bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teachers as Grantseekers: The Privatization of the Urban Public School Teacher
Authors: Freedman Sara 
Published: March 2003

This article explores the impact of grantseeking on urban public school teachers. It first analyzes how grantseeking, primarily but not exclusively promoted by numerous private and corporate foundations, has introduced urban teachers to and fostered among them some of the central tenets of the movement to privatize education—to “market” one's teaching as a product and oneself as a valuable commodity; to embrace competition and the creation of self-selected communities; and to replace a commitment to a broad-based democracy in which the needs of all are met with fulfilling the needs of the “deserving” few. The article next discusses the ways in which specific assumptions about urban teachers have influenced the development of such grant competitions. It also discusses the ways these assumptions promote the ability of a very limited number of high status urban teachers to successfully compete in such competitions while working to exclude others, particularly teachers of color and those whose native language is not English. The article then presents a case history of one grantseeker to illustrate the contradictory effects of teachers’ participation in privately funded grant programs. It ends by raising questions about the purpose and effect of grantseeking in education and its potential role in changing the dominant means of educating children in the United States from a public school system subject to community wide support and governance—in theory if not in practice—to an increasingly privatized one.
“To be Part of the Story”: The Literacy Practices of Gangsta Adolescents
Authors: Moje Elizabeth B. 
Published: March 2003

Despite a recent emphasis on conceptualizing literacy as a tool for changing thought and experience, when people—whether the popular media, school personnel, or educational scholars—speak of the literacy practices of marginalized adolescents, they rarely talk about such literacies as tools. Instead, the literacy practices of marginalized adolescents are often referred to in terms of deviance or resistance. Gang-connected youth, in particular, are routinely represented as engaging in acts of villainy or resistance, but are rarely represented as meaning makers, people who are expressing their beliefs, values, and interests. If literacy theorists want to claim that literacy is a tool for transforming thought and experience, however, then we need to extend that theoretical claim to all literacy practices by asking what unsanctioned literacy practices do for adolescents. Are these simply acts of resistance? Or do adolescent gang members, who are often placed outside the possibility of school success on the basis of physical characteristics and social affiliations, also use literacy as a way of exploring possible worlds, claiming space, and making their voices heard? This study uses data from three years of research with five gang-connected youth to illustrate how they used their literacy practices as meaning-making, expressive, and communicative tools. The data show how these youth used literacy practices “to be part of the story,” or to claim a space, construct an identity, and take a social position in their worlds. The paper concludes by arguing that literacy theorists, researchers, and practitioners need to acknowledge the power of unsanctioned literacy tools in the lives of marginalized youth and develop pedagogies that draw from, but also challenge and extend, these practices.
Prevention and Intervention in Beginning Reading: Two Complex Systems
Authors: Coyne Michael D. , Kame'enui Edward J. , Simmons Deborah C. 
Published: March 2003

This paper addresses two sets of organizing principles to guide prevention and intervention in beginning reading: (a) the complexity in our alphabetic writing system, and (b) the complexity in our schools. The first set is related to instructional design, while the second set is related to a schoolwide model. Prevention and intervention efforts in beginning reading for students with learning disabilities must attend to 2 systems, our complex alphabetic writing system and our equally complex schools. In this article, we present 2 sets of organizing principles to guide prevention and intervention in beginning reading drawn from the substantial body of converging research evidence accumulated over the past 40 years. The first set consists of 6 instructional design principles focused on teaching reading in our alphabetic writing system. These principles include big ideas, mediated scaffolding, conspicuous strategies, strategic integration, primed background knowledge, and judicious review. The second set includes organizational principles designed to anchor effective reading practices at the school–building level. These principles are structured around 3 interrelated areas: (1) the schoolwide establishment of long–term reading goals and intermediate performance benchmarks, (2) the early identification and frequent monitoring of students experiencing reading difficulties, and (3) the development of coordinated and differentiated instructional interventions for the full range of learners.
The Realities of Translating Research into Classroom Practice
Authors: Gersten Russell , Dimino Joseph 
Published: March 2003

