bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attitudes toward Drugs and Drug Education
Authors: Haggerty Donald J. , Zimering Stanley 
Published: May 2005

Citing the need to provide drug education for prospective teachers the authors refer to a study conducted to determine the number of colleges that have implemented such a program. Some attention is given to the characteristics related to attitude formation in childhood and the need to begin drug education early, with emphasis being placed on mental health. Supportive data are presented from a survey of students' drug knowledge and practice at State University College, Stony Brook, N.Y., regarding how drug education programs should be taught. Several relevant factors are listed which should be considered in a drug education program from the viewpoint of the students surveyed. The authors conclude that there is probably no more urgent task facing our colleges than planned programs for training teachers in drug abuse education.
An International Role Model for Training Staff in Health Care Facilities
Authors: Saul Shura , Saul Sidney R. 
Published: May 2005

This paper describes a unique experience in training the staff in the Borders Health District in Scotland in techniques designed to improve the quality of life of elderly people inside and out of the institution. The reader is given a concise description of the curriculum; the philosophic approach; and the methodology. The latter is of particular interest since it appeals to emotional as well as cognitive learning. These techniques are spelled out as are some of the simple exercises used to demonstrate how elderly people may feel re: specific physical and emotional handicaps. The need for and a plan for administrative support and follow up are described as well as the close relationship of education and improved services.
Attitudes regarding Alcoholism: The Volunteer Alcoholism Clinic Counselor After Training
Authors: Paine H. , Ferneau E. 
Published: May 2005

The authors conducted a follow-up study of the attitudes of a group of alcoholism counselor trainees upon the completion of an intensive counselor training program. The instrument used in the assessment of attitudes was a questionnaire consisting of forty statements which the respondents were asked to scale. Subsequent to an earlier survey, administered at the initiation of the program, the results indicate positive development in attitudes and greater openness to the complications of alcoholism.
Peer Group Approach to Drug Education
Authors: Lawler John T. 
Published: May 2005

Since our drug raid during the Fall of 1969 and the present application of the peer group approach much has been explored concerning the changing of attitudes and behavior. The complexities of the learning process, including the student, methodology and materials, must be re-examined. Drugs are not the problem. Finding ways to communicate so that the student has a chance to involve himself actively in the learning process is the secret. An active exchange of honest information will, in the long run, provide more lasting impact. Many approaches to solving the drug problem are being tried. The main advantage of the peer group approach is that we are involving students to help us with a mutual problem. The realization that students are an untapped resource to help society influence others is the hope of the seventies.
A Descriptive Analysis of Drug and Alcohol Use among Selected Native American High School Students
Authors: Olsen Larry K. , Baffi Charles R. 
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to analyze the self-reported substance use among selected Native American high school students. In the population studied, 83.6 per cent reported having experimented with alcohol and an additional 43 per cent reported using some combination of alcohol and other drugs on a fairly regular basis. Native American students appear to use alcohol or drugs or some combination of these substances at levels similar to those of their non-Native American counterparts. It is important for educators to initiate programs which will enhance student self-esteem and decision making skills and result in a decrease in students' substance use.
Concerns of Drug Abusers Entering an Outpatient Treatment Program
Authors: Riem Karl F. , Adams Roderick E. 
Published: May 2005

A recent trend in the treatment of drug dependency is to employ a more comprehensive, multidimensional approach. Such approaches require more thorough and complex evaluation procedures. As a supplement to objective assessment of clients' life situation, it is proposed that clients' perceived needs and concerns be addressed. A procedure for evaluating concerns of drug users is presented in which clients rated their concerns for 109 specific items, comprising six major categories. This procedure was applied with eighty-one drug abusers entering an outpatient treatment program. Clients showed a great range of concerns and a large percentage of the abusers had major concerns about areas which might not be predicted on the basis of their actual situation. The utility of such information for individual treatment and program planning is discussed.
A Study of a Stress Questionnaire: The Later Years
Authors: Meimsh Ivan N. 
Published: May 2005

A twenty-seven item life stress questionnaire was derived from the Holmes-Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale, modified for older respondents, and administered to sixty-two patients hospitalized for neuro-behavioral diagnosis and treatment. The aims were to focus on significant life stresses and the patients' responses to these, and to identify those life events that were subjectively evaluated by the patients as significantly affecting their life adjustment. The study suggests that fewer than twenty items-seventeen in this investigation-may be an efficient range of events to estimate life change effects and that the degree of impact of these stresses must be sought out systematically if these phenomena are to be better understood.
A Statewide Evaluation of a Communication and Parenting Skills Program
Authors: Klein Michael A. , Swisher John D. 
Published: May 2005

