bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interrelationships between riboflavin and dietary energy and protein utilization in growing chicks
Authors: Chou S. T. , Sell J. L. , Kondra P. A. 
Published: May 2005

1. Reduced intake of energy or protein per se decreased riboflavin requirement of the chicks under restricted feeding regimens.2. In severe riboflavin deficiency (2·26 mg/kg diet), efficiency of utilization of both energy and protein was decreased significantly under ad lib. conditions of feeding.3. Efficiency of utilization of energy (but not protein) was decreased significantly in border-line riboflavin deficiency (3·02 mg/kg diet), when chicks were fed ad lib.4. Efficiency of protein utilization was decreased significantly in severe riboflavin deficiency when chicks received an energy-restricted diet supplying 80, 70 or 60 yo of the energy intake of the controls.5. Neither energy nor protein utilization was affected by riboflavin deficiency when both energy and protein were restricted to 70 yo of that consumed by chicks fed ad lib. However, the riboflavin deficiency produced characteristic deficiency symptoms, namely heterophilia, curled-toe paralysis, and reduction in concentration of liver riboflavin.
Evaluation of nitrogen metabolites as indices of nitrogen utilization in sheep given frozen and dry mature herbages
Authors: Egan A. R. , Kellaway R. C. 
Published: May 2005

1. Twenty herbages at different stages of maturity containing from 0·77 to 5·23 g nitrogen/100 g organic matter were harvested, and green herbages were rapidly frozen and stored at - 1·5°. Each herbage was offered at levels approximating to ad lib. to a group of three sheep, individually penned. Intake, digestion and retention of N were studied during a 10 d collec-tion period after a 9 d preliminary period.2. General regressions relating apparently digested N (NA, g/d), urinary N excretion (UN, g/d) and retention of N (NR, g/d) to N intake (NI, g/d) were established: NA= 0·88NI-3·25 (±1·14; SEb= ±O·013); UN = 2·48+0·35 NI+O·0049 NI2(±3·09; SEb1, =±0·156; SEb2= ±0·003); NR = 0·25 NI- 1·92 (±2·40; SEb= ·o·029). These equations accounted for 99% of the variability in N apparently digested, 86% of the variability in urinary N excreted, and 63 % of the variability in N retained.3. Concentrations of ammonia and trichloroacetic-acid-precipitable N in the reticulo-ruminal digesta and of urea and a-amino-N in plasma were determined immediately before feeding, and at I and 4 h after feeding. Relationships between concentrations of metabolites in the reticulo-ruminal digesta and in plasma, and N intake, N apparently digested, urinary N output and retained N were examined. Estimates of urinary N loss and of retained N based upon metabolite concentrations at individual sampling times were characterized by high residual variabilities. Error terms were in some instances reduced significantly when both thebasal (before feeding) metabolite concentrations and the increments in metabolite concentra-tions after feeding were included in the one equation. The best relationships, based on plasma urea concentrations, accounted for only 74 % of variability in urinary N output.4. In multiple regressions a significant portion of the variability in urinary N output and in retained N which was not accounted for by N intake could be accounted for by inclusion of metabolite values.5. The concentration of urea in plasma was the most effective basis for prediction of N utilization. However, no prediction equation accounted for more than 90% of the total variabilityin N output, and no equation accounted for more than 71 % of the total variability in N retention. The feasibility of developing techniques for examination of efficiency of N utilization by a particular class of animal, based upon digesta and plasma metabolite con-centrations is discussed.
Nutritional aspects of amino acid metabolism
Authors: Bloxam D. L. 
Published: May 2005

