bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refining the Biblical Picture of God’s Actions in History
Authors: Kirkpatrick Frank G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the heart of the Christian faith and its Scriptures is the conviction that God is together bound with God’s creation in the struggle to achieve justice and peace, for humanity as well as for the natural order as a whole. The Scriptures have been called the book of the acts of God. And those acts have been understood by countless generations of Jews and Christians as constituting God’s attempt to steer the course of nature and history toward the building up of an inclusive community in which all have become reconciled with all-in which the bonds of love have bound together all of creation and in which God is to be the focus and the source of the mutual celebration of loving communion, ultimately triumphing over the counterforces of evil.
The Challenge and Possibility of Christian Community
Authors: Kirkpatrick Frank G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is clear from a biblical point of view, that one of God’s most decisive and sustaining acts is the creation of human community. It can even be said that the establishment and continuation of com munity is God’s ultimate intention in all of God’s historical action. We need, in this final chapter, to spell out more fully the meaning of that community, its relation to the development and fulfillment of the individual person, and its place within the life of a world in which community is daily denied by injustice and the absence of peace. Finally, we need to say something about the role that the understanding of community plays in the life of those persons who are engaged in the ministries and discipleship of peace and justice as they await, in hope, the consummation of God’s kingdom on earth as it is in heaven.
The Study of what we Built
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A history of architecture is both less and more than a grand tour. It does not have the immediacy of walking through the streets and public places of towns as diverse as Isfahan and London, or stepping into covered spaces that range in mood from the dappled, swarming tunnels of Muslim suqs to the single-minded sublimity of the Pantheon in Rome.
The Rise of the City: Architecture in Western Asia
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the opening of a Sumerian myth about the moon-god Nanna, and it dates from the beginning of the second millennium B.c.-the time of the third rearrangement of Stonehenge. There are two. noteworthy things about this bit of poetry from Mesopotamia. First, it is a written record: a distant culture speaks to us through it directly. This is a very different relationship to the past than the one we had established with the Britons of Salisbury who could reach us only through the mute testimony of their stones. And second, the passage sings rapturously of a thing called the city, set on a river, serviced by canals, blessed with good freshwater.
Bronze age Cities: The Aegean and Asia Minor
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Classical culture is the handiwork of Greeks, and the long process of fashioning it begins early, perhaps about 1700 B.C. The Greek-speaking people associated with this initial phase of the story, the Mycenaeans, do not appear to have been a native race. A warlike stock, they moved into mainland Greece and the nearby islands of the Aegean probably from western Asia Minor, and by about 1600 B.C. were in firm control of this region. They built a number of independent citadel towns famous in later legend- Pylos, Tiryns, Mycenae itself-and were using a form of early Greek that modern scholarship has named Linear B.
The Greek Temple and "Barbarian" Alternatives
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second millennium before Christ had been, for the eastern Mediterranean, a period of prosperous and forward states. Endowed with mobility and technical acumen , these societies built supple environments sympathetic with their political and social aims. Contemporary western Europe by contrast must be seen as backward. Despite the megalithic architecture of Stonehenge, Malta, and some spots on the continent, nowhere did the structure of society hint at the complex patterns of civilized life that were displayed in Egypt and Mesopotamia, the Aegean and Asia Minor. When intrepid Mycenaean sailors hugging the northern shores gained Sicily and the Tyrrhenian in search of metal-the obsidian of Lipari, the copper of Sardinia, and ores from the mines of Etruria between the Arno and Po rivers-this area led a simple pastoral life, innocent of urbanism.
The Triumph of Christ
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The third century A.D. proved to be a time of general unrest in the Old World. In China, peasant revolts and an intrigueminded imperial bureaucracy brought down the four-hundred-year-old Han dynasty in 200; partition and civil war followed immediately, starting a long period of bloody disunion. Four years later Ardashir I put an end to the cosmopolitan administration of the Parthians in Persia and established a nationalist state under his own Sassanian house. In 235 Emperor Alexander Severus, the last of an able, vigorous family of North African descent who had managed the affairs of Rome for several decades, was murdered. The end of Severan power plunged the Mediterranean into anarchy.
The French Manner
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometime around 1124 Abbot Bernard of Clairvaux addressed a scathing indictment against Cluny, the powerful monastic order that held sway over Christian Europe. Bernard was the leader of a new reformist order, the Cistercians. Its aim was to step back from the worldly success monasticism had garnered since the subsidence of postCarolingian disorders and to recover the ancient idealism of St. Benedict's Rule.
