bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population structure of the pumpkin fruit flyBactrocera depressa(Tephritidae) in Korea and Japan: Pliocene allopatry or recent invasion?
Authors: Mun Jeomhee , Bohonak Andrew J. , Roderick George K. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBecause of their widespread agricultural impact and rapid range expansions, true fruit flies (Tephritidae) are the subject of quarantine and control efforts worldwide. Among these flies, the pumpkin fruit flyBactrocera depressa,which infests squash and other cucurbitaceous plants in Korea, Japan and Taiwan, was recently isolated from produce shipments entering Japan and identified as a regulatory target. This species was described in 1933 from collections in Japan and discovered in 1974 in Korea, suggesting that it may have recently invaded mainland Asia. We analysed the genetic structure of Asian populations ofB. depressausing sequence variation for mitochondrial genecytochrome‐oxidaseI and three nuclear loci:elongation factor1α,tubulinβ1 andtubulinβ3, using frequency‐based approaches, nested clade analysis and assignment tests. Contrary to the hypothesis of recent invasion, high levels of genetic subdivision were found among five Korean and three Japanese populations. Nested clade analysis suggested a variety of processes operating over different time scales, including ancient isolation between Korea and Japan and more recent range expansions within each country. Contrary to a priori expectations, the results also suggested the recent introduction of a mitochondrial haplotype into Yokohama, Japan that is related closely to a widespread haplotype found throughout Korea. Assignment tests also supported these conclusions. The combination of a genealogical approach and probabilistic assignments of individuals to populations of origin was able to provide statistical support for the identification of cryptic introductions within an otherwise widespread indigenous species.
The distribution and evolutionary history ofWolbachiainfection in native and introduced populations of the invasive argentine ant (Linepithema humile)
Authors: Tsutsui Neil D. , Kauppinen Seth N. , Oyafuso Alain F. , Grosberg Richard K. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWolbachia pipientisis a maternally transmitted bacterium that often alters the life history of its insect host to maximize transmission to subsequent generations. Here we report on the frequency and distribution ofWolbachiainfection in a widespread invasive species, the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile). We screened 1175 individual Argentine ants from 89 nests on five continents and several islands, including numerous locations in both the native (South American) and introduced ranges. We detectedWolbachiain four of 11 native populations, but only one of 21 introduced populations was infected. In the Argentine ant's native range, the distribution ofWolbachiasupergroups A and B was nonoverlapping. By coupling infection frequency data with behaviourally defined colony boundaries, we show that infected and uninfected colonies are often adjacent to one another, supporting the proposition that little female‐mediated gene flow occurs among Argentine ant colonies. We also conduct a phylogenetic analysis, and show that theWolbachiainfecting both native and introduced populations of Argentine ants belong to two lineages that appear to be specialized on infecting New World ants. One other lineage ofWolbachiahas undergone frequent, recent episodes of horizontal transmission between distantly related, introduced insect hosts.
Genetic structure, conservation genetics and evidence of speciation by range expansion in shy and white‐capped albatrosses
Authors: Abbott Cathryn L. , Double Michael C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSix variable microsatellite loci were used to examine genetic structuring in the closely related shy albatross (Thalassarche cauta) and white‐capped albatross (T. steadi). First, levels of genetic differentiation between the species, and among three populations within each species, were analysed using amova, FST and RST. We found high levels of genetic structuring and detected many unshared alleles between the species, which provide strong evidence against any contemporary gene flow between them. Within each species, shy albatross populations were found to be genetically distinct whereas white‐capped albatross populations were undifferentiated, which implies that dispersal events are much rarer in the former than in the latter. These results formed the basis for the recommendation that the three white‐capped albatross populations (as a whole) and each shy albatross population be treated as separate units for conservation. Second, levels of genetic diversity and allelic patterns in shy and white‐capped albatrosses were assessed for whether they support earlier mtDNA results suggesting that shy albatrosses arose through range expansion of white‐capped albatrosses. All measures indicated lower genetic diversity within shy albatrosses than within white‐capped albatrosses and upheld the hypothesis that shy albatrosses were founded by white‐capped albatrosses.
