bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manipulation of Dietary Protein and Nonstarch Polysaccharide to Control Swine Manure Emissions
Authors: Clark O. Grant , Moehn Soenke , Edeogu Ike , Price Jason , Leonard Jeremy 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTOdor and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from stored pig (Sus scrofa) manure were monitored for response to changes in the crude protein level (168 or 139 g kg−1, as‐fed basis) and nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) content [i.e., control, or modified with beet pulp (Beta vulgaris L.), cornstarch, or xylanase] of diets fed to pigs in a production setting. Each diet was fed to one of eight pens of pigs according to a 2 × 4, full‐factorial design, replicated over three time blocks with different groups of animals and random assignment of diets. Manure from each treatment was characterized and stored in a separate, ventilated, 200‐L vessel. Repeated measurements of odor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from the vessels were taken every two weeks for eight weeks. Manure from high‐protein diets had higher sulfur concentration and pH (P ≤ 0.05). High‐NSP (beet pulp) diets resulted in lower manure nitrogen and ammonia concentrations and pH (P ≤ 0.05). Odor level and hedonic tone of exhaust air from the storage vessel headspaces were unaffected by the dietary treatments. Mean CO2 and CH4 emissions (1400 and 42 g d−1 m−3 manure, respectively) increased with lower dietary protein (P ≤ 0.05). The addition of xylanase to high‐protein diets caused a decrease in manure CO2 emissions, but an increase when added to low‐protein diets (P ≤ 0.05). Nitrous oxide emissions were negligible. Contrary to other studies, these results do not support the use of dietary protein reduction to reduce emissions from stored swine manure.
Soil Characteristics and Phosphorus Level Effect on Phosphorus Loss in Runoff
Authors: Davis Randall L. , Zhang Hailin , Schroder Jackie Lee , Wang Jim J. , Payton Mark E. , Zazulak Anne 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTThe loss of phosphorus (P) in runoff from agricultural soils may accelerate eutrophication in lakes and streams as well as degrade surface water quality. Limited soil specific data exist on the relationship between runoff P and soil P. This study investigated the relationship between runoff dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and soil P for three Oklahoma benchmark soils: Richfield (fine, smectitic, mesic Aridic Argiustoll), Dennis (fine, mixed, active, thermic Aquic Argiudoll), and Kirkland (fine, mixed, superactive, thermic Udertic Paleustoll) series. These soils were selected to represent the most important agricultural soils in Oklahoma across three major land resource areas. Surface soil (0–15 cm) was collected from three designated locations, treated with diammonium phosphate (18–46–0) to establish a wide range of water‐soluble phosphorus (WSP) (3.15–230 mg kg−1) and Mehlich‐3 phosphorus (M3P) (27.8–925 mg kg−1). Amended soils were allowed to reach a steady state 210 d before simulated rainfall (75 mm h−1). Runoff was collected for 30 min from bare soil boxes (1.0 × 0.42 m and 5% slope) and analyzed for DRP and total P. Soil samples collected immediately before rainfall simulation were analyzed for the following: M3P, WSP, ammonium oxalate P saturation index (PSIox), water‐soluble phosphorus saturation index (PSIWSP), and phosphorus saturation index calculated from M3P and phosphorus sorption maxima (Psat). The DRP in runoff was highly related (p < 0.001) to M3P for individual soil series (r2 > 0.92). Highly significant relationships (p < 0.001) were found between runoff DRP and soil WSP for the individual soil series (r2 > 0.88). Highly significant relationships (p < 0.001) existed between DRP and different P saturation indexes. Significant differences (p < 0.05) among the slopes of the regressions for the DRP–M3P, DRP–WSP, DRP–PSIox, DRP–PSIWSP, and DRP–Psat relationships indicate that the relationships are soil specific and phosphorus management decisions should consider soil characteristics.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Soils of the Moscow Region— Concentrations, Temporal Trends, and Small‐Scale Distribution
