bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Environmental and Energy Policies in Turkey, the European Union and the United States
Authors: Pehlivanzade Gülben Gülcan , Zaimoğlu Zeynep 
Published: December 2023

Energy consumption plays a pivotal role in the development of societies. Sustainable Energy Resources are vital inputs for daily life, and energy and industrial products are essential for economic growth (Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, 2022). Consequently, those responsible for managing a country's energy sector must ensure the uninterrupted, reliable, timely, clean, and affordable supply of energy, as well as diversify energy sources to enhance energy security.
The concept of "sustainable development" has emerged in response to the need to prevent irreversible environmental damage caused by conventional energy sources and outdated technologies while ensuring access to energy as a fundamental human right under optimal conditions (Pamir, N 2005). Developed societies have transitioned from planning based solely on energy source acquisition and production to a planning approach that carefully considers the energy-economy-ecology balance (3E) while taking into account resource diversity and geopolitical realities (Energy Policies and Global Developments, emo.org.tr).
Turkey remains heavily dependent on energy imports, accounting for approximately 74% of its energy needs (Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, 2023). The multifaceted nature of Turkey's energy strategy and its energy dependence emphasize the importance of international relations in this field.
U.S. energy policies have global ramifications, particularly in areas such as energy resource utilization, energy trade, and energy independence (Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, 2022). U.S. energy policies play a significant role in international relations, impacting relationships with other countries, especially in matters related to energy exports and imports.
In Europe, there is uneven progress towards clean electricity, with both successes and challenges in transitioning to a low-carbon energy system. While the European energy sector has taken significant steps towards decarbonization, there has been limited progress in some countries, and much more progress is needed. Achieving a fully decarbonized energy system in Europe requires united efforts and coordination to address the challenges posed by fossil fuel dependence and climate change.
Precursor-concentration-controlled Morphology of TiO2 Nanorod/Nanoflower Films for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting and Investigating Their Growth Mechanism
Authors: Anaam Sawsan Abdullah Abduljabbar , Sahdan Mohd Zainizan 
Published: December 2023

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been considered as one of the most promising photocatalysts for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Therefore, numerous efforts have been devoted to improving its PEC water splitting performance. In this study, TiO2 nanorod/nanoflower (NRF) films with controlled morphology were synthesized on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates by following a facile one-step hydrothermal method. The TiO2 NRF films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. FE-SEM showed that the TiO2 films are composed of a simultaneous growth of a primary layer of TiO2 nanorod arrays (NRAs) and a second layer of TiO2 nanoflowers (NFs). The proposed growth mechanism highlighted the influence of precursor concentration on nucleation sites, affecting the preferred crystallographic plane growth of rutile TiO2 and nanorod alignment on the FTO substrate. Intriguingly, TiO2 NRF films prepared with 1.0 mL of titanium butoxide exhibited a maximum photocurrent density of 3.58 mA.cm−2 at 1.23 V versus (vs.) the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), along with a maximum photoconversion efficiency of 0.69%. The enhanced photocurrent density and photoconversion efficiency were attributed to the optimum thickness in the range of 4.52-7.31 µm, which caused the film to be formed with a unique morphology of the primary layer with well-vertically aligned nanorods and the second layer of flowers consisting of numerous rods stacked on top of one another. This study demonstrates the importance of designing semiconductors with 1D nanorod/3D nanoflower structures as high-performance photoelectrodes for PEC water splitting. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Nie Linda H. , Spitz Henry 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Ionizing radiation is one of the most intensely studied of all toxic agents. It is applied in many fields, especially in energy generation and medical applications, due to its unique features. This chapter introduces physical features of radiation, types of radiation and radiation exposure, the toxicity of radiation exposure at the molecular, cellular, and organismal level, and health effects of radiation exposure. Background exposure is described. The latest epidemiological studies on radiation exposure and health outcomes are summarized, low‐dose radiation and linear no‐threshold model are discussed, and the radiation protection policies for different populations are illustrated.
The Lanthanides, Rare Earth Elements
Authors: Darby Paul S. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The lanthanides, known also as lanthanoids or rare earth elements (REEs), consist of 17 elements with remarkable properties that have made them emerge in the twenty‐first century as a highly‐valued commodity by the world's industrialized nations. REEs form the largest chemically coherent group in the periodic table. China has led the world production of REEs for decades. The diverse applications of REEs for national defense, energy production and storage, high‐strength magnets, lasers, and medical diagnostics and therapeutics, combined with China's restrictions on supply beginning in 2010, have led to a near‐crisis consisting of national stockpiling, frantic exploration for new deposits, and intense efforts to conserve, recycle and substitute for REEs. The unique physical, chemical and magnetic properties of REEs become particularly interesting at the nanoparticle size, leading to an explosion of research in the last two decades. For these reasons, the commercial and academic pressure to explore new applications of REEs risks outpacing essential research on the toxicology of REEs.
Alkaline Materials: Sodium, Potassium, Cesium, Rubidium, Francium, and Lithium
Authors: Jefferson Robert , Smallets Sarah 
Published: December 2023

