bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intramolecular Hydroarylation of Alkynes Catalyzed by Platinum or Gold: Mechanism and endo Selectivity
Authors: Nevado Cristina , Echavarren Antonio M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe cyclization of differently substituted aryl alkynes with PtII or AuI catalysts proceeds by endo‐dig pathways. When AgI was used to generate reactive cationic AuI catalysts, 2H‐chromenes dimerize to form cyclobutane derivatives by a AgI‐catalyzed process. A DFT study on the cyclization mechanism shows a kinetic and thermodynamic preference for 6‐endo‐dig versus 5‐exo‐dig cyclizations in PtII‐catalyzed processes. Calculations indicate that although Friedel–Crafts and the cyclopropanation processes via metal cyclopropyl carbenes show very similar activation energies, platinum cyclopropyl carbenes are the stationary points with the lowest energy.
Tuning the Decay Time of Lanthanide‐Based Near Infrared Luminescence from Micro‐ to Milliseconds through d→f Energy Transfer in Discrete Heterobimetallic Complexes
Authors: Torelli Stéphane , Imbert Daniel , Cantuel Martine , Bernardinelli Gérald , Delahaye Sandra , Hauser Andreas , Bünzli Jean‐Claude G. , Piguet Claude 
Published: March 2005

AbstractInert and optically active pseudo‐octahedral CrIIIN6 and RuIIN6 chromophores have been incorporated by self‐assembly into heterobimetallic triple‐stranded helicates HHH‐[CrLnL3]6+ and HHH‐[RuLnL3]5+. The crystal structures of [CrLnL3](CF3SO3)6 (Ln=Nd, Eu, Yb, Lu) and [RuLnL3](CF3SO3)5 (Ln=Eu, Lu) demonstrate that the helical structure can accommodate metal ions of different sizes, without sizeable change in the intermetallic M⋅⋅⋅Ln distances. These systems are ideally suited for unravelling the molecular factors affecting the intermetallic nd→4f communication. Visible irradiation of the CrIIIN6 and RuIIN6 chromophores in HHH‐[MLnL3]5/6+ (Ln=Nd, Yb, Er; M=Cr, Ru) eventually produces lanthanide‐based near infrared (NIR) emission, after directional energy migration within the complexes. Depending on the kinetic regime associated with each specific d–f pair, the NIR luminescence decay times can be tuned from micro‐ to milliseconds. The origin of this effect, together with its rational control for programming optical functions in discrete heterobimetallic entities, are discussed.
Redefining the boundaries of the hippocampal CA2 subfield in the mouse using gene expression and 3‐dimensional reconstruction
Authors: Lein Edward S. , Callaway Edward M. , Albright Thomas D. , Gage Fred H. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe morphology of neurons in the main divisions of the hippocampal complex allow the easy identification of granule cells in the dentate gyrus and pyramidal cells in the CA1 and CA3 regions of Ammon's horn. However, neurons in the CA2 subfield have been much more difficult to reliably identify. We have recently identified a set of genes whose expression is restricted to either the dentate gyrus, CA1, CA2, or CA3. Here we show that these genes have an essentially nonoverlapping distribution throughout the entire septotemporal extent of the hippocampus. 3‐Dimensional reconstruction of serial sections processed for in situ hybridization of mannosidase 1, alpha (CA1), bcl‐2‐related ovarian killer protein (CA3), and Purkinje cell protein 4 (dentate gyrus + CA2) was used to define the boundaries of each subregion throughout the entire hippocampus. The boundaries observed for these three genes are recapitulated across a much larger set of genes similarly enriched in specific hippocampal subregions. The extent of CA2 defined on the basis of gene expression is somewhat larger than that previously described on the basis of structural anatomical criteria, particularly at the rostral pole of the hippocampus. These results indicate that, at least at the molecular level, there are robust, consistent genetic boundaries between hippocampal subregions CA1, CA2, CA3, and the dentate gyrus, allowing a redefinition of their boundaries in order to facilitate functional studies of different neuronal subtypes in the hippocampus. J. Comp. Neurol. 485:1–10, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of initial oxygen concentration and film oxygen transmission rate on the quality of fresh‐cut romaine lettuce
Authors: Kim Ji Gang , Luo Yaguang , Tao Yang , Saftner Robert A , Gross Kenneth C 
Published: March 2005

