bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Redistribution
Authors: Mueller Dennis C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We have described the purpose of government as that of providing those goods and services that can make all citizens better off, of inducing the kind of socially cooperative behavior in prisoners ‘ dilemmas that makes all citizens better off. We have argued that the work of the parliament should be confined to these mutually beneficial activities. What then is done about redistribution? Is there no role for the government in redistribution policy? In this chapter, we take up this question. We first contrast the issue under two-party and proportional representation parliamentary systems. The majority party can do what it wants within the constraints of the constitution in a two-party system. Thus, considerable scope for redistribution exists under a two-party form of government.
The Law Catches Up
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For the first half of the twentieth century, American sex law lagged behind—or actively resisted-the sweeping changes in sexual conduct and values in the rest of society. By the time substantial legal change occurred in the late 1960s, more than 90 percent of middle-class men and half of middle-class women had had sex before marriage, and even adultery was not uncommon. Serious change was visible as early as the 1940s. Following the pioneering sexology of Havelock Ellis, Alfred C. Kinsey and a team of researchers published reports of ordinary people engaged in a wide range of illegal or disapproved sexual activities, including premarital sex, adulterous affairs, same-sex relations, patronization of )’rostitutes, and masturbation. This striking evidence of changed behavior among ordinary Americans bypassed moral or political debates by casting what a generation before had been acts of deviance or radicalism as normal and ordinary. Kinsey’s data suggested not only that sexuality was more varied and insistent than conventional morality allowed, but that it always had been so.
There’s No Such Thing as Free Love
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1982 and 1983, feminist lawyer and scholar Catharine MacKinnon shot across the bow of the libertine consensus. “(S]exuality is to feminism what work is to marxism,” she wrote. Adapting the approach of Foucault and the social constructionists to the analysis of heterosexual sexual relations, MacKinnon argued that sexuality is a social institution and not a natural phenomenon, and described the particular social relations creating heterosexuality as relations of dominance and· submission. Powerful players create a sexuality that eroticizes hierarchy, she wrote, and also persons of”masculine” and “feminine” identities to act out these sexual roles. By fusing “normal” sexuality with these relations of power, men face the choice of dominance or celibacy, and women the choice of submission or celibacy. To the extent that people choose to be sexual rather than celibate, they reinforce gender hierarchy. MacKinnon thus situated heterosexuality at the heart of women’s oppression.
Aplastic Anemias
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Aplastic anemias are marrow hypoplasias affecting one or more cell lines. Aplastic anemia, without further qualification, refers to marrow panhypoplasia. Selective hypoplasia of erythroid elements is termed pure red cell aplasia. Aplastic anemia and pure red cell aplasia may be acquired or congenital. Selective aplasias of granulocytic elements or of megakaryocytic elements are extremely rare and occur as congenital syndromes. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemogloblinuria (PNH) is also considered in this chapter because of its association with aplastic anemia. Aplastic anemia, without further qualification, refers to marrow panhypoplasia due to exposure to drug, toxin, virus, or unknown factor. Aplastic anemia is a life-threatening marrow panhypoplasia associated with severe pancytopenia. Patients frequently present with infection, bleeding, or symptoms of severe anemia. Recognized etiologies of aplastic anemia include exposure to toxic chemicals (benzene), idiosyncratic reactions to drugs (chloramphenicol), and following certain viral infections (Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B virus). Most cases are idiopathic, however. Immunologically mediated suppression of hematopoiesis has been postulated as a possible etiology in idiopathic cases and is lent support by the response of some patients with aplastic anemia to immunosuppression. The association of aplastic anemia with the development of acute granulocytic leukemia suggests a stem cell abnormality.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes are clonal disorders of hematopoiesis characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and variable progression to acute granulocytic leukemia. Acute granulocytic leukemia is not infrequently preceded by a hematologic disorder, characterized by varying degrees of anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia or occasionally thrombocytosis, and termed the “preleukemic syndrome” (Linman and Bagby, 1976). This syndrome, characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis with evidence of stem cell abnormalities, is now recognized to constitute a spectrum of disorders classified as the myelodysplastic syndromes. Patients with the myelodysplastic syndrome are typically older adults who present with anemia or thrombocytopenia. Myelodysplastic syndromes may also follow treatment with alkylating agents and other chemotherapy. The anemia in myelodysplastic syndromes is most frequently macrocytic and may be associated with evidence of ineffective erythropoiesis or sideroblasts. Characteristically, there is no response to vitamin B12 or folic acid. The platelet count is often decreased but may occasionally be elevated, particularly in association with abnormalities of chromosome 5 and the 5q - syndrome (Boultwood et al, 1994). The white blood cell count is frequently low, and neutropenia may be present. Pseudo-Pelger cells (hypolobulated bilobed polymorphonuclear leukocytes) and monocytosis are frequently present. Blasts may be seen on the peripheral blood smear but constitute fewer than 5% of the cells. The leukocyte alkaline phosphatase may be low. Serum iron is elevated, and serum lysozyme may be elevated.
