bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships between Poleis
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of this book I stressed the interaction between all the Greek poleis that resulted from migrations, trade and various interstate social activities. I shall conclude with a short sketch of the relationships between the city-states in war and in peace. Diplomatic ties between poleis were maintained not by a class of ambassadors but by envoys sent ad hoc when two or more citystates wanted to declare war or peace or enter into an alliance. In the Classical and Hellenistic periods envoys were called presbeis or presbytai, i.e. old men and quite often only citizens over 50 could be chosen for the task;3 for the cities wanted to have men of experience to carry out the negotiations. All social communication between city-states at war was carried on through heralds (kerykes).4 The pan-Hellenic festivals and sporting contests were proclaimed a year in advance by special envoys (theoroi), who called upon the city-states all over the Greek world to take part in the festival and to respect a cessation of hostilities that protected the polis hosting the festival for the period when it was held.
The Circulation of Texts: Publishers and Readers
Authors: Toulalan Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is often suggested that pornography in England appeared in any quantity only following the Restoration of Charles II in 1660 and the embracing of a culture of libertinism at the new court. However, material of this nature was being produced well before 1660, throughout this and previous centuries. The Crafty Whore published in 1658 was modelled on Aretino’s dialogue ‘The Lives of Whores’ from the Ragionamenti, and the English adaptation of Sinibaldus’ Geneanthropeia entitled Rare Verities, a pseudo-medical treatise on sexual matters, appeared in the same year. John Taylor was producing short works that fit into the genre of whore literature much earlier in the century with his A Bawd and A Common Whore (reprinted in his collected works in 1630).
Introduction
Authors: Macrides Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The thirteenth century has always been treated as separate and different—not to say, detachable—in Byzantine historiography as in Byzantine history. One turns the page, one starts a new chapter. No one can deny that the Latin conquest of Constantinople, the ‘cosmic cataclysm’, as one contemporary called it, brought enormous change to Byzantium, change which was in many ways irreversible. For more than half a century Constantinople was not the centre of the Byzantine world. The ‘rich men’ of the city, in Robert of Clari’s words, left the Queen of Cities and scattered, joining new centres which arose in Epiros and in Asia Minor. Unity was never again to be a characteristic of the empire. These structural changes were accompanied, it is said, by the growth of a sense of Hellenic identity and a weakening of Roman institutions, notably Roman law. Apparently new practices were introduced, it is thought, as a result of Latin contact in the thirteenth century, the anointing of emperors, and trial by ordeal.
Sellarsian Picturing
Authors: Rosenberg Jay F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Linguistic picture-making is not the performance of asserting matter-of-factual propositions. The criterion of the correctness of the performance of asserting a basic matter-of-factual proposition is the correctness of the proposition qua picture, i.e. the fact that it coincides with the picture the world-cum-language would generate in accordance with the uniformities controlled by the semantical rules of the language. Thus the correctness of the picture is not defined in terms of the correctness of a performance but vice versa. (
The Emergence of Empire Rome and the Surrounding World in Historical Narratives from the Late Third Century bc to the Early First Century ad
Authors: Yang Huang , Mutschler Fritz-Heiner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phenomenal expansion of the Roman Empire in the two centuries from the second Punic War (219–202 bc) to the reign of Augustus (27 bc–ad 14) coincided with the beginnings, development, and (Worst) Powering of Roman historical narrative. It is the purpose of this paper to describe, at least for two important periods, the ways in which the respective prose and verse works reflected the political process and to explore the extent to which ‘imperial thought’ can be apprehended in these texts. The two periods to be dealt with are from the late third to the mid-second century bc, which witnessed the decisive expansion of Roman power to the eastern part of the Mediterranean, and from the century bc to early century ad, which saw a renewed dynamism of imperial expansion and a lasting (re)organization of the administrative structures of the empire. They represent the formative phase of literary narrative in Rome and the one richest in works of Roman self-representation. The works of the two periods will be dealt with in the main sections of the paper (2 and 3). As, however, Roman historical consciousness began to take shape prior to the literary narratives and since its non-and proto-literary forms already reflected Rome’s relationship.
The Problem of ‘Imperial Historiography’ in Rome
Authors: Mutschler Fritz-Heiner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Applied to Rome, the term ‘imperial’ is an ambivalent one. Thus, one could say that Rome became ‘imperial’ twice: for the first time, when it expanded its rule over ‘almost all the inhabited world’ so that after the destruction of Carthage (146 bc) ‘sea and land lay everywhere open to its sway’, for the second time when Augustus ended the civil wars which had disrupted the Roman republic and introduced a monarchical form of government (27 bc). First Rome became imperial by the establishment of its empire, later it became imperial by the establishment of an emperor. Historians think that both developments were not unrelated, since a worldwide empire could not for ever be ruled with the political system of a city-state. Be that as it may, starting with the last decades of the first century bc, Rome was ‘imperial’ both with respect to the expansion of its rule and to its form of government. It is the historical consciousness of this new ‘doubly imperial’ Rome that the present paper is concerned with.
