bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proteomic analysis of cell surface proteins from Clostridium difficile
Authors: Wright Anne , Wait Robin , Begum Shajna , Crossett Ben , Nagy Judit , Brown Katherine , Fairweather Neil 
Published: May 2005

AbstractClostridium difficile is a bacterium that causes disease of the large intestine, particularly after treatment with antibiotics. The bacterium produces two toxins (A and B) that are responsible for the pathology of the disease. In addition, a number of bacterial virulence factors associated with adhesion to the gut have previously been identified, including the cell wall protein Cwp66, the high‐molecular weight surface layer protein (HMW‐SLP) and the flagella. As the genome sequence predicts many other cell wall associated proteins, we have investigated the diversity of proteins in cell wall extracts, with the aim of identifying further virulence factors. We have used a number of methods to remove the proteins associated with the cell wall of C. difficile. Two of the resulting extracts, obtained using low pH glycine treatment and lysozyme digestion of the cell wall, have been analysed in detail by two‐dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. One hundred and nineteen spots, comprising 49 different proteins, have been identified. The two surface layer proteins (SLPs) are the most abundant proteins, and we have also found components of the flagellum. Interestingly, we have also determined that a number of paralogs of the HMW‐SLP are expressed, and these could represent targets for further investigation as virulence factors.
Characterization of nitroproteome in neuron‐like PC12 cells differentiated with nerve growth factor: Identification of two nitration sites in α‐tubulin
Authors: Tedeschi Gabriella , Cappelletti Graziella , Negri Armando , Pagliato Lara , Maggioni Maria G. , Maci Rosalba , Ronchi Severino 
Published: May 2005

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) is a precursor of reactive nitrating species, peroxynitrite and nitrogen dioxide, which modify proteins to generate oxidized species such as 3‐nitrotyrosine that has been used as a hallmark of peroxynitrite‐mediated oxidative stress on proteins. In the last few years however, a growing body of evidence indicates that NO also regulates a myriad of physiologic responses by modifying tyrosine residues. Looking for the molecular event triggered by NO in nerve growth factor (NGF)‐induced neuronal differentiation, we recently reported that in differentiating PC12 cells, the cytoskeleton becomes the main cellular fraction containing nitrotyrosinated proteins, and α‐tubulin is the major target. In the present work, we focus on the investigation of the sites of tyrosine nitration in α‐tubulin purified by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis following anti‐α‐tubulin immunoprecipitation of protein extract from NGF‐treated PC12 cells. Using Western blotting and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight analysis, we show for the first time, both in vivo and in vitro, that nitration can occur on α‐tubulin at sites other than the C‐terminus and we positively identify Tyr 161 and Tyr 357 as two specific amino acids endogenously nitrated.
Development of a high‐throughput method for preparing human urine for two‐dimensional electrophoresis
Authors: Smith Graeme , Barratt Derek , Rowlinson Rachel , Nickson Janice , Tonge Robert 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThere is an increasing interest in analysing the human urinary proteome in the search for biomarkers. However, despite the ease of its collection, urine is a difficult fluid to analyse by two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2‐D PAGE) because of its dilute protein content and high salt levels. Here, we describe a method for high‐throughput processing of urine for 2‐D PAGE. Urine is filtered and applied to solid phase extraction columns. After washing, the urinary proteins are eluted and freeze dried. The lyophilised powder can then be resuspended in an appropriate buffer for downstream proteomic analysis.
