bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term conversion efficiency characteristics of thin film solar cells
Authors: Machida Sadayuki , Tani Tatsuo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFor the optimum design of a photovoltaic power generation system, it is necessary to accurately estimate their annual power output. However, the output of a thin film solar cell (in this paper, layered tandem a‐Si and CdS/CdTe) varies with the spectral distribution of solar radiation as well as with the Staebler–Wronski effect. Changes in the spectral distribution of solar radiation are caused by variations in air mass movement and water vapor content of the atmosphere. The output of thin film solar cells is seriously affected because of their narrow spectral response band. The Staebler–Wronski effect is a phenomenon where the photoconductivity degrades by light irradiation and recovers by heating. Since several factors can affect the output in such a way, it is difficult to accurately estimate the power output of thin film solar cells for an entire year.In this paper, we will show a method for calculating the power output from the spectral distribution of solar radiation. We will also attempt to clarify the degradation and recovery due to the Staebler–Wronski effect by making a comparison between the conversion efficiency calculated by this method and the conversion efficiency obtained from measured data. The results revealed that the initial degradation of conversion efficiency of layered tandem a‐Si and CdS/CdTe solar cells are 22 and 15% (including the degradation due to dirt 6 to 7%), and the recovery are 5 and 10%. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 137(4): 1–9, 2001
Understanding the costs of an environmentally ‘friendly’ common agricultural policy for the European Union11
Authors: Barnes Pamela M. , Barnes Ian G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPart of the bedrock of the European Union's (EU's) Environmental Policy is the principle that those who pollute the environment should pay for the cost of remedying the damage they cause (the polluter pays principle) (Article 174 para. 2 TEC ex Article 130r TEC). In addition environmental objectives must be integrated into all the sectoral policies of the European Union (Article 6 TEC ex Article 3c TEC). The Common Agricultural Policy's (CAP's) role at the centre of the EU's sectoral policies would appear to make it an ideal focus for implementing Article 6 of the Treaty establishing the European Community (TEC). If integration of environmental protection can be achieved in this central area of the EU's activities then a major source of environmental degradation could be overcome. However, if these requirements are applied to European agriculture the sector will face a budgetary and financial crisis of even greater magnitude than at the present time.Recent reforms of the CAP have been designed with the objective of achieving an agricultural sector that is moving towards sustainability. As this article argues the political, social and economic significance of the agriculture sector is such that national governments of the EU have repeatedly shied away from adopting the measures, which could significantly reduce the pollution from the sector. The proposals for reform made by the Agricultural Commissioner, Franz Fischler, were amended by the meeting of the European Council that took place in Berlin on 24/25 March 1999. These amendments substantially weakened the ambitions of the strategy for development of the EU, the ‘Agenda 2000’ adopted in 1997, for a number of reasons (CEC, 1997). This article examines the reasons for the disappointments with the amended reforms and speculates on the possible future path that may be taken to improve matters. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
When more observations are better than less: a connectionist account of the acquisition of causal strength
Authors: Van Overwalle Frank , Van Rooy Dirk 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe statistical law of large numbers prescribes that estimates are more reliable and accurate when based on a larger sample of observations. This effect of sample size was investigated on causal attributions. Subjects received fixed levels of consensus and distinctiveness covariation, and attributions were measured after a varying number of trials. Whereas prominent statistical models of causality (e.g. Cheng & Novick, 1990; Försterling, 1992) predict no effect of sample size, adaptive connectionist models (McClelland & Rumelhart, 1988) predict that subjects will incrementally adjust causal ratings in the direction of the true covariation the more observations are made. In three experiments, sample size effects were found consistent with the connectionist prediction. Possible extensions of statistical models were considered and simulated, but none of them accommodated the data as well as connectionist models. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compensatory biases after ingroup threat: ‘yeah, but we have a good personality’
