bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Twinning of a Quartz Plate at Low Temperature Using a Laser Beam
Authors: Satoru Noge Satoru Noge , Takehiko Uno Takehiko Uno 
Published: October 2002

We have previously reported an artificial twinning (x-axis
inversion) technique that involves the thermal treatment method and
the laser beam scanning method for a rotated Y-cut (RY-cut) quartz
plate. The heating temperature for twinning was
about 520–540°C using the thermal treatment method.
Furthermore, in the laser beam scanning method, a high preheating
temperature of about 480°C was necessary to obtain a
well-controlled twinning pattern. We present here twinning at low
temperature (350°C ∼ room temperature) using the laser beam
scanning method. This method can be used the potential to form an arbitrary
fine twinning pattern at room temperature. High reproducibility of a fine
twinning pattern was obtained at a preheating temperature of
350°C. A relatively good twinning pattern was also obtained by the
laser beam scanning method without preheating. It was estimated that the
shear strain caused by laser irradiation was of the order of 10-4, for
the case there the twinning occurred. The large temperature gradient
produced in the plate by laser beam irradiation drastically reduced the
treatment temperature.
Low Temperature Heteroepitaxial Growth of a New Phase Lead Zirconate Titanate Film on Si Substrate with an Epitaxial (ZrO2)1-x(Y2O3)xBuffer Layer
Authors: Susumu Horita Susumu Horita , Mami Aikawa Mami Aikawa , Tetsuya Naruse Tetsuya Naruse 
Published: October 2002

We investigated the crystalline and electrical properties of heteroepitaxial lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films grown on Si covered with epitaxial (100) (ZrO2)1-x(Y2O3)x(YSZ) buffer layers. The PZT films were prepared by reactive sputtering. When the substrate temperature was between 400 and 485°C, we obtained a heteroepitaxial (110) oriented monoclinic PZT (m-PZT) film which was metastable. The lattice parameters were as follows:a=b=0.379 nm,c= 0.521 nm and γ=81.3°. The m-PZT film had a larger oxygen composition ratio O/(Zr+Ti) of 3.2 to 3.8 than the perovskite phase. Although the resistivity of the as-grown m-PZT film was much lower than that of the normal perovskite phase, it was increased by two to five orders of magnitude by a step-annealing process of 300°C for 120 min, 325°C for 120 min and 350°C for 180 min in sequence. From theC–Vcharacteristics of the step-annealed m-PZT/YSZ/Si structure, the relative dielectric constant was estimated to be about 45.
Challenge to Several-Tens-nm/Bit Recording Using Domain Wall Displacement Detection Medium
Authors: Shunji Yoshimura Shunji Yoshimura , Atsushi Fukumoto Atsushi Fukumoto 
Published: October 2002

We have examined two unique data error causes for domain wall displacement
detection (DWDD) media, dropout and bit shift, using 8–9 modulation and
(1, 7)-RLL modulation. We have determined that dropout depends only on the
mark length of recorded data, while the deviation of edge shifts, which
causes bit shifts, maintains approximately the same value regardless of mark
length. Using these characteristics of error causes, we have also shown a
prospect of achieving several-tens-nm/bit recordings.
Higher Resistivities Obtained by Iron-Diffusion into Undoped Semi-Insulating GaAs
Authors: Ohsawa Jun , Ozaki Yasutaka , Misaki Takashi 
Published: October 2002

A simple diffusion process at low temperatures of
500–550°C can increase the resistivity of GaAs by one order of
magnitude; deep acceptors of iron on the order of 1014 cm-3
were introduced into liquid encapsulated Czochralski(LEC)-grown GaAs
wafers from a spin-on source to obtain higher resistivity in the range
of 108 Ω·cm. Control of the Fermi level onto the middle of
the energy gap was accomplished by compensating deep donors of
electron level No. 2 (EL2) by the acceptors located at
E
t-E
v=0.46 eV. A calculation based on
carrier-compensation concurs with the trend in the resistivity
variation experimentally obtained by iron-diffusion in the temperature
range of 450–600°C.
Tunneling Spectra of Co/I/BiSrCaCuO Tunnel Junctions
Authors: Takayuki Ishibashi Takayuki Ishibashi , Kazushige Sato Kazushige Sato , Genda Gu Genda Gu , Naoki Koshizuka Naoki Koshizuka , Katsuaki Sato Katsuaki Sato 
Published: October 2002

