bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxidation studies with peroxomonophosphoric acid. II. A kinetic and mechanistic study of dimethyl sulfoxide oxidation in acid and alkaline media
Authors: Panigrahi G. P. , Panda Radhasyam 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe kinetics of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) oxidation by peroxomonophosphoric acid (PMPA) in aqueous medium at 308 K and I = 0.4 mol/dm3 follow the rate expressions
equation image
In the pH range from 0 to 2, where k1 and k2 are 5.092 × 10−1 dm3/mol sec and ≃ 0, respectively;
equation image
in the pH range from 4 to 7, where k2 = 8.127 × 10−3 and k3 = 2.90 × 10−3 dm3/mol sec; and
equation image
in the pH range from 10 to 13.6, where k4 ≃ 0, and k5 = 3.08 × 10−2 dm3/mol sec.The reaction is interpreted in terms of mechanisms involving an electrophilic and a nucleophilic attack of the peroxomonophosphoric acid species, respectively, in acid and alkaline regions, on the sulfur atom of the sulfoxide molecule giving rise to S‐type transition states followed by oxygen‐oxygen bond fission to form the products.
Charcot on Parkinson's disease
Authors: Goetz Christopher G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCharcot saluted Parkinson for his early observations, but condemned his use of the term “paralysis agitans.” He emphasized that patients were neither dramatically weak nor were they necessarily plagued with tremor. Charcot suggested the name “Parkinson's disease,” although he could not resist the comment in his amphitheater lecture series at the Salpětrièe that French physicians (unnamed) had probably described the disorder before 1817. Tremor, rigidity, postural instability, and bradykinesia were all recognized by Charcot. He classified the disorder as a “névrose,” meaning a neurologic disorder without a known pathologic lesion, and found little benefit from therapies available at the time, including belladonna and ergot products.
Pain in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Goetz Christopher G. , Tanner Caroline M. , Levy Mark , Wilson Robert S. , Garron David C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe studied the prevalence and character of pain in Parkinson's disease (PD) and its association with motor fluctuations. Of 95 outpatients, 46% experienced pain they attributed to PD. Patients with pain were younger but no more disabled on objective motor scores than patients without pain. Musculoskeletal, dystonic, and join pains were most frequent. Painful episodes, especially musculoskeletal cramps, usually occurred when parkinsonian disability was maximal.
Parkinsonism and acquired hydrocephalus
Authors: Jankovic Joseph , Newmark Michael , Peter Philip 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLeft hemiparkinsonism was the first symptom of increased intracranial pressure in a 14‐year‐old girl. The parkinsonism resoved when the increased intracranial pressure was relieved by a ventriculo–peritoneal shunt. This is the first case of parkinsonism associated with hydrocephalus caused by non‐neoplastic aqueductal stenosis.
Electrophysiology of the corticomotoneurone pathways in patients with movement disorders
Authors: Thompson P. D. , Dick J. P. R. , Day B. L. , Rothwell J. C. , Berardelli A. , Kachi T. , Marsden C. D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe corticomotoneurone pathways were examined in 21 patients with movement disorders, using the technique of percutaneous electrical stimulation of the motor cortex. Conduction in these pathways was assessed by measuring the latency to onset of electromyographic activity in the muscles of the upper limb after cortical stimulation. In all patients [five with primary (idiopathic) torsion dystonia and two with secondary (symptomatic) hemidystonia, seven with Huntington's disease, four with essential tremor, and three with Parkinson's disease] central motor conduction was normal. This and other evidence suggests that the origin of the disorder of movement in these conditions lies in the delivery of abnormal motor commands to a normal corticomotoneuronal system.
