bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production of stem cells with embryonic characteristics from human umbilical cord blood
Authors: McGuckin C. P. , Forraz N. , Baradez M.‐O. , Navran S. , Zhao J. , Urban R. , Tilton R. , Denner L. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract.  When will embryonic stem cells reach the clinic? The answer is simple – not soon! To produce large quantities of homogeneous tissue for transplantation, without feeder layers, and with the appropriate recipient's immunological phenotype, is a significant scientific hindrance, although adult stem (ADS) cells provide an alternative, more ethically acceptable, source. The annual global 100 million human birth rate proposes umbilical cord blood (UCB) as the largest untouched stem cell source, with advantages of naive immune status and relatively unshortened telomere length. Here, we report the world's first reproducible production of cells expressing embryonic stem cell markers, – cord‐blood‐derived embryonic‐like stem cells (CBEs). UCB, after elective birth by Caesarean section, has been separated by sequential immunomagnetic removal of nucleate granulocytes, erythrocytes and haemopoietic myeloid/lymphoid progenitors. After 7 days of high density culture in microflasks, (105 cells/ml, IMDM, FCS 10%, thrombopoietin 10 ng/ml, flt3‐ligand 50 ng/ml, c‐kit ligand 20 ng/ml). CBE colonies formed adherent to the substrata; these were maintained for 6 weeks, then were subcultured and continued for a minimum 13 weeks. CBEs were positive for TRA‐1‐60, TRA‐1‐81, SSEA‐4, SSEA‐3 and Oct‐4, but not SSEA‐1, indicative of restriction in the human stem cell compartment. The CBEs were also microgravity–bioreactor cultured with hepatocyte growth medium (IMDM, FCS 10%, HGF 20 ng/ml, bFGF 10 ng/ml, EGF 10 ng/ml, c‐kit ligand 10 ng/ml). After 4 weeks the cells were found to express characteristic hepatic markers, cytokeratin‐18, α‐foetoprotein and albumin. Thus, such CBEs are a viable human alternative from embryonic stem cells for stem cell research, without ethical constraint and with potential for clinical applications.
Effect of prolonged mechanical ventilation on diaphragm muscle mitochondria in piglets
Authors: Fredriksson K. , Radell P. , Eriksson L. I. , Hultenby K. , Rooyackers O. 
Published: August 2005

Background:  Respiratory muscle weakness is a common problem in the intensive care unit and could be involved in difficulties in weaning from the ventilator after prolonged mechanical ventilation. Animal models have shown that mechanical ventilation itself impairs diaphragm muscle function. In this study we investigated whether diaphragm contractile impairment caused by mechanical ventilation and immobilization in piglets is associated with a derangement in diaphragm mitochondria.Methods:  Seven piglets received controlled mechanical ventilation during 5 days. A control group of eight piglets were anaesthetized and surgically manipulated in the same way, but were mechanically ventilated for 4–6 h. After mechanical ventilation, diaphragm muscle biopsies were taken for measurements of mitochondria content, mitochondrial respiratory enzymes and markers of oxidative stress.Results:  Diaphragm mitochondrial content, as assessed by citrate synthase activities and volume density, was not different between the control and ventilated piglets. Activity of complex IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain decreased by 21% (P = 0.02) when expressed per muscle weight and by 11% (P = 0.03) when expressed per citrate synthase activity. There were no changes in the markers of oxidative stress between the two groups.Conclusion:  Five days of mechanical ventilation and immobilization decreased the activity of complex IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the diaphragm muscle of the piglets.
Respiration can be monitored by photoplethysmography with high sensitivity and specificity regardless of anaesthesia and ventilatory mode
Authors: Nilsson L. , Johansson A. , Kalman S. 
