bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CONDITIONALS AND THEIR PROBABILISTIC ASSIGNMENTS
Authors: GOODMAN I.R. , NGUYEN H.T. 
Published: November 2004

This paper addresses the mathematical modeling of information as originally expressed in natural language in conditional form. A number of different conditional event algebras—all avoiding the Lewis triviality result—are briefly surveyed, including the main body of those proposed previously, classified as Type I, and the newly expanded Type II product space approach (PS) originally independently offered by Van Fraasen. The issue of higher order conditionals and triviality is also discussed. In addition, this work considers two basic results of McGee: Firstly, this paper provides a new general procedure (M) which specializes to that result of McGee, where in effect, the probability evaluations of logical compounds of conditionals in the PS approach are independently derived from a fair standard betting scheme, though McGee does not obtain any explicit conditional event algebra underpinning for these evaluations. The new procedure, which can act upon any Type I conditional event algebra, is based, in part, upon decision theory principles, and in part, upon a fine-tuned evaluation of the third or indeterminate values of the three-valued logic form of Type I conditionals. It is shown that McGee’s derivation is equivalent to M acting upon the Type I conditional event algebra called GNW in the literature—or equivalently the min, max, 1-() conjunctive, disjunctive, negation fragment of Lukasiewicz’ three-valued logic. On the other hand, it is shown that the action of M upon another Type I conditional event algebra called SAC in the literature—equivalent to a corresponding fragment of a three-valued logic originally proposed by Sobocinski—leads back to the same conditional event algebra. Secondly, this paper provides a new characterization of PS , corresponding to McGee’s second result, and which, unlike McGee, does not assume—nor is compatible, in general, with—the import-export rule. Among other topics discussed, are conditional random variables, deduction and non-monotonic logic applications.
ENTERPRISE MODELLING AND THE TELEOLOGICAL APPROACH TO REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING
Authors: LOUCOPOULOS P. , KAVAKLI E. 
Published: November 2004

A critical factor in successful requirements analysis appears to be the understanding not only of what the system under consideration should do, but also why. To capture the purpose of an information system, one needs a mechanism to describe the behaviour of the organization in which the system will operate. This approach suggests further understanding and modelling of the organizational goals and the way that these goals become operationalised. In software systems development we often make the distinction between the enter prise world and the system world. The former describes the domain about which the proposed software system is to provide some service, while the second is concerned with specifications on what the system does and include descriptions of the systems requirements, conceptual designs and implementations. This paper describes an approach which involves the explicit modelling of organizational objectives, social roles and operations and the synthesis of these different perspectives towards a set of information systems requirements.
RELATIONAL DATABASE REVERSE ENGINEERING: A METHOD BASED ON QUERY ANALYSIS
Authors: PETIT JEAN-MARC , TOUMANI FAROUK , KOULOUMDJIAN JACQUES 
Published: November 2004

This paper introduces a method of reverse engineering for operational relational databases. The conceptual schemas are derived using information extracted from data dictionaries, database extensions and application programs. Its main strength relies on the assumptions made on the a priori knowledge available about the database (only [Formula: see text] and/or [Formula: see text] constraints on attribute(s)) as well as the user competence. We argue that most of the knowledge needed to build a conceptual schema, if not described in the Data Description Language, is embedded in application programs under various forms. The method is therefore based on four main steps: firstly, application program analysis is performed and a set [Formula: see text] of equi-joins is obtained; secondly, a conceptual schema is derived from [Formula: see text], from the database extension and from the relational schema; thirdly, this conceptual schema is validated through an interactive dialogue with the expert user who is helped in this task by indications given by the method. Finally, a schema reorganization under user control is achieved to match the user requirements better. We introduce also how other kinds of queries can help the task of semantics discovery. Additionally, we precisely identify the phases when user interaction is needed. This method has been successfully validated on an operational database.
