bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the effects of the 5HT1A antagonists MM‐77 and WAY‐100635 on the mouse isolated vasa deferentia
Authors: Arkle M. J. , Arkle S. , Ebenezer I. S. 
Published: June 2005

Summary 1 Experiments were carried out to characterize the possible adrenergic properties of the 5‐HT1A antagonists WAY 100635 and MM‐77 using the mouse isolated vasa deferentia preparation. 2 When vasa deferentia were preincubated for 10 min in the presence of MM‐77 (10−8–10−6 m) or WAY100635 (10−8–7 × 10−7 m), a concentration‐dependent inhibition of the contractile response to submaximal electrical field stimulation (10 Hz, 50 V, 50 ms) was observed with pIC50 values of 7.05 ± 0.01 and 6.85 ± 0.1 respectively. 3 MM‐77 (10−8–10−6 m) antagonized the contractile responses of the vasa deferentia to phenylephrine (PE) (10−6–10−3 m) in a concentration‐dependent manner. Schild plots of these data were linear and yielded a mean ρA2 value of 6.81 ± 0.084. The mean slope was 1.42 ± 0.22. 4 WAY100635 (10−8–10−6 m) antagonized the contractile responses of the vasa deferentia to PE (10−6–10−3 m) in a concentration‐dependent manner. Schild plots of these data were linear and yielded a mean ρA2 value of 7.05 ± 0.08. The mean slope was 0.97 ± 0.1. 5 The results suggest that while WAY100635 acts as a competitive antagonist at α1‐adrenoceptors, MM‐77 displays non‐competitive antagonist characteristics at this receptor subtype. 6 These results may have important implications for the use of these compounds as 5‐HT1A receptor antagonists in in vivo studies.
The economic role of Russia's subsistence agriculture in the transition process
Authors: Wehrheim Peter , Wobst Peter 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn this article, we analyze the role of subsistence‐oriented agriculture in Russia in the 1990s. We start out by discussing the diverging economic effects of the growth of subsistence agriculture in Russia since the transition process started. The quantitative analysis of this sector's role is carried out by means of an applied computable general equilibrium (CGE) model applying a 1994 social accounting matrix (SAM) as base year data. The novelty of the article is to disaggregate primary agricultural production not by products but by farm types, which enables us to distinguish their institutional and economic characteristics. The model also explicitly differentiates between marketed and subsistence consumption or formal and informal marketing activities of agricultural producers. We simulate two ex post and two ex ante experiments. The results of the first backward‐looking experiment highlight that Russia's subsistence agriculture was an important buffer against further agricultural output declines during transition and, hence, against food insecurity. A simulation, which looks into the effects of a devaluation of the Russian ruble, shows that the financial crisis should have increased the relative competitiveness particularly of large‐scale crop farms versus small‐scale farms. Two forward‐looking experiments indicate that efficiency enhancing institutional change would benefit both large‐scale and small‐scale farms. However, within small‐scale agriculture, a shift from subsistence to commercial agriculture would take place.
The impact of marketing systems on soil sustainability of agriculture in developing countries: a method and an application
Authors: Castaño Jairo , Meulenberg Matthew , Van Tilburg Aad 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis article is concerned with soil‐sustainability problems of agriculture in developing countries, in particular with soil erosion. The aim of our study is to develop a comprehensive model that explains the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices with respect to soil conservation. Our approach includes the following special features: (a) the model is comprehensive in that it includes a large number of institutional, personal–social, economic, and physical explanatory variables; (b) particular attention is paid to the influence of marketing systems on the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices, which to our knowledge has been neglected in past research; (c) the concept of adopting sustainable agricultural practices (ASAP) is differentiated into a limited number of basic components of soil conservation; and (d) the model is estimated by Principal Component Regression, which enhances efficient estimation of the impact of many explanatory variables on ASAP. Our model is applied to Cabuyal hillside farming in Colombia. The application demonstrates the usefulness of the proposed model. ASAP is differentiated into three basic components: soil‐disturbance control, soil‐protection practices, and run‐off control. It appears that soil‐disturbance control is particularly influenced by farmers' characteristics, such as education and managerial variables. The second component, soil‐protection practices, appears to be strongly influenced not only by farmers' managerial variables but also by their relationship with their environment, in particular marketing institutions. The third soil‐conservation component, run‐off control, is influenced by the physical characteristics of the plot and by the available farm labor. Our empirical results demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed model in designing agricultural policies, because it can determine which variables are more likely to influence the adoption of a specific type of soil conservation.
