bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New form of X-linked dominant hereditary nephritis in dogs
Authors: Lees George E. , Helman R. Gayman , Kashtan Clifford E. , Michael Alfred F. , Homco Linda D. , Millichamp Nicholas J. , Camacho Zenaido T. , Templeton Joe W. , Ninomiya Yoshifumi , Sado Yoshikazu , Naito Ichiro , Kim Youngki 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine features of a new form of hereditary nephritis (HN) in dogs.

Animals
Parents and 16 first-generation offspring (8 males, 8 females).

Procedure
Adolescent dogs that developed renal failure were euthanatized and necropsied. Unaffected dogs were monitored until they were at least 2 years old. Studies included light and electron microscopy of kidneys obtained from affected and unaffected dogs and immunolabeling for collagen-IV chains in renal and epidermal basement membranes (BM). The nucleotide sequence of a portion of exon 35 of the COL4A5 gene was determined in genomic DNA isolated from affected and unaffected males.

Results
7 of 8 male and 2 of 8 female offspring had proteinuria and juvenile-onset chronic renal failure, which progressed more rapidly in the males. Labeling for α3-α6(IV) chains was completely absent in renal BM of affected males and segmentally absent in affected females. Expression of α1-α2(IV) chains in glomerular BM (GBM) of affected dogs was increased. Labeling for α5-α6(IV) chains in epidermal BM was absent in affected males and segmental in affected females. Ultrastructural changes characteristic of HN were observed in GBM of affected dogs. The sequence of exon 35 of COL4A5 was normal in affected dogs.

Conclusions
This renal disease is an example of X-linked dominant HN, with typical abnormalities of GBM ultrastructure and α(IV) chain expression.

Clinical Relevance and Implications for Human Medicine
Dogs with this naturally acquired progressive renal disease can be used to investigate the pathogenesis and treatment of similar disorders in human beings and dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:373–383)
Failure of spectro-temporal mapping to detect ventricular late potentials in dogs
Authors: Calvert Clay A. , Jacobs Gilbert J. , Kraus Marc S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether ventricular late potentials (LP) identified by time-domain analysis (TDA) of the signal-averaged ECG could be identified by three-dimensional frequency-domain analysis (FDA).

Animals
11 dogs (9 of which subsequently died suddenly) with ventricular tachyarrhythmias (10 with ventricular tachycardia) and abnormal TDA of the signal-averaged ECG.

Procedure
Signal-averaged ECG that were abnormal when analyzed in the time domain subsequently were processed further in the frequency domain. Correlation ratios were calculated, and spectro-temporal maps were plotted, which were then compared with control data.

Results
Three-dimensional FDA did not detect LP.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
LP may be detectable by TDA of the signal-averaged ECG and may be a specific marker for VT and sudden death in some dogs. However, FDA by use of the method applied in this study is invalid. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60: 396-401)
Colonic lymphocyte and plasma cell populations in dogs with lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis
Authors: Jergens Albert E. , Gamet Yvan , Moore Frances M. , Niyo Yosiya , Tsao Claire , Smith Becky 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To quantitate immunoglobulin-containing cells (IgA, IgG, and IgM) and CD3+ T cells in colonic biopsy specimens obtained from dogs with lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis (LPC), and to compare lymphocyte and plasma cell populations in dogs with LPC with those in healthy dogs.

Animals
10 healthy dogs and 11 dogs with LPC.

Procedure
Colonic mucosal specimens obtained from healthy dogs and dogs with LPC were stained specifically for IgA-, IgG-, and IgM-containing cells and CD3+ T cells by use of immunoperoxidase techniques. Morphometric analyses were done to quantitate lymphocytes and plasma cells in standardized areas of colonic mucosa. Data analyses allowed determination of mean cell numbers in each dog group, and comparison of mean numbers of lymphocytes and plasma cells between dog groups.

Results
CD3+ T cells predominated in healthy dogs, whereas CD3+ T cells and IgA-containing cells were most numerous in dogs with LPC. In both dog groups, the IgG- and IgM-containing cells were considerably less numerous than the other 2 cell types. Comparison of cell populations between dog groups indicated that IgA- and IgG-containing cells and CD3+ T cells were significantly more numerous in the colonic mucosa of dogs with LPC.

