bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Reflexes Of Hoffmann, Tromner, And Mayer
Authors: Krouwer Hendril&lt;us G J , Barkhaus Paul E , Antuono Piero G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The clinical neurological examination played a key role in the evaluation of the patient in the era preceding high-technology medicine. In contemporary medical practice, laboratory tests and imaging are given greater weight in diagnostic decision making. Therefore the clinical neurological examination has lost ground as the primary tool in clinical localization and in the problem-solving process. The seemingly obsessive and eccentric pursuit of reflexes by early clinicians can be understood through an appreciation of the historical perspective of lack of technology and much greater reliance on bedside skills.
Jendrassik’S Maneuver
Authors: Stam Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Erno (Ernst) Jendrassik (1858-1921) was 24 years old when he wrote his first paper on the tendon reflexes.1 At that time (1883) he worked as a resident in internal medicine in Budapest, as he remained two years later, when he wrote about the maneuver that would immortalize his name in neurology. Jendrassik was born in 1858 in Cluj in Transylvania, Romania (at that time called Kolozsvar in Hungarian), where his father was professor of theoretical medicine. In 1860, when Erno was two years old, his father was appointed professor of physiology at the University of Budapest. At age 22, in 1880, Erno was graduated as a medical doctor. In 1884 and 1885, at the Salpetriere, directed by Charcot (1825-1893), he worked with Pierre Marie (1852-1940) on cerebral hemiatrophy. Their collaboration resulted in an influential paper3 and in lifelong friendship.
Wernicke’S Aphasia
Authors: Dalman Annelies J E , Eling Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carl Wernicke was born on 15 May 1848 in Tarnowitz, Upper Silesia.1•2 His father worked as a secretary of a mining company’s main administration. Wernicke’s childhood was not easy; there were constant worries about money and he suffered from poor health. He attended the Gymnasia in Oppeln and Breslau. Subsequently, he studied medicine at the University of Breslau and took the doctoral degree in 1870. He spent six months as assistant to the ophthalmologist R. F. Foerster (1825-1902), not to be confused with the neurologist and neurosurgeon Otfrid Foerster (1873-1941), one ofWernicke’s students. During the Franco-German War of 1870-1871, he assisted a surgeon named Fischer on the battlefields. After the war he became a registrar at the All Saints Hospital in Breslau, where Heinrich Neumann acted as his superior.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Authors: Poser Charles M , Bruyn George W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is one of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) characterized clinically by the triad of rapidly devastating dementia, pyramidal and extrapyramidal disease with myoclonus, and triphasic discharges in the electroencephalogram. The pathologic hallmarks are neuronal loss, spongy changes in the gray matter, and an astrocytic response. It has been argued by a number of authors, most convincingly by Walter Kirschbaum,1 a student of Alfons Maria Jakob, and by F. Katscher,2 that the correct eponymous designation should be Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease. There is now a majority view that it was indeed Jakob who first described this disease. Kirschbaum titled his 1968 book Jakob-Creutzfeldt Disease, despite the fact that in 1922 the foremost German neuropathologist, Walther Spielmeyer,3 had given precedence to his erstwhile student Creutzfeldt. The CJD eponym continues to be so widely used that any attempt to redress a slight to the memory of Alfons Jakob seems futile. Consequently, we use CJD in this essay.
Acquired Dyslexia
Authors: Coslett H Branch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike the ability to speak, which has presumably evolved over hundreds of thousands of years, the ability to read is a relatively recent development that is dependent upon both the capacity to process complex visual stimuli and the ability to engage phonologic, syntactic, and other language capacities. Perhaps as a consequence of the wide range of cognitive operations required, reading is compromised in many patients with cerebral lesions, particularly those involving the left hemisphere. The resultant reading impairments, or acquired dyslexias, take many different forms, reflecting the breakdown of specific aspects of the reading process. In this chapter, we briefly review the history of the study of acquired dyslexia and discuss a model of the processes involved in normal reading. Specific syndromes of acquired dyxlexia are discussed. We also briefly discuss connectionist accounts of reading and the anatomic basis of reading as revealed by re- cent functional imaging studies. Lastly, the clinical assessment of reading and attempts at reading remediation are briefly described.
