bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Back to the Roots
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Academically, doubt is a virtue. It is wise to be cautious, virtuous to allow for different points of view. The problem arises when this attitude hardens: then doubting becomes a certainty in itself, and we forget the importance of doubting our doubt. To hesitate rather than pass premature judgement is one thing; it is quite another thing when scholarship flounders in disagreement over questions that could easily be settled once and for al1 on the basis of the evidence available. One example of this situation is the various opinions that have been put forward regarding the nature and divine identity of Empedodes’ four elements. They are an accurate indication of how little progress has been made in understanding him over the last century.
Aither
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ancient traditions about the identity of Empedocles’ elements, plus the modern status of opinion, are all linked to each other by a network of interlocking assumptions. Only by unravelling these presuppositions, one by one, will we be able to get to the reality underlying them. In later antiquity it was generally taken for granted that when Empedocles spoke of aither he meant the element of fire. Recently it has been common to assume instead that for Empedocles aither was not an element at all, but a secondary combination of fire plus air. Both these assumptions are tributaries of an even larger and more enduring one. This is that Empedocles’ basic name for the fourth element—in addition to fire, water, and earth—was aer: the origin of our word ‘air’.
Pythagoreans and Neopythagoreans
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No discussion of the involvement in ritual, cult, and magic on the part of Empedocles and early Pythagoreans would be complete without saying a few words about the subsequent history of Pythagoreanism—and, in particular, about the phenomenon which has come to be known as ‘Neopythagoreanism’. This word, like the terms ‘Neoplatonism’ or ‘Middle Platonism’, is a creation of modern scholarship; and as with all such constructs it is important to examine the assumptions and presuppositions which led to its creation.
Nestis
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Empedocles the magician, the healer, the expert in esoteric lore, and the initiate throwing himself into Mount Etna: these are all so many connected aspects of fact and legend that we have encountered as a direct result of following up Empedocles’ own equation of divinities with elements-and, above all, his equation of Hades with fire. But there is one last detail which needs looking into, and that is the identity of the goddess equated by Empedocles with the element of water. Interestingly, in this case the limitations of our information about the goddess will prove to be almost as significant as the extent of it.
Images of the Gods
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first of Maximus’ lectures on what may be called broadly theological and/or cosmological themes, showing points of contact with Orr. 4-11, 13,and 41. An initial survey of primitive and rustic divine images introduces the question whether sophisticated, urban man will have recourse to such practices too (§ 1). He will, is the reply, but as a concession to the feebleness of human intellect, not as a fundamental necessity either to men or to the divine (§ 2). An extended survey of Greek and foreign (‘barbarian’) religious images then underlines how widely and how variously this concession has been made (§ § 3-9). The concluding sections return to the initial question and amplify the answer given in § 2, that images used in cult do not embody God’s essential nature, but are a useful aid to human worship.
Socrates on Trial
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction
This is the first of a number of orations to take some aspect of the life and thought of Socrates as their starting-point: see also Orr. 8-9 and 18-21. In the others, Socrates is used more as a convenient point of entry to a major issue in Platonic philosophy than as a topic of interest in his own right; here, however, he remains the centre of attention throughout. Thematically, the lecture belongs with the group devoted to problems of philosophy and civic life (see Introduction, pp. xv-xvi): compare above all Or. 16, in defence of Anaxagoras and the Contemplative Life.
Poetry and Philosophy on the Gods
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A lecture arguing for a historical continuity and an identity of purpose between the poetry of Homer and Hesiod and the philosophy of later centuries. The basic thesis is stated with the aid of an analogy with the development of medicine in § § 1 - 3, in the course of which the use of myths (allegories) is identified as the central pedagogical device of early poetry; § 4 illustrates the persistence of allegorical technique in subsequent philosophical writing, while § § 5-6 explain just why myth and poetic form are so valuable to the educator.
Prayer
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A sermon on the futility of petitionary prayer. § § 1- 2 set out an allegory of ordinary (materialistic) prayer, backed up by a series of celebrated instances from Herodotus and Homer. § 3 explains how such appeals imply a fundamentally mistaken view of the divinity to which they are addressed, and § § 4-7a how, when the totality of factors conditioning human fortunes is surveyed, no role at all can be found for petitionary prayer. § 7b, returning to the territory of § 3, declares that if material goods are to be pursued at all, it should be through the efforts of the individual alone. However (§ 8, mirroring § § r - 2 ), the only truly valuable pursuit is the cultivation of Virtue (philosophy); those who indulge in this (the few true).
