bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ethics of Animal Experimentation
Authors: Yarri Donna 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe ethical treatment of animals is one of serious academic interest today. Specifically, both the practice of animal experimentation and ethical concerns about it have a long history, going virtually back to the ancient Greek period and continuing to the present day. With new breakthroughs in science and technology, it is likely that this practice will be with us for a long time to come. Thus, this book provides an interdisciplinary approach to the topic by utilizing the insights of cognitive ethology, philosophy, science, and Christian theology in order to present a benign approach to the ethical treatment of experimental animals. The reality and existence of animal minds, animal pain, and animal suffering provide the foundation for animal rights, and subsequently, for more positive treatment. Concrete suggestions are offered with regard to more humane animal legislation, improved animal husbandry conditions, as well as concrete guidelines that offset the burdens to animals against the benefits to humans. The ultimate result is a more humane practice in experimentation, modeled somewhat on the practice of pet keeping, in which experimental animals are viewed not only as having instrumental value but intrinsic value as well.
Introduction
Authors: Yarri Donna 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe ethical treatment of animals in general, and in particular the issue of animal experimentation, continues to be a disputed moral issue. This chapter surveys the history of the use of animals in experimentation, beginning with the ancient Greek period and going through the contemporary era. It presents the history of experimentation as well the eventual opposition to it on the part of some. The chapter concludes by laying out how the book will proceed, which addresses the following topics: animal legislation, animal minds, animal sentience, animal rights, Christian theology and its perspective on animals, and the burdens and benefits of animal experimentation.
Animal Pain
Authors: Yarri Donna 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe issue of animal sentience, particularly animal pain and suffering, is probably the most significant one in animal experimentation. Many experimental procedures cause significant harm for laboratory animals. After arguing for the reality of the harm caused to animals, this chapter offers specific suggestions on how to minimize this harm, which need to be more widely utilized. These include alternatives to the use of animals (particularly the 3Rs), refining current animal legislation, rigorous application of both pain scales and the use of drugs, improved animal husbandry conditions, and humane euthanasia, when it is necessary.
Render to Caesar
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Several recent studies have raised postcolonial issues in relation to the biblical texts. Render to Caesar aims to address that conversation and to offer some critique. Chapter 1 discusses Israel’s traditions about empire and its attitudes toward international superpowers as it experienced them from the Egyptians to the Greeks. Chapter 2 considers the same question during the period from the Maccabees to the War with Rome and its aftermath. Against this background, chapter 3 examines what we may know or surmise of the teaching and ministry of Jesus and considers its likely significance vis-à-vis Rome and Roman imperium. Chapter 4 does the same with the passion narratives. Chapters 5 and 6 turn to other early Christian witnesses, namely Paul, Luke-Acts, 1 Peter, and the Book of Revelation. Chapter 7 reflects on appropriate and possibly inappropriate relationships between the study of first- century Israel and Rome, and contemporary postcolonial insights. A concluding “unscientific postscript” reflects on the possible significance of this for our own understanding of empire and “superpower status,” then and now.
Truth, Language, and History
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This book features a collection of essays by Donald Davidson that explore the relations between language and the world, speaker intention and linguistic meaning, language and mind, mind and body, mind and world, and mind and other minds. Davidson’s underlying thesis is that we are acquainted directly with the world, that thought emerges through interpersonal communication in a shared material world, and that language depends on communication. He also finds interconnections between his views and those of major philosophers of the past.
The Social Aspect of Language
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This essay clarifies the Davidson’s claim that “There is no such thing as language, not if a language is anything like what many philosophers and linguists have supposed”. It agrees with Dummett that a theory of meaning requires the Wittgensteinian distinction between using words correctly and merely thinking one is, between following a rule and believing one is following a rule; and that a grasp of this distinction requires social interaction. Communication is successful if the speaker is taken to mean what he wants to be taken to mean. What is needed is not a set of shared rules but that speaker and listener be able to correlate the speaker’s responses with the occurrence of a shared stimulus in their common world.
Panel Data Econometrics
Authors: Arellano Manuel 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis book reviews some of the main topics in panel data econometrics. It analyses econometric models with non-exogenous explanatory variables, and the problem of distinguishing between dynamic responses and unobserved heterogeneity in panel data models. The book is divided into three parts. Part I deals with static models. Part II discusses pure time series models. Part III considers dynamic conditional models.
Rising Unemployment and Inequality
Authors: Rebick Marcus 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBegins by examining the definition of the unemployment rate in Japan and shows the ways in which the rate may differ from the ILO standard definition. Looks at the phenomenon of labour hoarding and lower labour force participation and their relation to unemployment. The causes of the recent surge in unemployment are examined. Concludes that despite some increase in involuntary separations, it is the slowdown in hiring that is generating most of the unemployment. This implies that job guarantees have not been eroded that much by the long recession. The last part of the chapter looks at recent trends in income distribution in Japan, and the possibility that income inequality will grow in the future.
Open Issues
Authors: Chui Michael , Gai Prasanna 
Published: August 2005

