bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Designing Complex Systems for Decommissioning in a Circular Economy: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Dilanjaya Hewa Witharanage Shenal , Holtta-Otto Katja , Otto Kevin , Li Wen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Circular Economy aims to replace the current linear “cradle to grave” product life cycle approach with a more circular “cradle to cradle” approach which is driven by design or “circular design”. This is done by circulating the product components back at the end of life through circular design strategies such as reuse, repurpose, remanufacturing and recycling aiming to maintain as much of their embedded value as possible. For complex systems (e.g., Aircraft), the end of life is typically the decommissioning stage during which they are withdrawn from service. In this paper, we conduct a systematic literature review to synthesize the current approaches to solve the problem of decommissioning complex systems in the context of circular economy. We identify current practices and methods can be divided into reactive approaches, barriers and enablers towards a proactive approach, and tools to support a proactive approach. In addition, the review reveals that the problem of decommissioning can be approached from two perspectives: the product and the designer. Five dimensions are identified under these two perspectives. Under the product perspective, (1) Customized designing of complex system according to the local ecosystem, (2) Designing for inter industry repurposing and (3) Designing universal components. Under the designer perspective, (4) Guidelines for selecting decommissioning options for complex systems at the design stage and (5) Evolving designer thinking towards circular design.
Distributing Design Domains for Topology Optimization in Systems Design
Authors: Endress Felix , Kipouros Timoleon , Zimmermann Markus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When objectives, constraints, boundary conditions, and loading conditions are clear, topology optimization is useful to generate the optimal shape for an individual component. However, in systems consisting of multiple components, component interfaces and their locations may have a significant influence on the component, and, thus, the global system performance. Before topology optimizations can be performed, design domains and associated loading conditions must be allocated to the individual components when designing the system. Unfortunately, to optimally define interfaces in lightweight design, the mechanical performance of each component must be known.
This paper proposes a simple and robust approach to specifying the settings for component optimization in a system context. In the first step, requirements are elicited and categorized in system- and component-level. Next, a topology optimization formulation at the component-level is derived from the requirements. Third, different interface definitions are generated, and optimal topologies are computed using sampling. This database is evaluated using a Parallel Coordinates tool, determining the optimal distribution of design domains and incorporating formal and informal constraints. Lastly, final geometries are computed using topology optimization with the setup resulting from system optimization. By informing system-level design with information from the detail design, design domains can be optimally distributed.
In a use case, the approach is applied to the control system of a glider airplane, where a common design domain is allocated to three brackets. Optimization at system- and component-levels lead to a reduction in mass by ∼11 % compared to an intuitive distribution of design domains. With the proposed approach, individual topology optimizations of single components will contribute to the global system performance in an optimal way.
Hand Assemble Action Recognition Using Spatial Temporal Graph Convolutional Network
Authors: Yang Chao-Lung , Lin Yen-Ping , Hsu Shang-Che 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the manufacturing site, more and more research works have been conducted to apply Human action recognition (HAR) to detect or recognize the human worker’s actions/motions. This research aims to develop a hand gesture recognition framework particularly in a hand assembly production site where the accuracy of human hand motion is crucial for assembly. This research investigated the number of joints that might affect the prediction accuracy of HAR models when using the same image data. In this study, the skeleton information extracted from OpenPose was used to estimate the human action of the assembly operations. The extracted skeleton was then used as the input of Spatial-Temporal Graph Convolutional Networks (ST-GCN) for action recognition. The prediction accuracy of the human action recognition model under different labels and the number of joints were analyzed. The videos collected from the real-world motherboard assembly were used to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed framework. The experiments showed that the action labeling with Right-handedness-head (26 joints) resulted in the best accuracy of the recognition model. This result also implies the skeleton information of handedness might be enough for hand assembly work when the non-handedness hand was only assigned for similar action such as fixing the components.
Inertia Parameter Identification for Closed-Loop Mechanisms: Adaptation of Linear Regression for Coordinate Partitioning
Authors: Pyrhönen Lauri , Mikkola Aki , Naets Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accurate modeling and identification methods have increasing importance for design, verification, and control of multi-body systems. However, operational parameters are often unknown and inaccuracies of inertia parameters are among the main sources of uncertainty in multibody models.
This study therefore investigates the application of a linear-regression-based identification approach for rigid multibody systems. A multibody system model, originally described with differential-algebraic equations, is transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations using coordinate partitioning. This allows the identification framework, which requires the system to be described with ordinary differential equations, to be applied for rigid multibody systems described with either relative coordinates, reference point coordinates, or natural coordinates.
