bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scoping review of carbon pricing systems in forest sector models
Authors: Honkomp Tomke , Schier Franziska 
Published: November 2023

AbstractForest-based measures to mitigate climate change are increasingly being acknowledged as options for meeting the global targets of the Paris Agreement. In this context, carbon pricing systems may foster carbon sequestration in forests and harvested wood products. Forest sector models (FSMs) are established simulation instruments for assessing the possible impacts of carbon pricing systems on forest-based mitigation potentials, forestry, and forest product markets. However, the characteristics of the implemented carbon pricing systems differ among these assessment tools. To map and evaluate this variability, we conducted a scoping review of carbon pricing systems in FSMs, following the RepOrting standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses (ROSES). Drawing on 49 modeling studies, including 351 scenarios, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art methods for implementing carbon pricing systems in FSMs, discuss technical aspects and uncertainties, and identify possible future research trends. Our results reveal similarities in the types of carbon pricing systems and differences regarding the system boundaries and carbon price-related characteristics of the implemented systems. Geographically, since most studies target either the Northern Hemisphere or the world, we found a lack of in-depth assessments in tropical and boreal countries. Further, additionality, permanence, and leakage of forest-related mitigation measures are addressed using different approaches with varying practicability. Mostly, the observed heterogeneity in the implemented carbon pricing systems can be related to the attributes of pre-existing modeling frameworks. We systematically collect and highlight tools to analyze the role of forest-based mitigation measures in the context of climate commitments and outline carbon pricing policies that could support their implementation. For future studies, the assessment of policy mixes involving carbon pricing and the inclusion of climate change effects on forest growth appear to be crucial for delivering more robust projections of forest-based mitigation potentials and, hence, for increasing the reliability of the forest-based contribution to climate mitigation actions.
Quantifying channel coherence via the norm distance
Authors: Ye Mingfei , Luo Yu , Li Yongming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantifying the number of resources contained in a physical object has been one of the core topics in the resource theory of coherence. In this paper, we introduce the dynamical coherence measures based on a class of norms in the classical channel setting. It is proved that it satisfies faithfulness, decreases monotonically under the maximally incoherent superchannels, and is convex. Moreover, we show that it satisfies subadditivity under both the composition and tensor product of channels. Especially, the diamond measure as a special case is discussed in detail, it can reduce to trace norm of coherence, satisfies amortization inequality, and can be calculated efficiently using a semidefinite program. In addition, we introduce the creation-coherent diamond measure and find that neither the detection coherence nor the creation coherence of a channel exceeds the coherence of the channel, which does not exceed the purity of the channel. Second, we introduce the corresponding dephasing measure, which is a dynamical coherence measure under the dephasing-covariant incoherent superchannels. Meanwhile, we also introduce the dephasing diamond measure as a special case. Third, we use the dephasing diamond measure to accurately calculate the coherence values of some important noisy channels such as amplitude damping channel, phase damping channel, and depolarizing channel, respectively, and give the sufficient and necessary conditions for an unital qubit channel with a parameter probability vector to be a coherent channel. Finally, the operational interpretation of our diamond measure in the binary channel discrimination task is investigated.
Achieving enhanced tensile properties of polyurethane-multiwall carbon nanotubes nanocomposites
Authors: Gohar Ghulam Abbas , Akhtar Awais , Raza Hassan , Mustafa Ghulam , Fatima Mahreen , Rehman Habib Ur , Aslam Muhammad Waqas , Haq Abrar ul , Manzoor Waqar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polymeric nanocomposites have emerged as a promising class of materials with improved strength, stiffness, and toughness compared to pure polymers. The incorporation of nanoparticles into polymer matrices, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, clay nanoparticles, and metal oxides, has shown considerable potential for enhancing the properties of the produced nanocomposites. Herein, the influence of filtered multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on solution-cast polyurethane (PU) nanocomposite is explored. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and x-rays photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively, were employed to characterize the morphology, crystal structure, phase, thermal stability, and oxidation states of the samples. MWCNTs with a higher weight% of MWCNTs showcased superior mechanical properties compared to base polymer (PU). The nanocomposite with 1 wt% of MWCNTs and 99 wt% of PU exhibited the highest stress (19.25 N mm−2) and strain (700.22%) among all fabricated samples. Also, Modulus of elasticity (∼25%), Ultimate tensile strength (∼21%), and elongation at break (∼11%) are increased by incorporating 0.5 wt% MWCNTs into PU matrix. The attainment of these remarkable mechanical properties could be attributed to excellent dispersion, interfacial bonding and structural stability of filtered MWCNTs in the nanocomposites.
Information content and temporal structure of face selective local field potentials frequency bands in IT cortex
Authors: Sajedin Atena , Salehi Sina , Esteky Hossein 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sensory stimulation triggers synchronized bioelectrical activity in the brain across various frequencies. This study delves into network-level activities, specifically focusing on local field potentials as a neural signature of visual category representation. Specifically, we studied the role of different local field potential frequency oscillation bands in visual stimulus category representation by presenting images of faces and objects to three monkeys while recording local field potential from inferior temporal cortex. We found category selective local field potential responses mainly for animate, but not inanimate, objects. Notably, face-selective local field potential responses were evident across all tested frequency bands, manifesting in both enhanced (above mean baseline activity) and suppressed (below mean baseline activity) local field potential powers. We observed four different local field potential response profiles based on frequency bands and face selective excitatory and suppressive responses. Low-frequency local field potential bands (1–30 Hz) were more prodominstaly suppressed by face stimulation than the high-frequency (30–170 Hz) local field potential bands. Furthermore, the low-frequency local field potentials conveyed less face category informtion than the high-frequency local field potential in both enhansive and suppressive conditions. Furthermore, we observed a negative correlation between face/object d-prime values in all the tested local field potential frequency bands and the anterior–posterior position of the recording sites. In addition, the power of low-frequency local field potential systematically declined across inferior temporal anterior–posterior positions, whereas high-frequency local field potential did not exhibit such a pattern. In general, for most of the above-mentioned findings somewhat similar results were observed for body, but not, other stimulus categories. The observed findings suggest that a balance of face selective excitation and inhibition across time and cortical space shape face category selectivity in inferior temporal cortex.
