bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive development from infancy to young adulthood in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus): Effect of age, sex, and hormones on learning and affective state
Authors: Ash Hayley , Goy Robinson W. , Spaulding Abigail , Colman Ricki J. , Corbett Cody J. , Ziegler Toni E. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractStudies looking at individual variability in cognition have increased in recent years. We followed 43 marmosets (21 males, 22 females) from infancy to young adulthood. At 3‐months old, marmosets were trained to touch a rewarded stimulus. At 9‐, 15‐, and 21‐months old, they were given visual discrimination and cognitive bias tests, and urine samples were collected to examine hormone levels. Marmosets were significantly more successful learners at 15 months than 9 months. Individuals who were more successful learners at 9 months were also more successful at 15 months, with more male learners than expected at 15 months. At 9 months, learning success was associated with higher cortisol levels. At 15 months, males with higher estradiol levels were more successful learners, whereas at 21 months, females with higher estradiol and cortisol levels tended to be less successful learners and more pessimistic. Nine months, therefore, appears to be an important developmental timepoint for acquiring cognitive control, which has developed by 15 months. Steroids may have differential effects on each sex, with complex interactions between gonadal and adrenal hormones having an influence on cognitive function over the lifespan. This longitudinal study offers new insight into cognition, including its development and biological underpinnings.
New physics of supersonic ruptures
Authors: Tarasov Boris G. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractUntil recently, it is believed that the rupture speed above the pressure wave is impossible since spontaneously propagating ruptures are driven by the energy released due to the rupture motion, which is transferred through the medium to the rupture tip region at the maximum speed equal to the pressure wave speed. However, the apparent violation of classic theories has been revealed by new experimental results demonstrating supersonic shear ruptures. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the recently discovered shear rupture mechanism (fan hinged), which suggests a new physics of energy supply to the tip of supersonic ruptures. The key element of this mechanism is the fan‐shaped structure of the head of extreme ruptures, which is formed as a result of an intense tensile cracking process with the creation of intercrack slabs that act as hinges between the shearing rupture faces. The fan structure is featured with the following extraordinary properties: extremely low friction approaching zero; amplification of shear stresses above the material strength at low applied shear stresses; creation of a self‐disbalancing stress state causing a spontaneous rupture growth; abnormally high energy release; generation of driving energy directly at the rupture tip which excludes the need to transfer energy through the medium. The fan mechanism operates in intact rocks at stress conditions corresponding to seismogenic depths and in pre‐existing extremely smooth interfaces due to identical tensile cracking processes at these conditions. This is Paper 1 (of two companion papers) which discusses the fan theory and extreme ruptures in experiments on extremely smooth interfaces. Paper 2 entitled “Fan‐hinged shear instead of frictional stick‐slip as the main and most dangerous mechanism of natural, induced and volcanic earthquakes in the earth's crust” considers extreme ruptures in intact rocks. Further study of this subject is a major challenge for deep underground science, earthquake and fracture mechanics, physics, and tribology.
A randomized, controlled pilot study of positive affect treatment adapted for anorexia nervosa
Authors: Haynos Ann F. , Anderson Lisa M. , Askew Autumn J. , Liu Chassidie , Venables Kira , Craske Michelle G. , Peterson Carol B. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractObjectiveNovel treatments for adults with anorexia nervosa (AN) are sorely needed. Although psychological interventions have been developed for AN, none have been identified as superior to one another or nonspecific treatments. Common comorbidities (e.g., mood and anxiety disorders) are rarely targeted in AN treatments, possibly impairing long‐term clinical improvement. AN is associated with reward processing dysfunctions paralleling those identified in affective disorders; however, few treatments directly target these processes.MethodWe adapted Positive Affect Treatment, a neuroscience‐informed behavioral treatment developed for affective disorders, to the treatment of AN (PAT‐AN). Adults with AN (N = 20) were randomized to 20 weeks of PAT‐AN or waitlist to investigate the feasibility, acceptability, preliminary efficacy, and target engagement (on reward mechanisms) of PAT‐AN.ResultsPAT‐AN demonstrated strong retention (100%) and acceptability ratings (M = 5.67–5.95 on a 7‐point scale). BMI (p = .006) and eating disorder symptoms (p < .001) improved over PAT‐AN sessions. The PAT‐AN group showed medium to large pre‐to‐post‐treatment improvements in BMI, eating disorder symptoms and impairment, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and some reward indices (ds = .56–.87); changes were largely sustained at 3‐month follow‐up. Waitlist showed negligible changes (ds < .20) on nearly all measures.DiscussionPAT‐AN holds promise as an innovative treatment with capability to simultaneously improve eating disorder symptoms, affective symptoms, and underlying reward mechanisms. Findings should be interpreted cautiously due to small sample size and permitted concurrent enrollment in other treatments. Future, larger‐scale research is warranted to establish the efficacy of PAT‐AN.Public SignificanceThis study provided a preliminary evaluation of Positive Affect Treatment for anorexia nervosa (PAT‐AN), a novel, neuroscience‐informed treatment aimed at increasing rewarding life experiences outside of one's eating disorder. Initial results suggest that PAT‐AN is considered acceptable and may alleviate eating disorder, depressive, and anxiety symptoms. Therefore, this study presents promising data on a treatment that may hold potential for improving the lives of individuals with this disorder.