1. Experiments were done to find whether the rat liver can be maintained in a satisfactory condition when perfused with oxygenated Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer without added protein or red cells.2. The condition and preformance of the liver in this system were assessed from measurements made to ascertain its general condition or viability, its basal characteristics and its response to added substrates.3. It was found that the rapid flow-rate of the medium through the livers and the efficient oxygenation of the medium ensured that enough oxygen was available for the livers to deal with large quantities of added lactate.4. The potassium concentrations in the livers and the rates of alanine aminotransferase (EC2.6.1.6) from the cells during perfusion, and the water content after perfusion showed that the livers were not grossly damaged and that they did not deteriorate measurably for up to 3 h of perfusion.5. Liver oxygen consumption, ATP concentrations, lactate and pyruvate concentrations and ratios, and rates of urea and glucose synthesis and bile secretion, all in perfusions without added substrate, were either similar to measurements by other workers from livers perfused withmedia containingred cells and protein or were reasonable extrapolations from availabledata.6. The rates of glucose production from lactate, and urea and glucose output from amino acids indicated that the liver responds adequately to added substrates.7. Measurements of amino acid concentrations in perfusate indicated that the livers of rats starved for 18–20 h regulated the amino acids to characteristic levels, by overall output or uptake, except for valine, leucine and isoleucine which were continuously given out into the medium. The results suggest that in vivo there is a general flow of most of the amino acids from extrahepatic tissues to the liver during fasting, while valine, leucine and isoleucine flow from liver to extrahepatic tissues.8. When pentobarbitone sodium (Nembutal) was used as the anaesthetic for removal of the liver from the donor rat, the rates of urea and glucose output in perfusions without added substrates were lower than when halothane (Fluothane) was used, indicating that pentobarbitone has an inhibitory effect on these measures of liver function during the subsequent perfusion.
The effect of the type of feeding on weight gain and illnesses in infants
Authors: Dugdale A. E. 
Published: May 2005

1. The effects of breast-feeding and artificial feeding have been analysed for a group 250 infants from lower socio-economic, urban families in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.2. The factors considered were the ethnic group, the sex of the infant, the size and income the family and the type of milk fed. No infant in the study was given ‘non-milk’ feeds before the age of 40 weeks.3. The effects of these factors on the weight gains and the number of reported illnesses up to the age of 40 weeks have been analysed.4. At no time in the first 40 weeks did breast-fed infants gain weight significantly more rapidly than artificially fed infants. After the age of 20 weeks, artificially fed infants gained significantly more weight than breast-fed infants.5. The type of feeding had no statistically significant effect on the frequency of minor respira-tory or alimentary illnesses.6. In this community, the welfare of the family often depends on the earnings of the mother, who has to make the choice between breast-feeding and paid employment. In the group studied, breast-feeding appears to offer no advantages over artificial feeding. The principle guiding the Maternal and Child Health staff when advising the mother should be the welfare of the whole family.
The functioning of the oesophageal groove reflex and comparison of the performance of lambs fed individually and in groups
Authors: Lawlor M. J. , Hopkins S. P. , Kealy J. K. 
Published: May 2005

1. Two experiments involving 106 lambs were conducted to study the functioning of the oesophageal groove reflex in lambs sucking from either individual feeders or from a bulk dispenser. The effects on the performance of lambs given either a high-protein or a low-protein creep feed in conjunction with either a ewe's milk substitute, Ewelac, or a homogenate of calcium caseinate, Casilan, were studied. Two milk substitutes, one with a long and one with a short clotting time were compared in terms of their effects on the incidence of diarrhoea.2. The location of the liquid feeds in the stomach was studied radiologically.3. In both experiments the sucking behaviour of the lambs was closely related to thefunctioning of the oesophageal groove reflex and performance of the lambs. In the first experi-ment the milk substitute consistently entered the abomasum in seven of the ten individually fed lambs and in twelve of the twenty-two group-fed lambs. The corresponding figures for the second experiment were twenty-two of the twenty-four individually fed and thirty-four of the fifty group-fed lambs.4. When the milk substitute entered the abomasum it always did so throughout the fattening period even in those instances where the milk had been withheld for 1 month.5. Poor sucking, low milk consumption and the entry of the milk into the rumen resulted in very poor performance by the lambs. Such lambs demonstrated a non-specific unthriftiness similar to the ‘tail enders’ sometimes observed with lambs reared with ewes.6. Continued feeding with either the milk substitute or casein homogenate with a low-protein creep feed did not improve performance.7. The clotting time of the milk substitute did not appear to influence the incidence of diarrhoea among the lambs.
Metabolic studies in rats of 75Se incorporated in vivo into fish muscle
Authors: Richold Margaret , Robinson Marion F. , Stewart R. D. H. 
Published: May 2005

