bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peace as a Christian Virtue
Authors: Gilman James E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
COMMOTION ON THE STREET attracted Jesus’ attention. A woman, an adulteress, was in the custody of authorities, and they were bringing her to Jesus, a rabbi of recent and dubious reputation. Teacher, they said, this woman has been caught in the act of adultery. Now in the law Moses commanded us to stone such. What do you say? Jesus faced a dilemma. He knew the law well, and it was clear and unambiguous on this point. The woman legally and justly de served death. Yet Jesus was rapidly gaining a reputation as a teacher for whom love and compassion, mercy and forgiveness constituted the true meaning of faith. What was Jesus to do? The woman heard Jesus say to her accusers, “Let him who is without sin among you be the first to throw a stone at her.”
D
Authors: Andrews Tamra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the people of the Peruvian highlands look into the night sky, they see clusters of dark shadows in the southern portion of the Milky Way that scholars have labeled dark cloud constellations. These dense star clusters appear as silhouettes against the brighter band of light, and people throughout the southern hemisphere recognized them. The Quechua of Peru saw animals in these dark cloud formations, and they wove many fanciful myths about these animals rising to the sky and dwelling in the clouds. These animal myths left vital clues to ancient beliefs about the cosmos.
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Authors: Andrews Tamra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thunder held a high place in the pantheon of the Inca, and Illapa was the god responsible for causing it. Although he was sometimes labeled more generally a weather god, Illapa was best known for carrying a slingshot that he cracked from the sky to cause the thundering noise. Some say Illapa used his sling to shatter a rain jug carried by his sister, thus releasing the rains she gathered from the Milky Way, which was believed to be a celestial river. Illapa used his sling just as thunder gods from Indo-European myths used their hammers-as a mighty weapon that delivered storms the ancients considered supernatural manifestations of sky power.
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Authors: Andrews Tamra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the ancient Peruvians revered the earth as female, they considered Pachacamac the god who animated the earth. He was the spirit of plants and animals and all things that emerged from the earth, even human beings. In some traditions, Pachacamac married Pachamama, the spirit of mountains, plains, and rocks. Pachacamac created the earth and the earthquakes, and Pachamama manifested herself in lightning that flashed upward, earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic fire.
Mexican Texas, 1821–1835
Authors: Campbell Randolph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“To govern is to populate.” If this aphorism from Juan Bautista Alberdi, a mid-nineteenth-century Argentine political theorist, is true, then Spain never governed Texas, and Mexico as an independent republic in 1821 inherited the results of that failure. Independence in itself was not likely to convince more people from the interior of Mexico to move to Texas. So Mexican leaders faced a problem: How could an infant nation populate its far northern frontier province when a great colonial power had failed for so many years to accomplish that objective? An obvious answer lay with the Anglo-Americans who were already beginning to settle around San Augustine in East Texas and on the south side of the Red River. Mexico needed only to open Texas to immigrants from the United States, with certain stipulations, sit back, and watch the population grow.
Frontier Texas, 1846–1861
Authors: Campbell Randolph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Annexation brought greater security and stability than white Texans ever experienced under the Republic, thanks above all to the presence of the United States Army. Also, statehood meant that Americans who joined the continuing stream of immigrants going to Texas could do so without leaving their home country. The new state’s population, excluding Indians, increased by more than seventy thousand during its first five years in the Union. In spite of greater security and rapid growth, however, Texas’s position on the frontier guaranteed continuing conflict and disorder for many of its people. In fact, the state had two frontiers—one with Mexico in the south and another with Indian-controlled lands in the west—and both presented threats to peace. Disagreement over the boundary with Mexico soon led to a major war that had a decisive impact on the future of all Texans, especially those of Mexican descent in South Texas. Conflict on the Indian frontier showed that ultimately the Comanches and their allies would be outnumbered and outgunned but proved indecisive during the early years of statehood.
The Civil War, 1861–1865
Authors: Campbell Randolph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Southern Democrats, including most Texas politicians, entered the presidential campaign of 1860 in a “rule or ruin” mood. Either their party’s convention would write a platform guaranteeing protection of slavery in all the territories of the United States, or they would walk out and prevent the nomination of a candidate. And they proved true to their word. When the convention, which assembled in Charleston, South Carolina, in April 1860, re- fused to include the plank protecting slavery, delegates from seven Deep South states walked out, breaking up the meeting. The Texas delegation un- der the leadership of former governor Runnels, Guy M. Bryan (a nephew of Stephen F. Austin), and Francis R. Lubbock joined in the withdrawal. Eventually, after another failed national convention in Baltimore, Texas delegates participated in a meeting in Richmond, Virginia, that nominated John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky and wrote the platform desired by southerners. The remnant of the Democratic Party (primarily northerners, of course) nominated Stephen A. Douglas and endorsed his version of popular sovereignty, which by that time was unacceptable to ultra-southerners.
