bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kenya
Authors: Obura David 0. , Muthiga Nyawira A , Watson Maggie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1989 Kenya’s coastal population was recorded as 1.83 million people, with an annual growth rate of 3.7% (25), of which a large proportion is due to migration of people from other parts of Kenya. Increasing economic activity, due to shipping, freight handling and tourism, provides a strong draw for migrant workers, as well as creating conditions for environmental degradation. Marine resource use is largely unregulated but the establishment, in 1968, of East Africa’s first marine protected areas has provided for the protection and conservation of several reef areas. This has also provided an opportunity for research on the effects of resource use, and the effectiveness of levels of protective management, outlined in the first part of this chapter. In the second part of the chapter, the principal conservation and environmental issues affecting Kenya’s reefs are described on a case study basis, using each of the five main protected areas to highlight the principal human population and resource pressures, and the findings of research in each of the areas.
Xeno
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The majority of patients in need of organ transplants do not survive long enough for a suitable human organ to become available. Xenotransplantation, the transplant of animal organs into humans, has attracted substantial media attention. If, as appears likely, it proves possible to “humanize” animal organs and evade the problems of rejection, in the coming few years there will be a tremendous increase in this procedure, mostly using organs from animals specifically for their harvestable organs. This book will lay out the potential and promise of the technique, the history of organ transplantation, the technical problems and breakthroughs in overcoming immune rejection, and typing and humanizing donor organs for transplantation. The ethical question of growing animals specifically for organ harvest, and the substantial public health concern from the certainty that animal viruses will pass into humans with the donated organs, will be fully discussed. The authors are among the leaders in the field of Xenotransplantation.
All Animals Are Equal, but Some Are More Equal than Others
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The large building is made up of a number of rooms, each divided into pens by concrete walls that rise to waist or shoulder height. When not wandering about on the stone floors, the pigs are generally eating and drinking from the food and water containers fixed along the walls. There are about 50 pigs altogether, and they look and sound like any other pigs with always a few grunting and squealing. But ifwe could look inside them, we would see something very strange, indeed: human proteins on the surface of the cells that line the blood vessels throughout their entire body, in all of their organs. These are “humanized” pigs-until recently a science fiction dream, but now firmly part of real-life science and medicine. The pig is considered by many surgeons as the most likely answer to the donor organ shortage-maybe not necessarily “humanized” pigs, although it is likely they will play a major role. Why the pig? Wouldn’t chimpanzees or baboons be preferable? After all, they are the closest relatives of man, much closer on the evolutionary tree than the pig, and, as we have seen, experimental data show that using organs from animals genetically more similar to us reduces the problem of rejection.
The Hottest Zone
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The young man is barely conscious-fortunately so, for his condition is, by any standards, pitiable. Despite the cold-water-soaked towels that are laid across and around his body, he sweats profusely, and his jaundiced skin is seemingly on fire to the touch. His lethargy is punctuated by periods in which he rolls around in a state of delirium. Blood oozes from every body orifice. When he coughs, he brings up blood; when he vomits, his vomitus is heavily bloodstained. Five days ago he had been seemingly well, except for a headache and a chill. Today will be his last day in this world; he will be dead by midnight, an event that will be accompanied by much wailing by his extended family, who wait outside in the mission hospital’s little lobby. The nurses are doing their best, as is the Belgian doctor who mans this outpost in the heart of Central Africa, but they are helpless in the face of one of the world’s most efficient killers-the Ebola virus. Even if the patient were at one of the great teaching hospitals of Boston or London, however, his case would be equally hopeless. There is no known cure for Ebola fever, and how it spreads remains a mystery. Once Ebola infects you, the chances are 9 to I that you will not see out the week. Ebola is one of a group of viruses that cause infectious hemorrhagic fever, in which the body loses its ability to prevent bleeding from all of its membranes, and the patient dies a very unpleasant death.
Animal Rights and Human Wrongs
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although we might agree on which patients should be offered xenotransplantation first, let us consider further whether we are ready to embark on this next giant leap for mankind. The ethical appropriateness of initiating such clinical trials is intricately intertwined with many factors, not least the state of the science. Indeed, if the science is sufficiently advanced and the potential benefit to patients seems assured, then it may be unethical and irresponsible not to initiate clinical trials. In contrast, if the science is insufficiently advanced and patients are unlikely to benefit therapeutically from the procedure, then the trial is inappropriate. Let us examine the status of xenotransplantation science. Only a few organs transplanted between closely related animals-such as a monkey kidney or heart transplanted into a baboon-have functioned for more than a few months. We therefore have virtually no data on what might happen to such grafts in the long term. Unless a technique for inducing immunological tolerance can be perfected, such xenografts would require a heavy and prolonged regimen of immunosuppression. These drugs would significantly increase the risk of major, possibly fatal, infectious complications as well as increase the incidence of certain types of cancer. The early development of chronic rejection remains likely.
