bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
279 Maternal Programming of the Piglet Microbiome Through Supplementation with a Yeast Feed Additive
Authors: Law Kayla , Johnston Lee J , Gomez Andres , Urriola Pedro E , Kiros Tadele G G , Loughmiller Joe 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate effects of live yeast supplementation of sow diets during late gestation and lactation on sow reproductive performance and piglet microbiome development. Three dietary treatments were imposed on mixed-parity sows (n = 92) from three contemporary farrowing groups during late gestation and lactation. Dietary treatments were based upon the inclusion level (%) of Actisaf Sc47 in corn/soybean meal-based diets: Control (C, 0%), Low (L, 0.1%), and High (H, 0.5%). Sows were fed their assigned gestation diet (1.8 kg ∙animal-1∙day-1/) from days 85 to 110 of gestation. On day 111 of gestation, sows were fed their assigned lactation diet (3.6 kg/head/day) until parturition. Sows were allowed ad libitum access to their assigned lactation diet beginning day one postpartum until piglets were weaned. Fecal and vaginal swabs were collected from all sows on day 85 of gestation (T1-S) and the day before parturition (T2-S). Colostrum and milk samples were collected from 30 focal sows (10/treatment group), and fecal swabs were collected from 6 piglets per focal sow (n = 180) at 24 to 36 hours after birth (T1-P) and weaning (T2-P, ~19 days old). Extracted DNA from swab samples was sequenced on the MiSeq platform targeting the V4 variable region of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene, and sequence data were analyzed using DADA2 plus various packages within the R statistical software. Generalized linear mixed models were built for sow performance data using the R lme4 package, with treatment as a fixed effect, and farrowing group, parity, and sire as random effects. Piglet performance models also included sex as a fixed effect and maternal origin instead of sire as a random effect. No significant differences were observed among dietary treatment groups for gestation or lactation length, lactation feed intake, sow body weights, sow backfat depth, litter size at birth or weaning, pre-weaning piglet mortalities, or piglet growth performance. Although alpha and beta diversity did not differ among maternal dietary treatment groups in sow colostrum, milk, fecal, or vaginal samples (T1-S or T2-S), several taxa were significantly enriched or less abundant in sow samples based upon dietary yeast inclusion levels. Diversity of piglet fecal microbiomes was not different across maternal dietary treatment groups, but community composition was different at both time-points (T1-P: PERMANOVA, R2 = 0.13, P=0.02; T2-P: PERMANOVA, R2 = 0.01, P=0.048). These results indicate that yeast supplementation in sow diets in late gestation and lactation may influence development and composition of piglet gut microbiomes in early life.
289 Zinc Source and Genotype Influenced the Growth Rate and Carcass Characteristics of Commercially Housed Fattening Pigs
Authors: Mcknight Leslie L , Agyekum Atta Kofi , Simard Francis , Abedin Mohsen , Han Yanming 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The study evaluated the effects of zinc source on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of commercially housed fattening pigs of different genotypes. The study design was a randomized complete block with 4 experimental treatments and 11 replicate pens per treatment (20 pigs/pen, 220 pigs/treatment). Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial, with the factors genotype (“A” or “B”) and zinc source (inorganic, ZnO or hydroxychloride, IBZ). All pigs were fed the same feed budget: phase 1, 25 kg/pig; phase 2, 80 kg/pig; phase 3, 90 kg/pig; phase 4, 75 kg/pig. Diets were corn-soy, and the zinc was included in the micropremix to deliver a total of 100 ppm Zn from ZnO and 80 ppm Zn from IBZ. The genotypes evaluated were selected by the commercial facility. Body weight (BW) and feed disappearance of each pen were recorded every third week to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). In a subset of pigs, carcass cut-out measurements were obtained from the processor (80 pigs/treatment). Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS according to a randomized design with factorial treatment arrangement. Zinc source influenced growth, with pigs fed IBZ having increased market BW (+0.7 kg, P &lt; 0.05) and ADG (+15 g/d, P &lt; 0.05), and a tendency for increased carcass weight (+0.6 kg, P = 0.08), compared with pigs fed ZnO. There were no interactions between genotype and zinc source for any growth or carcass variables. Genotype B pigs had increased market BW (+2.0 kg P &lt; 0.05), ADG (+26 g/d, P &lt; 0.05) and ADFI (+60 g/d, P &lt; 0.05) than genotype A pigs. Furthermore, genotype B pigs had increased carcass weight (+0.9 kg, P &lt; 0.05), carcass length (+0.2 inches, P &lt; 0.05), belly weight (+220 g, P &lt; 0.05) and decreased ham weight (-140 g, P &lt; 0.05), muscle and fat depth (P &lt; 0.05), compared with genotype A. Carcass quality metrics were also affected by genotype, where B pigs had decreased Minolta L (P &lt; 0.05), firmer texture (P &lt; 0.05), greater pH (P &lt; 0.05) and less drip loss (-1%, P &lt; 0.05) than genotype A. In conclusion, providing fattening pigs a hydroxychloride zinc source improved growth rate leading to heavier market BW and carcass weights compared with pigs fed ZnO irrespective of genotype. Genotype also significantly impacted growth rate, carcass characteristics and quality metrics.
