bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation of a Picosecond Laser for Micromachining the Cathode of Pulse Electrochemical Machining (PECM) and a Case Study
Authors: Fang Shiqi , Frank Alexander , Schäfer Mareike , Bähre Dirk 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Defined topographic features may be produced on the workpiece surface of difficult-to-machine materials through the pulse electrochemical machining (PECM). Due to the contactless feature of PECM, mechanical influences and their side effects become ignorable. In this study, a picosecond laser, which induces little thermal impact, was applied to micromachine the cathode of PECM with groove patterns, and replication of the patterns on the anode of PECM was carried out using an industrial PECM installation. The results of the case study show that the picosecond laser achieved high machining precision (&lt; 6.5% to the target size) with excellent surface integrity on the cathode of PECM, and the groove patterns were successfully replicated on the anode of PECM, although deviations of certain geometric parameters were detected between the two PECM electrodes. These deviations may be resulted from the rounding and widening effects during the PECM processing.
PEDOT: PSS Modified Laser Scribed Graphene for Flexible and Wearable Bioelectronics
Authors: Zhang Suheng , Yao Yao , Wang Yi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The rapid development of flexible and wearable electronic devices has increased the demand for highly flexible, conductive, and durable materials for device circuits. Over the past decade, laser-scribed graphene (LSG) has been widely employed for the contact-free and mask-free fabrication of conductive carbon circuits or patterns from polyimide or other precursors due to its excellent physiochemical properties. On the other hand, conducting polymer PEDOT: PSS has also been extensively studied for fabricating flexible electronics thanks to its excellent electronic/ionic conductivity and flexibility. However, both materials have their limitations, making them still difficult to use directly for manufacturing high-performance electronic devices. For example, the LSG is fragile and easily damaged, and PEDOT: PSS is easily clustered in aqueous solutions, reducing the conductivity. To overcome the limitations, in this paper, we report a facile and cost-effective LSG modifying method with PEDOT:PSS to enhance the performance, which combines the exceptional sensing properties of the PEDOT:PSS with the electronic advantages of the LSG. The modification method can be readily extended using inkjet printing or screen printing. The characterization and comparison experiments demonstrate that the electric conductivity can be improved to three times as that of the original LSG by PEDOT: PSS modification. The modified LSG has better flexibility, which is more suitable for flexible and wearable electronics.
Emissions Avoidance Quantification and Allocation Framework for Secondary Materials Marketplaces Supporting the Circular Economy
Authors: Hapuwatte Buddhika M. , Mathur Nehika , Morris K. C. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Many manufacturers are striving to reduce the negative impacts of their business activities, particularly with respect to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, also called “carbon emissions.” Estimates of such emissions are ubiquitously used in evaluating overall impacts of manufacturing activities. Additionally, regulations and corporate voluntary goals toward carbon emissions reductions are notably increasing. One area that still lacks methods and consensus on carbon emissions quantification is in the secondary materials marketplaces (SMMs), where more clarity is required on matters such as the allocation of these emissions given that their transactions involve multiple stakeholders. These marketplaces enable material recovery by bringing together organizations with excess and scrap materials with those that can use those materials. The SMMs are integral to implementing a circular economy (CE), as they prolong the longevity of materials in the economy further amortizing their impacts and fulfilling a fundamental premise of CE. In this work, we propose a framework to estimate the “Carbon Avoidance Measurement” (CAM) for transactions in SMMs. Then, we examine why each stakeholder’s CAM values may or may not be eligible for GHG reduction credits based on the GHG Protocol. We apply the framework to two different cases of materials transacted in an established SMM. Through this work, we also highlight the importance of such a measurement for broader CE system-level decisions, as well as the major standardization and industry-specific consensus needs for implementing such a framework.
Fluid Flow Analysis for Suitable 3D Bio-Printed Scaffold Architectures to Incubate in a Perfusion Bioreactor: A Simulation Approach
Authors: Clark Scott , Quigley Connor , Mankowsky Jack , Habib MD Ahasan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Due to the three-dimensional nature of the 3D bio-printed scaffolds, typical stagnant cell culturing methods don’t ensure entering medium inside areas or passing through the scaffolds. The bioreactor has frequently provided the required growth medium to encapsulated- and seeded-cells in 3D bio-printed scaffolds. To address this issue, we developed a customized perfusion bioreactor to supply the growth medium dynamically to the cells encapsulated or seeded in the scaffolds. The dynamic supply of fresh growth medium may help improve cell viability and proliferation. Because of its uniform nutrition distribution and flow-induced shear stress within the tissue-engineering scaffold, perfusion bioreactors have been used in a variety of tissue engineering applications. Including a modified setup of our designed bioreactor may improve the in vivo stimuli and conditions, eventually enhancing the overall performance of tissue regeneration. In this paper, we explored the response of fluid flow to certain types of scaffold pore geometries and porosities. We used a simulation technique to determine fluid flow turbulence through various pore geometries such as uniform triangular, square, diamond, circular, and honeycomb. We used variable pore sizes of the scaffold maintaining constant porosity to analyze the fluid flow. Based on the results, optimum designs for scaffolds were determined.
