bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategies for enhancing the adoption of school‐based prevention programs: Lessons learned from the Blueprints for Violence Prevention replications of the Life Skills Training program
Authors: Fagan Abigail A. , Mihalic Sharon 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWidespread implementation of effective programs is unlikely to affect the incidence of violent crime unless there is careful attention given to the quality of implementation, including identification of the problems associated with the process of implementation and strategies for overcoming these obstacles. Here we describe the results of a process evaluation focused on discovering common implementation obstacles faced by schools implementing the Life Skills Training (LST) drug prevention program. The evaluation was conducted by the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence (CSPV) under the Blueprints for Violence Prevention Initiative in conjunction with the designer of the LST program, Dr. Gilbert Botvin and his dissemination agency, National Health Promotion Associates (NHPA), and was funded by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP).This evaluation revealed that the 70 sites involved in the project faced many obstacles when implementing this science‐based program in the “real” classroom setting, outside the rigorous controls of a research trial. Nonetheless, the schools were very successful in delivering the program in its entirety and with a high level of fidelity to the program model, and we attribute much of this success to the high level of independent monitoring provided by CSPV, as well as our ongoing efforts to work with schools to identify and overcome problems associated with implementation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 31: 235–253, 2003.
Confirmatory factor analysis of the Sense of Community Index and development of a Brief SCI
Authors: Long D. Adam , Perkins Douglas D. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe Sense of Community Index (SCI) is the most widely used measure of the construct, despite the lack of confirmation of its intended dimensions or subscales. Yet psychometric appraisals of the SCI have never used the proper tool for evaluating an established dimensional construct: confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The Block Booster Project data set (of residents of 47 street blocks in Brooklyn and Queens, New York) used in developing the original SCI in 1985 was used here in its reassessment, along with a 1‐year follow‐up survey expanded to 61 blocks. The Sense of Community Index reanalysis using CFA yielded poor model fit for McMillan and Chavis' (1986) original theoretical formulation as well as for a single‐factor index, prompting development of a Brief SCI. The eight‐item, three‐factor BSCI showed good model fit with CFA, reliable construct validity in multilevel correlational analyses, and it differentiated street block neighborhoods reliably based on intragroup agreement, while retaining the profile of a cognitive‐perceptual construct, which does not crossover with other popular community psychology constructs such as place attachment and community satisfaction. The authors, however, recommend future uses of the BSCI employ a 5‐point Likert‐type response format to increase the measure's variability, sensitivity, and internal reliability. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 31: 279–296, 2003.
First‐grade child risk behaviors for community violence exposure in middle school
Authors: Boyd Rhonda C. , Cooley Michele R. , Lambert Sharon F. , Ialongo Nicholas S. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThis study examined behavioral indicators (measured by multiple informants) of young urban children's exposure to community violence during middle school. The community‐based school sample included 549 students (53% male; 86.8% African American, 13.2% Euro American). First‐grade aggressive behavior and anxiety symptoms were examined as predictors of later victimization and witnessing of community violence. Logistic regression analyses indicated that girls' first‐grade aggression significantly predicted witnessing violence in middle school, regardless of informant. Parent‐reported child aggression significantly predicted boys' later victimization. Teacher‐ and parent‐reported child aggression was associated with witnessing more community violence among boys with low self‐reported anxiety. Anxiety attenuated the relationship between aggression and witnessing community violence during adolescence for boys. The importance of the identifying early predictors of later community violence exposure in designing preventive interventions is discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 31: 297–314, 2003.
Postprogram follow‐up effects of paraprofessional intervention with high‐risk women who abused alcohol and drugs during pregnancy
Authors: Grant Therese , Ernst Cara C. , Pagalilauan Genevieve , Streissguth Ann 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThis study examined the postprogram follow‐up status of mothers who abused alcohol and drugs heavily during a target pregnancy, were enrolled in the Parent–Child Assistance Program (PCAP), and received paraprofessional home visitation and advocacy for 3 years after delivery. Outcomes were examined across two time intervals: between program enrollment and 3‐year exit, and between 3‐year exit and postprogram follow‐up an average of 2.5 years later. At postprogram follow‐up we observed a significant increase in abstinence from alcohol and drugs for 6 months or more, and significant decreases in subsequent pregnancies and deliveries. These outcomes are of special importance because PCAP intervention efforts target behaviors that put mothers at risk for future alcohol and drug exposed births. A significant postprogram increase in living in permanent housing and a significant decrease in incarceration were other notable findings. We conclude that given specific program goals, facilitated linkages to appropriate community services, and the necessary time for gradual change to occur, supportive paraprofessional advocacy can assist many high‐risk mothers in moving toward sustained recovery and improved stability even years after intervention. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 31: 211–222, 2003.
