bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structured polyurethanes for oil uptake
Authors: Yang Jae Soo , Cho Sung Man , Kim Byung Kyu , Narkis Moshe 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn an attempt to develop a desirable resin formulation for spilled oil absorption, segmented polyurethanes of various types and lengths of hard and soft segments have been synthesized and tested for X‐ray diffraction, thermal, mechanical, and dynamic mechanical properties in addition to oil and water absorptions. Significant oil absorption was obtained with ether type polyol of high molecular weight, especially with short hard segments of long‐chain diamines. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2080–2087, 2005
Selection of a mixture of initiators for batch polymerization using neural networks
Authors: Fernandes Fabiano A. N. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe productivity in batch processes is related to reduction of the time required to complete each batch. An increase in productivity can be achieved by running the polymerization isothermally using a mixture of initiators with different decomposition rates. The amount of each initiator in the mixture can be optimized to increase productivity while not exceeding the maximum heat release that the cooling system is capable of compensating for. In this work, neural networks are used to search for the optimum operating condition of the reactor. The procedure to find the best neural network topology is presented as well as its application. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2088–2093, 2005
Model peptides mimic the structure and function of the N‐terminus of the pore‐forming toxin sticholysin II
Authors: Casallanovo Fábio , de Oliveira Felipe J. F. , de Souza Fernando C. , Ros Uris , Martínez Yohanka , Pentón David , Tejuca Mayra , Martínez Diana , Pazos Fabiola , Pertinhez Thelma A. , Spisni Alberto , Cilli Eduardo M. , Lanio María E. , Alvarez Carlos , Schreier Shirley 
Published: September 2005

AbstractTo investigate the role of the N‐terminal region in the lytic mechanism of the pore‐forming toxin sticholysin II (St II), we studied the conformational and functional properties of peptides encompassing the first 30 residues of the protein. Peptides containing residues 1–30 (P1–30) and 11–30 (P11–30) were synthesized and their conformational properties were examined in aqueous solution as a function of peptide concentration, pH, ionic strength, and addition of the secondary structure‐inducing solvent trifluoroethanol (TFE). CD spectra showed that increasing concentration, pH, and ionic strength led to aggregation of P1–30; as a consequence, the peptide acquired β‐sheet conformation. In contrast, P11–30 exhibited practically no conformational changes under the same conditions, remaining essentially structureless. Moreover, this peptide did not undergo aggregation. These differences clearly point to the modulating effect of the first 10 hydrophobic residues on the peptides aggregation and conformational properties. In TFE both the first ten hydrophobic peptides acquired α‐helical conformation, albeit to a different extent, P11–30 displayed lower α‐helical content. P1–30 presented a larger fraction of residues in α‐helical conformation in TFE than that found in St II's crystal structure for that portion of the protein. Since TFE mimics the membrane environment, such increase in helical content could also occur upon toxin binding to membranes and represent a step in the mechanism of pore formation. The peptides conformational properties correlated well with their functional behavior. Thus, P1–30 exhibited much higher hemolytic activity than P11–30. In addition, P11–30 was able to block the toxin's hemolytic activity. The size of pores formed in red blood cells by P1–30 was estimated by measuring the permeability to PEGs of different molecular mass. The pore radius (0.95 ± 0.01 nm) was very similar to that of the pore formed by the toxin. The results demonstrate that the synthetic peptide P1–30 is a good model of St II conformation and function and emphasize the contribution of the toxin's N‐terminal region, and, in particular, the hydrophobic residues 1–10 to pore formation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 84: 169–180, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Responding to persons with mental illnesses: police perspectives on specialized and traditional practices
Authors: Sellers Courtenay L. , Sullivan Christopher J. , Veysey Bonita M. , Shane Jon M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPersons with mental illnesses increasingly come into contact with police in the community due to changes in local and national policies and police responsibility for maintaining order. Recently, specialized intervention strategies have been advanced to ensure that persons with mental illnesses are not inappropriately arrested and moved into the criminal justice system. This study builds on previous research undertaken on police perceptions of dealing with persons with mental illnesses in the community and effectiveness of response (see Borum et al., 1998). A subsample of 182 officers from the Newark, NJ, Police Department was surveyed and added to a sample of 452 officers from three agencies with specialized responses to persons with mental illnesses. The authors conclude that, despite a non‐specialized response to this population, the actual and perceived effectiveness of Newark's strategy is similar to (and in some cases better than) that which is observed in the agencies with specialized response programs. Implications for implementing specialized responses for persons with mental illnesses are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eyewitness testimony: tracing the beliefs of Swedish legal professionals
