bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Type Theory as a Response to the Class Paradoxes
Authors: Giaquinto M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before settling on the doctrine of Principia Mathematica, Russell entertained a variety of responses to the paradoxes. One response he increasingly favoured was the idea of logical types, which he elaborated in Principia Mathematica. Russell’s aims were very similarto those of Frege. Frege had aimed to show that arithmetic is merely highly developed logic, where logic includes a general theory of classes. Russell aimed to show the same for mathematics as a whole. Faced with the class paradoxes, a logicist has very little room for manoeuvre. If the theory of classes is to count as logic, classes cannot be special mathematical objects, otherwise the theory would not have the topic-neutral character of logic. Classes must be nothing but concept-extensions1 and the theory of class es must apply to all of them.
Philosophy of Mind
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bentham’s Principles of Morals and Legislation contained a detailed analysis of human action. It devoted substantial chapters to such topics as intention and motive. Not since the Middle Ages had a great philosopher devoted such minute attention to the different cognitive and affective elements whose presence or absence may contribute to the moral character of individual actions. Bentham’s approach to the topic resembles that of Aquinas, but he is much more generous in providing concrete examples to illustrate his points. More importantly, there is a significant difference between the two philosophers both in terminology and in moral evaluation.
Privatization and the Labour Market: Facts, Theory, and Evidence
Authors: Haskel Jonathan , Szymanski Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Privatization will probably be the most significant legacy of the Conservative That cherite regime of the 1980s. Not only has it radically changed the landscape of British Industry, it has also influenced the policies of governments throughout the world, be they industrialized or industrializing, economies in transition or economies facing stagnation. In the UK the policy has affected the lives of most citizens, either through their dealings with utilities as customers or increasingly as owners of shares. Privatization has also created a whole new set of regulatory bodies to oversee those industries where monopoly abuse is possible. In many ways consumers are probably better informed as a result; for example much more information on the costs of nuclear power generation have become available as a result of privatization and the breakup of the CEGB. There remains a degree of controversy as to whether the consumer is better served as a result of privatization, much of it politically motivated
Markets, Bureaucracies, And Clans
Authors: Ouchi William G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is an organization, and why do organizations exist? Many of us would answer this question by referring to Barnard’s (1968) technological imperative, which argues that a formal organization will arise when technological conditions demand physical power, speed, endurance, mechanical adaptation, or continuity beyond the capacity of a single individual (1968: 27-8). Yet when the stone is too large or the production facility too complex for a single person, what is called for is cooperation, and cooperation need not take the form of a formal organization. Indeed, grain farmers who need a large grain elevator do not form corporations which take over the farms and make the farmers into employees; instead, they form a cooperative to own and operate the elevator.
The Information Polity: Electronic Democracy, Privacy, and Surveillance
Authors: Raab Charles , Bellamy Christine , Taylor John , Dutton William H , Peltu Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effectiveness of democratic institutions and processes could be greatly enhanced through developments in what has been called ‘teledemocracy’ —the use of ICTs to improve communication and the delivery of services to individuals and groups from governmental and political organizations.2 A variety of trials and experiments have sought to realize this vision since the 1960s (Sackman and Nie 1970; Sackman and Boehm 1972). However, it has only been since ICT-based Electronic Service Delivery (ESD) applications began to grow significantly in the 1990s that this vision has come closer to widespread realization (see Chapter 15).
Leadership in Administration: A Sociological Interpretation
Authors: Selznick Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is easy to agree to the abstract proposition that the function of the executive is to find a happy joinder of means and ends. It is harder to take that idea seriously. There is a strong tendency not only in administrative life but in all social action to divorce means and ends by overemphasizing one or the other. The cult of efficiency in administrative theory and practice is a modern way of overstressing means and neglecting ends. This it does in two ways. First, by fixing attention on maintaining a smooth-running machine, it slights the more basic and more difficult problem of defining and safeguarding the ends of an enterprise. Second, the cult of efficiency tends to stress techniques of organization that are essentially neutral, and therefore available for any goals, rather than methods peculiarly adapted to a distinctive type of organization or stage of development.
The Gentleman and the Hero: Wellington and Napoleon in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Pears Iain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the earliest guidebooks in the sixteenth century, the English view of the foreigner has changed remarkably little. Despite the rise and fall of several empires, the alliances with and wars against virtually every country on the Eurasian continent, the English have been able to comfort themselves with the view that foreign character is pretty much stable. From the Tudors if not earlier, Germans have been seen as obedient but unimaginative gluttons; Italians as greasy and dishonest; Spaniards as cold and sinister; the French as dandies and egotists; the Dutch as worthy but dull. All, it went without saying, were untrustworthy, most were dishonest, and none could match an Englishman.
