bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in the intestinal mucosal cell populations of German Shepherd Dogs fed diets containing different protein sources
Authors: Edwards J. F. , Fossum T. W. , Willard M. D. , Cohen N. D. , Patterson William B. , Carey D. P. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Sixteen German Shepherd Dogs from 4 litters were IgA-deficient on the basis of at least 1 of 2 serum IgA determinations, and all had small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, as documented by quantitated small intestinal bacterial culture in another study. These dogs were fed 2 diets that differed principally in their protein source (chicken vs beef, milk, and wheat). All dogs were fed each diet for 2 weeks before the study began. Next, all dogs were fed the chicken-based diet for 2 months. Then, half the dogs (group 1) were randomly assigned to continue eating the chicken-based diet, while the other half (group 2) ate a diet containing beef, milk, and wheat proteins. The small intestine was biopsied at the beginning of the study and after dogs had eaten the assigned diet for 2 and 4 months. At 2 months, group-2 dogs had more colonic mucosal mast cells, but this difference did not persist at 4 months. At the end of the study (ie, 4 months), although all dogs were clinically normal, group-2 dogs had significantly (P = 0.010) decreased numbers of jejunal villus plasma cells. However, these histologic changes were not considered clinically important. There were no significant differences in blood eosinophil counts, serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity, or cobalamin, folate, or IgA concentration. Clinical differences were not detected between the 2 groups, before or after the study. Changes were seen in serum IgM and IgG concentrations. Although results of this study suggest that dietary protein may influence intestinal mucosal cell populations, there was no evidence that the protein sources in these 2 diets caused intestinal disease in these dogs under the conditions of this study.
Bioequivalency comparison between two gonadotropin-releasing hormone products
Authors: Stevens R. D. , Seguin B. E. , Hegstad R. L. , Keefe T. J. , Schultz R. H. , Kennedy T. J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The bioequivalency of 2 gondatropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) preparations, gonadorelin diacetate tetrahydrate and gonadorelin semicarbonate, was compared on the basis of luteinizing hormone (lh)-releasing ability of the 2 products in diestrous dairy cows. Twenty-four cycling, nonlactating Holstein cows were subjected to a double prostaglandin estrus synchronization treatment to simultaneously control stage of the estrous cycle and time factors as potential variables effecting lh responses to the treatments being studied. Circulating progesterone concentration was determined to verify stage of cycle at strategic times throughout the study. Twelve days after the second prostaglandin treatment, all cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups (n = 12). Each group of 12 cows received single doses (100 μg) of either GnRH preparation at the start of each test period in a 2-period crossover design. Serum samples were obtained prior to and at 12 times (10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 360, 480, and 1,440 minutes) after treatment and were assayed to determine circulating lh concentration. Significant difference between the 2 GnRH products was not found with respect to: mean concentration of lh in the blood during the 24 hours after treatment; maximal lh concentration; time from treatment to maximal lh concentration; and area under the lh concentration curve from time 0 through each of 7 times after treatment (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours). These data confirm the bioequivalency of the 2 GnRH products.
Effects of three occlusive dressing materials on healing of full-thickness skin wounds in dogs
Authors: Ramsey David T. , Pope Eric R. , Wagner-Mann Colette , Berg John N. , Swaim Steven F. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The effects of 3 occlusive dressing materials and a standard, nonadherent dressing material on healing of full-thickness skin defects were evaluated in dogs. Two wounds measuring 2 × 2 cm were created bilaterally (4 wounds/dog) on the dorsolateral aspect of the trunk of 12 Beagles. Wound treatments were evenly distributed between 4 sites, using a Latin square design. Treatments evaluated were: equine amnion (group A), biosynthetic hydrogel dressing (group B), transparent polyethylene sheeting (group T), and a semiocclusive rayon/polyethylene, nonadherent dressing (group C). Rates of contraction and epithelialization of group-A wounds were significantly greater than those of wounds of groups C, B, and T. On days 14, 21, and 28, mean percentage of wound contraction and mean percentage of total wound healed in group A exceeded those wounds in groups C, B, and T. On day 28, wounds in group A were significantly smaller than wounds in groups B and T, but were not significantly smaller than wounds in group C. All wounds in group A achieved 100% healing during the 28-day study period. Mean time for complete healing of group-A wounds was 21 days. The percentages of wounds completely healed by day 28 for groups B, C, and T were 25, 67, and 25%, respectively. Results indicate that use of equine amnion as an occlusive biological dressing on full-thickness wounds in dogs increases rate of healing.
