bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Normal ontogeny of perineal muscles and testosterone levels in Mongolian gerbils; Response to testosterone in developing females
Authors: Siegford Janice M. , Hadi Mansouri S. , Ulibarri Catherine 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) becomes sexually dimorphic during postnatal life, rather than prenatally as in rats. We therefore examined the early postnatal ontogeny of Mongolian gerbils, focusing on growth, serum testosterone (T) levels, and the sexually dimorphic perineal musculature innervated by the SNB. Serum T levels were higher in males than in females from birth through adulthood, with several early postnatal peaks and a large increase in T occurring during puberty in males. The SNB target muscles—the bulbocavernosus (BC) and levator ani (LA)—were present in both sexes on postnatal day 1 (PND1). Cross‐sectional areas of BC fibers in males increased with age, and concurrently the myofibers of the BC became more fully developed and organized. In PND10 female pups, the BC muscle was virtually absent, while the LA muscle remained (although it was reduced in size). Postnatal treatment of female gerbils with androgen caused the BC muscle to remain and the LA muscle to become larger by PND10. Sexual dimorphism of the SNB develops differently in gerbils compared to other species, although its target muscles appear to respond to androgen in a manner similar to that in rats. Anat Rec Part A 275A:997–1008, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comprehensive and systematic model of user evaluation of Web search engines: I. Theory and background
Authors: Su Louise T. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe project proposes and tests a comprehensive and systematic model of user evaluation of Web search engines. The project contains two parts. Part I describes the background and the model including a set of criteria and measures, and a method for implementation. It includes a literature review for two periods. The early period (1995–1996) portrays the settings for developing the model and the later period (1997–2000) places two applications of the model among contemporary evaluation work. Part II presents one of the applications that investigated the evaluation of four major search engines by 36 undergraduates from three academic disciplines. It reports results from statistical analyses of quantitative data for the entire sample and among disciplines, and content analysis of verbal data containing users' reasons for satisfaction. The proposed model aims to provide systematic feedback to engine developers or service providers for system improvement and to generate useful insight for system design and tool choice. The model can be applied to evaluating other compatible information retrieval systems or information retrieval (IR) techniques. It intends to contribute to developing a theory of relevance that goes beyond topicality to include value and usefulness for designing user‐oriented information retrieval systems.
Author cocitation analysis and Pearson's r
Authors: White Howard D. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn their article “Requirements for a cocitation similarity measure, with special reference to Pearson's correlation coefficient,” Ahlgren, Jarneving, and Rousseau fault traditional author cocitation analysis (ACA) for using Pearson's r as a measure of similarity between authors because it fails two tests of stability of measurement. The instabilities arise when rs are recalculated after a first coherent group of authors has been augmented by a second coherent group with whom the first has little or no cocitation. However, AJ&R neither cluster nor map their data to demonstrate how fluctuations in rs will mislead the analyst, and the problem they pose is remote from both theory and practice in traditional ACA. By entering their own rs into multidimensional scaling and clustering routines, I show that, despite r's fluctuations, clusters based on it are much the same for the combined groups as for the separate groups. The combined groups when mapped appear as polarized clumps of points in two‐dimensional space, confirming that differences between the groups have become much more important than differences within the groups—an accurate portrayal of what has happened to the data. Moreover, r produces clusters and maps very like those based on other coefficients that AJ&R mention as possible replacements, such as a cosine similarity measure or a chi square dissimilarity measure. Thus, r performs well enough for the purposes of ACA. Accordingly, I argue that qualitative information revealing why authors are cocited is more important than the cautions proposed in the AJ&R critique. I include notes on topics such as handling the diagonal in author cocitation matrices, lognormalizing data, and testing r for significance.
Interdisciplinarity in science: A tentative typology of disciplines and research areas
Authors: Morillo Fernanda , Bordons María , Gómez Isabel 
Published: October 2003

AbstractInterdisciplinarity is considered the best way to face practical research topics since synergy between traditional disciplines has proved very fruitful. Studies on interdisciplinarity from all possible perspectives are increasingly demanded. Different interdisciplinarity measures have been used in case studies but, up to now, no general interdisciplinarity indicator useful for Science Policy purposes has been accepted. The bibliometric methodology presented here provides a general overview of all scientific disciplines, with special attention to their interrelation. This work aims to establish a tentative typology of disciplines and research areas according to their degree of interdisciplinarity. Interdisciplinarity is measured through a series of indicators based on Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) multi‐assignation of journals in subject categories. Research areas and categories are described according to the quantity of their links (number of related categories) and their quality (with close or distant categories, diversity, and strength of links). High levels of interrelations between categories are observed. Four different types of categories are found through cluster analysis. This differentiates “big” interdisciplinarity, which links distant categories, from “small” interdisciplinarity, in which close categories are related. The location of specific categories in the clusters is discussed.
