bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Fluorescent Stains for Protein Detection in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate–Polyacrylamide Gels
Authors: Hong Soo Yeon , Jun Hyunsook , Yoon Seung Soo , Kang Chulhun , Suh Myungkoo 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Highly sensitive new fluorescent stains for proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gels (SDS–PAGE) were developed by combining an environment sensitive fluorophore and a hydrocarbon tail for improved binding to SDS molecules associated with the proteins. The experimental results showed that these dyes bound to protein–SDS complexes with a concomitant emission increase upon binding.
First Application of Calixarenes as Extractants in Room-temperature Ionic Liquids
Authors: Shimojo Kojiro , Goto Masahiro 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
We synthesized a calix[4]arene bearing pyridine, which has a similar molecular structure to the constitutional unit of 3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate-based room-temperature ionic liquids. The pyridinocalix[4]arene was found to be soluble in ionic liquids, and this compound showed 230-fold extractability in ionic liquid over that in chloroform for silver ions.
Facile One-pot Syntheses of Amidines and Enamines from Oximes via Beckmann Rearrangement Using Trifluoromethansulfonic Anhydride
Authors: Takuwa Tomofumi , Minowa Tomofumi , Onishi Jim Yoshitaka , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Facile one-pot syntheses of amidines and enamines were achieved by trapping carbocation intermediates that were formed by Beckmann rearrangement of oximes with amines and carbon nucleophiles, respectively, under mild conditions.
Direct Chemical Synthesis of Gold Nanowires with 2-D Network Structure and Relationship between the Presence of Gold Ions and Shape Stability of Gold Nanowires
Authors: Pei Lihua , Mori Koichi , Adachi Motonari 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Gold nanowires with a 2-D network structure were synthesized by a direct chemical synthesis method; the shape stability of gold nanowires was closely related to the presence of gold ions in the solution phase, without which the nanowires broke, and larger nanoparticles were formed.
Excited-state Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT)-type Phosphorescence of 2-Aminobenzophenone in 77 K Matrices
Authors: Hagiri Masahide , Ichinose Nobuyuki , Kinugasa Jun-ichiro , Iwasa Tatsuya , Nakayama Toshihiro 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Time-resolved luminescence study of 2-aminobenzophenone in rigid matrices at 77 K has revealed its fluorescence and phosphorescence. The Phosphorescence consisted of two components with different bond structures, triplet energies, lifetimes, and anisotropies. These behaviors were explained by the presence of two ground-state conformers of 2-ABP with different reactivities for the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer.
Synthesis of Functionalized Fullerene by Mono-alkylation of Fullerene Cyclopentadienide
Authors: Hamasaki Ryo , Matsuo Yutaka , Nakamura Eiichi 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Mono-alkylation reaction of a fullerene cyclopentadienide with a functionalized alkyl halide quantitatively gave a functionalized [60]fullerene derivative that may bear a variety of functional groups and may exhibit high solubility in various solvents.
Desulfurization of Thiophene in Alkaline Supercritical Water Studied by 1H and 13C NMR
Authors: Yoshida Shinya , Takewaki Koji , Miwa Keiichi , Wakai Chihiro , Nakahara Masaru 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Thiophene, which is one of the major sulfur-containing compounds in crude oil as well as dibenzothiophene, was successfully desulfurized by the heterolytic cleavage of the C–S–C bond through the treatment with NaOH in supercritical water at 400 °C. Thiophene was disintegrated into S2− and such carboxylic acids as formic, acetic, and succinic acids within 1 h.
Autobiographical memory in depressed and non‐depressed patients with borderline personality disorder
Authors: Kremers I.P. , Spinhoven Ph. , Van der Does A.J.W. 
Published: February 2004

Objectives: The present study investigated the specificity of autobiographical memories among depressed and non‐depressed borderline patients, compared with depressed patients and controls. The influence of childhood trauma, intrusions of traumatic events, avoidance of intrusions, dissociation and depression on memory specificity was also studied.Method: The Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT), a trauma interview and self‐report measures of intrusions, avoidance, depression and dissociation were administered to 83 borderline outpatients, 26 depressed outpatients and 30 controls.Results: Depressed borderline patients and depressed patients reported fewer specific memories than controls. Depressed patients generated fewer specific memories than non‐depressed borderline patients. Neither trauma nor traumatic intrusions, avoidance of intrusions or dissociation were related to the specificity of memories. Level of depressive symptoms (BDI) was also not related, but the presence of a depression was.Conclusion: In this large sample of outpatients with borderline personality disorder, only the subgroup with a co‐morbid diagnosis of depression had trouble remembering specific events from the past. Trauma, intrusions, avoidance of intrusions and dissociation seem to be unrelated to the specificity of autobiographical memories in borderline personality disorder.
Criticizing and reassuring oneself: An exploration of forms, styles and reasons in female students
Authors: Gilbert P. , Clarke M. , Hempel S. , Miles J.N.V. , Irons C. 
Published: February 2004