Lymphatic dysfunction in transgenic mice expressing KSHV k-cyclin under the control of the VEGFR-3 promoter
Authors: Sugaya Makoto , Watanabe Takahiro , Yang Aparche , Starost Matthew F. , Kobayashi Hisataka , Atkins April M. , Borris Debra L. , Hanan Elisabeth A. , Schimel Daniel , Bryant Mark A. , Roberts Nicole , Skobe Mihaela , Staskus Katherine A. , Kaldis Philipp , Blauvelt Andrew 
Published: November 2004

AbstractKaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infects endothelial cells within KS tumors, and these cells express the KSHV latent-cycle gene k-cyclin (kCYC) as well as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3), a marker for lymphatic endothelium. To further understand KSHV-mediated pathogenesis, we generated transgenic mice expressing kCYC under the control of the VEGFR-3 promoter. kCYC mRNA and functional protein expression within tissue correlated with VEGFR-3 expression and were most abundantly detected within lung tissue. Clinically, most transgenic mice died within 6 months of age secondary to progressive accumulation of chylous pleural fluid. In skin, edema was detected by magnetic resonance imaging and mice demonstrated persistent erythema of the ears following trauma. Histologically, erythematous skin showed extravasation of erythrocytes and accumulation of erythrocytes within lymphatic lumens. In addition, lymphatic drainage of injected contrast dyes was markedly impaired in transgenic mice. Karyomegaly, a feature observed in kCYC-expressing cells in vitro, was detected in many tissues, and selectively occurred within lymphatic endothelial cells expressing kCYC mRNA by in situ hybridization. In summary, kCYC expression within VEGFR-3+ cells of mice causes marked impairment of lymphatic function. kCYC may contribute to the development of certain clinical and histologic features of KS, including localized edema and retention of extravasated erythrocytes within KS tumors.
NK cells that are activated by CXCL10 can kill dormant tumor cells that resist CTL-mediated lysis and can express B7-H1 that stimulates T cells
Authors: Saudemont Aurore , Jouy Nathalie , Hetuin Dominique , Quesnel Bruno 
Published: November 2004

AbstractTumor dormancy is a phenomenon where small numbers of tumor cells persist in the host for months or years. We previously showed in the DA1-3b/C3H mouse model of acute myeloid leukemia that dormant tumor cells resist cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)–mediated killing because they overexpress B7-H1. Here, we vaccinated mice with DA1-3b cells transduced with CXCL10. Vaccinated mice developed a strong systemic immunity that led to the cure of established leukemia without persistence of dormant tumor cells. In vivo depletion of natural killer (NK) cells from the mice abrogated the protective effect of the vaccine. Long-term persistent leukemic cells resist CTL-mediated lysis but were killed by NK cells from mice vaccinated with DA1-3b/CXCL10. These NK cells expressed B7-H1. Recombinant CXCL10, CXCL9, CXCL11, and CXCL12 chemokines induced expression of B7-H1 on mouse and human NK cells in vitro. Mouse and human B7-H1+ NK cells induced proliferation of T cells and production of interferon γ and tumor necrosis factor α in vitro, and in vivo blocking of B7-H1 inhibited the protective effect of vaccination. Thus, CXCL10 induces antileukemic immunity, at least partially by stimulating NK cells to express B7-H1+. This antitumor effect is in contrast to the effect of B7-H1 when expressed on tumor cells because it stops cytotoxic lymphocytes from killing those tumor cells.