Comparison of estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in normal and tumor mammary tissues from dogs
Authors: Donnay Isabelle , Rauïs Jacques , Devleeschouwer Nicole , Wouters-Ballman Patricia , Leclercq Guy , Verstegen John 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Concentrations of estrogen (er) and progesterone (pr) receptors were measured by radioreceptor assay in tumor (n = 319) and normal (n = 166) mammary tissue from 248 bitches. Correlations between er and pr and between receptor expression in tumor and normal mammary tissue from the same bitches were evaluated. The influence of tumor, clinical, or hormonal variables on receptor expression also was studied. Approximately 80% of tumor and 95% of normal mammary tissue expressed detectable concentrations of er, pr, or both. Direct correlation was found between er and pr concentrations in normal and tumor tissues. Median er concentrations were significantly higher (46 ± 47 fmol/mg of cytosolic protein vs 27 ± 24 fmol/mg of cytosolic protein; P = 0.0002) in normal than in tumor tissue. On the other hand, pr concentrations were significantly higher (57 ± 52 fmol/mg vs 77 ± 99 fmol/mg; P = 0.03) in tumors (especially benign tumors) than in normal tissue. Poorly differentiated malignant tumors expressed lower concentrations of receptors than did benign or well differentiated malignant tumors. The er and pr concentrations decreased with increasing size of the lesion. Hormonal status of the bitch significantly (P < 0.05) influenced receptor expression in normal tissue: bitches in the luteal phase of the estrous cycle had higher concentrations of er (69 ± 62 fmol/mg) than did ovariectomized bitches (24 ± 19 fmol/mg) or bitches in anestrus (38 ± 45 fmol/mg) or the follicular phase (13 ± 7 fmol/mg). For pr, higher concentrations were observed in normal tissue during anestrus than during pseudopregnancy or in bitches treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate. Similar, but nonsignificant, variations were seen in tumor tissue except in medroxyprogesterone acetate-treated bitches in which pr concentrations were high in tumors and low in normal tissue from the same bitches. Significant relation between age, hormonal history, number or location of lesions, and receptor expression was not observed. However, significantly (P < 0.05) lower receptor concentrations were found in the normal tissue from the 3 cranial pairs of mammary glands (er, 37 ± 45; pr, 43 ± 30 fmol/mg) than from the 2 caudal pairs (er, 51 ± 50; pr, 62 ± 53 fmol/mg). A direct correlation was found for both receptor concentrations between normal tissue adjacent to and distant from the lesions and between normal tissue adjacent to the lesion and the corresponding tumor. In comparison with that in normal tissue, the general mechanism of modulation of receptor expression seems not to be modified in benign lesions and well differentiated malignant tumors. However, hormonal sensitivity is lost in dedifferentiated tumors.
Ultrasonographic cross-sectional area and mean echogenicity of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons in 50 trained Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Gillis Carol , Meagher Dennis M. , Cloninger Ashton , Locatelli Lynn , Willits Neil 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Fifty Thoroughbred horses were examined. All horses had been in race training for a minimum of 4 months before examination and had worked at racing speed; 24 horses had raced. All horses were clinically sound at the time of examination. Ultrasonography was performed, using a 7.5-MHz transducer with built-in fluid offset. Videotaped images of the palmar soft tissue structures were obtained at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 cm distal to the base of the accessory carpal bone (dacb). Images were digitized, and each image was calibrated. Values for cross-sectional area (csa) and mean echogenicity (me) were then determined from the cross-sectional images of the superficial digital flexor (sdf) and the deep digital flexor (ddf) tendons, using an image-analysis program.
The sdf tendons were compared between right and left forelimbs at each level, and from proximad to distad on each limb, as were the ddf tendons. The relation between the sdf and ddf tendons for the same forelimb was determined at each level. There were no significant differences in csa or me at equivalent levels of the left and right sdf tendons. Mean (± sd) csa was 1.01 (± 0.12) cm2 at 4 cm dacb, 0.95 (± 0.14) cm2 at 12 cm dacb, and 1.12 (± 0.15) cm2 at 24 cm dacb. Adjusted me was 2.34 (± 0.34) at 4 cm dacb, 2.03 (± 0.38) at 12 cm dacb, and 2.04 (± 0.35) at 24 cm dacb.
The left and right ddf tendons did not have significant differences in csa or me at any level. Cross-sectional area was 1.13 (± 0.18) cm2 at 4 cm dacb, 1.01 (± 0.12) cm2 at 12 cm dacb, and 1.75 (± 0.29) cm2 at 24 cm dacb. Adjusted me was 2.60 (± 0.46) at 4 cm dacb, 2.49 (± 0.49) at 12 cm dacb, and 2.50 (± 0.44) at 24 cm dacb.
At all levels, the left and right sdf tendons were smaller and less echoic than the ddf tendons of the same limb. The sdf and ddf tendons had an hourglass shape, with smallest csa at 12 cm dacb. Mean echogenicity generally decreased for the sdf and ddf tendons from proximad to distad on the limb.
These results indicate that for clinically normal trained Thoroughbred racehorses, there should be no significant difference in csa or echogenicity between the left and right sdf tendons at equivalent distances dacb. There should be no significant differences in the left and right ddf tendons at equivalent levels dacb. The sdf tendon is usually smaller and less echoic than the corresponding ddf tendon at each level.
