bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutshells as granular activated carbons: physical, chemical and adsorptive properties
Authors: Wartelle L H , Marshall W E 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNutshells from seven different sources (pistachio, hazelnut, almond, black walnut, English walnut, macadamia nut, pecan) were converted to granular activated carbons (GACs) by carbon dioxide activation. A portion of the GACs were oxidized with compressed air and the physical (yield, surface area, attrition), chemical (pH, surface charge) and adsorptive (organics uptake, metal ion uptake) properties of both oxidized and non‐oxidized carbons were determined. Differences in uptake of organics, especially of polar compounds, were found between GACs made from almond shells, the group consisting of black walnut shells, English walnut shells and pecan shells, and macadamia nutshells. Oxidation had its greatest effects on pH, surface charge and uptake of metal ions. The changes due to oxidation were found to be independent of carbon source material. GACs with specific properties can be produced with judicious selection of carbon precursor and oxidative treatment.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Pullulanase immobilization on natural and synthetic polymers
Authors: Dessouki A M , Issa G I , Atia K S 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis work describes the immobilization of pullulanase onto two different polymers; agarose activated with epichlorohydrin and trichlorotriazine and casein activated with epichlorohydrin, in addition to a synthetic copolymer, butylacrylate–acrylic acid (BuA/AAc). Immobilization by covalent binding yields stable enzyme activity. The operational stability of the free and immobilized enzymes showed that the enzyme immobilized by a crosslinking technique using glutaric dialdehyde (GA) showed poor durability and the relative activity decreased sharply due to leakage after repeated washing, while the enzymes immobilized by covalent bonds resulted in a slight decrease in most cases in the relative activity (around 20%) after being used 10 times. Storage for 4–6 months showed that the free enzyme lost most of its activity, while the immobilized enzyme showed the opposite behavior. Subjecting the immobilized enzymes to doses of γ‐radiation (0.5–10 Mrad) resulted in complete loss in the activity of the free enzyme at a dose of 5 Mrad, while the immobilized enzymes showed relatively high resistance to γ‐radiation up to a dose of 5 Mrad. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) and FTIR measurements were carried out to confirm the structure of the polymer as well as the immobilization process of the enzyme onto the polymeric carrier. The unique biochemical characteristics, mode of action and utility of the environmentally compatible pullulanase in starch conversion are well known. Using pullulanase with β‐amylase in starch saccharification processes can increase maltose yield by 20–25%.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of beckwith‐wiedemann syndrome in association with a single umbilical artery
Authors: Hamada Hiromi , Fujiki Yutaka , Obata‐Yasuoka Mana , Watanabe Hideki , Yamada Naoki , Kubo Takeshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBeckwith‐Wiedemann syndrome is an inherited disorder most commonly characterized by prenatal or postnatal overgrowth, macroglossia, omphalocele, unusual earlobe creases, and increased risk of neoplasia. Several reported cases of this syndrome have been prenatally diagnosed, but no report has described the occurrence of this syndrome in association with a single umbilical artery. We report a case in which prenatal sonographic examination demonstrated fetal overgrowth, macroglossia, and omphalocele together with a single umbilical artery; our prenatal diagnosis of Beckwith‐Wiedemann syndrome was confirmed after birth of the infant. The possibility of this syndrome should be considered when performing a detailed sonographic examination of a fetus with a single umbilical artery. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:535–538, 2001.
Diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis by ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Bruno Costanza , Minniti Salvatore , Procacci Carlo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMalignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis is a very rare tumor that is not usually diagnosed until surgery is undertaken. In only a few cases has the correct diagnosis been obtained preoperatively by cytologic examination of fluid from the hydrocele. We describe a case of mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis that was suspected on sonography because of the presence of a hydrocele and focal nodularities. The diagnosis was confirmed preoperatively by ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology aimed at 1 of the focal nodularities. Our patient was an 85‐year‐old man with concomitant cancer of the sigmoid colon; because of his age and the spread of his colon cancer, we did not remove the scrotal lesion. We recommend consideration of ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology of the solid masses instead of the fluid from the hydrocele in cases of suspected malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:181–183, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jcu.10045
Role of color Doppler imaging in diagnosing and managing pregnancies complicated by placental chorioangioma
Authors: Zalel Yaron , Gamzu Ronni , Weiss Yael , Schiff Eyal , Shalmon Bruria , Dolizky Mordechai , Achiron Reuven 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of color Doppler imaging in the diagnosis and management of placental chorioangioma.MethodsThe medical records, sonographic reports, and sonograms of all pregnant women who had placental masses diagnosed in our sonography unit during the years 1992 through 2000 and had been evaluated using both gray‐scale and color Doppler sonography were included in this study. Subjective evaluation of the amount and distribution of intralesional vascularity by color Doppler imaging was made in all cases. Cases of chorioangioma of the placenta were compared with cases of placental hemorrhage or subchorionic hematoma. The outcomes of the pregnancies were also recorded.ResultsFifteen cases of placental masses were evaluated; 8 of them were identified as placental hemorrhage or subchorionic hematoma on the basis of the sonographic findings. The other 7 cases were identified prenatally as placental chorioangioma, at a mean menstrual age of 23 weeks and a mean maternal age of 29 years. The mean size of the tumor was 6.5 cm (range, 4–13 cm). All cases of chorioangioma showed either substantial internal vascularity or a large feeding vessel within the tumor. Three infants were delivered at term with favorable outcome; 2 of them demonstrated reduction of the intratumoral blood flow during follow‐up. The other 4 cases were delivered at or before 32 weeks' menstrual age (1 intrauterine fetal death, 2 terminated pregnancies, and 1 normal infant). No case of placental hematoma demonstrated blood flow within the lesion or was associated with complications of the pregnancy.ConclusionsColor Doppler imaging helps differentiate placental chorioangioma from other placental lesions and may be useful in the prenatal follow‐up of chorioangioma. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:264–269, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10072
Innervation of cerebral blood vessels: Morphology, plasticity, age‐related, and Alzheimer's disease‐related neurodegeneration
Authors: Bleys R.L.A.W. , Cowen T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe light microscopical and ultrastructural morphology of the innervation of the major cerebral arteries and pial vessels is described, including the origins of the different groups of nerve fibres and their characteristic neurotransmitter phenotype. Species and region specific variations are described and novel data regarding the parasympathetic innervation of cerebral vessels are presented. The dynamic nature, or plasticity, of cerebrovascular innervation is emphasized in describing changes affecting particular subpopulations of neurons during normal ageing and in Alzheimer's disease. The molecular controls on plasticity are discussed with particular reference to target‐associated factors such as the neurotrophins and their neuronal receptors, as well as extracellular matrix related factors such as laminin. Hypotheses are presented regarding the principal extrinsic and intrinsic influences on plasticity of the cerebrovascular innervation. Microsc. Res. Tech. 53:106–118, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Origin of microglia
Authors: Kaur Charanjit , Hao Ai‐Jun , Wu Ching‐Hsiang , Ling Eng‐Ang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper reviews the various proposed hypotheses on the origin of microglia. The seminal study of del Rio‐Hortega first stated that the cells were derived from the mesodermal pial cells that invaded the brain during embryonic development. Along with this was the description of precursor cells in the yolk sac in early development. Our results in the embryonic mouse brain have shown the occurrence of lectin‐labelled precursor cells at the yolk sac that later appeared in the mesenchymal tissue associated with the neuroepithelium where they penetrated the nervous tissue to become the microglia. A second major view has held that microglia are of neuroectodermal origin; the cells either originate from glioblasts or the germinal matrix. Another school of thought is that microglia are derived from blood monocytes. In this connection, circulating monocytes enter the developing brain to assume the form as amoeboid microglia that subsequently evolve to become the ramified microglia. In traumatic brain lesions following an intravenous injection of colloidal carbon as a cytoplasmic marker for monocytes, it was found that carbon‐labelled monocytes were the main source of brain macrophages, some of which transformed into microglia during the healing process. In conclusion, our results derived from the normal and altered brain development as well as from experimental lesions tend to favour the view of the monocytic nature of microglia. Recent studies by us also point to the possibility that some microglial cells may arise from the pial mesenchymal macrophages that appear to originate from the yolk sac precursors. Microsc. Res. Tech. 54:2–9, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zebra finch sexual differentiation: The aromatization hypothesis revisited
