bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Zinc Supplementation on Intestinal Permeability in Bangladeshi Children with Acute Diarrhoea and Persistent Diarrhoea Syndrome
Authors: Roy S. K. , Behrens R. H. , Haider R. , Akramuzzaman S. M. , Mahalanabis D. , Wahed M. A. , Tomkins A. M. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryZinc has been shown to enhance intestinal mucosal repair in patients suffering from acrodermatitis enteropathica; but the impact on mucosal integrity during acute (AD) or persistent (PD) diarrhoea is unknown. One hundred eleven children with AD and 190 with PD aged between 3 and 24 months received, randomly and blind to the investigators, either an elemental zinc supplement of 5 mg/kg body wt/day or placebo in multivitamin syrup for 2 weeks while intestinal permeability and, biochemical and anthropometric markers were serially monitored. The permeability test was administered as an oral dose of 5 g lactulose/1 g mannitol in a 20‐ml solution followed by a 5‐h urine collection. The ratio of the urinary probe sugars was correlated to clinical, biochemical, and microbiological parameters. At presentation, lactulose excretion was increased and mannitol excretion decreased in both AD and PD as compared with age‐matched asymptomatic children. The lactulose/mannitol ratio (L/M) was higher in subjects with mucosal invasive pathogens (rotavirus and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli) compared with children excreting Vibrio cholera and enterotoxigenic. coli.Two‐week zinc supplementation significantly reduced lactulose excretion in both AD and PD, whereas the change in mannitol excretion and L/M was similar between study groups in both studies. Changes in lactulose excretion were significantly influenced by zinc supplementation in children with E. coli, Shigella sp., and Campylobacter jejuni stool isolates. The greatest reduction in total lactulose excretion was seen in supplemented children who on presentation were lighter (wt/age <80%), thinner (wt/ht <85%), and undernourished [middle upper arm circumference (MUAC) <12.5 cm] or with hypozincaemia (<14 μmlmol/L). The results suggest zinc supplementation improves intestinal permeability in certain groups of children with AD or PD syndrome and contributes to their recovery. This effect may indirectly reflect enhanced mucosal recovery. Further studies on the mechanisms of mucosal repair following zinc supplementation are recommended.
Postnatal Development of Liver and Exocrine Pancreas in Polycythemic Newborn Infants
Authors: Boehm G. , Delitzsch A. K. , Senger H. , DelSanto A. , Moro G. , Minoli I. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryIn 35 newborn infants appropriate for gestational age the influence of neonatal polycythemia (venous hematocrit >60% measured between the second and fourth hour of life) on development of enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, activities of pancreatic enzymes in duodenal juice, and the effects of hemodilution were studied during the second week of life. A significant correlation was found between the initial hematocrit and both the bile acid concentration in serum and lipase and trypsin activity in duodenal juice. Of 35 infants, 10 were not treated with hemodilution due to asymptomatic polycythemia; they had the highest concentration of serum bile acids associated with the lowest lipase and trypsin activity in duodenal juice. However, the 25 infants treated with hemodilution also showed serum bile acid concentrations and lipase and trypsin activity in duodenal juice out of the normal range when compared to normocythemic infants. These data indicate that, during the first days of life, polycythemia results in a delayed postnatal development of enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and exocrine pancreas functions independently from the occurrence of clinical symptoms. Thus, it can be concluded that, on the first day of life, all polycythemic infants should be treated with hemodilution. Moreover, the nutritional management of these infants must also account for the limited functional capacity of the gastrointestinal tract.
THE HEAT‐STABLE ENTEROTOXIN RECEPTOR
Authors: Cohen Mitchell B. , de Sauvage EJ , Camerato T R , Goeddel DV. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryHeat‐stable enterotoxins (STa), a family of small polypeptides produced by Escherichia coli strains, are responsible for diarrheal disease in children and in travellers. STa binds to a receptor located on the enterocyte brush border membrane and, as a result, activates a membrane‐bound guanylate cyclase. These events begin a cascade that culminates in intestinal fluid secretion and diarrhea. This report, and a second study published simultaneously (Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 179:1455–63), describe the molecular cloning and expression of cDNA encoding the receptor for STa in human intestine. The human cDNA was cloned by screening a cDNA library with a probe based on the sequence of the rat intestinal STa receptor (Cell 1990;63:941–8) and synthesized using the polymerase chain reaction. As in the rat, the human STa receptor contains an extracellular STa‐binding domain, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic guanylate cyclase domain. Overall, the human receptor is 81% identical at the deduced amino acid level to the rat receptor for STa, although there is only 71% homology in the extracellular domain, de Sauvage et al. also transfected a human kidney cell line with a cDNA encoding for this receptor. The transfected cell line demonstrated both STa binding and STa‐mediated guanylate cyclase activation.
