bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Principles of Measurement and Assessment in Dermatology
Authors: Finlay Andrew Y. , Ali Faraz M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes why it is important to measure the severity of skin disease, what can and should be measured, who should do the measuring and how to interpret scores. The validation of measures is explained, including by electronic delivery. The concept of core outcomes is described, as are the clinical assessment tools used across the main inflammatory skin diseases. Many objective methods for measuring skin disease are being developed. The measurement of the impact of skin disease can be assessed by using a range of different quality of life measures, usually questionnaires, including disease specific, dermatology specific and generic measures that can also be used across medicine. Most measures are designed for use in adults, but there are separate questionnaires for use in specific age ranges such as children and adolescents. Skin disease can have a major secondary impact on the quality of life of partners and other family members: this impact is assessed by a parallel range of disease specific, dermatology specific or generic measures. There are also methods to measure the impact of skin disease on psychological health, on sexual functioning and on ability to work.
Principles of Topical Therapy
Authors: Buckley Deirdre A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
As well as quantifying the burden of skin disease, epidemiology provides a direct method for assessing the causes of skin diseases. Identification of causes is a necessary step in pursuing the ultimate goal of disease prevention. This chapter covers the importance of thinking in terms of population rather than individuals, and provides a summary of the substantial global morbidity caused by skin disease. Risk factors from genetics to environment are outlined, along with describing the natural history and associations of common skin diseases. Finally, there is a description of how the principles and data from epidemiological studies provide the cornerstone to planning appropriate dermatology services. The chapter closes by providing the reader with a glossary of terms and a checklist to help with reading epidemiological studies.
Principles of Phototherapy
Authors: McKenna Kevin , Ibbotson Sally 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Phototherapy has been used since ancient times to treat diseases of the skin. Modern phototherapy includes narrow‐band phototherapy, psoralen and ultraviolet A (PUVA) photochemotherapy, UVA1 phototherapy and extracorporeal photochemotherapy or photopheresis. UVB phototherapy and PUVA are commonly used for treatment of psoriasis, atopic eczema, cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL) and vitiligo. UVA1 is mainly indicated for atopic eczema, sclerosing skin conditions and various subtypes of lupus erythematosus. Photopheresis is primarily used for CTCL and graft‐versus‐host disease. Patient selection for such therapies, administration methodology, adverse effects, patient and staff safety along with necessary clinical governance processes are discussed.
Genetic Defects of Nails and Nail Growth
Authors: Gordon Samantha , Paller Amy S. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Several genetic disorders manifest with nail dystrophy, allowing diagnosis and clues to seeking manifestations beyond the nail changes. Pachyonychia congenita results from abnormalities in one of five different keratin genes and can lead to exquisite pain on walking because of plantar foot involvement. Dyskeratosis congenita is a group of disorders with telomere shortening that often manifests with early oral and nail abnormalities, particularly dorsal pterygium. Dyskeratosis congenita is complex, with life‐threatening potential manifestations related to the development of squamous cell carcinoma, bone marrow failure and pulmonary fibrosis. Nail–patella syndrome has characteristic marked hypoplasia or anonychia of the nails, especially the thumbs, and should prompt investigation of the associated bone abnormalities. Hereditary anonychia can also be an isolated finding.
Genetic Disorders of Adipose Tissue
Authors: Millington George W. M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Subcutaneous fat consists of white, brown and beige adipose tissue, with diverse metabolic, thermogenic, paracrine, endocrine and immune functions. Disorders of adipose tissue can be divided principally into: disorders of distribution of fat, the lipodystrophies, lipoedema and fibroadipose hyperplasia, disorders of excessive generalised accumulation of fat (in other words obesity), tumours and inflammation (such as panniculitis). There is increasing evidence of a hereditary component in the pathogenesis of all of these conditions.
Dermatoses Resulting from Disorders of the Veins and Arteries
Authors: Goldsmith Portia C. , George Christina 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Dermatoses resulting from disorders of the veins and arteries are commonly encountered in medicine, not just by dermatologists, but also by others including vascular surgeons, paediatricians, care of the elderly physicians and in general practice. The ability to recognise and thus treat these conditions is therefore an important skill for physicians of all specialties. This chapter outlines conditions of arterial and arteriolar disorders, neurovascular disorders, telangiectases, malformations and venous disorders.
Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Becker Jürgen C. , Brownell Isaac , Kervarrec Thibault 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a highly aggressive neuroendocrine skin cancer characterised by early and frequent metastasis resulting in a 5‐year disease‐associated mortality rate of more than 30% for all stages combined. Predisposing factors include immune suppression, chronic sun exposure and advanced age. The carcinogenesis of MCC is associated either with the clonal integration of Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA into the host genome or ultraviolet‐induced DNA mutations; both resulting in similar cellular aberrations. While MCC is still a rare cancer, its incidence is rising. Management of the primary tumour stage includes wide local excision, sentinel lymph node biopsy and adjuvant radiation. The main pillar of management of systemic disease is immunotherapy by immune checkpoint inhibition.
Impact of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder on employment and income in the United States
Authors: Hjerthen Isabella Gomez , Trápaga Hacker Cristina , Meador William , Obeidat Ahmed Z. , Horta Lucas , Mateen Farrah J. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesWe aim to characterize the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with loss of jobs, income, and work hours in people with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in the United States.MethodsA REDCap‐based survey was administered to working‐age NMOSD patients (18–70 years old) querying demographic information, symptoms, immunosuppression, work hours, income, and caregiver work (11/2022–07/2023). Regression models were developed using MATLAB.ResultsOf 127 participants (97 female; 55% AQP4‐antibody, 19% MOG antibody; 69% Caucasian, 7% Hispanic), with an average diagnosis age of 38.7 years, average disease duration of 6.4 years, mean 3.1 attacks, and 94% of whom were treated with immune system‐directed therapy (53% rituximab, 8% satralizumab, 7% eculizumab, 6% mycophenolate mofetil, 4% inebilizumab, 2% azathioprine, 10% IVIg, 10% other), 56% lost a job due to NMOSD. Employment decreased 12% (80% pre‐ to 68% post‐diagnosis). Thirty‐six percent of participants said they no longer worked outside the home. Significant predictors for post‐NMOSD diagnosis employment status included younger age, lower pain level, no walking aids, and having a job prediagnosis.Sixty‐eight percent of those employed prediagnosis reduced their work hours, dropping an average of 18.4 h per month since being diagnosed (±10.1 h). Average annual income grew slowly at $1998 during the average 6.4 years of disease duration (14% of the value predicted by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics). Sixty percent of participants had a regular unpaid caregiver; 34% of caregivers changed their work hours or job to help manage NMOSD.DiscussionWe provide a structured analysis of the impact of NMOSD on employment, work hours, and income in the United States, demonstrating its major effect on the livelihoods of patients and their caregivers.
Reconstructing Ferroelectric Polarization Screening of PbTiO3 by Epitaxial SrTiO3 for Efficient Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Du Peipei , Huang Jie , Ye Zixing , Zhen Chao , Liu Jianan , Yang Yang , Ren Zhaohui , Yin Lichang , Wang Lianzhou , Liu Gang 
Published: February 2024

AbstractA large depolarization field in single‐domain PbTiO3 is anticipated to drive the spatial separation of photogenerated charge carriers and enable potential active sites for photocatalytic overall water splitting reaction. However, the negatively polarized surface usually cannot provide sufficient active sites for water oxidation to oxygen because of lacking oxygen vacancies, inevitably hindering photocatalytic water splitting reaction. Here, the ferroelectric polarization screening is reconstructed by a heteroepitaxial SrTiO3 film on the positively polarized surface of PbTiO3 nanoplates to generate abundant oxygen vacancies on the negatively polarized surface as active sites for water oxidation. Moreover, it is experimentally and theoretically revealed that the epitaxial SrTiO3 layer on the positively polarized surface is also beneficial for good dispersion of cocatalyst and the formation of low Schottky barrier height at the interface between the heterostructure and the cocatalyst for efficient electron transfer. Compared with pristine PbTiO3, the obtained PbTiO3/SrTiO3 heteroepitaxial structure with the simultaneous regulation of positively and negatively polarized surfaces delivered a greatly enhanced photocatalytic overall water splitting with stoichiometric ratio (2:1) of hydrogen and oxygen evolution by a factor of 15 times. These findings might open up a new avenue for the design of ferroelectric photocatalysts with excellent activity.
