bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Ancient Mitochondrial Polymorphism in Adalia bipunctata Linked to a Sex-Ratio-Distorting Bacterium
Authors: Jiggins Francis M , Tinsley Matthew C 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Sex-ratio-distorting microbes are common parasites of arthropods. Although the reasons they have invaded and spread though populations are well understood, their subsequent dynamics within those populations are virtually unknown. We have found that different strains of a male-killing Rickettsia bacterium infecting the beetle Adalia bipunctata are associated with distinct mitochondrial haplotypes, which is expected as both the mitochondria and the bacteria are maternally transmitted. These mitochondrial haplotypes shared a common ancestor &gt;2 million years ago, and their overall diversity is significantly greater than expected under neutrality from comparisons with a nuclear gene. Furthermore, a variety of statistical tests show strong deviations from neutrality in mitochondrial but not in nuclear genes. We therefore conclude that natural selection is probably maintaining a polymorphism of different Rickettsia strains in this species. Despite the age of the different mitochondrial haplotypes, there is very little genetic diversity within them. Furthermore, there is considerable variation in mitochondrial haplotype and bacterial strain frequency between populations, despite it being thought that this species has fairly low levels of population structure. We conclude that the fitness of these male killers may be negatively frequency dependent or different strains may be favored in different populations. These hypotheses await experimental confirmation.
Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Jiang Timothy T. , Acosta Daniel 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis article provides a comprehensive summary of common adverse side effects associated with key pharmaceutical drugs used in the treatment of selected diseases and disorders. The focus of this chapter is on the use of drugs associated with key organs and physiological functions of the body. The main topics covered are Anesthetics, Analgesics, Sedative Hypnotics, Anti‐physchotic, Antiepileptics, Neurodegenerative Disorders, Adrenergic and Cholinergic Agents, Cardiovascular Drugs, and Hormone Antagonists.
Geneticists' views on science policy formation and public outreach
Authors: Mathews Debra J.H. , Kalfoglou Andrea , Hudson Kathy 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThough much research about the public's views of scientists, genetic research and its moral, ethical, and social implications exists, little has been done to investigate how scientists view their own role(s) in public discussions and policy formation related to genetic research and technologies. We interviewed 20 academic geneticists in the United States about their perceptions of the roles they and others (e.g., professional societies, the public, ethicists, and elected officials) do and should play in the formation of science policy, the communication of science to the public, and the public discussions of moral and ethical issues raised by scientific advances. The participants in our study thought that scientists should be more actively involved in public outreach and science policy formation, but frequently they felt ill‐equipped and unsupported by their peers and institutions to pursue these activities. Furthermore, many were skeptical of or did not trust elected officials—who they consider uninformed about the issues and too driven by political agendas—to formulate sound science policy. They do, however, have faith in the ability of scientific societies to influence policy effectively, and some thought that societies should play a larger role, both in science policy and as a liaison between scientists and the public. Finally, participants offered suggestions for increasing the involvement and influence of scientists in science‐policy formation and public discourse. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sequence variation in the 3′‐untranslated region of the dopamine transporter gene and attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Authors: Feng Yu , Wigg Karen G. , Makkar Rohit , Ickowicz Abel , Pathare Tejaswee , Tannock Rosemary , Roberts Wendy , Malone Molly , Kennedy James L. , Schachar Russell , Barr Cathy L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) has been reported to be associated with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a number of studies [Cook et al. (1995): Am J Human Genet 56(4):9993–998; Gill et al. (1997): Mol Psychiatry 2(4):311–313; Waldman et al. (1998): Am J Human Genet 63(6):1767–1776; Barr et al. (2001): Biol Psychiatry 49(4):333–339; Curran et al. (2001): Mol Psychiatry 6(4):425–428; Chen et al. (2003): Mol Psychiatry 8(4):393–396]. Specifically, the 10‐repeat allele of the 40‐bp variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism located in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the gene has been found to be associated with ADHD. There is evidence from in vitro studies indicating that variability in the repeat number, and sequence variation in the 3′‐UTR of the DAT1 gene may influence the level of the dopamine transporter protein [Fuke et al. (2001): Pharmacogenomics J 1(2):152–156; Miller and Madras (2002): Mol Psychiatry 7(1):44–55]. In this study, we investigated whether DNA variation in the DAT1 3′UTR contributed to ADHD by genotyping DNA variants around the VNTR region in a sample of 178 ADHD families. These included a MspI polymorphism (rs27072), a DraI DNA change (T/C) reported to influence DAT1 expression levels, and a BstUI polymorphism (rs3863145) in addition to the VNTR. We also screened the VNTR region by direct resequencing to determine if there was sequence variation within the repeat units that could account for the association. Our results indicate that DAT1 is associated with ADHD in our sample but not with alleles of the VNTR polymorphism. We did not find any variation in the sequence for either the 10‐ or 9‐repeat alleles in the probands screened nor did we observe the reported DraI (T/C) variation. Our results therefore refute the possibility of the reported DraI variation or alleles of the VNTR as the functional variants contributing to the disorder. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of the SREBF2 gene as a genetic risk factor for vascular dementia
