bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying The Contracting Entities
Authors: Trepte Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In considering the application of the Public Procurement Directives, it is necessary to determine whether the purchaser in question is a ‘contracting entity’ for the purposes of those Directives. If the purchaser does not fall within the definition of the Directives, its procurement will not be subject to the procedural requirements set out in those Directives even if, in the case of a privileged private undertaking, it remains subject to a residual observation of the principle of non-discrimination. Similarly, the voluntary application of the Directives by a body not falling within the deﬁnition does not mean that, in the event of what would be a breach of their provisions, those breaches would be open to challenge under the Directives.
Rational Self-Commitment
Authors: Verbeek Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After a long day at the office in Troy, Ulysses passes his favorite bar, the Sirens. From far away he can hear the laughing and singing of his friends. Back home, in the suburb of Ithaca, Penelope is waiting with dinner and he could really use a good night’s sleep. Right now, all things considered, he would prefer to go home and leave beer and Sirens for another night. However, if he comes closer to the bar, his friends will notice him and call him over to have a beer or two with them.
Xenophon at his Most Socratic (Memorabilia 4. 2)
Authors: Johnson David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Xenophon’s Socratic writings are both more conventional and more derivative than those of Plato. But the differences are not due solely to Xenophon’s literary and philosophical shortcomings. Xenophon’s Socrates is more conventional than Plato’s because Xenophon’s intentions were different. He was more consistently concerned with defending Socrates, and he appears to have written for a wider audience than Plato. The better to defend Socrates, Xenophon argues that he was not only innocent but beneficent, and as Xenophon’s Socrates benefits others by teaching, he must be more didactic than Plato’s Socrates.
The Unity of Virtue In Plato’s Protagoras
Authors: Manuwald Bernd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After Protagoras’ great speech in the Platonic dialogue named after him, Socrates has just one ‘small point’ he would like to have explained: since Protagoras has talked about justice, temperance, and piety and called them all ‘virtue’, Socrates now enquires whether virtue is one thing and justice, temperance, and piety (etc.) are parts of it or whether all these qualities are (merely different) names of one and the same thing (329 b 5–d 1). This question (together with two further ones developed from it) forms the starting-point for a long discussion by the two interlocutors of the unity of virtue; in this part of the dialogue the disjunctive pair just outlined, as well as some others, play a significant role, but no explicitly stated result is achieved. Interpreters of the Protagoras, however, have long been trying to attribute one of the positions sketched in the dialogue to the Platonic Socrates.
Matter, Medicine, and the Mind: Asclepiades vs. Epicurus
Authors: Polito Roberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Asclepiades of bithynia (fl. second century Bc) was not only an eminent physician, but also a philosopher. As Antiochus of Ascalon puts it, he was ‘second to none in the art of medicine and acquainted with philosophy too’. The several traces he left in philosophical literature suggest that he was more than merely acquainted with it. Nevertheless, while the principles of his physiology have been recently investigated in depth, his ‘acquaintance’ with philosophy has never been pursued as I believe it deserves.
Caring, Reflexivity, and the Structure of Volition
Authors: Wallace R Jay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the significant legacies of Harry Frankfurt’s work on agency and personhood is the attention he has drawn to fascinating but neglected complexities in the structure of the will. Personhood is not exhausted by the capacity for intentional action, but involves additional resources of interest and concern that help to define who we are. Thus not everything that a person does intentionally is something that the person fully identifies with. Some of the actions we perform are ones that we are estranged from in a certain sense, insofar as they do not reflect our values, priorities, and sense of what is really important in life. It thus emerges that there can be internal as well as external obstacles to the autonomous realization of our ends.
Introduction
Authors: Lepore Ernie , Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Donald Davidson’s philosophical program, one of the most influential of the second half of the twentieth century, can be seen as organized around two connected projects. The first is that of understanding the nature of human agency. The second is that of understanding the nature and function of language, and its relation to thought and the world. After a brief overview of Davidson’s life and the intellectual background of his work, we will develop these two themes in the context of the present selection of essential papers from Davidson’s corpus.
A Theistic Argument against Platonism (and in Support of Truthmakers and Divine Simplicity)
Authors: Bergmann Michael , Brower Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Predication is an indisputable part of our linguistic behavior. By contrast, the metaphysics of predication has been a matter of dispute ever since antiquity. According to Plato—or at least Platonism, the view that goes by Plato’s name in contemporary philosophy—the truths expressed by predications such as ‘‘Socrates is wise’’ are true because there is a subject of predication (e.g. Socrates), there is an abstract property or universal (e.g. wisdom), and the subject exemplifies the property. This view is supposed to be general, applying to all predications, whether the subject of predication is a person, a planet, or a property.
