bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On‐line analysis of chrome–iron ores on a conveyor belt using x‐ray fluorescence analysis
Authors: Sokolov A. D. , Docenko D. , Bliakher E. , Shirokobrod O. , Koskinen Juha 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe describe the method for and results of the application of an EDXRF on‐line analyzer for the analysis and quality testing of chrome–iron ores. For this task we used a BSI‐2000 analyzer for measurement of lumpy material being transported by a conveyor belt. The task of fully automated quantitative analysis of material on a conveyor belt is not very simple, as the results of measurements should not depend significantly on many factors, such as the distance to the measured material, the lump size, unknown and changing amounts of elements unseen by the analyzer; air and material humidity and ambient temperature. To solve most of these problems we used the program AssayKit for elemental and molecular composition calculation based on the fundamental parameters method. The chosen configuration of the x‐ray tube illumination cone and the detector registration cone allows measurements to be made at a wide range of distances between the analyzer and material. The XRF analyzer with this program was successfully applied to chrome–iron ore analysis in Kemi mine, Finland, for quality control of outgoing production. The accuracy of analysis—standard deviation of 1.1% for chrome and 0.8% for iron in full operation—was verified by more than 300 comparisons with chemical analysis measurements. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intraneuronal investigations of organic components and trace elements with the use of synchrotron radiation
Authors: Szczerbowska‐Boruchowska M. , Chwiej J. , Lankosz M. , Adamek D. , Wojcik S. , Krygowska‐Wajs A. , Tomik B. , Bohic S. , Susini J. , Simionovici A. , Dumas P. , Kastyak M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThree techniques based on synchrotron radiation microbeam analysis were applied to biochemical investigations of human central nervous system (CNS) tissue. Thin tissue slices representing Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and control cases were studied. Synchrotron radiation microbeam x‐ray fluorescence (micro‐SRXRF) was applied to the analysis of the elemental distribution inside single nerve cells. Investigation of copper oxidation state was performed with the use of micro x‐ray absorption near‐edge structure spectroscopy (micro‐XANES). Moreover, the organic components of the tissues were analyzed by means of synchrotron radiation Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (SR‐FTIRM). Topographic differences in elemental composition were observed for the nerve cell body. Higher levels of Fe, Zn and Ca were found for the neurons of PD cases in comparison with the control group. The IR spectra measured in neurons of PD, ALS and control cases showed differences in absorption bands associated with characteristic groups of selected biological molecules. Additionally, results of SR‐FTIRM measurements indicated inhomogeneous accumulation of the main organic components in PD nerve cells, in contrast to the control cases. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene expression of factors related to the immune reaction in response to intramammary Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide challenge
Authors: Bruckmaier Rupert M. 
Published: July 2005

Pathogenic microorganisms invading the mammary gland induce an inflammatory reaction which includes an increase of somatic cells in milk and activation of bacteriostatic enzymes and proteins in milk. During spontaneously occurring subclinical mastitis the somatic milk cells, mainly macrophages, secrete cytokines, eicosanoids, acute phase proteins and other immunomediators. In contrast, the bacteriostatic protein lactoferrin is mainly secreted by mammary epithelial tissue, while major milk proteins like α-lactalbumin and κ-casein are down-regulated already during subclinical infection.Changes of the mRNA expression of various immunomediators in the mammary tissue of cows during 12 h after induction of mastitis via intramammary administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in several studies are reported. Six healthy lactating cows were injected in one quarter with 100 μg Escherichia coli-LPS (O26[ratio ]B6) and the contralateral quarter with saline (9 g/l) serving as control. mRNA expression in mammary biopsy samples of various inflammatory factors and milk proteins at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h after LPS administration was quantified by real-time reverse transcription-PCR.In LPS-challenged quarters tumour necrosis factor α and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression increased to their highest values (P<0·05) at 3 h after LPS-challenge. Expression of lactoferrin, lysozyme, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and of the apoptotic factors caspase-3, caspase-7 and FAS was elevated (P<0·05) and peaked at 6 h after challenge. No significant increase in mRNA expression of platelet-activating factor acethylhydrolase, 5-lipoxygenase, and insulin-like growth factor 1 was found. None of the parameters tested did change significantly in the control quarters. mRNA expression of major milk proteins did not change significantly in response to the LPS challenge (αS1-casein, αS2-CN, β-CN and β-lactoglobulin) except for α-lactalbumin which decreased (P<0·05) in LPS-treated and control quarters and for κ-CN which decreased in the LPS-treated quarters. In conclusion, mRNA expression of the majority albeit not all inflammatory factors changed within hours of LPS challenge. Decreased gene expression of α-lactalbumin and κ-CN may reduce milk yield and suitability for cheese production.
Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni from humans and broilers in Norway
Authors: NORSTRÖM M. , HOFSHAGEN M. , STAVNES T. , SCHAU J. , LASSEN J. , KRUSE H. 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARYIn this study comprising isolates from 2001 to 2003, resistance was considerably more widespread among Campylobacter jejuni from humans infected abroad than infected within Norway. The discrepancy was particularly notable for fluoroquinolone resistance (67·4% vs. 6·5%). This is probably a reflection of a low resistance prevalence in Norwegian broiler isolates (1·2% fluoroquinolone resistant).
Epidemiological characteristics ofSalmonellaTyphimurium isolated from animals and feed in Poland
Authors: WASYL D. , SANDVANG D. , SKOV M. N. , BAGGESEN D. L. 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARYFifty-sevenSalmonellaTyphimurium strains isolated from poultry, swine and animal feed in Poland during the years 1979–1998 and 2000–2002 were analysed with conventional and molecular techniques. Antimicrobial resistance as well as multiresistance was found, respectively, in 80·1% and 56·1% of the isolates and most frequently among isolates from 2000–2002. Of several phage types noted, DT104 was prevalent among poultry, swine and feed isolates. DT104, U302 and non-typable strains had a multiple resistant profile (ACSSuT) due to the presence of class I integrons. Pulse-field gel electrophoresis ofXbaI andBlnI digest showed high genomic similarity between the strains and confirmed clonal spread ofS. Typhimurium infections. Plasmid profiling allowed further differentiation of the strains. We have, therefore, confirmed the appearance ofS. Typhimurium DT104 showing genome integrated integron-mediated antimicrobial resistance in Poland. These findings are significant for public and animal health risks and document the dissemination of DT104 epidemic strains into new geographical regions.
Resolving abbreviations to their senses in Medline
Authors: Gaudan S. , Kirsch H. , Rebholz-Schuhmann D. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMotivation: Biological literature contains many abbreviations with one particular sense in each document. However, most abbreviations do not have a unique sense across the literature. Furthermore, many documents do not contain the long forms of the abbreviations. Resolving an abbreviation in a document consists of retrieving its sense in use. Abbreviation resolution improves accuracy of document retrieval engines and of information extraction systems.Results: We combine an automatic analysis of Medline abstracts and linguistic methods to build a dictionary of abbreviation/sense pairs. The dictionary is used for the resolution of abbreviations occurring with their long forms. Ambiguous global abbreviations are resolved using support vector machines that have been trained on the context of each instance of the abbreviation/sense pairs, previously extracted for the dictionary set-up. The system disambiguates abbreviations with a precision of 98.9% for a recall of 98.2% (98.5% accuracy). This performance is superior in comparison with previously reported research work.Availability: The abbreviation resolution module is available at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Rebholz/software.htmlContact: gaudan@ebi.ac.uk
Land Policy and Farming Practices in Laos
Authors: Ducourtieux Olivier , Laffort Jean‐Richard , Sacklokham Silinthone 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe government of Laos has identified the eradication of poverty as a priority. Given the primarily agricultural character of the country, it has selected land reform as a core policy to reach this goal. The policy has two major aims: to increase land tenure security in order to encourage farmer involvement in intensive farming, and to eliminate slash‐and‐burn agriculture to protect the environment in a country still rich in forest resources. State intervention takes the form of land allocation, a process which combines the protection of some areas of village land with the formal recognition of private ownership in authorized farming areas. In a country with different types of geography, the effects of the policy are variable, but the research presented in this article demonstrates that the land laws have shortcomings which allow for differing interpretations depending on the local social relationships. Since local specificities are not taken into account, the reform is proving counterproductive for both forest protection and agricultural modernization, as well as having a negative social impact by marginalizing the poorest farmers.