Authors: Wade Juli 
Published: August 2002

AbstractZebra finches have emerged as an outstanding model system for the investigation of the mechanisms regulating brain and behavior. Their song system has proven especially useful, as the function of discrete anatomical regions have been identified, and striking parallels exist between the morphology of these regions and the level of their function in males and females. That is, the structures are substantially more developed in males, who sing, compared to females, who do not. These parallels extend from higher (telencephalic) centers to the brainstem motor nucleus that innervates the muscles of the vocal organ. Other dimorphic aspects of reproduction in the zebra finch, such as copulatory behaviors and sexual partner preference, however, are not associated with known sex differences in anatomy. In many species, sex differences in neural and peripheral structures and behavior are regulated by secretions from the gonads, which of course are sexually dimorphic themselves. In birds, sex differences at all of these levels (gonad, brain, and behavior) can be mediated by steroid hormones. However, it is not entirely clear that gonadal secretions normally participate at all of the levels. This paper reviews the evidence relating to the role of gonadal steroids in the sexual differentiation of reproductive behaviors and the central and peripheral structures known to regulate them in zebra finches, with a focus on estradiol, which has been most extensively studied in the masculinization of song system morphology and function. Microsc. Res. Tech. 54:354–363, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression mosaic of odorant‐binding proteins in Drosophila olfactory organs
Authors: Shanbhag S.R. , Hekmat‐Scafe D. , Kim M.‐S. , Park S.‐K. , Carlson J.R. , Pikielny C. , Smith D.P. , Steinbrecht R.A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDeciphering the genome of the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, has revealed 39 genes coding for putative odorant‐binding proteins (OBPs), more than are known at present for any other insect species. Using specific antibodies, the expression mosaic of five such OBPs (OS‐E, OS‐F, LUSH, PBPRP2, PBPRP5) on the antenna and maxillary palp has been mapped in the electron microscope. It was found that (1) OBP expression does correlate with morphological sensillum types and subtypes, (2) several OBPs may be co‐localized in the same sensillum, and (3) OBP localization is not restricted to olfactory sensilla. The expression of PBPRP2 in antennal epidermis sheds some light on the possible evolution of OBPs. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:297–306, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Money mosaics: financial choice and strategy in a West Delhi squatter settlement
Authors: Ruthven Orlanda 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the financial services and devices used by dwellers of Kalibasti, a squatter settlement in West Delhi. It discusses to what extent people are able to put together effective money management strategies through available devices and to what extent we might perceive ‘service’ or ‘product gaps’ which point to where new or existing providers could step in. It highlights the embeddedness of financial devices used by residents in wider kinds of relationships with relatives, co‐residents, employers, ‘patrons’ and others. The paper concludes that access to adequate services does not necessarily correspond with access to formal or semi‐formal services as is often presented by microfinance advocates. Rather it reflects people's awareness, job and income security, and capacity to leverage personal networks, all of which contribute to the capability of squatter residents to make financial relations and services work for them. The paper ends by making some tentative suggestions as to how our findings might be of interest to prospective microfinance providers in squatter settlements such as Kalibasti. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aquatic prey capture in ray‐finned fishes: A century of progress and new directions
Authors: Ferry‐Graham Lara A. , Lauder George V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe head of ray‐finned fishes is structurally complex and is composed of numerous bony, muscular, and ligamentous elements capable of intricate movement. Nearly two centuries of research have been devoted to understanding the function of this cranial musculoskeletal system during prey capture in the dense and viscous aquatic medium. Most fishes generate some amount of inertial suction to capture prey in water. In this overview we trace the history of functional morphological analyses of suction feeding in ray‐finned fishes, with a particular focus on the mechanisms by which suction is generated, and present new data using a novel flow imaging technique that enables quantification of the water flow field into the mouth. We begin with a brief overview of studies of cranial anatomy and then summarize progress on understanding function as new information was brought to light by the application of various forms of technology, including high‐speed cinematography and video, pressure, impedance, and bone strain measurement. We also provide data from a new technique, digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) that allows us to quantify patterns of flow into the mouth. We believe that there are three general areas in which future progress needs to occur. First, quantitative three‐dimensional studies of buccal and opercular cavity dimensions during prey capture are needed; sonomicrometry and endoscopy are techniques likely to yield these data. Second, a thorough quantitative analysis of the flow field into the mouth during prey capture is necessary to understand the effect of head movement on water in the vicinity of the prey; three‐dimensional DPIV analyses will help to provide these data. Third, a more precise understanding of the fitness effects of structural and functional variables in the head coupled with rigorous statistical analyses will allow us to better understand the evolutionary consequences of intra‐ and interspecific variation in cranial morphology and function. J. Morphol. 248:99–119, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Blood perfusion of vertebral lesions evaluated with gadolinium‐enhanced dynamic MRI: In comparison with compression fracture and metastasis
