bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proton Pump Inhibitor Formulary Considerations in the Acutely III: Part 1: Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics, and Available Formulations
Authors: Devlin John W , Welage Lynda S , Olsen Keith M 
Published: August 2005

Objective: To review important proton pump inhibitor (PPI) pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic principles in acutely ill patients, compare PPI formulation options for patients unable to swallow a tablet or capsule, and provide clinicians with guidance when making hospital formulary decisions with this class of agents. Data Sources: MEDLINE (1966–May 2005) and the Cochrane Library databases were searched using the key words proton pump inhibitor, acid suppression, peptic ulcer disease, gastrointestinal bleeding, stress ulcer prophylaxis, and critical illness. Bibliographies of cited references were reviewed, and a manual search of abstracts from recent gastroenterology, critical care, and surgery scientific meetings was completed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles identified from the data sources were evaluated, and all information deemed relevant was included for this review. Data Synthesis: PPIs have become a mainstay for acute acid suppression in hospitalized patients over other therapeutic options. Various commercially available PPI products are available for administration, either enterally or parenterally, to patients unable to swallow a tablet or capsule. Newer oral PPI formulations offer numerous advantages over older products. The results of studies comparing the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of different PPI dosage forms and routes of administration are among the factors to consider when making formulary decisions. CONCLUSIONS: While the introduction of new PPI products has expanded the therapeutic options for acid suppression in acutely ill patients, a number of unresolved questions remain surrounding the interchangeability of these products, the clinical significance of one PPI formulation over the other, and how oral/enteral PPI therapy should be used as step-down therapy after parenteral PPI therapy.
Förderung und Unterstützung wissenschaftlicher Communities (Cultivating and Supporting Scientific Communities)
Authors: Kienle Andrea , Wessner Martin 
Published: August 2005

Zusammenfassung
Wissenschaftliche Communities können als spezifischer Typ einer Community of Practice (CoP) aufgefasst werden. Für CoPs entwickelte Modelle und Designprinzipien lassen sich dementsprechend auch auf wissenschaftliche Communities übertragen. Dieser Beitrag skizziert, wie eine Community-Plattform für wissenschaftliche Communities über die traditionellen Funktionen hinausgehend die Entwicklung der Community durch die Unterstützung von Designprinzipien fördern kann. Für die Übertragung der Modelle und Designprinzipien ziehen wir exemplarisch die Analyse der CSCL Community (CSCL = Computer Supported Collaborative Learning) in ihren ersten zehn Jahren (1995-2005) heran. Als Datenbasis dienen die Konferenzbände sowie die Listen der Programmkomiteemitglieder und Konferenzteilnehmer.
FrameDrops: Ein System zur Unterstützung von virtuellen Gemeinschaften in mobilen VideoBlogs (FrameDrops: A System Supporting Virtual Communities in Mobile VideoBlogs)
Authors: Gross Tom , Kleppe Martin 
Published: August 2005

Zusammenfassung
In diesem Papier werden das Konzept und die Implementation von FrameDrops, welches virtuelle Gemeinschaften beim Aufbau und der Pflege und beim Stöbern in gemeinsamen Multimedia-Archiven unterstützt, präsentiert. FrameDrops ist ein mobiles VideoBlog-System: es erlaubt BenutzerInnen, mit Hilfe von modernen Mobiltelefonen vor Ort Videos oder Bilder aufzuzeichnen und diese dann inklusive eines Kommentars und mit Angaben zur aktuellen geographischen Position an den FrameDrops-Server zu senden. Der FrameDrops-Server pflegt die Daten automatisch ein, verwaltet diese und stellt sie interessierten BenutzerInnen in einer homogenen, interaktiven Web-Oberfläche zur Verfügung.