The Politics of Central Banking in the United States and in the European Union
Authors: Jabko Nicolas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The US Federal Reserve was created in 1913 and has become one of the most established and well-respected public institutions in America. It is arguably the only example of a Weberian bureaucracy in the US federal government. In Europe, the protracted birth of Europe’s EMU created turmoil for central bankers through the advent of the euro in 1999. Yet the newborn ECB has quickly adapted to its role and has become the staunchest defender of the new institutional order around the European Union’s official currency.
The Intellectual Contribution of the Selfish Gene to Evolutionary Theory
Authors: Grafen Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A phenomenon such as Dawkins’ The Selfish Genecan be seen from many points of view and set in many contexts. Its popular success, its influence on generations of students and scholars, and its permeation of the intellectual life of many countries could all be taken as starting points. Instead, this article will begin by focusing very narrowly on the originality and intellectual significance of the ideas in The Selfish Gene, and how they stand up today in the light of further research. I will consider the book’s reception, and give reasons for the variability of esteem in which it is held.
Neoliberalization at Work: The Long Transition from Welfare to Workfare
Authors: Peck Jamie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The welfare state has been on of the key battlegrounds of the neoliberal offensive, the state-assisted ‘market revolution’ that has been unevenly ascendant for more than two decades now. In neoliberalizing countries, entitlement programs have been eroded, beneflts and eligibilities have been cut back, welfare systems and welfare recipients have been subjected to sustained political attack, and recurrent waves of reform have sought to strengthen ‘work incentives’ (see Handler 2005). In the process, welfarist rationalities, like the decommodiflcation of wage labor for designated social groups, the provision of limited shelters from labor market competition, and the standardization of services in the context of legally embedded entitlements, have progressively given way to an emergent set of workfarist logics, based on the selective recommodiflcation of wage labor, the marketization of the labor market’s boundary institutions, the activation and socialization of welfare recipients for contingent employment, and the replacement of entitlements with obligations.
Introduction to WordNet: An On-line Lexical Database
Authors: Miller George A , Beckwith Richard , Fellbaum Christiane , Gross Derek , Miller Katherine J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Standard alphabetical procedures for organizing lexical information put together words that are spelled alike and scatter words with similar or related meanings haphazardly through the list. Unfortunately, there is no obvious alternative, no other simple way for lexicographers to keep track of what has been done or for readers to find the word they are looking for. But a frequent objection to this solution is that finding things on an alphabetical list can be tedious and time-consuming. Many people who would like to refer to a dictionary decide not to bother with it because finding the information would interrupt their work and break their train of thought. In this age of computers, however, there is an answer to that complaint. One obvious reason to resort to on-line dictionaries – lexical databases that can be read by computers – is that computers can search such alphabetical lists much faster than people can. A dictionary entry can be available as soon as the target word is selected or typed into the keyboard. Moreover, since dictionaries are printed from tapes that are read by computers, it is a relatively simple matter to convert those tapes into the appropriate kind of lexical database. Putting conventional dictionaries on line seems a simple and natural marriage of the old and the new. Once computers are enlisted in the service of dictionary users, however, it quickly becomes apparent that it is grossly inefficient to use these powerful machines as little more than rapid page-turners. The challenge is to think what further use to make of them. WordNet is a proposal for a more effective combination of traditional lexicographic information and modern high-speed computation.
Exporting the Silicon Valley to Europe: How Useful is Comparative Institutional Theory?
Authors: Casper Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the link between national systems of innovation and country performance in the new economy, focusing on small entrepreneurial technology firms and the Silicon Valley model. The Silicon Valley model is a template of company organization in industries characterized by rapid technological change, high returns for new product innovators, and, typically, strong intellectual property regimes. These characteristics prompt races among large numbers of entrants to invent, patent, and commercialize new technologies successfully. Firms competing in new technology markets must engage in a common set of activities, including accessing novel technologies from universities, recruiting and motivating highly skilled scientists and engineers, and obtaining high-risk finance.
Reasons Against the Selection of Life: From Japan ‘s Experience of Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis
Authors: Shimazono Susumu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I describe the Japanese resistance to genetic selection in the form of prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion. I explain the reasons for this and the implications for the debate about enhancement and whether human nature should be improved. I contrast the Japanese resistance to enhancement and genetic selection with Western arguments against these practices. Japan provides a new perspective, I will argue, on why we should resist genetic selection and enhancement. Japanese resistance is based not on the sanctity of human life or feminist concerns, but rather on skepticism about scientific intervention in nature and the human body, on values which place primacy on interpersonal relationships and bonds rather than autonomy and dominance, and the inclusion of all people regardless of disability.
