bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prostate carcinoma detection and increased prostate‐specific antigen levels after 4 years in Dutch and Japanese males who had no evidence of disease at initial screening
Authors: Ito Kazuto , Raaijmakers René , Roobol Monique , Wildhagen Mark , Yamanaka Hidetoshi , Schröder Fritz H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn the current study, the authors set out to investigate the possibility that increased prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels in Dutch and Japanese men without suspicious findings at initial prostate cancer screening were indicative of the risk of newly developing clinical malignancy in the Netherlands and Japan.METHODSBetween 1992 and 2000, 2650 men ages 55–74 years who had PSA levels < 4.0 ng/mL and no suspicious findings on digital rectal examination were entered into the current study from a population‐based prostate cancer screening cohort in Gunma Prefecture, Japan. In addition, between 1994 and 1997, 3163 men with the same clinical background were entered into the current study from the Rotterdam (Netherlands) Section of the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC). Prostate carcinoma incidence and the cumulative probability of freedom from PSA increases to levels > 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 ng/mL, respectively, after 4 years of observation were compared between the Japanese and Dutch populations. The predictive value of initial PSA level, age at study entry, and geographic location also were investigated using Cox proportional hazards models.RESULTSThe overall risk of developing prostate carcinoma during the 4‐year observation period was significantly higher for the ERSPC Rotterdam cohort (5.2%) compared with the Gunma cohort (1.6%). The cumulative probability of freedom from prostate carcinoma detection and freedom from an increase in PSA levels to ≥ 4.0 ng/mL (PSA progression) decreased significantly with increasing initial PSA level and did not differ significantly between Japanese and Dutch patients whose initial PSA levels fell within the same range (0.0–0.9, 1.0–1.9, 2.0–2.9, or 3.0–3.9 ng/mL). Multivariate analysis also revealed that after controlling for age and initial PSA level, the probability of PSA progression was the same for Japanese and Dutch men. Initial PSA level was the only variable found to be significantly predictive of PSA progression on multivariate analysis (P < 0.0001).CONCLUSIONSThe risk of developing prostate carcinoma within a given 4‐year period is greater for Dutch males ages 55–69 years compared with their Japanese counterparts, because the former have higher PSA levels. Nonetheless, there appears to be no significant difference in prostate carcinoma risk between Dutch and Japanese males whose baseline PSA levels fall within the same range. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Up‐regulation of the interferon γ (IFN‐γ)‐inducible chemokines IFN‐inducible T‐cell α chemoattractant and monokine induced by IFN‐γ and of their receptor CXC receptor 3 in human renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Suyama Takahito , Furuya Mitsuko , Nishiyama Mariko , Kasuya Yoshitoshi , Kimura Sadao , Ichikawa Tomohiko , Ueda Takeshi , Nikaido Takashi , Ito Haruo , Ishikura Hiroshi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe antiangiogenic CXC chemokines interferon γ (IFN‐γ)‐inducible T‐cell α chemoattractant (I‐TAC) and monokine induced by IFN‐γ (Mig) are known as members of IFN‐γ‐inducible antiangiogenic CXC chemokines. However, the expression of these chemokines in highly angiogenic tumors remains poorly understood. The authors examined expression of I‐TAC, Mig, and their receptor, CXCR3, in tissue samples from patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC).METHODSTwenty‐one samples of untreated RCC and corresponding normal renal tissues were obtained from surgical specimens. The expression levels of I‐TAC, Mig, and CXCR3 were investigated using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis, real‐time RT‐PCR analysis, and Western blot analysis. Immunohistochemistry was carried out to clarify the localization of both chemokines and of CXCR3.RESULTSRT‐PCR analysis showed strong expression levels of I‐TAC, Mig, and CXCR3 in RCC tissues and very weak or undetectable expression in normal kidney tissues. Real‐time RT‐PCR analysis showed that expression levels of I‐TAC, Mig, and CXCR3 in RCC tissues were 14.9 times greater, 30.3 times greater, and 9.9 times greater compared with the levels in the corresponding normal kidney tissues, respectively (P < 0.01). Western blot analysis showed up‐regulation of I‐TAC, Mig, and