bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Hall Alastair R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) was first introduced into the econometrics literature by Lars Hansen in 1982. Since then it has been widely applied to analyze economic and financial data. This interest has both stimulated and been facilitated by the development of numerous statistical inference techniques based on GMM estimators. Many of the studies have been published in top economic journals, which is one measure of the importance of the technique. Nearly all the studies have been published since the early 1990s and this testifies to the increasing impact of GMM on empirical analysis in economics.
The Instrumental Variable Estimator in the Linear Regression Model
Authors: Hall Alastair R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the main advantages of GMM is that it can be used to perform inference about the parameters in nonlinear dynamic models. However, as might be anticipated, both nonlinearity and dynamics create a number of technical issues which need to be addressed in the statistical analysis. These issues can obscure the essential structure of the method for those readers less familiar with this type of analysis. Therefore, in this chapter, we introduce the key elements of the GMM framework using the IV estimator in the static linear model. This approach enables us to keep the technical details to a minimum and allows the reader to appreciate more readily the main ideas and intuitions. Those readers already familiar with the basic GMM framework may prefer to pass over this chapter.
GMM Estimation in Misspecified Models
Authors: Hall Alastair R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter establishes the large sample properties of the estimator and its various associated statistics in correctly specified models. In practice, a researcher never knows whether his/her assumptions correspond to the real world, and so it is important to consider the impact of misspecification on the statistical properties derived in Chapter 3. Intuition suggests misspecification has a detrimental effect, and this is borne out by the analysis presented in this chapter. In particular, it is shown that misspecification contaminates inferences about the parameter vector, and this pessimistic conclusion motivates the model specification tests presented in the next chapter. However, there is a secondary purpose to the presentation of a formal analysis of the GMM estimator under misspecification.
Alternative Approximations to Finite Sample Behaviour
Authors: Hall Alastair R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 6, it is seen that the available simulation evidence indicates that the asymptotic theory developed in Chapters 3 and 5 may not provide a good approximation to the finite sample behaviour of the GMM estimator in certain circumstances of interest. The situation can be ameliorated by careful selection of moment conditions, and this motivates the methods described in the previous chapter. However, while the use of such moment selection procedures may lead to an improvement, the overall quality of the asymptotic approximation may still leave something to be desired. Therefore, in this chapter, we consider three alternative methods for approximating the finite sample behaviour of the GMM estimator and its associated statistics.
The I(l) Models and Their Interpretation
Authors: Hansen Peter Reinhard , Johansen Søren 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the main points of SJ is to emphasize that the important aspect of model building is the formulation and analysis of the model, which. include the formulation of economically relevant hypotheses as restrictions on the parameters in the model. This chapter discusses the interpretation of the error correction models, how they are nested, what type of questions we can ask about the coefficients, and what these questions mean. If H(r) is the error correction model with cointegrating rank r we have the relations where R = H l., that is, R is orthogonal to H. The identification problem is formulated for the cointegrating relations in section 5.3, and linear hypotheses on o: are formulated in section 5.4.
Hypothesis Testing for the Long-Run Coefficients β
Authors: Hansen Peter Reinhard , Johansen Søren 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 gives a number of hypotheses on the long-run coefficients and discusses how they can be estimated. A general point of view is that we want to find all the models that can be treated by the same reduced rank regression algorithm based on eigenvalues, so we try as far as possible to reduce the estimation problem to a question of a reduced rank regression. Lemma 7.1 contains a useful result about the number of free parameters in these models which is needed for calculating the degrees of freedom for the various tests. The hypotheses are basically linear restrictions on the cointegrating space and it turns out that these are surprisingly often exactly those that are interesting in the applications. More general linear restrictions are also formulated and estimation and identification are discussed. We also include here an analysis of the data, where the rank is determined and then various tests are performed to investigate economic hypotheses.
Determination of Cointegrating Rank
Authors: Hansen Peter Reinhard , Johansen Søren 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The determination of the cointegrating rank is based upon the trace statistic, and it is shown in Chapter 12 how a procedure adopted from Pantula (1989) serves to produce an estimator of the rank with desirable proper ties. As an example of the results obtained, consider the model without a constant term H2(r).
The Power Function of the Test for Cointegrating Rank under Local Alternatives
Authors: Hansen Peter Reinhard , Johansen Søren 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is shown in this chapter that the power function under local alternatives can be expressed in term of an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. In model H2(r) without deterministic terms the local alternative considered is Various results on the product moments are then derived from this result, and it is shown in Theorem 14.4 that the trace statistic converges under the local alternative to the random variable in which a and b depend on the parameters of the model and the alternative. The exercise extends these results via the companion form to hold for models with more than one lag.
