bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developmental, diachronic, and demographic analysis of cribra orbitalia in the medieval christian populations of Kulubnarti
Authors: Mittler Diane M. , van Gerven Dennis P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPrevious analysis of cribra orbitalia in the medieval populations of Kulubnarti focused only on the presence or absence of the lesion relative to age, sex, and cultural period. Demographic consideration of the lesion was limited to a gross comparison of lesion frequencies and probabilities of dying by age group. The scope of the earlier work has been expanded in the present research to include the consideration of cribra orbitalia from a developmental, demographic, and diachronic perspective.The sample consisted of the same 334 crania analyzed by Van Gerven et al. ([1981] J. Hum. Evol. 10:395–408). All skulls showing the lesion were dichotomized as active or healing, and separate life tables were constructed for those with lesions and those without.The results demonstrate that active lesions are confined entirely to infancy and childhood with formation beginning as early as six months and ending by the twelfth year. This childhood pattern is consistent with the iron deficiency anemia hypothesis proposed by Carlson et al. ([1974] J. Hum. Evol. 3:405–410). Among young adults (16–40), healing lesions occur more frequently in males than females. In the older age categories, however, females exhibit a higher frequency of partially healed lesions than males.A life table comparison of those with and those without cribra orbitalia reveals a dramatic reduction in mean life expectancy for those with the lesion across the formative childhood years (birth‐16). This reduction peaks at age 5 where 78% of the children exhibit lesions and where they, as a group, have a mean life expectancy 15.5 years below those without the lesion. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Longitudinal analysis of adolescent growth in height, fatness, and fat patterning in rural South African black children
Authors: Cameron N. , Gordon‐Larsen P. , Wrchota E. M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAdolescent growth in height, fatness, and fat patterning was investigated in a sample of 79 rural South African black children studied longitudinally from 6–18 years. Data were analyzed relative to peak height velocity (PHV) to identify the phenomenon of “compensatory” growth in height during adolescence and to describe changes in fatness and fat patterning. Compensatory growth following PHV was clearly observed relative to NHANES data for African‐Americans in that Z‐scores for height at the start of the adolescent growth spurt were greater than those at the end of the spurt. Statistically significant differences in fatness and centralization between males and females did not occur until about 2 years after PHV was attained. Centralization of fat occurred in both sexes but moreso in males. The lack of centralization in females was due to relatively greater triceps skinfold velocities. The rapid gain in post‐PHV fatness in females may represent a physiological adaptation to an energetically sub‐optimal environment, buffering the energetic costs of reproduction. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New early Eocene anaptomorphine primate (Omomyidae) from the Washakie Basin, Wyoming, with comments on the phylogeny and paleobiology of anaptomorphines
Authors: Williams Blythe A. , Covert Herbert H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRecent paleontological collecting in the Washakie Basin, southcentral Wyoming, has resulted in the recovery of over 100 specimens of omomyid primates from the lower Eocene Wasatch Formation. Much of what is known about anaptomorphine omomyids is based upon work in the Bighorn and Wind River Basins of Wyoming. This new sample documents greater taxonomic diversity of omomyids during the early Eocene and contributes to our understanding of the phylogeny and adaptations of some of these earliest North American primates. A new middle Wasatchian (Lysitean) anaptomorphine, Anemorhysis savagei, n. sp., is structurally intermediate between Teilhardina americana and other species of Anemorhysis and may be a sister group of other Anemorhysis and Trogolemur.Body size estimates for Anemorhysis, Tetonoides, Trogolemur, and Teilhardina americana indicate that these animals were extremely small, probably less than 50 grams. Analysis of relative shearing potential of lower molars of these taxa indicates that some were primarily insectivorous, some primarily frugivorous, and some may have been more mixed feeders. Anaptomorphines did not develop the extremes of molar specialization for frugivory or insectivory seen in extant prosimians. Incisor enlargement does not appear to be associated with specialization in either fruits or insects but may have been an adaptation for specialized grooming or food manipulation. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Terrestrial adaptations in the postcranial skeletons of guenons
Authors: Gebo Daniel L. , Sargis Eric J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractArboreal and semiterrestrial guenons show similar osteological features of the limbs across a wide range of species, environments, and geography, while the more terrestrially committed guenons exhibit greater morphological divergence. An ecomorphological comparison of two sympatric guenons living in Kibale Forest, Uganda, reveals an array of anatomical adaptations for terrestriality in the limbs of Cercopithecus lhoesti similar to those found in Erythrocebus patas. In contrast, Cercopithecus aethiops, although also frequent users of the terrestrial environment, generally exhibit fewer morphological adaptations characteristic of a terrestrial lifestyle. It appears that significant morphological modification for terrestriality has occurred twice within the diverse radiation of living guenons with C. aethiops perhaps representing a third group in the making. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Average menarcheal age of higher socioeconomic status urban Cape Coloured girls assessed by means of status quo and recall methods
Authors: Henneberg M. , Louw G. J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe age of the onset of menstruation has been determined for the urban middle‐class Cape Coloured population. From 1987 to 1992 data were collected from 857 girls aged 8 to 20 years attending primary and secondary schools in Cape Town. The schools were specifically selected for the highest socioeconomic status (SES) of pupils' parents. Three‐quarters of parents fell into the higher three categories of the 5‐category SES standard. Girls were interviewed with respect to their menarcheal status and those who were postmenarcheal were also asked to report when they had started to menstruate. The probit analysis of the status quo data yielded average of 12.61 years and a standard deviation (s) of 1.25 years. The retrospective method was applied only to recall data of 258 girls falling into fully postmenearcheal categories (16–20 years). It yielded an average of 12.75 (s = 1.32), insignificantly different from that obtained from the probit analysis. The menarcheal age of higher SES Cape Coloured girls is significantly lower than that of white girls in Cape Town (13.30 years) and much lower than that of any group of black South African girls. It falls close to the lower limit of the range reported worldwide. Body heights, weights, and Body Mass Index indicate good growth status of girls studied.
