bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technical knowledge for food product innovation in Thailand
Authors: Siriwongwilaichat Prasong , Winger Ray J. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractRapid, effective product design and launch requires advanced technical skills. As new knowledge is expanding at an exponential rate, it is critical that food technologists keep up to date with international scientific developments. Interviews with 62 food‐processing companies, 43 technical information providers, and three focus groups with technical food product developers were conducted in this study. The main technical knowledge sources used by Thai food‐manufacturing companies to support the development of new branded food products have been identified. Thai food companies' internal technical staff were the major source of technical knowledge for food product development. Food ingredient suppliers were the most important external provider of knowledge to these technical staff. The main technical information provided included ingredient specifications, food recipes, consultancy, and product testing. New products that were radically innovative required greater input from external technical knowledge sources than products that were incrementally innovative. [EconLit citations: L150, L290, L660.] © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 20: 233–252, 2004.
Farmer‐owned brands?
Authors: Hayes Dermot J. , Lence Sergio H. , Stoppa Andrea 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis report lays out the economic arguments in favor of the establishment of farmer‐owned brands in Midwestern agriculture and presents four case studies based on successful efforts in this area in the European Union and the United States. The case studies involve Parma Ham, Brunello di Montalcino wine, Vidalia onions, and a third‐party verification organization. The case studies show that these brands can be profitable for farmers, and emphasize the importance of restricting the supply of any successful brand. One of the case studies shows that this type of supply control can run afoul of antitrust regulations. [EconLit citations: Q130, Q180, R580.] © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 20: 269–285, 2004.
Gibbs energy approach for aqueous processes with HF, HNO3, and CO2CaCO3
Authors: Salminen Justin , Kobylin Petri , Liukkonen Simo , Chiavone‐Filho Osvaldo 
Published: July 2004

AbstractChemical thermodynamic calculations were used to represent vapor–liquid equilibria and chemical equilibria for aqueous systems with HF, HNO3, and CO2H2OCaCO3 solutions. The entropy production related to the dissolution reaction of calcite was calculated using multiphase thermodynamics and experiments carried out in this work. Modern simulation methods combined with experiments provide a useful tool for the research and design of new processes as well as evaluating changes in the operational conditions of chemical processes. These methods are used to study metallurgical, pulp, and paper industrial processes that involve the presented aqueous solutions. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1942–1947, 2004
Removal of a model protein foulant from metal surfaces
Authors: Xin Hong , Chen Xiao Dong , Özkan Necati 
Published: July 2004

AbstractUsing precoated whey protein concentrate gel films as a model milk protein fouling material, the removal kinetics from the inner surface of a stainless steel tube were determined continuously and noninvasively by a rapid UV spectrophotometric method. The influences of temperature, flow velocity, and the amount of fouling on the cleaning behavior were evaluated. For the first time, a cleaning model combining polymer dissolution and boundary layer mass transfer has been used to describe the cleaning process. It is suggested that the disengagement of protein molecules from the swollen gel–solution interface and the transfer of these disengaged protein molecules into the bulk cleaning solution are the rate‐limiting steps in the range of conditions examined. The experimental results agree with the predictions of the cleaning model. The application of the current cleaning model to milk protein and whey protein fouling systems reported by various researchers is also discussed. 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50:1961–1973, 2004
Poly(phenylene ether)/epoxy thermoset blends based on anionic polymerization of epoxy monomer
Authors: Prolongo Silvia G. , Cabanelas J. C. , Fine T. , Pascault Jean‐Pierre 
Published: July 2004

AbstractLow molar mass poly (phenylene ether) (LMW‐PPE) with phenol‐reactive chain ends was used as modifier of epoxy thermoset. The epoxy monomer was diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), and several imidazoles were used as initiators of anionic polymerization. The curing and phase separation processes were investigated by different techniques: Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Size Exclusion Chromatography, and Light Transmission measurements. The final morphology of blends was observed by Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The epoxy network is obtained by imidazole initiated DGEBA homopolymerization. Initial LMW‐PPE/DGEBA mixtures show an UCST behavior with cloud point temperatures between 40 and 90°C. PPE phenol end‐groups can react with epoxy, leading to a better interaction between phases. The curing mechanism and phase separation process are not influenced by the chemical structure of initiators, except when reactive amine groups are present. The phase inversion is observed at 30 wt % of PPE. The mixtures with amine‐substituted imidazole present important differences in the initial miscibility and curing process interpreted in terms of fast room temperature amine‐epoxy reaction during blending. Final domain size is affected by this prereaction. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2678–2687, 2004