AbstractAlkaline materials are abundant in daily life and have applications in many industries. While grouped based on shared alkalinity, these widely studied chemicals behave differently from one another and pose varying degrees of potential health concerns. This chapter discusses the following alkaline materials: Potassium, Potassium Hydroxide, Sodium, Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Hydroxide, Sodium Peroxide, Trisodium Phosphate, Sodium Metasilicate, Cesium, Rubidium, Francium, and Lithium. Through review of the literature and expert knowledge, each of the sections in this chapter provide a toxicological summary for each chemical including chemical and physical properties, production and use, exposure assessment, toxicity information, exposure regulations and guidelines, as well as environmental hazards.
Miscellaneous Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides
Authors: Freeman Elaine , Loccisano Anne 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents information on chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. The chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides belong to a structural class containing carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine; some contain oxygen. Although many pesticides can meet this basic definition, organochloride hydrocarbons, the focus of this chapter, share basic characteristics of high persistence (where persistence is defined as halflife greater than 2 months in water or 6 months in soil sediment), low polarity, low aqueous solubility and high lipid solubility. This group contains pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), lindane. chlordane, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, toxaphene, and mirex. Based on their persistence in the environments, chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides are considered persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
Optimization of low‐carbon cold chain logistics distribution path for agricultural products based on two‐stage algorithm
Authors: Guo Lina , Liu Mengmeng 
Published: December 2023

AbstractWith the development of market economy, cold chain logistics has become the mainstream of the current transportation industry. Reducing transportation costs and optimizing transportation routes from an environmentally friendly perspective is the main research focus. This study starts with an emphasis on environmental protection and cost savings and optimizes existing cold chain logistics expenses. Using the clustering and annealing algorithms, the path optimization model with the lowest cost is constructed and analyzed. The K‐means algorithm is utilized to cluster and partition logistics areas, and then optimized simulated annealing algorithm is used to control and utilize logistics costs and resources. The experimental results show that the optimized algorithm reduces costs by 11.36% and increases the loading rate of the vehicle by 11.95%. The delivery time has been reduced by 18.1%. The two‐stage algorithm can optimize and improve the path model, reduce transportation costs, improve cold chain transportation efficiency, and verify the feasibility of the model.
Waterproof and Flexible Perovskite Photodetector Enabled By P‐type Organic Molecular Rubrene with High Moisture and Mechanical Stability
Authors: Xing Ruofei , Li Ziqing , Zhao Wenxiao , Wang Dong , Xie Ranran , Chen Yanxue , Wu Limin , Fang Xiaosheng 
Published: December 2023

