bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Vulnerability of Middle‐Aged and Elderly Patients to Hepatitis C Virus Infection in a High‐Prevalence Hospital‐Based Hemodialysis Setting
Authors: Saxena Anil K. , Panhotra Bodh R. 
Published: December 2004

Objectives: To determine the relationship between advancing age and the risk of acquiring hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, through evaluation and statistical comparison of seroprevalence and seroconversion rates in different age groups of patients on long‐term hemodialysis (HD).Design: Retrospective cohort study.Setting: Hemodialysis facility of King Fahad Hospital and Tertiary Care Center, Al‐Hasa region of the eastern province of Saudi Arabia.Participants: One hundred ninety‐eight patients with end‐stage renal disease enrolled for long‐term HD therapy from September 1995 to September 2000.Measurements: HCV seroprevalence and seroconversion rates.Results: The overall HCV seroprevalence of 43.4% (86/198) and seroconversion rate of 8.6% per year were recorded. Patients aged 55 to 64 had the highest anti‐HCV prevalence (55.3% (26/47)) and annual seroconversion rates (11.0%). Those aged 65 to 74 had the next‐highest prevalence (48.9% (24/49)) and seroconversion rate (9.7%), and patients aged 15 to 24 had the lowest prevalence (12.5% (1/8)) and seroconversion rate (2.5%) (reference group).Conclusion: Significantly higher annual seroconversion rates in those aged 55 to 64 and 65 to 74 during a shorter dialysis period (35.6 and 32.7 vs 58.0 months), suggest the greater susceptibility of the middle‐aged and elderly patients to acquisition of HCV infection than the younger (15–24 years) group. This could be attributed to the combined effect of immunosuppression associated with advancing age, uremia, and undernutrition, but multicenter molecular follow‐up studies with larger sample sizes would be needed to corroborate these findings and plan appropriate strategies for these high‐risk groups.
The Effect of Short‐Term Estradiol Therapy on Cognitive Function in Older Men Receiving Hormonal Suppression Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Taxel Pamela , Stevens Michael C. , Trahiotis Margaret , Zimmerman Jill , Kaplan Richard F. 
Published: December 2004

Objectives: To determine the effect of estrogen (E) alone (without the influence of testosterone (T)) on cognitive function in older men, using 17‐β micronized estradiol versus placebo in older men rendered hypogonadal (low T and E) by treatment for prostate cancer.Design: Short‐term double‐blind, randomized, controlled trial.Setting: An outpatient General Clinical Research Center.Participants: Twenty‐seven community‐dwelling men aged 65 and older receiving neoadjuvant or established therapy with luteinizing‐hormone releasing‐hormone agonists for treatment of prostate cancer enrolled in a short‐term randomized, controlled trial of 17‐β micronized estradiol versus placebo on the effect on biochemical markers of bone turnover.Measurements: Hormone levels, including E, T, and sex hormone–binding globulin; standardized neurocognitive tests, including measures of sustained attention, executive function, and memory; and questionnaires to assess subjects' perception of cognitive deficits and symptoms of depression.Results: There were no significant differences between patients receiving E or placebo on 15 of 17 neurocognitive measures and no significant differences in self‐reported cognitive deficits or number of depressive symptoms.Conclusion: Although studies have suggested that E replacement therapy may improve cognitive function, most notably memory performance in postmenopausal woman, there was no evidence in the present study that the addition of short‐term E therapy was more beneficial than placebo in tests of cognitive performance in hypogonadal men.
Clinical Phenotype of Families with Longevity
Authors: Atzmon Gil , Schechter Clyde , Greiner William , Davidson Deborah , Rennert Gad , Barzilai Nir 
Published: December 2004

Objectives: To determine whether offspring of centenarians acquired protection from age‐related diseases.Design: Case‐control study.Setting: The study was part of the Longevity Genes Project at Albert Einstein College of Medicine.Participants: Centenarians (n=145), offspring of centenarians (n=180), and spouses of the offspring of centenarians (n=75) as a control group. Two additional groups served as controls: age‐matched Ashkenazi Jews, and an age‐matched control group from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Measurements: Self‐reported family history of longevity; prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart attacks, and strokes; and objective measurements of body mass index and fat mass.Results: Parents of centenarians (born in approximately 1870) had a markedly greater (∼sevenfold) “risk” for longevity (reaching ages 90–99), supporting the notion that genetics contributed to longevity in these families. The offspring of long‐lived parents had significantly lower prevalence of hypertension (by 23%), diabetes mellitus (by 50%), heart attacks (by 60%), and strokes (no events reported) than several age‐matched control groups.Conclusion: Offspring of centenarians may inherit significantly better health. The authors suggest that a cohort of these subjects and their spouses is ideal to study the phenotype and genotype of longevity and its interaction with the environment.
The Effect of Changing Practice on Fall Prevention in a Rehabilitative Hospital: The Hospital Injury Prevention Study
Authors: Vassallo Michael , Vignaraja Raj , Sharma Jagdish C. , Hallam Helen , Binns Kath , Briggs Roger , Ross Ian , Allen Steve 
Published: December 2004

