bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron-beam ion-trap spectra of tungsten in the EUV
Authors: Utter S B , Beiersdorfer P , Träbert E 
Published: March 2003

At the Livermore electron-beam ion-trap facility, extreme-ultraviolet spectra of tungsten have been recorded in the wavelength range 4085 Å. The electron-beam energy was varied systematically to identify the individual spectra of Rb-like W37+ to Cu-like W45+. About 60 spectral features have been identified. PACS Nos.: 32.30Rj, 39.30+w, 31.50+w
COMPLETE SYSTEMS OF SUBALGEBRAS
Authors: KISIELEWICZ ANDRZEJ 
Published: March 2003

In the 1960s, G. Grätzer introduced the notion of the minimal extension property (MEP) of a finite sequence in order to investigate pn-sequences and free spectra of algebras. While there are many particular results on the MEP, stating that some sequences or families of sequences have the MEP, no general result has been obtained so far and the main general problems remain open. In this paper we prove a fact about existence of finite complete systems of subalgebras, which generalizes a method used occasionally to prove the minimal extension property of a sequence. Using this we obtain some general results about minimal extensions and, along the way, a rather unexpected solution of one of the central open problems in the area.
QUANDLES AT FINITE TEMPERATURES I
Authors: LOPES PEDRO 
Published: April 2003

In [3] quandle cohomology is used to produce invariants for particular embeddings of codimension two; 2-cocycles give rise to invariants for (classical) knots and 3-cocycles give rise to invariants for knotted surfaces. This is done by way of a notion of coloring of a diagram. Also, these invariants have the form of the state-sums (or partition functions) used in Statistical Mechanics.By a careful analysis of these colorings of diagrams we are able to come up with new invariants which correspond to calculation of the partition function at finite temperatures.
Dainik Bhaskar – Jaipur
Authors: Sinha Piyush Kumar , Pariher Kunjesh 
Published: April 2003

Dainik Bhaskar, a Hindi newspaper, after achieving leadership in Madhya Pradesh, a central Indian State, is looking for growth opportunities. It is looking at the Hindi Belt and has identified Jaipur as the market to enter. Rajasthan Patrika dominates Jaipur with about 80% readership share. Dainik Bhaskar uses market research to understand and reach the readers and starts with a confirmed circulation. Within a very short time it has overhauled Rajasthan Patrika. The case addresses the issue of identifying opportunities for growth by a language newspaper. It is unique because never before had a Hindi newspaper, and for that matter any language newspaper, gone beyond its stronghold. The case is also valuable because it indicates the detail that a company needs to bring into its marketing plan when fighting a long established competitor in a "habit" based product. The case describes the process that Dainik Bhaskar adopted for analysing the potential in the identified markets and then choosing Jaipur as its target market. The innovative use of research to not only understand the readers but also lock them in for a long enough period to keep competition at bay is another aspect of the case. It is an instance where for the first time in India, a newspaper was launched with a confirmed circulation. The case is also unique in the sense that the launch was carried out without the support of the main daily, Rajasthan Patrika, as it was the main competitor. The case brings out the importance of following up a launch for sustaining leadership. The case is useful in discussing the development of marketing strategies when tackling a monopolistic situation. The case can be used in marketing classes for bringing out the issues of growth, competition, product design, research, and market identification.
EVALUATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR PREDICTING WALKING-INDUCED VIBRATIONS OF HIGH-FREQUENCY FLOORS
Authors: PAVIC ALEKSANDAR , REYNOLDS PAUL , PRICHARD SARAH , LOVELL MATTHEW 
Published: April 2003

