bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discourse Configurational Languages Introduction*
Authors: Kiss Katalin É 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this volume is to describe in the generative framework the language type in which primary sentence articulation is motivated by discourse-semantic, rather than theta role or case, considerations. Until recently, the existence of such a language type has not been acknowledged in mainstream generative research. As a consequence of the fact that generative research focused on English for a long time, and as a consequence of the assumption that the grammars of all languages are instantiations of one and the same Universal Grammar, it has been hypothesized that the phrase structure identified in the English sentence, involving a grammatical subject-VP dichotomy, c-commanded by a single operator position reserved for a ‘WH operator, constitutes the core of sentence structure in every language. The possibility that this hypothesis may not be correct has been raised, among others, by the studies of the volume Subject and Topic (Li and Thompson (1976)). As this volume demonstrated on empirical material from various languages, the structural role that the grammatical subject plays in the English sentence may be fulfilled by a constituent not restricted with respect to grammatical function or case in other languages; or, in generative terminology: the structural relation [NP, S] can be used to express not only the function ‘grammatical subject,’ associated with the most prominent theta role, but, alternatively, the discourse-semantic function ‘topic,’ as well.
Structural Properties of Information Packaging in Catalan*
Authors: Vallduvi Enric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Logico-semantic relations, theta structure, and case requirements have always been considered to be crucial in determining the syntactic shape of sentences and in motivating or requiring the application of movement operations. This paper shows, well within the spirit of this volume, that these linguistic modules do not exhaust the list. Information packaging, a non-truth-conditional component of sentence interpretation, a.k.a. topic-focus articulation and functional or communicative structure, is a major determinant of syntactic shape as well. Moreover, in view of the fact that syntax must encode information packaging as much as it encodes theta relations or logico-semantic quantificational configurations, the question arises of what is the best way to describe the interface between surface syntax and information packaging. In the Principles and Parameters theory of syntax, a multistratal theory, each abstract stratum structurally and purely represents one of the aforementioned modules. The issue of whether we must deal with information packaging in a similar fashion is one of the main topics of this study. Information packaging, as an interpretive component, is language independent, i.e., its internal workings should be constant across languages. A comparison of Catalan and English, however, shows that different languages use different structural means to realize information packaging. In English-type languages this realization is mostly prosodic, despite having informationally loaded constructions like topicalization. In Catalan-type languages this realization is exclusively syntactic. At first glance, this cross-linguistic disparity in the structural realization of information packaging may suggest that different informational interpretive rules are needed for each language type.
Battle in Two Wars: The Combat Soldier’s Perspective
Authors: Linderman Gerald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first glance, dissimilarities between the Civil War and World War II so leap forward as to seem to preclude even a modest comparison of the combat experience of the two wars. Theirs were different social settings-in the 1860s a small-town America at its zenith; in the 1940s an urban-industrial America moving to its own apogee-and thus nineteenth- and twentieth-century recruits brought to their wars divergent sets of social assumptions. One conflict was entirely internecine, with heavy destruction sustained internally; the other was wholly foreign, with the homeland left untouched. In the eighty years separating the wars, moreover, military technology altered momentously. The Civil War began-and concluded-with the soldier and his musket still the basic unit of warfare.
Fighting on Two Fronts: War and the Struggle for Racial Equality in Two Centuries
Authors: Berlin Irā 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the African-American’s struggle for racial equality, which to a remarkable degree has coincided with the history of the United States, few generalizations carry greater weight than the reality that black people have made more rapid progress toward that elusive goal in time of war than in peacetime. The outbreak of war has signaled an opportunity for black people to press their case for rights denied them in quieter times.
Parameters of Slavic Morphosyntax
Authors: Franks Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first linguistic study written within the Principles and Parameters framework to deal with the Slavic languages. Franks develops parametric solutions to related constructions among those languages. The book can serve both as an introduction to Government and Binding (GB) Theory for Slavic linguists as well as an introduction to Slavic languages for scholars of syntax.
Across-the-Board Dependencies
Authors: Franks Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I investigate the phenomenon of across-the-board (ATB) dependencies in Polish and Russian in order to illustrate how the theory of syncretism developed in the preceding chapter might be used to shed light on certain syntactic problems.1 ATB constructions are those involving syntactic processes that apply with equal force and in a parallel fashion across conjoined phrases. Here I will be concerned primarily with ATB dependencies involving the rule of wh-movement, which takes a wh-word and moves it to some clause-initial operator position, presumably COMP or, in the CP/IP system, the specifier of CP.
