bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecosystem Structure throughout the Brazilian Amazon from Landsat Observations and Automated Spectral Unmixing
Authors: Asner Gregory P. , Knapp David E. , Cooper Amanda N. , Bustamante Mercedes M. C. , Olander Lydia P. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The Brazilian Amazon forest and cerrado savanna encompasses a region of enormous ecological, climatic, and land-use variation. Satellite remote sensing is the only tractable means to measure the biophysical attributes of vegetation throughout this region, but coarse-resolution sensors cannot resolve the details of forest structure and land-cover change deemed critical to many land-use, ecological, and conservation-oriented studies. The Carnegie Landsat Analysis System (CLAS) was developed for studies of forest and savanna structural attributes using widely available Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) satellite data and advanced methods in automated spectral mixture analysis. The methodology of the CLAS approach is presented along with a study of its sensitivity to atmospheric correction errors. CLAS is then applied to a mosaic of Landsat images spanning the years 1999–2001 as a proof of concept and capability for large-scale, very high resolution mapping of the Amazon and bordering cerrado savanna. A total of 197 images were analyzed for fractional photosynthetic vegetation (PV), nonphotosynthetic vegetation (NPV), and bare substrate covers using a probabilistic spectral mixture model. Results from areas without significant land use, clouds, cloud shadows, and water bodies were compiled by the Brazilian state and vegetation class to understand the baseline structural typology of forests and savannas using this new system. Conversion of the satellite-derived PV data to woody canopy gap fraction was made to highlight major differences by vegetation and ecosystem classes. The results indicate important differences in fractional photosynthetic cover and canopy gap fraction that can now be accounted for in future studies of land-cover change, ecological variability, and biogeochemical processes across the Amazon and bordering cerrado regions of Brazil.
The hydroxyurea-induced small GTP-binding protein SAR modulates γ-globin gene expression in human erythroid cells
Authors: Tang Delia C. , Zhu Jianqiong , Liu Wenli , Chin Kyung , Sun Jun , Chen Ling , Hanover John A. , Rodgers Griffin P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHydroxyurea (HU), a drug effective in the treatment of sickle cell disease, is thought to indirectly promote fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) production by perturbing the maturation of erythroid precursors. The molecular mechanisms involved in HU-mediated regulation of γ-globin expression are currently unclear. We identified an HU-induced small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)–binding protein, secretion-associated and RAS-related (SAR) protein, in adult erythroid cells using differential display. Stable SAR expression in K562 cells increased γ-globin mRNA expression and resulted in macrocytosis. The cells appeared immature. SAR-mediated induction of γ-globin also inhibited K562 cell growth by causing arrest in G1/S, apoptosis, and delay of maturation, cellular changes consistent with the previously known effects of HU on erythroid cells. SAR also enhanced both γ- and β-globin transcription in primary bone marrow CD34+ cells, with a greater effect on γ-globin than on β-globin. Although up-regulation of GATA-2 and p21 was observed both in SAR-expressing cells and HU-treated K562 cells, phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3) kinase and phosphorylated ERK were inhibited specifically in SAR-expressing cells. These data reveal a novel role of SAR distinct from its previously known protein-trafficking function. We suggest that SAR may participate in both erythroid cell growth and γ-globin production by regulating PI3 kinase/extracellular protein–related kinase (ERK) and GATA-2/p21-dependent signal transduction pathways.
Theme discovery from gene lists for identification and viewing of multiple functional groups
Authors: Pehkonen Petri , Wong Garry , Törönen Petri 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Background
High throughput methods of the genome era produce vast amounts of data in the form of gene lists. These lists are large and difficult to interpret without advanced computational or bioinformatic tools. Most existing methods analyse a gene list as a single entity although it is comprised of multiple gene groups associated with separate biological functions. Therefore it is imperative to define and visualize gene groups with unique functionality within gene lists.