Ferromagnet/insulator/superconductor (F/I/S) tunnel junctions consisting of Co and Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox (BSCCO) have been fabricated in order to study whether the superconducting properties are affected by the spin-polarized current. Co is a ferromagnetic metal with a spin polarization of approximately 35%, and BSCCO is a high-T

c
superconductor with critical temperature (T

c
) of 80–90 K. The junctions with 100 ×100 µm2 have been fabricated using photolithography on the cleaved BSCCO single crystal. As a reference, Au/I/BSCCO tunnel junctions have also been fabricated in the same manner. In both junctions, gap structures were clearly observed in d
I/ d
V spectra. However, the gap energy of 28 mV obtained at 30 K for the Co/I/BSCCO junction was smaller than that obtained for the Au/I/BSCCO junction. The zero-bias conductance peak (ZBCP) was observed clearly for the Au/I/BSCCO junction. It is considered that these differences between the Co/I/BSCCO and the Au/I/BSCCO junctions are due to the spin-polarized current flowing through the junctions.
High-Frequency Characteristics of Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors with Blocking Barrier
Authors: Ryzhii Victor , Khmyrova Irina , Ishibashi Tadao , Sumith V. Bandara Sumith V. Bandara , Sarath D. Gunapala Sarath D. Gunapala 
Published: October 2002

We have developed an analytical model for quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) with a superlattice serving as the absorption region and a blocking barrier. The explicit analytical expression for the frequency-dependent responsivity is derived as a function of the QWIP structural parameters. Using this expression we calculate the 3 dB cut-off frequency and bandwidth-response efficiency. The bandwidth of QWIPs with a moderate number of QWs can exceed 100 GHz exhibiting fairly large responsivity. We show that a fast tunneling filling of the absorption region by the electrons injected from the emitter contact results in a significant modification of the high-frequency properties of the QWIP under consideration compared to the standard QWIPs, in particular, in the elimination of the low-frequency peak of the responsivity.
Carbon Nanotube Tip for Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Authors: Wataru Mizutani Wataru Mizutani , Nami Choi Nami Choi , Takayuki Uchihashi Takayuki Uchihashi , Hiroshi Tokumoto Hiroshi Tokumoto 
Published: October 2002

We attached multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to the top of a Au tip using a manipulation system, and used the tip as a probe for a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). We measured Au(111) surfaces using an ultrahigh-vacuum-STM with an electrochemically etched Au tip and a multiwall CNT tip attached to the top of the Au tip. When the CNT tip was cleaned by heating in a coil filament, we observed the 22×√3 reconstruction of clean Au(111). With an uncleaned CNT tip, many adsorbates were observed along the reconstruction, which may be contaminants desorbed from the CNT tip. The stability of the CNT tip depends on its length, diameter and the contact to the base material. Thus far, we have obtained good resolution using a CNT with a length of less than 200 nm. We found that when the CNT was not vertical to the sample surfaces, the tip-surface interaction increased the stability of the CNT tip.
Particle Image Velocimetry Investigation of N2-Air Convection Induced by Magnetic Fields
Authors: I. Wakayama Xiaodong Ruan , Xiangqun Song Xiangqun Song , Fujio Yamamoto Fujio Yamamoto 
Published: October 2002

The particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique was used to investigate the N2-air convection caused by the application of magnetic field gradients. When the magnetic field was applied (1.5 T at the center of an electromagnet) and N2 gas was injected into air toward a weaker magnetic field, the surrounding air was found to be drawn toward a stronger magnetic field forming a vortex, while the N2 gas was pushed out. The maximum velocity of the N2 gas with the field was about five times larger than that without the field. These results agree well with the results of numerical simulations.
Inflammation in Atherosclerosis
Authors: Schiller Natalie K. , Boisvert William A. , Curtiss Linda K. 
Published: October 2002