Securities and Trading Strategies
Authors: Nielsen Lars Tyce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This and the following chapter develop the theory of valuation and replication of contingent claims in continuous-time dynamic models, with an emphasis on the case of dynamically complete markets. We focus on the pricing and replication of contingent claims that pay a random payoff at a fixed future point in time but do not pay dividends before that time. Zero-coupon bonds, forward contracts, and European-style options are examples of such claims. They are replicated by self-financing trading strategies.
Gaussian Term Structure Models
Authors: Nielsen Lars Tyce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter studies one-factor Gaussian models of the term structure of interest rates. They are all special cases of the generalized Vasicek model. In the generalized Vasicek model, which is the subject of Section 7.7, the interest rate follows a general one-factor Gaussian process. The model has three time-dependent parameters. It can, in principle, be calibrated so as to be consistent with initially given cross-sectional term structure data. One of the time dependent parameters may be chosen so as to reflect a view of the future standard deviation of the interest rate. The two remaining ones can be chosen so as to fit exactly the initial term structure of forward rates and their standard deviations, or the initial term structure of zero-coupon bond yields and their standard deviations.
Feminist Encounters: Locating the Politics of Experience
Authors: Mohanty Chandra Talpade 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Feminist and anti-racist struggles in the 1990s face some of the same urgent questions encountered in the 1970s. After two decades of engagement in feminist political activism and scholarship in a variety of sociopolitical and geographical locations, questions of difference (sex, race, class, nation), experience and history remain at the centre of feminist analysis. Only, at least in the US academy, feminists no longer have to contend as they did in the 1970s with phallocentric denials of the legitimacy of gender as a category of analysis. Instead, the crucial questions in the 1990s concern the construction, examination and, most significantly, the institutionalization of difference within feminist discourses.
Women Humanists: Education for What?
Authors: Jardine Lisa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Somewhere between 1443 and 1448 the distinguished teacher Lauro Quirini, a former pupil of Guarino Guarini of Verona (1374-1460), addressed a letter of advice to the humanist Isotta Nogarola of Verona. He was responding to a request from her brother for guidance on appropriate reading for an advanced student of the studia humanitatis in the technical disciplines of dialectic and philosophy: Your brother, Leonardo ... asked me some time ago if I would write something to you, seeing that at this time you are devoting extremely zealous study (as he terms it) to dialectic and philosophy.
The Tenth Muse: Gender, Rationality, and the Marketing of Knowledge
Authors: Jed Stephanie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1650, Anne Bradstreefs brother-in-law published her poetry in London under the title The Tenth Muse, Lately Sprung Up in America. In 1657, the volume was annotated in William London’s Catalogue [of] the Most Vendible Books in England ... as “Mrs. Bradstreet. The 10. Muse, a Poem. 80.” In 1668, a volume appeared in Mexico City celebrating and commemorating the completion of the cathedral.
Women on Top
Authors: Davis Natalie Zemon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The female sex was thought the disorderly one par excellence in early modern Europe.”Une beste imparfaicte;’ went one adage,”sans foy, sans loy, sans craincte, sans constance.” Female disorderliness was already seen in the Garden of Eden, when Eve had been the first to yield to the serpent’s temptation and incite Adam to disobey the Lord. To be sure, the men of the lower orders were also believed to be especially prone to riot and seditious unrest.
Witchcraft and Fantasy in Early Modern Germany
Authors: Roper Lyndal 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In January 1669, Anna Ebeler found herself accused of murdering the woman for whom she had worked as a lying-in-maid. The means were a bowl of soup. Instead of restoring the young mother’s strength, the soup, made of malmsey and brandy in place of Rhine wine, had increased her fever. The mother became delirious but, as the watchers at her deathbed claimed, she was of sound mind when she blamed the lying-in-maid for her death. As word spread, other women came forward stating that Ebeler had poisoned their young children too.
Language, Power, and the Law: Women’s Slander Litigation in Early Modern London
Authors: Gowing Laura 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“A married woman perhaps may doubt whether shee bee either none or no more than half a person”: wrote the anonymous author of the first exposition of women’s equivocal legal position, The /awes resolution of womens rights, in 1632. Legally, women’s agency was vested in their husbands: “Women have no voyse in Parliament, they make no lawes, they consent to none, they abrogate none.