Edges of Medievalism
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
"Destined for great things." (Fig. 16.1) Historians of art and literature have taught us to see Villani's chauvinistic boast about his hometown as a prophecy fulfilled. They recite an honor list of Florentine glory for the fourteenth century: Dante, Petrarch, Giotto, Arnolfo di Cambia. Discussions of Renaissance art and architecture unfailingly begin in early fifteenth-century Florence with the triad of Brunelleschi, Donatello, and Masaccio.
The Renaissance: Ideal and Fad
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the years after the fall of Granada, Spain set out to complete its exorcism of those monuments that testified to the wonder of the long-lived Muslim culture, now permanently displaced. An unobtrusive Gothic chapel had already been inserted into the mosque of Cordoba toward the end of the century. In 1523 the clerics extracted from King Charles V the authorization to build a sizable cathedral in the middle of the Muslim sanctuary. When they were done, the arcades of the multiaisled interior and the reverberating vistas they afforded were rudely cut off.
Designing The Fin-De-Siecle
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A hundred years ago, during the previous fin-de-siecle, an anxious search was under way in the world of architecture. It was time to clean the slate of all historicist affects and to articulate a modern idiom befitting its own time. The Modern Movement, as we saw, had a mixed parentage-Art Nouveau and the early work of Frank Lloyd Wright and the landscape of industry-but a common aspiration. It staged a spirited fight and became established in a relatively short span, trampling the past, or so it believed, and coming to seem inevitable.
The Offensive and Inoffensive Jesus
Authors: mccracken David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If Jesus was suggesting that his disciples were somehow scribes being “trained for the kingdom of heaven” (Matt. 13:52), they were not the only scribes to encounter difficulties. In his novel If on a winter’s nigh.t a traveler, Italo Calvino relates a brief tale: Once-the biographers of the Prophet tell us-while dictating to the scribe Abdullah, Mohammed left a sentence half finished. The scribe, instinctively, suggested the conclusion. Absently, the Prophet accepted as the divine word what Abdullah had said. This scandalized the scribe, who abandoned the Prophet and lost his faith.
From Enthusiasm to Identity: An Evangelical Revolution in the Episcopal Church, 1740-1820
Authors: Butler Diana Hochstedt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On October 30, 1739, revivalist George Whitefield returned to America. Previously an Anglican missionary to Georgia, he had determined to revisit the colonies “to preach the Gospel in every province in America.”1 Not everyone anticipated his return eagerly; young Whitefield’s reputation as a controversial preacher preceded him. For years, he had agitated within the Church of England, preaching the necessity of being “born again”-one must feel one’s sins, repent, believe in Jesus Christ, and experience a new birth for salvation; only those so reborn were true Christians. He attacked formalism, spiritual deadness, and salvation by works-all aspects of his church. Multitudes received this message with enthusiasm and popularly acclaimed the messenger. Not everyone in England agreed with him, but anyone interested in religion knew of him. Whitefield’s return to America was no inauspicious event; it was a triumphal entry.
Eucharist, Trinity, and Coherence
Authors: Butin Philip Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
T.H.L. Parker has suggested that a major reason that Calvin’s position in the eucharistic controversies was so widely misunderstood and misrepresented (by Romanists as well as by Lutherans and Zwinglians) was that he was attempting to redefine the contemporary debate in radically different terms.1 The following quotation from Calvin’s initial comments on the subject in the 1536 Institutes illustrates Parker’s point: [I]nquisitive persons have wanted to define how the body of Christ is present in the bread. Some, to display their subtlety, added to the simplicity of scripture that he is present really and substantially. Others wanted to go farther, saying he is present in the same dimensions in which he hung on the cross.
Dimensions of African Discourse
Authors: Irele F Abiola 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now more than two hundred years since, as Africans, we have been using the European languages for self-expression. The circumstances in which these languages (English, French, and Portuguese, in particular) became available to us are too well known to require elaboration. What needs to be recalled for my theme is the fact that they bear the stamp of a tragic irony that, with remarkable prescience, William Shakespeare dramatized in the antagonistic relationship between Prospero and Cali ban in The Tempest. An important component of this relationship, as the play stresses, is the question of language, that is, of the modes of perception and of representation that govern the master/slave dialectic.
These circumstances, in their real historical manifestations, have determined the contours of modern African expression in the European languages. The themes and preoccupations that are central to the development of this expression and the uses to which the acquired literacy upon which it is grounded has been consciously put point to an imperative of the African consciousness: the intensive exploration by our writers, both at the imaginative and conceptual levels, of a peculiar and singular historicity. Whether in the form of imaginative literature or in directly ideological terms, writing has served us as a means of appropriating the European languages in an endeavor to transcend the vicissitudes of a problematic experience, in an effort toward an expressive grasp of the world in which that experience unfolds.
