bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Force
Authors: Waddington P A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The complaint of the ‘critical consensus’, amongst others, is that there has been an escalation in the weaponry and tactics of the police. The armed PT17 ‘blue berets’ and riot-clad members of PSUs have replaced the amiable face of traditional policing. The reality is not nearly so simple: the authorities compromise tactical necessity in the name of ‘public acceptability’ and apparent escalation involves some times a reduction in the potential for injury.
Secularization and Census Data
Authors: Gill Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the many paradoxes of the sociology of religion as it has developed over the last twenty years is that it has given more attention to sects and to new religious movements than it has to long-established denominations or churches. With a few important exceptions,1 mainstream churches have not received the sort of detailed attention that one might expect given their prevalence and greater size. In part this may be due to lingering suspicions of ‘Religious Sociology’ and to the ecclesiastical control often thought to lurk behind it in France. It may also be due to the sheer difficulty of analysing amorphous religious institutions. Small-scale religious bodies are often exotic and deviant and hence more interesting and, because they usually have a very clear notion of who is a member, they·are easier to study.2 Whatever the reason, longestablished churches remain surprisingly unresearched.
Recent Transformations in English Catholicism: Evidence of Secularization?
Authors: Hornsby-smith Michael p. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the secularization thesis by considering the transformations which can be discerned in English Catholicism over the past three or four decades.1 First, it will examine a wide range of empirical evidence relating to contemporary English Catholicism which indicates a move out of a defensive, ‘fortress’ model of the Church, whose walls have steadily been dissolved, and a shift from what Hammond has called a ‘collective-expressive’ to an ‘individual-expres¬ sive’ view of the Church.2 Secondly, it will report evidence for ‘customary’ religion and transformations of religious authority.
Teaching And Research
Authors: Halsey A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WE have traced the background of expansion in higher education associated with the Robbins Report of 1963. It has continued ever since, though at a varying and reduced pace and with alterations of shape, starting with the creation of new universities, and the incorporation of the former Colleges of Advanced technology as technological universities. Later came the founding of thirty polytechnics in England and Wales and several Central Institutions in Scotland which largely absorbed teacher-training, and finally the development of the Open University to form an elaborated hierarchy of institutions. Funding over the past thirty years has been transformed. We have described it from one angle as the proletarianization of intellectual labour, involving a smaller proportion of established tenured staff paid from general university funds, a relative decline of the professoriate, and the addition of a significant auxiliary group of contract researchers and part-time, mostly junior, teaching and research staff.
Academics And Politics
Authors: Halsey A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE staff of polytechnics and universities are well known to be an electoral oddity. They behave in terms of political party support, not like a cross-section of the professional classes to which they are assimilated by income and style of life, but as if they were a fair sample of manual workers. Martin Trow and I showed all this in detail for the 1960s (Halsey and Trow 1972). The three surveys together now afford a serial picture of party identification from 1964 to 1989. In 1964 it appeared that, if dons only were enfranchised, Labour would have led the Conservatives by 7 per cent. The comparable figures in 1976 was 12 per cent and in 1989 19 per cent. And by that time in the polytechnics the gap had become 26 per cent. There was, in other words, a strengthening of anti-Conservative feeling in the British academic professions over a period of a quarter of a century. These trends are spectacularly different from the concurrent electoral history of the nation at large and therefore deserve closer scrutiny. They are outlined in Appendix 1. A more detailed examination can begin in Oxford where the balance of political feeling among academics has recently been disputed.
Policing Reform and Reforming the Police: 1976–1992
Authors: Brewer John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The uprisings in Soweto and elsewhere in 1976 marked the beginning of a substantial period of international economic pressure and political protest (on the effects of the uprisings on subsequent protest see Brewer 1986; Lodge and Nasson 1992), and showed once more the difficulties of an apartheid system without legitimacy and dependent upon coercive police power. The rcfom1 process that followed the crisis was at first hesitant, limited, and partial, but eventually culminated in President de Klerk’s radical dismantling of apartheid. This chapter takes us from the events of Soweto in 1976 to de Klerk’s reforms. The whole period, however, exposes the difficulties of the police in South Africa to transcend their origins as a colonial paramilitary force, whose primary function is the brutal containment of the subjec1 population.
Comparing Different Maps of the Same Ground
Authors: Martin David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary foci of concern so far in the interchange between sociology and theology have been determinism and relativity. However, neither determinism nor relativity are new problems, and it is not even clear that they are sharpened or seriously altered by sociological analysis. Of course, whoever engages in sociological work will be conscious of the pressure exercised by the problem of more or less strict causality in human affairs, and will be exposed to a persistent practical relativization of his perspective.
