bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE CONCENTRATING ACTIVITY OF THE GALL BLADDER
Authors: Rous Peyton , McMaster Philip D. 
Published: June 2004

The bile coming at one time from different portions of the liver of the dog has nearly the same amount of pigment per cubic centimeter. With this determined we have studied the power of the gall bladder to concentrate bile directed to it, using as criterion the pigment strength of a sample collected throughout the period of experiment from a duct branch. The extent and rapidity of the concentration are alike remarkable. A gall bladder emptied at the beginning of one experiment and left to fill from the liver, concentrated the 49.8 cc. of bile reaching it in 22½ hours to 4.6 cc., that is to say reduced its bulk 10.8 times; while another bladder left distended with a bile of known constitution and receiving in addition fresh increments from the liver concentrated the secretion 8.9 times in 22 hours. A series of five emptied bladders concentrated the bile coming to them in about 24 hours on the average 7.1 times, or a little more than the 6.4 times of seven organs left full. The conditions in both cases were relatively unfavorable to the withdrawal of fluid from the bile because this takes place by osmosis and diffusion, with the ultimate Δ always that of the blood, and the secretion in our animals was notably rich in solids as an indirect result of the operation.
The rapidity with which fluid is withdrawn through the wall of the bladder may be judged from some experiments in which a bag was connected with the tip of the organ by a large cannula. Merely in its passage through the bladder the bile was concentrated 2.3 to 4.8 times. The finding indicates a potential source of error in observations upon samples of bile obtained from fistulous channels of which the bladder forms a part.
The bile ducts do not withdraw fluid from the secretion they convey but tend to dilute it, as we shall show in a companion paper. The restriction of the concentrating activity to the receptaculum chyli is good evidence that the latter has special significance for the organism. The nature of this significance is briefly discussed.
STUDY OF TRANSFUSED BLOOD
Authors: Ashby Winifred 
Published: June 2004

Group IV transfused blood in a recipient of unlike group is eliminated by a blood-destroying activity of the body.
This blood-destroying activity is periodic both in men and women, and in women coincident with menstruation.
The elimination of the transfused blood probably takes place as part of a period of blood-destroying and blood-producing activity of the body, although direct evidence to this effect is so far lacking.
EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise 
Published: June 2004

From the study of a number of instances of eye infection in the rabbit, it was found that a variety of affections might occur following scrotal or testicular inoculations of Treponema pallidum. Those observed included ciliary injection, conjunctivitis, keratitis, and iritis which might occur separately or in combination with one another, except that keratitis and iritis were always accompanied by a reaction in the ciliary vessels and usually by a conjunctivitis.
Several forms of each of these affections were described, and while some of them were regarded as presenting a very characteristic picture, it was recognized that the conditions present in other cases were not sufficiently distinctive to permit of a clinical diagnosis. With a few exceptions, however, the pathology of the lesions was sufficient to identify them as processes of a syphilitic nature.
It was also found that this group of lesions usually arose from a common focus of infection which was located in the episcleral tissues immediately surrounding the cornea. From this point, the infection tended to spread to the conjunctiva and the cornea, or toward the canal of Schlemm and the spaces of Fontana and thence to the ciliary body, the iris, and the choroid. The localization of the lesion and the mode of extension were held to be responsible for the combination of manifestations usually observed.
From an analysis of the circumstances under which affections of the eyes occurred, it was found that the great majority of them occupied a definite position in the scheme of tissue reactions, being the only generalized lesions developed or the last type of lesion to appear.
These facts, together with the unusual frequency of relapse in these affections, were believed to indicate that a low degree of protection was conferred upon these tissues by reactions taking place elsewhere and that the protection afforded by the local reaction was of a feeble character. This deduction was in part confirmed by the fact that it was found to be possible to increase or decrease the incidence of eye lesions by the use of experimental means which varied the scheme of reaction in animals inoculated with a given strain of Treponema pallidum.
STUDIES ON THE PNEUMONIC EXUDATE
Authors: Lord Frederick T. , Nye Robert N. 
Published: June 2004

1. The enzyme present in the pneumonic lung exudate still remains active after preservation for 18 months.
2. The enzyme is active at incubator temperature before and after heating to 65°C. for 1 hour. It is slightly active at room temperature and inactive after heating at 75°C. for 1 hour.
3. Dialysis of the enzyme is not demonstrable.
4. Activity persists when the enzyme is mixed with concentrations of sodium chloride varying from normal to thirty-two times normal.
STUDIES ON COMPLEMENT FIXATION
Authors: Kahn R. L. 
Published: June 2004

