bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outside In
Authors: Fass Paula S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since the massive immigration from Europe of the late 19th century, American society has accommodated people of many cultures, religions, languages, and expectations. The task of integration has increasingly fallen to the schools, where children are taught a common language and a set of democratic values and sent on their ways to become productive members of society. How American schools have set about educating these diverse students, and how these students’ needs have altered the face of education, are issues central to the social history of the United States in the 20th century. In her pathbreaking new book Paula S. Fass presents a wide ranging examination of the role of “outsiders” in the creation of modern education. Through a series of in-depth and fascinating case studies, she demonstrates how issues of pluralism have shaped the educational landscape and how various minority groups have been affected by their educational experiences. Fass first looks at how public schools absorbed the children of immigrants in the early years of the century and how those children gradually began to use the schools for their own social purposes. She then turns to the experiences of other groups of Americans whose struggles for educational and social opportunities have defined cultural life over the last fifty years: blacks, whose education became a major concern of the federal government in the 1930s and 1940s; women, who had access to higher education but were denied commensurate job opportunities; and Catholics, who created schools that succeeded both in protecting minority integrity and in providing Catholics with a path to American success. Along the way, she presents a wealth of fascinating and surprising detail. Through an examination of New York City high school yearbooks from the 1930s and 1940s, she shows how a student’s ethnic identity determined which activities he or she would engage in and how ethnicity was etched into schooling. And she examines how the New Deal and the army in World War II succeeded in educating large numbers of blacks and making the inequalities in their educational opportunities a critical national concern. A sweeping and highly original history of American education, Outside In helps us to understand how schools have been shaped by their students, how educational issues have merged with wider social concerns, and how outsiders have recreated schooling and culture in the 20th century. By opening up new historical terrain and rejecting a vision of outsiders as merely victims of American educational policy, the book has important implications for contemporary social and educational issues.
Building the Myth:Tangible Symbols of Death
Authors: Mosse George L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While in Germany the revival of Christian piety had continued unbroken from the eighteenth into the nineteenth century, even the France of the Revolution could not ignore Christian traditions. Christian liturgy and ceremony were the only religious practices that most Europeans knew, and the Revolution used such ceremonial to serve a different god. The Goddess of Liberty took the place of the Virgin Mary, and revolutionary hymns replaced those of the church. Yet when it came to war, the Revolution preferred Roman models to Christian ideas of a crusade. The ethical values which the Romans placed upon those who died pro patria were recaptured as an example of patriotism untainted by Christianity.
The Process of Trivialization
Authors: Mosse George L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The public remembrance of war appropriated religion and nature, forces which had always served to uplift men and women. The memory of war was also appropriated through a process of trivialization, cutting war down to size so that it would become commonplace instead of awesome and frightening. Whether it was a shell used as a paperweight, a mouth organ shaped as a U-boat, or a Hindenburg cushion, such trivia fulfilled a definite purpose during and after the war (see Picture 2, p. 9). This use of trivia for the purpose of retaining pleasant or, at least, thrilling memories, was not new; it had always been a way in which people remembered and, at the same time, exercised control over their memory. The bric-a-brac in middle-class households, and in working-class homes as well, was not merely decoration but memorabilia as well. During the war one critic called such trifles “inappropriate memories”: just as in peacetime one might decorate dresses with doves and little hearts, so now one used Iron Crosses and shells, thus debasing the war experience.
Hearts, Again
Authors: Vogel Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hearts have repeatedly appeared in this account, and the reader may be wondering why the writer doesn’t get them off his chest once and for all. This circulatory machinery, though, is a well-integrated and coherent system, so we commonly need information about one part to take a more penetrating view of another. In addition (and more specifically) we’re now armed with the notions of diffusion, continuity, La place’s and Hooke’s laws, the Reynolds and Hagen-Poiseuille relation ships, and so forth, which we weren’t just a few chapters back. In a proper textbook the nonbiological underpinnings would be done at the start; but a textbook typically talks to a relatively involuntary reader who must put up with such deferral of gratification. (Perhaps the main difference between a nontext and a text, though, is that the nontext is designed to appeal to people looking for a decent level of novelty while the text is selected by people who often prefer a minimum of novelty.)
