bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Was Leibniz a mathematical revolutionary?
Authors: Grosholz Emily 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That Leibniz was a mathematical revolutionary is not immediately obvious. For one thing, not everyone is convinced that conceptual revolutions take place in mathematics at all. Moreover. priority disputes aside, Leibniz’s initial work on the infinitesimal calculus may seem merely an improvement in notation and the organization of a body of problems and solutions already in place. However, I would like to argue in favour of Leibniz’s revolutionary status, not least because the term ‘revolutionary’ has come to have a honorific sense in the philosophy of science, and I would like to sec Leibniz properly honoured.
The Nineteenth-Century Revolution in Mathematical Ontology
Authors: Gray Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I shall argue that there was a revolution in mathematics in the nineteenth century, characterized by a change in the ontological status of the basic objects of study. This change was brought about by a number of mathematicians working in a number of areas of mathematics, who came to feel that the resolution of many advanced questions required for their solution a redefinition of the foundations of their subject.
Single-photon correlation techniques
Authors: Schätzel Klaus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is based upon high-speed digital processing of stochastic optical signals. Optical questions are addressed in other chapters; this chapter presents a thorough treatment of the two topics of statistics and digital signal processing. The chapter starts with a brief summary of the underlying statistical concepts, with some emphasis on stochastic processes. Section 2.2 contains necessary material for the rest of the chapter. After a discussion of single photon detection techniques in Section 2.3 there follow two more-specialized subsections on photon and classical intensity statistics. A major subsection is then devoted to the estimation of correlation data with particular emphasis on proper normalization and noise performance. Section 2.4 discusses photon correlation hardware, extending from early single-bit machines to state-of-the-art multiple-sample-time devices and software algorithms.
Data analysis in dynamic light scattering
Authors: Štěpánek Petr 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent advances in photon correlation spectroscopy (as a tool for studying quasi-elastic light scattering) have made it possible to measure very accurate autocorrelation functions covering 12 decades in delay time, from 12.5 ns to 104 s. With this new perspective it has become important to review new possibilities of data analysis, especially the determination of the distribution function A(τ) of decay times τ. Earlier reviews of this subject include refs 1–7. The range of correlation delay times indicated above takes into account the possibilities of the fastest commercially offered data accumulation (the 12.5 ns option of the ALV 5000 correlator and the 20 ns option of the ALV 3000 correlator ) as well as the possibilities of 32-bit software correlation on the slow side, recently described by the present author;191see also e.g. ref. 10. We note that the construction of a 5 ns correlator was reported some time ago, but this equipment was never made available commercially, nor were any extensive results published taking advantage of this feature.
Equivalence and Priority: Newton versus Leibniz
Authors: Meli Domenico Bertoloni 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leibniz's dispute with Newton over the physico-mathematical theories expounded in the Principia Mathematica (1687) have long been identified as a crucial episode in the history of science. Bertoloni Meli examines several hitherto unpublished manuscripts in Leibniz's hand illustrating his first reading of and reaction to Newton's Principia. Six of the most important manuscripts are here edited for the first time. Contrary to Leibniz's own claims, this new evidence shows that he had studied Newton's masterpiece before publishing An Essay on the Causes of Celestial Motions. This article, representing his response to Newton, is included here in English translation. Dr Bertoloni Meli analyses the important implications of this episode on a variety of themes ranging from priority claims to the mathematization of nature in the seventeeth century. Besides providing a careful study of Leibniz's style and strategy, the author examines how our perception of Newton's achievement is affected and the reception of the rival theories by the mathematical community around 1700.
Geometry And The Calculus
Authors: Meli Domenico Bertoloni 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the seventeenth century mathematics underwent profound transformations affecting methods of demonstration and objects of investigation as well as the very notions of rigour and proof. The invention of the calculus-namely of a method for finding tangents and quadratures which identifies the reciprocity between these two operations-was the culmination of a process involving several important advances. The establishment of a new, highly abstract, and general form of algebra, the formulation of analytic geometry, and the creation of a variety of techniques for finding maxima, minima, and tangents, paved the way to the great inventions by Newton and Leibniz.
The Reception Of Newtonian And Leibnizian Theories
Authors: Meli Domenico Bertoloni 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although in the seventeenth century several philosphers including Rene Descartes, Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, Robert Hooke, and Christiaan Huygens studied celestial phenomena using the laws of mechanics, with the appearance of Newton’s Principia the mathematical study of the system of the world reached a new level of sophistication and a broader horizon. If physical causes had been left at the margin of Newton’s account, mechanics and astronomy were brought together to an unprecedented degree of cohesion. Not only planetary motion and Kepler’s three laws, but also the motion of comets, tides, the shape and mutual perturbations of celestial bodies were studied on the basis of the same principles and laws of motion. This unified treatment of celestial and terrestrial phenomena set a number of problems in mathematics, mechanics, and astronomy and established a new field within the mathematical disciplines, namely celestial mechanics. It is essential at this point to permit some remarks about disciplinary boundaries. Newtonian and Leibnizian celestial mechanics had a location on the map of knowledge different from that which became standard several decades later. With regard to theology, for example, the order and constitution of the cosmos and the status of its laws with respect to the Creator were a major concern for the two contenders.
