bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of K+ accumulation reveals privileged extracellular region in the vicinity of glial cells in situ
Authors: Chvátal Alexandr , Anděrová Miroslava , Syková Eva 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAstrocytes and oligodendrocytes in rat and mouse spinal cord slices, characterized by passive membrane currents during de‐ and hyperpolarizing stimulation pulses, express a high resting K+ conductance. In contrast to the case for astrocytes, a depolarizing prepulse in oligodendrocytes produces a significant shift of reversal potential (Vrev) to positive values, arising from the larger accumulation of K+ in the vicinity of the oligodendrocyte membrane. As a result, oligodendrocytes express large tail currents (Itail) after a depolarizing prepulse due to the shift of K+ into the cell. In the present study, we used a mathematical model to calculate the volume of the extracellular space (ECS) in the vicinity of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (ESVv), defined as the volume available for K+ accumulation during membrane depolarization. A mathematical analysis of membrane currents revealed no differences between glial cells from mouse (n = 59) or rat (n = 60) spinal cord slices. We found that the Vrev of a cell after a depolarizing pulse increases with increasing Itail, expressed as the ratio of the integral inward current (Qin) after the depolarizing pulse to the total integral outward current (Qout) during the pulse. In astrocytes with small Itail and Vrev ranging from −50 to −70 mV, the Qin was only 3–19% of Qout, whereas, in oligodendrocytes with large Itail and Vrev between −20 and 0 mV, Qin/Qout was 30–75%. On the other hand, ESVv decreased with increasing values of Vrev. In astrocytes, ESVv ranged from 2 to 50 μm3, and, in oligodendrocytes, it ranged from 0.1 to 2.0 μm3. Cell swelling evoked by the application of hypotonic solution shifted Vrev to more positive values by 17.2 ± 1.8 mV and was accompanied by a decrease in ESVv of 3.6 ± 1.3 μm3. Our mathematical analysis reveals a 10–100 times smaller region of the extracellular space available for K+ accumulation during cell depolarization in the vicinity of oligodendrocytes than in the vicinity of astrocytes. The presence of such privileged regions around cells in the CNS may affect the accumulation and diffusion of other neuroactive substances and alter communication between cells in the CNS. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isoform‐specific role of transforming growth factor‐β2 in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of murine adrenal chromaffin cells in vivo
Authors: Rahhal Belal , Dünker Nicole , Combs Stephanie , Krieglstein Kerstin 
Published: October 2004

