bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
South Africa and the International Criminal Court
Authors: Roux Mispa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In terms of international criminal law, an erga omnes obligation is imposed on the international community as a whole to prosecute perpetrators of international crimes. The values underpinning transitional justice recognise that for some states emerging from decades of systematic gross human rights violations, it may initially be necessary to establish peace before criminal accountability. However, prosecutions should not be relinquished in its entirety. This chapter begins by considering South Africa’s negotiated settlement in the early 1990s, where the explicit decision was made not to prosecute apartheid as a crime against humanity. Instead, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was established which was empowered to grant amnesty to perpetrators in return for full disclosure of their crimes. The process was developed before the advent of the International Criminal Court (ICC). More recently, South Africa has expressed the intention to withdraw from membership of the ICC on the grounds that the inability to grant immunity from prosecutions hampers South Africa’s peacebuilding efforts on the African continent. This chapter argues that this decision continues a legacy of overlooking the erga omnes obligation to prosecute international crimes by prioritising peace, and that this approach is fundamentally flawed.
Colombia and the International Criminal Court
Authors: Silva Santaularia Natalia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Special Jurisdiction for Peace established in Colombia after the 2016 Peace Agreement with FARC-EP has revealed the virtues of the decision of the International Criminal Court (ICC) to avoid opening a formal investigation in the country. This chapter focuses on the idea that transitional justice contexts allow a positive understanding of the principle of complementarity and seeks to demonstrate how the ICC can work together with a state to achieve a long-lasting peace after an armed conflict. The chapter first outlines the use of a preliminary investigation mechanism as a means adopted by the Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) of the ICC to provide input into the transitional justice processes and peace negotiations in Colombia. It then examines a remarkable moment in which the OTP submitted observations about the Colombian laws that established the framework relating to the Special Jurisdiction for Peace after the invitation of the Colombian Constitutional Court. The chapter highlights areas where the Court accepted the inputs of the OTP but also where it diverged. As well as explaining these differences, the chapter argues for the desirability of a margin of discretion for national authorities in implementing international criminal law. The chapter ends with reflections on how the principle of positive complementarity has played out in Colombia and how it has now ushered in a new era with the signing of a cooperation agreement between the OTP and the government of Colombia in October 2021.
Claim Form
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the process of filing the claim form for employment tribunals. The claim form, which is known as an ‘ET1’, can be obtained online or from any local office of the Employment Tribunals Service. There are pre-acceptance procedures where a claim form is vetted to ensure that a claimant has supplied the required information. The chapter discusses the features and required information to input in the aforementioned claim forms. The prescribed form reminds claimants to read the guidance notes and that items marked with an asterisk are mandatory. The chapter also mentions that no fees are payable by a claimant to lodge an employment tribunal claim since July 2017.
Case Management
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses how tribunals' power and procedures enable case management of proceedings with a view to managing costs. It also cites how tribunals can allocate a proportionate amount of court resources, ensure cases are heard in a reasonable time, and seek a just result. Moreover, applications for case management orders may be dealt with by written submissions without a hearing. However, if a hearing is needed, applications are generally dealt with by a judge alone at a preliminary hearing. The chapter elaborates on the sanctions for a party's non-compliance with the rule or order of the judge or tribunal.
Interim Applications: Striking Out and Other Preliminary Issues
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter cites that preliminary hearings for case management primarily deal with striking out, deposit orders, and other preliminary issues. A preliminary hearing is designed to consider case management orders and determine preliminary issues, such as any substantive issues which may determine liability. Moreover, a judge sitting alone or a full tribunal can hold preliminary hearings following its initial consideration under the Employment Tribunal Rules of Procedure 2013 (ETR 2013). The chapter elaborates on ETR 2013's Rule 38, wherein a judge's 'unless' order is a conditional judgement and there is no discretion to do other than confirm a claim's dismissal or non-compliance response. It then discusses how a judge delivers an order in a preliminary hearing that a party pay a deposit as a condition of continuing to advance any specific allegation or argument.
Tax and Termination Payments and Employment Tribunal Awards
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
An outline of the basic structure of employee taxation. The taxation of payments made in connection with the termination of employment including the taxation of payments in lieu of notice. The taxation of benefits received in connection with termination. The correct approach to determining the application of tax and when the £30,000 tax relief applies. The HMRC approach to restrictive covenants and their variation under settlement agreements. The tax treatment of redundancy payments. The tax treatment of Employment Tribunal awards and damages for wrongful dismissal. The specific tax treatment of unfair dismissal awards, unlawful deduction from wages and unlawful discrimination awards. The tax treatment of Settlement Agreements compromising employment claims.
