bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activity-Dependent Neuronal Gene Expression: A Potential Memory Mechanism?
Authors: Gall Christine M , Lauterborn Julie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the Jong-held tenets of memory research is that information storage entails new or specialized protein synthesis. This view is primarily supported by studies demonstrating that inhibition of protein or RNA synthesis disrupts the formation of some types of memory (Davis & Squire, 1984) but not all (see Staubli, Faraday, & Lynch, 1985, for a recent report). One might envisage a number of possible roles for gene expression in learning and memory. The most typically discussed is that patterns of physiological activity alter gene expression in critical neurons with the affected gene products contributing directly to the synaptic changes that encode memory. It is possible, however, that newly synthesized proteins promote memory formation without contributing in a direct fashion to the “memory trace.” For example, levels of gene expression might be set (or modulated) in a nonspecific fashion, reflecting such things as transient shifts in arousal, and the expression products might increase or decrease the probability that nongenomic plasticities will occur. Alternatively, activity patterns acting over days or weeks could set levels of particular gene products that affect the firing thresholds or other nonlinear properties of individual cells and thereby affect network computational properties. A lack of information on the relationship between neuronal activity and gene expression has made it difficult to evaluate ideas of these types or develop more formal hypotheses about the role of protein synthesis in the acquisition and consolidation of memory.
Local Plasticity in Neuronal Learning
Authors: Sokolov E N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two main types of learning processes can be distinguished: stimulus dependent (habituation and sensitization) and effect dependent (classical and instrumental conditioning). The basic characteristic of stimulus-dependent learning is its specificity with respect to the presented stimulus. Effect dependent learning is selective both with respect to the conditioned stimulus and to the unconditioned response. The major question addressed to stimulus-dependent and effect-dependent learning refers to the neuronal basis of stimulus selectivity. To approach this problem one should explain how external and internal stimuli are represented in the central nervous system. The basic question with respect to effect-dependent learning is concerned with the specificity of the conditioned reflex that is highly similar to the unconditioned reflex. To solve the problem of conditioned reflex specificity, one should explain mechanisms that are responsible for elicitation of unconditioned reflexes.
Issues of Research, Classification, and Measurement
Authors: Lazarus Richard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter, like the first, is preliminary to the presentation of my theory in Part Two. Its purpose is to examine what makes research on emotion, its measurement, and its classification so difficult and challenging. I believe that the best research draws on theory, which identifies the important research questions and promotes strategies of research and measurement consistent with itself; theory and research strategy are interdependent. Much research, said to be performed without theory, really draws on implicit assumptions about emotion that, even when not stated formally, constitute a kind of primitive theory consisting of causal notions, hunches about how things work, and unstated prejudices about theory and research.
Cognition and Emotion
Authors: Lazarus Richard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cognitive activity is taking place all the time, even in sleep, as manifest in dreams; perhaps it occurs as long as we are not comatose but we cannot really be sure. Because there are at least three different ways to speak of cognitive activity in the emotion process, it is important to be as precise as possible about how the concept is used. As I see it, these ways have to do with (1) the functional and temporal role of cognition in emotion; (2) the contents and formal qualities of the cognition; and (3) how meaning is achieved.
Real-Valued Functions
Authors: Wise Gary L , Hall Eric B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recall that the measure space given by IR, the Borel subsets of IR, and Lebesgue measure is not a complete measure space. Hence, there exists some Borel set B such that B has zero Lebesgue measure and such that there exists a subset A of B that is not a Borel subset of IR. An example of such a Borel set is the Cantor ternary set C given in Example 1.8. Define a real-valued function f on IR via f(x) = IA(x). Now, consider the sequence {ln}neN of real-valued Borel measurable functions defined on IR via fn(x) = 1/n. Then, off the null set B, fn(x) converges to f(x). Thus, in this situation, fn(x) -+ f(x) almost everywhere, even though I is not Borel measurable. Example 2.4. The composition of a Lebesgue measurable function mapping IR to IR with a continuous function mapping IR to IR need not be Lebesgue measurable.
Measures
Authors: Wise Gary L , Hall Eric B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A measurable space (Ω, :F) is an ordered pair consisting of a set O and a u-algebra :F of subsets of Ω. Sets in :F are known as measurable sets. Measures are nonnegative extended real-valued functions defined on u-algebras that map the empty set to zero and that are countably additive. If (Ω, :F) is a measurable space and µis a measure defined on :F, then the ordered triple (Ω, :F, μ) is called a measure space. If (Ω, :F, μ) is a measure space and if μ(O) &lt; ΩΩ, the measure, as well as the measure space, is called finite. If O can be written as a union of a countable family of measurable sets each having finite measure, then the measure, as well as the measure space, is called u-finite. A signed measure on au-algebra is an extended real-valued function that assumes at most one of the values ΩΩ and ‘-ΩΩ, that maps the empty set to zero, and is such that the measure of a countable union of pairwise disjoint measurable sets is equal to the sum of the measures, where the sum converges to the same value under all possible rearrangements.
