bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Reaction of Phthalic Anhydride with Diethylenetriamine and Triethylenetetramine. A Literature Correction
Authors: Onopchenko Anatoli , Harrison James J , Chan Carrie Y 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A report that phthalic anhydride reacts with diethylenetriamine in acetic acid to form hydrogen phthalate salt of bis(2-phthalimidoethyl)amine predominantly was reinvestigated. The major product that we obtained was bis(2-phthalimidoethyl)amine, some amide, and very little of the salt. With linear triethylenetetramine, we did not obtain N,N′-bis(2-phthalimidoethyl)ethylenediamine, nor the rearranged tris(2-phthalimidoethyl)amine or 1,4-bis(2-phthalimidoethyl)piperazine reported. A novel amide — 2-{N-2-phthalimidoethyl-N-[2-(2-phthalimidoethyl)aminoethyl]carbamoyl}benzoic acid — was formed as the major product instead. The products reported in the literature are attributed to branched and cyclic amines in their triethylenetetramine, and not to rearrangement reactions. Such possibility is supported by analysis of triethylenetetramine from the same supplier (ca. 65% linear), and our failure to duplicate the results with an authentic triethylenetetramine. Several reported compounds were prepared from pure amines, with no evidence of isomerization.
Direct Carbonylation of Benzyl Alcohol and Its Analogs Catalyzed by Palladium and HI in Aqueous Systems and Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Lin Yong-Shou , Yamamoto Akio 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Carbonylation of benzyl alcohol, benzyl formate, dibenzyl ether, and benzyl phenylacetate catalyzed by palladium complexes and promoted by hydrogen iodide gives phenylacetic acid in moderate to excellent yields in aqueous systems. Application of the carbonylation process to other arylmethanol analogs provides convenient means to prepare 2-naphthaleneacetic acid, 3-isochromanone, 1,4-benzenediacetic acid, and o-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid. A mechanism for the catalytic reaction is proposed, which involves (1) formation of benzyl iodide by the reaction of benzyl alcohol with HI in situ, (2) oxidative addition of benzyl iodide to palladium(0) to form a benzylpalladium iodide species, (3) CO insertion into the Pd-benzyl bond to form a (phenylacetyl)palladium iodide species, (4) reductive elimination of phenylacetyl iodide, and (5) its hydrolysis into phenylacetic acid. Evidence supporting the mechanism was obtained by examining the properties of benzyl- and (phenylacetyl)palladium iodide and chloride complexes. Formation of benzyl(carbonyl)palladium species and migratory insertion of the benzyl group to CO was confirmed by means of NMR at low temperature under high pressure.
Optical Resolution by Preferential Crystallization of (RS)-Bromosuccinic Acid
Authors: Shiraiwa Tadashi , Ohkubo Masanori , Miyazaki Hideya , Kubo Motoki , Nishigawa Hiroki , Tsujimoto Toshihiro , Kurokawa Hidemoto 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The racemic structure of (RS)-bromosuccinic acid [(RS)-BSA] was examined based on the melting-point, solubility, infrared spectrum, and binary and ternary phase diagrams. The results indicated that (RS)-BSA exists as a conglomerate at room temperature, although it forms a racemic compound at the melting point. The optical resolution by preferential crystallization of (RS)-BSA yielded (R)- and (S)-BSA with optical purities of 81—93%. In addition, (RS)-BSA was optically resolved using (1S,2S)-2-amino-1-phenyl-1,3-propanediol as a resolving agent, to yield (R)- and (S)-BSA with optical purities of 99 and 83%, respectively. The obtained (R)- and (S)-BSA were recrystallized from water to obtain optically pure BSA enantiomers.