Passive protection of calves with Pasteurella haemolytica antiserum
Authors: Mosier Derek A. , Simons K. René , Vestweber Jerome G. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Four colostrum-deprived calves each were immunized passively with antisera to whole Pasteurella haemolytica, leukotoxin-containing supernatants of P haemolytica, P haemolytica lipopolysaccharide, or newborn calf serum. Calves were challenge exposed intrabronchially with 5 × 109 P haemolytica, and 24 hours later, the resulting lesions were evaluated. The greatest protection against challenge exposure was provided by the antiserum to whole P haemolytica (lesion score = 6.3), whereas newborn calf serum provided the least protection (lesion score = 28.3). Calves that received antiserum to P haemolytica supernatants were moderately protected (lesion score = 16.3), and the antiserum to lipopolysaccharide provided minimal protection (lesion score = 21.8). Antibodies that were unique to whole P haemolytica antiserum and produced dense bands on immunoblots were detected to antigens at 66, 50, and 30 kd. Antibodies in the supernatant preparation that produced prominent bands reacted to antigens between 100 and 90 kd. Collectively, antibodies to these antigens may be responsible for enhancing resistance to experimentally induced pneumonic pasteurellosis. Antibodies to antigens in P haemolytica lipopolysaccharide provided little to no protection.
Effect of maturation and aging on material and ultrasonographic properties of equine superficial digital flexor tendon
Authors: Gillis Carol , Sharkey Neil , Stover Susan M. , Pool Roy R. , Meagher Dennis M. , Willits Neil 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Results of studies in human beings and other species have indicated that aging significantly influences the strength, modulus of elasticity, and energy storage ability of tendon. We wanted to determine the effects of aging on the material and ultrasonographic properties of equine superficial digital flexor (sdf) tendon. Ultrasonographic measurements of left forelimb sdf tendon cross-sectional area and mean echogenicity were made in 23 standing horses ranging in age from 2 to 23 years. All horses had not been in work for a minimum of 6 months prior to the study. After euthanasia, left forelimb bone-muscle-tendon-bone specimens were mounted in a materials testing system. The sdf tendon was cyclically loaded sinusoidally 100 times at 0.5 Hz from 1.5 to 5.0% strain, then was submitted to 10-minute creep-and-stress relaxation tests. Modulus of elasticity, load at 3% strain, and creep-and-stress relaxation were determined for each specimen. A significant positive correlation was found between elastic modulus and age. Correlation was not found between age and sdf tendon cross-sectional area or mean echogenicity. When 2-year-old horses were compared with older horses, the latter had tendons with a significantly (P = 0.007) greater modulus of elasticity. The authors conclude that increasing age through maturity is associated with a corresponding increase in equine sdf tendon elastic modulus.
Identity and interactions of rumen microbes associated with dietary sulfate-induced polioencephalomalacia in cattle
Authors: Cummings B. A. , Caldwell D. R. , Gould D. H. , Hamar D. W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
To study their role in sulfate reduction, anaerobic bacteria were cultured from rumen fluid samples of cattle fed high-carbohydrate, short-fiber diets with and without added sulfate. The steers fed the diet with added sulfate developed polioencephalomalacia. Microbiological methods included colony-type profiles, molybdate sensitivity, presence of desulfoviridin, sulfate reduction rates of pure and mixed cultures, and incubation time effects on sulfate reduction. Colony-type profiles indicated decreased diversity, but no relative change in numbers of sulfate-reducing bacteria in rumen fluid from cattle fed diets with and without added sulfate. Thirteen bacterial isolates were selected for further study on the basis of colony type, sulfate-reducing activity, and growth in lactate, sulfate, and yeast extract media. Seven of the isolates had Desulfovibrio-like characteristics (ie, they were gram-negative, motile rods that reduced sulfate, were inhibited by molybdate, and contained the pigment desulfoviridin). The remaining 6 isolates were gram-negative, nonmotile rods. Four of these released sulfide from cysteine, and 2 generated only limited amounts of sulfide from sulfate or cysteine. The 7 sulfate-reducing isolates generated sulfide in rumen fluid broth medium at greater rates than those observed in fresh rumen fluid. Sulfate reduction could be sustained in cultures for prolonged incubation times if the gas phase containing hydrogen sulfide was replaced at frequent intervals. Variations in the amount of sulfate reduced by the pure cultures were most pronounced at short incubation times. Sulfate reduction was not inhibited in mixed cultures of sulfate-reducing and nonsulfate-reducing bacteria.
Ultrastructure of selected struvite-containing urinary calculi from cats
Authors: Neumann Rebecca D. , Ruby Annette L. , Ling Gerald V. , Schiffman Peter S. , Johnson Deedra L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To elucidate the ultrastructural details of struvite-containing urinary calculi from cats.

