bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical developments
Authors: Giulini Domenico 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1687 Isaac Newton’s (1643–1727)Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, nowadays simply called ‘ThePrincipia’, appeared in print in London. In this monumental work, which in?uenced the physical discipline of mechanics like no other ever since, Newton laid down a physical theory in mathematical terms which allowed him to describe the motion of heavenly bodies within the very same formalism as terrestrial motions. Quite generally, Newton speaks of ‘bodies’, which eventually one has to think of as being built from infinitely small, infinitely tough, and never changing parts, which themselves are taken to require no further explanation. With this concept of ‘point masses’, as they are now called, Newtonian mechanics is able to reduce the motion of complex configurations of such point masses to their simple laws of motion, taking into account the forces between them. A simple though somewhat idealized hypo- thesis for such mutual forces leads to the notion of the ‘rigid body’, in which each point mass is held in constant position relative to the others, even if external forces are applied. The spatial configuration of such an ideal rigid body is fully characterized by just six numbers, three for the position of some preferred point of it, like e.g. the centre of mass, and three for the rotational freedom about this point.
Introduction to Computational Plasticity
Authors: Dunne Fionn , Petrinic Nik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book gives an introduction to computational plasticity and includes the kinematics of large deformations, together with relevant continuum mechanics. Central to the book is its focus on computational plasticity, and we cover an introduction to the finite element method which includes both quasi-static and dynamic problems. We then go on to describe explicit and implicit implementations of plasticity models in to finite element software. Throughout the book, we describe the general, multiaxial form of the theory but uniquely, wherever possible, reduce the equations to their simplest, uniaxial form to develop understanding of the general theory and, we hope, physical insight. We provide several examples of implicit and explicit implementations of von Mises time-independent and visco-plasticity in to the commercial code ABAQUS (including the fortran coding), which should prove invaluable to research students and practising engineers developing ABAQUS 'UMATs'. The book bridges the gap between undergraduate material on plasticity and existing advanced texts on nonlinear computational mechanics, which makes it ideal for students and practising engineers alike. It introduces a range of engineering applications, including superplasticity, porous plasticity, cyclic plasticity and thermo-mechanical fatigue, to emphasize the subject's relevance and importance.
Tears of the Tree
Authors: Loadman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine a world without rubber - neither tyres for motoring or flying, nor bouncing balls for sports, neither seals for washing machines and dishwashers, nor medical gloves - no elastics. This unique book tells the fascinating story of four thousand years of rubber - from its significance in Mayan religious rituals and culture to its pivotal role in today's world. It is seen through the lives of the adventurers and scientists who promoted it, lusted after it and eventually tamed it into the ubiquitous, yet crucial material of our lives today. It also examines the lives of those who caused the deaths of millions of natives in Africa and South America whilst seeking to satisfy the developing world's demand for this wonderful new material as well as their nemeses. Written in a biographical format, the book examines why rubber ages and deteriorates and how the ravages of time may be ameliorated. It deals with our current concern for the environment and various options for 'waste disposal'. For the majority of people, rubber is mostly an unknown history and even for those who think they know 'the truth' about rubber, this book may offer many surprises.
Worlds of Flow
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first of its kind, this book is an in-depth history of hydrodynamics from its eighteenth-century foundations to its first major successes in twentieth-century hydraulics and aeronautics. It documents the foundational role of fluid mechanics in developing a new mathematical physics. It gives full and clear accounts of the conceptual breakthroughs of physicists and engineers who tried to meet challenges in the practical worlds of hydraulics, navigation, blood circulation, meteorology, and aeronautics, and it shows how hydrodynamics at last began to fulfill its early promise to unify the different worlds of flow. Richly illustrated, technically thorough, and sensitive to cross-cultural effects, this history should attract a broad range of historians, scientists, engineers, and philosophers and be a standard reference for anyone interested in fluid mechanics.
Introduction to Microfluidics
Authors: Tabeling Patrick , Chen Suelin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Microfluidics deals with fluids flowing in miniaturized systems. It is a young discipline, which is expected to substantially expand over the next few years, stimulated by the considerable development of applications in the pharmaceutical, biomedical and chemical engineering domains. The book is an introduction to this discipline. In the first chapter, it presents a short historical background and discusses the main perspectives of the domain, at economical and scientific levels. Then the physics of miniaturization and the fluid mechanics of microflows are discussed. In the following three chapters, dispersion, electrical and thermal phenomena in miniaturized devices are presented. A brief introduction to microfabrication techniques is given in chapter six and the book concludes by providing a few examples of microfluidic systems. The book is written in a simple, direct, pedagogical way. It emphasizes concepts and understanding, rather than technical detail. It offers a cross-disciplinary view of the field embracing biological, chemical, physical and engineering perspectives. By using the book, the reader will have concepts, methods and data to grasp situations which typically arise in microfluidic systems.