Insolvency and Employment Law
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
An outline of the forms of modern insolvency and their impact on the contract of employment. The key differences between liquidation and Administration. Insolvency as a bar to bringing claims and the requirement for permission. Employee preferential debts in insolvency. Guaranteed debts for employees, guaranteed from the National Insurance Fund and administered by the Redundancy Payments Office. Pension entitlements in insolvency. Transfer of Undertakings and insolvency. The application of TUPE to employees in an insolvency and Regulation 8. The different approach to insolvency proceedings initiated with a view to the liquidation of a corporate entity and Administration. Variation of terms and conditions in a insolvency situation under Regulation 9.
How Many People Does It Take to Make a Dollar?
Authors: Dick David G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that there is a non-arbitrary threshold number of people required to create money, and that contrary to what one might imagine, this threshold number is not large: it is only two. Two is the minimum threshold number because the elements required for the creation of money can be instantiated when there are no more than two people. This might seem to imply that there is no difference between a major currency such as the US dollar and an obscure cryptocurrency that is accepted by only two people. However, such a conclusion does not follow. While ontologically on par, the two currencies may not be equally good money. We should distinguish between the ontological requirements for money and the normative standards that we may want money to meet.
Are Financial Markets Epistemically Efficient?
Authors: Herzog Lisa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses under what conditions financial markets can be expected to be “epistemically efficient” in the sense of providing undistorted and relevant information about the real economy. While the mainstream of financial economics assumes automatic epistemic efficiency through arbitrage—famously expressed in the “efficient market hypothesis”—heterodox economists and economic sociologists describe a variety of reasons for being skeptical about this hypothesis. The new emerging synthesis under the label of “adaptive markets” holds that financial markets can, but need not be, epistemically efficient. This chapter argues that regulatory measures that minimize behavior driven by emotions, reduce the blind reliance on metrics, and prevent conflicts of interest can improve the epistemic efficiency of financial markets by reducing some sources of systematic distortion. But to align financial markets with epistemic aims that are worth pursuing from a broader societal perspective, reforms in other parts of the economic system are also needed.
Is the Pursuit of Money Incompatible with Morality?
Authors: Walsh Adrian 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, the Incompatibility Thesis, according to which morality and the pursuit of profit are mutually exclusive, is explored and critically evaluated via an analysis of relevant historical and contemporary writings on the moral status of the market. The focus is on the profit motive and its role in the working lives of economic agents, especially within the financial sector. The key thesis of the chapter is that although the profit motive can drive agents towards unethical ends, it need not necessarily do so. We should not think of it as a single motive. In the chapter, a number of different profit motivational sets are outlined, some of which it is argued are compatible with morally permissible ends. The significance of these distinctions for financial ethics is central to the discussion in the chapter.
Virtue Theory and the Ethics of Finance
Authors: Walsh Kate Padgett , Pithan Nolan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues for the relevance of two distinct virtue theoretic approaches to the ethics of finance today. First, virtue theory can be employed to assess the behavior of those engaged with finance in terms of the presence or absence of virtuous character traits such as honesty, moderation, and empathy. Second, virtue theory can be employed to evaluate the complex forms of activity that constitute finance in terms of how those activities contribute to or impede human flourishing in society more broadly. These two approaches, each of which emphasizes distinct dimensions of engagement with finance, can be fruitfully integrated to generate nuanced assessments of both individual behavior within finance and forms of financial activity more broadly.
Bitcoins Left and Right
Authors: Sandberg Joakim , Lindblom Lars 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the justification of Bitcoin from the perspective of political philosophy. Bitcoin is a form of digital money that is not tied to a central bank or government and that primarily facilitates anonymous economic transactions on the internet. The chapter suggests that the Bitcoin movement to a large extent has been driven by a libertarian framework, stressing the right of individuals to choose their own means of transaction without government interference or oversight. However, it argues that the libertarian case ultimately is unconvincing. A better case for Bitcoin can be formulated by using an egalitarian framework, more specifically, concerns about unequal distribution of power and resources. In the end, however, the chapter makes the claim that the justification also must depend on the political and economic context, and that this seems to speak against the use of Bitcoin in reasonably well-ordered societies.
