bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics, blood partition and protein binding of DA‐7867, a new oxazolidinone
Authors: Bae Soo K. , Chung Won‐S. , Kim Eun J. , Rhee Jae K. , Kwon Jong W. , Kim Won B. , Lee Myung G. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics after single intravenous and single and consecutive 2 week oral administration, tissue distribution, in vitro tissue metabolism, stability, blood partition and protein binding of DA‐7867, a new oxazolidinone, were evaluated. After intravenous administration at a dose of 10mg/kg to rats, DA‐7867 was eliminated slowly with time‐averaged total body clearance of 0.915ml/min/kg. After consecutive 2 week oral administration at a dose of 2mg/kg/day to rats, DA‐7867 was accumulated in rats; the AUC was significantly greater (1430 versus 1880µg min/ml) than that after single oral administration at a dose of 2mg/kg. The rat tissues studied had low affinity to DA‐7867; the tissue‐to‐plasma ratios were smaller than unity after both intravenous and oral administration at a dose of 20mg/kg. The rat tissues studied had almost negligible metabolic activity for DA‐7867 based on 30min incubation of DA‐7867 with 9000g supernatant fraction of rat tissues. DA‐7867 was stable for up to 24h incubation in various buffer solutions having pHs from 1 to 11, Sørensen phosphate buffer of pH 7.4, and rat plasma, urine and liver homogenate and 3h incubation in five human gastric juices. The binding of DA‐7867 to 4% human serum albumin was 50.6% at DA‐7867 concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 20µg/ml. The equilibrium of DA‐7867 between plasma and blood cells of rabbit blood reached fast (within 30s manual mixing), and the plasma‐to‐blood cell concentration ratios were independent of initial blood concentrations of DA‐7867, 1–20µg/ml; the values ranged from 1.39 to 1.63. Protein binding of DA‐7867 in five fresh rats plasma was 72.3%. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Competition of drugs to serum albumin in combination therapy
Authors: Sułkowska Anna , Bojko Barbara , Równicka Joanna , Sułkowski Wiesław 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe mechanism of cooperative binding of both cytarabine and fluorouracil, used in combination therapy, to the transporting protein [bovine serum albumin (BSA)] has been investigated. Present study shows a strategy of estimating the kind of competition between these drugs with the use of uv and NMR spectroscopy. Two mechanisms of the competition to the transporting protein are proposed. For the quantitative investigations the effect of the protein on both the line width and chemical shifts of the NMR signals of the 5‐fluorouracil and cytarabine was analyzed. The π–π interaction between the pyrimidine ring of the drugs and the aromatic residues of the protein has been postulated. The binding site for both 5‐fluorouracil and cytarabine on BSA was found to be situated in the hydrophobic IIA subdomain. The competition of these two drugs and the removal of 5‐fluorouracil by cytarabine from the common binding site in serum albumin tertiary structure are observed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Predictors of treatment outcome in dually‐diagnosed antisocial youth: an initial study of forensic inpatients
Authors: Rogers Richard , Jackson Rebecca L. , Sewell Kenneth W. , Johansen John 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe safe and effective management of adolescent offenders is a top priority for inpatient forensic programs. Treatment successes were examined for adolescent offenders on four parameters, specifically hospital course, level of improvement, time to discharge, and rapidity of improvement. Hospital course was predicted primarily by the breadth of polysubstance abuse with modest but independent contributions by psychopathic characteristics, and aggressive conduct‐disorder symptoms. An important finding for treatment was that level of improvement at discharge was only marginally affected by psychopathic traits. In addition, rapidity of improvement was predicted only by decreased polysubstance abuse. Approximately one‐fourth of the adolescent offenders experienced a substantial decrease in psychopathic characteristics. This finding was unexpected because the generic treatment program did not target the core elements of psychopathy. Even in the absence of nontreatment controls, this diminution of psychopathic traits in 25% of adolescent offenders raises important questions about the temporal stability of these traits and their potential amenability to generic interventions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Death penalty support for special offender populations of legally convicted murderers: juveniles, the mentally retarded, and the mentally incompetent
Authors: Boots Denise Paquette , Heide Kathleen M. , Cochran John K. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe U.S. Supreme Court recently re‐examined the constitutionality of the death penalty in the context of two of three special offender populations of murderers (juveniles, mentally retarded, and mentally incompetent). The Court reaffirmed the imposition of the death penalty for juveniles 16 and 17, while reversing itself on the mentally retarded. In reaching its decision, the Court relied on society's “evolving standards of decency.” Using Likert‐type items, this study is the first to have prospective jurors assess support for the death penalty for these specific offender groups. The public's support for the execution of each of the groups is then compared with existing case law. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses indicate that, as expected, the levels of support for the applicability of capital punishment to the various special offender populations are much lower than that for the general adult offender. Moreover, these findings are congruent with the holdings of the Court with one notable exception: a slight majority of respondents supported executing the mentally incompetent. Reasons for the public's apparent departure from the Supreme Court holding prohibiting the execution of mentally incompetent convicted murderers are discussed. The Court's continued role in protecting marginalized populations from “cruel and unusual punishment” is explored in the context of strong public sentiment demanding justice and finality despite changes in offenders' mental capacity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Citizen coping with community notification of released sex offenders