Mature B Cell Leukemias
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mature lymphocytic leukemias are clonal proliferations of differentiated lymphoid cells that express the phenotype of mature B or T lymphocytes. The mature B cell leukemias express B cell markers and surface immunoglobulin with clonal light chain restriction. The mature T cell leukemias are much less common and will be considered separately. The French-American-British Cooperative Group has proposed a classification of the mature lymphocytic leukemias (Bennett et al, 1989). The mature B cell leukemias are divided into ten categories: (1) typical chronic lymphocytic leukemia, (2) chronic lymphocytic leukemia with pleomorphic lymphocytes, (3) chronic lymphocytic leukemia of mixed cell type with 10%-55% prolymphocytes, (4) prolymphocytic leukemia, (5) hairy cell leukemia, (6) hairy cell leukemia variant, (7) splenic lymphoma with circulating villous lymphocytes, (8) leukemic phase of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, (9) lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with peripheral blood disease, and (10) plasma cell leukemia. In this chapter, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and its variants---prolymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, splenic lymphoma with circulating villous lymphocytes, and leukemic phase of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma-will be considered. Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma and plasma cell leukemia are considered with the plasma cell disorders in Chapter 21. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a clonal proliferation of small mature B lymphocytes of characteristic phenotype involving the blood and bone marrow.
Prologue: “Temple of Liberty” The Capitol in Overview
Authors: Scott Pamela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Congressman James Wilson of Pennsylvania prophesied in 1787 that America’s new federal government would “lay a foundation for erecting temples of Liberty in every part of the earth,” he based his expectation on widespread Enlightenment ideas and ideals (Plate 1, Cat. 225). Wilson’s analogy was not an isolated metaphor, but a genuine expression of the excitement and sense of purpose among Euro-Americans. The Marquis de Lafayette, in his farewell address to the Continental Congress in Trenton, New Jersey, on December 11, 1784, had proclaimed that the entire United States was a moral allegory: “May this Immense temple of freedom Ever Stand a lesson to oppressors, an Example to the oppressed, a Sanctuary for the Rights of Mankind.” By the mid-1780s, George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were already planning a new capital city under the exclusive jurisdiction of Congress where the Revolution’s great civic achievement, government of and by the people, would be permanently located.
Epilogue
Authors: Scott Pamela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Westward expansion and secure settlements during the 1810s and 1820s brought many new states into the union, with the result that the Capitol was simply too small to accommodate the new members almost as soon as it was finished. As early as the mid-183Os, Robert Mills and Alexander Jackson Davis suggested extending the Capitol with an east wing to balance the west one, creating a Greek cross-shaped building.
“Of One Blood God Created All the Nations of Men”: African-Americans Respond to the Rise of Ideological Racism, I789-I830
Authors: Bay Mia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In protesting that they were no different than their white masters, these African-American slaves spoke to the heart of the issue that would frame American debates over the status of black people in the nation’s life and politics through the slavery era and long after. Were the races the same? Or were black people natural underlings whose inferior capacities doomed them to forever serve the white race?
The Image of Man
Authors: Mosse George L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The stereotype of masculinity embraces many qualities. To be manly one must be brave, daring, and cool under fire. A man must be physically strong - tough, skilful, dexterous. And one must also be honourable, honest, and courteous. A man must not complain. A man must not lose control of his emotions. A man must not cry. Even today, many men would accept these qualities as defining masculinity. But how did our idea of manliness evolve? How long have these qualities been the norm? And will they continue to be our basic image of man? In The Image of Man, noted historian George L. Mosse provides the first historical account of the masculine stereotype in modern Western culture. He reveals how stresses on physical beauty, courage, moral restraint, and a strong will originated in the tumultuous social changes of the eighteenth century, and describes how the manly ideal manifested itself in England and on the continent. The important role of women and the so called ‘unmanly men’ from Jews to homosexuals in maintaining the stereotype are also examined, as well as the possible erosion of the stereotype in our own time.
Masculinity In Crisis: The Decadence
Authors: Mosse George L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The stereotype of modem manliness has now been established as it built upon an ideal of bodily beauty, symbolizing the attributes that a true man ought to possess. At the same time, the means of reaching true manliness, of “getting there,” were made explicit. The imagined presence. of a countertype reinforced and further clarified the manly ideal. The stereotype of manliness, once popularized by Winckelmann’s Greek youths, remained singularly stable, surmounting all challenges, defining normative masculinity for the nineteenth century and during most of the twentieth. Many contemporary men will have recognized their own ideal of masculinity as it emerged from the preceding pages.
