bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Smith Justin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The PRAM models of computation requires that many processors access the same memory locations in the same program-steps. This creates engineering problems that have only been solved in a few cases. Most practical parallel computers are built along a Distributed Memory Model of some kind. In a distributed-memory architecture, the processors of the computer are interconnected in a communication-network and the RAM of the computer is local to the processors. Each processor can access its own RAM easily and quickly.
Introduction And Basic Definitions
Authors: Smith Justin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will discuss a topic whose importance has grown considerably in recent years. Several breakthroughs in sequential algorithms have been made, in such diverse areas as computational number theory (with applications to factoring large numbers and breaking Public-Key Encryption schemes, etc.), and artificial intelligence (with the development of Simulated Annealing techniques). A complete treatment of this field is beyond the scope of the present text. Nevertheless, there are a number of simple areas that we can touch upon.
Prologue
Authors: González Deena J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This work revolves around a simple question that is posed by New Mexican history: How did the lives of the women of Santa Fe change when the United States colonized the former Mexican North? This seemingly straight- forward query led to several discoveries about the way Spanish-Mexican women lived during the past century, about what they valued and believed, and about how they reconstructed their daily routines after they were besieged bystrangers from the United States.
Introduction
Authors: David Marian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“What is truth? ” asked Pilate. “Truth is disquotation”, replied Quine. A theory of truth has to provide an answer to Pilate’s question. It has to explain what it is for something to be true or false. Competing explanations have been proposed: truth is correspondence, truth is coherence, truth is warranted assertability, truth is disquotation. But beware! The last proposal is an impostor. It is not a theory of truth in the same sense as the other items on the list. Compared to them, it is more like an antitheory of truth. Quine has dressed a wolf in sheep’s clothes to mock the sheep; or rather, he has dressed a sheep in wolf’s clothes to mock the wolves.
Correspondence
Authors: David Marian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Truth is a relation to reality; therefore, truth has to be explained in terms of a relation to reality.” This is the fundamental intuition underlying the accounts of truth that I shall discuss in this chapter. Of course, the idea that truth is a relation to reality does not pro vide a very informative answer to the question “What is truth? ” It can only be regarded as a pattern for an answer. We may call it the relation-to-reality pattern. It is very unspecific. It needs to be filled in: What is the relation supposed to be? What are we to understand by reality?
Disquotation
Authors: David Marian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assume we have a motivation to deflate the correspondence theory and to look for a really bleak and austere account of truth for sentences—an account that avoids the correspondence theory’s ideology as well as its ontology. Maybe we are motivated by the conviction that the correspondence theory is a piece of bad metaphysics; or maybe we are motivated by the failure of physicalism to come up with physicalistically acceptable explanations of semantic and intentional notions; or maybe we are motivated by both these considerations. Whatever the motivation, let us assume that we want to deflate the correspondence theory: we want to show that the correspondence theory is not needed because what it tries to do can be done without its explanatory resources. Our enterprise will be constrained by this motivation. The account of sentence truth that we are after should not contain any of the concepts that belong to the world of the correspondence theory, which means that representation, expression, correspondence, reference, denotation, satisfaction, content, meaning, state of affairs, proposition, fact, and many more, will be banned from application in this account. The disquotational theory of truth is supposed to offer just such a bleak and austere account of truth for sentences.
Introduction: The Subject
Authors: Sealey Raphael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The life of Demosthenes and the history of Demosthenic Athens are a story of failure. When the orator was still a boy, his city launched the Second Athenian League, which, in its professions and perhaps in truth, was a promising experiment in international organization. But by the time Demosthenes began to make his voice heard in public meetings, the most powerful of the allies had seceded and had defeated Athenian attempts to recover them. Moreover, Macedon under Philip II was emerging as a neighbor of greater power than the Greeks of the Balkans had known before. The activity of Demosthenes culminated in protracted attempts to outmaneuver the Macedonian king in politics and diplomacy. He succeeded in bringing together as formidable a coalition as could be hoped for, and when the armies met at Chaironeia, the forces of the confederates were at least as numerous, perhaps rather more numerous, than those led by Philip and his son, Alexander. But the Macedonians won.
Athens and the New League
Authors: Sealey Raphael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The setback inflicted on the Athenians by Antalkidas in 387/6 made them abandon imperial ambitions. But they conserved their naval resources, and after a few years recriminations among them began to give way to concord. So much was recognized in chapter 1. The present chapter will tell how Spartan blunders enabled the Athenians to develop a new league, how the extension of Athenian influence by sea prompted new rivalries within the city, and how the growth of Theban power led to a rapprochement between Athens and Sparta.