Preparation and characterization of waterborne poly(urethane urea) with well‐defined hard segments
Authors: Yang Dong Ya , Hu Chun Pu , Ying Sheng Kang 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA series of polyester‐based poly(urethane urea) (PUU) aqueous dispersions with well‐defined hard segments were prepared from polyester polyol, 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate, dimethylolpropionic acid, 1,4‐butanediol, isophorone diisocyanate, and ethylenediamine. These anionic‐type aqueous dispersions had good dispersity in water and were stable at the ambient temperature for more than 1 year. For these aqueous dispersions, the particle size decreased as the hard‐segment content increased, and the polydispersity index was very narrow (<1.10). Films prepared with the PUU aqueous dispersions exhibited excellent waterproof performance: the amount of water absorption was as low as 5.0 wt %, and the contact angle of water on the surface of this kind of film was as high as 103° (this led to a hydrophobic surface). The water‐resistant property of these waterborne PUU films could be well correlated with some crystallites and ordered structures of the well‐defined hard segments formed by hydrogen bonding between the urethane/urethane groups and urethane/ester groups, as well as the degree of microphase separation between the hard and soft segments in the PUU systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2606–2614, 2005
Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of 2‐naphthyl acrylate with 2‐cyanoprop‐2‐yl 1‐dithionaphthalate as a chain‐transfer agent
Authors: Zhang Wei , Zhu Xiulin , Zhou Di , Wang Xiaoyan , Zhu Jian 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerizations of 2‐naphthyl acrylate (2NA) initiated by 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile were investigated with 2‐cyanoprop‐2‐yl 1‐dithionaphthalate (CPDN) as a RAFT agent at various temperatures in a benzene solution. The results of the polymerizations showed that 2NA could be polymerized in a controlled way by RAFT polymerization with CPDN as a RAFT agent; the polymerization rate was first‐order with respect to the monomer concentration, and the molecular weight increased linearly with the monomer conversion. The polydispersities of the polymer were relatively low up to high conversions in all cases. The chain‐extension reactions of poly(2‐naphthyl acrylate) (P2NA) with methyl methacrylate and styrene successfully yielded poly(2‐naphthyl acrylate)‐b‐poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(2‐naphthyl acrylate)‐b‐polystyrene block polymers, respectively, with narrow polydispersities. The P2NA obtained by RAFT polymerization had a strong ultraviolet absorption at 270 nm, and the molecular weights had no apparent effect on the ultraviolet absorption intensities; however, the fluorescence intensity of P2NA increased as the molecular weight increased and was higher than that of 2NA. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2632–2642, 2005
Synthesis and characterization of fluorene end‐labeled polystyrene with atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Goodman Caton C. , Roof Amanda C. , Tillman Eric S. , Ludwig Bellamarie , Chon Dougie , Weigley Michael I. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFluorene end‐labeled polystyrene was prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization with 9‐bromofluorene as the initiator. Reactions were carried out in bulk or tetrahydrofuran solutions at temperatures of 80 °C or above. Analysis by gel permeation chromatography indicated that the polymers formed had low polydispersities with molecular weights consistently 2–5 times higher than calculated based on monomer‐to‐initiator ratios. Coupling of two fluorenyl radicals, formed by activation of the 9‐bromofluorene, was found to compete with initiation, leading to the higher‐than‐expected molecular weight values while giving rise to a fluorene dimer. UV–vis spectrometry indicated near‐quantitative fluorene labeling of the polystyrene. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2657–2665, 2005
Green tea: Health benefits as cancer preventive for humans
Authors: Fujiki Hirota 
Published: May 2005

AbstractGreen tea is an acknowledged cancer preventive in Japan. The aim of this review article is to develop the concept of cancer prevention with green tea beverage for humans, which has largely been our exclusive research territory. This paper briefly reviews several topics, beginning with the introduction of our initial work on penta‐O‐galloyl‐β‐D‐glucose and (−)‐epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the main constituent of green tea extract. The mechanisms of EGCG action, particularly the reduction of TNF‐α are discussed, and we show how use of 3H‐EGCG revealed a wide range of target organs for cancer prevention. The results of an epidemiological study in Saitama Prefecture allowed us to determine the cancer preventive amount of green tea—10 Japanese‐size cups per day, about 2.5 g green tea extract—which made it possible for us to introduce the two‐stage strategy of cancer prevention with green tea. The first stage is the delay of cancer onset for the general population. The second stage is the prevention of recurrence of cancer for patients following cancer treatment. Combination cancer prevention with green tea and cancer preventive drugs is proving especially beneficial for Japanese, who drink green tea every day. And finally, the stimulating comments of Prof. Jim Watson have encouraged green tea scientists. © 2005 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 5: 119–132; 2005: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20039