Technology choice under changing peanut policies
Authors: Price T. Jeffrey , Lamb Marshall C. , Wetzstein Michael E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effect of marketing quotas and price supports on technology adoption are examined for peanut production in the southeastern United States using a real options model of investment with output price and yield uncertainty. The optimal choice of peanut production technology (dryland versus irrigated) in the southeast is shown to depend on price supports and how they change. The manner in which price supports change will have an effect on the choice and rates of abandonment or adoption of production technologies.
A study of the impact of direct trade on Taiwan's fishery sector with special reference to the effect of China's WTO accession
Authors: Chiang Fu‐Sung 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAfter Taiwan became a member of the WTO in 2002, its tariff rates for fishery products decreased by an average of 35.5% from the level in 2001. Direct imports of fishery products from China would be allowed in 2004. These tariff reductions and the relaxation of import restrictions will have a strong effect on Taiwan's fishery sector. In this paper, we present an analysis of how fishery production, prices, input usage, and welfare distribution might react to trade liberalization. In addition to evaluating the overall impact of tariff reduction on Taiwan's fishery sector, we assess the effects of China's WTO accession on the Taiwanese market. We use a fishery sector equilibrium model in which 40 products and 68 fishing activities are identified. The model also includes an import–export subsector, a factor input subsector, and a supply–demand equilibrium condition to analyze the distributions of social welfare due to trade liberalization. Three simulations are conducted to investigate the impact of tariff reductions in 2004, 2 years after Taiwan has jointed the WTO. The results indicate that Taiwan's fishery sector will be adversely affected when it encounters the extremely low import prices of certain fishery products from China. The total production of the fishery sector and its value are predicted to decrease by 4.03% and 9.96%, respectively, in 2004. Aquaculture would suffer the heaviest loss with a 7.48% reduction in the production and a 19.23% reduction in its value. The demand for labor will decrease by 8.71%. The effect is most pronounced in aquaculture in which the demand for labor will go down by 11.40% and the wage rate will decline by 14.28%. To meet the challenge of globalization, the Taiwanese fishery industry will have to diversify, and improve its operational efficiency as well as production and distribution structures for a sustainable development.
Consistency of risk premium measures
Authors: Hudson Darren , Coble Keith , Lusk Jayson 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis research uses the results of a series of within‐sample experiments to elicit risk premium measures from agricultural producers. Results show that there is little consistency between measures in different contexts and using different elicitation methods, suggesting that underlying risk preferences are not consistent. These results highlight some of the difficulty with expected utility theory and risk measurement.
Risk, uncertainty, and learning in adoption of a crop innovation
Authors: Ghadim Amir K. Abadi , Pannell David J. , Burton Michael P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRisk and uncertainty have often been suggested as causes of poor adoption of rural innovations, but empirical evidence has been scarce. This study focuses on a new crop‐type, chickpeas, in Western Australia to gather such evidence. The empirical models developed are based on a theoretical framework that conceptualizes adoption as a dynamic decision process involving information acquisition and learning‐by‐doing by growers who vary in their managerial abilities, risk preferences, and their perceptions of the profitability and riskiness of the innovation. Learning encompasses improvements in skill as well as reductions in uncertainty. An annual face‐to‐face survey of over 100 farmers was conducted over 3 years, eliciting the farmers' risk attitudes and their subjective distributions of yields and prices. Two limited dependent variable models, Tobit and Probit, are used to estimate the empirical model. There is a high degree of goodness‐of‐fit for both models. The study provides strong empirical support for the primarily economic character of the adoption decision, and highlight the importance of economic risk in the process. The two risk‐related factors with greatest impact on the adoption decision were risk aversion and relative riskiness of the innovation. Risk aversion tended to reduce adoption, and to do so to a greater extent as relative riskiness and scale increased. Results also reveal the key role that trialing of the innovation plays in adoption.