Published: August 2005

Background:  Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non‐invasive optical technique used, for instance, in pulse oximetry. Beside the pulse synchronous component, PPG has a respiratory synchronous variation (PPGr). Efforts have been made to utilize this component for indirect monitoring of respiratory rate and volume. Assessment of the clinical usefulness as well as of the physiological background of PPGr is required. We evaluated if anaesthesia and positive‐pressure ventilation would affect PPGr.Methods:  We recorded reflection mode PPGr, at the forearm, and the respiratory synchronous changes in central venous pressure (CVP), peripheral venous pressure (PVP) and arterial blood pressure (ABP) in 12 patients. Recordings for each patient were made on three occasions: awake with spontaneous breathing; anaesthetized with spontaneous breathing; and anaesthetized with positive‐pressure ventilation. We analyzed the sensitivity, specificity, coherence and time relationship between the signals.Results:  PPGr sensitivity for breath detection was [mean (SD)] >86(21)% and specificity >96(12)%. Respiratory detection in the macrocirculation (CVP, PVP and ABP) showed a sensitivity >83(29)% and specificity >93(12)%. The coherence between signals was high (0.75–0.99). The three measurement situations did not significantly influence sensitivity, specificity or time shifts between the PPGr, PVP, ABP, and the reference CVP signal despite changes in physiological data between measurements.Conclusion:  A respiratory synchronous variation in PPG and all invasive pressure signals was detected. The reflection mode PPGr signal seemed to be a constant phenomenon related to respiration regardless of whether or not the subject was awake, anaesthetized or ventilated, which increases its clinical usefulness in respiratory monitoring.
McArdle's disease and anaesthesia: Case reports. Review of potential problems and association with malignant hyperthermia
Authors: Bollig G. , Mohr S. , Ræder J. 
Published: August 2005

Background: McArdle's disease of isolated deficiency in glycogen degradation in skeletal muscles has the potential of creating perioperative anaesthesiological problems; such as hypoglycaemia, rhabdomyolysis, myoglobinuria, acute renal failure and possibly malignant hyperthermia.Methods: Eight patients with McArdle's disease were asked about previous surgery, anaesthesia and perioperative problems, and available hospital records were reviewed. Existing literature was reviewed for reports on McArdle's disease and anaesthesia.Results: The eight patients had 35 anaesthesias (23 general anaesthesias, three regional anaesthesias and nine local anaesthesias). Perioperative problems of a non‐specific nature were mentioned in three cases of general anaesthesia: two with postoperative nausea/vomiting, and one with an episode of tachycardia and low blood pressure. Three patients were tested for malignant hyperthermia (MH) using thein vitrocontracture test (IVCT); two of them with a positive result. The literature search revealed seven case reports of McArdle's disease and anaesthesia. Apart from one report of hyperthermia, pulmonary oedema and rhabdomyolysis; probably not associated with MH, no problems were encountered from the literature search.Conclusion: McArdle's disease does not seem to cause severe perioperative problems in routine anaesthetic care. However, measures for preventing muscle ischaemia and rhabdomyolysis should be kept in mind, as well as the potential for these patients to develop postoperative fatigue, myoglobinuria and renal failure. Although no clinical association with malignant hyperthermia has been established, many of these patients can have a positivein vitrocontracture test, and simple prophylactic measures, as with malignant hyperthermia, may be recommended if otherwise not contraindicated.
Venous oxygen saturation during normovolaemic haemodilution in the pig
Authors: Krantz T. , Warberg J. , Secher N. H. 
Published: August 2005

Background:  Hypovolaemia may be considered to represent a volume‐restricted cardiac output (CO), but CO varies inversely with the haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and a maximal mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) may be a better target for volume administration than a maximal CO.Methods:  In 10 anaesthetized pigs, volume loading with 6% hydroxyethyl starch was performed to obtain a maximal SvO2 followed by normovolaemic haemodilution with 6% hydroxyethyl starch.Results:  Volume loading increased SvO2 from 55.0 ± 5.2% to 64.8 ± 9.0% (mean ± SD) associated with an increase in CO (2.3 ± 0.4 to 3.5 ± 0.9 l/min) and central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2; 68.2 ± 9.3% to 79.4 ± 7.2%; P < 0.05). Heart rate (HR), mean arterial (MAP), central venous (CVP), pulmonary arterial mean (PAMP), and occlusion pressures (PAOP) increased as well (P < 0.05). In contrast, during progressive haemodilution, SvO2 and ScvO2 remained statistically unchanged until the haemoglobin concentration had decreased from 5.5 ± 0.4 to 2.9 ± 0.2 mM, while CO and HR increased at a haemoglobin value of 4.4 ± 0.4 and 4.0 ± 0.4 mM and CVP and PAOP decreased at a haemoglobin of 4.0 ± 0.4 and 2.9 ± 0.2 mM, respectively (P < 0.05) leaving MAP unaffected.Conclusion:  This study found that volume loading increased cardiac output and mixed and central venous oxygen saturations in parallel, but during normovolaemic haemodilution an increase in cardiac output left mixed and central venous oxygen saturations statistically unchanged until haemoglobin concentration was reduced by ∼50%. Accordingly, volume therapy should be directed to maintain a high venous oxygen saturation rather than a change in cardiac output.