Authors: Wilcke Wolfgang , Krauss Martin , Safronov Grigorij , Fokin Alexej D. , Kaupenjohann Martin 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTThe knowledge of the environmental fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is restricted to few climatic regions of the world almost excluding the Taiga. Our objectives were to (i) separate anthropogenic from background contributions to PAH concentrations and (ii) determine temporal trends in PAH concentrations during the last century including the change in distribution of PAHs in interior and exterior portions of aggregates in soils of the Moscow region. Along a southeast‐bound transect from Moscow (windward in winter) and at a background location northeast of Moscow (leeward in winter), seven topsoil samples were collected in 1910–1954 and 35 in 1998–2003. We fractionated the soils in interior and exterior portions of aggregates > 10 mm and remaining soil without aggregates. The sum of 21 PAHs (Σ21PAHs) concentrations in recent bulk soil ranged from 59 to 1350 ng g−1 The concentrations of all PAHs were lower outside than in Moscow. The range of the concentrations of the Σ21PAHs in archived soil samples (159–1280 ng g−1) was similar as in recent soils. In most recent and archived samples, naphthalene and phenanthrene, were most abundant. The concentrations of low‐molecular‐weight PAHs decreased during the last century at most sites; those of high‐molecular‐weight compounds increased. The Σ21PAHs concentrations were accumulated in the exterior of aggregates (109%) and depleted in the interior (95%) relative to the concentration in bulk soil (defined as 100%), which was similar to that in the soil without aggregates (99%). The differences between aggregate interior and exterior did not change during the last century. The dominance of naphthalene and phenanthrene is typical of remote regions. The urban influence on PAH concentrations in the last century was small.
Nitrogen Oxide and Methane Emissions under Varying Tillage and Fertilizer Management
Authors: Venterea Rodney T. , Burger Martin , Spokas Kurt A. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTComprehensive assessment of the total greenhouse gas (GHG) budget of reduced tillage agricultural systems must consider emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4), each of which have higher global warming potentials than carbon dioxide (CO2). Tillage intensity may also impact nitric oxide (NO) emissions, which can have various environmental and agronomic impacts. In 2003 and 2004, we used chambers to measure N2O, CH4, and NO fluxes from plots that had been managed under differing tillage intensity since 1991. The effect of tillage on non‐CO2 GHG emissions varied, in both magnitude and direction, depending on fertilizer practices. Emissions of N2O following broadcast urea (BU) application were higher under no till (NT) and conservation tillage (CsT) compared to conventional tillage (CT). In contrast, following anhydrous ammonia (AA) injection, N2O emissions were higher under CT and CsT compared to NT. Emissions following surface urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) application did not vary with tillage. Total growing season non‐CO2 GHG emissions were equivalent to CO2 emissions of 0.15 to 1.9 Mg CO2 ha−1 yr−1 or 0.04 to 0.53 Mg soil‐C ha−1 yr−1 Emissions of N2O from AA‐amended plots were two to four times greater than UAN‐ and BU‐amended plots. Total NO + N2O losses in the UAN treatment were approximately 50% lower than AA and BU. This study demonstrates that N2O emissions can represent a substantial component of the total GHG budget of reduced tillage systems, and that interactions between fertilizer and tillage practices can be important in controlling non‐CO2 GHG emissions.
Quantifying the Impact of Regular Cutting on Vegetative Buffer Efficacy for Nitrogen‐15 Sequestration
Authors: Bedard‐Haughn A. , Tate K. W. , van Kessel C. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTThis study used the stable 15N isotope to quantitatively examine the effects of cutting on vegetative buffer uptake of NO3−–N based on the theory that regular cutting would increase N demand and sequestration by encouraging new plant growth. During the summer of 2002, 10 buffer plots were established within a flood‐irrigated pasture. In 2003, 15N‐labeled KNO3 was applied to the pasture area at a rate of 5 kg N ha−1 and 99.7 atom % 15N. One‐half of the buffer plots were trimmed monthly. In the buffers, the cutting effect was not significant in the first few weeks following 15N application, with both the cut and uncut buffers sequestering 15N. Over the irrigation season, however, cut buffers sequestered 2.3 times the 15N of uncut buffers, corresponding to an increase in aboveground biomass following cutting. Cutting and removing vegetation allowed the standing biomass to take advantage of soil 15N as it was released by microbial mineralization. In contrast, the uncut buffers showed very little change in 15N sequestration or biomass, suggesting senescence and a corresponding decrease in N demand. Overall, cutting significantly improved 15N attenuation from both surface and subsurface water. However, the effect was temporally related, and only became significant 21 to 42 d after 15N application. The dominant influence on runoff water quality from irrigated pasture remains irrigation rate, as reducing the rate by 75% relative to the typical rate resulted in a 50% decrease in total runoff losses and a sevenfold decrease in 15N concentration.
