bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myocardial first‐pass perfusion assessment using rotational long‐axis MRI
Authors: Wang Yi , Moin Khurram , Mathew Sunil T. , Akinboboye Olakunle , Reichek Nathaniel 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPurposeTo study a first‐pass myocardial perfusion imaging method, such that long‐axis imaging slices are obtained rotationally around the short‐axis centroid of the left ventricular cavity, in order to improve myocardial coverage and better delineate the basal and apical myocardium.Materials and MethodsThis rotational long‐axis (RLA) method was examined in 12 volunteers and compared to the perfusion images from conventional parallel short‐axis (PSA) acquisitions in terms of the contrast to noise ratio (CNR), relative signal upslope and myocardial coverage. Both RLA and PSA first‐pass perfusion images were acquired on each volunteer with otherwise identical imaging parameters using the partial Fourier saturation recovery steady state gradient echo sequence with refocused magnetization (TrueFISP) technique.ResultsCompared to PSA, RLA perfusion images with identical imaging parameters on the same subject exhibit an average of near 30% improvement in total myocardial area imaged. In addition, true basal and apical myocardium was seen on RLA, but not on PSA. The mean CNR and relative upslope were similar between the two techniques.ConclusionsThis RLA perfusion imaging scheme is superior to the conventional PSA approach in terms of extent myocardial coverage and delineation of basal and apical regions of the left ventricle. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;22:53–58. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dough aeration and rheology: Part 2. Effects of flour type, mixing speed and total work input on aeration and rheology of bread dough
Authors: Chin Nyuk L , Campbell Grant M 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe aeration and rheological properties of bread doughs prepared from strong and weak flours at various mixing speeds and work inputs in a high‐speed laboratory‐scale mixer were investigated. Dough aeration was quantified in terms of gas‐free dough density and gas void fraction using density measurements, while dough rheology was characterized in terms of the strain hardening index, failure strain and failure stress under large biaxial extensional deformation using the SMS Dough Inflation System. Increasing mixing speed had little effect on the gas‐free dough density but increased the void fraction of gas occluded in dough. As mixing progressed, the gas‐free dough density initially increased, more dramatically for the weak than the strong flour, before reaching a plateau at approximately 30 kJ kg−1 energy input. The gas content tended to increase over the range of work inputs tested. For both flours, the strain hardening index, failure strain and failure stress increased with work input initially, followed by a decrease. The absolute values were all higher for the strong flour, while maximum values and the work input at which the maximum occurred depended on the mixing speed. These results show that both aeration and rheological characteristics of dough are dependent on both the total work input and the work input rate. The results also demonstrate the facility of the Dough Inflation System to describe the mechanical development of dough rheology over the course of high‐speed mixing. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Genotyping of fig (Ficus carica L) via RAPD markers
Authors: De Masi Luigi , Castaldo Domenico , Galano Giovanni , Minasi Paola , Laratta Bruna 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe genetic diversity among 15 fig accessions (Ficus carica L), belonging to 9 renowned cultivars of the Calabrian fig collection, and 24 unidentified genotypes of figs also located in the Calabrian region of Southern Italy, was investigated by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The genetic similarity values were calculated for the 39 samples, and a dendrogram was elaborated by cluster analysis according to the UPGMA algorithm. The generated DNA fragments grouped the samples into two main clusters of RAPD profiles. Most of the 24 unknown samples, coming from the Luzzi area, formed a unique cluster with high degree of genetic similarity. This indicates that it is possible to distinguish, at DNA level, the fig trees with an already well‐known potential to produce figs suitable for the drying process and possibly to specify cultivars with suitable features for industrial transformation. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Star Polyfluorenes with a Triphenylamine‐Based Core
Authors: Sun Minghao , Fu Yaqin , Li Jing , Bo Zhishan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSummary: Conjugated three‐ and four‐arm star polymers were successfully prepared by palladium catalyzed one‐pot Suzuki polycondensation of the multifunctional cores and an AB‐type monomer. The molecular weight of the star polymers could be controlled by the feed ratios of the monomers. The bromo end groups could be completely modified by fluorene mono boronic acid or triphenylamine mono boronic ester. The investigation of the optical, electrochemical, and thermal properties of the star polymers was also reported. All polymers exhibited good thermal stabilities and all the TPA‐capped polymers showed good hole‐transport abilities.Preparation of three‐ and four‐arm star polyfluorences.magnified imagePreparation of three‐ and four‐arm star polyfluorences.