Conclusions
Dogs with LPC have significantly increased numbers of IgA- and IgG-containing cells and CD3+ T cells. These lymphocyte and plasma cell distributions indicate similarities to and differences from such distributions in human beings with inflammatory bowel disease. Results provide a basis for future correlation between histologic stage of disease activity and immunologic findings in dogs with LPC. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:515-520)
Temporal changes in core body temperature in anesthetized adult horses
Authors: Tomasic Michael 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine temporal patterns of core body temperatures in adult horses during general anesthesia and to determine the efficacy of forced-air warming blankets in attenuating decreases in core body temperatures.

Animals
5 clinically normal adult horses.

Procedure
Horses were assigned to each of 2 trials, warmer and no-warmer, in a randomized crossover design. Horses were instrumented with a thermistor-tipped pulmonary arterial catheter to measure core body temperature. Induction and maintenance of and recovery from general anesthesia were performed in an air-conditioned surgical suite where room temperature and relative humidity were maintained at approximately 21 C and 40%, respectively. Core body temperature measurements were recorded every 5 minutes during 2.5 hours of anesthesia and during recovery until horses could stand. Data were analyzed, using ANOVA for repeated measures.

Results
Without warming, mean core body temperature decreased steadily (0.37 ± 0.18 C/h). Forced-air warming significantly decreased that rate to 0.19 ± 0.09 C/h. In both trials, there was an additional, rapid, significant decrease in core body temperature when horses were moved to the recovery area, which was apparently the result of conductive heat loss to the cold floor. Recovery time and time required for core body temperature to return to baseline were unaffected by forced-air warming during anesthesia and recovery.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Core body temperature decreases steadily in adult horses anesthetized in a cool, dry environment. Forced-air warming devices can attenuate this decrease. Additional body heat can be lost rapidly when anesthetized horses are positioned on cold surfaces during recovery. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:556–562)
Serologic testing of horses for granulocytic ehrlichiosis, using indirect fluorescent antibody staining and immunoblot analysis
Authors: Magnarelli Louis A. , Van Andel Amy E. , Ijdo Jacob W. , Heimer Robert , Fikrig Erol 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To diagnose granulocytic ehrlichiosis in horses, compare results of indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) staining procedures with those of immunoblot analysis, and compare serologic test findings with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results.

Animals
69 horses with high rectal temperatures (≥ 39 C) and lethargy, anorexia, or limb edema.

Procedure
43 convalescent serum samples obtained from 38 horses 2 to 18 weeks after onset of illness were analyzed by use of immunoblot procedures and IFA staining methods, using the NCH-1 or BDS ehrlichial strains. Blood samples from 69 acutely ill horses were tested by PCR to detect ehrlichial DNA.

Results
Antibodies to Erlichial equi were detected in serum samples obtained during all seasons; seropositivity rates ranged from 50 to 93%. In IFA assays using the BDS or NCH-1 strain, seropositivity rates were 70 and 79%, respectively, whereas in immunoblot analyses using the NCH-1 strain, a seropositivity value of 79% was recorded. By immunoblot analysis, all serum samples of all seropositive horses were reactive to a protein having molecular mass of about 44 kd. Blood samples from 29 of 69 (42%) acutely ill horses contained ehrlichial DNA.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Results of the various serologic testing procedures were in close agreement with each other. All serologic testing methods are suitable for laboratory diagnosis of equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis. (Am J Vet Res 1999; 60:631–635)
Comparison of biological activity and safety of recombinant canine erythropoietin with that of recombinant human erythropoietin in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Randolph John F. , Stokol Tracy , Scarlett Janet M. , MacLeod James N. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether recombinant canine erythropoietin (rcEPO) stimulates erythropoiesis in dogs without causing the immunogenicity problem (ie, erythroid hypoplasia) associated with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO).

Animals
13 clinically normal dogs.