Pornography and Grief
Authors: Dworkin Andrea 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I searched for something to say here today quite different from what I am going to say. I wanted to come here militant and proud and angry as hell. But more and more, I find that anger is a pale shadow next to the grief I feel. If a woman has any sense of her own intrinsic worth, seeing pornography in small bits and pieces can bring her to a useful rage. Studying pornography in quantity and depth, as I have been doing for more months than I care to remember, will turn that same woman into a mourner.
Only Words
Authors: MacKinnon Catharine A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Imagine that for hundreds of years your most formative traumas, your daily suffering and pain, the abuse you live through, the terror you live with, are unspeakable-not the basis of literature. You grow up with your father holding you down and covering your mouth so another man can make a horrible searing pain between your legs. When you are older, your husband ties you to the bed and drips hot wax on your nipples and brings in other men to watch and makes you smile through it. Your doctor will not give you drugs he has addicted you to unless you suck his penis.
Suffering and Speech
Authors: Dworkin Andrea 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In these hearings-Minneapolis in 1983 to Massachusetts in 1992-women testify about being hurt in and by pornography. This hurt includes every kind of sexual exploitation and abuse. The hearings are road maps of injury, made graphic through the speech of those who had their legs spread, their hands tied, their mouths gagged. These hearings and the political organizing that went into creating them pushed silence off the women in these pages-they stood up and spoke. But while some legislators listened-and while other hurt women, still silent, hoped-society at large pretty much turned its back on the suffering caused by pornography and refused to consider honorable and equitable remedies. These hearings also contain all the familiar leftist arguments for pornography: it is free speech or free sexuality in a free marketplace of ideas. Only when women’s bodies are being sold for profit do leftists claim to cherish the free market.
Obscenity and the Origins of Modernity, 1500-1800
Authors: Hunt Lynn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pornography still provokes intense debate, but in Western countries it is now generally available to adult consumers and scholars alike. When you make your way to the Reserve Room of the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris, for instance, there are only a few reminders of the secrecy formerly shrouding the famous Collection de l’Enfer. As late as 1992 you still had to fill out a form explaining your ‘precise reason for request’. The asterisk on the front of the form referred you to the back where it said, ‘general or vague terms (“scientific research,” “docu mentation,” “personal research”) will not be accepted.’ When you read those words of warning it is hard not to think of prim, worried librarians trying to keep dirty books out of the hands of the wrong people; most likely aging men in fraying suit jackets who would occupy their seats in search of something other than scholarship. It is a measure of the changing times that no one ever questions your responses any more.
Uses of the Erotic: The Erotic as Power
Authors: Lorde Audre 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are many kinds of power, used and unused, acknowledged or otherwise. The erotic is a resource within each of us that lies in a deeply female and spiritual plane, firmly rooted in the power of our unexpressed or unrecognized feeling. In order to perpetuate itself, every oppression must corrupt or distort those various sources of power within the culture of the oppressed that can provide energy for change. For women, this has meant a suppression of the erotic as a considered source of power and information within our lives.
Newsletter: Sexual Workers from AMSS Introduce a Demand Platform
Authors: Stone’ Association of Women ‘Flowers of 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Demand platform is composed from now on of refiected and organized processes generated by sexual workers in their fight to be recognized as full fiedged citizens.
The former municipal governments directed repressive and discriminatory actions towards sexual workers, who are blamed for the existence of prostitution. With these actions, activists, who by means of direct or indirect challenge to the constant violations to women’s human rights, have been immobilized.
Introduction
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Hofmann Boris 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The macroeconomic implications of asset price fluctuations have received increasing attention in academic and policy circles recently, in large part due to the recent boom–bust bubbles in the equity and now in the housing markets. Most studies in this area have focused on financial asset prices, while the role of house prices has not been explored to the same extent. Over recent years we have tried to fill this gap by investigating the role of asset prices, especially house prices, for various aspects of the macroeconomy. In this book we bring together the outcome of this research.
Goods and Asset Price Deflations
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Hofmann Boris 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Deflation ought not to be a serious monetary problem; yet it has apparently become so (Bernanke 2003). Deflation should be most likely to occur under a commodity money regime, e.g. the gold standard, when it will reflect the relative shortage of the monetary base commodity vis-à-vis all other commodities. Ceteris paribus, one might expect a roughly equal probability of comparative surpluses and deficits in the monetary base commodity, and during the gold standard century before 1914 there were roughly an equal number of years of price declines and increases. In the UK, for example, between 1815 and 1913 (using the Overall Index from the Rousseaux Price Indices, Mitchell 1962: 471–3), there were 41 years in which prices rose, 45 years of price declines and 13 years of no change; and from 1873 to 1913 there were 16 years of rising prices, 17 years of falling prices and 8 years of no significant change.
