bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An evolutionary history of British butterflies
Authors: Dennis Roger L H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reconstructing butterfly history is a speculative process, as butterfly fossils are rare, but none the less it is rewarding. First, each butterfly makes a unique set of demands on resources and these taken together with geographical opportunity, account for its distribution. Secondly, a wide array of geological and palaeontological techniques and an abundance of other fossil life-forms have provided a detailed historical template of past environments for butterfly evolution. Thus, data on butterfly biology and geography can be matched against environmental conditions that have changed markedly in time and space (Dennis 1977, in preparation).
Queen-queen conflicts in polygynous societies: mutual tolerance and reproductive skew
Authors: Reeve Hudson K , Ratnieks Francis L W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the years since Williams (1966) argued for an individual-selectionist approach to phenotypic evolution, theorists have steadily lengthened the list of potential conflicts within insect societies, even societies characterized by a high average genetic relatedness. Whenever any genetic heterogeneity exists within colonies, asymmetries occur among colony members in their relatednesses to potential colony propagules (Hamilton 1964). These relatedness asymmetries generate potential conflicts among colony members over who should reproduce and how colony resources should be allocated. Such potential conflicts promote the evolution of manipulative and counter-manipulative reproductive strategies by the parties in conflict.
Monogyny and polygyny in ponerine ants with or without queens
Authors: Peeters Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Ponerinae is a phylogenetically primitive subfamily of ants. Bolton (1990a) considers it to be a monophyletic group, although it is morphologically very heterogeneous. Some genera exhibit primitive characters (i.e. similar to hypothesized wasp ancestors), while the morphology of others is considerably derived. Similarly, ponerine life histories and behaviour are a mixture of primitive and specialized traits.
Monogyny and polygyny in Formica ants: the result of alternative dispersal tactics
Authors: Rosengren Rainer , Sundström Liselotte , Fortelius Wille 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two research traditions dealing with the evolution of group-living and sociality in animals. One, originating with Hamilton (1964) and prevalent in social entomology, emphasizes kin selection theory and genetic relatedness. The other, emanating from research on the social ethology of vertebrates (e.g. Crook 1964), has stressed the importance of ecological correlates. This ecological approach to sociality uses evidence from different animal species, including primates, to show that a philopatric tactic in offspring due to clumping of resources, risky dispersal, and/or resource inheritance may have preceded the evolution of co-operation (Waser 1988; Myles 1988).
The Lesser Snow Geese Of La PéRouse Bay
Authors: Lank David B , Rockwell Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We originally chose to work with Lesser Snow Geese, Anser caerules- cens caerulescens, the smaller subspecies of the Snow Goose, because it has a conspicuous plumage dimorphism. The Latin nominate refers to the blue phase, formerly known as the Blue Goose, with grayish brown feathering on most of the body and a white head. The English nominate refers to the white phase which is all white, except for its black primary feathers (Fig. 2.1). We were initially interested primarily in how this polymorphism was maintained. We were also interested in the fact that the population showed positive assortative mating, which we hypothesized to be a result of birds choosing mates of the same plumage colour as their parents.
Fitness Components Model Of Snow Goose Life Cycle
Authors: Lank David B , Rockwell Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Closing his chapter ‘Struggle for Existence’, Charles Darwin (1859) gave his view of fitness by stating ‘... that the vigorous, the healthy, and the happy survive and multiply’. An individual’s relative fitness is measured by its ability to pass copies of its genes to the next and future generations compared to other members of its population. While the concept is straightforward, many would agree with Lewontin’s (1974) statement that ‘Although there is no difficulty in theory estimating fitnesses, in practice the difficulties are virtually insuperable’. A major advance towards measuring fitnesses under real world conditions was made by Prout (1969, 1971) who partitioned fitness into its two basic components, namely, viability and fecundity, and evaluated each separately, as well as the interactions between the two. This approach brought analytical and empirical research on fitness back to Darwin’s original duality of ‘survive and multiply’. Bungaard and Christiansen (1972) and Christiansen and Frydenberg (1973) furthered this approach, adding components for sexual and gametic fitness and stressing the need to evaluate fitness with components that correspond to stages of the life cycle of the species being studied. Arnold and ⩖ade (1984a,b) refined and extended the approach to polygenic phenotypes and stressed Prout’s (1965) point that the components and stages must be assessed within a single generation. Hedrick and Murray (1983) provide a particularly lucid overview of both the basis and application of the components of fitness approach.
