bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychometric Properties of the HIT‐6 Among Patients in a Headache‐Specialty Practice
Authors: Kawata Ariane K. , Coeytaux Remy R. , DeVellis Robert F. , Finkel Alan G. , Mann J. Douglas , Kahn Kevin 
Published: June 2005

Objective.—To evaluate the performance and score interpretability of the Headache Impact Test (HIT‐6) questionnaire in a headache patient population.Background.—The HIT‐6 is a standardized questionnaire designed to assess headache‐related disability. Norms have been established using randomly sampled respondents from the general population. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the HIT‐6 scale among new adult patients who presented for treatment at a university headache‐specialty practice.Methods.—Participants were 309 new patients who presented for treatment at a headache‐specialty clinic in an academic medical center.Results.—Respondents ranged in age from 18 to 91 years, with an average age of 41 years (SD = 13 years) and were predominantly female (77%). Over half (57%) experienced chronic daily headache. Scores ranged from 38 to 78, with an average of 65.6 (SD = 7.0) and the majority (87%) had “severe impact” (60 or higher). The scale showed high reliability (α= 0.87) and an exploratory factor analysis showed large loadings from |0.57| to |0.86| and suggested a single disability factor. Scores were moderately negatively correlated with Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36) subscales, ranging from −0.22 for mental health to −0.57 for social functioning. Item response theory analyses showed that half of the items functioned well across the disability continuum, while the remaining items discriminated between low and high levels of headache impact.Conclusions.—These findings suggest that the HIT‐6 is useful for assessing headache‐related disability among patients who seek headache‐specialty care.
Psychological, Sleep, Lifestyle, and Comorbid Associations With Headache
Authors: Boardman Helen F. , Thomas Elaine , Millson David S. , Croft P. R. 
Published: June 2005

Objective.—To investigate the associations of headache occurrence, severity, and frequency with psychological, sleep, and lifestyle characteristics, and comorbid conditions.Background.—Whilst associations for individual headache types, particularly migraine, have been investigated, possible associations between headache of all types and general health characteristics have not been explored.Methods.—Cross‐sectional postal survey in an adult general population sample registered at five general practices in North Staffordshire, UK.Results.—Headache occurrence was associated with anxiety (odds ratio 4.09, 95% confidence interval 3.0, 5.6) and sleep problems (moderate sleep problems OR 3.60, 95% CI 2.5, 5.0), and the strength of the associations increased with higher levels of anxiety and sleep problem. Whilst depression showed an association with headache, this was not seen in respondents with depression in the absence of anxiety. Headache occurrence was also associated with comorbid pain anywhere in the body (OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.7, 2.6), with the strongest associations being for the neck and upper body areas compared with other areas. There was no overall link with alcohol or caffeine consumption. Increasing severity and frequency of headache resulted in stronger associations, and there were strong associations between the occurrence, severity, and frequency of headache, and both sleep problems and psychological distress.Conclusion.—Poor sleep and anxiety appear to make a substantial contribution to the impact of headache on sufferers' lives in the general population.
Chronic Daily Headache in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Wiendels Natalie J. , Van Der Geest Martine C. M. , Neven, MSc Arie Knuistingh , Ferrari Michel D. , Laan Laura A. E. M. 
Published: June 2005

Objective.—To describe the clinical features of children with chronic daily headache (CDH) and examine the usefulness of the International Classification of Headache Disorders‐II.Background.—Few data are available on chronic daily headache and analgesic overuse in children and adolescents and there are no specific criteria for headache in children.Methods.—We retrospectively reviewed all charts of 79 children and adolescents (<16 years) with headache on ≥15 days/month presenting to the outpatient clinic of the Department of Neurology of the Leiden University Medical Center between 1994 and 2001. We classified their headaches according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders‐II.Results.—Fifty‐seven (72%) children had chronic daily headache for more than 6 months, with a duration of more than 4 hours a day in 60% of them. Quality, severity, and location of pain varied. Sixty patients (76%) used analgesics, 10 patients more than one type. Thirteen patients (16%) used analgesics daily. In one‐third of patients, headache led to frequent school absenteeism and sleeping problems. Twenty‐eight (35%) patients could be classified, 17 patients (22%) as chronic tension‐type headache, 5 patients (6%) as chronic migraine, and 6 patients (8%) as probable medication overuse headache. Fifteen patients (19%) did not fit into any category and 36 (46%) could not be classified due to insufficient data.Conclusions.—Chronic daily headache in children is a serious disorder. A relatively large number of patients overuse medication and it leads to frequent school absenteeism and sleeping problems. It remains difficult to classify their headaches with the new criteria for headache disorders.
