bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acanthosis nigricans: relation with type 2 diabetes mellitus, anthropometric variables, and body mass in Indians
Authors: Grandhe N P , Bhansali A , Dogra S , Kumar B 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Objective
To determine the prevalence of acanthosis nigricans (AN) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its correlation with various anthropometric measurements in Indians.

Methods
One hundred and fifty consecutive subjects with T2DM attending the diabetes clinic at a tertiary referral centre in North India were considered as cases and 150 age and sex matched healthy attendants of non-diabetic subjects as controls. All the cases and controls were screened for the presence of AN and its severity. Anthropometric measurements of all of them were measured in standard method. Regression analysis was done to determine the association of AN with T2DM and various anthropometric measurements.

Results
The prevalence of AN in subjects with diabetes and healthy controls was 62.6% and 40% respectively, and this difference was significant (p&lt;0.05). Body mass index (BMI) between cases and controls was comparable by chance. There was a statistically significant correlation of increasing severity of AN with increasing BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-hip ratio, skinfold thickness, and body fat percentage in diabetic patients. However, in regression analysis after considering all the confounding factors there was a significant correlation of AN, only with diabetes mellitus and BMI.

Conclusions
Indians have high prevalence of AN and it is an independent cutaneous marker of both T2DM and BMI.
The heart and the oesophagus: intimate relations
Authors: Heatley M , Rose K , Weston C 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The close anatomical relations of the heart and oesophagus, and the similarity of symptoms attributable to disorders of either organ, often lead to diagnostic difficulty in patients with chest pain. A definitive diagnosis of non-cardiac chest pain attributable to oesophageal reflux or spasm is hampered, both by the need for prolonged ambulatory monitoring of pH, manometry, and endoscopy, and by the common occurrence of asymptomatic reflux and spasm, and the corresponding difficulty in linking an episode of reflux or spasm with an episode of pain. Moreover, some patients with non-cardiac chest pain and normal tests of oesophageal structure and function have centrally mediated hypersensitivity, both within and without the oesophagus. Rather than proceed with investigations, in the absence of symptoms to suggest structural disease of the oesophagus, it would be reasonable to attempt symptomatic treatment with a proton pump inhibitor or an antidepressant.
The approach to patients with “non-epileptic seizures”
Authors: Mellers J D C 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Up to one fifth of patients who present to specialist clinics with seizures do not have epilepsy. The majority of such patients suffer from psychologically mediated episodes; dissociative seizures, often referred to as “non-epileptic seizures”. This paper describes the diagnostic evaluation of seizure disorders, including clinical assessment and the role of special investigations. The organic and psychiatric imitators of epilepsy are outlined and findings on psychiatric assessment are reviewed. This group of patients often proves difficult to engage in appropriate treatment and an approach to explaining the diagnosis is described. As yet there are no controlled trials of treatment in this disorder but preliminary evidence suggests cognitive behavioural therapy is both a rational and promising way forward.
Mechanisms underlying recovery of motor function after stroke
Authors: Ward N S 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Neurological damage, and stroke in particular, is the leading cause of long term disability worldwide. There is growing interest in the part that central nervous system reorganisation plays in recovery of function. Techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation permit the non-invasive study of the working human brain, and suggest that functionally relevant adaptive changes occur in the human brain after focal damage. An understanding of how these changes are related to recovery will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic techniques that are based on neurobiological principles and that are designed to minimise impairment in appropriately targeted patients suffering from stroke.
Polymorphisms of CD14 gene and TLR4 gene are not associated with ulcerative colitis in Chinese patients
Authors: Guo Q S , Xia B , Jiang Y , Morré S A , Cheng L , Li J , Crusius J B A , Peña A S 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Background and aims
Toll-like receptor 4 and CD14 are the components of the lipopolysaccharide receptor complex. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between polymorphisms TLR4 Asp299Gly and CD14 C-260T and Chinese patients with ulcerative colitis (UC).