AbstractMetal halide perovskite films have gained significant attention because of their remarkable optoelectronic performances. However, their poor stability upon the severe environment appears to be one of the main facets that impedes their further commercial applications. Herein, a method to improve the stability of flexible photodetectors under water and humidity environment without encapsulation is reported. The devices are fabricated using the physical vapor deposition method (Pulse Laser Deposition & Thermal Evaporation) under high‐vacuum conditions. An amorphous organic Rubrene film with low molecular polarity and high elastic modulus serves as both a protective layer and hole transport layer. After immersed in water for 6000 min, the photoluminescence intensity attenuation of films only decreased by a maximum of 10%. The demonstrator device, based on Rubrene/CsPbBr3/ZnO heterojunction confirms that the strategy not only enhances device moisture and mechanical stability but also achieves high sensitivity in optoelectronic detection. In self‐powered mode, it has a fast response time of 79.4 µs /207.6 µs and a responsivity 124 mA W−1. Additionally, the absence of encapsulation simplifies the fabrication of complex electrodes, making it suitable for various applications. This study highlights the potential use of amorphous organic films in improving the stability of perovskite‐based flexible devices.
In Situ Infrared and UV–Vis Ellipsometries to Probe The Varnish Ageing and Swelling of G. Bellini “Transfiguration”
Authors: Pasco Hélène , Lesaine Arnaud , Cerasuolo Angela , Boissière Cédric , Walter Philippe , Sanchez Clément , de Viguerie Laurence , Faustini Marco 
Published: December 2023

AbstractVarnish layers are optical coatings that act as physico‐chemical barrier between the historical paint layers and the environment. Understanding how varnish materials protect historical paintings over time and in the presence of humidity or organic vapors is of central importance for art preservation. However, probing the behavior of varnish after aging in real conditions remains a challenge. Here the question is addressed by “reshaping” the varnish material from the masterpiece of G. Bellini, the “Transfiguration”, into an optical layer; coupling in situ Ultraviolet‐Visible (UV–vis) and Infrared (IR) ellipsometries, the chemical state is correlated, optical properties and swelling of the varnish in presence of water and organic vapors. It shows that the varnish material aged since the 1950s still exhibits effective water repellence. The methodology may be applied to other relevant historical systems beyond paintings and may help in establishing more efficient preservation strategies for historical artworks.
Terahertz Cavity Magnon Polaritons
Authors: Kritzell T. Elijah , Baydin Andrey , Tay Fuyang , Rodriguez Rodolfo , Doumani Jacques , Nojiri Hiroyuki , Everitt Henry O. , Barsukov Igor , Kono Junichiro 
Published: December 2023

AbstractHybrid light–matter coupled states, or polaritons, in magnetic materials have attracted significant attention due to their potential for enabling novel applications in spintronics and quantum information processing. However, most magnon‐polariton studies in the strong coupling regime to date have been carried out for ferromagnetic materials with magnon excitations at gigahertz frequencies. Here, strong resonant photon–magnon coupling at frequencies above 1 terahertz is investigated for the first time in a prototypical room‐temperature antiferromagnetic insulator, NiO, inside a Fabry–Pérot cavity. The cavity is formed by the crystal itself with a thickness adjusted to an optimal value. Terahertz time‐domain spectroscopy measurements in magnetic fields up to 25 T reveal the evolution of the magnon frequency through Fabry–Pérot cavity modes with photon–magnon anticrossing behavior, demonstrating clear vacuum Rabi splittings exceeding the polariton linewidths. These results show that NiO is a promising platform for exploring antiferromagnetic spintronics and cavity magnonics in the terahertz frequency range.
Designing of Z‐Scheme MgFe2O4/Fe2O3 Coupled CoCr2O4 Heterojunction with High Photocatalytic Activity for the Removal of Tetracycline Hydrochloride in Wastewater
Authors: Gao Huajing , Angadi Jagadeesha , Wang Shifa , Zhou Xianju , Yang Hua , Al‐Enizi Abdullah M. , Ubaidullah Mohd , Pandit Bidhan , Li Dengfeng , Gupta Manish 
Published: December 2023

