bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of the suitability of soya-bean products for feeding to preruminant calves by an in-vitro immunochemical method
Authors: Sissons J. W. , Smith R. H. , Hewitt D. , Nyrup A. 
Published: May 2005

1. An immunochemical test for predicting the suitability of different soya-bean products for feeding to preruminant calves was studied. Calves fitted with abomasal and re-entrant ileal cannulas, were first given a series of feeds containing heated soya-bean flour and two with casein as the protein source, and then given further test feeds in which different experimental soya-bean products, prepared under conditions which might be used commercially, provided the nitrogren source. These products (Q, R, S and T) were prepared respectively by extracting fat-free soya-bean flour with aqueous ethanol at 960, 650, 650 and 550 ml/l and at 60, 60, 78 and 78° and then treating the residue with steam for 30 min.2. After infusion of a test feed into the abmasum measurements were made of transit time through the small intestine, flow-rate of ileal digesta, recovery of polyethylene glycol (a water-soluble marker added to the feed) and net N absorption up to the distal ileum. Glycinin and β-conglycinin, antigenic constituents of soya-bean protein, were determined in saline (9 g sodium chloride/l) extracts of soya-bean products by haemagglutination inhibition assay.3. After calves had been given a series of four feeds containing heated soya-bean flour, they showed hypersensitivity to the flour by developing disturbances in digesta movement and N uptake. When experiments were made to compare the effects of giving feeds based on casein with those containing products R, S and T it was shown that some differences in transit times and flow-rates of digesta through, and N absorption from, the small intestine occurred. Disturbances were, however, much less than those observed with product Q feeds.4. Haemaggultination inhibition assay of products Q, R, S and T gave titres (log2 reciprocal of highest dilution of saline extract inhibiting agglutination) of 12, 5, 3 and 2 for glycinin and 13, 3, 3 and 2 for β-conglycinin respectively. After steam treatment only product Q gave measurable titres; 10 and 11 for glycinin and β-conglycinin respectively.5. It is concluded that the haemagglutination inhibition assay is a suitable in vitro method of indicating whether soya-bean products given in liquid feeds to preruminant calves will cause gastrointestinal allergic reactions. Furthermore, results show that the removal of deleterious factors from soya-bean meal by treating with ethanol, is critically dependent on the proportion of water present in the ethanol and the temperature of the treatment.
The uptake of nutrients from the small intestine of gnotobiotic and conventional chicks
Authors: Yokota H. , Coates Marie E. 
Published: May 2005

1. Uptake of L-[2(n)-3H]methionine and 3-O-methyl[14C]-D-glucose (3MG) from jejunal loops in vivo was investigated in germ-free (GF), gnotobiotic (GN) and conventional (CV) chicks aged between 2 and 4 weeks.2. Body-weight gain was less, and intestine weight per unit length greater, in CV and GN birds than in corresponding GF birds.3. Uptake of both nutrients was less in CV and GN birds when calculated per g intestinal tissue, but no difference was found between any of the groups when uptake was expressed per unit length of intestine.4. Concentration of methionine in mesenteric and cardiac blood was higher, and amounts in the intestinal wall lower, in CV chicks than in corresponding samples from GF birds.5. Concentration of 3MG in mesenteric blood was similar in both environments but it was higher in cardiac blood and lower in the gut wall of CV birds.6. It was concluded that uptake of methionine and glucose is not impaired by the presence of micro-organisms in the gut.
Fermentation of dietary fibre components in the rat intestinal tract
Authors: Nyman Margareta , Asp Nils-Georg 
Published: May 2005

