bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vapor species over cerium and samarium trichlorides, enthalpies of formation of (LnCl3)n molecules and Cl−(LnCl3)n ions
Authors: Pogrebnoi A. M. , Kudin L. S. , Motalov V. B. , Goryushkin V. F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA Knudsen effusion cell mass spectrometric technique was used to study vapor species over CeCl3 and SmCl3. Monomer, dimer, and trimer (Sm3Cl9) molecules, and LnCl4−, Ln2Cl7−, Ln3Cl10− (Ln = Ce, Sm) negative ions, were observed in saturated vapor in the temperature range 958–1227 K. Partial vapor pressures of neutral constituents were determined and the enthalpies of sublimation (ΔsH, 298 K, kJ·mol−1) to monomers and associated molecules obtained: 328 ± 6 (CeCl3), 306 ± 6 (SmCl3), 453 ± 16 (Ce2Cl6), 408 ± 12 (Sm2Cl6), and 468 ± 40 (Sm3Cl9). Equilibrium constants for various chemical reactions were measured and the enthalpies of reactions obtained using the second and third laws of thermodynamics. The enthalpies of formation (ΔfH, 298 K, kJ·mol−1) of molecules and ions have been calculated as follows: −730 ± 6 (CeCl3), −722 ± 6 (SmCl3), −1663 ± 16 (Ce2Cl6), −1649 ± 13 (Sm2Cl6), −2617 ± 40 (Sm3Cl9), −1250 ± 15 (CeCl4−), −1252 ± 15 (SmCl4−), −2184 ± 35 ­(Ce2Cl7−), −2172 ± 26 (Sm2Cl7−), −3183 ± 43 (Ce3Cl10−), and −3147 ± 43 (Sm3Cl10−). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of gastric emptying in man using deuterated octanoic acid
Authors: Bluck Leslie J. C. , Harding Marilyn , French Stephen , Wright Antony , Halliday Dave , Coward W. Andrew 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGamma scintigraphy is considered the gold standard for the measurement of gastric emptying in humans. Recently, it has been proposed that a [13C]octanoate breath test can be used as an alternative technique for measuring gastric emptying of the solid phase, but the results from the two methods are not directly equivalent since in the breath test the label is subject to post‐absorptive processing and consequently the emptying functions cannot be observed directly. This work investigates an alternative stable isotope method using deuterated octanoate where the kinetics of redistribution between and elimination from the various body pools are much more easily modelled. Gastric emptying was studied in healthy human volunteers by simultaneous measurement using both [13C]octanoate and [2H]octanoate as well as gamma scintigraphy. Comparison of the gastric emptying functions from the deuterium method and scintigraphy indicated that the two methods gave equivalent results. The new method can therefore be used in populations considered too vulnerable to ionising radiation to allow gamma scintigraphy to be performed, or as a proxy gold standard in laboratories where scintigraphic methods are unavailable, allowing further comparisons with the breath test method to be made to validate the latter in different population groups. Copyright© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intramolecular cross‐linking experiments on cytochrome c and ribonuclease A using an isotope multiplet method
Authors: Pearson Kara M. , Pannell Lewis K. , Fales Henry M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMass spectral analysis of tryptic digests of cross‐linked proteins offers considerable promise as a simple technique to probe protein structure and study protein‐protein interactions. We describe the use of a 1:1 mixture of isotopically labeled and unlabeled cross‐linkers, disuccinimidyladipate (DSA) and dimethyladipimidate (DMA), to enhance visualization of cross‐linked peptides in a tryptic digest. Optimized intramolecular reactions of cytochrome c and ribonuclease A (RNase A) with DSA yielded an average of two cross‐links per protein molecule. After digestion of the cross‐linked cytochrome c with trypsin and analysis by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), eight modified peptides, five cross‐linked and two end‐capped, were detected by virtue of their doublet character. An eighth modified peptide's identity remained ambiguous because of its inability to fragment. The lysine‐lysine distance constraints obtained are discussed in the context of the known NMR and X‐ray structures of cytochrome c. Analysis of cross‐linked RNase A by LC/MS and MALDI yielded nine modified peptides, four of which were modified twice, as indicated by the isotopic triplets. Although seven of these peptides contained cross‐links, few distance constraints were gained due to the fact that the cross‐linked products were variations of modification of the same three lysine residues. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concentration of non‐Lipschitz functions and applications
Authors: Vu V. H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStrong concentration results play a fundamental role in probabilistic combinatorics and theoretical computer science. In this paper, we present several new concentration results developed recently by the author and collaborators. To illustrate the power of these new results, we discuss applications in many different areas of mathematics, from combinatorial number theory to the theory of random graphs. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 20:262–316, 2002
