bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Triple GEM detectors for the Phase-2 upgrade of the CMS experiment at the LHC
Authors: Buonsante M. , Pellecchia A. , Radogna R. ,   the CMS collaboration
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) will increase proton-proton collision rates to 5–7.5 times the nominal LHC luminosity, with an expected number of 140–200 pp-interactions per bunch crossing (Pile-up or PU). To maintain the performance of muon triggering and reconstruction under high background, the forward part of the Muon spectrometer of the CMS experiment will be upgraded with Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) and improved Resistive Plate Chamber (iRPC) detectors. A first GEM station (GE1/1) was installed during Long Shutdown 2 (LS2, 2019–2021) while second and third stations (GE2/1 and ME0) will be installed in the third Long Shutdown (LS3, 2026–2028) and during the Run 4 technical stops. GE1/1, considered an early Phase-2 upgrade, will reduce the p
T
threshold by combining GEM and Cathode Strip Chamber (CSC) hits in the forward muon system at twice the LHC design luminosity (2 × 1034/cm2 s, 50 PU). The commissioning of the GE1/1 detector has been completed during Run 3 in 2022 and 2023. Most chambers are operating stably with an efficiency higher than 95%. Demonstration of the combined CSC-GEM trigger will take place in 2024. The first GE2/1 detectors were installed in the LHC 2023–24 technical stop and the ME0 detector is entering the production phase in 2024. This presentation discusses the commissioning and early performance of GE1/1, together with the lessons learnt which were used to improve the detector and electronics design for GE2/1 and ME0. We also present the R&D performed to optimize the ME0 detector for its high-rate environment, together with the performance measurements of the first stack of ME0 detectors for standalone muon segment reconstruction.
Expert projections on the development and application of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage technologies
Authors: Heimann Tobias , Wähling Lara-Sophie , Honkomp Tomke , Delzeit Ruth , Pirrone Alessandra , Schier Franziska , Weimar Holger 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is a crucial element in most modelling studies on emission pathways of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to limit global warming. BECCS can substitute fossil fuels in energy production and reduce CO2 emissions, while using biomass for energy production can have feedback effects on land use, agricultural and forest products markets, as well as biodiversity and water resources. To assess the former pros and cons of BECCS deployment, interdisciplinary model approaches require detailed estimates of technological information related to BECCS production technologies. Current estimates of the cost structure and capture potential of BECCS vary widely due to the absence of large-scale production. To obtain more precise estimates, a global online expert survey (N = 32) was conducted including questions on the regional development potential and biomass use of BECCS, as well as the future operating costs, capture potential, and scalability in different application sectors. In general, the experts consider the implementation of BECCS in Europe and North America to be very promising and regard BECCS application in the liquid biofuel industry and thermal power generation as very likely. The results show significant differences depending on whether the experts work in the Global North or the Global South. Thus, the findings underline the importance of including experts from the Global South in discussions on carbon dioxide removal methods. Regarding technical estimates, the operating costs of BECCS in thermal power generation were estimated in the range of 100–200 USD/tCO2, while the CO2 capture potential was estimated to be 50–200 MtCO2yr−1 by 2030, with cost-efficiency gains of 20% by 2050 due to technological progress. Whereas the individuals’ experts provided more precise estimates, the overall distribution of estimates reflected the wide range of estimates found in the literature. For the cost shares within BECCS, it was difficult to obtain consistent estimates. However, due to very few current alternative estimates, the results are an important step for modelling the production sector of BECCS in interdisciplinary models that analyse cross-dimensional trade-offs and long-term sustainability.
Shorter growing seasons may moderate climate change effects on crop water demands
Authors: Abatzoglou John T , Parker Lauren E , Viers Joshua H , Medellín-Azuara Josue , Escriva-Bou Alvar , Huntington Justin L , Williams Emily L , Rajagopalan Kitri 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Rising evaporative demand (ETo) with a warming climate contributes to diminished water availability in water-stressed agricultural regions globally. While increased ETo typically necessitates increased irrigation, we explore how crop phenological response can moderate this challenge. Focusing on five key agricultural crops in California’s San Joaquin Valley (SJV), we employ coupled water balance and phenology models to project crop water demands as a function of increased ETo and changing phenology. All crops exhibited accelerated growth from a shortened growing season with warming. The shortened crop maturation period partially to fully offset increased crop water demands due to rising ETo, with the largest phenological influence for annual crops such as tomato and corn. By contrast, models that do not account for phenological changes showed increased irrigation demands of approximately 3.5%–4.5% per °C of global warming primarily due to increased ETo. Integration with dynamic phenological models for the five key crops across the extent of agricultural land in the SJV showed a 1.6% decrease in irrigation needs under a 2 °C warming scenario. While phenological change alongside plant physiological responses to increased atmospheric CO2 may help buffer the impact of climate change on crop irrigation demand, decreased crop yields with a shorter growing season and continued reliance of groundwater reserves for agricultural water use and reduced spring snowpack will threaten coupled agricultural and water security in the region.
