bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Gorgon in Art
Authors: Wilk Stephen R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Depictions Of The Gorgon First appeared around the eighth century B.C.E, and the image has been with us ever since. That’s about as far back as what we would call Greek art goes, so the Gorgon is indeed one of the oldest figures in Greek art. As with all images, it has undergone changes through the years, but most of the important features held constant through classical times. In 1896 Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher analyzed the Gorgon in art, and his description of its evolution is still the standard one. According to Roscher, the development of the Gorgon can be divided into three stages. The oldest, the Archaic Gorgon, runs from about the eighth century B.C.E. through about the fifth. The Gorgons that appear in “The Shield of Hercules” are perfect examples of Archaic Gorgons. They have wide-open, staring eyes and a broad grinning or snarling mouth filled with prominent teeth, usually with both upper and lower fangs. Despite the toothy display, there is a prominent, painfully protruding tongue. The extreme facial expression usually produces strongly drawn lines at the edges of the mouth and on the forehead.
Parallels from Around the World
Authors: Wilk Stephen R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Striking Parallels to The Greek Gorgon can be found in mythologies around the world. Any serious investigation of the origin of the Gorgon has to examine these figures as well. Before we take a look, however, it would be good to ask what constitutes a Gorgon parallel. No single definition precisely fits all the different examples. (I am tempted to say that I know a parallel when I see one.) A true parallel should have a number of features in common with the Gorgon myth, and few with anything else (aside from another Gorgon parallel, of course). To place one of the best examples first, consider the face in the center of the Aztec Calendar Stone. This is the face of the sun, usually taken to be the deity Tonatiuh, although more recently it has been suggested that the face is that of Xochipilli-Piltzintecuhtli.1 The figure is a frontal depiction of a wide-eyed, staring face with a broad nose. The forehead is marked with lines, and the hair is carefully and stylistically portrayed. The mouth is wide open in a painful grimace, from which the tongue protrudes grotesquely. The head even wears earrings, as do many.
Gorgons and Gargoyles
Authors: Wilk Stephen R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BERNARn’s Apologia, IN PARTICULAR the section that has been designated “The Things of Greater Importance,” has often been cited as an example of a medieval ascetic condemning the apparently useless and pointless extravagance of gargoyles on cathedrals.1 In fact, a careful reading of the work shows that he never mentions gargoyles by name, and that he is probably referring to carvings on the capitals of columns (since he refers to them as being inside buildings), and possibly to those depicted in illuminated manuscripts and wooden carvings. As I will show in due course, medieval gargoyles are thought
Quality of Primary Care Services: A Clinical View
Authors: Starfield Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the context of optimizing effectiveness and equity, quality of care is the extent to which health needs, both current and potential, are being optimally met by health services, given current knowledge about the distribution, recognition, diagnosis, and management of health problems and health concerns. Thus, high-quality services take into account awareness of health problems in the population as well as characteristics of populations and subpopulations that create both threats to, as well as potential for, health in the future. High-quality health services are concerned not only with adequacy of services for disease diagnosis and management but also with adequacy of services that prevent future disease and promote improved health.
Primary Care Systems in Western Industrialized Nations
Authors: Starfield Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 contains a description of the relationship between the characteristics of primary care in 11 different western industrialized nations and their relationship with health levels and costs of health services. That study used information concerning the late 1980s. Since that time, the health systems of many countries have undergone reforms in financing and organization. Most of the reforms, which are still ongoing, were designed to reduce the inexorable rise in the costs of health care worldwide, as a result of new and expensive technologies, ageing of the population, arid changing morbidity patterns. The extent to which the reforms have changed the practice of primary care is not well known; only some of them were specifically designed to do so. Although the philosophical underpinnings of most national health systems may not have been affected, this might not be the case for specific health policies related to the achievement of primary care objectives.
Primary Care Research Needs
Authors: Starfield Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Continuous accrual of evidence-based knowledge is the basis for progress in every field of endeavor. Primary care is no exception. The previous chapters of this book have documented the current state of knowledge of the organization and delivery of primary care services; the astute reader will recognize that there is still much to learn! This chapter identifies those areas that are of high priority for research in primary care in the hope that an increasing number of academicians and clinical practitioners will become engaged in the exciting process of contributing knowledge to improve the effectiveness, efficacy, and equity of the basic level of all health services systems.
Health Policies to Achieve Effectiveness and Equity
Authors: Starfield Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Alma-Ata Declaration (see Chapter 1) recognized that primary care “reflects and evolves from the economic conditions and socio-cultural and political characteristics of a country and its communities” (World Health Organization, 1978). The characteristics of each primary care system are therefore unique. No two countries will ever configure their systems in identical ways, and the primary care system may even differ within countries if there are regions with different historical, political, cultural, and economic characteristics.