Deflating Descartes’s Causal Axiom
Authors: Schmaltz Tad M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a letter written in 1643, Princess Elisabeth told Descartes that ‘I admit that it would be easier for me to concede matter and extension to the mind than it would be for me to concede to an immaterial thing the capacity to move the body and be moved by one’ (AT iii. 661). This is of course the famous ‘problem of Cartesian interaction’. More recently, this problem has been linked to the question of whether Descartes can allow in general for the interaction of objects with different natures. The scholarly debate over this question has tended, particularly in the English-language literature, to focus on the connections of the more general problem for Cartesian interaction — dubbed by Robert Richardson ‘the problem of heterogeneity’ —to Descartes’s own constraints on causation. The main culprit is Descartes’s claim, which he introduced as an ‘axiom or common notion’, that ‘whatever there is of reality or perfection in something, is formally or eminently in its first and adequate cause’ (AT svii. 165; CSM ii. 116).
On the Necessity and Nature of Simples: Leibniz, Wolff, Baumgarten, and the Pre-Critical Kant
Authors: Watkins Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Standard histories of modern philosophy suggest, at least by their practice, that the philosophical landscape in Germany between Leibniz’s death in 1716 and the publication of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason in 1781 is of little significance, either intrinsically or for our understanding of those modern philosophers that are of interest. For example, Christian Wolff, whose comprehensive series of systematic textbooks was extremely influential at the time, is typically mentioned not for his own philosophical views, but rather for popularizing Leibniz’s philosophy. Alexander Baumgarten is widely recognized for his early advocacy of aesthetics as an autonomous discipline, but not for his views in metaphysics and epistemology, since his primary contribution in theoretical philosophy was a Latin textbook whose most immediately noticeable departure from Wolff is its unusually terse mode of presentation. The pre-Critical Kant is often dismissed as well, in part owing to disparaging remarks that he later made about his early works, and in part owing to the judgement that his pre-Critical writings are an instance of precisely the kind of dogmatic metaphysics that his Critical philosophy is supposed to overcome. The same refrain is repeated with minor variations for many other figures at the time, such as Martin Knutzen, Moses Mendelssohn, and Johann Nicolas Tetens.
Medium and high integration mannequin patient simulators
Authors: Lampotang Samsun (Sem) 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about mannequin patient simulators such as the Medical Education Technologies Inc. Human Patient Simulator (METI-HPS®), SimMan® and NOELLE® implemented via lifesize, computer-controlled mannequins (sometimes spelled as manikins) that, independently of the instructor or simulator technician, can simulate a range of physiological, pharmacological and clinical parameters, processes and conditions, commensurate with their level of integration and mathematical modeling. The chapter is written from the perspective of a developer and user for users and developers of mannequin patient simulators. It will devote a large part to terminology and concepts relevant to mannequin patient simulators rather than attempting to provide an exhaustive list of currently available simulators and their features, perishable information readily available from vendors. While such a feature-based simulator list will eventually become obsolete, there will always be a need for users and developers of mannequin patient simulators to share a common terminology so that communication is clear and effective and expectations remain manageable. Proper use of terminology can help mannequin patient simulators deliver on their potential as smoothly and quickly as possible in areas such as healthcare personnel training, clinical, patient safety and research applications, the science of learning and training with simulation and simulation technology. Scenario editors and applications of mannequin patient simulators are not discussed in depth because they are covered elsewhere in this manual.
Debriefing: theory and techniques
Authors: Flanagan Brendan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter the term debriefing refers to the purposeful, structured period of reflection, discussion and feedback undertaken by learners and teachers usually immediately after a scenario based simulation exercise involving standardised patients and/or mannequins. Usually this involves a group of learners, rather than an individual and there may be video playback capability available to stimulate recall of the actual events.
Participating in research
Authors: Talbot Kevin , Marsden Rachael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because MND is a relatively rare disease compared with many others seen in a neurological clinic, most patients will be referred to specialist MND centres (such as those supported by the MNDA in the UK). Neurologists specializing in MND frequently lead or participate in research into the causes of the disease. Many patients with MND are highly motivated to contribute to the research effort and will often travel great distances to participate in clinical trials. This is naturally in the hope of getting some benefit, but also an expression of willingness to help future sufferers with MND. The purpose of this chapter is to provide some background information about what is involved in research participation and some of the pros and cons of being a research subject.