Analysis of the receptor-ligand interactions in the natural killer–mediated lysis of freshly isolated myeloid or lymphoblastic leukemias: evidence for the involvement of the Poliovirus receptor (CD155) and Nectin-2 (CD112)
Authors: Pende Daniela , Spaggiari Grazia Maria , Marcenaro Stefania , Martini Stefania , Rivera Paola , Capobianco Andrea , Falco Michela , Lanino Edoardo , Pierri Ivana , Zambello Renato , Bacigalupo Andrea , Mingari Maria Cristina , Moretta Alessandro , Moretta Lorenzo 
Published: November 2004

AbstractOn the basis of recent clinical and experimental data, natural killer (NK) cells appear to play a crucial role in eradication of acute myeloid leukemias. In the present study, by exploiting our current knowledge on NK receptors and their ligands on target cells, we investigated the interactions between NK and leukemic cells. We show that the size of the NK cell subset expressing the killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) not engaged by the HLA-class I alleles of the patient parallels the degree of NK cytotoxicity against leukemic cells. A sharp down-regulation of HLA-class I molecules has been detected in various leukemias and it was more frequent in myeloid than in lymphoblastic leukemias. Analysis of the ligands for triggering NK receptors revealed the consistent expression of Poliovirus receptor (PVR) and Nectin-2 in myeloid leukemias. In contrast, major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain molecules A/B (MICA/B) and UL1b-binding protein (ULBPs) were either absent or weakly expressed. Accordingly, NK-mediated lysis of these leukemias was dependent on DNAM-1 but not NKG2D. The major role of NKp46 and NKp30 was also confirmed. The expression of PVR and/or Nectin-2 was less frequent in lymphoblastic leukemias. In most leukemias, both CD48 and NTBA were down-regulated. The correlation found between marker expression and susceptibility to lysis may reveal useful information for NK-based immunotherapy.
Intraperitoneal Cefazolin and Ceftazidime Effects on Human Peritoneal Mesothelial Cell Release of Cancer Antigen–125
Authors: Manley Harold J , Elwell Rowland J , Bailie George R , Welch Charles L 
Published: November 2004

BACKGROUND Intraperitoneal (IP) cefazolin and ceftazidime are recommended as empiric treatment for peritoneal dialysis (PD)–associated peritonitis. Human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) may be affected by high IP cefazolin and ceftazidime concentrations. Peritoneal dialysate cancer antigen–125 (CA-125) appearance rate can be used to measure HPMC damage. OBJECTIVE To determine whether IP cefazolin and ceftazidime increase peritoneal CA-125 appearance rate. METHODS The study consisted of 2 phases. In phase I, no antibiotic was administered, and in phase II, patients received IP cefazolin and ceftazidime (15 mg/kg rounded to nearest 100 mg). Phase II occurred immediately after phase I. Each phase used a 4-hour dwell time with 2 L of dextrose 2.5% dialysate. Dialysate samples were collected at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 hours during each phase. Samples were assayed for CA-125, and CA-125 appearance rate was calculated. RESULTS Thirteen patients were recruited (7 men; aged 44.0 ± 16.0 y). The mean ± SD (range) CA-125 dialysate concentration after phases I and II were 6.6 ± 3.7 U/mL (2.3–15.0) and 6.4 ± 3.8 U/mL (1.6–13.8), respectively (p = 0.46). The CA-125 appearance rate after phases I and II were 51.9 ± 31.3 U/min/1.73 m2 (13.8–113.0) and 50.5 ± 32.9 U/min/1.73 m2 (11.0–104.0), respectively (p = 0.57). The slopes of the regression lines of CA-125 appearance rate were not significantly different between phases I and II. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that concurrently administered IP cefazolin and ceftazidime have no effect on HPMC release of CA-125 in non-infected PD patients.
Decreased Signs of Nicotine Withdrawal in Mice Null for the β4 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunit
Authors: Salas Ramiro , Pieri Fredalina , De Biasi Mariella 
Published: November 2004

Withdrawal from chronic exposure to nicotine, the main addictive component of tobacco, produces distinctive symptoms in humans. The appearance of these symptoms is a major deterrent when people try to quit smoking. To study which type of nicotine receptor is relevant for the onset of the withdrawal syndrome, we used a mouse model of nicotine withdrawal. Wild-type mice and mice null for the β4 (β4-/-) or the β2 (β2-/-) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits were implanted with osmotic minipumps delivering 24 mg · kg-1· d-1nicotine for 13 d. Subsequently, a single intraperitoneal injection of the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine induced behavioral symptoms of withdrawal measured as increased grooming, chewing, scratching, and shaking, plus the appearance of some unique behaviors such as jumping, leg tremors, and cage scratching. Mecamylamine injection triggered comparable withdrawal signs in wild-type and in β2-/- mice, whereas the β4-/- mice displayed significantly milder somatic symptoms. In addition, nicotine withdrawal produced hyperalgesia in wild-type but not β4-/- mice. Finally, chronic nicotine produced an increase in epibatidine binding in several areas of the brain in both wild-type and in β4-/- mice, but such receptor upregulation did not correlate with the severity of withdrawal signs.Our results demonstrate a major role for β4-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the appearance of nicotine withdrawal symptoms. In contrast, the β2 subunit does not seem to greatly influence this phenomenon. We also show that the upregulation of epibatidine binding sites attributable to chronic nicotine, an effect associated with β2-containing receptors, is probably not related to the mechanisms underlying withdrawal.
