bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controversies concerning randomization and additivity in clinical trials
Authors: Senn Stephen 
Published: December 2004

Abstract‘As ye randomise so shall ye analyse’, is one way of describing Fisher's defence of randomization. Yet, when it comes to clinical trials we nearly always randomize but we rarely analyse the way we randomize and Fisher himself was no exception. Two controversies involving Fisher in the 1930s are discussed: one with Neyman concerning additivity and the other with Student concerning randomization. Their relevance today is considered, as is whether randomization inference in clinical trials is dead and whether modelling rules the day, whether minimization is an acceptable procedure and to what extent trialists confuse experiments with surveys. It will be maintained that a number of different possible purposes of clinical trials have been confused because in the case of the general linear model, under strong additivity, they can all be satisfied by a single analysis. More generally, however, this is not the case. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐dimensional Europium(III) Coordination Polymer Based on 3‐Pyridylacrylic Acid
Authors: Liu Yu‐Juan , Xiong Ren‐Gen , You Xiao‐Zeng , Che Chi‐Ming 
Published: December 2004

AbstractUnder hydrothermal conditions, the reaction of racemic 3‐pyridyl‐3‐aminopropionic acid (rac‐HPAPA) with Eu(ClO4)3· 6H2O affords a 1‐D chain complex, [Eu(3‐PYA)3(H2O)]n (1) (3‐PYA=3‐pyridylacrylate), which represents an example of neutral 1‐D coordination polymeric material based on 3‐HPYA (HPYA= pyridylacrylic acid) ligand with strong red fluorescent emission in the solid state.
Complexation of the 2, 4, 6‐Triallyloxy‐1, 3, 5‐triazine with Copper(I, II) Chlorides. Syntheses and Crystal Structures of [CuCl2·2C3N3(OC3H5)3], [Cu7Cl8·2C3N3(OC3H5)3], and [Cu8Cl8·2C3N3(OC3H5)3]·2C2H5OH
Authors: Goreshnik E. A. , Ciunik L. Z. , Gorelenko Yu. K. , Mys'kiv M. G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractInteraction of copper(II) chloride with 2, 4, 6‐triallyloxy‐1, 3, 5‐triazine leads to formation of copper(II) complex [CuCl2·2C3N3(OC3H5)3] (I). Electrochemical reduction of I produces the mixed‐valence CuI, II π, σ‐complex of [Cu7Cl8·2C3N3(OC3H5)3] (II). Final reduction produces [Cu8Cl8·2C3N3(OC3H5)3]·2C2H5OH copper(I) π‐complex (III). Low‐temperature X‐ray structure investigation of all three compounds has been performed: I: space group P1¯, a = 8.9565(6), b = 9.0114(6), c = 9.7291(7) Å, α = 64.873(7), β = 80.661(6), γ = 89.131(6)°, V = 700.2(2) Å3, Z = 1, R = 0.0302 for 2893 reflections. II: space group P1¯, a = 11.698(2), b = 11.162(1), c = 8.106(1) Å, α = 93.635(9), β = 84.24(1), γ = 89.395(8)°, V = 962.0(5) Å3, Z = 1, R = 0.0465 for 6111 reflections. III: space group P1¯, a = 8.7853(9), b = 10.3602(9), c = 12.851(1) Å, α = 99.351(8), β = 105.516(9), γ = 89.395(8), V = 1111.4(4) Å3, Z = 1, R = 0.0454 for 4470 reflections. Structure of I contains isolated [CuCl2·2C3N3(OC3H5)3] units. The isolated fragment of I fulfils in the structure of II bridging function connecting two hexagonal prismatic‐like cores Cu6Cl6, whereas isolated Cu6Cl6(CuCl)2 prismatic derivative appears in III. Coordination behaviour of the 2, 4, 6‐triallyloxy‐1, 3, 5‐triazine moiety is different in all the compounds. In I ligand moiety binds to the only copper(II) atom through the nitrogen atom of the triazine ring. In II ligand is coordinated to the CuII‐atom through the N atom and to two CuI ones through the two allylic groups. In III all allylic groups and nitrogen atom are coordinated by four metal centers. The presence of three allyl arms promotes an acting in II and III structures the bridging function of the ligand moiety. On the other hand, space separation of allyl groups enables a formation of large complicated inorganic clusters.