Hominid fossil sample from Kanjera, Kenya: Description, provenance, and implications of new and earlier discoveries
Authors: Plummer Thomas , Potts Richard 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAnatomically modern hominids were first collected from Kanjera, Kenya, by L.S.B. Leakey in the 1930s. Their apparent association with an archaic fauna was quickly challenged, throwing their age into doubt. Further unpublished hominid fragments were collected in 1974, 1975, 1981, and 1987. We review the context and morphology of the entire hominid sample. A minimum number of five individuals is represented by both cranial and postcranial elements. Several individuals have thickened cranial vaults, a characteristic originally thought to reflect their great antiquity. Vault thickening resulted from diploic expansion and may have been a response to acquired or inherited anemia. The entire hominid sample postdates the Kanjera Formation, deposited from the early into the middle Pleistocene. Most of the sample was derived from the black cotton soil capping the stratigraphic column. The morphology and context of the Kanjera hominids is consistent with human skeletal remains from nearby Holocene sites. Hominid 3 was probably an intrusive burial into an early Pleistocene bed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anthropometric variation and the population history of Ireland
Authors: Relethford John H. , Crawford Michael H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractGenetic variation among human populations can reflect a combination of contemporary patterns of gene flow and genetic drift as well as long‐term population relationships due to population history. We examine the likely impact of past history and contemporary structure on the patterns of anthropometric variation among 31 counties in Ireland (made up of the two nations of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland). Data for 17 anthropometric measures and parent‐offspring migration on 7,214 adult Irish males were taken from the large data set originally collected by Dupertuis and Dawson in the mid‐1930s (Hooton et al., 1955). Patterns of genetic similarity among 31 counties were assessed using R matrix methods that allow estimation of minimum genetic distances. These distances were compared to distances reflecting history, geography, and migration using matrix permutation methods. The results indicate that among‐group variation in Ireland reflects past population history to a much greater extent than contemporary patterns of migration and population size. The midland counties are distinct from other populations, and their history suggests greater genetic input from early Viking invasions. A second major pattern in biological variation is a longitudinal gradient separating western and eastern counties. This gradient appears related to patterns of early settlement and/or a concentration in the east of later immigrants, particularly from England. Comparison of regional means with published data for several other European nations confirms these hypotheses. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Indo‐European origins: A computer‐simulation test of five hypotheses
Authors: Barbujani Guido , Sokal Robert R. , Oden Neal L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAllele frequency distributions were generated by computer simulation of five models of microevolution in European populations. Genetic distances calculated from these distributions were compared with observed genetic distances among Indo‐European speakers. The simulated models differ in complexity, but all incorporate random genetic drift and short‐range gene flow (isolation by distance). The best correlations between observed and simulated data were obtained for two models where dispersal of Neolithic farmers from the Near East depends only on population growth. More complex models, where the timing of the farmers' expansion is constrained by archaeological time data, fail to account for a larger fraction of the observed genetic variation; this is also the case for a model including late Neolithic migrations from the Pontic steppes. The genetic structure of current populations speaking Indo‐European languages seems therefore to largely reflect a Neolithic expansion. This is consistent with the hypothesis of a parallel spread of farming technologies and a proto‐Indo‐European language in the Neolithic. Allele‐frequency gradients among Indo‐European speakers may be due either to incomplete admixture between dispersing farmers, who presumably spoke proto‐Indo‐European, and pre‐existing hunters and gatherers (as in the traditional demic diffusion hypothesis), or to founder effects during the farmers' dispersal. By contrast, successive migrational waves from the East, if any, do not seem to have had genetic consequences detectable by the present comparison of observed and simulated allele frequencies. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reconstruction of the STS 14 (Australopithecus africanus) pelvis
