bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A-Constructions and O-Constructions
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a central chapter in the grammar of Jarawara. It commences with discussion of how different types of pivot operate in languages with accusative syntax (S/A pivot) or ergative syntax (S/O pivot). 16.2 explains how the two transitive construction types, A-construction and O-construction, function within Jarawara discourse. This permits the marking of a pivot linkage between clauses that share a common argument which has any core grammatical relation in either of them, combining the properties of S/A and S/O pivots found in other languages. 16.2.2 briefly outlines why ‘passive‘ and ‘antipassive‘ analyses are inappropriate for Jarawara. 16.3 provides exemplification of the functioning, in discourse context, of the two transitive construction types. In 16.4 the rather complex grammatical structure of an O-construction, in contrast to that of an A-construction, is described in detail. Finally, 16.5 considers corresponding construction types in other Arawa‘ languages and suggests a line of historical development.
Nominalized Clauses
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are referred to as nominalized clauses can refer to the action described in the clause, or to its place, or to its time. This chapter describes the general properties of nominalized clauses and explains how they may function as subject argument of a copula predicate, or make up a complete clause, or function as alienable possessor within an NP, or (less frequently) function as a core argument in a main clause. The next two chapters deal with nominalized clauses in peripheral function- when followed by peripheral marker (ni-)jaa (chapter 20), or by markers kaa(ro/ri), tabijo, and namoni (chapter 21).
Words: origins, structures, meanings
Authors: Goddard Cliff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we look at the vocabulary of East and Southeast Asian languages. First we see how the lexicon reflects the cultural history of speech communities, through its stock of words borrowed over the centuries from other languages. Then we will turn to the internal structure of words, i.e. to the area of study linguists call morphology. In the second part of the chapter we look at words from a different angle—as the bearers of meanings which may be language-specific and culture-specific. We survey some of the distinctive meanings and meaning patterns in East and Southeast Asian languages, then examine some of the cultural key words of Malay, Chinese, and Japanese.
Gardens and Garden Produce in the Later Middle Ages
Authors: Dyer C C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lack of much modern writing about medieval food production in gardens and orchards, or the consumption of vegetables and fruit, is easily explained. First, these matters have been dismissed by historians as marginal and trivial; secondly, full and detailed written evidence can be rather scarce. In fact gardens and their produce, far from being small matters best left to anti- quarians, are essential to any assessment of the quantity and quality of medieval diets. In considering quantity, in a period of food shortages and potential mal- nutrition, we must enquire about the contribution that horticulture made to the total volume of food production. Quality can be measured partly in the sense of nutritional value, given the current understanding that fresh fruit and vegetables are an essential component of a healthy diet. The quality of a diet can also be judged in terms of medieval ideas about balanced eating as defined in the theory of humours, and the pleasure and satisfaction that were derived from consuming garden produce. The contribution that vegetables and fruit made to diet cannot be separated from the cultural importance of gardens, which figure prominently in medieval literature, and for which there is archaeological evidence.
Nutrition and the Skeleton
Authors: Waldron T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is manifestly not the case that we are what we eat, but normal growth and development of the skeleton certainly do depend upon a diet that will ensure that sufficient calories and the correct balance of carbohydrate, protein, and fat are provided. In addition, other essential elements are necessary; in the case of the skeleton, the most important are calcium and phosphorus, which are both components of bone mineral. Finally adequate supplies of vitamins are required, vitamins C and D being the most significant in the case of the skeleton. If any of the components of the diet is deficient, skeletal metabolism may be adversely affected, but it should also be noted that untoward effects may result from the presence of other substances in excess.
Fifth-Century Thebes
Authors: Kurke Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All Greek choral poetry of the archaic and classical periods was composed for a religious context—indeed, choral poetry provided the script for ritual performance and, as such, was intended to act on the world. In the domain of tragedy, no one has articulated this more clearly or played out its implications more fully than Froma Zeitlin. Zeitlin has changed the way we read tragedy by insisting that we attend to its broader social context—in particular, to its religious or ritual dimension as central to the meaning of tragedy and to its eVects on the world.1 I had the great good fortune to study with Froma Zeitlin as a graduate student, and her teaching and methods of reading had an enduring influence on my approach to Greek literature. Here I want to offer her, as a small token of gratitude for that profound impact, an essay that extends her characteristic cluster of issues beyond Athens and tragedy to contemporary choral poetry. For recent discus- sions of Greek mimesis as ‘ritual re-enactment ‘ have recognized many of the elements of drama already present in archaic choral poetry.