A comprehensive and systematic model of user evaluation of Web search engines: II. An evaluation by undergraduates
Authors: Su Louise T. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis paper presents an application of the model described in Part I to the evaluation of Web search engines by undergraduates. The study observed how 36 undergraduate used four major search engines to find information for their own individual problems and how they evaluated these engines based on actual interaction with the search engines. User evaluation was based on 16 performance measures representing five evaluation criteria: relevance, efficiency, utility, user satisfaction, and connectivity. Non‐performance (user‐related) measures were also applied. Each participant searched his/her own topic on all four engines and provided satisfaction ratings for system features and interaction and reasons for satisfaction. Each also made relevance judgements of retrieved items in relation to his/her own information need and participated in post‐search interviews to provide reactions to the search results and overall performance. The study found significant differences in precision PR1, relative recall, user satisfaction with output display, time saving, value of search results, and overall performance among the four engines and also significant engine by discipline interactions on all these measures. In addition, the study found significant differences in user satisfaction with response time among four engines, and significant engine by discipline interaction in user satisfaction with search interface. None of the four search engines dominated in every aspect of the multidimensional evaluation. Content analysis of verbal data identified a number of user criteria and users evaluative comments based on these criteria. Results from both quantitative analysis and content analysis provide insight for system design and development, and useful feedback on strengths and weaknesses of search engines for system improvement.
Gemcitabine, paclitaxel, and cisplatin as induction chemotherapy for patients with biopsy‐proven Stage IIIA(N2) nonsmall cell lung carcinoma
Authors: De Marinis Filippo , Nelli Fabrizio , Migliorino Maria Rita , Martelli Olga , Cortesi Enrico , Treggiari Stefano , Portalone Luigi , Crispino Carlo , Brancaccio Luigi , Gridelli Cesare 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of the current study was to define the activity and tolerability, as well as the influence on resectability, of the combination of gemcitabine, paclitaxel, and cisplatin (GTP) as induction chemotherapy for patients with Stage IIIA(N2) nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).METHODSForty‐nine chemotherapy‐naïve patients (median age, 61 years; World Health Organization performance status, 0–1) with biopsy‐proven Stage IIIA(N2) disease received 1000 mg/m2 gemcitabine, 125 mg/m2 paclitaxel, and 50 mg/m2 cisplatin on Days 1 and 8 of every 3 weeks until reevaluation for surgery or definitive radiotherapy.RESULTSGrade 3–4 neutropenia was the most common hematologic toxicity, occurring in 32.7% of patients; however, only 1 case of febrile neutropenia was reported. Grade 3–4 thrombocytopenia occurred in 12.2% of patients but was not associated with bleeding. Severe nonhematologic toxicities were uncommon; the only Grade 4 nonhematologic toxicity was diarrhea, which occurred in 4% of patients. One patient died after the first course of therapy, but this event was found to be unrelated to treatment. Thirty‐six patients (73.5%) achieved an objective response, and an additional 4 patients had stable disease with clearance of mediastinal lymph nodes. Overall, 29 patients underwent thoracotomy and 27 (55%) underwent complete resection. Mediastinal nodes were free of tumor in 35% of all cases, and 8 pathologic complete responses (16%) were reported. Median survival was 23 months, with a 1‐year survival rate of 85%.CONCLUSIONSGTP is highly active as an induction chemotherapy regimen for Stage IIIA(N2) NSCLC and yields good toxicity results. The use of GTP in combination with radiotherapy and new biologic drugs should be explored. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11662
Cutaneous angiosarcoma of the scalp
Authors: Pawlik Timothy M. , Paulino Augusto F. , Mcginn Cornelius J. , Baker Laurence H. , Cohen Deborah S. , Morris Jeffery S. , Rees Riley , Sondak Vernon K. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDAngiosarcoma is a malignant tumor of vascular endothelial cells that arises in the head and neck. It is a rare, difficult to treat, and lethal tumor.METHODSClinical data from patients who were diagnosed with angiosarcoma of the scalp between 1975 and 2002 at the University of Michigan were reviewed. Analysis was performed to assess for factors impacting time to recurrence and survival.RESULTSThe study was comprised of 29 patients with a median age of 71.0 years. Most patients presented after a delay in diagnosis with either a bruise‐like macule (48.3%) or a nonbruise‐like nodule (51.7%). Seventy‐five percent of patients had pathologic Stage T2 disease, and 76% of patients had high‐grade tumors. Virtually all patients underwent surgical excision (96.6%); however, negative surgical margins were achieved in only 21.4% of patients. Multiple lesions on presentation were associated with a shorter time to recurrence (P = 0.02). The median actuarial survival was 28.4 months. Younger patients and patients with Stage T1 disease had improved survival (P = 0.024 and P = 0.013, respectively). Radiation therapy was associated significantly with a decreased chance of death (hazard ratio, 0.16; P = 0.006).CONCLUSIONSAlthough surgery remains the first option for the treatment of patients with angiosarcoma of the scalp, achieving negative margins often is impossible. Patients who are younger and who have less extensive disease fare better. Postoperative radiation therapy should be employed routinely, as it may lead to improved survival. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11667
