bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Our Disdain for Culture
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Another important cultural force influencing our way of life is a bias in our education, which is likely to sway our consumption pattern in favor of comfort and against stimulus enjoyment. Measured by number of man-years of schooling per head of population, we are the world’s most educated people. Are we also the best educated? The question I want to raise has to do not with the quality of our schools and colleges, but with what they prepare us for. Learning can have many aims; what do we try to achieve by staying in school so long? We are occasionally accused of lagging behind in culture; if we do, what does that mean in terms of our educational philosophy and the nature of our school curricula? To deal with those and related matters, we must first get a clear notion of what culture is. In Chapter Three I dealt at length with novelty as a source of stimulus and an intermediate degree of novelty as the condition that makes stimulus enjoyable.
Days of Decision
Authors: Anderson Terry H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The days of decision were between autumn 1965 and the end of 1967. During that time the major issues that defined the first wave of the movement and the sixties-race and war--dominated the evening news. A more militant form of civil rights, an expanding conflict in Southeast Asia, and an emerging “counter” to mainstream culture all provoked citizens to question, to make decisions about their own views and about the direction of the nation. The political became the personal, especially for the sixties generation; they had been awakened by Kennedy’s idealism, aroused by the struggle in the South, and confronted by campus regulations, and during the next years they would be educated by racial strife in America and by the war in Vietnam.
Power and Liberation
Authors: Anderson Terry H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many commentators have ended histories of the sixties during or after 1968 because the election of Nixon is a convenient break and because the focus of the movement blurred. Just what was the movement during 1969 and 1970, from the Third World Strike at San Francisco State to the tragedy at Kent State? Streets became flooded with activists advocating a myriad of causes as the movement swelled into the second wave. The confusion was evident to participants themselves, who defined and redefined the movement. Perhaps its evolution was best described by veterans Michael Ferber and Staughton Lynd: As an expression, “the movement” still enjoys wide currency in America, but it no longer refers to an existing entity.
Chapter VII
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After parting with her lover, at the edge of the wood, Dorcasina, “gracious, mild and good,” (her displeasure at Betty’s last night’s freedom, being entirely swallowed up in the immensity of her present love and happiness) leaning on the faithful creature’s arm, gave her a particular account of all that had passed; at the conclusion of which, she said, “And would you believe me, Betty? He downright kissed me; and not my cheek, but my lips!” Poor Betty, uneasy and distressed, remained for some time, thoughtful and silent; while her mistress, totally unmindful of her sadness, ran on, in the most extravagant manner, in the praise of O’Connor, saying, that she had, at last, been so fortunate as to meet with her kindred soul; that he was the most modest, most engaging, and perfect of mankind; that her bliss would be complete in an union with him; and, that nothing on this side heaven would be capable of adding to her felicity, when once she should become his wife. Betty, indignant at hearing her mistress express herself in this enthusiastic manner, at length, broke silence. “Then you mean to marry him, ma’am; and not let your father know nothing at all about it!” “Heaven forbid! Betty, that I should be guilty of such an act of ingratitude to the best and most indulgent of parents. But my dear father cannot possibly have any objection to Mr.O’Connor, when he comes to know him as well as I do. He is waiting only for some letters from Philadelphia, to present himself before him; and I am so far from entertaining any doubt of his consent, that I am certain he will rejoice in his daughter’s happy prospects.” “Well, ma’am, I hope every thing will turn out to your heart’s content; for I am sure, I wishes for your happiness as much as for my own.
Chapter XIII
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dorcasina did not go to bed; but passed the night in walking the chamber; in sighs, in tears, and in groans, bemoaning her unhappy fate: while Betty, who never left her, endeavoured in vain to console her. Towards morning, she brought a glass of wine, which she persuaded her to drink; and afterwards, by much entreaty, prevailed on her to lie down in her clothes. Nature, being at length wearied out, she fell into a gentle slumber; while Betty nodded in the easy chair by her bed-side.
Chapter XIV
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The inhabitants of this village, like those of all other small places, were too apt to busy themselves, with the affairs of their neighbours. The recent love adventure of the first lady in it now became the topic of conversation, in every circle. Few had the right of the story; and a thousand circumstances were added, as destitute of truth as of probability. ‘Who would have thought,” said one, “that Dorcasina Sheldon could have wished to run away, and leave her father’s house, to follow a stranger, an outlandish man, to the old countries?” “Sure enough,” cried another, “and so good a father too; no wonder he shut her up. He served her very right, for wishing to leave him.” “I am not of your mind,” said a third. “I think Mr. Sheldon, though in the main a good man, was very cruel to cross his only child in love. If the poor lady should die or go distracted, he would dearly repent his cruelty.” By degrees, the subject of their speculation gained strength, and, in three weeks, was able, for the first time, since her lover’s departure, to pay a visit to the grove. This was an enjoyment, for which she had most earnestly wished. She longed, with a mingled sensation of pain and pleasure, to revisit the spot, where she had first beheld the adored youth, in order to recal the rapturous moments she had passed in company with one, who had taken such full possession of her heart. Before she set out upon this visit, an idea occurred to her, which employed all her thoughts; and from which she flattered herself with drawing much pleasure.