Protecting the Public
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today, with media attention and the public eye increasingly upon the medical profession-and with the prevailing medico-legal environment-few would disagree that some form of monitoring of clinical trials of xenotransplantation will be essential. Only by a thorough review of the proposed trial, and by its careful monitoring, will we be able to ensure that a “cowboy” approach to xenotransplantation does not prevail-such as occurred after the first human heart transplant in the late 1960s. At that time, numerous inadequately prepared surgical groups rushed into this field without the necessary expertise or laboratory experience. Their results were generally poor and at times disastrous. This led to what essentially constituted a moratorium on heart transplantation for over a decade. The need for regulation is even greater with regard to xenotransplantation in view of the potential risks. This presents a scenario that is very different from most operative procedures and from the usual drug and device development, which generally present risks only to the patient.
Financial Services
Authors: Boatright John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Financial services could scarcely be provided without raising conflicts of interest. In acting as intermediaries for people’s financial transactions and as custodians of their financial assets, financial service providers are often forced to choose among the competing interests of others-and weigh those interests against their own. Although personal interest plays some role, the conflicts of interest in financial services arise primarily from attempts to provide many different kinds of services to a number of different parties, often at the same time. Conflicts of interest are built into the structure of our financial institutions and could be avoided only with great difficulty. As one person has noted, “The biblical observation that no man can serve two masters, if strictly followed, would make many of Wall Street’s present activities impossible.”1 In addition, the inhabitants of Wall Street are motivated primarily by self-interest and can be induced to serve any master only within limits. The challenge, therefore, is not to prevent conflicts of interest in financial services but to manage them in a workable financial system.
Cyberspace, U.S.A.
Authors: Ayers Edward L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I write not of Thomas Jefferson’s town, where I live, nor of the American South to which I have devoted my working life. Rather, I write of a new American place, one we cannot see but whose effects we increasingly feel: “cyberspace.” That place, simultaneously metaphorical and tangible, has touched every part of the United States. Information surges along networks of copper and glass, weaving ever tighter webs across the country and the world. Those networks define a space at once empty and densely populated, desolate and hopeful. By its very nature, cyberspace is the space among other places. It touches them all but is possessed by none.
Nassau Hall, Princeton, New Jersey
Authors: Wilentz Sean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In June 1956, Edmund Wilson, Class of 1916, returned to Princeton University to receive an honorary degree, in conjunction with the fortieth anniversary of his class’s graduation and the bicentennial of Nassau Hall. The occasion was slightly awkward. Wilson had great affection for his old college, and especially for the memory of his departed teachers Norman Kemp Smith and Christian Gauss. A few years earlier, when presiding over a set of the prestigious Princeton seminars named in Gauss’s honor-and presenting work that would eventually wind up as part of his monumental study, Patriotic Gore, edited by another Princeton graduate, Sheldon Meyer-Wilson one day took his friend Leon Edel on a private tour of his former stomping grounds, enthusiastically showing off the architectural highlights. But Wilson had never partaken of the rah-rah bonhomie for which Princeton graduates were, and are, so famous. And more than a few Princetonians regarded Wilson-the bookish, oft-married ex-radical and (thanks to Memom of Hecate County) reputed pornographer-as a disloyal odd duck.
The Raft of Odysseus
Authors: Dougherty Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Raft of Odysseus looks at the fascinating intersection of traditional myth with an enthnographically-viewed Homeric world. Carol Dougherty argues that the resourcefulness of Odysseus as an adventurer on perilous seas served as an example to Homer’s society which also had to adjust in inventive ways to turbulent conditions. The fantastic adventures of Odysseus act as a prism for the experiences of Homer’s own listeners--traders, seafarers, storytellers, soldiers--and give us a glimpse into their own world of hopes and fears, 500 years after the Iliadic events were supposed to have happened. In the course of her argument, Dougherty makes liberal use of what we know about Mycenean and archaic artifacts, comparing the realities of historical shipbuilding or weaving, for example, with the often magnificently inflated account of the epics.
Access to Health Care
Authors: Schur Claudia L , Franco sheila J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ensuring equitable access to health care is an important public policy goal for the nation. A significant body of research and policy analysis has been focused on documenting access problems for vulnerable populations and suggesting policy options to eliminate access barriers (Aday, 1993; Aday et al., 1998). Rural populations have often been viewed as especially vulnerable with respect to access to health care because of poorly developed and fragile health infrastructures, high prevalence rates of chronic illness and disability, socioeconomic hardships, and physical barriers such as distance and availability of transportation, including a lack of public transportation (Rowland and Lyons, 1989).
