bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of tectonic regime on chalk deposition: examples of the sedimentary development and 3D‐seismic stratigraphy of the Chalk Group in the Netherlands offshore area
Authors: Van Der Molen A. S. , Dudok van Heel H. W. , Wong T. E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe sediments of the Upper Cretaceous to lower Palaeogene Chalk Group were deposited through a wide range of depositional processes. Chalk was originally formed by settlement of coccolithophorid skeletal remains from suspension in the water column, with bottom currents redistributing the sediment shortly after deposition. Locally, tilting of the sea‐floor resulted in mass‐movement of chalk at scales varying from decimetre‐thick turbidites to slumps and slide sheets that were up to hundreds of metres thick. Syn‐depositional tectonic activity, therefore, constituted an important control on chalk facies. To study this relation in more detail, a three‐dimensional (3D)‐seismic stratigraphical analysis was carried out, comparing two study areas that experienced contrasting syn‐depositional tectonic evolutions. The Vlieland offshore area, which underwent gradual subsidence and westward tilting during deposition of the Chalk Group, is characterised by parallel and continuous reflections thought to represent pelagic chalk deposits. In the Dutch Central Graben, which was tectonically inverted during the Late Cretaceous to early Palaeogene, discontinuous and irregular seismic reflections that indicate large‐scale reworking of sediment are found. The improved image quality of 3D‐ vs. 2D‐seismic data allowed us to study the detailed geometry of allochthonous chalk bodies and aided the identification and tracing of the often subtle intra‐Chalk Group unconformities, resulting in a subdivision of the Chalk Group into seven seismic sequences.
Men and health help‐seeking behaviour: literature review
Authors: Galdas Paul M. , Cheater Francine , Marshall Paul 
Published: February 2005

Aim.  This paper reviews the key research literature regarding men's health‐related help seeking behaviour.Background.  There is a growing body of research in the United States to suggest that men are less likely than women to seek help from health professionals for problems as diverse as depression, substance abuse, physical disabilities and stressful life events. Previous research has revealed that the principle health related issue facing men in the UK is their reluctance to seek access to health services.Method.  The investigation of men's health‐related help seeking behaviour has great potential for improving both men and women's lives and reducing national health costs through the development of responsive and effective interventions. A search of the literature was conducted using CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO and the Cochrane Library databases.Results.  Studies comparing men and women are inadequate in explaining the processes involved in men's help seeking behaviour. However, the growing body of gender‐specific studies highlights a trend of delayed help seeking when they become ill. A prominent theme among white middle class men implicates ‘traditional masculine behaviour’ as an explanation for delays in seeking help among men who experience illness. The reasons and processes behind this issue, however, have received limited attention.Conclusions.  Principally, the role of masculine beliefs and the similarities and differences between men of differing background requires further attention, particularly given the health inequalities that exist between men of differing socio‐economic status and ethnicity. Further research using heterogeneous samples is required in order to gain a greater understanding of the triggers and barriers associated with the decision making process of help seeking behaviour in men who experience illness.
Lessons learned and advice from Vietnam war nurses: a qualitative study
Authors: Scannell‐Desch Elizabeth A. 
Published: February 2005

Aim.  The aim of this paper is to describe guidance for nurses today from the lessons learned by nurses who served in the Vietnam War.Background.  There is little research focusing on nurses’ experiences in the Vietnam War. Lessons learned and subsequent advice from nurses who served in Vietnam may be helpful to those serving in current and future wars.Methods.  A Husserlian phenomenological approach was taken, using interviews with a purposive sample of Registered Nurses who were female, and had served in the United States of America armed forces in Vietnam during the war.Findings.  Seven theme clusters described the lesson learned and guidance offered by the Vietnam War nurses: advice about journaling, training, caring for yourself, use of support systems, talking about your experiences, understanding the mission, and lack of preparation for war.Conclusions.  Much can be learned from the lessons learned and advice given by Vietnam War nurses. These lessons stress that nurses need to take a pro‐active role in preparing themselves for deployment to a war zone, and that institutional training for war needs to be intensive and realistic. The environmental, cultural, technological, clinical and psychosocial demands of war nursing need to be comprehensively addressed before nurses deploy to a war.