Elementary Steps of Initiation and Termination Processes in Radical Polymerization
Authors: Buback Michael 
Published: June 2005

AbstractInvestigations into the kinetics of primary radicals produced in photochemically and thermally induced decomposition of peroxides of type R1C(O)O‐OR2 are presented. The correlation of peroxide structure with decomposition rate and with initiator efficiency in radical polymerizations is discussed. Termination rate coefficients, kt, as a function of temperature, pressure, polymer content, and of chain length may be deduced from two types of time‐resolved experiments in which, after applying an excimer laser pulse, either monomer conversion is measured via near‐infrared spectroscopy or the decay in radical concentration is monitored via electron spin resonance.
Enzymatic Precision Polymerization for Synthesis of Glycosaminoglycans and Their Derivatives
Authors: Kobayashi Shiro , Ohmae Masashi , Fujikawa Shun‐ichi , Ochiai Hirofumi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHyaluronidase (HAase)‐catalyzed polymerization was performed to provide synthetic hyaluronan (HA), chondroitin (Ch) and their derivatives. The 2‐methyl oxazoline derivatives derived from their repeating disaccharides of N‐acetylhyalobiuronate (1a) and N‐acetylchondrosine (3a) were effectively polymerized by the enzyme, giving rise to synthetic HA and synthetic Ch in good yields through regio‐selective and stereo‐controlled ring‐opening polyaddition. The oxazoline derivatives of 2‐ethyl (1b, 3b), 2‐n‐propyl (1c, 3c), 2‐isopropyl (1d, 3d), 2‐phenyl (1e, 3e), 2‐vinyl (1f, 3f) and 2‐isopropenyl (1g) were synthesized and subjected to the enzymatic reaction. Monomers 1b, 1c, 1f, 3b and 3f were polymerized to corresponding polysaccharides 2b, 2c, 2f, 4b and 4f, all of which are unnatural glycosaminoglycans. Compounds 1d, 3c and 3d were also catalyzed by the enzyme, affording oligomers of 2d, 4c and 4d were produced in trace amounts. Monomers 1e, 1g and 3e were not catalyzed by HAase.
In‐Situ Monitoring of Emulsion Polymerisations of MMA and Styrene Using Conductimetry and Calorimetry
Authors: Santos A.F. , Pinto J.C. , McKenna T.F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn the present work, conductimetry is applied for on‐line evaluation of anionic surfactant dynamics during emulsion polymerisation of methyl methacrylate and styrene and for on‐line estimation of particle size and number. Reactor and jacket temperatures are used to perform energy balance computations on‐line and to provide on‐line evaluation of monomer conversion. The parameters of a previously proposed model are re‐estimated in order to describe the conductivity signal during methyl methacrylate runs. Some important issues regarding the effects of the surfactant micelles over the conductivity signal are addressed. Finally, the model is inverted and combined with conversion and reactor temperature measurements, providing good predictions of the number of polymer particles in the latex, without needing of on‐line measurements of particle size.
Preparation and Application of Double Hydrophilic Block Copolymer Particles
Authors: Tauer Klaus , Khrenov Victor , Shirshova Natasha , Nassif Nadine 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe preparation of some unique block copolymers and block copolymer particles via radical heterophase polymerization is described. Special emphasis is placed on double hydrophilic block copolymers such as poly(styrene sulfonic acid)‐b‐poly(methacrylic acid) diblock copolymer and double hydrophilic block copolymer particles consisting of both hydrophilic shells and cross‐linked hydrophilic cores. Examples are given for the application of such particles as adsorbents, nano‐reactors for chemical synthesis, and as colloidal stabilizers in both heterophase polymerization and biomineralization reactions.
