bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ldentifying Emotions Associated with Anger
Authors: Golden Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides guidelines and strategies to help you assist your child in identifying and better understanding emotions that precede and are associated with anger. In addition, special attention is given to exploring how anxiety, depression, and shame may be associated with anger. Identifying and understanding emotions that precede and are associated with anger are essential steps in making sense of anger. A child who recognizes these emotions can more fully understand the complexity of his anger. Through this process he increases his connection with himself and becomes more aware of his wants and needs.
Anger, Hostility, and Aggression: The Need for Special Support
Authors: Golden Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When does anger become so problematic that special help is indicated for your child? Is there always a clear indication when such support is necessary? What are the specific signals that your child or teen is increasingly having difficulty with anger? Should you wait until your child or teen is physically aggressive before seeking help? Could children or teens have severe difficulty with anger even though they never express any form of anger? These are just a few of the questions that will be answered in this chapter.
As previously indicated, the strategies in this book are primarily intended for teaching healthy anger management to children and teens who do not experience severe difficulties with anger. However, those with more acute difficulties with anger can benefit from learning these skills when they are used in conjunction with special support.
Public Transit
Authors: Hockenberry John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was a shock to return to the United States in 1990, where it routinely took an act of God to hail a taxi. There was nothing religious about New York City, even on Christmas Eve. I had taken a cab from midtown to Riverside Church on the west side of Manhattan only to find that my information about a Christmas Eve service there was mistaken. The church was padlocked, which I only discovered after getting out of the cab into the forty-mile-an-hour wind and the twenty-degree weather. I tried all of the doors of the church and found myself alone at close to midnight, without a taxi, on December 24 at 122d Street and Riverside Drive.
Checkerspot Research : Background and Origins
Authors: Ehrlich Paul R , Hanski Ilkka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a story about butterflies, whose beauty and variety fascinated us as children and fascinates us still. It tells how we and our colleagues developed one group of butterflies, the checkerspots, into a model study system with which to do research and answer basic questions in ecology and evolution. We’ve tried to create one population biological analogue to the well-known model systems in other biological disciplines, such as the fruit flies of classical genetics and the chick embryos of early embryology. This book describes what has been discovered while studying the checkerspot system and how those findings relate to what is known about other organisms. It is a story of increasing understanding both about how the living world works and about how to preserve humanity’s natural capital, biodiversity (Daily 1997).
1763–1766 “A Loss of Respect and Affection”
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Late in life Andrew Oliver resembled the type that Hollywood once selected to portray a pernicious big businessman. He stares out from his sole surviving portrait as hard-bitten, perhaps not quite malevolent, but unappealing nonetheless. Residents of colonial Boston knew him as a pillar of society and a force in Massachusetts Bay politics. There seemed to be an inextricable link between the Oliver family and political power in the colony. In 1765 Oliver, then fifty-nine years of age, served as the secretary of the colony and, like his father before him, he too sat in the upper house of the assembly. His younger brother, Peter, was the Chief Justice of Massachusetts, though he had not been trained as a lawyer.
1787–1789 “So Much Unanimity and Good Will”
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fifty-five men from twelve states came to Philadelphia in May 1787 to consider alterations to the Articles of Confederation. Only the delegations of host Pennsylvania and Virginia were in place on May 14, the starting date set at the abortive meeting in Annapolis, but late starts remained as commonplace as they had been in 1754, when Franklin and others had come to Albany to plan for a likely war with France. Travel conditions had not improved appreciably over the years, and in 1787, after one of the wettest springs in memory, many delegates had to negotiate roads that had been rendered quagmires.
Social Network Approaches to HIV Prevention: Implications to Community Impact and Sustainability
Authors: Latkin Carl A , Knowlton Amy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first two decades of HIV prevention research demonstrate the limitations of individual-oriented approaches to behavior change and the need for understanding alternative, social-level approaches to behavior change. Predominant individual-oriented, psychoeducational approaches to intervention are insufcient to alter the course of HIV epidemics (Kalichman, Kelly, & Stevenson, 1997). Models of behavior change employed in HIV prevention intervention tend to be highly cognitive, emphasizing such factors as risk perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs, diverting attention from the social and economic contexts that help shape these cognitions. Moreover, individual-level approaches also present challenges to identifying and recruiting hard-to-reach, socially and economically marginalized populations often at highest risk for HIV. Furthermore, individual-oriented interventions tend to lack sustainability, with most HIV behavioral change decaying over 3 to 6 months after intervention.
Transferring HIV Prevention Technology to Community-Based Organizations: How Can HIV Prevention Scientists Play an Effective Role in Practice?
