bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutritional adaptation of some Colombian Indians
Authors: Winton Marianne 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn an attempt to suggest the relationships among cultural practices, the limitations of the environment, and nutrition to on‐going human evolution, a series of synopses of information on Colombian Indian groups was presented. These groups consisted of the Chocó, Kógi, Ika, Motilón, Guajiro, Guahibo, and Cubeo. Although there is little useful data available, this report does indicate that these Indians depend on agricultural methods for a substantial portion of their diet. Furthermore, this study suggests the framework necessary for future studies of nutrition and its effects on human evolution.
Mineral metabolism and behavior: Abnormalities of calcium homeostasis
Authors: Katz Solomon H. , Foulks Edward F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAbnormalities of calcium homeostasis are often associated with a variety of behavioral disorders such as severe neuroses and psychoses which are frequently accompanied by anxious, depressed and delusional behavior. In our clinical studies of these abnormalities it is evident that hypocalcemia can be corrected to normocalcemia by dietary calcium supplements and vitamin D therapy. This result implies that in those regions where there are small amounts of calcium in the diet and/or limited sunlight for vitamin D synthesis the possibility of hypocalcemia and associated behavioral disorders is high. Our studies have centered on the Eskimo as an excellent example of this phenomenon. We are asking two kinds of questions: What are the biological, psychological, and socio‐cultural adaptations that take place in response to these abnormalities of calcium homeostasis; and what do these adaptations have to do with natural selection? In order to answer these questions in our investigation of calcium homeostasis, we are developing a general model capable of showing its modes of interaction among the biological, psychological, and sociocultural variables. This model will emphasize the limitations of biological adaptations in this case and demonstrate the significance of psychological and socio‐cultural adaptations in shifting the course of natural selection.
Blood groups, phosphoglucomutase, and cerumen types of the Anaham (Chilcotin) Indians
Authors: Alfred Braxton M. , Stout T. D. , Lee Melvin , Birkbeck John , Petrakis Nicholas L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA survey of the blood groups of a Chilcotion band produced unexpected results for the ABO system (0.69 for allele 0, 0.31 for allele A), MNSs system (0.53 for antigen M, 0.47 for antigen N), P (0.36 for P1). Other loci surveyed were within the range of expectation. The frequency of phosphoglucomutase type PGM was found to be 0.87, and for the dry cerumen allele 0.57. The frequency of the A allele was found to be decreasing among males, and several possibly distinctive characteristics of northern and southern Athapaskans are noted.
Validation of the first and second components of the Heath‐Carter modified somatotype method
Authors: Wilmore Jack H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn attempt was made to validate the contention that the first and second components of the Heath‐Carter somatotype system reflect relative fatness‐leanness and lean body weight respectively. Heath‐Carter somatotypes and underwater weighing determinations of percentage body fat and lean body weight were performed on 128 young women and 133 young men. The analysis of the resulting data indicated only a moderate relationship between the first component and percentage body fat and practically no relationship between the second component and lean body weight. Also, a fairly high correlation was found between the second and third somatotype components indicating a possible lack of discrimination between the two.
Population structure of blood groups in Central and South American Indians
Authors: Roisenberg Israel , Morton Newton E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe phenotype bioassay has been applied to samples of Indians from 12 countries of Central and South America. Using five blood group systems, more than 7,000 tested individuals were studied. The mean coefficient of kinship for pairs from the same place (a) is about 0.025, which is considerably higher than has been found for industrialized populations. The decline of kinship with distance (b) is moderate (0.003), indicating substantial migration. These results are similar to two other primitive populations.
Migration and the plasticity of physique in the Japanese‐Americans of Hawaii
Authors: Froehlich J. W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCertain anthropometric increases occur among the immigrant and subsequent two generations of Japanese‐Americans in Hawaii. These changes are correlated with stature and appear to reflect a general increase in body size. The growth trend was more rapid in males and terminated after one American‐born generation, suggesting that a maximization of hereditary growth potential may have been reached. For the females, however, metrical increases were more gradual and extended into the third generation. Ethnographic factors of cultural conservatism of women and male dominance in the Japanese family are discussed in connection with this sex difference.
