bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE DIPHASIC NATURE OF TUBERCULOSIS IN RABBITS AFTER INTRAVENOUS INOCULATION WITH BOVINE TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Thomas R. M. 
Published: June 2004

It has been shown that in a large group of rabbits inoculated intravenously with bovine tubercle bacilli the disease which follows resolves itself into two distinct phases. The first phase manifests itself in widespread diffuse lesions which subsequently regress. The mortality rate shows a rise and fall during this period, which have been correlated with the extent of lesions and with the changes in the blood cells. The duration of this phase is approximately 80 to 90 days. Following this period the mortality rate again rises and falls, during a period when all animals show lesions of a chronic nature. In an infected group the number of fatalities in the first phase is a function of the size of the dose. When the size of the dose and other conditions are held constant, a definite basis upon which to compare the reactions of treated animals is established.
Studies of the blood cells during the course of the disease show that the changes in these cells reflect the course of the lesions in the first phase when other signs are lacking and offer a valuable means of making an estimate of the state of resistance of the animal from time to time.
Studies of blood counts made on rabbits before their inoculation with tuberculosis were analyzed with regard to the relative longevity of the animals. It was found that those animals whose blood cells of various sorts deviated least from the modal value for the entire group survived longer than those animals whose counts were significantly high or low.
I. THE PERMEABILITY OF THE WALL OF THE LYMPHATIC CAPILLARY
Authors: Hudack Stephen , McMaster Philip D. 
Published: June 2004

A technique has been developed for the demonstration of lymphatic capillaries in the ear of the mouse by means of vital dyes and for tests of their permeability under normal and pathological conditions. The lymphatics become visible as closed channels from which the dyes escape secondarily into the tissue. Some of them, cross-connections, with extremely narrow lumen, would seem ordinarily not to be utilized.
There is active flow along the lymphatics of the mouse ear under ordinary circumstances. The movement of dye was always toward the main collecting system. The valves of the lymphatics as well as fluid flow prevented distal spread. There was in addition slow migration, apparently interstitial in character, but in the same general direction, of dots of color produced by the local injection of dye.
The normal permeability of the lymphatics was studied with dyes of graded diffusibility. Their walls proved readily permeable for those highly diffusible pigments that the blood capillaries let through easily, but retained those that the latter retained. Finely particulate matter (India ink, "Hydrokollag"), they did not let pass. No gradient of permeability was observed to exist along them such as exists along the blood capillaries of certain organs.
The observed phenomena of lymphatic permeability, like those of the permeability of the blood capillaries, can be explained on the assumption that the lymphatic wall behaves like a semipermeable membrane.
THE PRODUCTION OF OSTEOGENIC SARCOMATA AND THE EFFECTS ON LYMPH NODES AND BONE MARROW OF INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF RADIUM CHLORIDE AND MESOTHORIUM IN RABBITS
Authors: Sabin F. R. , Doan C. A. , Forkner C. E. 
Published: June 2004

The observations in this work suggest that with certain doses of radioactive material, the fundamental damage in the lymphoid tissues is to the stem cell and that the damage is to the chromatin of the nuclei of these cells. The erythroid tissues are apparently less susceptible to radioactive material than the lymphoid tissues but an original anemia of secondary type from peripheral destruction may eventually be changed to one of primary type through decreased maturation of primitive cells in the marrow. The damage of lymph nodes and bone marrow leads to atrophy of these organs. The cells of the liver and thymus suffer nuclear damage of the same general character as is seen in the lymph nodes, and there is an atrophy of these organs.
The storage of the radioactive material in the bones gave rise to osteogenic sarcomata in two out of seven rabbits surviving from 11 to 19 months. A repetition of the experiment has been undertaken with more intensive studies to test the validity of the findings.
HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON HOG CHOLERA
Authors: Seifried O. , Cain C. B. 
Published: June 2004