Healthy living interventions and schizophrenia: a systematic review
Authors: Bradshaw Tim , Lovell Karina , Harris Neil 
Published: February 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a systematic review of the published and grey literature which has investigated the efficacy of healthy living interventions for adults with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizo‐affective disorder.Background.  Adults with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizo‐affective disorder have reduced life expectancy when compared with members of the general population, with approximately 59% of excess mortality resulting from natural causes.Methods.  The review was conducted following guidelines provided by the United Kingdom National Health Service Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, and using the Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane Library, National Research Register, and System for Info on Grey Literature databases.Results.  Sixteen studies were identified, examining four types of healthy living interventions: smoking cessation (n = 7), weight management (n = 5), exercise (n = 3) and nutritional education (n = 1). The smoking cessation, weight management and exercise studies showed positive outcomes in the main. The quality of the studies, however, was generally poor. Only two had control groups, most recruited small self‐selected samples, six did not standardize for diagnosis, external validity was generally poor and no studies followed participants for longer than 6 months. The best quality evidence was produced by the smoking cessation and weight management studies, which were more methodologically robust and demonstrated promising outcomes.Conclusions.  Further research is needed to assist the development of effective interventions to help this client group to adopt and maintain healthier lifestyles. Research and practice development in this area may be an important role for nurses in both hospital and community settings.
Improving the psychosocial work environment
Authors: Lavoie‐Tremblay Mélanie , Bourbonnais Renée , Viens Chantal , Vézina Michel , Durand Pierre J. , Rochette Louis 
Published: February 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a pilot project to evaluate the effectiveness of a participatory organizational intervention to improve the psychosocial work environment in one long‐term care unit.Background.  Since the early 1990s, health care institutions in Quebec have been constantly changing in order to improve the efficiency of the health care system. These changes have affected the work environment and have contributed to higher rates of burnout and absenteeism among nurses and other health care workers.Method.  The study participants were health care workers in a long‐term care unit (n = 60). The participatory organizational intervention was based on a contract and carried out by a work team. Work constraints were identified, and an action plan implemented, The effectiveness of the intervention was evaluated by pre‐ and postintervention questionnaires: the Job Content Questionnaire, Effort–Reward Imbalance Questionnaire and Psychiatric Symptom Index.Results.  There was a significant increase in reward (P ≤ 0·01) and a significant decrease in Effort–Reward Imbalance (P ≤ 0·01) following the intervention. Absenteeism rates decreased from 8·26% to 1·86% over the study period, but in the rest of the institution remained the same. However, there was a significant decrease in social support from supervisors (P < 0·05) at post‐test.Conclusion.  Participation by health care workers and action plans targeting problematic aspects of the psychosocial work environment are key elements in interventions to improve their health. However, such interventions present challenges, such as the involvement of managers, involvement of all relevant participants, and re‐establishment of trust within work teams. Recognition and respect must be re‐established, and supervisors must engage with health care workers and give support at all stages of the intervention.