Theoretical Studies of Multiple Metal–Metal Bonds between Divalent Molybdenum Ions in Dimers, Tetramers, and Clusters
Authors: Nishino Masamichi , Yoshioka Yasunori , Yamaguchi Kizashi , Mashima Kazushi , Tani Kazuhide , Nakamura Akira 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The multiple metal–metal bonds between divalent molybdenum (Mo(II)) ions in dimers and tetramers were investigated theoretically. The orbital energy gaps, occupation numbers of natural orbitals (NO) and effective bond orders for the naked Mo(II)2 dimer (1) were calculated by ab initio UHF MO and density functional (DFT) methods. The effective exchange integrals (Jab) of 1 were calculated by approximately spin-projected UHF and DFT methods, and the complete active space (CAS) CI by the use of UHF NO. The calculated Jab values were discussed in relation to the temperature-dependent paramagnetism observed for the edge-sharing and face-sharing bioctahedral molybdenum complexes. The CAS CI calculations showed that the Heisenberg model is not appropriate for 1 under the condition that the Mo–Mo distance is shorter than 2.5 Å. The UHF and DFT MO calculations were also performed for the linear naked Mo(II)4 tetramer (2) to elucidate possible electronic structures of the d–d conjugated systems. The continuous changes from closed-shell (diamagnetic) electronic structures to antiferromagnetic states were investigated by elongating the Mo–Mo distances. Similarities and differences between Mo(II)2 (1) and naked Cr(II)2 (3) or between Mo(II)4 (2) and Cr(II)4 (4) were examined and compared, since the nature of direct exchange couplings between divalent chromium ions in 3 and 4 was already studied extensively in relation to the electron correlation effect. The metal-insulator transitions induced by elongation of the Mo(II)–Mo(II) distance in Mo(II) clusters were discussed from the viewpoint of electron correlation and size effects in mesoscopic systems.
Direct Electrochemistry of Horseradish Peroxidase Immobilized on the Surface of Au Ring/AET/Au Electrode
Authors: Jiang Li-Ping , Cai Sheng , Liu Bo , Xu Jin-Zhong , Zhang Jian-Rong , Zhu Jun-Jie 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
In this letter, single crystal gold nanorings were assembled on the surface of Au electrode with a self-assembly monolayer (SAM) of 2-aminoethanethiol hydrochloride (AET). The direct electrochemistry of horseradish peroxidase immobilized on the surface was explored using electrochemical methods.
Methods for Preparing Standard Nitrate Radical (NO3) Gas to Calibrate the LIF-based Instrument for Measurements in the Atmosphere
Authors: Matsumoto Jun , Imai Hidekazu , Kosugi Naohiro , Kajii Yoshizumi 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Preparation of standard NO3 gas is explored at the level of ppbv for atmospheric measurements utilizing an LIF instrument. The sequence of thermal decomposition of N2O5 and gas phase titration of NO3 by adding NO is useful. To reduce NO2 contamination in N2O5, N2O5 trapping after mixing NOx and O3 was adopted. As a convenient method in the field studies, dynamic mixing of NOx and O3 was explored.
Facile Sythesis of Dioscin and Its Analogues
Authors: Hou Shujie , Zou Chuanchun , Zhou Liang , Lei Pingsheng , Yu Dequan 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Three representative spirostanol saponins that have typical structure of the sugar moiety, diosgenyl 2,3-di-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, diosgenyl 2,4-di-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (dioscin), and diosgenyl 2,6-di-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, were synthesized in a facile way. An approach to selectively mask the C3-hydroxyl of diosgenyl 4,6-O-benzylidene β-d-glucopyranoside was described. A procedure using cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate for selective removal of tert-butyldimethylsilyl group while retaining levulinyl group is afforded.
Soft Template Synthesis of Highly Crystalline Microscale Nanotubules of PbO
Authors: Zhou Qin , Liu Xiaoying , Liu Ling , Li Yanguang , Jiang Zhiyu , Zhao Dongyuan 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Highly crystalline microscale nanotubules of PbO with diameters in the range of 90–600 nm and lengths up to 15 μm have been synthesized by using triblock copolymer P123 as the template via a practical electrodeposition process.
