bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ACTION OF ETHYLHYDROCUPREIN (OPTOCHIN) ON TYPE STRAINS OF PNEUMOCOCCI IN VITRO AND IN VIVO, AND ON SOME OTHER MICROORGANISMS IN VITRO
Authors: Moore Henry F. 
Published: June 2004

1. Ethylhydrocuprein hydrochloride in very high dilution inhibits the growth of, and in 18 hours kills, representatives of all four groups of pneumococci in vitro. The killing effect is generally seen in somewhat lower dilutions than the inhibiting effect. No constant or considerable difference is seen in these actions on representatives of the four groups of the pneumococci. The action of ethylhydrocuprein hydrochloride on the pneumococci in vitro is so strongly specific that it may possibly be used as a test for a true pneumococcus.
2. The inhibitory or killing effects of ethylhydrocuprein hydrochloride in vitro on bacteria other than pneumococci are slight or absent. The effects are greater on streptococci than on any other organisms examined, but are still much less than on the pneumococci. This action distinguishes between the streptococcus group, including Streptococcus mucosus sometimes found in normal mouths, on the one hand, and the true pneumococcus (including Pneumococcus mucosus), on the other.
3. Quinine hydrochloride inhibits the growth of, and kills the pneumococcus in vitro; much stronger concentrations, however, are necessary than in the case of ethylhydrocuprein. This effect of quinine hydrochloride is also seen on other organisms, but in a less degree.
4. Ethylhydrocuprein (optochin base) has a well marked protective action against experimental pneumococcal infection in mice in the case of type strains of all four groups of pneumococci; this protective action may be efficient against many multiples of the minimum lethal dose.
CHANGES IN THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAMS ACCOMPANYING EXPERIMENTAL CHANGES IN RABBITS' HEARTS
Authors: Fraser Francis R. 
Published: June 2004

1. In rabbits transient and also permanent enlargements of the heart occur as the result of the intravenous injection of adrenalin, spartein and adrenalin, diphtheria toxin, and streptococci.
2. Transient and permanent enlargements of the heart to the left are associated with decrease in the size of the upwardly directed waves of the Q, R, S group in Lead II of the electrocardiograms and increase in the downwardly directed. Transient enlargement to the right is associated with changes in the opposite direction.
3. The stages in the process of enlargement have been observed and are associated with gradual changes in the size of these waves.
4. A diminution in the size of all the waves of the Q, R, S group was observed in degenerative conditions of the heart muscle.
5. Extreme degeneration of the structures of the heart was associated with slowing of the heart's action, lengthening of conduction time (P-Q), and lengthening of the time occupied by the individual waves of the electrocardiogram.
6. Ectopic ventricular contractions were seen in rabbits injected intravenously with suspensions of living streptococci.
THE FATE OF TYPHOID BACILLI WHEN INJECTED INTRAVENOUSLY INTO NORMAL RABBITS
Authors: Bull Carroll G. 
Published: June 2004

Typhoid bacilli are agglutinated promptly in the circulating blood of normal rabbits and quickly removed from the blood stream.
The clumped bacilli accumulate in the organs and are taken up by assembled polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the liver, spleen, and possibly other organs.
The phagocyted clumps of bacilli are digested and destroyed by the phagocytes.
Hence, destruction of typhoid bacilli intra vitam is brought about by an entirely different process than is the destruction by serum and whole blood in vitro. While the latter is caused by bacteriolysis, the former results from agglutination and intraphagocytic digestion.
Lysis by fresh blood serum is not appreciably affected by spleen or kidney pulp, but it is inhibited by liver pulp. The action of the liver is referable to its biliary constituents, which exert anticomplementary action.
Probably in certain examples of typhoid fever in man the typhoid bacilli in the circulating blood being inagglutinable cannot be removed by the organs and hence are not phagocyted and destroyed.
The observed disparity between the ready destruction of typhoid bacilli by serum and shed blood and the resistance sometimes offered by the bacilli in the infected body is explained by the essential differences in the destructive processes in operation within and without the body.
CHEMOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES WITH COMPOUNDS OF ARSENIC
Authors: Pearce Louise , Brown Wade H. 
Published: June 2004

