bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Noncatalytic Disproportionation and Decarbonylation Reactions of Benzaldehyde in Supercritical Water
Authors: Nagai Yasuharu , Matubayasi Nobuyuki , Nakahara Masaru 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
In supercritical water at 400 °C and 0.5 g/cm3 (37 MPa), benzaldehyde is decomposed into benzene and CO at a yield of 16% in 4 h; the latter is considered to be further converted into formic acid in the reaction condition. The decomposition competes against two types of disproportionation reactions. One is cross-disproportionation between benzaldehyde and formic acid, leading to the formation of benzyl alcohol and CO2. The other is self-disproportion of benzaldehyde where benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid are equally generated. The weight of the cross-disproportionation is larger than that of the self-disproportionation. As a result, the yield (6.6%) of benzyl alcohol is ≈2.5 times as large as that of benzoic acid.
Preparation of Zwitterionic Polymethacrylamide Modified with l-Lysine and Its Effect on Fibrinolytic Activity
Authors: Shiraishi Kohei , Kohta Masushi , Sugiyama Kazuo 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Zwitterionic polymethacrylamides, poly(Nα-methacrylamide-l-lysine) [poly(α-LysMA)] and poly(Nε-methacrylamide-l-lysine) [poly(ε-LysMA)] were prepared to examine their bioactivity by an evaluation of fibrinolytic activity and a binding assay using resonant mirror biosensor (IAsys). Poly(α-LysMA) enhanced the fibrinolytic activity by plasminogen/tissue-type plasminogen activator while no enhancement was observed in the case of poly(ε-LysMA). A strong interaction between Plg to poly(α-LysMA) was also observed by IAsys when compared with poly(ε-LysMA).
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Thermal Gas-Phase Reaction between NO2 and Perfluoropropene
Authors: Romano R. M. , Czarnowski Joanna 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
The reaction of NO2 with perfluoropropene (C3F6) has been studied at 413.1, 421.0 and 432.8K, using a conventional static system. The initial pressure of NO2 was varied between 43.6 and 204.0Torr and that of C3F6 between 10.2 and 108.5Torr. Several experiments were made adding CF4, varying its pressure from 338.8 to 433.6Torr. Four products were observed: NO and perfluoropropene oxide (PFPO), formed in equivalent amounts, CF3CF(NO2)CF2NO2 and CF3C(O)CF2NO2. The relation R=[PFPO]/([CF3CF(NO2)CF2NO2] + [CF3C(O)CF2NO2]) increases with temperature and decreases as the concentration of NO2 and the total pressure M increase. The yields of PFPO, based on the amount of C3F6 consumed, varied between 63 and 89% and those of CF3CF(NO2)CF2NO2 between 0.33 and 0.08%. Increasing the temperature, the yields of CF3C(O)CF2NO2 decreased from 0.04 to 0.01%. The reaction is homogenous and the consumption rate of perfluoropropene, −d[C3F6]/dt= k
1[C3F6][NO2], is independent of the total pressure. The following mechanism is postulated to explain the experimental results: 1) C3F6 + NO2 → CF3C•FCF2NO2, 2) CF3C•FCF2NO2 → PFPO+NO, 3) CF3C•FCF2NO2 + NO2+M → CF3CF(NO2)CF2NO2+M, 4) CF3C•FCF2NO2 + NO2 → CF3C(O)CF2NO2+FNO. k
1=(4.57±1.4)×106exp(−(15.44±1.2) kcal mol−1/RT) dm3mol−1s−1. The value of k
2, the rate constant for the unimolecular dissociation of the radical CF3C•FCF2NO2, was found to be of order of 1014s−1.
Acetic Anhydride and Mixed Fatty Acid Anhydrides
Authors: Held Heimo , Rengstl Alfred , Mayer Dieter 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Acetic Anhydride1.1.Physical Properties1.2.Chemical Properties1.2.1.Acetylation1.2.2.Dehydration1.2.3.Reactions of theα‐Protons1.2.4.Reactions of a Single Carbonyl Group1.2.5.Production of Silver Ketenide1.3.Production1.3.1.Ketene Process1.3.1.1.Production of Ketene1.3.1.2.Reaction of Ketene with Acetic Acid1.3.1.3.Pure Anhydride Distillation1.3.1.4.Environmental Problems1.3.2.Oxidation of Acetaldehyde1.3.3.Carbonylation of Methyl Acetate1.4.Analysis1.5.Quality Specifications1.6.Storage and Transportation1.7.Uses2.Mixed Fatty Acid Anhydrides2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Production2.4.Uses3.Economic Aspects4.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Adipic Acid
Authors: Musser Michael Tuttle 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Nitric Acid Oxidation of Cyclohexanol4.2.Butadiene‐Based Routes4.3.Other Routes5.Byproducts6.Quality Specifications7.Storage and Transportation8.Derivatives8.1.Adiponitrile8.2.Other Derivatives9.Uses10.Economic Aspects11.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Cyclopentadiene and Cyclopentene
Authors: Hönicke Dieter , Födisch Ringo , Claus Peter , Olson Michael 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Cyclopentadiene and Dicyclopentadiene1.1.Physical Properties1.2.Chemical Properties1.3.Production1.4.Uses2.Cyclopentene2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Production2.4.Uses3.Toxicology
Electrochemical and Chemical Deposition
Authors: Durney Lawrence J. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Glossary of Terms

