bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iliopsoas abscesses
Authors: Mallick I H , Thoufeeq M H , Rajendran T P 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Iliopsoas abscess is a relatively uncommon condition that can present with vague clinical features. Its insidious onset and occult characteristics can cause diagnostic delays, resulting in high mortality and morbidity. The epidemiology, aetiology, clinical features, and management of iliopsoas abscess are discussed.
Compensatory Vascular Remodeling During Atherosclerotic Lesion Growth Depends on Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Activity
Authors: Lessner Susan M. , Martinson Deborah E. , Galis Zorina S. 
Published: August 2004

Objective—The compensatory arterial remodeling associated with atherosclerotic plaques is thought to rely on the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). To assess the role of MMP-9, we analyzed the effect of MMP-9 genetic deficiency on the development and remodeling of experimental atherosclerotic lesions induced in the apolipoprotein E (apoE) knockout (−/−) mouse model.Methods and Results—We analyzed remodeling parameters and cellular composition of experimental carotid artery atherosclerotic lesions in apoE−/− and apoE−/− MMP-9−/− double-knockout (DKO) mice at 0, 3, 7, and 14 days after induction by flow cessation. Morphometric image analysis of arterial tissue sections indicated that overall artery size, measured as area encompassed by the external elastic lamina, increased 3.1-fold in the apoE−/− mice but only 1.6-fold in the DKO mice (P<0.0001) by 14 days. At the same time, the net lesion area occupied by macrophages was similar. Statistical analysis indicated that the overall expansion of the artery was 2.5-fold less sensitive to macrophage content in DKO compared with apoE−/− mice. No compensatory increase in other gelatinolytic activities was detected in the DKO.Conclusions—MMP-9 deficiency significantly impaired compensatory vessel enlargement during carotid artery lesion development in the apoE−/− mouse, without altering macrophage content of lesions.
C-Reactive Protein, Fibrin D-Dimer, and Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: Lowe G.D.O. , Sweetnam P.M. , Yarnell J.W.G. , Rumley A. , Rumley C. , Bainton D. , Ben-Shlomo Y. 
Published: August 2004

