bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of sugar residues in secretory glycoconjugates of olfactory mucosae using lectin histochemistry
Authors: Foster James D. , Getchell Marilyn L. , Getchell Thomas V. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractLectin histochemistry at the light microscope level was used to determine the distribution of sugar residues in secretory cells of the olfactory mucosae of salamander, hamster, and mouse. Differences in sugar composition and distribution of glycoconjugates found in sustentacular cells and acinar cells of Bowman's glands of these three animals were characterized.Oligosaccharides in secretory products of sustentacular cells in salamander olfactory mucosa contained sialic acid, galactose (Gal), N‐acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), fucose, and mannose residues. Glycoconjugates of these cells lacked terminal galactosyl‐β‐(1,3)N‐acetylgalactose (Galβ1,3GalNAc) residues. The sequences Galβ1,3GalNAc, N‐acetyllactosamine (Galβ1,4GlcNAc), and GalNAc were penultimate to sialic acid residues. Sustentacular cells of mouse and hamster did not appear to contain O‐linked oligosac‐charides but stained for mannose‐containing N‐linked oligosaccharides.Glycoconjugates of acinar and duct cells of Bowman's glands in the salamander, hamster, and mouse contained variable amounts of β(1,4)GlcNAc residues, and terminal N‐acetyllactosamine, Galβ1,3GalNAc, and GalNAc residues. In the salamander, glycoconjugates of acinar cells possessed terminal GlcNAc residues but were not sialylated, while those of hamster and mouse generally stained for sialic acid but did not possess terminal GlcNAc residues. Secretory products of a subpopulation of rodent acinar cells also contained penultimate Galβ1,3GalNAc residues. Staining for sialic acid, Gal, GalNAc, and GlcNAc in glycoconjugates of rodents was often limited to a sub‐population of Bowman's glands. This was especially noticeable in the mouse.
Anatomy of the rat knee joint and fibre composition of a major articular nerve
Authors: Hildebrand C. , Öqvist G. , Brax L. , Tuisku F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSeveral recent reports discuss the role of joint nerves in arthritis. Many of these are based on studies in the rat. The aim of this study is to examine the anatomy of the rat knee joint, in search for a primary articular nerve, and to analyze the fibre composition of that nerve. The results show that the structure of the joint differs in some respects from the human knee. At the upper end of the bony patella a cartilaginous patella extends proximally, forming the anterior wall of the suprapatellar bursa. Distinct collateral ligaments are integrated in the joint capsule. The extensor digitorum longus muscle bridges the knee joint, originating from the lateral femoral epicondyle. The well‐developed menisci contain pyramid‐shaped ossicles. The cruciate ligaments are arranged like in the human knee. A large posterior (PAN) and a small medial (MAN) articular nerve can be indentified. The PAN is composed of some 400 axons, about 80% of which are unmyelinated. All myelinated fibres are sensory. They present a unimodal size spectrum with a size range of 1–8 μ, and a predominance of small fibres. Specific denervations indicate that about 1/3 of the unmyelinated axons represent afferents, and some 2/3 are sympathetic efferents. Interestingly, neonatal capsaicin treatment did not influence the number of unmyelinated PAN axons. The functional significance of the numerous unmyelinated sympathetic and sensory PAN axons in the normal knee joint remains to be elucidated.
Subdural compartment in pig: A morphologic study with blood and horseradish peroxidase infused subdurally
Authors: Orlin Jan R. , Osen Kirsten K. , Hovig Torstein 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe dura‐arachnoid junction is examined in normal animals and in animals subjected to subdural infusion of blood immediately prior to death, simulating acute subdural hemorrhages. The Norwegian landrace pig is used as the experimental animal. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been added to the injected blood to serve as a macromolecular tracer. The material is studied by light and electron microscopy. Special attention is given to the level of the induced subdural cleavage plane, the total distribution of the infused blood, and the natural sites of drainage.The dura‐arachnoid junction, identified here as the subdural compartment (the dural border layer of others), consists of an avascular tissue with flake‐like, relatively electron‐lucent cells stacked upon each other in several layers with narrow intercellular clefts. Under normal conditions there is no evidence of a so‐called “subdural space.” When under the present experimental conditions bleeding takes place into this cellular tissue, it splits without any particular, predestined cleavage plane, although most often close to the fibrous matter of the dura. The bleeding extends throughout the cerebral and spinal parts of the compartment and also along the spinal nerve roots. Contamination of the subarachnoid space occurs only in some cases subjected to large infusions and apparently only at spinal levels. The HRP diffuses into the dura, but does not traverse the arachnoid barrier layer.
