bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
S
tille Couplings Catalyzed by Palladium‐on‐Carbon with
Cu
I
as a Cocatalyst: Synthesis of 2‐(4′‐Acetylphenyl)Thiophene
Authors: Liebeskind Lanny S. , Peña‐Cabrera Eduardo 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

Stille couplings catalyzed by palladium‐on‐carbon with CuI as a cocatalyst: Synthesis of 2‐(4′‐acetylphenyl)thiophene
1

product: 2‐(4′‐acetylphenyl)thiophene
9‐Ethyl‐3,6‐Dimethylcarbazole (
DMECZ
)
Authors: Buck Jason R. , Park Minnie , Wang Zhiwei , Prudhomme Daniel R. , Rizzo Carmelo J. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

9‐Ethyl‐3,6‐dimethylcarbazole (DMECZ)

intermediate: 3,6‐dibromo‐9‐ethylcarbazole

product: 9‐ethyl‐3,6‐dimethylcarbazole
Preparation of Bis(2,4,6‐Trimethylpyridine)Iodine(I) Hexafluorophosphate and Bis(2,4,6‐Trimethylpyridine) Bromine(I) Hexafluorophosphate
Authors: Homsi Fadi , Robin Sylvie , Rousseau Gérard 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

Preparation of bis(2,4,6‐trimethylpyridine)iodine(I) hexafluorophosphate and bis(2,4,6‐trimethylpyridine) bromine(I) hexafluorophosphate

intermediate: Bis(2,4,6‐trimethylpyridine)silver(I) hexafluorophosphate

product: bis(2,4,6‐trimethylpyridine)iodine(I) hexafluorophosphate

product: bis(2,4,6‐trimethylpyridine)bromine(I) hexafluorophosphate
6
A
‐O‐p‐Toluenesulfonyl‐β‐Cyclodextrin
Authors: Byun Hoe‐Sup , Zhong Ning , Bittman Robert 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

6
A
‐O‐p‐toluenesulfonyl‐β‐cyclodextrin

intermediate: 1‐(p‐toluenesulfonyl)imidazole

product: 6
A
‐O‐Toluenesulfonyl‐β‐cyclodextrin.
Acid Anhydrides
Authors: Allen C. F. H. , Kibler C. J. , McLachlin D. M. , Wilson C. V. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

Acid anhydrides

product: Heptoic anhydride (enanthic anhydride)

reactant: 14.8 g. (15.5 ml., 0.1 mole) of heptoyl chloride

reactant: 13.0 g. (14.1 ml., 0.1 mole) of heptoic acid

product:
p‐Chlorobenzoic anhydride
(
benzoic anhydride, p,p′‐dichloro‐
)

reactant: 17.5 g. (0.1 mole) of
p
‐chlorobenzoyl chloride
p
‐
tert
‐Butylcalix[8]arene
Authors: Munch J. H. , Gutsche C. D. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

p
‐
tert
‐Butylcalix[8]arene

reactant:
p
‐
tert
‐Butylphenol from Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc.

product:
p
‐
tert
‐butylcalix[8]arene
NMR Spectroscopy in the Solid State
Authors: Utz Marcel 
Published: November 2003

AbstractNuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of solid materials has seen substantial advances in the past two decades and has now become a powerful tool for the materials scientist. Its main strengths lie in the possibility of obtaining and dynamic information with molecular specificity in highly disordered and even fully amorphous materials. In this article, the fundamental interactions that affect the dynamics of nuclear spins are introduced. These include the chemical shift, dipolar spin–spin coupling, and quandrupolar coupling. In contrast to the liquid state, where molecules tumble rapidly compared to the timescale of NMR, all these interactions are aniostropic in the solid state, their magnitude depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to the magnetic field. This anisotropy provides a wealth of structural and dynamic information, as discussed in the text.Solid‐state NMR provides numerous opporunities to influence spin evolution and therefore render spectra selectively sensitive to structural and/or dynamic information of a desired type. Several such schemes, including magic angle spinning (MAS), cross‐polarization, multiple‐pulse, and Lee–Goldburg decoupling, as well as multiple‐quantum techniques, are discussed. Finally, specific applications of NMR techniques to the study of organic and inorganic solids, including techniques such as rotor‐synchronized magic angle spinning and DECODER (for the study of orientational order), spin–lattice relaxation time measurements and two‐dimensional exchange spectroscopy (molecular dynamics on various timescales) and multiple‐quantum magic angle spinning (chemical information from transition‐metal nuclei) are introduced.
Positron Annihilation Studies of Materials
Authors: Brossmann U. , Puff W. , Würschum R. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
This chapter gives a concise overview of the probe techniques of positron annihilation and their use for studying the electronic structure and open volume defects in a wide range of materials. The first part introduces the behavior of positrons in solids, in particular the trapping and annihilation of positrons at defect sites. In this context, the focus is on the interrelations between the annihilation characteristics observed and the type, concentration, and electronic structure of defects.
The three basic techniques of positron lifetime spectroscopy as well as Doppler broadening and angular correlation of the positron‐electron annihilation radiation are discussed in detail together with practical aspects such as positron sources, sample preparation, and instrumentation. Special attention is given to novel developments such as coincident Doppler broadening measurements with chemical sensitivity, and advances in positron beam techniques. Studies of near‐surface defects and depth profiling with monoenergetic beams of low‐energy positrons are described.
The versatility of positron annihilation techniques is demonstrated by selected examples of vacancy studies in ordered intermetallic alloys and semiconductors and free volumes in highly disordered materials.
Oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activities in experimental hypothyroidism
Authors: Yilmaz Seval , Ozan Sema , Benzer Fulya , Canatan Halit 
Published: November 2003

AbstractFree radicals are now well known to damage cellular components. To investigate whether age and thyroid level affect peroxidation speed, we examined the levels of malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzyme activities in different age groups of hypothyroid rats. Hypothyroidism was induced in 30‐ and 60‐day‐old Wistar Albino rats by the i.p. administration of propylthiouracil (10 mg kg−1 body weight) for 15 days. While malondialdehyde levels of 30‐ or 60‐day‐old hypothyroid rats were increased in liver, they were decreased in the tissues of the heart and thyroid. While glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity levels did not change in heart, brain and liver tissues of 30‐day‐old rats, they increased in brain and heart tissues of 60‐day‐old experimental groups, but decreased in the liver. Catalase activities decreased in the liver and heart of rats with hypothyroidism, but increased in erythrocytes. In control groups while malondialdehyde levels increased in brain, heart and thymus with regard to age, they decreased in plasma. Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and catalase activities were not affected by age in tissues of the thymus, thyroid and brain, but they were decreased in the heart tissue. The changes in the levels of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities which were determined in different tissues of hypothyroid rats indicate a cause for functional disorder of these tissues. Moreover, there may be changes depending on age at lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activity levels. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concentrations of ouabain that prevent intercellular communication do not affect free calcium levels in cultured fibroblasts
Authors: Ledbetter Mary Lee S. , Gatto Cheryl L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTo better understand inhibition of gap‐junction‐mediated cell communication among cultured fibroblasts treated with the sodium pump inhibitor ouabain, we tested whether such cells have higher calcium levels than normal. Using the calcium indicator dye fura‐2 with fluorescence spectroscopy and digital imaging microscopy, we determined cell calcium levels during exposure of cells to ouabain. The concentration of ouabain was high enough to achieve maximum alterations of steady‐state sodium and potassium content and cell communication. We found no consistent change in calcium levels in human fibroblasts as a result of this treatment. In mouse 3T3 fibroblasts, concentrations of ouabain that inhibit cell communication were associated with a significant reduction of cell calcium. It appears, therefore, that the inhibition of communication by ouabain cannot be attributed to elevated cytosolic free calcium in the treated cultures. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the percusurge guardwire plus temporary occlusion and aspiration system during primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Huang Zheng , Katoh Osamu , Nakamura Shigeru , Negoro Shinji , Kobayashi Tomoko , Tanigawa Jun 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThirty patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) underwent primary angioplasty under distal protection of PercuSurge GuardWire Plus Temporary Occlusion and Aspiration System. Before angioplasty, protection of the distal circulation was achieved with the system, followed by balloon angioplasty and/or stenting and debris aspiration. Technical device success was 100%. Distal occlusion was well tolerated in all patients. Mean total distal occlusion time was 7.3 ± 5.4 min. Macroscopically visible debris was aspirated from 29 cases (96.7%). Postprocedural Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction flow grade 3 was achieved in all cases (100%, vs. 16.7% at baseline). Myocardial blush flow grade 3 was achieved in 26 cases (86.7%). Regression of ST segment elevation ≥ 50% was shown in 23 cases (76.7%). No patient developed angiographic evidence of no‐reflow or distal embolization. Both angiographic and procedural success were 100%. The system is feasible, safe, and effective for distal protection against embolism during primary angioplasty in AMI. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;60:443–451. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful stent ablation with rotational atherectomy
Authors: Medina Alfonso , de Lezo José Suárez , Melián Francisco , Hernández Enrique , Pan Manuel , Romero Miguel 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWe describe the findings from two patients with coronary artery disease treated with stents who had unexpandable rings after deployment. These covered rings were successfully ablated with rotational atherectomy. The treated segment was then scaffolded with a new stent. Our observations confirm the efficacy of rotational atherectomy for stent ablation. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;60:501–504. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Late stent thrombosis after implantation of a sirolimus‐eluting stent
Authors: Kerner Arthur , Gruberg Luis , Kapeliovich Michael , Grenadier Ehud 
Published: November 2003