Analysis and Experience
Authors: Grosholz Emily R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I explain what I mean by analysis and mathematical experience, variously invoking Leibniz, Locke, Hume, Peirce, and Cavaille`s as well as some of my contemporaries. Two figures are conspicuously absent from this historical line-up, Descartes and Kant; my objections to their doctrines in this context have been set forth elsewhere and recur throughout this book, so I won’t pause to rehearse them here.
Chemistry, Quantum Mechanics, and Group Theory
Authors: Grosholz Emily R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mid-twentieth-century account of theory reduction, like the deductive-nomological model of explanation, served the useful function of providing a simple model of an important kind of scientific reasoning expressed in a certain symbolic language, the theories of predicate logic. However, I have been arguing that philosophers of science were carried away by their enthusiasm for predicate logic as an instrument of philosophical analysis, as were philosophers of mathematics a generation earlier, an enthusiasm that limited their ability to address several important features of scientific and mathematical rationality, and indeed of predicate logic itself as a vehicle of that rationality.
Leibniz on Transcendental Curves
Authors: Grosholz Emily R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Louis Couturat and Bertrand Russell enlisted Leibniz as the champion of logicism, in the search for a single perfect idiom for the truths of mathematics and science, they dismissed at the same time much of his writing on theology and metaphysics. This was of course a brutal triage that generations of scholars throughout the twentieth century have critically examined and rejected, but in the Anglophone world we have only recently begun to assess properly how it distorts our understanding of Leibniz’s account of mathematics and science.
Logic and Topology
Authors: Grosholz Emily R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Logic is usually presented as a canon of argument, a codification of the rules of thought. It formalizes the ways in which we move from premises that present evidence to the conclusions they support, and exhibits the ways that are most reliable because they transmit truth, or perhaps high probability. Understood in this way, logic has no special subject matter; thinking can be thinking about anything.
The Oxford of Peel and Gladstone, 1800-1833
Authors: Brock M G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reforms adopted by Oxford University and its colleges between 1790 and 1 8 ro have been described in The Eighteenth Century, and further detail is added in the chapters which follow.’ Most of the reforms came in a piecemeal way, as one college after another improved its practices. Oriel and Balliol, which were relatively free from ‘locality’ and other restrictions in their fellowships, led the way in making academic promise a decisive consideration in fellowship elections. Oriel’s fellowship examinations soon became something of a model. Corpus held rigorous scholarship examinations from the turn of the century and in 1816 Trinity followed suit. Increasing care was taken, by some heads at least, in the appointment of tutors; and the number of undergraduates left in complete idleness was reduced. The system of college tests and progress reports, named ‘collections’, long in force at Christ Church, was adopted elsewhere. Oriel introduced written work into its collections in 1828. College statutes could sometimes be invoked to impede crucial changes; but, where there was a will to effect reforms, a way could usually be found.
The Examination System
Authors: Curthoys M C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The undergraduate honours course, occupying three or four years’ study of a single subject, culminating in a series of three-hour written examinations and a published class list, became an established institution in many English universities during the twentieth century. For most of the nineteenth century these features were peculiar to Oxford and Cambridge: the Oxford system originated in 1800; the Cambridge Senate House examination and tripos lists had rather earlier, eighteenth-century, origins.2 Brought into being at a time when the influences most strongly felt in the universities were clerical and aristocratic, the examinations came to assume functions unforeseen by their creators. Later notions of credentialism did not form a significant element in the original arrangements. The award of a written certificate or diploma was never an element in the Oxford degree ceremony; under the new system the much sought-after testamurs, on which the examiners certified that a candidate’s performance had been satisfactory, were printed on scraps of blue paper inferior to contemporary tradesmen’s bills. Those who gained ‘honorary’ distinction appeared in a class list originally published on paper of the grade used for packaging tea.
The Beginnings of Greats, 1800-1872
Authors: Jenkyns Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘It doesn’t seem to me that one gains the quintessence of the University unless one reads Greats,’ says Michael Fane, the hero of Compton Mackenzie’s Sinister Street (1913-14); this is the admission of one who, like his creator, has read modern history.’ Greats is one of the noblest monuments of Victorian education, and in the definitive form which it reached in 1850- language and literature up until the first public examination; history and philosophy thereafter-it seems so lucid and logical in its construction that it might be thought to have sprung fully grown from the head of Zeus. In reality it was the product of an evolutionary process, and that evolution is marked by two characteristics: separation and enlargement. An analysis of this development is one of the keys to understanding the place of classical literature and language in nineteenth-century Oxford.
Back to Aristotle? Happiness, Eudaimonia, and Relational Goods
Authors: Bruni Luigino 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary economics is a badly equipped discipline for understanding the nexus between happiness and genuine, not instrumental, sociality. The intuition that inspired this chapter is the conviction that if economics accepts once again to consider non-instrumental interpersonal relations, that is, relational goods, it will profit by a rediscovery of its link with the Aristotelian tradition.