Authors: Cadinu Maria Rosaria , Cerchioni Marcella 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt was hypothesized that participants who strongly identify with the ingroup and receive unfavorable feedback about their group in one domain would compensate on alternative dimensions. A group of emergency medical service volunteers received negative, positive or no feedback on their volunteer organization and were asked to rate the ingroup and an outgroup on dimensions alternative to the feedback. As predicted, high identifiers showed an increase in ingroup favoritism after negative feedback (i.e. compensation) and a decrease after positive feedback (i.e. modesty effect). In contrast, low identifiers distanced themselves from the ingroup after negative feedback and accentuated self‐ingroup similarity after positive feedback. Results are discussed in relation to a schema‐maintenance model through compensation (Seta & Seta, 1993) and social identity theory. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construction of Salmonella typhimurium YG7108 strains, each coexpressing a form of human cytochrome P450 with NADPH–cytochrome P450 reductase
Authors: Fujita Ken‐ichi , Nakayama Kazuo , Yamazaki Yoshiyuki , Tsuruma Kazuhiro , Yamada Masami , Nohmi Takehiko , Kamataki Tetsuya 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA series of Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) YG7108 strains, each coexpressing a form of human cytochrome P450 (CYP) (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, or CYP3A5) together with human NADPH–cytochrome P450 reductase (OR), was established. The parental S. typhimurium YG7108, derived from TA1535, lacks two O6‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase genes, ada and ogt, and is highly sensitive to the mutagenicity of alkylating agents. The expression levels of CYP holo‐protein in the genetically engineered S. typhimurium YG7108 cells, determined by carbon monoxide (CO) difference spectra, ranged from 62 nmol/L culture for CYP2C19 to 169 nmol/L culture for CYP3A4. The expression level of the OR varied, depending on the form of CYP coexpressed, and ranged from 214 to 1029 units/L culture. Each form of CYP expressed in the S. typhimurium YG7108 cells catalyzed the oxidation of a representative substrate at an efficient rate. The rates appeared comparable to the reported activities of CYP expressed in human liver microsomes or CYP in other heterologous systems, indicating that the OR was sufficiently expressed to support the catalytic activity of CYP. These S. typhimurium strains may be useful not only for predicting the metabolic activation of promutagens catalyzed by human CYP but also for identifying the CYP form involved. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:329–338, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pentachlorophenol potentiates benzo[a]pyrene DNA adduct formation in adult but not infant B6C3F1 male mice†
Authors: Bordelon Nancy R. , Donnelly Kirby C. , George S. Elizabeth 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe objective of this study is to determine whether pentachlorophenol (PCP) alters benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)‐induced DNA adduct formation in infant and adult B6C3F1 male mice. Mice were exposed intraperitoneally to 55 μg B[a]P/g body weight (BW) alone and in combination with several doses of PCP in DMSO. The 32P‐postlabeling assay was used to analyze for (±) anti‐7,8‐diol‐9,10‐epoxide‐B[a]P‐N2deoxyguanosine (BPDE‐N2G) adducts formed in liver and lung DNA. Hepatic DNA also was analyzed for 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) base damage in mice exposed to PCP. 8‐OHdG was not detected at any dose of PCP in infant or adult mice. PCP exhibited an antagonistic effect on BPDE‐N2G accumulation in infant mice exposed to B[a]P in combination with 50 μg PCP/g BW at both 12 and 24 hr. Comparatively, BPDE‐N2G adducts were increased in adult mice exposed to binary mixtures at 24 hr in both hepatic and lung DNA (P < 0.05). Multiple comparison analysis between infant and adult mice revealed that adduct levels in infants exposed to B[a]P alone or in combination with PCP were not different from those observed in adult mice exposed to B[a]P. However, a significant increase in adducts was observed in adult mice exposed to a combination of B[a]P and PCP compared to that in all other treatment groups (P < 0.05). These results suggest that PCP alters the metabolism of B[a]P in both infant and adult mice through different mechanisms, and that infants are not susceptible to the potentiating effects of PCP observed in adult mice. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:164–172, 2001 Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of hprt and lacI mutant frequency with DNA adduct formation in N‐hydroxy‐2‐acetylaminofluorene–treated Big Blue® rats†
