bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why are state prison populations shrinking? A research note
Authors: Duxbury Scott W. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractAfter four decades of explosive growth, the US imprisonment rate began to inch downward in 2008. Despite fostering extensive public and policy debate, we know surprisingly little about why state imprisonment rates are declining. Although prior studies have examined correlates of decreases in imprisonment, it is currently unknown how much of the observed decrease in state prison populations can be attributed to decreases in the crime rate since its peak in the 1990s, as opposed to successful criminal sentencing reforms. This study uses new data on state sentencing reform policies in a decomposition of annual changes in state imprisonment rates between 1970 and 2019. Decreases in the property crime rate can account for 43%–60% of the observed decrease in the annual change in state imprisonment rates, whereas sentencing reforms account for another 12%–16%. Sentencing reforms have had their largest effects in the Midwest and South but have not contributed to decreases in the annual change in state imprisonment rates in the Northeast or West. These results uncover “varieties of decarceration” across the states and suggest that recent reform efforts—although effective—can only account for a portion of the observed decreases in state prison populations.
Twin‐screw extrusion retains industrial hemp byproduct (hemp flakes) functionality
Authors: Baidoo Elvis A. , Verghese Martha , Herring Joshua L. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractConsumer recognition of the health benefits of industrial hemp cannabidiol (CBD) products has increased its value to consumers. Consequently, there is a need to explore industrial hemp byproducts to improve sustainability and foster a circular economy. Extrusion processing was conducted with formulations made with hemp flakes, a byproduct of CBD oil extraction based on corn flour with 5%, 10%, and 15% hemp flakes replacement using a laboratory‐scale conical twin‐screw extruder. The impacts of formulation, barrel temperature, and screw speed on extrudates were evaluated. Cannabichromene (CBC), cannabinol (CBN), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerol (CBG), and CBD were determined with high‐performance liquid chromatography before and postextrusion. Antioxidant potential (total polyphenol content [TPC] and 1,1‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay [DPPH]) and ferric‐reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) were determined similarly. Increasing hemp flakes in the formula reduced pasting properties significantly (p ≤ 0.05). Expansion ratio (ER) showed significant linear effects with the amount of hemp flakes in the formula (p ≤ 0.05) and die temperature (p ≤ 0.05), while the 10% hemp formula recorded the highest ER of 3.24 (p ≤ 0.05). Extrusion generally reduced TPC, DPPH, FRAP, and cannabinoids compared to raw formulas. Low screw speeds and medium barrel temperatures displayed high retention of cannabinoids and antioxidants. Low screw speeds might have allowed adequate shearing, mixing, and an extended high‐pressure exposure leading to the release of bound polyphenols, antioxidants, and cannabinoids. Some extrusion parameters can maintain cannabinoids and antioxidants in hemp byproducts while transforming them into puffed food products. These findings directly affect the industry, providing valuable insights for practical application.Practical ApplicationExtrusion cooking remains one of the most economical methods of valorizing agricultural byproducts. This work developed extrusion parameters applicable to the food industry for making quality puffed food products. It could apply to snacks, breakfast cereals, animal feed, and others with desirable consumer properties and retained functionality for improving health and wellness.
Review on improvement of physicochemical properties of sodium alginate‐based edible films
Authors: Luan Qian‐Yu , Wang Yu‐Sheng , Chen Yan , Chen Hai‐Hua 
Published: February 2025

AbstractSodium alginate (SA) is favored for its film‐forming ability, biodegradability, and non‐toxicity, often serving as a substrate for edible films. However, the application of SA‐based edible films in the food industry is limited due to their inherent strong hydrophilicity and high brittleness. To enhance their physical and chemical properties, various exogenous compounds are frequently incorporated. This review summarizes the advancements in the physicochemical properties (mechanical, optical, thermal, hydrophobic, and barrier properties) of SA‐based edible films over the past decade. It discusses the types of exogenous additives used and their effects on the properties of these films. Additionally, it highlights the applications of SA‐based edible films enriched with functional compounds in areas such as food freshness detection, antioxidation, and antibacterial activity. It has been observed that the characteristics of SA‐based edible films vary depending on the properties and structures of the exogenous compounds used, as well as their interactions with the SA matrix. SA‐based edible films with functional additives demonstrate significant potential for extending food shelf life and enhancing freshness detection. However, challenges such as scalability, high production costs, and limited application scope still need to be addressed in future research.
