bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early social isolation of the domestic cat: Responses to separation from social and nonsocial rearing stimuli
Authors: Guyot Gary W. , Cross Henry A. , Bennett Thomas L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe relative contributions of social‐rearing stimuli (a mother and/or a littermate) and nonsocial‐rearing stimuli (a brooder) to the formation and decline of infant kitten attachments were assessed by counting the frequency of distress cries produced by separation from the following rearing conditions: (1) mother‐littermate; (2) mother‐only; (3) brooder‐littermate; and (4) brooder‐only. Four male and 4 female kittens were reared in each condition. Each kitten was separated from its rearing condition once a week, from 2 until 5 weeks of age, and placed in open field for 15 min. The frequency of distress cries in both littermate‐reared groups did not significantly differ throughout the experiment. The frequency was consistently high until 5 weeks of age when distress cries were significantly reduced. The frequency of distress cries consistently increased in the mother‐only‐reared kittens with repeated separations, but consistently decreased in the brooder‐only‐reared kittens. The results were interpreted as being commensurate with the social conditions at the time of separation.
Ontogeny of passive avoidance: Role of task demands and development of species‐typical behaviors
Authors: Stehouwer Donald J. , Campbell Byron A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPreweanling rats 10 to 15 days of age were given passive avoidance training in a circular chamber in which the floor comprised one shock electrode and the wall the other. All ages showed acquisition of the response, but both rate of learning and asymptotic performance increased with age. Yoked‐shock controls, adaption controls, and naive controls did not demonstrate passive avoidance on subsequent test trials, ruling out alternative interpretations based on sensitization to shock, fatigue, familiarity with the apparatus, and handling. From 10 to 15 days of age, improved performance was due in part to the transition from stereotyped shock‐elicited behavior in the younger pups to discrete withdrawal from shock in the older pups. A paradoxical deterioration of performance was observed from 20 to 25 days of age, attributable to the development of species‐typical defense reactions which were incompatible with the avoidance response. Retention of the avoidance response was found to increase from about 6 hr in the 10‐day‐old to at least 5 days in the 15‐day‐old. The data suggest that maturation of storage and/or retrieval mechanisms, rather than perceptual or experiential changes induced by development, is responsible for improved retention during ontogeny.
Child abuse: Evidence from nonhuman primates
Authors: Nadler Ronald D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHorenstein (1977) recently examined laboratory research on infant abuse among rhesus monkeys for implications regarding the related problem in our own species. His analysis supported a psychiatric interpretation of human child abuse, for which specific measures at rehabilitation of both the parent and the child were proposed. In this paper, additional evidence regarding infant abuse in nonhuman primates is presented and implications of a social‐psychological interpretation of the problem are discussed.
Age differences in the duration of mating periods of female rhesus monkeys
Authors: Wilson Mark E. , Gordon Thomas P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractExamination of the patterns of mating behavior exhibited by 27 sexually‐mature female rhesus monkeys housed in a social group in an outdoor compound revealed that younger animals (3.5–4.5 years) exhibited significantly longer periods of sexual activity than did older animals (5.5 years and older). Observed sexual activity in all age groups was largely confined to discrete periods associated with an ovulatory cycle and typically resulted in pregnancy. Related findings suggest that differences in patterns of sexual behavior may be related to variations in estrogen secretion or sensitivity to estrogen, both of which show age‐related changes. Additionally, these findings underscore the importance of documenting behavioral and endocrine changes in reproductive function across the full life span of the mature subject.
Fertility, maternal care, and offspring behavior in mice prenatally treated with tobacco smoke
Authors: Baer Darius S. , McClearn Gerald E. , Wilson James R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFemale mice from lines selectivity bred for differences in open‐field activity were exposed to tobacco smoke during gestation. Smoke‐treated females were less likely than controls to have produced litters by 23 days after observation of a vaginal plug. Within the high‐active line, fewer pups of smoke‐treated dams survived to weaning. Regardless of treatment, fewer high‐active than low‐active offspring survived to weaning. Results of a 4‐day series of open‐field activity tests administered to offspring beginning at 28 days of age indicated that tobacco smoke administered prenatally and/or during testing depresses open‐field activity in both lines. Other activity tests administered at 50 days of age gave similar results. Tissue nicotine levels after nicotine injection tended to be higher in high‐active and control groups than in low‐active and smoke‐treated groups, respectively. Liver weight expressed as percentage of body weight was 11.9% greater in smoke‐treated animals than in controls.
