bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disruption of anterior segment development by TGF‐β1 overexpression in the eyes of transgenic mice
Authors: Flügel‐Koch Cassandra , Ohlmann Andreas , Piatigorsky Joram , Tamm Ernst R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPrevious experiments showed that transgenic mice expressing a secreted self‐activating transforming growth factor (TGF) ‐β1 did not show a phenotype in the lens and cornea until postnatal day 21, when anterior subcapsular cataracts, sporadic thickening of the corneal stroma, and thinning of the corneal epithelium were noted (Srinivasan et al., 1998). To examine the effects of higher concentrations of TGF‐β1 on the lens and cornea, we constructed transgenic mice harboring the strong, lens‐specific chicken βB1‐crystallin promoter driving an activated porcine TGF‐β1 gene. In contrast to the earlier study, the transgenic mice had microphthalmic eyes with closed eyelids. Already at embryonic day (E) 13.5, the future cornea of the transgenic mice was threefold thicker than that of wild‐type littermates due to increased proliferation of corneal stromal mesenchyme cells. Staining of fibronectin and thrombospondin‐1 was increased in periocular mesenchyme. At E17.5, the thickened transgenic corneal stroma was vascularized and densely populated by abundant star‐shaped, neural cell adhesion molecule–positive cells of mesenchymal appearance surrounded by irregular swirls of collagen and extracellular matrix. The corneal endothelium, anterior chamber, and stroma of iris/ciliary body did not develop, and the transgenic cornea was opaque. Fibronectin, perlecan, and thrombospondin‐1 were elevated, whereas type VI collagen decreased in the transgenic corneal stroma. Stromal mesenchyme cells expressed α‐smooth muscle actin as did lens epithelial cells and cells of the retinal pigmented epithelium. By E17.5, lens fiber cells underwent apoptotic cell death that was followed by apoptosis of the entire anterior lens epithelium between E18.5 and birth. Posteriorly, the vitreous humor was essentially absent; however, the retina appeared relatively normal. Thus, excess TGF‐β1, a mitogen for embryonic corneal mesenchyme, severely disrupts corneal and lens differentiation. Our findings profoundly contrast with the mild eye phenotype observed with presumably lower levels of ectopic TGF‐β and illustrate the complexity of TGF‐β utilization and the importance of dose when assessing the effects of this growth factor. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Malsegregation as a possible mechanism of aneuploidy induction by metal salts in MRC‐5 human cells
Authors: Seoane A.I. , Güerci A.M. , Dulout F.N. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMany aneugenic compounds are known to affect one or more components of the mitotic apparatus leading to an erroneous migration of chromosomes. Malsegregation occurs when a chromosome (or a chromatid) fails to migrate and remains at the metaphase plate. Nondisjunction implies the lack of dissociation between sister chromatids and the migration of both together to the same pole. The aim of the present study was to provide evidence that the aneugenic effect of some metal salts is the consequence of malsegregation at anaphase and that it is not caused by nondisjunction mechanisms. The frequencies of lagging chromosomes at anaphase‐telophase of mitosis, hypoploid metaphases, and kinetochore‐positive micronuclei induced by cadmium chloride, potassium dichromate, and cacodilic acid (dimethylarsinic acid) in MRC‐5 human cells were compared. The data indicate that all the tested compounds are able to induce aneuploidy in MRC‐5 human cells. Positive, statistically significant correlations were found when kinetochore‐positive micronuclei, hypoploidy, and lagging chromosome frequencies were compared. The results suggest that malsegregation is the main mechanism involved in the induction of aneuploidy by metal salts in MRC‐5 cells. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 40:200–206, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of particulate matter air pollution using Markov random field models of spatial dependence
Authors: Kaiser Mark S. , Daniels Michael J. , Furakawa Kyoji , Dixon Philip 
Published: October 2002