This paper synthesizes key findings to facilitate the translation of research into classroom practice and provides guidelines for how effective instructional practices might be implemented, supported, and sustained in schools. Excerpts from a case study are presented to show how research–based instructional approach translates into classroom practices in a local school district that tailors the approach to the realities of the local situation. In this paper, we review what the research suggests are the functions that allow a person in a leadership role to facilitate the translation of research into classroom practice. We describe how these functions were used to translate research into classroom practice in 2 school districts that are part of the Elementary and Middle School Technical Assistance Center (EMSTAC) project, a national research–to–practice effort. Examples of how these principles were put into practice and why different technical assistance approaches were used to implement research–based practices in a primary and middle school setting are discussed. We conclude with reflections on the intricate nature of effecting change at the local level, and the progress that can be made within those intricacies.
Contemporary transference work and the analytic attitude: aims and methods – a clinical workshop
Authors: Proner Barry 
Published: March 2003

There are various ways of working as an analyst, and there are various ways of utilizing the concept and the phenomena of transference‐countertransference. I hope to draw an adequate picture of a way of working that is called ‘working‐in‐the‐transference’ as distinct from ways of working that ‘analyse transference’. The former has long been practised by many Jungians as well as by many psychoanalysts. As a method, it has aroused controversy in both groups, and is frequently both misunderstood and imitated. It can arouse strong anxiety. It can appear narrow and restrictive. It famously precludes a gamut of activities in which many analysts engage. Is working‐in‐the‐transference old fashioned, or does it deserve to be increasingly appreciated? Can it offer support and validation whilst remaining true to its conception? It was hoped that these questions would be addressed in the clinical material brought to the workshop.The emphasis in the workshop was on active participation and it was hoped that those attending would bring their clinical concerns for discussion.
‘At the still point of the turning world’: a journey through the temporal dimensions of a father–son conflict
Authors: Katz Ellen 
Published: March 2003

This paper will examine aspects of the permeability of time, with a view to exploring our perceptions of ourselves as present–focused distinct individuals. Permeability of time is defined as time’s fluidity, its ability to move across boundaries of past, present and future. Fluidity, in this sense, is our capacity to experience past, present and future simultaneously.Time will be examined from both psychoanalytic and systemic viewpoints. Issues of time and timelessness, consciousness and memory will be raised and the usefulness of working from an affective base discussed. The case cited in the paper is one in which the family was in the stage of having an adolescent child. Adolescence will therefore be discussed as it relates to the issue of time. The clinical discussion will be based on an integration of the two theoretical perspectives as they relate to time and affect. In conclusion I will revisit the question of our perception of ourselves as present–focused distinct individuals within a family context.
Policing with Contempt: The Degrading of Truth and Denial of Justice in the Aftermath of the Hillsborough Disaster
Authors: Scraton Phil 
Published: March 2003

The Hillsborough disaster happened at a premier United Kingdom soccer stadium in April 1989 claiming the lives of ninety‐six men, women, and children. Over the next decade there followed a Home Office inquiry, a criminal investigation, compensation hearings as far as the House of Lords, the longest inquests in recent history, a judicial review, a judicial scrutiny, and private prosecutions. Media coverage has remained intense and there has been persistent parliamentary debate. Despite the evidence amassed, much of it undisclosed, the legal argument and official discourse, the bereaved and survivors remain deeply concerned that the ‘truth’ of Hillsborough has been suppressed and reconstructed.This paper considers Hillsborough and its long‐term aftermath in the context of a theoretical discussion of the reconstitution and registration of ‘truth’ within social democracies when state institutions stand accused. It adopts a critical analysis drawing on human rights discourse in discussing how ‘regimes of truth’ operate to protect and sustain the interests of the ‘powerful’. In examining the formal legal processes and their outcomes regarding Hillsborough, the paper demonstrates how they were manipulated to degrade the truth and deny justice to the bereaved. In revealing the procedural and structural inadequacies of these processes, the paper raises fundamental questions about the legal and political accountability of the police. Finally, it discusses alternative forms, informed by a human rights agenda, through which ‘truth’ can be acknowledged and institutionalized injustices reconciled.
Globalisation, strategic alliances, acquisitions and technology transfer. Lessons from ICL/Fujitsu and Rover/Honda and BMW
Authors: Carr Chris 
Published: March 2003

As globalisation proceeds major national companies may find themselves involved in domestic mergers and acquisitions, only to have turn later to international co‐operation. International strategic alliances, though, often eventually move on to international acquisition, either involving the alliance partner (as in the case of ICL/Fujitsu) or some third party (as in the case of Rover/Honda/BMW). This article draws on research in Britain and Japan to investigate the strategic and technological implications of such co‐operative trajectories.Two acid tests appear to determine whether such inter‐company co‐operations (whether mergers, acquisitions or strategic alliances) are likely ultimately to prove transitory, or whether they will progress towards some more stable inter‐action:•Is the arrangement ‘adding value’ technologically?Is it contributing to some process of international integration?•Technological synergies and learning possibilities are often played down initially in domestic acquisitions, and even in international strategic alliances offering particular scope for technology transfer; but they are important in determining long term outcomes.
R&D as a business – what are the implications for performance measurement?
Authors: Pearson A.W. , Nixon W.A. , Kerssens‐van Drongelen I.C. 
Published: March 2003

