bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Revolutionary Climacteric
Authors: Brockliss L V B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of Calvet’s immediate circle had been at some time in their lives part of the apparatus of the French state. Some-Bedos, Caylus, Calvie re, Sainte- Croix, and Courtois-had served as officers in the armed forces, Calvie re reaching the rank of lieutenant-ge ‘ne ‘ral. Others-La Tourrette, Saint-Vincens, Ve ‘rone, and D ‘Ennery-were major office-holders, while Pellerin was a civil servant in a Paris ministry and Faujas a local-government official. La Tourr-ette in particular served the state in various ways: he was a councillor at the Lyons cour des monnazes (1749-63), director of the local veterinary school’s botanical garden, director of the town’s ‘ecole de desszn, and a government inspector of books. Caylus and Calvie re had also been close to the centre of power. The former had been a part of a court circle of writers, while the latter had been close to Madame de Pompadour and enjoyed a large government pension of 15,000 livres. The Abbe ‘ de Sade, too, had been a courtier for many years, initially coming to Paris as the representative of the Estates of Languedoç and was equally beholden to the crown for some of his income. Indeed, before the Revolution the only laymen among Calvet’s close correspondents who had no affiliation with the state machine were the merchant Passinges, the lawyer Se ‘guier (who did not practise), and the physicians Roustan, Paul, and Achard.
Conclusion: Enlightenment and the Republic of Letters
Authors: Brockliss L V B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has been primarily a study of the intellectual hobbies of a small group of self-confessed republicans of letters who chiefly lived in the Rhone valley in the second half of the eighteenth century. The members of the group came from a variety of professional and social backgrounds. what united them was a common interest in antiquities and/or natural history. what gave them a deeper identity as a group was their close relationship (usually maintained by correspondence) with the physician and collector Esprit Calvet of Avignon, who deliberately chose them to be his intellectual companions and frequently introduced them to one another. For this reason, I have dubbed the group Calvet’s web, although this is not a sobriquet that many of his friends and correspondents would have appreciated. The small number of Parisians with whom Calvet was in contact, especially Caylus, would have considered him to be ensnared in their own web; so too would Se ‘guier and, I suspect, La Tourrette; while a number of the Avignon physi-cian’s less visible provincial correspondents had also allowed themselves to be trapped in other correspondence circles.
Introduction
Authors: Hendy David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In May 1988 an elderly woman caught a bus from Blackpool to London, marched into Broadcasting House, pulled a revolver from her handbag, and shot at a BBC commissionaire standing in the reception. Her gun turned out to be a replica and her bullets turned out to be blanks. No one was hurt. But it was the cause of her complaint that struck many observers as most worthy of comment: she had been driven to violence, so she said, by her inability to receive Radio Four. Less than a year later another sad tale reached the pages of the newspapers.
September 1967
Authors: Hendy David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At ten to midnight on Friday 29 September 1967, the Home Service reached the end of its nightly weather forecast for coastal waters around Britain and went quiet for the very last time. As he sat in his darkened studio in Broadcasting House that night the continuity announcer on duty, David Dunhill, retained a firm sense of decorum in the face of history. But keen listeners would have detected that he was more concerned with the passing of the old than the beginning of the new. ‘This is the end of the Home Service for today and for all days, ‘ he told them, ‘So, goodbye Home Service—two of the best words in the British language.
Reconstruction
Authors: Hendy David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘There is a little civil war seething below the surface of radio. It is between the Mods and the Ancients, between those who see radio as the keeper of traditions that BBC TV has basely surrendered, and those who believe radio can only survive by competing in the modern world of communications and meeting it not only in speed but in style. ‘ Daily Mail, 16 September 1967 The Home Service ‘s reconstruction began in earnest several years before the excitements of September 1967, with the arrival in 1963 of a new man at the top of Radio determined to tear apart many of Broadcasting House ‘s settled habits.
Three in One
Authors: Hendy David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For those still smarting over Broadcasting in the Seventies, Tony Whitby ‘s appointment as the new Controller of Radio Four seemed to rub salt into raw wounds. As one recalled, it looked as though ‘a carnivore had just descended among the herbivores ‘. Their own world—the world of Broadcasting House and of BBC Radio—they saw as ‘having a civilizing mission ‘: ‘residually Christian, something of the navy, of the civil service, of showbiz, something of variety, of the universities—an extraordinary mixture ‘.
Under Siege
Authors: Hendy David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
November 1978 should have been a moment of triumph for Radio Four, because an exciting rebirth was under way. Across Britain, Boy Scouts called on thousands of homes, marched the occupants towards their radio sets, retuned each dial, and placed a diamond-shaped sticker on the spot marked 1500 metres long wave. Letters landing on doormats were franked with slogans bearing the same magic number.