Results
In order to analyse the functional heterogeneity within a gene list, we have developed a method that clusters genes to groups with homogenous functionalities. The method uses Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) to create several clustering results with varying numbers of clusters. The obtained clustering results are combined into a simple graphical presentation showing the functional groups over-represented in the analyzed gene list. We demonstrate its performance on two data sets and show results that improve upon existing methods. The comparison also shows that our method creates a more simplified view that aids in discovery of biological themes within the list and discards less informative classes from the results.

Conclusion
The presented method and associated software are useful for the identification and interpretation of biological functions associated with gene lists and are especially useful for the analysis of large lists.
Genetic structure in four West African population groups
Authors: Adeyemo Adebowale A , Chen Guanjie , Chen Yuanxiu , Rotimi Charles 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Background
Africa contains the most genetically divergent group of continental populations and several studies have reported that African populations show a high degree of population stratification. In this regard, it is important to investigate the potential for population genetic structure or stratification in genetic epidemiology studies involving multiple African populations. The presences of genetic sub-structure, if not properly accounted for, have been reported to lead to spurious association between a putative risk allele and a disease. Within the context of the Africa America Diabetes Mellitus (AADM) Study (a genetic epidemiologic study of type 2 diabetes mellitus in West Africa), we have investigated population structure or stratification in four ethnic groups in two countries (Akan and Gaa-Adangbe from Ghana, Yoruba and Igbo from Nigeria) using data from 372 autosomal microsatellite loci typed in 493 unrelated persons (986 chromosomes).

Results
There was no significant population genetic structure in the overall sample. The smallest probability is associated with an inferred cluster of 1 and little of the posterior probability is associated with a higher number of inferred clusters. The distribution of members of the sample to inferred clusters is consistent with this finding; roughly the same proportion of individuals from each group is assigned to each cluster with little variation between the ethnic groups. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the between-population component of genetic variance is less than 0.1% in contrast to 99.91% for the within population component. Pair-wise genetic distances between the four ethnic groups were also very similar. Nonetheless, the small between-population genetic variance was sufficient to distinguish the two Ghanaian groups from the two Nigerian groups.

Conclusion
There was little evidence for significant population substructure in the four major West African ethnic groups represented in the AADM study sample. Ethnicity apparently did not introduce differential allele frequencies that may affect analysis and interpretation of linkage and association studies. These findings, although not entirely surprising given the geographical proximity of these groups, provide important insights into the genetic relationships between the ethnic groups studied and confirm previous results that showed close genetic relationship between most studied West African groups.
The Automation of Sediment Urinalysis Using a New Urine Flow Cytometer (UF-100™)
Authors: Fenili Domenico , Pirovano Barbara 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The UF-100™ analyser is a fully automated instrument that stains the DNA and the membranes of the formed elements in native urine. The sample then passes as a laminar flow through a laser beam and light scattering, fluorescence and impedance are measured. The main purpose of the present work was to assess the analytical performance and the accuracy of the measurements of the UF-100™ analyser.
No carryover was observed, while the linearity was higher then the upper limit (40000 total particles μl−1) suggested by the manufacturer. The within-run imprecision was low, ranging from 17.7 % to 2.4 % and was up to threefold better than manual microscopy.
Comparison of results obtained by sediment microscopy (performed according to National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) recommendations) and by the UF-100™ analyser showed a linear correlation with r = 0.833 for erythrocytes, r = 0.934 for leukocytes, r = 0.880 for epithelial cells and r = 0.40 for casts.
To evaluate the reliability of the UF-100™ analyser in detecting bacteria we compared the results with the microbial culture (n = 608). Using a cut-off value of bacterial count above 1800 μl−1 and at leukocyte count above 45 μl−1, the analyser detected positive cultures with a sensitivity of 87 % and a specificity of 80 %.
In conclusion, the UF-100™ analyser can improve the work flow, increasing the output of urinalysis by reducing the number of specimens submitted for microscopy. Also the method provides reliable information for the identification of urinary tract inflammation and bacterial infection.