Modelling the Variability of Evolutionary Processes
Authors: Gascuel Olivier , Guindon Stephane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a historical perspective, the first goal of statistical phylogenetics was to construct more accurate species phylogenies by comparing nucleotide or protein sequences. It is now quite clear that the most important advances brought by this research area do not only involve taxonomy. Indeed, statistical phylogenetics provides an adequate framework to improve our understanding of the evolutionary processes that act at the molecular level. The first probabilistic models of evolution assumed that these processes were the same across different regions of the sequences and/or at different stages of evolution. However, simple observation of nucleotide or amino acid sequences suggests a very different picture. For instance, some regions seem to evolve quickly while other barely change. It is also quite clear that different sequences accumulate substitutions at distinct rates.
Identifying and Defining Trees
Authors: Grünewald Stefan , Huber Katharina T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arguably, the goal of any evolutionary study is to gain insight into the evolutionary past of a set of taxa (for example, species) under consideration. In most cases, this past is assumed to be best modelled by a tree and the assumption is that the data collected will allow one to reconstruct a reasonably good approximation of that tree. From very early on, mathematicians and theoretical computer scientists have been intrigued by this assumption and have looked into the question of which premises this assumption is justified under. Early characterizations of such a tree’s existence include the well-known 4-point-condition (if the data are given in terms of distances) and a certain intersection criterion (if the data are given in terms of 2-state characters—see Section 8.3 for details). Interpreted from a biological point of view, the latter characterization means that if any two of the characters in question satisfy that criterion, then there is a tree on which they all could have evolved without homoplasy (i.e. acquired the same character state but not because of common descent [36]).
Morality, Moralism, and Realism
Authors: Coady C A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There may have been a time, perhaps at the peak of Victorian self-esteem in the English-speaking countries, when morality generally occupied an unquestioned place at the top of a hierarchy of social and personal values. Indeed, as the high tide of Christian religious influence began to ebb in Europe, morality itself as a sort of institution began to supplant religion and to exercise a bold and forthright role as the guide to life, if not the object of worshipful respect.
Versions of Musical Works and Literary Translations
Authors: Davies Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The composition of a musical piece can fall short of the work’s completion. In 1821, Schubert sketched an E major symphony he did not finish. The following year, he abandoned another symphony after writing two movements and outlining its scherzo. We call it the “Unfinished.” Mahler notated much of his Tenth Symphony in short score, but only the first movement was fully orchestrated before his death.
Authoritative Self-Knowledge and Perceptual Individualism
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In ‘Cartesian Error and the Objectivity of Perception’ (Ch. 7 above) I discussed three issues: the nature of individualism, the role of first-person authority in traditional Cartesian individualist views, and the way that considerations of objectivity support a non-individualist view of perception. I treated each of these issues only in a brief and preliminary way. Professor Matthews concentrates on the latter two. Here I hope to clarify some of the points I made on these two issues by responding to his criticisms, and by developing some of my points further.
Individualism and Psychology
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent years have seen in psychology—and overlapping parts of linguistics, artificial intelligence, and the social sciences—the development of some semblance of agreement about an approach to the empirical study of human activity and ability. The approach is broadly mentalistic in that it involves the attribution of states, processes, and events that are intentional, in the sense of ‘representational’. Many of these events and states are unconscious and inaccessible to mere reflection. Computer jargon is prominent in labeling them.
Concepts, Definitions, and Meaning
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Aristotelian tradition produced many of the elements of what is widely thought of as ‘the traditional view’ of concepts. I begin by attempting to summarize this view. The summary runs roughshod over numerous distinctions that were dear to various thinkers who contributed to this general conception of concepts. I sacrifice historical accuracy in favor of an idealized type that, I hope, will serve despite its crudity to further understanding.
Reflections on Two Kinds of Consciousness
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, something like Ned Block’s distinction between phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness has continued to show itself to be valuable and durable. Phenomenal consciousness is the sort of consciousness that consists in there being some way that it is like for an individual to be in a mental state. Access consciousness is the sort of consciousness that consists in a mental state’s being accessible to—indeed, I think accessed by—an individual through his or her rational, cognitive powers. There appears to be mounting evidence that a person can have phenomenal consciousness even though the person has no rational, cognitive access to it.
