bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
England's “Black Tribunal“: an Analysis of the Regicide Court
Authors: Sachse William L. 
Published: February 2004

On January 6, 1649 the House of Commons set its seal of approval on the agency by which Charles I would be tried and sentenced to death. By an Act “for erecting of a High Court of Justice for the Trying and Judging of Charles Stuart, King of England,” he was charged with “a wicked design totally to subvert the ancient and fundamental laws and liberties of this nation, and, in their place, to introduce an arbitrary and tyrannical government.” The Commons maintained that they had shown tolerance toward such “high and treasonable offenses.” But the King's persistence in perverse activities — his raising of “new commotions, rebellions and invasions” — had forced them to take the present course. They were determined that no future ruler should “presume traitorously or maliciously to imagine or contrive the enslaving or destroying of the English nation, and to expect impunity for so doing.” The measure designated one hundred and thirty-five persons to try and adjudge the royal defendant.Thus came into being the most extraordinary judicial body to be met with in English history. Certainly, no court has ever been so vigorously disclaimed as to jurisdiction, or so bitterly vilified as to personnel. To the Cavaliers, who had fought for Charles at Marston Moor and Naseby, as well as to the Presbyterians, who had trooped under the banners of Parliament to reshape, but not destroy, the monarchy, the court and its works were anathema.
Politics and Feminism in “Outcast London”: George Lansbury and Jane Cobden's Campaign for the First London County Council
Authors: Schneer Jonathan 
Published: February 2004

This article examines Jane Cobden's campaign for the London County Council (L.C.C.) in 1888–89 and its controversial aftermath. Cobden's effort, a pioneering political venture of British feminism, illuminates late-Victorian concepts of gender. It provides at once an anticipation of, and a distinct contrast to, the militant suffragism of the Edwardian era. In addition, it suggests new ways of thinking about the connection between women's-suffragist and labor politics. Perhaps because the campaign was a comparatively obscure incident when measured against the broad sweep of British political history, however, no scholar has done much more than sketch its bare outline. Hopefully, the fuller depiction provided below will accord it the treatment it really deserves.This article approaches the subject from a tangent, however. Cobden's campaign was a significant if little-known episode not only in the history of British suffragism but also in the life of a man who went on to play a major role in British politics long after the first county council elections had been forgotten. This was George Lansbury, Cobden's political agent during 1888–89 and secretary of the Bow and Bromley Radical and Liberal Federation. Lansbury eventually became one of the main architects of the socialist movement in East London and a chief male supporter of the militant suffragettes during the Edwardian era (in 1912 he temporarily lost his seat in the House of Commons and went to prison on their behalf). He also became a founder and editor of the quintessential “rebel” newspaper, theDaily Herald(which was designated Labour's official organ after Lansbury left it in 1922), a pacifist opponent of World War I, and, from 1931 to 1935, leader of the Labour party itself.
The efficacy low dose of prednisolone in the treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum
Authors: Ziaei Saeideh , Hosseiney Fatima Sadat , Faghihzadeh Soghrate 
Published: February 2004

Background.  To determine whether low dosages of prednisolone are effective in the treatment of outpatients with hyperemesis gravidarum.Methods.  Eighty pregnant women with gestational ages of 6 to 12 weeks and persistent nausea and vomiting participated. The women were assigned by simple randomization to receive prednisolone 5 mg daily or promethazine 75 mg daily by oral route for 10 days. The severity of nausea, frequency of vomiting per day, sickness and the drugs' side‐effects were compared (Fisher's exact test, Mann–Whitney U‐test, Odds Ratio test).Results.  The women who received promethazine responded better in the first 48 h (p = 0.02). With continuation of the treatment, the difference decreased, and one week after completion of the treatment, the subjects who had received prednisolone had less symptoms.Conclusion.  Promethazine reduces the symptoms of hyperemesis gravidarum faster than prednisolone, but during prolonged treatment, prednisolone has at least the same effects on the symptoms and less drug side‐effects.
Eclampsia at a tertiary hospital 1973–99
Authors: Rugarn Olof , Carling Moen Susanne , Berg Göran 
Published: February 2004

