bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of protein malnourishment and caging on growth and behavior of laboratory mice
Authors: Goodrick Charles L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInbred (A/J and C57BL/6J) and hybrid mice were given access to low‐ or normal‐protein diets (4 or 26% casein) at 5 weeks of age and housed 1, 2, or 5 mice per cage. For all groups body weights of mice fed normal‐protein diets were greater for group‐caged than for isolated mice, and body weights of mice fed low‐protein diets were less for group‐caged than for isolated mice. At 15 and 16 weeks of age, mice fed low‐protein diets engaged in more exploratory behavior and were less emotional than mice fed normal‐protein diets. Mice that were group caged engaged in less exploration and were more motional than isolated mice. In addition to the major effects of caging and diet on behavior, mode of inheritance was significantly modified.
Infantile handling and sex differences in shock‐elicited aggressive responding of hooded rats
Authors: Thor Donald H. , Ghiselli William B. , Ward Thomas B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInfantile handled (Days 1‐20) and nonhandled, male and female Long Evans hooded rats were tested at maturity (90‐100 days) over 10 daily sessions for aggressive response to footshock. Individual jump and flinch thresholds for reactivity to shock, as well as paired aggressive responding to shock, were not significantly influenced by the handling procedure, although handled females ultimately adopted higher levels of fighting than nonhandled females. Handled rats were heavier than nonhandled rats of the same sex before and after testing for social aggression. Males fought significantly more than females; the discrepancy increased with additional sessions of paired exposure to shock. Male and female fight trends over sessions were linear and positive with a greater acceleration for males. The results were interpreted as indicative of a social learning variable occurring with repeated aggressive contact and primarily affecting males.
Induced parental care in male convict cichlid fish
Authors: Krischik Vera Aber , Weber Peter G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThree parameters of parental care were recorded for pairs of cichlid fish (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum) caring for their own young to determine the normal parental role of the male. Nonreproductive adult males were induced to exhibit parental behavior (e.g., herding, fin‐digging, and defense of young) by daily presentation of free‐swimming conspecific young. This process of sensitization to young appears to be species‐specific in that males did not exhibit parental care toward alien (Hemichromis bimaculatus) young. Parental behavior in reproductive and nonreproductive males, as well as the implications and function of sensitization in these fish, is discussed.
Short‐term changes in incubation temperature: Behavioral and physiological effects in the chick embryo from 6 to 20 days
Authors: Oppenheim Ronald W. , Levin Hinda L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn 3 experiments we have attempted to determine the extent to which the chick embryo is behaviorally and physiologically responsive to short term changes (.5–2 hr) in the normal ambient incubation temperature. Embryos ranging in age from 6–20 days of incubation have been examined after exposure to temperatures ranging from 30.5° to 44.4°C (normal incubator and nesting tempertures are 37–38°C). At 6, 9, and 12 days of age the heart rate and the duration of amnion contractions were significantly altered by exposure to tempertures either higher or lower than normal although overt neuromuscular activity (motility) remains unchanged. At 15 and 20 days, however, (hatching occurs on Day 21) the rate of neuromuscular activity is altered at both low and high temperatures. At 20 days, beak‐clapping, vocalization, and respiration rates also change reliably upon short‐term exposure to both high and low temperatures. The possibility is discussed that embryonic responsiveness to temperature changes in the environment during natural incubation may play some role in later behavioral capabilities.
Effects of early experience and dexamethasone on adrenocortical reactivity
Authors: Grota Lee J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis investigation tested the hypothesis that changes in circulating adrenocortical hormones mediate the long term effects of shocking infant rats. Dexamethasone administered through the mothers' milk was used to block adrenocortical responses to peripheral shock stimulation by the young. Control experiments indicated that the dexamethasone was present in the pups as early as 2 days after the mothers began drinking water containing dexamethasone. Shock reduced adrenocortical reactivity under conditions where the mother and the young were capable of an adrenocortical response to the shock, where either the mother or the young could have a response, and where neither the mother nor the young could have an adrenocortical response to this early stimulation. These data do not support the hypothesis that a pituitary‐adrenocortical response of either the mother or the young mediates the effects of stimulation in infancy on subsequent adrenocortical reactivity.
Adaptation to novel environments by the rat: Effects of age, stimulus intensity, group testing, and temperature
Authors: Goodrick Charles L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAdaptation of operant bar pressing in a dark 2‐bar test box was determined during 2‐hr tests for singly tested rats 16–18, 24–32, 120–150, and 750–800 days old. Rats 16–18 days old failed to adapt during the test, although all other age groups did. Adaptation occurred more slowly for the 120–150 day‐old group than for the remaining 2 age groups. Experiments with the 2 youngest groups showed that bright light lowered response levels of both age groups, compared with controls, but failed to alter the course of adaptation. In contrast, group testing resulted in lowered response levels and faster adaptation for 16–18 day‐old rats, but higher response levels for 24–32 day‐old rats compared with singly tested controls. High temperature (32.5°C) resulted in adaptation for the 2 younger groups. The failure of 16–18 day‐old rats to adapt may have been due to lower body temperature while in the test chamber than while in the home cage nest area.