Hybrid Organic‐Inorganic Colloids with a Core‐Corona Structure: A Transmission Electron Microscopy Investigation
Authors: Sanson Nicolas , Putaux Jean‐Luc , Destarac Mathias , Gérardin Corine , Fajula François 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe present paper describes a simple route to prepare organic‐inorganic colloids with a core‐corona structure. Colloids are obtained by complexation of multivalent metal cations by anionic‐neutral double hydrophilic block copolymers leading to hybrid polyion complex micelles. The hybrid colloids can then be mineralized in suspension by performing hydrolysis of metal cations within the micelles. The present study focuses on the structural characterization of the colloidal complexes and of the mineralized nanoparticles using a combination of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques including conventional bright‐field imaging (with and without negative staining) and cryo‐TEM observations. It is shown that the different types of TEM observations are complementary and necessary to get a complete picture of the core‐corona colloids.
Inherently self‐calibrating non‐cartesian parallel imaging
Authors: Yeh Ernest N. , Stuber Matthias , McKenzie Charles A. , Botnar Rene M. , Leiner Tim , Ohliger Michael A. , Grant Aaron K. , Willig‐Onwuachi Jacob D. , Sodickson Daniel K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe use of self‐calibrating techniques in parallel magnetic resonance imaging eliminates the need for coil sensitivity calibration scans and avoids potential mismatches between calibration scans and subsequent accelerated acquisitions (e.g., as a result of patient motion). Most examples of self‐calibrating Cartesian parallel imaging techniques have required the use of modified k‐space trajectories that are densely sampled at the center and more sparsely sampled in the periphery. However, spiral and radial trajectories offer inherent self‐calibrating characteristics because of their densely sampled center. At no additional cost in acquisition time and with no modification in scanning protocols, in vivo coil sensitivity maps may be extracted from the densely sampled central region of k‐space. This work demonstrates the feasibility of self‐calibrated spiral and radial parallel imaging using a previously described iterative non‐Cartesian sensitivity encoding algorithm. Magn Reson Med 54:1–8, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lipid content in the musculature of the lower leg: Evaluation with high‐resolution spectroscopic imaging
Authors: Weis Ján , Courivaud Frédéric , Hansen Michael Schacht , Johansson Lars , Ribe Lars Riisgaard , Ahlström Håkan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA novel spectroscopic imaging method with high spectral and spatial resolution was developed for the specific goal of assessing muscle fat. Sensitivity to the methylene and methyl protons of fatty acids was improved by the use of a binomial 1 1 excitation pulse instead of the standard radiofrequency (RF) pulse. Acceptable measurement time is achieved by using a narrow spectral bandwidth (6 ppm). The spectral resolution is sufficient to resolve extramyocellular (EMCL) and intramyocellular (IMCL) lipids. A post‐detection data processing scheme that permits correction of spectral artifacts caused by chemical shifts, spectral line aliasing, and magnetic field inhomogeneities is suggested. The lipid content in different lower leg muscles was evaluated. Muscle fiber orientation was taken into account in assessing quantities of EMCL and IMCL. The proposed technique allows small amounts of inhomogeneously distributed muscle lipids to be quantified. Magn Reson Med 54:152–158, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PSF‐choice: A novel MRI method for shaping point‐spread functions in phase‐encoding dimensions
Authors: Panych Lawrence P. , Zhao Lei , Mulkern Robert V. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn imaging method to obtain arbitrary point‐spread functions (PSFs) in phase‐encoding dimensions is described. This method, called PSF‐Choice, is particularly relevant for applications, such as spectroscopic imaging, in which only a very few phase encodes are acquired and ringing artifact can be a serious problem. PSF‐Choice uses partial 2D RF excitations to produce aliased excitations that are encoded using standard phase‐encoding gradients. Theoretically, the PSF of the reconstructed result depends only on the RF excitation profile. Simulations demonstrate that a Gaussian‐like PSF can be achieved, eliminating the side lobes that are associated with ringing artifact. It is further shown that neither the spatial resolution (as represented by the width of the PSF) nor the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of the method is adversely affected when compared to standard phase encoding. In the sense that the same number of encodes are required as with standard phase encoding, temporal resolution is also maintained. Phantom experiments demonstrate the initial feasibility of the method to eliminate ringing artifact. Magn Reson Med 54:159–168, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic susceptibility matching at the air–tissue interface in rat lung by using a superparamagnetic intravascular contrast agent: Influence on transverse relaxation time of hyperpolarized helium‐3