Predicting solubility and permeation properties of organic solvents in Viton glove material using Hansen's solubility parameters
Authors: Evans Katherine M. , Hardy James K. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA model based on a combination of the solubility parameters of Hansen and the polymer solution theory of Flory–Rehner was used to predict the solubility and permeation properties of organic solvents in Viton polymeric glove material. To test the validity of the model, weight gain data were collected for 32 organic solvents versus Viton. Samples were exposed for periods of 2 to 12 weeks until each glove sample had achieved a stable, equilibrium weight. Using a nonlinear least‐squares regression, the three‐dimensional solubility parameter was determined for Viton to be as follows: dispersion = 15.38, polar = 10.49, and hydrogen bonding = 2.47. Breakthrough times, lag times, and steady‐state permeation rates for the solvents verses Viton were also determined and combined with results obtained from the literature. A high level of correlation was observed between the model and the properties evaluated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2688–2698, 2004
Effect of ammonia on madder‐dyed natural protein fiber
Authors: Montazer M. , Parvinzadeh M. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractOf all the beautiful reds in nature, the only one vegetable source of good dyes ever discovered by man is madder. In this research natural protein fibers (i.e., wool yarns) were dyed with madder and then treated with different ammonia solutions. A UV–visible spectrophotometer was used to measure the absorbency of the remaining ammonia solution. The absorption curves showed the absorption transfer to the visible region. FTIR spectroscopy studies indicated that the changes in intensity at the peaks occurred when the madder‐dyed yarns were treated with ammonia solutions. The results of color measurement in the CIELAB system showed that the darkness of samples increased with an increase in the ammonia percentage in the solution. The vertical wicking test was also carried out on the madder‐dyed yarns and the ammonia‐treated samples. The results showed that the ammonia treatment causes a decrease in the wicking rate. A change of color was observed on the dyed samples when wash‐fastness tests were carried out. The results of light‐fastness tests showed more fading of the madder‐dyed yarns after ammonia treatment. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2704–2710, 2004
The dispersion behavior of clay particles in poly(L‐lactide)/organo‐modified montmorillonite hybrid systems
Authors: Nam Pham Hoai , Fujimori Atsuhiro , Masuko Toru 
Published: July 2004

AbstractHybrids of poly(L‐lactide)/organoclay (PLACHs) have been prepared via a melt‐compounding process using poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) and three types of surface‐treated montmorillonite modified with ammonium salts (M1, trimethyl octadecyl‐; M2, dimethyl dioctadecyl‐, and M3, bis(4‐hydroxy butyl) methyl octadecyl‐ammonium). The dispersed state of the clay particles in the PLLA matrix was examined by use of wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and polarizing optical microscopy. On melt‐compounding PLLA and two organoclays (M1, M2) modified with the surfactants both carrying homogenous alkyl chains, we obtained intercalated hybrids with relatively uniform dispersion of nanometer‐sized clay particles. On the other hand, the organoclay (M3) modified with a surfactant carrying alkyl chains end‐capped with hydroxyl groups yielded the composite with flocculated particles. The flocculation of the particles originates from the hydrogen bonding among the hydroxyl groups of the component surfactant, those of the clay edge and those of both ends of PLLA chains. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2711–2720, 2004
Localization of Web design: An empirical comparison of German, Japanese, and United States Web site characteristics
Authors: Cyr Dianne , Trevor‐Smith Haizley 
Published: July 2004

AbstractTo explore issues of user interface design and experience, including culturally preferred design elements, a study was conducted analyzing sites in Germany, Japan, and the United States (30 municipal sites in each country). Design elements considered are use of symbols and graphics, color preferences, site features (links, maps, search functions, and page layout), language, and content. Significant modal differences were found in each of the listed categories. Outcomes from the study are used to discuss future research directions in the areas of experience design and localization.
Vorgespannte Verbundtragwerke Isarbrücke Oberföhring auf dem Prüfstand
Authors: Seidl Günter , Grassl Hans , Gärtner Karlheinz 
Published: July 2004

AbstractVerbundtragwerke mit Längs‐ und Quervorspannung zählen zu den Besonderheiten im Brückenbau. Die Isarbrücke Oberföhring im Zuge des Föhringer Rings aus dem Jahr 1960 ist ein Beispiel für die Kombination einer Spanngliedvorspannung gekoppelt mit einer Vorspannung durch Abstapeln. Das Tragwerk wurde im Hinblick auf den Materialeinsatz sehr wirtschaftlich konstruiert und ist nach mehr als 40 Jahren trotz der hohen Verkehrsbelastung in einem bemerkenswert guten Zustand. Die Ergebnisse der Hauptprüfung und die Ursachen der dabei dennoch festgestellten Schäden werden dargestellt. Eine Auswertung der Bemessung und des Tragverhaltens zeigt, mit welchen Mitteln die beachtliche Schlankheit des Hauptfelds unter geringem Materialeinsatz erzielt werden konnte. Hierin spielt die Vorspannung eine zentrale Rolle.