From nest to nest—influence of ecology and reproduction on the active period of adult Gombe chimpanzees
Authors: Lodwick Jessica L. , Borries Carola , Pusey Anne E. , Goodall Jane , McGrew William C. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe time spent between sleeping periods, which is called the active period, has to accommodate all essential activities, including feeding, resting, social behavior, and reproduction. To minimize costs in terms of, e.g., predation risk, suboptimal foraging, or sleep deficiency, the active period of diurnal animals should be less than or equal to the daylight period. Thus, the active period of an animal should be shaped by local environmental conditions as well as by metabolic and reproductive demands. Chimpanzees, which exhibit reduced predator pressure and a flexible fission‐fusion society, were chosen as a model to explore these links. We investigated the influence of sex, female reproductive status, dominance rank, and season on the duration of the active period of adult chimpanzees at Gombe National Park, Tanzania (1975–1992). Sexually nonreceptive females had shorter active periods compared to males, while receptive females had even longer active periods than males. Dominance rank did not influence the duration of the active period of nonreceptive females, but high‐ and middle‐ranking males had shorter active periods compared to low‐ranking males. Nonreceptive females exhibited longer active periods during the dry season than in the wet season. No seasonal effect was discovered for males, perhaps because they already had long active periods in the wet season. Nonreceptive females seem to be able to accommodate all essential activities in the daylight period available, probably because they live less socially than males. Thus, the active period does not reflect differences in female competitive abilities, but does reflect such differences in males. The duration of the active period appears to be a simple, reliable tool for exploring basic responses and constraints in animal societies. Am. J. Primatol. 64:249–260, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation and identification of fungi from vaginal flora in three species of captive Leontopithecus
Authors: Moraes Ismar A. , Stussi Jussara S.P. , Lilenbaum Walter , Pissinatti Alcides , Luz Fabio P. , Ferreira Ana Maria R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe ability to reproduce in captivity is an essential component of lion tamarin (Leontopithecus) conservation programs. However, infections such as vaginitis, cervicitis, and endometritis are important diseases that may influence the reproduction of these animals. Therefore, it is important to detect continuous or occasional vaginal microbial populations, and to understand their potential role as an endogenous source of infection [Collins, 1964; Blue, 1983; Pugh et al., 1986]. Vaginal swabs were collected from 25 female tamarins of the three currently available species (L. rosalia, L. chrysopygus, and L. chrysomelas) at the Center of Primatology in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The swabs were processed according to standard mycological protocols, and isolates were biochemically characterized. Fungal isolates were recovered from 16 animals (64.0%). The results showed that 70.6% of the isolated microorganisms consisted of yeast, including three species of Candida (mainly C. glabrata). We suggest that this species is a resident member of the normal vaginal flora in Leontopithecus. Filamentous fungi (mainly from Trichosporon, Aspergillus, and Penicilliumgenera) constituted 29.4% of the isolates, and were considered to be transitory contaminants of the genital area. We suggest that colonization of the vaginal environment is related to the endocrine pattern associated with the reproductive status of these animals, but not to parity. Am. J. Primatol. 64:337–343, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigating the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of rubber materials through Fourier transform rheometry