Empire on the Brink Chinese Historiography in the Post-Han-Period
Authors: Mittag Achim , Min Ye 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Heaven and earth were cut of from us, Spirits and men were equally grieved in heart. With these words, taken from his famous rhapsody ‘Lament for the South’ (‘Ai Jiangnan fu’) and ever since repeated in manifold variations, Yu Xin (513–81), poet and diplomat under the Liang dynasty (502–57), deplores the 549 fall of the Liang dynasty’s capital at Jiankang (modern Nanjing) into the hands of the rebellious general HouJing (503–52). In the course of the ensuing events, HouJing established a short-lived dynasty named ‘Han’, one of the numerous states in the post-Han period that evoked the glorious Han empire (206/202 bc–ad 220). At the same time, HouJing’s dynasty was the last dynasty carrying the name of Han for nearly 400 years to come.
Butt: ‘I Shuttm!’ (351.36– 355.09)
Authors: Fordham Finn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘How Buckley Shot the Russian General’ is a story told over twenty pages in II.3 just after the midpoint of the novel (338 – 55). It is one of the densest pieces of writing in one of the densest darkest parts of one of the densest darkest novels, and so though there are several general readings of it, close commentaries are on the thin side. As Tindall remarked, ‘to identify all the allusions that clot the dialogue of Butt and Taff would require more space than at my disposal’.¹ Nevertheless I shall attempt that here, even if with just a fraction of it. Joyce had already completed the revisions to books I and III, had composed the Nightlessons chapter and another story for II.3 about a tailor and a sailor, when he began writing it early in 1937. He thought this signalled the closing stages of his composition, believing he could see the end in sight and wanting the whole book to be finished by February 1938. It was the last section of ‘Work in Progress’ to be published in transition, and is one extreme end of Joyce’s project of obscurification, before he surfaces to the relative light of Liffey’s closing monologue. But it was probably one of the stepping stones that Joyce had projected earlier; an advance party that would help him get across the whole thing. Joyce had toyed with Buckley as a structure in one of the earliest notebooks:
Revising Character: The Maggies and the Murphys
Authors: Fordham Finn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every study of Finnegans Wake supplies something like a snapshot of a carnival, a map of a single path through what is a deep, dense forest. Whether tracing a theme or a plot, developing an argument or a theory, each study will pass along a line of allusions from one textual point to the next, limited in relation to the surrounding or intermediary spaces that remain unexplored. This study has taken local areas of the textual forest (about two per cent of the whole), and has microscopically traced how they expanded from their earliest emergence to their fully grown final form. There remain huge tracts of text whose growth can be explored, and there are different methods of observing textual transformation. The passages and the method I’ve chosen might appear to be strong on character: Shaun describes Shem’s project; a washerwoman describes ALP’s youthful encounter with a lustful cleric;
Kings Sargon and Sennacherib, Father and Son
Authors: Dalley Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the time when Sennacherib became king of Assyria, inheriting his father’s throne in 704 bc, Midas, the legendary Phrygian king, whose touch turned all to gold, ruled in Gordion, and Hezekiah was king in Jerusalem. The Iliad and the Odyssey were at an advanced stage of composition, but may not have reached the form in which we now know them; and the Greek language had recently begun to be written in a script adapted from the Phoenician alphabet. In the cities of Cyprus, kings with Greek names ruled. Damascus, previously head of a very powerful kingdom literate in Aramaic, had come under direct rule from Assyria some thirty years earlier.
Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal, Son and Grandson of Sennacherib
Authors: Dalley Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Who killed Sennacherib? To answer this question we cannot rely on the brief biblical account given in 2 Kings 19: 36, which lays the blame on the frustrated Arda-Mullissi and his brother, for it was written some time after Esarhaddon took the throne, when Judah (under Manasseh) was a faithful vassal of Assyria. Esarhaddon, the main beneWciary of the murder, possibly pushed by his forceful mother Naqia, was soon in a position to propagate whatever version of events he wanted. Good detective method should look with suspicion on him, and take care to see what evidence is genuine and trustworthy. The prime suspect is the one who beneWts most from the crime.
Ishtar-of-Nineveh and her Feasts
Authors: Dalley Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To what extent the character and actions of Ishtar-of-Nineveh correspond to those of Esther in the Hebrew story, and whether similarities imply a direct connection or are coincidental, require investigation. Biblical Esther is ostensibly a mortal heroine whose name is a Hebrew form of Akkadian Ishtar, the name of the goddess. But the word iˇstar can mean simply ‘goddess’ as a generic term, and can take a plural form, iˇstara¯te, ‘goddesses, ishtars’. So the first task is to find out which of the many Mesopotamian Ishtars she is, and how to distinguish between the different goddesses who bear the same name.