AbstractResearchers are beginning to realize the need to take spatial structure into account when modeling data on air pollutants. We develop several models for particulate matter in an urban region that allow spatial dependence to be represented in different manners over a time period of one year. The models are based on a Markov random field approach, and a conceptualization of observed data as arising from two random processes, a conditionally independent observation process and a spatially dependent latent pollution process. Optimal predictors are developed for both of these processes, and predictions of the observation process are used for model assessment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling three‐dimensional non‐linear seismic performance of elevated bridges with emphasis on pounding of girders
Authors: Zhu Ping , Abe Masato , Fujino Yozo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractUnseating of bridge girders/decks during earthquakes is very harmful to the safety and serviceability of bridges. Evidence from recent severe earthquakes indicates that in addition to damage along longitudinal direction, lateral displacement and rotation of bridge girders caused by pounding to adjacent girders can also lead to unseating. To simulate this effect, 3D modelling of the dynamic performance of whole bridge structures, including pounding, is needed strongly. This paper presents a 3D model that is practically suitable to precisely analyse pounding between bridge girders. Experiments have been conducted to verify the proposed pounding model. The 3D non‐linear modelling of steel elevated bridges is also discussed. A general‐purpose dynamic analysis program for bridges, namely dynamic analysis of bridge systems (DABS) has been developed. Seismic analyses on a chosen three‐span steel bridge are conducted for several cases including pounding as a case study. The applicability of the proposed pounding model is illustrated by the computations. The effects of poundings on the response of bridge girders are discussed and the computation results are given. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Upscaling: a review
Authors: Farmer C. L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPorous media have properties with heterogeneities on several length scales. It is possible to build digital models of such properties. However these can be so detailed that a computing machine of the same power as that used to build the property model is not able to solve the fluid flow equations using standard discretisation methods—storage is needed for workspace, and the discrete equations have to be solved in a reasonable time. This paper reviews averaging techniques, devised to simulate large scale features of solutions without necessarily solving all the fine scale equations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implicit fluid–structure coupling for simulation of cardiovascular problems
Authors: Penrose J. M. T. , Staples C. J. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract A three‐dimensional (3‐D) transient solid–fluid coupling system has been developed in order to study cardiovascular systems and devices. The system utilized two commercial implicit solvers, which exchanged boundary parameters from separate meshes over a common interface. Facility was made for the spatial interpolation of these exchange parameters so that the solid and fluid domain meshes need not have similar density or topology. Stability algorithms were added to the iterative coupling process, as were algorithms to smooth or entirely remesh the fluid domain interior subject to the deformations imposed at the solid–fluid interface. Several application scenarios were undertaken, whereby simulation results could be compared to either analytical or detailed experimental data. It was hoped they would also offer further insight into the operation of a number of clinical devices. The results of these comparisons show that the simulation of complex cardiac systems, with non‐linear solid–fluid interactions, can now be achieved with sufficient accuracy to be of significant benefit to manufacturers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reciprocal translocations in breast tumor cell lines: Cloning of a t(3;20) that targets the FHIT gene
Authors: Popovici Cornel , Basset Céline , Bertucci François , Orsetti Béatrice , Adélaide José , Mozziconacci Marie‐Joëlle , Conte Nathalie , Murati Anne , Ginestier Christophe , Charafe‐Jauffret Emmanuelle , Ethier Stephen P. , Lafage‐Pochitaloff Marina , Theillet Charles , Birnbaum Daniel , Chaffanet Max 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAll molecular alterations that lead to breast cancer are not precisely known. We are evaluating the frequency and consequences of reciprocal translocations in breast cancer. We surveyed 15 mammary cell lines by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (M‐FISH). We identified nine apparently reciprocal translocations. Using mBanding FISH and FISH with selected YAC clones, we identified the breakpoints for four of them, and cloned the t(3;20)(p14;p11) found in the BrCa‐MZ‐02 cell line. We found that the breakpoint targets the potential tumor‐suppressor gene FHIT (fragile histidine triad) in the FRA3B region; it is accompanied by homozygous deletion of exon 5 of the gene and absence of functional FHIT and fusion transcripts, which leads to the loss of FHIT protein expression. Additional experiments using comparative genomic hybridization provided further information on the genomic context in which the t(3;20)(p14;p11) reciprocal translocation was found. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Domiciliary clinics I: effects on non‐attendance
Authors: Anderson D. N. , Aquilina C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the rate of non‐attendance for new referrals to a hospital based clinic versus home assessment.SettingTwo old age psychiatry services in an urban area.MethodA four year prospective study comparing rates of non‐attendance for new referrals to a hospital based clinic versus assessment at home in two parallel old age psychiatry services.ResultsThe rate of non‐attendance for new referrals seen at home was considerably lower (1.7%) than the hospital based clinic (21.2%).ConclusionsAssessing new outpatient referrals to old age psychiatry services at home reduces non‐attendance. This improves efficient use of medical time in a small geographical catchment area but may not apply to rural or larger areas. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Superbugs II: how should economic evaluation be conducted for interventions which aim to contain antimicrobial resistance?
Authors: Coast Joanna , Smith Richard , Karcher Anne‐Marie , Wilton Paula , Millar Michael 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo date, there has been little examination of the problems associated with conducting economic evaluation for interventions designed to contain antimicrobial resistance. There are two quite different types of intervention aimed at containing antimicrobial resistance: interventions which are designed to avoid the emergence of resistant organisms; and interventions that are designed to avoid the transmission of resistance organisms. Four aspects of economic evaluation where the ease of assessment might be expected to differ across evaluations for these different types of intervention are examined: problems associated with the identification of diffuse impacts, problems associated with comparing current and future impacts, problems associated with uncertainty, and problems associated with difficulties in measurement and valuation. The paper suggests that it may be much easier to conduct rigorous economic evaluations for interventions designed to avoid transmission of resistance, than for those intended to avoid emergence. Unfortunately, the transmission policies, which are likely to be the easiest to evaluate, are not likely to produce an optimal long‐term outcome given the apparent irreversability of much resistance and the potentially severe harms which could be imposed as a result. Given the desirability of avoiding a scenario where, in the evidence‐based medicine culture, the most rigorously evaluated policies are followed even though they may be less important, there is the need to consider carefully what, and how, economic evaluation should be conducted in the area of antimicrobial resistance. It is suggested that research should focus on the use of modelling as a means of evaluating optimal policy responses and on trying to resolve some of the difficulties associated with measurement and valuation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feasibility of supraomohyoid neck dissection in N1 and N2a oral cancer patients
Authors: Kowalski Luiz P. , Carvalho André L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe use of selective neck dissection in a positive neck is still controversial. The object of this study was to ascertain the possibility of doing this procedure in oral cavity carcinoma with a single clinically metastatic lymph node smaller than 6 cm (N1 and N2a).Patients and MethodsFrom 1970 to 1994, we analyzed 164 oral cavity cancer patients with clinically N1 or N2a stage cancer submitted to radical neck dissection.ResultsThe histologic findings did not confirm a metastatic lymph node in 69 (42.1%) cases (pN0) and showed multiple lymph nodes in 19 (11.6%) cases. Moreover, just one patient (0.6%) had a metastatic lymph node at level IV (one case with multiple lymph nodes) and none at level V.ConclusionsBecause we did not find a single metastatic lymph node at levels IV and V and there was a high incidence of pN0 (57.4%) in patients with clinical N1 stage at level I, these patients could be candidates for a supraomohyoid neck dissection (extended or not to level IV) instead of radical neck dissection. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An analysis framework for applying virtual environment technology to manufacturing tasks
Authors: Chung Kyung H. , Shewchuk John P. , Williges Robert C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn empirical approach for improving the applicability of a virtual environment (VE) technology to manufacturing tasks is presented and discussed by considering the technological and economical perspectives. The three‐step analysis framework, which consists of evaluating overall feasibility, assessing potential benefits, and conducting cost/benefits analysis, was developed to support researchers in choosing an appropriate VE method and in designing a cost‐effective VE application. The usefulness and limitation of the framework were reviewed with a case study in which VE technology was used to improve the performance of dimensional inspection tasks as a means of providing the initial validation of the analysis framework. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cultivating problem‐solving skills through problem‐based approaches to professional development
Authors: Lohman Margaret C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn extensive literature review was conducted of four problem‐based approaches to professional

