bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MODIFICATION OF HOST RESPONSES TO BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS
Authors: Watson Dennis W. , Kim Yoon Berm 
Published: June 2004

Evidence is presented suggesting that the apparent non-specificity of pyrogenic tolerance observed with Gram-negative bacterial endotoxins is due to related antigenic determinants associated with the macromolecular toxins. This is based on results obtained in rabbits from pyrogenic cross-tolerance tests with selected endotoxins. In these tests, purified endotoxins from Escherichia coli (COO8) and Chromobacterium violaceum (CV) gave results one might expect with non-reciprocal cross-reacting antigens in classical immune systems. Additional evidence for an immune mechanism in tolerance is suggested by the highly significant anamnestic response observed.
Lipid A, a toxic derivative of the purified COO8 endotoxin, failed to induce pyrogenic tolerance against the parent toxin. These results are explained by assuming that endotoxins have two interdependent activities associated with different portions of the macromolecule; one is assumed to be responsible for the primary toxicity, and the other is involved in secondary toxicity. The latter is dependent on the hypersensitive state of the host. Additional evidence for the role of hypersensitivity in secondary toxicity is based on the observation that adult rabbits are highly sensitive to the pyrogenic, lethal, and skin-reacting activities of endotoxin in contrast to young animals which are more resistant to all of these attributes of toxicity.
In adults, the host responses to pyrogenicity, lethality, and skin reactivity could be partially inhibited by the early exposure of the animals to massive doses of endotoxin equivalent to a LD50. The pyrogenic tolerance shown in these animals was specific indicating that the inhibition of the hypersusceptibility to endotoxin involved an immunological mechanism.
A mechanism of endotoxin tolerance is proposed and discussed based on the induction of specific antibodies capable of assisting the RES in the clearance and destruction of endotoxin.
It is suggested that the present inconsistencies relative to the chemical nature and biological activities of endotoxins might be explained on the basis of these two activities and the failure to recognize the importance of the immunological state of the host in which the toxins are tested.
STUDIES ON THE LOCALIZATION OF CIRCULATING ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES AND OTHER MACROMOLECULES IN VESSELS
Authors: Cochrane Charles G. 
Published: June 2004

A short term model in which circulating antigen-antibody complexes and host complement localized in vessel walls of guinea pigs was analyzed. Localization was accomplished by subjecting the animals to anaphylactic shock.
The circulating macromolecules, such as antigen-antibody complexes, appeared to localize by being trapped in the vessel wall along the basement membrane that acted as a filter during a state of increased permeability of the vessel.
It was suggested that this point of localization between the endothelial cell and the basement membrane may well represent the earliest focus of inflammation in diseases caused by the deposition of injurious macromolecules such as soluble antigen-antibody complexes from the blood stream.
Complexes localized in the vessel walls did not provoke Arthus-type vasculonecrotic reactions even though in both these vessels and in cutaneous Arthus reactions antibody, antigen, and host complement (C'3c) were deposited in the vessel walls. The possibility was presented that since circulating macromolecules and probably complexes deposited in (a) relatively small amounts, and (b) in a position beneath endothelial cells, they were not strongly chemotactic toward circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Vasculonecrotic reactions, therefore, were not observed. It was brought out that this may be similar to the situation in glomerulonephritis induced by localized immune complexes, in which severe necrosis is not observed.
In the Arthus vascular reaction, host complement was found microscopically accumulated with the immune reactants in affected vessel walls.
CONVULSIVE SYNDROME IN RABBITS INJECTED WITH FAT EMULSION AND HEPARIN
Authors: Van den Bosch Jozef , Billiau Alfons 
Published: June 2004

Functionally hepatectomized rabbits showed convulsions and coma within 2 hours after the intravenous injection of fat emulsion and heparin.
Intravenous injection of the detergent triton prevented this syndrome, if given before the fat emulsion and heparin, and reversed it if given subsequently.
Extremely high plasma non-esterified fatty acid levels were noted in rabbits showing the convulsive syndrome, but not in animals that received the detergent.
The mechanism of the convulsions probably includes the toxicity of high amounts of non-esterified fatty acids.
ISOLATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE TWO PRINCIPAL INHERITED GROUP-SPECIFIC COMPONENTS OF HUMAN SERUM
Authors: Cleve Hartwig , Prunier John H. , Bearn Alexander G. 
Published: June 2004

