bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
¿QUÉ DEMOCRACIA TENEMOS? ¿QUÉ DEMOCRACIA QUEREMOS?
Authors: Subirats Joan 
Published: November 2023

El autor parte del reconocimiento de que los parámetros en los que se inscribían las instituciones de la democracia representativa han cambiado sustancialmente. En ese nuevo contexto sitúa el debate sobre los posibles déf icits de la democracia representativa y espe- cíf icamente el creciente desapoderamiento de la capacidad popular de influir y condicionar las decisiones, que hace perder legitimidad a una democracia que sólo mantiene abiertas las puertas de los ritos formales e institucionales. En segundo lugar, el artículo se centra en los efectos que tiene la generalización de internet en ese escenario. El autor constata cómo las estrategias de uso de las TIC hasta ahora desarrolladas en el espacio político se han centrado en la mejora de la capacidad de prestación de servicios o en la ampliación de la capacidad de elección de los consumidores-ciudadanos, pero no existe una voluntad de ir más allá de una concepción de la democracia que se centra en las reglas procedimentales y en una visión muy estricta del principio de representación. Frente a estas estrategias, el artículo aborda, por un lado, las relaciones entre Internet, movimientos sociales y las nuevas formas de hacer política (centrándose en la experiencia del 15M) y, por otro lado, la posibilidad de repensar de nuevo el viejo tema de la democracia directa y la participación ciudadana que la extensión y generalización de Internet permiten. En ambas estrategias late la preocupación por la calidad de la participación y la capacidad de implicación de la gente en los asuntos colectivos tanto a nivel político como vía necesaria no sólo para defender sus intereses, sino como forma de entender la democracia, una democracia relacional y participativa.
LOS FUNDAMENTOS DEL ESTADO POLÍTICO EN SPINOZA
Authors: Jiménez Sánchez José Joaquín 
Published: November 2023

No deja de llamar la atención que un autor considerado como subversivo y expulsado de su comunidad, sea después de todo el creador de los límites del estado político. Pareciera que debía haber sido el destructor de todo orden, cuando es precisamente el inspirador de un orden y además limitado. Su concepción del estado político no supone, como en Hobbes, el abandono del estado de naturaleza, sino la metamorfosis de este último en el primero, ya que aquello que se modifica, el estado natural, permanece en lo modificado, el estado político. Reconoce que únicamente en la medida en que no es posible asegurar nuestra pervivencia en el estado natural por sí solo, es por lo que se requiere la institucionalización del estado político, aunque éste no puede construirse rompiendo con la razón de su creación que no es sino el aseguramiento de nuestra pervivencia física, el incremento de nuestra riqueza y la generación de las condiciones que hagan posible el cultivo de la razón. Las ideas de un autor como Spinoza fueron relevantes para resolver el problema de la fundamentación del Estado desde los inicios de la modernidad. Su presencia en la reflexión jurídico-política occidental impresiona, está desde el comienzo, con Hobbes, pero contra Hobbes, y además destacando la insuficiencia del núcleo central de la argumentación hobbesiana, en la medida en que la libertad de pensamiento exigirá para Spinoza la libertad de expresión. Desde entonces no dejará de acompañarnos, si bien de manera larvada, pues cada vez que se acercaron a justificar de una u otra manera el orden jurídico-político, la sombra de Spinoza puede entreverse. Spinoza pergeña el orden moderno, lo traza, aunque también es verdad que a partir de ese momento intentaron olvidarlo, en el sentido en que la mayor parte de los grandes autores, Kant y Hegel por ejemplo, si bien no frenaron sus propuestas, aunque a veces uno piensa que sí que lo hicieron, lo que es cierto es que no desarrollaron aquello que Spinoza dejó en ciernes.
GUILLERMO DE OCKHAM Y EL NACIMIENTO DEL LAICISMO MODERNO
Authors: López Calera Nicolás 
Published: November 2023

Guillermo de Ockham fue un fraile franciscano, un teólogo y un filósofo de una enorme singularidad. Vive una época de crisis y de transición de la filosofía y la teología. Su laicismo se manif iesta en la defensa de una radical separación entre el poder religioso y el poder secular. Adscrito a la corriente filosófica del nominalismo, asestó un duro golpe al realismo metafísico de Aristóteles y Tomás de Aquino, propugnó la separación entre razón y fe, entre filosofía y teología y de esta manera minó las bases ideológicas de la iglesia de su tiempo. Fue acusado de hereje por su nominalismo, aunque él mismo condenó al papa Juan XXII como herético por su concepción de la pobreza, una concepción alejada de los principios evangélicos y sobre todo de la concepción de la orden franciscana. Defendió la separación entre iglesia y estado y negó la autoridad del Papa en asuntos seculares. Afirmaba rotundamente la libertad de conciencia y Lutero lo tuvo como maestro.
El derecho fundamental a vivir sin violencia de género
Authors: Lousada Arochena José Fernando 
Published: November 2023

