bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bridging Knowledge Gaps: Learning in Geographically Dispersed Cross-Functional Development Teams
Authors: Sole Deborah , Edmondson Amy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organizational learning centrally involves an organization’s ability to develop novel, innovative products and processes that respond to existing and emerging market needs. Such innovation is often accomplished through combining previously unconnected bodies of knowledge or combining existing knowledge in novel ways (Grant 1996, Schumpeter 1934). In recent years, the study and implementation of organizational forms that facilitate the exchange and combination of different kinds of knowledge has increased, and management research has paid considerable attention to different types of knowledge as a source of competitive advantage. This chapter explores geographically dispersed cross-functional teams as a way of integrating diverse knowledge in development projects. In the context of product and process development, researchers have shown that the knowledge of individual contributors varies according to both what one does (occupation) and where one is (context). Individuals trained in a particular discipline, function, or occupation have substantial conceptual and practical knowledge in common with others from that discipline or occupation (e.g., Fleck 1997). They share terminology (Arrow 1974) and mental frameworks (Vicenti 1990) that act as shorthand-facilitating the efficiency of communication among them.
Agents and choices in branching time with instants
Authors: Belnap Nuel , Perloff Michael , Xu Ming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We continue to discuss a variety of foundational matters concerning the theory of agents making choices in our indeterminist world.* Other chapters, especially chapter 2, have set out and briefly discussed a number of postulates-the BT+ I+ AC postulates-on which stit theory and its semantics is based. In this chapter we consider these postulates one by one.
Introduction
Authors: Romero Raul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dispute over the past is only possible when conflicting memories coexist. In the summer of 1996 I was witness to important new developments in the city of Huancayo, the bustling commercial center of the Mantaro Valley in the Peruvian Andes. Every single block along Giraldez Avenue, one of the most important boulevards of the city, had been embellished with the statue of a regional dancer. Each of these colorful and well-maintained statues was fully costumed in the elaborate dress of native dance traditions. Since Huancayo had always given me the impression that it favored the “modern” and industrial aspects of urban development over its indigenous heritage, I was intrigued by the vision that these statues conveyed.1
March 19 A Moon for the Misbegotten
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cherry Jones is a name you’re not likely to forget. I first came across her— her name, anyway— in the summer of 1989, a good eighteen months before she arrived on Broadway.
I was doing a new play that was transferring from the American Repertory Theatre in Cambridge, Massachusetts. There is a union rule which provides that should such a production have a future life under another (and more remunerative) Actors’ Equity contract, all Equity members must be offered the job. Otherwise, they are entitled to a buyout equivalent to four weeks of Broadway scale.
Several of the cast members were not invited to Broadway. One of the chosen, though, chose not to take the part; ART, it seems, had scheduled The Caucasian Chalk Circle for her. Not having seen the play in Cambridge, I didn’t mind her absence, especially since a pal of mine got the role. But what sort of beginning actor turns down a chance at Broadway, especially in a major role in a masterful play by a celebrated multipleTony-and-Oscar-winning playwright who is one of America’s greatest satirists? What sort of actor, I wondered, is this Cherry Jones?
April 9 The Ride Down Mt. Morgan
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The acclaim accorded recent revivals of A View from the Bridge, Death of a Salesman, and The Price led, apparently, to the decision to bring the 1998 New York Shakespeare Festival production of The Ride Down Mt. Morgan to the Ambassador. Or maybe it was simply that Patrick Stewart, the Star Trek star, wanted to do it. At any rate, Arthur Miller was back on Broadway in 2000, fifty-five years after his long-forgotten The Man Who Had All the Luck opened across the street at the Forrest Theatre (now the Eugene O’Neill).
Not a new play, exactly. The Ride Down Mt. Morgan was first produced in London in 1991, at a time when Miller’s stock on Broadway was at a forty-five-year low. (The director, oddly enough, was this season’s golden boy, Michael Blakemore.) The original production of The Price, back in 1968, had been modestly successful. Miller’s next play, the Genesisderived Creation of the World, was given a first-class, top-notch production in 1972, with Zoe Caldwell, Bob Dishy, and George Grizzard as Eve, Adam, and Lucifer.
April 11 Copenhagen
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Broadway season of nonmusicals began inauspiciously in August with the thrill-less thriller Voices in the Dark; moved on to the farceless farce Epic Proportions in September; and hit an early peak in October with the hybrid play-revue with songs, Dame Edna: The Royal Tour. We then proceeded through a series of revivals, with two March entries of more than passing interest (namely, the twenty-year-old True West and the sixty-year-old Moon for the Misbegotten). It wasn’t until April that there was finally, happily, a totally satisfying new play; something where you could leave the theatre thinking, by gosh, that you’d just been to the theatre. As we will see, a second dazzling evening of pure theatre came along a mere six nights and four shows later.
