bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Memory of Social Partners in Hermit Crab Dominance
Authors: Gherardi Francesca , Atema Jelle 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe investigated the possibility that invertebrates recognize conspecific individuals by studying dominance relationships in the long‐clawed hermit crab, Pagurus longicarpus. We conducted three sets of laboratory experiments to define the time limits for acquiring and maintaining memory of an individual opponent. The results reveal two characteristics that make individual recognition in this species different from standard associative learning tasks. Firstly, crabs do not require training over many repeated trials; rather, they show evidence of recognition after a single 30‐min exposure to a stimulus animal. Secondly, memory lasts for up to 4 d of isolation without reinforcement. A third interesting feature of individual recognition in this species is that familiar opponents are recognized even before the formation of a stable hierarchical rank. That is, recognition seems to be relatively independent of repeated wins (rewards) or losses (punishments) in a dominance hierarchy. The experimental protocol allowed us to show that this species is able to classify conspecifics into two ‘heterogeneous subgroups’, i.e. familiar vs. unfamiliar individuals, but not to discriminate one individual of a group from every other conspecific from ‘a unique set of cues defining that individual’. In other words, we demonstrated a ‘binary’– and not a ‘true’– individual recognition. However, 1 d of interactions with different crabs did not erase the memory of a former rival, suggesting that P. longicarpus uses a system of social partner discrimination more refined than previously shown.
Ontogeny of Acoustic and Feeding Behaviour in the Grey Gurnard,Eutrigla gurnardus
Authors: Amorim M. Clara P. , Hawkins Anthony D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAlthough sound production in teleost fish is often associated with territorial behaviour, little is known of fish acoustic behaviour in other agonistic contexts such as competitive feeding and how it changes during ontogeny. The grey gurnard,Eutrigla gurnardus, frequently emits knock and grunt sounds during competitive feeding and seems to adopt both contest and scramble tactics under defensible resource conditions. Here we examine, for the first time, the effect of fish size on sound production and agonistic behaviour during competitive feeding. We have made sound (alone) and video (synchronized image and sound) recordings of grey gurnards during competitive feeding interactions. Experimental fish ranged from small juveniles to large adults and were grouped in four size classes: 10–15, 15–20, 25–30 and 30–40 cm in total length. We show that, in this species, both sound production and feeding behaviour change with fish size. Sound production rate decreased in larger fish. Sound duration, pulse duration and the number of pulses increased whereas the peak frequency decreased with fish size, in both sound types (knocks and grunts). Interaction rate and the frequency of agonistic behaviour decreased with increasing fish size during competitive feeding sessions. The proportion of feeding interactions accompanied by sound production was similar in all size classes. However, the proportion of interactions accompanied by knocks (less aggressive sounds) and by grunts (more aggressive) increased and decreased with fish size, respectively. Taken together, these results suggest that smaller grey gurnards compete for food by contest tactics whereas larger specimens predominantly scramble for food, probably because body size gives an advantage in locating, capturing and handling prey. We further suggest that sounds emitted during feeding may potentially give information on the motivation and ability of the individual to compete for food resources.
Light‐Dependent Shift in Bullfrog Tadpole Magnetic Compass Orientation: Evidence for a Common Magnetoreception Mechanism in Anuran and Urodele Amphibians
Authors: Freake Michael J. , Phillips John B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated the presence of a light‐dependent magnetic compass in a urodele amphibian, the eastern red‐spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens, mediated by extraocular photoreceptors located in or near the pineal organ. Newts tested under long‐wavelength (≥500 nm) light exhibited a 90° shift in the direction of orientation relative to newts tested under full spectrum (white) or short‐wavelength light. Here we report that bullfrog tadpoles Rana catesbeiana (an anuran amphibian) exhibit a 90° shift in the direction of magnetic compass orientation under long‐wavelength (≥500 nm) light similar to that observed in newts, suggesting that a common light‐dependent mechanism mediates these responses. These findings suggest that a light‐dependent magnetic compass may have been the ancestral state in this group of vertebrates.
