bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
128 Lysine Titration for Intact Males and Gilts During the Grower-Finisher Period in Both Summer and Winter Seasons in a South African Commercial Production System
Authors: Steyn Willem J , Bradley Casey L , Pennicott Chantel , Raath Jaco J , Van Deventer Myles 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The decision as to the optimum amount of dietary balanced protein to feed to commercial grower-finisher pigs should be based on both biology and economics. Terminal sired genotypes are constantly changing due to the selection pressures applied by geneticists on the patrilineal as well as matrilineal animals, as are the relative costs of protein-containing ingredients and the revenue derived from the sale of pork. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the most efficacy and economical levels of lysine to feed grower finisher swine in both the summer and winter seasons in South Africa. The trial was conducted at the Baynesfield Swine Research Unit at Baynsefield Estate in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. A total of 528 animals (26.48 ± 0.33 kg initial BW, TN 70 Topig genetics, 70-d of age) were used in an 84-day study, consisting of the grower-finisher period. The house consists of 48 pens each containing 11 pigs with a total of 528 pigs in the house. Pens were randomly allocated to one of six treatments (n = 8 pens). Each diet by phase was formulated with the same NE but with different SID Lys levels (120%, 110%, 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%) of the Topigs Norsvin Tempo Progeny Grower feed manual. All the diets were fed in a four-phase program. Individual body weight and pen feed intake were taken at each phase change. Data was analyzed utilizing Prox MIX (SAS, 2021). Pigs had ad libitum access to feed and water. Feed intake and body eight were measured at every phase change. Additionally, the carcass variables of percent lean, grade, cold carcass weight, and yield were measured at slaughter. The economic variables of feed cost, carcass value, mofc, and cost per gain were calculated to make a comparison. Statistical analysis was conducted in SAS (2021) utilizing the Proc GLM model for the average effects within each period and connection letter calculated with Fisher’s test. Yield and grade were optimized when pigs were fed the 100% SID Lysine diet. Pigs fed the 120% SID Lysine diet had the best overall gain and slaughter BW in both seasons (Table 1). Pigs that were fed the 120% SID Lys diet had the greatest average daily gain when compared with other treatments for the winter trial but during the summer trial the pigs that were fed the 100% SID Lys diets showed the greatest average daily gain. However, the greatest margin over feed cost during both summer and winter was obtained from the 90% SID lysine treatment. In conclusion, raw ingredient costs and seasonality are critical components when optimizing SID lysine for more than just gain but profitability.
146 Efficacy of Zinc Glycinate Reducing Zinc Oxide on Growth and Intestinal Health of Nursery Pigs Challenged with F18+Escherichia Coli
Authors: Jang Ki Beom , Moita Vitor Hugo C , Martinez Nicolas , Sokale Adebayo O , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of ZnGly supplementation reducing ZnO in feeds on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs challenged with F18+Escherichia coli (E. coli). A total of 56 nursery pigs (initial BW = 6.5 ± 0.5 kg) were allotted to 7 treatments based on a randomized complete block design using BW and sex as blocks. Treatment groups were: 1) NC: no-challenged with E. coli; 2) PC: challenged with F18+E. coli; 3) challenged with F18+ E. coli and fed ZnO at 2,500 mg/kg in the diet; (4 to 7) challenged with F18+E. coli and fed ZnGly at 400 mg/kg and ZnO at 0, 700, 1,400, and 2,357 mg/kg in the diets. Pigs were fed for 28 days based on 2 phases (Phase 1: 14 d and phase 2: 14 d) and 48 pigs were orally inoculated with F18+ E. coli (6 × 109 CFU/mL) on d 7. Pigs were euthanized on d 28 to collect tissues to evaluate TNF-α, IL-8, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, gene expression of Zn transporters, and mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum. Data were analyzed by Mixed procedure of SAS. The E. coli challenge tended to decrease (P = 0.076) ADG (200 to 155 g/d) and (P = 0.055) G:F (0.82 to 0.69) during phase 1, and increased (P &lt; 0.05) fecal score (3.2 to 4.1) of nursery pigs during d 7 to 14. There was no difference on the growth performance during the overall period, although pigs fed with the pharmaceutical level of ZnO had greater (P &lt; 0.05) ADG (343 vs. 256 g/d) than pigs fed with ZnGly at 400 mg/kg during the first week of post-challenge. Supplementation of ZnGly with reducing the levels of ZnO from 2,357 to 0 mg/kg tended to have a quadratic response on the fecal score (maximum 4.2 at 667 mg/kg of ZnO) during post-challenge period. Supplementation of ZnGly with reducing levels of ZnO from 2,357 to 0 mg/kg linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) IL-8 (0.94 to 0.58 ng/mg) and malondialdehyde (0.49 to 0.34 μM/mg) in jejunum of the pigs. Supplementation of ZnGly reducing the levels of ZnO from 2,357 to 0 mg/kg linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) Chao1 (142.2 to 148.7) and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) Shannon (4.08 to 3.99) with quadratic effects (P &lt; 0.05) on relative abundance of Pseudomonadaceae (minimum 6.15% at 1,000 mg/kg) and Streptomycetaceae (minimum 5.91% at 800 mg/kg) at family level in jejunum of the pigs. In conclusion, ZnGly supplementation at 400 mg/kg could effectively reduce the use of ZnO in nursery feeds by having similar effects to the pharmaceutical use of ZnO without negatively affecting growth performance and intestinal health of pigs challenged with F18+E. coli.
