bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMAGE RECOGNITION AND RECONSTRUCTION USING ASSOCIATIVE MAGNETIC PROCESSING
Authors: GOODWIN JAMES M. , ROSEN BRUCE E. , VIDAL JACQUES J. 
Published: November 2004

This paper presents a technique for image recognition, reconstruction, and processing using a novel massively parallel system. This device is a physical implementation of a Boltzmann machine type of neural network based on the use of magnetic thin films and opto-magnetic control. Images or patterns in the form of pixel arrays are imposed on the magnetic film using a laser in an external magnetic field. These images are learned and can be recalled later when a similar image is presented. A stored image is recallable even when a partial, noisy, or corrupted version of that image is imposed on the film. The system can also be used for feature detection and image compression. The operation and construction of the physical system is described, together with a discussion of the physical basis for its operation. The authors have developed Monte Carlo style computer simulations of the system for a variety of platforms, including serial workstations and hypercube configured parallel systems. They describe here some of the factors involved in computer simulations of the system, which can be fast and relatively simple in implementation. Simulation results are presented and, in particular, the behavior of the model under simulated annealing in the light of statistical physics is discussed. The simulation itself can be used as a neural network model capable of the functions ascribed to the physical device.
CHARACTERIZING ONE-LAYER ASSOCIATIVE NEURAL NETWORKS WITH OPTIMAL NOISE-REDUCTION ABILITY
Authors: WANG TAO , XING XIAOLIANG , ZHUANG XINHUA 
Published: November 2004

In this paper, we describe an optimal learning algorithm for designing one-layer neural networks by means of global minimization. Taking the properties of a well-defined neural network into account, we derive a cost function to measure the goodness of the network quantitatively. The connection weights are determined by the gradient descent rule to minimize the cost function. The optimal learning algorithm is formed as either the unconstraint-based or the constraint-based minimization problem. It ensures the realization of each desired associative mapping with the best noise reduction ability in the sense of optimization. We also investigate the storage capacity of the neural network, the degree of noise reduction for a desired associative mapping, and the convergence of the learning algorithm in an analytic way. Finally, a large number of computer experimental results are presented.
MEDIAN BASED IDEMPOTENT FILTERS
Authors: HAAVISTO P. , GABBOUJ M. , NEUVO Y. 
Published: November 2004

Idempotent filters produce a root signal in a single filter pass, i.e. the filter output is invariant to further filterings with the same filter. In this paper median based idempotent filter structures are introduced. Two approaches to generate these filters are studied: weighted median filters and median filter cascades. Two subclasses of n-dimensional idempotent weighted median filters, called Class 1 and Class 2 filters in the paper, are introduced. It is shown that both Class 1 and Class 2 filters suppress impulsive noise from n-dimensional input signals and yet have almost no effect on the non-corrupted parts of the signal. These filters are therefore well-suited for example for preprocessing purposes. An application to speech processing is described. Other likely applications of these filters are in image processing and, also, in image sequence processing, where the filter mask is typically 3-dimensional. Sufficient conditions for a filter cascade to be idempotent are given. Two idempotent median filter cascades and their advantages are discussed.
PERIODIC INHIBITION OF LIVING PACEMAKER NEURONS (II): INFLUENCES OF DRIVER RATES AND TRANSIENTS AND OF NONDRIVEN POSTSYNAPTIC RATES
Authors: SEGUNDO J. P. , ALTSHULER E. , STIBER M. , GARFINKEL A. 
Published: November 2004