Authors: Kim Younyoung , Nam Yu Jin , Lee Chaeyoung 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA case‐control study was performed to examine the association between vascular dementia and the polymorphisms of the human gene encoding sterol regulatory element binding protein‐2 (SREBF2) that regulates cholesterol metabolism. The 16 genetic variants of SREBF2 were identified in 24 Koreans, and 5 out of 16 variants were genotyped in 207 vascular dementia patients and 207 control subjects. Significant association with vascular dementia was shown in 34995G/T with the GT genotype (odds ratio [OR] = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.04–2.37; P < 0.05) and the GG genotype (OR = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.44–0.96; P < 0.05). The CGC, the most common haplotype combined with three SNPs, 24489C/T, 34995G/T, and 68891C/T, was associated with the disease (OR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.53–0.97; P < 0.05), and the individuals with the CGC might be less susceptible to vascular dementia than those carrying any haplotype including at least one minor allele. This study implied that the variants of SREBF2 might be genetic factors involved in the pathogenesis of vascular dementia. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association studies of transforming growth factor‐β1 and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Dickson M.R. , Perry R.T. , Wiener H. , Go R.C.P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSubstantial laboratory evidence suggests Transforming Growth Factor‐β1 (TGFB1) is linked to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathology. The purpose of the study was to estimate the genetic association of TGFB1 with AD while controlling for apolipoprotein E4 allele (APOE4) status, the only well‐established genetic risk factor for AD. Two study populations were genotyped for the TGFB1−509 and +869 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have been associated with TGFB1 levels. Constituting these populations were 203 families from the NIMH AD Genetic Initiative with at least two affected siblings and a normal sibling, and a population of 126 African‐American (AA) AD cases versus 93 age matched controls. Results from family‐based analyses showed a significant association between the TGFB1 −509 SNP and AD for the entire set of 203 families (P = 0.007), and a subset of these families without a homozygous APOE4 family member (P = 0.026). Results from family‐based analyses on the TGFB1 +869 SNP were not significant in the 203 families. While associations for the main effects of the TGFB1 +869 and −509 SNP with AD in the AA case‐control study were also not significant, results did indicate that TGFB1 may function as an effect modifier of APOE4 risk. Specifically, the odds of AD associated with having at least one APOE4 allele increased in an additive fashion with one or two copies of the higher producer allele when stratified by TGFB1 −509 genotype and by TGFB1 +869 genotype. Results support a role for TGFB1 in AD pathogenesis. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Short‐term thermal endurance evaluation of thermoplastic polyesters by isothermal and nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis
Authors: Saccani Andrea , Motori Antonio , Montanari Gian Carlo 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThermogravimetric analysis, carried out in a pure oxygen flow both in isothermal and constant‐rate heating conditions, is proposed as an analytical technique for the estimation of thermal endurance parameters (the temperature index and halving interval) of polymeric materials, according to the short‐term procedure suggested by the IEC 61026 Standard. This technique was applied for the determination of the activation energy of the degradation process of three thermoplastic polyesters used in the electrical and packaging industries: poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(buthylene terephtalate), and poly(ethylene naphthalate). The results obtained are presented and compared with results previously derived by the long‐term conventional procedure described in IEC 60216; satisfactory agreement of the thermal endurance parameters was generally observed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 968–973, 2005
Modification of cellulose fibers with functionalized silanes: Effect of the fiber treatment on the mechanical performances of cellulose–thermoset composites
Authors: Abdelmouleh Makki , Boufi Sami , Belgacem Mohamed Naceur , Dufresne Alain , Gandini Alessandro 
Published: August 2005

AbstractUnsaturated polyester and epoxy resin matrices were filled with silane‐treated cellulose fibers and the ensuing composites were tested in terms of mechanical properties before and after accelerated aging consisting of their immersion into water. The coupling agents used were γ‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS), γ‐methacrylopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS), hexadecytrimethoxysilane, and γ‐mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MRPS) and those containing reactive functions capable of reacting at one end with the fibers and at the other with the matrix, namely, APS, MPS, and MRPS, were more efficient in improving the mechanical properties of the composites. The immersion into water induced a drastic loss of mechanical properties of the materials. The water uptake of the composites was also studied and showed that the silane treatment was poorly efficient in preventing cellulose from water absorption. The fracture surfaces were inspected by scanning electron microscopy, which confirmed the quality of the interface. These observations were in agreement with the results obtained from the dynamic mechanical characterization. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 974–984, 2005
Synthesize and characterization of styrene‐N‐phenyl maleimide/montmorillonite nanocomposites prepared through emulsion polymerization