Rural Managed Care
Authors: Casey Michelle M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief historical perspective on managed care in rural areas and presents national data on health maintenance organizations (HMO), rural service areas, and rural enrollment in commercial HMOs. Future prospects for the growth of managed care in rural areas are discussed, including the implications of changes in the Medicare and Medicaid programs authorized by the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (PL 105-33). There are many forms of managed care; however, this chapter will focus on rural enrollment in HMOs.
A Nation Of Revolutionaries
Authors: Levinger Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In March 1819, alarmed by the spread of nationalist activism among young people, the Prussian government closed Jahn’s gymnastics ground on the Hasenheide in Berlin. The following evening, about fifty youths gathered in front of Jahn’s house. Lighting two torches, they proceeded to sing Luther’s “Eine feste Burg” and then cheered Jahn three times with a Lebehoch. Jahn, it turned out, was not at home, so the group quietly withdrew. Two days later, Berlin’s police inspector filed a report on this incident with Hardenberg. Over the next month, the inspector identified and interrogated several of the participants, at least one of whom professed not to know that “political demonstrations” had been prohibited in Prussia since 1815.1
Toward a Democratic Monarchy
Authors: Levinger Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the adoption of the Karlsbad Decrees in 1819, the scope for the free expression of political ideas narrowed dramatically in Prussia and the other German states. These measures, which remained in effect until April 1848, not only established strict censorship of the popular press but also allowed for surveillance of the universities and civic life and the summary imprisonment of dissidents.
Spatial Statistics: Analysis of Field Experiments
Authors: Hoef Jay M Ver , Cressie Noel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More and more, ecologists are turning to designed field experiments. Earlier in the history of ecology, it was enough to collect field observations to generate reasonable hypotheses (McIntosh 1985). However, as these hypotheses multiplied, they needed to be rigorously tested. A glance at any current ecological journal reveals that many ecologists are designing and analyzing field and laboratory experiments to test such hypotheses.
Enough of Deliberation Politics Is about Interests and Power
Authors: Shapiro Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the substantive arguments in Democracy and Disagreement resonate favorably with me, but it should be said that this is not a particularly demanding test. To know how effective Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson’s deliberative model would be, either at reducing moral disagreement or at promoting accommodation of irresolvable differences in American politics, one would have to see it in action in debates among pro-lifers and prochoicers, parties to the Mozert v. Hawkim litigation, or protagonists in debates over redistricting, affirmative action, welfare reform, child support, and the other contentious issues that Gutmann and Thompson describe. Their claim is that if the various protagonists “seek fair terms of cooperation for their own sake,” committing themselves to appeal, in their arguments, “to reasons that are recognizably moral in form and mutually acceptable in content,” then disagreements will be minimized and accommodation will be promoted.
Agreement without Theory
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My principal goal in this essay is to extend a particular insight in Democracy and Disagreement and to suggest that on multimember bodies, especially courts, it is possible to achieve agreements on particular judgments without achieving agreement on the theoretical commitments that underlie those judgments. My discussion of the uses of incompletely theorized agreements, as a central part of a well-functioning deliberative democracy, is very much in the spirit of the Gutmann Thompson approach. I conclude, however, with two questions or reservations about that approach. First, I suggest that sometimes it is legitimate for participants in politics to raise the political or moral stakes and to make claims that are gratuitous, in the sense that they are not indispensable to resolution of the dispute at hand. Second, I suggest that deliberative democracy comes with its own distinctive and internal constitutional preconditions; Gutmann and Thompson build into that ideal certain constitution-like principles that seem to me external to, and independent of, deliberative democracy itself.
Survival Estimation in Noncancer Patients with Advanced Disease
Authors: Schonwetter Ronald S , Jani Chirac R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distribution of the population has shifted in both the number and proportion of older persons. This proportion will continue to grow at a more rapid rate well into the next century, and a larger number of patients will have chronic illnesses. The leading causes of death in the United States are heart disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which are responsible for 32.1%, 23.4%, 6.7%, and 4.5% of all (2,278,994) deaths, respectively.1 Many individuals with heart disease die suddenly rather than living with the manifestations of their disease for an extended period of time. As our population ages, however, increasing numbers of patients with advanced illnesses such as cancer, heart disease, lung disease, cerebrovascular disease, and dementias will require high-quality care for prolonged periods of time.
Palliative Care Audit: Tools, Objectives, and Models for Training in Assessment, Monitoring, and Review
Authors: Higginson Irene J , Hearn Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Palliative care arose out of a desire to improve the quality of care for patients with advancing disease and their families. As a new specialty, and in the face of skepticism or reluctance to support this form of care, evaluations were carried out early in the history of modem palliative care provision to compare hospice services to home and hospital care. Hence, palliative care specialists have often led the way in developing methods to examine the quality of care of patients with cancer, and have sought to influence those working in oncology and other professions.
