bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Nielsen Lars Tyce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The principle behind the modern theory of pricing and hedging of derivatives or contingent claims is as follows. The future payoff to a claim, such as an option on a stock, will in general depend on the price paths of one or more basic securities. Using those basic securities, one can try to construct a trading strategy which replicates the payoff in the sense that in every possible future scenario, its value at the time of maturity of the claim will equal the payoff to the claim. The trading strategy should be self-financing and satisfy an admissibility condition which is imposed in order to rule out the possibility of arbitrage. If such a replicating trading strategy can be found, then the current price of the claim will be equal to the initial amount of money needed to start off the trading strategy.
The Martingale Valuation Principle
Authors: Nielsen Lars Tyce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter continues the development of the theory of valuation of contingent claims. It defines the martingale value process of a claim, investigates the situations in which markets are dynamically complete, and introduces the concept of risk-adjusted probabilities. We define the martingale value process of a contingent claim by the requirement that the product of the state price process and the value process should be a martingale. This definition is justified by the fact that if the claim can be replicated by an admissible self-financing trading strategy, then the value of the trading strategy equals the martingale value of the claim.
‘Mere Auxiliaries to the Commonwealth’: Women and the Origins of Liberalism
Authors: Brennan Teresa , Pateman Carole 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The peculiar character of man’s domination over woman in the modern family, and the necessity, as well as the manner, of establishing real social equality between the two, will be brought out into full relief only when both are completely equal before the law. F. Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State Women, more specifically married women, constitute a permanent embarrassment and problem for liberal political theory. If this is not usually acknowledged, it is only because theorists rarely bother to consider whether their arguments have any relevance to women as well as men. Both the character and magnitude of the problem posed by married women, and the form of certain popular contemporary feminist arguments, can only be properly appreciated through an examination of the origins of liberal theory in the social contract theory of the seventeenth century. The arguments of Hobbes and Locke, which we shall discuss here, were developed as part of a con-flict with patriarchal theorists.
Democracy and Representation: Or, Why Should it Matter Who our Representatives Are?
Authors: Phillips Anne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Though the overall statistics on women in politics continue to tell their dreary tale of under-representation, this under-representation is now widely regarded as a problem, and a significant number of political parties have adopted measures to raise the proportion of women elected. That the issue is even discussed marks a significantchange. Even more remarkable is that growing support for a variety of enabling devices (day-schools, for example, to encourage potential women candidates) now combines with some minority backing for measures that guarantee parity between women and men. Parties in the Nordic countries took the lead in this, introducing gender quotas for the selection of parliamentary candidates from the midl970s onwards, but a quick survey across Europe throws up a number of parallel developments. Positive action to increase the proportion of women elected is now on the political agenda. It has become one of the issues on which politicians disagree.
The Politics of Paradigms: Gender Difference and Gender Disadvantage
Authors: Rhode Deborah L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Traditional approaches to gender difference have alternated between exaggeration and denial. On most issues of public policy, denial has been the preferred strategy; women’s special interests have remained unacknowledged and unaddressed. By contrast, policy initiatives that have spoken to gender difference have often overstated its nature and amplified its adverse consequences. Feminist responses have frequently remained entrapped in similar patterns. Many theoretical approaches that have sought to celebrate women’s distinctive attributes have homogenized and essentialized their content, while strategies of denial have ignored women’s particular needs and circumstances.
Antigone’s Daughters
Authors: Elshtain Jean Bethke 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This essay advances a note of caution. It argues that feminists should approach the modern bureaucratic state from a standpoint of scepticism that keeps alive a critical distance between feminism and statism, between female self-identity and a social identity tied to the public-political world revolving around the structures, institutions, values, and ends of the state. The basis for my caution and scepticism is a sober recognition that any political order in our time which culminates in a state is an edifice that monopolizes and centralizes power and eliminates older, less universal forms of authority; that structures its activities and implements its policies through unaccountable hierarchies; that erodes local and particular patterns of ethnic, religious, and regional identities; that standardizes culture, ideas, and ideals; that links portions of the population to it through a variety of dependency relationships; that may find it necessary or convenient to override civil liberties and standards of decency for raison d’etat or executive privilege; and that, from time to time, commits its people to wars they have had neither the opportunity to debate fully nor the right to challenge openly.
Transforming Socialist-Feminism: The Challenge of Racism
Authors: Bhavnani Kum-Kum , Coulson Margaret 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Through struggle, in heated arguments and in writings, black women have been trying to shift socialist-feminist politics. In their 1985 article, Michele Barrett and Mary Mclntosh have provided one response to these initiatives. The two of us are anxious to take seriously this attempt by white feminists to take up the challenge of the charge of racism which has been made against white feminist analysis.
