bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE USE OF GATED RADIONUCLIDE VENTRICULOGRAPHY AS A NONINVASIVE METHOD OF EVALUATING RIGHT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION IN DOGS WITH EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
Authors: Arrington Kathy , Bright Janice M. , Daniel Gregory B. 
Published: May 2005

Gated radionuclide ventriculography was evaluated as a noninvasive method of quantifying right ventricular function in dogs with experimentally induced congestive heart failure. Gated radionuclide ventriculography measurements of right ventricular function (right ventricular ejection fraction, right ventricular average emptying rate, and right ventricular average filling rate) were related to standard hemodynamic and echocardiographic measurements. Congestive heart failure was induced by rapid ventricular pacing in eight normal dogs. Hemodynamic, echocardiographic, and gated radionuclide ventriculography measurements were obtained before and after development of biventricular failure. Congestive heart failure resulted in significant changes in all hemodynamic, echocardiographic, and gated radionuclide ventriculography measurements with the exception of systemic arterial pressure. Right ventricular ejection fraction was inversely related to pulmonary artery systolic, diastolic, and mean pressure, and right ventricular average emptying rate was inversely related to the pulmonary artery systolic, diastolic, and mean pressure. Right ventricular ejection fraction was inversely related to left ventricular filling pressure, (pulmonary capillary wedge pressure). Neither the echocardiographic measurements of right ventricular size (right ventricular internal diastolic dimension) nor the right ventricular end‐diastolic pressure were related to right ventricular ejection fraction and right ventricular average emptying rate. However, echocardiographic measurements of right ventricular dimension were related to right ventricular filling pressure.The gated radionuclide ventriculography indexes of right ventricular function, right ventricular ejection fraction and right ventricular average emptying rate, are affected by afterload but unaffected by preload, whereas the echocardiographic measurement of right ventricular dimension is related to preload. Gated radionuclide ventriculography provides right ventricular data which is unique from that obtained by standard echocardiographic imaging. Also, gated radionuclide ventriculography has potential value as a noninvasive means of estimating a change in pulmonary artery pressure.
ECHOLARYNGOGRAPHY IN CATS
Authors: Rudorf Heike , Barr Frances 
Published: May 2005

Twenty‐five cats with clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease and five cats without upper respiratory signs underwent echolaryngography. Direct inspection of the larynx under general anesthesia was undertaken in all cats and used as the ‘gold standard’ for the diagnosis of laryngeal diseases. The aims were to: (a) establish which anatomic structures of the larynx are visible ultrasonographically in cats without upper respiratory tract disease, (b) establish which laryngeal abnormalities can be detected and accurately localised using ultrasonography and (c) evaluate in which conditions the technique may provide complementary information or an alternative method of investigation.The ultrasound investigation accurately indicated the presence and location of cysts and masses. Abnormal laryngeal movements were also detected, although it was difficult to confirm whether these were unilateral or bilateral. Vocal cord thickening was seen but the underlying cause could not be established with this technique.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF METALLIC CLIP CAROTID ANASTOMOSIS IN SHEEP
Authors: Lima Marco A. , Calles Carmen , Lima Juan R. , Martin Maria F. , Crisostomo Veronica , Hernandez Francisco J. , Barrera Rafael , Uson Jesus 
Published: May 2005