In cases of acute hog cholera the earliest and most pronounced lesions occur in the capillaries and smaller arteries. Larger arteries and veins are less frequently involved. The lesions consist of swelling and proliferation of endothelial cells together with retrogressive changes in them and in the other parts of the blood vessel walls.
The character and degree of these lesions seem to be dependent upon the virulence of the virus and, to some extent, upon the presence of secondarily invading bacteria. We believe that these lesions should be considered a principal feature of the histopathology of hog cholera.
HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON HOG CHOLERA
Authors: Seifried O. , Cain C. B. 
Published: June 2004

1. The hemorrhages, foci of necrosis, and anemic infarcts met with in the various organs in virus hog cholera, result primarily from the vascular lesions described in a previous paper of this series. Although they are not dependent on the presence of secondarily invading bacteria, their severity is influenced by these organisms.
2. The lesions in the lymph nodes, spleen, kidneys, and central nervous system seem to be of special diagnostic value in questionable cases of hog cholera. The presence of an encephalitis alone does not justify the diagnosis of hog cholera because in the central nervous system of swine similar inflammatory lesions occur in other diseases.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE PLASMA COLLOIDS ON THE GRADIENT OF CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY
Authors: Smith Frederick , Dick Macdonald 
Published: June 2004

The influence of osmotic conditions on the gradient of capillary permeability disclosed by the distribution into mammalian muscle of vital dyes has been tested experimentally. The percentage of circulating blood proteins was increased in rabbits by the injection of compatible plasma, or of compatible serum concentrate obtained by means of a new method of ultrafiltration which has proved both rapid and effective. It was found that when this had been done and the circulatory conditions had stabilized themselves, the gradient of capillary permeability still existed, though its effective extent was less than under normal circumstances. When the percentage of circulating blood proteins was reduced, on the other hand, by repeated bleedings with return of the cells, either as such or suspended in the protein-free fluid obtained by dialysis of serum, the extent of the gradient of capillary permeability was broadened and dye passed out into the tissue more readily than usual from the capillary as a whole. In contrast to these findings injection of a very hypertonic dextrose solution during the period when dye was escaping had no perceptible effect on the gradient of capillary permeability.
The observed phenomena cannot be explained by a flow of dye-stained fluid into or out of the blood vessels. The gradient of capillary permeability exists independently of osmotic conditions, though its extent can be markedly influenced by altering the amount of circulating blood proteins. A considerable proportion of the dye used to study the gradient is adsorbed upon these proteins, as subsidiary experiments have shown. This happening provides a sufficient cause for the differences observed in the extent of the gradient when the percentage of proteins is increased or diminished.
The evidence like that of previous papers indicates that the cause for the gradient is to be found in a structural differentiation along the capillary, such that the barrier offered by its wall progressively diminishes on the way to the venule. Most current estimates of the effective osmotic pressure of the blood proteins fail to take into account the existence of local differences in permeability along the capillary.
SEROLOGICAL REACTIONS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS (PRECIPITIN REACTIONS)
Authors: Landsteiner K. , van der Scheer J. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments are described demonstrating the precipitation of azodyes by immune sera prepared by the injection of azoproteins containing the same azo component. These precipitin reactions prove conclusively the view already advanced on the basis of inhibition reactions that antibodies combine specifically with substances of small molecular weight. Although in this respect both phenomena have the same significance, the precipitin reactions with dyes are simpler in that the aid of a protein antigen is eliminated.
That specific serological precipitin reactions can take place with substances other than proteins has been amply demonstrated by studies on bacterial antigens (14) (polysaccharides (15)). The present findings show that for the precipitation with immune sera not even a high molecular weight of the reactive substance is required. Factors determining the tendency to separate out from the liquid upon combination with antibody seem to be the colloidal state of the solution and the chemical composition of the substance. With regard to the influence of chemical composition, a striking example is provided by the suberic acid dye which gives particularly strong precipitin reactions, most probably on account of its long aliphatic side chains.
The results reported may be of use for studies on the mechanism of serological precipitation.
THE INFLUENCE OF PLASMA PROTEIN ON THE CHLORIDE CONTENT OF THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Authors: Coombs Herbert I. , Thompson Kenneth Wade 
Published: June 2004