3.

Protection Against Corrosion

4.

The Plating Process

4.1.

Design for Plating

4.2.

Control

4.3.

Impurities

4.4.

Inspection

5.

Substrate Preparation

5.1.

The Nature of the Adhesive Bond

5.2.

The Part Preparation Cycle

5.3.

Preparation of Specific Substrates

5.3.1.

Steel

5.3.2.

Cast and Malleable Iron

5.3.3.

Copper and Copper Alloys

5.3.4.

Zinc

5.3.5.

Aluminum

5.3.6.

Magnesium

5.3.7.

Stainless Steel

5.3.8.

Nickel

5.3.9.

Nonmetallic Substrates

6.

Equipment

6.1.

Tanks

6.2.

Power Supply

6.3.

Heating Equipment

6.4.

Ventilation

6.5.

Filters

6.6.

Agitation

6.7.

Water Supply

6.8.

Racks

6.9.

Waste Disposal

6.10.

Site Location

6.11.

Layout

7.

Stripping of Deposits

8.

Specific Deposits and Plating Solutions

8.1.

Aluminum Deposits

8.2.

Antimony and Arsenic Deposits

8.3.

Cadmium Deposits

8.4.

Chromium Deposits

8.5.

Cobalt Deposits

8.6.

Copper Deposits

8.7.

Gallium Deposits

8.8.

Germanium Deposits

8.9.

Gold Deposits

8.10.

Indium Deposits

8.11.

Iron Deposits

8.12.

Lead Deposits

8.13.

Manganese Deposits

8.14.

Nickel Deposits

8.15.

Niobium Deposits

8.16.

Rhodium Deposits

8.17.

Silver Deposits

8.18.

Tin Deposits

8.19.

Zinc Deposits

9.

Specific Alloy Deposits

9.1.

Chromium Alloys

9.2.

Copper Alloys ‐ Brass Plating

9.3.

Gold Alloys

9.4.

Lead Alloys

9.5.

Nickel Alloys

9.6.

Tin Alloys

9.7.

Zinc Alloys and Other Alloys

10.

Nonelectrolytic Deposits

10.1.

Immersion Deposits

10.2.

Noncatalytic Chemically Reduced Coatings

10.3.

Catalytic Electroless Plating

11.

Chromating

12.

Oxide Coatings

12.1.

Immersion

12.2.

Electrolytic Oxidation

12.2.1.

Aluminum

12.2.2.

Magnesium

12.2.3.

Titanium

12.3.

Colors of Oxide Layers

13.

Testing of Electrodeposited Coatings

13.1.

Quality Control

13.2.

Thickness Testing

13.2.1.

Destructive Testing

13.2.2.

Nondestructive Testing

13.3.

Adhesion Tests

13.4.

Corrosion Testing

13.5.

