bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biooxidation of n‐hexanol by alcohol oxidase and catalase in biphasic and micellar systems without solvent
Authors: Karra‐Chaabouni Maha , Pulvin Sylviane , Meziani Abdelghani , Thomas Daniel , Touraud Didier , Kunz Werner 
Published: November 2002

AbstractAlcohol oxidase from Pichia pastoris together with catalase from bovine liver was used to oxidize n‐hexanol to hexanal. For this purpose, an aqueous buffer solution was mixed with large amounts of hexanol by simple agitation, yielding a biphasic system, or by adding the nonionic surfactant Brij 35. Initial velocities and reaction yields after 24 h were measured as a function of various parameters such as the amounts of enzymes, hexanol, or surfactant. High enzymatic activity was determined for hexanol concentrations of between 20 mass% and 80 mass% without using any additional organic solvent. The homogenization of the biphasic systems with the help of Brij 35 did not yield a significant improvement of the bioconversion, which would justify the use of surfactants. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 81: 27–32, 2003.
Hamiltonian structure and statistically relevant conserved quantities for the truncated Burgers‐Hopf equation
Authors: Abramov Rafail V. , Kovačič Gregor , Majda Andrew J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn dynamical systems with intrinsic chaos, many degrees of freedom, and many conserved quantities, a fundamental issue is the statistical relevance of suitable subsets of these conserved quantities in appropriate regimes. The Galerkin truncation of the Burgers‐Hopf equation has been introduced recently as a prototype model with solutions exhibiting intrinsic stochasticity and a wide range of correlation scaling behavior that can be predicted successfully by simple scaling arguments. Here it is established that the truncated Burgers‐Hopf model is a Hamiltonian system with Hamiltonian given by the integral of the third power. This additional conserved quantity, beyond the energy, has been ignored in previous statistical mechanics studies of this equation. Thus, the question arises of the statistical significance of the Hamiltonian beyond that of the energy. First, an appropriate statistical theory is developed that includes both the energy and Hamiltonian. Then a convergent Monte Carlo algorithm is developed for computing equilibrium statistical distributions. The probability distribution of the Hamiltonian on a microcanonical energy surface is studied through the Monte‐Carlo algorithm and leads to the concept of statistically relevant and irrelevant values for the Hamiltonian. Empirical numerical estimates and simple analysis are combined to demonstrate that the statistically relevant values of the Hamiltonian have vanishingly small measure as the number of degrees of freedom increases with fixed mean energy. The predictions of the theory for relevant and irrelevant values for the Hamiltonian are confirmed through systematic numerical simulations. For statistically relevant values of the Hamiltonian, these simulations show a surprising spectral tilt rather than equipartition of energy. This spectral tilt is predicted and confirmed independently by Monte Carlo simulations based on equilibrium statistical mechanics together with a heuristic formula for the tilt. On the other hand, the theoretically predicted correlation scaling law is satisfied both for statistically relevant and irrelevant values of the Hamiltonian with excellent accuracy. The results established here for the Burgers‐Hopf model are a prototype for similar issues with significant practical importance in much more complex geophysical applications. Several interesting mathematical problems suggested by this study are mentioned in the final section. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Engaged urokinase receptors enhance tumor breast cell migration and invasion by upregulating αvβ5 vitronectin receptor cell surface expression
Authors: Silvestri Immacolata , Longanesi Cattani Immacolata , Franco Paola , Pirozzi Giuseppe , Botti Gerardo , Stoppelli Maria Patrizia , Carriero Maria Vincenza 
Published: November 2002

