bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When Siva Plays
Authors: Handelman Don , Shulman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why should it? Bbctigin, a haunting, skeletal figure with three bony legs, who is one of Siva’s devoted servants, has witnessed this process many times. Siva often plays dice with the goddess-his consort, ParvatI (see figures 1 and 2). Almost invariably, he loses to her. Frequently, both he and his partner are said to “cheat,” to play deceitfully-whatever this might mean. Still the great god ends up defeated, and ParvatI claims the various ornaments and attributes that he has staked. Sometimes she becomes angry when he refuses to pay up, or even to acknowledge that he has lost; this stubborn stance may then lead to further conflict-aggressive acts by one or both partners, sulking, quarrels, separations, even curses hurled in rage. Or, still in a playful spirit, the goddess might cover Siva’s eyes with her hands, thereby enveloping the universe itself in catastrophic darkness.3 Nothing, in these texts, is as rich in consequence as a game.
Conclusion
Authors: Handelman Don , Shulman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is something fundamental to the feminine, as such, that produces this result, that energizes the holistic godhead in the direction of play, and that then triumphs over the defined and split-off male component within the game. It would seem that femininity implies, for our Saiva poets, an innerness moving outward.
If the goddess wins, that means externalization; if Siva wins, that means nonexternalization.
Maleness, an excess of externalized constituents-like Bh.ri)gin, a bag of hard, dry bones thinly linked by empty spaces-naturally seeks to reinternalize, sucking the missing parts back toward and into its hungry self; but the female, for her part, is less caught up in the negative consequences of play-above all, its tendency to fragment. Is this because the part, autonomous and largely self-contained in its partiality, is less in need of the unfractured whole? ParvatI’s movement is, in general, far less desperate than Siva’s; nor is she delimited or deceived by masquerading surfaces and crooked words.
Introduction: Engaging the Battle
Authors: Brenneman James E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“PREPARE war, stir up the warriors!” Apt words by the prophet Joel (4:9 [Eng. 3:9)) for an invitation to battle. With these words, I invite the reader to descend the linguistic ladder with me into a rhetorical war of sorts, down into society’s formalized chaos, where all wars are finally won or lost. Joel’s invitation to war, which is really Yahweh’s invitation, provokes our most visceral fears about wars fought under the banner of God, especially if that god is not the god of our worship. Even more frightening, perhaps, is the mysterious, ambivalent, truth-bearing, deceit-laden power of words when broadcast by an all-too-human prophet claiming to speak for God.
Contradiaion and Intertextuality
Authors: Brenneman James E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Bible contradicts itself. This has become a truism in academic circles, aptly described by Daniel Boyarin as “now practically a commonplace that the narrative of the Torah is characterized by an extraordinarily high degree of gapping, indeterminacy, repetition and self-contradiction.” This is more elaborately expressed in the words of James Sanders:
Death of a Parent: Making an Accommodation
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children eventually arrive at a place and time when they are carrying on with their lives, making an accommodation to their parent’s death. It may take a long time of traveling on a bumpy road for them to live comfortably in a single-parent family and build a comfortable relationship with their surviving parent and the deceased. For both the children and the surviving parent, dealing with the death, their grief, and the many changes in their lives is an ongoing, unfolding process during which they learn new ways of being with each other.
Invisible Mourners: The Death of a Friend
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The words come easier now. I can express what I lost. I have lost the validation that she provided-the voice that confirmed me to myself, that told me I could; I have lost her presence, her ideas, the new things she brought into my life; I have lost my belief in plans, in our ability to control our lives; I have lost the confidence that we could do anything, that we could conquer the world, change it, make it ours.
