bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE DIPLOCOCCI OCCURRING IN EPIDEMIC CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS AND POSTERIOR BASIC MENINGITIS
Authors: Wollstein Martha 
Published: June 2004

The study carried out and recorded in this paper did not lead to the finding of any reliable criteria of difference between strains of Diplococcus intracellularis obtained from typical cases of epidemic meningitis and several cultures obtained from cases of posterior basic meningitis.
The successful experiments made with monkeys show that the diplococcus obtained from cases of posterior basic meningitis is capable of setting up rapidly and acutely fatal forms of meningitis and in producing organic lesions of the cerebral tissues of great severity.
This study would, therefore, suggest that the antimeningitis serum should be as useful in cases of posterior basic meningitis so-called, as it has been in epidemic meningitis, especially if it were employed early in the disease.
THE BUTYRIC ACID TEST FOR SYPHILIS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF METASYPHILITIC AND OTHER NERVOUS DISORDERS
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo , Moore J. W. 
Published: June 2004

1. In the secondary and tertiary stages of syphilis without direct involvement of the nervous system the cerebro-spinal fluid yielded the butyric acid reaction of feeble intensity. The fluid under these conditions gave neither a positive cytodiagnosis nor the Wassermann test for syphilis.
2. The cerebro-spinal fluid of cases of hereditary syphilis showed a positive butyric reaction in about 90 per cent. and a positive Wassermann test in about 80 per cent. of the cases examined.
3. The cerebro-spinal fluid of cases of cerebral and spinal syphilis yielded the butyric acid reaction and the cytodiagnosis in every instance (100 per cent.) and gave the Wassermann reaction in from 50 to 75 per cent. of those examined.
4. The cerebro-spinal fluid from cases of general paralysis gave positive butyric acid reactions in 90 per cent., positive cell counts in 91 per cent., and positive Wassermann test in 73 per cent. of those examined.
5. The cerebro-spinal fluid from cases of tabes dorsalis gave positive butyric acid reactions and cell counts in 100 per cent. and positive Wassermann test in 53 per cent. of those examined.
6. The cerebro-spinal fluid from other forms of psychosis in which a syphilitic history was not obtained gave positive butyric acid reactions and cell count in 2.8 per cent. and Wassermann test in 13 per cent. of those examined.
7. The cerebro-spinal fluid from cases of acute inflammatory diseases of the meninges always gave a flocculent precipitate with the butyric acid reaction but never gave the Wassermann test.
8. The cerebro-spinal fluid from persons suffering from typhoid fever, pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, etc., in which the meninges are not inflamed, gave neither the butyric acid nor the Wassermann test.
9. We think it justifiable to conclude that the butyric acid reaction affords a ready means of distinguishing normal from pathological cerebro-spinal fluid and will prove to be useful in routine clinical practice, especially in detecting syphilitic disease and in confirming or setting aside certain doubtful diagnoses of syphilitic or metasyphilitic lesions of the central nervous system. The reaction should commend itself as a valuable addition to the Wassermann test, the results of which it is capable of confirming and extending.
STANDARDIZATION OF THE ANTIMENINGITIS SERUM
Authors: Jobling James W. 
Published: June 2004

The high variability in infectivity of Diplococcus intracellularis makes it impracticable to standardize the antimeningitis serum on the basis of the virulence of the diplococcus.
The irregularity of reaction of small animals to the poison or endotoxin of Diplococcus intracellularis makes it impracticable to standardize the antimeningitis serum on the basis of endotoxic value.
The want of uniformity in the complement-binding power of the antimeningitis serum, and the absence of established relation between complement-binding power and therapeutic activity make the employment of this method of standardization impracticable.
The part taken by specific opsonins in promoting recovery from infection with Diplococcus intracellularis suggests their employment as a measure of the therapeutic activity of the antiserum. Methods of quantitative estimation of opsonic content of the antimeningitis serum being available, it would seem advantageous to adopt for the present as a standard of value a definite and suitable strength in opsonins of the antimeningitis serum.
As a definite and suitable standard of strength a minimum dilution activity of a 1 to 5,000 dilution of the antiserum is proposed.
Since the immune opsonins of the antimeningitis serum appear to be highly durable under proper conditions of refrigeration of the antiserum, the test proposed will be applicable when the antimeningitis serum shall have become an article of commerce.
THE RELATIONS OF THE THYROID GLANDS TO GLYCOSURIA
Authors: Grey E. G. , de Sautelle W. T. 
Published: June 2004

