bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aciclovir protects against quinolinic-acid-induced oxidative neurotoxicity
Authors: Müller A C , Maharaj H , Maharaj D S , Daya S 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
AIDS-related encephalopathy, including AIDS dementia complex (ADC) and the opportunistic disease, herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), are postulated to arise due to the release of neurotoxic products, such as quinolinic acid (QUIN), by activated microglial cells in the brain. QUIN causes a cascade of events to ocurr, which leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), these being ultimately responsible for oxidative neurotoxicity. The antiherpes antiviral aciclovir has been reported to protect against neuron loss in HSE, but the mechanism for this neuroprotection is unknown. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate whether aciclovir has the ability to inhibit QUIN-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates, after in-vitro and in-vivo exposure to QUIN and aciclovir. The thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay was the method used to analyse lipid peroxidation. Rat brains were also examined histologically after in-vivo exposure to visually assess whether neuron loss was suppressed. The results show that aciclovir inhibits the QUIN-induced lipid peroxidation, in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, aciclovir reduced necrosis of hippocampal neurons and retained the characteristic morphology, integrity and arrangement of these cells. Thus, it appears that aciclovir has neuroprotective properties, which could possibly be useful in the treatment of AIDS-related encephalopathy.
Effects of phenylethanoid glycosides from Digitalis purpurea L. on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase
Authors: Oh Jae Wook , Lee Jeong Yong , Han Song Hee , Moon Young Hee , Kim Yoon Gyoon , Woo Eun-Rhan , Kang Keon Wook 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
We have isolated four different phenylethanoid glycosides (purpureaside A, desrhamnosyl acteo-side, calceolarioside B and plantainoside D) from the leaves of Digitalis purpurea (foxglove). The effects of these glycosides on activator protein-1 (AP-1)-mediated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression in the Raw264.7 macrophage cell line have been studied. Of these four glycosides, purpureaside A potently inhibited iNOS induction by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Increase in iNOS mRNA by LPS was completely suppressed by purpureaside A. Purpureaside A did not significantly affect LPS-inducible nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) activation or the nuclear translocation of p65. Moreover, a reporter gene assay using AP-1 specific luciferase reporter revealed that the enhanced activity of AP-1 by LPS was completely abolished in cells treated with purpureaside A. These results demonstrated that purpureaside A inhibited LPS-inducible iNOS expression in macrophages through the suppression of AP-1, but not of NF-kB.
Energy costs of blood digestion in a host-specific haematophagous parasite
Authors: Sarfati Michal , Krasnov Boris R. , Ghazaryan Lusine , Khokhlova Irina S. , Fielden Laura J. , Degen A. Allan 
Published: June 2005

SUMMARY
Fleas consume and digest blood from their hosts. We hypothesized that the energy costs of digestion of blood by fleas is dependent on the host species. To test this hypothesis, we studied CO2 emission, a measure of energy expenditure, during digestion of a blood meal taken by Parapulex chephrenis from a preferred (Acomys cahirinus) and a non-preferred (Gerbillus dasyurus) host. We predicted that the energy cost of digestion would be lower for A. cahirinus blood than that for G. dasyurus. Male and female fleas consumed similar amounts of blood per unit body mass, independent of host species. Our prediction was supported in that fleas expended significantly more energy digesting blood of G. dasyurus than blood of A. cahirinus. We also found CO2 emission rates of fed fleas were higher than those of unfed fleas and differed significantly among stages of blood digestion when a flea fed on G. dasyurus but not when it fed on A. cahirinus. When fed on G. dasyurus, fleas spent less energy during earlier than later stages of digestion.