Authors: Chen Tao , Mittelstaedt Roberta A. , Aidoo Anane , Hamilton L. Patrice , Beland Frederick A. , Casciano Daniel A. , Heflich Robert H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractN‐Hydroxy‐2‐acetylaminofluorene (N‐OH‐AAF) is the proximate carcinogenic metabolite of the powerful rat liver carcinogen 2‐acetylaminofluorene. In this study, transgenic Big Blue® rats were used to examine the relationship between in vivo mutagenicity and DNA adduct formation by N‐OH‐AAF in the target liver compared with that in nontarget tissues. Male rats were given one, two, or four doses of 25 mg N‐OH‐AAF/kg body weight by i.p. injection at 4‐day intervals, and groups of treated and control rats were euthanized up to 10 weeks after beginning the dosing. Mutant frequencies were measured in the spleen lymphocyte hprt gene, and lacI mutant frequencies were determined in the liver and spleen lymphocytes. At 6 weeks after beginning the dosing, the hprt mutant frequency in spleen lymphocytes from the four‐dose group was 16.5 × 10−6 compared with 3.2 × 10−6 in control animals. Also at 6 weeks, rats given one, two, or four doses of N‐OH‐AAF had lacI mutant frequencies in the liver of 97.6, 155.6, and 406.8 × 10−6, respectively, compared with a control frequency of 25.7 × 10−6; rats given four doses had lacI mutant frequencies in spleen lymphocytes of 55.8 × 10−6 compared with a control frequency of 20.4 × 10−6. Additional rats were evaluated for DNA adduct formation in the liver, spleen lymphocytes, and bone marrow by 32P‐postlabeling. Adduct analysis was conducted 1 day after one, two, and four treatments with N‐OH‐AAF, 5 days after one treatment, and 9 days after two treatments. N‐(Deoxyguanosin‐8‐yl)‐2‐aminofluorene was the major DNA adduct identified in all the tissues examined. Adduct concentrations increased with total dose to maximum values in samples taken 1 day after two doses, and remained essentially the same after four doses. In samples taken after four doses, adduct levels were 103, 28, and 7 fmol/μg of DNA in liver, spleen lymphocytes, and bone marrow, respectively. The results indicate that the extent of both DNA adduct formation and mutant induction correlates with the organ specificity for N‐OH‐AAF carcinogenesis in the rat. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:195–202, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spontaneous microdeletions and microinsertions in a transgenic mouse mutation detection system: analysis of age, tissue, and sequence specificity
Authors: Halangoda Asanga , Still Jonathan G. , Hill Kathleen A. , Sommer Steve S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA total of 3497 independent spontaneous mutations were examined using the Big Blue® transgenic mouse mutation detection system. Base substitutions predominate, although 16% of somatic and germline mutations are microdeletions, microinsertions, or deletions combined with insertions. The pattern of microdeletions and microinsertions is similar in both the lacI transgene and the human p53 gene. Single‐base deletions (D1) and insertions (I1) are evenly distributed in the lacI transgene, whereas microdeletions from 2 to 50 bp are clustered at two regions (bp 129–228 and 529–628). The pattern of microdeletions and microinsertions is similar between young (≤3 months) and old (25 months) mice. Brain tissue has a paucity of deletions combined with insertions when compared with that of thymus and nine other tissues (P = 0.01). A 16‐bp deletion at lacI base position 272 is a tissue‐specific hotspot preferentially occurring in brain. Approximately 68 and 93% of D1 and I1, respectively, occur at mononucleotide repeats. The frequencies of D1 and I1 in mononucleotide repeats increase in an exponential manner with the length of the repeat. The lacI transgene shows similarity to the human p53 gene in the pattern of microdeletions and microinsertions and the size distribution of microdeletions. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:311–323, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimation of rate ratio and relative difference in matched‐pairs under inverse sampling
Authors: Lui Kung‐Jong 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo increase the efficiency of a study and to eliminate the effects of some nuisance confounders, we may consider employing a matched‐pair design. Under the commonly assumed quadrinomial sampling, in which the total number of matched‐pairs is fixed, we note that the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of rate ratio (RR) has an infinitely large bias and no finite variance, and so does the MLE of relative difference (RD). To avoid this theoretical concern, this paper suggests use of an inverse sampling and notes that the MLEs of these parameters, which are actually of the same forms as those under the quadrinomial sampling, are also the uniformly minimum variance estimators (UMVUEs) under the proposed samplings. This paper further derives the exact variances of these MLEs and the corresponding UMVUEs of these variances. Finally, this paper includes a discussion on interval estimation of the RR and RD using these results as well. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oceanic influence on the precipitation of the south‐east of Venezuela