Methods
Using a polymerase chain reaction based restriction fragment length polymorphism, the study genotyped polymorphisms TLR4 Asp299Gly and CD14 C-260T in 114 patients with UC and 160 healthy controls in the Chinese Han population. Moreover a comparison was made with 170 healthy Dutch white subjects.

Results
No TLR4 Asp299Gly mutation was detected in any patients or healthy controls in the Chinese Han population, which was similar to Japanese subjects, but the mutation occurred in 10% of the Dutch white subjects. There were no significant differences of CD14 genotypes between healthy controls and the patients with UC.
Well leg compartment syndrome after pelvic and perineal surgery in the lithotomy position
Authors: Simms M S , Terry T R 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Objective
Lower limb compartment syndrome after prolonged surgical procedures performed in the lithotomy position is a rare but potentially devastating complication. It is recognised after urological, colorectal, and gynaecological procedures. Sixteen cases of compartment syndrome after urological surgery have been reported. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of this complication in urological practice and identify risk factors for its development.

Design
A postal survey of UK consultant urologists was conducted.

Results
Replies were received from 261 consultants. In total there were 65 cases of compartment syndrome. Compartment syndrome occurred after radical cystectomy and urinary diversion in 51 cases and was rare in procedures lasting less than four hours. The incidence of compartment syndrome after cystectomy was estimated at around 1 in 500 cases. Risk factors for its development included perioperative blood loss, peripheral vascular disease, and obesity.

Conclusions
Compartment syndrome after use of the lithotomy position may be more common than is generally appreciated and has been underreported in the past. All staff should be aware of this serious complication and adopt strategies for its avoidance.
CONJUGACY OF FINITE SUBSETS IN HYPERBOLIC GROUPS
Authors: BRIDSON MARTIN R. , HOWIE JAMES 
Published: August 2005