It is shown by complement fixation studies with protein antigens and specific immune rabbit sera that the rate of fixation of complement is determined by the concentration of antibodies in the immune sera, that the greater part of fixation of complement takes place during the 1st hour, and that fixation is practically completed at the end of 4 hours at ice box temperature.
It is further shown that the rate. of fixation of complement is practically the same at ice box, room, and water bath temperatures, the tendency being for slightly stronger fixation at ice box temperature.
MEASUREMENT OF THE GROWTH OF TISSUES IN VITRO
Authors: Ebeling Albert H. 
Published: June 2004

1. A technique has been developed by which two fragments of tissue, put in identical media, can grow at almost the same rate.
2. A method of measuring the growing tissue is described.
3. The differences observed in the rate of growth of two fragments of the 9 year old strain of connective tissue, cultivated in identical media and measured according to this technique, are less than 10 per cent.
STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNITY
Authors: Cecil Russell L. , Steffen Gustav I. 
Published: June 2004

1. The subcutaneous inoculation of monkeys with three large doses of Pneumococcus Type I vaccine confers on them a complete immunity against experimental Pneumococcus Type I pneumonia.
2. The intravenous inoculation of small doses of Pneumococcus Type I vaccine also confers complete immunity against the homologous type of pneumonia.
3. Specific protective bodies may or may not be present in the serum of monkeys vaccinated against Pneumococcus Type I. There appears to be no intimate relation between active immunity against pneumonia and the presence or absence of protective substances in the serum of the vaccinated animal.
THYROIDECTOMY AND PARATHYROIDECTOMY WITH RELATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNE SUBSTANCES
Authors: Ecker Enrique E. , Goldblatt Harry 
Published: June 2004

1. After thyroidectomy with partial parathyroidectomy the maximum and average hemolytic titers of the sera of rabbits injected intravenously with sheep blood are equal to or higher than those of normal animals similarly injected.
2. Thyroidectomy with partial parathyroidectomy does not inhibit antibody production. This fact is in accord with the results of Garibaldi, Launoy and Lévy-Bruhl, Lerda and Diez, and others.
3. Thyroidectomy with partial parathyroidectomy does not cause serious disturbance in the adult rabbit. If the operation is performed properly, the animals survive and only moderate cachexia develops in time.
4. After complete thyroparathyroidectomy a small proportion of the animals survive even after developing very severe tetany. Those that recover do not show further signs of serious disturbance, but in time develop a moderate degree of cachexia no greater than that of the thyroidectomized animals.
5. Thyroparathyroidectomized rabbits develop anti-sheep hemolysin of a uniformly low titer—on an average one-fifth that of the controls.
6. Injection of bovine blood into rabbits that survived complete thyroparathyroidectomy from 1 to 2 months previously results in the production of hemolysin of a uniformly low titer compared with that of normal animals similarly treated.
THE MULTIPLICATION OF FIBROBLASTS IN VITRO
Authors: Carrel Alexis , Ebeling Albert H. 
Published: June 2004

1. It may be concluded that, under the conditions of the experiments and within the limits of accuracy of the method, the temporary multiplication of fibroblasts cultivated in the plasma of an adult animal is not due to the serum. It may be attributed to the presence of a small amount of embryonic juice within the tissue itself.
2. The indefinite multiplication of fibroblasts in a medium composed of adult plasma and of embryonic juice is due neither to the serum nor to the fibrin. It depends entirely on substances contained in the embryonic juice.
3. There is a definite relation between the rate of growth and the concentration of the embryonic juice in the medium.
CICATRIZATION OF WOUNDS
Authors: Carrel Alexis , du Noüy P. Lecomte 
Published: June 2004

1. The latent period of cicatrization varies generally from 5 to 7 days.
2. It stops abruptly and contraction starts with its maximum velocity.
3. The formula of du Noüy applies to the beginning of the contraction period as well as to the subsequent periods.
THE DIASTATIC ACTIVITY OF THE BLOOD IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPERGLYCEMIA
Authors: Karsner Howard T. , Koeckert Herbert L. , Wahl Spencer A. 
Published: June 2004

1. The diastatic activity of the blood is not materially changed by the subcutaneous injection of phlorhizin, uranyl nitrate, or adrenalin.
2. The diastatic activity of the blood is not affected by puncture of the floor of the fourth ventricle.
3. The diastatic activity of the blood is definitely increased by subcutaneous injections of morphia when a marked hyperglycemia is produced. The same phenomenon appears in asphyxia.
4. Complete pancreatectomy in dogs produces an increase in the diastatic activity of the blood.
5. The diastatic activity of the blood is not altered by the diet.
6. Ether anesthesia, alone, produces a very slight tendency to increase in the diastatic activity of the blood.
7. Repeated periodic small hemorrhages (4.5 cc.) produce no change in the diastatic activity of the blood until a definite color anemia results, when a slight tendency toward increase occurs simultaneously with the rise in blood sugar.
8. The diastatic activity of the blood is not proportional to the concentration of the sugar in the blood.
THE INFLUENCE OF THYROID PRODUCTS ON THE PRODUCTION OF MYOCARDIAL NECROSIS
Authors: Goodpasture Ernest W. 
Published: June 2004