Microstructural prototyping of ceramics by kinetic engineering: Applications of spark plasma sintering
Authors: Shen Zhijian , Nygren Mats 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe significance of kinetics on the development of microstructures in connection with sintering of ceramics is well recognized. In practice, however, it still remains a challenge to prepare designed microstructures via engineering the sintering kinetics because of an insufficient understanding of the different operative mechanisms that are in many cases overlapping. In this article the kinetic issues involved in sintering are described and discussed with respect to their potential for prototyping microstructures that yield desired properties. By exploiting and mastering the differences present in the kinetics of grain sliding, densification, chemical reactions, and grain growth, respectively, we have established processing principles for producing bulk ceramics with microstructures consisting of nano‐sized grains, aligned grains, and/or non‐equilibrium‐phase constitutions, and for achieving radically improved superplasticity in brittle ceramics. Although the studies quoted in this article were mainly carried out by spark plasma sintering, more general implications of them are expected, including efficient particle sliding, deformation‐induced dynamic ripening, superplastic deformation‐induced dynamic ripening, and non‐equilibrium integration. © 2005 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 5: 173–184; 2005: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20043
The status of theoretical K‐shell ionization cross sections by protons
Authors: Lapicki Gregory 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe accuracy of PIXE analysis depends on inner‐shell ionization cross sections that are often calculated in the ECPSSR theory which accounts with analytical functions for the energy (E) loss and Coulomb (C) deflection of the projectile plus for the perturbed‐stationary state (PSS) and relativistic (R) nature of the target's inner shell. Although the ECPSSR is within 10% overall agreement with the K‐shell data—as the proton energy falls below 0.1 to 1 MeV, respectively, in ionization of light‐ to heavy‐target atoms—the ECPSSR increasingly overestimates the empirical database of Paul and Sacher (1989). Except for an enhancement of this overestimate at low energies, a modified ECPSSR based on the Chen–Crasemann (1985, 1989) plane wave Born approximation—evaluated with the exact limits for the momentum transfers and the Dirac–Hartree–Slater wavefunctions—yields cross sections that remain within 10% of the data and the ECPSSR theory. Codes that use only the exact limits instead of the energy‐loss function are confirmed to be improper for evaluation of the ECPSSR. Further enhancement of the cross sections at the low energies is limited to light target atoms after the function derived in the separated atom approach to account for the PSS effect is joined with an expression obtained in the united atom limit. An empirical database, updated with cross sections from post‐1989 publications, is normalized to the modified ECPSSR theory and various forms of the Coulomb deflection factor are revisited. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The contributions of microvascular surgery to emergency hand surgery
Authors: Buncke Harry J. , Buncke Gregory M. , Lineaweaver William C. , Oliva Alfonso , Alpert Bernard S. , Hing David N. , Siko Peter P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMicrovascular surgery has revolutionized the field of emergency hand surgery in the areas of replantation and microvascular transplantation. Amputated parts from as small as a distal phalanx to the entire extremity can now be successfully replanted and unreplanted, or missing parts can be restored and reconstructed with immediate microvascular transplants (MVTs). MVTs can be used to cover exposed vital structures and replace missing complex parts. Part or whole digits can be reconstructed, with up to 4 toe transplants. Joints, bones, and muscles can be replaced with osteocutaneous and neuromyovascular transplants. Using the same approach for multiple replants, teams of 4 to 6 surgeons operating simultaneously and sequentially around the clock can accomplish multiple microvascular transplants in the acute setting. The classical principle of hand surgery, “preserve length and function”, can now be modified to “restore length and function.”
