bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of trigeminothalamic and spinothalamic lamina I terminations in the macaque monkey
Authors: Craig A.D. (Bud) 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThalamic terminations from trigeminal, cervical, and lumbosacral lamina I neurons were investigated with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L) and labeled dextrans. Iontophoretic injections guided by physiological recordings were restricted to lamina I or laminae I–II. PHA‐L‐labeled trigemino‐ and spinothalamic (TSTT) terminations were identified immunohistochemically. TRITC‐ and FITC‐labeled dextrans were injected at different levels to confirm topography. Terminations consistently occurred in two main locations: a distinguishable portion of posterolateral thalamus identified cytoarchitectonically as the posterior part of the ventral medial nucleus (VMpo) and a portion of posteromedial thalamus designated as the ventral caudal part of the medial dorsal nucleus (MDvc). In addition, isolated fibers bearing boutons of passage were observed in the ventral posterior medial and lateral (VPM and VPL) nuclei, and spinal terminations occurred in the ventral posterior inferior nucleus (VPI). Isolated terminations occasionally occurred in other sites (e.g., suprageniculate, zona incerta, hypothalamic paraventricular n.). Terminations in MDvc occurred in concise foci that were weakly organized topographically (posteroanterior = rostrocaudal). Terminations in VMpo consisted of dense clusters of ramified terminal arbors bearing multiple large boutons that were well organized topographically (anteroposterior = rostrocaudal). Terminations in VMpo colocalized with a field of calbindin‐immunoreactive terminal fibers; double‐labeled terminals were documented at high magnification. This propitious marker was especially useful at anterior levels, where VMpo can easily be misidentified as VPM. These findings demonstrate phylogenetically novel primate lamina I TSTT projections important for sensory and motivational aspects of pain, temperature, itch, muscle ache, sensual touch, and other interoceptive feelings from the body. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:119–148, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor‐like immunoreactivity in the brain of Sepia and Octopus
Authors: Di Cosmo Anna , Paolucci Marina , Di Cristo Carlo 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIonotropic glutamate receptors have been subdivided into N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) and AMPA/kainate classes. NMDA receptor subunit 2A and 2B immunoreactivity is shown to be present in specific regions of the central nervous system (CNS) of the cephalopod molluscs Sepia officinalis and Octopus vulgaris. An antibody that recognizes both mammalian NMDAR2A and NMDAR2B subunits equally was used. SDS‐PAGE/Western blot analysis performed on membrane proteins revealed an immunoreactive band at 170 kDa for both species. Immunoreactive bands from both Octopus and Sepia brains disappeared when the antibody was preabsorbed with membrane proteins from rat hippocampus or from their own brains. The same antibody was then used for immunohistochemical staining of serial sections of the CNS to reveal localized specific staining of cell bodies and fibers in several lobes of the brain. Staining was found in lower motor centers, in some higher motor centers, in learning centers, and in the optic lobes. Immunopositivity was also found in the areas of brain that control the activity of the optic gland, a gonadotropic endocrine gland. These findings suggest that glutamate, via NMDA receptors, may be involved as a signaling molecule in motor, learning, visual, and olfactory systems in the cephalopod brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:202–219, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Somatomotor system of the adult amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum) revealed by an anticalretinin antiserum: An immunocytochemical study
Authors: Castro Antonio , Becerra Manuela , Jesús Manso María , Anadón Ramón 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn a classic study with silver staining methods, the somatomotor system of the amphioxus spinal cord was described as consisting of three different types of neuron segmentally arranged in two opposite fan‐shaped group types (Bone [1960] J Comp Neurol 115:27–64). The present study reports the presence of calretinin‐like immunoreactivity in the somatomotor system of the amphioxus, which allows us to reevaluate old descriptions of amphioxus motoneurons. In the spinal cord, two types of calretinin‐like immunoreactive (CR‐ir) motoneurons, large and small, sent processes toward the ventrolateral region of the cord, where they branched and gave rise to processes coursing longitudinally in the somatomotor bundles. These processes produced a number of long and thin collaterals directed to several neuropil regions. Short collaterals were directed to the region of the neuromuscular contacts at the ventrolateral surface of the