bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Vertical/Horizontal Dichotomy in Competition Law: Some Reflections with Regard to Dual Distribution and Private Labels
Authors: Lianos* Ioannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vertical/horizontal distinction is an important feature of modern competition law. Undertakings are found to be in a vertical relation when they are present in different levels of the commercialization process, i.e. supply and distribution. They are found to be in a horizontal relation in situations where they produce substitutable products or services (actual or potential competitors). This chapter will first examine the genealogy of the vertical/horizontal dichotomy in the United States (US) and in European Communities (EC) competition law. It will then analyse the application of the dichotomy in situations of hybrid practices, dual distribution practices, and private labels, where the relation between the supplier and the distributor presents a vertical and a horizontal dimension. The vertical/horizontal dichotomy may find its limits in these situations. After highlighting the reasons and distinct principles that led to the formulation of these specific categories, the study will delve into the utility of the vertical/ horizontal dichotomy and will suggest alternative interpretations of these categories which are both analytically rigorous and consistent with the objectives of EC competition law.
Hong Kong
Authors: Laidler Karen Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From atop Victoria Peak, busloads of Chinese tourists from the mainland peer down on Hong Kong’s hazy sunset and skyline, greyed by the winds of Southern China’s industrial pollution. Before them, they bare witness to Deng’s call—’to get rich is glorious’—and take in the monumental office skyscrapers, shopping malls, and story luxury apartment complexes. The first location mainland tourists zoom in on is the impressive Central District, the financial and political heart of the city. Here numerous mirror-windowed skyscrapers vie for recognition.
What is Back Pain?
Authors: Lee John , Brook Suzanne , Daniel Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question ̒what is back pain?̓ is understandable but the answer can be complicated. This chapter discusses: why people feel pain at all the difference between acute and long-term pain how the body repairs itself how pathways can develop that promote long-term back pain. It also describes the defi nitions of pain used both in everyday life and in scientific literature which demonstrate how pain affects us in so many different ways. Understanding the origins of a problem usually go a long way to managing them better.
Can My Back Pain be Cured by Injections or Surgery?
Authors: Lee John , Brook Suzanne , Daniel Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many treatments offered to patients with back pain by way of ̒interventions̓ using injections, implantable devices or surgery. Some of these will be smaller undertakings (such as injections) and others may be much larger where you should anticipate an extended period of recovery (such as surgery). There are also different types of practitioners that might offer things. Interventional techniques depend on the training of the individual providing them and this varies from one practitioner to the next. Table 6.1 is a generalized list of these practitioners and the services they offer.
Specific Stretches and Exercises
Authors: Lee John , Brook Suzanne , Daniel Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Warm-up exercises are just what they say—to warm up your muscles and joints in preparation for more stretches, exercise or activity. Warm-up exercises do not take long, and can be squeezed into any free minute. They can be done at any time and anywhere, and can be especially useful if you have been still in one position for a while, for example sitting in a car, in a queue or in the cinema.
Making Sense of Scan Results and Finding a Cure
Authors: Lee John , Brook Suzanne , Daniel Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mr Webb is 56 years old. His back pain began for no apparent reason three years ago. He has seen a rheumatologist, spinal surgeon, neurologist, and pain management consultant. They have all sent him for investigations, such as blood tests, X-rays, and MRI scans but all the reports were normal and he has been told that nothing can be found that is causing his pain. Mr Webb thinks that people think that the pain is all in his mind. He has seen the results of his MRI scan and he is sure that the discs in his back are damaged and causing his pain.
Russian Law
Authors: Butler William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the first edition of Professor Butler's book was published in 1999 it was hailed as the first systematic account of Russian law and the Russian legal system since the demise of the Soviet Union. The second edition built on his examination of Russian law in the context of other legal systems and made a thorough examination of the country's legal institutions and procedural and substantive law. In this third edition the author reviews the law reform of Putin's era, including the impact of decisions of the European Court of Human Rights as sources of Russian Law, a new chapter on insurance law and the essentials of local government law. The book has been updated throughout to include the latest legislation since the last edition, including reform of the law of intellectual property, competition, foreign investment, the legal status of foreigners, treaties, securities, pledge and mortgage, State corporations, the legal profession and the penal system, labour law, taxation, procedure, international arbitration, the judicial system and procuracy, justices of the peace, State structure, and environmental and natural resource law . Butler's emphasis is on post-Soviet law reform and on the creation of a democratic, market-oriented legal framework which seeks to attract foreign investment. Chapters such as those on entrepreneurial law, securities regulation, banking and insurance, taxation, and the status of foreigners and foreign investment law make this volume an essential purchase for those advising potential investors in Russia and the CIS. For those with a more academic interest in Russian law there are also chapters on Russian legal history and legal theory, together with a detailed guide to relevant publications and materials. This authoritative work will be embraced by practising lawyers, the investment community, government legal advisors, and scholars seeking a comprehensive and practical introduction to the Russian legal system.
How the normal lungs work
Authors: Currie Graeme P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Air containing oxygen passes through the mouth and nose into the windpipe (trachea). The windpipe then divides repeatedly into smaller branches of increasingly narrow size (bronchi and bronchioles) within the lungs. The smallest air passages (bronchioles) end as tiny air sacs (alveoli) where gas exchange takes place; oxygen passes from the air sacs into the blood and carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the air sacs.
Managing COPD without drugs
