bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recursive calculation of nonprimitive coupling and recoupling brakets
Authors: Butler P H , Joyce W P , McAven L F , Searle B G 
Published: October 2003

The concept of coupling coefficients of angular momentum for the rotation group chain [Formula: see text] can be extended to representations of any group-chain factorisation by defining the generalised notion of a braket. We give a unified approach to recoupling coefficients (rccs), vector-coupling coefficients (vccs), and 3j phases for all group-chain transformations. Category theory is the appropriate tool for studying the representations of groups and algebras. The explicit use of category theory leads to a new recursion scheme for the calculation of brakets. We derive specialisations for calculating nonprimitive rccs and nonprimitive vccs from primitive rccs, primitive vccs, and 3j phases. This new recursion scheme forms the algorithmic core of Racah v4. Racah v4 is a software package developed at the University of Canterbury to calculate group representation coefficients (brakets). PACS Nos.: 02.20.Mp, 03.65.Fd, 31.15.p, 31.15.Hz, 02.10.Ws
The Use of Harmful to Others-Criterion for Involuntary Treatment in Finland
Authors: Lehtinen  , Korkeila  , Tuohimäki  , Joukamaa  , Tuori  , Kaltiala-Heino  
Published: October 2003

AbstractDuring the past decades the Western countries have paid attention to their Mental Health legislation, in particular, by making changes concerning involuntary treatment. In Western countries legislation allows involuntary treatmentof the mentally ill. Involuntary psychiatric treatment is motivated by either potential harm to others (for the good of society) or by need for treatment and/or potential self-harm (for the good of the patient). The aims of this study were to describe to what extent the danger to others criterion is used as a motivation for involuntary hospitalization and detainment in Finland, and to what kind of patients this criterion is applied. The study involves a retrospective chart review of all the treatment periods of a six month admission sample in three Finnish university hospitals. We found that potential harm to others has been rarely used as a motivation for involuntary referral or detainment together with other motivations, and virtually never as the sole motivation. With the exception of gender, which was most often male, patients with potential harm to others did not differ significantly from other involuntarily treated patients. Coercion (defined as seclusion, the use of restraints, forced medication, physical restraint or restrictions in leaving the ward) was not used with these patients more regularly than with the patients motivated by the other criteria. Length of stay (LOS) in a psychiatric hospital did not differ between the patients determined harmful to others and the other involuntarily treated patients.
Turkey
Authors: Büken Erhan , Büken Nüket Örnek 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe issue of patients' rights is relatively unknown in our country but it is often recalled when an incident of death or disability is suspected as being caused by a physician's error. However patients' rights are being violated thousands of times every day in our country. More than these patients' rights' violations, the essential point is the lack of a mechanism to claim those rights and to complain about the practices which violate them. In our country, patients and their relatives are uninformed, powerless and unprotected against physicians and health organizations, and they typically accept whatever happens to them without complaint. Some of the reasons for this are, presumably, an underdeveloped consciousness of patients' rights, an absence of patient organizations, and insufficient ethical and legal regulations on patients' rights. These deficiencies were diminished somewhat by the "Regulation on Patients' Rights," which was prepared by the Ministry of Health in1998. Another legal draft law referred to as "Responsibilities Due to Malpractice in Medical Services" has been prepared and is in the process of becoming law. This draft law and the general conditions of the country on this subject are evaluated in this article.
Ultrastructure of last larval instar fat body cells of Pachycondyla (= Neoponera) villosa (Formicidae: Ponerinae): cytochemical and chemical analysis
Authors: Zara Fernando José , Caetano Flávio Henrique , Cabrera Aivlé Cecilia , Jaffé Klaus 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The ultrastructure of the fat body cells (trophocytes) of the last larval instar of Pachycondyla (= Neoponera) villosa is presented. The cytoplasm is restricted to the cell periphery and to the smaller strips among the vacuoles, protein granules, lipid droplets, and around the nucleus. Cytochemically, the presence of basic amino acids in the protein granules and in the nuclei was observed by using the ethanolic phosphotungstic acid technique (EPTA). The lipid droplets stained for unsaturated lipids. This result was further confirmed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, where the unsaturated fatty acids were identified as oleic and linoleic acids together with saturated fatty acids such as palmitic and stearic acid. Carbohydrates (glycogen) were also detected in the fat body. The glycogen is present as β particles distributed among the lipid droplets and sometimes attached to them.