A pathogen's spatial range is not constrained by geographical features in the flax rust pathosystem
Authors: Duggal Keenan , Miller Ian , Jiranek Juliana , Metcalf Jessica 
Published: October 2023

AbstractClimate change and shifting environmental conditions can allow pathogens to spread into previously unburdened areas. For plant pathogens, this dynamic has the potential to disrupt natural ecosystem equilibria and human agriculture, making predicting plant pathogen range shifts increasingly important. Although such predictions will hinge on an accurate understanding of the determinants of pathogen range—namely the environmental, geographical, and host range characteristics that modulate local pathogen habitation—few studies to date have probed these in natural plant populations. Here, we characterize range determinants for the model system of Lewis flax (Linum lewisii) and its pathogen, flax rust (Melampsora lini), in the Rocky Mountains. Transect surveys were performed to assess three relationships: (i) the effect of geographical features—elevation, slope aspect, slope grade, and land cover—on flax presence and density, (ii) the effect of geographical features on flax rust presence and prevalence, and (iii) the effects of flax's local population density and metapopulation structure on flax rust presence and prevalence. We found that flax population density, but not host metapopulation structure, influences the distribution of flax rust. Additionally, we showed that, while the distribution of flax was broadly constrained to a relatively narrow range of geographical and resulting environmental features, flax rust was evenly distributed across the full range of settings measured. These results indicate that a warming environment, which is expected to modulate such features, may restrict the optimal range of the plant more than that of its pathogen. Importantly, our results also suggest that even if flax shifts its spatial range to escape increasing climatic pressures, flax rust will not face any significant barriers to track this movement.
Chigger mite (Eutrombicula alfreddugesi) ectoparasitism does not contribute to sex differences in growth rate in eastern fence lizards (Sceloporus undulatus)
Authors: Conrad Hailey , Pollock Nicholas B. , John‐Alder Henry 
Published: October 2023

AbstractParasitism is nearly ubiquitous in animals and is frequently associated with fitness costs in host organisms, including reduced growth, foraging, and reproduction. In many species, males tend to be more heavily parasitized than females and thus may bear greater costs of parasitism. Sceloporus undulatus is a female‐larger, sexually size dimorphic lizard species that is heavily parasitized by chigger mites (Eutrombicula alfreddugesi). In particular, the intensity of mite parasitism is higher in male than in female juveniles during the period of time when sex differences in growth rate lead to the development of sexual size dimorphism (SSD). Sex‐biased differences in fitness costs of parasitism have been documented in other species. We investigated whether there are growth costs of mite ectoparasitism, at a time coinciding with sex differences in growth rate and the onset of SSD. If there are sex‐biased growth costs of parasitism, then this could suggest a contribution to the development of SSD in S. undulatus. We measured growth and mite loads in two cohorts of unmanipulated, field‐active yearlings by conducting descriptive mark‐recapture studies during the activity seasons of 2016 and 2019. Yearling males had consistently higher mid‐summer mite loads and consistently lower growth rates than females. However, we found that growth rate and body condition were independent of mite load in both sexes. Furthermore, growth rates and mite loads were higher in 2019 than in 2016. Our findings suggest that juveniles of S. undulatus are highly tolerant of chigger mites and that any costs imposed by mites may be at the expense of functions other than growth. We conclude that sex‐biased mite ectoparasitism does not contribute to sex differences in growth rate and, therefore, does not contribute to the development of SSD.
