bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preventing untestedness in data‐flow based testing
Authors: Forgács István , Bertolino Antonia 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA large number of path‐oriented testing criteria have been proposed in the last twenty years. Surprisingly, almost all of them suffer from a serious weakness, which is called the untestedness syndrome: even though a criterion is satisfied, some statements of the program under test may remain ‘untested’, i.e., the observed test output does not depend on them. A new data‐flow based testing criterion is introduced which does not suffer from untestedness, called the All Program Function (APF) criterion. Intuitively, it requires that each possible computation to every output statement in a program be covered by some test; but for lots of programs APF would require an infinite number of tests. A second, applicable criterion is thus introduced, derived from APF and called the Basic Program Function (BPF) criterion. BPF leaves no statement untested and yields finite test suites. Some examples show the application of BPF and investigate the failure‐detection capability of the proposed criterion. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal Structure of a New Triply‐Bridged Cobalt(III) Dimer with 2, 2′‐Dipyridylamine (dipyam), [Co2(μ‐OH)2(μ‐OAc)(OAc)2(dipyam)2]AcO·EtOH
Authors: Carballo Rosa , Covelo Berta , Vázquez‐López Ezequiel M. , García‐Martínez Emilia , Castiñeiras Alfonso 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe structure of [Co2(μ‐OH)2(μ‐OAc)(OAc)2(dipyam)2]AcO · EtOH (1) has been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. The cationic complex may be described as a “di(μ‐hydroxo)(μ‐acetato)dicobalt(III)” core with chelating 2, 2′‐dipyridylamine and monodentate acetate ligands. The coordination polyhedron around each cobalt atom is a distorted octahedral. The dimers are linked in the crystal by N‐H···Oionic AcO and C‐H···Omonodentate AcO hydrogen bonds. Spectroscopic data are also presented.
Preparation, Properties, and Reactions of Metal‐Containing Heterocycles. CX [1] Crystal Structure of 1, 1'‐Bis{[4‐(1, 10‐phenanthroline‐3‐yl‐ethynyl)‐2, 5‐dipropoxy‐phenyl]ethynyl}ferrocene
Authors: Lindner Ekkehard , Zong Ruifa , Ströbele Markus , Eichele Klaus 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe crystal structure of 1, 1'‐bis{[4‐(1, 10‐phenanthroline‐3‐yl‐ethynyl)‐2, 5‐dipropoxy‐phenyl]ethynyl}ferrocene (1) is reported. This compound crystallizes with two chloroform solvent molecules in the monoclinic space group P21/c (No. 14), a = 15.4253(11), b = 23.2003(10), c = 17.2630(13) Å, β = 90.866(9)° and Z = 4. Both arms of the ferrocene moiety are parallel displaced with the four nitrogen atoms pointing to the same direction.
[Ph2P(O)CH2Im][F3B(μ‐OH)BF3]. Erste strukturanalytische Charakterisierung des Hexafluoro(μ‐hydroxo)diborat‐Ions [1]
Authors: Kuhn Norbert , Göhner Martin , Steimann Manfred 
Published: June 2004

[Ph2P(O)CH2Im][F3B(μ‐OH)BF3]. First Structural Characterization of the Hexafluoro(μ‐hydroxo)diborate Ion [1]The hexafluoro(μ‐hydroxo)diborate ion has been isolated as it's Ph2P(O)CH2Im salt [Im = 2‐(1, 3, 4, 5‐tetramethylimidazolio)] (2) through basic hydrolysis of [Ph2P(OBF3)CH2Im]BF4 (1). The crystal structure of 2 · CH2Cl2 reveals the presence of ion pairs linked by unsymmetrical O‐H‐O hydrogen bonds.