Population density of Lepidoptera in a plantation of Eucalyptus urophylla in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Zanuncio José Cola , Zanuncio Teresinha Vinha , de Freitas Fernando Azevedo , Pratissoli Dirceu 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A monitoring programme was developed from July 1992 to June 1993 using light traps in a plantation of Eucalyptus urophylla in the municipality of Tres Marias, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A total of 437 species of the Lepidoptera order was collected and divided into the following groups: primary pests: 11; secondary pests: 18; species without defined importance to eucalyptus culture: 65; and non-identified species: 343. These four groups had 1295.35, 24.40, 127.20 and 1030.55 individuals per light trap, respectively, with a total of 2477.50 Lepidoptera individuals collected per light trap during this period. Most frequent primary pests were Psorocampa denticulata (Notodontidae), Stenalcidia grosica (Geometridae) and Eupseudosoma aberrans (Arctiidae) which were constant species (present in more than 50% of the collections) with a higher number of individuals during the driest and coldest periods, except P. denticulata, which showed more individuals during the hottest and most humid periods of the year. Faunistic analysis of this area showed a possibility of outbreaks of these primary pests, and mainly of P. denticulata.
The effect of incubation temperature on egg survival, hatchling traits and embryonic use of energy in the blue-tailed skink, Eumeces elegans
Authors: Du Wei-Guo , Shou Lu , Liu Ji-Ke 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Eggs of the skink, Eumeces elegans were incubated at 24, 27, 30 and 33°C to assess the effect of temperature on hatchling traits and embryonic use of energy. The mean incubation periods of eggs incubated at 24, 27, 30 and 33°C were 44.1, 28.0, 23.6 and 20.0 days, respectively. The mortality of embryos incubated at these temperatures did not differ significantly. The mean snoutvent lengths of hatchlings from 30 and 33°C were smaller than those of hatchlings from 24°C. In contrast, the body masses of hatchlings were not affected by temperature. Incubation temperature can also modify limb lengths of hatchlings. The fore and hind limb lengths of hatchlings from 24°C were longer than those of hatchlings from 33°C. However, tail length and head size (length and width) for hatchlings from different temperatures were similar. The locomotor capacity of hatchlings incubated at 33°C was completely destroyed, whereas that of hatchlings from the other three temperatures did not differ significantly in spite of the existence of differences in hatchling size. Moreover, incubation temperature affected the allocation of energy between carcass and yolk sac in the hatchling, although the overall conversion of energy from eggs to hatchlings was not influenced by temperature. Hatchlings from 30 and 33°C had a less developed carcass and more energy in yolk sac than those from 24°C. Thus, we can conclude that 33°C is not suitable for the incubation of E. elegans eggs, due to damage to the embryo.
Observations on rearing damselflies under laboratory conditions
Authors: van Gossum Hans , Sánchez Rosana , Rivera Adolfo Cordero 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Rearing damselflies under laboratory conditions is a promising means of solving a variety of biological questions. Therefore, in order to improve the success of future researchers we felt the need to indicate potential difficulties in carrying out rearing experiments. Laboratory crosses were obtained using virgin animals originating from natural populations in Belgium and Spain. Resulting offspring was maintained, under laboratory conditions, in small aquaria until emergence and in insectaries as adults. Our results show that keeping damselflies during their entire life cycle under artificial conditions can be very difficult. We suggest that future researchers should change water regularly, supply sufficient food, and rear animals at low density or even individually. Furthermore, suggestions are given on type of food, advisable laboratory conditions and female oviposition methodology.
