bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foreign Juridical Persons and Entities In Russia
Authors: Butler William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Foreign juridical persons and entities enjoy the principle of ‘national regime’ in the Russian Federation, just as natural persons, in three senses. First, they are equated in rights and duties to Russian juridical persons, except insofar as Russian legislation and international treaties of the Russian Federation provide otherwise. Second, insofar as foreign juridical and natural persons may create Russian juridical persons and entities on the territory of the Russian Federation, by virtue of foreign ownership or creation, these Russian juridical persons may be subject to a special legal regime. And third, by virtue of a decision of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, juridical persons in Russia have, as appropriate to their status, constitutional rights similar to those of natural persons, including foreign citizens and stateless persons.
Foreign Personnel Enjoying Special Legal Status
Authors: Butler William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it is common in doctrinal writings to refer to ‘diplomatic and consular’ law in its collective meaning, they are actually distinct. In Russian legal doctrine, diplomatic law refers to the aggregate of norms regulating the legal status and activity of diplomatic missions or representations of States and international organizations, whereas consular law is the aggregate of norms regulating consular relations, including the status and functions of consuls. The rupture of diplomatic relations between States does not necessarily mean an automatic rupture of consular relations, although the establishment of diplomatic relations will normally presume consent in principle to opening consular relations.
IP Licensing Under The New Paradigm
Authors: Anderman Steven D , Kallaugher John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains how the new Article 81 paradigm applies to agreements that involve intellectual property. Following the structure described in Chapters 3 and 4, the discussion below outlines how each of the elements in the Article 81 analysis applies to intellectual property transfer. This outline will then be ‘fleshed out’ in the chapters that follow by reference to specific types of ‘restriction’ and in the context of different commercial relationships.
Market Definition
Authors: Anderman Steven D , Kallaugher John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The focus of the EU’s modernised enforcement regime on the identification and control of market power makes careful definition of the relevant markets the essential first step in a competition law assessment. Where intellectual property rights are involved, this analysis often appears difficult due to the need to consider markets at different levels of the production chain and the technical complexity of both the products involved and the underlying technology.
‘Vertical’ Agreements for Technology Transfer Between ‘Non-Competitors’
Authors: Anderman Steven D , Kallaugher John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters we have shown that the potential competitive harm of an agreement depends primarily on the competitive relationship between the parties and the nature of the agreement.In making this assessment, analysis under the new paradigm classifies agreements in two ways. First, there is a distinction between agreements between ‘competitors’ and other agreements. Secondly, there is a distinction between vertical agreements and other agreements.
Licensing Between Competitors
Authors: Anderman Steven D , Kallaugher John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When firms that are already competitors enter into agreements to license intellectual property, the potential for anticompetitive harm increases enormously. Where competitors wish to create a genuine cartel, intellectual property licensing can provide an effective tool for organising cooperation, coercing participation and policing compliance. It is not surprising that the great cartels prior to the Second World War were organised in part on the basis of networks of intellectual property licences.
Cooperative Development and Exploitation of Technology—Standard-Setting, Technology Pools and Joint Research and Development
Authors: Anderman Steven D , Kallaugher John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we address certain issues that arise where firms that may be 9.01 competitors or potential competitors in technology markets or downstream products collaborate in the development and licensing of technology. There is some overlap between this discussion and the topics discussed in Chapter 8, since licensing between competitors involves cooperative elements, particularly where licensing is reciprocal. Technology-pooling involves an important form of licensing activity.
Knowledge and the Speed of the Transfer and Imitation of Organizational Capabilities: An Empirical Test
Authors: Zander Udo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That innovation is the central feature of competition in capitalist economies is a widely held view. It is especially emphasized in the work of Schumpeter (1942) and the evolutionary theory of the firm of Nelson and Winter (1982). Due to the force of competition and changes in consumers’ wants, the firm’s long-run survival and growth depend on its ability to develop new products and new methods of organization. Yet, what is frequently underemphasized is that the expansion of an innovation rests upon the capacity to replicate the capability of the production and sales of the new service or product. This replication can occur by the voluntary transfer of this capability within the firm or to other firms (e.g. by a license), or by the unwanted imitative efforts of competitors. Transfer and imitation of the organizational capabilities are the twin elements of competition in innovative and growing markets.
