bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitric Oxide Release from Coronary Vasculature before, during, and following Cardioplegic Arrest
Authors: Gohra Hidenori , Fujimura Yoshihiko , Hamano Kimikazu , Noda Hiroshi , Katoh Tomoe , Zempo Nobuya , Esato Kensuke , Ueda Toshiko , Sadamitsu Daikai , Maekawa Tsuyoshi 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.Nitric oxide (NO) is known as a vasodilatory molecule synthesized by vascular endothelium. The NO‐dependent vasodilatory response of coronary artery is impaired after ischemia and reperfusion. In the present study, the release of NO from coronary vasculature was evaluated before and during cardioplegic arrest and after reperfusion. Nine patients undergoing heart surgery were studied. Multidose crystalloid cardioplegics were used for myocardial protection. The coronary affluent and effluent were obtained simultaneously before cardioplegic arrest, at each cardioplegic administration, and after reperfusion; and the levels of nitrite and nitrate, the stable end‐products of NO, were measured. The NO release from the coronary vasculature was determined as the difference in the levels of nitrite and nitrate between the coronary effluent and affluent. The level of nitrite/nitrate release from coronary vasculature was 6.8 ± 3.7 μM before cardioplegic arrest. During cardioplegic arrest the nitrite/nitrate release decreased, reaching 1.3 ± 1.3 μM (p < 0.05, vs. before cardioplegic arrest) at the fourth administration of the cardioplegic. At 3 to 5 minutes after reperfusion, nitrite/nitrate release further decreased to 0.36 ± 0.34 μM (p < 0.05, vs. before cardioplegic arrest). During cardioplegic arrest the NO release decreased and reached significance at approximately 70 minutes of cardioplegic arrest compared to that before cardioplegic arrest. After reperfusion, NO release was further reduced, with statistical significance compared to that before cardioplegic arrest. Our data may indicate that cardioplegic arrest and reperfusion cause endothelial dysfunction.
Basic Physics and Imaging Characteristics of Ultrasound
Authors: Kossoff George 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe imaging characteristics of diagnostic ultrasound (US) are determined by the ultrasonic properties of tissue. The velocity of propagation of US and the attenuation are the 2 most important parameters. These determine the frequency with which the tissues may be imaged, which in turn sets a fundamental limit on the axial and the lateral resolution. Ultrasonic imaging equipment is designed on the premise that the ultrasonic energy propagates through tissue in a straight line and that the ultrasonic beam is very narrow. In fact, the ultrasonic energy propagates through tissue as a beam of finite dimensions set by the physical dimensions of the transducer, the way it is constructed, and the way it is energized. Also, the velocity of propagation in different tissues varies and this can lead to deviation of the ultrasonic beam from the assumed direction of propagation. This breakdown in assumptions leads to the creation of artifacts that must be appreciated in the interpretation of ultrasonic images. For this reason skilled interpreters of ultrasonic images follow 3 golden rules: never make an interpretation on a single image; just because a feature is displayed do not consider that it is necessarily real; and just because a feature is not displayed do not consider that it is necessarily not there.
Sequential Metabolic Changes following Induction of Systemic Inflammatory Response in Patients with Severe Sepsis or Major Blunt Trauma
Authors: Plank Lindsay D. , Hill Graham L. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.We have recently completed studies in critically ill patients with severe sepsis or major trauma that investigated sequential changes in the metabolic response following admission to the intensive care unit. Protein, water, and energy metabolism were measured using in vivo neutron activation analysis, tracer dilution, dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry, and indirect calorimetry. Over the 3‐week study period both groups of patients lost 13% of their total body protein. The severe sepsis patients retained twice the volume of fluid of those with major trauma, and the return to normal hydration in the sepsis group was correspondingly prolonged, especially for those in the elderly age group. In both groups of patients resting energy expenditure increased progressively over the first week to around 40% above normal and was still elevated 3 weeks from onset of illness. A twofold increase in total energy expenditure occurred in both groups of patients between the first and second weeks of critical care admission. The prolonged hypermetabolism throughout the study period was not reflected in the concentrations of circulating proinflammatory cytokines, which fell rapidly over the first week. The pattern of changes seen in plasma proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokine concentrations is similar for sepsis and trauma. The remarkably similar metabolic sequelae seen in critically ill patients following the onset of severe sepsis or major trauma may constitute a universal response to the induction of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
A Biomechanical Comparison of Headless Tapered Variable Pitch and AO Cortical Bone Screws for Fixation of a Simulated Lateral Condylar Fracture in Equine Third Metacarpal Bones
Authors: Galuppo Larry D. , Stover Susan M. , Jensen David G. , Willits Neil H. 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To compare drilling, tapping, and screw‐insertion torque, force, and time for the 4.5‐mm AO and 6.5‐mm Acutrak Plus®(AP) bone screws, and to compare the mechanical shear strength and stiffness of a simulated complete lateral condylar fracture of the equine third metacarpal bone (MC3) stabilized with either an AO or AP screw.Study Design—In vitro biomechanical assessment of screw‐insertion variables, and shear failure tests of a bone‐screw‐stabilized simulated lateral condylar fracture.Sample Population—Eight pairs of cadaveric equine MC3sMethods—Metacarpi were placed in a fixture and centered on a biaxial load cell in a materials‐testing system to measure torque, compressive force, and time for drilling, tapping, and screw insertion. Standardized simulated lateral condylar fractures were stabilized by either an AO or AP screw and tested in shear until failure. A pairedttest was used to assess differences between screws, with significance set atP< .05.Results—Insertion and mechanical shear testing variables were comparable for AO and AP insertion equipment and screws.Conclusion—The 6.5‐mm tapered AP screw can be inserted in equine third metacarpal condyles and is mechanically comparable with the 4.5‐mm AO screw for fixation of a simulated lateral condylar fracture.Clinical Relevance—Considering the comparable mechanical behavior, the potential for less‐persistent soft‐tissue irritation with the headless design, and the ability to achieve interfragmentary compression by inserting the screw in one hole drilled perpendicular to the fracture plane, the 6.5‐mm tapered AP screw may be an attractive alternative for repair of incomplete lateral condylar fractures in horses.
