bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environment and Development
Authors: Bardhan Pranab , Udry Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBegins with a note on the two‐way relationship between poverty and the environment and on the U‐shaped curve relating economic development and environmental quality. The next section elucidates the problem of overexploitation of natural resources that arises from an institutional failure to cope with the externalities involved. The conventional prescription is the establishment of well‐defined property rights, and so next the problems involved in its implementation through privatization or nationalization are discussed. Then, the scope for community‐level environmental management through cooperation based on incentives and penalties is analyzed, with the focus on game theoretic models of repeated Prisoners’ Dilemma and assurance games. The last section studies the relationship between trade and pollution in a model with endogenous environmental taxes.
Trade and Development
Authors: Bardhan Pranab , Udry Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractStarts with an illustration of the effect of growth on the terms of trade between a rich and a poor country, using a simple comparative‐static framework. Next, we study the pro‐competitive effects of trade liberalization in inputs with a model in which an import‐substituting upstream industry supplies an intermediate good to the producers of the final good. With imperfect competition and scale economies among upstream firms, the model has multiple equilibria, and trade liberalization may trigger an expansion to the higher output equilibrium. The next section is about the effects of trade on economic development as analyzed in endogenous growth theory, with its focus on learning‐by‐doing, dynamic learning spillovers, and trade‐induced technological patterns in growth. This section includes a model of North–South trade that endogenizes comparative advantage and the direction of technological specialization.
The Dual Economy
Authors: Bardhan Pranab , Udry Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBegins with a dual economy model focusing on the relation between labour transfer from agriculture to industry and the resultant pressure on food prices and on what this implies for the industrial wage rate. Contrary to the horizontal labour supply curve of the Lewis model, it is shown that the elasticity of both the industrial wage and food prices with respect to intersectoral labour transfer is likely to be large. The next section uses a model with productivity growth in the industrial sector determined by learning‐by‐doing to demonstrate how productivity improvements in the agricultural sector may speed up industrialization. Finally, we consider a two‐sector model with a hierarchy of income between peasants, workers, and capitalists. By looking at shifts of the Lorenz curve, we are able to trace the effect of capital accumulation on income distribution and to illustrate why this is likely to be ambiguous.
Intersectoral Complementarities and Coordination Failures
Authors: Bardhan Pranab , Udry Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter is about models that show how intersectoral complementarities in the economy generate multiple equilibria, highlighting the policy problem of moving away from a ‘low‐level equilibrium trap’ by coordinating expectations. In the first model, we present a situation in which firms that invest in a modern technology with increasing returns need to share in the cost of essential infrastructure. There may, then, be an equilibrium with coordination failure in which the infrastructure is not built for fear of not enough firms choosing to industrialize, and the fact that infrastructure is not built ensures that there is no industrialization. In another model, the efficiency of the manufacturing sector can be enhanced by specialized inputs. This model illustrates how the economy may get stuck in an equilibrium in which a low degree of input specialization makes for an inefficient modern sector and the economy specializes in goods with low‐productivity techniques that do not require a wide variety of inputs.
Institutional Economics and the State in Economic Development
Authors: Bardhan Pranab , Udry Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter looks at the institutions that are pertinent to economic development and at the institutional impediments to growth, drawing on several strands of the literature on organizational behaviour, including the New Institutional Economics. It begins with a discussion on informal mercantile institutions of trust, commitment, and enforcement, and then examines the strategic distributive conflicts behind institutional change. Next, it discusses the role of the state in building institutions, acknowledging the facts that there are states both strong and ‘soft’, and that the ‘soft budget constraint’ of the state gives rise to a credibility problem. An analysis of desirable state intervention—that which deals with market failures such as externalities and with coordination failures—and of distortional intervention involving rent‐seeking and corruption follows. This positive analysis of policy making includes a principal‐agent model in which the state acts like a Stackleberg leader.
The Environment Between Theory and Practice
Authors: de-Shalit Avner 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWhen constructing environmental policies in democratic regimes, there is a need for a theory that can be used not only by academics but also by politicians and activists. So why has the major part of environmental ethics failed to penetrate environmental policy and serve as its rationale? Obviously, there is a gap between the questions that environmental philosophers discuss and the issues that motivate environmental activists. Avner de‐Shalit attempts to bridge this gap by combining tools of political philosophy with questions of environmental ethics and environmental politics. He defends a radical position in relation to both environmental protection and social policies, in order to put forward a political theory, which is not only philosophically sound, but also relevant to the practice of environmental activism. The author argues that several directions in environmental ethics can be at odds with the contemporary political debates surrounding environmental politics. He then goes on to examine the environmental scope of liberalism, communitarianism, participatory democracy, and socialism, and concludes that while elements of liberalism and communitarianism may support environmental protection, it is participatory democracy and a modified version of socialism that are crucial for protecting the environment.