Life-history strategies of native and introduced fish species from a Mediterranean lake
Authors: Vila-Gispert  , Moreno-Amich  
Published: October 2003

AbstractSeven life-history traits were used to describe the life-history strategies of 12 native and introduced species from a permanent lake in Spain. Multivariate analysis identified a continuum of life-history patterns between two extremes: 1) species with one or few spawnings per year, short breeding season, long generation time, large size, high fecundity, and no parental care. This set of life-history traits corresponded to the periodic life-history strategy described by Winemiller (1989) and Winemiller and Rose (1992); and 2) species with multiple spawnings per year, prolonged breeding season, short generation time, small size, low fecundity, parental care, and small to medium size of eggs. This association of life-history traits corresponded to the opportunistic life-history strategy described by Winemiller (1989) and Winemiller and Rose (1992). It seems that there were no apparent differences in life-history strategies between native and introduced species in Lake Banyoles. Native and introduced species were found among periodic and opportunistic strategists. Observed differences in the success of native and introduced species with comparable life-history strategies seems to suggest that the success of fish species in Lake Banyoles could not be explained on the basis of life-history features. Nevertheless, it seems that successful invasive species in Lake Banyoles display a suite of traits such as high fecundity, late maturity, and large body size. These characteristics may perhaps be viewed as biological predictors of successful invaders but more information is needed about life-history features of successful introduced species from other ecosystems.
Body shape variation in relation to resource partitioning within cichlid trophic guilds coexisting along the rocky shore of Lake Malawi
Authors: Kassam Daud , Adams Dean , Ambali Aggrey , Yamaoka Kosaku 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
To appreciate better how cichlids segregate along the trophic, spatial and temporal dimensions, it is necessary to understand the cichlids' body design, and its role in resource partitioning. We investigated body shape variation, quantified using landmark-based geometric morphometrics, among cichlid species belonging to algal and zooplankton feeders coexisting along the rocky shores of Lake Malawi, in order to elucidate the adaptive significance of body shape. Significant differences were found within zooplankton feeders in which Copadichromis borleyi had a shorter gape, smaller eyes and shorter caudal peduncle relative to Ctenopharynx pictus and, within algal feeders, Labeotropheus fuelleborni had a shorter and inferior subterminal gape, and shorter head relative to Petrotilapia genalutea. Variation among species is discussed with reference to trophic and feeding microhabitat differentiation which enables us to appreciate the role of body shape in enhancing ecological separation, and thus leads to coexistence among cichlid species.
Epidemiology of human parvovirus B19 in children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Smith-Whitley Kim , Zhao Huaqing , Hodinka Richard L. , Kwiatkowski Janet , Cecil Renèe , Cecil Tamara , Cnaan Avital , Ohene-Frempong Kwaku 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Human parvovirus (HPV) B19 causes significant morbidity and mortality in children with sickle cell disease (SCD), but little data are published about the epidemiology of HPV B19 infection and its associated complications in this patient population. In this study, prevalence and incidence rates of HPV B19 were determined in 633 patients with SCD followed at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between November 1996 and December 2001. Thirty percent (30%) were HPV B19 immunoglobulin G (IgG) positive at first testing, and the 70% without evidence of past HPV B19 infection were tested annually. One hundred ten patients developed evidence of HPV B19 infection for an incidence rate of 11.3 per 100 patientyears. Sixty-eight episodes of HPV B19–induced transient red cell aplasia occurred with the following clinical events: fever (89.7%), pain (61.8%), acute splenic sequestration (19.1%), and acute chest syndrome (11.8%). Pain, fever, and acute splenic sequestration were more frequent events with acute HPV B19 infections compared with acute events in uninfected patients. The results of this epidemiologic study, the largest and most comprehensive to date, justify the development of HPV B19 prevention strategies to diminish the frequent and often severe complications associated with HPV B19 infections in patients with SCD.