Background—There is increasing interest in the predictive value of C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrin D-dimer in the prediction of ischemic heart disease (IHD). We assessed their joint and independent associations with IHD in a large combined analysis of 2 population cohorts.Methods and Results—Men aged 49 to 66 years from the general populations of Caerphilly and Speedwell were studied between 1982 and 1988 and re-examined for new IHD events at fixed intervals of ≈105 months (Caerphilly) and 75 months (Speedwell). 3213 men had CRP and D-dimer measured at baseline and 351 (11%) had a new IHD event. Mean levels of CRP and D-dimer were significantly higher among men in whom IHD developed. The relative odds of IHD in men in the top 20% of the distribution of CRP was 2.97 (95% CI, 2.04, 4.32) and for D-dimer was 2.40 (95% CI, 1.69, 3.40); CRP and D-dimer had additive effects on risk of IHD. Multivariate analysis reduced the size of the relative odds, which remained significant for D-dimer.Conclusions—Both inflammatory and thrombogenic markers are important (and potentially additive) predictors of coronary risk.
Culture Contact and Valuation: Early German Buddhists and the Creation of a ‘Buddhism in Protestant Shape’
Authors: Baumann Martin 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis paper handles the question concerning the factors that control the degree of adaptability of a transplanted religion spread in a culturally alien context. It will be argued that the assumed superiority of both one's religion and one's culture are decisive factors for the willingness to adapt or to refuse adaptation. The theoretical issues will be illustrated by the adoption of Buddhism by its early German followers. Thus, the paper gives a brief survey of the historical development of the adoption of Buddhism in Germany. Characteristics of the early phases will be outlined as well as the state of affairs of Buddhism in Germany in the 1990's. Most remarkable is Buddhism's rapid growth which increased the number of Buddhist centres and groups fivefold since the mid 1970's.On the basis of this historic description a particular line of interpreting Buddhist teachings, that of a rational understanding, is outlined. The analysis of this adoption of Buddhism seeks to show that early German Buddhists interpreted and moulded Buddhist teachings in such a way as to present it as being in high conformity with Western morals and culture. This high degree of adapting Buddhist teachings led to an interpretation which can be characterized as a ‘Buddhism in Protestant shape.’ Buddhism was used as a means of protest against the dominant religion, that of Christianity, but at the same time its proponents took over many forms and characteristics of the religion criticized most heavily.
The Iconoclasm of Obeisance: Protestant Images of Chinese Religion and the Catholic Church
Authors: Reinders Eric 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWestern studies of Buddhism emphasize doctrine and meditation, but almost completely ignore devotional practice. Yet, obeisance to Buddha is the primary religious practice of the majority of Asian Buddhists. To account for this disparity, I explore the history of Protestant attitudes towards bowing. In English and German anti-Catholic polemics (and Catholic responses), Chinese and Catholic obeisance are conflated, the lowness of their prostrations emphasized, in contrast to the erectness of Protestant posture in worship. I survey two important encyclopedias of religion (Hastings' of 1914 and Eliade's of 1987), and the work of one of the founders of Sociology, Herbert Spencer, to show the persistance of these perspectives on obeisance.Eighteenth and nineteenth-century Protestants worked to challenge the Jesuit representation of China as enlightened and originally monotheistic. Chinese religiosity was depicted as passive, lazy, infantile, and mindless, lacking any coherent doctrinal system. At times, the Protestant narrative of Christian history (from original pure community to institutional degeneration into idolatry) was superimposed on Chinese history. Obeisance itself was taken as sufficient proof of idolatry, the deceptive “holy mummeries” of Chinese/Catholic ritual.These tensions came to a head when King George III of England sent Lord Macartney to have an audience with emperor Qianlong of China, and Macartney refused to bow. A brief analysis of this well-documented mission reveals the confluence of religious, political, bodily, and gender dimensions. Recent treatments of that mission have missed the Protestant/Catholic dimensions of the issue.Finally I suggest possible extentions of the theoretical concerns of this paper.
Histology of the Torn Meniscus: A Comparison of Histologic Differences in Meniscal Tissue between Tears in Anterior Cruciate LigamentIntact and Anterior Cruciate LigamentDeficient Knees
Authors: Meister Keith , Indelicato Peter A. , Spanier Suzanne , Franklin John , Batts Joel 
Published: August 2004

Purpose The purpose of this case control study was to evaluate possible preexisting structural differences between torn menisci in anterior cruciate ligament–intact and anterior cruciate ligament–deficient knees. Materials and Methods Subjects were prospectively enrolled into the study from new patient referrals to the orthopaedic clinic. Forty-four meniscal specimens were retrieved during routine arthroscopy. The anterior cruciate ligament–deficient group included 24 patients (15 men and 9 women, average age of 26.5 years, SD = 9.5) with 24 acute, displaced, longitudinal, bucket-handle tears of the medial meniscus in unstable, anterior cruciate ligament–deficient knees. The anterior cruciate ligament–intact group included 20 patients (14 men and 6 women, average age of 30.4 years, SD = 13.4) with similar tears in anterior cruciate ligament–intact knees. Longitudinal and transverse section specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and safranin O, divided into zones based on proximity to the tear, and graded on safranin O uptake or tissue composition. Results Descriptive statistics and χ2 analyses were used to assess differences between groups within each zone. Significant differences (P < .05) were observed between anterior cruciate ligament–deficient and anterior cruciate ligament–intact specimens stained with hematoxylin and eosin in zone 3 for both transverse and longitudinal cuts. Significant differences were not found between anterior cruciate ligament–deficient and anterior cruciate ligament–intact specimens stained with safranin O. Conclusion Longitudinal meniscal tears occurring in anterior cruciate ligament–intact knees may result from early degenerative disease processes. Attempted repair of this diseased tissue may fail to have a positive effect on long-term preservation of the meniscus.
Differential regulation of P-selectin ligand expression in naive versus memory CD4+ T cells: evidence for epigenetic regulation of involved glycosyltransferase genes
Authors: Syrbe Uta , Jennrich Silke , Schottelius Arndt , Richter Anne , Radbruch Andreas , Hamann Alf 
Published: August 2004