Hydrodynamics of microfiuidic systems
Authors: Tabeling Patrick , Chen Suelin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction Circulating a fluid through a canal only a few micrometers wide, transporting a 10-micrometers long droplet with the aid of a liquid, and using shear to deform a bubble 100 micrometers in diameter are all situations frequently encountered in the domain of microfluidics. Many of these systems present unique problems in hydrodynamics due to the significant role of surfaces, the presence of Brownian motion, and more generally, the unusual force balances, analogous to those discussed in the previous chapter.
Conventional Signs
Authors: Morgan Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Emperor Napoleon invaded Russia in June 1812 with an army half a million strong. In December of the same year La Grande Arme´e struggled back across the Berezina river with only 10,000 men. Even these might not have survived without the leadership of Marshal Michel Ney, himself practically the last member of the army to leave Russia (on 14 December). Napoleon had already abandoned the remnants of the army on 5 December. The disastrous fate of the army is chronicled in a famous map (1861) by Charles Joseph Minard, a retired inspector of France’s equivalent of the Department of Transport.
‘The long agitated question’
Authors: Morgan Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The defeat of the Russians at Port Arthur in 1904 was one of the seismic events of the twentieth century, signalling the beginning of the end of European imperialism in the East, a process completed by the defeat of the British at Singapore in 1942 and the French at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. It was during the Russian–Japanese war that a young Japanese physician was to make the first detailed drawings of the visual map in the ‘occipital lobe’ at the back of our head. Most of our knowledge of maps in the human brain has come from the tragedies of disease or injury, and the map of the retina at the back of the brain is no exception.
‘Objects moving are not impressed’
Authors: Morgan Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Boulevard du Temple, in Paris, taken by Louis-Jacques Daguerre in 1838 (see figure 5.1), immortalises a blurred shoe-shiner and his patron – the only people who stayed in the same place long enough to register on the film. Daguerrotypes needed exposure times of minutes, rather than the fraction of a second used by modern film. During these long exposures, moving objects were never in the same place long enough to impress their form on the film. Their blurred images are unrecognisable as objects.
Unconscious Perception
Authors: Morgan Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Unconscious perception’ sounds like a contradiction in terms, like ‘military music’, or ‘scientific humour’; but psychologists have a robust definition, following the lead of Sigmund Freud: ‘If you react to some stimulus but deny having seen it, it’s unconscious.’ For example, words are flashed briefly on to a TV screen and the observer’s task is to press one button if the word is man-made (like ‘hammer’) and another if it is not (‘river’). If ‘hammer’ is repeated twice in succession, the time to make the correct decision is smaller on the second occasion.
Trees
Authors: Matoušek Jirří , Nešetřil Jaroslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even very abstract and elusive concepts in mathematics are often given names from common language. Similarly as mathematical definitions are not at all arbitrary, the name for a notion may be quite important. Sometimes the name helps to communicate, on an intuitive level, some key property of the object which is not easy to notice behind the formal definition. Other names may sound quite illogical in today’s context without knowing their often convoluted history. For example, fields in mathematics are neither green fields nor strawberry fields nor any other kind of fields most people may be used to, and it is hard to imagine why something in the plane should be called a vertex (see Chapter 6 for the origin of this name).
Applications of linear algebra
Authors: Matoušek Jirří , Nešetřil Jaroslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Linear algebra is a part of algebra dealing with systems of linear equations, matrices, determinants, vector spaces, and similar things. We have already seen several proofs using linear algebra in previous chapters, most notably in Section 8.5. Here we will demonstrate a few more methods and applications. First, we present two problems, one concerning the existence of so-called block designs and the other about covering a complete graph by complete bipartite graphs. Hardly anyone would suspect that these problems are related to matrices, and yet an elegant solution can be given based on the notion of rank of a matrix. An interested reader can find much more about similar proofs in the very vividly written textbook by Babai and Frankl [13]. In the subsequent two sections of this chapter, we assign several vector spaces to each graph; this leads to a compact and insightful description of seemingly very complicated sets. Finally in Section 13.6, we consider two elegant algorithms where linear algebra blends with a probabilistic method.
