bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To Rise Above
Authors: Kohn Marek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding what Margaret Thatcher means to Richard Dawkins is the key to understanding what society means to him. Misunderstanding his relationship to her is the basis of a widespread misreading of his place in the political scheme of things. One way and another, the woman has haunted him since she and he rose to prominence in the mid-1970s. Their ascents were not unconnected. Dawkins took the opportunity to begin what became The Selfish Gene during power cuts that ensued from disputes between the coal miners’ union and the Conservative government, led by Edward Heath. These struggles eventually led to Heath’s electoral defeat, which then led to his replacement as Conservative leader by Thatcher in 1975, the year during which Dawkins completed his book.
Richard Dawkins and the Golden Pen
Authors: Ridley Matt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before The Selfish Gene, scientists wrote books for each other, or for laymen, but rarely for both. The great interpreters of science, such as Peter Medawar, J. B. S. Haldane, or Arthur Eddington might write with fluency, wit, and verve, but they were still more inclined to explain established ideas than to explore new mysteries. Gracefully and graciously they gave you the answer rather than the argument. More than anybody before him, Richard Dawkins thought that if he was to persuade his fellow scientists of a new truth that seemed to him ‘stranger than fiction’ he might as well try to enlighten the rest of us while he was at it. The result was that he gave laymen a chance to eavesdrop on scientific debate in action. He was quite explicit about it in his preface: ‘Three imaginary readers looked over my shoulder while I was writing, and I now dedicate this book to them. First, the general reader, the layman . . .’ The other imaginary readers were the expert and the student.
Representativeness in Corpus Design
Authors: Biber Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of the first considerations in constructing a corpus concern the overall design: for example, the kinds of texts included, the number of texts, the selection of particular texts, the selection of text samples from within texts, and the length of text samples. Each of these involves a sampling decision, either conscious or not. The use of computer-based corpora provides a solid empirical foundation for general purpose language tools and descriptions, and enables analyses of a scope not otherwise possible. However, a corpus must be ‘representative’ in order to be appropriately used as the basis for generalizations concerning a language as a whole; for example, corpus-based dictionaries, grammars, and general part-of-speech taggers are applications requiring a representative basis (cf. Biber, 1993b). Typically researchers focus on sample size as the most important consideration in achieving representativeness: how many texts must be included in the corpus, and how many words per text sample. Books on sampling theory, however, emphasize that sample size is not the most important consideration in selecting a representative sample; rather, a thorough definition of the target population and decisions concerning the method of sampling are prior considerations. Representativeness refers to the extent to which a sample includes the full range of variability in a population.
Polysemy
Authors: Stock Penelope F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aspect of polysemy which I wish to address in this paper concerns the issue of how working lexicographers divide lexical items or words into different, usually numbered, meanings. It is not infrequently stated that lexicographers are somewhat shy of explaining their own techniques – or are perhaps too busy to do so – or even that they are unaware of what they are doing, working from some intuition that cannot be stated. The most recent discussion that I am aware of on the subject of sense division is that by John Ayto (1983). In his paper Ayto gives an account of one accepted working method. His argument is as follows: firstly the lexicographer should consider the superordinates of each of the meanings of the lexical item (that is, the appropriate genus word which will be selected on which to base an analytic definition). This is, so to speak, the first sifting process: where meanings require quite distinct genus words they are ipso facto different senses. If one meaning of fly has the general superordinate term ‘move through the air’ and one has the superordinate ‘an insect’, then they are clearly different senses of fly. Distinct superordinates or genus words suggest distinct senses. The second move is to disambiguate those meanings which have the same superordinate. Ayto uses cup as an example, in which several meanings may have definitions which begin with the same genus word: ‘vessel’. These are two or three differently described vessels for drinking liquids from, and the sports trophy. The second sifting process takes place when the lexicographer considers the various differentiae that will be required in a definition to distinguish these meanings from each other such that, for example, the sports trophy has a different function from other cups, is differently shaped, and so on. Considerations of shape, size, the material used in construction, etc., are used to disambiguate two further meanings, which are roughly speaking (1) a bowl-shaped vessel with a handle typically presented to the drinker with a saucer, and (2) a straightsided vessel usually made from plastic and typically presented to the drinker from a vending machine.
