bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yiddish in Israel
Authors: Ben-Rafael Eliezer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One finds, in Israel, all the Jewish Diaspora vernaculars. The best known and most widespread is Yiddish. Yiddish is the language of origin-direct or remote-of almost 80 per cent of the Jewish population in the world, and of nearly 50 per cent of the Israeli Jews. Yet the principal faithful users of Yiddish today, the successors of the old Eastern European socialist Bund in this capacity, are, paradoxically enough, the ultra-Orthodox. Whether in Antwerp, Brooklyn, or Bne Brak and Jerusalem, they use this language as their community vernacular. They confine biblical Hebrew to holy learning and prayer and employ Flemish, English, or lvris (modern Hebrew) for communication with the Belgian, American, or Israelieither non-Jewish or Jewish-environment. The solidity of their support of Yiddish was nourished in the late nineteenth century by the Zionist revival of the Hebrew language. Until then, Hebrew had always been considered a vernacular useful for communication among Orthodox Jews in the absence of another common language (Poll 1980). However, its revival as a nationalistic enterprise was decried the ‘greatest danger of heresy for the innocent’. The Sephardic pronunciation of Hebrew adopted by the Zionists was condemned even more vigorously.
Identity, Boundaries, and Language
Authors: Ben-Rafael Eliezer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late 1920s, Asher Barash complained that ‘Not only Tel-Aviv is a Babylonia of languages, but nearly every city and every settlement. Wherever you happen to go, you find yourself in a sad and painful showing, and every time again-the showing of the confusion of languages’ (Barash 1957: 64). Since then, Hebrew has become the legitimate and effectively utilized language of this society.
Locke on Meaning and Signification
Authors: Losonsky Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter ii of Book III of John Locke’s Essay is called ‘Of the Signification of Words’ and this is the main topic of Book III. What is signification? A simple answer is that Locke is concerned with linguistic meaning. If that is correct, Book III of Locke’s. Essay is ‘the first modern treatise devoted specifically to philosophy of language’ and Locke’s theory of signification is a ‘semantic theory’.
The Politics of Christianity
Authors: Harris Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historians are not sufficiently interested in sin. The subject, intriguing at any time, is especially important in connection with John Locke. It links two of his significant interests, Christianity and politics, and links them in an unexpected way. For Two Treatises of Government is a significant point in the history of Locke’s opinions about Christianity. It has been clear for twenty years past that one of the conditions of understanding Locke and his works lies with his Christianity. But if his theology helps us to understand other parts of his thought, it too is explained by them. This chapter considers how the demands of political theory affected what Locke understood by Christianity.
The Principle of Minimal Compliance
Authors: Richards Norvin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2 I introduced and defended an approach to the data in (1) (Baker 1970); a. What do you know [who bought _]? b. Who knows [who bought what]? Baker (1970) observed that (1b) can have a reading in which what has matrix scope; covert movement of what is apparently immune to the effects of the whisland which rules out (ta). I argued that the best type of approach to these facts was what I referred to as a “Subjacency Tax” approach, in which the well-formed overt movement of who made the matrix C0 immune to the effects of Subjacency for the rest of the derivation. In this chapter I will argue that this kind of interaction between dependencies is a general property of the grammar, not just of Subjacency phenomena.
The Ontology of Phonology (Revised)
Authors: Bromberger Sylvain , Halle Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though many philosophers of language have views on empirical linguistics, few, if any, have given serious attention to phonology. Recent anthologies and books on the philosophy of language either do not mention phonology at all, or at best perfunctorily restate crude and out dated notions on the subject. This is somewhat surprising, since the facts that phonology studies are critical to the individuation of expressions and to their character as objects of speech perception or outputs of speech production. But for these facts, there would be no syntax or semantics of natural languages besides sign languages (also neglected by philosophers), and philosophers deliberating about such languages would have to be silent.
Boundary Disputes: The Distinction between Phonetic and Phonological Sound Patterns
Authors: Myers Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speech has two aspects. On the one hand, speech is a physical event: a continuously varying frequency spectrum, and a continuous flux in the state of the vocal tract. On the other hand, speech can be examined in terms of the discrete psychological categories of sound that humans insist on imposing on that physical continuum. Sound patterns are to be found in both aspects of speech. A phonological pattern is the distribution of a psychological sound category. phonology is the theory of such patterns. A phonetic pattern is the distribution of physical quantities associated with a sound category. The theory of such patterns is phonetics.
