bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boundaries and Divisions in Explanation of Action
Authors: Parsons Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To draw a plausible map of explanations of action—let alone the most useful map—we must explore two complex discussions. The first concerns the map’s boundaries. As I sketched in the introduction, not everyone agrees on what counts as an explanation. Nor do all claims in the human sciences that might count as explanatory clearly focus on explaining action. The first major section of this chapter travels through a series of debates on these points, staking out the limits of my map.
Ideational Explanation
Authors: Parsons Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ideational argument is another rich tradition in thinking on politics, but has never held the status of structure (a term practically everyone wants to claim) or institutions (the rage of the past few decades). There has been an ideational or cultural upswing in political science since the 1990s, and it probably enjoys a stronger footing in the discipline than ever before. Yet when many political scientists hear the word ‘culture’, they still share Goering’s famous inclination to reach for a gun.
Acquisition And Disclosure Of Communications Data: RIPA, Part I, Chapter II, ss 21–25
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It will be recalled that in Chapter I of Part I of RIPA a distinction is drawn between the message content of communications, interception of which is regulated by Chapter I, and ‘trafﬁc data’ deﬁned by s 2(9) and (10) for the purposes of Chapter I. That distinction is widened in Chapter II where the notion of ‘Communications Data’ is coined in s 21(4)(a)–(c) as including:any other information which is held by a service provider in relation to persons to whom the service is provided.
Data Protected By Encryption: RIPA, Part III, ss 49–56
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part III creates legal powers to serve notices requiring disclosure of encrypted information in an intelligible form or the means (the key) to de-encrypt it, and criminal sanctions for non-compliance. The importance of Part III in the context of RIPA, the Police Act 1997, the Intelligence Service Act 1994 and the Security Service Act 1989 is that the purpose of surveillance or interception could be frustrated if information was not capable of being rendered intelligible in reasonable time once it came into the hands of the authorities.
The Investigatory Powers Tribunal: RIPA, Part IV, ss 65–70
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Investigatory Powers Tribunal (IPT) is a tribunal created by ss 65–70 of RIPA. The related Rules appear in Chapter 11 and are cross-referenced where appropriate in this chapter. The reader should note that in this work the Rules of the Tribunal are generally shortened to ‘IPTR’ followed by the rule number.
RIPA, Part V And Schedules
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Commencement: 2/10/00 (SI 2000 No 2543). This excessively complex amendment to s 5 of the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949 extensively modifies that section so as to bring its provisions into line with the RIPA scheme and general human rights law. The 1949 Act made it an offence to intercept wireless telegraphy messages (inter alia) without the authority of the Postmaster-General or in the course of Crown duties.
Statutory Instruments (1998)
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A notice under section 96 of the Police Act 1997 (“the 1997 Act”) (notiﬁcation of authorisations etc.) shall specify such matters as the Secretary of State may by order prescribe;And whereas a draft of this Order has been approved by each House of Parliament;Now, therefore, the Secretary of State, in exercise of the powers conferred on him by section 96(2) of the 1997 Act, hereby orders as follows:In this Order, references to authorisations are references to authorisationsunder section 93 of the 1997 Act(authorisations to interfere with propertyetc.) and references to a notice are references to a notice required to be givento a Commissioner under section 96(1) of that Act (notifications of authorisations etc.).
Statutory Instruments (2001)
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Secretary of State, in exercise of the powers conferred on him by section 47(1) of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, hereby makes the following Order, of which a draft has, in accordance with section 47(2) of that Act, been laid before and approved by resolution of each House of Parliament:This Order shall come into force on the day after the day on which it is made.
Procedural Requirements
Authors: Trepte Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Directives impose a series of transparency requirements affecting the publication of various notices, including minimum time limits for the publication of those notices in order to guarantee their effectiveness, rules on communications, notably electronic communications, confidentiality, the disclosure of relevant information as well as the recording and reporting of information.
The Directives provide for a series of notices1 to be published in the Official Journal and electronically depending on the award procedure chosen.