La conciencia de la Mestiza: Towards a New Consciousness
Authors: Anzaldua Gloria 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Jose Vascocelos, Mexican philosopher, envisaged una raza mestiza, una mezcla de razas afines, una raza de color-la primera raza sintesis del globo. He called it a cosmic race, la raza cósmica, a fifth race embracing the four major races of the world. Opposite to the theory of the pure Aryan, and to the policy of racial purity that white America practices, his theory is one of inclusivity.
‘Race’, Gender and the Concept of ‘Difference’ in Feminist Thought
Authors: Maynard Mary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with theorizing the interrelationships between ‘race’ and gender oppression and the extent to which this is furthered by using the concept of ‘difference’. [⃛ ] Although the concept has no one connotation, as will be discussed, its implications of plurality and multiplicity have been regarded by many as providing the necessary antidote to the former unquestioning use of the unified terms ‘woman’ or ‘women’. It is now commonplace to read books and articles, often written by white feminists, exhorting us to remember that there are differences between women and that these need to be taken account of in our work.
The Occult of True Black Womanhood: Critical Demeanor and Black Feminist Studies
Authors: duCille Ann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For reasons that may already be obvious, the books named above and numerous others like them have led me to think of myself as a kind of sacred text. Not me personally, of course, but me black woman object, Other. Within and around the modern academy, racial and gender alterity has become a hot commodity that has claimed black women as its principal signifier.
Decolonizing Feminism
Authors: Lazreg Marnia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Writing about women in Algeria has been the most challenging task I have undertaken so far. Not only did it concretize for me the difficulty of doing interdisciplinary research, and raise theoretical/ methodological issues, it has also led me to question the feasibility of writing and communicating across cultures about the subject of women. My project is not to entertain readers with one more exotic tale or shock them with another astounding revelation about womanhood in a faraway place. All I wish to do is communicate in intelligible terms another mode of being female. But this is more easily said than done.
Environmental Management, Equity and Ecofeminism: Debating India’s Experience
Authors: Agarwal Bina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is today a widespread recognition that for effectively managing local forests and commons, we need the active involvement of village communities. But what shape should community institutions for environmental management take? Many favour the revival or replication of traditional ones. But what would this imply for social equity? Indeed are even the newly emergent institutions challenging traditionally unequal social relations? While the issue of appropriate institutions for environmental management is still being debated, there is a striking absence of a gender perspective within the debate. This neglect of gender continues in the face of a substantial parallel literature (and movement) that has grown under the banner of’ecofeminism’.
Difference, Diversity, Differentiation
Authors: Brah Avtar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the 1970s there was little serious and sustained mainstream academic engagement with issues such as the gendered exploitation of post-colonial labour in the British metropolis, racism within state policies and cultural practices, the radicalization of black and white subjectivity in the specific context of a period following the loss of Empire, and the particularities of black women‘s oppression within feminist theory and practice.
Exploding the Canon
Authors: Parpart Jane L , Marchand Marianne H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the last few decades postmodernist critiques have increasingly dominated scholarship in the humanities and social sciences. Grand theories of the past have been called into question; particularities and difference(s) have triumphed as universal claims to knowledge have come under fire. Feminist scholars have reacted to postmodernist thought in a number of ways. Some reject it outright, while others call for a synthesis of feminist and postmodernist approaches.
In Defense of the ‘Daughters of Israel’
Authors: Greenberg Blu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Female sexuality and fertility are naturally of central importance in a matrilineal religion preoccupied with descendants. For well over two thousand years, men struation and related issues were the subject of a vast literature generated by Jewish men who necessarily wrote from the perspective of outsiders. In the twentieth century, Jewish women began to examine for themselves the laws of Niddah (purity). Yet, for different reasons, and with very different consequences, they too adopted the perspective of outsiders, and were inclined to view it as a system that enabled men to control women and encouraged them to disparage female bodily functions.
The Suffering Christ and the Asian Body
Authors: Bong Sharon A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A theology that matters is one that is embodied. That Asian Christian theology is ‘body language, heart semantics or soul-syntax’ reclaims the body and its corporeality in theologizing from the lived experiences of the grassroots and in particular, women.It is premised on the historical and material conditions of specific Asian communities and articulated from their positions of marginality and agency. And it effects the following doctrinal transgressions. It is firstly an antithesis to the denigration of the body fed by the church’s tacit valorization of asceticism and residual misogyny of the (male) spirit/(female) body duality.