cord. The groups of CR‐ir motoneurons exhibited a segmental organization and were localized only facing the myomeres, i.e., opposite to the entrance of the dorsal nerve roots, which is at variance with the above‐mentioned classical report. CR‐ir motoneurons were also observed in the brain between a level just rostral to the nerve III entry and nerve VI. The CR‐ir somatomotor bundle ascended to the region of the neuromuscular junction of myomere 1. Additional faintly CR‐ir neurons were observed in the region of the lamellate body of the brain. Our results reveal for the first time that calretinin immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of amphioxus was limited to a few types of neuron and that calretinin was not expressed in the peripheral nervous system, unlike vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:161–171, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parvalbumin is expressed in glutamatergic and GABAergic corticostriatal pathway in mice
Authors: Jinno Shozo , Kosaka Toshio 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe connections between the cortex and the striatum are critically involved in control and execution of voluntary movements. Here we focused on the expression of calcium binding protein parvalbumin (PV) in the corticostriatal pathway. Injections of Fluorogold into the striatum gave rise to retrograde labeling of PV‐positive neurons in the retrosplenial cortex and somatosensory cortex. The PV‐positive corticostriatal projection neurons were mainly found in layer V, but occasionally seen in layers II, III, and VI. The PV immunoreactivity of retrogradely labeled cells was weaker than that of nonlabeled cells. Although it was rather difficult to analyze the morphology of Fluorogold‐labeled neurons that exhibited PV immunoreactivity, some of them showed distinct apical dendrites and were considered pyramidal cells. The main target of PV‐positive cortical afferents was the caudal striatum on the ipsilateral side. Next, we tested whether PV‐positive corticostriatal projection neurons were GABAergic or not, because previous studies emphasized that PV was an important marker for cortical GABAergic neurons. Unexpectedly, we found that the majority of PV‐positive corticostriatal projection neurons were glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)‐negative, while some of them were GAD‐positive. Finally, an anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L) injection into the somatosensory cortex resulted in many PV‐positive corticostriatal terminals that were vesicular glutamate transporter 1‐positive, whereas some of the PV‐positive PHA‐L‐labeled terminals were GAD‐positive. Our results provide anatomical evidence for expression of PV in glutamatergic and GABAergic corticostriatal pathway in mice and suggest that a subset of cortical afferents may exert some inhibitory influence on striatal activity. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:188–201, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myelin stains reveal an anatomical framework for the representation of the digits in somatosensory area 3b of macaque monkeys
Authors: Qi Hui‐Xin , Kaas Jon H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBrain sections cut parallel to the cortical surface revealed myelin‐light septa that isolated representations of the digits and parts of the face, teeth, and tongue in area 3b of adult and infant macaque monkeys. The widths of the bands of cortex representing individual digits, as measured by the distances between isolating septa, were proportionally similar in infant (2–4 week) and adult monkeys. However, the bands for digits 1–3 were somewhat narrower in infant than adult monkeys. There was little variation in absolute widths across individuals in the infant or adult groups, or between left and right hemispheres of the same group. Widths for digits 1–4 progressively decreased. The results suggest that these isomorphs of digits emerge in prenatal or early postnatal development and typical variations in postnatal hand use have little impact on subsequent development. As the hand representation in somatosensory cortex of monkeys may be significantly altered after the partial loss of peripheral nerve inputs, the physiological representation is not completely constrained by the isolating septa. Instead, the septa may serve as a persistent marker of normal organization in studies of cortical reorganization. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:172–187, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptic relationships between axon terminals from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and γ‐aminobutyric acidergic cortical cells in the prelimbic cortex of the rat