Single‐dose dexmedetomidine attenuates airway and circulatory reflexes during extubation
Authors: Guler G. , Akin A. , Tosun Z. , Eskitascoglu E. , Mizrak A. , Boyaci A. 
Published: August 2005

Background:  The alpha agonist dexmedetomidine, a sedative and analgesic, reduces heart rate and blood pressure dose‐dependently. We investigated whether it also has the ability to attenuate airway and circulatory reflexes during emergence from anaesthesia.Methods:  Sixty ASA I–III patients received a standard anaesthetic. Five minutes before the end of surgery, they were randomly allocated to receive either dexmedetomidine 0.5 µg/kg (Group D) (n = 30) or saline placebo (Group P) (n = 30) intravenously (i.v.) over 60 s in a double‐blind design. The blinded anaesthetist awoke all the patients, and the number of coughs per patient was continuously monitored for 15 min after extubation; coughing was evaluated on a 4‐point scale. Any laryngospasm, bronchospasm or desaturation was recorded. Heart rate (HR) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SAP, DAP) were measured before, during and after tracheal extubation. The time from tracheal extubation and emergence from anaesthesia were recorded.Results:  Median coughing scores were 1 (1–3) in Group D and 2 (1–4) in Group P (P < 0.05), but there were no differences between the groups in the incidence of breath holding or desaturation. HR, SAP and DAP increased at extubation in both groups (P < 0.05), but the increase was less significant with dexmedetomidine. The time from tracheal extubation and emergence from anaesthesia were similar in both groups.Conclusion:  These findings suggest that a single‐dose bolus injection of dexmedetomidine before tracheal extubation attenuates airway‐circulatory reflexes during extubation.
Neuroprotective effect of mivazerol, an α2‐agonist, after transient forebrain ischemia in rats*
Authors: Kimura T. , Sato M. , Nishikawa T. , Tanaka M. , Tobe Y. , Masaki Y. 
Published: August 2005

Background:  We examined whether mivazerol, an α2‐agonist, had neuroprotective effects after transient forebrain ischemia in rats.Methods:  Male Sprague‐Dawley rats, anesthetized with halothane, were assigned to one of four groups (n = 10 each): control (C, normal saline) and mivazerol 10 µg/kg (M10), 20 µg/kg (M20) and 40 µg/kg (M40) groups. Thirty minutes after drug administration, forebrain ischemia was induced with hemorrhagic hypotension and bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 10 min, and then the brain was reperfused. The neurologic outcome was evaluated 24 h, 48 h and 7 days after ischemia, followed by histologic evaluation.Results:  The survival rate during 7 days was significantly lower in group M40 than in groups M10 and M20 (P < 0.05). The neurologic outcome was significantly better in groups M10 and M20 than in group M40 7 days after ischemia (P < 0.05). The number of intact neurons in hippocampal CA1 was significantly greater in group M20 than in the other groups (P < 0.05). Neuronal injury in the neocortex was significantly less in group M20 than in groups C and M40 (P < 0.05).Conclusions:  Our results suggest that mivazerol, up to 20 µg/kg, provides neuroprotective effects, whereas 40 µg/kg may exaggerate neuronal injury after transient forebrain ischemia in rats.
Beneficial effects of hypertonic saline/dextran on early survival in porcine endotoxin shock
Authors: Somell A. , Sollevi A. , Suneson A. , Riddez L. , Hjelmqvist H. 
