bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of threat and exploitation status in North‐East Atlantic marine populations
Authors: DULVY NICHOLAS K. , JENNINGS SIMON , GOODWIN NICHOLAS B. , GRANT ALASTAIR , REYNOLDS JOHN D. 
Published: September 2005

Summary

Threat listing of exploited marine species has been controversial because of the scientific uncertainty of extinction risk as well as the social, economic and political costs of management procedures that may be triggered by designation of species as threatened.
We applied three sets of threat criteria to 76 stocks (populations) of 21 exploited marine fish and invertebrate species. Two criteria sets were based on decline rates: World Conservation Union (IUCN A1) and the American Fisheries Society (AFS). The third set of criteria, based on population viability (IUCN E), was assessed using non‐parametric simulation and two diffusion approximation methods.
We compared extinction risk outcomes (threatened or not) against the exploitation status of each stock as reported in fish stock assessments (inside or outside safe biological limits). For each combination of threat and exploitation we assessed the rate of hits, misses and false alarms.
Our analyses suggest that decline rate criteria provide risk categorizations consistent with population viability analyses when applied to exploited marine stocks. Nearly a quarter of the fish and invertebrate populations (n = 18) considered met one or more of the threat criteria.
None of the threat metrics produced false alarms, where sustainably exploited stocks were categorized as threatened. The quantitative IUCN E metrics produced higher hit rates than the decline rate metrics (IUCN A1 and AFS) and all of the metrics produced similar miss rates. However, the IUCN E methods could be applied to fewer stocks (12–14) compared with IUCN A1 decline rate and AFS criteria, both of which could be applied all 76 stocks.
Synthesis and applications. Threat criteria provide warnings of population collapse that are consistent with those provided in fisheries stock assessments. Our results suggest that scientists with different backgrounds and objectives should usually be able to agree on the stocks for which the most urgent management action is needed. Moreover, IUCN A1 decline rate metrics may provide useful indicators of population status when the information needed for full fisheries stock assessment is not available.
Habitat‐specific fishing revealed distinct indicator species in German lowland lake fish communities
Authors: DIEKMANN MARKUS , BRÄMICK UWE , LEMCKE ROLAND , MEHNER THOMAS 
Published: September 2005

Summary

With the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive, the need for studies on European lake fish communities has increased to include lake type‐specific fish community features. Although several standardized fish sampling methodologies are available, most previous fish community studies lack a simultaneous consideration of the littoral, benthic and pelagic habitats of lakes.
To compare habitat‐specific fish communities, we sampled 67 lakes in the north‐eastern German lowlands using Norden multimesh gillnets in the benthic and pelagic habitats, and electrofishing in the littoral zone.
Standardized catches and diversity of the fish community differed among the three habitats sampled. Species richness and Shannon diversity were higher in benthic and littoral habitats compared with pelagic habitats. Overall, the benthic habitat had the most homogeneous catches and contained the most diverse fish community.
Cluster analysis and subsequent indicator value analyses produced substantially different optimum cluster numbers for the three habitat‐specific fish communities. Based on the significant differences in fish community composition among the habitats, a simultaneous consideration of numerical fish catches from all habitats was performed using standardized fish abundances.
The cluster analysis of the combined abundances resulted in three groups of lakes that were indicated by three fish species. Morphological descriptors (volume, area, maximum depth, mean depth) and descriptors related to the trophic situation (conductivity, total phosphorus) clearly distinguished the three lake groups.
All three habitats showed distinct characteristics with respect to either species diversity or relative species’ abundances. Our results do not support a conceptual model for all lakes of a gradual succession of fish communities as a result of eutrophication.
Synthesis and applications. Only simultaneous consideration of all lake habitats will fulfil the requirements of the Water Framework Directive for evaluating the ecological integrity of lakes. A pre‐separation into at least two community types according to lake morphology is necessary before the deviation of the present fish community relative to a reference state can be determined.
Non‐lethal control of wildlife: using chemical repellents as feeding deterrents for the European badger Meles meles
Authors: BAKER SANDRA E. , ELLWOOD STEPHEN A. , WATKINS RICHARD , MACDONALD DAVID W. 
Published: September 2005

