bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Track 2: Crime Prevention
Authors: Lewy Guenter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Nazis’ rise to power was helped by widespread concern in German society about moral decay and the spread of crime. Much of the apprehension about the alleged crime wave resulted from sensational media reporting. The Nazis took advantage of public anxieties and presented themselves as the champions oflaw and order. They would end, they pledged, the constitution al restrictions that had tied the hands of the police and led to the coddling of criminals. After Hitler assumed power in January 1933, the new government soon adopted measures that promised to attack the problem of crime “at its root.” Gypsies were one of several groups caught in a steadily widening net of presumed criminals.
The Special Case of the Austrian Gypsies
Authors: Lewy Guenter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the early hours of March 12, 1938, German troops crossed into Austria. A day later, the so-called Anschluss law made Austria a province of the German Reich, and this annexation was ratified in a plebiscite held on April IO. Austria had ceased to exist as an independent state. About 11,000 more Gypsies had come under Nazi rule.
Deportation to Auschwitz
Authors: Lewy Guenter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1939, and again in 1940, attempts to deport all Gypsies in the Reich to the East had come to naught. Some 2,500 German and 5,000 Austrian Gypsies had been sent to the General Government and the Warthegau in 1940 and 1941 respectively, but most Gypsies continued to live in the places to which they had been assigned at the outbreak of the war. On December 16, 1942, Himmler issued his so-called Auschwitz decree that led to the deportation of more than 13,000 German Gypsies, considered to be inferior Mischlinge (persons of mixed ancestry), to a special Gypsy camp in Auschwitz. This mass deportation began in March 1943, and for most of the deported it turned out to be a one-way journey. All the details of the decision-making process that led to this deportation are not known, but the key departments and persons involved in these fateful events can be identified.
A Calendar of Events Associated with Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Emancipation, 1770-1823
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
FR Abbe Raynal’s Histoire philosophique et politique des etablissemens et du commerce des Europeens dans les deux lndes calls for a “Black Spartacus” to arise in the New World to avenge the rights of nature. US A bill passed by the Massachusetts assembly to end slave importations fails to win the governor’s assent.
What the Abolitionists Were Up Against
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The concept of chattel slavery, which must be distinguished from historical varieties of servitude and dependence, has always embodied a profound though subtle contradiction. Since man has a remarkable capacity to imagine abstract states of perfection, he very early imagined a perfect form of subordination. Plato compared the slave to the human body, the master to the body’s soul. Slaves incarnated the irrationality and chaos of the material universe, as distinct from the masterlike Demiurge. There was thus a cosmic justification behind Aristotle’s dictum that “from the hour of their birth, some men are marked out for subjection, others for rule.” The true slave, according to Aristotle, could have no will or interests of his own; he was merely a tool or instrument-the extension of his owner’s physical nature.
The Emancipation of America, I
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The doctrines of the American Revolution, we have often read, presented a direct challenge to Negro slavery. By the end of the war, according to Winthrop D. Jordan, “it was perfectly clear that the principles for which Americans had fought required the complete abolition of slavery; the question was not if, but when and how.”Although Jordan acknowledges that the majority of Americans failed to face the question of “when and how,” he tends to confuse liberal principles with antislavery commitment. He thus concludes, along with many other historians, that the last quarter of the eighteenth century was a time of missed opportunity. Perhaps, he suggests, the bitter legacy of Garrisonian abolitionism, Civil War, and Reconstruction could have been avoided.
The Preservation of English Liberty, I
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The English Context Compared with That of America and France The ideology of the American Revolution was largely British in origin, and the arguments that American reformers used against Negro slavery had long been commonplace in British political and moral philosophy. Yet by the 1770s antislavery thought had considerably different implications in the two countries. In England there was no “fundamental shift in values” that mobilized the society into revolution. There was no counterpart to the American need for self-justification. No new hopes or obligations arose from an attempt to build a virtuous republic. Such phrases as “created equal,” “inalienable rights,” and “the pursuit of happiness”-all of which had appeared in classic liberal texts-were qualified by a reverent constitutionalism that looked to Saxon precedent to legitimize ideals of freedom. The notion of man’s inherent rights, when assimilated to the historical concept of British “liberty,” implied little challenge to traditional laws and authorities. And by the 1790s the very idea of inherent rights was giving way to radical and conservative forms of Utilitarianism. Like the Americans of a later generation, most Englishmen looked back to a long sanctified revolution-the Glorious Revolution of 1688-which had supposedly restored the foundations of a free society.