The Benign Big Gun
Authors: Ayres Ian , Braithwaite John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we show a convergence between a rational choice analysis of what works in securing compliance with regulatory laws and some sociological analyses that reject the assumptions of the rational choice model. The convergence is about the efficacy of tit-for-tat (TFf) enforcement regulation that is contingently provokable and forgiving. Building on this convergence, we argue that regulatory agencies are often best able to secure compliance when they are benign big guns. That is, regulators will be more able to speak softly when they carry big sticks (and crucially, a hierarchy of lesser sanctions). 1 Paradoxically, the bigger and the more various are the sticks, the greater the success regulators will achieve by speaking softly.
Partial-Industry Intervention
Authors: Ayres Ian , Braithwaite John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The current debate about whether or not to regulate often considers implicitly only two regulatory alternatives: government must either impose industry-wide regulations or allow unconstrained markets to determine the allocation of scarce resources. Regulators must regulate either all members of an industry or none. The regulatory literature has identified significant costs associated with each alternative. Laissez-faire policies that leave unchecked monopoly or oligopoly power in private hands might allow industry members to raise their prices above the competitive level (Bain, 1959). But industry-wide regulation can have the same effect. Regulators may be “captured” by the very firms they attempt to regulate (Stigler, 1971; Peltzman, 1980). Captured regulators can organize a cartel and legally mandate that firms in the industry sell at an inflated price. For those who fear these costs of capture, the only thing worse than letting market power coalesce in private hands is to give a corrupt Leviathan power to define the parameters of market transactions. Even uncaptured regulators face significant informational hurdles in promulgating efficient regulations. Regulatory agencies may have great difficulty ascertaining the “competitive” price. If the agency guesses too low, firms may not recoup their costs; if the agency guesses too high, again consumers may be forced to buy at cartel-like prices.
Delegation and Participation in a Responsive Regulatory Order
Authors: Ayres Ian , Braithwaite John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The deregulation debate stems in large part from dissatisfaction with the efficacy of the contemporary regulatory state. On the right, critics claim that regulation is an inefficient and stifling force that drives them to laissez-faire prescriptions. The political left, however, often views contemporary regulation as ineffectual or coopted. The resulting crisis in confidence leads these camps to strongly divergent proposals for reform. This book is an attempt to transcend the stalemate by proposing alternative modes of regulation that take each criticism seriously.
The Adolescent, Health, and Society From the Perspective of the Physician
Authors: Irwin Charles E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past two decades, researchers and practitioners have focused much of their efforts on understanding the initiation of adolescent risk behaviors, their prevalence patterns within specific groups, and the mechanisms by which the behaviors are maintained (Baumrind, 1991; Irwin & Millstein, 1986;Jessor &Jessor, 1977; Chapter 7). These efforts were fueled by the recognition that behaviors such as substance use, early sexual behavior, and recreational and vehicular use were increasingly responsible for the majority of deaths and disabling conditions through the fourth decade of life, and that most of the behaviors were initiated during adolescence (Report of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 1989). However, the attention to risk factors and health-compromising behaviors has resulted in minimal emphasis being placed on identifying the mechanisms supportive of healthy development and health promotion.
Electoral Competition and the Emergence of Political Leadership
Authors: Keiser Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1980s and 1990s the world witnessed victories in the global struggle for democratization. In South Africa, an apartheid police state relinquished power, and that nation is taking major steps in the democratizing process. In Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, and South America dictatorial regimes have collapsed and democratically elected regimes with representative governments have emerged. In the United States, the struggle for democratization within the formal democratic structure has been ongoing in cities. Subordination or Empowerment? documents and analyzes this struggle.
Representations: Who Needs Them?
Authors: Freeman Walter J , Skarda Christine A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biologists by tradition have seldom used the term representation to describe their findings. Instead they have relied on phrases such as “receptor field” on the sensory side and “command” or “corollary discharge” on the motor side when discussing neural control of sensation and motion in goal-directed behavior. Such words connote dynamic process rather than symbolic content. One might suppose that this neglect of a now common word reflects diffidence about discussing so-called higher functions of the brain, owing to a humbling lack of understanding of the brain’ s complexity. Inspection of biology textbooks belies this view. Biologists have shown no lack of hubris in pontificating about the properties of the brain supporting mental functions. On the contrary, they have always taken pride in being uniquely qualified to explain brain function to anyone willing to listen.
