bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Is Life?
Authors: Regis ED 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Erwin Schrödinger’ s 1944 classic What Is Life? is a small book that occupies a large place among the great written works of the twentieth century. It is said that it helped launch the modern revolution in biology and genetics, and inspired a generation of scientists, including Watson and Crick, to explore the riddle of life itself. Now, more than sixty years later, science writer Ed Regis offers an intriguing look at where this quest stands today. Regis ranges widely here, illuminating many diverse efforts to solve one of science’ s great mysteries. He examines the genesis of Schrödinger’ s great book--which first debuted as three public lectures in Dublin--and details the fantastic reception his ideas received, both in Europe and America. Regis also introduces us to the work of a remarkable group of scientists who are attempting literally to create life from scratch, starting with molecular components that they hope to assemble into the world’ s first synthetic living cell. The book also examines how scientists have unlocked the “three secrets of life,” describes the key role played by ATP (“the ultimate driving force of all life”), and outlines the many attempts to explain how life first arose on earth, a puzzle that has given birth to a wide range of theories (which Francis Crick dismissed as “too much speculation running after too few facts”), from the primordial sandwich theory, to the theory that life arose in clay, in deep-sea vents, or in oily bubbles at the seashore, right up to Freeman Dyson’ s “theory of double origins.” Written in a lively and accessible style, and bringing together a wide range of cutting-edge research, What is Life? makes an illuminating contribution to this ancient and ever-fascinating debate.
Introduction
Authors: Shrage Laurie J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not long ago at the Jazz Bakery in Los Angeles, I heard a group that included the wonderful jazz bassist Jennifer Leitham. As they began playing “You’ve Changed,” Leitham, who once lived as a man, remarked with ironic humor, “my theme song.” This is a song about preparing for change—not political change but personal transformation. A lover observes the signs of emotional distance in her beloved and dolefully proclaims, “You’ve changed. . . . You’re not the angel I once knew No need to tell me that we’re through.” The lover recognizes the signs of waning affection by noting the loss of a familiar person. Profound personal and interpersonal transformations are often described in terms of a discontinuity between a present person and a past self. We often interpret such claims metaphorically rather than literally, but are there circumstances in which a claim of nonidentity between two time stages of once identical selves is literally true? In a news article about a high school principal who transitioned over a summer break, one student interviewed states, “It doesn’t matter what happened, it’s the person inside. It’s the same person. It doesn’t really matter if you change the outside.”1 The student’s assertion, though, suggests that others around her do not share her conviction about the relatively superficial nature of the change that has occurred. Do some changes to the self (sex, religion, job, or age?) create discontinuities with earlier selves that are profound enough to be described as the emergence of a new self?
The New Foundations of Evolution
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the story of a profound revolution in the way biologists explore life's history, understand its evolutionary processes, and reveal its diversity. It is about life's smallest entities, deepest diversity, and greatest cellular biomass: the microbiosphere. Jan Sapp introduces us to a new field of evolutionary biology and a new brand of molecular evolutionists who descend to the foundations of evolution on Earth to explore the origins of the genetic system and the primary life forms from which all others have emerged. In so doing, he examines-from Lamarck to the present-the means of pursuing the evolution of complexity, and of depicting the greatest differences among organisms. The New Foundations of Evolution takes us into a world that classical evolutionists could never have imagined: a deep phylogeny based on three domains of life and multiple kingdoms, and created by mechanisms very unlike those considered by Darwin and his followers. Evolution by leaps seems to occur regularly in the microbial world where molecular evolutionists have shown the inheritance of acquired genes and genomes are major modes of evolutionary innovation. Revisiting the history of microbiology for the first time from the perspective of evolutionary biology, Sapp shows why classical Darwinian conceptions centering on questions of the origin of species were forged without a microbial foundation, why classical microbiologists considered it impossible to know the course of evolution, and classical molecular biologists considered the evolution of the molecular genetic system to be beyond understanding. In telling this stirring story of scientific iconoclasm, this book elucidates how the new evolutionary biology arose, what methods and assumptions underpin it, and the fiery controversies that continue to shape biologists' understanding of the foundations of evolution today.
