bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulating asynchronous hardware on multiprocessor platforms: the case of AMULET1
Authors: Theodoropoulos Georgios K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSynchronous VLSI design is approaching a critical point, with clock distribution becoming an increasingly costly and complicated issue and power consumption rapidly emerging as a major concern. Hence, recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in asynchronous digital design techniques which promise to liberate digital design from the inherent problems of synchronous systems. This activity has revealed a need for modelling and simulation techniques suitable for the asynchronous design style. The concurrent process algebra communicating sequential processes (CSP) and its executable counterpart, occam, are increasingly advocated as particularly suitable for this purpose. This paper focuses on issues related to the execution of CSP/occam models of asynchronous hardware on multiprocessor machines, including I/O, monitoring and debugging, partition, mapping and load balancing. These issues are addressed in the context of occarm, an occam simulation model of the AMULET1 asynchronous microprocessor; however, the solutions devised are more general and may be applied to other systems too. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scalability and performance of OpenMP and MPI on a 128‐processor SGI Origin 2000
Authors: Luecke Glenn R. , Lin Wei‐Hua 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the scalability and performance of seven, simple OpenMP test programs and to compare their performance with equivalent MPI programs on an SGI Origin 2000. Data distribution directives were used to make sure that the OpenMP implementation had the same data distribution as the MPI implementation. For the matrix‐times‐vector (test 5) and the matrix‐times‐matrix (test 7) tests, the syntax allowed in OpenMP 1.1 does not allow OpenMP compilers to be able to generate efficient code since the reduction clause is not currently allowed for arrays. (This problem is corrected in OpenMP 2.0.) For the remaining five tests, the OpenMP version performed and scaled significantly better than the corresponding MPI implementation, except for the right shift test (test 2) for a small message. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
VPP Fortran and the design of HPF/JA extensions
Authors: Iwashita Hidetoshi , Sueyasu Naoki , Kamiya Sachio , van Waveren Matthijs 
Published: September 2002

AbstractVPP Fortran is a data parallel language that has been designed for the VPP series of supercomputers. In addition to pure data parallelism, it contains certain low‐level features that were designed to extract high performance from user programs. A comparison of VPP Fortran and High‐Performance Fortran (HPF) 2.0 shows that these low‐level features are not available in HPF 2.0. The features include asynchronous inter‐processor communication, explicit shadow, and the LOCAL directive. They were shown in VPP Fortran to be very useful in handling real‐world applications, and they have been included in the HPF/JA extensions. They are described in the paper. The HPF/JA Language Specification Version 1.0 is an extension of HPF 2.0 to achieve practical performance for real‐world applications and is a result of collaboration in the Japan Association for HPF (JAHPF). Some practical programming and tuning procedures with the HPF/JA Language Specification are described, using the NAS Parallel Benchmark BT as an example. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional global MHD simulation code for the Earth's magnetosphere using HPF/JA
Authors: Ogino Tatsuki 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe have translated a three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation code of the Earth's magnetosphere from VPP Fortran to HPF/JA on the Fujitsu VPP5000/56 vector‐parallel supercomputer and the MHD code was fully vectorized and fully parallelized in VPP Fortran. The entire performance and capability of the HPF MHD code could be shown to be almost comparable to that of VPP Fortran. A three‐dimensional global MHD simulation of the Earth's magnetosphere was performed at a speed of over 400 Gflops with an efficiency of 76.5% using 56 processing elements of the Fujitsu VPP5000/56 in vector and parallel computation that permitted comparison with catalog values. We have concluded that fluid and MHD codes that are fully vectorized and fully parallelized in VPP Fortran can be translated with relative ease to HPF/JA, and a code in HPF/JA may be expected to perform comparably to the same code written in VPP Fortran. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compatibility comparison and performance evaluation for Japanese HPF compilers using scientific applications
Authors: Sakagami H. , Mizuno T. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe lack of compatibility of High‐Performance Fortran (HPF) between vender implementations has been disheartening scientific application users so as to hinder the development of portable programs. Thus parallel computing is still unpopular in the computational science community, even though parallel programming is common to the computer science community. As users would like to run the same source code on parallel machines with different architectures as fast as possible, we have investigated the compatibility of source codes for Japanese HPF compilers (NEC, Fujitsu and Hitachi) with two real‐world applications: a 3D fluid code and a 2D particle code. We have found that the source‐level compatibility between Japanese HPF compilers is almost preserved, but more effort will be needed to sustain complete compatibility. We have also evaluated parallel performance and found that HPF can achieve good performance for the 3D fluid code with almost the same source code. For the 2D particle code, good results have also been obtained with a small number of processors, but some changes in the original source code and the addition of interface blocks is required. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced optimization strategies in the Rice dHPF compiler