La teorización sobre el género, desarrollada por el discurso ideológico feminista, ha permitido visibilizar la violencia contra la mujer por el hecho de ser mujer en todas sus formas —acoso sexual y acoso sexista; violencia doméstica, delitos sexuales …— y ha determinado la aparición de un tratamiento legal específ ico dirigido a la prevención y lucha contra la violencia de género, que se concreta en instrumentos internacionales y regulaciones internas que se analizan en el estudio. Nos detendremos en el reciente Convenio del Consejo de Europa sobre prevención y lucha contra la violencia contra las mujeres y la violencia doméstica, pues aporta una serie de conceptos de interés —violencia contra las mujeres, doméstica y de género—. Toda esta normativa permite construir un auténtico derecho fundamental a vivir sin violencia de género, analizándose en último lugar su dimensión subjetiva y su dimensión objetiva.
The Effectiveness of Using YouTube on Fireman Sam Channel To Improve Vocabulary Mastery in Teaching Listening
Authors: Sugara Ria Dewi Hudayani , Saparianingsih Ria , Lidinillah Azkia Fathia 
Published: November 2023

<p>This research is about the use of YouTube on the Fireman Sam channel to improve vocabulary skills in teaching listening. The objectives of this research are: 1) To identify the Firemans’ Sam channel improve vocabulary mastery in teaching listening; 2) To identify Firemans’ Sam Channel is effective in vocabulary mastery. This research method was a quasi-experimental in which the data collection used two tests, pretest and posttest, both of which were listening tests. Then the data were analyzed using t-test to find out whether there is a significant difference after being given treatment. The finding of this research before getting the treatment the sample got the mean of each test in pre-test is 43,33. After being seen from the t-test that there is a significant value of 0.000 because it is less than 0.05, the researchers assume that the use of YouTube on Fireman Sam's channel improves vocabulary skills that will be effective in teaching students' listening and can be used as an alternative media in teaching listening.</p><p> </p>
Assessing the state of LGBTQ+ diversity and inclusion in neurosurgery
Authors: Foresi Brian D. , Pellot Karolina , Quadri Saif S. , Muzyka Logan , White Sarah , Uzoukwu Cynthia , Pannullo Susan C. 
Published: November 2023

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to assess the diversity of neurosurgeons in terms of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and/or queer (LGBTQ+) gender and sexual minority status using the Graduation Questionnaire (GQ) as the single nationalized source of LGBTQ+ identification. Additionally, inclusivity was assessed through interviews by residents and attendings in the field.

METHODS
First, a PRISMA literature review was conducted and independently reviewed by two authors on studies involving LGBTQ+ representation in neurosurgery from PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Then, aggregate responses of 16,901 participants’ sexual and gender identities from the GQ administered between 2016 and 2022 were compiled. To statistically analyze the response frequencies, the authors performed a chi-square analysis. Finally, interviews were conducted with individuals who identify as LGBTQ+ and are currently neurosurgical residents or attendings. Direct invitations were extended to participate in interviews, and all participants gave informed consent prior to the interview. Interviews were conducted using standardized questions and were video recorded.

RESULTS
Two studies were identified by literature review that referenced the LGBTQ+ community in neurosurgery. A GQ chi-square analysis comparing neurosurgical with nonneurosurgical LGBTQ+ identification proved statistically insignificant (p = 0.65). More broad analysis of majority sexual and gender identification (heterosexual and cisgendered) compared with the total gender and sexual minority group also proved statistically insignificant (p = 0.32) in response frequency. Five interviews, including 4 residents and 1 attending, provided several overarching themes including self-identification as an invisible minority, self-limiting behavior to ensure inclusion, and LGBTQ+ status as a direct departure from the stereotypical neurosurgeon.