287 The Effect of Greater Inclusion Levels of Ddgs with or without a Syncra SWI in Swine Grower-Finisher Diets on Performance and Economics
Authors: Bradley Casey L , Raath Jaco J , Pennicott Chantel , Rowland Mitchell , Van Deventer Myles , Steyn Willem J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To evaluate the effect of greater inclusion levels of DDGS with or without a Syncra SWI (SWI; bacillus plus protease; IFF, USA) in swine grower-finisher diets, a trial was conducted consisting of 528 pigs across 6 treatments with 8 replicates consisting of 11 pigs each where weights were balanced at the start of the trial. Inclusion levels of DDGS were 0%, 15%, and 30% all containing phytase and carbohydrase enzymes. Each inclusion level was split to include or not include SWI. At the end of the trial, slaughter weights were measured. While no significant differences were detected, the heaviest slaughter weights were observed in the 0% DDGS diet, 30% DDGS diet with SWI and the 0% DDGS diet with SWI (115.28, 115.16, and 115.15 kg, respectively). For total body weight gain, there were no significant differences between both 0% DDGS diets, the 15% DDGS diet without SWI, and both 30% diets. However, the 15% diet with SWI was significantly lighter than both 0% DDGS diets and the 30% DDGS with SWI diet (P = 0.01, 0.04, 0.008 respectively). Similarly, no significant differences were found between both of the 0% DDGS diets, the 15% DDGS diet without SWI, or both 30% DDGS diets on average daily gain. A significant difference was detected between the 15% DDGS with SWI and both 0% DDGS diets and the 30% DDGS diet with SWI (P = 0.002, 0.0003, and 0.001, respectively) on average daily gain. The lightest cold carcass weight was observed in pigs fed the 15% DDGS diet with SWI, which was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) different from all other diets, while the heaviest cold carcass weight was observed in pigs fed the 0% DDGS diet with SWI (87.22 kg) followed by the 30% DDGS diet with SWI (86.53 kg) but were not significantly different. While there were no significant differences detected in the economics of the trial, the feed with the greatest cost was the 0% DDGS diet with SWI ($299.98) while the least cost was demonstrated in the 30% DDGS with SWI diet ($288.80). The diet that generated the highest revenue was the 0% DDGS diet with SWI ($124.89) followed by the 30% DDGS diet with SWI ($123.94) while the least revenue was seen in the 15% DDGS diet with SWI ($119.65). Margin over feed cost was greatest in the 15% DDGS diet ($66.87) and the 30% DDGS diet with SWI ($66.16) and the least MOFC was seen in the 0% DDGS diet. While no significant differences were detected in performance between the 0% DDGS diets and the 30% DDGS diets, these data shows there is a potential benefit to feeding greater inclusion DDGS diet if an SWI is added.