EPR‐spektroskopische Charakterisierung (X‐, Q‐Band) monomerer AgII‐ und AuII‐Komplexe der Thiakronenether [12]anS4, [16]anS4, [18]anS6 und [27]anS9
Authors: Kampf Michael , Griebel Jan , Kirmse Reinhard 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDie Reaktion der AgI‐Komplexe der Thiakronenether [12]anS4, [16]anS4, [18]anS6 und [27]anS9 mit konzentrierter H2SO4 wie auch die Umsetzung von [AuIIICl4]‐ mit [18]anS6 und [27]anS9 führt zur Bildung labiler AgII‐ (4d9, 107, 109Ag: I=1/2) bzw. AuII‐ (5d9, 197Au: I=3/2) Thiakronenetherkomplexe, die im X‐ und Q‐Band EPR‐spektroskopisch charakterisiert wurden. Früher berichtete EPR‐Parameter für [AgII([12]anS4)]2+ und [AgII([18]anS6)]2+ werden korrigiert. Eine Analyse der Spindichteverteilung weist nur ca. 20 bis 25 % am Ag‐ bzw. Au‐Atom aus; der größte Teil der Spindichte befindet sich an den S‐Donoratomen der Thiakronenether. Das aufgrund der ausgeprägten Delokalisierung der Spindichte sicher sehr stark verringerte AgI/AgII‐Redoxpotential wird als wesentlicher Grund für die verhältnismäßig leichte Zugänglichkeit der AgII‐Thiakronenetherkomplexe erachtet.
nido‐Undecaboranes and ‐borates of the Type B11H13L and B11H12L‐
Authors: Dirk Wolfgang , Paetzold Peter , Hu Chunhua , Volkov Oleg 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe Lewis base SMe2 in 7‐B11H13(SMe2) (1a) can be replaced by the amines L = NH2(CH2tBu), NH2Cy, NH2Ph, NH2(4‐C6H4Me), py, chinoline or the phosphanes L = PPh3, PMePh2, yielding 7‐B11H13L (1b‐i). The borane 1a can be deprotonated by certain amines, alkanides, or hydrides to give the anion 7‐B11H12(SMe2)‐ (2a). Replacing the base SMe2 in the anion 2a by weak bases gives B11H12L‐ (L = PPh3, MeCN; 2h, j). Upon reaction of 1a with the amine NH2(CH2tBu) in the ratio 1:2, a deprotonation and the substitution of SMe2 by the amine are observed, 7‐B11H12[NH2(CH2tBu)]‐ (2b) being formed. At 170 °C, the 7‐isomers 1b, f are isomerized into a mixture of the corresponding 1‐ and 2‐isomers (1b′, f′ and 1b″, f″, respectively).
