bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in membrane properties of axonal and demyelinating Guillain‐Barré syndromes
Authors: Kuwabara Satoshi , Ogawara Kazue , Sung Jia‐Ying , Mori Masahiro , Kanai Kazuaki , Hattori Takamichi , Yuki Nobuhiro , Lin Cindy S.‐Y. , Burke David , Bostock Hugh 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGuillain‐Barré syndrome is classified into acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) and acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) by electrodiagnostic and pathological criteria. In AMAN, the immune attack appears directed against the axolemma and nodes of Ranvier. Threshold tracking was used to measure indices of axonal excitability (refractoriness, supernormality, and threshold electrotonus) for median nerve axons at the wrist of patients with AMAN (n = 10) and AIDP (n = 8). Refractoriness (the increase in threshold current during the relative refractory period) was greatly increased in AMAN patients, but the abruptness of the threshold increases at short interstimulus intervals indicated conduction failure distal to the stimulation (ie, an increased refractory period of transmission). During the 4 week period from onset, the high refractoriness returned toward normal, and the amplitude of the compound muscle action potential increased, consistent with improvement in the safety margin for impulse transmission in the distal nerve. In contrast, refractoriness was normal in AIDP, even though there was marked prolongation of distal latencies. Supernormality and threshold electrotonus were normal in both groups of patients, suggesting that, at the wrist, membrane potential was normal and pathology was relatively minor. These results support the view that the predominantly distal targets of immune attack are different for AMAN and AIDP. Possible mechanisms for the reduced safety factor in AMAN are discussed.
Sequential interpenetrating polymer networks of poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and polydimethylsiloxane
Authors: Abbasi F. , Mirzadeh H. , Katbab A. A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe preparation of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) from silicone rubber and hydrogel forming poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (HEMA) were studied. The HEMA monomer was polymerized with simultaneous crosslink formation in the presence of the swollen silicone rubber. To minimize the required number of experiments, the Taguchi method of experimental design involving the factors of temperature, monomer concentration, initiator concentration, and crosslinker concentration was used. Upon removal of the swelling solvent, an IPN was obtained which absorbed water in the manner of a hydrogel but had mechanical properties superior to a hydrogel. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1825–1831, 2002
Study on the adsorption of hemoglobin onto bentonite clay surfaces
Authors: Bajpai A. K. , Sachdeva R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe adsorption behavior of a hemoglobin (Hb) solution onto bentonite powder was studied from its alkaline solution (pH 12.6) and at room temperature. Different types of adsorption isotherms are discussed and various adsorption parameters, such as the adsorption coefficient, rate constants for adsorption and desorption, diffusion constant, penetration rate constant, were evaluated. The effects of pH and temperature of the adsorption medium on the extent of adsorption and the influence of solvents were studied, and the effect of salt concentrations on the rate of adsorption were also observed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1607–1618, 2002
Effect of chemical modification of cotton fabrics on dyeing properties
Authors: Micheal M. N. , Tera F. M. , Ibrahim S. F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe presented research deals with modifying the chemical structure of the cellulosic cotton fabrics by introducing amino groups as new active centers. The properties of the resulting aminated cotton, dimethylaminoethyl (DMAE)‐cotton, are evaluated and discussed by studying the dyeability, light fastness characteristics, and fading kinetics. The goal of this study was achieved. The modification succeeded in saving energy by decreasing both the dyeing time and temperature, and the dyeability and light fastness characteristics were improved. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1897–1903, 2002
Time‐dependent rheological behavior of low‐density polyethylene white color masterbatches under dynamic stress field
