bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of microsatellite markers to determine the relative proportions of grain produced by cultivars and the frequency of hybridization in bread wheat mixtures
Authors: Fraj M. Belhaj , Falentin‐Guyomarc'h H. , Monod H. , Vallavieille‐Pope C. DE , Weber W. E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTwo polymorphic microsatellite markers were selected to identify 24 bread wheat cultivars commonly grown in France and to estimate the proportions of cultivar and hybrid grains in the harvests of four 4‐cultivar mixtures (CM 1‐4) planted in equal proportions in farmers’ fields. This technology was used not only to determine whether a mixture comprises the declared cultivars, but also whether there is any contamination with other cultivars, to identify the contaminants and to estimate their proportions. At harvest, the cultivar proportions ranged from 15 to 37%. Only in the mixture CM2 (‘Malacca’, ‘Somme’, ‘Renan’ and ‘Soissons’), did the cultivars contribute equally to the harvest. The other cultivar mixtures CM1 (‘Malacca’, ‘Somme’, ‘Renan’ and ‘Camp Remy’), CM3 (‘Malacca’, ‘Texel’, ‘Apache’ and ‘Aligre’) and CM4 (‘Malacca’, ‘Somme’, ‘Apache’ and ‘Virtuose’) showed significantly unequal cultivar proportions with ‘Somme’ dominating ‘Renan’ and ‘Camp Remy’ in CM1, and ‘Apache’ dominating ‘Malacca’ and ‘Aligre’ in CM3 and ‘Malacca’ in CM4. Similar cultivar proportions were measured with gliadin and glutenin markers in the mixtures CM3 and CM4, confirming the results with microsatellites. No contamination was found. Hybrids accounted for between 1.3 and 6.3% of the grains produced in the four cultivar mixtures.
New durum wheat with Hessian fly resistance from Triticum araraticum and T. carthlicum in Morocco
Authors: Nsarellah N. , Amri A. , Nachit M. M. , Bouhssini M. EL , Lhaloui S. , Lorenzoni C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractHessian fly is an important pest of wheat on the North American continent and the temperate Mediterranean drylands. Yield losses caused by this insect in Morocco are the heaviest in the Mediterranean region and are estimated to be 36% on average. Genetic resistance to Mediterranean Hessian fly biotypes has not been found in durum wheat, although large numbers of durum accessions were screened. Genes for resistance were found in common wheat; some of which are transferable to durum. However, there is a need to broaden the genetic base for resistance in durum wheat. The objective of this work was to introgress resistance from selected Triticum araraticum and T. carthlicum accessions using multiple backcross methodology. The experimental recipient durum wheat included numerous adapted and high‐yielding lines. Testing for Hessian fly resistance under controlled conditions and field yield data showed that this programme yields Hessian fly‐resistant durum lines with good yields and adaptation.
Breeding strategies for early soybeans in Belarus
Authors: Rosenzweig V. E. , Goloenko D. V. , Davydenko O. G. , Shablinskaya O. V. , Swiecicki W. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractYield and other agronomic traits in soybean depend on the growth habit. The best maturity group, 00 indeterminate cultivars, compared with semi determinate cultivars for 3 years, out yielded the latter by 9%, possessed greater height and node number but somewhat stronger lodging and better lower bottom pod set. Maturity did not differ significantly within the samples. Correlations were recorded between the yield, growth type and node number. Indeterminate cultivars, in general, require fewer days to start flowering than determinate cultivars. This character is useful in the development of cultivars tolerant to a moderate drought in the second half of the summer. Thus, the most likely model of maturity group 00 variety for Belarus may be an indeterminate, early flowering, full season cultivar.
Improving male fertility restoration of common wheat for Triticum timopheevii cytoplasm
Authors: Chen Q.‐F. , Wehling P. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe fertile pure line R3‐37 of common wheat with cytoplasm of Triticum timopheevii Zhuk. is an R‐line (restorer) that can restore the male fertility of A‐lines (male sterile lines) with T. timopheevii cytoplasm. In breeding hybrid wheat, the hybrid of the cross R3‐37/ Baimian3 was found to be completely male sterile, indicating that Baimian3 has some genes that are epistatic to the Rf genes in R3‐37. In order to elucidate the essence of this phenomenon, the male fertilities of the hybrids of 27 crosses including R3‐37 and/or Baimian3 were studied. The results show that inheritance of male fertility of the hybrid R3‐37/Baimian3 involves interactions among Rf alleles, male fertility‐inhibiting genes and genetic background. Although more than 70 different kinds of male sterile cytoplasm to common wheat have been discovered, the systems of hybrid wheat production based on male sterile cytoplasm are all the A‐line/R‐line type and all have similar problems of hybrid fertility restoration. This study confirmed that there is a new model (A‐line/R*‐line//R‐line) for producing hybrid wheat with high fertility restoration. In the new model, the completely male sterile hybrids of A‐line/R*‐line can act as common A‐line.