Diseases of Mind and Body
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Another ‘psychological’ lecture. Though the accent is now more on moral psychology than on epistemology, points of contact with both the previous and succeeding lectures can easily be found: with the picture of the disordered soul offered here, compare Or. 6. 4-5 on the potential confusion held in check by ; and with the vision of escape from the body in § 5, compare Orr. 9. 6, 10. 10,
Learning and Recollection
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction
Another ‘psychological’ lecture, on a central point of Platonic epistemology, thematically linked both with Orr. 8-9 and with Or. II (compare especially IO. 9 with 8. 8, 9. 6, and II. 10). Maximus begins and ends his exposition with accounts of the soul’s flight, both in philosophical contemplation and after release from the body at death (§ § 1-3 and 9). In between, in no very conscientious order, he explains the process of recollection, and its implications for our understanding of the soul’s nature.
Friendship and Flattery
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
35. §§ 1 -2 introduce the issue of Friends and Flatterers by summarizing and then rewriting Prodicus’ famous myth of Heracles; §§ 3-4 formulate the question of how to distinguish between them, and dispose of some unsatisfactorily simple attempts to answer it; §§ 5-6 provide the true answer, on the level of personal relationships, and §§ 7-8 show how the same distinction can be drawn in the wider worlds of politics and the arts and sciences.
The Active and Contemplative Lives
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A pair of lectures devoted to a further issue in practical ethics and politics which raises questions both of individual choice and of civic organization. Or. 15. 1-2 sketch the problem at its broadest (the immense variety of styles of life available to choose from), before narrowing it down to the choice between action and contemplation. The remainder of Or. 15 (§§ 3-10) is a speech by an advocate of the active life, seeking to prove the perversity of the contemplative’s choice in depriving the state of the benefits of his wisdom (3-5), turning his back on the best examples from history and myth (6), leading a life that fails to realize his potential as a human being (7), neglecting the best examples in philosophical tradition too (8-9), and exposing himself to needless danger into the bargain (9). In Or. 16.
Socratic Love
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These four lectures on Love address another ethical topic that has both a personal and a civic dimension, seeking to answer both the question ‘how should we as individuals behave?’, and the question ‘what kind of behaviour (and practitioners) do we want in our community?’ Compare in general Orr. 16, 17, and 26, and for the focus on the specific case of Socrates, Orr. 3 and 8-9; just as 8-9 are presented as a response to one of the two principal charges on which Socrates was tried (the introduction of ‘new divinities’), so 18-21 are presented as responding to the other, corruption of the young. There are thematic connections also with Orr. 14 (Friendship) and 10-11 (the human soul’s perception of transcendent reality; the link here is particularly with the final, Platonic analysis of eros offered in Or. 21. 7-8).
True Beauty of Speech
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This argument that true beauty of speech (or true eloquence) is to be identified with morally improving philosophical oratory is closely comparable in its message to Orr. 1 and 22. More generally, as a discussion of a valued activity, it belongs with the group of civic-ethical lectures that also includes Orr. 3, 4, 12, 14, 15-16, 17, 18-21, 23-4, 26, and 37.
The Benefits of Adverse Circumstances
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A further lecture on Ends and the Good Life. Orr. 29-33 have argued that Pleasure is no part of the Human Good; Or. 34 now argues the complementary case that pursuit of the true Good, Virtue, cannot be separated from toil and effort, and, correspondingly, that toil and effort (and the harshness of the world that necessitates it) are no evils. The lecture is thus also, implicitly, a vindication of divine Providence: note particularly §§ 1 and 3, but contrast the more overt theodicy of Orr. 38. 7 and 41.
On Degrees of Good
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two further lectures on the End and the Human Good, operating on very much the same level of abstraction and generality as Orr. 29-33, and arguing opposite theses: the first, that the Good for man is one and homogeneous, and admits of no degrees; the second, that there is a hierarchy of distinct goods that jointly constitute the End.
God and the Sources of Evil
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For this final lecture, Maximus returns to the territory of Orr. 5, 8-11, and 13: God, man, the structure of the cosmos, and the place within it of the human soul (cf. again Soury 1942, esp. ch. 4). As a vindication of the goodness and benevolence of a provident God, however, the lecture also has thematic links with Orr. 34 and 38.
