bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enzyme specificity and tissue distribution of zenarestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, and its relevance in the use of zenarestat as a therapeutic agent against diabetic neuropathy
Authors: Takakura Shoji , Minoura Hideaki , Shimoshige Yukinori , Minoura Kyoko , Kawamura Ikuo , Fujiwara Tomoichi , Saitoh Takashi , Shimojo Fumio , Seki Jiro , Goto Toshio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe enzyme specificity and tissue distribution of zenarestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, was investigated in diabetic rats. Zenarestat inhibited both rat sciatic nerve aldose reductase (AR) activity and recombinant human AR with IC50 values of 7.5 and 44 nM, respectively. However, the IC50 value for rat aldehyde reductase of zenarestat was 2.4 μM and the compound did not inhibit any other enzymes tested, e.g., enzymes in the glycolytic pathway, NADPH‐dependent enzymes such as nitric oxide synthase and glutathione reductase, at a concentration of 0.1 mM. Two weeks of treatment with zenarestat in diabetic rats reduced sorbitol concentration in sciatic nerve, lens, retina, and renal cortex with ED50 values of 6.9, 41.0, 37.6, and greater than 100 mg/kg, respectively. The tissue distribution of zenarestat was higher in the sciatic nerve as compared with lens and retina. Zenarestat also reduced sorbitol concentration in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord in diabetic rats. These data indicate the relevance of zenarestat as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy. Drug Dev. Res. 54:27–34, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social interest and the development of cortical face specialization: What autism teaches us about face processing
Authors: Grelotti David J. , Gauthier Isabel , Schultz Robert T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInvestigations of face processing in persons with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) inform upon theories of the development of “normal” face processing, and the story that emerges challenges some models of the nature and origin of cortical face specialization. Individuals with an ASD possess deficits in face processing and a lack of a fusiform face area (FFA). Evidence from studies of ASD can be conceptualized best using an expertise framework of face processing rather than models that postulate a face module in the fusiform gyrus. Because persons with an ASD have reduced social interest, they may fail to develop cortical face specialization. Face specialization may develop in normal individuals because they are socially motivated to regard the face, and such motivation promotes expertise for faces. The amygdala is likely the key node in the system that marks objects as emotionally salient and could be crucial to the development of cortical face specialization. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 213–225, 2002. DOI 10.1002/dev.10028
Lower incidence of severe hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with glimepiride versus glibenclamide
Authors: Holstein Andreas , Plaschke Armin , Egberts Eick‐Hartwig 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundSevere hypoglycaemia is a potentially life‐threatening condition. The aim of the present study was to compare the frequency of severe hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with glimepiride versus glibenclamide.MethodsThis prospective, population‐based, 4‐year study examined the incidence of severe hypoglycaemia in a region of Germany with 200 000 inhabitants. The blood glucose of all 30 768 patients who attended the emergency department of the region's central hospital was determined to detect severe hypoglycaemia, which was defined by the requirement for intravenous glucose or glucagon injection and blood glucose value of <2.8 mmol/l. Additionally, 6631/7804 patients (85%) attended to by the emergency medical services received a blood glucose test at the emergency site. The regional prescribing frequency of both sulphonylureas was determined by an independent external institute.ResultsDespite glimepiride being prescribed more frequently than glibenclamide (6976 vs 6789 person‐years), glimepiride induced fewer episodes of hypoglycaemia (6 vs 38 episodes); one episode occurred with a combination of the two preparations. The incidence of severe hypoglycaemia was 0.86/1000 person‐years for glimepiride and 5.6/1000 person‐years for glibenclamide. The characteristics of the 45 patients who presented with sulphonylurea‐associated hypoglycaemia were as follows: mean age 79 years (95% CI 75.2; 82.6); glycosylated haemoglobin 5.4% (95% CI 5.1; 5.7); impaired renal function in 62%.ConclusionsIn people with type 2 diabetes, glimepiride was associated with fewer episodes of severe hypoglycaemia than glibenclamide in routine clinical use. However, severe hypoglycaemia did occur with glimepiride and may be minimised if treatment targets are determined on an individual basis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incidence and onset features of diabetes in African‐American and Latino children in Chicago, 1985–1994
