bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic stereometry of the temporomandibular joint
Authors: Palla S , Gallo LM , Gössi D 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Authors
– Palla S, Gallo LM, Gössi DStudies on jaw kinematics have provided a good understanding of the motion of the mandible in space, but are of little biomechanical relevance because they could not relate the movements to anatomic structures. This is possible by the combination of three‐dimensional reconstructions of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) anatomy with jaw motion recordings. This technique allows us to analyze the variation of the relationship between the articular surfaces, providing indirect insight into disk deformation during function and parafunction as well as TMJ loading.As far as the variation of the condyle–fossa distance is concerned, data indicated that during chewing the distance was smaller 1) on closing than on opening; 2) on the balancing than on the working side; and 3) during chewing of hard than soft food. Moreover, during a forceful static biting, the condyle–fossa distance decreased more on the contralateral, i.e. on the balancing side than on the working side. The decrease was related to the degree of clenching force. These results support the content that both condyles are loaded during chewing and the balancing side joint more than the working one.Biomechanically, the development of osteoarthrosis is more likely related to the magnitude and frequency of stresses applied on the cartilage. Joint movements produce tractional forces that may cause shear stresses contributing to cartilage wear and fatigue. Tractional forces are the result of frictional forces caused by the cartilage surface rubbing and of plowing forces caused by the translation of a stress‐field through the cartilage matrix, as the intra‐articular space changes during motion. Translation of the stress‐field in mediolateral direction seems to be particularly important for the integrity of the TMJ disk because of its anisotropic properties. Dynamic stereometry showed that stress‐fields translate in mediolateral direction during opening/closing, protrusion and laterotrusion, and that their translatory velocity varies intraindividually and with the rate of the condylar movement. Furthermore, the results seem to indicate that the lateral area of the TMJ disk is more often exposed to shear stresses caused by stress‐field translation than the medial one.In conclusion, dynamic stereometry provides a good visualization of the movement of the condyles in the respective fossae. This helps improving our understanding for the complexity of condylar movements. The technique may also contribute to ameliorate our knowledge of TMJ biomechanics and therefore of the etiology of degenerative joint diseases and possibly also of internal derangement.
Development of the dentition: four‐dimensional visualization and open questions concerning the morphogenesis of tooth form and occlusion
Authors: Radlanski RJ 
Published: November 2004

Structured Abstract
Author

– Radlanski RJObjectives – The formation of the dental primordial should be visualized with special reference to characteristic differences for each single primordium. Until today, it has not been clear how traffic of the ameloblasts is controlled, how the folding pattern of the occlusal relief is generated or how the enamel production is terminated at the enamel surface.Design – Using computer‐aided reconstructions from histological serial sections, the dental primordial were visualized and, using fractured enamel specimens, the traces of each single ameloblast were followed by means of scanning electron microscopy. In this way, the developmental movements of the inner enamel epithelium can be reconstructed.Results – Gathering morphological knowledge, three‐dimensional polygon sets of shape data were input into a computer workstation and animated by means of the software Soft Image (Microsoft).Conclusions – The development of the human primary and permanent dentition was animated to simulate growth.
Prenatal craniofacial morphogenesis: four‐dimensional visualization of morphogenetic processes
Authors: Radlanski RJ 
Published: November 2004

Structured Abstract
Author –
Radlanski RJObjectives – Basic research concerning craniofacial development presently runs along two pathways, namely the molecular and the morphometric. This gap needs to be bridged.Design – Using histological serial sections of human fetuses computer‐aided three‐dimensional reconstructions were made (Software Analysis, SIS) with special focus given to all anatomical structures of the orofacial region of the growing head.Results – All reconstructions can be viewed from any rotation and they are available for virtual dissection according to anatomical rules. As an example, the prenatal development of the human mandible with the formation of the mental foramen therein is described. Furthermore, the spatial arrangement of bone, cartilage and nerves is presented in three dimensions in different developmental stages. The interaction of tissues with possible morphogenetic interaction is discussed.Conclusions – This work serves as a reference system for prenatal development in comparison with pathological development.
Validation of Align Technology's Treat IIITM digital model superimposition tool and its case application
Authors: Miller RJ , Kuo E , Choi W 
Published: November 2004

