bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statherin levels in saliva of patients with precancerous and cancerous lesions of the oral cavity: a preliminary report
Authors: Contucci AM , Inzitari R , Agostino S , Vitali A , Fiorita A , Cabras T , Scarano E , Messana I 
Published: March 2005

Objective:  The aim of this study was to measure concentration of human salivary statherin in patients with oral cavity pathologies and salivary gland diseases.Subjects and methods:  Levels of statherin were analysed with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in following groups of subjects: group A: 24 patients with neoplastic diseases of salivary glands, group B: 13 patients with inflammatory lesions of salivary glands, group C: 13 patients with precancerous and cancerous lesions of the oral cavity excluding salivary gland tumors, group D: 20 healthy volunteers (control group).Results:  Our preliminary data indicated a sensible reduction of the statherin level in the saliva of patients with precancerous and cancerous lesions of the oral cavity (group C) compared with the healthy subjects (group D). The statherin levels are not significantly reduced either in the inflammatory (group B) or in the salivary glands tumours (group A), compared with the healthy subjects (group D).Conclusion:  Statherin could play a protective effect in oral cavity in association with its other functions.
Effects of training on odor judges scoring intensity
Authors: Nachnani S , Majerus G , Lenton P , Hodges J , Magallanes E 
Published: March 2005

Objective: This pilot study was intended to test whether a training protocol improved validity of odor judges (OJs), with or without experience, and whether odorant types differed in error proneness.Methods: The OJs (four experienced, two inexperienced) completed a 4‐phase training protocol based on the American Society of Testing and Materials standards (ASTM): (i) introduction to sensory scales, n‐butanol reference, sniffing techniques; (ii) pretraining measurements; 20 samples of varying intensities of four unpleasant and three pleasant odorants; (iii) exercises assessing quality, intensity, ranking, and matching; and (iv) post‐training measurements.Main outcome measures: Subjects’ intensity scores were analyzed as the absolute difference from the ‘true’ intensity (ASTM n‐butanol standard) using repeated measures ANOVA.Results: Training significantly (P = 0.02) reduced OJ errors. Experienced and novice judges did not differ in average errors (P = 0.99), or in improvement in error from pre‐ to post‐training (P = 0.94). Improvement was consistent from pre‐ to post‐training for all odorants except dimethylsulfide for which errors worsened (P = 0.01). Unpleasant and pleasant odorants differed (P = 0.006) in error. After removing water the effects of water control scores from the pleasant odorants, the difference was not significant (P = 0.26).Conclusions: The OJs improved in their ability to assess odor intensity irrespective of previous experience. Training is recommended for all OJs prior to research trials.
Creation of oral care flavours to deliver breath‐freshening benefits
Authors: Bradshaw DJ , Perring KD , Cawkill PM , Provan AF , McNulty DA , Saint EJ , Richards J , Munroe MJ , Behan JM 
Published: March 2005

Objective:  Oral care products deliver breath freshening primarily via mechano‐chemical cleaning or by antimicrobial active systems. Dental flavours provide taste benefits, and freshen breath mainly by sensorial masking. We aimed to determine whether flavours could deliver breath freshening in products by inhibiting bacterial volatile sulphide compound (VSC) production.Subjects and methods:  Flavour materials were screened for inhibition of hydrogen sulphide formation by Klebsiella pneumoniae in vitro, grouped by efficacy, and data provided to flavourists. Flavours were formulated to maximize the content of VSC‐effective ingredients and re‐screened to confirm performance. Extensive, iterative testing of flavours identified reliable creative rules to deliver efficient inhibition of H2S generation. Breath‐freshening flavours in whole products were then tested in‐house in a ‘breath freshness panel’.Main outcome measures:  Malodour of panellists (not preselected for malodour score) was scored before and after product use, on the ‘Rosenberg’ 0–5 scale, together with residual flavour score, by extensively trained judges. Products were tested in double‐blind, crossover studies, and results analysed using ANOVA.Results and conclusions:  Products flavoured using these rules delivered significantly greater breath freshening at 2 h than control products, and equivalent benefits to products containing 0.1% (w/w) triclosan or 0.2% (w/w) zinc sulphate.
O18  Lethal photosensitization of oral pathogens via red‐filtered halogen lamp
Authors: Krespi Y , Slatkine M , Marchenko M , Protec J 
Published: March 2005