1. After thyroidectomy the glycosuria, produced by ether or adrenalin in the normal animal, is greatly reduced.
2. Thyroidless dogs fed on powdered thyroid glands show a return of glycosuria more or less proportional to the amount ingested when treated with adrenalin or ether.
3. As the thyroids regenerate the ether or adrenalin glycosuria increases similarly.
The results of these experiments leave no doubt in our minds that the secretion of the thyroid glands is connected in some obscure way with the metabolism of sugar in the body or exerts some control over organs whose duty it is to participate in the sugar metabolism.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE THYROID ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
Authors: King John H. 
Published: June 2004

1. The thyroid exerts a retarding action on the carbohydrate destroying mechanism of the body.
2. This retarding action is not changed when the gland is boiled, showing that it is not a ferment action.
3. Iodothyrin, the active principle of the gland, exerts this retarding influence more markedly even than the whole thyroid.
4. This antagonism between the thyroid and the carbohydrate destroying mechanism is a direct one, as other ductless glands and the nervous system are eliminated from the experiments.
5. These results confirm those of Falta along similar lines.
THE RESISTANCE TO A SPECIFIC HEMOLYSIN OF HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
Authors: Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

1. Phagocytosis of pneumococci in vitro runs parallel with phagocytosis in vivo.
2. Virulence depends not only on resistance to phagocytosis, but also on the ability to grow in the body of the animal.
3. The biological reaction of the pigeon to pneumococcus infection does not differ from that of the mouse.
4. The "immunity" of the pigeon to pneumococcus infection is due to its normal high temperature.
PHAGOCYTIC IMMUNITY IN STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTIONS
Authors: Meakins J. C. 
Published: June 2004

1. In infections with streptococcus in man, such as acute septic endocarditis, and tonsillitis, there is produced a powerful opsonic immunity.
2. This opsonic immunity is effective towards the streptococcus which has caused infection but may be ineffective in the presence of streptococcus from other sources.
3. Little benefit can be expected from streptococcus vaccines unless they are prepared from the streptococcus which has caused infection.
THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF THE DEVELOPING HEN'S EGG
Authors: Winternitz M. C. , Rogers W. B. 
Published: June 2004

A. The catalytic activity of the tissues of newly born and adult rabbits.
1. There is practically no difference between the catalytic power of the blood, brain or muscle of newly born and adult rabbits.
2. The kidneys and lungs are less active in the newly born, but increase rapidly during the first days of life.
3. The liver is more active in the newly born than in the adult rabbit.
B. The catalytic activity of the developing hen's egg.
1. The entire fresh egg has a slight but definite catalytic power which remains practically constant even though the egg be kept for several months at room temperature.
2. The separate parts of the egg, germinal center, yolk and white have practically no activity when tested individually.
3. The entire unfertilized egg shows no catalytic activity even after incubation at 38° C. for twenty-one days.
4. The germinal portion of the incubated fertilized egg rapidly acquires the power of decomposing hydrogen peroxide, while the yolk and white together or separately show no such increase, nor is there any activity to be found in the amniotic fluid.
5. It seems, therefore, that the catalytic power of the developing egg is formed from the contents of the egg which themselves show little action, by the developing germinal portion, independent of all external influences except heat (38° C.) and air.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF OPSONIC IMMUNITY TO STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Meakins J. C. 
Published: June 2004