Pictures from below the Surface of the University The Social Photo-Matrix as a Method for Understanding Organizations in Depth
Authors: Sievers Burkard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following is a first account and reflection on an experience with a ‘Social Photo-Matrix’ (SPM) as a method for experiential learning ‘in the making’. I recently invited students from our department of economics and business administration at Bergische Universität Wuppertal in Germany to focus on the unconscious dynamics of the university by using photos. During this one-term event, students were asked to make their own photos of the university (with digital cameras) and to send them by e-mail to provide an ‘archive’ from which they would be selected and shown during a SPM.
Music, Language, and Cognition
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Music, Language, and Cognition is the third collection of Peter Kivy's seminal papers in the philosophy of music. In essays which span his earliest work in the field and his more recent contributions to journals, anthologies, and conference proceedings, Kivy considers the origin of music, the medium of expression in opera, the role of music in film, the nature of an “ideal” performance, and the question of whether absolute music has a meaning, among other issues. Rich with critical analysis and informed by the history of both philosophy and music, this volume will be of interest to anyone who likes not only to listen to music, but to think about it as well.
An Outline of an Argument for Robust Metanormative Realism
Authors: Enoch David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robust Metanormative Realism is the view, somewhat roughly, that there are response-independent, non-natural, irreducibly normative truths, perfectly universal and objective ones, that when successful in our normative inquiries we discover rather than create or construct. Normative truths include— but are not limited to the truths of morality, so Robust Metanormative Realism is the natural generalization of Robust Metaethical Realism.
A feature-geometric approach to Amharic verb classes
Authors: Trommer Jochen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well known that Ethiopian Semitic languages have different verb classes which determine root shape in different paradigms (Leslau 1995, 2000; Amberber 2002). Thus verbal roots with three consonants (called “triradicals” in the Semitistic literature) in Amharic are traditionally divided into three classes, A, B, and C, which differ by the vowel and gemination patterns in different paradigms.
A pseudo-cyclic effect in Romanian morphophonology
Authors: Steriade Donca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Romanian phonology is shown to be subject to inflection dependence, a systematic restriction on phonological alternations. Inflection dependence means that segmental alternations are permitted in the derivatives of a lexeme only if certain inflected forms of that lexeme, its inflectional bases (Albright 2002), independently display the alternation. The study documents this pervasive constraint on alternations and proposes an analysis for it, based on a modified variant of Lexical Conservatism (Steriade 1999b).
Neglected Injustice: Poverty as a Violation of Social Autonomy
Authors: Kreide Regina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When discussing human rights violations, most people think of genocide, expulsion, ethnic cleansing, mass rapes, and other atrocities that violate rights to freedom, life, and property. Through the International Criminal Court, established in 2002, the international community has recognized these acts as abhorrent and sought their criminal prosecution. But the situation seems to be different when it comes to worldwide poverty. It is clearly a human rights violation if officials command the expulsion and extinction of members of their own population because the state should not intrude into the private sphere of its citizens.
Color perception and neural encoding does metameric matching entail a loss of information?
Authors: Hatfield Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems intuitively obvious that metameric matching of color samples entails a loss of information. Metamers are distinct distributions of wavelength and intensity (or spectral energy distributions ) that perceivers cannot discriminate. Consider two color samples that are presented under ordinary white light and that appear to all normal observers to be of the same color. It is well established that such color samples can have quite different surface-reflective properties; e.g., two samples that appear to be the same shade of green may in fact reflect strikingly different patterns of wavelengths within the visible spectrum (see Fig. 8.1).
Mathematical recreation versus mathematical knowledge
Authors: Colyvan Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Empiricism in the philosophy of mathematics has a chequered history. Mill de- fended a version of empiricism according to which the laws of arithmetic were highly general laws of nature. Mathematical truths such as 2+3 = 5 were thought by Mill to be empirical in that they tell us that if we were to take two logic books, say, and three ethics books, say, we’d have five philosophy books. But Mill’s somewhat naive empiricism found itself on the receiving end of a stinging attack from Frege. This attack, I might add, was considered by many to be decisive.
A Career through the Party: The Recruitment of Party Politicians in Parliament
Authors: Fiers Stefaan , Secker Ineke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With a few exceptions, MPs owe their seats in parliament in the first place to a political party. In some countries, this has been the case since the very beginning of party formation in the mid-nineteenth century. It means that almost all candidates, in their bid for a seat in parliament, have to be “approved” by a party organization. In this respect the political parties fulfil a vital role in the recruitment and selection of MPs. As gatekeepers, they control both the demand and the supply side of the process of recruitment (Norris 1997a, 1997b).