Elevated interleukin-7 levels not sufficient to maintain T-cell homeostasis during simian immunodeficiency virus–induced disease progression
Authors: Muthukumar Alagarraju , Wozniakowski Aneta , Gauduin Marie-Claire , Paiardini Mirko , McClure Harold M. , Johnson R. Paul , Silvestri Guido , Sodora Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractElevated levels of interleukin 7 (IL-7) have been correlated with various T-cell depletion conditions, including HIV infection, and suggested as an indicator of HIV disease progression (AIDS and death). Here, the assessment of pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac239) infection in rhesus macaques demonstrated a clear association between a significant elevation in IL-7 levels and disease progression. In 5 macaques that progressed to simian AIDS and death, elevated IL-7 levels were unable to restore T-cell homeostasis. In contrast, increased IL-7 levels were followed by relatively high and stable T-cell numbers in the SIV-infected macaques with a slow-progressing phenotype. Further, studies in sooty mangabeys that do not progress to simian AIDS and that maintain stable T-cell numbers despite high levels of viral replication support the importance of IL-7 and T-cell homeostasis in disease progression. These data suggest that during pathogenic SIV infection with high viral replication, elevated IL-7 levels are unable to recover T-cell homeostasis, thereby leading to disease progression. The utility of IL-7 as a potential immunotherapeutic agent to improve HIV/SIV-related T-cell depletion may therefore depend on controlling the pathogenic effects of viral replication prior to the administration of IL-7. (Blood. 2004;103:973-979)
IFN-α promotes the rapid differentiation of monocytes from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia into activated dendritic cells tuned to undergo full maturation after LPS treatment
Authors: Gabriele Lucia , Borghi Paola , Rozera Carmela , Sestili Paola , Andreotti Mauro , Guarini Anna , Montefusco Enrico , Foà Robert , Belardelli Filippo 
Published: October 2003

AbstractChronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a malignant myeloproliferative disease arising from the clonal expansion of a stem cell expressing the bcr/abl oncogene. CML patients frequently respond to treatment with interferon-α (IFN-α), even though the mechanisms of the response remain unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the role of IFN-α in differentiation and activity of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) from CML patients as well as in modulation of the cell response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Treatment of CML monocytes with IFN-α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) resulted in the rapid generation of activated DCs (CML-IFN-DCs) expressing interleukin-15 (IL-15) and the antiapoptotic bcl-2 gene. These cells were fully competent to induce IFN-γ production by cocultured autologous T lymphocytes and expansion of CD8+ T cells. LPS treatment of CML-IFN-DCs, but not of immature DCs generated in the presence of IL-4/GM-CSF, induced the generation of CD8+ T cells reactive against autologous leukemic CD34+ cells. Altogether, these results suggest that (1) the generation of highly active monocyte-derived DCs could be important for the induction of an antitumor response in IFN-treated CML patients and (2) IFN-α can represent a valuable cytokine for the rapid generation of active monocyte-derived DCs to be utilized for vaccination strategies of CML patients. (Blood. 2004;103:980-987)
The in vitro production and characterization of neutrophils from embryonic stem cells
Authors: Lieber Jonathan G. , Webb Saiphone , Suratt Benjamin T. , Young Scott K. , Johnson Gary L. , Keller Gordon M. , Worthen G. Scott 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAn embryonic stem (ES) cell/OP9 coculture system for the effective production of functional neutrophils is described. A 3-step differentiation strategy was developed that uses liquid culture, enabling reliable and abundant production of neutrophils at high purity without the need of sorting for isolation of mature neutrophils. Use of the OP9 stromal cell line significantly enhances the number, percentage, and duration of differentiated neutrophils produced from embryonic stem cells. Effective and sustained differentiation of ES cells into neutrophils provides a useful model system for studying neutrophil differentiation and function and the factors that regulate them. Morphologic and functional evaluation of these ES-derived neutrophils indicates that large numbers of mature neutrophils can be produced from pluripotent ES cells in vitro. Specifically, their morphology, ability to produce superoxides, flux calcium, undergo chemotaxis in response to macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), stain for the granulocyte-specific marker–specific chloroacetate esterase, and contain the neutrophil-specific markers Gr-1 and the mouse neutrophil-specific antigen indicates that they are comparable with purified mouse bone marrow neutrophils. They also express gelatinase and lactoferrin granule proteins. During the differentiation of these ES-derived neutrophils, regional areas of neutrophil production can be identified that have been designated as neutrophil generating regions (NGRs).
