bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The First Phase of Soviet Reform, 1985-6
Authors: Brown Archie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The changes now taking place in the Soviet Union are as yet little understood in the West. Often they are dismissed as cosmetic or, at most, as representing a change of style. Indeed, the style of Soviet politics, particularly of the top leader, has changed in certain respects. Mikhail Gorbachev’s political manner—more open than that of any previous General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party apart from Nikita Khrushchev—impresses many thinking Soviet citizens, including those who had little time for a Brezhnev or a Chernenko. This is a fact of no small importance. Nevertheless, style is no substitute for solutions to some of the Soviet Union’s pressing problems, as Gorbachev himself well knows.
It is the very seriousness of these problems that will serve to stimulate policy changes. In foreign policy, Gorbachev was the legatee of bad relations with the United States, poor relations with Western Europe and Japan, uneasy relations with Poland’s rulers (not to mention with Polish and several other East European societies), and only marginally improving relations with China. He inherited a war in Afghanistan and—not the least of his problems—the Reagan administration.
Fundamental Political Change, 1987-9
Authors: Brown Archie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A new Soviet political system is being created from day to day. At the moment, the new sits uneasily alongside the old, and the old is not giving way without a fight. The changes call into question a great deal that has been taken for granted throughout much of Soviet history, and it has become more difficult than ever before to predict what the system will look like a decade from now. But even those who as recently as 1987 were arguing—wrongly—that nothing of consequence had changed in the Soviet Union must now recognize that dramatic and fundamentally important change is taking place.
The Dismantling of the System and the Disintegration of the State
Authors: Brown Archie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is frequently asserted that the Soviet Union was unreformable, but as earlier chapters of this book have shown, a vast amount of reform took place during the perestroika years. Some of those who argued prior to perestroika that serious reform could not occur in the Soviet Union subsequently modified that position to say that what they really meant was that it could not ultimately be successful. Whether even that modified claim holds water depends on the criteria one adopts for measuring success. Does the advent of political pluralism and the introduction of a wide range of freedoms, including freedom of speech and association, and cultural and religious freedom, count for less than the fact that fifteen states now stand on the territory where one stood before? Opinions vary also on how the disintegration of the Soviet state should be evaluated, as they do on the question whether it was an ineluctable consequence of radical reform of the system or whether the greater part of the Union could have been reconstructed and preserved had a handful of political actors behaved differently.
Transnational Influences in the Transition from Communism
Authors: Brown Archie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transition from Communism, it hardly needs saying, has to be distinguished from transition to democracy. Of the thirty-one formerly Communist states, not more than half of them can today be firmly categorized as democratic. Many possess significant democratic elements, including contested elections-a necessary but not sufficient condition for democracy. A number of them are hybrid or mixed polities—a broad category into which post-Soviet Russia belongs. It was premature to classify Yeltsin’s Russia as a democracy and still more conceptual stretching would be required to include Putin’s Russia in that category. Other states have made the transition from a distinctively Communist type of post-totalitarian authoritarianism to a different kind of authoritarian regime. The criteria for determining how much democracy makes a state democratic are, of course, debatable. Following Robert Dahl, most scholars are conscious that the states we normally call ‘democracies’ are ‘polyarchies’, although, like Dahl himself, we do not subsequently eschew the word, ‘democracy’, in writing about the political systems conventionally embraced by that concept.
Ending the Cold War
Authors: Brown Archie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The debate on why the Cold War ended when it did has been intense. There remains disagreement, indeed, over when precisely it could be said to be over. There are a good many Russian political commentators and at least one prominent Western analyst who have argued that the Cold War is not over yet. In a number of respects, some fifteen years after the Soviet Union ceased to exist, relations between the United States and Western Europe, on the one hand, and Russia, on the other, have again become clouded by mutual suspicion. Moreover, this is against a backdrop of KATO enlargement and of continued expenditure both in the United States and in Russia on weapons of mass destruction. Increasingly in the \Vest, Russia is seen as moving backwards towards more authoritarian rule, a perception matched by a widespread Russian view that the United States is behaving in the twenty-first century like an imperial power and, together with its ‘coalition of the willing’, acting in contravention of international law in Iraq.