Objective—Natural killer (NK) cells have been identified in human vascular pathologies. In this study, we identified NK cells in aortic root atherosclerotic lesions of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor–deficient (LDLr−/−) mice. To characterize the role of NK cell–mediated cytolysis in atherosclerosis, we generated C57Bl/6 double-mutant mice by crossing LDLr−/− mice with NK cell–defectiveLystbeigemice (creating beige,LDLr−/− mice) and with perforin-deficient mice (creating Pfp−/−,LDLr−/− mice).Methods and Results—Male mice (8 to 10 weeks old) were fed a high-fat diet to induce atherosclerosis. Compared with LDLr−/− mice, beige,LDLr−/− mice had impaired NK cell cytolytic activity and significantly increased atherosclerosis (P<0.05). Pfp−/−,LDLr−/− mice had impaired NK cell cytolytic activity, yet they had lesions that were similar to those of control mice. This suggested that NK cell cytolysis did not play a significant role in atherosclerosis and that the exacerbated atherosclerosis of the beige,LDLr−/− mouse was independent of impaired NK cell cytolytic activity. Therefore, we investigated the role of T and B lymphocytes in atherosclerosis of beige mice by crossing them with recombinase activator gene 1–deficient LDLr−/− mice (Rag1−/−,LDLr−/− mice), thus creating beige,Rag1−/−, LDLr−/− mice. As in the double-mutant study, beige,Rag1−/−,LDLr−/− mice had significantly increased lesions compared with Rag1−/−,LDLr−/− control mice.Conclusions—Therefore, theLystbeigemutation in LDLr−/− mice has proatherogenic properties that are independent of NK cell–mediated cytolysis and lymphocyte-mediated acquired immunity.
STRABO, THE TIBERIAN AUTHOR: PAST, PRESENT AND SILENCE IN STRABO'S GEOGRAPHY
Authors: Pothecary Sarah 
Published: October 2002

AbstractReferences in the text suggest that Strabo started writing the manuscript of the Geography in AD 17 or 18 and finished it in AD 23. Events current at that time affect Strabo's handling of his material. Three particular instances are explored in detail. First, Strabo makes no reference to Germanicus after describing his triumph of AD 17. Germanicus was well known for his subsequent settlement of affairs in Armenia, Cappadocia and Commagene in AD 18. Strabo mentions all three of these settlements, but does not ascribe them to any one person and thus does not mention Germanicus in connection with them. Strabo's silence reflects Tiberius' wish that Germanicus, who died in AD 19, should not be glorified after his death. Secondly, the overthrow and submission of the German king, Maroboduus, in AD 18-19 explain why Strabo mentions Maroboduus by name and provides details of this king's early life, even though Strabo makes no specific reference to the controversial events surrounding Maroboduus' submission, the outcome of which may not have yet been apparent as Strabo was writing. Thirdly, the Parthian Vonones is mentioned so obliquely that some scholars have stated that Strabo is completely silent about him. This is not so, but the disastrous consequences under Tiberius of the Roman effort under Augustus to restore Vonones to the Parthian throne explain why Vonones is topical enough to get mentioned, and at the same time why he is mentioned in so circumspect a fashion. In conclusion, Strabo's oblique treatment of current events suggests that he is averse to dealing with contemporary and often unresolved matters, and is consistent with his preference for information of a historical and cultural nature.
AUX FRONTIÈRES DE L'IRANITÉ: «NĀSRĀYĒ» ET «KRĪSTYONĒ» DES INSCRIPTIONS DU MOBAD KIRDĪR: ENQUÊTE LITTÉRAIRE ET HISTORIQUE
Authors: Jullien Christelle , Jullien Florence 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe identification of the nāsrāyē and the krīstyonē in the mobad Kirdīr's inscriptions is still disputed. In this contribution the authors make a systematic examination of the Syriac and Mazdaean sources. Each term, situated in its context, can be understood in its literary and historical environment. The consideration of a geostrategic polarity Irān/Anirān enables us to understand these two designations by means of a re-evaluation of the relationship between Christians and Mazdaeans. Political motives, and their conjoined religious implications, explain the Sasanid authorities' use of these two terms to designate Christians.
THE SCENT OF A MARTYR
Authors: Evans Suzanne 
Published: October 2002