Moving Oxygen
Authors: Vogel Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It’s now time to redeem one of the promissory notes left fluttering in the first chapter. Almost everything since that point has been about mechanics in a narrowly newtonian sense, solid and fluid mechanics with the distinct odor of engineering. Such a narrow view simply won’t suffice forever. As its most demanding task, our circulatory system dis tributes oxygen to our various cells to enable the cells to burn the fuel to release the energy to do the things we have to do. So our circulatory system is primarily a scheme for oxygen transport, and the specific mechanisms by which oxygen is carried are thus ‘ central to its story. The mechanisms may be chemical instead of mechanical, but mechanisms they remain. Oxygen, to state the obvious, has to be shifted from being a component of a gas mixture, air, to being dissolved in a liquid system mainly made of water in the lungs. It has to be transferred to another aqueous liquid system, blood. It must then be moved around by the now familiar circulatory machinery, and it has to be transferred from the blood first to extracellular and then to intracellular liquids.
Leftovers
Authors: Vogel Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A novel, history, or construction manual has an intrinsic linearity. Since reading progresses in the same linear fashion, shifting from reality to its written .representation is a simple matter. The time axis may be stretched or compressed, but the speed of reading is \:&gt;y long tradition decoupled from that of real events. (Music, with a nearly inviolate velocity, carries the opposite tradition.) Lo9ps and discontinuities in the time axis can be added for effect, but they’re ultimately adventitious. By contrast, a book about a functional system lacks such a nice chro nological baseline. So the writer concocts a progression and limits loops and arborizations to a few parentheticals and footnotes. The progression is contrived-and the material bent and twisted to fit. Nonetheless some relevant items persistently resist incorporation into any persuasive sequence. Here, then, are the last-but-not-leasts-&lt;&gt;r, implying less . judgment or promise, the leftovers.
Regret
Authors: Landman Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are a people who do not want to keep much of the past in our heads, Lillian Hellman once wrote. “It is considered unhealthy in America to remember mistakes, neurotic to think about them, psychotic to dwell upon them”. Yet who in their lifetime has never regretted a lost love, a missed opportunity, a path not taken?Indeed, regret is perhaps a universal experience, but while poets and novelists have long explored its complexities, very little has been written from a scholarly perspective that examines this emotion. Now, in Regret, Janet Landman takes a lively and perceptive look at this multifaceted phenomenon. Much as Anthony Storr did in his bestselling Solitude, Landman here provides an insightful anatomy of an emotion, ranging far and wide to illuminate the nature of regret--what it is, how it changes you, how you experience it. She draws on a breathtaking variety of sources, ranging from psychology, economics, philosophy, and anthropology, to classic works of literature. We learn what people regret most--lack of education comes first, followed by employment, marriage, and children--and how regret differs from other emotions, such as remorse, disappointment, sadness, or guilt. In one of the most fascinating sections, Landman examines four “worldviews” of regret--the Romantic, the Tragic, the Comic, and the Ironic--as exemplified in four major novels: Great Expectations, Notes From Underground, The Ambassadors, and Mrs. Dalloway. In Dostoevsky, for instance, regret is a “poison of unfulfilled desires turned inward,” destructive, incurable. Though it is common to regard regret as painful and destructive--being “stuck in the past” or “ruled by emotions”--Landman reveals some surprising benefits. At best regret is a dynamic changing process--one can transcend regret, and thus transform the self. In Anne Tyler’s Breathing Lessons, for example, we witness how the characters Ira and Maggie Moran find themselves ready to move forward in their relationship only after they have accepted life’s limits and losses without resignation or despair. “It is a good thing,” Landman writes, “that the human mind is not limited by what actually exists, but works in such a way that it draws comparisons between what happens and what might have happened. It is in this ability to imagine alternatives, and the capacity to care about the particularities of experience, that we accomplish the task of becoming fully human.” For anyone who has ever questioned, experienced, or avoided regret, here is a provocative and challenging look at this enduring emotion.
Maksim Litvinov and the Bolshevik Opening to the West
Authors: McFadden David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soviet Russia faced civil war, foreign invasion, and virtual isolation from the rest of the world by the fall of 1918. The Bolshevik government’s response was a combination of hostility and military resistance, accompanied by a desperate bid to open peace negotiations following the conclusion of the Allies’ armistice with Germany in November 1918.
