bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dental fluorosis and caries experience in relation to three different drinking water fluoride levels in South Africa
Authors: Grobler S. R. , Louw A. J. , Van W. Kotze T. J. 
Published: March 2003

Summary.Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between caries experience, degree of fluorosis and different concentrations of fluoride in the drinking water of children.Sample and methods. The study included 282 children aged 10–15 years, who lived continuously since birth in three different naturally fluoridated areas (Leeu Gamka, 3·0; Kuboes 0·48 and Sanddrif 0·19 p.p.m. F), with virtually no dental care or any fluoride therapy. The teeth of the children were examined for caries using the DMFT index according to the WHO criteria and for fluorosis, using Dean’s criteria according to the WHO guidelines.Results. The prevalence of fluorosis (scores 2, 3, 4 and 5) among the school children was 47% in Sanddrif, 50% in Kuboes and 95% in Leeu Gamka. Almost half the children in the two low fluoride areas had no fluorosis (scores 0 and 1), whereas only 5% in Leeu Gamka had no fluorosis. Of the children in Sanddrif, 42·5% had very mild/mild (scores 2 and 3) fluorosis, 44·3% in Kuboes and 34·1% in Leeu Gamka. Except for one individual in Kuboes, severe fluorosis (score 5) was only observed in the high fluoride area in 30% of the children. According to the Bonferroni adaptation for multiple comparisons, the degree of fluorosis in Leeu Gamka differed significantly from both those of Sanddrif and Kuboes. The mean DMFT for the children in Sanddrif and Kuboes was similar (1·64 ± 0·30 and 1·54 ± 0·24, respectively) but the caries experience of Leeu Gamka (1·98 ± 0·22) was significantly higher (P < 0·05) than that of both the other two areas. A strong positive correlation (P < 0·05) was found between the caries experience and the fluorosis scores of children in the high fluoride area (Leeu Gamka) but no correlation could be found in the other two areas. Significantly (P < 0·01) more children had decayed teeth in the high F area (Leeu Gamka) than in the other two areas.Conclusion. The results suggest a positive association between high F levels in the drinking water and dental caries. Furthermore, a low caries experience and no difference in DMFT and fluorosis between the two low fluoride areas were found.
Brains and faces in holoprosencephaly: pre‐ and postnatal description of 30 cases
Authors: Blaas H.‐G. K. , Eriksson A. G. , Salvesen K. Å. , Isaksen C. V. , Christensen B. , Møllerløkken G. , Eik‐Nes S. H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the prenatal appearance of the holoprosencephaly spectrum.MethodsA database of 1750 fetuses with congenital anomalies identified by ultrasound was prospectively collected from 1987 to 2000. Among them, 30 cases (1.7%) with holoprosencephaly were prenatally identified and described.ResultsThe prevalence of holoprosencephaly in the Health Region of the National Center for Fetal Medicine in Norway was 1.26: 10 000; the sex distribution (male: female) was 1.4: 1. Holoprosencephaly was found in one dichorionic twin pregnancy and one pair of conjoined twins. Among the 30 cases of holoprosencephaly, 18 were alobar, five were semilobar, two were lobar, two were lobar variants, and three were anencephalic. The facial features varied considerably. Sixty‐seven per cent (20/30) had associated structural anomalies that were not related to the cerebral and facial holoprosencephaly condition. Thirty‐seven per cent (11/30) had detectable chromosome aberrations and 23% (7/30) had nonchromosomal syndromal origin. The size or shape of the head was abnormal in 83% (25/30) of holoprosencephaly cases.ConclusionThis study indicates that holoprosencephaly represents a heterogeneous entity with different etiologies and clinical appearances. The fact that holoprosencephaly features are found associated with particular conditions such as fronto‐nasal dysplasia (2/30; 6.7%), agnathia‐otocephaly (3/30; 10%), and anencephaly (3/30; 10%), suggests that these may be underreported conditions in other large holoprosencephaly series. Copyright © 2002 ISUOG