1.[75Se]selenite or [75Selenomethionine was injected into the coelomic cavity of fish. After 2 d or 14 d the muscle portion of the fish was removed and homogenized. The long-term fate in rats of an oral dose of each labelled homogenate was compared with that of an oral dose of [75Se]selenite or [75Se]selenomethionine mixed with unlabelled fish homogenate.2.Urinary and faecal radioactivity were measured during the 1st week and whole-body radioactivity was determined for 10 weeks. Rats were killed at weekly intervals for 4 weeks for analysis of tissue distribution of 75Se.3.Intestinal absorption of 75Se given as labelled fish homogenate was less complete than that of 75Se mixed with unlabelled homogenate, and the absorption of 75Se from the 14d-labelled fish homogenate derived from [75Se]selenite was less complete than that of 75Se from the other labelled homogenates.4.Urinary excretion of absorbed 75Se in the first 7 d was in the range 5-8 % absorbed dose and was slightly greater in the rats given 75Se as selenite or derived from selenite than in those given 75Se as selenomethionine or derived from selenomethionine. Endogenous faecal excretion of absorbed Se was similar in all groups, as also were tissue distribution of retained 75Se and long-term whole-body turnover rate.5.The results of these studies are compared with those of earlier studies of the metabolism in rats of [75Selenomethionine, [75Se]selenite, [75Sejselenocystine and 75Se incorporated in vivo into rabbit kidney. There were differences in the initial utilization of 75Se from these various sources but after the 1st week 75Se from all sources appeared to be metabolized similarly, suggesting that for rats dietary Se of all forms is ultimately incorporated into the same metabolic pool.
Serum proteinase inhibitors and other serum proteins in protein-energy malnutrition
Authors: Schelp F. P. , Migasena P. , Pongpaew Praneet , Schreurs W. H. P. , Supawan Venus 
Published: May 2005

1.The concentrations of serum protein albumin, prealbumin and transferrin were determined in twentyeight cases of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) with infection, together with the levels of serum proteinase inhibitors (PI), α1-antitrypsin (AT), α1-antichymotrypsin (Ach), α2-macroglobulin (α2M) and inter-α-trypsin inhibitor (IαI).2.Albumin, prealbumin and transferrin concentrations, as well as the levels of PI, IαI and α2M were found to be lower in cases of PEM associated with infection than the corresponding values for a group of healthy Thai preschool children and a group of newborn Thai children, but despite starvation AT and Ach values generally were increased.3.The results provide support for the hypothesis that PI, especially AT and Ach might limit the synthesis of albumin, prealbumin and transferrin in PEM associated with infection, via the inhibition of the mobilization of body's own protein.
Daily intakes of manganese, copper, zinc and cadmium by New Zealand women
Authors: Guthrie Barbara E. , Robinson Marion F. 
Published: May 2005

1.A total of 179 duplicate diets were collected by twenty-three women consuming their habitual diet. Twelve of the subjects were living in a residential hall for students, the others were living in their own homes or in flats. Collection periods varied from 3 to 21 d.2.Average daily intakes were: manganese 2.7 mg; copper 1.5 mg for diets not containing liver, 7.6 mg for fifteen diets containing liver; zinc 10.0 mg; cadmium 21μg for diets not containing liver, 27μg for fifteen diets containing liver.3.The intakes were compared with values for adults from other countries and with current recommended dietary allowances or estimated minimum requirements. Mn intakes were typical for non-vegetarian Western diets. Cu and Zn intakes may have been marginally low. The intakes of Cd were low.4.Daily intakes of protein (71 g), fat (83 g), carbohydrate (224 g) and energy (8.1 MJ) from 129 of the diets were similar to recent values obtained for New Zealand women.5.Subjects living in the residential hall had higher intakes of all nutrients than subjects living in their own homes or flats.
The effects of various forms of gastrointestinal cannulation on digestive measurements in sheep
Authors: MacRae J. C. , Wilson S. 
Published: May 2005

