bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of unilateral versus bilateral nasal catheters for oxygen administration in dogs
Authors: Dunphy Elizabeth D. , Mann F. A. , Dodam John R. , Branson Keith R. , Wagner‐Mann Colette C. , Johnson Paula A. , Brady Mark A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjective: To determine the effect of bilateral nasal oxygen supplementation on tracheal airway and arterial blood gas parameters.Design: Original research.Setting: Research Laboratory.Animals: Eight normal dogs.Interventions: None.Measurements: Intra‐tracheal oxygen concentration and arterial oxygen partial pressure at three different oxygen flow rates given through either unilateral or bilateral nasal catheters.Main results: FIO2 and PaO2 were significantly increased with higher total oxygen flow rates, but the increase was the same whether the higher flow was delivered through one nasal catheter or divided and administered though two nasal catheters. The use of bilateral nasal catheters allowed a tracheal FIO2 as high as 0.60 with minimal patient discomfort.Conclusions: The benefit of bilateral nasal catheters for oxygen supplementation is the ability to provide high total oxygen flows with decreased risk of patient discomfort. If the desired oxygen flow can be achieved with a unilateral nasal catheter, then the only benefit of bilateral catheters is increased patient comfort. The use of bilateral nasal oxygen catheters for oxygen supplementation can result in an FIO2 that is high enough to produce oxygen toxicity with prolonged administration.
Cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation in small animals—A clinical practice review. Part II
Authors: Cole Steven G. , Otto Cynthia M. , Hughes Dez 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjective:To review the principles and practice of cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) in veterinary medicine, and to incorporate recommendations from the human International Guidelines 2000 Conference on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care.Data sources:Both clinical and experimental studies from the human and veterinary literature were reviewed for this manuscript.Summary:Cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation consists of basic life support measures, advanced life support measures, and post‐resuscitation care. Part I of this article introduced the evidence‐based recommendations from human medicine and reviewed basic life support. Part II of this article reviews advanced life support, including drug therapy and electrical defibrillation based upon the electrocardiographic rhythm present at the time of cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA). Post‐resuscitation care is discussed, with a particular focus on optimizing perfusion to the brain, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract. Several currently investigational methods that may improve future patient outcomes are also addressed.Conclusions:Advanced life support techniques provide methods to augment CPCR efforts. As with basic life support, recent recommendations to improve advanced life support in humans may be also be applied to veterinary patients. However, clinical research evaluating these interventions in veterinary CPCR is necessary. Post‐resuscitation care requires vigilant monitoring and aggressive support to ensure vital organ perfusion and maximize patient outcomes.
Morphological Traits Associated with Lodging Resistance of Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Zuber U. , Winzeler H. , Messmer M. M. , Keller M. , Keller B. , Schmid J. E. , Stamp P. 
Published: March 2003

Throughout the world, lodging in cereals causes great losses in yield each year. A two year field study was conducted to determine the relationship of morphological traits to lodging resistance in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding lines and to find easily measurable traits related to lodging resistance. A set of 15 breeding lines, representing a wide range of combinations of plant height and lodging resistance, was evaluated.During the first year, 29 morphological traits were measured at two growth stages and correlated with the lodging score. Higher correlations were found for traits measured at anthesis (DC 65) than for traits measured at maturity (DC 92); most of the fresh weight traits correlated better to lodging resistance than did the corresponding dry matter parameters. During the second year the six traits of plant height, stem length, stem diameter, ear weight, stem weight and stem weight per cm were measured at anthesis and correlated with the lodging score.From the pooled data of four experiments, significant correlations between the lodging score and single morphological traits were found for stem diameter and stem weight per cm. Thicker stems and heavier stems (mg per cm) were indicative for better lodging resistance. Stem diameter and stem weight cm−1 explained 48.5 % and 49.7 %, respectively, of the phenotypic variation in lodging resistance. Multiple linear regression equations indicated that 77.2 % of the variation in lodging resistance was based on stem weight cm−1 and on the weight of the ear.