Screening Cucumis sativus landraces for resistance to cucumber vein yellowing virus
Authors: Picó B. , Villar C. , Nuez F. , Weber W. E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractCucumber production in Spain is being threatened by the cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV), which has been causing severe yield losses since it was first detected in 2000. Although most of the Spanish cucumber production is based on hybrid cultivars, farmers have grown cucumber landraces for centuries. A collection of 46 Spanish cucumber landraces, four melon cultivars and one accession of Cucumis africanus, were evaluated for resistance to CVYV. An isolate of CVYV from Almeria, closely related to CVYV from Israel, was used. CVYV was mechanically transmitted and detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and molecular hybridization. Only mild infections were observed in melons, while the wild species C. africanus was susceptible to this disease. Most of the cucumber accessions assayed were highly susceptible to CVYV and showed vein‐clearing symptoms, severe growth reduction and a high viral accumulation. Several cucumber accessions were partially resistant to this virus, displaying mild symptoms and a significantly reduced viral accumulation. These partially resistant varieties could be cultivated under integrated production systems, and also be used as resistance sources to develop new cucumber hybrids resistant to CVYV.
In vitro quantification of barley reaction to leaf stripe
Authors: Arabi M. I. E. , Jawhar M. , Friedt W. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAn in vitro technique was used to quantify the infection level of leaf stripe in barley caused by Pyrenophora graminea. This pathogen penetrates rapidly through subcrown internodes during seed germination of susceptible cultivars. Quantification was based on the percentage of the pieces of subcrown internodes that produced fungal hyphae cultured on potato dextrose agar media. The disease severity was evaluated among five cultivars with different infection levels and numerical values for each cultivar were obtained. A significant correlation coefficient (r = 0.91, P < 0.02) was found among the in vitro and field assessments. In addition, the results were highly correlated (r = 0.94, P < 0.01) among the different in vitro experiments, indicating that this testing procedure is reliable. The method presented facilitates a rapid preselection under uniform conditions which is of importance from a breeder's point of view. Significant differences (P < 0.001) were found for the length of subcrown internodes between inoculated and non‐inoculated plants with leaf stripe. Isolate SY3 was the most effective in reducing the subcrown internode length for all genotypes.
Hybrid seed production in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) following the induction of male sterility by gibberellic acid
Authors: Baydar H. , Gökmen O. Y. , Friedt W. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe objective of the present research was to develop an effective and practical method for hybrid seed production in safflower, by inducing male sterility with gibberellic acid (GA3). Seeds of the spiny line ‘5‐154’ and the non‐spiny variety ‘Dincer 5‐118’ were sown in alternate rows and the plants of the non‐spiny female variety were exposed to various concentrations of GA3 for male sterility induction. Three successive sprays (75, 82 and 89 days after sowing) of 100 p.p.m. of GA3 to safflower buds of <0.5 cm diameter at a pre‐meiotic interphase stage resulted in reduced pollen viability from 81.6‐6.7% compared with the control. An average hybrid seed percentage of 80.7% (87.5% in the secondary heads), identified by the use of the spiny‐capitulum marker variety ‘5‐154′, was obtained. The GA3 treatments did not significantly affect the production of viable achenes. The results showed that GA3 could be successfully used as a chemical hybridizing agent in hybrid safflower production.