Objectives: To determine whether a change in practice to introduce a multidisciplinary fall‐prevention program can reduce falls and injury in nonacute patients in a rehabilitation hospital.Design: A quasi‐experimental study.Setting: Three geriatric wards with a similar design, equipment, staffing levels, and skill mix.Participants: Eight hundred twenty‐five consecutive patients.Intervention: The patients' fall‐risk status was assessed using the Downton Score. Current practice was maintained on the two control wards (n=550). On the experimental ward (n=275), a fall‐prevention program was introduced. A multidisciplinary team met weekly specifically to discuss patients' fall risk and formulate a targeted plan. Patients at risk were identified using wristbands; risk factors were corrected or environmental changes made to enhance safety.Measurements: Primary outcomes were number of fallers, recurrent fallers, total falls, patients sustaining injury, and falls per occupied bed days. Secondary outcomes were place of discharge and mortality.Results: Patients were matched for age and risk status. Control wards had proportionally more fallers (20.2% vs 14.2%: P=.033), patients sustaining injury (8.2% vs 4%: P=.025), and total number of falls (170 vs 72: P=.045). These results did not remain significant after controlling for differing length of stay. There was no reduction in recurrent fallers (6.4% vs 4.7%: P=.43) and no effect on place of discharge (home discharges; 57.5% vs 60.7%: P=.41) or mortality (15.3% vs 13.8%: P=.60).Conclusion: This study shows that falls might be reduced in a multidisciplinary fall‐prevention program, but the results are not definitive because of the borderline significance achieved and the variable length of stay. More research on fall prevention in hospital is required, particularly as to what interventions, if any, are effective at reducing falls in this group of patients.
Mechanisms of Unexplained Anemia in the Nursing Home
Authors: Artz Andrew S. , Fergusson Dean , Drinka Paul J. , Gerald Melvin , Bidenbender Rex , Lechich Anthony , Silverstone Felix , Mccamish Mark A. , Dai Jinlu , Keller Evan , Ershler William B. 
Published: December 2004

Objectives: To characterize anemia in elderly nursing home residents.Design: Prospective multiinstitutional cohort study.Setting: Five nursing homes.Participants: From retrospective analysis, residents found to be anemic using chart review were prospectively randomized. Of the 81 residents enrolled, 60 were anemic.Measurements: Chart review for medical history and factors related to treatment or history of anemia, extensive laboratory evaluation for causes of anemia, and classification of anemia by two hematologists.Results: Among the 60 anemic residents, the causes of anemia were idiopathic (n=27), iron‐deficiency (n=14), anemia associated with chronic disease (n=8), anemia of renal insufficiency (n=6), and other (n=5). The eryrthropoietin (EPO) response to anemia was lower in residents with idiopathic anemia (IA) than in those with iron‐deficiency anemia, and this correlated with renal function as estimated using calculated creatinine clearance. In this elderly population, advancing age was not correlated with lower EPO response.Conclusion: IA is common in nursing home residents. A lower EPO response contributes to the high prevalence of anemia in this setting and may be due, in part, to occult renal dysfunction.
Stroke Prophylaxis in Institutionalized Elderly Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Lau Elaine , Bungard Tammy J. , Tsuyuki Ross T. 
Published: December 2004

