bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reader Response and Community of Interpretation
Authors: Brenneman James E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE previous chapter signaled the vaporous quality of determinate meanings in texts, arguing instead for the radical intertextuality of all texts, indeed, of all reality. If the case was made at all, it raised the possibility for intertextual anarchy, seemingly placing us far from hope of ever confidently understanding the meaning of prophetic truth claims of Scripture, much less of ever evaluating the truth or falsehood of conflicting biblical prophets. Hope for finding the way out of this potential interpretative morass was suggested but not explained. The proposed hope hinged more on restraints placed upon the reader by his or her interpretative community than on the text’s ability to constrain the interpretative options. We were left asking literary theory and canonical criticism to again provide assistance in finding our way from that suggestion toward its explanation.
Swords into Plowshares into Swords
Authors: Brenneman James E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE questions raised and addressed concerning conflicting canons now approach their denouement in the prophecies of Isaiah/Micah and Joel. Any study of true and false prophecy, such as the one under investigation, results from either the ambiguity of prophetic texts or the editorial activity that inevitably follows the collection and analysis of prophetic oracles in light of new contexts or the final juxtaposition of these “compressed texts” in the canon. The prophecies of Isaiah/Micah and Joel in their historically compressed juxtaposition within the canon of sacred scripture are no exception. It remains for us to provide the reader with a critical example of how he or she may negotiate conflicting biblical texts now aided by a renewed understanding of the politics and hermeneutics at stake when negotiating canons and conflict.
Cosmology before the Big Bang Model
Authors: Alpher Ralph A , Herman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For millennia, Homo sapiens has constructed scenarios about the universe in attempts to understand whatever observations could be made, to seek reasons for the existence of the observed universe, and to make some sense of the existence of humankind. There is little doubt that this yearning for understanding has been the basic driving force for the many religions that have developed over the years. Most of the world’s religions have accepted the idea that some extramundane entity either started the universe off and still controls it, or started it but has kept hands off since then. Various religions have introduced more or less personal connections with this entity. Most adherents to specific religions find it easier and more fulfilling to ascribe the wonder and mystery of the universe to the initial or continued actions of such an entity rather than to regard the unfinished task of understanding as an exciting search in and of it self. Most formal religions satisfy the apparently intrinsic need to under stand why Homo sapiens exists at all, and usually promise some manner of existence after death which will be far superior to what is currently being experienced.
Inflation and the Very Early Universe
Authors: Alpher Ralph A , Herman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of what we have reported up to this point is material with which we have been involved. Before proceeding, therefore, we must remark that much of what we say about an inflation era in the early universe is derivative; that is, we have not personally studied Big Bang cosmology at times which are very small compared with a microsecond but have followed what other researchers say about this early history.
Introduction
Authors: Gatta John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Several Reasons, one would scarcely predict a substantial role for the medieval cultus of Mary in the land of the Pilgrim Fathers. Most obviously, the United States remained a largely Protestant country before the mass immigration movements of the late nineteenth century. Within a climate of Reformation animosity toward suspected pagan and mythic accretions to Scripture, one does not expect Marian piety to flourish or to find expression in imaginative literature. Then, too, the fin de siècle cult of Teddy Roosevelt’s “strenuous life,” with its rigorous masculinity and code of mercantile exertion, must be deemed inimical to the values of spiritual receptivity, intuitionism, and psychic femininity commonly associated with the Virgin Mother. Nor was there much to favor Mary’s reputation in the demythologizing, technocratic temper of the emerging twentieth century or in the aura of disjunctive skepticism surrounding modernism, to say nothing of postmodernism. Yet a notable undercurrent of interest in Mary as mythical Madonna has persisted in American life and letters from fairly early in the nineteenth century into the later twentieth. In these latter days, for feminist writers such as Starhawk, it has shifted toward fascination with the Great Goddess of matriarchal prehistory.1 This imaginative involvement with the Divine Woman-verging, at times, on devotional homage-becomes all the more intriguing as manifested in the Protestant writers who are the exclusive focus of this study. My concern, then, is to delineate a countercultural pattern of mythic assertion that has yet to be acknowledged in standard surveys of American cultural or literary history.
The Sacred Woman
Authors: Gatta John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Nathaniel Hawthorne took up residence with his new bride at the Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts, in 1842, he was acutely aware of the house’s churchly legacy. Built by Emerson’s ministerial grandfather in 1765, it had been inhabited thereafter by a long succession of clergymen, and Hawthorne found its garret full of dusty theological tomes that he felt “none the less a Christian” for ignoring. The author of the prefatory essay on “The Old Manse” retains a religious confidence in divine beneficence, in the “infinite spiritual capacity” of the human soul, and in some version of “saving grace.” He aspires to write a novel “that should evolve some deep lesson” suitable to the Manse’s sacred space. And yet he feels so oppressed by the house’s “grim prints of Puritan ministers,” who frown on his newfound Eden from the walls of his study, that he and Sophia replace these “bad angels” with “the sweet and lovely head of one of Raphael’s Madonnas.”