AbstractLymphocytes are targeted to inflamed sites by specific “homing” and chemokine receptors. Most of them, including ligands for P- and E-selectin, are absent from naive CD4+ T cells and become induced after activation and differentiation in effector/memory cells. Polarized effector cells are characterized by the rapid production of distinct cytokines upon restimulation. Their cytokine memory is in part controlled by epigenetic imprinting during differentiation. Here we ask whether a similar mechanism could regulate selectin ligand expression, mediating entry into inflamed sites, notably within the skin. We report that acquisition of selectin ligands by naive but not memory CD4+ cells depends on progression through the G1/S phase of the cell cycle—a phase susceptible to modification of the chromatin structure. Cell-cycle arrest prevented transcriptional activation of glycosyltransferases involved in the generation of selectin ligands, suggesting that progression through the cell cycle is required to unlock their genes. Artificial DNA demethylation strongly increased the frequency of selectin ligand-expressing cells, suggesting that DNA methylation keeps transferase genes inaccessible in naive T cells. Due to these findings we propose that selectin-dependent inflammation-seeking properties are imprinted by epigenetic modifications upon T-cell differentiation into effector cells.
Distinct types of primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling
Authors: Hoefnagel Juliette J. , Dijkman Remco , Basso Katia , Jansen Patty M. , Hallermann Christian , Willemze Rein , Tensen Cornelis P. , Vermeer Maarten H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) classification 2 types of primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphoma (PCLBCL) are distinguished: primary cutaneous follicle center cell lymphomas (PCFCCL) and PCLBCL of the leg (PCLBCL-leg). Distinction between both groups is considered important because of differences in prognosis (5-year survival &gt; 95% and 52%, respectively) and the first choice of treatment (radiotherapy or systemic chemotherapy, respectively), but is not generally accepted. To establish a molecular basis for this subdivision in the EORTC classification, we investigated the gene expression profiles of 21 PCLBCLs by oligonucleotide microarray analysis. Hierarchical clustering based on a B-cell signature (7450 genes) classified PCLBCL into 2 distinct subgroups consisting of, respectively, 8 PCFCCLs and 13 PCLBCLsleg. PCLBCLs-leg showed increased expression of genes associated with cell proliferation; the proto-oncogenes Pim-1, Pim-2, and c-Myc; and the transcription factors Mum1/IRF4 and Oct-2. In the group of PCFCCL high expression of SPINK2 was observed. Further analysis suggested that PCFCCLs and PCLBCLs-leg have expression profiles similar to that of germinal center B-cell–like and activated B-cell–like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, respectively. The results of this study suggest that different pathogenetic mechanisms are involved in the development of PCFCCLs and PCLBCLs-leg and provide molecular support for the subdivision used in the EORTC classification.
Adoptive immunotherapy of BCR-ABL–induced chronic myeloid leukemia–like myeloproliferative disease in a murine model
Authors: Krause Daniela S. , Van Etten Richard A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDonor leukocyte infusion (DLI) can induce graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) reactions in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) relapsing after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), but the mechanisms of the antileukemic effect of DLI are unknown, and the procedure is complicated by graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and graft failure. Here, we adapted a murine retroviral BMT model of Philadelphia+ leukemia by combining allogeneic bone marrow (BM) from C57Bl/6 (H-2b) mice with BCR-ABL–transduced Balb/c (H-2d) BM, inducing mixed chimerism and myeloproliferative disease in recipients resembling relapse of CML following allogeneic BMT. Infusions of allogeneic splenocytes eliminated BCR-ABL–induced CML-like disease in the majority of mixed chimeras, with significant GvL effects mediated by both CD4+ and CD4- cells. BCR-ABL–induced acute B-lymphoblastic leukemia was also eradicated by DLI in major histocompatibility complex (MHC)–mismatched chimeras. Most DLI-treated mice converted to full allogeneic chimerism but succumbed frequently to GvHD or graft failure. When MHC-matched B10.D2 (H-2d) mice were the allogeneic donors, CML-like disease was more resistant to DLI. These results suggest that depletion of CD8+ cells from DLI could impair GvL against CML, while increased MHC disparity between donor and recipient may improve the responsiveness of Philadelphia+ B-lymphoblastic leukemia to DLI.
Design, implementation and evaluation of a practical pseudoknot folding algorithm based on thermodynamics
Authors: Reeder Jens , Giegerich Robert 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Background
The general problem of RNA secondary structure prediction under the widely used thermodynamic model is known to be NP-complete when the structures considered include arbitrary pseudoknots. For restricted classes of pseudoknots, several polynomial time algorithms have been designed, where the O(n6)time and O(n4) space algorithm by Rivas and Eddy is currently the best available program.