AbstractScent has long been associated with the world of the gods. Many of the Greek gods were noted not only for having a powerful smell themselves but also for having sensitive noses and taking great joy in the smell of an altar well-stocked by a faithful follower. The Christian tradition is full of stories of martyrs and subsequently saints who had the aroma of sanctity about them. These stories became part of a larger olfactory understanding of the relationship between humans and the divine. Islam also has significant stories of fragrant martyrs set within a tradition which has an appreciation for scent and its ability to communicate the closeness of purity and Paradise. The aroma of sanctity is often described as an incomparably beautiful perfume, but sometimes the description is more specific: florals such as roses, lilies and violets; spices, including cinnamon, cloves, ginger and myrrh; and food such as apples and bread. Tales describing the aroma of sanctity exist from ancient to modern times and are often explained as deriving from the use of incense and perfumes in funerary rites. This explanation however, does not capture the strength of the symbol and its inherent value of joy in overcoming death and sharing in divine immortality. This study considers how scent acts as a form of communication in martyrologies and conforms with their role to spread the message of the value of the faith, overcoming the barriers of illiteracy, different languages and the passage of time.
ADDITIONAL ELEMENTS OF ALPHABETICAL THINKING IN PSALM XXXIV
Authors: Hurowitz Victor Avigdor 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis article develops a suggestion by A. Ceresko (VT 35 [1985], pp. 99-104) and finds that Ps. xxxiv may contain six alphabetizing sequences: 1) an abbreviated alphabetic acrostic with no 2) an overriding array made from the initial letters of the first and middle lines of the acrostic and the last line of the psalm; 3) an initial verse with an array 4) a twenty-two verse reversed partial alphabetic mezostic; 5) a twenty-one verse reversed telestic; 6) a final verse with an inverted array. Analogy of cuneiform acrostics and tablets decorated with wreaths of wedges suggests that Ps. xxxiv's acrostic and telestic uses of the alphabet and the letter may signify God, to whom the texts are addressed, and/or the author scribe himself.
OLD LIGHT ON MOSES' SHINING FACE
Authors: Sanders Seth 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe crux of Moses' shining face in Ex. xxxiv is explained by first-millennium Mesopotamian astronomical and lexical sources which attest an ancient understanding of light as material. Moses' face could, quite literally, radiate horns of light, and the need to translate the term as either divine radiance or physical protuberance is a side-effect of modern conceptual categories, irrelevant to ancient Israelite ideas. Furthermore, the well known ancient Jewish tradition of Moses' coronation, and his divine physical transformation attested in newly published Midrashic sources suggests an authentic ancient reading of the text that resolves the contradiction between Ex. xxxiii and xxxiv. While no human could see God and live, in Ex. xxxiv, the Israelites recoil from a transformed Moses who is no longer precisely human.
Plasticity in adult development: experience with young males enhances mating competence in adult male cowbirds, Molothrus ater
Authors: White David , King Andrew P. , West Meredith 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe social environment can play an important role in organizing organisms' behavioural development. We studied the effect on adult male cowbirds' communication and mating-related behaviour of being housed in social groups with juvenile males. In two large outdoor aviaries, we housed adult males, juvenile females and adult females either with or without juvenile males. Conditions remained intact from September 1999 through the first half of the breeding season in May 2000. We observed them throughout this time, documenting singing interactions, patterns of affiliation, and song production. We then brought the two groups of adult males together by rotating individuals from the groups into a mating competency tournament, allowing the males to compete with each other for mating opportunities with a new group of females. Throughout the study prior to the mating competency test, there were few differences among adult males in the two conditions as measured by amount and use of song, the quality of their songs, or number of copulations they received. In the mating competency tournament however, significant differences among males in the two conditions emerged. Compared with adult males that had been housed without juvenile males, adult males that had formerly been housed with juvenile males were more successful in the mating competition as measured by: success in getting copulations, number of copulations received, and latency to get copulations. They also engaged in more male-male singing interactions. These results provide evidence to suggest that development of mating competency is malleable throughout life in response to the social environment that individuals experience.
