bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foreign Editions In English And Miscellaneous Printed Material
Authors: Kirkpatrick B J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to the miscellaneous printed material listed below (E13-26), note should also be taken of: (1) the printed letter sending greetings to Henry James on his seventieth birthday, 15 April 1913, signed by Virginia Woolf and 241 others and now in the Berg Col lection, New York Public Library; (2) the printed letter sending greetings to Sigmund Freud on his eightieth birthday, 6 May 1936, signed by Virginia Woolf and 349 others and now in the Freud Museum, London; and (3) the tribute to Lady Ottoline Morrell pre pared by Virginia Woolf and T. S. Eliot which was published in Otto line Morrell: Life on the Grand Scale, by Miranda Seymour, Hodder & Stoughton, 1992, p. 484, which was rejected by Philip Morrell in favour of his own eulogy.
Tony Harrison the Playwright
Authors: Eyre Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whenever the litany of names is invoked to justify an asser tion of the vigour of post-war playwrighting in Britain, there is one name that is consistently absent, and it is the one name that seems to me to justify the claim that there is an unbroken tra dition in the British theatre going back to the fifteenth century. The missing name, of course, is Tony Harrison, who is as prolific a writer for the theatre as, say, his contemporary and fellow native of Leeds, Alan Bennett. You could make compar isons between the two writers, and they would not be invidi ous ones. Both write about sex, class, and death, even if Alan’s mordant wit provides an opaque filter which makes these themes less conspicuous than Tony’s. They share a common contempt for the merely fashionable, and they are thoroughly demotic-both making idiosyncratic films for television. Popular without being populist, they are thoroughly accessible, and thoroughly and unapologetically elitist-if that means believing in the absolute values of good and bad art and refusing to talk down to people from the class you were borninto.
Persuasive Sounds: The Rhetoric Of Words And Music
Authors: Colvin Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To treat opera and drama together in one study is to venture into extensive territories. But it is in the development of early opera that early modern stagecraft, with all of its rhetorical or persuasive aspirations, is pushed to its limits. Here we find another potent element working on the text and the audience’s senses: music.
Persuasive Laughter: Carnival, Theatre, And Control
Authors: Colvin Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No study of outsiderdom and inversion in theatre could properly close without a consideration of comic drama and the role of that archetypal outsider, the fool. Comedy must also attract our attention because of its gendered position in the literary hierarchy: ‘Comedy occupies a position in the structure of traditional literary discourses which is precisely parallel to that of ‘female’ in gender constructs: comedy is the “different”, lesser, subordinate genre .. .’ It is in particular so-called ‘low’ comedy that occupies a subordinate position in literary theoretical thought. It has been widely assumed that farcical, carnivalesque comedy is inferior to what is sometimes called roman tic comedy.
Nature Conservation, Landscape Design, and Recreation: Voices From Within the Forestry Commission
Authors: Tsouvalis Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Terms chapter considers a side of the FC that raises questions about why conflicts about the flow country or ancient woodland ever arose. Here, an organization will be encountered that introduced National Forest Parks and seemed well aware of nature conservation issues; an organization that employed landscape designers to improve the layout of its plantations; an organization that encouraged access to its land and provided leisure facilities. This image of the FC glimpsed from its annual reports does not match with the one of the organization that was restructured in 1992 to make it more ‘user friendly’. Before trying to explain this discrepancy, it is necessary to consider what the FC had to say about nature conservation, landscape design, and recreation over the years.
John Palsgrave: Clerk, Royal Schoolmaster, and Chaplain
Authors: Stein Gabriele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the history of English dictionary-making John Palsgrave is the first lexicographer whose name is known. Dictionary-making involving English began with bilingual word lists. By the early fifteenth century these lists had assumed the scale and nature of dictionaries, and some have been preserved. The oldest are the Medulla grammatice and the Hortus vocabulorum. Of these two Latin-English dictionaries it is only the Hortus vocabulorum that was ever printed (between 1500 and 1532). The earliest English-Latin dictionaries are the Promptorium parvulorum and the Catholicon Anglicum, and again, only one of them was printed: the Promptorium parvulorum (between 1499 and 1528). For none of these four early lexicographical works has the compiler been identified.
The Word List
Authors: Stein Gabriele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall study the word list in Palsgrave’s English-French dictionary. He himself never calls it a ‘dictionary’; he uses the terms ‘vocabular’, ‘vocabuler’, and ‘vocabulyst’ and characterizes it as the ‘frenche vocabular’, thus highlighting what he regarded as its most salient feature. The earliest date we have for the use of ‘dictionary’ in English is 1526,and we know that the first dictionary including English as one of the languages described is the Dictionary of Syr Thomas Elyot, published in 1538. In using ‘vocabular’, ‘vocabulyst’, Palsgrave strikes us as more factual than other earlier and later compilers of English word lists, who described their collections of words and phrases for want of a generic term metaphorically as a Medutla, a Promptorium, a Hortus vocabulorum, a Catholicon, an Abecedarium, a Thesaurus, a Manipulus vocabulorum, an Alvearie, a Sylva synonymon1m, a Bibliotheca, or simply a Worlde of Words (see Stein 1985a).
