bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
’A Mortal Blow from Which They Shall Never Recover’ The Attack on the NAACP, 1955-1961
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On June 1, 1956, Alabama’s attorney general John Patterson appeared before state judge Walter Jones in Montgomery. Saying that the NAACP violated state law by ’doing business’ in the state without registering, Patterson asked for an order stopping the NAACP’s activities. The business, Patterson said, included support-ing Autherine Lucy’s attempt to enter the University of Alabama and financing the Montgomery bus boycott, which was then more than six months old. Without giving the NAACP a chance to reply, Judge Jones, an ardent segregationist who said in a subsequent election campaign, ’I intend to deal the NAACP . . . a mortal blow from which they shall never recover,’ immediately issued an order-called a temporary restraining order-barring the NAACP from soliciting mem-berships or contributions or collecting dues. The NAACP was willing to register; a year later in North Carolina it paid a $500 fine for failing to register and then filed registration papers. Judge Jones, though, said that the NAACP could not even try to register. He and attorney general Patterson wanted something else-NAACP membership lists.1 On July 2, the NAACP asked Judge Jones to dissolve his order; he scheduled a hearing for July 17. But on July 5, the state asked the judge to direct the NAACP to produce its records, including membership lists. Four days later, Judge Jones told the NAACP to turn over its membership lists, correspondence files, and financial records. He delayed the already scheduled hearing for a week and then, when the NAACP indicated its willingness to turn over everything but the membership lists and correspondence, held it in contempt of court, fined it $10,000--later increased to $100,000--and refused to dissolve the injunction. This was the opening phase of litigation that kept the NAACP from operating in Alabama from 1956 to 1964. And, notably, Alabama shut down the NAACP despite repeated legal defeats.2 Attorneys general in Arkansas and Louisiana, as well as Alabama, claimed that the NAACP was operating a business and tried to force it to register as a business corporation and to pay taxes. They used registration and tax collection suits to try to extract lists of NAACP members. More directly, states relied on statutes aimed
Public and Private Cooperation in International Informatics
Authors: Cowhey Peter F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The melding of communications and information technologies forms the core of the world’ s electronics and advanced services sectors. Producers and service providers utilizing these merged technologies are commonly collectively called the informatics industries. Informatics faces the market traditions of its precursor components, and these traditions are incompatibly different. Thus, domestic communications markets have been routinely closed to foreign competitionparticularly in services, but also even in goods. At the same time, significant, although far from complete, openness in information (computing) has been allowed. This means more firms have been able to trade internationally and invest freely in other countries (and their own) in computing than has been the case in communications.
China
Authors: Xiong-Jian Liang , You-Nong Zhu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Confucius noted, “The propagation of morals is a faster means of ruling than to have the post to send commands.” Still, as befits a cradle of civilization, communication systems developed very early in China. During the Shang Dynasty (sixteenth to eleventh century B.c.) there were codes of drum beats to give alarms. In the Zhou (eleventh century to 771 B.c.) beacon fires and smoke signaling were used. As the state grew in size and complexity, organized communication systems developed to fulfill the requirements of the ruling class, as was the case in other ancient empires such as Persia and Rome.
Australia
Authors: Barr Trevor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a vast but sparsely populated country, Australia’ s telecommunications system has been driven by the goal of overcoming distance and breaking down isolation. Australia is a continent of 7.7 million km2 with a population of just over 17 million (mid-1991). However, the population is highly urbanized, with 43 percent in urban Sydney and Melbourne. The prime development focus for telecommunications has long been to provide a nationwide grid, as well as international communication gateways. In many ways the system is remarkably sophisticated by international standards. The benchmark policy principle-to provide universal service at affordable prices-has resulted in Australia having one of the highest telephone densities in the world, with tariffs reasonably priced by any international comparison and a network well connected to the rest of the world. Australia has also developed and maintained advanced, viable local equipment production.
Taiwan
Authors: Fan-Tung Tseng , Chi-Kuo Mao 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Telephone service in Taiwan has always been good by world standards-extremely good by developing economic standards when that was the category applicable to the island. Taiwan’ s remarkable post-World War II growth was achieved by many small businesses and industrious people. The government helped this by making a widespread telephone network a priority, although such facilitation was not a goal in itself. Despite being authoritarian, the government did not feel compelled to preclude a public network or usurp resources to build one primarily for its own control purposes-although it did have access to the military’ s system.
