bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Juvenile hormones: Their role in the regulation of the pheromonal communication system of the armyworm moth, Pseudaletia unipuncta
Authors: Cusson Michel , Tobe Stephen S. , McNeil Jeremy N. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRecently, much effort has been devoted to the elucidation of the neuro‐endocrine mechanisms regulating the biosynthesis and emission of sex pheromones in the Lepidoptera. The available data indicate that the hormonal mechanisms involved vary considerably among species. For example, compelling evidence that juvenile hormones (JH) play a role in the control of sex pheromone production has been presented only for the armyworm moth, Pseudaletia unipuncta. In this species, females that are allatectomized at emergence neither produce nor release pheromone, but both activities are restored following replacement therapy with synthetic JH. However, injection of synthetic JH into neck‐ligated females does not induce pheromone biosynthesis, whereas treatment with either a brain homogenate or synthetic PBAN results in a rise in the pheromone titer. These results indicate that the role played by JH is an indirect one and that the tropic factor is a PBAN‐like substance.Studies on in vitro JH biosynthesis by isolated corpora allata of P. unipuncta have shown that the low JH output observed early in the life of adult females coincides with the absence of both calling behavior and pheromone production. The subsequent increase in the rates of JH biosynthesis correlates with the onset of pheromone production and release. We have therefore proposed that JH titers must pass a threshold level before the circadian release of PBAN and calling behavior can begin. Furthermore, recent experiments suggest that the continuous presence of JH is necessary for calling behavior to be maintained once initiated. Lastly, we present data suggesting a role for JH or JH acids in the receptivity of P. unipuncta males to the female sex pheromone. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peptide amidation in an invertebrate: Purification, characterization, and inhibition of peptidylglycine α‐hydroxylating monooxygenase from the heads of honeybees (apis mellifera)
Authors: Zabriskie T. Mark , Klinge Michael , Szymanski Christine M. , Cheng Hengmiao , Vederas John C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPeptidylglycine α‐hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM), an enzyme involved in formation of neuropeptides with a C‐terminal amide functionality in mammals and amphibians, was isolated from the head of an invertebrate, the honeybee, Apis mellifera, and purified 220‐fold in 1% overall yield. The bee PHM has a molecular weight of 71,000, is membrane associated but can be solubilized with a detergent (n‐octyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside), and cross‐reacts with rabbit antibodies generated toward bacterially expressed rat PHM. In the presence of copper, oxygen, and ascorbic acid, the enzyme hydroxylates model tripeptides such as dansyl‐L‐Phe‐L‐Phe‐Gly on the methylene carbon of the glycine residue with retention of configuration. Using this tripeptide as substrate, the Km is 1.7 μM and the Vmax is 2.3 nmol • μg−1 • h−1. Treatment of the insect PHM with D‐Phe‐L‐Phe‐D‐vinylglycine, a substrate analogue and mechanism‐based inactivator of PHM from pig pituitary, results in irreversible loss of activity. The diastereomeric analogue, D‐Phe‐L‐Phe‐L‐vinylglycine, is only a competitive inhibitor (lC50 = 320 μM). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduction of testis growth of pseudaletia separata larvae after parasitization by cotesia kariyai
Authors: Tanaka Toshiharu , Tagashira Eiko , Sakurai Sho 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe braconid endoparasitoid, Cotesia (=Apanteles) kariyai physiologically influences its host, Pseudaletia separata, through three factors: polydnavirus, venom, and teratocytes. Inhibiting testis development of the host seems to be one factor that is important for successful development of the parasitoid. CkPV (polydnavirus of Cotesia kariyai) plus venom depressed testis development. Testes from unparasitized day 0 last instar transplanted into isolated abdomens increased in volume after stimulation with 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20HE). However, day 0 testis preincubated with CkPV plus venom for 6 h and then transplanted into an isolated abdomen did not respond to 20HE. Southern blot analysis indicated CkPV‐DNA hybridized to testes‐DNA from parasitized hosts, suggesting the possibility that CkPV is involved in suppression of testes growth. Binding assays using PNA indicated a 2‐fold increase in ecdysteroid receptor binding activity during the late stage of parasitism. The increase in receptor activity might be related to the maintenance of a low ecdysteroid titer in parasitized hosts due to a feedback response. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization and biological effects of cotesia congregata polydnavirus on host larvae of the tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta
Authors: Beckage Nancy E. , Tan Frances F. , Schleifer Kathleen W. , Lane Roni D. , Cherubin Lisa L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe ovaries of endoparasitic species of braconid and ichneumonid wasps contain large numbers of polydnavirus (PDV) virions that replicate in specialized calyx cells of the ovaries and are injected into the host larva during parasitization. In the braconid wasp Cotesia congregata that parasitizes the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, the total amount of viral DNA present in the ovaries was determined to be 25–75 ng. Analysis of viral DNA on 0.4% agarose gels showed that the genome was comprised of 15–20 circles of double‐stranded DNA. SDS‐PAGE analyses showed that a large number (>30) of structural polypeptides were present in the virions, and analysis of the venom likewise showed that multiple components were present. The major size classes of venom proteins differed from those present in the PDV. However, Western blots using polyclonal PDV antibodies showed that some cross‐reacting PDV‐like proteins were present in the venom, perhaps explaining the mild PDV‐enhancing effect of the venom. Injection of PDV into unparasitized larvae provoked pronounced alterations in their growth, development, pigmentation, and hemolymph proteins. A densely staining band of hemolymph proteins of approximately 18–20 kD appeared in large amounts relative to other hemolymph proteins several days following injection of PDV; this band was undetectable in naturally parasitized larvae. Eggs which had been washed extensively to remove PDVs were encapsulated following injection, but development of the host still was disrupted, usually in the post‐wandering prepupal stage. Thus, neither the parasites nor their host survived, despite mobilization of an “effective” host response.© 1994 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibitory effect of 10,11‐methyl‐enetetradec‐10‐enoic acid on a Z9‐desaturase in the sex pheromone biosynthesis of Spodoptera littoralis
Authors: Gosalbo Laura , Fabriás Gemma , Camps Francisco 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe effect of 10,11‐methylenetetradec‐10‐enoic acid on the sex pheromone biosynthetic pathway of Spodoptera littoralis is reported. This new cyclopropene fatty acid inhibited the biosynthesis of the main pheromone component from labeled myristicacid. The study of each Z desaturation step revealed that the Z9‐desaturase of E11–14:Acid was inhibited, whereas the Z11‐desaturase of 16:Acid was not affected. The results presented in this article agree with our hypothesis that the methylenehexadecenoic acids are beta‐oxidized in the pheromone gland to the corresponding methylenetetradecenoic acids. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biosynthesis, secretion, and immunocytochemistry of trypsin modulating oostatic factor of Aedes aegypti
Authors: Borovsky Dov , Song Qisheng , Ma Michael C. , Carlson David A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTrypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF) was followed by RIA in the ovary of female Aedes aegypti before and after the blood meal. The amount of TMOF in a pair of ovaries from females fed sugar for 3 days or blood for 24 h was low (1.7 ng). Between 24 and 48 h after the blood meal the amount of TMOF in the ovaries rapidly increased and reached a peak of 104 ng at 48 h. The amount of TMOF in the head of a female A. aegypti was very low (0.05 to 0.1 ng) during sugar and blood feeding. Immunocytochemical methodology identified the follicular epithelium as the site of biosynthesis of TMOF in the ovary. Females ovariectomized and fed a blood meal continued to synthesize trypsin for 64 h, whereas intact controls stopped at 40 h, indicating that a factor from the ovary regulates trypsin biosynthesis. Ovaries incubated in vitro with [3H]proline synthesized [pro‐3H]TMOF that was identified by HPLC and by anti‐TMOF serum. The ovary started to synthesize TMOF in vitro 24 h after the blood meal, and the synthesis reached a peak at 36 h and then declined. The synthesis of TMOF by the ovary is closely correlated with the termination of trypsin biosynthesis in the female mosquito's midgut. Ovaries that were pulsed with [3H]proline for 30 min synthesized [pro‐3H]TMOF which was chased into the medium with unlabeled proline, indicating that the hormone is secreted by the ovary. These results indicate that TMOF is a secretory peptide, synthesized by the ovarian follicular epithelium and that it modulates trypsin biosynthesis in the mosquito's gut. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cyclic volumetric changes in corpus allatum cells in relation to juvenile hormone biosynthesis during ovarian cycles in cockroaches
Authors: Chiang Ann‐Shyn , Schal Coby 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDevelopment and activity of the corpora allata (CA) were investigated in adult female Blattella germanica and Supella longipalpa. These two cockroach species differ in their reproductive modes, with relatively uninterrupted cycles of oocyte development in S. longipalpa and discrete patterns of oocyte development which are interrupted by pregnancy in B. germanica. During ovarian cycles in both cockroach species, elevated rates of juvenile hormone (JH) synthesis closely coincide with synchronous volumetric growth of the CA. Declines in CA activity before ovulation coincide with synchronous declines in the size of CA cells. However, in adult females of both species the number of CA cells remains relatively constant. Quantitative studies in normal and ovariectomized adult B. germanica females show that the volumetric changes in CA cells are paced and synchronized by ovarian factors. Without the ovaries, the enlargement of CA cells in newly eclosed females is slower and relatively asynchronous. Without an ootheca in ovariectomized females, the volume of CA cells fails to decline synchronously, resulting in variable but high rates of JH synthesis. The precise relationship between volume of CA cells and‐JH biosynthesis in oviparous and viviparous cockroaches suggests that in cockroaches, cell volume, and not CA cell number, is a better predictor of JH biosynthetic activity. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in protein patterns in sperm and vas deferens during the daily rhythm of sperm release in the gypsy moth