AbstractChromaffin cells, the neuroendocrine cells of the adrenal medulla, play an important role in molecular, cellular, and developmental neurobiology. Unlike the closely related sympathetic neurons, chromaffin cells are able to proliferate throughout their whole life span. Proliferation of chromaffin cells in vivo is thought to be regulated by the interaction of neurogenic and hormonal signals. Previous studies have shown that chromaffin cells synthesize and release transforming growth factor‐βs (TGF‐βs). In the present study, effects of TGF‐βs on proliferation and differentiation of chromaffin cells in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells were investigated in a genetic mouse model. We observed a significant increase in the total number of tyrosine hydroxylase‐positive (TH+) cells in Tgfβ2−/− knockout mouse embryos at embryonic day (E) 18.5 compared with wild‐type animals (Tgfβ2+/+), but no changes in the number of TH+ cells were observed in Tgfβ3−/− mouse mutants. At E15.5, but not at E18.5, there was a marked increase in the number of proliferative cell nuclear antigen‐positive chromaffin cells in Tgfβ2−/− knockout embryos compared with the wild‐type group. On the other hand, there was a clear decrease in the ratio of total number of phenylethanolamine‐N‐methyltransferase‐positive cells to the total TH+ in Tgfβ2−/− mice embryos at E18.5 compared with wild‐type animals. This is the first documentation of the physiological significance of the TGF‐β2, an isoform that has been suggested to play a role in the regulation of chromaffin cells proliferation and differentiation based on in vitro experiments. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of age on the duration and extent of amyloid plaque reduction and microglial activation after injection of anti‐Aβ antibody into the third ventricle of TgCRND8 mice
Authors: Chauhan Neelima B. , Siegel George J. , Lichtor Terry 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe have previously shown that anti β‐amyloid (Aβ) antibody injected into the third ventricle of mice is distributed throughout the brain within 24 hr and is completely washed out of brain within 36 hr after injection and that, in Tg2576 animals, a single injection of antibody reduces cerebral Aβ and restores presynaptic deficits 1 month after injection without producing hemorrhage or inflammation at an early plaque stage. Here we report the effects of a single ICV injection of anti‐Aβ antibody on cerebral levels of immunoreactive Aβ and of microglial activation measured by immunoreactive interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) at 1, 4, and 8 weeks after injections in TgCRND8 mice at two ages, 2 months (sparse plaques) and 8 months (abundant plaques). The data show that parenchymal amyloid accumulates before cerebral microvascular amyloid and that a single ICV injection reduces only parenchymal amyloid by about 70%, without affecting vascular amyloid, and reduces microglial activation by 46–60% at 1 week after injection. The reappearance of plaques after antibody injection takes 4–8 weeks, whereas plaque‐associated focal microglial activation begins increasing between 1 and 4 weeks, suggesting that accumulation of nonfibrillar oligomeric Aβ may account for the earlier onset of microglial activation. No perivascular hemorrhage or inflammation was observed. These results suggest that periodic intraventricular administration of anti‐Aβ is a potentially useful method for rapid reduction of both preexisting amyloid load and associated inflammation, providing a window of 4 weeks' duration for possible pharmacological cotreatment(s) to prevent de novo Aβ formation. This ICV method of passive immunization may be safer than active immunization, which has been known to produce encephalitis, or systemic passive immunization, which exposes amyloid‐laden cerebral microvasculature to high levels of antibody in the blood and the potential of perivascular hemorrhages. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroprotective effect of activity‐dependent neurotrophic factor against toxicity from familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis‐linked mutant SOD1 in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Chiba Tomohiro , Hashimoto Yuichi , Tajima Hirohisa , Yamada Marina , Kato Rikiya , Niikura Takako , Terashita Kenzo , Schulman Howard , Aiso Sadakazu , Kita Yoshiko , Matsuoka Masaaki , Nishimoto Ikuo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common fatal motor neuron disease, affecting mostly middle‐aged people. There are no curative therapies for ALS. Several lines of evidence have supported the notion that the proapoptotic property of familial ALS (FALS)‐linked mutant Cu/Zn‐superoxide dismutase‐1 (SOD1) genes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of some FALS cases. Here we found that activity‐dependent neurotrophic factor (ADNF), a neurotrophic factor originally identified to have the anti‐Alzheimer's disease (AD) activity, protected against neuronal cell death caused by FALS‐linked A4T‐, G85R‐ and G93R‐SOD1 in a dose‐responsive fashion. Notably, ADNF‐mediated complete suppression of SOD1 mutant‐induced neuronal cell death occurs at concentrations as low as 100 fM. ADNF maintains the neuroprotective activity even at concentrations of more than 1 nM. This is in clear contrast to the previous finding that ADNF loses its protective activity against neurotoxicity induced by AD‐relevant insults, including some familial AD genes and amyloid β peptide at concentrations of more than 1 nM. Characterization of the neuroprotective activity of ADNF against cell death caused by SOD1 mutants revealed that CaMKIV and certain tyrosine kinases are involved in ADNF‐mediated neuroprotection. Moreover, in vivo studies showed that intracerebroventricularly administered ADNF significantly improved motor performance of G93A‐SOD1 transgenic mice, a widely used model of FALS, although survival was extended only marginally. Thus, the neuroprotective activity of ADNF provides a novel insight into the development of curative drugs for ALS. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tumor necrosis factor‐α and αB‐crystallin up‐regulation during antibody‐mediated demyelination in vitro: A putative protective mechanism in oligodendrocytes
Authors: Duvanel Cécile Besson , Monnet‐Tschudi Florianne , Braissant Olivier , Matthieu Jean‐Marie , Honegger Paul 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBy using an in vitro model of antibody‐mediated demyelination, we investigated the relationship between tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and heat shock protein (HSP) induction with respect to oligodendrocyte survival. Differentiated aggregate cultures of rat telencephalon were subjected to demyelination by exposure to antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and complement. Cultures were analyzed 48 hr after exposure. Myelin basic protein (MBP) expression was greatly decreased, but no evidence was found for either necrosis or apoptosis. TNF‐α was significantly up‐regulated. It was localized predominantly in neurons and to a lesser extent in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and it was not detectable in microglial cells. Among the different HSPs examined, HSP32 and αB‐crystallin were up‐regulated; they may confer protection from oxidative stress and from apoptotic death, respectively. These results suggest that TNF‐α, often regarded as a promoter of oligodendroglial death, could alternatively mediate a protective pathway through αB‐crystallin up‐regulation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
(−)‐Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits lipopolysaccharide‐induced microglial activation and protects against inflammation‐mediated dopaminergic neuronal injury
Authors: Li Rui , Huang Yuan‐Gui , Fang Du , Le Wei‐Dong 
Published: October 2004