The Quantum Dot
Authors: Turton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since first developed in the early sixties, silicon chip technology has made vast leaps forward. From a rudimentary circuit with a mere handful of transistors, the chip has evolved into a technological miracle, packing millions of bits of information on a surface no larger than a human thumbnail. And most experts predict that in the near future, we will see chips with over a billion bits. At the same time, this revolution in microelectronics has sparked a dramatic change in the way we live. An integral part of the computer industry, the microchip is found in everything from lasers, fax machines, and satellites to greeting cards and children’s toys. And yet few people have any idea how chips work, or how so much information can be captured in such a miniscule space. Now, in The Quantum Dot, physicist Richard Turton provides a clear, informative look at the science that lies behind the modern revolution in microelectronics and offers an intriguing glimpse of the possible future of this rapidly evolving field. Turton illuminates the development of the microchip, in a discussion that ranges from a primer on atoms and electrons, to the properties of semiconductors (most notably, silicon), to the structure of the transistor. We learn how researchers have managed to pack the tiny silicon chip with more and more bits, and we get a state-of-the-art look at the microelectronic industry today, from the newest chip materials (such as gallium arsenide, a much faster material than silicon, used in the recently released Cray 3 supercomputer) to the exotic world of high-temperature superconductors. Perhaps most interesting, Turton offers a provocative glimpse of the future of microelectronics. Here readers enter the strange realm where quantum theory prevails and where physical events contradict our intuitive perceptions. Turton shows how researchers are leaving the transistor far behind as they struggle to exploit quantum effects to create incredibly small and fast devices, such as “designer atoms” and the quantum dot. He concludes that the range of future possibilities are immense, including devices in which electrons behave not as particles but as waves, and computers in which there are no electrical signals, only beams of light. Here then is an amazing scientific--and economic--success story, told with clarity and expertise. It will fascinate anyone curious about where modern technology is headed and what the world might look like when it gets there.
p-n Junctions How They Work and What You Can Do With Them
Authors: Turton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far we have considered the properties of various types of solids, and, in the case of semiconductors, seen how we can alter these properties. In order to make a device we need to combine two or more materials with different characteristics. We will start with the p-n junction. This is the simplest semiconductor device in terms of structure; however, it is by no means simple to understand. Several effects must be taken into account, but we will work through these slowly, describing each in turn before looking at some of the applications of the device.
First of all we should clear up one common misunderstanding. The name p-n junction is misleading in that it implies that we start off with a crystal of p-type semiconductor and another of n-type semiconductor and somehow join the two together. If we did this we would not end up with a single crystal. Instead we would have two crystalline regions separated by a disorganized jumble of atoms at the interface. In addition, the surfaces of the crystals will be contaminated with a large number of impurities. If we fuse the two together then these impurities will be incorporated into the middle of the new structure. Such effects would completely destroy the phenomena that we are about to describe in this chapter. It is therefore essential that we start off with one single crystal of semiconductor. The ‘junction’ is then created by selectively introducing donor atoms into one half of the sample and acceptors into the other half.
When is a Particle not a Particle? The Importance of Electron vliives
Authors: Turton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have already encountered several aspects of quantum theory: the presence of discrete energy levels in atoms; the exclusion principle which tells us how these levels are occupied; and the formation of energy bands in solids. We did not make a big deal of it at the time since, once we accepted the premise of the band gap in semiconductors, we were able to understand the operation of the transistor without worrying about whether we were using results of quantum theory. However, if we wish to probe further—to understand the devices of the future, those under development, and some which are already commercially available—then there is no escape. We have to confront quantum theory head on.
We will not be concerned with any of the deep philosophical questions which arise from quantum theory. These are addressed in many other books, and do not concern us here. Instead, we will concentrate on the practical effects—how quantum theory affects the behaviour of semiconductor devices. From this point of view, there are two principal consequences, and we will devote a chapter to each. This chapter deals with wave-particle duality. If you have not encountered this phrase before, do not worry—all will be revealed in due course. The following chapter describes a phenomenon called tunnelling. It is only after exploring these concepts that it is possible to understand the operation of the quantum transistor, a subject which we turn to in Chapter 9.
The Joy of Tunnelling From Superatoms to Superlattices
Authors: Turton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us begin by considering the following thought experiment. Suppose we take two identical buckets. We fill one with water and leave the other one empty. They are placed side by side and left undisturbed for a short while. Will the water levels have changed when we return? Of course not? We might even wonder why someone should ask such a stupid question. However, suppose we consider a seemingly analogous case in which the buckets are replaced with quantum wells. A number of electrons are initially placed in just one of the wells. Surprisingly, we find that after a short while the numbers of electrons in each well are equal. How does this happen?
Of course, a small proportion of the electrons will gain enough thermal energy to allow them to jump out of the well, in a way similar to that in which an electron in a semiconductor is occasionally promoted into the conduction band. A number of these electrons may then find their way into the adjacent well. This process can therefore explain the appearance of a few electrons in the second well, but it cannot explain how half of the electrons from the first well suddenly appear in the neighbouring well. There must be some other mechanism at work. It seems that the only way in which we can explain this behaviour is if the electrons somehow tunnel through the intervening barrier that separates one well from the other.
