bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Path-Dependent Perspective on Institutional and Organizational Factors Shaping Major Scientific Discoveries
Authors: Hollingsworth J Rogers 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter confronts several interrelated problems as to how the institutional environments of organizations influence their innovativeness. Using a path-dependent perspective, it addresses: how institutional environments influence organizational isomorphism within countries; how institutional environments influence both the founding of new kinds of organizations and the founding of radically new departments and divisions within existing organizations; and how organizational characteristics influence the making of major discoveries. To confront these problems, I draw on some of the data from a study of 290 major discoveries (that is, radical innovations in basic biomedical science) which took place through- out the twentieth century in four countries (Britain, France, Germany, and the United States).
Turning Tracks? Path Dependency, Technological Paradigm Shifts, and Organizational and Institutional Change
Authors: Waarden Frans van , Oosterwijk Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Porter (1990) has shown that commercial innovative activity is not spread evenly across nations and regions. Some frequently create totally new products and new industries; others rarely do so. Some make radical innovations but fail to market them successfully; others make incremental innovations, yet have more commercial success. Furthermore, countries differ not only in the degree of innovativeness, but also in the sectors in which they are innovative. Many have developed nationally specific technological trajectories and patterns of industrial specialization. Germany, for example, has continued to be innovative in industries in which it was already competitive before the Second World War: paper, printing, machinery, electro-technical products, motor vehicles, chemicals.
The Economics of Happiness and Capability
Authors: Sen Amartya 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economists are often seen as terrible killjoys who want to drown the natural cheerfulness of human beings in an artificial sea of gloom. Thomas Carlyle’s famous description of economics as “the dismal science” points to a bleak discipline that is firmly entrenched in dreariness. It certainly cannot be doubted that the subject matter of economics is often rather grave and some- times quite dispiriting. Given that subject matter, it may well be hard to retain one’s natural cheerfulness, for example in studying famines or hunger or exploitation, or in trying to understand the causes and effects of devastating unemployment or dreadful poverty.
Life Cycle Happiness and Its Sources: Why Psychology and Economics Need Each Other*
Authors: Easterlin Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At what stage of life are people happiest—when they are on the threshold of their adult lives, at midlife when families are complete and many are close to the peak of their working careers, or in the “golden years” of retirement? What are the factors responsible for the life cycle pattern of happiness; do major transitions over the life course in areas such as work, family, and health leave their imprint on happiness? These are the questions to which this chapter is addressed. The answers point to a need for greater collaboration between psychology and economics in the study of subjective well-being (SWB).
The Philosophical Foundations of Subjective Measures of Well-Being*
Authors: Angner Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to make explicit fundamental theoretical commitments of the effort to develop subjective measures of well-being, that is, measures based on answers to questions such as “Taking things all together, how would you say things are these days—would you say you’re very happy, pretty happy, or not too happy these days?” (Gurin, Veroff, and Feld 1960, 411, italics in original).
Lexical Plurals
Authors: Acquaviva Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book explores the wide variety of cases in which the plural of nouns is lexical. When a plural is lexicalized it becomes part of what it is to know a certain word: pence, for example, is lexical because it means a plurality of a certain kind - a multiple value, not a set of physical objects like pennies - and knowing this reading is knowing the word. Languages exhibit countless examples of similar word-dependent irregularities in the form and meaning of plural, but these have never been analyzed in depth from a unified perspective. Dr Acquaviva aims to do just that, using analytic tools from formal semantics and theoretical morphology to shed light on the relation between grammar and the lexicon. After an introduction setting out his approach he divides the book into two parts. The first gives a structured description of the ways plurality can be lexicalized with an emphasis on description and categorization. The second analyzes in depth different types of lexical plurals in Italian, Irish, Arabic and Breton. A final chapter spells out the theoretical consequences for the analysis of the lexicon. The book is unusual in combining a broad typological classification with a unified morphological and semantic analysis based on a formal framework.
Confusion, poor memory, and falls
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Forgetfulness is a normal part of ageing.? Dementia is a disease process which results in impairment of thought processes and memory, particularly short-term memory. Delirium (acute confusion) is a short-term state of confusion and agitation, usually as the result of some illness. The risk of falls increases dramatically when confused people find themselves in a new environment. The risk diminishes gradually over a number of weeks. The combination of confusion, long-standing ill health, and a minor illness leading to a fall is a common reason for admission to hospital.As people grow older, so their memory deteriorates, particularly that for recent events, i.e. the short-term memory. Distant events are remembered better than recent ones, and people focus more and more on things that happened years ago.
How to improve strength and balance
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Exercise will increase strength and stamina predictably, but its effect on balance is less certain. Balance training involves: developing the appropriate use of corrective movements at the ankle and the hips, and the use of effective steps to restore stability improving posture diagnosing and improving abnormal gait re-training the brain to make the best use of sensory inputs improving strength and stamina improving confidence making appropriate use of walking aids.Anything that we do to improve our levels of fitness and stamina, and to improve the strength of our legs, is likely to make us more stable. In general, the benefit from exercise classes is partly through improving strength, but to a large extent is through boosting confidence. A great deal of the disability in fallers, and even in those elderly people who have not fallen, is caused by a lack of confidence.