Quantificational Variability II: Adverbial Modification of Interrogative-Embedding Predicates
Authors: Lahiri Utpal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I consider some cases of what have been argued to be cases of quantificational variability (see, for example, Ginzburg 1995 b). I shall argue that these are instances that involve adverbial modification of the predicates themselves rather than modification of the embedded interrogatives. Such modification is not restricted to know-class predicates, but can also be seen with interrogative-embedding predicates of all types. The existence of such modification does not argue against the account of quantificational variability developed in Chapter 3. I will provide a summary of instances of such modification, and end with a discussion and some remarks about the relationship between these cases and the cases handled by the account of quantificational variability developed in Chapter 3.
Language Games
Authors: Schulte Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of a language game is one of the most important and most characteristic of Wittgenstein’s later philosophy. This concept refers to the subject-matter of many of Wittgenstein’s reflections upon both the meanings and the differences in meaning of linguistic expressions and at the same time marks a feature of his philosophical method. This method is intended to shed light on conceptual connections by means of describing language games.
Memory
Authors: Schulte Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of our everyday or scientific considerations regarding psychological processes are based on a simple model, which even at second glance may still appear convincing. This is the model of a magic lantern, of an incessantly and inexorably running film, of a constant succession of representations. There is no difficulty in reconciling this model with any of the traditional conceptions of sense perception; but problems arise as soon as our knowledge of the past is in question. For, on the one hand, it is inconceivable to have real knowledge without having memories while, on the other hand, it appears extremely difficult for a view agreeing with the model of a magic lantern to accommodate memories without at the same time depriving them of their essential function of informing us about something which is not present—that is, about the past—and of possibly constituting the past for us. The reason why questions about the place of memory may become problematic is that in the magic lantern there only appears to be space for that which is going on now: here there is never more than one image at a time, and even though this image may be immensely complex and involved, it will never by itself indicate whether or not it is an image of something past.
Moore’s Paradox: Belief, Supposition, Assertion
Authors: Schulte Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wittgenstein’s discussion of Moore’s paradox in the Second Part of the Philosophical Investigations (II. x, pp.190-2) is well known. The remarks published in that book are mostly taken . from the remarks on the philosophy of psychology, but in these manuscripts the paradox is discussed at much greater length. In the version reproduced in the Philosophical Investigations the selected remarks are arranged in a different order and yield a chain of arguments which it is not easy to reconstruct.1 In the manuscripts, on the other hand, the thoughts are noted down in an unordered sequence, just as they came to Wittgenstein’s mind, but the investigation goes into far more details than in the Philosophical Investigations. In this chapter I shall leave aside the—possibly more cogent—later version and try to follow the thread of the thoughts recorded in Wittgenstein’s manuscripts.
Epilogue: Ultimate Questions
Authors: Schulte Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much has been written within philosophical psychology to defend or refute some position on the so-called mind-body problem. But it quite frequently happens that even authors who do not take a stance on this problem are regarded as belonging to one of the parties in this dispute. It seems that every author writing about psychological concepts must count as a dualist or a materialist, as a defender of interactionism or of behaviourism, as an advocate of psychophysical parallelism or of functionalism.
The Succinct Case for Idealism
Authors: Foster John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My aim is to establish the truth of phenomenalistic idealism, which takes the physical world to be something logically created by the organization of (i.e. the regularities in and lawlike constraints on) human sense-experience. This position stands in sharp contrast with physical realism, which takes the physical world to be logically independent of the human mind and metaphysically fundamental. Despite his reductive account of the physical world, the idealist is not, of course, committed to saying that there is no concrete reality external to, and independent of, the human mind. All he is committed to saying is that, if there is such a reality, it is not itself physical and only contributes to the existence of the physical world via its actual or potential influence on human experience. In fact, idealists normally do envisage some form of external reality to account for the experiential organization. Thus Berkeley, who espouses a form of phenomenalistic idealism in his Principles, insists that human sense-experience and the laws which control it are the result of divine volition.
Ideological Roots of Atheism
Authors: Clark Stephen R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only a few years ago some of the more doctrinaire moderns expected that we should soon have a complete and unified theory of Life, the Universe, and Everything. Once that was achieved we need never be surprised by anything again, nor need we fear lest our power be less than our desire. All understanding increases power: perfect understanding would allow us unlimited power, either to change the world or (at the least) to change our selves, or our subjects’ selves, so that they no longer nursed impossible desires.