Susceptibility to sharka (Plum pox virus) in Prunus mandshurica×P. armeniaca seedlings
Authors: Rubio M. , Dicenta F. , Martínez‐Gómez P. , Weber W. E. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract Prunus mandshurica [(Maxim.) Koehne] from Central Asia is a species related to apricot and grown in China and Mongolia. This species has been used in apricot breeding as a source of frost resistance. In addition, P. mandshurica has been suggested as the possible origin of some North American apricot cultivars resistant to sharka (Plum pox virus, PPV). The aim of this work was to transmit the resistance to PPV from P. mandshurica to the Spanish apricot cultivar ‘Currot’ by traditional crossing. The resistance to a Dideron PPV isolate of the descendants of P. mandshurica×‘Currot’ and their progenitors was evaluated under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. The results showed the susceptibility of both, the progenitors and the offspring to PPV, as being much higher than in other apricot seedlings. The results showed that the P. mandshurica accession studied is not a good progenitor in breeding apricot for PPV resistance, but just the opposite. The possible role of P. mandshurica as a source of resistance in apricot resistant cultivars is questioned.
Effects of tachykinins and 5‐hydroxytryptamine on intestinal secretion
Authors: Coupar Ian M , Di Iulio Juliana L 
Published: October 2003

Summary1. The main aim of the present study was to establish the functional in vivo effects of tachykinins on net fluid transport by the jejunum and ileum of anaesthetized rats. Tachykinins were administered by retrograde infusion in saline into the left common carotid artery. The possible involvement of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) in tachykinin‐induced intestinal secretion was also investigated.2. Some tachykinins were potent at reversing net absorption to secretion, particularly in the jejunum, where the rank order of potency was neurokinin (NK) A > substance P (SP) > NKB. The potency of the NK1 receptor‐selective agonist [Sar9,Met(O2)11]‐SP was the same as SP. Neurokinin A reduced net fluid absorption from the lumen of the jejunum at an intra‐arterial infusion rate of 0.64 µg/kg per min. Infusions of NKA at 1.6 and 4 µg/kg per min induced net secretion into the lumen of the jejunum. These two higher infusion rates also affected fluid transport by the ileum, although not to the same extent as seen in the jejunum. The relative potency of SP was not affected by captopril (10 mg/kg, i.v.).3. The secretory response of the jejunum to infusion of 4 µg/kg per min SP was blocked in animals administered the NK1 receptor antagonist SR 140 333 (1 mg/kg, i.v.). In addition, SR 140 333 blocked the secretory response to 4 µg/kg per min NKA. However, NKA still induced secretion in animals that had received the NK2 receptor antagonist SR 48 968 (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.).4. A role for an endogenous tachykinin in the intestinal secretory action of 5‐HT was not clearly established using the present model. Although SR 140 333 increased the absorption rate from the jejunum in animals infused intra‐arterially with 5‐HT, 5‐HT itself did not cause a significant reduction in absorption. There were no significant differences in the absorption rates from the ileum between the control group and groups infused with 5‐HT with and without SR 140 333.5. The present study provides functional evidence for the existence of NK1 receptors in the rat small intestine, particularly in the proximal region, where their activation influences fluid transport. It is suggested that the presently used rat model is suitable for screening tachykinin antagonists for potential antidiarrhoeal activity.
Changes in glycated haemoglobin levels in diabetic rats measured with an automatic affinity HPLC
Authors: Nagisa Yasutaka , Kato Koki , Watanabe Kaoru , Murakoshi Hitomi , Odaka Hiroyuki , Yoshikawa Kazuhide , Sugiyama Yasuo 
Published: October 2003

Summary1. The level of glycated haemoglobin (GHb) in diabetic rats was measured using a newly developed automatic high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a boronate affinity column that requires only 2.5 min per sample for analysis.2. Levels of GHb were 2.7% in normal 7‐week‐old Sprague‐Dawley rats. These levels increased gradually following the abrupt induction of hyperglycaemia by intravenous injection of streptozotocin (STZ), reaching a maximal level of 10.1% after 6 weeks.3. Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1) levels measured by cation‐exchange chromatography were also increased by STZ treatment, although HbA1 values were lower than GHb measured by affinity column HPLC.4. In Wistar fatty rats, GHb levels declined gradually over 5 weeks following the administration of pioglitazone (0.75 or 2.25 mg/kg per day) as a food admixture, which reduced plasma glucose (PG) levels to normal levels within 1 week. Glycated haemoglobin levels after 5 weeks treatment with pioglitazone correlated better with the area under the curve for PG over the entire 5 week treatment period than with the PG level at the end of treatment.5. In addition, GHb determined by affinity column HPLC correlated well with HbA1 measured by cation‐exchange chromatography, although the GHb value was higher than the HbA1 value.6. Glycated haemoglobin levels in db/db and KKAy mice were higher than those in control normoglycaemic animals and were also higher than HbA1 values measured by the cation‐exchange method, although the two values did show good correlation.7. These results indicate that the newly developed affinity column HPLC system is useful for evaluating total GHb levels in rats as an index of antidiabetic treatment.