Procurement Under The ‘Practical Guide’
Authors: Trepte Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a major donor of aid to both its neighbouring transition economies and the broader developing world, the Community has developed a specialized framework for the administration of this aid which derives from the Community Budget and the European Development Fund. The Community’s development cooperation is organized along both geographical and thematic lines, as explained in section (2) (a) below, based on a series of regulations providing a framework for regional co-operation. In the case of the European Development Fund (‘EDF’), on the other hand, cooperation is based on a series of successive multilateral Conventions, the latest of which was signed in Cotonou on 23 June 2000.
Explaining Gatekeeper Failure
Authors: Coffee John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the collapse of Enron and WorldCom make fascinating stories, they are, by themselves, just anecdotes. Alone, they are simply additional chapters in the long and spectacular history of business failure in the United States. Yet, Enron and WorldCom do not stand alone; rather, they were the best-known examples in a sudden and massive eruption of Wnancial irregularity that occurred at the end of the longest sustained bull market in U.S. history. Some firms failed, but more simply acknowledged the inflation of their Wnancial results and then endured the painful process of stock market decline, managerial transition, and public and private litigation that follows once shareholders learn they have been misled.
The Rise, Fall, and Redefinition of the Auditor: From Bookkeeper to Professional to Information Consultant
Authors: Coffee John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accounting is an old art, but a relatively modern profession. Conventional histories of accounting usually begin with the formalization of double-entry bookkeeping, which is credited to an Italian monk, Fra Luca Pacioli, who in 1494 published the first work explaining the accounting practices that Italian merchant houses had probably already used for at least a half-century.
Calculativeness, Trust, and Economic Organization
Authors: Williamson Oliver E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My main purpose in this article is to explicate what Diego Gambetta has referred to as ‘the elusive notion of trust.’ As the literature on trust reveals, and as developed here, ‘trust’ is a term with many meanings. The relentless application of calculative economic reasoning is the principal device that I employ to define and delimit the elusive notion of trust. The calculative approach to economic organization is sketched in Section I. The concept of ‘calculative trust,’ which enjoys widespread and growing acceptance but with which I take exception, is examined in Section II. Societal trust, which works through the institutional environment and takes a series of hyphenated forms, is briefly treated in Section III. Nearly noncalculative uses of trust of a personal kind are developed in Section IV. Concluding remarks follow in Section V.
Trust and Breach of the Psychological Contract
Authors: Robinson Sandra L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In light of trends toward globalization, restructuring, and downsizing, psychological contracts are playing an increasingly important role in contemporary employment relationships. Organizations, under pressure to make rapid and constant changes, have had to alter employment relationships and the psychological contracts that underlie them. Psychological contracts refer to employees’ perceptions of what they owe to their employers and what their employers owe to them. In this climate of change, the traditional contract of long-term job security in return for hard work and loyalty may no longer be valid (Sims, 1994), and employees and employers alike are now reconsidering their mutual obligations. More importantly, these changes have increased the likelihood of psychological contract breach.
The Infant in the Snow
Authors: Endicott* Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to work out which claims to human rights are sound (if any), you need to work out what sense they can be given (if any). Jim Harris set about that job in ‘Human Rights and Mythical Beasts’, a lecture that he gave to the Society of Legal Scholars in the last year of his life. The lecture was part of a larger project, on which Jim had been working for two years. That larger project resulted in a substantial manuscript, bearing the provisional title, ‘Resources and Human Rights: Moral Foundations of Human Rights, Property Rights, and Resource-depleting Rights’.
Matter Matters
Authors: Rudden* Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I used to live in North Oxford and liked to walk home by paths which avoid the stench of traffic on the main road. Frequently, at the end of a working day, I would meet Jim Harris as he left his college and set out on the same peaceful route; he would put his arm through mine and we would stroll home together. One of the many things we had in common was that we had both been solicitors and so, naturally enough, we would swap stories of our most memorable moments in practice, and brood over the fact that, so far as our clients were concerned, much of the advice we handed out was both entirely correct and—in Jim’s words— ‘mumbo-jumbo’.
Agricultural Biotechnology: Representative Federalism and Regulatory Capacity in the United States and European Union
Authors: Sheingate Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conflict over genetically modified foods and crops in many ways exemplifies the divide that separates Americans and Europeans on a variety of issues. Whereas US regulators have adopted a promotional approach to agricultural biotechnology, seeking to develop the commercial potential of this new technology, European officials have adopted a precautionary stance toward the potentially unknown risks of genetic modification. For some, these divergent approaches reflect different perceptions about science and technology or cultural associations with food and the environment on either side of the Atlantic.