Andromache
Authors: Stewart Susan , Smith Wesley D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on the conviction that only translators who write poetry themselves can properly re-create the celebrated and timeless tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the Greek Tragedy in New Translations series offers new translations that go beyond the literal meaning of the Greek in order to evoke the poetry of the originals. Under the general editorship of Peter Burian and Alan Shapiro, each volume includes a critical introduction, commentary on the text, full stage directions, and a glossary of the mythical and geographical references in the play. In Andromache, Euripides challenges our concept of tragic character as he transforms our expectations of tragic structure. Through its subtly varied metrics, the play develops an increasingly complex plot and concludes with a simultaneous realization of realism and supernaturalism. The play takes place in the aftermath of the Trojan War. Andromache has become a concubine to Achilles' son, Neoptolemus, bearing him a child, Molossus. The captive Andromache is haunted by memories of her former life and by her love for Hector and their son Astyanax, both slain by the Greeks who are now her masters. As the play opens, Andromache and Molossus are threatened with death by Neoptolemus' young wife, Hermione, who has been unable to conceive a child and is fiercely jealous. The struggle between the two women is mirrored in the conflict between Peleus, who arrives to defend Andromache, and Menelaus, who arrives to help his daughter Hermione complete her bid for power.
The Perception of Features and Objects
Authors: Treisman Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper describes some recent research exploring the visual perception of features and objects, and the role of attention in creating the integrated and organized representations that we consciously experience. Some years ago, I summarized a set of findings from experiments on visual search, texture segregation, and the perception of brief, masked displays (Treisman & Gelade, 1980). The results seemed to fit together coherently: search for feature-defined targets is parallel, but search for a conjunction of features seems to require attention. Texture segregation is easy when based on simple features, but difficult or impossible when the boundaries are defined only by conjunctions. Cuing attention in advance helps us to identify a conjunction much more than it helps with any of its features. When attention is overloaded, illusory conjunctions are formed, and so on. These findings fit nicely together to support what I labelled feature integration theory (see Treisman, 1988, p. 202). The claims were that simple features are registered in parallel across the visual field, in a number of specialized subsystems. Information from the resulting feature maps is localized and recombined to specify objects through the use of focused attention, scanning serially through a master-map of locations and giving access to the features currently occupying the attended location. These are then integrated to form a representation of the object in that location.
The Control of Visual Attention
Authors: Wright Richard D , Ward Lawrence M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But [attention’ s] towering growth would appear to have been achieved at the price of calling down upon its builders the curse of Babel, “to confound their language that they may not understand one another’ s speech.” For the word “attention” quickly came to be associated ... with a diversity of meanings that have the appearance of being more chaotic even than those of the term “intelligence.” (Spearman, 1937, p. 133) Attention is a foundational concept in cognitive psychology. Many re searchers have credited it with a central role in the “cognitive revolution” of the 1950s and 1960s (e.g., Broadbent, 1958; Egeth, 1992; Neisser, 1967). It is, however, a concept with a stormy history, as the above quotation indicates, and there was little agreement until recently about how it should be defined. Spearman (1937) chronicled many pro posed definitions including clearness, vivacity or intensity of percepts or concepts, an attitude of mind, a definite process or special stage in a process, the relative proportion of activated traces to all memory traces, some form of energy or desire involving will or effort, and the sensation of exertion of will. Since 1937, definitions or metaphors such as a filter (Broadbent, 1958), a skill (Neisser, 1976), a selective attenuator (Treisman, 1964), a resource (Kahneman, 1973), a “spotlight beam” within which processing is enhanced (Posner, 1980), a “zoom lens” (Eriksen & Yeh, 1985), a “glue” that binds features together (Treisman & Gelade, 1980), and a decoupler of modules from public communication channels (Navon, 1989), among others, have added to the confusion. Moreover, a number of different aspects of attention (e.g., capacity, selectivity, control, relation to consciousness, relation to arousal) have been engaged by specific paradigms and emphasized by particular writers (e.g., Solso, 1991). Recently, however, some definite progress has been made in understanding how attention to locations and/orobjects in visual space is controlled. This research has been carried out within several closely related experimental paradigms including those that allow conclusions to be made about physiological mechanisms.