Diel Spawning Behavior of Chum Salmon in the Columbia River
Authors: Tiffan Kenneth F. , Rondorf Dennis W. , Skalicky Joseph J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe conducted a study during 2003 in a side channel of the Columbia River downstream of Bonneville Dam to describe the diel spawning behavior of wild chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta. We collected observational data on 14 pairs of chum salmon using a dual‐frequency identification sonar. Spawners of both genders were observed chasing intruders during nighttime and daytime as nests were constructed. Regardless of diel period, females were engaged in digging to both construct nests and cover eggs, and courting males exhibited the prespawning behavior of tail‐crossing. We observed a total of 13 spawning events, of which 9 occurred at night and 4 occurred during the day. Once chum salmon begin nest construction, visual cues are apparently not required for courtship, nest defense, and spawning. To enhance successful spawning, flows from Bonneville Dam during the spawning season were reduced during the day but were sometimes increased at night to pass water and meet power demand (i.e., reverse loading), the assumption being that chum salmon are inactive at night. Our findings show that this assumption was violated. Therefore, reverse loading may disrupt the complex prespawning behavior that occurs both during the day and at night, as well as attract spawners to areas that were dewatered during the day.
U-Pb zircon (ID-TIMS and SHRIMP) evidence for the early ordovician intrusion of metagranites in the late Proterozoic Canaveilles Group of the Pyrenees and the Montagne Noire (France)
Authors: Cocherie Alain , Baudin Thierry , Autran Albert , Guerrot Catherine , Fanning C. Mark , Laumonier Bernard 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Depending on the quality of the zircon grains available for analysis, two methods may be used to date igneous rock emplacement, namely U-Pb TIMS with isotope dilution or in situ U-Pb SIMS (SHRIMP). Both methods have been used to determine, in a precise and accurate manner, the emplacement age of the granitic protolith of the various orthogneisses in the Pyrenean Axial Zone. More specifically, four representative samples of G1, G2 and a “transition gneiss” yielded reliable datings with an average age of 473 ± 4 Ma for each sample. The surrounding sediments of the Canaveilles Group were constrained by zircon grains from interlayered metarhyodacite and dated at 581 ± 10 Ma using the SHRIMP method, clearly giving this group a late Proterozoic (Vendian) age. Finally, the Somail orthogneiss of the Montagne Noire, equivalent to that of the Canigou, yielded an age of 471 ± 4 Ma with the in situ U-Pb method, which is identical to the dating of the Pyrenean samples. In addition, most of the studied orthogneisses recorded a wide range of significant concordant inherited ages spanning from early Archaean (3.5 Ga) to Pan-African/Cadomian (600–800 Ma). Bearing in mind the calc-alkaline affinity of the studied rocks, this work demonstrates the huge contrast between the active Gondwana margin in the north (“South European terrane”) and the remarkably homogeneous continental plate that existed from Arabia to Morocco during the Ordovician.
Stratigraphic evidence for Cimmerian events in NW Caucasus (Russia)
Authors: Gaetani Maurizio , Garzanti Eduardo , Polino Riccardo , Kiricko Yuri , Korsakhov Serghiei , Cirilli Simonetta , Nicora Alda , Rettori Roberto , Larghi Cristiano , Bucefalo Palliani Raffaella 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The Upper Permian and Triassic sequences of the NW Caucasus present a good record of the Cimmerian events, rather undisturbed by the subsequent Alpine deformations. Original field work with new fossil identifications, microfacies analysis, and sandstone petrography were carried out. During the late Permian, active strike-slip basins were filled by continental clastics successions. Marine ingressions during the latest Permian, led to the formation of sponge reefs and skeletal carbonate ramps. During the Triassic, several siliciclastic wedges were intercalated within the marine carbonate succession. Most important is a conglomerate body made up of serpentinite pebbles of Spathian age (early Triassic), recording the exhumation and erosion of schistose antigorite serpentinites. By the late Anisian a severe deformation affected the Peredovoy (= Fore) Range of the NW Caucasus. Lower Triassic to Anisian sediments deformed also in chevron folds were overlaid with angular unconformity by a siliciclastic, and also volcaniclastic, conglomeratic and arenitic body, up to several hundred meters thick. By the late Ladinian-earliest Carnian, marine sedimentation resumed locally, forming a carbonate ramp during part of the Norian. Towards the end of the Norian, the entire area emerged and was again mildly tilted. The subsequent post-Cimmerian transgression occurred largely during the Middle Jurassic. Consequently, the most important Cimmerian deformations appear to be of early and middle Triassic age.
