bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of Some Factors in Removal of Ash as Molten Slag From Powdered-Coal Furnaces
Authors: Sherman Ralph A. , Nicholls P. , Taylor Edmund 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this investigation, which was conducted at the Toronto, Ohio, station of the Pennsylvania-Ohio Power and Light Co., in cooperation with Stevens & Wood, Inc., New York, was to study those factors governing the application of the slagging method of ash removal which are related to the characteristics of the ash of the coal burned. The history of the development of and the merits of slagging furnaces are briefly discussed, and the results of observations made when burning three coals, whose ash had fluid temperatures of 2400, 2600, 2800 deg. fahr., in a furnace fired with horizontal burners and having bare water tubes set on three walls, are presented. The following studies were made: (1) The condition of the slag in the hearth and on tapping; (2) the temperature of the slag; (3) the temperature and composition of the gases near the slag bed; (4) the relation of the composition and fusion temperatures of the slag and the dust carried out of the furnace to those of the original ash; (5) the percentage of the ash fired which was carried out of the furnace and stack; (6) the relative temperatures of the gas entering the boiler tubes in two furnaces, one with a lower water-tube slag screen and the other with a slagging bottom; and (7) a brief study of the amount of flux necessary to add to a given ash to obtain a fluid slag.
Losses of Pressure Head Due to Sudden Enlargement of a Flow Cross-Section
Authors: Schutt H. C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The exactness of the Borda-Carnot equation for the losses of energy in a liquid medium passing a discontinued cross-section—that is, a sudden enlargement—is discussed, the same formula is derived, based on one of the main principles in dynamics, and a report is given of experiments proving the validity of this formula.
Controlling the Manufacture of Parts on Order and for Stock by the Gantt Progress Chart
Authors: Porter David B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper deals with two special applications of the Gantt progress chart in controlling production. The first shows the plan for the manufacture and assembly of parts on an order, and the progress of work in accordance with the plan. The arrangement of parts on this chart follows the natural order in the assembly of the product. The proper relationship of parts to each other and to the whole is made visible by a system of marginal indentations. This makes it possible to show by one line for each part the amount of stock on hand and in process, and the amount of time ahead or behind schedule. It also shows the time of starting work on each operation without the use of additional bars, thus condensing the chart.
The second chart is constructed essentially like the first one, but is designed for the case where manufacturing for stock is already in progress; that is, parts are being made both continuously and intermittently for continuous assembly at a uniform rate. This chart is designed to show the current condition of stores and parts in process, and the amount of time behind or ahead of schedule for each part and assembly. The method for laying out the chart is fully explained.
The function of such charts is to bring in advance to the attention of the executive those things which require action, and thereby eliminate the necessity of following up after delays have occurred. The charts measure the progress made on the manufacturing program, and in so doing they also serve as measures of executive ability.
Selective Package Conveyors
Authors: Hildreth W. O. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Severe competition is forcing every manufacturing industry to secure the most efficient layout of machinery and the maximum output from every square foot of floor space. Economical handling of materials, orders, letters, and instructions within the plant are important to secure the highest efficiency.
Conveyors of many types are now available, and “selective” conveyors are an important variety. These are adapted for automatically delivering packages or materials to various predetermined points selected by the sender at the time the material is dispatched.
The selection of destination may be determined by the size or weight of the package itself or by the position of a movable finger or selective pin. If the material to be transported is carried in trays or tote boxes over a conveyor system the movable selective finger can be mounted upon the upper front edge of the tray. This selective finger, for light service, may itself be used to deflect the tray from a conveyor by means of a switch bar, or may operate an electric circuit maker to control the movement of a heavy deflector bar.
The latest method of selection employs a separate pilot car carrying the selective pin and followed upon the conveyor belt by a string of boxes, cartons, or bags which are all going to the same destination. The procession is followed by a caboose car carrying a selective pin which releases the deflector bar after the caboose has passed and allows the deflector to swing out of the path of passing pilot cars until another car approaches with its selective pin in the proper position to operate this particular deflector.
Skid-Platform Shipment of Commodities
Authors: Shepard F. J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
After outlining the development of the use of lift trucks for interior factory transportation, the author briefly discusses their possibilities for interplant transportation and for use between cities through freight and motor-truck shipments. He shows how the methods of packing and transporting paper have been radically changed in the past two years through the use of skid platforms for shipment, and gives figures of savings effected in a number of instances.