Extract from Captain Stormfield’s Visit to Heaven
Authors: Twain Mark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Extract from Captain Stormfield’s Visit to Heaven was published as a Christmas gift book in October 1909, six months before Twain’s death. Combining science fiction with a satiric look at conventional views of the afterlife, Twain delivers an amusing and trenchant commentary on human vanity and pretensions. Much of the humor of the story rests on the sharp discrepancies between Stormfield’s cocksure expectations of heaven and its reality. The Captain discovers, for instance, that the planet Earth, far from being the “crown of creation,” is merely one of countless planets sending its departed inhabitants to the heavenly precincts. Indeed, we are so far from the center of things that it takes Stormfield 30 years of hurtling through space to get to heaven, only to find, when he arrives, that the head clerk cannot find our planet on his huge map. In his introduction, writer Frederik Pohl writes of this imaginative and thought-provoking story, “It’s funny, it’s colorful and it does the things that Twain intended it to do—one of them being to illustrate the silliness of the backwoods versions of Heaven and of religion in general.”
Closely Watched Targets: The Nightly News, the Military, and Lenin
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Television reflected and conferred status. That applied not only to the top leadership, scrambling to be on the small screen, but also to the portrayal of state interests. Television was an instrument of international diplomacy expressing the priority accorded by the Soviet state to other states and foreign dignitaries. Failure to include their visits and activities on state television bespoke a decision to downgrade the entire political and economic relationship.
Between Putsch and Revolt
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With great dispatch, Yegor Yakovlev was named head of state television. His was to be the first post-Soviet leadership of the giant institution. Yakovlev, the former editor of Moscow News, had used that weekly to press well beyond the limits of glasnost. He could do so because his circulation was mainly foreign (it was published in a number of foreign languages and the Russian edition was very limited at first), and his appeal in Moscow was to a narrow swath of intellectuals. Even so, he was frequently called on the carpet. During the 1991 coup attempt, he defied the ban on nonconforming newspapers by publishing the underground paper, Obshchaya gazeta.
Pictures, Parties, and Leaders:Television and Elections in the New Russia
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The pattern of television coverage of electoral campaigns in Russia was basically set in December 1993. In that and subsequent elections, television played a critical role in affecting turnout and influencing voters’ party preferences. Whatever the merits or demerits of the way television coverage was designed, to a large extent the scheme came into being as a particular kind of reaction to an earlier use of television in a major national campaign-the referendum of April 1993. It was a referendum to settle the parliamentary-presidential question of the constitution: Who had power over whom? Would the future look like the communist past or take a new, more democratic shape? The referendum did not resolve the distribution of power, but, what is sometimes forgotten, it did decisively affect the role television was to play in elections ahead. In an important way, the April 1993 referendum was the first part of the two-part effort to settle a revolution peacefully. It did so only incompletely, and the presidential election of 1996 was its continuation. In the intervening three years much had happened in Russian society and politics, and two parliamentary elections had taken place. But the stark choice of 1993 was much the same one as 1996.
Room for Views: Television and the Play of Controversial Positions
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Alexander Yakovlev proposed to the ruling Politburo and Mikhail Gorbachev, the newly installed General Secretary, that the media begin a campaign to legitimize pluralism-contending points of view-he was urging a way of thinking that the Soviet system had decisively rejected. After all, the basis on which information was strictly con­ trolled was the belief that only one view merited attention-that promulgated by the Communist Party leadership on the basis of its superior knowledge in achieving the economic and social goals the Bolshevik Revolution promised.
Beating The Odds
Authors: Hrabowski III Freeman A , Maton Kenneth I , Greif Geoffrey L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Today, young Black men are more likely to be killed or sent to prison than to graduate from college. Yet, despite all the obstacles, some are achieving at the highest academic and professional levels. Beating the Odds tells their remarkable stories and shows us what African American families have done to raise academically successful sons, sons who are among the top two percent of African American males in terms of SAT scores and grades. The result of extensive and innovative research, Beating the Odds goes beyond mere analysis—and beyond the relentlessly negative media images—to show us precisely how young Black men can succeed despite the roadblocks of racism, the temptations of crime and drugs, and a popular culture that values being “cool” over being educated. By interviewing parents and children from a range of economic and educational backgrounds and from both single and two-parent homes, the authors identify those constants that contribute to academic achievement and offer step-by-step guidance on six essential strategies for effective parenting: child-focused love; strong limit-setting and discipline; continually high expectations; open, consistent, and strong communication; positive racial identity and positive male identity; and full use of community resources. The proof of the effectiveness of such strategies is in the sons themselves, who speak eloquently in these pages about their struggles and successes in both the classroom and the often hostile world that surrounds it. Essential reading for parents, teachers, and school administrators, Beating the Odds offers insight, guidance, and hope for anyone concerned about the plight of young African American men and the society they live in.