The Mitochondrial Uncoupling Protein UCP1: A Gated Pore
Authors: Arechaga Ignacio , Ledesma Amalia , Rial Eduardo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe uncoupling protein UCP1 is a member of a superfamily of homologous proteins formed by the mitochondrial metabolite transporters. Although they act in vivo as carriers, under specific experimental conditions some of these transporters have been shown to behave as channels. This dual transport operation suggests that these carriers are likely to be formed by two differentiated functional and structural domains. The kinetic model termed “single binding center gated pore” is well suited to understand the behaviour of these carriers. It proposes that in the protein core there must exist a hydrophilic translocation pore whose access is controlled by gates. It is highly likely that the hydrophilic channel is formed by the transmembrane α‐helices and that loops contribute to the formation of the gates. UCP1 is regulated physiologically by fatty acids and purine nucleotides. Nucleotides maintain the proton conductance inhibited while fatty acids act as cytosolic second messengers of noradrenaline to active UCP1. Based on photoaffinity labeling and mutagenesis data, we propose a structural model for the localization of the binding site. The nucleotide enters through a gate in the cytosolic side and binds deep inside the protein. The three matrix loops contribute to the formation of a hydrophobic binding pocket that would accommodate the purine moiety. Three arginine residues (in helices II, IV, and VI) would interact with the phosphate groups. His214 and Glu190 have been involved in the pH regulation of the nucleotide binding but because they are on the cytosolic side of the protein, we propose that their state of protonation will determine the access of the nucleotide to the binding center.
Mitochondrial Contribution in the Progression of Cardiac Ischemic Injury
Authors: Lisa Fabio Di 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe multifaceted relationship between mitochondria and the rest of the cell is reviewed in the context of myocardial ischemia. Paradoxically, mitochondria can exacerbate the ischemic damage, especially at the onset of reperfusion. Indeed, the recovery of oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of an excessive energy demand is likely to represent a crucial factor in the ensuing irreversible damage of cardiomyocytes. A major role in the progression towards cell death might be attributed to the opening of the permeability transition pore, which besides abolishing mitochondrial ATP production might amplify the damage by causing NAD + release. This damaging role is balanced by the contribution of mitochondria in self‐defense mechanisms operating in the ischemic cardiomyocytes. The mitochondrial ATP‐sensitive K + channel and a slight increase in the production of reactive oxygen species appear to mediate the attempt of the heart to maintain its viability under conditions of acute and chronic ischemia. The significance of the various processes is discussed along with the critical evaluation of both the difficulties in studying mitochondria in situ and the possible sources of errors or misinterpretations.