There is a quadratic-time algorithm that determines conjugacy between finite subsets in any torsion-free hyperbolic group. Moreover, in any k-generator, δ-hyperbolic group Γ, if two finite subsets A and B are conjugate, then x-1 Ax = B for some x ∈ Γ with ǁxǁ less than a linear function of max {ǁγǁ : γ ∈ A ∪ B}. (The coefficients of this linear function depend only on k and δ.) These results have implications for group-based cryptography and the geometry of homotopies in negatively curved spaces. In an appendix, we give examples of finitely presented groups in which the conjugacy problem for elements is soluble but the conjugacy problem for finite lists is not.
Baroclinic Instabilities of the Two-Layer Quasigeostrophic Alpha Model
Authors: Holm Darryl D. , Wingate Beth A. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The class of alpha models for turbulence may be derived by applying Lagrangian averaging to the exact fluid equations and then making a closure approximation based on Taylor’s hypothesis of frozen-in fluctuations. This derivation provides a closed expression for the unknown pseudomomentum in the generalized Lagrangian mean theory of Andrews and McIntyre. In the current study, the mean effects of turbulence on baroclinic instability are explored, as determined by the two-layer quasigeostrophic-alpha model in quasigeostrophic (QG) balance. The QG-alpha model is found to lower the critical wavenumber, reduce the bandwidth of instability, and preserve the value of forcing at onset in the baroclinic case. It also preserves the fundamental dependence of baroclinic instability on the gradient of the potential vorticity. These results encourage using the alpha-model approach—based on combining Lagrangian averaging with Taylor’s hypothesis closure approximations—in simulations of global ocean circulation, because this class of turbulence closure models allows Lagrangian-averaged effects of baroclinic instability to be simulated on a coarse mesh.
Water Mass Export from Drake Passage to the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans: A Lagrangian Model Analysis
Authors: Friocourt Yann , Drijfhout Sybren , Blanke Bruno , Speich Sabrina 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The northward export of intermediate water from Drake Passage is investigated in two global ocean general circulation models (GCMs) by means of quantitative particle tracing diagnostics. This study shows that a total of about 23 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) is exported from Drake Passage to the equator. The Atlantic and Pacific Oceans are the main catchment basins with 7 and 15 Sv, respectively. Only 1–2 Sv of the water exported to the Atlantic equator follow the direct cold route from Drake Passage without entering the Indian Ocean. The remainder loops first into the Indian Ocean subtropical gyre and flows eventually into the Atlantic Ocean by Agulhas leakage. The authors assess the robustness of a theory that relates the export from Drake Passage to the equator to the wind stress over the Southern Ocean. Our GCM results are in reasonable agreement with the theory that predicts the total export. However, the theory cannot be applied to individual basins because of interocean exchanges through the “supergyre” mechanism and other nonlinear processes such as the Agulhas rings. The export of water from Drake Passage starts mainly as an Ekman flow just northward of the latitude band of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current south of South America. Waters quickly subduct and are transferred to the ocean interior as they travel equatorward. They flow along the eastern boundaries in the Sverdrup interior and cross the southern basins northwestward to reach the equator within the western boundary current systems.
Sensitivity of Coastal Currents near Point Conception to Forcing by Three Different Winds: ECMWF, COAMPS, and Blended SSM/I–ECMWF–Buoy Winds
Authors: Dong Changming , Oey Lie-Yauw 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Previous observational and modeling studies have indicated the importance of finescale winds in determining the circulation near Point Conception in the Santa Maria Basin (SMB) and the Santa Barbara Channel (SBC), California. There has not been a systematic attempt, however, to analyze and quantify the sensitivity of the near-surface circulation to different wind data. Here, a regional circulation model of the SMB and SBC is driven using three wind datasets: the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF; ≈ 110 km × 110 km horizontal grid), the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS; 9 km × 9 km horizontal grid), and a blended wind product that combines Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), ECMWF, and buoy and coastal wind data and that is referred to as SEB. A springtime period (March–May 1999) in which equatorward wind dominates and wind stress curls are strong is chosen for the study. Two groups of experiments are conducted: with and without assimilating moored temperature observations. The focus is on long time scales of greater than weeks and on mean currents. Comparisons between these experiments and between model and observation show that the circulation driven by the ECMWF wind is much weaker than that by the other two winds. On the other hand, the SEB dataset shows locally intensified wind stress curls behind capes and coastal bends, whereas these wind stress curls are weak in COAMPS. It is found that these small-scale variations in the wind field force alongshore inhomogeneous pressure gradients that in turn can significantly affect the near-coast currents. The result is that modeled currents forced by SEB agree better with observations than do those produced by COAMPS. Empirical orthogonal function analyses were conducted on the near-surface currents, sea level, wind, and wind stress curl. The mode-1 current (≈40%) is unidirectional (i.e., generally equatorward or poleward) and correlates well with the mode-1 wind (≈90%). The mode-2 current (≈20%) is cyclonic in the SBC and poleward inshore and equatorward offshore in the SMB; it correlates well with mode-1 sea level (≈70%), which suggests that mode-2 currents are driven by the pressure gradient. It is significant that neither mode-2 current nor mode-1 sea level correlates well with mode-1 wind stress curl (≈70%); rather, they correlate well with the time integral of the mode-1 wind stress curl. These conclusions support a previous theoretical idea that cyclonic circulation in the SBC and the inshore currents of the SMB are both driven by alongshore pressure setup induced by the time integral of the wind stress curl, rather than by the wind stress curl itself. This idea of a pressure setup is consistent with the differences found between the currents driven by COAMPS and SEB winds.
A redox signature score identifies diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients with a poor prognosis