The Slow Yet Steady Path to Women ‘s Empowerment in Pakistan
Authors: Weiss Anita M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The status and position of women in Pakistan and their subsequent access to power have undergone substantive change since the onset of the twentieth century. Muslim women in nineteenth-century India faced uphill struggles in easing some of the extreme restrictions on women ‘s activities associated with purdah, restricting polygamy, ensuring women ‘s legal rights under Islamic law which Muslims perceived had been taken away under British civil law, and in introducing female education. In the 1870s, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan advocated modern education as the only means for emancipation of Muslims under the British. In 1880, he developed the Mohammedan Educational Conference to propagate his message, now referred to as the Aligarh Movement. However, it was not until 1896 that the Conference formed a women ‘s section, and three years later opened its first girls ‘ teacher-training school, which laid a foundation for the education of Muslim girls. Progress was slow; by 1921, only four out of every thousand Muslim females had enjoyed the benefits of formal education.
Women and Religion in Bahrain An Emerging Identity
Authors: Seikaly May 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the tiny state of Bahrain a grassroots antigovernment protest uprising (intifada) has been occurring since the summer of 1994. By December of that year, the protestors from the less favored strata of society took to the streets demanding the dismissal of foreign (British) security officials; a reduction of the number of foreign imported laborers; expansion of social, economic, and employment opportunities for Bahrainis; a more equitable justice system; and the appropriation of more democratic practices by the government. This appeared to be the tip of the iceberg, as more disaffected Bahrainis joined to vent their accumulated anger and bitterness in vociferous activities. While initially the conflict seemed to reflect a class dimension, it became apparent that it also expressed sectarian and ethnic differences and animosities.
Flesh and Spirit, Continence and Chastity
Authors: Stewart Columba 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both the theory and the practice of monastic asceticism pervade Cassian’s Institutes and Conferences. One needs a way through the vastness, a paradigm for asceticism that can help to understand Cassian’s perspective and contribution. Fortunately Cassian gives us precisely the focus that is needed, for he made the pursuit of chastity the centerpiece of his ascetical theology. The intentional celibacy of the monastic life is the principal marker of its social distinctiveness, as celibacy has often been for both Christian and non-Christian ascetics. Although the renunciation of possessions and withdrawal from normal social responsibilities signify a break from conventional norms, they are parameters for the interior transformation experienced most intimately at the relational/sexual core of the human person.
Unceasing Prayer
Authors: Stewart Columba 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early christians took the biblical command to “pray always” very seriously. Jesus used the parable of the importunate widow to teach perseverance in prayer (Luke 18:1; see 21:36); Paul urged the Thessalonians to pray “without ceasing” (1 Thess. 5:17; see Eph. 6:18). The practical application of these commands was variously understood, but the imperative was accepted as a defining trait of the Christian life, especially that of monks. Whether alone or in community, whether chanting the official psalmody of the offices or pondering texts in the reflective recitation known as meditatio, the basic work of monks was to give voice to the Bible and to respond to it with the prayer of their hearts. All prayer arose within a continual encounter with the biblical word.
Experience of Prayer
Authors: Stewart Columba 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
cassian’s descriptions of ecstatic prayer are one of the most compelling and attractive features of his monastic writings. These evocations of wordless and “fiery” prayer are central to his teaching on prayer. Cassian’s understanding of “pure” or “higher” prayer has been noted by commentators but little explored. There are reasons for their hesitation. Writing about ecstatic prayer is difficult: definitions are elusive and ambiguous, Cassian’s vocabulary of ecstatic experience is unusual, and the source of his teaching is unknown. The study begun here can be only tentative, suggesting paths for further exploration.
Introduction
Authors: Carroll Jackson W , Wheeler Barbara G , Aleshire Daniel O , Marler Penny Long 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Campus buildings at Evangelical Theological Seminary look like those of many college campuses built in the last fifty years. The library, chapel, cafeteria, administration, and classroom buildings—all of different architectural vintages—are grouped together, but residence halls are widely separated by drives and lawns on the school’s spacious campus. The terrain is hilly enough that in bad weather students often drive from their dormitories to the central cluster of buildings. Though the campus is located in an affluent exburb, a perimeter of dozens of acres of seminary-owned woodland creates the impression of a rural retreat. The main building does display a prominent cross, but compared with the neo-Gothic campuses of mainline Protestant seminaries in the same metropolitan area, Evangelical does not look very ecclesiastical at all.
