bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Angioedema
Authors: Bursian Alberto , Zasimovich Yury 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Angioedema is tissue swelling and edema usually within the skin but that can also affect mucosal surfaces, bowel, and the larynx. There are different types including allergic, idiopathic, hereditary, and drug induced. Allergic angioedema is histamine induced from various triggers (drugs, foods, environmental allergens, etc.). Idiopathic angioedema is recurrent without any explanation. Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is due to C1 inhibitor deficiency. Drug-induced angioedema is often secondary to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and resolves when the ACE inhibitor is discontinued. Hereditary and ACE inhibitor–induced angioedema is usually bradykinin mediated. Signs and symptoms of angioedema are rapid nonpitting edema of tissue, hemodynamic instability, urticaria, erythema, and pruritis. It is important to distinguish between different types since progression of the symptoms as well as response to therapy will differ. Early recognition and appropriate treatment can be lifesaving.
Motivational Interviewing in Medical Training
Authors: Minney Sarah , Childers Julie 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the importance of first listening to patients rather than immediately attempting to diagnose their illness. The history and development of Miller and Rollnick’s Motivational Interviewing (MI) is reviewed, emphasizing how it builds on other models of therapeutic approaches in order to establish a strong therapeutic alliance between patient and practitioner. Definitions of MI as a person-centered approach are described. Practitioners are shown that patients cannot be made to change, and that patient autonomy is a critical element of treatment. The authors discuss how this approach appropriately places responsibility on the respective roles of patient and practitioner, thereby improving patient outcomes and reducing practitioner burnout. Two personal reflections by one of the authors presents how she experienced and learned the significance of these matters.
Motivational Interviewing in Challenging Encounters
Authors: Ali Areej , Smith Erin 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Challenging patient encounters occur across all healthcare settings. From outpatient clinics to inpatient wards, and from operating suites to emergency departments, we cannot imagine a setting in which the potential for unnerving patient encounters do not exist. In this chapter, we present a Motivational Interviewing (MI)–informed therapeutic approach that will help you recognize and manage challenging patient encounters. We discuss the practitioner factors, patient factors, and system factors that contribute to challenging encounters. Examples are presented on how to use MI skills to help resolve problematic interactions with “angry, overwhelmed, withdrawn patients,” as well as strategies to limit discord during attempts to establish a therapeutic relationship. Important for current issues in healthcare, a scenario is presented on how to approach patients who indicate they are ambivalent to receive vaccines.
Motivational Interviewing for Substance Use
Authors: Douaihy Antoine , Glance Jody , Hirsh Estelle 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are heterogeneous conditions characterized by recurrent compulsive use of a psychoactive substance associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This chapter reviews the outcomes when Motivational Interviewing (MI) is used to treat SUD and when MI is combined with other treatment modalities. The authors indicate that ambivalence plays an important role in the effectiveness of MI with SUD, and they discuss how varying levels of ambivalence affects readiness for change. A clinical vignette is presented that focuses on using MI to help a patient who is considering terminating treatment. His primary concern is mistrusting others. However, by establishing a therapeutic alliance with his MI practitioner, he resolves his conflict by choosing to continue treatment. A personal reflection is offered on how one of the authors discovered what the true nature of MI is about and how it focuses on enhancing patient motivation for change instead of blaming, persuading, stigmatizing, and labeling.
Motivational Interviewing in Family Settings
Authors: Kelly Thomas M. , Keil Meghan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Motivational Interviewing (MI) is an underutilized method for helping family members resolve ambivalence related to their roles in the family. This chapter presents use of MI in family therapy. Two forms of family therapy are described. First, Brief Family Interventions (BFI) are used where time is limited or crisis oriented (e.g., interviewing parents and their children who are being treated in an emergency department following a drug overdose). Second, Motivational Interviewing Family Therapy (MIFT) is suited for addressing long-term problems over multiple sessions (e.g., family-related miscommunication and problematic relationships). Several vignettes demonstrate how MI-based techniques used during family therapy can improve outcomes for patients and their family members. A personal reflection is presented on a trainee’s use of MI with a seriously ill inpatient and his mother.
Integration of Motivational Interviewing in Medical Training
Authors: Marengo Laura , Shenai Neeta 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Motivational interviewing (MI) is a patient-centered, collaborative approach designed to help practitioners address patients’ maladaptive health behaviors and facilitate change. MI has a solid evidence base that supports its application across a variety of health behaviors and medical conditions. In this chapter we review the evidence for including MI training in medical education and the types of training programs that are most effective. We also discuss how to help students resolve the problems they often encounter in learning MI. These include lack of confidence, the need for perfectionism, and a tendency toward skepticism. Since MI can be effectively taught in medical schools it is optimal to integrate MI training into medical school curriculum and in other healthcare professions training in general.