How Charles Darwin Became a Psychologist
Authors: Keegan Robert T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles Robert Darwin (1809–82) recorded this thought in a private note book in August 1838. What would bring a young naturalist to make such a bold assertion? Had the nickname “Philosopher,” which Darwin acquired during his years aboard the Beagle, gone to his head? If not born of sheer arrogance, there must have been a compelling reason for him to challenge the wisdom of the great English philosopher with regard to “metaphysics”-a term Darwin used to refer to a set of issues we might now label “psychological” or “epistemological”: questions about the nature, origin, and development of mind and knowledge.
Syntactic Aspects of Language Disorders
Authors: Caplan David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sentences convey relationships between the meanings of words, such as who is accomplishing an action or receiving it. These aspects of semantic meaning—collectively known as the propositional content of a sentence—vastly extend the power of language beyond what is available through single words and word formation processes to allow language to represent events and states of affairs. Propositions can be used to update semantic memory, to reason, and for many other purposes, and thus constitute a vital link between language and other cognitive processes.
Callosal Syndromes
Authors: Zaidel Eran , Iacoboni Marco , Berman Steven M , Zaidel, Dahlia W , Bogen‡ Joseph E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the publication of the fourth edition of Clinical Neuropsychology, there have been relatively few papers published on the split brain. This in part reflects the dwindling population of patients with complete cerebral commissurotomy (CCC) who also have relatively intact intelligence. The trend also reflects a growing emphasis on laterality experiments in normal subjects. Nonetheless, the disconnection syndrome continues to guide laterality research in the normal brain, motivating new research questions, suggesting new methodologies, and testing the limits of interhemispheric relations.
Introduction to the Principles in the Context of a Brief Historical Perspective
Authors: Prigatano George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the United States and Europe, economic support for various health-related services is diminishing. As part of this economic tidal wave, rehabilitation services for persons with an acquired brain injury have likewise been reduced. The failure to clarify which types of rehabilitation services are efficacious for specific patient groups has further compounded this problem. Too often, no scientific database is available to counter decisions based more on economic concerns than on the needs of patients (Prigatano, 1996).
The Symptom Picture and the Neglected Problem of Premorbid Cognitive and Personality Factors
Authors: Prigatano George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given that a clinical neuropsychologist has some understanding of what patients experience after brain injury and given that a psychologist can conceptualize, at least in broad terms, the nature of the patients’ higher cerebral functioning, the next step is to reveal the patients’ higher cerebral disturbances via a neuropsychological examination without over whelming them.
RehabiIitation
Authors: Prigatano George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given that traditional forms of rehabilitation often do not adequately treat or manage disturbances in higher cerebral functions, it is important that neuropsychological rehabilitation help teach patients the nature of their disturbances in a supportive and effective manner. This teaching process requires that patients be helped to observe their behavior in such a manner that they better understand what is “wrong.” Formally, this process involves teaching them about the direct and indirect effects of their brain injury. The therapist must guide this process in order to help patients make choices that aid adaptation and avoid needless complications. This is the heart of Principle 4.
Personality Disturbances and Brain Damage: Theoretical Perspectives
Authors: Prigatano George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The intent of this chapter, the preceding one, and the one to follow is to help clinicians understand a body of knowledge that is relevant to Principle 4 and that highlights Principle 5. Namely, neuropsychological rehabilitation needs to help patients and families to understand behavior after brain injury so that their confusion and frustration are reduced. In so doing, the intimate connection between cognition and emotionsmotivations (i.e., personality) is at once realized. Patients referred for neuropsychological assessment and rehabilitation exhibit a wide variety of personality characteristics and (in some cases) disorders. Their emotional and motivational characteristics must be considered constantly when they undergo evaluation for disturbances in cognition and rehabilitation interventions are planned. These characteristics can greatly contribute to patients’ overall symptom picture and to the outcome of neuropsychologically oriented rehabilitation (Prigatano et al., 1986). Consequently, a perspective on the meaning of the term personality and familiarity with several bodies of knowledge that help clarify the nature of human emotion, motivation, and social behavior are needed. This chapter provides a theoretical perspective that is intended to complement the more practical and clinically relevant discussion that follows in the next chapter.
