Probiotics, Prebiotics, Lactoferrin, and Combination Products for Prevention of Mortality and Morbidity in Preterm Infants
Authors: Wang Yuting , Florez Ivan D. , Morgan Rebecca L. , Foroutan Farid , Chang Yaping , Crandon Holly N. , Zeraatkar Dena , Bala Malgorzata M. , Mao Randi Q. , Tao Brendan , Shahid Shaneela , Wang Xiaoqin , Beyene Joseph , Offringa Martin , Sherman Philip M. , El Gouhary Enas , Guyatt Gordon H. , Sadeghirad Behnam 
Published: October 2023

ImportanceModulation of intestinal microbiome by administering probiotics, prebiotics, or both may prevent morbidity and mortality in premature infants.ObjectiveTo assess the comparative effectiveness of alternative prophylactic strategies through a network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomized clinical trials.Data SourcesMEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Citation Index Expanded, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Google Scholar from inception until May 10, 2023.Study SelectionEligible trials tested probiotics, prebiotics, lactoferrin, and combination products for prevention of morbidity or mortality in preterm infants.Data Extraction and SynthesisA frequentist random-effects model was used for the NMA, and the certainty of evidence and inferences regarding relative effectiveness were assessed using the GRADE approach.Main Outcomes and MeasuresAll-cause mortality, severe necrotizing enterocolitis, culture-proven sepsis, feeding intolerance, time to reach full enteral feeding, and duration of hospitalization.ResultsA total of 106 trials involving 25 840 preterm infants were included. Only multiple-strain probiotics were associated with reduced all-cause mortality compared with placebo (risk ratio [RR], 0.69; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.86; risk difference [RD], −1.7%; 95% CI, −2.4% to −0.8%). Multiple-strain probiotics alone (vs placebo: RR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.30 to 0.50; RD, −3.7%; 95% CI, −4.1% to −2.9%) or in combination with oligosaccharides (vs placebo: RR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.37; RD, −5.1%; 95% CI, −5.6% to −3.7%) were among the most effective interventions reducing severe necrotizing enterocolitis. Single-strain probiotics in combination with lactoferrin (vs placebo RR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.78; RD, −10.7%; 95% CI, −13.7% to −3.5%) were the most effective intervention for reducing sepsis. Multiple-strain probiotics alone (RR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.46 to 0.80; RD, −10.0%; 95% CI, −13.9% to −5.1%) or in combination with oligosaccharides (RR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.29 to 0.67; RD, −14.1%; 95% CI, −18.3% to −8.5%) and single-strain probiotics (RR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.72; RD, −10.0%; 95% CI, −12.6% to −7.2%) proved of best effectiveness in reduction of feeding intolerance vs placebo. Single-strain probiotics (MD, −1.94 days; 95% CI, −2.96 to −0.92) and multistrain probiotics (MD, −2.03 days; 95% CI, −3.04 to −1.02) proved the most effective in reducing the time to reach full enteral feeding compared with placebo. Only single-strain and multistrain probiotics were associated with greater effectiveness compared with placebo in reducing duration of hospitalization (MD, −3.31 days; 95% CI, −5.05 to −1.58; and MD, −2.20 days; 95% CI, −4.08 to −0.31, respectively).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this systematic review and NMA, moderate- to high-certainty evidence demonstrated an association between multistrain probiotics and reduction in all-cause mortality; these interventions were also associated with the best effectiveness for other key outcomes. Combination products, including single- and multiple-strain probiotics combined with prebiotics or lactoferrin, were associated with the largest reduction in morbidity and mortality.