The Frontal Lobes
Authors: Damasio Antonio R , Anderson Steven W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although this is a time of unprecedented progress in cognitive neuroscience, clinicians who evaluate and treat frontal lobe dysfunction still face many of the frustrations encountered by prior generations. Damage to the frontal lobes can disrupt in various ways a set of very complex neuroanatomical and functional systems, which for the most part remain incompletely understood. The frontal lobes make up over one-third of the human cerebral cortex and have diverse anatomical units, each with distinct connections to other cortical and subcortical regions and to each other. Although we have made progress in elucidating the connectional pattern and physiology of some of its subregions in nonhuman primates (see below), we have not had a means to map the equivalent complexity in the human brain. Paralleling the challenges presented by the anatomical complexity of the frontal lobes are those which stem from the nature of the signs and symptoms of frontal damage, since they do not lend themselves easily to quantitative analysis in a laboratory setting. Nonetheless, new findings on frontal lobe dysfunction are appearing regularly, and have provided support for some long-held suppositions as well as new ideas regarding the operations of the frontal lobes. The central role of the frontal lobes in higher cognitive activities is not in question, and there is growing evidence that frontal dysfunction may contribute to certain psychiatric disorders.
A C’ontest of Resolve
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In mid-june Acheson set out his views to the intcnkpartmcntal group on[krlin contingency planning-, prdiminary to the n:kasc of his final report at the end of the month.’ His starting-point was that the cxncisc was for rcal-”Khrushchcv meant what he said”-and that this involved “deeply the prcstig-c of the United States and perhaps its very survival.” As there was no evident political solution available, the issue was one or “US will,”and America had to be prepared to act “regardless or the opinions or our allies.” Vv’hen on 14 June Lord 1 lome t)qiressed concern that Acheson’s proposed measures would all appear rather warlike, Acheson replied that was precisely the point.
Tests and Tension
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
i\ C .NFl.:AI l!N .ASF SOON IH,V .I.Ol’FD. “[‘he Herlin issue was apparently no closer to resolution. Norhmg really had changed for \.\-’esr Herlin, except rhar its isolation was more complete. Khrushchev gave no grounds for assuming that the wall had resolved anything other than the inuncdiatc probkm of mass ddcction. He was not about to admit that it was an alternative to a scpar:itc pc::ice tn:::ity.1 So by the time the Ilcrlin Steering Croup met on 17 August, the mood was far kss relaxed :rnd much more alive to the danger, :ls .i\1cNanura put it, that “this nloc :iction might portend a speed-up of Khrushchev’s schedule:.” The conclusion: “lOJur own military preparations should be hastened accordingly.” Though there was some disagreement with his diagnosis, there was none with his pre scription. Kennedy was now coming around to the view that “the Com munists in Fast Herlin might become ‘dizzy with success’ and act rashly.”
Back to Square One
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As tiie standing group decided against a diplomatic initiative on n April. its llllrnlwrs Wl.H: still short of alternatives. Unkss something was done, Castro’s position would only improve, and so .i\1cNamara argued for going back to the old Pentagon policy of “creating such a situation of dissidence within Cuba as to allow the U.S. to use force in support of anti-Castro forces without leading to retaliation by the USSR on the \;Vest.” The attorney general moved things along by proposing three studies: how the United States might respond to specific contingencies, including the death or Castro or the shooting down or a U-2, how to overthrow Castro in eighteen months; and how “to cause as much ffot1ble as we can ror Communist Cuba during the ne.,t eighteen months.”1
Introduction
Authors: Şükrü Hanioğlu M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study is about the Young Turk opposition movement against the regime of Abdülhamid II between 1902 and 1908, with particular emphasis on the Committee of Progress and Union (CPU)/Committee of Union and Progress (CUP). This story has its climax in the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, which marked a watershed in Otto man history and made a profound impact on the shaping of the modem Middle East and the Balkans.
