bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Short‐Term and Long‐Term Comparison of Root Coverage With an Acellular Dermal Matrix and a Subepithelial Graft
Authors: Harris Randall J. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Obtaining predictable and esthetic root coverage has become important. Unfortunately, there is only a limited amount of information available on the long‐term results of root coverage procedures. The goal of this study was to evaluate the short‐term and long‐term root coverage results obtained with an acellular dermal matrix and a subepithelial graft.Methods: An a priori power analysis was done to determine that 25 was an adequate sample size for each group in this study. Twenty‐five patients treated with either an acellular dermal matrix or a subepithelial graft for root coverage were included in this study. The short‐term (mean 12.3 to 13.2 weeks) and long‐term (mean 48.1 to 49.2 months) results were compared. Additionally, various factors were evaluated to determine whether they could affect the results. This study was a retrospective study of patients in a fee‐for‐service private periodontal practice. The patients were not randomly assigned to treatment groups.Results: The mean root coverages for the short‐term acellular dermal matrix (93.4%), short‐term subepithelial graft (96.6%), and long‐term subepithelial graft (97.0%) were statistically similar. All three were statistically greater than the long‐term acellular dermal matrix mean root coverage (65.8%). Similar results were noted in the change in recession. There were smaller probing reductions and less of an increase in keratinized tissue with the acellular dermal matrix than the subepithelial graft. None of the factors evaluated resulted in the acellular dermal graft having a statistically significant better result than the subepithelial graft. However, in long‐term cases where multiple defects were treated with an acellular dermal matrix, the mean root coverage (70.8%) was greater than the mean root coverage in long‐term cases where a single defect was treated with an acellular dermal matrix (50.0%).Conclusions: The mean results with the subepithelial graft held up with time better than the mean results with an acellular dermal matrix. However, the results were not universal. In 32.0% of the cases treated with an acellular dermal matrix, the results improved or remained stable with time. J Periodontol 2004;75:734‐743.
Estrogen and/or Calcium Plus Vitamin D Increase Mandibular Bone Mass
Authors: Hildebolt Charles F. , Pilgram Thomas K. , Dotson Mary , Armamento‐Villareal Reina , Hauser Jay , Cohen Sheldon , Civitelli Roberto 
Published: February 2005

Background: We have previously reported that estrogen/ hormone replacement therapy (E/HRT) has beneficial effects on oral bone density over 3 years and that calcium and vitamin D supplementation has a lesser effect. Here we report on mandibular bone mass for 49 women (of the original cohort of 135) who continued in an additional 2‐year, open‐label extension.Methods: Postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to receive calcium and vitamin D plus E/HRT, or calcium and vitamin D only. Regression analysis of mandibular bone mass over time was performed for each woman.Results: Twenty‐two of 26 women who took calcium and vitamin D plus E/HRT for 5 years had small mandibular bone mass increases (0.35 ± 0.38%, P <0.001). Seventeen of 19 women who took only calcium and vitamin D for 3 years had increases in mandibular bone mass (0.74 ± 0.89%, P <0.002). The largest gains in mandibular bone mass occurred during the first 3 years of the study.Conclusions: The data of this study indicate that E/HRT and/or calcium and vitamin D may result in increases of mandibular bone mass in postmenopausal women. Because of the longterm risks associated with E/HRT, caution should be exercised in prescribing E/HRT for prevention of chronic menopausal conditions. J Periodontol 2004;75:811‐816.
The Impact of Ethnicity, Gender, and Marital Status on Periodontal and Systemic Health of Older Subjects in the Trials to Enhance Elders' Teeth and Oral Health (TEETH)
Authors: Persson G. Rutger , Persson Rigmor E. , Hollender Lars G. , Kiyak H. Asuman 
Published: February 2005

Background: Few studies have examined the association between periodontitis risk, gender, and marital status in older adults. The purpose of this study was to assess if the oral health status of older subjects could be explained by differences in: 1) marital status; 2) gender; and 3) ethnicity.Methods: Clinical and radiographic periodontal oral conditions were studied in 701 older subjects from the TEETH clinical trial. Medical conditions as well as ethnic and marital status and smoking habits were considered.Results: A total of 89 married couples were identified; 40.7% of these were of European descent and 48.1% of Chinese descent. The mean age was 67.7 years (SD ± 4.7). The men were older than the women (mean difference: 1.5 years, SD ± 4.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.5 to 2.5, P <0.01). No significant differences in periodontal conditions were found between spouses or by marital status. Chinese descent was associated with a higher risk for periodontitis, regardless of marital status (odds ratio: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.05 to 2.04, P <0.03).Conclusions: 1) Married couples have similar social habits, similar oral health perceptions, and similar patterns of periodontal disease. 2) Dental studies including married couples do not bias data for married subjects as such. 3) Marital status has a limited impact on periodontal health but may have a greater impact on several systemic conditions, especially in widowed, divorced, or never married women. 4) Older Chinese subjects perceive themselves as being at lower risk for periodontitis but have more objective signs of periodontitis than older subjects of European descent. J Periodontol 2004;75:817‐823.
