bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zeeman and Stark Effects
Authors: Silverman Mark P. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe Zeeman and Stark effects are modifications of spectral lines (displacements, splittings, and polarization changes) induced respectively by magnetic and electric fields. Application of an external static field splits the energy levels of a degenerate multiplet of states. In the Zeeman effect, levels shift up or down in energy depending on the magnitude and sign of the magnetic quantum number; in the Stark effect the shift depends only on the magnitude of the magnetic quantum number. Resulting spectral line patterns depend on the relative size of the field‐induced level splittings compared to the separation between different multiplets. This article discusses the weak‐, strong‐, and ultrastrong‐field Zeeman effects (the latter case arising when the magnetic interaction is comparable to the binding energy), and the linear and quadratic (including “ac”) Stark effects. In highly excited atoms (Rydberg atoms), where the separation between distinct manifolds is small and the electric polarizability enormous, the full range of Zeeman and Stark effects can be induced by relatively low fields. These effects have been employed to probe atomic and molecular structure, to measure inaccessible (e.g., stellar and interstellar) fields, and to gauge the influence of stray external fields in high‐precision metrology.
Stereoscopy
Authors: Claus Michael , Knupfer Klaus 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
This article covers the principles of stereoscopic imaging and measurements. It explains stereoscopic image‐generation techniques and the available methods of stereoimage display. 3D measurements in stereoimages and the related mathematics are explained, together with required hardware equipment and software. The generation of products such as digital elevation models, orthophotos and semiautomatic produced maps, resulting from the 3D measurements, is explained.
Photography, Physics and Technology
Authors: Schuster Norbert 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
After 150 years of development in photography, everybody can take good snapshots to remember by. The physical relationships involved in obtaining a sharp and well‐illuminated picture are presented here. Fine mechanical, optical, and electronic elements all work together in a modern photographic camera. The three mostly commonly used types of cameras, the viewfinder type, the Single Lens Reflex type, and the professional bellows camera, are explained in detail. All three types are used with classical film as well as in digital still cameras.
Image Processing of Optical Data
Authors: Petrou Maria 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Image processing is concerned with the processing of digital images for the purpose of image enhancement, image restoration, image compression, and feature salienation so that the processed image can be viewed by a higher‐level computer vision module. These objectives are achieved by using linear and nonlinear methods. From the mathematical point of view, a digital image is a two‐dimensional array of numbers; so the linear methods used are based on linear algebra. The nonlinear methods used are various types of thresholding as well as methods based on statistics and probability.
Optical Aberrations
Authors: Turner Mary G. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
A spherical wave front propagating through the optical system, by the time it exits the system, is often no longer perfectly spherical. The departure of any wave front that is exiting the optical system from the ideal spherical reference can be described by an aberration function. The aberration function can be expressed in the form of different polynomials. The optical system that introduces aberrations does not form a stigmatic or ideal image. The distribution of energy at the image surface for different wave front aberrations can be described by ray aberration functions. Wave and ray aberrations are closely related. This article presents the basics optical aberrations, commonly expressed in these two forms.
Optical Radiation Sources and Standards
Authors: Diedrich Jonathan , Dodds John 
Published: July 2004

AbstractArtificial visible and near‐visible electromagnetic radiation is produced and characterized in several different ways. From incandescent light bulbs and gas‐discharge lamps to LEDs and lasers, light sources have been evolving for years. This chapter describes the various ways that light is produced as well as standardized. The first section discusses some of the different types of sources of radiation. Illustrated along with the different sources are examples of their uses. With all these sources, standardization and calibration are very important. The second section will discuss how, along with improved technology, the methods and procedures used to realize standards have evolved. Discussed is the evolution of radiation standards leading to the current method of realizing them. In addition, we discuss the methods used to calibrate optical devices using these standards.
