bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of venlafaxine on ongoing and experimentally induced pain in neuropathic pain patients: a double blind, placebo controlled study
Authors: Yucel A. , Ozyalcin S. , Talu G. Koknel , Kiziltan E. , Yucel B. , Andersen O.K. , Arendt‐Nielsen L. , Disci R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackground and aim The aim of this randomized double blind placebo controlled study was to investigate the effectiveness and the safety of venlafaxine XR 75 and 150 mg on ongoing pain and on quantitative sensory tests in 60 patients with neuropathic pain for 8 weeks.Methods Evaluation parameters consisted of ongoing pain intensity (VAS), patient satisfaction, side effects, global efficacy and tolerance. Quantitative sensory measurements taken from the affected area before and after the drug treatment included pin‐prick hyperalgesia, allodynia, detection and pain thresholds to electrical and heat stimuli, temporal summation of repetitive electrical and heat stimuli.Results A total of 55 patients completed the study. VAS scores decreased significantly compared to the baseline measurements in all groups. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding pain intensity and escape medication. The areas of allodynia and pin‐prick hyperalgesia decreased significantly in venlafaxine groups compared to the placebo. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding the detection thresholds (electrical and heat). The pain threshold and the summation threshold to electrical stimuli and the summation threshold to heat stimuli increased significantly following treatment in both venlafaxine groups. In addition, the degree of the temporal summation to electrical and heat stimuli decreased significantly following treatment in both venlafaxine groups compared to the placebo.Conclusion The study showed significant effect of venlafaxine in the manifestations of hyperalgesia and temporal summation, but not on the ongoing pain intensity. Furthermore, the quantitative sensory tests provided complementing information to the clinical measures.
Two‐stage ultrasonography in screening for fetal anomalies at 13–14 and 18–22 weeks of gestation
Authors: Taipale Pekka , Ämmälä Martti , Salonen Riitta , Hiilesmaa Vilho 
Published: November 2004

Background.  The aim of this study was to assess the value of two‐stage screening by ultrasonography in detecting selected major fetal anomalies in a low‐risk obstetric population.Methods.  In a defined geographic area, 4789 consecutive low‐risk pregnant women participated in screening by two‐stage ultrasonography as part of routine maternal care. The examinations were usually performed by specially trained midwives at 13–14 and 18–22 weeks of gestation. Of the women, 4073 had both scans, 440 had the early one only, and 276 the late scan only. Pregnancy outcomes were ascertained from obstetric and pediatric records, and the data were supplemented with information from the national birth and malformation registries.Results.  Of the 4855 fetuses, 33 (0.7%) had major structural defects considered detectable by ultrasonography. Of these, six (18%) were identified at the early scan, and an additional 10 (30%) at the late scan, yielding a total sensitivity of 48% for the two‐stage screening. Twenty offspring had chromosomal abnormalities; 10 were identified by increased nuchal translucency at the early scan, one additional one (by hydronephrosis) at the late scan, and the remaining nine at birth.Conclusions.  In a low‐risk population, first‐trimester scanning is useful in finding fetuses with chromosomal anomalies, but a second‐trimester scan is needed for other types of defects. The sensitivity of routine screening by midwives for fetal structural defects in a general obstetric population remains lower than that reported by specialized centers.
Trust and confirmation in a gynecologic examination situation: a critical incident technique analysis
Authors: Wendt Eva , Fridlund Bengt , Lidell Evy 
Published: November 2004

Background.  Gynecologic examination is a common measure in reproductive health care. Many women experience the examination as a more or less negative event, with shortcomings in the examiner's behavior. The aim of the study was to describe, in terms of critical incidences, women's experiences concerning the personnel's behavior in the situation of gynecologic examination.Methods.  The informants were strategically chosen and consisted of 30 Swedish women between the ages of 18–82 years old. The data collection method was qualitative research interviews analyzed by critical incident technique.Results.  The result consisted of 30 subcategories, five categories, and two main areas – trust and confirmation. The personnel enabled trust when they promoted participation, created confidence, and were supportive. The opposite behavior contributed to the lack of trust. Confirmation described behavior that confirmed, respectively, did not confirm the women. This was shown through the presence or lack of respect and engagement.Conclusion.  The personnel's positive behavior enabled trust and confirmed the women as individuals, while negative behavior was decisive in an unfavorable way. A complexity of patterns of knowing in nursing was identified. Participation through information that contributed to trust was important and amounted to one fourth of the incidents in the material. Respect and engagement, which confirmed the women, facilitated a positive caring relationship. The examination situation can be improved through reflection of the personnel's own behavior and further research about women's own experiences.