Authors: Mellor‐Crummey J. , Adve V. , Broom B. , Chavarría‐Miranda D. , Fowler R. , Jin G. , Kennedy K. , Yi Q. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractHigh‐Performance Fortran (HPF) was envisioned as a vehicle for modernizing legacy Fortran codes to achieve scalable parallel performance. To a large extent, today's commercially available HPF compilers have failed to deliver scalable parallel performance for a broad spectrum of applications because of insufficiently powerful compiler analysis and optimization. Substantial restructuring and hand‐optimization can be required to achieve acceptable performance with an HPF port of an existing Fortran application, even for regular data‐parallel applications. A key goal of the Rice dHPF compiler project has been to develop optimization techniques that enable a wide range of existing scientific applications to be ported easily to efficient HPF with minimal restructuring. This paper describes the challenges to effective parallelization presented by complex (but regular) data‐parallel applications, and then describes how the novel analysis and optimization technologies in the dHPF compiler address these challenges effectively, without major rewriting of the applications. We illustrate the techniques by describing their use for parallelizing the NAS SP and BT benchmarks. The dHPF compiler generates multipartitioned parallelizations of these codes that are approaching the scalability and efficiency of sophisticated hand‐coded parallelizations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Living in Enclaves
Authors: Parisi Domenico , Ugolini Massimiliano 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWhat are the consequences of living in small isolated communities vs living in larger environments as members of bigger communities? If the resources are scarce and highly spatially and temporally variable, living in isolated communities can lead to extinction because of temporary food scarcity and less efficient genetic selection. Artifacts that increase the energy extracted from natural resources can avoid extinction of local populations, but still choosing the artifacts to be reproduced from the restricted artifact pool of the local community rather than from a larger pool leads to less good artifacts and smaller global population size. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Classes of network connectivity and dynamics
Authors: Sporns Olaf , Tononi Giulio 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMany kinds of complex systems exhibit characteristic patterns of temporal correlations that emerge as the result of functional interactions within a structured network. One such complex system is the brain, composed of numerous neuronal units linked by synaptic connections. The activity of these neuronal units gives rise to dynamic states that are characterized by specific patterns of neuronal activation and co‐activation. These patterns, called functional connectivity, are possible neural correlates of perceptual and cognitive processes. Which functional connectivity patterns arise depends on the anatomical structure of the underlying network, which in turn is modified by a broad range of activity‐dependent processes. Given this intricate relationship between structure and function, the question of how patterns of anatomical connectivity constrain or determine dynamical patterns is of considerable theoretical importance. The present study develops computational tools to analyze networks in terms of their structure and dynamics. We identify different classes of network, including networks that are characterized by high complexity. These highly complex networks have distinct structural characteristics such as clustered connectivity and short wiring length similar to those of large‐scale networks of the cerebral cortex. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Fear Survey Schedule for Children‐II: a validity examination across response format and instruction type
Authors: Gullone Eleonora , Lane Belinda 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe most commonly used tool for the assessment of normal fear, is without doubt, the Fear Survey Schedule. However, despite its advantages, critics have questioned the validity of the Fear Survey Schedule. The present study extended upon recent research which has addressed this concern by administering three different versions of the Fear Survey Schedule for Children‐II (FSSC‐II). Each of the three conditions involved ratings of fear level intensity, and one condition also included fear frequency ratings in order to enable comparison between fear frequency versus intensity ratings. A total of 439 adolescents aged 11 to 18 years participated in the study. Following the validation of the modified FSSC‐II forms, overall and subscale fear levels were compared across the different FSSC‐II versions. Whilst no overall difference in self‐reported fear was found across the different instruction types, a difference was found between reports of fear intensity versus frequency on the death and danger factor of the FSSC‐II, with fear intensity reports being significantly higher than frequency reports. Also older female adolescents significantly discriminated between imagined and daily fear intensity scoring higher on the former. A similar difference was found in relation to animal fears for older adolescents. The present findings therefore provide additional support for the validity of the Fear Survey Schedule in the assessment of fear. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formulation and comparative evaluation of controlled release diclofenac tablets prepared by matrix‐embedding technique, membrane barrier technique, and combination of the two