Procedure
Dogs were randomly assigned to 2 groups; 1 group (n = 6) received rhEPO, whereas the other group (7) received rcEPO. Both groups received SC injections of diluent for 4 weeks before initiating treatment with erythropoietin (100 U/kg of body weight, SC, 3 times/wk). Hematocrit and absolute reticulocyte count were monitored weekly, CBC were done monthly, and bone marrow aspirates for cytologic evaluation were obtained before and at 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks during treatment.

Results
Weekly mean Hct and absolute reticulocyte count increased in both groups of dogs during the first 2 weeks of treatment. For dogs receiving rhEPO, precipitous decreases in reticulocyte number and more gradual decreases in Hct were associated with development of erythroid hypoplasia. Dogs receiving rhEPO developed erythroid hypoplasia by week 4 (n = 4), 8 (1), or 16 (1). With cessation of rhEPO treatment after diagnosis of erythroid hypoplasia, RBC production recovered 5 to 11 weeks (median, 7 weeks) later. In contrast, rcEPO treatment caused sustained increases in Hct and reticulocytosis. None of the dogs receiving rcEPO developed erythroid hypoplasia.

Conclusions
rcEPO stimulated erythrocyte production in clinically normal dogs during a 24-week period without causing the erythroid hypoplasia encountered in rhEPO-treated dogs.

Clinical Relevance
Because rcEPO did not cause erythroid hypoplasia, rcEPO may represent an improved option, compared with rhEPO, for treatment of erythropoietin-dependent anemia in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:636–642)
Long-term immunity in cats vaccinated with an inactivated trivalent vaccine
Authors: Scott Fred W. , Geissinger Cordell M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate duration of immunity in cats vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline herpesvirus (FHV), and feline calicivirus (FCV).

Animals
17 cats.

Procedure
Immunity of 9 vaccinated and 8 unvaccinated cats (of an original 15 vaccinated and 17 unvaccinated cats) was challenged 7.5 years after vaccination. Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) cats were vaccinated at 8 and 12 weeks old and housed in isolation facilities. Offspring of vaccinated cats served as unvaccinated contact control cats. Virus neutralization tests were used to determine antibody titers yearly. Clinical responses were recorded, and titers were determined weekly after viral challenge.

Results
Control cats remained free of antibodies against FPV, FHV, and FCV and did not have infection before viral challenge. Vaccinated cats had high FPV titers throughout the study and solid protection against virulent FPV 7.5 years after vaccination. Vaccinated cats were seropositive against FHV and FCV for 3 to 4 years after vaccination, with gradually declining titers. Vaccinated cats were protected partially against viral challenge with virulent FHV. Relative efficacy of the vaccine, on the basis of reduction of clinical signs of disease, was 52%. Results were similar after FCV challenge, with relative efficacy of 63%. Vaccination did not prevent local mild infection or shedding of FHV or FCV.

Conclusions
Duration of immunity after vaccination with an inactivated, adjuvanted vaccine was > 7 years. Protection against FPV was better than for FHV and FCV.

Clinical Implications
Persistence of antibody titers against all 3 viruses for > 3 years supports recommendations that cats may be revaccinated against FPV-FHV-FCV at 3-year intervals. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:652–658)
Efficacy of topically administered doramectin against eyeworms, lungworms, and gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle
Authors: Marley Sara E. , Illyes Elizabeth F. , Keller David S. , Meinert Todd R. , Logan Nigel B. , Hendrickx Marie-Odile , Conder George A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate efficacy of topically administered doramectin against eyeworms, lungworms, and gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle.

Animals
400 cattle (20 cattle in each of 20 trials).

Procedure
Trials were conducted in North America; natural and experimentally induced infections were used. In each trial, cattle were allocated randomly to control (placebo [saline {0.9% NaCl} solution at 1 ml/10 kg of body weight] or untreated; n = 10) or doramectin-treated (500 µg/kg of body weight; 10) groups. Treatments were applied in a single passage along the midline of the back, from the withers to the tailhead. Cattle were euthanatized ≥ 14 days after treatment, and worm burdens were determined by use of standard techniques.

