bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHLORMETHIAZOLE TREATMENT AND BREAST FEEDING
Authors: Tunstall M. E. , Campbell Doris M. , Dawson Blanche M. , Jostell K.‐G. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryFour mothers receiving chlormethiazole for pre‐eclampsia and their babies were the subjects of the investigation. Blood samples at delivery and blood and breast milk samples in the postpartum period were analysed for chlormethiazole. Concentrations ranged from 1·340 to 1·640 ug/g of sample in umbilical artery blood at birth, and fell to 0·010 to 0·153 ug/g in capillary blood 20 to 26 hours later. After the start of breast feeding, chlormethiazole in the babies was detectable in only 3 out of 27 serial blood samples and was 0·018, 0·009 and 0·006 μg/g. The highest calculated amount of chlormethiazole ingested at a breast feed was 37.2 ug. It is suggested that breast feeding should not be delayed solely on account of chlormethiazole therapy.
DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF THE MIMARK ENDOMETRIAL CELL SAMPLER IN 101 PATIENTS WITH POSTMENOPAUSAL BLEEDING
Authors: Swingler G. R. , Cave D. G. , Mitchard P. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe efficacy of the MiMark endometrial cell sampler in the cytological assessment of endometrium was evaluated in 101 patients with postmenopausal bleeding. The apparatus was successful in diagnosing all but one of the endometrial carcinomas in the series. Reports of its accuracy in diagnosing endometrial hyperplasia and other endometrial pathology cannot be substantiated.
ACUTE PROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS WITH CRESCENTS AND RENAL FAILURE IN PREGNANCY SUCCESSFULLY MANAGED BY INTERMITTENT HAEMODIALYSIS
Authors: Naik R. B. , Clark A. D. , Warren D. J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA 26‐year‐old patient with no previous history of renal disease developed acute non‐streptococcal crescentic glomerulonephritis with severe renal failure in the 17th week of her second pregnancy. It became necessary to treat her with haemodialysis to maintain the blood urea around 25 mmol/l. The haemoglobin was maintained above 9 g/dl with regular blood transfusions and the blood pressure was controlled with hypotensive drugs. Measurement of fetal biparietal diameter and human placental lactogen indicated normal fetal growth and placental function. The patient spontaneously delivered a healthy infant at 32 weeks. Haemodialysis requirements decreased post partum and the patient even managed without dialysis for 12 weeks. Renal function, however, remained severely impaired and maintenance haemodialysis was again necessary a t nine months post partum. Glomerulonephritis complicating pregnancy is reviewed and the management of acute and chronic renal failure in pregnancy is discussed.
SUBJECTIVE RECORDING OF FETAL MOVEMENT
Authors: Wood C. , Gilbert M. , O'Connor A. , Walters W. A. W. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA group of 137 patients, 113 of whom had obstetric complications, recorded fetal movements by a subjective method. Low fetal movement counts were associated with maternal cigarette smoking and prolongation of pregnancy and high counts with maternal ingestion of sedatives or tranquillizers, abnormal fetal heart rate in labour and a true knot in the umbilical cord. The absence of fetal movement during four consecutive 20‐minute counting‐sessions was not associated with poor fetal outcome. Further investigations to assess the usefulness of fetal movement counting are recommended. Such investigations should take into account the limitations imposed by the methods and the obstetric population for study.
EFFECT OF AMNIOTOMY ON FETAL BREATHING MOVEMENTS
Authors: Wladimiroff J. W. , Roodenburg P. J. , Bovenlander J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryFetal breathing movements were recorded by real‐time ultrasound before and after artificial rupture of the membranes. Fifteen normal pregnancies between 39 and 41 weeks gestation were studied. A significant increase in breathing incidence and maximum breathing rate was observed in the first 10 minutes after amniotomy.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF POLYAMINE OXIDASE ACTIVITY IN THE FETOMATERNAL COMPARTMENTS
Authors: Illei G. , Morgan D. M. L. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryPolyamine oxidase activity was measured in different compartments of the feto‐maternal unit by a radiochemical method. The activity in the retroplacental serum (mainly of intervillous origin) was 20 to 30 times higher than in maternal uterine or peripheral venous blood sera. No activity was found in the fetal cord blood sera. The enzyme level in the maternal peripheral sera fell to undetectable levels within 72 hours post partum. Preliminary data indicate that the enzyme might be produced by the decidua rather than by the placenta. It is suggested that the enzyme may constitute an important part of a supposed local immunological barrier formed at the placental bed to help to protect the fetal allograft from maternal immune rejection through a local suppressive effect on maternal cellular immunity.