Study control, violators, inclusion criteria and defining explanatory and pragmatic trials
Authors: McMahon Alex D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractImportant differences between explanatory and pragmatic studies were originally argued by Schwartz and Lellouch. Three important differences between the two types of study involve study control, study violators and inclusion criteria. It was originally argued that explanatory studies are highly controlled, and pragmatic studies may be looser and more like ‘real life’. It was argued that an explanatory study should only analyse those receiving treatment, and a pragmatic study would analyse all randomized patients. Explanatory trials are said to use homogeneous groups, and pragmatic studies have less selection (better generalizability). Some suggestions are put forward to update the original distinctions between these two attitudes for future study design. Poor study control is undesirable (but might be necessary) and should not be welcomed as pragmatic. The intention‐to‐treat strategy is now considered as standard for nearly all trials. Homogeneity is a red herring for studies in humans. Inclusion criteria should be minimized and they should not be used to justify claims of representativeness. Routine criticism of randomized controlled trials for being unrepresentative is unwarranted. We should accept that most trials in humans are ‘explanatory’. The division line should be moved, so that pragmatic studies are in the domain of non‐therapeutics and complex treatments. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Number needed to treat (NNT): estimation of a measure of clinical benefit
Authors: Walter S. D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe number needed to treat (NNT) is becoming increasingly popular as an index for reporting the results of randomized trials and other clinical studies. It represents the expected number of patients who must be treated with an experimental therapy in order to prevent one additional adverse outcome event (or, depending on the context, to expect one additional beneficial outcome), compared to the expected event rates under the control therapy. Although NNT is a clinically useful measure, little work has been done on its statistical properties. In this paper, alternative NNT‐type measures are defined for use with discrete or continuous data. Estimators and their variances are obtained for these measures in cross‐over or parallel group designs. The ideas are illustrated with data on quality of life in asthma patients. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of randomized controlled trials in systematic reviews: accuracy and reliability of screening records
Authors: Edwards Phil , Clarke Mike , DiGuiseppi Carolyn , Pratap Sarah , Roberts Ian , Wentz Reinhard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA study was conducted to estimate the accuracy and reliability of reviewers when screening records for relevant trials for a systematic review. A sensitive search of ten electronic bibliographic databases yielded 22 571 records of potentially relevant trials. Records were allocated to four reviewers such that two reviewers examined each record and so that identification of trials by each reviewer could be compared with those identified by each of the other reviewers. Agreement between reviewers was assessed using Cohen's kappa statistic. Ascertainment intersection methods were used to estimate the likely number of trials missed by reviewers. Full copies of reports were obtained and assessed independently by two researchers for eligibility for the review. Eligible reports formed the ‘gold standard’ against which an assessment was made about the accuracy of screening by reviewers. After screening, 301 of 22 571 records were identified by at least one reviewer as potentially relevant. Agreement was ‘almost perfect’ (κ>0.8) within two pairs, ‘substantial’ (κ>0.6) within three pairs and ‘moderate’ (κ>0.4) within one pair. Of the 301 records selected, 273 complete reports were available. When pairs of reviewers agreed on the potential relevance of records, 81 per cent were eligible (range 69 to 91 per cent). If reviewers disagreed, 22 per cent were eligible (range 12 to 45 per cent). Single reviewers missed on average 8 per cent of eligible reports (range 0 to 24 per cent), whereas pairs of reviewers did not miss any (range 0 to 1 per cent). The use of two reviewers to screen records increased the number of randomized trials identified by an average of 9 per cent (range 0 to 32 per cent). Reviewers can reliably identify potentially relevant records when screening thousands of records for eligibility. Two reviewers should screen records for eligibility, whenever possible, in order to maximize ascertainment of relevant trials. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relation between social problem‐solving appraisals, work stress and psychological distress in male firefighters