Strategien zur Modulation von Protein‐Protein‐Wechselwirkungen mit synthetischen Substanzen
Authors: Yin Hang , Hamilton Andrew D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDie Entwicklung niedermolekularer Modulatoren von Protein‐Protein‐Wechselwirkungen gilt als wichtiges Forschungsziel mit großem Potenzial für die Entdeckung neuer Therapeutika. Trotz anspruchsvoller Voraussetzungen gibt es eine Reihe von Beispielen für die Inhibierung der Wechselwirkung großer Proteinbindungspartner durch einen niedermolekularen Liganden. In diesem Aufsatz geben wir einen Überblick über die Strategien zur Modulierung von Protein‐Protein‐Wechselwirkungen und präsentieren den aktuellen Forschungsstand beim rationalen Design von Mimetika, die die Strukturen und Funktionen ihrer natürlichen Zielstrukturen abbilden.
Strategies for Targeting Protein–Protein Interactions With Synthetic Agents
Authors: Yin Hang , Hamilton Andrew D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe development of small‐molecule modulators of protein–protein interactions is a formidable goal, albeit one that possesses significant potential for the discovery of novel therapeutics. Despite the daunting challenges, a variety of examples exists for the inhibition of two large protein partners with low‐molecular‐weight ligands. This review discusses the strategies for targeting protein–protein interactions and the state of the art in the rational design of molecules that mimic the structures and functions of their natural targets.
Morphological Characterization of Point Patterns
Authors: Mecke K. R. , Stoyan D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA triplet of function s for the statistical characterization of planar point patterns is introduced. They are related to the integral‐geometric quantities area, boundary length and Euler number of patterns of discs centred at the given points. These functions are able to give information on the distribution of a given point pattern which the traditional summary statistics of point process theory do not offer and so can lead to an improved statistical description.The paper describes the statistical estimation of the new characteristics. Some examples illustrate their application in the exploratory analysis of point patterns of tree positions in forests, in comparison to results obtained by means of second‐order and distance characteristics. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solution properties of (1→3)‐α‐D‐glucan and its sulfated derivative from Poria cocos mycelia via fermentation tank
Authors: Huang Qilin , Zhang Lina 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFrom Poria cocos mycelia yielded via a pilot scale facility–fermentation tank, a water‐insoluble (1→3)‐α‐D‐glucan coded as Pi‐PCM3‐I was isolated by extraction with 0.5 M NaOH/0.01 M NaBH4 aqueous solution. Nine fractions from F1 to F9 with a weight‐average molecular mass (Mw) range from 7.75 × 104 to 57.3 × 104 were prepared from the Pi‐PCM3‐I sample by a nonsolvent addition method. The fractions were reacted with chlorosulfonic acid–pyridine complex to product water‐soluble sulfated derivatives coded as S1 to S8 with Mw from 2.36 × 104 to 14.5 × 104 and degree of substitution (DS) of 0.86–1.38. Mw, z‐average radius of gyration (〈s2〉 ), the second virial coefficient (A2), and the intrinsic viscosity ([η]) of the native and sulfated Pi‐PCM3‐I