Production of 234,235Np and 236Pu in bombardment of 236U with protons in the energy range from 17 to 40 MeV
Authors: Aaltonen J. , Gromova E. A. , Helariutta K. , Jakovlev V. A. , Trzaska W. H. , Huikari J. , Kolhinen V. S. , Rinta-Antila S. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The production of 235Np and 236Pu by the reactions 236U(p,2n) 235Np and 236U(p,nβ−) 236Pu using the K-130 cyclotron of the University of Jyväskylä was investigated. The cross sections for the reactions were determined. Thick-target yield curves were derived based on the cross sections. The results are discussed and compared with previous data on other reactions leading to the formation of the same end products. The thick-target yield of 235Np in the 236U(p,2n) reaction is about 50 percent higher than the yield obtained in the 238U(p,4n) reaction leading to this nuclide at comparable particle energies. The purity of 236Pu produced in the 236U(p,nβ−) reaction is more than ten times better than for earlier known as the purest reaction 237Np(p,2n+pnβ−) 236Pu.
Synthesis and characterization of sodium meta-autunite, Na[UO2PO4]·3H2O
Authors: Wellman D. M. , Catalano J. G. , Icenhower J. P. , Gamerdinger A. P. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Long-chain sodium polyphosphate compounds have been recently proposed as a ‘time-released’ source of phosphate for precipitation of uranium-phosphate minerals. Elevated sodium concentrations presented by this technique promote the formation of sodium autunite relative to the more common calcium autunite mineral phase. In order to evaluate sodium autunite minerals as a long-term ‘sink’ for in-situ immobilization of uranium, it is necessary to quantify their longevity under environmentally relevant conditions. This paper describes a direct method for precipitating sodium autunite and provides a comparative analysis of the structural and chemical properties of direct versus indirectly precipitated sodium autunite. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, chemical digestion followed by inductively-coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) for elemental analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), multi point Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses and helium pyconometry were used to characterize the precipitate phases. Morphological differences are discussed in the context of conducting subsequent solubility and dissolution investigations. Research presented here is part of a larger effort to quantify the solubility and dissolution properties of uranium-phosphate minerals.
Comparison of the accuracy of the hemocue glucose analyzer with the Yellow Springs Instrument glucose oxidase analyzer, particularly in hypoglycemia
Authors: Stork Alexander D M , Kemperman Hans , Erkelens D Willem , Veneman Thiemo F 
Published: August 2005

Objective: We aimed to assess the accuracy of the HemoCue Beta-glucose analyzer (HemoCue) and its correlation with the Yellow Springs Instrument (YSI 2300 STAT; YSI) glucose oxidase analyzer, in particular for hypoglycemic values.
Design and methods: Samples were taken from 24 volunteers during hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp studies. Glucose concentrations were determined immediately with the HemoCue in whole blood and with the YSI in plasma from the same sample. After correction for the difference between whole blood and plasma, the paired plasma glucose concentrations were analyzed with various statistical methods.
Results: A total of 500 paired glucose values were obtained, 209 of which were in the hypoglycemic range. Mean±s.e. values were 4.85±0.004 mmol/l for the HemoCue (range 1.87–16.17) and 4.81±0.004 mmol/l for the YSI (range 1.88–15.00; P = 0.80). In the hypoglycemic region, values were 3.26±0.004 mmol/l for the HemoCue (range 1.87–5.17) and 3.22±0.003 mmol/l for the YSI (range 1.88–4.20; P = 0.59). Regression analyses were HemoCue = 1.019(YSI) −0.0577 mmol/l, with r = 0.9787 for all values; for hypoglycemic values the HemoCue = 1.1169(YSI) −0.3393 mmol/l, with r = 0.8798. Using Altman’s residual plot, the difference was 0.03±0.0009 mmol/l, with 18 (3.6%) paired values outside the 95% limits of agreement (−0.82 to 0.89 mmol/l). In the hypoglycemic range, the difference was 0.04±0.001 mmol/l, with six (2.9%) values outside the 95% limits of agreement (−0.71 to 0.79 mmol/l). In error grid analysis, one value was in zone D (0.2%) and five values (1%) were in zone B; 98.8% were within zone A.
Conclusions: Determination of glucose with the HemoCue system had very good correlation with the YSI system in a broad range of glycemia and also for hypoglycemic values. We believe that these methods can be used interchangeably for research and clinical purposes in adults.