Authors: Miller Robin Lin , Greene George J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to explore the contextual conditions that affect why AIDS-related community-based organizations might welcome research-based HIV prevention technologies or view them skeptically and as failing to serve community development aims. Our purpose is to try to characterize the environment in which AIDS community-based organizations perform their work and how preventing AIDS is viewed from the standpoint of the community-based organizations to which researchers seek to disseminate their research and HIV prevention programs. Our hope is to promote greater dialogue among researchers and staffs of community-based organizations about how to marry scientfic aims to disseminate research-based HIV prevention technologies, hereinafter referred to as “technology transfer,” with the social change, service provision, community development, and survival concerns of community-based organizations.
Integration and Modularity in the Evolution of Sexual Ornaments: An Overlooked Perspective
Authors: Badyaev Alexander V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The expression of sexual ornaments often reflects male health and overall physiological condition, and females mating with the most ornamented males are assumed to produce the best-adapted offspring and receive the most benefits from such males (Andersson 1994). However, there are a number of unresolved issues in the evolution of sexual traits that reflect males’ condition. On one hand, sexual traits, such as deer antlers, beetle horns, or elongated bird tails, are under strong directional selection for greater expression, and this selection favors reduced integration (e.g., favors modified allometric relationships) between sexual traits and the rest of the organism (Eberhard 1985; Emlen and Nijhout 2000). Indeed, most sexual traits are “stand-alone” structures (e.g., deer antlers are far less integrated and more variable than frontal bones of which they are a part). On the other hand, sexual traits are expected to indicate the physiological condition and health of an individual, such that the expression of sexual traits represents a complex summary of many organismal processes (Wedekind 1992; Johnstone 1995). However, to be such a summary, sexual traits should be highly integrated into many organismal functions. This represents a paradox where sexual traits are expected to be both less integrated for greater expression, and more integrated to better indicate physiological quality.
Integration, Modules, and Development: Molecules to Morphology to Evolution
Authors: Klingenberg Christian Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Living organisms are intricately organized developmental systems, which at the same time are very flexible but also highly robust. They are flexible to respond to environmental conditions by changing developmental processes and the resulting phenotype accordingly, but they are also robust in that all these developmental changes in different parts are coordinated and the end result is an integrated, functional organism. Similarly, there is considerable flexibility for evolutionary change of specific parts, while robustness of the overall body plan ensures continued integration of multiple organismal functions.
Morphological Integration Primate Evolution
Authors: Ackermann Rebecca Rogers , Cheverud James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Morphological integration plays an important role in directing evolutionary change. As evolutionary morphologists, we are interested in how the relationships among integrated morphological elements constrain or facilitate the evolution of complex phenotypes. Quantitative genetic models and related empirical tests suggest that functional and developmental integration at the level of the individual causes coinheritance of morphological elements, thereby affecting the evolution of heritable variation, and causing coordinate evolution at the population level (Cheverud, 1982, 1984, 1989a, 1995, 1996a, 1996b). Olson and Miller (1958) developed the concept of morphological integration, proposing that traits that interacted in development or function would tend to evolve together. Later theoretical work has supported this intuition. It was proposed that functionally or developmentally interacting traits would come under correlating selection (Sokal 1978; Cheverud 1982, 1984; Lande and Arnold 1983), so that functionally well integrated phenotypes would be favored by natural selection. Correlating selection is a form of stabilizing selection in which the fitness associated with any given trait depends on the value of functionally interacting traits. Lande (1980a, 1984) showed that correlating selection would cause the evolution of the genetic correlation between traits to approximate the level of correlation specified by correlating selection. Finally, Lande’s (1979, 1980b) models of multivariate evolution under genetic drift and natural selection demonstrate that selection on any one trait also causes the evolution of genetically correlated traits. Hence, functional and developmental integration result in correlating selection, which in turn leads to genetic integration and the coevolution of functionally and developmentally related traits.
Poor Women and Girls in a Wealthy Nation
Authors: Belle Deborah , Dodson Lisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although corporate profits and chief executive pay have been at record levels in recent years, over 34 million Americans live below the poverty line, and a majority of these are women and children (Proctor & Dalaker, 2003). Among women who head their own households, 28.8% are poor, with even higher poverty rates among single mothers who are African American (37.4%) or Hispanic/ Latina (36.4%) (Proctor & Dalaker, 2003). The United States has the highest child poverty rate among the wealthy nations (Mishel, Bernstein, & Boushey, 2003). Economic mobility for those in poverty is also lower in the United States than in other rich countries (Mishel et al., 2003). Recent decades have been difficult ones for most working Americans, as many workers have lost health insurance, retirement benefits, and paid sick leave. Half of U.S. workers earn less than would provide a minimal living standard for a parent of two children who was employed full time year-round. Responding to these realities, U.S. workers now work more hours per year than workers in any of the other industrialized nations, and with fewer supports, such as subsidized child care, paid vacations, and paid parental leave (Heymann, 2000).