POLYAMINE OXIDASE ACTIVITY IN HUMAN PREGNANCY SERUM
Authors: Illei G. , Morgan D. M. L. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe existence of a spermine oxidizing enzyme was established in human pregnancy serum by a radiochemical method, and a cross‐sectional study of its quantitative profile between 10 and 40 weeks gestation was undertaken. Though there was a wide scatter of values, the rise in the average activity was continuous and highly significant. The flavoprotein inhibitor, quinacrin, inhibited the enzyme activity, while the pyridoxal phosphate inhibitor, isoniazid, had no significant inhibitory effect suggesting that the enzyme is of tissue origin. The possible role of polyamines and their oxidation in physiological immunoregulation is discussed.
CIRCULATING LEVELS OF PREGNANCY PROTEINS IN EARLY AND LATE PREGNANCY IN RELATION TO PLACENTAL TISSUE CONCENTRATION
Authors: Lee J. N. , Grudzinskas J. G. , Chard T. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe concentrations of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), human placental lactogen (hPL), pregnancy specific β1 glycoprotein (SP1), ferritin (PP2) and placental protein 5 (PP5) were examined in maternal serum and placental tissue in early and late pregnancy. The circulating concentration of hPL, SP1, and PP5 were higher during late pregnancy than early pregnancy, that of hCG lower, and ferritin (PP2) levels showed no difference. Placental tissue levels of hPL and SP1 were higher in late pregnancy, hCG levels lower, and ferritin (PP2) and PP5 showed no change. The ratio of the concentration in maternal serum to that in placental tissue increased during pregnancy for all proteins with the exception of ferritin. It is proposed that the mechanism of secretion of trophoblast specific proteins varies widely and that this should be taken into account in the clinical interpretation of circulating levels in the mother.
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE CONCENTRATION OF PLACENTAL SPECIFIC PROTEINS IN RETROPLACENTAL AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD
Authors: Grudzinskas J. G. , Menabawey M. , Wiley B. A. , Teisner B. , Chard T. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryConcentrations of four placental proteins: human placental lactogen (hPL), placental protein 5 (PP5), pregnancy specific β1 glycoprotein (SP1) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), and a normal serum component, α2 macroglobulin, were measured in the peripheral circulation and in blood obtained from the retroplacental space in 20 women at term delivery. Levels of hPL and PP5 were higher in the retroplacental blood than in the peripheral circulation in all patients. By contrast, levels of SP1 and hCG were consistently lower in retroplacental blood than in the peripheral circulation. Similarly, levels of α2 macroglobulin were lower in the retroplacental blood. It is suggested that this ‘reverse’ gradient is a technical artefact. These findings are discussed in relation to synthesis of placental proteins in a site distal to the retroplacental space, and the introduction of a technical artefact in the collection of samples.
PITUITARY GONADOTROPHINS AND PROLACTIN IN PATIENTS WITH ENDOMETRIAL CANCER, FIBROIDS OR OVARIAN TUMOURS
Authors: Ylikorkala O. , Kauppila A. , Rajala T. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and, prolactin (PRL) were measured before and after gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) and thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation in 17 patients with endometrial cancer, in 15 patients with uterine fibroids, in 11 patients with ovarian cystadenomas or cancer and in 14 age‐matched controls. The women with fibroids had a low FSH level and a diminished FSH response to GnRH but an excessive PRL response to TRH while the other patient groups did not differ from the controls. The results indicate no relation between pituitary function and endometrial or ovarian tumour.
BIRTH WEIGHT OF HAUSA INFANTS IN NORTHERN NIGERIA
Authors: Rehan N. E. , Tafida D. S. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe birth weight of 1460 Hausa singleton infants was recorded and analysed. The birth weight of Hausa infants (Mean ± SD) was 3.03±0.45 kg, being higher in males (3.08±0.47 kg) than females (2.97±0.48 kg). The difference was significant (P <0.001). The mean birth weight of first born children was significantly lower than the subsequent born, and increasing birth order was associated with higher birth weight irrespective of maternal age. The birth weight was influenced more by the parity as compared to maternal age. The incidence of low birth weight was 15.8 per cent, being lower in males (13.6 per cent) as compared to females (18.1 per cent). Comparison were made with studies from other parts of the country as well as from other countries.