Biological, social, and community influences on third‐grade reading levels of minority Head Start children: A multilevel approach
Authors: Rauh Virginia A. , Parker Faith Lamb , Garfinkel Robin S. , Perry Judy , Andrews Howard F. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to determine the impact of individual and community level risks on school outcomes of children who attend Head Start. We studied a sample of 3,693 African American and Hispanic children who had been born in New York City, participated in Head Start, and attended New York City public schools. The outcome was the score obtained on a citywide third‐grade reading test. Individual level risk factors were derived from birth certificate data. Community level risks were extracted from citywide U.S. Census data and other public‐access data sets. Multilevel regression analyses indicated that at the individual level, lower reading scores were significantly associated with: male gender, low birth weight, unmarried mother, low maternal education, and inadequate interpregnancy spacing. Controlling for individual‐level risk, concentrated community poverty significantly lowered reading scores, and a high percentage of immigrants in the community significantly raised scores. There was also a significant crosslevel effect: boys benefited more than girls from the immigrant community effect. The evidence suggests that we can better identify children at future educational risk and maximize the success of early intervention programs by exploring influences on school success at multiple levels, including the community. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 31: 255–278, 2003.
Feminism found: An examination of gender consciousness in community psychology
Authors: Angelique Holly L. , Culley Marci R. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractArticles about women's issues published in the American Journal of Community Psychology and Journal of Community Psychology, from their inception in 1973 through 2000 were examined for feminist content. Feminism was defined as including consciousness of gender issues, gender‐stratified power imbalances, and contextual analyses of gender. We identified 89 articles with feminist content. All 89 feminist articles were examined to identify themes of gender consciousness and intersecting identities. Within the theme of gender consciousness, we identified articles that addressed power asymmetries, the link between individuals and environments, contextual analyses, and a focus on competencies. Within the theme of intersecting identities, we identified articles that addressed race, class, sexual orientation, and disabilities. We discuss the trend toward more feminist research and explore ways create a feminist subdiscipline within the field of community psychology. Finally, we discuss recommendations for future feminist scholarship in the field. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 31: 189–209, 2003.
The relationship among psychological distress, employment, and drug use over time in a sample of female welfare recipients
Authors: Atkinson John S. , Montoya Isaac D. , Whitsett Donna D. , Bell David C. , Nagy Carl W. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIn this study we examined the relationship over time among work experience, psychological distress, and illegal substance use in a sample of 534 women receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. Study participants were interviewed at intake and at 4‐month intervals for a period of 2 years. Each interview recorded the number of hours worked in the previous 4 months and the use of powder cocaine, crack cocaine, heroin, or methamphetamines during the same period. To measure the extent of psychological distress, participants were also administered the personal adjustment problems subscales of the Multidimensional Addictions and Personality Profile (MAPP) at intake and at 1‐year intervals. A path model was analyzed to assess the temporal effects of employment, drug use, and emotional and psychological distress. Results suggest a cycle in which employment at one time period can reduce the likelihood of drug use in the following period, which, in turn, can lead to improvement in distress. This improvement can lead to an increase in the number of hours worked and further improvement in distress levels. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 31: 223–234, 2003.
Über die Autoxydation gesättigter makromolekularer Kohlenwasserstoffe
Authors: Dulog Von L. , Radlmann E. , Kern W. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractDie Autoxydation in Lösung von isotaktischem Polypropylen bzw. Polyputylen‐1 gehorcht einer anderen kinetischen Beziehung als die entsprechende Autoxydation von ataktischem Polypropylen, Polybutylen‐1 und Polyäthylen. Die Autokatalyse der Autoxydation isotaktischer Produkte wird durch einen bimolekularen Kettenstart der gebildeten Hydroperoxyde hervorgerufen, während bei ataktischen Produkten ein monomolekularer Kettenstart beobachtet wird. Die unterschiedliche Kinetik der Autoxydation kann eindeutig auf Taktizitätsunterschiede zurückgeführt werden.
Zur Beurteilung der Polydispersität von Polymeren aus Viskositätsmessungen
Authors: Breitenbach Von J. W. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractDer Einfluß der Polydispersität von Polymeren auf ihr Viskositätsverhalten wird auf der Grundlage bekannter Beziehungen kurz beschrieben. Es wird gezeigt, daß, außer im Falle sehr großer Uneinheitlichkeit, die Empfindlichkeit der Viskositätsmethode für eine Beurteilung der Uneinheitlichkeit nicht ausreicht.