Pairing, Mating, And Parental Care
Authors: Lank David B , Rockwell Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The complexities of reproductive strategies in long term socially monogamous birds such as geese, in contrast to the more obvious ones in polygamous species, have only recently been appreciated by ornithologists. Young Snow Geese find mates during their second winter or spring, and establish pair bonds which nearly always are maintained until the death of a partner. The pair typically migrate to breeding grounds, breed, and migrate back south together for years. This chapter focuses on variation in five aspects of reproductive behaviour which themselves affect fitness, and which also potentially affect interpretations of the reproductive components of fitness defined in the previous chapter and used in subsequent analyses. We discuss mate choice, pair-bond duration, mate fidelity, intra-specific nest parasitism, and aspects of parental care.
Morphology, domestication and moult
Authors: Zann Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Australian Zebra Finches are significantly bigger than Lesser Sundas Zebra Finches (Clayton et al. 1991). Samples from northern Victoria (Danaher colony) in southeastern Australia were heavier (males 1 g heavier on average, females 1.5 g) than those trapped on Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores and Timor; wings and bills were also longer (5 mm and 1 mm on average, respectively). Bill-depth was significantly smaller only in the Flores and Timor samples (Figure 3.1). Bills of Australian males were redder, darker and more intensely coloured than those from the Lesser Sundas, but there were no significant differences between females. Within each subspecies the bills of males are, on average redder, darker and more intense than those of females which are an orange-red colour. Considerable overlap exists in bill colour of the sexes (Burley and Coopersmith 1987). Detailed comparisons of iris colour of the two subspecies have not been made but both are a deep reddish orange in wildcaught birds, but a dark brown in aviary-bred ones.
Drinking, water relations and temperature regulation
Authors: Zann Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Zebra Finches have become one of the symbols of the Australian arid zone, they are not considered among the true desert specialists that have evolved in the deserts and can live nowhere else (Frith 1973; Schodde 1982). Zebra Finches are among a number of species, including many granivores, that have more widespread distributions and have penetrated the deserts from surrounding semiarid regions. Selection in these species has tended to favour flexibility rather than specialisation, and this strategy is exemplified in the adaptations and pre-adaptations of Zebra Finches to the three main elements of desert environments – dryness, heat and cold.
Vocalisations
Authors: Zann Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Australian subspecies of Zebra Finch is highly vocal, and in the wild one usually hears them before seeing them. They have ten or eleven distinct calls in addition to the song. The Lesser Sundas subspecies may have a similar number, but to date, only the song and three calls have been described. In general, aviary-bred Lesser Sundas Zebra Finches are less vocal (both songs and calls) than their Australian counterparts in both aviaries and cages. The sounds of each subspecies are qualitatively distinct: Lesser Sundas birds have a high-pitched whistle while Australian birds have a heavy nasal twang.
Introduction
Authors: Hassell Michael P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For much of this century, insect ecologists have questioned what determines the abundance and patterns of fluctuation of insect populations. In a prescient study on the gypsy moth and brown tailed moth, Howard and Fiske (1911) made the first clear statement on the types of factors affecting the population dynamics of insects. Only one kind of mortality factor, their facultative agencies, was thought to maintain a ‘natural balance’ (i.e. equilibrium) by causing ‘the destruction of a greater proportionate number of individuals as the insect in question increases in abundance’.
Multispecies host-parasitoid systems
Authors: Hassell Michael P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vast majority of insect hosts, especially in natural habitats, are attacked by more than one parasitoid species, and most parasitoids will attack more than one host species. The population dynamics of natural host-parasitoid systems will therefore not be properly understood without facing up to the complexities of multispecies interactions. Our current understanding of host–parasitoid population dynamics comes largely from models of two- and three-species interations.
Epilogue
Authors: Hassell Michael P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of what regulates populations was first posed early in this century by entomologists, particularly Howard and Fiske (1911) and Thompson (1924) who were engaged in the design and execution of biological-control programmes, and by Nicholson (1933) who was interested in more general questions of population dynamics. Thompson and Nicholson’s models were both framed in discrete generations and had random parasitoid encounters with hosts, but they made quite different assumptions about the efficiency of parasitoids in finding hosts. Thompson’s parasitoids were always egg-limited and his models were inherently unstable. Nicholson’s parasitoids had a potentially unlimited egg supply and were only limited by their searching ability, encapsulated in the searching efficiency parameter, the area of discovery. Ironically for someone who championed the cause of population regulation by density-dependent factors, his models were also unstable showing divergent oscillations in host and parasitoid population densities.
Vanishing Rain Forests
Authors: Aiken S Robert , Leigh Colin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malaysia is one of the world's most biologically diverse regions, but in recent years vast tracts of its forests have been cleared or degraded, with serious human and environmental consequences. Vanishing Rain Forests explores four closely related themes: first, it describes the country's forests and the remarkable abundance and diversity of their flora and fauna; secondly, it outlines the processes and policies by which human activity has altered these forests since the early nineteenth century; thirdly, it examines some of the environmental, biological, and cultural consequences of such changes both past and present; and finally, it looks at what has been done to conserve the region's natural wealth and recommends changes that could put Malaysia on the path to a more sustainable future. Throughout the book the need for a historical perspective is underscored.