Objectives: To identify patterns and predictors of antithrombotic use and to evaluate the appropriateness of antithrombotic therapy for stroke prophylaxis in institutionalized elderly patients with atrial fibrillation.Design: Retrospective study.Setting: Seventeen long‐term care institutions in Edmonton, Alberta.Subjects: Two hundred sixty‐five long‐term care residents, aged 65 and older, with atrial fibrillation.Measurements: The proportion of patients who were prescribed warfarin, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), both, or neither was determined. Odds ratios were calculated to identify risk factors for stroke and bleeding that are predictive of the receipt of anticoagulant therapy. Appropriateness of therapy was evaluated based on whether patients were prescribed antithrombotic therapy in accordance with their risk factors for stroke and bleeding.Results: Warfarin was prescribed for 49% of patients, ASA for 22%, both for 8%, and neither for 20%. Nearly all patients (97%) were considered to be at high risk for stroke, with age being the predominant risk factor (88%>75), whereas about half were considered to be at low risk for bleeding. Multivariate analyses did not find any associations between individual risk factors for bleeding and anticoagulant treatment, with the exception of recent surgery (odds ratio=0.59, 95% confidence interval=0.37–0.94). Overall, 54.8% of patients received appropriate antithrombotic therapy. Of patients who were optimal candidates for anticoagulation, 60% received appropriate therapy (warfarin with or without ASA).Conclusion: Although warfarin was the most appropriate treatment in nearly all of this population at high risk for stroke, it was prescribed in fewer than two‐thirds of patients. Antithrombotic therapy was not always prescribed in accordance with patients' risk factors for stroke and bleeding. There is a need for systematic identification of appropriate candidates for anticoagulation in the long‐term care setting.
Predictors of Nursing Facility Admission: A 12‐Year Epidemiological Study in the United States
Authors: Bharucha Ashok J. , Pandav Rajesh , Shen Changyu , Dodge Hiroko H. , Ganguli Mary 
Published: December 2004

Objectives: To identify predictors of institutionalization in a community‐based cohort of older adults.Design: Prospective, longitudinal. After initial assessment at study entry, surviving participants were reassessed in a series of approximately biennial waves until October 2001; baseline for the current analysis was Wave 2 (1989–91).Setting:Largely rural, blue‐collar community in the mid‐Monongahela Valley of southwestern Pennsylvania.Participants: A population‐based cohort of 1,147 adults, aged 66 and older (mean 74.1) at baseline, who were not already institutionalized and who had complete data on all variables of interest.Measurements: Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify predictors of institutionalization from among selected variables measured at baseline, including age, sex, education, marital status, living arrangements, ability to perform instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), depressive symptoms, number of prescription medications (as an index of overall morbidity), self‐reported social support, hospitalization during the preceding year, and cognitive functioning. Dementia was defined according to the operational criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised, and by a Clinical Dementia Rating of 0.5 or greater, based on a standardized clinical assessment. The outcome variable was institutionalization, defined as entry into in a nursing home.Results: Significant predictors of institutionalization were dementia (hazard ratio (HR)=5.09, 95% confidence interval (CI)=2.92–8.84), measured as a time‐dependent variable; older age (HR=1.06, 95% CI=1.03–1.10); IADL disability (HR=1.31, 95% CI=1.15–1.50); worse/less social support (HR=1.27, 95% CI=1.10–1.46); and number of prescription medications (HR=1.21, 95% CI=1.11–1.32), measured at baseline. The interaction between number of prescription drugs and dementia was also significant, suggesting that prescription medication count had less effect on institutionalization in those with dementia than in those without.Conclusion: Dementia emerged as the most potent risk factor for institutionalization in this 12‐year community‐based epidemiological study. Medical burden conferred greater vulnerability to institutionalization in nondemented persons than in those with dementia.
Polymer Network Fabricated by Topochemical Polymerization of Self-assembly Films Composed of a Diacetylene Derivative
Authors: Sasada Kaori , Nishiwaki Yuko , Takeoka Yuko , Rikukawa Masahiro , Sanui Kohei 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Well-ordered layered structures prepared by the self-assembly method using condensing agents better facilitate the γ-ray polymerization of diacetylene units.
Threonine Transformation under Hydrothermal Conditions
Authors: Shiota Dai , Nakashima Satoru 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
In order to revisit the kinetics of amino acid transformation in the chemical evolution, a series of hydrothermal experiments has been conducted for threonine (Thr) solution. Thr transformed into glycine (Gly) and other products including peptides and polymers at 121 to 160 °C. The Thr → Gly decomposition rate (k1) is different from apparent Thr decreasing rate (k), because of the presence of other side reactions.
Systematic Studies on Redox Behavior of Homonuclear Double-bond Compounds of Heavier Group 15 Elements
Authors: Sasamori Takahiro , Mieda Eiko , Nagahora Noriyoshi , Takeda Nobuhiro , Takagi Nozomi , Nagase Shigeru , Tokitoh Norihiro 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Electrochemical properties of BbtE=EBbt (E = P, Sb, Bi; Bbt = 2,6-bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]-4-[tris(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl) systems have been elucidated based on the measurement of cyclic voltammetry and DFT calculations.
Morphology-controllable Solution Route to PbSe Micrometer-scaled Crystals
Authors: Cui Jianhua , Guo Fan , Liu Xinzheng 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Lead selenide micrometer-scaled crystals were synthesized via a simple morphology-controllable solution route with the reactions of lead nitrate and sodium selenosulfate in aq sodium hydroxide or ethylenediamine solution. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that cubic and spherical PbSe crystals were obtained by varying alkaline medium and Pb2+/SeSO32− molar ratio. The possible reaction mechanism is discussed.
Dissipative Strukturen fester Katalysatoren
Authors: Lintz Hans‐Günther 
Published: December 2004