AbstractWe have previously shown that urokinase receptor physically and functionally interacts with αvβ5 vitronectin receptor, leading to tumor breast cell migration and invasion. Here, the link between these 2 receptors was further investigated by analyzing the expression levels of urokinase receptor and αvβ5 integrin in 35 human breast carcinomas and 5 benign breast lesions. The occurrence of a positive correlation between urokinase receptor and αvβ5 protein levels in benign and malignant tumor specimens prompted us to investigate whether engaged urokinase receptors might modulate αvβ5 expression. Here, we report the receptor‐dependent ability of catalytically inactive urokinase to upregulate the αv and β5 chains in MDA‐MB‐231 and MCF‐7 breast carcinoma cell lines in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent manner. This effect is dependent on protein kinase C activity and requires new protein synthesis. Accordingly, the availability of assembled αvβ5 receptors on the cell surface increases upon urokinase treatment, as shown by immunoprecipitation and immunocytochemical analyses. Exposure to urokinase leads to enhanced tumor cell migration and invasion, which is prevented by the “phosphorylation‐like” urokinase receptor antagonist His‐uPA138E/303E, the DNA‐binding drug mithramycin, the protein kinase C inhibitor calphostin C and anti‐αvβ5 antibodies. Finally, urokinase enables benign breast MCF‐10A cells to cross Matrigel in a αvβ5‐ and urokinase receptor‐dependent manner, indicating that urokinase controls a regulatory circuitry crucial to breast tumor progression. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimization of blood oxygenation level‐dependent sensitivity in magnetic resonance imaging using intermolecular double‐quantum coherence
Authors: Zhong Jianhui , Chen Zhong , Kwok W. Edmund , Kennedy Scott , You Zhiyang 
Published: November 2002

AbstractPurposeTo optimize timing parameters in an intermolecular double‐quantum coherence (iDQC) imaging pulse sequence for overall image signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) sensitivity for brain functional imaging.Material and MethodsFresh human blood was measured under different oxygenation conditions, and human brain functional magnetic resonance (fMR) images in three normal volunteers were obtained, using iDQC techniques at 1.5 T. The dependence of SNR and BOLD sensitivity was measured as a function of time delays after the iDQC evolution period.ResultsA time delay after the iDQC evolution period τ can be adjusted either to refocus the dephasing accumulated during τ, thus increasing SNR, with full rephasing occurring at delay = ±2τ (for iDQC order n = ±2), or to enhance BOLD effects with consequent reduced image SNR at delay = 0.ConclusionImage SNR and BOLD sensitivity often impose different requirements for iDQC image sequence design and timing parameter selections. It is therefore important to select properly relevant parameters for different applications. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:733–740. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Miniaturized linear time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer with pulsed extraction
Authors: Prieto Maria C. , Kovtoun Viatcheslav V. , Cotter R. J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractImproved resolution for a miniaturized instrument is demonstrated at high masses using a pulsed extraction, 3″ linear time‐of‐flight (TOF) mass analyzer. This illustrates the utility of a small and simple mass spectrometer for biological/medical analyses. Current and future applications suggested by this instrument include rapid mass spectral reading of oligonucleotides that differ in one base (single nucleotide polymorphisms), distinction of biomarker signatures from different species of bacterial spores (biological weapons detection) and point‐of‐care instruments for proteomics‐based diagnostics. We have incorporated a two‐stage, pulsed‐extraction design that places the focal plane of the ions at the detector channel plate surface. The ions are accelerated to a total energy of 12 keV to enable detection of high‐mass proteins in a design that incorporates a floatable flight tube set at the voltage of the front channel plate of the detector. The resultant elimination of post‐acceleration at the detector is intended to improve mass resolution by reducing the difference in arrival times between ions and their neutral products. Resolutions of one part in 1200 at m/z 4500 and one part in 600 at m/z 12 000 have been achieved. Proteins with molecular masses up to 66 000 Da, mixtures of oligonucleotides, and biological spores have all been successfully measured, results that increase the potential use of this TOF analyzer. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uncovering the cognitive duality of bilinguals through word association
Authors: Luna David , Peracchio Laura A. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis article examines the nature of the cognitive structures of bilingual consumers. The article begins by describing a psycholinguistic model that suggests that bilinguals have different structures for each of the languages they know. In a marketing context, this model implies that even the perfect translation of a marketing communication may not have the same meaning as the original. The article proposes that word‐association tasks may help marketers gain insight into the dual cognitive structures of bilingual consumers and discover possible differences in meaning across languages. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mapping consumers' mental models with ZMET
Authors: Christensen Glenn L. , Olson Jerry C. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn the quest to understand the customer, consumer researchers, whether practitioner or academic, must understand the perceived personal relevance of a product, service, or brand from the consumers' perspective. Fundamentally, what must be understood are the cognitive structures or mental models that underlie consumers' feelings of involvement. This article demonstrates the power of the Zaltman metaphor‐elicitation technique (ZMET) (Zaltman, 1997) to gain such consumer insight by first eliciting and then mapping consumers' knowledge structures. The article provides illustrations of how ZMET can be used to create a collective cognitive map for a group of consumers, and how ZMET data can be mapped in different ways to give greater insight into consumers' product knowledge structures. Also provided is a description of how the knowledge structures of consumers are subdivided and grouped around important meaning themes that frame and motivate a person's involvement with an activity. Ultimately, it is demonstrated that consumers' mental models are made up of both cognitive (beliefs) and emotional (feelings) components, and that these structures of meaning are activated by the current consumption situation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of price knowledge in consumer product knowledge structures
Authors: Lawson Robert , Bhagat Parimal S. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn this study price knowledge is viewed as a necessary component of a product knowledge structure, in which it is inferred from domain‐specific relations among product features. Consumers' knowledge of tuition rates of colleges and universities was investigated in two tuition‐estimation experiments. In Experiment 1, providing participants with seed knowledge of a small subset of listed schools improved the mapping properties of the estimates and reduced reliance on using the availability heuristic. In Experiment 2, similar effects were observed when instructions contained information about tuition magnitudes of school groupings, information about how to categorize schools into these groups, and, especially, both types of information combined. Results were interpreted within a frame structural view of consumer knowledge, in which price knowledge occupies an obligatory slot in a richly structured frame as opposed to being derived from memory of isolated exposures to specific prices. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A comparison of three models to explain shop‐bot use on the web
Authors: Gentry Lance , Calantone Roger 
Published: November 2002

