bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Radical Reactions with Zirconocene Complexes as Electron Transfer Reagents
Authors: Fujita Kazuya , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium chloride hydride (Schwartz reagent) proved to be an efficient radical chain carrier for radical reduction of organic halides. Treatment of 1-bromoadamantane with Cp2Zr(H)Cl in THF at 25 °C in the presence of triethylborane furnished adamantane quantitatively. Radical cyclization of 2-haloalkyl allyl ethers afforded five-membered products under the same reaction conditions. Reduction with Cp2Zr(H)Cl generated in situ from Cp2ZrCl2 and sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminium hydride (Red-Al) also proceeded smoothly. Moreover, the reduction could function by using a catalytic amount of Cp2ZrCl2. A zirconocene–olefin complex also induced reductive radical cyclization of 2-haloalkyl allyl ethers in THF. This complex served as a single electron transfer reagent to promote the radical cyclization. Furthermore, the cyclization reaction in DME afforded 3-tetrahydrofuranylmethylzirconium efficiently.
Ehrlich’s Reaction of Furanoeremophilanes
Authors: Kuroda Chiaki , Ueshino Tadashi , Nagano Hajime 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
6-Ethoxyfuranoeremophilane and its synthetic analogue, 4-ethoxy-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzofuran, reacted with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (Ehrlich’s reagent) under acidic conditions in a 2:1 ratio to afford condensation products in 34% and 78% yields, respectively. 6-Hydroxyfuranoeremophilane and 4-hydroxy-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzofuran afforded the same products as in the case of ethoxy derivatives, respectively. The intermediate 1:1 adduct was not obtained from 6-ethoxyfuranoeremophilane, but obtained from the synthetic analogue in low yield. It was deduced that the colored compound in Ehrlich’s test is the cationic species of the intermediate 1:1 adduct, and that the concentration of the colored intermediate in the reaction mixture is very low.
The Oxidation of Alcohols in N-Oxyl-Immobilized Silica Gel/Aqueous NaOCl Disperse Systems. A Prominent Access to a Column-Flow System
Authors: Tanaka Hideo , Chou Jingyu , Mine Machiko , Kuroboshi Manabu 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The oxidation of alcohols was performed successfully in a disperse system with N-oxyl-adsorbed or immobilized silica gel as a disperse phase and aqueous NaOCl as a disperse medium. In the disperse system, the oxidation of sec-alcohols afforded the corresponding ketones, while prim-alcohols were oxidized to aldehydes and/or carboxylic acids depending on their structures and reaction conditions. The N-oxyl-immobilized silica gel was recovered and repeatedly used without a significant change in the product yields. A column-flow system was also investigated for the oxidation of alcohols by use of a newly devised column packed with the N-oxyl-immobilized silica gel.
Direct Rate Measurements of the Reactions of Benzophenone with RMgX and RLi: Effects of Substituents and Reagent Concentration on Rates
Authors: Shimizu Makoto , Yamataka Hiroshi 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Rates of reactions of MeMgBr and MeLi with substituted benzophenones (BPs) were determined by using a stopped-flow method. The Hammett plots for the reactions of MeMgBr in THF and in Et2O at 0 °C gave ρ values of 0.99 ± 0.09 and 0.99 ± 0.08, respectively; such values were in excellent agreement with the ρ value determined previously by competition experiments in THF. The Hammett ρ value (0.40 ± 0.07) for the reaction of MeLi in Et2O at 0 °C also agreed with that determined by competition experiments within experimental errors. A logarithmic plot of the rate constant vs the reagent concentration for the reaction of BP and MeMgBr in THF gave a linear plot with a slope of close to unity, whereas that in Et2O showed saturation at a higher MeMgBr concentration, reflecting different aggregation states in different solvents. An analogous plot for MeLi in Et2O gave a curved logarithmic plot with a slope of 1/4 at a higher reagent concentration and a slope of 1/2 at a lower reagent concentration range, suggesting that the aggregation of MeLi is concentration dependent.