Brave new worlds
Authors: Mayhew Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eight novel ways of transmitting information, outlined in the previous chapter as ‘major transitions’, by no means exhaust evolution’s extraordinary feats. Over the history of life, evolutionary events have also radically changed the characteristics of the biosphere. As in the previous chapter then, which considered how evolutionary changes increased the complexity of organ- isms, this chapter will consider how evolution has increased the complexity of planetary ecology. Four things generally indicate that major ecological changes have occurred in the past, identifiable, for example, from the fossil record (Vermeij 1995; Kanygin 2001): First, changes in species richness. Second, organisms living in new places. Third, ecosystems with new functional groups. Fourth, new geochemical cycles. For present purposes we are only interested in such changes that are linked with evolutionary events, as most (but not all) of them are by definition. The changes need collectively to create the essential and complex features of modern planetary ecology, which are worth briefly describing.
Flowering phenologies of animal- pollinated plants: reproductive strategies and agents of selection
Authors: Kudo Gaku 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The time and pattern of flowering strongly influence the reproductive success of animal-pollinated plants by controlling the overlap of flowering with temporally variable abiotic and biotic conditions that affect mating and seed production. Various factors influence the ecology and evolution of flowering phenologies, including features of the mating environment during flowering, herbivory on flowers and developing seeds, the period available for seed development, and seed dispersal conditions. This diversity of influences as well as spatial and temporal variation in flowering conditions complicate selection on flowering phenologies.
Reproductive assurance and the evolution of uniparental reproduction in flowering plants
Authors: Eckert Christopher G , Samis Karen E , Dart Sara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The assurance of reproduction when outcrossing is unpredictable is a venerable and widely invoked explanation for uniparental reproduction via self-fertilization or asexuality. This hypothesis is supported by evidence that seed production by outcrossing plants is frequently pollen limited. However, its intuitive simplicity belies its considerable complexity. Theory cautions that selfing may increase geometric mean fitness in unpredictable pollination environments, but may also compromise current and future outcrossing through physiological and demographic trade-offs. Moreover, reproductive assurance (RA) may affect population and metapopulation dynamics, introducing complex feedbacks plus alternative equilibria and multiple levels of selection.
A View From Elsewhere: The Emergence Of Consciousness In Multidisciplinary Discourse
Authors: Maasen Sabine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The past decade has seen a rising tide of interest in consciousness accompanied by a surge of publications, new journals and scientific meetings’ (Zeman, 2001, p. 1264). Today, this is perhaps the best way to open the floor to any review of the field of consciousness. The sheer amount of activities in consciousness research is stunning, indeed, particularly in view of the fact that all studies and approaches are united by one conviction only: ‘At our present state of the investigation of consciousness we don’t know how it works and we need to try all kinds of different ideas’ (John Searle).
Occurrence and demography of mites of tree swallow:, house wren:, and eastern bluebird nests
Authors: Burtt Edward H , Chow W , Babbitt G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Debate over the evolutionary determinants of avian clutch size has ignored the potential of nest-dwelling, parasitic arthropods to significantly reduce the reproductive success of birds (McKilligan 1987; this volume: Delannoy and Cruz, Chapter 5; Rogers et al., Chapter 7). Parasitic mites (Arthropoda, Arachnida, Acari) occur in bird nests (Hicks 1953, 1959, 1971, 1975; Wilson 1965; Philips and Dindal 1977, 1979; Welch 1977), especially nests sheltered from weather and nests built in cavities (Woodroffe 1953; Moss 1978; Chow et al. 1983). Such mites are known to feed on blood, which causes weight loss and mortality of nestlings (Moss and Camin 1970) and may cause desertion of whole broods (Moss 1966).
Parasites and bright birds: new data and a new prediction
Authors: Zuk Marlene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The function of male secondary sexual characters such as colourful plumage or elaborate courtship displays is controversial among evolutionary biologists, with some suggesting that females assess the genetic quality of potential mates by the development of these characters (Thornhill 1980; Heisler 1984; Nur and Hasson 1984; T rivers 1985; Andersson 1986) and others maintaining that conspicuous traits indicate nothing about male fitness outside of sexual attractiveness, and have evolved through genetic correlation with a female preference for the ornament (Fisher 1930; Lande 1981; Kirkpatrick 1982; Arnold 1983; cf. Pomiankowski 1987). In a specific version of this former type of ‘good genes’ hypothesis, Hamilton and Zuk (1982) proposed that male ornaments signal the bearer's health and freedom from parasites, and that resistant males within a species have brighter plumage and more vigorous displays than susceptible males. The relationship between host and parasite is likely to generate ‘good genes’ sexual selection because frequency-dependent interactions between host and parasite alleles readily produce stable limit cycles in the gene frequencies of both species, helping to maintain heritable genetic variation in fitness (Eshel and Hamilton 1984; Hamilton 1982). Species susceptible to parasites will therefore be most likely to evolve male ornaments as indicators of male resistance to common pathogens. Across species, then, Hamilton and Zuk (1982) predicted that the degree of ornamentation should be positively correlated with the proportion of individuals infected with parasites.