Learning deficits in rats with malnourished grandmothers
Authors: Bresler David E. , Ellison Gaylord , Zamenhof Stephen 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFemale rats (F0) were maintained on a protein‐restricted or a normal diet 1 month prior to mating and throughout pregnancy. Their female offspring (F1) were maintained on a normal protein diet and mated with normal males. In previously reported studies, the 2nd generation offspring (F2) of the malnourished rats have been found at birth to have significantly lower cerebral DNA (a measure of cell number), cerebral weight, and cerebral protein than normal controls. We now report that these F2 animals show marked learning deficits at maturity on 2 different successive reversal tasks, even though they themselves have never directly experienced malnutrition. Thus, certain behavioral as well as biochemical effects of malnutrition appear in the next generation of animals.
Experimental studies of the ontogeny of ultrasonic vocalizations in bats
Authors: Gould Edwin 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe ontogeny of FM pulses emitted by bats is a process of maturation that is not easily altered by experimental manipulation during early development. Infants that were hand‐raised and infants that were raised by mothers with altered voices (the superior laryngeal nerves were cauterized pre‐ and postpartum) emitted normal adult calls. Effects of pinching the superior laryngeal nerves of young bats with a cold forceps on their vocalizations suggest that the development of this nerve and its associated musculature occurs early in the bat's postnatal life.
Behavioral and hormonal effects of attachment object separation in surrogate‐peer‐reared and mother‐reared infant rhesus monkeys
Authors: Meyer Jerrold S. , Novak Melinda A. , Bowman Robert E. , Harlow Harry F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMother‐reared and surrogate‐peer‐reared rhesus monkeys were separated from their respective attachment objects at 6 months of age and tested for the following 9 weeks to determine their home cage behavior and their pituitary‐adrenocortical responses to stress. Both groups displayed a strong immediate behavioral response to separation which was characterized by increases vocalization, increased locomotion, and decreased self‐play. However, the surrogate‐peer‐reared infants showed a subsequent recovery in their levels of self‐play whereas the mother‐reared infants instead developed stereotypic behavior patterns such as repetitive pacing. The 2 groups displayed similar plasma cortisol responses to weekly sessions in an apparatus equipped with animated toy “monsters.” Mother‐reared but not surrogate‐peer‐reared subjects, however, also manifested elevated cortisol levels when an animal in an adjacent cage was captured and removed for stress testing. Mother‐reared infant monkeys thus responded in a stronger and more prolonged manner to the loss of their attachment object than surrogate‐peer‐reared infants. These results suggest that infant rhesus monkeys form stronger attachments to monkey mothers than to inanimate surrogate mothers, a phenomenon which has not been as clearly demonstrated using other indices of attachment strength.
Effect of undernutrition on metabolic compartmentation of glutamate and on the incorporation of [14C] leucine into protein in the developing rat brain
Authors: Patel A. J. , Atkinson D. J. , Balázs R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effect of undernutrition on the rate of protein synthesis and the development of metabolic compartmentation of glutamate in the brain was investigated by using [U –14C] leucine as precursor. In the brain of normal rats the incorporation rate of [14C] leucine into protein was at a maximum during the 3rd week after birth, but in the undernourished animal this rate was markedly lower. The biochemical maturation of the brain, followed in terms of the age‐dependent increase in the glutamine/glutamate specific radioactivity ratio, was severly retarded in the undernourished animals, mainly as a result of a marked depression in the conversion of leucine carbon into glutamine. However these biochemical effects of undernutrition were reversible: on rehabilitation from Day 21–35 the rate of conversion of leucine carbon, both into proteins and glutamate and glutamine, was restored to normal.
Development of visually evoked responses and visually guided behavior in kittens: Effects of superior colliculus and lateral geniculate lesions
Authors: Atwell Constance W. , Lindsley Donald B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe development of visually evoked responses (VER's) and visually guided behavior was studied in kittens for 3 months after unilateral lesions of the superior colliculus (SC) or lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) made at an early age. Of 37 kittens studied, data are presented for 6 which met 3 criteria: survival to at least 90 days of age; adequate lesion size and location; and technically satisfactory VER's and behavioral observations at appropriate intervals. The SC and LGN lesions markedly reduced or eliminated different VER components in infancy, but only the effects of LGN lesions persisted to 3 months of age. Visual field behavior deficits occurred following both types of lesions, but only those following SC lesions persisted to 3 months of age. These results are interpreted in terms of the functional status of the structures mediating the VER's and behavior at the time the lesions were made.
