bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drug‐related complaints against police
Authors: Ratcliffe Jerry H. , Biles David , Green Tracey , Miller Seumas 
Published: March 2005

PurposeTo examine the incidence and prevalence rate of drug‐related complaints against police in the New South Wales Police Service (Australia) and compare these rates to officer demographics.Design/methodology/approachSeven years of complaints data (1993‐2000) are examined. The data showed that of nearly 40,000 complaints amounting to over 80,000 allegations, less than 2 percent relate to drug‐related allegations. These allegations were isolated and the pattern of officer demographics from these incidents were compared to the police service as a whole, with the aim of exploring if particular groups (such as length of service, age, gender etc.) were particularly susceptible to attracting drug‐related allegations.FindingsThe most common drug‐related allegation was for supplying drugs. The distribution of drug‐related complaints follows the general demographic pattern of officers in the police service, though female officers attracted fewer drug‐related allegations. Adverse findings, while rare, are most likely to be recorded against lower ranking police officers who have served less time in the police service.Practical implicationsThe paper shows that demographics alone are not sufficient to identify officers at risk of being on the receiving end of a drug‐related complaint. The age, service and rank analysis conducted in this paper has not revealed any particular groups that are more susceptible to allegations of drugs misconduct. This paper therefore supports the idea that a more thorough early warning system tailored to individual officers may be necessary for an effective strategic complaints system.Originality/valueWith a pool of nearly 80,000 allegations to draw upon, the research employs one of the largest data sets ever examined. The findings are therefore sufficient to provide robust statistical comparisons, and are of interest to police practitioners, law enforcement managers, and researchers.
Perceptions of discrimination and justice in New York City
Authors: Rice Stephen K. , Piquero Alex R. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThere has been limited analysis on the intersections of race, gender, inequality (e.g. education, income), and procedural/distributive justice and the perceived prevalence of racially biased policing. Using data from a sample of New York City residents who were asked to judge the New York City Police Department on measures related to racially biased policing and to procedural/distributive justice, this paper builds a perception of discrimination composite tied to perceived personal experience with officer bias and to beliefs regarding the perceived prevalence and justification for such behavior.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the bivariate relation between race and the perception of discrimination composite is examined. Then, logistic regression is employed to explain the composite with the complement of demographic and attitudinal variables. Finally, split sample analyses are conducted to examine demographic and attitudinal variables separately for blacks and non‐blacks.FindingsBlacks were three times more likely than non‐blacks to perceive that racially biased policing was widespread, unjustified, and personally experienced, and this finding held after controlling for demographic and attitudinal variables. It suggests that the “black effect” operates independently of income and education, raising questions about the claim that race has made way for class in key aspects of social life.Originality/valueBy focusing on issues of power and control, the police define their interactions with members of the public in very specific ways, and such power orientations may lead to increased conflict. The present study suggests that a disproportionate subset of NYC residents perceive general and specific discriminatory action related to racially biased policing and procedural injustice.
Bounty hunters: a look behind the hype
Authors: Burns Ronald , Kinkade Patrick , Leone Matthew C. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeTo identify and assess the current state of professionalism and operations in the field of bail recovery, or bounty hunting.Design/methodology/approachA multi‐method approach, which integrated information from interviews with bond agents with information taken from a survey of workers in the bond field.FindingsSurvey respondents averaged 51 years of age, and were mostly Caucasian males. Most were religious and conservative, and over 25 percent reported having obtained a four‐year college degree. Roughly one‐third of all survey respondents reported experience in law enforcement; nearly half indicated having specialized skills in weaponry. Money was the most cited reason for becoming a bail enforcement agent, and most respondents believed that bail enforcement agents are an under‐appreciated component of the criminal justice system.Research limitations/implicationsThese findings were taken from a small number of survey respondents. Consequently, these data are not assumed to be representative of the population surveyed. Additionally, the interviews with key individuals in the field are also not assumed to be representative.Practical implicationsThis research has shown that bond agents are not yet professionalized, but a substantial number of them desire greater professionalism in their field, and believe that more professional behavior is necessary to receive greater respect from their fellow criminal justice practitioners.Originality/valueVery little is known about the operations and attitudes of bond agents. This research has added some critical information to this knowledge base, and has helped to raise other questions which may stimulate further research in this under‐examined field.