Habitat quality
Authors: Grubb Thomas C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The projects reviewed in this chapter take several approaches to the subject of habitat quality, but all focus on food intake rate as the measure of interest. Because of this focus, using feather growth rate was an attractive option. We begin with a project relating territory size to nutritional condition. Loggerhead shrikes have become a species of concern in North America. Once relatively common, this bird has recently undergone a precipitous decline and is currently diminishing in numbers at a rate of about 5% per year. Shrikes are “perch and pounce” predators, requiring perches from which to hunt. With consolidation of farms and changing farm practices in recent decades, removal of fences, hedgerows, and “sentinel trees” in the middle of fields has vastly reduced potential hunting perches. Reuven Yosef and I studied the impact of reduced hunting sites on the nutritional condition of shrikes (Yosef and Grubb 1992).
Taking stock and looking ahead
Authors: Grubb Thomas C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous 10 chapters, we have considered the current state of basic and applied ptilochronology. Chapters 1–4 explored attributes of the method, how it relates to other measures of nutritional condition, and reviewed a number of criticisms of the technique. The six subsequent chapters dealt with applications of ptilochronology to a number of conceptual areas of behavior, ecology, and conservation biology. As each of the preceding 10 chapters ended with a summary, to simply add another here would be redundant. Instead, this chapter brings forward conceptual issues that span various topics, and highlights uncertainties needing to be investigated in the future.
The Conductor: Downward Causation
Authors: Noble Denis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The organist works from a very dififerent perspective to that of any of the individual pipes of his organ. Although in real organs the pipes themselves are often physically above the player, metaphorically speaking he surveys the keyboards and pedals from above, seeing patterns and musical forms that he constrains the instrument to follow. To play a piece on the organ is to call on many pipes simultaneously. In a complex piece, most of the pipes may at some point come into play. The organist must cause this massive apparatus to express its potential in an ordered way. These ordered patterns form a very tiny fraction of all the possible patterns that could be played, the great majority of which would be cacophonic.
The Orchestra: Organs and Systems of the Body
Authors: Noble Denis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Novartis Foundation is a unique institution. Although based in the UK, it was founded originally by the Ciba Company of Basel. Ciba became Ciba-Geigy and then merged with Sandoz to become the pharmaceutical giant Novartis. The Foundation organises discussions on biological themes. Only a few people are invited. The proceedings are recorded, transcribed, and then published in their entirety. Read the volumes and you feel as if you are listening in to the live debates.
The Opera Theatre: the Brain
Authors: Noble Denis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are approaching the end of the story. We have come a long way from the first steps at the level of the genes, through to the grand composer of the music of life, evolution. At each stage we discovered that there is no single controller. The orchestra of life works without a conductor. We might find that discovery relatively easy to accept for viruses, bacteria, plants, and the simpler animals. But can this really be true for the so-called higher animals, including man? After all, we have a huge brain, with billions of nerve cells. It may well be the most complicated thing in the universe.
Should An Acute Headache Service Be Part Of A Headache Clinic?
Authors: Ducros Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Academic acute headache services and headache clinics have three common missions: (1) to provide the best possible clinical care to headache patients; (2) to teach young physicians about headaches; and (3) to initiate and participate in headache research programmes. However, these two types of services differ in a number of things. The former provides emergency management to patients with any type of acute headache regardless of the cause, whereas the latter provides multidisciplinary management and long-term follow-up to patients who are mainly affected by episodic or chronic primary headaches. Concerning practical teaching, an acute headache service is a unique tool. Owing to its large recruitment area and to the high number of patients seen every day, such a service gives interns and fellows the opportunity to become familiar with almost all primary and secondary headache forms within a few weeks. In headache clinics, practical teaching may be more focused on diagnosis and treatment of primary headaches. Finally, an acute headache service may offer the opportunity to set up specific research programmes focused on some infrequent secondary headache disorders, on diagnosis strategies and procedures, and on acute pain-relieving treatments. On the other hand, headache clinics may be more involved in therapeutic trials of both abortive and preventive headache treatments.
Organization Of A Multidisciplinary Headache Centre In Europe
Authors: Jensen Rigmor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Worldwide, a very long tradition of multidisciplinary pain clinics has been established and the International Association of Pain (IASP) has published international guidelines for the organization and structure of such clinics. Multidisciplinary settings are used in 54–72 per cent of pain clinics varying from two to 26 individuals including medical specialists, nurses, psychologists, physical therapists, and rehabilitation therapists. In Spain and Italy surveys revealed that most pain clinics are directed by an anaesthesiologist (62–89 per cent) and only rarely by neurologists or other specialists with specific interest in headache but there are probably substantial national and organizational differences among countries.