Other Tests
Emulsions
Authors: Heusch Rudolf 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Definitions2.Properties of Emulsions2.1.Droplet Formation2.2.Enveloping of the Droplet Surface2.3.Electrical Charge of Emulsion Droplets2.4.Interfacial Tension2.5.Stability2.6.Sedimentation and Coalescence2.7.Phase Volume Ratio2.8.Emulsion Type2.9.Phase Reversal2.10.Rheology3.Basic Processes in the Preparation of Emulsions3.1.Breaking up to Drops3.2.Increase in Surface Area3.3.Work of Division3.4.Decreasing the Interfacial Tension3.5.Other Factors Governing Emulsification3.6.Mixed Emulsifiers4.Basic Processes in the Stabilization of Emulsions4.1.Electric Charge4.2.Steric Factors4.2.1.Molecular Mobility4.2.2.Complex Formation4.2.3.Polymers in Emulsions4.3.Further Stability Factors4.4.Long‐Term Stability4.5.Emulsion Thickening Agents4.6.Cream Formation5.Preparation of Emulsions5.1.Theories Relating to Mechanical Disintegration5.2.Emulsifying Machines5.3.Use of Emulsifiers5.3.1.General Rules5.3.2.Preparation of Multiple Emulsions5.3.3.Preparation of Microemulsions5.3.4.Spontaneous Emulsification5.3.5.Inorganic Emulsifiers6.Breaking of Emulsions7.Chemical Structure of Emulsifiers7.1.Surface‐Active Emulsifiers7.2.Natural Products7.3.Inorganic Emulsifiers7.4.Sources of Supply8.Chemical Structure of Emulsion Promoters8.1.Polymers8.2.Special Emulsion Promoters9.Selection of Emulsifiers9.1.Selection Criteria9.2.Selection Systems9.3.Assignment of HLB Values9.4.Selection Procedure10.Fields of Application10.1.Cosmetics10.2.Pharmaceutical Preparations10.3.Agriculture10.4.Crop Protection10.5.Food Industry10.6.Textile Industry10.7.Plastics Industry10.8.Building Industry10.9.Paints and Coatings10.10.Paper Industry10.11.Leather Industry10.12.Mining10.13.Metal Industry10.14.Electroplating10.15.Polishes, Manufacture and Removal10.16.Petroleum Industry10.17.Mineral Oil Industry10.18.Adhesives Industry10.19.Photographic Industry10.20.Chemical Industry10.21.Detergents and Cleansers10.22.Special Applications11.Investigation of Emulsions11.1.Stability11.2.Emulsion Type11.3.Droplet Size and Droplet Size Distribution11.4.Interfacial Tension11.5.Required HLB Value11.6.Physical Parameters of Emulsions
Films
Authors: Schmitz Peter , Janocha Siegfried 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Production Technology2.1.Solution Casting2.2.Thermoplastic Film Forming2.2.1.Calendering2.2.2.Extrusion2.3.Stretching2.3.1.Monoaxial Stretching2.3.2.Biaxial Stretching2.4.Film Modification and Converting2.4.1.Corona Treatment2.4.2.Coating2.4.3.Lamination3.Additives4.Delivery Forms5.Test Methods6.Film Products6.1.Cellulose Derivatives6.1.1.Cellulose Hydrate6.1.2.Cellulose Esters6.2.Hydrocarbon Polymers6.2.1.Low‐Density Polyethylene (LDPE)6.2.2.High‐Density Polyethylene (HDPE)6.2.3.Linear Low‐Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)6.2.4.Polypropylene (PP)6.2.5.Poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene) (PMP)6.2.6.Ionomers6.2.7.Polystyrene (PS)6.3.Halogenated Hydrocarbon Polymers6.3.1.Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC)6.3.1.1.Rigid PVC6.3.1.2.Plasticized PVC6.3.2.Poly(Vinylidene Chloride) (PVDC)6.3.3.Fluoropolymers6.3.3.1.Poly(Vinyl Fluoride) (PVF)6.3.3.2.Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF)6.3.3.3.Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)6.3.3.4.Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)6.4.Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA)6.5.Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA)6.6.Ethylene‐Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (EVOH)6.7.Polyamide (PA)6.8.Polyester6.9.Polycarbonate (PC)6.10.Polysulfone (PSU)6.11.Polyimide (PI)6.12.Other Films6.12.1.Polyetherimide (PEI)6.12.2.Polyethersulfone (PES)6.12.3.Poly(ether ketone) (PEK)6.12.4.Poly(Phenylene Sulfide) (PPS)6.13.Composite Films7.Summary of Uses8.Environmental Aspects
Floor Coverings
Authors: Heisterberg‐Moutsis Gudrun , Heinz Rainer , Wolf Thomas F. , Harper Dominic J. , James David , Mazzur Richard P. , Kettler Volker , Soiné Hansgert 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Textile Fiber Floor Covering

1.1.

Fiber Production

1.1.1.

Staple Fiber

1.1.2.

Bulked Continuous Filament

1.1.3.

Polymer Selection

1.1.4.

Fiber Design

1.2.

Yarn Preparation

1.2.1.

Staple Yarn Processing

1.2.2.

Twisting, Heat‐Setting, and Intermingling

1.3.

Production of Textile Floor Coverings

1.3.1.

