bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scope Of The Act
Authors: Haley Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Subject to a number of common law and statutory exceptions, section 23(1) 3.01 extends the protection of the 1954 Act to ’any tenancy where the property comprised in the tenancy is or includes premises which are occupied by the tenant and are so occupied for the purposes of a business carried on by him or for those and other purposes’. Not surprisingly, as the Law Reform Advisory Committee for Northern Ireland pointed out, ’almost every phrase of that provision has been the subject of judicial discussion and interpretation, with the result that its meaning is now largely clear’.1 The requirements are, therefore, first, that a tenancy exists. This is defined in section 69(1) to include leases, sub-tenancies and agreements for a lease, but excludes a demise by way of mortgage. Tenancies by estoppel fall within the 1954 Act.2 Second, the tenancy must be of premises which are occu- pied by the tenant. Third, this occupation must be wholly or partly attributable
The Landlord’S Section 25 Notice
Authors: Haley Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The operation of the Part II machinery depends heavily upon the service of appro- 4.01 priate notices on the correct parties. In the absence of agreement or legislative pro vision, notices must be served in a way that they can be proved to have been received by the intended recipient. Accordingly, it is convenient within this chap-ter to consider the general rules of service as they apply to any document to be served under the Landlord and Tenant Acts of 1927 and 1954. In addition, the special rules relating to partnerships will be discussed. Nevertheless, the primary focus is upon the landlord’s section 25 notice which is, arguably, the most impor- tant notice within the renewal process.1 This notice represents the usual method by which the renewal machinery is engaged2 and invokes the statutory jurisdic-tion of the court.
Tenant’S Rights
Authors: Haley Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The right to obtain a new lease, timed to follow on from the termination of the 5.01 contractual or continuation tenancy, can be achieved in several ways. First, there is nothing to prevent the parties from agreeing a new lease without recourse to the statutory machinery. If a written agreement is concluded, the current lease con tinues until the date set for the commencement of the new tenancy. In the inter vening period, it is not a lease to which the provisions of Part II apply and the tenant is precluded from making any application for a new tenancy. Second, in the absence of agreement, the tenant can apply to the court for a new lease following the service of a landlord’s section 25 notice and the tenant’s subsequent counter notice. Finally, where there is no agreement and a landlord’s termination notice has not been served, the tenant may be able to initiate the action for a new tenancy by the service of a section 26 request on the competent landlord or that landlord’s authorised agent.1 As with the landlord’s notice, the tenant’s request terminates the current lease and activates the jurisdiction of the court to grant a new tenancy.
Tenant’S Improvements: Authorisation And Compensation
Authors: Haley Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At common law, any improvements made by a tenant (unless classified as ’tenant’s 10.01 fixtures’ and, thereby, removable) form part of the freehold and, at the end of the lease, must remain for the reversioner.1 Subject to the law of waste, and to any con-trary stipulation in the lease, the tenant remains free to carry out improvements, but is not entitled to compensation. This is so even if the landlord knew of the works and consented to them. Admittedly, there has never been anything to pre-vent the parties to a lease negotiating terms to deal with the subject of improve-ments. Indeed, most commercial leases contain a covenant (either qualified by the need for the landlord’s consent or absolute in its prohibition) not to make
Why Join the Labour Party?
Authors: Seyd Patrick , Whiteley Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Joining a political party is very much a minority activity in Britain. Recent survey evidence from a comprehensive study of political participation concluded that only 7.4 per cent of the electorate are party members, and only 2.2 per cent party activists (Parry and Moyser, 1990). In the 1987 British Election Study individuals in the sample of the UK electorate were asked if they were members of a political party, and just under 1.5 per cent stated that they were members of the Labour party, which constituted about 5 per cent of Labour voters.
Kunwinjku Social Organization and Land Ownership
Authors: Taylor Luke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In examining the creation of networks of association that artists create with others, it is first necessary to introduce the way that Kunwinjku articulate a number of basic principles of social organization. My intention is to introduce the multidimensional character of Kunwinjku social relations and to identify the rights and obligations in relation to both natural and cultural resources exercised by members of certain social categories, in particular, how knowledge regarding Ancestral matters is distributed. The chapter moves from a discussion of particular groupings to consider these groupings in terms of the life-courses of individuals.