The “prosperity decade” and the great Depression, 1921–1941
Authors: Campbell Randolph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The words prosperity decade summarize the United States during the 1920s. Across the nation, basic economic activities such as residential and commercial construction boomed, and new industries—the manufacture of automobiles, radios, and synthetics, for example—grew with unimaginable speed. Businessmen and politicians called the twenties a “New Era” and spoke confidently of ending poverty in America, all the while paying little attention to weaknesses in agriculture and several other key industries and ignoring the overconcentration of income and wealth in the hands of a relatively few people. In 1929, it all came crashing down in the worst financial panic and economic depression in the history of the United States. Republican President Herbert Hoover, the chief architect of the “New Era,” fell with the economy, and Americans turned in 1932 to Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt and his promise of a “New Deal.” Under Roosevelt’s leadership during the thirties the United States survived but did not escape the Great Depression. Full economic recovery came only with World War II.
Modern Texas, 1971–2001
Authors: Campbell Randolph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few, if any, major historical changes occur decisively in a clearly limited period of time. Even a political revolution that on a particular day brings down one government and replaces it with another takes years to develop and even longer to run its course. Thus, historians always have room to debate exactly when great changes begin and end. The modernization of Texas is no exception. When did the state move from “old” to “modern,” not just chronologically, but in terms of its economy, society, and political life as well? “Old” Texas had a semi colonial economy that depended on the production of a few raw materials—cotton, cattle, and oil—and left the control of manufacturing, commerce, finance, and services largely to outside interests. Southern-born Anglo males, especially those living in rural and small-town settings, dominated socially. Their ideas and beliefs set the state’s cultural standards. Politically, Democrats controlled the state, generally providing a conservative government that kept taxes low, gave business some help and little regulation, and offered only minimal social services. “Modern” Texas is far more diversified than “old” Texas in every way. The economy
The Church as Battleground
Authors: Hasan S S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under Pope Shenuda the church is a rallying place for Copts, where they can reaffirm their collective identity. The mass has become for them what it was in the early Christian era, a kind of communal affirmation of survival in the face of persecution. Its strength derives from the awareness of every single individual Copt hurrying to his local church on his day off that millions of Copts throughout the country are doing the same thing. A feeling of power results from the knowledge of this simultaneity, one that is reinforced at the end of the Mass when each member of the congregation clasps the hand of his neighbor to the right and the left, in front of him and behind him in a symbolic gesture of communal unity. Similarily, the common practice of baptizing large groups of babies together on auspicious days, such as the feasts of the saints, is an act of affirmation by a community ever conscious of its minority status. As the babies are carried in their white baptismal gowns by their mothers in procession around the church, the communal rejoicing at this visible blessing of fertility resembles the pride ultra-Orthodox Jews take in their large clutches, which they look upon as a triumph over the Holocaust.
Straightening the Warped Wood: Wu-wei in the Xunzi
Authors: Slingerland Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Certainly there are many aspects of Xunzi’s thought that might strike us as rather “un-Confucian”: his detailed discussions of methods for strengthening or enriching the state; his advocation of controlling the populace through the use of carefully promulgated laws and consistently applied punishments; and his discussion of military strategy (Kil:108-9). One way to view these features of the Xunzi’s thought, however, is to see them as a response to the challenge of defending the Confucian vision not only against the opponents Mencius faced (the Mohists and Yangists) but against an entire range of relatively new and attractive ways of thought that were flourishing in his age. The impressive success of the state of Qin-which was organized along Legalist principles-and the popularity of the new theories of military strategy and statecraft made it impossible for Xunzi to defend the Confucian Way except by showing its relevance to the concerns of his age. To this end, he adopted many ideas that can be traced to Mohism, Legalism, and even Zhuangzi and Laozi. Yet to the end he remained staunchly Confucian, and perhaps one of his greatest achievements was his successful absorption of Legalist, Mohist, and Daoist ideas into a Confucian framework, which involved defending certain core Confucian beliefs such as the efficacy of Virtue, the relevance of the rites and classics, and the viability of the wu-wei ideal while adapting these ideas to the concerns and temperament of his age.