This paper discusses synaptic inhibition of one pacemaker neuron by another, using data from living synapses. Spike discharges were assimilated to point processes. Inhibitory rate scale and behavior form. (i) Forms (p:q locked and others) with similar prevalent spectral components assembled monotonically with p:q. Between different lockings, intermittent, messy and other intermittent forms staggered characteristically; hoppings were interspersed. (ii) Locked, intermittent and messy forms occupied about 1/3 each of the rate scale. Individually, the 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2 locked domains were the widest, and seemed continuous; individual intermittent and messy domains were very narrow. Step-like inhibitory transients induced abrupt postsynaptic changes opposing them, which over- or under-shot and slowly returned in either orderly or complicated (chaotic?) ways to steady states. Input-output relations around inhibitory trains resembled those of first-order lead-lag systems distorted by asymmetric sensitivity to change and saturation. Postsynaptic natural discharges separated into "slow" less variable, and "fast" more variable categories with somewhat different inhibited behaviors. Formal modeling is introduced by summarizing comparable models, the data-assumption discrepancies, and reasonable conjectures as to eventual models.
TERM REWRITE RULES FOR FINITE FIELDS
Authors: BURRIS STANLEY , LAWRENCE JOHN 
Published: November 2004

Let F1, …, Fk be finite fields with distinct characteristics. We give a finite set of equations which axiomatize the equational theory of F1, …, Fk and then use these axioms to find a finite set of AC-term rewrite rules which is complete for this theory. This gives finite sets of complete AC-term rewrite rules for most instances of xm ≈ x rings by adding new rules to the usual AC-term rewrite rules for commutative rings. The first case for which we do not find a complete set of AC-term rewrite rules is x22 ≈ x, and we doubt that such rules can be found. If R is a set of AC-term rewrite rules from which one can derive x(y + z) → xy + xz, then we show R cannot be complete for x22 ≈ x rings.
A PHASE PLANE ANALYSIS OF TRANSONIC SOLUTIONS FOR THE HYDRODYNAMIC SEMICONDUCTOR MODEL
Authors: ASCHER URI M. , MARKOWICH PETER A. , PIETRA PAOLA , SCHMEISER CHRISTIAN 
Published: November 2004

We present an analysis of transonic solutions of the steady state 1-dimensional unipolar hydrodynamic model for semiconductors in the isoentropic case. The approach is based on construction of the orbits of the system in the electron density-electric field phase plane and on representation of discontinuous solutions of the hydrodynamic boundary value problem by a union of trajectory pieces. These pieces are related by shocks obeying jump and entropy conditions. A continuation argument in the length of the semiconductor device under consideration is applied to construct a continuum of sub- and transonic solutions, which contains at least one solution for every positive length. We also present numerical results illustrating the various possible solution profiles. For this we use a regularization of the problem, adding artificial diffusion to obtain singularly perturbed problems which are then solved numerically using continuation in the regularization parameter.
THE FREE STREAMING OPERATOR IN ASYMMETRIC SOBOLEV SPACES
Authors: BELLENI-MORANTE A. 
Published: November 2004

Let T=−νy∂/∂x, |x|<a, |y|<1, be the streaming operator with non re-entry boundary conditions, under the assumption of plane symmetry. In an analogous way, let T1 be the free streaming operator with specular reflection boundary conditions. We study some properties of T and T1, under the assumption that the domains D(T) and D(T1) are contained in suitable asymmetric Sobolev spaces. The norm of the element f is defined in such spaces by the sum ||f||=||f||1+c||∂f/∂x||1, where ||·||1 is the usual L1 norm and c is a constant. We prove that both T and T1 generate contraction semigroups, which preserve positivity. Moreover, the semigroup generated by T1 also has a norm conservation property. The results, listed above, are of interest for applications. In fact, in several evolution problems, one has to deal at the same time with T (or with T1) and with “local interaction” operators, such as the one examined in Sec. 7. These operators are bounded in the asymmetric Sobolev spaces which contain D(T) or D(T1), whereas they are not bounded in L1-like spaces.
EQUILIBRIUM PHASES AND LAYERED PHASE MIXTURES IN ELASTICITY
Authors: PODIO-GUIDUGLI PAOLO , CAFFARELLI GIORGIO VERGARA 
Published: November 2004