Gorbachev and His Era in Perspective
Authors: Brown Archie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter addresses a series of controversial issues concerning Gorbachev and perestroika, but I should first make clear what I am not arguing. In pointing to the decisive role played by Mikhail Gorbachev in the initiation of perestroika — and the dramatic change this brought about in the Soviet Union and in the climate of world politics in the second half of the 1980s-I am offering neither a ‘Great Man’ interpretation of history nor an explanation of the breakthrough primarily in terms of charismatic leadership. That is notwithstanding the fact that Gorbachev had, indeed, some of the attributes associated with Weber’s ideal type of ‘charismatic authority’. For Weber, of course, such authority is unconnected with office-holding or expert knowledge. A person possessing charismatic authority is a ‘natural’ leader, although charisma can be ‘lost’ if the leader’s deeds ‘do not fare well’.
There are Many Things
Authors: McGee Vann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ontology is the most general science. Whereas the specialized sciences restrict their concern to one or another kind of being, ontology is fully comprehensive, taking all things of whatever kind into its domain. One thing ontologists sometimes try to do is to provide inventories that list, although not in specific detail, all the kinds of things there are. Here I want to attempt something a little less ambitious. I don’t want to describe all the things there are, but I want to propose that, whatever kinds of things there are, there are a great many of them, so that there is a general principle to the effect that, if it is possible that there are at least so-and-so many things, then there are, in fact, at least so-and-so many things. even better what modal realism does best, which is to articulate the truth conditions for conditionals.
The Naval Surgeon During the French Wars
Authors: Brockliss Laurence , Cardwell John , Moss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the turn of the nineteenth century there was no medical profession in the new United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland, as the term would be under- stood today.1 Until parliament passed the Medical Act in 1858 and established a register of licensed practitioners, most doctors were uncertificated and had never had their competence examined. To all intents and purposes, there was no constraint on anyone setting up as a medical practitioner, beyond the fear of being prosecuted under the criminal law by disillusioned patients and their relatives when treatment went wrong. In most continental countries medicine over the centuries had gradually become a regulated corporative craft.
Origins and Early Career
Authors: Brockliss Laurence , Cardwell John , Moss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Beatty was born in Londonderry in April 1773, where his father, James, was an official in the Irish Revenue Service like his father before him. Coming from Ireland and from a family with long service to the Crown, he was typical of many young men who were to provide the backbone of the professional officer cadre during the French wars. The Beattys, like many families in the North of Ireland, were originally Presbyterians, who in all probability had fled from Scotland after the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 to escape religious persecution.
Labour and the Countryside
Authors: Griffiths Clare V J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The common reputation of the British Labour Party has always been as 'a thing of the town', an essentially urban phenomenon which has failed to engage with the rural electorate or identify itself with rural issues. Yet during the inter-war years, Labour viewed the countryside as a crucial electoral battleground - even claiming that the party could never form a majority administration without winning a significant number of seats across rural Britain. Committing itself to a series of campaigns in rural areas during the 1920s and 30s, Labour developed a rural and often specifically agricultural programme on which to attract new support and members. Labour and the Countryside takes this forgotten chapter in the party's history as a starting point for a fascinating and wide-ranging re-examination of the relationship between the British Left and rural Britain. The first account of this aspect of Labour's history, this book draws on extensive research across a wide variety of original source material, from local party minutes and trade union archives to the records of Labour's first two periods in government. Historical, literary, and visual representations of the countryside are also examined, along with newspapers, magazines, and propaganda materials. In reconstructing the contexts within which Labour attempted to redefine itself as a voice for the countryside, the resulting study presents a fresh perspective on the political history of the inter-war years.
Theoretical Background
Authors: Krämer Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the analyses which will be proposed or discussed in this book are framed in Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993; McCarthy and Prince 1993a; McCarthy 2004). The analyses of segmental phonology make use of a version of the Parallel Structures Model (Morén 2003; 2006). In this chapter I give a short introduction to the two theories; both will be used in tandem in Chapter 4. The analyses of phonological structure beyond the segment will be based on a basic notion of syllable structure, moraic theory, and the prosodic hierarchy as proposed in Prosodic Phonology (Kahn 1980; Nespor and Vogel 1986). The basics of the former two will be taken for granted here. The latter, the prosodic hierarchy, will be introduced in Chapter 7 in the appropriate context.