Tragedy PersoniWed
Authors: Hall Edith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a volume celebrating a scholar esteemed for illuminating the relationship between ancient Greek tragic drama and the visual imagination, the personification of Tragedy itself is an appropriate issue to raise. Ancient historians described events as if they were episodes in tragic drama; novelists and poets composed ecphraseis of scenes derived from tragic theatre; sculptors and potters carved and painted figures from individual tragedies. But what did Tragedy actually look like? There were never many attempts to personify Tragedy: just as the Muses were in general less important in literature than the self-awareness of individual poets,1 so allegorical Wgures representing genres of poetry and theatre appeared less frequently than images of their composers or performers. From the late fourth century onwards most attempts to visualize Tragedy will probably have owed something to the painting Dionysus with Tragedy and Comedy by the influential artist Aetion (Pliny, NH 35.78). An approximate contemporary of Apelles, Aetion was most famous for his painting of the marriage of Alexander to Roxana (327 bce), a work which legend held had been displayed at the Olympic Games (Lucian, Aetion 4–6). The motif Aetion there devised of winged Erotes playing with Alexander ‘s armour was imitated in Roman wall paintings of Hercules and Mars. And Aetion ‘s conception of 1 Spentzou (2002: 21).
Everything to do with Dionysus? (Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm, inv. MM 1962:7/ABV 374 no. 197)
Authors: Henderson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theatre reposes on crisis through duplicities of presence within representation; it ‘s a cultural affair: ‘here, this is? father?—here, this is vengeance/horror/humanity/another me ‘, and so forth (the authenti-city principle of appellation). Dionysus presides over the ambience and tropology of Athenian Tragedy, so divinity and mas- querade superimpose there insuVerably.1 In their diagrammatic 2-D medium, Attic pot painters had long explored graphic terms for conceiving mimetic baZe, proposing schematic operators of dra- matic oscillation in-between sign and token, their stock-in-trade and staple commission to develop a powerful visual semiotics for Dionysiac mimesis. In devising a striking transcription for the irrup- tion of ‘How you see ‘ in ‘What you see ‘, enterprising artists already, generations ‘before Tragedy ‘, probed the potential of their medium to find designs that would reach beyond the bounds of normalcy
Pre´sence de Froma Zeitlin
Authors: Vidal-Naquet yPierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Au terme de ce long et—je me permets de le dire—magniWque volume, extraordinaire hommage à une personne tout à fait hors norme, il m ‘appartient, en concurrence amicale avec Jean-Pierre Vernant, d ‘e´crire quelques mots de conclusion. Je le ferai en e´voquant, comme le fait Vernant, les circonstances qui ont entraˆıne´ de proche en proche la rencontre avec Froma, rapprochement intellec- tuel, puis, à Paris, à Princeton, et à New York, suivi d ‘une amitie´ quidure encore et dont je ne vois pas pourquoi elle pourrait s ‘interrompre.
Revealer, Offerer of Eternal Life
Authors: Mawson T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As well as believing that God created this world and indeed any parallel universes there might be, theists also believe that God has taken steps to ensure that we who exist in this world are not life: in total ignorance of his existence and will; he has revealed himself to us in the world that he has created. While theists are all agreed that God has the property of being a revealer of truths, especially of truths concerning himself and his will, the proponents of the particular theistic reli¬gions disagree to some extent about what truths these are.
Arguing for and Against the Existence of God
Authors: Mawson T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first five chapters, I’ve discussed the properties of God that all theists are agreed in ascribing to him. I ‘ve drawn attention to certain prima facie conceptual problems associated with these properties. However, my—admittedly brief—analyses of these have led me to conclude that the conceptual problems posed by the divine properties that all theists are agreed on are by no means insuperable and are certainly no greater than those associated with the properties of many other entities that we believe
The Ontological Argument
Authors: Mawson T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
However small an amount of benefit or enjoyment you’re receiving from reading this, I doubt if you ‘II really think you’d be better off if you did not exist. Of course, we can all imagine a situation where someone’s life was so bad that it would be better for them if they ceased to exist—maybe the Spartan boy I told you about in an earlier chapter was in such a situation.
The Argument from Religious Exeperience
Authors: Mawson T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One day, a mountaineer, Nunez, who is climbing with a party of his friends high in the Andes, slips. His friends see him fall, and fall, and fall—down the mountainside and through the clouds, out of sight. They reason that there’s no way he could have survived and there’s no way to recover his body. Reluctantly, they give him up for dead and return home. Nunez, however is not dead. Trees and snow have broken his fall so that he has in actuality pitched up with only minor cuts and bruises at the bottom of the mountain in a deep and wide valley.
The emergence of Nazi ideology
Authors: Evans Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a long time, during the Third Reich and after, critics of German National Socialism tended to dismiss the idea that the Nazis had an ideology. Compared with the great systems of European political thought, from liberalism and conservatism to Marxism, populism, and anarchism, National Socialism seemed to lack even the pretence of logical consistency. It was little more than a hotchpotch of borrowed concepts and rhetorical phrases.