Unusual Oligonuclear Copper(II) Complexes based on a Bis( tridentate) Compartmental Pyrazolate Ligand
Authors: Ackermann Jens , Meyer Franc , Pritzkow Hans 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSome unusual oligonuclear copper(II) complexes with a bis(tridentate) pyrazolate‐based ligand that is composed of two diethylentriame‐type coordination compartments have been structurally characterized. In [(LCu2)2(CO3)(H2O)2(ClO4)](ClO4)3 (1), CO2 has been taken up and two {LCu2} subunits are spanned by both a μ3‐μ3‐κO:κO′:κO″‐bridging carbonate as well as by a μ3‐κO:κO′:κO″‐bridging perchlorate. The latter is a rare structural motif in coordination chemistry. In one experiment, a different complex [(LCu2(OH))2Cu2(OH)4](BF4)4 (2) has been serendipitiously obtained. One Cu atom of each {LCu2} subunit of 2 together with two further copper ions forms a pyrazolate‐appanded {Cu4(OH)4} cube.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a Novel Type of Heteropolyanion: [Sb4Mo12(OH)6O48]10‐
Authors: Drewes Daniel , Vollmer Guido , Krebs Bernt 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA novel antimony substituted polyoxomolybdate has been synthesized and characterized by X‐ray structure analysis, energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence analysis, Raman and IR spectroscopy. The [Sb4Mo12(OH)6O48]10‐ anion exhibits a central Sb4(OH)6O14 core where all SbV atoms are coordinated octahedrally by six oxygen atoms. It represents a novel type of heteropolyanion with no known analogous structure in literature.
Die Kristallstrukturen von (Ph4P)2[HfCl6]·2CH2Cl2 und (Ph4P)2[Hf2Cl10]·CH2Cl2
Authors: Neumüller Bernhard , Dehnicke Kurt 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCrystal Structures of (Ph4P)2[HfCl6]·2CH2Cl2 and (Ph4P)2[Hf2Cl10]·CH2Cl2Colourless single crystals of (Ph4P)2[HfCl6]·2CH2Cl2 (1) and (Ph4P)2[Hf2Cl10]·CH2Cl2 (2) were obtained from hafniumtetrachloride and tetraphenylphosphonium chloride in dichloromethane solution, using the corresponding stoichiometry of the educts. Both compounds were characterized by X‐ray structure determinations. 1: Space group P1¯, Z = 1, lattice dimensions at 193 K: a = 1018.3(1), b = 1121.0(1), c = 1240.1(1) pm, α = 70.55(1)°, β = 81.38(1)°, γ = 80.02(1)°, R1 = 0.0374.2: Space group P1¯, Z = 1, lattice dimensions at 193 K: a = 1124.4(1), b = 1141.9(1), c = 1281.4(1) pm, α = 63.80(1)°, β = 68.15(1)°, γ = 86.33(1)°, R1 = 0.0208.
UDP‐glucose and UDP‐galactose concentrations in cultured skin fibroblasts of patients with classical galactosaemia
Authors: Keevill N. J. , Holton J. B. , Allen J. T. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryA very clear‐cut reduction in UDP‐galactose (UDPGal) levels in erythrocytes, skin fibroblasts and liver of patients with classical galactosaemia has been reported. As UDPGal is the galactosyl donor in glycoprotein and glycolipid synthesis, it has been suggested that an abnormality in these complex compounds may be the cause of some of the long‐term complications of the disease. More recent work on erythrocytes, employing mainly HPLC rather than the enzyme methods used to measure UDPGal originally, casts doubt on the hypothesis because, although some reduction was still found, there was a large overlap between galactosaemic and normal distributions. We have reproduced the experiments on cultured skin fibroblasts at confluency, but measuring UDPGal and UDP‐glucose (UDPGlc) by HPLC. There was no reduction in UDPGal levels in galactosaemic compared to control cell lines. The existence of a biologically significant depletion of UDPGal in galactosaemia remains in doubt.
Bioenergetics of Yarrowia lipolytica Cells Grown at Alkaline Conditions
Authors: Zvyagilskaya Renata A. , Parkhomenko Olga A. , Gordeeva Anna V. , Deryabina Yuliya I. , Persson Bengt L. 
Published: December 2004

Energy status of the novel alkalitolerant Yarrowia lipolytica yeast strain grown at alkaline conditions (pH 9.7) was examined. Cells grown under such severe conditions were found to preserve high respiratory activity. The oxidative phosphorylation system dominated in the energy budget of the cell. A procedure was specially design to isolate tightly coupled mitochondria from yeast cells grown at alkaline conditions. The isolated mitochondrial preparations met known criteria of physiological intactness, as inferred from their ability to maintain distinctive state 4–3 respiration transition upon addition of ADP, high respiratory rates, good respiratory control values, and ADP/O ratios close to the theoretically expected maxima for the substrates used.