Na12Ge17: A Compound with the Zintl Anions [Ge4]4— and [Ge9]4— — Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Raman Spectrum
Authors: Carrillo‐Cabrera W. , Cardoso Gil R. , Somer M. , Persil Ö. , von Schnering H. G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractNa12Ge17 is prepared from the elements at 1025 K in sealed niobium ampoules. The crystal structure reinvestigation reveals a doubling of the unit cell (space group:P21/c; a = 22.117(3)Å, b = 12.803(3)Å, c = 41.557(6)Å, β = 91.31(2)°, Z = 16; Pearson code: mP464), furthermore, weak superstructure reflections indicate an even larger C‐centred monoclinic cell. The characteristic structural units are the isolated cluster anions [Ge9]4— and [Ge4]4— in ratio 1:2, respectively. The crystal structure represents a hierarchical cluster replacement structure of the hexagonal Laves phase MgZn2 in which the Mg and Zn atoms are replaced by the Ge9 and Ge4 units, respectively. The Raman spectrum of Na12Ge17 exhibits the characteristic breathing modes of the constituent cluster anions at ν = 274 cm—1 ([Ge9]4—) and ν = 222 cm—1 ([Ge4]4—) which may be used for identification of these clusters in solid phases and in solutions. Raman spectra further prove that Na12Ge17 is partial soluble both in ethylenediamine and liquid ammonia. The solution and the solid extract contain solely [Ge9]4—. The remaining insoluble residue is Na4Ge4. By heating the solvate Na4Ge9(NH3)n releases NH3 and decomposes irreversibly at 742 K, yielding Na12Ge17 and Ge.
Struktur und Eigenschaften des Hydridomethyltetrafluorphosphatanions, [CH3PF4H]—
Authors: Kornath Andreas , Neumann Frank , Ludwig Ralf 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMethyltrifluorphosphoran reagiert mit starken Fluoriddonatoren wie CsF, (CH3)4NF und (CH3)4PF unter Bildung der entsprechenden Hydridomethyltetrafluorphosphate. Die Salze wurden durch NMR‐, IR‐ und Raman‐Spektroskopie charakterisiert. Die experimentellen Daten belegen das Vorliegen destrans‐Isomers. Für beide Isomere wurden theoretische Berechnungen (B3LYP/6‐31+G* und RHF/6‐31+G*) durchgeführt. Daraus ergibt sich für die beiden Isomere eine Differenz der freien Energien bei Raumtemperatur von 35.4 kJ/mol (B3LYP/6‐31+G*). Die RHF/6‐31+G*‐Rechnung ergibt für das nahezu oktaedrischetrans‐Isomer Bindungsabstände von r(PF) = 167 pm, r(PC) = 184.5 pm und r(PH) = 138.1 pm.
Struktur und Eigenschaften des Methylpentafluorphosphatanions, [CH3PF5]—
Authors: Kornath Andreas , Neumann Frank , Ludwig Ralf 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMethyltetrafluorphosphoran reagiert mit den Fluoriden NaF, KF, CsF und (CH3)4NF unter Bildung der entsprechenden Methylpentafluorphosphate. Im Fall der K‐ und Cs‐Salze werden in Acetonitril als Lösungsmittel K[CH3PF5] · CH3CN bzw. Cs[CH3PF5] · CH3CN gebildet. Die Salze wurden durch NMR‐, IR‐ und Raman‐Spektroskopie charakterisiert und die Schwingungsfrequenzen mit ab initio berechneten Werten (RHF/6‐31+G*) verglichen. Die RHF/6‐31+G*‐Rechnung ergibt für das nahezu oktaedrische Anion Bindungslängen von d(PFäq) = 163.7 pm, d(PFax) = 162.0 pm und d(PC) = 184.8 pm.
The One‐dimensional Polyselenide Compound CsGaSe3
Authors: Do Junghwan , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA new one‐dimensional phase, CsGaSe3 has been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and single crystal UV/Vis spectroscopy. The structure contains infinite chain anions, [GaSe(Se2)]— separated by Cs cations. The Ga3+ cation is in a distorted tetrahedral environment coordinated by each two Se2— and Se22— ions. The red crystals of CsGaSe3 absorb visible light at energies above 2.25 eV. Differential thermal analysis revealed that the compound does not melt below 1000 °C. Crystal data: CsGaSe3, monoclinic, space group P21/c (No 14), a=7.727(1), b=13.014(3), c=6.705(1), β=106.39(3)°, Z=4, R1=0.0469.