AbstractMicroglial activation is believed to play a pivotal role in the selective neuronal injury associated with several neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease. We provide evidence that (−)‐epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major monomer of green tea polyphenols, potently inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐activated microglial secretion of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) through the down‐regulation of inducible NO synthase and TNF‐α expression. In addition, EGCG exerted significant protection against microglial activation‐induced neuronal injury both in the human dopaminergic cell line SH‐SY5Y and in primary rat mesencephalic cultures. Our study demonstrates that EGCG is a potent inhibitor of microglial activation and thus is a useful candidate for a therapeutic approach to alleviating microglia‐mediated dopaminergic neuronal injury in PD. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infrared and Raman spectroscopic studies of L‐methioninium nitrate
Authors: Pandiarajan S. , Umadevi M. , Briget Mary M. , Rajaram R. K. , Ramakrishnan V. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe vibrational spectra of (C5H12NO2S+·NO3−) crystals were studied and the observed IR and Raman lines were assigned. The two protonated methioninium cations exist in two different conformations. Although the crystal structure is stabilized by a three‐dimensional network of intermolecular hydrogen bonds, the latter are also responsible for the changes in the position and intensity of some bands. Strong OH··· O bonds involving the carboxyl group and normal NH··· O bonds involving the amino group were found from the vibrational spectra. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reflective transformation: making the classroom work for organizations and their managers
Authors: Meuser Elizabeth , Lapp Cheryl 
Published: October 2004

Abstract

Few descriptions exist concerning how MBA students and organizational agents learn within a team context and whether or not such team learning is transformational as opposed to adaptive. This paper addresses the issues of individual and group differentiation, integration and identity reconstruction from participation in transformational learning.
Conceptual frameworks taken from complexity theory, developmental psychology, group processes and adult learning are interwoven to construct a premise for transformational team learning. Academic and practitioner considerations are raised in creating the right environmental conditions.
As a conceptual framework for future research, this paper explores change at the individual and teamwork level. Insights from the complexity sciences are used to underscore the notion of teams as complex responsive processes and complex communication networks that operate within multi‐faceted environments. It is our contention that teams and the agents who comprise them, may offer an opportunity for organizational transformation that goes beyond other strategic change strategies.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corporate purpose as the basis of moral leadership of the firm
Authors: Springett Nigel 
Published: October 2004

Abstract

In response to the growing number of corporate scandals, senior managers need to redefine their firms' corporate purpose in order to strengthen their moral leadership. This paper articulates three key principles of moral leadership and then evaluates different types of corporate purpose in terms of their impact on these principles based on original and ongoing research.
A corporate purpose that focuses on delivering value to customers is found to be meaningful to employees, morally elevating and probably most likely to deliver its intended results. In contrast, a corporate purpose of maximizing shareholder value is found to be much less meaningful to employees and significantly less morally elevating. Managers in these companies seem to have the least moral authority. Finally, a corporate purpose of balancing the needs of all stakeholders, whilst meaningful to employees and morally uplifting, is arguably least likely to deliver its intended results.
Implications for senior managers and business school education are examined.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethical dimensions of management decision‐making
Authors: Stainer Lorice 
Published: October 2004

Abstract

Decisions related to an organization's activities and performance inevitably impact on its stakeholders. The principal aim of this paper is to promote enhanced understanding towards determining and resolving the complexity of making decisions in an ethical manner in the contemporary business environment with the consideration of practical recommendations. The real challenge is the way in which stakeholder values are gleaned and communicated, utilized in the overall corporate strategy and accepted by the wider society.
The challenges encountered by management decision‐makers are discussed in an ethical context and ethical issues that emanate both within and outside the workplace are highlighted. The relevance and embeddedness of ethical dimensions to sound decisions are explored.
A stakeholder values approach is analysed and presented as an effective paradigm for making decisions and the relationship of ethical decision‐making to performance and strategy is examined. Practical guidelines are provided for improved decision‐making to add value rather than tarnish the organization's principles and reputation.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changing the organization but maintaining the culture: The centrality of organizational mission to the reform process. An overview of the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the Environment Agency for England and Wales
Authors: McMahon Robert K. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract

The attempt to change an organization often leads to detrimental effects on the motivations of those working within it. This paper suggests that much of the negative effects generated by organizational change are the direct result of the mismatch between institutional form and the cultural groupings within an organization.
Using in‐depth interview data from two public sector environmental agencies, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Environment Agency for England and Wales (EA), the argument presented here suggests that the most important element for successful organizational change is the creation, or maintenance, of an organizational mission.
Only by examining the reform of an organization both from an institutional and cultural perspective can those charged with reforming or creating an organization hope to achieve successful change.
In the absence of an organizational mission the likely outcome will be damage to the motivations of staff. Only by understanding the centrality of subcultural identifications can organizational designers ensure that a new or reformed structure maintains these groupings within an over‐arching organizational culture. The absence of an organizational culture will ensure organizational goals will not be achieved.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensory properties of marinated herring (Clupea harengus) processed from raw material from commercial landings
Authors: Nielsen Durita , Hyldig Grethe , Nielsen Jette , Nielsen Henrik Hauch 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSensory properties of marinated herring processed from raw material from Danish commercial catches were described and related to fishing season and biological, chemical and functional properties. Herring was caught on five cruises and stored on board in tanks or ice. The sensory profile of marinated herring from the North Sea was influenced by season, and changes coincided with the cycle of feeding and spawning. During the spawning period the texture was soft and the muscle more susceptible to lipid oxidation. The texture became firmer and the fatty mouth feel stronger during the feeding period, and the odour and flavour characteristics less rancid. These effects were explained by the chemical composition and biological parameters. The sensory profile was influenced by herring size and age, but not by sex or gonad maturity; the storage method also had an effect. Herring from the Kattegat stored in ice smelled and tasted more of fresh herring and were juicier than herring from the North Sea stored in tanks. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of fungicides on the development of Fusarium head blight, yield and deoxynivalenol accumulation in wheat inoculated under field conditions with Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum
Authors: Haidukowski Miriam , Pascale Michelangelo , Perrone Giancarlo , Pancaldi Davide , Campagna Claudio , Visconti Angelo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe effect of different fungicide treatments on Fusarium head blight (FHB) development, grain yields and deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation in wheat was evaluated after artificial inoculation under field conditions with a mixture of Fusarium graminearum and F culmorum. The trials were carried out using commercially available products on five different cultivars of soft and durum wheat (Serio, Genio, Bracco, Duilio and Orobel) in two separate experimental fields located in the North of Italy. Treatments with Tiptor® S (cyproconazole plus prochloraz) and a mixture of Horizon® 250 EW (tebuconazole) plus Amistar® 250 SC (azoxystrobin) significantly reduced the FHB disease severity (by between 25 and 77%) and DON content (by between 32 and 89%) in the grain as compared with the inoculated control. Yields (tonne ha−1) and thousand grain weight (TGW) were higher in plots subjected to fungicide treatments. Tetraconazole (Eminent® 40 EW) showed a markedly reduced effectiveness compared with the other treatments. Regression analysis showed a strong correlation of disease severity with DON levels (positive correlation) and with yields or TGW (negative correlation) for individual cultivars and locations. Fusarium graminearum, F culmorum and F poae were the species most commonly isolated from all trials, including inoculated and non‐inoculated control plots. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessment of the flavour of fresh uncooked onions by taste‐panels and analysis of flavour precursors, pyruvate and sugars
Authors: Crowther Timothy , Collin Hamish A , Smith Brian , Tomsett A Brian , O'Connor David , Jones Meriel G 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFlavour in fresh onions is dominated by volatile sulphenic and thiosulphenic acids that are liberated once alk(en)yl cysteine sulphoxide (ACSO) flavour precursors are cleaved by the enzyme alliinase after tissue disruption. The levels of pyruvate and ACSOs in over 100 samples of onions marketed in the UK were measured, and compared with assessment by taste‐panels. There was a linear relationship between the content of ACSOs and pyruvate. Measurements of pyruvate indicated that the marketing classification of some types of onion did not correspond to their pyruvate levels. A significant linear relationship was found between a sensory measure of strength and pyruvate over the range 1.2–9.3 µmol pyruvate g−1 fresh weight. In most cases, when a flavour classification of sweet, mild or strong was applied to a sample of onions based on pyruvate content, the taste‐panels agreed with the categorization. The taste‐panels were unable to identify a sweet flavour in onions, except at low levels of pyruvate. Taste‐panels were able to define a likeability character (attractiveness of flavour) for onions, which correlated with the level of pyruvate. However, for some varieties, the flavour classification or likeability did not correspond to predictions based on pyruvate levels alone. Pyruvate measurements were seen as a suitable method for routine quality control once the characteristics of a variety of onion had been established, but initial evaluations should include well‐designed taste‐panel assessments. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Application of kokum (Garcinia indica) fat as cocoa butter improver in chocolate
Authors: Maheshwari B , Yella Reddy S 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAlthough cocoa butter (CB) is an ideal fat for use in chocolate, it softens with heat and is not suitable for use in warm climates. CB extenders or improvers, preferably from stearic acid‐rich fats, are good candidates to increase the heat‐resistance property of CB and chocolate. In the present investigation, one such fat, kokum, is used as an improver to increase the hardness of chocolate. Kokum fat is added in various proportions replacing CB in dark and milk chocolate formulations and its effects on rheology, hardness and triglyceride composition were studied. The results revealed that up to 5% kokum fat addition by weight of the product did not significantly affect the plastic viscosity or yield stress of milk or dark chocolate. Hardness of both dark and milk chocolate increased with increase in addition of kokum fat. The solids fat content at and above 30 °C increased with increase in level of kokum fat with CB, especially at and above 15%. These physical properties are due to increase in 2‐oleodistearin triglycerides with addition of kokum fat with CB. The results revealed that kokum fat could be used up to 5% by wt of the product to increase the heat‐resistance property of chocolate so that it can be used in warm climates. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry