bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My earlier book The Executive Brain has lived 2 parallel lives in 12 languages: as a trade book for the general public interested in the brain, and as a text read by students, clinicians, and cognitive neuroscientists. The New Executive Brain is a successor book which reflects some of my own more recent thinking as well as the recent discoveries in the vibrant field of cognitive neuroscience. In writing this book I have tried to maintain a balance between it being sufficiently rigorous and informative to be of value to the scientific and professional audience, and sufficiently accessible and entertaining to the general readership.
I hope that The New Executive Brain will also enjoy two parallel lives. Currently, brain research is among the most vibrant and rapidly developing fields of scientific inquiry. In the last 8 years, myriad new developments have taken place, some of which I have tried to reflect here. In addition, numerous general-interest books about the brain have been published, with the brain, brain research, brain ailments such as ADHD and Alzheimer’s disease, and brain remedies including various forms of cognitive enhancement and innovative pharmaceuticals becoming all the rage. Today members of the general educated public are vicarious participants in the incredible journey that neuroscience has become. For these readers my message is, enjoy! I hope that my book will help you take part in this journey.
The Orchestra’s Front Row:
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To appreciate the role of the conductor, one must recognize the complexity of the orchestra. The brain orchestra consists of a large collection of players—the skills, competencies, and knowledge that comprise our mental world. And the neocortex indisputably includes the brain orchestra’s most accomplished players.
Scientists have long been intrigued by the complexity and functional diversity of the brain, particularly its most advanced part, the cortex. Most of us have seen, in college textbooks or on junk-store shelves, old phrenological maps. Today they are mostly dismissed as bizarre quackery. Yet they reflect the state-of-the art understanding of brain organization around the early nineteenth century, when the father of phrenology, Franz Joseph Gall, published his influential work.1 Phrenologists looked at the bumps on the surface of the skull and related them to individual mental abilities and personality traits. They then constructed elaborate maps of those relationships, placing specific mental attributes in specific parts of the brain.
From the standpoint of contemporary science, phrenological maps represented a false start. Like alchemy’s relation to chemistry, phrenology belongs to the prehistory of neuroscience, rather than its early history.
Breaking and Entering
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While still an undergraduate at the Moscow State University, I was attracted to the idea that for neuroscience to become a mature discipline it needed its own theoretical arm, analytical tools, and mathematics, which would do for brain research what the invention of calculus by Newton and Leibnitz did for physics. It can be argued that the importance of theoretical models is greater in neuroscience than in most other areas of scientific inquiry because the systems of interest are more complex and less linear and have a greater richness of emergent properties, given the complex patterns of interactivity that characterize the brain. While all these attributes make our field of inquiry so exciting, it imposes very severe constraints on the power of strictly experimental methods. No matter how many electrodes one implants into a poor monkey’s brain, the recordings are not likely to reveal the complex neural interactions in play—they are simply too numerous, complex, and nonlinear. Our current attempts to capture such interactions in the human brain with functional neuroimaging are equally limited, for similar reasons.
Epilogue
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the the time I wrote this book I had lived significant portions of my life in the East and in the West, and by most realistic projections I had entered its final part—the time of integration, an executive task indeed. In retrospect, my own intellectual journey has been an amalgam and a melding of influences derived from these two worlds, and to the extent that I can claim an intellectual and scientific style of my own, it was shaped by this fusion. I am a man of the East in Western cultural cloth, so to speak. At the beginning of my life’s seventh decade I am still a nomad. I run my clinical practice in New York, and do my research and lecture worldwide.
This book began with the discussion of the brain and ended with the discussion of society and history. The paradigm has been reversed; it is common in the history of ideas to use the concepts of a more mature science as a heuristic metaphor for a more embryonic one. For centuries neuroscience has been the embryonic science borrowing its metaphors from more evolved disciplines: mechanics (hydraulic pumps of the seventeenth century), electric engineering (the telephone switchboard of the early twentieth century), and computer science (the second half of the twentieth century). But now brain science is coming of age and it may be ready to offer its own heuristic metaphors to shed light on other complex systems, including society.
Neuroethology of Pleasure
Authors: Watson Karli K , Shepherd Stephen V , Platt Michael L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Readers unacquainted with Hindi, Czech, or Danish may find these words unfamiliar, but all three sayings capture the same idea. In English, they translate as “wine, women, and song”—or, perhaps more familiarly, in the modern era “sex, drugs, and rock’n’roll.” These clichés are relatively pancultural because they speak to all humans about our goals and joys. We pursue water to slake our thirst and wine to please the palate. We pursue the companionship of friends, the dalliances of lovers, and the bonds of matrimony. And we pursue beauty in music, landscape, ideas, and art.
The Dialectics of Pleasure
Authors: Cabanac Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
However, in the middle of the 20th century, the palaeontologist–philosopher Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, in his attempt to reconcile biology with physics and astronomy removed the Pascalian anguish. His reconciliation was the result of his reckoning that the human phenomenon represents also an infinite. He considered that matter is organized in living beings and, as a rough estimate of this organization, he counted the number of atoms coordinated in autonomous entities such as the human body.
The Sweetest Taboo: Functional Neurobiology of Human Sexuality in Relation to Pleasure
Authors: Georgiadis Janniko R , Kortekaas Rudie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every organism that is alive today is a direct descendant of one or two ancestors: one in the case of asexual reproduction and two in the case of sexual reproduction. This self-evident truth tells us two things about those ancestors: (i) they reached sexual maturity in a su0ciently healthy state and (ii) they actually replicated. These two achievements, individual survival and species survival, are essential for the continuity of life and, as a result, any trait that increases the ability to execute them is favored by natural selection. It is tempting to call these achievements the goals of life, but apparent goals is a safer term to use.
The Hedonic Brain: A Functional Neuroanatomy of Human Pleasure
Authors: Kringelbach Morten L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pleasure is central to our lives and intimately linked to emotional and reward processing in the brain. In general, hedonic experience is arguably at the heart of what makes us human, but at the same time it is also one of the most important factors that is keeping us from staying healthy (Kringelbach, 2004b; Saper et al., 2002). Understanding the underlying brain mechanisms can therefore help us understand and potentially treat the serious problems of affective disorders, such as, for example unipolar depression, bipolar disorder, chronic pain, and the worldwide epidemic of obesity.
Pain and Pleasure: Masters of Mankind
Authors: Leknes Siri , Tracey Irene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Bentham, the study of pleasures and pains was the study of hedonic feelings. All good feelings were pleasures, and “pain” could describe all that humankind sought to avoid (Bentham, 1789). Everyday expressions (“what a pain!”, “my pleasure” etc.) indicate that this type of categorization of positive and negative hedonic feelings is still in use today. In modern-day science, however, the terms reward and punishment have largely replaced Bentham’s pleasures and pains. For instance, a recent PubMed search of “reward and brain” yielded over 20 times more entries than “pleasure and brain.”
Setting the Stage for Mastery:Developing a Working Hypothesis, Goals for Growth, and a Plan of Action
Authors: Hirschland Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Five-year-old Javier has always been challenging, but recently he’s become frighteningly explosive. This intense boy with the big smile is doing so poorly that his childcare program’s director has urgently assembled a meeting of all staff who work with him. Teachers jump in quickly with a range of concerns, reporting that they’ve had to evacuate Javier’s classroom twice in the last week when he started knocking over chairs and tables, that he has to be shadowed constantly for safety reasons, and that in recent days they’ve been kicked and spat at in the midst of his angry episodes. Everyone involved cares a lot about Javier, whose life at home has never been easy. But they fear having to ask him to leave the program. Though they’re used to youngsters from such stressed families, and committed to nurturing them through their preschool years, this level of upset can’t go on much longer.
Helping the High-Energy and/or Inattentive Child:Getting to Work When a Child Has Trouble Slowing Down or Tuning In
Authors: Hirschland Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children who struggle to harness attention can be divided into two basic groups: the spacey dreamers who seem to float through their days, and the “wiggly ones” whose activity levels are so high that it’s hard for them to stop, look, and listen. With the first group, we mostly look to support increased focus. With the second, we target a combination of strengthened attention and body state regulation. This chapter explores approaches to both sets of children because the strategies used to address their vulnerabilities blend together.
Helping the Disengaged, Offbeat, or Gifted but Rigid Child: Getting to Work When a Child Has Trouble Relating With Interest and Flexibility
Authors: Hirschland Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at children struggling with a range of interpersonal difficulties. Some have trouble establishing and maintaining a basic sense of relatedness. Others are interested in connecting but do so too much on their own terms. Experiencing profound discomfort when faced with demands for sociability, children in the first group appear emotionally unavailable. Without an easy ability to share ideas, space, and materials, children in the second seem unaware of the nature of social interchange.
