bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mikrowellen‐ und Mikrowellen‐Vakuumtrocknung von Lebensmitteln
Authors: Regier M. , Knörzer K. , Erle U. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractDie Verfahren der Mikrowellen‐ und Mikrowellen‐Vakuumtrocknung von Lebensmitteln werden näher beleuchtet. Ausgehend von einigen historischen Bemerkungen zur Entwicklung von Mikrowellen‐Erwärmungsverfahren werden die physikalischen Grundlagen, d. h. Elektromagnetismus, Wärme‐ und Stofftransport, anhand der bei diesen Prozessen wichtigsten physikalischen Stoffeigenschaften beschrieben. Darauf aufbauend wird gezeigt, welche Ansatzpunkte zur Beschreibung und Modellierung von Mikrowellenverfahren in der Literatur existieren. Nach einer Klassifikation industrieller Mikrowellentrockner werden Beispiele für heutige Anwendungen der Mikrowellentrocknung beschrieben. Die Literaturhinweise sollen Interessierten auch als Ausgangspunkt zur Recherche weitergehender Informationen zu Mikrowellentrocknungsverfahren dienen.
Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, and not receptor 2, is an independent prognostic factor in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Hu Qinglong , Dey Amanda L. , Yang Ying , Shen Yu , Jilani Iman B. , Estey Elihu H. , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Giles Francis J. , Albitar Maher 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors (VEGFRs) are major regulators of angiogenesis, which plays a key role in the growth and dissemination of solid tumors and hematologic neoplasms.METHODSThe authors measured the plasma concentrations of soluble VEGFR1 (sVEGFR1) and sVEGFR2 in 133 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and in 80 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) at the time of initial presentation and compared clinical behaviors.RESULTSA reverse correlation was observed between plasma sVEGFR1 levels and the rate of complete remission (CR) in patients with AML, but not in patients with MDS. In contrast, increased plasma levels of sVEGFR2 were correlated with a lower CR rate in patients with MDS, but not in patients with AML. Cox regression model analysis demonstrated that plasma levels of sVEGFR1, but not sVEGFR2, were independent prognostic factors in both patients with AML and patients with MDS.CONCLUSIONSThe findings suggest that different mechanisms are involved in the pathophysiology of AML and MDS. The concentration of sVEGFR1 and sVEGFR2 in plasma should be considered a significant factor in guiding antiangiogenic therapy for AML and MDS. They may play a role in the pharmacodynamics of therapeutic agents that are supposed to bind directly to these receptors. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Stereological analysis of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in schizophrenia: Volume, neuron number, and cell types
Authors: Dorph‐Petersen Karl‐Anton , Pierri Joseph N. , Sun Zhuoxin , Sampson Allan R. , Lewis David A. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) is the principal relay nucleus for the prefrontal cortex, a brain region thought to be dysfunctional in schizophrenia. Several, but not all, postmortem studies of the MD in schizophrenia have reported decreased volume and total neuronal number. However, it is not clear whether the findings are specific for schizophrenia nor is it known which subtypes of thalamic neurons are affected. We studied the left MD in 11 subjects with schizophrenia, 9 control subjects, and 12 subjects with mood disorders. Based on morphological criteria, we divided the neurons into two subclasses, presumably corresponding to projection neurons and local circuit neurons. We estimated MD volume and the neuron number of each subclass using methods based on modern unbiased stereological principles. We also estimated the somal volumes of each subclass using a robust, but biased, approach. In addition, we investigated the left MD in four cynomolgus monkeys chronically exposed to haloperidol and in four control monkeys in order to assess the possible effects of antipsychotic medications. The three human subject groups did not differ in any of the measures. In addition, no differences were observed between the two groups of monkeys. Thus, these findings do not support the hypothesis that the MD is a locus of pathology in schizophrenia, although they cannot rule out important functional or structural changes in parameters not measured. Like other studies, this investigation is subject to the limitations involved in sampling from a heterogeneous population emphasizing the need to continue to improve the application of robust, unbiased techniques to quantitative studies of this complex brain disorder. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:449–462, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nitric oxide synthase expression and cell changes in dorsal root ganglia and spinal dorsal horn of developing and adult Rana esculenta indicate a role of nitric oxide in limb metamorphosis
