bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Missionaries, Mercenaries Or Car Salesmen? MBA Teaching In Malaysia*
Authors: Sturdy Andrew , Gabriel Yiannis 
Published: March 2003

Increasing academic attention is being given to the role of management gurus, consultants, managers and academic researchers in the international diffusion of Western management ideas. This is part of wider debates on knowledge, power and globalization. Relatively little attention has been paid to the mechanisms through which diffusion takes place and, in particular, the role of academics as lecturers and business schools as disseminators of management knowledge at home and abroad. This paper draws on the authors’ personal experiences and perceptions of teaching on an Executive MBA programme in Malaysia and those of their students.Management education is growing rapidly in many regions of the world and has become highly commodified and commercialized, with Western universities competing in emerging markets for potentially lucrative local opportunities and foreign students or ‘consumers’. Accordingly, the process of diffusion of Western management ideas is examined through a consumption perspective which treats the foreign MBA as a standardized commodity (much like the foreign car) with particular use, symbolic and exchange values. However, the limits of the consumption perspective in terms of both consumer sovereignty and subordination are also established in revealing deeper and more dynamic relations of power. Moreover, it is argued that while there are parallels with domestic consumption of MBAs, the teaching of MBAs in Malaysia generates added ambivalence among learners founded on global–local and development–imperialism dynamics and tensions.
Unity Versus Multiplicity: A Conceptual Analysis of the Term “Self” and Its Use in Personality Theories
Authors: Katzko Michael W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThere is no single answer to the unity–multiplicity problem regarding the self for the simple reason that the term “self” is used by too many different theorists in too many different ways. In fact, there are several important substantive topic areas that need to be distinguished and studied scientifically. The topic areas I examine in this article arereflexivity,unit coherence,agency, andsubjectivity. Each of these areas will be evaluated in terms of what it contributes to, and can be interpreted in terms of, the unity–multiplicity issue. It is proposed that we need a more differentiated technical vocabulary if we are to better understand the phenomena we are examining. Matching our technical vocabulary to this empirical detail sharpens the questions being asked and places the empirical facts in better focus. A more elaborate framework of conceptual differentiation provides a better basis for developing an integrated theory.
Convergence: The Useful Myth?
Authors: Pollitt Christopher 
Published: March 2003

Many academics have questioned the thesis (most prominently associated with Osborne and Gaebler’s Re‐inventing government) that there is an inevitable and global convergence towards a particular, new style of public management. Yet, despite the ongoing production of scholarly evidence of global diversity, pronouncements of convergence continue to be made by politicians, civil servants and some academics.In this paper it is suggested that, better to understand this apparent controversy, a more subtle conceptualization of convergence is needed. First, convergence can take place at different stages or levels — for example, there can be convergence in debate, convergence in reform decisions, convergence in actual practices, or, ultimately, convergence in results. There is no automatic succession from one stage to the next: the momentum of convergence can (and frequently does) stall or dwindle at any point. Furthermore, it should be recognized that convergence claims may have a value of their own, whether or not they lead to actual convergence of practice or improvements in outcomes. Convergence, in short, may be a useful myth.
The Northern Ireland Civil Service: Characteristics and Trends Since 1970
Authors: Carmichael Paul 
Published: March 2003

“This is a damned funny country. There’s one crowd singing ‘Wrap the Green Flag Round Me’ and another crowd sings ‘Rule Britannia’ and there’s a lot of bloody civil servants up there in Stormont drawing twenty pounds a week and laughing at the lot of us.”Comment made in 1939 to Patrick Shea, cited in Shea 1981, p. 205.This paper offers a summary of research on the Northern Ireland Civil Service (NICS) that has been undertaken as part of an ESRC‐supported project examining the changing nature of civil services throughout the British Isles. Not since Gladden’s seminal work in 1967 have studies of the British Civil Services offered sufficient coverage of the long‐existing variations within the UK. The weaknesses in coverage are particularly visible with respect to the Northern Ireland Civil Service (NICS), which is accorded either footnote status in most work or even ignored altogether. A compelling case for closing the gap in the literature is underscored by the political devolution that was introduced after 1998. Far from being the unitary state associated with the Westminster model, the UK exhibits the features of a differentiated polity in which figure the contradictory impulses of centralization and fragmentation. In illustrating ‘parity with particularity’, the civil service arrangements obtaining within the Province of Northern Ireland clearly exemplify the differentiation with the UK. Moreover, with devolved fora now established for both Scotland and Wales, with associated pressure for more distinctive and even separate civil arrangements in each, Northern Ireland’s experience offers valuable lessons on how the UK civil service may develop in Scotland and Wales.
Advanced technology development program review – a US Department of the Navy case study
Authors: Kostoff Ronald K. , Miller Robert , Tshiteya Rene 
Published: March 2003