Structural studies on human serum gamma‐globulins and myeloma proteins. I. Fragmentation and denaturation of the globulins with detergent and alkali.
Authors: Jirgensons B. , Yonezawa D. , Gorguraki V. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe denaturation of human serum γ‐globulin and myeloma protein was studied by sedimentation, viscosity, and optical rotatory dispersion methods. Sodium decyl sulfate, in alkaline solutions of pH 10.2–11.0, was found to be very effective at sufficiently high concentrations of the detergent and higher temperatures of 50°C. The macromolecules of the globulins were inflated (or unfolded) and split into fragments having molecular weight of approximately 60,000. The optical activity measurements showed that the b0 values of the native globulins were near zero, and that they became negative on denaturation and fragmentation. The levorotation thereby increased. Upon removal of the detergent by dialysis the b0 returned to zero, while the levorotation remained strongly negative. The fragments thereby tended to aggregate, especially when the pH was decreased to near neutrality.It was concluded that the structural changes occurred in the following steps:
(1) Native, ordered macromolecule → (2) Disorganized and fragmented macromolecule → (3) Partially organized fragments → (4) Strongly disorganized and aggregated fragments.A tentative schematic model of the globulin macromolecule was presented in which a non‐helical order is assumed in the native state, and the detergent‐alkali fragmentation and denaturation explained as chain separation and further conformational transition of the separated subunits.
Lineare und cyclische Oligomers aus Hexamethylendiamin und Sebacinsäure
Authors: Zahn Von Helmut , Gleitsmann Günter B. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractDie Oligoaminosäuren, Oligodicarbonsäuren und Oligodiamine von Nylon‐6.10‐Typ wurden jeweils bis zum Trimeren dargestellt. Die Synthese des dimeren Cycloamids c[B—Seb]2 gelang mit Hilfe der Thiophenylestermethode. Einige physikalische Eigenschaften der erhaltenen Verbindungen werden diskutiert.
Über die Vernetzungskontraktion des Polyvinylalkohol‐Cu••‐Muskels. Der E‐Modul‐Wirksamkeitsfaktor der Cu••‐Vernetzung
Authors: Kuhn Von Werner , Toth I. , Kuhn H. J. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractFäden aus Polyvinylalkohol wurden zunächst im homogenen Zustande thermisch vernetzt, so daß sie in Wasser bzw. in einem n/10 Na‐Acetatpuffer stark quellen, ohne sich zu lösen. Die gequollenen Folien wurden anschließend durch Einwirkung von Cu••‐Ionen zusätzlich vernetzt. Es tritt dabei eine Kontraktion der Folien sowie eine Erhöhung des E‐Moduls ein. Die durch Einwirkung eines Cu••‐Ions herbeigeführte Erhöhung des E‐Moduls wird verglichen mit der beispielsweise bei Kautschuk durch die Bildung eines Vernetzungspunktes herbeigeführten E‐Modul‐Erhöhung, gemessen am homogenen und am anschließend an die Vernetzung gequollenen Kautschuk.Die Wirksamkeit je Vernetzungspunkt ist bei der Cu••‐Vernetzung des gequollenen Polyvinylalkohols etwa 6 bis 8 mal kleiner als die Wirksamkeit je Vernetzungspunkt beim homogenen Kautschuk. Das Auftreten eines E‐Modul‐Wirksamkeitsfaktors fE von der Größe 1/6 bis 1/8 bei der Cu••‐Vernetzung des gequollenen Polyvinylalkohols wird in erster Linie dadurch gedeutet, daß beim hoch gequollenen Polyvinylalkoholgel ein großer Teil des Vernetzungsreagenses für die Bildung von Netzwerkteilen mit sehr kleinem Netzbogengewicht verwendet wird. Es entsteht dann an Stelle eines homogenen ein hinsichtlich der Netzbogengewichtsverteilung stark unhomogenes Netzwerk, für welches ein stark unterhalb 1 liegender E‐Modul‐Wirksamkeitsfaktor modellmäßig zu erwarten ist.
