bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
More About the Kidney in Hypertension
Authors: Korner Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The kidney makes a major hemodynamic contribution to EH, and this chapter addresses the question whether the kidney is the source of EH or its victim. Although the kidney plays a highly significant role in the elevation of BP in either case, the answer has major implications for prevention and treatment. The notion that EH could be due to a genetic renal fault stems from the results of renal transplantation in genetically hypertensive rats (Bianchi et al., 1974; Dahl et al., 1974). A renal graft from a hypertensive donor raises the BP of a normotensive recipient, while grafting a normotensive donor kidney into a hypertensive recipient causes a fall in BP. Hence Dahl’s famous dictum, “Blood pressure travels with the kidney.” Most authorities still consider this as cast-iron evidence of a genetic or developmental renal fault (e.g., Guyton, 1980; de Wardener, 1990; Cowley, 1992). However, other factors are also involved, for example, structurally remodeled arterioles transplanted in the graft.
The Sexualization of Female Existence
Authors: Steinbrügge Lieselotte , Selwyn Pamela E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The transition to a sensualist or naturalist anthropology of woman was no mere shift of epistemological or scientific paradigms. From the very beginning, the distribution of sensory and cognitive capacities between the sexes had a social character. It was argued that woman, because of her physical constitution, possessed more sensitivity and less rationality than man and was thus better able to fulfill a particular social function. This fusion of sociability and nature becomes particularly apparent in the discourse on female sexuality. For the sensualist theoreticians, the specificity of female nature reveals itself nowhere more clearly than in those bodily functions directly dependent on sex.
Democracy in America
Authors: Mueller Dennis C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Small nations have always been the cradle of political liberty; and the fact that many of them have lost their liberty by becoming larger shows that their freedom was more a consequence of their small size than of the character of the people .It is generally believed in America that the existence and the permanence of the republican form of government in the New World depend on the existence and the duration of the federal system; and it is not unusual to attribute a large share of the misfortunes that have befallen the new states of South America to the injudicious erection of great republics instead of a divided and confederate sovereignty. . . . The confederation of all of the American states presents none of the ordinary inconveniences resulting from large associations of men. The Union is a great republic in extent, but the paucity of objects for which its government acts assimilates it to a small state. Its acts are important, but they are rare. As the sovereignty of the Union is limited and incomplete, its exercise is not dangerous to liberty; for it does not excite those insatiable desires for fame and power which have proved so fatal to great republics.
Rights
Authors: Mueller Dennis C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is a remarkable difference between the characters of the inconveniences which attend a declaration of rights, and those which attend the want of it. The inconveniences of the declaration are that it may cramp government in its useful exertions. But the evil of this is short-lived, moderate and separable. The inconveniences of the want of a declaration are permanent, afflicting and irreparable. They are in constant progression from bad to worse. On what grounds does a society decide to protect some rights in its constitution and not others? Why would a community deem it necessary to pass a constitutional amendment to abridge an individual ‘s right to purchase or sell alcoholic beverages, and yet abridge by legislative action the similar right with respect to narcotic drugs? Why would a community protect an individual ‘s right to carry a gun, but not one ‘s right to drive a car, when the latter has an arguably greater potential effect on both the welfare of the individual actor and the welfare of the rest of the community? The United States Constitution has been amended sixteen times in the more than 200 years since its first ratification.
Dictatorship
Authors: Mueller Dennis C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the great challenges a constitutional democracy faces is to protect itself from those who would impose an authoritarian regime on the polity. The first observation to be made is that no set of institutions is “dictatorship proof.” A constitution is a set of rules written on a piece of paper, or perhaps written into the political history of a nation. It is words and ideas. Words and ideas do not stop bullets. Whether a constitutional democracy survives may depend on whether a general obeys a president ‘s order to incarcerate the duly elected parliament; whether someone challenges a violation of the constitution by a president or general seeking to create a dictatorship; whether the courts decide such a challenge on its merits or succumb to threats from the would-be dictator; whether the police enforce an order by the courts against the would-be dictator. Human actions, often exhibiting extreme courage in the face of grave risks, are needed to preserve democratic institutions when challenges such as these arise. No constitution can guarantee human bravery. At best, a constitution can reduce the probabilities that such bravery is needed.
Citizenship
Authors: Mueller Dennis C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We have proceeded as if the boundaries of the polity and the identities of its citizens were both known. For a given polity at a particular point in time these are reasonable assumptions. But over time a polity must decide whether to grant citizenship status to those who request it, and perhaps whether to take it away from some who do not. At a polity ‘s inception both its boundaries and the identities of its original set of citizens must be defined. In this chapter we explore some of the issues connected with choosing these definitions, including the possibility of multiple categories of citizenship.
