bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(R)‐phenylacetylcarbinol production in aqueous/organic two‐phase systems using partially purified pyruvate decarboxylase from Candida utilis
Authors: Sandford Vanessa , Breuer Michael , Hauer Bernhard , Rogers Peter , Rosche Bettina 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAqueous/organic two‐phase systems have been evaluated for enhanced production of (R)‐phenylacetylcarbinol (PAC) from pyruvate and benzaldehyde using partially purified pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) from Candida utilis. In a solvent screen, octanol was identified as the most suitable solvent for PAC production in the two‐phase system in comparison to butanol, pentanol, nonanol, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, dodecane, methylcyclohexane, methyl tert butyl ether, and toluene. The high partitioning coefficient of the toxic substrate benzaldehyde in octanol allowed delivery of large amounts of benzaldehyde into the aqueous phase at a concentration less than 50 mM. PDC catalyzed the biotransformation of benzaldehyde and pyruvate to PAC in the aqueous phase, and continuous extraction of PAC and byproducts acetoin and acetaldehyde into the octanol phase further minimized enzyme inactivation, and inhibition due to acetaldehyde. For the rapidly stirred two‐phase system with a 1:1 phase ratio and 8.5 U/mL carboligase activity, 937 mM (141 g/L) PAC was produced in the octanol phase in 49 h with an additional 127 mM (19 g/L) in the aqueous phase. Similar concentrations of PAC could be produced in the slowly stirred phase separated system at this enzyme level, although at a much slower rate. However at lower enzyme concentration very high specific PAC production (128 mg PAC/U carboligase at 0.9 U/mL) was achieved in the phase separated system, while still reaching final PAC levels of 102 g/L in octanol and 13 g/L in the aqueous phase. By comparison with previously published data by our group for a benzaldehyde emulsion system without octanol (50 g/L PAC, 6 mg PAC/U carboligase), significantly higher PAC concentrations and specific PAC production can be achieved in an octanol/aqueous two‐phase system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Short‐term and long‐term effects of increasing temperatures on the stability and the production of volatile sulfur compounds in full‐scale thermophilic anaerobic digesters
Authors: Iranpour Reza , Cox Huub H.J. , Fan Steve , Abkian Varouj , Kearney Ray J. , Haug Roger T. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis study compares the effect of a rapid increase of the digester temperature (from 54°C to 58°C in 2 weeks) with a slow increase (from 53.9°C to 57.2°C at a rate of 0.55°C per month) on full‐scale thermophilic anaerobic digestion at Hyperion Treatment Plant. The short‐term test demonstrated that rapidly increasing the digester temperature caused elevated production of volatile sulfur compounds, most notably methyl mercaptan, but volatile solids destruction and methane production were not significantly affected. The increase of the volatile fatty acid to alkalinity ratio from 0.1 to over 0.3 indicated a transient change in digester biochemistry, which was reversed by lowering the temperature. In the long term‐test, a slow increase of digester temperature, the production of hydrogen sulfide increased above temperatures of 56.1°C, but was controlled by increased injection of ferrous chloride. Methyl mercaptan was detected in trace amounts at the highest temperature tested (57.2°C). This test showed insignificant effects on other digestion parameters, although some temperature‐independent changes were observed that could have been seasonal effects over the year that the long‐term test lasted. Thus a slow temperature increase was preferable. This observation contrasts with previous results showing the desirability of a rapid temperature rise to first establish a thermophilic culture when converting from mesophilic operation. Further research is warranted on temperature limits and process changes to optimize thermophilic anaerobic digestion. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
What citizens think about the police: assessing actual and wished‐for frequency of police activities in one's neighbourhood
Authors: Salmi Satu , Voeten Marinus , Keskinen Esko 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe aim of the study was to find out what were citizens' assessments of actual and wished‐for frequencies of 12 police activities in two typical Finnish neighbourhoods. Data were collected from 3271 adults and 986 young people with a mail questionnaire. Actual and wished‐for frequencies were separately analysed using Homals. Both analyses produced a dimension indicating the assessed (actual or wished‐for) frequency of police work, disregarding the content of the 12 police activities. In addition, each analysis produced a dimension describing the tendency to give a ‘don't‐know’ answer. The latter two non‐substantive dimensions were interpreted as indicating that the general level of knowledge of police activities was not high among the citizens. When comparing the frequency assessments of ongoing police activities and the wishes concerning these activities, it was found that citizens wished the police to increase all cited activities, particularly foot patrolling, helping and supporting victims and giving crime prevention advice. Citizens appeared to be responsive to the activities related to community policing and preventive police work. All four dimensions were related with background characteristics of respondents (age, gender, city and living conditions), but these relations were not strong. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Young offenders, schools and the neighbourhood: a new approach to data‐analysis for community policing
Authors: Williamson Tom , Ashby David I. , Webber Richard 
Published: May 2005

