bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Materials for polymer electronics applications – semiconducting polymer thin films and nanoparticles
Authors: Asawapirom U. , Bulut F. , Farrell T. , Gadermaier C. , Gamerith S. , Güntner R. , Kietzke T. , Patil S. , Piok T. , Montenegro R. , Stiller B. , Tiersch B. , Landfester K. , List E.J.W. , Neher D. , Sotomayor Torres C. , Scherf U. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe paper presents two different approaches to nanostructured semiconducting polymer materials: (i) the generation of aqueous semiconducting polymer dispersions (semiconducting polymer nanospheres SPNs) and their processing into dense films and layers, and (ii) the synthesis of novel semiconducting polyfluorene‐block‐polyaniline (PF‐b‐PANI) block copolymers composed of conjugated blocks of different redox potentials which form nanosized morphologies in the solid state.
Fast Gaussian beam technique for the analysis of composite horn‐reflector antenna systems
Authors: Lucci L. , Pelosi G. , Roederer A. G. , Selleri S. , Toso G. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA fast and accurate procedure for the analysis of composite horn‐reflector antenna systems with electrically large dimensions is here presented. The horn analysis is carried out exploiting the mode matching (MM) and the combined field‐integral equation (CFIE) techniques. For the reflector characterization a PO‐based Gaussian beam asymptotic technique is used. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 95–100, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20219
A broadband E‐shaped patch antenna with a microstrip‐compatible feed
Authors: Ge Yuehe , Esselle Karu P. , Bird Trevor S. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA broadband low‐profile E‐shaped patch antenna with a novel microstrip‐compatible feed is presented. The new feed structure makes E‐shaped patch antennas more suitable for integration with microstrip circuits. It is demonstrated by designing and testing an antenna with a height of 3.3 mm and a return‐loss bandwidth of 5.03–6.12 GHz. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 111–112, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20223
Resistance training exercise and creatine in patients with Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease
Authors: Chetlin Robert D. , Gutmann Laurie , Tarnopolsky Mark A. , Ullrich Irma H. , Yeater Rachel A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractResistance exercise and creatine supplementation independently improve strength and function in patients with certain neuromuscular diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of resistance training with and without creatine supplementation on muscle, strength, and function in patients with Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) disease. Twenty patients with CMT consumed 5 g/day creatine or placebo while participating in resistance training for 12 weeks. Energy metabolites, muscle fiber type and size, strength, and timed activities of daily living were measured before and after training. There were no differences between creatine or placebo groups for any outcome. For the groups combined, exercise training increased type I muscle fiber diameter (48.2 ± 14.2 μm vs. 55.4 ± 14.8 μm), strength, and activities of daily living (ADL) times. Thus, patients respond to resistance training with muscle fiber adaptations, and improvements in strength and function. Creatine was not beneficial. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 30: 69–76, 2004
Array‐based comparative genomic hybridization for the detection of DNA sequence copy number changes in Barrett's adenocarcinoma
Authors: Albrecht Bettina , Hausmann Michael , Zitzelsberger Horst , Stein Hubert , Siewert Jörg Rüdiger , Hopt Ulrich , Langer Rupert , Höfler Heinz , Werner Martin , Walch Axel 
Published: May 2004

AbstractArray‐based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) allows the identification of DNA sequence copy number changes at high resolution by co‐hybridizing differentially labelled test and control DNAs to a micro‐array of genomic clones. The present study has analysed a series of 23 formalin‐fixed, paraffin wax‐embedded tissue samples of Barrett's adenocarcinoma (BCA, n = 18) and non‐neoplastic squamous oesophageal (n = 2) and gastric cardia mucosa (n = 3) by aCGH. The micro‐arrays used contained 287 genomic targets covering oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes, and DNA sequences localized within chromosomal regions previously reported to be altered in BCA. DNA sequence copy number changes for a panel of approximately 50 genes were identified, most of which have not been previously described in BCA. DNA sequence copy number gains (mean 41 ± 25/BCA) were more frequent than DNA sequence copy number losses (mean 20 ± 15/BCA). The highest frequencies for DNA sequence copy number gains were detected for SNRPN (61%); GNLY (44%); NME1 (44%); DDX15, ABCB1 (MDR), ATM, LAMA3, MYBL2, ZNF217, and TNFRSF6B (39% each); and MSH2, TERC, SERPINE1, AFM137XA11, IGF1R, and PTPN1 (33% each). DNA sequence copy number losses were identified for PDGFB (44%); D17S125 (39%); AKT3 (28%); and RASSFI, FHIT, CDKN2A (p16), and SAS (CDK4) (28% each). In all non‐neoplastic tissue samples of squamous oesophageal and gastric cardia mucosa, the measured mean ratios were 1.00 (squamous oesophageal mucosa) or 1.01 (gastric mucosa), indicating that no DNA sequence copy number chances were present. For validation, the DNA sequence copy number changes of selected clones (SNRPN, CMYC, HER2, ZNF217) detected by aCGH were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). These data show the sensitivity of aCGH for the identification of DNA sequence copy number changes at high resolution in BCA. The newly identified genes may include so far unknown biomarkers in BCA and are therefore a starting point for further studies elucidating their possible role in Barrett's carcinogenesis. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal serum ß2‐microglobulin and cystatin C in the prediction of post‐natal renal function in bilateral hypoplasia and hyperechogenic enlarged kidneys