Authors: Abitbol M. Maurice 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe study reports a reconstruction of the sacrum in STS 14 based on extrapolation from the measurements of the first two sacral vertebrae of STS 14 and of the angle formed by the anterior surfaces of their vertebral bodies. Reconstruction is based on comparisons of, and extrapolation from, sacra of Pan troglodytes, Homo sapiens, and Australopithecus afarensis. The reconstructed sacrum has an anterior sacral curvature of 39°. The two ossa coxae were also completed by mirror imaging of one side by the other. With the pelvis completely reconstructed, the pelvic dimensions for the antero‐posterior (AP) diameters of the pelvic inlet, midpelvis, and pelvic outlet are 85, 68, and 69 mm and the corresponding transverse (TR) diameters are 109, 88, and 103 mm, respectively. The posterior sagittal diameters in the three pelvic planes are small compared to the anterior sagittal diameters. This analysis indicates that the STS 14 pelvis is platypelloid in the three pelvic planes; i.e., all the AP diameters are smaller than the corresponding TR diameters. This makes the STS 14 pelvis similar to that to Al 288‐1, save for a less pronounced degree of platypelloidy at the inlet in the former. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonlinearity in the relationship between bone Sr/Ca and diet: Paleodietary implications
Authors: Burton James H. , Wright Lori E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStrontium in archaeological human bones is widely, almost paradigmatically, used as a measure of the relative dietary abundances of plants and meat. Quantitative modeling reveals, however, that there is not a simple proportional relationship between bone strontium and the dietary plant/meat ratio. While knowledge of specific foods and their compositions may permit accurate calculation of average bone strontium levels, knowledge of bone strontium does not inversely allow accurate calculation of specific foods. Although bone strontium quantitatively reflects the average dietary Sr/Ca ratio, it is disproportionately sensitive to high‐calcium foods and can be easily affected by minor dietary constituents and culinary practices. Bone strontium, and by analogy, barium, should be seen as a reflection of the high‐mineral dietary components rather than a quantitative index of trophic position. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enamel hypoplasia in the Middle Pleistocene hominids from Atapuerca (Spain)
Authors: De Castro José M. Bermédez , Pérez Pilar Julia 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe prevalence and chronology of enamel hypoplasias were studied in a hominid dental sample from the Sima de los Huesos (SH) Middle Pleistocene site at the Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, northern Spain). A total of 89 permanent maxillary teeth, 143 permanent mandibular teeth, and one deciduous lower canine, belonging to a minimum of 29 individuals, were examined. Excluding the antimeres (16 maxillary and 37 mandibular cases) from the sample, the prevalence of hypoplasias in the permanent dentition is 12.8% (23/179), whereas the deciduous tooth also showed an enamel defect. No statistically significant differences were found between both arcades and between the anterior and postcanine teeth for the prevalence of hypoplasias. In both the maxilla and the mandible the highest frequency of enamel hypoplasias was recorded in the canines. Only one tooth (a permanent upper canine) showed two different enamel defects, and most of the hypoplasias were expressed as faint linear horizontal defects. Taking into account the limitations that the incompleteness of virtually all permanent dentitions imposes, we have estimated that the frequency by individual in the SH hominid sample was not greater than 40%. Most of the hypoplasias occurred between birth and 7 years (N = 18, X = 3.5, SD = 1.3). Both the prevalence and severity of the hypoplasias of the SH hominid sample are significantly less than those of a large Neandertal sample. Furthermore, prehistoric hunter‐gatherers and historic agricultural and industrial populations exhibit a prevalence of hypoplasias generally higher than that of the SH hominids. Implications for the survival strategies and life quality of the SH hominids are also discussed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimation of adult stature from the calcaneus and talus
Authors: Holland Thomas Dean 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCalcanei and tali of 100 skeletons in the Hamann–Todd Collection at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History were measured. The skeletons represented 50 males and 50 females distributed equally by race, i.e., whites and blacks. Linear‐regression equations, with standard errors ranging from 4.09 to 6.11 cm, were derived from these measurements for the purpose of estimating stature. Two independent control samples, including one comprised of remains of American servicemen lost in World War II and the Korea and Vietnam wars, were tested with relatively accurate results. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure and size of bronchopulmonary anastomoses in sheep lung
Authors: Bernard Susan , Luchtel Dan L. , Polissar Nayak , Hlastala Michael P. , Lakshminarayan S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe distribution and drainage of bronchial arterial blood flow are complex. We used two different methods to study the bronchial‐pulmonary anastomoses in sheep lung. Initially, we injected two different sizes of fluorescent microspheres (15 and 100 μm diameter) into the bronchial artery and histologically determined where the different‐size microspheres were entrapped in the lung. In a second series of animals, we injected Microfil into the bronchial artery to observe the anastomotic vessels. The microsphere data confirmed the existence of bronchial‐to‐pulmonary anastomoses. No microspheres were found in the systemic organs (heart and kidney), confirming the absence of large bronchial