Chapter XV
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Meantime, the four girls, whom Betty had caused to scamper off in such consternation, began, after they had got safely home, to query who the person could be, that had appeared so suddenly among them from the tree. One supposed it to be some man, who, caught as they were in the shower, had climbed the tree for a better shelter, and jumped down on purpose to frighten them: another, that it was a robber, who had concealed himself there; or a person with a still worse design. But one of them, more sagacious than the rest, said she would wager any thing that Mr. O’Connor kept himself hid there, on purpose to meet Miss Dorcasina, when she walked in the grove. This opinion was immediately adopted by the other three; and it was soon noised over the village that O’Connor had frequently been seen, in the grove, since his abrupt departure from his lodgings.
Chapter XV
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A fortnight of the month was now elapsed and Harriot had not been able to draw from Dorcasina any concessions in her favour, although she plainly perceived that her visits were far from being disagreeable. Encouraged by this discovery, she made them more frequent, urged her suit with greater earnestness, and more seriously than she had hitherto done. But Dorcasina, true to her resolution, and to her first engagement, conscientiously avoided affording the smallest encouragement.
Chapter XVIII
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Seymore, who knew not that there was such a man in existence as Mr. Stanly, till he heard him mentioned by Dorcasina, wishing to ascertain the amount of her property, and, if possible, to develope the mystery of her being forced away from L--,employed a person, in whom he could confide, to go thither, and gain what information there was to be obtained, on the subject. The man thus employed being arrived at L--, took lodgings at the only inn in the place; the landlord of which we have frequently before noticed, as a very loquacious and communicative fellow. The man soon found that he need go no further for the desired intelligence.
And Four to Go
Authors: Clark E Culpepper 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Friday, February 17, 1956, was bitterly cold in New York. Icicles hung like daggers from grilles of parked cars, the sky was bleak, and a freezing rain turned to ice as it hit the ground. Thurgood Marshall sat slouched, his tall frame awkwardly assembled in an airplane seat as workmen prepared the Electra for a 4:35 flight to Atlanta. After greeting a reporter who joined him for the trip, Marshall exchanged pleasantries while the ground crew de-iced the plane. Three and a half hours later, Marshall and the reporter landed in comparatively balmy Atlanta. A gathering of regional NAACP officials occasioned the trip. Conversations centered on recent events in Alabama.
A Moral Issue
Authors: Clark E Culpepper 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In late May, Brewer Dixon wrote Rufus Bealle to say that his Spanish-born wife Loba and her son, Francisco, wanted to enroll for English lessons during the summer term. “I realize,” the veteran trustee observed, “this might be a very interesting time to be there, should the Negro girl be actually enrolled. I would rather like to be on hand at that time to see just [what) happens, although I would not care to have Loba and Francisco there at such time, and I probably would prefer to be with you in an armored car.”1 Fiery crosses and night callers made everyone nervous. Alex Pow, the university ‘s man in charge of security, left his teenaged sons at home one evening armed with shotguns and explicit instructions. One stood at the bottom of the staircase, the other at the top. If anyone attempted entry, the son at the top was to shoot a window out. A nearby FBI agent would come running. If anyone forced an entry, the boys must shoot to kill. Pow was not alone in his forebodings.
Religious Responses to Secularization
Authors: Sommerville C John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By the 1660s English men and women were aware of a decline of religious piety, giving rise to such works as Richard Allestree’s The Causes of the Decay of Christian Piety (1667). With at least fourteen editions before the end of the century, this was one of the best-selling books of the Restoration period. Allestree’s “causes” are all moral and meant to discredit the impious. We have seen them complained of before: ignorance, theological disputes, sensuality, self interest, pride, misplaced zeal, excessive curiosity. Nothing in modern life was presented as creating a new situation with regard to belief. In Allestree’s view the Gospel only had to contend with the same moral flaws as always. And yet the latter seemed to be gaining ground.