Morphometric Analysis of the Furcation Anatomy of Mandibular Molars
Authors: Santana Ronaldo B. , Uzel M. Ilhan , Gusman Heloisa , Gunaydin Yilmaz , Jones Judith A. , Leone Cataldo W. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Successful treatment of molar furcation defects remains a challenge in clinical practice. Knowledge of anatomic factors facilitates predictable management of furcation involvement lesions. The degree of success in managing furcation involvement is inversely related to the horizontal probing depth. The depth of the horizontal component of attachment loss can vary depending on the external tooth‐surface reference points used. However, the anatomical factors affecting horizontal component of attachment loss have not been previously assessed. Therefore, this study determined the bucco‐lingual measurements of the cemento‐enamel junction and the mesial and distal roots and at the level of root separation.Methods: One hundred extracted permanent human mandibular first (N = 50) and second (N = 50) molars were studied. Four horizontal bucco‐lingual widths were measured with calibrated calipers: 1) furcation entrance/roof (FE); 2) cemento‐enamel junction level (CEJ); 3) mesial root width (MRW); and 4) distal root width (DRW).Results: The mean widths at FE, CEJ, MRW, and DRW were, respectively, 5.53 ± 0.45 mm, 8.71 ± 0.54 mm, 8.57 ± 0.54 mm, and 7.97 ± 0.65 mm in the first molars and 5.61 ± 0.65 mm, 8.40 ± 0.65 mm, 7.95 ± 0.88 mm, and 7.16 ± 0.84 mm in the second molars. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences between FE and the other variables tested. The results showed that the bucco‐lingual width of the furcation roof is considerably shorter than the MRW and DRW. The difference in the mean bucco‐lingual dimension between FE and the other measurements occurred in all teeth evaluated and varied between 0.7 and 4.30 mm.Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that clinical measurements of horizontal probing depth that use the external surfaces of roots as reference points overestimate the true anatomical component of furcation involvement in mandibular molars. Conversely, positive treatment outcomes in these teeth may be underestimated. This has implications not only for clinical practice but also for clinical research studies evaluating treatment outcomes. J Periodontol 2004;75:824‐829.
Meta‐Analysis of Local Metronidazole in the Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Pavia Maria , Nobile Carmelo G.A. , Bianco Aida , Angelillo Italo F. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Meta‐analysis was used to assess the effectiveness of local delivery of metronidazole alone or as an adjunct to mechanical therapy in patients with chronic periodontitis.Methods: Studies were identified using MEDLINE and other sources. Meta‐analyses were performed on the basis of probing depth (PD) at baseline and experimental and control regimens studied (i.e., metronidazole plus scaling and root planing [SRP] versus SRP and metronidazole versus SRP); the effect of local metronidazole on PD and attachment level (AL) was evaluated for follow‐up times of 4, 8, 12, 24, and 36 weeks. The DerSimonian & Laird random effects model was used.Results: Twelve studies that met inclusion criteria were entered into the meta‐analysis. A significant mean reduction in PD for the combined metronidazole and SRP was observed in all comparisons with initial PD ≥4 mm (0.38 mm at 8 weeks to 0.6 mm at 12 weeks); whereas, with initial PD ≥5 mm a significant mean reduction was observed from 12 weeks (0.29 to 0.48 mm at 24 and 36 weeks, respectively). Meta‐analysis could be performed for AL to test the effectiveness of metronidazole as an adjunct to SRP and a significant AL improvement was found in all analyses (0.2 mm at 4 weeks to 0.29 mm at 24 and 36 weeks). Meta‐analyses were performed including two to four studies.Conclusion: Our results demonstrated the effectiveness of metronidazole as an adjunct to SRP in the treatment of chronic adult periodontitis, but clinical significance and dissemination of antibiotics should be taken into account in the evaluation of metronidazole as an alternative to SRP. J Periodontol 2004;75:830‐838.