Mechanisms of face perception in humans: A magneto‐ and electro‐encephalographic study
Authors: Watanabe Shoko , Miki Kensaku , Kakigi Ryusuke 
Published: February 2005

We have been studying the underlying mechanisms of face perception in humans using magneto‐ (MEG) and electro‐encephalography (EEG) including (1) perception by viewing the static face, (2) differences in perception by viewing the eyes and whole face, (3) the face inversion effect, (4) the effect of gaze direction, (5) perception of eye motion, (6) perception of mouth motion, and (7) the interaction between auditory and visual stimuli related to the vowel sounds. In this review article, we mainly summarize our results obtained on 3, 5, and 6 above.With the presentation of both upright and inverted unfamiliar faces, the inferior temporal cortex (IT) centered on the fusiform gyrus, and the lateral temporal cortex (LT) near the superior temporal sulcus were activated simultaneously, but independently, between 140 and 200 ms post‐stimulus. The right hemisphere IT and LT were both active in all subjects, and those in the left hemisphere in half of the subjects. Latencies with inverted faces relative to those with upright faces were longer in the right hemisphere, and shorter in the left hemisphere. Since the activated regions under upright and those under inverted face stimuli did not show a significant difference, we consider that differences in processing upright versus inverted faces are attributable to temporal processing differences rather than to processing of information by different brain regions.When viewing the motion of the mouth and eyes, a large clear MEG component, 1M (mean peak latency of approximately 160 ms), was elicited to both mouth and eye movement, and was generated mainly in the occipito‐temporal border, at human MT/V5. The 1M to mouth movement and the 1M to eye movement showed no significant difference in amplitude or generator location. Therefore, our results indicate that human MT/V5 is active in the perception of both mouth and eye motion, and that the perception of movement of facial parts is probably processed similarly.
Double insertions of extraocular rectus muscles in humans and the pulley theory
Authors: Ruskell Gordon L. , Kjellevold Haugen Inga‐Britt , Bruenech Jan Richard , Van Der Werf Frans 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRecent studies have promoted the concept that rectus muscles pass through connective tissue pulleys located near the equator of the eye and act, in effect, as the muscle origins. Orbital muscle fibres (facing bone) terminate in pulleys, permitting adjustment of their position independent of the global fibres responsible for rotating the eye. The structure of pulleys (or muscle sleeves) and the passage taken by their muscle fibre insertions are unclear, and a detailed description is presented here together with a review of the active pulley hypothesis. Segments including the full width of single muscles were removed from the full orbital contents of dissection room cadavers and fresh perfusion‐fixed rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys and prepared for light microscopy. Thin longitudinal sections were cut as facets from resin‐embedded tissue blocks and montages assembled. Interrupted serial sections of selected regions of both species and ultrathin sections of monkey material were prepared for light and electron microscopy, respectively. Slender tendons leave the orbital surface of rectus muscles at intervals, aggregating and entering sleeves in humans and monkey; less frequently, tendons pass from the global surface to sleeves or insert directly in the posterior fascia bulbi. The orbital sides of sleeve rings are continuous with the fascial canopy of the globe and are 5–6 times as thick as the global sides; sleeve structure differs in the four recti. Medial rectus sleeves are the thickest, and contain smooth muscle, whereas little or none is present in the other rectus sleeves. Superior rectus sleeves are variable in structure and relatively insubstantial. A narrow interval separates muscles from the surrounding connective tissue equatorially in some preparations, consistent with a capacity to slide, but the tissues are contiguous in others, especially in monkey material. The structural organization of sleeves and their tendons, together with other presented factors, is inconsistent with a facility for the separate adjustment of sleeve position. The results favour the theory that sleeve tendons have just one role, to counter the viscoelastic resistance of global fascia – ocular and sleeve muscle fibres acting in unison. Whether the fragile sleeve structure can meet the physical demands of pulleys is questionable; but otherwise the veracity of the pulley hypothesis cannot be assessed from the structural relations of muscles and fascia bulbi reported.