Authors: Lei Caihong , Chen Dahua , Huang Rui , Li Guangxian , Lu Yuben 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe time‐dependent behavior of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) white color masterbatches (WCMBs), which were concentrated suspensions filled with titanium dioxide (TiO2), was found using dynamic stress rheometer. The viscosity first decreased slightly with time then continuously increased with time, and Tg(δ) (δ was the angle of loss) decreased with time, which meant the time‐dependent behavior of the elastic contribution was more pronounced than that of the viscous contribution. The higher the experimental frequency and temperature, the more pronounced the viscosity increase. However, the higher experimental stress did not lead to pronounced viscosity increase, which was attributed to the existence of small defects at higher stress. The 30 wt % of TiO2 content was critical to obvious time‐dependent behavior. The viscosity increase with time was related to the formation of a hard shell around the melt sample during the test. It was verified by thermogravimetric analysis that the TiO2 concentration at the outer surface was higher than that at the core of the sample and, because the outer surface contained more TiO2, a hard shell was formed, which impeded further deformation of the sample. This was completely different from the other reported systems with time‐dependent behavior. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2793–2799, 2002
Surface structures of solvent‐cast films prepared from poly(ethylene oxide)‐segmented nylons
Authors: Mochizuki Akira , Senshu Kazuhisa , Yamashita Shuzo , Koshizaki Naoto 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe surface structures of three kinds of poly(ethylene oxide)‐segmented nylon (PEO‐Ny) films prepared by the solvent‐cast method were investigated with electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). The PEO‐Ny's used were high‐crystalline PEO‐segmented poly(iminosebacoyliminohexamethylene), low‐crystalline PEO‐segmented poly(iminosebacoylimino‐m‐xylene), and amorphous PEO‐segmented poly(iminoisophthaloyliminomethylene‐1,3‐cyclohexylenemethylene), and the PEO contents in the bulk polymers were approximately 10 wt %. The ESCA results showed that the PEO segment was enriched on the top surfaces of all the films, and the degrees of enrichment were different. The mechanism of the PEO enrichment was examined. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 10–16, 2002
Miniemulsion and macroemulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate with vinyl versatate
Authors: Wu X. Q. , Hong X. M. , Cordeiro Cajetan , Schork F. J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe miniemulsion and macroemulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate with vinyl versatate in batch and semibatch systems was investigated. Vinyl versatate was added either as an emulsion with the vinyl acetate, or as a neat liquid stream. In the batch runs, there is a poor dispersion of vinyl versatate during the nucleation period for the runs in which the vinyl versatate was added neat at the beginning of the polymerization. This led to smaller particles, lower polymerization rate, and different polymer composition evolution when compared with runs in which the vinyl versatate was emulsified with the vinyl acetate. In seeded semibatch runs, residual surfactant in the seed latex, along with the propensity for homogeneous nucleation in vinyl acetate emulsions, resulted in continuing nucleation during the entire semibatch interval. The polymerization rate was primarily affected by monomer feed rate rather than the feeding mode. The effect of monomer feeding mode on copolymer composition was weak when the semibatch feed rate was low, indicating some level of vinyl versatate mass transfer resistance. In all runs, only one glass transition temperature was observed, indicating effective copolymerization. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2219–2229, 2002
Experimental investigation of the morphology development and mechanical properties of waste ethylene propylene diene monomer/polypropylene blend in modular intermeshing corotating twin‐screw extruder