Opioid responsiveness in patients with neuroleptic‐induced akathisia
Authors: Walters Arthur , Hening Wayne , Chokroverty Sudhansu , Fahn Stanley 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFive patients with either acute or tardive neuroleptic‐induced akathisia (5 weeks to 1 1/2 years duration) were videotaped before, during, and after a 2‐week trial of propoxyphene (Darvon), 100 mg q.i.d., or acetaminophen (Tylenol) with 30 mg codeine, two tabs, q.i.d. Three “blinded” observers, experienced in movement disorders, rated the involuntary movements shown on the videotapes and agreed that, on opioids, all patients showed substantial to complete improvement of their stereotyped restless akathitic movements. Matching placebo was not beneficial. One patient who had improved on opioids was challenged with naloxone while on the opioids. There was a brief but severe reactivation of the akathisia. Our results suggest that opioids offer a selective therapy for patients with neuroleptic‐induced akathisia and further suggests that the endogenous opiate system may be involved in patients with neuroleptic‐induced akathisia.
The relative selectivity of anticholinergic drugs for the M1 and M2 muscarinic receptor subtypes
Authors: Burke Robert E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAnticholinergic drugs are used to treat a number of neurologic disorders, including parkinsonism, vestibular disturbances, and dystonia. Traditionally, these drugs have been thought to act in similar fashion, as competitive antagonists at a single class of muscarinic receptors, and not to differ significantly in their therapeutic efficacy. Recently, however, pharmacologic studies have shown that the novel antagonist pirenzepine is capable of recognizing heterogeneity among muscarinic receptors; high‐affinity pirenzepine sites have been classified as M1 sites and low‐affinity sites as M2. This study examined whether the anticholinergics currently available for treatment of neurologic symptoms have selectivity for these subtypes and whether they differ in their degree of selectivity; the study showed that these drugs do demonstrate selectivity. All had greater affinity for the M1 site, indicated by higher affinity for rat forebrain membranes, where M1 predominates, than hindbrain preparations, where M2 predominates. The degree of selectivity varied greatly; some compounds, such as ethopropazine, had little M1 selectivity, whereas others, such as scopolamine, trihexyphenidyl, and biperiden, were quite selective, like pirenzepine. It is unknown whether these differences in selectivity have any immediate therapeutic implications. However, these results support the emerging concept of muscarinic receptor subtypes and the prospect of developing more selective agents, with enhanced therapeutic efficacy.
Increased shortening reaction in Parkinson's disease reflects a difficulty in modulating long loop reflexes
Authors: Diener Christoph , Scholz Erich , Guschlbauer Brigitte , Dichagans Johannes 
Published: January 2005

AbstractShort and medium latency electromyographic (EMG) responses to stretch of the triceps surae muscle and long latency EMG responses (LL) in the anterior tibial muscle (TA) were evoked by toe‐up tilt of a movable plat‐form while standing or sitting, in normal subjects and patients with Parkinson's disease. With the stimulus parameters used (amplitude 4°, velocity 50°/s), LL in TA were absent in normals while sitting, but were present in 11 of the 12 patients with Parkinson's disease. In patients, LL latencies were identical in both positions. The results indicate that patients with Parkinson's disease have difficulty modulating long latency responses according to functional demands. Long latency responses in TA in the sitting position may correspond to the shortening reaction observed by other when much stronger stimuli were used.
A single family with writer's cramp, essential tremor, and primary writing tremor
Authors: Cohen Leonardo G. , Hallett Mark , Sudarsky Lewis 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe studied seven members of a family who had different types of movement disorders: Two had typical essential tremor, two (twins) had typical writer's cramp, one had both essential tremor and writer's cramp, one had primary writing tremor, and one (deceased) had uncharacterized tremor. This appears to be the first report of writer's cramp in twins and in so many family members. This family links together primary writing tremor, essential tremor, and writer's cramp and may help resolve the apparent controversy about the relationship of primary writing tremor to essential tremor and writer's cramp.
Cerebrospinal fluid GABA and homocarnosine concentrations in patients with Friedreich's ataxia, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's chorea
Authors: Bonnet A. M. , Tell G. , Schechter P. J. , Grove J. , Saint‐Hilaire M. H. , De Smet Y. , Agid Y. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFree and total γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and homocarnosine concentrations were measured in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with Friedreich's ataxia, Huntington's chorea, and Parkinson's disease (with and without levodopa treatment), and compared with those determined in control subjects. Values found in Friedreich's ataxia or Parkinson's disease were not significantly different from those in controls. Unexpectedly, in Huntington patients, known to have a characteristic decrease in GABA and homocarinosine were significantly higher, whereas free GABA was not different from controls. These findings indicate that the measurement of CSF GABA and homocarnosine in patients with CNS degenerative diseases should be interpreted cautiously.