This paper evaluates performance of three representative single-person walking excitation models which can be used to check vibration levels of high-frequency building floors accommodating highly sensitive equipment. The three models calculate vibration responses by harmonic, transient and spectral analyses, respectively.The evaluation was based on a combined experimental and analytical work comprising modal testing of a prototype floor, repeated measurements of walking-induced vibrations, finite element modelling and model updating to match the measured modal properties. The updated and verified model was then used for the application of the three walking models results of which were then compared with their experimental counterparts.It was found that all three models were on the "safe" side and overestimated responses measured in all response tests. However, the harmonic model which assumes high-frequency floor resonance caused by the 7th or 8th harmonic of the walking resulted in over-conservative response estimates order of magnitude higher than the maximum measured values in all response tests. Nevertheless, the model which describes walking across a high-frequency floor as pulses representing footfalls consistently overestimated responses by just about 20% and is, therefore, recommended for vibration serviceability checks of this type of floors.
A Genetic Approach to Mammalian Glycan Function
Authors: Lowe John B. , Marth Jamey D. 
Published: April 2003

▪ Abstract  The four essential building blocks of cells are proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and glycans. Also referred to as carbohydrates, glycans are composed of saccharides that are typically linked to lipids and proteins in the secretory pathway. Glycans are highly abundant and diverse biopolymers, yet their functions have remained relatively obscure. This is changing with the advent of genetic reagents and techniques that in the past decade have uncovered many essential roles of specific glycan linkages in living organisms. Glycans appear to modulate biological processes in the development and function of multiple physiologic systems, in part by regulating protein-protein and cell-cell interactions. Moreover, dysregulation of glycan synthesis represents the etiology for a growing number of human genetic diseases. The study of glycans, known as glycobiology, has entered an era of renaissance that coincides with the acquisition of complete genome sequences for multiple organisms and an increased focus upon how posttranslational modifications to protein contribute to the complexity of events mediating normal and disease physiology. Glycan production and modification comprise an estimated 1% of genes in the mammalian genome. Many of these genes encode enzymes termed glycosyltransferases and glycosidases that reside in the Golgi apparatus where they play the major role in constructing the glycan repertoire that is found at the cell surface and among extracellular compartments. We present a review of the recently established functions of glycan structures in the context of mammalian genetic studies focused upon the mouse and human species. Nothing tends so much to the advancement of knowledge as the application of a new instrument. The native intellectual powers of men in different times are not so much the causes of the different success of their labours, as the peculiar nature of the means and artificial resources in their possession. T. Hager: Force of Nature ( 1 )
DIVERSE: A Framework for Building Extensible and Reconfigurable Device-Independent Virtual Environments and Distributed Asynchronous Simulations
Authors: Kelso John , Satterfield Steven G. , Arsenault Lance E. , Ketchan Peter M. , Kriz Ronald D. 
Published: March 2003