GENETICS OF GRACILARIA TIKVAHIAE (RHODOPHYCEAE). X. STUDIES ON A BISEXUAL CLONE12
Authors: van der Meer John P. , Patwary Mohsin U. , Bird C. J. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTA male done of the red alga Gracilaria tikvahiae McLachlan spontaneously produced a bisexual frond which remained bisexual in subsequent subcultures. Both male and female components of bisexual fronds were functional; however, some unusual results were obtained in crosses. When bisexual fronds were crossed with a normal haploid male, the resulting carpospores all developed into diploid male gametophytes. When bisexual plants were self fertilized, all the carpospores yielded diploid bisexual gametophytes. Only when bisexual plants were crossed to normal haploid females, did carpospores develop into diploid tetrasporophytes as they normally do. The F1 gametophyte generation obtained from these tetrasporophytes, however, included not only females and males but also bisexual plants, in a 2:1:1 ratio. These results are consistent with the interpretation that bisexual plants have a recessive mutation of a gene other than the primary sex determining locus, and that this mutation is expressed only in male plants. It is suggested that the altered gene may ordinarily have a regulatory function in the maintenance of the dioecious condition.
OBSERVATIONS ON NORTH AMERICAN GOMPHONEIS (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE). I. VALVE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF G. MAMMILLA WITH COMMENT ON THE TAXONOMIC STATUS OF THE GENUS1,2
Authors: Kociolek John P. , Rosen Barry H. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTRecent questions concerning the taxonomic status of the diatom genus Gomphoneis Cleve have prompted critical examination of the valvar morphology of a species originally included in the genus. Light and electron microscopic observations on G. mammilla (Ehr.) Cl. show that the characteristics put forth by Cleve to delineate the genus are present in this taxon. Striae composed of two rows of simple areolae located in depressions on the valve and longitudinal lines formed by a broad internal axial plate were observed in G. mammilla. The presence of two apical spines on the headpole and the structure of a bilobed apical pore field located at the footpole are described, in addition to other valve features. Valve morphology of G. mammilla is compared with that of doubly‐punctate Gomphonema species with the result that we recommend the two genera remain separate.
FINE STRUCTURE OF THE MUCOCYSTS OF COLACIUM CALVUM (EUGLENOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Willey Ruth L. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTThe characteristic stalk of Colacium calvum Stein is formed from carbohydrate extruded by granules in the anterior portion of the cell. These granules exhibit the characteristics of mucocysts and their contents have two electron densities. A narrow extension of each granule extends past neighboring muciferous bodies to attachment sites in the posterior notch of the pellicle strip. The granule contains neutral polysaccharide which resembles that in the peripheral cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. The attachment site is structurally complex.
EXPERIMENTAL MODIFICATION OF THE MORPHOGENETIC BEHAVIOR OF THE ISOLATED SUB‐APICAL CELL OF THE APEX OFSPHACELARIA CIRROSA(PHAEOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Ducreux Georges 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTExperimental isolation of the terminal cells of the apex ofSphacelaria cirrosa(Roth) C. Agardh shows that the isolated apical cell retains a self‐maintained mode of functioning. The isolated sub‐apical cell, however, gives rise to a newly‐formed axis after undergoing a different type of developmental sequence. An experimental scheme allowing one to defer isolation of the sub‐apical cell after killing the apical cell shows that the maintenance, for a few hours only, of connections with subjacent cells is sufficient to induce an apical type mode of functioning in the sub‐apical cell. The sequential analysis of the first cytological events in this phenomenon allows one to relate this modification of the morphogenetic program to a functional and polarized arrangement of organelles within the cell reconstituting the apical. The morphogenetic program is characterized by a migration of the nucleus to a distal position prior to an asymmetrical mitosis characteristic of the apical mode of functioning.