A novel approach to rapidly tracking whole-farm methane emissions
Authors: Chen Huilin , Vinković Katarina , Sun Chu , Peters Wouter , Hensen Arjan , van der Gon Hugo Denier , van Zanten Margreet , van den Bulk Pim , Velzeboer Ilona , van der Zee Tim 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Enteric fermentation and manure from livestock farming are major sources of methane (CH4) emissions and have a large potential for emissions reduction. However, there is a lack of effective methods for evaluating future emissions reduction efforts, especially at the farm scale. We developed a rapid analysis method to evaluate CH4 emissions from a large number of dairy cow farms in the Netherlands based on single-transect mobile van measurements of CH4 concentrations downwind of farms located between 80 and 750 m from the road. Methane emissions from 51 dairy cow farms were determined on four campaign days within a total of 7 measurement hours between November 2017 and November 2018 using an inverse Gaussian approach combined with two different wind datasets and their composite. We found a range of moderate to high correlation (R
2: minimum 0.42, maximum 0.86) between the estimated CH4 emission rates for 11–16 farms on each measurement day and the number of animal units (AUs, 1 AU equals 500 kg of animal weight) across four individual days. The whole-farm CH4 emission factors (including both enteric fermentation and manure) for the four separate campaign days were estimated using the slope between the CH4 emission rates derived from the composite of two distinct wind datasets and the number of AUs. Daily emission factors for the four campaign days were estimated to be in the range of 0.18–0.50 kgCH4/d/AU. From the dataset, averaged over each of the four campaign days, we derived an estimate of the whole-farm CH4 emission factor, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.47 [0.13–0.81] kgCH4/d/AU. Our results demonstrate that CH4 emissions from a large number of dairy cow farms can be rapidly estimated, providing an independent way to evaluate country-specific emission factors and a potential way to monitor future emission reductions.
Long term emission and simulation on air quality from residential coal burning in China
Authors: Yan Qin , Xiao Tingyu , Zhang Wenjie , Kong Shaofei , Zhang Yuzhe , Gao Qingxian , Shu Yun , Li Hui , Wang Han 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Residential coal burning (RCB) is a notable contribution source of airborne pollution in China. To address this, a suite of control policies has been implemented, leading to a shift in the energy structure and a limitation in pollution emission within RCB sector. This study presents emission inventories for SO2, NOx, CO, and PM2.5 from RCB between 2010 and 2020, utilizing both published and measured emission factors (EFs). Furthermore, the emission amounts of pollution in year 2030 and 2050 were projected. Since 2010 to 2020, emission of pollution from RCB sector has demonstrated a noticeable decreasing trend, especially in policy priority regions. The emission amounts in policy priority regions are at a similar level to those in the South region. The most substantial reductions were observed in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, with decreases of 69.8%, 74.2%, 74.8%, 79.8% 60.6% for SO2, NOx, CO, PM2.5 and BC respectively. Finally, the updated emission data used to calibrate the emission in GEOS-Chem model and to simulated national particle and gas pollution concentration in heating season emitted from RCB for year 2020 and 2030. The simulation results demonstrate a migration in the emission intensity center in the Northeast region. For SO2, NO2 and PM2.5, the RCB contribution decreased from 3.1, 18.3 and 19.9 μg m−3 in 2020 to 1.8, 11.6 and 9.8 μg m−3 in 2030, respectively. The SO2, NO2 and PM2.5 impact from RCB was −0.03 to 0.29, 0.61 to 7.04 and 1.2 to 2.9 μg m−3 on average in 2030 which shown a minor impact on ambient pollution in BTH region during heating season.
Investigation of the optical and electrical structure of Al1-xInxN alloys: a DFT study
Authors: Al‐Jobory Alaa A , Nawaf Sameer , Motlak Moaaed 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The electrical structure and optical properties of the Al1−x
In
x
N alloys were calculated via DFT calculations as a function of the indium content. To combine aluminum nitride (AlN) and indium nitride (InN), aluminum is partly substituted by indium in an AlN matrix. Our results reveal that increasing the indium content reduces the energy gap of the (AlInN) alloy. The alloy has an equivalent number of electronic states at each energy level for both spin directions. This means that the structures of Al1-
x
In
x
N are nonmagnetic materials. The optical calculations indicated that the absorption peaks of indium-doped AlN shifted toward lower energy (redshift) because of the reduction in the energy gap. As the indium concentration increases, the shift becomes more apparent, moving the absorption peak further into the visible or near-infrared region. Additionally, doping AlN with indium shifts the peak of the imaginary dielectric function toward lower energies due to energy gap reduction. Phonon dispersion calculations stated that all the studied structures of Al1−x
In
x
N for different In content are stable.
