bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evolution of brood parasitism in cuckoos
Authors: Payne Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although a cuckoo nestling destroys the host eggs and nestlings, the host parents often do not dis criminate against a cuckoo egg and they incubate it with their own eggs. The hosts may lack the genetic variation that would allow evolutionary selection to favor action against cuckoos (Rothstein 1990). Or, the hosts and their parasitic cuckoos may be in a state of equilibrium, where the gain of rejection is balanced by the cost of rejection of the cuckoo egg (Davies and Brooke 1988, Davies et al. 1996). The costs and benefits of brood parasitism and response by the hosts to the parasite can be des cribed as a mathematical model, which assumes genetic variation in both the parasite and host and tracks the coevolutionary outcome of these costs and benefits.
Cuculinae
Authors: Payne Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ADULT: Sexes distinct. Male, head, back and wing coverts rufous, wing rufous with darker rufous tip of flight feathers, rump black, tail black with fine gray bars (black and gray bars each 2 mm wide) in a washboard effect (seen at close range) and broadly tipped white; underparts, throat and breast rufous, belly olive gray, under tail coverts dark gray with rufous cast; bare skin around eye light green blue, iris dark brown, bill light green, feet green-gray. Female, head and upper back light gray, back and wing coverts rufous, rump black, wings rufous with darker rufous tip of flight feathers, tail rufous with black subterminal band and white tip; underparts light gray, belly gray washed rufous, under tail coverts dark chestnut; bare skin around eye light blue green, iris dark brown, bill light green, feet green-gray.
The Physics of Block Copolymers
Authors: Hamley Ian W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This comprehensive and systematic text is the first of its kind to deal with the fundamental physics underlying the remarkable structural and dynamical properties of block copolymers. It provides the polymer scientist and technologist with a firm grounding in the principles underlying the wide applications of these important materials. It also highlights the intrinsically fascinating properties of block copolymers, such as nanoscale self-assembly in bulk and two-dimensions. The first text of its kind on the subject since the mid-1980s, this book stands alone - previous texts have focused on the chemical and material properties of block copolymers. During the last decade, there have been major developments in the field, and these experimental and theoretical advances are discussed in depth. Topics covered include: the thermodynamics and dynamics of block copolymer melts, block copolymers in dilute, semidilute and concentrated solutions, the structure of crystalline block copolymers and block copolymers in blends with other polymers. This informative book is essential to the polymer physics and materials science researcher in industry and academia, and postgraduates in related fields. Final year undergraduate students in chemistry, physics and materials science will also find this book useful as a reference text.
Radical Reactions in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Zard Samir Z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Oxford Chemistry Masters Series is designed to provide clear and concise accounts of important topics - both established and emergent - that may be encountered by chemistry students as they progress from the senior undergraduate stage through post-graduate study to leadership in research. These Masters assume little prior knowledge, other than the foundations provided by an undergraduate degree in chemistry, and lead the reader through to an appreciation of the state of the art in the topic whilst providing an entree to the primary literature in the field. Radical reactions exhibit many of the characteristics desired by synthetic organic chemists: mild, generally neutral experimental conditions; diminished susceptibility to eliminations and rearrangements; relative insensitivity to the nature of the solvent and to steric effects; a compatibility with functional groups that is often complementary to that of ionic and organometallic reactions, obviating in many situations the need for laborious and costly protection-deprotection steps. Yet elementary radical reactions are ultra-fast processes and their taming requires some knowledge of their kinetics and rate constants, which have only relatively recently become available. Not surprisingly, transformations involving radical intermediates have long harboured the reputation of beeing difficult to control, suitable only for the synthesis of polymers and tars. This book provides a description of radical reactions and their applications in organic synthesis. It attempts to show that armed with an elementary knowledge of kinetics and some common sense, it is possible to harness radicals into a tremendously powerful tool for solving synthetic problems. The book starts with a brief historical account and presentation of the basics. It then blends the discussion of the properties of radical processes with the now familiar chemistry of stannanes. Radicals being the same entities, whichever method is used to generate them, a study of the various processes for the creation and capture of radicals constitutes the remainder of the book. Silicon and mercury based techniques as well as the Barton and related decarboxylation procedures are discussed in detail, followed by the Kharasch type atom and group transfer reactions. The increasingly important persistent radical effect, also known as the Fischer-Ingold effect, is examined in the context of non-chain reactions. Both the Kharasch based methods and the persistent radical effect have recently been applied in the emerging field of controlled radical polymerisations. Finally, the vast domain of redox processes is presented in a unified manner with the aim of providing a simple rationale for the multitude of possible transformation. The book concludes with a brief overview and some general practical hints for conducting radical reactions. More than 700 references provide access to the primary literature.