AbstractA simple solution combustion method is used to synthesize spinel type MgFe2O4 (MFO) and CoCr2O4 (CCO) oxides, which are combined with the mechanical mixing method to construct a Z‐scheme MFO/wt%CCO heterojunction, which effectively degraded tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) under simulated sunlight irradiation. Various characterization techniques are used to confirm the phase structure, composition, near‐spherical morphology, ferromagnetic behavior, optical properties, and photocatalytic activity of Z‐scheme MFO/wt%CCO heterojunction. A variety of environmental experimental parameters confirmed that when the optimal initial TC concentration is 50 mg L−1, the catalyst content is 1 g L−1, and pH 13, the degradation percentage of TC by the MFO/75%CCO composites reached 89%. Active species verification experiments showed that the hole (h+), hydroxyl radical (•OH), and superoxide radical (•O2
−) are the main active species in photocatalytic reactions. Based on mass spectrometry, toxicity analysis, and energy band theory, the degradation pathway, toxicity, and photocatalytic mechanism of MFO/75%CCO composites for the degradation of TC are discussed in detail.
Multiscale Structural Design of 2D Nanomaterials‐based Flexible Electrodes for Wearable Energy Storage Applications
Authors: Chao Yunfeng , Han Yan , Chen Zhiqi , Chu Dewei , Xu Qun , Wallace Gordon , Wang Caiyun 
Published: December 2023

Abstract2D nanomaterials play a critical role in realizing high‐performance flexible electrodes for wearable energy storge devices, owing to their merits of large surface area, high conductivity and high strength. The electrode is a complex system and the performance is determined by multiple and interrelated factors including the intrinsic properties of materials and the structures at different scales from macroscale to atomic scale. Multiscale design strategies have been developed to engineer the structures to exploit full potential and mitigate drawbacks of 2D materials. Analyzing the design strategies and understanding the working mechanisms are essential to facilitate the integration and harvest the synergistic effects. This review summarizes the multiscale design strategies from macroscale down to micro/nano‐scale structures and atomic‐scale structures for developing 2D nanomaterials‐based flexible electrodes. It starts with brief introduction of 2D nanomaterials, followed by analysis of structural design strategies at different scales focusing on the elucidation of structure‐property relationship, and ends with the presentation of challenges and future prospects. This review highlights the importance of integrating multiscale design strategies. Finding from this review may deepen the understanding of electrode performance and provide valuable guidelines for designing 2D nanomaterials‐based flexible electrodes.
Bioelectronic Neural Interfaces: Improving Neuromodulation Through Organic Conductive Coatings
Authors: Duan Wenlu , Robles Ulises Aregueta , Poole‐Warren Laura , Esrafilzadeh Dorna 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIntegration of bioelectronic devices in clinical practice is expanding rapidly, focusing on conditions ranging from sensory to neurological and mental health disorders. While platinum (Pt) electrodes in neuromodulation devices such as cochlear implants and deep brain stimulators have shown promising results, challenges still affect their long‐term performance. Key among these are electrode and device longevity in vivo, and formation of encapsulating fibrous tissue. To overcome these challenges, organic conductors with unique chemical and physical properties are being explored. They hold great promise as coatings for neural interfaces, offering more rapid regulatory pathways and clinical implementation than standalone bioelectronics. This study provides a comprehensive review of the potential benefits of organic coatings in neuromodulation electrodes and the challenges that limit their effective integration into existing devices. It discusses issues related to metallic electrode use and introduces physical, electrical, and biological properties of organic coatings applied in neuromodulation. Furthermore, previously reported challenges related to organic coating stability, durability, manufacturing, and biocompatibility are thoroughly reviewed and proposed coating adhesion mechanisms are summarized. Understanding organic coating properties, modifications, and current challenges of organic coatings in clinical and industrial settings is expected to provide valuable insights for their future development and integration into organic bioelectronics.
A reconsideration of food insecurity trends in the United States
Authors: Gundersen Craig 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe food insecurity status of a household in the United States is generally put into the categories of food secure, low food secure, or very low food secure. Substantial differences in the level of need within categories are then ignored. In response, I establish a class of food insecurity measure using the binary measure of food insecurity combined with a measure of “dollars needed to be food secure.” Using data from the 2010 to 2021 Current Population Survey, I examine whether patterns of food insecurity differ by choice of measure. The two most notable findings are, first, that changes in food insecurity are similar across measures up until 2019 when they began to diverge and, second, that while aggregate rates fell from 2010 to 2021 under all measures, groups especially vulnerable to food insecurity saw smaller declines in the food insecurity rate and increases over other measures.
Geriatric prognostic scoring system predicts survival after hepatectomy for elderly patients with liver cancer
Authors: Sakano Yoshihiro , Noda Takehiro , Kobayashi Shogo , Akasaka Hiroshi , Kato Kazuya , Sasaki Kazuki , Iwagami Yoshifumi , Yamada Daisaku , Tomimaru Yoshito , Takahashi Hidenori , Asaoka Tadafumi , Shimizu Junzo , Rakugi Hiromi , Doki Yuichiro , Eguchi Hidetoshi 
Published: December 2023

