bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON MALARIAL PARASITES
Authors: Geiman Quentin M. , Anfinsen Christian B. , McKee Ralph W. , Ormsbee Richard A. , Ball Eric G. 
Published: June 2004

1. Methods of recovering adequate amounts of Plasmodium knowlesi from the monkey (Macaca, mulatta) for biochemical studies and in vitro cultivation are described.
Concentrates of red blood cells parasitized with P. knowlesi can be obtained by differential sedimentation of parasitized blood because of physical and chemical changes produced by the parasites in the host cell and the plasma of the blood.
2. Two different techniques, the rocker-dilution and the rocker-perfusion methods, are described for the cultivation of malarial parasites. Details of the apparatus, assembly, and sterilization are given, as well as methods of counting and evaluating parasites.
3. In a series of 235 control experiments for 20 to 24 hours using three types of apparatus, the average rate of multiplication was 3.9. Each technique has specific value for studying the various aspects of metabolism, nutrition, and the action of antimalarial drugs.
DISSOCIATION OF HEMAGGLUTINATING AND ANTIBODY-MEASURING CAPACITIES OF INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Francis Thomas 
Published: June 2004

Preparations of Type B influenza virus, propagated in the embryonated egg and obtained in the form of allantoic fluid, were found after heating at 56°C. for 30 minutes to retain the capacity to agglutinate erythrocytes but no longer measured specific antibody when used as antigen in titrations of serum antibody.
The dissociation of the two activities suggests the presence in such virus preparations of a complex virus antigen comprising, (1) a heat-stable component which agglutinates erythrocytes and reacts primarily with specific antibody; (2) a heat-labile component reacting with a factor of normal serum which ordinarily tends to inhibit the hemagglutinating activity of influenza virus.
The relation of the reagents to other known serological activities of influenza virus is being studied.
THE EFFECT OF dl-METHIONINE, l-CYSTINE, AND dl-ISOLEUCINE ON THE UTILIZATION OF PARENTERALLY ADMINISTERED DOG HEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Miller Leon L. , Alling Eric L. 
Published: June 2004

1. Further observations on the utilization of parenterally administered dog hemoglobin show that oral supplements of dl-methionine and l-cystine improve the efficiency of utilization of hemoglobin N, while a fed supplement of dl-isoleucine alone is without effect.
2. When N-isoleucine is added to a fed supplement of methionine or methionine and cystine, the utilization of parenterally given hemoglobin N is even better than with the sulfur-containing amino acids alone.
3. A suggested approach to the problem of designing the quantitatively "ideal" amino acid mixture lies in the definition of what may be called total organism-amino acid patterns of rat, dog, man, etc. These may vary considerably not only at different developmental stages in a given species, but also certainly from one species to another.
4. Further attempts to detect globin in the peripheral circulation have pointed to the need for a highly specific procedure such as that an immunologic method may offer.
5. Reduced hemin in dog plasma migrates with α1-globulin and albumin in veronal buffer at pH 8.5 and the colored zones give strong hemochromogen absorption bands.
DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE
Authors: Knowlton Abbie I. , Loeb Emily N. , Stoerk Herbert C. , Seegal Beatrice C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Desoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA) and NaCl, in the dosage employed in normal rats, caused renal and cardiac hypertrophy, characteristic changes in the renal tubular epithelium, atrophic changes in the subcapsular zone of the adrenal cortex, and serum electrolyte changes characterized by a rise in sodium and fall in potassium.
2. In rats rendered nephritic with a rabbit anti-rat-kidney serum, the same regimen caused similar changes. In addition, DCA given concurrently with NaCl greatly intensified the nephritic process and gave rise to striking arterial hypertension.
3. A diet, virtually sodium-free, administered to normal and nephritic rats receiving daily injections of DCA abolished or reduced to a minimum the effects of this steroid; i.e., a liberal ingestion of NaCl was essential for the potentiation of the action of DCA.
4. The addition of KCl to the drinking water of rats receiving DCA and NaCl tended to correct the depression of the level of potassium in the serum, but had no effect upon the hypertension in nephritic animals nor upon the anatomical lesions.
5. The mechanism by which the sodium ion potentiates the activity of DCA has not been established.
ANTIBODY FORMATION IN MEN FOLLOWING INJECTION OF FOUR TYPE-SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , MacLeod Colin M. , Hodges Richard G. , Bernhard William G. , di Lapi Marie M. 
Published: June 2004