Authors: Kuroda Masaru , Yokofujita Junko , Oda Satoko , Price Joseph L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAlthough the reciprocal interconnections between the prefrontal cortex and the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (MD) are well known, the involvement of inhibitory cortical interneurons in the neural circuit has not been fully defined. To address this issue, we conducted three combined neuroanatomical studies on the rat brain. First, the frequency and the spatial distribution of synapses made by reconstructed dendrites of nonpyramidal neurons were identified by impregnation of cortical cells with the Golgi method and identification of thalamocortical terminals by degeneration following thalamic lesions. Terminals from MD were found to make synaptic contacts with small dendritic shafts or spines of Golgi‐impregnated nonpyramidal cells with very sparse dendritic spines. Second, a combined study that used anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L) and postembedding γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunocytochemistry indicated that PHA‐L‐labeled terminals from MD made synaptic junctions with GABA‐immunoreactive dendritic shafts and spines. Nonlabeled dendritic spines were found to receive both axonal inputs from MD with PHA‐L labelings and from GABAergic cells. In addition, synapses were found between dendritic shafts and axon terminals that were both immunoreactive for GABA. Third, synaptic connections between corticothalamic neurons that project to MD and GABAergic terminals were investigated by using wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and postembedding GABA immunocytochemistry. GABAergic terminals in the prelimbic cortex made symmetrical synaptic contacts with retrogradely labeled corticothalamic neurons to MD. All of the synapses were found on cell somata and thick dendritic trunks. These results provide the first demonstration of synaptic contacts in the prelimbic cortex not only between thalamocortical terminals from MD and GABAergic interneurons but also between GABAergic terminals and corticothalamic neurons that project to MD. The anatomical findings indicate that GABAergic interneurons have a modulatory influence on excitatory reverberation between MD and the prefrontal cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:220–234, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical and cellular localization of neuroactive 5α/3α‐reduced steroid‐synthesizing enzymes in the spinal cord
Authors: Patte‐Mensah Christine , Penning Trevor M. , Mensah‐Nyagan Ayikoe G. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe complementary activities of 5α‐reductase (5α‐R) and 3α‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α‐HSD) are crucial for the synthesis of neuroactive 5α/3α‐reduced steroids, such as 3α‐androstanediol, allopregnanolone, and tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone, which control several important neurophysiological mechanisms through allosteric modulation of γ‐aminobutyric acid type A receptors. Immunocytochemical localization of 3α‐HSD in the central nervous system (CNS) has never been determined. The presence and activity of 5α‐R have been investigated in the CNS, but only the brain was considered; the spinal cord (SC) received little attention, although this structure is crucial for many sensorimotor activities. We have determined the first cellular distribution of 5α‐reductase type 1 (5α‐R1) and type 2 (5α‐R2) and 3α‐HSD immunoreactivities in adult rat SC. 5α‐R1 immunostaining was detected mainly in the white matter (Wm). In contrast, intense 5α‐R2 labeling was observed in dorsal (DH) and ventral horns of gray matter (Gm). 3α‐HSD immunoreactivity was largely distributed in the Wm and Gm, but the highest density was found in sensory areas of the DH. Double‐labeling experiments combined with confocal analysis revealed that, in the Wm, 5α‐R1 was localized in glial cells, whereas 35% of 5α‐R2 and 3α‐HSD immunoreactivities were found in neurons. In the DH, 60% of 5α‐R2 immunostaining colocalized with oligodendrocyte, 25% with neuron, and 15% with astrocyte markers. Similarly, 45% of 3α‐HSD immunoreactivity was found in oligodendrocytes, 35% in neurons, and 20% in astrocytes. These results are the first demonstrating that oligodendrocytes and neurons of the SC possess the key enzymatic complex for synthesizing potent neuroactive steroids that may control spinal sensorimotor processes. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:286–299, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Calpain activity in the amikacin‐damaged rat cochlea
Authors: Ladrech Sabine , Guitton Matthieu , Saido Takaomi , Lenoir Marc 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe principal aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of calpain in the degeneration of hair cells and ganglion neurons in the amikacin‐poisoned rat cochlea. An antibody designed against fodrin‐breakdown products (FBDP), which result exclusively from cleavage by calpain, was used. In addition, the involvement of both caspases and protein kinase C (PKC) was studied using, respectively, antibodies against activated caspase 3 and PKCγ. The results demonstrate the accumulation of FBDP in the degenerating hair cells, in some supporting cells such as Deiters cells, and, later, in the affected ganglion neurons that had been deprived of their sensory targets. Activated caspase 3 was evidenced in a few dying hair cells and ganglion neurons. PKCγ was highly expressed in all ganglion neurons, sometimes after the loss of hair cells. We conclude that calpain plays a role in the degradation of both the sensory cells and neurons after amikacin ototoxicity. In the poisoned hair cells, calpain and caspase 3 may have synergistic effects in the process of apoptosis. In the ganglion neurons deprived of their sensory elements, calpain may have a prominent role in cell degradation. By contrast, in these ganglion neurons PKCγ may be implicated in a survival process. Finally, we suggest that calpain is involved in the remodeling of Deiters cells during the scarring process that follows hair cell loss. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:149–160, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical localization of cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript peptide in the central nervous system of the frog Rana esculenta
Authors: Lázár Gyula , Calle Marinella , Roubos Eric W. , Kozicz Tamás 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe distribution of cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript peptide (CARTp)‐ like immunoreactivity was studied only in the rat central nervous system (CNS). In mammals, CART peptides occur among others in brain areas that control feeding behavior. We mapped CARTp‐immunoreactive structures in the CNS of the frog Rana esculenta and assumed that differences may exist in the CARTp‐containing neuronal populations between the frog, which does not feed in winter, and the rat. In the forebrain, immunoreactive cells and fibers were found in the olfactory bulb, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, medial pallium, septum, striatum, the preoptic nuclei, ventromedial nucleus, central thalamic nucleus, and the hypothalamus. The optic pathway was free of immunoreactivity. The neurohypophysis showed intense immunostaining. In the mesencephalon, many cells were stained in the Edinger–Westphal nucleus, and a few in the optic tectum, where fibers were stained in all plexiform layers. In the retina, some cells in the inner nuclear layer contained CARTp. In the rhombencephalon, cells were stained in the raphe nuclei, central gray, nucleus of the solitary tract, and the vicinity of motor nuclei. Neurons of the motor cranial nerves were densely innervated by CARTp‐positive fibers originating from the spinal cord. In the spinal cord, preganglionic cells were stained, and motoneurons were surrounded by immunoreactive varicose axon terminals. Major differences were found between the frog and the rat brains in the distribution of CARTp in the visual system, olfactory bulb, preoptic area, and the motor nuclei. Some of these differences may be related to feeding behavior of these animals. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:324–339, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrochemical Modulation of Remote Fluorescence Imaging at an Ordered Opto‐electrochemical Nanoaperture Array
Authors: Chovin Arnaud , Garrigue Patrick , Servant Laurent , Sojic Neso 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAn array of nanometer‐sized apertures capable of electrochemically modulating the fluorescence of a model analyte is presented. The device, which combines near‐field optical methods and ultramicroelectrode properties in an array format, is based on an etched coherent optical fiber bundle. Indeed, the fabrication steps produced an ordered array where each optical nanoaperture is surrounded by a ring‐shaped gold nanoelectrode. The chronoamperometric behavior of the array shows stable diffusion‐limited quasi‐steady‐state response. The model analyte, tris(2,2′‐bipyridine) ruthenium, emits fluorescence in the Ru(II) state, but not in the oxidized Ru(III) state. Fluorescence is excited by visible light exiting from each nanoaperture since light is confined to the tip apex by the gold coating. A fraction of the isotropically emitted luminescence is collected by the same nanoaperture, transmitted by the corresponding fiber core and eventually detected by a charge‐coupled device (CCD) camera. The array format provides a fluorescence image resolved at the nanometric scale which covers a large micrometric area. Therefore the high‐density array plays a bridging role between these two fundamental scales. We established that the opto‐electrochemical nanoapertures are optically independent. Fluorescence of the sample collected by each nanoaperture is modulated by changing the potential of the nanoring electrodes. Reversible electrochemical switching of remote fluorescence imaging is performed through the opto‐electrochemical nanoaperture array itself. Eventually this ordered structure of nanometer light sources which are electrochemically manipulated provides promising photonic or electro‐optical devices for various future applications. For example, such an array has potential in the development of a combined SNOM‐electrochemical nanoprobe array to image a real sample concomitantly at the nanometer and micrometer scale.