Selbstorganisationseffekte und Prinzipien der Informationsverarbeitung im Gehirn (Effects of Self-Organization and Principles of Information Processing in the Brain)
Authors: Roth Gerhard 
Published: August 2005

Zusammenfassung
Das menschliche Gehirn ist außerordentlich komplex, insbesondere was seine interne Verknüpfungsstruktur betrifft, die bei 5 × 1014 Verknüpfungspunkten (Synapsen) liegt. Andere große tierische Gehirne (Wale, Elefant) liegen aber nur geringfügig darunter. Die Gehirnentwicklung wird bestimmt durch (1) genetische Faktoren, (2) selbstorganisierend-epigenetische Prozesse, (3) früh-ontogenetische “prägende” Erfahrungen und (4) spätere Umwelterfahrungen, wobei (2) und (3) die größte Rolle spielen. Im Unterschied zu herkömmlichen Computern erfolgt die Informationsverarbeitung von Gehirnen zum großen Teil auf chemischer Grundlage; sie ist in ihrer Organisation parallel-konvergent-divergent und durch massive Rückkopplungen gekennzeichnet. Gehirne sind selbstbewertend und selbststeuernd; diese Funktion übernimmt das limbische System; die hohe Binnen-Verdrahtung ist die Grundlage der hohen Selbst-Referentialität, die wiederum die Grundlage von internen Repräsentationen und Bewusstseinszuständen ist. Da nach gegenwärtigem Wissen alle genannten Funktionen des Gehirns untrennbar mit physikalisch-chemisch-physiologischen Prozessen verbunden sind, muss es im Grundsatz möglich sein, Computer zu bauen, die auf der Grundlage der Organisationsprinzipien des Gehirns solche Funktionen einschließlich Selbstbewertung, Selbststeuerung und Bewusstsein besitzen.
Removal of cesium from alkaline waste solution: Part I – Batch ion exchange study
Authors: Adu-Wusu Kofi , Hassan Neguib M. , Nash Charles A. , Marra James C. 
Published: August 2005

Summary
Batch ion exchange tests have been employed to evaluate the ability of SuperLig® 644 resin to remove 137Cs from highly alkaline nuclear waste solution. The batch sorption data indicated the SuperLig® 644 resin has a relatively high sorption affinity for cesium with a predicted number of bed volumes required to reach 50% breakthrough in a column operation (generally known as λ value) of ∼400 based on an initial total cesium concentration of 12.1 μg/mL. The sorption data also obey the Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms.
The capacity of antioxidant protection during modulated ageing of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cotyledons. 2. The low‐molecular weight antioxidants
Authors: Procházková D. , Wilhelmová N. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe aim of the present work was to evaluate non‐enzymic antioxidants during natural and artificially modulated senescence. Senescence of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Jantar) cotyledons was modulated by UV C irradiation or by the decapitation of plants apices. The content of β‐carotene and zeaxanthin decreased in control and decapitated plants but in UV C irradiated plants these contents increased. The degree of de‐epoxidation increased in all cultivations with age. The content of total glutathione (sum of reduced and oxidized) sharply decreased in bean cotyledons grown in all conditions. Interestingly, the content of total ascorbate increased at the end of cotyledon life span of control and decapitated plants but decreased in UV plants. Decrease of reduced/oxidized ratio of ascorbate and glutathione during cotyledon ageing confirmed increasing oxidative stress during senescence in all cultivations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and Optical Investigation of Monodisperse Oligo(9,9‐dioctylfluorene)s Containing One Fluorenone Unit
Authors: Li Jing , Li Ming , Bo Zhishan 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA set of monodisperse oligo(9,9‐dioctylfuorene)s, each containing only one fluorenone unit, was synthesized by using iterative Suzuki cross‐coupling and iododesilylation reactions. Their optical properties were also investigated.
Ligand‐Gated Synthetic Ion Channels
Authors: Talukdar Pinaki , Bollot Guillaume , Mareda Jiri , Sakai Naomi , Matile Stefan 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSupramolecular π‐stack architecture is fundamental in DNA chemistry but absent in biological and synthetic ion channels and pores. Here, a novel rigid‐rod π‐stack architecture is introduced to create synthetic ion channels with characteristics that are at the forefront of rational design, that is, ligand gating by a conformational change of the functional supramolecule. Namely, the intercalation of electron‐rich aromatics is designed to untwist inactive electron‐poor helical π‐stacks without internal space into open barrel‐stave ion channels. Conductance experiments in planar lipid bilayers corroborate results from spherical bilayers and molecular modeling: Highly cooperative and highly selective ligand gating produces small, long‐lived, weakly anion selective, ohmic ion channels. Structural studies conducted under conditions relevant for function provide experimental support for helix–barrel transition as origin of ligand gating. Control experiments demonstrate that minor structural changes leading to internal decrowding suffice to cleanly annihilate chiral self‐organization and function.