Bank Regulation and Macroeconomic Fluctuations
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Hofmann Boris 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Macroeconomic cycles have been changing in recent decades, since the end of the Bretton Woods system, and now involve more asset price volatility (boom–bust cycles) and financial fragility. In the face of more frequent banking crises, regulators have moved to reinforce individual bank capital adequacy ratios, for example through the Basel I and II Accords. But bank regulation is inherently procyclical; it bites in downturns, but fails to restrain in booms. The more ‘sophisticated’ and ‘risk-sensitive’ the regulation, the greater the scope for procyclicality to become a problem, particularly in view of the changing nature of macroeconomic cycles. The main purpose of this chapter is to explore this nexus, and the policy problems thereby generated.
Default, Credit Growth and Asset Prices
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Hofmann Boris 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The analytical relationships between financial markets for defaultible financial assets and the real economy remain obscure. This is, perhaps, because the maintained assumption in most macroeconomic theoretical models is that all agents always pay their debts (with probability 1). This then implies that all agents can borrow (lend) an indefinite amount (to maximize their intertemporal utility) at the risk-free rate. So there is consequently no need for financial intermediaries, and there is only one market (for the risk-free asset), where—in such models—the interest rate is, in most cases, set by the reaction function of a central bank, inter- acting with the expectations of the private sector. Woodford (2003) is the canonical example, in which there are no commercial banks (or any other intermediary), no default and only one financial market.
Trade, Growth, and Inequality
Authors: Bliss Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Combining the fields of international trade theory, economic development, and economic growth, this text provides an advanced exposition suitable for graduate students as well as researchers at all levels. It combines mathematical rigour with an exceptional breadth of approaches, including institutions, history, and comparative economics. Existing research is exposited and evaluated, and numerous new results are included. The central themes of economic inequality, within and between nations, are discussed, as is convergence, or the reduction of inequality. Distinctive features of the volume include a radical re-evaluation of the theoretical basis of the economic convergence model proposed by Barro and Sala-i-Martin, a new generalization of the standard HOS model, and a new concept, the economic environment, designed to model the effects of institutions in a more analytical and micro-founded manner is discussed. Uniquely, the real world examples included focus not only on countries participating fully in globalized trade, like China, but also those countries and regions failing to fully participate, specifically the Arab world and sub-Saharan Africa. The text concludes with a discussion of current issues in world economic governance, particularly the IMF and limitations of the Washington consensus, showing that some criticism fails to confront fundamental difficulties.
Trade in an Unequal World
Authors: Bliss Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Because this book has been several years in the writing, I have been asked by friends and colleagues on many occasions: what is your book about? My usual reply has been: you can have the short answer, that takes a few seconds; or, if you have an hour, the long answer. It was always the short answer that was requested. In that case I said: ‘My book is about globalization, although I do not like that term.’ My dislike of the term globalization is not simply a snobbish disdain for a word that is currently on many lips. Neither is my aversion to the word to be explained by the opinion that it means nothing. On the contrary, globalization means too much. It is an all-embracing term for several things that are happening in the contempory world.
High-Dimension Models1
Authors: Bliss Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With three or more factors of production it is certainly not necessary that the result of trade is to make the ratios of factor prices in the respective countries more closely approach unity. Some may do so, but others may diverge depending upon complicated patterns of complementarity and competitiveness. (Stolper and Samuelson 1941-2: 72) In Chapter 5 we saw how the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson trade model (HOS for short) has retained its popularity and usefulness for analysing international trade. It has sometimes seemed necessary to adapt it for such application; the work of Paul Krugman and Adrian Wood provides leading examples of how that might be done. See Krugman and Lawrence (1993) and Wood (1994). The analysis of Chapter 5 indicates that some generalizations of HOS are readily available.
Institutions, Failing States, and Corruption
Authors: Bliss Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The following story is related by the great Islamic historian Ibn Khaldun: The philosopher Ibn Baja happened to recite at an Andalusian court a poem which made its ruler so enthusiastic that he vowed that Ibn Baja should go home walking on gold. Ibn Baja found himself in a predicament: to refuse or accept the gift was equally dangerous. To refuse would offend and anger, while to accept would make Ibn Baja so rich that his life might henceforth be at risk. Ibn Baja resolved the dilemma by begging for two pieces of gold which he proceeded to insert one in each shoe, and so walked home literally on gold, thus making the ruler’s vow come true, and yet preserving himself from the perils of great wealth. (quoted by Kedouri 1992: 13–14) In its way this tale depicts the concept of an economic environment. Ibn Baja’s decision viewed as a maximization problem is trivial.