Effect of Glaucousness on Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Grain Yield in Durum Wheat
Authors: Merah O. , Deléens E. , Souyris I. , Monneveux P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe effect of glaucousness on yield and transpiration efficiency was studied in durum wheat under Mediterranean conditions. Two groups of 16 genotypes, with contrasting glaucousness, were compared over 2 years for flag leaf and kernel carbon isotope discrimination, residual transpiration, specific leaf dry weight, biomass and grain yield. Significantly higher carbon isotope discrimination and lower specific leaf dry weight were noted in the glaucous lines. No significant effect of glaucousness was found on residual transpiration. Glaucous genotypes also exhibited higher grain yield, which was strongly correlated to the carbon isotope discrimination values. Results suggest that glaucousness has a negative effect on transpiration efficiency, which could be related to modifications of leaf energy balance. Higher stomatal conductance, reflected by the high carbon isotope discrimination, could mainly explain the higher grain yield found in the glaucous lines.
Die Blattanatomie eines schnell und eines langsam wachsenden Grases in Abhängigkeit von der Stickstoffversorgung
Authors: Erley G. Schulte auf'm , Rademacher I. , Kühbauch W. 
Published: March 2003

Leaf anatomy of a fast‐ and a slow‐growing grass as dependent on nitrogen supply The grass species Lolium perenne and Festuca rubra, originating from habitats with differing N‐availability, differ in their relative growth rate. This is mainly caused by the higher specific leaf area of L. perenne compared to F. rubra. The leaf anatomy of both species was further investigated. The species were raised in growth chambers under high and low N‐supply. The higher specific leaf area of L. perenne (27 mm2 mg–1) in relation to F. rubra (14 mm2 mg–1) was mainly caused by a lower leaf density (0.23 vs. 0.33 mg mm–3). The level of N‐supply influenced both leaf density and leaf thickness. The leaf volume of L. perenne comprised higher fractions of epidermis and lower fractions of mesophyll and intercellular space compared to F. rubra. However, the discrepancy in leaf density between the species could not be explained by anatomical differences. Under low N‐supply, the leaves of both species had higher amounts of vascular bundles and fibre cells and lower amounts of intercellular space, which partly explained the higher density of the leaves. It is concluded, that thinner cell walls and higher amounts of cytoplasm cause the higher specific leaf area of L. perenne.
A multiple‐species, multiple‐project database for genotypes at codominant loci
Authors: Reinsch By N. 
Published: March 2003

IntroductionThe possibility of identifying chromosome segments which have an important effect on quantitative traits has been greatly increased by the availability of dense marker maps. Crosses between wild ancestors and domesticated breeds (e.g. A nderssonet al. 1994) as well as commercial populations (e.g. G
eorgeset al. 1995) can be used either to scan the entire genome of livestock species or to investigate single chromosome regions of special interest (e.g. R
einschet al. 1998a).This kind of research makes it necessary to genotype hundreds or thousands of animals for numerous marker loci and consequently a big bulk of genotypic data must be processed. The results of QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) research are expected to initiate the age of marker‐assisted breeding value estimation (F ernando 1998) and marker‐assisted selection, extending the demand for genotypic data processing to commercial breeding programmes. But even in current selection schemes genotypic data are accumulated, usually for parentage testing and by using DNA probes for the selection against alleles causing unfavourable conditions or diseases, e.g. at the ryanodine receptor locus in pigs (F
ujiiet al. 1991). New developments like DNA‐chip technology (L
ipshutzet al. 1995) or the application of mass spectrometry (H
aff and S
mirnov 1997; H
igginset al. 1997) aim at the implementation of reliable automated high‐throughput genotyping systems and are likely to drive the mass of available genotypes further, at least until tissue sample collection and DNA preparation become a bottleneck.Keeping this situation in mind this paper gives a description of a database (DB) for genotypes at codominant loci. It was initially developed to collect the marker data from a QTL mapping project initiated by the German Cattle Breeders’ Federation (ADR) in collaboration with several animal breeding institutes, and may also serve as a prototype for unified procedures to process a large variety of genotypic data, such as may occur in a breeding programme. In the first part of the paper the general role of such a database is described, with emphasis on different sources of inconsistencies. The second part is a description of the structure and the relational scheme of ADRDB, followed by a section on consistency checking and error reporting. Finally the use of ADRDB in some research projects is described. Special aspects like the treatment of null alleles or sex‐linked loci are part of the discussion section.