Die Reaktionen von M[BF4] (M = Li, K) und (C2H5)2O·BF3 mit (CH3)3SiCN. Bildung von M[BFx>(CN)4—x] (M = Li, K; x = 1, 2) und (CH3)3SiNCBFx(CN)3—x, (x = 0, 1)
Authors: Bernhardt Eduard , Berkei Michael , Willner Helge , Schürmann Markus 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDie Reaktion von M[BF4] (M = Li, K) mit (CH3)3SiCN führt je nach Reaktionsdauer und Temperatur selektiv zu den gemischten Cyanofluoroboraten M[BFx(CN)4—x] (x = 1, 2; M = Li, K). Unter Verwendung von (C2H5)2O·BF3 gelingt die Synthese von (CH3)3SiNCBFx(CN)3—x (x = 0, 1). Die Charakterisierung der beschriebenen Verbindungen erfolgt anhand von Schwingungs‐ und NMR‐Spektren sowie durch Röntgenstrahlbeugung an Einkristallen: Li[BF2(CN)2]·2Me3SiCN Cmc21, a = 24.0851(5), b = 12.8829(3), c = 18.9139(5) Å, V = 5868.7(2) Å3, Z = 12, R1 = 4, 7%; K[BF2(CN)2] P41212, a = 13.1596(3), c = 38.4183(8) Å, V = 6653.1(3) Å3, Z = 48, R1 = 2, 5%; K[BF(CN)3] P1, a = 6.519(1), b = 7.319(1), c = 7.633(2) Å, α = 68.02(3), β = 74.70(3), γ = 89.09(3)°, V = 324.3(1) Å3, Z = 2, R1 = 3.6%; Me3SiNCBF(CN)2 Pbca, a = 9.1838(6), b = 13.3094(8), c = 16.840(1)Å, V = 2058.4(2)Å3, Z = 8, R1 = 4, 4%
[Fe2(μsb‐CO)(CO)3(NO)(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐Ph2PCH2PPh2)]: Synthese, Kristallstruktur und Koordinationsisomerie
Authors: Böttcher Hans‐Christian , Schmidt Harry , Tobisch Sven , Wagner Christoph 
Published: June 2004

AbstractNa[Fe2(μ‐CO)(CO)6(μ‐PtBu2)] (1) reagiert mit [NO][BF4] bei —60 °C in THF zum Nitrosylkomplex [Fe2(CO)6(NO)(μ‐PtBu2)] (2). Die nachfolgende Umsetzung von 2 mit Phosphanen (L) ergibt unter milden Bedingungen in guten Ausbeuten die Komplexe [Fe2(CO)5(NO)L(μ‐PtBu2)], L = PPh3, (3a); η‐dppm (dppm = Ph2PCH2PPh2), (3b). Durch die Kristallstrukturanalyse von 3a wurde bestätigt, dass dabei in 2 ein Carbonylligand am Eisentetracarbonylfragment durch das Phosphan substituiert wird. In Lösung spaltet 3b sehr leicht einen CO‐Liganden ab und dppm koordiniert schließlich als Brückenligand über der Fe‐Fe‐Bindung. Die so gebildete Verbindung [Fe2(CO)4(NO)(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐dppm)] (4) liegt in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln in einem großen Temperaturbereich stets als Mischung der Koordinationsisomere [Fe2(μsb‐CO)(CO)3(NO)(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐dppm)] (4a) und [Fe2(CO)4(μ‐NO)(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐dppm)] (4b) vor. 4a konnte eindeutig durch Röntgenkristallstrukturanalyse charakterisiert werden, während 4b durch NMR‐Untersuchungen in Lösung und in Kombination mit quantenchemischen DFT‐Berechnungen bestätigt wurde. Des weiteren liefert die spontane Reaktion von [Fe2(CO)4(μ‐H)(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐dppm)] (5) mit NO bei —60 °C in Toluen ein komplexes Produktgemisch, das neben [Fe2(μ‐CO)(CO)4(μ‐H)(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐dppm)] (6) als Hauptprodukt die Komplexe 4a und 4b nur in sehr geringer Ausbeute enthält.
Structure and Magnetic Property of a New 3D Nicotinic Acid Bridged Nickel Polymer
Authors: Wu Chuan‐De , Lu Can‐Zhong , Zhuang Hong‐Hui , Huang Jin‐Shun 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA new three‐dimensional nicotinic acid bridged polymer [Ni2(nic)4(H2O)] (1) had been synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis and characterized by IR, Raman, elemental analysis, magnetic suszeptibility measurements, and single crystal structural analysis. The structure of 1 has a three‐dimensional stair‐shaped architecture, in which the building units are “mushroom‐shaped” channels. Magnetic measurements show a ferromagnetic interaction between the two nickel atoms in one dimer and an antiferromagnetic coupling between adjacent dimer units.