Predicting aggressive driving behavior: The role of macho personality, age, and power of car
Authors: Krahé Barbara , Fenske Ilka 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA study is presented that explored the role of macho personality, age, and power of car as predictors of aggressive driving behavior. A total of 154 male motorists completed two subscales of the Hypermasculinity Inventory as a measure of macho personality and self‐reports of aggressive driving behavior based on the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire. They also provided information about their age, annual mileage, horsepower of their car, and features that had guided their choice of a car. A multiple regression analysis showed that each of the predictors was significantly related to aggressive driving: Younger motorists, those driving powerful cars, and those showing macho personality were significantly more likely to report driving aggression. Together, the three predictors accounted for 35.8% of the variance. In addition, macho men assigned greater importance to speed and sportiness of a car and less importance to safety aspects than nonmacho men. The findings are discussed with reference to individual and situational explanations of driving aggression. Aggr. Behav. 28:21–29, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conflict and postconflict behaviour in two lemur species with different social organizations (Eulemur fulvus and Eulemur macaco): A study on captive groups
Authors: Roeder Jean‐Jacques , Fornasieri Isabelle , Gosset Delphine 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough the brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus) and the black lemur (Eulemur macaco) share many life parameters and are genetically closed, they show considerable difference in social organization. Dominance relationships with no systematic effect of gender characterize the former, whereas the latter is based on female dominance. The present study was done on two captive groups of brown lemurs and one semi–free‐ranging group of black lemurs. To reveal links between the specific pattern of social organization and agonistic behaviors, agonistic interactions were analyzed for each species as for their context of occurrence, symmetry, initiation, and outcome. The effect of gender in the initiation of conflicts appeared as the only notable interspecific difference, aggression being mostly initiated by females in E. macaco and by males in E. fulvus. Conflict outcome was generally in favor of the initiator, regardless of gender in both species. The analysis of postconflict behaviors revealed conciliatory processes in the brown lemur, whereas reconciliation seemed to be absent in the black lemur, a characteristic shared with the ring‐tailed lemur (Lemur catta), another lemur species with female dominance. Aggr. Behav. 28:62–74, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The politics of neglect: Adult learners in higher education
Authors: Sissel Peggy A. , Hansman Catherine A. , Kasworm Carol E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe challenge the broader adult education community to examine how they are either accommodating or reproducing hegemonic campus policies toward adult learners, take action to resist these policies, and support the development of improved policies, procedures, programs, and practices aimed toward adult learners in higher education.
Linguistic predictors of trauma pathology and physical health
Authors: Alvarez‐Conrad Jennifer , Zoellner Lori A. , Foa Edna B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present study examined how specific linguistic elements in trauma narratives were associated with post‐treatment psychopathology and physical symptoms. We analysed the narratives of 28 female assault victims being treated for chronic PTSD. During exposure therapy, participants were asked to recount their assault ‘as if it was happening now’. These trauma narratives were videotaped, transcribed, and analysed using a linguistic coding program. In particular, narratives containing words about death and dying were associated with worse post‐treatment functioning. This relationship could not be accounted for by assault‐related characteristics. The focus on death and dying in the trauma narrative may reflect the concept of mental defeat, suggesting a possible target for intervention in cognitive‐behavioural treatment of PTSD. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variable structure robust state and parameter estimator
Authors: Poznyak Alex S. , Martínez Joel Correa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe problem of simultaneous robust state and parameters estimation for a class of SISO non‐linear systems under mixed uncertainties (unmodelled dynamics as well as observation noises) is addressed.A non‐linear variable structure robust ‘observer–identifier’ is introduced to obtain the corresponding estimates. Lie derivative technique is used to obtain the observability conditions for the equivalent extended non‐linear system. It is shown that, in general, the extended system can lose the global observability property and a special procedure is needed to work well in this situation. The suggested adaptive observer has the non‐linear high‐gain observer structure with adjusted parameters that provides ‘a good’ upper bound for the identification error performance index. The van der Monde transformation is used to derive this bound which turns out to be tight. Three examples dealing with a simple pendulum, the Duffing equation and the van del Pol oscillator are considered to illustrate the effectiveness of the suggested approach. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fuzzy decision support for the control of detergent production
Authors: Setnes Magne , Babuška Robert 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper describes a fuzzy decision support system (DSS) for the control of a detergent production process. The application has been carried out at a real‐world, large‐scale industrial production plant in the Netherlands, where a large variety of powder‐based detergents for industrial users are produced in a spray drying process. The system consists of several fuzzy rule bases that model the control actions of experienced process operators in response to different quality deviations of the product. A hierarchical architecture of the fuzzy system is introduced to cope with the complexity. A fuzzy supervisor is used to deal with process constraints and to activate the applicable rule bases when control actions are needed. In this way, a system is obtained that enables the control of the process within stricter quality bounds than those applied by human operators alone. During in‐production evaluation, the average improvement in the quality parameters for all product classes was above 30 percent. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physiology of hot flashes