Adult‐onset inflammatory myopathy: North Canterbury experience 1989–2001
Authors: Lynn S. J. , Sawyers S. M. , Moller P. W. , O'Donnell J. L. , Chapman P. T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAim:  To perform a clinical audit of all patients diagnosed with inflammatory myopathy in the North Canterbury region.Methods:  A retrospective case note audit of patients with a discharge diagnosis of inflammatory myopathy from June 1989 to June 2001 was performed. The audit was based at Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand, which services a population of 430 000.Results:  Of 77 case notes reviewed, 44 patients were identified who were considered to fulfil clinical criteria for inflammatory myopathy. There was a female preponderance (80% female, 20% male). Diagnostic categories in descending order of frequency included: dermatomyositis (41%), polymyositis (39%), inclusion body myositis (IBM) (14%) and overlap syndromes (6%). Malignancy‐associated myositis occurred in 20% overall (dermatomyositis 11%, polymyositis 9%). Delays in diagnosis and late age at presentation (average 72 years) were seen in the IBM group. Proximal limb weakness was common, but not universal at presentation (80%). A muscle biopsy was performed in all patients and electromyography in 82%. All were treated with high dose prednisone (0.5–1 mg/kg) of whom 29% were maintained on prednisone alone. Immunosuppressives/immunomodulators used included: azathioprine (58%), methotrexate (31%), intravenous immunoglobulin (13%), chlorambucil (13%), and cyclophosphamide (9%). Thirteen patients (42%) required more than one agent, with three trialling five agents. There were 59 relapses in 20 patients (45%), with mean time to first relapse of 7.8 months. At audit completion, 33% had deceased with malignancy and respiratory failure the main causes.Conclusion:  Inflammatory myopathy is a challenging condition in both diagnosis and management. Our audit has shown delays in the diagnosis of IBM, a relatively high incidence of malignancy and a notable risk of relapse and mortality. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 170–173)
Risk estimates for drugs suspected of being associated with Stevens‐Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a case‐control study
Authors: Lin M.‐S. , Dai Y.‐S. , Pwu R.‐F. , Chen Y.‐H. , Chang N.‐C. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract The purpose of this case‐control study is to estimate the risks of Stevens‐Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with the use of specific drugs. The suspected cases were identified from the computerized hospital discharge file. We calculated crude relative risks and adjusted them for confounding by multivariate analysis. The analysis was based on 35 cases and 105 controls. This study showed that the use of carbamazepine, phenytoin and allopurinol is most associated with the risks in the oriental population. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 188–190)
Visualization of local Ca2+ dynamics with genetically encoded bioluminescent reporters
Authors: Rogers Kelly L. , Stinnakre Jacques , Agulhon Cendra , Jublot Delphine , Shorte Spencer L. , Kremer Eric J. , Brûlet Philippe 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMeasurements of local Ca2+ signalling at different developmental stages and/or in specific cell types is important for understanding aspects of brain functioning. The use of light excitation in fluorescence imaging can cause phototoxicity, photobleaching and auto‐fluorescence. In contrast, bioluminescence does not require the input of radiative energy and can therefore be measured over long periods, with very high temporal resolution. Aequorin is a genetically encoded Ca2+‐sensitive bioluminescent protein, however, its low quantum yield prevents dynamic measurements of Ca2+ responses in single cells. To overcome this limitation, we recently reported the bi‐functional Ca2+ reporter gene, GFP‐aequorin (GA), which was developed specifically to improve the light output and stability of aequorin chimeras [V. Baubet, et al., (2000) PNAS, 97, 7260–7265]. In the current study, we have genetically targeted GA to different microdomains important in synaptic transmission, including to the mitochondrial matrix, endoplasmic reticulum, synaptic vesicles and to the postsynaptic density. We demonstrate that these reporters enable ‘real‐time’ measurements of subcellular Ca2+ changes in single mammalian neurons using bioluminescence. The high signal‐to‐noise ratio of these reporters is also important in that it affords the visualization of Ca2+ dynamics in cell–cell communication in neuronal cultures and tissue slices. Further, we demonstrate the utility of this approach in ex‐vivo preparations of mammalian retina, a paradigm in which external light input should be controlled. This represents a novel molecular imaging approach for non‐invasive monitoring of local Ca2+ dynamics and cellular communication in tissue or whole animal studies.
Complex effects of stromal cell‐derived factor‐1α on melanin‐concentrating hormone neuron excitability
Authors: Guyon A. , Banisadr G. , Rovère C. , Cervantes A. , Kitabgi P. , Melik‐Parsadaniantz S. , Nahon J.‐L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractStromal cell‐derived factor 1α (SDF‐1α), a chemoattractant for leucocytes and neurons, and its receptor, CXCR4 are expressed in subsets of neurons of specific brain areas. In rat lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) we show, using immunocytochemistry, that CXCR4 is localized within melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH)‐expressing neurons, mainly involved in feeding behaviour regulation. We investigated whether SDF‐1α may control MCH neuronal activity. Patch‐clamp recordings in rat LHA slices revealed multiple effects of SDF‐1α on the membrane potential of MCH neurons, indirect through glutamate/GABA release and direct through GIRK current activation. Moreover, SDF‐1α at 0.1–1 nm decreased peak and discharge frequency of action potential evoked by current pulses. These effects were further confirmed in voltage‐clamp experiments, SDF‐1α depressing both potassium and sodium currents. At 10 nm, however, SDF‐1α increased peak and discharge frequency of action potential evoked by current pulses. Using a specific CXCR4 antagonist, we demonstrated that only the depressing effect on AP discharge was mediated through CXCR4 while the opposite effect was indirect. Together, our studies reveal for the first time a direct effect of SDF‐1α on voltage‐dependent membrane currents of neurons in brain slices and suggest that this chemokine may regulate MCH neuron activity.
