bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Justice and Employment: Moral Retribution as a Contra-subjugation Tendency
Authors: Folger Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The employment relationship has aspects amenable to notions about contracts (e.g. the mutual obligations of contracting parties), and this chapter on organizational justice and the employment relation reflects a contract-based perspective. In particular, fairness in honoring contracts extends beyond terms formally stipulated, touching upon implicit and assumed understandings as well.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is hard to imagine a world without Lux and Dove soap, Sunsilk shampoo, Impulse and Axe deodorants, Pond’s Cream, Mentadent toothpaste, Omo and Surf washing powders, Cif cleaners, Rama and Flora margarine, Iglo frozen foods, Lipton tea, and Ben & Jerry’s and Wall’s ice cream. It is almost as hard to imagine that they are produced by a single company. Yet this is the reality. These brands, which are familiar parts of the daily lives of tens of millions of people worldwide, are made and sold by Unilever, a unique global company whose origins lay in Britain and the Netherlands.
Heritage and Challenges
Authors: Jones Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unilever was an enormous business in the 1960s, and remained enormous three decades later, but its history was anything but static. The period was one of radical change, both for the company and its environment. These changes are often summed up using the word ‘globalization ‘, a vague concept interpreted by some as being a progressive force for economic progress and efficiency, and by others as a menacing and sinister threat. It was certainly not a new phenomenon. Accelerating flows of capital, trade, and people across borders had produced something akin to a ‘global economy ‘ before the First World War.
Rethinking Unilever, 1984–1990
Authors: Jones Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unilever embarked on a transformation in 1984. By 1990, although sales in constant prices were still much lower than in 1975, Unilever’s profits had increased rapidly. Its return on sales converged with its major international competitors, while its return on capital employed exceeded that of P & G for the first time since the 1960s. At the same time there was a remarkable surge in Unilever’s share price and market capitalization, which at times grew faster even than the market average and matched that of P & G.
Risk and Reward in Emerging Markets
Authors: Jones Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unilever was seen in a dynamic light in emerging markets. As rising incomes stimulated a growing demand for branded consumer products, Unilever benefited from its traditions of decentralization and flexibility to grow successful businesses. In country after country Unilever changed lifestyles by introducing new products and processes. It often served as a quasi-business school for managers, and recruited many of the brightest and best young people in each generation. A number of countries became fertile recruiting ground for Unilever’s most senior management, and emerging markets acquired a growing importance as a source of profit for Unilever.
Acquisitions and Divestments
Authors: Jones Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unilever pursued two alternative routes to expanding and enhancing the competitiveness of its business. It sought to grow organically through innovation and capital investment, and it bought—and sometimes sold— companies. From the late 1950s the pace of acquisition quickened, recalling the heady days after the First World War when Unilever’s predecessors had acquired numerous firms.1 Between 1965 and 1990 Unilever acquired around 540 companies, usually some ten to twenty each year until the mid-1980s, when the numbers increased to over fifty companies in some years. Unilever spent £6,600 million buying these companies, equivalent to 9,618 million in 1990 prices. In constant prices, the cost of acquisitions did not fluctuate greatly until the second half of the 1980s, when there was a huge surge in the amount of money spent on buying other firms.
Applicative Constructions
Authors: Peterson David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents the first systematic typological analysis of applicatives across African, American Indian, and East Asian languages. It is also the first to address their functions in discourse, the derivation of their semantic and syntactic properties, and how and why they have changed over time. Applicative constructions are typically described as transitivizing because they allow an intransitive base verb to have a direct object. The term originates from the seventeenth-century missionary grammars of Uto-Aztecan languages. Constructions designated as prepositional, benefactive, and instrumental may refer to the same or similar phenomena. Applicative constructions have been deployed in the development of a range of syntactic theories which have then often been used to explain their functions, usually within the context of Bantu languages. Dr Peterson provides a wealth of cross-linguistic information on discourse-functional, diachronic, and typological aspects of applicative constructions. He documents their unexpected synchronic variety and the diversity of diachronic sources about them. He argues that many standard assumptions about applicatives are unfounded, and provides a clear guide for future language-specific and cross-linguistic research and analysis.
Adjectives in Mam
Authors: England Nora C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mam is the third largest Mayan language, spoken by over 600,000 people in the north-west highlands of Guatemala, as well as by several small communities in Mexico and by refugees or immigrants in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. It belongs to the Mamean branch of the eastern division of the Mayan language family. All of the data presented here are from San Ildefonso Ixtahuac.in, Huehuetenango.