Authors: Freedman Robert R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHot flashes are the most common symptom of the climacteric, although prevalence estimates are lower in some rural and non‐Western areas. The symptoms are characteristic of a heat‐dissipation response and consist of sweating on the face, neck, and chest, as well as peripheral vasodilation. Although hot flashes clearly accompany the estrogen withdrawal at menopause, estrogen alone is not responsible since levels do not differ between symptomatic and asymptomatic women. Until recently it was thought that hot flashes were triggered by a sudden, downward resetting of the hypothalamic setpoint, since there was no evidence of increased core body temperature. Evidence obtained using a rapidly responding ingested telemetry pill indicates that the thermoneutral zone, within which sweating, peripheral vasodilation, and shivering do not occur, is virtually nonexistent in symptomatic women but normal (about 0.4°C) in asymptomatic women. The results suggest that small temperature elevations preceding hot flashes acting within a reduced thermoneutral zone constitute the triggering mechanism. Central sympathetic activation is also elevated in symptomatic women which, in animal studies, reduces the thermoneutral zone. Clonidine reduces central sympathetic activation, widens the thermoneutral zone, and ameliorates hot flashes. Estrogen virtually eliminates hot flashes but its mechanism of action is not known. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:453–464, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of a portable blood lead analyzer with occupationally exposed populations†*
Authors: Taylor Lauralynn , Jones Robert L. , Kwan Lorna , Deddens James A. , Ashley Kevin , Sanderson Wayne T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundThis project evaluated a portable electroanalytical instrument that is used to rapidly analyze blood lead levels in individuals, using a fresh whole blood sample (venous).MethodsSamples were obtained from 208 lead‐exposed employees who donated two 2 ml venous blood samples into “lead‐free” evacuated tubes. One blood sample was analyzed onsite using the portable field instrument while the second sample was analyzed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS).ResultsAccording to GFAAS results, employee venous blood lead levels ranged from 1 μg/dl to 42 μg/dl. The mean difference between the results from the field instrument and GFAAS was less than 1 μg/dl. Analysis indicates that the results from the field instrument yielded a slight positive bias overall (P value = 0.0213), with less bias for blood lead levels above 10 μg/dl (P value = 0.0738).ConclusionsWithin the blood range evaluated (1–42 μg/dl), the instrument performed adequately according to Clinical Laboratory Improvements Amendments (CLIA) proficiency requirements. The ability of the instrument to perform rapid analysis makes it potentially valuable to occupational health professionals for medical monitoring or on‐site investigations. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:354–362. 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An association study of DRD5 with smoking initiation and progression to nicotine dependence
Authors: Sullivan Patrick F. , Neale Michael C. , Silverman Michael A. , Harris‐Kerr Carol , Myakishev Maxim V. , Wormley Brandon , Webb B. Todd , Ma Yunlong , Kendler Kenneth S. , Straub Richard E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA large body of genetic epidemiological data strongly implicate genetic factors in the etiology of smoking behavior. Polymorphisms of genes in the dopaminergic system are plausible functional candidate genes and a linkage and an association study suggested that the type 5 dopamine receptor gene (DRD5) may be etiologically involved. We investigated the association of four DRD5 polymorphisms with smoking initiation and progression to nicotine dependence in a population‐based sample of over 900 subjects. For smoking initiation, there was no significant association with the four DRD5 markers we studied; however, maximum likelihood analyses suggested the presence of a haplotype protective against smoking initiation. For progression to nicotine dependence, there were no strongly significant associations with the four DRD5 markers or for the estimated haplotypes. These data are not consistent with a strong etiological role for DRD5 in the etiology of these complex smoking behaviors. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A genomewide linkage study of age at onset in schizophrenia*
Authors: Cardno Alastair G. , Holmans Peter A. , Rees Mark I. , Jones Lisa A. , McCarthy Geraldine M. , Hamshere Marian L. , Williams Nigel M. , Norton Nadine , Williams Hywel J. , Fenton Iain , Murphy Kieran C. , Sanders Robert D. , Gray Marion Y. , O'Donovan Michael C. , McGuffin Peter , Owen Michael J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere is strong evidence for a genetic contribution to age at onset of schizophrenia, which probably involves both susceptibility loci for schizophrenia and modifying loci acting independent of disease risk. We sought evidence of linkage to loci that influence age at onset of schizophrenia in a sample of 94 affected sibling pairs with DSM‐IV schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, and age at first psychiatric contact of 45 years or less. Individuals were genotyped for 229 microsatellite markers spaced at approximately 20 cM intervals throughout the genome. Loci contributing to age at onset were sought by a quantitative maximum‐likelihood multipoint linkage analysis using MAPMAKER/SIBS. A nonparametric multipoint analysis was also performed. The genomewide significance of linkage results was assessed by simulation studies. There were six maximum‐likelihood LOD score peaks of 1.5 or greater, the highest being on chromosome 17q (LOD = 2.54; genomewideP = 0.27). This fulfils Lander and Kruglyak's [1995: Nat Genet 11:241–247] criteria for suggestive linkage in that it would be expected to occur once or less (0.3 times) per genome scan. However, this finding should be treated with caution because the LOD score appeared to be almost solely accounted for by the pattern of ibd sharing at one marker (D17S787), with virtually no evidence of linkage over flanking markers. None of the linkage results achieved genomewide statistical significance, but the LOD score peak on chromosome 13q (LOD = 1.68) coincided with the region showing maximum evidence for linkage in the study by Blouin et al. [1998: Nat Genet 20:70–73] of categorical schizophrenia. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.