Localized injections of botulinum toxin for the treatment of focal dystonia and hemifacial spasm
Authors: Brin Mitchell F. , Fahn Stanley , Moskowitz Carol , Friedman Andrzej , Shale Heidi M. , Greene Paul E. , Blitzer Andrew , List Theodore , Lange Dale , Lovelace Robert E. , McMahon Don 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMedical treatment of dystonia usually results in an incomplete response and is frequently unsuccessful. Peripheral surgical therapy is available for some focal dystonias, but may only offer temporary relief and may have unacceptable complications. We have used local injections of botulinum toxin into the appropriate muscles for treatment of disabling focal or segmental dystonia in 93 patients with torticollis, blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia (OMD), limb dystonia, lingual dystonia, and dystonia adductor dysphonia, in addition to four patients with hemifacial spasm. Significant relief of motor symptoms was seen in 69% of the patients with blepharospasm and 64% of patients with torticollis; 74% of the latter group with pain experience relief. Relief of symptoms was noted in most patients with OMD and limb dystonia, and all with lingual dystonia, dystonic adductor spastic dysphonia, and those with hemifacial spasm. Benefit averaged 2½‐3 months initially; however some patients experienced longer relief with subsequent injections. Adverse effects were transient, although 2 patients developed antibodies against the toxin, and we documented evidence for distant effects in others. This approach of chemically weakening contracting muscles in focal dystonia offers many advantages over pharmacotherapy and surgical therapy. Additional experience is needed to explore the proper doses, and potential for long term adverse effects.
Hereditary myoclonus and chorea: The spectrum of hereditary nonprogressive hyperkinetic movement disorders
Authors: Kurlan Roger , Behr Jill , Shoulson Ira 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe report three members of a single family who developed a newly described combination of myoclonus and chorea in association with mild ataxia. The occurrence of this and related syndromes suggests that inherited, slowly progressive myoclonus, chorea, and dystonia, alone or in combination, should be viewed as a spectrum of hyperkinetic involuntary movements, and that each motor component may represent variable expression of the same genetic defect.
Orthostatic tremor: An essential tremor variant?
Authors: Papa Stella M. , Gershanik Oscar S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThree patients with a clear‐cut history of essential tremor of the upper limbs presented with the clinical features reported by Heilman as orthostatic tremor. Electromyographic findings included 6–8 Hz postural tremor in all four limbs. Highly synchronized 16 Hz rhythmic discharges were found in the legs upon standing. This peculiar pattern of discharge was also observed in the upper limbs and spinal muscles. High frequency rhythmic bursts, either alternating or co‐contracting were present in specific postures not necessarily related to standing. An additional group of 12 patients with postural tremor of the legs was studied; seven of these showed modification in the frequency and synchronization of the muscle discharges upon standing. Although none of them had the full‐blown clinical syndrome of orthostatic tremor, they complained of mild unsteadiness upon standing, together with a vague sensation of stiffness in the lower limbs. The present findings induce us to think that there might be a link between essential tremor and the so‐called orthostatic tremor. Orthostatic tremor might be an essential‐tremor‐related entity that may be caused by a derangement in the central mechanism in charge of the organization of certain motor activities, not necessarily controlling the standing position.
Writer's cramp: Not associated with anxiety
Authors: Harrington Richard C. , Wieck Angelika , Marks Isaac M. , Marsden C. David 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMany authors have commented on an association between writer's cramp and anxiety and some view it as a form of anxiety disorder. This study describes 22 patients with writer's cramp who were recruited from a neurology clinic. Clinical examination found little evidence of generalized anxiety or of anxiety specific to the writing situation. Additionally, the subjects' scores on the Crown‐Crisp Experiential Index, which contains several anxiety subscales, did not differ significantly from those of a matched normal control group. Writer's cramp differs from the anxiety disorders in two other respects: it has a later onset (mean in the 30s) and the male preponderance is much greater than in any anxiety disorder, even social phobia.