An analysis of marketed surplus response of cereals in Haryana State of India
Authors: Goyal S.K. , Berg Ernst 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis report uses a model that considers the effect of both factor and output prices on marketed surplus. To derive input demand and output supply elasticities, the normalized quadratic profit function and demand equations were estimated jointly with the seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR) estimation technique using farm level panel data. The data confirm the theoretical framework. The derived price elasticities of input demand, output supply, and marketed surplus have been simulated to examine alternative price policies for securing different levels of marketed surplus. At the observed price structure, the marketed surplus of wheat will increase almost equal to population growth, but in case of paddy it will grow at a very low rate. The study further reveals that besides price adjustment, technological improvement and non‐price factors are also of critical importance for increasing output supply and, hence, marketed surplus. [EconLit citations: Q120, C330.] © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 20: 253–268, 2004.
Demand for nonalcoholic beverages: The case of low‐income households
Authors: Yen Steven T. , Lin Biing‐Hwan , Smallwood David M. , Andrews Margaret 
Published: July 2004

AbstractHousehold beverage consumption is investigated using data from the National Food Stamp Program Survey conducted in the United States. A censored Translog demand system is estimated with the full‐information maximum‐likelihood procedure. All own‐price effects are negative and significant, and whole milk, reduced‐fat milk, juice, coffee, and tea are found to be net substitutes for soft drink. Thus, prices provide a partial answer to the declining consumption of milk and rising consumption of soft drink. Nutrition information and dietary beliefs also play important roles, highlighting the importance of an effective nutrition education program directed toward the low‐income households. [JEL citation: C34 (Truncated and Censored Models), D12 (Consumer Economics: Empirical), Q18 (Agricultural Policy; Food Policy).] © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 20: 309–321, 2004.
Generalized electrolyte‐NRTL model for mixed‐solvent electrolyte systems
Authors: Chen Chau‐Chyun , Song Yuhua 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA generalized electrolyte Non‐Random Two‐Liquid (eNRTL) model proposed by Chen and coworkers is presented as a comprehensive excess Gibbs energy expression to represent the liquid‐phase nonideality for aqueous and mixed‐solvent electrolyte systems over the entire concentration range from pure solvents to saturated solutions or fused salts. The eNRTL model is used to correlate mean ionic activity coefficients of mixed‐solvent electrolyte systems. The segment interaction concept provides the framework necessary to represent the attractive interaction of ions with the hydrophilic segments of organic solvents and the repulsive interaction of ions with the hydrophobic segments of organic solvents. The ability to explicitly account for such distinctly different ion–segment interactions is shown to be the key for quantitative correlation of mean ionic activity coefficients in mixed‐solvent electrolyte systems. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1928–1941, 2004
Effect of the solid phase on the global phase behavior of Lennard–Jones mixtures
Authors: Attwood Brian C. , Hall Carol K. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractComplete phase diagrams, that is, showing the solid, liquid, and vapor phases, are calculated for 29 binary mixtures of Lennard–Jones molecules characterized by different sets of interaction parameters using the Gibbs–Duhem integration technique. The impact of including the possibility of a solid phase on the global phase behavior of such mixtures is investigated by comparing the complete phase behavior calculated by simulation to the global phase diagram calculated from a fluid‐phase‐only equation of state. Complete phase diagrams from each region of the global phase diagram are presented and compared with the fluid‐phase‐only phase behavior for the same mixture. It is found that for mixtures in which the components have greatly dissimilar critical temperatures, the presence of the solid phase significantly alters the fluid‐phase equilibria. In those cases, the phase behavior classification based on experimental observations should differ from that predicted by an equation‐of‐state approach. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1948–1960, 2004
Effects of free convection on three‐dimensional protein transport in hollow‐fiber bioreactors