Summary

Non‐lethal methods of controlling wildlife foraging damage may offer conservation, ethical, legal and efficacy advantages over lethal control. Chemical repellents present a potential non‐lethal approach, but have not been adequately researched in natural environments. Many previous studies have been poorly designed and a lack of data on individual behavioural responses has limited the practical development of repellents. We aimed to identify effective repellents for resolving feeding conflict with wild mammals, using European badgers Meles meles as models.
We tested the relative efficacy of capsaicin, cinnamamide and ziram, in a multichoice paradigm, using remote video‐surveillance to obtain detailed behavioural observations of known free‐ranging individuals. Treatment nights were alternated with control nights over 56 nights.
Badgers discriminated precisely between the four treatments, demonstrating a clear preference for untreated baits, followed by cinnamamide and capsaicin (in no particular order) and then ziram.
All untreated baits, and baits treated with capsaicin or cinnamamide, were eaten throughout the trial.
Ziram baits were fully consumed on treatment nights 1 and 2. Ziram consumption then declined to zero between treatment nights 3 and 9, this coinciding with a sharp rise in bait patch rejection. This ‘learning curve’ peaked at treatment night 7. We conclude that badgers developed conditioned taste aversion towards ziram‐treated baits at this point. Ziram bait consumption was practically zero over the last 20 treatment nights (40 trial nights) and individuals avoided ziram baits, without sampling, for the last 12–22 treatment nights (24–44 trial nights). Observed changes in badger behaviour suggested that avoidance at a distance was facilitated by odour cues.
Synthesis and applications. This study provides proof of the concept that ziram has clear potential for reducing badger feeding damage through conditioned taste aversion to an odour. Our detailed observations allowed us to elucidate the behavioural mechanism involved, crucial for directing future development of this approach, thus demonstrating the importance of studying individual responses in wildlife management research. Second‐order conditioning, such as this, might be applicable to managing other wild mammals. The next step will be to develop a strategy for use in wildlife damage situations.
Spatial association of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle and badgers Meles meles
Authors: WOODROFFE R. , DONNELLY C. A. , JOHNSTON W. T. , BOURNE F. J. , CHEESEMAN C. L. , CLIFTON‐HADLEY R. S. , COX D. R. , GETTINBY G. , HEWINSON R. G. , LE FEVRE A. M. , MCINERNEY J. P. , MORRISON W. I. 
Published: September 2005

Summary

Control of zoonotic disease is difficult to achieve when populations of multiple hosts, particularly wildlife, become persistently infected. Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is one such disease: its causative agent, Mycobacterium bovis, infects cattle, humans and multiple wildlife species including European badgers Meles meles.
In Britain, from 1974 to 1998 various strategies for the control of cattle TB involved culling badgers in the immediate vicinity of TB‐affected herds. However, patterns of association between cattle and badgers had not been investigated at a local scale.
Using data from the Randomized Badger Culling Trial, an ongoing large‐scale study of TB dynamics and control, we investigated local geographical associations between M. bovis infection in badgers and cattle.
Mycobacterium bovis infections were locally clustered within both badger and cattle populations.
We show, for the first time, that M. bovis infections in badgers and cattle are spatially associated at a scale of 1–2 km. Badgers and cattle infected with the same strain type of M. bovis are particularly closely correlated. These observational data support the hypothesis that transmission occurs between the two host species; however, they cannot be used to evaluate the relative importance of badger‐to‐cattle and cattle‐to‐badger transmission.
Synthesis and applications. The close associations between M. bovis infections in cattle and badgers suggest that localized badger culling could reasonably be expected to reduce the risks of cattle TB infection; however, experimental culls have found no such beneficial effects over the time‐scale on which they were tested. This demonstrates the difficulty of predicting the outcome of management interventions, and reinforces the need for well‐designed empirical assessments of future control strategies.
Farm‐scale spatiotemporal dynamics of predatory beetles in arable crops
Authors: HOLLAND J. M. , THOMAS C. F. G. , BIRKETT T. , SOUTHWAY S. , OATEN H. 
Published: October 2005