Taiwan: Changes in the Environment for Development
Authors: Shih Chintay , Lin Yeo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Deregulation has been pursued by Taiwan’ s government since 1980, but it has been singularly elusive. Although the worldwide trend toward liberalization of telecommunications has been a strong influence favoring reform, only limited progress has been made. Until 1987 the directorate general of telecommunications (DGT) provided both services and equipment on a monopolistic basis. Customers may now purchase many (but not all) types of equipment from multiple vendors, but for an economy as dynamic as Taiwan’ s, value added network (VAN) services are conspicuous by their rarity. Liberalization of administrative matters, privatization of DGT, and adjustment of service rates have been seriously discussed, but a sufficiently broad consensus as to what to do has meant proposals have languished in limbo.
Japan: Technology and Domestic Deregulation
Authors: Nagai Susumu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A shift in emphasis from quantity to quality, liberalization of private leased circuits, institutional reform, and, of course, rapid technological innovation characterize Japanese telecommunications since the late 1970s. The most salient point associated with the Public Telecommunication Law in effect from 1953 to 1984 is that there were two monopolistic service providers one domestic and one international. Government units-including Japan National Railways, the Ministry of Construction, and the Self Defense Forces-were permitted to build private networks. The law, however, prohibited all third parties from providing message switching services to the public, outlawed shared use of leased lines, and prevented interconnection of privately operated facilities to the public network.
The Important Links in Pacific Basin Telecommunications
Authors: Conn Douglas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although there are immense geographical distances between the countries of the Pacific Basin, economic and political forces have effectively reduced them. As the chapters of this book have repeatedly pointed out, these linkages have relied heavily on international telecommunications. The past decades were a time of enormous vitality for the communications sector in the Pacific Basin, mirroring and supporting the rapid expansion of the economies in that region, with international telephone traffic growth rates of as much as 25 percent in some countries. In comparison, annual growth in the United States was about 18 percent and 15 percent in the European Community. The Pacific Basin is the fastest growing region for telecommunications investment and traffic growth.
The Veto Clause as a Constitutional Limit on Omnibus Appropriations
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our assessment of the history and mechanics of the power of the purse in national security provides the backdrop for consideration of one possible constitutional limit on that power: the presidential veto.1 First, we will see that a combination of curtailed impoundment authority and deficit reduction mechanisms have reduced the opportunities of presidents to defeat spending that they disfavor, at the same time that the use of omnibus spending bills and continuing resolutions has increased. We then describe Congress’s tendency to bundle varied proposals for legislation in omnibus appropriation bills which seemingly threaten the president’s veto power as a limit on the appropriation process. Arguments based on the text and structure of Article I assert that omnibus bills that bundle proposals for legislation are not the discrete “bills” contemplated by the Constitution and that the practice of bundling thwarts important purposes of the president’s veto.
A Feminist Explores Africa ‘: May French-Sheldon ‘s Subversion of Patriarchal Protection
Authors: Newman Louise Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the everwhere departure for Africa in 1891, May French-Sheldon was, by all accounts, a strikingly beautiful forty-four-year-old American woman, happily married to a prosperous London banker, who enjoyed entertaining prominent businessmen in her own drawing room. Nothing in the public record gives any indication that she was dissatisfied with this role. No personal illness, singular ennui, family crisis, or other necessity prompted her to leave her comfortable home to venture on a three-month safari into a remote region of East Africa. Unlike other Victorian British women who embarked on their own travels through what was known as the dark continent, the flamboyant French-Sheldon never tried to make her voyage palatable to Europeans or Americans by cloaking her actions in socially acceptable forms. She was leaving a husband behind for no compelling reason other than that she desired to prove to the world (and perhaps to herself as well) her ability to pull off such a dangerous trip without any white men to “protect” her. Resourceful, energetic, strong-• willed, and outspoken, with definite tastes and opinions, May French-Sheldon was asserting her independence from and picking up the gauntlet laid down by the suffocating protectionism of Western patriarchy.
Eliminating Sex Distinctions from Civilization: The Feminist Theories of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Mary Roberts Smith Coolidge
Authors: Newman Louise Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All that makes for civilisation, for progress, for the growth of humanity up and on toward the race ideal-takes place outside the home. This is what has been denied to the lady of the housemerely all human life! . . Race characteristics belong in equal measure to either sex, [my emphasis] and the misfortune of the house-bound woman is that she is denied time, place, and opportunity to develop those characteristics.