Reactivity of the [η2‐Bis(tert‐butylsulfonyl)acetylene](carbonyl)(η5‐cyclopentadienyl)cobalt Complex Towards Electron‐Rich and ‐Poor Acetylenes
Authors: Goswami Avijit , Staeb Tobias H. , Rominger Frank , Gleiter Rolf , Siebert Walter 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe electron‐rich aminoacetylenes Et2NC2R (2a–c, R = SPh, PPh2, and Ph, respectively) react smoothly with [η2‐bis(tert‐butylsulfonyl)acetylene](carbonyl)(η5‐cyclopentadienyl)co‐balt (1) to form the donor–acceptor stabilized (η4‐cyclobutadiene)cobalt complexes 3a–c in good yields. However, treatment of the electron‐poor borylacetylenes 2d–f with the cobalt complex 1 does not lead to the expected (η4‐cyclobutadiene)cobalt complexes. Analogously, the reaction of bis(1‐phenylethynyl)sulfide (2g) with two equivalents of 1 gives rise to the sulfur‐bridged bis[η4‐(cyclobutadiene)cobalt] complex 3g. The new cobalt complexes were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and by X‐ray structure analysis for 3a, which reveals almost equal C–C bond lengths within the cyclobutadiene ring. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Genome‐wide identity‐by‐descent sharing among CEPH siblings
Authors: Gagnon Alain , Beise Jan , Vaupel J. W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe concept of genetic identity‐by‐descent (IBD) has markedly advanced our understanding of the genetic similarity among relatives and triggered a number of developments in epidemiological genetics. However, no empirical measure of this relatedness throughout the whole human genome has yet been published. Analyzing highly polymorphic genetic variations from the Centre d'études du polymorphisme humain (CEPH) database, we report the first genome‐wide estimation of the mean and variation in IBD sharing among siblings. From 1,522 microsatellite markers spaced at an average of 2.3 cM on 498 sibling pairs, we estimated a mean of 0.4994 and a standard deviation of 0.0395. In order to account for the impact of varying chromosomal lengths and recombination rates, the analysis was also performed at the chromosomal and marker levels and for paternal and maternal DNA separately. Based on the variation, we estimate an “effective number of segregating loci” of around 80 for sibling pairs over the whole genome (i.e., the number of loci that would yield the same standard deviation in IBD sharing if all loci were segregating independently). Finally, we briefly assess the impact of genotyping errors on IBD estimations, compare our results to published theoretical and simulated expectations, and discuss some implications of our findings. Genet. Epidemiol. 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Skeletal morphology of the forefoot in shrews (Mammalia: Soricidae) of the genus Cryptotis, as revealed by digital X‐rays
Authors: Woodman Neal , Morgan James J.P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractVariation in the forefoot skeleton of small‐eared shrews (family Soricidae, genus Cryptotis) has been previously documented, but the paucity of available skeletons for most taxa makes assessment of the degrees of intraspecific and interspecific variation difficult. We used a digital X‐ray system to extract images of the forefoot skeleton from 101 dried skins of eight taxa (seven species, including two subspecies of one species) of these shrews. Lengths and widths of each of the four bones of digit III were measured directly from the digital images, and we used these data to quantify variation within and among taxa. Analysis of the images and measurements showed that interspecific variation exceeds intraspecific variation. In fact, most taxa could be distinguished in multivariate and some bivariate plots. Our quantitative data helped us define a number of specific forefoot characters that we subsequently used to hypothesize evolutionary relationships among the taxa using the exhaustive search option in PAUP, a computer program for phylogenetic analysis. The resulting trees generally concur with previously published evolutionary hypotheses for small‐eared shrews. Cryptotis meridensis, a taxon not previously examined in recent phylogenies, is rooted at the base of the branch leading to the C. mexicana group of species. The position of this species suggests that the mostly South American C. thomasi group shares an early ancestor with the C. mexicana group. J. Morphol. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design and synthesis of a solid‐phase fluorescent mass tag
Authors: Shi Yang , Xiang Rong , Horváth Csaba , Wilkins James A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn this study, we demonstrate the design of a new solid‐phase fluorescent mass tag (FMT) that contains the following features: (1) the FMT is synthesized using Fmoc chemistry which is simple, rapid, and cost‐effective; (2) lysine is used as a uniformly labeled amino acid (using stable isotopes) to allow 8 Da difference between “heavy” and “light” tags; (3) a fluorescent molecule is coupled to the isotope tag that allows a tagged peptide to be detected by online fluorescence; and (4) an iodoacetyl reactive group provides cysteine reactivity. Using MALDI‐TOF MS and HPLC, we show that the FMT reagent can be used to label standard cysteine‐containing peptides as well as cysteine‐containing peptides from a BSA tryptic digest.