CONCLUSIONS
Results from the GQ analysis indicate that neurosurgery is achieving LGBTQ+ diversity of its incoming members comparable to that of other fields in medicine. However, qualitative data from the interviews and a lack of specific literature indicate that despite obtaining diversity, inclusion of LGBTQ+ neurosurgeons and trainees is lacking.
A decade of diversity: using statistical indices to compare neurosurgery to other surgical specialties
Authors: Persad-Paisley Elijah M. , Uriarte Sarah A. , Wang Ziqi , Leary Owen P. , Gopal Jay R. , Balmaceno-Criss Mariah , Telfeian Albert E. , Cielo Deus J. 
Published: November 2023

OBJECTIVE
Studies have demonstrated the benefits of diversity in neurosurgery. However, recruitment of minoritized groups within the neurosurgical workforce consistently lags other surgical specialties. While racial and gender demographics of neurosurgical residents are well documented, there has been minimal exploration into the multidimensional nature of diversity. The current study will evaluate the longitudinal diversity changes in neurosurgery residency programs compared with other surgical fields with validated diversity indices.

METHODS
Nationwide reports including data about resident physicians were obtained from the American Medical Association and the Association of American Medical Colleges for the academic years 2008–2021. Self-reported race, biological sex, and medical school affiliation were recorded for surgical residents in the 10 commonly recognized surgical fields. The Gini-Simpson Diversity Index was used to calculate the effective counts (ECs) of races, sexes, and medical school types for each field. A Composite Diversity Index (CDI) comprising the aforementioned diversity traits was used to calculate the percentage of characteristics upon which two randomly selected residents within each specialty would differ. CDIs were calculated for each field in every year from 2008 to 2021. Median CDIs were compared between fields using Kruskal-Wallis testing, and p values < 0.05 were deemed statistically significant.

RESULTS
Plastic surgery had the highest median sex EC (1.92, interquartile range [IQR] 1.78–1.95), indicating greater diversity, while neurosurgery had the third lowest sex EC (1.40, IQR 1.35–1.41). All surgical fields examined had fewer than 3 races effectively represented among their residents, despite there being 8 races present. Neurosurgery ranked among the top fields in effective racial diversity (EC 2.17, IQR 2.09–2.21) and medical school type diversity (EC 1.25, IQR 1.21–1.26). There were statistically significant differences in the sex, race, and school ECs between surgical specialties. While neurosurgery had a relatively low median overall diversity (CDI = 32.7, IQR 32.0–34.6), there was a consistent longitudinal increase in CDI from 2015 to 2021.

CONCLUSIONS
Neurosurgery resident physicians have become increasingly diverse in the past decade but are more homogenous than residents in other surgical fields. The continued use of diversity indices to more accurately track diversity progress over time may better inform leaders in the field of how they may best focus their equity and inclusion efforts.
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF VARIATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT AND HOLDING TIME ON THE TEMPERING PROCESS TO IMPROVE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION SPREAD SHAFTS OF SUPRA X150 MOTORCYCLE
Authors: Sansosa Aa , Wahyudin Anggi 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACTA study has been carried out on the transmission shaft or main shaft used on the Supra x150 motorcycle vehicle. The material used for the main shaft component is made of SCr420 steel, which is an alloy steel similar to SAE 4118 or JIS SCM 420. The research carried out is the Temper Process with the aim of reducing hardness but increasing other mechanical properties, namely the more ductile nature of the material by how to vary the tempering temperature with the electric current used. This tempering process uses an induction furnace. The electric current used starts from 79 A, ​​80 A and 81 A with a holding time of 15 s, 20 s and 25 s for each Ampere.Tempering process with the required temperature and time is very influential on the hardness of the material. The lower the temperature and the shorter the Tempering process time, the higher the hardness of the material, and vice versa, the higher the temperature and the longer the Tempering process, the lower the hardness of the material.From the results of the tests that have been carried out, it is obtained that some cannot be applied, but if seen from the electric current used, the efficient one is test number 4 because it uses a current of 79 Amperes Keywords: Tempering, Current Strength, Supra X150 Motor, SAE 4118 Steel
PENERAPAN IPTEK PEMOTONGAN GAS LPG PEMBUATAN PLAT SIMPUL, BASE PLATE BAJA TOWER AIR BAGI REMAJA PUTUS SEKOLAH KAMPUNG BARITO SEMARANG
Authors: Triwardaya Triwardaya , Hadi Tjokro , Parhadi Parhadi , Supriyadi Supriyadi , Wasino Wasino , Junaidi Junaidi , Wiyana Yustinus Eka , Abdillah Rifqi Aulia , Wicaksono Teguh Mulyo 
Published: November 2023