AbstractAn ongoing requirement in the 21st century is that marketers must understand the impact of the network economy on buyer behavior. Although new models will certainly be developed, it seems reasonable that existing models of buyer behavior will still apply. This study uses structural‐equations modeling to test if three popular models of behavioral intent—the theory of reasoned action, the theory of planned behavior, and the technology acceptance model—work in a network context. It recommends the technology‐acceptance model as superior to the others in the current network context, and also shows how to check and account for the presence of common method bias in a single source instrument. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Five years of insight into the World's Most Admired Companies
Authors: Stark Melvyn J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractFor human resources professionals and line managers alike, a standing question is: How do we operate and in
what context do we do our work? There is a theme that emerges in terms of what distinguishes the most
admired organizations from their peer companies, and this provides numerous openings for both HR professionals
and line managers to enhance the performance of their organizations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals,
Inc.
Award‐winning results from implementing strategic change at Avaya Ireland
Authors: Dwyer Graham , Doyle Ciaran 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis case study describes the strategic change management process at Avaya Ireland, a medium‐size
enterprise operating in a rapidly changing environment from 1992 to the present. Having adapted to a volatile
business environment, Avaya won the Irish Business Excellence Award in November 1998 and the European Quality
Award (SME category) in September 2000. Renowned as a center of excellence in Europe, the facility was
one of the first organizations to receive the ISO9001: 2000 standard. Analyzing Avaya Ireland's experience
provides an insight into the relationship between environmental factors and organizational level‐strategic
change. The strategic change process at the Avaya Ireland facility offers a framework for developing strategic
capability for survival in a complex sociological, political, and economic environment. © 2002 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
Richard Titmuss and Social Policy
Authors: MISHRA RAMESH 
Published: November 2002