The Normal Bone Marrow
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The bone marrow is the major site of postnatal hematopoiesis. The bone marrow contains stromal elements (endothelial cells, fibroblast-like cells, adipocytes, macrophages), hematopoietic elements (stem cells, granulocytes, erythroid cells, megakaryocytes), and other elements (lymphocytes, plasma cells, and mast cells). Hematopoiesis is regulated and sustained by a complex cellular interaction of hematopoietic and stromal elements and a network of cytokine growth factors, including the interleukins (11-1, 11-3, 11-5, 11- 6, 11-7, 11-11, stem cell factor) and colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF, GM-CSF, erythropoietin) (Metcalf, 1989; Dorshkind, 1990). The marrow cellularity indicates the fraction of marrow space occupied by hematopoietic cells. Cellularity is commonly expressed as a percentage (0% cellularity indicating an “empty” or aplastic marrow and 100% indicating a “packed” or full marrow) and determined from the relative proportion of hematopoietic and fat cells. Marrow cellularity is greatly dependent on age. At birth, hematopoietic marrow extends into the appendicular skeleton and cellularity is 100%. In adults, hematopoietic marrow is found only in the axial skeleton (pelvis, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum) and is replaced by fatty marrow at other sites. The cellularity of the posterior iliac crest approximates 50% in adults (50% hematopoietic cells and 50% fat) varying from up to 70% (70% hematopoietic cells and 30% fat) in childhood and adolescence to less than 30% (30% hematopoietic cells and 70% fat) in advanced age (Figs. 2.1 and 2.2).
Mature T Cell Leukemias
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The mature T cell leukemias are clonal proliferations of differentiated T lymphocytes that demonstrate the phenotype of mature, peripheral (nonthymic) T cells of helper or suppressor cell type. Mature T cell leukemias, in contrast to T cell acute lymphocytic leukemias, are negative for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. Monoclonality of the lymphocytes in the mature T cell leukemias has been shown by demonstration of clonal rearrangement of the T cell receptor gene (Aisenberg et al, 1985). Morphologically related leukemias may demonstrate a natural killer (NK) cell phenotype. NK cells share expression of some T cell antigens (CD2, CD8) but lack the T cell receptor and T cell receptor gene rearrangement. The French-American-British Cooperative Group classification of chronic (mature) lymphoid leukemias recognizes four categories of chronic T cell leukemia: (1) large granular lymphocyte leukemia (formerly considered T cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia); (2) T-prolymphocytic leukemia; (3) adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma; and (4) Sezary’s syndrome (Bennett et al, 1989). T cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia is now considered a disorder closely related to (if not identical with) T cell prolymphocytic leukemia and is distinguished from large granular lymphocyte leukemia. Large granular lymphocyte leukemia may be of either T cell or NK cell phenotype. T cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and T cell prolymphocytic leukemia are clonal proliferations of phenotypically mature T cells involving the peripheral blood and bone marrow.
Mycobacterial and Fungal Infections
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Disseminated mycobacterial and fungal infections are the most common causes of infectious granulomas in the bone marrow (Bodem et al, 1983; Bhargava and Farhi, 1988). Bacterial, rickettsial, viral, and protozoan infections are rare causes of bone marrow granulomas. Tuberculosis results from infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bone marrow involvement is seen in the hematogenously disseminated form of the disease (miliary tuberculosis). Tuberculosis is primarily an infection of the lung; however, hematogenous dissemination with involvement of the bone marrow and other organs occurs in miliary tuberculosis and in tuberculosis in immunocompromised hosts. There has been a resurgence of tuberculosis in the United States in the past decade as result of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the emergence of multiply drug-resistant strains.
Viral Infections
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Several viral infections are of specific hematologic interest. These include acute infectious lymphocytosis, infectious mononucleosis, CMV mononucleosis, and Bl9 parvovirus infection. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are discussed in Chapter 27. Acute infectious lymphocytosis is a self-limited presumed viral disorder of childhood characterized by marked peripheral blood lymphocytosis with mild constitutional symptoms. Acute infectious lymphocytosis is an uncommon disorder of childhood characterized by striking peripheral lymphocytosis and mild constitutional symptoms. Although the etiology is unestablished, the viral-like prodrome and evidence of transmission between children suggest a viral pathogenesis (Horwitz et al, 1968). Outbreaks among institutionalized children constitute many of the reported cases. No viral agent has been consistently isolated. Children with acute infectious lymphocytosis may be asymptomatic or may have fever, diarrhea, skin rash, or upper respiratory symptoms (Ryder, 1965). Lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly are characteristically absent. Laboratory studies are remarkable for a striking peripheral lymphocytosis usually in the range of 20,000 per cmm to 30,000 per cmm, but occasionally as high as 100,000 per cmm (Ryder, 1965).