Molecular Composition of Leaves and Stems of Genetically Modified Bt and Near‐Isogenic Non‐Bt Maize—Characterization of Lignin Patterns
Authors: Poerschmann Juergen , Gathmann Achim , Augustin Juergen , Langer Uwe , Górecki Tadeusz 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTTransformation of crops, including maize (Zea mays L.), with the cry1Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis to combat lepidopteran pests results in pleiotropic effects regarding lignin biosynthesis. Lignin patterns in stems and leaves of two genetically modified Bt‐maize varieties (Novelis T and Valmont T) were studied along with their non‐Bt near‐isolines (Nobilis and Prelude, respectively). Molecular‐level based thermochemolysis using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) in combination with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to quantitate the total lignin contents and to identify monomeric lignin subunits including p‐hydroxyphenyl (P), guaiacyl (G), and syringyl (S) moieties. The results were supplemented and confirmed by cupric oxide oxidation. The stems of the transgenic lines had higher concentrations of total lignin than the respective isogenic lines: Valmont T/Prelude by 18% and Novelis T/Nobilis by 28%. In contrast, differences in the total lignin concentration of leaves between the transgenic and the respective near‐isogenic lines were marginal. There were significant modifications in the ratio of p‐hydroxyphenyl/guaiacyl/syringyl molecular marker units of stem lignin between transgenic and isogenic lines. The guaiacyl units (in particular the G18 marker) accounted chiefly for the higher total lignin contents in the transgenic lines. The leaf lignin patterns did not show significant differences in molecular markers between isogenic and transgenic lines. TMAH‐induced thermochemolysis—conducted in both the on‐line and off‐line modes—provided detailed information on the molecular composition of lignin, thus proving superior to the established “wet chemistry” methods of lignin determination.
The effect of nanofibers on liquid–liquid coalescence filter performance
Authors: Shin C. , Chase G. G. , Reneker D. H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA number of factors influence the efficiency and the economics of the separation of dispersed liquid drops in an immiscible liquid–liquid mixture. One important factor that controls the performance of a filter medium in the separation is the fiber size. Electrospun polymer nanofibers have diameters in the nanometer range and are arbitrarily long. The experimental results in this work show that adding nanofibers to conventional micron‐sized fibrous filter media improves the separation efficiency of the filter media but also increases the pressure drop. An optimum in the performance occurs (significant increase in efficiency with minimal increase in pressure drop) with the addition of about 1.6% by mass of 250 nm diameter nylon 6 nanofibers to 5 micron diameter glass fibers in the filters. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Infants with Bochdalek diaphragmatic hernia: Sibling precurrence and monozygotic twin discordance in a hospital‐based malformation surveillance program
Authors: Pober Barbara R. , Lin Angela , Russell Meaghan , Ackerman Kate G. , Chakravorty Sharmila , Strauss Bernarda , Westgate Marie Noel , Wilson Jay , Donahoe Patricia K. , Holmes Lewis B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCongenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a common and often devastating birth defect. In order to learn more about possible genetic causes, we reviewed and classified 203 cases of the Bochdalek hernia type identified through the Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) Active Malformation Surveillance Program over a 28‐year period. Phenotypically, 55% of the cases had isolated CDH, and 45% had complex CDH defined as CDH in association with additional major malformations or as part of a syndrome. When classified according to likely etiology, 17% had a Recognized Genetic etiology for their CDH, while the remaining 83% had No Apparent Genetic etiology. Detailed analysis using this largest cohort of consecutively collected cases of CDH showed low precurrence among siblings. Additionally, there was no concordance for CDH among five monozygotic twin pairs. These findings, in conjunction with previous reports of de novo dominant mutations in patients with CDH, suggest that new mutations may be an important mechanism responsible for CDH. The twin data also raise the possibility that epigenetic abnormalities contribute to the development of CDH. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of gelatin on the swelling behavior of organic hybrid gels based on N‐isopropylacrylamide and gelatin