David Reisman, Richard Titmuss: Welfare and Society (2nd edn), Basingstoke:
Palgrave, 2001, vii+307 pp., £50.00.Peter Alcock, Howard Glennerster, Ann Oakley & Adrian Sinfield (eds.),
Welfare and Well-Being: Richard Titmuss's Contribution to Social Policy,
Bristol: Policy, 2001, vi+249 pp., £16.99 pbk.
Social Policy Digest NUMBER ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY FOUR February to April 2002
Authors: BENNETT FRAN , JONES KEN 
Published: November 2002

Contents1 Social security and income maintenance2 Health3 Education4 Housing and environment5 Personal social services6 Law and the treatment of the offender7 Unemployment and the labour market8 Race relations9 The voluntary sector10 Government11 Gender and sexuality12 Demography
Schools of Psychology: A Complementary Pattern
Authors: Rosenzweig Saul 
Published: November 2002

“If, then, we are really to find out what is true and what is false, we must direct our attention to the role of any particular item in the whole of which it is a part.”—Wertheimer: On Truth.In these days of Gestalttheorie it seems not untimely to inquire whether psychology itself does not stand in need of being recognized as a configuration of complementary parts. The suggestion, it is true, tends at the first to be repudiated by the implacability of the schools with their claims and counterclaims resounding on every side. On further analysis, however, such controversy seems to acquire the very different significance of having permitted certain partial aspects of the whole field to become well-articulated, even if in somewhat exaggerated form. In other words, if there is any underlying unity in psychology, then the very overstatements of the school zealots while unwittingly defeating their own purpose may have been doing the science a real service by throwing its basic pattern into bold relief. In broadest terms this seems to describe what has been happening in psychology in the recent past and to define the present stage of its development.
Chemistry: Emergence without Mystification
Authors: Malisoff William Marias 
Published: November 2002

In my last talk I introduced you to the system of the sciences and then went on to chat about the first of the natural series of the sciences, namely physics. To-night I shall discuss the other partner of the pair which could be called “the physical sciences”, namely chemistry.Of both of these sciences, physics and chemistry, it may be said that they are preeminently the study of matter-in-motion. Of both it may be said that the methods of study in the laboratory have a strong resemblance.
Scientific Method in Current Psychology
Authors: Rogosin H. 
Published: November 2002

Psychological investigations are supposed to deal with the behavior of animals, including of course, the human being. They are supposed to deal with the broad, general problem of how and why we behave the way we do.Most psychologists however, are still dealing with their particular science from the strictly biological point of view, and overlooking by and large, the ever gradual development of psychology into a social rather than biological science. Nevertheless, important methodological contributions are being made. These contributions show a progressive awareness of the societal influences to which Psychology is particularly susceptible. The problems dealt with and the way in which they are handled, reflect conditions in the everyday world. Even the experimenter in an ivory laboratory but reflects the current and wholly erroneous viewpoint fostered by interested groups, that science must be impartial and oblivious to human suffering and human welfare.
Cratylus or An Essay on Silence (Not Illustrated)
Authors: Malisoff William Marias 
Published: November 2002

Only one philosopher has succeeded in building his reputation on silence—Cratylus. It is said that under no circumstance would he say anything, but would merely crook his finger. Nor is it known whether he achieved this unique glory by a persistence that lasted from toothless youth to toothless old age, or whether he merely petered out into withering speechlessness before the follies of man and the grandeur of God. More likely it was something like the latter, for otherwise we would be confronted by the delicate riddle: why was he called a philosopher?Nevertheless, a tenable explanation is that Cratylus' reputation was arrived at by an experiment. Arranging philosophers on a scale of self .control in speech, one might derive the plausible law: the less one says the more he is of a philosopher. Ergo, say nothing and be declared the worthiest of philosophers. The difficulties in such an extrapolation, however, are very great. It is hard to see what harm just one word can do, and even two or three, or several, if they but fall short of being a sentence. Why absolute silence? Then, again, what harm is there in repeating even a multitude of words, the entire dictionary if you please, plus whatever sounds you can think of, provided you say nothing? And since we have progressed so far with the argument, what harm can there be even in connected speech, grammatical, fluent and mellifluous, provided you still say nothing? Cratylus, apparently, was playing a safe bet with a vengeance. He must have feared being understood (or misunderstood) by accident!
Popularization of Science Through News
Authors: Lal Gobind Behari 
Published: November 2002