AbstractYouth offending often lies at the heart of community policing programmes. The primary objective of this study is to provide evidence of the extent to which the level and the pattern of youth offending varies between different types of neighbourhood and the schools they attend. We posit that the adoption of neighbourhood typology based analyses, frequently used in the commercial world, are appropriate to address this issue. We substantiate this argument with the analysis of a large anonymized database (c. 34,000 records spanning 5 years) containing the details of youth offenders and their offences in Nottinghamshire, segmented by neighbourhood type. The neighbourhood classification used, a proprietary geodemographic solution, is based on both census and consumer data, and segments all UK postcodes into 61 neighbourhood types and 11 aggregate groups. The results are analysed with reference to nine conditions: level of offending (total numbers of offences and offenders); single/repeat offenders; gender; ethnicity; offence classification; outcome; context (including temporal conditions such as school holidays); whether the offender accepted or denied occurrence; and age at the time of the occurrence.Of particular interest is the association between the offenders and educational establishments, and thus the identification of schools that are most at risk for recidivism, raising questions regarding the concept of criminogenic schools. A number of policy recommendations are made which could lead to better informed strategy management in youth offending. We conclude that geodemographic analysis can leverage extra value and substantial insight from operational data bases collected on a routine basis. However, this poses the question as to why public sector practitioners and planners have not already made use of such analytical techniques, which have been central to much business strategy in recent years. This approach to the analysis of youth offender data lends itself to further social psychological research and exploration. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why ‘soft’ policing is hard: on the curious development of reassurance policing, how it became neighbourhood policing and what this signifies about the politics of police reform
Authors: Innes Martin 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTracing the development of Reassurance Policing and its recent translation into Neighbourhood Policing, this article examines why it is that ‘soft’ policing functions appear so difficult for the police to perform. It is argued that over the past three decades the reform of policing in the UK has tended to oscillate between positions emphasizing coercive ‘hard’ policing functions and alternative conceptions that focus upon the conduct of soft policing, where the emphasis is upon a more persuasive mode of social control. Reassurance Policing is identified as important as, through its incorporation of aspects of the Signal Crimes Perspective, it provides a coherent logic that sets out why both hard and soft policing are important. It is concluded that future policing styles need to be able to respond to the diverse demands of the public and that this will require a combination of hard and soft policing. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Policing a complex community; political influence on policing and its impact on local and central accountability
Authors: Fletcher Robin 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDuring the 1970s a series of events irrevocably changed the way in which policing was carried out in England and Wales. This paper describes how the police became politicized as it enforced government policies that resulted in violent police/public confrontation. It then explores how the Metropolitan Police Service began a process of re‐engagement with the highly complex society of London, by community‐focused policing models. The theoretical and practical difficulties of community policing are discussed in relation to legislation that required greater community involvement in policing. A theme of accountability is generated throughout the paper showing how political extremism challenged a bi‐partite system of police governance, unique to the Metropolitan Police in the context of the UK, by demanding local accountability. This resulted in conflicting legislation that promotes both localized and centralized forms of accountability. The paper concludes with a speculative theory of how policing may develop in London as a department of a local government. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Production of the Tubulin Destabilizer Disorazol in Sorangium cellulosum: Biosynthetic Machinery and Regulatory Genes
Authors: Kopp Maren , Irschik Herbert , Pradella Silke , Müller Rolf 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMyxobacteria show a high potential for the production of natural compounds that exhibit a wide variety of antibiotic, antifungal, and cytotoxic activities.1, 2 The genus Sorangium is of special biotechnological interest because it produces almost half of the secondary metabolites isolated from these microorganisms. We describe a transposon‐mutagenesis approach to identifying the disorazol biosynthetic gene cluster in Sorangium cellulosum So ce12, a producer of multiple natural products. In addition to the highly effective disorazol‐type tubulin destabilizers,3–5 S. cellulosum So ce12 produces sorangicins, potent eubacterial RNA polymerase inhibitors,6 bactericidal sorangiolides, and the antifungal chivosazoles.7, 8 To obtain a transposon library of sufficient size suitable for the identification of the presumed biosynthetic gene clusters, an efficient transformation method was developed. We present here the first electroporation protocol for a strain of the genus Sorangium. The transposon library was screened for disorazol‐negative mutants. This approach led to the identification of the corresponding trans‐acyltransferase core biosynthetic gene cluster together with a region in the chromosome that is likely to be involved in disorazol biosynthesis. A third region in the genome harbors another gene that is presumed to be involved in the regulation of disorazol production. A detailed analysis of the biosynthetic and regulatory genes is presented in this paper.
