bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detecting genetic effects on phenotype variability to capture gene-by-environment interactions: a systematic method comparison
Authors: Zhang Xiaopu , Bell Jordana T 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Genetically associated phenotypic variability has been widely observed across organisms and traits, including in humans. Both gene-gene and gene-environment interactions can lead to an increase in genetically associated phenotypic variability. Therefore, detecting the underlying genetic variants, or variance Quantitative Trait Loci (vQTLs), can provide novel insights into complex traits. Established approaches to detect vQTLs apply different methodologies from variance-only approaches to mean-variance joint tests, but a comprehensive comparison of these methods is lacking. Here, we review available methods to detect vQTLs in humans, carry out a simulation study to assess their performance under different biological scenarios of gene-environment interactions, and apply the optimal approaches for vQTL identification to gene expression data. Overall, with a minor allele frequency (MAF) of less than 0.2, the squared residual value linear model (SVLM) and the deviation regression model (DRM) are optimal when the data follow normal and non-normal distributions, respectively. In addition, the Brown–Forsythe (BF) test is one of the optimal methods when the MAF is 0.2 or larger, irrespective of phenotype distribution. Additionally, a larger sample size and more balanced sample distribution in different exposure categories increase the power of BF, SVLM, and DRM. Our results highlight vQTL detection methods that perform optimally under realistic simulation settings and show that their relative performance depends on the phenotype distribution, allele frequency, sample size, and the type of exposure in the interaction model underlying the vQTL.
Use of in-network insurance benefits is critical for improving retention in telehealth-based buprenorphine treatment
Authors: Williams Arthur Robin , Rowe Christopher , Minarik Lexie , Gray Zack , Murphy Sean M , Pincus Harold A 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
An empiric evidence base is lacking regarding the relationship between insurance status, payment source, and outcomes among patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) on telehealth platforms. Such information gaps may lead to unintended impacts of policy changes. Following the phase-out of the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency, states were allowed to redetermine Medicaid eligibility and disenroll individuals. Yet, financial barriers remain a common and significant hurdle for patients with OUD and are associated with worse outcomes. We studied 3842 patients entering care in 2022 at Ophelia Health, one of the nation's largest OUD telehealth companies, to assess associations between insurance status and 6-month retention. In multivariable analyses, in-network patients who could use insurance benefits were more likely to be retained compared with cash-pay patients (adjusted risk ratio [aRR]: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.40–1.62; P &lt; .001). Among a subsample of 882 patients for whom more detailed insurance data were available (due to phased-in electronic health record updates), in-network patients were also more likely to be retained at 6 months compared with insured, yet out-of-network patients (aRR: 1.86; 95% CI: 1.54–2.23; P &lt; .001). Findings show that insurance status, and specifically the use of in-network benefits, is associated with superior retention and suggest that Medicaid disenrollment and insurance plan hesitation to engage with telehealth providers may undermine the nation's response to the opioid crisis.
Organizational and occupational health issues with working remotely during the pandemic: a scoping review of remote work and health
Authors: Lyzwinski Lynnette-Natalia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Background: Stay-at-home orders during the COVID-19 global pandemic created unprecedented challenges for workers whose work was transferred to the home setting. Little is presently known about the benefits and the challenges associated with global remote work on well-being and mental health, work-life balance, job satisfaction, productivity, home office adaptability, and gender equality.
Methods: A scoping review of PubMed/Medline was undertaken in October 2021 to better understand these broad dimensions associated with remote worker health, well-being, and the home office workspace. The review focused on white-collar workers who undertook remote work during each of the lockdown waves from March 2020 to 2021.
Results: A total of 62 studies were included in the review, which spanned Asia, North America, South America, and Europe. Overall, workers seemed to enjoy remote work, but productivity varied. The main setbacks associated with remote work included feelings of isolation and loneliness, which negatively influenced well-being. Social support from management and contact with colleagues mitigated this. Leadership style also influenced remote worker well-being. Overall, women suffered from lower levels of remote work well-being and productivity, especially if they had children. The home office and its adaptability were integral for successful remote work. Work-life balance was affected in some workers who struggled with heavier workloads or family duties.
Conclusions: To promote well-being and successful remote work, isolation and loneliness should be reduced through greater contact with colleagues and managers. Managers should promote family friendly policies that may support work-life balance and reduce gender inequities in remote work.
How to Marry a Star: Probabilistic Constraints for Meaning in Context
Authors: Erk Katrin , Herbelot Aurélie 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper, we derive a notion of word meaning in context that characterizes meaning as both intensional and conceptual. We introduce a framework for specifying local as well as global constraints on word meaning in context, together with their interactions, thus modelling a wide range of lexical shifts and ambiguities observed in utterance interpretation. We represent sentence meaning as a situation description system, a probabilistic model which takes utterance understanding to be the mental process of describing to oneself one or more situations that would account for an observed utterance. We show how the system can be implemented in practice, and apply it to examples containing various contextualisation phenomena.
Aerosolized Particulate Matter and Blunting of Ciliary Dynamic Responses: Implications for Veterans and Active Duty Military in Southwest Asia
Authors: Workman Alan D , Lee Robert J , Cohen Noam A 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Respiratory diseases such as chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma are observed at increased rates in active duty and veteran military members, and they are especially prevalent in individuals who have been deployed in Southwest Asia during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. Particulate matter, specifically the fine-grain desert sand found in the Middle East, may be a key source of this pathology because of deleterious effects on mucociliary clearance.

