bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anonymity and the Law in the United States
Authors: Froomkin A Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Surveys suggest that the public is increasingly concerned about privacy issues, but post-9/11 concerns have motivated the federal government, in particular, to develop a number of initiatives that lessen the scope for anonymous communication and behavior in the United States. Some of the core protections, however, rest on pre-9/11 constitutional foundations, and the courts are only beginning to hear challenges to these new statutes and programs. That there has been a lurch against anonymity since September 2001 is indisputable; how great a lurch and for how long major parts of it will last remains uncertain and is, in fact, deeply contested. Underlying this contest is the lack of a consensus as to when and whether anonymity is good, at least outside the realm of core political speech. Anonymity has both valuable and harmful consequences, and different persons weigh these differently. Some, focusing on anonymity’s contribution to many freedoms, argue that anonymity’s benefits outweigh any likely harms it may cause, or that the harms (e.g., censorship, lack of privacy) associated with trying to ban anonymity are not worth any benefits that could ensue. Others, perhaps focusing on the harmful actions that can be accomplished anonymously (libel, spamming, massive copyright violations), look at anonymity and see dangerous license.Their conclusion is that at least some forms of anonymity should be banned.
Treating Epilepsy
Authors: Reuber Markus , Schachter Steven C , Elger Christian E , Altrup Ulrich 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is usually not possible to prevent a seizure from developing fully or to stop a seizure once it has started. While the seizure goes on, dangerous objects (for instance, a burning candle) should be placed well out of reach. After the seizure, people may be confused for 10 or 20 minutes. During this time they should not be left alone. They should be watched to make sure that they do not injure themselves.
A single complex partial seizure is over after a few minutes. However, one seizure may be followed by another so quickly that the person does not “wake up” fully between attacks. This condition is called “complex partial status epilepticus” (or “non-convulsive status epilepticus”). It is not life-threatening but may need to be treated with medication. Usually patients with complex partial status have to go to the hospital.
Babies and young children can develop a fever very quickly. Sometimes this causes “febrile seizures.” Severe febrile seizures can occasionally cause epilepsy many years later. Febrile seizures are severe when they last for more than 15 minutes or if one seizure follows on immediately from another. Febrile seizures are not epilepsy because they are seizures that are “provoked” by fever.
Conditions Associated With Epilepsy
Authors: Reuber Markus , Schachter Steven C , Elger Christian E , Altrup Ulrich 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Some people with epilepsy also have other medical disorders. These other disorders may be completely unrelated to their epilepsy. On the other hand, epilepsy can be the cause of an additional disorder or the consequence of another health problem.
Sometimes, epileptic seizures are the first sign of another condition or disease.
This chapter will first focus on health problems that can be caused by epilepsy. The second part of the chapter describes other disorders or conditions that can cause epileptic seizures and epilepsy.
When a medical disorder causes epileptic seizures, doctors do not always make a diagnosis of epilepsy. If people have seizures that were clearly provoked by another disorder (for instance, a low sodium level caused by diuretic medication—water tablets), treatment should involve the removal of the underlying cause of the seizures and not antiepileptic drugs. However, other medical conditions associated with epilepsy may not always be cured as easily, and people’s quality of life may then be affected by two chronic disorders.
Epilepsy Research
Authors: Reuber Markus , Schachter Steven C , Elger Christian E , Altrup Ulrich 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The word “epilepsy” was first used by Hippocrates over 2,000 years ago. Translated into English, it means something like “surprise attack.” Hippocrates described epileptic seizures in a very detailed way, although his insights were forgotten in later centuries. It was often thought that people with epilepsy were possessed by demons or the devil. Treatment was often quite drastic. If treatment killed people, it was said that the demons were too strong. However, some cultures also considered epilepsy a “sacred disease,” thinking that people were close to God during a seizure.
Over many centuries, epilepsy was a condition “one should not talk about.” People with epilepsy were often excluded from public life. Because epilepsy was not discussed openly, most people knew very little about it. Lack of knowledge and prejudice made life hard for people with seizures. To some extent, these problems still exist today—but we can try to change things. The history of the last 200 years shows how quickly knowledge about epilepsy can grow, but history also shows that such knowledge can be lost again.