One‐Year Incidence, Course, and Outcome Predictors of Frequent Headaches Among Early Adolescents
Authors: Larsson Bo , Sund Anne Mari 
Published: June 2005

Objective.—To examine the prevalence rate, course, annual incidence, and predictors of frequent headaches (at least once a week) in a 1‐year longitudinal study of a representative school sample of 2355 adolescents aged 12 to 14 years.Methods.—Information was gathered by means of questionnaires administered to the subjects at school.Results.—The overall prevalence estimates of frequent headaches, including those subjects reporting another type of frequent pain, were 8.1% and 8.9% at the two assessment points (T1 and T2), and 3.3% to 4% for frequent headaches without other frequent pain complaints. Both forms of frequent headaches were about three times more common among girls than boys. Persistence of frequent headaches (with possible pain comorbidity) was high, in that more than one‐third of adolescents reporting frequent headaches continued to have such headaches 1 year later. Persistence also increased with age, in particular among 13‐ to 14‐year‐old girls. The overall annual incidence of frequent headaches in the whole sample was 6.5%. While incidence was about twice as high among adolescent girls than boys, there was a steady increase among girls, whereas the rates were stable in boys. The results of multivariate regression analyses showed that frequent headaches at 1‐year follow‐up could be significantly predicted by frequent headaches at first assessment, impairment (reduced leisure time activities), and high depressive symptom scores, in addition to gender (girls had a worse outcome).Conclusions.—Frequent headaches, among girls in early adolescence in particular, should be carefully evaluated, and treatment offered to those who are impaired in their daily life functioning.
Relaxation Treatment of Adolescent Headache Sufferers: Results From a School‐Based Replication Series
Authors: Larsson Bo , Carlsson Jane , Fichtel Åsa , Melin Lennart 
Published: June 2005

Background.—In recent reviews of psychological and drug treatment, relaxation training approaches have been found to be efficacious for children and adolescents suffering from recurrent tension‐type headache (TTH), while biofeedback procedures provide effective help for migraine headache sufferers, primarily treated in tertiary clinics.Objective.—In a school‐based replication series, the effectiveness and efficiency of relaxation training provided within school settings were examined, in addition to the effects on various headache features and the maintenance of treatment gains at a 6 to 10‐month follow‐up.Methods.—Over a 20‐year period, 288 adolescents aged 10 to 18 years participated in seven randomized, controlled trials conducted within regular school health service settings. Subjects were included if they had suffered from frequent migraine or TTHs, or from both headache types for at least 1 year. Various formats of standardized relaxation training procedures were contrasted to different attention‐control (ATCO) approaches or self‐monitoring (SM) of headaches in prospective diary recordings.Results.—The results showed that a therapist‐administered relaxation approach was superior to self‐help or school‐nurse administered relaxation training approaches, ATCO conditions or SM of headaches. Students with TTHs responded positively to any form of relaxation training, whereas those with frequent migraine responded well only to therapist‐administered relaxation. However, school‐nurse administered procedures were found to be the most efficient form of relaxation treatment, in particular for adolescents suffering from TTHs. Total headache activity, the number of headache days and peak headache intensity were significantly reduced after relaxation treatment, in addition to medication usage. Treatment gains were well maintained at the 6 to 10‐month follow‐up.Conclusion.—Therapist‐assisted relaxation training is an effective treatment for adolescents suffering from frequent TTHs or migraine. However, such treatment administered by school‐nurses administered within school health care settings is an efficient treatment approach for adolescents suffering from the most common form of primary headache, ie, TTHs.