Authors: Kim Jin Kuk , Lee Sung Hyo , Hwang Sung Hyuk 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNowadays, with the increase in the number of automobiles, waste EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) is causing a significant environmental problem. From environmental and economical perspectives, recycling is one of the popular methods to solve environmental problems. This study, which involved waste EPDM/PP (polypropylene) blends with the ratio range of 70/30 and 75/25, set out to ascertain the relevance of the mass percentage of the dispersed phase, the influence of the screw geometry, the screw rpm, and the melting temperature of PP materials on the morphology and mechanical properties of the waste rubber blend. The purpose of this study is to develop a high‐value thermoplastic elastomer from waste EPDM. This investigation concentrated on determining the optimum conditions for producing a blend by extrusion, relative to screw geometry, screw rational speed, and operating temperature. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2276–2282, 2002
On the issue of urea phase connectivity in formulations based on molded flexible polyurethane foams
Authors: Aneja Ashish , Wilkes Garth L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLithium chloride was added to systematically alter the phase separation behavior, and hence, the nature of urea phase connectivity, in a series of plaques based on molded flexible polyurethane foam formulations. The plaques prepared were found to possess varied levels of urea phase connectivity that was examined at different length scales using several characterization techniques. SAXS, TEM, and t‐AFM were used to show that addition of LiCl systematically reduced the formation of the urea aggregate structures typically observed in flexible polyurethane foam formulations and thus led to a loss in urea phase connectivity at the macrolevel. SAXS, DSC, and DMA revealed that formulations with and without LiCl exhibited similar interdomain spacings and soft segment glass transitions, suggesting that incorporation of LiCl did not prevent the plaques from undergoing partial microphase separation. WAXS demonstrated that addition of LiCl led to a loss in the local ordering of the hard segments within the microdomains, i.e., it led to a reduction of microlevel connectivity or the regularity in segmental packing of the urea phase. High‐magnification t‐AFM images showed that increasing the LiCl content dispersed the urea component more homogeneously and in a more uniform manner in the polyol matrix, and thus altered the connectivity of the urea phase at the microdomain level. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2956–2967, 2002
Delivery of bupivacaine included in poly(acrylamide‐co‐monomethyl itaconate) hydrogels as a function of the pH swelling medium
Authors: Bernardo M. V. , Blanco M. D. , Olmo R. , Teijón J. M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCopolymeric hydrogels of poly(acrylamide‐co‐monomethyl itaconate) (A/MMI) crosslinked with N,N′‐methylenbisacrylamide (NBA) were synthesized as devices for the controlled release of bupivacaine (Bp). Two compositions of the copolymer, 60A/40MMI and 75A/25MMI, were studied. A local anesthetic was included in the feed mixture of polymerization (2–8 mg Bp/tablet) and by immersion of the copolymeric tablets in an aqueous solution of the drug. A very large amount of Bp (36–38 mg Bp/tablet) was included in the gels by sorption due to interactions between the drug and the side groups of the hydrogels. Swelling and drug release were in accordance with the second Fick's law at the first stages of the processes. The swelling behavior of these copolymers depended on the pH of the medium. The equilibrium swelling degree (W∞) was larger at pH 7.5 (W∞ ≈ 90 wt %) than at pH 1.5 (W∞ ≈ 52–64 wt %) due to the ionization of the side groups of the copolymer. Release of the drug also depended on the pH of the swelling medium; at pH 7.5, about 60% of the included drug was released, and at pH 1.5, about 80% was released. Bp release was controlled by the comonomer composition of the gels, their drug‐load, and the pH of the swelling medium. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 327–334, 2002
Co‐development of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): A histological examination
Authors: Blackburn Michael B. , Gelman Dale B. , Hu Jing S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractUsing histological techniques, we have simultaneously examined the co‐development of the Aphelinid parasitoid Encarsia formosa and its host the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Previously we have determined that regardless of the whitefly instar parasitized, parasitoid larvae would not molt to their final instar until the whitefly reaches its maximum dimensions. In unparasitized T. vaporariorum, this point in development corresponds to the initiation of the adult molt. In part, this study was conducted to determine the developmental state of parasitized whiteflies at the time they achieve their maximum dimensions. It was found that parasitized final instar T. vaporariorum do, in fact, undergo a final molt and that E. formosa larvae will not molt to their final instar until this has occurred. The timing of the final whitefly molt appears unaffected by parasitization. The commonly observed melanization of parasitized whiteflies appears to be a consequence of this molt. In addition, we have discovered that the adult wasp oviposits within the ventral ganglion of the whitefly, and that major organ systems of the whitefly persist very late into parasitoid development. We also report the presence of possible endosymbiotic bacteria residing in the fatbody of E. formosa. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 51:13–26, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Joint damage and inflammation in c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase 2 knockout mice with passive murine collagen‐induced arthritis
Authors: Han Zuoning , Chang Lufen , Yamanishi Yuji , Karin Michael , Firestein Gary S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectivePrevious studies have demonstrated that inhibition of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) decreases joint destruction in the rat adjuvant arthritis model. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether selective loss of JNK‐2 function decreases joint destruction in JNK‐2 knockout mice, in order to determine the role of this isoform in inflammatory arthritis.MethodsPassive collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) was induced in Jnk2−/− and wild‐type mice by administering anti–type II collagen antibodies. Arthritis was assessed daily using a semiquantitative clinical scoring system. Fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS) were prepared from Jnk2−/− and wild‐type mice, and JNK protein expression was determined by Western blot analysis. Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP‐13) expression was determined by Northern blot analysis, and activator protein 1 (AP‐1) binding activity by electromobility shift assay (EMSA).ResultsThe JNK protein level in Jnk2−/− mice with CIA was 22% of that in wild‐type mice with CIA (P < 0.001), and mainly the 46‐kd isoform was expressed in the former group. Surprisingly, clinical arthritis was slightly more severe in the Jnk2−/− mice. Histologic scores for synovial inflammation were not significantly different. However, Safranin O–stained sections from the Jnk2−/− mice exhibited significantly less joint damage. Although joint destruction was decreased in Jnk2−/− mice with CIA, EMSA and Northern blot analysis of total joint extracts revealed similar levels of AP‐1 binding and MMP‐13 expression in Jnk2−/− and wild‐type mice. The lack of correlation with AP‐1 activity and MMP expression was probably because non‐FLS cells in the joint may express more JNK‐1 than do FLS.ConclusionJNK‐2 is a determinant of matrix degradation, but it has little effect on inflammation in arthritis. Complete inhibition of MMP expression and joint destruction will likely require combined JNK‐1 and JNK‐2 inhibition.
Immunization of naive BALB/c mice with human β2‐Glycoprotein I breaks tolerance to the murine molecule
Authors: Tincani A. , Gilburd B. , Abu‐Shakra M. , Blank M. , Allegri F. , Ottaviani R. , Riboni M. , Meroni P. L. , Balestrieri G. , Shoenfeld Y. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveImmunization of naive mice with β2‐glycoprotein I (β2GPI) leads to the generation of pathogenic anticardiolipin antibodies associated with clinical manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). The aim of this study was to determine whether immunization of naive mice with human β2GPI, which shares homology with mouse β2GPI molecules, breaks tolerance to murine β2GPI and leads to the generation of anti‐mouse β2GPI.MethodsTwenty‐four female BALB/c mice were immunized in the footpads with 10 μg of human β2GPI. Twelve age‐ and sex‐matched BALB/c mice were immunized in the same manner with Freund's complete adjuvant and served as controls. The reactivity of whole sera, polyclonal IgG, and affinity‐purified anti‐β2GPI IgG antibodies against human, bovine, and mouse β2GPI was evaluated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsHigh titers of anti‐human β2GPI IgG antibodies were detected 1 month after immunization. Progressively increasing titers against murine and bovine β2GPI were recorded 1–4 months after injection.ConclusionImmunization of mice with human β2GPI resulted in the generation of antibodies reacting with human, bovine, and murine β2GPI. The loss of tolerance to mouse β2GPI is attributable to the high interspecies homology of β2GPI. These results may point to molecular mimicry as a possible cause of APS.