Authors: Lipton Rebecca , Keenan Hillary , Onyemere K. U. , Freels Sally 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAimsThe study aimed to describe the epidemiology of diabetes in minority children residing in Chicago, IL, USA, and to compare the demographic and clinical characteristics of those with type 1 to those with youth‐onset type 2 diabetes.MethodsMedical records were obtained on 735 insulin‐treated African‐American and Latino children aged 0–17 years at onset, and diagnosed between 1985 and 1994; 195 of the children were interviewed. Subjects were presumed to have type 2 diabetes if they fitted specific criteria. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted and Poisson regression was used to analyze time trends.ResultsTen‐year average annual incidence of childhood diabetes for African‐Americans [15.2/105, 95% confidence interval (CI): 13.5, 17.0] was significantly higher than for Latinos (10.7/105, 95% CI: 9.1, 12.6). The average annual incidence was 10.3/105 population for type 1 and 3.2/105 for those with presumed type 2 diabetes. Most patients (99.6% of type 1, 94.1% of type 2) exhibited more than one of the classic onset symptoms of type 1 diabetes. Mean age at diagnosis was older, 13.1 versus 10.5 years, and there were more females, 62.4%, versus 49.8%, among the type 2 patients; ethnicity was not an important distinguishing factor.ConclusionThe risk of childhood diabetes increased among African‐Americans and Latinos between 1985 and 1994, driven by an increase in children with type 2 diabetes. This is likely related both to an increase in risk factors, i.e. obesity, and to changes in diagnostic practice. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Turn‐off, drop‐out: Functional state switching of cadherins
Authors: Lilien Jack , Balsamo Janne , Arregui Carlos , Xu Gang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe classic cadherins are a group of calcium dependent, homophilic cell–cell adhesion molecules that drive morphogenetic rearrangements and maintain the integrity of cell groups through the formation of adherens junctions. The formation and maintenance of cadherin‐mediated adhesions is a multistep process and mechanisms have evolved to regulate each step. This suggests that functional state switching plays an important role in development. Among the many challenges ahead is to determine the developmental role that functional state switching plays in tissue morphogenesis and to define the roles of each of the several regulatory interactions that participate in switching. One correlate of the loss of cadherin‐mediated adhesion, the “turn‐off” of cadherin function, is the exit, or “drop‐out” of cells from neural and epithelial layers and their conversion to a motile phenotype. We suggest that epithelial mesenchymal conversions may be initiated by signaling pathways that result in the loss of cadherin function. Tyrosine phosphorylation of β‐catenin is one such mechanism. Enhanced phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on β‐catenin is almost invariably associated with loss of the cadherin‐actin connection concomitant with loss of adhesive function. There are several tyrosine kinases and phosphatases that have been shown to have the potential to alter the phosphorylation state of β‐catenin and thus the function of cadherins. Our laboratory has focused on the role of the nonreceptor tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B in regulating the phosphorylation of β‐catenin on tyrosine residues. Our data suggest that PTP1B is crucial for maintenance of N‐cadherin‐mediated adhesions in embryonic neural retina cells. By using an L‐cell model system constitutively expressing N‐cadherin, we have worked out many of the molecular interactions essential for this regulatory interaction. Extracellular cues that bias this critical regulatory interaction toward increased phosphorylation of β‐catenin may be a critical component of many developmental events. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhanced expression and stable transmission of transgenes flanked by inverted terminal repeats from adeno‐associated virus in zebrafish
