bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Konzepte zur Grundwasserreinigung
Authors: Kopinke F.‐D. , Mackenzie K. , Köhler R. , Georgi A. , Roland U. , Weiß H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDie Kontamination von Grundwasserleitern ist, anders als die Verschmutzung von Oberflächengewässern, für die meisten Menschen nicht wahrnehmbar. Dieser Umstand führt allerdings, zumindest in Deutschland, nicht zu einem verminderten Problembewusstsein, weil Trink‐ und Grundwasser im öffentlichen Bewusstsein eng miteinander verbunden sind. Die Sanierung von eingetretenen Grundwasserschäden zielt generell auf ein vernachlässigbar geringes oder tolerierbares Restrisiko für Schutzgüter. Sanierungsziele sollten immer unter Berücksichtigung der Angemessenheit des Aufwandes und der Umweltbilanz von Sanierungsmaßnahmen festgelegt werden. Ansonsten läuft man Gefahr, dass technischer Umweltschutz gut gemeint, aber letztlich gegen die Umwelt gerichtet ist. Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit dem Selbstreinigungspotenzial kontaminierter Grundwasserleiter, behandelt passive Reinigungswände sowie aktive Sanierungsverfahren.
Verfahrenstechnische Möglichkeiten zur Verringerung des Anstiegs von Kohlendioxid in der Luft
Authors: Arlt W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDer Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit verfahrenstechnischen Möglichkeiten der Begrenzung des Kohlendioxid‐Anteils in der Luft. Als Beispiel werden fossil befeuerte Kraftwerke betrachtet. Dazu werden zuerst die Stoffbilanzen erarbeitet. Es zeigt sich, dass die Ozeane für die Speicherung von Kohlendioxid die überragende Rolle spielen. Das eigentliche Problem ist jedoch nicht der Absolutgehalt an CO2, sondern die Veränderung des Wertes. Daraus wird abgeleitet, dass Erfolg versprechende Strategien das Kohlendioxid speichern sollten, um es später – in einigen hundert Jahren – wieder freisetzen zu können („verstecken“). Weltweite Sparmaßnahmen zum Erzielen des gleichen Effektes werden für nicht wahrscheinlich erachtet. In einer Übersicht werden literaturbekannte Kraftwerkskonzepte, Abtrenn‐ und Speicherverfahren vorgestellt. Ein Vorschlag sieht die Einleitung von Kohlendioxid in besonderen Flachwasserregionen vor. In diesen Regionen sinken gewaltige Wassermassen in die Tiefen des Ozeans ab und nähmen das gelöste Kohlendioxid auf eine mehrere hundert Jahre lange Reise mit. Es zeigt sich, dass die technischen Möglichkeiten bereits prinzipiell vorhanden sind. Mögliche Folgeszenarien, auch in Bezug auf die Ökologie, werden diskutiert und der sich ergebende Forschungsaufwand skizziert. Die sehr geringen europäischen Aktivitäten werden mit denjenigen Japans und der USA verglichen.
Neue Entwicklungen bei Anlagen und Verfahren für die Produktion von Pharmawirkstoffen
Authors: Behr A. , Brehme V.A. , Ewers C.L.J. , Grön H. , Kimmel T. , Küppers S. , Symietz I. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDie Pharmaindustrie befindet sich auf dem Weg in die Kostenfalle. Mehr und mehr setzt sich die Erkenntnis durch, dass klassische Stärken der Optimierung von Produktionstechnologien dort ansetzen können, wo Fusionen, Investitionen in High‐Through‐Put‐Screening und Biotechnologie bisher nicht die nötigen Erfolge gezeigt haben. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird gezeigt, wie aus einer Kombination von innovativen Bausteinen eine leistungsfähige und deutlich kostengünstigere Produktion von Pharmawirkstoffen resultiert. Diese kann den Ausweg aus der Kostenfalle weisen. Ein erster Baustein, der betrachtet werden soll, ist der Anlagenbau, daneben ist eine deutlich stärkere Prozessorientierung als zweiter Baustein zu sehen. Die Technologien, die den dritten Baustein der neuen Produktionswege für Pharmawirkstoffe darstellen, sind die Miniplant‐Technologie und die Prozessanalytik. Zu letzterem technologischen Baustein werden anhand von Beispielen die Trends der Zukunft aufgezeigt.