Authors: Tome Margaret E. , Johnson David B. F. , Rimsza Lisa M. , Roberts Robin A. , Grogan Thomas M. , Miller Thomas P. , Oberley Larry W. , Briehl Margaret M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDiffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogeneous disease in which approximately 40% of the patients respond well to current chemotherapy, but the prognosis for the other 60% is poor. The Leukemia/Lymphoma Molecular Profiling Project (LLMPP) used microarray technology to define a molecular profile for each of 240 patients with DLBCL and develop a molecular outcome predictor score that accurately predicted patient survival. Data from our laboratory and others suggest that alterations in antioxidant defense enzyme levels and redox environment can be oncogenic and affect the response to glucocorticoid treatment, one of the components of combination chemotherapy regimens for lymphoma. The goal of the current study was to reanalyze the LLMPP microarray data to determine whether the levels of antioxidant defense enzymes and redox proteins were correlated with prognosis in DLBCL. We found that patients with DLBCL with the worst prognosis, according to the outcome predictor score, had decreased expression of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, manganese superoxide dismutase, and VDUP1, a protein that inhibits thioredoxin activity. The data suggest that the patients with the worst prognosis combine a decrease in antioxidant defense enzyme expression with an increase in thioredoxin system function (the redox signature score).
Heterogeneity of engrafted bone-lining cells after systemic and local transplantation
Authors: Wang Liping , Liu Yaling , Kalajzic Zana , Jiang Xi , Rowe David W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe outcome of various osteoprogenitor-cell transplantation protocols was assessed using Col1a1-GFP reporter transgenic mice. The model requires the recipient mice to undergo lethal total body irradiation (TBI) followed by rescue with whole bone marrow. When the mice are rescued with total bone marrow from a Col1a1-GFP transgenic mouse, green fluorescence protein (GFP)-positive donor cells can be observed on most endosteal and trabecular bone surfaces. Although the cells express an osteoblast-restricted GFP, they fail to progress to osteocytes, do not form a mineralized matrix, and do not generate bone nodules in vitro. However when calvarial progenitor cells derived from the same transgenic mice are injected into the bone marrow space, osteogenesis by the donor cells is observed. Using different GFP colors that distinguish the donor and recipient osteoblasts, commingling of the 2 cells types is observed along the mineralizing osteoblast surface as well as within the osteocyte population of the endosteal bone. Despite the ability of the injected progenitor cells to produce bone within the injected bone, they lack the ability to form mineralized bone nodules when explanted to primary osteoblast culture. These reagents and imaging protocols will be useful in evaluating other cells having a better progenitor potential than calvarial-derived stromal cells.
Nongenotoxic activation of the p53 pathway as a therapeutic strategy for multiple myeloma
Authors: Stühmer Thorsten , Chatterjee Manik , Hildebrandt Martin , Herrmann Pia , Gollasch Hella , Gerecke Christian , Theurich Sebastian , Cigliano Luisa , Manz Rudolf A. , Daniel Peter T. , Bommert Kurt , Vassilev Lyubomir T. , Bargou Ralf C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMutation of p53 is a rare event in multiple myeloma, but it is unknown if p53 signaling is functional in myeloma cells, and if targeted nongenotoxic activation of the p53 pathway is sufficient to kill tumor cells. Here, we demonstrate that treatment of primary tumor samples with a small-molecule inhibitor of the p53–murine double minute 2 (MDM2) interaction increases the level of p53 and induces p53 targets and apoptotic cell death. Significantly, given the importance of the bone marrow microenvironment for the support and drug resistance of myeloma cells, tumor cells undergo effective apoptosis also in the presence of stromal cells, which themselves appear to tolerate exposure to nutlin-3. The in vitro toxicity of nutlin-3 was similar to that of the genotoxic drug melphalan. Because nutlin-mediated p53 activation is not dependent on DNA damage, MDM2 antagonists may help to avoid or reduce the severe genotoxic side effects of chemotherapeutic agents currently used to treat multiple myeloma. Therefore, MDM2 antagonists may offer a new treatment option for this disease.
MEK kinase 1 activity is required for definitive erythropoiesis in the mouse fetal liver
Authors: Bonnesen Barbara , Orskov Cathrine , Rasmussen Susanne , Holst Peter Johannes , Christensen Jan Pravsgaard , Eriksen Karsten Wessel , Qvortrup Klaus , Odum Niels , Labuda Tord 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal to regulated kinase (MEK) kinase 1 (MEKK1) is a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activating kinase known to be implicated in proinflammatory responses and cell motility. Using mice deficient for MEKK1 kinase activity (Mekk1ΔKD) we show a role for MEKK1 in definitive mouse erythropoiesis. Although Mekk1ΔKD mice are alive and fertile on a 129 × C57/BL6 background, the frequency of Mekk1ΔKD embryos that develop past embryonic day (E) 14.5 is dramatically reduced when backcrossed into the C57/BL6 background. At E13.5, Mekk1ΔKD embryos have normal morphology but are anemic due to failure of definitive erythropoiesis. When Mekk1ΔKD fetal liver cells were transferred to lethally irradiated wild-type hosts, mature red blood cells were generated from the mutant cells, suggesting that MEKK1 functions in a non–cell-autonomous manner. Based on immunohistochemical and hemoglobin chain transcription analysis, we propose that the failure of definitive erythropoiesis is due to a deficiency in enucleation activity caused by insufficient macrophage-mediated nuclear DNA destruction.
Altered gene expression in myeloproliferative disorders correlates with activation of signaling by the V617F mutation of Jak2
Authors: Kralovics Robert , Teo Soon-Siong , Buser Andreas S. , Brutsche Martin , Tiedt Ralph , Tichelli Andre , Passamonti Francesco , Pietra Daniela , Cazzola Mario , Skoda Radek C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe identified 13 new gene expression markers that were elevated and one marker, ANKRD15, that was down-regulated in patients with polycythemia vera (PV). These 14 markers, as well as the previously described PRV1 and NF-E2, exhibited the same gene expression alterations also in patients with exogenously activated granulocytes due to sepsis or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) treatment. The recently described V617F mutation in the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene allows defining subclasses of patients with myeloproliferative disorders based on the JAK2 genotype. Patients with PV who were homozygous or heterozygous for JAK2-V617F exhibited higher levels of expression of the 13 new markers, PRV1, and NF-E2 than patients without JAK2-V617F, whereas ANKRD15 was down-regulated in these patients. Our results suggest that the alterations in expression of the markers studied are due to the activation of the Jak/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway through exogenous stimuli (sepsis or G-CSF treatment), or endogenously through the JAK2-V617F mutation.
Archazolid and apicularen: Novel specific V-ATPase inhibitors
Authors: Huss Markus , Sasse Florenz , Kunze Brigitte , Jansen Rolf , Steinmetz Heinrich , Ingenhorst Gudrun , Zeeck Axel , Wieczorek Helmut 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Background
V-ATPases constitute a ubiquitous family of heteromultimeric, proton translocating proteins. According to their localization in a multitude of eukaryotic membranes, they energize many different transport processes. Since their malfunction is correlated with various diseases in humans, the elucidation of the properties of this enzyme for the development of selective inhibitors and drugs is one of the challenges in V-ATPase research.

