bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Clinical Trial Enrollment Among Women With Gynecologic Cancer
Authors: Khadraoui Wafa , Meade Caitlin E. , Backes Floor J. , Felix Ashley S. 
Published: December 2023

ImportanceRacial and ethnic disparities in clinical trial enrollment are unjust and hinder development of new cancer treatments.ObjectiveTo examine the association of race and ethnicity with clinical trial enrollment among women with endometrial, ovarian, or cervical cancer.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study used data from the National Cancer Database, a hospital-based cancer registry, and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER), a population-based cancer registry. Population-based race and ethnicity–specific proportions for each cancer site were derived from SEER. Participants included women with an endometrial, ovarian, or cervical cancer diagnosed from 2004 to 2019. Analyses were performed from February 2 to June 14, 2023.ExposureRace and ethnicity were categorized as American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian, Black, Hispanic (any race), Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, White, and other (not defined in the National Cancer Database).Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcomes were the odds of clinical trial enrollment and representation in clinical trials compared with the US population. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for associations of race and ethnicity with clinical trial enrollment within the National Cancer Database sample. Participation-to-prevalence ratios (PPRs) according to diagnosis period (2004-2011 vs 2012-2019) were calculated by dividing the race and ethnicity–specific percentage of clinical trial participants in the study sample by the percentage of racial and ethnic groups in SEER.ResultsAmong 562 592 patients with gynecologic cancer (mean [SD] age at diagnosis, 62.9 [11.3] years), 1903 were American Indian/Alaska Native, 18 680 were Asian, 56 421 were Black, 38 145 were Hispanic, 1453 were Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, 442 869 were White, and 3121 were other race and ethnicity. Only 548 (&amp;lt;1%) were enrolled in clinical trials. Compared with White women, clinical trial enrollment was lower for Asian (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.25-0.78), Black (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.50-0.99), and Hispanic (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.33-0.83) women. Compared with the US population, White women were adequately or overrepresented for all cancer types (PPRs ≥1.1), Black women were adequately or overrepresented for endometrial and cervical cancers (PPRs ≥1.1) but underrepresented for ovarian cancer (PPR ≤0.6), and Asian and Hispanic women were underrepresented among all 3 cancer types (PPRs ≤0.6).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort of patients with gynecologic cancer, clinical trial enrollment was lower among certain minoritized racial and ethnic groups. Continued efforts are needed to address disparate clinical trial enrollment among underrepresented groups.
Performance of Large Language Models on a Neurology Board–Style Examination
Authors: Schubert Marc Cicero , Wick Wolfgang , Venkataramani Varun 
Published: December 2023

ImportanceRecent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have shown potential in a wide array of applications, including health care. While LLMs showed heterogeneous results across specialized medical board examinations, the performance of these models in neurology board examinations remains unexplored.ObjectiveTo assess the performance of LLMs on neurology board–style examinations.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study was conducted between May 17 and May 31, 2023. The evaluation utilized a question bank resembling neurology board-style examination questions and was validated with a small question cohort by the European Board for Neurology. All questions were categorized into lower-order (recall, understanding) and higher-order (apply, analyze, synthesize) questions based on the Bloom taxonomy for learning and assessment. Performance by LLM ChatGPT versions 3.5 (LLM 1) and 4 (LLM 2) was assessed in relation to overall scores, question type, and topics, along with the confidence level and reproducibility of answers.Main Outcomes and MeasuresOverall percentage scores of 2 LLMs.ResultsLLM 2 significantly outperformed LLM 1 by correctly answering 1662 of 1956 questions (85.0%) vs 1306 questions (66.8%) for LLM 1. Notably, LLM 2’s performance was greater than the mean human score of 73.8%, effectively achieving near-passing and passing grades in the neurology board–style examination. LLM 2 outperformed human users in behavioral, cognitive, and psychological–related questions and demonstrated superior performance to LLM 1 in 6 categories. Both LLMs performed better on lower-order than higher-order questions, with LLM 2 excelling in both lower-order and higher-order questions. Both models consistently used confident language, even when providing incorrect answers. Reproducible answers of both LLMs were associated with a higher percentage of correct answers than inconsistent answers.Conclusions and RelevanceDespite the absence of neurology-specific training, LLM 2 demonstrated commendable performance, whereas LLM 1 performed slightly below the human average. While higher-order cognitive tasks were more challenging for both models, LLM 2’s results were equivalent to passing grades in specialized neurology examinations. These findings suggest that LLMs could have significant applications in clinical neurology and health care with further refinements.
Motivation brought to the test: Successful retrieval practice is modulated by mastery goal orientation and external rewards
Authors: Endres Tino , Eitel Alexander 
Published: December 2023