292 Effect of Providing Supplemental Milk and Liquid Starter Diet for 4 and 11 Days, Respectively, Post-Weaning on Feed Intake, Growth and Intestinal Structure and Function of Newly Weaned Piglets
Authors: Vasa Shiv R , Arnaud Elisa A , Gardiner Gillian E , O'Driscoll Keelin , Bee Giuseppe , Lawlor Peadar G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Reduced piglet feed intake, immediately post-weaning (PW), leads to disruption of the intestinal barrier, often resulting in health issues such as diarrhea. The objective was to evaluate the effect of providing supplemental milk and liquid starter diet for 4 and 11 days PW, respectively, on feed intake, growth, and intestinal structure and function of newly weaned piglets. Weaned piglets [n = 587 (Large White x Landrace) x Duroc; 28 days old] ) were divided into 59 pen groups each containing 9 to 10 same sex (entire male or female) piglets. The pen groups were blocked by sex and weaning weight and provided with ad libitum access to one of 5 dietary treatments: 1) Dry pelleted starter diet (control; CON); 2) CON + liquid milk replacer for 4 days (M4); 3) CON + liquid milk replacer for 11 days (M11); 4) CON + liquid starter diet for 4 days (S4) and 5) CON + liquid starter diet for 11 days (S11). Pen groups were weighed at weaning, days 11, 20 and 28 PW and feed disappearance (dry matter basis) was recorded on each weighing day. On day 7 PW, 10 piglets per treatment were euthanized to collect jejunal and ileal tissue samples. Villus height (VH), crypt depth and brush-border membrane (BBM) enzyme activity were determined from the tissue samples. Data were analysed with PROC MIXED (SAS-version 9.4, SAS Institute Inc.) with treatment as a fixed effect, block as a random effect, weaning weight as a co-variate and days PW as the repeated measure. Pen group was the experimental unit. From day 0 to 11 PW, M11 increased average daily gain (ADG) by 57% and average daily feed intake (ADFI) by 48% compared with CON (P &lt; 0.05). M11 increased ADG by 54% and ADFI by 38% compared with S4 (P &lt; 0.05) from day 0 to 11 PW. However, ADG and ADFI did not differ among treatment groups from day 11 to 28 PW. The treatments did not affect feed conversion ratio (P &gt; 0.05) from day 0 to 28 PW. At day 7 PW, M11 piglets had 37% higher jejunal VH than CON piglets (P &lt; 0.05) and S11 piglets had 28% higher ileal VH than S4 piglets (P &lt; 0.05). The treatments did not affect crypt depth (P &gt; 0.05). M11 piglets had up to 1.5-fold greater ileal sucrase activity compared with M4, S4 and S11 piglets (P &lt; 0.05) and 1.8-fold greater ileal maltase activity compared with S4 piglets (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, M11 and S11 reduced the negative effects of weaning, as they were associated with increased feed intake and growth in early PW. Offering feed in liquid form for longer than 4 days PW improved intestinal structure and increased BBM enzyme activity in newly weaned piglets.
294 Evaluation of Variation in Nursery Pig Growth Performance Utilizing Different Allotment Strategies
Authors: Jenkins Abigail K , Bromm Jenna J , Gebhardt Jordan T , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A total of 720 pigs (200×400, DNA) were used in two 42-day nursery trials (initial BW = 6.20 ± 0.12 kg and 5.63 ± 0.16 kg, respectively) to evaluate multiple strategies for allotting pigs to pens in research. At placement, the population was split into 3 cohorts with similar average BW and standard deviation. Each cohort was randomly assigned 1 of 3 allotment strategies. Strategy 1 (random) utilized a simple randomization strategy with each pig randomized to pen independent of all other pigs. Strategy 2 [bodyweight (BW) distribution] sorted each pig within the cohort into 1 of 5 BW groups. One pig from each weight group was then randomly assigned to pen, such that distribution of BW within pen was uniform across pens. Strategy 3 (BW grouping) sorted pigs within the cohort into 3 BW categories: light, medium, and heavy. Within each BW category, pigs were randomized to pen to create pens of pigs from each BW category. Within each experiment, there were 72 pens with 5 pigs per pen and 24 pens per allotment strategy. For all strategies, once pigs were allotted to pens, pens were allotted to 1 of 2 treatments for a concurrent trial. In Exp. 1, environmental enrichment using ropes tied near the pan of the feeder was compared with a control with no enrichment. In Exp. 2, treatment diets consisted of basal levels of Zn and Cu from the trace mineral premix for the duration of the study (110 and 17 mg/kg, respectively; NC), or diets (PC) with carbadox (50 g/ton; Mecadox, Phibro Animal Health, Teaneck, NJ) fed in phase 1 and 2, pharmacological levels of Zn and Cu (2,414 mg/kg Zn from ZnO; 168 mg/kg Cu from CuSO4) in phase 1 and only Cu (168 mg/kg Cu from CuSO4) in phase 2. There were no meaningful allotment × treatment interactions (P &gt; 0.10) for either study (Table). In Exp. 1, there were no effects of environmental enrichment on growth performance (P &gt; 0.10). In Exp. 2, pigs fed the PC diet had greater (P &lt; 0.001) ADG, ADFI, G:F, and final BW compared with pigs fed the NC diet. The coefficient of variation (CV) within pen between all pens on that allotment strategy and for the entire population of that allotment strategy were calculated for both trials. For between-pen CV, pigs allotted using BW distribution and BW grouping strategies had the least CV at allotment and final weigh day in both trials. Results were used to estimate the replication required with each allotment strategy to obtain significant differences with different percentage responses. Fewer replications are required to discern significant differences in ADG when allotting pigs utilizing BW grouping. However, there is no meaningful difference between allotment strategies in replications required to detect significant differences for G:F.