Summary
The spatial dynamics of farmland invertebrates can provide essential information relevant to their management for pest control and biodiversity conservation in sustainable agriculture. Carabid beetles are one of the most important groups contributing to biological control in arable fields. Previous studies have focused on spatial dynamics within single fields and years. In this study we examined their larger scale, long‐term dynamics, thereby taking into account the impact of changes in crop rotation and the influence of field size.
The spatial distributions of four beetle species were investigated at an unprecedented spatial scale in a grid of 973 pitfall trap locations across six fields encompassing 64 ha of arable land. Week‐long trapping was conducted four times in the first year and twice in the two following years.
All species showed strong aggregation but the size and location of patches differed among species. The distribution of Pterostichus melanarius was stable within and between years, with a single large patch close to the field boundaries. Patches of Poecilus cupreus were also located close to field boundaries but their location changed between years. Pterostichus madidus and Philonthus cognatus distributions extended across field boundaries and were less stable, with patch locations changing between years.
Synthesis and applications. The spatial extent of a population patch for a given species was species‐specific. Species overwintering in field boundaries remained in proximity to these throughout the summer, whereas patches of mid‐field overwintering species were more extensive. Patches were generally stable within years but varied for some species between years. Species therefore differ in their response to crop management practices and consequently blanket management approaches for these important generalist predators of crop pests are inappropriate. For spatially stable species (e.g. Pterostichus melanarius) it may be possible to determine their specific habitat requirements and to devise predictive and protective measures to preserve populations or manipulate them at the farm‐scale. More mobile species may be better at responding to pest aggregations at the farm‐scale. However, operations that deplete populations, e.g. soil cultivations, should be spatially and temporally desynchronized at the farm‐scale to conserve populations and enable functional biocontrol.
Predicting bryophyte diversity in grassland and eucalypt‐dominated remnants in subhumid Tasmania
Authors: Pharo Emma J. , Kirkpatrick Jamie B. , Gilfedder Louise , Mendel Louise , Turner Perpetua A. M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAim  To determine the environmental factors associated with bryophyte diversity in remnants in a fragmented, agricultural landscape.Location  Eighty‐two remnants of tussock grassland, eucalypt woodland and eucalypt forest in the subhumid Midlands region of Tasmania, Australia.Methods  Remnants were surveyed for bryophytes and predictor variables, such as vascular plant cover, climate, and topography. Management histories for each remnant were compiled using both site observation and landowner surveys. Bryophyte cover, richness, and composition were related to the independent variables using simple correlation and general linear models.Results  We found weak relationships between the dependent variables and the fragmentation variables (remnant area, remnant perimeter to area ratio, distance to nearest remnant, distance to nearest larger remnant, and remnant age). Instead, climatic variables were important in predicting bryophytes, in particular those affecting humidity (minimum temperature of the coldest month, precipitation). Despite extensive sheep grazing in this landscape, grazing was not correlated with bryophyte diversity. Bryophyte diversity was not explained by vascular plant richness and was only weakly explained by composition, but was predicted by the cover of vascular plants. There was greater bryophyte cover and richness and different composition where the cover of native vascular plants was lower.Main conclusions  The implications of our results are that all remnants, regardless of area, age and isolation, appear to be valuable for bryophyte conservation in this highly altered landscape. Our results also suggest that the cover of the vascular plant community, rather than its diversity, holds promise as a guide to bryophyte diversity. Bryophyte composition was similar between sites and a focus on the most species‐rich sites may be the best conservation strategy in this ecosystem.
Distribution and determinants of serum high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein in a population of young adults. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