AbstractLate stent thrombosis in the era of routine high‐pressure stent deployment and combined antiplatelet therapy with thienopyridines and aspirin has become a rare but feared complication. We describe a patient with acute myocardial infarction due to late stent thrombosis 6 weeks after deployment of a sirolimus‐eluting stent and 2 weeks after the discontinuation of clopidogrel. This is the first report of late thrombosis of a sirolimus‐eluting stent. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;60:505–508. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of the acute results on the long‐term outcome after the treatment of in‐stent restenosis: A serial intravascular ultrasound study
Authors: Wu Zhiyong , McMillan Taya L. , Mintz Gary S. , Maehara Akiko , Canos Daniel , Bui Anh B. , Waksman Ron , Weissman Neil J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe current study used serial (postintervention and follow‐up) intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) to assess the impact of acute results on long‐term follow‐up of patients with in‐stent restenosis (ISR). All patients (n = 180) with serial IVUS studies of ISR lesions from the following gamma‐irradiation brachytherapy trials were included: Washington Radiation for In‐Stent Restenosis Trial (WRIST), Gamma‐1, and Angiorad Radiation Technology for In‐Stent Restenosis Trial in Native Coronaries (ARTISTIC). There were 106 irradiated and 74 placebo patients. Quantitative analysis was performed according to the American College of Cardiology Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Standards for Acquisition, Measurement and Reporting of IVUS. Images were acquired using motorized transducer pullback, cross‐sectional analysis was performed every 1 mm, and volumetric and mean planar dimensions were calculated. The independent predictors for the absolute follow‐up minimum lumen area (MLA) were the postintervention MLA, the postintervention minimum stent area, and the use of brachytherapy. Placebo patients lost 45% of the postintervention MLA while irradiated patients lost only 17% of the MLA. The independent predictors of the follow‐up percent intimal hyperplasia (intimal hyperplasia volume divided by stent volume) and the independent predictors of the absolute increase in intimal hyperplasia were the postintervention percent intimal hyperplasia and the use of brachytherapy. Serial IVUS analysis shows that the follow‐up MLA and percent intimal hyperplasia are dependent on the results obtained during the treatment of ISR lesions. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;60:483–488. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of synthetic adenosine receptor agonists on growth characteristics of G:5:113 fibrosarcoma cells In Vitro
Authors: Hoferová Zuzana , Hofer Michal , Pospíšil Milan , Znojil Vladimír , Chramostová Kateřina 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe effects of several synthetic adenosine receptor agonists on the growth characteristics of murine G:5:113 fibrosarcoma cells in vitro were evaluated.Cell number and viability, as well as proportions of cells in individual cell cycle phases, were determined after 48 h cultivation of the cells in the presence of concentrations of adenosine receptor agonists ranging between 0.01 and 500 µM. Effects of the non‐selective adenosine receptor agonist NECA, as well as of agonists selective for A1(CPA), A2A(CGS 21680), and A3receptors (IB‐MECA) were evaluated. A slight increase in cell number was observed at a narrow range of concentrations between 30–50 µM of NECA, which was reproduced by CPA, a selective A1receptor agonist, in concentrations ranging from 20–50 µM. The most important finding was that of significant inhibitory effects of adenosine receptor agonists on cell number in concentrations above 50 µM. This effect was most pronounced after treatment of the G:5:113 fibrosarcoma cells with the selective A3receptor agonist, IB‐MECA, as revealed also by calculated values of generation time andEC50.The results suggest that adenosine A3receptor might represent a target for pharmacological anticancer approaches aimed at suppressing the growth of fibrosarcoma cell population. Drug Dev. Res. 60:303–311, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective Voltammetric Detection of Uric Acid in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid at Well‐Aligned Carbon Nanotube Electrode
Authors: Ye Jian‐Shan , Wen Ying , De Zhang Wei , Gan Leong Ming , Xu Guo Qin , Sheu Fwu‐Shan 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe voltammetric behaviors of uric acid (UA) and L‐ascorbic acid (L‐AA) were studied at well‐aligned carbon nanotube electrode. Compared to glassy carbon, carbon nanotube electrode catalyzes oxidation of UA and L‐AA, reducing the overpotentials by about 0.028 V and 0.416 V, respectively. Based on its differential catalytic function toward the oxidation of UA and L‐AA, the carbon nanotube electrode resolved the overlapping voltammetric response of UA and L‐AA into two well‐defined voltammetric peaks in applying both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), which can be used for a selective determination of UA in the presence of L‐AA. The peak current obtained from DPV was linearly dependent on the UA concentration in the range of 0.2 μM to 80 μM with a correlation coefficient of 0.997. The detection limit (3δ) for UA was found to be 0.1 μM. Finally, the carbon nanotube electrode was successfully demonstrated as a electrochemical sensor to the determination of UA in human urine samples by simple dilution without further pretreatment.
The use of a novel PLGA fiber/collagen composite web as a scaffold for engineering of articular cartilage tissue with adjustable thickness
Authors: Chen Guoping , Sato Takashi , Ushida Takashi , Hirochika Rei , Shirasaki Yoshio , Ochiai Naoyuki , Tateishi Tetsuya 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIt has been a great challenge to make the thickness of engineered cartilage adjustable to cover the range of both partial‐thickness and full‐thickness articular cartilage defects. We developed a novel kind of composite web scaffold that could be used for tissue enginnering of articular cartilage with the thickness adjustable between 200 μm and 8 mm. The composite web showed a unique structure having web‐like collagen microsponges formed in the openings of a mechanically strong knitted mesh of poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid). The knitted mesh served as a skeleton reinforcing the composite web, while the web‐like collagen microsponges facilitated cell seeding, cell distribution, and tissue formation. Bovine chondrocytes cultured in the composite web showed a spatially even distribution, maintained their natural morphology, and produced cartilaginous extracellular matrices such as type II collagen and aggrecan. The thickness of the implant can be simply adjusted by laminating or rolling the web sheets. Not only did the histological structure of the engineered cartilage patches match the bovine native articular cartilage, but also their dynamic complex modulus, structural stiffness, and phase lag reached 37.8, 57.0, and 86.3% of those of native bovine articular cartilage, respectively. The composite web could be an important scaffold for tissue engineering. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 67A: 1170–1180, 2003
Novel poly(ethylene glycol) scaffolds crosslinked by hydrolyzable polyrotaxane for cartilage tissue engineering
Authors: Lee Won Kyu , Ichi Takahiro , Ooya Tooru , Yamamoto Takeyuki , Katoh Masakazu , Yui Nobuhiko 
Published: November 2003