1. The administration of Staphylococcus aureus, killed by heat (vaccine), produces a high degree of opsonic immunity in rabbits.
2. Such increase of opsonin affords protection against living virulent staphylococcus in direct proportion to the amount of opsonins present in the serum and complete recovery may follow subsequent inoculation, if the opsonic power be high.
3. Frequent administration of vaccines may produce a diminution of the opsonic power of the serum.
4. Immune opsonins are most active against the homologous strain of Staphylococcus aureus, but are only slightly less active against heterologous strains.
5. Infections of the human body by Staphylococcus aureus may cause great increase of opsonins.
6. Vaccines prepared from Staphylococcus aureus may produce a high degree of opsonic immunity in man.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE IMMEDIATE REACTION OF ANAPHYLAXIS IN THE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: Auer John , Lewis Paul A. 
Published: June 2004

1. By an immediate anaphylactic reaction we mean the chain of symptoms which occur in highly sensitized guinea-pigs shortly after an intravenous or intracardiac injection of the toxic dose and usually end in death.
2. Immediate anaphylactic death occurs three to five minutes after the toxic injection in highly sensitized guinea-pigs.
3. Immediate anaphylactic death in guinea-pigs is caused by asphyxia; cessation of respiration is secondary to this asphyxia.
4. This asphyxia is apparently produced by a tetanic contraction of the smooth muscles of the bronchioles, which occludes their lumen gradually, so that finally no air enters or leaves the lung, in spite of violent respiratory efforts; the animal is strangulated.
5. The stage of complete broncho-constriction is preceded by a short broncho-dilatation, if the bronchioles have been in a state of tonus previous to the injection of the toxic dose.
6. Anatomically, the lungs of these guinea-pigs are typical and may be used as an indicator of the immediate anaphylactic state when the animal has been immobilized by curarin or by pithing.
7. The lungs of a guinea-pig killed by immediate anaphylaxis are distended and in an inspiratory position so that the diaphragm is pushed down; no marked collapse occurs when the chest is opened and when the lungs are excised in toto; their color is a pale bluish-pink ; the surfaces and borders are smooth; no foam is in the trachea or large bronchi; pieces of lung cut off do not collapse, float lightly on water, and contain a good amount of air and little fluid which escapes on pressure. The blood in the lungs and heart is black when the autopsy is made at once after the cessation of respiration.
8. Section of the vagi in the neck, or curarin (artificial respiration) exerts no appreciable effect on the development of immediate anaphylaxis.
9. This immobilization of the lungs, which is due to a broncho-constriction, is of peripheral origin, for destruction of the spinal cord and medulla affects in no appreciable way the promptness and extent of the typical lung response to the injection of the toxic dose. Artificial respiration is, of course, necessary.
At the present time we do not care to state whether the toxic dose exerts its effects upon the bronchial muscles alone or upon the vagus motor endings or upon both structures.
10. The blood pressure in immediate anaphylaxis first shows a rise, which may be considerable; a short maintenance of this high level and then a gradual drop to IO to 20 millimeters of mercury and even less, within ten minutes after injection of the toxic dose.
11. Shortly after injection of the toxic dose a heart block develops, so that auricles and ventricles may beat in a 3:I rhythm; the block is probably due to asphyxia.
12. The cardiac vagus gradually loses its irritability after injection of the toxic dose.
13. Cooling of the guinea-pig delays the reaction to the toxic injection.
CHANGES INDUCED IN THE BLOOD OF RABBITS BY LIVING IN AN ATMOSPHERE OF WATER GAS
Authors: Nasmith George G. , Harrison F. C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits living in an atmosphere of carbon monoxide react in general as guinea-pigs react.
2. The increased specific gravity of the blood in " carbon monoxide " rabbits is due wholly to the increase in the number of erythrocytes and of hemoglobin, and not to any change in the plasma.
3. Weigert's law of inertia, that production would continue after the stimulus has ceased to act, does not hold in the case of carbon monoxide stimulated rabbits.
4. Hemolysins, precipitins and agglutinins towards normal rabbit corpuscles and sera were not present in carbon monoxide rabbits.
5. " Hemopoeitin " or anything of a similar nature was not found in rabbits in any stage of erythrocyte degeneration or regeneration.
OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS ON THE SO-CALLED THYROID CARCINOMA OF BROOK TROUT (SALVELINUS FONTINALIS) AND ITS RELATION TO ORDINARY GOITRE
Authors: Marine David , Lenhart C. H. 
Published: June 2004