Development of both human connective tissue-type and mucosal-type mast cells in mice from hematopoietic stem cells with identical distribution pattern to human body
Authors: Kambe Naotomo , Hiramatsu Hidefumi , Shimonaka Mika , Fujino Hisanori , Nishikomori Ryuta , Heike Toshio , Ito Mamoru , Kobayashi Kimio , Ueyama Yoshito , Matsuyoshi Norihisa , Miyachi Yoshiki , Nakahata Tatsutoshi 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe transplantation of primitive human cells into sublethally irradiated immune-deficient mice is the well-established in vivo system for the investigation of human hematopoietic stem cell function. Although mast cells are the progeny of hematopoietic stem cells, human mast cell development in mice that underwent human hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has not been reported. Here we report on human mast cell development after xenotransplantation of human hematopoietic stem cells into nonobese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \((\mathrm{NOD{/}SCID}){/}{\gamma}_{\mathrm{c}}^{null}\) \end{document} (NOG) mice with severe combined immunodeficiency and interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor γ-chain allelic mutation. Supported by the murine environment, human mast cell clusters developed in mouse dermis, but they required more time than other forms of human cell reconstitution. In lung and gastric tract, mucosal-type mast cells containing tryptase but lacking chymase located on gastric mucosa and in alveoli, whereas connective tissue-type mast cells containing both tryptase and chymase located on gastric submucosa and around major airways, as in the human body. Mast cell development was also observed in lymph nodes, spleen, and peritoneal cavity but not in the peripheral blood. Xenotransplantation of human hematopoietic stem cells into NOG mice can be expected to result in a highly effective model for the investigation of human mast cell development and function in vivo.
In vitro and in vivo evidence of PNH cell sensitivity to immune attack after nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Takahashi Yoshiyuki , McCoy J. Philip , Carvallo Cristian , Rivera Candido , Igarashi Takehito , Srinivasan Ramaprasad , Young Neal S. , Childs Richard W. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIt has been proposed that paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) cells may proliferate through their intrinsic resistance to immune attack. To evaluate this hypothesis, we examined the impact of alloimmune pressure on PNH and normal cells in the clinical setting of nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Five patients with severe PNH underwent HCT from an HLA-matched family donor after conditioning with cyclophosphamide and fludarabine. PNH neutrophils (CD15+/CD66b–/CD16–) were detected in all patients at engraftment, but they subsequently declined to undetectable levels in all cases by 4 months after transplantation. To test for differences in susceptibility to immune pressure, minor histocompatibility antigen (mHa)–specific T-cell lines or clones were targeted against glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)–negative and GPI-positive monocyte and B-cell fractions purified by flow cytometry sorting. Equivalent amounts of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were secreted following coculture with GPI-negative and GPI-positive targets. Furthermore, mHa-specific T-cell lines and CD8+ T-cell clones showed similar cytotoxicity against both GPI-positive and GPI-negative B cells. Presently, all 5 patients survive without evidence of PNH 5 to 39 months after transplantation. These in vitro and in vivo studies show PNH cells can be immunologically eradicated following nonmyeloablative HCT. Relative to normal cells, no evidence for a decreased sensitivity of PNH cells to T-cell–mediated immunity was observed.