Commercial Applications of High-Speed Oil Engines
Authors: Gibbons C. H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author discusses the possible application of high-speed Diesel engines to aircraft, trucks, and tractors, and gives details of their application to locomotives, generating sets for city buildings, cotton ginning, oil-well drilling, pipe-line pumping, irrigation, marine propulsion, air compressors, dredges, excavating machinery, etc. He also deals with medium-speed applications and gives data for use in estimating power costs.
Rolling Traction in Isoviscous-Rigid, Piezoviscous-Rigid, and Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Regimes at Line Contact
Authors: Ohta Hiroyuki , Matsuyama Daisuke 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper deals with rolling traction in isoviscous-rigid (IVR), piezoviscous-rigid (PVR), and elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) regimes at line contact. First, a measuring method of rolling traction using the two-disk machine supported by ball bearings was explained. Then, the rolling traction in the IVR, PVR, and EHL regimes at line contact was measured. The measured results showed that as load P increases, the time average rolling traction FR AVG in the IVR and PVR regimes increases, while that in the EHL regime does not significantly increase. The measured FR AVG was lower than the rolling traction FR TED/CPA under the isothermal condition calculated by using the commercial software TED/CPA. To establish the rolling traction expression, a rolling traction expression under the isothermal condition FR iso was first derived by means of curve fitting the calculated FR TED/CPA. Then, a rolling traction expression (which takes into account the thermal effects of the inlet shear heating) FR thermal was derived by multiplying the thermal correction factor Ct to the expression FR iso. Finally, it was shown that the proposed expression FR thermal is effective for estimating the rolling traction in the IVR, PVR, and EHL regimes at line contact.
Tribocorrosion and Mechanical Properties of Nanotubes Grown on Ti–35Nb Alloy by Anodization
Authors: Luz Aline R. , de Lima Gabriel Goetten , Kasiorowski Tuany , de Souza Gelson B. , Lepienski Carlos M. , Grandini Carlos R. , Kuromoto Neide K. , Alves Ana Paula R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the tribocorrosion and mechanical properties of nanotubes grown on a Ti–35Nb alloy. The nanotube arrays, approximately 2.0 µm thick, were formed through controlled anodization and annealing, composed of Ti and Nb oxides. The compact oxide film at the nanotube/substrate interface provided corrosion resistance, lubricating properties in worn tracks, and improved wear resistance. The nanotubes exhibited a lower coefficient of friction, hardness, and elastic modulus compared to untreated Ti–35Nb. The crystalline structure of the nanotubes and the oxide interface layer enhanced adhesion, preventing plastic deformation and improving tribocorrosion resistance.
An Original Methodology to Model Stationary and Transient Starvation in Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Contact
Authors: Decote M. , Fillot N. , Mahéo Y. , Morales-Espejel G. E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Despite many researches in the past decades, starvation modeling of an elastohydrodynamic lubricated (EHL) contact is still an arduous task. The well-established Jackobson, Floberg, and Olsson (JFO) theory indeed shows jump discontinuities that are tricky to consider in a numerical solver. Two strategies are discussed in this article. The first one uses a penalty method, while the second one uses a moving mesh method. Their efficiency are compared to reference cases coming from the literature. Then, they are submitted to a transient analysis where the oil inlet layer decreases suddenly.
Atomic-Scale Insights Into Graphene/Fullerene Tribological Mechanisms and Machine Learning Prediction of Properties
Authors: Qiu Feng , Song Hui , Feng Weimin , Yang Zhiquan , Lu Ziyan , Hu Xianguo 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Graphene/fullerene carbon–based nanoparticles exhibit excellent tribological properties in solid–liquid two-phase lubrication systems. However, the tribological mechanism still lacks profound insights into dynamic friction processes at the atomic scale. In this paper, the friction reduction and anti-wear mechanism of graphene/fullerene nanoparticles and the synergistic lubrication effect of the binary additive system were investigated by molecular dynamics simulations and tribological experiments. The friction performance was predicted based on six machine learning algorithms. The results indicated that in fluid lubrication, graphene promoted “liquid–liquid” interlayer sliding, whereas fullerene facilitated “solid–liquid” interface sliding, resulting in a decrease or increase in friction force. Under boundary lubrication, graphene/fullerene nanoparticles were adsorbed and anchored at the metal interface to form a physical protective film, which improved the bearing capacity of the lubricating oil film, transformed the direct contact between asperities into interlayer sliding of graphene and roll–slide polishing, filling, and repairing of fullerene, thus improving the frictional wear of the lubrication system as well as the friction temperature rise and stress concentration of the asperities. Furthermore, six machine learning algorithms showed low error and high precision, and the coefficient of determination was greater than 0.9, indicating that all models had good prediction and generalization capabilities, fully demonstrating the feasibility of combining molecular simulation and machine learning applications in the field of tribology.
Byzantine Agreement with Optimal Resilience via Statistical Fraud Detection
Authors: Huang Shang-En , Pettie Seth , Zhu Leqi 
Published: January 2024