Karl Barth on Philosophy
Authors: Marsh Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nowhere is Bonhoeffer’s interest in the worldly texture of revelation better illustrated than in the way he employs philosophical sources in the practice of theology. While utterly convinced that revelation establishes its own criteria of truth and knowledge, Bonhoeffer nonetheless treats philosophy with a principled respect and with the conviction that certain themes can be taken into the service of thinking about the new social ontology of the living Christ. Bonhoeffer’s understanding of philosophy sets the general context within which I develop the specific discussions of christology (chapters 4 and 5), community (Chapter 6), and selfhood (Chapter 7). His approach, which I will introduce in the next chapter and then apply to his various conversation partners in the second part of the book, stands in contrast to Barth’s ambivalence toward the use of philosophy.
The Churches and Apartheid in South Africa
Authors: Johnston Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The origin of South Africa’s race-based policy of apartheid stems, in large measure, from three centuries of Dutch and British colonial presence. Attracted by its strategic position and rich diamond and mineral reserves, white South Africans exploited black labor to develop a world-class economy and, with it, an unparalleled system of racial discrimination and domination. In the formulation and institution of apartheid, the ruling National party relied heavily on the Dutch Reformed church for the theological underpinnings of a social system that contained the seeds of its own destruction.
Mapping Religion
Authors: Cooey Paula M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have analyzed the production of religious meaning and value in terms of how the creators and the practicers of several traditions, including artists, theorists, and activists, have employed religious symbols, myths, rituals, and disciplines as strategies to empower self and others in the name of higher values or causes. In short, I have sought to articulate the interrelations of knowledge, power, and value—both religious and moral. All the figures I have chosen share the status of relative outsider to a dominant culture; as outsiders they have employed a variety of strategies grounded in what they view to be the religious or moral authority of their experience, as represented by some kind of appeal to the body as source or resource for knowledge.
The People as Well as the Prelates: A Social History of a Denomination
Authors: Dolan Jay P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Denominational history has come a long way since the time of Philip Schaff. This is as true for historians of American Protestantism as it is for historians of American Catholicism. To understand the present style of writing denominational history, it is necessary to return to the past and to examine how historians, in this case historians of American Catholicism, have written denominational history.
Scenes of Feast and Fair: Dinners, Balls, Concerts, Races, Contests, and Shows
Authors: Neville Gwen Kennedy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The common riding is a serious performance and a crucial civic ritual, but it is also a festival enacting the important human behavior known as play. In times of play, people and groups withdraw temporarily from their positions in the fixed orderliness of everyday social structure and stand aside to laugh at themselves and the ordered world, to tum it upside down, to smear it with humor, and to relax it with reversals of the normal order of things. Victor Turner includes this time out of time and space in his definition of liminality, or the “antistructure” of human social life (Turner 1969). Within the liminal phase of ritual it is possible to transform the everyday into the extraordinary, to give expression to the outrageous and the creative, and to break rules that one would never break under regular conditions. As an expression of this transformation, shops and trades, including the mills, all close for a holiday, and so the workers have a day of leisure. One exception to the closing is, predictably, the pubs, which in contrast with the normal open hours in midday and evening, are open from early morning until late at night under special laws. Celebratory riders and walkers begin early to imbibe strong spirits, and by afternoon the atmosphere is festive indeed.
Other Jews, Other Responses
Authors: Kraemer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we were to allow the rabbinic record to direct our inquiry, we would now commence our consideration of rabbinic works proper. As far as the rabbis were concerned, there was no significant Jewish religious creativity between the Bible (which they believed to have been finished in the fifth century BCE) and themselves. But we know reality to have been otherwise, and it would be a significant distortion of the record to ignore the centuries whose spirit is not recorded in the official Jewish (rabbinic) canon. The rabbis do not respond only to the biblical tradition. Living Jewish tradition produced a wide variety of religious expressions in the centuries between the Bible and the rabbis (second century BCE-second century CE), and the rabbis surely were familiar with at least some of these expressions. If they did not choose to follow models which entered Jewish tradition during these centuries, that choice is significant. If they were unconvinced by explanations of suffering which, though without direct biblical precedent, were supported by important groups of Jews in the centuries before the rabbis came upon the scene, then it is essential that we consider what these alternatives might have been.