DNA barcodes provide insights into the diversity and biogeography of the non‐biting midge Polypedilum (Diptera, Chironomidae) in South America
Authors: da Silva Fabio Laurindo , Pinho Luiz Carlos , Stur Elisabeth , Nihei Silvio Shigueo , Ekrem Torbjørn 
Published: October 2023

AbstractSouth America, particularly within its tropical belt, is renowned for its unparalleled high levels of species richness, surpassing other major biomes. Certain neotropical areas harbor fragmented knowledge of insect diversity and face imminent threats from biodiversity loss and climate change. Hence, there is an urgent need for rapid estimation methods to complement slower traditional taxonomic approaches. A variety of algorithms for delimiting species through single‐locus DNA barcodes have been developed and applied for rapid species diversity estimates across diverse taxa. However, tree‐based and distance‐based methods may yield different group assignments, leading to potential overestimation or underestimation of putative species. Here, we investigate the performance of different DNA‐based species delimitation approaches to rapidly estimate the diversity of Polypedilum (Chironomidae, Diptera) in South America. Additionally, we test the hypothesis that significant differences exist in the community structure of Polypedilum fauna between South America and its neighboring regions, particularly the Nearctic. Our analysis encompasses a dataset of 1492 specimens from 598 locations worldwide, with a specific focus on South America. Within this region, we analyzed a subset of 247 specimens reported from 37 locations. Using various methods including the Barcode Index Number (BIN), Bayesian Poisson tree processes (bPTP), multi‐rate Poisson tree processes (mPTP), single‐rate Poisson tree processes (sPTP), and generalized mixed Yule coalescent (sGMYC), we identify molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) ranging from 267 to 520. Our results indicate that the sGMYC method is the most suitable for estimating putative species in our dataset, resulting in the identification of 75 species in the Neotropical region, particularly in South America. Notably, this region exhibited higher species richness in comparison to the Palearctic and Oriental realms. Additionally, our findings suggest potential differences in species composition of Polypedilum fauna between the Neotropical and the adjacent Nearctic realms, highlighting high levels of endemism and species richness in the first. These results support our hypothesis that there are substantial differences exist in species composition between the Polypedilum fauna in South America and the neighboring regions.
Development of a stand‐alone portable respiratory rate monitor using a Doppler radar
Authors: Katoh Miyu , Kanazawa Takeru , Abe Yoshifusa , Sun Guanghao , Matsui Takemi 
Published: October 2023

AbstractRespiratory rate (RR) is known to be a more accurate predictor of clinical deterioration than other vital signs. However, there were few respiration measurement devices certified as medical devices that could be used in daily clinical settings. Therefore, using a bult‐in microcontroller (72×57×12 mm) instead of a personal computer, we developed a portable stand‐alone respiration measurement device with minimum workload in computing that can be used for non‐contact measurement in 30 s using a Doppler radar. In this study, the problems of respiration measurement using a Doppler radar, such as miscounting of respiratory peaks were clarified, and proposed device with respiratory peaks miscount prevention algorithm achieved high accuracy RR measurement. Clinical testing was conducted on pediatric outpatients of Children's Medical Center, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital. The measurement accuracy of the system was confirmed to be comparable to the respiration measurement accuracy of stationary certified medical devices used in hospital, such as capnometers and the chest wall impedance method used in bedside monitors.
Fatty liver biomarkers and insulin resistance indices in the prediction of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in Ghanaian patients
Authors: Bockarie A. S. , Nartey Y. A. , Nsiah P. , Edzie E. K. M. , Tuoyire D. , Acquah S. , Eliason S. , Nkum B. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractBackgroundScant West African data on non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) means there is little representation of this population in the modelling used to derive biomarkers and predictive indices for risk stratification of patients for the presence of hepatic steatosis. This study evaluates the performance of the fatty liver index (FLI), hepatic steatosis index (HSI) and triglyceride‐glucose (TyG) index and its derivatives in predicting ultrasound detected NAFLD in a locally resident population of Ghanaian participants.Methods and FindingsA post hoc analysis of data from a cross sectional assessment of NAFLD and cardiovascular risk was performed. Data from 210 participants without significant alcohol intake, or secondary causes of fatty liver and not on steatogenic drugs was evaluated. A structured questionnaire had been used to collect demographic data, medical and drug history. Anthropometry, blood sampling for liver chemistry and fasting lipids were performed. Hepatic steatosis was detected by ultrasonography. A retrospective analysis involving multivariate binary logistic regression assessed FLI, HIS, TyG (and its derivatives) as predictors of NAFLD with p < .05 considered statistically significant. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios were calculated and accuracy of the proxies evaluated from area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC).All the biomarkers and indices were significantly associated with NAFLD (p ≤ .001). All the lipid and fatty liver indices assessed performed acceptably as predictors of NAFLD. FLI (AUC = 0.8, 95% CI [0.74–0.87]), TyG‐WC (AUC = 0.81, 95% CI [0.75–0.88]) and TyG‐WHtR (AUC = 0.81, 95% CI [0.74–0.88]) performed best at predicting NAFLD. Whilst in all cases the markers had good specificity (>90%) they lacked sufficient sensitivity with FLI having the highest sensitivity of 36.7%. Their overall accuracy was greater than 70% in each case.ConclusionThe overall accuracy of HSI, FLI, TyG index and its derivatives (TyG WHtR, TyG BMI, TyG WC) was acceptable for predicting NAFLD in this population. Given their performance in this study and in light of their low cost, accessibility, easy interpretation and non‐invasive nature; they are suitable tools for screening in the Ghanaian population.