In this paper an equilibrium phase is a restriction of a piecewise-affine deformation of a body to a (maximal, connected) subbody whose deformation is affine; a layered phase mixture is a continuous deformation that admits at least two distinct phases, separated by a plane interface. We study equilibrium phases and layered phase mixtures in the context of finite elasticity, in the presence of three different boundary conditions of traction: uniform pressure, and two other of null Lagrangians. In Part I we reduce to a unique format the stationarity condition for the existence of equilibrium phases — of the conformal, transversely symmetric and asymmetric types — in elastic materials of arbitrary mechanical response; and we determine reasonable assumptions under which the stationary points of a (generalized) free energy are indeed equilibrium phases. In Part II we restrict attention to isotropic material, and give explicit stationarity and compatibility conditions for the existence of mixtures of two layered, transversely symmetric phases.
ON INTELLIGENT AND COOPERATIVE INFORMATION SYSTEMS: A WORKSHOP SUMMARY
Authors: BRODIE MICHAEL L. , CERI STEFANO 
Published: November 2004

Future information systems will involve large numbers of heterogeneous, intelligent agents distributed over large computer/communication networks. Agents may be humans, humans interacting with computers, humans working with computer support, and computer systems performing tasks without human intervention. We call such systems Intelligent and Cooperative Information Systems (ICISs). Although we can imagine extensions of capabilities of current ISs and of individual contributing core technologies, such as databases, artificial intelligence, operating systems, and programming languages, we cannot imagine the capabilities of ICISs which we believe will be based on extensions of these and other technologies. Neither do we know exactly what technologies and capabilities will be required, what challenges will arise, nor how the technologies might be integrated or work together to address the challenges. In this paper, we provide initial definitions for key concepts and terms in this new area, identify potential core contributing technologies, illustrate the ICIS concept with example systems, and pose basic research questions. We also describe the results of discussions on these topics that took place at the Second International Workshop on Intelligent and Cooperative Information Systems held in Como, Italy, October 1991. The workshop focused on core technologies for ICISs. The workshop and the results reflect the multi-disciplinary nature of this omerging area.
ENTREPRENEURIAL SUCCESSION, FIRM GROWTH AND PERFORMANCE
Authors: BUTLER JOHN E. , PHAN PHILLIP H. , SAXBERG BORJE O. , LEE SOON HOON 
Published: November 2004

This research examines business succession in small firms by presenting and testing a succession outcome decision model that is affected by the impact of family, performance, and strategy. Succession has been seen as an important issue in firms of all sizes, but the issue can be a much more personal one for entrepreneurs. Data were collected from a sample of 294 entrepreneurs using a questionnaire. These entrepreneurs were asked about the likelihood of various succession options, strategy, performance, and issues related to their family. Results indicated that in firms where family members were seen as making a positive impact to the firm's performance, entrepreneurs were more likely to see family member succession as the likely outcome. Historical performance did not have much impact on succession decisions, although expectations of poor future performance made family succession a less likely envisioned outcome.
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FROM GOVERNMENT LABS TO ENTREPRENEURS
Authors: WALSH STEPHEN T. , KIRCHHOFF BRUCE A. 
Published: November 2004