Working with Interdisciplinary RehabiIitation Teams
Authors: Prigatano George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Principle 8 of this text states: “Working with brain dysfunctional patients produces affective reactions in both the patient’s family and the rehabilitation staff. Appropriate management of these reactions can greatly facilitate the rehabilitation and adaptive process.” In Chapter 4, the impact of various forms of brain injury on family members was briefly dis cussed. In Chapter 8, a model of neuropsychological rehabilitation that explicitly discussed the importance of working with family members was outlined. Chapter 9 further considered possible psychotherapeutic interventions with family members.
Recovery and Deterioration After Brain Injury
Authors: Prigatano George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Observations of patients within a few weeks to several years after a brain insult support the concept of a continued pattern of dynamic change in brain dysfunctional persons. This pattern seems to be true of a variety of neuropathological lesions and disease states. Although recovery is seldom, if ever, complete after significant neuronal loss, the brain is a dynamic organ constantly undergoing change for the better or worse. Thus, Geschwind’s (1985) observation that “One can probably never speak of a fixed neurological lesion” is important to heed.
Introduction
Authors: Rubin David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditions that are carried entirely in human memory without a external mnemonic aids are of obvious relevance to a science that would have something to say about long-term retention and retrieval. Indeed from a descriptive point of view, one may consider any corpus of folkloric texts as a “natural experiment “ in memorization conducted on the grandest of scales: with a cast of thousands performing across periods of centuries. Vikis-Freibergs, 1984, p. 326 There is one last thing to be said about my research style. It has always started with a phenomenon and only later become theoretical. I have tended to pick some mystery and poke it and prod it and tum it all round in an effort to figure it out. While no one seems to recommend a phenomenon-centered approach to research, it can be argued that its record is at least as good as that of theory-centered work.
Basic Observations on Remembering
Authors: Rubin David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The psychologists who have spent a century studying esoteric forms of memory in the laboratory are not really uninterested in its more ordinary manifestations, and have always hoped that their work would have wide applicability sooner or later. Their preference for artificial tasks has a rational basis: one can control variables and manipulate conditions more easily in the lab than in natural settings.
Epic and Formulaic Theory
Authors: Rubin David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Don't mix your genres. Albert Lord, personal communication, August 1983 Must we give reasons for making numerical comparisons in this study of Homeric style? To those who object that a study of style ought not to be a problem in statistics we can reply that the use of figures is our only means of verifying with precision what would otherwise remain a vague impression.
Discussion
Authors: Rubin David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Poor Galton would believe almost anything that allowed measurement and maintained an air of mystery. Crovitz, 1970, p. 35 What Has Been Learned?
The goals of this book have been to learn about human memory by studying the transmission of oral traditions and to learn about oral traditions by applying what is known about human memory. It is time for an evaluation. I can make this evaluation only as a cognitive psychologist. Evaluations from other perspectives and contributions to other fields must be left to others.
The Northeast
Authors: Rusch Frederik L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some miles northwest of New York, perhaps a hundred and fifty as the crow flies, there is a valley flanked by the southern spur-ends of the Catskill mountains. The valley is well watered. In summer, the natural grass and agricultural growths spread out in rich green waves and solid ractangles. Looked down upon from the mountain top, when the sun is shining, this carpet of the valley is amazingly fresh and brilliant. Towns, valley villages, irregular in form, houses for people and barns for cattle, belonging there, are clustered and scattered over the verdant lawn. The house[s] are white; some dulled to grey and greyish brown by long weathering. Most of them, built years ago, were built to stay and be homes. They are honest. The barns are red. The old red barns, among the finest forms of the American landscape
New Mexico
Authors: Rusch Frederik L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the last decade, American letters have been vitalized by the maturation of a sectional art. New England, through the personalities of Robert Frost and Edwin Arlington [Robinson], and the Middle West, articulate in Sherwood Anderson, Theodore Dreiser, Carl Sandburg, and Edgar Lee Masters, have each contributed notably to the general leavening. This fact already belongs to the literary history of America. It is natural therefore that cultural minds should turn expectantly towards the South. That they should feel certain that here too a splendid birth was imminent. For surely no other section is so rich in the crude materials and experiences, prerequisite to art. The South has a peasantry, rooted in its soil, such as neither the North nor West possess[es]. Therefore it has a basic adjustment to its physical environment (in sharp contrast to the restless mal-adjustment of the northern pioneer) the expression of which the general cultural body stands in sore need of. And, rising from its agricultural communities there spreads a southern life of rich complexity. Factories, Main Streets, and survivals of the old plantations roughly chart these degrees. It has the stark theme of the white and black races. But above all, the South is a land of the gret passions: hate, fear, cruelty, courage, love, and aspiration. And it possesses a tradition of leisure by means of which these attributes might find their way into a significant culture