The Reorganization of the Coalition and the Emergence of the CPU
Authors: Şükrü Hanioğlu M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In June 1905 Şûra-yz Ümmet proudly announced that the coalition had received a sum of FFr 2,000, “sent by a generous person who had combined patriotism and sublimity in his soul.”1 Shortly afterward, the same journal informed its readership of the arrest of many officials in the entourage of Yusuf İzzeddin Efendi, the second Ottoman prince in the line of succession to the throne.2 The private doctor of the prince was among those who were arrested and banished.
Reconstructing A National Identity
Authors: Rozenblit Marsha L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book explores the impact of war and political crisis on the national identity of Jews, both in the multinational Habsburg monarchy and in the new nation-states that replaced it at the end of World War I. Jews enthusiastically supported the Austrian war effort because it allowed them to assert their Austrian loyalties and Jewish solidarity at the same time. They faced a grave crisis of identity when the multinational state collapsed and they lived in nation-states mostly uncomfortable with ethnic minorities. This book raises important questions about Jewish identity and about the general nature of ethnic and national identity.
Temperament, Type A, and Motives: A Time Sampling Study
Authors: Eliasz Andrzej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reactivity, which plays a crucial role in regulating stimulation, is one of the most important dimensions of temperament (Strelau, 1983, 1988, 1998). Strelau coined the term “reactivity” to replace the well-known Pavlovian term: “strength of excitation” (or “strength of nervous system”). This dimension includes such characteristics as sensitivity to weak stimuli and endurance against strong stimuli. The more reactive individuals are, the more sensitive they are to weak stimuli and the less resistant to strong ones. It means that “high-reactives” show high sensitivity and low endurance. In contrast to high-reactives, “low-reactives” are supposed to be low in sensitivity and high in endurance.1
Freedom as Moderator of the Personality-Mood Relationship
Authors: Kiss Gyoängyi B , Dornai Erika , Brandstaätter Hermann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The striving for and experience of freedom are of central importance in human life. Our concern here is not freedom as a characteristic of a social (political) system or as a social value, but the experience of external and internal freedom in the natural surroundings of everyday life. There are situations that offer little restraint, in terms of both physical obstacles and social pressures. In such a situation a person experiences external freedom: If one wanted to, one could leave the situation or do something different within the situation without an effort to overcome physical obstacles and/or without being blamed (punished) by social agents. Thus, the concept of external freedom implies both being able and being allowed to do what one wants to do. There are, on the other hand, situations or activities that one can leave or change without acting against one’s personal norms, and feeling guilty. In this case we speak of internal freedom. In this sense, a person, even if experiencing an irresistible impulse to act in a certain way, is internally free to act if the desire is fully compatible with his or her values, that is, if he or she does not have to overcome anticipated feelings of guilt.
Stopping the “Madness” Positive Psychology and the Deconstruction of the Illness Ideology and the DSM
Authors: Maddux James E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The short history of clinical psychology suggests, however, that any such change will not come easily. The field began with the founding of the first “psychological clinic” in 1896 at the University of Pennsylvania by Lightner Witmer (Reisman, 1991). Witmer and the other early clinical psychologists worked primarily with children who had learning or school problems— not with “patients” with “mental disorders” (Reisman, 1991; Routh, 2000). Thus, they were influenced more by psychometric theory and its attendant emphasis on careful measurement than by psychoanalytic theory and its emphasis on psychopathology. Following Freud’s visit to Clark University in 1909, however, psychoanalysis and its derivatives soon came to dominate not only psychiatry but also clinical psychology (Barone, Maddux, & Snyder, 1997; Korchin, 1976).