Tailoring Carbon Cathode Microstructure for Synergistic Integration of Hybrid Ion Capacitor and Dual‐Ion Battery
Authors: Yao Qianqian , Tang Pei , Xie Shiyin , Chen Yuecong , Dou Qingyun , Zhu Jian , Yan Xingbin 
Published: February 2024

AbstractHybrid potassium‐ion capacitors (PICs) and potassium dual‐ion batteries (PDIBs) represent two types of potassium‐based electrochemical energy storage devices. Their differences in the microstructure of carbon cathodes enable PICs and PDIBs to possess high power and energy density, respectively. Herein, a hybrid device integrating PIC and PDIB, called as dual‐ion capacitor‐battery hybrid device (DICB), is designed by modifying the microstructure of carbon cathode, to simultaneously acquire high power and energy density. By utilizing the carbon cathode combining highly‐disordered and pseudo‐graphitic microstructures, the resultant DICB demonstrates excellent energy density (320.4 Wh kg−1) and power density (15.9 kW kg−1) with 1.5‐4.5 V. By utilizing the carbon cathode having both pseudo‐graphitic and highly‐graphitic microstructures, the corresponding DICB can achieve an elevated energy density (351.7 Wh kg−1) within a wider voltage range 1.5‐5.0 V. Experiments reveal that in the mixed microstructures of carbon cathodes, highly‐disordered part mainly exhibits capacitive contribution, the pseudo‐graphitic part provides both capacitor‐ and battery‐type energy storage behaviors, and the highly‐graphitic part offers additional capacity through ion insertion/extraction in the higher voltage region. Consequently, the carbon cathode with mixed microstructure can introduce both capacitor‐ and battery‐type energy storage behaviors in a device, thereby regulating the energy and power output characteristics of the DICB.
Earthworm‐Inspired Co/Co3O4/CoF2@NSC Nanofibrous Electrocatalyst with Confined Channels for Enhanced ORR/OER Performance
Authors: Li Han , Yan Guilong , Zhao Haoyue , Howlett Patrick C. , Wang Xungai , Fang Jian 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe rational construction of highly active and durable oxygen‐reactive electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction/evolution reaction (ORR/OER) plays a critical role in rechargeable metal‐air batteries. It is pivotal to achieve optimal utilization of electrocatalytically active sites and valid control of the high specific internal surface area. Inspiration for designing electrocatalysts can come from nature, as it is full of precisely manipulated and highly efficient structures. Herein, inspired by earthworms fertilizing soil, a 3D carbon nanofibrous electrocatalyst with multiple interconnected nanoconfined channels, cobalt‐based heterojunction active particles and enriched N, S heteroatoms (Co/Co3O4/CoF2@NSC with confined channels) is rationally designed, showing superior bifunctional electrocatalytic activity in alkaline electrolyte, even outperforming that of benchmark Pt/C‐RuO2 catalyst. This work demonstrates a new method for porous structural regulation, in which the internal confined channels within the nanofibers are controllably formed by the spontaneous migration of cobalt‐based nanoparticles under a CO2 atmosphere. Theoretical analysis reveals that constructing Co/Co3O4/CoF2@NSC electrocatalyst with confined channels can greatly adjust the electron distribution, effectively lower the reaction barrier of inter‐mediate and reduce the OER/ORR overpotential. This work introduces a novel and nature‐inspired strategy for designing efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts with well‐designed architectures.