What we don't know about the structure of ryanodine receptor calcium release channels
Authors: Dulhunty Angela F , Pouliquin Pierre 
Published: October 2003

Summary1. The ryanodine receptor (RyR) is the Ca2+ release channel in the sarcoplamic reticulum of skeletal and cardiac muscle and is essential for respiration and heart beat. The RyR channel releases Ca2+ from intracellular stores in a variety of other cell types, where it normally coexists with the inositiol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor (IP3R). The RyR and IP3R, forming a superfamily of homotetrameric ligand‐gated intracellular Ca2+ channels, serve discrete functions: they can be located in independent Ca2+ stores with different activation mechanisms and can be coupled to different signalling pathways.2. Although functional characteristics of the RyR have been investigated intensely, there remain major gaps in our knowledge about the structure of the protein, its ion‐conducting pore, its ligand‐binding sites and sites supporting the many protein/protein interactions that underlie the in vivo function of the channel.3. Of particular importance are the transmembrane segments that form the membrane‐spanning domain of the protein and the pore, define the conductance and selectivity of the channel and dictate the cytoplasmic and luminal domains and the overall protein structure. Hydropathy profiles predict between four and 12 transmembrane segments. One popular model shows four transmembrane segments in the C‐terminal one‐tenth of the protein. However, there is substantial evidence for a larger number of membrane‐spanning segments located in both the C‐terminal and central parts of the protein.4. A model of the RyR pore based on the Streptomyces lividans KcsA channel structure is presented. Protein/protein interactions between the RyR and other regulatory proteins, as well as within the RyR subunit, are discussed.
Protective effects of α‐tocopherol and mannitol in both circulatory shock and cerebral ischaemia injury in rat heatstroke
Authors: Niu KC , Lin KC , Yang CY , Lin MT 
Published: October 2003

Summary1. There is evidence that hydroxyl radicals are accumulated and oxidative stress is produced in multiple organs, including the brain, of rats with heat stroke. Herein, we investigated the effect on heat stroke‐induced circulatory shock and cerebral ischaemic injury of two free radical scavengers, namely mannitol and α‐tocopherol.2. Urethane‐anaesthetized rats were exposed to heat stress (ambient temperature 42°C) to induce heat stroke. Control rats were exposed to 24°C. Mean arterial pressure and cerebral blood flow after the onset of heat stroke were significantly lower in heat stroke rats than in control rats. However, cerebral free radicals, lipid peroxidation and the neuronal damage score were greater in heat stroke rats compared with control rats. Similarly, plasma cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐6, were significantly higher in heat stroke rats compared with their normothermic controls.3. Pretreatment with α‐tocopherol (20 mg/kg, i.v.) or mannitol (10%, i.v.) 30 min before the onset of heat exposure significantly attenuated heat stroke‐induced arterial hypotension, cerebral ischaemia and neuronal damage, the increased free radical formation and lipid peroxidation in the brain and the increased plasma levels of cytokines. Pretreatment with α‐tocopherol or mannitol resulted in a prolongation of survival time in heat stroke.4. These results demonstrate that although pretreatment with α‐tocopherol and mannitol does not prevent the heat stroke syndrome entirely, an attenuation of the syndrome is observed.
Effect of oral ketorolac and gender on human cold pressor pain tolerance
Authors: Compton Peggy , Charuvastra VC , Ling Walter 
Published: October 2003

Summary1. Although the analgesic effect of opioids on experimental cold pressor (CP) pain has been well demonstrated, the analgesic effect of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on experimental CP pain has been less reliable, a finding complicated by inconsistencies in how CP analgesic effect is measured.2. In the present study, a clinically relevant CP response of pain tolerance was used to assess the previously undescribed analgesic efficacy of the potent NSAID ketorolac (10 mg, p.o.), on CP pain across gender in a sample of normal subjects (n = 50).3. Using a placebo‐controlled crossover design, neither a main nor interaction effect for ketorolac on CP pain tolerance was detected. When examined by gender, male subjects exhibited a large placebo response to CP pain under study conditions, whereas women (albeit less pain tolerant at baseline) evidenced no placebo effect but a modest‐to‐good NSAID analgesic response.4. Findings on the gender‐specific placebo and analgesic NSAID response, integrated with the current literature, indicate that the lack of NSAID analgesic efficacy in the CP pain model may be related to unexamined and differential effects of how gender affects NSAID analgesic effect.