The Saudi State and Its Neighbors, 1930-1936
Authors: Kostine Joseph 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The new Saudi polity that crystallized after the defeat of the Ikhwan is perhaps best described as “encapsulation.” The Saudi state had developed a superior structure capable of subordinating the tribes but unable to institutionalize its rule and cement it by means of a new ethos that would replace tribal practices and values. The government coopted the military prowess and political structures of tribes, which were more tangible and therefore easier to subordinate. However, tribal values and practices are an intrinsic part of the patterns of behavior and the weltanschaung of a society and thus far less amenable to change. Accordingly, a new duality evolved in the Saudi state in the early 1930s: a victorious new regime, politically centralized, reliant on Hijazi, urban centered, and oriented toward economic development, along side a defeated tribal entity, Najdi based, pious, and supportive of the chieftaincy system.
In the years that followed, this duality presented several problems for state building. First, the new elite was lacking in experience. Business entrepreneurs and administrators, many of whom were either based in Hijazi or foreigners, had to cope for the first time with the unfamiliar responsibilities of ruling a rapidly expanding state. Furthermore, they had no internal cohesion or the modes of cooperation necessary for their new role. The more common, parochial, tribal values therefore often governed the behavior of these groups, functioning as a substitute for modern political practices.
Prologue : At Mrs. Shippen’s
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Late in August 1774, strangers began rolling into Philadelphia. They arrived from all along the Atlantic coast for an extraordinary meeting. History knows it as the Continental Congress, called because citizens of the American colonies objected to their treatment by England. While most of these newcomers had to learn their way around the city, one of them knew exactly where to go. Richard Henry Lee of Virginia went directly to the residence of his sister, Alice Lee Shippen. Her husband, Dr. William Shippen, was one of Pennsylvania’s leading physicians and medical educators. He and Alice relished the arrival of her brother. Since Richard Henry had been important in summoning the Congress, there was sure to be good talk where he stayed.
Politics in Virginia 1758-1774
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While he could be as self-centered as Colonel Phil, Richard Henry’s nature was far more complex. Even his imposing presence was misleading, for he was actually frail. He suffered from epilepsy and he sometimes drank to excess. The fingers from his left hand were missing, blown off when a gun exploded during a mishap while hunting swans in 1767. He kept the deformity covered with black silk, leaving only the thumb ex posed. Such delicacy, however, did not preclude Richard Henry’s being a fierce hater. A brutal political foe, yet he was just as strenuously affectionate and loyal toward his friends.
“Last of the Stratford Lees”: 1786-1817
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It happened that Alice Shippen’s son Tommy was visiting Virginia when Uncle Frank died at Menokin. From there Alice heard the sad news that she was, as Tommy put it, “the last of the Stratford Lees.” Of all the family who grew up at Thomas Lee’s proud house on the Potomac, she was now the only survivor. Astonishingly, Alice lived two more decades, long enough to see a new generation come to humiliation at Stratford. But by then, Alice had also watched the sorrows of her own children multiply. Neither her son nor her daughter would brighten the lives of their parents.
Refuge in Alexandria: 1794-1858
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While Harry and Richard Lee were heaping calamity upon themselves and others in the Lee family, their wives sought to keep their marriages intact. In doing so, Elizabeth Collins Lee and Ann Carter Lee made the town of Alexandria a refuge. By the 1790s, Alexandria was an attractive and bustling river port. While the town was placed for a time within the newly created District of Columbia, it remained Virginian in spirit.
Charcot’s Major Neurological Interests
Authors: Goetz Christopher G , Bonduelle Michel , Gelfand Toby 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Charcot’s neurological interests were widely represented across the clinical spectrum of disorders affecting the cerebral cortex, the brain stern, the spinal cord, and the peripheral nerves. Trained broadly as a general medical doctor, Charcot studied almost all body systems and went be yond the bounds of modern neurology in his studies of joint disease following nerve injury and his intensive investigations of hysteria. In this chapter, the primary areas of neurological research in Charcot’s career are discussed.
The Exercise of Political Power
Authors: Peirce Leslie P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the late thirteenth century to the beginning of the seventeenth century, the Ottoman throne passed in an unbroken line from father to son for fourteen generations. While the sultan was compelled to exercise vigilance in order to protect himself from his sons’ ambitions, he was also concerned with their survival and with protecting them from one another. Furthermore, it was he who was ultimately responsible for his sons’ training for the imperial career. With the institution of succession by seniority, the link between father and son was weakened. Unable to father children until his accession, a sultan might well die before his sons reached maturity. Moreover, he could not regard his sons as his direct heirs since any brothers or cousins he might have would rule before them. If the ruler was still hailed as “the sultan, son of the sultan,” the charismatic link between father and son that had endured for three centuries was broken. It was the relationship between mother and son that became the fundamental dynastic bond, in terms not only of its political utility-for the prince’s mother had always been a vital figure in his career but also its public celebration.