Objectives  The ability of laser irradiation in the presence of photosensitizing agent to induce lethal effect on oral bacteria is well documented. We designed an in vitro experiment to achieve phototoxic results on two common oral pathogens, using a high intensity, red filtered halogen lamp. Our goal was to determine the minimum duration of light exposure and drug dilution to achieve at least 50% reduction in bacterial counts.Methods  Two common oral pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia were used in this experiment. The source for light energy was continuous working, high intensity, red filtered, halogen lamp (HL). The light was transmitted through a flexible light guide over petri dishes containing live bacteria. Microorganisms were exposed to halogen light for 5, 10 and 20 min. Methylene Blue (MB) in concentrations of 0.1, 0.075, 0.05, 0.025 and 0.01% was used as a photosensitizing agent. Light energy alone and MB alone was used as controls.Results and discussion  Optimum lethal photosensitization (50% or more bacteria killing) of oral pathogens was achieved under following conditions.1. Halogen light illumination for 5 min and longer with 0.05% MB.2. Exposure to light for 20 min in the presence of 0.025 and 0.01% MB.Light exposure of 20 min in the absence of MB was not effective in killing bacteria. In the absence of light, MB at concentrations of 0.025 and 0.001% was not effective. Reduction of bacteria with the use of 0.05% MB alone was also insignificant. However, 0.075 and 0.1% MB, even in the absence of light was found to be bacteriocidal.Conclusions  Our in vitro data indicates that we were able to achieve lethal photosensitization of two common oral pathogens with high intensity red filtered HL in the presence of diluted MB. In this era of increased incidence of antibiotic resistance, bacterial killing with laser or light energy in the presence of photosensitizing agents, can prove to be a valuable treatment modality.
P10  Is transmission of bacteria that cause halitosis from pets to humans possible?
Authors: Iwanicka‐Grzegorek E , Lipkowska E , Kepa J , Michalik J , Pierzynowska E 
Published: March 2005

Objective  The aim of the study was to determine whether the level of salivary amines in halitosis patients depends on regular contact with pets (dogs and cats) in childhood or at present. It is believed that bacteria metabolizing amine compounds into compounds causing fetor ex ore may be transmitted to humans from animals.Methods  The study covered 84 patients suffering from halitosis and 40 healthy controls aged 20–62 (avg. 39.7). Each person completed a questionnaire and was then examined for organoleptic score, VSC by halimeter and evaluation of low molecular mass amines by a ninhydrine colourimetric reaction. Halitosis was diagnosed if the average level of VSC measured by the halimeter was >125 ppb and the organoleptic measurement using a 5‐point scale was >2. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon's and Chi square tests.Results  Analysis showed a statistically significant correlation between halitosis and regular contact with pets at present (P < 0.001) or in childhood (P < 0.001).Conclusions  Pets (dogs, cats) owned in childhood or at present may transmit bacteria that cause halitosis.
P15  Non‐surgical periodontal therapy reduces VSCs according to disease severity
Authors: Da Rocha Nogueira‐Filho G , Peruzzo D , Carvalho MD , Sallum AW 
Published: March 2005

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of non‐surgical periodontal therapy in VSC formation and its relationship with periodontal disease severity. Twenty‐five periodontal patients without treatment and a control group with 10 subjects were selected. The patients were classified according to their periodontal diagnosis based on clinical attachment level (CAL): marginal gingivitis (MG), slight periodontitis‐CAL = 3 mm (P1), moderate periodontitis‐CAL = 5 mm (P2), severe periodontitis‐CAL = 7 mm (P3) and terminal periodontitis‐CAL > 10 mm (P4). At baseline, all patients received oral hygiene instructions and scaling/root planning. The periodontal parameters: plaque index, gingival index, probing depth and clinical attachment level were evaluated in two experimental periods (T1 = Baseline and T2 = 3 months recall). The Halimeter® was used to detect VSC formation in the same periods. The results after three months showed that VSC formation, probing depth and clinical attachment level decreased similarly in groups MG and P1 (P < 0.05). However, P3 and P4 groups showed the highest VSC formation and persistent bleeding in residual periodontal pockets. Within the limits of this study, it could be concluded that non‐surgical periodontal treatment may interfere in VSC formation according to periodontal disease severity.Acknowledgement  This work was supported by FAPESP #44052‐01.
P16  Effect of intraoral oxygen release device on breath odor
Authors: Choi YG 
Published: March 2005