The better chance puzzle
Authors: Roberts M. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A better chance of existence sometimes converts an otherwise wrong choice into a permissible choice. Consider, for example, a fertility treatment that mildly adversely affects any child whose chances of existence are improved by that treatment. But if the better chance of existence can make things better, doesn’t the actual fact of existence also make things better? Doesn’t the “hard mathematical logic” of taking probabilities into account entail that the basic existential intuition is false? This chapter argues that it doesn’t. In addition, it’s proposed that the troubled concept of expected value gives way to the concept of probable value. Either way, the principle faces extremely challenging probabilistic forms of the nonidentity problem (Parfit’s depletion case, historical injustice cases, Kavka’s pleasure pill case). In response, this chapter identifies a fallacy (the nonidentity fallacy) that has long tricked theorists into abandoning—in trying to abandon—the deeply held, widely shared, basic existential intuition.
The work of the performer
Authors: Rink John 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Following on from the discussion of performer identity in chapter 2, the third chapter proposes the complementary view that what performers do has significant implications for music’s very content, how it takes shape, and how it is perceived and understood. Thus, the work of the performer is shown to define, or at least influence, the ontology of the musical work. This leads to consideration of the musical narrative – one of the book’s key concepts – and of performance conception and perception as seen through the lens of additional theoretical literature. The eventual conclusions are probed in a case study describing the author’s experience in performing a piece by Rachmaninoff (Prelude in G♭ major Op. 23 No. 10); it addresses the role of physical embodiment in shaping the musical narrative underlying the performance, while also highlighting the relation of that narrative to the musical work being performed.
The Resilience of Parliamentary Politics in Kuwait
Authors: Freer Courtney 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Resilience of Parliamentary Politics in Kuwait: Rentierism, Ideology, and Mobilization is the first English language political history of the Kuwaiti parliament. It also provides the first holistic treatment of grassroots contemporary Kuwaiti politics in English in over two decades, incorporating the country’s political dynamics into broader debates about the limits of authoritarianism and the practice of democracy in the Arab world, particularly in oil-wealthy states. This book uses the lens of parliamentary elections as a means of understanding the political ideologies that have influenced Kuwaiti politics and mobilization since independence. As such, it situates the dynamics of Kuwaiti politics within broader political science debates about whether democratic institutions in “hybrid regimes” are meaningful arenas for popular contestation or serve only to enhance autocratic rule. Given the varying portrayals of Kuwait as robust authoritarianism, “upgraded” authoritarianism, or a noteworthy site of democratic participation, this book focuses on the ideologies that have mobilized political blocs, rather than solely on the institutions of political power themselves. The book also assesses and examines the institutional setting that Kuwait presents and traces the dominant ideological strands in the country, as well as considering the comparative mobilizational potential of ascriptive identities like tribe and sect. The book includes extensive fieldwork and the use of Arabic and English primary sources.
The 2010s
Authors: Freer Courtney 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the period during which Arab Spring–inspired protests occurred in Kuwait and the state’s response. This response included various dissolutions of parliament, the stripping of opposition members of their citizenship, and a number of political arrests. The chapter also covers the opposition’s response through protesting and coordinated electoral boycott. The chapter analyzes elections held in 2012, 2013, 2016, 2020, 2022, and 2023 and assesses ways in which repeated parliamentary elections have changed both the political opposition and the relationship between the parliament and cabinet. The chapter takes the book’s discussion up to the current day, concluding with the dissolution of parliament in April 2023, followed by the second elections in under a year, in June 2023.
Candrakīrti's Introduction to the Middle Way
Authors: Westerhoff Jan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Candrakīrti’s “Introduction to the Middle Way” (Madhyamakāvatāra) is a central work of Buddhist philosophy for two reasons. First, it provides an introduction to Madhyamaka, one of the three major philosophical schools of Buddhist thought (the other two being Abhidharma and Yogācāra). Second, within Madhyamaka, Candrakīrti’s text occupies a very prominent role. This is primarily due to its enormous influence in Tibet, where Candrakīrti’s work became the main entry-point into the study of Madhyamaka thought and constitutes one of the five texts of the curriculum of the dGe lugs pa school. While the historical importance of the “Introduction to the Middle Way” for understanding a major section of Buddhist thought is evident, what makes it particularly interesting for students is the role it plays as an “introduction.” It is one of Candrakīrti’s earlier works and precedes his extensive commentary on the foundational text of the Madhyamaka school, Nāgārjuna’s “Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way” (Mūlamadhyamakakārikā). The aim of this book is to act as a guide to the philosophically interested reader of the “Introduction to the Middle Way.” The commentary will focus on the philosophical content of the text, using Candrakīrti’s autocommentary as the main explicatory resource.