Superconductors and Single Electron Tunnelling
Authors: Turton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In March 1987 the term ‘superconductor’ hit the headlines. Newspapers worldwide carried articles about these amazing materials which exhibit a complete absence of resistance to an electrical current. Fantastic claims—some true, others the product of wishful thinking—were made about the properties and applications of these materials. What was all the hype about? After all, superconductivity was by no means a new discovery. The sudden interest was due to the relatively high temperatures at which this zero resistance phenomenon was observed, despite the fact that these temperatures were not much above minus two hundred Celsius. To put these results in perspective we need to take a brief look at the history of superconductivity.
The Dutch physicist Heike Kammerlingh Onnes dedicated his life to the subject of cryogenics: the production and effects of extremely low temperatures. In 1908 he succeeded for the first time in liquefying the inert gas helium at a temperature of minus two hundred and sixty-nine Celsius. This was a significantly lower temperature than anyone had ever achieved before, being just four degrees above the very lowest possible temperature, absolute zero. In dealing with temperatures of this magnitude it is far more convenient to use the Kelvin scale. In this case the temperature interval is the same as on the Celsius scale, but the zero point corresponds to absolute zero, or approximately minus two hundred and seventy three Celsius. Accordingly, the temperature produced by Onnes was just four Kelvin.
Personal Identity and the Historian‘s Vocation
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Personal and the Professional:PA Generational Approach
erhaps I personify a curious paradox. Many years ago I developed a strong admiration for such distinguished historians as Carl Becker and Johan Huizinga, and noticed that, among other qualities, they
were notable for their intellectual detachment. Yet for decades now I have also been a fascinated reader of historians ‘ biographies and autobiographies, their correspondence, interviews conducted with them, and lengthy necrologies. Consequently I feel something more than empathy with an observation made by one senior historian (who has written an autobiography) and is quoted approvingly by another, C. Vann Woodward, in his semiautobiographical essay. “Unless there is some emotional tie, “ H. Stuart Hughes declared, “some elective affinity linking the student to his subject, the results will be pedantic and perfunctory. ‘
That sentiment might appear, at least on the surface, to be somewhat at odds with the professional goal of detachment. Could it be that the mind and heart of this historian are not entirely in sync, that my vocational
The Enduring Challenges and Changing Role of Cultural Institutions
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although I have been an enthusiastic museum visitor for some forty years, a personal episode that occurred more than twenty years ago memorably altered my thinking about such places and left me with the inescapable feeling that museums must be very much in the eye of the beholder.*
In March of 1969 my wife and I and our two young sons made a long-planned, much discussed weekend trip to Manhattan in order to see close friends and visit such places as the American Museum of Natural History. The museum was frequently mentioned in table talk as an incentive to pique the enthusiasm (and perhaps the good behavior) of our younger son, then a little more than three years old.
When the great day came, a crisp but clear Saturday morning, six of us descended into the subway to catch a train for Central Park West and This essay was first presented on October 28, 1990, in Princeton, New Jersey, as the keynote address at the annual conference of the Mid-Atlantic Association of Museums.
The Problem of AmericanExceptional ism: A Reconsideration
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
National consciousness, which is not nationalism, is the only thing that will give us an international dimension.-Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (1966) everal new and important publications have appeared recently concerning a subject that has engaged many of us for decades--one that we discuss with colleagues and advanced students on a regular basis.*
I am inclined to suspect that we continue to do so largely because the issue remains so intriguing. One striking feature of the latest contributions is that they differ so radically among themselves. The most visibly polarized are Ian Tyrrell‘s “American Exceptionalism in an Age oflnternational History “ (which repudiates American exceptionalism) and a collection of essays edited by Byron Shafer entitled Is America Different? A New Look at American Exceptionalism (which reaffirms the notion). Moreover, I have “ This essay was presented on April 3, 1992, at the annual meeting of the Organization of American Historians in Chicago.
Some Patterns and Meanings of Memory Distortion in American History
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within less than a decade, beginning late in the 1980s, a distinctive body of writing began to appear that is concerned with aspects of collective memory in the history and culture of the United States. Comparable works have also been generated for France, Germany, Great Britain, Israel, and, to a lesser degree, Russia, Japan, and diverse developing nations or constituent social groups within those nations, such as tribes and sects.* Much of this literature emphasizes the socially constructed nature of memory and its political or cultural uses.
Although memory distortion per se has not commonly been a defining focus in this literature, it does emerge as an implicit theme, and sometimes rather prominently. Its appearance thus far more nearly resembles the highly visible vein patterns of a leaf rather than the exoskeleton of shellfish.
This essay was presented on May 8, 1994, at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in Cambridge, Massachusetts, as part of the first conference sponsored by the Harvard Center for the Study of Mind, Brain, and Behavior. The focus of that multidisciplinary conference was memory distortion.
