bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF PROSTATIC SECRETION
Authors: Huggins Charles , Masina M. H. , Eichelberger Lillian , Wharton James D. 
Published: June 2004

A simple isolation of the prostate enabled quantitative collection of prostatic secretion in dogs over periods of months. The secretory stimulant was pilocarpine and 2 similar amounts injected with a 6 hour interval gave smaller amounts at the second testing, suggesting a fatigue effect. The prostate was not absolutely refractory since doubling the amount of alkaloid injected at the second test increased the volume to equal or exceed the preliminary secretion. The depression effect had disappeared at 24 hours.
In normal dogs the secretory curves were essentially regular, with occasional prolonged rises or depressions. The amount of secretion did not bear a direct relationship to the weight of the gland in adult dogs. The germinal epithelium of the testis underwent atrophy during the first few weeks of cage life while the prostatic secretion was maintained, showing that the atrophy was differential and did not involve the cells producing the androgenic hormone. The atrophy was reversible and all dogs kept for more than 4 months showed restoration of the germ cells. A few dogs developed atrophy of the germinal cells with cessation of prostatic secretion for many weeks but with final recovery. Removal of the suprarenal glands with suprarenal insufficiency did not produce sterility.
The distribution of electrolytes in the prostatic secretion differed from that in the serum-transudate system, although the concentration of osmotically active substances was the same, being made up almost entirely of sodium and chloride. The distribution was not affected by the different physiological procedures used in this study. Protein concentrations were less than 1 per cent.
The rate of prostatic atrophy following castration was determined, and cessation of secretion occurred in 7 to 23 days. The restoration of prostatic fluid in castrate dogs following daily injections of testosterone propionate followed a smooth curve to form a plateau which was interrupted occasionally by prolonged elevations with return to the established level. The prostate having been reconstructed, the dosage of androgenic material injected could be greatly reduced without causing a decrease in secretion.
Ablation of the thyroid and parathyroid glands had no significant influence on prostatic secretion. Hyperthyroidism caused a secretory depression interrupted with returns to normal levels.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE BLOOD AND THE HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUES IN MALIGNANT PANLEUCOPENIA OF CATS
Authors: Hammon William D. , Enders John F. 
Published: June 2004

The most conspicuous clinical finding during the course of this virus disease is a fulminating panleucopenia. The earliest significant decrease noted is usually in the number of the lymphocytes. From the study of lymph nodes and bone marrow during the incubation period and throughout the illness, it appears that failure of leucopoiesis is the cause of leucopenia. Inclusion bodies in the primitive blood cells of the marrow suggest a direct action of the virus on these cells. When recovery occurs a marked myelogenous leucemoid response is noted.
Available data indicate the presence of a mild anemia due to a failure in erythropoiesis, less marked than the leucopenia probably because of the longer life of the adult circulating erythrocytes. The erythrocytes appear to have an increased fragility and the serum has a slight increase in icterus, suggesting an increased mean erythrocyte age. During recovery erythropoiesis does not begin until after the myeloid marrow response has begun to subside, due possibly to previous mechanical crowding of the marrow by the more rapidly growing myeloblasts and myelocytes.
PROLONGED MAINTENANCE OF SPIROCHETES AND FILTRABLE VIRUSES IN THE FROZEN STATE
Authors: Turner Thomas B. , Fleming William L. 
Published: June 2004

1. Observations are reported on the virulence of various types of spirochetes and filtrable viruses after storage at – 787deg;C. for periods up to 3 years.
2. Five specimens of Treponema pallidum belonging to 4 different strains, and 7 specimens of T. pertenue belonging to 5 different strains were tested after storage for approximately 3 years. With one exception each specimen contained actively motile treponemes, and all specimens were highly pathogenic for rabbits. Many other specimens of these spirochetes stored for shorter periods were also tested with similar results.
3. Relapsing fever spirochetes tested after storage from 6 months to 1 year showed active motility and were virulent for mice.
4. Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae was found to be actively motile after storage for 5, 6, and 10 months. The spirochete of rat bite fever, Spirillum minus, was virulent for mice after storage for 1 year.
5. The virus of human influenza, PR8 strain, tested after storage for approximately 3 years was fatal to mice in essentially the same dilution as was the same lot of material before freezing. Similar results were obtained upon testing the virus of meningopneumonitis after storage for 3 years. The virus of lymphogranuloma inguinale was pathogenic for mice after storage for 10 months.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SURVIVAL OF SPIROCHETES IN THE FROZEN STATE
Authors: Turner Thomas B. , Brayton Nancy L. 
Published: June 2004