Randomized, Controlled Trial of Dexamethasone in Neonatal Chronic Lung Disease: 13- to 17-Year Follow-up Study: I. Neurologic, Psychological, and Educational Outcomes
Authors: Jones Rosamond A. K. ,   on behalf of the Collaborative Dexamethasone Trial Follow-up Group
Published: August 2005

Objectives. To study neurologic, educational, and psychological status in adolescence of neonates enrolled in a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of dexamethasone therapy for chronic lung disease.Participants. A total of 287 infants who were chronically dependent on supplementary oxygen and were 2 to 12 weeks of age were recruited from 31 centers in 6 countries to a randomized, controlled trial of dexamethasone base (0.5 mg/kg per day for 1 week); 95% of survivors were reviewed at 3 years. Survivors from the 25 British and Irish centers were retraced at 13 to 17 years of age.Outcome Measures. Nonverbal reasoning, British Picture Vocabulary Scale, Goodman Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire behavior scores, school national test results, teacher ability ratings, and parental and general practitioner questionnaires.Results. A total of 195 children were eligible for the follow-up study. Information was available for 150 children (77%), with 142 (73%) being assessed in home visits. No baseline differences were detected between the children included in the follow-up study and those not included. There was a slight excess of cerebral palsy in the steroid group, which was not statistically significant (relative risk: 1.58; 95% confidence interval: 0.81–3.07). Overall disability rates in both groups were high (21% moderate and 14% severe), but with no difference between the 2 groups (for severe disability, relative risk: 0.84; 95% confidence interval: 0.37–1.86).Conclusions. Information was obtained for 150 adolescents randomized to receive dexamethasone or placebo for neonatal chronic lung disease. Rates of disabilities and educational difficulties were high, but with no significant differences between the 2 groups. Some use of open-label steroids in the placebo group plus losses to long-term follow-up monitoring reduced the power of this study to detect clinically important differences, and this study cannot rule out a real increase in cerebral palsy, as reported by others.
Coarse Particulate Matter and Hospitalization for Respiratory Infections in Children Younger Than 15 Years in Toronto: A Case-Crossover Analysis
Authors: Lin Mei , Stieb David M. , Chen Yue 
Published: August 2005

Objectives.The purpose of this study was to examine the association between ambient air pollution and hospitalization for respiratory infections among children who were younger than 15 years in Toronto during a 4-year period (1998–2001).
Methods.Exposures averaged during periods that varied from 1 to 7 days were used to assess the effects of air pollutants, including thoracic particulate matter (PM10), fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM10–2.5) particulate matter, carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3), on hospitalization for respiratory infections. A case-crossover design was used to calculate odds ratios for the hospitalization adjusted for daily weather conditions with an incremented exposure corresponding to the interquartile range in air pollution exposures.
Results.When particulate matter and gaseous pollutants were mutually taken into account, the effect remained pronounced for PM10–2.5 in both boys and girls. The adjusted odds ratio for 6-day average exposure to PM10–2.5 with an increment of 6.5 μg/m3 was 1.15 (95% confidence interval: 1.02–1.30) for boys and 1.18 (95% confidence interval: 1.01–1.36) for girls. The effect also remained for PM10 in boys and for NO2 in girls. PM2.5, CO, SO2, and O3 showed no significant effects on hospitalization for respiratory infection in both genders when other pollutants were taken into consideration.
Conclusion.Our study suggested a detrimental effect of relatively low levels of ambient particulate matter and gaseous pollutants, especially coarse particulate matter and NO2, on hospitalization for respiratory infections in children.
Anger, Interpersonal Relationships, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Bullying Boys Who Are Treated With Outpatient Family Therapy: A Randomized, Prospective, Controlled Trial With 1 Year of Follow-up
Authors: Nickel Marius K. , Krawczyk Jakub , Nickel Cerstin , Forthuber Petra , Kettler Christian , Leiberich Peter , Muehlbacher Moritz , Tritt Karin , Mitterlehner Ferdinand O. , Lahmann Claas , Rother Wolfhardt K. , Loew Thomas H. 