AbstractAimThe number of elderly patients with liver cancer is increasing with the aging society. The Geriatric Prognostic Scoring System is useful in predicting the postoperative prognosis for elderly patients with gastrointestinal cancer. The aim of the present study was to assess the predictive ability of the geriatric prognostic scoring system for postoperative survival in elderly patients with liver cancer.MethodsEighty‐eight patients aged ≥75 years who were treated for primary liver cancer and metastatic liver tumor were retrospectively analyzed. The Geriatric Prognostic Score (GPS) was created by several clinical parameters such as age, sex, type of cancer, stage, performance status, body mass index, and comprehensive geriatric assessment. Each patient was divided into two groups of high‐risk to low‐risk according to their GPS: ≧30 high‐risk group and <30 low‐risk. The predictive ability of geriatric prognostic scoring system for postoperative survival was assessed in univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsOf the 88 patients, 75 were diagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma and 13 as colorectal liver metastasis. After geriatric prognostic scoring system assessments, 26 patients were diagnosed as high‐risk and the remaining 62 as low‐risk. The 3‐year overall survival rates were 78.5% in the low‐risk group and 35.1% in the high‐risk group (p < 0.001). The univariate and multivariate analyses of overall survival identified high GPS as an independent significant factor (p < 0.001).ConclusionsWe could conclude that the geriatric prognostic scoring system is useful in predicting patients' prognosis after hepatectomy and it can provide helpful information to surgeons for determining treatment strategies for elderly patients with liver cancer.
Exploiting π and Chalcogen Interactions for the β‐Selective Glycosylation of Indoles through Glycal Conformational Distortion
Authors: Guo Hao , Kirchhoff Jan‐Lukas , Strohmann Carsten , Grabe Bastian , Loh Charles C. J. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractHarnessing unconventional noncovalent interactions (NCIs) is emerging as a formidable synthetic approach in difficult‐to‐access glycosidic chemical space. C‐Glycosylation, in particular, has gained a flurry of recent attention. However, most reported methods are restricted to the relatively facile access to α‐C‐glycosides. Herein, we disclose a β‐stereoselective glycosylation of indoles by employing a phosphonoselenide catalyst. The robustness of this protocol is exemplified by its amenability for reaction at both the indolyl C‐ and N‐ reactivity sites. In contrast to previous reports, in which the chalcogens were solely involved in Lewis acidic activation, our mechanistic investigation unraveled that the often neglected flanking aromatic substituents of phosphonoselenides can substantially contribute to catalysis by engaging in π‐interactions. Computations and NMR spectroscopy indicated that the chalcogenic and aromatic components of the catalyst can be collectively exploited to foster conformational distortion of the glycal away from the usual half‐chair to the boat conformation, which liberates the convex β‐face for nucleophilic attack.