Published: August 2005

Background:  Hypertonic saline/dextran (HSD) has been shown to have beneficial effects in haemorrhagic shock. These effects, with improved haemodynamics and organ perfusion, would in theory also be of benefit in septic shock. However, this is less studied. We have therefore further evaluated the effect of additional treatment with HSD in a porcine endotoxin shock model.Methods:  Sixteen anaesthetized pigs were used. A continuous infusion of endotoxin (LPS EC) was increased stepwise during 30 min to a rate of 5 µg/kg/h. The infusion was discontinued after 3 h and the animals were observed for another 2 h. The animals received continuous basal fluid resuscitation with isotonic Ringer's glucose 2.5% at a rate of 20 ml/kg/h throughout the experiment. After 1 h of endotoxin infusion, the animals were randomized to additional treatment with HSD, 4 ml/kg over 5 min, or the same volume of isotonic saline. Every 30 min, haemodynamics and mixed venous saturation (SvO2) were measured via a pulmonary artery catheter. Regional blood flow rates were measured continuously by perivascular ultrasonic flow probes. The metabolic response was measured by arterial blood gas analysis.Results:  The endotoxin put all animals into a progressive hypodynamic circulatory shock during the experiment. Treatment with HSD improved survival rate to 8/8 compared with controls 3/8. There was a transient circulatory recovery with improved central and regional haemodynamics, accompanied by stabilized metabolic response.Conclusion:  Treatment with additional HSD improves survival in an early phase of endotoxin shock. Generally improved haemodynamics and oxygenation of peripheral tissues are suggested as possible mechanisms.
Bispectral Index™ values are higher during halothane vs. sevoflurane anesthesia in children, but not in infants
Authors: Edwards J. J. , Soto R. G. , Bedford R. F. 
Published: August 2005

Background:  Previously, we have shown in adult patients that bispectral index score (BIS) values are significantly higher during halothane anesthesia (53–61 units) as compared with those observed during equipotent concentrations of sevoflurane (39–43 units). Because halothane is frequently used in the pediatric setting, we tested the hypothesis that BIS values observed in children might also be higher during general anesthesia with halothane than with sevoflurane.Methods:  Forty‐one healthy, unpremedicated pediatric patients scheduled for elective operations received either halothane or sevoflurane titrated as appropriate for surgical stimulation.Results:  During maintenance sevoflurane anesthesia (n = 20), the mean BIS values and percent end‐tidal concentrations were 44 ± 14 and 2.1 ± 0.6, respectively, whereas for the halothane group (n = 21) the corresponding values were 61 ± 7 and 1.1 ± 0.4, respectively.Conclusion:  These findings suggest that BIS values are higher during halothane vs. sevoflurane anesthesia in children, but not in infants
The role of the medial temporal lobe in autistic spectrum disorders
Authors: Salmond C. H. , Ashburner J. , Connelly A. , Friston K. J. , Gadian D. G. , Vargha‐Khadem F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe neural basis of autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs) is poorly understood. Studies of mnemonic function in ASD suggest a profile of impaired episodic memory with relative preservation of semantic memory (at least in high‐functioning individuals). Such a pattern is consistent with developmental hippocampal abnormality. However, imaging evidence for abnormality of the hippocampal formation in ASD is inconsistent. These inconsistencies led us to examine the memory profile of children with ASD and the relationship to structural abnormalities. A cohort of high‐functioning individuals with ASD and matched controls completed a comprehensive neuropsychological memory battery and underwent magnetic resonance imaging for the purpose of voxel‐based morphometric analyses. Correlations between cognitive/behavioural test scores and quantified results of brain scans were also carried out to further examine the role of the medial temporal lobe in ASD. A selective deficit in episodic memory with relative preservation of semantic memory was found. Voxel‐based morphometry revealed bilateral abnormalities in several areas implicated in ASD including the hippocampal formation. A significant correlation was found between parental ratings reflecting autistic symptomatology and the measure of grey matter density in the junction area involving the amygdala, hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. The data reveal a pattern of impaired and relatively preserved mnemonic function that is consistent with a hippocampal abnormality of developmental origin. The structural imaging data highlight abnormalities in several brain regions previously implicated in ASD, including the medial temporal lobes.