The Ostracism of Hyperbolus
Authors: Rhodes P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ostracism at Athens is one of the many subjects in which David Lewis has taken an interest, but as far as I know he has not written on Athens’ last ostracism, that of Hyperbolus. It is a subject which presents a fascinating mixture of problems —in the interpretation of different kinds of text. and in the reconstruction of an episode in history. This is the episode in which, according to a story told three times by Plutarch, Hyperbolus proposed an ostracism, hoping to get rid of either Nicias or Alcibiades (or, according to Theophrastus, either Phaeax or Alcibiades), but the two men joined forces so that the supporters of each voted not against the other but against Hyperbolus, with the result that Hyperbolus himself was ostracized-but afterwards the people were disgusted and abandoned the institution of ostracism.
The Law of Gratitude: Reciprocity in Anthropological Theory
Authors: Wees Hans Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Travellers are struck by nothing so much as by the generosity of strangers, and so it was with many early anthropologists in the field. Reports of lavish hospitality, extensive gift-giving, and generous chieftains accumulated and eventually led Karl Poanyi to declare that the primitive spirit of exchange was radically different from our own.
The Continuator of Marcellinus
Authors: Croke Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marcellinus wrote his chronicle as a continuation of that of Jerome from 379 to 518 and later updated it to 534. Just as Marcellinus continued Jerome, Marcellinus was himself continued by an unknown author, at least to 548 and probably into the 550s. This author is usually called the ‘Continuator’ of Marcellinus and his work the Additamentum. The Additamentum is preserved in the arche-typal manuscript T (= Auel. T. 2. 26, Bodleian Library, Oxford) and the fourteenth-century manuscript descended from it called R (= Cod. Par. La,t, 4870, Paris) which breaks off slightly before the end of T which itself breaks off in 548. As was the pattern with chronicle manuscripts, the manuscript sequence of Jerome Marcellinus-Continuator constituted a continuous universal chronicle, created in the late sixth century, covering the totality of human history right up to the 550s. Earlier editions of Marcellinus also contain a continuation of the Additamentum itself to 558, but this was attributed in error to Marcellinus by Onophrio Panvinio in his edition (1558). It is actually part of the twelfth-century chronicle of Hermann of Reichenau.’ The Additamentum is a significant document in so far as it pro vides a representation of recent history to be set beside other con temporary representations, most notably those of Procopius and Jordanes. Indeed, the scholarly attention it has so far attracted has been mainly because of its evident correspondence to the Romana of Jordanes which was written in Constantinople in 55r. The relation to the texts of Jordanes has brought the Additamentum into the centre of research on the Vivarian manuscripts of Cassiodorus, as well as on the political stance of the Italian emigres in Constantinople in 550-1.2 Yet, it has never really been examined in its own right.
Money: Politics, 1. 8–10
Authors: Meikle Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Joseph Schumpeter considered Aristotle’s treatment of money in Politics, l. 8-10 to be ‘the basis of the bulk of all analytical work in the field of money’.1 Schumpeter was among Aristotle’s shrewdest economic commentators and in some ways the most critically hostile, yet he regarded the analysis as penetrating and precocious. But it is perhaps more penetrating than he thought and more deeply and interestingly flawed. The analysis is ethical as well as economic, and these two aspects are in a tension which leads Aristotle to attribute two natures to money, that of a means and that of an end. His official position is that it has only one of these natures, that of a means of exchange, and he ignores the other without giving a reason. Modern condescension should not be precipitate, however, because the tension is not one that can easily be avoided from what might be thought the high vantage-point of modern economic thinking about money, which is just as deeply divided and in just the same way.
Cities of Alexander the Great
Authors: Fraser P M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cities founded by Alexander the Great are an essential part of his overall achievements. The problems concerning them, however, are many - and some incapable of solution. This book is the first to unravel thoroughly the tradition, explaining how it originated in a tendentious political pamphlet of the third century BC, which in turn originated in Ptolemaic Alexandria in the context of the development of the earliest version of the Alexander Romance. The author explores the ramification of this reconstruction from a lost Greek original through to the Persian and Arab tradition, and concludes that the number of cities claiming to be Alexander's as recorded in ancient sources needs to be considerably reduced. The book also includes some more general new considerations regarding Alexander's policies and achievements.
Ancestor Masks and Aristocratic Power in Roman Culture
Authors: Flower Harriet I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first comprehensive study of Roman ancestor masks in English, Harriet Flower explains the reasons behind the use of wax masks in the commemoration of politically prominent family members by the elite society of Rome. Broadening her approach from the purely art historical, Flower traces the functional evolution of ancestor masks, from their first appearance in the third century BC to their last mention in the sixth century AD, through the examination of literary sources in both prose and verse, legal texts, epigraphy, archaeology, numismatics, and art. It is by putting these masks, which were worn by actors at the funerals of the deceased, into their legal, social, and political context that Flower is able to elucidate their central position in the media of the time and their special meaning as symbols of power and prestige.