Authors: Cristino Luigia , Florenzano Fulvio , Bentivoglio Marina , Guglielmotti Vittorio 
Published: March 2004

AbstractMetamorphosis of amphibians requires reconfiguration of sensory and locomotor neural networks. In view of such plastic changes and implications of nitric oxide (NO) in neural developmental shaping, we examined via histochemistry and immunohistochemistry its synthetic enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and dorsal horn of the developing and adult frog Rana esculenta. In limb DRGs, NOS positivity was first and selectively detected just before limb bud appearance, increased during metamorphosis, and was then down‐regulated. In adulthood, NOS was expressed in some DRG neurons at all segmental levels. Similar features were detected in the dorsal horn neuropil. In limb DRGs, cell counts in Nissl‐stained sections revealed a twofold increase of differentiated neurons during metamorphosis and an additional twofold increase in adulthood. Perikaryal sizes in limb DRGs did not vary during metamorphosis but increased and were more heterogeneous in the adult frog, probably reflecting adaptation to body size. NOS and cell changes during metamorphosis were much less marked in DRGs at other levels. Carbocyanine tracing documented selective labeling of NOS‐expressing hindlimb DRG neurons from the spinal nerve at the time of initiation of hindlimb movements. The findings show that, in limb DRG neurons, NOS parallels cell differentiation and limb development during metamorphosis. The data also provide evidence of NOS expression in DRG cells innervating the hindlimbs when sensorimotor circuits become functionally mature. This study indicates a key role of NO production in the maturation of sensory functions that subserves in amphibians the transition from swimming to tetrapod locomotion. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:423–436, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical localization of aspartoacylase in the rat central nervous system
Authors: Madhavarao Chikkathur N. , Moffett John R. , Moore Roger A. , Viola Ronald E. , Namboodiri M.A. Aryan , Jacobowitz David M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAspartoacylase (ASPA; EC 3.5.1.15) catalyzes deacetylation of N‐acetylaspartate (NAA) to generate free acetate in the central nervous system (CNS). Mutations in the gene coding ASPA cause Canavan disease (CD), an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease that results in death before 10 years of age. The pathogenesis of CD remains unclear. Our working hypothesis is that deficiency in the supply of the NAA‐derived acetate leads to inadequate lipid/myelin synthesis during development, resulting in CD. To explore the localization of ASPA in the CNS, we used double‐label immunohistochemistry for ASPA and several cell‐specific markers. A polyclonal antibody was generated in rabbit against mouse recombinant ASPA, which reacted with a single band (∼37 kD) on Western blots of rat brain homogenate. ASPA colocalized throughout the brain with CC1, a marker for oligodendrocytes, with 92–98% of CC1‐positive cells also reactive with the ASPA antibody. Many cells were labeled with ASPA antibodies in white matter, including cells in the corpus callosum and cerebellar white matter. Relatively fewer cells were labeled in gray matter, including cerebral cortex. No astrocytes were labeled for ASPA. Neurons were unstained in the forebrain, although small numbers of large reticular and motor neurons were faintly to moderately stained in the brainstem and spinal cord. Many ascending and descending neuronal fibers were moderately stained for ASPA in the medulla and spinal cord. Microglial‐like cells showed faint to moderate staining with the ASPA antibodies throughout the brain by the avidin/biotin‐peroxidase detection method, and colocalization studies with labeled lectins confirmed their identity as microglia. The predominant immunoreactivity in oligodendrocytes is consistent with the proposed role of ASPA in myelination, supporting the case for acetate supplementation as an immediate and inexpensive therapy for infants diagnosed with CD. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:318–329, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The dorsolateral corticospinal tract in mice: An alternative route for corticospinal input to caudal segments following dorsal column lesions