CXCR3 at the protein level. Immunofluorescence double stainings revealed that I‐TAC coincided with pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in tumor angiogenic vessels. Mig was detected in tumor endothelial cells (TECs) and in infiltrating leukocytes. In the corresponding normal kidney tissues, neither VSMCs nor endothelial cells showed positive stainings for these chemokines. CXCR3 was expressed in both tumor cells and infiltrating leukocytes.CONCLUSIONSThe results revealed special feature of vascular mural cells and TECs in RCC. The up‐regulated I‐TAC and Mig, produced by tumor vessels, may interact with CXCR3 expressed in tumor cells, with possible pathophysiologic significance in RCC progression. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Original and reviewed nuclear grading according to the Fuhrman system
Authors: Ficarra Vincenzo , Martignoni Guido , Maffei Nicola , Brunelli Matteo , Novara Giacomo , Zanolla Luisa , Pea Maurizio , Artibani Walter 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of the current study was to evaluate the reproducibility of the Fuhrman nuclear grading system as well as its independent predictive value in a series of patients with conventional renal cell carcinoma (RCC).METHODSThe authors selected 388 patients who had undergone surgical treatment for conventional RCC between 1986 and 2000. Pathology slides from the selected patients were reviewed by a single pathologist, who reassigned a Fuhrman nuclear grade and assessed the presence of tumor necrosis. The pathologist was blinded to both the original pathologic diagnosis and follow‐up data. The κ statistic was used to evaluate concordance between original and reviewed nuclear grades. The log‐rank test was used for univariate analyses, and a Cox proportional hazards model was used for multivariate analyses.RESULTSThe original Fuhrman nuclear grade was Grade 1 (G1) in 111 patients (28.6%), G2 in 141 patients (36.3%), G3 in 108 patients (27.8%), and G4 in 28 patients (7.3%). After pathology slide review, nuclear grades were reassigned as follows: G1 in 49 patients (12.6%), G2 in 138 patients (35.6%), G3 in 150 patients (38.7%), and G4 in 51 patients (13.1%). The grade of concordance was moderate (κ = 0.44; P < 0.001). Univariate analyses identified three separate prognostic categories defined by nuclear grade (G1 and G2 vs. G3 vs. G4). Both the original and the reviewed Fuhrman nuclear grading systems were capable of independently predicting disease‐specific survival in patients with conventional RCC.CONCLUSIONSThe interobserver reproducibility of Fuhrman nuclear grading was moderate. The substantial overlap in survival curves for G1 and G2 tumors provided an opportunity to cluster those categories, and the resulting three‐tiered nuclear grading system was an independent predictor of cause‐specific survival in patients with conventional RCC. Other independent predictors of survival included pathologic stage and tumor necrosis status. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Up‐regulated expression of cytoplasmic clusterin in human ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Xie Dan , Lau Sze Hang , Sham Jonathan S. T. , Wu Qiu‐Liang , Fang Yan , Liang Li‐Zhi , Che Li‐Hong , Zeng Yi‐Xin , Guan Xin‐Yuan 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDRecently, tumorigenic roles of the clusterin gene in several human malignancies have been suggested, but its potential role in the development and progression of ovarian carcinoma is unclear.METHODSIn the current study, immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression status of clusterin in 10 normal ovaries, 20 ovarian cystadenomas, 15 borderline ovarian tumors, and 240 ovarian carcinomas (nonmetastatic and metastatic) by tissue microarray. In addition, the apoptotic index of each tumor was assessed with a terminal deoxyuridine triphosphate nick‐end labeling assay.RESULTSPositive staining for clusterin in different ovarian tissues was observed primarily a cytoplasmic pattern. Cytoplasmic overexpression of clusterin was detected in none of the normal ovaries, in 17% of cystadenomas, in 38% of borderline tumors, and in 58% of invasive ovarian carcinomas. A significant association was observed (P < 0.001) between the overexpression of clusterin and late clinical stage according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics staging system. In addition, the overexpression of clusterin was detected more frequently in metastatic lesions than that in their matched primary tumors. The current results also provided evidence that the overexpression of cytoplasmic clusterin in carcinomas was correlated inversely with the tumors' apoptotic index, demonstrating an antiapoptotic function of cytoplasmic clusterin in ovarian carcinomas.CONCLUSIONSThe current results suggested that the overexpression of cytoplasmic clusterin may represent an acquired malignant phenotypic feature of ovarian carcinoma and may be one of the important factors in determining the aggressive nature of ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Mcl‐1 expression in gestational trophoblastic disease correlates with clinical outcome
