bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Fourier transform infrared and second derivative ultraviolet spectrometry in determining polystyrene–poly(4‐vinylpyridine) blend composition
Authors: Meal Larie 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPolymer blend usage has increased in recent years as the blends provide a convenient means for modifying polymer properties. It is often necessary to be able to determine the percentages or ratios of polymers present in a blend. One blend of interest is the immiscible blend of polystyrene (PS) and poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (P4VP). The percentages were determined by two methods: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and second derivative ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. The peak ratio versus percentage polymer technique was used in both methods. For FTIR, the ratio of the absorbance values of the out‐of‐plane CH bending vibration of P4VP at 822 cm−1 and the aromatic C  C stretch for PS at 1493 cm−1 were ratioed. For derivative UV, the vibrational structure of the aromatic secondary bands was used: 269 nm minimum for PS and the 271 nm maximum for P4VP. Both methods gave excellent and comparable results. The derivative UV determination had the advantage of requiring less sample due to its greater sensitivity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2422–2426, 2005
Process efficiency and long‐term performance of α‐tocopherol in film‐blown linear low‐density polyethylene
Authors: Strandberg Clara , Albertsson Ann‐Christine 
Published: September 2005

Abstractα‐Tocopherol was compared with a commercial phenolic antioxidant (Irganox 1076) as a long‐term and process antioxidant in film‐blown and compression‐molded linear low‐density polyethylene. The antioxidant function of α‐tocopherol was high in the film‐blown material, especially in the processing, according to oxygen induction time measurements with differential scanning calorimetry. The residual content of α‐tocopherol after processing, determined with chromatographic techniques, was less than that of the commercial phenolic antioxidant in both the film‐blown and compression‐molded materials. The process stabilizing efficiency was nevertheless higher for the material containing α‐tocopherol. During the long‐term stabilization, the efficiency of α‐tocopherol was less than that of the commercial phenolic stabilizer Irganox 1076 in the thin films, according to chemiluminescence and infrared measurements. The long‐term efficiency in the compression‐molded samples stabilized with α‐tocopherol or Irganox 1076 was equally good because of the low loss of both α‐tocopherol and Irganox 1076 from the thicker films. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2427–2439, 2005
Polymers, composites, and characterization of conducting polyfuran and poly(2‐bromoaniline)
Authors: Gök Ayşegül , Sari Bekir , Talu Muzaffer 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
This article is a duplicate of an article previously published in the Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 98, No. 5, December 5, 2005, pp. 2048‐2057 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/app.22404We regret any inconvenience this may have caused.
Synthesis of glycidyl amine adducts and their copolymerization with glycidyl methacrylate
Authors: Gawdzik Barbara , Kovtun Oksana 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSyntheses of new adducts from glycidyl methacrylate and the following amines: aniline, p‐phenylenediamine, 4,4′‐oxydianiline, 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane, 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl sulfone, 4,4′‐thiodianiline, and 4,4′‐diaminodicyclohexylmethane, are presented. These adducts were copolymerized with glycidyl methacrylate. The curing process was initiated thermally and by UV light. Thermomechanical properties of the obtained compositions were studied. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2461–2466, 2005
Thermal decomposition kinetics of thermotropic liquid crystalline polyesterimides
Authors: Chi Zhenguo , Yao Xiandong , Zhang Yi , Xu Jiarui 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWe investigated the thermal decomposition behavior of three groups of polyesterimides that had been synthesized from different compositions of monomers that were added in different. We characterized these polymers with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and calculated the apparent activation energy (Ea) associated with the thermal decomposition process by the Ozawa method. The results showed that the Ea of the polyesterimides was correlated with the length of the methylene spacer and the content of the 4,4′‐dihydroxybenzophenone monomer. The polyesterimide with four methylene spacers in the main chain had a higher Ea than that with six methylene spacers. The polyesterimide with a higher 4,4′‐dihydroxybenzophenone content provided better thermal stability. The Ea of the polyesterimides also depended on the sequence in which the monomers were added during the copolycondensation process. The Ea of these polyesterimides followed the order: p‐hydroxybenzoic acid added first > p‐hydroxybenzoic acid mixed 4,4′‐dihydroxybenzophenone adding > 4,4′‐dihydroxybenzophenone added first. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2467–2472, 2005
