bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constructing an Ecclesial Community: Ambrose's Ethical Vision
Authors: Davidson Ivor J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBy the late 380s, Ambrose had emerged, to some extent, from the struggle to assert his authority that had marked his earlier years as bishop, though he still had enemies. De officiis is intended as a moral manifesto for this social context. It contains practical advice on ‘seemly’ behaviour, including speech, body language, attitudes, and actions, and on the importance of controlling the passions through reason. There is a strong emphasis on charity and on self–denial, including sexual abstinence. It is seen as vital for the church to present a convincing appearance to a watching world.
Valuing Freedoms
Authors: Alkire Sabina 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe author examines how Amartya Sen's capability approach can be coherently—and practically—put to work in participatory poverty reduction activities so that the voices and values of the poor matter. Sen argues that economic development should expand ‘valuable’ capabilities; the author probes how what is valuable can be identified. Sen deliberately left the capability approach ‘incomplete’ in order to ensure its relevance to persons and cultures with different understandings of the good. The book has an introductory chapter, followed by 2 parts, and a brief appendix that looks at some of Sen's formalized relationships and proposes various amendments to these. Part I (4 chapters) proposes a framework for identifying valuable capabilities that retains this ‘fundamental’ incompleteness and space for individual and cultural diversity. It draws Sen's work into discussion with a number of authors and critics, especially John Finnis, in order to suggest a possible way in which the value issues may be addressed coherently, and the methodological implications worked out in a participatory manner. The author addresses foundational issues regarding the identification and pursuit of valuable dimensions of human development based in practical reason, then observes that much of the criticism of development arises from negative impacts on social or cultural/religious dimensions that are also deeply valued by the poor. Part I closes with a four‐part ‘operational definition’ of basic capability that bridges ‘basic needs’, participation, and informed consent. Part II (2 chapters) critically discusses one narrow set of methodologies (those of micro‐project evaluation) and suggests a tool for improving the evaluation of participatory projects that are consistent with the tenets of reason advanced in Part I—an alternative participatory method for systematically identifying valued changes in participants’ capability sets. Three case studies of women's income generation activities in Pakistan—goat‐rearing, adult literacy, and rose cultivation—contrast economic cost‐benefit analysis of each activity with capability analysis.
Range, Information, and Process
Authors: Alkire Sabina 
Published: August 2004

AbstractEach of the four chapters of Part I of the book synthesizes one aspect that must be specified in the operationalization of the capability approach, then proposes a framework for doing so. This third chapter considers the kind of ethical rationality that accompanies the capability approach, in which free choice between plural ends is given central place, and the information required to complete rational comparisons of diverse human development initiatives. The chapter proposes ingredients for making substantive and value judgements in dialogue with Amartya Sen's writings and concerns on related subjects. It is argued that the wider conception of rationality identified by Sen and John Finnis offer systematic ways of approaching substantive and value judgements that retain the fundamental incompleteness of the capability approach and do not impose a comprehensive doctrine of good. The different sections of the chapter are: Multidimensionality and Evaluation; Ethical Rationality in Poverty Reduction; Sen's Informational Pluralism; Sen's Principle Pluralism; Finnis's Principle Pluralism; Ethical Rationality Reconsidered; and Operational Considerations.
Participation and Culture
Authors: Alkire Sabina 
Published: August 2004

AbstractEach of the four chapters of Part I of the book synthesizes one aspect that must be specified in the operationalization of the capability approach, then proposes a framework for doing so. This fourth chapter considers the relationship between choice, self‐direction, and the construction of cultural values and identities. It analyses the different possible values of community participation in poverty reduction initiatives, and also draws out considerations regarding the responsibilities that outside actors may have in generating and providing to decision‐makers the information necessary to make informed choices. It draws Amartya Sen's capability approach into discussion with the participatory processes that have been common in micro‐economic development initiatives, and that are becoming increasingly popular in macroeconomic approaches as well, and, in particular, focuses on community participation in development activities that are partly supported by resources external to the community, whether these be from regional or national government, NGOs, or other sources. The main sections of the chapter are: Participation: Means, Ends, Debate, and Identity; Subsidiarity; and External Assistance.