To persuade or be persuaded: which sex controls mating in a plethodontid salamander?
Authors: Gershman Susan , Verrell Paul 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn the dynamic process of courtship, males often must perform behaviour patterns that function to persuade females that are initially unresponsive to mate. But, to what extent is the outcome of a sexual encounter determined by a male's persuasiveness versus a female's responsiveness? We addressed this question in three laboratory experiments using a plethodontid salamander, Desmognathus ocoee, for which persuasion by males appears to be obligatory. We found considerable variation in mating success among individuals of both sexes, indicating variation in both male persuasiveness and female responsiveness (Experiment 1). In addition, males of high persuasiveness mated more often than males of lower persuasiveness, regardless of the levels of responsiveness of the females that they encountered (Experiment 2). Finally, we found that males of high persuasiveness performed certain sexual behaviour patterns more frequently and more rapidly than males of lower persuasiveness (Experiment 3). Our results suggest that male D. ocoee of high persuasiveness can mate successfully even with unresponsive females, which may be especially choosy about which males they accept. Thus, those male behaviour patterns that increase female motivation to mate likely are targets of sexual selection by female choice. Whether females that mate with persuasive males enjoy increased fitness awaits further study.
Intraspecific agonistic interactions of squilla empusa (crustacea: stomatopoda)
Authors: Wortham-Neal Jennifer 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMantis shrimp are benthic, predatory marine crustaceans that have complex agonistic interactions. These crustaceans are divided into two functional groups based on the morphology and use of their raptorial appendage: smashers and spearers. Most research on the agonistic behaviours of mantis shrimp has focused on smasher species and on contests between asymmetrical and same-sex individuals. No studies have investigated the intersexual and intrasexual interactions of size-matched spearer individuals. I conducted a laboratory experiment using Squilla empusa, a spearer that lives in the Gulf of Mexico, to determine if agonistic differences exist between males and females. The results suggest that (1) although threat displays are rare in both males and females, male aggressive interactions involving physical contact are common, (2) males engage in more aggressive behaviours and interactions than do females, (3) females are less aggressive toward both males and females than males are toward males and females; interactions involving females are usually passive, non-striking, whereas interactions involving males can result equally in a strike or passive behaviour, (4) males are more aggressive than females, and (5) an increase in the number of treatment individuals resulted in an increase in the number of interactions. The behaviours of Squilla empusa are compared with literature reports concerning other species of mantis shrimp. The differences in habitat, feeding method, vision, and burrow type may explain the differences between smashers and spearer agonistic behaviours.
The structure, context and possible functions of solos, duets and choruses in the subdesert mesite (Monias benschi)
Authors: Seddon Nathalie 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSubdesert mesites produced five distinct types of vocal element which they combined to produce two broad classes of song 'syllable'. One of these syllables was exclusive to males and the other was mainly given by females. Song syllables were either produced in series by single individuals to give solo songs, or 2-5 five birds vocalised simultaneously with varying degrees of temporal precision to give duets and choruses. Pair-duets were the most common and male solos the least common form of song recorded. Females initiated and terminated significantly more songs than males and male syllables followed female syllables more promptly than the converse. However, the syllable structure of male and female solos changed when synchronised to form pair-duets indicating that, in contrast to most previous studies of duetting species, these songs are a function of both male and female behaviour. Only a subset of each group contributed to duets and choruses and participation was positively correlated with mass for males and females both within and across groups. Song activity remained at a low but relatively constant rate throughout both the day and season. The wide variety of contexts in which songs were produced indicated that they serve multiple functions: some appear to be cooperative endeavours (e.g. to maintain contact in dense vegetation and to defend territories), others may be underpinned by conflicts and could function in matedefence or in inter- and intra-sexual assessment within groups.