Surgical opportunism in emergency hand surgery
Authors: Morrison Wayne A. , O'Brien Bernard McC 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSurgical opportunism is the exploitation of circumstances at the time of surgery which will maximize the ultimate functional result. This may be an imaginative original application of surgery and regularly demands a degree of lateral thinking to visualize the opportunity. It involves particularly the careful appraisal of all damaged or amputated tissues and assessment as to their potential usefulness. Microvascular anastomosis greatly broadens the scope of opportunism in emergency hand surgery.
Classification and evaluation of the functional results of replanted parts of the hand at the Prince of Wales Hospital and the Prince of Wales Children's Hospital: 1984 to 1988
Authors: Milroy Barrie C. , Sackelariou Richard P. , Lendvay Paul G. , Baldwin Michael R. A. , McGlynn Michael 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis paper describes a simple method of classification and evaluation of the functional results of replanted and revascularized parts in the hand. The results are presented in graphic form and have been analyzed to correlate various factors: injured part, cause, and zone (level) of injury. The type of injury, ischemic time and age have been studied in more detail to determine their influence of the final functional result. The series contains 187 amputated and devascularized parts of the hand in 119 patients who have undergone surgery at the Prince of Wales Hospital from 1984 through 1988. The length of cold or warm ischemic times, up to 16 hours in this series, while not affecting survival of the amputated part, does adversely affect the functional result. The survival rate of replanted parts in children was significantly less favorable than in adults, but the functional results were uniformly superior.
The use of flaps in the treatment of fingertip injuries
Authors: Foucher Guy , Boulas H. Jay , Braga Da Silva Jefferson 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFingertip injuries constitute a large portion of the traumatic injuries sustained to the hand and are frequently associated with significant disability for the patient. While many methods are available for the treatment of such injuries, quite often only certain procedures are appropriate for a particular digit in any given patient. The use of flaps in such instances provides an important tool for coverage of the exposed fingertip bone when more simple measures are inadequate. Herein follows a discussion of the indications and potential pitfalls for a variety of flaps which may be employed in the treatment of fingertip injuries.
Acute rotary dislocation of the scaphoid: A new technique of repair using Herbert screw fixation across the scapho‐lunate joint
Authors: Herbert Timothy J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAcute rotary dislocation of the scaphoid is commonly misdiagnosed and, if untreated, leads to progressive osteoarthritis of the wrist. The diagnosis requires a high degree of awareness and an understanding of the pathomechanics of the injury. To date, no single method of treatment has been shown to produce consistently satisfactory results. This paper presents a new surgical technique involving open reduction and reattachment of the ligament to the bone, combined with Herbert screw fixation across the scapho‐lunate joint. The screw is normally left in situ for 12–18 months, allowing sufficient time for ligament healing and restoration of carpal stability. Using this technique early postoperative wrist motion is possible. Although excellent results have been achieved in the majority of cases, a few patients have developed increasing carpal collapse deformity in spite of adequate internal fixation, presumably due to inadequacy of the volar carpal ligaments. However, although the technique is a demanding one, the Herbert bone screw appears to offer significant advantages over standard Kirschner wire fixation in the treatment of acute rotary dislocation of the scaphoid.
Replantation Surgery
Authors: Feller Axel‐Mario , Graf Peter , Biemer Edgar 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFrom 1975 to 1988, replantation operations of fingers or hands were performed in 2,040 patients at the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Technical University Munich, Germany. The meticulous repair of blood vessels is still the most important step for a successful replantation. The liberal use of vein grafts very often makes replantations possible even in avulsion and crush injuries. The best functional results are achieved in replantations of distal finger parts, because an intact proximal interphalangeal joint and tendon apparatus guarantees almost a full range of motion. Age alone is not an exclusionary factor for replantation. Even 70 or 80 year old patients can achieve a satisfying functional result after replantation. Replantation as a matter of course is indicated in every amputation. Nevertheless, the extent of tissue damage, patient age and general health condition as well as the patient's wishes regarding a replantation have to be considered before performing a replantation. In addition, only continuous, long‐term physical therapy by specialized physical therapists and the continuous postoperative attention of the surgeon ensure a satisfying result.