Approach To Headache Management: USA, UK, And India Compared
Authors: Ravishankar K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Headache medicine is fast emerging as a new subspecialty, which has resulted in a surge in the number of headache centres across the globe. But interestingly, headaches are not all recognized, diagnosed, and treated the same way across different regions of the world! Geographical factors, genetic differences, cultural barriers, and varying strategies of treatment—all have a bearing on the final outcome of headache management. This chapter attempts to broadly compare the approach to headache management across three continents—America, Europe, and Asia (more specifically the USA, the UK, and India). The impressions are not a scientific comparison but only a personal ‘point of view’ based on observations from patients who have attended the headache clinics at different locations where the author has worked.
An Indian Perspective
Authors: Ravishankar K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is an established fact that in headache centres, primary headaches are more common than secondary headaches; however, unlike secondary headaches, the final outcome of primary headaches and migraine in particular can differ depending on region-specific variables. In contrast to what prevails in developed countries, in many regions of the world there are additional limiting factors such as resource limitations and other health priorities that can have a bearing on the organization of a headache centre. Citing the Indian headache scenario, this study attempts to appraise the international headache community of factors that are barriers to the organization of a headache centre. Suggestions for adaptations to deliver optimal headache care in this setting are also detailed.
Establishment And Organization Of A Research Headache Clinic: Advantages And Disadvantages
Authors: Russell Michael Bjørn , Aaseth Kjersti , Grande Ragnhild Berling , Gulbrandsen Pål , Lundqvist Christofer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Headache clinics are either hospital-based or independent. The main goal in both settings is management of headache to the benefit of patients and society in a cost- effective way. The socio-economic impacts of headache disorders are enormous primarily due to the high prevalence of migraine, tension-type headache, and medication overuse headache. A Danish population-based survey reported that tension- type headache causes work absence on 820 days per year per 1000 employed people from the general population, while migraine causes 270 days with work absence in the same population. About 2–3 per cent of the general population suffers from daily or nearly daily tension-type headache. Many patients have never consulted a health professional due to headache, although the majority have consulted a general practitioner, a specialist, a chiropractor, a physiotherapist, or another health professional at least once due to their headache.
A Local Network As A ‘Headache Clinic’ In The French Alpes
Authors: Mick Gérard , Renaud Sabine , Ramponneau Jean-Pierre , Reynes Jean-François , Bodin Claudy , Peronnier-Gros Karine , Traversa Yolande , Bocquet Philippe , Tollet Laurent , Baron Xavier , Croix-Blanche Xavier Buffet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In rural or remote countryside areas (e.g. in the northern part of the French Alpes), far from large hospitals and specialized medical departments, patients suffering from disabling episodic or chronic head/facial pains may benefit from local care and long-term follow-up involving general practitioners, specialists from various medical and paramedical disciplines, as well as experts in the headache field. The challenge stands on daily collaborative practice between experts, family doctors, and paramedical interveners, specifically dedicated to proximity care and parallel follow-up. Such a horizontal organization of care allows fast specialized diagnostic or therapeutic help and adequate multimodal therapeutic choices for patients who would otherwise stay away from or enter belatedly into the appropriate medical channels.
Discussion Summary: Classification And Organization Of Headache Clinics
Authors: Evers Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This discussion comprised the introductory lecture given by Lars Stovner (Trondheim, Norway) on the epidemiology and cost of severe headache disorders, a lecture on an acute headache service (given by Anne Ducros, Paris, France), on the organization of a multidisciplinary headache centre in the USA (given by Stephen Silberstein, Philadelphia, USA), and on the organization of a multidisciplinary headache centre in Europe (given by Rigmor Jensen, Copenhagen, Denmark). The discussion first focused on the issues related to an acute headache emergency.
Hospitalization of headache patients: Why, when and how?
Authors: Freitag Frederick G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dedicated inpatient treatment programmes for headache began in the late 1970s in Michigan and followed by the programme through Diamond Headache Clinic, which is the largest dedicated inpatient treatment programme with 37 beds. Over the course of the subsequent years other inpatient programmes were developed. More typical though in other areas the situation was different with the programme existing as part of the healthcare services provided by an institution. An inpatient pain unit has produced superior outcomes compared with alternatives.
Similarities And Differences In Tension-Type Headache And Migraine Patients Of Primary Care Providers And A Tertiary Care Headache Centre In Switzerland
Authors: Gantenbein A R , Kozak S , Agosti R , Isler H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Headache and Pain Clinic (HPC) is a unit of the Zürich Department of Neurology. From 1966 treatment methods were continuously diverted from the immediate suppression of symptoms towards elevation of thresholds for headache episodes and migraine attacks. Demographic features, severity of disorders, and medical management in general practice and in the HPC were compared in two groups of 181 patients suffering from tension-type headache and/or migraine. HPC patients were selected semi-randomly from the 1998 records: the first eight to nine files per first letter of the last name, where available. For the second group 18 randomly selected GPs from the Zürich region provided data from the last 10 patients seen for headaches. A questionnaire was used to gather relevant data.