Materials and Methods
With IRB approval, human sinonasal tissue was grown at an air-liquid interface and cultures were exposed to different types and sizes of particulate matter, including sand from Afghanistan and Kuwait. Ciliary dynamic responses to mechanical stimulation and ATP application were assessed following particulate exposure.

Results
Particle size of the commercial sand was substantially larger than that of the sand of Afghan or Kuwaiti origin. Following exposure to particulate matter, normal dynamic ciliary responses to mechanical stimulation and ATP application were significantly decreased (P &lt; .01), with corresponding decreases in ATP-induced calcium flux (P &lt; .05). These changes were partially reversible with apical washing after a 16-h period of exposure. After 36 h of exposure to Middle Eastern sand, ciliary responses to purinergic stimulation were completely abolished.

Conclusions
There is a neutralization of the dynamic ciliary response following chronic particulate matter exposure, similar to ciliary pathologies observed in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Aerosolized particulate matter endured by military personnel in the Southwest Asia may cause dysfunctional mucociliary clearance; these data help to explain the increased prevalence of respiratory pathology in individuals who are or have been deployed in this region.
Hybrid Regimes in Historical Perspective
Authors: Weyland Kurt 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Hybrid regimes long preceded the post-Cold War era highlighted by Levitsky and Way’s seminal analysis. During the nineteenth century in Europe, socioeconomic modernization and the gradual advance of political liberalism led long-established monarchies to concede suffrage reforms, protections of human and civil rights, and steps toward the parliamentary responsibility of governments. The resulting hybrid regimes, which allowed for learning and habituation among diverse political actors, constituted transitional stages in the “first wave of democratization,” which powerful labor movements and broader societal mobilization brought to a successful conclusion, especially in the continent’s northwest. In Latin America, by contrast, learning and diffusion from the United States and Europe propelled comparatively “early,” developmentally premature steps toward political liberalism. Given limited modernization and weak societal activism, these hybrid regimes were dominated by established elites, which corrupted liberalism’s formal institutions through informal machinations and electoral fraud. Entrenched elitism and endemic instability hindered transitions to democracy.
Prenatal substance exposure and child health: Understanding the role of environmental factors, genetics, and brain development
Authors: Gu Zixin , Barch Deanna M , Luo Qiang 
Published: January 2024