Authors: Caputo Alicia A. , Brodsky Stanley L. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe current study investigated citizen reactions to notifications of sex offenders in the neighborhood, in an effort to determine whether sex offender notification laws are accomplishing their goal of increased protective actions against sex offenses. Lazarus's stress and coping theory provided the theoretical framework for the study. Telephone surveys were conducted with 250 Alabama residents who were notified of an offender in the neighborhood. Questions were posed regarding notification importance, fear of crime, coping, and locus of control. Notification importance predicted fear of crime, which, in turn, predicted coping. Fear of crime did not mediate the relation between notification importance and coping, however. Finally, situational locus of control did not moderate the relation between fear of crime and coping strategy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing normative approaches to communicating violence risk: a national survey of psychologists
Authors: Heilbrun Kirk , O'Neill Melanie L. , Stevens Tomika N. , Strohman Lisa K. , Bowman Quinten , Lo Yi‐Wen 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThere is growing attention to the importance of violence risk communication, and emerging empirical evidence of how evaluating clinicians who conduct risk assessments communicate their conclusions about the risk of violence toward others. The present study addressed the perceived value of different forms of risk communication through a national survey of practicing psychologists (N = 1,000). Responses were received from a total of 256 participants, who responded to eight vignettes in which three factors relevant to risk communication were systematically varied in a 2 × 2 × 2 within‐subjects design, counterbalanced for order: (i) risk model (prediction oriented versus management oriented), (ii) risk level (high risk versus low risk), and (iii) risk factors (static versus dynamic). Participants were asked to rate the value of six styles of risk communication for each of eight vignettes. The most highly valued style of risk communication involved identifying risk factors applicable to the individual, and specifying interventions to reduce risk. These results were consistent with findings from several previous studies in this area, and reflect an emerging trend in preferences for style and context of risk communication of violence. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transfers to civil psychiatric inpatient services from a maximum security forensic hospital
Authors: Way Bruce B. , Smith Hal , Sawyer Don 
Published: March 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo examine inpatients discharged from a forensic psychiatric hospital to a civil hospital at the completion of their correctional sentence.MethodExtract information from a patient database.ResultsAbout 20% of the discharges from the New York State forensic hospital that serves mentally ill state prison inmates, Central New York Psychiatric Center (CNYPC), are transferred to a civil psychiatric hospital; the remainder are returned to a correctional setting. Although their diagnoses, Global Assessment of Functioning scores, and number of prior inpatient admissions are similar, CNYPC transfers stay 1½ times as long in their civil hospital admission as other civil hospital admissions. If total inpatient hospitalization before release to the community at large is considered (CNYPC plus the subsequent civil hospital), the stay is about 2½ times as long. Fifty‐two percent of the CNYPC transfers had been incarcerated for violent offenses and 28% are re‐hospitalized within 12 months after release from the civil hospital.DiscussionLonger lengths of stay in the civil hospital for these CNYPC transfers do not seem to be related to psychiatric functioning. Instead, it may be related to being harder to place in a community setting. All these CNYPC transfers have prison histories, many have a violent offense history, and all have been geographically remote from their home communities for a long time periods. As a result, the social support networks of CNYPC transfers may be weaker than those of other civil inpatients. The families and neighborhood agencies of CNYPC transfers are probably less willing to accept them on their return than those of other civil patients.Enhanced discharge planning and support services targeted specially for correctional transfers to a civil psychiatric inpatient environment should be considered. These type of service may reduce inpatient length of stay and thereby allow the inpatient resources to be used by other patients. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytoskeletal changes and the system of regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity in human periodontal ligament cells induced by mechanical stress