Authors: Guenni Lelys , Sansó Bruno , Betancourt Lisbeth 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Caroní catchment located in the south‐east of Venezuela accounts for 70 per cent of the total hydropower energy of the country. On a year to year basis, it has been shown that low frequency large scale ocean‐atmosphere phenomena are highly coupled to the hydroclimatology of the region, El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) being a major forcing mechanism of climatic and hydrological anomalies. Regional differences in amplitude and timing are due to complex orographic interactions, land surface‐atmosphere feedback mechanisms and the evolution of dominant synoptic meteorological conditions. A detailed analysis of the relationship between rainfall and several large scale ocean‐atmospheric variables was carried out to determine the potential use of large scale climatic information as predictors of the rainfall anomalies over the region. The problem was tackled in two ways: (a) first a seasonal dynamic rainfall model was fitted to monthly rainfall for different locations. In this case rainfall is assumed as a normal variate w which has been transformed to account for its departure from normality and truncated to account for the positive probability mass of zero values, which corresponds to negative values of the normal variable. The time series of the model parameters and the macroclimatic variables are inspected for their potential relationship with local rainfall via the stochastic model. (b) Second, dynamic linear regression models between the macroclimatic variables as predictors and the rainfall anomalies as predictant were fitted to evaluate and quantify the significance of these dependencies. Consistent patterns are observed with the Tropical Atlantic and Pacific ocean temperature anomalies, in which a significant negative relationship has been present since 1976, indicating an overall decrease (increase) in rainfall when the Pacific and the Tropical Atlantic are warmer (colder) than normal. In all cases the results suggest that the relationships between rainfall anomalies and the macroclimatic variables are not constant with time. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical study of Ashiyahama residential building damage in the Kobe Earthquake
Authors: Takabatake Hideo , Nonaka Taijiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStudies are made on the structural damage at the Ashiyahama residential high‐rise steel building complex due to the Hyogo‐ken Nanbu Earthquake (Kobe Earthquake), which occurred on 17 January 1995. The axial breakage of very thick‐plated steel columns of the mega‐structure is unprecedented and has been attracting the special attention of structural engineers. The cause of the damage is first investigated from numerical computation with recourse to an explicit method of dynamic analysis based on a continuous medium. The numerical result is compared with that obtained from a conventional multi‐mass lumped stiffness model combined with an equivalent lateral‐force procedure. By comparing both the numerical results, the latter conventional method is shown to be inadequate for achieving earthquake‐resistant capability. The destructive power of the ground motion is found to have exceeded the horizontal earthquake‐resistant capacity that is prescribed in the structural design criteria. Great axial stresses are produced in columns by combined action of bending moment and axial force due to overturning moment. The fracture of heavy steel columns is caused from only the horizontal component of seismic ground motion. Actual locations of significant damage are closely related to the occurrence of plastic hinges in the analysis. It is emphasized as a warning to avoid yielding concentration in particular storeys. Lastly, recommendations to enhance earthquake‐resistant design are proposed from a practical point of view. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐stationary seismic response of tanks with soil interaction by wavelets