Published: August 2005

Objective. Ten to 30% of students engage in bullying behavior. Bullies stand out on account of increased anger, poor interpersonal relationships, and poor quality of life. Our aim was to determine the effectiveness of outpatient family psychotherapy as a monotherapy for anger reduction and improvement of behavior and interpersonal relationships and of health-related quality of life in male youths with bullying behavior.
Methods. Twenty-two boys with bullying behavior took part in a family therapy program for 6 months. The control group was also composed of 22 youths and took part in a placebo intervention program. Every 2 weeks, results were checked with the Adolescents Risky-Behavior Scale (ARBS), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-D), and the SF-36 Health Survey (SF-36). Follow-up testing took place 12 months after treatment.
Results. In comparison with the control group (according to the intention-to-treat principle), bullying behavior was reduced (family therapy group: from n = 22 to n = 6; control group: from n = 22 to n = 20). Significant changes on all ARBS scales and on the STAXI scales State-Anger, Trait-Anger, Anger-Out, and Anger-Control were observed after 6 months. In the IIP-D, significant differences were found on the scales for overly autocratic, overly competitive, overly introverted, overly expressive, and exploitable/compliant. In the SF-36, significant differences were observed in general health perceptions, vitality, social functioning, role-emotional, and mental health. The reduction in expression of anger correlated with a reduction in several scales of the ARBS, IIP-D, and SF-36. Follow-up after 1 year showed relatively stable, lasting treatment effects.
Conclusion. The results of this study show that outpatient family therapy seems to be an effective method of reducing anger and improving interpersonal relationships and health-related quality of life in male youths with bullying behavior.
Effects of a Mass Media Campaign to Increase Physical Activity Among Children: Year-1 Results of the VERB Campaign
Authors: Huhman Marian , Potter Lance D. , Wong Faye L. , Banspach Stephen W. , Duke Jennifer C. , Heitzler Carrie D. 
Published: August 2005

Objective. To determine the effects of a mass media campaign on the levels of physical activity among children 9 to 13 years of age.
Design. A prospective, longitudinal, quasi-experimental design was used. A baseline survey was conducted in April to June 2002, before the launch of VERB advertising. Random-digit-dialing methods were used to survey a nationally representative sample of children and parents. The follow-up survey was repeated with the same cohort of children and parents in April to June 2003. Propensity scoring was used to determine the campaign’s effects on awareness and physical activity behaviors.
Setting. United States.
Participants. A total of 3120 parent-child dyads.
Intervention. The VERB campaign is a multiethnic campaign that combines paid advertisements with school and community promotions and Internet activities to encourage children 9 to 13 years of age to be physically active every day. Launched in 2002 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, VERB uses commercial marketing methods to advertise being physically active as cool, fun, and a chance to have a good time with friends. Using the VERB brand, paid advertising ran nationally from June 2002 through June 2003, targeting 9- to 13-year-old youths.
Main Outcome Measures. Children’s awareness of the campaign and self-reported estimates of free-time and organized physical activity sessions during nonschool hours in the week before the interview.
Results. After 1 year, 74% of children surveyed were aware of the VERB campaign. Levels of reported sessions of free-time physical activity increased for subgroups of children 9 to 13 years of age. A pattern of effects across 2 measures was observed for younger children (9–10 years of age), girls, children whose parents had less than a high school education, children from urban areas that were densely populated, and children who were low active at baseline. These subgroups engaged in more median weekly sessions of free-time physical activity than did children who were unaware of VERB and, as the children’s level of VERB awareness was incrementally higher, the children engaged in incrementally more free-time physical activity sessions. The average 9- to 10-year-old youth engaged in 34% more free-time physical activity sessions per week than did 9- to 10-year-old youths who were unaware of the campaign. A pattern of effects for organized activity was found only for children classified as low active at baseline.
Conclusions. The VERB campaign achieved high levels of awareness in 1 year. Higher levels of physical activity were reported for subgroups of US children. Promoting physical activity with child-focused commercial advertising shows promise.