bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypertension
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hypertension is a widespread and deadly medical condition in both the United States and around the world. This is particularly true for certain subgroups of the population, such as African Americans, older individuals, and those with poor access to healthcare or to treatments that can lower blood pressure (BP). Psychological, social, behavioral, cultural, and environmental risk factors for hypertension are now well-known, and controlling these risk factors can help to lower BP and prevent hypertension. This chapter examines the many reasons why religious involvement might affect BP or influence the development of hypertension. Systematic research is reviewed on the relationship between religion, religiosity, and blood pressure. Likewise, religious/spiritual interventions that have potential for lowering BP are reviewed. The relationship between religiosity and BP, however, is a complex one that is affected by many factors. Practical applications in the clinic and community are described.
Cerebrovascular Disease
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the effects of religious involvement on the development of cerebrovascular disease (CBVD), on the precipitation of CBVD events such as stroke, and on the health outcomes that follow (recurrent stroke, disability, death). It begins by emphasizing that CBVD is the leading cause of serious long-term disability in later life and the second most common cause of death worldwide, second only to ischemic heart disease. It then examines risk factors for stroke and speculates how religious involvement might affect CBVD. This is followed by a review of early and more recent studies examining the relationship between religiosity and CBVD, the impact of religiosity on CBVD, and the effects of religious/spiritual interventions on CBVD. Recommendations for future research are provided, and practical applications in the clinic and the community are suggested. Religious/spiritual interventions to reverse the course of CBVD are also considered.
Disease Prevention, Detection, and Treatment
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the effects of religious involvement on disease detection and prevention. Good health behaviors, engagement in disease-prevention activities (particularly regular medical/dental visits and vaccinations), early disease detection through screening, and compliance with medical treatments are essential for preserving and improving physical and mental health. Early and more recent research is reviewed on the effects that religious involvement has in this regard (both positive and negative), particularly in terms of behaviors such as cigarette smoking, exercise, diet, alcohol intake, use of illicit drugs, disease-screening activities, and compliance with immunizations. The authors examine the roles of healthcare professionals and religious professionals in helping to educate religious persons about the benefits of disease-prevention and health-promotion activities that will maintain and maximize health and ability to serve in their community.
Indigenous Governance
Authors: Wilkins David E. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Indigenous Governance is a comprehensive, critical examination of Native political systems—the senior political sovereigns on the North American continent in terms of their origin, development, structures, and operation. Nearly six hundred Indigenous governments operate on lands connected to the state and federal governments. This study will, of necessity, be a broad comparative and illustrative analysis of these organic bodies. This study provides both the recognition and respect due to Indigenous governments while offering a critique of attributes that merit scrutiny. Governments are human constructions and, therefore, imperfect institutions. This appraisal will highlight their history, evolution, internal and intergovernmental issues, and diverse structures. These governments have always mattered to their constituencies but, today, given the weight and importance of many issues confronting Native peoples—from the devastating and lingering health and economic impact of COVID-19 to the profound environmental problems that have been exacerbated by climate change, and jurisdictional conflicts with local, state, and federal actors—they arguably matter even more to their peoples and the broader society. Native governments command attention as, after recovery from decades of federal dominance and dependence, they now exercise greater degrees of political, economic, and cultural power, and have become critically important as the chief providers of basic services and the authors of solutions to collective problems in their societies. They are major vessels of Indigenous-infused democratic politics; they are, for many communities—including non-Native neighbors—the largest spenders and employers; and key players in negotiating intergovernmental agreements that fortify their unique political status.
European Intrusions/Native Political Transitions
Authors: Wilkins David E. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter charts how the arrival of Europeans and African peoples profoundly impacted Native nations’ population, economies, cultural systems, and governing arrangements. Despite the remarkable efforts of Native nations to retain and exercise essential components of their cultures and traditions, the political, legal, economic, and cultural forces wielded by non-Indians have made it impossible for Native peoples to act unencumbered. Case studies of the Cherokee Nation, Algonquian, and Five “Civilized Tribes” describe some of the strategies (including the adoption of constitutions) employed by these nations as they struggled to cope with their rapidly changing worlds. It also includes an overview of several policy and statutory enactments instituted by the federal government aimed at the forced assimilation of Indigenous peoples.
