bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brunswik and Medical Science
Authors: Wigton Robert S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Errors in judgment must occur in the practice of an art which consists largely in balancing probabilities. (Sir William Osler, 1897) (cited in Bean, 1961)SThe more I learn about medicine, the more I am impressed with its probabilistic nature. All diagnoses are uncertain no matter how classic the presenting signs and symptoms. All prognoses are uncertain no matter how effective the treatments. Exposure to agents that “cause” illness may or may not lead to clinical disease, and the manifestations of disease may differ from patient to patient. Although Brunswik’s work is unknown to nearly all physicians, there are striking parallels between what medicine has learned and his views of the causal texture of the environment. The dominant feature of nearly all medical decision making is a healthy dose of irreducible uncertainty, inevitable error, and an abundance of fallible indicators. As an example of the irreducible uncertainty in medicine, consider urinary tract infection, a common and well-studied illness. Medical texts list fifteen to twenty-five clinical findings, tests, and predisposing factors that are common features of urinary tract infection. The test most physicians depend on, the presence of white blood cells on microscopic examination of the urine, explains less than 20 percent of the variance in the diagnosis. The best clinical pre diction rule incorporating all symptoms, findings, and tests leaves 70 percent or more of the variance unexplained. This diagnostic problem also shows how vicarious functioning can be important in actual practice. Patients with urinary tract infection may complain of various symptoms, including painful urination, frequency of urination, small volume of urine, and lower abdominal pain. These symptoms are highly intercorrelated, and physicians must learn not to conclude that more of these symptoms does not mean the diagnosis is more certain.
A Brunswikian Approach to Emotional Communication in Music Performance
Authors: Juslin Patrik N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Music is probably the most widely practiced and appreciated of all art forms. One possible explanation may be that music offers a powerful means of emotional communication. Yet this is one of the least understood aspects of music, at least as far as scientific explanation goes (Juslin, in press b). As a result, emotional aspects of performance have been sadly neglected in music education (Persson, Pratt, & Robson, 1992; Tait, 1992).
Protestants & Pictures Religion, Visual Culture, and the Age of American Mass Production
Authors: Morgan David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this lavishly illustrated book, David Morgan surveys the visual culture that shaped American Protestantism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries--a vast record of images in illustrated bibles, Christian almanacs, children's literature, popular religious books, charts, broadsides, Sunday school cards, illuminated devotional items, tracts, chromos, and engravings. His purpose is to explain the rise of these images, their appearance and subject matter, how they were understood by believers, the uses to which they were put, and what their relation was to technological innovations, commerce, and the cultural politics of Protestantism. His overarching argument is that the role of images in American Protestantism greatly expanded and developed during this period.
The Impact of World War I
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Colonel R. J. Baker was appointed to command Gandhi’ s medical corps on October first, and two weeks later Gandhi was ready to resign. Baker had appointed the “section leaders” of the corps without consulting him, and since Gandhi was “entirely a cripple,” he invited Baker to his room for “a mutual discussion.” The colonel refused, however, to call upon Private Gandhi, or to allow his corps to “elect” its corporals.
The Road Back to Satyagraha
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He drew up a scheme for reactivating the Congress and mobilizing its local committees to serve as volunteers going “from door to door in every town and village” to collect foreign cloth that was to be “publicly burnt” and to take orders for handwoven cloth from every householder. “Picketing foreign cloth shops may be undertaken wherever possible.... All units should from day to day report to the Central Office details of work done.
Prelude to War and Partition
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1935 Government of India Act that had emerged from London’ s three Round Table Conferences enfranchised some thirty-five million Indians, more than half of whom trekked to polling places throughout British India in February of 1937. Congress candidates won 716 seats, capturing majorities in six of British India’ s eleven provincial legislative assemblies. Nehru, whose electrifying air-borne campaign, had led the euphoric Congress party to its stunning victory, ordered all minority parties to “line up!” saying there were only two parties left in India, Congress and the British. Jinnah rejected that argument, insisting that the Muslims represented by his Muslim League, were a “third party.” Then Lord Zetland, the new Tory secretary of state for India, insisted that British provincial governors would all be “obliged,” under the new Constitution, to “safeguard the legitimate interests of the minorities.”
Elite Women
Authors: Pomeroy Sarah B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More specific information is available about royal women than about any other group. It is clear, however, that a historian must not generalize from information about the female kin of kings to women of lesser social status. For example, because of concern about the legitimacy of the succession, only royal women are named in tales of adultery, but the ancient sources often do not distinguish between royal and upper-class women. Many Spartiates had Heraclid blood. Aristotle writes about wealthy women, but only Plutarch gives details about particular wealthy women and they are all members of the royal houses (see below). Furthermore, the Spartiates were an elite, an aristocracy, and women of the upper classes tend to imitate the most elite among them.