Molecular and Low‐dimensional Coordination Compounds of Copper(II) and 3, 5‐Dimethylpyrazole — Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Properties
Authors: Chen Xiao‐Yan , Shen Wei‐Zheng , Cheng Peng , Yan Shi‐Ping , Liao Dai‐Zheng , Jiang Zong‐Hui 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThree 3, 5‐dimethylpyrazole (pz*) copper(II) complexes, [Cu(pz*)4(H2O)](ClO4)2 (1), [Cu(pz*)2(NCS)2]·H2O (2), and [Cu(pz*)2(OOCCH=CHCOO)(H2O)]·1.5H2O (3), have been synthesized and characterized with single crystal X‐ray structure analysis. 1 crystallizes in the tetragonal space group, 14/m, with a = 14.027 (3) Å, c = 16.301 (5) Å, and Z = 4. 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group, P21/c, with a = 8.008 (3) Å, b = 27.139 (9) Å, c = 8.934 (3) Å, β = 106.345 (6)°, and Z = 4. 3 crystallizes in the triclinic space group, P1¯, with a = 7.291 (9) Å, b = 10.891 (13) Å, c = 11.822 (14) Å, α = 80.90 (2)°, β = 79.73(2)°, γ = 70.60(2)°, and Z = 2. In 1, one water molecule and four pz* ligands are coordinated to CuII. Two [Cu(pz*)4(H2O)]2+ units are connected to ClO4— via hydrogen bonds. One lattice water molecule is found in the unit cell of 2, which forms an one‐dimensional chain via intermolecular hydrogen bonds with the N‐H atom of pz*. In 3, the oxygen atom of the coordinated water molecule is connected with two C=O groups of two neighbouring maleic acid molecules to form a linear parallelogram structure. Another C=O group of maleic acid forms a hydrogen bond with the N‐H atom of pz* to create a two‐dimensional structure. The spectroscopic and bond properties are also discussed.
The Reaction of Selenium Trioxide with Dialkyl Ethers
Authors: Richtera L. , Taraba J. , Touzžín Jiří 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe donor‐acceptor complexes Et2O·SeO3 and (Me2O)2·SeO3 can be obtained as primary products by the reactions of selenium trioxide with dimethyl ether (Me2O) and diethyl ether (Et2O). The crystal and molecular structure of both complexes, which are stable below their melting points only, was determined by X‐ray structure analysis. Pairs of molecules Et2O·SeO3 form dimers due to two weak intermolecular Se···O contacts. No intermolecular interactions were observed in (Me2O)2·SeO3. Trigonal bipyramidal coordination around SeVI atoms in the latter complex is almost undistorted. Conversion of the adducts to dialkylesters of diselenic and selenic acid in the liquid phase was monitored by Raman, 1H‐ and 77Se‐NMR spectroscopy.
An Ytterbium(II) Complex with Triethanolamine
Authors: Starynowicz Przemysław , Gatner Kazimierz 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBis(triethanolamine)ytterbium(II) diperchlorate was obtained by electrochemical reduction. The metal ion is surrounded by two triethanolamine molecules only, and its first sphere of coordination consists of six O and two N atoms. The compound shows weak luminescence at 77 K with a very broad emission band (488—667 nm). The complexation of triethanolamine shifts the Yb (III) reduction potential of 0.46 V towards more negative values.
Sample classification from protein mass spectrometry, by ‘peak probability contrasts’
Authors: Tibshirani Robert , Hastie Trevor , Narasimhan Balasubramanian , Soltys Scott , Shi Gongyi , Koong Albert , Le Quynh-Thu 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Motivation: Early cancer detection has always been a major research focus in solid tumor oncology. Early tumor detection can theoretically result in lower stage tumors, more treatable diseases and ultimately higher cure rates with less treatment-related morbidities. Protein mass spectrometry is a potentially powerful tool for early cancer detection.