Effect of Periodontal Therapy in Smokers and Non‐Smokers With Advanced Periodontal Disease: Results After Maintenance Therapy for a Minimum of 5 Years
Authors: Papantonopoulos George H. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Longitudinal clinical studies show smoking is a risk factor for periodontal disease progression. It has also been documented that smoking impairs healing after periodontal therapy. However, the longitudinal effect of smoking on treatment results in patients who undergo long‐term maintenance therapy has not been extensively investigated. This study clinically and radiographically compared smoking and non‐smoking patients who had been treated for advanced periodontal disease and who received maintenance therapy for a minimum of 5 years.Methods: Twenty‐nine patients were selected over a 6‐month period when they presented for a regularly scheduled visit in a private office. Patients were selected on the basis of initially having lost 50% of bone support on 50% of their teeth; had received follow‐up therapy for at least 5 years; were compliant at 75% of the appointments; and had plaque scores <20% in 75% of the visits. All patients had received non‐surgical and surgical therapy as required for pocket elimination. Fourteen were active smokers during the entire maintenance period. Clinical measurements of probing depths and presence of plaque and gingivitis and a new set of standardized radiographs were taken.Results: Smokers had higher mean radiographic bone loss values prior to treatment (7.52 ±1.39 versus 6.65 ±1.39) and at the final examination (7.32 ±1.42 versus 6.29 ±1.29) mean radiographic bone loss as well as initial, immediate post‐therapy, and final percent of pockets ≥6 mm (1.42% ±1.87% versus 0.60% ±1.11%). Differences were not statistically significant. Over 5 to 8 years, seven sites in four non‐smokers and 11 sites in six smokers exhibited radiographic bone loss ≥2 mm. One tooth in a non‐smoker and three teeth in two smokers were lost. In a logistic regression analysis, smoking increased the odds ratio 10.7 times of having ≥1 site with bone loss ≥2 mm.Conclusion: The present study on a small group of patients treated for advanced periodontal disease and well maintained over 5 to 8 years showed no statistically significant differences between smokers and non‐smokers in clinical probing depth and radiographic bone loss measurements. J Periodontol 2004;75:839‐843.
The Effects of an Amine Fluoride/Stannous Fluoride and an Antimicrobial Host Protein Mouthrinse on Supragingival Plaque Regrowth
Authors: Pizzo Giuseppe , Guiglia Rosario , La Cara Monica , Giuliana Giovanna , D'Angelo Matteo 
Published: February 2005

Background: Chlorhexidine (CHX)‐containing mouthrinses are recommended as adjuncts to mechanical oral hygiene. The problem associated with side effects, however, has stimulated the search for alternative antiplaque agents. The aim of this study was to investigate the plaque inhibitory effects of two mouthrinses containing amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (ASF) and antimicrobial host proteins (lactoperoxidase, lysozyme and lactoferrin; LLL), respectively.Methods: The study was an observer‐masked, randomized 4×4 Latin square cross‐over design balanced for carryover effects, involving 12 healthy volunteers in a 4‐day plaque regrowth model. A 0.12% CHX mouthrinse and a saline solution served as positive and negative controls, respectively. On day 1, subjects received professional prophylaxis, suspended oral hygiene measures, and commenced rinsing with their allocated rinses. On day 5, subjects were scored for disclosed plaque.Results: The ASF rinse showed a significant inhibition of plaque regrowth in comparison to both saline and LLL solutions, but the lowest plaque indices were obtained with the CHX formulation (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences between LLL rinse and saline (P > 0.05). Such pattern of efficacy was the same in anterior and posterior teeth and in vestibular and lingual surfaces as well, with the exception of the lingual anterior surfaces. In these sites, differences between the CHX and ASF rinses were not significant (P > 0.05). A significantly higher prevalence of side effects was found in subjects using the CHX product (P < 0.0042).Conclusions: Although the effect on plaque regrowth observed with 0.12% CHX rinsing was superior to that with ASF, the ASF rinse was not associated with side effects. These findings, together with those from long‐term trials, suggest that the ASF rinse may represent an effective alternative to CHX rinse as an adjunct to oral hygiene. On the contrary, the LLL rinse did not significantly inhibit plaque regrowth.