Authors: Vignaud Alexandre , Maître Xavier , Guillot Geneviève , Durand Emmanuel , de Rochefort Ludovic , Robert Philippe , Vivès Véronique , Santus Robin , Darrasse Luc 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTransverse relaxation of hyperpolarized helium‐3 magnetization in respiratory airways highly depends on local magnetic field gradients induced by the magnetic susceptibility difference between gas and pulmonary tissue. Fast transverse relaxation is known to be an important feature that yields information about lung microstructure and function, but it is also an essential limitation in designing efficient strategies for lung imaging. Using intravascular injections of a superparamagnetic contrast agent in rats, it was possible to increase the overall susceptibility of the perfused lung tissues and hence to match it with the gas susceptibility. The transverse decay time constant of inhaled hyperpolarized helium‐3 was measured in multiple‐spin‐echo experiments at 1.5 T as a function of the superparamagnetic contrast agent concentration in the animal blood. The time constant was increased by a factor of 3 when an optimal concentration was reached as predicted for susceptibility matching by combining intrinsic susceptibilities of tissue, blood, and gas. Magn Reson Med 54:28–33, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Squamous cell carcinoma arising in a duplication of the small bowel
Authors: Adair Humphrey M. , Trowell Jeremy E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA case of squamous cell carcinoma arising in a cystic duplication within the small bowel mesentery of a 65‐yr‐old man is described. The cyst wall had a double layered smooth muscle coat with intervening ganglionic plexus; part of the cyst was lined by ciliated columnar epithelium.Twelve previously reported cases of carcinoma arising in duplications are reviewed together with the present case. In all but one case, the onset of symptoms was probably related to malignant change; the age at presentation ranged from 26 to 65 yrs. Pre‐operative diagnosis proved difficult, and led to a delay in the appropriate treatment of some of the five cases involving duplications of the rectum.Duplications of the alimentary tract are encountered only occasionally in adults; malignant change, although rare, should be recognised as a possible complication.
Abnormalities of the spinal meninges in anencephalic fetuses
Authors: Bell Jeanne E. , Gordon A. , Maloney A. F. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe spinal cord and meninges were examined, at all levels, in seven anencephalic fetuses of between 19 and 24 weeks of gestation. Four of the seven anencephalics showed dense collections of cells resembling immature neural tissue throughout the spinal subarachnoid space. The leptomeninges were excessively vascular and contained many active macrophages and small round cells in all the anencephalics and the cord was more slender than normal. Control fetuses did not show these features, although inactive macrophages were seen occasionally.It is concluded that the abnormal collections are made up of heterotopic neural tissue which may have been dislodged downwards from the skull during earlier development and that the spinal leptomeninges show an inflammatory response. The significance of both the heterotopia and the phagocytic activity in these anencephalic fetuses is discussed. In particular, the findings are compared with those in patients with the “respirator brain” syndrome, in whom displacement of brain tissue is associated with raised intracranial pressure.
The macrophage in Hodgkin's disease
Authors: Katz D. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMethods used to separate macrophages from human lympho‐medullary tissue samples have been applied to involved and uninvolved spleens and lymph nodes from 44 patients with Hodgkin's disease. The tumour samples yielded a population of ultrastructurally atypical cells with the anatomical and functional attributes of macrophages. The findings suggest that the macrophage was the neoplastic element in the cases of Hodgkin's disease studied.A feature of samples of uninvolved tissue from Hodgkin's disease patients was that there were fewer macrophages identifiable in the samples than in normal control tissues. These findings suggest that there may be a deficiency of normal macrophages as well as macrophage ncoplasia in this disease. Both abnormalities would contribute to the defective cell‐mediated immunity which is a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.