Authors: Steward Oswald , Zheng Binhai , Ho Carole , Anderson Kim , Tessier‐Lavigne Marc 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn rodents, the main contingent of corticospinal tract (CST) axons descends in the ventral part of the dorsal column. There is, however, a contingent of CST axons that descends in the dorsolateral column (the “dorsolateral corticospinal tract,” or DLCST). Here, we define some of the features of the DLCST by tracing CST projections following injections of biotinylated dextran amine into the sensorimotor cortex, assessing the distribution of DLCST axons and terminal arborizations in intact mice and in mice in which the main contingent of CST axons in the dorsal column had been transected. Axons of the DLCST diverge from the main tract at the pyramidal decussation, gather in fascicles in the dorsolateral gray matter below the spinomedullary junction, and project in a gradual trajectory laterally toward the dorsolateral column over the first few cervical segments. DLCST axons then project along the dorsolateral column to sacral levels, giving rise to collaterals that project into the gray matter. Labeled DLCST axons were most abundant in cervical segments, where they were often collected in fascicles, and progressively decreased in number in more caudal segments. Tracing of DLCST axons in mice with selective lesions of the dorsal column revealed that DLCST axons arborize extensively throughout the dorsal and ventral horns and that the overall territory that the DLCST axons invade is similar to the territory innervated by the CST axons in the main tract. Some DLCST axon arbors with varicosities are seen near large neurons in the ventral horn (presumed motoneurons). Substantial numbers of DLCST axons project across the midline to the gray matter on the contralateral side. Thus, the DLCST provides an alternate route for CST input to caudal segments, which is of particular relevance for studies of CST distribution and function following partial spinal cord injuries. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:463–477, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Green's function for steady‐state two‐dimensional isotropic heat conduction across a homogeneously imperfect interface
Authors: Ang W. T. , Choo K. K. , Fan H. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe problem of calculating the steady‐state two‐dimensional temperature field in a thermally isotropic bimaterial which has a homogeneously imperfect interface is considered. There is a temperature jump across the imperfect interface. To devise a boundary element method, which does not require the imperfect interface to be discretized, for the numerical solution of the problem, a special Green's function satisfying the appropriate interface condition is derived. A specific test problem is solved numerically using the boundary element method. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A model for parallel job scheduling on dynamical computer Grids
Authors: Goldman Alfredo , Queiroz Carlos 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis work presents a model that allows the execution of parallel applications in a Grid environment. Our main focus is on how to share the idle cycles of clusters and computers to execute real parallel applications. We present a new model which introduces the notions of locality and adaptability. The locality is used for job allocation, and for job migration. The adaptability provides a simple mechanism to allow clusters to join or leave a Grid. We also propose the middleware architecture to implement the model, and provide some simulation results to show the main characteristics of the model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fine‐grained authorization for job execution in the Grid: design and implementation
Authors: Keahey K. , Welch V. , Lang S. , Liu B. , Meder S. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn this paper, we describe our work on enabling fine‐grained authorization for resource usage and management. We address the need of virtual organizations to enforce their own polices in addition to those of the resource owners, with regards to both resource consumption and job management. To implement this design, we propose changes and extensions to the Globus Toolkit's version 2 resource management mechanism. We describe the prototype and policy language that we have designed to express fine‐grained policies and present an analysis of our solution. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grid computing and active services
Authors: Schulze B. , Madeira E. R. M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractRecent activities in Grid computing point in the direction of an open service architecture merging computational infrastructure with Grid services and Web services. We also see advantages in adding facilities offered by distributed object computing environments with their interoperable references and services. The use of open service architectures introduces the possibility of composing structures of nested services. In this paper we discuss architectural aspects of middleware for Grid computing based on an infrastructure of distributed clusters and/or also services, and an access portal as a demonstration project in progress. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silent cerebral infarction in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Effects of antiplatelet drug dilazep dihydrochloride