There have been considerable changes in the way that Research and Development (R&D) has been managed over recent years, many of which have been influenced by the external environment. These have been discussed in a number of publications with much of the debate centring around the movement from the so‐called first generation to fifth generation models of R&D management.What has not been debated to the same extent are the implications of recent and likely future trends in R&D management for the way performance is, and should be, measured. In this paper we focus on these implications, drawing upon both the existing literature on performance measurement (PM) in R&D and our own research into organisations which have chosen to move towards a more profit‐centred approach to the management of their technical resources.Finally, we present and discuss the findings of our review, which indicate that although there are common features, some differences, requiring careful consideration by management, can be identified when movement from a cost‐ to a profit‐centred approach occurs.
Disability Retirement in a Welfare State
Authors: Bratberg Espen 
Published: March 2003

The increasing number of disability pensioners may put a strain on the welfare state. In this paper, we try to assess the effect of financial incentives on disability entrance. A sample of Norwegians on long‐term sick leave at the beginning of 1989 is examined as of the end of 1989, and the exit routes are studied in a multinomial logit model. The results indicate that the incentive effects of wages are larger than the disincentive effects of benefits. Furthermore, there is no evidence that having a “subjective” diagnosis affects the probability of becoming a disability pensioner. JEL Classification: H55; I18; J26
Optimal Tax‐Transfer Systems and Redistributive Policy
Authors: Fellman Johan , Jäntti Markus , Lambert Peter J. 
Published: March 2003

In this paper we develop “optimal yardsticks” to gauge the effectiveness of given tax and benefit policies in reducing inequality. We show that the conjunction of the optimal tax and optimal benefits policies constitutes the optimal tax‐and‐benefit policy, given the tax and benefit budget sizes. A decomposition formula enables trends in the inequality impact of taxes and benefits to be explained in terms of changing policy effectivess (targeting) and budget size effects. The analysis incorporates a distributional judgement parameter, for sensitivity analysis, and concludes with an examination of the Finnish case for the period 1971–1990. JEL Classification: D63
Labour Taxation in a Unionised Economy with Home Production
Authors: Kolm Ann‐Sofie 
Published: March 2003

The impact of payroll taxes on unemployment and welfare are examined in a model with household production and union–firm wage bargaining. The analysis shows that unemployment typically falls as the payroll tax rate in the market sector for household substitutes (the service sector) is reduced. This holds even when the payroll tax rate in the non‐service sector is raised in order to maintain a balanced government budget. Welfare improves with a reduced‐service‐sector payroll tax rate only if unions are equally strong and firms are equally labour intensive across the sectors. JEL classification: E24; H21; J22; J51
Family Transfers Involving Three Generations
Authors: Arrondel Luc , Masson Andre 
Published: March 2003

Most models of family transfers consider only two generations and focus on two motives: altruism and exchange. They also assume perfect substitution between inter‐vivos downward transfers and bequests. Based on French evidence, we show that parent‐to‐child transfers belong to three distinct categories (investment in child's education, financial assistance, wealth transmission), and advocate a three‐generation framework. Thus, transfer behavior of parents toward their children is strongly influenced by the behavior of their own parents. There is also some evidence of the Cox and Stark demonstration effect: parents help their own parents, expecting to receive comparable support from their children. Such behavior can be regarded as indirect reciprocity: the beneficiary does not give back to the initial giver but to a third person of another generation. JEL classification: D10; D31; D63; D64
How Much is Transfer and How Much is Insurance in a Pay‐as‐you‐go System? The German Case
Authors: Borsch‐Supan Axel , Reil‐Held Anette 
Published: March 2003

Pay‐as‐you‐go pension systems provide insurance against longevity‐related old‐age poverty and related risks. They are commonly also used as instruments for redistribution. This paper provides several estimates of the insurance and transfer share of the German public pension system. Estimating these shares is important because they are indicative of taxation‐related deadweight losses and influence public acceptance of the pension system. We also disentangle intragenerational from intergenerational transfers. Although our estimate of intragenerational transfers is smaller than recent semi‐official estimations, such transfers create substantial deadweight losses. Intergenerational transfers are much larger, thereby contributing to strong negative participation incentives for the younger generation. JEL classification: H55; J26
Distributional Effects of Fiscal Consolidation
Authors: Jensen Svend E. Hougaard , Rutherford Thomas F. 
Published: March 2003