Advances in peripheral nerve repair in emergency surgery of the hand
Authors: Berger Alfred , Mailänder Peter 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe development of microsurgical techniques has changed the surgical treatment of severe hand injuries over the last 25 years. Not only has the repair of vessels by microvascular surgery brought new possibilities of treatment, but the results in repair or peripheral nerves have been improved by the use of new microsurgical techniques, such as perineural suture and interfascicular nerve grafts. The use of vascularized nerve grafts in multiple digit amputations has been a further new idea in emergency hand surgery. The operative treatment of lesions of the brachial plexus has become possible. Nevertheless, the traditional secondary operations such as tendon and muscle transfers are necessary in order to reach an optimal functional reconstruction following nerve injuries.
Interposed muscle grafts in nerve repair in the hand: An experimental basis for future clinical use
Authors: Glasby M. A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractRepair of digital nerves and the larger nerves supplying the hand is a common clinical problem. A number of options exist for either direct repair or reconstitution using an interposed graft. Each of these options is associated with a set of problems peculiar to itself and to nerve repair in general. The heterogeneity of nerve injuries and of the various methods of repair and assessment has not led to the establishment of clear comparisons and guidelines for surgical intervention. Recently, freeze‐thawed coaxially aligned skeletal muscle autografts have been added to the list of available grafting techniques. The present article discusses the genesis of the muscle graft technique and examines steps which have been taken to elucidate its performance in controlled laboratory conditions. The extent to which these experimental observations provide a foundation for the clinical use of muscle grafts is discussed.
The single‐layer continuous suture for gastric anastomosis
Authors: Demartines Nicholas , Rothenbühler Jean‐Marc , Chevalley Jean‐Pierre , Harder Felix 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe single‐layer continuous suture technique has proven to be safe for all intestinal anastomoses of intraperitoneal small and large bowel segments. Since 1985, this technique has also been increasingly applied for gastroduodenostomy and gastrojejunostomy following partial gastrectomy. Through December 1989, we performed 96 gastroenteric anastomoses with the single‐layer continuous suture technique. This accounts for 64% of all partial gastrectomies performed between 1985 and 1989. The technique was applied in 89.5% of the gastroenteric anastomoses during 1988 and 1989. The rate of complications after gastroenteric single‐layer continuous suture technique was low; 2.1% clinical leakage was found, always in patients with perforated ulcer and peritonitis. We conclude that the single‐layer continuous suture technique for gastroenteric anastomosis is safe, simple, easy to perform, quick and reliable.
Planned reoperations and open management in critical intra‐abdominal infections: Prospective experience in 52 cases
Authors: Schein Moshe 
Published: May 2005

AbstractOpen management and “planned relaparotomies” in the treatment of critical abdominal infections have recently generated interest and hope. Most studies which examine the value of these therapeutic modalities are retrospective and include poorly stratified groups of patients. Since 1985, we have consistently applied these aggressive methods of treatment in all patients presenting with ultra‐abdominal infections belonging to the following groups: I) diffuse postoperative peritonitis (29 cases); II) diffuse fecal peritonitis (14 cases); and III) infected pancreatic necrosis (9 cases). The overall mortality rate was 44%; it was 55%, 14% and 56%, respectively, in the 3 groups. The abdomen was closed between reoperations in 21 patients who required an average of 1.7 relaparotomies; the mortality in this group was 24%. Thirty‐one patients, who required an average of 3.8 relaparotomies, were managed with the open method resulting in a mortality of 58%. Multiple organ failure was the cause of death in 87% of the patients. We conclude that “planned relaparotomies” may have been beneficial in group II. The value of open management in patients belonging to groups I and III remains unproven. The mechanical‐surgical answers to severe forms of peritonitis may have reached their limit.