Authors: Muller Françoise , Dreux Sophie , Audibert François , Chabaud Jean‐Jacques , Rousseau Thierry , D'Hervé Dominique , Dumez Yves , Ngo Sandrine , Gubler Marie‐Claire , Dommergues Marc 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate fetal serum ß2‐microglobulin and cystatin C in the prediction of post‐natal renal function in bilateral hypoplasia and hyperechogenic enlarged kidneys. Predicting post‐natal renal function is crucial to the prenatal evaluation of fetal nephropathies. Prenatal ultrasound can identify terminal renal failure, but is not sensitive enough to identify infants whose post‐natal renal function will be impaired. Fetal serum ß2‐microglobulin and cystatin C are potential predictors of post‐natal renal function.MethodsFifty‐four prenatally diagnosed cases of bilateral nephropathy were retrospectively reviewed. Final diagnosis was established using histological or post‐natal findings: renal hypoplasia (n = 7), cystic dysplasia (n = 9), autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD; n = 8) or autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD; n = 22) and transient sonographic abnormalities (n = 8). Fetal serum ß2‐microglobulin and cystatin C were assayed respectively in 54 and 38 cases. The prognostic value of these markers was assessed in terms of the post‐natal outcome.ResultsIn bilateral kidney hypoplasia and cystic dysplasia, ß2‐microglobulin and cystatin C were significantly (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.02 respectively) higher than in the normal control group. In hyperechogenic fetal kidneys (ARPKD, ADPKD and transient sonographic abnormalities), these markers were not different from controls. However, whereas normal values cannot exclude renal failure, abnormal values predict post‐natal renal failure.ConclusionsIn bilateral renal hypoplasia and dysplasia, fetal serum ß2‐microglobulin and cystatin C are good markers for post‐natal renal function. However, in bilateral renal hyperechogenic enlargement, abnormal values are associated with poor post‐natal renal function, but normal values cannot preclude renal failure. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of the impact of screen‐positive results obtained from ultrasound and biochemical screening for Down syndrome in the first trimester: a pilot study
Authors: Weinans Martin J. N. , Kooij Loes , Müller Moira A. , Bilardo Katia M. , van Lith Jan M. M. , Tymstra Tjeerd 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the experiences of women who received a screen‐positive test result for Down syndrome after nuchal translucency screening or after biochemical screening in the first trimester of pregnancy in the Netherlands.MethodSemi‐quantitative questionnaires were sent to 40 women with a screen‐positive test result for Down syndrome in the first trimester of pregnancy: 20 had undergone nuchal translucency screening (NT group) and 20 had undergone serum screening (PAPP‐A and free beta‐hCG) (SS group). In all the cases, chorionic villus sampling (CVS) had not revealed any chromosomal abnormalities.ResultsThe major reason for undergoing the screening test in both groups of women was to be more reassured about the health of the baby. In the NT group, 5 out of the 20 women stated that they had suddenly been confronted with the NT measurement during the ultrasound examination without even being asked, or had been caught by surprise about the possibility. Together with two other women, they felt that at that stage they had been insufficiently informed about what the test meant. In the SS group, two women also held this opinion. In 10 out of the 20 women in the SS group, the positive‐screening result had caused (a great deal of) anxiety. In the NT group, this proportion was as high as 18 out of the 20. Six of the women in the NT group mentioned that ‘seeing the baby’ had been an important factor in their decision to undergo CVS. Even after a favourable result of CVS, a proportion of the pregnant women were still feeling anxious about the health of their baby (5 women in the SS group and 12 in the NT group). Nevertheless, a large proportion of the women in both groups was pleased that they had undergone the screening test. Only a few of them stated that they would not choose the same screening test again in a future pregnancy.ConclusionsAn unfavourable screening result after NT screening appeared to have a greater impact than an unfavourable result after serum screening. This might partly be explained by the ultrasound examination visualising the increased risk during NT screening. An additional important role may have been played by the fact that an abnormal NT screening result implies an increased risk of other disorders besides Down syndrome, which the women should be informed about beforehand. Several factors place special demands on the counselling prior to NT screening. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Buried contact solar cells with innovative rear localised contacts
Authors: Ho Anita Wing Yi , Wenham Stuart R. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA new rear contacting scheme using low‐temperature processes to form localised contacts without the use of photolithography has been developed. It uses randomly nucleated, aluminium‐induced, localised regions of solid phase epitaxial growth ofp+silicon onto the rear surface of a wafer through a thick rear surface passivating oxide. This rear contacting technique has been applied on solar cells with front buried contacts and results have shown that a suitable ohmic contact to the rear can be formed through oxide as thick as 3000 Å and using only low temperature sintering below the eutectic temperature of silicon and aluminium. This low‐temperature sintering avoids the destruction of the interfacial oxide which has been shown to provide good surface passivation for the rear of the solar cells. Microscopic images indicate the possibility of formingp+rear contacts with aluminium‐induced crystallisation, but without requiring any additional deposition of silicon. The source of silicon for the latter appears to be from the reduction of the silicon dioxide by the aluminium. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