Percutaneous implantation of an aortic valve prosthesis
Authors: Laborde J.C. , Borenstein N. , Behr L. , Farah B. , Fajadet J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractRecently, percutaneous aortic valve implantation has become an alternative technique to surgical valve replacement in patient at high risk for surgery. Our animal experimentation evaluated the technical feasibility of aortic valve replacement using a bovine pericardium valve sutured on a self‐expandable stent in a sheep model. Precise implantation with satisfactory attachment on the adjacent tissues and absence of migration was obtain in 8 out of 14 animals. This study confirmed the feasibility of the endovascular implantation of a pericardium valve sutured on a self‐expandable stent in a sheep model. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transradial stenting of the iliac artery: A case report
Authors: Flachskampf Frank A. , Wolf Tobias , Daniel Werner G. , Ludwig Josef 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn this case report, stenting of the common iliac artery via the radial access route with 6 Fr equipment, including an extra long multipurpose catheter, is presented. Radial access avoids bleeding and ischemia that may complicate retrograde or crossover access to the iliac artery. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Percutaneous occlusion of a pulmonary aneurysm causing hemoptysis in a patient with pulmonary atresia and aortopulmonary collaterals
Authors: Pate Gordon E. , Carere Ronald G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA 28‐year‐old male was referred for cardiac catheterization because of recurrent severe hemoptysis necessitating resuscitation and subsequently preventing weaning from ventilation. He had a history of pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta with right‐sided aortic arch diagnosed at birth. Eisenmenger's syndrome ensued and he was not felt to be suitable for corrective cardiac surgery. He had multiple major aortopulmonary collateral vessels to both lungs with a large aneurysm in an artery to the right lower lobe, which was suspected to be the source of his bleeding. Occlusion of this aneurysm was achieved percutaneously using an Amplatzer septal occluder device. He had no further bleeding and was successfully weaned from ventilation. Six months later, he has recovered to his functional baseline and has not had any further episodes of hemoptysis. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Left ventricular unloading and concomitant total cardiac output increase by the use of percutaneous impella recover LP 2.5 assist device during high‐risk coronary intervention
Authors: Valgimigli Marco , Steendijk Paul , Sianos George , Onderwater Emile , Serruys Patrick W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA number of techniques have been proposed for circulatory support during high‐risk percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI), but no single approach has achieved wide acceptance so far. We report on a patient with severe left ventricular (LV) impairment who underwent a PCI with the use of a new left ventricular assist device, the Impella Recover LP 2.5 system. The effects on global cardiac output were determined by thermodilution (TD) and LV pressure‐volume loops obtained by conductance catheter. The activation of the pump resulted in a rapid and sustained unloading effect of the LV. At the same time, the continuous expulsion of blood into ascending aorta throughout the cardiac cycle produced by the pump resulted in an increase of systemic overall CO, measured by the TD technique, of 1.43 L/min. The procedure was uncomplicated and the patient remained uneventful at follow‐up. Our single experience gives new input for future trials to assess the effect of the Impella Recover LP 2.5 assist device on outcome in this subset of patients. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular Aptamers for Real‐Time Protein–Protein Interaction Study
Authors: Cao Zehui , Tan Weihong 
Published: May 2005

AbstractProtein–protein interactions play critical roles in cellular functions, but current techniques for real‐time study of these interactions are limited. We report the real‐time monitoring of protein–protein interactions without labeling either of the two interacting proteins; this procedure poses minimum effects on the binding properties of the proteins. Our strategy uses a protein/aptamer complex to probe the interactions in a competitive assay where the binding of an aptamer to its target protein is altered by a second protein that interacts with the target protein. Two signal transduction strategies, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and fluorescence anisotropy, have been designed to study the interactions of human α‐thrombin with different proteins by using two aptamers specific for two binding sites on α‐thrombin. Our method has been shown to be simple and effective, does not require labeling of proteins, makes use of easily obtainable aptamers, provides detailed protein–protein interaction information and has excellent sensitivity for protein detection and protein–protein interaction studies. The FRET and the fluorescent anisotropy approaches complement each other in providing insight into the kinetics, mechanisms, binding sites and binding dynamics of the interacting proteins.