Authors: Chen Wei‐Tsung , Shih Tiffany Ting‐Fang , Chen Ran‐Chou , Lo Hsin‐Yen , Chou Chen‐Te , Lee Jiunn‐Ming , Tu Hsing‐Yang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeTo investigate blood perfusion of vertebral lesions using dynamic Gd‐DTPA‐enhanced MRI.Materials and MethodsDynamic MR studies were performed for cases of acute compression fracture, chronic compression fracture, metastatic vertebral lesions with or without compression fracture. A total of 42 patients (71 vertebral segments) were included. Five types of time‐intensity curves (TICs) were defined as: nearly no enhancement (type A), slow enhancement (type B), a rapid contrast wash‐in followed by an equilibrium phase (type C), a rapid contrast wash‐in followed by early wash‐out (type D), and a rapid contrast wash‐in with a second slower‐rising slope (type E).ResultsMetastatic vertebral lesions with or without fracture had a higher peak enhancement percentage and steeper enhancement slope than those of chronic compression fracture, but had no difference as compared to those of acute compression fracture. The type D curve had high positive predictive value for metastatic group (100%), and the type E curve had high positive predictive value for benign compression fracture (85.7%).ConclusionType D and E curves are valuable in the differentiation of benign and malignant vertebral lesions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:308–314. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of b value on contrast during diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging assessment of acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Pereira Raoul S. , Harris Ashley D. , Sevick Robert J. , Frayne Richard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeTo examine the effect of varying the diffusion encoding strength (b value) on the contrast (signal difference, ΔS) between damaged and normal tissue during diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) assessment of acute ischemic stroke.Materials and MethodsPhantoms with diffusion values approximating those expected in acutely infarcted and normal tissue were constructed from a mixture of agar and formaldehyde and imaged at varying b values (0–3000 mm−2 second). Ten patients were imaged with multiple b values (500–2500 mm−2 second) within 12 hours of stroke onset.ResultsTheoretical calculations showed that for any combination of diffusion coefficients there existed an optimal b value that was higher than the standard setting of 1000 mm−2 second, and this was confirmed by the phantom studies. In the patients, increasing b from 1000 to 1500 mm−2 second increased ΔS (average, 22.4%; P = 0.001), but no consistent benefit was seen at b = 2000 mm−2 second (P = 0.408). This compared favorably with the average optimal b value of 1662 mm− 2 second calculated from the patients.ConclusionThese results suggest that increasing the b value from 1000 to 1500 mm−2 second would increase contrast between infarcted and normal tissue in the setting of acute ischemic stroke. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:591–596. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fast 13C‐glucose metabolite mapping in rat brain using 1H echo planar spectroscopic imaging technique at 2T
Authors: Morikawa Shigehiro , Inubushi Toshiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFor fast 13C metabolite mapping in rat brains, 1H‐detected 13C NMR spectroscopy using gradient‐enhanced heteronuclear multiple‐quantum coherence and 1H echo planar spectroscopic imaging were combined. 13C glucose and 3‐/4‐13C‐Glu/Gln images of rat brain were successfully constructed with 35‐minute temporal resolution under a 2T magnetic field. In the ischemic region of the suture middle cerebral artery occlusion model, glucose and Glu/Gln signals decreased and lactate signals appeared. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:787–791. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Volume‐localized two‐dimensional correlated magnetic resonance spectroscopy of human breast cancer
Authors: Thomas M. Albert , Binesh Nader , Yue Kenneth , DeBruhl Nanette 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA localized 2D correlation spectroscopic sequence (L‐COSY) was implemented and applied in human breast cancer in vivo to evaluate the water to fat (both saturated and unsaturated) ratios and also to identify choline. Being in agreement with the conventional 1D magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) results, elevated water to lipids ratios were found in breast cancers and choline was observed only in a few cancer patients. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:181–186. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel approach of combining thin‐layer chromatography with surface‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (SALDI) time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Wu Jia‐Yi , Chen Yu‐Chie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA novel means of combining thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) with laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry using a liquid matrix is proposed. Surface‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (SALDI) mass spectrometry, which uses a mixture of a micrometer‐sized carbon powder (graphite or activated carbon, the SALDI solid) and 15% sucrose/glycerol, dissolved in an equal volume of methanol (SALDI liquid) as a SALDI matrix, is used for laser desorption mass analysis. The ablation of carbon powder from a pencil drawing was used as an alternative to the SALDI solid. The liquid matrix resembled that used in a conventional SALDI matrix system. A line was drawn before separation with a pencil on the track of the sample developed on the TLC plate. After TLC separation, ∼0.1 µl of SALDI liquid was directly applied to the chromatographic spots on the TLC plate. Porphyrins were used to demonstrate this combination owing to the visible colors of this type of compound. The analyte signal can be easily detected by irradiating the laser along the pencil line on the TLC plate. An additive, p‐toluenesulfonic acid, is added to the SALDI liquid to enhance the signal's intensity. This additive dramatically improves the signal‐to‐noise ratio. A detection limit of ∼500 pg is demonstrated for porphines, which is 50 times better than that corresponding to conventional TLC SALDI. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.