The effect of chronic protein malnutrition on trans‐callosal evoked responses in the rat
Authors: Forbes William B. , Resnick Oscar , Stern Warren C. , Bronzino Joseph D. , Morgane Peter J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractStudies were carried out on the trans‐callosal evoked response in rats born of dams fed either a low (8%) or normal (25%) protein diet beginning 5 weeks prior to mating and throughout gestation and lactation. After weaning, pups were fed the same diets as their mothers. Bipolar (surface vs depth) stainless steel stimulating and recording electrodes were positioned at corresponding loci in the right and left sensorimotor cortices. Trans‐callosal evoked responses were measured under urethane anesthesia using twice‐threshold bipolar pulses of .1 msec duration at ages 13, 21, and 60–66 days. Evoked response latency was significantly greater in malnourished animals at 13 days of age, whereas at adulthood no latency differences were seen. Poststimulation excitability (15–100 msec range) was not significantly affected by the dietary treatment. These results are interpreted as corroborating previous reports on rats undernourished during development using sensory evoked potentials. By avoiding the use of extrinsic sensory stimulation, the present study demonstrates a dietary effect upon ontogeny of cortical evoked potentials independent of any possible effect on sensory receptor mechanisms.
Effects of testing age and fostering experience on seizure susceptibility of rats treated prenatally with chlorpromazine
Authors: Golub Mari , Kornetsky Conan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOffspring of rats treated with 2 mg/kg body weight chlorpromazine (CPZ) on Days 5–8 of gestation had lower seizure thresholds than offspring of saline‐treated controls at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days of age. The CPZ‐treated offspring were also heavier than controls prior to weaning. Further analysis using cross‐fostered litters indicated that at least part of the drug effect on seizure thresholds took place before birth, although a postnatal component was also demonstrated. A striking effect of the fostering experience itself on the seizure threshold prevented conclusions about the relative importance of prenatal and postnatal influences.
Perinatal hypothyroidism in rats: Persistent motivational and metabolic effects
Authors: Davenport John W. , Hennies Richard S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFive groups of female rats which were exposed to thiouracil for varying periods around the time of birth were compared with a 6th group of untreated controls in motivational, metabolic, and hormonal test situations during adolescence and adulthood. The thiouracil‐treated rats displayed reduced fearfulness in lever‐touching and lever‐pressing tasks in operant conditioning chambers and in their initial adaptation to activity‐wheel and maze apparatuses. These rats also showed hyperactivity in asymptotic running‐wheel performance, increased spontaneous recovery of extinguished lever‐pressing, and elevated responding in lever‐pressing for variable‐interval food reinforcement. A supplemental study revealed significantly greater ad libitum food and water intake and oxygen consumption in male thiouracil‐treated rats and elevated serum thyroxine levels in thioracil‐treated females. In general the results indicate that perinatal thyroid deficiency engenders a chronic hypermetabolic state in both sexes which may be associated with a persistent, mild hyperthyroid condition in the case of female rats.
Selective responding by recently separated juvenile rhesus monkeys to the calls of their mothers
Authors: Hansen Ernst W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFour juvenile rhesus monkeys responded to the coo‐type vocalization of their respective mothers by increasing dramatically their own vocalization rate and their locomotor activities. The juveniles appeared quite disturbed when they heard their mothers voices and this disturbance was, with one exception, apparently specific to their own mothers.
Early behavioral differences: Gender or circumcision?
Authors: Richards M. P. M. , Bernal J. F. , Brackbill Yvonne 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn human studies, the possible long‐term effects on behavior of early physical insult or pharmacological agents have received little attention. We present both circumstantial and direct evidence that circumcision of male infants leads to behavioral changes. In some American studies using circumcised infants, reported gender differences may instead be the result of the altered behavior of circumcised males. We suggest that circumcision requires more study in its own right, and that it requires description if not control in all neonatal and infancy studies.
Acquisition and retention of habituation in the preweanling rat
Authors: File Sandra E. , Scott Elizabeth M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe acquisition and retention of habituation to air‐puff was studied in rats on Days 1‐19 postpartum. Animals of all ages demonstrated habituation but the rate of habituation varied with age: slower on each successive day from Day 1 to Day 8, but thereafter more rapid on each successive day. This peak of elicited responding is discussed in relation to the peak of spontaneous activity at Day 16 and to the pattern of neural development, including changes in acetylcholinesterase, norepinephrine, and serotonin, measured during the preweaning period. All ages showed 30‐min retention of habituation, with 60‐min retention developing after the 1st week. No evidence of 24‐hr retention appeared at any age.