Since the mid-1980s it has been known that Byzantine Agreement can be solved with probability 1 asynchronously, even against an omniscient, computationally unbounded adversary that can adaptively
corrupt
up to
f < n/3
parties. Moreover, the problem is insoluble with
f ≥ n/3
corruptions. However, Bracha’s [
13
] 1984 protocol (see also Ben-Or [
8
]) achieved
f < n/3
resilience at the cost of
exponential
expected latency
2

Θ (
n
)

, a bound that has
never
been improved in this model with
f = ⌊ (n-1)/3 ⌋
corruptions.

In this article, we prove that Byzantine Agreement in the asynchronous, full information model can be solved with probability 1 against an adaptive adversary that can corrupt
f < n/3
parties, while incurring only
polynomial latency with high probability
. Our protocol follows an earlier polynomial latency protocol of King and Saia [
33
,
34
], which had
suboptimal
resilience, namely
f ≈ n
/10
9
[
33
,
34
].

Resilience
f = (n-1)/3
is uniquely difficult, as this is the point at which the influence of the Byzantine and honest players are of roughly equal strength. The core technical problem we solve is to design a collective coin-flipping protocol that
eventually
lets us flip a coin with an unambiguous outcome. In the beginning, the influence of the Byzantine players is too powerful to overcome, and they can essentially fix the coin’s behavior at will. We guarantee that after just a polynomial number of executions of the coin-flipping protocol, either (a) the Byzantine players fail to fix the behavior of the coin (thereby ending the game) or (b) we can “blacklist” players such that the blacklisting rate for Byzantine players is at least as large as the blacklisting rate for good players. The blacklisting criterion is based on a simple statistical test of
fraud detection
.
Automatic Change Detection in Interwoven Sequences: A Visual Mismatch Negativity Study
Authors: Csikós Nóra , Petro Bela , Kojouharova Petia , Gaál Zsófia Anna , Czigler István 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether the cognitive system, known to be able to register regular visual event sequences and the violation of these sequences automatically, had the capacity of processing two sequences simultaneously. To this end, we measured the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) component of ERPs as interwoven event sequences simultaneously presented to the left and right side of the screen. One of the sequences consisted of geometric patterns (diamonds); the other, photographs of human faces. In successive cycles, parts of the stimuli vanished and then re-appeared (the OFF/ON method). The vanishing parts served as either standard (frequently vanishing parts) or infrequent (deviant) events, but these events were task-irrelevant. The 20 adult participants (age 21.40 ± 2.72 years) performed a visual tracking task, with the OFF/ON task being a passive oddball paradigm. According to the results, both OFF and ON events, and both diamond and face stimuli elicited the vMMN component, showing that the system underlying this activity is capable of processing two event sequences if the sequences consist of fairly different kind of objects as stimuli. The sLORETA analysis showed that the source of vMMN was more frequent contralaterally to the deviant event, and the sources comprised loci from ventral and dorsal structures, as well as some anterior loci.
Effector-independent Representations Guide Sequential Target Selection Biases in Action
Authors: O'Bryan Sean R. , Moher Jeff , McCarthy J. Daniel , Song Joo-Hyun 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Previous work shows that automatic attention biases toward recently selected target features transfer across action and perception and even across different effectors such as the eyes and hands on a trial-by-trial basis. Although these findings suggest a common neural representation of selection history across effectors, the extent to which information about recently selected target features is encoded in overlapping versus distinct brain regions is unknown. Using fMRI and a priming of pop-out task where participants selected unpredictable, uniquely colored targets among homogeneous distractors via reach or saccade, we show that color priming is driven by shared, effector-independent underlying representations of recent selection history. Consistent with previous work, we found that the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) was commonly activated on trials where target colors were switched relative to those where the colors were repeated; however, the dorsal anterior insula exhibited effector-specific activation related to color priming. Via multivoxel cross-classification analyses, we further demonstrate that fine-grained patterns of activity in both IPS and the medial temporal lobe encode information about selection history in an effector-independent manner, such that ROI-specific models trained on activity patterns during reach selection could predict whether a color was repeated or switched on the current trial during saccade selection and vice versa. Remarkably, model generalization performance in IPS and medial temporal lobe also tracked individual differences in behavioral priming sensitivity across both types of action. These results represent a first step to clarify the neural substrates of experience-driven selection biases in contexts that require the coordination of multiple actions.
Ballistic performance of monolithic rubber-ceramic composite armor
Authors: Octavian Jitarasu , Simona Lache 
Published: January 2024