Widening the Diagnostic Focus A Case for Including Human Strengths and Environmental Resources
Authors: Wright Beatrice A , Lopez Shane J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of labeling always will be a problem. This assertion embraces two quite different meanings of the word problem. In the first instance, the problem refers to perplexing questions proposed for investigation and academic discussion. In the second instance, the reference is to problems that add to disadvantagement caused by negative labeling.
The Concept of Flow
Authors: Nakamura Jeanne , Csikszentmihalyi Mihaly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What constitutes a good life? Few questions are of more fundamental importance to a positive psychology. Flow research has yielded one answer, providing an understanding of experiences during which individuals are fully involved in the present moment. Viewed through the experiential lens of flow, a good life is one that is characterized by complete absorption in what one does. In this chapter, we describe the flow model of optimal experience and optimal development, explain how flow and related constructs have been measured, discuss recent work in this area, and identify some promising directions for future research.
Humility
Authors: Tangney June Price 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although humility is commonly equated with a sense of unworthiness and low self-regard, true humility is a rich, multifaceted construct that is characterized by an accurate assessment of one’s characteristics, an ability to acknowledge limitations, and a “forgetting of the self.” In this chapter, I describe current conceptions of humility, discuss the challenges in its measurement, and review the scant empirical work addressing it directly and indirectly. I also will discuss briefly interventions for enhancing humility.
From Social Structure to Biology Integrative Science in Pursuit of Human Health and Well-Being
Authors: Ryff Carol D , Singer Burton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What does it mean to be psychologically well, and what are the factors that promote such well-being? These are the initial questions we will explore in this chapter. A multidimensional formulation of psychological well-being derived from numerous conceptual frameworks will be described, and we will use this framework to summarize findings on individual differences in positive psychological functioning. Variation associated with sociodemographic factors (i.e., age, gender, socioeconomic status) is of particular interest.
Positive Growth Following Acquired Physical Disability
Authors: Elliott Timothy R , Kurylo Monica , Rivera & Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People acquire physical disabilities through aging and a multitude of mishaps, diseases, and infections. Although clinicians have offered many different explanations for the diverse psychological reactions that occur in the wake of physical disabilities, few have applied scientific tools to study these behaviors, and fewer still have presented heuristic and testable theoretical explanations. Moreover, most observers have overlooked the potentially valuable experience of acquiring a physical disability. Writers have given only scant attention to positive growth and optimal living with chronic health problems, as well as the related searches for meaning, purpose, and fulfillment.
Emotion and the Repair of Close Relationships
Authors: Johnson Susan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Couple therapy is a journey. It is a journey from the territory called marital distress, where depression, anxiety, and the disruption of families and children’s development are part of the landscape, to a place called a good relationship that sustains people in their lives and promotes mental and physical health. This territory was for many years a dark and mysterious place. The vagaries of adult love and intimacy were not even considered to be an area of legitimate study for social scientists. This has now changed. We now have a rapidly expanding science of close relationships that offers the couple therapist a map to the territory of adult love and to the process of relationship repair. Specifically, the new science of close relationships can help the therapist to construct pivotal change events in couple therapy sessions and also to deal with impasses in such change events. A major part of this new science is a new understanding of the key role of emotion in the definition and redefinition of close relationships.