The party of the first part, if you will, was Michael Frayn’s Copenhagen. This British import had a figurative question mark next to its name as the opening approached. Yes, the word was that it was superb. But would this very European play— with its Danish and German characters— work with American actors? And would American audiences sit still through a necessarily dense evening of theoretical science and historical theory?
April 18 The Green Bird
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is something admirable about the notion of riffling through hundreds of years of stagecraft to come up with a new form of entertainment. Or is it more properly called an old form of entertainment? Maybe a modern entertainment in olden guise, or an olden entertainment for today.
Call it what you will; the ads simply called The Green Bird “a wicked comedy.” One thing’s for certain: Confront audiences with something unconventional, and the standard for acceptance is automatically raised high. It better be pretty good, or else you’re in the soup. Julie Taymor’s “wicked comedy” was merely intermittently entertaining.
Long a denizen of avant-garde theatre, Taymor wandered onto Broadway’s radar screen in March 1996. An early version of The Green Bird was presented for four weeks at the New Victory Theatre, one of the first restored houses on old Forty-second Street. It received some ecstatic notices, generating momentary talk of transfer to Broadway.
May 1 Dirty Blonde
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1993 off-Broadway hit Blown Sideways Through Life was an autobiographical play about a hard-to-classify performer— Claudia Shear— who drifted about until she crafted a suitable format to express her distinctive talents. Dirty Blonde was a biographical play about a hard-to-classify performer— Mae West — who drifted about until she crafted a suitable format to express her distinctive talents. Or was Dirty Blonde about Claudia Shear? It’s hard to say. Ms. Shear played Jo, yet another out-of-place performer searching for her place. She also played Mae West — or, at least, Mae West as seen by Claudia/Jo.
The History of the Dizzy Patient
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dizziness is a nonspecific term that describes a sensation of altered orientation in space. Because visual, proprioceptive, and vestibular signals provide the main source of information about the position of the head and body in space, damage to any of these afferent systems can lead to a complaint of dizziness. Changes in the brain centers that integrate these orienting signals can also result in the sensation of dizziness. The initial task of the clinician is to obtain a description of what the patient means by dizziness. Patients should be encouraged to use their own words to describe the sensation and how the sensation interferes with their daily activities. In our experience, less than half of patients complaining of dizziness actually have vertigo. Because the diagnostic evaluation and management differ markedly depending on the category of dizziness, it is critical that the examining physician determine the type of dizziness (Table 4–1) before proceeding with exhaustive diagnostic studies.
Infectious Disorders
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inflammation of the middle ear (otitis media) is a common cause of conductive hearing loss, particularly in children. Either infected (suppurative otitis) or noninfected (serous otitis) fluid accumulates in the middle ear, impairing conduction of airborne sound. Because the air cavity of the middle ear is in direct communication with the mastoid air cells, infection can spread throughout the pneumatized parts of the temporal bone (see Fig. 2–2). Typical patterns of progression of middle ear infections are summarized in Figure 8–1.
Brownian Motion And Langevin Equations
Authors: Zwanzig Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theory of Brownian motion is perhaps the simplest approximate way to treat the dynamics of nonequilibrium systems. The fundamental equation is called the Langevin equation; it contains both frictional forces and random forces. The fluctuation-dissipation theorem relates these forces to each other. This theorem has many important and far­ reaching generalizations. For the present, we focus on the most elementary version of the theorem.
Projection Operators
Authors: Zwanzig Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theoretical treatments of nonequilibrium systems are often based on master equations or Langevin or Fokker-Planck equations. When we use such models, we typically do not hope for a complete, detailed, and exact treatment of a problem. Rather, we tend to think in terms of approximations in which irrelevant details are omitted and only those aspects of the problem that appear to be physically important are included. This is a standard approach to the theoretical analysis of complex situations; when it is used with common sense, it is a very productive one.
The Licensing Question: The Campaign for Medical Freedom
Authors: Whorton James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before early twentieth-century alternative medicine can be examined with respect to individual systems of practice, it is necessary to consider an issue that was of paramount importance to all, that of the revival of medical licensing laws. No matter was more disturbing to irregulars, no threat provoked so much outraged—yet reasoned—criticism of the regular profession, than the attempts of the medical establishment to bar non-approved healers from practice. Since every system responded to the threat with much the same objections and actions, it is more efficient to address the subject of opposition to medical licensing in a short chapter that serves as a foreword to the twentieth century than to take it up individually for each school of practice.