Objects, Attention and Perceptual Experience
Authors: Yantis Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Visual perception is the process of constructing an internal representation of the local environment, based on patterns of light reflected from objects and surfaces in the scene. It is convenient to categorize the operations that contribute to visual perception according to the relative influence of bottom-up information (e.g., properties of the stimulus) and top-down information (e.g., memory and expectation) upon their normal functioning (and keep in mind that these groupings are by no means well defined or universally recognized). Early vision refers to the functioning of the retina and early cortical areas in response to pat terns of light and dark that vary over space and time. Much is known about the neural basis for early vision from neurophysiological and psychophysical investigations, although much still remains to be learned. High-level vision is concerned with complex operations such as object and face recognition, mental imagery, and other forms of visual cognition; these operations interact heavily with memory and knowledge. Most of the evidence for high-level vision comes from behavioural studies of normal human observers or from the analysis of patterns of impairment in brain-damaged patients.
Attentional Emphasis in Visual Orienting and Resolving
Authors: LaBerge David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of attention in the perception of an object, particularly when an object is displayed with other objects. Attention is typically directed to a particular object (termed the target object) by a cue which, through training or instructions, indicates the location of that object in the visual field. Other objects that appear with the tar get object are typically referred to as distractors, and subjects may or may not be explicitly instructed to ignore them. Despite the label, dis tractors may not always exert an observable distracting effect on the processing of the target. A major purpose of this essay is to describe some general task conditions together with two neuroanatomical mechanisms that seem to influence how a distractor may or may not affect the processing of a target.
The Blood of the Martyr
Authors: Thuesen Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rarely in its six-hundred-year history has the English Bible functioned merely as a book. During the sixteenth century it became an icon, the object represented in paintings and woodcuts to replace the defaced images of saints. During the nineteenth century it became an idea, the historiographical construct of Protestants bent on glorifying the Anglo-American imprint upon God’s Word. During this century the English Bible has lost none of its paradoxical force; at once concrete and abstract, it provides justification for religious movements working both evil and good.
Cult Wars 1969-1985
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The path of the cults leads to Jonestown. However misleadingly, religious change from the late 1960s on wards was perceived by Americans as a threat to their youth. In response to the supposed cult explosion, an ant cult movement developed, which enjoyed great success in projecting its distinctive interpretation as the dominant view accepted by the mass media and the general public” Between 1976 and 1981, America experienced an ant cult Reaction phase as intense as any in its history.
Prologue
Authors: Susser Bernard , Liebman Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My field of academic interest, unlike that of my co-author, is contemporary Jews and Judaism. For over thirty years I have explored questions in which I was vitally interested. In many cases I was passionately committed to a particular position. And yet I never felt that that commitment biased the manner in which I presented evidence or analyzed the issues. I was always confident in my ability to distance myself from my own point of view and was surprised by the inability of so many, including my fellow academics, to do so themselves. But I have never written on a topic in which I was unable to identify, at least hypothetically, with the various subjects and their differing points of view. I was always able to put myself in the place of whomever it was I was writing about.
American Jews
Authors: Susser Bernard , Liebman Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Images of Gentile hostility, as we noted, are pivotal to Jewish self-understanding. They underwrite the Jewish worldview and provide traditional concepts such as “the chosen people” and “messianic deliverance” with their most striking vindication. They also afford a comforting rationale for a history replete with tragedy as well as a promise of future redemption and glory.
Conclusions
Authors: Susser Bernard , Liebman Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our fascination with Orthodoxy as well as our mixed feelings toward it clearly have both biographical and intellectual sources. A curious form of attraction/repulsion governs our sensibilities. On the one side, we cannot help but admire the steadfastness, the willingness to sacrifice, the depth of commitment, and the devotion to learning that animates its ranks. Moreover, the denseness and richness of Jewishness as it plays itself out in the Orthodox world has no parallel elsewhere.
Art, Myth, and Travel the Hellenistic World
Authors: Cohen Ada 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modem scholarship no longer views Pausanias as a unified subject. Antiquarian and mythographer, travel writer and pilgrim, geographer, cartographer, and ethnographer, historian and art historian, Pausanias has come to exemplify a complex series of overlapping allegiances as regards genre. Although not all scholars agree on the appropriateness of each of the above characterizations, Pausanias’s blending of conventions from ditlhent genres seems to be smooth and effortless.1 By contrast, another conjunction of allegiances-cultural and ethnic-speaks to an uneasy and fragmented coexistence. A provincial Greek Wllting about Greece, Pausanias has been construed as both insider and outsider in the Roman world of the second century A.D. On the one hand, as a member of a well-to-do, educated Greek aristocracy and most likely a Roman citizen, he was privileged enough to take leave from the chores of ordinary lite and travel for extended periods of time. not only in Greece but in Italy and the Near East as well. Imperial journeys such as Hadrian’s provided a model for him and others of his class to emulate. And because of the dissolution of borders that the Roman empire had brought about, he experienced a world without apparent boundaries.