Ruthenium–Bipyridine Complex-Catalyzed Photo-Induced Reduction of Nitrobenzenes with Hydrazine
Authors: Hirao Toshikazu , Shiori Jun , Okahata Naoki 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The photo-induced reduction of nitrobenzenes with hydrazine hydrate was catalyzed by the ruthenium–bipyridine complex to give the corresponding anilines.
Metal Cation-Exchanged Montmorillonite (Mn+-Mont)-Catalyzed Friedel–Crafts Acylation of 1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene and 1-Trimethylsilyl-1-alkynes
Authors: Nishimura Takahiro , Ohtaka Seiji , Hashimoto Keiji , Yamauchi Takayoshi , Hasegawa Takuji , Imanaka Kaori , Tateiwa Jun-ichi , Takeuchi Hiroshi , Uemura Sakae 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The acylation of 1-methyl-1-cyclohexene and 1-trimethylsilyl-1-alkynes with acyl chlorides has been investigated in the presence of a variety of metal cation-exchanged montmorillonites (abbreviated as Mn+-monts), where the catalysts are recyclable for several times after simple washing.
Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles Protected by a Cubic Silsesquioxane and Their Monolayer Formation on a Glass Substrate
Authors: Naka Kensuke , Itoh Hideaki , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Gold nanoparticles were prepared via reduction of HAuCl4 in the presence of octa(3-aminopropyl)octasilsesquioxane octahydrochloride (1) as a cubic linker. The cubic silsesquioxane 1 would stabilize the gold nanoparticles in addition to providing the amino-functionalized surface of the gold nanoparticles, which allows some chemical modification of their shells. We describe their monolayer formation on a glass substrate without any modification by electrostatic interaction.
Novel Oligodipyridylamine Ligands with Chiral N-Alkyl Side Chains. Synthesis of Coordination Polymers Consisting of Copper Complexes Containing the Ligands and Their Crystal Structure and Optical and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Yamaguchi Isao , Fujinaga Emiko , Ozeki Tomoji , Yamamoto Takakazu 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Dipyridylamine (dpa) oligomers having chiral (S)-2-methylbutyl (MB) side chains at the amine-N atoms, (MBdpa)m (H–(C5H3N–N(MB)–C5H3N)m–H; m = 2, 3, and 4), were synthesized. Complexation of (MBdpa)2 with CuCl2 provided a coordination polymer, [{Cu2Cl4–(MBdpa)2}n]. Single-crystal X-ray analysis of [{Cu2Cl4–(MBdpa)2}n] showed that intermolecular interactions linked the Cu2Cl4–(MBdpa)2 complexes into one-dimensional coordination polymers. The crystal of [{Cu2Cl4–(MBdpa)2}n] exhibited a phase transition between 100 and 85 K due to the ordering of the MB side chains, resulting in a quadrupling of the unit cell. (MBdpa)m had an expanded electron system along the oligomer main chain as revealed by UV–vis spectroscopy. (MBdpa)m were photoluminescent in solutions and copper complexation quenched their photoluminescence.
Preparation of Polyion Complex Fibers and Capsules of DNA and Chitosan at an Aqueous Interface
Authors: Nishida Ayako , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Nishi Norio 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Hybrid fiber and capsule creation based on the electrostatic polynucleotide–polysaccharide interaction has been studied. The fibrous form is made from single (SS)- and double (DS)-stranded DNAs and chitosan via polyion complex (PIC) formation. When DNA solutions with and without NaCl are added to an aqueous chitosan solution without mixing, PIC films are formed at the interface. When these PIC films are withdrawn from the interface, fiber lines form in the wet states. After the intact wet fibers are dried in air, SS- and DSDNA–chitosan fibers form. The tensile strength of the strongest DSDNA–chitosan fiber is 84 MPa. The strength and the strain of the fibers depend on the NaCl concentrations of the DNA solutions. Stable SS- and DSDNA–chitosan PIC capsules can also be prepared.
Plastic Shape Material “Urushi-Nendo” Applying Lacquer Tree Paint
Authors: Watanabe Osamu , Takeuchi Katsumi 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
A new material for use in shaping has been created using urushi (Japanese lacquer) as a matrix, with natural fibers, such as cellulose as a filler and a primary amine as an additive, to promote the lacquer curing reaction. The cured material is characterized by exhibiting a strength comparable to that of wood.
