bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Auditory Midbrain, a “Shunting Yard” of Acoustical Information Processing
Authors: Ehret Günter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Auditory information passing from the two ears to the cortex of the telencephalon can take many routes, especially in the brainstem, where numerous auditory nuclei are interconnected in a network of ipsi- and contralateral projections (Figures 4.1, 4.2; see also Chapters 1-3). These nuclei are centers in which certain aspects of the perceived sound, such as spectral and temporal patterns, may be reencoded by the integration of input from several projections and intrinsic neuronal interactions, or even newly created (in spatial patterns) by the convergence of ipsi-and contralateral activities. Thus, the auditory brain centers shown in Figures 4.1 and 4.2 are by no means simple “relay stations” in the auditory pathway but add well-defined complexity of encoding to the ascending information flow. For example, spatial cues as to the sound source are generated by the output of the superior olivary complex, and inhibitory pathways are created by projections of the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. Auditory nuclei of the brain, therefore, can be regarded as centers in which new and higher-order codes or representations of sound features are established. Moreover, auditory centers of the brain, starting with the cochlear nucleus complex, give rise to descending connections to premotor and motor nuclei and thus contribute to acoustic reflexes such as the middle ear muscle reflex (e.g., Møller, 1974) and orientation responses (Masterton et al., 1968; Thompson and Masterton, 1978; Jenkins and Masterton, 1982; Leitner and Cohen, 1985, Lingenhohl and Friauf, 1994).
Clifford Algebra
Authors: Snygg John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clifford algebras have become an indispensable tool for physicists at the cutting edge of theoretical investigations. Its applications in physics range from special relativity and the rotating top at one end of the spectrum, to general relativity and Dirac’s equation for the electron at the other. Clifford algebras have become a virtual necessity in some areas of physics and their use is expanding in other areas; for example, in algebraic manipulations involving Dirac matrices in quantum thermodynamics, in Kaluza-Klein theories and dimensional renormalization theories, and in the formation of superstring theories. The book is aimed at beginning graduate physics and math students learning mathematical physics, relativity, quantum physics, or applied mathematics; and mathematical physicists.
Host Use and Egg Color of Japanese Cuckoos
Authors: Higuchi Hiroyoshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Different species of parasitic cuckoos deposit their eggs in nests of different host species, although a few incidental hosts are used in common by two or more species of cuckoo (e.g., Baker 1927, 1942; Kobayashi and lshizawa 1940; Friedmann 1964, 1967a; Kiyosu 1965; Jensen and Jensen 1969; Lack 1971; Gaston 1976; Payne 1977). Friedmann (1967b) proposed the term alloxenia to describe the situation in which related species of parasites tend to use different species of hosts. Host segregation probably evolved as a result of interspecific competition (Lack 1971; Wyllie 1981), but the process or mechanism of its evolution has not been proven.
Brood Parasitism, Recognition, and Response The Options
Authors: Mclean Ian G , Maloney Richard F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about recognition. The context is one of encountering enemies; specifically, brood parasites. For a bird, recognition of an enemy involves detecting objects in the environment and determining whether that object represents a threat. Linked to recognition are the allied notions of coping, assessment and response. “Coping” is what animals do when dealing with enemies and involves two general possibilities. First, the bird may exhibit a variety of life history tactics designed to minimize the chances of encountering an enemy (e.g., behave cryptically, avoid cover that might conceal a predator). No recognition of the enemy is required although the bird presumably constantly assesses its immediate environment in terms of potential threat.
Consequences of Brown-Headed Cowbird Brood Parasitism for Host Population Dynamics
Authors: Trine Cheryll. , Robinson W Douglas , Robinson Scott K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Generalist brood parasites such as the Molothrus cowbirds potentially decrease the reproductive success of some host species they parasitize to such an extent that they can threaten entire populations or even species (Mayfield 1977; Rothstein and Robinson 1994; Robinson et al. l995a,b; Smith et al., in press). In contrast to cowbirds, the population dynamics of specialized parasites may be tightly coupled to those of the few hosts they parasitize so that a decline in a host species inevitably leads to a decline in the parasite and a recovery of the host (May and Robinson 1985; Takasu et al. 1993). Specialists therefore are unlikely to drive a host population to extinction. But the population dynamics of a generalist such as a cowbird can be uncoupled from those of some hosts (May and Robinson 1985).
Models Of Visuospatial Cognition
Authors: De Vega Manuel , Intons-Peterson Margaret Jean , Johnson-laird Philip N , Denis Michel , Marschark Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the second book in the Counterpoints series and focuses on alternative models of visual-spatial processing in human cognition. Over the last twenty years, theories and research relating to visual-spatial cognition have been of central interest to a broad range of psychologists - in areas of perception, memory, neuropsychology, and problem solving. This book offers extended chapters from three of the most respected and recognized investigators in the field: Michel Denis, Margaret Intons-Peterson, and Philip Johnson-Laird. The arguments are integrated, and ideas for new directions and new research are offered.