A missense mutation in the follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) gene shows different allele effects on litter size in Chinese Erhualian and German Landrace pigs
Authors: Jiang Z. , Rottmann O. J. , Krebs O. , Chen J. , Liu H. , Pirchner F. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) is a unique member of the glycoprotein hormone receptor family. Its expression is highly gonad‐ and cell‐specific, demonstrating its importance for oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Based on published porcine FSHR gene sequence, a pair of primers was designed to amplify a 674‐bp fragment of exon 10. The genetic polymorphism was detected by PCR‐single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR‐SSCP) analysis and a C/T substitution was revealed by direct sequencing of PCR products of putative SSCP homozygotes. This C‐to‐T transition led to an isoleucine 377‐to‐threonine substitution in the porcine FSHR protein. Bi‐directional PCR amplification of specific allele (Bi‐PASA) assay was developed to genotype this C/T substitution on 75 pure Chinese Erhualian (347 litter records) and 113 pure German Landrace sows (501 litter records). The general linear model (GLM) procedure of SAS analysis revealed significant associations of the marker with total piglets born in these two breeds, but showing different allele effects. In Chinese Erhualian pigs, the homozygous T/T genotype was associated with 2.12 and 1.46 piglets more in total born than the homozygous C/C and heterozygous C/T genotype (p = 0.0137). In contrast, German Landrace pigs of homozygote T/T produced 1.92 and 2.14 piglets less in total born than pigs of homozygote C/C and heterozygote C/T (p = 0.0499). This result indicates that genes could interact differently due to the genetic background in livestock species.
Genetic parameters of production traits of Inner Mongolia cashmere goats in China
Authors: Zhou H.M. , Allain D. , Li J.Q. , Zhang W.G. , Yu X.C. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryData on raw cashmere weight and bodyweight traits for 7102 animals with 11 415 observations, from 1988 to 2000, were analysed. Genetic parameters of cashmere weight (CW), fibre length (FL), fibre diameter (FD) and live bodyweight (LBW) were estimated using a restricted maximum likelihood (REML) methodology applied to a multivariate animal model. In addition to fixed effects, the model included random permanent environmental, and direct and maternal additive genetic effects. Heritability estimates were 0.28, 0.23, 0.32 and 0.10 for CW, FL, FD and LBW, respectively. Estimates of maternal genetic effect were close to zero for all traits and can be ignored. Genetic correlations were low to moderate, ranging from −0.19 between FL and FD to 0.41 between LBW and FD. Estimates of repeatability were 0.44, 0.40, 0.38 and 0.39 for CW, FL, FD and LBW, respectively. These genetic parameter values provide a basis for the development of genetic improvement programmes for Inner Mongolian cashmere goats.
Analysis of the cultural value of local livestock breeds: a methodology
Authors: Gandini G. C. , Villa E. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe article analyses the potential cultural value of local livestock breeds with the aim of identifying useful elements to both conserve and attribute value to them. Local breeds can be considered cultural properties in relation to their role as historical witnesses as they often play a central part in the agriculture tenures and in the social life of rural populations. Local breeds can also be likened to cultural properties because they contribute to the preservation of ancient local traditions. To analyse the historical value of a local breed, a methodology is proposed which is based on a set of parameters including antiquity, role in the agricultural system, farming techniques, role in landscape, gastronomy, folklore and handicrafts and presence in forms of higher artistic expression. To assess the role of the breed as a custodian of local traditions, additional parameters are proposed to evaluate its contribution in maintaining traditional landscape, gastronomy, folklore and handicrafts. The proposed methodology is applied to a set of nine local cattle breeds, covering a wide spectrum of farming settings. The analysis shows that consistent differences can be observed in the cultural values of local breeds, both as historical witness and as custodian, today, of local traditions.