Introduction
Authors: Macedo Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1942 Gordon Hirabayashi, a final-year college student in Washington state, became subject to a wartime curfew imposed on Japanese Americans on the West Coast. At first Hirabayashi went along, but after a week of dashing back to his hall of residence from the library or the coffee shop he stopped and thought, in his own words,
Why the hell am I running back? Am I an American? And if I am, why am I running back arid nobody else is? I think if the order said all civilians must obey the curfew, if it was just a nonessential restrictive move, I might not have objected. But I felt it was unfair, just to be referred to as a ‘non-alien’-they never referred to me as a citizen. This was so pointedly, so obviously a violation of what the Constitution stood for, what citizenship meant. So I stopped and turned around and went back.
American Exceptionalism: The Religious Phenomenon
Authors: Greeley Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I propose in this chapter to present a sketch of religion in the United States based on my professional tools, survey research data, to ask whether this portrait does indeed make American religion ‘exceptional’, and to suggest some reasons why religion in the United States might differ from religion in Great Britain and on the continent. This is not an essay about the nature of religion. It is rather a much more modest effort to determine whether the tools of survey research are able to confirm the hypothesis that self-reported religious behaviour in America has diminished in the last four decades. To use the language of the logic of social research: can one safely reject the null hypothesis that the survey indicators show no major change in American self-reported religious behaviour?
Political Aspects
Authors: Whyte John , FitzGerald Garret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was for long a matter of folk wisdom that national identity and religious allegiance coincided in Northern Ireland. The nationalist writer Frank Gallagher (1957), for instance, systematically used ‘nationalist’ when he appeared to mean ‘Catholic’. The first scholar to research the correlation between religion and national identity was Richard Rose, in his survey of 1968. In response to the question ‘which of these terms best describes the way you usually think of yourself?’, he obtained the results to be found in Table 4.1.
The Internal-Conflict Interpretation
Authors: Whyte John , FitzGerald Garret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A political scientist at the London School of Economics, Brendan O’Leary, has pointed out in a stimulating article (1985) that a distinction can be made between endogenous and exogenous explanations of the Northern Ireland problem. The schools of thought covered in the three preceding chapters all offer exogenous explanations: the problem is the responsibility of the British, or the Irish, or the capitalists. We now come to a school of thought which stresses endogenous factors. This does not mean that the authors in this school dismiss the importance of outside forces: some lay considerable stress on the role of the British (and/or Irish) governments, and most recognize that one of the reasons for internal conflict is that the two communities in Northern Ireland relate differently to their neighbours, Britain and the Republic. But it does mean that they see the biggest source of the problem as lying within Northern Ireland itself.
The Gaza Raid and After
Authors: Morris Benny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For three weeks after the execution of Marzouk and Azar there was an ominous silence along the lines. The director general of the Prime Min¬ ister’s Office, Teddy Kollek, ‘warned’ officials at the Foreign Ministry that ‘the IDF was ... determined to get revenge for the hanging[s] ... the suicide of [the] two others and ... Egypt’s action in the Bat-Galim case’.1 Then the inevitable occurred. A squad (or two squads) sent by Egyptian military intelligence broke into a military facility in Rishon LeZion, south of Tel Aviv, on 23 February 1955 and stole maps and documents. They also appear to have stolen food, a heater, and a telephone from an office in nearby Ness Ziona. Two days later they shot dead an Israeli bicyclist near Rehovot, fifteen kilometres south-east of Tel Aviv.
Berlin And French Liberalism
Authors: Galipeau Claude J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The desire not to be impinged upon, to be left to oneself, has been a mark of high civilization both on the part of individuals and communities. The sense of privacy itself, of the area of personal relationships as something sacred in its own right, derives from a conception of freedom which, for all its religious roots, is scarcely older, in its developed state, than the Renaissance or the Reformation. Yet its decline would mark the death of a civilization, or an entire moral outlook.
History, Pluralism, And Liberty
Authors: Galipeau Claude J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first public obligation is to avoid extremes of suffering. Revolutions, wars, assassinations, extreme measures may in desperate situations be required. But history teaches us that their consequences are seldom what is anticipated; there is no guarantee, not even, at times, a high enough probability, that such acts will lead to improvement. We may take the risk of drastic action, in personal life or in public policy, but we must always be aware, never forget, that we may be mistaken, that certainty about the effect of such measures invariably leads to avoidable suffering of the innocent.
Wrapping in Images
Authors: Gell Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In traditional Polynesian societies, tattooing played a key role in the social construction of the person. This study is the first to provide a comparative analysis of tattooing in its original setting, based on a comprehensive survey of the documentary sources, both written and visual. Drawing on modern social theory, psychoanalysis, and contemporary anthropological studies of Polynesia, Alfred Gell demonstrates that tattooing formed part of a complex array of symbolic techniques for controlling sacredness and protecting the self. This framework is used to elucidate the iconographic meaning of tattoo motifs, as well as the rich corpus of mythology surrounding tattooing in certain Polynesian societies, and the complex rituals associated with the tattooing operation. However, not all ancient Polynesian societies placed an equal emphasis on tattooing, and not all exploited the basic metaphors of tattooing in the same way. Dr Gell provides a wide-ranging comparative political analysis of the main Polynesian societies in order to show consistent correlations between forms of political structure and different tattooing institutions. In this way, Wrapping in Images can be read as a general introduction to Polynesian comparative sociology, viewed from the perspective of body symbolism.