Background.  To investigate changes in incidence, patient characteristics, comorbidity and in the care provided in cases of eclampsia at a tertiary hospital during the period 1973–99.Methods.  Thirty‐nine cases were identified through the Swedish National Birth Registry. Incidences and rates regarding patient characteristics and outcomes (duration of intensive care unit surveillance, assisted ventilation, multiple seizures, predefined major complications, perinatal mortality, small for gestational age, and neonatal intensive care surveillance) were compared between the time periods 1973–79, 1980–89 and 1990–99 with trend analysis.Results.  The incidences in the three time periods were 3.0/10 000 births [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1–5.9], 6.2/10 000 births (95% CI 2.7–9.7) and 10.9/10 000 births (95% CI 6.4–15.4), respectively, which constitutes a significant difference according to trend analysis (p = 0.006). There were no differences in patient characteristics or comorbidity. Onset occurred in hospital in 85% of the cases.Conclusions.  The increase in the incidence of eclampsia reported here is contrary to international trends up until the early 1990s. The incidence in 1990–99 is also higher than the reported national incidence in Sweden 1976–80, which was 2.9/10 000 births. Despite successful identification of women at risk for eclampsia and hospital surveillance, several cases were not prevented. Better prognostic tests that identify impending eclampsia are needed to bring the incidence down further.
Acupuncture relieves pelvic and low‐back pain in late pregnancy
Authors: Kvorning Nina , Holmberg Catharina , Grennert Lars , Åberg Anders , Åkeson Jonas 
Published: February 2004

Background.  The study was designed to evaluate the analgesic effect and possible adverse effects of acupuncture for pelvic and low‐back pain during the last trimester of pregnancy.Methods.  Following individual informed consent, 72 pregnant women reporting pelvic or low‐back pain were randomized during pregnancy weeks 24–37 to an acupuncture group (n = 37) or to a control group (n = 35) at three maternity wards in southern Sweden. Traditional acupuncture points and local tender points (TP) were chosen according to individual pain patterns and stimulated once or twice a week until delivery or complete recovery in acupuncture patients. Control patients were given no sham stimulation. Throughout the study period each patient made weekly visual analog scale (VAS) evaluations of maximal and minimal pain intensity as well as three‐point assessments of pain intensity during various activities.Results.  During the study period, VAS scorings of pain intensity decreased over time in 60% of patients in the acupuncture group and in 14% of those in the control group (p < 0.01). At the end of the study period, 43% of the acupuncture patients were less bothered than initially by pain during activity compared with 9% of control patients (p < 0.01). No serious adverse effects of acupuncture were found in the patients, and there were no adverse effects at all in the infants.Conclusion.  Acupuncture relieves low‐back and pelvic pain without serious adverse effects in late pregnancy.
Are sociodemographic and regional and sample factors associated with prevalence of abuse?
Authors: Swahnberg Katarina , Wijma Barbro , Schei Berit , Hilden Malene , Irminger Kirstine , Wingren Gun B. 
Published: February 2004

Background. The aims of the present study were: 1) to estimate the prevalence of emotional, physical and sexual abuse and abuse in the health care system, and 2) to study the associations between prevalence of abuse and sociodemographic and sample variables.Methods. This cross‐sectional study used a validated postal questionnaire in four Swedish samples; patients at three gynecologic clinics with different character and in different regions (n = 2439) and women in one randomized population sample (n = 1168).Results. Any lifetime emotional abuse was reported by 16.8–21.4% of the women; physical abuse by 32.1–37.5%; sexual abuse by 15.9–17.0%; and abuse in the health care system by 14.0–19.7%. For 7–8% abuse had included life threats and 9–20% of all women in the study currently suffered from their experiences of abuse. Most women had not disclosed their background of abuse to the gynecologist.There were differences in sociodemographic variables between the four samples. Generally, in the multivariate analyses we found associations between prevalence of abuse and age, educational level, civil status and occupation, but no consistent association between prevalence of abuse and sample variables.Conclusion. Lifetime prevalence rates of the four kinds of abuse were high in all samples as measured by the NorVold Abuse Questionnaire (NorAQ), and 1/10–1/5 women in the study suffered currently from abusive experiences. In multivariate analyses prevalence of abuse was consistently associated with sociodemographic but not to sample variables.
Does pain relief during delivery decrease the risk of postnatal depression?
Authors: Hiltunen Pauliina , Raudaskoski Tytti , Ebeling Hanna , Moilanen Irma 
Published: February 2004