Authors: Lee Wen‐Fu , Lee Sung‐Chuan 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOrganic hybrid gels based on poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) and a natural polymer, gelatin, were prepared through two‐step crosslinking with genipin or glutaraldehyde. The effects of the gelatin content on the swelling behaviors and physical properties of these hybrid gels were investigated. The results indicated that the swelling ratio decreased with an increase in the content of gelatin in these hybrid gels. The swelling ratio for the gel crosslinked by genipin was significantly smaller than that for the gel crosslinked by glutaraldehyde. The results also showed that the gel crosslinked with genipin had a higher crosslinking density and a higher gel strength. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1092–1099, 2005
Synthesis, properties, and self‐assembly of poly(benzyl ether)‐b‐polystyrene dendritic–linear polymers
Authors: Jiang Guohua , Wang Li , Chen Tao , Wang Jianfeng , Chen Chang , Yu Haojie 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPoly(benzyl ether)‐b‐polystyrene dendritic–linear polymers were successfully synthesized using a dendritic chloric poly(benzyl ether) (G1‐Cl, G2‐Cl, and G3‐Cl) as the macroinitiator through the atom transfer radical polymerization process. The structure and properties of the resultant polymers were characterizated by gel permeation chromatography, 1H‐NMR, Fourier transform IR, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that the temperature, reaction time, molar ratio of the macroinitiator to styrene, and the generation number of the macroinitiator have significant effects on the molecular weights, conversion, and polydispersities of the resulting polymers. These dendritic–linear block polymers had very good solubility in common organic solvents at room temperature. The terminal group (dendritic segments) of the polymers can affect their thermal stability. These dendritic–linear polymers after self‐assembling in selective solvents (chloroform/acetone) formed core–shell micelles. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1106–1112, 2005
Gas permeation studies of natural rubber and carboxylated styrene–butadiene rubber latex membranes
Authors: Stephen Ranimol , Thomas Sabu , Joseph Kuruvilla 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPredicting the permeability of natural rubber (NR), carboxylated styrene–butadiene rubber (XSBR), and NR/XSBR latex membranes has been investigated with special reference to the effects of the blend ratio, the pressure, and the nature of the permeants with oxygen and nitrogen gases. These blend membranes are a new class of materials that combine the excellent mechanical properties of NR and the weather and solvent resistance of XSBR. NR shows higher permeability than XSBR latex films. This is associated with the high extent of the flexibility of the NR network due to its very low cohesive forces of interactions. The experimentally determined permeability values have been theoretically correlated with the Maxwell, Bruggeman, and Bottcher models. The oxygen‐to‐nitrogen selectivity decreases with an increase in the XSBR content in the blend. Attempts have been made to correlate the transport characteristics with the morphology of the blend. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1125–1134, 2005
Effects of the aluminum filler content on moisture diffusion into epoxy adhesives in distilled water and sea water
Authors: Kahraman Ramazan 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEpoxies are the most common of high‐performance structural adhesives, especially in automotive and aircraft manufacturing. In a variety of industrial applications, epoxy adhesives are required to have enhanced thermal conductivity. The normal method of changing this property is to add to the epoxy a filler of higher conductivity than the continuous phase. Although the improvement in the thermal properties of adhesives by the addition of metal fillers is obvious, their influence on water sorption characteristics of adhesives is not clear. It was the objective of this study to shed light on these aspects, which are lacking in the literature. The emphasis was placed on determining the moisture sorption behavior of aluminum‐powder‐filled epoxy adhesives under complete immersion in distilled water and sea water. Moisture diffusion tests show that the addition of aluminum filler into epoxy decreases the total amount of water intake at saturation in both fluids. However, there appears to be no significant effect of the aluminum filler content on the moisture diffusivity in epoxy adhesive specimens in either distilled water or seawater. It has also been determined that the adhesives adsorb a larger amount of water upon exposure to distilled water than when exposed to seawater, whereas the moisture diffusion rate in the adhesive immersed in seawater is higher than that in distilled water. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1165–1171, 2005