Design
Specimens studied were inclusive of the range of textures visible during preliminary analysis by use of a stereoscopic dissecting microscope. Textural types, which were used to infer crystal growth conditions, were differentiated with regard to crystal habit, crystal size, growth orientation, and primary porosity.

Sample Population
Thirty specimens were selected from a collection of approximately 1,600 feline urinary calculi: 20 of these were composed entirely of struvite, and 10 consisted of struvite and calcium phosphate (apatite).

Procedure
Qualitative and quantitative analyses of specimens included use of plain and polarized light microscopy, x-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy with backscattered electron imagery, x-ray fluorescence scans, and electron probe microanalysis.

Results
Four textural types were recognized among struvite calculi, whereas 2 textural types of struvite-apatite calculi were described.

Conclusions
The presence of minute, well interconnected primary pores in struvite-containing urinary calculi from cats is an important feature, which may promote possible interaction of calculi with changes in urine composition.

Clinical Relevance
Primary porosity, which can facilitate interaction between the calculus and changing urine composition, may explain the efficacy of dietary or medicinal manipulations to promote the dissolution of struvite-containing uroliths from this species. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:12–24)
Clinical field trials with tilmicosin phosphate in feed for the control of naturally acquired pneumonia caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida in swine
Authors: Moore Gregory M. , Basson Rodney P. , Tonkinson Lealon V. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine and evaluate the efficacy of the dose range of tilmicosin phosphate fed to pigs for control of pneumonia attributable to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae during episodes of clinical disease in commercial herds.

Design
12 trials were run in 9 geographic locations in herds with a history of pneumonia caused by A pleuropneumoniae.

Animals
Clinically normal male and female pigs of various body weights.

Procedure
Two doses of tilmicosin phosphate (200 and 400 µg/g) and a 0 dose were administered in the feed for 21 days. Variables for determining efficacy were daily independent composite clinical impression score, individual pig weight, mortality, percentage of pneumonic involvement, and frequency of isolation of bacterial pathogens.