Objectives: Self‐critical people, compared with those who self‐reassure, are at increased risk of psychopathology. However, there has been little work on the different forms and functions of these self‐experiences. This study developed two self‐report scales to measure forms and functions of self‐criticism and self‐reassurance and explore their relationship to depression.Methods: A self‐report scale measuring forms of self‐criticism and self‐reassuring, and a scale measuring possible functions of self‐criticism, together with a measure of depression and another self‐criticism scale (LOSC), were given to 246 female students.Results: Self‐criticizing vs. self‐reassuring separated into two components. Forms of self‐criticizing separated into two components related to: being self‐critical, dwelling on mistakes and sense of inadequacy; and a second component of wanting to hurt the self and feeling self‐disgust/hate. The reasons/functions for self‐criticism separated into two components. One was related to desires to try to self‐improve (called self‐improving/correction), and the other to take revenge on, harm or hurt the self for failures (called self‐harming/persecuting). Mediation analysis suggested that wanting to harm the self may be particularly pathogenic and is positively mediated by the effects of hating the self and negatively mediated by being able to self‐reassure and focus on one's positives.Conclusions: Self‐criticism is not a single process but has different forms, functions, and underpinning emotions. This indicates a need for more detailed research into the variations of self‐criticism and the mechanisms for developing self‐reassurance.
A psychometric evaluation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in patients diagnosed with end‐stage renal disease
Authors: Martin Colin R. , Tweed Alison E. , Metcalfe Matthew S. 
Published: February 2004

Objectives: To determine the psychometric properties of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) and determine the suitability of the instrument for use with this clinical group.Design: Between‐subjects and cross‐sectional design. The independent variable was type of treatment for ESRD. The dependent variables were HADS total (all items) and HADS anxiety and depression subscale scores.Methods: Group differences in HADS scores were determined using between‐subjects one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on the HADS to determine its psychometric properties in 160 patients with ESRD. Seven models were tested to determine model fit to the data.Results: None of the seven models tested proved to be an adequate fit to the data. Treatment modality was found to have a significant impact on HADS‐assessed levels of anxiety and depression.Conclusions: The clinical utility of the HADS in the assessment of anxiety and depression in ESRD patients may be enhanced by using the HADS total (all items) score as an index of psychological distress. Further research is required to establish the appropriateness of using the HADS to screen ESRD patients.
Targeting cognitive‐behaviour therapy to patients' implicit model of psoriasis: Results from a patient preference controlled trial
Authors: Fortune Dónal G. , Richards Helen L. , Griffiths Christopher E. M. , Main Chris J. 
Published: February 2004

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a cognitive‐behavioral psoriasis symptom management programme (PSMP) on patient‐held perceptions about their condition and patients' use of self‐reported coping strategies, and to examine the influence of alexithymia scores at induction on response to treatment.Design: Age‐ and sex‐matched case‐controlled prospective study.Methods: A total of 40 patients with psoriasis were treated in the PSMP, and an age‐ and sex‐matched cohort received standard pharmacological care only. The Illness Perception Questionnaire was used to assess patients' beliefs about illness identity, time‐line, consequences, cure/control and perceptions of the cause of their psoriasis. Participants also completed the COPE questionnaire and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS‐20).Results: Results suggested that at 6‐month follow‐up, patients who chose the PSMP showed significant reductions in illness identity (the frequency and severity of symptoms that patients associate with their condition), the strength of belief in severity of consequences of their illness, and their attributions for emotional causes of their psoriasis. Perceptions about the anticipated course of the disease (time‐line), its cure or controllability, ideas about physical agents of causation, and coping strategies did not differ between PSMP patients or controls at 6‐week or 6‐month follow‐up. Alexithymia had no effect on response to treatment. Regression analyses demonstrated the importance of both participation in the PSMP and demographic/clinical history variables in accounting for significant variance in illness‐perception‐change scores.Conclusion: The findings are generally supportive of multivariate models of intervention, but the lack of a demonstrated effect of the intervention on coping may have implications for both the assessment of coping in psoriasis and the nature of psychological interventions proposed for its management.
Long‐term emotional consequences of in‐hospital cardiac arrest and myocardial infarction
Authors: O'Reilly Samantha M. , Grubb Neil , O'Carroll Ronan E. 
Published: February 2004