Authors: Granhag Pär Anders , Strömwall Leif A. , Hartwig Maria 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis paper examines beliefs held by Swedish legal professionals about eyewitness testimony. In a survey including questions about 13 key issues of eyewitness testimony, three groups were investigated: police officers (n = 104), prosecutors (n = 158), and judges (n = 251). The response rate was 74%. Examples of findings are that the beliefs were in line with scientific findings concerning the weapon focus effect, but were not in line for simultaneous vs. sequential lineups. Between‐group differences were found for seven items. Judges were much more sceptical than police officers about the reliability and completeness of children's testimonies. The groups seldom agreed about one answer alternative, and they reported not being up to date about scientific research on eyewitness testimony. The results suggest that some important research findings have reached those working on the field. However, they hold many wrongful beliefs about eyewitness testimony, beliefs that might compromise the accuracy of legal decisions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization and pharmacotechnical evaluation of compression‐coated colon‐specific drug delivery system of triphala using factorial design
Authors: Momin Munira , Pundarikakshudu K. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe purpose of the present investigation was to achieve successful delivery specifically to the colon using guar gum as a compression coat over a core tablet of triphala. In this study, guar gum along with hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) was used as a compression‐coating polymer. The drug delivery system was based on the gastrointestinal transit time concept, assuming colon arrival time to be 6 h. Rapidly disintegrating core tablets containing 100‐mg triphala extract were compression coated with guar gum and HPMC. A 32 full factorial design was applied for optimization of the formulation. Both variables, the proportion of guar gum in polymer blend (X1) and coat weight of the tablet (X2), had an influence on the percent drug release after 4 h of dissolution of tablet in the presence of rat cecal content (Y240) and difference in percent drug release between 4 h and 10 h of dissolution of tablet in the presence of rat cecal content (YD).The results revealed that for protecting the rapidly disintegrating core of triphala in the physiological conditions of stomach and upper intestine, the core tablet should be coated with 50% of guar gum in coat formulation and higher coat weight. The proportion of guar gum exhibited predominant action as compared to coat weight. In vivo performance was assessed via an x‐ray roentgenography study by placing barium sulfate as an x‐ray opaque material instead of triphala. The guar gum–HPMC coating was found to be a promising drug delivery system for drugs such as triphala and sennosides to be delivered to the colon. Drug Dev. Res. 65:34–42, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transition Metal Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition and Application in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Brahmachary Enugurthi , Lahiri Kakali 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe [2+2+2] cycloaddition strategy is complementary to the well known Diels–Alder reaction for the generation of polycyclic compounds. This [2+2+2] approach is atom‐economical and, with the availability of new catalysts to effect the [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction, synthesis of a wide variety of highly functionalized polycycles is possible. This review deals with some recent advances relating to [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions involving the syntheses both of polycycles and of heterocycles. More specifically, syntheses of various biologically active molecules, unusual amino acids, and theoretically interesting molecules are described. An attempt has also been made to give an overview of recent advances in the achievement of chemo‐, regio‐, and stereoselectivity in cyclotrimerization reactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
The Intramolecular Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution of Aminocyclopropanes Prepared by the Kulinkovich–de Meijere Reaction
Authors: Larquetoux Laurent , Ouhamou Nouara , Chiaroni Angèle , Six Yvan 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis article describes new examples of intramolecular Kulinkovich–de Meijere reactions applied to carboxylic amides bearing an olefin moiety and an aromatic ring at a suitable position. Upon heating, the aminocyclopropanes thus obtained undergo intramolecular aromatic electrophilic substitution to afford polycyclic systems. Among the various starting materials prepared, best results are obtained from indole and phenol derivatives. In each case, a benzylic quaternary centre is introduced at the newly‐formed ring junction. On one example, the efficiency of the cyclisation has been dramatically improved using a catalytic amount of para‐toluenesulfonic acid. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Regioselective Synthesis of Silylated Pyrazolines and Indazolines by Reaction of Pyrazolium and Indazolium Salts with Silyllithium Reagents
Authors: González‐Nogal Ana M. , Calle Mariola , Calvo Luis A. , Cuadrado Purificación , González‐Ortega Alfonso 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPyrazolium salts react with dimethylphenylsilyl‐ and tert‐butyldiphenylsilyllithium to give, in general, only one of the two possible 5‐silyl‐3‐pyrazolines. On the other hand, indazolium and isoindazolium salts lead to 3‐silylindazolines and occasionally to compounds resulting from the opening or expansion of the heterocyclic ring. All of these compounds are interesting synthons in organic chemistry. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
On the ignition of fuel beds by firebrands
