bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the abilities of serologic tests to detect pseudorabies-infected pigs during the latent phase of infection
Authors: White Amy K. , Ciacci-Zanella Janice , Galeota Judith , Ele Shirley , Osorio Fernando A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare the sensitivities of all available serologic tests in detecting pseudorabies virus (PRV) antibodies in pigs during long-term latent pseudorabies.

Design
Pigs experimentally infected with a virulent strain of PRV were maintained for 2 to 27 months after inoculation. At the time of necropsy of each pig, blood was collected for serologic evaluation, and tissues were obtained for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) verification of latency.

Animals
65 crossbred pigs each weighing approximately 18 kg at the start of the study.

Procedure
Serum samples from each pig were analyzed by serum neutralization, latex agglutination, screening ELISA, particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay, automated latex agglutination, and differential ELISA for glycoproteins I, III, and X. DNA was extracted from the trigeminal ganglia and tonsils of each pig and was analyzed by PCR for PRV genomic sequences.

Results
PCR analysis of trigeminal ganglia and tonsils indicated that all pigs were latently infected with PRV at the time of necropsy, and serologic testing verified that all pigs had PRV-specific antibodies, regardless of duration of infection. The screening tests were virtually equivalent in sensitivity for detection of PRV antibodies. Of the differential serologic tests, the glycoprotein-l and -III marker systems, which performed with similar sensitivity as the screening tests, were superior to the glycoprotein- X marker system in detecting PRV antibodies in latently infected pigs

Conclusion
Serologic testing consistently detects pigs in the latent phase of PRV infection, provided that the test detects the antibody response to the whole virus or to a reliable PRV-marker glycoprotein. (Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:608–611)
Mutation segregation and rapid carrier detection of X-linked muscular dystrophy in dogs
Authors: Bartlett R. J. , Winand N. J. , Secore S. L. , Singer J. T. , Fletcher S. , Wilton S. , Bogan D. J. , Metcalf-Bogan J. R. , Bartlett W. T. , Howell J. M. , Cooper B. J. , Kornegay J. N. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To use exon 7-specific genomic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products to identify the genotypes of normal, affected, and carrier female dogs in pedigrees segregating Golden Retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD), and to confirm the concordant segregation of the mutation in all carrier and affected dogs presently available.

Design
The GRMD mutation is found in the consensus splice acceptor site in intron 6 of the canine dystrophin gene PCR cycle-sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism/PCR were used for determination of the pattern of segregation of the point mutation which causes GRMD.

Animals
Normal, clinically affected, and obligate carrier dogs in pedigrees of GRMD.

Procedure
DNA from blood was amplified, using PCR and primers that bracket all of exon 7 of the canine dystrophin gene as well as 100 base pairs of intron on either side. PCR products were either cycle-sequenced directly or submitted to a second round of PCR, using 1 of the original primers coupled with a mutagenic restriction fragment length polymorphism-primer, which thus creates an artificial restriction site. Digestion with Stu I detected the normal allele. To detect the affected allele, Sau96 I was used to digest the 310-base pair exon 7 genomic fragment directly.

Conclusions
Simple, clear diagnosis of carrier status was possible using these methods. This mutation is passed through all carrier and affected dogs in both United States GRMD colonies and the colony in Australia.

Clinical Relevance
Rapid, accurate diagnosis of carrier and affected dogs will enhance study of this homologue of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. (Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:650–654)
Morphologic changes and immunohistochemical detection of viral antigen in ovaries from cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus
Authors: Grooms Daniel L. , Ward Lucy A. , Brock Kenny V. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To identify morphologic differences in ovaries from cows persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and determine ovarian cell types infected in these cows.

Design
A comparative study of ovaries in cattle persistently infected with BVDV and cattle not persistently infected with BVDV, using morphologic and immunohistochemical analysis.

Animals
6 postpubertal cows persistently infected with BVDV and 6 postpubertal cows not persistently infected with BVDV.