The Swedish property crisis in retrospect: a new look at appraisal bias
Authors: Enström Rickard 
Published: March 2005

PurposeIn the early 1990s, Sweden suffered from a severe property crisis. This study aims to analyze the market for income properties in Sweden over a 20‐year period, 1980‐2000, taking a fresh look at describing the depth of the property crisis. The study specifically attempts to examine if appraisal bias was present when the state‐owned Nordbanken bank foreclosed on a large number of properties.Design/methodology/approachUsing transaction data, the article estimates a set of hedonic price indices. The result is used to calculate predicted market values. To assess if the appraisals are biased they are compared with both the predicted market value and the actual transaction price.FindingsThe study does not find any indications of the appraisals being systematically biased. For the comparison with transaction price, however, a caveat in drawing these conclusions is that the appraisals could have had a direct impact on the reservation prices. The results further suggest that there is added information in appraisal beyond those characteristics that are available in public registers.Originality/valueThe study presents a new set of price indices based on a limited set of property characteristic. Most indices in actual use are based on appraised values. This study has shed light on the depth of the Swedish property crisis and enabled us to assess the quality of appraisals in general.
Valuation model uniformity and consistency in real estate indices
Authors: Hordijk Aart , van de Ridder Wouter 
Published: March 2005

Purpose of the paperThis research paper has two objectives. The first is to shed light on the consistency in and quality of the applied valuation models. The second objective is to analyse uniformity on important valuation input variables throughout 1994‐2002.Design/methodology/approachMore than 150 original valuation reports are retrieved and qualitatively checked on model consistency, for example on discounting methods. The impact of the inconsistencies on the end value were calculated by using a dummy discounted cash flow model (DCF). The uniformity of the input variables net yield, discount rate and exit yield are quantitatively determined: is there a decreasing standard deviation through time?FindingsThere appears to be little consistency: the Dutch appraisers use a variety of methods within the DCF method. Cash flows are discounted quarterly in advance, yearly in arrear and averaged over the year, only three of the ten most frequent used appraisers use a flexible inflation scenario, etc. These different approaches can have a large impact on the appraisal value. As for the uniformity, the standard deviation for all three variables has not decreased through time.Practical implicationsThe conclusions and recommendations of this research have been used by the valuation committee of the ROZ/IPD Netherlands Property Index to improve and extend the valuation guidelines.Originality/valueValuation models, which are the foundation of benchmarks, have never been researched on a large scale due to confidential issues. This research appears to be the first to actually analyse valuation models of many different appraisal companies in one country, The Netherlands. The participants of the ROZ/IPD Netherlands Property Index own 85 per cent of the €38 billion institutionally invested value in real estate in The Netherlands. Their policy decisions are partially based on the comparison to the Dutch benchmark. Therefore consistency and uniformity of the valuation models is critical.
The influence of clients on valuations: the clients' perspective
Authors: Levy Deborah , Schuck Edward 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThis study aims to consider the theoretical potential for client influences to bias valuations, and assess the validity of the resulting framework by seeking input from practising valuers and commissioning clients.Design/methodology/approachReports upon a series of individual interviews with senior New Zealand property executives responsible for the management of large portfolios of institutional‐grade property assets.FindingsThe results indicate that clients with expertise and a high level of knowledge of the property market are able to influence valuers by way of expert and information power. Opportunities to exert influence are afforded by the control the client has over the valuation process including the common practice in New Zealand of permitting clients to review draft valuations prior to their formalisation.Research limitations/implicationsThe general aim of this paper is to build on the theory as opposed to testing theory. In order to achieve this aim a qualitative approach was taken, this permits a focus on the search for meaning and understanding. As in most qualitative research therefore it does not claim that the findings can be generalised to a wider population, but it provides theory for later testing. The results however, not only provide a more in‐depth understanding of the process, motivation and opportunities for client influence but also help to highlight the justification for further theoretical and empirical research in this area in order to achieve a more in‐depth knowledge of the valuation process.Originality/valueThis paper succeeded in its objective of developing an holistic and deeper understanding of valuation by gaining insights from clients involved directly in the commissioning of valuations for property funds in New Zealand. The results suggest that there are a number of specific influences that have not been previously documented, but appear to have the potential to affect valuation outcomes and valuations that are ultimately reported to stakeholders.