Women and Relationships
Authors: Brabeck Mary M , Brabeck Kalina M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first person with whom the infant has a relationship is the mother. Since Freud (1925/1961), this observation has led to a number of psychodynamic views of the critical role of the motherclaim that this relationship is crucial in determining how we form other human relationships. For most infants, the father enters the psychological world much later than the mother and is, therefore, not involved in the most primitive emotional stages of the developing infant. Most psychodynamic theorists also have claimed that there are important differences between mother-daughter and mother-son relationships.
The Interplay of Physical and Psychosocial Development
Authors: Greca Annette m. La , mackey, Eleanor race , miller karen bearman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today, perhaps more so than ever, interest in the integration of girls’ and women’s psychological and physical health is valued and recognized as an important area of study. Within this context, the purpose of this chapter is to describe the interplay of physical and psychosocial factors in girls’ development, and to encourage readers to consider this interplay in interactions with preadolescent and adolescent girls. The chapter is not comprehensive, but rather focuses on examples to illustrate key ways that girls’ physical and psychosocial functioning are interrelated. The issues illustrated complement materials described in other chapters of this book.
Aging and Identity: How Women Face Later Life Transitions
Authors: Whitbourne Susan Krauss , Skultety Karyn M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of women in later adulthood poses a number of theoretical and methodological challenges.By far, the preponderance of late-life research has failed to give specific attention to the psychosocial processes involved in women’s adaptation to aging. Most research on aging and women either derives from a medical model, focusing on menopause and related health concerns, or fails to examine the roles that women play outside the home in the workplace and the community. In this chapter, we explore the implications of a model that examines identity in adulthood to better understand the psychology of women in later life. This exploration is based on cross-sectional data comparing women and men across the adult years. Following the examination of this model, we review the research on women in the roles of family member and retiree, interpreting the existing data and providing reallife examples in terms of the identity process model. Finally, we suggest potential areas for intervention to improve the experience of women as they age.
Women’s Issues at the End of Life
Authors: Gallagher-thompson Dolores , Dillinger Jennifer , Gray Heather L , Cardenas Veronica , Singer, Lani , hsu Shannon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Helping older individuals deal with end-of-life (EOL) issues is a topic of increasing significance to psychological and medical communities. In 1997, the Institute of Medicine issued its landmark report on improving care at the end of life (Field & Cassel, 1997). In 1998, the American Psychological Association (APA) established a working group on assisted suicide and EOL decisions that resulted in a report to the APA Board of Directors delineating historical changes in EOL care, including the relative invisibility of psychology in this arena and current and potential roles for psychologists interested in working with EOL issues (APA Ad Hoc Committee on End-ofLife Issues, 2000). In 2000, the APA established the Ad Hoc Committee on End-of-Life issues that helped to create an APA-sponsored Web site on this topic and also developed a fact sheet on EOL care based on behavioral and social science research findings. Most recently, in 2004, clinical practice guidelines for an interdisciplinary approach to palliative care were published, which represent a consensus of five major United States palliative-care organizations (National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care, 2004). Taken together, these publications provide a context for understanding this important domain of clinical practice.
Positive Aging: Reconstructing the Life Course
Authors: Gergen Mary M , Gergen Kenneth J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Across the life span, the stereotype of the aging woman is the most negative of all age and gender groups. She is often portrayed as a marginalized figure—ugly, undesirable, and weak—in the late stages of physical and mental decline. The reputation of being old is so negative that most older people refuse to define themselves as such (Friedan, 1993). Also contributing to this negative view of aging is the traditional value of productivity. With deep roots in the Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism, this view of aging shows a strong tendency to equate personal worth with productive achievement. As feminist critics point out, because women’s “production” is so frequently allied with their capacity to bear children, older women, who no longer reproduce, are doubly vulnerable to being found wanting (Martin, 1997).