The Material Book
Authors: Jowett John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Investigations of how Shakespeare’s plays were written and pre-pared for the theatre deal with lost manuscripts and proceed largely by inference. In considering Shakespeare’s plays in print, one can access the immediate objects in question, and situate them within perhaps the best-documented industrial practice in early modern England. The printed editions of plays that appeared in London bookshops during and shortly after his life are primary evidence for the study of Shakespeare, and the basis for the editions in regular use today. The present chapter will focus on a single play, Troilus and Cressida. It will reconstruct the preparation and printing of the 1609 Quarto. But the value of Troilus and Cressida as the chosen example is that bibliographical features of both the Quarto and Folio texts provide intriguing evidence as to the publishers’ larger strategies in issuing these books. This chapter will therefore encompass both the manufacture of physical objects and the position of those objects in the marketplace of print.
Texts for Readers
Authors: Jowett John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen in the previous chapters how the text assumes the form it does in manuscripts, in early printed books, and in modern editions. At the other end of the process that the text enacts lies the reader, as implied addressee, as bearer of cultural value, and as actualization of the market in which the book as a commodity circulates. For the main purpose of this study, it is the book as a material object that actualizes the text, from the publication of play quartos in Shakespeare’s time to the preparation of critical editions today. Most readers still experience Shakespeare through the medium of print, and use modern-spelling editions. The present study has therefore made extensive reference to the intellectual foundations, procedures, and problems entailed in critical editing, to enable its readers to understand the ways in which it both does and does not represent the text of Shakespeare. But it has also identified what might be called the realm of the reader within the edited text. Modern spelling and punctuation, and enhanced stage directions, are two areas where editing addresses the readers’ interests rather than the actual foundations of the text.
Rising from obscurity, 1599–1642
Authors: Morrill John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658), lord protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland, was the second son of Robert Cromwell (d. 1617) and his wife, Elizabeth Steward (d. 1654); he was born in Huntingdon on 25 April 1599 and was baptized in St John’s Church there four days later. He was named after his father’s elder brother, Sir Oliver Cromwell of Hinchingbrooke and of Ramsey, who almost certainly stood as his godfather.
Lord Protector, 1653–1658
Authors: Morrill John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This time there was no great delay. Lambert had been preparing for this moment and stepped forward with a fully formed paper constitution, the ‘Instrument of government’, very clearly based on The Heads of Proposals of 1647. Senior members of the council of officers, including Cromwell, had already considered a draft of the ‘Instrument’, and Cromwell himself had insisted that the elected head of government should not be called king. But they were taken by surprise by the events of 12 December and over the next three days continued to refine the document in a series of long, tense, and inconclusive meetings. When Cromwell was formally sworn in as head of state on 15 December some passages of the ‘Instrument’ were not agreed, and had to be mumbled so as to be inaudible to the ambassadors and others present.
Disillusionment and death
Authors: Morrill John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cromwell’s attempts to realize his vision of a godly reformed nation abandoning the things of the flesh for the things of the spirit were constantly frustrated by those he was constrained to work with and through. He was frustrated with the council, which used its power under the ‘Instrument’ to remove far more of those returned to parliament than he wished, both in 1654 and in 1656. He was very reluctant to follow their insistence in the summer of 1656 that a parliament be called earlier than necessary. He was much more disillusioned by the failure of both parliaments to keep their eye on the task of providing the legislative framework for a reformation of manners, and by their interference with the rights of those who wished to exercise freedom of conscience outside the church.
Conclusion: God’s true servant
Authors: Morrill John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recognizable for what? Cromwell was not a great thinker. In 1638 he told his young cousin that ‘if here I may serve my God either by my doing or by my suffering, I shall be most glad’ (Letters and Speeches, 1904, letter 2, 13 October 1638). It was his motto and his epitaph. He did not enjoy power. It was thrust upon him. He was not especially intelligent, and was quite unintellectual, lacking a deep understanding of law, of the classics, of theology. He had a deep sense of being propelled by God into leading his people towards a promised land. He had an imperfect sense of what the promised land would look like, and only a magpie instinct for picking up the latest bright and shiny idea of how to make the next move towards it.