Paris I the Prinkipo Failure
Authors: McFadden David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Paris Peace Conference marked a watershed in American, and Allied, policy toward Bolshevik Russia. Since the Armistice had brought an end to the conventional rationale for intervention, a decision of a much more funda mental character had to be made. Would the Allies intervene massively in an effort to destroy the Bolsheviks? Or would they seek to bring them into the peace process, and come to terms with their permanence as the government of Great Russia? Bruce Lockhart, the British representative in Moscow, was released from prison and returned to Moscow in the fall of 1918. On Novem ber 1, he addressed a long policy memorandum to the Foreign Office. In this memorandum he urged massive intervention as his preferred option, but he also urged the British government to make a decision one way or another, either to eliminate the Bolshevik menace or to come to terms with it, but not equivocate or waffle between the two positions.3
The Bitter End: 1973-1975
Authors: Schulzinger Robert D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foreign ministers of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, the Republic of Vietnam, the Provisional Revolutionary Government of Vietnam, and the Secretary of State of the United States signed the Paris agreements on January 27, 1973. Expectations ran high in Europe and the United States that the cease-fire meant peace, but inside Vietnam the Paris accords signaled only a truce in which the combatants would regain their strength for a final, climactic battle. For the revolutionaries of the North the Paris agreements represented another in a series of respites going back to the war with France in their effort to unify Vietnam under communist rule. For the members of the government of Nguyen Van Thieu the Paris agreements held out the grim prospect of facing the revolutionaries alone. For years the official U.S. position in the war justified the presence of the American military in Vietnam as helping the government of the South stand alone. Now the Americans were ready to leave and few South Vietnamese officials believed they could face the North or the revolutionaries in the South.
According to the Paris agreements a cease-fire was scheduled to go into effect at eight o’clock Sunday morning Saigon time on January 28. Fighting was intense in the forty-eight hours before the guns were due to fall silent. The North Vietnamese and the NLF fighters attacked hundreds of villages, trying to gain territory before the shooting stopped. U.S. air force and navy planes flew nine hundred bombing sorties, and giant B-52s flew more than fifty-three plane missions, the heaviest U.S. assaults on the South since the Linebacker bombing of the previous May.
Competence of Ticks as Vectors of Microbial Agents with an Emphasis on Borrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Lane Robert S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the epochal discovery that the causative agent of Texas cattle fever is transmitted by Boophilus ticks (Smith and Kilbourne, 1893), the subsequent pioneering works of Dr. Howard T. Ricketts on the transmission of Rocky Mountain spotted fever laid the foundation for ensuing vector competence studies of tick-borne microbial agents. In several carefully designed and well-controlled studies, Ricketts (1906a, 1906b, 1907a, 1907b, 1909) demonstrated that the Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni (reported as Dermacentor occidentalis), is a major vector of the agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (unknown to Ricketts) in the northwestern United States. He proved experimentally that D. andersoni could transmit the spotted fever agent to susceptible laboratory and local animals by the bite, and that infected ticks occur in nature. Some of the susceptible local rodents were infested abundantly by subadults of the vector tick. Ricketts also established that the agent was disseminated in the tissues of infected ticks, and that it was passed transstadially and transmitted transovarially within populations of ticks.
Concluding Thoughts and Challenges
Authors: Barling Julian , Fullagar Clive , Kelloway E Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have indicated, our primary aim in writing this book was to illustrate how a knowledge of organizational psychology and unions could be enhanced by an understanding of each other. It is appropriate at this stage to examine the extent to which this aim was realized. We started off with the premise that the practice of equating unionization with voting for a union, or joining a union, is both inaccurate and counter productive. Based on available data within organizational psychology, we argued that voting for, or joining a union, was neither the first nor the final phase of the unionization process. Instead, from a psychological perspective, the under­ standing of why people would vote for or join a union would be strengthened by considering prior determinants such as early family socialization experiences. Likewise, the process of unionization extends well past the initial decision to vote for, or join, a union. The influence of structural characteristics and union leadership on members’ attitudes and behaviors was also considered. After becoming a union member, the individual then decides whether to offer his or her loyalty to the union, whether or not to participate in union activities, and the extent of that participation. Ultimately, under certain conditions, individuals can collectively decertify their bargaining unit or individually resign their membership. Just as the influence of family socialization early in the unionization process is acknowledged, the role of union leadership is emphasized once the individual has joined the union. Thus, even Klandermans’ (1986) description of participation as “joining, acting, quitting” (p. 189) fails to capture critical components of the unionization process such as commitment and leader­ship.
The Health of Native Americans
Authors: Young T Kue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This comprehensive review of the health of Native Americans in Canada and the United States presents historical trends in population and health status from pre-European contact to the present day. These are examined in terms of three groups of diseases: infectious diseases, chronic diseases, and injuries. The author discusses the etiology and pathogenesis of different diseases in each group, and considers the genetic and environmental risk factors involved. The incidence of disease among Native Americans and non-Native Americans are compared and variations among Native Americans belonging to different geographical, cultural and linguistic groups are examined. The Health of Native Americans integrates anthropology and epidemiology to demonstrate the interaction of biology and culture on disease causation, distribution and control offering a promising approach to understanding and improving the health status of Native Americans.