Afterword
Authors: Goodheart Carol D , worell judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contributors to the Handbook have presented a kaleidoscopic view of psychological health. These viewpoints converge into a biopsychosocial perspective on girls and women. The multifaceted approach takes into account their risks, needs, and strengths, as well as the social, economic, and cultural realities of their lives. The four major sections of the book allow the reader to assimilate an overview, consider factors across the life span, examine topics specific to particular phases of life, and assess special problems and resources. Now we look forward and extrapolate from the lessons learned. What is needed in the future? The world is growing smaller and it will be important to consider the status of women globally; national boundaries are likely to become increasingly fluid and health risks can readily cross borders. For example, at the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo, members of the United Nations established goals for the year 2015: improve women’s reproductive health, education, and rights; reduce infant mortality; and curb population growth.
Phylogenetics of the Insect Pathogenic Genus Beauveria
Authors: Rehner Stephen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beauveria (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) is a cosmopolitan genus of soilborne entomogenous molds. As one of the first entomopathogenic fungi to be discovered, elucidation of the role of Beauveria as the cause of white muscardine, a devastating disease afflicting the European silk­ worm industry in the 18th and 19th centuries, initiated the study of fungal insect pathology. Additionally, scientific studies by Agostino Bassi demonstrating that Beauveria was the infectious disease agent that caused the white muscardine dis­ ease of silkworm were important antecedents to the germ theory of disease, arguably one of the most significant theories in the history of science. Although investigation of Beauveria was instigated by the need to protect a beneficial domesticated insect, Beauveria is also an important natural pathogen of insects, its hosts including many economically important insect pests. As a result, a great deal of research on Beauveria has been motivated by and has focused on the applied use of Beauveria in insect biological control.
Phylogeography of Metarhizium, an Insect Pathogenic Fungus
Authors: Bidochka Michael J , Small Cherrie L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between the years 2000 and 2003, more than 150 publications were devoted to the insect-pathogenic fungus Metarhizium. These studies cover molecular biology of pathogenesis, biochemistry, biocontrol, and population genetics. Metarhizium species are known to infect more than 200 insect species, many of which are major agricultural and forest insect pests such as spittlebugs, sugar cane borers, termites, scarab grubs, and grasshoppers (St. Leger 1993).
Ecology and Evolution of Fungal Endophytes and Their Roles against Insects
Authors: Arnold A Elizabeth , Lewis Leslie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Symbiotic associations between fungi and photosynthetic organisms are both ancient and ubiquitous (Alexopoulos et al. 1996; Berbee 2001; Heckman et al. 2001). Comprising interactions spanning mutualism to antagonism, fungi associated with living plants shape both the diversity and species composition ofa wide array of terrestrial communities (Clay and Holah 1999; Clay 2001; Wilson et al. 2001; Castelli and Casper 2003; Gilbert 2002; Gehring 2003; Packer and Clay 2003). Yet, ecological interactions have been catalogued for only an extreme minority (&lt;5%) of the 1.5 million species offungi thoughtto exist (Hawksworth 1991, 2001) with most research focusing on above- and below-ground plant pathogens (Agrios 1997) and on rhizosphere symbionts such as mycorrhizal fungi (Rygiewicz and Andersen 1994; Husband et al. 2002). In contrast, the diversity, species composition, ecological relevance, and evolutionary importance of diverse and abundant fungi occurring in the phyllosphere have not been established for most plant-fungus associations. Such is the case for fungal endophytes-those fungi that colonize and form unapparent infections in healthy plant tissues (Petrini 1991)-which are known from photosynthetic tissues in all major lineages of plants studied thus far, but which have been studied extensively in only a few focal plant clades.
The Fungal Roots of Microsporidian Parasites
Authors: Fast Naomi M , Keeling Patrick J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Microsporidia are a group of eukaryotic intracellular parasites that commonly infect animals, but they have also been found as parasites of two members of the alveolate protists: gregarine apicomplexa and ciliates (Vivier 1975; Sprague et al. 1992; Sprague and Becnel 1999). There are just more than a dozen microsporidian species known to infect humans, and these cause a variety of illnesses, including diarrhea and hepatitis (Weber et al. 1999; Franzen and Muller 2001). Human infections tend to involve immunocompromised hosts such as organ transplant recipients or AIDS patients (Weber et al. 1994; Weber and Bryan 1994). Microsporidia are also known to infect a number of other mammals, but the most common microsporidian infections are those of fish and arthropods (Becnel and Andreadis 1999; Shaw and Kent 1999). Within the arthropods, insect-infecting microsporidia are particularly common, and some of the best characterized microsporidia are insect pathogens. Of the roughly 1200 species of microsporidia currently defined, a significant proportion of these parasitize insects, with more than half of the described genera infecting an insect (Becnel and Andreadis 1999).