This study evaluated, through a state training network the Communication and Parenting Skills (CAPS) substance abuse education program. The program includes: 1) parental modeling of positive attitudes and behaviors and 2) effective communication. Ten instructors, located throughout the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, each conducted two CAPS courses — one serving as an experimental course, the other as a control. The procedure followed for this project was a post-test only design. Comparative data revealed that the marital status and years in present residence for the two groups were very similar. The control group averaged one-half year more of education and one-half child less per family. Results from the Sensitivity to Children Index indicated a significant acquisition and utilization of constructive responses by participants in the experimental condition.
The 13- and 20-Item Hopkins Symptom Checklist Depression Scale: Psychometric Properties in Primary Care Patients with Minor Depression or Dysthymia
Authors: Williams John W. , Stellato Christina Perez , Cornell John , Barrett James E. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Depression scales that are responsive to changes in clinical symptoms are important for clinical monitoring and outcomes assessment in longitudinal studies. We evaluated the psychometric properties and responsiveness to clinical change of the 13- and 20-item versions of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist Depression Scale (HSCL-D). Methods: A secondary data analysis from a large 11-week, multicenter clinical trial, comparing three treatments was performed. Adult patients with minor depression or dysthymia and a score of ≥ 10 on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) were recruited from primary care clinics. Item-total correlations and Cronbach alphas were computed for HSCL-D-13 and HSCL-D-20. Clinical response at 11 weeks was defined by a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) < 10, clinical remission by a HDRS < 7, and criterion symptom remission by ≤ 1 DSM-III-R criterion symptoms. Standardized effect sizes and Guyatt's responsiveness statistic were determined for the 13- and 20-item HSCL-D. Results: Of the 656 subjects enrolled, 511 (77.9%) had complete data and were included in the analysis. Patients were 61.1 ± 15.0 years old; minor depression was diagnosed in 238, dysthymia in 273. Both scales had good internal consistency; Cronbach's α = 0.835 and 0.859 for the 13- and 20-items questionnaires respectively. Standardized effect sizes for clinical response (0.62 for the HSCL-D-13; 0.66 for the HSCL-D-20), clinical remission (0.69 and 0.70), and criterion symptom remission (0.65 and 0.67) showed moderate to large effects and did not differ significantly for the two versions. Responsiveness was virtually identical for patients with minor depression and dysthymia but responsiveness was substantially lower for ethnic minorities. Conclusion: The HSCL-D-13 and 20-item versions have similar responsiveness to change. For use in European Americans, we recommend the HSCL-D-13 if response burden is the preeminent consideration. To more fully capture DSM criterion symptoms, we recommend the HSCL-D-20.
A Neural Network-Based Differential Diagnosis Assessment Instrument
Authors: Papa F. J. , Stone R. C. , Aldrich D. G. 
Published: May 2005

Medical educators have been unable to produce convincing evidence of the construct validity of written or simulation-based assessments of differential diagnosis (DDX) competencies. In 1987, a team of investigators at our institution introduced preliminary reports regarding the psychometric properties of an artificial intelligence-derived DDX assessment instrument. These investigations produced evidence of the construct validity (experts' DDX performance > novices') of the measures derived from this instrument, a linear, fuzzy set-like expert system. In this investigation, the authors used a non-linear, “Back Propagation” neural network as a DDX assessment instrument. An Acute Chest Pain knowledge base was acquired from each of twenty-four board certified emergency medicine specialists and seventy-four junior and senior medical students. The neural network used these knowledge bases to simulate and assess each subject's individual DDX performance against twenty Acute Chest Pain/Myocardial Infarction test cases. Student-t test revealed that the DDX performance of experts was significantly superior to novices ( p < .001). This finding provides converging evidence of the validity of DDX performance measures produced by both linear and non-linear, artificial intelligence-derived assessment instruments. These instruments may prove to be a useful and powerful new assessment methodology.
Effectiveness of Student Assistance Programs in Nebraska Schools
Authors: Scott David M. , Surface Jeanne L. , Friedli David , Barlow Thomas W. 
Published: May 2005

Background: This study investigated whether Nebraska schools with Student Assistance Programs (SAP) are associated with reduced adolescent alcohol use and a higher level of academic achievement than students from schools without a SAP. Methods: In 1992, the Toward a Drug Free Nebraska (TDFN) survey was administered to 3,454 students in grades seven to twelve at eighty-three Nebraska schools. A second survey, the TDFN “team activity report” collected from each school's team, the presence of a SAP ( n = 34 schools) or absence of a SAP ( n = 49 schools). Student responses for alcohol use and academic achievements were linked with the presence of a SAP through use of a school identification number on both surveys. Results: Students from schools with a SAP reported a lower use of alcohol in the last thirty days, compared with students from schools without a SAP program ( p = 0.05), and they also reported a significant difference in academic achievement ( p = 0.05). Conclusions: While this study used post hoc analysis of data, the results suggest lower alcohol use and higher academic achievement among students from SAP schools. Given SAPs' popularity, these trends suggest that further research should be conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of student assistance programs.
Dreams and Dementia: A Laboratory Exploration of Dream Recall and Dream Content in Chronic Brain Syndrome Patients
Authors: Kramer Milton , Roth Thomas , Trinder John 
Published: May 2005