The science and technology (S&T) programs sponsored by the US Department of the Navy (DoN) are divided into three major budget categories:1. Basic research (6.1)2. Applied research (6.2)3. Advanced technology development (6.3)In 1999, DoN commissioned an internal review of the 6.3 program. A 31 member review panel met for 1 week to rate and comment on six evaluation criteria (military goal, military impact, technical approach/payoff, program executability, transitionability (to more advanced development/ engineering budget categories or acquisition), overall item evaluation) for each of the 55 presentation topics into which the mid‐$500 million per year 6.3 program was categorized. This paper describes the review process, documents insights gained from the review, summarizes key principles for a high‐quality S&T evaluation process, and presents a network‐centric protocol for future large‐scale S&T reviews.Insights gained from both the planning and conduct of the review should be of considerable value when conducting future large‐scale 6.3‐type reviews, and include the following:1. Provision of detailed programmatic descriptive material to the panelists and audience before the review is very useful; its value could be enhanced by e‐mail interchange between the presenter or facilitator and the panelists before the presentations to clarify outstanding issues and allow for more effective use of actual meeting time.2. Appropriate use of group‐ware could allow:• Streamlining the review process with real‐time data analysis and aggregation;• Remote reviewer participation, thereby minimizing travel and logistics problems;• More reviewers to participate in the process, producing a more representative sample of the technical community;•Reviewers to be selected for expertise in specific evaluation criteria only, thereby enhancing the credibility of each rating;• Sufficient expertise on the panel such that the Jury function (fully independent decision‐making) can be separated from the expert witness function (potentially conflicted technical judgement and testimony).3. When assessing and comparing quality of programs representing multiple disciplines, it is necessary to normalize. Evaluating all programs in one setting is an excellent way to accomplish this objective. Because of the realistic time constraints associated with a single‐setting review, depth must be traded off for breadth. This trade‐off is acceptable, as long as depth is evaluated by some means during the S&T operational management cycle.
Managing complex development projects: arenas, knowledge processes and time
Authors: Söderlund Jonas 
Published: March 2003

The literature on project management has been dominated by techniques and methods for separating activities and making thought out plans. Closely related to this research stream is the research on product development, which seems to advocate somewhat of a different strategy where managing projects is a matter of enabling the crossing of functions and knowledge bases. This paper attempts to integrate these two lines of research.The paper is based on two in–depth case studies of project management in product development contexts. The projects under study were highly complex and consisted of multiple interrelated parts, which called for ‘tightly coupled’ organizational solutions. From our point of view, much effort by the project management teams was put into establishing a project that was responsive and where participating local units were oriented toward various ‘global’ measures.In our conception, the overall deadline seemed to have played an important role for promoting communal and interactive problem solving. Furthermore, the deadline emphasized the need for global arenas where the interactive problem solving could take place. It is argued that time–based controls set a global time for the project. The paper also demonstrates the importance of various global arenas, such as testing activities and project management forums, in order to keep track of time limits and to trigger global knowledge processes. Furthermore, based on the notion of ‘separation’ and ‘coupling’ of sub–systems and project phases, the paper suggests a model identifying four types of project organizations. The paper contributes to the knowledge on project management in complex product development.
Inflation Targeting: Some Extensions
Authors: Svensson Lars E. O. 
Published: March 2003

Previous analyses of the implementation of inflation targeting are extended to monetary policy responses to different shocks, consequences of model uncertainty, and effects of interest rate smoothing and stabilization. Model uncertainty, output stabilization, and interest rate stabilization or smoothing all call for a more gradual adjustment of the conditional inflation forecast toward the inflation target. The conditional inflation forecast is the natural intermediate target during inflation targeting. The optimal way of reacting to shocks is hence to check how they affect the inflation forecast and then take the appropriate action. JEL classification: E42; E52; E58
International Integration, Risk and the Welfare State
Authors: Andersen Torben M. 
Published: March 2003

How does international integration affect the welfare state? Does it call for a leaner or an expanded welfare state? International integration may affect the distortions caused by welfare state activities but also the risks motivating social insurance mechanisms. This paper addresses these potentially counteracting effects in a fully specified intertemporal two–country stochastic endowment model, focusing on the implications when product market integration reduces trade frictions across national product markets. It is shown that lower trade frictions may increase the marginal costs of public funds, which gives an argument for reducing (steady–state) public consumption. However, tighter integration of product markets unambiguously leads to more variability in private consumption, and this gives a case for expanding the social insurance provided via state–contingent public sector activities (automatic stabilizers). JEL classification: E30; F10; H11
How is the Debt Managed? Learning from Fiscal Stabilizations
Authors: Missale Alessandro , Giavazzi Francesco , Benigno Pierpaolo 
Published: March 2003