RETROVIRUS INFECTION OF ENTEROCYTES
Authors: Fantini J , Yaki N , Chermann J‐C. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryAlthough the gastrointestinal tract is thought to be one of the major routes for infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), controversy still exists concerning the ability of HIV to infect epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa. In this paper, Fantini et al. detailed their studies of the ability of HIV to infect the human colon cancer cell line HT‐29‐D4. Differentiation of these epithelial cells can be regulated in vitro by modifying the culture medium concentration of glucose and by replacing glucose with galactose. Intestinal cells in culture were infected with three different strains of HIV—HIV‐1‐BRU, HIV‐1‐NDK (a highly cytopathic strain), and HIV‐2‐ROD. Exponentially growing HT‐29‐D4 cells were exposed for 16 h to HIV in serum‐supplemented medium. After washing, epithelial cells were harvested and subcultured. Virus replication in subcultured cells was determined by HIV‐specific DNA amplification using the polymerase chain reaction. Amplified products were analyzed for specificity by Southern blot hybridization with a radiolabeled DNA probe internal to the primer templates. The presence of CD4 molecules (i.e., receptors for cell binding of HIV) on intestinal epithelial cells was assessed using monoclonal antibodies and immunofluorescence labeling.Fantini et al. found that undifferentiated HT‐29‐D4 cells express a CD4‐related antigen that lacks the epitope known to be involved in recognition of the HIV envelope binding protein referred to as gp120. Undifferentiated HT‐29‐D4 cells were infected by both HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 strains. However, the infection did not alter cell growth. Differentiated HT‐29‐D4 cells were also infected, either through the apical brush border or the basolateral membrane. Although the CD4‐like surface molecules were restricted to the basolateral domain of differentiated cells, antibodies against specific epitopes of the CD4 glycoprotein did not inhibit HIV infection. The authors conclude that intestinal epithelial cells can be infected by both HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 via either the apical membrane or the basolateral membrane. There was no evidence of viral replication by reverse transcriptase activity. However, following culture of HT‐29‐D4 cells with virus, HIV DNA could be recovered by gene amplification as long as 9 months after exposure of intestinal tissue culture cells to the virus. The authors speculate that this might provide an explanation for the prolonged seronegative state observed in HIV‐infected individuals.These findings raise the possibility that infected lamina propria lymphocytes and macrophages could coinfect intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, HIV present in the intestinal lumen could bind to the apical surface and infect enterocytes.
Evaluation of Liquid or Powdered Fortification of Human Milk on Growth and Bone Mineralization Status of Preterm Infants
Authors: Moyer‐Mileur Laurie , Chan Gary M. , Gill Gurmail 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThirty‐five preterm (<1500 g) infants were fed preterm human milk (PHM) supplemented with either powdered fortifier (PF) or liquid supplement (LS). Bone mineral content (BMC) of the distal third radius was measured by photon absorptiometry. Biochemical indices of nutritional and bone status were obtained every 2 weeks. The initial BMC for both feeding regimens were similar. BMC did not change over the study period for infants fed LS. Infants fed PF had BMC values greater than LS infants at weeks 2 and 4 of study. Only infants fed PF had BMC values that demonstrated a consistent increase. Serum total protein and phosphorus values were greater for PF infants at week 4 than LS infants. Weight, length, occipital‐frontal circumference (OFC) gains, serum albumin, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and vitamin D levels were similar in both groups. We conclude that products used to “enrich” PHM are adequate to meet the growth needs of the preterm infant. However, we found that infants fed the powdered fortified preterm human milk had higher bone mineralization than those fed the liquid supplemented human milk.