Genetic population structure and mobility of two nectar‐feeding bats from Venezuelan deserts: inferences from mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Newton Lyndsay R. , Nassar Jafet M. , Fleming Theodore H. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract Glossophaga longirostris and Leptonycteris curasoae are nectar‐feeding bats associated with arid zones in northern South America. Despite their close phylogenetic relationship, sympatric condition and niche similarities, morphological and ecological evidence suggest that these species differ in dispersal capabilities. Using mitochondrial DNA, we tested the hypothesis that these species exhibit different levels of population structure that are congruent with their particular movement capabilities. We sequenced a section of the control region of mtDNA for 41 G. longirostris and 42 L. curasoae from 11 zones in Venezuela. Population subdivision in G. longirostris (FST = 0.725) was considerably higher than in L. curasoae (FST = 0.167). L. curasoae individuals shared haplotypes at greater distances (812 km) than G. longirostris (592 km). Our results offer preliminary evidence for one of two possible scenarios, either greater mobility in L. curasoae or a higher degree of female philopatry in G. longirostris.
Medical staff's knowledge of pulse oximetry: A prospective survey conducted in a tertiary children's hospital
Authors: Teoh L , Epstein A , Williamson B , Morton J , Papadopoulos D , Teng A 
Published: October 2003

Objectives:  To assess the knowledge of pulse oximetry of senior (SMO) and junior medical officers (JMO) in a tertiary paediatric hospital.Methods:  A 16‐item multiple choice questionnaire was administered to SMO and JMO without prior notice or instruction in the area. The questions were completed voluntarily and anonymously, then proctored and collated by the principal investigator.Results:  The mean test scores for SMO and JMO were 70 ± 15% and 65 ± 13%, respectively (P = 0.06). A significant negative correlation was found between the test scores and the years of paediatric experience with the SMO.Conclusions:  The results of the survey showed there is an insufficiency of knowledge and understanding among medical staff concerning the principles, clinical applications and limitations of pulse oximetry. More emphasis needs to be placed on teaching these principles to ensure quality care for patients.
Early adolescent smoking and a web of personal and social disadvantage
Authors: Conwell LS , O'Callaghan MJ , Andersen MJ , Bor W , Najman JM , Williams GM 
Published: October 2003

Objective:  To examine concurrent physical, educational, behavioural, social and family factors associated with cigarette smoking in adolescents at 14 years.Methodology:  This study reports cross‐sectional data on 14‐year‐old adolescents and their mothers, drawn from a prospective cohort study commencing at the time of the first antenatal visit. At 14 years, 5247 adolescents completed questionnaires on current cigarette smoking. Adolescents and mothers completed health, psychological, school and social questionnaires relating to the youth. A total of 3864 adolescents were assessed physically, and undertook the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) and Ravens Progressive Matrices Test.Results:  Cigarette smoking at 14 years was associated with externalizing and internalizing behaviour problems, school suspension, contact with children's services and alcohol/illicit drug use. Apart from internalizing behaviour problems, these problems were more prevalent in boys. Poor school performance on maternal/adolescent reports was associated with increased smoking quantity for both genders, though WRAT scores were only decreased in male smokers. The Ravens Progressive Matrices Test scores were lower for boys with greater smoking quantity. The trend was less marked in girls. Body mass index and exercise frequency were not associated with cigarette smoking at 14 years, though girls who smoked had a higher reported prevalence of asthma. Parental smoking, marital conflict, maternal depression, lower income, and mothers aged in their teens and with a lower level of education at the time of this pregnancy were also positively associated with adolescent tobacco use.Conclusion:  Findings of this study indicate that cigarette smoking, at this critical time of smoking initiation, is associated with a broad spectrum of personal and social disadvantage that needs to be considered in intervention strategies.
Serious lead poisoning in childhood: Still a problem after a century
Authors: Reith DM , O'Regan P , Bailey C , Acworth J 
Published: October 2003

Objective:  To describe a series of patients with clinically significant lead poisoning.Methodology:  A case series of nine patients with lead poisoning who required inpatient management, identified through a Clinical Toxicology Service.Results:  Nine children presented with clinically significant lead poisoning. The median serum lead was 2.5 µmol/L (range 1.38−4.83). Eight of the children were exposed to lead‐based paint, with seven due to dust from sanded lead paint during house renovations. Serial blood determinations suggested re‐exposure in four of the patients, and in one of these patients the re‐exposure was from a different source of lead. Eight of the patients required chelation therapy.Conclusions:  Serious lead poisoning continues to occur and there appears to be complacency regarding the hazard posed by lead paint in old houses.