The methodology is demonstrated through a numerical example of a slider-crank mechanism with a kinematic reference set for the crank arm. The measurement data for identification is produced artificially using a commercial multibody software.
The results show that the presented methodology is capable of accurately identifying the system’s inertia parameters even with a relatively short motion trajectory used for training. However, the effects of measurement noise are not covered in this study — this is because the presented model is mathematically equivalent to the models used in robotics, and the tools for measurement noise reduction for those models are already discovered in robotics literature.
The presented linear-regression-based identification approach opens new opportunities for developing more accurate multibody models. These models can be considered especially useful for state-estimation and control of multibody systems. When the static model parameters are accurately identified, different state-estimation algorithms can more effectively estimate dynamically changing uncertainties.
Effects of Recycled Permanent Magnets on Electric Machine and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Performances
Authors: Pakštys Saulius , Bonfitto Angelo , Hegde Shailesh , Ugalde Gaizka , Garramiola Fernando , Rivera Christian Alejandro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Permanent magnet price volatility is an ongoing issue that affects many industrial sectors worldwide, dictating the costs of the final product by a substantial degree. This fluctuation can be attributed to a large concentration of NdFeB magnet production and material sourcing occurring in concentrated geopolitical areas, thus motivating institutions and governments to look elsewhere for magnet material for various applications. The work presented in this paper aims to determine the viability of recycled permanent magnets in electric machines used within the automotive industry. Magnet recycling incentives are presented, along with the two main routes for magnet reprocessing. They are briefly compared to present the route selected within this study. The recycled magnets used in this study are characterised such that relevant parameters are extracted for further analyses. A P2 hybrid electric vehicle is modelled and its energy management system presented, being an Equivalent Consumption Minimisation Strategy. The performance evaluation of a baseline machine at component level is performed, with its affect on vehicle performance quantified, followed by the recycled magnet machine’s characterisation and subsequent performance evaluation at vehicle level. The recycled magnets inhibit a minor efficiency degradation at component level, leading to a performance degradation of about 0.11% at vehicle level.
Design and Optimization of a Multi-Mode Piezo-Motor Based on a Compliant Mechanism
Authors: Yao Hong , Bi Hai , Wei Junjie , Chen Fangxin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Piezo-motors are widely used in precision positioning. However, the traditional piezo-motor moves via single motion mode such as stick-slip mode, inchworm mode, and scan mode, respectively. A single motion mode cannot balance motion speed, load capacity, and resolution at the same time. Integrating multiple motion modes into a piezo-motor is a sensible approach for conflict resolution. This paper presented a multi-mode piezo-motor based on a compliant mechanism that is able to regulate the contact force to achieve different motion modes. The characteristic of the compliant mechanism is analyzed by finite element method. To improve the performance of the proposed piezo-motor, the optimization design of the compliant mechanism based on the response surface method is carried out in ANSYS Workbench. A prototype, whose structure parameters were consistent with the optimization result, was fabricated. The performances of the proposed piezo-motor were tested through a series of experiments. The results showed that the prototype possesses a stiffness of 2.861N/um, and a fundamental frequency of 1203.8Hz, which are 37.8% and 11.9% higher than the initial design, respectively.
Folding-Wall Kirigami, Design and Compressive Performance
Authors: Corrigan Tom , Srivastava Abhishek , Xie Di , Arthur Cory , Brownell Nathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kirigami, the cutting and folding of sheets, can create useful three-dimensional shapes from flat material. Some kirigami patterns self-deploy from their flat state when tension is applied; we call these Tension Activated Kirigami (TAK) patterns. A unique TAK pattern has been proposed that deploys under tension into connected rows of vertical, accordion-like, folded walls that visually resembles two-thirds of a full honeycomb structure. This folding-wall TAK pattern has been shown to produce a structure comparably strong to a full honeycomb structure in the same material, achieving a specific strength and specific stiffness averaging 84% and 45% respectively of a full honeycomb1. The structure is also conformable, allowing it to wrap around objects. The previous study investigated patterns with square wall sections. In this study we expand the design space of the folding-wall TAK pattern by adjusting the aspect ratio of the folded-wall. Folding-wall structures with various heights and lengths were constructed from kraft paper and compressed in a load frame. A simulation was also created to investigate the compressive performance of folding-wall kirigami structures with a larger range of heights and lengths and reinforce the experimental results. The stiffness and strength of the deployed folding-wall TAK structures are presented.
