bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is self‐reported jaw pain on mouth opening associated with a reduced bruxism time index?
Authors: VAN DER ZAAG J. , LOBBEZOO F. , WICKS D.J. , HAMBURGER H.L. , NAEIJE M. 
Published: March 2003

Sleep‐related bruxism (SB) is a frequently encountered problem in the dental office, for which evidence‐based causal therapy possibilities are not yet available. We are currently performing a large‐scale double‐blind placebo‐controlled randomized clinical trial to evaluate several management strategies for SB. So far, we have measured 35 participants, all of them clinically diagnosed bruxers (11 men; 24 women; mean age=39·2 ± 11·4 years). A first (baseline) night in the sleep laboratory confirmed their clinical diagnosis, i.e. all had more than four bruxism episodes per hour of sleep; (> 4 EpiH). The baseline recordings were preliminarily analysed to establish a cut‐off criterion for a polysomnographical SB diagnosis that, in addition to the previously established criterion (i.e. > 4 EpiH), also respects the time spent bruxing. We therefore calculated an index that expresses this aspect as a percentage of the total sleep time: the bruxism time index (BTI). The BTI was highly correlated with the number of EpiH (Pearson's correlation coefficient=0·92; P=0·000). Linear regression analysis revealed that a BTI of > 0·4% corresponds with the > 4 EpiH criterion (F‐value for the significance of the overall model=146·2; P=0·000). Future analyses may yield an additional intensity (power) cut‐off criterion as well. As the relationship between SB and jaw pain is still unclear, we also determined, in 28 of the 35 participants, the influence of self‐reported (VAS) jaw pain during mouth opening before and after the first night on the BTI. BTIs in bruxers whose evening and/or morning VASs ≥ 10 mm (n=10) tended to be lower than those in bruxers whose VASs were less than 10 mm (n=18) (1·4 ± 1·0 and 2·7 ± 2·5%, respectively; Two sample t‐test; T=1·98; P=0·059). This finding confirms previous suggestions in the literature that jaw pain might be associated with a reduced bruxism activity. This can be understood as a protective mechanism that prevents (further) overloading of the masticatory system. (Supported by the IOT.)
Effects of dopaminergic drugs on inflammatory bowel disease induced with 2,4‐dinitrofluorbenzene in BALB/c mice
Authors: Herak‐Perković V. , Grabarević Ž. , Banić M. , Anić B. , Novosel V. , Pogačnik M. 
Published: March 2003

Herak‐Perković, V., Grabarević, Ž., Banić, M., Anić, B., Novosel, V., Pogačnik, M. Effects of dopaminergic drugs on inflammatory bowel disease induced with 2,4‐dinitrofluorbenzene in BALB/c mice. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap.24, 267–273.The aim of the study was to demonstrate the effects of dopaminergic drugs on 2,4‐dinitrofluorbenzene (DNFB) induced experimental inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in previously sensitized BALB/c mice. The number and extent of ulcerations and erosions, the intensity of haemorrhages, oedema, and accumulation of neutrophils and eosinophils within colonic lamina propria and submucosa were scored and statistically evaluated. The 180 BALB/c mice, were allocated into three equal groups. The mice in the first experimental group were treated with domperidone (DP), a peripheral dopamine (DA) antagonist. The mice from the second experimental group were treated with bromocriptine (BC), a dopamine agonist. The mice from the control group were treated with an equivalent volume of normal saline in the same manner. Ten animals from each group were killed on days 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10, subsequent to the challenge enema of DNFB solution. Gross and microscopic examination of the colon was performed. Treatment with BC resulted in clinical improvement and decreased mortality rate by 2 of 60 (3%), while domperidone treatment increased mortality rate to 12 of 60 (20%) compared with the controls [4 of 60 (6%)]. The analysis of the microscopic lesions indicated that the beneficial effects of BC were the result of maintenance of vascular integrity.
Dose determination and confirmation of a long‐acting formulation of ceftiofur (ceftiofur crystalline free acid) administered subcutaneously for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease
Authors: HIBBARD B. , ROBB E. J. , CHESTER Jr. S. T. , DAME K. J. , BOUCHER J. F. , ALANIZ G. R. 