Authors: Hsiao Chung‐Der , Hsieh Fon‐Jou , Tsai Huai‐Jen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMosaic expression of transgenes in the F0 generation severely hinders the study of transient expression in transgenic fish. To avoid mosaicism, enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene cassettes were constructed and introduced into one‐celled zebrafish embryos. These EGFP gene cassettes were flanked by inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) from adeno‐associated virus (AAV) and driven by zebrafish α‐actin (pα‐actin‐EGFP‐ITR) or medaka β‐actin promoters (pβ‐actin‐EGFP‐ITR). EGFP was expressed specifically and uniformly in the skeletal muscle of 56% ± 8% of the pα‐actin‐EGFP‐ITR‐injected survivors and in the entire body of 1.3% ± 0.8% of the pβ‐actin‐EGFP‐ITR‐injected survivors. Uniform transient expression never occurred in zebrafish embryos injected with EGFP genes that were not flanked by AAV‐ITRs. In the F0 generation, uniformly distributed EGFP could mimic the stable expression in transgenic lines early in development. We established five transgenic lines derived from pα‐actin‐EGFP‐ITR‐injected embryos crossed with wild‐type fish and 11 transgenic lines derived from pβ‐actin‐EGFP‐ITR‐injected embryos crossed with wild‐type fish. None of these transgenic lines failed to express the transgene, a result confirmed by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Stable mendelian transmission of the transgenes was achieved in both α‐actin and β‐actin transgenic lines without changing the patterns of expression and integration. Progeny inheritance test and Southern blot analysis results strongly suggest that transgenes flanked by AAV‐ITRs were integrated randomly into the genome at a single locus with a concatamerized multiplier. Thus, incorporating AAV‐ITRs into transgenes results in uniform gene expression in the F0 generation and stable transmission of transgenes in zebrafish. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural and biophysical simulation of angiogenesis and vascular remodeling
Authors: Gödde Ralf , Kurz Haymo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this report is to introduce a new computer model for the simulation of microvascular growth and remodeling into arteries and veins that imitates angiogenesis and blood flow in real vascular plexuses. A C++ computer program was developed based on geometric and biophysical initial and boundary conditions. Geometry was defined on a two‐dimensional isometric grid by using defined sources and drains and elementary bifurcations that were able to proliferate or to regress under the influence of random and deterministic processes. Biophysics was defined by pressure, flow, and velocity distributions in the network by using the nodal‐admittance‐matrix‐method, and accounting for hemodynamic peculiarities like Fahraeus‐Lindqvist effect and exchange with extravascular tissue. The proposed model is the first to simulate interdigitation between the terminal branches of arterial and venous trees. This was achieved by inclusion of vessel regression and anastomosis in the capillary plexus and by remodeling in dependence from hemodynamics. The choice of regulatory properties influences the resulting vascular patterns. The model predicts interdigitating arteriovenous patterning if shear stress‐dependent but not pressure‐dependent remodeling was applied. By approximating the variability of natural vascular patterns, we hope to better understand homogeneity of transport, spatial distribution of hemodynamic properties and biomass allocation to the vascular wall or blood during development, or during evolution of circulatory systems. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Arrested differentiation and epithelial cell degeneration in zebrafish lens mutants
Authors: Vihtelic Thomas S. , Yamamoto Y. , Sweeney M.T. , Jeffery W.R. , Hyde David R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn a chemical mutagenesis screen, we identified two zebrafish mutants that possessed small pupils. Genetic complementation revealed these two lines are due to mutations in different genes. The phenotypes of the two mutants were characterized using histologic, immunohistochemical, and tissue transplantation techniques. The arrested lens (arl) mutant exhibits a small eye and pupil phenotype at 48 hr postfertilization (hpf) and lacks any histologically identifiable lens structures by 5 days postfertilization (dpf). In contrast, the disrupted lens (dsl) mutants are phenotypically normal until 5 dpf, and then undergo lens disorganization and cell degeneration that is apparent by 7 dpf. Histology reveals the arl mutant terminates lens cell differentiation by 48 hpf, whereas the dsl lens exhibits a defective lens epithelial cell population at 5 dpf. Lens transplantation experiments demonstrate both mutations are autonomous to the lens tissue. Immunohistochemistry reveals the retinal cells may suffer subtle effects, possibly due to the lens abnormalities. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for an articulatory awareness deficit in adult dyslexics