AbstractWe investigated how learners' motivation impacts the testing effect for complex study materials. High mastery goal orientation was expected to weaken the effect, while external rewards for successful retrieval practice were expected to strengthen it. Two experiments (N = 191) compared restudy, retrieval practice, and retrieval practice with external reward in a between‐subject design. We assessed delayed retention after 1 week. Both experiments revealed a testing effect. Learners' mastery goal orientation moderated the effect in both experiments. It was strong in students with low mastery goal orientation and absent in those with high mastery goal orientation. The external reward failed to enhance the testing effect in Experiment 1, but boosted it in Experiment 2 with more specific criteria for “successful retrieval practice.” In Experiment 2, the reward increased students' retrieval practice effort, improving delayed retention. These results suggest that students' motivation to practice retrieval and to restudy are important boundary conditions for the testing effect.
Development of Triboelectric Nanogenerators Using Novel 3D Printed Polymer Materials
Authors: Wajahat Muhammad , Kouzani Abbas Z. , Khoo Sui Yang , Mahmud M. A. Parvez 
Published: December 2023

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are becoming attractive devices for harvesting mechanical energy. 3D printing (3DP) is a newly reported technique for the development of this device. This technique is not fully explored for the fabrication of triboelectric materials and compatible printing processes. Herein, three main 3DP techniques including powder‐based multijet fusion, resin‐based polyjet fusion, and filament‐based fused deposition modeling are utilized to investigate new sets of 3DP triboelectric materials. Mechanical to electrical conversion efficiency of 3D printed and commercially available negative and positive triboelectric materials are compared and investigated. Polyamide ‐12 (PA12), Veroclear, acrylonitrile‐styrene‐acrylate (ASA), copper‐coated polylactic acid (Cu‐PLA), polycarbonate (PC), and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) are fabricated using compatible 3D printing techniques. 3D‐printed PA12 is considered as a reference positive triboelectric layer. Meanwhile, 3D‐printed Veroclear, ASA, Cu‐PLA, PC, PETG, and commercial materials like Teflon sheets, PA6,6 conductive sheets, indium tin oxide‐coated polyethylene terephthalate, conductive‐nylon sheets, and PVDF membrane are selected as negative triboelectric materials. The maximum AC voltage of 80 V and maximum instantaneous current of 0.9 μA are produced by pairing 3DP‐PA12 and 3DP‐Veroclear under open circuit condition. This AC output is further converted to DC output using brdige rectifier circuitry to efficiently charge up the capacitor and glow series of 16 LEDs.
Local Spinal Cord Injury Treatment Using a Dental Pulp Stem Cell Encapsulated H2S Releasing Multifunctional Injectable Hydrogel
Authors: Albashari Abdullkhaleg Ali , He Yan , Luo Yu , Duan Xingxiang , Ali Jihea , Li Mingchang , Fu Dehao , Xiang Yangfan , Peng Youjian , Li Song , Luo Lihua , Zan Xingjie , Kumeria Tushar , Ye Qingsong 
Published: December 2023

AbstractSpinal cord injury (SCI) commonly induces nerve damage and nerve cell degeneration. In this work, a novel dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) encapsulated thermoresponsive injectable hydrogel with sustained hydrogen sulfide (H2S) delivery is demonstrated for SCI repair. For controlled and sustained H2S gas therapy, a clinically tested H2S donor (JK) loaded octysilane functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (OMSNs) are incorporated into the thermosensitive hydrogel made from Pluronic F127 (PF‐127). The JK‐loaded functionalized MSNs (OMSF@JK) promote preferential M2‐like polarization of macrophages and neuronal differentiation of DPSCs in vitro. OMSF@JK incorporated PF‐127 injectable hydrogel (PF‐OMSF@JK) has a soft consistency similar to that of the human spinal cord and thus, shows a high cytocompatibility with DPSCs. The cross‐sectional micromorphology of the hydrogel shows a continuous porous structure. Last, the PF‐OMSF@JK composite hydrogel considerably improves the in vivo SCI regeneration in Sprague–Dawley rats through a reduction in inflammation and neuronal differentiation of the incorporated stem cells as confirmed using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The highly encouraging in vivo results prove that this novel design on hydrogel is a promising therapy for SCI regeneration with the potential for clinical translation.
Photodynamic O2 Economizer Encapsulated with DNAzyme for Enhancing Mitochondrial Gene‐Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Zhong Kaipeng , Zhang Zefan , Cheng Wenyuan , Liu Guangyao , Zhang Xuan , Zhang Jing , Sun Shihao , Wang Baodui 
Published: December 2023

