 1 day. The latter observation shows that retention of antigen at the site of injection is at least one of the mechanisms of prolongation of antibody formation by paraffin oil.
The tissue reaction in the foot pad to antigen in oil was largely one of suppuration with the production of persisting mononuclear granulomata whereas after antigen in saline it was chiefly one of catarrhal inflammation, subsiding within a month. The changes in the regional lymph nodes were essentially those of lymphatic hyperplasia with the production of numerous lymphocytes and large active secondary nodules, the macrophages remaining subsidiary. The lymphocytic reaction in the lymph nodes closely paralleled the antibody response but the monocytic reaction at the site of injection was not correlated with this response; in fact, in the antigen in oil experiments the monocytic reaction reached its height after the peak of antibody production.
The tissue changes observed in the various experiments were consistent with the finding previously reported from this laboratory, that the lymphocyte is concerned in antibody formation.
PREVENTION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA BY IMMUNIZATION WITH SPECIFIC CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: MacLeod Colin M. , Hodges Richard G. , Heidelberger Michael , Bernhard William G. 
Published: June 2004

1. Immunization of man with 0.03 to 0.06 mg. of each of the capsular polysaccharides of pneumococcus types I, II, V, and VII, given in a single subcutaneous injection, has been shown to be effective in preventing pneumonia caused by these types but not that due to heterologous types.
2. Immunity appears within a period of 2 weeks following injection of the polysaccharides. Its duration was not determined, although 6 months can be set as a minimum.
3. Immunization of alternate subjects in the population reduced greatly the incidence of pneumonia in the non-immunized.
4. The carrier rate for pneumococcus types I, II, V, and VII was lowered significantly in the immunized group as compared with the controls. It is suggested that an over-all reduction in the incidence of carriers was responsible for the lowered rates for pneumococcal pneumonia in the non-immunized group.
THE PREPARATION OF HIGHLY PURIFIED PR8 INFLUENZA VIRUS FROM INFECTED MOUSE LUNGS
Authors: Knight C. A. 
Published: June 2004

Highly purified preparations of PR8 influenza virus were obtained from perfused, infected mouse lungs by a combination of methods involving adsorption of the virus on and elution from chicken red cells and differential centrifugation. Such preparations were found to possess 50 per cent infectivity end-points at 10–11 to 10–11.8, and 10–13 to 10–14.3 gm. of nitrogen in mice and in chick embryos, respectively. A sedimentation constant of 683 S was obtained for the material and electron micrographs revealed essentially spherical particles about 100 mµ in diameter. The material was isoelectric at pH 5.4 and chemical analyses on several of the preparations indicated the presence of 10.1 per cent of nitrogen, 1.06 per cent of phosphorus, 6.2 per cent of carbohydrate and about 33 per cent of lipid. Positive tests were obtained for both ribonucleic and desoxyribonucleic acids. The virus was precipitated strongly by antisenim to purified PR8 virus obtained from the allantoic fluid of infected chick embryos and this serum inhibited the agglutination of red cells by the mouse virus to a dilution of about 40,000.
In general, the properties of the virus isolated from infected mouse lungs were found to coincide with those of the virus obtained from the allantoic fluid of infected chick embryos.
Effects of tetracycline on the pharmacokinetics of halofantrine in healthy volunteers
Authors: Bassi Peter U. , Onyeji Cyprian O. , Ukponmwan Otas E. 
Published: June 2004

Aims  To investigate the effect of tetracycline co‐administration on the pharmacokinetics of halofantrine in healthy subjects.Methods  Eight healthy males were each given 500 mg single oral doses of halofantrine alone, or with tetracycline (500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days), in a crossover fashion. Blood samples collected at predetermined intervals were analyzed for halofantrine and its major metabolite, desbutylhalofantrine (HFM), using a validated HPLC method.Results  Co‐administration of tetracycline and halofantrine resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), total area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC), and terminal elimination half‐life (t1/2,z), compared with halofantrine alone. (Cmax 0.43 ± 0.14 vs 1.06 ± 0.44 µg ml−1 (95% CI on the difference 0.30, 0.95); AUC 32.0 ± 13.6 vs 63.7 ± 20.1 µg ml−1 h (95% CI 14.2, 49.1); t1/2,z: 90.8 ± 17.9 vs 157.4 ± 57.4 h (95% CI 21.7, 111.5)). Similarly, tetracycline caused a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the AUC and Cmax of HFM.Conclusions  Tetracycline co‐administration significantly increases the plasma concentrations of halofantrine and its major metabolite.
Pharmacokinetics of fosfluconazole and fluconazole following multiple intravenous administration of fosfluconazole in healthy male volunteers
Authors: Sobue Satoshi , Tan Keith , Layton Gary , Eve Malcolm , Sanderson J. Brian 
Published: June 2004