Authors: Nakamura Tsukasa , Kawagoe Yasuhiro , Matsuda Takaharu , Ueda Yoshihiko , Ebihara Isao , Koide Hikaru 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBackgroundTo determine whether diabetic nephropathy is a risk factor for silent cerebral infarction and whether antiplatelet drug dilazep dihydrochloride decreases the occurrence of silent cerebral infarction in type 2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria.MethodsTwo hundred four type 2 diabetes patients (124 men, 80 women; age, median 56 years, range 42–74 years) and 60 healthy age‐matched subjects (no diabetes, normal renal function) were recruited for brain magnetic resonance imaging. The diabetes patients included 40 without nephropathy (group A), 42 with microalbuminuria (20–200 µg/min) (group B), 44 with macroalbuminuria (>200 µg/min) and normal renal function (blood creatinine <132.7 µmol/L) (group C), 33 with chronic renal failure but not undergoing haemodialysis (blood creatinine >132.7 µmol/L; mean creatinine 335.9 µmol/L) (group D) and 45 undergoing haemodialysis (duration; median 4 years, range 3–6 years) (group E).ResultsSilent cerebral infarction was found in 20, 29, 34, 45, 53 and 8% of group A, B, C, D, E and control patients respectively. The incidence of silent cerebral infarction was increased with diabetic nephropathy. Thirty group B patients with no silent cerebral infarction were divided into two groups: (B1) 15 treated with dilazep dihydrochloride and (B2) 15 not treated with dilazep dihydrochloride. Treatment continued for 24 months. The incidence of silent cerebral infarction was significantly lower in the dilazep‐treated patients (6.7%) than in the untreated patients (33.3%) (p < 0.01).ConclusionsThese data suggest that diabetic renal dysfunction increases the risk of silent cerebral infarction and that dilazep dihydrochloride prevents its onset in early type 2 diabetic nephropathy patients. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stem cell dynamics during growth, feeding, and starvation in the basal flatworm Macrostomum sp. (Platyhelminthes)
Authors: Nimeth Katharina T. , Mahlknecht Monika , Mezzanato Andrea , Peter Roland , Rieger Reinhard , Ladurner Peter 
Published: March 2004

AbstractDevelopment, growth, and regeneration in Macrostomum are based—as in all Platyhelminthes—on likely totipotent stem cells (neoblasts), basic for all Bilaterians. We demonstrate dynamics and migration of neoblasts during postembryonic development, starvation, and feeding of Macrostomum sp. Double labeling of S‐phase and mitotic cells revealed a fast cell turnover. Conflicting with recent results from planarians, we have some indication of slow cycling neoblasts. As in planarians, starvation dramatically reduced mitotic activity and a very basic level was maintained after 30 days of starvation. Afterward, feeding induced a dramatic immediate proliferative response probably caused by G2‐arrested neoblasts. The following 12 hr showed a significant mitotic decline, caused by the depletion of the G2 neoblast pool. Neoblasts that pass through S‐phase led to a maximum of mitoses after 48 hr. Our results allow deeper insight into cellular dynamics of an ancestral bilaterian stem cell system of a basal Platyhelminth. Developmental Dynamics 230:91–99, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Implementing the SEA Directive: sectoral challenges and opportunities for the UK and EU
Authors: Sheate William R. , Byron Helen J. , Smith Steven P. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis paper examines the implementation of Directive 2001/42/EC on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment (the ‘SEA Directive’) in the UK and draws out wider implications from the UK approach for implementation across the EU as a whole. The paper begins with a brief overview of the UK's progress in implementing the directive in relation to three key issues: establishing the legal framework for implementing the directive; identifying those plans and programmes to which the directive will apply and providing support for implementation (e.g. through guidance and training). The paper then focuses on three sectors – land use planning, water and energy – and discusses key issues affecting implementation in each sector. In the land use planning sector, for example, a key issue is the incorporation of the SEA Directive's requirements into a wider sustainability appraisal process, which addresses economic and social as well as environmental concerns. The sectoral comparison is followed by a discussion of the issues confronting the UK and the potential lessons for the EU as a whole and a series of recommendations to guide implementation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