1. The fermentative breakdown of dietary fibre from various sources in the intestinal tract was studied using rat balance experiments and gas–liquid chromatrographic analysis of dietary fibre monomers in feed and faeces.2. On a basal diet with 690 g maize starch/kg but no added fibre, small but detectableamounts of polymeric glucose, rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, galactose, mannose and uronic acids, i.e. sugars occurring in dietary fibre, were excreted in faeces.3. Dietary fibre in wheat bran was rather resistant to fermentation; 63% was recoveredin the faeces. Guar gum, on the other hand, was almost completely fermented, whereas 19 and 25% of the uronic acids in low and high methoxylated pectin respectively, were excreted in faeces. The various constituents of sugar-beet dietary fibre (approximately equal amounts of arabinose-based hemicellulose, pectin and non-starch glucan (cellulose)) showedquite variable availability for micro-organisms in that 6–12% of the arabinose, 17–25% of the uronic acids, and 52–58% of the cellulose were recovered in the faeces.4. Faecal nitrogen excretion increased on addition of any one of the dietary fibre preparations studied, resulting in decreased true and apparent protein digestibility values.5. The faecal dry weight increment was most pronounced when feeding bran and could then almost be accounted for by the remaining fibre and by protein. The less-prominent bulking effect ot guar gum and pectins, that were much more extensively fermented, could be only partly explained by dietary fibre and protein.
Trace nutrients 4. Iodine in British food
Authors: Wenlock R. W. , Buss D. H. , Moxon R. E. , Bunton N. G. 
Published: May 2005

1. The amounts of iodine in nationally representative samples of prepared and cooked groups of foods and in a wide variety of individual foods and food products were determined colorimetrically. The amounts of erythrosine, a red food colour containing 577 mg I/g were also determined in selected foods and diets by high-performance liquid chromalography.2. The average British diet was calculated to provide 323 μgI/d but only 255 μg if two fruit samples containing large amounts of glacé cherries were discounted. Of the total, 92 μg was derived from liquid milk. Meat and meat products provided 36 μgand cereal products 31 μg, but fresh fruitsand sugars, vegetables and beverages provided little I. Fish and fish products, though rich in I, contributed only 5% to the total intake.3. Milk was the most variable as well as the most important individual source of I. Summer milk samples contained 70 μg/kg and winter milk 370 μkg on average. Milk products, including butter and cheese, and eggs were also rich in I.4. Some processed foods contained erythrosine, particularly glacé cherries and some pink or red confectionery items, biscuits, cherry cake, canned strawberries and luncheon meat. However, none of these are major foods in the average household diet and erythrosine would therefore contribute little more than 10 μg I/d to most diets.5. The average daily intake of I was lower than in similar studies in the USA, but wastwice the provisional UK recommended intake. This study provides no evidence that I intakes in the UK could be too low or loo high for health.
Early life undernutrition in rats
Authors: Smart J. L. , Bedi K. S. 
Published: May 2005

1. A detailed investigation was made of the motor performance of rats which had impaired cerebellar and muscular growth resulting from early-life undernutrition.2. Developing rats were growth-retarded by underfeeding their mothers during pregnancy and lactation. They were fed ad lib. from 25 d of age.3. Adult male previously-undernourished (PU) and well-fed control rats were given tests of motor behaviour commencing at 5 months of age. They were required to run backwards to maintain their position on a revolving drum. Aspects of the test situation were varied systematically: visual environment, interval between trials, test duration and drum speed.4. PU rats had a 29% body-weight deficit compared with controls at 5 months.5. There was no evidence of impaired motor performance by the PU rats under any of the test conditions.
Lymphocyte proliferation kinetics in malnourished children measured by differential chromatid staining
Authors: Murthy P. Balakrishna , Rahiman M. Abdul , Tulpule P. G. 
Published: May 2005

1. Utilizing the bromodeoxyuridine differential-chromatid labelling technique the in vitro proliferation of lymphocytes from children with kwashiorkor was followed in phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated cultures and compared with controls.2. Analyses of first, second and third or subsequent division cells as a function of culture time between 40 and 96 h showed that cell-cycle duration was prolonged in kwashiorkor cultures. The extent of this increase was approximately 4.5 h for the first-division cells and 1.5 h for third-division cells.3. The peak for second-division cells was depressed in kwashiorkor cultures.4. A decreased number of third or subsequent-division cells was observed in kwashiorkor cultures at all time points studied.5. These findings suggest that the loss in lymphocyte activity to PHA in malnourished children in general could be due to an increase in cell-cycle duration of responding lymphocytes.
Physiological effects of fibre-rich types of bread
Authors: Van Dokkum W. , Wesstra Anneke , Schippers Francien A. 
Published: May 2005