Narrating Nationalisms
Authors: Ling Jinqi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book rereads five major works by John Okada, Louis Chu, Frank Chin, and Maxine Hong Kingston in order to reconceptualize the relationship between the past and present of postwar Asian American literary history. Drawing on work in cultural studies, postmodern and poststructuralist theory, social history, and neo-pragmatism, Ling offers fresh perspectives on the cultural politics and formal strategies of texts too often seen in recent criticism as devoid of complexities and fraught with totalizing implications. In challenging uncritical adoption of posthumanist views of history, agency, and identity in Asian American cultural criticism, this pioneering book opens an approach to Asian American literary texts that simultaneously registers their rich specificity and relatedness to works before and after.
Development of the Current Big Bang Model
Authors: Alpher Ralph A , Herman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The origin of modern mathematical modeling of the universe is usually attributed to Einstein. After publication of his general theory of relativity, Einstein developed the first model of the cosmos with large-scale properties as he understood them to be. This was published in 1917 in a paper called “Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativity.” Among the assumptions in this model, the most important to Einstein was that on a scale spanning its major observational features, the universe was homogeneous and isotropic (the same features would be observed wherever one might be located in the cosmos and would appear to be the same in all directions one might look). Moreover, he assumed that the smearing-out of the matter contained in all the visible structures, averaged over the universe, would lead to a single density of matter as a description of the contents of the universe, with the proper ties of this material content being those of an ideal gas, and with an equation of state (a mathematical relation between density and pressure) described by the basic laws of physics for dilute ideal gases. An ideal gas is homogeneous, isotropic, and free of viscosity (i.e., inviscid), so that it will not respond to shear forces. This equation of state, together with an equation describing the conservation of energy and Einstein’s basic field equations relating the curvature of space-time to the content of energy (including mass) and momentum, constituted the model’s representation of the universe.
Further Discussion of Alternatives
Authors: Alpher Ralph A , Herman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With some hubris, we would argue that the standard Big Bang model is the best model of the observable cosmos that has yet been devised. Does it have problems? Yes! Might theoretical and observational developments in the future bear on the model’s correctness at some level of detail? Very likely! Could any such developments rule out the Big Bang model as a descriptor? Perhaps. It is not at all impossible that something new in the way of theory or observation will send cosmologists back to the drawing board. Moreover, the Big Bang model did not appear out of nowhere, unopposed. Other attempts to understand the cosmos were being put forward at the same time, and their successes and failures certainly influenced the Big Bang model. There are still valiant efforts by some cosmologists to come up with alternatives, including in particular an argument that the correct model is a modified Steady State model. This quasi-Steady State model was presented, as we have already mentioned, in 1999 by G. Burbidge, F. Hoyle, and J. Narlikar, in Nature and in Physics Today, and a strong refutation was published in the same issue of Physics Today, by Andre Albrecht, otherwise known for his work on inflationary models.
Calvinism Feminized
Authors: Gatta John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Confronting her New England religious heritage with more personal credulity than Hawthorne ever did his, the seventh child of Lyman and Roxana Beecher found herself engaged in a lifelong struggle to assimilate-and to remake-her ancestral Calvinism. The fruit of this engagement is evident in the subject matter of later novels, such as The Minister’s Wooing, Oldtown Folks, and Pogunuc People, as well as in the apocalyptic urgency and evangelical fervor of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Deficient in several crafts of the belletristic novelist, Stowe yet knew how to infuse her writing with the powerful rhetoric of conversion preaching. In fact, her best fiction often shows a temper closer to symbolic romance than to novelistic realism, with the author drawing on mythic and personal energies to sustain her heightened rhetoric. Thus, episodes in Uncle Tom’s Cabin such as Eliza’s perilous crossing of the Ohio River or the deaths of Eva and Tom amount to rituals of passage laden with mythological import.
Eliot’s Archetypal Lady of Sea and Garden
Authors: Gatta John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first quarter of the twentieth century, a critic reviewed a major literary work, penned by an author born to New England Unitarianism, that abounds in irony and cosmopolitan skepticism. Self-consciously addressing the problem of modernity, the work under review highlights images of discontinuity and cultural fragmentation. Clearly, the reviewer finds much to dislike-as well as some things to admire-about this expression of malaise, alienation, and “dissolvent” disbelief coming from “a sceptical patrician.” Was such a critical response provoked by T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land? One might suspect as much. In fact, the review in question was written by Eliot, not about Eliot, and its object is The Education of Henry Adams .