Objectives: Prevalence rates for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) of 10% have been reported following myocardial infarction (MI). However, there has been little research conducted on the long‐term emotional sequelae of cardiac arrest (CA). The present study provides new information in that regard. The research aims were: (1) to compare the prevalence and severity of emotional disability in survivors of CA with that of cardiac patients who suffered an MI but no CA, (2) to assess both groups for the symptoms of PTSD, and (3) to assess the validity of a self‐report measure for PTSD with a cardiac population.Design: Case‐control study.Method: Patients who suffered a cardiac arrest in‐hospital (N = 27) were compared with patients who had an MI uncomplicated by cardiac arrest (N = 27), 9.6 (5.0) months following their index event. Each patient completed a series of questionnaires and a structured interview to ascertain affective adjustment, and PTSD symptoms and diagnoses.Results: (1) Most MI and CA patients reported high levels of emotional well‐being and stability.(2) Five (19%) CA survivors and two (7%) MI survivors (ns) fulfilled DSM‐IV criteria for PTSD when assessed by structured clinical interview (SCID).(3) There was relatively poor agreement between the interview and self‐report diagnoses when identifying PTSD cases (κ = .39).Conclusion: The significant minority of cardiac patients warranting diagnoses of PTSD has implications for their management and rehabilitation. Identification of these patients is an important step towards improving their overall health outcomes. The structured clinical interview remains the ‘gold standard’ for the identification of PTSD in cardiac patient populations.
Autobiographical memory and post‐psychotic depression in first episode psychosis
Authors: Iqbal Zaffer , Birchwood Max , Hemsley David , Jackson Chris , Morris Emma 
Published: February 2004

Objectives: In unipolar depression, the action of early life events has been shown to be linked to a deficit in accessing details of such autobiographical events (‘overgeneral memory’). In this study, we test whether a similar deficit can be observed in post‐psychotic depression (PPD) in first‐episode psychosis.Method: A group of 29 patients were followed up during the 12 months after their first onset, and monitored for PPD.Results: Of the sample group, 45% developed PPD, which was associated with overgeneral memory (p < .05; effect size = 1.05) and a heightened awareness of the diagnosis.Conclusions: Our findings raise the possibility that anomalies of psychosocial development may confer vulnerability to depression in psychosis.
Family well‐being and disabled children: A psychosocial model of disability‐related child behaviour problems
Authors: Woolfson Lisa 
Published: February 2004

Background: When parents receive a diagnosis that their child is disabled, many families adjust to this healthily and cope well, but others do not. Feelings of hopelessness, social isolation of the family within the community and child behaviour problems have all been reported. While utilization of social support systems is well documented in the literature as being a significant factor in family coping and adjustment to the child's disability, less attention has been focused on the role of psychological factors.Objective: This theoretical study aims to address this inbalance by integrating perspectives from a social model of disability with psychological research on the role of cognitive change in families' coping and adjustment to having a disabled child, and thus to produce a new psychosocial model of disability‐related child behaviour problems.Method: Negative societal attitudes to disability identified by a social model of disability are interpreted with respect to how they might translate to parent views of their disabled child within the family. Resultant parenting beliefs and their possible implications for family interaction, child behaviour and family health and well‐being are explored within this new framework.Conclusions: The psychosocial model of disability‐related child behaviour problems provides a useful conceptual framework that has both clinical and research implications for professionals working with families with disabled children.
A validation study of the Cardiac Depression Scale (CDS) in a UK population
Authors: Birks Yvonne , Roebuck Alun , Thompson David R. 
Published: February 2004

Objectives: This study was designed to validate the Cardiac Depression Scale (CDS) in a UK cardiac population.Method: A battery of questionnaires (the Medical Outcomes Study Short‐Form 36 [SF‐36] Health Survey, the Beck Depression Inventory [BDI], the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS] and the Cardiac Depression Scale [CDS]) was mailed to 487 individuals with coronary heart disease (CHD) recruited from cardiac support groups. The process was repeated on a subsample of 80 participants four‐six weeks later for the purpose of test‐retest analysis.Results: The response rate from the first administration was 81% and from the test‐retest subsample 54%. Factor analysis revealed a one‐factor solution with a high internal reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.93) and an acceptable test‐retest reliability (0.79). Concurrent validation against the SF‐36, BDI and HADS demonstrated strong correlations.Conclusions: The CDS is both a reliable and sensitive instrument for measuring depression in cardiac patients.
Theory of planned behaviour and ecstasy use: An analysis of moderator‐interactions
Authors: Umeh Kanayo , Patel Reema 
Published: February 2004