A fossilized human mandibular fragment from Kangatotha, Kenya, East Africa
Authors: Coon Carleton S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWorking west of Lake Rudolf in 1965 Professor Bryan Patterson found at Kangatotha, among other human specimens yet to be described, a fragment of the corpus of a human mandible bearing three molar teeth. Its C‐14 date is 2835 B.C. The mandible is stout, heavily mineralized, and closely similar to others from Ishango on the west shore of Lake Edward found by de Heinzelin earlier. The three teeth are large and also similar to those from Ishango. Cranial and postcranial bones of the Ishango people show them to have been Negroes, and the jaws and teeth fit the same classification. The individual from Kangatotha was also indubitably a Negro.
Interstitial wear
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractInterstitial wear refers to the attrition between adjacent teeth. With other characteristics, it has been used to indicate savanna adaptation and to separate hominids from pongids. This work discusses a functional model of the factors causing interproximal attrition based on tooth angulation and masticatory movement. Interstitial wear rates are calculated for chimpanzees, australopithecines, and two living human groups. A much higher wear rate occurs for chimpanzee teeth. Limitations in both the adaptive and the phylogenetic meaning of interstitial wear in hominids are suggested.
Three‐rooted mandibular first permanent molars and the question of American Indian Origins
Authors: Turner Christy G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThree‐rooted mandibular first molars (3RM1) are characteristic of Asian and Asian‐derived populations, particularly Aleuts (whose 3RM1 frequency is the highest in the world) and Eskimos. Similarities in the frequency of these teeth between American Indians and contemporary peoples of southeastern Asia indicate a closer relation between these groups than between American Indians and Aleut‐Eskimos. Three‐rooted mandibular first molar frequency does not differ significantly in males and females except in Aleut‐Eskimos. Bilateral asymmetry of 3RM1 is relatively frequent in both sexes and all groups. All American Indian groups examined have a low frequency of 3RM1 pointing to a single Asian origin, except Athabaskan‐speaking Arizona Navajos, whose 3RM1 frequency approaches that of Aleut‐Eskimos. There is no evidence at present of any significant local microevolution of 3RM1 in two testable prehistoric American Indian groups, although genetic drift had possibly occurred in a few series of 3RM1‐deficient southwestern U. S. prehistoric Western Pueblo Indians. No adaptive value can be found for 3RM1 in Indians. In prehistoric western U. S. Indians geographic frequency variation is only slightly greater than the very slight (and non‐significant) testable temporal variation. Three migrations from Asia seem best to explain New World 3RM1 frequency variation.
The ethnological significance of the gamma‐globulin (Gm) factors in Melanesia
Authors: Curtain C. C. , Loghem Erna Van , Baumgarten A. , Golab T. , Gorman J. , Rutgers Carol F. , Kidson C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA study was made of the distribution of the immunoglobulin markers Gm(a), (x), (z), (f), (g), (b0), (b1), (b3), (s), (t), (c3), (c5) and Inv (1) and Inv (a) in 906 individuals sampled from several population groups living in various parts of New Guinea and New Britain. A study of 123 families confirmed the presence of the following gene complexes: Gmza;g, Gmzax;g, Gmza;b and Gmfa;b. Gm(s), (t), (c3) and (c5) were absent and either all or none of Gm(b0), (b1) and (b3) present. Striking differences occurred in the geographical and ethnic distribution of the Gm gene complexes. Gmfa;g was either absent or in very low frequency, and Gmza;b, Gmzax;g and Gmza;g were present in varying frequencies in both the highland and western coastal populations in the mainland of New Guinea. All of these populations spoke non‐Austronesian languages. On the other hand Gmfa;b was present in the Melanesian‐speaking Motu of the Central District of the mainland, in the Melanesian‐speaking Tolai and the non‐Austronesian‐speaking Sulka and Baining of the island of New Britain. It is suggested that Gmfa;b and Gmza;b are respectively Malayo‐Polynesian and pre‐Austronesian markers, although a clear cut distinction between modern populations derived from these stocks is often blurred by the effects of gene flow and drift.Considerable ethnic and geographical variation was also found in the distribution of Inv(1) and Inv(a). In two Highland NAN‐speaking populations the Inv(1+a+) phenotype percentages were 1.0 and 5.4, whilst percentages ranging from 0.0 to 56.4% were found for coastal MN‐speaking populations. The percentages of Inv(1+a+) in the total MN‐ and NAN‐speaking populations were 31.6 and 10.0 respectively.