Neutralization of Naja naja venom by green and chemically synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles
Authors: Farrukh Fatima , Ahmed Syeda Mahnoor , Gul Anum , Waheed Humera 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Snake envenomation affects millions of people worldwide especially rural population in developing countries. High production cost, poor accessibility and side-effects associated with antivenom treatment call for newer approaches. Nanoparticles could provide alternative therapy due to their biocompatibility, ease of production and stability. In this study, Titanium (IV) isopropoxide was reduced to make TiO2 nanoparticles by chemical and green synthesis method utilizing potato peels and neem leaves extract. The synthesized particles were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope, Electron Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The synthesized nanoparticles are spherical in shape with sizes ranging from 41–64 nm and molecules, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids in plant extracts act as reducing and capping agents. The nanoparticles were evaluated for in vitro venom neutralization assays against the Naja naja venom. The hemocompatibility assay showed that the TiO2 NPs are non-toxic, indicating their safe use. The TiO2 NPs were able to significantly inhibit venom induced hemolysis of RBCs and blood anticoagulation effect (p-values ≤0.000). Overall, the study suggests that TiO2 NPs could be effective in reducing the toxicity of Naja naja venom, providing a practical and cost-effective therapeutic option to be used as alternative treatments for snake envenomation.
Introduction
Authors: Deeks Ashley S 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Introduction sets the stage for the core dilemma that the book addresses: as the United States continues to rapidly develop classified AI tools for its military and intelligence activities, how will the public know whether, in doing so, it is preserving its core values? It identifies and defines the “double black box” problem, which arises when a state introduces “black box” algorithms into its already secret national security operations. It explains what is at stake when we struggle to provide adequate oversight of national security agencies, and it introduces public law values such as legality, effectiveness, and accountability as the standards against which we should measure national security AI operations. Finally, it identifies the sets of actors who will play critical roles in addressing the challenges posed by the double black box.
Using Traditional Checks in the U.S. System
Authors: Deeks Ashley S 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 4 considers how we can make inroads into the challenges to public law values posed by the double black box, with a focus on the traditional sources of checks: Congress, the courts, whistleblowers, leakers, and internal executive processes. Recognizing that there is no silver bullet, the chapter argues that these traditional checks provide the public with options and tools to help ensure that new AI systems comport with public law values; it will just require more work to maintain the tools’ effectiveness. Proposals emphasize structural and procedural (rather than substantive) adjustments, because process rules are more likely to achieve consensus among groups with disparate views about the use of national security AI, and as a result are more likely to take root in this partisan era. In creating procedures that strengthen compliance with public law values, the Executive will be more likely to make intelligent substantive choices that reflect a wider range of input than that of the national security bureaucracy alone.
The Hurdles to International Regulation
Authors: Deeks Ashley S 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 6 describes the challenges that states face in developing international rules for the use of national security AI, rules that, if effected, could shrink the size of the double black box. It explores the similarities between international efforts to regulate hostile cyber operations and national security AI, using the former to help predict what will happen in international discussions about the latter. The analogy suggests that (1) a binding global agreement containing new rules about national security AI will be beyond reach unless and until there is a major crisis; (2) basic agreement about how existing international law applies to national security AI may be possible, though subject to contestation; (3) close allies can do useful work to set guardrails around certain uses of national security AI, at least among themselves; (4) there may be very narrow areas in which the United States, Russia, and China might agree not to deploy AI systems; and (5) much of the work to sketch out expectations about how states generally should and should not use national security AI will be done unilaterally, in the form of government statements, sanctions, and criminal prosecutions. The chapter concludes that the weak forecast for new international rules on how to regulate the use of national security AI suggests that international engagement will do limited work to decrease the size of the double black box confronting democracies.
El amor brujo
Authors: Hess Carol A 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
El amor brujo (Love, the Sorcerer), is a theater work by the Spanish composer Manuel de Falla. It showcases flamenco, the music of the Gitanos (gypsies), Spain’s underclass. Since its premiere in Madrid in 1915, it has been repeatedly reshaped, rearranged, and repackaged, either by Falla himself or by others. Jazz and pop arrangements, along with El amor brujo’s presence in various films, challenge our conception of classical music as unchanging or transcendent. This chapter prepares these issues by surveying flamenco’s basic musical ingredients and its status as the music of Spain’s marginalized Gitano population. While some of Falla’s compatriots considered flamenco a threat to what they deemed “true” Spanish identity—namely White and Christian—others were drawn to flamenco’s musical richness. Also discussed here is Falla’s biography prior to El amor brujo, including the seven years he spent in Paris, where he absorbed the latest music of Debussy, Ravel, and Stravinsky. Their influence would prove a liability for Falla once he returned to Spain.