The Battle of Ole Miss
Authors: Lambert Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
James Meredith broke the color barrier in 1962 as the first African American student at Ole Miss. The violent riot that followed would be one of the most deadly clashes of the civil rights era, seriously wounding scores of U.S. Marshals and killing two civilians, and forcing the federal government to send thousands of soldiers to restore the peace. In The Battle of Ole Miss: Civil Rights v. States’ Rights, Frank Lambert--who was a student at Ole Miss at the time and witnessed many of these events--provides an engaging narrative of the tumultuous period surrounding Meredith’s arrival at the University of Mississippi. Written from the unique perspective of a student, Lambert explores the riot and its aftermath, examining why James Meredith deemed it important enough to risk his life in order to enter Ole Miss and why scores of white students resisted Meredith’s enrollment. Lambert captures the complex and confused reactions of the students--most of whom had never given race a second thought--and many of whom were not averse to Meredith attending Ole Miss. In examining this single incident, Lambert illuminates the broader themes of social and cultural fault lines, Mississippi race relations, the fight for racial justice, and the political realignment that transformed the south. Part of the Critical Historical Encounters series, The Battle of Ole Miss: Civil Rights v. States’ Rights is an ideal supplement for undergraduate U.S. Survey courses and courses in African American History, Civil Rights, the U.S. Since 1945, and the 1960s.
Atomic Obsession
Authors: Mueller John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ever since the first atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, the prospect of nuclear annihilation has haunted the modern world. And since September 11, 2001, the view that nuclear terrorism is the most serious threat to the security of the United States or, for that matter, of the world has been virtually universal. But as John Mueller reveals in this eye-opening, compellingly argued, and very reassuring book, our obsession with nuclear weapons is unsupported by history, scientific fact, or logic. Examining the entire atomic era, Mueller boldly contends that nuclear weapons have had little impact on history. Although they have inspired overwrought policies and distorted spending priorities, things generally would have turned out much the same if they had never been invented. For the most part they have proved to be militarily useless, and a key reason so few countries have taken them up is that they are a spectacular waste of money and scientific talent. Equally important, Atomic Obsession reveals why current anxieties about terrorists obtaining nuclear weapons are essentially baseless: there are a host of practical and organizational difficulties that make their likelihood of success almost vanishingly small. Mueller, one of America’s most distinguished yet provocative international relations scholars, goes even further, maintaining that our efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons have produced more suffering and violence than the bombs themselves, and that proliferation of the weapons, while not necessarily desirable, is unlikely to be a major danger or to accelerate. This controversial volume debunks the received wisdom endorsed both by America’s military-industrial complex and by its opponents for more than half a century. Demolishing half-truths and false assumptions, this is an important argument that deserves a wide public hearing.
Verification in an Age of Insecurity
Authors: O’Neill Philip D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Verification in an Age of Insecurity takes the reader into some of the most urgent arms control issues facing the world community, including the nuclear activities of rogue states and threats from sophisticated non-state actors. In the book, national security expert Philip D. O’Neill, Jr. identifies and addresses issues from the resuscitated disarmament agenda, from the comprehensive test ban to fissile material and biological weapons. O’Neill examines the need for shifts in verification standards and policy suitable for our volatile era and beyond it. He surveys recent history to show how established verification procedures fail to produce the certainty necessary to meet today’s threats. Verification in an Age of Insecurity goes beyond a discussion of rogue states like North Korea to offer suggestions on how best to bring compliance policy up to date with modern threats.
But I Digress
Authors: Lennard John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dr Johnson disapproved of parentheses and wouldn't use them; and for three centuries grammarians have argued that they are subordinate, additional, unnecessary, irrelevant, and damaging to the clarity of argument. But for Marlowe, Marvell, Swift, Coleridge, Byron, Browning, Eliot, Geoffrey Hill, and Derek Walcott (to name only poets) parentheses have been emphatic, original, necessary, relevant, and essential to the clarity of argument. They also intensify satire. Dr Lennard offers both a new history of the poetic use of lunulae (the marks of parenthesis) from their first appearance in England in 1494 to the present day, and detailed case-studies of individual poets who exploited lunulae. In combination the historical development of use and the individual's practice in a given period reveal the impact on literary composition of technological, philosophical, and political pressures, and the importance for the reader of regarding punctuation as a resource.
Bunting
Authors: Makin Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A substantial portion of Bunting's poems circulated, unheeded, half a century ago. Yet, more than twenty-five years after the publication of his masterpiece Briggflatts, this is is the first critical study to show the view of writing that fused Bunting's intense concerns with music, painting, and Northern culture, and made him the central British poet of the post-war era. Peter Makin's lucid sequence of exposition leads from the more approachable data of Bunting's life and writings to their relations with form and finally theory. Of particular interest are chapters on the saints and warriors that occupy a central position in Briggflatts and on the forms of music and of Northumbrian painting and writing that help determine its structure. Bunting was both realist - his poetry was `about life' - and profoundly formalist. His arguments clash, and cannot be made to match up. Yet they demand examination, not only because they gave rise to his verse, but because they undercut some of the more dangerous critical tendencies of our day. This study reveals Bunting as a major figure both in the development of the modernist movement and of twentieth-century British poetry as a whole.