Graded classes of cortical connections: quantitative analyses of laminar projections to motion areas of cat extrastriate cortex
Authors: Grant Simon , Hilgetag Claus C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCurrent hierarchical models of the cerebral cortex are mainly based on qualitative connection studies. From wheatgerm‐agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase injections, we examined the laminar patterns of projections to and between the three major subdivisions of the motion‐processing lateral suprasylvian (LS) complex [areas posteromedial lateral suprasylvian area (PMLS), anteromedial lateral suprasylvian (AMLS), posterolateral lateral suprasylvian area (PLLS)] of cat extrastriate cortex and of an adjoining form‐processing area, 21a. We counted ∼ 145,000 labelled projection cells in 20 cortical areas in 11 cats, and applied various analyses to the data, expressed as the percent supragranular layer (%SG) origin of each connection. We report two main results. (i) A wide range of %SG values was obtained, both from each individual cat and across the 163 projections examined. Nonetheless, both hierarchical and non‐parametric cluster analyses of the pooled connection origins suggested the presence of three distinct laminar projection classes, constrained by graded %SG values of 0–33%, 39–69% and 76–97%. These conformed, respectively, to feedback, lateral and feedforward laminar patterns seen qualitatively in our material. (ii) Hierarchical connectivity analyses suggested that PMLS, AMLS and PLLS are ordered in a hierarchical sequence. Macaque motion areas V5/MT, MST and FST are arranged in a similar sequence, and areas at equivalent levels of the two motion hierarchies have some analogous functional specializations. Our findings provide the first objective support for the three laminar projection classes that underpin existing theoretical models of hierarchical cortical organization, and they suggest that the implementation of higher‐order motion processing evolved along similar lines in the cat and monkey visual cortex.
Effect of combined treatment with methylprednisolone and soluble Nogo‐66 receptor after rat spinal cord injury
Authors: Ji Benxiu , Li Mingwei , Budel Stephane , Pepinsky R. Blake , Walus Lee , Engber Thomas M. , Strittmatter Stephen M. , Relton Jane K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMethylprednisolone (MP) is a synthetic glucocorticoid used for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). Soluble Nogo‐66 receptor (NgR) ectodomain is a novel experimental therapy for SCI that promotes axonal regeneration by blocking the growth inhibitory effects of myelin constituents in the adult central nervous system. To evaluate the potential complementarity of these mechanistically distinct pharmacological reagents we compared their effects alone and in combination after thoracic (T7) dorsal hemisection in the rat. Treatment with an ecto‐domain of the rat NgR (27–310) fused to a rat IgG [NgR(310)ecto‐Fc] (50 µm intrathecal, 0.25 µL/h for 28 days) or MP alone (30 mg/kg i.v., 0, 4 and 8 h postinjury) improved the rate and extent of functional recovery measured using Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) scoring and footprint analysis. The effect of MP treatment on BBB score was apparent the day after SCI whereas the effect of NgR(310)ecto‐Fc was not apparent until 2 weeks after SCI. NgR(310)ecto‐Fc or MP treatment resulted in increased axonal sprouting and/or regeneration, quantified by counting biotin dextran amine‐labeled corticospinal tract axons, and increased the number of axons contacting motor neurons in the ventral horn gray matter caudal to the lesion. Combined treatment with NgR(310)ecto‐Fc and MP had a more pronounced effect on recovery of function and axonal growth compared with either treatment alone. The data demonstrate that NgR(310)ecto‐Fc and MP act in a temporally and mechanistically distinct manner and suggest that they may have complementary effects.
The anterior ectosylvian visual area of the ferret: a homologue for an enigmatic visual cortical area of the cat?
Authors: Manger Paul R. , Engler Gerhard , Moll Christian K. E. , Engel Andreas K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe present paper describes the results of electrophysiological mapping experiments focused on the anterior limb of the ectosylvian gyrus of the ferret (Mustela putorius). The aim was to determine if the ferret possessed a homologous cortical area to the anterior ectosylvian visual area (AEV) of the domestic cat, but not clearly delineated in any other mammal studied to date. We were able to gather data on the visuotopic organization of a region that we consider to be a homologue of cat AEV. The visual map in this area showed a distinct visuotopic organization and covered a large extent of the visual field. Within the ferret AEV there were clusters of bimodal recording sites (somato‐visual and audio‐visual) that were located adjacent to surrounding unimodal cortical areas (such as the second somatosensory area and primary and secondary auditory areas). The ferret AEV, like that of the cat, was topographically isolated from other visual cortical areas by intervening auditory and somatosensory areas. Taken together these features suggest that the region described here as AEV in the ferret is indeed a direct homologue of the previously described cat AEV.