We present DIVERSE, a highly modular collection of complimentary software packages designed to facilitate the creation of device-independent virtual environments and distributed asynchronous simulations. DIVERSE is free/open source software, containing both end-user programs and C++ application programming interfaces (APIs). DPF is the DIVERSE graphics interface to OpenGL Performer. A program using the DPF API can run without modification on platforms ranging from fully immersive systems such as CAVEs to generic desktop workstations. The DIVERSE toolkit (DTK) contains all the nongraphical components of DIVERSE, such as networking utilities, hardware device access, and navigational techniques. It introduces a software implementation of networks of replicated noncoherent shared memory. It also introduces a method that seamlessly extends hardware drivers into interprocess and Internet hardware services. We will describe the design of DIVERSE and present a specific example of how it is being used to aid researchers.
Transformation of ECOWAS as a Security Apparatus and Its Implications in Ghana's Political Orientation, 1990-2000
Authors: Dapaah-Agyemang Joshua 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe transformation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) from an economic integration scheme to a political security scheme and its implications in Ghana political orientation was born out of the unanticipated changes of the post-1990s sub-regional civil conflicts and especially after the end of the Cold War. This history gave Ghana an opportunity within ECOWAS' transformation from economic integration to politico-security organization. In this connection, Ghana's foreign policy took a new turn affecting the whole West African sub-region that was precipitated partly by the Liberian civil war. My principal argument is that despite Ghana's adoption of purposeful isolationism in the early 1980s, the followed trends of events of Ghana foreign policy, at least on the sub-regional level, is a reflection of internal and external factors such as the transformation of ECOWAS security apparatus due to conflicts in some member states, but not the leadership style of the government. Therefore, in order to apprehend the reason behind the dynamics of Ghana's foreign policy change and adjustment, in particular Ghana's strategies and perception of its interest in the sub-regional level, one has to consider a number of crucial factors such as the political and economic milieu in which ECOWAS is engaged, vis-à-vis Ghana's government actions.
The Untold and Alternate Story of the Indian Subcontinent's War of Independence
Authors: Ali Tahseen 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWhen the Indian subcontinent became independent in August 1947, it marked the end of the foreign occupation of the largest country in the world. Renowned for his part in that long struggle for independence was the famous Mahatma ('Great-souled one') Mohandas K. Gandhi, the proponent of non-violence, and his western-educated disciple, Jawaharlal Nehru. Gandhi was said to have charmed the British with his strength and simplicity and compel them into withdrawing from the subcontinent. Yet against the background of Gandhi's famous struggle whispers of another movement were heard, complete with its own leaders and its own vision on the fight for freedom. This paper takes a closer look at that struggle, and its efficacy in the quest for Indian independence. What were its goals and its guiding principles? How did it compare with Gandhi's struggle? This is the untold and alternate story of the Indian subcontinent's war of independence, and the men and women whose sacrifices created an immortal saga of patriotism.
The Lomé Convention from Inception to the Dynamics of the Post-Cold War, 1957-1990s
Authors: Montana Ismael Musah 
Published: March 2003

AbstractFrom the early 1960s through the late 1980s, Lomé Convention, the chief achievement of Euro-African Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries' entente, has been an interdependent form of partnership that has offered ACP states a privileged position in the European Economic Commission's Market. Although considered a cornerstone and model for Europe's North-South economic cooperation, changes that occurred in the aftermath of the Cold War had drastic effects on the nature of this historic partnership. In the period between 1989 and 1995, profound changes occurred in international relations following the end of the Cold War, followed by the subsequent liberalization of East European states' economies, the creation of the Euro-Mediterranean partnership, and the restructuring of Europe's internal as well as external policies, in part, affected the ACP's privileged position in the European Union. The concept of Cold War context used in this article will be narrower (economic implications) rather than that commonly employed in the study of superpower rivalry. The framework employed throughout the paper is a conceptual and critical survey of the Lomé Convention's history, from its inception to the changing dynamics of the post Cold-War world. The paper critically examines the divergence of interpretations of the relevance and obsolescence of the Convention in the post-Cold War context. "The World is changing. It has changed for the ACP States; it will change for the Community; it is changing all around us."
A promoter mutation in the erythroid-specific 5-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS2) gene causes X-linked sideroblastic anemia
Authors: Bekri Soumeya , May Alison , Cotter Philip D. , Al-Sabah Ala I. , Guo Xiaojun , Masters Gillian S. , Bishop David F. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractX-linked sideroblastic anemia (XLSA) is caused by mutations in the erythroid-specific 5-aminolevulinate synthase gene (ALAS2). XLSA was diagnosed in a 32-year-old woman with a mild phenotype and moderately late onset. Pyridoxine therapy had no effect in the proband, but in her affected son engendered a modest increase in hemoglobin concentration and a 4-fold reduction in ferritin iron. Molecular analysis identified a C to G transversion at nucleotide -206 from the transcription start site, as defined by primer extension, in the proximal promoter region of ALAS2. No other mutations were found in the promoter region, the flanking intronic sequences, the exons, or the 3′ genomic region. The same mutation was found in her affected son but not in any other of her unaffected relatives. The mutation resulted in a 94% loss of activity relative to the wild-type sequence for a luciferase reporter construct containing the proximal 293 nucleotides (nt's) of the ALAS2 promoter when transfected into human erythroid K562 cells. Confirming the mutation's deleterious effect, the ALAS2 mRNA level in the proband's erythroid precursors was reduced 87%. The mutation occurred in or near 3 different putative transcription factor binding sites of unknown erythroid importance. The dramatic decreases in reporter activity and mRNA level suggest that the region of the mutation may bind a novel and important erythroid regulatory element.
Presence of the BCR-ABL mutation Glu255Lys prior to STI571 (imatinib) treatment in patients with Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Hofmann Wolf-Karsten , Komor Martina , Wassmann Barbara , Jones Letetia C. , Gschaidmeier Harald , Hoelzer Dieter , Koeffler H. Phillip , Ottmann Oliver G. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 (imatinib) binds competitively to the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding site of the ABL kinase, thereby inhibiting auto- and substrate phosphorylation of the oncogenic protein BCR-ABL and preventing the activation of downstream signaling pathways. Comparative studies on leukemic cell samples obtained from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia chromosome–positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients before and after treatment with STI571 reported point mutations in resistant samples after a short time of therapy. The aim of this study was to determine whether patients with Ph+ ALL in whom resistance developed as a consequence of the Glu255Lys mutation already harbored this subclone prior to STI571 treatment. First, the migration pattern of cDNAs from 30 bone marrow samples from patients with Ph+ ALL was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction–single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). Thereafter, detailed mutational analysis using genomic DNA was performed on initial STI571-naive bone marrow samples of 4 individuals with Ph+ ALL, for whom the mutation Glu255Lys in association with STI571 treatment had been shown. A 166-bp PCR fragment spanning from nucleotide (nt) 862 to nt 1027 was cloned, and 108 clones per sample were analyzed by direct sequencing. This more sensitive technique revealed the presence of the Glu255Lys mutation in 2 initial samples, one clone each. We identified for the first time the mutation Glu255Lys in STI571-naive leukemic samples of Ph+ ALL patients. The findings suggest that the mutation exists in a very small subpopulation of leukemic cells at the beginning of STI571 therapy.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) induces antiapoptotic and proapoptotic signals in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Faderl Stefan , Harris David , Van Quin , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Talpaz Moshe , Estrov Zeev 
Published: April 2003