The aim of this study was to use ultrasonography to assess an experimental carotid arteriotomy followed by end‐to‐end anastomosis in the lamb. Animals were subjected to an experimental surgical procedure consisting of a right carotid artery arteriotomy and subsequent end‐to‐end anastomosis with nonpenetrating metallic clips. Left side arteries were used as control. Duplex ultrasonography was performed postoperatively to assess the evolution of the experimental anastomosis. Measurements were made on the right carotid to assess blood flow, peak systolic velocity, and end diastolic velocity, as well as arterial diameter. Animals were periodically checked during the six‐month postoperative period. Operated vessels appeared normal during follow up, with pulsatile movements and size similar to non operated carotid arteries. A hyperechoic band, perpendicular to the vessel main axis, was seen on the longitudinal image in operated arteries, but not in the control group. This band corresponded to the anastomosis area, where the clips were positioned. No image suggestive of thrombosis was observed in any operated artery, and blood flow was maintained through the experiment. Finally, a decrease of vessel lumen diameter was evidenced at the level of the anastomosis during the first 30 postoperative days, but it was not present after the 90th postsurgical day.Duplex ultrasonography is a useful imaging technique for the assessment of anatomical details, acoustical properties of the vascular lumen, and study of the intimal surface and vessel wall in growing arteries subjected to surgery. Metallic clips as suturing technique in arterial anastomosis allow for normal vascular growth, as shown by the evolution of flow velocity and vessel diameter.
Structural control of strontium concentrations in stream sediments: an example from major fault zones in central Norway
Authors: Sæther O.M. , Roberts D. , Reimann C. 
Published: May 2005

A distinct linear Sr anomaly traceable over a distance of >120 km in central Norway can be linked directly to the ENE–WSW-trending Møre-Trøndelag Fault Complex. Another less prominent linear anomaly is associated with a major extensional detachment fault. Although the Sr values are not unusually high, those above the 90th percentile define a distinct subpopulation indicative of the effects of a secondary process. This is considered to relate to accessory and secondary mineral phases that precipated in dense vein networks (calcite, zeolites, epidote) within the hydrothermally and metasomatically altered cataclasites and breccias of this major, multiply reactivated, fault complex.
Along and adjacent to the Møre-Trøndelag Fault Complex and the detachment fault, a likely primary source of the enhanced Sr concentrations is that of Ordovician, calc-alkaline granitoid plutons with up to 1400 mg/kg Sr. In one area along the fault complex, an extensively exposed Ordovician limestone with high Sr contents (up to 950 mg/kg) may represent a second primary source. In a third area, Vikna, a more diffuse positive Sr anomaly may relate to the widespread occurrence of shell-rich marine deposits, but this area is also intensely faulted. Thus, although there are three likely primary sources for the Sr anomalies, the single unifying feature and underlying cause of the exceptional anomaly linearity has to be the intensely hydrothermally altered, multiply deformed, Møre-Trøndelag Fault Complex with its dense network of mineral veins and, to a slightly lesser extent, the major, extensional detachment fault. These observations stress the overall significance of structural control in defining these unusually prominent Sr anomalies.
Symptomatic relief precedes improvement of myocardial blood flow in patients under spinal cord stimulation
Authors: Diedrichs Holger , Zobel Carsten , Theissen Peter , Weber Michael , Koulousakis Athanassios , Schicha Harald , Schwinger Robert HG 
Published: May 2005

Abstract

Background
Spinal cord electrical stimulation (SCS) has shown to be a treatment option for patients suffering from angina pectoris CCS III-IV although being on optimal medication and not suitable for conventional treatment strategies, e.g. CABG or PTCA. Although many studies demonstrated a clear symptomatic relief under SCS therapy, there are only a few short-term studies that investigated alterations in cardiac ischemia. Therefore doubts remain whether SCS has a direct effect on myocardial perfusion.

Methods
A prospective study to investigate the short- and long-term effect of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) on myocardial ischemia in patients with refractory angina pectoris and coronary multivessel disease was designed. Myocardial ischemia was measured by MIBI-SPECT scintigraphy 3 months and 12 months after the beginning of neurostimulation. To further examine the relation between cardiac perfusion and functional status of the patients we measured exercise capacity (bicycle ergometry and 6-minute walk test), symptoms and quality of life (Seattle Angina Questionnaire [SAQ]), as well.