AbstractModified atmosphere packaging (MAP) is widely used to maintain the quality of fresh‐cut produce by matching the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of the packaging film to the respiration rate of the packaged product. The effect of the interaction between film OTR and the initial headspace O2 on quality of fresh‐cut vegetables has not previously been reported. Romaine lettuce leaves were sliced, washed, dried and packaged with film OTRs of 8.0 and 16.6 pmol s−1 m−2 Pa−1, and with initial headspace O2 of 0, 1, 2.5, 10 and 21 kPa. Packages were hermetically sealed and stored at 5 °C for up to 14 days. For samples packaged in 16.6 OTR film, increasing the initial headspace O2 concentration delayed O2 depletion within the packages, hastened the onset and increased the intensity of discoloration, and inhibited the development of CO2 injury, acetaldehyde and ethanol accumulation, off‐odors and electrolyte leakage. With 8.0 OTR‐packaged lettuce pieces, ≤1 kPa initial headspace O2 treatments induced an essentially anaerobic environment within the packages and increased acetaldehyde and ethanol accumulation and off‐odor development. Increasing the initial O2 concentration above 1 kPa in 8.0 OTR packages transiently increased O2 concentrations and reduced fermentative volatile production, off‐odors, electrolyte leakage and CO2 injury. Regardless of initial headspace O2 concentration, all 16.6 OTR‐packaged samples had severe discoloration after 14 days of storage. Quality was better maintained in 8.0 OTR‐packaged lettuce pieces as the initial headspace O2 concentration was increased. A 21 kPa initial O2 treatment of 8.0 OTR‐packaged lettuce maintained good quality throughout storage and had the best overall quality score. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Finite element shakedown analysis of two‐dimensional structures
Authors: Garcea Giovanni , Armentano Giampaolo , Petrolo Salvatore , Casciaro Raffaele 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn the present paper, the formulation proposed by Casciaro and Garcea (Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., 2002; 191:5761–5792) and applied to the shakedown analysis of plane frames, is extended to the analysis of two‐dimensional flat structures in both the cases of plane‐stress and plane‐strain. The discrete formulation is obtained using a mixed finite element in which both stress and displacement fields are interpolated. The material is assumed to be elasto‐plastic and a linearization of the elastic domain is performed. The result is a versatile iterative scheme well suited to implementation in general purpose FEM codes. An extensive series of numerical tests is presented showing the reliability of the proposed formulation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Charakterisierung von Plasma‐ Polymerfilmen mittels Flugzeit‐ Sekundärionen‐Massenspektrometrie (ToF‐SIMS). Characterisation Plasma‐Polymerfilms by Time‐of‐Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS)
Authors: von Gradowski M. , Wahl M. , Jacoby B. , Hilgers H. , Kopnarski M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDie Flugzeit‐Sekundärionen‐Massenspektrometrie (ToF‐SIMS) ist eine sehr oberflächenempfindliche Analysemethode, die in vielen wissenschaftlichen und industriellen Bereichen eingesetzt wird. Sie dient zur Identifikation und Lokalisation des Elementinventars sowie der vorliegenden organischen und anorganischen Verbindungen auf Festkörperoberflächen.Die Oberflächeninformationen werden aus Massenspektren gewonnen, in denen aufgrund der sehr hohen Massenauflösung des Instruments (m/Δm > 5.000) sogar zwischen Spezies gleicher nomineller Masse unterschieden werden kann. Zusätzlich können laterale Oberflächenverteilungen gemessen werden, die eine Lokalisation chemischer Spezies mit einer Auflösung < 1μm zulassen.Mit Hilfe multivariater Modelle lassen sich die massenspektrometrischen Signale mit physikalischen Oberflächeneigenschaften (wie z. B. Benetzungsverhalten, Elementkonzentrationen, Reibverhalten etc.) korrelieren. Daraus können häufig entscheidende Hinweise über die Funktion der untersuchten Oberflächenstruktur abgeleitet werden. Die Flugzeit‐Sekundärionen‐Massenspektrometrie wird damit zu einem unverzichtbaren Hilfsmittel für die Entwicklung funktionaler Oberflächen, die wiederum Grundlage vieler neuer und innovativer Produkte sind.