Authors: Fong Pui‐Yee , Xue Wei‐Cheng , Ngan Hextan Y. S. , Chan Kelvin Y. K. , Khoo Ui‐Soon , Tsao Siu‐Wah , Chiu Pui‐Man , Man Lai‐Shan , Cheung Annie N. Y. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDHydatidiform moles (HMs) are abnormal pregnancies with a propensity for developing persistent disease in the form of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), which requires chemotherapy. In previous studies, the authors demonstrated that low apoptotic activity was correlated with the progression of HM to GTN, and they hypothesized that some apoptosis‐related genes may determine this progression.METHODSThe differential expression of apoptotic genes in HMs that subsequently developed into GTN was compared with the same expression in HMs that spontaneously regressed using a human apoptosis array; then, the expression was evaluated with real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and immunohistochemistry using 54 clinical samples from patients with HMs who had follow‐up data available.RESULTSUsing an apoptosis array, greater expression of Mcl‐1, which is an antiapoptotic gene, was detected in HMs that subsequently developed into GTN. It was confirmed that the levels of Mcl‐1 RNA expression (P = 0.017) and Mcl‐1 protein expression (P < 0.001) in HMs that developed into persistent disease and required chemotherapy were significantly greater compared with the levels in HMs that regressed. Moreover, Mcl‐1 immunoreactivity, which was detected predominantly in cytotrophoblasts, was correlated with the apoptotic index, as assessed with M30 cytoDeath immunohistochemistry, which is a good indicator of apoptotic events in the early‐stage disease.CONCLUSIONSThe current results demonstrated that Mcl‐1, as identified by a cyclic DNA array, may play a role in the pathogenesis of HMs and may have potential as a useful marker for predicting the clinical behavior of HMs. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Postoperative radiotherapy for primary mucosal melanoma of the head and neck
Authors: Temam Stephane , Mamelle Gerard , Marandas Patrick , Wibault Pierre , Avril Marie‐France , Janot François , Julieron Morbize , Schwaab Guy , Luboinski Bernard 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDPrimary head and neck mucosal melanoma (HNMM) has a poor prognosis with a low local control rate and frequent distant metastases. The objective of the current study was to determine the impact of postoperative radiotherapy on local control and survival.METHODSOne hundred forty‐two patients with primary HNMM treated between 1979 and 1997 were reviewed. Of these, 69 patients with confirmed primary mucosal melanoma, absence of metastatic disease, and definitive management by surgery with or without postoperative radiotherapy and follow‐up at the Institut Gustave‐Roussy (Villejuif) were selected. The site of primary HNMM was sinonasal in 46 patients, oral in 19 patients, and pharyngolaryngeal in 4 patients. Twenty‐two patients (32%) had a locally advanced tumor (T3–T4) and 17 patients had regional lymph node metastases after pathologic examination (pN > 0). Thirty patients underwent surgery alone and 39 received postoperative radiotherapy. Patients with locally advanced tumors had received postoperative radiotherapy more frequently than those with small tumors (P = 0.02).RESULTSThirty‐seven patients (54%) experienced local disease recurrence and 47 patients (68%) developed distant metastasis. The overall survival rates were 47% at 2 years and 20% at 5 years. In the Cox multivariate analysis, patients with early T‐classification tumors who received postoperative radiotherapy had a better local disease‐free survival (P = 0.004 and P = 0.05, respectively) compared with patients with late T‐classification tumors who did not receive postoperative radiotherapy. Patients with advanced T‐classification and pN > 0 stage had a shorter distant metastasis disease‐free survival compared with patients with early T‐classification and pN < 0 stage. Patients with advanced T‐classification tumors had a shorter overall survival compared with patients with early T‐classification tumors (P = 0.003).CONCLUSIONSThe prognosis of patients with HNMM was poor. Patients had a high rate of distant metastasis and a low rate of local control. The current study suggested that postoperative radiotherapy increased local control even for patients with small tumors. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Control of horizontal radiation pattern of base station antenna for cellular mobile communications by performing approach arrangement of slender metal conductors