1. Random selections of the sera of trainees injected 2 months previously with the specific polysaccharides of Types I, II, V, and VII pneumococci contained quantities of antibody to Types I, II, and VII sufficient to account for the favorable results of the immunization procedure.
2. As in earlier studies, the levels of the antibody for the C polysaccharide remained relatively constant before and after the injections.
3. The serum from the preliminary bleedings often contained antibody to the Type VII polysaccharide. This remained relatively constant in a control group injected with saline.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LESIONS IN PERIPHERAL GANGLIA IN CHIMPANZEE AND IN HUMAN POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Bodian David , Howe Howard A. 
Published: June 2004

1. The peripheral ganglia of eighteen inoculated chimpanzees and thirteen uninoculated controls, and of eighteen fatal human poliomyelitis cases, were studied for histopathological evidence of the route of transmission of virus from the alimentary tract to the CNS.
2. Lesions thought to be characteristic of poliomyelitis in inoculated chimpanzees could not be sharply differentiated from lesions of unknown origin in uninoculated control animals. Moreover, although the inoculated animals as a group, in comparison with the control animals, had a greater number of infiltrative lesions in sympathetic as well as in sensory ganglia, it was not possible to make satisfactory correlations between the distribution of these lesions and the routes of inoculation.
3. In sharp contrast with chimpanzees, the celiac and stellate ganglia of the human poliomyelitis cases were free of any but insignificant infiltrative lesions. Lesions in human trigeminal and spinal sensory ganglia included neuronal damage as well as focal and perivascular inflitrative lesions, as is well known. In most ganglia, as in monkey and chimpanzee sensory ganglia, these were correlated in intensify with the degree of severity of lesions in the region of the CNS receiving their axons. This suggested that lesions in sensory ganglia probably resulted from spread of virus centrifugally from the CNS, in accord with considerable experimental evidence.
4. Two principal difficulties in the interpretation of histopathological findings in peripheral ganglia were revealed by this study. The first is that the specificity of lesions in sympathetic ganglia has not been established beyond doubt as being due to poliomyelitis. The second is that the presence of characteristic lesions in sensory ganglia does not, and cannot, reveal whether the virus reached the ganglia from the periphery or from the central nervous system, except in very early preparalytic stages or in exceptional cases of early arrest of virus spread and of lesion production.
AN INACTIVE PRECURSOR OF STREPTOCOCCAL PROTEINASE
Authors: Elliott Stuart D. , Dole Vincent P. 
Published: June 2004

1. Streptococcal proteinase is derived from an inactive precursor found in culture filtrates of proteinase-producing streptococci.
2. The precursor can be converted into the proteinase by low concentrations of trypsin but not by chymotrypsin.
3. In cultures grown in suitable media the conversion of precursor to proteinase is effected autocatalytically. This reaction occurs under reducing conditions and is initiated by active proteinase present in low concentrations with the precursor.
4. The autocatalytic reaction is suppressed or retarded by conditions which decrease the activity of the proteinase, e.g. by growing cultures at 22°C. instead of at 37°C. or by growing them under markedly aerobic conditions. It is also retarded in the presence of casein.
STUDIES ON GLYCOGEN NEPHROSIS IN ALLOXAN-TREATED DIABETIC RATS
Authors: Curtis G. W. , Robbins S. L. , Glickman I. 
Published: June 2004

Two hundred and seven albino rats were injected subcutaneously with alloxan in doses varying from 140 to 200 mg. per cent per kilo of body weight. Fifty-nine animals which developed hyperglycemia (blood sugar levels above 150 mg. per cent) were observed for periods from 5 days to 32 weeks.
Postmortem examination of the kidneys of these diabetic animals revealed glycogen deposition in the loops of Henle and convoluted tubules in 26 rats or 44 per cent. Glycogen could not be demonstrated in the glomeruli. Within the time limits of this experiment (32 weeks) no intercapillary glomerulosclerosis was observed.
The following facts were revealed regarding glycogen nephrosis in alloxan diabetes:
(a) Its appearance in the kidneys of the diabetic rats depended solely upon the terminal blood sugar levels of these animals. A value of 350 mg. per cent was the critical level, above which glycogen nephrosis was almost invariably demonstrable. With terminal levels below 300 mg. per cent no glycogen nephrosis was found.
(b) No relationship existed between the postmortem finding of glycogen nephrosis and the initial blood sugar level, or the maximum height of the hyperglycemia attained by individual rats.
(c) The results suggest that glycogen nephrosis is a reversible lesion.
A STUDY OF THE COMPETITION OF LECITHIN AND ANTITOXIN FOR CL. WELCHII LECITHINASE
Authors: Zamecnik Paul C. , Lipmann Fritz 
Published: June 2004