Fixed or random contemporary groups in genetic evaluation for litter size in pigs using a single trait repeatability animal model
Authors: Babot D. , Noguera J. L. , Alfonso L. , Estany J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe importance of using fixed or random contemporary groups in the genetic evaluation of litter size in pigs was analysed by using farm and simulated data. Farm data were from four Spanish pig breeding populations, two Landrace (13 084 and 13 619 records) and two Large White (2762 and 8455 records). A simulated population (200 sows and 10 boars) selected for litter size, in which litter size was simulated using a repeatability animal model with random herd–year–season (HYS), was used to obtain simulated data. With farm data, the goodness‐of‐fit and the predictive ability of a repeatability animal model were calculated under several definitions of the HYS effect. A residual maximum likelihood estimator of the HYS variance in each population was obtained as well. In this sense, HYS was considered as either fixed or random with different number of individuals per level. Results from farm data showed that HYS variance was small in relation to the total variance (ranging from 0.01 to 0.04). The treatment of HYS effect as fixed, reduced the residual variance but the size of HYS levels does not explain by itself the goodness‐of‐fit of the model. The results obtained by simulation showed that the predictive ability of the model is better for random than for fixed HYS models. However, the improvement of predictive ability does not lead to a significant increase of the genetic response. Finally, results showed that random HYS models biased the estimates of genetic response when there is an environmental trend.
Re‐examination of the metabolizable energy contents of various rations containing different types and levels of bacterially fermentable substrates in digestibility experiments with growing pigs
Authors: Kreuzer M. , Wittmann M. , Gerdemann M. M. , Hanneken H. , Abel HJ. , Machmüller A. 
Published: March 2003

Introduction  Feedstuffs with elevated contents of bacterially fermentable substrates (BFS: GFE 1987) offered to pigs have intermediate metabolizable energy (ME) contents compared with feedstuffs mainly composed of starch or hardly fermentable fibre (H
adorn et al. 1996a,b). Consequently, BFS‐elevated feeds could be used as major components enabling pig fattening rations to obtain the ME values required for feed calculation from tabulated values (DLG 1991) or equations based on nutrient composition (GFE 1996). The main field of application for BFS‐elevated feeds is, however, still the feeding of adult, non‐lactating sows, with the majority of investigations on fermentation characteristics also being conducted with sows. In fattening pigs a higher accuracy of estimated ME contents is required than in non‐lactating sows. Furthermore, the ME values of feeds with elevated BFS contents might be systematically different in sows and fattening pigs because a still incomplete evolution of the fermentative capacity of the hindgut of growing pigs cannot be totally excluded (J
entsch et al. 1990). The efficiency of hindgut bacterial protein synthesis might also be different from that being assumed from sow data (e.g. K
irchgessner et al. 1989, 1994).The objective of the present study was to determine the actual ME and BFS contents of rations varying widely in type and level of BFS in three experiments with growing pigs. By comparing these values with those calculated from equations or from tabulated values a re‐examination of the currently applied feed evaluation system should be carried out. Furthermore, interactions of BFS with dietary protein reduction were investigated, since in low‐protein rations fermentation efficiency might be limited by a lack of nitrogen in the hindgut (M osenthin 1987).
Die Wirkung einer Vitamin‐A‐Zulage auf die Konzentration einzelner antioxidativer Komponenten und die Antioxidative Kapazität im Serum von Ponys
Authors: Fuhrmann . Von H. , Pelz G. , Sallmann H. ‐P. 