The Ethical Practice of Motivational Interviewing in Healthcare Settings
Authors: Forsberg Lisa , Black Isra , Piechowicz Mariel 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we examine the ethical case for using Motivational Interviewing (MI) in healthcare settings. First, we discuss ethical reasons that favor using MI in healthcare settings. Second, we consider two ethical challenges with respect to using MI in medical practice: the appropriate use challenge and the proficiency challenge. These challenges do not represent a decisive ethical objection to MI use in Medicine, but ought to shape and inform the decision to use MI (and its ongoing practice) in healthcare settings. Our chapter also includes a medical trainee’s insights on the value of learning MI and the ethical practice of MI.
Skin
Authors: Dallimore Jon , Hay Roderick , Warrell David A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Skin problems are common on expeditions. Many travellers seek to tan, but appropriate skin protection is essential. Wounds require assessment and treatment that includes careful cleaning and closure. Bites from insects, animals or humans are especially prone to infection. Blisters and splinters are common hazards, while crush injuries are painful and, if extensive, can cause systemic complications. Anything penetrating the skin can result in infection and an abscess. Burns are very painful and, if extensive, require appropriate fluid resuscitation. Ectoparasitic infestations such as those from fleas and lice can easily be acquired from local accommodation, while ticks are common in the environment and can spread many different types of disease from vertebrate vectors. Invasive maggots and flies are particularly unpleasant. Tropical ulcers and marine wound infections can heal slowly; occasionally the infections can be very serious. Minor fungal skin infections are very common, particularly in hot environments, and, if not appropriately treated, can cause considerable discomfort.
Risks from animals
Authors: Warrell David A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Large animals are dangerous and may attack unpredictably. They should be viewed at a safe distance in the company of an experienced ranger. Groups travelling alone should make noise and carry appropriate defences such as guns or pepper sprays. Store food away from campsites and avoid camping close to water. Animals with their young are particularly dangerous. Take local advice. Venomous animals are less obvious but cause many more fatalities among indigenous populations. Appropriate preventive behaviour and first aid is discussed. Specific antidotes (antivenoms) may be available, but, because of the risk of anaphylactic reactions, their use is best restricted to the local base hospital. Insect-sting anaphylaxis is not uncommon and must be treated with adrenaline. Mass attacks by Africanised honey bees in the Americas can be fatal. Among swimmers, surfers are at the greatest risk from shark attack. Common marine stingers include jellyfish, stinging corals, sea urchins, and venomous stingrays and stonefish. The agonising pain of these stings may respond to immersion in hot water. Vinegar inhibits box jellyfish stinging cells. Seafood poisoning is common in tropical waters: ciguatera from eating reef fish, scombroid from dark-fleshed tuna, terodotoxin from pufferfish and paralytic shellfish poisoning from a variety of mollusks eaten when there is “red tide”. Cooking does not destroy marine toxins.
Plants and fungi
Authors: Warrell David A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Toxic plants and fungi are easily confused with edible ones and even experts make mistakes. Avoid unknown berries, fruits and mushrooms taken as food or by any other means. Superficially, plants can scratch, irritate or sting. When eaten the active drugs may affect the cardiovascular system, cause hallucinations, and lead to kidney or liver damage. There are specific antidotes to poisoning by oleander, autumn crocus, amatoxic fungal poisoning and gyromitrin fungal poisoning, in other instances treatment is supportive.
Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema in a Patient With Chronic Occupational Exposure to Trichloroethylene
Authors: Asif Huda , Braman Sidney S 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) is a clinical syndrome of upper-zone–predominant emphysema on high-resolution CT and a peripheral and basal–predominant diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. Multiple occupational and inhalational exposures have been associated with CPFE. We describe a U.S. veteran, who developed CPFE after a prolonged, intense exposure to trichloroethylene as an aircraft maintenance worker. We believe that this may be another example of occupational-associated CPFE.
Palomar discovery and initial characterization of naked-eye long-period comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF)
Authors: Bolin B T , Masci F J , Duev D A , Milburn J W , Neill J D , Purdum J N , Avdellidou C , Saki M , Cheng Y-C , Delbo M , Fremling C , Ghosal M , Lin Z-Y , Lisse C M , Mahabal A 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Long-period comets are planetesimal remnants constraining the environment and volatiles of the protoplanetary disc. We report the discovery of hyperbolic long-period comet C/2022 E3 Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), which has a perihelion ∼1.11 au, an eccentricity ≳1 and an inclination ∼109°, from images taken with the Palomar 48-inch telescope during morning twilight on 2022 March 2. Additionally, we report the characterization of C/2022 E3 (ZTF) from observations taken with the Palomar 200-inch, the Palomar 60-inch, and the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility in early 2023 February to 2023 March when the comet passed within ∼0.28 au of the Earth and reached a visible magnitude of ∼5. We measure g–r = 0.70 ± 0.01, r–i = 0.20 ± 0.01, i–z = 0.06 ± 0.01, z–J = 0.90 ± 0.01, J–H = 0.38 ± 0.01, and H–K = 0.15 ± 0.01 colours for the comet from observations. We measure the A(0°)fρ (0.8 μm) in a 6500 km radius from the nucleus of 1483 ± 40 cm, and CN, C3, and C2 production of 5.43 ± 0.11 × 1025, 2.01 ± 0.04 × 1024, and 3.08 ± 0.5 × 1025 mol s−1, similar to other long-period comets. We additionally observe the appearance of jet-like structures at a scale of ∼4000 km in wide-field g-band images, which may be caused by the presence of CN gas in the near-nucleus coma.