Results
Efficacy of doramectin was ≥ 95.3% against adults of Thelazia gulosa, T skrjabini, Dictyocaulus viviparus, Haemonchus contortus, H placei, Ostertagia lyrata, O ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, Bunostomum phlebotomum, Capillaria spp, Cooperia oncophora, C pectinata, C punctata, C spatulata, C surnabada, Nematodirus spathiger, Strongyloides papillosus, T colubriformis, Oesophagostomum radiatum, and Trichuris spp. Efficacy was 95.1 % against fourth-stage larvae of D viviparus, H placei, O lyrata, O ostertagi, T axei, C oncophora, C punctata, C spatulata, C surnabada, N helvetianus, T colubriformis, O radiatum, and Trichuris spp. In addition, efficacy against inhibited fourth-stage larvae of O ostertagi and Ostertagia spp was ≥ 98.1 %.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
A single topical application of doramectin pour-on was efficacious against a broad range of nematode species in cattle. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:665–668)
Scintigraphic, sonographic, and histologic evaluation of renal autotransplantation in cats
Authors: Newell Susan M. , Ellison Gary W. , Graham John P. , Ginn Pamela E. , Lanz Otto I. , Harrison Jay M. , Smith Jeffrey S. , Van Gilder James M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine scintigraphic, sonographic, and histologic changes associated with renal autotransplantation in cats.

Animals
7 adult specific-pathogen-free cats: 5 males, 2 females, 1 to 9 years old.

Procedure
Renal autotransplantation was performed by moving a kidney (5 left, 2 right) to the left iliac fossa. Before and at multiple times after surgery, for a total of 28 days, cats were evaluated by B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography, scintigraphy, and renal biopsy.

Results
By 24 hours after surgery, a significant decrease (42%) in mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and an increase in mean renal size (81% increase in cross-sectional area) were evident in the transplanted kidney, compared with preoperative values. By postsurgery day 28, reduction in GFR was 23%. Significant changes in renal blood flow velocity were identified in both kidneys. Consistent changes in resistive index or pulsatility index for either kidney could not be identified. When all postoperative histologic data were combined, the histologic score, indicating degree and numbers of abnormalities detected, for the transplanted kidney was significantly higher than that for the control kidney.

Conclusions
Significant changes in renal function, size, and histologic abnormalities develop secondary to acute tubular necrosis in cats after uncomplicated renal autotransplantation.

Clinical Relevance
Evaluation of renal size and function may be of benefit for clinical evaluation of feline renal transplant patients, whereas measurement of the resistive index may be of little clinical value. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:775–779)
Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by use of a nested-set reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Umthun Angela R. , Mengeling William L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To increase the timeliness and sensitivity of a procedure that uses viral nucleic acid amplification followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis for identifying strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).

Sample Population
24 strains of PRRSV.

Procedure
A nested-set reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was developed and compared with a nonnested-set RT-PCR for sensitivity in amplifying known quantities of infective PRRSV. Once reaction conditions were optimized, the nested-set RT-PCR was tested for effectiveness with 24 strains of PRRSV isolated from swine.

Results
The nested-set RT-PCR was 100- to 1,000- fold more sensitive than the nonnested-set RT-PCR, detecting as little as 1 infective unit of PRRSV/ml of sample. It also was generally as sensitive as the combination of steps, namely virus isolation or propagation and nonnested-set RT-PCR, currently used routinely for amplifying PRRSV prior to RFLP analysis, and it was effective for amplifying all of the 24 strains of PRRSV tested. Using this RT-PCR, all tests were completed within 1.5 days (including RFLP analysis), compared with the > 7 days often required for the currently used method involving virus isolation and propagation.

Conclusions
The nested-set RT-PCR was generally as sensitive as the combination of methods now used for PRRSV amplification prior to RFLP analysis, and it can markedly reduce the time required for testing.

Clinical Relevance
Presumptive identification of PRRSV strains can be provided in a more timely manner by use of a nested-set RT-PCR. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:802–806)
Development and usefulness of new polymerase chain reaction-based tests for detection of different alleles at codons 136 and 171 of the ovine prion protein gene
Authors: Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan Vilma , Krehbiel Janver D. , Cao Yueying , Venta Patrick J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To develop new and improved tests to detect alleles at codons 136 and 171 of the ovine prion protein locus and to evaluate the frequency of these alleles.