Prediction of fetal anemia with Doppler measurement of the middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity in pregnancies complicated by maternal blood group alloimmunization or parvovirus B19 infection
Authors: Delle Chiaie L. , Buck G. , Grab D. , Terinde R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectivesTo confirm the relationship between the middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity (MCA PSV) and hemoglobin values in fetuses at risk for anemia (due to maternal blood group alloimmunization or parvovirus B19 infection) and to investigate the clinical value of this method in the management of these pregnancies regardless of previous transfusions.Subjects and methodsForty singleton pregnancies, 30 affected by alloimmunization and 10 by intrauterine parvovirus B19 infection, were referred to our tertiary center between 1998 and 2000. All cases underwent Doppler measurement of the MCA PSV immediately before fetal blood sampling and just before and after intrauterine transfusion. Hemoglobin determination was always performed after diagnostic cordocentesis, before starting and after terminating fetal transfusion.ResultsOverall, we performed 165 fetal blood samplings (hemoglobin values) and obtained 165 corresponding MCA PSV values, 140 in pregnancies complicated by red‐cell alloimmunization and 25 by parvovirus B19 infection. In order to adjust for the effect of gestational age on the measurements, the data were expressed in multiples of the median (MoM). We found a good correlation between MCA PSV MoM and Hb MoM in both groups (alloimmunization,r2 = 0.6; y = 2.21 − 1.41x + 0.24x2; parvovirus infection, r2 = 0.68; y = 2.09 − 0.58x − 0.16x2). The reduction of post‐transfusion MCA PSV values was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). Using a threshold of 1.29 for MoM PSV, the sensitivity and the specificity of MCA pulsatility indices on pretransfusion values in predicting any degree of fetal anemia (Hb ≤ 0.84 MoM) were 73.1% and 81.5% in the alloimmunization group and 100% and 100% in the parvovirus infection group, respectively.ConclusionWe can confirm the presence of an inverse correlation between MCA PSV measurements and hemoglobin values in fetuses at risk for anemia due to maternal blood group alloimmunization and fetal parvovirus B19 infection. The MCA PSV is a reliable method for the prediction of anemia not only in fetuses before the first intrauterine transfusion, but also in those which have undergone one or more transfusions, with good sensitivity and specificity in both groups of fetuses at risk. Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Purification, characterization and gene expression of a glycine and proline‐rich antibacterial protein family from larvae of a beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma
Authors: Sagisaka A. , Miyanoshita A. , Ishibashi J. , Yamakawa M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTwo structurally related antibacterial proteins were isolated from larvae of a beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma, immunized with Escherichia coli. The two proteins were designated A. dichotoma (A. d.) coleoptericin A and B. The mature portion of A. d. coleoptericins deduced from nucleotide sequences of the cDNAs consists of seventy‐two amino acids without cysteine residues and is rich in glycine (11.1%) and proline (11.1%). Comparison of the amino acid sequences of the A. d. coleoptericins revealed that these antibacterial proteins have 94%, 75%, 50% and 43% similarity to rhinocerosin, holotricin 2, coleoptericin and acaloleptin A1. Recombinant A. d. coleoptericin A and B showed strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and Bacillus subtilis. Recombinant A. d. coleoptericin A and B were shown to not form pores through bacterial membranes of E. coli, but to hamper cell division. Results of Northern blotting showed that A. d. coleoptericin genes are inducible by bacteria and are expressed strongly in the fat bodies and haemocytes, and weakly in the Malpighian tubules. Analysis of the evolutionary relationship of amino acid sequences among A. d. coleoptericins and other antibacterial proteins suggests that A. d. coleoptericins, rhinocerosin and holotricin 2 are closely related and form a gene family.