AimsTo assess the bioavailability of fluconazole (FLCZ) from phosphate pro‐drug (fosfluconazole), to investigate the effect of loading doses on the time to achieve FLCZ steady state plasma concentrations and on safety, and to investigate the pharmacokinetics of fosfluconazole following once daily multiple bolus injection of fosfluconazole in healthy male volunteers.MethodsThe first study was a randomized, double‐blind, double dummy, two‐period crossover study. Subject received either 1000 mg fosfluconazole or 800 mg FLCZ once daily for 14 days in random order. The second study was an open label, randomized parallel group study. Subjects received one of three fosfluconazole once daily treatments: 500 mg for 10 days (no loading dose), a loading dose of 1000 mg on day 1 followed by 500 mg for 9 days (one loading dose), or loading doses of 1000 mg on days 1 and 2 followed by 500 mg for 8 days (two loading doses).ResultsThe estimated mean (90% CI) bioavailability of FLCZ from fosfluconazole was 96.8% (94.5, 99.2), with a Cmax,ss ratio of 98.3% (93.3, 103.5) in the first study. Less than 1% of the administered dose of fosfluconazole was excreted unchanged in the urine and the majority (85.6%) was eliminated in the urine as FLCZ. In the second study two loading doses regimen led to earlier achievement of target steady state plasma concentrations (by day 3) compared with use of one or no loading dose (towards the end of the dosing period). Similar adverse event profiles were seen in all three treatment groups. Fosfluconazole did not accumulate after multiple dosing.ConclusionsMultiple administration of 1000 mg fosfluconazole and 800 mg FLCZ produced equivalent systemic exposure to FLCZ. Steady state FLCZ plasma concentrations were achieved earliest when two loading doses were used.
Single and short‐term dosing effects of levocetirizine on adenosine monophosphate bronchoprovocation in atopic asthma
Authors: Lee Daniel K. C. , Gray Robert D. , Wilson Andrew M. , Robb Fiona M. , Soutar Patricia C. , Lipworth Brian J. 
Published: June 2004

Aims  Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) acts indirectly via primed airway mast cells to induce bronchial hyper‐responsiveness, which in turn correlates with eosinophilic asthmatic  inflammation  and  atopic  disease  expression.  We  evaluated  single and short‐term dosing effects of a modern histamine H1‐receptor antagonist, levocetirizine, given at the usual clinically recommended dose, on the primary outcome of AMP bronchoprovocation.Methods  Fifteen atopic asthmatics were randomized in double‐blind, cross‐over fashion to receive for 1 week either levocetirizine 5 mg or placebo. There was a 1‐week washout period prior to each randomized treatment. The provocative concentration of AMP producing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20) was measured after each washout at baseline and at 4–6 h following the first and last doses of each randomized treatment.Results  Baseline mean ± SEM values after washout prior to each randomized treatment comparing levocetirizine vs placebo were not significantly different for prechallenge FEV1 (% predicted) 83 ± 4 vs 82 ± 4, or AMP PC20 (mg ml−1) 45 ± 24 vs 45 ± 22, respectively. Airway calibre as prechallenge FEV1 for levocetirizine vs placebo was not significantly different following the first dose 86 ± 4 vs 82 ± 4, or the last dose 85 ± 4 vs 83 ± 4, respectively. There were significant improvements (P < 0.05) in AMP PC20 comparing levocetirizine vs placebo following the first dose 123 ± 73 vs 48 ± 24, a 1.4 doubling dilution difference (95% CI 0.8, 1.9), and the last dose 127 ± 74 vs 53 ± 29, a 1.2 doubling dilution difference (95% CI 0.5, 2.0). AMP PC20 was also improved (P < 0.05) by the first and last doses of levocetirizine but not placebo, vs respective baseline values, with there being no difference in the degree of protection between first and last doses.Conclusions  Single and short‐term dosing with levocetirizine conferred similar improvements in bronchial hyper‐responsiveness to AMP challenge, which was unrelated to prechallenge airway calibre. Further studies are indicated to evaluate the longer‐term effects of levocetirizine on asthma exacerbations.
Native and introduced fish species richness in French lakes: local and regional influences
Authors: Irz Pascal , Argillier Christine , Oberdorff Thierry 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACTAim  To analyse the importance of local and regional influences on the patterns of species richness in natural and man‐made lakes and to infer the impacts of human‐mediated introductions on these patterns.Location  France.Methods  Species occurrence data were gathered for 25 natural and 51 man‐made lakes. Analysis is based on regression models of local richness against their related regional richness and lake environmental variables.Results  Local native richness was mostly controlled by the regional richness. Conversely, local total richness was mainly explained by local variables. These statements apply to both natural and man‐made lakes. Lacustrine systems displayed weak resistance to invaders.Main conclusions  Species introductions have apparently contributed to saturate fish communities in these systems even if no clear negative effect on the survival of native species (i.e. species extinction) is detectable so far.
Internalization and Propagation of the Dengue Virus in Human Hepatoma (HepG2) Cells
Authors: Thepparit Chutima , Phoolcharoen Waranyoo , Suksanpaisan Lukkana , Smith Duncan R. 
Published: June 2004