Background.  To test the hypothesis that sufficient pain relief during delivery decreases the risk of postnatal depression.Methods.  As part of a prospective follow‐up study of the risk factors for postnatal depression and its impact on the mother–infant interaction and child development, 185 parturients filled in the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), first during the first postpartum week and again (n = 162) 4 months later. The incidence and the risk of high EPDS scores was calculated according to the mode of delivery and the mode of pain relief during vaginal delivery, also after adjusting for the length of labor.Results.  Mothers who received epidural/paracervical blockade during their delivery spent less time in the delivery room than mothers in the nitrous oxide/acupuncture group (p = 0.033) or mothers with no pain relief (p = 0.026) and had shorter length of labor than mothers without pain relief (p = 0.04). The adjusted risk of depressive scores at the first postnatal week was decreased in the epidural/paracervical group when compared with no analgesia group (OR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.09–0.72). This difference was not shown at 4 months postpartum. Elective or emergency cesarean section did not increase the risk of high EPDS scores at the first week or at 4 months postpartum.Conclusion.  The mode of pain relief during vaginal delivery seems to be associated with the incidence of postpartum depression, especially immediately after delivery.
Danish obstetricians' personal preference and general attitude to elective cesarean section on maternal request: A nation‐wide postal survey
Authors: Bergholt Thomas , Østberg Birgitte , Legarth Jesper , Weber Tom 
Published: February 2004

Objective.  To assess Danish obstetricians' and gynecologists' personal preference and general attitude towards elective cesarean section on maternal request in uncomplicated single cephalic pregnancies at term.Design.  Nation‐wide anonymous postal questionnaire.Population.  Four hundred and fifty‐five obstetricians and gynecologists identified in the records of the Danish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology from January 2000.Main outcome measures.  Personal preference on the mode of delivery and general attitude towards elective cesarean section on maternal request in an uncomplicated single cephalic pregnancies at term.Results.  Of Danish specialists in obstetrics and gynecology, 1.1% would prefer an elective cesarean section in an uncomplicated pregnancy at 37 weeks of gestation with fetal weight estimation of 3.0 kg. This rose to 22.5% when the fetal weight estimation was 4.5 kg at 37 weeks. The main reasons given for preferring abdominal deliveries was the risk to the fetus, risks of perineal injury, and urinary and anal incontinence.Of Danish specialists in obstetrics and gynecology, 37.6% agreed with a woman's right to have an elective cesarean section on maternal request without any medical indication. Obstetricians and gynecologists who had experienced a noninstrumental vaginal delivery themselves or practiced as a private gynecologist only, were less likely to agree with the woman's right to elective cesarean section on maternal request.Conclusion.  The vast majority of Danish obstetricians and gynecologists would personally prefer vaginal delivery in uncomplicated pregnancies, but nearly 40% agree with the woman's right to request a cesarean section.
Dynamics of selected MHC class I and II molecule expression in the course of HPV positive CIN treatment with the use of human recombinant IFN‐γ
Authors: Sikorski Marek , Bobek Malgorzata , HenryK Zrubek  , Marcinkiewicz Janusz 
Published: February 2004

Background.  Studies consistently reveal downregulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)‐I molecules or/and selective loss of individual MHC‐I alleles and upregulation of MHC‐II molecules in the areas of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and in cervical cancers. In vitro studies demonstrated the interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) potential of MHC class I and II molecule upregulation followed by increased cytolytic response against some cervical cancer cell lines.Aim of the study.  In vivo assessment of the correlation between regression/persistence state of CIN and the IFN‐γ‐induced changes in both class of selected MHC molecule expression.Methods.  Seventeen subjects with CIN I/CIN II associated with high‐risk HPV infection underwent uniform IFN‐γ treatment (four intracervical injections over 2‐day interval for a total dose of 6 000 000 IU). Immunohistochemical staining has been performed within cervical punch biopsy specimens with the use of monoclonal antibody reacting with HLA‐DR, HLA‐HC and HLA‐Bw4, and the mean proportion of given molecules expressing keratinocytes was counted before, immediately after and 2 months after IFN‐γ treatmentResults.  The analysis revealed a rapid and significant increase of the HLA‐Bw4 proportion in response to IFN‐γ, persistent in the group of complete responders (with CIN clearance). No significant changes in the proportion of HLA‐HC 10 positive cells in response to IFN‐γ administration was demonstrated, nor a significant increase in HLA‐DR positivity; however, the transient trend towards increasing the proportion of HLA‐DR immediately after treatment completion was observed.Conclusions.  Upregulation of selected MHC class I allele expression, but not necessary MHC class II or heavy chain fragments of MHC‐I, induced by IFN‐γ correlates with the resolution of cervical intraepithelial lesions and high‐risk HPV DNA clearance in vivo.
Can antepartum computerized cardiotocography predict the evolution of intrapartum acid‐base status in normal fetuses?
Authors: Bellver José , Perales Alfredo , Maiques Vicente , Serra Vicente 
Published: February 2004