1. All arsenical compounds do not produce the same type of renal injury.
2. In general, there are two broad groups of kidneys produced, the red and the pale, with a variety of subdivisions of each group depending upon modifications in the chemical constitution of the compound, dosage, and length of survival of the animal.
A FURTHER STUDY OF THE BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF ETHYLHYDROCUPREIN ON PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Moore Henry F. 
Published: June 2004

1. The serum of rabbits which have been previously treated with a single dose of ethylhydrocuprein (optochin) exerts a bactericidal action on, and, later, inhibits the growth of pneumococci in the test-tube.
2. These actions are most evident in the serum of rabbits when the base (optochin base) is given in oil subcutaneously; somewhat less when the hydrochloride of the drug is given in water subcutaneously; slight when the base is given in oil intramuscularly; and least evident, or absent, when the hydrochloride in water is introduced directly into the stomach. To get these effects by the intravenous route, toxic doses must be given, and, even with toxic non-fatal doses, the effects do not last long.
3. In the case of the base given in oil subcutaneously to rabbits in a dosage of 0.1 gram per kilo of body weight, the bactericidal action of the serum is at its maximum about one hour after administration, and it passes into an inhibitory effect about four hours after the drug has been given.
4. In man the same inhibitory and bactericidal actions of the serum are present when a single dose of 0.5 gram of the hydrochloride of the drug is given by the mouth or subcutaneously, but the bactericidal action is not so marked as in rabbits.
5. When the optochin concentration in the serum has, apparently,. diminished to a certain point in relation to the number of pneumococci present, the pneumococci which have survived the bactericidal action for a few hours acquire the power of growing freely.
THE EFFECT OF PROTEIN SPLIT PRODUCTS ON THE SERUM FERMENTS AND ANTIFERMENT
Authors: Jobling James W. , Petersen William , Eggstein A. A. 
Published: June 2004

1. In dogs the toxic effect of primary proteoses is usually associated with the following serum changes: (a) an increase in serum antiferment, with a following fall in titer; (b) some increase in serum protease; (c) an increase in serum lipase; (d) a decrease in serum proteoses and amino nitrogen.
2. Secondary proteoses produce (a) less marked changes in the antiferment titer; (b) a marked increase in serum protease; (c) an increase in serum proteoses; (d) only a slight change in serum lipase; (e) a primary decrease in amino nitrogen.
3. The peptone which we have used (prepared from dog muscle) caused (a) a change in antiferment titer similar to that produced by the primary proteoses; (b) a marked increase in serum protease; (c) only a slight increase in serum lipase; (d) a primary decrease in proteoses, followed by an increase later; (e) an increase in amino-acids.
4. A very small dose of peptone resulted in a decrease in antiferment titer, together with a primary decrease in serum protease.
5. The peptone preparation was non-toxic when introduced into the stomach or rectum, while the intestinal injection was followed by an immediate intoxication.
THE EFFECT OF KILLED BACTERIA ON THE SERUM FERMENTS AND ANTIFERMENT
Authors: Jobling James W. , Petersen William , Eggstein A. A. 
Published: June 2004

1. The intravenous injection of killed organisms is followed by the mobilization of a non-specific protease and lipase; the rapidity and extent of this reaction depend upon the toxicity of the organism and on the resistance of the organism to proteolysis.
2. The temperature and leucocytic curve bear no relation to the ferment changes.
3. The serum antiferment is usually increased after the injection.
4. Of the organisms studied, the typhoid bacilli produced the most marked ferment changes, and the tubercle bacilli the least.
5. The toxicity of the dried organisms cannot depend wholly upon proteolysis in vivo, but must depend in part on the preformed toxic substances liberated on lysis.
6. Serum protease should not be considered as the sole exciter of intoxication through the production of protein split products; it seems possible that its function may in part be one of detoxication.
THE ACCELERATION OF ESTERASE ACTION
Authors: Jobling James W. , Eggstein A. A. , Petersen William 
Published: June 2004