Comparison of hematologic or biochemical parameters among elderly hospital patients, institution‐dwelling residents, and health check‐up examinees
Authors: Yamamoto Ryuichi , Asai Kanichi , Miura Satoru , Kimata Takaya , Ando Fujiko , Iguchi Akihisa 
Published: October 2003

Background:  The purpose of the present paper was to examine the differences in the levels of hematological or biochemical parameters among elderly hospital patients, nursing home residents, and mass health check‐up recipients.Methods:  One hundred and 44 geriatric inpatients (aged ≥ 65 years), 237 outpatients, 146 nursing home residents, 120 aged examinees from mass health check‐ups, and 512 younger health check‐up examinees (controls) were included in the present study. They were divided into five male and five female subgroups, respectively. The levels of hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cells (WBC), serum albumin (Alb), Ca, albumin‐corrected Ca, Na, creatinine (Cr), and total cholesterol (TC) were determined and compared.Results:  There were significantly lower levels of Hb, Alb, Ca, Na, and TC in inpatients than in other groups in both sexes. In contrast, higher levels of WBC and Cr were found in inpatients. Among women there was no difference in the level of any parameter between nursing home residents, health check‐up examinees, and controls.Conclusion:  The data indicate that the levels of these parameters are affected to a greater extent in inpatients, and that female nursing home residents and health check‐up examinees show values similar to those of controls.
Thromboprophylaxis practice patterns in hip fracture surgery patients: experience in Perth, Western Australia
Authors: Wan Susan , Ting Jeannette , Olsen Amanda , Croser John , Eikelboom John W. 
Published: October 2003

Background:  International guidelines recommend that all patients undergoing hip fracture surgery receive specific thromboprophylaxis. The purpose of the present study was to examine current thromboprophylaxis practice patterns in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery at Royal Perth Hospital.Methods:  A total of 129 consecutive patients admitted to Royal Perth Hospital between 4 February and 21 July 2002 for surgical repair of a fractured neck of femur, was studied. The primary outcome was the frequency, type, and duration of thromboprophylaxis use during hospitalization.Results:  Mean patient age was 79.4 ± 13.4 years and 69.8% (90/129) were female. Seventy‐four patients (57.8%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 48.8−66.8%) received specific thromboprophylaxis during hospitalization, including 50 patients (39.1%; 95%CI: 30.6−48.1%) who received pharmacological prophylaxis only, three (2.3%; 95%CI: 0.5−6.7%) who received mechanical prophylaxis only, and 21 (16.4%; 95%CI: 10.5−24.0%) who received both mechanical and pharmacological prophylaxis. Of those receiving pharmacological prophylaxis, 35 (49.3%; 95%CI: 37.2−61.4%) received low‐molecular‐weight heparin, 26 (36.6%; 95%CI: 25.5−48.9%) received low‐dose unfractionated heparin, eight (11.3%; 95%CI: 5.0−21.0%) received warfarin, 35 (49.3%; 95%CI: 37.2−61.8%) received aspirin or clopidogrel, and 27 (38.0%; 95% CI: 26.8−50.3%) received combined anticoagulant and antiplatelet prophylaxis. The median duration of mechanical prophylaxis was 8 days (range: 6−12 days) and that of pharmacological prophylaxis was 12 days (range: 6−26 days). When the 32 patients already taking aspirin or warfarin at the time of admission were excluded, only 45 (46.9%; 95%CI: 36.6−57.3%) of the remaining 96 patients received specific thromboprophylaxis.Conclusion:  Specific thromboprophylaxis remains under‐utilized in patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture at Royal Perth Hospital. These data should prompt the implementation of effective strategies to improve thromboprophylaxis practice patterns in high‐risk orthopaedic patients.