<em>Kondisi tahun 2020 New normal di pandemi covid 19 berdampak pada pengusaha kocar-kacir ekonomi di semua sektor PHK dimana-mana tidak terkecuali di kampung Barito Semarang sehingga mata pencaharian yang tidak menentu untuk menghasilkan uang, kita harus punya skill keahlian yang mumpuni untuk mengatasi pengangguran usia remaja perlu memperdayakan masyarakat angkatan kerja yang masih muda muda atau remaja dibekali skill pemotongan LPG secara bertahap sampai mahir. New normal 2020 di Kompleks Barito Semarang untulan usaha-usaha jasa pemotongan LPG untuk plat baja FC NP tempat yang menjadi tenaga pemotong LPG plat baja yang dari luar kota kondisi sepi menjadi dirumahkan atau PHK untuk menyediakan tempat kost untuk pekerja dari luar kota menjadi masalah dari kelangkaan tenaga ahli potong LPG plat baja menjadikan masalah untuk pengusaha pengusaha pemotongan LPG Untuk mengatasi problem tersebut tim pengabdian masyarakat jurusan Teknik Sipil Polines untuk mengadakan Pelatihan memperdayakan Masyarakat untuk kaum remaja putus sekolah dengan skill 9 pembuatan sifat baja dan lain-lain.</em>
In-service ELT Teachers’ Perception on Learning Management System (LMS) Implementation during Teacher Educational Education Program (PPG)
Authors: Shalihah Rahmiyatus , Syafryadin Syafryadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
LMS as learning management software has increasingly utilized to perform online classes mostly in tertiary level of education. Therefore, study is aimed to evaluate how in-service ELT teachers’ perception toward Learning Management System (LMS) in online learning during their Teacher Professional Education Study Program (PPG). The total population of 26 in-service teachers was taken as the subject of the research. The methodology used in the study was descriptive quantitative which specified into survey research. The data finding of the study was gotten from 14 items questionnaire and one open-ended question, which were counted using mean value and percentage. From the study it was discovered that in-service PPG students had very good perception on the LMS implementation in online learning. The finding also revealed that the ICT integration in online learning was well-received.
Keywords: ICT, Learning Management System, and online learning.
An Analysis of Students’ Politeness Strategies in Whatsapp Group Interaction
Authors: Febrianti Mariska , Yuneva Yuneva 
Published: November 2023

TOEFL and Abstract is the title of whatsapp group made by UPT Bahasa Inggris Unived to communicate between admin and students who wants to graduate. This is also as the alternative way during the pandemic of Covid-19. This study aimed to analyze students’ politeness strategies from all faculties are in UNIVED and admin of UPT Bahasa Inggris in whatsapp group. Type of this research is descriptive qualitative research. The data were collected through the the transcript during the conversation between admin and undergraduate students. The results of this research showed that there were 144 conversations used by students in whatsapp grup. The researchers found 34 were used bald on record, 48 used positive politeness, 53 used negative politeness, and 9 used off-record. Negative politeness was dominant types of politeness among the other types of politeness, that oriented by the speaker as undergraduate students with admin of UPT Bahasa Inggris UNIVED Bengkulu. Question Hedge with 100% were as a form of negative politeness used by undergaduate students. From the results aboves, it shows that the dominant type of Politeness Strategies used by teacher and students in Whatsapp Group are Positive Politeness and Negative Politeness.
Keywords: Politeness Strategy, Students Interaction.
A Deixis Analysis in Joko Widodo’s Speech on the Closing G20 Summit
Authors: Dewi Yolanda Trisna , Sabat Yuliyanto , Aisyah Siti , Prasetyo Yudy 
Published: November 2023

Deixis become an important function in oral communication. They can resolve confusion, ambiguity, and misunderstanding on meaning of utterances. Among the many formal communication forms, the speech of President Joko Widodo in G20 Summit closing event can become interesting to research in term of deixis study. This article investigates the type of deixis and what deixis is the most dominantly used in the speech of Joko Widodo at the G20 Summit closing. The data were described qualitatively by referring to Levinson. Using Miles and Huberman's interactive mode, the finding shows that among 47 of deixis used, person deixis was 25, temporal deixis 3, social deixis 14, and discourse deixis 5. Person deixis “I” was found to be the most dominant in the speech, which indeed conclude that President Joko Widodo showed himself the the holder of the mandate for holding the G20 Summit in Indonesia.
Keywords: Deixis, Types of Deixis, Joko Widodo, G20 Summit
The Efforts of Handling English Learning Process for Inclusive Students at Elementary Schools in Bengkulu City
Authors: Fauziah Safitri Nur , Susyla Dian , Angraini Ria , Safitri Washlurachim 
Published: November 2023