<i>Objectives:</i> This study sought to undertake a comparative analysis of the internalization and propagation of all four dengue serotypes in a single cell line of human liver origin, HepG2. <i>Methods:</i> Virus production after infection was determined by the plaque assay technique. Internalization profiles were determined by incubating virus and cells on ice and then raising the temperature for various times. The contribution of extracellular matrix components to internalization was determined by pretreatment of cells with either trypsin or heparinase III. <i>Results:</i> HepG2 cells were able to support the propagation of all four serotypes with mature viruses being produced by 12 h for dengue serotype 4 and by 17–18 h for the remaining serotypes. Virus internalization showed a plateau for serotypes 1, 2 and 4 entry while serotype 3 showed a constant increase in internalization for up to 5 h. Pretreatment of HepG2 cells with heparinase III or trypsin both resulted in a reduction in viral production, with the smallest effect being noted for dengue serotype 3. <i>Conclusion:</i> These results suggest that the interaction between the dengue virus and liver cells is a complex one that requires both protein and nonprotein elements, and has a significant serotype/strain element.
Adenovirus-Encoded Hammerhead Ribozyme to PDGF A-Chain mRNA Inhibits Neointima Formation after Arterial Injury
Authors: Lin Zhi-Hong , Fukuda Noboru , Suzuki Ryo , Takagi Hiroto , Ikeda Yukihiro , Saito Satoshi , Matsumoto Koichi , Kanmatsuse Katsuo , Mugishima Hideo 
Published: June 2004

To develop a strategy for gene therapy of restenosis following coronary angioplasty, we examined the effects of a recombinant adenovirus vector encoding a hammerhead ribozyme specific for rat platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) A-chain mRNA (Ad.Ribozyme) and a control recombinant adenovirus vector encoding the <i>Escherichia coli LacZ</i> gene (Ad.LacZ) on neointima formation in rat carotid artery after balloon injury. Ad.Ribozyme (10<sup>8</sup> PFU/ml) markedly reduced the increased expression of PDGF A-chain mRNA and protein. Ad.Ribozyme significantly decreased the intima/media ratio (68%) of the injured artery, whereas Ad.LacZ had no effect on the intima/media ratio. Most carotid arteries developed thrombi by 14 days after balloon injury, whereas Ad.Ribozyme completely inhibited thrombus formation. Expression of thromboxane A<sub>2</sub> (TXA<sub>2</sub>) receptor mRNA was significantly increased after balloon injury. Ad.Ribozyme significantly decreased the levels of TXA<sub>2</sub> receptor. Expression of prostaglandin I<sub>2</sub> (PGI<sub>2</sub>) synthase mRNA was significantly decreased after balloon injury. Ad.Ribozyme significantly increased levels of PGI<sub>2</sub> synthase mRNA after balloon injury. The observation that adenovirus-encoded ribozyme to PDGF A-chain inhibits neointima formation may serve as a novel strategy to prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Inhibition of growth factors by genetic approaches may yield new insights into the mechanisms underlying responses to vascular injury and lead to new therapeutic applications.
Body Mass Index but Not a Polymorphism of the Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist <i>(IL-1 RA)</i> Gene Is Associated with Age at Natural Menopause
Authors: Riener Eva-Katrin , Keck Christoph , Worda Christof , Hefler Lukas A. , Tempfer Clemens B. 
Published: June 2004