Procedure
Ovaries were compared morphologically by counting the number of normal structures present on 3 histologic sections taken from each ovary. Immunohistochemistry was accomplished, using an indirect, monoclonal antibody-linked, avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex procedure.

Results
Significant (P < 0.01) decrease in the number of tertiary follicles, graafian follicles, atretic follicles, and corpus hemorrhagicum/luteum/albicans was observed in cows persistently infected with BVDV. No difference in numbers of primordial or secondary follicles was observed. Immunostaining of BVDV antigen in luteal cells and macrophage-like cells was evident in ovaries from cows persistently infected with BVDV.

Conclusions
Cows persistently infected with BVDV appear to have significant morphologic changes in their ovaries that suggest reduction in normal ovarian activities. Furthermore, BVDV antigen can be identified in specific ovarian cell types in cattle persistently infected with BVDV.

Clinical Relevance
The changes observed may reduce reproductive performance in cows persistently infected with BVDV, and may be of importance when trying to salvage valuable genetic material from persistently infected cows through embryo transfer. It is yet to be determined whether similar findings are true in cows acutely infected with BVDV. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:830–833)
Liquid-phase blocking sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus in water buffalo sera
Authors: Araújo J. P. , Montassier H. J. , Pinto A. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To develop and apply the liquid-phase blocking sandwich ELISA (BLOCKING-ELISA) for the quantification of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains O1 Campos, A24 Cruzeiro, and C3 Indaial.

Design
Antibody quantification.

Sample Population
158 water buffalo from various premises of São Paulo State-Brazil. The sera were collected either from systemically vaccinated or nonvaccinated animals.

Procedure
The basic reagents of BLOCKING-ELISA (capture and detector antibodies, virus antigens, and conjugate) were prepared and the reaction was optimized and standardized to quantify water buffalo antibodies against FMDV. An alternative procedure based on mathematical interpolation was adopted to estimate more precisely the antibody 50% competition titers in the BLOCKING-ELISA. These titers were compared with the virus-neutralization test (VNT) titers to determine the correlation between these techniques. The percentages of agreement, cutoff points, and reproducibility also were determined.

Results
The antibody titers obtained in the BLOCKING-ELISA had high positive correlation coefficients with VNT, reaching values of 0.90 for O1 Campos and C3 Indaial, and 0.82 for the A24 Cruzeiro (P <0.0005). The cutoff points obtained by use of the copositivity and conegativity curves allowed determination of high levels of agreement between BLOCKING-ELISA and VNT antibody titers against the 3 FMDV strains analyzed.

Conclusions
The results characterized by high correlation coefficients, levels of agreement, and reproducibility indicate that the BLOCKING-ELISA may replace the conventional VNT for detection and quantification of antibodies from water buffalo sera to FMDV. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:840–843)
Vagal esophagomotor nerve function and esophageal motor performance in dogs with congenital idiopathic megaesophagus
Authors: Holland Christopher T. , Satchell Paul M. , Farrow Brian R. H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To examine the integrity of the vagal efferent innervation to the esophagus and to assess esophageal motor performance in dogs with congenital idiopathic megaesophagus.

Design
An acute experimental protocol performed in control dogs and dogs with naturally acquired congenital idiopathic megaesophagus under pentobarbitone anesthesia.

Animals
4 dogs with congenital idiopathic megaesophagus and 16 control dogs.

Procedure
Esophageal motor nerve conduction studies were performed by recording evoked compound motor action potentials from the tunica muscularis of the distal thoracic portion of the esophagus in response to supramaximal stimulation of the cervical portion of the vagus nerve at cranial and caudal sites. Subsequently, esophageal motor performance was measured over a wide range of esophageal muscle lengths by recording intraesophageal pressure responses to supramaximal twitch and tetanic stimulation of the cervical portion of the vagus at varying, stepwise amounts of esophageal distention.