Conservation: Towards A Sustainable Future
Authors: Aiken S Robert , Leigh Colin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Malay Archipelago has long been famed for its natural wealth. It was the lure of gold and tin and the riches of the forest and the sea that for some two millennia or more drew Arab, Indian, and Chinese traders to regions like the Malay Peninsula and the coasts of Borneo; and it was from the abundant harvest of natural resources that early maritime kingdoms and empires drew much of their wealth.
The insulin-like growth factor binding proteins: structure and biological functions
Authors: McCusker Robert H , Clemmons David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The regulation of cellular metabolism and its link to changes in cellular proliferation is an area of active investigation. An increase in the cellular metabolic rate with an ensuing increase in cell size are prerequisites for cytokinesis. Numerous peptide growth factors have been identified that modulate both of these processes. Cellular responsiveness to these factors is controlled by several means including (i) the concentration and avail ability of the growth factor in biological fluids; (ii) the presence and abundance of cell-surface receptors, which for peptide growth factors are generally integral plasma-membrane proteins; (iii) the integrity of post receptor transmembrane signalling mechanisms; and (iv) transcriptional regulatory mechanisms.
The involvement of insulin-like growth factors in embryonic and fetal development
Authors: Han V K M , Hill D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) have a wider anatomical and de velopmental range of gene expression and peptide presence than any other known peptide growth factor. This implies that they may serve as a basic stimulus to embryonic and fetal growth. Critical analysis of the literature comfirms that a close relationship does exist between IGFs and growth, but the exact nature of their biological action and physiological regulation of IGF synthesis remain elusive. The purpose of this chapter is to define the points at which experimental observations currently end, and are replaced by suppositions. Experimental and clinical observations have, one hopes, progressed to a point where some coherent hypotheses can be formulated. The biological role of IGF-I (or somatomedin C) in postnatal growth is well established (Humbel 1984; Van Wyk 1984; Zapf et al. 1984). The human pubertal growth spurt results from increased secretion of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary, mediated by systematically or locally synthesized IGF-I, which then acts on the proliferating chondrocytes of the long-bone growth-plates (see review by Isakson 1987; and Chapter 9). How ever, the role of IGF-II is still not clear. Data showing high concentrations of peptide and mRNA in utero suggest that IGF-II may be important during fetal life in rodents (Moses et al. 1980) and man (Han et al. 1987a, 1988). The biological actions of IGFs are mediated by two types of cell-surface receptors, termed the type 1 and type 2 IGF receptors (see review by Nissley and Rechler 1984b). Current evidence indicates that the expression of functional IGF receptors during embryogenesis is an important prerequisite in the regulatory actions of JGFs. In addition, however, the actions of IGF are modulated by another group of proteins called binding proteins (BP) (see review by Hintz 1984; and Chapter 6), which are abundant in the embryo and fetus.
Insulin-like growth factors human cancer
Authors: Schofield Paul N , Engstrom Wilhelm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the first observations to indicate a role for growth factors in the development of cancer was that transformed or tumour-derived cell lines required less serum for proliferation in vitro than their normal counterparts (reviewed by Engstrom and Zetterberg 1983). From these early reports emerged the concept that the reduced requirement for serum resulted from de nova synthesis of polypeptide growth factors by the tumour cells them selves. Subsequent analysis of the endogenous growth-factor synthesis resulted in the isolation of the transforming growth factors-a and -13, as well as sets of other growth-regulatory molecules and their receptors (see Sporn and Roberts (1985) for review), some of which had been previously characterized as transforming oncogenes (Doolittle et al. 1983; Waterfield et al. 1983; Downward et al. 1984; Dickson and Peters 1987; Taira et al. 1987). Of particular importance was the finding that the transforming growth factors as well as a variety of other tumour-derived growth factors were normal gene products.
Trees of Nigeria
Authors: Keay R W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nearly a thousand species of trees found in Nigeria, including many of the introduced species, are listed and described in this book. It presents a revision of Nigerian Trees (1960, 1964) and includes all subsequent changes in nomenclature and classification as well as some 1500 vernacular names and vocabularies. This book will be of value to botanists generally, and to all who are concerned with West African plants, especially to those in forestry, agriculture, and wildlife services. Ecologists, conservationists, and those with a more general interest in the environment will also find it a valuable reference source.