Tyrosine Phosphoprotein Phosphatases
Authors: Goldstein Barry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tyrosine phosphoprotein phosphatases (PTPases) are found ubiquitously in cytosolic and particulate fractions of cells. They are unique in terms of their substrate sensitivity, neutral pH optimum, resistance to EDTA, and inhibition by low concentrations of zinc or vandanate. PTPases exert both positive and negative effects on a number of metabolic and signal transduction pathways. This volume explores the sequence, structure, and biochemical properties of PTPases, regulation of PTPase expression, substrate preferences and catalytic mechanisms, physiology, covalent modification, modification by chemical agents and proteolysis, and interactions with other proteins, peptides, and macromolecules. There is an extensive bibliography to assist the reader in further research.
Literature examples of oligosaccharide synthesis
Authors: Osborn Helen M I , Khan Tariq H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will describe some recent examples of oligosaccharide synthesis. We hope that these syntheses will further exemplify the methods and procedures introduced in the previous chapters, and also illustrate that you have now met sufficient reactions to devise syntheses of even complex carbohydrates. Literature references to the original articles reporting the cited work are quoted for further reference at the end of the chapter.
Alternative strategies for synthesising oligosaccharides
Authors: Osborn Helen M I , Khan Tariq H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far we have concentrated on the chemical synthesis of carbohydrate acceptors, donors and oligosaccharides. However, chemical methods are not the only methods available for synthesising oligosaccharides. Some alternative methods which also allow efficient synthesis of oligosaccharides are discussed in this chapter.
The wide range of lligosaccharides which occur in nature are prepared via a series of biosynthetic reactions which use enzymes to perform specific reactions on a limited set of monosaccharides.
Structure and dynamics of biological membranes
Authors: Biildt Georg , Schlesinger Ramona , Pebay-Peyroula Eva , Sass HansJurgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biological membranes are the barriers of cells and organelles against the outside medium. The two major components of membranes are lipids and proteins. Lipids are amphiphilic molecules, which in an aqueous medium spontaneously form double-layered structures. The amphiphilic character of the lipids with polar head-groups and apolar hydrocarbon chains is responsible for the two dimensional geometry of biological membranes. Integral membrane proteins, which span the lipid bilayer, mediate the transport of matter and signals. Soluble proteins can be associated with one side of a membrane by electrostatic interactions or through a lipid anchor covalently bound to the protein. A membrane can also contain protein anchors for filamentous structures, which mechanically stabilize the cell.
Vector model
Authors: Freeman Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
NMR phenomena can be described by several different theoretical models, some of them quite sophisticated in their mathematical formalism. However, for a chemist who wishes to use NMR spectroscopy as a tool to solve structural problems, simplicity is probably the most attractive feature of any proposed model, provided that the treatment is valid for the most common experiments. Density operator theory is elegant and comprehensive, but the resulting algebra becomes unwieldy for systems of three or more coupled spins, and it is then difficult to retain a clear picture of the physical processes involved. Physical pictures are important to chemists. Much of their work involves the visualization of the complex three-dimensional relation¬ ships characteristic of molecular interactions, and hence geometry is probably preferable to algebra. The chemist is, above all, a pragmatist, and does not normally seek more complicated solutions than are absolutely necessary for the task in hand. This is why the vector model is so important for the understanding of modern pulsed Fourier transform NMR and the myriad variations on this theme.
Collagen VI: A beaded filament-forming collagen
Authors: Ricard-Blum Sylvie , Dublet * Bernard , der Rest Michel van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First called intimal collagen [199] or short-chain collagen due to the small size of its triple helical domain, collagen VI was first isolated from pepsin digests of the intima of human aorta [918] and from bovine placenta [923, 929]. It was designated as collagen VI in 1983 [683, see 11, 46, 47 for reviews] and forms beaded filaments with a periodicity of 100 to 110 nm. Table 2 gives the Swiss Prot database entries for collagen VI.