‘Not Quite Pukka’: Schooling in India and the Acquisition of Racial Status
Authors: Buettner Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Looking back upon her schooling during the 1930s and 1940s, Hazel Innes Craig described being sent to school in Britain after an early childhood in Calcutta, where her father worked in commerce. The outbreak of the Second World War, however, led to her unexpected return to India, where she remained for the duration of hostilities. Enrolling as a boarder at Mount Hermon School in Darjeeling introduced her to a new racial discourse that reflected perceptions of her schoolmates’ backgrounds: ‘I became familiar with such remarks as “chi-chi” and “fifteen annas” ... the former referring to the sing-song, almost Welsh accent of the “Anglo-Indian” community at large; and the latter a joke for not being quite pukka or 100%, for everyone knew sixteen annas made a rupee.’1 For a child who before the war had experienced what many commentators suggested was the inevitable departure for Britain, going to Mount Hermon not only demonstrated the possibility of other educational paths within India but, more importantly, their complex implications.
Cannabis Britannica
Authors: Mills James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cannabis Britannica explores the historical origins of the UK’s legislation and regulations on cannabis preparations before 1928. It draws on published and unpublished sources from the seventeenth century onwards from archives in the UK and India to show how the history of cannabis and the British before the twentieth century was bound up with imperialism. James Mills argues that until the 1900s, most of the information and experience gathered by British sources were drawn from colonial contexts as imperial administrators governed and observed populations where use of cannabis was extensive and established. This is most obvious in the 1890s when British anti-opium campaigners in the House of Commons seized on the issue of Government of India excise duties on the cannabis trade in Asia in order to open up another front in their attacks on imperial administration. The result was that cannabis preparations became a matter of concern in Parliament which accordingly established the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission. The story in the twentieth century is of the momentum behind moves to include cannabis substances in domestic law and in international treaties. The latter was a matter of the diplomatic politics of imperialism, as Britain sought to defend its cannabis revenues in India against American and Egyptian interests. The domestic story focuses on the coming together of the police, the media, and the pharmaceutical industry to form misunderstandings of cannabis that forced it onto the Poisons Schedule despite the misgivings of the Home Office and of key medical professionals. The book is the first full history of the origins of the moments when cannabis first became subjected to laws and regulations in Britain.
‘An allusion was made to hemp in the notes appended to the Hague Opium Convention’: The League of Nations and British Legislation, 1912-1928
Authors: Mills James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1925 the British parliament was presented with draft legislation relating to cannabis that regulated possession and supply and by 1928 this legislation had been approved and had become law. This was the first British law on cannabis and cannabis products and yet between 1912 and 1928 there was no significant change in the patterns of use of cannabis in British society or British medicine. It remained largely unknown as an intoxicant and was infrequently used in medical practice. It was not therefore developments in domestic drug consumption that had inspired these new restrictions. Rather, and this is the key to understanding the origins of these laws, it was the rise of drugs controls as an international issue that lay behind the new legislation on cannabis in this period, and more specifically it was the politics of the international drug trade that meant that Indian hemp sub- stances became the subject of statutory regulation.
Conclusion: Cannabis and British Government, 1800-1928
Authors: Mills James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three sets of conclusions may be drawn from this study. The first relates to patterns of use of cannabis. The second is more speculative and regards the usefulness for current debates of the information that British administrators, officials, and observers generated about cannabis in their dealings with it before 1928. The third is perhaps the most important and focuses on the circumstances in which cannabis policy and cannabis laws have been formulated. As regards consumption of cannabis, it is clear that there was very little use of preparations of the plant in the UK in the period 1800-1928. British doctors reported using it infrequently to control pain, swelling, and spasms and the only habitual recreational consumers of the drug in this country were visitors from Asia and Africa who were usually passing through as sailors or itinerant workers. However, this did not mean that the British had no experience of societies where preparations of Indian hemp were common and popular. It was in the empire that British administrators, doctors, and scientists encountered populations and cultures where cannabis substances were resorted to extensively and for a variety of purposes, as medicines, as tonics, and as intoxicants.
Nations and kingdoms: a view from above
Authors: Charles-Edwards Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late fourth century Roman Britain was subject to major invasions mounted by sea as well as by land. One threat was from Ireland, from people called Scotti by the Romans and perhaps also from a little-known people, the Atacotti. Another was from the Picts to the north of the Firth of Forth. A third was from a people whom Roman historians called ‘Saxons’, but who appear to have included contingents from several peoples along the North Sea coast, from Frisia, Saxony, and the Jutland peninsula.