During these five war years science has proclaimed and demonstrated its role as Hercules. It has employed as its loudspeaker the bursting bomb, and as its courier the swift vehicle. Its blows have been instantly lethal.Next, science has shown its skill as the fabricator of useable goods. And, lastly the giant has revealed some of its mild and even compassionate moods as the binder of man's mortal wounds and the healer of his fevers and mental abberations.
What are Definitions?
Authors: Reid John R. 
Published: November 2002

At the outset it will be useful, I think, to distinguish the following components in the definitional situation:1. The “definitional relation” that holds, in a given case, between either (1) a definiendum and definiens (a dyadic symmetrical relation between symbols) or (2) a definiendum, definiens, and referent (a triadic relation between (a) the symbol being defined, (b) the defining symbol, which is usually complex and includes descriptive terms, and (c) any member of the class of non-symbolic referents by means of references to which the descriptive terms in (b) are given their semantical meaning—the relation between (b) and (c) being non-symmetrical, even though the relata are, in some contests, functionally equivalent. The former syntactical relation connects one symbol (the definiendum) with another symbol (the definiens); the latter semantical relation also does this, but includes the additional factor of a descriptive reference, via the definiens, to a class of non-symbolic referents.
The Basic Question: Monism or Dualism?
Authors: Miller Cecil H. 
Published: November 2002

This paper is concerned with a question in metaphysics. The question is: Is the world ultimately one, or is it many? It is neither a very profound nor a very complicated question. It is, on the contrary, very simple. But despite its simplicity, it expresses the most basic of all metaphysical problems.When two metaphysical problems, A and B, are so related that the statement of B assumes an answer to A, then we may fairly infer that A is more basic than B, and B less basic than A.
The Nature of Scientific Statements
Authors: Miller David L. 
Published: November 2002

In this article we will explain and defend the proposition: “A statement which prescribes (entails) the conditions for its verification is a scientific statement.” We will confine our consideration to factual (synthetic) statements alone, although it may be true that our proposed proposition refers to formal, analytic statements also.If prescribing the conditions for its verification is the only necessary qualification for a statement to be scientific then obviously the means of arriving at such a statement is irrelevant. It does not matter whether we have performed many experiments or none before making a scientific statement. There are, of course, reasons for having a systematic method of arriving at the formulation of scientific statements, but this does not make them more, or less, scientific.
Purposeful and Non-Purposeful Behavior
Authors: Rosenblueth Arturo , Wiener Norbert 
Published: November 2002

In a recent essay (1) Professor Taylor criticizes the criteria used by Rosenblueth, Wiener and Bigelow in 1943 (2) to distinguish purposeful from non-purposeful behavior. He also criticizes our definition of behavior, our concept of the vague as opposed to the general, our use of the word correlation, and our statement that a system may reach a final condition. Indeed, there seems to be little, if anything, in our paper to which he does not emphatically object.He maintains that the notions of purpose and teleology are not only useless for the understanding of mechanical behavior, but wholly incongruous when applied to this behavior. He further affirms that our use of the term purpose “bears no similarity whatever to the meaning which is ordinarily attached to it.” He does not state, however, his own notions of purpose and teleology; and the meaning which he considers to be ordinarily attached to the term purpose. This omission weakens his criticism considerably.