AbstractHigh levels of cytokines are associated with a poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, cytokines may induce, on one hand, survival factor expression and cell proliferation and, on the other hand, expression of inhibitory signals such as up-regulation of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) and induce apoptotic cell death. Because blasts from patients with AML express high procaspase protein levels, we asked whether granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) enhances procaspase protein production in AML cells. In the GM-CSF–responsive OCIM2 AML cell line, GM-CSF induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat 5) phosphorylation, up-regulated cyclin D2, and stimulated cell cycle progression. Concurrently, GM-CSF stimulated expression of SOCS-2 and -3 and of procaspases 2 and 3 and induced caspase 3 activation, poly(ADP[adenosine 5′-diphosphate]-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, and apoptotic cell death. The Janus kinase (Jak)–Stat inhibitor AG490 abrogated GM-CSF–induced expression of procaspase 3 and activation of caspase 3. Under the same conditions GM-CSF up-regulated production of BAX as well as Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, survivin, and XIAP. GM-CSF also increased procaspase 3 protein levels in OCI/AML3 and Mo7e cells, suggesting that this phenomenon is not restricted to a single leukemia cell line. Our data suggest that GM-CSF exerts a dual effect: it stimulates cell division but contemporaneously up-regulates Jak-Stat–dependent proapoptotic proteins. Up-regulation of procaspase levels in AML is thus a beacon for an ongoing growth-stimulatory signal.
Telomerase is required to slow telomere shortening and extend replicative lifespan of HSCs during serial transplantation
Authors: Allsopp Richard C. , Morin Gregg B. , DePinho Ronald , Harley Calvin B. , Weissman Irving L. 
Published: April 2003