The Social Role of the Philosopher and the Philosophical Role of Society
Authors: de‐Shalit Avner 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEnvironmental ethics has been very innovative and has progressed rapidly; however, the price we paid was that it has lost touch with the public and its philosophical needs. de‐Shalit claims that while all moral reasoning involves a process of reflective equilibrium between intuitions and theory, a distinction should be drawn between ‘private’, ‘contextual’, and ‘public’ modes of reflective equilibrium. Environmental philosophers have used either the first or second mode of reasoning, whereas philosophy that discusses political institutions must adopt a public mode of reflective equilibrium. The latter differs from the other two models in that it weighs both the intuitions and the theories put forward by activists and the general public. This will make environmental philosophy more democratic and political and less engaged in meta‐ethics.
Where Philosophy Meets Politics: The Concept of the Environment
Authors: de‐Shalit Avner 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThrough the examination of Eco‐feminism and Deep Ecology, it is demonstrated how many in these two schools have misused the concept of ‘environment’ and caused a confusion that has been detrimental to the social and political status of environmental philosophy. It is argued that when putting forward political goals that are legitimate and justified, but not ‘environmental’ at all, they have ‘conceptually exploited’ the ‘environment’. The reasons for environmental philosophy's lack of popularity among politicians and activists are (1) that it fails to distinguish between meta‐ethics and political theory, (2) that it identifies goals that do not necessarily appeal to environmentalists, and (3) that it overextended the use of its main concepts and caused confusion and vagueness.
Is Liberalism Environment‐Friendly?
Authors: de‐Shalit Avner 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWhat kind of theory should and can we use to persuade others of the importance of environment‐friendly policies? More precisely, in what sense is liberalism environment friendly and in what sense is it not? de‐Shalit suggests that liberalism has been exceptionally effective in eliminating environmental literacy and raising environmental awareness. Nevertheless, it is inadequate when it comes to fostering environmental political consciousness.
The Community of Nature and the Nature of Community
Authors: de‐Shalit Avner 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIf community oriented thought is needed to support and justify environmental policies, what kind of community do we have in mind? The notion of a multi‐species community, suggested by many environmental philosophers, is rejected as inconsistent. The idea of localism—local human communities—also popular among environmentalists, is rejected on moral and environmental grounds. The idea of ‘collective rational reflection’ as a moral and political community is put forward.
Socialism and the Environment
Authors: de‐Shalit Avner 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMany theorists are happy with democracy as a means to protect the environment; however, there is empirical evidence that democracy is not enough to guarantee environment friendly policies. This chapter examines the economic arrangements (private vs. public ownership, decentralized and free market, centralized and planned production) that are more likely to protect the environment. It is argued that despite current scepticism, democratic socialism is best for the environment, although the case with public ownership of property is more complicated: it is more likely to protect the environment when the relevant ownership is of means of production, but not necessarily when the question is of the object that is being polluted.
Peace, Liberty, and Democracy: Realists and Liberals Contest a Legacy
Authors: Doyle Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines the liberal peace thesis from the perspective of both the liberal and realist traditions in international relations. It compares the way both schools of thought envisage the connection between peace, liberty, and democracy. It differentiates among three distinct theoretical traditions of liberalism—Lockean, Kantian, and Schumpeterian—and explains their somewhat different conceptions of world politics.
US Democracy Promotion: Critical Questions
Authors: Smith Steve 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Questions the assumptions underlying US democracy promotion policies, namely, that democracy is a self‐evident and uncontentious concept and that the US‐style democracy is applicable across different cultures and societies. It argues that the US promotes a formal electoral model of democracy that dissociates politics from its socio–economic setting and is designed to advance American economic interests in the global system.
America's Identity, Democracy Promotion and National Interests: Beyond Realism, Beyond Idealism
Authors: Nau Henry R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
What is the real influence of democracy on US foreign policy? This chapter argues that in order to assess this influence it is necessary to overcome the sharp dichotomy posed by realism and idealism. It proposes a new approach that takes into account a nation's domestic agenda and national identity as well as its external national interests. It examines under what kind of external circumstances a country's internal characteristics are likely to play a role in that country's foreign policy.