Authors: Baker Sarah R. , Williams Karen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe relationship between social problem‐solving appraisals, work (organizational and incident‐related) stress and psychological distress was assessed in 78 firefighters from three divisions of a UK regional Fire Service using an anonymous self‐report questionnaire. The results of an hierarchical regression analysis indicated that work stress and problem‐solving appraisal accounted for a significant amount of the variance (49 per cent) in psychological distress scores. A small but significant amount of additional variance was accounted for by the interactions between organizational and incident‐related stress and problem‐solving appraisals. More specific analysis indicated that of the six problem‐solving appraisal dimensions, the approach factor was the only significant predictor of psychological distress, after work stress levels were controlled. Individuals in different fire service ranks reported similar levels of organizational stress, self‐appraised problem solving and psychological distress, although watch members had higher incident‐related stress levels than senior officers. There were also differences in the pattern of organizational and incident‐related stressors between fire service ranks. Results are discussed in terms of the influence of problem‐solving appraisals on work stress and psychological distress, and the potential importance of such appraisals in intervention strategies for stress management in the fire service. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated computation and consistency checking of physical dimensions and units in scientific programs
Authors: Petty Grant W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPhysical dimensions and units form an essential part of the specification of constants and variables occurring in scientific programs, yet no standard compilable programming language implements direct support for automated dimensional consistency checking and unit conversion. This paper describes a conceptual basis and prototype implementation for such support within the framework of the standard Fortran 90 language. This is accomplished via an external module supplying appropriate user data types and operator interfaces. Legacy Fortran 77 scientific software can be easily modified to compile and run as ‘dimension‐aware’ programs utilizing the proposed enhancements. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of sulfur dioxide and particulate pollutants on bronchitis in children—A risk analysis
Authors: Herbarth Olf , Fritz Gisela , Krumbiegel Peter , Diez Ulrike , Franck Ullrich , Richter Matthias 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe general morbidity is being influenced to a great extent by diseases of the respiratory tract. Since their incidence and prevalence have been increasing, the identification of causal factors, especially of environmental origin, is of importance, not just in view of implementing preventive control strategies. Primary irritative gaseous [like sulfur dioxide (SO2)] as well as particulate pollutants (like TSP) can be regarded as causal constituents. Using the opportunity of changing levels of ambient air pollution in East Germany since 1989, the impact of SO2 and TSP on bronchitis was investigated over the last 10 years as part of several intervention studies in a locally defined homogenous population, children. The data suggest a significant association between SO2 and the prevalence of bronchitis in children but not for TSP. Considering the findings of other studies with respect to air pollution and the epidemiology of adverse health effects (especially respiratory disease), these results would amend the hypothesis put forward in a review of the literature as TSP<ultrafine particles (SO)=SO2. Although these data show a significant association with only SO2, this does not imply that ultrafine particles, such as SO, do not contribute to the association with the observed adverse health effects. Nevertheless, the findings suggest that TSP seems less likely to be a predictor in the association with respiratory diseases, particularly not in the presence of high SO2. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 269–276, 2001
Identification and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants defective in fluid‐phase endocytosis