Three Case Studies
Authors: Alkire Sabina 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe sixth and seventh chapters that make up Part II of the book consist of one practical and much narrower application of the capability approach, namely, a discussion of how economic analysis (cost‐benefit analysis) and systematic qualitative information on human impacts can be combined in order to assess the relative effectiveness of particular development activities in expanding human capabilities. This seventh chapter comprises case studies of three small Oxfam activities in Pakistan on which both cost‐benefit analysis and the further assessment of impacts were applied. The methodology described in Ch. 6 was developed, and these case studies were conducted, over nine months of field research in Pakistan with non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) that undertake income generation activities among poor communities using participatory methods. The aim was to develop a participatory method for evaluating development activities (at different stages of implementation) that field staff could implement themselves, and that would facilitate the kind of self‐direction and scrutiny of values issues advocated by Amartya Sen's capability approach. The three case studies were of women's income generation activities in Pakistan: loans for goat‐rearing, involving the local NGO the Rural Women's Welfare Organization; adult literacy and community development—the Khoj literacy activity project; and rose cultivation, involving the Marvi Women's Organization in the village of Arabsolangi, Sindh.
Overt and Covert Institutionalization in Europe
Authors: Héritier Adrienne 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Concerns decision-making in the European Union (EU), given the ever-present threat of deadlock, and argues that a set of informal and more formal tactics, serving to facilitate rule-making, has evolved to deal with this problem. Three basic modes of overt and covert institutionalization are identified and discussed: overt and formal modes of rule-changing; overt change through informal strategies and patterns; and covert institutionalization through committing actors at an early stage, shaping policy behind closed doors, and re-labelling and restructuring a choice situation. The theoretical foundations of each of these are discussed, and each is illustrated by empirical examples of European policy-making, including various examples of initiatives that were initially blocked by the Council of Ministers, but eventually became EU law and policy. Finally, the question is raised as to the consequences of these different modes of institutionalization and the conditions under which these different paths of deepening European institutionalization do not normally occur.
Judicial Rulemaking and the Institutionalization of European Union Sex Equality Policy
Authors: Cichowski Rachel A. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
An examination is made of the impact of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) on the institutional evolution of European Union sex equality policy, following the provision in the Treaty of Rome (Art. 119 EEC, now Art. 141) that men and women would receive equal pay for equal work – a provision aimed at protecting businesses from unfair competition. This same provision now bestows a positive right on individuals throughout the Member States, and is a judicially enforceable right that remains the backbone of an ever-expanding European social-justice policy. Over time, strategic action on the part of litigants and their lawyers and the ECJ’s judicial rule-making capacity has constructed a supranational space in which women can not only demand the right to equal pay but can also receive protection as pregnant workers. This dynamic process is the focus of the analysis presented, and involves an examination of three basic mechanisms of institutional evolution: the process by which self-interested private litigants and their lawyers are able to activate the European Union (EU) legal system through the Art. 177 (now Art. 234) procedure (which allows national individuals to invoke EU law before national courts); the ECJ’s authoritative interpretation of Art. 119 (focusing on how it became directly effective in national legal systems); and the feedback effects of this judicial rule-making in terms of how the litigation environment has been changed, and the EU and national-level policy consequence. In particular, the latter are traced through the development of EU pregnancy and maternity rights.
Est Maître Des Lieux Celui Qui Les Organise: How Rules Change When National and European Policy Domains Collide
Authors: Le Galès Patrick 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
An examination is made of how tensions that develop between supranational and national governance structures are resolved, given the institutionalization taking place at the European level. The focus is on two national policy domains – state aids and regional development – and the author explains how, since the mid-1980s, European Union (EU) officials have succeeded in inducing their French counterparts to alter legislation and administrative practices once assumed to be fundamentally immune to external influence – a process that is increasingly referred to as the ‘Europeanization of the nation state’. The view taken is that Europeanization took place in a series of ‘rounds’ that have followed a common sequence: disagreement about the nature and scope of EU rules in national regimes; open contestation between supranational and national officials; the fixing of a new or clarified rule on the part of EU officials; and, finally, the grudging acceptance of the rule by the French. After each round, new patterns of French resistance emerged, but the rules of the game governing these interactions are fixed by the results of previous rounds, and come to be more or less taken for granted by actors at both levels; it is argued that the overall process tends to favour the expansion and diffusion of EU modes of governance, and the weakening of specifically national modes. The chapter is divided into three main sections: the first provides a summary overview of the development of EU competition policy and its intersections with state aids and regional policy; the second focuses on state aids in two sectors (French regional and industrial policy), which are analysed against the backdrop of the development of European competition law; and the third part discusses conflicts over the meaning of European rules in relation to the process of ‘endogenous’ institutional change.