The Athenians Defeated
Authors: Sealey Raphael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The opportunity for which the Athenians had waited since 346 came in 339, when the Thebans expelled the Macedonian garrison from Nikaia. But as this chapter will show, Philip won the ensuing war and it was a fair fight. In consequence of his victory, he could install garrisons at places where they would check ambitious cities. Later, during the lifetime of Alexander, the Athenians refrained from overt action against Macedon. They were building up their resources and training their men. On his return from India Alexander carried out actions that provoked acute tension among his senior officers. The Athenians might begin to hope for a new opportunity. The death of Alexander prompted the outbreak of the Lamian War, but again the Athenians and their allies were defeated in a fair fight.
Carne Vale and Carnival
Authors: Ruggiero Guido 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Bakhtin, in his beautiful study of Rabelais, the carnival is always a primary source of liberation, destruction and renewal, but the scope it is allowed changes in different periods. Before the existence of classes and the state, the comic realm was equal to the serious; with slave and feudal societies, including that of the sixteenth century, the carnival became a second life, a second reality for the people, separated from power and the state but still public and perennial; in bourgeois society (and alas, one feels, in Bakhtin socialist society as well) it is reduced to home and the holiday.
“More Dear to Me Than Life Itself”: Marriage, Honor, and a Woman’s Reputation in the Renaissance
Authors: Ruggiero Guido 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In early May 1588, three priests were celebrating Mass in the Cathedral Church of the small Alpine town of Feltre when, just before the Lavabo, the subdeacon, Andrea da Canal, noticed hidden near the altar “a small figure of a child.” Quietly he nudged the deacon, Geronimo Lusa, whispering to him, “Look there, it’s a small child.” Geronimo motioned to him that they should finish the service, and the Mass continued as it had presumably done since the Council of Trent in the sleepy little town of the northern Veneta, lying just over the front range of the Alps on one of the pass roads connecting Venice and northeastern Italy with Austria and southern Germany.
Obtaining Scientific Information
Authors: Valiela Ivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We make scientific progress in unpredictable and multifaceted ways. The first impetus is the contribution by individuals of genius and talent. An observation, previous information, accumulated experience, or older theories could spark a new explanation or hypothesis. For Newton, it was the apocryphal falling apple. Galileo is said to have been inspired to develop the laws of mechanical motion after observing an incense-filled censer swinging in the Cathedral at Pisa.1 Distracted from the Mass being celebrated, Galileo used his pulse to time the oscillations and found that, regardless of the amplitude of the swing, the period was the same. He then experimentally confirmed the observation and developed equations that mirrored the laws governing the motion. Galileo’s process included three steps. First, he asked the feasible question of how fast objects moved, rather than trying the then-unfeasible task of explaining why they moved. Second, Galileo made connections between the detailed, specific observations he made and general laws that could account for the way objects moved. Third, Galileo insisted on synthesizing the newly gained knowledge by devising a mathematical expression for the laws.
Moral Realism
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Granted that it is correct to reply to a moral utterance by saying ‘That’s true’ or ‘That’s not true’, the question remains of what sort of assessment is indicated by these responses. Dummett, with whose paper this emphasis is associated, also says that a statement is false if a state of affairs obtains such that a man asserting the statement and envisaging that state of affairs as a possibility would be held to have spoken misleadingly.1 But there are ways and ways of speaking misleadingly, of which speaking falsely is only one; and indeed not always one, as when you say something false knowing that the hearer will misinterpret it as something true. Even apart from the possibility of misleading someone only as to my beliefs or my authority, still I can mislead someone about the truth of the subject under discussion when a state of affairs exists, and I envisage it as a possibility (and indeed more than a possibility), and I say nothing but the truth. I would do this for example if I told an interested child that some elephants are at least twice as large as some fleas. Worse than that, in what way does a man speak misleadingly if he sincerely judges a thing to be good, envisaging the possibility that he may be wrong, according to standards of which we are aware and with which we disagree? We hold his judgement false, but I don’t think we would hold him to have spoken misleadingly, unless we just meant: what he said would mislead anyone who believed it as to the truth about whether the thing is good. But then the relevant assessment of misleadingness is itself to be understood in terms of truth.