On the Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of Aminocyclitols from Cyclitol Epoxides: The Effect of Li as a Chelating Agent
Authors: Serrano Pedro , Llebaria Amadeu , Vázquez Jordi , de Pablo Joan , Anglada Josep M. , Delgado Antonio 
Published: May 2005

AbstractExperimental and theoretical studies on the influence of Li ions on the regio‐ and the stereoselectivity of the reaction of cyclitol epoxides with nitrogen nucleophiles have been carried out. Model studies with NaN3as a nucleophile in the absence of Li ions predict a mixture of C1 and C2 regioadducts. The inclusion of two Li ions as a chelating agent favours the operation of a low populated “all‐axial” conformation leading ultimately to the C1 adducts. In all cases, the results can be rationalised by geometric and energetic considerations of the corresponding transition states. Predictions of the theoretical calculations are in good agreement with the experimental results using primary and secondary amines as nucleophiles, and thus confirm the validity of this study.
Substituent Effect To Prevent Autoxidation and Improve Spectral Stability in Blue Light‐Emitting Polyfluorenes
Authors: Li Jiu Yan , Ziegler Andreas , Wegner Gerhard 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA group of fluorene‐based polymers, PF‐1SOR and PF‐2SOR, were synthesized and characterized as blue light‐emitting materials. PF‐1SOR and PF‐2SOR displayed nematic liquid crystalline mesophase in films cast from solution. Compared with conventional polyfluorene, PF‐1SOR and PF‐2SOR display blue‐shifted UV absorption and structureless blue fluorescence. The photoluminescence spectra of PF‐1SOR and PF‐2SOR were found insensitive against thermal treatment in air up to 200° C and the blue electroluminescence in their light‐emitting devices was independent of the driving voltage. Compared to the conventional polyfluorenes, the improved spectral stability of these polymers is attributed to the anti‐oxidization effect of (3,5‐di(tert‐butyl)phenoxy)sulfonyl side groups attached to the backbone.
Spatially Resolved Raman and UV‐visible‐NIR Spectroscopy on the Preparation of Supported Catalyst Bodies: Controlling the Formation of H2PMo11CoO405− Inside Al2O3 Pellets During Impregnation
Authors: Bergwerff Jaap A. , van de Water Leon G. A. , Visser Tom , de Peinder Peter , Leliveld Bob R. G. , de Jong Krijn P. , Weckhuysen Bert M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe physicochemical processes that occur during the preparation of CoMo–Al2O3 hydrodesulfurization catalyst bodies have been investigated. To this end, the distribution of Mo and Co complexes, after impregnation of γ‐Al2O3 pellets with different CoMoP solutions (i.e., solutions containing Co, Mo, and phosphate), was monitored by Raman and UV‐visible‐NIR microspectroscopy. From the speciation of the different complexes over the catalyst bodies, insight was obtained into the interaction of the different components in the impregnation solution with the Al2O3 surface. It is shown that, after impregnation with a solution containing H2PMo11CoO405−, the reaction of phosphate with the Al2O3 leads to the disintegration of this complex. The consecutive independent transport of Co2+ complexes (fast) and Mo6+ complexes (slow) through the pores of the Al2O3 is envisaged. By the addition of extra phosphate and citrate to the impregnation solution, the formation of the desired heteropolyanion can be achieved inside the pellets. Ultimately, the H2PMo11CoO405− distribution could be controlled by varying the aging time applied after impregnation. The power of a combination of spatially resolved spectroscopic techniques to monitor the preparation of supported catalyst bodies is illustrated.