Reduced glutamate decarboxylase activity in the subthalamic nucleus in patients with tardive dyskinesia
Authors: Andersson Ulf , Hägström Jan‐Erik , Levin Edward D. , Bondesson Ulf , Valverius Milan , Gunne Lars M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractGlutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity was measured in the nuclei of the basal ganglia in patients with neuroleptic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (TD) and controls matched for age and premortem state. In five TD patients, who all had a sudden death, a significant decrease in GAD activity was found in the subthalamic nucleus (STN). The lowered GAD activity in the STN may represent a biochemical substrate for neuroleptic‐induced TD.
Movement disorders and depression due to flunarizine and cinnarizine
Authors: Micheli Federico E. , Pardal Manuel M. Fernandez , Giannaula Rolando , Gatto Mabel , Parera Ignacio Casas , Paradiso Guillermo , Torres Marta , Pikielny Ralph , Pardal Julio Fernandez 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOver the last few years, cases of movement disorders induced by flunarizine and cinnarizine have been increasingly reported. We describe a series of 101 patients, whose ages ranged from 37 to 84 years (mean 69.1), developing abnormal movements frequently associated with depression, secondary to treatment with either or both drugs. Symptoms closely resembled those induced by neuroleptic drugs and remitted on drug discontinuance in all but five cases after 5–22 months' follow‐up. Whether or not such undesirable side effects are attributable to calcium antagonism and/or dopamine receptor blockade, long‐term treatment with flunarizine or cinnarizine should be discouraged, particularly in the elderly.
Paraneoplastic degeneration of the substantia nigra with dystonia and parkinsonism
Authors: Golbe Lawrence I. , Miller Douglas C. , Duvoisin Roger C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA 42‐year‐old woman suffered unexplained weight loss followed by action tremor and difficulty initiating gait. Three months after onset of symptoms, infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast, metastatic to liver and lymph nodes, was diagnosed and treated briefly with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5‐flourouracil (5FU). Severe symmetric action and postural tremor with a myoclonic component developed, with minimal rest tremor, severe dysarthria and dysphagia, small‐stepped and slightly ataxic gait progressing to a bedbound state, and severe widespread dystonic posturing. The latter began as a typical parkinsonian posture of trunk and upper extremities and progressed to a fixed and painful flexion of the elbows and wrists and extension of fingers and neck. Sinement, anticholinergics, baclofen, diazepam, and plasmapheresis gave no benefit. The patient died of complications of immobility 5 months after neurologic symptom onset. Autopsy revealed many pigmentladen macrophages in substantia nigra and moderate loss of pigmented neurons. Inflammation, Lewy bodies, and tumor were absent. Cerebellar Purkinje cells were moderately depleted. Mild neuronal loss and gliosis were present in globus pallidus and cerebellar cortex. Stains for anti‐human IgG, IgM, kappa, and lambda were negative. This, to our knowledge, is the first report of paraneoplastic degeneration of substantia nigra or paraneoplastic parkinsonism.
Stability of the head in pitch (neck flexion‐extension): Studies in normal subjects and patients with axial rigidity
Authors: Gresty Michael 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe dynamic stability of the head in pitch during normal upright posture has been studied in normal subjects and patients with neurological disease affecting neck muscle tone by examinig angular head acceleration responses to unpredictable linear motion of the trunk in the direction of surge. Within the frequency range of natural head movements the transfer function between head and trunk for both normal subjects and patients approximated a second‐order linear differential equation involving inertia and coefficients of viscosity and elasticity. The degree of neck rigidity was determined by the damping ratio (viscosity:elasticity), which averaged, 35 for normal subjects and ranged from 0.6 to 0.96 for patients with rigid syndromes. A patient with absent labyrinthine function and a “floppy” head had a damping ratio 0.18. The technique gives a numerical measurement of neck rigidity, which could be of value in characterising severity of disorder and response to therapy.