Authors: Chatterjee Pranesh , Basu Biswajit 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA wavelet‐based random vibration theory has been developed for the non‐stationary seismic response of liquid storage tanks including soil interaction. The ground motion process has been characterized via estimates of statistical functionals of wavelet coefficients obtained from a single time history of ground accelerations. The tank–liquid–soil system has been modelled as a two‐degree‐of‐freedom (2‐DOF) system. The wavelet domain equations have been formulated and the wavelet coefficients of the required response state are obtained by solving two linear simultaneous algebraic equations. The explicit expression for the instantaneous power spectral density function (PSDF) in terms of the functionals of the input wavelet coefficients has been obtained. The moments of this PSDF are used to estimate the expected pseudo‐spectral acceleration (PSA) response of the tank. Parametric variations are carried out to study the effects of tank height, foundation natural frequency, shear wave velocity of soil and ratio of the mass of tank (including liquid) to the mass of foundation on the PSA responses of tanks. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Initiation of a multiple peat slide on Cuilcagh Mountain, Northern Ireland
Authors: Dykes A. P. , Kirk K. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn October 1998 a multiple peat slide occurred on the northern slopes of Cuilcagh Mountain, Co. Fermanagh, in response to a high‐magnitude rainfall event. Few peat slides have been recorded in Ireland, and a detailed field survey and investigation of the failure was undertaken within four weeks of the event. The morphological evidence indicated a distinct sequence of events which appeared to begin with the failure of a small segment of slope above a degraded transverse drainage ditch which was cut less than ten years previously. This segment of slope was no more than 42 m wide and 25 m long, with 0·7 m of peat overlying up to 0·5 m of a pale coloured clay, the latter containing small pipes and resting on the surface of a darker coloured loamy material. The failure surface was located at or near the base of the pale clay layer. Finite element software was used to model hydrological conditions within the upper segment of slope and to calculate factors of safety for different slope configurations including the presence or absence of a drain or a subsurface pipe. Using the peak shear strength of the pale clay, as determined in the laboratory, both the drain and subsurface pipes were required to obtain a factor of safety of 1·0 or less. Allowing for the uncertainties associated with the hydrological modelling of the pipes, it is suggested that the cutting of the drain and the hydrological impacts of its subsequent degradation are ultimately responsible for the failure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling the response of sprinklers in compartment fires
Authors: Gupta A. K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlpert's expressions are used extensively to calculate the maximum temperature and velocity in the ceiling‐jet at any distance, r, from the fire axis. These expressions are valid for unconfined ceilings insofar as the environment outside the ceiling‐jet is uniform in temperature and is atmospheric ambient. In compartments the outward flow of hot gases is checked by the presence of bounding walls and so a layer of hot gases is formed in the upper portion of the compartment. The environment outside the ceiling‐jet is no longer ambient atmospheric. Expressions due to Alpert becomes unsuitable, unless the effects of the accumulated hot layer are included in these expressions.The effect of the upper layer temperature has been taken by assuming that since the ceiling‐jet is completely submerged in the upper hot gas layer, the entrained gases are drawn from this layer only instead of the ambient atmospheric air at T∞. Thus T∞ has been replaced by TL in the Alpert's empirical expression for ceiling‐jet temperatures. The proposed equation is then used to calculate the response time of sprinklers fitted in compartments of varying sizes. Calculations have been done for identical conditions to those employed by Evans and compared. Comparison has also been made with Cooper's LAVENT model predictions. The study shows that the present model is capable of predicting the maximum, as well as average, temperatures in the ceiling‐jets submerged in the hot gas layer. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of a new essential oil type of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown from Uruguay
Authors: Lorenzo Daniel , Paz Daniel , Davies Philip , Vila Roser , Cañigueral Salvador , Dellacassa Eduardo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe essential oil of aerial parts of Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown cultivated in a small‐scale experimental area was analysed by GC and GC–MS (quadrupole). Twenty‐seven components were identified, corresponding to 93% of the total oil. The enantiomeric distribution of α‐pinene, sabinene, limonene and linalool was studied by multidimensional GC–GC. The major component was linalool (55%) with an enantiomeric purity of 99% for (+)‐linalool. Comparison with previous results suggested the presence of a new linalool‐rich chemotype for L. alba. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.