Thermal degradation kinetics of polyethylene and silane‐crosslinked polyethylene
Authors: Zong Ruowen , Wang Zhengzhou , Liu Naian , Hu Yuan , Liao Guanxuan 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe thermal degradation of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) and linear low‐density silane‐crosslinked polyethylene (SXLPE) was studied. Kinetic evaluations were performed by model‐free kinetic analysis and multivariate nonlinear regression. Apparent kinetic parameters for the overall degradation were determined. The results show that the thermal stability of SXLPE was higher than that of LLDPE. Their decomposition reaction model was a single‐step process of an nth‐order reaction. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1172–1179, 2005
Ultraviolet‐curing behavior of an epoxy acrylate resin system
Authors: Hong Bong Taek , Shin Kwon Shik , Kim Dae Su 
Published: August 2005

AbstractUltraviolet (UV)‐curing behavior of an epoxy acrylate resin system comprising an epoxy acrylate oligomer, a reactive diluent, and a photoinitiator was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The conversion changes of the resin system containing 20 phr of 1,6‐hexanediol diacrylate as a reactive diluent and 2‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐propan‐1‐one as a photoinitiator were measured under different UV‐curing conditions. The fractional conversion was calculated from the area of the absorption peak for the vinyl group vibration occurring at 810 cm−1. The effects of photoinitiator concentration, total UV dosage, one‐step or stepwise UV irradiation, UV intensity, atmosphere, and temperature on the curing behavior of the resin system were investigated. The conversion of the resin system increased rapidly at the initial stage of the UV‐curing process but increased very slowly after that. The final conversion of the resin system was mainly affected by total UV dosage. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1180–1185, 2005
Terpolymer films having semipolar structure: Preparation, wettability, and mechanical properties
Authors: Hiwatashi Tomoaki , Hayama Kazuhide , Sawada Yoshiaki , Itoh Takahito 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA terpolymer, obtained by the free‐radical terpolymerization of 2‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMMA), methyl methacrylate(MMA), and isobutyl methacrylate (IBMA), was allowed to react with hydrogen peroxide, chloroacetic acid, and diethyl sulfate to form the corresponding modified terpolymers: (1) N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐(2‐methacryloyloxyethyl)amine N‐oxide, MMA and IBMA (DMANO series); (2) N‐(carboxymethyl)‐N,N‐dimethyl‐ N‐(2‐methacryloyloxyethyl)ethyl ammonium, MMA and IBMA (CDME series); and (3) N‐(ethyl)‐N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐(2‐methacryloyloxyethyl)ethyl ammonium ethylsulfonate, MMA and IBMA (EDMEES series), respectively. The terpolymer compositions were determined using 13C NMR spectrometry. Surface free energies of the terpolymers were estimated by measuring the contact angles of water and methylene iodide on the three series films (DMANO, CDME, and EDMEES), and the effect of the N‐oxide group on wettability was discussed. It was found that the upper surface of the films for the DMANO and CDME series are more hydrophobic than that for the EDMEES series. Notably, elongation to break for the DMANO series was relatively larger than that for the CDME series because of the water bound to the N‐oxide functional group. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1235–1243, 2005
Neurogenesis and neuronal communication on micropatterned neurochips
Authors: Bani‐Yaghoub Mahmud , Tremblay Roger , Voicu Raluca , Mealing Geoff , Monette Robert , Py Christophe , Faid Karim , Sikorska Marianna 
Published: August 2005

AbstractNeural networks are formed by accurate connectivity of neurons and glial cells in the brain. These networks employ a three‐dimensional bio‐surface that both assigns precise coordinates to cells during development and facilitates their connectivity and functionality throughout life. Using specific topographic and chemical features, we have taken steps towards the development of poly(dimethylsiloxane; PDMS) neurochips that can be used to generate and study synthetic neural networks. These neurochips have micropatterned structures that permit adequate cell positioning and support cell survival. Within days of plating, cells differentiate into neurons displaying excitability and communication, as evidenced by intracellular calcium oscillations and action potentials. The structural and functional capacities of such simple neural networks open up new opportunities to study synaptic communication and plasticity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.