The role of eye‐associated lymphoid tissue in corneal immune protection
Authors: Knop Erich , Knop Nadja 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBecause the cornea is optimized for refraction, it relies on supporting tissues for moistening and nutrition and in particular for immune protection. Its main support tissue is the conjunctiva, in addition to the lacrimal gland, the latter which provides soluble mediators via the tear film. The cornea and conjunctiva constitute a moist mucosal surface and there is increasing evidence that apart from innate defence mechanisms, also lymphoid cells contribute to the normal homeostasis of the corneal surface. AMedline‐based literature search was performed in order to review the existing literature on the existence, composition and functions of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) at the ocular surface for corneal protection. The existence of lymphoid cells at the ocular surface and appendage has been known for many years, but for a long time they were believed erroneously to be inflammatory cells. More recent research has shown that in addition to the known presence of lymphoid cells in the lacrimal gland, they also form MALT in the conjunctiva as conjunctiva‐associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) and in the lacrimal drainage system as lacrimal drainage‐associated lymphoid tissue (LDALT). Together this constitutes an eye‐associated lymphoid tissue (EALT), which is a new component of the mucosal immune system of the body. When the topographical distribution of CALT is projected onto the ocular surface, it overlies the cornea during eye closure and is hence in a suitable position to assist the corneal immune protection during blinking and overnight. It can detect corneal antigens and prime respective effector cells, or distribute protective factors as secretory IgA.
Fruit and fibre (Pajala porridge) in the prevention of constipation
Authors: Wisten Aase , Messner Torbjörn 
Published: February 2005

Background and Aims:  Constipation is a common problem in geriatric wards and in the elderly population. Although high‐fibre diets can help relieve constipation non‐pharmacologically in many patients, traditional laxatives still remain the standard treatment. A fibre supplement in the form of raw bran is not always well tolerated. We wanted to study the effects of a daily consumption of a fruit‐ and fibre‐rich porridge on stool frequency, perceived well‐being and the costs for laxatives, when compared with traditional treatment with laxatives, in geriatric patients.Methods:  Twenty patients in secondary geriatric wards (hospital rehabilitation wards) were randomized into an intervention group (porridge group) and a control group (standard diet without porridge) for a 1‐week run‐in and 2‐week study, with registration of clinical data, e.g. medical treatment, laxative consumption, stool frequency and perceived well‐being.Results:  The patients in the porridge group had a daily defaecation without laxatives on average 76% of the time (10.7/14 days) compared with 23% of the time (3.3/14 days) in the non‐porridge group (p = 0.003). The discomfort was less in the porridge group (2.5 vs. 6.5 on a 10‐degree visual analogue scale, p = 0.008) when compared with the control group. The cost for laxatives was 93% lower in the intervention group (2.5€ vs. 37.5€) for the 2‐week study.Conclusions:  A fibre‐rich porridge was effective, well liked and tolerated and reduced the need for laxatives in geriatric patients. We conclude that a daily fibre‐rich meal ought to be included in the treatment strategies of constipation in hospital wards.
Long‐term stress, burnout and patient–nurse relations: qualitative interview study about nurses’ experiences
Authors: Billeter‐Koponen Sirkka , Fredén Lars 
Published: February 2005

The purpose of this study was to obtain a deeper understanding of how nurses experience long lasting stress and burnout. Of central interest were professionalism and especially patient–nurse relations. Open interviews were analysed according to the Grounded Theory methodology. Participants were 10 nurses (age 30–61) from different care institutions. They had experienced long lasting stress and burnout, which led to absence from work for two or more months.The main core emerging from the data was the powerlessness in influencing the valuation of the work of nurses. It reflects the process of decision‐making, in particular in the context of reorganizations that often occur without considering the knowledge and experience of nurses, although decisions are affecting their daily work in a significant way.The patient–nurse relationship was experienced by the participants as an important part of care. The importance given by nurses to their relationship with patients was not diminished by tiredness, but they did not to have the power to meet patients and secure quality of care. The solution to this situation was to go off sick and leave the work place.
DETERMINATION OF VARIABLE DIFFUSION OF SODIUM DURING DEBITTERING OF GREEN OLIVES
Authors: MALDONADO MARIELA BEATRIZ , ZURITZ CARLOS ALBERTO 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT Time‐variable average effective diffusion coefficients of sodium in the skin and flesh were determined using Macroscopic Mass Balances from experimental data obtained during debittering of green olives, variety Arauco at temperatures of 15, 20 and 25C and lye concentrations of 1.50, 2.25 and 3.00% of NaOH. The effective diffusion coefficient of sodium increased with treatment time at both surfaces of the skin, while it varied very little within the flesh, and in many cases, remained almost constant during the debittering process. In general, the diffusion coefficients determined in the present study were within an order of magnitude of 10−10 m2/s for the flesh during most of the treatment time, while for the skin, they were of the order of 10−12 m2/s for the initial treatment times. Macroscopic mass balances are a simple mathematical method that can be used in lieu of more common numerical techniques, to evaluate variable diffusion coefficients providing accuracy and greater detail of the whole phenomena.
