bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of major depression — a pilot study
Authors: Kolbinger Hans Martin , Höflich Gereon , Hufnagel Andreas , Müller Hans‐Jürgen , Kasper Siegfried 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a diagnostic method well established in neurology. As some effects of TMS are similar to those of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), we looked for an antidepressant efficacy of TMS in a semi‐blinded monocentric pilot study. Fifteen patients with Major Depression (DSM‐III‐R) were included. Ten patients were randomized into two groups and treated with 250 transcranial magnetic stimuli/session for five consecutive days. Stimulus intensity in the two groups was motoric threshold ± 0.3 tesla respectively. Five patients received placebo stimulation in a similar setting. As assessed by the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), the Clinical Global Impression (CGI), and the Adjective Mood Scale of von Zerssen (Bf‐S/Bf‐S'), there was an improvement of depressive symptoms in both verum groups, more pronounced in the ‘stimulation below threshold’ group. Patients in the placebo group did not benefit from stimulation. Our data suggest that TMS might indeed have a relevant antidepressive efficacy.
Ethanol‐Induced CNS depression and divided attention
Authors: Millar S. A. , Duncan L. , Tiplady Brian 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSubject performed a divided attention task in which they detected occurrences of a target letter in a stimulus figure which was a large letter made up of an array of small letters. Subjects pressed one button if the large letter was the target, another if the small letters were the target.Performance on this task was compared to other attention and psychomotor tasks in a three‐way randomized crossover study comparing two doses of alcohol with placebo in 12 healthy volunteers (six male, six female, aged 19–41). The higher dose of alcohol produced blood concentrations of 43 mg/100 ml, the lower dose 16 mg/100 ml.Subjects reported themselves significantly more drunk on both doses of alcohol than on placebo, showed poorer long‐term recall on the Buschke selective reminding task than on placebo, and made more errors on a letter cancellation task. They performed letter cancellation faster, however. No significant effects were seen on the divided attention or continuous attention tasks, though continuous attention showed a trend towards impairment.These results suggest that the greater sensitivity showed by some multiple task combinations to low doses of drugs such as alcohol is not due to divided attention as such, but results from some aspect of task combination. The coupling of increased errors but increased speed on letter cancellation has obvious implications for the interpretation of the effects of alcohol on complex real‐life tasks such as driving.
Digit letter substitution test (DLST) as an alternative to digit symbol substitution test (DSST)
Authors: Natu M. V. , Agarwal A. K. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn the present study, a modification has been suggested in DSST to overcome some of its demerits. In the new test, DLST, the symbols have been substituted by letters from the English alphabet. The new test seems to be stable, valid and sensitive. It has similar basic structure and sensitivity with added advantage of better understanding by subjects, easy preparation of parallel work sheets and faster evaluation. We propose that the new test may serve as a good alternative to DSST.
Zopiclone abuse in South Wales: Three case reports
Authors: Sullivan Gary , McBride Andrew J. , Clee William B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThree cases of zopiclone abuse in South Wales are described. Two involve oral use with alcohol, and one of intravenous use. It appears that zopiclone has become widely available ‘on the street’ in parts of S. Wales where they are called ‘zim‐zims’. The implications are discussed.
Inositol may worsin attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity
Authors: Levine Joseph , Ring Aliza , Barak Yoram , Elizur Avner , Belmaker R. H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAntidepressant drugs have been reported to improve ADDH symtomatology. Myoinositol is a simple isomer of glucose and is the precursor of the phosphatidylinositol second messenger system in brain. Both α1‐adrenergic and 5HT2 receptors activate this second messenger system. Recently, we found inositol to be effective in depression. Therefore we decided to evaluate the effects of oral inositol in children with ADDH in a double‐blind, cross‐over, placebo‐controlled manner. Eleven children, mean age 8.9 ± 3.6 years with a mean illness duration of 4.5 ± 2.8 years were enrolled in an 8‐week trial. Inositol or dextrose (placebo) was dispensed in powder form at a dose of 200 mg/kg aggravation of the syndrome with myo‐inositol as compared to placebo.