El Amor Brujo
Authors: Hess Carol A 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter discusses El amor brujo in the final years of Falla’s life. In fall 1939, when Franco had declared victory in the Spanish Civil War, Falla sailed for Argentina. After conducting several concerts, he settled in the Southern Hemisphere. The composer found himself in straitened circumstances thanks to World War II, which delayed his royalties, and loopholes in U.S. copyright law, which afforded him inadequate protection. El amor brujo offered unexpected relief: in 1944, the movie musical Two Girls and a Sailor featured the Spanish pianist-actor José Iturbi and his sister Amparo Iturbi performing the “Ritual Fire Dance.” Falla was handsomely paid and was soon negotiating with various studios. Two additional films resulted, each showcasing the “Ritual Fire Dance.” After Falla’s death in 1946, “serious” artists continued to perform El amor brujo as an orchestral suite while popular entertainers focused on the “Ritual Fire Dance.” They included the “Sentimental Gentleman of Swing” Tommy Dorsey; Fred Waring and his fresh-faced dance band, the Pennsylvanians; and the all-harmonica ensemble the Harmonicats. Perhaps most spectacular was the version by Liberace, the super-showman pianist who performed the “Ritual Fire Dance” for that exciting new medium, television.
El amor brujo
Authors: Hess Carol A 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter discusses El amor brujo in later films. After Franco’s death, in 1975, Spanish filmmakers were no longer bound by censorship and challenged the rosy view of Spanish life promoted by Franco’s censors. Carlos Saura, for example, depicted the gritty reality of Gitano shantytowns via a new reading of El amor brujo in a film of the same name, with extended passages from Falla’s score. A more direct critique of Franco was El silencio de otros (The Silence of Others), which fleetingly quotes El amor brujo. In the United States, Black writers and artists such as Langston Hughes, Nella Larsen, Claude McKay, and Paul Robeson had long expressed their affinity for Spain, many likening flamenco to the music of oppressed African American. The question arises: is it a coincidence that so many Black artists in the United States were drawn to El amor brujo? Among the Black singers who performed it was the contralto Carol Brice, whose 1947 recording with Fritz Reiner and the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra was treasured for years. Another surprising twist in the story of El amor brujo is its presence in films on anti-Black racism, including one by the African American director Spike Lee.
Pilot study: Urine cell-free DNA with low-pass whole genome sequencing can detect and molecularly type upper tract urothelial carcinomas
Authors: Quinn Chaz , Lerma L Angelica , Zhu Alexander , Monnat Raymond J , Wright Jonathan L , Lockwood Christina M , Tretiakova Maria S 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Objectives
Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is an aggressive disease that is challenging to biopsy and diagnose, frequently yielding nondiagnostic cytology and tissue specimens. Therefore, UTUC is often late stage when diagnosed, with poor outcomes. Cell-free tumor DNA (cfDNA) may improve UTUC early diagnosis and assessments of heterogeneity, treatment response, and recurrence but has not been studied in the urine from patients with UTUC. This study aimed to detect recurrent, diagnostic UTUC cytogenetic abnormalities by low-pass whole genome sequencing (LPWGS) and to compare urine-derived and plasma cfDNA against abnormalities identified in patient tumor tissue.

Methods
Cell-free tumor DNA extracted from voided urine and plasma before nephroureterectomy in 4 patients with UTUC was compared with genomic DNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue after LPWGS.

Results
Abnormal autosomal genomic regions were highest in tissue (n = 11,843), intermediate in urine (n = 5,072) and lowest in plasma (n = 763), with a high concordance of flagged regions identified in tissue and urine (r = 0.88). Pairwise analysis of whole chromosome gains/losses and subchromosomal alterations between tissue and urine showed nearly identical patterns in all 4 patients (r = 0.88-0.99) in contrast to plasma (r &lt; 0.25). Abnormal genomic regions identified by LPWGS showed a high degree of overlap (100% for tumor tissue, 94% for urine cfDNA) with cBioPortal UTUC-associated genes.

Conclusions
We demonstrated the superiority of urine vs plasma cfDNA when LPWGS was used to identify UTUC-associated gene abnormalities. Voided urine cfDNA molecular signatures are highly concordant with matched tumor tissue on chromosomal and subchromosomal levels, emphasizing its feasibility as a noninvasive biomarker for UTUC detection and surveillance.