1. When the plasma protein of dogs is lowered by plasmapheresis, the concentration of chloride and sodium in the plasma and the cerebrospinal fluid tends to become the same, a diminishing of the usual disparity which exists in the presence of a normal plasma protein.
2. This is in accord with the theory that the cerebrospinal fluid is a dialysate, with the choroid plexus acting as a simple dialyzing membrane.
STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Castaneda M. Ruiz 
Published: June 2004

1. The blood of guinea pigs convalescent from Old World and New World typhus infection develops agglutinating properties for the tunica and rat Rickettsiae of the New World diseases and for the louse Rickettsia of the Old World disease.
2. The two microorganisms are closely related, though probably not identical.
3. Human convalescents of both varieties of typhus develop agglutinins for both types of Rickettsiae. Such Rickettsia-agglutinating properties are parallel with the Weil-Felix reaction in the human sera.
4. Rabbits immunized with Weigl louse vaccines develop agglutinins for our X-ray rat vaccines and vice versa. In both cases the rabbit sera develop agglutinins for Proteus X-19.
5. These experiments furnish a further and, we believe, conclusive proof of the etiological rôle, in New World typhus fever, of the Rickettsia bodies first seen in the tunica cells of inoculated guinea pigs by Mooser, and obtained in massive amounts by ourselves.
6. The serum reactions also provide a further logical basis for experiments in prophylactic vaccination with these Rickettsiae.
ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION AGAINST POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Brodie Maurice 
Published: June 2004

1. A single intracutaneous inoculation with a subinfective dose of the virus of poliomyelitis produces considerable immunity.
2. Virus-serum combinations produce an appreciable immunity, providing just sufficient serum is used to protect the animal from paralysis. If there is an excess of serum, the degree of immunity is considerably reduced.
THE FORMATION OF MACROCYTES AND MICROCYTES FROM RED CORPUSCLES IN HANGING DROP PREPARATIONS
Authors: Auer John 
Published: June 2004

In hanging drop preparations of normal blood from various species of animals including man, the following processes were directly observed for the first time:
1. The process of fusion between two red corpuscles so as to form a round or slightly oval macrocyte with normal hemoglobin content, a diameter of 10µ± and no delle.
These macrocytes appear to be slightly thicker in the centre than at the periphery. No thickness measurements could be made.
2. The process of fusion between two microcytes each 5µ± in diameter, so as to form a red corpuscle of approximately normal size but with dense hemoglobin and no delle.
3. The process of fusion between a red corpuscle and a microcyte, forming a macrocyte slightly larger than a normal red corpuscle and exhibiting a normal hemoglobin tint but no delle.
4. The process of microcyte formation from red corpuscles was seen occurring in four different ways: (a) By the intermittent compression of a single red corpuscle by the pull of three or more fibrin threads attached to the corpuscle. (b) By the steady, continuous compression of a single red corpuscle by the pull of two polar fibrin threads, (c) By intermittent rises of intracorpuscular pressure in a red corpuscle due to trauma, (d) By avulsion and retraction or contraction of the hemoglobin stroma from the intact surface layer of a red corpuscle.
Thickness measurements in single microcytes were made in rabbit blood.
5. The process of a typical microcyte with dense hemoglobin and no delle changing back to a fairly large red corpuscle with practically normal hemoglobin tint and with a delle.
6. Macrocytes were seen expelling their hemoglobin in a fraction of a second and turning into shadows which were often paler than the background, but without any decrease in the visible surface area or change in the contour.
7. Extensibility and retractibility (or perhaps relaxation and contraction) may be exhibited by the corpuscle as a whole, by local sections of both surface layer and stroma, or retractility (contractility (?)) may be shown by the hemoglobin stroma alone.
On the basis of observational evidence it is inferred that:
1. The surface layer of a red corpuscle is probably a condensed stroma rather than an anatomically defined membrane.
2. A pigment, probably hemoglobin, is present in the surface layer.
3. The surface layer of red corpuscles becomes rigid before or during spontaneous hemolysis.
4. Hemoglobin exists in an undissolved form in the intact red corpuscle.
5. The transverse diameter of microcytes (5µ±) represents the maximal shortening of which this diameter is capable in normal red corpuscles of man, rabbit and guinea pig under the conditions studied.
6. Fusing red corpuscle are destroyed by repeated washings with Ringer solution.
7. In stagnating blood there is no increase in fusion forms, nor in the production of microcytes.
PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES: REACTIVATING EFFECT OF BLOOD SERA UPON COMPLETELY NEUTRALIZED TOXIC FILTRATES
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory 
Published: June 2004