Chemokines and the inflammatory response following cardiopulmonary bypass – a new target for therapeutic intervention? – a review
Authors: Ben‐Abraham Ron , Weinbroum Avi A. , Dekel Benjamin , Paret Gideon 
Published: October 2003

SummaryThis 10‐year Medline search of English‐language articles describing experimental and clinical studies on chemokines, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and systemic or multiorgan failure revealed that chemokines are significantly involved in the pathogenesis of post‐CPB syndrome. The post‐CPB inflammatory response depends upon recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells. Leucocyte recruitment is a well‐orchestrated process that involves several protein families, including pro‐inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules and chemokines. Current anti‐inflammatory therapies mostly act on the cells that have already been recruited. A more efficient therapy might be the prevention of excessive recruitment of particular leucocyte populations by antagonizing chemokine receptors which might act upstream of the current anti‐inflammatory agents. The chemokines, which are a cytokine subfamily of chemotactic cytokines, participate in recognizing, recruiting, removing and repairing inflammation. As chemokines target specific leucocyte subsets, antagonism of a single chemokine ligand or receptor would be expected to have a circumscribed effect, thereby endowing the antagonist with a limited side‐effect profile. Chemokines should be considered as possible targets for therapeutic intervention.
Remifentanil vs alfentanil in the total intravenous anaesthesia for paediatric abdominal surgery
Authors: Ganidagli Suleyman , Cengiz Mustafa , Baysal Zeynep 
Published: October 2003

Summary Backgrounds: Our aim was to investigate whether total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) with remifentanil and alfentanil would ensure appropriate analgesia and recovery conditions in anaesthesia for children undergoing abdominal surgery.Methods: Sixty children, scheduled for abdominal operations were randomized to receive, in a double‐blind manner, either remifentanil (loading dose 1 μg·kg−1; maintenance infusion, 0.25 μg·kg−1 min−1) or alfentanil (loading dose 50 μg·kg−1; maintenance infusion, 1 μg·kg−1 min−1) as the analgesic component of TIVA. They were combined with propofol (loading dose, 2 mg·kg−1; step 1 maintenance infusion, 10 mg·kg−1 h−1; step 2 maintenance infusion, 8 mg·kg−1 h−1; step 3 maintenance infusion, 6 mg·kg−1 h−1) neuromuscular blockade was with mivacurium. Dose changes of the drugs, the times from cessation of anaesthesia to extubation, verbal responses, recovery of ventilation, orientation, and qualification for discharge from the postanaesthetic care unit (PACU) were recorded.Results: Demographics, duration of surgery and anaesthesia were similar between the two groups. Times to extubation and stay in the PACU were significantly shorter in the remifentanil group compared with the alfentanil group. Quality of emergence (QE) from anaesthesia scale scores were higher in the remifentanil group compared with the alfentanil group.Conclusions: Remifentanil provides a more rapid recovery and adequate postoperative analgesia after TIVA for paediatric abdominal surgery, compared with alfentanil.
The Air‐Bubble Method of Locking Central‐Vein Catheters with Acidified, Concentrated Sodium Chloride as a Bactericidal Agent: In Vitro Studies
Authors: Moore Harold L. , Twardowski Zbylut J. 
Published: October 2003

Background:  Soft, cuffed indwelling catheters are used for hemodialysis access and intravenous infusions. The majority of these catheters are removed as a result of infection caused by contamination of the catheter hub during the connection/disconnection procedures. To prevent clot formation in the lumen, these catheters are routinely “locked” with heparin or some other anticoagulant. None of the anticoagulants commonly used as locking solutions demonstrates any significant bactericidal properties. The primary goal of this study was the development of a catheter locking method that retains anticoagulant properties at the catheter tip and bactericidal properties at the catheter hub. The second goal was to find a solution that possesses excellent bactericidal properties but is not detrimental in the event of injection into the patient's blood stream. The bactericidal properties of acidified, concentrated saline (ACS) were compared to concentrated trisodium citrate and to commonly used bactericidal agents such as povidone iodine, sodium hypochlorite, and chlorhexidine. Methods:  In preliminary studies, the rate of diffusion of solutes was measured in glass tubes. In another set of experiments, the mixing of two solutions (anticoagulant and bactericide) separated by an air bubble (“air‐bubble method”) was observed in stationary and moving systems. The final series of studies compared the bactericidal properties of ACS to other bactericidal solutions mentioned above. Results:  The solutions diffused swiftly in the glass tubes, and by the third day, both solutions were mixed. The air‐bubble method prevented mixing in both stationary and moving systems. The bactericidal properties of ACS were superior to all other tested solutions. Conclusions:  The proposed method of catheter locking with anticoagulant at the catheter tip and ACS at the catheter hub separated by an air bubble is a promising technique and clinical studies are warranted.