Effect of Enamel Matrix Derivative on Periodontal Ligament Cells In Vitro Is Diminished by Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Inaba Hiroaki , Kawai Shinji , Nakayama Koji , Okahashi Nobuo , Amano Atsuo 
Published: February 2005

Background: Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has been shown to possess a mitogenic effect to induce effective periodontal regeneration, however, it is unclear whether periodontal pathogens can modulate the effect of EMD. The present study examined the influence of Porphyromonas gingivalis on EMD‐stimulated periodontal ligament (PDL) cells.Methods:P. gingivalis ATCC33277 and its mutants deficient in fimbriae (ΔfimA) or gingipains (ΔrgpA ΔrgpB, Δkgp, and ΔrgpAΔrgpB Δkgp) were employed. PDL cells were grown on EMDcoated dishes and infected with P. gingivalis wild strain or a mutant. Cell migration and proliferation were then evaluated with an in vitro wound healing assay. The expression of transforming growth factor‐ β1 (TGF‐β1) and insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) mRNA by PDL cells was examined. Further, the degradation and phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) as well as paxillin in infected PDL cells were estimated using Western blot analysis.Results:P. gingivalis ATCC33277 inhibited the migration and proliferation of PDL cells on EMD‐coated dishes, and the mutants ΔfimA, ΔrgpAΔrgpB, and Δkgp showed the same effects. Further, each of these organisms diminished the expression of TGF‐β1 and IGF‐I mRNA, as well as the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 from EMD‐stimulated PDL cells. In addition, total paxillin protein was markedly degraded by both the wild‐type strain and each of the mutants except for ΔrgpAΔrgpBΔkgp, which showed a negligible effect in all of the assays with EMD‐stimulated PDL cells.Conclusion: These results suggest that P. gingivalis diminishes the effect of EMD on PDL cells in vitro through a cooperative action of gingipains. J Periodontol 2004;75:858‐865.
Tongue‐Cleaning Methods: A Comparative Clinical Trial Employing a Toothbrush and a Tongue Scraper
Authors: Pedrazzi Vinícius , Sato Sandra , de Mattos Maria da Glória Chiarello , Lara Elza Helena Guimarães , Panzeri Heitor 
Published: February 2005

Background: It is estimated that approximately 85% of all halitosis cases have their origin within the mouth; of these, 50% are caused by tongue residues. Previous studies have established that hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans are the primary components of halitosis. Thus, tongue cleaning gains importance as a means of halitosis management.Methods: This investigation compared the efficacy of two mechanical methods for tongue cleaning through a handheld sulfide monitor. This crossover trial was carried out with 10 healthy subjects, 20 to 50 years old. Before the baseline measurement of the volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), the subjects were instructed to refrain from any tongue cleaning method for 48 hours. The 10 participants were then placed in one of two groups (five each): 1) first week: tongue scraper, second week: soft‐bristle toothbrush; 2) first week: toothbrush, second week: tongue scraper, with a 48‐hour wash‐out period between each week.Results: The baseline measurements were compared with those of the end of each week using the Dunn method (α = 0.01). The tongue scraper showed a 75% reduction in VSCs, while the toothbrush only achieved a 45% reduction in VSCs.Conclusion: Although the tongue coating was removed by both methods, the tongue scraper performed better in reducing the production of volatile sulfur compounds. J Periodontol 2004;75:1009‐1012.
Biomimetic Approach on Human Periodontal Ligament Cells Using Synthetic Oligopeptides
Authors: Kim Tae‐II , Jang Jun‐Hyeog , Lee Yong‐Moo , Rhyu In‐Chul , Chung Chong‐Pyoung , Han Soo‐Boo , Choi Sang‐Mook , Ku Young 
Published: February 2005

Background: Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells, connecting root cementum with alveolar bone, are important for periodontal wound healing. In order to obtain a predictable periodontal regeneration, selective adhesion and proliferation of PDL cells are essential. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of synthetic peptides mimicking cell‐binding domain of fibronectin (FN) on human PDL cells.Methods: Two types of oligopeptides, Gly3‐Pro‐His‐Ser‐Arg‐ Asn‐Gly6‐Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐Gly (G3PHSRNG6RGDG) and Gly3‐His‐ Pro‐Asn‐Arg‐Ser‐Gly6‐Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐Gly (G3HPNRSG6RGDG), were constructed using a solid‐phase peptide synthesizer. Fibronectin type III ninth to tenth domain (FN III 9‐10) and Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐Ser (RGDS) were prepared for comparison with the effects of synthetic peptides. These peptides were coated onto 96‐well cell culture plates with 0.001 ∼ 100 μM concentrations. Cultured human PDL cells were then applied to the peptide‐coated wells at a density of 1 × 104/well. After 1 hour incubation at 37°C, adhered cells were fixed, stained, and examined by phase contrast microscopy for cell spreading assay. Attached PDL cells were solubilized with 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) for the cell attachment assay by measuring absorbance at 595 nm in microplate reader. Western blot analysis was performed to determine extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK1/2) activity.Results: Cell attachment and spreading assays revealed that G3PHSRNG6RGDG (≥10 μM) possesses similar adhesive behavior to FN III 9‐10. G3PHSRNG6RGDG showed a comparable ERK1/2 activity when compared to FN III 9‐10.Conclusions: G3PHSRNG6RGDG enhanced an attachment and spreading of human PDL cells thereby increasing ERK1/2 activity. Taken together, it is anticipated that this peptide might be a potential tool for arranging a biologically attractive environment for PDL cells, which would enhance periodontal regeneration efficacy. J Periodontol 2004;75:925‐932.