Brain circuits for retching-like behavior
Authors: Huo Lifang , Ye Zhimin , Liu Meiling , He Ziqing , Huang Meizhu , Li Dapeng , Wu Qian , Wang Qian , Wang Xiaoqun , Cao Peng , Dong Ji , Shang Congping 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Nausea and vomiting are important defensive responses to cope with pathogens and toxins that invade the body. The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is important for initiating these responses. However, the molecular heterogeneities and cellular diversities of the NTS occlude a better understanding of these defensive responses. Here, we constructed the single-nucleus transcriptomic atlas of NTS cells and found multiple populations of NTS neurons that may be involved in these defensive responses. Among these, we identified Calbindin1-positive (Calb1+) NTS neurons that are molecularly distinct from Tac1+ neurons. These Calb1+ neurons are critical for nausea and retching induced by cereulide; an emetic toxin secreted by Bacillus Cereus. Strikingly, we found that cereulide can directly modulate vagal sensory neurons that innervate Calb1+ NTS neurons, a novel mechanism distinct from that for nausea and retching induced by Staphylococcal enterotoxin A. Together, our transcriptomic atlas of NTS neurons and the functional analyses revealed the neural mechanism for cereulide-induced retching-like behavior. These results demonstrate the molecular and cellular complexities in the brain that underlie defensive responses to the diversities of pathogens and toxins.
Optimizing vitamin D status in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis
Authors: Cochrane Kelsey M , Bone Jeffrey N , Williams Brock A , Karakochuk Crystal D 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Context
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common and complex endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Vitamin D supplementation is a promising complementary therapy for PCOS, yet there is no consensus on an optimal dose, leading to a lack of evidence-based supplementation guidelines.

Objective
The objective of this study was to conduct a vitamin D dose–response meta-analysis among women with PCOS.

Data sources
MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE databases from inception to November 2022 were searched for relevant articles.

Data extraction
Study screening and bias assessment were conducted by 2 independent reviewers. Eight relevant studies were identified; data for serum 25(OH)D (nmol/L) at baseline and at 12 weeks in each intervention group (mean ± SD) and vitamin D dose were extracted.

Data analysis
Estimates across studies were used to create a pooled curve, using restricted cubic splines with knots at the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of the distribution of doses, to estimate the mean difference in effect for serum 25(OH)D at each dose compared with 0 IU/day. Sensitivity analyses were conducted fixing knots at 4000 IU/day and 7000 IU/day, which were a priori identified as potentially important thresholds, and to assess model fit and estimate heterogeneity. The pooled analysis demonstrated strong evidence of a dose–response relationship (P &lt; .001), suggesting an increasing effect with increasing dose. An initial increase in serum 25(OH)D was evident until doses of approximately 3000 IU/day; this was followed by a plateau in effect between approximately 3000 IU/day and 5000 IU/day. The effect of supplementation with &gt;5000 IU/day was unclear, given the minimal data at higher doses. The curve produced robust results for moderate doses (3000 IU/day to 4000 IU/day), which were not sensitive to model specification.

Conclusion
Women with PCOS are responsive to vitamin D supplementation, but the benefit of providing doses of &gt;3000 IU/day appears minimal. Further data is required to determine dose–response at doses of &gt;5000 IU/day, and whether higher intakes provide a clinically meaningful advantage in this population.

Systematic Review Registration
PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021259396.
South Sudan's Fateful Struggle
Authors: Roach Steven C. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The Comprehensive Peace Agreement marked the end of Sudan’s second civil war between the North and South. But in creating an autonomous southern region and a pathway toward statehood, it failed to resolve the effects of rebel factionalism, party infighting, and corruption in the South. This book analyzes these persistent effects of the South–South war, showing how they disrupted the transition to statehood and divided the transitional government of national unity in South Sudan. It traces the violence to colonial times and uses the notion of militarized patronage to describe the distinct nature of South Sudan’s patronage networks, which have shaped the country’s troubled political destiny. It then moves on to show how the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement came to dominate the country’s affairs to become a powerful deterrent to democracy, security, justice, and national unity. Lastly, it discusses the promising efforts by civil society actors to advance hybrid justice by pressuring the government to implement a truth commission, a war crimes court, and reparations commission. Comprehensive in scope, the book represents the first systematic examination of the foundations of South Sudan's political struggle both before and after its civil war.