Published: March 2003

Hibbard, B., Robb, E. J., Chester Jr., S. T., Dame, K. J., Boucher, J. F., Alaniz, G. R. Dose determination and confirmation of a long‐acting formulation of Ceftiofur (Ceftiofur crystalline free acid) administered subcutaneously for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.25, 175–180.The objective of this work was to determine and confirm an effective dose of ceftiofur crystalline free acid sterile oil suspension (CCFA‐SS, 100 mg ceftiofur equivalents (CE)/mL], a long‐acting single‐administration ceftiofur formulation, for the treatment of the bacterial component of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Study 1 was a dose determination study that used an intratracheal Mannheimia haemolytica (Pasteurella haemolytica) challenge model to evaluate single‐administration doses of CCFA‐SS at 0.0, 1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4 or 5.5 mg CE/kg body weight (BW) for the treatment of BRD. Data from this study were used to select doses for field testing in three multi‐location clinical studies. In Study 2, the efficacy of a single administration dose of CCFA‐SS at 4.4 mg CE/kg BW was compared with a negative control for the treatment of naturally occurring BRD in feedlot cattle. Treatments were administered when uniform clinical signs of BRD were present. Study 3 used a design similar to Study 2, and compared single‐administration doses of CCFA‐SS at 3.0 or 4.4 mg CE/kg BW with the positive‐control tilmicosin (Micotil® 300 Injection, Elanco Animal Health) at 10 mg/kg BW. Study 4 compared the efficacy of single doses of CCFA‐SS of 1.1–8.8 mg CE/kg BW with tilmicosin at 10 mg/kg BW. A total of 1176 cattle were included in these clinical studies. In Study 1, a dose of 4.55 mg CE/kg BW was determined to be effective. This was rounded to 4.4 mg CE/kg for field testing. In Study 2, a single dose of CCFA‐SS at 4.4 mg CE/kg BW had a higher treatment success rate on day 14 (61%) than negative controls (26%, P < 0.01). However, in Study 3 this dose was judged to be at the beginning of an efficacious dose range for the treatment of BRD when compared with tilmicosin. In Study 4, day 28 treatment success rates were higher for CCFA‐SS at 4.4–8.8 CE/kg BW than for tilmicosin (P=0.002) or the noneffective CCFA‐SS dose of 1.1 mg CE/kg BW (P < 0.001). Based on decision criteria for Study 4, the effective dose was determined to be 4.4–5.5 mg CE/kg BW. These clinical studies demonstrated that a single dose of CCFA‐SS (100 mg CE/mL) administered subcutaneously (s.c.) in the neck at 4.4–5.5 mg CE/kg BW is an effective treatment for BRD in feedlot cattle. However, this route of administration is no longer being considered for this formulation because of the ceftiofur residues that are present at the injection site for extended periods of time.
Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and flunixin meglumine for treatment of cows with experimentally inducedEscherichia colimastitis
Authors: Rantala M. , Kaartinen L. , Välimäki E. , Stryrman M. , Hiekkaranta M. , Niemi A. , Saari L. , Pyörälä S. 
Published: March 2003

Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and flunixin meglumine for treatment of cows with experimentally inducedEscherichia colimastitis.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.25,251–258.The efficacy of flunixin alone and together with enrofloxacin in treatment of experimentalEscherichia colimastitis was compared using six cows. The cross‐over study design was used. Pharmacokinetics of flunixin and enrofloxacin were also studied in these diseased cows. The response of each cow was similar after the first and second challenge and the individual reaction seemed to explain the severity of clinical signs. The most important predictive factor for outcome ofE. colimastitis was a heavy drop in milk yield. Treatment with enrofloxacin and flunixin enhanced elimination of bacteria, but the difference from those receiving flunixin alone was not significant. Two cows, which had received no antimicrobial treatment (Group 1), were killed on day 4 postchallenge. One cow was killed after the first and the other after the second challenge. Cows receiving combination therapy produced 0.9 L more milk per day during the study period than cows which had only received flunixin (P< 0.05). Based on our findings, antimicrobial treatment might be beneficial in the treatment of high‐yielding cows in early lactation. The absorption of enrofloxacin was delayed after subcutaneous administration, the mean apparent elimination half‐life being about 23 h, whereas after i.v. administration eliminationt1/2was only 1.5 h. The majority of the antimicrobial activity in milk originated from the active metabolite, ciprofloxacin, which could be measured throughout the 120‐h follow‐up period after the last subcutaneous administration. No differences were present in the pharmacokinetic parameters of flunixin between treatment groups: mean elimination half‐life was 5.7–6.2 h, volume of distribution 0.43–0.49 L/kg and clearance 0.13–0.14 L h/kg. No flunixin or merely traces were detected in milk: one of the three cows had a concentration of 0.019 mg/L 8 h after administration.
