bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Oral Histories
Authors: Della Gatta Carla 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The artists spoke about their connections to Shakespeare throughout our conversations. This chapter closes with some of their comments that expose the range of relationships: discovering the depth of characters, how we conceptualize and portray emotions and identities, how Shakespearean acting informs their work as artists more widely, the engagement with Shakespeare’s language and stories, and what the plays open up for us about how we make choices, tell stories, and communicate. Each artist articulates strategies and/or objectives for engaging with Shakespeare’s plays. They also discuss where Shakespearean stories and their training techniques for Shakespeare manifest in contemporary plays and media.
Shakespeare, Race, and Adaptation
Authors: Green MacDonald Joyce 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines blackface minstrelsy as an example of race’s function in Shakespearean adaptation in the Atlantic world. Rooted in popular culture as it drew on the high culture resources of Shakespeare but far from being mere entertainment, minstrelsy remade him into an instrument for naturalizing social, linguistic, and especially racial hierarchies. Black performers’ and theatre makers’ own work with Shakespeare forms a second strand in the history of race and adaptation, as they moved towards achieving onstage representation independent of the minstrel tradition and the principles of white supremacy that it performed for public consumption. Through its development of black cultural institutions and the solicitation of black audiences, this second aspect of the relationship between Shakespeare, race, and adaptation points to the creative and performance potential freed when a range of makers can define their own relationship to the Shakespearean text.
Shakespeare, Race, and Movement
Authors: Oh Elisa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter posits that early modern racial formations in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth appear in patterns of repeated physical motion such as travel routes, religious rituals, and service. Kinetic paradigms that carry culturally specific meanings can create and maintain ideologies of human alterity that are used to naturalize unjust social hierarchies. The witches’ repetitively traced movement trajectories connect them to other early modern discourses of racialization like geohumoralism, conversion, and perpetual enslavement. Three ‘choreographies’ construct the witches as somatically and spiritually different from other humans: (1) the choreography of ‘strange’ foreign travel encompasses the witches’ interventions in James I’s Stuart dynasty as well as English maritime trade with their colonial consumption of African and Asian bodies; (2) the choreography of their circle dancing comprises religious rituals of satanic conversion in grotesque parodies of Catholic sacramental liturgies; and (3) the choreography of a subordinate subject’s service to a master entraps the witches and Macbeth himself with hubris and damnation.
‘Rac’d all over their Bodies’
Authors: Grier Miles P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the English developed an identity as a bookish people in innumerable quotidian acts, including meditations on the tattoo in travel narrative and stage practices of blacking. Travel writers such as William Towerson and Aphra Behn translated the autochthonous tattoos of Africans into figurative clothing, thus sewing a marker of European social status into the skin. This figurative work both robbed Black Africans of authority as makers of signs and created the possibility that African skin, even without tattoos, could serve as a status marker. To illustrate the unfolding of this cultural work, the chapter discusses the mixed practice of the lost Oxford masque Mr. Moore’s Revels, which employs blackface and clothing as overlapping techniques for blacking up. This chapter concludes with an analysis of the distinct fates of convicts in Titus Andronicus and Henry V to suggest the potentially redeemable European identity that emerges in relation to an African body seen as tattooed with a permanent convict’s mark.
Introduction
Authors: Bjola Corneliu , Manor Ilan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The chapter explores the impact of technological disruption on diplomacy, highlighting its capacity for both destruction and creation. It explains that while new technologies can create new economic and social opportunities, they also disrupt traditional ways of working and collaborating, leading to resistance against them. The chapter also differentiates between the terms ‘digitization’ and ‘digital diplomacy’, with digitization referring to the technical aspect of adopting digital technologies in diplomatic work and digital diplomacy encompassing a broader perspective of the role of digital technology in diplomacy. The chapter then discusses the ‘grammar rules’ that control the logic of interaction in the digital space, such as visual simplicity, emotional framing, computational personalization, and engagement hybridization. The chapter argues that, similarly to how grammar rules govern verbal communication, these mechanisms govern digital communication. They have challenged ministries of foreign affairs and international organizations (MFAs and IOs) to adapt so they can maintain their ability to meaningfully influence policy outcomes in the international arena. Drawing on the theory of the social construction of technology, the chapter explains why MFAs and IOs respond differently to the pressure of digital disruption. It concludes with a discussion of five patterns of disruption of diplomacy under the impact of digital technologies (from below, from above, from aside, through diffusion, and through crisis) and how the contributions to this volume analytically illuminate each category.