Results
31 patients (65 ± 11 SEM years; 25 male, 6 female) were included into the study. The average consumption of short acting nitrates (SAN) decreased rapidly from 12 ± 1.6 times to 3 ± 1 times per week. The walking distance and the maximum workload increased from 143 ± 22 to 225 ± 24 meters and 68 ± 7 to 96 ± 12 watt after 3 months. Quality of life increased (SAQ) significantly after 3 month compared to baseline, as well. No further improvement was observed after one year of treament. Despite the symptomatic relief and the improvement in maximal workload computer based analysis (Emory Cardiac Toolbox) of the MIBI-SPECT studies after 3 months of treatment did not show significant alterations of myocardial ischemia compared to baseline (16 patients idem, 7 with increase and 6 with decrease of ischemia, 2 patients dropped out during initial test phase). Interestingly, in the long-term follow up after one year 16 patients (of 27 who completed the one year follow up) showed a clear decrease of myocardial ischemia and only one patient still had an increase of ischemia compared to baseline.

Conclusion
Thus, spinal cord stimulation not only relieves symptoms, but reduces myocardial ischemia as well. However, since improvement in symptoms and exercise capacity starts much earlier, decreased myocardial ischemia might not be a direct effect of neurostimulation but rather be due to a better coronary collateralisation because of an enhanced physical activity of the patients.
SuperLigands – a database of ligand structures derived from the Protein Data Bank
Authors: Michalsky Elke , Dunkel Mathias , Goede Andrean , Preissner Robert 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Background
Currently, the PDB contains approximately 29,000 protein structures comprising over 70,000 experimentally determined three-dimensional structures of over 5,000 different low molecular weight compounds. Information about these PDB ligands can be very helpful in the field of molecular modelling and prediction, particularly for the prediction of protein binding sites and function.

Description
Here we present an Internet accessible database delivering PDB ligands in the MDL Mol file format which, in contrast to the PDB format, includes information about bond types. Structural similarity of the compounds can be detected by calculation of Tanimoto coefficients and by three-dimensional superposition. Topological similarity of PDB ligands to known drugs can be assessed via Tanimoto coefficients.

Conclusion
SuperLigands supplements the set of existing resources of information about small molecules bound to PDB structures. Allowing for three-dimensional comparison of the compounds as a novel feature, this database represents a valuable means of analysis and prediction in the field of biological and medical research.
Localization of plasma membrane t-SNAREs syntaxin 2 and 3 in intracellular compartments
Authors: Band Arja M , Kuismanen Esa 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Background
Membrane fusion requires the formation of a complex between a vesicle protein (v-SNARE) and the target membrane proteins (t-SNAREs). Syntaxin 2 and 3 are t-SNAREs that, according to previous over-expression studies, are predominantly localized at the plasma membrane. In the present study we investigated localization of the endogenous syntaxin 2 and 3.

Results
Endogenous syntaxin 2 and 3 were found in NRK cells in intracellular vesicular structures in addition to regions of the plasma membrane. Treatment of these cells with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), which is known to inactivate membrane fusion, caused syntaxin 3 to accumulate in the trans-Golgi network and syntaxin 2 in perinuclear membrane vesicles. Kinetic analysis in the presence of NEM indicated that this redistribution of syntaxin 2 and 3 takes place via actin containing structures.

Conclusion
Our data suggest that syntaxin 2 cycles between the plasma membrane and the perinuclear compartment whereas syntaxin 3 cycles between the plasma membrane and the trans-Golgi network. It is possible that this cycling has an important role in the regulation of t-SNARE function.
Estimating haplotype frequencies in pooled DNA samples when there is genotyping error
Authors: Quade Shannon RE , Elston Robert C , Goddard Katrina AB 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Background
Maximum likelihood estimates of haplotype frequencies can be obtained from pooled DNA using the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. Through simulation, we investigate the effect of genotyping error on the accuracy of haplotype frequency estimates obtained using this algorithm. We explore model parameters including allele frequency, inter-marker linkage disequilibrium (LD), genotyping error rate, and pool size.

Results
Pool sizes of 2, 5, and 10 individuals achieved comparable levels of accuracy in the estimation procedure. Common marker allele frequencies and no inter-marker LD result in less accurate estimates. This pattern is observed regardless of the amount of genotyping error simulated.