1.There was little difference in digestive (voluntary food intake, dry matter digestibility and nitrogen balance) and blood measurements (venous concentrations of corticosteroids, serum aspartate aminotransferase (EC2.6.1.1), protein-bound iodine, urea and glucose) of intact sheep (eight animals) and of sheep prepared with rumen cannulas (sixteen animals) and subsequently with either simple 'T-shaped' (eight animals) or re-entrant cannulas (eight animals) at the duodenum and ileum, when fedad lib.a chopped, medium-quality-hay ration.2.Wool growth rates of the intact sheep were similar to those in sheep with rumen cannulas and with rumen cannulas plus simple 'T-shaped' cannulas, but higher (P < 0-01) than those with rumen cannulas plus re-entrant cannulas.3.When the sheep were subsequently given a restricted intake (800 g/d) of dried grass, retention times of solid- and liquid-phase digesta markers in the rumen and caecum were similar in all sheep.4.The use of the different preparations in digestive physiology studies is discussed.
Polyamines and their biosynthetic decarboxylases in various tissues of the young rat during undernutrition
Authors: McAnulty P. A. , Williams J. P. G. 
Published: May 2005

1.Male weanling rats were maintained at a constant body-weight by feeding them reduced amounts of the normal diet for various periods up to 4 weeks. Control male rats were allowed free access to the normal diet and some were killed at the beginning of the experiment and others at the same ages as the experimental rats.2.After killing by cervical dislocation the rats had their liver, quadriceps muscles and spleen removed. The tissues were weighed and the activities of the enzymes ornithine decarboxylase (ODC; EC 4.1.1.17) and 5-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMD; EC 4.1.1.50) assayed in each tissue. In the liver the content of the polyamines (spermidine and spermine) and putrescine was also measured.3.The liver and quadriceps muscles showed an over-all maintenance of weight during undernutrition, but the spleen lost weight during the first 7 d of undernutrition and then remained constant. The weight of the liver increased by approximately 50 % following the daily maintenance feed, but returned to its prefeeding value by 24 h after feeding.4.During the first 7 d of undernutrition ODC activity decreased in all three tissues, and remained fairly constant thereafter. In the liver there were marked increases in the activity of ODC during the first 4 h after the daily feed, but the activity then decreased to prefeeding values. SAMD activity tended to remain normal in the liver, decreased initially and then returned to normal in the quadriceps muscles, and remained normal initially and then decreased in the spleen. Hepatic SAMD activity showed no consistent response to the daily feed, but quadriceps SAMD activity increased significantly between 1 and 8 h after feeding.5.Hepatic putrescine content remained constant during undernutrition whilst spermine increased slightly and was then maintained above normal for liver size. Hepatic spermidine content decreased initially and then remained constant. Putrescine increased slightly in response to the daily feed and spermidine increased considerably. Spermine content was unaffected by the daily feed.6.It is suggested that the response of polyamine synthesis in the various tissues is primarily dependent upon the way in which nutrients are made available to the tissues. The maintenance of spermine content in the liver at the expense of spermidine may be related to differential changes in the nucleic acids.
The production of renal calcinosis by magnesium deficiency in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Cowey C. B. , Knox D. , Adron J. W. , George S. , Pirie B. 
Published: May 2005

1.Replicate groups of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were given one of five experimental diets (diets 1-5) for 16 weeks. The diets contained different amounts of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium and were prepared so that there were three levels of Ca (g/kg): 14 (diet 1), 26 (diets 2 and 3) and 40 (diets 4 and 5), Ca:P being approximately 1:1 in all diets. Diets 1, 2 and 4 had basal Mg levels (not more than 0.063 g/kg) whereas diets 3 and 5 contained supplementary Mg (1.0 g/kg).2.Weight gains of the trout given diets containing supplementary Mg were twice those of trout given diets with basal levels of Mg. At both dietary Mg concentrations weight gain was unaffected by the dietary Ca level.3.Serum Mg levels were significantly reduced in those trout given diets without supplementary Mg. The serum Ca level in those trout given the lowest concentration of Ca in their diet (14 g/kg, diet 1) was significantly greater than in those given higher amounts of Ca in their diets. Serum P levels were not significantly different with any of the experimental diets.4.The renal Ca concentration was increased in trout given diet 3 (26 g Ca/kg; basal Mg levels). No further increase in renal Ca concentration occurred in trout given diet 5 (40 g Ca/kg; basal Mg levels). With diets containing supplementary Mg renal Ca levels were increased at a dietary Ca level of 40 g/kg but not at a dietary Ca level of 26 g/kg. Renal Mg and P concentrations were not significantly different between any of the dietary treatments.5.Renal calculi were demonstrated by light and electron microscopy in tubules of those trout given diets 3 and 5 (basal Mg; 26 and 40 g Ca/kg respectively). Electron-probe micro-analysis showed that these calculi contained or comprised tricalcium phosphate.6.The skeletal muscle of Mg-deficient trout contained significantly more sodium than that of normal trout. It is suggested that this is indicative of an increase in extracellular fluid in the muscle of Mg-deficient trout.
Experimental protein and energy deficiencies: effects on brain free amino acid composition in rats
Authors: Kaladhar M. , Rao B. S. Narasinga 
Published: May 2005