Evaluation of Bonding Performance of Laser Welding Between Glass and Aluminum
Authors: Ho Yi-Mo , Yang Chun-Wei , Ho Jeng-Rong , Lin Chih-Kuang , Tung Pi-Cheng , Lee Yuan-Shin 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Glass is one of the commonly used materials with exceptional properties such as high mechanical strength, high chemical resistance, and low dielectric coefficient. Over the past decade, laser has been developed as a promising tool for welding between similar and dissimilar materials, especially glass and metals. Aluminum is also a commonly used material, which is known for its light weight, high conductivity, and high specific strength.
In this study, we conducted a glass-to-aluminum welding experiment using lasers, reported the welding results, and analyzed the influential factors of the welding strength caused by the laser system, including power, repetition rate, scanning speed, and scanning cycles. From the analysis, we found that power, scanning cycles, and interactions of the laser parameters are significantly important to the welding strength. Moreover, we built a logistic regression model to predict whether a welding sample can have a strong connection between glass and aluminum given the laser parameters. The results indicate that our model can achieve maximum accuracy of 81.2% for the prediction task. Therefore, our findings can fill the gap from previous studies that were lack of statistical data analysis and prediction tasks in glass-to-aluminum welding, and further enhance the welding quality in future studies.
In-Situ Detection and Prediction of WAAM Cross Feature Geometry
Authors: Thien Austen , Hussein Zaky , Saldana Christopher 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is increasingly used by manufacturers due to its relatively low cost and high deposition rate compared to other metal AM methods, but the parts produced by WAAM can be subject to localized variations in part quality. One such variation is the cross-feature defect, whereby a localized part height increase occurs due to the crossing of deposition toolpaths. Mitigation of this defect is typically achieved using manual path planning strategies, but closed-loop control is underutilized. Since the nature of this defect and of the WAAM process is such that the previous layer’s geometry influences that of the subsequent layer’s, the cross-feature defect geometry changes throughout the deposition. Therefore, any closed-loop control strategy will need to incorporate the dynamic trait of this defect. The present work seeks to implement an in-situ process modeling approach where a regression model can be continuously updated to predict the defect geometry of the subsequent deposition layer based on the historical process data. Several multi-layer cross-feature geometries are deposited and current, voltage, and optical camera data is taken for each layer. The resulting cross-feature geometries are characterized using 3D scanning and the performance and accuracy of the in-situ modeling approach is evaluated.
Grinding Mechanism Evolution Based on Grain-Bond Dynamic Contact Behavior
Authors: Li Xin , Zhang Xueping , Yao Zhenqiang , Shivpuri Rajiv 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
To achieve the satisfied dimensional accuracy, surface integrity and grinding efficiency, the grinding parameters and conditions should be thoroughly considered in order to control the grain motion as well as material removal process. In previous studies, the grain was regarded as a rigid body attached on the edge of grinding wheel and its motion trajectory was determined by the geometric shape of the grinding wheel and the grinding parameters. However, the grinding tool and bond undergo elastic and plastic deformation under the grinding loads and thus those deformations lead to the occurrence of grain displacement. Correspondingly, the cutting depth reduction and the self-rotation resulted in the deformed abrasive-bond zone will change the interaction behavior as well as the material removal mechanism. Numerous published papers had investigated into the cutting depth reduction by considering the deformation of the grinding wheel at macroscopic scale, whereas few researches focused on the depth reduction caused by the grain-bond contact deformation at microscopic scale. Analytical model was insufficient to address the grain displacement mechanism and effects. Thus, this research aims to develop a methodology to address the evolution mechanism on the displacement and rotation of grain by considering the grain-bond dynamic contact behavior during grinding process. To validate the capability and accuracy of the proposed model, several types of grain-resin structures are designed to perform the realistic motion trajectory connected with the bond matrix under the specific loads. The predicted cutting depths are compared with those from simulations and experiment. It confirms that the proposed model provides a novel approach to investigate surface formation process and grinding mechanism evolution during the actual grain motion trajectory in grinding.
