bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ocular components values and their intercorrelations in Saudi Arabians
Authors: Osuobeni Ebi Peter 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThere are no previous studies on the dimensions of ocular components and their intercorrelations in adult Saudi Arabians. In this study ocular components were measured by ultrasonography and keratometry in 152 adult Saudis. Their ages ranged from 16 to 50 years. The males had significantly longer anterior chamber depth (ACD), vitreous chamber depth (VCD), axial length (AL) and axial length/corneal radius ratio (AL/CR) than females. However, females had non‐significantly steeper corneas than males. The AL/CR ratio had the highest correlation with refractive error. Corneal radius of curvature was positively correlated with VCD and AL. Lens thickness was negatively correlated with the VCD, AL and AL/CR ratio. Myopes had significantly deeper ACD, VCD, and higher AL/CR ratio than nonmyopes. Myopes had significantly thinner lenses than hyperopes. The average values of the optical components and their intercorrelations are similar to reported values obtained from subjects of other races but with comparable refractive errors.
Differential refractive susceptibility to sustained nearwork
Authors: Ciuffreda Kenneth J. , Lee Melissa 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Purpose: A possible role for nearwork‐induced transient myopia (NITM) (i.e. transient myopia at distance following sustained nearwork) in the development and/or progression of permanent myopia has been suggested. If certain refractive groups are more susceptible to NITM than others, then measures may be implemented to prevent or retard the occurrence of myopia in these individuals. In a recent study (Ciuffreda and Wallis, 1998), it was found that young‐adult late‐onset myopes (LOM) and early‐onset myopes (EOM) were highly susceptible to this NITM accommodative after‐effect, while emmetropes (EMMs) were only moderately susceptible, and hyperopes (HYP) were particularly insusceptible, following short periods (10 min) of sustained nearwork at a very close distance (20 cm, 5 D). In the current study, this was extended to encompass a much longer period of nearwork under more naturalistic conditions.Methods: Young‐adult subjects (n = 16) performed a reading task for a continuous period of 4 h at their habitual working distance under naturalistic conditions, i.e. binocular viewing with blur‐related visual feedback present. Distance refractive state (binocular viewing) was assessed objectively using a Canon R‐1 autorefractor immediately before (pre‐task), every hour during the task, and immediately after (post‐task) to assess NITM and its subsequent decay to pre‐task refractive levels. Subjects were divided into the four refractive subgroups as above, which were each of equal size (n = 4).Results: The NITM was induced in all subjects, except for the hyperopes in which there was a hyperopic refractive shift. The LOMs (0.12 D) and EOMs (0.13 D) were highly susceptible, while the HYPs were especially insusceptible (0.44 D hyperopia), and the EMMs were only moderately susceptible (0.09 D).Conclusions: The present study extended our earlier investigation by demonstrating the differential refractive susceptibility over a longer period of sustained nearwork, which may be the result of reduced sympathetic activation. It has been speculated that NITM may be a factor in myopigenesis, with a possible mechanism being time‐integrated increased retinal defocus from NITM at both distance and near, in conjunction with the normal lag of accommodation during sustained nearwork, thereby causing axial elongation. Hence, a future longitudinal investigation specifically targeting this retinal defocus hypothesis is warranted.
Type 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AND EXERCISE
Authors: Castaneda Carmen 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSeveral epidemiologic and clinical studies have clearly shown that regular physical activity and exercise are important therapeutic modalities for patients with, or at risk for, diabetes. Despite our lack of understanding of the mechanisms by which exercise exerts its effects, potential benefits of a physically active lifestyle include better glycemic control via improved glucose disposal and insulin sensitivity, which leads to reduced hyperinsulinemia, and lowered need for pharmacological treatment. Exercise may also result in the prevention or control of cardiovascular disease through its effects on some of the factors associated with the metabolic syndrome, including central obesity, hypertension, low HDL, high LDL, hypertriglyceridemia and elevated free‐fatty acids, and fibrinogen levels. Regular exercise will also improve functional capacity and quality of life among this patient population. Most people with diabetes, like their counterparts without diabetes, fail to meet national physical activity goals. Sedentary lifestyles have been linked to 23% of deaths from the leading chronic diseases, including heart disease and diabetes. Given the epidemic nature of diabetes in the world during the 21st century, diabetes management through physical activity should be a major therapeutic goal and public health priority. Understanding the beneficial effects of exercise, as well as the mechanisms for adopting a physically active lifestyle, is important for the management of diabetes mellitus. Despite the well‐known benefits of exercise, patient education, paired with the implementation and promotion of safe habits of physical activity for individuals with diabetes, is still inadequate.