The group-specific component (Gc), an α2-globulin of human plasma with inherited variations in relative electrophoretic mobility, has been isolated from plasma and partially characterized.
The isolation procedure combines ammonium sulfate fractionation, anion exchange chromatography, preparative zone electrophoresis, and gel filtration. The method is suitable for the isolation and purification of the group-specific components. The Gc proteins representing the gene products of the two common homozygous Gc-types) Gc 1-1 and Gc 2-2, have been prepared. Gc belongs to the group of α2-globulins of relatively low molecular weight (4.1S, molecular weight 50,800) and relatively low carbohydrate content (3.3 per cent). The total amino acid composition of the two homozygous group-specific components is very similar; treatment with reducing agents and alkylation provides no evidence for the presence of more than a single polypeptide chain in the Gc molecule.
COMPONENTS OF GUINEA PIG COMPLEMENT
Authors: Nishioka Kusuya , Linscott William D. 
Published: June 2004

Employing sheep erythrocytes sensitized by antibody and the first and fourth components of complement (EAC'1,4), in such a manner as to prevent the development of immune adherence (I-A) reactivity during preparation, four separate substances required for the conversion of EAC'1,4,2 to the final damaged state (E*) were identified in whole guinea pig serum by cellulose chromatography, and tentatively termed C'3c, C'3b, C'3a, and C'3d.
I-A reactivity was induced in EAC'1,4,2 after interaction with only one of these four substances, C'3c. A detailed comparison of the effects of heat, hydrazine, low pH, freezing, absorption by immune complexes, and elution from cellulose columns indicated that this same substance which was capable of imparting I-A reactivity to EAC'1,4,2 was also essential for immune hemolysis. Other experiments showed that I-A-reactive cells prepared either by treating EA with different concentrations of whole C' at 0°C, or by treating EAC'1,4,2 with C'3c, underwent lysis by C'2 + C'3b + a + d in proportion to the amount of whole C' or of C'3c used to make the cells reactive in I-A. These data provide strong evidence that a single factor, C'3c, is required both for the conversion of EAC'1,4,2 to an I-A-reactive complex (EAC'1,4,2,3c) and for the lysis of EAC'1,4,2 by C'3b + a + d.
C'3c is the only one of the components studied which can induce I-A reactivity, and is the first to react with EAC'1,4,2. Formation of EAC'1,4,2,3c proceeds even at 0°C, but is much more rapid at elevated temperatures, showing a maximum in from 5 to 15 minutes at 37° or 30°C respectively. Prolonged incubation at these temperatures results in a decline in hemolytic reactivity without a noticeable effect on I-A. This loss was resolved into three phenomena: (a) a rapid loss of ability of SAC'1,4,2,3c to react with C'3b, presumably as a result of decay of the C'2 moiety in the complex, which is readily reversed by addition of fresh C'2; (b) a slow, irreversible spontaneous inactivation of SAC'1,4,2,3c; (c) a moderately rapid, irreversible inactivation of SAC'1,4,2,3c by some factor present in C'3c preparations.
COMPONENTS OF GUINEA PIG COMPLEMENT
Authors: Linscott William D. , Nishioka Kusuya 
Published: June 2004

The elution characteristics from DEAE cellulose are presented for four components of guinea pig serum, which are capable of interacting sequentially with sheep erythrocytes sensitized with antibody and the first, fourth, and second components of complement (EAC'1,4,2) to cause immune hemolysis, and information is given regarding some of the properties of these components, termed C'3c, C'3b, C'3a, and C'3d. All can react in the presence of ethylene-diaminetetraacetate, and are non-dialyzable. C'3c is quite stable at 56°C, but is rapidly inactivated at low pH or by contact with hydrazine or ammonium hydroxide. C'3b is moderately heat-stable, quite susceptible to low pH, and less readily destroyed by hydrazine. C'3a is very heat-labile, but relatively stable at low pH, while C'3d is heat-labile, sensitive to low pH, and insensitive to bydrazine.
EAC'1,4,2 reacts with C'3c to form EAC'1,4,2,3c, which reacts then with C'3b to give the intermediate, EAC'1,4,2,3cb. The following reaction with C'3a yields EAC'1,4,2,3cba, which reacts finally with C'3d to give EAC'1,4, 2,3cbad (E*). The first and last reactions proceed moderately well at 0°C, but more rapidly at 30–37°C. The reaction with C'3b is almost completely inhibited at 0°C, while that involving C'3a proceeds almost as rapidly at 0°C as at higher temperatures. EAC'1,4,2,3cba cells have an increased fragility as compared with the other intermediate forms.
Depletion studies with purified fractions and appropriate intermediate complexes showed a high degree of depletion of C'3c, somewhat less of C'3b, and little or no depletion of C'3a from the fluid phase.
Examination of a beta1C globulin prepared from fresh human serum revealed high C'3c and C'3b activity, and very little C'3a or C'3d.
FACTORS CONTROLLING SERUM γ-GLOBULIN CONCENTRATION
Authors: Fahey John L. , Robinson Alan G. 
Published: June 2004