Objective  To assess the effect of intraoral oxygen release device on the reduction of breath odor.Methods  Twenty‐two people (age ranged 17–81, mean age = 32, 11 males, 11 females) suffering from breath odor for average 8.3 years across the nation volunteered to participate in this clinical trial. Collection of baseline demographic information and clinical examination was conducted prior to the initial use of the intraoral oxygen release device. After having worn the device at night for 2 weeks, patients were recalled. Concentration of VSC (volatile sulfur compound) using Halimeter® (Interscan Corporation, Chatsworth, CA, USA) was measured and two independent examiners (one male, one female) performed organoleptic measurements, both before and after the use of the device. The two examiners were blinded to the use of device. Data were analyzed with non‐parametric Wilcoxon Signed‐rank test and proportion using statistical package JMP®5.0.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).Results and discussion  Following use of the device a change in breath odor severity was measured as a decrease of organoleptic breath odor by 58% with one examiner and by 79% with the other examiner. Median VSC level before device use was 111 ppb (parts per billion) and decreased to 75 ppb after device use. The VSC decrease was statistically significant (P‐value = 0.004).Conclusions  The study indicated that the intraoral oxygen release device is effective in reducing Volatile Sulfur Compound level and organoleptic breath odor.
P17  Clinical comparison of a triclosan/copolymer/NaF dentifrice and a commercially available breath‐freshening dentifrice in reducing breath volatile sulfur compounds overnight: a multiple‐use study
Authors: Niles H , Hunter C , Vazquez J , Williams M , Cummins D 
Published: March 2005

Objective  The objective of this randomized, crossover study was to compare the effectiveness of the triclosan/copolymer/NaF dentifrice and a commercially‐available breath freshening dentifrice containing fluoride for their ability to reduce volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) responsible for breath odor overnight.Methods  Following a one‐week washout period of brushing with a regular fluoride dentifrice, subjects reported to the clinical site without performing oral hygiene, eating or drinking in preparation for baseline breath sampling. Subjects were randomly assigned a test dentifrice and instructed to brush their teeth for 1 min, twice a day for 1 week. On the morning of the 8th day, subjects returned to the test site, having refrained from oral hygiene, eating and drinking, for overnight sampling. Following a second one‐week washout period, subjects repeated the same regimen, but now using the other test product. At each measurement, the level of breath VSC was evaluated using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame photometric detector. Measurements were taken in duplicate, and then averaged. The levels of VSC were expressed as parts per billion (ppb) in mouth air.Results  At baseline, the mean breath VSC levels for the TCF and breath freshening dentifrice groups were 618 and 581 ppb, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups. Overnight, the TCF and the breath freshening dentifrice reduced breath mean VSC levels to 267 and 521 ppb, respectively. This gave a 56.7 and 10.2% reduction in VSC levels for these two products, respectively, compared to baseline. The reduction for the TCF dentifrice was significantly different (P < 0.05%) from that of the breath freshening dentifrice.Conclusion  The results of this randomized, double‐blind, crossover study indicate that the TCF dentifrice was significantly more effective than a commercially‐available breath freshening dentifrice containing fluoride in reducing breath VSC responsible for bad breath overnight.
P34  Effect of a triclosan/PVM/MA copolymer/fluoride dentifrice on volatile sulfur compounds in vitro
Authors: Pilch S , Williams M , Cummins D 
Published: March 2005