Authors: Chiba Mirei , Mitani Hideo 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe periodontal ligament (PDL) is a specialized, mechanically responsive tissue that adapts via cellular responses to equilibrate the effects of mechanical stress on teeth. However, the mechanism of remodelling by which individual cells in periodontal tissue detect and respond to mechanical stress is not well understood. To identify the cellular mechanisms induced by mechanical stress in the periodontal ligament, we examined the effects of cyclic stretching on periodontal ligament fibroblast‐like cells (PDL cells). Furthermore, we investigated the effects of 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), and interaction with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) on mechanically‐simulated PDL cells. PDL cells were cultured on type I collagen‐coated silicon membranes with 10% FBS α‐MEM, and then subjected to cyclic mechanical stimulation (1 s stretching/1 s relaxation, 15% maximum elongation). Alkaline phosphatase activity was monitored by cytochemical and spectrophotometric methods. Morphologically, the cells assumed a spindle shape, and the cytoskeletal components, including microtubules and F‐actin filaments, were aligned perpendicular to the strain force vector. Cyclic stretching decreased ALPase activity in PDL cells. The anabolic systemic hormone 1,25(OH)2D3 increased ALPase activity, but this effect was suppressed by cyclic stretching. ALPase activities were reduced by co‐culture with PBMCs, including lymphocytes and monocytes. This PBMC‐induced ALPase reduction was synergistically reduced by cyclic stretching. ALPase activity was decreased by co‐culture with PBMCs, and ALPase activity was reduced synergistically by treatment with PBMCs and cyclic stretching. We conclude that PDL cells changed their shape and alignment in response to cyclic stretching. Furthermore, local factors, such as mechanical stress and PBMCs, showed synergistic suppressive effects on ALPase activity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Actin‐dependent motility of melanosomes from fish retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells investigated using in vitro motility assays
Authors: McNeil E. L. , Tacelosky D. , Basciano P. , Biallas B. , Williams R. , Damiani P. , Deacon S. , Fox C. , Stewart B. , Petruzzi N. , Osborn C. , Klinger K. , Sellers J.R. , Smith C. King 
Published: March 2004

AbstractMelanosomes (pigment granules) within retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells of fish and amphibians undergo massive migrations in response to light conditions to control light flux to the retina. Previous research has shown that melanosome motility within apical projections of dissociated fish RPE cells requires an intact actin cytoskeleton, but the mechanisms and motors involved in melanosome transport in RPE have not been identified. Two in vitro motility assays, the Nitella assay and the sliding filament assay, were used to characterize actin‐dependent motor activity of RPE melanosomes. Melanosomes applied to dissected filets of the Characean alga, Nitella, moved along actin cables at a mean rate of 2 μm/min, similar to the rate of melanosome motility in dissociated, cultured RPE cells. Path lengths of motile melanosomes ranged from 9 to 37 μm. Melanosome motility in the sliding filament assay was much more variable, ranging from 0.4–33 μm/min; 70% of velocities ranged from 1–15 μm/min. Latex beads coated with skeletal muscle myosin II and added to Nitella filets moved in the same direction as RPE melanosomes, indicating that the motility is barbed‐end directed. Immunoblotting using antibodies against myosin VIIa and rab27a revealed that both proteins are enriched on melanosome membranes, suggesting that they could play a role in melanosome transport within apical projections of fish RPE. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 58:71–82, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phase III trial of methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin versus carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with advanced carcinoma of the urothelium
Authors: Dreicer Robert , Manola Judith , Roth Bruce J. , See William A. , Kuross Steven , Edelman Martin J. , Hudes Gary R. , Wilding George 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe regimens of carboplatin plus paclitaxel (CP) and methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (M‐VAC) were compared in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma.METHODSPatients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma were randomized to receive either CP (paclitaxel at a dose of 225 mg/m2 and carboplatin [targeted area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC) of 6] given every 21 days) or the standard M‐VAC dosage.RESULTSEighty‐five patients were randomized to the respective treatment regimens (41 to CP and 44 to M‐VAC). Response rates and overall survival were similar for both treatment arms. Patients treated with CP had an overall response rate of 28.2% (95% binomial confidence interval, 15.0–44.9%) compared with an overall response rate of 35.9% for the M‐VAC arm (95% binomial confidence interval, 21.2–52.8%) (P = 0.63, Fisher exact test). The median progression‐free survival among patients who were treated with M‐VAC was 8.7 months and was 5.2 months for patients receiving CP (P = 0.24, log‐rank test). At a median follow‐up of 32.5 months, the median survival for patients treated with M‐VAC was 15.4 months versus 13.8 months for patients treated with CP (P = 0.65, log‐rank test). Patients treated with M‐VAC were found to have more severe worst‐degree toxicities compared with patients treated with CP (P = 0.0001). There were no significant differences with regard to quality of life as assessed by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Bladder (FACT‐BL) instrument (P = 0.33).CONCLUSIONSInterpretation of the results of this study must be made with caution because the study failed to reach its accrual goal. Patients treated with CP had a median survival of 13.8 months compared with 15.4 months for patients treated with M‐VAC. Patients treated with CP appeared in general to better tolerate their treatment; however, there were no significant differences noted with regard to measured quality of life parameters. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Neuron/target plasticity in the peripheral gustatory system