A God-Ridden Artaud
Authors: Morfee Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of the thieving God has become too familiar a part of the late-Artaudian period for its forceful coherence, as well as its oddity, to be readily appreciated. And, though Artaud’s account of a thieving, hostile God has, since Derrida, been recognized as a rich seam of the late Artaudian period, the great wealth of texts that fall outside the remit of this ground-breaking article remain virtually unexplored.
The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a down-to-earth, ‘how to do it ‘ textbook on the making of dictionaries. Written by professional lexicographers with over seventy years ‘ experience between them, the book presents a step-by-step course for the training of lexicographers in all settings, including publishing houses, colleges, and universities world-wide, and for the teaching of lexicography as an academic discipline. It takes readers through the processes of designing, collecting, and annotating a corpus of texts; shows how to analyse the data in order to extract the relevant information; and demonstrates how these findings are drawn together in the semantic, grammatical, and pedagogic components that make up an entry. The authors explain the relevance and application of recent linguistic theories, such as prototype theory and frame semantics, and describe the role of software in the manipulation of data and the compilation of entries. They provide practical exercises at every stage. The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography draws on materials developed by the authors over more than twenty years of teaching courses for publishing houses and universities in the US, Japan, Hong Kong and China, South Africa, Australia, the UK, and Europe. It will be welcomed everywhere by lexicographers, teachers of lexicography, and their students. It is also fascinating reading for all those interested in discovering how dictionaries are made.
Introduction
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography ( OGPL) is a complete introduction to the job of creating a dictionary. It provides a step-by-step guide to all the tasks involved in the planning, resourcing, and compilation of reference materials for human users. The clue is in the title. It is a book about how to write dictionaries. Or, more accurately, about how we write dictionaries – something we have both been doing for the better part of our working lives.
Methods and resources
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 3 we discussed what is nowadays the most likely source of evidence for a team writing a dictionary of current language, the corpus. This chapter describes the role this corpus plays in a dictionary project, and the environment the lexicographers work in. Figure 4.1 gives an outline of the topics we cover.
There are many different ways of using a corpus in dictionary production. Often a publishing house owning a dictionary will want you to start from the text of that dictionary, adapt it to suit the new specifications, and update it according to corpus evidence, editing the wordlist itself as well as the entries. This is always enriching for the book, but can be very frustrating for the editing team, because the budget is often too tight to allow for true corpus analysis, and the resultant ‘corpus-based’ dictionary falls between two stools. More rewarding (if more labour-intensive) is to start afresh and work systematically from corpus to dictionary.
Building the database (1): word senses
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ask an English-speaker what perfect means, and they will probably give you a simple definition like ‘when something is as good as it could possibly be’. But if you ask them what a party is, they are likely to say ‘well, that depends which sense you mean’. Yet the entry for party in OALD-7 has just four numbered senses (and one multiword expression), while perfect has seven. This suggests a disconnect between ‘dictionary senses’ (the numbered meanings into which many headwords are divided in dictionaries) and ‘meanings’ as they are perceived by language-users.
Building the monolingual entry
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we guide you through the process of compiling entries for a monolingual dictionary. Our starting point is a database, which has been populated during the ‘analysis’ stage, following the methodology outlined in Chapters 8 and 9. Each lemma in the database comes with a structured inventory of corpus-derived facts, and it is from these that the final dictionary entries will be distilled. In Chapter 8, we explained the criteria by which lemmas are divided into LUs, and it is these LUs that form the basis for ‘dictionary senses’.
Herta Müller: ‘Das, was Von Innen Kam, Angesichts Des Äusseren’
Authors: Müller Herta , Moníková Libuše , Hensel Kerstin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The structure underlying Herta Muller’s work is the notion of trauma, which unites the representation of the body with language and narrative strategies. In her work, the body remains the predominant and primary concern. Traumatic events evident in Muller’s texts are caused by, and rooted in, physical experience: torture and interrogation, threat of violence, and, ultimately, death. The body also acts as the impetus to writing for Muller, as her poetological essays make clear, describing this impulse in terms which recall the effects of trauma. Representations of the body dominate the early texts as an expression of trauma; only gradually are these corporeal representations linked to external, political strategies. In later texts, as the representation of the repression in Ceausescu’s Romania becomes more direct, trauma is articulated increasingly through aesthetic strategies, through narrative techniques and the use of collage. These strategies derive from specific forms and structures visible in the representation of the body.