Structured AbstractAuthors – Miller RJ, Kuo E, Choi WObjective – An assessment of the efficacy and accuracy of three‐dimensional computer‐based predictive orthodontic systems requires that new methods of treatment analysis be developed and validated.Design – Invisalign® is a digitally fabricated, removable orthodontic appliance that has been commercially available since 1999. It is made up of two main components: 1) computerized graphical images of a patient's teeth moving through a series of stages from initial to final position; 2) pressure formed clear plastic appliances made from stereolithography models of the images in the first component.Setting and sample population – The manufacturer of Invisalign (Align Technology, Inc.) has created a software tool that can be used to superimpose digital models to evaluate treatment outcomes in three dimensions. Using this software, research was conducted to determine if a single operator could repeatedly superimpose two identical digital models using 12 selected points from the palatal rugae over 10 trials. The tool was then applied to one subject's orthodontic treatment.Experiment variables – The output from this tool includes rotations, translations and morphological changes. For this study, translations and rotations were chosen.Results – The results showed that the digital superimposition was reproducible, and that after multiple trials, the superimposition error decreased. The average error in x, y, z, Rx, Ry and Rz after 10 trials was determined to approach approximately 0.2 mm in translation and less than 1° in rotation, with a standard deviation of 0.15 mm and 0.7 mm, respectively. The treatment outcome from a single Invisalign‐treated bicuspid extraction case was also evaluated tooth‐by‐tooth in x, y, z, Rx, Ry and Rz dimensions.Conclusion – Using the palate, as a stable reference seemed to work well and the evaluation of the single case showed that many, but not all, of the planned movements occurred.
Development of dento‐maxillofacial cone beam X‐ray computed tomography system
Authors: Yamamoto K , Ueno K , Seo K , Shinohara D 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Authors– Yamamoto K, Ueno K, Seo K, Shinohara DWe have developed a cone beam X‐ray computed tomography (CT) system to make more accurate three‐dimensional (3‐D) images for diagnosis of dento‐maxillofacial region. The developed system has sufficient spatial resolution, resolution of 3‐D images and image distortion for diagnosis of dento‐maxillofacial region.
The impact of medical technology on office workflow
Authors: McEvoy SP 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Author– McEvoy SPDigital technologies are gaining wider acceptance within the medical and dental professions. The lure of increased productivity and improved quality entice practices to adapt. These systems are beginning to have a profound impact on the workflows within the practice, as well as putting new demands on existing resources. To successfully implement a new technology within your practice, you must look beyond advertising and discover the real requirements of the system. Vendors rarely try to help beyond the sale and installation of their equipment, nor do they consider how their product might require you to modify the way you and your staff work. Acquiring the necessary knowledge through self‐education, a consultant, or (preferably) a combination of the two is the best way to integrate a new technology with your practice.
Cone beam computed tomography in craniofacial imaging
Authors: Sukovic P 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Author– Sukovic PCone beam computed tomography (CT) has the potential to reduce the size and cost of CT scanners. Because this emerging technology produces images with isotropic submillimeter spatial resolution, it is ideally suited for dedicated dentomaxillofacial CT scanning. When combined with application‐specific software tools, cone beam computed tomography can provide dentomaxillofacial practitioners with a complete solution for performing specific diagnostic and surgical tasks, such as dental implant planning. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of cone beam scanning technology and compare it with the fan beam scanning used in conventional CT scanners. We introduce ‘DentoCATTM’, a relatively small, low‐cost cone beam CT scanner dedicated for dentomaxillofacial imaging developed at Xoran Technologies. We present images generated by the DentoCATTM scanner and provide an assessment of its performance in terms of spatial resolution and effective radiation dose. Finally, we illustrate the clinical utility of the scanner by presenting the results we have obtained to date using the DentoCATTM scanner in conjunction with an implant planning software tool.
Extramural clinic in comprehensive care education
Authors: Petersson K. , Nilner M. , Rohlin M. 
Published: November 2004