Both oral and caudal parts of the spinal trigeminal nucleus project to the somatosensory thalamus in the rat
Authors: Guy Nathalie , Chalus Maryse , Dallel Radhouane , Voisin Daniel L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRecent evidence has been accumulated that not only spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Sp5C) neurons but also spinal trigeminal nucleus oralis (Sp5O) neurons respond to noxious stimuli. It is unknown, however, whether Sp5O neurons project to supratrigeminal structures implicated in the sensory processing of orofacial nociceptive information. This study used retrograde tracing with Fluorogold in rats to investigate and compare the projections from the Sp5O and Sp5C to two major thalamic nuclei that relay ascending somatosensory information to the primary somatic sensory cortex: the ventroposteromedial thalamic nucleus (VPM) and the posterior thalamic nuclear group (Po). Results not only confirmed the existence of contralateral projections from the Sp5C to the VPM and Po, with retrogradely labelled neurons displaying a specific distribution in laminae I, III and V, they also showed consistent and similar numbers of retrogradely labelled cell bodies in the contralateral Sp5O. In addition, a topographic distribution of VPM projections from Sp5C and Sp5O was found: neurons in the dorsomedial parts of Sp5O and Sp5C projected to the medial VPM, neurons in the ventrolateral Sp5O and Sp5C projected to the lateral VPM, and neurons in intermediate parts of Sp5O and Sp5C projected to the intermediate VPM. All together, these data suggest that not only the Sp5C, but also the Sp5O relay somatosensory orofacial information from the brainstem to the thalamus. Furthermore, trigemino‐VPM pathways conserve the somatotopic distribution of primary afferents found in each subnucleus. These results thus improve our understanding of trigeminal somatosensory processing and help to direct future electrophysiological investigations.
Mechanisms of somatostatin‐evoked responses in neurons of the rat lateral amygdala
Authors: Meis Susanne , Sosulina Ludmila , Schulz Stefan , Höllt Volker , Pape Hans‐Christian 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe effects of somatostatin in the rat lateral amygdala (LA) in vitro were investigated through whole cell recording techniques. Somatostatin induced an inwardly rectifying K+ current in approximately 98% of LA projection neurons. Half‐maximal effects were obtained by 189 nm somatostatin. The effects of somatostatin were insensitive to tetrodotoxin, reduced by Ba2+, occluded or abolished by the presence of nonhydrolysable GTP or GDP analogues, respectively, and blocked or mimicked by a somatostatin receptor type 2 antagonist (BIM‐23627) or somatostatin receptor type 2 agonist (L‐779,976), respectively, while somatostatin receptor type 1, 3 and 4 agonists were ineffective (L‐797,591, L‐796,778, L‐803,087). Responses to somatostatin were associated with membrane hyperpolarization and decrease in input resistance, resulting in a dampening of cell excitability. It is suggested that these cellular mechanisms contribute to the role of somatostatin in decreasing anxiety behaviour as well as to anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic actions of somatostatin or somatostatin agonists in the amygdala.
One lung ventilation in infants and children: experience with Marraro double lumen tube
Authors: PAWAR DILIP K. , MARRARO GIUSEPPE A. 
Published: February 2005

SummaryBackground : Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of selective bronchial intubation and independent lung ventilation during thoracic surgery in children up to 3 years, using a double lumen tube.Methods : We studied retrospective (cases 1–6) and prospective cases (7–17) between January 1996 and December 2000 at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India and at Fatebenefratelli and Ophthalmiatric Hospital, Milan, Italy. Seventeen children, 1 day to 3 years of age and weighing 2.7–12 kg, were submitted to thoracic surgery for a variety of surgical conditions. Anesthesia was conducted as usual in this type of patient and selective intubation was performed using a double lumen tube (Marraro Pediatric double lumen tube). During the operation one lung ventilation was applied and at the end of surgery the collapsed lung was reexpanded independently from the contralateral lung.Results : Six children remained intubated with a double lumen tube for between 8 and 48 h and one (case no. 11) with a single lumen tube for 24 h, while 10 of the older children were extubated on the table. No serious complications during or after surgery were noted and after extubation all the children recovered completely without sequelae.Conclusions : The double lumen tube appears to be very effective in allowing one lung ventilation in this age group during thoracic surgery.