Synthesis and Characterization of Thermally Robust Amidinato Group 13 Hydride Complexes
Authors: Cole Marcus L. , Jones Cameron , Junk Peter C. , Kloth Marc , Stasch Andreas 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe reactivity of two sterically bulky amidines, ArNC(R)N(H)Ar (Ar=2,6‐diisopropylphenyl; R=H (HFiso); tBu, (HPiso)) towards LiMH4, M=Al or Ga, [AlH3(NMe3)], and [GaH3(quin)] (quin=quinuclidine) has been examined. This has given rise to a variety of very thermally stable aluminum and gallium hydride complexes. The structural motif adopted by the prepared complexes has been found to be dependent upon both the amidinate ligand and the metal involved. The 1:1 reaction of HFiso with LiAlH4 yielded dimeric [{AlH3(μ‐Fiso)Li(OEt2)}2]. Amidine HFiso reacts in a 1:1 ratio with [AlH3(NMe3)] to give the unusual hydride‐bridging dimeric complex, [{AlH2(Fiso)}2], in which the Fiso− ligand is nonchelating. The equivalent reaction with the bulkier amidine, HPiso, yielded a related hydride‐bridging complex, [{AlH2(Piso)}2], in which the Piso− ligand is chelating. In contrast, the treatment of [GaH3(quin)] with one equivalent of HFiso afforded the four‐coordinate complex [GaH2(quin)(Fiso)], in which the Fiso− ligand acts as a localized monodentate amido–imine ligand. The 2:1 reactions of HFiso with [AlH3(NMe3)] or [GaH3(quin)] gave the monomeric complexes [MH(Fiso)2], which are thermally robust and which exhibit chelating amidinate ligands. In contrast, HPiso did not give 2:1 complexes in its reactions with either of the Group 13 trihydride precursors. For sake of comparison, the reactions of [AlH3(NMe3)] and [GaH3(quin)] with the bulky carbodiimide ArNCNAr and the thiourea Ar(H)NC(S)N(H)Ar were examined. These last reactions afforded the five‐coordinate thioureido complexes, [MH{N(Ar)C[N(H)(Ar)]S}2], M=Al or Ga.
Lack of benefit of spinal irradiation in the primary treatment of intracranial germinoma
Authors: Shikama Naoto , Ogawa Kazuhiko , Tanaka Shiro , Toita Takafumi , Nakamura Katsumasa , Uno Takashi , Ohnishi Hiroshi , Itami Jun , Tada Tsuyoshi , Saeki Naokatsu 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe current study assessed the contribution of spinal irradiation to the treatment outcome of patients with intracranial germinoma.METHODSClinical data from 180 patients with intracranial germinoma, who were treated with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy from 1980 to 2001, were collected from 6 institutions. The patients' median age was 16 years (range, 1–47 yrs), and the male‐to‐female ratio was 133:47. Pathologic verification was obtained in 88 patients. A solitary tumor was seen in 129 patients, and multifocal or disseminated tumors were detected in 51 patients. The median tumor size was 2.5 cm (range, 0.6–7.0 cm). Local field and/or whole brain irradiation was performed in 114 patients, and craniospinal irradiation was performed in 66 patients. Fifty‐five patients were treated with chemotherapy. The median follow‐up time was 89 months (range, 3–297 mos).RESULTSEight‐year overall and event‐free survival rates were 91% and 89%, respectively. The 8‐year recurrence rates at the primary site, intracranial space, and the spinal space were 1%, 6%, and 6%, respectively. Cox regression analysis showed that spinal irradiation (hazard ratio, 1.050; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.355–3.170) did not contribute to a favorable event‐free survival.CONCLUSIONSSpinal irradiation did not contribute to favorable event‐free survival in patients with intracranial germinoma. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.