Authors: Łabȩcki Marek , Piret James M. , Bowen Bruce D. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA three‐dimensional analysis of protein redistribution in the extracapillary space (ECS) of ultrafiltration membrane hollow‐fiber bioreactors (HFBRs), used for mammalian cell culture, is presented. Homogeneous distribution of growth‐factor proteins in the ECS is essential for a successful startup and efficient operation of HFBRs. The ECS protein transport under most startup conditions of practical interest is strongly influenced by gravity and represents a complex interaction of forced‐ and free‐convective phenomena. These effects were investigated using a comprehensive porous medium model (PMM) that accounts for local variations of fluid density, fluid viscosity, and osmotic pressure resulting from time‐dependent changes in the protein concentration field. In addition, the model considers the influence of fiber‐free manifolds, which are adjacent to the fiber bundle and are accessible to ECS proteins and cells. The PMM predictions of the ECS protein distributions at different bioreactor orientations were in good agreement with the observed distributions of a colored test protein in an experimental HFBR cartridge. The results of this study can provide useful insights for optimizing HFBR operation strategies. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1974–1990, 2004
Development of an electrochemical cell for efficient hydrogen production through the IS process
Authors: Nomura Mikihiro , Nakao Shin‐ichi , Okuda Hiroyuki , Fujiwara Seiji , Kasahara Seiji , Ikenoya Kazuhiko , Kubo Shinji , Onuki Kaoru 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe Bunsen reaction (SO2 + I2 + 2H2O = H2SO4 + 2HI) was examined by an electrochemical cell featuring a cation‐exchange membrane as the separator, using sulfuric acid dissolving sulfur dioxide as the anolyte and hydriodic acid dissolving iodine as the catholyte. In galvanostatic electrolysis, the molality of H2SO4 in the anolyte and that of HI in the catholyte were increased up to 17.8 and 14.9 mol kgH2O−1, respectively. These concentrations were far higher than those that were obtained by the Bunsen reaction carried out in the presence of a large amount of iodine (such as I2/HI = 4). I2 concentration after the concentration procedure was at I2/HI = 0.95, which is lower than the reported value. I2 is one of the recycling agents in the IS process. HI and H2SO4 were successfully concentrated under low I2 concentration. The concentration of HI agreed with the calculated value, based on the amount of electricity consumed, indicating high current efficiency. Heat/mass balance using this type of electrochemical cell through the IS process is discussed for evaluation of the reactor. The thermal efficiency to produce hydrogen was calculated at 42.1%, without heat recovery for electricity, by optimizing HI and H2SO4 concentrations after application of the electrochemical cell. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1991–1998, 2004
Subtelomeric deletions of chromosome 9q: A novel microdeletion syndrome
Authors: Stewart Douglas R. , Huang Alina , Faravelli Francesca , Anderlid Britt‐Marie , Medne Livija , Ciprero Karen , Kaur Maninder , Rossi Elena , Tenconi Romano , Nordenskjöld Magnus , Gripp Karen W. , Nicholson Linda , Meschino Wendy S. , Capua Esther , Quarrell Oliver W.J. , Flint Jonathon , Irons Mira , Giampietro Philip F. , Schowalter David B. , Zaleski Christina A. , Malacarne Michela , Zackai Elaine H. , Spinner Nancy B. , Krantz Ian D. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractFluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) screening of subtelomeric rearrangements has resulted in the identification of previously unrecognized chromosomal causes of mental retardation with and without dysmorphic features. This article reports the phenotypic and molecular breakpoint characterization in a cohort of 12 patients with subtelomeric deletions of chromosome 9q34. The phenotypic findings are consistent amongst these individuals and consist of mental retardation, distinct facial features and congenital heart defects (primarily conotruncal defects). Detailed breakpoint mapping by FISH, microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping analysis has narrowed the commonly deleted region to an approximately 1.2 Mb interval containing 14 known transcripts. The majority of the proximal deletion breakpoints fall within a 400 kb interval between SNP markers C12020842 proximally and C80658 distally suggesting a common breakpoint in this interval. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kubische flüssigkristalline Nanopartikel
Authors: Yang Da , Armitage Bruce , Marder Seth R. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractKubische flüssigkristalline Nanopartikel, die aus wässrigen Dispersionen kubischer Lipid‐Wasser‐Phasen hergestellt werden, sind bei Anwesenheit bestimmter Dispersionsmittel kinetisch stabil. Die Eigenschaften kubischer Nanopartikel aus Monoolein‐Wasser‐ und anderen Lipid‐Wasser‐Systemen wurden mit verschiedenen experimentellen Techniken untersucht. Die kubischen Nanopartikel können durch die Polymerisation reaktiver Lipide in den kubischen Lipidsystemen stabilisiert werden. Zur einfacheren Herstellung und Anwendung kubischer Nanopartikel wurden verschiedene energiesparende Methoden entwickelt. Kubische Nanoparkikel sind wegen ihrer Fähigkeit, lipophile, amphiphile und hydrophile Moleküle gesteuert aufzunehmen und abzugeben, sowie ihrer guten Biokompatibilität hervorragende Kandidaten für die Anwendung beim Transport von Wirkstoffen.