Voting Hopes or Fears?
Authors: Reeves Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thirty years after the passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, whites remain resistant to the election of blacks to public office. This widespread resistance, Keith Reeves illustrates, can be explained in large part by election campaign appeals to whites’ racial fears and sentiments. Through innovative experimental srudies, Voting Hopes or Fears? provides fresh and startling empirical evidence that the issue of race still pervades the consciousness of American society and prevents blacks from winning elections in districts where whites comprise a majority of the electorate.
A Dictionary Of the Roman Empire
Authors: Bunson Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The extraordinarily rich cultural legacy of the Roman world has had a profound affect world civilization. Roman achievements in architecture, law, politics, literature, war, and philosophy serve as the foundation of modern Western society. Now, for the first time in an A-Z format, A Dictionary of the Roman Empire assembles the people, places, events, and ideas of this remarkable period in one easy-to-use source. With over 1,900 entries covering more than five hundred years of Roman history, from Julius Caesar and the Gallic Wars (59-51 B.C.) to the fall of Romulus Augustus, the last Roman emperor (476 A.D.), this accessible guide provides quick reference to one of the most studied periods of all antiquity. Every aspect of Roman life is included. Here are profiles of the great emperors, such as Marcus Aurelius, one of the most profoundly intellectual monarchs in western civilization, and the aberrant Gaius Caligula, who, after draining the Roman treasury with his eccentric behavior, made it a capital crime for citizens not to bequeath him their estates. Informative entries describe the complex workings of Roman government, such as census taking, the creation of civil service, coinage, and the venerable institution of the Senate, and offer insight into the various trends and cultural tastes that developed throughout Roman history. For example, a discussion on baths, the most common type of building in the Roman Empire, demonstrates the unique intermingling of luxury, community, recreation, and, in the provinces, an association with Rome, that served as the focus of any city aspiring to greatness. Other entries describe the practice of paganism, marriage and divorce, ludi (public games held to entertain the Roman populace), festivals of the Roman year, and gluttony (epitomized by famous gourmands such as the emperor Vitellius, who according to the historian Suetonius, lived for food, banqueting three or four times a day, routinely vomiting up his meal and starting over). Also featured are longer essays on such topics as art and architecture, gods and goddesses, and the military, as well as a chronology, a short glossary of Roman terms, and appendices listing the emperors of the Empire and diagram the often intertwined family trees of ruling dynasties. Comprehensive, authoritative, and illustrated with over sixty illustrations and maps, A Dictionary of the Roman Empire provides easy access to the remarkable civilization upon which Western society was built.
Ecological Experiments and a Research Program in Community Ecology
Authors: Werner Earl E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not surprising that in a relatively young science such as ecology there will be a backdrop of discussion concerning appropriate methodologies and approaches. This self-consciousness is reflected in a long series of introspective articles over the last several decades (e.g., Weins 1977; Simberloff 1981, 1983; Lehman 1986; Peters 1991; Keddy 1992; Pickett et al. 1994; Weiner 1995). This discourse has brought with it much acrimony as individuals or groups have taken extreme stances on the merits or shortcomings of different approaches (see Strong et al. 1984). It is often clearer in hindsight that the excesses of various approaches need to be sanctioned, not the approaches themselves.
Experimentation, Observation, and Inference in River and Watershed Investigations
Authors: Power Marye. , Dietrich William E , Sullivan Kathleen 0. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecologists seek to understand the interactions between species and their heterogeneous, changing environments. This work is made more difficult by the fact that the underlying processes are often mediated through complex community- or ecosystem-level interactions. What tools do we have for unraveling this complexity? Paine (1994) and Walters (1986, 1992) have reviewed the three fundamental methods available to field scientists: observation, modeling, and experimentation. All new information about nature is initially obtained through the first method: observation, which includes monitoring, mapping, and detecting correlations or other patterns. Observation alone, particularly when done in a hypothesis-free manner, has in the past disappointed ecologists by leaving them with messy data sets open to alternative interpretations. For this reason, ecologists in recent decades considered inferences from observations to be weak relative to inferences drawn from manipulative experiments (e.g., Connell 1974). We believe that field observations have been undervalued in contemporary community ecology, leaving ecologists poorly equipped to contribute to problems at large spatial scales at which manipulative experiments are infeasible. We will elaborate on this point later.
Design, Implementation, and Analysis of Ecological and Environmental Experiments Pitfalls in the Maintenance of Logical Structures
Authors: Underwood A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been an explosion of numbers of ecological experiments during the last 20 to 30 years. There has, however, also been ample evidence of problems with experimental and analytical procedures, so that several assessments of ecological experiments have been critical, rather than appreciative (e.g., Dawkins 1981; Underwood 1981, 1986, 1988; Preece 1982; Hurlbert 1984; Seaman and Jaeger 1990; Snaydon 1991; Bennington and Thayne 1994; Hamilton 1994).
