bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure and Dynamics of Euphydryas editha Populations
Authors: Hellmann Jessica J , Weiss Stuart B , McLaughlin John F , Ehrlich Paul R , Murphy Dennis D , Launer Alan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The research reported in this volume began more than 40 years ago with studies of the Bay checkerspot butterfly, a subspecies of the widely distributed Edith’s checkerspot butterfly. Working initially with the populations on Stanford University’s Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve, Ehrlich and colleagues asked some fundamental questions: why does the Bay checkerspot butterfly inhabit the area that it does? Why does it not occur elsewhere? Why is it sometimes abundant and sometimes rare? How does population size relate to genetic variability? Are these populations evolving at a rate that can be detected on an ecological time scale? Answers to such questions from checkerspots and other well-selected systems have helped produce a comprehensive picture of how the world works at the population level. As research on the Bay checkerspot proceeded, however, many questions took on new applied and conservation significance. Work at Jasper Ridge and other sites established that Edith’s checkerspot butterfly populations were quite unstable and that many habitats were threatened by human development and habitat degradation. Most recently, the Jasper Ridge populations that were the focus of the Ehrlich group’s long-term study have become extinct.
1770–1774 “The Cause of Boston Now Is the Cause of America”
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the repeal of the Townshend Duties, Franklin was optimistic, even though, as he remarked, the “Duty on Tea . . . remains to continue the Dispute.” While the majority in the mother country was “zealous for maintaining” its “dignity and sovereignty over the colonies,” he said, most also wished “to be on good Terms with us” and merely hoped to preserve “the Dignity of Parliament.” As events soon demonstrated, Franklin’s optimism was misplaced. The ministry formed in January 1770 under Sir Frederick North—Lord North—was committed to the proposition that there must be no retreat from the premise of Parliamentary sovereignty. Every official feared that if Great Britain lost its political and economic control of the colonies, it would cease to be a great power. The great challenge that faced North’s government was to find a means of maintaining British sovereignty without provoking another uprising and perhaps even a war.
1778–1782 “This Wilderness of Darkness & Dangers”
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout 1778, many Americans thought peace was at hand. Congressman James Lovell predicted during the autumn that Britain, now at war with America’s new ally, France, would redeploy its troops to Canada and the Caribbean. The Hessians would remain, he forecast, but only to guard New York. Samuel Adams concurred. He expected that Spain would enter the war as France’s ally and that Britain would “be obligd to withdraw her Attention in a great Measure from America.”
1797–1799 “A Game Where Principles Are the Stake”
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adams took Washington’s exhilaration at leaving office as a foretokening of difficult days ahead, and after only a week on the job his suspicions were confirmed. He told a friend that the presidency was tantamount to a sentence of hard labor. Nevertheless, Adams was optimistic as he embarked on his new job and encouraged by the realization that he started with considerable public support. Even Bache’s Aurora, which so often had impugned Washington during the past couple years, lauded the new president as a “man of incorruptible integrity,” honor, and patriotism, and predicted that his considerable intelligence rendered him “equal to the duties of his station.”
Phenotypic Integration as a Constraint and Adaptation
Authors: Merilä Juha , Björklund Mats 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the enormous diversity of living forms, it is quite clear that not all imaginable life forms-such as angels-have ever come into existence. There are two broad explanations for this. First, according to what can be called the genetic/epigenetic constraint view (e.g., Maynard Smith et al. 1985), organisms are to some degree victims of their own history: solutions available for a given organism or clade are constrained by its evolutionary history, as for instance dictated by its genetic architecture and/or ancestral developmental pathways. Second, according to what can be termed the functionalist/adaptationist view (Gould and Lewontin 1979), almost any solution to a problem posed by a selective environment is possible, insofar as it is not opposed by the laws of physics or by natural selection. Hence, organisms like angels might not exist either because of constraints of development, or because they are not fit for selective reasons. These two world views, although frequently polarized, are of course not mutually exclusive (Maynard Smith et al. 1985; Schlichting and Pigliucci 1998).
Studying Mutational Effects on G-Matrices
Authors: Pigliucci Massimo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wagner and Altenberg (1996) introduced the concept of variability as distinct from variation in the study of the evolution of complex phenotypes, a concept that has parallels in complexity theory and that concerns the “genetic neighborhood” of a given genotype and its role in evolution on rugged adaptive landscapes (Kauffman and Levin 1987; Kauffman 1993). Their basic idea is that evolution depends not just on the extant genetic variation as studied by classical quantitative genetics, but also on the underlying genetic variability that quantifies the range of immediately possible genotypes that can occur in a given population in the not too distant future.