Latin and the vernacular languages: the creation of a bilingual textual culture
Authors: Orchard Andy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The period between the time that the Romans left and the continuing conflicts against the Vikings around 900 proved one of the most fertile and productive in literary and linguistic terms that the British Isles have ever known. A complex nexus of competing influences inspired a rich and fruitful cultural exchange that the repeated introduction of Latin letters and Christian ideas only served to stimulate further; and the shock waves started by the successive importation of literacy and Latin book learning were still being felt as the ninth century drew to a close.
Texts and society
Authors: Stacey Robin Chapman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 709 Bishop Wilfrid of Hexham, formerly of York, died as he had lived: with conspicuous attention to property and to the material wellbeing of his supporters. Shortly before his death, he caused the monastic treasury at Ripon to be formally opened and, in the presence of abbots and other clerical worthies, publicly divided his gold and silver and jewels into four portions.
Introduction
Authors: Caine Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book began as a study of the Strachey women and grew out of my research on the history of English feminism. As I was working through the records of the women’s suffrage movement in 1994, I came increasingly to think that the story of Jane Strachey and her daughters, Philippa and Pernel, offered a rare insight into British feminist interests and activities spanning two generations and more than half a century, from the 1890s until the 1950s. An added interest was provided by one of Jane’s daughters-in-law, Ray Strachey, whose book, The Cause, still remains one of the best-known histories of the British women’s movement. Ray married into the Strachey family in 1911, bringing into the Strachey story both a woman who combined a working life with marriage and a particularly close female friendship.
Does Linguistic Competence Require Knowledge of Language?
Authors: Matthews Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the most basic tenets of modern linguistic theory are the claims that competence in speaking and understanding a natural language requires knowledge of that language, that such knowledge is propositional in nature, and that it is the task of linguistic theory to characterize this propositional knowledge. More than a few philosophers have challenged these three tenets. They argue either that what linguists call ‘knowledge’ of language does not deserve the name, or if it does, then ordinary speakers do not have it, or if they do have it, then they do not use it, or if they do use it, then it is not propositional, or if it is propositional and speakers do use it, then at least such knowledge is not what linguistic theory in fact characterizes. So in one way or another, linguists are mistaken in their basic supposition that linguistic competence requires knowledge of language of a sort that a linguistic theory might characterize.
Comparative Vocal Production and the Evolution of Speech: Reinterpreting the Descent of the Larynx
Authors: Fitch W Tecumseh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Darwin the comparative method has been recognized as one of the most powerful tools for deriving and testing hypotheses about evolution. The comparative method provides a principled way to use empirical data from living animals to deduce the behavioural abilities of extinct common ancestors, along with clues to the adaptive function of those abilities. For example, in the study of the evolution of speech, analysis of the vocal behaviour of non-human primates can help identify homologies (characteristics shared by common descent), which in turn allow us to infer the presence or absence of particular characteristics in shared ancestors. Second, examples of convergent evolution (where similar traits have evolved independently in different lineages, presumably due to similar selective forces) can provide clues to the types of problems that particular morphological or behavioural mechanisms are ‘designed’ to solve. Unfortunately, we know much more about human speech than we do about vocal communication in any other species, and thus the empirical database for comparative study is weaker than desirable.
Sexual Display as a Syntactical Vehicle: The Evolution of Syntax in Birdsong and Human Language through Sexual Selection
Authors: Okanoya Kazuo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to natural selection, sexual selection is another Darwinian force that enables evolution. Sexual selection functions when a member of one sex selects an individual of the other sex as their reproductive partner based on particular traits. The traits do not necessarily have survival value: an arbitrary trait without survival value could evolve by sexual selection, just because one sex prefers that trait in the other sex. The idea of sexual selection was first presented by Darwin (1871),and was advanced by Fisher, Hamilton, and Zahavi, among others (Cronin 1991). Darwin saw the possibility of applying this idea to explain the origin of language, but until recently there have been few attempts to pursue this. Where, in recent years, sexual selection has been invoked, it has focused on functional properties (Dunbar 1996; Miller 2000), not syntactic ones.
Dual Processing in Protolanguage: Performance without Competence
Authors: Wray Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a considerable body of research on formulaicity in language, spanning over 150 years and encompassing adult and child, native and nonnative, normal and aphasic speech and writing (see Wray 1999 and 2002 for reviews). A plausible way of accounting for the linguistic patterns revealed by this research is to recognize two distinct processing strategies (e.g. Becker 1975; Bolinger 1976; Ellis 1996; Langacker 1987; Sinclair 1991; Wray 1992). An analytic1 strategy combines individual morphemes and words by means of grammatical rules to offer us the scope to say anything that we might ever wish to, whether or not we have said, or encountered, it before.
