bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated Tracer Gas Flood Study for Development Optimization
Authors: Alameri Felwa , Naji Mazna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Introducing a reservoir with multiple complexities such as faults and challenging geological characteristics facing unexpected gas breakthrough in certain areas despite the absence of gas-based development within that development scheme. Furthermore, the inter-well Tracer Program was introduced to address and investigate those uncertainties, which involved monitoring the vertical and lateral gas breakthrough. This, in turn, brought forth a better understanding of reservoir heterogeneity. In addition, this further aided in evaluating the current sweep efficiency and oil recovery as well as modify the existing injection scheme and assess future developments.
The project was initiated in 2012 where the injectors were selected based on a certain set of criteria which included the proximity to high GOR wells. The paper discusses the considerations taken when calculating the volume of tracers to be injected. Furthermore, sampling of pre-selected wells was conducted monthly and the analysis per quarter. The quantitative and qualitative results have been taken to step two of the process which involves utilizing simulation techniques, such as streamline simulation, as well as other forms of monitoring (PTA, RST) to further understand the dynamic nature of the reservoir.
Gas tracer breakthroughs have been captured in 26 of the 160 wells that have been sampled. Most of the results can pinpoint the exact breakthrough time giving an indication of the connection strength between injector and producer. In addition, conclusions were drawn regarding the vertical communication between some sub-reservoirs as well as lateral communication within the same sub-reservoirs. Furthermore, the Inter-well Tracer Project brought to the surface some noteworthy opportunities when integrating it with other forms of assessments and monitoring. This included streamline simulation which was conducted to further assess the integrity of the simulation model at hand and enhancements recommended where needed. An additional added value was the capability of being proactive with regards to re-evaluating existing gas injection scheme in addition to any future developments with regards to well location to enhance sweep efficiency within the existing development scheme.
This paper emphasizes on the importance of utilizing not only one tool but the integration of various methods to continually enhance our understanding of the reservoirs. Inter-well tracers’ technique is a powerful tool in assessing the dynamic movement of the fluid subsurface, however, imposing additional monitoring techniques allows us to gain a more structured visual.
GHG Reduction Initiative Via Direct Flaring Reduction: How a Downhole Mechanical Gas Shut-Off was Successfully Carried Out in a High Gas Production Well in the Malay Basin
Authors: Chong E. E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission reduction is one of the key solutions in supporting the "Sustainability for Future" agenda especially in the oil and gas energy sector. This has also translated into Malaysia's commitment to the Paris Agreement 2015 which resulted in all Petroleum Arrangement Contractors (PACs) requiring to subscribe and support the notable effort of sustainable development goals. This paper will discuss how a downhole mechanical gas shut-off (GSO) was selected for implementation versus other options considered and how it was successfully carried out via rig-assisted workover in a high gas production well to reduce the overall GHG emission for an asset.
To start off, the team investigated various options to reduce GHG emission from the asset, starting from subsurface options to surface options. Based on this conceptual study, an initial screening study on the cost and amount of GHG reduction was carried out. Shortlisted options included gas re-injection into abandoned reservoirs via existing wells, exporting excess gas to a nearby platform to be used as fuel source, installation of a Condensate Recovery System unit on the topside and downhole mechanical GSO. As most of the options will meet the objectives, the final selection of the preferred solution depends on the risk, timing, lead time and commercial viability of each method.
Upon narrowing down the options to downhole mechanical GSO, the team broadened the workover scope and further added value to the opportunity by evaluating behind-casing opportunity (BCO) in the same well candidate to enhance the commercial viability of this proposal. A well workover proposal ensued where an integrated subsurface team worked closely to incorporate the geological and formation evaluation data to ensure optimum placement of the mechanical packer for the GSO. In addition, careful planning of a cement squeeze job between the Wells/Completions team with the Drilling team was carried out to further increase the chance of success of the workover. The well was also re-designed to cater for a dual-string completion to meet both GSO and BCO opportunities.
This project was executed in Q4 2021. As a result, the gas production rate for the field was reduced by approximately 5 MMscf/d which is equivalent up to 124k MT/yr CO2 emission with minimal impact to the existing oil production from the well.
This Greenhouse Gas emission reduction initiative (from concept to execution) could be replicated in other wells or assets having similar subsurface background and/or facilities constraints.