The Individual Strikes Back
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this essay I address some of the points Saul Kripke makes in his treatment of the ‘rule-following considerations’ in the later Wittgenstein (‘LW’). There are two different quarries to track down. There is the question of whether Kripke’s exegesis of Wittgenstein (‘KW’) is correct—whether KW is LW. And there is the distinct question of the real significance of the considerations, as they are put forward by KW. Kripke himself is carefully agnostic about this second issue. KW is not Kripke in propria persona. And Kripke is also careful to distinguish the exegetical issue from the question of significance. The two issues only connect like this: If KW’s arguments have some property that we are convinced cannot belong to any argument that LW would have used, we shall suppose that KW is not the real LW. And admirers of Wittgenstein will suppose that significance is such a property: if KW’s considerations are faulty, then for that reason alone KW cannot be LW; LW would not have used faulty considerations. But without commenting on this optimism, I want to discuss two other properties that might distinguish KW from LW: KW’s use of scepticism and his attitude to facts. Each of these aspects may legitimately raise worries about his identity with LW. And I shall also offer some thoughts about the significance of KW’s arguments for our conceptions of meaning.
Mental Universals: Toward a Twenty first Century Science of Mind
Authors: Shepard Roger N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 300 years since Newton propounded the universal law of gravitation, physicists have established this and many other laws and proclaimed them to hold universally. Thus, the inverse-square decrease of gravitational or electromagnetic force with the distance between material bodies is taken to hold not only in the local terrestrial environment (Aristotle’s “sublunar realm”) but to hold and to have held, unchanging in pristine splendor, throughout all space and time.
The Miller’s Tale: A Speculative Glimpse into the Cognitive Psychology of the Future
Authors: Sternberg Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gordon H. Miller wiped the sweat from his forehead, but to no avail; it reappeared instantly. He cursed himself for having proposed this trip. He hadn’t anticipated three-hour waits in sweltering airports. If only the air conditioning worked! If only the world could get the ozone layer back! There were a lot of “if onlys” these days in the 2040s. But Miller knew what an honor it was, or supposedly was, to be the first scientist in the Disunited States granted money and approval to cross regional borders in decades.
The Fortieth Anniversary of the National Institute of Cognitive Ecology (NICE)
Authors: Sommer Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An increasing number of cognitive researchers have been looking to the environ mental sciences for useful principles and findings to explain thought processes. Traditional cognitive scientists viewed thoughts and environments as independent and separate, since they could be explained by different principles. It was sufficient for these researchers to establish a new way of conceptualizing the mind and, besides, artificial intelligence models appeared adequate. Moreover, architects, interior designers, and urban planners seemed to be involved in physical features, whereas environmental psychologists studied environment-behavior relationships rather than fundamental cognitive processes such as attention and memory. Much of our knowledge of environmental influences on thinking resulted from the teleportation experiments sponsored by the Korean government in 2021. Individuals instantly transported from one location to another brought with them patterns of dysfunctional “old thinking.” If suddenly one were moved from a recreation lassiter to the holistic rezo, without going through the typical preparatory sequence of movement acts, one typically thought in lassiter terms and was vulnerable to inertia influences.
Providing and Caring
Authors: Coltrane Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most popular slang terms to emerge in the 1980s was “macho,” used to describe men prone to combative posturing, relentless sexual conquest, and other compulsive displays of masculinity. Macho men continually guard against imputations of being soft or feminine and thus tend to avoid housework and family activities that are considered “women’s work.” Macho comes from the Spanish “machismo,” and although the behaviors associated with it are not limited to one ethnic group, Latino men are often stereotyped as especially prone toward macho displays.
Why Do Couples Share?
Authors: Coltrane Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last two chapters, I explored how couples divide family and paid work by focusing on how they talk about jobs, gender, and the practical realities of everyday life. In this chapter, I examine personal motivations and social forces that influence the division of child care and housework. Why do some men want to become more involved in family life and why do their wives encourage them? Does it matter how old they are when they become parents? And what happens when other people see new fathers doing “women’s work”? Do family, friends, and co-workers react with praise or criticism, and how do new parents respond? Even partial answers to these questions can help us determine why some couples attempt sharing and which ones might be the most successful. By placing these parents’ personal stories in a social context, the larger economic and demographic factors shaping divisions of household labor come into better focus. In subsequent chapters, I estimate how widespread these social forces are, and predict whether they will grow stronger in the future.