Joint Ventures and the Option to Expand and Acquire
Authors: Kogut Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fundamental problem facing the firm is the decision to invest and expand into new product markets characterized by uncertain demand. The problem is exacerbated when the new business is not related to current activities. In this sense, a firm’s initial investments in new markets can be considered as buying the right to expand in the future. In current parlance, the right to expand is an example of a ‘real option,’ real because it is an investment in operating as opposed to financial capital, and an option because it need never be exercised. For many investments, such as the purchase of new capital equipment to reduce costs in aging plants, the option value is insignificant.
Open-Source Software Development and Distributed Innovation
Authors: Metiu Anca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central economic question posed by the Internet is how commercial investments can appropriate value from a public good called information. Information can be transported and replicated at essentially zero marginal cost and its use by one party does not preclude use by another. Since information is digitally encoded, its provision is the service that is facilitated by the Internet. Internet companies seek to collect fees and payment on information services. The difficulty in finding mechanisms to extract payments on the provision of a public good explains, to a large extent, the high death rate among Internet ventures.
The Network as Knowledge: Generative Rules and the Emergence of Structure
Authors: Kogut Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The imputation problem is how to account for the sources of the value of the firm. I propose that part of the value of the firm derives from its participation in a network that emerges from the operation of generative rules that instruct the decision to cooperate. Whereas the value of firm-level capabilities is coincidental with the firm as the unit of accrual, ownership claims to the value of coordination in a network pit firms potentially in opposition with one another. We analyze the work on network structure to suggest two types of mechanisms by which rents are distributed.
Noun, adjective and verb types
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lexical words of a language can be grouped into a number of semantic types, each of which has a common meaning component and a typical set of grammatical properties. One of the grammatical properties of a type is its association with a grammatical Word Class, or Part of Speech. (See §1.2.)
Chapters 4–6 contain brief sketches of the semantic and syntactic characters of those semantic types which are in English associated with the Verb class. Following chapters discuss the occurrence restrictions on specific syntactic constructions, providing explanations for these that link the meanings of the constructions with the meanings of semantic types. In this chapter, I provide a brief summary of the semantic types associated with the Noun and Adjective classes in English and introduce the division into Primary and Secondary verb types.
I know that it seems that he’ll make me want to describe her starting to say that she knows that it seems that . . . Complement clauses
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are, as outlined in §2.7, seven kinds of complement clause, which can fill the object or subject (or, sometimes, a post-object) slot in a main clause. All Secondary and Primary-B verbs take complement clauses—but each one allows only some of the full range of complement clause possibilities. Which complement clauses a given verb may accept is determined by the meaning of the verb and the meanings of the complement clause constructions.
In §8.2 we outline the meanings of the different kinds of complement clause. §§8.3–4 then deal with Secondary and Primary-B types, one at a time, looking at the overall meaning of each type and the specific meanings of individual verbs within the type, thus providing a semantic explanation for the complement clauses that occur. §8.1 deals briefly with ‘parentheticals’, which are related to that complement constructions.
What sells slowly, but wears well? Promotion to subject
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have said, several times, that the semantic role which is most likely to be relevant for the success of an activity is placed in syntactic subject relation; this is Mary in Mary sells sports cars, Mary cut the veal with the new knife, Mary poured the custard (onto the pie) with the new jug. If an adverb like quickly, easily, properly or well is added to these sentences it will be taken to describe the way in which the subject performed the activity—Mary certainly sells sports cars quickly, Mary cut the veal easily with the new knife, Mary didn’t pour the custard properly (onto the pie) with the new jug (but spilt some on the cloth).
Belize
Authors: Bernd Hillebrands , Katrin Falk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Belize’s modem history begins with the country’s occupation by the British, when it was called British Honduras. The country did not become an independent parliamentary monarchy in the British Commonwealth until 21 September 1981, despite the fact that the 1964 Constitution had already established autonomy over the management of its internal affairs (internal self-government). This relatively long process of gaining independence can be explained, in part, by Guatemala’s intention to annex the territory, even hinting at the possibility of an invasion. Great Britain maintained an armed presence in the country even after Guatemala had recognized Belize’s independence in 1986. As early as 1982, Belize reached an agreement with the USA on military aid.
Post-War International Developments
Authors: Adeney Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the decade following World War II the clearest progress in the protection of moral rights was in the international field. France had still not legislated for the rights and would not do so till 1957. Germany was not to legislate comprehensively until 1965. And the copyright countries, including Canada, were at this stage virtually ignoring the rights.
In the international arena, however, moral rights protection was actively canvassed. The development of the rights followed three courses. First, they continued to be developed within the Berne Convention and in other authors’ rights and related conventions.
