bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE PATHOLOGIC CHANGES PRODUCED IN CHICK EMBRYOS BY YOLK SAC INOCULATION OF GROUP A COXSACKIE VIRUS
Authors: Peers James H. , Ransom Sara E. , Huebner Robert J. 
Published: June 2004

A series of embryonated eggs incubated from 6 to 18 days have been successfully infected by yolk sac inoculation with a strain of group A Coxsackie virus. The resulting pathologic changes are here described. The principal lesion consisted of widespread acute necrosis of striated muscle, apparently essentially identical in type and development with that characteristically produced by the virus in suckling mice. The infection was not itself lethal; some embryos with virtually complete destruction of skeletal muscle were found alive. The older the embryo at the time of inoculation, the less the severity and extent of the lesions; but susceptibility was sometimes not entirely lost in embryos 18 days old. Two embryos inoculated at this time hatched and lived for 4 and 11 days respectively. One showed minimal specific muscle lesions, and the other only some irregularity in muscle fiber size. The lessening of severity of the lesions was especially marked and abrupt in embryos inoculated on the 10th and the 12th day of incubation.
In addition to the muscle lesions characteristic of infection with group A Coxsackie virus, there were regularly present in the more immature embryos extensive necrosis of epidermis and feathers and degeneration of feather follicles, believed to be probably a direct dermotropic effect of the virus infection. Other visceral lesions, chiefly liver necrosis, were occasionally observed but seemed not to have been due to direct virus action.
As in suckling mice infected with group A Coxsackie virus, no lesions were observed in the central or peripheral nervous system nor in the heart muscle. No lesions deemed specific were seen in the few specimens of chorioallantoic membranes examined.
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF A PROTEIN (R ANTIGEN) OCCURRING IN STREPTOCOCCI OF GROUP A, TYPE 28 AND IN CERTAIN STREPTOCOCCI OF OTHER SEROLOGICAL GROUPS
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C. , Perlmann Gertrude E. 
Published: June 2004

A group A, type 28 protein antigen, resistant to tryptic digestion and previously considered to be a type-specific substance, was purified and its chemical and immunological properties studied.
This protein lacks the characteristic properties of a type-specific M antigen since it is apparently unrelated to virulence and does not induce the formation of protective antibodies although precipitins are readily produced. It is designated the R antigen.
The R antigen in addition to occurring in "type 28" group A strains also occurs in some strains of streptococci of other serological groups.
Protective antibodies, distinct from precipitins for the R antigen, are present in "type 28" antibacterial sera. The antigens responsible for protection have not been identified, and it is possible that several different types may be included among strains designated as type 28 on the basis of the R antigen.
The purified R antigen is phosphorus-free and has a sulphur content of 1.04 per cent. In the ultraviolet a maximum absorption was obtained at a wave length of 280 mµ and a minimum at 254 mµ.
Electrophoretically the R antigen was found to be 95 per cent homogeneous at most pH values, but at pH 4.6 the main peak separated into two peaks of approximately equal areas, both containing serologically active material. The interpretation of this finding is at present uncertain. The isoelectric pH was at 4.5 in sodium acetate buffer of 0.1 ionic strength.
The purified R antigen sedimented in the ultracentrifuge as a single boundary.
INDUCTION OF ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION IN NORMAL AND ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS GIVEN CORTISONE ACETATE
Authors: Knowlton Abbie I. , Loeb Emily N. , Stoerk Herbert C. , White Joseph P. , Heffernan John F. 
Published: June 2004