Acute pancreatitis complicating acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B infection carries a poor prognosis
Authors: Yuen M.‐F. , Chan T.‐M. , Hui C.‐K. , Chan A. On‐On , Ng I. Oi‐Lin , Lai C.‐L. 
Published: March 2003

The clinical outcome of acute pancreatitis complicating acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis virus B (HBV) infection has never been studied. Ninety patients with acute pancreatitis were recruited. Five patients (5.6%) (Group 1) had acute pancreatitis superimposed on acute exacerbation of chronic HBV infection with no other causes of acute pancreatitis being identified. The clinical outcome of these five patients was compared to the 85 non‐HBV infected patients (Group 2) with acute pancreatitis. A third group (Group 3) of patients (n=406) with acute exacerbation of chronic HBV infections without acute pancreatitis was also recruited for comparison. Group 1 had a significantly higher mortality rate (4 out of 5, 80%) compared to those of Group 2 (13 out of 85, 15.3%, P=0.0041) and Group 3 (9 out of 406, 2.2%, P < 0.0001). In Group 1 patients, the acute pancreatitis occurred during the initial rise of HBV DNA with relatively low or normal level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in two patients, during the rise of ALT with declining level of HBV DNA in one patient, and during the cholestatic phase of the acute exacerbation in one patient. The acute pancreatitis was clinically silent and only diagnosed by computerized tomography in the remaining patient. Direct viral damage and/or immunological attack to the pancreatic tissue were probably the underlying pathogenesis of the acute pancreatitis in these patients.In conclusion, acute pancreatitis complicating acute exacerbation of chronic HBV infection carried an extremely poor prognosis with high mortality.
Diving and ranging behaviour of odontocetes: a methodological review and critique
Authors: Hooker Sascha K. , Baird Robin W. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTMovements can be analysed in terms of horizontal or vertical dimensions, but cetacean movement is ultimately three‐dimensional, and it is the integration of analyses of both horizontal and vertical movements that will provide the most insight about an animal's behaviour. Current field techniques can provide simultaneous information on both diving (vertical movements) and ranging (horizontal movements). We discuss the considerations, techniques and analyses for diving and ranging studies, together with the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. Ranging studies using VHF or satellite‐linked radio‐transmitters have evolved alongside studies of diving behaviour using time–depth recorders, and problems associated with deployment and attachment techniques apply to both. The diving (and concurrent ranging behaviour) of 13 species of odontocetes has been studied using time–depth recorders or acoustic transponders with VHF‐or satellite‐transmitters. However, differences in sampling techniques used, and summary statistics presented, have made comparisons difficult. We review these issues and suggest parameters that should be presented in future studies of diving and ranging. In general, studies should be consistent in their presentation of the basic parameters and statistics, and provide enough information for the reader to assess the limitations of the data.