Authors: Currie Graeme P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Non-drug treatment plays a vital role in the management of COPD. A variety of health care professionals may offer different forms of help in the management of COPD. Examples of non-drug treatment include education, pulmonary rehabilitation, vaccination, encouragement of exercise, and dietary advice. Anxiety and depression are common in COPD; all doctors and nurses should look for them and treat accordingly.
Recovery
Authors: Bocco Riccardo , Harrisson, Pierre , Oesch Lucas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Into the 1990s, the ‘relief and development continuum’ approach led mainstream discourses and practices in the international community related to post-crisis interventions. This concept was based on the understanding that relief and development should follow a logical and linear sequence of phases, where different types of interventions follow each other successively. Since the early 1990s, however, inspired by experiences of international agencies in the field, considerations about the need to integrate relief and development, and not merely to coordinate the two, have emerged in parallel. Since 2005, these concepts have started to crystallize within the UN system into what can be called the ‘recovery approach’.
Intelligent Research Design
Authors: Hancké Bob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book offers advice to doctoral researchers and graduate and advanced undergraduate students on how to embark on their research. Based on a decade of teaching early-stage researchers in the social sciences at the LSE and other universities, and written with the central problems of beginning researchers in mind, Bob Hancké guides them through the process of thinking about the links between theory, cases and data, and to do so in a way that helps to turn their initial plausible ideas into convincing arguments. This lively book, deliberately jargon-free and with a hands-on, pragmatic approach to research design, addresses the problems that research students face - or ignore, often at their peril - in the course of their first few years. Its central message is that research is a complex and iterative process in which researchers construct every relevant part of their project with one goal in mind: make a persuasive point. They define the question they ask and the debate they engage, construct their cases and data to answer that question, and write it up as an argument that brings out the strengths of their research design. It addresses such key issues as statistical versus configurational approaches, time in social science research, different types of case studies and comparative research, and a critical approach to data. The Appendix gives tips on presenting and discussing papers, and on crafting research proposals.
Constructing Data
Authors: Hancké Bob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘When I was interviewing the head of the nationalist party, Mr Smith, he told me that I was right: his political party did X because of Y, just as I had predicted, so I wrote it in my dissertation. During the defence, however, one of the readers asked me if there was any corroborating evidence to that statement which was available to the readers of the thesis, and I told him I did not need that, since the guy who was in charge of the political party had actually told me what they had done and why. They sent me off with the message to use the next year to think about how to make that claim stick. What more did these guys want from me? I got it from the horse’s mouth!’ The thesis jury in this imaginary chat in the pub may have looked unfair to John, but they had a more than reasonable point: Smith may or may not have told the truth—and there is no a priori reason to assume he had not—but that was not good enough for them. They were asking John to show them that what he discovered during that interview was good enough to hang a whole thesis on, since in the way John had presented his material, it failed to meet the basic criteria that would allow them to conclude that. Fortunately, what happened to John is rare—though far from non-existent. We all have an intuition about what went wrong in John’s thesis defence, and by making explicit what went wrong, this chapter offers a tool kit to help you avoid making those mistakes in your own work.
Prologue
Authors: Sachs Justice Albie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life prepared me in a most bizarre way for becoming a judge. If judicial office had been my goal I was doing everything right . . . eight years of study and three degrees including a doctorate in law, a decade of busy practice as an advocate at the Cape Town Bar, and, later, earnestly teaching law in three continents and publishing several books, some scholarly, others autobiographical. Yet as far as the actual impact of the law on my life was concerned, everything was wrong: as a student my home was raided before dawn by the police and I was subjected to what was called a ‘banning order’ that restricted my movements and activities; while at the Bar I was twice placed in solitary confinement by the security police, first for 168 days and later for 3 months, during which I suffered torture by sleep deprivation; when I completed my doctorate I was living as a stateless person in exile in England; and some years later while doing legal research in Mozambique I was blown up by a bomb placed in my car by my country’s security agents, losing an arm and the sight of an eye.
Protein-Protein Recognition
Authors: Kleanthous Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of Protein-Protein Recognition is to bring together concepts and systems pertaining to protein-protein interactions in a single unifying volume. In the light of the information from the genome sequencing projects and the increase in structural information it is an opportune time to try to make generalizations about how and why proteins form complexes with each other. The emphasis of the book is on heteromeric complexes (complexes in which each of the components can exist in an unbound state) and will use well-studied model systems to explain the processes of forming complexes. After an introductory section on the kinetics, thermodynamics, analysis, and classification of protein-protein interactions, weak, intermediate, and high affinity complexes are dealt with in turn. Weak affinity complexes are represented by electron transfer proteins and integrin complexes. Anti-lysozyme antibodies, the MHC proteins and their interactions with T-cell receptors, and the protein interactions of eukaryotic signal transduction are the systems used to explain complexes with intermediate affinities. Finally, tight binding complexes are represented by the interaction of protein inhibitors with serine proteases and by nuclease inhibitor complexes. Throughout the chapters common themes are the technologies which have had the greatest impact, how specificity is determined, how complexes are stabilized, and medical and industrial applications.
Association of Patient Race and Hospital with Utilization of Regional Anesthesia for Treatment of Postoperative Pain in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Analysis Using Medicare Claims
Authors: Dixit Anjali A. , Sekeres Gabriel , Mariano Edward R. , Memtsoudis Stavros G. , Sun Eric C. 
Published: November 2023