Substance P Enhances the Inhibition of Osteoblastic Cell Differentiation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide From Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Azuma Hideki , Kido Jun‐ichi , Ikedo Dai , Kataoka Masatoshi , Nagata Toshihiko 
Published: February 2005

Background: Substance P (SP) is a multifunctional neuropeptide that transmits pain signals, regulates the immune system, and may modulate emotional stress. SP stimulates bone resorption activity of osteoclasts, and SP level in gingival crevicular fluid is correlated with the degree of periodontal inflammation. However, the exact roles of SP in bone metabolism and periodontal diseases are poorly understood. To elucidate the effect of stress on bone metabolism, we investigated the effect of SP on osteoblastic cell differentiation in the presence of lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis (P‐LPS).Methods: The primary osteoblastic cells were isolated from fetal rat calvaria (RC) and cultured with SP, P‐LPS, and an SP antagonist (SPa). The effects of SP on bone nodule (BN), alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity, mRNA expressions of SP receptor, bone matrix proteins, and Cbfa 1 were investigated.Results: SP stimulated the expression of SP receptor mRNA in RC cells and enhanced its expression in the presence of P‐LPS (50 ng/ml). SP inhibited BN formation and ALPase activity in a dose‐dependent manner (10−7 to 10−5 M) and further suppressed mRNA expression of bone sialoprotein, osteopontin, and osteocalcin but not of type I collagen mRNA. The inhibitory effects were enhanced in the presence of P‐LPS and blocked by Spantide III. Furthermore, the expression of Cbfa 1 mRNA was also markedly suppressed in the presence of SP and P‐LPS.Conclusion: These findings suggest that SP inhibits osteoblastic cell differentiation and may be related to bone metabolism in periodontal diseases under conditions of stress. J Periodontol 2004; 75:974‐981.
Effect of Tranilast on Matrix Metalloproteinase‐1 Secretion From Human Gingival Fibroblasts In Vitro
Authors: Maita Eikichi , Sato Mami , Yamaki Keiko 
Published: February 2005

Background: Some drugs such as phenytoin, calcium blockers, or cyclosporins are known to cause gingival fibrous hyperplasia, an unwanted side effect. Decreased collagen catabolism in overgrown gingival tissue has been proposed as one of the reasons causing the disease. The effect of tranilast, which suppresses collagen synthesis and cell proliferation, on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP‐1) secretion from human gingival fibroblast, was studied in vitro.Methods: Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured from specimens taken from healthy, periodontal, and overgrown gingival tissues. The effects of tranilast on cell proliferation and MMP‐1 secretion from gingival fibroblast were assessed. Inhibitory effect of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β secretion from gingival fibroblast by tranilast was also evaluated.Results: Tranilast did not interfere with cell proliferation at the low concentrations. MMP‐1 concentration significantly increased at the lower doses of tranilast up to about 2‐fold compared to controls (P <0.05). In contrast, higher doses of tranilast signi‐ ficantly decreased activity to 30% and 20%, respectively. MMP‐1 secretion was inhibited significantly by phenytoin, nifedipine, and cyclosporin A and the depressed MMP‐1 recovered to the control level with tranilast. The amount of secretion from normal and periodontitis gingival fibroblast specimens did not differ, but that from the overgrown gingiva was significantly less than the other types. Moreover, TGF‐β secretion was significantly inhibited by 300 µM of tranilast.Conclusions: Tranilast upregulates the expression of type 1 collagenase suppressed by gingival overgrowth‐inducing drugs, and inhibits TGF‐β secretion from gingival fibroblasts. Therefore, tranilast could be considered as an agent for controlling gingival overgrowth. J Periodontol 2004;75:1054‐1060.