Abstract
Telomere shortening ultimately limits the replicative life span of cultured human somatic cells. Telomeres also shorten during replicative aging in vivo in hematopoietic cells, including early hematopoietic progenitors and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), from humans and mice, despite readily detectable levels of telomerase in these cells. To assess the relevance of telomerase to the long-term replicative capacity of HSCs in vivo, we serially transplanted HSCs from wild-type and telomerase-deficient mice until exhaustion and monitored telomere length in HSCs during this process. Telomerase-deficient HSCs could be serially transplanted for only 2 rounds, whereas wild-type HSCs could be serially transplanted for at least 4 rounds. Furthermore, the rate of telomere shortening was increased approximately 2-fold during serial transplantation of telomerase-deficient HSCs. These findings suggest that one role for telomerase in the HSC is to partially counter the rate of telomere shortening during division of HSCs, thereby preventing premature loss of telomere function and providing added replicative capacity.
Graft-versus-host disease after nonmyeloablative versus conventional hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Mielcarek Marco , Martin Paul J. , Leisenring Wendy , Flowers Mary E. D. , Maloney David G. , Sandmaier Brenda M. , Maris Michael B. , Storb Rainer 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIt is unknown whether the severity, timing, and quality of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) may be different after nonmyeloablative as compared with myeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Therefore, GVHD incidence, morbidity of skin, liver, and gut, requirements for immunosuppressive therapy, and survival were retrospectively analyzed in 44 patients who underwent nonablative HSCT and 52 who underwent ablative HSCT (median ages, 56 and 54 years, respectively). The nonablative transplantation regimen consisted of low-dose total body irradiation (TBI), preceded in some patients by fludarabine administration and followed in all patients by immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and cyclosporine (CSP). Those who underwent myeloablative HSCT were prepared with different TBI- and non-TBI–containing regimens and received CSP plus methotrexate or MMF for GVHD prophylaxis. The cumulative incidence of grades II-IV acute GVHD was lower after nonablative transplantation (64% vs 85%; P = .001), but there were no differences in the cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD requiring treatment (73% vs 71%; P = .96). Nonablative transplantation was associated with the delayed initiation of steroid treatment for GVHD (0.95 months vs 3.0 months; P &lt; .001) and with the use of fewer systemic immunosuppressants in the first 3 months after transplantation (P ≤ .04). This corresponded to more prevalent skin and more severe gut morbidity 6 to 12 months after nonablative transplantation. Our results show that nonablative HSCT is associated with a syndrome of acute GVHD occurring after day 100 in many patients. This “late-onset acute GVHD” should be taken into consideration in the design of prospective studies comparing GVHD resulting from the two types of transplantation procedures.
Early changes in gene expression profiles of hepatic GVHD uncovered by oligonucleotide microarrays
Authors: Ichiba Tamotsu , Teshima Takanori , Kuick Rork , Misek David E. , Liu Chen , Takada Yuichiro , Maeda Yoshinobu , Reddy Pavan , Williams Debra L. , Hanash Samir M. , Ferrara James L. M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe liver, skin, and gastrointestinal tract are major target organs of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), the major complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). In order to gain a better understanding of acute GVHD in the liver, we compared the gene expression profiles of livers after experimental allogeneic and syngeneic BMT using oligonucleotide microarray. At 35 days after allogeneic BMT when hepatic GVHD was histologically evident, genes related to cellular effectors and acute-phase proteins were up-regulated, whereas genes largely related to metabolism and endocrine function were down-regulated. At day 7 after BMT before the development of histologic changes in the liver, interferon γ (IFN-γ)–inducible genes, major histocompatibility (MHC) class II molecules, and genes related to leukocyte trafficking had been up-regulated. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that expression of IFN-γ protein itself was increased in the spleen but not in hepatic tissue. These results suggest that the increased expression of genes associated with the attraction and activation of donor T cells induced by IFN-γ early after BMT is important in the initiation of hepatic GVHD in this model and provide new potential molecular targets for early detection and intervention of acute GVHD.