AbstractHighly porous poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel scaffolds crosslinked with hydrolyzable polyrotaxane for cartilage tissue engineering were prepared by a solvent casting/salt leaching technique. The resultant scaffolds have well interconnected microporous structures ranging from 87 to 90%. Pore sizes ranging from 115.5–220.9 μm appeared to be dependent on the size of the sieved sodium chloride particulates. Moreover, a dense surface skin layer was not found on either side of the scaffold surfaces. Using microscopic Alcian blue staining of the chondrocyte‐seeded scaffolds, well adhered cells and newly produced glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were confirmed. Following the initial chondrocyte seeding onto the hydrogel scaffolds, the cell number was significantly increased, reaching 149, 877, and 1228 cells/mg of tissue at 8, 15, and 21 days in culture, respectively. The micrograph shows well adhered and spread chondrocytes in the interior pores and a cartilaginous extracellular matrix with a GAG fraction produced from the chondrocytes. Results suggest that the PEG hydrogel scaffolds crosslinked with the hydrolyzable polyrotaxane are a promising candidate for chondrocyte culture. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 67A: 1087–1092, 2003
Polymer microfiber mechanical properties: A system for assessment and investigation of the link with fibrous capsule formation
Authors: Sanders J. E. , Nicholson B. S. , Mitchell S. B. , Ledger R. E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA novel microtensile testing instrument was developed to assess the mechanical properties of small‐diameter polyethylene, polyurethane, and polyester microfibers. The instrument had a root‐mean‐square error of 2.96 μN for force measurement and 1.91 μm for displacement measurement. Microfibers ranging in diameter from 1.0 to 10.9 μm were strained at 2 mm/s in the device, and the slopes of their stress–strain curves (material moduli) were determined. Correlations between material modulus and previously published data on fibrous capsule presence and thickness for implanted polyethylene, polyurethane, and polyester microfibers were investigated. Results for the 1.0–5.9‐μm microfiber diameter range showed that neither the percentage of unencapsulated fibers nor the capsule thickness correlated well with modulus. Correlation coefficients were 0.04 and 0.09, respectively. However, for the 6.0–10.9 μm diameter range the correlations were strong, 1.00 for both percentage of unencapsulated fibers and capsule thickness. It is suggested that the results reflect the greater attachment and mechanical interaction of cells with microfibers for the 6.0–10.9 μm‐diameter range than for the 1.0–5.9 μm‐diameter range. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 67A: 1412–1416, 2003
Analysis of the mechanism regulating the stability of rat macrophage inflammatory protein‐2 mRNA in RBL‐2H3 cells
Authors: Numahata Keiichi , Komagata Tatsuya , Hirasawa Noriyasu , Someya Koh‐ichiro , Xiao Yi‐Qun , Ohuchi Kazuo 
Published: November 2003