The High Road
Authors: Dyson Freeman J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1985 I was visiting the Johnson Space Flight Center in Houston and climbing around in the space shuttle that they keep there for visitors to examine. That was before the Challenger disaster, when the shuttle was advertised as a safe ride for congressmen and schoolteachers. What impressed me about the shuttle was the immense quantity of §ruff that they had on board for the care and comfort of human passengers. It felt more like a hotd or a hospital than a rocketship. I made rough calculations of how many tons of §ruff they were flying to keep seven passengers alive and well for a couple of weeks. I was thinking, why don’t they rip out all this §ruff and fly the shuttle by remote control from the ground? The shuttle take-off and flight into orbit were already ground-controlled.
Slavery in the Nineteenth-Century South, II: From Slaveholder Treatment and the Nature of Labor to Slave Culture, Sex and Religion, and Free Blacks
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In theory, the Southern slaveholder possessed all the power of any owner of living chattel property, such as horses, sheep, cows, or oxen. We have seen that Aristotle referred to the ox “as the poor man’s slave”; “the chattel principle” was probably best defined by the American fugitive slave James W. C. Pennington: The being of slavery, its soul and its body, lives and moves in the chattel principle, the property principle, the bill of sale principle; the cart-whip, starvation, and nakedness, are its inevitable consequences.
The Foundational Role of Epistemology in a General Theory of Rationality
Authors: Foley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An unfortunate methodological assumption of much recent epistemology is that the properties that make a belief rational are by definition such that when a true belief has these properties, it is a good candidate for knowledge, with some other condition added to handle Gettier-style counterexamples. This assumption has the effect of detaching the theory of rational belief from a general theory of rationality and placing it instead in service to the theory of knowledge. If it is stipulated that the properties that make a belief rational must also be properties that turn true belief into a good candidate for knowledge, then an account of rational belief can be regarded as adequate only if it contributes to a successful account of knowledge. The theory of rational belief is thus divorced from everyday assessments of the rationality of decisions, plans, actions, and strategies, and it is even divorced from everyday assessments of the rationality of opinions, which tend to focus on whether individuals have been responsible in forming their opinions rather than on whether they have satisfied the prerequisites of knowledge.
Craft and Science: Partners in Process Invention
Authors: Graham Margaret B W , Shuldiner Alec T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the speech Day gave in 1923 to Corning’s newly organized Production Club, a group of plant foremen and managers, he elaborated on this thining. Unlike large cities such as Pittsburgh with their crowds of recent European immigrants, Corning inhabited several small towns containing proud workforces with a strong craft tradition. Its 2,000 workers were open to trying new things, and what they needed were the right “purpose-built” machines.
Reinstitutionalizing R&D: Tv, Corning Ware, and the Search for Breakthroughs
Authors: Graham Margaret B W , Shuldiner Alec T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The experience of World War II changed Corning in many ways-its place on the national stage, the range of businesses it would engage in, and the kinds of problems it was capable of solving. It also paved the way for its major new business, television. Corning’s president, Bill Decker, realized that television required an unprecedented concentration of technical resources and an immediate emphasis on achieving advanced production techniques. But he and other managers soon understood that longer-term technical efforts needed to be directed at more ambitious projects to provide other big business opportunities for Corning, repeatedly and on demand. This implied a new model of innovation appropriate to a larger, more visible, and more diversified company, and consistent with the most up-to-date thinking of the time. Recent wartime experiences offered such a model based on the atomic bomb and radar, which demonstrated what could be accomplished if massive resources were concentrated and mobilized.
The Forgery of an Ancient Discovery? Morton Smith and the Secret Cjospel of Mark
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Undoubtedly the best known forgeries of recent memory are the infamous Hitler Diaries.1 Headline news in April 1983, both before and after their exposure as fabrications, the Hitler Diaries were significant for showing that the art of forgery is still alive and well among us, that some people will go to extraordinary lengths to perpetrate a fraud, and that even experts can be fooled. In this case there is little doubt about the motivation. The West German swindler who wrote the diaries, Konrad Kujau, was paid $4.8 million for his sixty volumes of work, which he produced over the course of three years. Eventually convicted of the fraud and sentenced to prison, he emerged penniless but not broken; he went into the business of producing “genuine forgeries” of great masterpiece painters Monet, Rembrandt, and van Gogh, signing them with both his and their names, and selling them as curiosities for tidy sums. Eventually, in what appeared for a time to be a never-ending story, a counterfeit submarket was established in which Kujau imitators sold fakes of his forged paintings. To cap it all off, Kujau wrote an autobiographical account of his exploits which was to appear in 1998; instead, a different book was published in his name, entitled Die Originalität der Fälschung (“The Originality of Forgery”). Somewhat appropriately, he claimed, evidently truthfully, not to have written a word of it.