Disorders of Bone Marrow Stroma
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The bone marrow stroma consists of the supporting cells of the bone marrow, the bone marrow blood vessels and sinusoids, and the adipocytes. These elements may be involved in a variety of hematologic and nonhematologic disorders affecting the bone marrow. The disorders considered in this chapter include bone marrow infarction, vasculitis, and serous fat atrophy. Bone marrow infarction refers to coagulative necrosis of bone marrow elements. Bone marrow infarction occurs most frequently as a complication of neoplasms involving the bone marrow (Kiraly and Whelby, 1976), but is also seen occasionally in vasoocclusive disorders and hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell disease or hemoglobin SC disease). Bone marrow necrosis in hematologic neoplasms occurs most frequently in association with acute lymphocytic leukemia (Navari et al, 1983) and bone marrow necrosis may be the presenting manifestation of acute lymphocytic leukemia (Niebrugge and Benjamin, 1983). Patients with bone marrow necrosis frequently present with bone pain and fever.
Introduction
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book is written as the United States is going through a debate over its world role, both political and economic. Some in political science claim the United States is “bound to lead” (Nye, 1990; Rosencrance, 1990; Nau, 1990). Others, with perhaps more of an eye to history, think nations can and do fall from positions ofleadership for one or another reason: foreign policy overstretch (Paul Kennedy, 1987); consolidation of groups looking after narrow parochial interests rather than the public interest (Olson, 1982); slowdown in investment, savings, innovation, overall productivity; a shift of national focus from industry to finance, and in particular financial manipulation. The point is repeatedly made that national decline is relative to other national economies, not absolute, that the country in the lead at a given time gets overtaken by others in a “catching-up” process that is inevitable as knowledge of new goods and new processes spreads from one country to another (Abramovitz, 1990). The process is thought not to apply to less developed or developing countries, but mainly to the developed ones that have what is called, for want of a better term, social capability. Thus socio­ logical considerations come into the question along with more purely economic and political ones. The catching-up model explains how, among the leading countries with social capability, differences in national income per capita may narrow, reducing the variance among them. Such has been the case especially since World War II in North America, Europe, and the Pacific Rim, but was not noticeable earlier, partly for lack of reliable data.
France, the Perpetual Challenger
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
France lies on but within the clockwise circle of primary economic and/or military states from Venice, Florence, Genoa, Spain, the Low Countries, and, outside the circle, Britain. Its exclusion was not a matter of design, for it was continuously striving to gain military dominance. Fernand Braudel says, perhaps sarcastically, that France·never had economic hegemony except during the period of the Champagne fairs from 1130 to 1160 when French territory was the center of the European economy, with intermediate zones between it and a periphery (1986 [1990], vol. 2, p. 148 ). He records early attempts to escape the role of onlooker at the success of others: the attack on Italy of Charles VIII in 1494 and of Louis XIV on Holland in 1672; both fell short (ibid., pp. 163-64). The continuous wars from 1688 to 1780 were largely aggressive as well. “France failed to become, for any length of time, the leading economic power, that is, the center of Europe Itlacked the essential elements: abundant economic production, plentiful credit, thriving business, a large volume of seaborne trade” (Braudel, 1986 [1988], p. 328).
The United States
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Shortly before 1976 I was asked by Foreign Affairs to write an essay on two centuries of U .S. economic foreign policy to help celebrate the country’s two-hundredth anniversary. The result was published in the January 1977 issue of that periodical, again in a collection of parallel essays in a book of the Council on Foreign Relations in New York (Bundy, ed., 1977), and a third time in a collection of my own (1990). I see no need to go over the ground again except with the broadest possible brush. Thus I start this chapter after the end of the “golden age,” in 1968 or 1971 or 1973 de­ pending on the turning point chosen. I leave the description of the U.S. nation cycle-from a small country wrapped in isolation to a country claiming world dominance or leadership-to the earlier exercise, and focus, after the briefest possible summation, on the beginnings of the debated American decline.
Japan in the Queue?
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
My knowledge of the Japanese economy is even more superficial than that of European countries outside of Britain, France, and Germany, and my library on the subject in the study at home is limited. Nevertheless the question must be asked whether Japan is in line to take over world economic primacy in the twenty-first century-asked but by necessity left less than fully answered. Japan grew fastest among the leading industrial countries in the quarter century after 1950. It seems nonetheless in the 1990s to be sharing the troubles of others, not the same troubles-unemployment in Europe; deficit, low savings, and declining productivity increase in the United States-but troubles of its own which put anyprospect of primacy it might entertain in jeopardy.