EVALUATING THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF A VENTRICULAR SIMULATOR
Authors: ZANNOLI ROMANO , CORAZZA IVAN , CACCIAFESTA PAOLA , BRANZI ANGELO 
Published: June 2005

The mechanical performance of a ventricular simulator was characterized by recording Pressure-Volume loops for different preload and afterload conditions. The End Systolic Pressure-Volume Relationship was drawn to demonstrate a "physiological" behaviour. The external work of the artificial ventricle was calculated by the P-V loop area and the presence of the Frank–Starling mechanism was demonstrated. The P-V loop was obtained by recording the internal pressure and by integrating the flow signal recorded at the orifice of the artificial ventricular chamber. The preload was modified by increasing the level of the filling reservoir and the afterload was modified by shortening the thin tube that represents the hydraulic resistance. The measurements were repeated at two different volumes of the ventricular external chamber. The ventricular external work was calculated by measuring the P-V loop area in the different loading conditions. The sequence of the loops obtained by changing the preload and afterload show a well defined End Systolic Pressure-Volume Relationship that changes its slope by changing the volume of the ventricular external chamber. The ventricular mechanical simulator shows a "physiological" behaviour.
The Classification of Galaxies: Early History and Ongoing Developments
Authors: Sandage Allan 
Published: June 2005

▪ Abstract  “You ask what is the use of classification, arrangement, systematization. I answer you; order and simplification are the first steps toward the mastery of a subject—the actual enemy is the unknown.” Settembrini to Hans Castorp in The Magic Mountain: Thomas MannDiscussion is made on the philosophy of classification, urging that the classification be made on the basis of morphology alone, not on the basis of supposed physics that some wish to be introduced to “explain” the classification. A history of the development of the present morphological galaxy classification system is given, starting with the purely descriptive systems of Herschel, Wolf, Shapley, and Vorontsov-Velyaminov that have no connective continuity between the classification descriptions. The development of the modern system that has an underlying continuity between the classification bins is reviewed, mainly featuring the 1926 system of Hubble that is the basis of the present extended Hubble system.
A molecular phylogenetic approach to Longidoridae (Nematoda: Dorylaimida)
Authors: He Yu , Subbotin Sergei A. , Rubtsova Tatiana V. , Lamberti Franco , Brown Derek J.F. , Moens Maurice 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The Longidoridae are a group of ectoparasitic nematodes including two
subfamilies and six genera with hundreds of species. Sequences of the D2 and
D3 expansion region of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA nuclear gene were
amplified and used to reconstruct the phylogeny of longidorids. Phylogenetic
analyses with maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian
inference (BI) were performed with one outgroup taxon and 62 longidorid
sequences. Confidence of inferred clades was assessed by non-parametric
bootstrapping for MP and Bayesian posterior probability for ML. All analyses
placed Paralongidorus species as an inner group within the otherwise
monophyletic genus Longidorus. The genus Xiphinema, except for X.
americanum-group species, was placed as the sister group of Longidorus with
strong support from the ML and BI analyses. The X. americanum-group was
strongly supported as an exclusive clade to other genus Xiphinema species.
The position of the Xiphidorus clade was not well resolved and the
phylogenetic analyses did not support it as a sister group to Longidorus as
previously inferred from morphology. Secondary structure models were
constructed for the D2/D3 region of LSU rRNA for all studied species. It was
found that sequence-based and structural morphometric rRNA phylogenies were
incongruent.
Plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Xiphinema (Nematoda: Longidoridae) in the vineyards of the Czech Republic
Authors: Kumari Shesh , Polák Jaroslav , Choutka Roman 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The occurrence and geographic distribution of Xiphinema species were
investigated during a nematological survey in the rhizosphere of grapevine.