The Managem,ent of Bleeding in Advanced Cancer Patients
Authors: Pereira Jose , Mancini Isabelle , Bruera Eduardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bleeding is a common presenting problem at the time of the original diagnosis of several different types of cancers. Ninety percent of patients with endometrial cancer report vaginal bleeding at the time of their diagnosis, 10-20% of patients with colorectal cancer report rectal bleeding, and 25-50% of patients with lung cancer describe hemoptysis at the time of the initial diagnosis. Just over one-half of patients with a renal malignancy first present with hematuria. However, hemorrhaging in the palliative care setting occurs less frequently and has been estimated to affect approximately 6-10% of patients.
The Role of Oxygen in Cancer-Related Dyspnea
Authors: Watanabe Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dyspnea is a prevalent and often distressing symptom in cancer patients. The role of oxygen in alleviating this symptom is controversial. Most studies examining the symptomatic benefit of oxygen have been conducted in the context of nonmalignant disease, with conflicting results. The mechanisms by which oxygen may improve dyspnea are also uncertain. This chapter will review the evidence in favor of a therapeutic effect from oxygen, explore possible mechanisms, and suggest clinical guideliness for use.
Shrubs
Authors: Krebs Charles J , Dale Mark R T , Nams Vilis O , Sinclair A R E , O’Donoghue Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shrubs are an important component of the vegetation of the boreal forest because they provide complex structure where trees are absent or added dimensions in the forest be­ tween the herb layer and the tree layer. Shrubs are the winter food of the key species of herbivores in the boreal zone. Snowshoe hares and moose rely on browse from shrubs to get them through the winter period. One of the objectives of the Kluane Project was to obtain a good description of the changes in biomass and utilization of shrubs during the hare cycle, and in this chapter we present a summary of what we discovered. We include here the woody component of the plant community that grows between about 10 cm and 3-4 min height in the Kluane boreal forest. We exclude from this discussion small trees (discussed in chapter 7) and the dwarf woody plants such as Arc­ tostaphylos uva-ursi, which can be a dominant form of ground cover. In this section, we describe first the species that occur at Kluane and their relative abundances, the successional sequence in the shrub community, and the chemical defenses shrubs use against herbivores.
Voles and Mice
Authors: Boonstra Rudy , Krebs Charles J , Gilbert Scott , Schweiger Sabine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Small mammals are a ubiquitous, but less obvious, component of the herbivore com­ munity in the boreal forest. Small mammals are defined as those &lt;100 g and generally represent &lt;4% of the herbivore biomass in the Kluane Lake ecosystem. Across the boreal forest of North America, there are three main genera of cricetids. There are two species of the genus Clethrionomys, with the northern red-backed vole (C. rutilus) occupying the forests approximately north of 60° latitude (Martell and Fuller 1979, West 1982, Gilbert and Krebs 1991) and the southern red-backed vole (C. gapperi), occupying the rest (Grant 1976, Fuller 1985, Vickery et al. 1989). The deer mouse, Peromyscus mani­ culatus, is present throughout most of the boreal forest region (though in the Kluane area it is nearing the northern limit of its range). The Microtus voles (in order of decreasing abundance: the meadow vole, M. pennsylvanicus; the root vole, M. oeconomus; the singing vole, M. miurus; and the long-tailed vole, M. longicaudus) all occupy primarily grassy regions within the forest (meadows, marshes, and forest openings). In addition, the Kluane area has a rich diversity of rarer species (Krebs and Wingate 1976, 1985).
Raptors and Scavengers
Authors: Doyle Frank I , Smith James N M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principal study to date of the responses of raptorial birds to the snowshoe hare cycle was conducted by Lloyd Keith and colleagues in a mixed farmland/ aspen parkland landscape at Rochester, Alberta. They found that great homed owls (Bubo virginianus) showed strong reproductive and numerical responses to hare abundance (Mclnvaille and Keith 1974, Adamcik et al. 1978). In contrast, red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) numbers at Rochester remained stable, even though their reproductive success declined as hares disappeared from the prey base (Adamcik et al. 1979). In Alaska, numbers and breeding success of northern goshawks responded positively to increasing hare abundance (McGowan 1975). Also in Alaska, golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) reproduced more successfully during a period of high hare and ptarmigan abundance (McIntyre and Adams 1999). The community and population level responses of other raptors to vole cycles have been studied intensively in Europe (e.g., Korpimaki and Norrdahl 1991) and less intensively in temperate North America (e.g., Phelan and Robertson 1978).