bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The contributions of specific amino acid side chains to signal intensities of peptides in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Baumgart Sabine , Lindner Yvonne , Kühne Ronald , Oberemm Axel , Wenschuh Holger , Krause Eberhard 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMatrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) analysis of complex peptide mixtures is often hampered by signal suppression effects as well as certain intrinsic properties of specific peptides that influence the desorption/ionization behavior. The present systematic study reports on the relationship between the occurrence of certain amino acids in peptides and the intensities of the related ions which appear during MALDI‐MS analysis for both tryptic digests of proteins and synthetic peptide mixtures. The analysis of the tryptic digests revealed that the peptide sequences of the most intense peaks detected by MALDI‐MS contained significantly higher proportions of arginine, phenylalanine, proline, and leucine than the average values for the measured proteins. The relationship between the relative signal intensities and amino acid compositions of peptides was studied in more detail by the partial least squares (PLS) method using equimolar mixtures of 144 well‐characterized synthetic peptides. The regression coefficients clearly indicated that the presence of arginine, phenylalanine, leucine and proline tend to enhance the desorption/ionization process which results in higher MALDI‐MS peak intensities. Furthermore, it was shown that the impact of arginine depends strongly on the identity of adjacent amino acids. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atmospheric pressure matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization with analysis by ion mobility time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Steiner Wes E. , Clowers Brian H. , English William A. , Hill Herbert H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe use of an atmospheric pressure matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (AP‐MALDI) source was employed with an atmospheric pressure ion mobility spectrometer (APIMS) and an orthogonal acceleration reflector time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS) to analyze dipeptide and biogenic amine mixtures from a liquid glycerol 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) matrix. Improved sensitivities were obtained by the addition of a localized electrical (corona) discharge in conjunction with the AP‐MALDI source. Enhanced sample ionization efficiency created by this combination provided an overall elevation in signal intensity of ∼1.3 orders in magnitude. Combinations of three dipeptides (Gly‐Lys, Ala‐Lys, and Val‐Lys) and nine biogenic amines (dopamine, serotonin, B‐phenylethylamine, tyramine, octopamine, histamine, tryptamine, spermidine, and spermine) were resolved in less than 18 ms. In many cases, reduced mobility constants (Ko) were determined for these analytes for the first time. Ion mobility drift times, flight times, arbitrary signal intensities, and collision‐induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation product signatures are reported for each of the samples. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mass spectrometry based method for distinguishing between symmetrically and asymmetrically dimethylated arginine residues
Authors: Brame Cynthia J. , Moran Michael F. , McBroom‐Cerajewski Linda D. B. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe arginine methylation of proteins is involved in several important cellular activities, most notably transcriptional control. Arginine dimethylation can take two distinct forms, symmetric and asymmetric, catalyzed by different classes of enzymes. To establish a method for the mass spectrometric identification and characterization of this post‐translational modification, we analyzed synthetic peptides with symmetrically or asymmetrically methylated arginine residues by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. We observed abundant characteristic ions at [M+nH–31]n+ and [M+nH–70]n+ in spectra of symmetrically methylated peptides and at [M+nH–45]n+ in spectra of asymmetrically methylated peptides. We speculate these ions arise from neutral loss of monomethylamine, dimethylcarbodiimide, and dimethylamine, respectively. These characteristic ions allowed the rapid identification of a symmetrically arginine‐dimethylated peptide from myelin basic protein and a symmetrically arginine‐dimethylated peptide from SmD3 co‐immunoprecipitated with the methyltransferase‐associated protein pICln, suggesting that this method may provide a rapid means to screen for and characterize dimethylarginine sites. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of common surfactants on protein digestion and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric analysis of the digested peptides using two‐layer sample preparation