Möbius and his band
Authors: Fauvel John , Flood Raymond , Wilson Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
August Möbius was one of the nineteenth century's most influential mathematicians and astronomers. Written by six distinguished contributors, this book explores the work of Möbius and his fellow-German scholars, in particular the achievements which act as a mirror for the work being undertaken by his contemporaries around the world. The background to Möbius's life and labours is provided by John Fauvel. Gert Schubring examines the mathematical community in nineteenth-century Germany, while Allan Chapman describes the revolution in astronomy that took place during the period. Jeremy Gray analyses Möbius's contribution to geometrical mechanics and Norman Biggs traces his role in the development of topological ideas. Finally, Ian Stewart explores the legacy Möbius left to mathematics in our own century.
Area Covered
Authors: Howell G , Steve N , Webb Sophie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This guide treats the approximately 1070 species of birds that occur in Mexico and northern Central America. Northern Central America, as defined in this book (see Figs 1, 2(a) and (6)), includes the Atlantic Slope lowlands south to the Ulua-Comayagua drainage (or Sula Valley) in western Honduras; the interior and highlands south to northcentral Nicaragua; the Pacific Slope lowlands south to western Nicaragua in the vicinity of the Gulf of Fonseca; all Mexican islands, the cays of Belize, the Honduras Bay Islands; and offshore waters to a distance of 200 nautical miles (or agreed international or median line borders) from habitable land. We also include the lowland pine savannas (the Mosquitia) of eastern Honduras and northern Nicaragua, which are biogeographically a part of northern Central America. Clipperton Atoll (l0°18’N, 109°13’W), a French possession, is also included as it has been claimed by Mexico, and is unlikely to be treated in any other guide.
The Crickets and Mole Crickets of Panama (Orthoptera: Gryllidae and Gryllotalpidae)
Authors: Nickle David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The crickets and mole crickets of Central America in general have not been studied in detail by taxonomists. Although several species are agricultural pests, our knowledge of them is limited, partly because they are secretive in nature and difficult to study in the field and partly because in many crickets morphological differences among related species are often hard to find. Walker (1957, 1964) demonstrated the widespread occurrence of ‘cryptic species’ in crickets (not to be confused with cryptic coloration, a form of mimicry in which an animal is able to blend in with its environmental background). These are species that are behaviourally distinct or have different seasonal life histories, but morphologically are similar or nearly identical and therefore difficult to recognise on the basis of morphological information alone. For example, until as recently as 19 57 it was thought that all large black field crickets in the United States belonged to a single morphologically variable species, Gryllus assimilis (F., 1775), based on studies by Lutz (1908) and Rehn and Hebard (1915). However, in the 1950s, with advancements in audiometric technology, cricket taxonomy was revitalized in studies involving life history information and species-specific calling signals (Fulton 19 52; Alexander 1957, 1962). Today, in eastern United States eight species of Gryllus are recognized on the basis of calling songs and seasonal life histories (Alexander and Bigelow 1960; Nickle and Walker 1974; Walker 1974). Similarly, in California the number of species has risen from one to nine (three of which also occur in eastern US) (Weissman et al. 1980).
The ecology of the pygmy marmoset, Cebuella pygmaea: some comparisons with two sympatric tamarins
Authors: Saini Pekka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pygmy marmoset, Cebuella pygmaea, an inhabitant of the upper Amazon lowland forests, is the smallest of the callitrichids: the average body mass for wild, non-pregnant, adult animals is 119 g (range 85-140 g, n = 63). The ecology and behaviour of Cebuella was studied in several areas in northeastern Peru, principally in the Maniti, Tahuayo, and Tapiche river basins, from September 1976 to February 1979 (Saini 1982b, 1987a, 1988). Besides field observations, 115 animals, including over 20 complete troops, were captured live and examined for more detailed data on age/sex composition of the populations. A summary of the principal ecological and demographic data gathered is presented here.
Competitive and co-operative interactions in Tanganyikan fish communities
Authors: Yuma Masahide 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The high diversity in tropical ecological communities is one of the most interesting ecological phenomena, and fishes in tropical waters are no exception to this (see Lowe-McConnell 1987). A traditional question regarding this biological diversity is ‘Why are there so many kinds of animals?’ (Hutchinson 1959). Whittaker (1960) proposed to discriminate a- and ^-diversity as two components comprising the total diversity: the mean number of species within a habitat, and the species difference between habitats. Concerning the biological diversity within local communities, ecologists should focus primarily on the mechanisms of coexistence of organisms within a habitat which individual organisms inhabit together and interact with each other.