Reputation
Authors: Kay John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second principal distinctive capability is reputation. Reputation is the most important commercial mechanism for conveying information to consumers. But reputation is not equally important in all markets because customers find out about product characteristics and product quality in many ways. Sometimes they learn from searching. Other attributes become apparent as soon as a product is used. The importance of reputation can be seen in those markets—from car rental to accounting— to which product quality is important but can be identified only through long-term experience. In these markets, reputations are difficult and costly to create but, once established, can yield substantial added value.
Consensus and Dissent in U.S. Legal Opinions Narrative Structure and Social Voices
Authors: Mertz Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the ways in which disputes are settled in this country is through the decisions of appellate courts. These decisions, which often take the form of written texts composed of a majority opinion and one or more dissents or concurrences, represent one of our legal system’s answers to situations of conflict. This paper examines the U.S. Supreme Court’s infamous decision in Plessy v. Ferguson, contrasting it with Brown v. Board of Education,the case that overruledPlessy.
Understanding Who You Are
Authors: Earley P Christopher , Erez Miriam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One way to develop a new way of thinking about managing employees in a multicultural world is by questioning existing management approaches and seeing what has been useful and what has been left out. We have questioned existing approaches in an attempt to dis cover the beginning of the thread that would weave a new outlook on multicultural management in the global enterprise. In particular, we have made two assumptions: first, a person-oriented approach is fundamental to a comprehensive integration of cultural influences in the workplace; and, second, there exists a need to create a bridge between the general work environment and an individual employee’s needs and values.
We begin our discussion by assuming that a person-oriented approach is a necessary, if not sufficient, way to talk about global management. An approach that takes into consideration a person’s own values and needs is an essential starting point for understanding how abstract influences such as culture and society might influence an employee’s actions. A person-oriented approach enables us to understand how people’s experiences in their companies and social lives are processed and used as a basis for work activity. In this regard, an individual’s culture is viewed as a shared way of acting that various members of the society use in day-to-day life. As such, culture serves as a way of judging the meaning of various managerial techniques and the value of their effects on workplace activity.
Quality and the Committed Worker
Authors: Earley P Christopher , Erez Miriam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Total quality management (TQM) has become a focus of interest for managers around the world in almost the full range of industrial sectors, from manufacturing to service, health care, education, and government. While the success of TQM in Japan has been widely documented, a McKinsey study in Europe and the United states found that two thirds of quality improvement programs have failed to show the expected results. The focus of this chapter will be to answer the following questions: why do quality improvement (QI) programs succeed in some cultures and fail in others, and how can managers across the world cope with the need to improve quality? If we apply our approach of cultural self-knowledge approach to answer these questions, we find that quality improvement pro grams sometimes fail because not enough attention is given to their meaning by the employees who implement them and not enough care is given to select implementation strategies appropriate to the given culture. In this chapter, we will define the role of self-knowledge for understanding the typical reaction people have to quality improvement programs. We also propose the 3-D model of QI, which consists of the implementation of QI on three levels (the individual, the group, and the organization) and adjusts the emphasis given to each level in line with cultural characteristics. Finally, we examine the potential success of QI throughout the world and suggest appropriate strategies for implementation of quality improvement programs in various cultures.
Residual Verb Second and Verb First in Basque
Authors: Urbina Jon Ortiz De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article examines some word order constraints found in Basque sentences with interrogative and focal operators, which must be left adjacent to the verb. Traditional accounts of Basque (Altube 1929) usually claim this to be main (often, the only) restriction on word-order in this language.1 Here, I will follow Brody’s (1990) approach and will try to show that these restrictions are instances of residual verb-second phenomena prompted by a well-formedness condition like Rizzi’s (1991) Wh-Criterion, under the hypotheses (a) that Infl can license affective features like [+wh] and [+Focus], and (b) that the Wh-Criterion can be extended to focal operators and holds at S-structure in Basque. After briefly introducing the basic word-ordc r patterns in section 1, I address the problem of achieving the wh-word/inflection adjacency in a head-last language like Basque (sections 2 and 3). Section 4 extends the analysis to focalization, under the assumption that foci move to Spec of CP. I also examine other cases of apparent verb-initial structures (yes/no questions and emphatic declaratives) in sections 5 and 6, where I claim that these fall under the same analysis. Finally, embedded patterns are discussed in section 7.