The Other Half of the Equation: Serving Young Men In a Young Women's Reproductive Health Clinic
Authors: Raine Tina , Marcell Arik V. , Rocca Corinne H. , Harper Cynthia C. 
Published: September 2004

CONTEXT Efforts to improve reproductive health typically target women. Family planning agencies serving high‐risk young women may be particularly suited to integrating young men in their health promotion efforts. METHODS In 2001, a family planning clinic in San Francisco serving primarily young women opened a male clinic as part of a male involvement program that includes education and outreach components. Client volume was assessed by reviewing billing data. New male clients completed questionnaires on their demographic characteristics, sexual and health‐seeking behavior, and reason for clinic visit. Before and after the male clinic opened, female clients completed questionnaires assessing their satisfaction with services and their attitudes on males' being served at the clinic. Data were analyzed by using descriptive and chi‐square statistics. RESULTS In the first year of the male clinic, the number of adolescent and adult male clients served at the facility increased by 192% and 119%, respectively, over the previous year. Among 110 males making first visits, 88% came for sexually transmitted disease testing or treatment. Three‐quarters had learned of the clinic by word of mouth–from a sexual partner (37%), friend (29%) or sibling (6%)–rather than directly from outreach efforts. The proportion of female respondents very or mostly satisfied with their care was similarly high before (98%) and after (92%) the male clinic opened. CONCLUSIONS Increasing capacity within the female reproductive health model to serve males is feasible. To reach at‐risk males, “in‐reach” efforts with female clients may be as important as targeted outreach efforts. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2003, 35(5):208‐214.
Reanalysis of the 1992 South Pole Millimetre-Wavelength Atmospheric Opacity Data
Authors: Chamberlin Richard A. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIn 1992 an NRAO 225-GHz site survey heterodyne radiometer was placed at the Geographical South Pole. The instrument operated over an entire annual cycle and provided direct measurements of the millimetre-wave sky brightness temperature as a function of zenith angle. Interpreted in a single-slab ‘skydip’ radiation transfer model of the atmosphere, these sky brightness measurements provided a time series of the millimetre atmospheric opacity. Statistics derived from this opacity time series were important for making comparisons with other candidate millimetre and sub-millimetre wave astronomy sites. This paper reexamines the 1992 measurements and the original analysis. Details of the skydip fit model, radiometer gain error, instrument stability, and a mid-season replacement to a window in the instrument enclosure combined to cause a modest under-reporting of the atmospheric opacity in previous reports. Unchanged are earlier conclusions that dry air makes a significant contribution to the total opacity at 225 GHz.
Submillimeter Site Testing at Dome C, Antarctica
Authors: Calisse Paolo G. , Ashley Michael C. B. , Burton Michael G. , Phillips Michael A. , Storey John W. V. , Radford Simon J. E. , Peterson Jeffrey B. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractWe have developed a 350 μm radiometer to perform automated site testing in remote regions of Antarctica. In summer 2000–2001 the instrument operated at Concordia, a new station under construction at Dome C on the Antarctic Plateau. We present the results, and compare them with the atmospheric opacity measured at the South Pole in the same five-week period. During these five weeks, observing conditions at Dome C were, on average, substantially better than those at the South Pole.
Radio Emission from Ultrashort-Period Double Degenerate Binaries
Authors: Willes A. J. , Wu K. , Kuncic Z. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractTiming measurements of periodic X-ray pulses from two ultrashort-period double degenerate binaries, RX J1914+24 and RX J0806+15, show that the rates of change of their orbital periods are consistent with gravitational radiation losses. This contradicts the predictions of models which invoke mass transfer between the two white dwarfs. The X-ray emission is, therefore, unlikely to be powered by accretion processes. The unipolar inductor model explains the source of X-ray emission as electrical dissipation at the base of a flux tube, which connects the magnetic white dwarf to its companion. This model is most consistent with the observed X-ray pulse properties. A similar current system exists in the Jupiter–Io system, where a mildly relativistic electron current produces an auroral footprint at the base of the Io flux tube and highly polarized beamed radio emission by means of the electron cyclotron maser mechanism. Detection of radio emission from RX J1914+24 and RX J0806+15 would thus provide further support for the unipolar inductor model. We present theoretical predictions, based on a loss-cone-driven electron cyclotron maser model, of radio fluxes from systems with parameters similar to RX J1914+24 and RX J0806+15.