Introduction
Authors: Flower Harriet I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT is now around sixty years since a book was dedicated largely or wholly to Roman ancestor masks (imagines) with the result that the present re-examination is not in need of a lengthy justification. Since then new evidence has come to light and critical methods have changed considerably. Much has been written about the imagines more recently, but either in brief or as part of larger studies with their own separate concerns. Most attention has come from archaeologists and students of Roman portraiture. However, the evidence we have for the imagines is not physical, and their relationship with Roman portraits in other media remains obscure and disputed. Historians, meanwhile, are in general agreement that the imagines were indeed a vital part of Roman culture. Usually this fact is simply noted without further elaboration. The present study aims to explore why and how the imagines were important in Roman society. I have tried to be as comprehensive as possible in treating the development of the imagines from their first mention in Plautus to their last in Boethius over 700 years later.
Imagines and the New Principate: Augustus and Tiberius
Authors: Flower Harriet I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THERE is not enough evidence to write the history of the imagines in any detail after the death of Tiberius. Many scholars have come to believe that imagines vanished rapidly from aristocratic funerals under the Julio-Claudian emperors, whereas the sources indicate that they were not restricted to funerals of the ruling house until the third century AD. The present study has concentrated largely on the imagines in their original, republican setting, rather than as symbols of the values of an earlier political and social system. However, as the S.C. de Cn. Pisone patre shows, evidence from the imperial period, and especially from the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius, is vital to any general understanding of the imagines in Roman culture. Much of this chapter aims to explore Augustus’ use of imagines for his own special purposes. The first princeps borrowed and adapted traditional aristocratic ancestor masks to create an iconography for his new political order and to design a series of magnificent funerals which reflected his family’s leading position within the community. The precedents he set shaped reactions both by successors and pretenders to the throne, in the Julio-Claudian period and beyond.
Imagines in the Later Empire: The Last Imagines
Authors: Flower Harriet I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As has been argued in detail in the previous chapter, the imagines did not die out under the early Empire, nor were they replaced by busts carried in aristocratic funeral processions. Rather they continued to be powerful symbols of rank and political aspiration, both within and outside the aristocratic home. Changes in electoral practices and the growing influence of the princeps removed much of the basic function of imagines as advertisements aimed directly at the electors. Nevertheless, their long and venerable history during the Republic and their place in the iconography developed by Augustus himself assured that the imagines did not quickly become obsolete. Indeed, they need to be understood as part of the trappings of the Republic which were tolerated and even encouraged under the Julio-Claudian emperors. The above considerations raise two questions about imagines in the imperial period: how long were they still made and what were they used for? What follows attempts to give an answer on the basis of the available evidence, which is very thin after the early third century AD.
The Diachronic Development of Athenian Bastardy Law
Authors: Ogden Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of laws relating to bastardy are ascribed to the semilegendary lawgivers Draco (who reputedly established his lawcode in 621) and Solon (archon in 594). However, it would be wrong to assume that the bastardy laws ascribed to the two figures derive from unitary and coherent lawcodes implemented in the said years, as the Athenians subsequently ascribed to the two men laws that did belong or may well have belonged to them, laws that did not belong to them but were none the less genuinely archaic Athenian laws, and indeed laws that belonged to periods much later than either man, or to no period at all.
Roman Historical Myths
Authors: Fox Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book offers an enlivening and sophisticated analysis of the pervasive use of historical myth in some of the best-known writers of the Late Republic and Augustan periods - from Cicero in the De Republica and the first book of Livy to Propertius IV and Ovid's Fasti. The chapters on prose narrative uncover an uneasy tension between the desire for accurate historical representation and the legendary character of traditional stories. In the light of modern theories of historical truth, the book argues that the narrative itself expresses a kind of belief in myths, and that this belief is in turn conditioned by historical circumstance. In this way, the accounts of Rome's regal period in both prose and verse bear witness to the uncertainties and upheavals at the end of the republic. At the same time, Dr Fox argues for a more sophisticated relationship between political and textual reality, and concludes that interpretations of political subversion need to be balanced by the sense of destiny and desire for the reinterpretation inherent in recounting the origins of Rome.