Embedded Physical Intelligence in Liquid Crystalline Polymer Actuators and Robots
Authors: Feng Wei , He Qiguang , Zhang Li 
Published: February 2024

AbstractResponsive materials possess the inherent capacity to autonomously sense and respond to various external stimuli, demonstrating physical intelligence. Among the diverse array of responsive materials, liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) stand out for their remarkable reversible stimuli‐responsive shape‐morphing properties and their potential for creating soft robots. While numerous reviews have extensively detailed the progress in developing LCP‐based actuators and robots, there exists a need for comprehensive summaries that elucidate the underlying principles governing actuation and how physical intelligence is embedded within these systems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in developing actuators and robots endowed with physical intelligence using LCPs. This review is structured around the stimulus conditions and categorizes the studies involving responsive LCPs based on the fundamental control and stimulation logic and approach. Specifically, three main categories are examined: systems that respond to changing stimuli, those operating under constant stimuli, and those equip with learning and logic control capabilities. Furthermore, the persisting challenges that need to be addressed are outlined and discuss the future avenues of research in this dynamic field.
Structuring Cu Membrane Electrode for Maximizing Ethylene Yield from CO2 Electroreduction
Authors: Han Jianyu , Tu Bin , An Pengfei , Zhang Jing , Yan Zhuang , Zhang Xiaofei , Long Chang , Zhu Yanfei , Yuan Yi , Qiu Xueying , Yang Zhongjie , Huang Xuewei , Yan Shuhao , Tang Zhiyong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractElectrocatalytic ethylene (C2H4) evolution from CO2 reduction is an intriguing route to mitigate both the energy and environmental crises; however, to acquire industrially relevant high productivity and selectivity at low energy cost remains to be challenging. Membrane assembly electrode has shown great prospect and tailoring its architecture for maximizing C2H4 yield at minimum voltage with long‐term stability becomes critical. Here a freestanding Cu membrane cathode is designed and constructed by electrochemically depositing mesoporous Cu film on Cu foam to simultaneously manage CO2, electron, water, and product transport, which shows an extraordinary C2H4 Faradaic efficiency of 85.6% with a full cell power conversion efficiency of 33% at a current density of 368 mA cm−2, heading the techno‐economic viability for electrocatalytic C2H4 production.
Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis of Intrinsic High‐Temperature Ferroelectric 2D CuCrSe2
Authors: Wang Ping , Zhao Yang , Na Rui , Dong Weikang , Duan Jingyi , Cheng Yue , Xu Boyu , Kong Denan , Liu Jijian , Du Shuang , Zhao Chunyu , Yang Yang , Lv Lu , Hu Qingmei , Ai Hui , Xiong Yan , Stolyarov Vasily S. , Zheng Shoujun , Zhou Yao , Deng Fang , Zhou Jiadong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractUltrathin 2D ferroelectrics with high Curie temperature are critical for multifunctional ferroelectric devices. However, the ferroelectric spontaneous polarization is consistently broken by the strong thermal fluctuations at high temperature, resulting in the rare discovery of high‐temperature ferroelectricity in 2D materials. Here, a chemical vapor deposition method is reported to synthesize 2D CuCrSe2 nanosheets. The crystal structure is confirmed by scanning transmission electron microscopy characterization. The measured ferroelectric phase transition temperature of ultrathin CuCrSe2 is about ≈800 K. Significantly, the switchable ferroelectric polarization is observed in ≈5.2 nm nanosheet. Moreover, the in‐plane and out‐of‐plane ferroelectric response are modulated by different maximum bias voltage. This work provides a new insight into the construction of 2D ferroelectrics with high Curie temperature.
A Seamless, Large‐Area Silk‐based Interface for Immersive On‐Palm Tactile Feedback
Authors: Cao Chuan , Liu Haitao , Zhang Ye , Jia Weiqiang , Zhang Lei , Bao Hujun 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWearable haptic devices are developed as key components to enhance the highly immersive metaverse experience. However, conventional haptic devices enabling the sensation and interaction with virtual objects are often constrained by their bulky design, tethered operation, and physical interference with the skin, especially when integrated with human hands. In this study, a cross‐interface modification process that achieves the conversion of multilayered silk fibroin films from rigid to soft is reported. This modification is favorable for applications involving large angles and multiple degrees of freedom motions. By applying electrical current through silk‐based electrodes and utilizing a self‐designed circuit, virtual tactile sensations can be generated on the entire palm. The high flexibility, stretchability, tailorable modulus, and water permeability of silk substrates enable the electrotactile devices to maintain their functionalities without impeding fine movements and natural tactile sensations in the hand. This compact electrotactile system serves as a user's new interactive terminal through wireless communications. The intimate contact interfaces reduce the unstable adhesion commonly encountered in electrotactile applications, ensuring consistent sensation during hand motions. These materials design methods and integrated systems represent a significant advancement in fabricating and integrating large‐area soft electronics.