1. Marked hypertension was induced in adrenalectomized rats on a sodium-restricted intake by the administration of cortisone acetate; on a similar regimen, adrenalectomized rats receiving DCA failed to become hypertensive.
2. The incorporation of a liberal amount of sodium in the diet of adrenalectomized rats receiving cortisone acetate resulted in a lesser degree of hypertension; whereas on a similar regimen, DCA-injected animals became strikingly hypertensive, as has been previously reported.
3. The presence of hypertension in the cortisone acetate-treated rats was not associated with histological evidence of renal damage or serum electrolyte disturbance, such as was observed in hypertensive animals receiving DCA.
4. The hypertension in sodium-restricted normal rats receiving cortisone acetate was less striking than in similarly treated adrenalectomized animals. On a liberal sodium intake similar degrees of hypertension were noted in both intact and adrenalectomized groups.
5. To approximate the loss of weight which occurred in cortisone acetate-injected rats, it was necessary to curtail the food intake of partially fasted control groups to 50 to 75 per cent of the amount consumed by the animals receiving the steroid.
6. The serum cholesterol levels of the cortisone acetate-injected rats were consistently and strikingly elevated as contrasted with normal, partially fasted, or DCA-treated animals.
STUDIES ON THE PSITTACOSIS-LYMPHOGRANULOMA GROUP
Authors: Girardi Anthony J. , Allen Emma G. , Sigel M. Michael 
Published: June 2004

The pattern of growth of meningopneumonitis virus in vitro seemed to be similar to that occurring in ovo and thus the initial stages of development, the adsorption and the latent periods, were investigated by the use of tissue culture procedures.
The initial increment of infectivity in allantoic membrane suspensions following virus inoculation in ovo was due to prolonged adsorption of virus and not to immediate virus reproduction. The length of the adsorption period varied with the virus dilution employed.
The reduction of virus titer in allantoic membrane suspensions subsequent to adsorption was due to a change of infectious virus to a non-infectious form and this seemed to be a part of the normal developmental cycle of the virus.
The possible causes for both prolonged virus adsorption and for the subsequent development of a non-infectious form are discussed.
THE SURVIVAL OF POLIOMYELITIS AND COXSACKIE VIRUSES FOLLOWING THEIR INGESTION BY FLIES
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. , Penner Lawrence R. 
Published: June 2004

Poliomyelitis virus and Coxsackie (or C) virus were quantitatively fed to blowflies, Phormia regina and Phaenicia sericata, and to houseflies, Musca domestica. Naturally infectious human stools were the source of virus.
Poliomyelitis virus can be almost quantitatively recovered from flies and from their excreta collected over a period of several days following the feeding. C virus can also be recovered but in lesser yields. No conclusive evidence for virus multiplication in these laboratory-bred insects was obtained.
Poliomyelitis virus from human sources could be detected in flies between the 5th and 17th day and in the excreta between the 4th and 10th day. Murine-adapted strains of poliomyelitis virus and murine encephalomyelitis virus could not be detected beyond the 5th day, even though comparable amounts of virus were fed. The persistence of C virus excretion (2 to 12 days) varied directly with the amount of virus fed.
Poliomyelitis virus, as present in human stools, survived drying and storage at room temperature for at least 3 days and at 4° for 3 weeks. C virus from human stools under the same circumstances was detected for 15 days at room temperature (with marked drop in titer after the 3rd day) and for 21 days at 4° with little loss in titer. When stool samples were fed to flies and the dried excreta of the insects examined, it was found that (a) poliomyelitis virus persisted for at least 1 to 2 days at room temperature and for 3 to 4 days at 4°, and (b) C virus persisted for 1 day at room temperature and for 5 days at 4°.
Poliomyelitis virus could be carried through only two serial passages in adult flies. Flies emerging from maggots fed virus were free from the agent.
THE INTRARENAL PRESSURE DURING EXPERIMENTAL RENAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Swann H. G. , Prine J. M. , Moore Victor , Rice R. D. 
Published: June 2004

The intrarenal interstitial pressure was measured during the course of experimental renal hypertension in dogs. In perinephritic hypertension, produced by wrapping the kidney in a cellophane bag, the intrarenal pressure rose slowly from the normal value of 25 mm. Hg to a final level of about 60 mm. Hg. Strong pressure pulsations were observed in the renal parenchyma during this type of hypertension. In the hypertension following partial occlusion of the renal artery, the intrarenal pressure remained approximately normal, except in malignant hypertension when it tended to decline to about 9 mm. Hg.
The hypertension of perinephritis is interpreted as a consequence of renal ischemia, the high intrarenal pressure, produced by the constricting fibrotic hull, acting to reduce the effective perfusion pressure of the kidney. The two experimental hypertensions herein examined are considered as examples of influent resistance hypertensions and effluent resistance hypertensions, the former being due to renal arterial or arteriolar resistance and the latter due to renal venous resistance, specifically at the arcuate-interlobar junction. The application of this concept to renal hypertensive disease in man is discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON ENCEPHALOMYELITIS OF MICE (DA STRAIN)
Authors: Daniels Joan B. , Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Richardson Sheila 
Published: June 2004