In this paper there are reported observations on a certain new reactivating property of normal and immune blood sera of various animal species. The effect of the reactivating sera consists in restoration of the toxicity in vivo and in vitro of completely neutralized meningococcus and B. coli reacting factors.
The property is apparently non-specific, heat-labile, lessens on storage, and has no relationship to complement.
Heating of immune sera to a temperature destructive for the reactivating property but innocuous to the neutralizing antibodies, raises considerably their neutralizing potency.
The possible immunological significance of the reactivating property is discussed in this paper.
PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES: FORMATION OF REACTING FACTORS IN VIVO
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory 
Published: June 2004

In this paper there is described a new method for the demonstration of antigen-antibody combination, as follows:
A rabbit sensitized a week previously to some animal protein receives a skin-preparatory injection of a potent bacterial filtrate. 24 hours after the skin preparation the rabbit is injected intravenously with the same animal protein. From 4 to 5 hours later there appears severe hemorrhagic necrosis at the prepared skin site.
The incidence of positive results is high. A single sensitizing injection and 1 week incubation period are sufficient. The test is highly specific unless repeated sensitizing injections of large doses of antigen are made. The necessary sensitization can be elicited with minute quantities of animal proteins.
It is also possible to elicit severe reactions in the prepared skin sites of non-sensitized rabbits upon separate intravenous injections of non-bacterial and bacterial antigens and homologous antibodies (i.e., passive transfer).
The relation of the phenomenon of local skin reactivity to bacterial filtrates to various fields of immunology is discussed in the light of the above observations.
STUDIES ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FEVER TEMPERATURES
Authors: Boak Ruth A. , Carpenter Charles M. , Warren Stafford L. 
Published: June 2004

1. The repeated elevation of body temperatures of male and female rabbits to 41° and 42°C. from 2 to 5 times per week by short radio waves (30 m.), beginning from 29 to 171 days of age and extending through their first period of gestation, failed to injure their growth or to interfere with mating, fertilization, or the development of young in utero. Litter mates were kept for controls.
2. The rabbits exposed to the short wave fevers showed, in the majority of cases, a greater percentage gain in weight than did the control litter mates.
3. The kindling age of the treated group was, on an average, 2 weeks older than the non-treated group.
4. The fever-treated females averaged five and one-half young per litter with an average weight of 41 gm., while the untreated females averaged seven per litter with an average weight of 36.5 gm.
5. The repeated elevation of body temperature by short radio waves is a safe procedure when temperatures greater than those within physiological limits are not employed.
STUDIES ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FEVER TEMPERATURES
Authors: Boak Ruth A. , Carpenter Charles M. , Warren Stafford L. 
Published: June 2004

1. The thermal death time of Trefonema pallidumin extracts from lesions in rabbits' testes was determined in vitro at fever temperatures using the Zinsser-Hopkins and Nichols strains.
2. The criteria to determine the persistence of infectivity of the heated extract were the following: the development of lesions on inoculation into rabbits, dark-field examination of tissue from the lesions, the outcome of blood Wassermann tests, and of reinoculation tests.
3. The thermal death time of the two strains of spirochetes was approximately the same, although the Nichols strain was somewhat the more resistant. In the case of the latter 5 hours at 39°C., 3 hours at 40°C., 2 hours at 41°C., and 1 hour at 41.5°C., were required to render infective extracts innocuous to other rabbits.
4. The thermal death time of T. pallidum in testicular extracts in vitro at fever temperatures is so short as to suggest that induced fever may be useful therapeutically in human syphilis.
STUDIES ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FEVER TEMPERATURES
Authors: Carpenter Charles M. , Boak Ruth A. , Warren Stafford L. 
Published: June 2004