Abstract„Die Dynamik der Vorgänge in technischen Katalysatoren ist bestimmt durch das Zusammenwirken von chemischer Reaktion und Transportvorgängen in meist weiter Entfernung vom thermodynamischen Gleichgewicht. In solchen gleichgewichtsfernen Systemen können Phasen und Strukturen entstehen, die im Gleichgewicht und dessen Umgebung nicht erhalten bleiben und deren mögliche Vielfalt nahezu unbegrenzt ist.”︁These von L. Riekert anläßlich des Ernest‐Solvay‐Kolloquiums 1986 “Reaktionsablauf an technischen Katalysatoren”.
SEXAFS und NEXAFS. Röntgen‐Absorptionsspektroskopie an Adsorbat‐bedeckten Oberflächen
Authors: Haase Jochen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDie Röntgen‐Absorptionsspektroskopie an Oberflächen ist eine Methode zur Bestimmung der lokalen Geometrie adsorbierter Atome und Moleküle und damit eine Methode der „Oberflächen‐Kristallographie”︁. Sie wurde erst durch den Bau leistungsfähiger Synchrotron‐Strahlungsquellen möglich, die ein intensives und über einen weiten Wellenlängenbereich kontinuierliches Strahlungs‐Spektrum liefern [1]. Zuvor wurde die Struktur von Adsorbat‐bedeckten Oberflächen hauptsächlich mit Hilfe der Beugung langsamer Elektronen (Low‐Energy Electron Diffraction, LEED) bestimmt. Die klassische Methode der Kristallstrukturanalyse, die Röntgenbeugung, die bei der Erforschung der atomaren Struktur der Materie so erfolgreich ist, hat für Oberflächenuntersuchungen nur begrenzten Wert.
Das Experiment: Abfallfreie Versuche zur Polymerchemie
Authors: Wiskamp Volker , Hörter Manfred , Köhler Bärbel , Nau Britta 
Published: December 2004

AbstractUmweltschutzaspekte gewinnen in der Chemie zunehmend an Bedeutung. Daher muß es Ziel einer Chemieausbildung sein, bei den Studierenden möglichst früh ein Bewußtsein für die dringende Notwendigkeit des Umweltschutzes zu wecken.
Mehrfachbindungen zwischen schweren Hauptgruppenelementen?. Von der klassischen π‐Bindung zu strukturchemischem Neuland
Authors: Drieß Matthias 
Published: December 2004

AbstractGibt es Mehrfachbindungen unter Beteiligung von Schwefel, Phosphor, Arsen, Antimon, Silicium, Germanium, Zinn und Blei? Eine einfache Frage ‐ nur scheinbar! Um sie zu beantworten, muß der Begriff „Mehrfachbindung”︁ neu überdacht werden.
Chiuz aktuell
Authors: Karger Gerhard 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDie Fachzeitschrift steckt in der Krise, so hört man allerorten. Stagnierende Budgets bei gleichzeitig steigenden Zeitschriftenpreisen führen dazu, daß so manche Bibliothek gezwungen ist, Abonnements zu kündigen. Das treibt im Gegenzug wiederum die Preise in die Höhe ‐‐ eine fatale Situation, die noch dadurch verschärft wird, daß wegen der immer stärker werdenden Spezialisierung und der Erschließung neuer Forschungsgebiete ein ständiger Zwang zur Gründung neuer Zeitschriften besteht. Mit dem Aufkommen immer leistungsfähigerer Computer und Netzwerke stellt sich nun die Frage: Welche Rolle können die neuen Medien bei der wissenschaftlichen Informationsvermittlung spielen, was wurde bereits erreicht, was ist noch Zukunftsmusik?
Microbore‐HPLC im Kriminallabor
Authors: Hagenmayer Anette , Schlipf Eberhard 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDie Aufklärung einer versuchten Erpressung demonstriert den Einzug moderner Analysenverfahren in die Kriminalistik und gibt gleichzeitig einen Einblick in die von der Öffentlichkeit kaum wahrgenommene Arbeit der “Kriminalchemiker”.
Kinetik‐Simulationssoftware. Behandlung von kinetischen Gleichungen in Modellen von Polymerisationsreaktionen
Authors: Fresen Ira 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDie Polymerchemie ist ein bedeutender Teilbereich der Technischen Chemie. Will man die Kinetik von Polymerisationsreaktionen ermitteln, müssen die experimentell gewonnenen Ergebnisse an ein Reaktionsmodell angepaßt werden. Das geschieht mit Simulationsprogrammen wie Predici.
Anionen in der Gasphase
Authors: Kalcher Josef , Janoschek Rudolf 
Published: December 2004