Herakles
Authors: Sleigh Tom , Wolff Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Herakles, Euripides reveals with great subtlety and complexity the often brutal underpinnings of our social arrangements. The play enacts a thoroughly contemporary dilemma about the relationship between personal and state violence to civic order. Of all of Euripides’ plays, this is his most skeptically subversive examination of myth, morality, and power. Depicting Herakles slowly going mad by Hera, the wife of Zeus, this play continues to haunt and inspire readers. Hera hates Herakles because he is one of Zeus’ children born of adultery, and in his madness, Herakles is driven to murder his own wife and children and is eventually exiled, by his own accord, to Athens. This new volume includes a fresh translation, an updated introduction, detailed notes on the text, and a thorough glossary.
Philia Relationships and Greek Literature
Authors: Belfiore Elizabeth S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the role of philia relationships in tragedy (sections 3 and 4) and contrasts the importance and prevalence of this pattern in tragedy with its absence or lack of emphasis in epic (section 2). First, however, section 1 contains a brief discussion of philia in Aristotle’s Poetics and of philia relationships in Greek society generally.
A Token of Pain: Betrayal of Xenia in Sophokles’ Philoktetes
Authors: Belfiore Elizabeth S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philia and its betrayals are among the central issues of Sophokles’ Philoktetes. Deserted by his Greek friends, Philoktetes has been left on Lemnos with only his powerful bow, the gift of his friend Herakles, to save him from starvation. When a prophecy reveals that Philoktetes or his bow—or both—are necessary to the conquest of Troy, Odysseus is determined to persuade or trick Philoktetes, who now hates his former friends, into rejoining the Greek army.1 Odysseus persuades Neoptolemos, the son of Philoktetes’ friend Akhilleus, to gain Philoktetes’ confidence (70–71) by pretending to hate the Greeks as much as Philoktetes does (59). After gaining control of the bow by pretending to be Philoktetes’ friend, Neoptolemos is overcome with disgust at his role of false friend. He returns the bow to Philoktetes and proves himself to be a true friend. Although he is unable to persuade Philoktetes to go to Troy, Neoptolemos is willing to sacrifice glory for friendship. The play ends with the appearance ex machina of the deified Herakles, who orders his friend Philoktetes to go to Troy and ratifies the bond of friendship between Neoptolemos and Philoktetes, who will take Troy together, guarding one another like two lions (1436–37).
Sleeping With the Enemy: Euripides’ Andromakhe
Authors: Belfiore Elizabeth S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Andromakhe is one of six exceptional plays (see chapter 1, section 3) in which harm to philoi at first appears to be less central than in most other plays. Menelaos and Hermione threaten Andromakhe and Molossos, who are not blood kin to them, and Orestes is implicated in the murder of Neoptolemos, who is not his kin. Although threats to a suppliant occur in the first part of the play, suppliancy is not the main concern of the play as whole. Xenia does not figure in Andromakhe, nor does spouse murder spouse, as happens in Aiskhylos’s Agamemnon and Sophokles’ Women of Trakhis. Nevertheless, this play, focusing as it does on conflict between the wife and concubine of Neoptolemos, is centrally concerned with violations of philia within the marriage relationship. In the Greek view, the acts it represents are just as dreadful as kin murder and incest.
Nothing But Christ
Authors: Harris Paul William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In general, I refer to the American Board missions and stations by the names used at the time, while I modernize the spelling of place names. Occasionally, this may cause some confusion, as, for example, with the Madura Mission in Madurai, India, or the Aintab Station in Gaziantep, Turkey. I made a few exceptions to the general rule. I refer to the Ahmadnagar Mission, though that is not how it was generally spelled, because the A.B.C.F.M. was not consistent in the way they did spell it. I also use Constantinople and Smyrna for Istanbul and Izmir, respectively, because the older names convey a distinct identity for those cities in the mid–nineteenth century.
Augustine’s Invention of the Inner Self
Authors: Cary Phillip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phillip Cary argues that Augustine invented or created the concept of self as an inner space--as space into which one can enter and in which one can find God. This concept of inwardness, says Cary, has worked its way deeply into the intellectual heritage of the West and many Western individuals have experienced themselves as inner selves. After surveying the idea of inwardness in Augustine’s predecessors, Cary offers a re-examination of Augustine’s own writings, making the controversial point that in his early writings Augustine appears to hold that the human soul is quite literally divine. Cary goes on to contend that the crucial Book 7 of the Confessions is not a historical report of Augustine’s “conversion” experience, but rather an explanation of his intellectual development over time.