The Relativism of Constraints on Phenotypic Evolution
Authors: Schwenk Kurt , Wagner Gunter P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evolution of complex phenotypes entails a central paradox. On the one hand, phenotypes must be mutable and therefore responsive to the constantly changing demands of the environment over evolutionary time. This is necessary for organisms to remain in harmony with their surroundings, a state of adaptation. On the other hand, phenotypes must be stable so that the complex dynamics of their developmental and functional systems are not disrupted. This is necessary for organisms to maintain functionality through evolutionary time, regardless of environment. It is this fundamental tension-between mutability and stability that much of current evolutionary theory seeks to explain.
Explaining Creativity
Authors: Sawyer R Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Explaining Creativity is an accessible introduction to the latest scientific research on creativity. In the last 50 years, psychologists, anthropologists, and sociologists have increasingly studied creativity, and we now know more about creativity than at any point in history. Explaining Creativity considers not only arts like painting and writing, but also science, stage performance, and business innovation. Until about a decade ago, creativity researchers tended to focus on highly valued activities like fine art painting and Nobel prize winning science. Sawyer brings this research up to date by including movies, music videos, cartoons, video games, hypertext fiction, and computer technology. For example, this is the first book on creativity to include studies of performance and improvisation. Sawyer draws on the latest research findings to show the importance of collaboration and context in all of these creative activities. Today's science of creativity is interdisciplinary; in addition to psychological studies of creativity Explaining Creativity includes research by anthropologists on creativity in non-Western cultures, and research by sociologists about the situation, contexts, and networks of creative activity. Explaining Creativity brings these approaches together within the sociocultural approach to creativity pioneered by Howard Becker, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, and Howard Gardner. The sociocultural approach moves beyond the individual to consider the social and cultural contexts of creativity, emphasizing the role of collaboration and context in the creative process.
Pathways to Healthy Development: Sources of Strength and Empowerment
Authors: Worell Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women today are stronger, more hopeful, energetic, optimistic, and healthy than ever before in our history. But we know that major challenges to a safe and healthy existence still face many women globally, and in the United States, women continue to be the major consumers of health services. Across the life span, significant developmental changes occur for each person that present challenges in adaptation and effective coping; some people appear to accommodate to these changes more successfully than others. Additionally, most people will experience one or more stressful events or trauma, such as serious injury or illness, loss of a loved one, prolonged poverty, unemployment, or unpredictable violence. Many chapters in this Handbook document the gender-related conditions that persist for girls and women from diverse cultures in terms of threats to health, economic and social inequities, and physical or sexual assault.
Assessment and Gender
Authors: Linn Marcia C , Kessel Cathy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores sources of gender bias in assessments of psychological health and makes recommendations for recognizing, isolating, neutralizing, and investigating these effects. Measures used in assessments serve as proxies for constructs and, as a result, are open to invalid, inaccurate, and biased interpretation. Differences in social roles, societal expectations, opportunity to learn, or biological characteristics may con-found assessment responses and interpretations for females and males. Training programs for mental health professionals may predispose individuals to take a biomedical, cultural, or a psychological view of health rather than combining them in a biopsychosocial perspective. Lack of research or clear recommendations about certain populations, such as adolescents, further confounds efforts to assess females and males. Establishing valid assessments for complex constructs such as depression, mathematics anxiety, or eating disorders may require differential norms for females and males, multiple indicators, or a team of interpreters.
Anxiety Disturbance in Girls and Women
Authors: Silverman Wendy K , carter Rona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although distinctions have been made between fear (a response to imminent threat), worry (a preparation for future threat), and anxiety (apprehension and anticipation), they all share a similar response pattern that may lead to impairing anxiety symptoms or disorders. These response patterns typically fall under three different but interrelated components: cognitive responses (e.g., “People will laugh at me if I raise my hand”), physiological responses (e.g., increased heart rate or sweating), and behavioral responses (e.g., avoidance of social situations). An important challenge for researchers lies in distinguishing aspects of transitory fears, worries, and anxieties that differ for females and males from fears, worries, and anxieties that persist and impair functioning over different developmental periods.
