bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autoradiographic Localization of a Gluten Peptide During Organ Culture of Human Duodenal Mucosa
Authors: Fluge G. , Aksnes L. 
Published: February 2024

Summary:An 125I‐labeled subfraction of Frazer's fraction III (molecular weight, 8,000) was added to the culture medium during organ culture of duodenal biopsies from two patients with celiac disease in exacerbation. The iso‐tope‐labeled gluten peptide was localized by autoradiography after 6, 12, and 24 h of culture. At 6 h, labeling was located mainly in the basal layers of the biopsies. The tissue was well preserved. After 12 h in culture, the labeling had spread to the lamina propria and the crypts. A few grains were located over enterocytes and desquamated cells. Moderate histological signs of toxicity were observed. After 24 h, there was marked toxic deterioration, comparable to that seen after culture with α‐gliadin. Labeling had spread throughout the entire section. There seemed to be no specificity of the binding, for the entire section was affected. Culture with the identical gluten fraction, in the radionegative state, produced histological deterioration comparable to that seen after exposure to the isotope‐labeled peptide. Gluten peptides are presented to the target cells in a unique way during organ culture, different from in vivo conditions. This may influence the results when the organ culture method is used to investigate the pathogenesis of celiac disease.
Moderate and Severe Protein Energy Malnutrition in Childhood
Authors: Römer Hans , Urbach Raquel , Gomez Maria A. , Lopez Amadita , Perozo‐Ruggeri Gladys , Vegas Maria Enriqueta 
Published: February 2024

Summary:The enzymatic activities of maltase, sucrase, and lactase were determined in jejunal biopsies obtained from 24 children with gastrointestinal symptoms and different degrees of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) to see if these differences were related to the extent of malnutrition or concomitant small intestinal mucosal injury. Even in patients with moderate PEM, lactase activities were significantly lower than control values. The decrease in lactase activity seemed to depend on the severity of malnutrition. In contrast, maltase and sucrase activities were decreased only in second and third degrees of PEM, while no significant changes were observed in first degree and marasmic kwashiorkor. Histologically, all children with PEM had grade I to II mucosal injury which did not correlate with the degree of malnutrition. These results indicate that PEM affects each of the disaccharidases of the jejunal mucosa differently, with lactase being most sensitive to PEM and reflecting most closely the degree of PEM. In contrast, morphological changes showed no correlation with the degree of PEM.
Energy Needs and Nutritional Rehabilitation in Undernourished Adolescents and Young Adult Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Pencharz P. , Hill R. , Archibald E. , Levy L. , Newth C. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe energy needs, nutritional status and body composition of 6 undernourished adolescents and young adults with cystic fibrosis (3 male and 3 female) were studied prior to and following a 12 day period of refeeding. Nutritional rehabilitation was attempted with continuous naso‐gastric feeding of an elemental diet. The energy needs of the patients were shown to be 25–80% higher than in healthy individuals of the same age, sex and size. Lean body mass as judged by measurement of total body potassium and nitrogen was relatively well preserved, but there was significant wasting of adipose tissue. During the short period of refeeding, body weight, fat and potassium all increased significantly, while fat free body mass and total body nitrogen did not change.A model is proposed for the aetiology of undernutrition in the adolescent and young adult cystic with deteriorating lung function. Based on this model and the finding of the short‐term N/G refeeding program described in this paper, we have embarked on a long‐term supplementation study in malnourished CF patients who do not respond to dietary counselling and oral supplementation.