Introduction
Authors: Johnston Mark D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The spread of literacy beyond the great convents and the major schools was one of the most consequential changes in European culture around 1300. This development affected the Crown of Aragon no less than other regions of the medieval West. Two examples from diverse circumstances aptly illustrate its effects there. In the fall of 1292, King James II of Aragon sent brief letters to Ricard de Passanet, a “knight,” and to Roger de Vilaragut, the “portulan master for Sicily,” ordering them to return certain books, designated only as Librus romancii and Thesaurus, which they had borrowed from the king.’ Other records indicate that James was indeed an active collector and lender of books. In 1354 Vicar-General Francese Ruffach issued a compilation of synodal statutes for the diocese of Barcelona. These rules included the provision, already in force, that all parish priests, whether engaged in the care of souls or not, must own a copy of the guide to pastoral care prepared for them by John of Alexandria. These documents indicate situations—book lending among the aristocracy and widespread literacy among parish clergy—that would have been rare, if not impossible, a few centuries earlier.
Language as Being
Authors: Johnston Mark D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The analysis of Llull’s Great Art as an art of arts in the previous chapter notes at many points that his system comprises a vast program for interpreting all creatures as signs of the Creator. The Lullian Art is truly a universal guide to allegoria in rebus and allegoria in verbis. It treats all knowledge and being as a book laid open for human reading. This conception of the universe as text is, of course, an ancient, if not universal, way of making sense of the world. It certainly flourished in the medieval Christian West; indeed, Ramon Llull’s work is perhaps the outstanding testimony to its diffusion as a popular “worldview.” The easiest way to grasp this perspective is to imagine that it regards the existence of all things, their understanding by the human mind, and their representation in words as somehow homologous. Llull’s Great Art especially reinforces such a homology because his system establishes a common metaphysical basis for words, concepts, and things alike. Lullian metaphysics is insistently “superrealist” in both a subjective and an objective sense: it tends to conflate the content of understanding or expression with the actual concept or word itself. Since for Llull that understanding or expression includes the perception of so many spiritual truths, this superrealist metaphysics is already a virtual allegoria in rebus. Applied globally to things, concepts, and words, it is in fact a universal allegory, a kind of metaphysics of meaning. Insofar as Llull assumes that this meaning necessarily exists in reality prior to existing in thought or language, he never doubts that the world is always speaking even if no human ears or hearts are listening.
The Household of Israel: Is Anybody Home Besides Anne Frank and Eleazar ben Ya’ir?
Authors: Goldberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Holocaust as master story holds out only two choices for Jewish identity: victim or hero. Seen through the lens of the Holocaust, the Jewish past is an epic of suffering that culminated in the murder of 6,000,000 men, women, and children. From that perspective, the Jewish People’s future will look exactly like its past unless Jews heroically and unrelentingly resist the world’s undying anti-Semitism.
De Causa Peccati
Authors:   Regan
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Questio est de causa peccati. Et primo queritur utrum Deus sit causa peccati. Et uidetur quod sic. Dicit enim Apostolus ad Ro. I “Tradidit eos Deus in reprobum sensum ut faciant que non conueniunt”; ubi dicit Glosa Augustini sumpta de libro De gratia et libero arbitrio “Manifestum est Deum operari in cordibus hominum inclinando uoluntates eorum quocumque uoluerit, siue ad bonum siue ad malum.” Set inclinatio uoluntatis ad malum est peccatum. Ergo Deus est causa peccati.
Rituals (Li
c)
Authors: Ching Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chu has always been admired for the breadth of his scholarship. He contributed to the study of classics, especially by his work on the Book of Changes, which he regarded mainly as a divination text, and on the Book of Poetry, which includes love songs that he admitted had been given arbitrary political explanations by commentators. Chu also gave much attention to the study and annotation of the classical ritual texts.
Chu Hsi and Buddhism
Authors: Ching Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I began chapter I with a poem about opening a door: the gate to wisdom. For this book is about the religious thought of Chu Hsi, a thinker who taught pub licly and left behind a vast and coherent system that can, to a large extent, be mapped and understood. In other words, there is a door to his house, and one can go in. But a different metaphor has to be used when we talk about Ch’an Buddhism. While the Buddhist religion is also a public teaching, Ch’an prides itself on its mysterious subtlety. According to the gatha quoted above, the Way has no gate or, better still, no entry. What it has is a difficult pass, like that be tween steep mountains. We cannot speak of opening and closing the gates of Heaven and Earth, as does the Book of Changes. Nevertheless, we are assured that on the other side of the pass lie the mysteries of Heaven and Earth.