Serum markers of angiogenesis and myocardial ultrasonic tissue characterization in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Ohtsuka Tomoaki , Inoue Katsuji , Hara Yuji , Morioka Norikatsu , Ohshima Kiyotaka , Suzuki Jun , Ogimoto Akiyoshi , Shigematsu Yuji , Higaki Jitsuo 
Published: March 2005

Background and aimsIt has been proven that a disturbance in angiogenesis contributes to the progression of myocardial interstitial fibrosis in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between serum activity of angiogenic factors and myocardial ultrasonic tissue characterization in patients with DCM.Methods and resultsWe studied 30 patients with DCM and 15 healthy control subjects. Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin (IL)‐4 and IL‐13 were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. We determined calibrated myocardial integrated backscatter (IB) as the value of myocardial interstitial fibrosis using ultrasonic tissue characterization and also quantified the magnitude of cyclic variations in IB (CV‐IB). Serum levels of VEGF and IL‐13 were significantly higher in patients with DCM than in control subjects (both P<0.05). Calibrated IB was significantly higher and CV‐IB was markedly lower in patients with DCM than in control subjects (both P<0.01). In patients with DCM, the levels of IL‐13 significantly correlated with calibrated IB (r=0.520, P=0.018). In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between levels of VEGF and CV‐IB (r=−0.611, P=0.007).ConclusionThe increase in serum VEGF and IL‐13 may be closely related to alterations in myocardial texture in DCM.
Health Finance in Rural Henan: Low Premium Insurance Compared to the Out-of-Pocket System
Authors: Jackson Sukhan , Sleigh Adrian C. , Peng Li , Xi-Li Liu 
Published: March 2005

China's health reforms of the 1980s led to privatization of rural health care with adverse impact on farmers. A decade later a new rural co-operative medical scheme (RCMS), was piloted throughout many provinces to promote better equity. Although many schemes later collapsed owing to inadequate funding, some continue to the present. This article compares such a scheme with the out-of-pocket system in Henan province. We study the township hospitals, focusing on cost of services, utilization rates and impact of RCMS on hospitals' financial sustainability. Our results derive from monthly hospital records and a survey of four hospitals in two adjacent counties, one county with low-premium RCMS and the other with the out-of-pocket system.All hospitals charged for preventive activities (such as antenatal care, immunization), an unfortunate consequence of limited government support. It was not clear that on average, the total cost of individual patient visits in RCMS hospitals was lower than non-RCMS hospitals. Farmers were generally unaware of their insurance entitlements, except the catastrophic illnesses for which there was a real benefit from refund of US$100 or more. Although the effect of the RCMS on hospital charges was unclear it was notable that the utilization rates in RCMS areas were twice those in non-RCMS.We conclude that RCMS hospitals were better funded because of re-imbursements from the insurance scheme and therefore were more viable as sources of good health care. Thus, health care could become more equitable under RCMS than the out-ofpocket system. China is now beginning to test a revised form of RCMS with pooling at the county level, increased premiums (10 yuan per person) and increased government funding. However, it must be followed closely to determine the effect on rural services and health care costs for farmers.
Corruption and Market in Contemporary China. By YAN SUN. [Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004. 272 pp. Hard cover $49.95, ISBN 0-8014-4284-2; paperback $21.00, ISBN 0-8-8014-8942-3.].