A taxometric investigation of dissociation in Vietnam veterans
Authors: Waelde Lynn C. , Silvern Louise , Fairbank John A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThere is long‐standing debate about whether elevated dissociative symptoms are common in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or whether there is a distinct subtype of cases with elevated dissociation. The current investigation examined the latent structure of dissociative symptoms in a sample of 316 male, trauma‐exposed Vietnam veterans, 76 of whom were diagnosed with current PTSD. Three taxometric procedures (MAMBAC, MAXEIG, and MAXCOV) were performed on three indicator sets drawn from the Dissociative Experiences Scale. Taxometric analyses consistently revealed a taxon (subtype) of highly dissociative individuals. The taxon members had significantly more severe posttraumatic symptoms and were more often diagnosed with current PTSD than were non‐taxon members. Among participants with a current PTSD diagnoses, only 32% belonged to the dissociative taxon, suggesting that there is a subtype of severe PTSD with elevated dissociation.
Gas‐Phase Assisted Surface Polymerization of Vinyl Monomers with Fe‐Based Initiating Systems
Authors: Andou Yoshito , Yasutake Mikio , Jeong Jae‐Mun , Nishida Haruo , Endo Takeshi 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSummary: Gas‐phase assisted surface polymerization (GASP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene (St) was investigated with Fe‐based radical initiating systems, FeCl2/2,2′‐bipyridine (Bpy)/methyl α‐bromophenylacetate (MBPA), etc. GASP with these initiating systems proceeded to produce corresponding polymers on substrate surfaces. The resulting PMMA had very high PDI values, suggesting an uncontrolled reaction. In an attempt to control the GASP, polymerization with a simple initiating system, Fe(0)/MBPA, was examined on Fe(0)‐metal surfaces, resulting in significant polymerization activity to produce high‐molecular‐weight PMMA. The results of time‐course tests on GASP of MMA and St suggested that a change had taken place to produce physically controlled propagation sites on the Fe(0) powder surfaces.GASP schemes with a simple initiating system Fe(0)/MBPA.magnified imageGASP schemes with a simple initiating system Fe(0)/MBPA.
Pore selectivity analysis of an aquaglyceroporin by stopped‐flow spectrophotometry on bacterial cell suspensions
Authors: Hubert Jean‐François , Duchesne Laurence , Delamarche Christian , Vaysse Amaury , Gueuné Hervé , Raguénès‐Nicol Céline 
Published: August 2005

Background information. Transport of water and small neutral solutes across plasma membranes is facilitated by AQP (aquaporin) and aquaglyceroporin channels, which belong to the MIP (major intrinsic protein) family. So far, more than 800 MIP proteins have been identified on the basis of sequence homology, but only less than 10% of them have been functionally characterized. In most studies, the channel properties of MIP proteins have been determined by using Xenopus oocyte swelling assays or stopped‐flow spectrophotometry on proteoliposomes. As both methods sometimes present disadvantages, we developed an alternative method for analysing MIP function.Results. The kinetics of plasmolysis or deplasmolysis of Escherichia coli cells in suspension, in response to osmotic challenges, was analysed by stopped‐flow spectrophotometry. Cytoplasmic volume variations were monitored either by GFP (green fluorescent protein) fluorescence quenching or by 90° scattered light. The single exponential response to up‐shocks in the impermeant solute mannitol was strongly accelerated when the cells expressed the native E. coli AQP AqpZ (rate constant 37.24 versus 3.05 s−1 for control cells). The responses to hyperosmotic shocks realized with glycerol were biphasic. First, a light‐scattering increase corresponded to cell plasmolysis. Secondly, deplasmolysis occurred when glycerol entered into the cell. Both phases were accelerated when the aquaglyceroporin GlpF was present in cell membranes. We concluded that the behaviour of MIP‐expressing bacteria in the stopped‐flow system was qualitatively identical with that reported for MIP‐expressing oocytes or MIP‐containing proteoliposomes. We then used this system to analyse the effects of mutations in the pore constriction of GlaLlac, the aquaglyceroporin from Lactococcus lactis. In the present study, we show that GlaLlac loses its ability to transport glycerol but retains its ability to transport water when Val223 was replaced by a histidine, the residue at the equivalent position in strict AQPs.Conclusions. These results show that stopped‐flow spectrophotometry performed on E. coli cell suspensions is a useful experimental system to analyse the selectivity of wild‐type or mutant MIP proteins and that a bifunctional aquaglyceroporin switches to an AQP by a single amino acid mutation in the pore constriction.