Attachment in chicks: Effects of companion species on social preferences
Authors: Hindman Joanne Lucas 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSocial preference was assessed across 9 weeks in domestic chicks which were either living with a live companion (another chick or a guinea pig) or in isolation. Experimental chicks lived for 3‐week periods with the original companion, with an alternate companion of a different species, and again with the original companion. Control subjects lived continuously with their original companion or in isolation. Weekly preference tests initially indicated strong preference for the original companion, regardless of the biological appropriateness of the species of the companion, although controls living in isolation tended to prefer the chick. Preference waned but did not reverse for experimental chicks living with the alternate companion during the 2nd period, whereas original preference continued for controls. Returning the subjects to the original companion in the 3rd period did not reestablish the original preference.
The effects of age on the kindling phenomenon
Authors: Moshé Solomon L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRepeated unilateral electrical stimulation of the amygdala in adult rats produces generalized seizures (kindling). New data indicate that kindling can be induced in both suckling rats between 15 and 18 days old and in rats, 34 to 72 days old. However, the expression of kindling differs in the suckling rats, but not in the 34‐day‐old rat, perhaps as a result of the immaturity of the central nervous system.
Responses of juvenile bonnet macaques to social stimuli presented through color videotapes
Authors: Plimpton Edward H. , Swartz Karyl B. , Rosenblum Leonard A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwelve juvenile bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata), 6 males and 6 females, were presented with color videotape recordings of 3 types of social stimuli. The stimulus animals, all unfamiliar adult conspecifics, consisted of a passive female, a passive male, and a threatening male. Subjects were observed in the presence of their mother and 1 other juvenile‐mother dyad. The juveniles showed the highest scores for contact with mother when presented with the threatening male stimulus. Similarly, subjects lipsmacked significantly more to the threatening male stimulus than to either the passive male or female. The female stimulus was approached significantly more than either the passive or threatening male. Results suggest that juvenile macaques will respond to social stimuli presented through color video recordings in a socially appropriate manner. This technique provides a new tool in the investigation of social perception in nonhuman primates.
Ontogeny of control over the acoustic startle reflex by visual prestimulation in the rat
Authors: Parisi Thomas , Ison James R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn Experiment I, rats 13–35 days of age were presented with acoustic startle stimuli in conjunction with light flashes or noise bursts at 4–320 msee lead times. Inhibition of the startle reflex by leading noise bursts was present on Days 13–15, whereas light flashes were not effective until Days 21–23. In Experiment II, 3 intensities of noise and 3 intensities of light preceded the reflex‐eliciting stimuli on Days 16 and 35. All intensities of noise were effective on Day 16, whereas no visual stimuli were. On Day 35, all stimuli were effective. These data reveal that intrinsic visual structures and/or connections between these structures and reflex‐control mechanisms mature relatively late in the rat.
Fluoxymesterone and the development of sexual behavior in the golden hamster
Authors: Vomachka Archie J. , Clemens Lynwood G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMale hamsters castrated at birth and female hamsters were treated on postnatal Days 2–4 with 100 μg of testosterone, 100 μg of fluoxymesterone, or the hormone vehicle. As adults, mounting behavior and lordosis were measured following exogenous hormone treatment. Although the degree of penile or clitoral virilization did not appear to differ between testosterone‐ and fluoxymesterone‐treated animals, behavioral differences occurred. Neonatal treatment with fluoxymesterone failed to “masculinize” or “defeminize” behavior; neonatal testosterone treatment induced mounting in males and females and intromission in males. These results, along with those of others, indicate that fluoxymesterone has little or no central neural effect on sexual behavior in the hamster.
Wing‐flapping develops in chickens made flightless by feather mutations
Authors: Provine Robert R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo lines of mutant, domestic chickens (scaleless and delayed feathering), flightless because they lack flight feathers, were used to evaluate the influence of flight‐related experience and adaptation on the development of wing‐flapping. Most testing was at 13 days because normally feathered control chicks of this age flap at adult rates and can fly. By 13 days, the wing‐flapping rates of the flightless, mutant chicks and the normally feathered and flight‐competent control chicks were similar. Therefore, normal adult rates of wing‐flapping developed in the absence of flight‐related behavioral consequences. Drop‐evoked wing‐flapping was probably initiated by vestibular mechanisms: feather‐related mechanoreceptor and visual cues were not necessary because flapping was initiated by naked, scaleless chicks which were deprived of visual input by masking their eyes or by testing in a darkened room. The possible role of feather mutations in the evolution of avian flightlessness is also considered.
