bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adenoidectomy Does Not Significantly Reduce the Incidence of Otitis Media in Conjunction With the Insertion of Tympanostomy Tubes in Children Who Are Younger Than 4 Years: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Hammarén-Malmi Sari , Saxen Harri , Tarkkanen Jussi , Mattila Petri S. 
Published: July 2005

Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of adenoidectomy in reducing the incidence of otitis media among children who are younger than 4 years and receive tympanostomy tubes.Methods. A randomized trial was conducted at a tertiary center clinic. A total of 217 children who were aged 12 to 48 months and had recurrent acute otitis media (&gt;3 episodes during the past 6 months) or chronic otitis media with effusion, no obstructive symptoms as a result of adenoid enlargement, and no previous surgical intervention were enrolled in the study. Adenoidectomy in conjunction with the insertion of tympanostomy tubes or insertion of tympanostomy tubes without adenoidectomy was studied. The number of otitis media episodes during the follow-up period of 12 months was measured.Results. During the follow-up, the mean number of otitis media episodes was 1.7 among children who underwent adenoidectomy with concurrent insertion of tympanostomy tubes and 1.4 among children who received tympanostomy tubes only. The risk for recurrent otitis media (≥3 episodes) could not be reduced by adenoidectomy (odds ratio: 1.66; 95% confidence interval: 0.80–3.46).Conclusion. Adenoidectomy does not significantly reduce the incidence of acute otitis media in otitis prone children who are younger than 4 years and receive tympanostomy tubes.
Safety and Immunogenicity of the American Academy of Pediatrics–Recommended Sequential Pneumococcal Conjugate and Polysaccharide Vaccine Schedule in Pediatric Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
Authors: Lin Philana Ling , Michaels Marian G. , Green Michael , Mazariegos George V. , Webber Steven A. , Lawrence Kathy S. , Iurlano Kathy , Greenberg David P. 
Published: July 2005

Objective. Solid organ transplant recipients are at increased risk for invasive pneumococcal disease. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends immunization with sequential pneumococcal vaccines for this group; however, data are lacking. Accordingly, this study was designed to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the recommended regimen.
Methods. Pediatric solid organ transplant recipients (n = 25) between 2 and 18 years of age who had not previously received 7-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (PCV7) were enrolled. These patients received 2 doses of the PCV7 and a single dose of the 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (23V). Each vaccine dose was given 2 months apart. Healthy age-matched controls (n = 23) were enrolled for comparison. Controls received a single dose of PCV7 followed 2 months later by a single dose of 23V. Antibody concentrations to serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay prevaccination, 2 months after each vaccine dose and 5 to 7 months after 23V. Local and systemic reactions to each vaccine dose were recorded.
Results. Systemic and injection-site reactions were comparable between the 2 groups. Significant rises in serotype-specific pneumococcal antibody geometric mean concentrations from prevaccination levels were observed in both groups; however, final antibody responses to serotypes 1, 4, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F were significantly lower in solid organ transplant recipients compared with the control group. Antibody concentrations did not increase significantly among solid organ transplant patients after the second dose of PCV7. No additional increase in PCV7-associated serotype-specific antibody levels was observed after the 23V dose in both groups. Heart transplant recipients had lower antibody responses compared with liver transplant recipients.
Conclusions. Although the pneumococcal vaccine regimen was safe and immunogenic among pediatric solid organ transplant recipients, the patients did not seem to benefit from the second dose of PCV7 or from the 23V dose given 2 months later. Additional studies are needed to determine the number of PCV7 doses and the interval between PCV7 and 23V to induce optimal responses.
Risk Factors Associated With Sudden Unexplained Infant Death: A Prospective Study of Infant Care Practices in Kentucky
Authors: Shields Lisa B. E. , Hunsaker Donna M. , Muldoon Susan , Corey Tracey S. , Spivack Betty S. 
Published: July 2005