Christians “In the Know” The Worlds of Early Christian Gnosticism
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No form of lost Christianity has so intrigued modern readers and befuddled modern scholars as early Christian Gnosticism. The intrigue is easy to understand, especially in view of the discovery of the Nag Hammadi library (see pp. 51–55). When that group of fieldhands headed by Mohammed Ali uncovered this cache of books in Upper Egypt, the world was suddenly presented with hard evidence of other Christian groups in the ancient world that stood in sharp contrast with any kind of Christianity familiar to us today. There was no Jesus of the stained glass window here, nor a Jesus of the creeds—not even a Jesus of the New Testament. These books were fundamentally different from anything in our experience, and almost nothing could have prepared us for them.
On the Road to Nicaea: The Broad Swath of Proto-orthodox Christianity
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In America today, Christians new in town sometimes find it difficult to choose the right church. If they are Episcopalian, do they prefer high church or low church? If Methodist, socially liberal or ethically conservative? If evangelical, large and technologically sophisticated or small and intimate? Should it be a Bible-preaching church or a liturgically oriented church? Politically active or spiritually focused? Strong music program or thoughtful sermons? Should it have a solid social ministry? Active youth group? Vibrant outreach program? The questions go on and on for those concerned about such things.
The Quest for Orthodoxy
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was a time, not so long ago, when orthodoxy and heresy were not problematic terms and the relationship between them was uncomplicated. Orthodoxy was the right belief, taught by Jesus to his disciples and handed down by them to the leaders of the Christian churches. In its most basic form, this orthodoxy came to expression in the words of the famous creeds of the Church, for example, the Nicene Creed, as it emerged from the great church councils of the fourth century and was later refined into words familiar to many Christians today: We believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all that is, seen and unseen.
Introduction
Authors: Mchugh Heather , Konstan David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When tragedy was performed in classical Athens (we are speaking here of the fifth century B.C.), each of three competing playwrights staged, on successive days, a set of four plays, called a tetralogy, at the major dramatic festival of the year. The first three were proper tragedies: they might make up a continuous story, as in Aeschylus’ Oresteia, or else be unrelated in plot, like the Bacchae, the Iphigenia in Au/is, and the (lost) Alcmaeon of Euripides, mounted together in a single (posthumous) performance. The fourth play in the series, however, was something different: This was the satyr play, a burlesque version of a traditional myth, named for the chorus of satyrs or half-human figures - they are goats or horses from the waist down-that was specific to the genre (it is possible that some satyr plays lacked satyrs, but if so, these exceptions were few).
Creating Social Change: Lessons from the Civil Rights Movement
Authors: Andrews Kenneth T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The civil rights movement has had a lasting impact in the United States through its influence on social policies, political alignments, public opinion, and other social movements. Even though many of its fundamental goals were never realized and other gains have been rolled back, the civil rights movement is still viewed as one of the most influential social movements in U.S. history. For example, Aldon Morris, in The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement, argues that the civil rights movement had “a profound impact on American society” (1984: 266). Similarly, Dennis Chong points to the movement as “the quintessential example of public-spirited collective action in our time” that “spark[ed] radical changes in American society” (1991: 1). Nevertheless, our understanding of how the civil rights movement (and movements more generally) brought about change is limited.
I use the civil rights movement to demonstrate the theoretical insights that emerge from a closer analysis of the process by which movements generate change. In short, I argue that our understanding of the cause and form of movement impact is underdeveloped. In this chapter, I will compare explanatory strategies that focus on the organizations and the public activity (e.g., demonstrations, boycotts) of movements and propose that organizations and movement activity may work together to bring change. I begin by addressing general questions about movement outcomes. Then, I describe causal mechanisms through which movement organizations and events can produce broader changes. I illustrate these dynamics using examples from the civil rights movement from my own research on the Mississippi movement and from the broader scholarship on this influential case.