AbstractEmerging research suggests that mitochondrial DNA is a potential target for cancer treatment. However, achieving precise delivery of deoxyribozymes (DNAzymes) and combining photodynamic therapy (PDT) and DNAzyme‐based gene silencing together for enhancing mitochondrial gene‐photodynamic synergistic therapy remains challenging. Accordingly, herein, intelligent supramolecular nanomicelles are constructed by encapsulating a DNAzyme into a photodynamic O2 economizer for mitochondrial NO gas‐enhanced synergistic gene‐photodynamic therapy. The designed nanomicelles demonstrate sensitive acid‐ and red‐light sequence‐activated behaviors. After entering the cancer cells and targeting the mitochondria, these micelles will disintegrate and release the DNAzyme and Mn (II) porphyrin in the tumor microenvironment. Mn (II) porphyrin acts as a DNAzyme cofactor to activate the DNAzyme for the cleavage reaction. Subsequently, the NO‐carrying donor is decomposed under red light irradiation to generate NO that inhibits cellular respiration, facilitating the conversion of more O2 into singlet oxygen (1O2) in the tumor cells, thereby significantly enhancing the efficacy of PDT. In vitro and in vivo experiments reveal that the proposed system can efficiently target mitochondria and exhibits considerable antitumor effects with negligible systemic toxicity. Thus, this study provides a useful conditional platform for the precise delivery of DNAzymes and a novel strategy for activatable NO gas‐enhanced mitochondrial gene‐photodynamic therapy.
Recent Advances in Ni‐Catalyzed 1,1‐Difunctionalization of Unactivated Olefins
Authors: Velasco‐Rubio Álvaro , Martin Ruben 
Published: December 2023

AbstractUnactivated olefins rank amongst the most important feedstocks in organic synthesis. Their availability makes them particularly useful synthons for subsequent functionalization, particularly in a catalytic manner. Driven by the popularity ascribed by nickel catalysis as a new tool to rapidly forge molecular architectures via one‐or two‐electron manifolds, the recent years have witnessed significant advances in Ni‐catalyzed olefin difunctionalization. While 1,2‐difunctionalization or remote functionalization via “chain‐walk” have become mature disciplines for repurposing the potential of olefins as building blocks, it was only recently that extensions of this chemistry to 1,1‐difunctionalization have been possible. This review summarizes the recent advances in Ni‐catalyzed olefin 1,1‐difunctionalization, holding considerable promise as a new powerful strategy for our ever‐growing synthetic repertoire.
Effective irrigation scheduling to improve corn yield, net returns, and water use
Authors: Sheldon Kendall , Shekoofa Avat , McClure Angela , Smith Aaron , Martinez Charles , Bellaloui Nacer 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIrrigated cropland continues to increase in Tennessee to sustain yield when seasonal temperatures are high and water deficit occurs. Corn (Zea mays L.) production is directly related to water availability. Inefficient irrigation scheduling can result in excessive or inadequate water applications. The objective of this study was to optimize profitable corn yield using soil water sensors to improve irrigation scheduling. Three irrigation regimes plus a rainfed/check were evaluated in a field study at the University of Tennessee Milan Research and Education Center in 2020 and 2021. Soil water level was monitored with Meter Inc. Teros 21 matric potential sensors and ZL6 soil‐water loggers. Irrigation‐scheduling decisions were based on rainfall, plant growth stages, and soil water sensors. An optimal irrigation schedule was determined within this study that increased yield by 13.0% and 3.0%, respectively, in 2020 and 2021 while also having the lowest cost among irrigation treatments. Results indicate that irrigation scheduling can improve yield, conserve water, and increase economic returns.
Multi‐objective optimization of radially stirred tank based on CFD and machine learning
Authors: Zhao Xuezhi , Fan Haoan , Lin Gaobo , Fang Zhecheng , Yang Wulong , Li Mian , Wang Jianghao , Lu Xiuyang , Li Bolong , Wu Ke‐Jun , Fu Jie 
Published: December 2023