Fad Diets: A Review for the Primary Care Provider
Authors: Saltzman Edward , Thomason Phyllis , Roberts Susan B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractToday's high prevalence of obesity, combined with less than satisfactory results using traditional weight‐control methods, has helped foster the popularity of fad diets. Popular fad diets currently range from very low carbohydrate to very low fat, and from well‐circumscribed eating patterns to grazing. This paper reviews the spectrum of fad diets in terms of rationale, claims, efficacy, and risks. Menus based on author's recommendations were compiled and assessed for macronutrients. To date, researchers have failed to reach a consensus on the potential benefits of these diets for weight loss, for preserving lean body mass during weight loss, for improving compliance with a hypocaloric diet, for preventing or treating disease, or for sustaining long‐term maintenance of lost weight.
Black Cohosh: An Alternative Therapy for Menopause?
Authors: Mahady Gail B. , Fabricant Daniel , Chadwick Lucas R. , Dietz Birgit 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDue to the long‐term health risks now associated with hormone replacement therapy, many menopausal women are actively seeking alternative treatments. One such alternative is black cohosh (Actaea racemosa, syn. Cimicifuga racemosa), which has been used in the United States for the treatment of gynecologic complaints for more than 100 years. Review of the published clinical data suggests that black cohosh may be useful for the treatment of menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes, profuse sweating, insomnia, and anxiety. Results from the most recently published trial, however, indicate that black cohosh is not effective for the treatment of menopausal symptoms in breast cancer survivors being treated with tamoxifen. Because the overall quality of the published clinical trials is low, two new randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trials are currently underway in the United States. To date, only one standardized black cohosh extract has been tested clinically; the current recommended dose is 40–80 mg per day. At least 4–12 weeks of treatment may be required before any therapeutic benefits may be apparent. Adverse reactions such as nausea, vomiting, headaches, dizziness, mastalgia, and weight gain have been observed in clinical trials. No drug interactions are reported in the medical literature. The estrogenic effects of black cohosh are controversial, and the more recent data indicate that black cohosh extracts may have an anti‐estrogenic activity. Owing to potential effects on sex hormones, however, black cohosh should not be administered to children or during pregnancy and lactation.
Silica precipitates in omphacite from eclogite at Alpe Arami, Switzerland: evidence of deep subduction
Authors: Dobrzhinetskaya L. F. , Schweinehage R. , Massonne H.‐J. , Green H. W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObservations of oriented SiO2 precipitates in omphacite from eclogite with tholeiitic basalt protolith bordering the Alpe Arami garnet peridotite massif, Ticino, Switzerland, and petrological studies of the eclogitic mineral assemblages, suggest that this rock was subjected to higher‐pressure metamorphism than previously realized. We employed various calibrations of the Fe2+ − Mg exchange thermometer and calculations of equilibria with thermodynamic data, considering the calcium–Tschermak's component (CaAl2SiO6), of garnet‐pyroxene pairs. From these calculations, it is concluded that the eclogitic lenses have recorded at least four stages of mineral growth corresponding to the following: Stage I (prograde) c. 2.4 GPa; 700 °C; Stage IIa (maximum recorded grade) c. 7.0 GPa; 1100 °C; Stage IIb (retrograde) c. 3.7 GPa; 900 °C; Stage III (retrograde) c. 2.1 GPa; 750 °C. Because of the preservation of Stage I, a relatively rapid subduction and exhumation of Alpe Arami eclogite is suggested. The exhumation path of the eclogitic rock is in good agreement with most exhumation paths inferred for the Alpe Arami garnet lherzolite proposed previously by several authors based upon a variety of different observations, although the eclogite and peridotite exhumation paths may diverge at depths greater than 120 km.