The Enigmatic Nature of Leadership
Authors: Wilkins David E. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the critical role of Indigenous leaders in their nations’ political development, as they support the goals, desires, and aspirations of their citizens. While scholarly literature on Indigenous leadership remains relatively scarce, the evidence thus far produced suggests that many Native leaders do not think or act in a manner equivalent to Western leaders. Factors such as their Tribal-specific cultural identity, an emphasis on persuasion rather than coercion, a community orientation rather than one based on individualism, and situationally specific rather than positionally specific approaches distinguish many Native leaders from non-Native leaders. That said, the impacts of colonialism and capitalism have exacerbated intra-group and inter-group dynamics in many Indigenous communities culminating in questions about the legitimacy of some leaders that can severely hamper or derail political, economic, and cultural stability. This chapter includes several interviews with Native political elites and analyzes a number of Native court cases where leadership conflicts have caused significant societal damage. Finally, there is discussion and analysis of oath-taking that Tribal leaders take upon attaining office and to whom these leaders pledge their allegiance, whether it be their nation, the state, the federal government, or all three.
Governments and the Media
Authors: Wilkins David E. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The media plays a vital role in covering politics. In Indian Country, the media occupies a particularly interesting niche since the U.S. Constitution’s 1st Amendment freedom of the press does not directly apply to Native governments and does not protect Native journalists. Another unique aspect of the media on Native lands centers on the fact that Tribal governments actually own over 70% of all Native print, radio, and TV operations, in contrast to the larger society where the media is privately owned. Native governmental control of media enterprises within their borders sometimes leads to serious free speech and free press conflicts. The chapter discusses a number of cases where Tribal officials engaged in censorship of materials they deemed harmful to the nation or themselves. This occurs, in part, because less than one-fifth of Native governing documents contain language that protects free speech and freedom of the press, despite the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 that purported to offer such protection to Native journalists and citizens. On the other hand, the media, especially social media, has been effectively used by some Tribal officials and Native activists when they fight to protect the health and welfare of their communities, such as when battling with extractive industries such as fossil fuel corporations regarding oil pipeline interests. Several of these clashes are discussed.
Peoples of Alaxsxaq and Kānaka Maoli
Authors: Wilkins David E. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the unique political and ethnic differences of Alaska Natives and the Indigenous people of Hawaii, also known as Kānaka Maoli. While sharing some cultural and political similarities with Native nations located within what are now the lower 48 states, the members of the Native communities within Alaska and Hawaii have unique cultural and racial identities, histories, and political status. This chapter discusses the political and legal status of both groups, assesses the major social, cultural, and political clashes they continue to have with their surrounding states, the federal government, and sometimes with other Native nations. It also broadly describes how colonialism has and continues to impact these communities.
Epilogue
Authors: Alonso-Minutti Ana R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This brief epilogue returns to the concept of mirrors of sounds as a way to approach Lavista’s compositional trajectory. It is through creative intimacy that Lavista was able to foster in his music a social space where humans and nonhumans not only interact with each other, but bounce into and reflect off one another. Through an affective process, the listener is invited to inhabit that space. Taking into account the testimonies of Lavista’s students such as Luis Jaime Cortez, Ana Lara, Gabriela Ortiz, and Hebert Vázquez, this chapter offers insight into Lavista’s legacy and discusses how his activities as a composer, teacher, mentor, promoter, editor, writer, and intellectual influenced the contemporary art music scene in Mexico for the past fifty years.
Romantic Pathways Among Emerging Adults
Authors: Shulman Shmuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emerging adults’ romantic lives have been described as fluid and unstable, reflecting the instabilities characterizing the lives of young people. Analyzing the romantic history of young people, the author suggests that fluctuations in the romantic and sexual experiences of emerging adults do not necessarily represent confusion but might serve as an arena for learning about relationships. In line with the developmental systems perspective, the author suggests that periods of instabilities can be part of the developmental reorganization and are aimed at finding and developing new forms of behavior that address the need and potential for change and growth. The findings show that the majority of emerging adults progress toward settling down in the romantic domain. Yet, while fluctuations can be beneficial and serve as a platform for change and growth, not every individual necessarily benefits from the different romantic experiences. There are individuals for whom romantic instabilities might become a pattern of life.