Published: March 2003

EinleitungDas Plasma enthält wenige antioxidative Enzyme, ist aber reich an anderen hoch‐ und niedermolekularen antioxidativen Molekülen. Hier sind die Plasma‐Proteine mit ihren Thiolgruppen, allen voran Albumin, zu nennen. Von den niedermolekularen Verbindungen haben Urat, Ascorbat, Thiole, Bilirubin und α‐Tocopherol eine Bedeutung. Als Parameter für die oxidative Homöostase des Organismus kann die Bestimmung der antioxidativen Kapazität des Plasmas und anderer biologischer Flüssigkeiten herangezogen werden (L ewin and P
opov 1994). In den letzten Jahren wurde eine Vielzahl von Methoden zur Bestimmung der Antioxidativen Kapazität von Einzelsubstanzen und biologischem Material entwickelt. Die Generation freier Radikale geschah photochemisch (P
opov and L
ewin 1994), chemisch oder chemisch‐enzymatisch (P
ascual and R
omay 1992). Die antioxidative Wirkung wurde dann über Radikal‐Spintrapping (S
oriani et al. 1994), Fluoreszens (R‐Phycoerythrin) oder Chemilumineszenz (Luminol) ermittelt.Die genannten Verfahren haben bisher kaum Eingang in die Tiermedizin gefunden, obwohl eine Reihe metabolischer Dysfunktionen bei Haustieren mit Störungen des peroxidativen Stoffwechsels in Zusammenhang gebracht werden (F uhrmann et al. 1996; M
udron et al. 1997; S
allmann 1998).Ein weiterer Aspekt der Antioxidativen Kapazität ist die bei einigen Spezies beschriebene verminderte Vitamin E‐Retention bei hohen Gaben von Vitamin A (Huhn: C ombs 1976; F
rigg and B
roz 1983; Ratte: J
enkins and M
itchell 1986; Schwein: H
oppe and S
ch&
ouml;
ner 1993). Demzufolge erhob sich die Frage, ob auch beim Pony eine überhöhte Gabe von Vitamin A die Tocopherolgehalte und damit den antioxidativen Stoffwechsel negativ beeinflußt. Dazu wurden neben einzelnen antioxidativen Komponenten die Antioxidative Kapazität des Serums mit zwei unterschiedlichen Methoden bestimmt.
The activity of hepatic lysophospholipid acyltransferase in zinc‐deficient rats
Authors: Waldhauser K. , Eder K. , Kirchgessner M. 
Published: March 2003

Recent studies have demonstrated that zinc deficiency increases the levels of long chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and reduces the levels of n‐6 PUFA in rat tissues (Eder and Kirchgessner 1994a,b, 1995). In particular, the ratio between eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in tissue phospholipids, particularly in phosphatidylcholine was markedly elevated by zinc deficiency. The ratio between these fatty acids is of great physiologic relevance because eicosanoids produced from EPA and AA mediate physiological processes in diverse ways. For instance, in platelets, AA is metabolized primarily to thromboxane A2 which is a potent stimulant of platelet aggregation and a vasoconstrictor. In contrast, EPA is converted to small amounts of thromboxane A3 which is a poor agonist for inducing platelet aggregation (Sprecher 1986).To date, the reason for the increased ratio between n‐3 PUFA and n‐6 PUFA in zinc‐deficient animals is unknown. One possible reason, however, could be an altered incorporation of PUFA into phospholipids by lysophospholipid acyltransferase. This enzyme reacylates lysophospholipids and hence, is the key enzyme in phospholipid renewal. The present study was conducted to investigate whether an altered activity of this enzyme could be the reason for the altered fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids observed in zinc‐deficient rats. As previous studies (Eder and Kirchgessner 1994a, 1995, 1997) have demonstrated that the type of fat influences the effects of zinc deficiency on the fatty acid metabolism, the study used two different fat sources, olive oil with a high level of mono‐unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and linseed oil with a high level of n‐3 PUFA.