Authors: RAITAKARI M. , MANSIKKANIEMI K. , MARNIEMI J. , VIIKARI J. S. A. , RAITAKARI O. T. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract.Objectives.  Elevated C‐reactive protein (CRP) is a suggested risk marker for cardiovascular disease. We aimed at investigating the distribution and determinants of CRP levels in young adults.Design.  Population‐based study.Subjects.  A total of 2120 participants aged 24–39 years.Main outcome measures.  Distribution of CRP, and the relationship between CRP and risk factors.Results.  CRP concentration (mean ± SD) was 1.43 ± 3.26 mg L−1 in men, 1.36 ± 2.36 mg L−1 in women who did not use oral contraceptives (OC) and 3.69 ± 6.01 mg L−1 in women who used OCs. In total, 8.8% of men, 10.3% of non‐OC user women and 35.3% of OC user women had CRP concentration >3 mg L−1 (recommended cut‐off point of high risk for cardiovascular disease). In univariate analysis, CRP was associated with obesity indices and physical activity amongst both sexes. In men, the multivariate correlates of CRP included waist circumference (P < 0.0001), smoking (<0.0001) and HDL cholesterol (P = 0.024) (inverse association). These three variables explained 21.9% (model R2) of the total variation in CRP, waist circumference having the greatest influence (partial R2 = 19.6%). In women, the multivariate correlates of CRP included OC use (P < 0.0001), body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.0001), triglycerides (<0.0001) and physical activity (P = 0.025) (inverse association). These four variables explained 38.2% (model R2) of the total variation in CRP, with OC use (partial R2 = 18.4%) and BMI (partial R2 = 18.0%) having the greatest influence.Conclusions.  The determinants of CRP level include obesity and smoking in men, and obesity, OC use and physical activity in women. About one in three of healthy women who use OCs have CRP concentration exceeding 3 mg L−1.
Mechanisms by which food intake elevates circulating levels of hyaluronan in humans
Authors: FRASER J. R. E. , GIBSON P. R. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract.Objectives.  Plasma hyaluronan is a potentially useful clinical test, especially in liver disease. It rises after eating, but mechanisms by which this occurs are not known. The study aimed at defining the effect of different food and liquid intake on plasma hyaluronan and to address mechanisms.Design.  The effects on plasma hyaluronan of ingestion of high‐fat and low‐fat meals, glucose solution, and saline, and of intravenous metoclopramide and oral cisapride were defined in healthy fasted subjects by serial measurements over 5 h. Hyaluronan was measured by a radiometric assay.Results.  After test meals and glucose ingestion, plasma hyaluronan rose to 1.7–13 times the fasting levels in 11 healthy volunteers. Peak values were observed in most subjects 45–90 min after ingestion and reached levels in six subjects that might suggest the presence of hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis. No change occurred after ingestion of 0.48 L iso‐osmotic NaCl solution, equal in bulk to the glucose solution. Stimulation of gastrointestinal motility with metoclopramide had no effect but oral cisapride induced a pattern of elevated plasma hyaluronan which mimicked that induced by foodstuffs.Conclusions.  Displacement of hyaluronan from gastrointestinal tissues prevails over the increased clearance expected from elevated portal blood flow. The heightened flux of tissue fluid necessary to displace tissue hyaluronan is best explained by vasodilatation in response to ingestion of nutrients, and subsequent increase in intestinal lymph flow, rather than by fluid absorption, together with gut contraction. The discriminating value of plasma hyaluronan in clinical practice may be greatly enhanced by sampling in fasted subjects at rest.
Phosphorus nutrition and mycorrhiza effects on grass leaf growth. P status‐ and size‐mediated effects on growth zone kinematics
Authors: KAVANOVÁ MONIKA , GRIMOLDI AGUSTÍN A. , LATTANZI FERNANDO A. , SCHNYDER HANS 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTThis study tested whether leaf elongation rate (LER, mm h−1) and its components – average relative elemental growth rate (REGRavg, mm mm−1 h−1) and leaf growth zone length (LLGZ, mm) – are related to phosphorus (P) concentration in the growth zone (PLGZ, mg P g−1 tissue water) of Lolium perenne L. cv. Condesa and whether such relationships are modified by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus hoi. Mycorrhizal and non‐mycorrhizal plants were grown at a range of P supply rates and analysed at either the same plant age or the same tiller size (defined by the length of the sheath of the youngest fully expanded leaf). Both improved P supply (up to 95%) and AMF (up to 21%) strongly increased LER. In tillers of even‐aged plants, this was due to increased REGRavg and LLGZ. In even‐sized tillers, it was exclusively due to increased REGRavg. REGRavg was strictly related to PLGZ (r2 = 0.95) and independent of tiller size. Conversely, LLGZ strictly depended on tiller size (r2 = 0.88) and not on PLGZ. Hence, P status affected leaf growth directly only through effects on relative tissue expansion rates. Symbiosis with AMF did not modify these relationships. Thus, no evidence for P status‐independent effects of AMF on LER was found.
From platform to basin to swell: orbital control on sedimentary sequences in the Oxfordian, Spain
Authors: Strasser André , Aurell Marc , Bádenas Beatriz , Meléndez Guillermo , Tomás Sara 
Published: September 2005

