bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Tense-Mood-Aspect Simplification on Narrative and Hypothetical Discourse
Authors: Silva-Corvalan Carmen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapter has documented the simplification and loss of verbal inflections in the Spanish of Los Angeles bilinguals. This chapter proposes to examine the effect simplification and loss may have on the expression of meaning complexes (Klein and von Stutterhei mind.) in hypothetical and narrative discourse. Klein and von Stutterheim define a meaning complex (p. 1) as the set of temporally, spatially, logically, etc. ordered information expressed in such texts as route descriptions, narratives, and reports. I explore the question of what it is that cannot be said at the lower stages of the bilingual continuum or, at least, that cannot be said with the same degree of stylistic flexibility or semantic subtlety as a result of attrition of the verb system. In order to provide some answers, albeit far from definitive, to this general question, I analyse and compare narratives and samples of hypothetical discourse about hypothetical situations produced by Spanishas well as by English-dominant bilinguals.
Conflicting Loyalties
Authors: Silva-Corvalan Carmen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Weinreich (1974: 68) proposes a definition of language shift as the change from the everyday, traditional use of one language to that of another. He also proposes the term ‘ language loyalty’ to describe a state of mind in which a language, in opposition to other languages, is assigned a high value by its speakers, who are driven to defend this language from foreign interference and/or from an imminent language shift. Language loyalty is defined ‘as a principle ... in the name of which people will rally themselves and their fellow speakers consciously and explicitly to resist changes in either the functions of their language (as a result of a language shift) or in the structure or vocabulary (as a consequence of interference)’ (99).
Moral Theory
Authors: Gauthier David P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hobbes writes on morals as a moralist. His primary aim is to demonstrate what men ought, and what they ought not, to do. In pursuing this aim he introduces, and explains, certain moral concepts, of which the most important are right of nature, law of nature, obligation, and justice. But his interest is in using these concepts in moral conclusions, not in explica ting them.
Initial Theory of Sovereignty
Authors: Gauthier David P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of this chapter indicates a departure from the usual interpretation of Hobbes’s political theory. Although scholars have noted that there are differences between the presentation of the theory in Leviathan and the presentation in Hobbes’s earlier political writings, little significance has been attached to these differences. There is a plausible explanation for this the differences do not affect the material content of the theory. We wish to argue, however, that the differences amount to a major alteration in the formal structure of Hobbes’s political theory-an alteration which adds both plausibility and interest to Hobbes’s view of political society, but which Hobbes is unable properly to exploit because of the inadequacies in his psychology.
Theory of Authorization
Authors: Gauthier David P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the more curious aberrations of Hobbesian scholar ship is found in the view that Leviathan is ‘a rhetorical and, in many ways, a popular Streitschrift’ in comparison with the more calmly argued statements of the same doctrine con tained in the Elements of Law’ (that is, De Corpore Politico) or the De Cive’. There are, it is true, elements of Hobbes’s moral doctrine-for example the connection of reason and right-which are stated more clearly in the earlier works. But the political doctrine of Leviathan represents a major advance in Hobbes’s thinking, an advance which depends almost entirely on the introduction of the concept of authorization.
Reflections on Ether
Authors: Saunders Simon , Brown Harvey R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are special difficulties which obstruct the understanding of both ether and the elimination of ether from physical science. To be sure, there is an experimentum crucis—the Michelson–Morley experiment—and there is a rival theory which better accounted for the facts; but we know that in the history of ideas life is not so simple. The ether was a very great idea, and it dominated more than a century of science; it did not vanish overnight.
The Vacuum and Unification
Authors: Aitchison I J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a common observation that fundamental physics seems to have progressed, over the last hundred years or more, in the direction of ever greater unification. It is fair to describe this movement as progress, because it does appear that the drive towards unification has, in many diverse ways, acted as a powerful heuristic device in constructing phenomenologically successful theories. Less widely noted, perhaps, is the crucial role that the vacuum (as currently understood) has played, and still plays, in many aspects of the unification programme. This is what I want to examine, very briefly, in the present contribution.
Making Everything Out of Nothing
Authors: Weingard Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I want to begin with Descartes. This may seem strange, since Descartes argues that a vacuum is impossible. But by this he meant simply that two things could not be separated by a distance and yet have, literally, nothing between them. If there were, literally, nothing between two objects, they would be in contact. If there is a distance or extension between two objects, then that distance is a property of something, namely an extended substance.