Decomposition of organic chemical components in relation to nitrogen dynamics in leaf litter of 14 tree species in a cool temperate forest
Authors: Osono Takashi , Takeda Hiroshi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDecomposition of lignin, holocellulose, polyphenols and soluble carbohydrates was investigated in relation to nitrogen (N) dynamics in leaf litter of 14 tree species. The influence of organic chemical components and N on litter mass loss rate was then evaluated for 14 litter types. The study was carried out over a 3‐year period on upper and lower parts of a forest slope in a cool temperate forest in Japan. The decomposition processes were divided into early and late phases based on N immobilization and mobilization. Mass loss rate of whole litter and organic chemical components was similar for the upper and lower sites. Litter mass loss was faster in the immobilization phase than in the mobilization phase in each of 14 litter types, which was ascribed to the decreased mass loss of holocellulose, polyphenols and soluble carbohydrates in the mobilization phase as compared to the immobilization phase. Mass loss rate of lignin was not different between the phases. Litter mass loss rate in the immobilization and mobilization phases was negatively correlated to lignin content and positively correlated to contents of polyphenols and soluble carbohydrates at the start of these phases, but was not correlated to holocellulose and N contents in either phase.
Geographic variation in nut size of Castanopsis species in Japan
Authors: Yamada Hiroo , Miyaura Tomiyasu 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe environmental conditions affecting the geographic variation in nut size of the Castanopsis species in Japan were examined. The mother trees having a relatively large nut tended to dominate in the geographically marginal area of the distribution range in Japan, i.e. the Japan Sea, Kanto, and Ryukyu areas, whereas in the central area, i.e. the Pacific area, mother trees having a relatively small nut occurred. We attempted an adaptive explanation, proposing that mother trees with large nuts have higher inclusive fitness than those with small nuts in unfavorable habitats. The Japan Sea area features large amounts of snow fall and low temperatures. The Ryukyu area is insular and is characterized by high temperatures. Within the Pacific area, mother trees with relatively large nuts were abundant at both higher and lower parts of the altitudinal range. We infer that environmental conditions in marginal areas, in terms of both horizontal and vertical distribution, favor mother trees having large nuts. However, in the marginal Kanto area, the cause of the absence of mother trees having relatively small nuts was independent of the environmental conditions. The geographic variation in nut size of Castanopsis species is not always explained by environmental factors.
Factors influencing the distribution of two co‐occurring dwarf bamboo species (Sasa kurilensis and S. senanensis) in a conifer‐broadleaved mixed stand in northern Hokkaido
Authors: Noguchi Mahoko , Yoshida Toshiya 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe have investigated the factors influencing the distribution of co‐occurring two dwarf bamboo species, Sasa kurilensis (Ruprecht) Makino et Shibata and S. senanensis (Franchet et Savatier) Rehder, within a conifer‐broadleaved mixed stand managed with selection cutting in northern Japan. We first sought the possible determinant factors (physical environment and overstory conditions based on 30 years’ tree census data) deciding the dominant species in the plots (168 3.14m2 area). We then examined the effects of these factors on the culm density and height of the dominant species. Linear discriminant analysis indicated that physical environmental conditions are important in determining the distribution; S. kurilensis tended to dominate plots with steep slope, convex shape and deep snow in early spring. Multiple regression analyses showed that culm density and height decreased significantly on steep slopes for both species. Also, the sum of the basal area (BA) of surrounding conifers (7.5 m radius around the plot), as well as the change in BA over the previous 30 years, had a negative influence on the culm height of both species. A reduction in overstory trees, caused by natural or artificial canopy disturbances, would increase the dwarf bamboo biomass. The effects of physical environment and overstory conditions, working through the dominance of the two dwarf bamboo species, should be taken into account in understanding the dynamics of natural forests in this region.