Within- and between-population comparisons suggest independently acting selection maintaining parallel clines in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)
Authors: Kujala Sonja T , Avia Komlan , Kumpula Timo A , Kärkkäinen Hanni , Heikkinen Juha , Kärkkäinen Katri , Savolainen Outi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parallel clines in traits related to adaptation in a species can be due to independent selection on a pair of traits, or due to selection in one trait resulting in a parallel cline in a correlated trait. To distinguish between the mechanisms giving rise to parallel adaptive population divergence of multiple traits along an environmental gradient we need to study variation, correlations, and selective forces within individual populations along the gradient. In many tree species, budset timing (BST) forms a latitudinal cline, and parallel clinal variation is also found in other seedling traits, such as first-year height (FYH) and fall frost injury (FFI). In this study, we set up a common garden experiment with open pollinated progeny from natural populations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), with one large sample from single population (500 families) and smaller samples from across a latitudinal gradient. BST, FYH and induced FFI were first measured in a greenhouse. The seedlings were then planted in the field, where survival and height were measured at the age of 9 years as fitness proxies. We compared between- and within-population variation and genetic correlations of these three seedling traits, and estimated selection gradients at the family level in our main population, taking into account the potential effects of seed weight. Between-population genetic correlations between seedling traits were high (0.76–0.95). Within-population genetic correlations in the main population were lower (0.14–0.35), as in other populations (0.10–0.39). Within population, extensive adaptive variation persists in the seedling traits, in line with rather weak selection gradients, yet maintaining the clines. Although our sampling does not cover the whole cline equally, the results suggest that the individual clines in these traits are maintained by largely independently acting selection, which results in fewer constraints in adaptation under changing climate.
Effect of snow cover on the off-host survival of Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) larvae
Authors: Diyes Chulantha P , Yunik Matthew E M , Dergousoff Shaun J , Chilton Neil B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The geographical range of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), in Canada continues to expand northwards into areas with colder winter temperatures. Understanding what influences the off-host survival of D. variabilis over winter is important for predicting the northern distributional limit of this species. A field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of snow cover on the off-host survival of unfed D. variabilis larvae from a population situated near the northern distributional limit in Saskatchewan, Canada. Ticks were placed in tubes within 1 of 9 field enclosures (tickaria) in early fall. The 9 tickaria were divided into 3 equal treatment groups: no snow cover, natural snow cover (maximum depth of 25 cm) and extra snow cover (maximum depth of 32 cm). Tick survival was measured in mid-winter and in early spring (i.e., ~17 and ~26 wk after start of experiment). The results showed that snow cover had a significant impact on the relative humidity, but not temperature, in the tickaria. Larvae in tickaria with no snow cover had a higher mortality rate (27%) than larvae in tickaria with natural snow cover (6%) or extra snow cover (4%). Although snow cover enhanced off-host survival, many individuals were able to survive in sub-zero temperatures under leaf litter in the absence of continuous snow cover for a period of 108 days. These findings have implications for the construction of predictive models to determine the northern distributional limits of D. variabilis, a species that is an important vector of several pathogens.
Legal Design in Sustainable Antitrust
Authors: Inderst Roman , Thomas Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We lay out a roadmap for how the legislator could create a framework of ‘sustainability corridors’ that would allow relying on the ancillary restraints/Wouters doctrine to make antitrust law more accommodating of sustainability considerations. Our analysis goes beyond the general feasibility of such corridors. It discusses different use-cases for such exemptions and methods for assessing the necessity of competitive restraints to achieve a legislatively defined sustainability goal. We show how this avoids the pitfalls of a multigoals approach, under which it would be left to antitrust authorities and courts to reconcile sustainability and competition objectives independent of a legislative specification, whereas out-of-market benefits (externalities) that would escape even a broad consumer welfare approach can still be accounted for. Our proposal sets out specific requirements for such sustainability corridors that ensure that the ensuing antitrust assessment is governed by a strict and quantifiable indispensability test. Specifically, we discuss three such instances: specific sustainability obligations placed on individual firms, which may however require collective actions; specific mandates that are targeted at the respective industry rather than individual firms; and policy objectives that are not targeted at individual firms or industries but provide a metric for the measurement of sustainability benefits (for example, by way of conducting an abatement cost analysis).
102. Assessing ChatGPT Performance in the Brazilian Infectious Disease Specialist Certification Examination
Authors: Chaves Fernandes Alexandre , Varela Cavalcanti Souto Maria Eduarda , Felippe Jabour Thais Barros , Luz Kleber G , Pipolo Milan Eveline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background
Advances in artificial intelligence have the potential to impact medical fields, including the use of natural language processing-based models, such as ChatGPT. The ability of the ChatGPT to provide insightful responses across diverse fields of expertise could assist in medical decision-making and knowledge management processes. ChatGPT has already demonstrated high accuracy in medical examinations such as the USMLE. To explore the potential of this tool in various contexts, our study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the ChatGPT in the 2022 Brazilian Infectious Disease Specialist Certification Examination.