Introduction
Authors: Roach Steven C. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter discusses the problems facing South Sudan and the nation’s attempts to build peace. It traces South Sudan’s extreme violence to colonial times and argues that the years of war and party infighting produced a powerful dynamic of brute governance that has actively prevented both a moral reckoning with the past and future efforts of transitioning to peace and democracy. The chapter then discusses the challenges of national unity and peacebuilding and the prospects of hybrid justice. It also provides a summary and outline of the ensuing chapters, including how South Sudan might face new challenges and anticipate future world trends.
Impunity, Human Rights, and the Struggle for Justice
Authors: Roach Steven C. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The principal aim of the chapter is to analyze the scale of human rights abuses and refugee flows of South Sudan’s civil war. It examines the government’s and rebel groups’ role in committing these abuses, including child conscription, mass rape, and mass killings, and addresses some of South Sudan’s harmful cultural customs. It also offers an in-depth account of the plight of IDPs at the UN Protection of Civilians camps. Another aim is to discuss the challenge of implementing a regime of transitional justice that can orchestrate a comprehensive moral reckoning with the past and dissolve the culture of impunity of the ruling elite. Here, I examine some of the parameters of hybrid justice, such as the Hybrid Court for South Sudan and the Commission of Truth Reconciliation and Healing, as well as the political leaders’ strategic attempts to curtail transitional justice and justify their own moral immunity.
Independent Protestant Film, from the Silent Era to Its Resurgence
Authors: Quicke Andrew 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows that the current wave of evangelical filmmaking (straight-to-video and theatrical features) has a long prehistory, studded with attempts to find a proper means to balance economical and technical limitations with artistic ambitions and religious priorities. The American film industry has always covered wider ground than its dominant Hollywood narrative film output. The Protestant Christian film industry has been a marginalized area of independent nontheatrical films that in the period 1898 to 2019 were not usually made for general theatrical release. However, a radical shift is occurring within the ranks of Christian filmmakers, especially those with African American origins.
Propaganda, Blasphemy, and the Savage God in Witchfinder General and The Wicker Man
Authors: Sage Victor 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Victor Sage examines two powerful films about Protestant sacred violence. Set during the English Civil War, Witchfinder General (1968) recreates the notorious career of Matthew Hopkins, a Puritan witch-hunter who terrorized East Anglia from 1644 to 1647. In an original maneuver, Sage compares Witchfinder General to the British cult classic The Wicker Man (1973). The two movies, one set in the seventeenth century and one in the 1970s, trade on scarlet memories of the Reformation and criticize Protestantism’s ill-judged attempt, through propaganda and violence, to police the boundaries between worship of the true biblical God and the “savage god” of paganism and the Catholic Eucharist.
Babette’s Feast: Protestant Pietism, the Conflict of Spirit and Flesh, and Reconciliatory Grace in the Danish Babette’s Feast
Authors: Lejon Kjell O. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Looking through the sensual glories of French cuisine, Nordic landscapes, and visual art, this chapter discovers in Gabriel Axel’s Oscar-winning Babette’s Feast a complex story about God’s grace and reconciliation. Putting the spotlight on Scandinavian Protestant Pietist Lutheranism, the movie promotes the view that only reconciliatory grace (sola gratia), so central to Lutheran thought, can overcome long-standing religious and social conflicts. Through the “feast,” the food and drink of the film’s title, the grace of God is reached through earthly means. The film can be viewed as a critique of a faith that more or less expels God from the physical sphere and makes a clear dichotomy between the spirit and the body/flesh. This critique also intervenes in a centuries-long theological dispute between Lutherans and Catholics; in the film, both sides are reconciled through grace that transcends temporal disjunctions.
Sinner or Saint? Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement in Selma
Authors: Bailey Julius H. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that previous portrayals of Martin Luther King Jr. have often elevated the civil rights leader to an almost saintlike status, with written accounts usually reading more like hagiographies. The director of Selma, Ava DuVernay, an African American woman and a Catholic, strikingly departs from these idealized representations in her reenvisioning of the pivotal events that took place in Selma in 1965. Like no other previous film, DuVernay’s Selma depicts King’s human flaws and engages the range of viewpoints of those in his inner circle. In her artistic interpretation of the history leading to the Selma-to-Montgomery march (1965), DuVernay rearranges the order of events and casts President Lyndon B. Johnson in an adversarial role that may belie his actual position on the issues but nonetheless represents current scholarly assessments of his relationship with King and which propels the narrative forward with King as the imperfect but courageous protagonist of the story.