AbstractImportant general structural and energetic characteristics are provided for atomic and molecular anions, before spectroscopic quantities such as electron affinity are defined to characterize stable anions. Prepared in this way one encounters atomic anions in the first scope. After a short prelude with diatomic molecular anions an attempt is made to juxtapose anions of alkanes and silanes and the corresponding olefinic systems. Associated with these species there is the phenomenon of short‐lived resonances on the one hand, while on the other hand the anions can be stabilized by appropriate geometry distortions or substituents. Distonic radical anions, where the radical‐center does not coincide with the charge center, or dipolarly‐bound anions, where the extra electron is very feebly bound, are not very well known hitherto, but have a wide field of application in organic chemistry. The presentation of solvated anions with a special focus on SN2‐reactions completes this area. Only a few examples document the unique double‐Rydherg anions, which are characterized by a pair of electrons bound loosely to a cationic core. The multiply‐charged anions are shown to have a very wide field of application in the sequel. The initial “disappointment” that the well‐known small textbook‐polyanions do not exist in the gas phase is followed by the apothegm “more space for charge separation”. With this key‐ note a wide field for organic (carbonic acids, carbon clusters) as well as inorganic compounds (complexes) is opened.
Projektionsversuche mit dem Diaprojektor
Authors: Mayr Armin , Adelhelm Manfred , Höhn Ernst‐Gerhard 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA variety of demonstration experiments can be shown to a large audience with a minimum amount of chemicals by using an ordinary slide projector and easily mounted cuvettes. A detailed instruction for assembling the cuvettes is given as m d l as examples for suitable demonstration experiments in general, inorganic, organic and physical chemistry.
Welche Bedeutung haben Theoretische Konzepte in der Chemie?
Authors: Reiher Markus , Netz Paulo A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWir haben versucht, deutlich zu machen, wie wichtig theoretische Konzepte in der Chemie sind. Dabei gelangen wir zu folgenden Schlußfolgerungen über die Konzepte, die in der Chemie herangezogen werden, um Beobachtungen zu deuten und zu verstehen:Qualitativ chemische Konzepte sind für ein Verständnis der Chemie unverzichtbar. Eine quantenchemische Berechnung liefert nicht automatisch Verständnis und Einordnung in einen Gesamtzusammenhang.Erst die vereinfachende Beschreibung chemischer Konzepte ermöglicht eine unmittelbare Diskussion chemischer Fragestellungen.Die Konzepte sind trotz grundlegender physikalischer Theorien bis zu einem gewissen Grade eigenständig.
Hundert Jahre Aspirin®
Authors: Kuhnert Nikolai 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe article commemorates the centenary of the protection of the proprietary mine of Aspirin. The early medicinal uses of salicylic acid derivatives in herbal remedies arc summarised as well as the biosynthesis of these derivatives. The history of the synthesis of salicylic acid and of acetyl salicylic acid (ASS) is described in detail as is the discovery of additional therapeutic applications and the basic pharmacology of ASS.
Sur une réaction photochimique entre le soufre et l'arsenic jaune
Authors: Haenny Ch. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractOn trouvera dans cette note la description de la méthode suivie pour la préparation de l'arsenic jaune et une première étude d'une réaction photochimique entre l'arsenic jaune et le soufre dissous dans le sulfure de carbone qui donne lieu à des sulfures insolubles dont les propriétés ne sont ni celles d'un mélange de ces éléments ni exactement celles des sulfures d'arsenic connus jusqu'à maintenant.
Untersuchungen über Prinzipien der genetischen Stoffbildung I Über Bildungsformen des Calciumoxalats
Authors: Kohlschütter V. , Kohlschütter V. , Marti Julia 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDie Reaktion Ca‥ + Ox″ → CaOx führt im Versuch zu unterschiedlichen, für bestimmte physikalisch‐chemische Bedingungen typischen Formen des Produktes; anderseits entsteht Calciumoxalat als pflanzlicher Ausscheidungskörper durch einen rein anorganisch aufzufassenden, aber doch in organische Vorgänge eingegliederten Prozess ebenfalls in verschiedenen Formen, die für bestimmte Gattungen und Arten oder Organe spezifisch sind. Durch diesen Parallelismus kommt den “Bildungsformen” der Verbindung ein besonderes Interesse zu.