AbstractExplores the circumstances under which the imposition of statutory debt restructuring mechanisms and/or debt standstills can trigger a ‘rush for the exits’ by creditors. Given the possibility of such creditor pre-emption, it also examines how the IMF and the official sector can galvanize private sector involvement by providing ‘catalytic finance’. Concludes with an empirical assessment of the extent of debtor moral hazard—the main reason cited against the adoption of a statutory approach to crisis management.
An Agenda for a Growing Europe
Authors: Sapir André , Aghion Philippe , Bertola Giuseppe , Hellwig Martin , Pisani-Ferry Jean , Rosati Dariusz , Viñals José , Wallace Helen , Buti Marco , Nava Mario , Smith Peter M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis book presents the report on the European economic system, which was submitted to the President of the European Commission in July 2003. The report is divided into three parts. The first contains an assessment of the economic performance in terms of growth, stability, and cohesion. The second explores the challenges facing the European Union. The third presents a series of policy recommendations for the future.
A conceptual framework
Authors: Sapir André , Aghion Philippe , Bertola Giuseppe , Hellwig Martin , Pisani-Ferry Jean , Rosati Dariusz , Viñals José , Wallace Helen , Buti Marco , Nava Mario , Smith Peter M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter discusses the conceptual framework for this report. This report seeks to determine whether and how economic policy in the EU has achieved its objective. It then examines how the policy-making framework can be adapted in response to globalisation and enlargement, against the backdrop of an aging population.
Is the European model sustainable?
Authors: Sapir André , Aghion Philippe , Bertola Giuseppe , Hellwig Martin , Pisani-Ferry Jean , Rosati Dariusz , Viñals José , Wallace Helen , Buti Marco , Nava Mario , Smith Peter M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe sustainability of the European model has become more uncertain. Low growth rates and high unemployment rates have strained public finances, which is incompatible with the fiscal rectitude required by a growing Trends in demography, technology, and globalisation; and the inability to establish a new social contract have prevented Europe from preserving the unprecedented growth achieved during the trente glorieuses — the thirty years between 1945 and 1975. These trends are expected to increase the demands for social protection, further threatening the sustainability of the European model.
Individual Differences in Losers' Consent
Authors: Anderson Christopher J. , Blais André , Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd , Listhaug Ola 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWhile winning and losing are experienced by individuals and create a lens through which citizens view politics, in this chapter we examine whether individuals’ political predispositions, measured by partisanship and ideology, matter for how they view the system. We find that voters’ political predispositions heighten the effect of winning and losing, though they do not affect levels of winners’ and losers’ consent in all circumstances. In those cases where we find evidence of mediating effects, they point to such predispositions acting as amplifiers, rather than as buffers for the winner-–loser effect. Winners who are strongly attached to their political party express more positive appraisals of the political system’s performance than other winners. With regard to ideological extremism, we find that ideologues are particularly prone to view the system through the lens of winning and losing.
Comparing Losers' Assessments of Electoral Democracy
Authors: Anderson Christopher J. , Blais André , Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd , Listhaug Ola 
Published: August 2005

AbstractExamines losers’ evaluations of electoral democracy. The data show that more losers are satisfied with the functioning of democracy than dissatisfied, an overwhelming majority believes that the most recent election was fair, and more losers say that parties care what ordinary people think than the opposite. We also find that losers’ evaluations of satisfaction and fairness are lower but evaluations of responsiveness higher in non-established democracies. We also find that losers evaluate all three aspects of electoral democracy more positively in countries with more proportional electoral systems. Moreover, our results indicate that losers in more developed countries are more satisfied with democracy but less positive in their assessments of the fairness of the most recent election. The analyses further indicate that supporters of losing parties that have never been in government are the most critical of representative democracy, while supporters of the major losing party that formed the government at the time of the election feel most positive.
Losing and Support for Institutional Change
Authors: Anderson Christopher J. , Blais André , Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd , Listhaug Ola 
Published: August 2005