The in‐vitro interaction of eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages and mast cells with nematode surfaces in the presence of complement or antibodies
Authors: Mackenzie C. D. , Jungery Michele , Taylor Patricia M. , Ogilvie Bridget M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe adherence in vitro of leucocytes to the surface of various stages in the life cycle of T. spiralis and N. brasiliensis in the presence of serum was examined. Considerable differences were observed in the behaviour of mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils and macrophages in this interaction. Mast cells adhered for a short time, did not flatten onto the surface and did not degranulate. Adherence ceased after 4–6 hr. Eosinophils adhered within minutes to the surface of worms, flattened and degranulated; only their cytoplasmic remnants could be seen on the worms' surface after 24 hr in culture. In contrast, only a small area of the cytoplasmic membrane of neutrophils flattened on the surface of the worms and adherence ceased after 2–24 hr. The NBT conversion reaction showed a positive deposit at the interface between neutrophils and parasites during neutrophil adherence. This deposit remained as “foot prints” on the surface of the nematodes following neutrophil detachment. This positive NBT reaction occurred only with neutrophils and not with eosinophils, mast cells or macrcphages. Macrophages adhered permanently to the surface of these worms, they did not flatten and retained their integrity. Under the light microscope the cytoplasmic inclusions appeared to decrease in size during culture. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of fewer granules and an increased number of vacuoles in later cultures of macrophages.These findings are discussed in relationship to the immuno‐pathology of nematode infection in vivo.
Centrioles, microtubules and microfilaments in activated mononuclear and multinucleate macrophages from rat peritoneum: Electron‐microscopic and immunofluorescence microscopic studies
Authors: Cain H. , Kraus B. , Fringes B. , Osborn M. , Weber K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn male Wistar rats of the BD I strain, mononuclear macrophages and multinucleate giant cells obtained from the peritoneum 1 day to 5 weeks after implantation of coverslips coated with dermoid cyst sebum, were examined by light microscopy and immunofluorescence microscopy, using antibodies specific for actin and tubulin and also by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.In activated mononuclear macrophages, microtubules radiate, from the centrioles, situated in the perinuclear area, into the cytoplasm and the major cell processes. Microfilaments form a dense meshwork beneath the plasmalemma. When mononuclear macrophages fuse to form multinucleate giant cells, the initially unordered (“Foreign body”) syncytia still reveal the original distribution patterns of centrioles, microtubules and micro‐filaments similar to those seen in the individual cells. In the ordered (Langhans) multinucleate giant cell all centrioles are accumulated in a main pluricorpuscular central group. Centrioles are the initiating and organising centres in the formation of microtubules. From the centrioles microtubules extend into the entire cytoplasm of the syncytium as a uniformly organised, stellate, radial system. The centrosphere, which is characteristic for ordered multinucleate giant cells, seems free from micro‐filaments, which form a ring‐shaped woven network encircling the nuclei.Depolymerisation and inhibition of microtubules upon exposure to colchicine, indicates that both the organisation of the cytoplasm and the cellular movements depend on the undisturbed coordination of centrioles, microtubules and microfilaments. This applies also to the fusion of mononuclear macrophages to form syncytia, the ordering processes within multinucleate giant cells, and the function of ordered giant cells.
Mast cells and metachromasia in human breast cancer: Their occurrence, significance and consequence: A preliminary report
Authors: Hartveit F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMetachromasia of the connective tissue in 50 human breast carcinomas following staining with toluidine blue was associated with mast cell degranulation and granular depletion. When present at the tumour edge it marked areas of infiltrative growth, accompanied by a mild vascular response consistant with the release of vasoactive substance from the mast cells. The rôle of this inflammatory response in local tumour spread is discussed.