SEA in Swedish transportation policy‐making and planning — political ambitions and practice
Authors: Brokking Peter , Crona Jan Schmidtbauer , Eriksson Inga‐Maj , Balfors Berit 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSince the mid‐1990s, the aim to incorporate SEA into Swedish strategic transportation planning has been repeatedly expressed in government documents and directives. To support a successful implementation, efforts have been made to develop tools and methods for the integration of SEA into strategic transportation planning. These efforts concern, for example, the application of SEA in corridor development and long‐term transportation planning. The practical experiences of SEA in strategic transportation planning have been influenced by the ambiguity of the scope and structure of SEA. In this paper the process of implementing the SEA in Swedish transportation planning will be reviewed. The review relates to political ambitions and practice, and highlights the methodological development of SEA applications in the Swedish transport sector. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
A Stereodivergent Approach to 5a‐Carba‐α‐D‐gluco‐, ‐α‐D‐galacto and ‐β‐L‐gulopyranose Pentaacetates from D‐Mannose, Based on 6‐exo‐dig Radical Cyclization and Barton−McCombie Radical Deoxygenation
Authors: Gómez Ana M. , Moreno Eduardo , Valverde Serafín , López J. Cristóbal 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe three carbasugars, 5a‐carba‐α‐D‐gluco‐, ‐α‐D‐galacto and ‐β‐L‐gulopyranose pentaacetates 42, 35 and 28 respectively, have been prepared in a stereodivergent manner from D‐mannose. Alkynyl derivatives of 2,3:4,6‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐D‐mannopyranose, which are homologated at C‐1 by reaction with trimethylsilylacetylide, undergo a 6‐exo‐dig radical cyclization, from a radical located at C‐5, to yield a mixture of highly functionalized exo‐methylenecyclohexanes. Ozonolysis of the exocyclic double bond in the latter generated cyclohexanones which, upon stereoselective reduction of the carbonyl moiety followed by site‐selective deoxygenation either at position C‐4 or C‐5a (parent carbohydrate numbering), afforded the title carbasugars. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Straightforward Synthesis of Aromatic Polycyclic Terpenoids through Biomimetic Cascade Cyclizations Triggered by Photochemical Electron Transfer
Authors: Rosales Viale , Zambrano Jorge , Demuth Martin 
Published: March 2004

AbstractPhotoinduced biomimetic cascade cyclizations of suitably functionalized terpenoid arylpolyalkenes via radical cationic intermediates represent a powerful route to polycyclic compounds in a single operational step. In all cases examined, the radical cation, created selectively and exclusively at the ψ‐polyalkene position, is trapped in anti‐Markovnikov fashion by water, liberating a free radical site, which ultimately initiates cascade‐style bond formation to afford the all‐chair polycyclic conformation containing one aromatic moiety. The products, some of which are podocarpic‐type structures 17−19, are beneficially 3β‐hydroxylated. Mechanistically, the reaction is probably initiated by a radical cation trapped by water prior to the cyclization event, which is driven by a pure radical‐type process. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis and Some Chemical Transformations of (Z)‐ and (E)‐2‐Acetyl‐1‐ferrocenyl‐3‐methylbuta‐1,3‐dienes − A New Type of Cationic Cycloaddition
Authors: Klimova Elena I. , Klimova Tatiana , Stivalet Jose M. Méndez , Toledano Cecilio Alvarez , Toscano Ruben Alfredo , Ortega Simón Hernández , Ramírez Lena Ruíz , Bakinovsky Leon V. , García Marcos Martínez 
Published: March 2004

AbstractDehydration of (E)‐ and (Z)‐2‐acetyl‐1‐ferrocenyl‐3‐methylbut‐1‐en‐3‐ols gave the corresponding (E)‐ and (Z)‐2‐acetyl‐1‐ferrocenyl‐3‐methylbuta‐1,3‐dienes, which have a cross‐conjugated system of three double bonds. These heterotrienes readily afford the products of linear and cyclodimerization by following a cationic cyclodimerization mechanism; they also form Diels−Alder adducts with azodicarboxylic and maleic acid N‐phenylimides. The spatial structures of (E)‐2‐acetyl‐1‐ferrocenyl‐3‐methylbuta‐1,3‐diene, (E,E)‐1,5‐diferrocenyl‐2‐isopropenyl‐6‐isopropylidene‐3‐methyl‐1,3‐octadiene‐7‐one, and 7‐ferrocenyl‐4‐(ferrocenylmethylidene)‐8‐isopropylidene‐1,3,5‐trimethyl‐9‐oxabicyclo[3.3.1]non‐2‐ene were elucidated by X‐ray diffraction analyses of single crystals. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)