HIGH‐PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY (DSC): EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUE VALIDATION USING WATER–ICE PHASE‐TRANSITION DATA
Authors: ZHU S. , BULUT S. , LE BAIL A. , RAMASWAMY H.S. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT Understanding phase transition during high‐pressure (HP) processing of foods is important both with respect to optimizing the process and improvement of product quality, but scientific information available in this area is very limited. In this study, the phase‐transition behavior of water was evaluated using a HP differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Tests were carried out under both isothermal pressure‐scan (P‐scan) and isobaric temperature‐scan (T‐scan) modes with distilled water prefrozen in the sample cell. P‐scan was carried out at 0.3 MPa/min at two temperatures, −10 and −20C, and T‐scan was carried out at 0.15C/min at two pressures, 0.1 and 115 MPa. The pressure‐induced  phase  transition  of  water  was  accurately  reproduced  by the P‐scan test. Ice melting latent heat during P‐scan showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) from the available reference data in literature. The relationship between P‐scan tested (Lm) and reference latent heat was Lm = 0.987 L (R2 = 0.99, n = 6) suggesting a mean error less than 2%. T‐scan mode was less appropriate and did not yield promising result. Measured values were less accurate than P‐scan probably because of the influence of large heat capacity of sample cell. However, reliable and reproducible results obtained under P‐scan mode suggested that the HP DSC can be used for the calorimetric determination of pressure‐dependent water‐phase transition in real food systems during HP freezing/thawing operations.
THE ROLE OF AUDITORY CUES IN MODULATING THE PERCEIVED CRISPNESS AND STALENESS OF POTATO CHIPS
Authors: ZAMPINI MASSIMILIANO , SPENCE CHARLES 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT We investigated whether the perception of the crispness and staleness of potato chips can be affected by modifying the sounds produced during the biting action. Participants in our study bit into potato chips with their front teeth while rating either their crispness or freshness using a computer‐based visual analog scale. The results demonstrate that the perception of both the crispness and staleness was systematically altered by varying the loudness and/or frequency composition of the auditory feedback elicited during the biting action. The potato chips were perceived as being both crisper and fresher when either the overall sound level was increased, or when just the high frequency sounds (in the range of 2 kHz−20 kHz) were selectively amplified. These results highlight the significant role that auditory cues can play in modulating the perception and evaluation of foodstuffs (despite the fact that consumers are often unaware of the influence of such auditory cues). The paradigm reported here also provides a novel empiric methodology for assessing such multisensory contributions to food perception.
COMMON AND SPECIFIC EFFECTS OF FINE FRAGRANCES ON THE MOOD OF WOMEN
Authors: RÉTIVEAU A.N. , IV E. CHAMBERS , MILLIKEN G.A. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT The effect of three pleasant fine women's fragrances on the mood of women was assessed. The three fragrances had similar hedonic values but different sensory characteristics. The fragrances elicited nonspecific effects on mood. All three fragrances’ impact on mood was influenced by initial mood and lasted up to three hours, i.e., as long as the scent was still noticeable. Trends revealed that all three fragrances decreased negative affect and increased vigor. Also, independent of their hedonic value, the three fragrances elicited specific mood patterns. With the “woody citrus coniferous” scent, respondents experienced higher hostility and tension. The “floral chypre citrus” fragrance decreased anger and confusion. The “floral woody” scent had the lowest Total Mood Disturbance score and lowered depression, tension and confusion.