Vascular development
Authors: Tomlinson P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having deciphered the method of construction of the vascular system in palm stems, it is necessary to understand the principle of development. This requires an analysis of the origin of the vascular bundles in the palm crown as they connect to the developing leaves, initially, as procambial strands and, subsequently, as the provascular system that serves as a template for the differentiation of xylem and phloem. The extent of this analysis is considerable, even in a small palm, since tissues mature progressively over long distances. Figure 8.1, for example, shows a scale diagram of the developing region of a Rhapis stem, used in the detailed plots described later. Incompletely differentiated regions are hatched. The region is divided into two segments, the crown proper and the lower extending portion. The crown includes a portion of the axis and the base of attached leaves. Leaves and associated internodes are unextended. The size of the crown depends on the vigour of the shoot. A series of stained paraffin section is used to plot the course of individual bundles (e.g. Figs 8.2, 8.9) by the optical method described in Zimmermann and Tomlinson (1967). The lower segment represents the axis below the level of insertion of the youngest visible expanded leaf (1) with each internode below the first four leaves (1-4) still extending. This longer segment is analysed in sequential sections cut from the unembedded stem by means of a sliding microtome. In this example internodes below leaf 5 onwards have reached their mature length, as determined largely by the existence of mature metaxylem. It should be emphasized that internodes are not of equal length, which is why older internodes can be drawn shorter than younger ones. One can conclude, and dye ascent experiments can verify, that leaves 1-4, all of which have expanded photosynthesizing blades, are supplied with water through protoxylem elements only, since their associated internode and part of the leaf base has still to complete maturation of metaxylem. The leaf trace system to any one expanded leaf can be located with complete precision prior to sectioning by allowing an aqueous dye (e.g. either decolourized gentian violet, or Schiff’s reagent) to be drawn through the petiole of a cut leaf by a slight vacuum applied to the cut stem surface—a dye descent experiment (Fig. 8.9). Major traces of a given leaf can then be recognized by the movement of the dye into their xylem elements.
The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology
Authors: Harvey Paul H , Pagel Mark D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From Darwin onward, it has been second nature for evolutionary biologists to think comparatively because comparisons establish the generality of evolutionary phenomena. Do large genomes slow down development? What lifestyles select for large brains? Are extinction rates related to body size? These are all questions for the comparative method, and this book is about how such questions can be answered. The first chapter elaborates on suitable questions for the comparative approach and shows how it complements other approaches to problem-solving in evolution. The second chapter identifies the biological causes of similarity among closely related species for almost any observed character. The third chapter discusses methods for reconstructing phylogenetic trees and ancestral character states. The fourth chapter sets out to develop statistical tests that will determine whether different characters that exist in discrete states show evidence for correlated evolution. Chapter 5 turns to comparative analyses of continuously varying characters. Chapter 6 looks at allometry to exemplify the themes and methods discussed earlier, while the last chapter looks to future development of the comparative approach in both molecular and organismic biology.
Determining the forms of comparative relationships
Authors: Harvey Paul H , Pagel Mark D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Allometry has been variously defined as ‘the study of size and its consequences’ (Gould 1966, p. 587), ‘the biology of scaling’ (Calder 1984, p. 1), the study of ‘the structural and functional consequences of changes in size or scale’, (Schmidt-Nielsen 1984, p. 7), and perhaps more daringly as ‘the study of the relationship between size and adaptation’ (Fleagle 1985, p. 1). What is at issue in each of these quotations is the pervasive tendency for a variety of morphological, physiological, life history, and behavioural characteristics of organisms to show highly regular changes with changes in body size. Allometry is used to describe such relations quantitatively, and we use it here to illustrate a situation in which the comparative biologist’s primary interest is not in whether a relationship between two variables exists but in the form that the relationship takes.
Food and feeding behaviour
Authors: Hulscher Jan B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oystercatcher species throughout the world are bound to the sea-shore (Voous 1965). At the most, they breed 400 km inland and return to the coast immediately afterwards. In coastal regions, Oystercatchers chiefly feed in the intertidal zone. All species share the habit, unique amongst waders, of opening lamellibranchs with their stout, laterally compressed bills. As they only eat the flesh, they are able to feed on the larger-sized prey individuals. Other mollusc-eating birds swallow their prey whole, the dimensions of their throat restricting them to the smaller size classes of prey. As molluscs often make up the bulk of the benthic biomass in intertidal areas, especially in winter (Beukema 1976, 1982), selection may favour Oystercatchers because of their ability to exploit a large pro¬ portion of the biomass of some very abundant prey organis’ms that are inaccessible to other species. This too, no doubt largely explains why Oystercatchers are relatively numerous amongst carnivorous birds on intertidal flats. This chapter briefly details the habitats where Oystercatchers live and their main prey species. It then explores the formidable and subtle capabilities with which these sturdy birds are able to exploit their feeding grounds.