Sixty eight samples from 28 vineyards from South Moravia, and one vineyard
from Central Bohemia, were studied. Four Xiphinema species (X. brevicollum,
X. diversicaudatum, X. pachtaicum and X. vuittenezi) were recorded. One of
the described species, X. vuittenezi, is widespread, occurring in 27 out of
29 vineyards. Xiphinema vuittenezi and X. diversicaudatum were also detected
by PCR-based methodology.
Evaluation of adjuvants for foliar application of Steinernema carpocapsae against larvae of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella)
Authors: Schroer Sibylle , Yi Xiaoli , Ehlers Ralf-Udo 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Increasing resistance to chemical insecticides in field populations of the
diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) has stimulated research on
alternative control measures. The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema
carpocapsae may be one such alternative, particularly against the third
larval instar of P. xylostella. The LC50 for the second instar is 38, the
third 13 and the fourth 22 nematodes/larva. Plutella xylostella pupae were
not affected by the nematodes, although mortality in leaf disk bioassays
after application of nematodes in water seldom surpassed 50%. Therefore,
additives were tested to improve nematode performance. Only Triton X-100
(0.3%) caused phytotoxic effects. The addition of xanthan gum or potassium
alginate resulted in a two-fold increase of insect mortality at 80% relative
humidity (RH) and a five-fold increase at 60% RH. Mixtures of 0.3% xanthan
or alginate with 0.3% surfactants further improved efficacy. In water the
LT50 for S. carpocapsae against P. xylostella larvae was > 40 h. Using a
mixture of 0.3% xanthan or 0.3% alginate with 0.3% surfactant, the LT50 was
reduced to < 25 h.
Terrestrial nematodes from the Galápagos Archipelago. 10. Morphological and taxonomical analysis of Carcharolaimus ramirezi Thorne, 1967 (Dorylaimida: Qudsianematidae)
Authors: De Ley Paul , Van Driessche Rita , Coomans August 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCarcharolaimus ramirezi was found in six soil samples from four islands of the Galápagos Archipelago. It is described for the first time since its original discovery, with particular emphasis on the morphology of its anterior end as seen under light microscope and SEM. Six large, but thin, liplets overhang the labial basket, which consists of thick plates ornamented with irregular ridges and denticles. Posterior to the labial basket, six pillars form a postlabial cage and provide attachment for eight dilatatores buccae. The species can survive desiccation and is probably well adapted to arid soils. Paratypes of C. bediensis were also studied and revealed that this species is actually synonymous with C. banaticus, rather than being very close to C. ramirezi as suggested by previous descriptions. The recently proposed genus Carcharodiscus is rejected, and the possible synonymy of Carcharolaimus with the senior genus Antholaimus is noted. A compendium to the genus Carcharolaimus is provided.
Efficacy of the fungi Hirsutella minnesotensis and H. rhossiliensis from liquid culture for control of the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines
Authors: Liu Shufen , Chen Senyu 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHirsutella minnesotensis and H. rhossiliensis are endoparasites of nematodes, and their biological control potential against Heterodera glycines when cultured and applied on corn grits has been reported. In this study, the potential of liquid cultures of the two fungi was evaluated in two glasshouse experiments. Both liquid culture at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 g of fresh mycelium/300 cm3 soil (per pot) and solid culture at 1% (corn grits: soil, w/w) reduced nematode egg population densities in both autoclaved and unheated soils as compared with soil-only control or corn-grits control. However, the liquid culture at 0.2–0.8 g of mycelium/pot appeared to be more effective in reducing the nematode population than the solid culture of 1%. Hirsutella rhossiliensis resulted in lower nematode population density than H. minnesotensis only in unheated soil in one experiment. The soil heat treatment generally increased the nematode population density but did not affect percentage reduction of the nematode population density as compared with respective controls, except that reduction by H. rhossiliensis was greater in unheated soil than heat-treated soil in one experiment. Percentage of second-stage juveniles (J2) parasitised by fungi at the end of the experiment (60 days after planting) was generally higher with H. minnesotensis than with H. rhossiliensis. The percentage parasitism was positively correlated with initial fungal inoculation level. The soil heat treatment increased fungal parasitism in one experiment but not in the other. Plant growth was unaffected by treatments except that the soil heat treatment increased plant shoot weight as compared with unheated soil in one experiment.