Prologue
Authors: Sherry Vincent 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The “fallacy” Spender attributes to Ezra Pound and Wyndham Lewis turns on the paradox he finds in these “revolutionary traditionalists.” How does a state-of-the-art technique, Spender is asking, lend its timely energy to the art of an antique State? Archly experimental, the artistic temperament of the modernists promised to be progressive, forward-looking, liberal in a conventional sense, but this aesthetic intelligence colluded with social attitudes manifestly backward, reactionary, indeed atavistic. How can the radical inventions of Pound and Lewis, those ultramodernists, locate the root of their attraction to Nazi Germany and fascist Italy—societies they praised explicitly for recovering an ancient hierarchy?
Ezra Pound, 1921-1939
Authors: Sherry Vincent 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hugh Selwyn Mauberley tells Pound’s story of personal failure against the backdrop of contemporary history. Forces larger than private aesthetic programs determine the fates of his poetic characters. The literary economy has broadened its public base— the lowering of standards crushes the individual artistic excellences to which E.P. and Mauberley variously aspire. The antagonism between popular and elite readerships was of course well established by 1920; London, capital of articulate philistia, is well known to Pound. Yet a personal urgency attends his attempts to demonstrate this mass demand on literature — and to reveal its consequences.
Senator from Alabama
Authors: Ball Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Newly elected junior U.S. Senator Hugo L. Black faced a number of serious problems. First of all, he had never served a day in his life as a state legislator! With no experience, Black was soon to march off to enter the nation’s most elite legislative club.
Another problem Black had to address was the manner in which he was presented in the media to the world beyond the Alabama borders: as a country buffoon and a Klansman with little native intelligence. After all, if Black’s campaign battles over such issues as the availability of cheap fertilizer, improvement of the mud roads in rural Alabama, the evils of industrialization and monopoly, and keeping Alabama dry were any indication of the breadth of his concerns, then the Senate would have to put up with another Southern redneck, another “Tom Tom” Heflin, Alabama’s senior U.S. Senator, who was known only for his hatred of blacks and his stereotypical Southern political oratory.
“I Nominate Hugo L. Black of Alabama”
Authors: Ball Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Court-packing debates in the Senate and across the country raged throughout the spring and early summer of 1937, and during that time, many people forgot that Justice Willis Van Devanter, on May 18, 1937, had given President Roosevelt his letter of retirement from the Court at the end of the 1936–1937 term. Van Devanter was one of four extremely conservative jurists on the Court, the others being James McReynolds, George Sutherland, and Pierce Butler.
This extremely cohesive conservative quartet, with occasional voting support from Owen Roberts or Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes, dominated the Supreme Court for over two decades. Justice Van Devanter was appointed by President William Howard Taft in 1911, after serving as a federal appeals court judge in Wyoming. On the Court for over twnety-five years, he wrote fewer opinions than any of his brethren who served with him—averaging three a term during his last decade on the Court. He was a very remote, reserved, tightly disciplined, and inner-directed person who suffered from a severe case of chronic writer’s block.
The Supreme Court Justice from Alabama: The Role and Functions of the U.S. Supreme Court
Authors: Ball Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hugo Black was the seventy-fifth person to sit on the high bench since the beginning of the U.S. republic in 1789. When he retired thirty-four years later, he had worked with five chiefs and twenty-eight associates, almost a third of all the men and women who have sat on the nation’s high bench.
When Black joined the U.S. Supreme Court for the start of its 1937 October term, he had already developed a strong commitment to a society based on the rule of law, one in which all citizens, rich and poor alike, regardless of status or power, would be treated fairly. By 1937, he had been engaged in an intense, self paced reading program that, for over a decade, enabled the Judge to absorb the great lessons of history.
Black had a clear political perception of the role of the Supreme Court and its justices in a representative democracy. In speech after speech while in the Senate, he spoke of the importance of the fundamental instrument of governing, the Constitution, and of the limited interpretative role of the federal judges, acting in light of the Constitution’s general principles.
James Gamble Rogers and the Pragmatics of Architectural Representation
Authors: Betsky Aaron 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Question of representation, like that of language, is a difficult one to pose in the case of architecture, for the simple fact that a building inserts its physicality in place of its signification. In fact, a building does not in and of itself represent or speak about anything. Meanings must be, and inevitably are, brought to the actual construction by interpretation and use. The building is, in the most literal sense of the word, structure. While one might argue that this interpretation begs exactly the difference between building and architecture2 or that the condition of exile from spoken language makes architecture a more potent critique of accepted norms of cognitive control,3 the question of the necessity of actual building still arises, since the imaginative constructs of interpretation remain within the realm of pictorial or linguistic representation. That realm has little need of the elaborate constructs of building. When does one then need a building for the task of representation, or when do buildings form the only adequate medium for representation?
Representation in architecture assumes the need to represent something in such a way that a building is uniquely suited to that act and cannot be replaced by two-dimensional means, solely with iconography or with mute form.