Immigration Policy
Authors: Schain Martin A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I examine the development of immigration policy in Europe and the United States and the role of federalism in this development. I focus on how the immigration issue was politicized in each case, and the importance of the federal system (or federal governance) for the way that the issue was shaped. I argue that the way that power is dispersed in federal structures—not simply the fact of dispersion—gives considerable weight to territorial interests. Although the United States is clearly a federal system, while the EU is a developing system of governance, federalism has been a key aspect in shaping immigration policy in both cases.
Varieties of Capitalism and Varieties of Firm
Authors: Brewster Chris , Wood Geoffrey , Brookes Mick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The varieties of capitalism literature suggests that speciflc national economies are likely to be associated with speciflc sets of flrm-level practices, ensuring the continuation of distinct national varieties of capitalism. Regulationist critics point to the temporary and inherently unstable nature of any speciflc mode of regulation; the effects of institutions are likely to be uneven and shifting, potentially making for a greater diversity in flrm practices at speciflc times, even if a limited number of systemic archetypes are likely to predominate. Based on large-scale survey evidence, this chapter explores the extent to which several distinct and viable varieties of flrm may coexist within speciflc varieties of capitalism, whether speciflc varieties of capitalism are associated with a greater or lesser degree of diversity in flrm-level practices, and, whether, over time, there is a global pressure toward a greater diversity in practice.
The Patterns of Job Expansions in the United States: A Comparison of the 1960s andl The 1990s
Authors: Wright Erik Olin , Dwyer Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the quality of jobs generated during periods of job expansion from the 1960s through to the 1990s in the leading liberal market economy, the United States. The central results of the study are as follows. First, the long 1990s economic boom produced a pattern of asymetrically polarized job expansion: very strong expansion of jobs in the top tier of the employment structure combined with very limited growth in the middle. Second, while job growth at the top was strong in the 1990s, the overall pattern of job expansion was much less favorable for the labor force as a whole than in earlier expansions.
Just-in-Time Delivery Comes to Knowledge Management
Authors: Davenport Thomas H , Glaser John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Bob Goldszer is the associate chief medical officer and head of the Special Services Department at Brigham and Women’s in Boston, one of the nation’s leading hospitals. A professor at the Harvard Medical School, Goldszer has both an MD and an MBA. He’s a high-end knowledge worker at the top of the medical profession. Yet Dr. Goldszer has a big problem-one common to all physicians. There is so much knowledge available about his work that he cannot possibly absorb it all. He needs to know something about almost 10,000 different diseases and syndromes, 3,000 medications, 1,100 laboratory tests, and many of the 400,000 articles added each year to the biomedical literature.
What is a Nation?
Authors: Baycroft Timothy , Hewitson Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume analyses and compares different forms of nationalism across a range of European countries and regions during the long nineteenth century. It aims to put detailed studies of nationalist politics and thought, which have proliferated over the last ten years or so, into a wider European context. By means of such contextualization, together with new and systematic comparisons, What is a Nation? Europe 1789-1914 reassesses the arguments put forward in the principal works on nationalism as a whole, many of which pre-date the proliferation of case studies in the 1990s and which, as a consequence, make only inadequate reference to the national histories of European states. The study reconsiders whether the distinction between civic and ethnic identities and politics in Europe has been overstated and whether it needs to be replaced altogether by a new set of concepts or types. What is a Nation? explores the relationship between this and other typologies, relating them to complex processes of industrialization, increasing state intervention, secularization, democratization and urbanization. Debates about citizenship, political economy, liberal institutions, socialism, empire, changes in the states system, Darwinism, high and popular culture, Romanticism and Christianity all affected - and were affected by - discussion of nationhood and nationalist politics. The volume investigates the significance of such controversies and institutional changes for the history of modern nationalism, as it was defined in diverse European countries and regions during the long nineteenth century. By placing particular nineteenth-century nationalist movements and nation-building in a broader comparative context, prominent historians of particular European states give an original and authoritative reassessment, designed to appeal to students and academic readers alike, of one of the most contentious topics of the modern period.