Paraneoplastic manifestations of renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Masood Nehal , Gold, Philip J , A.Thompson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The triad of hematuria, pain, and a palpable mass is the classic initial presentation for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but is present in only 10 per cent of patients (de Kernion et al. 1995). More often, nonspecific signs and symptoms, such as fever, malaise, anorexia, and weight loss, may precede other evidence of RCC by weeks to years, or may be found incidentally during routine evaluation (Table 5.1). Many symptoms of RCC are caused by the elaboration by the tumor of specific polypeptide hormones. These substances are responsible for the ‘ paraneoplastic’ effects of the cancer, rather than the direct invasion of vital structures by the tumor or its metastases. Other etiologies for paraneoplasia include peptide production by normal cells in response to tumor, anti- body made in response to tumor, and other mechanisms.
Basic biology and clinical behavior of renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Pantuck Allan J , Zisman, Amnon , Belldegrun Arie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The clinical behavior of a tumor reflects its underlying genetic abnormalities, which lead to molecular changes that ultimately result in microscopic and macroscopic pathology. A comprehensive understanding and appreciation for the factors that impact upon the biologic behavior of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is essential for understanding the natural history of the disease in patients. This is important not only for planning therapy, but also for prediction of disease outcome. Useful prognostic factors should be clinically relevant, should correlate with outcome, and should provide independent significance that is not available from other factors already in use. For RCC, tumor grade and stage remain the most useful, available predictors of clinical outcome.
Radiologic imaging: computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Barbaric Zoran L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before attempting to describe how computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contribute to diagnosis, staging, and follow- up of renal and adrenal carcinoma, a few words about the terminology a radiologist uses will hopefully make this chapter more understandable to the practising clinician. Both CT and MRI studies can be obtained with or without contrast material. Sometimes both studies are required. CT contrast is iodine-based and injected intravenously with a power injector at a rate of 1–5 cm3/s for a total of 100–150 cm3. Intravenous (IV) CT contrast is contraindicated in patients with impaired renal function (creatinine &lt; 1.5 mg/dl) and a history of prior severe allergic reaction.
PET imaging in renal cancer
Authors: Seltzer Marc , Filmont Jean Emmanuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a biological whole-body imaging modality that allows clinicians and research scientists to non-invasively image biochemical processes such as the glucose utilization of tumors. Over the past several years, PET has emerged as an important clinical tool for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring therapy in patients with cancer. Unlike computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which primarily examine anatomy, PET provides a functional assessment of tumor biology.
The use of systemic chemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Godley Lucy A , Vogelzang Nicholas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The treatment of metastatic renal cell cancer has remained a challenge for clinicians despite the many chemotherapy agents that are now available. Renal cell cancer is highly resistant to traditional cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs, and few are useful in the management of metastatic disease. An approach utilizing immunological agents, especially interleukin-2 and interferon alpha, along with selected chemotherapeutic agents has proven to be the most effective, with response rates averaging about 20 per cent. This chapter will review the use of chemotherapy, hormonal agents, and combination regimens that include immunotherapy to treat advanced renal cell cancer.
merely long- term stabilization of disease (Stadler et al. 1999).
Immunotherapy for metastatic disease— the French experience
Authors: Ngérier Sylvie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of the 1980s, Dr Steve Rosenberg (Surgical Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA) had opened up the field of immunotherapy in oncology by reporting the first results of trials of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in the treatment of advanced cancers (Rosenberg et al. 1985, 1987). Melanoma and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) had already been identified as the tumors most sensitive to this newly available agent. The enthusiastic clinical development of this cytokine, despite its severe side- effects, was explained by the repeated failures observed with conventional cytotoxic drugs in metastatic renal cancer (Yagoda et al. 1995).
Gene therapy for metastatic kidney cancer
Authors: Alsikafi Nejd F , Sokoloff Mitchell H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the year 2000, kidney tumors (of which renal cell carcinoma (RCC) predominates) were diagnosed in more than 31 200 people and resulted in nearly 12 000 deaths (Greenlee et al. 2000). While localized lesions are amenable to cure with surgery, metastatic disease continues to be a major source of morbidity and mortality. Approximately one-third of patients with RCC present with evidence of disseminated disease. Moreover metastasis will subsequently develop in an additional 30 to 40 per cent of patients with localized or locally advanced disease (Figlin 1999; Vogelzang and Stadler 1998). While the 5-year survival of patients with localized disease treated surgically is greater than 90 per cent, 5-year survival of patients with metastatic RCC remains less than 30 per cent despite recent advances in systemic therapies (Figlin 1999; Vogelzang and Stadler 1998).