Is the Association of Serum Lipase with β2-Microglobulin or C-Reactive Protein Useful for Establishing the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Patients with Acute Pancreatitis?
Authors: Pezzilli Raffaele , Morselli-Labate Antonio Maria , Barakat Bahjat , Fiocchi Manuela , Cappelletti Onda 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn the Emergency Department it is mandatory to establish the diagnosis and the prognosis of acute pancreatitis as soon as possible. To evaluate whether the association of serum lipase either with serum β2-microglobulin or with C-reactive protein allows simultaneously to establish the diagnosis and the prognosis of acute pancreatitis, 96 patients with acute abdomen were studied. Fifty-eight patients had non-pancreatic acute abdomen and the remaining 38 had acute pancreatitis: 23 mild acute pancreatitis, and 15 severe acute pancreatitis. Forty healthy subjects were studied as controls. Lipase, β2-microglobulin and C-reactive protein were determined in the serum of all subjects, using commercial kits. One patient with acute pancreatitis was not correctly classified when lipase was used to discriminate between patients with non-pancreatic acute abdomen and those with acute pancreatitis. For the discrimination of patients with severe acute pancreatitis from those with the mild form of the disease in the remaining 37 acute pancreatitis patients, β2-microglobulin had a sensitivity of 53.3 %, specificity of 81.8 %, and prognostic accuracy of 70.3% (27 of the 37 patients correctly classified); 87.5 % of the 96 cases were correctly classified. C-reactive protein showed a lower prognostic accuracy than β2-microglobulin: sensitivity 86.7 %, specificity 45.5 %, accuracy 62.2 %; 84.4 % of the cases were correctly classified. Using the polychotomous logistic regression analysis we found the same accuracy in discriminating between patients with acute pancreatitis and those with non-pancreatic acute abdomen (99.0 %) but a lower accuracy (54.1 %) between patients with severe acute pancreatitis and those with the mild form of the disease. Our study shows that the association of serum lipase with β2-microglobulin or with C-reactive protein is not useful in simultaneously establishing the diagnosis and prognosis of acute pancreatitis.
Process Evaluation of a Repeat Pregnancy Prevention Program for African-American Adolescent Mothers
Authors: O'Rourke Kathleen M. , Key Janice D. 
Published: June 2005

Purpose: Process evaluation of adolescent pregnancy prevention programs provides important data which can identify program coverage, dosage, and participants' perception of specific components. Methods: A school-based youth development peer group with integrated medical care in Charleston, South Carolina, was evaluated for specific process objectives. Quantitative measurements included enrollment and participation rates. Qualitative measurements included focus groups with participants and in-depth interviews with parents and school personnel. Results: Overall, 95% of eligible girls participated in the project, with an average attendance of 42%. Participants found support of other teen parents beneficial and privacy concerns a barrier. Parents and school personnel viewed the program positively, and saw it as a means of providing the girls direction. Conclusions: This evaluation demonstrated achievement of program objectives for enrollment and participation rates and identified components contributing to program success. This evaluation method may be useful in guiding program implementation and demonstrating efficacy in conjunction with outcome evaluations.
Crystal growth rates of paracetamol in mixtures of water + acetone + toluene
Authors: Granberg Roger A. , Rasmuson Åke C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCrystal growth rates of paracetamol (4‐hydroxyacetanilide) have been determined by seeded isothermal desupersaturation experiments at 16 °C in 23 different solvent mixtures of water + acetone + toluene. Parameters of different growth rate equations have been estimated by direct nonlinear optimization. At equal thermodynamic driving force, the growth rate depends on the composition of the solvent mixture. In the surface diffusion spiral growth model, this dependency can be described in terms of the interfacial energy between the solid and the solution. A reasonable prediction of the influence of the solvent composition on this interfacial energy is obtained if a proper estimation of the enthalpy of dissolution is done. For the case of paracetamol crystals growing in water + acetone + toluene mixtures this estimation needs to include an estimation of the entropy of fusion at the temperature of growth as well as of the nonideal entropy of mixing. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Simulation of sedimentation of polydisperse suspensions: A particle‐based approach
Authors: Bargieł Monika , Ford Robert A. , Tory Elmer M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe global behavior of sedimenting monodisperse suspensions of rigid spheres can be deduced from the flux plot, but this approach is not available for polydisperse suspensions. The rapid increase in computing power has made simulation an attractive method. Sedimentation of suspensions with many species can now be handled easily. Two sources of difficulty, generation of a concentration gradient and control of fluctuations in concentration, can be overcome by choosing the controlling concentration as that immediately below the test sphere. Applied to randomly distributed particles, our deterministic algorithm yields the ensemble behavior of each species and prepares the way for stochastic simulations by correcting density inversions. The simplicity and generality of the method make it feasible to test any theoretical or empirical model against any experimental data. Simulating the experiments and comparing the simulated and experimental results is illustrated. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Successful hematopoietic stem‐cell transplantation in multicentric Castleman disease complicated by POEMS syndrome
Authors: Ganti Apar Kishor , Pipinos Iraklis , Culcea Eliad , Armitage James O. , Tarantolo Stefano 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA 39‐year‐old male presented with pedal edema, pleural effusion, splenomegaly, and generalized lymphadenopathy. Serum protein electrophoresis demonstrated the presence of a monoclonal protein. Histological examination of the spleen following splenectomy showed multifocal vascular proliferation and angiovascular lesions consistent with multicentric Castleman disease. He was treated with steroids and rituximab, but without improvement. The patient was found to have portal venous thrombosis and lower extremity arterial thrombosis. He then received combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide and mitoxantrone but developed a severe inflammatory polyneuropathy that left him disabled and wheelchair‐bound. A diagnosis of multicentric Castleman disease with POEMS syndrome was made, and he then received high‐dose chemotherapy with melphalan followed by autologous peripheral blood stem‐cell transplantation. Following transplantation, his nerve conduction studies improved and his serum protein electrophoresis normalized. He is currently ambulatory and does not need wheelchair assistance. Hematopoietic stem‐cell transplantation may be a treatment option for patients with multicentric Castleman disease and POEMS syndrome. Am. J. Hematol. 79:206–210, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of elevated antithyroid antibodies and antinuclear antibodies in children with immune thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Pratt Ellen L. , Tarantino Michael D. , Wagner Debra , Hirsch Pescovitz Ora , Bowyer Suzanne , Shapiro Amy D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe prevalence and significance of autoantibodies found at the time of diagnosis of childhood ITP were studied to correlate their presence with risk for development of chronic ITP. Children presenting with acute or chronic ITP to The James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children between July 1993 and September 1994 were tested at study entry and followed for the presence of antithyroid antibodies (ATA), antinuclear antibodies (ANA), Coombs' reactivity, and anti‐human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies. Grouped data were evaluated for significance using Fisher's exact t‐test. Thirty‐one patients were enrolled in the study with a median age of 8 years (range 17 months–16 years) and male‐to‐female ratio of 1:1.8. Forty‐two percent of these children had an acute course of ITP, and 58% of children had a chronic course of ITP. Of children with acute ITP, three (23%) of the patients had an acute nonplatelet autoantibody detected. Of the children with chronic ITP, six (33%) of the children had at least one abnormal antibody value. Five children (16%) tested positive for ATA: 2 children with acute ITP and 3 with chronic ITP. Five children had positive ANA, and of these children, 4 (80%) had chronic ITP. Sixty‐seven percent of patients testing positive for autoantibodies were female, and 67% of all patients were 12 years of age or older. Three patients, 1 with acute ITP and 1 with chronic ITP, had insignificant abnormal thyroid function tests (these children had minimally elevated T3 with otherwise normal thyroid function, and none of these children had autoantibodies). No patients included in the study tested positive for HIV. Our results suggest that patients with acute ITP who also have other autoantibodies may be more likely to develop chronic ITP than those lacking these autoantibodies. Larger studies are needed to determine whether the presence of ATA or ANA is predictive of clinically significant autoimmune disease. Am. J. Hematol. 