were measured by laser light scattering (LLS), size‐exclusion chromatography combined with LLS (SEC–LLS), and viscometry at 25°C. The Mark–Houwink equations for Pi‐PCM3‐I in 0.25 M LiCl/dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (Me2SO) and for its sulfated derivative in 0.15 M NaCl aqueous solution at 25°C were established to be [η] = 1.33 × 10−2 M (mL g–1) and [η] = 1.46 × 10−4 M (mL g–1), respectively. On the basis of theories for a wormlike cylinder model, the conformational parameters of the native and sulfated Pi‐PCM3‐I were calculated to be 760 ± 50 and 1060 ± 30 nm–1 for the molar mass per unit contour length (ML), 6.3 ± 0.5 and 13.1 ± 1 nm for the persistence length (q), and 14.9 ± 0.2 and 31.8 ± 1 for the characteristic ratio (C∝), respectively. The results revealed that Pi‐PCM3‐I existed as an extended flexible chain in 0.25 M LiCl/Me2SO, and its sulfated derivative existed as a semistiff chain in 0.15 M NaCl aqueous solution. Furthermore, Pi‐PCM3‐I possessed similar structure and molecular parameters to wc‐PCM3‐I from a rotary shaker; this suggests promising industrialization of Poria cocos polysaccharides. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 79: 28–38, 2005This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
The state of critical thinking today
Authors: Paul Richard 
Published: June 2005

AbstractResearch demonstrates that most college faculty lack a substantive concept of critical thinking, though they mistakenly think otherwise. This chapter spells out the implications of such a robust concept and emphasizes that success in bringing a substantive concept of critical thinking to college faculty requires well‐planned, long‐term professional development based explicitly on the multiple dimensions of a substantive concept of critical thinking.
Dramatic Change in the Tertiary Structure of Giant DNA without Distortion of the Secondary Structure Caused by Pteridine–Polyamine Conjugates
Authors: Chen Ning , Murata Shizuaki , Yoshikawa Kenichi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPteridine–polyamine conjugates, such as 2‐polyamine (1,3‐diaminopropane and spermine) substituted 6,7‐dimethyl‐3H‐pteridine‐4‐one, induce a folding transition of a giant DNA molecule more effectively than the corresponding polyamines. However, since neither a DNA high‐temperature shift of denaturation (Tm) curve nor distortion of the UV/fluorescence spectra is observed in a mixture of these compounds with DNA, they do not interact with the DNA duplex strongly.
Synthesis of the C(1)–C(11) Polyene Fragment of Apoptolidin with a New Sulfur Dioxide‐Based Organic Chemistry
Authors: Bouchez Laure C. , Vogel Pierre 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA new sulfur dioxide‐based organic chemistry has been developed as a novel approach for the stereoselective synthesis of polyene fragments based on our one‐pot, four‐component synthesis of polyfunctional ε‐alkanesulfonyl‐γ,δ‐unsaturated ketones. The flexibility and efficiency of this methodology are illustrated by the preparation of (+)‐methyl (2E,4E,6E,8R,9S)‐9‐{[(tert‐butyl)dimethylsilyl]oxy}‐2,4,6,8‐tetramethyl‐11‐(triethylsilyl)undeca‐2,4,6‐trien‐10‐ynoate, a synthetic intermediate of Nicolaou and co‐workers, that corresponds to the C(1)–C(11) fragment of apoptolidin, which was used by the authors in their total synthesis of this promising anticancer agent.