DNA analysis of transferred sperm reveals significant levels of gene flow between molecular forms ofAnopheles gambiae
Authors: Tripet F. , Touré Y. T. , Taylor C. E. , Norris D. E. , Dolo G. , Lanzaro G. C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAnopheles gambiaepopulations in west Africa are complex, being composed of multiple, sympatric subpopulations. Recent studies have failed to reveal significant genetic differences among subpopulations, stimulating a debate regarding the levels of gene flow among them. The observed homogeneity may be the consequence of substantial contemporary gene flow or it may be that reproductive isolation is complete, but too recent for the accumulation of significant levels of genic divergence. Here, we report the results of a study estimating contemporary levels of gene flow betweenAn. gambiaesubpopulations by analysing females and transferred sperm removed from their reproductive systems. A total of 251 female and associated sperm extracts was analysed from a single site in Mali. Two molecular forms ofAn. gambiae, the M‐ and S‐forms, occurred in sympatry at this site. Overall, we found very strong positive assortative mating within forms, however, we did observe significant hybridization between forms. In the M subpopulation 2/195 females (1.03%) contained sperm from S‐form males and in 55 S‐form females we found one female containing M‐form sperm (1.82%). We also identified a mated M ×S hybrid adult female. From mating frequencies, we estimate theNembetween the M‐ and S‐form at 16.8, and from the adult hybrid frequency at 5.6. These values are consistent with our earlier estimate, based onFSTfor 21 microsatellite loci in whichNem = 5.8. We conclude that the general lack of genetic divergence between the M and S subpopulations ofAn. gambiaecan be explained entirely by contemporary gene flow.
Genetic differentiation of a European caddisfly: past and present gene flow among fragmented larval habitats
Authors: Wilcock Helen R. , Hildrew Alan G. , Nichols Richard A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe describe the genetic structure of a freshwater insect species and interpret it in terms of present‐day population dynamics and possible postglacial colonization history. The sampling regime represented a large area of the species range in northwest Europe, particularly focusing on Britain, a region relatively neglected in molecular population genetic studies. Plectrocnemia conspersa generally showed low levels of genetic variation across the sampled populations (Nei’s D = 0.0138) and subdivision was unrelated to the pattern of the drainage network. However, the results do suggest that populations across the region are not at equilibrium and that British populations still show effects of the recolonization of the species following the last glacial maximum. Levels of genetic diversity were lower in Britain than in mainland Europe. Two‐dimensional scaling showed genetic differentiation between major regions and the pattern of genetic diversity indicates a more recent origin of populations in the north and west of the area compared with the south and east. We argue that, despite the highly fragmented larval habitat, dispersal over tens of kilometres is frequent. Over longer distances, however, P. conspersa does still show evidence of founder effects and postglacial range expansion into Britain.
Frequent cytoplasmic exchanges between oak species that are not closely related: Quercus suber and Q. ilex in Morocco
Authors: Belahbib N. , Pemonge M.‐H. , Ouassou A. , Sbay H. , Kremer A. , Petit R. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractChloroplast (cp) and mitochondrial (mt) DNA variation were studied in 97 populations of cork oak (Quercus suber) in Morocco; in 31 of these populations, holm oak (Quercus ilex), a clearly distinct species, also occurred and was compared with Q. suber. Three cpDNA and one mtDNA primer pairs were used in the survey, each in combination with one restriction enzyme. Six haplotypes belonging to two very divergent lineages were detected; one lineage predominates in each species, and is probably ancestral, as inferred from comparisons with other oak species. In the mixed‐species populations, cytoplasmic genomes were frequently shared across species, as indicated by an introgression ratio of 0.63. This index is a new measure of the propensity of species to share locally genetic markers, varying from zero (complete differentiation) to one (no differentiation). By contrast, more closely related deciduous oak species (Q. robur, Q. petraea and Q. pubescens) have introgression ratios varying from 0.82 to 0.97. The introgression events appear to have been more frequent in the direction Q. ilex (female) × Q. suber (male), a finding which seems attributable to the flowering phenology of these two species. This asymmetry may have favoured immigration of Q. suber beyond its main range, in regions already colonized by Q. ilex. There, rare hybridization and further introgression through long distance pollen flow have established populations that are morphologically indistinguishable from Q. suber but that have cytoplasmic genomes originating from the local Q. ilex populations.