Erweiterung der Technischen Biegelehre ‐ Teil 2
Authors: Krebs Albert , Schnell Jürgen , Hartung Bernhard 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIm ersten Teil der Veröffentlichung [1] wurden die Bedingungsgleichungen der Erweiterten Technischen Biegelehre (ETB) hergeleitet und deren Lösbarkeit nachgewiesen. Der hier vorliegende zweite Teil zeigt, ausgehend von der Ermittlung der Spannungsresultanten, die iterative Lösung der Bedingungsgleichungen. An zwei Stahlbetonbalken (mit/ohne Vorspannung) werden die mit der ETB berechneten Verzerrungszustände den in der Realität auftretenden Verzerrungen gegenübergestellt. Eine mögliche Anwendung der Theorie wird an einer durch einen Betonierfehler geschädigten Brücke vorgestellt.
Tragverhalten und Bemessung von Befestigungen mit Verbunddübeln unter Zugbeanspruchung ‐ Teil 1
Authors: Eligehausen Rolf , Appl Jörg J. , Lehr Bernhard , Meszaros Juraj , Fuchs Werner 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIm Bauwesen werden in zunehmendem Maße Dübel zur Einleitung von Lasten in den erhärteten Beton eingesetzt. Vor allem Befestigungssysteme auf der Grundlage chemischer Mörtel werden vermehrt verwendet.In diesem Beitrag werden das Tragverhalten und die Bemessung von Befestigungen mit Verbunddübeln unter Zugbeanspruchung vorgestellt. Das Bemessungsmodell beruht auf dem CC‐Verfahren [1] und berücksichtigt die wesentlichen Einflußparameter auf die Bruchlast mit ausreichender Genauigkeit.
Holz‐Beton‐Verbundbauweise in der Praxis
Authors: Rug Wolfgang , Lißner Karin 
Published: July 2004

AbstractEin Verbund zwischen Beton und Holz ist eine wirkungsvolle Lösung für Brücken in Holz und Holzbalkendecken. Solche Verbundkonstruktionen haben eine höhere Steifigkeit und Tragfähigkeit. Gleichzeitig gibt es weitere Vorteile, so z. B. bei Holz‐Beton‐Decken einen hohen Feuerwiderstand und einen verbesserten Schallschutz. Der Beitrag berichtet über den Entwicklungsstand der Anwendung des Verbundes von Holz und Beton und geeigneter Holz‐Beton‐Verbindungstechniken in der Holzbaupraxis.
Putative implication of α‐amylase loop 7 in the mechanism of substrate binding and reaction products release
Authors: André G. , Tran V. 
Published: July 2004

Abstractα‐Amylases are widespread endo‐enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of internal α‐(1,4) glycosidic linkages of starch polymers. Molecular modeling of amylose–amylase interactions is a step toward enzymatic mechanism understanding and rational design of new enzymes. From the crystallographic complex of barley α‐amylase AMY2‐acarbose, the static aspects of amylose–amylase docking have been characterized with a model of maltododecaose (DP12) (G. André, A. Buléon, R. Haser, and V. Tran, Biopolymers 1999, Vol. 50, pp. 751–762; G. André and V. Tran, Special Publication no. 246 1999, The Royal Society of Chemistry, H. J. Gilbert, G. J. Davies, B. Henrissat, and B. Svensson, Eds., Cambridge, pp. 165–174). These studies, consistent with the experimental subsite mapping (K. Bak‐Jensen, G. André, V. Tran, and B. Svensson, Journal of Biological Chemistry, to be published), propose a propagation scheme for an amylose chain in the active cleft of AMY2. The topographical overview of α‐amylases identified loop 7 as a conserved segment flanking the active site. Since some crystallographic experiments suspected its high flexibility, its putative motion was explored through a robotic scheme, an alternate route to dynamics simulations that consume CPU time. The present article describes the characteristics of the flexibility of loop 7: location and motion in AMY2. A back‐and‐forth motion with a large amplitude of more than 0.6 nm was evaluated. This movement could be triggered by two hinge residues. It results in the loop flipping over the active site to enhance the docking of the native helical substrate through specific interactions, it positions the catalytic residues, it distorts the substrate towards its transition state geometry, and finally monitors the release of the products after hydrolysis. The residues involved in the process are now rational mutation points in the hands of molecular biologists. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Structural properties and photophysical behavior of conformationally constrained hexapeptides functionalized with a new fluorescent analog of tryptophan and a nitroxide radical quencher
