bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial‐temporal structures of human alpha rhythms: Theory, microcurrent sources, multiscale measurements, and global binding of local networks
Authors: Nunez Paul L. , Wingeier Brett M. , Silberstein Richard B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA theoretical framework supporting experimental measures of dynamic properties of human EEG is proposed with emphasis on distinct alpha rhythms. Robust relationships between measured dynamics and cognitive or behavioral conditions are reviewed, and proposed physiological bases for EEG at cellular levels are considered. Classical EEG data are interpreted in the context of a conceptual framework that distinguishes between locally and globally dominated dynamic processes, as estimated with coherence or other measures of phase synchronization. Macroscopic (scalp) potentials generated by cortical current sources are described at three spatial scales, taking advantage of the columnar structure of neocortex. New EEG data demonstrate that both globally coherent and locally dominated behavior can occur within the alpha band, depending on narrow band frequency, spatial measurement scale, and brain state. Quasi‐stable alpha phase structures consistent with global standing waves are observed. At the same time, alpha and theta phase locking between cortical regions during mental calculations is demonstrated, consistent with neural network formation. The brain‐binding problem is considered in the context of EEG dynamic behavior that generally exhibits both of these local and global aspects. But specific experimental designs and data analysis methods may severely bias physiological interpretations in either local or global directions. Hum. Brain Mapping 13:125–164, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of non‐compliance on the cost‐effectiveness of pharmaceuticals: a review of the literature
Authors: Hughes Dyfrig A. , Bagust Adrian , Haycox Alan , Walley Tom 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNon‐compliance with drug therapies not only limits their effectiveness, but in some instances, is associated with grave clinical sequelae and substantial economic burden. It is important, therefore, to consider non‐compliance in economic evaluations. A review of pharmacoeconomic evaluations, which have applied sensitivity analysis to non‐compliance rates, was undertaken to evaluate the impact of non‐compliance on the cost‐effectiveness of different drug therapies. Although 22 evaluations satisfied the inclusion criteria, additional information was obtained from the authors of most studies, as the published details were inadequate. The majority of evaluations assumed altered effectiveness owing to reduced compliance in the absence of supportive clinical evidence. Because of the disparity in the nature of the outcomes, the measures of non‐compliance and the time horizon of the studies evaluated, it was not possible to compare the magnitude of the impact of non‐compliance among different drug–disease combinations. However, it was evident that non‐compliance always results in a reduction in efficacy, but its impact on costs varied substantially. The importance of incorporating measures of compliance is highlighted, as failing to account for ‘real world’ compliance rates in pharmacoeconomic evaluations may lead to selection of sub‐optimal treatment strategies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterns of invasion and routes of tumor entry into the mandible by oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Brown James S. , Lowe Derek , Kalavrezos Nicholas , D'Souza Jacob , Magennis Patrick , Woolgar Julia 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundAn understanding of the patterns, spread, and routes of tumor invasion of the mandible is essential in deciding the appropriate level and extent of mandibular resection in oral squamous cell carcinoma.MethodsA prospective study of histologic patterns of tumor invasion and routes of tumor entry into the mandible was performed in a consecutive series of 100 previously untreated patients.ResultsThe pattern of tumor invasion of the mandible depended on the depth of invasion both in the hard (p = .001) and soft tissues (p = .001). There was evidence that the pattern of invasion was related to histologic prognostic indicators of the disease, such as extracapsular spread from invaded lymph nodes (p = .03). The route of tumor entry was at the point of abutment to the mandible (direct) in all 13 cases, invading the dentate part of the mandible. Fifty‐five percent (23 of 42) of tumors invading the edentulous ridge entered through the occlusal (superior) surface. Direct entry to the mandible in the edentulous ridge was more likely for tumors arising in the tongue, floor of the mouth and the buccal mucosa compared with alveolar or retromolar sites (p = .003)ConclusionsLarger or more deeply invading tumors in the soft tissue are more likely to invade the mandible and show the more aggressive (invasive) form of tumor spread, reducing the options of a more conservative (rim) resection. Tumors tend to enter the mandible at the point of abutment, which in both the dentate and edentulous jaw is often at the junction of the reflected and attached mucosa. A point of tumor entry below the occlusal ridge or gingival crest should be assumed when planning rim or marginal resections of the mandible. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 370–383, 2002; DOI 10.1002/hed.10062
The significance of comorbidity in advanced laryngeal cancer
Authors: Chen Amy Y. , Matson Leslie K. , Roberts Dianna , Goepfert Helmuth 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIntroductionCancer patients often have concurrent diseases and conditions known as comorbidities. The aim of this project is to demonstrate the significance of comorbidity in the treatment and outcomes of advanced laryngeal carcinoma.MethodsA retrospective medical record review of 182 patients with previously untreated T3 or T4 squamous carcinomas of the larynx treated at M. D. Anderson between 1990 and 1995 was performed. Demographic, patient‐specific, tumor‐specific, and outcome measures information were collected. Comorbidity was coded using the Modified Medical Comorbidity Index. Univariate and multivariate analysis with the use of life survival analysis techniques and logistic regression were performed.ResultsThe median age at diagnosis was 59.5 years. Most patients were men (69.2%) and Caucasian (73.1%). Laryngeal preservation was performed in 90 patients, and surgical resection was performed in 92 patients. Patients in the two treatment groups had similar comorbidity, locoregional control (65%), and 5‐year survival (37.3%). Patients with either moderate or severe comorbidity had significantly worse overall survival (p = .00014) and worse 5‐year survival than those with no or mild comorbidity (21.8% vs 46.3%, p = .003).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that comorbidity is significantly associated with survival in a group of patients with identical histology, site, and stage. Comorbid status should be incorporated into the assessment of prognosis and outcome to improve and optimize the management of head and neck cancer patients. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 566–572, 2001.