Suppression of tumor necrosis factor α–induced matrix metalloproteinase 9 production in human salivary gland acinar cells by cepharanthine occurs via down‐regulation of nuclear factor κB: A possible therapeutic agent for preventing the destruction of the acinar structure in the salivary glands of Sjögren's syndrome patients
Authors: Azuma Masayuki , Aota Keiko , Tamatani Tetsuya , Motegi Katsumi , Yamashita Tsuyoshi , Ashida Yuki , Hayashi Yoshio , Sato Mitsunobu 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveOur previous results suggested that suppression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)–induced matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9) could prevent the destruction of acinar tissue in the salivary glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS). The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of cepharanthine on the suppression of TNFα‐induced MMP‐9 production in NS‐SV‐AC, an SV40‐immortalized normal human acinar cell clone.MethodsAfter pretreatment with or without cepharanthine, NS‐SV‐AC cells were treated with TNFα alone or with a combination of TNFα and cepharanthine. The expression of MMP‐9 was then examined at the protein and messenger RNA levels. In addition, the effect of cepharanthine on the morphogenetic behavior of NS‐SV‐AC cells cultured on type IV collagen–coated dishes in the presence of TNFα was examined.ResultsAlthough TNFα induced the production of MMP‐9 in NS‐SV‐AC cells, this production was greatly suppressed when cells were pretreated with cepharanthine, followed by treatment with both TNFα and cepharanthine. In addition, cepharanthine suppressed the TNFα‐stimulated NF‐κB activity by partly preventing the degradation of IκBα protein in NS‐SV‐AC cells. When NS‐SV‐AC cells were seeded on type IV collagen–coated dishes in the presence of both TNFα and plasmin, type IV collagen interaction with the cells was lost and the cells entered apoptosis. However, pretreatment with cepharanthine restored the aberrant in vitro morphogenesis of the NS‐SV‐AC cells.ConclusionThese results may indicate a molecular mechanism by which cepharanthine is able to protect against the destruction of the acinar structure in salivary glands from patients with SS.
Genetic linkage and association of Fcγ receptor IIIA (CD16A) on chromosome 1q23 with human systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Edberg Jeffrey C. , Langefeld Carl D. , Wu Jianming , Moser Kathy L. , Kaufman Kenneth M. , Kelly Jennifer , Bansal Vipin , Brown W. Mark , Salmon Jane E. , Rich Stephen S. , Harley John B. , Kimberly Robert P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveAlthough low‐affinity alleles of human Fcγ receptor types IIA and IIIA (FcγRIIA and FcγRIIIA, respectively) polymorphisms have been associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in case–control studies, the relative contribution of these genes to SLE susceptibility has not been resolved.MethodsWe analyzed the distribution of alleles of FcγRIIA, FcγRIIIA, and FcγRIIIB in 126 multiplex‐SLE pedigrees and FcγRIIA and FcγRIIIA in a case–control replication study, using allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing of genomic DNA. Statistical tests of association were performed to detect evidence of linkage between the single nucleotide polymorphisms and SLE.ResultsWe found evidence for linkage at both the FcγRIIIA (single‐point nonparametric linkage [NPL] 1.8, P = 0.038; multipoint NPL 2.7, P = 0.004) and the FcγRIIA (single‐point NPL 2.0, P = 0.021; multipoint NPL 2.6, P = 0.006) loci, but not the FcγRIIIB locus. Family‐based tests of association demonstrated increased transmission of the low‐affinity F176 allele at the FcγRIIIA locus (odds ratio [OR] 2.18, P = 0.0005 by transmission disequilibrium test and P = 0.002, by pedigree disequilibrium test [PDT]), but little evidence of preferential transmission of alleles at FcγRIIA (P = 0.089 by PDT). Stratification by ethnicity showed preferential transmission of the associated FcγRIIIA allele both in families of African American ancestry and in those of European American ancestry. Despite significant linkage disequilibrium between these genes, 2‐ and 3‐locus haplotype analysis of the extended Fcγ receptor cluster did not reveal any significant association beyond that observed with FcγRIIIA alone. In a large case–control replication study of 438 patients with SLE and 219 controls, FcγRIIIA provided the strongest evidence of an FcγR–SLE association (additive model: V/V 176 versus V/F 176 OR 1.51, V/V 176 versus F/F 176 OR 1.98, P = 0.007).ConclusionTo our knowledge, these data are the first to demonstrate linkage and both family‐based and case–control–based association of FcγRIIIA with SLE. These data provide genetic evidence supporting a role for the physiologically relevant single nucleotide polymorphism of the FcγRIIIA gene in the pathophysiology of this complex genetic disease.