If public goods and transfers are relatively more valuable to the poor, the elderly poor stand to lose from public debt reduction achieved through spending cuts. When long–term surpluses produced by debt reduction are recycled into higher provision of public goods and transfers, future generations of poor could gain. If future surpluses are recycled through lower labour taxes, working households in the future would be positively affected. The impact of debt reduction on vertical equity is ambiguous, yet inter– rather than intragenerational equity is likely to pose the greatest obstacle to fiscal consolidation. Based on majority voting by self–interested households, debt reduction is unlikely to occur. JEL classification: D91; E62; H23; H63
Measuring the negative mood component of stress experiences: Description and psychometric properties of a short adjective check–list of stress responses
Authors: Scott Berit , Brandberg Mats , OÖhman Arne 
Published: March 2003

Negative Mood (NM) is a 19–items adjective check–list developed to assess negative mood and stress responses. The items of the scale reflect dimensions such as depressed mood, anxiety, anger and time urgency. The data were collected from four different samples, two random population samples and two smaller selective samples.The psychometric properties of the NM showed high internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha). When analysed with principal components analysis, three factors emerged, anxiety/depression, time pressure, and anger. The factors emerged in all four samples, within samples and between gender. The NM factors were tested for convergent and discriminative validity by correlating them with other more established measures of different aspects of negative mood. The results showed high convergent and discriminative validity for two of the NM factors, i.e., anxiety/depression, and anger, whereas the results for the third factor, time pressure, were more ambiguous. This scale has proven to be useful in capturing some vital dimensions of negative affect across different kinds of populations.
Consumer satisfaction and attributions of improvement among fully recovered schizophrenics
Authors: TorgalsbØen Anne–Kari 
Published: March 2003

As people with serious mental illness are viewed as consumers rather than patients, their views and needs are increasingly seen as essential to the treatment process. The aim of the present study is to add valuable knowledge about how to help patients by reporting what fully recovered schizophrenics, as consumers, had found helpful in their treatment as well as which factors contributed to their recovery. In addition to a semi–structured interview, two instruments were used: the “UCLA Social Attainment Survey Premorbid Adjustment Scale” (SASPAS) to measure patients’ premorbid adjustment and the “Global Assessment Scale” (GAS) to obtain an assessment of the present general functioning of the subjects.The results showed that a majority of the recovered subjects emphasized their own will–power and the human qualities in their therapists as helpful to them in the process towards recovery. The therapeutic relationships were characterized by the kindling and sustaining of hope in the clients.
Measuring Young Children's Perceptions of Support, Control, and Maintenance in Their Own Social Networks
Authors: Boosman Kitty , Meulen Matty van der , Geert Paul van , Jackson Sandy 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Thirty‐eight children (aged 3;7–7;6) and one of their parents took part in a study concerning children's perceptions of their social networks. The study made use of a newly developed instrument—the Support, Control and Maintenance Pictures Interview (SCAMPI). The SCAMPI offers an individualized testing environment, employing computer presentation of questions based on photographs of significant persons familiar to the child. SCAMPI is designed to allow data analysis to be carried out with the aid of built‐in statistical procedures based on permutation and bootstrap techniques that are optimally adapted to the requirements of individualized testing. The study examines the differentiations young children make between persons in their social networks and the functions they fulfil, the level of agreement between children and their parents and the stability of the children's responses.
The Relation Between Emotion Production Behavior and Preschool Social Behavior: In the Eye of the Beholder
Authors: Barth Joan M. , Archibald Andrea 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Two questions were examined with a sample of preschool children: (a) What is the relation between emotion production behavior and classroom social behavior?; and (b) Does familiarity with a child affect the perception of emotion expressions and the relations between emotion expressions and social behavior? Two theoretical perspectives on the ‘eye of the beholder’ (familiarity) were evaluated: reputation bias and generalized effects. Sixty‐eight (55% female) children were photographed posing emotion expressions (e.g., happy, sad, and angry). Expressions were rated by classmates, peer strangers, and adults. Classmates and teachers evaluated social behavior. Analyses indicated that children who were more negative and dependent had angry production biases and were likely to display happy expressions instead of sad. Results support the reputation bias and generalized familiarity theories.