Voluntary physical exercise and coronary flow velocity reserve: a transthoracic colour Doppler echocardiography study in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Hägg Ulrika , Grönros Julia , Wikström Johannes , Jonsdottir Ingibjörg H. , Bergström Göran , Gan Li-ming 
Published: August 2005

In the present study, we have developed and demonstrated a coronary artery imaging protocol in rats using transthoracic high-frequency CDE (colour Doppler echocardiography) to investigate the potential direct effects of exercise on CFVR (coronary flow velocity reserve). SHR (spontaneously hypertensive rats) performed voluntary exercise for 6 weeks. Rats were then submitted to ultrasonographic examination and CFVR measurements. The LAD (left anterior descending coronary artery) was visualized using transthoracic CDE in a modified parasternal long-axis view. Doppler measurement was made in mid-LAD during baseline and adenosine-induced hyperaemic condition. Gene and protein expression in cardiac tissue were studied using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Adenosine infusion significantly (P&lt;0.001, as determined by ANOVA) decreased HR, without affecting blood pressure in anaesthetized SHR. A significantly greater adenosine dose-dependent response was seen in exercised rats compared with controls (P=0.02, as determined by ANOVA). The baseline flow velocity in mid-LAD was 0.33±0.06 and 0.41±0.14 m/s in the exercised and control animals respectively (P value was not significant). The maximum adenosine-induced response was reached at a dose of 140 μg·kg−1 of body weight·min−1, and CFVR averaged at 2.6±0.53 and 1.5±0.24 in exercised and control animals respectively (P&lt;0.01). Gene expression of CuZnSOD was up-regulated by 21% in exercised animals compared with controls (1.1±0.16 compared with 0.89±0.09; P&lt;0.01), whereas eNOS expression was unchanged. In conclusion, CFVR in rats can be non-invasively assessed using CDE with high feasibility. Physical exercise is associated with improved CFVR and antioxidative capacity in SHR.
Failure of angiotensin II to suppress plasma renin activity in normotensive subjects with a positive family history of hypertension
Authors: Herlitz Hans , Palmgren Eva , Widgren Bengt , Aurell Mattias 
Published: August 2005

The renin–angiotensin system is implicated in the pathophysiology of hypertension. Renin release is regulated by a number of factors, including circulating Ang II (angiotensin II), the so-called short feedback loop. The aim of the present study was to investigate the responsiveness of circulating Ang II on PRA (plasma renin activity) in normotensive subjects with a PFH or NFH (positive or negative family history of hypertension respectively). PRA, renal haemodynamics and urinary sodium excretion were measured during infusion of Ang II without and with pretreatment with the AT1 (Ang II type 1) receptor blocker irbesartan. Normotensive men with a PFH (n=13) and NFH (n=10), with a mean age of 38 years, were given on different occasions intravenous Ang II infusions of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 ng·kg−1 of body weight·min−1 before and after pretreatment with 150 mg of irbesartan once a day for 5 consecutive days. RPF (renal plasma flow) and GFR (glomerular filtration rate) were also measured. Before Ang II infusion, the PFH and NFH groups did not differ with respect to BP (blood pressure), body mass index, PRA, RBF (renal blood flow) or urinary sodium. There was no difference in BP or renal haemodynamic response to the highest Ang II dose between the groups. PRA declined with the highest Ang II dose (P&lt;0.01) in subjects with a NFH, but not in subjects with a PFH. After treatment with irbesartan when Ang II had no effect on BP in either group, Ang II also suppressed PRA in subjects with a PFH (P&lt;0.01), and the difference between the groups at baseline was thus eliminated. In conclusion, these findings indicate that subjects with a PFH have a defective Ang II suppression of PRA, which is corrected by AT1 receptor blockade.