2,5‐Dioxido‐1,4‐benzoquinonediimine (H2L2−), A Hydrogen‐Bonding Noninnocent Bridging Ligand Related to Aminated Topaquinone: Different Oxidation State Distributions in Complexes [{(bpy)2Ru}2(μ‐H2L)]n (n=0,+,2+,3+,4+) and [{(acac)2Ru}2(μ‐H2L)]m (m=2−,−,0,+,2+)
Authors: Kar Sanjib , Sarkar Biprajit , Ghumaan Sandeep , Janardanan Deepa , van Slageren Joris , Fiedler Jan , Puranik Vedavati G. , Sunoj Raghavan B. , Kaim Wolfgang , Lahiri Goutam Kumar 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe symmetrically dinuclear title compounds were isolated as diamagnetic [(bpy)2Ru(μ‐H2L)Ru(bpy)2](ClO4)2 (1‐(ClO4)2) and as paramagnetic [(acac)2Ru(μ‐H2L)Ru(acac)2] (2) complexes (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine; acac−=acetylacetonate=2,4‐pentanedionato; H2L=2,5‐dioxido‐1,4‐benzoquinonediimine). The crystal structure of 2⋅2 H2O reveals an intricate hydrogen‐bonding network: Two symmetry‐related molecules 2 are closely connected through two NH(H2L2−)⋅⋅⋅O(acac−) interactions, while the oxygen atoms of H2L2− of two such pairs are bridged by an (H2O)8 cluster at half‐occupancy. The cluster consists of cyclic (H2O)6 arrangements with the remaining two exo‐H2O molecules connecting two opposite sides of the cyclo‐(H2O)6 cluster, and oxido oxygen atoms forming hydrogen bonds with the molecules of 2. Weak antiferromagnetic coupling of the two ruthenium(III) centers in 2 was established by using SQUID magnetometry and EPR spectroscopy. Geometry optimization by means of DFT calculations was carried out for 12+ and 2 in their singlet and triplet ground states, respectively. The nature of low‐energy electronic transitions was explored by using time‐dependent DFT methods. Five redox states were reversibly accessible for each of the complexes; all odd‐electron intermediates exhibit comproportionation constants Kc>108. UV‐visible‐NIR spectroelectrochemistry and EPR spectroscopy of the electrogenerated paramagnetic intermediates were used to ascertain the oxidation‐state distribution. In general, the complexes 1n+ prefer the ruthenium(II) configuration with electron transfer occurring largely at the bridging ligand (μ‐H2Ln−), as evident from radical‐type EPR spectra for 13+ and 1+. Higher metal oxidation states (iii, iv) appear to be favored by the complexes 2m; intense long‐wavelength absorption bands and RuIII‐type EPR signals suggest mixed‐valent dimetal configurations of the paramagnetic intermediates 2+ and 2−.
Gas Phase Epoxidation of Propylene with O2 Induced by Alternating Electric Field
Authors: Ming‐Xing Guo , Hong‐Chen Guo , Xiang‐Sheng Wang , Wei‐Min Gong 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn non‐catalytic direct conversion of propylene with oxygen to propylene oxide by using dielectric barrier discharge under conditions of room temperature and atmospheric pressure, the selectivity to propylene oxide from propylene was >30% at propylene conversion ranging from 3.91% to 81.72%.
Synthesis and Characteristics of LiNi0.85Co0.15O2 Cathode Materials by Particulate Sol‐Gel Method for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Xian‐Jun Zhu , Hong‐Hao Chen , Hui Zhan , Han‐Xing Liu , Dai‐Ling Yang , Yun‐Hong Zhou 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA particulate sol‐gel (PSG) method has been successfully used to prepare LiNi0.85Co0.15O2 cathode materials, utilizing the reaction of LiOH·H2O with Ni(CH3COO)2·4H2O and Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O in water‐ethanol system. The thermal history of the as‐prepared xerogel was established by differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. Powder X‐ray diffraction confirmed the formation of layered α‐NaFeO2 structure at temperature of 700 °C under flowing oxygen. Scanning electron microscope exhibited that the crystalline powder prepared by PSG method had relatively smaller particle size with narrow distribution than the one prepared by solid state reaction. The first discharge capacity of the material by PSG method was 196.4 mAh/g, and the 10th discharge capacity was 189.1 mAh/g at the current density of 18 mA/g between 3.0 and 4.3 V. Its cycling reversibility was observed to be much better than that by solid state reaction, which had 187.3 mAh/g of the first discharge capacity and 167.1 mAh/g of the 10th discharge capacity.