The Message
Authors: Carroll Jackson W , Wheeler Barbara G , Aleshire Daniel O , Marler Penny Long 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jerome Allen is working hard. The wide bald spot on his head shines with sweat and his round gold glasses slide down his nose. He paces emphatically across the front of the classroom, gesticulating with both arms in unison at the thirty students who have folded themselves into narrow chairs with writing arms and now sit necessarily still. His accent is heavily southern, but this is no drawl. Allen talks fast. “It’s in my heart that you should learn this,” he says. “Why? This approach is absolutely central for objective preaching. You have to get the sentence flow. Your grades are great. On the last paper, half of you got a 4 and the other half a 3.5—only one got a 3. I’ll encourage you. Think of this as your first day on the job. Limit the time you spend on each assignment to four to five hours. I’ll grade you on effort.”
Contests
Authors: Carroll Jackson W , Wheeler Barbara G , Aleshire Daniel O , Marler Penny Long 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One thing that students like best about Paul Bashford is that his views differ just a little from the views of the other most respected professors. His theological pedigree is impeccable. Unlike Jerome Allen, who came from fundamentalism, Bashford was raised in the conservative branch of a mainline denomination, and all the schools he attended are highly approved at ETS. Perhaps this gives him the confidence to take “a different step from some of them,” says Tim Rothman about Bashford’s gentle approach to Pentecostalism, a branch of evangelicalism that his colleagues often criticize. Tim quickly adds, “He’s still pretty Reformed himself”—Reformed being the standard position. A student who finds ETS too conservative and too negative likes Bashford nonetheless because he encourages his students to read works by nonevangelical scholars; yet Cary Draper, famous among his fellow students for theological conservatism, has rearranged his schedule to be able to take as many Bashford courses as possible.
Year One: Encounters
Authors: Carroll Jackson W , Wheeler Barbara G , Aleshire Daniel O , Marler Penny Long 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second floor of Barlowe Hall, Mainline Theological Seminary’s dormitory for single and transient students, begins to show signs of life two days before fall orientation. Two large standing metal fans bring sound and motion to a long, dimly lit hallway. An Asian woman emerges from her room in bathrobe and slippers, a towel over her arm, and heads for the bathroom. This dorm originally housed men only, as is clearly evident from the four urinals in the “ladies’ “room.
The Process of Education and Formation
Authors: Carroll Jackson W , Wheeler Barbara G , Aleshire Daniel O , Marler Penny Long 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The educational processes in both schools we studied have the character of a contest. Students arrive imbued with the ideas, habits, and values of the very religious and social cultures that the school seeks to reshape. They encounter the school’s dominant message and its variations, in explicit statements by pivotal figures, in the affect and behavior of those figures, and in the norms and activities of institutional life. They test the central message; they try it on; they resist and oppose it; they experiment with the variant possibilities. Both schools provide considerable freedom and opportunity for this struggle, and both also ratify what is usually the result: a compromise. Most students’ views, values and, it appears, habits are reshaped by the ideas and behaviors the school promotes, but students do not entirely surrender the commitments, opinions, and tastes that they came with. Their goals, outlook, language, and manners when they leave are a melding often painfully forged in intense engagements with each other and with those who represent the school-of what they brought with them and what the school has insistently set before them.
Culture and Educational Practice: A Concluding Unscientific Postscript
Authors: Carroll Jackson W , Wheeler Barbara G , Aleshire Daniel O , Marler Penny Long 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After completing the fieldwork for this project, we made several presentations of our findings to scholarly meetings and groups of theological educators, including the faculty of one of the institutions we studied. At all these gatherings, we were asked to suggest what educators can and should do differently in light of our conclusions.
Situating Evangelical Responses to Evolution
Authors: Livingstone David N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years there has been a remarkable “spatial tum” among students of society and culture. The genealogy of this twist of events is both multifaceted and complex. But among philosophers, social theorists, and historians of science there has been a renewed emphasis on the significance of the local, the specific, the situated. Some philosophers thus argue that what passes as a good reason for believing a claim is different from time to time, and from place to place. Rationality, it turns out, is in large measure situation specific such that what counts as rational is contingent on the context within which people are located. “Good grounds” for holding a certain belief is evidently different for a twelfth-century milkmaid, a Renaissance alchemist, and a twentieth-century astrophysicist. Among social theorists there has also been a recovery of spatiality. The importance of the diverse locales within which social life is played out has assumed considerable significance with such writers as Clifford Geertz, Erving Goffinan, Anthony Giddens, Michel Foucault, and Edward Said.
Figures of Play, Part 2
Authors: Dobrov Gregory W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristophanes’ Akharnians, the earliest extant Greek comedy, is a natural point of departure chronologically and technically for a presentation of the third metafictional mode briefly outlined in chapter 2. This comedy has recently received considerable scholarly attention, much of which has b een directed at the contrafact-the “improvisation” of a new stage play from tragedy that is transposed into a comic key. Euripides and his Telephos are integral to the design of Akharnians in a sophisticated sequence that serves well as a paradigm for other contrafacts whose technique may appear, superficially at least, quite different.