Fetal Forms of Oligoaminopeptidase, Dipeptidylaminopeptidase IV, and Sucrase in Human Intestine and Meconium
Authors: Auricchio Salvatore , Caporale Carlo , Santamaria Francesca , Skovbjerg Hanne 
Published: February 2024

SummaryParticles of meconium sedimenting at 105,000 g contain sucrase and various brush border peptidase activities. Oligoaminopeptidase, dipeptidylaminopeptidase, and sucrase solubilized by papain from meconium particles of preterm newborns or from brush border of human fetuses during the 4th month of gestation were compared with the same enzymes prepared from adult jejunal and ileal brush border. The following are characteristics of fetal intestinal brush border enzymes: (a) a faster anodal electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide and in agar gel; (b) the same specific activity, as measured by quantitative crossed immunoelectrophoresis utilizing an antiserum against adult brush border membranes; (c) complete fusion of the immunoprecipitation lines with the adult enzymes by using the same antiserum; and (d) a different binding pattern to Helix pomatia lectin and lentil lectin. The results suggest that the charge difference between adult and fetal human brush border enzymes, which causes the difference in the gel electrophoretic mobility, is most probably due, at least in part, to differences in carbohydrate composition of these glycoproteins. Extensive neuraminidase digestion causes no or only minor changes of the electrophoretic mobility of the meconial enzymes. The difference between adult and meconial enzymes is therefore apparently not, or not only, due to different sialic acid content. These results suggest that many intestinal brush border enzymes in fetal life and at birth are in forms structurally different from those in adult life.
Fecal α1‐Antitrypsin Clearance in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Grill Bruce B. , Hillemeier A. Craig , Gryboski Joyce D. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryWe evaluated fecal clearance of α1‐antitrypsin (α1‐AT) as a method of detecting and quantitating intestinal protein loss in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. We investigated α1‐AT clearance () in 14 patients (seven with Crohn's disease, seven with ulcerative colitis) and in 10 children with gastrointestinal disorders and normal serum albumin values who served as controls. The inflammatory bowel disease patients were analyzed for nutritional status, intestinal absorption, disease activity and distribution, and presence or absence of rectal bleeding. α1‐AT was measured in stool (72‐h collections) and serum by radial immunodiffusion, and the clearance was calculated. The mean in patients with inflammatory bowel disease was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of the controls. in the former patients was inversely related to the serum albumin level (p < 0.001), but not to disease activity, medications, absorption, nutritional status, or moderate rectal bleeding. In the patients with Crohn's disease there was a trend to increased from only ileal to diffuse small intestinal disease involvement. We conclude that in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, fecal clearance of α1‐AT is a useful method for quantitating intestinal protein loss, and that moderate rectal bleeding does not affect the determination.
Chronic Diarrhea Due to VIPoma in Two Children
Authors: Socha J. , Dobrzaska A. , Rowecka K. , Cichy W. , Biera J. , Stodulski J. , Woniewicz B. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThe diagnosis of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide‐secreting tumor (VIPoma) was established in two boys on the basis of watery diarrhea with hypokalemia, elevated plasma levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) (range of 55–94 pmol/L), and presence of a tumor of the left adrenal gland. Despite celiac angiography, VIP estimation in blood samples taken from different parts of the body, and exploratory laparotomy, localization of the tumor in one child in vivo was unsuccessful. In the other boy, computed tomography revealed a large tumor in the left adrenal gland. Following the removal of the tumor, diarrhea ceased, and 10 days after surgery, the plasma level of VIP was 5 pmol/L. Histologically, the tumors in the two boys were found to be ganglioneuromas. The diagnosis of VIPoma is simple but localization can be very difficult. Surgical removal of VIPoma is often rewarding.
Induction of Enterokinase in the Rat Small Intestine Following Hypersecretion of Trypsinogen by Chronic Trypsin Inhibitor Feeding
Authors: Kai H. , Tajiri H. , Lee P. C. , Lebenthal E. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThe interrelationship between trypsin/trypsinogen and enterokinase (EK) was studied in rats following induction of trypsinogen hypersecretion by various agents. Both soybean trypsin inhibitor and para‐aminobenzamidine increased intraluminal tryptic activities to a level about twice that found in the control rats. This resulted in an increase in the mucosal and the intraluminal contents of EK in the rat small intestine. On the other hand, in cholecystokinin‐treated rats, although there was an increase of intraluminal trypsin, the increase was about 80% less than in the inhibitor‐fed rats. Under this condition, there was no effect on the mucosal or the intraluminal EK. These results suggested that substantial increase in intraluminal trypsin/trypsinogen levels (two‐fold over control) will increase the mucosal and the intraluminal concentrations of EK in the rat small intestine. Our observation extends previous reports that a decreased level of trypsin/trypsinogen, such as in pancreatic insufficiency, leads to a decrease in mucosal EK. These observations, when taken together, strongly support the modulating role of intraluminal trypsin/trypsinogen levels in controlling the EK concentrations in the small intestine.