System Failure Analysis Through Counters of Petri Net Models
Authors: Adamyan Angela , He David 
Published: May 2004

AbstractPetri nets are a powerful technique widely used in the modeling and analysis of complex manufacturing systems and processes. Due to their capability in modeling the dynamics of the systems, Petri nets have been combined with fault tree analysis techniques to determine the average rate of occurrence of system failures. Current methods in combining Petri nets with fault trees for system failure analysis compute the average rate of occurrence of system failures by tracking the markings of the Petri net models. The limitations of these methods are that tracking the markings of a Petri net represented by a reachability tree can be very complicated as the size of the system grows. Therefore, these methods offer less flexibility in analyzing sequential failures in the system. To overcome the limitations of the current methods in applying Petri nets for system failure assessment, this paper expands and extends the concept of counters used in Petri net simulation to perform the failure and reliability analysis of complex systems. The presented method allows the system failures to be modeled using general Petri nets with inhibitor arcs and loops, which employs fewer variables than existing marking‐based methods and substantially accelerates the computations. It can be applied to real system failure analysis where basic events can have different failure rates. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lane recognition system based on the high‐speed pattern matching method
Authors: Ninomiya Yoshiki , Takahashi Arata , Ohta Mitsuhiko 
Published: May 2004

AbstractApplications of lane recognition using an on‐board camera in the real world require image recognition technology that is both fast and robust. The authors propose a method that takes structure matching as a search problem for optimal patterns and then uses a voting approach for discrete template patterns as a method for pattern matching in this kind of image recognition technology. The authors implement their proposed method as an on‐board device for lane recognition, then set it up in pipelined hardware, and confirm that it can work in real time. In addition, the results of comparing their method with a conventional lane recognition method using 1000 scenes of images of highways in the rain, a subject used for lane recognition, confirm that their method makes few errors and is robust. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(8): 45–53, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10591
Analysis of pilot and early phase studies with small sample sizes
Authors: Shih Weichung Joseph , Ohman‐Strickland Pamela A. , Lin Yong 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe need for statistical methodologies for analysing a small size study, such as a pilot or so‐called ‘proof of concept’ study, has not been paid much attention in the past. Recently the Institute of Medicine (IOM) formed a committee and held a workshop to discuss methodologies for conducting clinical trials with small number participants. In this paper we argue that the hypothesis of treatment effect in a small pilot study should be set up to test whetheranyindividual subject has an effect rather than whether the group mean or median has shifted as often done for large, confirmatory clinical trials. Based on this paradigm we propose multiple test procedures as one option when individuals have enough observations, and a mixture‐distribution approach when individuals have one or more observations. The latter approach may be used in either a one‐ or two‐group setting, and is our focus in this paper. We present the likelihood ratio tests for the mixture models. Examples are given to demonstrate the methods. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating alternative gait strategies using evolutionary robotics
Authors: Sellers William I. , Dennis Louise A. , W.‐J. Wang , Crompton Robin H. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractEvolutionary robotics is a branch of artificial intelligence concerned with the automatic generation of autonomous robots. Usually the form of the robot is predefined and various computational techniques are used to control the machine's behaviour. One aspect is the spontaneous generation of walking in legged robots and this can be used to investigate the mechanical requirements for efficient walking in bipeds. This paper demonstrates a bipedal simulator that spontaneously generates walking and running gaits. The model can be customized to represent a range of hominoid morphologies and used to predict performance parameters such as preferred speed and metabolic energy cost. Because it does not require any motion capture data it is particularly suitable for investigating locomotion in fossil animals. The predictions for modern humans are highly accurate in terms of energy cost for a given speed and thus the values predicted for other bipeds are likely to be good estimates. To illustrate this the cost of transport is calculated forAustralopithecus afarensis. The model allows the degree of maximum extension at the knee to be varied causing the model to adopt walking gaits varying from chimpanzee‐like to human‐like. The energy costs associated with these gait choices can thus be calculated and this information used to evaluate possible locomotor strategies in early hominids.