Brain metastase
Authors: Rubino Gregory J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), one of their most frightening moments occurs when they learn that their disease has spread to the central nervous system (CNS). Most physicians hold the perception that patients with RCC metastatic to the brain have a poor prognosis (Halperin and Harisiadis 1983; Decker et al. 1984). While brain metastases generally occur during the later stages of cancer, many modern treatment options are highly effect- ive in controlling intracranial disease. This chapter reviews the incidence of CNS metastasis, the symptoms, patient prognostic factors, and historical and current treatment options.
Adrenocortical carcinoma
Authors: Schulick Richard D , Brennan Murray F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare tumor with an annual incidence of between 0.5 and 2 cases per million (Brennan 1987; National Cancer Institute 1975). This is in contrast to the incidence of adenomas of the adrenal gland yielding a relatively frequent finding of an ‘ incidentaloma’ in patients having cross- sectional imaging of their abdominal cavities. As many as 2 per cent of all autopsies show adenomatous changes in the adrenal gland (Brennan 1987).
Historical background: social psychiatry and crisis theory
Authors: Gersons Berthold P R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tracing back the steps our predecessors went through in order to develop improved perspectives on mental health for mankind helps us better appreciate how we have arrived at our present lev els of understanding. Sometimes such an historical perspective is used to serve the notion of how wrong our predecessors were and how right we seem to be now. A book that exemplifies this lat ter approach is ‘A history of Psychiatry’ by Edward Shorter (1997). No mention of crisis theory or its pioneers can be found in this publication. The main message is that psychoanalytic theory has been a source of delay for the corning into existence of the jewels of biological psychiatry. Such historians of psychiatry are inclined to forget about the oscillating pictures one gets from looking into the history of science.
A systematic review of single psychological interventions (‘debriefing’) following trauma. Updating the Cochrane review and implications for good practice
Authors: Rose Suzanna , Bisson, Jonathan , Wessely Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We live in an age of accountability and clinicians are increasingly being asked (particularly in public-funded services) to justify the interventions they use. In many countries, there is a move towards evidence-based practice (EBP) and systematic reviews form an important element of such an approach. In a nutshell, ‘The underpinning of evidence based practice is that when we intervene in the lives of others we should do so on the basis of the best evidence available regarding the likely consequences of that intervention’ (Macdonald, 1998). This chapter highlights the increasing importance of using an evidence based approach when considering early interven tion after trauma and highlights findings of an updated Cochrane Collaboration Review of ‘debriefing’ (Rose et al. 2001).
Early reactions to traumatic events. The diversity of diagnostic formulations
Authors: McFarlane Alexander C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically, the traditions of medical nosology have, in many regards, had little to offer to the typology of acute reactions to traumatic stressors. Very few psychiatrists or psychologists would, in the course of normal practice, see patients in the immediate aftermath of such events. The theoretical frameworks that have underpinned psychiatric diagnosis are derived largely from sub classifications of psychosis, and the various typologies used to separate pathological anxiety and depression into specific disorders. In most clinical settings the few cases that have provided opportunities for observation of the acute reactions to life events have generally been patients presenting with severe reactions such as psychotic episodes or suicide attempts. The lens for clin ical observation and diagnosis has therefore been highly blinkered by the orthodox concepts applied to help categorizing and understanding patients’ reactions in the face of adversity.
Biomineral types and functions
Authors: Mann Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the 20 to 25 essential elements required by living organisms, H, C, 0, Mg, Si, P, S, Ca, Mn and Fe are common constituents of over 60 different biological minerals. Among these, calcium has a special place since it is not only exceedingly widespread but also the common constituent of familiar skeletal structures such as bones and shells. It is interesting to note at the outset that whereas bones are composed of calcium phosphate, shells are built from calcium carbonate. The reasons for this significant difference are not known. In both cases, however, the inorganic mineral is intimately associated with a complex assemblage of organic macromolecules—the organic matrix—that is of fundamental importance.
Introduction: the need for a new approach
Authors: Elder Andrew , Holmes Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is paradoxical that family doctors—who conduct more psychiatric consultations than any other group of professionals in the Health Service—are often not considered ‘mental health ‘ practitioners. In our view a new approach is needed to mental health thinking, which places primary care—with its accompanying differences in emphasis and philosophy—as the base from which to build a fully integrated Mental Health Service. At least 30 per cent of consultations with general practitioners have a direct psychological component and the figure far higher if indirect psychological aspects are included. The vast majority of this distress is contained within the general practitioner ‘s setting: no more than 10 per cent of such patients are ever referred on to specialist services. Despite this—recent shift in Government policy notwithstanding—there is a continuing tendency among policy makers, researchers, and writers to adopt the paradigms, perspectives, and classificatory systems of the secondary services when considering primary care.