Bacterial infections in low‐risk, febrile neutropenic patients
Authors: Kamana Mallika , Escalante Carmelita , Mullen Craig A. , Frisbee‐Hume Susan , Rolston Kenneth V. I. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDAccurate identification of low‐risk, febrile neutropenic patients has become possible only recently. Many such patients are treated with oral antibiotics without hospitalization. To the authors' knowledge, data concerning the spectrum of bacterial infections in these patients are scarce, and collecting such data may have an impact on the choice of empiric oral regimen(s).METHODSUsing the same risk‐prediction and eligibility criteria, four studies of empiric therapy in low‐risk, febrile neutropenic patients were conducted at the authors' institution. Based on that experience, patients also were entered on clinical pathways for outpatient therapy. For the current study, microbiologic data were pooled from those trials and clinical pathways (757 episodes) to describe the nature and spectrum of infections seen in this setting.RESULTSUnexplained fever occurred most often (58% of episodes), and both clinically documented and microbiologically documented infections were seen with equal frequency (21% of episodes, respectively). The most common clinical sites of infection were the upper respiratory tract, skin, and skin structure. Among microbiologically documented infections, monomicrobial, gram‐positive infections accounted for 49% (with coagulase‐negative staphylococci the most frequent); monomicrobial, gram‐negative infections accounted for 36% (with Escherichia coli the most frequent); and 15% of infections were polymicrobial.CONCLUSIONSIn this description of the spectrum of infections in the largest cohort of low‐risk febrile neutropenic patients to date, episodes of unexplained fever were predominant, but gram‐positive, gram‐negative, and polymicrobial infections also were documented. Although these patients were at low risk for complications, they required broad‐spectrum antibiotic therapy when they developed neutropenic fever. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Radiotherapy alone or combined with carbogen breathing for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Mendenhall William M. , Morris Christopher G. , Amdur Robert J. , Mendenhall Nancy P. , Siemann Dietmar W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe current study was performed to investigate the efficacy of carbogen (95% oxygen [O2] and 5% carbon dioxide [CO2]) breathing during definitive radiotherapy (RT) to enhance local control.METHODSBetween November 1996 and November 2002, 101 patients with previously untreated T2 to T4 squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx were entered onto a prospective trial and randomized to receive definitive hyperfractionated RT alone or combined with carbogen breathing. Patients were stratified according to T classification and primary tumor site. Follow‐up ranged from 1–91 months (median, 38 months). All living patients had follow‐up for more than 2 years. Outcomes analyses were performed according to intent to treat.RESULTSDefinitive RT alone was completed as planned in 50 of 51 patients (98%); 49 of the 50 patients (98%) who were randomized to receive carbogen breathing were able to complete the RT as planned. Three patients randomized to receive carbogen breathing declined carbogen. The 5‐year outcomes after RT alone or combined with carbogen were as follows: local control, 83% versus 88% (P = 0.5155); locoregional control, 81% versus 83% (P = 0.7174); distant metastasis‐free survival, 82% versus 86% (P = 0.5184); cause‐specific survival, 73% versus 77% (P = 0.5866); and absolute survival, 53% versus 58% (P = 0.4856).CONCLUSIONSThe addition of carbogen breathing to definitive RT did not appear to improve the likelihood of local control significantly. However, because of the limited size of the current study, the authors cannot definitively conclude that carbogen breathing is ineffective. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Long‐term clinical outcome of Helicobacter pylori eradication for gastric mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma with a reference to second‐line treatment