development: (1) case study, (2) goal‐based scenario, (3)

problem‐based learning, and (4) action learning. The review comparatively analyzed the training

designs of these four approaches and found key differences in the nature of their case problems and training

strategies. Specifically, the analysis found that case problems are ill structured in action learning and

problem‐based learning, are moderately structured in a goal‐based scenario, and are fairly well

structured in the case study approach. In addition, it was found that prototypical problems are used to a much

greater extent in the problem‐based learning and goal‐based scenario approaches than they are in

the other two approaches. Furthermore, the analysis found that the case study approach uses the most

expert‐oriented training strategy, the goal‐based scenario approach uses a more

learner‐oriented strategy than the case study approach, and the problem‐based learning and action

learning approaches use strongly learner‐oriented strategies. These design differences suggest that the

case study and goal‐based scenario approaches are more likely to result in single‐loop learning and

to foster the ability to solve well‐structured problems, whereas the problem‐based learning and

action learning approaches are more likely to lead to double‐loop learning and to promote the ability to

solve ill‐structured problems. Implications of these findings for the design and research of

problem‐based approaches to professional development are discussed.
Relationships between accountability, job satisfaction, and trust
Authors: Thoms Peg , Dose Jennifer J. , Scott Kimberly S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWith the trend toward self‐management comes increasing accountability of individuals to their coworkers

and organizations. There is an implicit assumption that workers like self‐management and the accompanying

accountability, despite little supporting empirical evidence. This study examines the idea that workers'

perceptions of their level of accountability are related to their job satisfaction. A significant correlation was

found between job satisfaction and perceived accountability to coworkers and perceived accountability to management.