Flooring Types and Manufacturing Methods

1.3.2.

Carpet Constructions

1.3.3.

Coloration and Finishing

1.4.

Carpet Properties and Performance

1.4.1.

Carpet Esthetics

1.4.2.

Carpet Performance

1.4.3.

Test Methods

1.5.

Disposal and Recycling

2.

Resilient Floor Covering

2.1.

Introduction

2.2.

Linoleum

2.3.

Vinyl Flooring

2.3.1.

Raw Materials

2.3.2.

Sheet Vinyl Flooring

2.3.3.

Tile Flooring

2.4.

Rubber Tile and Sheet

2.5.

Specialty Flooring Products

3.

Laminate Flooring

3.1.

Development

3.2.

Construction

3.3.

Materials

3.4.

Production and Installation

3.5.

Testing

3.6.

Environmental Aspects

3.7.

Economic Aspects
Fluorine
Authors: Jaccaud Michel , Faron Robert , Devilliers Didier , Romano René 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties3.Mineral Resources4.Industrial Production4.1.History4.2.Cell Tanks, Cooling Systems, Skirts, and Diaphragms4.3.Electrodes, Polarization, and Anode Effect4.4.Electrolyte4.5.Overall Industrial Process5.Handling, Storage, and Transport6.Environmental Protection and Disposal of Fluorine7.Uses and Economic Aspects
Foamed Plastics
Authors: Weber Heinz , De Grave Isidoor , Röhrl Eckhard 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Production2.1.Principles2.2.Blowing Agents2.3.Additives3.Properties4.Specific Foamed Plastics4.1.Polyolefin (PO) Foams4.1.1.Low‐Density Polyolefin Foams (25 ‐ 250 kg/m3)4.1.2.High‐Density Polyolefin Foams (250 ‐ 700 kg/m3)4.2.Polystyrene (PS) Foams4.2.1.Expandable Polystyrene (EPS) Foams4.2.2.Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) Foams4.2.3.Structural Polystyrene Foams4.3.Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Foams4.3.1.Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Foams4.3.2.Flexible Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Foams4.4.Foams from Phenol‐Formaldehyde (PF) Resins4.5.Foams from Urea‐Formaldehyde (UF) Resins4.6.Foams from Melamine‐Formaldehyde (MF) Resins4.7.Silicone (SI) Foams4.8.Epoxy (EP) Foams4.9.Polyimide (PI) Foams4.10.Polymethacrylimide (PMI) Foams4.11.Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) Foams4.12.Polyamide (PA) Foams4.13.Poly(Phenylene Oxide) (PPE) Foams4.14.Polysulfone (PSU) Foams4.15.Polycarbonate (PC) Foams5.Testing5.1.Mechanical Properties5.1.1.Rigid Foams5.1.2.Flexible Foams5.2.Thermal Properties5.3.Miscellaneous Properties6.Economic Aspects7.Toxicology and Environmental Aspects
Foods, 3. Food Additives
Authors: Lück Erich , von Rymon Lipinski Gert‐Wolfhard 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

1.1.

History

1.2.

Safety Aspects

2.

Substances with Nutritive and Other Dietary Effects

2.1.

Vitamins and Provitamins

2.2.

Amino Acids

2.3.

Minerals and Trace Elements

2.4.

Bulking Agents

3.

Substances with Stabilizing Effects

3.1.

Preservatives

3.1.1.

Mode of Action

3.1.2.

Methods of Evaluation

3.1.3.

Uses and Individual Substances

3.2.

Antioxidants

3.2.1.

Mode of Action

3.2.2.

Methods of Evaluation

3.2.3.

Uses and Individual Substances

3.3.

Synergists and Sequestrants

3.4.

Packaging Gases

3.5.

Stabilizers

3.6.

Emulsifiers

3.6.1.

Mode of Action

3.6.2.

Uses and Individual Substances

3.7.

Thickeners

3.7.1.

Mode of Action

3.7.2.

Methods of Evaluation

3.7.3.

Uses and Individual Substances

3.8.

Gelling Agents

3.9.

Foam Stabilizers

3.10.

Clouding Agents

3.11.

Humectants

3.12.

Anticaking Agents

3.13.

Coating Agents

4.

Substances with Sensory Effects (Organoleptic Substances)

4.1.

Coloring Agents

4.1.1.

Specifications

4.1.2.

Uses and Individual Substances

4.2.

Color Stabilizers

4.3.

Bleaching Agents

4.4.

Intense Sweeteners

4.5.