Phylogenetic Inference: Distance Methods
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In distance methods or distance matrix methods, evolutionary distances are computed for all pairs oftaxa, and a phylogenetic tree is constructed by considering the relationships among these distance values. There are many different methods of constructing trees from distance data. Here we discuss only the methods that have proved to be useful for actual data analysis.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Sherry L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A few years ago, I attended a slide-illustrated lecture on “Blackfeet Sacred Geography” presented by a member of the Blackfeet tribe. As lights lowered in the room and views of magnificent Montana and Alberta landscapes lit up the screen, Curly Bear Wagner described the events that made these places sacred. He explained where and how the Beaver Bundle came to the Blackfeet. He talked about Scarface and the Sun Dance. While Wagner displayed pictures of the sacred places, seemingly unchanged over the years, and related his peoples’ connection to them, my mind drifted to Walter McClintock who, exactly one hundred years before Wagner’s lecture, walked into a Blackfeet camp and found his life’s calling. McClintock was one of those turn-of-the-century types who concluded the Blackfeet, and other Indians, could not survive in the twentieth century. So, he set about filling notebooks with Indian stories, legends, and descriptions of ceremonies. He spent several years photographing the Blackfeet of Montana and Canada in various poses. In time, McClintock put together his own lantern-slide-illustrated lectures and went on the road, regaling audiences with stories of how the Blackfeet acquired the Beaver Bundle and tales of Scarface and the Sun Dance. He believed that without such efforts as his, all traces of Blackfeet culture would disappear forever.
From Enemy To Inspiration: Charles Erskine Scott Wood and the Meaning of Indians
Authors: Smith Sherry L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1875, lieutenant charles erskine scott wood, a freshly minted graduate of the United States Military Academy, set off for the West. He carried with him the trappings of a soldier, but the soul of a poet. That Wood landed in the Indian-fighting army was his father’s doing. William Maxwell Wood, surgeon general of the United States Navy, had secured a West Point appointment for his son. But the imaginative, artistic young man did not enjoy the regimentation of military life, and his academic record proved mediocre for Erskine and his father were often at odds. Wood believed his father’s military demeanor made him a “despot” within the family, later claiming that the “joyless tyranny in which we were brought up made a lasting impression on me.” For his part, the father declared Erskine “a perfect Indian.” From earliest childhood, then, Erskine juxtaposed the army and the Indian, with the military representing regimentation, despotism, and tyranny, and the Indian, resistance to such things.
Cosa ch’a l’é sta storia? The Interaction of Pragmatics and Syntax in the Development of WH-Interrogatives with Overt Complementizer in Piedmontese
Authors: Parry Mair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Data from the Atlante Sintattico dell ‘Italia Settentrionale analyzed in Poletto and Vanelli (1995) reveal that in a number of northern Italian dialect areas, partial or WR-interrogatives are introduced by the complementizer che in addition to the WR-phrase (henceforth [WR+che]), as in the above quotation from a nineteenth century play in Piedmontese (Cichin-a, p. 20). ASIS questionnaire replies show the phenomenon occurring in both main and subordinate clauses in Piedrnontese, Swiss-Lombard dialects of the Lugano area (but not Locarno); some Alpine Lombard varieties; and some Romagnolo, Veneto, and Friulian varieties; but only in subordinate clauses in Trentino and not at all in most Ligurian, Emilian, and Lombard dialects.
The Ongoing Experiment: Restoration of Lake Mendota and Its Watershed
Authors: Carpenter Stephen R , Lathrop Richard C , Nowak Peter , Bennett Elena M , Reed Tara , Soranno Patricia A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Wakefield’s battalion pursued the Sauk warriors led by Chief Black Hawk through the uncharted wilds of southern Wisconsin, the lands surrounding the lakes supported wetlands, prairies, oak savannas, and forests (Curtis 1959). Wakefield’s account, and paleolimnology, tells us that the lakes were clear with light-colored sediment (Hurley et al. 1992, Kitchell and Sanford 1992, Kitchell and Carpenter 1993). By the late 1840s, clearing ofland for agriculture was well under way (Lathrop 1992a), as the city of Madison and the newly founded University of Wisconsin were developing on Lake Mendota’ s shore. By 1880, newspaper accounts regularly reported blooms of noxious algae and fish kills in the Madison lakes (Brock 1985). Subsequent studies of lake sediments show dramatic changes in the lake’s plankton at about this time (Hurley et al. 1992, Kitchell and Sanford 1992, Kitchell and Carpenter 1993).