The use of derivatives by US insurers
Authors: Raturi Mayank 
Published: March 2005

PurposeDerivatives are important risk management tools widely used by financial institutions, including insurers. Insurers rely on derivatives for managing actuarial, market, credit as well as liquidity risks. There is lack of knowledge and publication about the recent use of derivatives by insurers. This paper attempts to fill the gap in the literature.Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyses data based on statutory company filings with state regulators in the USA.FindingsThe analysis suggests that derivatives are used by larger companies, especially in the life insurance industry. This could be explained by the significant economies of scale that are possible when using derivatives. Smaller firms do not have the resources to invest in the latest risk management technologies, and management may be uncomfortable using such new tools. Surveys and anecdotal evidence also suggest that, for insurance companies, the lack of familiarity with the regulatory and accounting treatment of derivatives is another reason for their cautious derivative usage.Originality/valueThe main value of the paper is the analysis of derivative usage by insurers based on recent data. The brief description of accounting and regulatory issues concerning insurance industry usage of derivatives, provided in the paper, would be useful to managers in insurance companies considering use of derivatives. The paper would also be useful to market participants interested in providing derivative‐based solutions to insurance companies.
Diffusion models of insurer net worth: can one dimension suffice?
Authors: Ren Jiandong 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThe paper aims to develop a realistic, yet flexible model of insurer net worth.Design/methodology/approachInspired by and as an improvement to Powers, the paper develops a multi‐dimensional diffusion model to describe the operations of an insurance company. The paper then explores whether or not this multi‐dimensional model can be approximated conservatively by a homogeneous one‐dimensional diffusion.FindingsThe multi‐dimensional model that is proposed can be approximated conservatively by a homogeneous one‐dimensional diffusion, which is clearly much easier to solve analytically or numerically than a multi‐dimensional system. Also, the Laplace transform of the desired first‐passage time (to ruin) distribution can be stated analytically.Practical implicationsThe analysis provides a theoretical model of the relationship between the insurer's ruin‐time distribution and many aspects of the insurer's operations, including loss‐payout patterns, premium‐earning patterns, and investment strategy.Originality/valueThe paper reveals that a multi‐dimensional model can be approximated by a homogeneous one‐dimensional diffusion to achieve a realistic and flexible model that can be used practically.
Coping with credit risk
Authors: Loubergé Henri , Schlesinger Harris 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThis paper aims to propose a new method for credit risk allocation among economic agents.Design/methodology/approachThe paper considers a pool of bank loans subject to a credit risk and develops a method for decomposing the credit risk into idiosyncratic and systematic components. The systematic component accounts for the aggregate statistical difference between credit defaults in a given period and the long‐run average of these defaults.FindingsThe paper shows how financial contracts might be redesigned to allow for banks to manage the idiosyncratic component for their own accounts, while allowing the systematic component to be handled separately. The systematic component can be retained, passed off to the capital markets, or shared with the borrower. In the latter case, the paper introduces a type of floating interest rate, in which the rate is set in arrears, based on a composite index for the systematic risk. This increases the efficiency of risk sharing between borrowers, lenders and the capital market.Practical implicationsThe paper has several practical implications that are of value for financial engineers, loan market participants, financial regulators, and all economic agents concerned with credit risk. It could lead to a new class of structured notes being traded in the market.Originality/valueThe paper also illustrates the potential benefits of risk decomposition. Of course, as with any innovation, the implementation of the structured contracts would raise practical issues not addressed here. The paper also makes several simplifications: market risk is ignored; the level of default is constant and identical among borrowers. These simplifications could be lifted in future research on this theme.
Asset and liability management in financial crisis
Authors: Tektas Arzu , Nur Ozkan‐Gunay E. , Gunay Gokhan 
Published: March 2005

PurposeAn efficient asset‐liability management requires maximizing banks' profit as well as controlling and lowering various risks. This multi‐objective decision problem aims to reach goals such as maximization of liquidity, revenue, capital adequacy, and market share subject to financial, legal requirements and institutional policies. This paper models asset and liability management (ALM) in order to show how different managerial strategies affect the financial wellbeing of banks during crisis.Design/methodology/approachA goal programming model is developed and applied to two medium‐scale Turkish commercial banks with distinct risk‐taking behavior. This article brings new evidence on the performance of emerging market banks with different managerial philosophies by comparing asset‐liability management in crisis.FindingsThe study has shown how shifts in market perceptions can create trouble during crisis, even if objective conditions have not changed.Originality/valueThe proposed model can provide optimal forecasts of asset‐liability components and banks' financial standing for different risk‐taking strategies under various economic scenarios. This may facilitate the preparation of contingency plans and create a competitive advantage for bank decision makers.