Digital Cultural Diplomacy
Authors: Grincheva Natalia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The chapter identifies and describes major transformations of cultural diplomacy in the conditions of increasing digitalization and platformization to propose a new typology of cultural diplomacy actors. Focusing on the roles they play in the global digital space and the power they can accumulate to exert impact, the chapter explores cultural diplomacy actors from the perspective of their involvement in the processes of digital cross-cultural communications. It argues that traditional government actors of cultural diplomacy in the digital realm increasingly become more dependent on cultural institutions and communities who serve as key cultural content providers. Furthermore, their activities in the digital domain are shaped by interfaces, digital capabilities, and algorithms of dominant communication platforms, designed by transnational corporations as main digital infrastructure builders. Finally, they operate in a very dynamic communication space populated by various opinion makers, including individual influencers, who accumulate a significant diplomatic power to shape global discourses. Providing provocative illustrations to describe major functions of each actor, the chapter exposes a highly saturated, heterogeneous, and complex nature of global cross-cultural communications that requires a more nuanced actors’ typology to help its deeper analysis.
Digital Propaganda and Diplomacy
Authors: Surowiec-Capell Paweł 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter delves into the connection between digital propaganda and diplomacy, examining the political implications and epistemic position of propaganda in academic discourses on media and communication. While propaganda is often seen as a neutral term in the analysis of persuasive communication, it takes on a different meaning in the realm of international politics as it is often used by diplomatic actors with partisan foreign policy goals. With the rise of digitalization, propaganda has undergone a re-invention in hybrid media landscapes, making it a crucial topic to explore in the field of diplomacy. The chapter assesses the episteme of digital propaganda in relation to other related concepts, such as digital diplomacy, disinformation, and misinformation. It also examines the relationships between diplomatic actors and the roles and activities they undertake in digital propaganda, using case studies such as Russia’s intervention in the 2016 US presidential elections and EU membership referendum in the UK and the ‘LGBT-free zones’ in Poland. Theoretical approaches to digital propaganda are also discussed, from classical models to their adaptations to current media landscapes. The chapter concludes by highlighting emerging trends that are affecting the use and impact of digital propaganda in diplomacy.
The Digital Hybridization of Ministries of Foreign Affairs
Authors: Bjola Corneliu , Kļaviņš Didzis 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Drawing on assemblage theory, the chapter advances a novel theory of digital hybridization to explain the transformative impact of digital technology on the practice of diplomacy. We define digital hybridization as an ordering process by which new structures with a distinct internal logic (digital assemblages) are formed through the co-junction and co-evolution of digital and diplomatic components that ministries of foreign affairs (MFAs) combine in pursuit of their foreign policy objectives. After comparing the digital experience of six Nordic and Baltic MFAs, we have found evidence to distinguish between three different models of digital assemblages: the compact (Sweden and Denmark), the mosaic (Finland and Lithuania), and the canvas (Latvia and Estonia). The chapter contributes to the study of digital diplomacy by providing an account of how digital hybridization occurs, what happens as a result, and how digital diplomatic assemblages evolve.
Digital Diplomatic Cultures
Authors: Wiseman Geoffrey 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the novel idea of ‘digital diplomatic cultures’, examining how digital technologies are impacting diplomacy in different forms and regions. It argues that current research often overstates the impact of digitalization on diplomacy and understates the variations within different types of diplomacy. The chapter examines the impact of digital technologies on four main types of diplomacy: bilateral (relations between two states), multilateral (relations between three or more states), polylateral (relations between states and non-state actors), and omnilateral (relations between non-state actors). It finds that bilateral diplomacy is the most resistant to digital practices, while trends in the European Union suggest that multilateralism is developing a stronger digitally oriented culture. In state–non-state diplomacy, a digital-driven polylateral culture is emerging at the United Nations and in tech-savvy countries. With respect to the fourth type of diplomacy—omnilateralism—the chapter explores the potential for a neo-Kantian global community to emerge through the growth of transnational interactions between organized non-state actors and individuals communicating via digital means. Overall, the chapter suggests that all four dimensions of diplomacy are developing their own unique blend of analogue and digital practices, resulting in a wide variety of digital diplomatic cultures.