God, Nature, and Natural Kinds
Authors: Clark Stephen R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to Jean Pepin (1986: 408), ‘nothing seems more foreign to today’s mentality than to make the cosmos, the organized universe, the object of a religious attitude’. Pepin goes on to suggest that ‘the Christian tradition’ has ‘imposed on us the idea of a sort of rivalry between the universe and humanity’. The related notion that it is the J udaeo-Christian tradition that is uniquely responsible for our ecological crisis is frequently repeated. Ecomystics prefer to think of Gaia, the Goddess, poised adorably in emptiness between the four elementary states of physical being, or the four corners of the turning year. Even Christian theologians often seek to distance themselves from what they regard as ‘classical theism’ and its associated anthropocentrism (O’Donnell 1983: 182). In that older view, we are told, the world is not God, because it came from nothing, whereas the Logos is true God from true God (Hippolytus, Refutation of Heresies IO. 33). Both enthusiasts and critics tell us that the material universe, in Abrahamic thought, is made ‘for’ humanity, and so made freely available for any destructive wish we entertain. God is not to be seen in natural process, in earthquake, fire, or wind, but in the ‘still, small voice’ of moral conscience, the summons away from Ur and Haran. ‘See to it that no one makes prey of you by philosophy and empty deceit, according to human tradition, according to the elemental spirits of the world’ (Paul, Colossians 2: 28). Or as Philo put it: we must follow Abram’s migration from the creed of the Chaldeans to the creed of the lovers of God, that is from the created and sensible to the intelligible and creative cause (Philo, Quis Rerum Divinarum Heres 289 = 1929-62: iv. 433).
The Physical Significance of the Vacuum State of a Quantum Field
Authors: D. W. Sciama 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even in its ground state, a quantum system possesses fluctuations and an associated zero-point energy, since otherwise the uncertainty principle would be violated. In particular, the vacuum state of a quantum field has these properties. For example, the electric and magnetic fields in the electromagnetic vacuum are fluctuating quantities. This leads to a kind of reintroduction of the ether, since some physical systems interacting with the vacuum can detect the existence of its fluctuations. However, this ether is Lorentz-invariaht, so there is no contradiction with special relativity. The aim of this paper is to discuss the physical significance of these zero-point fluctuations and to comment on the zero-point energy.
Vacuum or Holomovement
Authors: Hiley B J , Beniak Édouard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantizing the gravitational field presents some formidable problems. The deep link between gravity and space–time implies that, if quantization is to be successfully carried out, then radical changes in our understanding of space–time will be needed. In this paper I will explore some new ideas about space–time that can be motivated through a purely algebraic approach to quantum mechanics and which call into question the notion of absolute locality. In order to bring out these ideas, a brief review of the classical and quantum notions of the vacuum, particularly in their relation to our understanding of space–time structure, is first presented.
How Empty is the Vacuum?
Authors: Braam Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Classically, a portion of space is called a vacuum if there are no particles, in particular no air molecules, in it. This definition allows for the presence of an electromagnetic field in the vacuum. Quantum-mechanically, this cannot be correct, since the electromagnetic field is built up of photons, small particles carrying the electromagnetic interaction. So a more up-to-date definition would define a vacuum to be ‘empty space’, without electromagnetic fields or particles present.
Simplification
Authors: Mougeon Raymond , Beniak Édouard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall examine a case of simplification relating to subject verb number concord in the third person plural. Subject-verb agreement in the third person plural has been the focus of several recent quantitative studies in sociolinguistics, most prominent among these being that of Naro (1981). Naro has shown that in Brazilian Portuguese there is a rather marked tendency for the 3pl. forms of verbs to be replaced by their 3sg. counterparts in the speech of the lower uneducated classes (e.g. eles dão ‘they give’ &gt; eles dá ‘they gives’). In other words, the rule of subject-verb agreement is undergoing a process of elimination from the grammar of popular Brazilian Portuguese. Naro’s study is important because it proposes a model of syntactic change based on the notion of ‘saliency’. According to this model, a syntactic change starts at a point in the grammar where it produces the least noticeable result.
Children and Linguistic Change
Authors: Mougeon Raymond , Beniak Édouard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For some time now linguists have been struck by parallels between historical changes and child language. One of the best illustrations of this parallelism is to be found in Hooper (1980). Hooper shows how several generalizations about child morphology arrived at in the literature on language acquisition (e.g. the indicative mood is acquired before the subjunctive) have counterparts in the literature on historical change (e.g. other moods have been restructured on the analogy of the indicative). The repeated observation of correspondences between historical developments and language-acquisition processes has quite naturally given rise to a tradition in linguistics of grounding change in language acquisition (see Baron 1977 for a critical review).