Effects of Zinc and Copper Content of Formulas on Growth and on the Concentration of Zinc and Copper in Serum and Hair
Authors: Matsuda Ichiro , Higashi Akimasa , Ikeda Tetsuo , Uehara Itsuko , Kuroki Yumiko 
Published: February 2024

SummaryWe studied the effect of dietary zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) on the levels of these elements in serum (at 1, 3, and 5 months of age) and in hair (at 5 months of age) of breast‐ and formula‐fed infants. Three different formulas were used: (a) Commercially available standard infant formula containing 1.0 mg/L of Zn and 30 μg/L of Cu; (b) Zn supplemented formula, containing 3.2 mg/L of Zn and 30 μg/L of Cu; and (c) Zn‐ and Cu‐supplemented formula, containing 3.2 mg/L of Zn and 400 μg/L of Cu. The median Zn content of breast milk was 4.8 mg/L at 1 week, 2.9 mg/L at 1 month, 1.1 mg/L at 3 months and 1.1 mg/L at 5 months. Breast milk Cu content was 510 μg/L at 1 week, 440 μg/L at 1 month, 270 μg/L at 3 months, and 200 μg/L at 5 months after delivery. All infants were healthy and full term, and weight and length velocities were similar in each of the four groups studied. Serum Zn levels were significantly higher both in the infants fed the Zn‐supplemented formula and those fed the Zn‐and‐Cu‐supplemented formula compared with the other two groups of infants at 3 and 5 months of age. Zn levels in hair were significantly elevated (invariably greater than 80 μg/g) only in infants fed Zn‐supplemented formula. Serum and hair Cu concentrations were similar in the four groups at each test time, except the 5 months' serum samples, in which Cu concentrations in infants fed Zn‐supplemented formula and Zn‐ and Cu‐supplemented formula were significantly lower than those of breast‐fed infants. These levels, however, were all within the normal range (±2 SD) of young adults. These observations support the recommended Zn and Cu concentrations in infant formulas by FAO/WHO, AAP, and ESPGN.
Colonic Water and Electrolyte Transport in Young and Adult Rats
Authors: Marin L. , Aperia A. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThe development of colonic water and electrolyte transport was studied in rats. The colon of 20‐day‐old (young) and 40‐day‐old (adult) rats was perfused with either a hypotonic (200 mosmol/L) or a hypertonic (450 mosmol/L) solution. The solutions had identical electrolyte contents. Polyethylene glycol was used as a marker of water absorption. Na, K‐Adenosine triphosphatase (Na, K‐ATPase) activity was determined in nonperfused colonic segments in 10− to 40‐day‐old rats. Water absorption was always higher in young rats than in adult rats. In the young rats but not in the adult rats increased osmotic pressure of the luminal fluid resulted in a significant decrease in water absorption. The secretion of K was observed only in adult rats. Na, K‐ATPase activity increased significantly from 10 to 20 and from 20 to 40 days of age. The results imply that the immature colon has higher water conductivity and low active electrolyte transport.