Authors: Giebultowicz Jadwiga M. , Joy Janet E. , Riemann John G. , Raina Ashok K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, the release of sperm bundles from the testis into the upper vas deferens (UVD) is precisely timed within each 24 h period by a circadian mechanism located in the reproductive system. In males kept under light:dark cycles of 16:8, release of sperm bundles is limited to the 3 h period that starts before lights off. Sperm released from the testis remains in the UVD for about 12 h and then moves into the seminal vesicles, so that the UVD stays empty until the next cycle of sperm release begins. The rhythm of release appears to play a role in the terminal stages of sperm maturation and is essential for the fertility of males. Sperm bundles undergo substantial morphological changes during the release from the testis and while they are retained in the UVD. In this study, using gel electrophoresis, we compared protein patterns in sperm and in the UVD during the daily cycle of sperm release and maturation. Several protein bands evident in the sperm bundles contained in the testis were missing from the sperm bundles that had passed from the testis into the UVD. Furthermore, a number of new proteins appeared in the sperm bundles as they remained in the UVD. Some of these proteins appeared to be secreted from the UVD epithelium into the UVD lumen before being incorporated into sperm bundles. Correlations between changes in protein patterns and ultrastructural changes in sperm during the cycle of sperm release and maturation are discussed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Purification and characterization of the Manduca sexta neuropeptide processing enzyme carboxypeptidase E
Authors: Stone Tracey E. , Li Jorge P. , Bernasconi Paul 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe neuropeptide processing enzyme carboxypeptidase E (CPE) (E.C.3.4.17.10) has been well studied in vertebrates but its presence in invertebrates has not yet been reported. CPE activity in insects is present in membrane‐bound and soluble forms. The soluble CPE has been purified to homogeneity from the brain of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. It is a 57 kDa glycoprotein containing 9% sugars. It is activated 9.2 ± 1.8 fold by CoCl2 and inhibited by chelating agents. Its sensitivity to guanidinoethyl‐mercaptosuccinic acid, and its molecular mass, make this enzyme a good candidate to be the insect equivalent of the mammalian CPE. Furthermore, its lack of sensitivity towards p‐(chloromercuri)benzenesulfonate puts it closer to the vertebrate carboxypeptidase M (CPM). We postulate that insects may possess a single protein fulfilling both CPE and CPM functions. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytochrome b5 involvement in cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activities in house fly microsomes
Authors: Zhang Minli , Scott Jeffrey G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe involvement of cytochrome b5 in different cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and palmitoyl CoA desaturase activities in microsomes from insecticide‐resistant (LPR) house flies was determined using a specific polyclonal antiserum developed against house fly cytochrome b5. Anti‐b5 antiserum inhibited the reduction of cytochrome b5 by NADH‐cytochrome b5 reductase. The antiserum also inhibited palmitoyl CoA desaturase, methoxycoumarin‐O‐demethylase (MCOD), ethoxycoumarin‐O‐deethylase (ECOD), and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase (aromatic hydrocarbon hydroxylase, AHH) activities. However, methoxyresorufin‐O‐demethylase (MROD) and ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethy‐lase (EROD) activities were not affected by this antiserum. These results demonstrate that cytochrome b5 is involved in fatty acyl CoA desaturase activities and in certain cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activities (i.e., MCOD, ECOD, and AHH) in LPR house fly microsomes. Other cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activities (i.e., MROD and EROD) may not require cytochrome b5. The results suggest that cytochrome b5 involvement with cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activities is dependent upon the cytochrome P450 isoform involved. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Model sclerotization studies. 3. Cuticular enzyme catalyzed oxidation of peptidyl model tyrosine and dopa derivatives