Systematic reconsideration and a revision of the nomenclature of Kenya baboons
Authors: Maples William R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTwo populations of baboons in Kenya, often given different specific names, Papio doguera and Papio cynocephalus, were the subject of this investigation. We conducted a field study to determine if these two populations are the same or two different species. We located a zone of contact between the two putative species in the area of Simba Springs and Ithumba Hill. The population in this area was found to represent intergradation on the basis of field observations and detailed metric observations of the morphology. The morphology of this population appears to be intermediate between that of the two populations: the olive baboon, labeled Papio doguera, and the yellow baboon, labeled Papio cynocephalus. We confirmed the findings by statistical analyses of osteometric data. Since the specific separation of the two taxa studied in this investigation is invalid, both are placed in the prior nomen, Papio cynocephalus (Linnaeus, 1766) separating them on the subspecific level, P. c. doguera and P. c. cynocephalus.
Vertebral osteophytosis in prehistoric populations of central and southern Mexico
Authors: Chapman Florence Hantschke 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOne hundred and thirty‐eight skeletons from five Mexican archaeological sites were studied. Seventy‐three of these were from Tlatilco where hunting and agriculture were the main subsistence activities. This Pre‐classic group occupied an area northwest of Mexico City from 1100 to 600 B.C. Neighboring territory was intensely cultivated by the Postclassic Tlatelolco people between 1250 and 1521 A.D. Only 29 skeletons from this large group were sufficiently complete for this study. Every individuals in the latter group, except one young male adult, showed some degree of osteophytosis. The findings at Tlatelolco are paralleled by those from 46 individuals from Xochicalco, Morelos (600–900 A.D.), La Quemada, Zacatecas (900–1200 A.D.), and Coixtlahuaca II, Oaxaca (1300–1400 A.D.). Sixty‐nine per cent of the 21–30 year old group (26 individuals from the latter three groups) showed Stages I–III, slight initial ridging to mushroom‐like eversion of the vertebral bodies. In the next two decades 100% (13 persons) showed involvement, the three older Coixtlahuaca males having partial ankylosis (Stage V).
A forty‐five year investigation for secular changes in physical maturation
Authors: Maresh Marion M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn a stable, economically‐ and educationally‐privileged population of 180 subjects observed from birth to beyond the period of maximum growth in height, no secular changes toward larger size or earlier adolescence were observed between the earlier‐born and later‐born boys or girls of the Child Research Council study series. The mid‐birthdate for the 45 years of data collection was January 1, 1940 for the girls and May 1, 1936 for the boys. With none of the mean differences significant at the 0.05 level of confidence, the earlier‐born subjects were both slightly taller and heavier from birth and, for the girls, adolescence was slightly earlier.Forty pairs of like‐sexed siblings were included in the data. Coefficients of correlation were statistically significant for birthweight and menarcheal ages for the sisters and for height and weight at the age of maximum increment of growth in height for both sexes. In 12 of the 16 pairs of sisters, the older menstruated at an earlier age than the younger.