Authors: Liu Guodong , Zhang Liucheng , Li Zongjian , Qu Xiongwei 
Published: August 2005

AbstractComposites of organomodified (OMMT) and pristine montmorillonite (MMT) intercalated by styrene‐N‐phenyl maleimide (PMI) copolymer were prepared by emulsion intercalative polymerization. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy results show that the dispersability of clay in the matrix was greatly improved by the incorporation of polar moiety PMI. The dispersability of OMMT in the matrix is better than MMT. XRD patterns of the extracted nanocomposites showed that d001 of the clay are much larger than that of the original OMMT and MMT, which indicates that the interaction of copolymer with the clay layers was greatly improved by incorporation with polar monomer PMI. The thermal property of the composites was greatly improved by the intercalation with clay. The DSC results showed that the glass transition of the composites became inconspicuous, which indicated that the movement of the polymer segment was extremely confined by the clay layer. The consistency factor of the melts of the composites increased monotonically with a decreasing flow index showing stronger shear thinning property of the composites. The rheological activity energy of the composites decreased more than that of the pure copolymer. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1010–1015, 2005
Preparation of N‐butyl chitosan and study of its physical and biological properties
Authors: Li Jing , Gong Yandao , Zhao Nanming , Zhang Xiufang 
Published: August 2005

AbstractN‐Butyl chitosans with different substitution degrees were prepared by solid–liquid heterogeneous reaction, varying the ratio of chitosan to butyl bromide. FTIR and free amino percentage analysis confirmed that the substitution reaction occurred primarily on NH2 moieties. X‐ray diffraction results of the chitosan derivatives showed that the hydrogen bonds were weakened by the incorporation of pendant alkyl. N‐Butyl chitosan films exhibited a higher elastic modulus, a lower percentage of elongation at break, decreased equilibrium swelling ratios, and slightly increased surface hydrophobicity compared to chitosan film. The results of ELISA indicated that the adsorption amount of fibronectin on butyl chitosan films was much higher than on chitosan film, which was maybe due to the rearrangement of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity after modification. The MTT assay suggested that the viability and proliferation of osteoblast cells on N‐butyl chitosan films were higher than that on chitosan film. These results suggest that N‐butyl chitosan is a promising candidate biomaterial for bone regeneration. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1016–1024, 2005
The usage of linseed oil‐based polyurethanes as a rheological modifier
Authors: Yılmaz Orçun , Baranak Murat , Güner F. Seniha , Erciyes A. Tuncer 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSome oil‐based urethanes (urethane oils) were prepared from linseed oil, glycerol, and two types of diisocyanates, hexamethyle diisocyanate (HMDI) and 4,4′‐ diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). These urethane oils were used as a rheological modifier in solvent‐based coatings. For this purpose the mixture prepared from urethane oil and alkyd resin (AR‐UO) was investigated in view of flow properties. Time dependence of AR‐UO was investigated by using the hysteresis loop method. None of the samples showed thixotropic flow behavior. The flow type was decided after calculation of the ratio of viscosity at low shear rate to viscosity at high shear rate. The results showed that HMDI‐based samples had the smallest viscosity ratio and increasing the amount of aromatic structure caused increasing shear thinning behavior. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1032–1035, 2005
Swelling behaviors of a three‐component copolymer (starch graft sodium acrylate and 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐propanosulfonic acid) synthesized by microwave polymerization
Authors: Xu K. , Zhang W. D. , Yue Y. M. , Wang P. X. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA superabsorbent of starch, 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐propanosulfonic acid (AMPS), and sodium acrylate was synthesized by microwave irradiation, and the effect of AMPS on the performance of the polymer was investigated. The best mass fraction of the three components was determined (starch/acrylic acid/AMPS = 2 : 5 : 3). The structure of the polymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, 13C cross‐polarization/magic‐angle spinning NMR, and scanning electron microscopy, and the morphology of the surface of the sample was studied. The results showed that the morphology of the polymer was changed to some extent under microwave irradiation, and the swelling rate of the polymer synthesized by microwave polymerization was faster than the swelling rate of a polymer synthesized by a traditional method. The best absorbent capacities of the product in distilled water and a 0.9% sodium chloride solution were 450 and 53 g/g, respectively. Meanwhile, the introduction of AMPS to a superabsorbent resin was an effective method for improving the performance of the polymer. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1050–1054, 2005
Image querying by image professionals
Authors: Jörgensen Corinne , Jörgensen Peter 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis article reports the analysis of two samples of search logs from a commercial image provider over a 1‐month period. The study analyzes image searches and queries, user query modification strategies, and user browsing and downloading of results. Unique term searches are less frequent than earlier research has shown; descriptive and thematic queries are more common. Boolean searching, although heavily employed, appears to be ineffective and leads to query modifications. Although there was a large amount of query modification (61.7% of queries across the two samples), the tactics overall do not appear to be carefully thought out and seem to be largely experimental. Given the willingness to modify queries but the inability to do so in an effective way, more support for query modification may be beneficial.