An experimental study upon the demonstrable effects of large doses of dried thyroid gland and thyroxin upon the myocardium of rabbits has been made. Animals under such treatment show characteristic clinical symptoms with definite, although relatively slight, myocardial lesions. Similarly treated animals which have, in addition, been subjected to chloroform anesthesia show more striking, widespread myocardial necrosis.
These experiments indicate very distinctly that chloroform as an anesthetic in cases of hyperthyroidism is apt to be exceptionally detrimental to the myocardium, and should be avoided.
GROWTH OF FIBROBLASTS AND HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION OF THE MEDIUM
Authors: Fischer Albert 
Published: June 2004

1. The rate of growth of fibroblasts is markedly modified by slight changes in the hydrogen ion concentration of the medium. The curves expressing the rate of growth in function of the hydrogen ion concentration of the medium are nearly symmetrical on both sides of the maximum.
2. The optimum growth of fibroblasts occurs at pH 7.4 to 7.8. A slight change from this reaction has a remarkable influence on the rate of growth.
3. Fibroblasts show more resistance to higher alkalinity than to higher acidity. They grew for only four to six generations in a medium having a pH of 5.5, and for more than ten generations in one of 8.5.
4. The influence of different hydrogen ion concentrations on fibroblasts was only of a quantitative nature.
STUDIES ON THE PHENOMENON OF D'HÉRELLE WITH BACILLUS DYSENTERIÆ
Authors: Wollstein Martha 
Published: June 2004

It has been shown that a lytic fluid for dysentery bacilli can be obtained from the peritoneum of the guinea pig by intraperitoneal inoculation of live dysentery bacilli, and that the lytic action of such a fluid is not strictly specific, but that it exerts a group action on the dysentery-colon-typhoid group of bacilli. A lytic fluid with similar effects was obtained from a child dying of Flexner dysentery infection, and an anti-colon bacillus lytic fluid from a child who died of intussusception with colon bacillus peritonitis.
The action of the lytic fluid on the dysentery bacilli, both in vivo and in vitro, is to divide the culture into sensitive and resistant strains, and the latter can be carried to a degree of very marked, if not complete resistance to lysis. Such resistant strains are not lysogenic, nor are they agglutinable. The sensitive strains are lysogenic and agglutinable. Varying degrees of sensitive and resistant bacilli exist in a single culture. The sensitive bacilli gradually lose the lysogenic property which they acquired under special conditions, but the very resistant bacilli never acquire that property. It is conceivable that the resistant strains are responsible for the untoward outcome of disease in human beings. Theoretically the administration of lytic fluid should rid the intestinal tract of most of the infecting bacilli, and only if completely resistant bacilli in large numbers remain unacted on is the outcome of the disease a fatal one.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. 
Published: June 2004

The work reported in this paper relates to the bacteria which can be cultivated from the blood and spleen of guinea pigs at different stages of infection with the virus of typhus fever.
The studies show that during the period of incubation and before the onset of fever no ordinary bacteria appear in the cultures, while on the 1st day of the febrile reaction different bacteria were found in 6 of 26 guinea pigs cultured; on the 2nd day, in 10 of 16; on the 3rd day, in 3 of 4; and on the 4th day in cultures of all of the 4 guinea pigs observed. The findings indicate that the virus of typhus fever is distinct from ordinary cultivable bacteria, and, as the disease set up by the virus progresses, the infected guinea pigs become subject to invasion by secondary or concurrent bacteria which thus induce a mixed infection.
The bacteria which under the influence of the virus of typhus fever thus invade the body of the guinea pig are of several kinds, and vary not only among themselves, but also with the day of the fever on which the examination is made. Thus, on the 1st day of the fever Plotz' bacilli were recovered twice and anaerobic streptococci, proteus bacilli, aerobic diphtheroids, Gärtner type bacilli, and Staphylococcus aureus each once. On the 2nd day Plotz' bacilli were found four times, anaerobic streptococci three times, Gärtner type bacilli, aerobic diphtheroids, Bacillus welchii, aerobic Gram-positive diplobacilli, and Staphylococcus aureus each once. On the 3rd day Plotz' bacilli were recovered once, as were anaerobic streptococci and Grtner type bacilli. On the 4th day Staphylococcus aureus was found twice and Plotz' bacilli and Bacillus proteus each once.
This variation in the kind of bacteria as well as the lack of predominance of one kind over another during the different stages of the febrile reaction in guinea pigs leads us to infer that they occur concurrently with the typhus virus. And since the more unusual of these organisms, the Plotz bacillus, the anaerobic streptococcus, the aerobic diphtheroid, and the diplobacillus are non-pathogenic for guinea pigs, while the more common bacteria such as the Gärtner type bacillus, Welch's bacillus, the proteus bacillus, and the staphylococci induce distinctive effects, and since all the bacteria could be suppressed without their reappearance in guinea pig passages of the virus containing them, we believe that they are independent and unrelated to the true virus of typhus fever.
A STUDY OF BACILLUS BOVISEPTICUS
Authors: Jones F. S. 
Published: June 2004