Objective. To ascertain the prevalence of infant care practices in a metropolitan community in the United States with attention to feeding routines and modifiable risk factors associated with sudden unexplained infant death (specifically, prone sleeping position, bed sharing, and maternal smoking).Methods. We conducted an initial face-to-face meeting followed by a telephone survey of 189 women who gave birth at a level I hospital in Kentucky between October 14 and November 10, 2002, and whose infants were placed in the well-infant nursery. The survey, composed of questions pertaining to infant care practices, was addressed to the women at 1 and 6 months postpartum.Results. A total of 185 (93.9%) women participated in the survey at 1 month, and 147 (75.1%) mothers contributed at 6 months. The racial/ethnic composition of the study was 56.1% white, 30.2% black, and 16.4% biracial, Asian, or Hispanic. More than half of the infants (50.8%) shared the same bed with their mother at 1 month, which dramatically decreased to 17.7% at 6 months. Bed sharing was significantly more common among black families compared with white families at both 1 month (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 5.94; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.71–13.02) and 6 months (adjusted OR: 5.43; 95% CI: 2.05–14.35). Compared with other races, white parents were more likely to place their infants on their back before sleep at both 1 and 6 months. Black parents were significantly less likely to place their infants on their back at 6 months compared with white parents (adjusted OR: 0.14; 95% CI: 0.06–0.33). One infant succumbed to sudden infant death syndrome at 3 months of age, and another infant died suddenly and unexpectedly at 9 months of age. Both were bed sharing specifically with 1 adult in the former and with 2 children in the latter.Conclusions. Bed sharing and prone placement were more common among black infants. Breastfeeding was infrequent in all races. This prospective study additionally offers a unique perspective into the risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome and sudden unexplained infant death associated with bed sharing by examining the survey responses of 2 mothers before the death of their infants combined with a complete postmortem examination, scene analysis, and historical investigation.
Hormonal Effects in Infants Conceived by Assisted Reproductive Technology
Authors: Rojas-Marcos Patricia Martin , David Raphael , Kohn Brenda 
Published: July 2005

Objective.
The purpose of this report is to describe 7 infants conceived by assisted reproductive technology (ART) who presented with breast development and/or pubic hair. The clinical presentation in these infants raises awareness that an altered intrauterine hormonal milieu may impact the fetal and infant stages of children conceived by ART.

Methods.
Between May 2001 and April 2004, 7 children between the ages of 5 and 21 months conceived by ART were referred by their pediatricians to the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology at the New York University School of Medicine for evaluation of possible precocious puberty. Patients were evaluated for the possibility of centrally mediated precocious puberty and pseudoprecocious puberty, with a possible ovarian or adrenal origin.

Results.
Endocrine evaluation in all patients indicated sex-steroid and hormone levels in the prepubertal range; pelvic sonography confirmed prepubertal ovaries with unstimulated uteri. Clinical follow-up of our patients thus far has not revealed progression of breast development, pubarche, or elevation in sex steroids.

Conclusions.
It is well established that the developing endocrine system in the fetus and maturation of endocrine-control systems are influenced by hormone concentrations in the fetus. Whether ART alters the intrauterine hormonal milieu for the growing fetus conceived by ART is as yet unknown and is an area of ongoing investigation. Patients conceived through ART, including our patients who presented with hormonal manifestations, will need to be monitored throughout childhood and into adolescence and adulthood to determine if any perturbation exists on the timing of puberty and later fertility.
Effectiveness of the 2003–2004 Influenza Vaccine Among Children 6 Months to 8 Years of Age, With 1 vs 2 Doses
Authors: Ritzwoller Debra P. , Bridges Carolyn Buxton , Shetterly Susan , Yamasaki Kristi , Kolczak Margarette , France Eric K. 
Published: July 2005

