bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scientific Realism in the Empiricist Tradition
Authors: Salmon Wesley C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary empiricism owes a significant debt to the logical empiricists Carnap, Hempel, and Reichenbach. Their contribution deserves careful consideration. All three were born in Germany, and each attended several major German universities. Although they began their work in philosophy at a time when metaphysics was rampant, they studied with some of the greatest mathematicians and scientists of that time. They had both deep knowledge and profound appreciation of the substantive content of mathematics and empirical science. They helped to lay the foundation and to erect the superstructure of what we can now recognize in retrospect as twentieth-century scientific philosophy. This movement grew chiefly out of the logical positivism of the Vienna Circle (with which Rudolf Carnap was mainly associated) and the logical empiricism of the Berlin Group (with which Hans Reichenbach was connected). Carl Hempel worked closely with both groups. What all had in common was a devotion to the aims and methods of empirical science and an appreciation of the techniques of mathematical logic. By midcentury virtually every important figure in the movement had relinquished some of the more extreme views of early logical positivism, abandoned the designation of “logical positivist,” and adopted “logical empiricism” as the name of their movement. After that, logical positivism no longer existed.
Introduction
Authors: Salmon Wesley C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Kuhn’s (1962) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions had a profound effect on philosophy of science in the second half of the twentieth century. Reactions were mixed. My main impression was that Kuhn based much of his argument upon a defective conception of scientific confirmation—something akin to the traditional hypothetico-deductive (H-D ) method. His claim that the choice among scientific theories goes beyond empirical evidence and logic, even when logic is taken to include both deduction and inductive confirmation, resulted from overlooking certain important aspects of confirmation that are revealed by a Bayesian analysis. His insistence that judgment and persuasion play indispensable roles in theory choice suggests that plausibility considerations are involved. His rejection of the distinction between the context of discovery and the context of justification hints strongly that his conception of justification (which surely involves confirmation) is inadequate. Despite these views, Kuhn unequivocally rejects the notion that science is irrational. This denial cries out for a clarification of the concept of scientific rationality itself.
Revisions of Scientific Convictions
Authors: Salmon Wesley C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the title of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions suggests, a chief focus— perhaps the chief focus—of Kuhn’s (1962) book is the nature of scientific change. It is also the chief focus of most philosophers who adopt a historical orientation. Sir Karl Popper and his followers have seen the problem of growth of scientific knowledge as a major issue in philosophy of science. Logical positivists and logical empiricists have often been accused of holding a totally unrealistic view of the nature of scientific development. Bayesians have devoted considerable attention to the ways in which degrees of conviction should be modified, but they have encountered fundamental troubles along the way. This chapter attempts to resolve some of most important and difficult ones.
On The (So-Called) Puzzle of Imaginative Resistance
Authors: Walton Kendall L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Mimesis as Make-Believe, I happened upon a surprising peculiarity in interpretive practice, a curious reluctance to allow fictional worlds to differ in fundamental moral respects from the real world as we understand it.1 It seemed to me that this might have been what David Hume was getting at in the final five paragraphs of “On the Standard of Taste,” although this attribution now strikes me as highly questionable. Revisiting the topic in a later essay, “Morals in Fiction and Fictional Morality,” I emphasized that there is actually a tangled nest of importantly distinct but easily confused puzzles in the vicinity, several of which can be traced uncertainly to Hume ‘s observations. My strategy in addressing them was disentangle-and-conquer. I do not claim to have successfully completed the conquest in my previous forays, nor will I do so now. But I did do
Pictures and Hobby Horses
Authors: Walton Kendall L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Make-believe is not just for children. Many adult activities are best understood as continuations of children ‘s make-believe, and can be illuminated by comparing them with games of dolls, cops and robbers, and hobby horses. One adult activity that involves make-believe is that of making and looking at pictures. Verbal texts also involve make-believe, in some instances. But to be a picture is essentially, I claim, to have a role of a certain kind in certain sorts of games of make-believe.
A Public Health Approach to Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Howe Meghan E , Alpert Elaine J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Public health is a multidisciplinary, collaborative, science-based, and advocacy-oriented approach to the health of populations. Intimate partner violence (IPV) impacts the mental and physical well-being of many individuals, which in turn impacts the health, safety, and economy of communities. There-fore, it is a public health problem. The public health approach involves four steps: surveillance, risk factor identification, intervention, and dissemination of effective interventions. An effective public health response to IPV occurs on three levels: a primary approach to prevent IPV, a secondary approach to minimize the chronic impact of IPV, and a tertiary approach to respond to critical cases.