Authors: Nakamura Shotaro , Matsumoto Takayuki , Suekane Hiroshi , Nakamura Shigeo , Matsumoto Hiroshi , Esaki Motohiro , Yao Takashi , Iida Mitsuo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe goals of the current study were to elucidate the long‐term outcome of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy for gastric mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma and to clarify the therapeutic efficacy of stomach‐conserving treatments for patients not responding to eradication therapy.METHODSNinety‐six patients with gastric MALT lymphoma, including 17 patients with areas of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, were treated by H. pylori eradication. Patients not responding to eradication therapy underwent either a gastrectomy, multiagent chemotherapy, oral monochemotherapy (OMC), or radiotherapy (RT). Predictive factors for the response to eradication therapy, overall survival (OS), and event‐free survival (EFS) were determined by the Kaplan–Meier analysis with the log‐rank test. The efficacy of second‐line treatment was compared between OMC and RT.RESULTSAfter eradication therapy, 62 (65%) patients achieved complete disease remission (CR). Transient histologic disease recurrence was confirmed in 4 (6.5%) of 62 patients with CR during the follow‐up (median, 37.5 months). The OS and EFS probabilities after 5 years were 0.96 and 0.80, respectively. Second‐line treatment was performed in 31 patients; gastrectomy in 4 patients, multiagent chemotherapy in 5 patients, OMC in 12 patients, and RT in 10 patients. There were no differences in the CR rate, OS, EFS, or toxicity between the OMC and RT groups.CONCLUSIONSH. pylori eradication therapy was an effective first‐line treatment for patients with gastric MALT lymphoma, which led to a favorable long‐term outcome. OMC and RT had an equivalent efficacy as a second‐line treatment in nonresponding patients to eradication therapy. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Therapy strategies for locally advanced adenoid cystic carcinomas using modern radiation therapy techniques
Authors: Schulz‐Ertner Daniela , Nikoghosyan Anna , Didinger Bernd , Münter Marc , Jäkel Oliver , Karger Christian P. , Debus Juergen 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe authors evaluated whether modern photon techniques, such as stereotactic fractionated radiation therapy (FSRT) or intensity‐modulated RT, outweighed the biologic advantages of high‐linear‐energy transfer RT in the treatment of patients with locally advanced adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACC) that infiltrated the skull base or the orbit.METHODSBetween June 1995 and December 2003, 63 patients with ACC were treated with modern RT techniques at the University of Heidelberg. The treatment results achieved with modern photon techniques alone were compared with the results achieved with combined photon RT and a carbon ion boost. Twenty‐nine patients (Group A) were treated with a combination of photon RT and a carbon ion boost. Thirty‐four patients (Group B) received photon RT alone.RESULTSThe median follow‐up was 16 months for Group A and 24 months for Group B. Locoregional control rates at 2 years and 4 years were 77.5% and 77.5% for Group A and 72.2% and 24.6% for Group B, respectively (P = 0.08; log‐rank test). Disease‐free and overall survival rates at 2 years/4 years were 71.5%/53% and 86.6%/75.8% for Group A and 69.2%/23% and 77.9%/77.9% for Group B, respectively. Rates for severe late toxicity were < 5% for both groups.CONCLUSIONSModern RT techniques allowed the safe delivery of high target doses to patients with locally advanced ACC. Late toxicity rates were kept lower compared with the historic neutron therapy data. A combination of modern photon RT and carbon ion RT seemed to be advantageous, with a trend toward higher locoregional control rates compared with modern photon RT alone. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Fulvestrant versus anastrozole for the treatment of advanced breast carcinoma
Authors: Howell Anthony , Pippen John , Elledge Richard M. , Mauriac Louis , Vergote Ignace , Jones Stephen E. , Come Steven E. , Osborne C. Kent , Robertson John F.R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDFulvestrant is an estrogen receptor antagonist with no agonist effects. In the second‐line treatment of advanced breast carcinoma, fulvestrant was shown previously to be as effective as the third‐generation aromatase inhibitor, anastrozole, in terms of time to disease progression and objective response rates. The authors reported the overall survival results from these studies.METHODSA prospectively planned, combined, overall survival analysis was performed, including data from two Phase III trials that compared the efficacy and tolerability of fulvestrant (250 mg monthly; n = 428) with anastrozole (1 mg daily; n = 423) in the treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced breast carcinoma who had disease progression after receipt of previous endocrine treatment.RESULTSAt an extended median follow‐up of 27.0 months (range, 0–66.9 months), 319 (74.5%) patients in the fulvestrant group and 322 (76.1%) patients in the anastrozole group had died. Prolonged survival was observed with both drugs, with 10–20% of patients still alive > 5 years after randomization. The median overall survival was similar between treatments, being 27.4 months and 27.7 months in fulvestrant and anastrozole‐treated patients, respectively (hazards ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.84–1.15; P = 0.809). Fulvestrant continued to be well tolerated, and was associated with a significantly lower incidence of joint disorders compared with anastrozole (P = 0.0234).CONCLUSIONSThe current analysis showed that fulvestrant was similar to anastrozole with respect to overall survival in the second‐line treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced breast carcinoma. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Barriers to minority participation in breast carcinoma prevention trials