Women’s Work In A Changing World
Authors: Bennett Judith M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“If a venture prospers, women fade from the scene.” 1 These few words seem to describe well what we have observed in the history of brewing. In 1300, brewing was a ubiquitous trade that required little specialized skill or equipment, conferred minimal trade identity, and offered only small profits. As such, it was accessible to women, and compared to the other, even more limited economic options of women, it was a good trade for them. By 1600, brewing in many places had been transformed into a specialized trade that required training and investment, conferred social prestige and gild status, and offered considerable profits. As such, it had ceased to be a trade of women and had become a trade of men. Brewing had prospered; brewsters had faded away.Yet, brewsters did not just fade away, taking their part in a predetermined fugue of the sexes. Brewsters faced changing circumstances, reacted to them, and made history. Historians of women once described such histories in terms of victimization or agency, asking whether women were passive victims of men or active agents in shaping their own lives. Were women forced out of brewing? Or did they choose to leave it? Neither question adequately addresses the experiences of brewsters. Certainly brewsters and the men with whom they lived and worked made choices, but their choices were shaped and defined by the world around them.
Altars of Sacrifice: Confederate Women and the Narratives of War
Authors: Faust Drew Gilpin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is the men, Hector tells Andromache in the sixth book of the Iliad, who “must see to the fighting.” From ancient history to our own time, war has centered on men, for they have controlled and populated its battlefields. Even in our era of shifting gender definitions, perhaps the most assertive—and successful—defense of traditional roles has been the effort to bar women from combat. Yet war has often introduced women to unaccustomed responsibilities and unprecedented, even if temporary, enhancements of power. War has been a preeminently “gendering” activity, casting thought about sex differences into sharp relief as it has both underlined and realigned gender boundaries.
Reconstructing Freedwomen
Authors: Clinton Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no telling tale, no single story to capture the forces unleashed at war’s end. The conquered Confederacy did not so much surrender as let the battlegrounds come home. Conflict reconfigurated: from the streets to the statehouses, in kitchens and in courtrooms terrain remained contested. Sexual dynamics, racial definitions, gender roles as well as the political economy underwent traumatizing transformations.
There are many layers to unpeel before we can even identify historical changes wrought by Reconstruction, much less assess the impact on the emancipated generation and their descendants. Decoding women’s roles remains complex. The memoirs from this period are sparse. We have some black autobiographies, but most narratives by women are from the antebellum era or deal with the period following Reconstruction. Some manuscript material in southern archives offers evidence, but these traditional sources have severe limitations as most are written by whites and tell us more about white views than black lives. Riveting insight can be gleaned from both the records of the Freedman’s Bureau and black newspapers from the period, as both are rich with unexploited material.
Averroes On Emanation And On The Active Intellect As A Cause Of Existence
Authors: Davidson Herbert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present chapter will examine Averroes’ attempts to determine, first, the causal connections obtaining within the realm of incorporeal intelligences, and, secondly, the active intellect’s role as a cause of existence in the sublunar realm. Averroes treats those two related subjects a number of times in his commentaries on Aristotle and in other compositions. As he returns to the two subjects on successive occasions, he endeavors to pare away post-Aristotelian accretions that, he had become convinced, colored his previous efforts, and to recover the genuine Aristotelian doctrine embodying—so he assumes—philosophic truth. We shall find that the enterprise of recovering the genuine Aristotle leads him to revise and rerevise his thinking.
The Joys of Hebrew
Authors: Glinert Lewis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When should you say an amida or mazal tov? What is a golem or a chaluts? What is the English equivalent to the Talmudic expression ‘a sheep’s tail with a thorn in it’? The answers lie in this unique dictionary of over 600 of the best-known Hebrew words and phrases that have found their way into English. Ranging from Acharon to Zohar, and illustrated throughout with extracts from sources as diverse as the Bible, the Talmud, folklore, and the works of such writers as Isaac Bashevis Singer and Woody Allen, this celebration of Jewish wit, wisdom, and tradition makes an irresistible browse.
Rethinking the Distinction between Sex and Gender
Authors: Riger Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Study of Sex Differences has a long history in psychology. Beginning with the emergence of experimentation at the end of the nineteenth century, researchers (many of them women) attempted to identify empirically the “true” differences between men and women. At least three obstacles stymied these projects: Some studies found inconsistent results; many studies found no differences between the sexes; and it was impossible to create a nonsexist environment in which the essential natures of males and females could emerge untainted. One way out of the impasse was to shift from the study of cognitive and behavioral sex differences to the exploration of “masculinity” and “femininity” as opposite and complementary substrates of personality. Anne Constantinople’s argument that femininity and masculinity were neither unidimensional nor bipolar led to a further shift to the study of androgyny.