Results
Medicated pigs had significantly lower mortality attributed to pneumonia than did nonmedicated pigs. In trials with confirmed pneumonia caused by A pleuropneumoniae or Pasteurella multocida, weight gain, feed conversion, and clinical impression scores were significantly improved in the pigs receiving 200 or 400 µg/g of tilmicosin, compared with nonmedicated pigs.

Conclusions
The clinical field trials reported here confirm that tilmicosin in the feed at 200 µg/g is effective for control of swine pneumonia attributable to A pleuropneumoniae or P multocida.

Clinical Relevance
Under the moderate natural challenge conditions encountered, tilmicosin at 400 µg/g was not different from tilmicosin at 200 µg/g.
Serum neutralizing antibody response and protection against experimentally induced liver abscesses in steers vaccinated with Fusobacterium necrophorum
Authors: Saginala S. , Nagaraja T. G. , Tan Z. L. , Lechtenberg K. F. , Chengappa M. M. , Kemp K. E. , Hine P. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the efficacy of leukotoxin-based Fusobacterium necrophorum vaccines and dietary tylosin in providing protection against experimentally induced hepatic abscesses in steers.

Design
30 steers assigned randomly to 6 treatment groups of 5 steers each: 1, phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBSS; control); 2, PBSS control, fed tylosin (100 mg/steer) daily; 3, inactivated whole-cell culture with oil emulsion adjuvant; 4, culture supernatant (crude toxoid) with oil emulsion adjuvant; 5, semipurified leukotoxoid with oil emulsion adjuvant; and 6, semipurified leukotoxoid with saponin adjuvant.

Procedure
Steers were inoculated SC with emulsified antigen or PBSS on days 0 and 21. Blood samples were collected at weekly intervals to monitor serum antileukotoxin antibody titer. On day 42, all steers were challenge exposed intraportally with F necrophorum culture. Three weeks later (day 63), steers were euthanatized and necropsied to examine liver and assess protection.

Results
Antileukotoxin antibody titers of all vaccinated groups markedly increased from baseline values, and mean titers of vaccinated groups were higher than those of the control and tylosin-treated groups. Steers vaccinated with culture supernatant with oil emulsion adjuvant or semipurified leukotoxoid with saponin adjuvant had the highest mean antibody titers. All 5 steers in the control group developed liver abscesses. Tylosin feeding did not protect steers challenge exposed with F necrophorum intraportally.

Conclusions
Culture supernatant was more protective than whole-cell culture or semipurified leukotoxin against experimentally induced hepatic abscesses. Partial purification of leukotoxin appeared to reduce its protective immunity. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:483–488)
Effect of vaccination of ponies with A4 anti-idiotypic antibody on serum idiotype (1C9) and antilipid A concentration
Authors: BonenClark Greg D. , MacKay Robert J. , Ward Ronald E. , Sheerin Barbara 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the humoral response of horses to vaccination, using a murine monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody (A4) that shares an epitope with lipid A.

Design
Serum concentrations of antilipid A antibody and 1C9 (epitope on murine monoclonal antihpid A antibody) were measured serially during the period of vaccination with A4.

Animals
6 clinically normal adult ponies.

Procedure
Ponies were inoculated IM 3 times at monthly intervals with A4. Two weeks after each inoculation, serum was obtained and was assayed by ELISA for antilipid A and 1C9 concentrations. Additional vaccinations were given to 2 of the ponies after a several-month rest period.

Results
There was significant increase in 1C9 concentration (P<0.0001) during the period of vaccination and a trend toward increased antilipid A concentration. The latter effect was not significant (P= 0.055). Additional vaccinations produced further increase in serum 1C9 concentration; antihpid A concentration increased in one of these ponies but not the other. Maximal antihpid A concentration recorded in these ponies was approximately 6 times preimmune concentration and was comparable to that found in a commercial antiendotoxin antiserum. 1C9 also was detected in the commercial antiserum.

Conclusions
A4 anti-idiotype vaccination of horses is safe and may be effective in eliciting an antibody response against endotoxin. The finding of 1C9 in a commercial antiendotoxin antiserum indicates that this idiotype may be part of the normal polyclonal antibody response of horses to endotoxin.

Clinical Relevance
It may be possible to use anti-idiotypic antibody vaccination in horses to induce protection against the effects of endotoxin. (Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:655–658)