Regulation of visual attention in offspring of female monkeys treated chronically with Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol
Authors: Golub Mari S. , Sassenrath E. N. , Chapman Loring F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractVisual attention was studied in a group of rhesus monkey infants whose mothers received daily oral treatment with low levels of δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, 2.4 mg/kg/day) prior to and during pregnancy and throughout lactation (3.5 postnatal months). Attention was measured at 1 and 2 years of age in a standardized test situation in which animals looked at projected slides. In comparison with controls (offspring of untreated mothers), THC offspring directed more attention at slides on the 1st trial of session. The THC offspring also engaged in relatively longer individual periods of attention on the 1st vs 2nd trials of the session and during the 1st vs 2nd session in which a given slide was presented. Further experiments varying novelty and complexity of visual stimuli suggested that changes in visual attention of THC offspring can be characterized as a failure to limit the response to novel stimuli.
Effect of surrogate–administered punishment on surrogate contact in infant squirrel monkeys
Authors: Kaplan Joel N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThree experiments were conducted in which surrogate‐reared infant squirrel monkeys were exposed to punishment in the form of pressurized air emitted from the bodies of the surrogates. Punishment was administered irregularly during the day between the ages of 6 and 34 weeks, under different schedules of random presentation and at different parameters of the airblast stimulus. Physical contact with the surrogate was recorded separately for day and night activity. The results of all experiments were consistent in showing that punished infants spent less time than did nonpunished controls in contacting their surrogates during the daytime throughout the entire period of study. Nighttime scores were less consistent, but showed the same trend in 2 of the experiments. The results also suggested that different subtypes of squirrel monkeys are inherently different in their degree of surrogate contact, with monkeys of the Bolivian type spending more time in contact than those of either Peruvian or Colombian descent.
Early social deprivation and the ontogeny of unrestricted social behavior in the laboratory rat
Authors: Day H. D. , Seay Billy M. , Hale Penny , Hendricks Dan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe unrestricted adult social and nonsocial behavior of albino rats isolated from 21 to 70 days of age was compared with the behavior of rats receiving normal social experience. Isolated animals exhibited aberrant self‐manipulative behaviors during the period of isolation, and both isolate‐reared males and females were more aggressive than their group‐reared counterparts. The hypothesis that females are buffered against the effects of social isolation received little support. Numerous gender differences and differences in the gender of the objects of social response were found for both isolate‐ and group‐reared rats. Gender and Rearing Conditions were relatively independent influences on behavior with few Gender X Treatment interactions reaching significance.
Environmental effects on the ontogeny of exploratory and escape behaviors of mongolian gerbils
Authors: Clark Mertice M. , Galef Bennett G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMongolian gerbils reared in standard laboratory cages and gerbils reared in cages containing a burrowlike shelter did not differ in their rate of development of escape responses to sudden visual stimulation. The presence of shelter in the rearing environment did, however, markedly slow the development of adult‐like patterns of exploration. Reduced exposure to illumination, experienced by shelter‐reared subjects, proved responsible for this retardation of development. The effect of shelter‐rearing on the development of exploratory behavior is interpreted as demonstrating an environmentally induced maintenance of an adaptive juvenile pattern of behavior.
The lactation–blocking drug bromocriptine and its application to studies of weaning and behavioral development
Authors: Martin Paul , Bateson Patrick 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn experimental method for blocking maternal lactation is reviewed and the possible application of this technique for experimentally manipulating weaning is considered. Maternal milk production can be inhibited using the prolactin‐suppressing drug bromocriptine. The suitability of bromocriptine for use in behavioral experiments is considered. The pharmacology of bromocriptine (CB 154) is briefly outlined and a compilation of the reported lactation‐inhibiting doses for various species is presented. The possible endocrine and behavioral side‐effects and the toxicity of the drug are discussed. It is concluded that, in most species studied so far, the drug is relatively free from significant side‐effects at the low doses needed to suppress lactation. Guidelines for the practical use of bromocriptine are suggested. Finally, some ideas about the possible applications of the drug to the study of behavioral development and parent–offspring relationships are discussed.
Preflight development of bilateral wing coordination in the chick (Gallus domesticus): Effects of induced bilateral wing asymmetry
Authors: Provine Robert R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe performance of bilaterally synchronous wing‐flapping by chick hatchlings suggests but does not prove the existence of a bilateral coordinating mechanism. The present research tests for bilateral coordination by using the technique of induced asymmetry. The onset of bilateral wing coordination was defined as the age when induced bilateral asymmetry produced by right wing amputation, immobilization, or weighting influenced the drop‐evoked flapping rate of the left wing. Unilateral right wing immobilization or weighting immediately before testing reduced the flapping rate of the contralateral left wing of 3–5‐day chicks, the youngest examined. Weighted and unweighted wings flapped synchronously. Therefore, a mechanism which acts across the body midline to synchronize wing‐flapping by slowing the rate of the more rapidly flapping wing to match that of its slower contralateral partner was present by 3–5 days. This is several days before the onset of flight. The flapping rate of the left wing of chicks that had their right wing amputated on Day 1 was similar in rate to that of intact chicks when tested at 7 and 13 days. “Wing‐flapping” on the amputated side of some unilateral amputees was made visible by a prosthesis attached to the stump of the amputated wing. Bilaterally coordinated flapping in the unilateral amputees indicated that the sensory and trophic periphery of a given wing and flight‐related adaptive significance are not necessary for the postnatal production of bilaterally synchronized wing‐flapping. However, the slowed flapping produced by unilateral wing weighting or immobilization indicates that wing‐flapping rate is modulated by sensory feedback, even at preflight stages.