SAOO Leveraging IR4.0 Technologies to Reduce GHG Emissions
Authors: Elayoubi. E. M. , Boulaiyan S. N. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Southern Area Oil Operations (SAOO) of Saudi Aramco Upstream Business line, where energy is harnessed to create a better tomorrow, is a crucial part of the company’s jigsaw puzzle of operations, and encompasses some of the largest hydrocarbon producing and processing facilities in the world, including numerous gas Oil Separation Plants (GOSPs). SAOO is spread over 200,000 Km2, and include Ghawar field, the world’s largest oil field, Abqaiq Plants, which are the world’s largest oil processing facilities, SWID, the world’s largest seawater treatment plant, and Khurais Central Processing Facility, which is the largest single increment oil project ever undertaken.
Southern Area Oil Operations is on a continuous journey of sustainability, where every department works very hard to meet its production targets safely, while not over consuming resources and minimizing its impact on the environment. A continuous journey of sustainability means that SAOO strives to do its best with changing business demands, changing regulations and changing allocation of resources. It is a journey, since the dynamics of doing business change very frequently and where an agile and nimble business running model is a must for continuous success; and SAOO is successful. The world is witnessing a groundbreaking transformation as technology continues to revolutionize the globe around us. SAOO does not want to merely keep pace with this digital evolution, but rather aspire to be at the forefront and drive the change within the oil & gas industry.
SAOO has established a strong digital strategy with well-defined strategic priority areas aligned with cooperate-wide goals. These strategic priority areas are aimed at addressing key operational challenges faced during SAOO digital transformation journey and ensuring that the utilized digital solutions work together seamlessly. SAOO leadership and workforce is actively engaged in the digital transformation journey, and has established a steering committee and developed a technology framework to ensure smooth strategy execution. SAOO strategy addresses four key challenges; technology deployments that are NOT Fit-For-Purpose, a lack of enablers, technologies’ duplication, and 4IR knowledge gap. The strategy will alleviate these challenges by creating a modular business-based digital model through a connected digital transformation approach, while building SAOO’s workforce digital skills and knowledge to become future-ready.
Long Short-Term Memory Network for High-Fidelity Tracking of Greenhouse Gas Emission
Authors: Kumar V. , Roy A. , Misra S. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis paper investigates the use of machine learning to rapidly predict the solutions of a high-fidelity, complex physics model using a simpler physics model. Two different closed-form solutions of the advection-diffusion partial differential equation (A-D PDE), known as the Gaussian plume model and Gaussian puff model, are typically used to model the atmospheric dispersion of gas emission. The Gaussian puff model is a more complex physics-based model that requires more computational effort to generate the high-fidelity solutions, as compared to the simpler Gaussian plume model that has several assumptions and approximations. An encoder-decoder architecture of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network is trained to predict the solutions of the more complex Gaussian puff model using the solutions of the simpler Gaussian plume model for various leak rate, wind speed, and wind direction. The LSTM model, with 3 LSTM layers with 16 neurons each, efficiently simulated the concentrations of the entire set of 2014 samples in a mere 1.34 minutes. This presents a significant contrast to the traditional software's time-consuming simulation process, which took 14 hours to achieve similar concentration outcomes in this study. The implementation of LSTM network has achieved a computational speed up of 625.15 times.
Model Approach to Achieve Zero Methane Emissions Contributing to Global Methane Pledge
Authors: Vaswani Y. , Al Kamali O. , Rasulova Z. , Al Ameri S. , Almemari F. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) announced a new Upstream Methane Intensity target of 0.15% by 2025. The new target is the lowest in the Middle East, reinforcing ADNOC's status as a responsible producer of lower carbon intensity energy.
At ADNOC, our aim is to reduce the methane intensity from our operated oil and gas assets, while ensuring energy security and meeting the energy demand. We are achieving this by improving our methane monitoring and reporting, making significant investments in new technologies to improve our environmental performance, thus support UAE's Global Methane Pledge.
The target of 0.15% methane intensity reflects industry best practices that report total volume of upstream methane emissions from all operated upstream oil and gas assets and where emissions intensity is calculated as a percentage of the volume of total gas marketed for the same upstream sector.