The relationship between training and organizational commitment: A study in the health care field
Authors: Bartlett Kenneth R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between employee attitudes toward training and feelings of organizational
commitment among a sample of 337 registered nurses from five hospitals. Using social exchange theory as a
framework for investigating the relationship, the researcher found that perceived access to training, social
support for training, motivation to learn, and perceived benefits of training are positively related to
organizational commitment. Using a three‐component model of organizational commitment, the strongest
relationships appear with the affective form of commitment. The relationship between perceived access to training
opportunities and the affective form of organizational commitment is moderated by job satisfaction but not job
involvement. The findings are discussed for their theoretical and practical application to HRD, for the
management of HRD in health care settings, and for researchers interested in outcomes of HRD.
Characteristics of performance appraisals and their impact on sales force satisfaction
Authors: Pettijohn Charles E. , Pettijohn Linda S. , d'Amico Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA study of the relationship between performance appraisal characteristics and salesperson job satisfaction indicated that when appraisals provide clear criteria, the criteria meet with the salesperson's approval, and the appraisals are perceived as fair and used in determining rewards, salesperson job satisfaction increases. These results support previous findings that the critical determinants of appraisal effectiveness are not criteria‐driven but rather are largely determined by factors that managers can influence.
The Use of Person–Group Fit for Employment Selection: A Missing Link in Person–Environment Fit
Authors: Werbel James D. , Johnson Danny J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGiven an increased emphasis on work teams in organizations, it is important to select applicants based on their
ability to make contributions to a given work team. This paper proposes that person–group fit should be
useful to select applicants for work teams and suggests that effective use of person–group fit will create
both more cohesive work units and more effectively functioning work units. It proposes ways to make valid and
reliable assessments of person–group fit that could be used to minimize bias in the selection process.
Finally, it addresses several implications of using the person–group fit paradigm for human resource
management practice. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Influence of cigarette smoking on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response in schizophrenia
Authors: Kumari Veena , Soni William , Sharma Tonmoy 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe prevalence of tobacco smoking is known to be higher in patients with schizophrenia than other psychiatric disorders and general population. These patients also show reduced prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response. PPI refers to a reduction in response to a strong startling stimulus if preceded shortly by a stimulus of sub‐threshold intensity. PPI is thought of as an objective index of sensorimotor gating. Nicotine administered subcutaneously or via cigarette smoking enhances PPI in healthy human beings. It also enhances PPI at low, but not high, doses in the rat. We examined the influence of smoking on PPI of the acoustic startle response in 46 male patients with chronic schizophrenia. In a naturalistic design, patients (n = 9) who smoked a cigarette less than 10 min prior to being tested on PPI were compared with other smoking (n = 23) and non‐smoking patients (n = 14). We found that the group of patients who smoked a cigarette prior to being tested had significantly greater PPI than other two groups. These observations suggest a PPI‐enhancing effect of cigarette smoking on PPI in patents with schizophrenia. Higher prevalence of cigarette smoking in schizophrenic patients may reflect an attempt to improve sensorimotor gating deficits. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of caffeine on simulated driving, subjective alertness and sustained attention
Authors: Brice Carolyn , Smith Andrew 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere is evidence that caffeine increases alertness and reduces fatigue. This may be especially so in low arousal situations (e.g. working at night or for prolonged hours). Caffeine has also been found to improve performance on vigilance tasks and simple tasks requiring sustained response. Again, these effects are often clearest when alertness is reduced, although there is evidence that benefits may still occur when the individual is unimpaired. Most studies to date have investigated the behavioural effects of caffeine in laboratory experiments using artificial tasks. In the current study 3 mg/kg caffeine was found to improve steering accuracy in a 1 h simulated drive. Measures of mood and performance on a sustained attention task also showed the benefits of caffeine. These findings suggest that laboratory results reflect a general benefit of caffeine that may also be observed in real‐life situations. Other evidence examining the effects of caffeine on performance efficiency over the working day has shown the benefits of caffeine consumption on measures of sustained attention and alertness. This study also provided evidence suggesting that caffeine is often consumed when alertness is low to maximise alertness and performance efficiency. The implications of these findings for road safety are also considered. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospective memory, everyday cognitive failure and central executive function in recreational users of Ecstasy