Authors: Manzello Samuel L. , Cleary Thomas G. , Shields John R. , Yang Jiann C. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAn experimental apparatus has been built to investigate the ignition of fuel beds as a result of impact with burning firebrands. The apparatus allowed the ignition and deposition of both single and multiple firebrands onto the target fuel bed. The moisture content of the fuel beds used was varied, and the fuels considered were pine needle beds, shredded paper beds and crevices constructed of cedar shingles. Firebrands were simulated by machining wood (Pinus ponderosa) into small disks of uniform geometry and the size of the disks was varied. Firebrand simulation was necessary because it is difficult to capture and characterize firebrands from an actual burning object. The firebrand ignition apparatus was installed into the fire emulator/detector evaluator to investigate the influence of an air flow on the ignition propensity of fuel beds. The results of this study are presented and compared with relevant studies in the literature. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new set of molecular mechanics parameters for hydroxyproline and its use in molecular dynamics simulations of collagen‐like peptides
Authors: Park Sanghyun , Radmer Randall J. , Klein Teri E. , Pande Vijay S. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractRecently, the importance of proline ring pucker conformations in collagen has been suggested in the context of hydroxylation of prolines. The previous molecular mechanics parameters for hydroxyproline, however, do not reproduce the correct pucker preference. We have developed a new set of parameters that reproduces the correct pucker preference. Our molecular dynamics simulations of proline and hydroxyproline monomers as well as collagen‐like peptides, using the new parameters, support the theory that the role of hydroxylation in collagen is to stabilize the triple helix by adjusting to the right pucker conformation (and thus the right ϕ angle) in the Y position. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 1612–1616, 2005
Extracting long‐period climate fluctuations from tree‐ring chronologies over timescales of centuries to millennia
Authors: Helama Samuli , Timonen Mauri , Lindholm Markus , MeriläInen Jouko , Eronen Matti 
Published: September 2005

AbstractFor a long time, tree‐rings have been thought of as containing almost no variation at timescales of centuries and millennia, i.e. at low frequencies. Here, we show that this might be an issue of data analysis rather than an actual lack of variability. A data set of subfossil and living Scots pines from northern Fennoscandia was examined by means of their ring‐width time series. The premise was that the growth trends of individual time series could be quantitatively determined and decomposed into their different elements. It was shown that not all the components of growth trends were invariant over long periods of time, and that consequently the use of a single‐curve standardization (i.e. Regional Curve Standardization, RCS) may result in temporally inflated and deflated indices of ring‐widths. Observed non‐climatic bias in tree‐ring indices was probably due to gradually changing conditions in the pine population of the forest‐limit ecotone. Changes in population density seem to have hampered the previous attempts at palaeoclimate reconstruction by masking the actual low‐frequency climate variability. A new approach, expected to yield unbiased tree‐ring indices, was proposed. The new chronology constructed by this approach showed consistency with multi‐centennial variations that are based on independent palaeoclimate evidence. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
Kinetic analysis of solid‐state reactions: Precision of the activation energy calculated by integral methods
Authors: Pérez‐Maqueda L. A. , Sánchez‐Jiménez P. E. , Criado J. M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe integral methods are extensively used for the kinetic analysis of solid‐state reactions. As the Arrhenius integral function [p(x)] does not have an exact analytical solution, different approximated equations have been proposed in the literature for performing the kinetic analysis of experimental integral data. Since the first approximation of Van Krevelen, a large number of equations have been proposed with the objective of increasing the precision in the determination of the Arrhenius integral, as checked from the standard deviation of the approximated function with regard to the real exact value of the integral. However, the main application of these equations is the determination of the kinetic parameters, in particular activation energies, and not the computation of the Arrhenius integral. A systematic analysis of the errors involved in the determination of the activation energy from these integral methods is still missing. A comparative study of the precision of the activation energy as a function of x and T computed from the different integral methods has been carried out. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 658–666, 2005
Validierung der Beständigkeit von ZrO2‐Minikugeln gegenüber Heißdampfsterilisation
Authors: Woydt M. , Engler M. , Moesle P. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractMinikugeln finden Anwendung in Lagern von Zahnarztbohrern. Diese Lager werden zusammen mit den Bohrspitzen heißdampfsterilisiert und werden daher ungeschmiert betrieben. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird anhand von Raman Streuexperimenten gezeigt, dass durch Heißdampfsterilisationen in Y2O3 stabilisierten ZrO2‐Minikugel eine Phasenumwandlung von tetragonalem nach monoklinem ZrO2 stattfindet. Diese Umwandlung führt letztendlich zu einem Versagen der ZrO2‐Minikugel unter den tribologischen Beanspruchungen in einem Zahnarztbohrer. Werden die ZrO2‐Minikugel dagegen durch CeO2 stabilisiert, sind solche Phasenumwandlungen durch Heißdampfsterilisationen nicht zu beobachten. Anschließende tribologische Experimente belegen, dass im Sol‐Gel Verfahren hergestellte, CeO2 stabilisierte ZrO2‐Minikugeln wälzbeständig sind, wenn große Poren bei der Herstellung vermieden werden können.