AbstractClimatic, oceanographic and ecological changes that control the formation and deposition of sediment in shallow and deep depositional environments commonly occur with periodicities of a few 10 000 years. Consequently, in order to interpret sedimentary sequences in the geological past, high time resolution is required. This is best obtained by cyclostratigraphy. Three sections have been studied in the Oxfordian of north‐eastern Spain: one represents a shallow, siliciclastic‐carbonate platform with repetitive subaerial exposures, one an intraplatform basin with sponge bioherms, and one a swell where iron ooids and glauconite formed. The platform section displays a well‐defined stacking pattern of depositional sequences; the deeper‐water sections are well dated by ammonites. The correlation between the three sections is a best‐fit solution integrating biostratigraphy, sequence stratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy. It is concluded that the small‐scale depositional sequences formed in tune with the 100‐ka orbital eccentricity cycle. An additional factor was differential subsidence that ruled basin morphology.
In situ chemical dating of tectonothermal events in the French Variscan Belt
Authors: Mezeme Eugène Be , Faure Michel , Cocherie Alain , Chen Yan 
Published: September 2005

Abstract In situ U–Th–Pb geochronology on monazite using Electron Probe Micro Analyser has been performed on migmatite in the southern French Variscan Massif Central in order to decipher its complex history. After the Early Visean (340 Ma) nappe stacking, the Cévennes area experienced a regional migmatization already dated 330–325 Ma in northern Cévennes. In these rocks two monazite populations are recognized on the basis of petrology texture and geochemistry. The oldest monazite generation that appears as inclusion in K‐feldspar is dated at 331 ± 4 Ma. This age complies with that of the crustal melting experienced by the Cévennes metamorphic series. The youngest monazite generation is interstitial and gives an age of 320 ± 5 Ma. A hydrothermal origin, coeval with the peraluminous magmatism that predates the formation of the Late Carboniferous Velay Dome is proposed as a working hypothesis to account for the formation of this second monazite generation.
Orbital forcing recorded in subtidal cycles from a Lower Miocene siliciclastic–carbonate ramp system (Central Italy)
Authors: Brandano Marco , Corda Laura , Mariotti Goffredo 
Published: September 2005

AbstractMetre‐scale siliciclastic–carbonate cycles are the basic depositional motif of the lower Miocene Guadagnolo Formation outcropping in the central Apennines. The mechanisms which formed the mixed‐lithology cycles are still a matter of debate. The mixed siliciclastic–carbonate system discussed in this paper provides a new case study to illustrate the role of orbital forcing in controlling the facies evolution and cyclic stacking of small‐scale sequences deposited on the outer sector of a ramp. Two sections are discussed that display mixed siliciclastics and carbonates arranged in upward‐shallowing cycles. Each cycle shows an upward decrease in the terrigenous input and a parallel increase in benthic fauna. Time‐series analyses indicate the cyclic carbonate‐terrigenous pattern to be largely controlled by orbital forcing in the Milankovitch frequency band. Coupling of climate change and sea‐level fluctuations in tune with orbital cycles are proposed as driving mechanisms.