AbstractPrenatal substance exposure (PSE) has been linked to adverse health outcomes, but its interactions with environmental and genetic factors remain unclear. Using data from the adolescent brain cognitive development cohort (n = 9,838; baseline age: 9.92 ± 0.62 years), we tested for the robust associations of PSE-caffeine/alcohol/tobacco/marijuana with children's health, cognition, and brain metrics after controlling for the environmental and genetic contexts. The environmental context involved birth, familial, and societal risk factors, while the genetic context included family histories and polygenic risk scores (PRSs) of mental disorders. In this sample, PSE-caffeine was observed in 59.8%, PSE-alcohol in 25.7%, PSE-tobacco in 13.2%, and PSE-marijuana in 5.6% of children. PSE-tobacco/marijuana was associated with higher environmental risks, PSE-alcohol was associated with lower familial risks, and all PSEs were associated with higher genetic risks. Controlling for these contexts reduced the number of significant health associations by 100, 91, 84, and 18% for PSE-tobacco/marijuana/caffeine/alcohol. Compared to the baseline, PSE-alcohol had the most health associations that were persistent over a 2-year period from preadolescence to adolescence, including associations with more sleep and mental health problems, improved cognitive functions, and larger brain volumes. These persistent associations with mental health problems and crystallized cognition were mediated by the surface areas of the frontal and the parietal cortices, respectively. Lower risk scores of the familial contexts attenuated associations between PSE-alcohol/marijuana and mental health problems. Higher PRS for substance use disorders enhanced late-onset associations of PSE-marijuana with externalizing problems. Results support the “health in context” concept, emphasizing modifiable factors mitigating adverse PSE effects.
The structural OFF and ON states of myosin can be decoupled from the biochemical super- and disordered-relaxed states
Authors: Jani Vivek P , Song Taejeong , Gao Chengqian , Gong Henry , Sadayappan Sakthivel , Kass David A , Irving Thomas C , Ma Weikang 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
There is a growing awareness that both thick-filament and classical thin-filament regulations play central roles in modulating muscle contraction. Myosin ATPase assays have demonstrated that under relaxed conditions, myosin may reside either in a high-energy-consuming disordered-relaxed (DRX) state available for binding actin to generate force or in an energy-sparing super-relaxed (SRX) state unavailable for actin binding. X-ray diffraction studies have shown that the majority of myosin heads are in a quasi-helically ordered OFF state in a resting muscle and that this helical ordering is lost when myosin heads are turned ON for contraction. It has been assumed that myosin heads in SRX and DRX states are equivalent to the OFF and ON states, respectively, and the terms have been used interchangeably. In this study, we use X-ray diffraction and ATP turnover assays to track the structural and biochemical transitions of myosin heads, respectively, induced with either omecamtiv mecarbil (OM) or piperine in relaxed porcine myocardium. We find that while OM and piperine induce dramatic shifts of myosin heads from the OFF to the ON state, there are no appreciable changes in the population of myosin heads in the SRX and DRX states in both unloaded and loaded preparations. Our results show that biochemically defined SRX and DRX can be decoupled from structurally defined OFF and ON states. In summary, while SRX/DRX and OFF/ON transitions can be correlated in some cases, these two phenomena are measured using different approaches, reflect different properties of the thick filament, and should be investigated and interpreted separately.
Away from the herd: loneliness as a dysfunction of social alignment
Authors: Shamay-Tsoory Simone G , Kanterman Alisa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The tendency of all humans to experience loneliness at some point in their lives implies that it serves an adaptive function. Building on biological theories of herding in animals, according to which collective movement emerges from local interactions that are based on principles of attraction, repulsion and alignment, we propose an approach that synthesizes these principles with theories of loneliness in humans. We present here the ‘herding model of loneliness’ that extends these principles into the psychological domain. We hold that these principles serve as basic building blocks of human interactions and propose that distorted attraction and repulsion tendencies may lead to inability to align properly with others, which may be a core component in loneliness emergence and perpetuation. We describe a neural model of herding in humans and suggest that loneliness may be associated with altered interactions between the gap/error detection, reward signaling, threat and observation-execution systems. The proposed model offers a framework to predict the behavior of lonely individuals and thus may inform intervention designs for reducing loneliness intensity.
Citizen attitudes toward science and technology, 1957–2020: measurement, stability, and the Trump challenge
Authors: Miller Jon D , Laspra Belén , Polino Carmelo , Branch Glenn , Ackerman Mark S , Pennock Robert T 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In democratic societies around the world, the number of science policy decisions is increasing. One of the fundamental principles of democracy is that citizens should be able to understand the issues before them. Using a 63-year cross-sectional US data set, we use confirmatory factor analysis to construct and test a two-dimensional measure of attitude to science and technology that has been relatively stable over the last six decades. Previous and current research tells us that only one in three US adults is scientifically literate, meaning that trust in scientific expertise is important to many citizens. We find that trust in scientific expertise polarized during the Trump administration. Using the same data set, we construct two structural equation models to determine the factors that predict positive attitudes toward science and technology. Comparing 2016 and 2020, we find that the Trump attacks on science did not reduce public support for science.
Xylazine Use Among People Who Inject Drugs, Philadelphia 2022
Authors: Tan Marissa , Nassau Tanner , Kuncio Danica , Higgins Dana , Teixeira da Silva Daniel , Tomlinson David , Brady Kathleen A. 
Published: January 2024

ObjectivesXylazine is commonly mixed with illicit opioids in Philadelphia, and potential associations with wound issues, infectious diseases, and overdoses are of public health concern. We used data from the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Survey among persons who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Philadelphia to better identify individuals at risk and inform patients and clinicians about xylazine risk factors.MethodsWe compared characteristics of participants who reported using xylazine to those who reported not using xylazine in the past 12 months. Among those who reported xylazine use, we compared characteristics between people who prefer and did not prefer to use xylazine.ResultsIn this sample of PWIDs, most prefer not to use xylazine, yet use is common. Compared with PWIDs not using xylazine, PWIDs who use xylazine were more likely to have recent homelessness, polysubstance use, overdose history, and hepatitis C virus infection (P< 0.05 for all comparisons). Compared with concordant xylazine use, discordant xylazine use was associated with lower preference for fentanyl, heroin as the primary injection drug, and lower use of syringe service programs (P< 0.05 for all comparisons).ConclusionsPublic health entities should prioritize studying the use and health effects of xylazine in their jurisdictions and consider supporting point-of-care and drug-checking surveillance in addition to raising awareness of xylazine in the drug supply.
Standardizing Continuous Physical Activity Monitoring in Patients with Cervical Spondylosis
Authors: Maldaner Nicolai , Gonzalez-Suarez Aneysis D. , Tang Megan , Fatemi Parastou , Leung Chris , Desai Atman , Tomkins-Lane Christy , Zygourakis Corinna 
Published: January 2024