Therapeutic Universalism: Naturopathy
Authors: Whorton James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toward the end of the 1840s, a young German man who had ruined his health through overstudy for the priesthood came across a volume on hydropathy. Desperate to repair a “withered body” that, according to two regular physicians, was already “on the brink of the grave,” Sebastian Kneipp threw himself into the water-cure regimen. Slowly his strength returned, eventually to the point that he could renew his studies and gain ordination. Once a priest, he was assigned to Wo¨rishofen, a remote settlement west of Munich. There parishioners petitioned him to save their sickened frames as he had his own, and water-cure, the “life-boat sent to me by a merciful Providence,” worked the same wonders for them. As word spread, Wo¨rishofen began to exert as magnetic a pull on Continental health-seekers as Graefenberg had in an earlier day.
Composition and Dynamics of the Understory Vegetation in the Boreal Forests of Quebec
Authors: Grandpre´ Louis De , Bergeron Yves , Nguyen Thuy , Boudreault Catherine , Grondin Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The boreal forest of Quebec extends from the 48th to the 58th northern parallels (fig. 10.1). It can be subdivided into four forest domains (from south to north): the Abies balsamea (Mill.) and Betula papyrifera (Marsh.) domain, the Picea mariana (Mill.) and feathermoss domain, the Picea mariana lichen woodland, and the forest-tundra domain (Grondin et al. 1996; Saucier et al. 1998). This chapter will be restricted to the Abies balsamea-Betula papyrifera and the Picea mariana-feathermoss domains, which extend from 48° to 52° north latitude and include much of the closed-canopy, commercial boreal forest in Quebec. In this zone, average annual temperatures range between 1° and -2.5°C, and average annual precipitation is between 600 and 1400 mm. Temperature and precipitation decrease toward the north, and precipitation increases from west to east. The main tree species are Picea mariana, Picea glauca (Moench), Abies balsamea, Pinus banksiana (Lamb.), Larix laricina (Du Roi), Populus tremuloides (Michx.), and Betula papyrifera.
The Herbaceous Layer as a Filter Determining Spatial Pattern in Forest Tree Regeneration
Authors: George Lisa O , Bazzaz Fakhri A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although small in stature and seemingly ephemeral in nature, herbaceous understory communities have the potential to exert a strong influence on the dynamics of forest tree regeneration. Through study of fern-dominated understory communities in central Massachusetts mixed-deciduous forests, we have found that this understory stratum can act as a selective fitter of tree seedling species in their earliest life stages. All trees, first as seeds, must penetrate this layer to reach the forest floor and then germinate and grow under the “canopy” of the herbaceous stratum. The microenvironment at and near the forest floor is dictated largely by the nearby herbs and shrubs above. Tree seedlings that are able to germinate, survive, and grow in this environment will ultimately emerge from this stratum and become potential successors to the forest canopy. Tree seedling species performance may vary considerably under the particular rigors of a well-developed understory, and it is this variability that enables the understory to fiter tree seedlings.
The Iconicity of Metarepresentations
Authors: Recanati François 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the face of it, such metarepresentations seem to contain a primary representation, namely, ‘Kangaroos have tails’, and something like an operator ‘John believes (that)’, which makes a sentence out of a sentence. In this respect, ‘John believes that S’ appears to be very much like ‘It is not the case that S’.
The Neurospora Era
Authors: Maas Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The decision to switch from Drosophila to Neurospora was made by Beadle while he was listening to Tatum giving a lecture in a course he had organized on comparative biochemistry. With a strong background in the nutrition and biochemistry of bacteria, Tatum was well prepared for this task. His education and doctoral research had convinced him of the validity of the Unity of Biochemistry, the evolutionary conservation of biochemical processes among all living organisms. His theme was that the basic building blocks of life—amino acids, sugars, lipids, growth factors—participated in fundamentally similar chemical pathways among all forms of life. Hence the most fruitful way to study a problem in animal metabolism might be to begin with a microbe that may well prove more convenient for experimental manipulation.
Vocal Hybrids: Sprechstimme and Recitation
Authors: Mabry Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several hybrid and alternative forms of vocal declamation were developed and exploited during the twentieth century and continue to be used by contemporary composers. None of them could be called normal singing in the traditional sense. These mixtures of speech and song rely on aspects of both functions of the voice, exhibiting characteristics of each. Composers who incorporated some type of speech-song in their music were doing so in an attempt to heighten dramatic, conversational, or coloristic elements of both text and music.
Vocal Effects
Authors: Mabry Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of the voice as an extended sonic source was a primary creative motivator for twentieth-century composers. They already knew that the voice was capable of various kinds of vocalism, artistry, and communication due to a rich history in the development of vocalization in Western music. Several hundred years of music history had brought forth five basic approaches to vocalization: bel canto (a lyrical, legato-smooth vocal line); coloratura (florid music that emphasizes agility and flexibility); declamatory (a style that stresses extreme ranges of dynamics, pitch, and vocal color); recitative (a declamatory style that focuses on the delivery of a text within a limited vocal range); and folk song styles (based on naturalness, clarity, and simplicity, with little or no use of vibrato).