A detailed gap analysis was conducted to review the relevant documents, including but not limited to emission inventory & records, materiality analysis, emission sources inventory etc. to identify the gaps and developed the action plan for achieving the Gold Standard. Accordingly, inventory was developed, Leak Detection & Repair program implemented, flaring emissions minimized, Combustion Efficiency is being monitored and improve
ADNOC Onshore also used satellite monitoring data to track the emissions across its operation.
Since the operation is spread over the large area so it was a real challenge to monitor all the sources of emissions. Hence, support was acquired from all the stakeholders, shareholders, business partners to achieve the common goal.
After the implementation of all the actions, methane emissions intensity of 0.09% for the year 2022 was achieved, which is below the ADNOC target of 0.15% by 2025.
The present publication introduces a model approach to achieve zero methane emissions, which can then be used by upstream companies to develop and implement action plan to achieve methane reduction target.
Optimizing Well Placement in a Complex Reservoir: A North Sea Case Study of World First Utilization of Latest Surveying and Geosteering Technologies in Drilling Operations
Authors: Fawzy M. G. , Hassan H. K. , ELSedeq A. Z. , Nketah D. N. , Uzuegbu E. , Kumar D. , Castagnoli J. P. , Vliet Rutger V. D. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
State-of-the-art measurement-while-drilling (MWD) directional surveying coupled with the latest 3D reservoir mapping technology were run simultaneously for the first time globally in the North Sea, Norwegian sector. The goal of the project was to bring unparalleled value to the Operator’s development campaign in the complex reservoir structure of the Duva field in the northern part of the North Sea.
Streamlining Information Retrieval Using a Chatbot Application
Authors: Sittipolkul N. , Wanwilairat S. , Sujijintararat K. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objective
Wellhead Platform Department has engineered and installed more than 100 remote wellhead platforms (WHP) and pipelines for the past decades. Information of each different design WHP is kept in shared folder in case later generations have to modify/maintenance WHP. However, with hundreds of documents per each WHP, sometimes it takes more than hours to find all the required information. Thus, our team developed Chatbot to help find information to respond to repetitive and time-consuming questions.

Method and Procedure
Utilization of chatbot has garnered popularity over the recent year. With that opportunity, information finding could be easier by adopting this technology to develop in-house chatbot application. The database scope covers offshore WHP and intra-field pipelines. Google Dialogflow was used as a natural language processor from queries made via Microsoft Teams. As for backend service, python scripts and BigQuery were used to convert data to an appropriate database format and gather information from pre-populated Excel files to respond to fulfilment requests from Dialogflow. The conversation history and users tracking were available in web base for the purpose of training chatbot.

Results, Observation and Conclusions
By employing the in-house chatbot application, the results from web-based historical conversation data showed that this chatbot application effectively cut down the time wellhead platforms engineers spent on looking up for information and respond to routine questions, which in turn allows the engineers to focus on more critical tasks. Moreover, instead of having to ask for information from wellhead platform team, users can reach out to information and document through chatbot application 24/7. However, current problems mostly lie with the engineers still having to manually creating a data set in a format that backend services can recognize and make use of. Nevertheless, using the chatbot is an efficient mean to handle tedious inquiries which improves inquiry workflow and eventually saves valuable time and resources.

Novel
This paper presents a novel information by demonstrating the use of a chatbot in oil and gas industry which can be extended to any other field, given that the database is readily available in a format acceptable to the programs. The application was developed by Engineering team of Wellhead Platform Department (EWP) together with Data Scientist and Data Architecture of Digital Solution Development Section.
Critical Evaluation of Sustainable Local Content Policy in Nigeria Oil and Gas Sector
Authors: Biragbara Neeka Jacob , Adaure Prince Favour , Lemuel NuBari 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A study of the role of sustainable local content policy in human capacity development in Nigeria’s oil and gas industry – case for the Petroleum Technology Development Fund (PTDF, the Fund) was carried out to find solutions to three fundamental questions: "to what extent has PTDF contributed towards achieving human capacity development in Nigeria" "to what extent has PTDF intervention impacted the oil and gas industry in the last ten years in Nigeria" and "how sustainable is local content policy under the present PTDF mandate in Nigeria". This research was predicated on the skills gap audit report (2018 – 2023) of the Fund as a baseline study while leveraging on the secondary data sets of the PTDF trio-capacity development strategies from 2011 – 2021. The research was formulated on both descriptive and analytical statistics methods based on the industry need assessment. A comparative analysis of the Skills Gap Audits (SGA) and Secondary Data Sets (SDS) was carried out using arithmetic mean and deviation from the assumed mean of the unclassified data. The results established that more key performance indicators were captured in the SDS (mean of 23.04 and deviation of 0.4) against the imputed values in the SGA (mean 4.52 and deviation of 0.5 respectively). The implication therefore is that PTDF has contributed more significantly in human capacity development programmes than indicated in the SGA report. However, challenging indicators could be turned into opportunities if the extant law is amended to broaden the frontiers of investment-divestment strategies through public-private partnership for sustainable local content policy of the Fund. This research is useful for policy formulation and decision-making on local content in Nigeria.