The Digital Adaptation of International Bureaucracies
Authors: Ecker-Ehrhardt Matthias 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
International organizations’ bureaucracies are important facilitators and authorities of global governance that increasingly use digital means of communication—such as websites, email, social media, or mobile apps—to address their audiences directly. How do they deal with the opportunities and challenges of such ‘digital diplomacy’? What are the consequences of digital diplomacy regarding the content communicated by international bureaucracies and beyond? This chapter attempts to demonstrate the significance of recent research for providing conclusive answers to these questions as well as to demonstrate the need for further exploration. It first illustrates the current practices of international bureaucracies’ digital diplomacy by focusing on social media such as X (formerly known as Twitter) and Facebook in a quantitative perspective, illustrated with recent examples of their use. Second it discusses motivational factors and conducive conditions that help to explain why international bureaucracies have turned to, and increasingly employ, means of digital diplomacy. While the first and second parts of the chapter focus mainly on the opportunities of digital diplomacy, the third part goes full circle by turning to a couple of its challenges—organized hypocrisy, pluralization, acceleration, selectivity, personalization, and polarization—of which little is yet known, but that deserve more attention by scholars, practitioners, and stakeholders of global governance alike.
Digital Diplomatic Representation
Authors: Engtoft Meldgaard Anne Marie , Fletcher Tom 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In today’s digital age, diplomacy and the role of diplomats have undergone significant changes. The use of digital technologies has had a profound impact on the practice of diplomacy, leading to the increasing digitization of the field. This chapter offers an in-depth examination of these changes through the perspectives of two practitioners who have had to adapt to the digital age. It also delves into the relationship between online and offline diplomacy, as diplomats are now tasked with creating offline normative frameworks for the use of advanced technologies such as AI. Additionally, the chapter explores the new diplomatic role of tech companies, who design and own the platforms through which diplomacy is practiced. The rapid and wide-ranging developments in the digital realm have thrown many tenets of the existing international order into question, calling for states and international organizations to come up with answers. The updating of diplomacy for the digital age is an exciting and urgent agenda, one that requires patience, insight, and compromise—in other words, diplomacy.
The European Union and Digital Diplomacy
Authors: Zaiotti Ruben 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The chapter examines the main features and trends characterizing the European Union’s (EU) efforts in the digital diplomacy domain. The EU, like other national and international political entities, has recently embraced social media and other digital technologies as a way to engage with foreign audiences and raise its global profile. Because of its unique nature—a hybrid and unfinished political entity mixing intergovernmental and supranational features—the EU’s foray into digital diplomacy faces numerous challenges, from its communication strategy’s internal (i.e. within the EU) bias, to the lack of coordination among the various stakeholders involved, the competition with member states, to the ‘communication deficit’ that still besets the organization. As a ‘normative power’ with less historical baggage and a more positive reputation (at least outside Europe) than its member states, the EU has nonetheless the potential to be successful and effective in projecting its ‘soft power’ through digital channels. The regional organization has made some strides in this regard, but it has not fully exploited the opportunities that ‘going digital’ entails. The chapter elaborates on the challenges and opportunities in European Union digital diplomacy by providing empirical examples of EU efforts in this domain (the 2017 ‘European Way’ (EAAS 2017) social media campaign and the EU’s communication strategy during the Iran nuclear deal negotiations) and linking them to theoretical debates in the fields of international relations and communication.
Nato’s Digital Diplomacy
Authors: Wright Katharine A. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was initially slow to adapt to the digital age in diplomacy. However, in recent years, the alliance has taken a range of approaches to expand its presence and become more involved in shaping, engaging, and innovating digital diplomatic narratives. The use of digital diplomacy has the potential to increase scrutiny and interest in NATO, as well as allowing for direct engagement with consumers without intermediaries. The alliance has utilized various social media platforms, such as Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, and Facebook, and has hosted digital dialogues on a variety of topics since the Covid-19 pandemic. Additionally, NATO has launched digital diplomacy campaigns such as ‘Return to Hope’, which focuses on Afghanistan, and ‘#WeAreNATO’ and ‘#StrongerTogether’, in addition to partnering with celebrity Angelina Jolie. The reach of some of these initiatives brings to the fore the gendered nature of NATO’s digital footprint and the importance of visuals, but this contrasts with the approach NATO took to digital diplomacy following the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. This chapter compares the effectiveness of NATO’s digital diplomacy during normal circumstances to its response during crisis situations, where significant silences limit its efficacy in response to hybrid warfare.