Referred Pain From the Trochlear Region in Tension‐Type Headache: A Myofascial Trigger Point From the Superior Oblique Muscle
Authors: De Las Peñas Cesar Fernandez , Cuadrado Maria Luz , Gerwin Robert D. , Pareja Juan A. 
Published: June 2005

Background.—Tension‐type headache (TTH) is a prototypical headache in which myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) can play an important role. To our knowledge, MTrPs in the muscle tissues of the trochlear region, ie, the superior oblique muscle (SOM), have not been previously mentioned, and a referred pain pattern from this region has never been reported.Objective.—To describe the referred pain from the trochlear area based on the examination of MTrPs in the SOM in patients with episodic and chronic TTH (CTTH).Design.—A blinded, controlled study.Methods.—The trochlear region was examined in 15 patients with CTTH, 15 patients with episodic TTH (ETTH), and 15 control subjects. Referred pain elicited by different maneuvers performed during manual palpation, ie, maintained pressure, active muscle contraction, and stretching of the muscle, was assessed with a visual analogue scale. Patients with ETTH were examined on days when they were headache‐free, whereas CTTH patients were examined on days in which headache intensity was less than 4 points on a 10‐cm horizontal visual analogue scale.Results.—Eighty‐six percent of patients with CTTH and 60% with ETTH had referred pain that originated from MTrPs in the SOM, while only 27% of the controls reported referred pain. This pain was perceived as a deep ache located at the retro‐orbital region, sometimes extending to the supra‐orbital region or the homo‐lateral forehead. Pain intensity was greater in CTTH patients than in ETTH patients or control subjects (P < .001).Conclusions.—MTrPs in the SOM may evoke a typical referred pain pattern in patients with TTH. The presence of a myofascial disorder in the trochlear region might contribute to the pathogenesis of TTH.
Physical Treatments for Headache: A Structured Review
Authors: Biondi David M. 
Published: June 2005

Background.—Primary headache disorders, especially migraine, are commonly accompanied by neck pain or other symptoms. Because of this, physical therapy (PT) and other physical treatments are often prescribed. This review updates and synthesizes published clinical trial evidence, systematic reviews, and case series regarding the efficacy of selected physical modalities in the treatment of primary headache disorders.Methods.—The National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE), The Cochrane Library, and other sources of information were searched through June 2004 to identify clinical studies, systematic reviews, case series, or other information published in English that assessed the treatment of headache or migraine with chiropractic, osteopathic, PT, or massage interventions.Results.—PT is more effective than massage therapy or acupuncture for the treatment of TTH and appears to be most beneficial for patients with a high frequency of headache episodes. PT is most effective for the treatment of migraine when combined with other treatments such as thermal biofeedback, relaxation training, and exercise. Chiropractic manipulation demonstrated a trend toward benefit in the treatment of TTH, but evidence is weak. Chiropractic manipulation is probably more effective in the treatment of tension‐type headache (TTH) than it is in the treatment of migraine. Evidence is lacking regarding the efficacy of these treatments in reducing headache frequency, intensity, duration, and disability in many commonly encountered clinical situations. Many of the published case series and controlled studies are of low quality.Conclusions and Recommendations.—Further studies of improved quality are necessary to more firmly establish the place of physical modalities in the treatment of primary headache disorders. With the exception of high velocity chiropractic manipulation of the neck, the treatments are unlikely to be physically dangerous, although the financial costs and lost treatment opportunity by prescribing potentially ineffective treatment may not be insignificant. In the absence of clear evidence regarding their role in treatment, physicians and patients are advised to make cautious and individualized judgments about the utility of physical treatments for headache management; in most cases, the use of these modalities should complement rather than supplant better‐validated forms of therapy.