Muscular dystrophy
Authors: Emery Alan E H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The muscular dystrophies are a group of genetic diseases that severely affect children and adults. For sufferers and their family, the illness presents enormous physical and psychological challenges. Written specifically for people with muscular dystrophy and their families, this book answers many of the questions asked about how and why muscular dystrophy occurs, and how it will affect the life of a recently diagnosed child. As well as presenting the reader with advice and an explanation of muscular dystrophy, the book also guides the reader towards further information on societies and support groups around the world, and reliable internet resources. It also contains a full glossary to aid the reader in their understanding of the disease. The different types of muscular dystrophy are described throughout with a minimum of technical jargon. Questions relating to exercise, physiotherapy, surgery, and the emotional effects of the diseases are answered, and advice is given on the problems of schooling and choice of career. Since publication of the first edition in 1994, the genes for almost all the different types of dystrophy have been identified, enabling prevention through genetic counselling, therefore relieving some of the worry for affected families. Drawn from his many years of experience treating patients, Professor Emery provides authoritative, yet compassionate advice for people living with this illness.
Uncitral
Authors: Bazinas* Spiros V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many jurisdictions, an assignment of future receivables, receivables not identifi ed specifi cally in the assignment agreement and receivables assigned despite an anti-assignment agreement between the original creditor/assignor and the debtor is ineffective. In addition, the situation of the debtor is subject to rules that present gaps and inconsistencies or are non-transparent. Moreover, throughout the world, the law applicable to third party effects of assignments is diffi cult to determine at the time of the conclusion of the assignment agreement. Furthermore, an assignment that is effective at the time the relevant agreement is concluded may later be found to be ineffective as against the debtor and other third parties because the requirements of those other laws were not met. Finally, the law chosen by the parties may be set aside if it is contrary to the public policy of the forum state, which may well be the case if the original creditor/assignor is located in a state other than the state whose law is applicable, in particular if the original creditor/assignor becomes insolvent.
Multiple Parties, Multiple Problems: A View from the London Court of International Arbitration
Authors: Winstanley Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rapid expansion of the global economy in recent years has spawned a growing number of complex, multiparty, or inter-related commercial contracts. With the increase in the number of such contracts, issues of joinder and consolidation crop up more and more frequently in the arbitration of disputes arising from them.
Explaining Variation in the Use of European Litigation Strategies: European Community Law and British Gender Equality Policy (2000)
Authors: Alter Karen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the project of European integration continues to advance, it has become increasingly clear that the dynamics of this transnational process are producing secondary effects for domestic politics. Yet there is remarkably little systematic analysis about how European integration is transforming the national political process. This article identifies one effect that European integration, specifically the creation of a European legal system, has had on politics within the states. By providing domestic groups with a tool that can be used to impose new costs on their government, the European Union’s (EU) legal system has transformed previously weak organizations with little leverage into political players capable of directly influencing national policy. We describe this transformative process as shifting the domestic balances of power.
South Africa
Authors: Ratele Kopano , Swart Lu-Anne , Seedat Mohamed 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
and has undertaken a sustained programme of research. The Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation conducts work in the area of violence prevention and the Medical Research Council has a number of programmes running in collaboration with the Institute of Social and Health Sciences at the University of South Africa. There are, therefore, a range of organizations and research expertise within the fields of crime, violence, and related areas. However, due to a number of factors, including, above all, the scale of the crime problem, there remain gaps in the research literature concerning South Africa’s violent crime. For example, most studies, if they do remark on the location of offences, fail to consider temporal aspects of the phenomenon, or do so only in passing. This chapter aims to initiate a filling of this gap.
Insomnia and other adult sleep problems
Authors: Stores Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many adults suffer from disturbed sleep. There are many possible causes for sleep problems, some psychological, others physical, and these can lead to unneccessary problems with health and well-being. Comprehensive but easily understood,this book will help you to identify and explain problems leading to appropriate advice or treatment as necessary. It provide explanation of the possible causes, significance, and treatment of insomnia, excessive sleepiness, and disturbed behaviour at night. Throughout the book, advice is provided to help adults to sleep effectively with extra coverage included for those at particular risk of sleep problems, such as shift workers and parents of young children. Case studies are included to illustrate how adults with various sleep disorders have been correctly diagnosed and treated, and ‘Myths vs. Facts’ boxes help sort the valuable information from the misleading. Insomnia and Other Adult Sleep Problems: The Facts will be an invaluable resource for anyone with a sleep problem, their families, and the numerous health professionals who come into contact with those who suffer from sleep problems.