What, where, and when? Early vertebrates as we imagine them
Authors: Janvier Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most fossils of what I refer to here as ‘early vertebrates’ are about 470 to 250 million years old. They are unattractive, often fragmentary or crushed, and are pre¬ served in very hard rocks. Amateur palaeontologists therefore prefer them when reconstructed, as museum dis¬ plays, drawings, or paintings, and scientists like to see them in textbooks as line drawings illustrating transformation series. Such reconstructions are the ultimate result of a lengthy process of collection, preparation, comparison, and interpretation. One of the purposes of this book is to show how this work was—and still—is done, and how scientists have struggled with these miserable remains over more than a century and a half to integrate them into the classification of the vertebrates and into the evolutionary history of life.
Introduction
Authors: Stanton R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It may seem trite to say that an understanding of oreelement geochemistry in volcanic rocks should be necessary for the proper understanding of the formation of volcanic orebodies. Surprisingly, however, little is known of the behaviour of the principal ore metals in lavas and other volcanic rocks, and there is no systematic documentation of their incidence in the lavas of island arcs, which are the principal locale of volcanic ore deposits in ancient terrains.
Zinc
Authors: Stanton R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apart from iron, zinc is the most abundant sulphide metal of the exhalative ores. Within the sulphides it occurs almost entirely as the cubic mineral sphalerite, ZnS, though unknown small quantities may also appear in sulphosalts. Substantial quantities of zinc exist in some exhalative orebodies as the spinel series gahnitehercynite and as a component of olivines and other metamorphic silicates. Although the ‘classical’ Cyprustype ores are often (somewhat loosely) regarded as pyrite: chalcopyrite assemblages, there are few that do not contain at least minute quantities of zinc, usually as microscopic emulsoid blebs within chalcopyrite.
Calcium
Authors: Stanton R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the presence of ‘carbonate’ is commonly noted among the non-sulphide components of many exhalative orebodies, comparatively little attention has been paid to the incidence of calcium in deposits of this class. Where the carbonate is dolomitic or ankeritic this is usually referred to, but where it is essentially calcite most investigators do little more than note its presence. In some cases, e.g. Mount Isa and Macarthur River in Australia, carbonate finely interbedded with sulphides may represent a part of the wider, ‘normal’ depositional context, ranging from fine pelagic limestone to carbonate deposited through sabka-evaporitic processes. In some exhalative ore environments however the carbonate, and its contained calcium, are fairly well limited to the area of ore occurrence. This and other features indicate that the calcium, with the sulphides and other associated elements, is of exhalative origin.
Molluscs
Authors: Hayward P J , Wigham, G D , Yonow N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The molluscs (Phylum Mollusca) are one of the largest groups of marine organisms and, with the exception of the Monoplacophora, representatives of all classes can be found in British waters. Living molluscs occur in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems, and in the latter case have become adapted to every kind of habitat from abyssal oozes to oceanic surface currents. Molluscs are unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical animals. The body consists of a muscular foot, a variously developed head, and a soft, non-muscular visceral mass. The foot may be adapted for grasping the substratum, for locomotion, burrowing or feeding, and is often closely associated with the head.
Parasitoid host ranges
Authors: Shaw Mark R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The host associations of a parasitoid reflect processes operating in both evolutionary and ecological time, and thus tend to become a central point of interest whatever aspect of a parasitoid’s behaviour, ecology, phylogeny, or even morphology may be under review. On the broadest front, community ecologists have focused attention on differences in the host range characteristics in particular their breadth-between parasitoids as one means of investigating the structure of parasitoid/herbivore communities; and a number of hypotheses have been generated which-at a very basic level-depend on the clarity of our understanding of host range and the legitimacy and accuracy of our current ways of assessing or expressing it.
Metapopulation Genetics and Evolution
Authors: Hanski llkka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The spatial structure of populations influences population dynamics but also the dynamics of genes in populations. An obvious but important example is increased genetic differentiation with increased population fragmentation (Hastings and Harrison 1994). The reverse—gene dynamics driving spatial structure—can also occur—as in the local adaptation of herbivores to individual host plants, or groups of host plants, which may generate or amplify spatial population structure (Mopper and Strauss 1998). A thorough discussion of metapopulation genetics and evolution is beyond the scope of this volume (for reviews see Barton and Clark 1990; Olivieri et al. 1990; Hastings and Harrison 1994; Harrison and Hastings 1996; Antonovics et al. 1997; Barton and Whitlock 1997; Olivieri and Gouyon 1997).