We propose a novel method for sample classification from protein mass spectrometry data. When applied to spectra from both diseased and healthy patients, the ‘peak probability contrast’ technique provides a list of all common peaks among the spectra, their statistical significance and their relative importance in discriminating between the two groups. We illustrate the method on matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization mass spectrometry data from a study of ovarian cancers.
Results: Compared to other statistical approaches for class prediction, the peak probability contrast method performs as well or better than several methods that require the full spectra, rather than just labelled peaks. It is also much more interpretable biologically. The peak probability contrast method is a potentially useful tool for sample classification from protein mass spectrometry data.
Supplementary Information: http://www.stat.stanford.edu/~tibs/ppc
The Size of Plurisubharmonic Lemniscates in Terms of Hausdorff–Riesz Measures and Capacities
Authors: Zeriahi Ahmed 
Published: June 2004

The main goal of this paper is to establish new uniform estimates on the size of sublevel sets of plurisubharmonic functions (called plurisubharmonic lemniscates) in terms of Hausdorff–Riesz measures and capacities of certain orders.We first prove a new uniform version of Skoda's integrability theorem for a given class of plurisubharmonic functions in terms of Borel measures of Hausdorff–Riesz type of certain orders with a precise estimate of the integrability exponent in terms of Lelong numbers of the class and the order of the measures.Then we present several applications of this result. We first deduce uniform estimates on the size of plurisubharmonic lemniscates associated to functions from some important classes of plurisubharmonic functions in terms of Hausdorff–Riesz measures.We also derive a new comparison inequality between certain Hausdorff–Riesz capacities and the pluricomplex logarithmic capacity for borelean sets of a fixed bounded domain in Cn or more generally in an affine algebraic manifold.Furthermore, using results from classical potential theory, we finally deduce from this comparison inequality new estimates of the size of polynomial lemniscates in terms of Hausdorff contents in the spirit of the famous lemma of H. Cartan. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification 31C10, 31C15, 32F05, 32F99, 32U05, 32U99.
Fetichism and Proselytism
Authors: Boulaga Fabien Eboussi 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe author gives a reaction to the criticism put forward to his book Christianity without Fetishes. He tries to show that his book is an effort in order to reduce the dangers of Christian expression, according to positive rules that describe qualities according to the principle of reductionism or exclusion. The book rejects the easy assimilation by change or by pure and simple reduction to instruments alone. In the end Boulaga asserts that the criticism of mission is the necessary precondition for all criticism.
Metaphysics and the Origins of Modern Science: Descartes and the Importance of Laws of Nature
Authors: Henry John 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper draws attention to the crucial importance of a new kind of precisely defined law of nature in the Scientific Revolution. All explanations in the mechanical philosophy depend upon the interactions of moving material particles; the laws of nature stipulate precisely how these interact; therefore, such explanations rely on the laws of nature. While this is obvious, the radically innovatory nature of these laws is not fully acknowledged in the historical literature. Indeed, a number of scholars have tried to locate the origins of such laws in the medieval period. In the first part of this paper these claims are critically examined, and found at best to reveal important aspects of the background to the later idea, which could be drawn upon for legitimating purposes by the mechanical philosophers. The second part of the paper argues that the modern concept of laws of nature originates in René Descartes's work. It is shown that Descartes took his concept of laws of nature from the mathematical tradition, but recognized that he could not export it to the domain of physico-mathematics, to play a causal role, unless he could show that these laws were underwritten by God. It is argued that this is why, at an early stage of his philosophical development, Descartes had to turn to metaphysics.
Batak and Wealth: A Critical Study of Materialism in the Batak Churches in Indonesia
Authors: Sihombing Batara 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn this article, Indonesian theologian Batara Sihombing analyses the place and function of wealth among the Toba Batak of Northern Sumatra, the people into whom he was born. After surveying the Batak kinship system and the Batak people in general, Sihombing reflects on the three highest ideals of the Batak people and provides a number of proverbs which point to the centrality of wealth and honor in Batak culture. In a third section of his essay, Sihombing reflects on the practices of auction, patronage and corruption among the Batak, and offers a strong critique of each in the light of Scripture and Christian principles.