Literary Citations
Authors: Stein Gabriele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As he was not a native speaker of French, Palsgrave tells us in Lesclarcissement de la langue francoyse which authors writing in French he had read to give his work the necessary linguistic authority. There is no corresponding list of authors writing in English. Yet his English-French dictionary provides us with some evidence that his reading programme also embraced English literary texts. In more than 100 cases a headword is identified as occurring in the works of either Geoffrey Chaucer or John Lydgate. This confirms the view expressed earlier when discussing his list of adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions: when he compiled his word list, Palsgrave was not only using material from his own knowledge as a native speaker and from reference sources; he also added lexical items studiously collected from his own reading of authentic English texts.
Language Maintenance and Language Shift as Strategies of Social Reproduction
Authors: Riagáin Pádraigó 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a study of the social pattern of Irish/English bilingualism in the area of the southwestern peninsula of An Daingean which is officially defined as an Irish-speaking or Gaeltacht area. (The boundaries of this Gaeltacht area have, in fact, been revised on a number of occasions since 1926. The study area corresponds to the Gaeltacht as defined in the most recent boundary revision in 1974, although in the course of the analysis note is also taken of the earlier designations.) The study focuses on the extent to which Irish is used in the home and the community and the social, spatial, and temporal variations in these patterns. Other language-related variables-ability to speak Irish, attitudes towards Irish and towards state policies for Irish-are also considered, but their inclusion here is primarily to assist in understanding the incidence and extent of social use of Irish in the study area. The analytical model stresses the importance for the maintenance of Irish of the territorial organization of the local community and the relationship of this to the wider national and international economy. The ‘territorial organization’ of communities refers to the daily patterns of social interaction as members of the community move between home, work-place, school, shop, church, and other services, and also the more extensive movements of people and capital, including all forms of migration and tourism. These patterns of interaction are, of course, subject to change as the area responds to the opportunities and pressures of its external environment. From the viewpoint of language maintenance a crucial question concerns the way socio-economic changes affect social network boundaries, or in more formal sociological terms, the degree to which Irish-speaking networks are open or closed. Depending on the relative number and social characteristics of the participants entering or leaving social networks, these processes have a cumulative effect on language patterns.
Revival or Survival?
Authors: Riagáin Pádraigó 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a good deal of confusion about the exact character and objective of Ireland’s language policy. This is in no small measure due to the enduring tendency, in popular and academic discourse alike, to refer to the policy as the ‘Irish Language Revival’. As informed commentators have frequently pointed out, Ireland cannot, strictly speaking, be included among the examples of ‘pure’ language revival (e.g. Paulston, Chee Chen, and Connerty 1993, Bentahila and Davies 1993). The Irish language was not extinct at the time Ireland became independent, but was spoken by a minority of the population in western areas. There are other confusions. ‘Language Revival’ has often been taken to mean the displacement of English by Irish among the national population (0 Cuiv 1969: 130). Whatever may have been the views of individual politicians or spokespersons of the language movement, the constitutional and legislative provisions made for Irish in the 1920s and 1930s do not suggest that anything other than the establishment of a bilingual state was ever envisaged. The first Constitution of Ireland in 1922, and all subsequent revisions, recognized both English and Irish as official languages of the state.
Truth, Natural Law, and Ethical Theory
Authors: Stout Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human beings, being less than perfect in knowledge and virtue, construct imperfect moral codes. The beliefs their codes embody, though imposed by the powerful or accepted by the majority, are all too often untrue. We therefore honour women and men who, in the name of moral truth, have risked their lives in disobedience. Unfortunately, much of what they say in their own defence is hard to believe.
Eleatic Arguments
Authors: Curd Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diogenes of Apollonia, often called ‘the last pre-Socratic’, began his book with these words: ‘It seems to me that anyone beginning any account ought to make the starting-point [or principle) indisputable (chreon einai ten archen anamphisbeteton) and the explanation simple and dignified’ (64B1 ). 1 Having no context for the fragment, and not knowing how it continued, we do not know if Diogenes went on to explain his requirement of indisputability.2 Did he mean that first principles must be either self-evident or capable of being demonstrated (and thus placed beyond dispute)? Or did he perhaps mean that the author of a theory must give whatever arguments are needed to place the first principle beyond dispute? It seems that this latter is what Diogenes meant, for he goes on, in fragments 2–5, to argue for his own first principle, air. These fragments appear in Simplicius’s commentary on Aristotle’s Physics, and Simplicius tells us that B2 appeared ‘immediately after the introduction’ (although it is not known if the introduction included more than fragment r). Fragment 2 is an argument that the first principle must be one, that ‘all the things that are, are alterations of the same thing and are the same thing’. Diogenes claims that ‘this is very clear’ (kai touto eudelon), thus apparently satisfying his criterion for indisputability laid down in B1; but he nevertheless goes on to provide an argument that purports to demonstrate that ‘all things are the same thing’. The argument is a reductio with a suppressed premiss: if each thing that is had a nature peculiar to itself (idia phusis), there would be no mixing, no benefit or harm from one thing to another, no growth for plants, no animals, or anything else.