AbstractStructural optimization is essential to improve the performance of mixing equipment. An efficient optimization strategy based on computational fluid dynamics, machine learning, and the multi‐objective genetic algorithm was proposed to predict and optimize the performance of the stirred tank. Single‐factor analysis was performed to study the effects of structural parameters on power consumption and mixing time, which were reduced by 16.0% and 1.4%, respectively, in the optimized stirred vessel. To further optimize the stirred tank geometries and maximize the integrated performance, XGB coupled NSGA‐ІІ were utilized to minimize the power consumption and mixing time. The optimal design parameters from the Pareto front were identified by two well‐known decision‐making methods (LINMAP and TOPSIS), which decreased power consumption and mixing time by 12.3% and 13.4% compared to the stirred tank with the baseline structure. This research further confirmed the accuracy and reliability of the machine learning‐based optimization method.
Maternal CHD7 gonosomal mosaicism in a fetus with CHARGE syndrome
Authors: Bai Ting , Shen Ying , Yang Yanting , Dai Siyu , Liu Hongqian 
Published: December 2023

AbstractParental mosaicism is important in families with de novo mutations. Herein, we report a case of fetal CHARGE syndrome (CS) with a CHD7 variant inherited from maternal CHD7 gonosomal mosaicism. The variant was detected through trio‐based whole‐exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing. High‐depth whole‐exome sequencing was performed for the identification of parental mosaicism. A novel heterozygous CHD7 nonsense mutation (c.5794G>T/ p.E1932*) was detected in the tissue from the aborted fetus. The parents were wild‐type, indicating that the mutation was a de novo variant. The mutation was suspected to be the cause of the fetal CS. However, high‐depth whole‐exome sequencing revealed maternal gonosomal mosaicism at a variant allele frequency of 3.2%–23.3%. The variant was identified in various tissues (peripheral blood, hair follicles, buccal epithelia, and pharyngeal epithelia) from the asymptomatic mother. We confirmed maternal CHD7 gonosomal mosaicism as a genetic cause of fetal CS. Our results emphasize the importance of clinical analysis in accurately determining the parents’ status in detecting the CHD7 de novo variant in fetal CS, as this analysis has vital implications for evaluating the recurrence risk for genetic counseling.
Responding to COVID‐19: How group model building can assist the health and well‐being of urban Indigenous communities in Australia
Authors: Fredericks Bronwyn , Bradfield Abraham , McAvoy Sue , Ward James , Spierings Shea , Combo Troy , Toth‐Peter Agnes 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn this paper, we discuss a rapid‐fire study involving Indigenous and non‐Indigenous stakeholders from the urban Indigenous health sector who collaborated to produce an “Urban COVID‐19 Systems Map.” The map outlines the behaviours, actions and responses that stakeholders identified as mitigating or exacerbating COVID‐19 risks in urban Indigenous communities. Data were collected and analysed during the height of the pandemic in 2021. We begin by introducing the characteristics of system thinking—the methodology that informed our research—and consider its use in Indigenous health research more broadly. We then outline our utilisation of system thinking and discuss how it was applied to the three workshops. System thinking contributes to collaboration and collective debate amongst stakeholders and aims to produce holistic understandings of complex problems, such as pandemics. This article provides a reflective overview of the benefits and challenges of applying system thinking in Indigenous health research whilst also sharing some of the research findings. We argue that centralising the voices of stakeholders, particularly Indigenous stakeholders, is critical to developing and implementing effective and culturally appropriate responses to pandemics and is equally as important to the preparedness for future pandemics.
Molecular Dynamic Simulations of Aqueous Micellar Organometallic Catalysis: Methane Functionalization as a Case Study
Authors: Matamoros‐Recio Alejandra , Alonso‐Rueda Elia , Borrego Elena , Caballero Ana , Pérez Pedro J. , Martín‐Santamaría Sonsoles 
Published: December 2023