137 Macroalgae Extracts Limits Marek’s Disease Virus Load and Dissemination in Vitro
Authors: Rodriguez Maria A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Marek’s disease (MD) is a highly contagious lymphoproliferative disease of chickens caused by an alphaherpesvirus, Marek’s disease virus (MDV). Marek’s disease is presently controlled by systematic vaccination of animals, which protects efficiently against clinical disease, However, MDV vaccines do not prevent the multiplication and spread of MDV field strains generating immunosuppression. They may also favor the emergence of strains with increased virulence. Therefore, MDV persists to be a major problem for the poultry industry generating economic losses estimated at 1 to 2 billion dollars per year. The development of new sustainable alternative strategies to control MDV is needed. Macroalgae extracts have previously been shown to exert antiviral and immunomodulatory activities that could support the animals to better resist to this challenge. The objective of the study was to explore the effect of sulphated green macroalgae (Ulva.sp) extract (MSPIMMUNITY) on MDV infection in vitro. To determine the impact on MDV lytic replication, CEFs were infected and treated with increasing doses of algae extract. The viral load was quantified at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours post infection (hpi) by qPCR. The results showed the treatments significantly decreased MDV lytic replication in CEFs in a dose-dependent manner with the strongest effect observed with concentrations of 1mL/L. From 24 hpi, the viral load was reduced by about 80% with the algae extract at a concentration of 2mL/L and this is maintained over time and reached 94% at 96 hpi, A substantial decrease in MDV plaque size (from 2- to 3-fold) was demonstrated suggesting that macroalgae extract impede MDV cell-to-cell spread in vitro. This study provides the first evidence that the use of macroalgae extracts could be a good alternative to limit MDV infection in poultry. It could be used in in feed or in drinking water formulation to support the fight of the animal to viral challenges.
143 Awardee Talk: Improving Nursery pig Growth Performance with Supplemented Tryptophan in a Vaccine-Induced Immune Challenge
Authors: Brizgys Lauren A , Richert Jacob A , Scaff Taw , Richert Brian T , Radcliffe John Scott 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Weaning pigs is often concurrent with transportation-induced stress which can impair growth performance, feed efficiency, and immune resilience, contributing to reduced welfare and increased production losses. The objective of this experiment was to mitigate the adverse effects of early life transport stress on subsequent immune challenges by providing supplemental tryptophan (Trp) during the nursery period. A total of 384 pigs were transported for 8 h at weaning and used in a randomized complete block design with a 2x2 factorial arrangement of immune challenge (Vaccine challenged vs. Unvaccinated) and dietary treatment (Supplemented Trp vs. Non-supplemented Trp). Pigs were fed standard nursery diets, in four phases, over 35-d with pigs receiving 1X or 2X the NRC (2012) recommended Trp concentration. There were 12 pens/treatment with 8 pigs/pen (5 barrows and 3 gilts). Individual BW and pen feed intakes were determined weekly. One-half the pigs on each dietary treatment were subjected to a 3-wk vaccine challenge consisting of Mycoplasma (Respisure-One), Influenza (Flusure XP), and Ileitis (Porcilis) vaccines administered in week 2, 3, and 4 post-weaning, respectively. Data were analyzed as a RCB using GLM procedure in SAS 9.4 with fixed effects of dietary treatment and immune challenge, the interactions, and random effect of replicate. Beginning on d 7 and continuing throughout the nursery period, pigs fed diets containing 2X NRC (2012) Trp were heavier (P &lt; 0.05) than pigs fed diets containing 1X Trp. Heavier BW were the result of an overall improvement in ADG for 2X Trp fed pigs (P &lt; 0.006). There was a tendency (P &lt; 0.08) for an interaction of dietary Trp concentration and vaccine challenge on overall ADFI, with added Trp increasing ADFI in pigs not undergoing a vaccine challenge but having no effect in vaccine challenged pigs. During week 4 post-weaning, G:F was less (P &lt; 0.04) for vaccinated pigs compared with unvaccinated pigs. An interaction between dietary Trp and immune challenge was observed in week 5 post-challenge for G:F (P=0.0372) with G:F being reduced in vaccinated pigs fed 1X Trp, but not in vaccinated pigs fed 2X Trp; indicating that supplemental Trp may have added value in immune challenged pigs. Overall, increasing dietary Trp in nursery diets to 2X the NRC (2012) recommendation improves ADG in nursery pigs and maintains feed efficiency during a vaccine-induced immune challenge.