Is this thyroid hyperplasia true carcinoma? In view of the facts that young fish are more affected than old fish, that iodin stops the hyperplasia and causes it to return to the colloid state, that removal of the fish from the ponds to the open brook also affects a cure, that the clinical incidence of tumors is directly related to the water supply, and that the severity of the disease as determined by histological examination is likewise directly related to the water supply, we cannot accept the prevailing opinion that the disease is true cancer. On the other hand, we believe that the disease as studied by us is an extreme illustration of endemic goitre, the end stage of which is cretinism. The opinion that it is cancer is based purely on anatomical studies—the essential fact being that the growing thyroid invades bone, muscle, etc. Such findings in mammalian tissues are strong evidence of malignancy, but this standard cannot be applied to fish thyroids for the reason that any growth of a widely and loosely distributed nonencapsulated gland would give the histological appearance of invasion of the surrounding tissues.
The general views as to the cause of the disease may be divided into two groups: (I) infectious and (2) metabolic.
Taking up the infectious theory, there are abundant grounds for such a view when one considers the flora of the tank. The very careful histological examinations by Hofer, Bonnet and Pick have yielded uniformly negative results. Direct infection cannot be excluded, but the fact that fish placed in the tail-race recover spontaneously, although living in the theoretically most polluted water, is not in harmony with our present conception of water-borne infection.
Taking up the metabolic theory, the three factors of overfeeding, overcrowding and limited proportional water supply together with the many possibilities into which they are divisible seem to us to be in some way, still obscure, directly concerned with the development of the disease. It is not probable that a single substance, whether the result of food decomposition or of excretory products, excites the thyroid to its activity but rather that the thyroid reaction is the result of the activity of a great variety of these products.
STUDIES ON WATER DRINKING
Authors: Fowler C. C. , Hawk P. B. 
Published: June 2004

The daily drinking of three liters of water with meals, for a period of five days, by a man twenty-two years of age who was in a condition of nitrogen equilibrium through the ingestion of a uniform diet, was productive of the following findings :
1. An increase in body weight, aggregating two pounds in five days.
2. An increased excretion of urinary nitrogen, the excess nitrogen being mainly in the form of urea, ammonia, and creatine.
3. A decreased excretion of creatinine and the coincident appearance of creatine in the urine. The decreased creatinine output is believed to indicate that the copious water drinking has stimulated protein catabolism. The appearance of creatine is considered evidence that the water has caused a partial muscular disintegration resulting in the release of creatine, but not profound enough to yield the total nitrogen content of the muscle. The output of creatine is, therefore, out of all proportion to the increase in the excretion of total nitrogen.
4. An increased output of ammonia which is interpreted as indicating an increased output of gastric juice.
5. A decreased excretion of feces and of fecal nitrogen, the decrease in the excretion of fecal nitrogen being of sufficient magnitude to secure a lowered excretion of both the bacterial and the non-bacterial nitrogen.
6. A decrease in the quantity of bacteria excreted daily.
7. An increase in the percentage of total nitrogen appearing as bacterial nitrogen.
8. A lower creatinine coefficient.
9. A more economical utilization of the protein constituents of the diet.
10. The general conclusion to be reached as the result of this experiment is to the effect that the drinking of a large amount of water with meals was attended by many desirable and by no undesirable features.
LATENT LIFE OF ARTERIES
Authors: Carrel Alexis 
Published: June 2004