Authors: Sugumaran Manickam , Ricketts Dean 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIncubation of N‐acetyltyrosine methyl ester with cuticular enzymes, isolated from the wandering stages of Calliphora sp larvae, resulted in the generation of N‐acetyldopa methyl ester when the reaction was carried out in the presence of ascorbate which prevented further oxidation of the o‐diphenolic product. Enzymatic oxidation of N‐acetyldopa methyl ester ultimately generated dehydro N‐acetyldopa methyl ester. The identity of enzymatically produced N‐acetyldopa methyl ester and dehydro N‐acetyldopa methyl ester has been confirmed by comparison of the ultraviolet and infrared spectral and chromatographic properties with those of authentic samples as well as by nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Since N‐acetyldopaquinone methyl ester was also converted to dehydro N‐acetyldopa methyl ester and tyrosinase was responsible for the oxidation of N‐acetyldopa methyl ester, a scheme for the cuticular phenoloxidase catalyzed conversion of N‐acetyltyrosine methyl ester to dehydro N‐acetyldopa methyl ester involving the intermediary formation of the quinone and the quinone methide is proposed to account for the observed results. The conversion of N‐acetyldopa methyl ester to dehydro derivative remarkably resembles the conversion of the sclerotizing precursor, N‐acetyldopamine, to dehydro‐N‐acetyl‐dopamine observed in the insect cuticle. Based on these comparative studies, it is proposed that peptidyl dopa derivatives could also serve as the sclerotizing precursors for the sclerotization of the insect cuticle. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Purification and characterization of yolk protein‐2 from the fall webworm,Hyphantria cuneadrury
Authors: Lee Sang Dae , Lee Seon Sook , Kim Hak R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractYolk proteins (YP1, YP2, and YP3) of the fall webworm,Hyphantria cunea, are of relatively low molecular weight. Yolk protein‐2 (YP2) was purified from gel slices and by KBr density gradient ultracentrifugation followed by ion exchange chromatography. YP2 is composed of one subunit with a molecular weight of 35.5 kDa. YP2 contains neutral lipids (diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol) and phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine). The neutral lipids are largely composed of lauric acid and palmitoleic acid. YP2 contains relatively large amounts of glutamic acid and aspartic acid but small amounts of tyrosine, phenylalanine, and methionine. YP2 is a vitellin (Vn) synthesized by the fat body. Vitellogenin‐2 (Vg2), the precursor of YP2, is present in very small amounts in the hemolymph. Lipophorin and storage protein also are found in the ovary ofH. cunea, and these proteins do not immunologically cross‐react with YP2. YP2 is detected in first instar larvae but completely disappears during the second instar, indicating that YP2 is intensively utilized during postembryonic development. Anti‐YP2 antibodies cross‐react with ovarial extracts ofBombyx moribut not with those of insects from other orders such asCletus schmidti(Hemiptera),Lucilia illustris(Diptera),Anechura japonica(Dermaptera),Periplaneta americana(Dictyoptera), andDucetia japonica(Orthoptera). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Promoter utilization in a mosquito ribosomal DNA cistron
Authors: Park Yang‐Ja , Baldridge Gerald D. , Fallon Ann M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn the mosquito Aedes albopictus, two potential RNA polymerase I promoters that map 531 and 143 nucleotides upstream of the 18S rRNA gene have been defined on the basis of sequence homology with rRNA promoters from other species. Using the polymerase chain reaction, we confirmed that a 717 nucleotide region spanning the upstream (‐531) and downstream (‐143) promoters is homogeneous in genomic DNA and in cloned DNA. DNA probes representing each of these promoters, as well as upstream “spacer” promoters, exhibited protein‐binding activity, and each unlabeled probe was an effective competitor of protein binding with the other probes, suggesting that these potential regulatory sequences interact with a common protein(s). Analysis of precursor ribosomal RNAs accumulated during temperature shock indicated that transcription is initiated primarily at the upstream (‐531) promoter. RNAse protection and primer extension analyses confirmed the predominant use of this promoter, both in cultured cells and in mosquito life stages. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐steroidal ecdysteroid agonists: Tools for the study of hormonal action
Authors: Oberlander H. , Silhacek D. L. , Porcheron P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe first non‐steroidal ecdysteroid agonists are dibenzoyl hydrazines and are typified by the compounds designated RH‐5849 and RH‐5992. The discovery that these compounds mimic 20E in a variety of insect orders, and especially the Lepidoptera, generated great interest from the research and agricultural communities. Such compounds provide important new research tools for physiological, biochemical, and molecular studies. In addition, the potential for application to agricultural pests looks very promising, especially for RH‐5992 (tebufenozide). This review evaluates the evidence on the specificity of the ecdysteroid‐like actions of these materials and considers their application for research and pest management. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of Amerira.