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of 1 and 2 doses of the 2003–2004 influenza vaccine in preventing medically attended influenza-like illness (ILI) among children 6 to 23 months and 6 months to 8 years of age.
Design and Methods. Outpatient and emergency department visits and immunization records were used to conduct a retrospective cohort study among children 6 months to 8 years of age. ILI and pneumonia and influenza (P&I) outcomes were defined on the basis of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes. Influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) was calculated as (1 − hazard rate ratio) × 100.
Results. A total of 29726 children were included in the analyses; 17.3% were 6 to 23 months of age. By November 19, 2003, the start of peak influenza activity, 7.5% and 9.9% of children 6 months to 8 years were fully or partially vaccinated against influenza, respectively. For fully vaccinated children 6 to 23 months of age, VE against ILI and P&I was 25% and 49%, respectively. No statistically significant reduction in ILI or P&I rates was observed for partially vaccinated children 6 to 23 months of age (−3% and 22%, respectively). For fully vaccinated children 6 months to 8 years of age, VE against ILI and P&I was 23% and 51%, respectively. For partial vaccination, VE was significant only for P&I (23%).
Conclusions. Despite a suboptimal match between the influenza vaccine and predominant circulating strains, influenza vaccination provided substantial protection for fully vaccinated children and possibly some protection for partially vaccinated children &lt;9 years of age. These findings support vaccinating targeted children even when the vaccine match is suboptimal, and they highlight the need to vaccinate previously unvaccinated children with 2 doses for optimal protection.
Screening and Interventions for Overweight in Children and Adolescents: Recommendation Statement
Authors:   US Preventive Services Task Force
Published: July 2005