Against the Male Flood:Censorship, Pornography, and Equality
Authors: Dworkin Andrea 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I want to say right here, that those well-meaning friends on the outside who say that we have suffered these horrors of prison, of hunger strikes and forcible feeding, because we desired to martyrise ourselves for the cause, are absolutely and entirely mistaken. We never went to prison in order to be martyrs. We went there in order that we might obtain the rights of citizenship. We were willing to break laws that we might force men to give us the right to make laws. Censorship is a real thing, not an abstract idea or a word that can be used to mean anything at all. In ancient Rome, a censor was a magistrate who took the census (a count of the male population and an evaluation of property for the purpose of taxation done every fifth year), assessed taxes, and inspected morals and conduct.
Not a Moral Issue
Authors: MacKinnon Catharine A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A critique of pornography is to feminism what its defense is to male supremacy. Central to the institutionalization of male dominance, pornography cannot be reformed or suppressed or banned. It can only be changed. The legal doctrine of obscenity, the state’s closest approximation to addressing the pornography question, has made the First Amendment2 into a barrier to this process. This is partly because the pornographers’ lawyers have persuasively presented First Amendment absolutism, their advocacy position, as a legal fact, which it never has been.
On the Question of Pornography and Sexual Violence: Moving Beyond Cause and Effect
Authors: Cameron Deborah , Frazer Elizabeth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What is to be done about pornography? Whenever feminists raise this question-and they have raised it insistently, on both sides of the Atlantic-one particular issue can be counted on to dominate discussion. That issue is: does pornography actually have significant effects in terms of causing violent and misogynistic behaviour? Can we, in other words, establish a firm relationship between the sphere of representation where pornography is located, and the sphere of action in which specific individuals harm other individuals? Any feminist who objects to pornography is immediately challenged to demonstrate such a causal relationship; anyone who doubts that the relationship exists is under pressure to concede that pornography is not a problem. The entire agenda for debate is drawn up in terms of this question.
Looking for Women’s Rights in the Rainbow: Pornography, Censorship, and the ‘New’ South Africa
Authors: Loots Lliane 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After the first democratic election ever held in South Africa on the 27th of April 1994, South Africa ostensibly shed the shackles of apartheid legislation and became what Archbishop Desmond Tutu had so often called South Africa: a ‘Rainbow Nation’. With the thrill of ‘one person, one vote’ keeping South Africans euphoric for some time, it was only awhile later that the golden haze of this ‘rainbow’ started to cloud over. The depth of the legacy of apartheid law started to manifest itself in how difficult it was for our ‘new’ South Africa to begin shifting and changing legal practices. South Africa’s National Party government had hegemonically constructed and used a legal system to justify racist apartheid state power. While this legal system operated in many seemingly non-race related areas, such as the censorship of sexually explicit material,
Just Looking for Trouble: Robert Mapplethorpe and Fantasies of Race
Authors: Mercer Kobena 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How does ‘race’ feature in the politics of anti-pornography? Well, it does and it doesn’t. ‘Race’ is present as an emotive figure of speech in the rhetoric of certain feminist anti-pornography arguments; yet ‘race’ is also markedly absent, since there appears to be no distinctly black perspective on the contentious issues of sexuality, censorship and representation that underpin the volatile nature of the anti-porn debate. Although Audre Lorde and Alice Walker made important contributions early on in the debate in the United States over a decade ago, the question of pornography has hardly been a top priority on the agenda of black feminist politics in Britain in the 1980s and early 1990s.1 lf it is indeed the case that white and black women have not been equally involved in the anti-porn movement, or have not made it a shared political priority, then we have to ask:
Polemical Preface Pornography in the Service of Women
Authors: Carter Angela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pornographers are the enemies of women only because our con temporary ideology of pornography does not encompass the possibility of change, as if we were the slaves of history and not its makers, as if sexual relations were not necessarily an expression of social relations, as if sex itself were an external fact, one as immutable as the weather, creating human practice but never a part of it.
Introduction
Authors: Polizzotto Lorenzo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Piagnoni, Frateschi, Collitorti, Stropiccioni, Masticapaternostri, Pin zocheroni, Jerosomilitani, Hieronimini:these and other names were applied with varying degrees of ferocity to the followers of Fra Girolamo Savonarola.1 Whether clerics or laymen, Savonarola’s followers were classed together by their enemies under one or other of these headings. Over time, the epithets dwindled in number until two of them, Frateschiand Piagnoni,came to the fore. But all were calculated to arouse a precisely calibrated range of emotions, from scorn at one extreme to fear at the other. They were intended to undermine the Savonarolans by calling into question their motives, their credibility, and even their sanity. Most were designed to stress the factionality of the Savonarolans and their divisive effects on society.