Segmental Phonology
Authors: Krämer Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will have a look at the Italian sound system and segmental processes. Questions to be discussed are the following. There is some disagreement on which and how many contrastive segments the system actually has. Glides, for example, are by many phonologists regarded as high vowels affiliated to a syllabic position reserved for consonants. Hence, we will look at alternations that give support to an analysis of glides as contrastive segments independent of the high vowels. Furthermore, if inventories of contrastive segments are regarded as systems built up in an economic fashion from a minimal set of contrastive features, the Italian system shows a few gaps or asymmetries in the system, which is a matter that has to be solved via either a creative approach to feature economy or an abstract analysis of the inventory which derives some segments from combinations of other segments at the underlying level of representation. For example, most of the consonants have a short/long opposition, but some consonants occur as long only. Since, seen from whatever perspective, long consonants are considered as the marked member of a short/long pair, one might want to decompose these long-only consonants into two more basic component parts which are merged in surface structures in a non-structure-preserving way.
Into the Thirties
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Greene was reported to have been annoyed when John le Carré described him as a man of the 1930s. It would be understandable if he thought that his literary significance should not be restricted to the first ten years of a career that covered sixty. But they were extraordinarily productive years: if Greene had died at the end of the decade he would be on record as the author of eight novels, a collection of short stories, and two travel books. There were also many literary essays and film reviews, later collected, and a biography that remained unpublished until the 1970s. The patterns of thought and feeling in his work, the things he was moved by and curious about, had affinities with other writing of the 1930s, in the work of the so-called Auden generation. Though much of the Victorian order had survived, despite the devastations and dissolution caused by the First World War and the subsequent industrial depression, English life was increasingly affected by an expanding mass culture, often American in origin. The traditional face of England was marked by cinemas and roadhouses, petrol stations, new motor roads, and spreading suburbia. Greene was keenly interested in these innovations.
Introduction
Authors: Whyte William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sir Thomas Graham Jackson died on 7 November 1924, aged eighty-eight. As befitted a man of his standing, his obituaries were fulsome in their praise. They paid tribute to his moral qualities, describing a ‘dignified figure and a cultivated mind’. They acknowledged his role as one of the ‘recognized leaders of all who regarded architecture as an Art’. They complimented him on his value as a thinker, as ‘a great scholar and an excellent writer’. And well they might.
‘Recording our eclectic age’ Jackson and the Dilemma of Style
Authors: Whyte William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘It seems to me’, wrote T. G. Jackson in 1893, ‘that the modern architect’s time is half occupied in controversial writing, composing and answering pamphlets, and writing magazine articles. That at least has been my fate this winter.’ Trapped, as he was, in the midst of battle over a controversial church restoration, this attitude is unsurprising. But it is also unrepresentative of his usual approach to such work. Jackson, as he himself observed, was ‘never quite content unless I have some writing on hand’.
‘The Unity of Art’ Jackson and the Arts and Crafts
Authors: Whyte William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
T. G. Jackson’s commitment to craftsmanship was more than mere theory. It was demonstrated in every work he undertook. As C. R. Ashbee observed, he became the first architect in large professional practice to commit himself wholeheartedly to the work of the arts and crafts movement. His hopes of transcending style by transforming architectural activity, of ‘combining the three arts’ and thereby ‘restoring our dead architecture to life’, drove his career. Nor was this expressed in Jackson’s buildings alone.
The Foundations of Theism Again: A Rejoinder to Plantinga
Authors: Quinn Philip L , Miller Christian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past dozen years Alvin Plantinga has published an impressive series of papers in which he advocates a point of view on questions of religious epistemology that has, on account of its Calvinian inspiration, come to be called ‘‘Reformed Epistemology.’’¹ A few years ago I tried my hand at criticizing some of the characteristic claims and arguments of Reformed Epistemology and succeeded in provoking a forceful reply by Plantinga.² I have recently been persuaded that some philosophical progress might be made if my discussion with Plantinga were continued. So I have returned to the issues raised by Plantinga’s reply and have thought my way through them again. This rejoinder is a product of that effort.
Kantian Philosophical Ecclesiology
Authors: Quinn Philip L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much recent work in philosophy of religion by Christian philosophers has been done, so to speak, under a banner on which is emblazoned the motto ‘Faith Seeking Understanding.’ That motto adorns the cover of this journal [Faith and Philosophy]. Such philosophy typically operates within a theological circle; it is philosophical theology with philosophy firmly fixed in the adjectival position. It has produced noteworthy explications and defenses of such distinctively Christian doctrines as the Trinity, the Incarnation, and the Atonement. It also stands in sharp contrast to the philosophy of religion more customary in modernity since Hume, which views theological circles from the outside. They are dimensions of human culture that form the subject matter of religious studies, but philosophy, like the other disciplines that constitute religious studies, approaches them with secular methods and assumptions. From this perspective, many distinctively Christian doctrines are highly problematic; being revealed mysteries of faith, they resist philosophical examination and on that account suffer from neglect or perhaps misunderstanding by philosophers.