Relation between the method of detection of initial breast carcinoma and the method of detection of subsequent ipsilateral local recurrence and contralateral breast carcinoma
Authors: Chen Changhu , Orel Susan G. , Harris Eleanor E. R. , Hwang Wei‐Ting , Solin Lawrence J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDMammography and physical examination are routine methods for the detection of ipsilateral local recurrence and contralateral breast carcinoma in patients initially undergoing breast conservation treatment. The current study reports the relation between the method of detection of the initial breast carcinoma and the method of detection of subsequent ipsilateral local recurrence and contralateral breast carcinoma.METHODSA retrospective review was performed of the records of female patients with initial American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Stage I and II invasive breast carcinoma who developed ipsilateral local recurrence or contralateral breast carcinoma after breast conservation treatment. The method of detection of local recurrence in the ipsilateral breast and the method of detection of contralateral breast carcinoma were compared with the method of detection of the primary tumor.RESULTSThere were 125 ipsilateral breast local recurrences and 71 contralateral breast carcinoma cases detected. Of the 125 recurrences in the ipsilateral breast, 38% (48 recurrences) were detected by mammography only, 37% (46 recurrences) were detected by physical examination only, and 25% (31 recurrences) were detected by both methods. Of the 71 contralateral breast carcinoma cases, 53% (38 cases) were detected by mammography only, 23% (16 cases) were detected by physical examination only, and 24% (17 cases) were detected by both methods. When the primary tumors were detected by mammography only, 21% of the local recurrences (3 of 14 local recurrences) and 19% of the contralateral breast carcinoma cases (4 of 21 cases) were detected by physical examination only. When the primary tumors were detected by physical examination only, 24% of the local recurrences (14 of 58 local recurrences) and 42% of the contralateral breast carcinoma cases (8 of 19 cases) were detected by mammography only. When stratified by the interval between diagnosis of the primary tumor and ipsilateral local recurrence or contralateral breast carcinoma (≤ 5 years vs. > 5 years) or age of the patient at the time of ipsilateral breast recurrence or contralateral breast carcinoma (age ≤ 49 years vs. age ≥ 50 years), both breast examination and mammography were found to be important in the detection of locally recurrent tumor and contralateral breast carcinoma in each subgroup of the patients, regardless of the method of presentation of the primary tumor.CONCLUSIONSBoth mammography and physical examination were found to be significant in the detection of locally recurrent tumor in the ipsilateral breast and in the detection of contralateral breast carcinoma, regardless of the method of detection of the primary tumor. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11685
Phase II trial of oral cyclophosphamide, prednisone, and diethylstilbestrol for androgen‐independent prostate carcinoma
Authors: Hellerstedt Beth , Pienta Kenneth J. , Redman Bruce G. , Esper Peg , Dunn Rodney , Fardig Judith , Olson Karin , Smith David C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe authors evaluated the combination of oral cyclophosphamide, oral prednisone, and diethylstilbestrol (DES) in patients with androgen‐independent prostate carcinoma (AIPC).METHODSThirty‐seven patients with prostate carcinoma refractory to androgen ablation who had undergone antiandrogen withdrawal (if previously treated with an antiandrogen) were enrolled in the current study. They were treated with oral cyclophosphamide 100 mg per day on Days 1–20, prednisone 10 mg per day continuously, and DES 1 mg continuously, on a 30‐day cycle. Warfarin 1 mg per day was given as prophylaxis for thrombosis. Patient levels of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) were monitored on a monthly basis, with imaging studies every 3 months. Patients continued to receive therapy until disease progression or the occurrence of significant toxicity. The effect of therapy on the patient's quality of life was assessed using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Prostate.RESULTSThirty‐six patients were evaluable for response. Of the 36 patients, 15 (42%) had a 50% or greater decline in PSA levels from pretreatment levels and 1 patient (6%) with measurable disease had a partial response to therapy. The median duration of response was 4.5 months (range, 4–18 months). The overall median survival period was 16.4 months. The treatment was well tolerated, with only three patients removed from the study for toxicities associated with treatment. One patient, who had been treated for more than 24 months, developed acute leukemia. Quality of life evaluation in 17 patients showed a significant improvement in responders, whereas nonresponders had no deterioration while receiving therapy.CONCLUSIONSCyclophosphamide, prednisone, and DES represent a well tolerated, low‐cost combination therapy with significant activity in the treatment of patients with AIPC. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11686