Employee Benefits in Europe and the United States
Authors: Mitchell Daniel J B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Countries face choices in establishing national systems of employee social insurance and employee benefits. They may rely heavily on private employers to provide for such needs as retirement income and health insurance. They may rely almost entirely on government to meet these needs. Or they may utilize a mix of both approaches. The choice that countries make about these matters ideally should reflect labor-market pressures and the employment relationship. Industrialized countries generally have made basic decisions about social insurance and benefits a long time ago. They are, in a sense, stuck with approaches designed in the past which may or may not accord with modem labor-market conditions. But sometimes events occur which allow reexamination of social insurance and benefit approaches. In particular, the countries which form the European Community (EC) are now wrestling with social issues including the role of social insurance and private employee benefit plans.
The Impact of Foreign Investment on U.S. Industrial Relations: The Case of California’s Japanese-Owned Plants
Authors: Milkman Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The workers of the world are less united today than a century ago, when labor was international and capital national in orientation. Labor movements around the world now operate primarily on a national (or, in some cases, local) basis, even though capital has become increasingly internationalized. In recent years, as transportation and communication costs have dropped and barriers to international trade and investment have collapsed in nation after nation, capital’s increased mobility has dramatically weakened organized labor in virtually every country. The United States, which did so much to foster economic globalization, has become increasingly dependent on the reinvigorated economies of Western Europe and Japan. With relatively few barriers to foreign trade and even fewer to investment (the legacy of its former economic hegemony), the United States has been flooded with imports and with both direct and indirect foreign investment in the last two decades.’ Once the world’s largest creditor, it is now justly famous for its enormous trade and budget deficits; and total foreign direct investment inside the United States now exceeds U.S. direct investment abroad.
Matrices, Indices, and Morphosyntactic Features
Authors: Franks Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops a system of case representation and assignment originally proposed in Franks (1985, 1986). Section 2.1 presents the basic framework and the mechanisms involved. Section 2.2 examines the issue of what kinds of morphosyntactic case features are appropriate for describing Russian, with special reference to the set of features put forward in Jakobson (1936, 1958). Most of the work on case theory within the Government and Binding (GB) paradigm focuses on the factors motivating and regulating abstract case assignment, with the concomitant assumption that this will be instantiated morphologically whenever possible. In this study, however, I argue that morphological case is not fundamentally distinct from abstract case, but rather reflects its language-particular realization. The problem of relating abstract case to morphological case should therefore be attacked from the opposite direction. Case theory must first and foremost be able to account for morphological case properties such as are found in Slavic. It needs to be based upon explicit and detailed morphological analysis of nominals, connecting that analysis to abstract and general properties of case assignment. In this section, just such a theory is proposed.
Voice Alternations
Authors: Franks Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates voice-altering morphemes in the various Slavic languages and their interaction with null subjects in finite clauses.1 After a brief consideration of the general nature of passive and middle voice, the bulk of the chapter treats the properties and distribution of various Slavic constructions involving “passive” participial and reflexive morphology. The canonical passive pattern is for there to be a nominative subject bearing the identical semantic role that the accusative object would have in the active counterpart. We shall see, however, that various Slavic languages and dialects also permit the object to remain in the accusative, while still adding the same passive morphology and prohibiting the agent from appearing in subject position. A typical example is given in Ukrainian (1). languages. I shall argue that it is potentially available in all the Slavic languages, since as we saw in chapter 7 they all allow null expletive subjects. However, various factors having to do with specific properties of the “passive” (i.e. reflexive or participial) morphemes in the individual languages conspire either to admit or preclude its instantiation. An initial proposal is that the cases a morpheme can “absorb’’ should be parameterized, following the Case-Absorption Parameter originally proposed in Franks (1982). It is then argued that this parameter must be generalized so as not to refer to specific cases. This approach is augmented by the idea that
“The Right Man and the Right Place”
Authors: Tushnet Mark V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
President John F. Kennedy wanted to demonstrate his commitment to the interests of African-Americans without incurring enormous political costs. Appointing African-Americans to prominent positions was a more promising strategy than proposing substantive civil rights laws and regulations. Early in the Kennedy administration it became clear that Marshall was an obvious candidate for an important judgeship. Referring to Marshall’s role in Brown v. Board of Education and his stature in the civil rights movement, prominent African-American corporate lawyer and civil rights adviser William T.