It has been possible to study the cultural characters and certain of the immunological relationships of sixteen strains of Bacillus bovisepticus. The organisms have fallen into three distinct cultural groups. The largest group comprises eight strains, four of them obtained in pure cultures from cases of pneumonia in cows, two others were pure infections in calves, the others were associated with other organisms. This group may be characterized as short, non-motile, Gram-negative, encapsulated rods which fail to produce indole but produce clear zones about the deep colonies in horse blood agar plate cultures. Members of this group produce acid in media containing dextrose, lactose, saccharose, maltose, and mannitol. The final hydrogen ion concentration in dextrose broth lies between pH 6.3 and 6.1.
The next largest aggregation comprises six strains. These organisms ferment dextrose and saccharose, but do not attack lactose, maltose, or mannitol. All produce indole. All are soluble in ox and guinea pig bile but none are hemolytic.
The other two strains resemble the preceding but attack mannitol in addition to dextrose and saccharose. They produce indole but are not bile-soluble.
In the main the immunological relationship has been found to follow cultural grouping. All of Group I are agglutinated by a serum prepared by immunizing a rabbit with a single Group I strain. This serum fails to agglutinate members of other groups. The same holds true with Group II and III sera. In no instance has cross-agglutination between groups taken place.
THE FACTOR DETERMINING THE SPREAD OF RED MARROW DURING ANEMIA
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Haessler Herbert 
Published: June 2004

Rabbits in which a chronic anemia of moderate grade is induced by repeated bleedings repair the hemoglobin loss much more rapidly when given subcutaneous injections of hemoglobin than when this is not the case. But the effect of the injections is not manifest for several weeks, during which many pale corpuscles are put out by the marrow; whence it follows that the introduced pigment does not find its way in quantity direct to the new-formed cells but must follow a more or less roundabout metabolic route, perhaps the same one as that of ordinary iron compounds destined for the blood.
The rapid replacement of the circulating hemoglobin in the injected animals occurs chiefly through an increased production of corpuscular substance having the same color index as that found in uninjected, anemic controls. By color index in this connection is meant the relation of hemoglobin to the volume of the massed corpuscles.
Late in the period of bleedings and hemoglobin injections the demand for stroma for the new-formed blood is far greater than in control animals that have been merely bled, yet the circulating corpuscles show no lessening in resistance to salt solution, such as might perhaps be expected were there a stroma lack. The hematopoietic tissue of the injected animals undergoes an extensive increase—a fact which speaks strongly for the view that the elements out of which stroma is formed are still abundant.
The factor which determines the spread of red marrow during anemia is shown by our experiments to be the presence in the body of hemoglobin, or perhaps of its precursors, in excess of the amount which can be utilized by the marrow already existing. Numerous illustrations in support of the point can be adduced from human pathology. Two will suffice. The widespread "currant jelly" marrow of pernicious anemia is found in an organism rendered anemic but supplied with hemoglobin in excess; while the pale, restricted marrow of cases suffering from chronic anemia due to repeated hemorrhages is associated with depletion of the constituents necessary for pigment production.
THE CAPSULES OR SHEATHS OF BACILLUS ACTINOIDES
Authors: Smith Theobald 
Published: June 2004

The production of capsules or sheaths is subject to considerable variation in this species. Thus far coagulated serum has been found the only substrate to stimulate its appearance. It is not known whether the capsular substance is induced by the parasitism. The presence of sheaths within epithelial cells and their absence in cellular exudates suggest the inference that the sheath is a protective substance when the parasite multiplies in living cells. The complete absence of sheaths in some strains might make the recognition of this species difficult, but if its other characters both positive and negative are kept in mind, this difficulty will not be serious.
Next in importance to fluctuations in the presence or absence of capsules is the change in metabolic processes leading to the production and accumulation of fatty substances in the cultures. The original capsular material resembles in its optical characters myelins. In the course of artificial cultivation fat granules make their appearance at the expense of the original myelin-like substance. This process may be regarded as a degenerative one in the sense that it accompanies the gradual loss of the function of secreting the capsular substance.