Structure, growth and optical properties of Zn0.24Ni0.76(SO4)·7H2O single crystal
Authors: Zhuang Xinxin , Su Genbo , Wang Guofu , Li Guohui , Huang Zixiang 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA new crystalline complex zinc nickel sulfate heptahydrate (ZNSH) has been prepared. The crystal structure was investigated by x‐ray single crystal diffraction method and the empirical formula is Zn0.24Ni0.76(SO4)·7H2O. The ZNSH crystal belongs to the orthorhombic space group P212121 with cell parameters a = 6.7742(14) Å, b = 11.748(2) Å, c = 12.009(2) Å. The deep‐green ZNSH single crystal with dimension of 30 × 25 × 25 mm3 has been grown by the cooling solution method. The constituent ratio of ZNSH crystal grown from various compounding solutions at temperature range 40‐50 °C is approximate invariant. The crystal absorption spectra with theoretical analysis are reported. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
AFM study of the surface morphology of the {100} cleavage planes of L‐arginine phosphate monohydrate single crystals
Authors: Geng Y. L. , Xu D. , Sun D. L. , Wang X. Q. , Du W. , Liu H. Y. , Zhang G. H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSurface morphology of the {100} cleavage planes of L‐arginine phosphate monohydrate single crystals grown from aqueous solutions is described and discussed. Different from the previous studies, dislocations are not frequently detected and most of them don't have hollow cores on the emergence points. Various step patterns are also described. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Numerical simulation of heat conduction for the growth of anisotropic layered GaSe crystals
Authors: Tasarkuyu E. , Akinoglu B. G. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn this report, we present the usage of a second rank cylindrical conductivity tensor which we derived to simulate the crystal growth processes of a layered compound GaSe in a cylindrical enclosure by directional solidification. Use of such a tensor is inevitable in the simulations of the growth of highly anisotropic crystals having layered structure, since the crystallographic orientation of the grown material is not necessarily aligned with the ampoule symmetry. Using the finite difference control volume approach in 3D, we solved transient heat conduction equation for a highly anisotropic solid in a cylindrical enclosure. We obtained sloped thermal fields and isothermal surfaces and the magnitudes of the slopes are strong functions of both azimuthal angle and growth orientation. The results showed that the orientation of the crystallographic axes of GaSe in the enclosure is quite effective in the steady and the transient fields, isotherms, and axial and radial temperature gradient within the material. Increase of Bi number decreases the magnitude of the slope of isothermal surface. Anisotropy of the conductivity seems to be effective in the orientation of the growth direction of the resulting crystal within the cylindrical ampoule. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electron paramagnetic resonance of Gd3+ in Eu2Zn3(NO3)12·24H2O single crystals
Authors: Jain V. K. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractElectron paramagnetic resonance of Gd3+ in Eu2Zn3(NO3)12·24H2O single crystals is studied at ≈9.45 GHz and at 298 and 77 K. Gd3+ substitutes for the Eu3+ site. In addition to the allowed fine structure lines, forbidden transitions (ΔM = ±2,±3,±4,±5) are observed. The superposition model is applied to the zero‐field splitting parameter b20. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stable and transient color centers in Gd3Ga5O12 crystals
Authors: Matkovskii A. , Potera P. , Sugak D. , Grigorjeva L. , Millers D. , Pankratov V. , Suchocki A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe work is devoted to investigation of stable color centers (CC) that are created in Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG) crystals under irradiation with γ‐quanta (E = 1.25 MeV, D = 105 Gy ) as well as transient CC created in the crystals under irradiation with pulsed electron beam (E = 0.25 MeV, pulse duration 10 ns, fluence 1012 cm‐2, time interval of registration 0‐500 ns). On the basis of the performed study of optical absorption spectra of the as‐grown and irradiated crystals it was established the correlation between a defect subsystem of as‐grown crystals and a type of CC induced by radiation in the crystals. The role of Ca2+ dopant ions in the processes of CC formation is examined. Models of the stable and transient CC are proposed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)