bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat Waves and Hot Environments
Authors: Kilbourne Edwin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hot weather is an important determinant of human mortality. In the United States, a major heat wave can cause literally thousands of excess deaths in a given summer. Yet, for purposes of public health, the term “heat wave” is not easily defined. “Hot” is a relative term, and periods of hot weather (heat waves) vary greatly in intensity and duration. Ambient temperatures may change rapidly, and they have marked diurnal fluctuations. Their effect on human beings is not the same in different geographic areas. Moreover, the microclimates, behaviors, and preexisting medical conditions of individual human beings dramatically affect the biological consequences of macroenvironmental heat. Thus, at the present time, a precise description of conditions constituting a heat wave of public health importance eludes description. Determining the precise hot weather conditions leading to an adverse impact on public health remains an important area for scientific investigation.
Sexual Harassment
Authors: Studd Michael V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sexual harassment–unwanted and often persistent sexual attention most frequently involving male initiators and female victims–has recently emerged as a major issue in the management of organizations (e.g., Center for Women’s Policy Studies, 1981; Farley, 1978; Gutek, 1985; Neugarten & Shafritz, 1980; Paludi, 1990; U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board, 1981). Sexual harassment in the workplace occurs within an environment in which issues associated with, and interactions among, sexual desire, individual power, and sociosexual conflict are especially pronounced and especially problematic (Studd & Gattiker, 1991). The personal and professional goals and desires of individuals in the workplace often conflict with those of other individuals with whom they interact. Moreover, individual and organizational objectives are often also in conflict. The problematic nature of these competing influences is in contrast to sexual motivation and sociosexual interactions in private life, in which incidents of unwanted sexual attention can at least potentially be resolved on a more individual and private basis. Such resolutions would, generally lack implications for that individual’s working or professional life and therefore would be unaffected by the confounding influence of organization-based power. The presence and use of this professional and organizational power greatly complicate sociosexual interactions between men and women in the workplace, especially with respect to unwanted sexual attention.
Alcohol, Misperception, and Sexual Assault: How and Why Are They Linked?
Authors: Abbey Antonia , Ross Lisa Thomson , Mcduffie Donna , Mcauslan Pam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our studies of sexual assault, both perpetrators and victims have described alcohol’s role in what occurred. One man justified forcing sex on his date by saying, “I was very drunk and upset by the fact that it was our prom night and she spent most of it helping someone throw up while I sat by myself.” Another man thought the assault occurred “because I was a little drunk and so was she. She wanted only to kiss and I misinterpreted this.” One young woman told of how she “wasn’t able to respond soon enough to his advances. Maybe I wasn’t aware of his serious intentions soon enough because of my drinking.” Another woman wrote, “I was very drunk and could not drive or get away from him even though we were in my car. He took me to a motel and carried me inside.” One man felt that the assault was due to his date’s drinking: “She asked for it [by being drunk] and she got it.” A woman explained her assault by writing, “because I allowed myself to drink beyond what I could handle and I trusted the man too much.”
Social Action for Battered Women
Authors: Roche Susan E , Sadoski Pam J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On September 13, 1994, President Bill Clinton signed the Violence Against Women Act into law as part of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) is the most extensive support that the federal government has ever committed to improve, expand, and enhance services and community responses to abused women. It represents a major legislative advocacy success for the battered women’s movement and its allies and took more than two decades to achieve.
For those who have a long-term commitment to ending gender violence, it is important to recognize that history “is not something that happens necessarily, but something that can be made” (Freire, 1990, p. 9). The VAWA is but one powerful example of what is “historically possible” (p. 9) in pursuing a mission of social change on behalf of battered women. Battered women’s movements in the United States and globally have a twenty-year base of experience with social action and contemporary wisdom with which to inform the “critical optimism” (p. 9) in regard to sustaining their mission of social change. This chapter presents a national view of the experience and wisdom regarding social change in the U.S. battered women’s movement.
The Criminalization of Woman Battering: Planned Change Experiences in New York State
Authors: Frisch Lisa A , Caruso Joseph M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each year, a staggering number of women, children, and the elderly are abused by intimates, family members, caretakers, and cohabitants. Although such violence impacts a wide range of victims, the abuse of adult women in intimate relationships is a problem that has long been inadequately addressed and continues to be a troublesome policy issue for criminal justice officials. This chapter focuses on woman battering, its legal and social history, and the various attempts to change the social, legal, and political responses to the problem.