This paper examines public debt management during episodes of fiscal stabilization when long–term interest rates are generally higher than governments’ expectations of future rates. We find that governments increase the share of fixed–rate long–term debt denominated in the domestic currency, the higher is the conditional volatility of short–term interest rates, the lower are long–term interest rates, and the stronger is the fall in long–term rates that follows the announcement of the stabilization program. This evidence suggests that governments tend to prefer long to short maturity debt because they are concerned about refinancing risk. However, when long–term rates are high relative to their expectations, they issue short maturity debt to minimize borrowing costs. JEL classification: E63; H63
Social representations of smoking and attitudes towards smoking restrictions in the Norwigian Navy
Authors: Friestad Christine , Rise Jostein , Røysamb Espen 
Published: March 2003

The present study investigated the relationship bewteen social representations about smokers and smoking, and attitudes towards smoking restrictions. Data were collected by means of questionnaires among a sample of employees (n=4224)in the Norwegian Navy. Based on the results from first‐ and second‐order principal components analyses, three dimensions of social representations were identified. The dimensions were labeled “negative representations”, “positive representations” and “social influence”. The three dimensions clearly differentiated between daliy, occasional and non‐smokers. Further, structural equation modeling of the relation between social representations and attitudes towards smoking restrictions, indicated that social representations function as intermediating factors of the effect from smoking states upon attitudes towards smoking restrictions.The findings indicate the need to focus upon social psyshological processes taking place in the ineraction between groups of smokers and non‐smokers, as understanding of such processes may be relevant in preventing the development of group conflict.
The Consistency of Estimators in Finite Mixture Models
Authors: Cheng R. C. H. , Liu W. B. 
Published: March 2003

The parameters of a finite mixture model cannot be consistently estimated when the data come from an embedded distribution with fewer components than that being fitted, because the distribution is represented by a subset in the parameter space, and not by a single point. Feng & McCulloch (1996) give conditions, not easily verified, under which the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator will converge to an arbitrary point in this subset. We show that the conditions can be considerably weakened. Even though embedded distributions may not be uniquely represented in the parameter space, estimators of quantities of interest, like the mean or variance of the distribution, may nevertheless actually be consistent in the conventional sense. We give an example of some practical interest where the ML estimators are root of n‐consistent.Similarly consistent statistics can usually be found to test for a simpler model vs a full model. We suggest a test statistic suitable for a general class of model and propose a parameter‐based bootstrap test, based on this statistic, for when the simpler model is correct.
Legitimacy through Partnership? EU Policy Diffusion in Britain and Sweden
Authors: Bache Ian , Olsson Jan 
Published: March 2003