Gender, Culture, and Fatherhood
Authors: Coltrane Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Earlier chapters recounted stories from American parents struggling to balance job and family obligations, traced the historical ebb and flow of separate spheres for men and women, and offered some theoretical explanations for why modern parents might share family work. Momentarily stepping back from our own culture, however, we can evaluate whether it makes any difference how mothers and fathers divide family work and predict how the sharing of parenting might affect gender relations in the 1990s and beyond. In this chapter I delve into these questions by drawing on the research of anthropologists and sociologists who look at civilizations and societies seemingly far removed from our own. Using examples from Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and the South Pacific, and summarizing the results of two worldwide statistical studies, I ask how fathering, masculinity, and women’s status are mutually intertwined in pre-modern societies. I then consider some contemporary views of manhood that glorify masculine ritual and essentialize gender differences. Rejecting mythopoetic separatism, I focus on how cooperation in parenting and productive labor leads to the cultural patterning of gender equality.
Introduction
Authors: Taylor William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BY 1860 MOST Americans had come to look upon their society and culture as divided between a North and a South, a democratic, commercial civilization and an aristocratic, agrarian one. Each section of the country, so it was believed, possessed its own ethic, its own historical traditions and even, by common agreement, a distinctive racial heritage. Each was governed by different values and animated by a different spirit. According to a theory then in vogue the North had been settled by one party to the English Civil War, the Roundheads, and the South by the other, the royal party or the Cavaliers. The Yankee was a direct descendant of the Puri­tan Roundhead and the Southern gentleman of the English Cavalier, and the difference between the two was at least partly a matter of blood.
Point Counterpoint: The Growth of the Southern Legend in the North
Authors: Taylor William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a commonplace to state that whatever one may come to consider a truly American trait can be shown to have its equally characteristic opposite. This, one suspects, is true of all ‘national characters’ so true, in fact, that one may begin rather than end with the proposition that a nation’s identity is derived from the ways in which history has, as it were, counterpointed certain opposite potentialities; the ways in which it lifts this counterpoint to a unique style of civilization, or lets it disintegrate into mere contradiction.
Fortitude
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The virtue of fortitude is often considered to be coextensive with courage. The words can be interchanged depending on the context. But in this chapter, we will use the term “courage” to describe the more physical aspects of the virtue, for example, the courage of a fireman entering a burning building, or of Evil Knievel hurtling out over a canyon in his motorcycle. Fortitude, on the other hand, will represent moral courage, for example, the willingness of an individual to suffer personal harm for the sake of a moral good, the spy who does not reveal potentially destructive secrets to an enemy, or the hostage who faces the daily terror of loneliness and isolation. Our interest in this chapter is in how a society that focuses so much on physical courage-indeed, it is the warp and woof of most of our television programs and movie dramas-tends to neglect moral courage or fortitude. This neglect is espe cially problematic for the physician.
Modern China’s Stalinist Roots
Authors: Kaple Deborah A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late 1980s, the world watched as the two leading communist regimes grappled with serious challenges to their authority and power. In China, the Chinese Communist Party (the CCP) remained firmly in charge by ordering tanks to crush its vocal opposition. In the USSR, the Soviet Communist Party tried to use tanks and failed. The col­ lapse of the hard-liner coup in August 1991 signaled the end of over seventy years of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (the CPSU) and its domination over Soviet society.
The Triu1nph of High Stalinis1n
Authors: Kaple Deborah A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of this book, a question was raised about the endur­ ing strength, power, and authority of Chinese communism. To answer this, it was necessary to take a close look at the origins of Chinese communist institutions. It was found that the structure and form of Chinese communist power was rooted in the CCP’s impressions of how the Soviet model functioned during Stalin’s most excessive last years, the years of High Stalinism. The CCP relied on a vast array of Soviet books from this period, most of which the Chinese themselves translated from Russian. I argue that the CCP did this to answer its urgent, domestic requirements in the face of insubstantial Soviet help during the early years.
Introduction
Authors: Ferrara Kathleen Warden 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although thousands of people daily seek the benefits of talking with a psychotherapist throughout Austria, Germany, Canada, Great Britain, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, relatively few people know what types of discourse actually occur in a therapy setting or how language is used by clients and therapists to create a therapeutic climate for change. Despite a general awareness on the part of the public about the availability of mental health resources, the practice of psychotherapy is still opaque because almost no reports are available to the general public that contain samples of the actual words used. Most people know that therapists listen to people discuss their problems, that they are trained to do so, and are paid for their services. Yet few people know what really goes on in therapy sessions or have any idea about how talking to a stranger can be beneficial to mental health. What is it about therapeutic discourse that is so therapeutic? Why is the therapy hour so powerful in the lives of troubled people if all they do is talk? What do clients receive for their money besides a few “Mmhmms”? Who gets to talk, and what do they talk about? These and other questions intrigue many people.