147 The Impact of Salinomycin and Crude Protein Level on Endemically Enterically Challenged Nursery Pigs
Authors: Nisley Mitchell J , Gabler Nicholas K , Sparks Chris , Burrough Eric R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Endemic enteric challenges antagonize nursery pig livability and performance. Recent limitations in the therapeutic control of Coccidia have increased the prevalence of coccidiosis in suckling and nursery piglets. Together with diet structure, intestinal inflammation and function may be compromised. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the use of the coccidiostat, salinomycin, in conjunction with high (HCP) and low (LCP) dietary crude protein (CP) on performance, survivability, and cocci shedding of nursery pigs. Mixed sex pigs (n = 120; initial body weight = 5.63 ± 1.4) were sourced from a coccidia, rotavirus, and hemolytic Escherichia coli positive sow farm and randomly allotted to single sex pens in a 2x2 factorial design (10 pens/treatment). Pigs were fed either HCP (24%) or LCP (18%) diet with or without salinomycin. All pigs were fed in three phases lasting 9, 12, and 21 days, respectively. Salinomycin was fed in phases 1 and 2 at 90 ppm and in phase 3 at 60 ppm. Pen body weights and feed disappearance were collected at the start and end of each phase to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F). Fecal consistency was scored for diarrhea presence daily. Within pen, pooled fecal samples were collected on days 9 and 20 for fecal float analysis of Coccidia oocyst counts. On day 9, one pig per pen selected based on median ADG within each pen was euthanized for tissue collection and histopathology assessment. Performance data, mortality/removals, and fecal cocci presence were analyzed for the effects of CP, salinomycin, and their interaction. Pen was the experimental unit and significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Fecal coccidia oocysts counts were reduced by 85% (P &lt; 0.05) and 80% (P = 0.066) at day 9 and 20, respectively in salinomycin verses control fed pigs. Salinomycin and LCP both decreased diarrhea incidence during phase 2 (P &lt; 0.05). A CP and salinomycin interaction was observed during phase 2 and a tendency was observed overall as salinomycin seemed to mitigate diarrhea presence in HCP pigs (P &lt; 0.05 and P = 0.090). Pigs fed salinomycin had reduced removal rates of 10 and 0%, compared with 15 and 30% for unmedicated LCP and HCP pigs (P &lt; 0.05). No CP by salinomycin interactions for performance metrics were observed. In phase 1, no main effects were observed. During phase 2, LCP tended to increase ADFI for HCP (0.52 vs. 0.44 kg/d, respectively, P = 0.064). During phase 3, salinomycin increased G:F (P &lt; 0.05) and tended to increase ADG (P = 0.080) compared with the control. Overall, 42 day nursery performance was not different between treatments. In conclusion, crude protein did not influence nursery pig performance. However, salinomycin reduced coccidiosis shedding and increased survivability in naturally enterically challenged nursery pigs.