Discontinuous Syntax, Hyperbaton in Greek
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The interface between syntax and meaning, both semantic and pragmatic, has emerged as perhaps the richest and most fascinating area of current linguistics theory. This study applies some of these ideas to hyperbaton, offering an original new theory with broad applications for our understanding of Greek syntax. Students of epic will find a fresh perspective on orality in Homer while the general classicist will discover a more precise and explicit framework for the analysis of textual meaning in literary research.
Ojibwe Singers
Authors: Mcnally Michael D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Ojibwe or Anishinaabe are a native American people of the northern Great Lakes region. 19th-century missionaries promoted the singing of evangelical hymns translated into the Ojibwe language as a tool for rooting out their “indianness,” but the Ojibwe have ritualized the singing to make the hymns their own. In this book, McNally relates the history and current practice of Ojibwe hymn singing to explore the broader cultural processes that place ritual resources at the center of so many native struggles to negotiate the confines of colonialism.
The Housemistress at the Door
Authors: Findly Ellison Banks 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been said that within the broad parameters of danadharma (the duty of the gift), “the utmost importance is given to the gift of food.” In the period of the Vedic age in its maturity, the gift of food by the householder, in particular by the householder wife, to renunciant petitioners at the household door is a common feature of the early Indian landscape.
The Fiqh Councilor in North America
Authors: DeLorenzo Yusuf Talal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fatwa is generally understood to be an answer that is given by a scholar, or mufti, to a question on an issue of religious significance, or on a point of religious law. The first fatwa was issued by the Prophet (upon him be peace), and the practice was followed later by his companions and the jurists of succeeding generations. A fatwa differs from the ruling of a qadi (judge) in that the fatwa ruling is essentially an interpretive one, whereas the qadi’s ruling becomes a binding legal judgment. Owing to its interpretative nature, then, the institution of fatwa is closely linked to ijtihad (legal interpretation), though many fatawa (plural of fatwa) are based on naql (precedent) or the ijtihad of others. However, when resort is had to ijtihad for the production of a fatwa, it becomes an effective instrument for addressing innovation and change in society, and thus an essential part of the dynamics that guarantee the continued relevancy of the Shari’a to Muslims of all times and in all places. Finally, as a fatwa is usually not binding, the word mufti is often translated as jurisconsult.
Islamic Humanism
Authors: Goodman Lenn E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is an attempt to explain how, in the face of increasing religious authoritarianism in medieval Islamic civilization, some Muslim thinkers continued to pursue essentially humanistic, rational, and scientific discourses in the quest for knowledge, meaning, and values. Drawing on a wide range of Islamic writings, from love poetry to history to philosophical theology, Goodman shows that medieval Islam was open to individualism, occasional secularism, skepticism, even liberalism.
A History of the Mennonite Conciliation Service, International Conciliation Service, and Christian Peacemaker Teams
Authors: Miller Joseph S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Armistice Day 1918 Wasremembered BY most Americans with pride and joy. The great war was over, and America had triumphed over Germany. But for Mennonite farmer John Schrag and his family, Armistice Day was always remembered with horror. On November 11, 1918, thepatriotic citizens of Burrton, Kansas, decided that it was high time to show their Mennonite neighbor John Schrag that holding to the ancient pacifist faith and practice of his Anabaptist/Mennonite ancestors was not acceptable—not in America.
Five cars full of local men drove out to the Schrag farm. They vandalized the farm and dragged Schrag back to town, where they demanded that he purchase war bonds. He refused because he said it would be the same as serving as a soldier. The mob grew ugly and demanded that Schrag salute the American flag and carry the flag at the head of their Armistice Day parade. Schrag quietly and firmly refused to cooperate.
Journey from Resolution to Transformative Peacebuilding
Authors: Lederach John Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“So, Where Will You Go when the revolution comes?” The question was posed by a middle-aged Angolan activist and university student to a much younger student, the son of a future president of Portugal. It was the kind of dinner-table conversation I heard often in 1976 at the David Living-stone residence located in Brussels, Belgium. In my early twenties, I was doing several years of voluntary service with the Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) in a housing project that brought together some thirty university students from nearly as many countries, mostly from Africa. The residence, as the question and the interaction that ensued indicated, was an exciting mix of cultures, peoples, and perspectives. The only thing we all had in common was our foreign status. For me, it represented the first experience of working with people and conflict internationally.