1. Twelve young adult male volunteers were given a low-fibre white bread diet (9 g neutral-detergent fibre (NDF)/d) and a medium-fibre coarse-bran bread diet (22 g NDF/d), each lasting 20 d. In a third period of 20 d the volunteers were subdivided in groups of four, consuming a high-fibre coarse-bran bread diet (35 g NDF/d). a medium-fibre fine-bran bread diet (22 g NDF/d, bran particle size < 0.35 mm) or a wholemeal bread diet (22 g NDF/d), Retention of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper were determined during each 20 d period.2. An increase of the amount of dietary fibre (through bran in bread) from 9 g to 22 g NDF/d resulted in a significantly increased mineral intake, but also faecal excretion increased significantly; mineral retention remained almost constant.3. Both intake and faecal excretion of all minerals studied, except faecal Ca. increased further (P < 0.05) on the diet providing 35 g NDF/d: only Fe balance decreased significantly. No significant differences with respect to intake, excretion (except urinary Ca) and balance of the minerals could be detected between the coarse-bran bread and fine-bran bread diets providing 22 g NDF/d. Faecal Fe, Cu balance and Mg balance increased significantly during the wholemeal bread period compared to the coarse-bran bread diet providing 22 g NDF.4. Serum cholesterol increased significantly, i.e. by 0.3 mmol/1, during the coarse-bran bread diet providing 22 g NDF, compared to the white-bread diet.5. It is concluded that increasing the amount of bran in bread does not appear to affect mineral balance considerably but there seems to be an influence on mineral availability. The increased intake was accompanied by increased faecal excretion.
Changes in lens proteins in undernourished and well-nourished patients with cataract
Authors: Seetharam Bhat K. 
Published: May 2005

1. Patients with cataract were classified into undernourished (twenty-eight subjects) and well-nourished (twenty-seven subjects) groups based on the anthropomtric index, weight (kg)/height (m)2. Those with a value for the index of less than 18 were considered as undernourished.2. Lenses were classified into four groups on the basis of nuclear colour as proposed by Pirie (1968). Lenses of pale uniform colour or yellow colour were included in group 1, those with brownish-yellow nucleus in group 2, those with a yellowish-brown nucleus in group 3 and those with brown nucleus in group 4.3. Irrespective of group, the wet weight, dry weight, percentage moisture and total protein content of cataractous lenses from undernourished patients were similar, as were the corresponding values for well-nourished patients. On the other hand, the percentage of soluble proteins in lenses tended to decrease with deepening of nuclear colour in both groups of patients. Further, soluble protein concentrations in lenses from undernourished patients were significantly lower as compared to those from well-nourished patients.4. The results suggest that nutritional factors could influence the composition of cataractous lenses.
Foetal mortality in moderately zinc-deficient rats is strictly related to the process of parturition: effect of maternal essential fatty acid supplementation
Authors: Cunnane S. C. 
Published: May 2005

1. Although disrupted parturition and high foetal losses have previously been reported in pregnant rats maintained on zinc-deficient diets this is the first report to differentiate between the effects of reduced Zn intake and the effects of reduced food intake on theoutcome of pregnancy in the rat.2. Rats maintained on a 0·5 mg Zn/kg diet for the last 7 d of gestation or on a 5 mg Zn/kg diet throughout gestation did not consume significantly less food than rats given 10 or 20 mg Zn/kg diets except during the last 2 d of gestation. Pair-feeding of Zn-adequate rats (20 mg/kg) to those given low-Zn diets for the last 2 d of gestation did not affect the outcome of pregnancy in these rats.3. In the rats maintained throughout gestation on 5 mg Zn/kg or on 0·5 mg Zn/kg in the last 7 d of gestation, parturition onset and duration were not significantly altered. Foetal rvival was very significantly reduced but only from day 22 onwards; before the onset of parturition, foetal survival was not significantly affected by Zn deficiency during gestation.4. Subcutaneous injection of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) oil into rats throughout gestation enhanced foetal and neonatal survival in rats given 5 mg Zn/kg but reduced foetal survival in rats given 0·5 mg Zn/kg in the last 7 d of gestation.5. The results suggest three points: (1) subtotal Zn deficiency during gestation in the rat jeopardises foetal survival at parturition without affecting the onset or duration of parturition, (2) foetal death in rats maintained on Zn-deficient diets occurs only in relation to parturition itself, (3) provided that Zn intake near term is at least 5 mg/kg, supplemental essential fatty acids (evening primrose oil) will reduce foetal mortality during parturition and in the neonatal period.
Effects of cold exposure on feed protein degradation, microbial protein synthesis and transfer of plasma urea to the rumen of sheep
Authors: Kennedy P. M. , Christopherson R. J. , Milligan L. P. 
Published: May 2005