Things that Concern Us
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our aim is to understand our capacities for ethics, and more widely, for practical reasoning in general. To do this we must give an adequate conception of the deliberating agent and of the moral commitments she forms. It is not my intention to defend one ethic or one specific style of ethics above others. So in this chapter I only sketch enough of the philosophy of the input side to enable us to proceed to the rest of the theory. We classify actions as cases of telling what is not true, or promise breaking, or killing, or theft, or alternatively as examples of loyalty, integrity, or principle. When such characterizations of action give us our input, the ethics that emerges will be one of right and wrong, obligations and duties, prohibitions and permissions. This gives us a duty governed or deontological system. The Ten Commandments and other lists of religious ordinances telling us what we may or may not do are the best-known examples of ethics of this type.
Introduction
Authors: Mougeon Raymond , Beniak Édouard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is concerned with an increasingly popular aspect of the broad topic of linguistic change, namely change as it takes place in languages in contact, and more specifically in what are commonly referred to as ‘minority languages’. Following Dressler and Wodak-Leodolter (1977) and Giacalone Ramat (1979), we understand the term ‘minority language’ not only in a prestige or social value sense, i.e. a language whose speakers are socio-economically disadvantaged with respect to those of a ‘superordinate’ language, but also in a demographic sense, i.e. a language whose speakers are in numerical inferiority in comparison with those of a ‘majority’ language. It could be argued that ‘true’ minority languages are those which combine both aspects-and many indeed do-yet it is clear that only subordinate social value is a necessary and sufficient condition for minority-language speakers to shift to the superordinate language, since language shift can take place even in situations where the shifting population forms a majority, e.g. the Irish case, the Welsh case, the Québécois case before the advent of the Quiet Revolution in the 1960s, etc. (for further discussion of the definition of ‘minority language’, see the papers in Haugen, McClure, and Thomson 1981).
Socio-historical Background
Authors: Mougeon Raymond , Beniak Édouard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to provide historical, sociological, and demographic information concerning Ontario‘s francophone population. This will allow the reader better to situate the four Franco– Ontarian communities in which our adolescent speakers were selected, in terms of geographical location, local demographics, language maintenance and shift, local economic activity, etc. Because of the specific topic of this book, we shall pay special attention to the data on bilingualism and language shift among Franco-Ontarians.
French-language Spread
Authors: Mougeon Raymond , Beniak Édouard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The overall tone of the preceding chapter was admittedly pessimistic. It is time now that we took a look at a different and more optimistic side of the situation of French in Ontario. Indeed, a number of primary causes traditionally invoked to explain language shift do not obtain in the case of the Franco-Ontarian minority. Probably foremost among these is the language of education (but there are also the mass media, community organizations, and government services). Most linguistic minorities around the world do not enjoy the privilege of having elementary and secondary schools in their own language, but Franco– Ontarians do. According to Fishman (1987), the elementary school ranks with the other ‘primary determinants of intergenerational language transmission’ that are the home and neighbourhood.
Methodology
Authors: Mougeon Raymond , Beniak Édouard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall provide a description of the speech corpus which we drew on in the sociolinguistic studies which are featured in Chapters 5 – II, examine the general theoretical hypotheses which guided our research, and finally say a word about our method of data analysis. As the corpus was drawn from two previous sociolinguistic surveys not entirely identical in terms of sampling procedures, interview schedules, questionnaires, etc., we shall consider each of these surveys separately. For additional details concerning the corpus, the reader is referred to Mougeon, Brent-Palmer, Bélanger, and Cichocki (1982).
Sociolectal Reduction
Authors: Mougeon Raymond , Beniak Édouard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The breakdown of the Latin case system was offset in part by an expansion of its prepositional system. Two prepositions which underwent considerable expansion were ad and de. One aspect of their expansion saw them vie with one another to introduce nominal complements expressing the idea of possession. This rivalry developed in Vulgar Latin and is still extant today in marginal, popular, or simply informal varieties of French on both sides of the Atlantic (e.g. la voiture à/de man père ‘my father’s car’). This long-standing case of variation has been commented upon by many linguists, yet certain aspects of its diachrony and synchrony remain unclear.
Aborted Sociolectal Reduction
Authors: Mougeon Raymond , Beniak Édouard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall examine another case of rather long-standing variation in Canadian French, with special reference once again to the French spoken in the province of Ontario. The variable belongs to the area of verbal morphology and involves the alternate forms of aller ‘to go’ and s’en alter ‘to go, leave’ in the Isg. indicative present (vais, vas, and m’as), in both their main verb and auxiliary functions. The historical part of the study will show that a comparative examination of sociolinguistic data on contemporary Canadian French and other colonial varieties of French (including French-based creoles) can, owing to their conservative nature, provide insights into the popular French of the pre-colonial period (i.e. allow one to reconstruct unattested forms like m’as) about which still relatively little is known.