Objective: This study tested potential moderator interactions between components of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) in relation to ecstasy use, extending previous research. It was expected that attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control (PBC) would moderate each other in predicting intended use of this drug.Method: A cross‐sectional survey was administered to 200 young adults.Results: In hierarchical multiple regression analysis, past behaviour and attitude independently predicted intention; previous use of ecstasy and more positive attitudes towards ecstasy use were associated with stronger intentions to use this drug in the future. Moreover, there was a significant interaction between attitude and PBC (R2change = 0.05). Slope analysis revealed that PBC better predicted intention given more positive attitudes towards ecstasy use.Conclusions: This moderator function may help explain predictive inconsistencies reported in the literature. Implications for the TPB are considered.
Are people unrealistically optimistic? It depends how you ask them
Authors: Covey Judith A. , Davies Ann D. M. 
Published: February 2004

Objective: The present study investigated the extent to which direct (D) and indirect (ID) measures of unrealistic optimism truly capture people's beliefs about their comparative risk status.Method: Respondents (N = 425) were contacted in a general population survey. The D measure required respondents to estimate whether their personal chance of contracting an illness was above/below the average for people of the same age/gender. The ID measure was based on separate assessments of personal/others' chances.Results: Poor concurrent validity between the measures implied that one or both was tapping into perceptions unrelated to comparative risk. This was explored by examining the relationships between the measures and various health problem attributes (e.g. perceived preventability, personal experience). A picture emerged that suggested the D measure did not seem to reflect the effects of social comparison as much as the ID measure, a crucial criterion for a measure intended to elicit comparative risk ratings.Conclusion: When measuring unrealistic optimism by asking ‘Compared to other men/women your age how would you rate your chances of X?’ researchers should be sensitive to the possibility that the question is being interpreted simply as ‘How would you rate your chances of X?'.
Relationship of humour to health: A psychometric investigation
Authors: Boyle Gregory J. , Joss‐Reid Jeanne M. 
Published: February 2004

The effects of humour on health were investigated using a sample of 504 individuals comprising three groups (community group, university students, and respondents with a medical condition). Hypotheses were:

that after controlling for other variables, humour would be significantly associated with health:
that individuals with a greater sense of humour would report significantly higher levels of good health as compared with those with less humour; and
that the assessment of the factor structure of the Multidimensional Sense of Humour Scale (MSHS) would support its construct validity in the Australian context.

The present findings supported the view that a sense of humour is associated with health, and also provided support for the validity and reliability of the MSHS instrument.
Fear of devaluation: Understanding the experience of intersexed women with androgen insensitivity syndrome
Authors: Alderson Julie , Madill Anna , Balen Adam 
Published: February 2004

Objectives: We aim to provide an understanding of the psychological sequela of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) in phenotypic females in order to begin to inform psychosocial health care services.Design: Eight adult women with AIS were recruited through the Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Support Group‐United Kingdom (AISSG‐UK). Data was collected via two semi‐structured interviews with each woman.Methods: Transcripts were analysed using grounded theory and a conceptual model was developed which suggests a way of understanding the AIS distress experienced by the participants.Results: The pivotal concept is a woman's fear of devaluation. This is connected to her level of adaptation and perception of having a compromised womanhood. These, in turn, are related to her medical management and involvement with others via a support group and in talking about AIS.Conclusions: Participants showed a clear preference for open communication about their condition throughout the process of medical management. We recommend sensitive, pacing of information to allow young women and their families to make informed decisions about treatment and a realistic adaptation to life with AIS.
The relationship of negative affect and perceived sensitivity to symptom reporting following vaccination
Authors: Petrie Keith J. , Moss‐Morris Rona , Grey Corina , Shaw Marc 
Published: February 2004

Background: The processes involved in how individuals attribute symptoms to illness are important for understanding the basis of symptom complaints. In a study of patients undergoing travel vaccination, we investigated the association of trait negative affect (NA) and perceived sensitivity to medicines to reported symptoms and symptoms attributed by the patient to treatment.Methods: A sample of 121 patients attending a traveller's medical centre for vaccination prior to overseas travel completed a questionnaire prior to vaccination measuring trait NA, their perceived sensitivity to medicines, self‐rated health, as well as recent symptoms and doctor visits. Patients were assessed 20 min after the vaccination and again at seven days for their current symptoms and symptoms attributed to the vaccination.Results: We found both the number of symptom complaints and symptoms attributed to the vaccination immediately after treatment to be significantly associated with patients' perceived sensitivity to medicines and recent symptom complaints. At seven days, symptom complaints were also associated with perceived sensitivity to medicine as well as trait NA, while symptoms attributed by patients to the vaccination at seven days were significantly related to trait NA. At the seven‐day assessment, high trait NA was predictive of associating a far wider range of general symptoms to the vaccination.Conclusion: The results suggest that trait NA does not cause an increase in the reporting of physical symptoms in an illness or intervention that causes highly specific or immediate symptoms. However, trait NA plays an important role in the process of misattributing common symptoms to intervention or illness‐related causes and this process may help explain the association between trait NA and symptom reporting.