Lecithin has been found to interfere with the combining reaction of Cl. welchii alpha toxin (lecithinase) and its antitoxin. If the lecithinase is first brought into contact with lecithin, and the antitoxin is then added, the antitoxin fails to stop the enzymatic reaction, but gradually decelerates it. If the lecithinase is brought into contact with both lecithin and antitoxin at the same instant, it appears to combine in part with each, and the enzymatic process takes place at a reduced rate, which gradually declines further. If the lecithinase is first brought into contact with antitoxin, before the lecithin is added, the enzymatic reaction is completely inhibited.
This ability of lecithin to inhibit the antitoxin-toxin combination cannot be explained adequately as a non-specific coating of the toxin-enzyme by the lecithin. It is rather suggested that lecithin and antitoxin compete specifically for combination with the same regions on the enzyme molecule.
Lecithin has similarly been found to interfere with the combination of Crotalus terrificus venom and its antiserum.
The above findings provide a partial explanation for the lack of effectiveness of antitoxin when given late in the course of Cl. welchii infection.
EPIDEMIC DIARRHEAL DISEASE OF SUCKLING MICE
Authors: Cheever F. Sargent , Mueller J. Howard 
Published: June 2004

1. The disease was almost certainly infectious.
2. Its eradication offered much greater practical difficulties than are presented by certain other infections of mice.
3. A definite tendency toward greater susceptibility in first litters as contrasted with subsequent ones was noted.
4. Advantage could be taken of this increasing resistance to keep the infected colony in efficient production, but accidental loss of the stock prevented the continuation of the plan for a time sufficient to exclude possible failure due to seasonal variation.
5. Multiple etiologies may well have existed even within this circumscribed outbreak.
6. Experimental investigation of the condition offers extraordinary difficulties but its thorough understanding promises to bring new light to basic problems of disease.
THE METABOLISM OF AMINO ACIDS AND CASEIN DIGEST IN PHLORHIZINIZED DOGS
Authors: Hawkins W. B. , McKee F. W. , Hawley G. M. B. , Kummer A. J. 
Published: June 2004

When solutions of sugar-forming amino acids are given parenterally or orally to phlorhizinized dogs, extra sugar and nitrogen are excreted in the urine.
The route of administration does not influence the way in which the amino acids are metabolized. 89 percent of the expected sugar was recovered when the acids were fed and 81 per cent when the acids were administered parenterally.
Casein digests are metabolized like the amino acids with extra sugar and nitrogen excreted in the urine.
When casein digest is given orally there is an average conversion into sugar of 53 per cent, as compared with 56 per cent intravenously.
Solutions of amino acids or casein digests are readily available sources to the body of nitrogen and carbohydrate.
ELECTROPHORETIC STUDY OF ANTIVIRAL SERA
Authors: Koprowski Hilary , Richmond Gilbert , Moore Dan H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Sera of animals immunized against Japanese B encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, and Western equine encephalomyelitis viruses were fractionated by electrophoresis.
2. Electrophoretic patterns of rabbit sera before and after immunization against Japanese B virus showed no consistent change traceable to antibody formation.
3. To determine the antibody content, the electrophoretic fractions of the respective sera were mixed in varying dilutions with infected mouse brain suspensions, and the neutralizing titers of the fractions were compared.
4. In all instances serum fractions containing γ-globulin were protective, whereas in no case did serum albumin show any virus-neutralizing activity. The Japanese B encephalitis antibody appeared to be associated entirely with the γ-globulin. The Venezuelan and Western equine encephalomyelitis antibodies were associated with the ß- and γ-globulins and probably possessed an average electrophoretic mobility between that of ß- and γ-globulins.
5. Normal rabbit serum similarly separated electrophoretically showed no neutralizing properties.
6. Chickens, whose electrophoretic serum pattern is markedly different from that of rabbits, were also immunized against the Japanese B encephalitis virus. Their antisera were electrophoretically fractionated and similarly subjected to neutralization tests. The specific neutralizing capacity of chicken serum was considerably lower than that of rabbit serum and no neutralizing activity was found in the fractions containing the faster moving components. The antibody appeared to be associated with component 4 which had a mobility of approximately 2.3 x 10–5 cm.2/volt/sec.
A STUDY OF THE INHIBITION OF STREPTOCOCCAL PROTEINASE BY SERA OF NORMAL AND IMMUNE ANIMALS AND OF PATIENTS INFECTED WITH GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Todd Edgar W. 
Published: June 2004