Rabinal Achi
Authors: Tedlock Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here is one of the most important surviving works of pre-Columbian civilization, Rabinal Achi, a Mayan drama set a century before the arrival of the Spanish, produced by the translator of the best selling Popol Vuh. The first direct translation into English from Quiché Maya, based on the original text, Rabinal Achi is the story of city-states, war, and nobility, of diplomacy, mysticism, and psychic journeys. Cawek of the Forest People has been captured by Man of Rabinal, who serves a ruler named Lord Five Thunder. Cawek is a renegade, a warrior who has inflicted much suffering on Rabinal. Yet he is also the son of the lord of the allied city of Quiché--a noble who once fought alongside Man of Rabinal. The drama presents the confrontation between the two during the trial of Cawek, who defies his captors and proudly accepts death by beheading. Dennis Tedlock’s translation is clear and vivid; more than that, it is rooted in an understanding of how the play is actually performed. Despite being banned for centuries by Spanish authorities, it survived in actual practice, and is still performed in the town of Rabinal today. Tedlock’s photographs and diagrams accompany the text, capturing nuances not apparent in the dialogue alone. He also provides an introduction and commentary that explain the historical events compressed into the play, the Spanish influence on the Mayan dramatic tradition, and the cultural and religious world preserved in this remarkable play. Rabinal Achi ranks as a classic of Mayan literature--and a rare window on a world that had yet to be invaded by Europeans. Dennis Tedlock brings this drama to life in all its richness.
Thinking about Sexual Harassment
Authors: Crouch Margaret A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This illuminating work on one of today’s most provocative issues provides all the necessary information for careful, critical thinking about the concept of sexual harassment. Consisting mainly of two parts, it first traces the construction of the concept of sexual harassment from the original public uses of the term to its definitions in the law, in legal cases, and in empirical research. It then analyzes philosophical definitions of sexual harassment and a number of issues that have arisen in the law, including the reasonable woman standard and whether same-sex harassment should be considered sex discrimination.
The Unity of the Epistemic Virtues
Authors: Goldman Alvin I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the central questions about the moral virtues that preoccupied Socrates concerned the unity of the virtues. Are the several virtues aspects of a single virtue or are they entirely distinct and independent? Socrates himself apparently accepted the doctrine of the unity of the virtues. In this essay I shall explore the tenability of an analogous doctrine for the intellectual, or epistemic, virtues, namely, that the various epistemic virtues are all variations on, or permutations of, a single theme or motif. I am not confident I can make this doctrine stick in full and complete detail, but I want to explore how close one can come in defending its plausibility.
Corning and the Military: Innovation in an Era of Permanent Mobilization
Authors: Graham Margaret B W , Shuldiner Alec T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Technology sharing with its partners in association was vital both to Corning and to the larger war effort that consumed the American economy in the early 1940s. Ironically; the political climate took a sharp turn in this same period, rendering such associations increasingly suspect. In the wake of the Depression, many believed them to be contributors to undue concentration in the economy. For Corning’s leaders World War II thus presented terrible conflicts quite aside from anything encountered on the battlefields. The company and its executives were laboring under a cloud of antitrust accusation that had been stirred up in the late 1930s but had not been resolved.
Toward a More Dialogic Analysis of Social Movement Culture
Authors: Steinberg Marc W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For years now many social movement scholars have been chanting a theme: bring culture back to our analyses. Increasingly, we’ve focused on collective identities, media events, rituals, ideologies, and narratives to understand how culture helps shape organization and action. Despite this array of cultural forms and activities, however, most analysts using the political process and resource mobilization perspectives have fixed their attention on framing. In this chapter, I argue that framing analyses have unduly narrowed our understanding of social movement culture. Most such studies see social movement culture as instrumental, deliberately produced (often by social movement organizations or key activists) to maximize mobilization or influence.
Materialist Feminist Discourse Analysis and Social Movement Research: Mapping the Changing Context for “Community Control”
Authors: Naples Nancy A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do progressive frames achieve wide acceptance and become institutionalized in social practices but lose their critical feminist or progressive intent? Examples of this process can be found throughout feminist praxis, from the transformation of “battered women” into the “battered woman syndrome” to the depoliticization of “sexual harassment” (e.g., Loseke 1992; Walker 1994). My goal in this chapter is to demonstrate the value of a materialist feminist discourse analysis for explicating how social movement frames gain wide appeal but, over time, can lose the progressive formulation that incited their production or can even be used to counter progressive goals. I incorporate discursive, cultural, and structural factors in social movement research (see, e.g., Gamson 1988; McCarthy 1994; Taylor and Whittier 1995: 185; Steinberg 1999b). A materialist feminist approach focuses on the social and political context, subject positions, and power relations through which social movement frames are generated, circulated, and then reinscribed within different discursive and institutional practices (e.g., Landry and Maclean 1993; Ramazanoglu 1993), as well as the shifting discursive fields surrounding the production of specific movement frames (also see Donati 1992).