A Protocol for Isolating Putative Helicobacter pylori from Fecal Specimens and Genotyping using vacA Alleles
Authors: Liang Shuwen , Redlinger Thomas 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTBackground.   This study outlines steps for isolating and culturing Helicobacter pylori from freshly voided fecal specimens and genotyping isolates for vacA alleles.Materials and methods.   A family with four H. pylori‐infected members participated in this pilot study. Criterion for participation was a positive test for H. pylori by the urea breath test. Fecal specimens from children were taken from a freshly soiled diaper, placed in cold buffer, and prepared for culture in less than 2 hours. Culturing of H. pylori utilized selective culture media and isolates were screened for negative Gram stain, positive catalase and oxidase tests, and positive H. pylori 16S ribosomal RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Strain types were determined by vacA genotyping.Results.   The isolation procedure is relatively simple, although 5–7 days are required for H. pylori culturing. Isolation and purification of DNA eliminated PCR inhibitors and resulted in reliable analyses. All four family members were infected with the same H. pylori strain with a genotype of vacA s1a/m2.Conclusion.   This research lays the foundation for developing a routine and direct noninvasive method to detect the presence of H. pylori in fecal specimens. It is especially convenient for diagnosing children and infants, as samples can be obtained from soiled diapers. Culturing H. pylori from fecal samples in certain cases is important for antibiotic resistant studies prior to treating infected patients and for strain genotyping in epidemiological studies to determine transmission.
Use of Metarhizium flavoviride for control of Zonocerus variegatus: A model, linking dispersal and secondary infection from the spray residue with mortality in caged field samples
Authors: Langewald J. , Thomas M.B. , Douro‐Kpindou O.‐K. , Lomer C.J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA field trial was conducted using an oil formulation of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium flavoviride Gams & Rozyspal (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes), to control the variegated grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus L. (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae). The influence of dispersal and secondary pick‐up from the spray residue on mortality was assessed by sampling insects from the treated plots at intervals and monitoring disease levels during subsequent incubation in the laboratory. The cumulative mortality curves showed the pathogen to be highly effective, even in samples taken 8 days after spraying. A model was developed to link the influence of mortality, incubation, secondary pick‐up of spores and insect dispersal, on the shape of these cumulative mortality curves. The model proved useful for data received from an experiment using small plot sizes, where insect dispersal is a big problem. The spray residue had an important influence on overall insect mortality. The model also indicated a difference in speed of kill between field and laboratory samples, suggesting an incubation delay in the field.
Oviposition behavior and reproductive success of the cerambycid Acanthocinus aedilis in the presence and absence of the bark beetle Tomicus piniperda
Authors: Schroeder L.M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe influence of Tomicus piniperda (L.)(Col.:Scolytidae) attacks on Acanthocinus aedilis (L.)(Col.:Cerambycidae) (1) oviposition behavior, (2) breeding material preference and (3) reproductive success was investigated in caged pine bolts with and without egg galleries of T. piniperda. In addition, A. aedilis oviposition behavior was studied in the field. In the presence of T. piniperda attacks most A. aedilis eggs were laid through the entrance holes of the bark beetle egg galleries. In the absence of bark beetle attacks most A. aedilis eggs were laid at places where the outer bark had been damaged and the phloem was exposed. In cages, A. aedilis preferred to oviposit in bolts with bark beetle attacks. Thus, A. aedilis oviposited in all 17 of bark beetle attacked bolts but in only four of nine bolts without T. piniperda attacks. Neither the number of A. aedilis offspring nor the body size of emerging adults differed significantly between bolts attacked by bark beetles and unattacked bolts. Nor was there any significant relationship between the density of bark beetle egg galleries and the production of A. aedilis offspring.