Titration experiments made with relapsing fever spirochetes before and after freezing showed the following:
1. With each freezing and thawing there is a slight but regular decrease in virulence, which decrease bears no relation to the duration of storage at – 78°C. Ordinarily infectivity is destroyed by more than 4 refreezings.
2. There was not always close correlation between motility and infectivity.
3. Cooling spirochetes from 0°C. to –78°C. over a 2 to 6 hour period damages them only slightly more than does rapid cooling, but warming from – 78°C. to 0°C. over a 2 to 6 hour period kills most of the organisms. Rapid thawing, as in a water bath, damages the spirochetes less than thawing more slowly, as at room temperature.
4. At storage temperatures of –12°C. and –20°C. there is a gradual decrease in virulence over a period of days or weeks, and by the 6th week the infectivity of the material is markedly reduced.
STUDIES ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE VIRUS OF LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM
Authors: Sanders Murray 
Published: June 2004

Two strains of the lymphogranuloma venereum virus were maintained in tissue cultures for 12 and 21 generations respectively.
In a third strain a quantitative increase in potency as high as 1000 times was obtained by inoculating tissue cultures with infected emulsions of known virulence.
Greater increases in potency were consistently obtained by maintaining tissue cultures and virus at room temperature (23°C. with a range of approximately ± 5°C.) than by incubating them at 37°C. The virus did not survive in the absence of oxygen.
Embryonic guinea pig brain and serum ultrafiltrate were found to be the most effective vehicles for propagation of the lymphogranuloma virus.
There is evidence that the site of activity for this virus is intracellular.
Embryonic guinea pig brain cells were maintained in the serum ultrafiltrate diluted with buffered salt solution in good (morphologic) condition for as long as 70 days. Not only could old cultures be successfully inoculated with the virus of lymphogranuloma, but high titres could be maintained over extended periods.
THE THERMAL INACTIVATION TIME AT 41.5°C. OF THREE STRAINS OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
Authors: Boak Ruth A. , Carpenter Charles M. , Warren Stafford L. 
Published: June 2004

1. The thermal inactivation time at 41.5°C. of the H. F. and Frank strains of herpes simplex virus, under the conditions described, was 80 hours.
2. A strain of herpes virus recently recovered from a patient treated with a physically induced fever had a thermal inactivation time of 50 hours at 41.5°C.
3. The neurotropic factor of the H. F. and Frank strains of virus was more resistant to a temperature of 41.5°C. than the dermotropic factor. There was little difference in the thermostability of these two factors of the Go strain.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Goldblatt Harry , Kahn Joseph R. , Bayless Francis , Simon Morris A. 
Published: June 2004