DISCREPANCIES IN THE HISTOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF HYDATIDIFORM MOLE
Authors: Javey H. , Borazjani G. , Behmard Shahla , Langley F. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySections of tissue from 256 patients on which a histological diagnosis of hydatidiform mole had been made were reviewed by a visiting pathologist. There was agreement between the reporting pathologists and the visiting pathologist in only 55.1 per cent of cases, a less severe diagnosis was made by the visiting pathologist in 42.2 per cent of cases. The disagreement was as high as 66.6 per cent with pathologists who rarely worked in the gynaecological field. This study casts serious doubt on the consistency of the histological diagnosis of hydatidiform mole made in any one laboratory and between different laboratories. It is suggested that in epidemiological studies the diagnosis should be made by a panel of pathologists using strict histological criteria and in an individual laboratory diagnosis should be made or confirmed by a pathologist experienced in gynaecological pathology.
HORMONAL PROFILES IN LACTATING AND NON‐LACTATING WOMEN IMMEDIATELY AFTER DELIVERY AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO BREAST ENGORGEMENT
Authors: West Christine P. , McNeilly A. S. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryProlactin, human placental lactogen (HPL), oestrone, oestradiol and progesterone levels in plasma were measured before and during the first seven days after delivery in women who did not breast feed. The results confirmed the rapid clearance of placental steroids from the circulation after delivery. Plasma prolactin levels remained elevated during the early puerperium and the range of values were the same in non breast‐feeding women and a group of breast feeding women. Of the 25 women studied, six developed breast engorgement. No difference in hormonal profiles were found leading to the conclusion that there is no endocrine basis for breast engorgement in non‐breast feeding women.
THE RELATION BETWEEN MATERNAL SERUM ALPHA‐FETOPROTEIN LEVELS AND FETOMATERNAL HAEMORRHAGE
Authors: Hay D. L. , Barrie J. U. , Davison G. B. , Buttery B. W. , Horacek I. , Pepperell R. J. , Fliegner J. R. H. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySpontaneous fetomaternal haemorrhage at 14 to 20 weeks gestation resulted in raised serum alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) levels in 13 of 150 patients attending a genetic counselling clinic. In all 13 patients, the placenta was anterior or fundal in position. By allowing for a rise in serum AFP levels of 4 μg/l for each fetal cell seen in 30 high power fields (Kleihauer test), a 62·5 per cent reduction in the number of patients selected for amniocentesis because of raised serum AFP levels would have been achieved. The occurrence of fetomaternal haemorrhages at the time of amniocentesis can be detected by either the Kleihauer technique or the measurement of maternal serum AFP levels.
NORMAL AND ABNORMAL ANTENATAL ULTRASONIC CARDIOGRAPHIC PATTERNS
Authors: Merkur H. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryData is presented from 1019 antenatal ultrasonic cardiographs performed on 391 patients; uterine contractions were not monitored concurrently with the fetal heart rate (FHR). No fetal deaths in utero or preterminal FHR patterns were seen within 24 hours of a normal trace. A comprehensive classification of FHR patterns is presented.
OUTCOME OF PREGNANCY IN WOMEN USING DIFFERENT METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION
Authors: Vessey M. , Meisler Laura , Flavel Rosemary , Yeates D. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryDuring the years 1968‐74, 17 032 women were recruited to the Oxford Family Planning Association prospective study of the effects of different methods of contraception. The present analysis, which concerns 5700 pregnancies experienced by the participants in the investigation, adds to the evidence that ex‐users of oral contraceptives and intrauterine devices suffer no deleterious effects on the outcome of pregnancy in terms of miscarriage, ectopic gestation, stillbirth, congenital malformation, alteration in the sex ratio or reduction in birth weight. Accidental pregnancies in women taking oral contraceptives were few in the present study (66 in all), but it seems likely that harmful effects of exposure of the fetus to the pill in utero, if any, occur infrequently. Women experiencing an accidental pregnancy with an intrauterine device in situ are at a markedly increased risk of miscarriage and ectopic gestation and are more likely to give birth to an underweight infant than other women.
ACUTE LEUKAEMIA RELAPSE PRESENTING AS OVARIAN TUMOUR
Authors: Obeid D. , Cotter P. , Sturdee D. W. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryRelapse of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is described in a woman with a leukaemic ovarian tumour from which reseeding of the bone marrow had occurred. It is proposed that irradiation of the ovaries with the initial leukaemic therapy may prevent this form of relapse.