Commentary
Authors: Westerhoff Jan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The commentary explicates the meaning of each individual verse of Candrakīrti’s text, with a focus on explaining the systematic coherence of Candrakīrti’s argument, guided by the focus presented in Candrakīrti’s autocommentary. This section also presents occasional references to later commentarial literature or modern philosophical developments in cases where these are likely to further clarify the meaning of the text to its intended audience. However, the overall focus of our exposition is an explanation of the dialectical mechanics and philosophical contents of Candrakīrti’s arguments, not the rich history of divergent scholastic exegeses of Candrakīrti’s work. Bibliographical references point readers interested in pursuing this to some of the most useful resources accessible in English.
SuperCollider for the Creative Musician
Authors: Fieldsteel Eli 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In SuperCollider for the Creative Musician: A Practical Guide, Eli Fieldsteel condenses fifteen years of professional experience with music composition, sound design, and audio programming into a comprehensive and approachable tutorial that guides the reader through the process of creating complete musical compositions in SuperCollider, a free and open-source programming language for sound synthesis and algorithmic composition. Written with both beginner and intermediate users in mind, the book begins with an introduction to the fundamentals, covers a wide range of creative techniques, and concludes with detailed strategies for assembling, navigating, and performing musical compositions, enabling the reader to confidently make the transition from scattered code snippets to large-scale creative works. Topics include waveform synthesis, sampling, granular synthesis, sequencing, signal processing, external control, graphical user interfaces, code structures for linear and nonlinear compositions, and live coding. The book is further augmented by an extensive collection of downloadable code examples hosted on a companion website, intended to clarify chapter topics in greater detail and provide opportunities for immediate hands-on learning and experimentation. SuperCollider for the Creative Musician: A Practical Guide is an essential resource for students, composers, and practitioners who fall anywhere on the spectrum between musician and programmer, for teachers looking to incorporate audio coding into the music classroom, or for anyone excited about using code to create innovative musical projects.
Considerations for Large-Scale Projects
Authors: Fieldsteel Eli 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
One of the biggest issues that new and intermediate SuperCollider users often confront involves making the transition from scattered chunks of code to a unified and robust code structure for large-scale musical projects that can be navigated, debugged, rehearsed, and performed with ease. Due to the fundamental separation between the SuperCollider language and audio server, assembling individual pieces of code into a unified program has the potential to introduce unexpected problems and pitfalls. This chapter introduces a collection of general tips and strategies relevant to the process of building any sort of large-scale project in SuperCollider and also marks the beginning of the final part of this book, centered on “putting it all together.” Topics include scheduling actions that automatically occur after the server boots, synchronous/asynchronous commands, initialization/clean-up functions, using the startup file, and distributing a project across multiple code files.
A State-Based Structure
Authors: Fieldsteel Eli 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter utilizes SuperCollider's algorithmic tools to explore nonlinear approaches for large-scale musical composition, specifically those in which musical actions can occur in any order and any combination. It is possible to envision a musical work as being composed of individual sound-generating “modules” that can be activated or deactivated at will, and a particular combination of active modules can be collectively considered to be a “state.” This chapter explores simple states, and also composite states made up of multiple modules. In addition, the chapter examines how patterns, one-shot sounds, and signal processing effects can be integrated into a state-based composition. The performance of a state-based work can be manually controlled via code evaluation or by using a GUI, but it is also possible to automate a performance by playing a routine and using algorithmic decision-making processes, such as those provided by Markov chains.
Spectacular Listening
Authors: McDaniel Byrd 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
How do people turn listening into a musical performance? Through a series of compelling case studies, Byrd McDaniel offers “spectacular listening” as a concept that explains the pervasive appeal of translating music consumption into a public practice, in a book that encompasses air guitar competitions, lip-syncing apps, podcasts, music memes, reaction videos, video platforms, and attention-grabbing content creators. Through a series of mixed methods from ethnomusicology and media studies, this book investigates the way digital platforms incentivize people to share their listening with others. Exploring themes related to circulation, vulnerability, accessibility, and reactivity, McDaniel examines how the increasing popularity of these practices challenges dominant listening norms, while focusing in particular on the stakes for listeners with disabilities. He reveals how listening-as-performance can be an opportunity for play, as well as a critical practice that exposes ableism in music institutions, technologies, and discourse.