Overt Interference
Authors: Mougeon Raymond , Beniak Édouard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any discipline which purports to be scientific practises self-criticism. Linguistics is no exception. One particular theoretical concept which has attracted more than its share of criticism in this field is inteiference. In our view, the generally bad press which it has received is due not to a flaw in the theory that languages in contact may influence one another–no serious linguist would deny this fact– but rather to shoddy methodology (and, to some extent also, ideological bias). The literature literally abounds in studies hastily and erroneously attributing language change to foreign influence due to lack of a proper methodology. This exaggerated appeal to interference will be illustrated with examples drawn from various subfields (e.g. historical linguistics, minority languages, pidgins and creoles, second-language learning), with particular reference to French.
Conclusion
Authors: Mougeon Raymond , Beniak Édouard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary purpose of this final chapter is to provide the reader with an overview of (r) the main types of linguistic change which were examined in Chapters 5– 11, (2) the extralinguistic parameters which were found to be associated with these changes, and (3) the particular effects these parameters have on the changes. With this purpose in mind, we have summarized the results of our investigation of the effects of the four extralinguistic parameters French-language-use restriction, locality of residence, social class, and sex on the various cases of change under study (see Table 12.1). This table provides information on the percentages associated with the different extralinguistic factors under study and, when a VARBRUL analysis was performed, on the effects of the different factors and on the predictive power (or rank) of the different factor groups.
Fillmore’s Case Theory
Authors: Ravin Yael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Case Theory is proposed by Fillmore as a theory to account for ‘certain types of judgements human beings are capable of making about the events that are going on around them, judgements about such matters as who did it, who it happened to, and what got changed’ (Fillmore 1968: 24). According to Fillmore, such judgements are made on the basis of semantic relations that hold between predicates and their arguments. His theory is intended to represent these relations, since, as he observes, neither grammatical functions nor surface case markers can adequately represent them.
A Theory of Semantic Decomposition (I)
Authors: Ravin Yael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The thematic theories reviewed in the preceding chapters are based on the assumption that thematic information is an integral part of the linguistic competence of native speakers. However, several factors indicate that thematic roles are, in fact, superfluous concepts. The theories that use them exhibit a variety of syntactic problems. To describe the content of roles, the theories rely, implicitly or explicitly, on some decompositional analysis of meaning. The more semantic information they make use of, the more marginal and derivative thematic roles become within them, until, as for jackendoff, they serve as mere labels.
A Theory of Semantic Decomposition (II)
Authors: Ravin Yael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The structure of semantic representations is governed by a set of configurational rules and a set of projection operations. Configurational rules determine the relations holding among the components of semantic representations. They define the formal conditions on the well-formedness of semantic representations by specifying valid domination relations among nodes. They specify, for example, that an (Event) node can dominate a (Change) node, but cannot itself be dominated by it. Configurational rules often specify particular contexts, that is, types of semantic structures in which the domination relations hold. Thus, a (Causation) node is dominated by an (Event) node only in the absence of an (Intention) node.
The Two Systems of Francis Hutcheson: On the Origins of the Scottish Enlightenment
Authors: Moore James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has become common practice among historians, in the past thirty years, to describe the collective achievement of philosophers, scientists, builders, and educators in eighteenth-century Scotland as the “Scottish enlightenment”. The remarkable changes in thought and behaviour that occurred in Scotland at this time, in the church and in the universities, in agriculture and in commerce, in the arts and sciences, have been documented and described from various points of view.
Semantics and Subroutines
Authors: Morton Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Semantical theories relate symbol types to meanings and to referents. Symbols are abstract objects. So are most of their referents, according to most semantical theories. The ancestor of modern semantical theories, Frege’s theory, relates sentences ultimately to the most abstract of all possible objects, the True and the False, however concrete the ostensible subject matter of the sentences. Frege was characteristically careless of plausibility here. And characteristically correct. More recent semantical theories bear out Frege’s intuition. One example is given by the theory of models of formal languages, in which logical relations between sentences are described in terms of inter pretations of those sentences in set-theoretical domains. Another is given by possible-worlds semantics for modal con structions, which gives us, unfortunately, the best understanding we have of how this part of language works, in terms of an abstract framework that is just unbelievable if taken as repre senting part of solid, non-abstract reality.