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) is an independent panel of non-federal experts in prevention and primary care that systematically reviews the evidence of effectiveness and develops recommendations for clinical preventive services. This recommendation addresses the evidence for the accuracy of screening children and adolescents using BMI, the effectiveness of behavioral and pharmacologic interventions in improving health outcomes in these children, and the potential harms of routine screening and intervention. Using USPSTF methodology, an analytic framework with key questions was developed to guide the systematic review, which serves as the basis for this recommendation.The number of children and adolescents who are overweight has more than doubled in the last 25 years. Childhood and adolescent overweight is associated with increased health risks. The USPSTF found insufficient evidence for the effectiveness of behavioral counseling or other preventive interventions with overweight children and adolescents that can be conducted in primary care settings. Currently, available studies are limited by factors such as small sample sizes, poor generalizability, and variable follow-up. Based upon this critical gap in the evidence for effectiveness, the USPSTF concludes that the evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against routine screening for overweight in children and adolescents as a means to prevent adverse health outcomes (“I” recommendation). There are several gaps in the research evidence on screening and interventions for overweight children and adolescents in the primary care setting. Research is needed to provide well-defined and effective approaches to medical and psychological screening in children, as well as effective clinical approaches for the prevention and treatment of overweight in children that can be implemented by primary care clinicians.
Seasonal Harvest, Exploitation, Size Selectivity, and Catch Preferences Associated with Winter Yellow Perch Anglers on South Dakota Lakes
Authors: Isermann Daniel A. , Willis David W. , Lucchesi David O. , Blackwell Brian G. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
We evaluated harvest patterns, exploitation, size selectivity, and angler catch preferences associated with winter fisheries for yellow perch Perca flavescens (i.e., ice fishing) on South Dakota lakes. Seasonal trends in the percentage of anglers targeting yellow perch and in yellow perch harvest were apparent in creel surveys on seven lakes; trends varied among lakes. Exploitation of yellow perch was estimated on two lakes through tag-return studies. Nonreporting rates estimated from surrogate postcards varied between angler groups (19–52%). On East 81 Slough, where the relative stock density (RSD) of yellow perch of 254 mm or longer (RSD-254) was low (RSD-254 = 10), exploitation was only 7% during the winter of 2000–2001; much of the total annual mortality (48%) in the population was attributed to natural causes (40%). Conversely, the estimated exploitation rate on Pelican Lake, where size structure was dominated by larger fish (RSD-254 = 92), was 61% from December to June. Anglers on East 81 Slough demonstrated size-selective harvest of yellow perch, harvesting higher proportions of older, larger fish than were observed in trap-net samples. High percentages of anglers on both lakes reported preferences for catching or harvesting fewer, larger yellow perch rather than catching or harvesting more, but smaller, fish. Variation in the size structure of the yellow perch available to anglers will probably result in variable exploitation rates both among populations and among years within a single population. Angler catch preferences and size selectivity suggest that future management strategies should be designed to provide reasonable numbers of large yellow perch to meet angler desires.
Descriptive complexity of finite structures: Saving the quantifier rank
Authors: Pikhurko Oleg , Verbitsky Oleg 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe say that a first order formula Φ distinguishes a structure M over a vocabulary L from another structure M′ over the same vocabulary if Φ is true on M but false on M′. A formula Φ defines an L-structure M if Φ distinguishes M from any other non-isomorphic L-structure M′. A formula Φ identifies an n-element L-structure M if Φ distinguishes M from any other non-isomorphic n-element L-structure M′.We prove that every n-element structure M is identifiable by a formula with quantifier rank less than and at most one quantifier alternation, where k is the maximum relation arity of M. Moreover, if the automorphism group of M contains no transposition of two elements, the same result holds for definability rather than identification.The Bernays-Schönfinkel class consists of prenex formulas in which the existential quantifiers all precede the universal quantifiers. We prove that every n-element structure M is identifiable by a formula in the Bernays-Schönfinkel class with less than quantifiers. If in this class of identifying formulas we restrict the number of universal quantifiers to k, then less than quantifiers suffice to identify M and. as long as we keep the number of universal quantifiers bounded by a constant, at total quantifiers are necessary.
The superintuitionistic predicate logic of finite Kripke frames is not recursively axiomatizable
Authors: Skvortsov Dmitrij 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe prove that an intermediate predicate logic characterized by a class of finite partially ordered sets is recursively axiomatizable iff it is “finite”, i.e., iff it is characterized by a single finite partially ordered set. Therefore, the predicate logic LFin of the class of all predicate Kripke frames with finitely many possible worlds is not recursively axiomatizable.
Demography
Authors: Timæus Ian M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDemography is the study of human populations with respect to their size and structure and of the components of population change, in particular, fertility, mortality, and migration. This article outlines the more important sources of data, substantive issues, concepts, methods, and models in demography. The discipline's central concern is to measure, explain, and model the dynamics of human populations. Thus, one crucial application of demography is the forecasting of population change by means of cohort‐component projections. Classical demographic measures and techniques of analysis were developed largely for the study of vital statistics with census‐based denominators. They include the calculation of age‐specific rates, standardization, and life‐table analysis. More recently, the growing importance of individual‐level analysis of survey data has led to convergence between demographic methods and other forms of statistical analysis.