Excision of both carotid sinuses, with or without section of cardio-aortic inhibitor fibers, was not followed by a significant change of femoral mean blood pressure from the normal. This procedure did not interfere with the development of hypertension produced by renal ischemia. There was no significant difference between the levels of hypertension due to renal ischemia in animals with both carotid sinuses previously excised and in those with both carotid sinuses intact.
In one of three animals with hypertension due to renal ischemia, in which the elevated blood pressure had gradually subsided, there was a slight and only temporary reelevation of pressure after excision of both carotid sinuses. In the other two animals, excision of the carotid sinuses had no effect on the blood pressure. In all three, however, increased constriction of the renal arteries caused significant and persistent reelevation of the blood pressure.
The carotid sinus has no demonstrable influence upon hypertension caused by renal ischemia, although in such animals it probably plays the same part in the regulation of blood pressure as it does in normal animals (7).
TOXOPLASMIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: Wolf Abner , Cowen David , Paige Beryl H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Infected material from the brain and spinal cord of an infant suffering from a recently recognized form of granulomatous encephalomyelitis was inoculated into rabbits and mice and produced an experimental disease which was readily transmissible in series.
2. A parasite identical with that in the lesions of the human case was found in the lesions of the experimental animals.
3. The morphology of this microorganism, the course of the disease and the lesions produced in the animals inoculated with it, the wide host range of this parasite, and the results of cross immunity experiments, establish its identity as a Toxoplasma. It is suggested that the microorganism be designated Toxoplasma hominis.
4. The clinical and pathologic features of the infection produced in animals by this Toxoplasma are described.
5. The infection in the infant is the first proved instance of human toxoplasmosis. Since the lesions were confined to the central nervous system the disease is termed toxoplasmic encephalomyelitis.
6. The first experimental transmission of human toxoplasmosis to animals is recorded.
ON THE PRESENCE IN SYPHILITIC SERUM OF ANTIBODIES TO SPIROCHETES, THEIR RELATION TO SO CALLED WASSERMANN REAGIN, AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE SERODIAGNOSIS OF SYPHILIS
Authors: Eagle Harry , Hogan Ralph B. 
Published: June 2004

1. In confirmation of Gaehtgens, syphilitic human sera give positive complement fixation with cultures of so called T. pallidum (Reiter strain). Syphilitic rabbit sera are equally reactive. Syphilitic human and rabbit sera agglutinate these cultures, often in high titre (Beck).
2. Normal rabbit sera react weakly with the culture to give both agglutination and complement fixation in low titre. Normal human sera, despite the fact that they contain agglutinins in low titre, fail to fix complement with the Reiter strain of cultured spirochetes. Confirming Gaehtgens, the latter reaction is therefore of practical utility for the serum diagnosis of syphilis.
3. When syphilitic serum is heated at 63°C., there is no demonstrable difference in the thermolability of the antibody to spirochetes, and of the reagin which determines the Wassermann and flocculation tests.
4. (a) The absorption of syphilitic serum by spirochetal suspensions removes all reactivity, not only for the spirochetes, but for tissue lipoids (alcoholic beef heart extract) as well; the sera become Wassermann- and flocculation-negative. (b) Absorption of syphilitic serum with tissue lipoids renders the Wassermann and flocculation tests negative, but does not demonstrably change the reactivity of the serum with spirochetes. (c) Rabbits immunized to beef heart lipoid develop spirochetal agglutinins and complement-fixing antibodies (Reiter strain) in high titre.
5. It is concluded that these cultured spirochetes contain antigenic material serologically related to a substance present in mammalian tissue, as well as other antigenic factors not present in such extracts, but equally reactive with syphilitic serum.
6. These findings support the thesis that the primary serologic change in syphilis is the development of antibodies to T. pallidum. The Wassermann and flocculation tests would be explained on the basis that the tissue extracts used as "antigen" in these tests contain one or more substances serologically related to antigenic components of T. pallidum. Similarly, the cultured Reiter strain of spirochete is apparently sufficiently close serologically to T. pallidum to be agglutinated by and to give complement fixation with the antibodies to T. pallidum present in syphilitic serum.
7. Since suspensions of cultured spirochetes contain antigenic factors which react specifically with syphilitic serum, some of which are not present in ordinary Wassermann and flocculation "antigens," they may prove even more valuable than those tissue extracts in the serodiagnosis of syphilis.
A QUANTITATIVE THEORY OF THE PRECIPITIN REACTION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Treffers Henry P. , Mayer Manfred 
Published: June 2004