The formation of eclogite facies metatroctolites and a general petrogenetic grid in Na2O–CaO–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O (NCFMASH)
Authors: Rebay G. , Powell R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractEclogite facies metatroctolites from a variety of Western Alps localities (Voltri, Monviso, Lanzo, Allalin, Zermat–Saas, etc.) that preserve textural evidence of their original form as bimineralic olivine‐plagioclase rocks are considered in terms of calculated mineral equilibria in the system Na2O‐CaO‐FeO‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐H2O (NCFMASH). Pseudosections, based on a new petrogenetic grid for NCFMASH presented here, are used to unravel the metamorphic history of the metatroctolites, considering the rocks to consist of different composition microdomains corresponding to the original olivine and plagioclase grains. On the basis that the preservation of the mineral assemblage in each microdomain will tend to be from where on a rock's P–T path the metamorphic fluid phase is used up via rehydration reactions, P–T pseudosections contoured for water content, and P–T path‐MH2O (amount of water) pseudosections, are used to examine fluid behaviour in each microdomain. We show that the different microdomains are likely to preserve their mineral assemblages from different places on the P–T path. For the olivine microdomain, the diagnostic mineral assemblage is chloritoid + talc (+ garnet + omphacite). The preservation of this assemblage, in the light of the closed system P–T path‐MH2O relationships, implies that the microdomain loses its metamorphic fluid as it starts to decompress, and, in the absence of subsequent hydration, the high pressure mineral assemblage is then preserved. In the plagioclase microdomain, the diagnostic assemblage is epidote (or zoisite) + kyanite + quartz suggesting a lower pressure (of about 2 GPa) than for the olivine microdomain. In the light of P–T path‐MH2O relationships, development of this assemblage implies breakdown of lawsonite across the lawsonite breakdown reaction, regardless of the maximum pressure reached. It is likely that the plagioclase microdomain was mainly fluid‐absent prior to lawsonite breakdown, only becoming fluid‐present across the reaction, then immediately becoming fluid‐absent again.
Metamorphic textures and P–T evolution of high‐P granulites from the Lelukuau terrane, NE Grenville Province
Authors: Indares A. D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractHigh‐pressure (HP) granulites and eclogitized metagabbro are exposed along an orogen‐parallel high‐P belt that was developed at c. 1050–1020 Ma in the NE Grenville Province. Among these rocks, mafic granulites derived from a Labradorian anorthosite suite of the Lelukuau terrane contain garnet, Al‐Na diopside, and, depending on bulk composition, plagioclase and kyanite. Moreover, the distribution of phases is influenced by the original igneous texture. For instance, in high XMgO leucocratic varieties, garnet porphyroblasts nucleated together with kyanite in An‐rich cores of plagioclase domains whereas in low XMgO rocks garnet occurs together with clinopyroxene within formerly igneous ferromagnesian domains and kyanite is missing. In contrast, garnet pseudomorphs after igneous plagioclase in melanocratic varieties display evidence of earlier corona development. Metamorphic textures are consistent with a two stage evolution: (a) development of garnet and Al‐Na‐diopside (Cpx1) under high‐P metamorphic conditions, concomitant with elimination of plagioclase in the mesocratic to melanocratic varieties; and (b) partial loss of Al‐Na from Cpx1 resulting in production of new andesitic plagioclase, and growth of new clinopyroxene (Cpx2) after garnet and quartz in leucocratic to mesocratic rocks consistent with decompression. Widespread equilibrium textures between garnet‐Pl2‐Cpx2 and/or reset Cpx1 are consistent with development at the thermal peak. Estimated P–T conditions for the presumed thermal peak fall in the range 1500–1800 MPa and 800–900 °C and are comparable to those recorded by eclogitized gabbros from other parts of the high‐P belt of the NE Grenville province. Low jadeite content of clinopyroxene from the HP granulites is attributed to the low bulk Na2O/(Na2O + CaO) of these rocks relative to common basaltic compositions. Scarcity of apparent retrograde textural overprint in both the HP granulites and the eclogites suggests fast subsequent cooling, consistent with extrusion of the high‐P belt towards the foreland shortly after the metamorphic peak.