International Copyright Law and Policy
Authors: Lewinski Silke von 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book deals comprehensively with the major treaties and conventions covering the law of international copyright and neighbouring rights. It explains the complex legal, economic and political background to the treaties and their contents, and how they inter-relate. There is also practical commercial discussion of how copyright and neighbouring rights are treated in international trade measures such as GATT, WTO, NAFTA, and bilateral and unilateral treaties, with a section devoted to how unilateral trade measures are applied by the USA in particular. There is also some discussion of how international copyright law and neighbouring rights may develop in the future. The book is intended to be a definitive account of the law of international copyright and neighbouring rights, but it is also intended to be accessible to non-specialist practitioners. It is fully cross-referenced to a forthcoming companion volume, European Copyright Law and Policy (expected to publish in 2008), offering readers a comprehensive approach to the subject. The author has been consulted on copyright policy on numerous occasions by various governmental and non-governmental organisations within and outside the EC, and therefore is ideally placed to give an inside view on how policy is formed.
‘Cross+Check’ System: Experiential Knowledge Reasoning Application
Authors: Dean Geoff , Gottschalk Petter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Introduction
This is the first of three practical application chapters on specifically designed technological systems for the management of police knowledge. The importance of these applications, presented over the next three chapters, rests on the fundamental distinction made in various ways throughout this book that information lies outside the brain but knowledge is to be found inside it. All three application systems seek to exploit the ‘inside’ or tacit knowledge in the head of experienced police officers.
This chapter introduces an experiential knowledge reasoning system called ‘Cross+Check’ which is designed to capture and utilize police expertise in the investigative domain. The rich diversity of the cumulative experience of individual officers contributes directly to the intellectual capital of a police/law enforcement agency.
‘Investigative Pathways’ System: Neural Network Mapping Application
Authors: Dean Geoff , Gottschalk Petter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The application system discussed in this chapter builds on the same conceptual foundation as the fuzzy experiential knowledge reasoning system in the previous chapter; in that this ‘Investigative Pathways’ application also utilizes the notion of police knowledge triangles (PKTs) as the conceptual basis of police work, as well as being related to the ‘Expert System’ (ES) branch of the artificial intelligence (AI) field.
However, what is different about the application in this chapter is that it works more like a neural network rather than a pure fuzzy system, although fuzzy systems are a sister technology to neural networks (Kosko 1999). In essence, neural networks are ‘brain-like’ learning systems. Neural systems are pattern computers. They are able to learn, store, and recall the fuzzy patterns in facial recognition software, personal identification, fraudulent insurance claims, and so forth.
The Lukewarm Peace 1970–1979
Authors: Lindley-French Julian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
1970–1979 The Lukewarm Peace begins with a United States mired in a costly and failing war in Vietnam and unable to exert the influence it once enjoyed over its fractious European allies. It also begins with a Soviet Union less credible by the day as an ideological power. Consequently, Moscow and Washington begin to forge an ever more direct relationship, often bypassing their European allies and satellites, because by the 1970s the legitimacy of superpower can only be justified by the existence of the other. It is a direct relationship of which Europeans are suspicious not least when Washington and Moscow negotiate a raft of strategic arms control treaties over the heads of the European Allies. In 1970 talks commence between the US and Soviet Union on a Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT), which is duly signed on 26 May, 1972, along with the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty. It is a far cry from the early days of the Cold War and American nuclear monopoly. Indeed, the ABM Treaty is a very un-American treaty designed as it is to ensure the mutual vulnerability that both sides accept as the price for nuclear stability and thus never sits comfortably with the Washington political establishment.
A Brave New Century? 2000–2007
Authors: Lindley-French Julian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
2000–2007 A Brave New Century: In November 2000 a new kind of American president is elected from an old kind of American political dynasty. The seventh age of European security and defence is born. If Margaret Thatcher was famous not for turning, George W. Bush is famous for not compromising. American interest and the export of the American idea are to be the American way in a world divided neatly into friends and enemies. Beyond the endless ruminations of the chattering classes little attention is paid. American presidents always enter the White House with big ideas and, so the dictum goes, are rapidly forced by what former British Prime Minister Harold MacMillan called ‘events’ to live with the world as it is, not as they would like it to be. That truism is to be tragically proven, but not without struggle.