Study Design/Setting.Prospective cohort study.Objective.To use a commercial wearable device to measure real-life, continuous physical activity in patients with CS and to establish age- and sex-adjusted standardized scores.Summary of Background Data.Patients with cervical spondylosis (CS) often present with pain or neurologic deficits that results in functional limitations and inactivity. However, little is known regarding the influence of CS on patient’s real-life physical activity.Methods.This study included 100 English-speaking adult patients with cervical degenerative diseases undergoing elective spine surgery at Stanford University who owned iPhones. Patients undergoing surgery for spine infections, trauma, or tumors, or with lumbar degenerative disease were excluded. Activity two weeks before surgery was expressed as raw daily step counts. Standardized z-scores were calculated based on age- and sex-specific values of a control population. Responses to patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) surveys assessed convergent validity. Functional impairment was categorized based on predetermined z-score cut-off values.Results.30 CS with mean(±SD) age of 56.0(±13.4) years wore an Apple Watch for ≥8 hours/day in 87.1% of the days. Mean watch wear time was 15.7(±4.2) hours/day, and mean daily step count was 6,400(±3,792). There was no significant difference in activity between 13 patients (43%) with myelopathy and 17 (57%) without myelopathy. Test-Retest reliability between wearable step count measurements was excellent (ICC β=0.95). Physical activity showed a moderate positive correlation with SF36-PCS, EQ5D VAS, and PROMIS-PF. Activity performance was classified into categories of “no impairment” (step count=9,640(±2,412)), “mild impairment” (6,054(±816)), “moderate impairment” (3,481(±752)), and “severe impairment” (1,619(±240)).Conclusion.CS patients’ physical activity is significantly lower than the general population, or the frequently stated goals of 7,000-10,000 steps/day. Standardized, continuous wearable physical activity monitoring in CS is a reliable, valid, and normalized outcome tool that may help characterize functional impairment before and after spinal interventions.
Imaging Characteristics of Nonrheumatoid Arthritis Patients With Retro-odontoid Pseudotumor
Authors: Kawabata Soya , Kuroshima Kohei , Kawaguchi Koki , Takegami Norihiko , Yurube Takashi , Michikawa Takehiro , Akeda Koji , Kakutani Kenichiro , Fujita Nobuyuki 
Published: January 2024

Study design.
Multicenter case-control study.

Objective.
To identify imaging characteristics of the cervical spine in patients with retro-odontoid pseudotumor (ROP) without rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and determine the pathogenesis of ROP.

Background.
ROP results from proliferative changes in the soft tissue of the atlantoaxial junction surrounding the region of the transverse ligament, and is commonly seen in RA patients. However, the pathogenesis of ROP caused by mechanical instability of the upper cervical spine in patients without RA is yet to be explained.

Materials and Methods.
We collected imaging data [preoperative radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT)] of patients who underwent surgery between April 2011 and March 2022 at the three university hospitals for ROP (cases) and cervical spondylotic myelopathy (as age, sex, and institution matched controls). The two groups were compared for different parameters on cervical dynamic radiographs, MRI, and CT.

Results.
The ROP group consisted of 42 patients, and the control group comprised 168 patients. C2–C7 range of motion was significantly smaller in the ROP group (25.8 ± 2.6°) compared with the control group (33.0 ± 1.0°). C2–C7 sagittal vertical axis was significantly larger in the ROP group than the control group (39.3 ± 3.6 vs. 32.2 ± 1.3 mm). MRI and CT assessment showed progressive degeneration at all intervertebral levels in the ROP group. A significant positive correlation was observed between the thickness of the soft tissue posterior to the dental process and the atlantodental interval in the flexion position (r = 0.501).

Conclusions.
The development of ROP was associated with degeneration of facet joints and intervertebral disks in the middle and lower cervical spine. Our findings suggest that decreased mobility of the middle and lower cervical spine may cause instability in the upper cervical spine, leading to the formation of ROP.