Authors: Griffiths Sarah , Frith Uta 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDyslexia is widely considered to be associated with impaired performance on phonological awareness tasks. However, it is likely that orthographic knowledge also influences performance on these tasks. In this study, adult dyslexics, for whom reading is no longer a major problem, were compared to a control group on a measure of articulatory awareness, a task which is not confounded with orthography. The dyslexic group showed deficits on the task in comparison to the control group. We hypothesize that information about articulatory movements for specific phonemes is less accessible to dyslexics because of a deficient phonological processing system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The prevalence of Dyslexia among art students
Authors: Wolff Ulrika , Lundberg Ingvar 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt is widely held opinion that dyslexia is associated with remarkably artistic creativity. Speculations on different brain structures and brain functions have been proposed as an explanation. Very few objective studies have been reported that confirm the conjectures on the relationship between dyslexia and artistic creativity. Two studies are reported on the prevalence of dyslexia among university students—one group of art students and one group of students from non‐art disciplines. The admission to the art schools were extremely demanding, possibly implying that the students were genuinely talented, and that their choice of training did not reflect a compensation for failure in conventional academic fields. Art academy students reported significantly more signs of dyslexia than non‐art university students. Objective testing showed that art students had significantly poorer phonological skills than non‐art students. Thus, according to self‐reports combined with objective testing, the incidence of dyslexia was far higher among art students. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Participation in aesthetic sports and girls' weight concerns at ages 5 and 7 years
Authors: Davison Kirsten Krahnstoever , Earnest Mandy B. , Birch Leann L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveThe relationship between participation in aesthetic, or appearance‐oriented, sports and weight concerns was assessed among young girls.MethodParticipants were part of a larger longitudinal study and included 197 and 192 girls and their mothers when girls were 5 and 7 years, respectively. At each age, girls' weight concerns and sport participation were assessed and girls were classified as participating in aesthetic sports (dance, gymnastics, cheerleading, baton twirling, swimming, aerobics, figure skating), non‐aesthetic sports (volleyball, soccer, basketball, softball, hockey, tennis, martial arts, track) or no sports.ResultsGirls in the aesthetic sport group reported higher weight concerns than girls in the nonaesthetic and no sport groups at ages 5 and 7 years. In addition, girls participating in aesthetic sports at ages 5 and 7 years reported the highest weight concerns at age 7.DiscussionParticipation in aesthetic, or appearance‐oriented, sports may foster a heightened focus on weight and body shape among girls. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord XX: 312–317, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eat.10043
The relationship between compulsive buying and eating disorders
Authors: Mitchell James E. , Redlin Jennifer , Wonderlich Steve , Crosby Ross , Faber Ron , Miltenberger Ray , Smyth Joshua , Stickney Marci , Gosnell Blake , Burgard Melissa , Lancaster Kathy 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveCompulsive buying has received increased research attention in the last decade. The disorder has high rates of comorbidity for other disorders, including eating disorders. This study explored the possible relationship between compulsive buying and eating disorders.MethodTwenty women who scored in the pathological range on a measure of compulsive buying and 20 controls were recruited via the media. Various measures of psychopathology and eating disorder symptoms were administered to both groups.ResultCompulsive buyers were significantly more likely to have a higher lifetime history of substance abuse or dependence. No differences existed between normal controls and compulsive buyers in prevalence of current or lifetime eating disorders, nor were there differences in scores of eating‐related psychopathology.DiscussionThis work failed to demonstrate an increased risk for eating disorders in compulsive buyers, although a higher rate of substance dependence or abuse and higher scores on pathological personality dimension scales were seen. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32:107–111, 2002.