The South African Transition: From Development to Security?
Authors: Jensen Steffen 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis article questions some recent analyses which claim that global neo‐liberal discourses are disseminated to shift the focus away from development towards a greater emphasis on security issues. Taking as its point of departure the analysis of empirical material from Cape Town, the article shows that security and development in South Africa were never separate concerns. After the ANC came to power in 1994 there was an effort to boost development efforts rather than security. However, these efforts were soon dwarfed by local circumstances, notably the pressure from local state employees who felt their jobs and lives to be under threat from the townships, and the changing nature of violence in the city. The first part of the article details the practices and discourses of state agencies; the second section analyses the consequences of reconfigured security and development concerns for the production of political subjectivity in South Africa's townships.
Inversion of terrestrial ecosystem model parameter values against eddy covariance measurements by Monte Carlo sampling
Authors: Knorr Wolfgang , Kattge Jens 
Published: July 2005

AbstractEffective measures to counter the rising levels of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere require that we better understand the functioning of the global carbon cycle. Uncertainties about, in particular, the terrestrial carbon cycle's response to climate change remain high. We use a well‐known stochastic inversion technique originally developed in nuclear physics, the Metropolis algorithm, to determine the full probability density functions (PDFs) of parameters of a terrestrial ecosystem model. By thus assimilating half‐hourly eddy covariance measurements of CO2and water fluxes, we can substantially reduce the uncertainty of approximately five model parameters, depending on prior uncertainties. Further analysis of the posterior PDF shows that almost all parameters are nearly Gaussian distributed, and reveals some distinct groups of parameters that are constrained together. We show that after assimilating only 7 days of measurements, uncertainties for net carbon uptake over 2 years for the forest site can be substantially reduced, with the median estimate in excellent agreement with measurements.
Accumulation of phenolic compounds in birch leaves is changed by elevated carbon dioxide and ozone
Authors: Peltonen Petri A. , Vapaavuori Elina , Julkunen‐tiitto Riitta 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAtmospheric change may affect plant phenolic compounds, which play an important part in plant survival. Therefore, we studied the impacts of CO2and O3on the accumulation of 27 phenolic compounds in the short‐shoot leaves of two European silver birch (Betula pendulaRoth) clones (clones 4 and 80). Seven‐year‐old soil‐grown trees were exposed in open‐top chambers over three growing seasons to ambient and twice ambient CO2and O3concentrations singly and in combination in central Finland.Elevated CO2increased the concentration of the phenolic acids (+25%), myricetin glycosides (+18%), catechin derivatives (+13%) and soluble condensed tannins (+19%) by increasing their accumulation in the leaves of the silver birch trees, but decreased the flavone aglycons (−7%) by growth dilution. Elevated O3increased the concentration of 3,4′‐dihydroxypropiophenone 3‐β‐d‐glucoside (+22%), chlorogenic acid (+19%) and flavone aglycons (+4%) by inducing their accumulation possibly as a response to increased oxidative stress in the leaf cells. Nevertheless, this induction of antioxidant phenolic compounds did not seem to protect the birch leaves from detrimental O3effects on leaf weight and area, but may have even exacerbated them. On the other hand, elevated CO2did seem to protect the leaves from elevated O3because all the O3‐derived effects on the leaf phenolics and traits were prevented by elevated CO2. The effects of the chamber and elevated CO2on some compounds changed over time in response to the changes in the leaf traits, which implies that the trees were acclimatizing to the altered environmental conditions. Although the two clones used possessed different composition and concentrations of phenolic compounds, which could be related to their different latitudinal origin and physiological characteristics, they responded similarly to the treatments. However, in some cases the variation in phenolic concentrations caused by genotype or chamber environment was much larger than the changes caused by either elevated CO2or O3.