In vitro tendon cell colony growth rates on synthetic fibers
Authors: Ricci J. L. , Alexander H. , Gona A. G. , Lelah M. D. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractEffective integration of synthetic fiber scaffold materials into connective tissues depends to a great degree on tissue attachment and ingrowth into the material. The authors have developed an experimental model that utilizes rat tendon explants to test the rates of cell colony formation on different types of synthetic fibers that are used as tendon and ligament scaffolds and for other medical uses. It was found that cell colony growth rates are linear on all 12 types of fibers tested. This agrees with the results of previous studies involving cell growth on synthetic fiber matrices. While most synthetic fibers showed similar colony growth rates, an overall trend was observed toward increased colony growth rates on fibers with relatively hydrophilic surfaces. One type of fiber that showed significantly increased colony growth rates was covalently coated with type I collagen. It was concluded that whereas most types of synthetic fibers had similar cell growth, a collagen coating can significantly enhance cell growth.
Use of carbon dioxide laser in improving knot security in polyester sutures
Authors: Gupta B. S. , Milam B. L. , Patty R. R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractKnot slippage continues to be a serious concern in surgery. This study explored the possibility of improving knot performance by exposing it to radiation from a CO2 laser. The specimens were mounted in a special device and exposed in a predetermined position for precisely controlled lengths of time. In the first set of experiments, the welding of ends was examined in nylon and polyester sutures. Although the welding was easily achieved, the joint was found brittle and its strength lower than that of a surgical knot. In the next set of experiments, the work was performed at a more fundamental level using oriented, high density, polyester films. The results showed that up to a certain level of exposure the tensile properties did not change, but beyond it a rapid decay took place. Shear tests on polyester sutures twisted together and then exposed to various levels of energy indicated that a bond of maximum strength developed at this exposure. Mersilene sutures of size 3/0 containing a two throw square knot when exposed to energy of this level produced optimal results. The knot strength increased by about 16% (from 13.4 N unexposed to 15.6 N exposed) and the slippage often known to occur in a two‐throw knot was completely absent. This work performed under standard atmospheric conditions provided a direction for greatly enhancing the performance of a two‐throw knot in terms of both the security and the strength. The investigation, however, must now be extended to other suture materials and sizes and to in vivo environments to realize the gain in actual surgery.
A method of analysis of cellular distribution in the membrane encapsulating surgically implanted biomaterials
Authors: Christel P. , Meunier A. , Therin M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis article describes a method for analyzing the cell distribution occurring in the membrane encapsulating cylinders of specific polymers, metals, or ceramics when implanted in the paraspinal muscles in rats for periods between 2 weeks and 1 year. Using a computer‐assisted cell‐counting method, it is shown that the cell distribution exhibits a non‐Gaussian spectrum, which can be modeled by a three‐parameter statistical function. This observation was made possible because of the use of specific histological techniques, adapted to each particular material class, (polymer, metal, ceramic), keeping intact the implant‐tissue interface. The parameters arising from the histomorphometric and statistical analyses allow comprehensive and quantitative comparisons of the tissue response induced by the various implanted materials. This pattern of cell distribution was observed with all of the implanted materials to one year. This behavior has also been observed in rabbit muscle and reported by others in subcutaneous tissue in mice. This method provides both a way to evaluate the tissue response to a surgically implanted material on a quantitative basis and a research tool for the study of tissue‐implant compatibility.