BIOCHEMICAL STRATEGIES FOR GROWTH OF GRACILARIA TIKVAHIAE (RHODOPHYTA) IN RELATION TO LIGHT INTENSITY AND NITROGEN AVAILABILITY1
Authors: Lapointe Brian E. , Duke Clifford S. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTThe main effects and interactions between light (Io, full incident sunlight to 0.07 Io) and NO3− loading (0.4 to 4.3 mmol · g dry weight−1· d−1) on growth rate, photosynthesis and biochemical constituents of Gracilaria tikvahiae McLachlan were studied using a factorial design experiment in outdoor, continuous‐flow seawater cultures. Incipient nitrogen limitation in the low NO3− loading, Io and 0.57 Io treatments occurred after 2.5 weeks of growth under the experimental conditions and resulted in decreased tissue NO3− and R‐phycoerythrin. Tissue NO3− and R‐phycoerythrin accounted for up to ca. 15 and 20%, respectively, of the total N in G. tikvahiae suggesting a N reserve role for these N pools. Under light and NO3− limitation, growth rate was a parabolic function of the C:N ratio. As light limitation increased, growth rate and the C:N ratio decreased as levels of Chl‐a, R‐phycoerythrin, percent N and percent protein increased. As NO3− limitation increased, growth rate and levels of Chl‐a, R‐phycoerythrin, percent N and percent protein all decreased with parallel increases in the C:N ratio. In contrast to the inverse relationship between pigment content and light, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) activity (on both a protein and dry weight basis) varied directly with light. This biochemical acclimation of G. tikvahiae to light and N availability appears to be a process directed towards maximizing photo synthetic capacity and growth.
INFLUENCE OF SALINITY AND SULFATE ON THE TOXICITY OF CHROMIUM(VI) TO THE ESTUARINE DIATOM THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA1
Authors: Riedel Gerhardt F. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTThe acute toxicity of Cr(VI) to the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hasle and Heimdal) clone 3H was determined in artificial media of 3.2 and 0.32 ppt salinity and with variations of sulfate concentration in the media independent of salinity. Inhibitory concentrations of Cr(VI) ranged from 6.6 μM for growth rate and 4.9 μM for cell yield at 3.2 ppt salinity and 2.8 μM sulfate to 0.04 μM for growth rate and 0.02 μM for cell yield at 0.32 ppt salinity and 0.019 mM sulfate. The inhibition by Cr(VI) was a function of the ratio of Cr(VI) to sulfate. Inhibition occurred when‐this ratio exceeded about 500:1. It is suggested that the mechanism for the toxicity of Cr(VI) to diatoms and perhaps other aquatic organisms involves a site at which sulfate and chromate compete.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF TETRASPOROGENESIS IN THE CORALLINE ALGAHALIPTILON CUVIERI(RHODOPHYTA)1
Authors: Vesk Maret , Borowitzka Michael A. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTTetrasporogenesis begins with the formation of the tetra‐sporocyte, an elongate, apparently wall‐less, cell containing few organelles. The tetrasporocyte rapidly elongates and a distinctive cell wall forms before the onset of meiosis. During this elongation phase there is also an increase in the number of plastids and mitochondria. The meiotic tetrasporocyte is characterized by extensive development of perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum (PNER) and peripheral endoplasmic reticulum (PER) and during the latter stages of sporogenesis by internuclear endoplasmic reticulum. Immediately next to the nuclear envelope the inter‐cisternal spaces of the PNER are filled with very electron dense material and the PNER cisternae are quite narrow, while further away from the nucleus the PNER cisternae dilate. Throughout meiosis there is continued replication of plastids and mitochondria as well as synthesis of starch and the formation of Golgi‐derived vesicles with very osmiophilic contents. Cytokinesis begins with the formation of striated thickenings on the inside of the tetrasporocyte wall, at the sites where the cleavage furrow, produced by infurrowing of the plasmalemma, will be formed. Early in cytokinesis the PER disappears and is replaced by osmiophilic vesicles and mitochondria. Tubular plasmalemma invaginations of 27–30 nm width also appear during the early stages of tetraspore wall formation. The ultra‐structure of the early stages of tetraspore germination is also described.