In the Malmo model, the students' experience of their future professional context is a basic principle. Therefore, comprehensive care education includes one day per week in the public dental health service during the 9th and 10th semesters. There are three main objectives of this clinical module that the students should be able to, namely:

Further develop insights in general dentistry and its pre‐requisites in Sweden.
Identify themselves as a member of the professional team.
‘Think like a dentist’.

A questionnaire was given to final year students and their clinical supervisors in the public dental health service. The students were asked to self‐assess to which extent they had achieved the objectives and to list the most valuable experiences of their practice. The supervisors assessed the students' fulfilment of the objectives and were asked on their experience of the co‐operation with the dental school and their perception of the students' clinical competence. On a 9‐grade rating scale both students and supervisors rated the fulfilment of the objectives high (7–9). The supervisors rated somewhat higher than the students did. The students mentioned that it was most valuable to take full responsibility, work closely together with a dental assistant and to experience a ‘real’ professional context. The supervisors' most frequent comment was that the co‐operation with the faculty could be improved considerably. Our conclusion is that both the dental students and their clinical supervisors considered this model for extramural clinical training most valuable.
Fatal interactions between Scots pine and Sphagnum mosses in bog ecosystems
Authors: Ohlson Mikael , Økland Rune Halvorsen , Nordbakken Jørn‐Frode , Dahlberg Barbro 
Published: November 2004

In this study, we explore how Sphagnum mosses and Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris, interact on different spatial and temporal scales in a boreal bog ecosystem. We were particularly interested in relationships between the occurrence of Sphagnum‐dominated habitats and the occurrence of Scots pines of different age and size.

Juvenile and adult pines occurred in different habitats. While juveniles mainly occurred in Sphagnum‐dominated habitats, predominantly with Sphagnum rubellum, adult pines were found in habitats dominated by lichens, or with a sparse vegetation cover. Examination of surface peat cores sampled close to adult pines revealed that almost all pines (97%) had established in a Sphagnum‐dominated environment and that the habitat had changed since pine establishment. Scots pine is thus capable of changing and exterminating the Sphagnum‐dominated environment preferred for germination and establishment. Pines impede Sphagnum growth and peat accumulation significantly once they have reached a stem diameter of approximately 20 mm. It takes from 30 to 90 yr for a pine to reach that size.