Background.  To study the relationship between antepartum computerized cardiotocography (cCTG) and the evolution of intrapartum fetal acid‐base balance in a low‐risk population.Methods.  Forty‐nine healthy fetuses were prospectively followed up by antepartum cCTG (Oxford System 8002), fetal scalp blood sampling at the onset of the active phase of dilatation (3 cm) and at the beginning of the second stage of labor (10 cm) and study of acid‐base status at birth in the umbilical cord. Correlation studies and linear regression analysis were performed.Results.  Normal prelabor cCTG was followed by normal fetal acid‐base balance in the different study periods. No relationship was found between cCTG parameters and the absolute values of fetal acid‐base status. However, the more favorable the antepartum cCTG parameters were, the more favorable the fetal acid‐base evolution during the active phase of dilatation was. In contrast, no significant correlations were found between antepartum cCTG and fetal acid‐base changes during the second stage of labor.Conclusions.  In normal fetuses, a single antepartum cCTG identified correctly fetal well‐being during labor and at birth and was able to predict fetal acid‐base evolution during the active phase of dilatation. However, fetal biochemical changes during the second stage could not be predicted by any antepartum cCTG parameter.
Prevalence of fungi in the vagina, rectum and oral cavity in pregnant diabetic women: relation to gestational age and symptoms
Authors: Nowakowska Dorota , Kurnatowska Alicja , Stray‐Pedersen Babill , Wilczynski Jan 
Published: February 2004

Objectives.  To estimate the prevalence of fungi in the vagina, rectum and oral cavity in pregnant women with diabetes mellitus (DM) type I or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and in healthy controls; to assess the influence of gestational age on the prevalence of fungi; to compare the vaginal symptoms within the groups; and to analyze the multifocality of fungal invasions.Methods.  A total of 251 women were examined: 47 with DM, 72 with GDM and 132 controls. Samples were collected from the vagina, rectum and oral cavity of all women and cultured on Sabouraud media.Results.  Fungi were found in 59.8% in at least one of the three locations in all women. Vaginal mycosis was diagnosed more often (p < 0.001) in pregnancies with DM [40.4%, odds ratio (OR) 4.3, confidence interval (CI) 2.41–4.85] than with GDM (22.2%, OR 1.84, CI 0.99–2.12) and nondiabetics (13.6%, OR 1.0). The risk of trifocal mycosis was higher in DM women (OR 2.7, CI 1.72–4.45), than in the controls. Only in 27.6% of symptomatic women were fungi detected in vagina. However, 60.4% of women with vaginal mycosis had symptoms. Among women without mycosis, 42.4% were symptomatic, and discharge was more common in the DM group (50%) than in the GDM group (21.4%) and the controls (28.1%; p < 0.002). The prevalence of fungi in the groups was not influenced by gestational age.Conclusions.  The risk of vaginal mycoses in DM women is more that four times higher and in pregnancies with GDM nearly two times higher than in controls. The risk of trifocal mycosis in DM women is nearly three times higher than in nondiabetics. There is a poor correlation between symptoms of vaginitis and fungal infection. We did not confirm the influence of the gestational age on the prevalence of fungi.
The techniques of trocar insertion and intraoperative urethrocystoscopy in tension‐free vaginal taping: an experience of 600 cases
Authors: Wang Alex C. 
Published: February 2004