NEW ENDOLITHIC CYANOPHYTES FROM THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN. III. HYELLA PYXIS LUKAS & HOFFMAN SP. NOV.1
Authors: Lukas Karen J. , Hoffman Emily J. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTA new species of marine endolithic cyanophyte, Hyella pyxis Lukas and Hoffman (Order: Pleurocapsales), differs from other species of Hyella in its cell and filament dimensions, the manner in which its branches are initiated and the presence of gloeocapsin in the sheaths of colonies from the intertidal zone. Hyella pyxis colonies consist of a small cluster of coccoid cells located at the substrate surface and long, conspicuously branched filaments composed of cells that are longer than they are wide. Branches are initiated by the reorientation of the distal end of a filament cell or by the elongation of a filament cell, usually at one of its distal corners. Chromatic adaptation was not observed perhaps accounting for the relatively shallow depth limit of this species. Hyella pyxis was found within mollusk shells from the continental margin of eastern Florida to a depth of 50 m and carbonate rocks in the intertidal zone on Bermuda.
DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES IN PORPHYRA. I. BLADE DIFFERENTIATION IN PORPHYRA PERFORATA AS EXPRESSED BY MORPHOLOGY, ENZYMATIC DIGESTION, AND PROTOPLAST REGENERATION1
Authors: Polne‐Fuller Miriam , Gibor Aharon 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTFour areas containing different cell morphologies were mapped on Porphyra blades and five different cell types (i.e. tapered with long extensions, large and vacuolated, vegetative and dividing, and reproductive: males and females) were identified in them. Tissues from these areas were dissociated, and protoplasts and single cells were isolated from the dissociated tissue of each distinct region. Regeneration rates of the isolated cells and protoplasts (isolates) varied depending on their morphological type. Regeneration rates were lowest in cultured isolates from the area just above the holdfast (ca. 1 %) and increased gradually to over 80% in isolates from areas of vegetative and reproductive regions away from the holdfast. Four distinct morphological patterns were observed among the regenerating plants. Cells isolated from vegetative areas developed into leafy plants while in liquid culture, and into calli when grown on solid medium. Isolates from reproductive areas developed into either a long thin or short thick filamentous plant. Those from ripe patches of carposporangia developed into thin conchocelis filaments, while isolates from non‐differentiated cells bordering the ripe reproductive patches developed into thick filaments resembling the morphology of conchosporangial branches. The blade of Porphyra appears simple as it consists of a single cell layer; however, it is complex both morphologically and physiologically.
Interactive effects of elevated CO2 and soil fertility on isoprene emissions from Quercus robur
Authors: Possell Malcolm , Heath James , Nicholas Hewitt C. , Ayres Edward , Kerstiens Gerhard 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe effects of global change on the emission rates of isoprene from plants are not clear. A factor that can influence the response of isoprene emission to elevated CO2 concentrations is the availability of nutrients. Isoprene emission rate under standard conditions (leaf temperature: 30°C, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR): 1000 μmol photons m−2 s−1), photosynthesis, photosynthetic capacity, and leaf nitrogen (N) content were measured in Quercus robur grown in well‐ventilated greenhouses at ambient and elevated CO2 (ambient plus 300 ppm) and two different soil fertilities. The results show that elevated CO2 enhanced photosynthesis but leaf respiration rates were not affected by either the CO2 or nutrient treatments. Isoprene emission rates and photosynthetic capacity were found to decrease with elevated CO2, but an increase in nutrient availability had the converse effect. Leaf N content was significantly greater with increased nutrient availability, but unaffected by CO2. Isoprene emission rates measured under these conditions were strongly correlated with photosynthetic capacity across the range of different treatments. This suggests that the effects of CO2 and nutrient levels on allocation of carbon to isoprene production and emission under near‐saturating light largely depend on the effects on photosynthetic electron transport capacity.
How long before a change in soil organic carbon can be detected?