Vision: The ‘Other’ Face of AI
Authors: Poggio T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The declared goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines intelligent and, at the same time, to understand the principles that make intelligence possible-both in natural and artificial systems. Consistent with the definition, Artificial Intelligence includes both the study of reasoning or problem-solving abilities and of perception, though the study of the former historically represents the first concern of Artificial Intelligence researchers and is still the major one.
Human Thinking and Mental Models
Authors: Johnson-Laird P N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose that the brain is some sort of computational device, obviously not the familiar digital computer, but some as yet unknown parallel device that carries out computations on a physiological basis. In this case, the psychologists’ aim should be to discover the nature of the various procedures that the brain uses to carry out its various tasks. Its three major tasks are, of course, to perceive the world, to cogitate on it, and to control bodily actions. In this paper, I am going to concentrate on one aspect of cogitation, inferential reasoning, and to give an account of the sorts of computational procedure that underlie it.
Language in Alsace
Authors: Chloros-Gardner Penelope 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I shall describe the linguistic situation in Alsace in general terms so as to provide a background for the code-switching studies which follow. It is a mistake to focus on code-switching to the exclusion of other information on the distribution and evolution of the two codes in the community; for it is only by seeing it in association with other aspects of the linguistic picture that its true significance can become apparent (cf. Trudgill 1976-7).
The Surveys
Authors: Chloros-Gardner Penelope 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the main premisses of this book, as we have seen in Chapter 3, is that code-switching is one of a range of possible manifestations of language contact which are interconnected in a complex fashion at a linguistic and at a psychological level. This argument rests partly on evidence presented in this chapter and in Chapters 5 and 6 (Conversational Analysis); partly on a view of the bilingual as a psychologically complex entity and not simply as the sum of two monolinguals (Hamers and Blanc 1989; Grosjean 1985b; Romaine 1989); and partly on the assumption that a ‘language’ in the abstract (i.e. as described in a grammar, dictionary, etc.) is not the same thing as ‘a language’ as known and used by an individual (Le Page and Tabouret-Keller 1985: 188ff.)
Conclusions
Authors: Chloros-Gardner Penelope 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of code-switching involves a constant refocusing of one’s point of view from very broad to ,cry detailed issues. Any intelligent layman can be made to understand within a couple of minutes what code-switching is and almost any bilingual would admit to practising it; many also have firmly held attitudes regarding its acceptability (Chana and Romaine HJ84). The reason for its existence is simple: there is more than one variety of language in the world and those different varieties are not kept in hermetically sealed boxes. Their mutual spill over and influence is one of the major keys to understanding how languages develop, change, and die.
Language and Moral Education
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper I am going to try to bring philosophy to bear on a practical problem. What then is philosophy, as I am using the term? It is the art or science which does for words what mathematics does for numbers. We all spend quite a lot of time talking; and some of this we spend arguing with one another, using words for this purpose. It is no accident that philosophy started in Greece, because the ancient Greeks were perhaps the most argumentative people the world has ever known. It was one of them, Socrates, who made for the first time the move which started philosophy in the sense in which I am using the word. He found some people arguing about some substantial question; and instead of joining in the argument on one side or the other, he insisted on having some key term in it explained to him. He did not put his questions as questions about the meanings of words; but they were that. To know what rightness is, is to know what we mean by ‘right’ (see H 1982: 27 and p. 178). In the same sort of way, a father and his son might be having an argument today about whether something is right or wrong (it could be about something important or about something unimportant—about whether it is right to fight for one’s country, or about whether it is right to grow one’s hair long); and one could imagine some modern Socrates coming along and saying to them ‘How can you possibly settle your argument if you don’t know what you mean by “right”?’ And this advice would be sound.
Platonism in Moral Education: Two Varieties
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plato can claim a pre-eminent place in the philosophy of education, for two reasons at least. The first is that he started the subject; the second is that he expressed with a force which has not since been surpassed a particular, seemingly authoritarian, view about it. Any liberal has to come to grips with this view, for which ‘Platonism’ is still the most appropriate name; and the first step is to determine more exactly what, in essence, the view is. This paper will not be concerned with the close examination of Plato’s text; there are some prolegomena to this in H 1982. I shall say nothing about the quaint details of the educational curriculum in the Republic or (quainter still!) the Laws, which have distracted the attention of some commentators from more fundamental problems. What I aim to discuss is the question ‘Can virtue be taught?’, with which Plato introduces the subject in the Meno—the question which more than any other provides the incentive for his entire philosophical enterprise.