Authors: Kimura Yasuko , Ebine Yoshio 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn the IMT‐2000 system, in which the subscriber capacity is increased by using the same frequency repeatedly, it is known that the base station antenna becomes more effective if its beam width in the horizontal plane is narrower than the sector division angle. In order to narrow the beam width of the wireless zone antenna designed with the beam width in the horizontal plane identical to the sector division angle, the antenna elements must be replaced. Replacement of the antenna causes interruption of service and is economically unfavorable. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes an antenna configuration for reducing the beam width by placing metal conductors near the antenna which is used generally. An analysis using the method of moments is employed to find the relationship of the metal conductor to the beam width when metal conductors are placed close to the antenna in the base station. The effect of the metal conductor on the impedance is also explained by measurement. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 88(4): 20–31, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20178
Formation of Pyridazinium Salts by Azo Coupling of N‐Substituted 3‐Amino‐1‐phenylbut‐2‐en‐1‐ones and Diazonium Salts
Authors: Šimůnek Petr , Pešková Markéta , Bertolasi Valerio , Lyčka Antonín , Macháček Vladimír 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTreatment of 3‐(2,4‐dimethoxyphenylamino)‐ and 3‐methylamino‐1‐phenylbut‐2‐en‐1‐ones with some benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborates gives, besides the usual azo coupling products [i.e., 3‐(substituted imino)‐1‐phenylbutane‐1,2‐diones 2‐(4‐substituted phenylhydrazones) and 2‐(4‐methoxyphenyldiazenyl)‐3‐methylamino‐1‐phenylbut‐2‐en‐1‐one, respectively], the previously unreported 1,4,5,6‐tetrasubstituted pyridazinium tetrafluoroborates. The pyridazinium salts have been identified by X‐ray analysis and by their 1H, 13C, 15N, 11B and 19F NMR spectra. Their formation is most probably the result of nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon by the nitrogen of the hydrazone group and subsequent dehydration. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis, Conformational Studies and Mannosidase Stability of a Mimic of 1,2‐Mannobioside
Authors: Mari Silvia , Posteri Helena , Marcou Gilles , Potenza Donatella , Micheli Fabrizio , Cañada F. Javier , Jimenez‐Barbero Jesus , Bernardi Anna 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDimethyl (1S,2S,4S,5S)‐4‐allyloxy‐5‐(α‐mannosyloxy)cyclohexane‐1,2‐dicarboxylate (3) was designed as a structural mimic of α(1,2)mannobioside (1). Its synthesis and structural analysis by NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling are described. The results show that 3, like 1, populates two low‐energy conformations — stacked (S) and extended (E) — that are in fast dynamic equilibrium around the glycosidic linkage. Thus, the data confirm the expectation that the pseudo‐disaccharide can be used as a structural mimic of mannobioside. The mannosidase stability of 3 was found to be significantly higher (sixfold) than that of natural mannobioside. This is a very useful feature of this mimic and is encouraging for its future development. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
The Acidity of Brønsted CH Acids in DMSO − The Extreme Acidity of Nonacyanocyclononatetraene
Authors: Vianello Robert , Maksić Zvonimir B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe gas‐phase (GP) acidity of a large variety of CH organic acids is studied by a carefully selected B3LYP/6‐311+G(2d,p)//B3LYP/6‐31G(d) theoretical model. Acidities are mirrored by the proton affinities of the corresponding conjugate bases. A very good agreement with available experimental data is achieved. It is concluded that the model applied has a high predictive value and that theoretical PA(anion)GP values can be used instead of measured data in cases where experiments are not feasible or not performed. It is shown, employing the isodensity polarized continuum model (IPCM), that there is a good linear relationship between the enthalpies of the proton‐transfer reactions in DMSO and the observed pKa(DMSO) values. This relation can be used in predicting the acidity of strong, neutral organic superacids. As an illustrative case, the acidity of cyclononatetraene‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9‐nonacarbonitrile (“nonacyanocyclononatetraene”) is considered. It is conclusively shown that this compound should be a very potent superacid, as evidenced by its PA(anion)GP (260.0 kcal·mol−1) and pKa (−14.8). The origin of high acidity is identified as a very strong anionic resonance effect in the resulting conjugate base. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis of the First Chiral, Functionalised‐Bridged Resorcinarenes in Asymmetric Catalysis: Evidence for Intracavity Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Arnott Gareth , Heaney Harry , Hunter Roger , Page Philip C. B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMethodology is presented for synthesis of the first examples of chiral, bridged resorcinarenes with functionality in the bridge as possible sites for intracavity asymmetric catalysis. A preliminary study comparing unfunctionalised with functionalised lines using the enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde as a probe reaction, provides compelling evidence for intracavity catalysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Electrochemical Biosensing Platforms Using Phthalocyanine‐Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Electrode
Authors: Ye Jian‐Shan , Wen Ying , De Zhang Wei , Cui Hui Fang , Xu Guo Qin , Sheu Fwu‐Shan 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIron‐phthalocyanines (FePc) are functionalized at multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) to remarkably improve the sensitivity toward hydrogen peroxide. We constructed a highly sensitive and selective glucose sensor on FePc‐MWNTs electrode based on the immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOD) on poly‐o‐aminophenol (POAP)‐electropolymerized electrode surface. SEM images indicate that GOD enzymes trapped in POAP film tend to deposit primarily on the curved tips and evenly disperse along the sidewalls. The resulting GOD@POAP/FePc‐MWNTs biosensor exhibits excellent performance for glucose with a rapid response (less than 8 s), a wide linear range (up to 4.0×10−3 M), low detection limits (2.0×10−7 M with a signal‐to‐noise of 3), a highly reproducible response (RSD of 2.6%), and long‐term stability (120 days). Such characteristics may be attributed to the catalytic activity of FePc and carbon nanotube, permselectivity of POAP film, as well as the large surface area of carbon nanotube materials.
A promising boundary element formulation for three‐dimensional viscous flow
Authors: Gao Xiao‐Wei 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this paper, a new set of boundary‐domain integral equations is derived from the continuity and momentum equations for three‐dimensional viscous flows. The primary variables involved in these integral equations are velocity, traction, and pressure. The final system of equations entering the iteration procedure only involves velocities and tractions as unknowns. In the use of the continuity equation, a complex‐variable technique is used to compute the divergence of velocity for internal points, while the traction‐recovery method is adopted for boundary points. Although the derived equations are valid for steady, unsteady, compressible, and incompressible problems, the numerical implementation is only focused on steady incompressible flows. Two commonly cited numerical examples and one practical pipe flow problem are presented to validate the derived equations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrin‐growth factor interactions as regulators of oligodendroglial development and function
Authors: Baron Wia , Colognato Holly , Ffrench‐Constant Charles 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCentral nervous system (CNS) development requires mechanisms for the regulation of cell number. Although growth factors are essential determinants of the proliferation and apoptosis that determine final numbers, the long‐range nature of signals from diffusible growth factors makes them insufficient for the provision of the precise and localized signals required. Integration of integrin and growth factor receptor signaling in controlling cell behavior has been an important theme of research over the past several years. The focus of this review is on the mechanisms by which integrin–growth factor interactions regulate the development of oligodendrocytes and provide a mechanism for controlling, both in space and in time, oligodendrocyte numbers in the developing CNS. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.