Weight‐related and shape‐related self‐evaluation in eating‐disordered and non–eating‐disordered women
Authors: McFarlane Traci , McCabe Randi E. , Jarry Josee , Olmsted Marion P. , Polivy Janet 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveWeight‐ and shape‐related self‐evaluation refers to the process whereby an individual determines her self‐worth based on an evaluation of her body weight and shape. This is a hallmark feature of both anorexia and bulimia nervosa, as specified in the 4th ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The purpose of this study was to further our understanding of weight‐related self‐evaluation in eating‐disordered women.MethodEating‐disordered patients, restrained eaters, and unrestrained eaters completed an experimenter‐designed questionnaire that examines different dimensions of weight‐related self‐evaluation (i.e., the Multidimensional Weight‐Related Self‐Evaluation Inventory).ResultsResults revealed that weight‐related self‐evaluation is a feature shared, to some extent, by both eating‐disordered patients and restrained eaters. However, eating‐disordered patients extend weight‐related self‐evaluation to include more domains of self‐esteem than did restrained eaters.DiscussionThese findings support a multidimensional approach to weight‐related self‐evaluation and further our understanding of the process of weight‐related self‐evaluation in eating‐disordered patients. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 328–335, 2001.
Changes in cue reactivity following treatment for bulimia nervosa
Authors: Carter Frances A. , Bulik Cynthia M. , McIntosh Virginia V. , Joyce Peter R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo examine changes in cue reactivity following cognitive‐behavior therapy (CBT) for bulimia nervosa and to evaluate whether changes are associated with treatment modality or treatment outcome.MethodSubjects were 135 women (17–45 years old) with a current, primary diagnosis of bulimia nervosa. They were participants in a randomized clinical trial examining the additive efficacy of exposure and nonexposure‐based behavior therapy to a core of CBT. Physiological, self‐report, and behavioral measures of cue reactivity to individualized high‐risk binge foods were obtained at pretreatment and posttreatment. Primary, secondary, and tertiary outcome measures are reported for posttreatment.ResultsBulimic patients experienced significant changes in cue reactivity following treatment. With the exception of salivary reactivity, patients experienced less reactivity at posttreatment. Changes in cue reactivity were not related to treatment modality, but were related to positive treatment outcome for self‐report measures of cue reactivity.DiscussionFavorable treatment outcome among bulimic women is associated with low cue reactivity on self‐report measures at posttreatment. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 336–344, 2001.
The positive influence of maternal identification on body image, eating attitudes, and self‐esteem of Hispanic and Anglo girls
Authors: Hahn‐Smith Anne Madeleine , Smith Jane Ellen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveThe role of maternal identification in the development of girls' body image, eating attitudes, and self‐esteem was examined.MethodHispanic and Anglo girls (n = 410) ages 8–13 were surveyed using the Body Esteem Scale (BES), the Children's Eating Attitudes Test, the Piers‐Harris Children's Self‐Concept Scale, and the Child Figure Drawing task. From this sample, normal‐weight girls with high or low scores on the BES were selected for the main study. Ninety‐two mother‐daughter pairs participated in this second phase in which mothers completed similar questionnaires and girls performed a Q‐sort task measuring maternal identification.ResultsMaternal identification was positively correlated with girls' self‐esteem and negatively correlated with eating problems and body dissatisfaction. Also, mothers with high self‐esteem tended to have daughters with high self‐esteem. The mothers of girls with low BES scores found a significantly greater discrepancy than the mothers of girls with high BES scores when contrasting their daughters' current shape with either the ideal figure for their daughter or the figure they believed boys would find attractive.DiscussionGirls who aspired to be like their mothers in terms of personality traits felt better about themselves and their bodies compared with girls with low maternal identification. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 429–440, 2001.