Authors: Heffernan T. M. , Jarvis H. , Rodgers J. , Scholey A. B. , Ling J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractChronic use of MDMA (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine), or Ecstasy, is believed to lead to impaired psychological performance, including well‐documented decrements in laboratory and field tests of retrospective memory. Less is known about the impact of Ecstasy on aspects of ‘everyday’ memory, despite obvious concerns about such effects. The three studies reported here focused on the impact of chronic Ecstasy use on prospective memory (PM), associated central executive function and other aspects of day‐to‐day cognition. In study 1 46 regular Ecstasy users were compared with 46 Ecstasy‐free controls using the Prospective Memory Questionnaire (PMQ). Ecstasy users reported significantly more errors in PM (remembering to do something in the future); these findings persisted after controlling for other drug use and the number of strategies used to aid memory. No difference was found between representative subgroups on the Lies Scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. In study 2 a different group of 30 regular Ecstasy users and 37 Ecstasy‐free controls was assessed on the PMQ and on a central executive task comprising verbal fluency measures. The results confirmed the significant impairments in long‐ and short‐term PM and revealed corresponding impairments in verbal fluency. In study 3 15 Ecstasy users, 15 cannabis users and 15 non‐drug users were assessed using the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, which requires participants to provide ratings of the frequency of various day‐to‐day cognitive slips. The results indicate that the Ecstasy users did not perceive their general cognitive performance to be worse than that of controls. Taken together, these results suggest that Ecstasy users have impaired PM that cannot be explained by an increased propensity to exaggerate cognitive failures. These may be attributable, in part, to central executive deficits that are due to frontal lobe damage associated with Ecstasy use. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minor and trace element export from a glacierized Alpine headwater catchment (Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland)
Authors: Mitchell Andrew , Brown Giles H. , Fuge Ron 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMajor ion concentrations in meltwaters draining glacial environments have been widely reported. However, concentrations of minor and trace elements have received scant attention. This study presents trace and minor element variations in bulk meltwaters draining Haut Glacier d'Arolla (Switzerland) based on twice‐daily sampling throughout the 1999 ablation season, which represents the most detailed meltwater quality dataset to date. In order to assess the mode of export from the catchment, these elements are partitioned into (i) ‘dissolved’ and (ii) ‘particulate‐associated’ minor and trace element components.A computer‐based speciation model (PHREEQCi) was applied to the bulk meltwater data, suggesting that Ba, Be, Cd, Cu, Li, Rb and Sr exist primarily as mobile monovalent or divalent dissolved cations, which may be involved in interactions with suspended sediment surfaces. Conversely, the model predicts the precipitation of Fe, Al, Mn and Cr (oxi)hydroxides, suggesting these species may be predominantly transported as colloids, which may remove other minor and trace elements from solution by co‐precipitation reactions.Laboratory leaching experiments on suspended sediments and fresh rock powder suggests that minor and trace element concentrations may also be influenced by (oxy)hydroxide precipitation and adsorption–desorption reactions with suspended sediment surfaces. The quantity and transport mode of trace and minor elements may influence their bioavailability downstream of glacierized headwater catchments. Further, the enrichment of many dissolved minor and trace elements in meltwaters compared with world stream‐waters, coupled with the timing of water and sediment delivery during the summer months, may have implications for downstream aquatic environments. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological and erosional response to natural rainfall in a semi‐arid area of south‐east Spain
Authors: Martinez‐Mena M. , Castillo V. , Albaladejo J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA better knowledge of soil erosion by water is essential for planning effective soil and water conservation practices in semi‐arid Mediterranean environments. The special climatic and hydrological characteristics of these areas, however, make accurate soil loss predictions difficult, particularly in the absence of minimal data. Two zero‐order experimental microcatchments (328–759 m2), representative of an extensive semi‐arid watershed with a high potential erosion risk in the south‐east of Spain, were selected and monitored for 3 years (1991–93) in order to provide information on the hydrological and erosional response. A pluviogram and hydrograph recorded data at 1‐min intervals during each storm, after which the soil loss was collected and the particle size of the sediment was analysed. Runoff coefficients of about 9% and soil losses of between 84·83 and 298·9 g m−2 year−1 were observed in the area. Rapid response times (geometric mean values lower than 2 h) and low runoff thresholds (mean values between 3·5 to 5·9 mm) were the norm in the experimental areas. A rain intensity of over 15 mm h−1 was considered as ‘erosive rainfall’ in these areas because of the total soil loss and the transport capacity of the overland flow. Differences in pore‐size distribution explained the different hydrological responses observed between areas. The erosional response was more complex and basically seemed to be determined by soil aggregate stability and topographical properties. A greater proportion of finer particles in the eroded material than in the soil matrix indicated selective erosion and the transport of finer material. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal evolution of meltwater generation, storage and discharge at a non‐temperate glacier in Svalbard