In addition, we found that accountability to both coworkers and management was positively related to trust in

supervisors and managers. However, only two aspects of accountability—manager and coworker

awareness—seem to explain the variance in job satisfaction and trust. Practical applications of the findings

are explained.
Effect of snowpack removal on energy balance, melt and runoff in a small supraglacial catchment
Authors: Willis Ian C. , Arnold Neil S. , Brock Ben W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractModelling melt and runoff from snow‐ and ice‐covered catchments is important for water resource and hazard management and for the scientific study of glacier hydrology, dynamics and hydrochemistry. In this paper, a distributed, physically based model is used to determine the effects of the up‐glacier retreat of the snowline on spatial and temporal patterns of melt and water routing across a small (0·11 km2) supraglacial catchment on Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland. The melt model uses energy‐balance theory and accounts for the effects of slope angle, slope aspect and shading on the net radiation fluxes, and the effects of atmospheric stability on the turbulent fluxes. The water routing model uses simplified snow and open‐channel hydrology theory and accounts for the delaying effects of vertical and horizontal water flow through snow and across ice. The performance of the melt model is tested against hourly measurements of ablation in the catchment. Calculated and measured ablation rates show a high correlation (r2 = 0·74) but some minor systematic discrepancies in the short term (hours). These probably result from the freezing of surface water at night, the melting of the frozen layer in the morning, and subsurface melting during the afternoon. The performance of the coupled melt/routing model is tested against hourly discharge variations measured in the supraglacial stream at the catchment outlet. Calculated and measured runoff variations show a high correlation (r2 = 0·62). Five periods of anomalously high measured discharge that were not predicted by the model were associated with moulin overflow events. The radiation and turbulent fluxes contribute c. 86% and c. 14% of the total melt energy respectively. These proportions do not change significantly as the surface turns from snow to ice, because increases in the outgoing shortwave radiation flux (owing to lower albedo) happen to be accompanied by decreases in the incoming shortwave radiation flux (owing to lower solar incidence angles) and increases in the turbulent fluxes (owing to higher air temperatures and vapour pressures). Model sensitivity experiments reveal that the net effect of snow pack removal is to increase daily mean discharges by c. 50%, increase daily maximum discharges by >300%, decrease daily minimum discharges by c. 100%, increase daily discharge amplitudes by >1000%, and decrease the lag between peak melt rates and peak discharges from c. 3 h to c. 50 min. These changes have important implications for the development of subglacial drainage systems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new interpretation of kinematic stormflow generation
Authors: Williams A. G. , Dowd J. F , Meyles E. W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe paper reviews a number of possible fast and slow hydrological flow mechanisms to account for rapid runoff generation within a catchment. A new interpretation of the kinematic wave process is proposed which develops some of these concepts to explain rapid subsurface flow from a watershed. Evidence for the process is provided by the results from a laboratory soil core experiment and an investigation of the hydrology of a Dartmoor hillslope. A tension response was monitored in the soil core in which pressure waves were propagated downwards and expelled water from the base. The transmission of the wave down the core was considerably faster than the movement of a chloride tracer. The concept of this kinematic wave process and associated water flux was then extended to the Dartmoor watershed. Raindrops reaching the wet soil surface caused pressure waves to travel laterally downslope. During large rainstorms, the hillslope became hydrologically highly connected and the pressure waves forced existing water from seepage faces into the saturated area adjacent to the stream, contributing substantially to the stream discharge. A kinematic contributing area was defined, as determined by both rainfall–runoff ratios and geostatistical analyses of hillslope soil moisture contents, which extended over at least 65% of the catchment area. This kinematic wave theory is consistent with results of translatory flow and macropore flow models, and stable isotope field studies of ‘old/new’ water. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Establishment and characterisation of a human clear cell sarcoma model in nude mice
Authors: Crnalic Sead , Panagopoulos Ioannis , Boquist Lennart , Mandahl Nils , Stenling Roger , Löfvenberg Richard 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe have established a new experimental model of human clear cell sarcoma, UM‐CCS1, using serial subcutaneous transplantation of intact tumour tissue in nude mice. The heterotransplanted nude mouse tumours retained characteristic morphological features of the primary clear cell sarcoma. Immunohistochemical analysis showed the retained expression patterns of S‐100 protein, melanoma‐associated antigen HMB‐45 and vimentin in the xenografts as compared to the primary tumour. DNA index showed low variations both between the xenografts in the same passage and between the serial passages. Cytogenetic analysis of the primary tumour and the xenografts showed the unbalanced translocation der(6)t(6;12)(p23;q13). Based on the combined genetic data a reasonable interpretation of our findings is that there was a complex chromosomal rearrangement resulting in a cytogenetically cryptic EWS‐ATF1 fusion gene. Analysis of cell kinetics using in vivo incorporation of iododeoxyuridine and flow cytometry showed generally short potential doubling time (Tpot) of the xenografts. Volume doubling time showed low variations without correlation with Tpot. The retained phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the primary tumour and the morphological and structural stability over time makes the model suitable for studies on the tumour biology and treatment of clear cell sarcoma. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.