Studies of variant palatal rugae in normal and corticosteroid‐treated mouse embryos
Authors: Sakamoto Michiko K. , Nakamura Kosho , Handa Jun , Kihara Takahide , Tanimura Takashi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFourteen‐ and 15‐day mouse embryos treated with triamcinolone on day 11 of gestation were examined for the presence of variant rugae. Nontreated mouse embryos served as controls. Variant rugae found were classified into five types. All five types of variations (bifurcation, division, supernumerary, shortness and cross) were observed in triamcinolone‐treated embryos, and shortness was most frequently seen. Supernumerary, bifurcation and division were ranked next, following by cross. Variant, rugae, except the cross, were also observed in nontreated embryos in low frequencies, but more than one‐half of them were the bifurcation of the second ruga. Divided rugae ranked next, and supernumerary and shortness were found occasionally. Except for the bifurcated and supernumerary rugae, the greater part of the variant rugae were found in the fifth and fourth ruga in the triamcinolone‐treated groups and in the fifth ruga in the nontreated groups. As the incidence of variant rugae in the triamcinolone‐treated embryos was significantly higher than that in the nontreated, it was regarded as one of the changes induced by the corticoid. Based on the characteristic features of the rugal region, it is speculated that the formation of variant rugae is associated with the disturbance of normal epithelial‐mesenchymal interaction which may be controlled by the nerve fibers appearing at the time of rugal formation. The relationship between the increased appearance of variant rugae and the failure of palatal shelf elevation was examined, but no direct evidence was obtained.
Differential expression of calbindin‐D 28 kDa in rat incisor ameloblasts throughout enamel development
Authors: Berdal A. , Nanci A. , Smith C. E. , Ahluwalia J. P. , Thomasset M. , Cuisinier‐Gleizes P. , Mathieu H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCalbindin‐D 28 kDa (CaBP 28 kDa), a vitamin D‐dependent calcium‐binding protein, has been associated with calcium handling by cells. We have investigated the expression of this protein in the rat incisor enamel organ, an epithelium interposed between a mineralizing matrix and connective tissue rich in blood vessels, by radioimmunoassay (RIA), Western blotting, and quantitative protein A‐gold immunocytochemistry with antibodies to rat kidney CaBP 28 kDa. RIA of cytosolic extracts showed that enamel organs contained relatively high concentrations of CaBP 28 kDa (compared to kidney; see review by Christakos S., C. Gabrielides, and W.B. Rhoten 1989 Endocr. Rev., 10:3–25). Immunoblotting of proteins extracted from enamel organ strips revealed an intensely‐stained band near 28 kDa throughout amelogenesis following ameloblast differentiation. Immunocytochemically, CaBP 28 kDa was localized exclusively within ameloblasts. The density of labelling increased from the presecretory stage to the secretory stage and fluctuated across the maturation stage in relation to ameloblast modulation. Ruffle‐ended ameloblasts consistently showed the most intense immunoreaction. Gold particles were present throughout the cytoplasm and nuclei of ameloblasts but regions rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum or cell webs showed a higher immunolabelling. Some gold particles were also associated with the external face of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Multivesicular bodies in maturation stage ameloblasts were occasionally immunoreactive. These data suggest that the intracellular concentration of CaBP 28 kDa is regulated throughout amelogenesis reflecting a stage‐specific control of calcium homeostasis in ameloblasts.