A Pastoral Approach to Spirit Possession and Witchcraft Manifestations among the Fijian People
Authors: Hoare Frank 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn this article Columban missionary, Frank Hoare, examines incidents of spirit possession and witchcraft accusations in a Catholic Fijian village. Spirit possession has a communal dimension in socio-centric cultures and the tensions of the community are played out in and through the messages of the spirit. Crises of evil are understood as essentially moral and connect the individual, community and spirit world and the community is energized to resolve the situation and ward off the evil. The recognition by a community of individuals who have effective spiritual power may surface alternative dormant ritual economics and politics based on a traditional cosmology that may be more or less articulated to the dominant cosmology. A foreign missionary should beware of ethnocentrism and the reductionism that dismisses the local idiom and traditional cosmology. Instead, crises of evil offer an opportunity for deeper dialogue between the Christian gospel and traditional beliefs and practice. Study of the history, social relations and culture of the community is time well spent and the missionary should rely on mature local Christians. A liturgy that takes community crises into account can provide a wider context of meaning for the concerns of the community.
Flt3 ligand enhances thymic-dependent and thymic-independent immune reconstitution
Authors: Fry Terry J. , Sinha Manoj , Milliron Matthew , Chu Yu-Waye , Kapoor Veena , Gress Ronald E. , Thomas Elaine , Mackall Crystal L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDespite recent progress in our understanding of the biology of T-cell homeostasis, clinically available therapies to substantially improve immune reconstitution in patients sustaining T-cell depletion are lacking. T cells are regenerated via a dynamic interplay between thymopoiesis and thymic-independent homeostatic peripheral expansion (HPE). Using athymic mice subjected to T-cell depletion, we observed that HPE is critically dependent on dendritic cells (DCs) for presentation of antigen, raising the possibility that the availability of DCs might be limiting in vivo for HPE to occur efficiently. Indeed, flt3 ligand (flt3L) treatment of athymic mice subjected to T-cell depletion (without DC depletion) substantially enhanced HPE and improved immune competence. Following bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in athymic hosts, both dendritic cells and T cells were profoundly depleted and flt3L therapy restored DC numbers and enhanced HPE. In addition, thymus-bearing BMT recipients treated with flt3L regenerated increased numbers of thymic-dependent progeny with increased numbers of T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC)-positive T cells, indicating increased thymopoiesis. Therefore, flt3L is a potent immunorestorative agent that enhances both thymic-dependent and thymic-independent pathways of T-cell regeneration. (Blood. 2004;104:2794-2800)
Chlorogenic acid inhibits Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase and triggers p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase–dependent apoptosis in chronic myelogenous leukemic cells
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Gautam , Biswas Tanusree , Roy Keshab C. , Mandal Swapan , Mandal Chhabinath , Pal Bikas C. , Bhattacharya Samir , Rakshit Srabanti , Bhattacharya Dilip K. , Chaudhuri Utpal , Konar Aditya , Bandyopadhyay Santu 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe report that chlorogenic acid (Chl) induces apoptosis of several Bcr-Abl–positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cell lines and primary cells from CML patients in vitro and destroys Bcr-Abl–positive K562 cells in vivo. In contrast, this compound has no effect on the growth and viability of Bcr-Abl–negative lymphocytic and myeloid cell lines and primary CML cells. Sodium chlorogenate (NaChl) exhibits 2-fold higher efficiency in killing K562 cells compared with Chl. NaChl also induces growth inhibition of squamous cell carcinoma (HSC-2) and salivary gland tumor cells (HSG), although at 50-fold higher concentration. NaChl inhibits autophosphorylation of p210Bcr-Abl fusion protein rapidly. We demonstrate that p38 phosphorylation is increased in Bcr-Abl–positive cells after treatment with NaChl and closely paralleled the inhibition of Bcr-Abl phosphorylation. NaChl did not increase phosphorylation of p38 in Bcr-Abl–negative cells including HSC-2 and HSG that are responsive to this compound, indicating that p38 activation by NaChl is dependent on Bcr-Abl kinase inhibition. Inhibition of p38 activity by SB203580 significantly reduced NaChl-induced apoptosis of K562 cells, whereas activation of p38 by anisomycin augmented the apoptosis. These findings indicate that inhibition of Bcr-Abl kinase leading to activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase may play an important role in the anti-CML activity of Chl.