The Social Context of Modern Ecclesiology
Authors: Martin David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How does a sociologist qua sociologist see ‘the Church’? That question may be answered in general and may also be answered with respect to the Church as it exists in the here and now of the modern world. I want to begin by suggesting how a sociologist may see the Church in general, since there may well be certain social conditions and processes which are continuously in operation from the time of the primitive Church to the present. Unless those conditions and processes are set out any focus on the Church today will be shorn of its essential context.
The Limits and Politics of Ecumenism
Authors: Martin David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps I may begin with a personal statement, since in what follows I do not want to be misunderstood. I have been initially sympathetic to four revolutions: in educational method, in social work method, in liturgy, and in ecumenical relation ships between churches. All four are, in my view, quite closely connected and play into each other. For example, what has happened to liturgy parallels and is reinforced by what has happened to educational method.
The Peace Sentiment: Old and New
Authors: Martin David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is not concerned with a particular group, but with a theme which was prevalent in the milieux drawn upon by the current wave of new religions. That theme was peace. However, this desire for peace was in some ways continuous with the older versions of pacifism (some of them sectarian, and some based on the individual conscience), and in other ways discontinuous. Lots of features in the older versions were reproduced by the newer ones, but transmogrified, ordered in fresh combinations, given a different thrust and tone.
Segregation, Sexism, and Labour Supply
Authors: Vogler Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with a rather neglected aspect of labour market segmentation and segregation: attitudes towards and perceptions of gender inequality. Most theories of gender segregation contain inferences about the role of attitudes in shaping and reflecting gender inequality; they receive most systematic attention in neoclassical consumer preference theory and very sketchy treatment in other theories, but in most cases it is unsatisfactory.
The Ethics of Fatalism
Authors: Lockwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The significance of Durkheim’s concept of fatalism is wholly unappreciated. The idea is seldom discussed and then only in relation to the study of suicide. Unlike anomie, it has had a most undistinguished sociological career. This is curious because, if anomie can serve to illuminate in a quite general way the nature of social disorder, why should fatalism not be regarded as having the capacity to provide an explanation of order that is of equally wide scope? The aim of this chapter is to show that, hidden in the concept of fatalism, there is indeed such a theory, though it bears little resemblance to what is taken to be Durkheim’s major contribution to the analysis of social integration.
Hegemony
Authors: Lockwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first sight, Gramsci’s concept of hegemony might be seen as a sophisticated version of the indoctrination thesis. But this would be a mistake. While his formulation of it is fragmentary and often opaque, and has required much interpretation, the significance of this version of ideological domination lies chiefly in the extent to which it represents a departure from the basically utilitarian action schema of the theories of fetishism and indoctrination.
Research Design and Perspectives
Authors: Hornsby-Smith Michael P , Fulton John , Norris Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is concerned with the ways in which the renewal of spiritualities are promoted and controlled within the Roman Catholic Church. It approaches the topic both historically and empirically. The empirical data have been drawn from a study, over more than five years from late 1988, of a specific renewal ‘process’, RENEW, in the Diocese of Downlands in England. RENEW is a diocesan wide, parish-based pastoral programme which was originally developed in the United States. It has been described as a ‘sponsored process of revitalization’ in mainstream Catholicism, sponsored, that is, by the diocesan bishop and his senior clerical advisers.
A Theoretical Frame
Authors: Hornsby-Smith Michael P , Fulton John , Norris Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we establish a theoretical frame by which to identify types of spirituality, and to understand what particular type RE NEW represents. It is useful to begin this chapter by looking at what the term spirituality means. Popularly, it is seen in individualistic terms, even when entire social groups are being characterized. In addition, the term tends to have other-worldly connotations, at least in traditional Roman Catholicism. Almost by definition, spirituality is removed from matters of politics, argument, and struggle between people. Consequently, it takes on the significance of ‘piety’, something entirely separate from the realm of the social, and eminently individual and removed from this world.
Parish Mobilization for RENEW
Authors: Hornsby-Smith Michael P , Fulton John , Norris Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will continue our analysis of the organizational features of movements of religious renewal through our case study of RENEW in an English diocese. We have shown how the bishop, in consultation with his closest advisers, came to the decision to adopt the RENEW programme for the Diocese of Downlands in July 1986, and proceeded in a series of stages to co-opt in the first place the priests of the diocese by Easter 1987, then over 2,000 parish activists in a series of meetings in each deanery in October 1987, and finally sponsored activists from the parishes at the ‘overnights’ early in 1988. The diocesan RENEW team had been appointed by the summer of 1987 to implement the programme after appropriate training at Newark. In this chapter we will draw on our ethnographic accounts of the deanery meetings and of the process of setting up the parish core groups and teams to illustrate some of the ways in which the parishes were mobilized from the top down to participate in the diocesan programme.