Antiproteinase sera were prepared by immunizing horses with filtrates from a selected strain of group A streptococcus. This strain, which produced high titred proteinase but no erythrogenic toxin, was selected from forty-two strains of group A streptococci which produced varying amounts of proteinase. A few strains belonging to groups B, C, and G were also tested; they were all proteinase-negative. Methods are described for titrating streptococcal proteinase in crude culture filtrates and for measuring the antiproteinase activity of serum.
The antiproteinase titres of sera from immunized horses ranged from 125 units to 1,000 units per cc. in contrast to the low titres of normal horse sera, only 5 per cent of which had titres as high as 10 to 30 units per cc.
The available evidence suggests that the antiproteinase activity of immune sera is dependent on the action of specific antibody for streptococcal proteinase. Patients infected with group A streptococci do not develop high anti-proteinase titres. There appears to be no correlation between the occurrence of rheumatic fever and the antiproteinase titre of the patient's serum.
MODE OF ACTION OF STREPTOMYCIN ON TYPE b HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
Authors: Alexander Hattie E. , Leidy Grace 
Published: June 2004

In all of ten strains of H. influenzae examined prior to exposure to streptomycin a very small fraction of the bacteria formed colonies in the presence of 1,000 units of streptomycin per cc. These variant organisms possess the characteristics of bacterial mutants.
1. Different independent cultures of the same strain on different occasions, and even cultures seeded in a single test with the same inoculum, show marked variation in prevalence of resistant variants in populations of comparable size. This variation is just as great in genetically homogeneous culture sources as in heterogeneous sources. Evidence is presented for the continuous random occurrence of these resistant organisms.
2. The rate of occurrence of the resistant members is not significantly different for the ten strains studied; it varies from 2.6 x 10–11 to 7.0 x 10–11 per bacterium per bacterial generation. The results of five different tests on the same strain show comparable variation, 2.9 x 10–11 to 5.3 x 10–11. This low rate contributes evidence consistent with the mutation hypothesis.
3. Variants exhibiting resistance to 1,000 units of streptomycin per cc. transmit this trait unchanged in degree through many generations. The results obtained after twelve or more subcultures in streptomycin-free media suggest that in a portion of the colonies resistant to streptomycin an additional trait, differing from those exhibited by the parent culture, is associated; the nutritional requirements of these cultures are different.
MULTIPLICATION AND SPREAD OF THE VIRUS OF ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS IN MICE WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ITS FATE IN THE ALIMENTARY TRACT
Authors: Peck John L. , Sabin Albert B. 
Published: June 2004