Utilization of [14C]phenylalanine derived from arylphorin or free amino acid in Manduca sexta pharate adults
Authors: Wu Min , Tischler Marc E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe role of arylphorin as a storage protein was studied using 14C‐arylphorin. 14C‐arylphorin was produced optimally by incubating one‐half fat body from Manduca sexta fifth instar larvae at 22°C for 24 h, in 1 ml of medium containing amino acids at 25% of their physiological concentration with [U‐14C]‐phenylalanine (phe) provided initially without nonlabeled phenylalanine. Nonlabeled phe was provided after 1 h at 16% of its physiological concentration. The specific activity of 14C‐arylphorin produced in vitro was 30 times greater than that generated in vivo. Injection of 14C‐arylphorin into pharate adults was used to study the distribution of 14C‐phe derived from this protein into 14CO2 and tissues for comparison with injection of free 14C‐phe during the middle (days 6 to 12 pharate adult) and late (days 12 to 17 pharate adult) stages of adult development. Appearance of 14CO2 from 14C‐arylphorin as compared to 14C‐phenylalanine showed a slower time course during both the middle and late stages of development, in keeping with the time needed for degradation of the protein. In accord with faster phe turnover near the end of adult development, total 14CO2 production was greater and the retention of 14C in hemolymph and fat body was less compared to the middle stage of development regardless of whether 14C‐arylphorin or 14C‐phe was injected. In the middle stage of development, the appearance of 14C in the cuticle and head parts was greater, whereas incorporation into abdomen and thorax was less than during the late stage of development. Since the pattern of 14C distribution from 14C‐arylphorin and 14C‐phe was similar, one major function of arylphorin must be as a storage protein replenishing the supply of free amino acids used for synthesis of adult tissues. These results also suggest a limited contribution of M. sexta arylphorin to formation of the cuticle subsequent to day‐6 pharate adult. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrocarbon profiles from puparia of diapausing and nondiapausing flesh flies (Sarcophaga crassipalpis) reflect quantitative rather than qualitative differences
Authors: Yoder Jay A. , Blomquist Gary J. , Denlinger David L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHydrocarbons on the puparia of flesh flies, Sarcophaga crassipalpis, were analyzed to determine whether the abundance of hydrocarbons on puparia from diapausing individuals (twice the amount extracted from puparia of nondiapausing individuals) was the consequence of an increase in deposition of select hydrocarbons or an overall increase in deposition. Hydrocarbons from the puparia of both diapausing and nondiapausing individuals are saturated and range in chain length from 25 to 33 carbons. GC‐MS analyses indicate that the hydrocarbon fraction contains n‐, terminally and internally branched monomethyl‐, and 3,x‐, 5,x‐ and internally branched dimethylalkanes. The diapausing and nondiapausing empty puparia contained 39.4 and 42.9% n‐alkanes, 46.5 and 44.7% monomethylalkanes, and 9.5 and 8.5% dimethylalkanes, respectively. No major differences in the percent composition of the different hydrocarbons were noted between the two groups. This suggests that the amount of hydrocarbon, rather than the composition, contributes to the lower transpiration rates observed in diapausing pupae. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.