Authors: Wedeman Andrew 
Published: March 2005

In Corruption and Market in Contemporary China, Yan Sun seeks to describe, in qualitative terms, corruption in post-Mao China and assess its consequences. Corruption is not, she argues, a unitary phenomena but rather consists of a variety of different forms of malfeasance whereby officials use the public authority granted them by right of their positions to seek private gains. Differences in form imply differences in result. Thus, we might presume it makes a difference if an official loots the treasury and absconds to the Cayman Islands or if she accepts a minor bribe in return for granting a business licence to an entrepreneur who goes on to establish a flourishing business empire.In trying to describe Chinese corruption, Sun faces a Herculean task. Since 1979, the Ministry of Supervision and the Party's Discipline Inspection Commission have disciplined three million cadres and the judicial Procuratorate has prosecuted one million cases of economic and disciplinary crime. Even given detailed and systematic data, the task of cataloguing the multitudinous forms of corruption and then characterizing them into a manageable typology would be a formidable analytic task. Such data are, however, lacking. Sun is therefore forced to turn to case data drawn from a variety of compilations and collections. These data are problematic – as Sun recognizes – because of sampling error and selection bias.Using her database (which consists of approximately 1,300 mostly senior-level cases), supplemented by data from official and unofficial Chinese sources, Sun breaks corruption down into two major categories, transactive and nontransactive, differentiating between exchanges between state officials and private interests (e.g. bribery), and the theft of state assets by officials (e.g. embezzlement). She then disaggregates these categories into 11 subcategories and 27 specific forms. She further differentiates between two periods (pre-1992 and post-1992) and breaks corruption down along regional lines.
China, Sex and Prostitution. By ELAINE JEFFREYS. [London and New York: Routledge Curzon, 2004. 212 pp. ISBN 0-415-31863-7.]
Authors: Remick Elizabeth J. 
Published: March 2005

This book's primary theoretical targets are methodological problems and political biases in China studies, and it uses scholarly and administrative discourses about female prostitution in order to illustrate the field's shortcomings. As befits its embrace of the text-based “new humanities,” its sources are scholarly debates, police and government reports, and secondary sources rather than ethnographic fieldwork.Jeffreys argues that China studies suffers from several problems. First, it has methodological deficiencies: China studies is dominated by scholars who wrongly claim to have access to the “truth” about China because of their linguistic skills; as “nation-translators” they produce positivist, realist, empiricist works disconnected from the theoretically-oriented “new humanities.” Moreover, scholars who do attempt to apply postmodern or postcolonial theories to China engage it as an object that can illustrate their theories, never as a subject that can generate theory. In short, Anglophone authors privilege the metropolitan discourse and ignore what Chinese people have to say. Secondly, the field suffers from political biases: China Studies is still mired in a Cold War ideological framework in which scholars accept the word of the CCP only “to turn it back on the CCP … to show how and where the CCP and Chinese Marxism have failed” (p. 41). Their analytical reliance on the state/civil society dichotomy emphasizes the power of the state over and above society, with the implication that only non-state actors can speak truthfully. This “preclude[s] the possibility that there might be anything positive or productive about the operation of power in China” (p. 41). Jeffreys advocates replacing the state/civil society dichotomy with the Foucauldian notion of “governmentality,” which forces one to examine the complex historical background and administrative networks in which government officials are enmeshed, and which creates the limits of the possible for them. Lastly, she argues that international NGOs and metropolitan feminists are fundamentally misguided when they push the Chinese government to recognize the validity of sex work because they have no idea what the actual ramifications of this would be in the Chinese context. Such a policy would, unlike the commonsense efforts of the Chinese police, make life worse, not better, for prostitutes.
In The Name of Harmony and Prosperity: Labor and Gender Politics in Taiwan's Economic Restructuring. By ANRU LEE. [New York: State University of New York Press 2004. xvi+196pp. $45.00. ISBN 0-7914-6033-9.]
Authors: Chen I-Ru 
Published: March 2005

Anru Lee's In The Name of Harmony and Prosperity examines the labour and gender politics in the latest phase of Taiwan's economic restructuring. The author argues that the conventional wisdom that regards the interaction between culture and economy as a static relationship is problematic, and she sets out to develop a dialectic approach to culture and economy. Lee has collected a huge amount of data from fieldwork interviews and observational skills, and the research outcome further affirms the idea that the cultural dimension has to be taken into account in order to understand fully Taiwan's economic success. The book is divided into seven broad chapters: Taiwan's great transformation; From sunrise to sunset; The waning of a hard work ethic; The meaning of work; Between filial daughter and loyal sister; Guests from the tropics; and Bringing the global and the local.The author begins with a general description of Taiwan's economic transformation in recent decades, and then focuses on the latest changes in the textile industry in Homei, analysing how the local residents responded to and engaged in the changes. In chapter two, “From sunrise to sunset,” Lee highlights the significance of the cultural ideal in Taiwan's decentralized production system. She argues that the “black-hand becoming boss” (heishou bian toujia) cultural notion helps to thwart the development of class consciousness in Taiwan's society and adds legitimacy to the factory owner's complaint of labour shortages and society's declining work ethic. Chapter three, “The waning of a hard work ethic,” shows the paradoxical nature of the claims about the shortage of labour and explores the New Generation moral discourse, which involves a network value of hard work, equal opportunity and social mobility. Chapter four presents the life stories of three women from different generations and discusses the meaning of work to them. The author argues that not only gender but also other social institutions (such as the patrilineal kinship system, family and relations in production) have to be examined in order to fully comprehend the relationship between the economy and the formation of women's subjectivity.