1. Potassium citrate, potassium oxalate, and calcium lactate accelerate the action of tissue and serum esterases.
2. Intravenous and intraperitoneal injections of large amounts of sodium citrate do not cause a definite increase in the activity of the serum esterase.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF BLOOD GLYCOLYSIS. THE EFFECTS OF THYROID AND ADRENAL EXTRACTS AND PHLORHIZIN ON GLYCOLYSIS IN VITRO
Authors: Mackenzie George M. 
Published: June 2004

1. Blood glycolysis in vitro during a period of three hours' incubation proceeds at practically the same rate under sterile conditions and when no effort is made to prevent contamination.
2. Fresh thyroid extract, adrenalin, and phlorhizin do not contain any substances which have a constant effect upon the rate of blood glycolysis outside of the body. No evidence of the presence of an antiferment was found.
OBSERVATIONS ON ANTITYPHOID VACCINATION
Authors: Nichols Henry J. 
Published: June 2004

1. Metchnikoff and Besredka's living sensitized vaccine produces a typhoid cholecystitis when injected directly into the gall bladder of rabbits. It is therefore infectious.
2. Rabbits cannot be successfully immunized with this vaccine against direct gall bladder infections. Accordingly, rabbits cannot be used to test immunity in this way.
3. The strain used in the Army vaccine is pathogenic, relatively avirulent, and distinctly toxic. Its efficacy is believed to depend on its toxicity.
4. Vaccinations in those who have had typhoid and revaccinations produce more severe local reactions than original vaccinations in some instances.
5. The typhoidin skin test is not believed to be an index of true immunity, but rather an indication of typhoid proteid sensitization, which is not so complete, so permanent, or so specific as true immunity.
A FURTHER STUDY ON THE BIOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION OF PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Avery Oswald T. 
Published: June 2004

1. At least three subgroups of Pneumococcus Type II may be recognized by specific immune reactions. They have been called Subgroups II A, II B, and II X.
2. That the organisms of these three subgroups are biologically related to Pneumococcus Type II is shown by the following facts:
(a) Agglutination with Antipneumococcus Serum II. (b) Protection with Antipneumococcus Serum II, except Subgroup II X. (c) Absorption of Antipneumococcus Serum II with typical Type II pneumococcus removes the antibodies for all subgroups, (d) Absorption of Antipneumococcus Serum II with a member of Subgroups II A or II B removes only the antibodies for the homologous subgroup. Absorption of Antipneumococcus Serum II with any given member of Subgroup II X removes the antibodies for that particular strain only.
3. That the three subgroups, although biologically related to Pneumococcus Type II, possess, nevertheless, specific differential characterswhich separate them one from another, is evidenced by thefollowing facts: (a) The organisms of any subgroup are not agglutinated bythe antisera of the other two subgroups. (b) They are not protected against by the sera of the other subgroups. (c) They do not absorb from Antipneumococcus Serum II the specific immune bodies of the other subgroups.
4. Subgroups II A and II B are characterized by immunity reactions identical within the respective group.
5. Subgroup II X consists of heterogeneous strains which do not cross in their immunity reaction with each other or with Subgroups II A or II B.
THE RELATION OF THE SPLEEN TO BLOOD DESTRUCTION AND REGENERATION AND TO HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE
Authors: Krumbhaar Edward B. , Musser John H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Dogs whose splenic veins or portal vein (Eck fistula) have been transplanted into the inferior vena cava, or whose splenic veins have been ligated, show a lessened tendency to jaundice similar to that exhibited by splenectomized animals.
2. Although the previously existing anemia and the concomitant increased resistance of the red cells of these animals are undoubtedly factors in the greater resistance to hemolytic agents, the lessened tendency to jaundice is, in part at least, due to a mechanical factor dependent on the course of the blood supply to the liver.
3. The additional anemia caused in the test animals by hemolytic agents is usually less than in the controls, although the total fall from the original normal may be greater. This applies to the splenectomized as well as the other test animals and is a modification of our former statements in regard to the severity of the anemia in splenectomized dogs.
4. Although the destruction of blood in these animals is less than in the normal controls, the repair of the same takes considerably longer than in the controls. This confirms similar results previously obtained in splenectomized animals.
5. The white cells exhibit much the same changes as they do following the administration of hemolytic agents to splenectomized or normal animals. As these changes are not unlike those following uncomplicated splenectomy or the operations here discussed, they cannot be considered as characteristic of any of the above procedures, but perhaps as an accompaniment of any temporary increased blood destruction.
6. The reaction of test and control animals is substantially the same, whether the jaundice is caused by toluylenediamin or hemolytic immune serum.
STUDIES ON TREPONEMA PALLIDUM AND SYPHILIS
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Hopkins J. G. , McBurney Malcolm 
Published: June 2004