Plasma Vitamin E Concentrations of Older Infants Fed Cow's Milk or Infant Formula
Authors: Shank Jackie S. , Dorsey Jodee L. , Anderson Kathryn , Cooper William T. , Acosta Phyllis B. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryNutrition of older infants, though important for optimal brain development, is inadequately studied. The beverage choice markedly influences nutrient intake, but little is known regarding nutrition status of older infants, particularly for vitamin E. This study assessed vitamin E intakes and plasma tocopherol concentrations in two groups of healthy infants, 8 to 13 months of age, who had consumed either cow's milk (n = 45) or milk‐based formula (n = 55) for a minimum of the 3 preceding months. Mean (±SEM) vitamin E intake was significantly lower (p ± 0.001) by the infants who had consumed cow's milk (CMF) than by infants who had consumed formula (FF); 4.1 ± 0.25 mg/day and 10.9 ± 0.57 mg/day, respectively. Mean (±SEM) intake of linoleic plus linolenic acids was significantly lower (p ± 0.005) by CMF infants (3.4 ± 0.2 g) than by FF infants (9.9 ± 1.0 g), although mean (±SEM) dietary vitamin E to polyunsaturated fat ratio (E/PUFA ratio) was the same in both FF and CMF infants (1.3 ± 0.1). Plasma a‐tocopherol concentration (mean ± SD) was significantly lower (p ± 0.005) in CMF than in FF infants (0.86 ± 0.28 mg/dl vs. 1.14 ± 0.42 mg/dl, respectively). Dietary vitamin E intakes were positively correlated (p ± 0.05) with plasma a‐tocopherol concentrations. No correlations were found between plasma a‐tocopherol concentrations and total fat intake, dietary E/PUFA ratios, erythrocyte polyunsaturated fatty acids s≥C18:2, or number of hours postprandial that blood was drawn. The difference in the mean plasma a‐tocopherol concentration (0.28 mg/dl) between CMF and FF infants may be of importance to infants who have a high intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Parasitic Infection of the Gut and Protein‐Losing Enteropathy
Authors: Sullivan Peter B. , Lunn Peter G. , Northrop‐Clewes Christine A. , Farthing Michael J. G. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryParasitic infection of the gut is highly prevalent in developing countries and contributes to the severe malnutrition associated with persistent diarrhoea in children. Using random faecal α1‐antitrypsin measurements as an index of protein‐losing enteropathy, we examined children with and without parasitic infection of the gut. Seventeen percent of children with persistent diarrhoea had evidence of protein‐losing enteropathy. This was found to be associated with hypoalbuminaemia in children infected with Strongyloides stercoralis. Only a minority (2 of 17) of children infected with Giardia lamblia had raised faecal α1‐antitrypsin excretion and this was not associated with hypoalbuminaemia. This study emphasises the need for rapid diagnosis and treatment of Strongyloides infection in children with persistent diarrhoea and severe nutrition.
Esophageal Stricture in Children
Authors: Dalzell A. M. , Shepherd R. W. , Cleghorn G. J. , Patrick M. K. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryWe made a retrospective analysis of the efficacy and complication rate of 268 esophageal dilatation procedures performed under fluoroscopic control using the fiber‐optic endoscope in 45 children with esophageal stricture. Antegrade and retrograde stricture dilatation was performed under general anesthetic, mainly as an outpatient procedure. Thirty‐six children had an esophageal stricture following tracheoesophageal fistula and/or esophageal atresia repair, and nine children had severe corrosive stricture of the esophagus following lye ingestion. The procedure was well tolerated and effective.
Rotavirus Induces a‐Interferon Release in Children with Gastroenteritis
Authors: De Boissieu D. , Lebon P. , Badoual J. , Bompard Y. , Dupont C. 
Published: January 2024

Summaryα‐Interferon (IFN) blood levels were studied in 38 children hospitalized for rotavirus gastroenteritis. During rotavirus infection, a peak of systemic α‐IFN was observed within 2 days of onset of symptoms. There was a significant positive correlation between α‐IFN levels and the number of vomiting episodes (p = 0.0003) but not with duration of vomiting, maximal temperature, and duration of fever. α‐IFN levels were higher in children with peripheral cyanosis compared with children without peripheral cyanosis (p = 0.005) and tended to be higher in children with diarrhea of <3 days’ duration compared with those with diarrhea lasting >4 days (p = 0.06). α‐IFN could be partly responsible for the severity of such initial symptoms as vomiting and peripheral cyanosis in rotavirus gastroenteritis and could play a role in recovery from diarrhea.