Authors: Wiederkehr Andreas , Meier Karsten D. , Riezman Howard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA mutant library generated by the European Functional Analysis Network (EUROFAN) was screened for strains defective in fluid‐phase endocytosis. Accumulation of Lucifer yellow in the vacuole was used as a marker for efficient endocytosis. Fourteen mutants, including ede1Δ, rcy1Δ, sys1Δ and tlg2Δ, previously described to be involved in membrane trafficking, were identified in this screen. α‐Factor uptake, endocytosis of FM4‐64, carboxypeptidase Y secretion, vacuolar morphology, and a vma2 synthetic growth defect were used as criteria to characterize the endocytic defect of the mutant strains obtained. Accordingly, eight mutant strains have endocytic phenotypes in addition to their defect in Lucifer yellow accumulation. These fluid‐phase endocytosis mutants are defective at different steps of the endocytic pathway. Interestingly, only two mutants were defective for internalization, two for vacuolar protein sorting and four mutants had aberrant vacuolar morphologies. Some of the mutants identified in this screen that sort carboxypeptidase Y correctly may affect endocytosis at an early post‐internalization step before the intersection of the endocytic with the vacuolar protein‐sorting pathway. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation and study of KlLSM4 , a Kluyveromyces lactis gene homologous to the essential gene LSM4 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Mazzoni Cristina , Falcone Claudio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have isolated the KlLSM4 gene as a multicopy suppressor of a Kluyveromyces lactis mutant which shows a rag− phenotype (resistance to antimycin A on glucose). This gene is homologous to the ScLSM4 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which codes for an essential 187 amino acid protein containing Sm‐like domains. These motifs are present in the evolutionarily conserved family of the Sm‐like proteins, which are involved in a large number of cellular processes, including pre‐mRNA splicing and mRNA decapping. We demonstrated that the first 72 amino acids of KlLsm4p, which contain the Sm‐like domains, can restore cell viability in both K. lactis and S. cerevisiae cells lacking the wild‐type protein. However, the absence of the carboxy‐terminal region resulted in a remarkable loss of cell viability in the stationary phase. The KlLSM4 sequence has been deposited in the EMBL Data library under Accession No. AJ311719. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Posterolateral aspect and stability of the knee joint. I. Anatomy and function of the popliteus muscle‐tendon unit: an anatomical and biomechanical study
Authors: Ullrich Karin , Krudwig Wilfried K. , Witzel Ulrich 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study examined ten human adult cadaveric knees to dissect the popliteus muscle‐tendon unit (PMTU), including its numerous attachments to other posterior and posterolateral structures, and to determine the effect of tensioning the PMTU on the internal and external rotation, total rotational arcs, and neutral tibial rotation in full extension and 30°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion. The junction between the popliteus tendon and the fibular head commonly described as the popliteofibular ligament became lax in internal and tense in external tibial rotation. The internal and external rotational arcs increased gradually between extension and 90° of flexion. Tensioning the PMTU resulted in a statistically highly significant internal tibial rotation with decreased internal and increased rotational arcs. The anatomical findings and functional data indicate that the PMTU is an important structure maintaining dorsolateral stability, stabilizing the lateral meniscus, and balancing the neutral tibial rotation.
Long‐Term Follow‐up after Endoscopic Treatment of Bile Duct Calculi in Cholecystectomized Patients
Authors: Hammarström Lars‐Erik , Stridbeck Hans , Ihse Ingemar 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEndoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) is an established method for treatment of retained or recurrent common bile duct (CBD) calculi after cholecystectomy. Present experience shows that few patients have recurrent biliary tract complications, but follow‐up periods are most often short. EST was performed in 147 patients with bile duct calculi and remote cholecystectomy in our department from 1981 to 1992. In 8 of 147 patients (5.4%) complete removal of calculi failed. A total of 135 patients with a median age of 71 years (range 24–96 years) were eligible for a follow‐up of 23 to 153 months (median 86 months). Thirty‐seven patients have died without recurrent symptoms (a recurrent stone was revealed at postmortem examination in one patient), and four patients (two with calculi and two with cholangiocarcinoma) died with recurrent symptoms from the biliary tract. Ninety‐four patients are alive; and with the exception of two who have had cholangitis without or with post‐EST stenosis, respectively, they are all symptom‐free. Jaundice, cholangitis, and biliary pancreatitis prior to EST were the only factors that significantly (p= 0.006, Fisher’s exact test) predicted late biliary complications after EST in patients with recurrent calculi. These findings confirm that endoscopic treatment of CBD calculi in cholecystectomized patients has a low long‐term rate (5 of 135; 3.7%) of recurrent nonmalignant bile duct disease (three patients with CBD calculi and two with cholangitis).