Characterization of the skin orientation of thermotropic liquid‐crystalline copolyester moldings with near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure
Authors: Bubeck Robert A. , Thomas Lowell S. , Rendon Stanley , Burghardt Wesley R. , Hexemer Alexander , Fischer Daniel A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe process of injection‐molding net‐shape parts from thermotropic liquid‐crystalline polymers results in a skin‐core macrostructure. The underlying orientation in the core and the skin may differ both in magnitude and direction. A combination of near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and two‐dimensional wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (2D WAXS) in transmission was used to characterize the orientation in injection‐molded plaques fabricated from thermotropic liquid‐crystalline copolyesters based on either 4,4′‐dihydroxy‐α‐methylstilbene or 6‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthoic acid/6‐hydroxybenzoic acid. NEXAFS is presented as a noninvasive in situ means of determining surface layer orientation that samples to a depth of as little as 2 nm and does not require slicing or ultramicrotoming of the samples. The effects of various processing conditions on the surface orientation in the region of the centerline of square injection‐molded plaques are presented and discussed. Comparisons are made between orientation parameters obtained by 2D WAXS in transmission, which is dominated by the microstructure in the core, and the NEXAFS technique. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2473–2480, 2005
Glucose oxidase electrodes based on microstructured polypyrrole films
Authors: Ma Mingming , Qu Liangti , Shi Gaoquan 
Published: September 2005

AbstractHighly sensitive glucose oxidase (GOD) electrodes were fabricated on the basis of microstructured polypyrrole (PPy) films. The microstructures of the PPy films had a morphology like cups and were arranged in a density of approximately 4000 units/cm2. GOD was immobilized in microstructured PPy films coated on a Pt or stainless steel (SS; AISI 321) substrate electrode. The GOD/PPy/Pt electrode showed a linear response to glucose concentrations in the range of 0–17 mM at a potential of 0.4 V (vs a saturated calomel electrode). Its sensitivity was measured to be approximately 660 nA/(mM cm2) at 15°C, and the response time (t95%) was approximately 20 s. In comparison, the sensitivity of the GOD/PPy/Pt electrode based on a flat PPy film was only approximately 330 nA/(mM cm2) under the same conditions. The sensitivity of the microstructured GOD/PPy/Pt electrode could be increased to as high as approximately 2400 nA/(mM cm2) at 37°C. The microstructured GOD/PPy/SS electrode had a sensitivity of approximately 550 nA/(mM cm2) and a t95% value of approximately 30 s at 15°C and 0.4 V. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2550–2554, 2005
Preparation of a new type of ion‐exchange membrane based on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone ketone)s
Authors: Li Xianfeng , Zhao Chengji , Lu Hui , Wang Zhe , Jiang Wei , Na Hui 
Published: September 2005

AbstractNovel sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone ketone)s were prepared directly by nucleophilic polycondensation. They showed excellent thermal stability and good solubility and could be easily cast into tough membranes. The sulfonated membranes showed swelling of 16.08–26.71% and an ion‐exchange capacity of 1.01–1.57. The transport properties of different cations (H+, Na+, and K+) of membranes based on these polymers were evaluated. The potential for ion‐exchange membranes looks good. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2481–2486, 2005
Crosslinking structures and dyeing kinetics of cotton cellulose treated with a steeped process