304 Investigating the Impact of Fiber Type and Multicarbohydrase Supplementation on Nutrient Digestibility and Energy Balance of Gestating Sows
Authors: Crome Thomas A , Giesemann Mark A , Petry Amy L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Supplementing fiber-degrading enzymes in grow-finish pig diets has been shown to improve energy and nutrient digestibility. However, there is a paucity of research on their effectiveness in gestation diets. The experimental objective was to evaluate the efficacy of multicarbohydrase supplementation in the presence of soluble (20% sugar beet pulp) and insoluble (20% corn DDGS) dietary fiber sources on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and energy balance of sows at mid- and late-gestation. A total of 36 confirmed gestating sows (186 ± 4.6 kg BW) were blocked by parity randomly assigned to 1 of 4 diets (n = 8) in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments on day 28 of gestation. Factors included fiber type of insoluble (IF; 16.91 IDF%) or soluble fiber (SF; 5.26 SDF%) and with (+) or without (-) enzyme supplementation (0.05%, Rovabio Advance P10; Adisseo, Antony, France). Diets were fed from day 28 to 109 of gestation at a feeding level of 2.1 kg (SID-Lys 11 g/d and 4.5 NE-Mcal/d). Diets contained 0.5% of TiO2. Two separate 9-d metabolism periods were conducted on days 50 to 59 (mid-) and 99 to 108 (late-) of gestation. During each period, days 1-3 served as an environmental adaptation period, days 4-7 total urine and feces were collected (96-h) and followed by a 48-h lactulose-mannitol study. Data were analyzed as repeated records using a linear mixed model with block as a random effect, and fiber type, enzyme, and period and their interactions as fixed effects. Multicarbohydrase supplementation increased the ATTD of GE, DM, and NDF by 2.8%, 3.4%, and 8.3%, respectively (Enzyme P &lt; 0.05). There was a tendency for a Period × Fiber × Enzyme interaction for the ATTD of ADF, whereas multicarbohydrase supplementation with SF increased ADF digestibility in mid-gestation by 6.5%, but not in late gestation (P = 0.051). Compared with IF-, the ATTD of hemicellulose was 5.3% greater in sows fed IF+ but did not differ from SF- and SF+ (Fiber×Enzyme P=0.037). Furthermore, in late gestation sows fed IF had 11% greater ATTD of hemicellulose (Period×Fiber P = 0.035). Energy intake did not differ as dictated by design (P = 0.64). Sows fed multicarbohydrases excreted less energy in their urine (519 vs. 469 GE kcal/d; Enzyme P = 0.033) and in their feces (985 vs. 900 GE kcal/d; Enzyme P = 0.003). This resulted in an improvement in both DE (3,723 vs. 3,856 kcal/kg; Enzyme P &lt; 0.01) and ME (3,484 vs. 3,583 kcal/kg; Enzyme P = 0.041), irrespective of fiber type. In late-gestation, sows fed SF tended to have decreased GE excretion compared with IF (Period×Fiber P = 0.091). Sows had a 3.5% greater ME in late-gestation (3,451 vs. 3,572 kcal/kg; Period P &lt; 0.01). In conclusion, multicarbohydrase supplementation increased the energetic contribution of IF and SF in sow diets, and sows have increased fiber and energy digestibility in late gestation.