Surgical Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Originating from the Caudate Lobe
Authors: Yang Ming‐Chi , Lee Po‐Huang , Sheu Jin‐Chuan , Lai Ming‐Yang , Hu Rey‐Heng , Wei Chang‐Kuo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) originating from the caudate lobe is rare, and its surgical management is difficult because of its unique anatomic location. We have seen six such cases at our hospital. For patients with fair to excellent liver reserve, we advocated caudate lobectomy combining other types of hepatic resection. For patients with marked liver cirrhosis and poor liver reserve or a small HCC, we advocated simple partial caudate lobectomy (limited hepatic resection). There was no operative mortality or major operative morbidity. We conclude that such approaches are safer, less time‐consuming, and less technique‐demanding, and they produce a fair survival result compared with the approaches of other procedures. With such approaches, it is our experience that patients with HCC from the caudate lobe have a prognosis comparable to that of patients with HCC in other parts of the liver.
Epidemiologic and Clinical Evaluation of Thyroid Cancer in Children from the Gomel Region (Belarus)
Authors: Antonelli Alessandro , Miccoli Paolo , Derzhitski Victor E. , Panasiuk G. , Solovieva Natalia , Baschieri Lidio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study reviews the epidemiology of thyroid cancer during childhood from the environs of Gomel in Belarus and the clinical data of 64 children aged 4 to 16 years from this area who had been diagnosed with differentiated thyroid carcinoma following the nuclear accident of Chernobyl. One case of thyroid cancer in children (aged < 15 years at diagnosis) was observed during the period 1981–1985 (rate = 0.5; expressed as annual averages per million children under age 15 years in the region of Gomel and period identified) before the Chernobyl accident. Twenty‐one cases of thyroid cancer in children were observed during 1986–1990 (rate = 10.5) and 143 (rate 97) during 1991–1994 after the Chernobyl accident. During the first 7 months of 1995, there were 33 more cases of thyroid cancer observed in children. Three children with thyroid cancer were born since 1986 in the Gomel region. A total of 64 children aged 4 to 16 years from this area who had been diagnosed with differentiated thyroid carcinoma had been reviewed by us during the period May to November 1994. The female/male ratio was 1.4:1.0. At the time of the first diagnosis the mean age of the children was 9.4 ± 2.8 years, and at the time of the accident their mean age was 3.8 ± 2.4 years. More than 90% of the patients were less than 6 years of age and 3 were still in utero at the time of the accident. The period of latency between the accident and the first diagnosis was 5.6 ± 1.5 years. Their ages at the time of the first diagnosis and their ages at the time of the accident were significantly correlated (p= 0.001); there was no significant correlation between the age of each child at the time of the accident and the latent period before the onset of carcinoma. The aggressiveness of the tumor, evaluated on the basis of T stage, lymph node status, and lung metastases, did not correlate with age at the time of the first diagnosis or with the age at the time of the accident. The susceptibility of the thyroid to the carcinogenetic effects of radiation, particularly during the first years of life (< 5 years) has clearly been demonstrated. However, there appears to be no correlation between the aggressiveness of the tumor and the age of the patients.
Preoperative Diagnosis and Surgical Management of Neuroendocrine Gastroenteropancreatic Tumors: General Recommendations by a Consensus Workshop*
Authors: Wiedenmann B. , Jensen R.T. , Mignon M. , Modlin C.I. , Skogseid B. , Doherty G. , Öberg K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn 1996 a consensus workshop on the preoperative diagnosis and surgical treatment of neuroendocrine tumor disease took place in Berlin. Although there was a consensus on the diagnosis and surgical treatment by world experts in neuroendocrine surgery in some areas, it became clear that certain management policies vary among centers. In large part, diverging policies reflect a lack of controlled studies. This paper summarizes the various opinions brought forward during this conference and emphasizes consensus approaches for the diagnosis and therapy of neuroendocrine neoplasms.