Interannual variation and climatic regulation of the CO2 emission from large boreal lakes
Authors: Rantakari Miitta , Kortelainen Pirkko 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe studied the interannual variation of surface water partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and the CO2 emissions from the 37 large Finnish lakes linking them to the water quality, catchment and climate attributes in 1996–2001. The lake water CO2 was measured three times a year in the study lakes in 1998 and 1999 and for the rest of the years the CO2 was modeled by measured alkalinity. The median annual CO2 emission to the atmosphere ranged between 1.49 and 2.29 mol m−2 a−1. The annual CO2 emission followed closely the annual precipitation pattern with the highest emission during the years when the precipitation was highest (r2=0.81–0.97, P<0.05). There was a strong negative correlation (r2=0.50–0.82, P<0.001) between O2 and CO2 saturation in the lake water during stratification suggesting effective decomposition of organic matter in the lakes. Furthermore, total phosphorus and the proportion of agricultural land in the catchment had significant positive correlations with CO2 saturation.
Accelerated belowground C cycling in a managed agriforest ecosystem exposed to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations
Authors: Trueman Rebecca J. , Gonzalez‐Meler Miquel A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe investigated the effects of three elevated atmospheric CO2 levels on a Populus deltoides plantation at Biosphere 2 Laboratory in Oracle Arizona. Stable isotopes of carbon have been used as tracers to separate the carbon present before the CO2 treatments started (old C), from that fixed after CO2 treatments began (new C). Tree growth at elevated [CO2] increased inputs to soil organic matter (SOM) by increasing the production of fine roots and accelerating the rate of root C turnover. However, soil carbon content decreased as [CO2] in the atmosphere increased and inputs of new C were not found in SOM. Consequently, the rates of soil respiration increased by 141% and 176% in the 800 and 1200 μL L−1 plantations, respectively, when compared with ambient [CO2] after 4 years of exposure. However, the increase in decomposition of old SOM (i.e. already present when CO2 treatments began) accounted for 72% and 69% of the increase in soil respiration seen under elevated [CO2]. This resulted in a net loss of soil C at a rate that was between 10 and 20 times faster at elevated [CO2] than at ambient conditions. The inability to retain new and old C in the soil may stem from the lack of stabilization of SOM, allowing for its rapid decomposition by soil heterotrophs.
Flood initiates bottom‐up cascades in a tri‐trophic system: host plant regrowth increases densities of a leaf beetle and its predators
Authors: NAKAMURA MASAHIRO , UTSUMI SHUNSUKE , MIKI TAKESHI , OHGUSHI TAKAYUKI 
Published: July 2005

Summary

Following the passing of a typhoon over central Japan in late August 2001, a large‐scale flood occurred owing to the heavy precipitation. Willow trees on the banks of the Yasu River were badly damaged. In the following year, we examined the effects of the flood on the regrowth response of a willow, Salix eriocarpa (Franch), and its subsequent effects on the densities of a leaf beetle, Plagiodera versicolora (Laicharting), and its predators.
We used 10 randomly selected pairs of heavily and lightly damaged trees. Field observations showed that the number of sprouting shoots was significantly greater on heavily damaged trees than on lightly damaged trees. The sprouts continued to grow until August, producing lateral shoots and leaves.
The numbers of leaf beetles at all developmental stages (egg, larva, pupa and adult) significantly increased on heavily damaged trees as compared to numbers on lightly damaged trees. Adults of the leaf beetle aggregated predominantly on sprouting shoots throughout the growing season.