Introduction
Authors: Arend Anthony Clark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As the world enters the twenty-first century, one of the greatest uncertainties facing both scholars and practitioners of international relations is the future of the international system. As the cold war was coming to an end, many commentators began to speak of the emergence of a “New World Order.” While it was unclear precisely what that phrase meant—indeed, it undoubtedly meant many different things to different people—the concept of the New World Order expressed a hope that the international system was becoming more peaceful and just. In such a new system, many assumed international legal rules would be strengthened and multilateral organizations would play a significant role in managing international conflict. But as the tragedies of Somalia, Rwanda, and the Balkans played themselves out, the expectations for a better international system seemed premature. International legal rules seemed impotent and international organizations seemed incapable. Many believed that the world would settle back into a competitive balance-of-power system.
The Creation Of International Legal Rules
Authors: Arend Anthony Clark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At every level, political systems have processes whereby legal rules are created. The city, the county, the province, and the state all have wellestablished and institutionalized mechanisms for developing legal rules. Likewise, over the centuries, an extremely sophisticated process has evolved for the formulation of international legal rules. What is this process? How do international legal rules develop? How does this process differ from the domestic legislative process? The purpose of this chapter is to examine the process of creating international legal rules.
The Future Of The International Legal System
Authors: Arend Anthony Clark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapters of this book have attempted to present several basic propositions about international legal rules in the contemporary international system. First, I have contended that international legal rules are distinctive; they are perceived by the decision-making elites in states to be qualitatively different from other types of rules. Second, I have argued that these legal rules are created by states through their consent. As a consequence, I have developed a methodology for determining when that consent has been given. Third, I have sought to demonstrate that legal rules matter-that they play a critical role in international politics. All these propositions are based on the assumption that the international system remains essentially as it has been for the past several hundred years-an anarchic system in which states are the primary actors. But, as noted in the introduction to this book, the international system has been subjected to unprecedented developments since the end of the cold war. I believe that the fundamental nature of this system has not yet changed. It is stilI a system of sovereign states. Nonetheless, the trajectory of some of these recent developments could indeed indicate that the future-indeed perhaps the very near future may hold such fundamental systemic changes.
Legal Rules And International Society
Authors: Arend Anthony Clark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the introduction to this book, I set forth several reasons for undertaking a fresh examination of international legal rules. First, I noted the need to rehabilitate the study of international law within the discipline of international relations. Second, I cited the need to return legal scholarship to a closer examination of empirical data-state practice. Finally, I mentioned the need to reexamine the nature of international legal rules in the wake of changes in the international system. In the light of these propositions, this book has sought to accomplish four major tasks. First, it has endeavored to demonstrate that international legal rules are distinctive-they are different from other types of rules in international politics. Second, this work has developed a new methodology for examining state practice to determine the existence of international legal rules. Based on the premise that legal rules are created through the consent of states, I have sought to provide a methodology that both scholars and practitioners can use to determine whether a putative rule is, in fact, a legal rule. Third, using a constructivist approach, this book has argued that legal rules play a critical role in contemporary international politics.
The Establishment of the Welfare State in the Health Care Arena
Authors: Tuohy Carolyn Hughes 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the comparative history of health policy in the three nations with which this book is concerned, the 1940s, 1960s, and 1990s were critical epochs. In each of these periods, extraordinary episodes of policy change occurred in the health care arena of at least one of these nations-episodes in which the structural balance among interests and the institutional mix of instruments were altered in significant ways. In the 1940s in Britain and the 1960s in Canada and the United States, the essential features of the welfare state in the health care arena were put in place. In the 1990s attempts were made (successfully in Britain and unsuccessfully in the United States) to make major changes in the public policies governing these arrangements. A comparison of the experience of these nations in each of these periods can shed light on the conditions under which windows of opportunity for policy change in health care open. It can also demonstrate the importance of the timing of the opening of these windows in determining the types of changes that occur as a result.
Britain:The Logic of Corporatism Meets the Internal Market
Authors: Tuohy Carolyn Hughes 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While the market-oriented U.S. system generated a relative increase in hierarchical mechanisms, ironically the British system moved in the other direction. The NHS’s particular corporatist blend of hierarchy and collegiality was modified by the adoption of mechanisms based on market principles. This shift was brought about not through the playing out of the logic of the corporatist system but rather through a political intervention generated outside the health care arena and heavily influenced by ideas developed in the United States.