The choice of oviposition site and the effects of density and oviposition timing on survivorship in Rana japonica
Authors: Matsushima Noe , Kawata Masakado 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn species that lack parental care and whose larvae are restricted to a given space throughout development, choice of egg‐laying or reproductive sites often greatly influences fitness. Furthermore, reproductive success of individuals may be affected not only by conditions of the breeding area but also by the time when they start to breed, because intraspecific variation in the timing of breeding may result in asymmetric competition between larvae. We addressed these issues in an experimental and field study of the Japanese brown frog, Rana japonica. We tested whether the survival success of larvae decreased with an increase in the number of deposited egg masses and with a greater delay in oviposition. We found that the number of egg masses and timing of oviposition together significantly predicted larval survival per clutch. Moreover, we observed the natural oviposition of R. japonica to examine the prediction that if the density of larvae and the timing of oviposition affect survivorship of larvae, R. japonica will avoid depositing eggs in pools in which egg masses have already been deposited. We found that for small pools only, R. japonica tended to favor oviposition at unoccupied pools (those lacking egg masses and larvae) in the spawning season. For large pools, however, adults favored those already occupied by egg masses in the spawning period. The density of egg masses and tadpoles or the timing of oviposition may have less effect on spawning or the survival of tadpoles in large pools than in small pools.
Home range and habitat use by the sableMartes zibellina brachyurain a Japanese cool‐temperate mixed forest
Authors: Miyoshi Kazuki , Higashi Seigo 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHome range and habitat use of the sableMartes zibellina brachyurawere studied in a cool‐temperate mixed forest in northernmost Japan. In both sexes, some sables showed a wide range of migration without establishing home ranges and the others had home ranges of 0.50–1.78 km2(mean: 1.12±SD 0.495 km2,n=6) which were not significantly correlated with body weight or age. The analysis of canine tooth annuli revealed that the maximum age was 5.5 years. The home ranges of some sables overlapped so extensively that the home ranges and even the core areas did not appear exclusive to other sables. We determined resting sites and foraging routes in snow in winter. Comparison of vegetation at the resting sites and foraging routes with habitat availability suggested that the sables preferred resting in dense‐tree forests with many tree species and debris probably in order to avoid predators (red foxes) and strong wind and foraging in forests of climax succession which are usually rich in their prey such as voles and mice.
Genetic structure ofMiscanthus sinensisssp.condensatus(Poaceae) on Miyake Island: implications for revegetation of volcanically devastated sites
Authors: Iwata Hiroyoshi , Kamijo Takashi , Tsumura Yoshihiko 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe investigated the genetic structure ofMiscanthus sinensisssp.condensatuson Miyake Island, which was devastated by a volcanic eruption in 2000, by amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) for chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation, to develop recommendations for the revegetation of devastated sites. Genetic differentiation among populations was significant, and five populations were classified into three regional groups. The aspect ratios of leaf‐blades varied significantly among populations, but both geographical proximity and morphological similarities did not precisely reflect genetic similarities. In the airport population, we found a rare haplotype that may have been transmitted from outside the island. These findings will assist the revegetation of the island.
The Mosbeck Site: a Paleoenvironmental Interpretation of the Late Quaternary History of Lake Agassiz Based on Fossil Insect and Mollusk Remains
Authors: Ashworth Allan C. , Clayton Lee , Bickley William B. 