The Bias of Molecular Clump Identification Programs: the Example of the Carina Molecular Clouds
Authors: Schneider N. , Brooks K. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA large scale 12CO J = 1 → 0 molecular line map of the Carina molecular cloud complex was obtained with the Mopra radio telescope in order to investigate its spatial and kinematic structure. The data show a complex velocity structure in two distinct cloud regions — the Northern and Southern Carina clouds. Two different clump identification methods (GAUSSCLUMPS and CLUMPFIND) were applied to the data. Though both algorithms find a similar clump mass spectral index (1.95 and 1.8, respectively), the properties of the clumps (mass, size, virial equilibrium) differ significantly. We discuss possible explanations for this discrepancy and question the validity of the Larson relations which could be an artifact of the limited spatial resolution and dynamic range of the observations.
Rotation of Early B-type Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud: The Role of Evolution and Metallicity
Authors: C. Keller Stefan 
Published: September 2004

AbstractI present measurements of the projected rotational velocities of a sample of 100 early B-type main-sequence stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). This is the first extragalactic study of the distribution of stellar rotational velocities. The sample is drawn from two sources: from the vicinity of the main-sequence turnoff of young clusters (ages 1–3 × 107 yr) and from the general field. I find that the cluster population exhibits significantly more rapid rotation than that seen in the field. I have drawn analogous Galactic cluster and field samples from the literature. Comparison of these samples reveals the same effect. I propose that the observed difference between cluster and field populations can be explained by a scenario of evolutionary enhancement of the surface angular momentum over the main-sequence lifetime. A comparison is made between the cluster and field populations of the LMC and the Galaxy in order to explore the effects of metallicity. This shows that the stars of the LMC are more rapid rotators than their Galactic counterparts.
Inter-laboratory comparison of five marine bioassays for evaluating the toxicity of dredged material
Authors: Stronkhorst J. , Ciarelli S. , Schipper C. A. , Postma J. F. , Dubbeldam M. , Vangheluwe M. , Brils J. M. , Hooftman R. 
Published: September 2004

Four laboratories were compared to ascertain the reproducibility of test methods for five bioassays: the ten day whole sediment bioassay with the amphipod Corophium volutator, the fourteen day whole sediment bioassay with adult sea urchins Echinocardium cordatum, the Microtox solid phase bioassay with the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the oyster larvae sediment elutriate bioassay using Crassostrea gigas and the sediment pore water bioassay with the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. The bioassays were all conducted according to the standard operating procedures of the National Institute for Coastal and Marine Management/RIKZ and carried out with one control sediment and three moderately contaminated dredged materials from the Netherlands. Reference toxicant tests were also performed for every bioassay, to assess the condition of the test species. Reproducibility and inter-laboratory variability were evaluated by calculating coefficients of variation for the sediment bioassays and considering the ability of each laboratory to achieve the test acceptability criteria and to identify a number of confounding factors.
The bioassays involving the amphipods and sea urchins had an acceptable inter-laboratory variability, with average coefficients of variation of 20% or less. The Microtox solid phase bioassay showed high reproducibility and the least variability among laboratories, with average coefficients of variation of 12%. In contrast, the results for percent net response in the oyster larvae bioassay were very variable and poorly reproducible: in three of the four sediments the coefficients of variation exceeded 100%. Two laboratories did not meet the test acceptability criterion for oyster embryo development in the control sediment. Survival in the rotifer bioassay also varied greatly among laboratories with average coefficients of variation of 48%.
We conclude that the main sources of inter-laboratory variability were 1) individual differences in the skill and experience of laboratory technicians (for the amphipod, oyster larvae and rotifer bioassays); 2) the use of different batches of test organisms (sea urchin bioassay) and 3) the use of different dilution water (oyster larvae bioassay).