Leveraging Smart Farming Technologies for Optimal pH Adjustments With Variable Rate Lime Application
Authors: Nagchaudhuri Abhijit , Pandya Jesuraj , Nnebedum Bede , Mitra Madhumi , Nindo Caleb 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Variable rate lime application involves using advanced digital and geospatial technologies to apply lime at varying rates across a field based on soil pH levels. Soil pH levels can vary significantly across a field, and applying lime uniformly may result in over-application in some areas and under-application in others. Applying lime at variable rates, based on prescription maps prepared using soil analysis data from grid sampling can improve soil pH and achieve a desired pH level. Soil pH affects nutrient availability, soil microbial activity, crop growth, and crop development and yield. The target pH level for row crops can vary depending on the crop type, soil type, and other factors. However, a good target pH range for row crops is generally between 6.0 and 7.0. In this work, the target pH level was set at 6.5 throughout the field. Soil pH levels in an agricultural field can change over time due to a variety of reasons including rainfall, topography, soil type, and fertilizer use among others. The soil pH needs to be monitored regularly and adjusted as required to maintain optimal soil conditions for crops. When the soil pH is too low or too high, it can result in nutrient deficiencies or toxicities, reduced soil microbial activity, and reduced crop yields.
A New 3-DOF 2T1R Parallel Mechanism: Topology Design and Kinematics
Authors: Huiping Shen , Du Zhongqiu , Chablat Damien , Li Ju , Wu Guanglei 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article presents a new three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) parallel mechanism (PM) with two translations and one rotation (2T1R), designed based on the topological design theory of the parallel mechanism using position and orientation characteristics (POC). The PM is primarily intended for use in package sorting and delivery. The mobile platform of the PM moves along a translation axis, picks up objects from a conveyor belt, and tilts them to either side of the axis. We first calculate the PM’s topological characteristics, such as the degree of freedom (DOF) and the degree of coupling, and provide its topological analytical formula to represent the topological information of the PM. Next, we solve the direct and inverse kinematic models based on the kinematic modelling principle using the topological features. The models are purely analytic and are broken down into a series of quadratic equations, making them suitable for use in an industrial robot. We also study the singular configurations to identify the serial and parallel singularities. Using the decoupling properties, we size the mechanism to address the package sorting and depositing problem using an algebraic approach. To determine the smallest segment lengths, we use a cylindrical algebraic decomposition to solve a system with inequalities.
Computational Modal Analysis of an Aircraft Hydraulic Pump Support Structure
Authors: Kersten Simon T. , Mechefske Chris K. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Computational modal analysis performed using finite element analysis is an established method for estimating the modal parameters of complex structures. This work aims to provide insight into the techniques necessary to accurately model structural components within an aircraft by performing computational modal analysis on a rear-mounted pump support structure. The results of this analysis will be used to further aid in the understanding of the vibratory transmission path from the support structure to the aircraft cabin. The frequency response functions were used to validate the finite element model via a visual and analytical comparison against experimental data. A modal frequency response analysis was used to estimate the dynamic response at a discrete set of points on the structure. A model validation study showed an excellent correlation between the experimental and computational results for frequencies between 100–2000 Hz with an average percent difference of the centre frequencies of 9.4%. The agreement between the two sets of results across the 20–4000 Hz bandwidth deteriorated slightly to 11.7 %. Modifications were made to the webbing of the pump support yoke as well as the in-board and out-board isolator plates. These tests confirmed that differences between the frequency responses of the original and modified finite element models can be justified using modal analysis theory. It was found that these particular structural design changes did not significantly influence the modal response of the structure. The methodology presented in this work provides an outline for future modelling and analysis of aircraft structural designs.
Nonlinear Dynamics Simulation of the Contact Force in Planar Mechanism With Clearance
Authors: Yousuf Louay S. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A planar mechanism with three moving parts is connected to a cam. The mechanism is consisted from crank arm, connecting rod, flat-faced follower, polydyne cam, and two guides with clearance. The investigation of the dynamic simulation of the contact force between the cam and the follower is considered in the presence of crank arm and connecting rod mechanism. Nonlinear response of the contact force is simulated at different guide width of the follower guide and at different cam speeds. SolidWorks program is used in the calculation of contact force at different cam speeds and different guide’s width. The nonlinear dynamics simulation of the planar mechanism is described using Lyapunov exponent parameter, Poincare’ map, Fast Fourier Transform, and phase-plane mapping. Local Lyapunov exponent is calculated using the MatLab code of the dynamic tool algorithm based on the values of time delay and embedding dimensions. The amplitude of Fast Fourier Transform is determined using the analysis of power spectrum while phaseplane diagram is drawn using the relation between the contact force and its variation.