Respect for Human Embryos
Authors: Steinbock Bonnie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How ought we to think about human embryos? Are they due the respect owed to any human person? Do they have the same human rights? These questions are crucial to diverse topics, from abortion and contraception (because some forms of contraception, such as the intrauterine device, work by preventing implantation of a very early embryo) to embryo research, assisted reproductive technology (ART), and germ-line genetic manipulation, in which early embryos are genetically changed, without, it hardly needs to be said, their consent, informed or otherwise. Most recently, the topic of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cloning has raised the question of the moral status of human embryos, as this technique, should it prove successful, would in effect tum every cell in the human body into a potential embryo. We need to know, then, what is morally permissible to do to embryos and what is not. To answer this question, we tum to theories of moral status, of which there are basically three.
The Law Meets Reproductive Technology: The Prospect of Human Cloning
Authors: Forster Heidi , Ramsey Emily 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the current legal issues associated with the prospect of human cloning. Samples of proposed legislation at both the federal and state levels are provided and international initiatives are briefly mentioned. United States Constitutional issues related to cloning legislation are then described, and pro-creative liberty is discussed. Finally, some issues and concerns raised in earlier discussion are addressed, including perceived harms and benefits of human cloning through the use of the somatic cell nuclear transfer technique.
The Norms Of International Copyright
Authors: Goldstein Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I he evolution of substantive international copyright norms has generally been in the direction of increased minimum standards, both for protected subject matter and for exclusive rights. The patterns of protection have also become more complex. The norms of copyright and neighboring rights today are embodied in an interlocking network formed by the Berne and Universal Copyright Con ventlons and the WIPO Copyright Treaty, as well as by the neighboring rights treaties-the Rome, Geneva, 5 and Brussels Conventions and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty. The substantive and procedural norms of the TRIPs Agreement affect both copyright and neighboring rights.
Territoriality, National Treatment, And Choice Of Law
Authors: Goldstein Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The international exploitation of copyrighted works often Implicates questions of territoriality, national treatment, and choice of law. Copyright Is territorial: a French or Japanese copyrigh t does not exist outside France or Japan. The treaty obligation of national treatment requires member countries to give works originating in other member countries no less favorable treatment than they give to works of their own nationals: under the Berne Convention, for example, a Japanese work will as a rule receive in France the same protection that a work by a French national would receive in France.
Protection Under Copyright And Neighboring Rights
Authors: Goldstein Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Copyright systems around the world have historically protected a wide array of Intellectual productions created through traditional forms of individual authorship. Novels, dramas, and poems have long come within copyright subject matter. as have musical compositions. paintings. drawings. and prints. However. legislation varies from country to country In the treatment of less traditional forms of creative productions, particularly those that are connected to industrial technology and are the product of team effort rather than individual authorship.
Syringomyelia and Spinal Hemorrhage
Authors: Byrne Thomas N , Benzel Edward C , Waxman Stephen G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Syringomyelia is characterized by cavitation of the spinal cord, resulting in myelomalacia and cystic cavitation. Although it has protean manifestations, traditionally it has been considered to be a chronically progressive disorder that is clinically manifested by brachia! amyotrophy, dissociated anesthesia, neurogenic arthropathies, and long tract signs.1 Its pathogenesis is controversial. Barnett et al. have suggested that syringomyelia be classified into communicating and noncommunicating forms (Table 10—1). The communicating types are usually associated withobstructive lesions of the foramen magnum, leading some authors to propose a hydrody-namic theory for its development. The noncommunicating type is usually associated with other diseases of the spinal cord, discussed below.
Management of the Spinally Impaired Patient
Authors: Byrne Thomas N , Benzel Edward C , Waxman Stephen G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The incidence of spinal cord injury (SCI) ranges from 11.5 to 53.4 hospitalized patients, per million, per year. The definition of SCI used, however, affects these statistics. For example, an aggressive definition of SCI, that included an isolated nerve root deficit or a vertebral body fracture without nerve element injury, would result in a higher incidence ofSCI computed to a less aggressive definition.