Self-Esteem
Authors: malanchuk Oksana , Eccles jacquelynne s. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much has been written about self-esteem in the past 50 years, most of it with the assumption that self-esteem is a pervasive and universal phenomenon with primarily beneficial outcomes. The emphasis has been mostly on levels of self-esteem and their accompanying correlates, with a concomitant interest in how to obtain high selfesteem. This line of research eventually fostered a practical approach in the 1980s on how to provide self-esteem to children in school-based programs (Mecca, Smelser, & Vasconcellos, 1989). No easily definable outcomes having resulted from this approach, an extensive review of the literature was undertaken in the 1990s. The surprising conclusion was that self-esteem is not discernibly related to any beneficial outcomes and that high self-esteem may not always be a good thing (Baumeister, Campbell, Kreuger, & Vohs, 2003). Most recently, the focus has shifted from selfesteem as an entity to self-esteem as a process, from self-esteem as a passive personality characteristic to self-esteem as a motive (Crocker & Park, 2004a).
Resilience and Empowerment
Authors: O’leary Virginia E , bhaju jeshmin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until recently, most psychological theory and research on women’s health and well-being focused exclusively on the vulnerability deficit model of girls and women (c.f., O’Leary & Flanagan, 2001). In actuarial terms, this focus appears warranted as women are more likely than men to be poor (Wyche, 2001), to have higher rates of morbidity (Landrine & Klonoff, 2001; Stanton & Gallant, 1996), to be widowed (Lopata, 1988; Wortman & Silver, 1989), and to be the victims of violence (Koss, 1990). However, the same differential distribution of challenges that puts girls and women at risk for adversity affords them the opportunity, if they are empowered (Johnson, 2001; Worell, 2001), to exhibit resilience in the face of adversity and even to thrive (O’Leary & Ickovics, 1995).
Girls and Academic Success: Changing Patterns of Academic Achievement
Authors: Halpern Diane F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the focus of this chapter is on girls’ learning and academic achievement, there is always an assumed or implied comparison—that is, how well and what are girls learning relative to whom or to what groups—with the obvious comparison being boys of similar ages and backgrounds. We cannot interpret female cognitive development without at least some reference to male cognitive development for points of comparison. Whether we choose to emphasize similarities or differences, we need to know how girls and boys are faring as we prepare them for adult life. What are girls and boys learning at school? Of course, the answer includes arithmetic, reading, spelling, and the other subjects that are commonly listed on elementary school report cards, but curricular content is only one of many lessons learned in those critical years between the start of kindergarten and transition into middle school (or junior high school) and beyond. Children are also learning important life skills—following directions, sitting quietly, sharing, and understanding a variety of social roles, including the roles of students and teachers, girls and boys, bigger children and younger children, classroom aide, and principal.
Gender and Schooling: Progress and Persistent Barriers
Authors: Meece Judith L , Scantlebury Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the enactment of Title IX of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act in 1972, much has been written about the schooling experiences of girls in America’s schools. Reports leading up to this legislation documented numerous barriers that inhibited women’s access to vocational, athletic, and educational programs. Title IX legislation was designed to be a comprehensive federal mandate to address gender inequities at all levels of schooling, from admission policies to career education. Over the last three decades, unprecedented changes in women’s level of educational participation and achievement have been observed. For the first time in U.S. history, women today are earning more college degrees than are men, and a record number of women are earning law, medical, and business degrees. However, numerous reports suggest that significant disparities in girls’ schooling experiences exist, especially when differences are examined by socioeconomic status, geographic location, ethnicity, and/or disability (American Association of University Women [AAUW], 1998a).
Women’s Reproductive Health: Issues, Findings, and Controversies
Authors: Beckman Linda J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years health organizations, professionals, and policy makers have concurred that reproductive issues for women extend beyond fertility and pregnancy. The World Health Organization has defined reproductive health to include mental, physical, and social well-being in all areas involving the reproductive system including sexual health (Murphy, 2003). Thus, reproductive health issues for women are broadly defined to include fertility and infertility, contraception, abortion, unintended pregnancy, maternal mortality and morbidity, pregnancy loss, healthy sexual development, sexual satisfaction, sexually transmitted infections including HIV, depression and other psychological symptoms related to reproductive events, sexual abuse, physical violence from sexual partners, access to reproductive health services, and cultural and gender inequities that limit certain groups’ reproductive health. Moreover, gender inequities including greater male control and decision-making power in intimate relationships may prevent women from exercising autonomy over sexual and reproductive events, thus limiting their reproductive rights and often compromising their reproductive health (Murphy, 2003).