Ultrasound‐assisted pH‐shifted mung bean protein isolate nanoparticles in calcium carbonate microparticles for oral delivery of vitexin
Authors: Rodklongtan Akkaratch , Dumrongchai Thatchawan , Chitprasert Pakamon 
Published: February 2025

AbstractVitexin, known for its potent bioactive properties, suffers from low bioavailability due to poor water solubility, limited intestinal permeability, and extensive first‐pass metabolism. This research aimed to address these challenges by developing effective delivery systems for vitexin. Vitexin was nanoencapsulated with mung bean protein isolate (MBPI), both in its native form and after ultrasound‐assisted pH‐shifting treatments at pH 10 and 12. Additionally, vitexin‐loaded MBPI nanoparticles were coprecipitated with calcium carbonate (CaCO3) to form nano‐in‐microparticles. Ultrasound‐assisted pH shifting, particularly at pH 12, induced protein unfolding and increased surface hydrophobicity, which enhanced hydrophobic interactions between MBPI and vitexin and improved encapsulation efficiency. During in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, the ultrasound‐assisted pH‐shifted MBPI nanoparticles exhibited a lower degree of hydrolysis (DH) compared to native MBPI nanoparticles. Their integration into CaCO3 microparticles further reduced DH values. The release of vitexin from MBPI nanoparticles prepared at pH 12 and then encapsulated in CaCO3 microparticles followed the Korsmeyer–Peppas model, with a particle size of 40.14 nm and a high logarithmic partition coefficient between n‐octanol and phosphate buffer saline (1.91) at the end of digestion. These findings indicate that this delivery system holds significant potential for enhancing the intestinal permeability and bioavailability of vitexin.
Incidence and predictors of nonresponse to intranasal midazolam in children undergoing laceration repair
Authors: Martin Sarah R. , Bauer Kelly , Heyming Theodore W. , Zhu Jenny , Lee Helen , Kain Zeev N. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractBackground/objectivePediatric laceration repairs are common in the emergency department (ED) and often associated with significant procedural anxiety. Despite the increased use of intranasal midazolam (INM) prior to pediatric ED procedures, there is limited, real‐world data on the effects of INM on anxiety. This study aimed to describe the proportion of children who were nonresponsive to INM (i.e., exhibited extreme anxiety) and identify factors associated with INM nonresponse.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included a sample of 102 children (ages 2–10 years) who received 0.2 mg/kg INM prior to laceration repair in the ED. Procedural anxiety was assessed using the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS). Children exhibiting extreme procedural anxiety (mYPAS score ≥72.91) when procedure started were labeled as INM nonresponders. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses explored associations between child age, temperament, laceration location, time from INM administration, and likelihood of INM nonresponse.ResultsIn this sample, 45.1% of the children were classified as INM nonresponders, exhibiting extreme procedural anxiety. Bivariate analyses indicated that nonresponders were younger, had lower sociability temperament, longer delay between INM administration and the procedure, and were more likely to have extremity lacerations. In the logistic regression, younger age (odds ratio [OR] 0.79, p = 0.034), lower sociability temperament (OR 0.28, p = 0.002), and extremity lacerations (OR 8.04, p = 0.009) were significantly associated with likelihood of INM nonresponse.ConclusionsNearly half of the children in our sample exhibited extreme procedural anxiety despite receiving INM. The high incidence of nonresponse to INM has important clinical practice implications and suggests that 0.2 mg/kg INM alone may not be sufficient to manage all pediatric procedural anxiety in the ED. Findings highlight a need for further research examining multimodal strategies to manage procedural anxiety in the pediatric ED, particularly for younger children with low sociability temperament or extremity lacerations.