The Divine Marriage: Combining Believable Acting with Expressive Singing
Authors: Ostwald David F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When you perform, you want to move your audiences by communicating all the nuances of the music, ideas, and feelings of each piece. You will succeed if you are believable as your character, because believability is the magic key with which you unlock the audience’s empathy. When audience members empathize with your character, they open the floodgates of their feelings; they are moved. You are believable when you appear to be in your character’s situation— when you seem to be inventing the music and words as spontaneous responses to what the character is experiencing. This requires that you understand every word that you sing and that is sung to you and that you make the connections between your thoughts, your feelings, your breathing, and your body that we do in real life. As an actor-singer you will create this complete believability most successfully if you think of your voice as an evocative acting tool. Think of beautiful singing as an outpouring of your character’s feelings.
Delivering a Believable Character: Performing
Authors: Ostwald David F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since it is not easy to prepare yourself vocally and physically to meet the demands of performing, it is worthwhile giving your preparation process special attention and developing procedures that work for you. (You may want to adopt some of the suggestions about preparing for auditions in chapter 11 and look at the relaxation exercises and physical and character warmups in chapter 12.) Unless you know that there is a suitable space at the theater, plan to do most of your warm up at home.
The Management Strategies of Start-Up Factories
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Evans-Klock Christine , Terkla David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter discusses a number of changes in the business environment-increasing competition, new technologies, more general skill requirements, and weaker unions-that might be encouraging employers to replace traditional methods of workplace management with new high performance management practices. A variety of theories also argue for the superiority of high performance over more traditional management practices as a means of improving efficiency and raising productivity, and there is growing evidence to support this view.
The T1-Like Bacteriophages
Authors: German Gregory J , Misra Rajeev , Kropinski Andrew M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Dark Side of T1 Phage Although T1 got its initial fame from its use, in 1943, by Salvador Luria and Max Delbrück in their landmark fluctuation test (64), an entirely different reason has resulted in its notoriety since then. This phage’s resistance to desiccation results in its persistence for weeks in an aerosol which in turn created a real nightmare for laboratories engaged in research employing E. coli K-12 strains. It was not uncommon to hear cries from laboratory workers that their overnight bacterial cultures contained only floating debris. This was the result of an onslaught by T1. Laboratories were quarantined for days until the airborne count of T1 vanished. Bacterial geneticists have had T1-resistant E. coli tonA mutants since the 1940s, and as a result many laboratories protected against unwanted invasion of T1 by introducing null tonA alleles into their E. coli strain collection. Even today T1 maintains its bad reputation because it remains a problem, particularly in laboratories that only casually use E. coli strains for experiments involving cloning, protein overproduction, and analysis of genomic libraries. Because of this, almost all commercially available transformation-competent E. coli cells now contain a tonA mutation. Despite the knowledge of T1-mediated calamities, many laboratories continue to work with E. coli strains that are not tonA. Apparently, it often takes a large-scale disaster for laboratories to become believers in the incidental havoc T1 can wreak on innocent bacterial cultures. Despite its infamy, phage T1 is an interesting phage in its own right. In this chapter we consider the biology of the T1-like phages, concentrating on phage T1 and the related phage TLS.
The Return of the Gene (1988)
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have two images of natural selection. The orthodox story is told in terms of individuals. More organisms of any given kind are produced than can survive and repro duce to their full potential. Although these organisms are of a kind, they are not identical. Some of the differences among them make a difference to their prospects for survival or reproduction, and hence, on the average, to their actual reproduction. Some of the differences which are relevant to survival and reproduction are (at least partly) heritable. The result is evolution under natural selection, a process in which, barring complications, the average fitness of the organisms within a kind can be expected to increase with time.
Function and Design (1993)
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The organic world is full of functions, and biologists’ descriptions of that world abound in functional talk. Organs, traits, and behavioral strategies all have functions. Thus the function of the bicoid protein is to establish anterior-posterior polarity in the Drosophila embryo; the function of the length of jackrabbits’ ears is to assist in thermoregulation in desert environments; and the function of a male baboon’s picking up a juvenile in the presence of a strange male may be to appease the stranger, or to protect the juvenile, or to impress surrounding females. Ascriptions of function have worried many philosophers. Do they presuppose some kind of supernatural purposiveness that ought to be rejected? Do they fulfil any explana tory role? Despite a long, and increasingly sophisticated, literature addressing these questions, I believe that we still lack a clear and complete account of function ascriptions. My aim in what follows is to take some further steps toward dissolving the mysteries that surround functional discourse.