This work presents the research results regarding the ballistic response characteristics of monolithic ceramic armors. Two different configurations of armors are considered for investigation, aiming at identifying ways to increase the ballistic performance of Small Arms Protective Insert (SAPI). The first configuration consists of a monolithic ceramic tile (Al2O3) with a backing plate made of high-performance Kevlar-29 fiber reinforced composite; the second one has the same design as the first, but the monolithic ceramic tile is covered by a thin rubber layer. The impact behavior of the ceramic composite armors is analyzed numerically, using the finite element method. Some characteristic features, including the ballistic performance and the fracture conoid angle (for the ceramic tile) are discussed. The numerical models developed for the two armor configurations are validated by ballistic tests, where the projectile impact on the armors and the mechanical integrity of the armor systems after impact are observed. The results from simulations and experiments show that the Al2O3/Kevlar 29 composite armor is able to capture a 7.62 mm bullet with a striking velocity of 690 m/s and the rubber-ceramic composite armor is able to capture 5.56 × 45 mm bullet M855 (with an armor piercing tip) with an impact velocity of 894 m/s. It has been found that, when a rubber layer is placed on the front face of a ceramic composite armor, better ballistic performance is achieved. The experiments show that, when a rubber material is impacted by a projectile, its behavior at high velocities and high strain rates changes from elastic to brittle.
The International Classification of Headache Disorders: History and future perspectives
Authors: Olesen Jes 
Published: January 2024

Purpose The International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) is universally accepted and forms the basis of headache management and clinical, experimental and pharmacological headache research. The present review summarizes the history of the three different editions of the classification, concentrating on aspects of general interest that are still valid today. Methods The article is based on the memory of the chairperson of three editions of the International Classification and on his notes in the work copies and published scientific classification studies. Results Many of the crucial issues in headache classification are discussed in the review of the different editions. Some have been resolved and some remain unresolved. The 11th edition of the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD) has been developed in close contact with the International Headache Society classification committee and is in fact an abbreviated version of ICHD-3. The principles of the ICHD have also been used by the International Association for Study of Pain in developing a pain classification now included in ICD-11. The many points of discussion of each of the three editions are still relevant for headache experts and all those who care for headache patients. Conclusion Headache classification is a living and developing discipline of research. Here, the gradual expansion and refinement of the classification through 3 different editions are discussed with a view to present day relevance.
Abnormal Wrist Sagittal Kinematics in Gymnasts With Dorsal Wrist Pain: A New Syndrome
Authors: Sekiguchi Takahiro , Saito Shinobu , Ogura Takahiro , Tsuchiya Akihiro , Shiratsuchi Hideaki 
Published: January 2024

Background: The pathology of dorsal wrist pain in gymnasts without abnormal radiographic findings remains unclear. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to identify abnormal wrist sagittal kinematics in gymnasts with dorsal wrist pain. It was hypothesized that gymnasts with dorsal wrist pain would show abnormal sagittal kinematics with reversible hypermobility of the intercarpal joint. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Participants included 19 wrists in male gymnasts with dorsal wrist pain, 18 wrist in male gymnasts without wrist pain, and 20 adult men without a history of wrist pain. Magnetic resonance imaging (T2-weighted sagittal images) findings at 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of wrist extension were used in kinematic analysis. The angles and translations of the radiolunate, capitolunate, and third carpometacarpal joint were measured and compared between the 3 groups. Results: At 90° of wrist extension, gymnasts with dorsal wrist pain had a significantly lower radiolunate joint angle (28.70°± 6.28° vs 36.19°± 7.81°; P = .020) and a significantly higher capitolunate joint angle (57.99°± 6.15° vs 50.50°± 6.98°; P = .004) and distal translation (1.17 ± 0.50 mm vs 0.46 ± 0.62 mm; P = .002) than gymnasts without dorsal wrist pain. Conclusion: Gymnasts with dorsal wrist pain showed abnormal wrist sagittal kinematics. These novel findings may facilitate understanding of dorsal wrist pain, which can be recognized as a new syndrome termed “gymnast’s lunate dyskinesia.”