Authors: Zhang Nan , Li Liang 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWhile surfactants are commonly used in preparing protein samples, their presence in a protein sample can potentially affect the enzymatic digestion process and the subsequent analysis of the resulting peptides by mass spectrometry. The extent of the tolerance of matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) to surfactant interference in peptide analysis is very much dependent on the matrix/sample preparation method. In this work the effects of four commonly used surfactants, namely n‐octyl glucoside (OG), Triton X‐100 (TX‐100), 3‐[(3‐cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]‐1‐propanesulfonate (CHAPS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), for biological sample preparation on trypsin digestion and MALDI‐MS of the resulting digest are examined in detail within the context of using a two‐layer method for MALDI matrix/sample preparation. Non‐ionic and mild surfactants, such as OG, TX‐100 or CHAPS, are found to have no significant effect on trypsin digestion with surfactant concentrations up to 1%. However, TX‐100 and CHAPS interfere with the subsequent peptide analysis by MALDI‐MS and should be removed prior to peptide analysis. OG is an MS‐friendly surfactant and no effect is observed for MALDI peptide analysis. The effect of SDS on trypsin digestion in terms of the number of peptides generated and the overall protein sequence coverage by these peptides is found to be protein dependent. The use of SDS to solubilize hydrophobic membrane proteins, followed by trypsin digestion in the presence of 0.1% SDS, results in a peptide mixture that can be analyzed directly by MALDI‐MS. These peptides are shown to provide better sequence coverage compared with those obtained without the use of SDS in the case of bacteriorhodopsin, a very hydrophobic transmembrane protein. This work illustrates that MALDI‐MS with the two‐layer sample preparation method can be used for direct analysis of protein digests with no or minimum sample cleanup after proteins are digested in a solution containing surfactants. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Qualität und Risiko: Auf diese Steine können Sie bauen…
Authors: Romeike Frank , Erben Roland Franz 
Published: April 2004

AbstractGutes Qualitätsmanagement senkt die Risiken, gutes Risikomanagement steigert die Qualität. Beide Ansätze haben mehr Gemeinsamkeiten, als man denkt. Die Vorgehensweise, sich beim Umgang mit Risiken allein auf das (in aller Regel bereits bestehende) Qualitätsmanagement zu verlassen, könnte sich allerdings als gefährlicher Trugschluss erweisen. Zwar besitzen viele der dort definierten Prozesse und Kennzahlen mit Sicherheit auch große Relevanz für das Risikomanagement, allerdings reflektieren diese in vielen Fällen nur einen relativ kleinen Teilausschnitt im Bereich der eigentlichen Leistungserstellung. Wesentliche Risiken, insbesondere solche strategischer Natur wie beispielsweise Reputationsrisiken, abrupte Technologiesprünge oder das Aufkommen neuer Wettbewerber lassen sich dadurch nicht erkennen. Ebenso wenig kann ein Qualitätsmanagementsystem die Bewertung und Steuerung derartiger Risikofaktoren leisten.
Was ist der „Value at Risk”︁?
Authors: von Balduin Alexander 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBei Investmentbankern hat die Kennzahl „Value at Risk”︁ (VaR) seit den 90er Jahren einen fast kultartigen Status erreicht. Inzwischen wird sie auch vermehrt in anderen Branchen und Risiko‐Bereichen angewandt. Übersetzt man „Value at Risk”︁ wörtlich, so erhält man den „gefährdeten Wert”︁. Doch was steckt hinter dieser Kennzahl? Inwieweit ist sie geeignet, Risiken korrekt zu bewerten?
Milchsumpf
Authors: Romeike Frank 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDer italienische Konzern Parmalat beschäftigt rund 36.000 Menschen in 30 Ländern und erwirtschaftete im Jahr 2002 einen Umsatz von 7, 6 Milliarden Euro. Die Parmalat‐Aktie galt an der Mailänder Börse als grundsolide und sichere Geldanlage& allerdings nur bis zum 11. November 2003. An diesem Tag meldeten die Wirtschaftsprüfer erste Zweifel an der Bonität des Unternehmens an. Über einen Zeitraum von 15 Jahren hatte der Konzern seine Bilanz und Gewinn‐ und Verlustrechnung manipuliert und gefälscht und mit Mondzahlen operiert. Experten sprechen von einem der größten Finanzskandale in der europäischen Unternehmensgeschichte. Viele gehen davon aus, dass die Parmalat‐Pleite ähnlich verheerende Schockwellen auslösen wird wie der betrügerische Bankrott des US‐amerikanischen Energieriesen Enron im Dezember 2001. Die genaue Schadenshöhe ist bislang noch nicht abzusehen.
Auf Wiedersehen! Wenn der Kunde zurückkommt, nicht das Produkt. Interview mit Arndt G. Kirchhoff, Geschäftsführer der Kirchhoff‐Gruppe
Authors: Erben Roland F. , Romeike Frank 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDie deutsche Automobilindustrie nimmt bei der Umsetzung von Qualitätsmanagement‐Systemen zweifellos eine Vorreiterrolle ein. Diese Anstrengungen haben natürlich auch erhebliche Konsequenzen für die vorgelagerten Stufen der Wertschöpfungskette. Zu den Herausforderungen, denen sich mittelständische Zulieferer heute gegenübersehen, befragten wir Arndt G. Kirchhoff, den Geschäftsführer der Kirchhoff‐Gruppe.