Conclusion
Genotyping error slightly decreases the accuracy of haplotype frequency estimates. However, the EM algorithm performs well even in the presence of genotyping error. Overall, pools of 2, 5, and 10 individuals yield similar accuracy of the haplotype frequency estimates, while reducing costs due to genotyping.
Linkage mapping bovine EST-based SNP
Authors: Snelling Warren M , Casas Eduardo , Stone Roger T , Keele John W , Harhay Gregory P , Bennett Gary L , Smith Timothy PL 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Background
Existing linkage maps of the bovine genome primarily contain anonymous microsatellite markers. These maps have proved valuable for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) to broad regions of the genome, but more closely spaced markers are needed to fine-map QTL, and markers associated with genes and annotated sequence are needed to identify genes and sequence variation that may explain QTL.

Results
Bovine expressed sequence tag (EST) and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)sequence data were used to develop 918 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to map genes on the bovine linkage map. DNA of sires from the MARC reference population was used to detect SNPs, and progeny and mates of heterozygous sires were genotyped. Chromosome assignments for 861 SNPs were determined by twopoint analysis, and positions for 735 SNPs were established by multipoint analyses. Linkage maps of bovine autosomes with these SNPs represent 4585 markers in 2475 positions spanning 3058 cM . Markers include 3612 microsatellites, 913 SNPs and 60 other markers. Mean separation between marker positions is 1.2 cM. New SNP markers appear in 511 positions, with mean separation of 4.7 cM. Multi-allelic markers, mostly microsatellites, had a mean (maximum) of 216 (366) informative meioses, and a mean 3-lod confidence interval of 3.6 cM Bi-allelic markers, including SNP and other marker types, had a mean (maximum) of 55 (191) informative meioses, and were placed within a mean 8.5 cM 3-lod confidence interval. Homologous human sequences were identified for 1159 markers, including 582 newly developed and mapped SNP.

Conclusion
Addition of these EST- and BAC-based SNPs to the bovine linkage map not only increases marker density, but provides connections to gene-rich physical maps, including annotated human sequence. The map provides a resource for fine-mapping quantitative trait loci and identification of positional candidate genes, and can be integrated with other data to guide and refine assembly of bovine genome sequence. Even after the bovine genome is completely sequenced, the map will continue to be a useful tool to link observable phenotypes and animal genotypes to underlying genes and molecular mechanisms influencing economically important beef and dairy traits.
Fungal-specific PCR primers developed for analysis of the ITS region of environmental DNA extracts
Authors: Martin Kendall J , Rygiewicz Paul T 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Background
The Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions of fungal ribosomal DNA (rDNA) are highly variable sequences of great importance in distinguishing fungal species by PCR analysis. Previously published PCR primers available for amplifying these sequences from environmental samples provide varying degrees of success at discriminating against plant DNA while maintaining a broad range of compatibility. Typically, it has been necessary to use multiple primer sets to accommodate the range of fungi under study, potentially creating artificial distinctions for fungal sequences that amplify with more than one primer set.

Results
Numerous sequences for PCR primers were tested to develop PCR assays with a wide range of fungal compatibility and high discrimination from plant DNA. A nested set of 4 primers was developed that reflected these criteria and performed well amplifying ITS regions of fungal rDNA. Primers in the 5.8S sequence were also developed that would permit separate amplifications of ITS1 and ITS2. A range of basidiomycete fruiting bodies and ascomycete cultures were analyzed with the nested set of primers and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) fingerprinting to demonstrate the specificity of the assay. Single ectomycorrhizal root tips were similarly analyzed. These primers have also been successfully applied to Quantitative PCR (QPCR), Length Heterogeneity PCR (LH-PCR) and Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) analyses of fungi. A set of wide-range plant-specific primers were developed at positions corresponding to one pair of the fungal primers. These were used to verify that the host plant DNA was not being amplified with the fungal primers.