Authors: Leblanc Jean L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFourier transform rheometry was used to investigate the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of a series of gum polybutadiene and styrene–butadiene rubbers. A commercial torsional rheometer [the rubber process analyzer (RPA®, Alpha Technologies)] was suitably modified for capturing strain an torque signals, using appropriate software developed in Lab View® (National Instruments). Proprietary programs, written in MathCad® (MathSoft Inc.), were used to perform Fourier transform (FT) calculations and other data treatments. Results showed that FT rheometry provides not only the same information as standard dynamic testing in the linear region, although with a better accuracy, but gives valuable information about the nonlinear behavior of materials. Using a four‐parameter equation to model the variation of the relative 3rd‐harmonic component with strain amplitude, it was found that the strain sensitivity of the materials was adequately quantified, with results apparently consistent with their processing shear sensitivity. The only material parameters that were found to significantly affect the strain sensitivity are the chemical nature of the elastomers (i.e., polybutadiene versus styrene–butadiene rubber) and the molecular weight. No clear effect of the microstructure was seen, however, likely because the sampling was not discriminating enough in this respect. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 90–106, 2005
Friction of short‐fiber–reinforced rubber on wet surfaces
Authors: Uchiyama Yoshitaka , Wada Noriaki , Iwai Tomoaki , Ueda Seiichi , Sado Shinji 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe friction coefficient of short‐fiber–reinforced rubber (SFRR) was examined under dry and wet conditions. When the unfilled rubber is rubbed against a dry glass disk, the friction coefficient is higher than that of the SFRR and decreases as contact pressure increases. On the other hand, the friction coefficient for the SFRR is relatively low, and decreases slightly with the increase of contact pressure. When the unfilled rubber is rubbed against a silicone oil–lubricated glass disk, the friction coefficient is lower than that in a dry condition, and decreases with increasing sliding speed to reach a minimum value. After that, it increases slightly with the increment of the sliding speed at the sliding speed range examined. The friction coefficient of the SFRR on the wet surfaces is lower than that of the unfilled rubber at low sliding speeds. With an increase in speed, the friction coefficient initially decreases, and then reaches a minimum value. After that, it increases with the increment of sliding speed. The minimum for the unfilled rubber and the SFRRs shifts toward lower sliding speeds when the contact pressure is increased. Therefore, under the condition of mixed lubrication at low speeds, the friction coefficient at low contact pressure is higher than that at high contact pressure. This trend is distinguishable as the fiber content of the SFRR is increased. The phenomena at high contact pressures arise from the reduction of effective surface roughness, as the unfilled rubber deforms and the SFRRs deflect because of the applied load. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 82–89, 2005
Effects of rubber/filler interactions on the structural development and mechanical properties of NBR/silica composites
Authors: Suzuki Nozomu , Ito Masayoshi , Ono Shigeyuki 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA study was carried out on the effects of interactions between nitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR) and silica on the developments of agglomerates by silica particles and of bound rubber in NBR/silica composites. The mechanical properties of the composites were also investigated in relation to the structure development. Transmission infrared spectra revealed the existence of hydrogen bonding between nitrile groups in NBR and silanol groups on the silica surface. The number of hydrogen bonds increased with the increasing nitrile group content of NBR. Transmission electron microscopy observations and thermal analysis revealed that the averaged size of agglomerates in composites decreased, and simultaneously the amount of filler–gel in silica‐filled NBR decreased with increasing nitrile group content of NBR. These results suggest that the hydrogen bonding between nitrile groups and silanol groups suppresses the development of agglomerates by silica particles, that is, the dispersion of silica is improved by the hydrogen bonding. At a given nitrile group content of NBR, the storage modulus and the initial slope of stress–strain curves for vulcanized composites increased with increasing the amount of filler–gel. Further, at a larger strain, the composites showed a clear pseudo‐yielding point on the stress–strain curves, with this tendency more prominent in the larger agglomerate size. These results suggest that the mechanical properties for NBR/silica composites are affected by the content of filler–gel. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 74–81, 2005