Canada: The Rights and Their Application
Authors: Adeney Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned primarily with the configuration of the current provisions and their explication by the courts. Nevertheless today’s legislation contains vestiges of earlier provisions, and the courts are still guided by decisions based on earlier formulations of the rights, particularly s 12(7), which was first introduced in 1931. These earlier formulations and the cases interpreting them will therefore be discussed. The penal provisions that overlap with moral rights protection, present in Canadian law since early in the 20th century, will be considered at the end of the chapter among the alternative means by which authors’ interests may be safeguarded.
International Moral Rights Litigation
Authors: Adeney Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
International moral rights litigation is not common, and possibly never will be, though the international advent of moral rights for performers means that the rights are becoming increasingly available to a few high-income and litigious parties. Sometimes moral rights litigation is mounted for covert (or overt) economic reasons. At other times it is mounted, perhaps by the author’s or performer’s heirs, because of outrage at the fate a work or performance has met in a foreign country.
A Structuralist-Evolutionary Decomposition
Authors: Lipsey Richard G , Carlaw Kenneth I , Bekar Clifford T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2, we contrasted the neoclassical and S-E world views. Here we continue on the same theme with a more detailed focus on the standard neoclassical growth model and our S-E approach. Any study of technological change and its relation to economic growth requires a theoretical framework. Ours, which is presented here, incorporates many elements of the S-E approach and provides an organizing device to guide our study of historical cases of GPTs in Chapters 5 and 6. Its categories help to open our minds to possibilites that are left behind the scenes in all growth models based on aggregate production functions.
Population Dynamics: Relation Between Extensive and Intensive Growth
Authors: Lipsey Richard G , Carlaw Kenneth I , Bekar Clifford T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to this point, we have been mainly concerned with extensive growth. In Chapters 9 and 10 and their appendices, we direct our attention to intensive growth—growth measured in per capita figures rather than in totals. Chapter 9 deals with the relation between the two types of growth in somewhat general terms but concentrating on the period from the dissolution of the Western Roman Empire to the First Industrial Revolution, from about ad 500 to 1750.
The Emergence of Sustained Intensive Growth in the West
Authors: Lipsey Richard G , Carlaw Kenneth I , Bekar Clifford T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 9, we observed that the West underwent two distinct transitions in growth performance: first, the emergence of sustained extensive growth some time in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century; and second, the emergence of sustained intensive growth later in the same century. We have argued in Chapters 7 and 8 that the West’s transition to sustained extensive growth was a contingent historical event that, for very good reasons, took place first in Britain. We have further argued that it could not have happened elsewhere in Europe within, say, half a century or more, since the requisite scientific knowledge and technological expertise in mechanics that was needed took some time to be diffused from Britain.
Formal Models of GPT-Driven Sustained Growth: The Baseline Model 1
Authors: Lipsey Richard G , Carlaw Kenneth I , Bekar Clifford T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now move to our final stage of abstraction by developing a formal model of GPT- driven growth. In this chapter, we present what we call our baseline model and some results that follow from it. This is mainly a tool-forging chapter. In Chapter 15, we elaborate the model to incorporate progressively more characteristics that our S-E theory suggests are important. 2 Along the way, we are able to obtain some interesting results, including some surprising comparisons between rational and adaptive expectations, and a demonstration of how inadequate total factor productivity is as a measure of technological change.
On Zero Agreement and Polysynthesis
Authors: Baker Mark C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter was made possible thanks to a trip to Argentina in October 2000, to visit the Universidad de Comahue in General Roca, Argentina. This gave me a chance to supplement my knowledge of Mapudungun from secondary sources (Augusta 1903; Smeets 1989; Salas 1992) by consulting Argentine experts on this language (Pascual Masullo, Luc´ıa Golluscio, and Roberto Aranovich), and by inter- viewing their Mapuche consultants, as well as members of the Mapuche community whom we met in Junı´n de los Andes, Argentina.
Mastering the Law of Requisite Variety with Differentiated Networks
Authors: Galbraith Jay R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The key organizational aspect of collaborative community ‘ as described in this volume by Adler and Heckscher (Chapter 1) and Sabel (Chapter 2) consists in formalized processes of interaction and learning, moving beyond the informal networks common in traditional firms. While this broad-brush description captures a core aspect of dynamic change under way in many large companies, it lacks an explanation of the full range of combinations that companies adopt in varying circumstances. Informal relationships and hierarchical line organizations have not disappeared as formalized processes have risen; rather, they have become integrated with a wider assortment of relational patterns that can be drawn on according to need in order to deliver a variety of resources.