Multiple causation of phylogeographical pattern as revealed by nested clade analysis of the bamboo viper (Trimeresurus stejnegeri) within Taiwan
Authors: Creer S. , Malhotra A. , Thorpe R. S. , Chou W.‐H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn order to assess the utility of nested clade analysis, both standard phylogenetic algorithms and nested clade analysis were performed on a geographically widespread survey of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes of the bamboo viper, Trimeresurus stejnegeri, within Taiwan. Gross tree topologies were congruent for all analyses and indicated the presence of two geographically overlapping clades within Taiwan. The smaller lineage was restricted to the north and east coasts, whereas the larger lineage occupied all but the northern range of the species within Taiwan including the Pacific offshore populations of Green and Orchid Islands. The phylogeographical pattern supports the existence of at least one colonization event from the continent since the initial isolation of Taiwan from the mainland in the Pliocene. However, determining the exact number of colonization events was not possible due to the simultaneous vicariant forces of hypothesized continental landbridge connections and the occurrence of dramatic in situ orogenesis throughout the Pleistocene. Nested clade analysis provided multiple temporal and spatial population historical inferences that are not possible with standard analyses and therefore should become widely applied to future phylogeographical studies.
Prevailing triple infection withWolbachiainCallosobruchus chinensis(Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Authors: Kondo Natsuko , Ijichi Nobuyuki , Shimada Masakazu , Fukatsu Takema 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPrevailing triple infection with three distinctWolbachiastrains was identified in Japanese populations of the adzuki bean beetle,Callosobruchus chinensis. When a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was conducted using universal primers forftsZandwsp,Wolbachiawas detected in all the individuals examined, 288 males and 334 females from nine Japanese populations. PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of clonedwspgene fragments from single insects revealed that three types ofwspsequences coexist in the insects. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of thewspsequences unequivocally demonstrated thatC. chinensisharbours three phylogenetically distinctWolbachia, tentatively designated as wBruCon, wBruOri and wBruAus, respectively. Diagnostic PCR analysis using specific primers demonstrated that, of 175 males and 235 females from nine local populations, infection frequencies with wBruCon, wBruOri and wBruAus were 100%, 96.3% and 97.0%, respectively. As for the infection status of individuals, triple infection (93.7%) dominated over double infection (6.1%) and single infection (0.2%). The amounts of wBruCon, wBruOri and wBruAus in field‐collected adult insects were analysed by using a quantitative PCR technique in terms ofwspgene copies per individual insect. Irrespective of original populations, wBruCon and wBruOri (107–108wspcopies/insect) were consistently greater in amount than wBruAus (106–107wspcopies/insect), suggesting that the population sizes of the threeWolbachiastrains are controlled, although the mechanism is unknown. Mating experiments suggested that the threeWolbachiacause cytoplasmic incompatibility at different levels of intensity.
Benign mucinous cystadenoma with stromal luteinization during pregnancy: A hormonally responsive tumor and a rare cause of fetal intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: Qublan Hussein S. , Al‐Ghoweri Ahmad S. , Al‐Kaisi Nabih S. , Abu‐khait Sami A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA 32‐year‐old woman, gravida 4, para 3, had a benign right ovarian mucinous cystadenoma. It was diagnosed 1 month before conception, measured 9 × 7 cm, and reached 33 × 24 × 20 cm at 38 weeks gestation. Cesarean delivery of a 2250 g normal female infant took place, and the removal of a 6300 g right ovarian cystic mass was also performed. Microscopic and immunohistochemical studies of the cyst wall revealed stromal luteinization and a strong reaction with antiserum to testosterone, estrogen and progesterone.
Relationship between endometrial estrogen and progesterone receptors, and sonographic endometrial appearance in the preovulatory phase
Authors: Kim Chung‐hoon , Chae Hee‐Dong , Huh Jooryung , Kang Byung‐Moon , Chang Yoon Seok , Nam Joo‐Hyun 
Published: March 2003

Objectives:
The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the relationship between endometrial concentrations of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR), and sonographic endometrial findings in the preovulatory phase of menstrual cycle.