Life expectation tables have been used to determine the relationship between survival, and age, extent, and level of injury. It has been shown that an improved outcome is achieved when specialized SCI centers are utilized. Early aggressive care of the SCI patient is imperative.
In the pages that follow, the treatment strategies for spine injury and SCI are reviewed. Medical, structural spine and neural element issues are addressed.
Introduction
Authors: Miringoff Marc , Miringoff Marque-Luisa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the media and in the speeches of our national leaders, we are often presented with an official portrait of America’s progress. This portrait typically includes the Gross Domestic Product, the stock market, the Index of Leading Economic Indicators, the balance of trade, the inflation rate, and other similar measures. The view created by these measures molds our perception of the state of the nation and supplies a well-de­ fined, accessible, and timely answer to the question: “How are we doing?”
There’s Something Else Out There
Authors: Miringoff Marc , Miringoff Marque-Luisa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is not surprising that Americans feel uncertain about the well-being of society. While the economy has been doing relatively well, there is a sense that the nation remains off-course in many critical areas that affect the day-to-day lives of its citizens. The insight that sustained economic growth alone does not create well-being for the broader public has long been acknowledged by those who study developing countries, but only later gained influence in developed countries. Ian Miles, for example, a development analyst, observes, “during the 1960s it had ... become apparent that GNP growth was not necessarily benefiting the masses of the poor in Third World countries. Indeed, evidence began to be accumulated that in some instances, absolute poverty was being increased by a process of ‘immiserizing’ growth Over the last decade ... it has been widely questioned whether GNP is appropriate to the First World too.” Senator Robert F. Kennedy framed this idea most poetically in a speech more than thirty years ago.
Indicators of Improving Performance
Authors: Miringoff Marc , Miringoff Marque-Luisa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Several key indicators have shown consistent improvement over time and represent important national achievements in social health. These include: Infant mortality High school dropouts Poverty, aged 65 and over Life expectancy Improvements in infant mortality and life expectancy are due largely to advances in medical technology, drugs, treatments, nutrition, health education, and access to needed services. High school dropout rates have shown a small improvement over time as the nation’s demand for greater skills has increased at all levels of employment. The reduction in poverty among the aging represents one of the great successes of American domestic policy. A combination of Social Security and Medicare payments has transformed the elderly, once the country’s poorest age group, into the least poor group.
Advancing the Field
Authors: Miringoff Marc , Miringoff Marque-Luisa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Empirical Research and the Development of Economic Science, 1946 PartTwo began the process of assessing the social health of the nation. It shaped a perspective that includes vital aspects of our progress that are absent from the official business-economic indicators. The data included represent an important part of what is needed to help enrich our public dialogue about social conditions. The final section of the book presents a series of initiatives designed to create a more fully developed concept of social health—one that can be measured, monitored, and communicated to the makers of policy and to the American people.
Introduction
Authors: Herlihy Patricia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Vodka and its use and abuse in Russian society generated a flood of printed material in the Russian press for three decades before its prohibition in 1914. People of various walks of life and political persuasions used the perceived problem of alcohol as an explanation for a host of other social ills, as did Father Bulgakovskii, cited in the epigraph to this chapter. Allegedly, alcohol was hurting the health of the people, debilitating their mental and physical energies, provoking accidents and absenteeism in the workplace, and contributing to suicides and crimes. Purportedly, more people died of drink in Russia than were murdered. A writer for the temperance journal Deiatel’ came to the gloomy conclusion that “madness, crime, idiocy, and death are the fateful companions of this social ailment.”
Singing One’s Way To Sobriety
Authors: Herlihy Patricia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When the state set up its own temperance organization, the Guardianship of Public Sobriety, it inadvertently galvanized private temperance groups—headed by physicians, the Orthodox clergy, and lay societies—into proclaiming that their own methods, approaches, and expertise were superior to those of the lethargic, bureaucratic, mammoth state organization. The private groups sought to address the problem, whereas it appeared that the state attempted only to amuse and distract the people from drink. Some critics claimed that the Guardianship’s use of popular theater as a vehicle for amusement and education reached the middle class more readily than the target audience: peasant workers. Others affirmed that the educational and artistic mission was successful; workers did indeed profit from plays, operas, and lectures, perhaps not in forswearing drinking but in acquiring culture. Workers gained a sense of autonomy and individuality from viewing plays; ironically, the same system that entertained them led to a heightened consciousness of their oppressive environment.