Mechanisms for the acquisition of habitual bipedality: are there biomechanical reasons for the acquisition of upright bipedal posture?
Authors: Preuschoft Holger 
Published: May 2004

AbstractMorphology and biomechanics are linked by causal morphogenesis (‘Wolff's law’) and the interplay of mutations and selection (Darwin's ‘survival of the fittest’). Thus shape‐based selective pressures can be determined. In both cases we need to know which biomechanical factors lead to skeletal adaptation, and which ones exert selective pressures on body shape. Each bone must be able to sustain the greatest regularly occurring loads. Smaller loads are unlikely to lead to adaptation of morphology. The highest loads occur primarily in posture and locomotion, simply because of the effect of body weight (or its multiple). In the skull, however, it is biting and chewing that result in the greatest loads. Body shape adapted for an arboreal lifestyle also smooths the way towards bipedality. Hindlimb dominance, length of the limbs in relation to the axial skeleton, grasping hands and feet, mass distribution (especially of the limb segments), thoracic shape, rib curvatures, and the position of the centre of gravity are the adaptations to arboreality that also pre‐adapt for bipedality. Five divergent locomotor/morphological types have evolved from this base: arm‐swinging in gibbons, forelimb‐dominated slow climbing in orang‐utans, quadrupedalism/climbing in the African apes, an unknown mix of climbing and bipedal walking in australopithecines, and the remarkably endurant bipedal walking of humans. All other apes are also facultative bipeds, but it is the biomechanical characteristics of bipedalism in orang‐utans, the most arboreal great ape, which is closest to that in humans. If not evolutionary accident, what selective factor can explain why two forms adopted bipedality? Most authors tend to connect bipedal locomotion with some aspect of progressively increasing distance between trees because of climatic changes. More precise factors, in accordance with biomechanical requirements, include stone‐throwing, thermoregulation or wading in shallow water. Once bipedality has been acquired, development of typical human morphology can readily be explained as adaptations for energy saving over long distances. A paper in this volume shows that load‐carrying ability was enhanced from australopithecines to Homo ergaster (early African H. erectus), supporting an earlier proposition that load‐carrying was an essential factor in human evolution.
X‐ray omni microscopy
Authors: PAGANIN D. , GUREYEV T. E. , MAYO S. C. , STEVENSON A. W. , NESTERETS YA. I. , WILKINS S. W. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryThe science of wave‐field phase retrieval and phase measurement is sufficiently mature to permit the routine reconstruction, over a given plane, of the complex wave‐function associated with certain coherent forward‐propagating scalar wave‐fields. This reconstruction gives total knowledge of the information that has been encoded in the complex wave‐field by passage through a sample of interest. Such total knowledge is powerful, because it permits the emulation in software of the subsequent action of an infinite variety of coherent imaging systems. Such ‘virtual optics’, in which software forms a natural extension of the ‘hardware optics’ in an imaging system, may be useful in contexts such as quantitative atom and X‐ray imaging, in which optical elements such as beam‐splitters and lenses can be realized in software rather than optical hardware. Here, we develop the requisite theory to describe such hybrid virtual‐physical imaging systems, which we term ‘omni optics’ because of their infinite flexibility. We then give an experimental demonstration of these ideas by showing that a lensless X‐ray point projection microscope can, when equipped with the appropriate software, emulate an infinite variety of optical imaging systems including those which yield interferograms, Zernike phase contrast, Schlieren imaging and diffraction‐enhanced imaging.
FIB‐induced damage in silicon
Authors: RUBANOV S. , MUNROE P. R. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryThe damage created in silicon transmission electron microscope specimens prepared using a focused ion beam miller is assessed using cross‐sections of trenches milled under different beam conditions. Side‐wall damage consists of an amorphous layer formed by direct interaction with the energetic gallium ion beam; a small amount of implanted gallium is also detected. By contrast, bottom‐wall damage layers are more complex and contain both amorphous films and crystalline regions that are richer in implanted gallium. More complex milling sequences show that redeposition of milled material, enriched in gallium, can occur depending on the geometry of the mill employed. The thickness of the damage layers depends strongly on beam energy, but is independent of beam current. Monte Carlo modelling of the damage formed indicates that recoil silicon atoms contribute significantly to the damaged formed in the specimen.