1. As regards these strains, at least, there is no consistent change, either increase or decrease, of rabbit pathogenicity during progressive rabbit passage.
2. There is no difference in pathogenicity between these different strains, although some of them were isolated from condylomata, some from chancres, one from a mucous patch, and one by Nichols from the nervous system.
3. We do not believe that there is any consistency of difference in speed of incubation between these various strains.
4. We think that the nature of the lesion produced by any individual strain, and the incubation time as well, are dependent upon the fortuitous factors incident to the nature of the material used, the technique of injection, and the size of rabbit in which the injection is made.
As to the tendency to generalize possessed by one strain or another, we are not prepared to make a statement. We have not inspected as carefully as we might all our rabbits in regard to the more obscure syphilitic lesions such as small nodules on the eyebrows, nodules on the nasal bones, and internal lesions of the eye. As a matter of fact, we have noticed three cases of keratitis, probably syphilitic, and a number of preputial metastases, we have seen occasional nodules about the anus, and in one case a peritonitis in the fluid of which living treponemata were found on examination. There has not been in our series an extensive number of generalizations. We attribute this largely to the fact that all the studies here recorded were made on rabbits intratesticularly inoculated. It appears from the writings of other investigators that intravenous and intracardial injection of rabbits leads to a more extensive metastatic or general distribution. Two of the few rabbits inoculated intravenously showed testicular lesions. A series of rabbits intracerebrally inoculated through trephine openings showed nothing definite on autopsy, though one of them showed interference with reflexes and rigidity of the limbs for a time which seemed significant of pathological change. This rabbit, however, recovered entirely.
KLOSSIELLA INFECTION OF THE GUINEA PIG
Authors: Pearce Louise 
Published: June 2004

We have found in the kidneys of twelve supposedly normal guinea pigs, coming from Pennsylvania and New Jersey, a parasite that closely resembles in some of its phases Klossiella muris, described by Smith and Johnson, and the renal parasite of two West African guinea pigs, described by Seidelin.
The forms most commonly found by us and described as the sporoblast cycle, are evidently similar to those described by Smith and Johnson and by Seidelin. There are certain discrepancies of measurement between the parasite described by Seidelin and the one here described, but the most important difference between the two is the different number of sporozoites resulting from a final division of the daughter sporoblasts. Seidelin has found thirty sporozoites; we have found from eight to twelve, while the usual number is eight. Further, we have found a ring form which is unlike any of the stages in either the sporoblast or schizogonic cycle, and which we interpret tentatively as the male element or microgamete. In addition, we have found a tubular form which resembles the glomerular body of Klossiella muris and which we think is the schizogonic phase of this parasite.
SERUM CHANGES FOLLOWING THYROPARATHYROIDECTOMY
Authors: Petersen William , Jobling James W. , Eggstein A. A. 
Published: June 2004