Collaborative Community and Employee Representation
Authors: Rubinstein Saul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A collaborative community must provide voice and influence to all its members. Unions are the primary mechanism available today for assuring-institutionalizing-such voice and influence in business organizations. However, in many unionized organizations, management and labor are locked in adversarial rather than cooperative relations. This chapter discusses the much smaller number of organizations in which management and labor have committed to partnership in the pursuit of their common goals.
Structural Explanation
Authors: Parsons Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Structure’ is arguably the core concept of the social sciences, especially when vaguely defined. In its broadest usage, scholars invoke the ‘structure-agency debate’, which concerns how much people are free ‘agents’ who choose their fates and how much their choices are dictated by larger forces (Giddens 1979; Wendt 1987; Dessler 1989). At this level ‘structure’ refers quite literally to all the things we use to explain particular actions.
Institutional Explanation
Authors: Parsons Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost as many political scientists claim the title institutionalist as the word structure. In common social science parlance, an institution is any enduring pattern of behavior among a group of people. Sometimes these patterns take on formal organizational shape, manifesting themselves in buildings, resources, and groups of people who act collectively according to certain rules. In this vein we commonly refer to states, militaries, universities, or other formal organizations as institutions. Sometimes the patterns do not produce formal organizations, such that their only manifestation beyond the behavior is in rules.
The Intelligence Services Act 1994 And Security Service Act 1989
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only the UK national bodies are referred to here because they fall within the RIPA scheme, and the 1989 and 1994 Acts. For links to the European Parliament’s report on the international aspects of mass telecommunications interception by the ‘ECHELON’ programme operated under a signals intelligence agreement (the reputed ‘UKUSA’ agreement of 1948), the reader is referred to Appendix 1 which contains useful sources of information.
The Commissioners: RIPA, PART IV, ss 57–64
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Interception of Communications Commissioner is charged with keeping under review—and reporting upon—the exercise and performance: by the Secretary of State of his powers and duties under Chapter I of Part I, ie the interception of communications and related warrantry provisions of the Act; by the Scottish ministers (by virtue of s 63 of the Scotland Act 1998) of their powers under ss 5, 9 and 10;the adequacy of the arrangements by virtue of which the duties of the Secretary ofState are sought to be discharged in relation to disclosed keys to access encrypted data, under s 55 in Part III of RIPA (not in force at time of writing).
Sections Governing The Codes Of Practice: RIPA, Part IV, ss 71–72
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following Codes of Practice appear elsewhere in this work and the reader is referred to the relevant chapters listed below as well as to the substantive chapters relating to the relevant subject areas.The Surveillance Code of Practice 2002 (SI 2002 No 1933)—Chapter 15;The Covert Human Intelligence Sources Code of Practice 2002 (SI 2002 No 1932)—Chapter 16;Voluntary Retention of Communications Data Code of Practice under Part II: Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (SI 2003 No 3175)—Chapter 17;Acquisition and Disclosure of Communications Revised Code of Practice (Pre-Consultation draft Code of Practice 2005)—Chapter 19.
The Rules Of The Investigatory Powers Tribunal
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Secretary of State is given the power to make rules under s 69 of RIPA. Sections 69(9) and 69(10) provide that the rules made on the ﬁrst occasion on which the power was exercised did not need to be approved by Parliament, but had to be approved after being made in accordance with subs (10). SI 2000 No 2665 was the ﬁrst exercise of that rule-making power and so the exemption from initial approval applied (the rules were approved by Parliament on the day after they were made).
Tribunal Forms
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Use this form if your claim is that your human rights in terms of the Human Rights Act 1998 have been infringed:(a) by one or more of the Intelligence Services or any person acting on their behalf in any circumstances, or(b) by any of: Her Majesty’s Armed Forces, any police force, the National Criminal Intelligence Service, the National Crime Squad, or the Commissioners of Customs and Excise in circumstances which involved (or which currently involve):
RIPA, PART IV Case Law
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The claimant was the subject of a civil proceedings order under s 42 of the Supreme Court Act 1981. The effect was that he needed leave, from the High Court, to institute any civil proceedings ‘in a court’. He desired to apply to the Investigatory Powers Tribunal under RIPA, s 65(2)(a) and (3)(a) alleging breaches of his rights by the security service when dealing with his application under ss 7(1) and 82 of the Data Protection Act 1998.