Plato’s Apologies and Socrates in the Theaetetus
Authors: Long A A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My purpose in this essay is to approach Plato’s philosophical methodology by way of questions concerning his representation of Socrates, especially in the Theaetetus.1 It will be widely agreed, l assume, that this dialogue in its transmitted form is one of the last works in which Plato assigns the central role to Socrates. Stylometry and content suggest for it a date of composition close to the Parmenides and Phaedrus and certainly prior to the Sophist.2 As a working hypothesis, I begin by assuming, like many scholars, that Plato wrote the Theaetetus after the Parmenides (which is probably alluded to at Tht. r83e) and Phaedrus. If the argument I will develop has force, it should provide independent support for this assumption.
A Grammar-Based Approach to Common-Sense Reasoning
Authors: Mott Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is at present a paradigm—or at least an almost paradigm for the modelling of common—sense inference. It goes as follows. First, you translate an English sentence into a formal language, then you do inference using the rules and axioms of that system, then you translate back into English. There is a convenient division of labour here. Computational linguists will focus their concerns primarily on syntax. But they will, at least often, systematically associate logical formulae with their parsed sentences (e.g. Gazdar et al., 1985; Pereira and Warren, 1980). In fact, from a computer science perspective, the grammars these linguists produce are compilers from English into logic. But the syntacticians do not do anything with their logic. That is left to philosophers and some AI workers concerned with common-sense inference. The philosophers (e.g. Cresswell, 19 85; Lewis, 1970) use these logics to address the sort of questions concerning reference, selfhood, and the propositional attitudes which interest them. The AI-workers (e.g. McCarthy, 1986; McDermott and Doyle, 1980) use them in an attempt to represent common-sense reasoning.
Chaos: Its Past, Its Present, but mostly Its Future
Authors: Ford Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to illuminate the significance of determinism in his Newtonian world, Laplace wrote, ‘We ought then to regard the present state of the Universe as the effect of its preceding state and as the cause of its succeeding state.’ Laplace’s world was thus not only determinate but also predictable, for, with sufficient knowledge and skill he could be assured of accurately predicting not only the motion of the solar system but the entire universe as well. For decades, this Weltanschauung so permeated both popular and scientific thinking that not even Poincare’s profound whimsy, ‘The notion of determinism is a fantasy due to Laplace’, could shake the faith of the devout. But eventually the pendulum did swing and, while contemplating the wildly erratic properties of turbulent systems, the mathematicians Ruelle and Takens directed attention to a property which many now take to be the definition of chaos: a chaotic system is one whose final state depends with exquisite sensitivity upon its initial state.
Mersenne and Modern Learning: The Debate over Music
Authors: Duncan David Allen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emphasizing the continuities between the old science and the new, Peter Dear has recently argued that Marin Mersenne (1588-1648) exploited the philosophical and religious orthodoxies of the schools to construct an unrevolutionary agenda for seventeenth-century natural philosophy. In a similar vein, I would like to suggest that Mersenne’s attitudes toward ancient musical authority and modern musical science are sufficiently complex to call into question a traditional or rigid distinction between ancients and moderns in general.
Ancients, Moderns, and the History of Philosophy: Gassendi’s Epicurean Project
Authors: Osler Margaret j. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pierre Gassendi (1592-1655) is best remembered for his project of Christianizing the work of the ancient Greek atomist Epicurus, thus reintroducing it into the mainstream of philosophical thought. Gasscndi’s project was comprehensive, extending to all areas of philosophy-logic, physics, and ethics. He sought to substitute an Epicurean philosophy for the Aristotelian one which held sway in the schools. Gassendi criticized Aristotle’s philosophy in many of his works, as did other early ‘modern’ philosophers. However, he also criticized the philosophical methods of his contemporary, Rene Descartes, upon whom modernity in philosophy is so often fathered. So his relationship to the ancients and moderns is complicated. He was not opposed to innovation. On the contrary, he was a strong advocate of Copernicanism and the new natural philosophy endorsed by the intellectual broker Merscnne and his circle.
Leibniz: Modern, Scholastic, or Renaissance Philosopher?