Both synthetic and catabolic processes determine the serum γ-globulin level. The rate of γ-globulin synthesis appears to be the primary factor determining the amount of serum γ-globulin. Increase of γ-globulin synthesis (as may occur following immunization or development of plasma cell tumor) elevates the serum γ-globulin level. This, in turn, accelerates the fractional rate of γ-globulin catabolism. The change in catabolic rate reduces the dimensions of the serum change from that which would occur if synthesis alone determined the serum γ-globulin level. The present studies indicate the existence of a homeostatic mechanism controlling the rate of γ-globulin catabolism.
The mechanisms of γ-globulin catabolism are specific and selective. Marked serum increase of other immunoglobulin components (ß2A-globulins and γ1-macroglobulins) do not accelerate γ-globulin catabolism. Similarly, serum albumin increases do not influence γ-globulin catabolism.
The site determining γ-globulin catabolism is restricted to a part of the γ-globulin molecule; i.e., on the F piece obtained by papain digestion and, by inference, on the H chains obtained by reduction and alkylation of γ-globulin molecules.
IMMUNOLOGICAL UNRESPONSIVENESS TO SENSITIZATION WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
Authors: Battisto Jack R. , Chase Merrill W. 
Published: June 2004

Guinea pigs fed picryl chloride to induce specific immunologic unresponsiveness cleared small amounts of venously infused antipicryl antibody at a rate equal to that of normal guinea pigs.
Catabolism of passively administered picryl-specific antibody did not alter the unresponsive state of picryl chloride-fed guinea pigs or the responsive state of normal guinea pigs.
Lymphoid cells of picryl chloride immunized guinea pigs produced equal amounts of picryl-specific antibody in picryl chloride-fed and normal animals.
Allergen-fed guinea pigs remained unresponsive to attempted sensitization with the allergen in excess of 10 months after the final feeding, though some became feebly sensitive between 9 and 11 months. Second attempts to make unresponsive animals hypersensitive were unsuccessful.
White blood cells of guinea pigs unresponsive to picryl chloride were unable to transfer delayed-type hypersensitivity for picryl chloride to normal recipients yet readily transferred tuberculin hypersensitivity.
THE APPEARANCE OF A HEPATOTROPHIC VIRUS IN MICE THYMECTOMIZED AT BIRTH
Authors: East June , Parrott Delphine M. V. , Chesterman Frederick C. , Pomerance Ariela 
Published: June 2004

Inbred (C57BL; C3H/Bi), hybrid (C57BL x C3H/Bi), and outbred (TO) mice thymectomized within 24 hours of birth develop wasting symptoms and die prematurely and a proportion of these animals have pathological changes in the liver. The incidence of the liver lesions varies according to the strain of mice used and the lesions tend to occur in animals dying comparatively late.
These lesions were shown, by passage of tissue suspensions and of cell-free liver extracts, to be due to a hepatotrophic virus probably mouse hepatitis virus-1 (MHV-1). The part played by the hepatotrophic virus in the premature death of thymectomized mice is discussed but, although neonatal thymectomy apparently alters a normally stable host-virus relationship, it is not thought that the virus is primarily responsible for the death of its host. The role of this virus in the production of the physical wasting is also considered to be problematic.
BRIDGE FORMATION AND CYTOPLASMIC FLOW BETWEEN PHAGOCYTIC CELLS
Authors: Aronson Moshe 
Published: June 2004

A simple chamber was constructed for observation of cells at 37°C and under high magnification. Rabbit peritoneal histiocytes observed in this chamber manifested a constant interaction, which lasted as long as the preparation itself. This interaction consisted of formation of cytoplasmic bridges and flow of cytoplasm between the cells.
Lung macrophages formed bridges both between themselves, and with peritoneal histiocytes. On the other hand, no bridges were noticed between histiocytes and polymorphonuclears or fibroblasts. BCG bacteria were observed passing from one histiocyte to another.
Autoradiographic studies suggest that RNA may be transferred from one cell to another. The possible significance of these observations is discussed.
THE PARTICULATE HYDROLASES OF MACROPHAGES
Authors: Cohn Zanvil A. , Wiener Edith 
Published: June 2004