Cyclopolymerization. III. Kinetics of polymerization and copolymerization of vinyl‐trans‐cinnamate
Authors: Roovers J. , Smets G. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe kinetics of cyclopolymerization and cyclo‐copolymerization of vinyl cinnamate were studied. The mechanism of chain propagation during the cyclopolymerization of vinyl cinnamate was considered. By determination of the residual unsaturation of the polymer (I.R. and U.V. spectrometry and bromometry) at different monomer concentrations, it was possible to evaluate the ratio of the cyclization rate constant to the vinyl propagation rate constant; it is equal to 13.In the range of low monomer concentrations the polymerization of vinyl cinnamate is of first order with respect to monomer concentration, and of one half order with respect to initiator concentration. At monomer concentration higher than three mole·1.minus;1 the reaction becomes independent of monomer concentration, and first order with respect to the initiator.Modified copolymer composition equations were derived taking due account of the different reactivity of the monomer radical before and after cyclization; consequently three reactivity ratios r1, r2, and r3 have been defined, and the experimental methods for their evaluation determined.On the basis of these equations the following reactivity ratios have been evaluated: vinyl cinnamate(M1)‐vinyl acetate r3 = 1.2 ± 0.1 and r2 = 0.04; M1‐vinyl pyrrolidone r3 = 1.15–1.30 and r1 = 0.01; M1‐methacrylonitrile r3 = 0.15 and r2 = 4; M1‐styrene r1 = 0.25 ± 0.1 and r2 = 1.25 ± 0.1. The interpretation of these data suggests formation of a pseudo‐cyclic benzyl radical stabilized by resonance before addition of the second vinyl monomer.
Absolutbestimmung der Taxie des Polyvinylchlorids aus dem Ultrarotspektrum
Authors: Germar Von H. , Hellwege K.‐H. , Johnsen U. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractBei der statistischen molekularen Bewegung einer gelösten PVC‐Kette werden in der unmittelbaren Umgebung der CH2‐Gruppen vier Konformationen bevorzugt eingenommen, die dadurch ausgezeichnet sind, daß sie Gleichgewichtslagen zwischen Potentialbergen bilden. Diese energetisch ausgezeichneten Konformationen unterscheiden sich für CH2‐Gruppen an isotaktischen und syndiotaktischen Monomerverkettungen. Die dadurch entstehenden verschiedenen molekularen Umgebungen der Methylen‐Gruppe im PVC geben den CH2‐Scherenschwingungen eine andere Frequenz. Während die beiden möglichen isotaktischen Konformationen als Spiegelbilder energetisch gleichwertig sind, so daß in ihnen die Scherenschwingung bei einer Frequenz, nämlich bei 1434 cm−1 absorbiert, verteilen sich die beiden energetisch unterschiedlichen Konformationen der syndiotaktischen Segmente gemäß einem BOLTZMANN‐Gleichgewicht auf die beiden Banden bei 1428 und 1434 cm−1. Durch Messung der Temperaturabhängigkeit des Intensitätsverhältnisses dieser Banden in PVC‐Lösungen ist es daher möglich, den syndiotaktischen Anteil α des PVC und die Energiedifferenz ΔE zwischen den beiden syndiotaktischen Anordnungen nach folgender Formel zu bestimmen:

Hierbei ist λ das Verhältnis der optischen Dichten der beiden Banden, d. h.

Für die sechs untersuchten PVC‐Proben, die zwischen +30 und −70°C polymerisiert worden waren, steigen die α‐Werte von 0,5 auf 0,8. Die zugehörigen Energiedifferenzen ΔE liegen bei den Proben mit α > 0,7 einheitlich bei 840 cal/Mol, während für die zunehmend ataktischen Proben mit α zwischen 0,5 und 0,6 die Energie auf 1360 bzw. 1920 cal/Mol ansteigt.
Moleküldimensionen und 2. Virialkoeffizient von Polystyrol in 8 Thetalösungsmitteln
Authors: Schulz Von G. V. , Baumann H. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIm Temperaturbereich zwischen −10 und +130°C werden Lichtstreuungs‐ und Viskositätsmessungen an einer Polystyrolfraktion (Mw = 170 000) in 8 Lösungsmitteln vorgenommen, deren Thetatemperaturen zwischen −9 und +83°C liegen. In 7 Lösungsmitteln ist [η]Θ und damit der Trägheitsradius rΘ von der Temperatur und vom Lösungsmittel nur wenig abhängig; in Cyclohexanol besteht eine größere Abweichung. Aus dem Gang des 2. Virialkoeffizienten mit der Temperatur kann die h(z)‐Funktion berechnet werden. Sie gehorcht ziemlich genau den Gleichungen von ISIHARA‐KOYAMA bzw. OROFINO‐FLORY.