AbstractMolecular Dynamics (MD) simulations constitute a powerful tool that provides a 3D perspective of the dynamical behavior of chemical systems. Herein the first MD study of the dynamics of a catalytic organometallic system, in micellar media, is presented. The challenging methane catalytic functionalization into ethyl propionate through a silver‐catalyzed process has been targeted as the case study. The intimate nature of the micelles formed with the surfactants sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and potassium perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has been ascertained, as well as the relative distribution of the main actors in this transformation, namely methane, the diazo reagent and the silver catalyst, the latter in two different forms: the initial compound and a silver‐carbene intermediate. Catalyst deactivation occurs with halide containing surfactants dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC) and Triton X‐100. Computed simulations allow explaining the experimental results, indicating that micelles behave differently regarding the degree of accumulation and the local distribution of the reactants and their effect in the molecular collisions leading to net reaction.
Seed‐Mediated Growth for High‐Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells: The Important Role of Seed Surface
Authors: Hu Yiqi , Zhong Qixuan , Song Bin , Xu Hongyu , Li Qiuyang , Li Shunde , Qiu Yinghua , Yang Xiaoyu , Chen Jinxing , Zhang Qiao , Zhu Rui , Cao Muhan 
Published: December 2023

AbstractAdditive engineering has emerged as one of the most promising strategies to improve the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Among additives, perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have a similar chemical composition and matched lattice structure with the perovskite matrix, which can effectively enhance the efficiency and stability of PSCs. However, relevant studies remain limited, and most of them focus on bromide‐involved perovskite NCs, which may undergo dissolution and ion exchange within the FAPbI3 host, potentially resulting in an enlarged band gap. In this work, we employ butylamine‐capped CsPbI3 NCs (BPNCs) as additives in PSCs, which can be well maintained and serve as seeds for regulating the crystallization and growth of perovskite films. The resultant perovskite film exhibits larger domain sizes and fewer grain boundaries without compromising the band gap. Moreover, BPNCs can alleviate lattice strain and reduce defect densities within the active layer. The PSCs incorporating BPNCs show a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of up to 25.41 %, well over both Control of 22.09 % and oleic acid/oleylamine capped CsPbI3 NC (PNC)‐based devices of 23.11 %. This work illustrates the key role of nanosized seed surfaces in achieving high‐performance photovoltaic devices.
Mechanochemical Iron‐Catalyzed Nitrene Transfer Reactions: Direct Synthesis of N‐Acyl Sulfonimidamides from Sulfinamides and Dioxazolones
Authors: Pan Shulei , Mulks Florian F. , Wu Peng , Rissanen Kari , Bolm Carsten 
Published: December 2023

AbstractA mechanochemical synthesis of sulfonimidamides by iron(II)‐catalyzed exogenous ligand‐free N‐acyl nitrene transfer to sulfinamides is reported. The one‐step method tolerates a wide range of sulfinamides with various substituents under solvent‐free ambient conditions. Compared to its solution‐phase counterpart, this mechanochemical approach shows better conversion and chemoselectivity. Mechanistic investigations by ESI‐MS revealed the generation of crucial nitrene iron intermediates.
Strain‐Induced Heteromorphosis Multi‐Cavity Cages: Tension‐Driven Self‐Expansion Strategy for Controllable Enhancement of Complexity in Supramolecular Assembly
Authors: Wang Jun , Jiang Zhilong , Yin Jia‐Fu , Zhao He , Dong Qiangqiang , Li Kaixiu , Zhong Wanying , Liu Die , Yuan Jie , Yin Panchao , Li Yiming , Lin Yifan , Chen Mingzhao , Wang Pingshan 
Published: December 2023

AbstractCoordinative supramolecular cages with adjustable cavities have found extensive applications in various fields, but the cavity modification strategies for multi‐functional structures are still challenging. Here, we present a tension‐driven self‐expansion strategy for construction of multi‐cavity cages with high structural complexity. Under the regulation of strain‐induced capping ligands, unprecedented heteromorphosis triple‐cavity cages S2/S4 were obtained based on a metallo‐organic ligand (MOL) scaffold. The heteromorphosis cages exhibited significant higher cavity diversity than the homomorphous double‐cavity cages S1/S3; all of the cages were thoroughly characterized through various analytical techniques including (1D and 2D) NMR, ESI‐MS, TWIM‐MS, AFM, and SAXS analyses. Furthermore, the encapsulation of porphyrin in the cavities of these multi‐cavity cages were investigated. This research opens up new possibilities for the architecture of heteromorphosis supramolecular cages via precisely controlled “scaffold‐capping” assembly with preorganized ligands, which could have potential applications in the development of multifunctional structures with higher complexity.