1. Three diets of barley–canula-seed (Brassica campestiris), lucerne (Medicago sativa) or chopped brome-grass (Bromus inermis) were given at intervals of 3 h to closely-shorn Suffolk wethers held at a temperature of 1–5° (cold) or 22–24° (warm). Apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM) and nitrogen was reduced by 0·08–0·05 and 0·04 units respectively for lucerne and brome-grass diets given to cold-exposed sheep, but no treatment effects on digestibility were observed for the barley–CSM diet. Measurements achieved using infusion of the digesta markers 58Co-EDTA and 103Ru-phenanthroline (103Ru-P) showed that cold exposure depressed apparent OM digestion in the stomach and intestines by 33 and 42 g/d for the lucerne diet, and 13 and 35 g/d for the brome-grass diet respectively.2. The turnover time (h) of the l03Ru-P marker in the rumen of warm sheep was 38·9 for barley–CSM, 18·4 for lucerne, and 15·6 for brome-grass. In cold-exposed sheep, 103Ru-P turnover time (h) tended to be reduced to 32·3, 12·3 and 15·3 for the three diets, respectively. OM fermentation in the stomach was highly related to 103Ru-P turnover time for lucerne and brome-grass diets.3. Cold exposure increased the escape of dietary N from the abomasum by 0·04 and 0·09 of dietary N intake for sheep given lucerne and brome-grass diets respectively. Dietary N degradation was closely related to 103Ru-P turnover time for lucerne, and to the proportion of large particles in rumen digesta for the brome-grass diet. Estimates of feed N degradation made by use of information on the rate of fermentation of the diet in nylon bags and 103Ru-P turnover time were consistently lower than those observed in vivo for barley–CSM and lucerne diets. Intestinal digestibility of non-ammonia N was not significantly changed by cold exposure.4. Transfer of urea from plasma to the rumen was 1·4–2·5 g N/d for the barley–CSM and lucerne diets, but the value for brome-grass was 4·5–4·9 g N/d. Cold exposure did not affect urea transfer. The production of ammonia from feed and endogenous protein was approximately 0·66 and 0·47 g N/g N intake of barley–CSM and lucerne diets, with no effect of cold exposure. Cold exposure reduced the value from 0·57 to 0·38 for brome-grass.5. The results are compared with those obtained previously with pelleted hay, and the importance of large particle breakdown in the prediction of OM and N fermentation using nylon bags is discussed.
Short-lived radionuclides in nutritional physiology. A model study with l-[Me-11C]methionine in the pig
Authors: Stålnacke C.-G. , Jones B. , Långström B. , Lundqvist H. , Malmborg P. , Sjöberg S. , Larsson B. 
Published: May 2005

1. A‘new’carbon radioisotope, 11C, for use in nutritional studies is presented. It has a 20 min half-life, and decays by positron emission giving annihilation photons of 511 keV energy (Wolf & Redvanly. 1977). Thus repeated studies can be made with short time intervals and the distribution of radioactivity in the experimental animal can be detected externally.2. 11C was produced with a tandem Van de Graaff accelerator and L-[Me-11C]methionine was synthesized and used in model experiments in the pig. The tracer wasadministered intravenously through a catheter in the jugular vein of pigs weighing between 40 and 100 kg. In a series of experiments, one pig received a low-melhionine diet supplemented with DL-methionine to give three different levels of methioninc intake.3. The radioactivity distribution between liver and muscle was measured as a function of time by external detectors for 2–3 h after administration. Blood and exhaled CO2 were sampled and measured for radioactivity.4. The results indicate that 11C is a useful radionuclide in nutritional studies in intact large domestic animals.
Effect of dietary protein level, and an anabolic steroid, ethylestrenol, on the growth, food conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Ince B. W. , Lone K. P. , Matty A. J. 
Published: May 2005