Gendered Pathways in Career Pursuit and Romantic Development
Authors: Shulman Shmuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike men, who are more focused on their careers, women tend to prioritize family over career pursuit; and this might be intensified by society. Unfortunately, this gendered attitude is further intensified by societal rules, regulations, and realities. As a result, balancing career and family is more complex for women and requires a longer period of time. Following women until the age of 35 allowed the author to capture and understand better the pathways women take in this process. Some women are more capable of balancing career and children. Others have to compromise and find a job that allows them to spend more time with their children. Yet, interestingly, following them for a longer period of time showed that over time some were able to find meaning in their jobs and to further develop their careers. Unfortunately, there are women who feel that they gave up their career for motherhood.
Personality Assets and Developmental Outcomes
Authors: Shulman Shmuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous chapters consistently showed that some individuals successfully make the transition to adulthood and achieve their goals, while others fail. Incorporating personality theories, this chapter demonstrates the significant role personality plays in the transition process. Also incorporating the self-determination theory, it is shown that efficacy, low self-criticism, and internal motivation have the potential to facilitate smoother career pursuit. In addition, having the capacity to relate to others in a mature manner explained a successful progression toward romantic intimacy and commitment. The last decade has seen increasing evidence that personality changes, in particular during emerging adulthood. These changes are geared toward facilitating coping with developmental tasks in career success and romantic development.
Support Systems and Their Role in Developmental Processes During Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Shulman Shmuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conceptualization and research on parent–child relationships during emerging adulthood have documented the changes in frequency, modes, and quality of these relationships. Despite these changes, for example, the decrease in parental support during the 20s, the author shows that parental support continues to play a role in the career and romantic adaptation of their adult children, probably by still providing support and advice. Interestingly, while maternal support was found to associate more with romantic life–related outcomes, paternal support was more likely to explain future career-related outcomes, probably reflecting the distinctive role of fathers in supporting independence. In addition, changes in parent–child relationships during emerging adulthood are likely to lead to a new and broader understanding of parental behavior. The longitudinal data reveals that achieving greater capacity to understand parents’ own career and family behavior could serve as a model for better adaptation for the emerging adult offspring during young adulthood.
Justice and Social-Spatial Arrangements
Authors: Sundstrom Ronald R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a nonideal account of spatial justice. It begins with a conceptual analysis of the phrase “spatial justice,” defined as the just or unjust conditions of social-spatial arrangements. Considering nonideal conditions of injustice in social-spatial arrangements leads to an initial position that spatial justice begins with the idea of basic moral equality. This fundamental value is the ethical basis for further claims of social equality and distributive justice and is also the ground of a right to housing. However, basic moral equality is insufficient to deal fully with the complicated injustices and inequalities related to the urban crisis, such as segregation and gentrification-based displacement. Therefore, this account depends on the idea of democratic equality, with its focus on civic equality and nondomination.
Bloody Sundays
Authors: Groth Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1880s Trafalgar Square became a popular site for political protests and occupations, but few matched the scale and violence of 13 November 1887, as the subjects of this chapter attest. Writers, artists, and activists all, Margaret Harkness, Annie Besant, Walter Crane, and William Morris, crafted their first-hand experience of Bloody Sunday into literary and visual forms that parsed the official nomenclature of the riot as an act of wilful misreading and specious naming. Swept up in the riot itself, they were exposed to the literal risks of political action and violent suppression orchestrated by the state’s nominative force. None were left in any doubt that the reading of the Riot Act was explicitly used to reverse the perceived direction of the violence and legitimate the measures taken to restore the peace. What emerges from their work is a retrospective imagining of the riot as a complex event, a collective interpretive process that is intentionally redistributive and aesthetic. Abstracting from their immediate affective experience of the violence, each writer/artist enlists a different genre or medium—autobiography, the ballad, utopian, realist fiction, illustration—to reconfigure the riot’s seemingly chaotic formlessness into narrative and poetic sequences that challenge the rhetoric of irrational spontaneity that characterized contemporary media accounts which sensationally named the events of that day, Bloody Sunday.