Objective  The objective of the investigation was to document the in vitro efficacy of a triclosan/PVM/MA copolymer/fluoride (TCF) dentifrice against the formation of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) as well as the growth of H2S‐producing bacteria. Clinical studies using organoleptic judges, gas chromatography, or a portable sulfide monitor have generally been employed in the assessment of treatments for the control of oral malodor. However, these studies are not appropriate for screening purposes because of the expense and time required.Methods  An in vitro method was developed for the purpose of screening new technologies for their ability to control VSC formation and for determining bio‐equivalence of efficacy when implementing changes in existing formulations. The method combines basic microbiological methods, dynamic flow cell techniques and head space analysis. The in vitro VSC method was validated by comparing the efficacy of two dentifrices containing TCF with a control fluoride dentifrice as the TCF products have been clinically proven to control oral malodor.Results  In the validation studies, the TCF‐containing dentifrices were significantly better (P < 0.05) than the control dentifrice in inhibiting VSC formation and reducing H2S‐producing bacteria. For example, when compared to baseline, the TCF dentifrices reduced VSC formation between 42 and 49% compared to the control dentifrice which reduced VSC formation 3%. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the two TCF dentifrices.Conclusion  Using an in vitro breath VSC model, it has been demonstrated that two variants of a dentifrice containing triclosan, PVM/MA copolymer and fluoride have efficacy that is significantly better than a control fluoridated dentifrice and that there is no significant difference between the triclosan/PVM/MA copolymer/fluoride dentifrice variants.
Resource Letter SE-1: Solar energy
Authors: McDaniels D. K. , Throop M. J. 
Published: March 2005

Prepared at the request of the AAPT Editorial Board for Resource Letters. This is one of a series of Resource Letters on different topics intended to guide college physicists, astronomers, and other scientists to some of the literature and other teaching aids that may help improve course contents in specified fields. No Resource Letter is meant to be exhaustive and complete; in time there may be more than one letter on some of the main subjects of interest. Comments on these materials as well as suggestions for future topics will be welcomed. Please send such communications to Professor Aaron Owens, Editor, Resource Letter Board, Department of Physics, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, IL 60045.
N o t a t i o n: The letter E after an item indicates elementary level, useful principally for high school and introductory college use; the letter I indicates intermediate (junior, senior) level; and the letter A indicates advanced material, principally suited for senior, graduate level.
R e p r i n t s: When ordering, request Resource Letter SE-1. Enclose 75 cents per copy (not in stamps) together with a stamped, self-addressed envelope and send to Executive Office, American Association of Physics Teachers, Graduate Physics Building, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794.
Toxin-Producing Ability among
Bacillus
spp. Outside the
Bacillus cereus
Group
Authors: From Cecilie , Pukall Rudiger , Schumann Peter , Hormazábal Víctor , Granum Per Einar 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT

A total of 333
Bacillus
spp. isolated from foods, water, and food plants were examined for the production of possible enterotoxins and emetic toxins using a cytotoxicity assay on Vero cells, the boar spermatozoa motility assay, and a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Eight strains produced detectable toxins; six strains were cytotoxic, three strains produced putative emetic toxins (different in size from cereulide), and one strain produced both cytotoxin(s) and putative emetic toxin(s). The toxin-producing strains could be assigned to four different species,
B. subtilis
,
B. mojavensis
,
B. pumilus
, or
B. fusiformis
, by using a polyphasic approach including biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and DNA-based analyses. Four of the strains produced cytotoxins that were concentrated by ammonium sulfate followed by dialysis, and two strains produced cytotoxins that were not concentrated by such a treatment. Two cultures maintained full cytotoxic activity, two cultures reduced their activity, and two cultures lost their activity after boiling. The two most cytotoxic strains (both
B. mojavensis
) were tested for toxin production at different temperatures. One of these strains produced cytotoxin at growth temperatures ranging from 25 to 42°C, and no reduction in activity was observed even after 24 h of growth at 42°C. The strains that produced putative emetic toxins were tested for the influence of time and temperature on the toxin production. It was shown that they produced putative emetic toxin faster or just as fast at 30 as at 22°C. None of the cytotoxic strains produced
B. cereus
-like enterotoxins as tested by PCR or by immunological methods.
Nodulation ofLupinus albusby Strains ofOchrobactrum lupinisp. nov
Authors: Trujillo Martha E. , Willems Anne , Abril Adriana , Planchuelo Ana-María , Rivas Raúl , Ludeña Dolores , Mateos Pedro F. , Martínez-Molina Eustoquio , Velázquez Encarna 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTThe nodulation of legumes has for more than a century been considered an exclusive capacity of a group of microorganisms commonly known as rhizobia and belonging to the α-Proteobacteria. However, in the last 3 years four nonrhizobial species, belonging to α and β subclasses of theProteobacteria, have been described as legume-nodulating bacteria. In the present study, two fast-growing strains, LUP21 and LUP23, were isolated from nodules ofLupinus honoratus.The phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S and 23S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolates belong to the genusOchrobactrum. The strains were able to reinfectLupinusplants. A plasmid profile analysis showed the presence of three plasmids. ThenodDandnifHgenes were located on these plasmids, and their sequences were obtained. These sequences showed a close resemblance to thenodDandnifHgenes of rhizobial species, suggesting that thenodDandnifHgenes carried by strain LUP21Twere acquired by horizontal gene transfer. A polyphasic study including phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and molecular features of the strains isolated in this study showed that they belong to a new species of the genusOchrobactrumfor which we propose the nameOchrobactrum lupinisp. nov. Strain LUP21T(LMG 20667T) is the type strain.
In Vitro Reconstitution of an NADPH-Dependent Superoxide Reduction Pathway from
Pyrococcus furiosus
Authors: Grunden Amy M. , Jenney Francis E. , Ma Kesen , Ji Mikyoung , Weinberg Michael V. , Adams Michael W. W. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT

A scheme for the detoxification of superoxide in
Pyrococcus furiosus
has been previously proposed in which superoxide reductase (SOR) reduces (rather than dismutates) superoxide to hydrogen peroxide by using electrons from reduced rubredoxin (Rd). Rd is reduced with electrons from NAD(P)H by the enzyme NAD(P)H:rubredoxin oxidoreductase (NROR). The goal of the present work was to reconstitute this pathway in vitro using recombinant enzymes. While recombinant forms of SOR and Rd are available, the gene encoding
P. furiosus
NROR (PF1197) was found to be exceedingly toxic to
Escherichia coli
, and an active recombinant form (rNROR) was obtained via a fusion protein expression system, which produced an inactive form of NROR until cleavage. This allowed the complete pathway from NAD(P)H to the reduction of SOR via NROR and Rd to be reconstituted in vitro using recombinant proteins. rNROR is a 39.9-kDa protein whose sequence contains both flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)- and NAD(P)H-binding motifs, and it shares significant similarity with known and putative Rd-dependent oxidoreductases from several anaerobic bacteria, both mesophilic and hyperthermophilic. FAD was shown to be essential for activity in reconstitution assays and could not be replaced by flavin mononucleotide (FMN). The bound FAD has a midpoint potential of −173 mV at 23°C (−193 mV at 80°C). Like native NROR, the recombinant enzyme catalyzed the NADPH-dependent reduction of rubredoxin both at high (80°C) and low (23°C) temperatures, consistent with its proposed role in the superoxide reduction pathway. This is the first demonstration of in vitro superoxide reduction to hydrogen peroxide using NAD(P)H as the electron donor in an SOR-mediated pathway.
Characterization of Hydrogenase and Reductive Dehalogenase Activities of
Dehalococcoides ethenogenes
Strain 195
Authors: Nijenhuis Ivonne , Zinder Stephen H. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT

Dehalococcoides ethenogenes
strain 195 reductively dechlorinates tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) to vinyl chloride and ethene using H
2
as an electron donor. PCE- and TCE-reductive dehalogenase (RD) activities were mainly membrane associated, whereas only about 20% of the hydrogenase activity was membrane associated. Experiments with methyl viologen (MV) were consistent with a periplasmic location for the RDs or a component feeding electrons to them. The protonophore uncoupler tetrachlorosalicylanilide did not inhibit reductive dechlorination in cells incubated with H
2
and PCE and partially restored activity in cells incubated with the ATPase inhibitor
N
,
N
′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Benzyl viologen or diquat (
E
o
′ ≈ −360 mV) supported reductive dechlorination of PCE or TCE at rates comparable to MV (−450 mV) in cell extracts.