A global plant taxonomy database: design considerations
Authors: Everard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Commercial implementations of the technology necessary to run a globally accessible plant species information system, consolidating and centralizing existing taxonomic information, have been available for some years. Advantages to the delay in implementing such a system are that database technology has matured, computers have become more capable and cheaper per unit computing power, computer literacy has become more widespread, and data presentation features have been refined. Industry-standard software is generally recommended as a technical solution, for reasons of usability, cross-system compatibility, and cost. A commercially oriented design process has been used to assess the features required of the database. One of the first steps in this process is to consider the ‘customers’ of the data. Data customers dictate the search and presentation methods that must be designed into the database. The system must be designed with the flexibility to be adapted to support unforeseen future needs, including exploitation of novel technology.
Cytokinin-binding protein(s) and protein kinases in cytokinin signal transduction
Authors: Kulaeva Olga N , Karavaiko Natalia N , Moshkov Igor E , Selivankina Svetlana Yu. , Novikova Galina V , Pereverseva Inna N , Yakovleva Ludmila A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to wheat embryo CBP, cytokinin-binding proteins from tobacco cell culture (Hamaguchi et al. 1985), barley leaves (Romanov et al. 1988), maize seedlings (Romanov et al. 1990), and cucumber cotyledons (Jayabaskaran 1990) possess a high affinity to zeatin; however, this is not sufficient evidence to consider these CBPs as cytokinin receptors. As Napier and Venis (1990) wrote: ‘A receptor, in addition to binding a ligand in a specific and saturable manner, should generate some defined response as a consequence of that binding.’ From this point of view our data on barley leaf cytosolic CBP(s) which participates in the activation of RNA synthesis in vitro is of interest.
Pictures, words, and numbers: sorting and indexing
Authors: Davies Duncan , Bathurst Diana , Bathurst Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We must now face c1n unsolved problem of fundamental importance and great difficulty: the sorting and indexing of pictures. To understand the situation we must spend a little time examining how lexicographers, librnrians. and scholars sort words, how accountants. scientists, and engineers sort numbers, and how computers sort either or both. These tusks we can perform with precision. because we understand all of the processes, having designed them as part of our alphabetic and alphanumeric techniques. \Ve must next observe that the mammalian brain in general, and the human brain in particular, can rccogni'l.c and sort pictures at a level of sophistication that isquite unattainable by computer-based methods.
Electromagnetic radiation
Authors: Baldomir D , Hammond P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The natural geometry of electromagnetic fields is four-dimensional in space and time. In the previous chapters we have developed a mathematical structure to deal with four-dimensional electromagnetic effects. We have also shown that the more familiar three-dimensional quantities can be obtained as projections from four-dimensional space. In principle, therefore, it is always possible to treat electromagnetic problems by starting with the full four dimensional geometry and then making suitable approximations. However, this is not the best procedure, because various approximations are important in different technological applications and each of these requires close attention to its own peculiar geometrical features. As a result it is convenient to consider the subject under such headings as quasi-static electric or magnetic fields, diffusion of energy in conducting materials, magnetic induction fields, and electromagnetic radiation. In this chapter we consider radiation and show that a full understanding of radiation phenomena needs the covariant relativistic formalism which we have developed.
Spiral Vector Theory of AC Circuits and Machines
Authors: Yamamura Sakae 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The spiral vector theory proposed and explained in this book unifies the steady state and transient state theories of AC circuits and machines. Previously steady state theory and transient state theory were separated by different expressions for state variables. This new theory makes possible the analysis of transient phenomena in three phase machines, an area largely untouched by conventional AC machine theories. Results of AC motor analysis obtained by the spiral vector method have led directly to new torque controls which give AC motors much superior performance to the usual DC control motors. With the rapid developments in inverter technology making the control of AC power easier the spiral vector theory provides the necessary theoretical foundation for the understanding and design of AC circuits and machines. The spiral vector theory provides superior computer simulations to AC circuits and machines, which are simple in structure and easy in use. The salient-pole AC generator is a good example for it.