The Law Of Criminal Cartels
Authors: O’Kane Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Law of Criminal Cartels provides comprehensive coverage of the cartel offence introduced into UK law by the Enterprise Act 2002, as well as of the related powers of the main regulators in the UK, EU, and overseas. The appearance of cartel conduct presents new challenges for lawyers straddling the traditionally unrelated areas of criminal and competition law. The book is a main tool of reference for practitioners uncovering a potentially criminal cartel and considering the position of the company or individual, and for practitioners advising corporate and individual clients who are the subject of UK criminal and cartel investigations with ramifications in other jurisdictions. This book is the first work to focus exclusively on the UK cartel offence from the practitioner's perspective. The text provides an analysis of the relevant black letter law and procedure - bringing together the criminal, regulatory, and civil law regimes. It provides detailed coverage of the history and development of anti-cartel enforcement, examining in depth the elements of the offence that give rise, for the first time, to personal criminal liability in the UK. This analysis includes identifying issues with the statutory offence where clarification through case law is likely to be required. It also takes clear account of the international perspective, providing a detailed exposition of the UK, EU and US regimes, as well as the main regimes where such conduct is criminalised. Designed to address the problems that arise in practice, the book focuses on thorny topics such as competing jurisdictions; the interaction between criminal and regulatory investigations (information-sharing and other types of co-operation); and conflicts of interest. It also includes a full guide to the OFT's recently revised leniency regime. The appendices include relevant OFT guidance and statutory provisions including Part 1 of the Sherman Act 1890, Part 6 of the Enterprise Act 2002, OFT Leniency Guidance and the OFT Investigative Powers Guidance.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Currie Graeme P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an all too too common lung condition - usually caused by cigarette smoking - which varies markedly in severity between individuals, and includes conditions previously known as chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It causes progressive symptoms such as breathlessness, wheezing, coughing, reduced exercise tolerance and frequent chest infections. COPD: The Facts is written for patients with COPD and their families, but it will also be of interest to health professionals. The book describes in detail how a diagnosis is made and what treatments patients are likely to receive. It discusses modern approaches to the management of COPD (both with and without drugs) and includes examples of real-life patient experiences throughout the text, answers to the most frequently asked questions, and advice on how to give up smoking.
Non-state Actors
Authors: Clapham Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The expression ‘non-state actors’ suggests different things to different people. On various occasions I have taken the chance to ask a group of diplomats, UN officials, and others to say what they understand by the term non-state actors in the context of a training seminar on human rights. The responses range wide. Most groups of interlocutors cover a spectrum: from rebels, terrorists, and Al-Qaeda, through to business, non-governmental organizations, and religious groups. For some it is ‘bad guys’; for others it is ‘civil society’. Perhaps most tellingly one person once responded: ‘all of us’. And here lies the problem with any attempt to give a lexical meaning of’non-state actor’ in the context of post-conflict peacebuilding: the phrase conjures up different entities depending on context and coincidence.
The Strange Alchemy of Life and Law
Authors: Sachs Justice Albie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a young age Albie Sachs played a prominent part in the struggle for justice in South Africa. As a result he was detained in solitary confinement, tortured by sleep deprivation and eventually blown up by a car bomb which cost him his right arm and the sight of an eye. His experiences provoked an outpouring of creative thought on the role of law as a protector of human dignity in the modern world, and a lifelong commitment to seeing a new era of justice established in South Africa. After playing an important part in drafting South Africa's post-apartheid Constitution, he was appointed by Nelson Mandela to be a member of the country's first Constitutional Court. Over the course of his fifteen year term on the Court he has grappled with the major issues confronting modern South Africa, and the challenges posed to the fledgling democracy as it sought to overcome the injustices of the apartheid regime. As his term on the Court approaches its end, Sachs here conveys in intimate fashion what it has been like to be a judge in these unique circumstances, how his extraordinary life has influenced his approach to the cases before him, and his views on the nature of justice and its achievement through law. The book provides unique access to an insider's perspective on modern South Africa, and a rare glimpse into the working of a judicial mind. By juxtaposing life experiences and extracts from judgments, Sachs enables the reader to see the complex and surprising ways in which legal culture transforms subjective experience into objectively reasoned decisions. With rare candour he tells of the difficulties he has when preparing a judgment, of how every judgment is a lie. Rejecting purely formal notions of the judicial role he shows how both reason and passion (concern for protecting human dignity) are required for law to work in the service of justice.
Radioisotope Use
Authors: Prime David , Frith Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of this chapter is the safe use of radioisotopes in biological tracer applications. The emphasis of the treatment will be on practical aspects but a certain amount of a more fundamental nature will be included where this is necessary to clarify explanations and terminology. Since biological tracers are used in a wide variety of ways, it is only intended to discuss this topic in general terms paying particular attention to the most commonly used radioisotopes.
Extensive Posteromedial Soft Tissue Release for Skeletally Mature Patients With Rigid Pes Cavus Deformity
Authors: Emara Khaled Mohamed , Diab Ramy Ahmed , Abdeghaffar Khaled , Essa Mohamed N. , Emara Ahmed K. , Rashid Kyrillos , Gemeah Mostafa 
Published: November 2023