Investigating Geographic Variation in lnterspecific Interactions Using Common Garden Experiments
Authors: Fauth John E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The operational definitions that ecologists use influence research in subtle and often unintended ways (Gould 1977, Janzen 1980, Mills et al. 1993, Billick and Case 1994, Fauth et al. 1996). For example, many ecologists have a working definition of species that is distinctly typological. An individual belongs to a discrete set, and that set has particular attributes (its niche) that distinguish it from other such sets. Included in this notion of the niche is the organism’s place in the biotic environment, including its relationship to competitors, predators, and prey (Elton 1927, Whittaker 1967). This nonhistorical (or “nondimensional”; Mayr 1942, 1963; see also Frost et al. 1992) species concept subtly predisposes ecologists to assume that biotic interactions are constant over time and space (Aarssen 1983:719). However, even simple models predict that selection should alter the dynamics of biotic interactions. Past selection may influence contemporary interactions by altering fundamental parameters such as the intrinsic rate of natural increase, saturation densities, and competitive ability (MacArthur and Wilson 1967, Gill 1972), and historical factors may leave unseen marks on ecological communities (Connell 1980; Avise 1989, 1994; Ricklefs and Schluter 1993). Whether interactions between species are constant throughout most of their range or vary from location to location remains an open question of fundamental importance in community ecology (Travis 1996).
Introduction
Authors: Trevathan Wenda R , Smith E O , Mckenna James J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evolutionary medicine talces the view that many contemporary social, psychological, and physical ills are related to incompatibility between the lifestyles and environments in which humans currently live and the conditions under which human biology evolved. Unfortunately, much of modern medical practice demonstrates a misunderstanding of the evolution of physical responses to stresses that were faced by our ancestors. The contributions in this book explore these topics, proposing ways in which questions about disease and disorders can be reframed to consider the evolutionary perspective and suggesting new approaches to treatment.
Is Neonatal Jaundice a Disease or an Adaptive Process?
Authors: Brett John , Niermeyer Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most people see bilirubin only if they get a bruise or liver disease. Neonatologists and newly birthed moms see it more often, and to them it is frequently a source of concern and confusion. Concern, because the pigment itself is poisonous and occasionally the herald of deep disease. Confusion, because it is often difficult to decide which jaundiced infants require treatment and because bilirubinology has become a morass of bizarre names and structures where even experts disagree (McDonagh and Lightner 1985: 443). The Problem Jaundice of the newborn is one of the most common, complex, well-studied, and misunderstood phenomena in modern pediatric medicine. Despite thousands of studies
Breast-Feeding and Mother-Infant Cosleepi Ng in Relation to Sids Prevention
Authors: Mckenna James , Mosko Sarah , Richard Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since being formally recognized as a medical entity in 1970, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS, cot death, or crib death), a presumed sleep-related disorder primarily affecting infants in the first year of life (Fitzgerald 1995), has contributed to the deaths of well more than 290,000 babies in the Western world alone. Described as a “diagnosis by exclusion,” the causes of SIDS still remain elusive; and, yet, for the first time in the history of SIDS research, death rates per 1000 live births are declining to unprecedented levels worldwide (Rognum 1995).
The Evolutionary Ecology of Childhood Asthma
Authors: Hurtado A Magdalena , Hurtado I Arenas De , Sapien Robert , Hill Kim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
National practice guidelines provide the following definition of childhood asthma: a lung disease with the following characteristics: 1. airway obstruction that is reversible (but not completely so in some patients) either spontaneously or with treatment; 2. airway inflammation; and 3. increased airway hyperresponsiveness to a variety of stimuli (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services 1991: 1)
Incest Avoidance Clinical Implications of the Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Erickson Mark T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until recently, incest was believed to be extraordinarily rare, literally a one in a million occurrence. Research now shows, however, that it is far from uncommon; by one estimate, 1 in 20 women may be victims of father-daughter sexual abuse (Russell 1986). Research also shows that incest often has devastating psychological effects. Depression, anxiety disorders, substance abuse, borderline personality disorder, somatoform disorder, and dissociative disorders are all more frequently diagnosed in adults who experienced incest as children (Braun 1990; Chu and Dill 1990; Courtois 1979; Gelinas 1983; Herman 1981; Kluft 1985; Meiselman 1978; Morrison 1989; Putnam 1989; Schetky 1990; Shearer et al. 1990; Stone 1990; Summit and Kryso 1978).