Our results show the importance of interactions between Scots pine and Sphagnum mosses in bog ecosystems. We conclude that interactions between trees and Sphagnum mosses are important driving forces behind the vegetation change that has characterised boreal bogs during the Holocene.
Identification of dopamine transporter in bovine pineal gland using [3H]GBR 12935
Authors: Govitrapong P. , Vilaipun P. , Ebadi M. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract: The mammalian pineal gland contains several neurotransmitters and receptors for amino acids, biogenic amines, and peptides. Some of these, such as D1 and D2 dopamine receptors, have been previously identified and characterized in the bovine pineal gland by our group. As a matter of fact, the density of D1 dopamine receptors in the pineal gland is higher than that of corpus striatum, suggesting that this organ must possess a high affinity dopamine transporter, which has been identified in this study by using [3H]GBR 12935 as a radiological ligand and nomifensine to determine non‐specific binding. The association rate of [3H]GBR 12935 binding to the pineal membrane was examined as a function of time. The binding reached equilibrium within 45 min of incubation at 25°C. The specific binding was reversible and saturable. The dissociation time course of the specific [3H]GBR 12935 binding from the bovine pineal membrane was also studied. A half‐life (t1/2) of 14‐min was obtained. The saturation analysis of the [3H]GBR 12935 binding revealed a dissociation equilibrium constant (Kd) of 6.0 ± 0.9 nm and a receptor density (Bmax) of 6.9 ± 0.3 pmol/mg protein, which were comparable with those values obtained from bovine striatum and frontal cortex. In competitive experiments, the concentrations of drugs required to inhibit 50% of the binding (IC50) were in descending order GBR 12909 > GBR 12935 > trans‐flupenthixol > nomifensine > cis‐flupenthixol > amitriptyline > imipramine > desipramine > dopamine > fluoxetine > fuvoxamine > d‐amphetamine. However, nisoxetine, SCH 23390, norepinephrine, and serotonin were unable to displace [3H]GBR binding. These results show that drugs capable of blocking dopamine transporters were effective in displacing [3H]GBR binding; whereas specific norepinephrine and serotonin transporter inhibitors were less effective or ineffective. In addition, the dopamine transporter is ion‐dependent as sodium increased [3H]GBR binding in a concentration related manner. These results indicate that a high affinity dopamine transporter exists in the bovine pineal, which may exhibit circadian periodicity, and whose physiological functions need to be delineated and characterized in future investigations.
Mechanical properties of the skin: A comparison between two suction cup methods
Authors: Pedersen L. , Hansen B. , Jemec G. B. E. 
Published: November 2004

Background/aims: The objective measure of mechanical properties of the skin is relevant to the clinician as well as to the researcher concerned with skin physiology. The lack of standardization among methods used to obtain visco‐elastic data from the skin is however, apparent and represents an obstacle to comparison of the results derived from the various studies concerning the subject.Methods: The mechanical properties of the ventral forearm were studied in 35 healthy volunteers. The Dermaflex® and the DermaLab® (Both Cortex Technology, Hadsund, Denmark) were compared. The results were analyzed with descriptive statistics and correlations using non‐parametric methods. Measurement accuracy was assessed using coefficient of variation. Sub analysis was made in groups according to gender and age.Results: The overall correlations between the two methods were moderate (r = 0.383–0.437). A greater coefficient of variation was found in the DermaLab® machine. Significant differences were found between all values of both methods when comparing the mechanical properties of the skin in 30–39 years olds versus the group of 40–58 years olds. No differences were found between the genders.Conclusions: The results indicate that both methods are useful in the study of the mechanical aspects of the skin, especially for detecting age‐related changes. The Dermaflex® seems to produce more accurate for data. This is thought to be due to the conceptual design differences between the two methods. The methods measure related but not identical values of the mechanical properties of the skin, as reflected by the limited positive correlation between them.
A closed unventilated chamber for the measurement of transepidermal water loss
Authors: Nuutinen Jouni , Alanen Esko , Autio Pekka , Lahtinen Marjo‐Riitta , Harvima Ilkka , Lahtinen Tapani 
Published: November 2004