<i>Background:</i> A genetic component of the onset of menopause has been described and several candidate genes have been identified. We hypothesized that carriage of a polymorphism of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene <i>(IL-1 RA)</i> is associated with an early age at menopause. <i>Methods:</i> In a prospective cohort study, 90 consecutive postmenopausal Caucasian women were genotyped by PCR for the presence of an 86-base pair tandem repeat polymorphism in intron 2 of <i>IL-1 RA</i>. <i>Results:</i> We found that 36/90 (40%) women were homozygous for the wild-type allele 1 and 49/90 (54%) women were heterozygous for any of the variant alleles (1/2 [n = 44], 1/3 [n = 3], 2/3 [n = 2]). Two women (2%) were homozygous carriers of the variant allele 2. The wild-type allele 1 was identified on 119 of 180 chromosomes for an allele frequency of 0.66. The polymorphic alleles 2 and 3 were present on 56 and 5 chromosomes, respectively (allele frequencies 0.31 and 0.03, respectively). No correlation between the <i>IL-1 RA </i>genotype and the age at menarche and menopause, the length of the reproductive period, and the number of deliveries and miscarriages was ascertained. As to allele frequencies, homozygous and heterozygous carriers of the variant allele 2 had a median age at menopause of 50 (range 40–48) years, compared to 49.5 (range 39–56) years for women with no allele 2 (p value 0.41). Women with at least one allele 2 had a median age at menarche of 13 (range 10–16) years, compared to 13 (range 10–17) years for women with no allele 2 (p value 0.1). Decreasing body mass index, but not smoking, was correlated with an increasing age at natural menopause (r = –0.23, p = 0.04). <i>Conclusions:</i> Our preliminary data suggest that an 86-base pair tandem repeat polymorphism in intron 2 of <i>IL-1 RA</i> does not modulate the onset and cessation of menses in this cohort of Caucasian women.
Safety and Tolerability of High-Dose Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Therapy in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Pilot Study
Authors: Weinberg Adam J. , Zappe Dion H. , Ashton Michael , Weinberg Marc S. 
Published: June 2004

<i>Background:</i> The progression of renal disease is ameliorated by drugs that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The doses used to slow the progression of renal disease may not completely suppress the RAS for 24 h and may explain why some patients do not obtain optimal renoprotective benefits from therapy. This pilot study was initiated to determine the safety and tolerability of using higher doses, than currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration, for the angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB) candesartan cilexetil in patients with chronic kidney disease. We hypothesized that higher doses will be safe and well tolerated. Consequently, this should be a viable strategy for larger clinical trials evaluating the preservation of renal function. <i>Methods:</i> Twelve patients (10 males; age = 57 ± 14 years) with a history of diabetic or non-diabetic chronic kidney disease were enrolled in an 8-week open-label trial. Patients received candesartan titrated to a targeted dosage of 160 mg/day (5 times above the currently approved maximum dose) and remained at that dosage for the subsequent 4 weeks. The safety and tolerability of the higher doses were determined by measures of blood pressure, serum creatinine and potassium. <i>Results:</i> Candesartan was well tolerated with no serious drug-related adverse events reported. Serum creatinine concentrations throughout the study were not different (p > 0.05) from baseline levels (2.0 ± 0.5 mg/dl). Plasma potassium concentrations at 160 mg/day candesartan (4.9 ± 0.7 mEq/l) were similar (p > 0.05) to those at baseline (4.8 ± 0.5 mEq/l). <i>Conclusions:</i> The results of this pilot study suggest that supramaximal doses of ARBs are safe and well tolerated in patients with chronic kidney disease, while reducing both blood pressure and proteinuria. This study demonstrates the need to further investigate the optimal dosing strategy for ARBs in reducing the progression of renal disease.
A Novel Ferromagnetically Coupled Dinuclear Manganese(II) Complex with Phenoxo Bridges
Authors: Koizumi Satoshi , Nihei Masayuki , Oshio Hiroki 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The reaction of MnCl2·4H2O with a tetradentate ligand yielded a dinuclear manganese(II) complex of [MnII2(H2L)2Cl2] (1) (H3L = N-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)iminodiethanol). The magnetic susceptibility measurement revealed that 1 has an S = 5 spin ground state due to an intramolecular ferromagnetic interaction.
Preparation of Cu2S Nanoribbons from Cu(thiocarbamide)Cl·1/2H2O Complex Nanowires by Solid-state Reaction at Room Temperature without Surfactants
Authors: Chen Chunnian , Zhu Chunling , Hao Linyun , Hu Yuan , Chen Zuyao 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Cu2S nanoribbons with width of 60–80 nm, length of 200–500 nm, and average thickness of about 8 nm were prepared by means of a simple solid-state reaction at room temperature without surfactants. The product was characterized by various techniques of XRD, XPS, TEM, HRTEM, and UV–vis spectra.