Did Language Evolve from Manual Gestures?
Authors: Corballis Michael C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theory that language evolved from manual gestures rather than vocalizations goes back at least to Condillac in 1746, but was given its modern shape by Hewes in 1973. Since then, supporting evidence has continued to accumulate. However, the theory has not found wide acceptance. One reason may be that it is seen to undermine the huge body of work on phonological aspects of language, and on the notion that ‘speech is special’ (Liberman 1982: 148). Another is that it may seem to lack parsimony. Speech seems so much a natural part of the human condition that one might ask why it should be necessary to postulate that language emerged from an entirely different channel of communication.
The State: The View from Within
Authors: Alexander Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The state is understood by the bureaucrats who work in the central headquarters of the General Directorate of the Sugar Corporation quite differently from their colleagues in far-flung outposts. For these officials, physically situated within the central bureaucracy, the state is experienced more as a series of endlessly shifting relations between groups and cliques, all inside the bureaucracy but profoundly affected by the volatile political environment in which they are embedded. Just as diving beneath the skin reveals only interconnecting nerves and sinews fraying into ever finer strands so, at close quarters, the whole vanishes to be replaced with connections.
The Practice of Contracts
Authors: Alexander Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gokalp’s maxim cited above was repeated to me several times in the Erzurum factory, in western factories, and in the Sugar General Directorate (GD). Clearly, the idea of a social level giving meaning to the individual components continues to resonate, even if not generally spoken of in the nationalist terms in which it was first conceived. Government officials, workers, and farmers all used this idea to try to convey the importance of co-operation, mutual aid, and the voluntaristic reaching out beyond the self to transcend the self. Rationalizations were also given, rooted either in an idea of quid pro quo, ‘do as you would be done by’, or more mystical sources1 whereby a merging with Allah is seen to be paralleled, or enacted through a dissolution of the boundaries of self into love of one’s fellow man.
The Forging of a Colonial Army 1921–1930
Authors: Balfour Sebastian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The disaster of Anual transformed the meaning of the colonial war for both soldiers and civilians. The driving force of the professionals of the colonial army in the months and years that followed was a spirit of compulsive revenge. Many officers and soldiers had lost comrades in the debacle. As in all wars, the loss of close friends encouraged murderous aggression among the survivors and erased any lingering sense of guilt at the methods used to avenge their death.
Repression and Conspiracy
Authors: Balfour Sebastian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The proclamation of the Republic on 14 April 1931 was greeted with deeply contradictory responses within Spain. For many Spaniards, the Republic rep- resented the ﬁrst real democracy in a country hitherto ruled by an oligarchy backed by a reactionary clergy and a repressive military establishment. Primo de Rivera had resigned in January 1930 after his regime had become discredited and died two months later in exile in Paris. He was replaced by General Dámaso Berenguer, whose aim had been to engineer a return to the pre- dictatorship constitutional monarchy. But neither he nor his military successor were able to overcome the shift in popular opinion against the monarchy that had gathered pace since Primo de Rivera seized power with the king’s blessing in 1923.
The Vice-Viceroy: India 1872-1876
Authors: Owen Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lord Northbrook and Evelyn Baring travelled out to India together in March-April 1872, leaving Northbrook’ s two surviving children, Frank (21), who had been appointed as one of the Viceroy’ s aides-de-camp, and Emma (18), to join them later, when the weather was less hot. They took the train to Marseilles, a boat to Alexandria, and another train to Cairo, where they were entertained in great style by the ruler, the Khedive Ismail Pasha. It was Earing’ s first visit to the city in which he would live for so much of the rest of his life.
Cracking the Whip 1892-1895
Authors: Owen Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Baring, who chose the name of his birthplace as his title when he became Lord Cromer in March 1892, faced two new and related problems which had to be surmounted before he could establish his power in Egypt on a permanent basis. One was the sudden death of the Khedive Taufiq in January 1892, followed by the accession of his new and untried son Abbas Hilmi, now Abbas II. The other was the long-awaited return of what proved to be Gladstone’ s last Liberal government in the autumn with a majority of ministers who still supported the idea of British evacuation.
Years of Economic Success 1900-1904
Authors: Owen Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year 1898 marked a famous victory not only over the Khalifa’ s army but also over the French. In the first place France had been outmanoeuvred in its attempt to use the Caisse to prevent Egypt’ s reserves from being spent on both the military expedition and the proposed dam at Aswan. Secondly, the appearance of Cassel, as well as his ability to work with local bankers like the Suares brothers, who had formerly been closely identified with French capital, opened up the way for British investment in a way that Cromer had long been trying to promote.