Selected Essays
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Selected Essays Michael Slote collects some of the most important papers of his career, articles that were both influential as well as those that remain relevant to philosophical debates today. The papers range over a number of important topics--not all of them within or having to do with ethics. Three of the papers have to do with ways in which one might fill out or expand upon traditional utilitarian views--while remaining within the utilitarian tradition. Two of the papers focus on free will, and another pair discuss rational choice and argue that traditional views about individual rationality unduly limit our possibilities. The papers outside ethics deal with such topics as counterfactuals; Wittgensteinian accounts of "cluster terms;" some familiar concepts we use that cannot apply to reality; and a paradox about the possibility of circumstances where it is linguistically inappropriate to assert what one believes. In addition to the previously published essays, Slote includes more recent and unpublished papers that deal with the uses of empathy in the context of global issues of justice; the limitations of the "moral reasoning" model of normal moral thinking; and the relevance of empathy to the epistemic ideal of objectivity. The final paper of the volume speaks about recent developments in ethical theory and what they may tell us about the possibilities of future progress or lack of progress in that field.
Global Caring, Global Justice
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am very pleased to be at today’s session on Global Justice. It gives me a chance to show, or show more fully, how some of the recent work I have done on care ethics extends to issues of international or global justice and, at the same time, to relate what I have to say to what others have been saying in this area. My recent book The Ethics of Care and Empathy was, basically, an argument for thinking of care ethics as covering the entire field of normative ethics, both personal and political. I’d like to say something now by way of summarizing the discussion and conclusions of that book, enough, I hope, to make what I was saying there interesting to you and interesting, in particular, as a potential alternative to recent ways of thinking about international moral issues.
Ezra Pound: Translation and Betrayal
Authors: Robinson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing from Rapallo on 24 May 1936 to the Japanese poet Katue Kitasono, Ezra Pound, referring to his knowledge of Chinese characters, admitted, ‘the enormous gaps of my IGNOR ANCE’. He also affirmed ‘Two things I should do before I die, and they are to contrive a better understanding between the U.S.A. and Japan, and between Italy and Japan.’ The products of translators can help increase understanding between cultures. To achieve this involves working to discover more about the world they are translating from, more about the language and society into which they are translating, and more about where they stand in relation to both.
‘By what Name shall we Call Death?’: Virginia Woolf’s The Waves
Authors: Raitt Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
TELLING other people’s stories—writing biographies—is an engagement with the limits of the self. Story-telling alleviates frustration, apparently extending the boundaries of who we are, and of who we might be. In finding a suitable narrative for .Joan of Arc’s life, Sackvillc-West was encouraging herself to feel that there might, one day, be an appropriate story for her own: one to comfort, to shelter, and to explain. Narratives imply that the chaos of identity can momentarily make sense.
Antifeminist Tales
Authors: Blamires Alcuin , Pratt Karen , Marx C W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From about the eleventh century, the short exemplary tale enjoyed a huge popularity in the West, as poets and preachers began to draw eagerly on collections of stories of intrigue and comic mischief transmitted from eastern cultures (most conspicuously via the Muslim ‘frontier’ of Arabic Spain). The result was the flowering of the racy fabliau, or story of trickery, in which a dominant type concerned wives’ stratagems in defying or cuckolding their husbands. (Of course there were anecdotes of faithful wives, too, but rather fewer.) Female deceit and sexual appetite are usually taken for granted. We are warned by Muscatine that it would be rash to suppose that these lustful fabliau women are a product of ‘red-eyed clerics sublimating, in their fierce antifeminism, a deep fear of castration and of female domination’. It seems more appropriate to talk in terms of the raconteurs’ underlying admiration for the ingenuity shown by the women in circumventing sexually unattractive, possessive husbands. Some of the more popular tales will be found deployed in The Lamentations of Matheolus in the next chapter. The present chapter selects from the massive field of fabliau just a few, including two incorporated into a sermon.