Cytokine gene polymorphism in Iranian patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia
Authors: Amirzargar A. A. , Bagheri M. , Ghavamzadeh A. , Alimoghadam K. , Khosravi F. , Rezaei N. , Moheydin M. , Ansaripour B. , Moradi B. , Nikbin B. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryChronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) is a disorder of the haematopoietic stem cell that results in malignant expansion of myeloid cells with a cytogenetic abnormality, and translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, known as the Philadelphia chromosome. It has been hypothesized that genetic factors other than histocompatibility disparity may play a role in predisposition to developing CML. In this regard, T helper types 1 and 2 (Th1 and Th2) cytokines and their gene polymorphism seem to be important. Overall expression and secretion of cytokines are dependent, at least in part, on genetic polymorphism (nucleotide variations) within the promoter region or other regulatory sequences of cytokine genes. The majority of polymorphisms described are single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs). The objective of this study was to analyse the genetic profile of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in 30 Iranian patients with CML and 40 healthy subjects. In the patients and control subjects, the allelic and genotype frequencies were determined for the cytokine genes. All typing were performed with a polymerase chain reaction–sequence‐specific primers (PCR‐SSP) assay. Allele and genotype frequencies were calculated and compared with those of normal controls. The results showed that the most frequent genotypes in our patients were transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β TG/TG, interferon (IFN)‐γ AT, interleukin (IL)‐4 CC at position −590, TT at position −33, and IL‐10 ACC/ACC and ATA/ATA. In contrast, the genotypes TGF‐β CG/CG, IL‐2 TT at position −330, IL‐4 CT at position −590, CT at position −33, and IL‐10 GCC/ACC were seen at much lower frequencies. The results suggest that production of TGF‐β in CML patients is higher and production of IL‐4 and IL‐10 is lower than in normal subjects.
Distribution of the mutated Δ32 allele of the CCR5 gene in a Sicilian population
Authors: Sidoti A. , D’Angelo R. , Rinaldi C. , De Luca G. , Pino F. , Salpietro C. , Giunta D. E. , Saltalamacchia F. , Amato A. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThe CCR5 gene encodes a cell‐surface chemokine receptor molecule that serves as a co‐receptor for macrophage‐tropic strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1). A mutation in this gene may alter the expression or the function of the protein product, thereby altering chemokine binding and/or signalling or HIV‐1 infection of cells that normally express CCR5 protein. Individuals homozygous for a 32‐bp deletion allele of CCR5 (CCR5 Δ32), heritable as a Mendelian trait, are relatively resistant to HIV‐1 infection. The CCR5 Δ32 mutation is present in the Caucasian population at different frequencies. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of truncated alleles of the CCR5 Δ32 gene in a Sicilian population, as the interpopulation variation in CCR5 Δ32 frequency may be a significant factor in the prediction of AIDS endemicity in future studies. We examined 901 healthy individuals from several Sicilian provinces. We found a mean (± standard deviation) Δ32 allele frequency (fr) of 0.04 ± 0.012. The highest value was observed in the province of Messina, with a mean Δ32 allele frequency of 0.06 ± 0.024, where we collected samples from a cohort of 114 HIV‐1‐infected individuals. The observed frequency amongst these patients was quite low (fr = 0.03 ± 0.031) compared to the healthy population, although the difference was not statistically significant.
Mitochondrial mutation detection using enhanced multiplex denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Bayat A. , Walter J. , Lamb H. , Marino M. , Ferguson M. W. J. , Ollier W. E. R. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryIn this study, we investigated the presence of mutations within the mitochondrial genome in 40 Caucasian subjects using an enhanced multiplex denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) approach. The enhanced DHPLC approach has increased sensitivity and throughput, and reduced analysis time per individual sample compared to conventional methods. This technique involved amplifying the mitochondrial genome in 18 fragments ranging in size from 300 to 2000 bp using a novel proofreading polymerase (OptimaseTM, Transgenomic Inc., Omaha, NE) with a low misincorporation rate. Fourteen of these fragments underwent subsequent restriction digestion using a combination of five restriction enzymes to enable multiplex DHPLC analysis; the remaining four underwent conventional DHPLC. Using this complete mitochondrial genome‐screening approach, we confirmed a number of previously reported mutations and additionally identified a large number of novel mutations using an enhanced DHPLC technique.