The Quest for Coherence: Institutional Dilemmas of External Action from Maastricht to Amsterdam
Authors: Smith Michael E. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is on the institutionalization of a space for the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), and on efforts since the signing of the Maastricht Treaty on European Union (TEU) to link the CFSP with other European Union (EU) domains under a principle of coherence. In the light of unfavourable perceptions about institutional performance in the conduct of EU external relations, and the perceived need for change, two major questions are addressed: the kinds of institutional problems that have resulted from the TEU’s provisions on external relations; and the extent to which, and how, these problems have been resolved. The chapter first maps out the EU’s institutional space in the policy domains most directly concerned with external relations, and then shows how these mechanisms created new problems, and thus pressures for institutional change, once the TEU came into effect. These problems are defined primarily in terms of institutional gaps and contradictions across the EU’s external policy domains. Finally, the attempts of the EU to resolve these problems through two sets of institutional reforms, one informal and the other formal, are described.
The Economic Theory of Privatization
Authors: SINISCALCO BERNARDO BORTOLOTTI DOMENICO 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter presents a concise survey of the economic literature of privatization providing the theoretical backing for the empirical analyses carried out in the book. The chapter shows why private or public ownership may matter in the behavior of firms. Then it surveys the main results of the political economy approach to privatization, taking into account political preferences and government constraints. Finally, it analyzes the optimal privatization method in order to achieve the various economic and political objectives.
How do Governments Privatize?
Authors: SINISCALCO BERNARDO BORTOLOTTI DOMENICO 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWhen designing a divestiture program, governments typically pursue different – and sometimes conflicting – objectives. The main goals are the following: revenue maximization, share ownership diffusion, the promotion of popular capitalism, investors’ confidence building and financial market development. This chapter tries to explain how a given method can be functional to achieve specific goals, pointing out the possible trade-offs that any choice involves. Suitable privatization design is the key to solving these difficult trade-offs.
Personal Utility and Welfare
Authors: Little Ian Malcolm David 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe economist's concept of utility is based on choice. If economic man chooses A rather than B, he is deemed to get more utility with A and to be better off, having reached a preferred position. Choosing between uncertain outcomes permits expected utility to be measured cardinally. Risk and equality are related. Utility theory is the cornerstone of normative economics, providing a criterion of better‐offness.
Mafias and the State
Authors: Hill Peter B. E. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDrawing on the work of Gambetta, Schelling, and other scholars of mafias and organized crime, this chapter establishes the theoretical framework for the remainder of the book. It is argued that the central characteristic of mafias is the provision of private protection. Such protection is not necessarily bogus (extortionate) and there are a number of potential consumers of this service. The chapter explores the conditions in which the market for private protection might arise, the consumers and suppliers of this commodity, and the relationship between mafias and the state.
Bōtaihō: Organised Crime Countermeasures—Japanese Style
Authors: Hill Peter B. E. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDeals with the response of the state to organized crime. During the early 1990s a new anti‐yakuzalaw was introduced. Having discussed the reasons for this law's introduction, this law is described and analysed with reference to American and European anti‐organized crime laws (both of which were influential in the internal policy debate).
Scale and Scope: Coinage, Arbitrage, and Bimetallism
Authors: Flandreau Marc 
Published: August 2004

AbstractChapter 6 documents the role of arbitrage networks on the operation of bimetallism. Focusing on the experience of the Rothschilds, its shows how bankers organized themselves in order to take advantage of the profits associated with bullion arbitrage. The response involved a combination of concentration (of refining and coining activities), and decentralization (of partners and associates all over the world to put bullion into motion).
How did International Bimetallism Work? A Monetary Theory
Authors: Flandreau Marc 
Published: August 2004

AbstractChapter 7 provides a model of the operation of bimetallism as a global system, 1850-1870. It argues that the limited impact that the Gold Rush had on price levels can be primarily explained as resulting from a global adjustment process, whereby gold was in part absorbed by gold countries and in part by bimetallic ones, where it displaced silver which got absorbed by silver standard countries: because its effects were spread all over the world, regardless of the underlying standard, the Gold Rush had much more modest effects than contemporary initially feared.