Authors: Brown Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most discussions of the connection between ‘modern philosophy’ and its predecessors give special emphasis to the typically Aristote•hh lian philosophy that prevailed in the ‘schools’. A study of Leibniz’s philosophy would suggest that this is at least partly right. Leibniz seems to have adopted a modern usage in referring to this scholastic philosophy as ‘la philosophic vulgaire’. The French word ‘vulgaire’ and the Latin ‘vulgaris’, as used by Leibniz, sometimes carry the connotation of ‘superficial’. But ‘la philosophic vulgaire’ straight forwardly implies that the philosophy of which it was used (scholasticism) was still the most widely received. And Leibniz also uses the word with this connotation.
Lexicography and Physicke
Authors: McConchie R W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medical practitioners of the sixteenth century had their own body of special terms, just like the doctors of this century. McConchie examines medical terminology used in a selection of thirteen medical works published between 1547 and 1612, and compares it with treatment of these words in the Oxford English Dictionary and other dictionaries of today, showing how well - or ill - the specialist terminology of sixteenth-century medical practitioners has been recorded. He compiles a corpus of new data from a selection of medical texts ranging from scholarly tomes to homely handbooks. The study of this corpus reveals errors, omissions, and biases which raise questions for lexicographical tools in general. Are existing dictionaries adequate in their investigation of Renaissance English? Has current understanding been more biased and more deficient than we thought? If so, how are we to redress the problem? This book uses a specialist semantic domain to raise important issues for lexicographers, and historians of early modern English and medicine.
Spatial References in New Caledonian Languages
Authors: Ozanne-Rivierre Fran Oise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Languages often express orientation in space with respect to a set of objective reference points located outside the individual speaker. These may be either fixed (like the cardinal points) or topographically determined (like a given valley or some central point and its surroundings). The primary point of reference may, however, also be the individual himself and his temporary location in a given space (left/right, front/back, near/far, etc.). These reference systems are highly variable across languages and cultures. Some languages have different systems depending on the extent of the space that is taken into account, while others have a unique system.
Finding Your Way in Longgu: Geographical Reference in a Solomon Islands Language
Authors: Hill Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed example of how a spatial system based on geographical reference points is used in the Solomon Islands language Longgu. The broad features of the Longgu system have much in common with other Oceanic languages. Many of the general points made about spatial reference in New Caledonian languages (see Chapter 4 above) and about locatives in Oceanic languages (Bowden 1992) also apply to Longgu. For example, as with many other Oceanic languages the Longgu directional system consists of two axes, one based on the geographical reference points of ‘sea’ and ‘inland’ and the other based on the rising and setting of the sun. The two axes are not identical in their range of use: the axis based on ‘sea’ and ‘inland’ is used only within the land boundary of the Longgu-speaking area, while the axis based on the path of the sun is used beyond it. Thus although the spatial reference system used by Longgu speakers may not seem striking or remarkable when compared with other Oceanic languages, a close description of its use will add to our knowledge of the discourse functions and cultural import of such a system.
Is Platonism Epistemologically Bankrupt?
Authors: Hale Bob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Platonism about mathematics, as I shall understand it here, is an ontological thesis. The Platonist holds that we may take the surface syntax of mathematical statements-with its apparent involvement of singular reference to and quantification over numbers of various sorts, sets, and other mathematical entities-as a reliable guide to their logical form, and hence to their truth-conditions. Given that many such statements are true-as the Platonist, in company with most other philosophers of mathematics and working mathematicians, also believes-it follows that there exist such objects as numbers and sets. Since it appears to make no sense to ask where numbers or sets are located, or when they came into existence and how long they will last, the Platonist concludes that they are abstract objects, lying outside space and time.
On the Harmless Impredicativity of N= (‘Hume’s Principle’)
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michael Dummett’s Frege: Philosophy of Mathematics and its famous precursor, Frege: Philosophy of Language, contrast sharply in their estimates of Frege’s achievements in those respective subjects. The guiding conviction of Frege: Philosophy of Language was that even admirers of Frege’s writings have tended to a merely superficial appreciation of his contribution, that he is justly viewed as the father of analytical philosophy itself, the first philosopher to perceive the centrality of the philosophy of language. and especially the theory of meaning, in all philosophy, and the inventor of the tradition of systematic thought about meaning within which so much of important recent and contemporary philosophy belongs. By contrast, Frege: Philosophy of Mathematics-notwithstanding the kindest possible concluding accolade-returns a predominantly negative verdict on Frege’s accomplishment in relation to the specific questions which were most important to him. In particular, to the questions at which Grundlagen and Grundgesetze are primarily directed-the character of the subject-matter of number theory and real analysis and the nature of our knowledge about it-Frege’s distinctive Platonist-cum-logicist answer was, according to Dummett, demonstrably ‘catastrophically wrong’.