European Federalism The Lessons of Past Experience
Authors: Riker William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we begin this consideration of European federations, it is worth while recalling that only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have federations been a widely used constitutional form. They were rare before the nineteenth century and it may be that they will become less attractive in the twenty-first century. But for now they are generally approved of. And this is surprising because this era has also been an era of nationalism when the nation-state, the sovereign political organization of the people, is also approved of. These two forms are in some ways inconsistent: nation-states derive from, justify, and separate out a single ethnic group, while federations may—and often do—bring together political units with different ethnic bases. So a difficult problem for interpreting federalism is to explain the twentieth-century support for this pragmatic, instrumental constitution in an era that embraces simultaneously the emotional and often irrational loyalties of nationalism.
Can there be a Stable Federal Balance in Europe?
Authors: Scharpf Fritz W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In its present shape, the European Union is more than a mere alliance of nation-states. But it is also far from being a fully developed political system with a democratically legitimized government of its own. The Union has remained at this halfway house between confederacy and federation much longer than both the optimistic and the pessimistic theorists of European integration would have thought possible in the 1950s and early 1960s. However, at the beginning of the 1990s the European constellation is changing, and new factors seem to increase the pressure towards political integration. As a result, Europe will have to deal with increasing tensions between the urgency of effective central regulation and the equally compelling need to respect the cultural diversity and institutional autonomy of its nations and regions.
Foreign Policy Thinking
Authors: Light Margot 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the evolution of foreign policy views in the Russian Federation after the disintegration of the Soviet Union. It looks at the domestic debates about foreign policy among political elites and at the development of official views, particularly as they were articulated in the official foreign policy ‘concept’. We begin, however, in this first section by exploring the problems facing the new Russian leadership in terms of deciding what foreign policy to adopt, how these problems were reflected in the range and nature of the foreign policy debate, and who the political elite was which participated in the debate.
The Village
Authors: Barnes R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Visitors like the early missionaries have often begun their accounts of Lamalera by describing it as it is approached from the sea. A small inlet lies at the foot of a very large volcano. The long rocky coast is accessible only at the small beach that lies at the inner edge of this inlet (see Plate 2). At the back of the beach stands a semicircle of thatched huts. These sheds house the boats. Behind them may be seen a stone wall about two metres high, providing protection from the sea on the one side and retaining the soil upon which the dwellings stand on the other. The houses stand four or five or six deep behind the boat sheds and restraining wall and are so close to each other that it is difficult to get past them. In the open places and along the sides of the houses are situated platforms for drying fish. The air may be made intolerable from the smell of fish and whale. The buildings in this semicircle comprise the lower half of Lamalera. To the west of the beach a steep and once very difficult climb leads to the upper half of the village (see Plates 3 and 4).
Disaster, Migration, Foundation, and History
Authors: Barnes R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lamalera means ‘sun plate’, a definition I have heard hotly defended when someone was so rash as to suggest that it actually means a plate made from the leaves of the lera tree. The leaves of this tree allegedly are small and of no consequence, whereas the distinguished history of the people of Lamalera makes them worthy to live in a village named for the sun or to be, as Wintjes (1895: 57) dubbed them, children of the sun.
Fishing
Authors: Barnes R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hellmuth (1853: 233) wrote that the straits of Solor and Flores are very rich in fish, the manifold distinct and splendid species of which are almost uncountable. As Medical Officer Second Class stationed at the small Dutch outpost at Lohayong, Solor (then called by the Dutch Lawaijong, etc.), he made a collection of some sixty-six types of fish which together with the contributions of other naval medical officers became the basis of several scientific articles by Bleeker (see Hellmuth 1853: 234; Bleeker 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854).
Large Boats
Authors: Barnes R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The large boats used in Lamalera for deep-sea fishing and hunting are hand made, planked double outrigger vessels of over ten metres length and just over two metres at their widest point (see Plates 22 and 23). These boats comfortably accommodate fourteen men. A bamboo platform extends a further 1.5 metres in front of the boat upon which the harpooner stands when throwing his harpoon.