1. Three isoenergetic test diets containing 320, 430 and 530 g protein/kg, with (experimental) and without (control) inclusion of an anabolic steroid, ethylestrenol, were given to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of mean initial weight 27 g, for 60 d.2. After 60 d, all trout groups were given an identical, steroid-free, commercial diet (410 g protein/kg) for a further 30 d, to observe withdrawal effects on growth.3. The weight and length of trout given the 430 and 530 g protein/kg control diets were significantly greater after 60 d than those given the 320 g protein/kg control diet.4. Inclusion of steroid enhanced the weight and length of trout given the 320 and 430 g protein/kg experimental diets, exerting a preferential effect on weight as opposed to length.5. After steroid withdrawal, a significant difference between the weight and length of the 320 g protein/kg control and experimental groups was still apparent.6. An increase in dietary protein increased the food conversion efficiency, and decreased the protein efficiency ratio. Inclusion of steroid increased both these factors over the respective controls.7. Protein assimilation decreased, and faecal nitrogen content increased with increasing dietary protein. In trout given steroid, protein assimilation and apparent digestibility was higher, and facecal N content, lower than the controls.8. Muscle protein increased with increasing dietary protein, and was higher in trout given steroid.9. Relative liver weight increased with increasing dietary protein. Inclusion of steroid resulted in a reduction in relative liver and gut weight, and an increase in kidney weight.10. It is concluded that ethylestrenol promotes both the growth and efficiency of nutrient utilization of trout. The magnitude and duration of these effects are a function of the dietary protein level.
Redistribution of vitamin A in tissues of rats with imposed chronic confinement stress
Authors: Nakano Kiwao , Morita Akihito 
Published: May 2005

1. The effect of confinement stress on the metabolism of vitamin A was studied in ratsby following changes in tissue distribution of the vitamin for 29 d. In order to minimizepredicted errors which might result from fluctuation of vitamin A intake, the effect of the stress was investigated in rats fed on a vitamin A-free diet.2. Daily stress for 6 h induced an enlargement of the adrenals with a concomitant involution of the thymus and spleen, values returning to normal within 11–15 d.3. The stress caused an immediate decrease in the content of vitamin A in serum.4. Feeding rats a vitamin A-free diet resulted in a significant increase in the vitamin Acontent of the kidney. Imposing stress on these rats inhibited markedly the increase in kidney vitamin A content.5. The stress produced no appreciable change in levels of the vitamin in the liver andtestes.6. There was a preferential accumulation of the vitamin in the adrenals of the stress-imposed rats even though they were fed on a vitamin A-free diet.7. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that chronic immobilization stress produced marked tissue-dependent changes in their vitamin A content.
Body fatness, relative weight and frame size in young adults
Authors: Baecke Jos A. H. , Burema Jan , Deurenberg Paul 
Published: May 2005

1. Body-weight, body height, knee width, wrist width and skinfold measurements were made on males (n 139) and females (n 167) in three age-groups (20–22, 25–27 and 30–32 years). Percentage of body fal was calculated from skinfold thicknesses using regression equations according to Durnin & Womersley (1974), Three indices of relative weight were calculated: W/H2, W/Hp and W/Ŵ, where W is body-weight, H is body height, p is the exponent that made the index of relative weight independent of height and W is the weight, estimated from body height and frame size.2. The standard error of the estimate of body-weight was only reduced by 5% in males and by 13% in females when, in addition to body height, knee width was taken into account.The addition of wrist width did not improve the accuracy of estimation of body-weight in either sex. Therefore in further analyses W was estimated from body height and knee width. In the present population the exponent p was 1·7 in males and 1·6 in females.3. The correlations between the percentage of body fat and the indices, W/H2, W/HP, and W/Ŵ, were all very similar, being approximately 0·8 in both sexes.4. A positive relationship was observed between percentage of body fat and knee width in females, which may be explained by an artifact of measurement.5. In conclusion it can be stated that the accuracy of estimation of percentage of body fat was not improved when the index of relative weight was adjusted for knee width or wrist width in the present population. The W/H2was the most preferable of the three indices which were calculated.