Authors: Sajeev C. , Saha R.N. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe need for controlled release formulations of diclofenac sodium (DFS) tablets is well recognized. In this study, controlled release tablets of DFS were formulated using ethyl cellulose as retardant by matrix‐embedding technique, the membrane barrier technique, and a combination of the two. Tablets of all the formulations were found to be of good physical quality with respect to appearance, drug content uniformity, hardness, weight variation, friability, and coat thickness uniformity. In vitro release rate studies showed that increasing the proportion of ethyl cellulose extended the release of DFS. In the case of polymer‐coated tablets, an increase in the thickness of the coat (by increasing the concentration of the coating solution or by increasing the number of coats applied) controlled and extended the release. The release pattern was found to follow Higuchi’s square root kinetics in matrix‐embedded tablets and zero‐order kinetics in polymer‐coated tablets. However, for an ideal controlled release formulation of water‐soluble drugs like DFS, a combination of both matrix‐embedding and the membrane barrier technique was found to be a better proposition for extended release beyond 12 h. Such formulations exhibited dual control: matrix‐embedding controlled the release rate in the initial 3–4 h of release and membrane coat‐controlled the release profile after that. At pH 6.8, the release rate was higher, probably due to increased solubility of DFS and/or increased swelling of ethyl cellulose at higher pH. However, reduction in the granule size in matrix‐embedded tablets provided a more controlled and extended release due to more tortuosity and compaction. All the formulations were found to be highly stable and possessed reproducible release kinetics across the batches. Drug Dev. Res. 53:1–8, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacological evaluation and chemical stability of 2‐benzylthioether‐5′‐O‐(1‐thiotriphosphate)‐adenosine, a new insulin secretagogue acting through P2Y receptors
Authors: Hillaire‐Buys D. , Shahar L. , Fischer B. , Chulkin A. , Linck N. , Chapal J. , Loubatières‐Mariani M.M. , Petit P. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractActivation of P2Y receptors on pancreatic β‐cells by extracellular ATP bring about amplification of glucose‐induced insulin secretion, which has been shown to reduce hyperglycemia in vivo. A new P2 receptor ligand, 2‐benzylthio‐ATP‐α‐S, was synthesized based on a combination of modifications of the ATP skeleton, as a potential insulin secretagogue. The two diastereoisomers of this ligand were separated and are designated A and B. The effects of these compounds on insulin secretion and vascular resistance in the rat isolated and perfused pancreas were evaluated in the presence of a slightly stimulating glucose concentration (8.3 mM) and were compared with ATP‐α‐S and ATP. Both isomers of 2‐benzylthio‐ATP‐α‐S (0.015–1.5 μM) induced a concentration‐dependent increase in glucose‐induced insulin release. The potency of isomer A was not significantly different from that of isomer B, and both were approximately 100‐fold more potent than ATP. ATP‐α‐S induced a similar pattern of insulin response; however, it was only approximately 10‐fold more potent than ATP. These compounds also induced vascular effects: ATP‐α‐S induced a vasodilatation and was transiently vasoconstrictor only at a high concentration, whereas the C2‐substituted derivative constantly induced a vasoconstriction. The chemical stability of these ligands was evaluated under physiological conditions and gastric juice pH. Hydrolysis of 2‐benzylthio‐ATP‐α‐S has been studied both in pH 7.4 and pH 1.4 at 37°C using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high‐performance liquid chromatography. This compound exhibited high chemical stability with respect to hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond and desulfurization of the phosphorothioate moiety. Hydrolysis of the phospho ester bond, which was the only detectable degrading reaction under the investigation conditions (pH 7.4, 37°C), was slow, with a half‐life of 264 h. Moreover, even at gastric juice conditions (pH 1.4, 37°C), hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate was the only detectable reaction, with half‐life of 17.5 h. In conclusion, both isomers of 2‐benzylthio‐ATP‐α‐S are soluble in water and highly chemically stable. These compounds are highly potent and effective insulin secretagogues; however, they increase pancreatic vascular resistance. Drug Dev. Res. 53:33–43, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphogenesis of gut and distribution of the progenitors of gut endocrine cells at cranial somite levels of the chick embryo
Authors: Rawdon Benjamin B. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe primary objective of this study was to establish the distribution of the progenitors of selected gut endocrine cell types at cranial somite levels. In addition, analysis of the material has provided new information about the location of the presumptive territories of certain gut regions and of the pancreas. Narrow transverse strips of full‐thickness blastoderm two or three somites in length were excised at the levels of somites 1 to 5 of 8.5‐ to 18‐somite chick embryos and cultured as chorioallantoic grafts to an age equivalent to 20 days of incubation. The grafts were analysed by immunocytochemistry, and their morphology was evaluated. Individual grafts exhibited up to five different types of gut morphology, including those of oesophagus, proventriculus, gizzard, pyloric region, small intestine, and pancreas. The morphologic survey yielded new information about the location, extent, or both, of the territories of the pyloric region, the small intestine, and the pancreas. In general, the progenitors of gut endocrine cell types identified were those expected for the different morphologic regions: in only a few instances were ectopic endocrine cell types detected. The available evidence points to the progenitors of bombesin/gastrin‐releasing peptide cells being located cranial to somite 5 at the stages studied. Based on the morphology and the proportion of insulin cells, the development of pancreas in grafts appeared compromised compared with grafts of the intact dorsal pancreatic bud: this may relate to the likely exclusion of dorsal pancreatic bud mesoderm from the graft area. The results show that presumptive small intestinal endoderm in grafts can differentiate in the absence of homologous (i.e., small intestinal) mesoderm: this accords with the view that the primary source of positional information in the gut is in the endoderm. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Central role of the α4β1 integrin in the coordination of avian truncal neural crest cell adhesion, migration, and survival