A commentary on the use of multivariate statistical methods in anthropometric research
Authors: Kowalski Charles J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA critical review of the increasing emphasis being placed on the use of multivariate statistical methods in anthropometric research is given. Particular attention is paid to multivariate techniques for testing hypotheses concerning mean vectors, principal components analysis and the use of discriminant functions, but some more general comments about the proper role of statistics in research are included. It is argued that multivariate techniques often do not allow the effective description and communication of the informational content of a body of data and that much additional research — both from the standpoint of theory and from the standpoint of practice — must be done before multivariate analysis can fulfill the promise it holds for the physical anthropologist.
Disproportionate sexual dimorphism in the human face
Authors: Hunter W. Stuart , Garn Stanley M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAnalysis of facial dimensions of 86 young adults and their 76 parents indicates that a disproportionate sexual dimorphism exists in the ramus of the mandible, demonstrating a regional difference in growth response. The male ramus is on the average 14% longer than the female ramus, whereas other facial dimensions approximate an 8% sex difference.The findings have relevance to the analysis of skeletal remains and suggest the desirability of age specific discriminant function analysis for the sexing of adult mandibles.
Some dental traits of Diaguitas Indian skulls
Authors: Campusano C. , Figueroa H. , Lazo B. , Pinto‐Cisternas J. , Salinas C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDental characteristics were studied on 60 skulls that belong to a population of Diaguitas Indians of approximately the Tenth Century. Mesiodistal crown diameters of permanent teeth were as follows: central incisors (8.77 mm), lateral incisors (7.23 mm), canines (8.40 mm), first maxillary molars (10.77 mm), second maxillary molars (10.71 mm), first mandibular molars (11.13 mm), and second mandibular molars (10.17 mm).Also determined was the frequency of shovel shaped incisors (80.30%), groove and cusp patterns of mandibular molars (Y5 73.40%), groove and cusp patterns of maxillary molars (H4 87.25%), and mesiopalatal version of maxillary incisors (66.20%). No skull showed Carabelli's cusp. The findings were compared with those for different populations past and living. The results suggest that the affiliation of the population analyzed was mongoloid.
Hairy pinnae in Kerala
Authors: Ali S. G. M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe study of hairs on the different parts of the pinna of adult males among the endogamous groups of Kerala province, India, revealed age trends, differences among the groups, and high correlations between the frequency of hairs in certain regions of the ear.The greatest incidence of hypertrichosis was found in the lower helix, followed by the tragus, middle helix, lobe, and top of helix. A gradual increase in the frequency of the trait with age occurred in the antitragus and tragus, and a decrease with age in the lower and middle helix. As hair at the top of the helix remains constant in frequency with age and is present in all populations studied, it is a useful anthropological marker.
Blood groups of six Indian bands of north‐eastern British Columbia
Authors: Alfred Braxton M. , Stout T. D. , Lowry R. Brian , Lee Melvin , Birkbeck John 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA survey of nine blood group systems was conducted among some northeastern British Columbia Indian bands. The sites contain Beaver, Slave and Cree speakers. A significant departure from Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium was observed in the combined MNS system. No age trends by sex were observed.
Determination of Crown‐Rump length from fetal long bones: Humerus and femur
Authors: Mehta Lalit , Singh H. M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLengths of the ossified diaphysis of the humerus and femur were measured in 50 fetuses ranging from 65 to 290 mm Crown‐Rump length. A significant correlation was found between the diaphyseal length and the CR length. No appreciable difference was noted in diaphyseal lengths of the humerus and femur in fetuses of 85 mm CR length or below. Various growth phases were observed. The difference in length of the femur and humerus is due to a comparative slow growth of the humerus during the later period of prenatal life. Diaphyseal growth rates of the humerus and femur are 0.18 mm and 0.21 mm respectively for every 1 mm increase in CR length. Regression coefficients for the lengths of the ossified shaft of the humerus and femur are 5.35 and 5.00 respectively. With the help of these coefficients, CR length of the fetus was estimated within a range of ± 15 mm. From the estimated CR length, age of the fetus was determined with the help of a standard age and size curve with reasonable accuracy.