Deep in the Heart of Dixie: Pre‐Alleghanian Eclogite and HP Granulite Metamorphism in the Carolina Terrane, South Carolina, USA
Authors: Shervais J. W. , Dennis A. J. , Mcgee J. J. , Secor D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe central part of the Carolina terrane in western South Carolina comprises a 30 to 40 km wide zone of high grade gneisses that are distinct from greenschist facies metavolcanic rocks of the Carolina slate belt (to the SE) and amphibolite facies metavolcanic and metaplutonic rocks of the Charlotte belt (to the NW). This region, termed the Silverstreet domain, is characterized by penetratively deformed felsic gneisses, granitic gneisses, and amphibolites. Mineral assemblages and textures suggest that these rocks formed under high‐pressure metamorphic conditions, ranging from eclogite facies through high‐P granulite to upper amphibolite facies.Mafic rocks occur as amphibolite dykes, as metre‐scale blocks of coarse‐grained garnet‐clinopyroxene amphibolite in felsic gneiss, and as residual boulders in deeply weathered felsic gneiss. Inferred omphacite has been replaced by a vermicular symplectite of sodic plagioclase in diopside, consistent with decompression at moderate to high temperatures and a change from eclogite to granulite facies conditions. All samples have been partially or wholly retrograded to amphibolite assemblages. We infer the following P‐T‐t history: (1) eclogite facies P‐T conditions at ≥ 1.4 GPa, 650–730 °C (2) high‐P granulite facies P‐T conditions at 1.2–1.5 GPa, 700–800 °C (3) retrograde amphibolite facies P‐T conditions at 0.9–1.2 GPa and 720–660 °C. This metamorphic evolution must predate intrusion of the 415 Ma Newberry granite and must postdate formation of the Charlotte belt and Slate belt arcs (620 to 550 Ma).Comparison with other medium temperature eclogites and high pressure granulites suggests that these assemblages are most likely to form during collisional orogenesis. Eclogite and high‐P granulite facies metamorphism in the Silverstreet domain may coincide with a ≈570–535 Ma event documented in the western Charlotte belt or to a late Ordovician‐early Silurian event. The occurrence of these high‐P assemblages within the Carolina terrane implies that, prior to this event, the western Carolina terrane (Charlotte belt) and the eastern Carolina terrane (Carolina Slate belt) formed separate terranes. The collisional event represented by these high‐pressure assemblages implies amalgamation of these formerly separate terranes into a single composite terrane prior to its accretion to Laurentia.
Eclogites from the south Tianshan, NW China: petrological characteristic and calculated mineral equilibria in the Na2O–CaO–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O system
Authors: Wei C. J. , Powell R. , Zhang L. F. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractEclogites from the south Tianshan, NW China are grouped into two types: glaucophane and hornblende eclogites, composed, respectively, of garnet + omphacite + glaucophane + paragonite + epidote + quartz and garnet + omphacite + hornblende (sensu lato) + paragonite + epidote + quartz, plus accessory rutile and ilmenite. These eclogites are diverse both in mineral composition and texture not only between the two types but also among the different selected samples within the glaucophane eclogite. Usingthermocalc3.1 and recent models of activity–composition relation for minerals, aP–Tprojection and a series ofP–Tpseudosections for specific samples of eclogite have been calculated in the system Na2O–CaO–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O (NCFMASH) with quartz and water taken to be in excess. On the basis of these phase diagrams, the phase relations andP–Tconditions are well delineated. The three selected samples of glaucophane eclogite AK05, AK11 and AK17 are estimated to have peakP–Tconditions, respectively, of 540–550 °C atc. 16 kbar,c. 560 °C at 15–17 kbar andc.580 °C at 15–19 kbar, and two samples of hornblende eclogite AK10 and AK30 of 610–630 °C and 17–18 kbar. Together with H2O‐content contours in the relatedP–Tpseudosections and textural relations, both types of eclogite are inferred to show clockwiseP–Tpaths, with the hornblende eclogite being transformed from the glaucophane eclogite assemblage dominantly through increasing temperature.