From ‘Jihadi City’ to ‘Bride of the Revolution’
Authors: Rooney Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the Lebanese uprisings of 2019 began, it came as a surprise that the city of Tripoli played a leading role in them. This was because Tripoli had long been stereotyped as Lebanon’s ‘jihadi city’ while it was also known to be a hotbed of crime gangs, this reputation in contradistinction to the image of Beirut regarded as the progressive and avant-garde capital of the country. In this chapter, the insurrectionary rise of Tripoli will first be explored through an analysis of the dejected status and Islamist-crime nexus of Tripoli prior to the Lebanese uprisings. The chapter will then go on to explore how riots and revolutionary uprisings entail different structures of interpellation, even as they share the same motivational forces. The chapter will further discuss how popular culture played a significant role in the uprisings of 2019 in ways that serve not only to contest the centralization of power but to challenge official national discourses.
Conflicting Amores
Authors: McCallum Sarah L. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first part of this chapter, an examination of Vergil’s introductory portraits of Lavinia, Amata, and Turnus reveals how his extensive engagement with elegiac material problematizes each character along amatory lines: Lavinia, sought after by Turnus and Aeneas, becomes their symbolic battleground; Amata’s name and behaviour point to her unseemly erotic desires; and Turnus is established as an amatory and martial rival to Aeneas. The chapter then proceeds to document Vergil’s conjunction of amatory and funerary elegiac material within Allecto’s sequential infuriations of Amata, Turnus, and Ascanius, his aesthetic approach amplifying the Fury’s powerful perversion of human emotions, as she transforms conflicting passions (amores) into actual violence and devastation. The chapter thus reveals the holistic elegiac atmosphere that pervades Vergil’s account of the origins of the war; on the aesthetic plane, Vergil reinforces his narrative vision of amor as an uncontrollable, lethal force.
Warriors in Love
Authors: McCallum Sarah L. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines two striking aetiological myths that are embedded within the epic catalogues of the Italian Iliad. As Vergil enumerates the mustering Italian forces (A. 7.641–817) and the fleet of Aeneas’ Etruscan allies (A. 10.163–817), he shifts the focus from each spectacle of arma to a tale of metamorphosis: Hippolytus’ resurrection and transformation into Virbius (A. 7.765–77); and the avian transfiguration of Cycnus (A. 10.185–88). By interweaving each mythological tale with amatory and funerary elegiac material, Vergil creates exceptional aesthetic and thematic vignettes that exist in productive tension with the surrounding martial context. The aesthetic fluctuation between epic and elegy articulates the crucial tension between arma, amor, and mors that drives the narrative of the maius opus. Moreover, the intra- and intertextual reveberations of these episodes reveals Vergil’s enduring commitment to Alexandrian aesthetic principals, his intense engagement with the recent innovations of Propertius and Tibullus, and his perpetuation of the poetic legacy of Gallus.
International laws and courts as institutional restraints
Authors: Grigorescu Alexandru V. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapter describes the evolution of international law and international courts across time. It begins with a brief history of changes in legal norms and laws, especially throughout the nineteenth century, from simple tools used by dominant states to promote their own interests, to forms of restraints on their power. The chapter then discusses the establishment and evolution of some of the most important international courts over the past century, such as the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the Permanent Court of International Justice, the International Court of Justice, the International Criminal Court, and the European Court of Justice. It shows how the evolution of such courts as institutional power restraints is similar to that of courts in England and France, starting with the early medieval ones. The concluding section summarizes the findings and shows that the six main arguments of the book are supported by developments in the international realm.
International secretariats as institutional restraints
Authors: Grigorescu Alexandru V. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapter discusses the evolution of secretariats in intergovernmental organizations. It begins with the first such secretariats, established in river commissions in the mid-nineteenth century. It shows that those early international bureaucracies came to be almost completely controlled by state representatives, similar to the powerful control national leaders had over national government bureaucracies up to the nineteenth century. It then notes that the secretariats of organizations created after World War I, such as the League and ILO, were formally designed to be autonomous of powerful states. However, in practice, they often were not. This trend continued after World War II (especially in the UN). By the turn of the twenty-first century international bureaucracies became sufficiently autonomous and powerful to warrant the establishment of institutional restraints on them in organizations such as the World Bank, UN, and EU. The concluding section summarizes the evidence supporting the book’s six main arguments.