Authors: Chen Hung‐En , Chen Jui‐Chin , Yao Wei‐Hua , Tsou Chi‐Hui , Chen Cheng‐Chi 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA steeped procedure was introduced to the durable press finishing process in this study to study some physical properties, the crosslinking structure, and the pore structure. The results showed that the values of the dry and wet crease recovery angles of fabrics treated with the steep–pad–dry–cure process were higher than those of fabrics treated with the pad–dry–cure process, and those phenomena increased with higher steeped temperatures and longer times. The lengths of the crosslinks for the steep–pad–dry–cure process were higher than those for the pad–dry–cure process at a given number of crosslinks per anhydroglucose unit. The fabrics treated with the steep–pad–dry–cure process had higher values of the dye absorption, rate constant, and structural diffusion resistance constant than those treated with the pad–dry–cure process at the same dyeing temperature; however, they had lower values of the equilibrium absorption and activation energy than those treated with the pad–dry–cure process. The results of thin‐layer chromatography, H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and IR analyses suggested that self‐condensation between the crosslinking agents occurred during the steeped procedure. Additionally, the steep–pad–dry–cure‐treated fabric had more inner agent distribution than the pad–dry–cure‐treated fabric. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2555–2562, 2005
Mechanical and flame‐retarding properties of styrene–butadiene rubber filled with nano‐CaCO3 as a filler and linseed oil as an extender
Authors: Mishra S. , Shimpi N. G. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA nanosize CaCO3 filler was synthesized by an in situ deposition technique, and its size was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. CaCO3 was prepared in three different sizes (21, 15, and 9 nm). Styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) was filled with 2–10 wt % nano‐CaCO3 with 2% linseed oil as an extender. Nano‐CaCO3–SBR rubber composites were compounded on a two‐roll mill and molded on a compression‐molding machine. Properties such as the specific gravity, swelling index, hardness, tensile strength, abrasion resistance, modulus at 300% elongation, flame retardancy, and elongation at break were measured. Because of the reduction in the nanosize of CaCO3, drastic improvements in the mechanical properties were found. The size of 9 nm showed the highest increase in the tensile strength (3.89 MPa) in comparison with commercial CaCO3 and the two other sizes of nano‐CaCO3 up to an 8 wt % loading in SBR. The elongation at break also increased up to 824% for the 9‐nm size in comparison with commercial CaCO3 and the two other sizes of nano‐CaCO3. Also, these results were compared with nano‐CaCO3‐filled SBR without linseed oil as an extender. The modulus at 300% elongation, hardness, specific gravity, and flame‐retarding properties increased with a reduction in the nanosize with linseed oil as an extender, which helped with the uniform dispersion of nano‐CaCO3 in the rubber matrix. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2563–2571, 2005
Aberrant retinal projections in congenitally deaf mice: How are phenotypic characteristics specified in development and evolution?
Authors: Hunt Deborah L. , King Bryan , Kahn Dianna M. , Yamoah Ebenezer N. , Shull Gary E. , Krubitzer Leah 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe contribution of sensory input to the formation of sensory system‐specific (sensoritopic) connections of the thalamus and midbrain was investigated using mice lacking the Na+‐K+‐2Cl− cotransporter (NKCC1) or the plasma membrane Ca2+‐ATPase isoform2 (PMCA2). Because these mice are congenitally deaf, the developing nervous system has no exposure to sensory‐driven neural activity from the auditory system. Here we compared the retinofugal pathway in normal and congenitally deaf mice using intraocular injections of neuroanatomical tracers into each eye, and relating tracer patterns to identified thalamic nuclei and superior colliculus layers. We demonstrate that loss of such activity results in aberrant projections of the retina into nonvisual auditory structures such as the medial geniculate nucleus and the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus. These findings indicate that activity from peripheral sensory receptor arrays is necessary not only for the refinement of developing connections within a unimodal structure, but for the establishment of sensoritopic or sensory‐specific connections of unimodal and multimodal structures. We hypothesize that specification of such connections may occur through the modulation of spatial expression patterns of molecules known to be involved in the development of topography of connections between brain structures, such as the ephrins, via activity‐dependent, CRE‐mediated gene expression. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Yeast expression of the VP8* fragment of the rotavirus spike protein and its use as immunogen in mice