Phosphonated Heptamethine Dye Alleviates Radiation‐Induced Bone Loss
Authors: Long Lei , Wu Feng , Li Huijuan , Cao Xiaohui , Wang Yu , Tan Xu , Shi Chunmeng 
Published: February 2024

AbstractHigh levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are closely associated with osteoclast formation and function, resulting in bone loss. Herein, a novel ROS scavenger, named IR‐ALN, based on the heptamethine cyanine (Cy7) dyes is reported. IR‐ALN not only retains the inherent near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging and ROS scavenging activity of Cy7 dyes, but is also selectively absorbed by the osteoclast precursor cells, inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption activity. Moreover, IR‐ALN exhibits bone‐targeted accumulation in a dose‐dependent manner and effectively alleviates bone and trabecular volume loss caused by X‐ray. The results suggest that IR‐ALN is a potential radioprotective agent that prevents radiation‐induced bone loss. Furthermore, the design strategy for IR‐ALN can be used as a reference for the development of new radioprotective agents.
AI‐Enabled Soft Sensing Array for Simultaneous Detection of Muscle Deformation and Mechanomyography for Metaverse Somatosensory Interaction
Authors: Suo Jiao , Liu Yifan , Wang Jianfei , Chen Meng , Wang Keer , Yang Xiaomeng , Yao Kuanming , Roy Vellaisamy A. L. , Yu Xinge , Daoud Walid A. , Liu Na , Wang Jianping , Wang Zuobin , Li Wen Jung 
Published: February 2024

AbstractMotion recognition (MR)‐based somatosensory interaction technology, which interprets user movements as input instructions, presents a natural approach for promoting human‐computer interaction, a critical element for advancing metaverse applications. Herein, this work introduces a non‐intrusive muscle‐sensing wearable device, that in conjunction with machine learning, enables motion‐control‐based somatosensory interaction with metaverse avatars. To facilitate MR, the proposed device simultaneously detects muscle mechanical activities, including dynamic muscle shape changes and vibrational mechanomyogram signals, utilizing a flexible 16‐channel pressure sensor array (weighing ≈0.38 g). Leveraging the rich information from multiple channels, a recognition accuracy of ≈96.06% is achieved by classifying ten lower‐limb motions executed by ten human subjects. In addition, this work demonstrates the practical application of muscle‐sensing‐based somatosensory interaction, using the proposed wearable device, for enabling the real‐time control of avatars in a virtual space. This study provides an alternative approach to traditional rigid inertial measurement units and electromyography‐based methods for achieving accurate human motion capture, which can further broaden the applications of motion‐interactive wearable devices for the coming metaverse age.
Selective CO2 separation through physicochemical absorption by triazole‐functionalized ionic liquid binary absorbents
Authors: Sun Xueqi , Zeng Shaojuan , Li Guilin , Bai Yinge , Shang Minghua , Zhang Jian , Zhang Xiangping 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe selective separation of CO2 from CH4‐containing gases is crucial to produce clean energy gases. In this study, triazole anion‐functionalized ionic liquids (TAFILs) were designed by combining low molecular weight cations with triazole anions containing N electronegative site and further mixed with physical solvents to form physicochemical absorbents. The results indicated that [Cho][Triz]/TMS (80 wt%/20 wt%) not only absorbs 0.125 g CO2/g absorbent equal to that of 30 wt% MEA solution at 40°C and 1 bar, but also has low enthalpy of −35.76 kJ/mol less than half of 30 wt% MEA solution. Simultaneously, a super high CO2/CH4 selectivity of 191.0, higher than most of the reported absorbents, is obtained for [Cho][Triz]/TMS solvents. Such great performance of CO2 separation was attributed to relatively weak chemical and physical interaction between CO2 and TAFIL binary absorbents. This study may provide novel promising ionic liquid absorbents for CO2 capture applications from clean energy gases.