Methods
We conducted a test to evaluate the performance of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 on the 2022 Brazilian Infectious Disease Specialist Certification Exam. A theoretical exam, consisting of 80 multiple-choice questions with five alternatives, was used to test performance. The GPT was given a command containing the question statement and alternatives, and a brief comment on the logic behind the answer was requested. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the absolute performance of the correct answers in the ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4 models. In addition, the degree of correlation between answers and performance throughout the test was estimated using Spearman's coefficient and a logistic regression curve, respectively.

Results
Of the 80 questions in the exam, four were excluded because they were invalidated in the final answer key. ChatGPT-3.5 had an accuracy of 53.95% (41/76), whereas ChatGPT-4 had an accuracy of 73.68% (56/76). Spearman's correlation coefficient between the two models was 0.585. There was a slight trend towards improvement in ChatGPT-4 performance throughout the test, as observed in the logistic regression curve.
Comparison of Accuracy between ChatGPT 3.5 and ChatGPT4
The graph shows the percentage of accuracy for the two GPT models. The performance of ChatGPT-4 was superior to ChatGPT-3.5.
Distribution of Correct and Incorrect Responses by ChatGPT-4 in Medical Test Questions
The graph displays the distribution of responses generated by ChatGPT-4. The logistic regression curve shows a slight upward trend, indicating a slight improvement in performance as the questions were answered.

Conclusion
ChatGPT-4 achieved performance above the 60% minimum threshold required for the certification exam. This indicates that it is a promising technology in various fields, including infectious diseases. However, its potential applications and associated ethical dilemmas must be thoroughly assessed. This advancement also highlights the need for medical education to concentrate on developing competence, skills, and critical thinking rather than relying solely on memorization

Disclosures
All Authors: No reported disclosures
1107. Three Year Longitudinal Assessment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) Antibiotic Susceptibility in Children with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) in the Era of Modulator Therapy
Authors: Bradley John , Stout Dayna , Akong Kathryn , Fireizen Yaron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background
CF is a genetic disease characterized by chronic lung infection, often with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa). It is widely accepted that increasing antibiotic resistance develops in Pa following repeated antibiotic exposure. With the advent of elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI) modulator therapy, we wished to assess Pa antibiotic resistance to beta-lactam and fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotics in both children receiving ETI, and those not eligible for ETI (nonETI) who continue to experience recurrent pulmonary exacerbation (PEx) and require repeated antibiotic treatment.