Partnership has become a central principle of European Union (EU) policies, particularly in relation to the structural funds. This article considers the diffusion of the partnership principle in the EU, focusing on Britain and Sweden. It is concerned with two questions. First, has the partnership principle led to a process of harmonisation across states or to national resistance? Second, to what extent has the partnership principle enhanced the legitimacy of EU decision making?The evidence presented here suggests that though there has not been significant resistance to the partnership principle within Britain and Sweden, the EU’s requirements have been interpreted and implemented differently in the two states. Thus it is more appropriate to speak of ‘adaptation’ to partnership rather than ‘adoption’. This is explained by what we summarise as ‘national democratic traditions’.In terms of democratic legitimacy, the Swedish adaptation to partnership was nominally more democratic in that local politicians were readily involved from the outset, whereas in Britain they were not. However, the importance of this inclusion should not be overstated in relation to substantive democratic legitimacy. The Swedish model was not supported by well‐articulated democratic strategies or principles. Despite the limitations of the Swedish model, recent developments suggest that Britain is following a similar path.
The Road to Gang Membership: Characteristics of Male Gang and Nongang Members from Ages 10 to 14
Authors: Craig Wendy M. , Vitaro Frank , Gagnon Laude , Tremblay Richard E. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract This study examined the stability of belonging to a gang in early adolescence, the behaviour profiles, family characteristics, and friendships of nongang and gang members. The subjects in the present study were originally part of a larger sample of boys. One hundred and forty‐two boys who had a complete data set at ages 11, 12, 13, and 14 were selected for the present study. Loglinear analyses indicated that gang membership was stable from ages 13 to 14, but not at earlier ages. Boys were divided into three groups: stable gang members (children who belonged to a gang at ages 13 and 14); unstable gang members (children who belonged to a gang at either age 13 or 14) and nongang members. Repeated analyses of variance indicated that stable gang members had significantly higher scores than nongang members on teacher ratings of fighting behaviour, hyperactivity, inattention and oppositional behaviour, and self‐reported delinquent activities (drug and alcohol use, stealing and vandalism). Peers rated gang members as more aggressive than nongang members. The results are discussed from a developmental perspective.
Aggressive Behaviors in Social Interaction and Developmental Adaptation: A Narrative Analysis of Interpersonal Conflicts During Early Adolescence
Authors: Xie Hongling , Swift Dylan J. , Cairns Beverley D. , Cairns Robert B. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Using conflict narratives reported by adolescents in grade 7 (mean age =
13.4 years), this study investigated the interactional properties and developmental
functions of four types of aggressive behaviors: social aggression, direct relational
aggression, physical aggression, and verbal aggression. A total of 475 participants
from the Carolina Longitudinal Study (Cairns & Cairns, 1994)
were included. Results showed that the majority of conflict interactions involved
more than a dyad. The use of social aggression (e.g., concealed social attack) was
associated with more individuals involved in the conflict. Social aggression was
primarily reported as an initiating behavior for interpersonal conflicts, while direct
relational aggression was a responding behavior. Medium to high levels of reciprocity
were found for physical, verbal, and direct relational aggression, whereas a low
level of reciprocity was reported for social aggression. School authorities were
most likely to intervene in physical aggression. The use of social aggression was
associated with higher network centrality among adolescents. Developmental maladjustment
in late adolescence and early adulthood was primarily predicted by physical aggression.
Dimensions of Social Status in Preadolescent Peer Groups: Likability, Perceived Popularity, and Social Dominance
Authors: Lease A. Michele , Musgrove Karen T. , Axelrod Jennifer L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA multidimensional, interdisciplinary model of social status was developed and examined in a sample of 487 fourth, fifth, and sixth grade elementary school students. Participants were clustered into seven subtypes (i.e., High Status, Perceived Popular/Dominant, Well‐Liked/Dominant, Average, Low Dominant/Unpopular, Disliked, andLow Status) based on the dimensions of likability, perceived popularity, and social dominance emphasized, respectively, by psychologists working within the sociometric tradition, sociologists of education, and ethologists. The meaningfulness of the cluster solution was supported by cluster differences on peer‐reported social prerogatives of status (e.g., admiration, social control, leadership) and self‐reported social characteristics. Furthermore, each cluster had a distinct behavioral profile. It was argued that a broader, multidisciplinary conceptualization of social status should lead to a better understanding of the complex dynamics present in children's peer groups in middle childhood as well as the tools preadolescents need to successfully navigate the peer system.
Demographics, Parenting, and Theory of Mind in Preschool Children
Authors: Pears Katherine C. , Moses Louis J. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract This research examined associations among demographic variables, parenting strategies, and a theory of mind battery including measures of perception, desire, belief, and emotion understanding in 142 preschool‐aged children. In correlational analyses, maternal education and, to a lesser extent, income were associated with a number of aspects of theory of mind. Additionally, mothers’ use of instruction in response to child misbehavior was positively associated with perception and desire understanding whereas mothers’ use of consequences and power assertion were negatively associated with aspects of theory of mind. In regression analyses controlling for children's cognitive ability and age, maternal education continued to be positively associated with perception understanding. Power assertion was negatively associated with belief understanding, but positively associated with emotion understanding. Finally, mothers’ use of consequences in response to child misbehaviors was negatively related to emotion understanding.
Mortality, the Social Environment, Crime and Violence
Authors: Wilkinson Richard G. , Kawachi Ichiro , Kennedy Bruce P. 
Published: March 2003

Starting out from the relationship between income equality and indicators of social cohesion and social trust, this paper explores the social processes which might account for the relationship between greater income equality and lower population mortality rates. We note that: homicide shows an even closer relationship to income inequality than does mortality from all other causes combined; there are several reports that homicide rates are particularly closely related to all cause mortality; and that there is a growing body of research on crime in relation to social disorganisation.We use US state level data to examine the relationships between various categories of income inequality, median state income, social trust and mortality. The data suggest that violent crime, but not property crime, is closely related to income inequality, social trust and mortality rates, excluding homicide. The second half of the paper is devoted to literature on the antecedents of violence. Feeling shamed, humiliated and disrespected seem to be central to the picture and are plausibly related to the way in which wider income differences are likely to mean more people are denied access to traditional sources of status and respect. We suggest that these aspects of low social status may be central to the psychosocial processes linking inequality, violence, social cohesion and mortality.