AbstractExamines the question of whether electoral losers will try to change the rules of the game or will stop participating in politics altogether. Expectations of future loss are likely to have an important impact when citizens are asked to consider replacing the current status quo institutions with another set. Examining proposed and enacted institutional reforms in a variety of areas and countries, we find that losers by and large are more likely to support changes in institutional practices. The findings help to demonstrate that losing is an important part of the motor that drives institutional change. While losing does not presage a disaster or an abrupt end to democratic practices, it does seem to be one of the first steps in the direction of change and reform. One of the difficulties facing the design of democratic institutions is to have institutions that make losers, but not permanent losers, and to allow current losers some reasonable chance of winning in future periods.
Real Wages in Europe and Asia: A First Look at the Long-Term Patterns
Authors: Allen Robert C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, wage rates in Japan, India, and China were lower than their counterparts in Europe when the wages are compared at the exchange rates implied by the silver contents of coins. The cost of living was also lower in Asia than in Europe. The purchasing power of Asian wages was similar to that of wages in France, Italy, and Germany but less than the purchasing power of wages in the leading economies—England and the Netherlands. Real wage comparisons contradict the opinions of Smith, Malthus, and Marx that Europe was more prosperous than Asia before the industrial revolution.
Biochemical universality of living matter and its metabolic implications
Authors: MAKARIEVA A. M. , GORSHKOV V. G. , LI B.‐L. 
Published: August 2005

Summary

Recent discussions of metabolic scaling laws focus on the model of West, Brown & Enquist (WBE). The core assumptions of the WBE model are the size‐invariance of terminal units at which energy is consumed by living matter and the size‐invariance of the rate of energy supply to these units. Both assumptions are direct consequences of the biochemical universality of living matter. However, the second assumption contradicts the central prediction of the WBE model that mass‐specific metabolic rate q should decrease with body mass with a scaling exponent µ = −1/4, thus making the model logically inconsistent.
Examination of evidence interpreted by WBE and colleagues in favour of a universal µ = −1/4 across 15 and more orders of magnitude range in body mass reveals that this value resulted from methodological errors in data assortment and analysis.
Instead, the available evidence is shown to be consistent with the existence of a size‐independent mean value of mass‐specific metabolic rate common to most taxa. Plotted together, q‐values of non‐growing unicells, insects and mammals in the basal state yield µ ≈ 0. Estimated field metabolic rates of bacteria and vertebrates are also size‐independent.
Standard mass‐specific metabolic rates of most unicells, insects and mammals studied are confined between 1 and 10 W kg−1. Plant leaves respire at similar rates. This suggests the existence of a metabolic optimum for living matter. With growing body size and diminishing surface‐to‐volume ratio organisms have to change their physiology and perfect their distribution networks to keep their q in the vicinity of the optimum.
Two orchids attract different pollinators with the same floral odour compound: ecological and evolutionary implications
Authors: SCHIESTL F. P. , PEAKALL R. 
Published: August 2005

Summary

The sexually deceptive orchids Chiloglottis trapeziformis Fitzg. and Chiloglottis valida D.L. Jones are pollinated by the thynnine wasps Neozeleboria cryptoides (Smith) and Neozeleboria monticola Turner, respectively, during attempted mating with the flower labellum. The orchids and their pollinators occur mostly in allopatry; however on the overlapping edges of their ranges they can attract each other's pollinator, leading to rare hybrids.
Using gas chromatographic analyses with electroantennographic detection (GC‐EAD) we demonstrate that 2‐ethyl‐5‐propyl‐1,3‐cyclohexandione (‘Chiloglottone’), the previously known sex pheromone of N. cryptoides and pollinator‐attractant of C. trapeziformis, is also used by C. valida to attract its pollinator N. monticola.
In behavioural field experiments, equal numbers of males of both species responded to, and attempted copulation with, a dummy scented with synthetic Chiloglottone. In dual‐choice experiments where dummies were presented at different heights, N. cryptoides males preferentially attempted copulation with dummies a few centimetres above the ground, while N. monticola males significantly more often landed on the soil and attempted copulation with dummies on the soil.
These behavioural differences corresponded with differences in floral height in the orchids, C. trapeziformis being about twice as tall as C. valida. We suggest that this contrasting pollinator behaviour imposes selection for floral height in the orchids.
Is a starving host tastier? Reproduction in fleas parasitizing food‐limited rodents
Authors: KRASNOV B. R. , KHOKHLOVA I. S. , ARAKELYAN M. S. , DEGEN A. A. 
Published: August 2005