Additional IssuesAddressing Trauma and Loss, Monitoring Media Choices, Providing Guidance During Crises, and More
Authors: Hirschland Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adaptations to the strategies explored thus far are often needed in the face of situations that cause children and families extreme distress: abuse, domestic violence, serious illness or death of a family member, divorce or separation, homelessness, parental substance abuse or incarceration, community violence, significant parental (or sibling) mental health issues. The list is long and sobering. Added to it are the complexities of living in a culture that is saturated with violence, violence children hear about and see in the world around them, and watch on film, television, and computer screens. One book can’t explore all these issues in depth without becoming encyclopedic. This chapter takes a brief look at how clinicians address a few of them, including how we help children deal with trauma and loss, death and serious illness, and separation and divorce. It also explores how to support parents in making healthy media and entertainment choices for their children. Lastly, it discusses the importance of having resources on hand for times of crisis and stress. None of these topics are covered thoroughly; clinicians in need of more extensive information will find additional resources listed in this chapter’s endnotes.
Using the Blues
Authors: Miller D Quentin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American music underwent profound changes in the twentieth century. With the advent of recording and the rise of radio and film, music was widely accessible and no longer strictly dependent on local, live performance. Its accessibility helped listeners appreciate and explore its diversity: folk-music traditions merged with European-derived classical traditions and challenged the dominance of the classical tradition. One indigenous American form that was a product of such a merging was jazz, an amalgam of the blues, gospel, and classical music.
Are American Voters Polarized?
Authors: Kaufmann Karen M , Petrocik John R , Shaw Daron R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While american voters express considerable disdain for the two-party political system, they are still fairly loyal members of their respective parties, as we show in Chapter 2. And while popular election commentary pays relatively little attention to the enduring importance of party identification, journalists and pundits are nonetheless (and somewhat paradoxically) fascinated by the notion that the American electorate has become polarized. Polarization is a hot topic in the media because, from their perspective, it often entails political conflict of the most visceral kind. The Red state–Blue state metaphor that has become so popular among political commentators involves more than partisan disagreement; in its most extreme incarnation, it represents a clash of values and worldviews pitting traditional religious and moral beliefs against modernism and moral relativism.
Hard Facts and Conventional Wisdom as We Look to the Future
Authors: Kaufmann Karen M , Petrocik John R , Shaw Daron R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foundation of much of what we know about American voters stems from the research conducted during the 1950s with the advent of large-scale, academic public opinion surveys. The important role that families and peer groups play in shaping our party attachments, the enduring loyalty that party members show for their own parties, and the influence these party attachments have on political choices continue to be as true today as they were almost sixty years ago. As we write this book during the late summer of 2007, it is sometimes hard to reconcile the durability of these hard facts with the enormous social, political, and technological transformations that mark the past sixty years. When Angus Campbell and his colleagues were writing The American Voter in the late 1950s, citizens got their political news from newspapers and radios (and from families, friends, and co-workers).
The Problem of Resistance
Authors: Barish Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters, I have presented a general model of optimal and pathological development in childhood. In this model, the pathogenic process begins with some form of emotional injury—social rejection, academic failure, inability to elicit joyful responsiveness, harsh or persistent criticism. When normal reparative processes fail to mitigate these injuries, painful affects remain active in the mind of the child, leading to prolonged (or easily evoked) states of demoralization—withdrawal or defiant anger. I have compared this process to a malignancy: painful emotions, especially feelings of shame, resentment, and envy, become chronic aspects of the child’s thoughts, fantasies, and behavior, intensify the child’s always present inner conflicts, and increasingly shape the child’s expectations of himself and others. And I have presented a corollary perspective on the therapeutic process, emphasizing the power of empathic understanding to arrest this malignant psychological development and set in motion a process of repair.
Parent Guidance II: Helping Parents with Common Problems of Daily Living
Authors: Barish Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parents present us with many concerns about their children. They may initially seek consultation and treatment because of a child’s aggressive behavior or difficulty making friends. But, in the course of our work, other problems are regularly brought to our attention: a child’s difficulty falling asleep at night; fighting with siblings; and battles over chores, homework, and, increasingly, television and electronic games. For these common concerns, many parents ask our “expert” guidance; often, they have “tried everything.”
In this chapter, I will offer strategies to help families resolve or ameliorate many of these common, yet often intractable, problems of daily living. These recommendations are informed by the same basic principle that underlies all of our therapeutic efforts: we help children learn, in manageable increments, to tolerate—and then bounce back from—the anxieties, frustrations, and disappointments that occur, on a daily basis, in childhood and throughout life.