Rapid determination of cancellous bone mineral loss in ovariectomized rats by a subtraction technique
Authors: Eskandar Enass , Kimmel Donald B. , Wronski Thomas J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe present a rapid technique for determining cancellous bone mineral changes in small experimental animals. We used the distal centimeter of the right femur from ovariectomized (OX) (N = 30) and shamovariectomized (ShOX) (N = 28) rats, aged 90 days at surgery and killed at times from 125–540 days postsurgery. We used dual photon absorptiometry to scan the segment three times: intact, after parasagittal splitting, and after removing all cancellous bone. We equated the difference between the second and third scans to cancellous bone mineral content (Cn.BMC). To validate this, we compared it with histomorphometrically determined bone volume (BV/TV) of the proximal tibial metaphysis of the same rat. Parasagittally splitting the segment removed no detectable mineral. OX rats had 40% less Cn.BMC than ShOX rats. However, OX rats had 80% lower BV/TV than ShOX rats. The subtraction technique not only makes a rapid, reasonable assessment of cancellous bone loss in OX rats but permits a smaller sample size than histomorphometry. The histomorphometric technique finds a greater difference between OX and ShOX rats because it examines a region where cancellous bone loss is more marked than does the scanning technique. The current technique measures bone of not only the central secondary spongiosa but also the juxtacortical region and the primary spongiosa, where OX‐related differences are less prominent. The principles of this subtraction technique proved workable. However, for the future, we recommend a two‐scan technique using a dual energy X‐ray scanner. It is likely to take only 20–30 min per specimen to assess cancellous bone mineral.
Fibronectin filaments and actin microfilaments are organized into a fibronexus in Dupuytren's diseased tissue
Authors: Tomasek James J. , Haaksma Carol J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe fibronexus is a close transmembrane association between fibronectin filaments and actin microfilaments. It has been found at the surfaces of fibroblasts in tissue culture, as well as within contracting granulation tissue. This specialized connection has been proposed to play an important role in the adhesive properties of fibroblasts. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the fibronexus is present in other contracting tissues besides granulation tissue, specifically in Dupuytren's diseased tissue. Dupuytren's disease is a pathologic condition in which the palmar aponeurosis becomes shortened leading to irreversible flexion of the digits. Shortening of the aponeurosis is believed to be an active cellular process. Extracellular filaments and actin microfilaments form close transmembrane associations at the surfaces of actin‐rich fibroblasts in Dupuytren's disease. Extracellular filaments extend from the cell surface into the surrounding tissue connecting fibroblasts with collagen fibrils and adjacent cells. In this study we have used immunoelectron microscopy to demonstrate that the extracellular filaments that participate in these close transmembrane associations contain fibronectin. High voltage electron microscopy has been used to examine the three‐dimensional relationships between the cytoskeleton and fibronectin filaments in Dupuytren's diseased tissue. We propose that the fibronexus is a dominant adhesive structure at the surface of fibroblasts in Dupuytren's diseased tissue. The fibronexus, by mediating cell‐to‐cell and cell‐to‐matrix attachments, may serve to transmit contractile forces generated by actin microfilaments in these cells throughout the diseased tissue.
Effect of tunicamycin, an inhibitor of protein glycosylation, on testicular cord organization in fetal mouse gonadal explants in vitro
Authors: Kanai Yoshiakira , Hayashi Yoshihiro , Kawakami Hayato , Takata Kuniaki , Kurohmaru Masamichi , Hirano Hiroshi , Nishida Takao 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe effect of tunicamycin (TM) on testicular cord organization in the fetal mouse was examined in vitro at light and electron microscopic levels, with special reference to the glycoprotein functions during Sertoli cell differentiation.In testicular explants treated with TM, testicular cord organization was inhibited. TM treatment affected basal lamina formation by Sertoli cells, resulting in a discontinuous basal lamina or none at all in certain areas. The disorganized Sertoli cells were amorphous in shape, exhibited poor epithelial polarity, and were irregularly arranged in the testicular parenchyma. Extracellular matrix and collagen fibers were often observed in the intercellular spaces between the disorganized Sertoli cells. Lectin histochemical observation revealed that the number of wheat germ agglutinin binding sites on the plasma membrane and basal lamina of disorganized Sertoli cells was significantly decreased by TM treatment. However, junctions were normally observed in the plasma membrane between disorganized Sertoli cells. Leydig cells showed a normal differentiation in the testicular parenchyma in the presence of TM.These observations suggest that basal lamina formation of Sertoli cells and/or the expression of their cell surface glycoconjugates may be crucial for the establishment of Sertoli cell polarity and/or the Sertoli‐Sertoli cell interactions required for proper testicular cord formation. Sertoli cell organization into testicular cords and Leydig cell differentiation may be controlled by different regulatory mechanisms.