The White Image In The Black Mind
Authors: Bay Mia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How did African-American slaves view their white masters? As demons, deities or another race entirely? When nineteenth-century white Americans proclaimed their innate superiority, did blacks agree? If not, why not? How did blacks assess the status of the white race? Mia Bay traces African-American perceptions of whites between 1830 and 1925 to depict America’s shifting attitudes about race in a period that saw slavery, emancipation, Reconstruction, and urban migration. Much has been written about how the whites of this time viewed blacks, and about how blacks viewed themselves. By contrast, the ways in which blacks saw whites have remained a historical and intellectual mystery. Reversing the focus of such fundamental studies as George Fredrickson’s The Black Image in the White Mind, Bay investigates this mystery. In doing so, she uncovers and elucidates the racial thought of a wide range of nineteenth-century African-Americans--educated and unlettered, male and female, free and enslaved.
de Same Time” White People in Black Folk Thought
Authors: Bay Mia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sitting quietly in the back of the room was the ninety-year-old Manuel, whom the inter viewer described as “the embodiment of peace, frail and thin with a kind expression on her wrinkled old face.” Despite her pleasant appearance, this serene little old lady lost her composure when the WPA worker approached her. She became angry and agitated, shouting, “You get away from me white man!” Her protest was so loud that it drew the attention of the crowd and sent both the bartender and Manuel’s granddaughter rushing to her defense, “elbowing their way through a gathering black semicircle.” After much explanation and persuasion (possibly from several quarters), Manuel reluctantly agreed to answer some questions, giving a brief and truculent account of her life.
Parenting and Educating for Success in Math and Science: From Early Childhood to College
Authors: Hrabowski III Freeman A , Maton Kenneth I , Greif Geoffrey L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The young males we focus on in this book have generally been high achievers in all disciplines. In this chapter we explore in depth what has led to their success in math and science, where they have achieved at the very highest levels. However, the lessons from this chapter can be applied to academic achievement in general. Yes, strong coursework and high grades in mathematics and science courses in high school, along with high SAT scores in math, are two of the primary criteria that led to their admission to the UMBC Meyerhoff Scholars Program. But these youth have often achieved across the board.
‘‘Old Jack̓̓ Is Not Here
Authors: Pfanz Harry w. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Tell Gordon, Hays, Avery, and Smith to double- quick to the front,” shouted Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early to his staff, “and open the lines of infantry for the artillery to pass.” It was one of the dramatic moments of the Civil War. Early’s division had arrived at Gettysburg on the afternoon of July 1 at just the right time to bolster the Confederate attack, and, in response to Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell’s urging, Early ordered his division into the fight. The Union Eleventh Corps was in its front, and John B. Gordon’s Georgia brigade swept toward the blue line, “moving forward through a field of yellow wheat like a dark gray wave in a sea of gold.” Confederate batteries galloped into position and opened fire, and Early’s Louisiana and North Carolina brigades swept forward along the Harrisburg Road and around the Union flank. Early struck a smashing blow that the poorly posted Eleventh Corps could not long withstand. “The Federal flank had shriveled up as a scroll,” and the men in blue retreated south, past Gettysburg College into the town.
Eggs, Aldie, Shepherdstown, and J. E. B. Stuart
Authors: Thomas Emory M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Assistant Adjutant General Henry Brainerd McClellan was perplexed and a little scared as well. His chieftain, Maj. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, was not himself. Stuart had been riding and fighting with his cavalry command for almost a full month now. Confederate horsemen most recently had the mission of escorting the Army of Northern Virginia out of Pennsylvania, through Western Maryland, and back across the Potomac River into Virginia in the wake of the Gettysburg Campaign.
Czechoslovak-Soviet Contacts from the End of World War I to Adolf Hitler’s Machtergreifung, 1918-1933
Authors: Lukes Igor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“You hooligan, you’ll never make it,” burst out Professor Frantisek Hrdlicka at Eduard Benes, his student at the Imperial and Royal Gymnasium in Prague. The professor quickly calmed down, but he remained serious. He advised Benes to resign from the prestigious school and join the Hapsburg army. The year was 1902, and Vienna needed soldiers to deal with the latest crisis in the Balkans. After twelve years in uniform, Benes should be able to secure a position in the Austrian civil service; a post office job would be suitable, Hrdlicka thought. But the eighteen-yearold rebel laughed in his face. Benes knew he would never be a clerk. He was preparing for a more spectacular career, and he was not an idle dreamer. A year ago he had already established contact with Thomas Garrigue Masaryk, professor of philosophy at Charles University and a prominent personality on the Prague political scene. Their friendship grew, and so did their anti-Hapsburg sentiments. When the Great War broke out in 1914, Masaryk and Benes were ready to assume prominent roles in the campaign to create a new state, the Republic of Czechoslovakia. Benes did not excel in Professor Hrdlicka’s subject, Latin, but he had a great talent for politics and diplomacy.