Authors: Venanzi Mariano , Valeri Alessandro , Palleschi Antonio , Stella Lorenzo , Moroder Luis , Formaggio Fernando , Toniolo Claudio , Pispisa Basilio 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe influence of the conformational properties on the photophysics of two de novo designed hexapeptides was studied by spectroscopic measurements (ir, NMR, steady‐state, and time resolved fluorescence) and molecular mechanics calculations. The peptide sequences comprise two nonproteinogenic residues: a β‐(1‐azulenyl)‐L‐alanine (Aal) residue, obtained by formally functionalizing the Ala side chain with the azulene chromophore, and a Cα‐tetrasubstituted α‐amino acid (TOAC), incorporating a nitroxide group in a cycloalkyl moiety. Aal represents a new fluorescent, quasi‐isosteric Trp analog and TOAC a stable radical species, frequently used as a paramagnetic probe in biochemical studies. The peptide chains differ in the sequence position of the two probes and are heavily based on Aib (α‐aminoisobutyric acid) residues to generate conformationally restricted helical structures, as confirmed by both spectroscopic and computational results. The conformationally controlled, excited state interactions, determining the photophysical relaxation of the Aal*/TOAC pair, are also discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Morphologies and conformation transition of lentinan in aqueous NaOH solution
Authors: Zhang Xufeng , Zhang Lina , Xu Xiaojuan 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMolecular morphologies and conformation transition of lentinan, a β‐(1→3)‐D‐glucan from Lentinus edodes, were studied in aqueous NaOH solution by atomic force microscopy (AFM), viscometry, multiangle laser light scattering, and optical rotation measurements. The results revealed that lentinan exists as triple‐helical chains and as single random‐coil chains at NaOH concentration lower than 0.05M and higher than 0.08M, respectively. Moreover, the dramatic changes in weight‐average molecular weight Mw, radius of gyration 〈s2〉1/2, intrinsic viscosity [η], as well as specific optical rotation at 589 nm [α]589 occurred in a narrow range of NaOH concentration between 0.05 and 0.08M NaOH, indicating that the helix–coil conformation transition of lentinan was carried out more easily than that of native schizophyllan and scleroglucan, and was irreversible. For the first time, we confirmed that the denatured lentinan molecule, which was dissolved in 0.15M NaOH to be disrupted into single coil chains, could be renatured as triple helical chain by dialyzing against abundant water in the regenerated cellulose tube at ambient temperature (15°C). In view of the AFM image, lentinan in aqueous solution exhibited the linear, circular, and branched species of triple helix compared with native linear schizophyllan or scleroglucan. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Binding H2, N2, H−, and BH3 to Transition‐Metal Sulfur Sites: Synthesis and Properties of [Ru(L)(PR3)(‘N2Me2S2’)] Complexes (L=η2‐H2, H−, BH3; R=Cy, iPr)
Authors: Sellmann D. , Hille A. , Heinemann F. W. , Moll M. , Reiher M. , Hess B. A. , Bauer W. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe reactions of [Ru(N2)(PR3)(‘N2Me2S2’)] [‘N2Me2S2’=1,2‐ethanediamine‐N,N′‐dimethyl‐N,N′‐bis(2‐benzenethiolate)(2−)] [1 a (R=iPr), 1 b (R=Cy)] and [μ‐N2{Ru(N2)(PiPr3)(‘N2Me2S2’)}2] (1 c) with H2, NaBH4, and NBu4BH4, intended to reduce the N2 ligands, led to substitution of N2 and formation of the new complexes [Ru(H2)(PR3)(‘N2Me2S2’)] [2 a (R=iPr), 2 b (R=Cy)], [Ru(BH3)(PR3)(‘N2Me2S2’)] [3 a (R=iPr), 3 b (R=Cy)], and [Ru(H)(PR3)(‘N2Me2S2’)]− [4 a (R=iPr), 4 b (R=Cy)]. The BH3 and hydride complexes 3 a, 3 b, 4 a, and 4 b were obtained subsequently by rational synthesis from 1 a or 1 b and BH3⋅THF or LiBEt3H. The primary step in all reactions probably is the dissociation of N2 from the N2 complexes to give coordinatively unsaturated [Ru(PR3)(‘N2Me2S2’)] fragments that add H2, BH4−, BH3, or