The terms domestic violence, woman battering, partner abuse, wife beating, and spouse abuse are often used interchangeably and are generally defined as physical abuse between those engaged in an intimate relationship (Rush, 1991, p. 106). The nature of the relationship however, is not the only distinction between domestic violence and stranger assault. Domestic violence is unique in that it embodies a continuum of coercive behaviors that includes physical, sexual, psychological, emotional, and/or economic abuses that tend to escalate in frequency and severity over time (Carter, Heisler, & Lemon, 1991; Hart et al., 1990).
The Big Bang and the Horizon Problem
Authors: Earman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussions from the recent astrophysics literature on observability, horizons, and the like have trickled down to the level of philosophical consciousness, at least in a folkloric way. For example, the folklore contains the wisdom that the standard big bang cosmological models contain particle horizons, that when this fact is coupled with the observed isotropy of the 3 K cosmic background radiation there arises a “horizon problem,” and that inflationary cosmology solves this problem. Like most folklore, this example contains some truth and a number of distortions. There is a need to set the record straight and to correct some fundamental misimpressions about observability and horizons in relativistic cosmoiogical theories. But more is at stake than correcting some misimpressions. The horizon problem provides an interesting test case for accounts of scientific explanation, for the perception of a “problem” in connection with particle horizons in standard big bang cosmology depends on views about what features a good scientific explanation should have. While this matter has received little attention in the philosophical literature, it has played an important role in guiding research in relativistic cosmology.
Antebellum Southern Exceptionalism
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Theme of American Exceptionalism Permeated Writing about the United States from its beginning but has come under attack in recent years. Ever since Hector St. John Crèvecoeur asked his famous question in 1782, “What Is the American, This New Man?” native and foreign commentators alike have sought to define what supposedly makes the United States exceptional, indeed unique, among peoples of the world. Reaching the height of its influence in the 1950s, the exceptionalist school argued that something special about the American experience—whether it was abundance, free land on the frontier, the absence of a feudal past, exceptional mobility and the relative lack of class conflict, or the pragmatic and consensual liberalism of our politics—set the American people apart from the rest of humankind.
The War of Southern Aggression
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“South Carolina,” Wrote One of The State’s Few Opponents of secession in 1860, “is too small for a republic, but too large for an insane asylum.” In earlier years most Southerners outside the Palmetto State would have agreed. In 1832 no other state joined South Carolina in its “nullification” of a national tariff law that Carolina planters viewed as discriminatory against plantation agriculture. On that occasion the Carolina planters and their allies backed down rather than face the wrath of President Andrew Jackson, who vowed to send in the army and hang the ringleaders of nullification. Again in 1851 they had to contain their zeal for a separate slaveholding republic when other Southern states refused to secede in protest against the Compromise of 1850, which had admitted California as a free state.
Race and Class in the Crucible of War
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social History Since The 1960s Has Become The Liveliest field of American history. Historians have been using evidence about class, race, ethnicity, and gender to gain insight into Americans’ everyday lives—their work and leisure, their culture and ideology, their relations with one another and with the political and economic systems under which they have lived. From that research have come new perspectives that have increased our understanding of the American past—especially the past lives of blacks, women, ethnic minorities, and blue-collar workers.
Reason and Induction
Authors: Garrett Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The celebrated Monsieur Leibnitz has observed it to be a defect in the common systems of logic, that they are very copious when they explain the operations of the under standing in the forming of demonstrations, but are too concise when they treat of probabilities, and those other measures of evidence on which life and action intirely depend, and which are our guides even in most of our philosophical speculations.
Liberty and Necessity
Authors: Garrett Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Scientific Revolution demanded a rethinking of the relation between human beings and nature. The success of mechanistic explanation led to conceptions of the causal relation that take events, rather than substances, as the most fundamental relata. This change is evident in Hume’s own analysis of causation in terms of constant conjunction, and even more so in his applications of it, despite his own lingering use of the broad term ‘objects’ to refer to potential causes and effects.
Miracles
Authors: Garrett Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Scientific Revolution posed questions not only about the relation between nature and human actions but also about the relation between nature and divine actions, and about the existence of divine actions in or alongside nature. In the face of a mechanistic universe from which God appeared to stand aloof, many theologians claimed that the historical occurrence of miracles in conjunction with divine revelation, as established by the testimony of scripture, was a primary source of evidence for the truth of Christianity.