Antiparkinsonian activity of CY 208–243, a partial D‐1 dopamine receptor agonist, in MPTP‐treated marmosets and patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Temlett J. A. , Quinn N. P. , Jenner P. G. , Marsden C. D. , Pourcher E. , Bonnet A.‐M. , Agid Y. , Markstein R. , Lataste X. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effect of stimulation of cerebral dopamine D‐1 receptors by CY 208‐243 on motor disability was tested in MPTP‐treated parkinsonian marmosets and patients with Parkinson's disease. CY 208‐243 (0.5–1.25 mg/kg s.c.) produced a dose‐related reversal of akinesia and rigidity in the marmosets, lasting some 2 h. Single morning doses of CY 208‐243 (5–40 mg) were compared with the usual morning dose of levodopa in eight patients with Parkinson's disease on long‐term levodopa therapy who had developed motor fluctuations from immobility with akinesia and rigidity (off) to mobility often with dyskinesias (on). CY 208‐243 alone was capable of switching such patients from off to on; five of the eight patients responded to the highest dose (40 mg), sometimes with dyskinesias. The response to CY 208‐243 was comparable to that produced by levodopa in these cases. Drugs designed to stimulate both dopamine D1 D2 receptors in the brain may improve the therapy of Parkinson's disease.
Parkinsonism secondary to bilateral striatal fungal abscesses
Authors: Adler Charles H. , Stem Matthew B. , Brooks Tmichael L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA 24‐year‐old man with an 11‐year history of i.v. drug use rapidly developed parkinsonism clinically indistinguishable from MPTP toxicity and Parkinson's disease. Although tests were negative for the human immunodeficiency virus, radiologic evaluation revealed bilateral striatal lesions. Stereotactic biopsy demonstrated septate hyphae consistent with either aspergillosis or mucormycosis. Gradual improvement followed systemic therapy with amphotericin B.
“On‐Off”–induced lethal hyperthermia
Authors: Pfeiffer Ronald F. , Sucha Eugene L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNeuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is being increasingly recognized as a potential complication of neuroleptic therapy. Similar hyperthermic episodes have also been described in other settings of adrupt cessation of dopaminergic stimulation such as levodopa withdrawal. We report a fatal NMS‐like episode occurring as a complication of an “off” period in a patient with Parkinson's disease.
Torticollis and blepharospasm in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Rajagopalan N. , Humphrey P. R. D. , Bucknall R. C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA case of torticollis and blepharospasm as the major manifestation of neurological involvement in systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) is presented. A 56‐year‐old woman presented with blepharospasm in February 1985 and with torticollis in April 1985. She was diagnosed as having SLE in 1966, on the basis of positive LE cells, when she presented with fever and joint pains. There was on evidence that she had ever been on major tranquilizers. An attempt has been made to correlate the level of antibody titres and exacerbation of these movements with response to steroids. The possibility of an association between blepharospasm, torticollis, and autoimmune disorders has recently been considered.
Dexamethasone suppression test in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Kostić Vladimir S. , Čovičković‐Šternić Nadežda , Beslać‐Bumbaširević Ljiljana , Ocić Gordana , Pavlović Dragan , Nikolić Milisav 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST), supposed to effectively distinguish between endogenous and nonendogenous depression, was performed in a group of 34 patients with Parkinson's disease. Abnormal DST results were observed in 50% of the patients. The patients were clinically divided into subgroups of depressed and nondepressed parkinsonians. Abnormal DST results were significantly more frequent in depressed (75%) than in nondepressed parkinsonians (27.7%).
Trunk and head tremor as isolated manifestations of dystonia
Authors: Rivest J. , Marsden C. D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFive patients presenting with isolated tremors of the trunk or neck are described. Their clinical features were similar to seven other patients who presented with head tremor, or arm and head tremor, but then eventually developed obvious torticollis, sometimes with arm dystonia. We conclude that isolated tremor of the trunk or head, especially of slow frequency (2–5 Hz), and in the case of the head in a “no‐no” direction, may be the initial manifestation of focal dystonia.