Bellerophontes
Authors: Dobrov Gregory W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moving from the tragic figures of the last two chapters to the hybrid comic figures of chapters 6, 7, and 8, we encounter an important shift in metafictional strategy that involves the mediation of a fully articulated tragic text between comedy and tradition. While tragedy alludes, comedy is free to quote. The respective maddenings of Aias and Pentheus, as we have seen, were reinvented as spectacles informed by the new reflexive poetics of Athenian tragedy. There, familiar con figurations and narrative patterns were transformed into phenomenologically distinct moments of theatrical and political self-study, as myth became theater.
Tereus
Authors: Dobrov Gregory W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter follows a sustained conversation between genres that begins in the 430s with Sophokles’ Tereus, a performance anticipating Bakkhai in its use of disguise and the forms of Dionysiac cult. Following a review of the evidence for Tereus and possible reconstructions of the fragmentary script, the connection be tween it and Aristophanes’ Birds is explored. The latter is presented as an extended contrafact of Sophokles’ play, a comic extravaganza that marks its relation to Tereus in a series of specific transformations of character and situation.
Herakles
Authors: Dobrov Gregory W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immediately after the parabasis (lines 738 ff.), Aristophanes’ Frogs starts over with a new “prologue” symptomatic of the play’s double plan that has long troubled critics. First, there is the retrieval of Euripides played out in two sequences involving katabasis and comic business at the door to Hades. Second, there is the poetic agon that is already in progress and for which Dionysos is recruited as judge. Considerable attention has been paid recently to the problem of why and how Dionysos impersonates Herakles.
The Collection of the Qur’an
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SYNOPSIS The way the Qur’an was collected; a review of the traditions about the collection of the Qur’an; their contrariety and inconsistency; their discord with those accounts that indicate that the Qur’an was collected during the lifetime of the Prophet; their incongruity when compared with the Book and the intellect; their disagreement with the consensus of the Muslims that the Qur’an cannot be established except through its uninterrupted [transmission]; using these traditions as evidence necessitates maintaining the belief in tatirif [in the sense of] addition, whose invalidity has been accepted [by all the scholars].
The manner in which the Qur’an was collected is among the issues that have been used by those who maintain the belief in tatirif (alteration) to prove that there has been tatirif [in the sense of the corruption of the text] as well as taghyfr (change) in the Qur’an, and that the very manner of the Qur’an’s collection would, in the normal course of events, involve this corruption and change in it. Hence, it is imperative that the discussion [in this chapter] should be undertaken in order to complete the treatment of the subject regarding the protection of the Qur’an from corruption and its freedom from omission or any alteration.
Abrogation in the Qur’an
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SYNOPSIS The lexical and technical meaning of al-naskh (abrogation); the possibil ity of abrogation; its occurrence in the Torah; its occurrence in the Islamic Shari’a; the three kinds of abrogation; the verses that are said to be abrogated, and the proof that they belong to the clear (muJ:ikama) type of verses; the verse about temporary marriage (muta) and its proof, demonstrating the lawfulness of the mut’a type of marriage; stoning because of mut ‘a marriage; the legal opinion of Abu I:Ianifa re garding the inapplicability of the punishment for adultery on mut’a marriage; his ruling regarding the inapplicability of the punishment for adultery if a man hires a woman and commits adultery with her; the attribution of this ruling to ‘Umar; allegations regarding the mut’a; the open prejudice involved in the Companions’ refraining to act upon the al-najwa verse; al-Razi’s opinion and its rebuttal.
What Is Evil?
Authors: Stackhouse John G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
what evil is not. Almost every time I discuss this issue, whether in university classes or public lectures or conversations over coffee, I come across the same assumption about the nature of evil. It shows up particularly in the common question, “Why did God create evil?” There are respects in which this is a perfectly sensible question. But lurking within it, I believe, is a fallacy of what philosophers call “reification”-that is, a “making real” of what is actually only an abstraction. For evil is not a “something” that God could “create.” It isn’t a kind of molecule or virus or forcefield or giant black nebula that courses through the universe, infecting or affecting everything it encounters.
Thinking and Living
Authors: Stackhouse John G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
God and evil and pose it in stark terms: Why? This book hasn’t answered that question as we might like. We want to know why the person we love has become sick. We want to know why the person we trusted has betrayed us. We want to know why wars rage on, why earthquakes and hurricanes keep destroying, why diseases devastate, why criminals succeed. We want to know why we cannot rid our own hearts of evil: evil ideas, evil memories, evil desires.