The radioactivity of X‐ray contrast material in PMMA bone cement
Authors: Hopf Thomas W. , Glōbel Beowulf 
Published: May 2005

AbstractVarious x‐ray contrast materials, barium sulphate (BaSO4) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2), were tested for their radioactivity by means of a gamma spectrometer. While BaSO4 showed no detectable radiation emission, the ZrO2 materials of various makes showed slight to partially high radioactive emission. From all zirconium oxides, only the pharmaceutic agent OPTIPUR® (MERCK) showed no detectable radioactivity. Taking into account that these x‐ray contrast materials remain in the body for decades as components of the bone cement, it would seem prudent to urge cement manufacturers to substitute high purity radiation‐free zirconium in place of radioactive zirconium oxide.
A bioactive glass powder‐ammonium hydrogen phosphate composite for repairing bone defects
Authors: Taguchi Yasushi , Yamamuro Takao , Nakamura Takashi , Nishimura Naomi , Kokubo Tadashi , Takahata Eiji , Yoshihara Satoru 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBioactive glass powder (AW‐G) was made into a rigid compound by mixing with ammonium hydrogen phosphate and was evaluated as a bone‐defect filler. The proximal metaphysis of the rat tibia was drilled and packed with (a) polymethyl‐methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement, (b) AW‐G powder, (c) AW‐G powder with ammonium hydrogen phosphate (AW‐G)‐(A‐P), or (d) nothing, as a control. The animals, with different implantation periods up to 24 weeks, were sacrificed and the defective sites were histologically analyzed. The results revealed direct bonding between the bone tissue and the (AW‐G)‐(A‐P). The general inflammatory reaction of (AW‐G)‐(A‐P) was less than that of PMMA bone cement. The compressive strength of (AW‐G)‐(A‐P) implanted subcutaneously into rats was measured chronologically and deterioration did not occur during a period of 24 weeks. The rigidity increased to 1.6 times 6 months after implantation as compared with the initial value.This compound can be used as paste and is transformed into a rigid compound in about 4 min without noticeable elevation of the temperature. Thus, this (AW‐G)‐(A‐P) composite can be used as a bone defect filler, and there is a possibility that it can even be used as a bone cement if higher rigidity can be attained.
The effects of different steam‐sterilization programs on material properties of poly(L‐lactide)
Authors: Rozema F. R. , Bos R. R. M. , Boering G. , van Asten J. A. A. M. , Nijenhuis A. J. , Pennings A. J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAs‐polymerized poly(L‐lactide) test rods were sterilized by seven different specially designed computer‐operated autoclaving programs. As a control, common hospital sterilization was performed. In all cases, the molecular weight decreased after sterilization. A short time high‐temperature sterilization lead to less molecular weight decrease than a low sterilization temperature cycle with a longer sterilization time. Regular hospital sterilization significantly reduced the elongation at break and also resulted in a decrease of 35% in tensile strength. The program causing minimal damage to the material properties was studied in detail. This program, with a steriliztioan period of 60 s and 129°C, was effective for PLLA steriliztation and also looks very promising for sterilization of other thermo‐ and moisture‐labile polymers.
Determination of the ratio of HA/TCP mixtures by x‐ray diffraction
Authors: Toth Jeffrey M. , Hirthe Walter M. , Hubbard William G. , Brantley William A. , Lynch Kenneth L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that synthetic calcium phosphate ceramics are biocompatible materials capable of providing scaffolding for new bone growth as well as osteogenesis. In particular, hydroxylapatite (HA) is less soluble than β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) which has a higher degree of bioactivity. An implant made of dense hydroxylapatite shows substantially less bone growth than an implant made of a suitable HA/TCP ratio.1 Therefore, since biological response to the two materials is different, it is essential to have some means of determining the ratio of hydroxylapatite to β‐tricalcium phosphate to ensure quality control of the synthetic ceramic as well as optimum biological response. In this study, a calibration curve was developed for x‐ray diffractometer examination of mixtures of HA and β‐TCP. The accuracy of using the diffractometer was compared to the accuracy of a powder camera, and it was determined that the diffractometer correctly identified the ratio within a range of 3% while the powder camera was accurate within a 20% range. This study showed that with an appropriate calibration curve, the HA/TCP ratio can be determined to a greater degree of accuracy using an x‐ray diffractometer than by powder camera methods.