Disparity between range map‐ and survey‐based analyses of species richness: patterns, processes and implications
Authors: Hurlbert Allen H. , White Ethan P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSpecies richness patterns are characterized either by overlaying species range maps or by compiling geographically extensive survey data for multiple local communities. Although, these two approaches are clearly related, they need not produce identical richness patterns because species do not occur everywhere in their geographical range. Using North American breeding birds, we present the first continent‐wide comparison of survey and range map data. On average, bird species were detected on 40.5% of the surveys within their range. As a result of this range porosity, the geographical richness patterns differed markedly, with the greatest disparity in arid regions and at higher elevations. Environmental productivity was a stronger predictor of survey richness, while elevational heterogeneity was more important in determining range map richness. In addition, range map richness exhibited greater spatial autocorrelation and lower estimates of spatial turnover in species composition. Our results highlight the fact that range map richness represents species coexistence at a much coarser scale than survey data, and demonstrate that the conclusions drawn from species richness studies may depend on the data type used for analyses.
Motivation for nurses undertaking a post‐registration qualification in Malaysia
Authors: Chiu L. H. 
Published: February 2005

Aim:  To present several key factors that motivated Malaysian registered nurses to undertake a post‐registration degree through an Australian university. The overall research study, from which this paper is drawn, looked at the professional learning of Malaysian registered nurses and the subsequent impact on their careers.Background:  In Malaysia, the demand for a degree for Malaysian nurses provided the impetus for this offshore post‐registration nursing programme, developed as a twinning venture between an Australian university and a Malaysian private institution. The degree programme was conducted largely in Malaysia with a 4‐week residential block in Australia.Methods:  As this larger research study investigated the graduates’ personal perspectives of their experiences of this post‐registration degree programme, the case study approach was the appropriate methodological choice. Twelve Malaysian graduate nurses were recruited voluntarily from the first cohort of students who completed the Bachelor of Health Science‐Nursing (post‐registration) 5 years post graduation. Ethical procedures were observed. The data were collected through individual, semi‐structured and focus interviews, which took place in Malaysia and were personally tape‐recorded and transcribed by the researcher.Findings:  The motivation for formal learning emanated from the participants’ personal and professional lives. Within these two domains, four separate but interrelated reasons emerged: work‐related stimulation and self‐growth; compliance with management requirements; professional advancement and keeping up with the profession; and availability and accessibility. However, in a culture where higher education is highly priced and yet scarce, the programmes’ availability and accessibility were ultimate factors.
Viewing or visualising—which concept map strategy works best on problem‐solving performance?
Authors: Lee Youngmin , Nelson David W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two types of maps (generative vs. completed) and the amount of prior knowledge (high vs. low) on well‐structured and ill‐structured problem‐solving performance. Forty‐four undergraduates who were registered in an introductory instructional technology course participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to two treatments that used generative and completed concept maps. Within those treatment groups, participants were differentiated by prior domain knowledge, high or low. Although the high knowledge‐generative group outperformed the other three groups on well‐structured problem‐solving performance, it did not have an effect on ill‐structured problem‐solving performance.
Improving students’ pronunciation through accent reduction software
Authors: Seferoğlu Gölge 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis study aimed to find out whether integrating accent reduction software in advanced English language classes at the university level would result in improvements in students’ pronunciation at the segmental and sup‐rasegmental levels. The study made use of a quasi‐experimental research design. Two classes at the Department of Foreign Language Education at Middle East Technical University in Turkey participated in the study. Whilst one class (the control group) followed traditional instruction, the other class (experimental group) followed instruction which integrated use of accent reduction software in a multimedia language laboratory. Based on the results of the study, it is suggested that especially in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) settings where natural target language input is scarce, technology has a lot to offer, and EFL learners may be provided with exposure and practice/interaction opportunities in the target language through specifically designed software programs.
Reshaping of sandstone surfaces by cryptoendolithic cyanobacteria: bioalkalization causes chemical weathering in arid landscapes
Authors: BÜDEL B. , WEBER B. , KÜHL M. , PFANZ H. , SÜLTEMEYER D. , WESSELS D. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACTWe report a novel weathering mechanism in South African sandstone formations, where cryptoendolithic cyanobacteria induce weathering by substrate alkalization during photosynthesis. As a result, the upper rock part is loosened and then eroded away by physical forces such as wind, water, trampling. This special type of ‘exfoliation’ is widely distributed and affects the geomorphology of whole sandstone mountain ranges and outcrops across several biomes. We show, that this weathering type is initiated by bioalkalization because of the photosynthesis of cryptoendolithic (i.e. those organisms living in small tight open spaces between the sand grains) cyanobacteria causing pH values high enough to enhance silica solution in the cryptoendolithic zone. As modern cyanobacteria are the initial photoautotrophic colonizers of bare rocks in arid and semiarid landscapes, it is possible that they may also have played a significant role in shaping sandstone landscapes in the geological past.