Adjectives in Lao
Authors: Enfield N J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been suggested that in every language one may establish, on morphosyntactic grounds, a class of adjectives, which will be ‘distinct from noun and verb’ (Ch. 1 of this volume). The two distinct claims made here should not be confused or confounded. The first is that a class of words can be found for which the term adjective is appropriate. The second is that this class will be independent from the noun and verb classes. Evidence from Lao (south-western Tai, Laos) shows that support for the first claim does not necessarily provide support for the second.
The Transfer of Immovable Property
Authors: Carruthers Janeen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the closing decades of the twentieth century, English and Scots rules of choice of law were subjected to substantial remodelling. In the United Kingdom, whilst the underlying theory and processes of the subject have remained largely unchanged (archetypally, characterization of the cause of action, identification of the applicable law, proof and application thereof, and where appropriate, limitation of that law), in several branches of the subject significant changes have been wrought regarding the connecting factors to be applied.
Overview Of Us Telecommunications Law
Authors: Lee Karen , Prime Jamison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the regulation of the provision of telecommunication services and the operation of telecommunication networks in the US, principally in the fixed, cable, and mobile sectors, but satellite regulation is briefly touched upon. The chapter begins by giving a brief history of US telecommunications regulation, and provides an overview of the numerous governmental bodies involved in the regulation of the US telecommunications market.
Machine Learning of Morphology
Authors: Roark Brian , Sproat Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a disconnect between computational work on syntax and computational work on morphology. Traditionally, all work on computational syntax involved work on parsing based on hand-constructed rule sets. Then, in the early 1990s, the “paradigm” shifted to statistical parsing methods. While the rule formalisms – context-free rules, Tree-Adjoining grammars, unification-based formalisms, and dependency grammars – remained much the same, statistical information was added in the form of probabilities associated with rules or weights associated with features. In much of the work on statistical parsing, the rules and their probabilities were learned from treebanked corpora; more recently there has been work on inducing probabilistic grammars from unannotated text. We discuss this work elsewhere.
The Investor as a Cultural Figure of Global Capitalism
Authors: Preda Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We see ourselves as small shareholders, as critical shareholders, as shareholders of ethical businesses, or of venture firms. We are against grand speculators, or dream of becoming one someday; we follow price movements every day, or only now and then, trade online, or go to a trusted broker, watch the news, look at price charts, discuss the market with friends, and so much more. Contemporary capitalism would not be the same without the investor.
Enterprise Risk Management and the Organization of Uncertainty in Financial Institutions
Authors: Power Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the mid-1990s, enterprise risk management (ERM) has emerged as a set of ideas for rethinking the organization of risk management activities. There has been a conspicuous growth of normative and technical texts on the subject of ERM (e.g. Barton, Shenkir, and Walker 2001; Walker, Shenkir, and Barton 2002; Lam 2003), which is also characterized by related motifs of ‘holistic’, ‘integrated’ (AIRMIC 1999; Doherty 2000), and ‘strategic’ risk management. The discourse of ERM, although still aspirational, is gaining ground in leading financial organizations.
Overview
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book describes the legal rules by which compensation for personal injury may be awarded in England and Wales. It is mainly written as a book of first reference for lawyers. It will not have the answers to all the difficult questions, but most cases met in practice are quite straightforward once one has convenient access to the relevant materials; and in the other few difficult cases it will perhaps help at least with finding the questions that the heavy books in the library will answer. I hope the book may also be helpful to others who are involved with compensation claims as advisers or insurers, and to injured people who may wish to present their own claims or to understand what their lawyers are talking about.
Nursing and Caring
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vast majority of accident victims receive NHS treatment in the immediate aftermath of an accident. Unless they have private medical insurance, the question of private treatment at a later stage does not usually arise except for elective treatment for which the delays and restrictions on NHS treatment may be unacceptable, and if liability is not in issue an interim payment may be obtained to cover the cost. Where private treatment has been funded by the injured claimant's private health insurance it is likely that the terms of the policy will enable the insurer to require the claimant to pursue the reimbursement of its outlay and, as with an employer's recovery of contractual sick pay advanced under suitable terms, recovery is generally allowed. At the time of final assessment however, there is a considerable increase in the scope of treatment for which the cost of private medical treatment is sought and awarded. Where treatment will be needed in the future, an estimate of the current cost is obtained and discounted by the multiplier in the Ogden Tables, Table 27 (at 23.26 above), for a specific period of deferment. However, the courts are strongly resistant-as in Cooke v United Bristol Healthcare noted below on care costs-to making an allowance beyond inflation for the widely accepted likelihood that medical costs will increase at a faster rate than the general rate of inflation reflected in the Lord Chancellor's Order fixing the rate of return for future multipliers at 2.5%.