‘High Stakes’ and ‘Low‐Intensity Democracy’: Understanding America's Policy of Promoting Democracy
Authors: Ralph Jason G. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Explores the gap between rhetoric and practice in the American policy of promoting democracy. It attributes it to the US, promoting two inconsistent goals at the same time: democratization and free market capitalism. This is not because the US responds only to corporate interests. Instead, this policy mix stems from America's image of its own success: at the time of its foundation, democratic development was compatible with economic individualism due to extraordinary socio–economic circumstances. However, given the contemporary socio–economic circumstances of new democracies, it would be more appropriate to promote social democracy rather than liberal democracy.
Wilsonianism Resurgent? The Clinton Administration and the Promotion of Democracy
Authors: Cox Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Explores the many facets of democracy promotion as a grand foreign policy strategy during the Clinton administration. It argues that far from being a Wilsonian idealist, Clinton viewed democracy promotion as a pragmatic strategy to enhance US influence worldwide. In his integrated worldview, there was no necessary conflict between global order, market economics, and democracy promotion. All three were intimately connected and could reinforce each other.
Russia: Limping Along Towards American Democracy?
Authors: Rutland Peter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Questions the extent to which post‐communist Russia has indeed become a democracy. It examines the problems of Russian democracy in different areas such as elections, separation of powers, judicial system, freedom of press, respect for human rights, and development of civil society. It concludes that Russia has not been well served by efforts to transplant the American‐style democracy without taking into account local circumstances and conditions.
Three Frameworks in Search of a Policy: US Democracy Promotion in Asia‐Pacific
Authors: Inoguchi Takashi 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The author argues that in order to understand the impact of US democracy promotion efforts it is vital to examine what he terms the three different ‘frameworks’ that now shape the American outlook of the world: the Westphalian, the anti‐Utopian, and the Philadelphian. All three coexist in a very uneasy way and compete with each other to determine US foreign policy in Asia‐Pacific. He looks at the cases of China, Japan, and Cambodia.
The Impasse of Third World Democratization: Africa Revisited
Authors: Sørensen Georg 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Argues that although many Third World countries have experienced democratic openings, a large part of them are stuck in the initial phases of a democratic transition. International actors have contributed to this outcome in the following ways: (1) failing to appreciate the role of nationalism and political community; (2) overemphasizing economic and political liberalism; (3) supporting elite‐dominated democracies. It explores the connection between democratization and state strength, citing examples of transitions in Africa.
The Cost of Incorporation: Labor Institutions, Industrial Restructuring, and New Trade Union Strategies in India and Pakistan
Authors: Candland Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn India, an impressive labour movement based on political unionism developed and exercised some influence over economic policy. In Pakistan, an assertive and often militant workers’ movement emerged, was severely repressed, and exercised little influence over economic policy. The paper assesses the ability of trade unions in each country to oppose recent economic reforms, specifically the privatization efforts of each government. The capacity to oppose industrial restructuring is traced to the differing structure of labour institutions, specifically trade union relationships with political parties and workers’ representation in trade unions. In conclusion, the paper draws from a debate within the Indian trade union movement concerning the limitations of political unionism and the need for new union strategies. It suggests that a new unionism, with wider networks among other social organizations and deeper roots in local communities, must also include a new political dimension.
Globalization, Social Partnership, and Industrial Relations in Ireland
Authors: Doherty Eileen M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDuring the post‐war period, Irish labour unions have been characterized by fragmentation at the local level (with multiple unions competing for members, industrial unrest at the local level, and tensions between unions), but centralization at the national level. Labour unions have been clustered into large umbrella organizations, and the country has had a strong history of corporatism in industrial relations. The three stages of “globalization” in Ireland—the decision to embrace an open economic policy in the 1950s, Ireland's 1973 entry into the EEC, and the deepening of European integration in the 1980s and 1990s—have generated continuous pressures on Ireland to embrace new strategies to accommodate the pressures of market forces. Ireland's response to ‘globalization’ has not involved a disintegration of corporatist bargains or the weakening of unions, but rather a renewed focus on social partnership and consensus policy making in which unions have played a distinct role. The result of this social partnership has been impressive growth rates since 1987, but a lingering problem of structural unemployment. To address this issue, Dublin has committed itself to the continuation and strengthening of corporatist bargaining, but with an increased emphasis on addressing the problem of social exclusion. It remains to be seen whether social partnership mechanisms can effectively address the problems associated with long‐term unemployment and social exclusion, or whether Ireland is evolving toward a bifurcated economy, characterized by expanding jobs for skilled workers, but declining prospects for less‐educated workers.