The restraining function of the cruciate ligaments on hyperextension and hyperflexion of the human knee joint
Authors: Fuss Franz K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEach of the cruciate ligaments contains functionally different fiber groups; one fiber bundle is always taut; numerous others are taut in intermediate or extreme positions. The bulk of the fibers of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is taut in maximal extension, while that of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is taut in the intermediate positions and in maximal flexion. Fibers taut in extreme positions serve as restraints: during hyperextension, the ACL restrains forward migration of its tibial attachment, while the PCL interacts with other structures to prevent posterior opening of the joint. The inverse situation occurs in hyperflexion. Cruciate fibers are dissimilar in length and angular arrangement so that, when movements are restrained, they lengthen to different extents. To define this phenomenon in quantitative terms, the term isokolyons was coined for lines from which fibers showing identical elongation in percentage on exposure to a force take their origin.
Changes in immunoreactivity for cathepsin H in rat type II alveolar epithelial cells and its proteolytic activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid over 24 hours
Authors: Ishii Yukio , Hashizume Yutaka , Kominami Eiki , Uchiyama Yasuo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractVariations in immunoreactivity for cathepsin H in rat type II alveolar epithelial (type II) cells and in its proteolytic activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were examined at six evenly spaced times over 24 hr (light period: 0600–1800 hr). Ring‐shaped immunodeposits for cathepsin H were detected in type II cells (lamellar bodies), their sizes varying over 24 hr. The large ring‐shaped immunodeposits increased during the light period, decreasing rapidly from 2000 to 0000 hr. Small intense immunodeposits abundantly appeared in the cells at 0000 hr. The area densities of immunodeposits in type II cells and their optical densities also varied with the time of day; both densities were high during the dark period, peaking at the mid dark period, whereas they were decreased during the light period. Proteolytic activities of cathepsin H in BALF (6 ml/rat) examined at each time revealed a distinct variation over 24 hr, corresponding to the variation in the immunoreactivity in type II cells. The activities in BALF were high from 1600 to 0400 hr and low at 0800 hr. These results suggest that the variation in immunoreactivity for cathepsin H in type II cells over 24 hr reflects the intracellular growth of lamellar bodies and secretory activity of the cells. Similar variations in the immunoreactivity and proteolytic activity of cathepsin H in the cells and BALF indicate its cosecretion with surfactants.
Occurrence of epidormal growth factor‐binding sites during differentiation of cementoblasts and periodontal ligament fibroblasts of the young rat: A light and electron microscopic radioautographic study
Authors: Cho Moon‐Il , Lin Wen‐Lang , Garant Philias R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOccurrence of epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐binding sites during differentiation of cementoblasts and periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts was investigated using radioautography after I. V. injection of 125I‐EGF to 14‐day‐old rats. During differentiation of cementoblasts, a very low level of EGF‐binding sites was present on the mesenchymal cells in dental follicle proper, precementoblasts, and cementoblasts. On the other hand, during differentiation of PDL fibroblasts, numerous EGF‐binding sites were observed on the undifferentiated paravascular cells and on the perifollicular mesenchymes representing the major source of PDL fibroblast precursor cells. Also heavy labeling was observed throughout their differentiation to PDL fibroblasts, as well as during full synthetic activity as mature cells. Quantitative analysis of the light microscopic radioautographs revealed that these cells demonstrated approximately 4 grains per 100μm2 of cell area. These results suggest that EGF plays an important role in differentiation of PDL fibroblasts, but not in that of cementoblasts. Furthermore, the well‐known in vivo effect of EGF in producing precocious eruption of teeth may be a consequence of a more extensive effect of EGF throughout differentiation of PDL fibroblasts as well as during full synthetic activity as mature cells.