1. In two rabbits subjected to prolonged injections with crystalline egg albumin the antibodies in one showed progressive changes such as noted in an earlier paper; the antibodies in the other did not.
2. The significance of this behavior in the production of sera for therapeutic use is pointed out.
3. Quantitative studies are reported on the low grade or incomplete antibody present in the early stages of immunization of a horse with egg albumin.
4. Quantitative studies on the flocculating antibody from later bleedings from the horse are given, and the dissociation of the soluble pre-zone compounds by rabbit anti-egg albumin is studied. Rough velocity estimations are reported.
5. The bearing of the findings on the mechanism of precipitin and flocculation reactions and of the Danysz effect is discussed in terms of the union of multivalent antigen with multivalent antibody.
THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN RETENTION UPON THE REGENERATION OF PLASMA PROTEINS
Authors: Holman Russell L. , Mebane J. Gilmer 
Published: June 2004

1. Because of the clinical observation that the capacity to form new plasma proteins is sometimes impaired in cases of nephritis (2), experiments were performed to determine whether the impaired function in the nephritic is related to nitrogen retention.
2. These experiments consisted of producing renal injury by injecting uranium nitrate into standard hypoproteinemic dogs and comparing the rate of blood plasma protein formation under these conditions of nitrogen retention with that in the uninjured dog.
3. Despite elevations in blood N.P.N. to more than ten times normal, no interference with plasma protein formation was observed. These elevations in N.P.N. affected principally the urea and undetermined fractions.
4. Neither elevation in N.P.N. nor proteinuria per se appears to have any effect upon plasma protein production. Possibly the deficient production of plasma proteins in the nephritic is related to a more general disturbance in metabolism in which the elevation in N.P.N. is secondary.
FAMILIAL MAMMARY TUMORS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Greene Harry S. N. 
Published: June 2004

A series of experiments is described in which fragments derived from two mammary tumors of distinct types were transferred at different developmental stages to the anterior chamber of the eye of normal rabbits. It was found that the ability to survive and to grow progressively after transplantation was not immediately related to anaplastic cellular changes. On the other hand, there existed a definite correlation between the success of transplantation and the morphological relationship of tumor cells and the normal cells of the host. Transplantation to normal animals could not be effected during stages of local tissue invasion but was successfully performed as soon as the tumor cells manifested the ability to invade foreign tissues or to metastasize in the spontaneous host. It was concluded, therefore, that neither anaplasia nor local tissue invasion represented autonomy but, rather, stages in its development and that the final attainment of this condition was only evidenced by metastasis or by invasion in foreign tissues.
The tumors were successfully transplanted to normal animals during this series of experiments and have been carried by serial transfer to the present time. The most outstanding feature in the transplantation of the papillary type tumor was the marked difference in susceptibility exhibited by the two sexes. The acinar type tumor was distinguished by high transplantability, an extremely rapid growth rate and early regression.
TYPE-SPECIFIC ANTIGENS, M AND T, OF MATT AND GLOSSY VARIANTS OF GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Two qualitatively different type-specific antigens, designated M and T, have been found present in matt variants of group A hemolytic streptococci, but only one of these, the T antigen, occurs in the degraded glossy variant.
2. The protein nature of the M antigen, present in matt variants only, has been demonstrated in previous work, but the chemical characteristics of the newly recognized antigenic factor, T, present in both variants, have not been determined. This T factor is identified only by its immunological reactions. It is unknown whether the two type-specific antigenic factors, M and T, occur as separate chemical entities in the matt variant or in conjugation.
3. Antibody to the type-specific protein, M, appears responsible for the M precipitin reaction, for type-specific protection, and, as a rule, for part of the type-specific agglutination of matt variants, but in type 1 it does not cause agglutination.
4. Antibody to the second type-specific antigen, T, seems to be solely responsible for type-specific agglutination of the glossy form and to play a large rôle in type-specific agglutination of the matt form, but apparently it is not involved in protection. This T antibody causes all of the type-specific agglutination of type 1. Consequently, type 1 matt and glossy variants agglutinate and absorb agglutinin alike, and antisera to both are identical in content of type-specific agglutinin though they differ in respect to M antibody.
5. Recognition of the principle underlying type-specific agglutination of glossy variants makes it possible to suggest, with certain reservations, the use of glossy variants for type classification by agglutination. These variants are suitable for preparing type-specific agglutinating antisera, and they form stable suspensions for use in the reaction. Improved methods are needed for deriving glossy from matt variants.
ON GROUP SPECIFIC A SUBSTANCES
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Harte R. A. 
Published: June 2004