Contact‐promoting behavior, social development, and relationship with parents in sibling juvenile degus (Octodon Degus)
Authors: Wilson Susan C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study describes infant socialization in captive parent‐young units of the caviomorph rodent Octodon degus. Types of parent‐young contact (huddling or squatting) and social interaction (body nosing and accompanying behaviors) are described and their ontogenetic trends examined between postnatal Days 1 and 46. Fathers spent less time than mothers in contact with the young. Mother‐young contact decreased postnatally, whereas the amounts of mother‐young and father‐young social interaction, measured in terms of body‐nosing exchanges, showed a continuous increase postnatally; sibling interactions also showed a continuous increase. Father‐young interactions tended to be dominated by the father. Young reared with the father cohabiting huddled less with their mother, and engaged in less body‐nosing, than young reared in the father's absence. Observations suggested that paternal control of the young may curb juvenile interactions. Young observed without their parents in an unfamiliar enclosure did not groom or “play” as in their home cage with parents present, but engaged in relatively more vocalizing, neck‐nosing and forepaw‐clasping.
Different outcomes of synergy between song production and song perception in the same subspecies (Molothrus ater ater)
Authors: King Andrew P. , West Meredith J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHere we report data requiring a reinterpretation of published results on the female cowbird's (Molothrus ater ater) ability to identify male song (King, A. P., and West, M. J. (1983). Female perception of cowbird song: A closed developmental program. Dev. Psychobiol., 16:335–342). Previously we stated that naive females, given extensive social experience with males from a distant cowbird subspecies, showed the same degree of preference for native song as did naive females reared with local males: extensive experience with another subspecies produced no evidence of postnatal modifiability. The procedure used to probe for modifiability did not, however, expose the different groups of females to comparable levels of stimulation because the females differentially affected the behavior of their male companions. We must therefore amend our conclusion about the modifiability of females. In addition, we report data on populational differences within the M.a. ater subspecies in the female's ability to influence heterosubspecific males, but data that are consistent with the more general pattern of synergistic effects during song development.
Early handling and latent inhibition in the conditioned suppression paradigm
Authors: Weiner I. , Feldon J. , Ziv‐Harris D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLatent inhibition (LI) is a behavioral paradigm in which repeated exposure to stimuli not followed by meaningful consequences renders these stimuli ineffective for subsequent learning. The development of LI is considered to reflect learning not to attend, to ignore, or tune out irrelevant stimuli. The present study investigated the differences in the development of LI between handled and nonhandled males and females. Infantile handled (days 1–22) and nonhandled, male and female Wistar rats were tested in maturity in the LI paradigm, using a conditioned emotional response (CER) procedure. The procedure consisted of three stages: preexposure, in which the to‐be‐conditioned stimulus, tone, was presented without being followed by reinforcement; acquisition, in which the preexposed tone was paired with shock; and test, in which LI was indexed by animals' suppression of licking during tone presentation. Handled animals exhibited less conditioned suppression as compared to nonhandled animals. LI was obtained in both the handled and the nonhandled females, but only the handled males showed the LI effect. Nonhandled males failed to develop LI. These results replicate our previous findings on LI in conditioned avoidance in demonstrating that: (a) the effects of handling are evident in learning tasks that do not involve motivational‐emotional variables, i.e., learning to ignore irrelevant stimuli; (b) handling differentially affects males and females; (c) the nonhandling procedure has deleterious consequences on adult behavior.
Iris pigmentation and behavioral inhibition
Authors: Rosenberg Allison , Kagan Jerome 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo independent investigations of the association between the temperamental dimensions of inhibition and lack of inhibition to the unfamiliar, on the one hand, and the degree of pigmentation of the iris, on the other, revealed a statistically significant relation in Caucasian children between behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar and blue irises and uninhibited behavior and brown irises. Several biochemical interpretations of this association were discussed and it was suggested that these behavioral styles might be influenced by biological factors that are partially marked by eye color in Caucasian populations.