Evaluation And Quantification Of Tenderness And Sensitization
Authors: Bendtsen Lars 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of abnormal central pain modulation in migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) has been established within the last decade. Thus, it is probable that central sensitization plays a role for both pathophysiology and treatment outcome in migraine and that the same is true for central sensitization and tenderness in TTH. Further investigations of these mechanisms are crucial for better understanding of pathophysiology and treatment possibilities in primary headaches. The aim of this chapter is to review methods for assessment of sensitization and tenderness.
Diaries And Calendars For Migraine. A Review
Authors: Nappi Giuseppe , Jensen Rigmor , Nappi Rossella , Sances Grazia , Torelli Paola , Olesen Jes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Headache is one of the most common types of pain and in the absence of biological markers, headache diagnosis depends only on information obtained from clinical inter- views and physical and neurological examinations. In clinical practice, patients often have difficulty recalling precisely the headache characteristics, especially if they have several types of headache. Headache diaries and calendars make it possible to record prospectively the characteristics of every attack and this may reduce the recall bias and increase accuracy in the description.
Stress-Induced Pain And Muscle Activity In Patients With Migraine And Tension-Type Headache
Authors: Leistad Rune Bang , Sand Trond , Westgaard Rolf H , Nilsen Kristian Bernhard , Stovner Lars Jacob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perceived stress is a triggering factor for headache in both migraine and tension-type headache (TTH). One of the physiological responses to cognitive stress is increased muscle activation, but the pathophysiological role of muscle activity in headache has not been fully established. Muscular activation can occur as a direct consequence of stress, or it may be linked to a change in pain modulation such as central sensitization. Central sensitization of pain pathways has been suggested as an important mechanism in both TTH and migraine.
Frequent Tension-Type Headache Sufferers Exhibit Widespread Pain Sensitivity Across Pressure And Thermal Pain Modalities
Authors: Romanek Kathleen M , Foster Katey E , Carson Kara , Holroyd Kenneth A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) has been hypothesized to arise from a central pain processing deficit. Research has found that individuals with frequent TTH and CTTH exhibit increased pericranial muscle tenderness and reduced cephalic pressure pain thresholds (PPTs), possibly implicating sensitization at the trigeminal nucleus. However, CTTH sufferers have also been found to exhibit reduced extracephalic PPTs in some studies, suggesting a higher order deficit in pain processing. The purpose of this study was to examine pressure and thermal pain sensitivity in frequent TTH and CTTH at both cephalic and extracephalic locations.
Discussion Summary: Diagnostic Methods
Authors: Olesen Jes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of diagnostic electronic diaries and electronic charts has elicited enormous interest; however, it was pointed out that to implement an electronic chart is expensive and time consuming. The Mayo system has developed gradually and continues to develop. However, it does not yet save much time, but gave a much higher and more uniform data quality. In Philadelphia a similar system has been developed. This had taken up a considerable amount of time and resources. Also its implementation has been time consuming. Three months after the introduction of the electronic chart in Philadelphia most employees still felt it was more demanding than the usual system. However, subsequently, the employees became satisfied and no one would now wish to have the old fashioned charts back.
Headache Clinics: Physical Therapy
Authors: Jensen Rigmor , Hansen Lene Møller , Rechter Helle Søberg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physiotherapy is often used in the treatment of headache despite limited scientific evidence demonstrating efficacy. Likewise, the role of physical therapists in a multidisciplinary headache clinic is unclear and a clarification of this very popular treatment approach is very much needed. In the field of preventive treatments for headache, the interventions studied were confined to pharmacological and cognitive-behavioural therapies and mostly to the study of migraine. Only a few studies have assessed the effectiveness of traditional physiotherapy in properly classified headache patients.
Efficacy Of Therapeutic Intervention In Headache Units In Patients With Frequent Headaches. EFUNCE Study
Authors: Láinez Miguel J A , Fratalia Lauren , Pascual Julio , Mateos Valentin , Leira Rogelio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Headache disorders are a global public health problem because they are frequent and disabling lifelong diseases. Effective healthcare can relieve much of the symptom burden of most headache disorders, and thereby mitigate both the human and financial costs. Most patients with headaches who seek care are treated in a primary care setting. This care could be appropriate and effective in many patients, but often other comorbid illnesses, behavioural problems or excesses in treatment exist, requiring a specialized approach. A longitudinal study of patients with headaches treated in a primary care setting, showed that 20 per cent of them continue with significant pain and disability at 2 years.