Financial Losses and Expenses
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A seriously injured claimant may be helped by a wide range of aids and appliances and the cost of these can be included in any claim. The sort of claim where this will be a significant topic is likely also to be the sort of claim for which an expert apprasial of care costs will be helpful, and the expert will help by identifying and costing aids which are appropriate to the needs of the claimant. The yardstick for recovery is whether an item is reasonably necessary to help the claimant to manage with the disability caused by the injury. In difficult cases, for example where the claimant is so disabled that his ability to benefit from particular aids is in doubt, it may be necessary to address the question of need through the medical experts. The range of aids and appliances has grown to be very full and in the case of computer aided or mechanical aids the cost is sometimes very great: an expense which is out of proportion to the benefit that will be derived from it may not be allowed.
Case Management
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the key themes of Lord Woolf's reforms is that courts should carry out active case management. CPR r 1.4(1) (Blackstone's Civil Practice 2004 1314; hereafter Blackstone) requires that the court must further the overriding objective by actively managing cases and the extensive general powers of the court are set out in Part 3 (Blackstone 1326). The court does not need to depend on applications made by the parties, but can make an order of its own initiative and can do so without a hearing provided a party affected by the order has the opportunity to apply to have it set aside or altered and the order so provides (r 3.3, Blackstone 1327). Where hearings are necessary, they can be carried out by telephone rather than requiring personal attendance of all the parties at the court office.
Applications, Evidence, and Trial
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the defendant has responded to the claim by serving a defence, the next step will be an allocation decision. On allocating a case to the fast track the court will give standard directions and will try to deal with any further issues that arise before trial by considering matters on paper without the necessity for hearing. If a claim is allocated to the multi track, the court will fix a date for a case management conference when the whole range of case management directions will be considered and the court will take whatever steps are necessary to resolve the issues between the parties in a sensible, fair and proportionate manner. Rule 1.4(2)(i) (Blackstone's Civil Practice 2004 1315; hereafter Blackstone) requires the court to deal with as many aspects of the case as it can on the same occasion. A further opportunity for case management may arise at a later case management conference or pre trial review. Many of the case management issues that arise in the course of a case may be resolved in this way without the need for a specific application to be made. However, if one of the parties wishes to apply for an interim remedy or to ask the court to give specific directions at any stage of the case an application can be made. For example an application should be made if a party wishes to have permission to amend its statement of case, or wishes to obtain an order for specific disclosure, or an interim payment, or a variation in the directions that have been given about expert evidence.
Procedure in community control of concentrations. Basic principles. Notifications
Authors: Varona Edurne Navarro , Galarza Andres Font , Crespo Jaime Folguera , Alonso Juan Briones 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The procedure followed by the Commission, the notifying parties and other third parties that intervene in the proceedings and the decision-making process concerning concentrations with a Community dimension is principally contained in Regulation 139/2004 and Regulation 802/2004. Annexed to Regulation 802/2004 are the notification forms which the notifying parties must completeThe legal basis of Regulation 802/2004 is Article 23 of Regulation 139/2004.
Procedure In Community Control Of Concentrations: The Commission ‘S Handling Of Cases
Authors: Varona Edurne Navarro , Galarza Andres Font , Crespo Jaime Folguera , Alonso Juan Briones 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The First Phase. Investigation. Inter- Service Consultations. Referrals Between Community and National Authorities. Adopting Decisions in the First Phase Commitments given in the first phase of the procedure: their legal status 13.24 The rights of the defence: the hearings of the notifying parties, of the other interested parties and of third parties. Limits on the participation in hearings 13.67 Consultation with the Member States: the Advisory Committee 13.84 Adoption of the decision by the College of Commissioners. Publication 13.91 Once the parties have notified the concentration the first phase of proceedings takes place. The first phase means the period of twenty-five working days within
Double-Loop Learning In Organizations A Theory Of Action Perspective
Authors: Argyris Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I began my work on organizational behavior by observing several puzzles. The Worst was that human beings created policies and practices that inhibited the electiveness of their organizations. Why did human beings create and maintain these policies and practices that they judged to be counterproductive? The second puzzle, human beings reported a sense of helplessness about changing these policies and activities because they were the victims of organizational pressures not to change them? How did human beings create organizational pressures that inhibited them from changing the phenomena they saw as counterproductive? Is it possible to help individuals and organizations to free themselves from this apparent self imposed enslavement? I begin my inquiry with an examination of how action is produced be it productive or counterproductive.