An investigation is presented on the A substance contained in swine stomach. Preparations made by several procedures, and largely consisting of carbohydrates, were found by means of the ninhydrin method of Van Slyke and his colleagues to contain amino acids accounting for the bulk of the non-hexosamine nitrogen.
As a working hypothesis the idea is advanced that amino acid structures can play a rôle in the serological specificity of haptens consisting predominantly of polysaccharides.
PROTEIN CONSUMPTION AND THE RESTORATION OF LOST ORGAN TISSUE
Authors: Addis T. , Lew W. 
Published: June 2004

1. At all levels of immediate protein consumption, from almost none to excessive amounts, the degree of growth of the single kidney, suprarenal, and ovary left after removal of one of each of these organs is the same up to 5 days after the operation.
2. On a 1 per cent protein diet there is no growth of the remaining organs after the first 5 days.
3. On diets containing from 10 per cent to 57 per cent of protein there is no definite relation between the level of protein consumption and the rate and degree of growth from 5 to 40 days after the operation.
4. When rats are given a 1 per cent protein diet for 10 days before the operation a continuation of this diet reduces the initial growth of the remaining organs and leads to a cessation of growth after the first 2 days.
AN HETEROPHILE FACTOR IN RAGWEED POLLEN
Authors: Sammis F. Eastty 
Published: June 2004

1. There is serological evidence that ragweed pollen antigen contains a factor which causes an increased hemolysin titre for sheep cells, when injected into rabbits.
2. It remains questionable whether the antigen absorbs normal rabbit hemolysins. It does, however, absorb anti-ragweed hemolysins, as demonstrated by hemolysis inhibition test.
3. Dilution and lyophilization (Mudd-Flosdorf method) of antigen-antibody mixture shows that one hemolytic unit of anti-ragweed rabbit serum combines with 0.00007 mg. of low ragweed total N. There were three zones of inhibition of hemolysis demonstrated.
4. The immune hemolysins are completely absorbed by sheep cells and by Forssman antigen, but not by human cells of groups A or B.
5. Although Forssman antigen was able to absorb anti-ragweed hemolysin, the ragweed antigen was not able to absorb Forssman antibody.
6. Human ragweed sensitive sera from 22 cases with hay fever, before treatment, did not show increased titre of heat-labile or heat-stable hemolysin. There was no change after treatment.
7. Among the human cases there were encountered blood groups A, B, and O. Heat-labile hemolysins for sheep cells were present in nineteen of the twenty-two sera regardless of blood groups.
ULTRACENTRIFUGATION STUDIES OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS
Authors: Pickels Edward G. , Bauer Johannes H. 
Published: June 2004

1. It was possible to study in the ultracentrifuge by optical methods the behavior of yellow fever virus particles directly in the unaltered serum from infected monkeys.
2. The virus showed an extremely high light absorption in the spectral range of 320 to 440 mµ, which seemed to be its intrinsic property. In a 1 cm. thickness of fluid, the small amount of virus present in unaltered infective serum absorbed about as much light (approximately 25 per cent) in the middle of this range as did all the normal serum proteins present in a combined concentration some 1000 times as great.
3. The concentration of virus in the unaltered serum was found to be of the order of 0.00005 gm. per cc. 1 cc. of a 10–9 dilution, which, as has been shown, may constitute a minimal infective dose for monkeys, would contain approximately 10,000 virus particles. The probability that most of the virus particles were in the inactive form is discussed.
4. In infective serum having a viscosity of 14 millipoises, the particles sediment with a blurred boundary at rates lying between approximately 18 and 30 x 10–13 cm./sec./dyne. Evidence indicates that this spread is the result of an aggregation or association phenomenon.
5. Computations of size are in approximate agreement with those made from ultrafiltration studies. On the assumption that the density of the virus particle is near that of protein, its volume is computed to be at least that of a spherical particle having a diameter of 12 mµ. An assumed density of 1.15 gm. per cc. yields a diameter of 19 mµ, considering the shape as spherical.