Nutritive Sweeteners

4.6.

Acidulants

4.7.

Substances with a Salty Taste

4.8.

Substances with a Bitter Taste

4.9.

Substances with an Alkaline Taste

4.10.

Flavor Enhancers

4.11.

Spices and Flavorings

4.12.

Chewing Gum Bases

5.

Processing Aids

5.1.

Extractants

5.2.

Clarifying Agents

5.3.

Filter Aids

5.4.

Propellants

5.5.

Cooling Agents and Cryogens

5.6.

Mold‐Release Agents

5.7.

Antifoaming Agents

5.8.

Acidity Regulators

5.9.

Emulsifying Salts

5.10.

Dough Conditioners and Flour Improvers

5.11.

Leavening Agents

5.12.

Enzymes

5.13.

Microbial Cultures

6.

Legal Aspects

6.1.

Food Law Authorizations

6.2.

Definitions

6.2.1.

Codex Alimentarius

6.2.2.

United States of America

6.2.3.

Japan

6.2.4.

Federal Republic of Germany

6.2.5.

Regulations and Specification
Gout Remedies
Authors: Silverman Larry J. , Palella Thomas D. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Gout and Hyperuricemia2.1.Pathophysiology2.2.Clinical Manifestations3.Treatment3.1.Drugs Used to Treat Acute Gout3.1.1.Colchicine3.1.2.Nonsteroidal Anti‐inflammatory Drugs3.1.3.Corticosteroids3.2.Antihyperuricemic Drugs3.2.1.Uricosuric Drugs3.2.2.Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors3.3.Dietary Management
Hydrogen Sulfide
Authors: Pouliquen Francois , Blanc Claude , Arretz Emmanuel , Labat Ives , Tournier‐Lasserve Jacques , Ladousse Alain , Nougayrede Jean , Savin Gérard , Ivaldi Raoul , Nicolas Monique , Fialaire Jean , Millischer René , Azema Charles , Espagno Lucien , Hemmer Henri , Perrot Jacques 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties3.1.Acid Properties3.2.Reducing Properties3.3.Reactions with Organic Compounds3.3.1.Hydrogen Sulfide as a Nucleophilic Reagent3.3.2.Hydrogen Sulfide as a Radical Reagent3.3.3.Reaction of Hydrogen Sulfide in the Form of Hydrosulfide4.Production4.1.Production by Chemical Reaction4.2.Recovery from Gas5.Environmental Protection6.Analysis7.Storage, Handling, and Transportation7.1.Storage and Handling7.2.Transportation8.Uses9.Economic Aspects10.Toxicology11.Occupational Health and Safety
Imidazole and Derivatives
Authors: Ebel Klaus , Koehler Hermann , Gamer Armin O. , Jäckh Rudolf 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.The Radziszewski Reaction4.2.Dehydrogenation of Δ2‐Imidazolines4.3.Functionalized Imidazoles by Modification of Simple Imidazoles5.Quality Specifications and Analysis6.Uses6.1.Intermediates for Herbicides and Pharmaceuticals6.2.Other Uses7.Toxicology and Occupational Health7.1.Imidazoles without Nitro Substituents7.2.Nitroimidazoles
Insect Control
Authors: Metcalf Robert L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Insects as Enemies of Man1.1.Development of Insecticides1.2.Insect Resistance to Insecticides1.2.1.Cross‐Resistance and Multiple Resistance1.2.2.Persistence of Genes for Insecticide Resistance1.3.Resurgence and Secondary Pests1.4.Insecticides and Environmental Quality1.5.Integrated Pest Management2.Inorganic Insecticides2.1.Arsenicals2.2.Fluorides3.Natural Product Insecticides3.1.Nicotinoids3.2.Rotenoids3.3.Veratrine Alkaloids3.4.Ryanodine3.5.Pyrethroid Insecticides3.5.1.Synthetic Pyrethroids3.5.1.1.Chrysanthemate Esters3.5.1.2.Chrysanthemate Analogues3.5.1.3.Phenylacetate Esters3.5.2.Mode of Action3.5.3.Environmental Toxicology3.5.4.Pyrethroid Synergists4.Dinitrophenols5.Organochlorine Insecticides5.1.DDT and Derivatives5.1.1.Mode of Action5.1.2.Environmental Toxicology5.2.Hexachlorocyclohexanes5.3.Cyclodienes5.4.Chlorinated Camphenes6.Organophosphorus Insecticides6.1.Phosphoric Acid Anhydrides6.2.Vinyl Phosphates6.3.Aliphatic Phosphorothioate Esters6.4.Phosphorothioate Esters of Phenols6.5.Phosphonothioate Esters of Phenols6.6.Phosphorothioate Esters of Heterocyclic Enols6.7.Phosphorothioate Esters of S‐MethylHeterocycles6.8.Miscellaneous Organophosphorus Esters6.9.Mode of Action and Toxicity6.9.1.Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase6.9.2.Delayed Neuropathy6.9.3.Selective Toxicity6.10.Environmental Toxicology7.Carbamate Insecticides7.1.Dimethylcarbamates of Heterocyclic Enols7.2.Methylcarbamates of Phenols7.3.Methylcarbamates of Oximes7.4.Mode of Action7.5.Environmental Toxicology8.Formamidines9.Insect Growth Regulators9.1.Juvenoids9.2.Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors10.Other Types of Insecticides11.Fumigants12.Microbial Insecticides13.Genetic Control13.1.Sterile Male Release13.2.Chemosterilants13.3.Host Plant Resistance14.Repellents14.1.Repellents for Plant‐Feeding Insects14.2.Repellents for Blood‐Feeding Insects14.3.Repellents for Wood‐Feeding Insects14.4.Repellents for Fabric‐Eating Pests15.Attractants15.1.Sex Pheromone Attractants15.2.Aggregation Pheromones15.3.Kairomone Attractants16.Insecticide Formulation17.Insecticide Residues in Foods17.1.Residue Persistence17.2.Environmental Chemistry of Insecticide Residues17.2.1.Inactivation17.2.2.Activation17.3.Toxicology of Insecticide Residues