Background/aimsOpen chamber systems for measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL) have limitations related to ambient and body‐induced airflows near the probe, probe size, measurement sites and angles, and measurement range. The aim of the present investigation was to develop a closed chamber system for the TEWL measurement without significant blocking of normal evaporation through the skin. Additionally, in order to use the evaporimeter to measure evaporation rates through other biological and non‐biological specimens and in the field applications, a small portable, battery‐operated device was a design criteria.MethodsA closed unventilated chamber (inner volume 2.0 cm3) was constructed. For the skin measurement, the chamber with one side open (open surface area 1.0 cm2) is placed on the skin. The skin application time was investigated at low and high evaporation rates in order to assess the blocking effect of the chamber on normal evaporation. From the rising linear part of the relative humidity (RH) in the chamber the slope was registered. The slope was calibrated into a TEWL value by evaporating water at different temperatures and measuring the water loss of heated samples with a laboratory scale. The closed chamber evaporation technique was compared with a conventional evaporimeter based on an open chamber method (DermaLab®, Cortex Technology, Hadsund, Denmark). The reproducibility of the closed chamber method was measured with the water samples and with volar forearm and palm of the hand in 10 healthy volunteers.ResultsThe skin application time varied between 7 and 9 s and the linear slope region between 3 and 5 s at the evaporation rates of 3–220 g/m2 h. A correlation coefficient between the TEWL value from the closed chamber measurements and the readings of the laboratory scale was 0.99 (P < 0.001). The reproducibility of the evaporation measurements with the water samples was 4.0% at the evaporation rate of 40 g/m2 h. A correlation coefficient of the TEWL values between the closed chamber and open chamber measurements was 0.99 (P < 0.001) in the range where the response of a conventional evaporimeter was linear (until 120 g/m2 h). With volar forearm and palm of the hand of 10 healthy volunteers the reproducibility of the measurements was 8.0 and 10.1%.ConclusionThe closed chamber technique solves the drawbacks related to open chamber evaporimeters. Especially, it extends the measurement range to high evaporation rates and TEWL measurements can be performed practically at any anatomical sites and measurement angle. By the use of a closed chamber the disturbance related to external or body‐induced air flows on the measurement can be avoided.
Correlation between stinging, TEWL and capacitance
Authors: Wu Yanyu , Wang Xuemin , Zhou Yutian , Tan Yimei , Chen Deli , Chen Ying , Ye Meili 
Published: November 2004

Background/aims: To study the correlation between stinging and skin barrier and to make the lactic acid stinging test much safer.Methods: The modified lactic acid stinging test with 3% and/or 5% aqueous solution of lactic acid combined with transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and capacitance (CAP) was used. The amount of 50 µL‐test material was applied on test areas, the skin of both sides nasolabial fold of 50 healthy subjects. Subjects assessed stinging basing on a 4‐point scale at 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 8 min TEWL and CAP were measured at baseline and 8 min.Results: The results show that the tendency of decrease in baseline CAP and increase in baseline TEWL are proportional with the increase of the sum of clinical scores (CSS). In 5% lactic acid test, negative correlation between changing ratio of TEWL (PTEWL) and clinical score at 5 min (CS5 min), and negative correlation between changing ratio of capacitance (PCAP) and CS5 min are registered.Conclusion: Our data indicate that there is certain relationship between the degree of stinging and the skin barrier. The stinging test method modified by lower concentration aqueous lactic acid and the assessment combined with PTEWL and PCAP is suitable for Chinese to evaluate the skin susceptibility.
Colour histogram analysis for melanoma discrimination in clinical images
Authors: Faziloglu Yunus , Stanley R. Joe , Moss Randy H. , Van Stoecker William , McLean Rob P. 
Published: November 2004

Background: Malignant melanoma, the most deadly form of skin cancer, has a good prognosis if treated in the curable early stages. Colour provides critical discriminating information for the diagnosis of malignant melanoma.Methods: This research introduces a three‐dimensional relative colour histogram analysis technique to identify colours characteristic of melanomas and then applies these ‘melanoma colours’ to differentiate benign skin lesions from melanomas. The relative colour of a skin lesion is determined based on subtracting a representative colour of the surrounding skin from each lesion pixel. A colour mapping for ‘melanoma colours’ is determined using a training set of images. A percent melanoma colour feature, defined as the percentage of the lesion pixels that are melanoma colours, is used for discriminating melanomas from benign lesions. The technique is evaluated using a clinical image data set of 129 malignant melanomas and 129 benign lesions consisting of 40 seborrheic keratoses and 89 nevocellular nevi.Results: Using the percent melanoma colour feature for discrimination, experimental results yield correct melanoma and benign lesion discrimination rates of 84.3 and 83.0%, respectively.Conclusions: The results presented in this work suggest that lesion colour in clinical images is strongly related to the presence of melanoma in that lesion. However, colour information should be combined with other information in order to further reduce the false negative and false positive rates.