An Experimental Investigation on Nanosecond Laser Ablation of Single Crystalline Silicon Wafers
Authors: Francis Esha , Ma Charles , Ma Jianfeng , Nafi Muhammad Abdun , Karim Mahmud , Jahan Muhammad P. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This work investigates the occurrence of heat-affected zones and texture when performing laser machining and explores ways to reduce the prevalence of both. A reduced prevalence will lead to better performance of silicon wafers in nanotechnology within the semiconductor industry with fewer heat-affected zones (HAZs) and less surface texture. Varying parameters such as pulse energy, spot size, and scanning speed, created the conditions in which laser machining was performed on the silicon wafer sample. Data were collected at three different levels of each of the three different machining parameters (pulse energy, spot size, and scanning speed (active laser time are inversely related to counting as one parameter). 27 different combinations (conditions) were tested with each having three trials, and a total of 31 experiments were performed. It was found that laser pulse energy, spot size determined by the lens-to-sample distance and scanning speed influences the dimensions of the slots, heat affected zone (HAZ), and surface roughness of the slots. The results show that the range of laser pulse energy used in this study has not made significant influence on the ablation performance. Rather the spot size (lens-to-sample distances) played a major role in deciding both the dimensions, and HAZ of the features. Laser pulse energy has influenced the HAZ. Laser scanning speed has mostly influenced the surface roughness with higher scanning speed increasing the number of overlaps, thus increasing the average surface roughness. Understanding the effects of parameters for laser ablation of silicon wafer can be helpful to the semiconductor industry. This study aims to provide a plausible solution to the issue of heat-affected zones and surface texture on silicon wafers that the semiconductor industry faces when manufacturing these wafers.
Operational Feasibility of Maglev EDM Using Different Non-Conductive Powder Mixed Dielectric for Machining Inconel 625 Alloy
Authors: Singh Nirmal Kumar , Sahoo Rajesh , Bajpai Vivek 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Currently, powder mixed dielectric application in electro-discharge machining (EDM) is an emerging field to enhance process efficiency and achieve better surface quality along with surface modification. The current investigation utilizes two non-conductive powder mixed dielectrics i.e., urea mixed distilled water and silica mixed distilled water for feasibility analysis by machining Inconel 625 alloy in Maglev EDM. The study emphasizes on the effect of both the dielectrics on material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness (Ra) achieved during Maglev EDM operation. The investigation has been performed using a cylindrical brass tool at discharge voltage (26V) and discharge current (200mA) for both dielectrics. The voltage-current (V-I) waveform acquired during machining operation illustrates better stability and consistency in discharge. The surface topology of the processed workpiece have been inspected using 3D surface profiles and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for both the dielectric conditions to analyze the presence of surface anomalies and debris particles. The elemental analysis of machined surface examines the surface alloying phenomena due to material migration effect. Maximum MRR (961.5 μg/min) and lower Ra (4.71 μm) were observed using urea mixed dielectric condition, and low TWR (144 μg/min) was achieved using silica powder mixed condition.
Stress-Free Micro-Gluing Method for Thin-Walled Wolter-I Focusing Telescopes
Authors: Lee Erbo , Chen Xiao , Su Taiyu , Saren Qimuge , Zhang Zhijing 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Wolter-I focusing telescope is one of the important equipment for space exploration, and its mirror shells are mainly assembled by gluing connection, since the mirror shell is a typical ultra-precise component with thin wall of easy deformation and nanometer-level surface accuracy, the stress caused by micro-gluing will have an important impact on the surface accuracy of the shell, which will reduce its optical focusing performance. In this paper, we propose a stress-free micro-gluing method for thin-walled Wolter-I focusing telescopes, in which the fixing clip is fixed by free bonding, and then screwed to the base after the adhesive layer has cured. Firstly, finite element simulation was conducted to analyze the gluing force state of the mirror shell in two forms, and then micro gluing experiments were carried out for the mirror shell in fixed and free forms, and the gluing strain of the mirror shell was measured by curing GHJ-01(Z) epoxy at constant temperature to verify the validity of the simulation results. The experimental and simulation results show that there is a significant difference between the gluing force state of the mirror shell in the two forms, the strain value and the surface shape error of the mirror shell are lower in the free bonding state than in the fixed bonding state. This method can provide a reference for the bonding method of the assembly structure of Wolter-I type focusing telescope.