Authors: Smith Pete 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWhen planning sampling in an experiment where soil organic carbon (SOC) content is expected to change, it is necessary to know how many samples will need to be taken to demonstrate a change in SOC and after how long this change will be detectable. Much has been published on the number of samples required to demonstrate the minimum detectable difference in SOC, but less on how long it takes for this change to be detectable. In this paper, a model of SOC dynamics is used to estimate the minimum time taken for a change in total SOC content to become measurable under different carbon inputs, land uses and soil types.For free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE), and other experiments in which SOC is expected to increase, relationships between the percentage change in C inputs and the time taken to measure a change in SOC are presented, for two levels of sampling intensity corresponding to the maximum that is practically possible in most experiments (∼100 samples) and that used regularly in field experiments (10–20 samples).In FACE experiments, where C inputs increase by a maximum of about 20–25%, SOC change could be detected with 90% confidence after about 6–10 years if a sampling regime allowing 3% change in background SOC level (probably requiring a very large number of samples) were used, but could not be detected at all if a sampling regime were used that allowed only a 15% change in background SOC to be detected. If increases in C inputs are much below 15%, it might not be possible to detect a change in soil C without an enormous number of samples. Relationships between the change in C inputs and the time taken to measure a change in SOC are robust over a range of soil types and land uses.The results demonstrate how models of SOC dynamics can be used to complement statistical power analyses for planning when, and how intensively, to sample soils during experiments. An advantage of the modelling approach demonstrated here is that estimates of the minimum time taken for a change in soil carbon to become detectable can be made, even before any detailed soil samples are taken, simply from estimates of the likely increase in carbon inputs to the soil (via expected changes in net primary production).
Gross primary productivity and transpiration flux of the Australian vegetation from 1788 to 1988 AD: effects of CO2 and land use change
Authors: Berry Sandra L. , Roderick Michael L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe present a novel approach to estimating the transpiration flux and gross primary productivity (GPP) from Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, leaf functional types, and readily available climate data. We use this approach to explore the impact of variations in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere ([CO2]) and consequent predicted changes in vegetation cover, on the transpiration flux and GPP. There was a near 1 : 1 relationship between GPP estimated with this transpiration flux approach and that estimated using a radiation‐use efficiency (RUE) approach. Model estimates are presented for the Australian continent under three vegetation–[CO2] scenarios: the present vegetation and hypothetical ‘natural’ vegetation cover with atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) of 350 μmol mol−1 (pveg350 and nveg350), and for the ‘natural’ vegetation with [CO2] 280 μmol mol−1 (nveg280). Estimated continental GPP is 6.5, 6.3 and 4.3 Gt C yr−1 for pveg350, nveg350 and nveg280, respectively. The corresponding transpiration fluxes are 232, 224 and 190 mm H2O yr−1. The contribution of the raingreen and evergreen components of the canopy to these fluxes are also estimated.
Effect of Phosphorus Fertilizer on Soya Bean Residue Turnover in the Tropical Moist Savanna
Authors: Ogoke I. J. , Togun A. O. , Carsky R. J. , Dashiell K. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe contributions of soya bean (Glycine max) to the maintenance of soil N, organic matter and physical properties in any cropping system is dependent on the amount of the crop residue returned after grain harvest. This amount of residue is a function of the dry matter accumulated during growth. In the topical moist savanna (MS) of West Africa where soya bean production has increased especially due to the cultivation of more hectarage of land, increase in soya bean dry matter with the resulting residue is limited by P deficiencies. In this study, the effect of P application on residue turnover by soya bean varieties of different maturity classes was evaluated across the MS. The amount of root residue in the late varieties was double that of the early and medium varieties. The effect of P application on root residue was also greater in the late varieties. Although root residue was 0.35–0.72 Mg ha−1, this was about 17–21 % of total dry matter at harvest. Among the varieties, litter residue averaged less than 1 Mg ha−1 in the early and medium varieties, and was 32 % higher in the late varieties. Litter residue increased by 42–46 % with P application. The total amount of soya bean residue that is a potential source of organic material in a cropping system after the export of grain is small and averaged 2.88 Mg ha−1 . Of this, root residue constituted 18 %, litter residue 41 % and stover residue 40 %. In this study C/N ratio averaged 17.1, 34.8 and 32.2 for root, litter and stover, respectively. The amount of total residue obtained in this study shows that the benefit of the effect of soya beans on soil organic matter and physical properties derivable from a single soya bean crop is small.