Results
In dogs with congenital idiopathic megaesophagus, no electrophysiologic evidence was found for segmental demyelination or axonal degeneration in cervical vagal motor fibers innervating striated muscle of the thoracic esophagus portion. Nor was spontaneous EMG activity, indicative of esophageal muscle denervation or a primary myopathy, observed. In contrast, esophageal motor performance, which was dependent on esophageal dimensions, was reduced in dogs with congenital idiopathic megaesophagus.

Conclusions
In dogs with congenital idiopathic megaesophagus, the vagal efferent innervation to the esophagus is likely to be normal, a primary esophageal myopathy is unlikely to be present, and the observed reduction in esophageal motor performance may arise as a secondary consequence of altered esophageal biomechanical properties rather than from a primary neuromuscular abnormality. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:906–913)
Comparison of the degree of abdominal adhesion formation associated with chromic catgut and polypropylene suture materials
Authors: Rochat Mark C. , Lin Jauhorng , Pope Eric R. , Carson William L. , Wagner-Mann Colette C. , Pace Lanny W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the histologic pattern and biomechanical properties of adhesions caused by chromic catgut and polypropylene sutures, using an enteropexy model.

Design
Enteropexies were created in dogs, using chromic catgut and polypropylene suture. The adhesions associated with the enteropexies were examined histologically and mechanically.

Animals
6 mixed-breed dogs weighing 16 to 20 kg.

Procedure
72 enteropexies were created between the jejunum and abdominal wall. 36 sites were sutured with chromic catgut, and 36 were sutured with polypropylene. 3 dogs were euthanatized after 1 week. The remaining dogs were euthanatized after 1 month. Samples of the enteropexy sites were obtained for histologic examination. The remaining sites were mechanically distracted until failure of the enteropexy site or adjacent tissue occurred.

Results
Histologic examination of the enteropexy sites did not reveal substantial differences in the degree of inflammation between the 2 suture types at 1 week or 1 month. The degree of inflammation decreased and the maturity of fibrous tissue formed at the enteropexy sites increased for all specimens over time. No statistically significant difference in breaking strength was observed between suture types at 1 week or 1 month.

Conclusion
In dogs, the formation and strength of intentionally created abdominal adhesions are not increased by use of chromic catgut.

Clinical Relevance
Selection of chromic catgut suture for use in surgical procedures where adhesions are desired is unwarranted. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:943–947)
Oral bioavailability and in vitro stability of pivampicillin, bacampicillin, talampicillin, and ampicillin in horses
Authors: Ensink J. M. , Vulto A. G. , van Miert A. S. J. P. A. M. , Tukker J. J. , Uiterwijk Winkel M. B. , Fluitman M. A. H. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the oral bioavailabilities of 3 ampicillin esters (pivampicillin, bacampicillin, and talampicillin) and ampicillin sodium, and to determine in vitro stability of the ampicillin esters in ileal contents (pH 8.3 to 8.5).

Design
A crossover design to administer the 4 drugs orally, and ampicillin IV, to all horses in the study.

Animals
4 healthy adult horses.

Procedure
The drugs were administered intragastrically to the horses at a dosage equimolar to 15 mg of ampicillin/kg of body weight. Also, ampicillin sodium was administered IV at the same dosage. Blood samples were taken up to 12 hours after drug administration, and ampicillin concentrations in plasma were determined. For the in vitro study, the ampicillin esters were incubated at 37 C in ileal contents obtained from ponies with cecal fistulas. After incubation, the remaining intact ester and the formed ampicillin were measured.

Results
Absolute oral bioavailability was 31, 39, 23, and 2% for pivampicillin, bacampicillin, talampicillin, and ampicillin sodium, respectively. In the in vitro study, 90% decomposition of the ester took place in 30, 60, and 5 minutes, for pivampicillin, bacampicillin, and talampicillin, respectively.