The contents of selected hydrolytic enzymes of oil-induced peritoneal, normal alveolar, and BCG-induced alveolar macrophages have been studied. On a per cell or nitrogen basis the normal alveolar cells contained considerably more acid phosphatase, cathepsin, acid ribonuclease, lysozyme, and lipase than peritoneal cells. The BCG-induced alveolar macrophage exhibited increased levels of acid phosphatase, lysozyme, and lipase as compared to alveolar macrophages from unstimulated rabbits. The morphological differences between these cells was discussed and electron micrographs of the BCG-induced macrophage presented.
Fractionation of the BCG-induced macrophage by differential centrifugation showed that 60 to 80 per cent of the total cell content of acid phosphatase, cathepsin, beta glucuronidase, acid ribonuclease, acid deoxyribonuclease, aryl sulfatase, lysozyme, and lipase were localized in a postnuclear fraction which sedimented at 15,000 g. This fraction also contained the majority of the mitochondria as evidenced by its content of cytochrome oxidase. Non-specific esterase was not localized to this fraction.
A separation of the hydrolase-containing particles and mitochondria was achieved by isopycnic sucrose gradient centrifugation. Under the conditions employed, the mitochondria distributed at densities of 1.19 to 1.20, whereas the hydrolase particles sedimented to a density of 1.26 to 1.27. Each of the hydrolases including acid phosphatase, beta glucuronidase, cathepsin, lysozyme, and acid ribonuclease exhibited maximum activities in the same gradient fraction.
The isolated granules exhibited enzymatic latency, and activation could be achieved by cycles of freezing and thawing or surface active agents. The majority of each of the hydrolytic enzymes could be liberated in a non-particulate form by mechanical trauma.
Macrophages which had been stained supravitally with neutral red were fractionated by differential and gradient centrifugation. More than 70 per cent of the dye could be recovered in the particulate hydrolase fraction. The isolated, stained granules resembled those seen in the intact cell.
THE FORMATION AND PROPERTIES OF POLIOVIRUS-NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY
Authors: Svehag Sven-Eric , Mandel Benjamin 
Published: June 2004

Rapid formation of poliovirus-neutralizing antibody was observed in the rabbit. 19S type antibody was detectable 8 to 12 hours following a single intravenous virus injection and the induction period was of the order of 4 to 5 hours or less. The production of 7S antibody had a longer lag phase (1½ to 2 days) and it was formed at slower rate. The observed rate of early 19S and 7S antibody formation as well as the peak titers of the two antibodies were antigen dose dependent. Normal rabbit sera showed low neutralizing activity to several viral antigens in a sensitive assay system.
Following intravenous inoculation of poliovirus either transitory (⩽ 1 month) or enduring (¾ to 1½ year) antibody formation resulted depending upon the dose of antigen employed. In transitory responses, which could be induced by a single small antigen dose, only 19S antibody was demonstrable and there was an abrupt cessation of antibody synthesis on day 4 or 5. In enduring responses, both 19S and 7S antibody were formed and the minimum antigen dose required for initiation of such a response was equal to the dose needed for induction of 7S antibody formation. Thus, enduring antibody formation was an all-or-none phenomenon depending upon whether or not 7S antibody formation was induced.
The antigen dose requirement for induction of 7S antibody was much higher (by 50-fold or more) than that for 19S antibody. This allowed a determination of antigen dose regions, within which predictably transitory (19S) or enduring (19S + 7S) antibody formation was obtained. These pronounced differences in antigen dose requirement for induction and kinetics of formation of 19S and 7S antibody suggest that the same cells do not participate in the formation of the two antibodies.
STUDIES RELATING TO THE SERUM RESISTANCE OF CERTAIN GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
Authors: Osawa Etsuko , Muschel Louis H. 
Published: June 2004