Regulation of axonal growth and guidance by the neurotrophin family of neurotrophic factors
Authors: Gillespie Lisa N 
Published: October 2003

Summary1. The neurotrophins play an important role during development to stimulate and guide axonal growth for the establishment of a correctly wired and functional neural system. Neurotrophins can also regulate adult nervous system plasticity by promoting neuronal survival and stimulating nerve regrowth following injury.2. Therefore, the potential exists for these neurotrophic factors to be used as therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. However, in order to realize the full capacity of neurotrophic factors as therapeutic agents, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which they elicit their survival and regenerative effects.3. The present paper reviews some of the ways in which neurotrophins regulate axonal growth and guidance.
Investigation of the effects of peppermint oil and valerian on rat liver and cultured human liver cells
Authors: Vo Liem T , Chan David , King Roger G 
Published: October 2003

Summary1. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of peppermint oil and valerian on rat liver and cultured human hepatoma cells.2. Rats received a single oral dose of peppermint oil (8.3–830 µL/kg) or valerian (0.31–18.6 g/kg), or daily oral doses of 83 µL/kg peppermint oil or 3.1 g/kg valerian for 28 days. After 24 h, rats were anaesthetized and measurements made of bile flow, liver function and in vivo sinusoidal area. Livers were then removed for histology.3. Bile flow was unaffected by any treatment, except acute high‐dose peppermint oil (830 µL/kg; 70% increase in flow). No change in liver enzyme activity was found, except for a 45% increase in alkaline phosphatase after chronic peppermint oil. No change in sinusoidal area in vivo or in histology was found following any treatment, although pretreatment with carbon tetrachloride reduced sinusoidal bed area and produced histological damage. Incubation of human hepatoma cells with 0.5 µL/mL (but not 0.05 µL/mL) peppermint oil or 20 mg/mL (but not 2 mg/mL) valerian resulted in increased cell death.4. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated in vitro toxicity of high doses of valerian and peppermint oil in cultured human hepatoma cells and, at doses 2–3 orders of magnitude greater than those recommended for human use, an increase in rat bile flow after acute peppermint oil and an increase in alkaline phosphatase after chronic peppermint oil.
Effect of tetramethylpyrazine on potassium channels to lower calcium concentration in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells
Authors: Wong Kar‐Lok , Chan Paul , Huang Wei‐Chan , Yang Tzyy‐Lin , Liu I‐Min , Lai Tung‐Yuan , Tsai Chin‐Chuan , Cheng Juei‐Tang 
Published: October 2003

Summary1. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is one of the active principles contained in Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Umbelliferae), a herb that has been used widely in China to treat vascular disorders.2. In an attempt to elucidate the possible mechanisms of action of TMP, the effect of TMP on intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) was investigated in cultured vascular smooth muscle (A7r5) cells using the Ca2+‐sensitive dye Fura‐2 as an indicator.3. The increase in [Ca2+]i in A7r5 cells produced by vasopressin (1 µmol/L) or phenylephrine (1 µmol/L) was attenuated by TMP in a concentration‐dependent manner. Only inhibitors specific to ATP‐sensitive potassium (KATP) channels or small conductance calcium‐activated potassium (SKCa) channels attenuated the action of TMP (10 µmol/L) on [Ca2+]i. However, blockers of other K+ channels failed to modify the inhibitory action of TMP (10 µmol/L) on [Ca2+]i.4. The action of TMP on membrane potential in A7r5 cells was monitored by the fluorescence of bisoxonol. Tetramethylpyrazine caused a concentration‐dependent inhibition of changes in membrane potential elicited by KCl (20 mmol/L) or phenylephrine (1 µmol/L), an effect that was totally reversed by glibenclamide (100 µmol/L) and apamin (100 nmol/L) in combination.5. The results obtained indicate that the decrease in [Ca2+]i in A7r5 cells produced by TMP is mediated mainly by opening of KATP and/or SKCa channels.