Pausanias and the Topographers: The Case of Colonel Leake
Authors: Wagstaff J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this contribution is to examine the ways in which Pausanias·s Description of Greece was used by Colonel Leake, one of the most highly regarded commentators on the geography of ancient Greece. First. I will explain who he was and what he did. Then, I will attempt to reconstmct his view of Pausanias. Next, I will show how Leake used the text of Pausanias. choosing as examples his study of the topography of ancient Athens and his travels in the Peloponnese. Finally. Leake’s use of Pausanias will be discussed in relation to that of earlier and contemporary westem visitors to Greece.
Governing Doctrines, Narratival Claims, Extra And Authentic Doctrine Sin and Victimization
Authors: Greene-Mccreight Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, we saw how feminist theologies embrace what Christian called alien claims and what we might less pejoratively call extra-narratival claims. These extra-narratival claims in the case of feminist theologies arise within the dis course of the feminist movement. They are embraced as what Christian calls authentic doctrines and then elevated to the status of, in Christian’s terms, governing doctrines. It is the process of discernment regarding the status of the extra-narratival claims of feminism, among others, with which we are struggling in the mainline denominations and seminaries. Are all of the claims of feminism indeed authentic doctrines, or do they cohere with authentic doctrine of the Christian community? Clearly, Christian feminist theologians answer this question, in general, affirmatively, depending, of course, on the specific claims entailed.
Time Well Spent on Paul Feyerabend’s Autobiography
Authors: Reaven Sheldon F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One bright and bitter-cold January day in 1996, I stood before the grave of my teacher and friend, Paul K. Feyerabend, in the Southwest Cemetery of Vienna. Partly by chance, partly by design, my wanderings through Vienna led to many of the places that peppered Paul’s transfixing stories and embellish his delightful, revealing autobiography, Killing Time. In the deep snow by the narrow Feyerabend family plot, I thought of this man’s inner odyssey, recounted in his book, from a nonchalant who in this very spot was unmoved at his mother’s funeral and who did not bother to attend his father’s, to an apostle of embracing tolerance and lovingkindness in his later years.
Proliferation is it a Good Thing?
Authors: Achinstein Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I served on several panel discussions with Paul Feyerabend. The most memorable occurred in 1970 at the University of Cincinnati. Paul delivered one of his spellbinding lectures in which he talked about Galileo’s tower argument and claimed that Galileo was violating standard rules of logic and methodology. He was practicing “counterinduction” (which, according to Feyerabend, is a good thing to do). He was introducing a hypothesis, namely, that a body falling from a tower has a slanted, not a straight, motion, which is incompatible with highly confirmed theories and indeed is refuted by what we observe when we see the body fall. Galileo was following Feyerabend’s favorite principle: Proliferation I: Invent and elaborate theories that are inconsistent with the accepted point of view, even if the latter should happen to be highly confirmed and generally accepted.
Getting Organized
Authors: Maizlish Neil A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Workplace epidemiologic surveillance is difficult because it challenges our skills to stay focused on a problem-solving process that has numerous steps and details. Each step generates information that is both input to future steps and feedback to earlier steps. Table 2.1 shows the basic sequence of steps for surveillance systems, including active reporting and active case follow up. The steps are applicable to surveillance done by an employer at a single worksite; a medical group, health maintenance organization, or insurance company that has multiple clients; or, a governmental agency at the local, state, or national level.
Silicosis
Authors: Rosenman Kenneth D , Reilly Mary Jo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quartz, the crystalline form of silicon dioxide (SiO2), is the most common constituent of the earth’s crust and workers exposed to quartz all over the world are at risk of developing silicosis. High-risk industries include: mining; quarrying; tunneling; abrasive blasting; monument engraving; working in a foundry; manufacturing ceramic products, including sinks, toilet bowls, and bathtubs; and fire brick manufacturing. Less common exposures to silica have been reported including the manufacture of slate-pencils, gemstones, and glass.
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
Authors: Reilly Mary Jo , Rosenman Kenneth D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Occupational noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is an insidious, irreversible condition. The slow development of hearing loss over time detracts from its being noticed by workers exposed to noise at work, and downplays the immediacy of the problem and the need to address noise issues. The perception that hearing loss is only or primarily due to aging also works to minimize the recognition of noise at work as a real threat to one’s hearing health. Hearing loss affects more than a person’s hearing; it affects an individual’s job performance and the likelihood of accidents at work and home; it has ;,ignificant social and emotional consequences, and affects physical and psychosocial function in the elderly.