Introduction
Authors: Higson Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the turn of the century, British film-makers were among the most enterprising in the world. By the First World War, this initiative had been lost to the American film industry and, ever since, British screens have been dominated by Hollywood films. Various measures have been adopted by British film-makers, the film industry, the state, and various self-appointed guardians of the film culture in an effort to establish and maintain a national cinema in the face of this competition. In the pages that follow, I will be exploring some of the more pervasive cultural and economic forms that this construction of a national cinema has taken.
British Film Culture and the Idea of National Cinema
Authors: Higson Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discussion of national cinemas has proceeded with great imprecision, not least the discussion of British cinema. To take just one fairly random example, Raymond Durgnat suggests at the outset of his influential ac count of post-war British cinema, A Mirror for England, that, in selecting the films he will discuss, ‘our criterion has had to be rather arbitrary and subjective: is it about Britain, about British attitudes, or if not does it feel British? ‘1 One can, of course, sympathize with Durgnat to some extent, since national identity is by no means a fixed phenomenon, but constantly shifting, constantly in the process of becoming. The shared, collective identity which is implied always masks a whole range of internal differences and potential and actual antagonisms. The concept of national cinema is equally fluid, equally subject to ceaseless negotiations: while the discourses of film culture seek to hold it in place, it is abundantly clear that the concept is mobilized in different ways, by different commentators, for different reasons. In general, one can identify four such uses of the term, although any particular utterance about national cinema will probably mobilize more than one of these.
Economic Competition and Product Differentiation-Popular Cinema and the British Film Industry in the Mid I93 os: Sing As We Go and Evergreen
Authors: Higson Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For twenty five years the American film trade has monopolised the entertainment of the world. The American film has gone everywhere, and influenced fashion, trade and thought in every country. ‘Motion pictures ‘ have been synonymous with ‘American motion pictures ‘, and we have been perfectly prepared to accept the American idea without questioning as the inevitable material of screen entertainment.
The Criterion versus the Adelphi, 1922–1925
Authors: Goldie David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was suggested earlier that Eliot’s writings at the time of his first contributions to the Athenaeumwere marked by a number of deep ambiguities concerning the place of personality in creative and critical activity. While his criticism could be seen to be striving to articulate a theory of impersonal literary creation it appeared constantly to be rubbing up against a set of assumptions and a conceptual vocabulary to which it seemed antipathetic, so that, for example, in ‘Tradition and the Individual Talent’ the poet who is able to synthesize a persona from the materials of the tradition is none the less marked out as recognizably ‘mature’. In making these attempts Eliot was intervening in an ongoing debate about the nature of literary style that had roots deep in the nineteenth century. His difficulties in lighting on a critical vocabulary that could convincingly articulate such a theory of impersonality can be seen to derive from the turn that that debate had taken during the previous forty or so years and from its continuing inconclusiveness. For a writer like Eliot English critical writing on style had little to offer, and for a certain time he clearly believed that continental writers-in particular the French poet and critic Remy de Gourmont-marked a way out of a debilitating Anglocentric critical impressionism.
Timon of Athens
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
16299 Alsfelt, Palle. Timon i Athen. MS 1940 (Kn [Arkiv 423]). Incidental music for radio: 2 ob, 2 tpt, [drs]. First broadcast on Danmarks Radio, Copenhagen, 9 February 1940 (Eyvind Johan Svendsen, Timon; Oluf Bang, director), in Tavs Neiiendam’s radio adaptation of Edvard Lembcke’s translation. [Alsfelt possibly arranged this work from earlier music.] 16300 Applebaum, Louis. [—]. MS [1983 (composer)]. Incidental music: instr ensemble [fl, br, perc, keyboards]. First performed Grand Theatre, Toronto, 23 September 198 3 (William Hutt, Timon; Margaret Voorhaar, fl; Eric Schultz, br; Ken Stewart, perc; Laura Burton, keyboards; Jeff Hyslop, choreographer; Burton, music director; Robin Phillips, director).