Animals
159 Suffolk sheep belonging to 3 flocks.

Procedure
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis that contained diagnostic restriction site variation for each allele were developed for the relevant gene regions. Alleles were determined by analyzing DNA isolated from buccal swab specimens or blood samples.

Results
At codon 136, frequencies of the alanine and valine alleles were found to be 97 and 3%, respectively. At codon 171, frequencies of the glutamine, arginine, and histidine alleles were found to be 57, 41, and 2%, respectively.

Conclusions
Little variation was detected in codon 136, whereas noteworthy variation was found in codon 171; > 40% of the alleles at this locus coded for glutamine. Because the glutamine allele at codon 171 confers susceptibility to scrapie, reduction of its frequency is of importance to management of sheep flocks.

Clinical Relevance
Genotyping of sheep, using the tests reported here, should facilitate selective breeding programs designed to decrease the risk of scrapie. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:884–887)
Detection of feline herpesvirus-specific antibodies and DNA in aqueous humor from cats with or without uveitis
Authors: Maggs David J. , Lappin Michael R. , Nasisse Mark P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether uveitis in cats was associated with intraocular production of feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1)-specific antibodies or with detection of FHV-1 DNA in aqueous humor (AH).

Animals
44 cats with idiopathic uveitis, 29 cats with uveitis attributed to Toxoplasma gondii infection, 13 FHV-1 seropositive cats without uveitis, and 9 FHV-1 seronegative cats without uveitis.

Procedure
ELISA were used to detect FHV-1-specific antibodies and total IgG antibodies in serum and AH, and the Goldmann-Witmer coefficient (C-value) for intraocular antibody production was calculated. A polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect FHV-1 dna in AH.

Results
FHV-1 seroprevalence among cats with uveitis was not significantly different from seroprevalence among cats without uveitis. Intraocular FHV-1 antibodies were never detected in cats without uveitis. Significantly more cats with idiopathic uveitis (22/44) or with toxoplasmic uveitis (11/29) had evidence of intraocular antibody production (C-value > 1) than did cats without uveitis. Only cats with idiopathic uveitis had FHV-1 C-values > 8. Among cats with evidence of intraocular antibody production, cats with idiopathic uveitis had a significantly higher median FHV-1 C-value (9.61) than did cats with toxoplasmic uveitis (2.56). Overall, FHV-1 DNA was detected in AH from 12 cats, 11 of which had uveitis.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Results suggest that FHV-1 can infect intraocular tissues of cats and that intraocular FHV-1 infection may be associated with uveal inflammation in some cats. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:932–936)
Effect of feed rate and drill speed on temperatures in equine cortical bone
Authors: Toews Anne R. , Bailey Jeremy V. , Townsend Hugh G. G. , Barber Spencer M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine the amount of heat generated in equine cortical bone by a 6.2-mm drill, using low- and high-speed and controlled feed rate drilling.

Sample Population
10 metacarpal bones harvested from five 2-year-old draft-type horses.

Procedure
Drilling on metacarpal bones was done using a machine shop mill with which the feed rate and drill speed could be precisely controlled. Bones were drilled, using 6 combinations of feed rate (1, 2, and 3 mm advance/s) and drill speed (317 and 1,242 revolutions/min [rpm], with maximal temperatures recorded by thermocouples placed 1, 1.5, and 2 mm from the drill. Maximal temperatures were evaluated for the effect of feed rate, drill speed, cortical thickness, and distance from the drill, using linear regression analysis.

Results
Increasing feed rate from 1 to 2 and from 2 to 3 mm/s significantly decreased mean maximal temperature. Increasing drill speed from 317 to 1242 rpm significantly increased mean maximal temperature. Increasing cortical thickness significantly increased mean maximal temperature, and increasing the distance from the drill hole significantly decreased mean maximal temperatures.

Conclusions
On the basis of our results, we recommend using low drill speeds while applying sufficient axial force to advance the drill as rapidly as possible through the bone.

Clinical Relevance
Results of using this in vitro model suggest that temperatures at the drill-bone interface may be sufficiently high to result in significant thermal necrosis when drilling equine cortical bone. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:942–944)