Paracolobactrum ballerup, an organism considered completely insusceptible to the bactericidal action of the antibody-complement system, became extremely sensitive to immune serum and even to normal serum, in conjunction with complement, when cultivated at temperatures above 37°C. This conversion to serum sensitivity was associated with the loss of the organism's Vi antigen and its tendency to assume a rough state. It did not result in a genetic change in the organism, however, since reincubation of serum-sensitive P. ballerup at 37°C resulted in a restoration of its resistance. The loss of serum resistance as a result of cultivation temperatures above 37°C may be of significance as an example of the enhancement of host defense mechanisms induced by fever.
Special conditions of testing indicated that P. ballerup cultured at 37°C and S. paratyphosa C, organisms considered insusceptible to serum bactericidal action, were not entirely refractory to serum. These conditions included simply a relatively low ratio of the number of test organisms to serum volume and an extended incubation period of the organisms with serum bactericidal substances, or even without these substances, prior to the initiation of bactericidal action. It is likely, therefore, that an absolute distinction between serum-sensitive and serum-resistant Gram-negative organisms does not exist, but rather that there is a very broad distribution of serum sensitivity among these organisms.
POSSIBLE ROLE OF INTERFERON IN DETERMINING THE ONCOGENIC EFFECT OF POLYOMA VIRUS VARIANTS
Authors: Friedman Robert M. , Rabson Alan S. 
Published: June 2004

1. Infection of newborn C3Hf/Bi mice with both the highly oncogenic S variant and the poorly oncogenic M variant of polyoma virus caused significantly fewer tumors than infection with the S variant alone
2. Infection of newborn C3Hf/Bi mice at birth with either M or S variant caused resistance to infection with a heterologous agent, encephalomyocarditis virus, but the M variant caused a somewhat greater degree of resistance.
3. Extracts of tissues of animals infected at birth with the M variant had measurable levels of interferon, reaching a peak on the 5th day after infection with the virus. Extracts of animals infected with the S variant showed no such activity.
4. The growth curves of the two variants in newborn C3Hf/Bi mice showed that the S variant grew to a 1000-fold greater titer than did the M variant at 5 days after infection. Samples tested at 10 days showed a 10-fold difference.
5. These findings suggested that the difference between the variants in oncogenic potential might have been due to the greater interferon production induced by infection with the M variant than by infection with the S variant.
THE FORMATION AND PROPERTIES OF POLIOVIRUS-NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY
Authors: Svehag Sven-Eric 
Published: June 2004

Rabbits injected intravenously with a single high dose of poliovirus (type 1) produced two major 19S and two 75 type neutralizing antibody populations, with different electrophoretic mobilities.
The first 2 to 2½ days after immunization the antibody was of the 19S type and migrated as a single component in the ß-region. In contrast, the major 19S antibody synthesized from day 3 on was a γ1-globulin. 7S type antibody, appearing on day 4, was contained only in the γ1-region, while 10 to 14 days following immunization the 7S antibody was associated with both γ1- and γ2-globulins. The electrophoretic distribution of antibody in 2-week sera revealed the presence of at least four antibody populations (19S ß, 19S γ1, 7S γ1, and 7S γ2).
Serum samples collected 1 or 2 weeks following antigenic stimulation often contained small amounts of antibody which sedimented at a rate (11S to 15S) intermediate to that of 7S and 19S antibodies.
The neutralizing activity of the 19S type antibodies and the intermediately sedimenting antibody was destroyed by incubation with 0.1 M (5 days) or 0.2 M (1 day) 2-mercaptoethanol at 3°C. The 7S antibody activity was un-affected by treatment with from 0.1 to 0.8 M mercaptan.
COLLAGEN METABOLISM IN THE NORMAL AND LATHYRITIC CHICK
Authors: Tanzer Marvin L. , Gross Jerome 
Published: June 2004

1. Radioisotope incorporation studies of normal and lathyritic chick embryo bone collagen do not demonstrate any interference by lathyrism with collagen synthesis or fibril formation.
2. The results indicate that a portion of the extractable collagen from lathyritic chick embryo bone represents newly synthesized protein. Evidence from a double labeling experiment and from analysis of isotope flow between the extractable and non-extractable pools suggests the extractable lathyritic collagen is heterogeneous. We propose that the lathyritic process affects collagen in all states of aggregation, probably in varying degree.
3. Puromycin, administered intravenously, reduces the amount of extractable collagen in both normal and lathyritic chick embryo bone, and diminishes the incorporation of labeled proline into collagen.
4. Marked fluctuations in incorporation of labeled amino acids into chick embryo bone collagen suggests the occurrence of wide fluctuations in metabolism of this protein.