Conclusions
Pivampicillin and bacampicillin are promising candidates for oral antibiotic treatment of horses. The rapid decomposition of ampicillin esters is caused by chemical hydrolysis at the high pH of equine ileal contents. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1021–1024)
Effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine type-2 receptor blockade on pulmonary function in calves with experimentally induced Pasteurella haemolytica pneumonia
Authors: Hare Jonathan E. , Tesarowski David B. , Dawe Gail E. , Vlaminck Kathleen , Shewen Patricia E. , Viel Laurent 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate a 5-hydroxytryptamine type-2 receptor antagonist, metrenperone (MET), in alleviating respiratory distress associated with experimentally induced Pasteurella haemolytica pneumonia in feedlot calves.

Design
Double-blind controlled clinical trial.

Animals
30 healthy 6- to 8-month-old Hereford-type calves (250 to 450 kg).

Procedure
Initial measurements were made of rectal temperature (RT), arterial blood gas (ABG) tensions, and pulmonary mechanics. Calves were then infected with P haemolytica in logarithmic phase of growth by intratracheal inoculation. 18 hours later, determination of RT and ABG tensions, and pulmonary function testing were repeated and calves were selected for inclusion in the study on the basis of having 2 of the following: respiratory rate > 50 breaths/mm, RT > 40 C, or Pao2 > 20 mm of Hg below the baseline value. MET (0.1 mg/kg of body weight, IM) or an equivalent vehicle dose was then administered. RT, ABG, and pulmonary mechanics measurements were repeated at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours after treatment. Calves were then euthanatized, and gross necropsy scoring and histologic examination were performed on the lungs.

Results
Infection with P haemolytica caused significant increases in RT and respiratory rate, and reduction in Pao2, Paco2, and tidal volume 18 hours after inoculation. MET-treated calves had significantly reduced rectal temperature between 1 and 12 hours, compared with vehicle-treated calves. In addition, MET-treated calves had reduced respiratory rate with concomitantly increased tidal volume between 0.5 and 2 hours after treatment, compared with vehicle-treated calves. Necropsy revealed acute lobar bronchopneumonia in all 30 calves, but there was no difference in necropsy score between treatment groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
MET may have an antipyretic effect on calves with pneumonia caused by P haemolytica. Its influence on pulmonary mechanics was minimal however, and it did not induce lung lesions in the short term. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1034–1039)
Pharmacokinetics of atenolol in clinically normal cats
Authors: Quiñones M. , Dyer D. C. , Ware W. A. , Mehvar R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the pharmacokinetics of atenolol (AT) after IV and oral administrations in cats, to assess duration of β-blocking effect, and to determine whether AT can be effectively used once per day.

Animals
9 clinically normal cats.

Procedure
Single doses of 1 (IV) or 3 (oral) mg of AT/kg of body weight were administered to each cat on different occasions, and serial blood samples were collected. Plasma concentrations of AT were subsequently determined, using high-performance liquid chromatography. The plasma concentration data were analyzed, using noncompartmental analysis. An isoproterenol challenge test was used to determine the β-blocking effect of AT on heart rate after 3 consecutive days of oral treatment (3 mg/kg, once a day).

Results
After IV administration, mean ± SD apparent volume of distribution at steady state and systemic clearance values were 1,088 ± 148 ml/kg and 259 ± 72 ml/ h/kg, respectively. Bioavailability was 90 ± 9% after oral administration. The half-life values were 3.44 ± 0.5 and 3.66 ± 0.39 hours after IV and oral administrations, respectively. Compared with baseline values prior to AT administration, heart rates at 6 and 12 hours after administration of AT were significantly reduced.

Conclusions
AT has high oral bioavailability in cats, resulting in small interindividual variability in its kinetics in this species. The drug has β-blocking effect in cats, as indicated by the attenuated heart rate response to isoproterenol; this effect persists for at least 12 hours in clinically normal cats. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1050–1053)
Effect of high-molecular weight dextran macromolecules on low-flow ischemia and reperfusion of the large colon in horses
Authors: Moore Rustin M. , Bertone Alicia L. , Muir William W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the effect of high-molecular weight (MW) dextran macromolecules on low-flow ischemia and reperfusion of the large colon in horses.