The Two Noble Kinsmen
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
19158 Bateman, David. [—]. MS [1979]. Incidental music. First performed Edinburgh Festival Fringe, New Chaplaincy Centre, 27 August 1979 (Cherub Company: Daniel Foley, Palamon; Anthony Rothe, Arcite; Charles Grant, Emilia; Matthew Sim, Jailer’s Daughter; Andrew Visnevski, director). 19159 Blunt, Joseph in collaboration with Clive Stevens.[ —]. MS [1981). Incidental music. First performed Bouwerie Lane Theater, New York, II October 1981 Gean Cocteau Repertory: David Fuller, Palamon; J. D. Eiche, Arcite; Judy Jones, Emilia; Phyllis Deitschel, Jailer’s Daughter; Eve Adamson, director).
Sir Henry Spelman and William Somner
Authors: Parry Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his biography of Sir Henry Spelman, published in 1698, the Oxford scholar Edmund Gibson expressed his admiration for ‘the knowledge of the Laws and Antiquities of our Nation ‘ that Spelman exhibited. ‘Those, for a good part of his life, he seems to have studied for the service of his country, and for his own diversion; but not with an eye to any particular undertaking. ‘1 From our more distant viewpoint, we can recognize that Spelman did have a great project in mind, but that, like most ambitious antiquarian schemes, it was only partially fulfilled. He desired to strengthen the whole fabric of the Commonwealth by firming the foundations in the deep past. The laws, rights, and entitlements of Church and state were his preoccupation; all these powers and privileges should mutually support and be consolidated by the monarchy. The frontispiece that he designed for his history of Church councils, Concilia, exemplified the structure of the stable state: it showed the king as the keystone of an arch upheld by the pillars of the secular and ecclesiastical powers.2 Spelman ‘s sense of the interdependence of Church, state, and monarch is everywhere apparent.
John Weever
Authors: Parry Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Weever was an unexpected antiquarian. He published Ancient Funeral/ Monuments in 1631, a year before his death, without having given any previous indication of interest in the subject. Thirty years earlier, he had tried his hand at a literary career, publishing five short volumes of verse, variously satiric, erotic, and religious, around the turn of the century, and had then fallen silent. What little we know of him has been pieced together in a recent biography by Ernst Honigmann, from whom we derive a picture of a fretful, irascible Cambridge scholar of Lancashire origins, tranquillized by money from a successful marriage, who turned in middle life to the study of church antiquities. At his own expense he travelled all over England for many years, compiling a record of monumental inscriptions and a register of who is buried where. It seems to have been a solitary, self-imposed task, carried out. haphazardly, that began to acquire some method only after he gained the acquaintance of the major London antiquaries in the early 1620s. He claims our attention, however, for several reasons. His hopelessly ambitious task was characteristic of the kind of comprehensive, nation-wide survey of an antiquarian subject inspired by the example of Camden ‘s Britannia, and it was carried forward by a rather simple-minded patriotism that desired to honour the memory of worthy men and women, wherever they were buried. He brought a note of literary richness to antiquarian studies, writing often with an eloquence suitable to his subject of mortality and commemoration. Weever also exemplifies the anti quarian as consolidator: he wrote to strengthen the social fabric of the Church in England by reminding his readers that the Church, whether Catholic or Protestant, has always had a role in preserving and protecting the honourable dead of the nation, and he was motivated in part by an anxiety that this historic function was in danger of being negated by the growth of Puritan narrow mindedness which had no sympathy with the Church as a repository of accumulated social history.