Authors: Testaz Sandrine , Duband Jean‐Loup 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBased on functional and histological studies, the fibronectin receptor of the integrin family α4β1 has been ascribed a critical role during neural crest cell migration in the vertebrate embryo. In the present study, because integrins have been shown to participate in multiple basic cellular processes, including cell adhesion, migration, survival, proliferation, and differentiation, we have reexamined in detail the role of α4β1 during avian truncal neural crest cell migration. RT‐PCR and immunocytochemical studies revealed that migrating neural crest cells but not premigratory cells explanted in vitro expressed detectable levels of α4 messengers and proteins suggesting that α4β1 expression was induced at the time of the initiation of the migration phase. In agreement with this observation, antibody inhibition of α4β1 activity in vitro resulted in a strong, immediate and sustained reduction of neural crest cell motion on fibronectin, as judged on videomicroscopy analyses, but apparently did not prevent their delamination from the neural tube. However, α4β1 appeared to exhibit a broader role in the control of cell migration on a variety of extracellular matrix molecules, presumably by regulating cellular events downstream from integrins. Moreover, blocking α4β1 function caused a severe increase in apoptotic cell death among the neural crest population without influencing notably cell proliferation. Collectively, these results indicate that, notwithstanding its critical implication in cell motion, α4β1 integrin could play a central role in neural crest cell development by coordinating multiple cellular events, such as cell adhesion, locomotion, and survival. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Co‐occurring eating and depressive problems: An 8‐year study of adolescent girls
Authors: Graber Julia A. , Brooks‐Gunn Jeanne 
Published: September 2002

AbstractObjectiveThis paper examines prospectively the co‐occurrence of eating and depressive problems in 105 White girls who were seen at three times from young adolescence to young adulthood.MethodGirls were from middle to upper‐middle class families. Co‐occurrence of eating and depressive problems was determined cross‐sectionally from questionnaire data using established criteria for identifying subclinical problems.ResultsThe rate of depressive problems declines across middle to late adolescence while the rate of eating problems is fairly constant across all three times of assessment. Analyses suggest that girls with depressive problems (with and without co‐occurring eating problems) experience impairments in peer and family relationships; girls with high scores on both problems have poor adjustment across several domains.DiscussionThe additional psychological strains seen with co‐occurrence of eating and depressive problems heighten physical and mental health concomitants of both problems across adolescence. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 37–47, 2001.
Relationship between depression and body dissatisfaction in women diagnosed with bulimia nervosa
Authors: Keel Pamela K. , Mitchell James E. , Davis Traci L. , Crow Scott J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractObjectiveBody dissatisfaction and depression have consistently demonstrated a positive association in women. This study sought to determine the independence of this association from bulimic symptomatology among women diagnosed with bulimia nervosa.MethodParticipants were 101 women who completed a controlled treatment study of bulimia nervosa and participated in follow‐up assessments 10 years later.ResultsFindings indicated that baseline levels of depression were independent of and superior to bulimic symptoms in prospectively predicting body dissatisfaction at follow‐up assessment.DiscussionFindings suggest that depression may be a better prognostic indicator of body dissatisfaction than bulimic symptoms in women diagnosed with bulimia nervosa. A model in which depression represents a contributing factor for the maintenance of body dissatisfaction is discussed. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 48–56, 2001.
Binge eating disorder onset by unusual parasitic intestinal disease: A case‐report
Authors: Fernández‐Aranda Fernando , Solano Raquel , Badía Anna , Jiménez‐Murcia Susana 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe report a case of binge eating disorder (BED) in a 19‐year‐old Spanish woman, whose onset followed a nowadays uncommon parasitic intestinal disease (Taenia solium by cysticercosis). The patient exhibited bizarre and frequent hyperphagia episodes and extreme loss of weight, common symptoms of this condition. The patient continued to have frequent binge episodes and inappropriate eating patterns, gaining weight consequently over a normal range, despite successful treatment of the condition. No purging behavior was detected. A classical conditioning behavioral model, was useful for the understanding and formulation of this case. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case where a parasitic infestation triggered the onset of BED. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 107–109, 2001.