1.The effects of protein-energy malnutrition on brain free amino acids of acidic and neutral groups were investigated in experimental rats.2.Severe energy restriction did not modify the free amino acid composition of the brain while protein deficiency affected certain amino acids of the brain in opposite directions. Significant decreases in the levels of aspartic acid, threonine and tyrosine were observed in the protein-deficient rats.3.These changes in brain amino acids appear to be specific to protein deficiency and not affected by energy deficiency.
The susceptibility of suckling lambs to zinc toxicity
Authors: Davies N. T. , Soliman H. S. , Corrigall W. , Flett A. 
Published: May 2005

1.Suckling lambs maintained for 4 weeks on a milk-substitute diet containing 407 g Toprina yeast/kg dry matter of diet exhibited poor growth, low appetite and extensive renal damage.2.The batch of yeast used contained 2065 mg zinc/kg.3.The kidneys of lambs offered a milk diet supplemented with the same Zn content as the yeast-fed diet (32.1 mg Zn/1000 kJ) were similarly affected.
Capacity of the Chilean mixed diet to meet the protein and energy requirements of young adult males
Authors: Yáñez Enrique , Uauy R. , Ballester D. , Barrera G. , Chávez N. , Guzmán E. , Saitúa M. T. , Zacarías I. 
Published: May 2005

1. The capacity of the Chilean mixed diet to meet the daily protein and energy needs was tested in eight subjects aged from 20 to 31 years using the nitrogen balance method. This diet was tested at the protein levels of 0.40. 0.55 and 0.70 g/kg body-weight per d.2. An egg reference diet providing 0.30, 0.45 and 0.60 g protein/kg per d was also assayed.3. The mean daily energy intake was 207 kJ/kg per d according to subjects’previous intake and activity pattern.4. The N balance response to each dietary protein level was taken as a measure of adequacy of protein intake, and regression analyses of N balance (Y) v. N intake (X) were calculated to estimate protein needs. The equations found were Y = 0.70X–68.7 for the egg diet, and Y = 0.74–92 for the mixed diet.5. From these equations the mean protein requirements for equilibrium were estimated to be 0.61 g/kg for egg and 0.78 g/kg for the mixed diet.6. If the coefficient of variation is 15, the protein requirement for N equilibrium of 97.5% of the population would be 0.8 g/kg per d for egg and 1.0 g/kg per d for the mixed diet.
Obligatory urinary and faecal nitrogen losses in young Chilean men given two levels of dietary energy intake
Authors: Uauy R. , Yáñez E. , Ballester D. , Barrera G. , Guzmán E. , Saitúa M. T. , Zacarías I. 
Published: May 2005

1. The obligatory nitrogen losses were measured in young adult males of the low socio-economic group, consuming an N-free diet at 192 kJ (46 kcal)/kg per d from day 1 to 10 and 243 kJ (58 kcal)/kg per d from day 11 to 18.2. All subjects, except one, lost weight compatible with N loss.3. A kinetic evaluation of the results showed that the asymptotically derived urinary N loss after stability had been reached was 35·8 mg N/kg per d. The mean time to stability was 6·5 d. The subjects showed a trend toward decline in N loss while consuming the high-energy N-free diet.4. The obligatory faecal N loss for days 1–10 was 16·1 mg N/kg per d and 8 mg N/kg per d for days 11–18.5. Based on the factorial approach the total obligatory N loss of our subjects, for the initial 10 d, was 57·5 mg N/kg per d.