Nation and Region
Authors: UmbaIch Maiken 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The debate which has sprung up around the dichotomy between ‘ethnic’ and ‘civic’ nationalisms in nineteenth-century Europe, although long established, remains problematic. Ideal types rarely apply to complex historical realities. Moreover, the ethnic-civic divide has often been linked to a dubious geographical determinism, contrasting progressive ‘Western’ with reactionary ‘Eastern’ patterns— and a German Sonderweg in the middle. The contributors to this volume strive to avoid such stereotypes, and present a more nuanced account of developments within many of the countries on which this debate has focused.
Daily treatment for cystic fibrosis
Authors: Thomson Anne H , Harris Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People with CF should have a high-calorie, high-fat diet, When supplementary enzymes are needed they should be taken with each meal and each snack, Clearance of secretions from the lungs is improved with physiotherapy, There are several different physiotherapy methods and a physiotherapy regimen should be adapted for each individual, Monitoring for lung infection using cough swabs or sputum samples should be done at every clinic visit and for new symptoms of cough, Early treatment of infection can prevent/control inflammation and lung damage
Cystic fibrosis and the family
Authors: Jacobs Konrad , Demetriades Louisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Families with a child who has CF experience more stress, Feeling well-informed about the condition tends to reduce stress, Brothers and sisters can feel left out and jealous of the attention their parents give to the child with CF, Adolescence is a difficult time for people with CF. The best strategy seems to be to acknowledge CF, do the treatment and get on with enjoying life
Genetics of cystic fibrosis
Authors: Thomson Anne H , Harris Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder, The gene responsible for CF is called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and is located on the long arm of chromosome 7, More than 1500 errors (mutations) causing CF have been discovered in the CFTR gene. The most common is called Delta F508
Risk and Risk Management Theory
Authors: Walker Clive , Broderick Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This part of the book is designed to elicit the broad themes by which to understand the nature of emergencies and risk as well as responsive strategies and operational plans. The emergence of the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 should not be divorced from its context in terms of wider societal developments. The planning function in Part I of the Civil Contingencies Act and the emergency powers in Part II are influenced by a number of theoretical approaches and concerns associated with contemporary social scientific analyses of the concept of risk, in particular, the management of diffuse and complex risks that shape or even threaten the notion of ‘modernity’ itself.
Phonological Universals and the Control and Regulation of Speech Production
Authors: Demolin Didier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of some speech production mechanisms to explain the basis of phonetic and phonological universals. Although there are obviously many automatic processes due to the bio-physical constraints of the vocal tract that explain how speech production is regulated, it is probable that there are more controlled phenomena than is generally assumed. This assumption can and must be demonstrated through various methods of experimentation. One example of how these claims about speech production and phonological universals can be tested is examining the relation between fundamental frequency (f0) and subglottal pressure (Ps). This issue has been addressed in numerous publications, but there is still some debate concerning the contribution of Ps to phonological phenomena, such as whether f0 declination—that is, the global downtrend of f0—is caused by laryngeal or by respiratory activity ( J. Ohala 1990b). This is a fundamental issue that has important consequences for the understanding of universals related to intonation and various aspects of prosody as well as to segments.
Emergency surgery
Authors: Riley Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This report retrospectively examined the deaths of emergency patients following operations performed ‘out of hours’, i.e. between 18.01 h and midnight (evening) or midnight and 07.59 h (night-time), or operations performed on a Saturday, Sunday, or public holiday. The 1997 report was undertaken because previous NCEPOD studies had indicated that there appeared to be a disturbing number of deaths following operations performed out of hours. An analysis of over 50 000 cases in 355 NHS hospitals in 1995 and 1996 found that only 6.1% of weekday operations in the NHS were done out of hours but 93.4% of these were emergencies. Many of these procedures were carried out by trainee anaesthetists and surgeons, apparently without direct supervision. A total of 508 deaths were identified, of which 208 and 310 were subjected to detailed analysis of anaesthesia and surgery respectively. Seventy-one per cent of the deaths occurred following emergency admission, and co-morbidity was common, with 82% of patients classed as ASA grade 3 or higher. The report highlighted lack of preoperative preparation, low use of preoperative fluid resuscitation, infrequent objective assessment of cardiovascular function, and poor prophylaxis against thrombo-embolism. Suboptimal standards of care included delays in surgery, too junior levels of staff, poor interspeciality communication, and inappropriate operative procedures.