Background
Regional anesthesia for total knee arthroplasty has been deemed high priority by national and international societies, and its use can serve as a measure of healthcare equity. The association between utilization of regional anesthesia for postoperative pain and (1) race and (2) hospital in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty was estimated. The hypothesis was that Black patients would be less likely than White patients to receive regional anesthesia, and that variability in regional anesthesia would more likely be attributable to the hospital where surgery occurred than race.

Methods
This study used Medicare fee-for-service claims for patients aged 65 yr or older who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2016. The primary outcome was administration of regional anesthesia for postoperative pain, defined as any peripheral (femoral, lumbar plexus, or other) or neuraxial (spinal or epidural) block. The primary exposure was self-reported race (Black, White, or Other). Clinical significance was defined as a relative difference of 10% in regional anesthesia administration.

Results
Data from 733,406 cases across 2,507 hospitals were analyzed: 90.7% of patients were identified as White, 4.7% as Black, and 4.6% as Other. Median hospital-level prevalence of use of regional anesthesia was 51% (interquartile range, 18 to 79%). Black patients did not have a statistically different probability of receiving a regional anesthetic compared to White patients (adjusted estimates: Black, 53.3% [95% CI, 52.5 to 54.1%]; White, 52.7% [95% CI, 52.4 to 54.1%]; P = 0.132). Findings were robust to alternate specifications of the exposure and outcome. Analysis of variance revealed that 42.0% of the variation in block administration was attributable to hospital, compared to less than 0.01% to race, after adjusting for other patient-level confounders.

Conclusions
Race was not associated with administration of regional anesthesia in Medicare patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty. Variation in the use of regional anesthesia was primarily associated with the hospital where surgery occurred.