Authors: Grann Victor R. , Jacobson Judith S. , Troxel Andrea B. , Hershman Dawn , Karp Julie , Myers Christa , Neugut Alfred I. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDBreast carcinoma prevention trials must recruit large cohorts of women who have an above‐average risk of developing breast carcinoma. Recruitment for the Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) trial required volunteers to complete a risk assessment questionnaire form (RAF). Women whose estimated risk of developing breast carcinoma in the next 5 years was ≥ 1.67% based on the Gail model were invited to participate in STAR. Less than 4% of participants in the previously conducted P1 (tamoxifen vs. placebo) trial were minority women. We, therefore, studied barriers to minority participation in STAR among black, white, and Hispanic women who completed an RAF.METHODSThe authors analyzed the association of Gail model risk factors, education, and insurance with race/ethnicity using chi‐square tests and two‐sided P values. They developed logistic regression models of trial eligibility, controlling for the Gail model risk factors, education, and insurance status.RESULTSAmong 823 women who completed an RAF, white women were 10 times as likely as Hispanic women and 45 times as likely as black women to be eligible for STAR. Age at first birth (P = 0.04), having an affected first‐degree relative (P < 0.0001), having had a biopsy (P < 0.0001), education (P < 0.0001), and insurance status (P < 0.0001) varied by race/ethnicity. All variables except insurance status were associated with eligibility when race was excluded from the model. In a model that included race/ethnicity, the same factors remained statistically significant.CONCLUSIONSThese findings suggested that both the race/ethnicity adjustment and socioeconomic factors were barriers to eligibility for and contribute to low minority participation in breast cancer prevention trials. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Automated image analysis methods for 3‐D quantification of the neurovascular unit from multichannel confocal microscope images
Authors: Lin Gang , Bjornsson Chris S. , Smith Karen L. , Abdul‐Karim Muhammad‐Amri , Turner James N. , Shain William , Roysam Badrinath 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBackgroundThere is a need for integrative and quantitative methods to investigate the structural and functional relations among elements of complex systems, such as the neurovascular unit (NVU), that involve multiple cell types, microvasculatures, and various genomic/proteomic/ionic functional entities.MethodsVascular casting and selective labeling enabled simultaneous three‐dimensional imaging of the microvasculature, cell nuclei, and cytoplasmic stains. Multidimensional segmentation was achieved by (i) bleed‐through removal and attenuation correction; (ii) independent segmentation and morphometry for each corrected channel; and (iii) spatially associative feature computation across channels. The combined measurements enabled cell classification based on nuclear morphometry, cytoplasmic signals, and distance from vascular elements. Specific spatial relations among the NVU elements could be quantified.ResultsA software system combining nuclear and vessel segmentation codes and associative features was constructed and validated. Biological variability contributed to misidentified nuclei (9.3%), undersegmentation of nuclei (3.7%), hypersegmentation of nuclei (14%), and missed nuclei (4.7%). Microvessel segmentation errors occurred rarely, mainly due to nonuniform lumen staining.ConclusionsAssociative features across fluorescence channels, in combination with standard features, enable integrative structural and functional analysis of the NVU. By labeling additional structural and functional entities, this method can be scaled up to larger‐scale systems biology studies that integrate spatial and molecular information. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spectral efficiency of a cellular MC/DS‐CDMA system in Rayleigh fading