Zero-Flaring Technique to Boost Low Pressure Oil Wells Production and Revive Dead Wells Through Multiphase Ejectors
Authors: Alzaher H. D. , Mulhim A. A. 
Published: October 2023

Saudi Aramco, as the world's leader in energy supply, spares no effort to explore innovative approaches and techniques to ensure a sufficient supply of energy to the world. This arises while ensuring to manage the carbon footprint that will be resulted oil production, and to maximize the value creation from the operating facilities. This also includes the relentless efforts to unlock the full potential of the Kingdom's resources. Therefore, Saudi Aramco strives to reduce flaring and minimize carbon footprint at its premises. In spite of all the exerted efforts, strict policies, challenging targets and investments to achieve a continual improvement in environment protection, it would be hard to avoid a performance plateau without breakthrough solutions. This is particularly true in Saudi Aramco, considering the large geographical area in which different facilities are scattered.
In addition, environment protection and flaring reduction is an increasingly important topic that needs to be considered today more than ever to minimize the side effects of our operation in order to achieve circular carbon economy and net zero. One of the best areas to protect our environment at industrial facilities is to minimize flaring during our normal operation. This is especially if flaring in correlated to some mode of operation that will entail production and wells performance.
AI-Enhanced Tools for Performance Enhancement in Energy and Water Systems
Authors: Kobayashi Dylan , Arumugam Ganesh , Kimura Mark , Nakatsuka Matthew , Taketa-Tran Jasmine , Thapa Sumil , Veedu Vinod , Ventura Alexander 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whether used for transportation of gas, oil, produced water, or wastewater, pipeline infrastructure is critical to many industries and is the most effective way to transport large quantities of fluids and gases. Considering that that large portions of pipelines are increasingly reaching or exceeding their service lifetimes, technologies that help with maintenance and extension of service life are a critical future need. One increasingly popular method of improving performance and reducing maintenance requirements are utilizing internal surface application of coatings and surface treatments to reduce the chance of deposits and the formation of corrosion. Proper coating and application require careful surface preparation to minimize the risk of coating adhesion failure and catastrophic delamination. The natural variation in training and experience of applicators can often lead to quality control issues for coating, and on system performance and expected lifetime. Utilizing a disruptive application of artificial intelligence to reduce subjectivity and reliance on operator interpretation can thus enable a more systemically uniform method of achieving quality control goals, while additionally making the process of coating and surface treatment more efficient.
This work describes a novel approach to combine a digital inspection system with artificial intelligence (AI) to identify defects and areas of risk in existing pipelines to assist with coating application quality control. Video captured from borescopes and pipeline inspection gauges (PIGs) were supplemented with sensor data for an AI to utilize for evaluation of coating quality and coverage. A two-step approach was followed, whereby transforms and training took place on small diameter pipes and using the algorithm with a pig-mounted capture tool. The inspection method transforms videos into a static two-dimensional (2D) image map that is representative of the inspected tubular being longitudinally cut and unwrapped into a flat surface, which can then be processed with the AI component to identify defects and features of interest. Applications described in this work include estimation of corrosion, cleanliness after intervention, and coating coverage after application. Additionally, the 2D generated maps were backmapped onto 3D plots to preserve the relative geometry and dimensions of the pipeline in a fully interactive virtual space which could be manipulated by a human user for further defect analysis and inspection. As a proof of concept, the AI system was trained to distinguish the level of discoloration present on steel substrates designed to imitate the interior diameter of transport pipelines. Classification accuracy was 91.2% overall when predicting for cleanliness using the AMPP standard classification system.