298 Comparison of Amino Acid Digestibility in Pulses Between Broiler Chickens and Pigs
Authors: Adekoya Abidemi A , Adeola Olayiwola 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The difference in capacity and structure of the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens and pigs could influence the digestibility of amino acids (AA) in feed ingredients. Therefore, two experiments were carried out to compare the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in faba beans (FB) and three field peas (FP) cultivars between broiler chickens (Exp.1) and pigs (Exp.2). Four diets were prepared to contain FB, FP DS-Admiral (FPD), FP Hampton (FPH), or FP 4010 (FP4) as the sole source of nitrogen. A nitrogen-free diet (NFD) was also prepared to estimate the basal endogenous losses of AA. On day 21 post-hatch, 416 male broiler chickens with an initial body weight (BW) of 951 ± 111 g were allotted to 5 diets in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor in Exp.1. There were 8 replicate cages with 10 birds per cage for diets containing the test ingredients and 12 birds per cage for the NFD. All birds were fed the diets for 5 days. On day 26 post-hatch, birds were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation and digesta contents from the distal two-thirds of the ileum were collected. Barrows (n = 20) with an initial BW of 30.2 ± 1.58 kg, surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum, were used in Exp.2. The pigs were divided into 4 blocks based on BW and assigned to a 5 × 2 incomplete Latin Square design consisting of 5 dietary treatments and 2 experimental periods. The daily feeding allowance was calculated at 4% of the mean BW of the pigs in each block. The adaptation period was 5 days, followed by a 2-day collection of ileal digesta samples. Data from Exp.1 and 2 were pooled and analyzed as a 2 × 4 factorial treatment arrangement with the effect of species and test ingredients. There were no interactions (P &gt; 0.05) between diet and species. For broiler chickens, the SID of Lys in FB, FPD, FPH, and FP4 were 91.3, 91.0, 92.5, and 85.1%, respectively, whereas for pigs the SID of Lys were 82.4, 85.7, 87.0, and 78.9%, respectively. The respective SID of Met in FB, FPD, FPH, and FP4 were 84.1, 87.3, 89.8, and 72.1% for broiler chickens. Furthermore, the SID of Met in FB, FPD, FPH, and FP4 for pigs were 71.5, 80.4, 81.8, and 68.1%, respectively. Field peas 4010 had significantly less (P &lt; 0.05) SID of indispensable AA compared with the other ingredients, except for the SID of Trp. In conclusion, the SID of AA were significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) in broiler chickens compared with pigs, except for the greater (P &lt; 0.05) SID of Pro in pigs and similar SID of Arg between both species.
87 Improving Pig Livability Before, During, and After Parturition
Authors: Zhao Junmei , Faris Richard , Hu Qiong , Vanderhaeghe Caroline , Goris Kaat , Aumiller Tobias 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Nearly a quarter of piglets are lost from farrowing to weaning, with stillbirths representing about 7.5% and preweaning mortality contributing another 15.7% in North America (Pigchamp, Metafarm). This averages to a loss of 7.37 pigs per sow per year resulting in significant economic loss and animal welfare concerns. Main contributors of low piglet survivability include poor sow body condition at farrowing, long farrowing duration, piglet asphyxiation, insufficient colostrum consumption, and health challenges. Piglet livability can be improved through nutrition and management solutions before, during, and after parturition. In this context three main strategies have been shown to be effective: 1) managing sow body composition, 2) improving fetal oxygen and nutrient supply via the nitric oxide pathway, and 3) improving piglet health through functional ingredients in the diet of the sow. Highly prolific sows (&gt; 16 born alive) lose both backfat and muscle during the later stages of gestation. Additionally, loin depth loss is more detrimental for piglet survival compared with backfat loss. Sows with the highest stillborn (&gt; 2 per litter) lose the most loin muscle depth regardless of genetics. A solution to reduce this effect and improve piglet survivability is a two-phase gestation feeding with more amino acids in late gestation. Average farrowing duration of a highly prolific sow is 300 minutes and increasing with larger litters. To make things worse, most sows are going through farrowing without food and/or drink. Nutrients and energy supply to sow are critical for shorting farrowing duration and piglet survivability. Compared with pigs that died before weaning, surviving pigs at weaning have greater blood oxygen and less carbon dioxide and lactate at birth. Nitric oxide boosting technologies have been used widely to enhance athletic performance and increase endurance. This vasodilative effect of nitric oxide can be used similarly in sows to increased placental blood flow and thus oxygen and nutrient supply to fetuses. This reduces the risk of asphyxiation and therefore can increase piglet vitality at birth and decreases stillbirth and pre-weaning mortality. Post-parturition health challenge poses a large risk to piglet survivability. Functional feed ingredients, such as botanicals, are a potential solution to improve piglet health and resilience to challenging conditions. Some botanicals can pass through placenta and milk to supply piglets. Milk from sows fed specific botanicals has been shown to improve inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Some specific botanicals can improve sow and piglet antioxidant status, and piglet gut health. In conclusion, managing sow body condition, nitric oxide pathway stimulation, and functional sow diets are effective ways to improve piglet survivability in challenging environments.