Digital Diplomacy During Wars and Conflicts
Authors: Yarchi Moran 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The proliferation of digital communication platforms, particularly social media, has brought about both opportunities and challenges for the field of diplomacy and public diplomacy. The utilization of digital diplomacy in times of conflict and war has become particularly salient, as the image component has assumed a vital role in contemporary conflicts. This chapter explores the use of digital platforms as a component of the ‘Image War’ and how official diplomatic efforts employ various platforms and messaging strategies to shape perceptions and influence different audiences. It traces the evolution of digital diplomacy, from the American response to the 9/11 attacks to more recent examples such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict on TikTok and the Ukrainian Image Front in the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine. The chapter also examines civic initiatives, both organized and unstructured, that operate within the digital sphere and social media, enabling individuals to participate in civic diplomacy. The messages propagated by both governments and individuals increasingly constitute a part of the battle over perceptions in the international arena.
Digital Diplomacy and Cyber Defence
Authors: Kello Lucas 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Having emerged only two decades ago, the field of digital diplomacy and cyber defence is new relative to other aspects of statecraft. Governments did not prioritize cyber issues in foreign policy or national security until 2007, when Russian actors launched cyberattacks against Estonia’s financial and governmental systems. The attacks gave rise to the first international cyber crisis, elevating digital diplomacy and cyber defence to the top of international security agendas. Although today cyber ambassadors and policy officials are a common sight in the halls of diplomacy, they have achieved few notable accomplishments there. The only international treaty that specifically governs interstate cyber conduct is the Council of Europe’s ‘Cybercrime Convention’, but its scope does not cover strategic cyber activity. Laws and norms of responsible state conduct have been proposed but not widely adopted. Meanwhile, cyber threats to economic infrastructures, governmental systems, democratic elections, and public health data continue to grow in number and severity. This chapter traces the appearance, growth, and evolution of cyber issues in the world of diplomacy and international relations, examines divergent national perspectives on cyber defence priorities, explores successes and failures in institutional attempts to regulate interstate cyber conduct, analyses the enduring challenges that impede meaningful diplomatic agreement, reviews the emergence of nontraditional players in the security realm, and discusses possible pathways to achieve greater cooperation.
Digital Nuclear Diplomacy
Authors: Crilley Rhys 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Despite the continued centrality of nuclear weapons in international affairs—especially at the dawn of a dangerous new nuclear age—there is little attention given to how digital communication technologies have impacted nuclear diplomacy and what this means for the world. This chapter addresses this gap by drawing together scholarship on the intersections of digital diplomacy and nuclear politics to outline and examine the issue of digital nuclear diplomacy, where digital communication technologies have had the effect of changing central aspects of diplomacy around nuclear weapons, crisis, arms control, and disarmament. The chapter first provides a brief history of nuclear diplomacy and the important role of communication technologies in this area. It then introduces the concept of digital nuclear diplomacy, before exploring several case studies of digital nuclear diplomacy, ranging from accidentally published nonsensical tweets sent by US Strategic Command, to how the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons uses Instagram, via how internet users share memes to critique Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and Vladimir Putin’s nuclear threats. Ultimately, the chapter demonstrates that nuclear diplomacy in the digital age involves multiple actors, novel technologies, visual media, and the use of humour that all impact nuclear signalling, crisis stability, conflict escalation, and the communication of nuclear issues in important ways. Because of these developments, the chapter articulates a need for multiple, interdisciplinary, and critical perspectives as we move into an uncertain future where digital nuclear diplomacy may shape the future of life, and death, on planet earth.
Aboriginal Australian Spirituality and Economy
Authors: Grieves Williams Victoria 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Aboriginal Australian spirituality offers an exciting glimpse of human societies in the Holocene that is of immense value in a world that is dealing with extreme climatic events and the death of modernity. This spirituality focusses humans as intrinsic to the natural world, moving with the rhythms of the Universe, in concert with all things on Earth. In this way an entirely different consciousness prevails, one of humility and deep, affectionate interconnectedness to all living and inanimate things, and of gratitude for life itself. Landforms and constellations, the resting sites of the ancestral heroes who shaped all of creation out of chaos, hold the paradigms for human behaviour. Access to their stories is cause for ceremony, celebration, and renewal, while following in their paths. The land also holds increase sites for ‘spiritual propagation’ that has no equivalence with agriculture but springs from proximity to the sacred. The bounty of the natural world is shared in formal, preordained ways amongst relations. This is the basis of the shared subsistence economy of the hunter gatherer in a spiritual dimension often glossed as the Dreaming.