Radiation Epidemiology
Authors: Ron Elaine , Lubin Jay H. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractRadiation epidemiology is a specialized field of epidemiology that seeks to characterize and quantify the health risks associated with exposure to ionizing and nonionizing radiation. One of the principal aims of radiation epidemiology is to provide the human data needed to recommend or set protection standards for workers and the general public. The data also are used to estimate levels of risk from diagnostic radiation procedures, to indicate how radiotherapy protocols can be improved to reduce acute and long‐term side effects, to better understand individual susceptibility, and to learn more about disease mechanisms.
Bias in Case–Control Studies
Authors: Shapiro Samuel , Rosenberg Lynn 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
We discuss two classes of bias that arise in case–control studies, selection bias and information bias. A third source of bias, confounding, is not considered in this article. Selection bias arises either when cases in the study sample are not representative of cases arising from the source population (“study base”) or when controls are not representative of corresponding noncases in the study base. Sources of selection bias include bias in identifying cases or noncases in the study base, nonrepresentative sampling techniques, and selective refusal to participate (nonresponse bias). Use of nonrepresentative controls, such as hospital‐based controls, can lead to bias if the exposure distribution differs from that of controls in the study base. Information bias arises from inaccurate reporting of exposures and other covariates by cases or controls, and can result in serious distortion of estimated odds ratios when the errors in reporting by cases and controls are differential (recall bias).
Birth Defect Registries
Authors: Hanson James W. , Oakley Godfrey P. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBirth defects registries can be used to determine the prevalence of birth defects in newborns and can serve as a source of cases for etiologic investigations. We discuss the types of information in population‐based and nonpopulation‐based birth defects registries. We describe some prevention policies that were based on studies of registered cases and population controls.
Case–Control Study
Authors: Wacholder Sholom , Hartge Patricia 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
We review design options for case–control studies and considerations for determining whether a case–control or cohort study is more appropriate for a given purpose. One issue is exposure data quality, which may be poorer in a case–control study than in a cohort study, and subject to differential error (recall bias). This must be weighed against the cost efficiencies and other advantages of the case–control design. We describe case and control selection, including the use of hospital‐based controls (secondary base studies) in which controls are not sampled from the population base that gave rise to cases. Other design options, including matching and the use of two‐phase studies are described, as well as approaches to analysis. It is pointed out that not only odds ratios, but also absolute risks, are estimable from population‐based case–control studies.
Case–Control Study, Prevalent
Authors: Lang Janet M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractCase–control studies based on incident cases are well suited to studies of etiologic factors that affect disease onset. A prevalent case–control study includes subjects who have survived to the time of the study and had a previous history of disease onset. Associations with prevalent disease may therefore reflect not only disease onset but also influences on survival following disease onset. In a steady state population, the prevalence odds ratio for an exposure equals the incidence odds ratio times the ratio of mean survival times following disease onset. We discuss the interpretation of prevalent case–control studies, with examples of nosocomial infection and of neural tube defects.
Cohort Study
Authors: Prentice Ross L. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA cohort study is based on a sample of individuals who are followed to determine disease events over a defined follow‐up period. Disease rates can be calculated from such a study as well as relative risks associated with measured exposures and other covariates. If the cohort identification precedes the follow‐up period, the study is prospective; otherwise, the cohort study is retrospective. Some advantages of the cohort design, compared to the case–control design, include the ability to study a variety of health outcomes and to obtain high quality exposure information before disease develops, thus avoiding recall bias. We review basic elements, including study design and sample size, cohort selection and follow‐up, covariate history ascertainment, study conduct, data analysis, effects of measurement error, and validation substudies. We discuss the cohort study in relation to case–control designs, nested case–control designs, and case–cohort studies, as well as the role of intervention studies versus observational cohort studies.
Collapsibility
Authors: Greenland Sander 
Published: July 2005

AbstractConsider theI × J × Kcontingency table representing the joint distribution of three discrete variables,X,Y, andZ, theI × Jmarginal table representing the joint distribution ofXandY, and the set of conditionalI × Jsubtables (strata) representing the joint distributions ofXandYwithin levels ofZ. A measure of association ofXandYis said to bestrictly collapsibleacross Z if it is constant across the conditional subtablesandthis constant value equals the value obtained from the marginal table. Noncollapsibility (violation of collapsibility) is sometimes referred to as Simpson's paradox after a celebrated article by Simpson, but the same phenomenon had been discussed by earlier authors, including Yule. The termcollapsibility, however, seems to have arisen later in the work of Bishop and colleagues.
Exposure Effect
Authors: Gail Mitchell H. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
An exposure effect is a quantitative measure of the impact of an exposure on an outcome measure. Exposure effects, such as relative risk or risk difference, correspond to coefficients of terms in regression models. In the presence of interactions, an exposure effect defends on the levels of other factors, Exposure effects based on regression models can be regarded as summary measures of individual‐level causal exposure effects.