Open-Sea Fishing and Hunting
Authors: Barnes R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once the transition has taken place to the calmer south-east monsoon winds of the dry season, the time has come for daily use of the téna for open-sea fishing and hunting. In the past, the beginning of this season was marked by a large ceremony in the centre of the beach attended by residents of both the upper and the lower villages. Today the ceremony continues to be held in a mixture of Christian and traditional forms.
Fishing near Lobetobi and Pantar
Authors: Barnes R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toward the end of the period of deep-sea fishing in the middle of August it is common for some boats, six to nine in the best years, to load themselves with provisions and sail away from the village to other locations for up to a month or so of intensive fishing. In the 1960s as many as twenty boats would go to Lobetobi, Flores, to the point where the village was nearly empty of men. They would stay several months, sometimes coming back to Lamalera to unload and then going back to fish some more.
Early Whaling and Contacts with Timor
Authors: Barnes R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his D’Amboinsche Rariteitkamer, the Dutch naturalist Georg Everhard Rumf or Georgius Everhardus Rumphius (1705) discusses at length the theories of the origin of ambergris and records a good deal of original information about strandings of whales in the eastern islands, but makes no mention of indigenous whaling.1 Hunting of whales by the islanders of Lewoleba, that is, Lembata was mentioned as early as 1643 in an anonymous Portuguese document (Anonymous 1956: 487).2 The whales were hunted with harpoons for their oil, and the author implies that the islanders collected and sold ambergris at Larantuka, Flores.
Lamalera Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Barnes R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lamalera is a community which straddles several dichotomies. As such it does not differ from its neighbours, except in the particular combination of dichotomies involved and its position in them. In the past it was landless or virtually landless. Today, this is less true, but still relatively so. Nevertheless, until recently the community and its leaders were politically potent in the region. It is a poor and remote community in an impoverished province, yet it has long served as a window of trade and communications to the outer world for much of south Lembata, and in recent decades it has achieved a degree of international fame drawing increasing numbers of tourists to it. In the past it was a magnet attracting population from elsewhere, and today still retains an essentially alien definition within its own cultural region, but today it has become demographically stagnant for reasons which are better attributed to its successes in accepting the challenges and opportunities of the modern nation and economy than to its failures.
The Relationship of Age at Menarche and Fertility in Undernourished Adolescents
Authors: Riley Ann P , Samuel Julia L , Huffman Son Sandra L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship of age at menarche to fertility is important in developing countries, where the average age at menarche is sometimes two or three years later than in developed countries. The average age at menarche is between 12.5 and 13 years in most contemporary US and European populations (Marshall and Tanner, 1986). In addition, marriage occurs soon after menarche in many developing countries, and there is virtually no use of effective contraception between marriage and first birth. Thus, the interval between menarche and first birth may be only a few years or less. Nutritional status is widely recognized as one of the most important nongenetic determinants of the onset of menstruation. Evidence to support this hypothesis comes from three principal sources:
Breastfeeding and Fertility
Authors: McNeilley A S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Breastfeeding suppresses fertility for a period which varies considerably between individuals and among different societies. Until recently the reason for this variation in the duration of infertility was unclear, but it is now apparent that it depends on the strength of the suckling stimulus and its impact on prolactin and gonadotrophin secretion. In a non-contracepting, breastfeeding woman, the interbirth interval can be divided into four major components: (1) the recovery of the hypothalamopituitary-ovarian axis from the suppressive effects of placental steroids during pregnancy (20 to 30 days); (2) the period of lactational amenorrhoea; (3) a period during which menstruation returns associated with inadequate or adequate corpus luteum function; and (4) pregnancy. Over the last few years we have investigated the relationship between suckling activity and the resumption of ovarian activity, concentrating on the underlying mechanisms involved.
Interrelations between First Home-Ownership, Constitution of the Family, and Professional Occupation in France
Authors: Courgeau Daniel , Leliévre Éva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important aim in the life of a Frenchman or Frenchwoman is to become the owner of his or her own home. Nevertheless, in 1982, only 50.6% of French households were home-owners, and among households whose head was between 55 and 64 years old, this proportion rose to 63.5%. These results, which reflect a behaviour pattern toward home-ownership distinct from other European countries, are well known from census data. Nevertheless, the processes that lead to the fulfilment of this ambition to own a home are more difficult to study. To analyse this process of first home-ownership, longitudinal data are necessary. In order to obtain such data, we conducted a survey that collected retrospective information on the entire family, professional career, and migration histories of the interviewees. The sample consists of the life histories of 4602 individuals, and is representative of the population living in France in 1981 and born between 1911 and 1935. These data will enable us to explore in more detail the process of home-ownership.