Personal Identity
Authors: Garrett Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the eighteenth century, the nature of personal identity was not simply a metaphysical puzzle. Rather, it was a philosophical problem with conse-quences not only for temporal moral responsibility but also for the justice of divine rewards and punishments in the afterlife. Skepticism concerning the existence of nonphysical, substantial souls exacerbated the problem. It was largely in order to defend the justice of divine rewards and punishments in the face of his own relative agnosticism about substantial souls that Locke offered his reductive empiricist analysis of personal identity in terms of consciousness and memory.1
Skepticism and Commitment
Authors: Garrett Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the Scientific Revolution offered new answers to some questions, it also raised new questions and reinstated old ones, questions concerning both the structure of the universe, on the one hand, and the powers of the human cognitive instrument, on the other. As the authority of Aristotelian explanations decayed and the writings of ancient skeptics became better known, European philosophy became increasingly interested in the uses of skepticism and the status of skeptical arguments.
Me’s and We’s Forms and Functions of Social Identities
Authors: Thoits Peggy A , Virshup Lauren K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the concept of “social self’’ or “social identity” has always had multiple meanings, two predominant conceptions of social identity can be found in the social psychological literature. For simplicity, we will term these two conceptions “me’s” and “we’s,” or for variety, “individuallevel” and “collective-level” identities, or more briefly, “individual” and “collective” identities. Individual-level me’s are identifications of the self as a certain kind of person, using broad social categories to describe “who I am.” Collective-level we’s are identifications of the self with a group as a whole, using broad social categories to describe “who we are.”1 Because, as will be seen, both types of identity are social in origin, we must use terms other than “social identity” to distinguish between them.
Man and the Mass: Reality and the Heroic Image in War
Authors: Bartov Omer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
War is essentially a military confrontation between two armed groups or organizations of men; yet, at the same time, war seems to present an image of heroic individuals on whose supreme qualities its outcome depends. Whereas the first image denotes an impersonal mass, the second implies the centrality of personal valor. Since this fundamental contradiction between the heroic image of war and its reality can be traced far back in history, and is clearly just as prevalent—or, indeed, much exacerbated—in modem armed conflicts, it appears to constitute an inherent component of the phenomenon of war as such. Thus, one question to be posed in this chapter is: Why is this tension between the abstract ideals and brutal facts of war so persistent, what purpose does it serve, at what price, and what does it tell us about the nature of human warfare? More specifically, I will attempt to gauge the impact of industrial killing in the Great War on traditional Western perceptions of individual heroism. Finally, and by way of introducing the next chapter, I will suggest some links between the effects of modem warfare on the individual’s relationship with the mass, and the emergence of genocide as a characteristic phenomenon of the twentieth century.
Intellectual Life
Authors: Egnal Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The day started off poorly. The small Wesleyan chapel in the upstate New York town of Seneca Falls was locked, and Elizabeth Cady Stan ton had to send her nephew scampering through a window to open the doors from the inside. But the rest of the meeting went splendidly. Some of the individuals who had helped organize this first women’s rights convention feared it would be poorly attended. But they needn’t have worried. Even though announcements were issued only a few days before the July 1848 meeting, 300 people, mostly women, at tended. The gathering at Seneca Falls focused on improving the condition of women. But the convention was also representative of the broad waves of reform that rolled across the North in the 1830s, ‘40s, and ‘50s. Many of the delegates had taken part in other campaigns for perfecting humanity. Stanton and Lucretia Mott-the leaders at Seneca Falls-had first met as delegates to an antislavery gathering. Even the language of the Seneca Falls declaration, which affirmed a belief in the God-given potential of individuals, was familiar to northern reformers. “It is time,” the meeting resolved, that “she [“woman”] should move in the enlarged sphere which her great Creator has assigned her.
The Paths Converge: 1940 to 1975
Authors: Egnal Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In all three regions long-standing patterns of thought and behavior changed dramatically between 1940 and 1975. The traditional, non-entrepreneurial outlook of southerners and French Canadians gradually yielded to a more commercial mind-set. Powerful institutions such as sharecropping in the South and the Catholic Church in Quebec-declined in importance. Such changes accelerated growth in these two sections, which for more than a century had lagged far behind the North. By contrast, the triumph of the corporate economy in the northern states dulled the business ethos that long had driven the growth of that area. The stage was set for economic decline. But (and the but here is important) these changes had only begun. Older pat terns of thought and behavior persisted. In 1975 as in 1940 northern ers remained more business-minded and more productive than southerners or French Canadians. The gap in the standard of living between the North, on the one hand, and the South and Quebec, on the other, had lessened but had not been erased.