MATURITY OF FETAL LUNGS TESTED BY PRODUCTION OF STABLE MICROBUBBLES IN AMNIOTIC FLUID
Authors: Pattle R. E. , Kratzing C. C. , Parkinson C. E. , Graves L. , Robertson R. D. , Robards G. J. , Currie J. O. , Parsons J. H. , Sutherland P. D. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryLung surfactant in amniotic fluid, and hence the maturity of the fetal lungs, can be assessed by observation of stable microbubbles (less than 15 m diameter). Bubbles are formed by agitation with a Pasteur pipette and examined in hanging drops under the 10 power of a microscope. Either after a count of bubbles, or after a general survey of hanging drops, the fluid is given a stable microbubble rating. A 'strong’rating indicates that the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome will not occur after delivery, and that the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio will indicate maturity. Complete absence of stable microbubbles suggests a high risk of respiratory trouble for the newborn infant, as does a weak or lower rating in the 30 to 37 week gestational age group. The test takes 5 to 10 minutes to perform, is cheap and easy, is not affected by blood, but may be affected by meconium. If a 'strong’rating is found, measurement of the L/S ratio can safely be omitted.
ULTRASOUND ASSESSMENT OF FETAL GROWTH
Authors: Varma Thankam R. , Taylor H. , Ridges C. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryConsecutive ultrasonic measurements of the fetal head area, thorax area, abdomen area, head/thorax (H/T) area ratio and head/abdomen (H/A) area ratio were obtained from 100 patients with a normal pregnancy and from 186 patients with suspected intrauterine fetal growth retardation. Of all the measurements used, H/A area ratio was found to be most accurate in identifying intrauterine fetal growth retardation predicting 82.9 per cent at 33 weeks and 85.7 per cent at 36 to 38 weeks of gestation. This technique was also found to be useful in distinguishing between the two types of growth retardation. The H/A area ratio was helpful in identifying the growth acceleration pattern of a large baby.
THE COMPOSITION OF AMNIOTIC FLUID IN PREGNANCIES COMPLICATED BY FETAL ANENCEPHALY OR SPINA BIFIDA
Authors: Pettit B. R. , Baker S. P. , King G. S. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe concentration of amniotic fluid glucose, total protein, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphate as well as amniotic fluid osmolality were measured in normal second trimester pregnancies and in second trimester pregnancies complicated by fetal anencephaly or spina bifida. Amniotic fluid glucose concentration was low in anencephaly, while phosphate and total protein were high; calcium concentration and osmolality were slightly elevated with spina bifida. The application of these findings to antenatal diagnosis are discussed.
SERUM GONADOTROPHINS, PROLACTIN AND OVARIAN STEROIDS IN PRIMARY DYSMENORRHOEA
Authors: Ylikorkala O. , Puolakka J. , Kauppila A. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySerum samples were collected from 27 women with incapacitating primary dysmenorrhoea and from 16 normal women in the early part of the cycle (between days 3 to 6), at midcycle (between days 13 to 16) and in the late part of the cycle (between days 23 to 26) for determination of FSH, LH, prolactin (PRL), 17‐ oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (P). The gonadotrophin and P levels showed normal and similar ovulatory patterns in both groups. The PRL concentrations (mean±SD) in dysmenorrhoeic women were lower than normal in the early part (9.2±4.0 ng/ml vs 14.5±7.3 ng/ml, p <0.01) and in late part of the cycle (11.7±5.2 ng/ml vs 16.5±10.2 ng/ml, p 0.05), but not so at midcycle (9.1±2.8 ng/ml vs 10.4±4.4 ng/ml, p> 0.05). The E2 level was higher than normal in dysmenorrhoeic women in the late cycle (163.0±76.7 pg/ml vs 93.3±64.3 pg/ml, p < 0.01), but apart from this the ratio of E2/P did not differ between the groups. These hormonal changes may be related to an excessive production of endometrial prostaglandins in primary dysmenorrhoea.
REAL‐TIME ULTRASOUND OBSERVATION OF FETAL ACTIVITY IN LABOUR
Authors: Wittmann B. K. , Davison B. M. , Lyons E. , Frohlich J. , Towell M. E. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryFetal activity was observed by realtime ultrasound for one hour in 25 patients in labour. Fetal respiratory movement, although reduced compared to the antenatal period, was observed in 13 patients. In three patients, hiccough‐like movements were noted. Fetal body and/or extremity movements were observed in all patients (mean 41/hour) and frequently occurred in episodes. These bursts of movements were significantly correlated with contractions and fetal heart rate (FHR) accelerations. There was a significant association between absent or reduced number of fetal respiratory movements and/or hiccoughs (10 or less/hour) and an abnormal FHR. Absence of any type of fetal activity was also significantly associated with an abnormal FHR. The correlation between fetal activity and conventional methods of fetal assessment is discussed.