A consideration of e‐business modeling value evaluation
Authors: Takao Midori , Matsumoto Masao J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBusiness is being reformed into e‐business via e‐business modeling. The value obtained by implementing e‐business is referred to as e‐business modeling value, and in this paper the authors discuss a framework for such an evaluation. Based on examples of changes in business value due to e‐business modeling in three industries, including consumer products manufacturing, the authors identify value targets for major business processes by closely investigating the differences between them and conventional business value evaluation targets. The authors offer their framework as one cause of the reduction in investor interest resulting from the currently weak frameworks to measure the effects of e‐business investment. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(7): 85–97, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10561
Geometry and learning curves of kernel methods with polynomial kernels
Authors: Ikeda Kazushi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe properties of learning machines with polynomial kernel classifiers, such as support vector machines or kernel perceptrons, are examined. We first derive the number of effective examples which are related to generalization error. Next, we analyze the average prediction errors of several algorithms and show these errors do not depend on the apparent dimension of the feature space. This means that what is called the overfitting phenomena do not appear in kernel methods with polynomial kernels. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(7): 41–48, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10629
Estimating high‐confidence portions based on agreement among outputs of multiple LVCSR models
Authors: Utsuro Takehito , Nishizaki Hiromitsu , Kodama Yasuhiro , Nakagawa Seiichi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper experimentally evaluates the agreement among the outputs of multiple Japanese LVCSR models, with respect to whether it is effective as an estimate of confidence for each hypothesized word. The results of experimental evaluation show that the agreement between the outputs with two LVCSR models with different decoders and acoustic models can achieve quite reliable confidence. Furthermore, among various features of acoustic models based on Gaussian mixture HMMs, it is concluded that ones such as whether or not to have short pause models, as well as different units in HMMs are the most effective in achieving highly reliable confidence. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(7): 33–40, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10636
Context‐aware agent platform in ubiquitous environments and its verification tests
Authors: Hattori Masanori , Cho Kenta , Ohsuga Akihiko , Isshiki Masao , Honiden Shinichi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper deals with the “ubiquitous personal agent,” which distinctively provides information services to the individual user depending on his/her personal contexts. This is made possible by recognition of user contexts in ubiquitous environments through an agent technology used to realize context‐aware intelligent environments.This agent technology consists of a “context reasoning agent” and a “lightweight intelligent mobile agent.” The former is used for automatic recognition of various kinds of data and events which can be collected through realization of ubiquitous environments and of user “contexts.” The latter executes appropriate decentralization of a large variety of personalization‐related processing activities between various devices and server systems existing in the ubiquitous environments. In this paper, the details of the agent technology used are discussed and its effectiveness is confirmed by evaluation in tests of agent service using home information appliances already available on the domestic market. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(7): 13–23, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10655
Market entry decisions in China
Authors: Reid David McHardy , Walsh John 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSince the inception of the open‐door policy, in 1978, China has acted as a magnet for firms wishing to
locate there to gain access to the billion plus consumers. However, the scramble to establish a presence in the
country has led firms to make a number of hasty decisions, to revise their plans, and in some cases, to withdraw
from the market. Research in the PRC, primarily in Shanghai, among leading international consumer goods firms
has revealed a variety of shortcomings in our practical understanding of the internationalization process and
the theoretical underpinning of the market entry decisions that emerge. It has also yielded insights into how
adaptation to the advancing PRC business environment may be successfully effected. © 2003 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
Kenya
Authors: Toroitich Oliver K. , Debrah Yaw A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractArguably, Kenya is the “darling” of tourists who are brave enough to “explore” Africa
and to find out for themselves the myths and reality of life on a continent that always receives negative media
report overseas. Other tourists are attracted to Kenya because Hollywood movies based on Africa and set in Kenya
(e.g., Out of Africa) have depicted the romanticized life of Europeans/White
settlers/expatriates in the “deep” and “remote” African frontier. Thus, those with a
stereotypical picture of Africa acquired from Western television screens expect to find an extremely undeveloped
country. But arrival at Jomo Kenyatta International airport in Nairobi reveals a relatively well‐developed
city that is very much integrated into the world capitalist system/economy. With a relatively strong economy
Kenya has been successful in attracting both tourists and foreign investors. This article attempts to provide a
clearer picture of the business climate in the country. Among other issues, it highlights the fact that the
country has enjoyed peace and political stability while many of its neighbors remain deeply entrenched in wars
and ethnic conflicts. This has resulted in some degree of economic prosperity that has eluded many countries in
sub‐Saharan Africa. While highlighting the numerous investment opportunities especially in the