Sulfated and Nonsulfated Bile Acids in Urine of Patients with Biliary Atresia
Authors: Nittono H. , Obinata K. , Nakatsu N. , Watanabe T. , Niijima S. , Sasaki H. , Arisaka O. , Kato H. , Yabuta K. , Miyano T. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryTo elucidate urinary bile acid patterns in patients with biliary atresia (BA), 15 sulfated and nonsulfated bile acids in urine were separately measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography. This relatively simple technique for fluorescence detection utilizes the enzyme 3α‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α‐HSD) to reveal urinary bile acid patterns. By this method, recovery rates of sulfated and nonsulfated bile acids in urine were satisfactory, and this analysis was shown to be applicable to clinical situations. In 10 patients with BA, the mean level of total bile acids in urine (23.35 ± 18.51 μmol/day) was seven times higher than the mean level in eight normal infants (3.05 ± 2.05 μmol/day). In the infants with BA, the mean level of total sulfated bile acids was about half of the total bile acid level. The main components of urinary nonsulfated bile acids in BA were glycocholic acid (6.21 ± 5.55 μmol/day) and taurocholic acid (2.28 ± 1.33 μmol/day), whereas the main components of the urinary sulfated bile acids were glycochenodeoxycholic acid (4.58 ± 6.97 μmol/day) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid (3.67 ± 3.54 μmol/day). Chenodeoxycholic acid, which is relatively toxic to the liver, may more easily be conjugated with sulfate and, hence, excreted into urine at a faster rate than cholic acid. Marked individual variations in urinary bile acid patterns were observed not only in BA patients but also in normal controls.
A Prospective Randomized Double‐Blind Study of Gastroesophageal Reflux Surgery in Pediatric‐Sized Developmentally Disabled Patients
Authors: Gourley Glenn R. , Pellett John R. , K. Li B Ulysses , Adkins William N. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryIn order to compare the standard Nissen fundoplication with the more recent Angelchik antireflux prosthesis, 47 pediatric‐sized, developmentally disabled patients were prospectively randomized to receive either of these gastroesophageal antireflux procedures. The two groups were comparable at the time of surgery with regard to age, weight, surface area, emesis, number of chest radiographs, medications, lower esophageal sphincter pressure, and number and duration of reflux episodes during standard acid reflux testing. The Angelchik group required significantly less anesthesia time than the Nissen group: 107.4 ± 22.6 min (mean ± SD) versus 156.5 ± 42.4 min (p < 0.001). There was no difference in length of postsurgical hospital stay. Six months after surgery, both groups showed improvement. There was no significant difference between the Angelchik and Nissen groups in mean subjective assessment score, increased weight gain, decreases in emesis, numbers of chest radiographs, hospital days, or medications, increased lower esophageal sphincter pressure, or decreased numbers and duration of reflux during acid reflux testing. Long‐term follow‐up of eight Angelchik and 10 Nissen patients 12–30 months postsurgery (Angelchik 21.6 ± 6.0 months, Nissen 21.9 ± 5.0 months) demonstrated no significant difference in the percent of time the distal esophageal pH was below 4.0. Significant complications potentially related to the type of procedure developed in 1/21 patients in the Angelchik group and 1/17 patients in the Nissen group. We conclude that both procedures are usually effective for the surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux. Further study is indicated in order to establish the long‐term superiority of one procedure.
Incisionless Gastrostomy for Nutritional Support
Authors: Mago Hernan , Chen Chao‐Long , Wesson David E. , Filler Robert M. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryA technique of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was evaluated in 51 children and young adults aged 4 months to 26 years (mean, 9.7 years). Indications for gastrostomy included malnutrition secondary to cystic fibrosis, severe CNS disease, and others. The procedure was performed in 26 patients using local and topical anesthesia. General anesthesia was employed in children under 8 years of age. Duration of operative procedure ranged from 20 to 60 min. The average time for maintenance of feeding gastrostomy was 5.6 months. No procedure‐related deaths were observed. Significant complications occurred less frequently than with traditional gastrostomy. We conclude that this procedure is technically simpler than, and at least as safe as, other methods of gastrostomy. It is especially useful in children for whom general anesthesia is best avoided.
Protein Quantity and Quality in Term and Preterm Infants
Authors: Rassin David K. , Gaull Gerald E. , Raiha Niels C. R. , Heinonen Kirsti , Jarvenpaa Anna‐Liisa 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThe effect of dietary protein quantity and quality on the excretion of creatinine in preterm and term neonatal infants has been investigated. Whey protein predominant formulas result in increased creatinine excretion as compared with either casein protein predominant formulas or with pooled human milk in preterm infants (p < 0.01 by ANOVA). The volume of human milk (170 versus 185 versus 200 ml/kg/day) appears to have little effect in these infants. In term infants, few differences among the feeding groups were observed, although creatinine excretion did increase with time. The pattern of creatinine excretion among feeding groups was similar regardless of whether or not the data were expressed in milligrams per deciliter or in milligrams per 24 hours. Small correlations of creatinine excretion with birth weight were observed, but these appeared to vary, depending on the type of feeding. These diet‐induced differences in creatinine excretion indicate the need for caution in expressing other urinary metabolites, such as amino acids, relative to creatinine excretion.