Study Design:
In 45 cycles of 45 infertile women with tubal factor only, transvaginal sonographic assessments and biopsy for immunohistochemical staining of the endometrium were made in the preovulatory phase of unstimulated, normal menstrual cycle. Immunohistochemical localization of ER and PR was scored according to intensity of staining and proportion of cells specifically stained in glandular epithelium and stroma, and the results were analyzed according to the sonographic endometrial thickness (<6 mm, 6–10 mm, or >10 mm) and pattern. Endometrial patterns were classified as A, centrally hyperechogenic triple‐line pattem or non‐A, not triple‐line.
Results:
There were no significant differences in the endometrial thickness, serum estradiol level and serum progesterone level between A and non‐A groups. The receptor scores of epithelial and stromal ER and epithelial PR were comparable in A and non‐A groups. However, the receptor score of stromal PR was significantly higher in A group, with 4.8 ± 1.4 compared with 2.7 ± 1.7 in non‐A group (P < 0.001). There were no differences in the receptor scores of epithelial ER, epithelial PR, stromal ER and stromal PR among the 3 groups according to the endometrial thickness.
Conclusions:
This study suggests that high PR expression in endometrial stroma could be related to the sonographic triple‐line or multilayered pattern of endometrium in the preovulatory period.
P‐glycoprotein expression by cancer cells affects cell cytotoxicity and cell‐cycle perturbations induced by six chemotherapeutic drugs
Authors: Galmarini Carlos M. 
Published: March 2003

Background: P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp)–mediated chemoresistance plays an important role in drug resistance.Methods: We investigated if P‐gp expression by cancer cells affects cell cytotoxicity and cell‐cycle perturbations induced by six commonly used chemotherapeutic agents (doxorubicin, daunorubicin, mitoxantrone, vinblastine, paclitaxel, and colchicine). For this purpose, we used KB cell lines as a model and flow cytometric cell viability and drug‐induced cell‐cycle perturbation–based methods. We continuously cultured KB cell lines, in the presence of various anticancer agents and measured the cell‐cycle kinetics and percentage of cell viability by flow cytometry at different time intervals.Results: The highly resistant cell line KB V‐1 was significantly less susceptible to drug cytotoxicity than the sensitive cell line KB 3‐1. KB V‐1 cells cultured with different chemotherapy agents continued cell‐cycle progression without any significant perturbation of cell compartment distribution. Addition of verapamil, by inhibiting P‐gp, reversed resistance thereby increasing drug cytotoxicity and allowing the appearance of drug induced cell‐cycle perturbations.Conclusions: We conclude that P‐gp interferes with cell cytotoxicity and cell‐cycle perturbations induced by anticancer agents. Flow cytometry can be used to conveniently detect P‐gp–mediated chemoresistance by cancer cells as it allows the analysis of cell cytotoxicity and cell‐cycle modifications after exposure to specific chemotherapeutic and reversal agents.
Unravelling R gene‐mediated disease resistance pathways in Arabidopsis
Authors: Parker Jane E. , Feys Bart J. , Van Der Biezen Erik A. , Noël Laurent , Aarts Nicole , Austin Mark J. , Botella Miguel A. , Frost Louise N. , Daniels Michael J. , Jones Jonathan D. G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMolecular genetic approaches were adopted in the model crucifer, Arabidopsis thaliana, to unravel components of RPP5‐ and RPP1‐mediated disease resistance to the oomycete pathogen, Peronospora parasitica. The products of RPP5 and three genes comprising the RPP1 complex locus belong to a major subclass of nucleotide‐binding/leucine‐rich repeat (NB‐LRR) resistance (R) protein that has amino‐terminal homology to the cytoplasmic domains of Drosophila and mammalian Toll and interleukin‐1 family receptors (the so called ‘TIR’ domain). Similarities in the domain architecture of these proteins and animal regulators of programmed cell death have also been observed. Mutational screens revealed a number of genes that are required for RPP5‐conditioned resistance. Among these are EDS1 and PAD4. Both EDS1 and PAD4 precede the function of salicylic acid‐mediated plant responses. The EDS1 and PAD4 genes were cloned and found to encode proteins with similarity to the catalytic site of eukaryotic lipases, suggesting that they may function by hydrolysing a lipid‐based substrate.