Tiger predatory behaviour, ecology and conservation
Authors: Seidensticker John , Mcdougal Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest obligate predator in the Asian temperate and tropical forest ecosystems in which it occurs. The plasticity and constraints in tiger resource acquisition are examined in the context of abrupt and pervasive environmental change throughout the tiger’s range—changes that threaten its survival. Prey capture in tigers is plastic, allowing tigers to capture prey of a wide range of sizes and types. In Nepal’s Chitwan National Park, tigers selected large cervids, thereby gaining access to a substantial proportion of the ungulate biomass which is not available to smaller felids. In mainland environments where primary prey are larger ungulates, tigers are larger, as much as twice the size of the Sunda Island tigers. Large body size may increase the efficiency of preying on big ungulates, but decreases the efficiency of living on smaller prey types. The smaller body size of the Sunda Island tigers may increase the efficiency of capturing the smaller prey that are relatively abundant in rainforest environments, feeding primarily on plant reproductive parts, but does not preclude the capture of large prey, such as Bos (800 kg).
The problems of reintroducing carnivores
Authors: Yalden D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problems of reintroducing an animal to parts of its former range are formidable. They include a reversal of the factors causing the original extinction; provision of a suitable stock of animals for the reintroduction; and adequate resources, human and financial, to persevere with the reintroduction programme until it has had a reasonable chance of success. Experience with large carnivores suggests that the problems are potentially more severe for them, partly because they are large and engender severe human antipathy, partly because their social structure raises extra difficulties. Nevertheless, there have been very few serious attempts to overcome the problems; in particular few attempts have persevered. The successful efforts to reintroduce the lynx Lynx lynx to central Europe provide an encouraging model, which should be applied to the even rarer (in western Europe) wolf Canis lupus and brown bear Ursus arctos.
Paradigms for managing carnivores: the case of the sea otter
Authors: Estes James A , Rathbun Galen B , Vanblaricom Glenn R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because sound empirical data on the ecology of most carnivores are lacking, the goals of management are often pursued through actions based on broadly held paradigms. Four common paradigms were examined and found to beoverly simplistic, unreliable or incorrect for management of the sea otter (Enhydra lutris). In the first of these, successful reintroductions of wildlife are thought to depend largely on habitat quality and the number of reintroduced individuals. For sea otters, success seems to depend more strongly on overcoming a behavioural barrier—dispersal and the apparent desire of individuals to return to a familiar home range. Another paradigm states that small populations grow towards stability at carrying capacity in rough accordance with the logistic model. However, stable populations of sea otters may not be at carrying capacity, and populations that are limited by resources may not be stable. A third paradigm states that fisheries can be managed for maximum sustained yield in the absence of losses to predators. However, in the absence of sea otters, maximum sustained yield seems unrealistic for many shellfisheries because of episodic and spatially variable recruitment. A final paradigm is that food webs with an odd number of trophic levels have a dearth of herbivores that in turn leads to an abundance of plants. Although this is true for many kelp forests with sea otters, the rate at which kelp forests reappear after re-establishment of sea otters varies in different places.
Humans and big cats as predators in the Neotropics
Authors: jorgenson jeffrey P , redford kent H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synopsis The disciplinary boundaries between the natural sciences and the social sciences have resulted in the viewing of humans and their activities as somehow separate from other animals. Yet, for example, humans clearly interact with other predators in tropical ecosystems. In order to overcome this dichotomy, we compared food habits of pumas, jaguars and human subsistence hunters for eight sites in the Neotropics. At these sites, predators took prey from at least three taxonomic classes of animals (i.e., mammals, birds and reptiles/’other’). Mammals were the class of prey items most frequently taken by pumas, jaguars and humans. Humans took the greatest number of prey taxa (mean= 39.2 per site), followed by jaguars (14.7) and pumas (5.3). Pumas primarily took armadillos and small and medium-sized rodents; jaguars predominantly took armadillos, peccaries and medium-sized rodents. Both pumas and jaguars took livestock. Humans primarily took coatimundis, peccaries, primates and medium-sized rodents.
Home range of leopards and their impact on livestock on Kenyan ranches
Authors: Mizutanl Fumi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Livestock ranches occupy the middle latitudes of Kenya. The land to the south is intensively used for agriculture and the extensive arid zone to the north is occupied by pastoralists. The ranching belt is of outstanding value for the conservation of wildlife. Most ranches carry abundant wild herbivores and some have black rhinoceros and elephant. Leopards and lions are increasing in numbers, however, and they kill increasing numbers of cattle and sheep, so alienating the ranchers from sympathy with conservation. The aim of this study is to record the density, home range and movements of leopards, their predation on domestic livestock and the prospects for control and management. The research is being carried out on a 200 km2 ranch north of Mount Kenya. Reconnaissance and survey have established the distribution of wild herbivores and the movements of leopards from spoor. Sixty baiting-points for leopards have been established and five males and five females have been trapped. Nine were immobilized and fitted with radio-collars.