Torus palatinus in the Neandertal Circeo I skull. A histologic, microradiographic and electron microscopic investigation
Authors: Sergi S. , Ascenzi A. , Bonucci E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA histologic, microradiographic and electron microscopic study has been carried out on the nature and structure of palatal irregularities found in the skull of the Neandertal human remain Circeo I.The histologic investigation of one of the palatal overgrowths shows that this is made up of spongy bone. Most of the trabeculae are of lamellar type, some of the others consist of primary woven bone. Osteocyte lacunae are clearly visible in the trabeculae, but mottled, granular areas are present too. These contain no recognizable structures. Microradiography shows this bone has low x‐ray density, probably due to decalcification during fossilization. Needle‐shaped apatite crystals are visible under the electron microscope. They are like those found in recent bone, although their often irregular arrangement seems to suggest the presence of collapsed tissue. The collagen fibrils do not always show a periodic pattern. The mottled, granular areas are crossed by many thin tubules, which are probably “Borhkanäle.”The conclusion has been drawn that the Neandertal man Circeo I had a well‐developed torus palatinus of nodular type with incipient transformation into the lobular type.
A comparison between the mandibles of Romano‐British and nineteenth century periods
Authors: Lavelle Christopher L. B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe mandibular and tooth dimensions were measured on a total of 210 specimens from Romano‐British, Anglo‐Saxon and nineteenth century times. The measurements were subsequently compared by means of univariate and multivariate techniques. The results indicated that the mandibular dimensions decreased more than tooth dimensions between Romano‐British and nineteenth century periods, but did not discriminate whether such mandibular changes occurred primarily in the ramus or corpus of the mandible.
The elongation of the human cervical vertebral column
Authors: Roche A. F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCervical vertebral elongation has been studied using serial cephalometric radiographs of 32 children examined regularly from 0.25 to 17 years. Mean vertebral body heights increased rapidly to about 2.5 years and then decelerated except for a spurt at about the age of peak height velocity. There were only small sex differences in vertebral body elongation to 12 years. From then to 15 years, the vertebral body heights in the girls exceeded those in the boys; later this sex difference was reversed. There was no pubertal spurt in disc elongation. The correlation coefficients were negative between vertebral body heights and the heights of adjoining intervertebral discs, e.g., body C3 and disc C3–4, but those between body heights or between disc heights were positive. The heights of adjacent cervical vertebral bodies were correlated more highly than the heights of non‐adjacent bodies. There was a similar pattern of differences between correlation coefficients for the heights of adjacent and non‐adjacent intervertebral discs.
Skin reflectance of Quechua Indians: The effects of genetic admixture, sex and age
Authors: Conway Donna L. , Baker Paul T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe skin reflectance characteristics of a group of Quechua Indians have been described with an emphasis upon the effects of varying degrees of hybridization, sex and age. This group of Peruvian Indians occupied a reflectance range common to that of all other reported groups of South American Indians. Miscegenation with European Whites had a statistically significant although small influence upon skin color. In general males were consistently darker than females on the three body sites measured. A significant darkening on unexposed body areas occurred in both sexes during early adolescence which may have been caused by the high activity level of the pituitary gland at that stage of the growth cycle.
Anatomical and functional specializations of the human gluteus maximus
Authors: Stern Jack T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMany anthropologists and anatomists have claimed that the human gluteus maximus is a functionally and structurally unique muscle, but there is not agreement on the actual characteristics of the muscle which do distinguish man from other primates. In this paper the superficial gluteus in a wide range of primates is discussed and those traits entirely unique to man are identified. The morphological specializations of the human gluteus maximus are confined to its cranial portion. This part is thicker in man than in any other primate; it has a new and firm origin, a modified ascending tendon of insertion, and an additional new insertion into the overlying fascia lata. Such changes improve the ability of the gluteus maximus to participate in controlling lateral stability of the trunk, and it suggested that this is the function which has been selected for in human evolution.