Design
Horses subjected to low-flow ischemia and reperfusion of the large colon were treated with either 0.9 NaCI (group 1, n = 6) or high-MW dextran (group 2, n = 6) solutions.

Animals
12 adult horses.

Procedure
Horses were subjected to 3 hours' low-flow ischemia followed by 3 hours' reperfusion. A dose of either 0.9% NaCI or a 6% solution of high-MW (250,000) dextran (10 ml/kg of body weight) was administered IV, 30 minutes prior to reperfusion. Hemodynamic variables were recorded at 30-minute intervals. Systemic arterial and colonic venous blood were collected for determination of PCV, plasma total protein, and whole blood lactate concentrations, and for blood gas and oximetry analyses. Histologic examination of large-colon biopsy specimens was performed.

Results
Mean arterial pressure was greater in group-2 horses, compared with group-1 horses, from 3 to 3.25 hours, but there were no significant differences between groups for any of the other hemodynamic variables. Compared with baseline values, colonic blood flow was significantly lower from 0.5 to 3 hours and was significantly greater from 3.25 to 6 hours. Arterial and colonic venous PCV were significantly lower than baseline values from 3 to 3.25 hours, and at 3 hours, respectively, in group-2 horses. These values were significantly lower in group-2 horses, from 3 to 6 and 3 to 5 hours, respectively. There was significant mucosal necrosis, hemorrhage, edema, and neutrophil infiltration in horses of both groups; however, there were no significant differences between the 2 groups.

Conclusions
High-MW dextran did not protect the colonic mucosa from low-flow ischemia and reperfusion; there were no deleterious effects on colonic mucosa or on systemic hemodynamic or metabolic variables.

Clinical Relevance
Reperfusion with high-MW dextran solution probably would not protect the large colon from ischemia-reperfusion injury associated with large-colon volvulus. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1067–1073)
Involvement of nitric oxide in inhibitory neuromuscular transmission in equine jejunum
Authors: Rakestraw Peter C. , Snyder Jack R. , Woliner Michael J. , Sanders Kenton M. , Shuttleworth William R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To evaluate the role of nitric oxide (NO), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and a transmitter acting through an apamin-sensitive mechanism in mediating inhibitory transmission in the equine jejunal circular muscle, and to determine the distribution of VIP-and NO-producing nerve fibers in the myenteric plexus and circular muscle.

Procedure
Circular muscle strips were suspended in tissue baths containing an oxygenated modified Krebs solution and attached to isometric force transducers. Responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS), tetrodotoxin, the NO antagonists l-N-nitro-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME) and N-nitro-l-arginine, apamin, VIP, authentic NO, and the NO donar sodium nitroprusside were tested. Immunostaining for VIP-like and NADPH diaphorase histochemical staining were performed on paraformaldehyde-fixed tissue.

Results
Subpopulations of myenteric neurons and nerve fibers in the circular muscle were positive for NADPH diaphorase and VIP-like staining. EFS caused a frequency-dependent inhibition of contractile activity. Tetrodotoxin prevented the EFS-induced inhibition of contractions. L-NAME (200 μM) and apamin 0.3 μM) significantly (P < 0.01) reduced EFS-stimulated inhibition of contractile activity at most frequencies tested. The effects of L-NAME and apamin were additive. In their combined presence, EFS induced excitation instead of inhibition (196.7% increase at 5 Hz, n = 28, P < 0.01). Inhibition of contractile activity by EFS was mimicked by sodium nitroprusside. Authentic NO (3-6 μM) abolished contractile activity. VIP induced a dose-dependent inhibition of contractile activity (89.1 ± 6.3% reduction at approximately 0.3 μM, n = 16). Antagonism of NO synthesis did not alter the response to VIP.

Conclusion
NO, VIP, and a substance acting through an apamin-sensitive mechanism appear to comediate inhibitory transmission in the equine jejunal circular muscle.

Clinical Relevance
These findings may suggest new therapeutic targets for motility disorders, such as agents that inhibit the synthesis or actions of NO. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1206-1213)