The aetiology and management of Castleman disease at 50 years: translating pathophysiology to patient care
Authors: Casper Corey 
Published: March 2005

SummaryFifty years ago, Dr Benjamin Castleman first described the unusual lymphoproliferative disorder that now bears his name. Over the subsequent decades, astute clinical and pathologic observations coupled with clever molecular biologic research have increased our understanding of the aetiology of Castleman disease (CD). This article proposes three broad CD variants based on both distinctive histopathology and clinical behaviour. The pivotal roles of infection with human herpesvirus 8 and interleukin‐6 production in the development of CD are emphasized. Finally, the natural history of CD and the myriad of therapeutic options are reviewed in the context of a unified model of CD pathophysiology, and continued areas of uncertainty are discussed.
p53 Aberrations do not predict individual response to fludarabine in patients with B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in advanced stages Rai III/IV
Authors: Valgañón Mikel , Giraldo Pilar , Agirre Xabier , Larráyoz María J. , Rubio‐Martinez Araceli , Rubio‐Felix Daniel , Calasanz María J. , Odero María D. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryAbnormalities of p53 have been associated with short survival and non‐response to therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). We have evaluated the rate of response to fludarabine as first‐line therapy in 54 patients with advanced stage CLL, analysing the cytogenetic profile, aberrations in p53, including the methylation status of its promoter, and the immunoglobulin heavy‐chain variable‐region (IGVH) mutation status. According to the advanced stage of the disease in this series, 75% of patients presented genetic aberrations associated with poor prognosis: del(17p) and/or del(11q), and no‐mutated IGVH genes. Ten patients (18·5%) had methylation in the promoter region of p53. Eighty‐three per cent of patients treated achieved a response, with a high rate of complete remission (47·6%). Although we found a significant correlation between failures and the presence of p53 aberrations (P = 0·0065), either with methylation (P = 0·018) or deletion (P = 0·015), 64% of the patients with aberrations in this gene responded to treatment (11/17), suggesting that fludarabine induces high remission rates, even in these patients. This is the first time that the significance of p53 promoter methylation status is described in this pathology, and our data support that this epigenetic phenomenon could be involved in the pathogenesis and clinical evolution of CLL.
A third course of anti‐thymocyte globulin in aplastic anaemia is only beneficial in previous responders
Authors: Gupta Vikas , Gordon‐Smith Edward C. , Cook Gordon , Parker Anne , Duguid Jennifer K.M. , Wilson Keith M.O. , Yi Qi‐Long , Marsh Judith C.W. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryThis retrospective study evaluated the outcome of 18 patients with aplastic anaemia treated with a third course of anti‐thymocyte globulin (ATG)‐containing immunosuppressive therapy (IST). Of the 18 patients, seven had responded to one of the previous courses of ATG and 11 were refractory to both the previous courses. Self‐limiting grade ≥3 liver toxicity was observed in three patients. Two patients had to discontinue ATG because of severe systemic side effects. The incidence and manifestations of serum sickness did not appear to be different during the three courses. All of the seven patients that previously responded to one of the courses responded to a third course. In contrast, of 11 patients refractory to the previous courses, only two had a transient partial response. The 3‐yr event‐free survival for the patients who had responded to one of the previous courses of ATG was significantly superior to that of patients refractory to both the previous courses of ATG (83% vs. 0%, P = 0·0001). For aplastic anaemia patients, a third course of ATG‐containing IST is a reasonable option in previous responders. Patients refractory to previous two courses of ATG have a much lower response rate and may be suitable candidates for novel therapeutic options.
Expression of phosphatidylserine (PS) on wild‐type and Gerbich variant erythrocytes following glycophorin‐C (GPC) ligation
Authors: Head David J. , Lee Zoe E. , Poole Joyce , Avent Neil D. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryGlycophorin‐C (GPC) is a 40 kDa glycoprotein expressed on erythrocytes and is a receptor for the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum to invade these cells. A link between GPC binding (ligation) and phosphatidylserine (PS) expression on erythrocytes has been suggested by its appearance on P. falciparum‐infected erythrocytes. Phosphatidylserine expression has also been shown to be a marker of cellular death in a number of biological pathways including some in erythrocytes. Using Annexin V binding, we demonstrated that ligation of GPC with mouse mAb (BRIC‐10) induced PS expression on normal erythrocytes. Phosphatidylserine exposure was prevented following tryptic digestion of intact erythrocytes. In addition, GPC variant phenotypes Yus (Δ exon 2) and Gerbich (Δ exon 3), which express a truncated extracellular domain, did not express PS following BRIC‐10 binding, whereas PS was exposed on Lsa erythrocytes (duplication of exon 3). GPC ligation was also shown to result in a concomitant loss of erythrocyte viability in wild‐type erythrocytes after 24 h in vitro. These results identify a potential pathway linking GPC to PS exposure on erythrocytes that may have a role in regulating red cell turnover. Further characterization of this pathway may also identify new targets for the treatment of P. falciparum malaria.