In vitro culturing of the predatory soil nematode Clarkus papillatus
Authors: Salinas Kimberley A. , Kotcon James 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Clarkus papillatus is a widely distributed predatory soil nematode and is of
interest in the study of soil ecology, yet very little information exists on
its in vitro culturing. In this investigation, an artificial environment was
created to maintain C. papillatus for multi-generational studies. The mean
number of C. papillatus increased significantly over time when starting the
cultures with three adults per plate. Clarkus papillatus had a significantly
higher median fecundity at 20, 25 and 28°C than at five other temperatures.
Juvenile C. papillatus could not survive without adults in culture and,
therefore, may require adult maceration of prey nematodes to survive in
vitro.
Analysis of expressed sequence tags from the ectoparasitic nematode Xiphinema index
Authors: Furlanetto Cleber , Cardle Linda , Brown Derek J.F. , Jones John T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe report the results of a small-scale expressed sequence tag project performed on the ectoparasitic nematode Xiphinema index. Approximately 1400 genes were sequenced, 70% from a cDNA library generated from dissected basal bulbs (containing the pharyngeal gland cells) and 30% from cDNA libraries generated from whole mixed stage nematodes. A large portion of the bulb library (48%) was composed of proteins with no matches in the database. Further analysis of these genes revealed that a total of 51 contigs were present, half of which encoded novel secreted proteins. By contrast, the whole nematode library contained more housekeeping and nematode-specific genes. Only one of the novel genes from the whole nematode library had a predicted signal peptide at the N-terminus. Genes encoding transthyretin-like proteins were abundant in the bulb library and in situ hybridisation confirmed that one of these is expressed in the basal bulb. Genes encoding a variety of proteases, which were shown using in situ hybridisation to be expressed in the gut, were also identified.
Phylogenetic relationships of Nygolaimina and Dorylaimina (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) inferred from small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences
Authors: Mullin Peter G. , Harris Timothy S. , Powers Thomas O. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Phylogenetic reconstructions based on 18S rDNA sequence data indicate that
Dorylaimida, comprising the suborders Nygolaimina and Dorylaimina, is a
monophyletic lineage, but that there is a deep division within Nygolaimina,
giving rise to the possibility that Nygolaimina is paraphyletic. A
well-supported clade comprising members of the traditional orders Mermithida
and Mononchida (including Bathyodontina) forms the sister taxon to the
Dorylaimida. Inferred relationships within this clade indicate that
Mermithida shares more recent common ancestry with Mononchina than does
Bathyodontina. Vertebrate parasites within Dorylaimia (Dioctophymida and
Trichinellida) are reconstructed in a sister-taxon relationship with the
Mononchida/Dorylaimida lineage. The enigmatic order Isolaimida (represented
by Isolaimium) appears to be ancestral to all other Dorylaimia sampled.
Expanded taxon sampling for phylogenetic analyses of the subclass raises new
possibilities for the reconstruction of hypothetical character states in the
common ancestor of Dorylaimia.
Plant-parasitic nematodes in soil-less culture systems
Authors: Hallmann Johannes , Hänisch Detlef , Braunsmann Jörg , Klenner Michael 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The development from growing plants in field soil to soil-less culture
systems has not resulted in the elimination of problems caused by
plant-parasitic nematodes. Species of Meloidogyne and Radopholus have been
reported to occur in soil-less culture systems, such as flower crops. The
reasons for initial nematode infestation are numerous but the primary reason
is likely to be infested plant material. Since nematodes are not expected in
soil-less systems, they are often overlooked. However, extension specialists
report an increasing occurrence of plant-parasitic nematodes in soil-less
culture systems and nematodes seem to be more prevalent than is often
thought likely. In an attempt to increase the awareness of the prevalence of
plant-parasitic nematodes in soil-less culture systems, this short paper
summarises incidences of nematode detections and reviews methods for their
detection and strategies for their control.