ACID‐BASE IN RENAL FAILURE: Acidosis and Nutritional Status in Hemodialyzed Patients
Authors: Chauveau Phillipe , Fouque Denis , Combe Christian , Laville Maurice , Canaud Bernard , Azar Raymond , Cano Noel , Aparicio Michel , Leverve Xavier ,   the French Study Group for Nutrition in Dialysis
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTIn a cross‐sectional study of more than 30% of French dialysis patients (N = 7,123), we evaluated the relationships between predialysis plasma bicarbonate concentration and nutritional markers. Data including age, gender, cause of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD), time on dialysis, body mass index (BMI), blood levels of midweek predialysis albumin, prealbumin, and bicarbonate were collected. Normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR), dialysis adequacy parameters, and estimation of lean body mass (LBM) were computed from pre‐ and postbicarbonate‐dialysis urea and creatinine levels according to the classical formulas of Garred. Average values (±1 SD) were age 61 ± 16 years, BMI 23.3 ± 4.6 kg/m2, dialysis time 12.4 ± 2.7 h/week, HCO3 22.8 ± 3.5 mmol/L, albumin 38.7 ± 5.3 g/L, prealbumin 340 ± 90 mg/L, Kt/V 1.36 ± 0.36, nPCR 1.13 ± 0.32 g/kg BW/day, and LBM 0.86 ± 0.21% of ideal LBM. A highly significant negative correlation was observed between predialysis bicarbonate levels (within a range of 16–30 mmol/L, 95% of this population) and nPCR confirmed by analysis of variance using bicarbonate classes (p < 0.0001). Bicarbonate was also negatively correlated with albumin, prealbumin, BMI, and LBM. No relationship was noted between bicarbonate and Kt/V despite a positive correlation between Kt/V and nPCR. It is likely that a persistent acidosis observed despite standard bicarbonate dialysis was caused by a high dietary protein intake which results in an increased acid load, but also overcomes the usual catabolic effects of acidosis.
Upper Limb Ischemia After Vascular Access Surgery: Differential Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Miles Anne Marie 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTHand ischemia following placement of upper limb arterio‐venous accesses for dialysis may result in debilitating complications and contribute to morbidity and mortality on dialysis. Two distinct clinical variants of hand ichemia are recognized: vascular steal syndrome, in which a spectrum of severity of ischemic changes affect all tissues of the hand; and ischemic monomelic neuropathy, where ischemia is confined to the nerves of the hand. Early diagnosis and treatment of these complications (often including closure of the access) is imperative to prevent hand paralysis, and digital or hand amputation.
Comorbidity Assessment in Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis Using the Index of Coexistent Disease
Authors: Athienites Nicolaos V. , Miskulin Dana C. , Fernandez Gladys , Bunnapradist Suphamai , Simon Gertrude , Landa Marcia , Schmid Christopher H. , Greenfield Sheldon , Levey Andrew S. , Meyer Klemens B. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to describe the ICED, summarize outcomes of prior studies in which it was used, and describe the adaptations that have lead to the present instrument. We will then demonstrate its use in quantifying the burden of comorbid conditions in a sample of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients from our center, and show the relationship between ICED levels and outcomes in peritoneal dialysis patients.
Initial Experience of a Nephrologist‐Operated Vascular Access Center
Authors: Jackson Jerry W. , Lewis James L. , Brouillette John R. , Brantley Roman R. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTA nephrology practice in Alabama did not feel in control of vascular access management. Scheduling delays, as well as variable techniques and outcomes, leading to high morbidity and mortality, caused frustration with the existing care system for vascular access. Our objective was to develop an integrative system of vascular access care, involving nephrologists along with the other caregivers, and to demonstrate an improvement in outcomes. Nephrology Vascular Labs (NVL), a recent RMS‐Lifeline acquisition, opened a vascular access center (VAC) as an extension of the nephrology practice. Both pre‐ESRD and ESRD patients are evaluated and treated in the VAC. Treatment is rendered in a timely fashion, to the benefit of the patients. Nephrologists serve as the interventionists. More than 90% of vascular access problems detected at dialysis are treated at the VAC. More than 2000 procedures have been performed over 2 years. Procedures carried out include thrombolysis with angioplasty, fluoroscopy alone or with angioplasty, placement of cuffed and noncuffed catheters, removal of cuffed catheters, and minor surgeries. Success rates have been high. Minor and major complications have been relatively low. Referrals to both surgeons and radiologists are shown to emphasize the role of the VAC as part of an integrative system of vascular access care. Results of a patient satisfaction survey were excellent. The VAC has fulfilled the vision of creating a seamless integration of care for vascular access. Hospitalization rate has been reduced and it is suspected that the global cost of access care is markedly lower than prior to the VAC. Multiple nephrologists can rotate as the VAC's interventionist and jointly obtain good outcomes and have little variability among them. Several reasons for using a nephrologists as the interventionist are discussed.