AbstractUsing rat peritoneal neutrophils, the complete nucleotide sequence of rat macrophage inflammatory protein‐2 (MIP‐2) mRNA including 5′untranslated region (UTR) and 3′UTR was determined (GenBank Accession number, AB060092). It was found that the MIP‐2 mRNA has a 70 bp 5′UTR, a 303 bp coding region and a 728 bp 3′UTR which contains adenylate/uridylate (AU)‐rich areas defined as AU‐rich elements (AREs). Site‐directed mutagenesis studies using the tetracycline‐sensitive transactivator protein‐expressing rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL‐2H3‐TO cells) revealed that MIP‐2 mRNA mutants which lack the 3′UTR are more stable than MIP‐2‐wild‐type (wt) mRNA. A MIP‐2 mRNA mutant in which some mutations were introduced to the ARE was also stable. The stability of MIP‐2 mRNA was low in untreated RBL‐2H3‐TO cells, but it increased in the antigen‐stimulated immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐sensitized cells. The antigen‐induced MIP‐2 mRNA stabilization was counteracted by the highly specific p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB203580 and the MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK‐1) inhibitor PD98059. These findings indicate that ARE is the cis‐element which mediates the rapid decay of MIP‐2 mRNA, and the antigen stimulation stabilizes MIP‐2 mRNA and the p38 MAPK and p44/42 MAPK pathways are involved in the antigen‐induced stabilization of MIP‐2 mRNA. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic heterogeneity of stably transfected cell lines revealed by expression profiling with oligonucleotide microarrays
Authors: Oh Min‐Kyu , Scoles Daniel R. , Haipek Carrie , Strand Andrew D. , Gutmann David H. , Olson James M. , Pulst Stefan‐M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractLarge‐scale gene expression measurements with oligonucleotide microarrays have contributed tremendously to biological research. However, to distinguish between relevant expression changes and falsely identified positives, the source and magnitude of errors must be understood. Here, we report a source of biological variability in microarray experiments with stably transfected cell lines. Mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF/3T3) and rat schwannoma (RT4) cell lines were generated to provide regulatable schwannomin expression. The expression levels of 29 samples from five different mouse embryonic fibroblast clonal cell lines and 18 samples from 3 RT4 cell lines were monitored with oligonucleotide microarrays. Using hierarchical clustering, we determined that the changes in gene expression induced by schwannomin overexpression were subtle when compared with those detected as a consequence of clonal selection during generation of the cell lines. The hierarchical clustering implies that significant alterations of gene expression were introduced during the transfection and selection processes. A total of 28 genes were identified by Kruskal–Wallis rank test that showed significant variation between clonal lines. Most of them were related to cytoskeletal function and signaling pathways. Based on these analyses, we recommend that replications of experiments with several selected cell lines are necessary to assess biological effects of induced gene expression. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.