Über 2‐vinylthianthren und seine Polymerisationsprodukte
Authors: Hopff Von H. , Gutenberg H. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractDas bisher unbekannte 2‐Vinylthianthren wurde durch Acetylierung von Thianthren, Reduktion des Ketons zum Carbinol, Veresterung mit Essigsäure und Pyrolyse des Acetyl‐Derivats hergestellt und seine Polymerisation und Copolymerisation mit Methylmethacrylat, äthylacrylat und Styrol untersucht.
Über die ionische Polymerisation von Acrolein und die Struktur der Polymerisate. Polymere Acroleine. 27. Mitt.
Authors: Schulz Von Rolf C. , Passmann Wolfram 
Published: April 2003

AbstractDie Polymerisation von besonders gereinigtem Acrolein mit verschiedenen anionischen Katalysatoren sowie mit Borfluoridätherat wird beschrieben. Diese Polymerisate haben andere physikalische und chemische Eigenschaften als die mit Redoxsystemen gewonnenen Polyacroleine. Es wurden Polymere hergestellt, die nur etwa 2 Mol‐% Aldehydgruppen enthalten, aber 70 Mol‐% Doppelbindungen. Durch spektroskopische und chemische Methoden konnte die Struktur dieser Polymeren weitgehend aufgeklärt werden.
Der Nachweis der Kettenstruktur von aus p‐Kresol und Formaldehyd aufgebauten Mehrkernverbindungen. II. Umsetzungen an den phenolischen Hydroxygruppen, zusammen mit kettenanalogen Reaktionen
Authors: Kämmerer Von Hermann , Schweikert Heinz 
Published: April 2003

AbstractDie Kettenstruktur von 2,2′‐Dihydroxy‐5,5′‐dimethyl‐diphenylmethan (I), 2,6‐Bis‐(2‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐benzyl)‐4‐methylphenol (II) und 3,3′‐Bis‐(2‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐benzyl)‐2,2′‐dihydroxy‐5,5′‐dimethyl‐diphenylmethan (III) wird bewiesen durch quantitative Acylierungen in Verbindung mit einer hydrierenden Enthalogenierung6 der Dihalogenverbindungen von I, II und III (V, VI und VII). Der Beweis wird durch quantitative Acylierungen sowie Umsetzung der Enthalogenierungsprodukte zu Bis‐(dimethyl‐aminomethyl)‐mehrkernverbindungen vervollständigt.
Polyoxymethylene from trioxane by solid state polymerization: A case of twinning in a synthetic polymer
Authors: Carazzolo G. , Leghissa S. , Mammi M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe products obtained by sublimation or radiation of trioxane byhigh energy radiations have been examined by X‐ray diffraction analysis.It have been possible to demonstrate that they consist of twinned crystals of hexagonal polyoxymethylene. By using rotating and WEISSENBERG photographs, the geometric correlations between the elements of the twins were also definitely established.
Contribution of the internal energy to the retractive force of vulcanized cis‐1,4 polybutadiene
Authors: Crespi G. , Flisi U. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe stress‐temperature coefficients were determined at different extension ratios for samples of vulcanized cis‐1,4‐polybutadiene with two different cross‐linking degrees. The contribution of the internal energy to the total stress was deduced from the values obtained.By extrapolating the data obtained, the dependence in respect to temperature of the mean square length was obtained by three different methods, and values coincident among themselves were obtained.Also the ε′ value for the equivalent “ε′ folding chain” was calculated. Finally the dependence of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{{\rm d ln \bar r}_{\rm 0} ^{\rm 2} }}{{{\rm dT}}} $\end{document} on temperature and on the extension ratio was studied.
Preparation and crystal structure of isotactic poly(vinyl tert. Butyl ether)
Authors: Bassi I. W. , Dall'Asta G. , Campigli U. , Strepparola E. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractSome “modified FRIEDEL‐CRAFTS” catalysts were studied in the cationic polymerization of the vinyl tert butyl ether in the homogeneous phase. The highest stereospecificity is obtained in the case of boron containing compounds, like boron monoalkyl difluorides. This fact is explained with the higher possibility of these compounds to form co‐ordination complexes with the monomer.Some properties of the poly(vinyl tert‐butyl ethers) having high degree of crystallinity are described. The X‐ray examination of oriented fibres of the polymer allows to establish that the macromolecular chains assume in the lattice the conformation of a four‐fold helix. The space group and the lattice constants of the tetragonal unit cell of the polymer are defined.