Globalization and the Paradigm Shift in Japanese Industrial Relations
Authors: Weathers Charles 
Published: October 2003

AbstractContemporary Japan is perhaps the ultimate product of ‘globalization’ in many respects. Forcibly opened to the world by the Western powers in the 1850s, the country has since focused its energies on achieving the greatest possible level of economic development. As a result, the union movement historically has been divided between a right wing, which advocates full cooperation with management and a left wing demanding more resources for social needs and programs. While unions on the right have long dominated organized labour's agenda, even these unions agreed by the 1980s that the labour movement had done too little to improve working conditions and living standards. However, the early 1990s saw the onset of a severe recession and ‘globalization’ (alternatively, a new ‘era of super‐competition’), prompting both businesses and the right‐wing unions to seek comprehensive deregulation of employment systems, against the faltering opposition of the left. As Japan shifts from its ‘paradigm’ of an industrial relations rooted in mass production and ‘lifetime employment’ to a more flexible, high tech–based economy, unions are emphasizing new strategies for protecting jobs in their own industries, and the labour movement's influence over general working conditions has been further eroded. Post‐war Japan's second ‘paradigm shift’ suggests that there are important limits to convergence, as unions spurn the social provisions of the EC, and cooperate with business to nurture Asia as an allied production base for Japan. In addition, those who regarded the Japanese employment system during the 1970s and 1980s as a ‘model’ for organizing cooperative industrial relations in industrializing societies have to confront the fact that the model itself is now in flux.
Privatization, Labor Politics, and the Firm in Post‐Soviet Russia: Non‐market Norms, Market Institutions, and the Soviet Legacy
Authors: Sil Rudra 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWhile the attempt to integrate the Russian economy into global capitalism has produced several market‐oriented economic institutions that formally appear to converge with those in the advanced industrial West, ‘globalization’ has had far less of an impact on the prevalent norms and attitudes of key economic factors at the local and regional level where many of the most successful enterprises are focusing their energies. This chapter may be summarized in terms of three tentative claims designed primarily to raise some questions concerning the prevailing assumptions concerning the nature and direction of the post‐Soviet transformation. First, the privatization program and other market‐oriented reforms under Yeltsin, while certainly ushering in a new set of institutions in the post‐Soviet era, do not represent a steady, unidirectional process of change leading towards the integration of Russia into the global economy and society. Second, the framework of ‘globalization’ works even less to capture the transformation of industrial relations in the post‐Soviet period, as evident in the failed attempt to develop a tripartite corporatist framework for bargaining on key issues, and in the increasing evidence of bilateral dealings and alliances between pro‐ and anti‐reform segments that cut across the business/labour divide and contact between government officials and the most influential trade unions and business associations across different regions. And finally, while the old system of industrial relations may not be much in evidence today, a substantial number of industrialists and Russian workers appear to be responding to the transformation of the post‐Soviet economy by focusing on regionally based, enterprise‐level survival strategies nested in informal ‘moral’ understandings that emerged in the context of enterprise paternalism in the Soviet era and that continue to survive within the context of new economic institutions.
Globalization in One Country: East Germany Between Moral Economy and Political Economy
Authors: Kopstein Jeffrey 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines one effect of globalization on labour in the case of unified Germany: the rise of a new particularism. A number of scholars have started to speak of the new divide between eastern and western Germany in terms of ethnicity. As useful as this analogy is, however, it has the disadvantage of being just that—an analogy. Seen differently, the source of the new cultural divide in Germany is the conflict between two very different, historically shaped moral economies. Despite Stalinist misdevelopment, the economy of the communist East, through everyday labour practices, inculcated a set of egalitarian economic values. For political reasons, the unification strategy after 1991 did not challenge these values but accommodated them. Such a strategy thus guaranteed the persistence and even growth of regional identities in post‐unification Germany. The new particularism in other locales, therefore, may stem from the clash not only of ‘civilizations’ (Huntington), but also, rather more prosaically, from the conflict between dominant labour and leisure practices, of notions of what is properly commodified and what is best put outside of markets—practices that are being challenged by global markets, and the diffusion of tastes, values, and institutions.