Introduction:
Adult-onset cavovarus foot deformity is a highly disabling condition that can seriously interfere with daily activities. Charcot-Marie-Tooth is the most common etiology associated with cavus foot.

Patients and Methods:
We reviewed 30 feet in skeletally mature patients with rigid cavovarus deformities who were treated with extensive posteromedial soft tissue release without performing osteotomies or internal fixation. Clinical evaluation was done using the Foot Function Index for the pain, disability, and limitation of movement. The radiologic assessment was done by measurement of the lateral talo-first metatarsal angle, the lateral calcaneal-first metatarsal angle, and the lateral tibio-calcaneal angle in standing lateral foot radiographs. All patients were followed up for a mean of 36 months postoperatively.

Results:
Throughout the course of the study, the Foot Function Index for pain, disability, and limitation improved from an average of 51.46 points, 47.06 points, and 22.6 points preoperatively to postoperative averages of 23.65 points, 21.88 points, and 10.2 points, respectively. Radiologically, the talo-first metatarsal angle, the calcaneo-first metatarsal angle, and the tibio-calcaneal angles had preoperative values of 28.9 degrees, 132.4 degrees, and 62.35 degrees which improved postoperatively to 7.55 degrees, 117.65 degrees and 50.35 degrees, respectively.

Conclusion:
The outcomes of this study shed light on the use of pure soft tissue release without associated osteotomies as a simple, safe, and effective technique in treating rigid cavovarus deformities in skeletally mature patients. This could carry some advantages regarding preserving foot function as it preserves the integrity of foot joints.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Obesity among women with HIV
Authors: Millman Nina , Koethe John R. , Erlandson Kristine M. 
Published: November 2023

Purpose of review
With the introduction of novel and more potent antiretroviral therapies (ART), persons with HIV (PWH) are living longer lives and experiencing higher rates of age- and weight-related comorbidities, including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Women with HIV (WWH) experience disproportionate rates of obesity, as evidenced by longitudinal observational cohorts both in the United States and globally.

Recent findings
In this article, we aim to review major research findings regarding WWH and obesity over the past few years. Multiple studies have evaluated geographic changes in the obesity epidemic across the globe with focus on developing countries who have seen a drastic change in obesity rates. Other new data assessed the effect of antiretroviral therapy on WWH, the cardiovascular effects of obesity in women on ART including data from the recently published REPRIEVE Trial, and issues unique to women, such as pregnancy and the effect of menopause on WWH.

Summary
Comorbid cardiometabolic conditions are rapidly increasing, in correlation with the obesity epidemic among PWH. WWH may be disproportionately impacted, and experience further effects of obesity, compounded by health disparities in many areas of the world. Further research on the most effective interventions to minimize weight gains and decrease obesity among WWH are urgently needed.