Henry VIII
Authors: Ives Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Definitive, concise, and very interesting... From William Shakespeare to Winston Churchill, the Very Interesting People series provides authoritative bite-sized biographies of Britain's most fascinating historical figures - people whose influence and importance have stood the test of time. Each book in the series is based upon the biographical entry from the world-famous Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The Very Interesting People series includes the following titles: 1.William Shakespeare by Peter Holland 2. George Eliot by Rosemary Ashton 3. Charles Dickens by Michael Slater 4. Charles Darwin by Adrian Desmond, James Moore, and Janet Browne 5. Isaac Newton by Richard S.Westfall 6. Elizabeth I by Patrick Collinson 7. George III by John Cannon 8. Benjamin Disraeli by Jonathan Parry 9. Christopher Wren by Kerry Downes 10. John Ruskin by Robert Hewison 11. James Joyce by Bruce Stewart 12. John Milton by Gordon Campbell 13. Jane Austen by Marilyn Butler 14. Henry VIII by Eric Ives 15. Queen Victoria by K. D. Reynolds and H. C. G. Matthew 16. Winston Churchill by Paul Addison 17. Oliver Cromwell by John Morrill 18. Thomas Paine by Mark Philp 19. J. M. W. Turner by Luke Herrmann 20. William and Mary by Tony Claydon and W. A. Speck
Upbringing and inheritance, 1491–1514
Authors: Ives Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Henry VIII (1491–1547), king of England and Ireland, was the second surviving son of Henry VII (1457–1509) and his wife, Elizabeth (1466–1503), eldest child of Edward IV. He was born at Greenwich on 28 June 1491 and baptized in the church of the Observant friars there, by Richard Fox, then bishop of Exeter.
New ideas and a new minister, 1530–1532
Authors: Ives Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the latter part of 1530 a dramatic change comes over the king’s Great Matter. For example, in October Henry instructed his agents at Rome to deny the right of the pope to con- sider Katherine’s appeal because ‘in [our kingdom] we are supreme and so rule that we recognise no superior … and he who acknowledges no superior has the power to prohibit all appeals by his subjects’ (State Papers, Henry VIII, 7.262). In January 1531 words became action.
Establishing the royal supremacy, 1533–1540
Authors: Ives Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the remainder of the decade English policy abroad and at home was dominated by the need to defend the supremacy Henry had asserted, and the implications this had for the succession to his throne. The potential for international danger was obvious. Henry’s attack on the unity of western Christendom positively challenged the pope to retaliate, while the insult to Katherine and Mary, the emperor’s relatives, offered Charles V every incentive to take up the cross on behalf of the holy father.
The royal magnificence: images and reality
Authors: Ives Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1546 Henry did not go bankrupt as Charles V and François I did on more than one occasion, but he died in debt. However, against this had to be set his enormous accumulated wealth. The remarkable inventory made after his death lists nearly 20,000 items. The tone is set by the first, his gold crown weighing nearly 7 lb and adorned with some 340 precious stones. His gold and silver candlesticks alone weighed a quarter of a ton; he had hundreds of tapestries; thousands of yards of cloth of gold were in store, ready to make into his elaborately ornamented costumes.
Just Going Round To The Shop
Authors: Kohn Marek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The kitchen is in full steam; pans hiss and spoons clatter, plates are slapped onto trays and sauces marshalled; the parent animating all these objects leansacross and opens the breadbin—which, being empty, stops the cavalcade in its tracks. She steps out to reach for her coat, then pauses again; instead, she calls to summon her child, causing a hiatus in another sphere of activity, whose clattering, marshalling, and animating constitute the equally busy domain of play. She hands him some coins and sends him out, down the street and across the road to the shops.
Fresh Ideas
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 1 we looked at some of the key ideas from the Middle East, India, and the countries around the Mediterranean, that were eventually absorbed into the mathematics of western Europe: in arithmetic, a ten-digit number system with place value and efficient algorithms for calculation, and some rudimentary number theory; in geometry, a rich but fragmentary legacy of theorems about plane and solid figures, together with a formal and deductive method of working from definitions and axioms; in algebra, techniques for solving quadratic equations.
Early Number Theory
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Number theory is concerned with the most basic elements of mathematics, the natural numbers, yet it also presents some of the most intractable problems. One of the most famous is Fermat’s ‘last theorem’, which was concise enough to write down in a margin but took almost 400 years to prove. Many other claims about the natural numbers are equally simple to state, but even an approach to a proof still remains elusive. Most of modern number theory is beyond the scope of this book, and this Chapterno more than touches upon its beginnings.
Functions
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of a function, now so central to mathematics, emerged only slowly from the beginning of the eighteenth century onwards. In this Chapter we will see how and why it changed, from the first published definition in 1706, to the modern formal definition that was in place by the late nineteenth century. In the central section of this Chapter we will also see how mid eighteenth-century mathematicians, Euler in particular, recognized the close connections between circular and logarithmic functions, but moved steadily away from the older geometric definitions towards a unified theory based on algebraic manipulation of infinite series.