̒̒I Think the Union Army Had Something to Do with It̓̓: The Pickett̓s Charge Nobody Knows
Authors: Reardon Carol 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The veterans of the 149th Pennsylvania Infantry who returned to Gettysburg to unveil their regimental monument had a bone to pick with history. “The battle of Gettysburg has served to magnify the glory of the rebels at the expense of the Union troops,” the orator complained. Moreover, he continued, “The great event of the battle in the popular mind is the magnificent charge of Pickett’s Division. … So much has been said of the courage of his men that the sublime sacrifices of the first day and the brilliant charges and stubborn resistance of the Union troops on the second and third days, on all parts of the field, are over-looked.”
Dom Casmurro
Authors: Gledson John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A palm tree, seeing me troubled and divining the cause, murmured in its branches that there was nothing wrong with fifteen-year old boys getting into corners with girls of fourteen; quite the contrary, youths of that age have no other function, and corners were made for that very purpose. It was an old palm-tree, and I believed in old palm-trees even more than in old books. Birds, butterflies, a cricket trying out its summer song, all the living things of the air were of the same opinion. So begins this extraordinary love story between Bento and Capitu, childhood sweethearts who grow up next door to each other in Rio de Janeiro in the 1850s. Like other great nineteenth century novels-- The Scarlet Letter, Anna Karenina, Madame Bovary--Machado de Assis's Dom Casmurro explores the themes of marriage and adultery. But what distinguishes Machado's novel from the realism of its contemporaries, and what makes it such a delightful discovery for English-speaking readers, is its eccentric and wildly unpredictable narrative style. Far from creating the illusion of an orderly fictional "reality," Dom Casmurro is told by a narrator who is disruptively self-conscious, deeply subjective, and prone to all manner of marvelous digression. As he recounts the events of his life from the vantage of a lonely old age, Bento continually interrupts his story to reflect on the writing of it: he examines the aptness of an image or analogy, considers cutting out certain scenes before taking the manuscript to the printer, and engages in a running, and often hilarious, dialogue with the reader. "If all this seems a little emphatic, irritating reader," he says, "it's because you have never combed a girl's hair, you've never put your adolescent hands on the young head of a nymph..." But the novel is more than a performance of stylistic acrobatics. It is an ironic critique of Catholicism, in which God appears as a kind of divine accountant whose ledgers may be balanced in devious as well as pious ways. It is also a story about love and its obstacles, about deception and self-deception, and about the failure of memory to make life's beginning fit neatly into its end. First published in 1900, Dom Casmurro is one of the great unrecognized classics of the turn of the century by one of Brazil's greatest writers. The popularity of Machado de Assis in Latin America has never been in doubt and now, with the acclaim of such critics and writers as Susan Sontag, John Barth, and Tony Tanner, his work is finally receiving the worldwide attention it deserves. Newly translated and edited by John Gledson, with an afterword by Joao Adolfo Hansen, this Library of Latin America edition is the only complete, unabridged, and annotated translation of the novel available. It offers English-speaking readers a literary genius of the rarest kind.
Dom Casmurro, the Fruit and the Rind: An Afterword
Authors: João Adolfo Hansen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dom Casmurro (1899) completes the trilogy formed by Quincas Borba (1891) and Mem6rias p6stumas de Br4s Cubas (1881). The three books can be classified as “allcgorico-satirical novels.” Their style is characterized by a mixture of high and low registers, in which differing perspectives arc taken on themes of his own time by Madlado de Assis, who grew up in the reign of the Emperor Pedro II (184,0-1889) and died in 1908, under the first Brazilian Republic. In the words of Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas, it is a style in which the “pen of merriment” is dipped in the “ink of melancholy.” In fact, the “merriment” and the “melancholy” arc inseparable, and neither is independent of, or dominates the other.
Substitute Decision Making For Incompetent Patients
Authors: Grisso Thomas , Appelbaum Paul S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When patients lose the capacity to make treatment decisions, unless they have previously indicated their desires, other people substitute decision makers must assume that role. Only in emergencies, when there is no time to seek consent from third parties, will physicians be called on to make choices on behalf of their patients. Depending on the circumstances, the judgment as to what constitutes an appropriate course of medical care for incompetent patients may fall to family members and friends, the courts, or to patients themselves, if they have formulated directives in advance.