Modulation of Transmitter Release From la Afferents by Their Preceding Activity-a “Post activation Depression”
Authors: Hultborn Hans , Nielsen Jens B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A precise regulation of the amount of transmitter substance released from synapses of primary afferents is crucial for the normal function of the spinal reflex circuitry, including the monosynaptic stretch reflexes. Much recent work has suggested that GABAergic presynaptic inhibition plays a central role in this regulation. Through regulation of presynaptic inhibition the brain thus modulates the synaptic efficacy of the sensory feedback to the central nervous system during voluntary movement (Hultbom et al., 1987). Presynaptic inhibition has been shown to be deficient in spastic patients with lesions of the central motor pathways, which is assumed to be at least part of the explanation for the exaggeration of the monosynaptic stretch reflexes in these patients (Faist et al., 1994; Nielsen et al., 1995).
Regulation of Primary Eighth-Nerve Synapses on the Mauthner Cell
Authors: Faber Donald S , Pereda Alberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Presynaptic mechanisms for modulating the strength of synapses would seem to offer distinct advantages over postsynaptic ones, particulaily in the context of short-term changes restricted to a small and precisely defined subset of the numerous inputs a neuron receives. Consequently, it is not surprising that studies of presynaptic inhibition have consistently yielded important insights concerning both the regulation of synaptic transmission and the dynamic properties of neural networks (Rudomin et al., 1978, 1993; Rudomin, 1990).
Influences on Minority Participation in Mathenatics, Science, and Engineering
Authors: Clewell Beatrix Chu , II Jomills Henry Braddock 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early adolescence is a time of accelerated physical and psychosocial development where there is enormous variability in growth rates (Milgram 1992). The social environment assumes different meanings as peer norms and peer acceptance become very important and the early adolescent t seeks to move from a state of dependence on adult supervision to greater autonomy and self-regulation. Thinking and Iearning competencies also &lt;level op du ring these years, including being able to th ink in abstract terms, explore career interests, make moral judgments, see things from another’s point of view, and be aware of one’s own multiple roles and capabilities. A survey published at the start of this decade summarized the period as a time when young adolescents need help to answer “yes” to the key self-questions they are asking themselves: “Am I competent Am I normal? Am I lovable and loving7” (Scales 1991 ).
Gaining Access A Research and Policy Agenda
Authors: Denes Ronni 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As America moves toward the twenty-first century, the word minority is rapidly becoming an anachronism. African Americans, Latinos and American Indians, already more than 28 percent of the college-age population and 33 percent of the birthrate, will, by decade’s end, be one-third of the nation’s work force and the majority population in 53 of its largest cities, Vast and growing, these groups still comprise less than 6 percent of the science and engineering labor force, but a staggering 31 percent of people living in poverty.
What is Different About Different Therapies?
Authors: Beutler Larry E , Bongar Bruce , Shurkin Joel N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Timothy J was about to get married. His fiancee, Brenda was a strong young woman, bright and ambitious, while Timothy tended to be quiet and unadventurous. Nonetheless, they were in love and their attributes seemed to compliment one another. But as soon as Brenda set the date for marriage, Timothy’s life turned upside down. At times he couldn’t breath, feeling as if he were having a heart attack. The fear prevented him from doing his work, making love, even sleeping. Brenda decided Timothy needed some help and sought out a counselor at a local family service agency. They talked about their families and Timothy’s feelings about himself and his relationship with his mother. The counselor told Timothy he would need individual psychotherapy with her. But as each week passed, Timothy continued to get worse. After a frantic late-night telephone call from Brenda, the counselor sent Timothy to an internist who prescribed large amounts of Valium. Still Timothy continued to get worse. He was in danger of losing his job, and Brenda was berating him for what was happening with their relationship.
A Particle Of Life
Authors: Orme Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clouds of cold fog billow up through a circular hatch in the top of a stainless steel tank as Rob Hay pulls out the lid and its one-foot thickness of styrofoam insulation. As the fog rolls down to the floor, Hay peers into the dark tank, where the temperature is always 321 degrees below zero Fahrenheit.It is kept so cold because that is a temperature at which life, normally warm and pulsing with activity, abandons its vital dance and enters limbo-but without dying. Inside Rob Hay’s stainless steel tank are about 60 billion life-forms gathered from all over the planet. They wait in chilly repose. They neither eat nor sleep. They do not breathe. Not even the simplest chemical reactions of metabolism take place inside their bodies. By any conventional definition of life, the creatures have surrendered their claim on it.
The Living-Room Cell
Authors: Orme Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine that the room in which you are sitting is one gigantic cell. You are inside the cell, sitting comfortably, and simply by looking around the room you can study the internal workings of this improbably huge cell. If you are in an average—sized living room, the nucleus (which holds the genetic blueprints in the form of the chemical called DNA) would be nearly the size of a Volkswagen Beetle—parked, let’s say, over against the wall to your left.