The transfer of technologies from government operated research laboratories to commercial firms is a difficult and complicated process. Corporate research and development agreements, intellectual property licenses and other agreements are keys to this process as they offer intellectual property protection to the technology creator. But the high costs of negotiating such agreements make them prohibitively expensive for many emerging entrepreneurial firms (Steffensen, et. al, 2000). These arrangements work well for large firms because large firms have adequate funding. Moreover, they are primarily interested in evolutionary technologies that lead to rather quick market penetration and rapid returns on investment in intellectual property agreements (Christensen, 1997). Independent entrepreneurial firms, however, often focus on disruptive technologies and discontinuous innovations that take much longer to achieve market acceptance and revenue generation (Christensen, 1997). Empirical evidence shows that small firms are more efficient innovators and develop more "major" innovations compared to large firms (Futures Group, 1984; Gellman, 1974). Thus, ineffective technology transfer from government labs to small firms may cause lower rates of innovation for society thereby reducing economic growth below its potential. This technology transfer problem has been recognized by Sandia National Laboratories and it has responded by creating the SAMPLES program. Herein, we describe the differences between disruptive and evolutionary technologies and create a model that exemplifies the important characteristics to technology transfer. Next, we describe the SAMPLES technology transfer model that began in 1996, show how implementation of this model leads to commercialization of disruptive technologies and report empirical evidence of its success with nearly 100 entrepreneurial firms over the last four years. Success of the SAMPLES program suggests that it provides a useful model that may be replicated in other nations that seek to commercialize government laboratory research.
Child Bodies, Blessed Bodies: the Contest Between Christian Virginity and Confucian Chastity
Authors: Menegon Eugenio 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn late imperial China chastity of a widowed or betrothed woman, rather than virginity per se, was considered the core female virtue in social practice, in literary discourse, and in law. However, religious chastity as offered in Buddhism and other Chinese religious traditions was a way for women to evade the strictures of married life. This helps explain why, when introduced in the seventeenth century by Spanish Dominican friars, the concept of virginity as a prerequisite for consecrated religious life found enthusiastic acceptance among some women in Fujian province. To legitimize virginity as a virtue and a perpetual state of life for some Chinese women, missionaries and their converts ingeniously revised the meaning of filiality, claiming a place for Christian filiality within orthodox boundaries of filial piety (xiao), while suggesting that Christianity offered a truer meaning of filiality, subordinated to the divine prerogatives of the Christian God.
Influence of the Outer Surface Layers of Crystals on the X-Ray Diffraction Intensity of Basal Reflections
Authors: Sakharov Boris A. , Plançon Alain , Lanson Bruno , Drits Victor A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis study presents a mathematical formalism describing diffraction effects from periodic and mixed-layer minerals in which the outer surface layers of crystals possibly differ from layers forming the core of the crystals. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns calculated for structure models of chlorite and irregular chlorite-smectites terminated on both sides of the crystals by either brucite-like sheets or 2:1 layers show the strong influence that different outer surface layers have on the distribution of basal reflection intensities. Simulation of the experimental XRD patterns from two chlorite samples having different Fe contents shows that in these two samples the chlorite crystals were terminated by brucite-like sheets on both sides. In contrast, crystals in a corrensite sample were terminated by water molecules and exchangeable cations. The nature of diffraction effects due to outer surface layers is discussed.
Geochemistry and mineralogy of zeolitic tuffs from the Alaçatı (Çeşme) area, Turkey
Authors: Kaçmaz Hülya , Köktürk Uğur 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSilicic vitric tuffs of the Alaçatı (Çeşme) area, west of Izmir (Turkey), are partly altered to authigenic zeolites and clay minerals. Mordenite and clinoptilolite-heulandite accompanied by smectite are the main alteration products of the tuffs. Scanning electron microscope examination indicates that mordenite forms mainly from a gel-like precursor and to a lesser degree from volcanic glass. Mordenite and clinoptilolite-heulandite have formed by the hydrolysis and dissolution of silicic vitric tuffs by thermal waters which circulated through the fracture zone into porous vitric tuffs. These thermal waters, which resulted from mixing of thermal (Na-Cl type) and groundwaters, provided the extra Na and Ca that are necessary for the formation of mordenite. Various percentages of calcite are present in the altered tuffs. The enrichment of calcite in the altered tuffs indicates that thermal waters supply Ca, sourced from dissolution of Triassic carbonate rocks.The alteration minerals in the Alaçatı (Çeşme) area do not seem to be laterally zoned. The occurrence of the zeolites seems to be related to inferred fracture zones trending NE—SW. These fracture zones are important because they provide porosity and permeability in the tuffs for zeolite formation. The large glass content and permeability of tuffs accompanied by the favorable hydrochemical condition resulted in zeolitization of the Alaçatı (Çeşme) area.