Toolmarks-Driven Surface Texture for Coating Attachment With Drag Reduction and Anti-Biofouling Performance
Authors: Kang Putong , Huang Shengke , Beckle Brandon , Saavedra Cifuentes Edwin , Feng Leyun , Park Kyoo-Chul , Ehmann Kornel , Cao Jian 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Though modern mass production has the advantages of low production costs and high efficiency, it cannot meet the needs of low-volume production with the agile demand for point-of-need manufacturing. Here, we aim at the construction of the hull of unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). UUVs provide safe and convenient solutions for underwater exploration, but the market and unique features of UUVs call for rapid digital manufacturing technologies. In this work, we propose a novel manufacturing method rooted in Double-Sided Incremental Forming (DSIF) for rapidly producing shell structures with riblet textures to aid drag reduction and anti-biofouling without the burden of specially designed tools or dies. First, a base hull structure is formed using the DSIF method. Then, the same setup is used for surface texturing with a different toolpath strategy utilizing the tool marks/textures on the surface for drag reduction. A coating based on Slippery Liquid Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS) technology is applied afterward to the textured surface. Finally, the drag coefficient and anti-biofouling performance are examined in experiments. Results show that with the combination of texture and SLIPS coating, the best drag reduction performance is achieved. The SLIPS coating is very effective in anti-biofouling and remains firmly attached to the surface under different flowing conditions. We anticipate that our method can be used in a broad range of functional shell structure applications with flexibility and cost efficiency.
A Fast and Cost-Effective Imaging System for Fine-Scale Tool Condition Monitoring in Ultrasonic Metal Welding
Authors: Dong Zhiqiao , Chen Qianmeng , Lu Kuan-Chieh , Shao Chenhui 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In industrial-scale applications of ultrasonic metal welding (UMW), tool condition monitoring (TCM) is one of the most important maintenance tasks because tool health degrades quickly, and tool condition impacts the process physics and joint quality significantly. Moreover, tool replacement constitutes a notable portion of maintenance costs. In UMW, tool health degradation occurs mainly in the form of changes in tool surface geometry. Online TCM, which uses in-situ sensing data to indirectly classify tool conditions, has demonstrated to be effective; however, such indirect methods cannot provide a detailed characterization of tool surface profiles. On the other hand, direct measurements of tool surfaces require expensive and time-consuming high-resolution 3D metrology, which substantially increases the cost of quality and delays maintenance decision-making. To overcome these challenges, this paper develops a fast and cost-effective imaging system for fine-scale TCM in UMW. The imaging system mainly consists of a macro lens and a Raspberry Pi (RPI) high quality camera mounted over a linear rail driven by a stepper motor, and the full system is controlled through RPI GPIO (general-purpose input/output). The imaging system is used in conjunction with coaxial illumination, which enhances tool surface features, to capture a photo of a cast reproducing tool surface geometry. Then, image processing techniques are developed to characterize tool surface profiles and features. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed TCM strategy using tools in three distinct conditions. Results show that the TCM imaging system can effectively reconstruct critical fine-scale geometric features of tools, thus enabling more responsive, interpretable, and reliable TCM for UMW.
Modeling of Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Inconel-718 Towards Relating Processing to Properties
Authors: Vest Alexandra , Hu Ruixiong , Maniatty Antoinette 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In this work experimental and modeling methods are used to relate the processing parameters of laser power, velocity, and hatch spacing to thermal-mechanical history in a LPBF process, and first steps are made to relate to mechanical properties. Experimental work including tensile testing, microscopy, and density measurements are completed. Physics-based thermal simulations modeling the melting and re-solidification of layers of IN-718 powder are accomplished with consideration of powder consolidation on evolving geometry. Meltpool geometry results from the thermal simulations are compared alongside the experimental results with a proposed porosity indicator parameter that is expected to correlate to the level of porosity in a LPBF IN-718 part. Initial results show a linear relationship between the proposed porosity indicator parameter and the porosity percentage in LPBF IN-718 samples.
Novel STL-Free Design Paradigm for High-Resolution Multi-Scale Architected Cellular Materials in Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Rastegarzadeh Sina , Huang Jida 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In recent years, advances in additive manufacturing (AM) techniques have called for a scalable fabrication framework for high-resolution designs. Despite several process-specific handful design approaches, there is a gap to fill between computer-aided design (CAD) and the manufacturing of highly detailed multi-scale materials, especially for composite design. This gap ought to be filled with an avenue capable of efficiently slicing multi-scale intricate designs. Most existing methods depend on the mesh representation, which is time-consuming and memory-hogging to generate. This paper proposes a mesh-free slicing pipeline that exploits the function representation (FRep) for hierarchical architected materials design. To explore the capabilities of the presented approach, several sample structures with delicate architectures are fabricated using an 8K Stereolithography (SLA) printer. The computational efficiency of the proposed slicing algorithm is studied. Furthermore, the geometry frustration problem brought by the connection of distinct structures between functionally graded unit cells at the micro-scale level is also investigated.