Creating Knowledge in Practice
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Takeuchi Hirotaka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter uses the Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., to illustrate the theoretical framework of organizational knowledge creation presented in Chapter 3. Although a variety of references have been used to illustrate each component of the theoretical framework, this chapter will illustrate the entire process of knowledge creation within a single Japanese company. The Matsushita case is divided into two parts. The first part explains the development by Matsushita of a bread-making appliance, known as “Home Bakery,” and its subsequent effect throughout the company. In the second part, we analyze the continuous process of knowledge creation at the corporate level of Matsushita.
Baby Talk in Six Languages
Authors: Ferguson Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Occasionally linguists have turned their attention to the description of marginal systems within languages, such as animal calls, hesitation forms, or baby talk. Such phenomena have sometimes been studied because of purely linguistic interest in synchronic description: they often have elements of sound or form which do not occur in the “normal” central system of the language or have unusual arrangements or frequencies of occurrence of elements which do occur in the central system. This kind of study is of particular relevance to the question of the monosystemic nature of languages versus polytypical analyses of “coexistent” systems. These marginal phenomena have also sometimes been studied from a psychological point of view, in relation to questions of language acquisition or language function.
Variation and Drift: Loss of Agreement in Germanic
Authors: Ferguson Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two questions raised in the classic “empirical foundations” monograph (Wein reich, Labov, and Herzog 1968) are the inspiration for this paper: (1) Why do changes in a structural feature take place in a particular language at a given time, but not in other languages with the same feature, or in the same language at other times? and (2) How does a given historical change acquire fresh significance when viewed as part of a long-range trend?
Conventional Conventionalization: Planned Change in Language
Authors: Ferguson Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussion of the locus of language change deals with locus in either of two senses: the location in the language (i.e., what part of the language changes) or the location in the society (i.e., what part of the society makes the changes in the language). Generally speaking, students of language change prefer to discuss phonology as the language locus and selected sets of values of demographic or sociological variables (e.g., social class, strength of network, age, sex) as the society locus. The kind of question asked is: Whereabouts in the society does a phonological change start, and what is its path of change from one part of the society to another. Whether the change is in phonology, morphology, syntax, or lexicon, however, the overall language locus preferred for analysis is the unmarked vernacular of the reference community, identified most explicitly by Labov when he stated that: the vernacular of everyday life in which the minimum amount of attention is paid to speech: this is the most systematic level of linguistic behavior and of greatest interest to the linguist who wants to explain the structure and evolution of language. (Labov 1972, 256)
Making Constitutional Law
Authors: Tushnet Mark V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following on Making Civil Rights Law, which covered Thurgood Marshall's career from 1936-1961, this book focuses on Marshall's career on the Supreme Court from 1961-1991, where he was first Afro-American Justice. The first book on Justice Thurgood Marshall's years on the Supreme Court based on a comprehensive review of the Supreme Court papers of Justices Marshall and William J. Brennan, this work describes Marshall's special approach to constitutional law in areas ranging from civil rights and the death penalty to abortion and poverty. It also describes the Supreme Court's operations during Marshall's tenure, the relations among the justices, and the particular roles played by Chief Justice Warren Burger, Justice Brennan, and Justice Antonin Scalia. The book locates the Supreme Court's actions from 1967 to 1991 in a broader historical and political context, explaining how Marshall's liberalism became increasingly isolated on a Court influenced by nation's drift in a more conservative direction.
“Assumptions About How People Live”
Authors: Tushnet Mark V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Justice Lewis F. Powell described the Court as “nine small, independent law firms.” Most of its work was done within each justice’s chambers and then circulated to the rest of the Court. During Marshall’s tenure, the justices engaged in relatively few person-to-person discussions of their positions on constitutional questions and almost none on broad questions of constitutional interpretation. As Rehnquist put it in 1981, “All of us know that we have some individual discussions now, but they tend to be on a two or three person basis.” In part the justices’ discussions were few because they had difficulty enough in handling the Court’s workload. Burger’s ineffectiveness as a manager meant that case discussions at the conferences were truncated.
Modern Jewish Ideologies and the Historiography of Jewish Politics
Authors: Biale David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of Jewish politics lies at the very heart of any attempt to understand Jewish history. The dialectic between power and powerlessness that threads its way from biblical to modem times is one of the central themes in the long history of the Jews and, especially in the modern period, defines one of the key ideological issues in Jewish life. How one understands the history of Jewish politics may well determine the stance one takes on the possibility of Jewish existence in diaspora or the necessity for a Jewish state. Or conversely, perhaps the ideological position one takes on this political question may determine how one interprets Jewish history.