TheScientificWorldJOURNAL: sustainability through innovation
Authors: Allen Anne Vindenes , Lees Graham Vaughan 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACTHow can a new publisher and new publication survive in today's climate, where ‘Big Deal’ bundling arrangements and cuts in library budgets are squeezing out smaller publishers and publications? That is a key question for TheScientificWorldJOURNAL. The Journal's innovative editorial approaches together with a new business model combine to present part of the answer, and enable a new journal to make a significant difference.
Human–Mouse Gene Searcher: a tool to assist discovery of malformation-associated genes by using phenotype databases
Authors: Bradford Ian , Winter Robin , Evans Carl , Bard Jonathan 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
An open-access World Wide Web application has been developed which enables the cross-linking of anatomical data on the phenotypic manifestations of human and mouse malformation syndromes to data on gene function and/or expression patterns in the mouse GXD database. Ultimately, the system has been designed to assist biologists in the process of discovering hitherto unidentified malformation genes. More specifically, it facilitates search from the phenotypic level.
Availability: The application and further information is available at http://genetics.ich.ucl.ac.uk/linksearchtool
Contact: i.bradford@ich.ucl.ac.uk
Postburn Subtalar Dislocation in a Major Foot Contracture
Authors: Coban Y. Kenan , Gurlek Ali 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAn unusual postburn contracture, which consists of calcaneal bone dislocation and severe dorsiflexion contracture of foot and toes, is presented. To our knowledge, subtalar dislocation as the result of postburn contracture has not been previously reported in the literature.
The sublethal effects of tebufenozide on the precopulatory and copulatory activities of Choristoneura fumiferana and C. rosaceana
Authors: Dallaire Renée , Labrecque Alain , Marcotte Mireille , Bauce Éric , Delisle Johanne 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe sublethal effects of tebufenozide, an ecdysone agonist, on the reproductive biology of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem) and of Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), treated during the larval stage, were evaluated using two treatment methods: the force‐feeding method and the diet method. The percentage of mortality and the developmental time of survivors increased linearly with the concentration of tebufenozide used. This ecdysone analogue proved to be more toxic to C. fumiferana than to C. rosaceana. In C. rosaceana, the weight of males and females decreased proportionally with the dose ingested, but females were affected to a greater extent. This difference might be due to a greater consumption of the treated diet, or to a differential vulnerability to tebufenozide. Tebufenozide did not modify the pre‐copulatory activities associated with chemical communication in the females. However, the consumption of tebufenozide delayed ovarian maturation, causing a reduction in the fecundity of females. Treated males had smaller spermatophores and fewer eupyrene sperms in their bursa copulatrix and spermatheca, along with lower mating success. In C. fumiferana, tebufenozide delayed the females’ onset time of calling the first night after emergence, but did not affect the mean time spent calling or the production of the main component of the sex pheromone. The males showed significantly greater difficulty in executing oriented flight in a wind tunnel, although their mating success was not affected. We concluded that tebufenozide interferes with various aspects of the reproductive biology of males and females of C. fumiferana and C. rosaceana, including some pre‐copulatory behaviors associated with sex pheromone communication.
Prey to predator transfer of enriched 15N‐contents: basic laboratory data for predation studies using 15N as marker
Authors: Nienstedt Karin M. , Poehling Hans‐Michael 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAs an alternative to methods currently used to study predation under field conditions, we propose to mark prey with 15N, and to subsequently trace this label in the food chain. Preliminary laboratory work to develop this method is presented. The 15N‐content of polyphagous predators that have ingested 15N‐marked aphids was analysed with respect to: time after ingestion, the number of ingested 15N‐aphids, ingestion of additional non‐marked prey, and predator size. Increased 15N‐contents were detected in solid feeders [Platynus dorsalis (Pontopiddan), Coleoptera: Carabidae], as well as in fluid feeders [Erigone atra (Blackwall), Araneae: Linyphiidae] up to 11 days after ingestion. The increased 15N‐levels were constant over time from a few days after 15N‐ingestion onwards, and correlated with the number of ingested 15N‐aphids. The ingestion of additional non‐marked prey had no statistically significant influence on the predators’15N‐contents. The 15N‐contents of carabid species with varying biomasses could be compared directly. Our results are compared with literature data of other methods (e.g., ELISA).