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What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New
The Roles of Venopulmonary Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Hockstein Maxwell A. , Fan Eddy 
Published: November 2023

OBJECTIVES:Concise definitive review of the use of venopulmonary arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-PA ECMO) support in patients with cardiopulmonary failure.DATA SOURCES:Original investigations identified through a PubMed search with search terms “percutaneous right ventricular assist device,” “oxy-RVAD,” “V-PA ECMO,” and “veno-pulmonary arterial ECMO” were reviewed and evaluated for relevance.STUDY SELECTION:Studies that included more than three patients supported with V-PA ECMO were included.DATA EXTRACTION:Clinically relevant data from included studies, including patient-important outcomes, were summarized and discussed.DATA SYNTHESIS:We identified four groups of patients where V-PA ECMO has been studied: acute respiratory distress syndrome, right ventricular dysfunction after left ventricular assist device placement, bridge to lung transplantation, and pulmonary embolism. Most identified works are small, single center, and retrospective in nature, precluding definitive conclusions regarding the efficacy of V-PA ECMO. There have been no clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of V-PA ECMO for any indication.CONCLUSIONS:V-PA ECMO is a promising form of extracorporeal support for patients with right ventricular dysfunction. Future work should focus on identifying the optimal timing and populations for the use of V-PA ECMO.
Pharmacogenetics of weight gain following switch from efavirenz- to integrase inhibitor-containing regimens
Authors: Wu Kunling , Koethe John , Hulgan Todd , Brown Todd , Bares Sara H. , Tassiopoulos Katherine , Lake Jordan E. , Leonard Michael , Samuels David C. , Erlandson Kristine , Haas David W. 
Published: November 2023

Background
Excessive weight gain affects some persons with HIV after switching to integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART). We studied associations between CYP2B6 genotype and weight gain after ART switch among ACTG A5001 and A5322 participants.

Methods
Eligible participants switched from efavirenz- to INSTI-containing ART, had genotype data, and had weight data at least once from 4 weeks to 2 years post-switch. Multivariable linear mixed effects models adjusted for race/ethnicity, CD4, age, BMI and INSTI type assessed relationships between CYP2B6 genotype and estimated differences in weight change.

Results
A total of 159 eligible participants switched ART from 2007 to 2019, of whom 138 had plasma HIV-1 RNA < 200 copies/mL (65 CYP2B6 normal, 56 intermediate, 17 poor metabolizers). Among participants with switch HIV-1 RNA < 200 copies/mL, weight increased in all 3 CYP2B6 groups. The rate of weight gain was greater in CYP2B6 poor than in CYP2B6 normal metabolizers overall, and within 9 subgroups (male, female, White, Black, Hispanic, dolutegravir, elvitegravir, raltegravir, and TDF in the pre-switch regimen); only in Hispanic and elvitegravir subgroups were these associations statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared to normal metabolizers, CYP2B6 intermediate status was not consistently associated with weight gain.

Conclusion

CYP2B6 poor metabolizer genotype was associated with greater weight gain after switch from efavirenz- to INSTI-containing ART, but results were inconsistent. Weight gain in this setting is likely complex and multifactorial.
Racial disparities in the treatment of pancreatic cancer: results from the analysis of a National Database
Authors: Onyemkpa Chibueze , Dougherty Danielle , Samat Sajjaad , Oyasiji Tolutope , McLeod Michael 
Published: November 2023

Background:
Pancreatic cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in the US. There have been postulates of racial disparities. Based on this, we primarily examined the presence of race, for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Methods:
A retrospective review was conducted on patients with pancreatic cancers using the Surveillance Epidemiology, and End Results - Medicare registry. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Overall Survival analysis was done using the Kaplan-Meier curve. Comparison of survival curves was done using the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to determine independent predictors of survival. Other areas focused on were time interval from diagnosis to treatment, “Predictors of surgery of the primary site,” “Predictors for recommending surgery of the primary site,” “Predictors for oncologic resection,” “Predictors of performance and refusal of surgery of primary site if recommended,” and “Predictors for any other therapy (all therapies excluding surgery).

Results:
A total of 52,951 patients were identified from the database. A total of 24,523 were males and 26,715 were females. A total of 81.9% were Caucasian, 10.9% were Black, and 7.2% were other races. There was approximately equal distribution of the different stages between both genders. A total of 10.2% of the females were diagnosed at stage I, 28.9%, 9.3%, and 51.6% at stages I, III, and IV, respectively, compared to males with 8.4%, 28.3%, 9.2%, and 54.1% for stages I, II, III, and IV, respectively. A total of 9.5% of the Black patients were diagnosed at stage I, 24.2% at stage II, 10.1% at stage III, and 56.2% at stage IV. A similar distribution was noted in the other races. Black patients had worse overall survival when compared to Caucasians (P = .004) and other races (P = .001).

Conclusion:
Compared to Caucasian patients, Black patients with pancreatic cancer had worse overall survival.