The Life of the Dead: Sabras and Immigrants
Authors: Sivan Emmanuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Myths of fallen soldiers exercise a powerful hold over collective memory in the twentieth century, especially in the case of national groups in whose name the wars are usually waged. They acquire the extra and hallowed dimension of a foundation myth in the case of those wars of liberation that result in the creation of a nationstate. They then become an essential part of the dramatic story that interprets the origins and the nature of that state and the movement that has given it birth. Such myths likewise constitute role models for the younger generation, who may be called upon to emulate (or, at least, appreciate) past sacrifices, the price paid for independence. The “million martyrs” of the Algerian war of independence (1954- 1962) is a famous case in point.
The Rothschilds and the Russian LoansHigh Finance and Jewish Solidarity
Authors: Feldman Eliyahu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The activity of the Rothschild family on behalf of the Russian Jews who labored under severe legal and administrative disabilities is well known. However, accounts of this activity usually center on financial aid and on efforts of both the English and the French branches of the family to induce their respective governments to intervene on the Jews’ behalf by diplomatic means. In contrast, the activity of the Rothschilds undertaken to exert financial pressure on the Russian government is barely mentioned, and when it is, the account in most cases is based on secondary and often unreliable sources such as unfounded newspaper reports or the speculations of diplomatic representatives as reported to their governments.
History Through the “Eye” of the Camera: The Holocaust and Photography
Authors: Huttenbach Henry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Photography, cinematography and television (not to mention video) have, over the course of the twentieth century, radically altered the relationship between word and image. The power of the text has steadily given way to the impact of the illustration; reading has become secondary to visual observation. Seeing a picture is preferred to “seeing” a verbal description. The latter calls for an act of vicarious imagination; the former does not. The immediacy of the image in arousing an emotional response suggests a speedier path toward meaning than the slower interpretative path required by the written or spoken word. Increasingly, statistics and weather reports, for example, are rendered in visual forms-graphs and graphics-as if these facilitated understanding and improved accuracy. Similarly, scholars of the Holocaust tum to textual enhancement by including photos, relying on photography as a means of better conveying the reality of genocide to their readers.
Overview
Authors: Kronenfeld David B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How we use words in speech to refer to things in the world around us presents a major problem. What makes an understanding of our use of words difficult and necessitates a complex theoretical treatment is the great and well-attested polysemy of natural language. In ordinary language usage, there is no one-to-one relationship between words and things. Opposed or contrasting words are used in different contexts to refer to the same thing, while very different things—different in their form, use, or in any other attribute that we choose to note—are referred to by the same term. This variability of reference made Bertrand Russell want to redesign language so that there would be a one-to-one relationship between a word and the conjunctively defined set of things it referred to. It is the problem that led Wittgenstein to claim that the best we could do was merely to describe the chained linkage of”family resemblances” among the various referents of any term.
Intellectual Context of the Theory
Authors: Kronenfeld David B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One common kind of book is an eclectic summary of a field, discusing the major theoretical developments and focusing on some common themes or issues among them. Another, contrasting kind is a careful and more or less self-contained explication of a particular theoretical argument. My aim is the latter; the works I cite and analyze in the text are used to explore the presuppositions that underlie my work, to lay out the base of previous findings on which I am building, and to credit the sources of my thinking. It may be useful to the reader, however, if I briefly sketch how the present work relates to some other relevant work in contemporary anthropology, cognition, and semantics.
The U.S. Software Industry:
Authors: Steinmueller W Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past fifty years innovations in semiconductors, data storage devices, computer architecture, software, and data communications have revolutionized information collection, storage, processing, and distribution, creating new industries and transforming industries inherited from past industrial eras. Explanations of this revolution in information technology have focused on the extraordinary reductions in the cost of the hardware components,1 largely to the neglect of the role of computer software in these developments. Nonetheless, every application of information tech nology has required complementary “software”--computer instructions that transform the tabula rasaof computer hardware into machines that perform useful functions.