Association Between HLA and Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia
Authors: Silveira Themis R. , Salzano Francisco M. , Donaldson Peter T. , Mieli‐Vergani Georgina , Howard Edward R. , Mowat Alex P. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe etiopathogenesis of extrahepatic biliary atresia (EHBA) remains undefined. There are clinical and pathological suggestions supporting the idea that EHBA could consist of at least two forms: the congenital (embryonic or fetal) and the acquired (perinatal) types. To test the hypothesis that susceptibility to this disease would be influenced by host genetic factors, we studied the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system in 55 patients with and without major extrahepatic congenital anomalies. We found, especially in those without associated malformations, a significantly higher frequency of HLA‐B12, of haplotypes A9‐B5 and A28‐B35, and of their disequilibrium values, as compared with the 8th International Histocompatibility Workshop controls. This study suggests that immunogenetic factors may play a role in determining susceptibility to EHBA, and the different HLA frequencies in those with and without anomalies lend support to the hypothesis that biliary atresia may be an etiologically heterogeneous disorder.
A Morphological Study of β‐Lactoglobulin Absorption by Cultured Explants of the Human Duodenal Mucosa Using Immunocytochemical and Cytochemical Techniques
Authors: Wheeler Ennis E. , Challacombe David N. , Kerry Philip J. , Pearson Edwin C. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe absorption of (3‐lactoglobulin (BLG) by cultured explants of the normal adult duodenal mucosa has been studied in vitro using immunocytochemical techniques. Membrane filters (1 mm2) were soaked in medium containing BLG and placed on the mucosal surface. Explants were cultured for ≤60 min, and histological sections were immunostained for BLG. Increasing the BLG concentration in the filters and/or the exposure time increased the number and immunoreactivity of the immu‐nopositive epithelial cells present, suggesting increased BLG absorption. Increased BLG penetration of the duodenal mucosa in untreated coeliac disease was also shown using these techniques. In some studies horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as an alternative probe and pinpointed in epithelial cells by ultracytochemical techniques, confirming vesicular uptake of macromolecules. Colocalisation experiments using BLG and HRP and im‐munofluorocytochemical techniques suggested linkage between the mechanisms of absorption of both proteins into epithelial cells. Short‐term organ culture and protein challenge followed by immunolocalisation has been shown to be of value in studying the absorption of BLG and HRP by the upper small intestine and possibly of other protein macromolecules as well.
Distribution of Neuromuscular Junctions in the Bowel Affected by Hypoganglionosis
Authors: Yamataka A. , Miyano T. , Urao M. , Okazaki T. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryUsing monoclonal antibody 171B5 against synaptic vesicle proteins, neuromuscular junctions and synapses in the muscle layers of the bowel affected by hypoganglionosis were labeled and their distribution analysed. In the hypoganglionic bowel, there were less synapses in the myenteric plexus and few neuromuscular junctions compared to normal bowels. The bowel dysmotility of the patient with hypoganglionosis appears to be due to inadequate innervation between ganglion cells and smooth muscle cells.
Anderson's Disease
Authors: Strich David , Goldstein Robert , Phillips Alan , Shemer Ruth , Goldberg Yael , Razin Aharon , Freier Serem 
Published: January 2024

SummaryWe describe three patients with Anderson's disease who are members of one family; the father and mother are close relatives and three of seven children show symptoms of the disease. All patients suffered from diarrhea, failure to thrive, and recurrent infections during infancy. Although these symptoms disappeared later in life, biochemical disorders (such as low plasma levels of apolipoproteins A1 and B and cholesterol, resulting in avitaminosis E, plus failure to secrete chylomicrons after a fat meal) persisted. Electron microscopy of enterocytes of one of the patients showed accumulation of lipid vacuoles with no significant aberration of the Golgi apparatus itself. It is possible, therefore, that the disease reflects a defect in chylomicron assembly. We found that low levels of apolipoprotein (apo) B48 were present in the patients' plasma. This suggests that the processing of the B100 message resulting in apo B48 functions normally. The possibility that a mutation in the apo B gene results in an abnormal apo B48 protein is very unlikely since a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism probe mapped to chromosome 2 failed to show correspondence of the parent alleles with the disease. These observations confirm the suggestion that Anderson's disease is not linked to the apo B locus.
Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Recurrent Abdominal Pain of Childhood
Authors: Ashorn Merja , Mäki Markku , Ruuska Tarja , Karikoski‐Leo Riitta , Hällström Minna , Kokki Maarit , Miettinen Ari , Visakorpi Jarmo K. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryOver a 2.5‐year period, 82 consecutive children complaining of recurrent abdominal pain underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastroscopy confirmed pathology in 48 of the children (58.5%). Four of the children, who also had undergone gastroscopy, had other diagnoses (lactose malabsorption, hydronephrosis, yersinosis), and 30 of the children (36.6%) retained the initial diagnosis of recurrent abdominal pain syndrome. Gastritis was found in 48 of the children, 18 of whom (37.5%) had positive test results for Helicobacter pylori, based on histology and/or culture. Of 16 H. pylori‐positive children tested, 12 (75%) also had an elevated concentration of IgG‐class antibodies to H. pylori in their sera. Three of the children had duodenal ulcer disease, all of whom were H. pylori positive. Esophagitis was found in eight of the children with gastritis, all of whom were found to have gastroesophageal reflux. Our data suggest that among the children with recurrent abdominal pain syndrome, organic pathology is more common than was previously thought. Altogether 22% of the children with recurrent abdominal pain syndrome were infected with H. pylori.
Bicarbonate and Citrate in Oral Rehydration Therapy
Authors: Elliott Elizabeth J. , Watson Alistair J. M. , Walker‐Smith John A. , Farthing Michael J. G. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryIn situ perfusion of the rat jejunum and ileum was used to study the effect of inclusion of bicarbonate or citrate on the ability of four oral rehydration solutions to promote small‐intestinal absorption of water and sodium. Solutions varied in their sodium (60–90m M) and glucose (111–140m M) content and osmolality (281–331 mosmol/kg). They were studied before and after exclusion of base both in normal intestine and in secreting intestine after exposure to cholera toxin. All solutions promoted net water absorption in the normal intestine and reversed net water secretion to absorption in the cholera toxin‐treated intestine to varying degrees. Net sodium movement was directly related to the sodium content of oral rehydration solutions. Inclusion of bicarbonate or citrate did not promote significantly greater absorption of water or sodium than did solutions without base, in normal or secreting intestine. In the secreting intestine, inclusion of bicarbonate in two solutions actually resulted in greater sodium secretion than did identical solutions from which bicarbonate was omitted. These studies suggest that the inclusion of base or base precursors in oral rehydration solutions to enhance water and sodium absorption is unjustified in both normal and secreting small intestine.
Induction of Exocrine Pancreas Maturation at Weaning in Young Developing Pigs
Authors: Pierzynowski S. G. , Weström B. R. , Erlanson‐Albertsson C. , Ahre'n B. , Svendsen J. , Karlsson B. W. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe influence of weaning, at either 4 or 6 weeks of age, on the maturation of the exocrine pancreas was studied in naturally reared Swedish Landrace pigs that had no access to solid food. The pigs were surgically fitted with chronic catheters at 3 weeks of age, permitting periodic sampling of pancreatic juice and blood in conscious animals ≤4 weeks after weaning. During the suckling period, pancreatic fluid and enzyme secretion remained low, both before (preprandial) and after (postprandial) milk ingestion. After weaning at 4 or 6 weeks of age, juice secretion, output of total protein, and levels of different hydrolases (amylase, trypsin, lipase, and carboxylester lipase) and the cofactor colipase all increased markedly postprandially. Moreover, after weaning, the plasma insulin level increased postprandially. This did not happen before weaning, although blood glucose levels always rose after feeding. The data showed a relationship between the time of weaning and the induction of exocrine pancreatic maturation in pigs. This finding implies that postnatal development of pancreatic function is triggered by the dietary change from sow milk to dry solid food. In contrast, the age of the pig appears to be of minor importance, since weaning at either 4 or 6 weeks of age gave a similar result.