‘Have compassion, Jewish hearts’: Music in the Warsaw Ghetto
Authors: Gilbert Shirli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly after the war, three surviving inmates of the Warsaw ghetto related to the collector Shmerke Kaczerginski the song ‘Moes, moes’ (Money, money), which they recalled being popularly sung (see Ex. 1.1). The song provides a glimpse into the complicated social landscape that the move into the ghetto engendered: Moes, moes, moes iz di ershte zakh. Hostu nit keyn moes, iz tsu dir a klog, Gib avek di bone un zog a gutn tog. Moes, moes, moes iz di beste zakh. Moes, moes, moes iz di beste zakh, Di yidishe geminenemt fun undz danine Un git dokh undz tsu esn broyt mit sakharine.— Moes, moes, moes iz di beste zakh.
Fragments of Humanity: Music in Auschwitz
Authors: Gilbert Shirli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fragments of Humanity: Music in Auschwitz The Auschwitz Landscape Auschwitz has undoubtedly become the most prominent and evocative symbol of the Nazi genocide. During its four and a half years of operation, between June 1940 and January 1945, approximately 1.1 million people died within its bounds, the majority of them Jewish. Auschwitz was not a single camp, but a vast complex—the largest in the Nazi camp system. It consisted of two principal centres and approximately Witty satellite camps, spread out (sometimes tens of kilo meters apart) over the resource-rich south-western Katowice district of present-day Poland. Auschwitz I, which was to become the nucleus of the complex, was established in the spring of 1940 on the site of disused army barracks near the town of Oswiecim.
Causation, Counterfactuals, and Entropy
Authors: Frisch Mathias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bertrand Russell famously argued that the notion of cause has no place in modem fundamental physics, where it has been replaced by the concept of functional dependency (Russell 1918). Fundamental dynamical laws specify how one thing follows after another, but since these laws are time-symmetric, they do not support an asymmetric distinction between cause and effect of the kind that appears to be part of our common sense notion of cause. In a recent paper (Field 2004), Hartry Field has endorsed Russell’s conclusion but has pointed to a problem resu1ting from Russell’s thesis.
‘Of Cako ‘, or the Medical Uses of Antimony
Authors: Kassell Lauren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An alchemist needed time, money, and space, and Forman was not born with any of these. In the mid-158os he filled two notebooks with copies of alchemical texts and began two others. During this period he lived in Salisbury, spent a few years without a fixed address, then settled in London in the early 1590s. He had distilled strong waters since at least 1587 but it was not until 1594 that he began to ‘practise the philosophers stone ‘. Thereafter he associated the production of alchemical remedies and the pursuit of the philosophers ‘ stone. At Lent 1595 he ‘began ye philosophers ston & before mad my fumes and all for yt, as in my other bock yt aperes.
The mind and language
Authors: Burling Robbins 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The linguist, Kenneth Pike, used to enthrall an audience with a performance that he called the “monolingual demonstration.” With as many as several hundred people in attendance, Pike would meet, for the First time, a speaker of a language that he had never heard before. Without using a single word of English, or any other language that both he and the speaker knew, Pike would spend an hour or two learning as much as he could about this unfamiliar language. He could keep the members of his audience on the edge of their chairs as he moved from single words to short phrases and then to sentences of increasing complexity. It was a startling demonstration of just how accessible a previously unknown language can be.
Syntax: wired and learned
Authors: Burling Robbins 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since 1957 when Noam Chomsky shook linguistics with his First book, Syntactic Structures, syntax has occupied a central spot in the thinking of a large number of linguists. Linguistic syntax has a kind of magnificent intricacy that appeals to some kinds of minds, and it has come to be seen as so unbelievably complex as to defy full understanding. All the attention lavished on its interrelated complexities has led some linguists to conclude that its parts are so interdependent on one another that none could exist without all the others, and this has encouraged the idea that full syntactic language could only have arisen all at once, as some kind of linguistic big bang, even as a single mutation.
The Base-language Effect in Speech Perception∗
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the earliest questions asked about language processing in bilinguals was whether switching from one language to another takes time. For example, Kolers (1966) asked French-English bilinguals to read passages of varying linguistic makeup. Some passages were monolingual in English or French, others alternated languages from sentence to sentence, and others had mixed sentences. Here the mixture of English and French was haphazard, with half the passages favoring the English word order and the other half the French order. When asked to read these passages silently, and to answer questions testing their comprehension, participants performed equally well on all three types of texts, showing that mixed passages were understood as well as monolingual passages. But when participants were asked to read the texts aloud, the type of passage had a strong efiect. Kolers computed that when participants switched languages in oral reading, each switch took them between 0.3 and 0.5 seconds. A few years later, Macnamara and Kushnir (1971) studied only the perception aspect of the phenomenon since both production and perception were involved in the Kolers reading aloud experiment. First, they asked bilingual participants to read Kolers’ passages silently and measured the time it took (recall that Kolers had tested comprehension in this condition).