Background.  To determine the frequency of lower urinary tract (LUT) injury for stress incontinent women undergoing the tension‐free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure with or without concomitant procedures.Methods.  Over a period of 5 years, 600 women who had stress urinary incontinence (SUI), with or without pelvic prolapse, consecutively underwent the TVT procedure either with or without concomitant surgery. All study subjects underwent intraoperative transurethral urethrocystoscopy. During the examination 34 (6%) women at high risk of ureteral injury also received intravenous injection of 6 mL of diluted methylene blue to observe the patency and function of the ureter as well as the integrity of the bladder.Results.  The mean patient age was 52.75 years (range 32–76) and mean parity was 2.54 (range 0–6). Of the 600 women, 188 (31.4%) had had previous surgery, 169 (28.2%) had concomitant surgery, and 9 (1.5%) had abnormal urethrocystoscopic findings. These findings included one case each of previously placed suspension sutures, granuloma‐like tissue in the bladder, a delayed dye emission from the ureteric orifice, an adhesive band in the urethra, three cases of perforation of the bladder by the trocar and two cases of an area of thin bladder mucosa. The bladder perforation rate related to the TVT device was 0.8% (5/600).Conclusions.  Based on the data of this 5‐year review, and a high rate of bladder injury (0–25%) reported in the literature, intraoperative urethrocystoscopy is imperative in the TVT procedure, although the rate of bladder injury was only 0.8% in the present study.
Endometrial thickness as an orienting factor for the medical treatment of unruptured tubal pregnancy
Authors: Da Costa Soares Roberto , Elito Júlio , Han Kyung Koo , Camano Luiz 
Published: February 2004

Objectives.  To evaluate the efficacy of the endometrial thickness measurement through transvaginal ultrasound as an orienting factor for the medical treatment of unruptured tubal pregnancy with a single dose of methotrexate in order to select the best cases for the medical treatment.Methods.  A prospective study, in which the largest measurement of endometrial thickness in millimeters was evaluated, along the longitudinal uterine axis, by means of transvaginal ultrasound. A total of 38 patients meeting the inclusion criteria for single‐dose methotrexate treatment [50 mg/m2 intramuscularly (i.m.)] were included in the study. We observed whether there was any difference in mean value of endometrial thickness and initial beta‐human choriongonadotropin levels, between the cases that evolved successfully with the treatment, and those that failed.Results.  The mean value of endometrial thickness and initial beta‐human choriongonadotropin (β‐hCG) levels, for patients evolving successfully with medical treatment (28 cases), were 6.39 mm and 1936.2 mUI/ml, respectively, while the mean values for failures were 11.70 mm and 6831.3 mUI/ml. We carried out statistical analysis using the ‘Student's t‐test', with p < 0.05.Conclusions.  The mean value of endometrial thickness, along the longitudinal uterine axis through transvaginal ultrasound, reflects hormonal action and has been demonstrated to be another important parameter in indicating the medical treatment of an unruptured tubal pregnancy.
Flying Geese In Asia: The Impacts of Japanese MNCs as a Source of Industrial Learning
Authors: Hayter Roger , Edgington David W. 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACTPacific Asia has looked to direct foreign investment (DFI) to achieve economic growth and technological catch‐up, and Japanese multinational corporations (MNCs) have responded massively. This paper evaluates Japanese MNCs as a source of industrial learning and technological transfer in the region, drawing from a large research literature and from the authors’ own surveys of Japanese DFI in the electronics sector. Japan's historic learning‐based approach to industrialisation is captured by the flying geese metaphor of structural transformation. As an explanation of the transfer of technological know‐how from Japan to Pacific Asia, however, the flying geese model is problematical. This paper reflects on the effectiveness, problems and dilemmas of Japanese MNCs in transferring such know‐how to the region from a political economy perspective summarised as a ‘reverse product cycle model’. This model portrays DFI as a ‘bargain’ between Japanese MNCs and host countries, and which becomes more difficult to negotiate as DFI moves from low‐skilled manufacturing to more innovative activities. The bases for this hypothesis relate to the increased complexity of industrial know‐how and the conflicting motivations between MNCs and host countries in early stages of the product life cycle. In practice, however, this ‘bargain’ has developed differently among Asian countries, and we illustrate these differences by comparing the experiences of South Korea, Taiwan and Malaysia.