Constructive Vision and Visionary Deconstruction
Authors: Otto Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book focuses on the tension in Blake’s poetry between a hermeneutics of suspicion and a hermeneutics of belief: it offers a new account of the way in which Blake's major prophecies work and of the stratagems they employ to consolidate error and so open their readers’ eyes to ‘otherness’. Central to Peter Otto's reading is a re-definition of the role of Los and Jesus in Blake's work, emphasising Blake's prophetic intent. In the course of a radically new reading of Milton and Jerusalem, it is argued that in these poems the autonomous, world-forming imagination (that is staple to many accounts of Romanticism) is subject to visionary deconstruction. Rather than subordinating existence to perception, Blake’s poems attempt to induce their readers to act. Constructive Vision is the first systematic and comprehensive analysis of Blake’s work to draw on a radically new understanding of Blake’s view of humanity.
An Alftedian Legacy? On the Fortunes and Fate of some Items of Boethian Vocabulary in Old English
Authors: Bately Janet 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a pioneering study of Latin abstract nouns employed in Boethius’ De Consolatione Philosophiae and their vernacular counterparts in the translations of that work by King Alfred in the ninth century and by Chaucer in the fourteenth, Olga Fischer compared and contrasted the ways in which these two English writers rendered Boethius’ philosophical terminology.’ Among her conclusions were (1) that the lexical resources of Old English were as adequate as, if not more adequate than, those of Middle English to render ‘the often difficult and, in many instances, new philosophical concepts’,, (2) that whereas Chaucer borrowed words freely from Latin and French, Alfred very frequently took advantage of his own language’s capacity for compounding and loan-translation to supplement semantic borrowing,’ and (3) that in a significant number of cases the king himself was responsible for these coinages.
Line-End Hyphens in the Ormulum Manuscript (MS Junius I)
Authors: Burchfield Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The essay that follows is based on some work I did on the Ormulum about 1956, by which time I had completed a fresh transcription of MS Junius I and was preparing the text for publication by the Early English Text Society. The essential points were to form part of the Introduction to this edition and will do so when I resume work on the edition. It seems appropriate now to offer this fragment as a tribute to my oldest friend in Oxford.
Later History Plays
Authors: Hunter G K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Famous Victories of Henry V appears in Chapter 5 as an isolated representative of the genre of comical history-a genre one would expect to find popular among audiences and therefore often written and frequently printed. But in the period 1588-96 the history play (as represented by the surviving texts and by what one can deduce from surviving titles) appears to be a rather serious matter. Among the history plays so far considered, only Edward III and Jack Straw end with anything like happiness, and in Jack Straw the escape of the king and the city from mob violence is a hairsbreadth’s chance; in Edward III likewise, the happy survival of the Black Prince is represented as a miraculous chance. The image of political life that these plays contain makes a tragic end more probable than a comic one; success is a temporary effect in worlds dominated by political contingency.
Doing What Comes Naturally
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a succession of provocative and wide-ranging chapters, Stanley Fish explores the rational basis of our literary, legal, and psychoanalytic interpretations. He argues that while we can never separate our judgements from the context in which they are made, those judgements are nevertheless authoritative, and in the only way that matters, objective. He explores the implications of his ideas on the nature of professional and institutional culture, on literary theory, the philosophy of law, and the sociology of knowledge, and assesses the place of reason in a rhetorical world.
Fish v. Fiss
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On the first page of his essay Objectivity and Interpretation Owen Piss characterizes interpretation as “neither a wholly discretionary nor a wholly mechanical activity,” but a “dynamic interaction between reader and text” of which meaning is the “product.” This middle way, he asserts, “affords a proper recognition of both the subjective and objective dimensions of human experience.” The alternatives Piss rejects will be familiar to all students of both literary and legal interpretation. The “wholly mechanical” alternative is the view, often termed positivist, that meaning is a property of-is embedded in-texts and can there fore be read without interpretive effort or intervention by a judge or a literary critic. The “wholly discretionary” alternative is the opposite view, often termed subjectivist, that texts have either many meanings or no meanings, and the reader or judge is free to impose-create, legis late, make up, invent-whatever meanings he or she pleases, according to his or her own whims, desires, partisan purposes, etc.
Consequences
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Nothing I wrote in Is There a Text in This Class? has provoked more opposition or consternation than my (negative) claim that the argument of the book has no consequences for the practice of literary criticism.1 To many it seemed counterintuitive to maintain (as I did) that an argument in theory could leave untouched the practice it considers: After all, isn’t the very point of theory to throw light on or reform or guide practice? In answer to this question I want to say, first, that this is certainly theory’s claim-so much so that independently of the claim there is no reason to think of it as a separate activity-and, second, that the claim is unsupportable. Here, I am in agreement with Steven Knapp and Walter Benn Michaels, who are almost alone in agreeing with me and who fault me not for making the “no consequences” argument but for occasionally falling away from it. Those who dislike ls There a Text in This Class? tend to dislike “Against Theory” even more, and it is part of my purpose here to account for the hostility to both pieces. But since the issues at stake are fundamental, it is incumbent to begin at the beginning with a discussion of what theory is and is not.