Conclusion
These plant primers have been successfully applied to PCR-RFLP analyses of forest plant tissues from above- and below-ground samples and work well at distinguishing a selection of plants to the species level. The complete set of primers was developed with an emphasis on discrimination between plant and fungal sequences and should be particularly useful for studies of fungi where samples also contain high levels of background plant DNA, such as verifying ectomycorrhizal morphotypes or characterizing phylosphere communities.
Foot pressure distribution during walking in young and old adults
Authors: Hessert Mary Josephine , Vyas Mitul , Leach Jason , Hu Kun , Lipsitz Lewis A , Novak Vera 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Background
Measurement of foot pressure distribution (FPD) is clinically useful for evaluation of foot and gait pathologies. The effects of healthy aging on FPD during walking are not well known. This study evaluated FPD during normal walking in healthy young and elderly subjects.

Methods
We studied 9 young (30 ± 5.2 years), and 6 elderly subjects (68.7 ± 4.8 years). FPD was measured during normal walking speed using shoe insoles with 99 capacitive sensors. Measured parameters included gait phase characteristics, mean and maximum pressure and force, and relative load.
Time-series measurements of each variable for all sensors were grouped into 9 anatomical masks.

Results
Elderly subjects had lower normalized maximum pressure for the medial and lateral calcaneal masks, and for all medial masks combined. In the medial calcaneus mask, the elderly group also had a lower absolute maximum and lower mean and normalized mean pressures and forces, compared to young subjects. Elderly subjects had lower maximum force and normalized maximum force and lower mean force and normalized mean forces in the medial masks as well.

Conclusion
FPD differences between the young and elderly groups were confined to the calcaneus and hallux regions and to the medial side of the foot. In elderly subjects, weight bearing on the lateral side of the foot during heel touch and toe-off phases may affect stability during walking.
Fatal meningitis in a previously healthy young adult caused by Streptococcus pneumoniaeserotype 38: an emerging serotype?
Authors: Baker Carolyn I , Barrozo Christopher P , Ryan Margaret AK , Pearse Lisa A , Russell Kevin L 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Background
In December 2001, a fatal case of pneumococcal meningitis in a Marine Corps recruit was identified. As pneumococcal vaccine usage in recruit populations is being considered, an investigation was initiated into the causative serotype.

Case presentation
Traditional and molecular methods were utilized to determine the serotype of the infecting pneumococcus. The pneumococcal isolate was identified as serotype 38 (PS38), a serotype not covered by current vaccine formulations. The global significance of this serotype was explored in the medical literature, and found to be a rare but recognized cause of carriage and invasive disease.

Conclusion
The potential of PS38 to cause severe disease is documented in this report. Current literature does not support the hypothesis that this serotype is increasing in incidence. However, as we monitor the changing epidemiology of pneumococcal illness in the US in this conjugate era, PS38 might find a more prominent and concerning niche as a replacement serotype.
Epidemiology of episodic adenolymphangitis: a longitudinal prospective surveillance among a rural community endemic for bancroftian filariasis in coastal Orissa, India
Authors: Babu Bontha V , Nayak Abhay N , Dhal Kalpataru 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Background
The epidemiological knowledge on acute condition of lymphatic filariasis is essential to understand the burden and issues on management of the disease.

Methods
A one year long longitudinal prospective surveillance of acute adenolymphangitis (ADL) was carried out in rural population of Orissa, India.

Results
The annual incidence of ADL per 1000 individuals is 85.0, and is slightly higher (P > 0.05) in male (92.0) than in female (77.6). A steady rise in the incidence of ADL episodes along with the age is recorded. The distribution indicates that persons with chronic disease are more prone to ADL attacks. The average number of episodes per year is 1.57 (1.15 SD) per affected person, and is gender dependent. Duration of the episode varies from 1 to 11 days with mean duration of 3.93 (1.94 SD) days. The chronic disease is the significant predictor for the duration of the episode. The data show that fever and swelling at inguinal regions are most common symptoms.

Conclusion
The incidence, frequency and duration of ADL episodes in this community are similar to that of other endemic areas. As the loss due to these ADL episodes is substantial, it should be considered while further estimating the burden due to lymphatic filariasis. The disability and loss caused by chronic forms of filariasis is higher, and the additional incapacity caused by the ADL episode, majority of which occur among chronic filariasis patients, further poses the burden on individuals and their families. Hence, morbidity management measures to prevent ADL episodes among endemic communities are to be implemented.