The evolution of flight and echolocation in bats: another leap in the dark
Authors: Speakman John R. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe earliest known complete bats, from the Eocene (49–53 Mya), were already capable of flapping flight and echolocation. In the absence of direct fossil evidence there have been many speculative scenarios advanced to explain the evolution of these behaviours and their distributions in extant bats. Theories assuming chiropteran monophyly have generally presumed the ancestral pre‐bat was nocturnal, arboreal and insectivorous. Following this assumption hypotheses can be divided into the echolocation first, flight first and tandem development hypotheses, all of which assume that flight evolved only once in the lineage. In contrast, the chiropteran diphyly hypothesis suggests that flight evolved twice. Evidence supporting and refuting the different hypotheses are reviewed. It is concluded that there are significant problems attached to all the current models. A novel hypothesis is advanced, which starts from the assumption that bats are monophyletic and the ancestral pre‐bat was arboreal, but diurnal and frugivorous. After the evolution of flight it is suggested that these animals were driven into the nocturnal niche by the evolution of raptorial birds, and different groups evolved either specialised nocturnal vision (megachiropterans) or echolocation (microchiropterans). A block on sensory modality transfer has retained this distribution of perceptual capabilities ever since, despite some Megachiroptera evolving rudimentary echolocation, and the dietary convergence of some Microchiroptera with the Megachiroptera. The new hypothesis overcomes many of the problems identified in previous treatments.
On the evolution of the mammalian baculum: vaginal friction, prolonged intromission or induced ovulation?
Authors: Larivière S. , Ferguson S. H. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe function of the mammalian baculum is a puzzling enigma in mammalian morphology. Three hypotheses for the evolution and persistence of the mammalian baculum have been proposed: the vaginal friction hypothesis; the prolonged intromission hypothesis; and the induced ovulation hypothesis. We tested these three hypotheses using phylogenetically corrected methods and data on North American carnivores. Baculum length was independent of sexual dimorphism and duration of copulation, thus refuting the vaginal friction and prolonged intromission hypotheses, respectively. Also, baculum length did not differ between induced ovulators and simultaneous ovulators, thus also refuting the induced ovulation hypothesis. We suggest that other aspects of carnivore life history, such as mating systems, may help explain the evolution of the mammalian baculum.
Purring and similar vocalizations in mammals
Authors: Peters G. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe terms purr and purring have been used for vocalizations produced by a variety of mammalian species in different orders. A few other mammalian vocalizations that are structurally somewhat similar to felid purring but have been given another term have also been described in the literature. Because use of the same term implies ‘sameness’, which in an evolutionary sense can only mean that the vocalizations so named are homologous (= share the same ancestral vocalization type), the terms purr and purring ought to be restricted to vocalizations homologous with felid purring, and any mammalian vocalization homologous with felid purring ought to be named accordingly. According to present knowledge ‘true’ purring is established only in the families Viverridae and Felidae of the Carnivora. Vocalizations very similar in structure occur in matching behavioural contexts in other families of the Carnivora and several other mammalian orders. Most of these vocalization types are likely to have evolved convergently.
Seasonal and spatial changes in blowfly production from small and large carcasses at Durham in lowland northeast England
Authors: Davies L. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryColonization by blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of mouse carcasses exposed in open agricultural land near Durham (54°45′ N) changed from early spring monopolization by Calliphora vicina R.‐D. to a summer pattern of multiple species exploitation by this species together with Lucilia caesar L., L. illustris Mg., L. silvarum Mg., L. sericata Mg. and L. richardsi Collin. In a garden at the edge of Durham, mouse carcasses were dominated by C. vicina from spring to autumn. Difference in mouse colonization between the agricultural and garden sites seemed to reflect differences in the blowfly species present, as measured by baited trap catches at the sites. In sets of C. vicina reared from mice under conditions of competition for larval food, it was found that resulting females were significantly larger than males, size being measured as mean wing length. Blowfly production from three sheep carcasses exposed successively at the agricultural site was dominated by C. vomitoria L. and L. caesar, but also produced other Lucilia species in small numbers, including L. sericata. These L. sericata females from sheep that had died from causes other than myiasis included full‐sized specimens, in contrast to those produced from mouse carcasses that were all under‐sized individuals. As L. sericata females trapped on sheep pastures are predominantly full‐sized, this suggests that large carcasses may, in part, be a source of the L. sericata population that attacks sheep as a myiasis agent. The nature of large carcasses as possible sources of L. sericata in lowland Britain is discussed.
Pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in the head louse Pediculus capitis from Israel: implications for control
Authors: Hemingway J. , Miller J. , Mumcuoglu K. Y. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn Israel, the head louse, Pediculus capitis, developed resistance to DDT through the extensive use of this insecticide until the 1980s. In 1991, permethrin was introduced for control of DDT resistant P. capitis in Israel, leading to control failure of this pyrethroid insecticide by 1994. Pyrethroid resistance of P. capitis in Israel extends to phenothrin, which has not been used for louse control. We identified a glutathione S‐transferase(GST)‐based mechanism of DDT resistance in the Israeli head lice. This GST mechanism occurred before 1989, while permethrin resistance in P. capitis developed after 1994, suggesting that the main GST resistance mechanism selected by DDT use does not confer any pyrethroid cross‐resistance. Esterase activity levels were equivalent in pyrethroid resistant and susceptible P. capitis field‐collected in Israel, and in a susceptible strain of P.humanus, the body louse, indicating no involvement of any esterase‐based mechanism in resistance. A weak monooxygenase‐based permethrin metabolism resistance mechanism was the only factor identified which could account for any of the observed pyrethroid resistance in P. capitis. However, the lack of synergism of phenothrin resistance by piperonyl butoxide suggests that a non‐oxidative mechanism is also present in the resistant lice. Therefore it seems probable that pyrethroid resistance in Israeli P. capitis is due to a combination of nerve insensitivity (knockdown resistance or ‘kdr’) and monooxygenase resistance mechanisms.
Skin lesions and cattle hide damage from Haematobia irritans infestations
Authors: Guglielmone A. A. , Gimeno E. , Idiart J. , Fisher W. F. , Volpogni M. M. , Quaino O. , Anziani O. S. , Flores S. G. , Warnke O. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe horn fly Haematobia irritans L. (Diptera: Muscidae) has recently spread to Argentina and Uruguay and is believed to cause damage to cattle hides. Four groups of ten Holstein steers each were maintained for 58 weeks under different infestation levels with H. irritans to determine if it was the cause of this problem. Hides (chrome tanned) from steers maintained under minimum infestation level had 4.7 ± 3.8% of the area damaged. Maintaining the steers under low H. irritans level for the last 44 days of the trial using insecticidal ear‐tags, resulted in 29.5 ± 15.8% of hide area being damaged. Steers that were treated with 5% cypermethrin pour‐on, when the H. irritans population was close to 50 flies, showed that 31.3 ± 16.6% of hide area was injured, and 46.6 ± 12.8% of damaged hide area was found in hides from non‐treated steers. Significant differences were found between mean hide damage from steers maintained continuously under low H. irritans infestation levels and all other groups. Hyperaemia was significantly lower in the skin of steers under low H. irritans infestation level than in the skins of non‐treated steers and steers maintained under low‐level infestations for the final 44 days. Eosinophil and mononuclear cell infiltration was significantly lower when the population of H. irritans was less than six per steer than when the population was more than 100 flies per steer. Low numbers of Stomoxys calcitrans were found in all groups, but most hide damage was presumed due to H. irritans.
Impact of pyrethroid‐impregnated curtains on Phlebotomus papatasi sandflies indoors at Khartoum, Sudan
Authors: Elnaiem D. A. , Aboud M. A. , Mubarek S. G. EL. , Hassan H. K. , Ward R. D. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryLaboratory and field investigations were made in an endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khartoum State, Sudan, to evaluate the effects of permethrin‐impregnated curtains on the human‐biting activity, nocturnal activity and resting behaviour of the vector sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) indoors. Laboratory bioassays showed that curtains impregnated with 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 g/m2 permethrin all gave 100% mortality within 24 h of exposure of P. papatasi for 3 min. Under natural field conditions, the biting activity indoors and the resting density of P. papatasi were significantly reduced (P < 0.001 and P = 0.036, respectively) in rooms provided with permethrin‐impregnated curtains as compared to control rooms left without curtains or fitted with unimpregnated curtains. No significant difference was found between the numbers of nocturnally active P. papatasi collected in rooms provided with impregnated curtains and rooms left without curtains or provided with unimpregnated curtains (P = 0.377). Evidently P. papatasi was not repelled by these doses of permethrin on curtains, but the survival rate of sandflies collected from test rooms provided with permethrin‐impregnated curtains was significantly reduced (P = 0.036). We conclude that use of permethrin‐impregnated curtains may provide a good control method for P. papatasi and other endophilic and/or endophagic sandfly vectors of leishmaniasis.