A new agent, DA, has been isolated from a spontaneously paralyzed mouse. Its biological properties and the pathology of lesions in experimental infection indicate close relationship with the Theiler group of encephalomyelitis viruses.
Serological studies were inconclusive. The intracerebral neutralization test failed to reveal measurable antibody and other routes of inoculation were unsuitable because of low invasiveness of the agent. Repeated vaccination of females did not render their offspring resistant to homologous intracerebral challenge.
The occurrence of early viremia is reported following intracerebral inoculation of the DA strain and also the known Theiler strains, 4727, FA, and GD-VII.
The pathology of mice experimentally infected with DA and with known members of the Theiler group is described. Attention is called to the demyelinating lesion of the cord in mice surviving for several months and to the persistence of virus in the CNS of such animals.
Another characteristic feature of the pathology was the degeneration of ventral nerve roots and in some mice of the peripheral nerves. Similar changes were not seen with strains of Theiler virus other than DA.
Spheroidal bodies of undetermined significance were found in the lesions.
Finally the occurrence of myositis after intracerebral inoculation, not only mice infected with the DA virus, but also with the 4727 and FA strains, is described and discussed.
THE INHIBITION BY CORTISONE OF THE CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF PPD ON TUBERCULIN-HYPERSENSITIVE CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Leahy Robert H. , Morgan Herbert R. 
Published: June 2004

Using the roller tube method of tissue culture, it has been shown that cortisone and compound F inhibit the cytotoxic action of PPD upon macrophages from the splenic tissue of tuberculous guinea pigs. Pretreatment of the cells for 24 hours with hormones before exposure to PPD was found to be essential. Estrone and desoxycorticosterone glucoside had no protective activity.
Certain advantages of the tissue culture method in studies of tuberculin hypersensitivity and possible mechanisms and implications of this protective action of cortisone are discussed.
THE LYSIS OF GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI BY EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES OF STREPTOMYCES ALBUS
Authors: McCarty Maclyn 
Published: June 2004

Cell wall preparations of uniform chemical constitution have been obtained from several strains of group A streptococci. The isolated cell walls are dissolved by the same fractions of the Streptomyces albus enzymes that are effective in the lysis of intact cells, and it is likely that enzymatic lysis of group A streptococci is effected by an attack on the cell wall.
The streptococcal cell wall, as prepared in this study, consists of approximately two-thirds carbohydrate and one-third protein. Small amounts of other components may be present. The carbohydrate component, which is composed primarily of N-acetyl-glucosamine and rhamnose, is the group-specific C carbohydrate. The evidence indicates that one of the streptomyces enzymes is directed toward the carbohydrate component of the cell wall.
STUDIES ON THE VIRULENCE OF TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Bloch Hubert , Noll Hans 
Published: June 2004