The Outcomes of RENEW
Authors: Hornsby-Smith Michael P , Fulton John , Norris Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will be concerned with two main questions: what developments could be discerned in the diocese in the three years immediately after the end of RENEW, and what were the overall effects of the 21/2-year RENEW programme. We start by outlining the attempts to articulate a diocesan pastoral strategy for the 1990s in the Diocese of Downlands and present an ethnographic account of the parallel attempt, in St Matthew’s parish, to formulate a parish plan for mission. These were both attempts, at two different levels, to institutionalize the processes of action-response which it was hoped had been firmly established during the RENEW programme. Three years after the end of Season 5 it was reasonable to assume that a preliminary judgement might be made about the persisting effects of the RENEW programme.
Labour Market Deprivation, Welfare, and Collectivism
Authors: Gallie Duncan , Vogler Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Changes in labour market conditions over the last ten years have led to renewed speculation about the future of collectivist attitudes. In Britain, the most striking change has been the sharp rise in the level of unemployment. However, many commentators have also suggested that profound changes are occurring in the character of employment, in particular through the rise of more precarious types of work. On one estimate, fully a third of British employees could now be considered part of the ‘flexible’ work-force (Hakim 1987). Overall, there has been an increase in the level of insecurity and a marked accentuation of financial inequality.
Technical Change and the Division of Labour in Rochdale and Aberdeen
Authors: Penn Roger , Gasteen Ann , Scattergood Hilda , Sewel John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter involves an examination of the effects of technical change upon the division of labour in Rochdale and Aberdeen during the 1980s. Its comparative analysis is based upon parallel data collected in the two localities by members of the Lancaster and Aberdeen teams. The chapter utilized data from the Policy Studies Institute telephone survey of establishments and from the follow-up survey of 74 establishments in the two localities. The chapter is designed to develop the literature on the relationship between technical change and the division of labour in two interrelated ways. First, the data permit a comparison of establishments within two localities whose economic fortunes could hardly have been more dissimilar during the 1980s. Aberdeen remained buoyant in the eye of the economic storm that struck Britain in the period after 1979. Rochdale, on the other hand, witnessed a threefold increase in the rate of unemployment between 1979 and 1982, and was subject to the fullest force of the Thatcherite eco nomic maelstrom. This chapter examines various theories of the relationship between economic development and technical change in the light of the evidence about these quite different labour market and employment experiences in the 1980s. However, this was but one element in our comparative research strategy. Our data also permitted the matching of establishments in similar industrial sectors across the two localities. Such an approach enabled us to test hypotheses concerning the relative importance of specific industrial sectors in the determination of the relationship between technological change and the division of labour.
The Size and Shape of SGI-UK
Authors: Wilson Bryan , Dobbelaere Karel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To obtain even the crudest indicators of the size and composition of minority religious movements is by no means always easy. Sects tend to be, if not secretive, then at least wary about divulging information on such matters. Quite apart from such caution, they are often ill organized and do not always know the social parameters of their own organization. The Sōka Gakkai International UK (Nichiren Sh6sh0. UK, as it then was) was a marked exception to these generalizations. Not only were the movement’s leaders immcdiatcly open and co-operative in their response to the idea of a research project into the movement, but they also provided us with a computer listing of members. With their addresses, we were able to draw a random sample to whom we distributed a postal questionnaire. In addition to the response from our sample, the list also gave us full information of the size and shape of the population which constituted the movement. As in all such organizations, the precise boundanes of membership were not absolutely clear. New people were joining, some who counted as full members were less closely attached than others, and there were, inevitably, some who were in various stages of relinquishing their commitment in anticipation of leaving.
Encounter, Attraction, and Conversion
Authors: Wilson Bryan , Dobbelaere Karel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THERE is no one usual pattern by which people first encounter, are then attracted by, and eventually convert to a new religious movement, but there is always a sequence in which exposure occurs, interest is evoked, and commitment elicited. We sought to discover just how dedicated and stable members had travelled this route — what circumstances occasioned their first acquaintance with Nichiren Buddhism; the features of the faith or of the movement which specifically appealed; and whether that same initial attraction was responsible for summoning sustained commitment when the ‘interested stranger’ became the dedicated member.