The objectives of this research were to determine the efforts of handling English learning process for inclusive students at elementary schools in Bengkulu City. This study used qualitative method. The objects of this study were SD Alam Mahira Bengkulu and SDIT Al Aufa Bengkulu. The data were analyzed by using the procedures of Miles and Huberman (2014) namely; data reduction, display data, and Verification and conclusion. The results of this study showed that; (1) there were the efforts of handling English learning process for inclusive students at elementary schools in Bengkulu City such as conducting assessments, carrying out individual learning and therapy. (2) the obstacles in dealing with inclusive students found on teacher resources, lack of cooperation between parents and schools, and the emotional condition of inclusive students, (3) schools’ efforts make to deal with inclusive students were conducted by providing training for teachers and shadow teachers and the existence of special guidance teacher or inclusion coordinator. In conclusion the presence of inclusive students means that schools must be able to provide more efforts to ensure that all students receive services that are appropriate to their needs and abilities.
Keywords: Effort, Elementary Schools, Handling, Inclusive Students
Efektivitas Metode Fitoremediasi Dengan Jenis Tanaman Kangkung Air (Ipomoea Aquatica Forsk) Terhadap Pengolahan Air Limbah Industri Tahu di Desa Ledok Kulon
Authors: Najwa Salma , Callista Elvania Nindy , Sri Margianti Yenny 
Published: November 2023

Agar tidak mencemari lingkungan saat dibuang, limbah cair tahu dapat diolah dengan metode fitoremediasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi perubahan kondisi tanaman kangkung air dan air limbah selama 6 hari, serta menganalisis efektivitas parameter limbah cair industri tahu setelah diberi tanaman kangkung air atau biasa disebut fitoremediasi. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan 2 tahap yaitu pengujian parameter air limbah di Laboratorium Kesehatan Daerah dan pengamatan langsung ke lapangan. Metode analisis data berasal dari hasil pengujian parameter air limbah. Sampel diambil pada hari ke 0, 3 dan 6. Untuk kualitas air limbah, terjadi penurunan pada parameter TSS, BOD, dan pH menjadi netral. Pada parameter TSS terjadi penurunan pada hari ke 3 dan 6, masing-masing bernilai 68,62 mg/l, 10,94 mg/l dengan efektivitas 84% dan 8,11 mg/l dengan efektivitas 88%. Parameter pH berubah menjadi netral dengan nilai masing-masing 4,69; 6,35 dan 6,42. Untuk parameter BOD terjadi penurunan yang dengan nilai masing-masing 49,3 mg/l; 38,52 mg/l dengan efektivitas 21%, dan 37,14 mg/l dengan efektivitas 24%. Parameter COD mengalami kenaikan dengan nilai masing-masing 71,13 mg/l; 71,2 mg/l dan 77,78 mg/l. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa tanaman kangkung air dapat menurunkan parameter TSS, BOD, dan mampu menetralkan pH air limbah, tetapi tidak mampu menurunkan parameter COD
Pengaruh Jarak Septic Tank Penduduk Daerah Sempadan Sungai Kaliotik Kabupaten Lamongan Terhadap Kualitas Air Sungai
Authors: Sa'adah Nihayatus , Andrya Prasidya Denaya , Aniriani Gading Wilda , Sulistiono Eko 
Published: November 2023

Standar pembangunan tangki septik berdasarkan (SNI) 03-2916-1992 menjelaskan bahwa jarak antara sumur gali dengan sumber pencemaran minimal 11 m. Sumber pencemaran sungai adalah limbah industri dan domestik, septic tank, tempat pembuangan sampah, peternakan, saluran, rumah sakit dan tempat lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jarak dari septic tank pemukiman di bantaran Sungai Kaliotik Kabupaten Lamongan terhadap kualitas air sungai. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode indeks pencemaran yang dianalisis dengan analisis regresi linier sederhana sebagai alat uji. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa pengukuran jarak antara septic tank dan permukaan air sungai kurang memuaskan (0,05) yaitu 0,473, artinya tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik antara kedua indikator tersebut karena berdasarkan hasil survey kepada responden menyatakan bahwa bangunan septic tank sudah sesuai standar yang ditentukan