Methods
We examined current patterns of antibiotic resistance over 3 years for a cohort of 11 children with CF having 5 or more positive sputum cultures for Pa between January 2020-December 2022 obtained from CF clinic and hospital PEx sputum samples. Chart review included: demographic data; dates of PEx/hospitalization; dates of CF clinic visits; dates and results of CF sputum cultures; and antibiotics used and dates for intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) treatment courses.

Results
Six males and 5 females were reviewed (6/11 [54%] were Hispanic), with 3/11 (27%) on ETI therapy (average age 14.6 yr), and 8/11 (73%) not on ETI therapy (average age 11.6 yr). Average age at acquisition of Pa was 10.2 yrs. The average number of cultures yielding Pa over 3 years was 11 for both ETI and nonETI subjects. Average number of IV antibiotic courses was 6 for nonETI, but 0 for ETI subjects, while the average number of oral (PO) FQ courses with ciprofloxacin/levofloxacin was 6 in nonETI, and only 1 in ETI subjects. No increase in antibiotic resistance was noted against any IV antibiotic over 3 years of observation (Table), but of the 9 subjects (both ETI and nonETI) who received PO FQ, 5 (55%) were documented to have at least one nonsusceptible isolate, as shown for one 16 year old nonETI subject (Figure).

Conclusion
Current antibiotic/pulmonary management of children with CF was not associated with an increased risk of IV antibiotic resistance over 3 years of observation despite repeated exposure for PEx (mean of 6 IV antibiotic courses per nonETI subject), but susceptibility to FQ decreased in 55% of those treated over 3 years following repeated FQ oral therapy courses.

Disclosures
All Authors: No reported disclosures
1197. Pharmacist-assisted urine culture review and antimicrobial stewardship interventions in the emergency department: A study from the Middle East Gulf region
Authors: Hisham Mohamed , ElLababidi Rania , Alsalama Fatima , Elrefaei Hazem , Nasef Rama , Khan Muhammad Zeeshan , Souster Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most frequent reasons encountered for emergency department (ED) visits. The treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is identified as one of the causes of inappropriate antimicrobial use. We designed the study to evaluate and improve the prescribing practices for UTIs in Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi ED. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies in the Middle East Gulf region which evaluated the impact of pharmacist-assisted urine culture review in the ED.

Methods
A pre-post quasi-experimental study was conducted between September 2021 and July 2022 with a 4-month pre-intervention phase, a 3- month wash-out period, and a 4-month post-intervention phase. The pharmacist-assisted antimicrobial stewardship interventions included distinguishing between UTI and ASB, proper screening through diagnostic stewardship, and rationalizing the need to order urine cultures. The major interventions included appropriate antimicrobial therapy, dosing, frequency, and duration of therapy in compliance with the hospital guidelines. All patients with a negative urine culture, aged ≤ 18 years, or requiring inpatient admission during the same ED visit were excluded from the study. Data were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test.

Results
Three hundred and seventy ED patients were included in the study. Thirty percent of the urine cultures were ordered for patients without urinary signs and symptoms. Escherichia coli was the predominant urinary isolate in our study from both groups, followed by Klebsiella species and Streptococcus agalactiae. Antimicrobials were prescribed for asymptomatic bacteriuria in 5.2 % of patients in the post-intervention group and 21.8 % in the pre-intervention group (P = 0.0001). Readmission to ED for the same complaints within 30 days of the ED visit occurred in 9.8 % of patients in the post-intervention group and 13.2 % in the pre-intervention group (P = 0.3337). All study findings are presented in the tables.Table 1:Characteristics of the pre-and post-intervention groupTable 2:Treatment and outcome of the pre-and post-intervention groupTable 3:Impact of pharmacist-assisted urine culture review in the emergency department

Conclusion
Our study observed higher rates of appropriate culture-direct antimicrobial therapy after implementing the pharmacist-assisted urine culture review and positively impacted clinical outcomes. Additionally, there was a significant reduction in treating asymptomatic bacteriuria.

Disclosures
All Authors: No reported disclosures