Application of a device to lower pulpal temperatures in vivo
Authors: Goodis H. E. , White J. M. , Watanabe L. G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractHeat generated by tooth reduction and restoration procedures may be harmful to the pulp. Water spray during those procedures aids in maintaining lowered pulpal temperatures. A device that lowers intrapulpal temperatures has been developed and tested in an animal model. The animal's pulp chamber temperatures were lowered to 15.5°C and 12.4°C and maintained at those temperatures for 20 min. Histological examination disclosed no inflammatory reaction to the testing. Therefore, this device may aid in reducing the trauma of dental preparation procedures as well as other effects of lowered temperature on the biology of the dental pulp.
Preparation and properties of barium sulphate and methyl iothalamate loaded poly(vinyl alcohol) microspheres as radiopaque particulate emboli
Authors: Thanoo B. Chithambara , Sunny M. C. , Jayakrishnan A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) microspheres impregnated with barium sulphate and methyl iothalamate, having diameters raning from 100 to 1500 μm were prepared by the glutaraldehyde cross‐linking of an aqueous dispersion of PVA containing the radiopaques in paraffin oil using dioctyl sulfosuccinate (DOS) as the stabilizing agent and thionyl chloride as the catalyst. while the use of thionyl chloride allowed the formation of spherical, nonaggregatory beads, other catalysts such as magnesium chloride and hydrochloric acid gave rise to an agglomerated product. The radiopaques were found to be firmly trapped inside the microspheres as they did not leach out on prolonged standing in water, on sonication, or on steam sterilization. Microspheres with pores and channels were also made by incorporating a fine powder of methyl methacrylate along with barium sulphate during their preparation and washing out the polymer after the microspheres were formed. The porous nature of such microspheres was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Microspheres containing the radiopaques exhibited hydrophilicity, swelling ability, and compressibility to a significant extent. the radiopaque nature of the microspheres was confirmed by their x‐ray images. In vitro tests using heparinized calf blood showed that the microspheres were nonhaemolytic in nature. These microspheres may find application as radiopaque emboli in particulate embolization.
The effect of screw fixation on initial rigidity of tibial knee components
Authors: Wyatt Ronald W. B. , Alpert Jeffrey P. , Daniels A. U. , Hofmann Aaron A. , Dunn Harold K. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractInitial rigid fixation is essential for bone ingrowth into a porous‐coated prosthesis. In this study, the amount of micromotion between a cut tibial surface and a custom tibial base‐plate mounted with various types of screw fixation was measured. Motion transducers were placed at the corners of the baseplate to detect liftoff and subsidence. Central and eccentric loads were then applied. The variables tested included screw number and position, as well as screw length and type of bone purchase.A four‐screw peripheral configuration had less micromotion than a three‐screw triangulated configuration, and both had less micromotion than a two‐screw central condyle configuration. Long screws with cancellous purchase and screws with cortical purchase had less micromotion than short screws with cancellous purchase.These results indicate that important variables which contribute to the initial rigidity of a cementless tibial implant using screw fixation include screw number, configuration, length, and type of bone purchase.
Application of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripter (ECSWL) in orthopedics. I. Foundations and overview
Authors: Park S. H. , Park J. B. , Weinstein J. N. , Loening S. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn this paper we have reviewed the feasibility of using a shock wave lithotripter to loosen the interface between the bone and acrylic bone cement for revision arthroplasty. We have reviewed the physics of shock wave and its applications in medicine, especially its interaction with tissues. The calculations show that the energy is greatly reduced at the interface both in the soft tissue–bone interface and cement–bone interface. On the other hand, a tensile and compressive pressure can be operated at the cement–bone interface that can cause the interface to break if the pressure exceeds the tensile strength of the cement–bone interface.Subsequent papers will deal with in vitro and in vivo application of the shock wave in the treatment of the cement‐bone interface in order to weaken it and consequently for easier extraction of bone cement from the intramedullary canal.