Seventeen (seven mild and ten severe) chronic brain syndrome patients were tested in the sleep laboratory for dream recall and content. The mildly organic patients had 57 per cent recall while the severely organic patients had 35 per cent recall. We also studied four aged severely organic patients. These patients showed a recall rate of 8 per cent. The difference between the recall rates in mildly and severely organic middle-aged patients was not statistically significant. The difference between the recall rates of the aged severely organic patients and either or both of the middle-aged groups was statistically significant (p < .001). In addition, we found dream content differences between the mildy and severely organic middle-aged groups and between the combined group and normal young men.
Approaches to Drug Abuse Prevention: Crusade vs. Fact of Life
Authors: Bedworth David A. 
Published: May 2005

This paper presents some suggestions for dealing with the problem of adequately utilizing the educational resources available in preparing students to cope with the problems they will face in a drug oriented society. The problem of drug education is discussed by answering two major questions: should drug education be dealt with as a crusade? or should drug education treat drug abuse as a fact of life? The author concludes that in order to deal adequately with major social problems such as drug abuse, school systems must decide what true education really is, utilize the resources available at colleges and universities, reduce or eliminate the cultural lag by integrating all aspects of a changing society into the educational process, and discriminate between educational fads and sound educational changes in producing realistic drug abuse prevention programs.
Tetracyclines
Authors: Sum Phaik‐Eng 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe tetracyclines are a group of antibiotics having an identical 4‐ring carbocyclic structure as a basic skeleton and differing from each other chemically only by substituent variation. The first tetracycline discovered was produced by a soil organism,Streptomyces aureofaciens, and is now known as chlorotetracycline. This compound ushered in a new era in antibacterial chemotherapy because it was effective orally and against a broad range of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. The three marketed tetracyclines were made by a semisynthetic pathway. The first of these were methacycline (6‐methylene oxytetracycline), and its reduction product doxycycline. The latest addition is minocycline. Minocycline showed superior antibacterial activity over other older tetracyclines and was active against many tetracycline‐resistant strains of gram‐positive bacteria when it was first discovered. In general, the tetracyclines are yellow crystalline compounds that have amphoteric properties. Most of the fermentation and isolation processes for manufacture of the tetracyclines are described in patents. Manufacture begins with the cultivated growth of selected strains ofStreptomycesin a medium chosen to produce growth and maximum antibiotic production. Most of the clinically useful tetracyclines have been prepared either semi‐synthetically or isolated from fermentation. Tetracyclines inhibit bacterial growth by blocking protein synthesis and are bacteriostatic. The crystal structure of complex ofThermus thermophilius30S ribosomal subunit with tetracycline has recently been determined. The emergence of bacterial resistance to tetracyclines has limited the use of these agents. Nevertheless, they are still the treatment of first choice for bacterial infections causing brucellosis, cholera, chancroid, granuloma inguinale, and lyme disease; for rickettsial and chlamydial infections, in the treatment of nonspecific urethritis, and in the treatment of acne vulgaris and rosacea. Tetracyclines are used as alternative drugs in a variety of circumstances when patient is unable to take the drug of choice, eg, in patients allergic to penicillin. Tetracyclines are widely used for veterinary therapy. The types of pathogens encountered are frequently different from those for which tetracyclines are used in humans. The discovery of glycylcyclines represents a significant advance in combating highly resistant organisms. One of the compounds, tigecycline, is current in phase III clinical trials. Tigecycline exhibits potent antibacterial activity against a broad‐spectrum of both tetracycline‐susceptible and tetracycline‐resistant organisms, including organisms resistant to other class of antibiotics. Most notably, it is active against multiply‐resistant staphylococci, vancomycin‐resistant enterococci, penicillin‐resistant streptococci and methicillin‐resistantS. aureous.
Interrater Agreement
Authors: Banerjee Mousumi 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAnalysis of interrater or interobserver agreement data provides a useful means of assessing the reliability of a rating system. This article presents various interrater agreement measures as well as models for studying agreement, when the relevant data comprise either continuous or categorical ratings from multiple raters. Descriptions and characterizations of the underlying models are presented in detail, as well as methods for estimation and confidence interval construction. The scenarios and designs that underlie the development of the agreement measures are described, and the interrelationships between these measures discussed.
Principal Differential Analysis
Authors: Ramsay James O. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDifferential equation systems are often a natural way of describing sets of variables changing over time or space. For example, in controlling industrial systems, engineers consider the time course of a set of inputs and outputs for a system such as a chemical reactor with a view to developing useful feedback processes. Principal differential analysis uses functional data to estimate a system of linear differential equations that fit the data. The estimate minimizes an integrated squared error criterion. The coefficient functions that define the linear differential equation are estimated by expansions in terms of basis functions such as Fourier series orB‐splines, and the estimates are calculated rapidly and without iteration.
S
pearman Correlation Coefficients, Differences between
Authors: Myers Leann , Sirois Maria J. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract

Testing the equality of two population correlation coefficients when the data are bivariate normal and Pearson correlation coefficients are used as estimates of the population parameters is a straightforward procedure covered in many introductory statistics courses. The coefficients are converted using Fisher's
z
‐transformation with standard errors (
N
− 3)
−1/2
. The two transformed values are then compared using a standard normal procedure. When data are not bivariate normal, Spearman's correlation coefficient rho is often used as the index of correlation. Comparison of two Spearman rho's is not as well documented. Three approaches were investigated using Monte Carlo simulations. Treating the Spearman coefficients as though they were Pearson coefficients and using the standard Fisher's
z
‐transformation and subsequent comparison was more robust with respect to Type I error than either ignoring the nonnormality and computing Pearson coefficients or converting the Spearman coefficients to Pearson equivalents prior to transformation.
U‐ andV‐Statistics
Authors: Shieh Grace S. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis article reviews the development ofU‐ andV‐statistics from mid‐1990s to 2001. Three categories of new results are reviewed: (1) asymptotic behavior ofU‐ andU‐related statistics, (2) asymptotic distribution theory (including asymptotic distribution, Berry‐Esseen theorem, and Edgeworth expansion), and (3) a new subclass,U‐statistics with a kernel of indeterminate degeneracy.
Nekrasov,PavelAlekseevich
Authors: Seneta Eugene 
Published: May 2005

AbstractNekrasov used the saddle‐point method to find probabilities of large deviations in the proof of a central limit theorem of local limit type, in 1898. He pointed out that Chebyshev's Inequality for averages of random variables held under zero covariance; and his incorrect assertion that such “pairwise independence” was also necessary for the Weak Law of Large Numbers to hold motivated Markov to construct a counter example, the first “Markov chain”. Thus Nekrasov motivated study of dependence. He modified Quetelet's social physics/moral statistics by emphasizing the link between free will in human affairs with ideas of probability and randomness.
Partial Least Squares Regression
Authors: Helland Inge 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPartial least squares regression was introduced as an algorithm in the early 1980s, and it has gained much popularity in chemometrics. PLSR—or PLSR1—is a regression method for collinear data, and can be seen as a competitor to principal component regression. The method makes it possible to combine prediction with a study of a joint latent structure in thex,y‐variables. PLSR2 is a generalization to several dependent variables. PLSR1 can be understood from a statistical point of view via its parameter algorithm and the corresponding population model.
Forestry, Statistics in
Authors: Gregoire Timothy , Lappi Juha 
Published: May 2005

AbstractStatistical methods are used in surveys of forest resources, and in the development of predictive models of individual‐tree size and growth, as well as the growth and yield of aggregations of trees in forest stands. Statistically designed experiments are conducted in order to understand better the responses to(i)management interventions, such as fertilization, genetic improvement, site preparation, harvesting; and to(ii)natural events like insect infestations, ice storms, hurricanes, temperature change.
Correspondence Analysis
Authors: Kroonenberg Pieter M. , Greenacre Michael J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractCorrespondence analysis is a multivariate technique to investigate the association in a two‐way table of nonnegative quantities, usually counts. In particular, graphical representations of the row and column variables are derived that highlight the salient aspects of their relationship. We give an exposition of the technique as well as some equivalent definitions, a selection of extensions of the basic method and a collection of applications from various disciplines to illustrate its use in practice.
Epidemiological Statistics–II
Authors: McNeil Don 
Published: May 2005

AbstractEpidemiological studies use statistical methods to understand the factors that cause, reduce, and prevent diseases in human populations. These studies estimate the parameters in a target population based on representative samples, and can be qualitative or quantitative, descriptive or comparative, and observational or experimental. Parameters of interest include levels of disease and associations between risk factors and disease outcomes. Concept maps are useful for showing causal paths between risk factors, disease outcomes, and intervening variables (confounders) that could distort the association. The statistical methods can be classified by the type and role of the data, and are subject to both inaccuracy or lack of statistical power (due to sampling variability) and bias (due to faulty measurement, differential selection of subjects, or confounding). Matching of subjects can improve accuracy. Mantel–Haenszel methods can reduce confounding bias. Meta‐analysis is used to combine results from different studies. Statistical models include linear, logistic, and Poisson regression, and the proportional hazards model for handling censored data.