Still Wrong After All These Years
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ronald Dworkin’s new book, Law’s Empire, is quite long, but its basic argument is easily grasped. Dworkin is looking for an account of law that both fits legal practice and can serve as a justification of it. He finds that account in what he calls “law as integrity” (the latest version of what earlier in his work was termed first “articulate consistency” and then “chain practice”), a notion he defines in opposition to conventionalist and pragmatist accounts of law. A conventionalist account, as Dworkin characterizes it, is one which “restricts the law of a community to the explicit extension of its legal conventions like legislation and precedent” (p. 124). The consequence (an unfortunate one in Dworkin’s view) is that when the conventions run out-when situations arise in the law that conventions do not cover-judges are left on their own and “must find some wholly forward-looking ground of decision” (p. 95).
Critical Self-Consciousness, Or Can We Know What We’re Doing?
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I In an essay entitled “The Construal of Reality,” Stephen Toulminannounces as his thesis that “the doctrines of the natural sciences are critical interpretations of their subject matter no less than those of the humanities.” He thus puts himself (or seems to put himself) in the line of those who have been persuaded by the anti-foundationalist arguments that have recently become so powerful in philosophy, literary criticism, and elsewhere. Those arguments are as varied as they are complex, but in whatever form they take, their presence is signaled by such assertions as “there are no unmediated facts,” “all activity is irremediably interpretive,” “there is no such thing as a neutral observation language,” “there is no escaping politics,” “all descriptions are from a perspective,” etc.
Unruly Woman? Josiane Balasko, French Comedy, and Gazon maudit (Balasko, I 99 5)
Authors: Rollet Brigitte 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Comedy, as Kathleen Rowe has recently pointed out, has for a long time been ignored by feminist film criticism. Only recently have American feminists, such as Tania Modleski amongst others, viewed comedy with different eyes and from different perspectives. When one considers Irigaray’s rhetorical question which opens Rowe’s book: ‘Isn’t laughter the first form of liberation from a secular oppression?’ (Rowe 1995: r), one wonders why laughter, be it transgressive or not, has been neglected for so long. My aim in this chapter is to consider French comedies made by one of the most successful female directors of such a genre, Josiane Balasko, in order to assess their level of ‘transgressiveness’.1 Keeping in mind that comedy is as gendered as laughter, I shall first briefly examine the evolution of a genre which was until recently a male only cinematographic space. I shall then consider whether Balasko’s work has modified the intrinsic content of comedy and/or the inherent mechanism of the joke.
Contemporary Women’s Writing In German
Authors: Haines Brigid , Littler Margaret 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Six key texts by contemporary women writers are read afresh by leading critics, using insights from poststructuralist and new materialist feminist theory. Ingeborg Bachmann, Christa Wolf, and Elfriede Jelinek have long been prominent in the fields of Austrian modernism, GDR writing, and avant-garde Austrian literature. The innovative work of Anne Duden, Herta Müller, and Emine Sevgi Özdamar sets out to challenge dominant models of German identity. Focusing on the body and suffering, they explore textual representations of trauma, national identity, and displacement. Haines and Littler's readings of these distinguished and complex female authors offer new avenues for discussion. Both critics and their subjects cast a sceptical eye over existing notions of subjectivity in relation to language, gender, and race. Together, they spark controversy and comment, in an increasingly important debate.
Elfriede Jelinek, Die Liebhaberinnen (1975)
Authors: Haines Brigid , Littler Margaret 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Elfriede Jelinek’s novel Die Liebhaberinnen posed a considerable challenge to feminist readers when it appeared in 1975. Here was a text which seemed to address them directly, taking up many of the concerns of the second-wave women’s movement, which was then in its infancy. It portrayed the dreary lives of two female protagonists who fall for their society’s promise that they will achieve fulfilment through love and marriage; they pursue this ideal single-mindedly, only to remain at the end deeply unfulfilled. For Brigitte and Paula are shown to be at the mercy of the double-headed beast spawned by the alliance of patriarchy and capitalism: doubly oppressed, as workers and as women, they serve their employers and their menfolk, their bodies reduced to mere commodities in systems of value organized and controlled by men.
‘. . . combien est-il donc difficile de traduire’. . .
Authors: Eskin Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Translating poetry is difficult, according to Celan, not only and not so much because ‘poetry [is presumably] by definition untranslatable’ (SW 362) on the grounds of any two languages’ fundamental linguistic and prosodic incongruities, but, more importantly, because the translator should aim beyond the linguistic and the prosodic, striving ‘to translate the poetic in the poem, to render the gestalt . . . of the speaker’.