Weekly administration of docetaxel for symptomatic metastatic hormone‐refractory prostate carcinoma
Authors: Gravis Gwenaelle , Bladou Franck , Salem Naji , Macquart‐Moulin Geneviève , Serment Gérard , Camerlo Jacques , Genre Dominique , Bardou Valérie‐Jeanne , Maraninchi Dominique , Viens Patrice 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe current Phase II study investigated the clinical benefit, impact on quality of life (QOL), and tolerability of weekly docetaxel in symptomatic patients with metastatic hormone‐refractory prostate carcinoma (HRPC).METHODSPatients received weekly docetaxel 35 mg/m2 intravenously for 6 consecutive weeks followed by a 2‐week rest repeatedly for a maximum of 24 weeks of treatment. Clinical benefit evaluations, based on Karnofsky performance status (KPS) and pain, were assessed weekly during therapy. A clinical benefit response was defined as a sustained (≥ 4‐week) improvement in at least one of these parameters without worsening in the other. Patient‐assessed QOL (using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ‐C30), changes in prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels, tumoral response, and toxicity also were evaluated.RESULTSThirty men (median age, 67 years), 15 of whom had received previous chemotherapy, were treated. Overall, 46% of patients achieved a positive pain response and 48% achieved a 50%‐or‐greater reduction in PSA. KPS was high at baseline (80%), and no significant changes in this parameter were observed. Compared with baseline, all scores improved after the first cycle of therapy, particularly emotional (P = 0.015), pain (P = 0.001), constipation (P = 0.001), and global QOL (P = 0.011) scores. After the second cycle, dyspnea scores decreased (P = 0.010). At the last QOL assessment, there also was deterioration in terms of fatigue (P = 0.013), dyspnea (P = 0.010), and physical functioning (P = 0.017). Toxicity was mild and included neutropenia (Grade 3–4, n = 2).CONCLUSIONSOf these elderly symptomatic patients with HRPC, half had received previous chemotherapy. Weekly docetaxel was found to be associated with improvements in clinical benefit response and in QOL and was well tolerated. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11687
Disruption of the expected positive correlation between breast tumor size and lymph node status in BRCA1‐related breast carcinoma
Authors: Foulkes William D. , Metcalfe Kelly , Hanna Wedad , Lynch Henry T. , Ghadirian Parviz , Tung Nadine , Olopade Olofunmilayo , Weber Barbara , McLennan Jane , Olivotto Ivo A. , Sun Ping , Chappuis Pierre O. , Bégin Louis R. , Brunet Jean‐Sébastien , Narod Steven A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDA positive correlation between breast tumor size and the number of axillary lymph nodes containing tumor is well established. It has been reported that patients with BRCA1‐related breast carcinoma are more likely than patients with nonhereditary breast carcinoma to have negative lymph node status. Therefore, the authors questioned whether the known positive correlation between tumor size and lymph node status also was present in women with BRCA1‐related breast carcinomas.METHODSThe relation between the greatest dimension of the resected breast tumor (size) and the presence of positive axillary lymph nodes (expressed as a percentage of all lymph nodes examined) was evaluated in 1555 women with invasive breast carcinoma who were ascertained at 10 centers in North America between 1975 and 1997. There were 276 BRCA1 mutation carriers, 136 BRCA2 carriers, and 1143 women without a known mutation (208 BRCA1/BRCA2 noncarriers and 935 untested women). Patients were stratified according to tumor size, and odds ratios were estimated for the presence of positive lymph nodes with increasing tumor size.RESULTSA highly significant positive correlation between tumor size and the frequency of positive axillary lymph nodes was seen for BRCA1/BRCA2 noncarriers, for BRCA2 carriers, and for untested women (overall P < 0.0001 for each). In contrast, there was no clear correlation between tumor size and positive lymph node status in BRCA1 carriers (overall P = 0.20).CONCLUSIONSThe relation between tumor size and lymph node status in patients with breast carcinoma appears to be different in BRCA1 carriers compared with BRCA2 carriers and noncarriers. These findings have important implications for estimating the route of metastatic spread and for evaluating the effectiveness of early diagnosis in patients with BRCA1‐related breast carcinoma. Cancer 2003. ©2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11688