Summary

We hypothesized that food availability, and therefore body condition, of a rodent host, Meriones crassus, affects egg production and survival, and development time of preimago and adults of the first generation of the flea Xenopsylla ramesis.
Egg production was significantly higher in fleas parasitizing underfed than control animals.
Food availability for hosts affected survival of eggs and larvae produced by fleas on these rodents, but did not affect survival of pupae. More than twice the number of eggs from fleas on food‐limited hosts survived than those from fleas on control rodents. Highest larval survival was recorded in fleas on rodents with 30% of maintenance energy intake.
Survival of new generation imagos was lowest in fleas from parents on hosts with the highest food limitation. By contrast, survival of parent fleas was highest on hosts offered 30% of maintenance energy intake.
Time of egg and larval development was longest on hosts consuming 30% of energy requirements for maintenance. By contrast, there was no difference in time to emergence in pupae from flea females on rodents from different treatments. Survival time under starvation of imago of the first generation was shortest in offspring of fleas that parasitized M. crassus offered the minimal amount of food. The opposite was true for parent fleas.
The results suggest nutritional and/or energetic cost of host resistance, measured as host‐mediated parasite fitness loss, as well as possible adaptive stress‐induced immunosuppression.
Investigating geographic variation in clutch size using a natural experiment
Authors: EVANS K. L. , DUNCAN R. P. , BLACKBURN T. M. , CRICK H. Q. P. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryClutch sizes generally increase with latitude, and are smaller at southern latitudes compared with equivalent northern ones.Descriptions of such patterns and attempts to identify their causal mechanisms are complicated as different species, with different ecological traits are often compared in different regions. We reduce such problems by using the introduction of 11 passerine species from the UK to New Zealand as a natural experiment to explore interspecific geographical variation in clutch size.Nine species have significantly smaller clutches in New Zealand than the UK. Seasonality, measured both by climate and how birds respond to variation in resource availability, is also lower in New Zealand. Comparing across species, the magnitude of clutch size change is unrelated to the magnitude of reduced seasonality that each species experiences.Such observations are partly compatible with Ashmole's hypothesis that areas with high seasonality have large clutch sizes (higher winter mortality results in a breeding population that is significantly lower than the environment's carrying capacity, and hence in extra resources for rearing chicks). However, additional data on seasonal changes in resource availability and population densities, combined with comparative data on survival and nest predation rates, are required to evaluate fully the mechanisms generating smaller clutches in the southern hemisphere. We discuss the potential determinants of geographical variation in the patterns of temporal variation in clutch size.
Acclimation of leaf respiration to temperature is rapid and related to specific leaf area, soluble sugars and leaf nitrogen across three temperate deciduous tree species
Authors: LEE T. D. , REICH P. B. , BOLSTAD P. V. 
Published: August 2005

Summary

Rates of plant respiration are sensitive to temperature, and modulated by acclimation to prevailing temperature and adaptation to the climate of origin.
Our objective was to evaluate the rapidity and magnitude of acclimation of leaf respiration (Rd) to natural temperature events in field‐grown tree seedlings and to assess inter‐ and intraspecific variation across seasons and years.
We measured Rd and associated traits of seedlings of three temperate deciduous species, Quercus alba L., Quercus rubra L. and Acer rubrum L., growing in a common garden in St Paul, Minnesota, USA. Seedlings of each species were derived from populations spanning their range from cool/dry (Minnesota/Wisconsin) to warm/moist (North Carolina/Louisiana) regions.
Measurements at a common temperature (24 °C) were made during consecutive cool‐ and warm‐weather systems (differing by 7–10·5 °C) across two growing seasons.
R
d rates following the warmest temperatures were 62% lower, on average, than those following cool temperatures. There was little evidence that respiration per se, or its response to temperature, depended on adaptation to climate of origin.
Temperature, specific leaf area, and leaf soluble sugar and nitrogen concentrations were important predictors of Rd and together explained 77% of the variation across species and populations.
To predict forest CO2 exchange responses to global change accurately, parameters are needed that account for the acclimation of respiration to prevailing temperature.