313 Effect of Dietary Trace Mineral Source on Performance, Bones Mineralization and Mineral Status in Fattening Pigs
Authors: Samson Arnaud , Zoon Mieke V , Oguey Clémentine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Several papers report greater bioavailability of dietary trace mineral fed as organic in pigs compared with inorganic sources. However, only a few studies have tried to assess the variability of the trace mineral bioavailability among different organic sources. Growing barrows (n = 54; initial BW = 28.9 ± 1.3 kg) were used to determine the effects of trace mineral source on growth performance, bones mineralization and mineral status over the entire fattening period (d0-d73). Pigs were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to supplementation of trace minerals as inorganic (ITM) or one of 2 organic sources (OTM): glycine complex (GLY) or amino acids complex (AA). During the two feeding phases (growing: d0-d35; finishing: d35-d73), the experimental diets were supplemented with 5, 35 and 5 mg/kg of Cu, Zn and Mn, respectively. Pigs were fed restricted all through the experimental period. Feed intake was therefore comparable all through the experimental period for all pigs. Growth performance did not differ among the three experimental groups during the growing phase. However, Feed:Gain ratio measured during the finishing period tended to be affected by the dietary treatments (P=0.10). When grouping the GLY and AA pigs, the Feed:Gain ratio measured from d35 to d73 for the OTM pigs was significantly lower compared with ITM pigs (-0.07, P = 0.03). There was no significant effect of the dietary treatment on plasma trace mineral concentrations and alkaline phosphatase activity measured at day 34. At the end of the growing phase, plasma ceruloplasmin activity tended to be greater for the GLY and AA groups in comparison with the ITM pigs (+6.9%, P = 0.06). The zinc deposition in the proximal phalanx was significantly increased when the trace minerals were offered as organic compared with the group ITM (+10.9%, P = 0.06). Zinc content in the liver was greater for the pigs fed the OTM sources compared with the others (+6.0%, P = 0.10). The quantity of copper deposited in the liver did not differ significantly among the 3 trace mineral sources. This study indicates that the total replacement of inorganic Zn, Cu and Mn by organic sources brings benefits in terms of feed efficiency in fattening pigs. A better bioavailability as suggested by greater deposition levels in bone and liver as well as the increased circulating ceruloplasmin activity could explain the improvement of performance during the finishing period. Regardless of the variable considered, no significant differences were noticed between the two organic trace mineral sources.
245 Effects of Standardized Ileal Digestible Tryptophan to Lysine Ratio on Growth Performance of PIC Line 337-Sired Grow-Finish Pigs
Authors: Royall Rafe Q , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Vier Carine M , Spindler Matthew , Orlando Uislei A , Zaragoza Luis E , Lu Ning , Cast Wayne R , Wilson-Wells Danielle , Holen Julia , Betlach Alyssa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted to estimate the SID Trp:Lys requirement for growth and feed efficiency of PIC 337 × 1050 pigs from approximately 46- to 73-kg. A total of 840 pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 45.9 ± 0.95 kg] were used in a 28-d growth performance study. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to dietary treatments with 22 to 27 pigs per pen and 7 replications per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Pens were provided 1 of 5 dietary treatments with increasing SID Trp:Lys ratios at 15, 17.5, 19, 21, and 23%. Two corn-soybean meal-based diets with 30% DDGS containing 15 and 23% Trp:Lys ratios were blended to achieve dietary targets for SID Trp:Lys. Average daily gain, ADFI, G:F, Trp Intake/kg of gain, and final BW increased (quadratic, P ≤ 0.008) with increasing Trp:Lys ratio, while Trp intake/d increased linearly (P &lt; 0.001; Table). Additionally, Lys intake/d increased (quadratic, P = 0.009) while Lys intake/kg of gain decreased (quadratic, P = 0.008). A broken-line linear model predicted no further improvement to ADG beyond 19.5% SID Trp:Lys for 46- to 73-kg pigs. Meanwhile, a broken-line linear model suggested no further improvement to G:F beyond 19.3% SID Trp:Lys, while a similar fitting quadratic polynomial model suggested that maximum G:F was achieved at 21.3% SID Trp:Lys. In summary, these results suggest that the optimal SID Trp:Lys level for 46- to 73-kg pigs is 19.5% for ADG and 19.3 to 21.3% for feed efficiency.