Cu(II)‐incorporated, histidine‐containing, magnetic‐metal‐complexing beads as specific sorbents for the metal chelate affinity of albumin
Authors: Akgöl Sinan , Türkmen Deniz , Denizli Adil 
Published: July 2004

AbstractN‐Methacryloyl‐(L)‐histidine methyl ester (MAH) was synthesized from metharyloyl chloride and histidine. Spherical beads with an average size of 150–250 μm were obtained by the suspension polymerization of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and MAH in an aqueous dispersion medium. Magnetic poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate‐co‐N‐Methacryloyl‐(L)‐histidine methyl ester) [m‐p(EGDMA‐co‐MAH)] microbeads were characterized with swelling tests, electron spin resonance, elemental analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The specific surface area of the beads was 80.1 m2/g. m‐p(EGDMA‐co‐MAH) microbeads with a swelling ratio of 40.2% and 43.9 μmol of MAH/g were used for the adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in a batch system. The Cu(II) concentration was 4.1 μmol/g. The adsorption capacity of BSA on the Cu(II)‐incorporated beads was 19.2 mg of BSA/g. The BSA adsorption first increased with the BSA concentration and then reached a plateau, which was about 19.2 mg of BSA/g. The maximum adsorption was observed at pH 5.0, which was the isoelectric point of BSA. The BSA adsorption increased with decreasing temperature, and the maximum adsorption was achieved at 4°C. High desorption ratios (>90% of the adsorbed BSA) were achieved with 1.0M NaSCN (pH 8.0) in 30 min. The nonspecific adsorption of BSA onto the m‐p(EGDMA‐co‐MAH) beads was negligible. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2669–2677, 2004
Novel diols containing ester and amide groups and resulting poly(ester amide ester)s
Authors: Mehdipour‐Ataei Shahram , Einollahy Parvin 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe reaction of terephthaloyl chloride and 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid resulted in terephthalyl bis(4‐oxybenzoic) acid. This diester diacid was converted into its corresponding diester diacid chloride (terephthaloyl dioxydibenzoylchloride) via a reaction with thionyl chloride. Diols with preformed ester and amide groups were prepared through the reaction of terephthaloyl dioxydibenzoylchloride with 4‐aminophenol and 5‐amino‐1‐naphthol. Polycondensation reactions of the prepared diols with different aromatic and aliphatic diacid chlorides afforded eight aromatic and semiaromatic poly(ester amide ester)s. The polymers were fully characterized, and their physical and thermal properties were studied. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2699–2703, 2004
Impact and relevance of LIS journals: A scientometric analysis of international and German‐language LIS journals—Citation analysis versus reader survey
Authors: Schloegl Christian , Stock Wolfgang G. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe goal of the scientometric analysis presented in this article was to investigate international and regional (i.e., German‐language) periodicals in the field of library and information science (LIS). This was done by means of a citation analysis and a reader survey. For the citation analysis, impact factor, citing half‐life, number of references per article, and the rate of self‐references of a periodical were used as indicators. In addition, the leading LIS periodicals were mapped. For the 40 international periodicals, data were collected from ISI's Social Sciences Citation Index Journal Citation Reports (JCR); the citations of the 10 German‐language journals were counted manually (overall 1,494 source articles with 10,520 citations). Altogether, the empirical base of the citation analysis consisted of nearly 90,000 citations in 6,203 source articles that were published between 1997 and 2000. The expert survey investigated reading frequency, applicability of the journals to the job of the reader, publication frequency, and publication preference both for all respondents and for different groups among them (practitioners vs. scientists, librarians vs. documentalists vs. LIS scholars, public sector vs. information industry vs. other private company employees). The study was conducted in spring 2002. A total of 257 questionnaires were returned by information specialists from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Having both citation and readership data, we performed a comparative analysis of these two data sets. This enabled us to identify answers to questions like: Does reading behavior correlate with the journal impact factor? Do readers prefer journals with a short or a long half‐life, or with a low or a high number of references? Is there any difference in this matter among librarians, documentalists, and LIS scholars?