Interaction of an insecticide with larval density in pond‐breeding salamanders (Ambystoma)
Authors: METTS BRIAN S. , HOPKINS WILLIAM A. , NESTOR JOHN P. 
Published: March 2005

Summary1. Amphibian populations residing in or near agricultural areas are often susceptible to pesticide contamination. Recent evidence suggests that the effects of pesticides on amphibians often exceed those estimated in laboratory toxicity tests because other environmental factors (e.g. predators, resource abundance) can influence pesticide toxicity.2. To examine the effects of an insecticide (carbaryl) on two species of Ambystoma salamanders experiencing the natural stress of competition, we manipulated chemical concentration (control, 3.5 and 7.0 mg L−1) and larval density (low and high). We determined the effect of treatments on snout‐vent length (SVL), growth rate, lipid reserves, time to metamorphosis, per cent survival and per cent metamorphosis.3. Carbaryl negatively affected all response variables of Ambystoma maculatum significantly, and significantly reduced survival and metamorphosis of A. opacum. Increased density significantly influenced SVL, lipid reserves, growth rate and metamorphosis of A. maculatum.4. The effects of carbaryl and increased density on per cent metamorphosis were nearly additive, but were generally less than additive on other variables.5. The negative effects of chemical contamination on salamanders were likely because of pesticide‐induced reductions of food resources, as zooplankton abundance decreased by as much as 97% following carbaryl application.6. Our study demonstrates the importance of the interactive effects that chemical contamination and natural environmental factors have on salamanders.
Prevalence of apical periodontitis and the quality of endodontic treatment in an adult Belarusian population
Authors: Kabak Y. , Abbott P. V. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAim  To estimate the prevalence of teeth with apical periodontitis (AP) and technically failed root fillings in an adult Belarusian population.Methodology  Panoramic radiographs of all 1423 patients over 15 years of age not seeking emergency dental care, and attending the Dental School of the Belarusian Medical University for the first time during the period from 1 January to 31 December 2001 were examined. The quality of root fillings was scored according to criteria of length proposed by De Moor et al. [International Endodontic Journal33 (2000) 113] and the periapical status of all teeth (except third molars) was categorized on the basis of presence or absence of radiographic signs of AP. The data were analysed using the chi‐square test and odds ratio.Results  Radiographs indicated that 8632 teeth (22% in the maxilla; 21% in the mandible) were missing leaving a total of 31 212 teeth to be assessed. Twenty per cent of the teeth had some filling material in the root canal(s). AP was found in 1141 subjects (80%) and 12% of the teeth. AP was more frequently associated with molar teeth (23%) than premolar (14%), canine (4%) and incisor teeth (6%). AP was diagnosed in 45% of root filled teeth, the remaining cases with AP had not been root filled. Statistical analysis showed that the probability of radiological detection of AP in root filled teeth was 25‐fold higher than when the root canals had not been filled (χ2 = 8636.04, P ≤ 0.001, odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals: 23.01 < 25.17 < 27.45). Periapical radiolucencies with adequately filled root canals occurred significantly less often than with teeth in which the root canal was filled more than 2 mm from radiographic apex or when filling material was extruded through the apex.Conclusion  The prevalence of AP in all age groups in Belarus was higher than in other populations. The probability of AP increased significantly after root canal treatment and was closely correlated with the quality of the root filling.