The first report of the human platelet alloantigen 4b allele in a Brazilian
Authors: Toralles‐Pereira C. , De M. C. Pardini M. I. , Deffune E. , Machado P. E. A. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThe human platelet alloantigen (HPA) 4b allele is rarely observed in Caucasians and the observed incidence in Asians is usually lower than 1.0%. We report the first Brazilian with the allele HPA‐4b, and were able to determined that he inherited it from his father.
H i kinematics in a massive spiral galaxy at z = 0.89
Authors: Koopmans L. V. E. , De Bruyn A. G. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
We present a kinematic model of the neutral hydrogen in the spiral galaxy of the lens system PKS 1830-211, based on a Multi-Element Radio-Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN) 1.4-GHz radio map and the integrated and redshifted 21-cm hydrogen absorption-line profile as measured with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT). Degeneracies in the models do not allow a unique determination of the kinematic centre, and forthcoming deeper Hubble Space Telescope observations with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) are required to break this degeneracy. Even so, we measure the inclination of the hydrogen disc: i = 17°–32°, indicating a close to face-on spiral galaxy. The optical depth increases with radius over the extent of the Einstein ring, suggesting H i depletion towards the lens centre. The latter could be due to star formation or conversion of H i into molecular hydrogen because of a higher metalicity/dust content in the galaxy centre. The neutral hydrogen optical depth gives NH I = 2 × 1021 cm-2 at r = 5.0 h-170 kpc in the disc (Ts = 100 K), comparable to local spiral galaxies.
A deep Chandra observation of the Centaurus cluster: bubbles, filaments and edges
Authors: Fabian A. C. , Sanders J. S. , Taylor G. B. , Allen S. W. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
X-ray images and gas temperatures taken from a deep ∼200-ks Chandra observation of the Centaurus cluster are presented. Multiple inner bubbles and outer semicircular edges are revealed, together with wispy filaments of soft X-ray emitting gas. The frothy central structure and eastern edge are likely due to the central radio source blowing bubbles in the intracluster gas. The semicircular edges to the surface brightness maps 32 kpc to the east and 17.5 kpc to the west are marked by sharp temperature increases and abundance drops. The edges could be due to sloshing motions of the central potential, or are possibly enhanced by earlier radio activity. The high abundance of the innermost gas (about 2.5 times solar) limits the amount of diffusion and mixing taking place.
The connection between ultraviolet and X-ray outflows in active galactic nuclei: the case of PDS 456
Authors: O'Brien Paul T. , Reeves James N. , Simpson Chris , Ward Martin J. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
High-velocity outflows from active galactic nuclei are a well-known phenomenon in terms of the broad absorption lines seen in the ultraviolet/optical. More recently, similar, possibly related, outflows have been reported in the X-ray. The most extreme example is seen in the nearby, luminous QSO PDS 456, which displays a massive, high-velocity (50 000 km s−1), high-ionization X-ray outflow of 10 Mࣻ yr−1. Here we present the ultraviolet spectrum of PDS 456 as observed by the Hubble Space Telescope. We find that the ultraviolet spectrum is also extreme, displaying very broad emission lines, with C iv λ1549 blueshifted by 5000 km s−1 and a broad Lyα absorption trough blueshifted by 14 000–24 000 km s−1. No strong, broad high-ionization absorption features are seen. We interpret the combined ultraviolet and X-ray spectrum of PDS 456 as the signature of a decelerating, cooling outflow, which may be driven by radiation and/or magnetic field. This outflow may be the source of some of the broad emission- and absorption-line gas.
Using radio emission to detect isolated and quiescent accreting black holes
Authors: Maccarone Thomas J. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
We discuss the implications of new relations between the masses, X-ray luminosities and radio luminosities of black holes, as well as the properties of the next generation of radio telescopes, for the goal of finding isolated accreting black holes. Because accreting black holes have radio-to-X-ray flux ratios that increase with decreasing luminosity in Eddington units, and because deep surveys over large fields of view should be possible with planned instrumentation such as LOFAR, radio surveys should be significantly more efficient than X-ray surveys for finding these objects.