Developing a Health System Response to Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: McCaw Brigid , Kotz Krista 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most successful strategies for improving intimate partner violence (IPV) services draw more on the strength and opportunities available in the healthcare setting as a “system” than on clinician training alone. The 2001 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report concluded that available evidence supports a multifaceted “systems change model” approach for IPV identification and management. Implementation challenges include coordination within the healthcare system, and between the healthcare system and community advocacy organizations. Quality improvement processes can be used to improve and sustain IPV services and ensure that these become an expected part of everyday care.
Issues in Adverbial Syntax
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question how adverbs (and adverbials, more generally)1 integrate into the structure of the clause has been, and continues to be, a moot question. In work of the early 1990s, later merged into Cinque (l 999), I suggested that adverbs should not be seen as accessory appendices to clause structure (as the traditional notion of “adjunct” would suggest) but rather as an integral part of it, despite their general optionality. Much as inflectional morphology, functional particles, and auxiliaries were at the time considered to be the overt manifestation, in head format, of the functional portion of the clause, AdvPs, I argued, could be seen as the overt manifestation of the same functional distinctions in specifier format. The main evidence for their belonging to the functional makeup of the clause was the observation that cross-linguistically the number and type of the different classes of AdvPs and their relative order appears to exactly match the number, type, and relative order of functional heads morphemes (see Cinque 1999: chaps. 2, 3, and 4).2 Recently a number of works have appeared that argue for a return to the traditional “adjunct” approach, and against what we might call the functional specifier approach.3 These works notwithstanding, there are, I think, reasons to retain the “functional specifier” approach. Before considering such reasons, let me mention two additional clues in favor of the functional nature of adverbs. They come from the study of sign languages and language acquisition.
Transfer Principles And Moral Responsibility
Authors: Fischer John Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is useful to divide contemporary arguments for the incompatibility of causal determinism and moral responsibility into two types: indirect and direct. The indirect arguments present reasons why causal determinism is incompatible with the possession of the relevant kind of alternative possibilities and conclude from this that causal determinism is incompatible with moral responsibility. It is, of course, a presupposition of the indirect arguments that moral responsibility requires alternative possibilities. The direct arguments contain no such presupposition, although some of their proponents may believe that moral responsibility does indeed require alternative possibilities.
Poly(butylene terephthalate)
Authors: Iroh Jude O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Molding plastic, molecular component of polyether ester thermoplastic block copolymer elastomer, fiber and plastic forming, used in tooth and paint brush and in bristles and filler fabrics. Properties of Special Interest Mostly synthesized as flexible semi-crystalline thermoplastic, PBT has outstanding resilience and toughness. High toughness and resilience is due to improved chain flexibility derived from the four methylene units. Used in thermoplastic matrix composites for gears, machine parts, small pump housings, and insulators.
Poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate)
Authors: Wen Jianye 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Adhesives and binders, coatings, optical waveguides, blends with other polymers for various applications. Properties of Special Interest Hard, Tg similar to poly(methyl methacrylate) but much higher than its n-hexyl isomer due to the bulkiness of cyclohexyl group.
Poly(ester-co-anhydride) of Ricinoleic Acid and Sebacic Acid
Authors: Vaisman Boris , Shikanov Ariella , Domb Abraham J , Langer R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Biodegradable polymers for controlled drug delivery in a form of implant or injectable implant (e.g. for the treatment of solid tumors, delivery of local anesthetics, and delivery of antibiotics). Properties of Special Interest Polyester-anhydride of ricinoleic acid (RA) with aliphatic diacids such as sebacic acid (SA) are viscous liquids at low contents of sebacic acid, &lt;40% w/w, (pasty polymers). Pasty polymers that can be mixed with drugs at room temperature and injected into tissue as neat composition are advantageous as they allow simple preparation of delivery systems, particularly for heat-sensitive drugs. The formulation gels at the site of injection to form a depot of the drug protected in the hydrophobic gel polymer. The drug-loaded pasty polymer releases the drugs for a few weeks while being degraded in vitro and in vivo to short oligomers which future degrade to fatty acids.
Poly(ether imide)
Authors: Tan Loon-Seng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synthesis Aromatic polyetherimides are usually prepared from: (a) bisphenoxide salts and aromatic dinitrobisimides via nucleophilic nitro-displacement reactions (b) bisphenoxide salt and a bis(N -chlorophthalimido) compound via nucleophilic chloro-displacement reactions in a solvent of low polarity (e.g. o-dichlorobenzene), and in the presence of a thermally stable, phase transfer catalyst stable at the polymerization temperatures, e.g. hexaalkylguanidinium chloride; microwave irradiation accelerated polymerization process; (c) two-step polycondensation of aromatic diamines and ether-dianhydrides in a polar aprotic solvent, followed by thermal6 or chemical cyclodehydration of the polyamic acid precursors, (d) one-step, high temperature solution polymerization of aromatic diamines and ether-dianhydrides in a phenolic solvent, removing water of condensation azeotropically. Certain polyetherimides can also be synthesized via direct melt polymerization.