Covert Interference
Authors: Mougeon Raymond , Beniak Édouard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present chapter is, as it were, transitional between the previous ones-all of which were concerned with system-internal developments-and the following ones-all of which will be concerned with interference-related developments in the speech of Franco-Ontarian adolescents. We examine here a rather complex case of variability in th, prepositional subsystem of this regional variety of Canadian French. The variable expresses the basic notions of movement to/location at a person’s dwelling and is realized by two types of variants: the simple prepositions chez, sur, and à (e.g. je suis chez moi ‘I’m at home’) and prepositional phrases involving the noun maison (e.g. je vais à la maison ‘I’m going home’).
Core Lexical Borrowing
Authors: Mougeon Raymond , Beniak Édouard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his by now classic survey of the linguistic: consequences of language contact, Weinreich (1968: 56-61) proposed several reasons for lexical borrowing, the most universal, according to him, being the need to designate cultural novelties, that is, items peculiar to another culture and therefore for which the recipient language lacks lexical designations. Twenty years later Scotton and Okeju (1973), in a study devoted to lexical borrowings in Ateso, an East African ‘.Nilotic language, would remark– indeed complain– that lexical borrowings serving as designations for cultural borrowings have so attracted the attention of linguists as to obscure the existence of lexical borrowings infringing on the ‘core’ or common vocabulary of the recipient language.
Are there Moral Authorities?
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have been struck, as many must have been, by the very small impact that philosophers have had on the current public debates in Britain on moral issues. This is partly because their help is not often sought; and partly because when it is sought the philosophers are not always helpful. There are now some good philosophers who work in applied philosophy. And there are also some philosophers who attempt this, but who, because of their faulty grasp of ethical theory, are not in a position to help very much. On the Continent the position is much worse. I have also been struck, on recent visits to Scandinavia and Germany, first by the great public interest there is in moral questions, especially in medicine, but secondly by how uncommon it is for philosophers to be asked to serve on committees and working parties that study such questions. It is much more usual for clergymen and lawyers to have a place on them. That perhaps shows that clergymen and lawyers are regarded as some sort of authorities on moral questions, but philosophers are not.
Value Education in a Pluralist Society: A Philosophical Glance at the Humanities Curriculum Project
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I start by explaining the scope of this paper. I am going to discuss the problem of how educators in our society (which makes it so difficult for them and their charges) are to help people to face, in as rational a way as possible, the bewildering choices of values, principles, ideologies, ways of life, etc. with which they are confronted. I chose the Humanities Curriculum Project as an example of a kind of approach to this problem which I wish to defend, because it is well known and has attracted much criticism. But, since there are many who would subscribe to the general approach which I shall be defending, but would criticize the Project’s particular way of following this approach, I must explain that in this paper I shall be defending the approach in general against those who criticize it in general. There may well be criticisms of the practical execution of the Project with which I should agree, if I knew enough about educational practice to venture an opinion. But I shall leave these practical questions to others more qualified than myself.
Why Moral Language?
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper (originally contributed to the Festschrift for Jack Smart), I take up a topic on which he and I disagree, and which at the same time gives me an opportunity to discuss the very important question of whether we could do without moral language. I shall take issue, not only with Smart’s views, but also with those of Marvyn Zimmerman, whose paper of 1962 Smart ( 1984: 45) says is ‘one of the most stimulating papers that have been written on moral philosophy for more than twenty years’. I shall also say something about a related topic, discussed by Peter Singer in another good paper (1973), namely ‘Need we make a fuss about whether “ought” is derivable from “is”?’ It is one of the many merits of Smart’s book to have brought these questions again into the open.
Motive and Rightness in Kant’s Ethical System
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One deeply entrenched assumption of ethical theorizing is that the rightness of an act does not depend on one’s motive in performing the act. Considerations of motive are generally understood to affect the moral quality of one’s character and hence the moral worth of one’s actions. But, on the assumption under consideration, the rightness of an act is to be sharply distinguished from whatever moral worth it may possess; moral worth depends on motive, rightness does not.
The Core Conception
Authors: Smilansky Saul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In those days they shall say no more, The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children’s teeth are set on edge. But every one shall die for his own iniquity. We begin by exploring our basic ethical intuitions underlying the concern with free will. The principal issues we will focus on in this chapter are desert and justice, and they will be our central means of examining the merits of compatibilism and hard determinism in Chapters 3 and 5. In Chapter 6, we shall broaden our focus beyond desert and justice. The notion of desert lies at the centre of the concern with free will. It is also a normatively strong notion. Any conclusion we form regarding desert should therefore be valid for most of what concerns us in the free will problem.