1. In thyroparathyroidectomized dogs the onset of tetany bears no constant relation to the ferment-antiferment balance of the serum.
2. The serum lipase titer remains at a low level throughout.
3. A progressive increase in non-coagulable nitrogen and proteoses is observed in the serum following the removal of the glands.
4. The amino nitrogen of the serum is usually increased at the time when tetany is most marked.
THE DISAPPEARANCE OF DEXTROSE FROM THE BLOOD AFTER INTRAVENOUS INJECTION
Authors: Kleiner Israel S. 
Published: June 2004

1. As has been found by other investigators, when a large amount of dextrose is injected intravenously into a normal dog it disappears from the circulating blood in about 90 minutes after the end of the injection. Varying amounts (an average of 60 per cent) are excreted in the urine.
2. Even in nephrectomized animals the same quantity will leave the circulation in the same length of time as in normal animals.
3. This phenomenon seems to be, at least to a great extent, independent of vital processes, since dextrose, after intravenous injection into dead animals, is found to leave the blood rapidly.
4. The phenomenon is independent of the important abdominal organs, for it also occurs in animals (living or dead) in which the aorta and inferior vena cava have been ligated near the diaphragm, thus abolishing most of the circulation posterior to the diaphragm.
5. The fact that a considerable amount of the sugar passes from the circulation into the surrounding tissues was established by finding an increase in the carbohydrates of the muscle tissue. This was done in the case of the living anterior animals and in the whole and anterior dead animals. In most of these experiments there was also evidence of the formation of polysaccharides in the muscle tissue.
THE FUNCTION OF THE KIDNEY WHEN DEPRIVED OF ITS NERVES
Authors: Quinby William C. 
Published: June 2004

1. By means of vascular suture it is possible to remove the dog's kidney from the body and later to restore it to its former position.
2. Such a kidney is removed from the control of the nervous system, at least for a time.
3. Examination of the function of a kidney so treated shows an initial period of overaction, as compared with that of the normal kidney.
4. This is followed by balanced action.
5. The more recent tests of renal function show that a single, reimplanted kidney is able to maintain normal life indefinitely.
6. The results of these experiments, together with the evidence already at hand, suggest strongly that secretory nerves to the kidney do not exist.
THE PURE CULTIVATION OF SPIROCHÆTA ICTEROHÆMORRHAGIÆ (INADA)
Authors: Ito Tetsuta , Matsuzaki Haruichiro 
Published: June 2004

Pure cultures of the spirochætal causative agent of the disease known as Weil's disease, or febrile icterus, in Japan, have been obtained by us in a solid, a semisolid, and a fluid medium. The spirochæta thus isolated remains pathogenic for guinea pigs for many generations. Up to the present time we have succeeded through the courtesy of Professor Nagayo, Dr. Konuma, and Dr. Ishihara, in cultivating three different strains.
The spirochæta is a facultative anaerobe.
The solid and semisolid culture media possess one disadvantage, in that they are opaque on account of the addition of red blood corpuscles; but it is hoped that this drawback may soon be overcome by further studies. We shall report later the results of investigations regarding various questions in immunity as well as further details regarding the biological properties of the spirochæta.
THE PRODUCTION OF AMYLOID DISEASE AND CHRONIC NEPHRITIS IN RABBITS BY REPEATED INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF LIVING COLON BACILLI
Authors: Bailey C. H. 
Published: June 2004

The repeated intravenous injection of rabbits with living Bacillus coli communior over long periods has resulted in the formation of amyloid deposits in the spleen, liver, and kidneys. Suppurative lesions were not present in most cases and therefore not a factor in its production. The results have been constant in that amyloid was found in all rabbits, eight in number, which were injected over a period of 88 days or more. Eight rabbits showed amyloid in the spleen, six of these in the kidneys also, and three in the liver.
The kidneys of these eight rabbits also showed as a result of the injections a subacute and chronic glomerulitis, parenchymatous degeneration, some interstitial infiltration with round cells, and a slight cellular proliferation of connective tissue, thus resembling the chronic parenchymatous nephritis of man which is so commonly associated with amyloid disease.