A Mid-century Miscellany: Thomas Browne, William Burton, and Thomas Fuller
Authors: Parry Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1650s, many royalist gentlemen up and down the country were inclined to take their minds off contemporary discomfiture by thinking about the remote past. Perhaps exclusion from public life gave them more time for their researches, for this was a period that saw the publication of a good deal of antiquarian writing. William Dugdale dominated the decade, and his books advanced knowledge of the past on many fronts: monastic history, architectural history, and regional history were transformed by his voluminous and methodical endeavours. Dugdale ‘s interest in ecclesiastical history was matched at a more popular level by Thomas Fuller ‘s Church History of Britain, which came out in 1655, the same year as the Monasticon. The posthumous publication of Inigo Jones ‘s speculations about Stonehenge in 165 5 brought Ancient Britain and the Romans back into prominence after two decades of relative neglect. The configuration of Roman Britain was the subject of William Burton ‘s Commentary on the Antonine Itinerary (1658), in which he attempted to locate the towns and camps of the third century. Thomas Browne composed his meditations on what he took to be Roman urns, and published them in 1658.
John Aubrey
Authors: Parry Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contrast between Sir William Dugdale and John Aubrey as antiquarians is extreme. Dugdale was methodical, persevering, and immensely productive of published work. Over the years he brought a succession of large folios to the press; his searching of records and extraction of evidence was a work of prodigious industry and regular procedure. No man in England made more copious use of the manuscript heritage of charters, deeds, and statutes, of parliamentary, judicial, and parish records. Aubrey ‘s research was intermittent, on subject matter that was often unconventional; it was notoriously unmethodical, and resulted in one small published volume of miscellaneous observations. Dugdale worked from the secure base of his home in Warwickshire, where he was a respected gentleman of the county, and from the Office of Heralds in London. Aubrey conducted his operations amidst a tangle of lawsuits that led to the loss of his estates and fortune, flight from his creditors, and decades of living in temporary lodgings on the goodwill of friends. Much of his library was sold off, at intervals, to lighten his passage through life.
The Ornithology of Aristophanes‘ Bird-Wall Birds 1136-1157
Authors: Dunbar Nan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristophanes‘ account of the various species of birds constructing the great wall of bricks in the sky, principally to blockade the gods by preventing them from receiving the nutritious aroma of burnt offerings from earth, has rightly been regarded as a tour de force in its ingenious deployment of different species for different parts of the building operation. Although a few species seem to be brought in more for their names than for any specific characteristics, the poet for the most part shows here, as elsewhere in the play, ornithological precision and accuracy within the limits of the knowledge available in his time.
Five Passages in Theocritus
Authors: Griffin Jasper 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Commentators ancient and modern have little to say about ‘the wild lion‘, whose attack Heracles endured. Lions are indeed wild, and Homer can make Apollo say of Achilles that λ ϵ ω ν ω c α γ ρ ι α oiδ ϵ ν (Il. 24. 41); but that hardly makes the epithet pointedly Homeric here, where it sadly needs some particular significance. For it has always been seen that the animal in question is the celebrated Nemean Lion (so Σ c in 13. 6), whose impenetrable hide provided the hero with his characteristic dress. The passage would be improved by applying here a remedy proposed by Paul Maas at Theocr. 24. 129.
The Greeks and their Sculpture Interrelationships of Function, Style, and Display
Authors: Barber Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The monumental free-standing sculpture of ancient Greece played a major part in determining the appearance of sanctuaries and, later, city centres. The installation of sculpture in sanctuaries began at least as early as the Archaic period, with works in stone, bronze, and wood. Wooden figures were probably prominent even earlier, though there is no archaeological indication of their numbers or precise locations. The functions of this sculpture, however, were not primarily decorative. Although the possession of fine works was surely regarded as bringing credit to the place where they stood, their main purpose was rather to communicate messages of various kinds between meil and gods or between men and menoften both at the same time.