Accretion And Evolution Of Water
Authors: Carr Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters we have built a case for extensive modification of the surface by water. In this chapter we discuss what the total inventory of water near the surface of the planet might be and how it may have evolved and been redistributed with time. Water is only one volatile species. Its fate is likely to have been coupled to the fate of other volatiles, such as CO2, N2, and the noble gases, so these are also briefly discussed. Up to this point the book has been mainly concerned with surface morphology because it has provided most of the evidence that Mars is water rich and that water has played a prominent role in the evolution of the planet. Indeed, had the surface been masked from the view of spacecraft and only the atmosphere been accessible to measurements, water would not have been an issue, at least until recently. But quantitative measures of the amount of water from geology alone are difficult to obtain, and in this chapter we examine some of the geochemical evidence for the evolution of water.
Stretching The Imagination
Authors: Cornoldi Cesare , Logie Robert H , Brandimonte Maria A , Kaufmann Geir , Reisberg Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first volume in the Counterpoints Series, which explores the issues being debated in psychology, child development, linguistics, and neuroscience. Each volume consists of the presentation of three or four extensive chapters by researchers representing key points of view on the issue. This text examines one of the liveliest areas of debate in psychology today, the relationship between perception and mental imagery. A variety of recent studies have pointed to the existence of a strong relationship between memory and mental representation, while others have shown that images are open to reinterpretation and manipulation, and are therefore not merely static impressions or mental representations of memories. Three core chapters by researchers in the midst of this debate--Maria Brandimonte, Geir Kaufmann, and Dan Reisberg--make up the central portion of this text. The first chapter is a historical overview of the problem as well as a review of the research in psychology and the argument as it has developed in related fields, such as philosophy and artificial intelligence. The last chapter pulls together all of the positions and points to new areas of research which may help uncover an explanation for the apparent contradictions in the research. Students and researchers in psychology and cognitive psychology will benefit from this comprehensive look at this heated debate.
The Many Faces of Mental Imagery
Authors: Kaufmann Geir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A particularly recalcitrant problem in the philosophy and science of mind has been the clarification of the nature and function of imagery. The debate has been particularly long-standing and heated both in psychology and philosophy. This may seem strange since mental imagery seems to be a fairly minor, and even remote, corner of the mind. Some people (e.g., John B. Watson) even claimed that they did not have any mental imagery, and that they did well without it! Galton (1883) argued that imagery was a primitive form of cognition, prevalent in children and housewives. Yet an overwhelming amount of empirical evidence seems to show that imagery is a remarkably effective mediator of cognitive performance, ranging from short-term memory to creativity.
Progressive Rock, “Close to the Edge,” and the Boundaries of Style
Authors: Covach John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Progressive rock;’ “classical rock;’ “art rock;’ “symphonic rock”—these labels have been used over the last twenty-five years by various authors to designate a style of popular music developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, primarily by British rock musicians.I During this time groups such as King Crimson, the Moody Blues, Proco Harum, the Nice (and later Emerson, Lake, and Palmer), Gentle Giant, Genesis, Yes, Jethro Tull, Van der Graaf Generator, and Deep Purple attempted to blend late-’60s and early-’70s rock and pop with elements drawn from the Western art-music tradition. This attempt to develop a kind of”concert-hall rock”—which was nevertheless still often performed in stadiums and arenas—was the result of a tendency on the part of some rockers and their fans to view rock as “listening music” (as opposed to dance music), an aesthetic trend that Wilfrid Mellers attributes to the influence of the Beatles’ Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band of 1967.
After Sundown
Authors: Harrison Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometimes it happens in this crazy world that the cartoon becomes great art, the self-indulgent reveals generosity, the absurd comes to contain meaning, the silly shows profundity. Sometimes drinking songs end up as national anthems, young shepherds defeat giant warriors, and Hollywood personalities become leaders of the free world.
Sometimes raucous singing at an innocent party shows a keen artistic consciousness, and inscrutable, off-the-wall songs that fail as rock music succeed as chic, minimalist art music. Sometimes musicians who gain fame hymning to surfboards and hot rods, who record not in stereophonic splendor but in monophonic modesty—sometimes such a group succeeds in honing for a little while an edge that cuts open convention, prunes away proprieties, and clears the way for a music that both taps your foot and feeds your head.
United States California’s Reporting System
Authors: Lawrence-Karski Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The maltreatment, misuse, and neglect of children are recognized as a serious social problem in the United States. Although children have been the subject of various types of maltreatment in different historical periods, concern for maltreated children now prompts action from private citizens and the government. As Nelson (1984) notes, a specific definition of this problem has been recognized, adopted, promoted, and maintained by the federal bureaucracy, state legislatures, and Congress.