Tubercle bacilli were grown in the presence of different concentrations of tween 80, ranging from 0.05 to 2.1 per cent. Equal numbers of viable bacteria from these cultures were compared in infection experiments in the mouse. The average survival time of the mice was used as a criterion for the virulence of the bacilli. High tween concentrations in the culture medium caused a reduction of the bacterial virulence. The reduction was slight in bacterial suspensions from cultures with tween 80 ranging from 0.05 to 1.0 per cent, but considerable in cultures with 2.1 per cent tween.
Bacteria grown in the presence of 2.1 per cent tween gave rise to the same number of colonies, in vitro, as bacteria grown in ordinary media. Their oxygen uptake was increased as compared with that of bacilli grown in media containing less tween.
Virulent bacteria grown in the presence of high amounts of tween 80 decolorized methylene blue in a test in which organisms from the same virulent strain but cultured without tween, or with only small proportions of the detergent in the medium, did not reduce the dye. A positive methylene blue test is typical of non-virulent tubercle bacilli and of saprophytic mycobacteria.
Essentially the same changes occurred when virulent tubercle bacilli were grown in the presence of 0.5 µg./ml. of para-formacetanilide thiosemicarbazone (TBI). This small amount of the substance was not sufficient to prevent the growth of bacteria, or to reduce the number of viable cells in a culture, but it reduced the virulence of the bacteria considerably and rendered them capable of decolorizing methylene blue.
Cord factor, a lipid constituent of virulent bacteria which is toxic for mice, was shown to be present in filtrates from cultures of virulent bacteria when the media contained 2 per cent tween 80, but no such material could be recovered from culture filtrates containing the usual 0.05 per cent tween. On the other hand, no toxic material could be extracted from bacteria grown in the presence of 0.5 µg./ml. TBI.
EXPERIMENTAL ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS IN RABBITS
Authors: Kellner Aaron , Hedal Emily F. 
Published: June 2004

A pair of blood group factors, designated G and g, was identified in rabbits by serological means. These factors were found to be alleles, and one or the other or both of them were regularly present in the red cells of every one of a large number of mongrel and inbred rabbits. The factors were not demonstrable in other tissue cells or in the body fluids. They were capable of stimulating the formation of specific immune isoantibodies when repeatedly injected into appropriate rabbits.
In most instance both agglutinating and coating antibodies to the G or g factors were present in a given antiserum. The coating antibodies-which did not act as true blocking antibodies-were detected by means of an antiglobulin test (Coombs test), or by means of specific cells modified by the action of trypsin. The antibodies were heat-stable and were active over a wide temperature range; and under suitable conditions, they proved to be potent hemolysins and also capable of fixing complement.
The characteristics of the antigens and antibodies of the rabbit G-g system bear a striking resemblance to those of the Rh-Hr system of man.
TUBERCULOSIS INDUCED BY DROPLET NUCLEI INFECTION
Authors: Ratcliffe H. L. , Palladino V. S. 
Published: June 2004

Separate groups of rats, mice, hamsters, and guinea pigs were caused to inhale virulent tubercle bacilli, of human or bovine strains, as single cells in fine droplet nuclei. Members of each of these eight host-parasite combinations were killed for study at stated intervals after infection.
For approximately 3 weeks after the bacilli were deposited in the lungs the progress of the infection, and the reaction of all species to it, followed a highly uniform developmental pattern. During the 4th week the rate and pattern of tubercle formation became distinctive for the species of host and the strain of parasite, but within any host-parasite combination this rate and pattern continued uniform for a time. The duration of this period of homogeneous response after the 4th week varied with the host-parasite combination, ranging from less than 5 weeks to more than 12 weeks after the induction of infection.
It is concluded that the highly uniform initial response is evidence that these animals do not differ in their inherent resistance to inhaled infection by the bacilli of human or bovine tuberculosis. Instead, they differ widely in their capacity to acquire resistance to these organisms, as shown by the variation in the later stages of the disease.
MULTIPLICATION AND SURVIVAL OF TUBERCLE BACILLI IN THE ORGANS OF MICE
Authors: Pierce Cynthia H. , Dubos René J. , Schaefer Werner B. 
Published: June 2004