Citizenship and the Environment
Authors: Dobson Andrew 
Published: August 2004

AbstractEcological citizenship cannot be fully articulated in either liberal or civic republican terms. It is, rather, an example and an inflection of ‘post‐cosmopolitan’ citizenship. Ecological citizenship focuses on duties as well as rights, and its conception of political space is not the state or the municipality, or the ideal speech community of cosmopolitanism, but the ‘ecological footprint’.Ecological citizenship contrasts with fiscal incentives as a way of encouraging people to act more sustainably, in the belief that the former is more compatible with the long‐term and deeper shifts of attitude and behaviour that sustainability requires. This book offers an original account of the relationship between liberalism and sustainability, arguing that the former's commitment to a plurality of conceptions of the good entails a commitment to so‐called ‘strong’ forms of the latter.How to make an ecological citizen? The potential of formal high school citizenship education programmes is examined through a case study of the recent implementation of the compulsory citizenship curriculum in the UK.
Dividend Policy and Corporate Governance
Authors: Correia da Silva Luis , Goergen Marc , Renneboog Luc 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBy reviewing the interactions between dividend policy and other corporate governance mechanisms, this book provides a major contribution to the debate about the best corporate governance system. A conscious effort is made to compare existing empirical studies on the UK and US with those on other countries such as France, Germany, and Japan. The book provides new empirical evidence on German dividend policy, one of the representatives of the corporate governance system of Continental Europe – a system that remains largely under‐researched. We find major differences between the dividend policy of German firms and that of UK or US firms. First, the conventional wisdom, which states that German dividends are lower than UK or US dividends is not necessarily upheld as on a published profits basis; the exact converse is true. Second, dividends in the UK and US are relatively smooth as they are characterized by frequent, but small changes, whereas dividends in Germany show less frequent, but larger changes. Third, we find a link between corporate control and dividend payouts. Fourth, we report evidence that the existence of a loss is an additional determinant of dividend changes. Finally, we do not find a link between the tax status of the controlling shareholder and the firm's dividend payout. Our results have important implications for the current debate on the best corporate governance system.
Dividend Policy, Earnings, and Cash Flow: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis
Authors: Silva Luis Correia Da , Goergen Marc , Renneboog Luc 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBenefiting from recent advances in panel data estimation, the chapter estimates the Lintner model for German firms. The Lintner model is estimated using both cash flow data and published earnings data. When the former are used, the implicit target payout ratio is much closer to the observed target payout ratio than when the latter is used. We conclude that target payout ratios of German firms are based on cash flow figures rather than published earnings figures.
When do Firms Change the Dividend Policy?
Authors: Silva Luis Correia Da , Goergen Marc , Renneboog Luc 
Published: August 2004

AbstractFocuses on the flexibility of German dividends. The evidence obtained from analysing the data suggests that the dividend policy of German firms is much more flexible than that of UK or US firms. Contrary to what Lintner (1956) predicts, dividend are cut or omitted when profits are only temporarily, rather than permanently, depressed.
Conclusion
Authors: Silva Luis Correia Da , Goergen Marc , Renneboog Luc 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe study provides new interesting results that are important for the ongoing debate about the best possible corporate governance system. Although, recently, the Continental European system of corporate governance has somehow fallen into disrepute, the system has some clear advantages as compared to the main competing system, the Anglo‐American system. One of these advantages is that the average firm in Continental European does not have to rely on costly dividend signalling.
Introduction
Authors: Bain William 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBegins by giving an outline of the idea of trusteeship as presented by P. H. Kerr, and then as viewed against a background of the opposite idea—that of liberty, as considered by J. S. Mill. It states the purpose of the book is to interrogate the character of trusteeship as an idea of international society, to investigate the assumptions, claims, and justifications that render it intelligible as a recognized and settled mode of human conduct in international life. It contends that the character of trusteeship is discernible in full relief at the intersection of two dispositions of human conduct: the good of assisting persons in need, and the good of respecting human autonomy. The first part of the chapter is a general discussion of the idea of trusteeship in contemporary international society, and it ends by commenting that, since the 11 September attacks, there is very little about the Bush administration's claims that would be out of place in the age of empire—an age in which trusteeship was the most obvious outward manifestation of a similarly righteous mission to propagate the virtue of civilization and to eradicate its enemies. The remaining three sections of the chapter discuss the idiom of Oakeshottian conversation in which the book is written, the international society/English School theoretical tradition in which the book is situated, and the character of trusteeship, which is intelligible in a particular relation of virtue, inequality, and tutelage.
The Obligations of Power
Authors: Bain William 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The idea of trusteeship in international society originates in late 18th century British India. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the emergence of trusteeship as a justification of political power in territories administered by the East India Company. The chapter has five sections: From Merchant to Sovereign in British India; The Claim to Rule; The Relations of Ruler and Subject; The Purpose of the Office of Government; and Providing Protection, Directing Improvement.