Biomaterials education: An academic and industrial viewpoint
Authors: Feldman Dale S. , Gombotz Wayne R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe field of biomaterials has grown rapidly over the last three decades in the academic, industrial, and regulatory sectors. Beginning as a research thrust, which led to courses at a few universities, biomaterials education has evolved into distinct curriculum in over 60 institutions in the United States and Canada alone.Rapid growth, however, can cause problems. In an effort to determine the present status and future needs in each sector, as well as begin to assess if the needs of industry are being met by present academic programs, two surveys were sent out.As shown by the two surveys, academic programs have been increasing in both size and quality while industry has also been expanding, as indicated by the many small companies involved in biomaterials. The shift toward graduate programs is in keeping with the perceived educational needs of potential employers. The majority of academic programs appear to be providing the training and coursework desired by employers. Further information, however, is needed to determine if the number of graduates trained in biomaterials is adequate, or in fact excessive.It is, therefore, recommended that a more comprehensive survey, sent to the biomaterials companies listed in the FDA registry, be undertaken. In addition, a survey to each academic program that addresses hiring of recent graduates would also be beneficial. It does appear that certain standards for curricula could be agreed upon, although the field has probably not evolved sufficiently for accreditation or professional registration to be addressed yet.
Applied Biomaterials Standards Report
Authors: Daniels A. U.“Dan” 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe purpose of my column is to provide readers with current information on biomaterials‐related standards produced by both private groups and government agencies, and also on standards‐related activities. Standards are descriptive documents given official status by their producers, and in the case of biomaterials, they are generally intended to provide formalized descriptions of (a) materials used in the construction of medical devices, (b) materials used directly in surgical repairs, (c) test methods to evaluate materials for such applications, and (d) methods for handling or processing such materials.Please consider this column not only a place to obtain biomaterials standards information, but also a place to submit news of biomaterials standards developments in order to get the information before the public. This invitation extends to members of all professional organizations and government agencies in the United States and abroad who are active in standards development and would like specific activities or standards publicized. I will present the information in this column to the extent that allotted space allows.And last, a caveat–since this is a column, it contains both factual information and opinions. I will make every effort to make it clear which is which. Also, as a frame of reference, please note that this column was written and submitted in March 1991.
A heat‐generating bioactive glass–ceramic for hyperthermia
Authors: Ohura Kouichiro , Ikenaga Minoru , Nakamura Takashi , Yamamuro Takao , Ebisawa Yukihiro , Kokubo Tadashi , Kotoura Yoshihiko , Oka Masanori 
Published: May 2005

AbstractGlass plates of the chemical composition: CaO (29.0), SiO2 (31.0), Fe2O3 (40.0), B2O3 (3.0), P2O5 (3.0) in weight ratio were heated to 1050 °C at a rate of 5 °C/min and then cooled to laboratory temperature. The resulting glass–ceramic containing magnetite and wollastonite crystals showed high‐saturation magnetization. The bonding ability of this new glass–ceramic to bone tissue was evaluated using rabbit tibiae, and compared with glass of the same composition. This glass–ceramic formed a Ca, P‐rich layer on its surface and bonded tightly with bone within 8 weeks of implantation. However, the glass did not form this Ca, P‐rich layer, nor had it bonded with bone at 25 weeks. The bone‐heating ability of this glass–ceramic was investigated by applying a max. 300‐Oe, 100‐kHz magnetic field. The granules of the glass–ceramic filled in the rabbit tibiae heated the whole surrounding bone to more than 42 °C and maintained this temperature for 30 min. Bioactive ceramics reinforce the mechanical strength of bone tissue. Furthermore, this heat‐generating bioactive glass–ceramic can be used for hyperthermic treatment of bone tumors.