Introduction to Applied Algebraic Systems
Authors: Reilly Norman R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This upper-level undergraduate textbook provides a modern view of algebra with an eye to new applications that have arisen in recent years. A rigorous introduction to basic number theory, rings, fields, polynomial theory, groups, algebraic geometry and elliptic curves prepares students for exploring their practical applications related to storing, securing, retrieving and communicating information in the electronic world. It will serve as a textbook for an undergraduate course in algebra with a strong emphasis on applications. The book offers a brief introduction to elementary number theory as well as a fairly complete discussion of major algebraic systems (such as rings, fields, and groups) with a view of their use in bar coding, public key cryptosystems, error-correcting codes, counting techniques, and elliptic key cryptography. This is the only entry level text for algebraic systems that includes an extensive introduction to elliptic curves, a topic that has leaped to prominence due to its importance in the solution of Fermat’s Last Theorem and its incorporation into the rapidly expanding applications of elliptic curve cryptography in smart cards. Computer science students will appreciate the strong emphasis on the theory of polynomials, algebraic geometry and Groebner bases. The combination of a rigorous introduction to abstract algebra with a thorough coverage of its applications makes this book truly unique.
History of Magic Squares
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Magic squares go back in ancient history, before the Romans, before the Greeks, before the Hebrews, to the ancient Chinese. Over 4,000 years ago, 2200–3000 b.c., the mythical Emperor Yu is said to have observed some curious markings on the undershell of a large tortoise that had emerged from the Lo River. The marks had the shape of a square, and when they were counted either horizontally, vertically, or diagonally they produced the same number. This was interpreted as a mystical or magical phenomenon and thus these mathematical structures have become known as magic squares. The first written reference to the magic square appeared in 300 b.c. in thewritings of Zhuang Zi [69].
Exotic Magic Squares
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because a magic square requires that the rows, columns, and diagonals yield the magic constant, there would inevitably spring up some contrary-minded joker who would devise a square in which all these lines yield different sums. One such mind twister was puzzle master Sam Lloyd, who dreamed up a square like this in the nineteenth century. These squares are given the name heterosquares, and one is shown in Figure 8.1 (Heinz and Hendricks [22]).
Solutions to the Puzzles
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A magic square of order 3 contains cells for nine numbers. Nine odd numbers beginning with 1 are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 17. The middle number in this series is 9, and this is also the middle number of the square. It may be attained by adding the first and last numbers of the series and dividing the sum by two. Thus 1 + 17 = 18/2 = 9. It can also be achieved by adding all the numbers in the series and dividing by nine, thus 81/9 = 9. The magic constant is obtained by adding all the numbers in the sequence and dividing by the order of the magic square, thus 81/3 = 27. An easier way is to multiply the middle term by the order of the square, namely, 9×3 = 27. Now, knowing the middle number and the magic constant, we can find four triple sets with 9 in the middle that add to give the magic constant.
Shaky Foundation
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If agencies are by nature overzealous, failing to adequately account for costs and generally overregulating and overburdening the economy, then it makes sense for central reviewers and judges to put in place a scheme designed primarily to apply the brakes, so long as the central reviewers can be counted on to be more neutral than agencies. This has been the operating theory of the system of regulatory review since President Reagan’s 1981 executive order. Both prongs of this argument, however, are faulty. First, there is no reason to believe that agencies systematically overregulate. Second, it is naïve to expect that the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) will be systematically better at maximizing social welfare than regulatory agencies.
Research on Learning Disabilities in Adults
Authors: Mapou Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The premise of this book is that assessment of learning disabilities (and ADHD) in adults should be guided by research. In the early to mid-1990s, it was often necessary to guide assessment based on learning disability research on children. However, this is no longer the case. As an aside, it is interesting to note that this is the one area in clinical neuropsychology in which clinicians have had to extrapolate research findings on children upward to clinical assessment of adults. This is very different from assessment of neurological disorders in which, for many years, research on adults was extrapolated downward, often erroneously, to guide assessment of children. Fortunately, most of what has been learned about childhood learning disabilities and ADHD turns out to be applicable to adults. The literature on adults with learning disabilities has grown tremendously over the past ten years, although it is still dwarfed by the amount of research on children. In the past, much of the literature was descriptive, clinical, or theoretical. However, there has been a large increase in the number of studies focusing on neuropsychological and cognitive aspects of learning disabilities in adults, as well as those using functional neuroimaging.