Indirect Effects
Authors: Scott Andrew , Hviid Morten , Lyons Bruce , Bright Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘indirect effects’ of a merger derive from the ability to coordinate prices and economic activity in two or more markets that are only indirectly related. That is, they are not directly related either horizontally or vertically. The concept of indirect effects embraces the terms ‘conglomerate effects’ and ‘port- folio effects’. There is no agreed distinction between these terms, though the term conglomerate effects is sometimes reserved for completely unrelated pro- ducts, while portfolio effects tends to be used for a range of products bought by the same customers.
Introduction: The Exceptional Character Of Some Mergers
Authors: Scott Andrew , Hviid Morten , Lyons Bruce , Bright Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the key aims of the reforms introduced under the Enterprise Act 2002 was to limit the role of the Secretary of State in the UK merger control regime. For the vast majority of merger transactions this has been achieved. Mergers are considered first by the Office of Fair Trading, which itself will refer matters on to the Competition Commission where it believes that a substantial lessening of competition has arisen or is likely to arise on relevant markets. The Commission will then investigate further to confirm or reject the preliminary opinion of the Office of Fair Trading. Should it agree that harm to competition will ensue, the Commission will decide whether there are appropriate remedies that can be applied, or whether the merger must be prohibited. This two stage assessment of mergers, however, does not apply in all circumstances. The Enterprise Act and subsequent legislation provide for a number of exceptional situations in which different approaches will be adopted.
Intervention By The Secretary Of State: (Special) Public Interest Cases
Authors: Scott Andrew , Hviid Morten , Lyons Bruce , Bright Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While removing the functions of the Secretary of State in general merger control, the Enterprise Act 2002 has retained the possibility of governmental intervention under particular circumstances: that is, where the Secretary of State perceives the relevance of a ‘public interest consideration’ to the merger in question.1 Even where the jurisdictional threshold tests are not satisfied, the perception of public interest considerations will see the authorities review a case as a ‘special merger situation’. These powers have not been used since their provision under the Enterprise Act.
The Future Of The Uk Merger Control Regime
Authors: Scott Andrew , Hviid Morten , Lyons Bruce , Bright Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After several years of deliberation and reform of the regime of merger control in the United Kingdom it might be expected that the coming years will see a ‘settling down’ period in which practices are refined through experience. The broad potential for political influence to be exercised through the merger regime has been extinguished. This change has been reinforced by the statutory expres- sion of an explicitly competition-based test.1 In those narrow areas in which a role is left to the Secretary of State, action taken in pursuit of a wider public interest must be explicit, and in any event is tightly circumscribed. The formal recognition of the centrality of economic analysis to the assessment of merger transactions that these developments entail gives reason to be sanguine about the coherence of the UK merger control regime for the future. The wider goal of establishing a ‘world class competition regime’ has been much furthered by these reforms.
When the Bottom-up Resource Allocation Process Fails
Authors: Sull Donald N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A core tenet of strategy process research is that strategy results from a series of actions and decisions taken over time rather than a single ‘big bet’ at a given point in time (Bower 1970; Mintzberg 1978; Burgelman 1983c; Mintzberg and McHugh 1985; Mintzberg and Waters 1985). In a large, complex organization, these decisions generally emerge from lower levels in the organization (Bower 1970; Mintzberg 1978; Burgelman 1983c; Pascale 1984; Mintzberg and Waters 1985; Noda and Bower 1996).Although these studies have been characterized as largely descriptive (Lovas and Ghoshal 2000: 892), there are sound theoretical reasons to conceive a distributed, bottom-up process to be a mechanism capable of overcoming the challenges posed by bounded rationality and dispersed knowledge (Simon 1945).
No Exit: The Failure of Bottom-up Strategic Processes and the Role of Top-down Disinvestment
Authors: Sull Donald N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scholars in the field of strategic management have extensively studied how organizations initiate new activities such as acquisitions, inter- national expansion, or investment in new technology. Researchers have devoted far less attention, however, to studies of organizational exit from existing operations (Ross and Staw 1993; Burgelman 1996). Much of the research on exit focuses on how organizations that get out of a business altogether through strategic business exit (Burgelman 1994, 1996), divestiture of businesses within a diversified portfolio (Gilmour 1973; Hoskisson, Johnson, and Moesel 1994), or de-escalation of commitment from a new strategic initiative (Ross and Staw 1993). This research, in contrast, addresses the process of disinvestment whereby organizations remove resources from an ongoing business. Disinvestment entails the reduction of productive capacity such as closure of factories, retail bank branches, local offices, or hospitals without exiting the business altogether.