Wasserundurchlässige Bauwerke aus Beton
Authors: Timm Günter 
Published: July 2004

AbstractDie Anwendung des WU‐Betons ist durch die neue DAfStb‐Richtlinie geregelt. Für die Praxis bedeutet dies, Betonbauwerke wasserundurchlässig herzustellen und die hohen Kosten einer Schwarzabdichtung zu vermeiden. Voraussetzung ist eine klare Festlegung der Raumnutzung, um auf der Grundlage der Beanspruchung Betongüte, Bewehrungsanordnung, Fugenausbildung, Betonierverlauf und Nachbehandlung festzulegen. Eine einwandfreie Ausführung läßt sich nur erreichen, wenn die Qualitätssicherungskette vollständig abgearbeitet wird. Die Austrocknung des Betons und die Wasserdampfdiffusion sind bei der späteren Nutzung zu berücksichtigen.
Berechnung der Ersatzwanddicken von Aussteifungselementen mit Öffnungen
Authors: Küttler Matthias 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBeim Nachweis von Aussteifungssystemen treten regelmäßig Sonderfälle der technischen Biegelehre auf, auf deren Auswirkungen aufmerksam gemacht wird. Es wird eine Bewehrung als Stabwerk unter Berücksichtigung der Schubverformung empfohlen. Die Auswirkungen der Vernachlässigung von mitwirkenden Riegelbereichen werden an einem Beispiel gezeigt.
Bauteile aus Stahlbeton unter Zugbeanspruchung
Authors: Keuser Manfred , Purainer René , Brunner Sebastian 
Published: July 2004

AbstractStahlbetonflächentragwerke erfahren in der Zugzone häufig zweiaxiale Zugbeanspruchungen, wie z. B. bei zweiaxial gespannten Deckenplatten, bei Fahrbahnplatten von Brücken mit Plattenbalken‐ oder Hohlkastenquerschnitt und im Einleitungsbereich von Einzellasten bei Stahlbetonplatten. Dabei ergibt sich eine gegenseitige Beeinflussung des Verbundverhaltens durch die senkrecht zur ihrerseits beanspruchten Bewehrung auftretenden Zugspannungen. Im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojektes wurde deshalb an einaxial auf Zug belasteten Versuchskörpern der Einfluß von bewehrungsparallelen Längsrissen auf die Verbundwirkung und das Last‐Verformungsverhalten untersucht. Auf der Grundlage der hier vorgestellten Versuchsergebnisse wurde ein einfaches Ingenieurmodell zur Beschreibung der Zusammenhänge entwickelt.
Framing heterosexism in lesbian families: a preliminary examination of resilient coping1
Authors: Litovich Marianna L. , Langhout Regina Day 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe goals of this study are to examine the kinds of difficulties children face vis‐à‐vis heterosexism, how families help their children cope with these difficulties, and how coping leads to children's resilience. The experiences of six daughters of lesbian parents, ranging in age from 7 to 16, were empirically investigated through semi‐structured interviews with parents and children. Analysis included open and focused coding. Results suggest heterosexism is evident, but does not seem to negatively impact children's development. Themes include: how parents prepare their children to deal with heterosexism and how parents and children cope with incidents. Results elucidate the findings of previous studies, call for more qualitative research, and suggest future research directions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eating together apart: patterns of segregation in a multi‐ethnic cafeteria
Authors: Clack Beverley , Dixon John , Tredoux Colin 
Published: July 2004

AbstractResearch on segregation has tended to focus on relations located at a macro‐spatial level of analysis and unfolding in contexts where boundaries to interaction are formally established. This research, by contrast, investigated segregation as a micro‐ecological process by observing patterns of seating in a multi‐ethnic cafeteria. A total of 3114 seating positions were coded over a 2‐week period and the resulting data were analysed using both adapted segregation indices (P and D) and loglinear and logistic regression techniques. The results suggested that ethnic segregation existed both at the level of interactional groups and in the form of broader patterns of racial clustering and dispersal in the cafeteria. Moreover, the magnitude of segregation was predicted by the gender composition of seating groups and by variations in the density of the cafeteria's population over time. Some implications of these results for social psychological research on contact and desegregation are considered. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.