Capability, Happiness, and Opportunity*
Authors: Sugden Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For much of the twentieth century, there was a consensus in economics that normative analysis should use the “welfarist” (or “ordinal utilitarian”) approach. In welfarism, the concern is with social welfare—the overall good of a society. Social welfare is taken to be an aggregate of the welfare of individuals; each person’s preferences (treated as given) provide the standard by which his or her welfare is assessed. Recently, however, two different approaches to normative analysis have begun to gain ground—the “capability” approach and the “happiness” approach.
Gymnosperms
Authors: Renner Susanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gymnosperms, also called Acrogymnospermae (1), are a group of seed-bearing plants (spermatophytes) with ovules on the edge or blade of an open sporophyll or ovuliferous scale (Fig. 1). 7eir closest extant relatives are the angiosperms, which have ovules enclosed in a carpel. Gymnospermae is a problematic name because, when fossils are included as is usually the case, the name is widely understood to apply to a paraphyletic group of seed plants from which the angiosperms also arose (1). 7ere are just over a 1000 living species of gymnosperms in the taxa Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Coniferophyta, and Gnetophyta. Here, the relationships and divergence times of families in these phyla are reviewed.
Eudicots
Authors: Forest Félix , Chase Mark W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much attention and effort have been devoted to the understanding of the early evolution of eudicots, a group comprising a large proportion of the angiosperm total species number (75%, 1). 7ey are characterized by the presence of tricolpate pollen grains (or derived from this type), a type of pollen grain with three pores set in apertures called colpi (Fig. 1). Eudicot taxa at the basal nodes of the tree consist of several small to medium-sized lineages in which the two most important groups of angiosperms, rosids and asterids, are nested. thesetwo groups account for almost two-thirds of all angiosperm species (88% of eudicot species; 1). In this chapter, relationships and divergence time estimates of early-diverging eudicots as well as the smaller lineages of core eudicots are reviewed. therosid and asterid groups are discussed elsewhere in this volume. Ranunculales is the Arst diverging group in eudicots, followed successively by Proteales, Sabiaceae, Buxaceae + Didymelaceae, and Trochodendraceae (2–6). Relationships in this sequence are not well supported, and other studies have proposed slightly diBerent topologies (7–9). theremainder of the eudicots form a group principally characterized by strong support in various molecular phylogenetic analyses and has been labeled “core eudicots” (10).
Monocots
Authors: Andersona Cajsa Lisa , JanßEn Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The monocots are a strongly supported monophyletic group comprising about 25% of the angiosperm diversity. 7ey number 59,300 species (1) and are classiAed in 81 families and 10 orders by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APGII) (2). A number of morphological characters are shared by most monocots, although these may have been (secondarily) lost in some lineages. thesingle cotyledon, leaves with linear venation, a basal meristem, scattered vascular bundles in the shoots and a lack of secondary growth of xylem and phloem, and sieve cell plastids are among the most obvious shared-derived morphological characters. Monocots usually possess trimerous Powers and uniaperturate pollen, which is most commonly monosulcate. Monocot characters also appear in other angiosperm groups. For example, sieve cell plastids occur in some Aristolochiaceae, scattered vascular bundles in Nymphaeaceae and some Piperaceae, and trimerous Powers with two perianth whorls are present in Nymphaeaceae and some magnoliids. Several monocots from diBerent orders and families do have reticulate venation. 7is is, however, a derived condition thought to represent an adaptation to shaded habitats such as the forest understorey.
Frogs and toads (Anura)
Authors: Bossuyt Franky , Roelants Kim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anura (Fig. 1) (“tail-less amphibians”) represent the largest living order of amphibians, and currently include 5400 described species (1). Most of them undergo the typical amphibious life history and are dependent on the presence of water for their reproduction and development. Multiple lineages, however, show an evolutionary trend toward increased terrestriality in larval or adult frog stages. Despite an evolutionarily conserved body plan, anurans have diversiAed into a myriad of ecomorphs and have adapted to life in habitats as distinct as rainforest canopies, mangroves, and sand dune burrows. In addition, anurans have attained a subcosmopolitan distribution and are currently only absent in extreme northern latitudes, Antarctica, and most oceanic (noncontinental) islands (2). The independent occupation of similar ecological niches by frog taxa in different geographic regions has resulted in extraordinary cases of evolutionary convergence. The consequent high levels of morphological homoplasy have complicated anuran systematics for decades. However, a major ongoing upsurge of molecular phylogenetic studies is now leading to an increasingly resolved consensus for the anuran tree.