When a segment of artery, killed by heat, formalin or glycerin is transplanted, it undergoes a rapid degeneration. Its muscle fibers disappear while the tissue of the host reacts by building a new wall of connective tissue. When the transplanted vessel has been preserved in a condition of latent life, no degeneration of the wall occurs, or the wall undergoes only partial degeneration. The muscle fibers can keep their normal appearance, even for a long time after the operation. It is, therefore, demonstrated that arteries can be preserved outside of the body in a condition of unmanifested actual life.
The best method of preservation consists of placing the vessels, immersed in vaselin, in an ice box, the temperature of which is slightly above the freezing point.
From a surgical standpoint, the transplantation of preserved vessels can be used with some safety. When the arteries were kept in defibrinated blood or vaselin and in cold storage, the proportion of positive results was 75 and 80 per cent., and this can probably be increased.
A STUDY OF AN EXTREMELY PURE PREPARATION OF RICIN
Authors: Field Cyrus W. 
Published: June 2004

1. By following the method of Osborne, Mendel and Harris, we can obtain an extremely potent toxin from the castor bean.
2. It would appear, as a result of testing this preparation at the end of two and a half years, that the agglutinating function and the toxic function are two distinct properties.
3. This result is also borne out by the behavior under the electric current; either we are dealing with two different substances or else with a single substance with two distinct toxiphore groups, one of which is stable and the other labile.
OBSERVATIONS UPON THE NOGUCHI MODIFICATION OF THE WASSERMANN COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF LUES IN THE MILITARY SERVICE
Authors: Craig Charles F. 
Published: June 2004

In the vast majority of cases examined in this laboratory the result of the Wassermann test was simply confirmatory of the clinical findings, but there were numerous suspicious cases, or cases in which symptoms were present and the patient denied a specific history, in which the test was of the greatest value, and it is in such instances, perhaps, that it may be regarded as "the court of last resort " in arriving at a conclusion regarding the nature of the condition present. Certainly if there is any value in experience and statistics, we are justified in regarding this test as the most valuable means we possess of diagnosing lues, and our experience with the Noguchi modification of the test has justified all that has been claimed for that method.
We believe that our results have proven that by the use of the complement fixation test in the military service it is possible to prevent the enlistment of men suffering from latent lues who would otherwise be enlisted; to control specific treatment by using it as an index of the efficiency of such treatment; to clear up the diagnosis of obscure or suspicious cases; and to enable the surgeon to avoid mistakes in discharges for disability in cases suspected of this disease.
Owing to the facility with which clinical observations can be made in armies, and the control that is possible of tested individuals, it is to be hoped that the Noguchi modification of the complement fixation test will be more widely used than it has been in the military services, for which we believe it is especially adapted. So far as we are aware the Medical Department of our army is the first to adopt this test as a routine diagnostic procedure and to apply it in the case of applicants for enlistment.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF FAT IN THE LIVER
Authors: McCrae John , Klotz Oskar 
Published: June 2004

1. Nearly all livers at autopsy contain fat which is histologically demonstrable.
2. Fatty substances in the liver appear chiefly in two forms, as small granules and as globules of various sizes.
3. We suppose that granules indicate the (protoplasmic) change commonly spoken of as fatty degeneration, and that globules of small size are excess of fat, stored up by reason of some pathological change which may be merely temporary.
4. Fat is oftenest central, least often in the mid-zone.
5. A heavy deposit of fat is compatible with a competent liver.
6. Intense fattiness, generally globular, occurs with intoxications of bacterial and chemical nature, as well as in cases where a complex toxin is manufactured by the body-cells.
7. Granular fat occurs oftener than globular: it affects most often the central zone; globular affects most often the peripheral.
8. " Accidental " masses of globular fat are found at times, and appear to follow no rule of position: these are comparable to lipomata, which are evidently the result of a pathological process.
9. We found no deposit of fat characteristic of uremia.
10 We know of no analysis of the liver fats in the granular and globular states respectively: it seems to have been taken for granted that the deposits were one and the same. To determine the relationship, if any, between these two forms should be the basis of investigation.