Social disadvantage and neglectful parenting as precursors to the development of antisocial and aggressive child behavior: Testing a theoretical model
Authors: Knutson John F. , DeGarmo David S. , Reid John B. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe present study tested a theoretical model advanced to understand the direct and mediated effects of social disadvantage, neglectful parenting, and punitive parenting in the developmental trajectory of aggressive and antisocial behavior in young school‐aged children. To test the model, families of 310 first grade children and 361 fifth grade children, participating in a universal prevention trial in high‐risk areas of a medium‐sized metropolitan area, provided data. Multi‐method and multi‐source indices of the four predictive constructs (Social Disadvantage, Denial of Care Neglect, Supervisory Neglect, and Punitive Discipline) were obtained at the time of enrollment. Multi‐method and multi‐source indices of the criterion construct (Aggression and Antisocial Behavior) were obtained at the time of enrollment and at a five year follow‐up. Based on structural equation modeling, the results established care neglect as a mediator of social disadvantage, and the importance of care neglect to both punitive discipline and antisocial outcomes in the first‐ and fifth‐grade cohorts. Supervisory neglect, however, was important in the antisocial outcome of the fifth‐grade cohort only. Overall, the results established the importance of distinguishing between two subtypes of neglect and the need to consider the role of discipline in concert with neglect when attempting to understand the impact of parenting on the development of antisocial behavior. Aggr. Behav. 30:187‐205, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nature, extent, and causes of bullying among personality‐disordered patients in a high‐secure hospital
Authors: Ireland Jane L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe present study explored the perceptions and experiences of the nature, extent and causes of bullying among personality‐disordered patients, with a subsidiary aim of exploring differences in perceptions between staff and patients. The sample was selected from the Personality Disorder Unit of a high secure hospital. The total sample consisted of 60 participants, 30 patients and 30 staff. Participants engaged in a semi‐structured interview based on that developed by Brookes [1993] and modified by Ireland and Archer [1996] and Ireland [2002a]. The interview assessed their perceptions and experiences of patient‐to‐patient bullying. One fifth of patients and staff reported that they had seen a patient being bullied in the previous week. One‐fifth of patients reported that they had been bullied in the previous week and less than one tenth reported that they had bullied others. The most frequent types of bullying reported were theft‐related, verbal abuse, being made to do chores, physical assaults and intimidation. One fifth of the sample reported that sexual abuse took place. Victims were generally perceived to be ‘easy targets’ that were vulnerable, either physically or emotionally. Staff identified a wider range of victim types than patients. The results highlight how patient‐to‐patient bullying does occur and is an important issue worthy of further research. A number of similarities were found between the current findings and those of prison‐based research suggesting that both hospitals and prisons share a number of environmental similarities that help to explain why bullying takes placed in secure forensic settings. Aggr. Behav. 30:229–242, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.