Introduction
Authors: Jenks Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But it was not the sea alone that I saw: the grand fleet was riding out at anchor at Spithead. I had heard of the wooden walls of Old England: I had formed my ideas of a ship, and of a fleet; but, what I now beheld, so far surpassed what I had ever been able to form a conception of, that I stood lost between astonishment and admiration. I had heard talk of the glorious deeds of our admirals and sailors, of the defeat of the Spanish Armada, and of all those memorable combats, that good and true Englishmen never fail to relate to their children about a hundred times a year. The brave Rodney ‘s victories over our natural enemies, the French and Spaniards, had long been the theme of our praise, and the burden of our songs. The sight of the fleet brought all these to my mind; in confused order it is true, but with irresistible force. My heart was inflated with national pride.
Contesting Naval Heroism
Authors: Jenks Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have heard, indeed, of wars and rumours of wars; we have read accounts of battles; gazettes have afforded us lists of the slain; and we have occasionally seen mutilated wretches wander about the streets. But we have never witnessed here the dreadful shock of contending armies . Conceiving of war by the images of it which are presented to our observation in our own peaceful island; by reviews, parades, and military processions; we have no adequate idea of its real picture: we associate with it the notion of pomp, and splendour, and gaiety; and have no apprehension that its actual characteristics are fury, and barbarity, horror, misery, and despair. Were patriotic representations of war inherently idealized? Were the threats and realities of war conveniently ignored in the patriotic public sphere?.
Greek Hygiene
Authors: Smith Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Greek personal hygiene was a philosophy of life that went well beyond good grooming. In the name of their young goddess, princess, or high priestess of health Hygieia, the Greeks ultimately brought another permanent layer of meaning to the idea of cleanliness. We are all hygienic now. Leaving eastern Eurasia and Middle Eastern history behind us, we move west into the Mediterranean and end up on its northern shores: Greece in the Bronze Age, c.1500–600 bce, followed by an exciting period of transition between oral culture and literacy, and the Greek intellectual and literary renaissance of c.600–400 bce.
The Suez Crisis And The British Dilemma At The United Nations
Authors: Louis Wm. Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aneurin bevan’s witty yet incisive comment cut to the heart of the division of sentiment in Britain at the height of the Suez crisis in November 1956. On the one side stood those who continued to believe in the supremacy of Britain’s traditional national and imperial mission. On the other were the champions of the United Nations who held that the UN Charter had opened a new chapter in international.
The Security Council And The Arab–Israeli Wars: ‘Responsibility Without Power’
Authors: Jones Bruce D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arab–Israeli conflicts and wars have preoccupied the Security Council since its founding, and preoccupy it still. More vetoes have been cast in the Security Council on this issue than on any other – nearly as many as on all other issues combined. Until the 1990s, Security Council-mandated peacekeeping operations were heavily focused on the Middle East. Likewise, in their interactions with the Security Council, successive Secretaries-General chose or were compelled to devote considerable attention to the prospects for peace-making in what, during more optimistic phases, has been called the Middle East peace process.
The Security Council And The India– Pakistan Wars
Authors: Roy-Chaudhury Rahul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analysis of the Security Council’s involvement in India–Pakistan issues tends to focus on the Kashmir conflict and the UN-mandated plebiscite to determine its final outcome that has never been held. This was a result of the messy transfer of power from British colonial rule to two newly independent states of India and Pakistan, currently celebrating their sixtieth anniversaries. But the Security Council also had a role, albeit limited, in the first two India–Pakistan wars in 1947–9 and September 1965, despite the fact that there was no direct great power involvement in these conflicts.
The Security Council In The Wings: Exploring The Security Council’ S Non-Involvement In Wars
Authors: Dunbabin J P D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The UN Charter confers on the Security Council ‘primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security’. Moreover, UN members must ‘make available’ to it ‘armed forces, assistance and facilities’ and, using these, the Security Council should ‘take such action . . . as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace’. That is not the world we know – indeed only a minority of post-1945 conflicts have generated serious UN intervention.
The Security council And International Law On Military Occupations
Authors: Scheffer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Military occupation law is an ancient set of rules that have long been considered to be an important part of international law. This body of law, a main purpose of which is to limit the amount of change that an occupier can impose on an occupied society, remains valid and useful. However, its application can be problematical in certain occupations in which an outside force seeks to transform the laws, institutions, and customs of a society.