Milk Protein Quality in Mothers Delivering Prematurely
Authors: Britton John R. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryBecause reports comparing the nitrogen content of breast milk from mothers delivering prematurely and at term have conflicted, the present study sought to compare these milks during the first month of lactation with respect to total protein and the distribution of protein among individual protein species and amino acids. No significant differences in total protein concentration were established. However, immunoglobulin comprised a greater proportion of protein in preterm milk than in term milk. The major component of the milk casein fraction, β‐casein, was present in similar proportions in early term and preterm milk, yet increased with time in term milk but not preterm milk. Lactoferrin and lactalbumin were similar in both milks. Differences in amino acid composition were found for serine, arginine, and tyrosine. With respect to protein composition, preterm milk and term milk thus differ during the first month of lactation, and the different patterns of change in individual components suggest that factors other than milk volume contribute to protein content.
Return of Peristalsis in a Child with Esophageal Achalasia
Authors: Cucchiara S. , Staiano A. , Di Lorenzo C. , D'Ambrosio R. , Andreotti M. R. , Auricchio S. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThe clinical case of a 14‐month‐old girl with esophageal achalasia is described. Manometry revealed aperistalsis throughout the esophageal body and impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. Six months after Heller's myotomy, manometric examination of the esophagus showed the return of peristalsis.
Gastrointestinal Tract Angiography in Infants and Children
Authors: Afshani Ehsan , Berger Paul E. 
Published: February 2024

Summary:In the past 10 years since the development of newer imaging modalities, the method of evaluation of gastrointestinal diseases has changed to less invasive examinations. Angiography of the gastrointestinal tract and its accessory organs, which once was one of the primary procedures for hepatic tumors especially, is now considered nonessential except for occasional demonstration of vascular distribution prior to attempted surgery. As for gastrointestinal bleeding, although the incidence of ulcer disease is not as common in children as in adults, a child with bleeding who is at high risk for surgery will benefit occasionally from intra‐arterial infusion of vasopression. As the major cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in children is from esophageal varices, though great anatomical detail of portal circulation can be seen in computed tomography and ultrasound, the coronal mapping of vascular anatomy of portal circulation is of utmost benefit prior to any attempt for surgery. Intra‐arterial portography and splenoportography can be very helpful to delineate the anatomy and hemodynamics of portal hypertension, as well as for evaluation of suspected shunt thrombosis. Briefly, an update of information on digital subtraction angiography in gastrointestinal pathology will be given though the pediatric application has not been as popular as in adults.
Evaluation of the Nutritional Condition and Absorptive Capacity of Nine Infants with Short Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Ohkohchi N. , Igarashi Y. , Tazawa Y. , Abe H. , Kobayashi Y. , Ohi R. , Kasai M. 
Published: February 2024

Summary:Nutritional conditions and absorptive capacity of nine infants with short bowel syndrome were investigated during a long follow‐up period from 1.5 years to 14 years and 7 months. The length of the residual small intestine ranged between 13‐90 cm. The nine infants had normal meals at home and most of them did not suffer from persistent diarrhea. Most of the infants were thin. Nutritional parameters were kept relatively normal. The results of dxylose absorption test had gradually improved, but the absorptive capacity of sugars and amino acids, observed by potential differences, were within the normal limits or slightly subnormal except for one infant. This indicated that the absorptive capacity of sugars and amino acids per a given area of the residual small intestine did not increase. Severe steatorrhea continued for several years in infants with less than 50 cm of small intestine. In these infants the concentration of serum vitamin D and total cholesterol were below the normal limits and the absorption of bile acids was disrupted. From our examination, infants with less than 50 cm of small intestine must be followed up for a long period and nutritional supplements are necessary.