Authors: Hodgkins Richard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn glacierized catchments, meteorological inputs driving surface melting are translated into runoff outputs mediated by the glacier hydrological system: analysis of the relationship between meteorology and diurnal and seasonal patterns of runoff should reflect the functioning of that system, with the role of meltwater storage likely to be of particular importance. Daily meltwater storage is determined for a glacier at 78 °N in the Svalbard archipelago, by comparing inputs calculated from a surface energy balance model with measured outputs (proglacial discharge). Solar radiation, air temperature, wind speed and proglacial discharge are then analysed by regression and time‐series methods, in order to assess the meteorology–discharge relationship and its variation at diurnal and seasonal time‐scales. The recorded discharge time‐series can be divided into two contrasting intervals: up to early August, proglacial discharge was high and variable, mean hydrographs showed little indication of diurnal cycling, ARIMA models of discharge indicated a non‐seasonal, moving‐average generating process, and there was a net loss of meltwater from storage; from early August, proglacial discharge was low and relatively invariable, but with clearer diurnal cycles, regression models of discharge showed substantially improved correlations with air temperature and solar radiation, ARIMA models indicated a non‐seasonal, autoregressive generating process, and eventually a seasonal component, and there was a net gain in meltwater storage. The transition between the two periods is brief compared with the duration of the melt season. The runoff response to meteorology therefore lacks the strongly progressive element previously identified in mid‐latitude glacierized catchments. In particular, the glacier hydrological system only appears responsive to diurnal forcing following the depletion of the seasonal snowpack meltwater store. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A bivariate gamma distribution for use in multivariate flood frequency analysis
Authors: Yue Sheng 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA gamma distribution is one of the most frequently selected distribution types for hydrological frequency analysis. The bivariate gamma distribution with gamma marginals may be useful for analysing multivariate hydrological events. This study investigates the applicability of a bivariate gamma model with five parameters for describing the joint probability behavior of multivariate flood events. The parameters are proposed to be estimated from the marginal distributions by the method of moments. The joint distribution, the conditional distribution, and the associated return periods are derived from marginals. The usefulness of the model is demonstrated by representing the joint probabilistic behaviour between correlated flood peak and flood volume and between correlated flood volume and flood duration in the Madawask River basin in the province of Quebec, Canada. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil partitioning and surface store controls on spring runoff from a boreal forest peatland basin in north‐central Manitoba, Canada
Authors: Metcalfe R. A. , Buttle J. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe mid‐ to high‐boreal forest in Canada occupies the discontinuous permafrost zone, and is often underlain by glaciolacustrine sediments mantled by a highly porous organic mat. The result is a poorly drained landscape dominated by wetlands. Frost‐table dynamics and surface storage conditions help to control runoff contributions from various landscape elements, hydrological linkages between these elements, and basin streamflow during spring snowmelt. Runoff components and pathways in a forested peatland basin were assessed during two spring snowmelts with contrasting input and basin conditions. Runoff from relatively intense melt (up to 16 mm day−1) on slopes with limited soil thawing combined with large pre‐melt storage in surface depressions to produce high flows composed primarily of meltwater (78% of the 0·29 m3 s−1 peak discharge) routed over wetland surfaces and through permeable upper peat layers. Melt intensity was less in the subsequent year (maximum of 10 mm day−1) and active layer development was relatively greater (0·2 m deeper at the end of spring melt), resulting in less slope runoff. Coupling of reduced slope contributions with lower storage levels in basin wetlands led to relatively subdued streamflows dominated by older water (73% of the 0·09 m3 s−1 peak discharge) routed through less‐permeable deeper peat layers and mineral soil. Interannual differences in runoff conditions provide important insight for the development of distributed hydrological models for boreal forest basins and into potential influences on biogeochemical cycling in this landscape under a warming climate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.