Market segmentation for customer satisfaction studiesviaa new latent structure multidimensional scaling model
Authors: Wu Jianan , DeSarbo Wayne S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIt has been well documented in the marketing literature that customer satisfaction is critical to any businesses' success. However, it is far less clear as on how marketers comprehend customer differences in customer satisfaction evaluations, and leverage such understanding in forming their marketing strategies. Only recently have researchers begun to explore the notion of individual or segment differences in the formation of overall satisfaction judgments.To extend the exploration of unobserved customer heterogeneity in customer satisfaction studies with multiple attributes, we propose a latent structure multidimensional scaling (MDS) model to visually depict unobserved customer heterogeneity with respect to the theoretical components of customer satisfaction judgments. Our model is developed on the basis of the well‐established expectancy–disconfirmation theory of customer satisfaction. We describe the proposed MDS model and discuss the technical aspects of the model structure and maximum likelihood estimation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current issues and a ‘wish list’ for conjoint analysis
Authors: Bradlow Eric T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractConjoint analysis is one of the most celebrated tools in Marketing, and its widespread use (not just widespread publication history) has been one of the greatest success stories in Marketing/Business of the academic and practitioner interface. In this article, I provide a wish‐list, of sorts, summarizing current cutting‐edge research that is trying to fill some holes, and other issues that I ‘wish’ were trying to be filled.By literally using a list‐like statement, current answer, and wish‐list format for this article, I hope to provide guidance to both academics and practitioners as to the areas for future important conjoint research. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The value of simple models in new product forecasting and customer‐base analysis
Authors: Fader Peter S. , Hardie Bruce G. S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn this paper, we develop the idea of a ‘simple model’—defined as one that a good business student can build and implement on his/her notebook PC using readily available software. We explore how such models have the potential to bridge the gap between what marketing academics create and what marketing managers seek in a model. We provide specific examples from the areas of new product sales forecasting and customer‐base analysis, using spreadsheet‐based models that provide good forecasts and insights about actual buyer behaviour. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
O2 and Vacancy Diffusion on Rutile(110): Pathways and Electronic Properties
Authors: Tilocca Antonio , Selloni Annabella 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe binding structures and diffusion pathways of molecular oxygen on a defective TiO2(110) surface are studied by means of a recently developed first‐principles string molecular dynamics approach. A variety of molecular and dissociated O2 adsorption states are identified and the kinetics of their interconversion is analyzed. These results, as well as calculations of the electronic properties and of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images, are used to discuss recent experimental observations of the interactions between surface oxygen vacancies and the adsorbed oxygen molecule.
Isobaric–Isothermal Monte Carlo Simulations from First Principles: Application to Liquid Water at Ambient Conditions
Authors: McGrath Matthew J. , Siepmann J. Ilja , Kuo I‐Feng W. , Mundy Christopher J. , VandeVondele Joost , Hutter Jürg , Mohamed Fawzi , Krack Matthias 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA series of first‐principles Monte Carlo simulations in the isobaric–isothermal ensemble were carried out for liquid water at ambient conditions (T=298 K and p=1 atm). The Becke–Lee–Yang–Parr (BLYP) exchange and correlation energy functionals and norm‐conserving Goedecker–Teter–Hutter (GTH) pseudopotentials were employed with the CP2 K simulation package to examine systems consisting of 64 water molecules. The fluctuations in the system volume encountered in simulations in the isobaric–isothermal ensemble require a reconsideration of the suitability of the typical charge‐density cutoff and the regular grid‐generation method previously used for the computation of the electrostatic energy in first‐principles simulations in the microcanonical or canonical ensembles. In particular, it is noted that a much higher cutoff is needed and that the most computationally efficient method of creating grids can result in poor simulations. Analysis of the simulation trajectories using a very large charge‐density cutoff at 1200 Ry and four different grid‐generation methods point to a significantly underestimated liquid density of about 0.8 g cm−3 resulting in a somewhat understructured liquid (with a value of about 2.7 for the height of the first peak in the oxygen–oxygen radial distribution function) for BLYP‐GTH water at ambient conditions. In addition, a simulation using a charge‐density cutoff at 280 Ry yields a higher density of 0.9 g cm−3, showing the sensitivity of the simulation outcome to this parameter.