The Origin of American Indian Languages
Authors: Campbell Lyle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Americas is the subject of a lively current debate.1 At issue is what really took place and how we can find out about it. The classification of American Indian languages has played an important role in research on this topic. The purpose of this chapter is to consider the implications that the classification of these languages has for how and when the first people came to the New World. The “more than 400 years of humanistic, antiquarian, and-within the last century-scientific [including archaeological, linguistic, and human biological/genetic] scholarship have not definitely resolved the question of when [or how or how many] human groups first made their appearance in the New World” (Taylor 1991:101).
Languages of Middle America
Authors: Campbell Lyle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the distant past, no one could speak, which is one reason that people were destroyed at the end of the First and Second Creations. Then, while the sun deity was still walking on the earth, people finally learned to speak (Spanish), and all people everywhere understood each other. Later the nations and municipios were divided because they had begun to quarrel. Language was changed so that people would learn to live together peacefully in smaller groups.
Distant Genetic Relationships: The Methods
Authors: Campbell Lyle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Classifications Of Families and isolates presented in Chapters 4, 5, and 6 are relatively straightforward and for the most part not controversial. However, proposals abound for more inclusive, broader family groupings, hypotheses of distant genetic relationships. The purpose of this chapter is to assess the methods for determining family relationships, particularly distant genetic affinities. In Chapter 8, the principal proposals for various broader groupings of Native American languages are evaluated using the methods surveyed in this chapter.
Simulation Studies of Polymer Melts At Interfaces
Authors: Yoon D Y , Vacatello M , Smith G D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The structures and properties of polymer melts at various interfaces have been the subject of numerous studies in recent years due to the critical role interfaces play in such important polymer applications as thin films, coatings, lubricants, adhesives and composite matrix materials. Experimentally, development and application of new techniques, such as the surface force apparatus, grazing incidence X-ray scattering, and neutron reflectivity, have generated many new and unexpected results. These experiments allow one to investigate the structures and dynamic properties of polymer thin films and interfaces at small dimensions down to the 1 nm range.
Private, Social, and Public Reasoners
Authors: Gaus Gerald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I warned at the outset, the analysis of personal justification in part I may have struck some readers as overly individualistic and “monological.” Justification was analyzed as essentially internal to a person’s system of reasons and beliefs, and I allowed for considerable justifiable variation from one person’s set of beliefs to another’s. Some individualistic version of relativism seemed to emerge (chaps. 3-4). This is an incomplete, indeed, on its own, a distorting view of human reasoning. Thus far we have treated people as essentially private reasoners. Each has his own system of reasons and beliefs, and the moral beliefs he is justified in accepting and rejecting are determined by that system.
What Comes Naturally
Authors: Pascoe Peggy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A long-awaited history that promises to dramatically change our understanding of race in America, What Comes Naturally traces the origins, spread, and demise of miscegenation laws in the United States - laws that banned interracial marriage and sex, most often between whites and members of other races. Peggy Pascoe demonstrates how these laws were enacted and applied not just in the South but throughout most of the country, in the West, the North, and the Midwest. Beginning in the Reconstruction era, when the term miscegenation first was coined, she traces the creation of a racial hierarchy that bolstered white supremacy and banned the marriage of Whites to Chinese, Japanese, Filipinos, and American Indians as well as the marriage of Whites to Blacks. She ends not simply with the landmark 1967 case of Loving v. Virginia, in which the Supreme Court finally struck down miscegenation laws throughout the country, but looks at the implications of ideas of colorblindness that replaced them. What Comes Naturally is both accessible to the general reader and informative to the specialist, a rare feat for an original work of history based on archival research.
The Facts of Race in the Courtroom
Authors: Pascoe Peggy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On March 21, 1921, Joe Kirby took his wife, Mayellen, to court. The Kirbys had been married for seven years, and Joe wanted out. Ignoring the usual option of divorce, he asked for an annulment, charging that his marriage had been invalid from its very beginning because Arizona law prohibited marriages between “persons of Caucasian blood, or their descendants” and “negroes, Mongolians or Indians, and their descendants.” Specifically, Joe Kirby claimed that while he was “a person of the Caucasian blood,” his wife, Mayellen, was “a person of negro blood.”
Deconstructing the Ideal/Worker Norm in Family Entitlements
Authors: Williams Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But do not women now work right earnestly? Do not ... our market women labor right earnestly? Do not the wives of our farmers and mechanics toil? Is not the work of mothers in our land as important as the work of the father? “Labor is the foundation of wealth.” The reason that our women are “paupers,” is not that they do not labor “right earnestly,” but that the law gives their earnings into the hands of manhood.