Results
Archazolid A and B, two recently discovered cytotoxic macrolactones produced by the myxobacterium Archangium gephyra, and apicularen A and B, two novel benzolactone enamides produced by different species of the myxobacterium Chondromyces, exerted a similar inhibitory efficacy on a wide range of mammalian cell lines as the well established plecomacrolidic type V-ATPase inhibitors concanamycin and bafilomycin. Like the plecomacrolides both new macrolides also prevented the lysosomal acidification in cells and inhibited the V-ATPase purified from the midgut of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, with IC50 values of 20–60 nM. However, they did not influence the activity of mitochondrial F-ATPase or that of the Na+/K+-ATPase. To define the binding sites of these new inhibitors we used a semi-synthetic radioactively labelled derivative of concanamycin which exclusively binds to the membrane Vo subunit c. Whereas archazolid A prevented, like the plecomacrolides concanamycin A, bafilomycin A1 and B1, labelling of subunit c by the radioactive I-concanolide A, the benzolactone enamide apicularen A did not compete with the plecomacrolide derivative.

Conclusion
The myxobacterial antibiotics archazolid and apicularen are highly efficient and specific novel inhibitors of V-ATPases. While archazolid at least partly shares a common binding site with the plecomacrolides bafilomycin and concanamycin, apicularen adheres to an independent binding site.