Authors: Varzakas P. , Tombras G. S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe spectral efficiency of a multicarrier direct‐sequence code‐division multiple‐access (MC/DS‐CDMA) cellular system, operating in a mobile radio environment with Rayleigh fading, is investigated and evaluated in terms of channel capacity (in the Shannon sense) per user, estimated in an average sense. The analysis is based on the combination of path‐diversity reception, achieved by a conventional coherent maximal‐ratio combining (MRC) RAKE receiver and the physical frequency diversity potential provided by orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). As shown, a closed‐form expression for the achieved spectral efficiency of the considered system's operation is derived following a recently presented general method. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GCN5 and p300 share essential functions during early embryogenesis
Authors: Phan Huy M. , Xu Allison W. , Coco Cherie , Srajer Geraldine , Wyszomierski Shannon , Evrard Yvonne A. , Eckner Richard , Dent Sharon Y.R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPrevious studies revealed that deletion of genes encoding the histone acetyltransferases GCN5, p300, or CBP results in embryonic lethality in mice. PCAF and GCN5 physically interact with p300 and CBP in vitro. To determine whether these two groups of histone acetyltransferases interact functionally in vivo, we created mice lacking one or more alleles of p300, GCN5, or PCAF. As expected, we found that mice heterozygous for any single null allele are viable. The majority of GCN5+/−p300+/− mice also survive to adulthood with no apparent abnormalities. However, ∼25% of these mice die before birth. These embryos are developmentally stunted and exhibit increased apoptosis compared with wild‐type or single GCN5+/− or p300+/− littermates at embryonic day 8.5. In contrast, no abnormalities were observed in PCAF−/− p300+/− mice. Of interest, we find that p300 protein levels vary in different mouse genetic backgrounds, which likely contributes to the incomplete penetrance of the abnormal phenotype of GCN5+/− p300+/− mice. Our data indicate that p300 cooperates specifically with GCN5 to provide essential functions during early embryogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 233:1337–1347, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular inheritance of a Cre‐activated reporter gene to determine paneth cell longevity in the murine small intestine
Authors: Ireland Heather , Houghton Carol , Howard Louise , Winton Douglas J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHere, we exploit an absolute differential between stem and progeny cells in their ability to express Cre from a somatically inducible transgene to determine the longevity of intestinal Paneth cells. In the Ahcre transgenic line induction of Cre recombinase allows constitutive activation of a Cre‐activated reporter in intestinal precursors but not in Paneth cells. The time taken for Paneth cells to inherit the reporter (EYFP) was measured in adult Ahcre/R26R‐EYFP animals. Using confocal microscopy of TOPRO‐3–stained sections, both precursors and Paneth cells were identified and subsequently scored for EYFP expression. It takes up to 57 days for Paneth cells to inherit the reporter, making them three times longer‐lived than previously indicated using nucleotide incorporation and suggesting that such determinations of cell turnover may be significant underestimates. Developmental Dynamics 233:1332–1336, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Runx3 is involved in hair shape determination
Authors: Raveh Eli , Cohen Shulamit , Levanon Ditsa , Groner Yoram , Gat Uri 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTranscriptional regulators of the Runx family play critical roles in normal organ development and, when mutated, lead to genetic diseases and cancer. Runx3 functions during cell lineage decisions in thymopoiesis and neurogenesis and mediates transforming growth factor‐β signaling in dendritic cells. Here, we study the function of Runx3 in the skin and its appendages, primarily the hair follicle, during mouse development. Runx3 is expressed predominantly in the dermal compartment of the hair follicles as they form and during the hair cycle, as well as in the nail and sweat gland skin appendages. Distinct expression is also detected periodically in isolated cells of the epidermis and in melanocytes, populating the hair bulb. Runx3‐deficient mice display a perturbation of the normal hair coat, which we show to be due to hair type and hair shape changes. Thus, one of the functions of Runx3 in skin may be to regulate the formation of the epithelial derived structural hair by affecting dermal to epidermal interactions. Developmental Dynamics 233:1478–1487, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.