telecommunications sector, the article also sheds light on some of the challenges that confront foreign investors
and how to tackle them. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Motives for foreign direct investment in the United States
Authors: Zitta Steven J. , Powers Thomas L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAs foreign direct investment becomes an important element of the global marketplace it is important to
understand why firms use FDI as an investment option. This article reports research that identifies motivations
that influence factor‐ and market‐seeking inward FDI in the United States. Based on a study of 127
foreign companies investing in the United States, the research identifies motivators that differentiate and
explain these two types of investment behaviors. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The gas pedal and the brake … toward a global balance of diverging cultural determinants in managerial mindsets
Authors: Beer Lawrence A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIs the American culturally driven inclination for short‐term results and constant change coupled with a
focus on the individual as opposed to the group influencing the way transnational corporate business is
conducted? Such an issue is raised via an introduction to cultural determinants as theorized by the
underlying research of Hofstede, Tromprenaars, and Hampden‐Turrner regarding time orientation as well as
the contrasting of American and foreign value systems in respect to change acceptance as driven by the culturally
limiting national mind set of the company manager. Using global, publicly traded companies and the pressure on
them for quarterly performance attainment as fueled by the Street, financial analysts, the effect of the American
culturally driven need to continually show financial progress at abbreviated intervals or provide for some
pronounced judicious changes in the interim may have begun to spiral out to managerial decision making around the
world. Such phenomenon may begin to upset the historic balance that the polar culturally based applications of
time, change, and decision making provided the historic global commercial environment. Such proposed effect could
also influence traditional worldwide economic and social development. This concept is raised but not empirically
answered, and is offered to stimulate further evaluation and research into the potential conflict in international
decision making when opposite mindsets collide. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Economic malaise in Japan: Changing economic order and the future of the U.S.–Japan economic relationship
Authors: Messerschmidt Dan C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractB. Gao. 2001. Japan's Economic Dilemma: The Institutional Origins of Prosperity and
Stagnation.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 300 pages; ISBN 0‐521‐79025‐5.F. Bergsten, T. Ito, & M. Noland. 2001. No More Bashing: Building a New Japan‐United States
Economic Relationship.
Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics. 328 pages; ISBN 0‐88132‐286‐5.
Consequences of growth variation in northern Baltic herring for assessment and management
Authors: Rahikainen Mika , Stephenson Robert L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractGrowth rates of herring in the northern Baltic Sea differ among areas, and have changed substantially over time in some areas in response to environmental change. Weight-at-age of adult herring in some areas of the Finnish herring fishery fluctuated by as much as 60% over the past three decades. Elsewhere, there have been similar but more subtle changes. Growth variation has implications for stock assessment and management: differences suggest a need for considering a smaller spatial structure, at least at the scale of the ICES subdivision, in the case of northern Baltic herring. Changes in growth have an impact on the calculation and use of common biological reference points, and erode the capability of yield projections beyond the short term. Investigation of the impact of growth variation on common reference points of northern Baltic herring revealed that F0.1 was a robust reference despite the marked variability in growth, whereas Fx%SPR (e.g. F35%SPR) was less robust, depending on the definition of maximum spawning-per-recruit. Herring in different areas of the northern Baltic Sea probably require different reference points and possibly different management strategies, as a consequence of differences and variability in growth characteristics.
Restitution Dynamics During Pacing and Arrhythmias in Isolated Pig Hearts
Authors: BANVILLE ISABELLE , CHATTIPAKORN NIPON , GRAY RICHARD A. 
Published: April 2004

Introduction: The dependence of action potential duration (APD) on the preceding diastolic interval (DI), i.e., restitution, has been purported to predict the development of alternans and reentrant arrhythmias. However, restitution depends on the history of activation (i.e., memory), and its relevance to arrhythmia induction and maintenance is unknown. Methods and Results: Using a dual‐camera video imaging system, we recorded action potentials from thousands of sites on the surface of the isolated pig heart. A steady‐state pacing (SSP) protocol was performed to generate the SSP APD restitution curve. During SSP, the minimum DI and APD were 57 ± 6 ms and 107 ± 6 ms, respectively. The restitution slope was >1 for DIs <85 ± 5 ms; however, alternans were not observed. Abrupt decreases in cycle length (CL) resulted in a rapid (<5 beats) decrease in APD followed by a slower decrease to “steady state.” DI, APD pairs for the initial beats following these rate changes were significantly above the SSP restitution curve. DI, APD pairs measured during sustained ventricular fibrillation clustered significantly below the SSP restitution curve, at significantly shorter APDs (57 ± 4 ms) and DIs (49 ± 6 ms) than could be achieved during SSP. In addition, abrupt increases in CL following SSP resulted in APDs significantly shorter than those predicted from the SSP restitution curve. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the responses of APD and DI to sudden rate changes and during arrhythmias are not predicted by the SSP restitution relationship. Acute dynamics act to damp out the proarrhythmic oscillations predicted from the SSP restitution curve. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 15, pp. 455‐463, April 2004)