Investigating the Effect of a Brand Factor in Product Design Based on a Data-Driven Approach Using Online Reviews
Authors: Park Seyoung , Kim Harrison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recently, online user-generated data has emerged as a valuable source for consumer product research. However, most studies have neglected the brand effect, although it is a significant factor in conventional market research. This paper demonstrates the importance of brands in data-driven design using online reviews. Specifically, the study utilizes game theory and suggests a game setting representing market competition. Elements of the game are determined based on online data analysis. The proposed approach consists of three stages. The first stage divides online customers into different segments and analyzes them to extract the feature importance of each brand in each segment. The importance is based on the term frequency of each feature, and it becomes the customer’s partial utility for each feature. The second stage defines the specification of product candidates and calculates their costs. This study refers to real market datasets (Bill of Materials) available online. At this point, the game is all set. The final stage finds the Nash Equilibrium of the designed game and compares the optimal strategy for a product portfolio with and without brand consideration. The suggested approach was tested on smartphone reviews from Amazon. The result shows that the lack of brand consideration leads a company to choose a non-optimal product strategy, illustrating the significance of the brand factor.
A Variable-Stiffness Link for Safe Robot Interactions
Authors: Nelson Carl A. , Swerczek Nick , Tannehill Amber 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a new variable-stiffness link design for safe robot interactions. By integrating a linear spring using the variable-lever principle, the link system replicates the linear rotational stiffness behavior typical of a variable-stiffness joint (or variable-stiffness actuator) while avoiding the size constraints that tend to make the latter difficult to design and build. A nonlinear relationship between lever arm and rotational stiffness gives the system a large range of stiffness variation. Implementation of a prototype validated the theoretical model, and simulation of a two-link variable-stiffness planar robot illustrated the practical utility of the proposed design.
Optimal Control of Spine and Shoulder Powered Exoskeletons for Squat Lifting
Authors: Arefeen Asif , Xiang Yujiang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this study, a two-dimensional (2D) human skeletal model is used to predict the optimal lifting motion for the cases with and without exoskeletons using inverse dynamics optimization. The kinematics and dynamics of the human model were expressed in Denavit-Hartenberg (DH) representation. Furthermore, the electromechanical dynamics of the spine and shoulder exoskeletons’ DC motors are modeled in the lifting optimization formulation. The design variables are human joint angle profiles and exoskeleton motor current profiles. The normalized human joint torque squared is minimized subject to physical and lifting task constraints. The optimization problem was solved by the gradient-based optimizer SNOPT. The comparison of the predicted human joint angle profiles, joint torque profiles, and ground reaction force (GRF) profiles are presented between lifting tasks with and without exoskeleton assistance. The optimal torques of the exoskeletons at the spine and shoulder joints are achieved by solving the lifting optimization problem, and it is observed that the proposed method has reduced the human joint torque magnitudes due to the exoskeletons’ assistance. The peak values of the human spine and shoulder joint torque magnitudes decreased by 6.40% and 38.01% respectively, due to the exoskeleton assistance. However, human knee joint torque has slightly increased due to the extra weight of the exoskeletons.
Amplitude-Voltage Response of Parametric Resonance of Electrostatically Actuated Circular Membranes
Authors: Alipi Marcos , Caruntu Dumitru I. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper deals with the amplitude-voltage response of parametric resonance of electrostatically actuated MEMS circular membranes resonator for sensing applications. The system consists of a flexible circular membrane over a parallel ground plate. A soft AC voltage is applied between the MEMS membrane and ground plate to actuate the membrane near its first natural frequency. Two methods of investigation are used in this research, namely the method of multiple scales (MMS), and the reduced order model (ROM). These methods were used to solve for the voltage response of the MEMS analytically and numerically. This work also reports the effects the damping and frequency parameters have on the voltage response. It is shown that increasing the damping parameter decreases the size of the escape band and decreases the nonlinear effect on the system. Increasing the detuning frequency decreases the size of the escape band, shifts the bifurcation points to lower voltages, and the steady-state amplitudes of the system decrease.