Results
We introduce the class of canonical simple recursive pseudoknots and present an algorithm that requires O(n4) time and O(n2) space to predict the energetically optimal structure of an RNA sequence, possible containing such pseudoknots. Evaluation against a large collection of known pseudoknotted structures shows the adequacy of the canonization approach and our algorithm.

Conclusions
RNA pseudoknots of medium size can now be predicted reliably as well as efficiently by the new algorithm.
P2 receptor mRNA expression profiles in human lymphocytes, monocytes and CD34+ stem and progenitor cells
Authors: Wang Lingwei , Jacobsen Sten Eirik W , Bengtsson Anders , Erlinge David 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Background
Extracellular nucleotides (ATP, ADP, UTP and UDP) exert a wide range of biological effects in blood cells mediated by multiple ionotropic P2X receptors and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors. Although pharmacological experiments have suggested the presence of several P2 receptor subtypes on monocytes and lymphocytes, some results are contradictory. Few physiological functions have been firmly established to a specific receptor subtype, partly because of a lack of truly selective agonists and antagonists. This stimulated us to investigate the expression of P2X and P2Y receptors in human lymphocytes and monocytes with a newly established quantitative mRNA assay for P2 receptors. In addition, we describe for the first time the expression of P2 receptors in CD34+ stem and progenitor cells implicating a potential role of P2 receptors in hematopoietic lineage and progenitor/stem cell function.

Results
Using a quantitative mRNA assay, we assessed the hypothesis that there are specific P2 receptor profiles in inflammatory cells. The P2X4 receptor had the highest expression in lymphocytes and monocytes. Among the P2Y receptors, P2Y12 and P2Y2 had highest expression in lymphocytes, while the P2Y2 and P2Y13 had highest expression in monocytes. Several P2 receptors were expressed (P2Y2, P2Y1, P2Y12, P2Y13, P2Y11, P2X1, P2X4) in CD34+ stem and progenitor cells.

Conclusions
The most interesting findings were the high mRNA expression of P2Y12 receptors in lymphocytes potentially explaining the anti-inflammatory effects of clopidogrel, P2Y13 receptors in monocytes and a previously unrecognised expression of P2X4 in lymphocytes and monocytes. In addition, for the first time P2 receptor mRNA expression patterns was studied in CD34+ stem and progenitor cells. Several P2 receptors were expressed (P2Y2, P2Y1, P2Y12, P2Y13, P2Y11, P2X1, P2X4), indicating a role in differentiation and proliferation. Thus, it is possible that specific antibodies to P2 receptors could be used to identify progenitors for monocytes, lymphocytes and megakaryocytes.
Elevated expression of MMP-13 and TIMP-1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas may reflect increased tumor invasiveness
Authors: Culhaci Nil , Metin Kubilay , Copcu Eray , Dikicioglu Emel 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Background
Matrix metalloproteinases [MMPs], which degrade the extracellular matrix, play an important role in the invasion and metastasis of squamous cell carcinomas. One MMP, MMP-13, is thought to play a central role in MMP activation. The purpose of this study was to investigate MMP-13 and TIMP-1 expression in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck and to relate these levels of expression to histologic patterns of invasion.