The Mixed Messages of Motherhood
Authors: Rice Joy K , else-quest nicole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The construction of motherhood by modern psychological theories has provided an often unfair portrayal of mothers. Mothers have been simultaneously revered for their vital nurturance and blamed for their children’s unsatisfactory well-being. The theories rarely address the psychological experience of motherhood (i.e., how it feels to be a mother) and have tended to focus on the needs of the child rather than on those of the mother. They have reinforced the motherhood mandate, arguing that women are fully developed only once they have borne children. Following brief overviews of developmental and psychoanalytic perspectives on motherhood, womancentered perspectives are discussed as alternative frameworks. Then five issues regarding the myths surrounding motherhood are discussed, including the myth of choice; the role of lence, and depression; stereotypes of “ideal” motherhood; and the purported qualities that make a “good” mother. Implications for clinicians are also included.
Midlife Transitions
Authors: Etaugh Claire A , Bridges judith S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although midlife is generally a time of good health, the first indications of physical aging become noticeable and signs of chronic health conditions may appear. There are enormous individual-of chronic illness. Genetic makeup and lifestyle choices involving good nutrition, physical activity, and not smoking all contribute to health during the middle years (Goldman & Hatch, 2000). In our youth-oriented society, the prospect of getting older generally is not relished by either sex.
Signal Detection and Processing in Nonlinear Optical Microscopes
Authors: Yazdanfar Siavash , Peter T C So 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The inherent three-dimensional (3D) resolution is an important strength of nonlinear microscopy. However, 3D resolution comes at the price that the optical signal originating from a subfemtoliter size volume is inherently weak. The need to rapidly acquire data, for example to observe sample dynamics or to image volumetric data, restricts pixel dwell time. These factors jointly limit the image signal level and demand highly sensitive optical detectors, since the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) directly determines image quality. The advent of optoelectronic detector technology has been partly responsible for the practical applications of nonlinear microscopy in biology and medicine.
Applications of Second-Harmonic Generation Microscopy
Authors: Mertz Jerome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By far the most best-known form of nonlinear microscopy is based on two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) (Denk et al., 1990), which is described in considerable detail in Chapters 4 and 5. However, a lesser-known formof this microscopy was used several years prior to the invention of TPEF microscopy, based on the generation of second-harmonic light either from surfaces (Hellwarth & Christensen, 1964; Sheppard et al., 1977) or fromendogenous tissue structures such as rat-tail tendons (Freund et al., 1986). Because of difficulties in signal interpretation and perhaps because of its seemingly arcane utility, at least in biological imaging, second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy has gone by relatively unnoticed until only very recently (Campagnola et al., 1999; Guo et al., 1997; Moreaux et al., 2001). The discovery that exogenous markers (Chemla & Zyss, 1984; Prasad, 1991) can lead to exceptionally high signal levels has been a leading cause for the revival of SHG microscopy. In particular, SHG markers, when properly designed and collectively organized, can produce signal levels comparable to those encountered in standard TPEF microscopy (Moreux et al., 2000a, 2000b). Moreover, the spatial resolutions provided by SHG and TPEF microscopies are commensurate, meaning that the two contrasts can be conveniently derived from the same instrument. Despite their similarities, SHG and TPEF are based on fundamentally different phenomena (Bloembergen, 1965; Butcher & Cotter, 1990). The first relies on nonlinear scattering, whereas the second relies on nonlinear absorption followed by fluorescence emission. In other words, the first is coherent, whereas the second is not. The consequences of this basic difference will be described below. The organization of this chapter is as follows. First, the basic principles of SHG will be qualitatively described at the molecular level. Second, typical experimental configurations for combined SHG and TPEF imaging will be briefly described, along with basic protocols for sample preparation and labeling. Finally, various applications of SHG microscopy will be addressed, with an emphasis on high-sensitivity membrane potential imaging and on endogenous imaging in thick tissue.
Lifetime-Resolved Imaging in Nonlinear Microscopy
Authors: Becker Wolfgang , Bergmann Axel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since their broad introduction in the early 1990s, confocal [139] and multiphoton laser scanning microscopes [57,136] have initiated a breakthrough in biomedical fluorescence imaging [206]. The high image quality obtained in these instruments mainly results from the fact that of out-of-focus light is strongly suppressed or, in the case of two-photon excitation, not even excited. As a result, images of high contrast are obtained, and 3D imaging becomes feasible. Moreover, the scanning technique makes detection in several wavelength channels and multispectral detection [60] relatively easy. More features, such as excitation wavelength scanning, polarization imaging, and second-harmonic imaging, have been added in the recent years. These multidimensional features make laser scanning microscopes an almost ideal choice for steady-state fluorescence imaging of biological samples [90,107,152,153].