Cultures of tubercle bacilli (typical bovine and human strains) known to differ in the severity of the lesions they induce in experimental animals, were injected in various doses into the cerebrum, peritoneal cavity, or blood stream of mice. Quantitative determinations of the numbers of living bacilli present in the tissues at different intervals of time after infection led to the following classification of the cultures tested:—
(a) Certain well known variant forms of tubercle bacilli were found to be unable to multiply in vivo, although they could survive for many weeks in the tissues of mice. These organisms proved to be truly avirulent.
(b) Other variant forms underwent multiplication in vivo, even when extremely small infective doses were used, but could not give rise to progressive disease. It is proposed to designate these strains, which produce only abortive infections, as "attenuated." Different levels of attenuation could be detected. The maximum numbers of living bacilli that were recovered from the tissues corresponded directly to the severity and duration of the abortive lesions that could be produced by the strain in guinea pigs or in mice and were characteristic for each strain tested. The two BCG substrains tested were found to differ markedly in their level of attenuation.
(c) The cultures virulent for guinea pigs were also capable of establishing a progressive infection in mice even when small infective doses were used.
In the case of the attenuated and virulent strains, the population of living bacilli present in the lungs was at first much lower than that in the spleen, but it continued to increase in the former organs throughout the period of observation. This was notably true in the case of the virulent cultures. In contrast, the numbers of living bacilli in the spleen rapidly reached a maximum in the case of all cultures and then decreased progressively. For a given infective dose, and a given interval of time after inoculation, the maximum levels of living bacterial population attained in the spleen and in the lungs proved to be a direct expression of the virulence of the strain.
ANTITUBERCULOUS IMMUNITY INDUCED IN MICE BY VACCINATION WITH LIVING CULTURES OF ATTENUATED TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Dubos René J. , Pierce Cynthia H. , Schaefer Werner B. 
Published: June 2004

The immunity induced in mice by vaccination with living attenuated cultures of tubercle bacilli was measured by two criteria.
(a) Increase in survival time of the vaccinated animals after infection with a dose of virulent bacilli sufficient to kill all the unvaccinated controls within 10 to 20 days.
(b) Difference in the number of living bacilli recovered from the spleen and lungs of vaccinated and normal animals infected with a small dose of virulent bacilli.
The level of immunity induced was found to depend upon the extent of multiplication in vivo of the bacilli used for vaccination. This in turn was conditioned by the degree of attenuation characteristic of the bacterial strain used in the preparation of the vaccine, the amount of vaccine injected, the route of vaccination, and the time interval between vaccination and challenge infection. It was possible to prevent or retard the development of immunity by treating the mice in course of immunization with a drug, isoniazid, capable of interrupting the multiplication in vivo of the bacilli used as vaccine.
Although immunity regularly developed and lasted for many weeks when the proper conditions of vaccination were used, the immune response was never sufficient to protect the animals against ultimate death from infection with virulent tubercle bacilli. The prolongation of life in the vaccinated mice was not consequent on a direct bactericidal effect but rather on a retarded or interrupted multiplication of the virulent bacilli in vivo.
The quantitative bacteriological techniques used in the present study would appear to be of value for the analysis of certain problems of immunity, and for the appraisal of vaccines and techniques of vaccination.
A COMPARATIVE HISTOLOGIC AND IMMUNOLOGIC STUDY IN RABBITS OF INDUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY OF THE SERUM SICKNESS TYPE
Authors: Germuth Frederick G. 
Published: June 2004

A histologic and quantitative immunologic study was made on a large group of rabbits injected intravenously with a single dose of crystallized bovine albumin and bled and sacrificed at various intervals after injection. Both cardiovascular and renal lesions were encountered in high incidence. The various stages in the development of these lesions were observed from their first appearance until their complete regression. The cardiac, vascular, and renal alterations were morphologically similar to those of rheumatic fever, polyarteritis nodosa, and acute glomerulonephritis, respectively, in man.
In addition to those tissue changes ordinarily attributed to hypersensitivity, peculiar granulomatous lesions consisting of epithelioid and foreign body giant cells were encountered in the follicles of the spleen and in the lymph nodes of a large proportion of the animals receiving the antigen. Similar granulomas in the spleen and lymph nodes as well as in other tissues have been described in polyarteritis nodosa. The present experimental demonstration that an epithelioid and giant cell reaction may result from hypersensitivity provides evidence for the allergic origin of those cases of polyarteritis nodosa of unknown etiology containing this type of lesion.
In the present study the time of development of the cardiovascular, renal, and granulomatous lesions was determined in relation to the blood clearance of antigen and the time of appearance of circulating antibody. All the tissue lesions developed during the "immune" phase of antigen elimination and regressed after the antigen had been completely eliminated and free antibody had appeared in the circulation. These temporal relationships indicate that the tissue lesions which occur after the intravenous administration of foreign protein are the result of antigen-antibody combination.