Methods
This study included T1 lesions obtained via biopsy from the larynx, tongue, and skin/mucosa of 78 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. The relationship between expression of MMP-13 and TIMP-1 and the mode of tumor invasion [MI] was evaluated immunohistochemically, using breast carcinoma tissue as a positive control.

Results
Increased expression was observed in highly invasive tumors, as reflected by the significant correlation between the degree of staining for MMP-13 or TIMP-1 and MI grade [p < 0.05]. There was no significant relationship between the degree of staining for MMP-13 or TIMP-1 and patient age, sex, tumor site, or tumor histologic grade. In addition, levels of staining for MMP-13 did not correlate with levels of staining for TIMP-1.

Conclusion
The expression of MMP-13 and TIMP-1 appears to play an important role in determining the invasive capacity of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Whereas additional studies are needed to confirm these findings, evaluating expression of these MMPs in small biopsy samples may be useful in determining the invasive capacity of these tumors at an earlier stage.
Corneal topographic changes following retinal surgery
Authors: Sinha Rajesh , Sharma Namrata , Verma Lalit , Pandey RM , Vajpayee Rasik B 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Background
To study the effect of retinal/ vitreoretinal surgeries on corneal elevations.

Methods
Patients who underwent retinal/ vitreoretinal surgeries were divided into 3 groups. Scleral buckling was performed in 11 eyes (Group 1). In 8 (25%) eyes, vitreoretinal surgery was performed along with scleral buckling (Group 2). In 12 eyes, pars plana vitrectomy was performed for vitreous hemorrhage (Group 3). An encircling element was used in all the eyes. The parameters evaluated were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), change in axial length, and corneal topographic changes on Orbscan topography system II, preoperative and at 12 weeks following surgery.

Results
There was a statistically significant increase in anterior corneal elevation in all the three groups after surgery (p = 0.003, p = 0.008 & p = 0.003 respectively). The increase in posterior corneal elevation was highly significant in all the three groups after surgery (p = 0.0000, p = 0.0001 & p = 0.0001 respectively). The increase in the posterior corneal elevation was more than the increase in the anterior elevation and was significant statistically in all the three groups (group I: p = 0.02; group II: p = 0.01; group III: p = 0.008).

Conclusions
Retinal/ vitreoretinal surgeries cause a significant increase in the corneal elevations and have a greater effect on the posterior corneal surface.
Fitness benefits of trypsin proteinase inhibitor expression in Nicotiana attenuata are greater than their costs when plants are attacked.
Authors: Zavala Jorge A , Baldwin Ian T 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Background
The commonly invoked cost-benefit paradigm, central to most of functional biology, explains why one phenotype cannot be optimally fit in all environments; yet it is rarely tested. Trypsin proteinase inhibitors (TPIs) expression in Nicotiana attenuata is known to decrease plant fitness when plants compete with unattacked conspecifics that do not produce TPIs and also to decrease the performance of attacking herbivores.

Results
In order to determine whether the putative benefits of TPI production outweigh its cost, we transformed N. attenuata to silence endogenous TPI production or restore it in a natural mutant that was unable to produce TPIs. We compared the lifetime seed production of N. attenuata genotypes of the same genetic background with low or no TPI to that of genotypes with high TPI levels on which M. sexta larvae were allowed to feed freely. Unattacked low TPI-producing genotypes produced more seed capsules than did plants with high TPI levels. Caterpillar attack reduced seed capsule production in all genotypes and reversed the pattern of seed capsule production among genotypes. M. sexta larvae attacking genotypes with high TPI activity consumed more TPI, less protein, and move later to the young leaves. Larval masses were negatively correlated (R2 = 0.56) with seed capsule production per plant.

Conclusions
Our results demonstrate that the fitness benefits of TPI production outweigh their costs in greenhouse conditions, when plants are attacked and that despite the ongoing evolutionary interactions between plant and herbivore, TPI-mediated decreases in M. sexta performance translates into a fitness benefit for the plant.