Published: December 2004

The Mosbeck Site is in the southern part of the Lake Agassiz basin in northwestern Minnesota. The stratigraphic section at the site consists of seven lithologic units, which are from bottom to top (A) unsorted, pebbly, sandy, silty clay, (B) coarse gravel, (C) silty sand, (D) peat, (E) fine sand, (F) interbedded sand and gravel, and (G) unbedded dirty gravel. The lower few centimeters of unit E are unoxidized and contain black spruce and tamarack driftwood, which has been radiocarbon dated at 9940 ± 160 BP (I-3880). Units C-E contain numerous, well-preserved insect and mollusk remains. These fossils have been compared with modern species, and at least 76 insect and 15 mollusk taxa are present. Assuming that their ecological tolerances have changed little in the past 10,000 years, they provide valuable information about the environment of Lake Agassiz. Few of the insects are now found in the region, indicating that the environment has changed. With few exceptions the species present indicate that the climate and vegetation at the time were similar to the present-day climate and vegetation of southeastern Manitoba.
The lithology and faunal contents of the sediment are interpreted as follows. Unit A is Late Wisconsinan glacial sediment. Unit B is a lag concentrate formed by wave action during a regressive phase of Lake Agassiz. Unit C is the sediment of a small body of water that formed when the level of Lake Agassiz had dropped below the site. The banks were covered with a spruce forest. Open water gave way to swampy conditions, and unit D was formed. Both units C and D were deposited during the low-water Moorhead Phase of Lake Agassiz. Units E and F are shoreline sediment deposited as the lake level rose, drowning the vegetation. Unit G is modern ditch spoil.
Late Quaternary Vegetation Development in South-Central Illinois
Authors: Grüger Eberhard 
Published: December 2004

Pollen and macrofossil evidence for the nature of the vegetation during glacial and interglacial periods in the regions south of the Wisconsinan ice margin is still very scarce. Modern opinions concerning these problems are therefore predominantly derived from geological evidence only or are extrapolated from pollen studies of late Wisconsinan deposits. Now for the first time pollen and macrofossil analyses are available from south-central Illinois covering the Holocene, the entire Wisconsinan, and most probably also Sangamonian and late Illinoian time. The cores studied came from three lakes, which originated as kettle holes in glacial drift of Illinoian age near Vandalia, Fayette County. The Wisconsinan ice sheet approached the sites from the the north to within about 60 km distance only.One of the profiles (Pittsburg Basin) probably reaches back to the late Illinoian (zone 1), which was characterized by forests with muchPicea. Zone 2, most likely of Sangamonian age, represents a period of species-rich deciduous forests, which must have been similar to the ones that thrive today south and southeast of the prairie peninsula. During the entire Wisconsinan (14C dates ranging from 38,000 to 21,000 BP) thermophilous deciduous trees likeQuercus, Carya, andUlmusoccurred in the region, although temporarily accompanied by tree genera with a more northerly modern distribution, such asPicea, which entered and then left south-central Illinois during the Woodfordian. Thus it is evident that arctic climatic conditions did not prevail in the lowlands of south-central Illinois (about 38°30′ lat) during the Wisconsinan, even at the time of the maximum glaciation, the Woodfordian. The Wisconsinan was, however, not a period of continuous forest. The pollen assemblages of zone 3 (Altonian) indicate prairie with stands of trees, and in zone 4 the relatively abundantArtemisiapollen indicates the existence of open vegetation and stands of deciduous trees,Picea, andPinus. True tundra may have existed north of the sites, but if so its pollen rain apparently is marked by pollen from nearby stands of trees. After the disappearance ofPinusandPiceaat about 14,000 BP (estimated!), there developed a mosaic of prairies and stands ofQuercus, Carya, and other deciduous tree genera (zone 5). This type of vegetation persisted until it was destroyed by cultivation during the 19th and 20th century. Major vegetational changes are not indicated in the pollen diagram for the late Wisconsinan and the Holocene.The dating of zones 1 and 2 is problematical because the sediments are beyond the14C range and because of the lack of stratigraphic evidence. The zones dated as Illinoian and Sangamonian could also represent just a Wisconsinan stadial and interstadial. This possibility, however, seems to be contradicted by the late glacial and interglacial character of the forest vegetation of that time.