Shaping Ability of Rotary NiTi Systems in S‐Shaped Root Canals of Mandibular Molars
Authors: Leal Renata M. S. , Silva Emmanuel J. N. L. , Campos Maria C. B. P. , Rodrigues Clarissa T. , Duarte Marco A. H. , Cavenago Bruno C. 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTThis study evaluated the shaping ability of HyFlex EDM and Rotate rotary systems in the preparation of S‐Shaped mesial root canals of mandibular molars (n = 13). After root canal preparation with instruments HyFlex EDM and Rotate 0.25 and 0.40, the specimens were evaluated for root canal volume, volume increase, static voxels, accumulated hard tissue debris, centring ability and canal transportation. After 0.40 preparation, the Rotate group exhibited a greater increase in volume and less accumulated hard‐tissue debris compared to the HyFlex group (p > 0.05). 0.40 preparation with Rotate instruments resulted in greater volume increases across all thirds and less debris in the apical third (p < 0.05). The Rotate group displayed greater transportation and lower centring ability in the apical third after 0.40 preparation (p < 0.05). HyFlex and Rotate demonstrated similar performance up to the 0.25 preparation, and while differences emerged after the 0.40 preparation, both systems provided safe preparation without procedural accidents.
Complex population genetic structure of the bark beetle predator Thanasimus formicarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) across its European range
Authors: Papek Eva , Derlić Amina , Melin Markus , Roques Alain , Cocos Dragos , Schroeder Martin L. , Pernek Milan , Avtzis Dimitrios N. , Zolubas Paulius , Williams David T. , Pajares Juan A. , Sarikaya Oğuzhan , Pavlin Roman , Belilov Sevdalin , Gossner Martin M. , Seehausen M. Lukas , Wierzbicka Anna , Kundtner Lara , Stauffer Christian , Schebeck Martin 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Thanasimus formicarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) is an important bark beetle predator and can reduce bark beetle population densities of some of the most severe forest pests in Europe.
We analysed the population genetics and phylogeography of T. formicarius across its European range, using mitochondrial COI data from 187 individuals sampled from 23 locations. Our extensive sampling from the Fennoscandian to the Mediterranean region and from Iberia to the Middle East provides insights into the genetic structure of T. formicarius.
We found a high genetic diversity, revealing 119 haplotypes across the sampling range. Two main clades, an Atlantic and a Continental, were identified, suggesting the presence of at least two glacial refugia during the last ice ages.
An isolated population was discovered on the island of Corsica, suggesting that a limited number of individuals, probably from mainland France, may have colonized Corsica and a founder effect occurred.
These findings increase our understanding of the recent evolutionary history of T. formicarius, which was shaped by Pleistocene events and certain species‐specific life‐history traits.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Eczema Management Program for Children With Eczema: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Chong Yuen Yu , Chien Wai Tong , Mou Huan Yu , Leung Sui Ping , Wong Oi Yin , Lam Shu Yan 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTIntroductionEczema significantly affects the quality of life of affected children and their families, with psychological stress often overlooked. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) provides a supplementary approach to address these psychological challenges and enhance overall care.ObjectiveThis pilot randomised controlled trial aimed to examine the feasibility, acceptability and preliminary effectiveness of the Family ACT‐based Eczema Management Program (FACT‐EMP).MethodsParents and children aged 6–12 diagnosed with eczema from three outpatient clinics in Hong Kong were randomly assigned to either the FACT‐EMP group, receiving four weekly ACT‐based sessions plus eczema management education, or a waitlist control group receiving routine care. Feasibility and acceptability were assessed through recruitment, retention and completion rates, supplemented by focus group feedback on parental experiences. Primary clinical outcomes were children's eczema Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) and parental self‐efficacy. Secondary outcomes included parental distress, quality of life, psychological flexibility and self‐compassion of both parents and children.ResultsFrom July 2021 to June 2023, 181 of 944 screened parent–child dyads met the inclusion criteria, and 78 were randomised and analysed (parents' mean [SD] age, 41.3 [11.0] years; 70 mothers [89.7%]; children's mean [SD] age, 8.3 [1.9] years; 53 boys [67.9%]). Recruitment, retention and completion rates were 43.1%, 87.2% and 76.9%, respectively. No significant between‐group differences in SCORAD scores were observed immediately post‐intervention. At 3‐month post‐intervention, SCORAD scores decreased significantly more in the FACT‐EMP group than in the waitlist control group (adjusted mean difference, aMD, −7.73; 95% CI, −13.92 to −1.54). Parental self‐efficacy scores also improved significantly more in the FACT‐EMP group than the control, with an aMD of 18.69 (95% CI, 13.80 to 33.58) immediately post‐intervention and 28.90 (95% CI, 13.93 to 43.84) at 3 months.ConclusionFACT‐EMP is potentially feasible, acceptable and effective in improving children's eczema symptoms and enhancing parents' self‐efficacy in disease management over 3 months.Trial RegistrationNCT04919330
First episode of catatonia followed by a psychotic episode related to chronic nitrous oxide use: A case report
Authors: Taillefer de Laportalière Tanguy , Redon Maximilien , Roussin Anne , Willemet Estelle , Very Etienne , Olivier Jean , Lapeyre‐Mestre Maryse 
Published: February 2025

AbstractIntroductionNitrous oxide is widely used for recreational purposes, leading to constantly increasing cases of severe use disorder. Although the scope of the deleterious consequences of nitrous oxide use is relatively well described for neurological and thromboembolic‐related complications, this is not the case in the psychiatric field.Case PresentationWe report the case of a 20‐year‐old woman who developed nitrous oxide‐induced peripheral neuropathy. The patient had a history of frequent nitrous oxide use. One year later, she presented with catatonia linked to nitrous oxide use, associated with vitamin B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia, with no apparent psychiatric causes. Nine months after the catatonic episode, she experienced a psychotic episode linked to long‐term nitrous oxide use.Discussion and ConclusionTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing a cascade of neurologic and psychiatric complications of chronic use of nitrous oxide. Hyperhomocysteinemia caused by nitrous oxide consumption could explain the occurrence of such events. Homocysteine, methylmalonic acid, and active vitamin B12 are key biomarkers to determine the involvement of nitrous oxide in psychiatric symptoms.
Three‐dimensional optically cleared tissue imaging for analyzing endoscopic images of gastrointestinal neoplasms (with video)
Authors: Nakamura Koki , Morishita Koki , Onda Nobuhiko , Sakai Ikuko , Matsumoto Shinya , Tamura Eri , Kouyama Yuta , Ogawa Yushi , Misawa Masashi , Hayashi Takemasa , Miyachi Hideyuki , Kudo Shin‐ei , Nemoto Tetsuo 
Published: February 2025

ObjectivesTo develop a procedure that matches magnifying endoscopic images with narrow‐band imaging to 3D tissue structures using a tissue‐clearing technique and to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze specified structures in gastrointestinal neoplasms.MethodsEndoscopically resected formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded gastrointestinal tissues (three esophagus, four stomach, seven colon) were made transparent by ethyl cinnamate. They were then subjected to fluorescent staining of nuclei and blood vessels followed by 3D imaging using a confocal laser scanning microscope. A one‐to‐one correspondence between magnifying endoscopic and 3D reconstructed images was established using vessels and crypts with characteristic shapes as guides, and the depth and caliber of specified vessels were measured.ResultsAll tissues were optically cleared, which allowed 3D visualization of vascular structures and nuclei in all layers. In the esophagus, intraepithelial papillary capillary loops and subepithelial capillary networks were identified. In the upper part of the stomach, polygonal subepithelial capillary loops surrounding the pits were observed, while in the lower part, surface epithelium with ridge‐like structures and coiled vessels were observed. A honeycomb pit structure and surrounding vascular structures were identified in the colon. Quantitative analysis showed the various contrasts of a single continuous vessel in the endoscopic image were due to different depths at which the vessel tortuously ran.ConclusionWe established a procedure to allow one‐to‐one correspondence between magnifying endoscopic and 3D reconstructed images and to measure the depth and caliber of endoscopically visualized vessels of interest. This method is expected to improve endoscopic diagnosis and further the development of endoscopic imaging technologies.