The Values of the Value Creators
Authors: Wilson Bryan , Dobbelaere Karel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SŌKA GAKKAI, as we have seen, means Value Creation Society. Its members are dedicated to the creation of value. It was, therefore, pertinent to seek to discover the actual values to which SGI members subscribed, and to find out to what extent there was value consensus among them. Given the emphasis within the movement on toleration and the cultivation of non-judgemental orientations, the extent of convergence and divergence was of particular interest. Beyond this, the availability of data from the European Values Study offered the opportunity of a comparison of the values of SGI members and those of their fellow citizens of Great Britain, and thus we were able to attempt an appraisal of the degree to which the values they espoused differed from or coincided with those of the public at large.
Global Migrants, Local Lives
Authors: Gardner Katy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long-term migration is one of the most important factors in the formation of cultural identities in the modern world. Immigrant communities are usually studied in the context of the country people have migrated to; Katy Gardner, however, looks at the neglected `sending' side of the equation. In the sending communities, out-migration has become a central economic and social resource - the route to social, as well as physical, mobility, transforming those who gain access to it. Dr Gardner examines the cultural context and effects of the long-term migration from Bangladesh to Britain and the Middle East, drawing on her fieldwork in the Sylhet district,an area of exceptional migration. Major aspects of Bangledeshi life such as land, family structure, marriage and religion - all of which have been affected by the heavy out-migration - are covered in detail, and the transformation of the social structure is mapped. In focusing on local ideology, this book shows how local cultural meanings are constantly negotiated and contested by different groups in the context of rapid economic change. At the heart of this important contribution to the anthropology of migration is a presentation of the dynamic nature of migration and the concomitant possibility of self-transformation it holds for migrant cultures.
The Sacred Desh
Authors: Gardner Katy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whilst presented by its followers in Sylhet as stable and traditional, like all religious ideologies Islam is continually reordered and reformulated by the faithful. In Talukpur the presentation of fixity appears to be of increasing importance in Islamic discourse, ironically perhaps, since many of those who promote it are now so mobile. This is no mere coincidence: the many journeys of individuals, and the overall participation of Talukpur in global and national processes, have played an important part in the construction of Islam as fixed and totalizing.
Trade Union Allegiance and Decline in British Urban Labour Markets
Authors: Gallie Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1980s have witnessed a dramatic decline in British trade union strength—with membership falling by 26 per cent between 1979 and 1990 (Department of Employment, 1993). This raises fundamental questions about the nature of British trade union allegiance and its implications for the longer-term strength or fragility of the unions’ power. Does membership decline indicate a crisis of legitimacy for the unions or can it be seen primarily as the result of structural changes that have made the recruitment and retention of membership more difficult?
Trade Unionism in a Hostile Environment: An Account of Attempts to Organize the North Sea Off-Shore Oil Industry Between 1970 and 1990
Authors: Sewel John , Penn Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The North Sea off-shore oil industry provides a relatively rare opportunity for examining the history of trade union organization in a new industry. Indeed, one of the reasons for choosing Aberdeen as one of the six localities for the SCELI research was that it served as the main on-shore base for the North Sea oil industry in Britain. The economic fortunes of the city itself, and much of the surrounding area, have been closely linked to oil since the pace of exploration quickened in the 1970s.
Labour and Farmers’ Movements in Prewar Japan*
Authors: Yoshiaki Nishida 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The core of the labour movement in Japan today is one of ‘harmonist’ enterprise unionism built around the Rengo labour federation. It should be clear that enterprise unionism became the mainstream as a result of the increased power of the corporations and the setting in stone of corporatist labour relations, which were fostered by as well as helping to contribute to the high-speed growth of the 1960s. Watanabe Osamu’s analysis, which suggests that these developments are deeply rooted in the characteristics particular to modern Japanese society, is especially illuminating here.1 It is of course possible to find reasons why the labour movement has found it difficult to go against the general trend and has taken a turn to the Right in the changes among its leadership or in its ‘mistaken strategies’. It ought to be understood, though, that even these developments are themselves the products of contemporary Japanese society.
Foreign Workers and Immigration Policy*
Authors: Seigo Hirowatari 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A chronological glance at Homunenkan (Justice Annual), the Japanese Ministry of Justice’s annual report of its activities, reveals that during the period of high economic growth from the 1950s, the main thrust of the Immigration Bureau’s operations was directed at illegal entry from the Korean Peninsula. From 1951 to 1969 the total number of illegal entrants prosecuted was 31,562, or an annual average of 1,661, of whom North and South Koreans accounted for 29,740, or 94.2 per cent. This was at a time when 300,000 foreigners were entering Japan annually (1965 figure).