A Theoretical Study on the Mechanism of the Cycloaddition Reaction between Alkylidenestannylene and Ethylene
Authors: Xiu‐Hui Lu , Hai‐Bin Yu , Wei‐Rong Wu 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe mechanism of a cycloaddition reaction between singlet alkylidenestannylene and ethylene has been investigated with MP2/3‐21G* and B3LYP/3‐21G* methods, including geometry optimization and vibrational analysis for the involved stationary points on the potential energy surface. Energies for the involved conformations were calculated by CCSD(T)//MP2/3‐21G* and CCSD(T)//B3LYP/3‐21G* methods, respectively. The results show that the dominant reaction pathway of the cycloaddition is that an intermediate (INT) is firstly formed between the two reactants through a barrier‐free exothermic reaction of 39.7 kJ/mol, and the intermediate then isomerizes to a four‐membered ring product (P2.1) via a transition state TS2.1 with a barrier of 66.8 kJ/mol.
Synthesis, Characterization and Electrochemical Behavior of Hepta‐O‐acetyl‐β‐lactosyl Isothiocyanate
Authors: Shu‐Sheng Zhang , Bo Yang , Ji‐Zhi Li , Xue‐Mei Li , Gui‐Fen Jie , Kui Jiao 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA new compound of hepta‐O‐acetyl‐β‐lactosyl isothiocyanate has been synthesized and its structure was determined by X‐ray crystallography. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, with space group P212121 and cell dimensions of a=1.23282(7) nm, b=1.80012(10) nm, b=1.85230(10) nm, α=β=γ=90°, V=4.1107(4) nm3, and Z=4. The electrochemical experimental results indicate that both dsDNA and ssDNA had obvious reduction effect on the peak current of the title compound, which was bound to DNA mainly through electrostatic binding.
Heat Capacity and Enthalpy of Fusion of Fenoxycarb
Authors: Xiao‐Hong Sun , Yuan‐Fa Liu , Zhi‐Cheng Tan , Ying‐Qi Jia , Jian‐Wu Yang , Mei‐Han Wang 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFenoxycarb was synthesized and its heat capacities were precisely measured with an automated adiabatic calorimeter over the temperature range from 79 to 360 K. The sample was observed to melt at (326.31±0.14) K. The molar enthalpy and entropy of fusion as well as the chemical purity of the compound were determined to be (26.98±0.04) kJ·mol‐1, (82.69±0.09) J·K‐1·mol‐1 and 99.53%±0.01%, respectively. The thermodynamic functions relative to the reference temperature (298.15 K) were calculated based on the heat capacity measurements in the temperature range between 80 and 360 K. The extrapolated melting temperature for the absolutely pure compound obtained from fractional melting experiments was (326.62±0.06) K. Further research on the melting process of this compound was carried out by means of differential scanning calorimetry technique. The result was in agreement with that obtained from the measurements of heat capacities.
Dispersion of Metal Phthalocyanines on Surface of TiO2
Authors: Jian‐Feng Zhu , Chun‐Ming Wang , Yue‐Xiang Zhu , Bi‐Ying Zhao , You‐Chang Xie 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDispersion of copper(II) phthalocyanine (CuPc), copper(II) phthalocyaninesulfonate (CuPcS) and cobalt(II) phthalocyaninetetrasulfonate (CoPcTS) on the surface of titanium dioxide was investigated by XRD, XPS, FT‐IR and UV‐Vis techniques. Results show that interaction between CuPc and TiO2was very weak and CuPc was difficult to disperse on the surface of the support. While partly sulfurized CuPcS could be dispersed on the surface of support through sulfo‐groups and its dispersion capacity was determined to be 0.085 g CuPcS/g TiO2. Completely sulfurized CoPcTS could also be dispersed on the surface of TiO2as a monolayer and its dispersion capacity was 0.12 g CoPcTS/g TiO2. Interactions of the sulfo‐groups as well as the electrons of CoPcTS with the surface of TiO2could be evidenced by FT‐IR characterization. Therefore, it was suggested that CoPcTS molecules be adsorbed on the surface of TiO2in a flat‐lying mode while CuPcS in a slanting one. UV‐Vis spectra show that the dispersed CuPcS and CoPcTS molecules exist in both forms of monomers and dimers.