Modality differences in the habituation and dishabituation of cardiac responsiveness in the human newborn
Authors: Moreau Tina 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe relative efficacy of (1) repeated auditory and somesthetic stimulation for the habituation of cardiac acceleration responses and (2) intramodal and cross‐modal stimulation for the dishabituation of cardiac responses was studied in 45 full‐term 2‐day‐old infants. Although the 2 stimuli were equally effective initially, repeated presentation of the somesthetic stimulus had a greater decremental effect than repeated presentation of the auditory stimulus. The stimuli were equally effective in producing dishabituation when in a different modality from that of the habituating stimulus (cross‐modal) but not when in the same modality (intramodal). Changes in the locus of stimulation without a change in modality were ineffective for producing dishabituation. The findings indicate the human newborn discriminates auditory and somesthetic inputs effectively and equally but does not discriminate contralateral from ipsilateral stimulation in either modality.
Puberal status and sex differences: Activity and maze behavior in rats
Authors: Krasnoff Alan , Weston Louise M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study assessed sex differences in spontaneous wheel running and maze performance in relation to puberal status in rats. No sex differences were found prepuberally in either task whereas, postpuberally, females exceeded males in wheel running and males made fewer maze errors than females. Postpuberal males and females were less active than independent groups of prepuberal males and females, respectively. Although mature females made more errors than prepuberal females, no differences were found between independent groups of pre‐ and postpuberal males.
The effects of prenatal and postnatal protein malnutrition on physical and motor development of the rat
Authors: Sykes S. E. , Cheyne J. A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of protein malnutrition in the early stages of mammalian life have been found to be pervasive and frequently very persistent. We conducted this experiment to investigate the relative effects of protein deficiency during prenatal and/or postnatal (preweaning) stages of development in order to evaluate the effects of the timing of protein malnutrition and its duration and found significant deficits on a variety of measures of physical and motor development. Animals maintained on low protein diets both prenatally and postnatally showed the greatest developmental deficits whereas animals maintained on low protein diets either prenatally or postnatally were developmentally intermediate relative to animals maintained on normals diets.
The stability and interrelationships of newborn sucking and heart rate
Authors: Lipsitt Lewis P. , Reilly Bernice M. , Butcher Marian J. , Greenwood Martha M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe sucking behavior of 44 newborns was recorded along with heart rate (HR) and respiration. These 3 systems showed stability over a 24‐hr period. Sucking parameters varied markedly depending upon whether the infant was sucking for sucrose or under a no‐fluid condition. Moreover, HR was strikingly affected by sweetness. The direction of HR change was toward increasing rates when sucking for sweet, even though sucking for sweet substances occurs more slowly than for no fluid.
Behavioral development in three hamster species
Authors: Daly Martin 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe preweaning behavioral development was compared in 3 hamster species: the golden (Mesocricetus auratus), Chinese (Cricetulus griseus), and Djungarian (Phodopus sungorus). Differences in the age of appearance of action patterns could not be summarized by simply ranking species on either precocity or developmental speed, nor were they eliminated by measuring age from conception. Problems in the interpretation of species differences in the age of appearance of action patterns are discussed.
Escape learning in infant mice as a function of drive level and drive shifts during acquisition
Authors: Nagy Z. Michael 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSeparate groups of 9‐day‐old Swiss‐Webster mice began straight‐alley escape training at .1 or .4 mA. After 12 trials, half of the mice in each group were shifted to .4 or .1 mA, respectively, whereas the remaining half continued at their orginal level for an additional 12 trials. Twenty‐four hours later, half of each of the 4 shock‐level groups were retested at .1 mA, half at .4 mA. The result indicated that those groups which made a large number of competing responses during early trials and showed a gradual reduction over training trials (.1‐.1 and .1‐.4) emitted the fewest number during retest at either shock level. In contrast, those groups with either limited (.4‐.1) or no (.4‐.4) opportunity to decrease competing responses during training showed evidence of poor (.4‐.1) and no (.4‐.4) retention of learned inhibition of that response. Running speed was clearly a performance measure, as it only reflected existing shock levels during both training and retention trials.
Effect of postnatal dietary protein and energy restriction on exploratory behavior in young pigs
Authors: Barnes Richard H. , Levitsky David A. , Pond Wilson G. , Moore Ulric 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThree‐week‐old pigs were subjected to dietary energy or protein restriction so as to prevent weight gain over a period of 8 weeks. During the last week of restriction their responses to a novel object introduced into an exploratory test situation were measured. The malnourished pigs exhibited indifference to the object, taking longer to make contact with it, spending less time playing with it, but not showing evidence of fear or avoidance of the object or the area in which it was located. Following 6 weeks of nutritional rehabilitation, the previously malnourished pigs again displayed less approach behavior to the novel object than controls, but the effect was substantially reduced. These observations are interpreted to support our hypothesis that a major mechanism through which early malnutrition produces long‐term effects on behavior is by disturbing those behaviors required for gathering information from the environment.