H−. All complexes were completely characterized by elemental analysis and common spectroscopic methods. The molecular structures of [Ru(H2)(PR3)(‘N2Me2S2’)] [2 a (R=iPr), 2 b (R=Cy)], [Ru(BH3)(PiPr3)(‘N2Me2S2’)] (3 a), [Li(THF)2][Ru(H)(PiPr3)(‘N2Me2S2’)] ([Li(THF)2]‐4 a), and NBu4[Ru(H)(PCy3)(‘N2Me2S2’)] (NBu4‐4 b) were determined by X‐ray crystal structure analysis. Measurements of the NMR relaxation time T1 corroborated the η2 bonding mode of the H2 ligands in 2 a (T1=35 ms) and 2 b (T1=21 ms). The H,D coupling constants of the analogous HD complexes HD‐2 a (1J(H,D)=26.0 Hz) and HD‐2 b (1J(H,D)=25.9 Hz) enabled calculation of the HD distances, which agreed with the values found by X‐ray crystal structure analysis (2 a: 92 pm (X‐ray) versus 98 pm (calculated), 2 b: 99 versus 98 pm). The BH3 entities in 3 a and 3 b bind to one thiolate donor of the [Ru(PR3)(‘N2Me2S2’)] fragment and through a B‐H‐Ru bond to the Ru center. The hydride complex anions 4 a and 4 b are extremely Brønsted basic and are instantanously protonated to give the η2‐H2 complexes 2 a and 2 b.
De novo Metallonucleases Based on Helix–Loop–Helix Motifs
Authors: Rossi Paola , Tecilla Paolo , Baltzer Lars , Scrimin Paolo 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThree new 42‐mer peptides (PR I–III) designed to fold into a hairpin helix–loop–helix motif have been prepared. In the peptide sequence two (PR II–III) or four (PR I) copies of an unnatural amino acid bearing a triazacyclononane metal‐ion binding site (ATANP) have been inserted in appropriate positions to allow the ligand subunits to face each other either within the same helix or between the two helices of the hairpin motif. Circular dichroism (CD) studies in solution have shown that the apopeptides adopt a well‐defined helix–loop–helix tertiary structure that dimerizes in solution at concentrations above 200 μM to form a four‐helix bundle. However, the helical content is strongly dependent on pH and metal‐ion binding. Both protonation of the amines of the triazacyclononane units present in the ATANP lateral arm and complexation with ZnII ions cause a significant decrease of the helical content of the sequences. The ZnII complexes of the three peptides catalyze the transesterification of the RNA model substrate 2‐hydroxypropyl‐p‐nitrophenyl phosphate (HPNP) with different efficiency. The best catalyst appears to be PR I–4 ZnII, that is, the peptide incorporating four ATANP units. Michaelis–Menten saturation kinetics allowed us to estimate that substrate fully bound to the catalyst reacts 380 times faster than in its absence. The kinetic evidence suggests cooperativity between (at least two) metal ions: one activating the nucleophilic species (directly or indirectly) and the other facilitating nucleophilic attack by coordination of the phosphate.
Stereoselective Synthesis of (+)‐Nephrosteranic Acid, (+)‐trans‐Cognac Lactone, and (+)‐trans‐Whisky Lactone using a Chiral Cyclohexadienyl Ti Compound
Authors: Schleth Florian , Vogler Thomas , Harms Klaus , Studer Armido 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe present the stereoselective transfer of cyclohexadienyl from 3‐metalated 1,4‐cyclohexadienes to various aldehydes. Lewis‐acid‐mediated “allylation” of aldehydes by treatment with 3‐silylated and 3‐stannylated 1,4‐cyclohexadienes could not be achieved with high diastereoselectivity. In contrast, cyclohexadienyl titanium compounds reacted with both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes with good‐to‐excellent diastereoselectivities. Reaction of a chiral TADDOL‐derived (TADDOL, 2,2‐dimethyl‐α,α,α′,α′‐tetraphenyl‐1,3‐dioxolandimethanol) cyclohexadienyl Ti derivative with various aldehydes led to the corresponding homoallylic alcohols with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities. Lower selectivities were obtained with chiral B‐cyclohexadienyldiisopinocampheylborane. The 1,3‐cyclohexadienes are very useful building blocks for the preparation of biologically important γ‐butyrolactones. Short efficient syntheses of (+)‐nephrosteranic acid, (+)‐trans‐whisky lactone, and (+)‐trans‐cognac lactone by desymmetrization of 1,4‐cyclohexadiene are described.