79:175–179, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mini‐BEAM and autologous hematopoietic stem‐cell transplant for treatment of post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders
Authors: Komrokji Rami S. , Oliva Jamie L. , Zand Martin , Felgar Raymond , Abboud Camille N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPost‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) represents a spectrum of lymphoid proliferative diseases seen as result of immunosuppression in recipients of solid organ or hematopoietic stem‐cell transplantation. Options of treatment include reduction or discontinuation of immunosuppressive agents, antiviral drugs, rituximab, chemotherapy, and radiation. We report two unique cases of PTLD (CNS and plasmacytoma‐like) treated successfully with salvage chemotherapy, mini‐BEAM chemotherapy, and autologous stem‐cell transplant. In both cases, patients were also treated with sirolimus and prednisone as immunosuppression, and neither patient rejected their solid organ transplants. With over 30 months of follow‐up, both patients remain in complete remission with excellent allograft function. Am. J. Hematol. 79:211–215, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Veno‐occlusive disease of the liver associated with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia treated with vincristine and standard doses of cytarabine
Authors: Boula A.M. , Mantadakis E. , Xilouri I.M. , Christoforidou A.V. , Foudoulakis A.M. , Samonis G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA unique case of a 72‐year‐old man with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) who developed hepatic veno‐occlusive disease (VOD) after treatment with a single dose of vincristine and standard doses of cytarabine is described. Unexpected peroneal nerve palsy suggestive of vincristine neurotoxicity occurred concurrently and pointed to vincristine as the most likely cause of the VOD. To the best of our knowledge, association between vincristine and hepatic VOD has not been previously described in chemotherapy‐naive patients with CMML. Am. J. Hematol. 79:216–219, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Venous thromboembolism prevention in the acutely ill medical patient: A review of the literature and focus on special patient populations
Authors: Pendleton Robert , Wheeler Michelle , Rodgers George 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAlthough venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major public health problem, until recently, our understanding of the risk of VTE in hospitalized acutely ill medical patients has been incomplete. Fortunately, over the past 5 years, there has been an increasing body of literature that highlights the risk of VTE in the nonsurgical patient, identifies unique patient‐risk factors, and defines adequate preventative measures. This review highlights the current literature with regard to epidemiology of VTE in hospitalized medical patients and the risk‐stratification of these patients and deals with optimal preventative regimens and prevention strategies in special patient groups. Am. J. Hematol. 79:229–237, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between Thy‐1 expression and cell‐cycle distribution in human bone marrow hematopoietic progenitors
Authors: Takeda Hiroki , Yamamoto Masuji , Morita Naoko , Tanizawa Takakuni 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAnalysis of the relationship between Thy‐1 expression and cell‐cycle distribution of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) showed that freshly isolated Thy‐1+ and Thy‐1− subsets of the CD34highCD38−flt‐3−Lin− population were predominantly in G0/G1 phase and remained essentially quiescent, whereas after 6 days of cytokine stimulation, the Thy‐1+ subset of the population entered the cycling state while the Thy‐1− subset again remained quiescent. Expression of Thy‐1 antigen resulted in a drastic increase in the percentage of cycling cells in CD34highCD38‐flt‐3‐Lin‐Thy‐1+‐ as well as CD34highCD38−flt‐3−Lin− Thy‐1−‐cell‐initiated cultures. The Thy‐1+ subset of the CD34highCD38−flt‐3−Lin− population exists in the freshly isolated CD34highCD38−flt‐3−Lin− Thy‐1+ fraction, loses Thy‐1 expression during 6 days, and re‐expresses Thy‐1 for an additional 2 days. Cell‐cycle analysis demonstrated that this unique subset contains abundant S/G2M cells. Thus, Thy‐1 expression appears to be an indicator of cell‐cycle phase in targeting HSC, which might serve in the cell subset best suited for gene transfer. Am. J. Hematol. 79:187–193, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.