Poly(n-hexyl isocyanate)
Authors: Premachandra Jagath K , Kumudinie Chandima , Masamoto Junzo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications An ideal example of a polymer model for a semi-rigid macromolecular chain material amenable to physical studies. Properties of Special Interest Polymer model for a semi-flexible macromolecular chain material. Stiff-chain solution characteristics due to helical configuration; (1,2) liquid crystalline properties(3) and molecular weight dependent chain dimensions in solution. (4) Other Polymers Showing this Special Property Poly(n-butyl isocyanate), poly(γ -benzyl-L-glutamate)
Poly(lactic acid)
Authors: Lu Lichun , Mikos Antonios G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications L-PLA is used as sutures and dental, orthopaedic, and drug delivery devices. D,L-PLA is used mainly for drug delivery. Both are of interest in the area of tissue engineering. Properties of Special Interest Good biocompatibility; biodegradable mainly by simple hydrolysis; bioresorbable; very good processability; a wide range of degradation rates, physical, mechanical, and other properties can be achieved by PLA of various molecular weights and its copolymers.
Poly(p-methylstyrene)
Authors: Ozcam Ali E , Smith Archie P , Spontak Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Similar to polystyrene (PS) (for example, molded objects, foam drinking cups, and packaging materials). Has a higher deformation temperature and flame resistance than PS. Functionalization of the methyl group of homopolymers/copolymers yields graft polymers and copolymers that are used to prepare new variants of butyl rubber. Specific syndiotactic forms of PpMS can be used as polymeric molecular sieves.
Poly(p-phenylene sulfide)
Authors: Masamoto Junzo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Poly(p-phenylene sulfide) (PPS) is mainly used in the reinforced form with glass fiber or mineral fillers as a high-performance thermoplastic. It is used for electrical and electronic parts (e.g., plugs and multipoint connectors, bobbins, relays, switches, encapsulation of electronic component, etc.), automobile parts (air intake systems, pumps, valves, gaskets, components for exhaust gas recirculation systems, etc.), and as components for mechanical and precision engineering. Nonfiller PPS is used for fiber, film, sheet, nonwoven fabric, etc.
Poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Andrady Anthony L , Sen Taner Z , Ahunbay M Göktuğ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Poly(vinyl chloride) is used in building applications as rigid formulations in water and sewage pipes, siding, gutters, and downspouts, conduits, and cable coverings. Pipe and conduit application are by far the major use of PVC. It is also used as a plasticized material in membrane roofing, and flooring applications. PVC films are used in packaging of consumer goods.
Poly(vinylidene fluoride)
Authors: Uschold Ronald E , Kilaru Murali K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications As a protective surfacing material for: aircraft interior wall and ceiling panels, architectural fabrics, exterior building panels, wall coverings, reinforced vinyl sheeting for signs and awnings, automotive tubing, thermoformed plastic laminates, truck body panels, solar panels, and green house glazing. As a release sheet for curing: epoxy circuit boards and composite panels.
Poly(vinyl methyl ether)
Authors: Wen Jianye 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Plasticizer for coatings; aqueous tackifier; adhesion promoter of nonadhering materials to glass, metal, and plastics; copolymers used in pharmaceuticals, lens arrays for optical device (as thermographic copying material). Properties of Special Interest Viscous and balsamlike; high adhesion to high and low surface-energy free substrates.
Silk protein
Authors: Fossey Stephen A , Cebe Peggy , Kaplan David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction All three known siloxane dendrimer structures are based on methylsilsesquioxane core and branching units. The first siloxane dendrimer was synthesized in 19891 as pure PMSQ structure. Two other approaches appeared in 19902 and 19913. They used D-units to decrease the density of the molecular structure. Since then, hybrid-type dendrimers combining siloxane units with links of other chemical nature were the focus of interest due to simplification of chemical technique in that case. At the same time, the benefits of pure siloxane structure leave no doubt in further progress of this area.
Styrene-methylmethacrylate Copolymer
Authors: Wang Shuhong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Blend with other polymers to produce a variety of products. Blends normally have both transparency and impact resistance. Typical uses include household goods, building materials, optical, toy and food-packing applications. Properties of Special Interest Transparency, weather resistance, low water absorption, low residuals. Better weatherability and solvent resistance comparing to polystyrene homopolymer. Properties fall between those of the individual homopolymers.
Vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene elastomers
Authors: Patil Rahul D , Vogt Andrew D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Poly(vdf-hfp) is a synthetic, noncrystalline polymer that exhibits elastomeric properties when cross-linked. Known to be chemically inert, it is designed for demanding service applications in hostile environments and commonly used as a sealant in hot and corrosive environments,(1,3) such as used in aircraft, aerospace, chemical and petroleum industries. Also used for biomedical applications as coatings.(4)
Introduction
Authors: Batstone William W , Damon Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Caesar’;s Civil War is an unfinished masterpiece. It is incomplete not owing to untimely death, however, but was abandoned by an author who found himself living in a different world than that which saw the work’;s commencement. It might thus seem an odd candidate for a literary appreciation. But it deserves one. The Civil War is the story of Caesar’;s contest with the Pompeian party through nineteen months of civil war; it ends, after Pompey’;s death, amid the preliminaries to a foreign war fought to impose a Roman settlement on the kingdom of Egypt. The work shows the brilliance for which Caesar’;s oratory, like his generalship, was known—in the eyes of Quintilian, no mean judge, he was second only to Cicero (Education of an Orator 10.1.114)—and it was a political judgment that relegated the Civil War to the file drawer, not a literary one. The five chapters of this book explore the various components of Caesar’;s literary achievement in the Civil War. We supply here in the introduction the necessary historical background, and in the epilogue the aftermath.
Organizing Knowledge about the World Frames in the Mind
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far we have taken concepts to be lists of features. In other words, we have assumed that categories can be adequately described as feature lists¬ either as lists of essential features (as in “classical” approaches) or as lists of features that represent the central examples of concepts (as in prototype approaches). Such feature lists represent what we know about concepts. But the question is: Do feature lists represent all the contents of concepts at our disposal? The answer is clearly no. We possess a great deal more knowledge about concepts than what feature lists reveal (see, for example, Barsalou, 1992). Frames are representations of this large amount of underlying knowledge. As matter of fact, we can think of frames as including feature lists as well¬ feature lists that serve the representation of just the “tip” of a conceptual “iceberg” associated with a particular domain of experience.
The Human Genome: Structure and Organization
Authors: Read Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans have two genomes, nuclear and mitochondrial. Normal cells contain two copies of the nuclear genome and a much larger but variable number of copies of the mitochondrial genome. The nuclear genome is approximately 2 105 times larger than the mitochondrial genome (3 109 vs. 16,659 bp), and contains more than 500 times the number of genes (approximately 24,000 vs. 37), including many required for mitochondrial functions. Understandably, the phrase ‘‘the human genome’’ normally refers to the nuclear genome. The structure and organization of the mitochondrial genome is described separately in the following section.
Human Functional Genomics and Proteomics
Authors: Yamada Yoshiji , Ichihara Sahoko , Takemura Masaharu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genomics offers a new opportunity to determine how diseases develop by allowing researchers to take advantage of experiments of nature and by providing them with a growing array of sophisticated tools with which to identify the molecular abnormalities that underlie disease processes (Guttmacher and Collins, 2002; Burke, 2003). As shown by the recent completion of the draft sequence (Lander et al., 2001; Venter et al., 2001), one characteristic of the human genome with both medical and societal relevance is that, on average, the DNA sequences of two unrelated individuals are more than 99.9% identical. However, this still means that the DNA sequences of two such individuals differ at more than 3 million base positions, given that the human genome consists of approximately 3 billion base pairs. This is commonly referred to as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Intensive efforts are currently under way, in both the academic and commercial sectors, to catalog these differences and correlate them with phenotypic variations relevant to health and disease (Guttmacher and Collins, 2002).
Complex Cardiovascular Disorders
Authors: Arking Dan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The genomics revolution, including mapping of the complete sequence of the human genome, has greatly advanced our understanding of the molecular basis of Mendelian diseases, which are largely the result of necessary and sufficient mutations that are individually rare. However, despite all our advances, we know almost nothing about the genetic architecture of traits with complex inheritance. These traits are governed by the interplay between genes, epigenetic factors, and the environment. Under this scenario, complex traits are likely modulated by multiple genes (and possibly multiple genetic variants within a gene), which are individually neither necessary nor sufficient. Thus, reproducibly identifying genetic variants that impact these traits has been a daunting task. In cardiovascular genetics, this has been further complicated by the multitude of different outcomes assessed, often using slightly different definitions of the phenotype in question. Genetic studies of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are largely dichotomized into studies of genes that influence CVD risk factors, such as lipids and blood pressure and studies that focus on clinical outcomes. This chapter focuses on three specific CVD events [myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and sudden cardiac death (SCD)], with the idea that genetic variants that directly impact clinical outcomes would not necessarily be identified through studies of CVD risk factors and are likely to have the most direct clinical relevance, allowing for more accurate risk stratification. This is particularly important in SCD, where twothird of victims do not have CVD risk profiles that would warrant intervention undercurrent guidelines. These results are summarized in Table 11–1.