As a result of the increase in the number of leaf beetles, leaf herbivory on heavily damaged trees was significantly greater than on lightly damaged trees.
Two arthropod predators, the larvae of the ladybird Aiolocaria hexaspilota (Hope) and the web‐building spider Agelena opulenta (L. Koch), also increased significantly on heavily damaged trees. These findings indicate that the flood caused by the typhoon initiated bottom‐up cascading effects from the willow to arthropod predators through herbivorous insects by increased foliage sprouting.
Variation of primary production during winter induces synchrony in survival rates in migratory white storksCiconia ciconia
Authors: SCHAUB MICHAEL , KANIA WOJCIECH , KÖPPEN ULRICH 
Published: July 2005

SummaryThe environmental conditions that migratory birds experience during their stay at different locations throughout the year can have significant impact on the variation of annual survival rates. Because migrants often crowd during non‐breeding, environmental conditions can affect survival rates of individuals originating from different breeding populations, thus also provoking spatial synchronisation of annual survival rates. The identification of critical environmental factors affecting survival is therefore crucial for understanding large‐scale population dynamics of migrants.We studied temporal and spatial variation of survival rates of migratory white storkCiconia ciconiafrom eastern Germany and Poland and examine factors associated with this variation. We used resighting and dead‐recovery data from more than 30 000 individuals sampled over 19 years to estimate survival.Survival rates of juvenile and adult white storks originating from the two countries varied in parallel over time. Thus, variation in survival was caused by environmental variation to which individuals of both age classes from both countries were similarly sensitive. Variation in the primary production (as reflected by the normalized difference vegetation index) at one staging area in the eastern Sahel that is visited from October to November contributed up to 88% to the temporal variation in survival. Annual survival was reduced when primary production in the Sahel was low.As the population growth rate of white storks is very sensitive to changes in survival, variation in primary production in the Sahelian staging area contributed significantly to population changes and is likely to be an important reason for population synchrony.This study demonstrates that dynamics of migratory bird populations inhabiting large breeding areas can result from environmental variation encountered at a staging area that is visited for only a short period of time.
Ageing and reproductive effort in male moose under variable levels of intrasexual competition
Authors: MYSTERUD ATLE , SOLBERG ERLING J. , YOCCOZ NIGEL G. 
Published: July 2005

Summary

Capital breeding is a resource use tactic common among polygynous mammals, such as many ungulates. Even though large, prime‐aged males stop eating during the rutting season, younger individuals often do not and may adopt alternative mating tactics that are less strenuous. The pattern of reproductive effort is therefore probably very variable among age classes, but has rarely been quantified in male mammals.
Based on data of body weight of 9949 male moose (Alces alces L.) aged up to 21 years from seven populations in Norway, we tested hypotheses regarding the pattern of reproductive effort (weight loss during rut) in this capital breeder, and how this may be affected by factors such as age, population sex ratio and density.
Reproductive effort increased with age, even after prime‐age was reached around the age of 6 years. This provides the first evidence consistent with the terminal investment hypothesis in male mammals. For the very oldest males (> 12 years) data were limited, but the tendency was that effort stabilized or even decreased slightly. Effort did not depend on the population sex ratio or density for adult males.
Yearling males also lost some weight during the rutting season, but this was not related to population sex ratio. Decreasing trends in yearling body weight as seen in many strongly harvested moose populations, therefore are due probably to other causes than earlier onset of rutting. Further, effort in yearlings decreased with increasing density.
Despite the lack of a correlation between effort and population sex ratio, a significantly faster ageing after prime‐age was observed with an increasingly female‐biased population sex ratio. This is consistent with the hypothesis that strongly skewed sex ratios may affect the ageing process.
Most ungulate populations in Europe and North America are heavily harvested or otherwise managed extensively, harvest being typically male‐biased to varying degrees. The resulting skews in sex ratio provide manipulations that give unique opportunities to study life‐history variation, in particular for large mammals that are otherwise difficult to manipulate. These opportunities are currently not fully utilized.