Authors: Andrés Isabel , Rodríguez‐Díaz Jesús , Buesa Javier , Zueco Jesús 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe VP8* fragment from the rotavirus spike protein was expressed as a fusion protein with two different cell wall proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Icwp (Ssr1p) and Pir4, to achieve cell wall targeting or secretion to the growth medium of the fusion proteins. Two different host strains were used for the expression of the fusion proteins, a standard S. cerevisiae strain and a mnn9 glycosylation deficient strain, the later to reduce hyper‐glycosylation. The Icwp‐VP8* fusion could only be detected in the growth medium, indicating that the presence of the VP8* moiety interferes with the anchorage of Icwp to the cell wall. In the case of the Pir4‐VP8* fusion proteins, we achieved cell wall targeting or secretion depending on how the gene fusion had been performed. In all cases, the fusion proteins expressed in the mnn9 strain showed a reduced level of glycosylation. Mice were inoculated intraperitoneally either with Pir4‐VP8* or Icwp‐VP8* fusion proteins purified from the growth medium of mnn9 strains expressing them or with whole cells of an mnn9 strain expressing a Pir4‐VP8 fusion protein on its cell walls. Hundred percent of mice inoculated with the Pir4‐VP8* fusion protein and 25% of those inoculated with the Icwp‐VP8* fusion protein showed high titers of anti‐VP8* antibodies. No specific immune response was detected in those mice inoculated with whole cells. Finally, susceptibility to rotavirus infection of the offspring of immunized dams was determined and protection was found in a percentage of approximately 60% with respect to the control group. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parallel analysis of mutant human glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase in yeast using PCR colonies
Authors: Merritt Joshua , Butz James A. , Ogunnaike Babatunde A. , Edwards Jeremy S. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWe demonstrate a highly parallel strategy to analyze the impact of single nucleotide mutations on protein function. Using our method, it is possible to screen a population and quickly identify a subset of functionally interesting mutants. Our method utilizes a combination of yeast functional complementation, growth competition of mutant pools, and polymerase colonies. A defined mutant human glucose‐6‐phosphate‐dehydrogenase library was constructed which contains all possible single nucleotide missense mutations in the eight‐residue glucose‐6‐phosphate binding peptide of the enzyme. Mutant human enzymes were expressed in a zwf1 (gene encoding yeast homologue) deletion strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Growth rates of the 54 mutant strains arising from this library were measured in parallel in conditions selective for active hG6PD. Several residues were identified which tolerated no mutations (Asp200, His201 and Lys205) and two (Ile199 and Leu203) tolerated several substitutions. Arg198, Tyr202, and Gly204 tolerated only 1‐2 specific substitutions. Generalizing from the positions of tolerated and non‐tolerated amino acid substitutions, hypotheses were generated about the functional role of specific residues, which could, potentially, be tested using higher resolution/lower throughput methods. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dioxygenation of naphthalene by Pseudomonas fluorescens N3 dioxygenase: Optimization of the process parameters
Authors: Di Gennaro P. , Conforti P. , Lasagni M. , Bestetti G. , Bernasconi S. , Orsini F. , Sello G. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe bioconversion of naphthalene to the 1,2‐dihydro‐1,2‐dihydroxy derivative was performed in good yield using an Escherichia coli recombinant strain carrying Pseudomonas fluorescens N3 dioxygenase. However, the efficiency of such transformation is affected by many process parameters, and their optimization is essential to the scaling up of the process. The following process parameters were considered for optimization: cell concentration together with the corresponding glucose concentration (DCW/L); pH of medium; temperature; stirring speed; air flow; substrate concentration; Fe2+ concentration; microelements concentration; reaction volume. We used a two‐step multivariate experimental design to select important variables and assign them optimal values. The most significant parameters were selected by adopting a Plackett–Burman design, and were then correlated, using a full factorial design, with the experimental results. The experimental results illustrate that the optimized process of recombinant whole cell biotransformation in two‐liquid phase systems enhances the naphthalene dihydrodiol yield threefold. This biotransformation opens the way to future experiments involving different substrates. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous determination of five aristolochic acids and two aristololactams in Aristolochia plants by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Zhang Cuiying , Wang Xuan , Shang Mingying , Yu Jie , Xu Yuqiong , Li Zhenguo , Lei Liucheng , Li Xiaomei , Cai Shaoqing , Namba Tsuneo 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAn HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of five aristolochic acids (AAs) and two aristololactams (ALs) in the following six Chinese drugs derived from Aristolochia species. Samples were analyzed on a C18 column with acetonitrile and 3.7 mm phosphoric acid buffer gradient elution, detected at 260 nm. Assay was linear over the range (µg/mL) 0.386–38.6 for aristolochic acid Va, 0.632–63.2 for aristolochic acid IVa, 0.200–20.0 for 9‐hydroxy aristolochic acid I, 0.352–35.2 for aristololactam II, 0.296–29.6 for aristolochic acid II, 0.274–27.4 for aristololactam I and 3.12–312 for aristolochic acid I. Average recoveries (%) of samples were 102.0, 95.9, 99.2, 102.2, 97.2, 97.1 and 97.8 for these seven constituents, respectively. The detection limit and retention time for the seven constituents ranged from 10.0 to 15.8 ng/mL and from 12 to 21 min. As a result of drug determination, contents (in mg/g) were as follows: AA‐I, 0.69–1.77; AA‐II, 0.02–0.18; 9‐OH AA‐I, 0.04–0.12; AA‐IVa, 0.76–3.36; AA‐Va, 0.04–0.31; AL‐I, 0.07–0.36; and AL‐II, 0.01–0.09 in Madouling; AA‐I, 0.03–0.41; AA‐II, 0.01–0.11; 9‐OH AA‐I, 0.00–0.60; AA‐IVa, 0.00–0.77; AA‐Va, 0.00–0.14; and AL‐I, 0.00–0.04 in Tianxianteng; AA‐I, 1.19–4.71; and AA‐II, 0.24–1.69 in Qingmuxiang; AA‐I, 2.79–5.48; AA‐II, 1.06–1.86; 9‐OH AA‐I, 0.01–0.09; AA‐IVa, 0.38–0.69; AA‐Va, 0.00–0.61; AL‐I, 0.00–0.02; and AL‐II, 0.00–0.02 in Bei‐madouling‐gen; AA‐I, 0.64–4.23; AA‐II, 0.06–0.40; and AA‐IVa, 0.08–0.25; in Guangfangji; and AA‐I, 1.88–9.72; AA‐II, 0.26–1.88; and AA‐IVa, 0.09–0.52 in Guanmutong. The other constituents were not detected in Tianxianteng, Qingmuxiang, Guangfangji and Guanmutong. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Sugar‐Derived Ras Inhibitors
Authors: Peri Francesco , Airoldi Cristina , Colombo Sonia , Martegani Enzo , van Neuren Anske Stephanie , Stein Matthias , Marinzi Chiara , Nicotra Francesco 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe design and synthesis of novel Ras inhibitors with a bicyclic scaffold derived from the natural sugar D‐arabinose are presented. Molecular modelling showed that these ligands can bind Ras by accommodating the aromatic moieties and the phenylhydroxylamino group in a cavity near the Switch II region of the protein. All the synthetic compounds were active in inhibiting nucleotide exchange on p21 human Ras in vitro, and two of them selectively inhibited Ras‐dependent cell growth in vivo.
A Mass Spectrometric and Molecular Modelling Study of Cisplatin Binding to Transferrin
Authors: Khalaila Isam , Allardyce Claire S. , Verma Chandra S. , Dyson Paul J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA combination of mass spectrometry, UV/Vis spectroscopy and molecular modelling techniques have been used to characterise the interaction of cisplatin with human serum transferrin (Tf). Mass spectrometry indicates that cisplatin binds to the hydroxy functional group of threonine 457, which is located in the iron(III)‐binding site on the C‐terminal lobe of the protein. UV/Vis spectroscopy confirms the stoichiometry of binding and shows that cisplatin and iron(III) binding are competitive. The binding of cisplatin has been modelled by using molecular dynamic simulations and the results suggest that cisplatin can occupy part of both the iron(III)‐ and carbonate‐binding sites in the C‐terminal lobe of the protein. Combined, the studies suggest that cisplatin binding sterically restricts iron(III) binding to the C‐terminal lobe binding site, whereas the N‐terminal lobe binding site appears to be unaffected by the cisplatin interaction, possibly allowing the iron(III)‐induced conformational change necessary for binding to a Tf receptor.
Geometrical trans Lipid Isomers: A New Target for Lipidomics
Authors: Ferreri Carla , Chatgilialoglu Chryssostomos 
Published: September 2005

AbstractEvidence that lipids play different roles in the biological environment, particularly in dealing with metabolic regulation and cell signaling, has led to a growing interest in these molecules, and nowadays the research field of lipid structures and functions is called lipidomics. The term describes diverse research areas, from mapping the entire spectrum of lipids in organisms to describing the function and metabolism of individual lipids. Recent investigations on geometrical trans isomers of fatty acid derivatives, which have the double bonds in the same position as the natural compounds but with the trans instead of the naturally occurring cis geometry, highlighted these compounds as a new target for lipidomics. In addition to the identification of their structures and functions, research in a multidisciplinary context aims at understanding the biochemical significance of cis and trans lipid geometry, and a chemical biology approach can be envisaged to explore the role of the geometry change as either an alteration or a signal that can perturb a biological system and induce a cellular response.