TRANSFER OF GLUTAMIC ACID ACROSS THE HUMAN PLACENTA PERFUSED IN VITRO
Authors: Schneider H. , Möhlen K.‐H. , Challier J.‐C. , Dancis J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryTransfer of amino acids was studied with an in vitro perfusion technique of human placenta in which independant maternal and fetal circulations were established. When the fetal perfusate was recirculated, a concentration gradient was established with fetal concentrations of alanine, glycine and lysine about 1.5 times higher than maternal. In this system, the placenta could actively transfer 4.1 mM per day of each of these amino acids. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid were progressively removed from the fetal circulation so that fetal concentrations fell below maternal. The exchange rates of L‐ and D‐glutamic acid were compared, the latter providing a measure of simple diffusion. The ratio of L:D exchange rates was 0.64 from the maternal to the fetal circulation and 0.41 in the reverse direction, indicating a more rapid bidirectional exchange of the D‐isomer. Simultaneously measured exchange rates of leucine gave a L:D ratio of 1.73 and 1 00 respectively, indicating active transfer of L‐leucine towards the fetus. While for L‐glutamic acid, transfer across the placenta was even lower than expected on the basis of simple diffusion, uptake into the tissue was high. Of the amount presented to the placenta, 49 percent was taken up, of which only 10 per cent passed to the other side. The rest was retained and presumably metabolized. For L‐leucine, the uptake was only 16 percent of which 75 per cent was transferred. The placenta serves as an effective barrier to the transfer of glutamic acid by rapidly metabolizing this amino acid. It is postulated that maternal glutamine, which is efficiently transferred across the placenta, contributes its amid‐N2 to the fetal synthesis of purines and pyrimidines and that the resulting surplus of glutamic acid is returned to the placenta which removes it from the circulation and metabolizes it.
A RANDOMIZED DOUBLE‐BLIND TRIAL OF TWO LOW DOSE COMBINED ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
Authors: Bounds Walli , Vessey M. , Wiggins P. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryFifty‐five women using Loestrin‐20 (20 μg ethinyl oestradiol and 1 mg norethisterone acetate) as an oral contraceptive have been compared with a like number using Microgynon‐30 (30 μg ethinyl oestradiol and 150 μg levonorgestrel) in a randomized, double‐blind trial. Despite the small sample size, the main finding in the trial is clear‐cut; Loestrin‐20 provides poor cycle control and is thus less acceptable as an oral contraceptive than Microgynon‐30. Although there is also a suggestion that Loestrin‐20 may be less effective than Microgynon‐30, the difference in the accidental pregnancy rates is not statistically significant.
THE RELATION BETWEEN MATERNAL PLASMA ALPHA‐FETOPROTEIN AND BIRTH WEIGHT IN TWIN PREGNANCIES
Authors: Brock D. J. H. , Barron Lilias , Watt Muriel , Scrimgeour J. B. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn the course of routine screening for neural tube defects, maternal plasma alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) was measured between 15 and 23 weeks of gestation in 64 twin pregnancies. Women with AFP levels more than twice the median for singleton pregnancies gave birth to infants with significantly decreased birth weights. Women with AFP less than the median also tended to produce twins with decreased birth weights. The distribution of gestations at delivery suggested that in twin pregnancies low AFP values gave an early warning of growth retardation while high values signal possible premature delivery.
THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL POSTURE, MEALS AND TIME OF DAY ON FETAL MOVEMENTS
Authors: Minors D. S. , Waterhouse J. M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryDuring the last 3 to 4 months of their pregnancies, six healthy mothers provided a daily record of their own activity together with the amount of fetal movement. Fetal movement increased throughout most of the daytime to reach a peak in the evening. The mothers detected most movement when they were lying, less when they were sitting and least when they were standing. Later in the day the mothers were less likely to be standing and more likely to be sitting; when fetal movement was measured with the mother in the sitting posture, more movement occurred as the day progressed. Mealtimes did not have any effect upon movement. Some implications of these findings, both for the assessment of fetal well‐being and for theories of the development of circadian rhythms in the infant, are discussed.