Herstellung einer komplexen Titan‐Knochenschraube aus Metallpulverspritzguss
Authors: Aust E. , Limberg W. , Gerling R. , Oger B. , Ebel Th. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractDas Metallpulverspritzgießen (Metal Injection Moulding: MIM) ist eine junge Urformtechnologie, die sich hervorragend für die Herstellung von kleinen, geometrisch komplexen Bauteilen aus Metall‐Legierungspulver eignet. Diese innovative Fertigungstechnologie wurde für die MIM‐technische Herstellung einer komplexen Knochenschraube aus Metallpulver der biokompatiblen Titan‐Legierung Ti Al6 Nb7 genutzt. In dieser Arbeit werden die MIM‐technischen Rahmenbedingungen zur Herstellung der Schraube vorgestellt, sowie die Ergebnisse aus mechanischen und chemischen Bauteilprüfungen diskutiert, die dieses komplexe Spritzgussteil für ein hoch belastetes Implantat qualifizieren.
Einfluss des Anlassens auf die Warmhärte von P92 Blechmaterial
Authors: El‐Magd E. , Gebhard J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractDie Härtemessung bei erhöhten Temperaturen erlaubt eine erste Einschätzung des Werkstoffs hinsichtlich seiner Warmfestigkeit. Der Vorteil dieser Prüfmethode ist, dass mit einer einzigen kleinen Probe in kurzer Zeit die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Härte über einen großen Temperaturbereich gemessen werden kann. Insbesondere eignet sich die Warmhärteprüfung für Vergleichszwecke zwischen unterschiedlichen Wärmebehandlungen. In dieser Arbeit wird der Einfluss der Anlasstemperatur und ‐dauer auf die Warmhärte von P92 untersucht. Dabei ergab sich ein mathematischer Zusammenhang zwischen der Härte bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen und des Hollomon‐Jaffe‐Parameters, mit welchem die Anlasszeit‐ und Anlasstemperatur in gewissen Grenzen ausgetauscht werden kann.
Criteria of multiaxial random fatigue based on stress, strain and energy parameters of damage in the critical plane
Authors: Łagoda T. , Ogonowski P. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn this paper generalized criteria of multiaxial random fatigue based on stress, strain and strain energy density parameters in the critical plane have been discussed. The proposed criteria reduce multiaxial state of stress to the equivalent uniaxial tension–compression or alternating bending. Relations between the coefficients occurring in the considered criteria have been derived. Thus, it is possible to take into account fatigue properties of materials under simple loading states during determination of the multiaxial fatigue life. Presented models have successfully correlated fatigue lives of cast iron GGG40 and steel 18G2A specimens under constant amplitude in‐phase and out‐of‐phase loadings including different frequencies.
Experimental study of one‐dimensional superelastic capability of a nearly equi‐atomic NiTi shape memory alloy
Authors: Wang Y. F. , Yue Z. F. , Baruj A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA series of experimental studies have been carried out on nearly equi‐atomic NiTi shape memory alloy wires. The effects of fatigue cycles, displacement rates as well as testing temperatures on the superelastic capabilities have been studied. Under cycling loading, the threshold stresses for martensitic transformation decrease and the residule strains increase. Saturation is reached after 100 cycles. With increasing displacement rates, the critical stresses required for the martensitic transformation increase and the slopes of the upper plateau in the stress‐strain curves rise. The dissipated energy increases rapidly with increasing displacement rate, reaches a maximum value at around 6.0mm/min and then decreases as the displacement rate continues to increase. Tests also show that the threshold stresses characterizing the forward/reverse transformations increase linearly with increasing test temperature.
Pelvic floor electromyography in men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A case‐control study
Authors: Hetrick Diane C. , Glazer Howard , Liu Yung‐Wen , Turner Judith A. , Frest Margaret , Berger Richard E. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAimsThe objectives of this study were (1) to identify differences between men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS), compared with pain‐free men, in surface electromyography/biofeedback (sEMG/BFB) readings of pelvic floor muscles and (2) to determine which pelvic floor muscle sEMG readings may have differential diagnostic and treatment selection value by accurately predicting group membership, CPPS versus normal.MethodsTwenty‐one men with CPPS and 21 healthy men without pelvic pain underwent a standardized sEMG examination by a licensed physical therapist.ResultsOn group difference measures men with CPPS showed significantly greater sEMG instability in preliminary resting baseline. Three sEMG measures reliably categorized CPPS versus normals with CPPS showing greater preliminary resting baseline hypertonicity and instability with lowered voluntary endurance contraction amplitude.ConclusionsCPPS patients manifest pelvic floor muscle instability compared to normals. Prebaseline resting hypertonicity and instability along with endurance contraction weakness reliably predicts subject membership in the CPPS vs. normal group. Pelvic floor muscle sEMG may be a valuable screening tool to identify patients with CPPS who may benefit from therapies aimed at correcting pelvic floor muscle dysfunction. Neurourol. Urdynam. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.