1. Multiple, unsustained fevers (41–42°C.) produced by irradiation in a high frequency electrostatic field (10,000 kilocycles) destroyed T. pallidum in rabbits with active syphilitic lesions as determined by the injection into normal rabbits of extracts prepared from their testes and popliteal lymph nodes.
2. One febrile period of 6 hours at a temperature of 41.5–42°C. was likewise found to be sufficient to destroy T. pallidum.
3. Infection with T. pallidum persisted in a control series of untreated rabbits for as long as 395 days after inoculation, but clinical healing occurred in from 3 to 4 months after injection.
4. The time interval between inoculation and fever treatment, or between the end of the fever treatment and reinoculation, did not affect the results.
5. The fever treatment was effective at any stage of experimental syphilis in rabbits.
THE ETIOLOGY OF BARTONELLA MURIS ANEMIA OF THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Marmorston-Gottesman J. , Perla David 
Published: June 2004

1. Bartonella muris has been isolated in pure culture on Noguchi's leptospira medium from the blood of the splenectomized adult rat suffering with Bartonella muris anemia.
2. Bartonella muris is a small, actively motile, Gram-negative bacillus. It grows best on media containing blood and on Noguchi's leptospira medium. The optimal temperature for growth is 20–25°C. It produces neither gas nor acid on media containing sugars. It does not hemolyze blood in artificial media. Viability of the cultures in leptospira media was maintained for 36 days.
3. With this culture a severe anemia was produced in rats weighing 30 gm., with the occasional appearance of Bartonella muris bodies on the red cells. The anemia occurred within 24 hours, and lasted for 3 to 5 days with recovery of the rat. Bartonella muris was recovered in pure culture from the blood of these animals. The blood of these rats was infectious for other 30 gm. rats.
4. 3 week old rabbits were infected with cultures of Bartonella muris, a severe anemia resulting after an incubation period of 48 hours. The organism was recovered from the blood on the 5th day after injection. Bartonella muris is non-pathogenic for adult rabbits.
5. A severe anemia was produced in young guinea pigs with cultures of Bartonella muris within 48 hours. The organism was recovered on the 2nd and 5th days after injection. Postmortem examination revealed changes in the organs similar to those found in splenectomized rats suffering with spontaneous Bartonella muris anemia.
6. The infection was reproduced in white mice. In one instance a severe anemia developed on the 5th and 6th days. The organism was recovered on the 6th day.
7. The anemia was produced in splenectomized adult rats of non-carrier stock. The organism was recovered from the blood stream of these rats. A marked leukocytosis was noted (65,000) at the peak of the anemia as is found in the spontaneous disease in infected splenectomized adult rats.
8. Serological tests have thus far failed to demonstrate the production of agglutinins, though complement-fixing antibodies are present in homologous sera in low dilutions.
STUDIES ON BARTONELLA MURIS ANEMIA
Authors: Perla David , Marmorston-Gottesman J. 
Published: June 2004

The effect on Bartonella muris anemia of adding copper or iron or both to an adequate diet was studied.
The addition to the diet of copper (0.1 mg. per rat per day), or iron (1 mg. per day), or both during a period of 2 days prior to splenectomy and 1 month subsequent thereto failed to protect adult albino rats against Bartonella muris anemia.
The addition of copper to an adequate diet for a period of 10 days prior to splenectomy and 1 month subsequent thereto protected 75 per cent of the rats against the anemia.
The addition of iron (1 mg. per rat per day) for a period of 10 days prior to and 1 month subsequent to splenectomy protected 50 per cent of the rats against this anemia.
The addition of both copper and iron for a period of 10 days prior to and 1 month subsequent to splenectomy protected 75 per cent of these rats against Bartonella muris anemia.
The addition of copper alone for a period of 2 months prior to and 1 month subsequent to splenectomy protected 63 per cent of the rats against Bartonella muris anemia.
The addition of iron, or of both copper and iron during a period of 2 months prior to splenectomy and 1 month subsequent thereto protected about one-third of the rats against Bartonella murisanemia.