Authors: Shuler Marshall G. , Krimm Robin F. , Hill David L. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractTaste bud volume on the anterior tongue in adult rats is matched by an appropriate number of innervating geniculate ganglion cells. The larger the taste bud, the more geniculate ganglion cells that innervate it. To determine if such a match is perturbed in the regenerated gustatory system under different dietary conditions, taste bud volumes and numbers of innervating neurons were quantified in adult rats after unilateral axotomy of the chorda tympani nerve and/or maintenance on a sodium‐restricted diet. The relationship between taste bud size and innervation was eliminated in rats merely fed a sodium‐restricted diet; individual taste bud volumes were smaller than predicted by the corresponding number of innervating neurons. Surprisingly, the relationship was disrupted in a similar way on the intact side of the tongue in unilaterally sectioned rats, with no diet‐related differences. The mismatch in these groups was due to a decrease in average taste bud volumes and not to a change in numbers of innervating ganglion cells. In contrast, individual taste bud volumes were larger than predicted by the corresponding number of innervating neurons on the regenerated side of the tongue; again, with no diet‐related differences. However, the primary variable responsible for disrupting the function on the regenerated side was an approximate 20% decrease in geniculate ganglion cells available to innervate taste buds. Therefore, the neuron/target match in the peripheral gustatory system is susceptible to surgical and/or dietary manipulations that act through multiple mechanisms. This system is ideally suited to model sensory plasticity in adults. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:183–192, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unitary giant synapses embracing a single neuron at the convergent site of time‐coding pathways of an electric fish, Gymnarchus niloticus
Authors: Matsushita Atsuko , Kawasaki Masashi 
Published: March 2004

AbstractPhase‐locking neurons in the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) of a weakly electric fish, Gymnarchus niloticus, fire an action potential in response to each cycle of the sinusoidal electrosensory signal (350–500 Hz) created by the fish's own electric organ. The exact firing times of the phase‐locking neurons are altered (time‐shifted) by capacitance of electrolocation objects or by electric organ discharges of other individuals. The magnitude of the time shifts depends on the location of the neurons' receptive field on the skin; thus, time disparities arise between the firing of phase‐locking neurons. To compute these disparities, there should be a site where these phase‐locking neurons converge. In this study we morphologically identified a novel cell type, which we named the “ovoidal cell”, that receives the convergent projections of phase‐locking neurons in the inner cell layer (ICL) of the ELL. We labeled these neurons with biocytin and examined them by light and electron microscopy. The giant cells and the S‐type primary afferents, two types of phase‐locking neurons, respectively terminate on the soma via chemical synapses and on the dendrite of the ovoidal cells via mixed synapses. Each terminal of the giant cells embraces the soma of an ovoidal cell, covering as much as 84% of the somatic membrane. The giant cell terminals and ovoidal cell somata were immunoreactive to SV2, a synaptic vesicle protein, but the S‐afferent terminals were not, even though they contain numerous synaptic vesicles. The dendrite of the ovoidal cells also contacts the pyramidal cells of the ICL, which are known to be sensitive to time disparities. The anatomical connections of the phase‐locking neurons to the ovoidal cells strongly suggest that they are involved in computing time disparity. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:140–155, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuregulin‐2 is developmentally regulated and targeted to dendrites of central neurons
Authors: Longart Marines , Liu Yun , Karavanova Irina , Buonanno Andres 
Published: March 2004

AbstractNeuregulin‐1 (NRG‐1) regulates numerous aspects of neural development and synaptic plasticity; the functions of NRG‐2 and NRG‐3 are presently unknown. As a first step toward understanding how NRGs contribute to distinct aspects of neural development and function, we characterized their regional and subcellular expression patterns in developing brain. The expression of NRG‐1–3 mRNAs was compared postnatally (P0, P7, adult) by using in situ hybridization. NRG‐1 expression is highest at birth, whereas NRG‐2 mRNA levels increase with development; expression of both genes is restricted to distinct brain regions. In contrast, NRG‐3 transcripts are abundant in most brain regions throughout development. NRG‐2 antibodies were generated to analyze protein processing, expression, and subcellular distribution. As with NRG‐1, the transmembrane NRG‐2 proprotein is proteolytically processed in transfected HEK 293 cells and in neural tissues, and its ectodomain is exposed and accumulates on the neuron surface. Despite the structural similarities between NRG‐1 and NRG‐2, we unexpectedly found that NRG‐2 colocalizes with MAP2 in proximal primary dendrites of hippocampal neurons in culture and in vivo, although it is not detectable in axons or in axon terminals. These findings were confirmed with NRG‐2 ectodomain antisera and epitope‐tagged recombinant protein. In cerebellum, NRG‐2 colocalizes with calbindin in proximal dendrites and soma of Purkinje cells. In contrast, NRG‐1 is highly expressed in axons of dissociated hippocampal neurons, as well as in somas and dendrites. The distinct temporal, regional, and subcellular expression of NRG‐2 suggests its unique and nonredundant role in neural function. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:156–172, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.