artery‐to‐pulmonary vein anastomoses. Unexpectedly, proportionately more large microspheres (100 μm) lodged in the alveolar parenchyma when compared to 15 μm microspheres. This suggests that there are many more small bronchial (< 100 μm) arterioles feeding the airway mucosa than the larger anastomotic vessels feeding into the parenchyma. In the Microfil cast lungs, we observed four types of anastomotic vessels: bronchial arteries/arterioles that anastomose with pulmonary arteries/arterioles that accompany airways; bronchial arterioles that anastomose directly with parenchymal (and eventually alveolar) vessels; bronchial arterioles that anastomose with blood vessels that do not accompany airways; and bronchial arterioles that anastomose with bronchial veins. Based on our in vivo microsphere data, the vessels that do not accompany the airways are most likely bronchial venules, not pulmonary venules. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accessory joints between basiocciput and atlas/axis in the median plane
Authors: von Lüdinghausen M. , Fahr M. , Prescher A. , Schindler G. , Kenn W. , Weiglein A. , Yoshimura K. , Kageyama I. , Kobayashi K. , Tsuchimochi M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTo explore the many osseous irregularities that are found in the area between the basiocciput, the anterior arch of the atlas and the tip of the dens axis we studied 99 cadaver specimens using magnetic resonance tomography (MRT), computed tomography (CT), median saw‐cut sections, and histological sections. Additionally, “dry” specimens of the skull (n = 110), atlas (n = 56), and axis (n = 33) were investigated. In the median plane, the dry and cadaver specimens exhibited osteoarthritis‐related osseous outgrowths and osteophytes of the articular surfaces of the median atlanto‐axial joint (n = 63), and the presence of congenitally developed free ossicles (n = 22) and of third occipital condyles (n = 3). The largest osteophytes (giant osteophytes) (n = 4) of the anterior arch of the atlas formed osseous contact zones with the basiocciput that were visible histologically as real joints and were designated accessory median atlanto‐occipital joints. The third occipital condyles also formed osseous contact zones, visible histologically as real joints, with the anterior arch of the atlas or with the tip of the dens, and were designated accessory atlanto‐occipital or occipito‐odontoid joints. Frequent free ossicles, incorporated into the accessory joint, were found by histological examination to be covered with hyaline cartilage. Clin. Anat. 18:558–571, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The separation of lecithin and soya oil in a countercurrent column by near critical fluid extraction
Authors: Peter Siegfried , Weidner Eckhard , Schneider Michael , Ziegelitz Rüdiger 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe present contribution illustrates a way of developing a continuous separation process for near critical fluid extraction, on the example of separation of soya oil from lecithin. First, a suitable solvent was selected. Phase equilibria were measured in autoclaves. Operating conditions for a pilot plant were derived from the phase equilibrium data. The pilot plant experiments provided the necessary data for designing a production plant. Computer programs for phase equilibrium, stage to stage and mass and heat balance calculations were used in order to minimize the number of experiments. A production plant with a capacity of 500 t/a of raw lecithin was designed on the basis of experimental and computational results. A cost estimation, based on tenders, showed that it is more economical to produce lecithin by near critical fluid extraction than by conventional acetone extraction.
Reaction models for simulation of the oxidation of carbon monoxide in turbulent diffusion flames
Authors: Bockhorn Henning , Lutz Gerald 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe oxidation of carbon monoxide by air in a turbulent flow was investigated under experimental conditions where the rates of turbulent mixing and of chemical reaction are comparable. For this purpose, carbon monoxide was admixed into the completely burnt gas of a natural gas flame operated with excess of air. Measurements of mean values of axial velocity, temperature and volume fractions of carbon monoxide and oxygen were compared with computational simulations involving the k – ϵ turbulence model and several turbulent reaction models for the oxidation of carbon monoxide. The comparison of measurements and numerical calculations demonstrated that the k – ϵ turbulence model is suitable for prediction of the turbulent flow field in the flow system investigated. Furthermore, it could be shown that one‐variable turbulent reaction models, such as the flamesheet or the eddy‐break‐up model, cannot explain the measured carbon monoxide volume fraction profiles. Two‐variable turbulent reaction models with a probability density function closure of the source term of the transport equation for the mass fraction of the chemical species result in a better agreement between the measured and simulated volume fraction profiles, particularly in predicting the clear influence of the initial temperature on carbon monoxide volume fractions. Weighting of the kinetic rate expression for the oxidation of carbon monoxide with different presumed probability density functions yields slightly different predictions of the carbon monoxide volume fractions, reflecting the assumed different character of turbulent fluctuations.