Apical mitochondria‐rich cells in the human epididymis: An ultrastructural, enzymohistochemical, and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Palacios Jose , Regadera Javier , Nistal Manuel , Paniagua Ricardo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAn ultrastructural, enzymohistochemical, and immunohistochemical study of the ductus epididymis in normal men was undertaken to investigate the characteristics of the apical mitochondria‐rich cells (AMRCs). These cells, which differ morphologically from the principal cells (PCs), appear in isolation in the caput epididymidis (5.8 ± 1.7 cells per cross‐sectional duct) and only occasionally in the corpus epididymidis. The morphologic appearance of AMRCs varies from slender cells extending from the basement membrane to the lumen to apical cells without apparent contact with the basement membrane. The former display a round pale nucleus located in the middle of the epithelium; the apical cells have a dark nucleus, which, surrounded by a narrow cytoplasmic band, protrudes into the lumen. The cytoplasm of AMRCs is electron‐dense and contains numerous mitochondria surrounded by rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. In the apical portion, there are lysosomes, vesicles with an electron‐dense granule, and vacuoles showing a variable size and content. The stereocilia are shorter and less numerous than those of the PCs. The AMRCs are similar to the PCs in the intensely positive reaction for the enzymatic activity acid phosphatase, as well as in the lack of reaction for alkaline phosphatase and phosphorylase activities. AMRCs differ from PCs in: (1) a more intense reaction to the enzymatic activities ATPase, NADP, and succinic dehydrogenease, (2) a more intense immunostaining by AE1/AE3 and Ks4.62 anti‐cytokeratin antibodies, and anti‐estradiol receptor protein (D5) antibodies, and (3) a lower staining affinity for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) antibodies. No positive immunostaining for the anti‐cytokeratin Ks8.6 antibodies was observed in either AMRCs or PCs.
Characterization of the functional stages of osteoclasts by enzyme histochemistry and electron microscopy
Authors: Fukushima Osamu , Bekker Petrus J. , Gay Carol V. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTo investigate the functional stages of osteoclasts, the ultrastructural histochemical distribution of the lysosomal enzymes [acid phosphatase (tartrate‐sensitive) and neutral phosphatase], the plasma membrane enzymes [alkaline phosphatase, Ca++‐ATPase, and alkaline ouabain‐insensitive p‐nitrophenylphosphatase (alkaline p‐NPPase)], and the mitochondrial enzyme (cytochrome C oxidase) was evaluated in the chicken tibial metaphysis.Both active‐appearing and detached (resting) osteoclasts were studied. Serial sectioning was used to identify detached osteoclasts which were present in the perivascular space. The ultrastructure of detached osteoclasts was similar to that of active osteoclasts, except for the lack of a ruffled border and clear zone, and an altered distribution pattern of small vesicles. Small vesicles were uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm of resting osteoclasts, whereas they were concentrated beneath the ruffled border of active osteoclasts. Alkaline p‐NPPase, a marker enzyme for the basal ruffled border, was also apparent on the membrane of small vesicles. However, the vesicles did not possess Ca++ ‐ATPase, a marker enzyme for the apical plasma membrane. These findings support the concept that small vesicles serve as a membrane reservoir for the ruffled border membrane.Pre‐osteoclasts contained abundant mitochondria and lysosomes, prominent Golgi complexes, moderately developed endoplasmic reticulum, and lacked small vesicles. Pre‐osteoclasts appear to fuse with osteoclasts which are attached to the bone surface, but not with detached osteoclasts. The small vesicles, from which the ruffled border arises, are absent from pre‐osteoclasts, suggesting that they develop after fusion with pre‐existing osteoclasts or after attachment to the bone surface. Alkaline p‐NPPase appears to be a marker for differentiation of pre‐osteoclasts to mature osteoclasts.