The Nature of Co in Synthetic Co-substituted Goethites
Authors: Pozas Raúl , Rojas T. Cristina , Ocaña Manuel , Serna Carlos J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe crystallochemical features of Co in Co-substituted goethite solid-solutions prepared by two different procedures have been studied using infrared, X-ray photoelectron and electron energy loss spectroscopies. It was found that the path followed for the synthesis of Co-substituted goethite determines the oxidation state of Co in the goethite structure. Thus, in the solid-solution prepared by precipitation with Na2CO3 of an Fe(II) aqueous solution containing Co(II) cations, followed by the aerial oxidation of the precipitate, the Co cations were found to be divalent, whereas trivalent Co was incorporated into the goethite obtained by ageing a solution containing Fe(III) and Co(II) cations precipitated by the addition of KOH. This different behavior is explained by the higher pH of goethite formation in the latter case, which favors the oxidation of the Co(II) cations.
Development of Miniaturized Competitive Immunoassays on a Protein Chip as a Screening Tool for Drugs
Authors: Du Hongwu , Wu Moutian , Yang Weiping , Yuan Gu , Sun Yimin , Lu Yuan , Zhao Shan , Du Qingyun , Wang Jun , Yang Sheng , Pan Mangen , Lu Ying , Wang Shan , Cheng Jing 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackground: Doping in sports has become a serious problem. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) serves as an effective reference method, but it is limited by low throughput and is therefore not suitable for large-scale screening. Use of protein chips for high-throughput screening of all athletes for prohibited substances could become an important complementary tool to GC-MS.Methods: We developed a protein chip based on an aldehyde-activated glass slide containing 10 physically isolated arrays. The chip was used to screen urine from 1347 athletes for prohibited substances and to screen a negative control group consisting of 200 females and 120 males. Urine samples from 66 individuals known to be abusers, provided by the China Doping Control Center (CDCC), and 129 standard prohibited substances were tested as positive controls.Results: All 1347 urine samples screened by means of the protein chips were also subjected to reference analysis by GC-MS at the CDCC. There was no qualitative difference between the results obtained with the two methods. The correlation coefficient (r2) for the quantitative results obtained with the protein chip and GC-MS was 0.991.Conclusions: The protein chip could be used to screen for a series of 16 prohibited drugs in urine samples. This system has the potential to become an effective screening method to test substances prohibited by the International Olympic Committee.
Electron‐beam modification of nitrile rubber in the presence of polyfunctional monomers
Authors: Vijayabaskar V. , Bhowmick Anil K. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe structural changes of nitrile rubber in both the presence and the absence of polyfunctional monomers, such as trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), tripropyleneglycol diacrylate (TPGDA), and trimethylolmethane tetraacrylate (TMMT), at different doses of electron beam irradiations, were investigated with the help of FTIR spectroscopy (in the ATR mode), solid‐state NMR, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and sol–gel analysis. There was a significant decrease in the concentration of olefinic groups for modified system with 3% TMPTA compared to that of the unmodified nitrile rubber on irradiation. This was also confirmed by the increase in the carbon resonances attributed to CC linkages from solid‐state NMR for the modified system, indicating more crosslinkages. The increase in crosslinking was also revealed by the increase in % gel content and dynamic storage moduli with radiation dose. The lifetime of spurs formed and the critical dose, an important criterion for overlapping of spurs, were determined for both grafted and ungrafted nitrile rubber using a mathematical model. The ratio of scissioning to crosslinking for nitrile rubber was determined using the Charlesby–Pinner equation. Mechanical properties were studied for the modified and the unmodified systems and the tensile strength was found to increase with grafting of polyfunctional monomers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 435–447, 2005
Receptor‐Assisted Combinatorial Chemistry: Thermodynamics and Kinetics in Drug Discovery
Authors: Cheeseman Jeremy D. , Corbett Andrew D. , Gleason James L. , Kazlauskas Romas J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractCurrent drug discovery using combinatorial chemistry involves synthesis followed by screening, but emerging methods involve receptor‐assistance to combine these steps. Adding stoichiometric amounts of receptor during library synthesis alters the kinetics or thermodynamics of the synthesis in a way that identifies the best‐binding library members. Three main methods have emerged thus far in receptor‐assisted combinatorial chemistry: dynamic combinatorial libraries, receptor‐accelerated synthesis, and a new method, pseudo‐dynamic libraries. Pseudo‐dynamic libraries apply both thermodynamics and kinetics to amplify library members to easily observable levels, and attain selectivity heretofore unseen in receptor‐assisted systems.