Quantitative Estimates of Nutrient Inputs From Angling Baits in Lakes Supporting Different Recreational Fisheries
Authors: Imbert Alexis , Boulêtreau Stéphanie , Beisel Jean‐Nicolas , Cucherousset Julien 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTRecreational anglers use ground baiting to attract fish and increase catch inputs organic matter that can have important effects on water quality by increasing eutrophication. However, nutrient inputs from angling bait by recreational fisheries have not yet been estimated. We quantified nutrient inputs from angling baits in small lakes supporting specialized carp, put‐and‐take, and specialized roach recreational fisheries with a 2‐year field survey of angling activity and in‐person angler questionnaires. Angling activity was highly variable among recreational fisheries and averaged 82 (±74 SD) angler‐day/ha/year in lakes with specialized carp fisheries, 145 (±80) in lakes with put‐and‐take fisheries, and 36 (±18) in lakes with specialized roach fisheries. Angling activity also differed temporally among recreational fisheries, with high angling activity in spring and summer for specialized carp and specialized roach fisheries, and in autumn and winter for put‐and‐take fisheries. The type and amount of baits used by anglers strongly differed among recreational fisheries, with specialized carp anglers using boilies (2.5 ± 1.5 SD kg/angler/day) and seeds (2.1 ± 1.9 kg/angler/day), put‐and‐take anglers using exclusively pellets (0.39 ± 0.15 kg/angler/day), and specialized roach anglers using ground baits (0.72 ± 0.36 kg/angler/day). Nutrient inputs from angling baits were highly variable among recreational fisheries and ranged from 0.5 (±0.2 SD) kg/ha/year of nitrogen and 0.1 (±0.0) kg/ha/year of phosphorus in specialized roach fisheries to 10.2 (±9.3) kg/ha/year of nitrogen and 1.6 (±1.5) kg/ha/year of phosphorus in specialized carp fisheries. Our findings revealed that ecological consequences of ground baiting differed among recreational fisheries, which should be useful for developing fishery‐specific regulations to efficiently manage ground baiting.
Prevalence of Dental Caries in Persons With or Without Long‐Term Experience of Positive Airway Pressure‐Treated Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
Authors: Ahonen H. , Berggren K. , Kvarnvik C. , Sunnergren O. , Lindmark U. , Broström A. , Stensson M. 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTOral dryness is common in persons with untreated obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) as well as in those using positive airway pressure (PAP). OSA with or without PAP treatment could therefore be a risk factor of dental caries.ObjectivesTo describe and compare the prevalence of dental caries among persons with or without PAP‐treated OSA.MethodsCross‐sectional data derived from a clinical examination of 121 adults without OSA, and with or without long‐time experience of PAP treated OSA (> 10 years) were used. The participants responded to a questionnaire and were clinically and radiographically examined. Decayed, missing, and filled teeth, decayed surfaces, gingivitis and presence of dental plaque were registered. Descriptive analyses were performed to describe dental caries prevalence among groups. To compare groups, one‐way ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis tests was conducted.ResultsParticipants (52% females, mean age 69.5 ± 5.8 years) were categorised into groups based on OSA status; non‐OSA (n = 49), non‐PAP‐treated OSA (n = 38), and PAP‐treated OSA (n = 34). Dental caries prevalence showed no statistically significant differences among groups, except for occlusal caries, where the PAP‐treated OSA group had a higher mean compared to the non‐OSA group (p = 0.033). Most participants did not report xerostomia, but the highest prevalence was found in the non‐PAP‐treated OSA group (31.6%).ConclusionsThe prevalence of dental caries was slightly higher in persons with PAP treated OSA compared to non‐PAP‐treated OSA and persons without OSA, but the results were not statistically significant.
OPTIMAL REDISTRIBUTION AND EDUCATION SIGNALING
Authors: Bastani Spencer , Blumkin Tomer , Micheletto Luca 
Published: February 2025

AbstractWe develop a theory of optimal income and education taxation under asymmetric information between firms and workers. Our results show that a max–min optimal tax code can achieve predistribution by pooling wages across ability levels, conditional on income. We identify conditions under which the optimal solution leads to pooling or separating equilibria, highlighting bidirectional incentive constraints. Implementation requires nonlinear income taxes coupled with education subsidies or mandates. Predistribution is only feasible when income taxes are complemented by policies that restrict signaling opportunities. Our framework provides new insights into reducing wage inequality through optimal tax policy and labor market information management.