240 Comparing Increasing Tryptophan: Lysine Ratios in Distiller Dried Grains-Based Diets with or without Distiller Dried Grains withdrawal Strategy on Growth and Carcass Performance of Grow-Finish Pigs
Authors: Spinler Mikayla , Tolosa Andres F , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Coble Kyle , Gerhart Amanda J , Soto Jose A , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A total of 6,240 pigs [DNA 600 × PIC 1050; initial body weight (BW) = 22.5 ± 0.20 kg], divided into 2 groups, were used in 119- or 120- day study comparing increasing Trp:Lys ratio in diets with DDGS or a DDGS withdrawal strategy on growth and carcass performance and carcass fat iodine value of grow-finish pigs. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 7 dietary treatments with 30 to 36 pigs per pen and 26 replications per treatment. Diets were fed in 4 phases (approximately 23 to 44, 44 to 71, 71 to 104, and 104 kg to market). Diets included a control corn-soybean meal-based diet formulated to a 19% SID Trp:Lys ratio, 4 diets with 30% DDGS fed in all four phases and formulated to achieve 16%, 19%, 22%, or 25% SID Trp:Lys ratio, respectively, and 2 DDGS withdrawal strategy diets: 19% SID Trp:Lys with 30% DDGS in phase 1 through 3 and then in phase 4, 0% DDGS with either a 19 or 25% Trp:Lys ratio. Overall, BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F increased (linear, P &lt; 0.05) as SID Trp:Lys ratio increased in diets with 30% DDGS fed in all 4 phases (Table). Pigs fed diets containing a SID Trp:Lys ratio of 19% and 30% DDGS from phases 1 through 3 and 0% DDGS in phase 4 had the greatest numeric ADG and ADFI for the overall study, but was not different than pigs fed the control for ADG, or the 25% Trp:Lys withdrawal treatment and the 30% DDGS diets with 25% Trp:Lys ratio throughout the study for ADG and ADFI. Hot carcass weight and carcass yield increased (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) as Trp:Lys ratio increased. Carcass fat samples were taken from the loin-butt junction and analyzed for iodine value. Pigs fed the control diet had decreased (P &lt; 0.05) carcass fat iodine value compared with pigs fed DDGS throughout the study, with pigs fed the two DDGS withdrawal strategies having decreased (P &lt; 0.05) iodine values compared with pigs fed 30% DDGS in all 4 phases. In summary, increasing the SID Trp:Lys ratio in diets with 30% DDGS resulted in a linear improvement in ADG, ADFI, G:F, and BW but did not influence iodine values. Removing DDGS from the diet in the last period reduced carcass fat iodine value and increased growth rate during the withdrawal period compared with pigs fed 30% DDGS throughout, indicating value in a DDGS withdrawal strategy.
149 Effects of Microbial Phytase on Standardized Total Tract Digestibility of Phosphorus in Feed Phosphates Fed to Growing Pigs
Authors: Diaz Diego A Lopez , Lee Su A , Stein Hans H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of increased microbial phytase on total tract digestibility of P in feed phosphates when fed to growing pigs. A source of monocalcium phosphate (MCP), monosodium phosphate (MSP), and magnesium phosphate (MgP) were procured. Three basal diets were formulated to contain 0, 500, and 4,000 units of microbial phytase (FTU) and no addition of feed phosphates. Nine phosphate-containing diets were formulated by adding each of the 3 feed phosphates and 3 levels of phytase. A P-free diet was formulated to determine the basal endogenous P loss. A total of 117 growing barrows (BW = 15.56 kg; SD = 1.68) were divided into 3 blocks of 39 pigs and allotted to the 13 diets for a total of 9 pigs per diet. During the experiment, pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates equipped with a slatted floor, a feeder, and a nipple drinker. Fecal samples were quantitatively collected for 4 days after 5 days of adaptation using the marker-to-marker approach. Fecal samples were dried and ground before analysis. Fecal samples, feed ingredients, feed phosphates, and diet samples were analyzed for P, Ca, and dry matter and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) were calculated. The ATTD and STTD of P in the 3 feed phosphates were calculated using difference procedure. The statistical model included the level of phytase and the P source as the fixed effects and the random effects of period and replicate within period. Contrast statements were used to test for linear and quadratic effects of increasing phytase in diets and the model included diet as the fixed effect and period and replicate as the random effects. Pig was the experimental unit. Results indicated that the ATTD and STTD of P in all diets increased (P &lt; 0.05) with the inclusion of 500 or 4,000 FTU, but the ATTD and STTD of P in feed phosphates were not affected by the inclusion of phytase (Table 1). This indicates that the increases in ATTD and STTD of P that were observed in the mixed diets when phytase was used were due to the release of P from phytate in corn and soybean meal and not from an increase in digestibility of P in feed phosphates. However, MgP had a lower (P &lt; 0.05) STTD of P than MCP and MSP. In conclusion, microbial phytase does not increase the digestibility of P in MCP, MSP, or MgP, but the digestibility of P in MgP is less than in MCP and MSP.