1. Beginning at 24 hours after intravenous injection of about 10 million intracerebral LD50 of virus there was evidence of simultaneous, progressive multiplication in the brain and intestinal tract.
2. When the virus was introduced directly into the brain or the nasal cavities and mouth, none was found in the intestinal tract until there was general centrifugal spread from the central nervous system during the last stages of the infection at 96 or 120 hours after inoculation when the virus in the entire brain had reached a concentration of about 3 billion LD50.
3. Centrifugal spread began when the virus in the brain reached a concentration of about 400 million LD50 and virus appeared in the pharynx, tongue, and adrenals before it was demonstrable in the intestinal tract, blood, or viscera such as the spleen, liver, and kidneys.
4. Despite the high concentrations of virus which developed in the intestinal tract following intravenous inoculation, it was not demonstrable in the stools, differing in this respect from Theiler's virus in mice and poliomyelitis virus in human beings and monkeys.
5. No antiviral agent was found in the stools, but the urine of normal mice having a pH of 5.6, inactivated large amounts of St. Louis encephalitis virus.
6. There was no evidence of multiplication in the nasal mucosa of mice which succumbed with encephalitis following nasal instillation of the virus, the course of events being comparable in this respect to the behavior of the M.V. poliomyelitis virus in rhesus monkeys.
7. At the terminal stage of infection the virus content per milligram of tissue was as great in the leg muscles as in the sciatic nerves. Since this was also true for the urinary bladder, heart, lungs, and tongue among other tissues, and since the amount in the blood was too negligible to account for it, it would appear that the virus either accumulated in these tissues by diffusion from the nerve fibers, along which it was spreading from the central nervous system, or that it multiplied in some constituent other than the nerve fibers.
THE RELATION TO THE COURSE OF AVIAN MALARIA OF BIOTIN AND A FAT-SOLUBLE MATERIAL HAVING THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF BIOTIN
Authors: Trager William 
Published: June 2004

Biotin deficiency produced by a synthetic biotin-deficient diet was as effective in decreasing the resistance of chickens to infection with Plasmodium lophurae as biotin deficiency produced by a diet high in egg white.
In moderately biotin-deficient ducks Plasmodium cathemerium at first multiplied more slowly than in adequately fed controls. The parasitemia in the deficient animals later overtook that in the controls and attained higher peak parasite numbers. The multiplication of P. cathemerium was notably inhibited in ducks inoculated when they were approaching death from biotin deficiency.
The total and differential leucocyte count of biotin-deficient chickens did not differ significantly from that of adequately fed controls.
During infection of chickens with P. lophurae and ducks with either P. lophurae or P. cathemerium significant changes occur in the concentration in the plasma of free biotin and of a material which on hydrolysis yields a fat-soluble substance (FSF) having the biological activities of biotin but differing chemically from it. In ducks which survived infections with P. cathemerium or P. lophurae the biotin concentration rose very early in the course of the infection, before there was any anemia. It fell slightly, rose to a peak at about the time of the peak parasite number, and then returned to normal. The concentration of bound FSF, which was determined in terms of its biotin activity, increased at first, then decreased, then rose and continued at a high level throughout the period of decline in parasitemia. In most of the animals which died of either infection the free biotin, instead of returning to normal, rose to very high values Just before death, while the bound FSF, instead of remaining at a high value, fell to very low values, reaching zero in several animals. Greater resistance seemed to be associated with a greater excess of bound FSF over free biotin. In animals about to die the free biotin exceeded the bound FSF.
The biotin content of the liver of ducks and chickens fed an adequate diet and killed just after having undergone an infection with either P. lophurae or P. cathemerium was much less than that of control uninfected animals.
When P. lophurae was cultured in vitro in suspensions of duck erythrocytes a very wide range in biotin concentration in the culture fluid did not affect its rate of multiplication. Plasma protein fractions relatively rich in FSF at a concentration of 0.75 per cent inhibited multiplication, while comparable concentrations of plasma fractions poor in FSF did not.
The results obtained fit the assumption that the substance in plasma which yields FSF is directly concerned in resistance to avian malaria.
THE MECHANISM OF AERIAL DISINFECTION BY GLYCOLS AND OTHER CHEMICAL AGENTS
Authors: Puck Theodore T. 
Published: June 2004

Theoretical analysis of the mechanism of action of chemical aerial disinfectants reveals that the rapid killing action which is obtained cannot be accounted for by a collision process between germicidal aerosol particles and the air-borne bacteria. However, a mechanism involving condensation of germicide molecules in the vapor state on to the bacteria-containing droplets results in a theoretical velocity of the correct order of magnitude.
Experimental tests of this theory show that pure germicide vapors free of aerosol droplets are almost instantly lethal to air-borne bacteria. Conversely, pure germicidal aerosols in the absence of vapor, had no effect on air-borne bacteria within 20 minutes or more. Therefore, it may be concluded on both theoretical and experimental grounds that rapid air sterilization requires the existence of the germicide in the vapor state.