How much is enough? Examining the sampling effort necessary to estimate mean eDNA concentrations in lentic systems
Authors: Yates M. C. , Gaudet‐Boulay M. , Garcia Machado E. , Côté G. , Gilbert A. , Bernatchez L. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe concentration of eDNA in an environment can provide important ecological information of relevance for management and conservation, but little research has explored optimizing sampling strategies to estimate mean eDNA concentrations in natural environments. Inter‐replicate eDNA concentrations often exhibit right‐skewed “clustered” or “clumped” distributions, likely due to the stochastic capture of large “aggregate” particles with high eDNA copy numbers. This has important potential implications for modeling the resulting sampling effort necessary to accurately quantify eDNA concentrations. In a previous study, 17–20 Brook Charr eDNA samples were collected from 28 lakes in Québec, Canada. We explored how variation in eDNA concentrations within a lake was affected by several habitat characteristics. We then conducted a power analysis to determine the sampling effort (“minimum n”) necessary to accurately quantify mean lake eDNA concentrations and, using simulations, explored how a bimodal distribution of eDNA particle copy count could affect inter‐replicate variability. The median sample size such that 90% of sample mean estimates were within 20% of the “true” mean was 12.5; a sample size of 20 was sufficient to quantify mean concentrations in 21/28 lakes. We found no evidence that temperature or lake size impacted sample variability. We also found that variance among replicates was non‐linearly related to mean lake eDNA concentration across years: variability was lowest at low and high concentrations and highest at intermediate concentrations. We hypothesize that this resulted from the stochastic capture of large “aggregate” particles at intermediate concentrations; at low concentrations, aggregates were likely rarely captured and at high concentrations may represent a consistent component of total eDNA. Simulations demonstrated that these patterns can emerge from some bimodal eDNA particle “size” distributions. Overall, we conclude that sampling efforts in many previous studies (notably including the authors' own) were potentially low, emphasizing the need to increase spatial replication in lentic surveys.
Capturing drifting species and molecules—Lessons learned from integrated approaches to assess marine metazoan diversity in highly dynamic waters
Authors: Ohnesorge Alica , John Uwe , Taudien Sarah , Neuhaus Stefan , Kuczynski Lucie , Laakmann Silke 
Published: October 2023

AbstractMarine community diversity surveys require a reliable assessment to estimate ecosystem functions and their dynamics. For these, non‐invasive environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is increasingly applied in zoological studies to complement or even replace traditional morphological identification methods. However, uncertainties remain about the accuracy of the diversity detected with eDNA to capture the actual diversity in the field. Here, we validate the reliability of eDNA metabarcoding in identifying metazoan biodiversity in highly dynamic marine waters of the North Sea. We analyzed biodiversity from water (eDNA) and zooplankton samples with cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and 18S rRNA (18S) metabarcoding at Helgoland Roads and validated the optimal molecular resolution by morphological and molecular zooplankton identification (metabarcoding) with the result of merely a few false‐negative detections. eDNA and zooplankton metabarcoding resolved 354 species from all major and in total 16 metazoan phyla. This molecular genetic species inventory overlapped by 95.9% (COI) and 81.9% (18S) with published inventories of local, morphologically identified species, among them neozoa and rediscovered species. Even though half of all species were detected by both eDNA and zooplankton metabarcoding, the methods differed significantly in their detected diversity. eDNA metabarcoding performed very well in cnidarians and annelids, whereas zooplankton metabarcoding identified higher numbers of fish and malacostraca. Species assemblages significantly differed between the individual sampling events and the cumulative number of identified species increased steadily over the sampling period and did not reach saturation. About a third of the species were detected only once while a core community of 22 species was identified continuously. Our study confirms eDNA metabarcoding to be a powerful tool to identify and analyze North Sea fauna in highly dynamic waters and we recommend investing in high sampling efforts by repetitive sampling and replication using at least 0.45 μm filters to increase filtration volume.
Clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with isolated cardiac sarcoidosis: Insights from the ILLUMINATE‐CS study
Authors: Maeda Daichi , Matsue Yuya , Dotare Taishi , Sunayama Tsutomu , Iso Takashi , Yoshioka Kenji , Nabeta Takeru , Naruse Yoshihisa , Kitai Takeshi , Taniguchi Tatsunori , Tanaka Hidekazu , Okumura Takahiro , Baba Yuichi , Minamino Tohru 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACTAimData on the clinical features and prognosis of patients with isolated cardiac sarcoidosis (iCS) are limited. This study evaluated the clinical characteristics and prognostic impact of iCS.Methods and resultsThis was a secondary analysis of the ILLUMINATE‐CS study, a multicentre, retrospective registry investigating the clinical characteristics and prognosis of cardiac sarcoidosis. iCS was diagnosed according to the 2016 Japanese Circulation Society (JCS) guidelines. Clinical characteristics and prognosis were compared between patients with iCS and systemic cardiac sarcoidosis (sCS). The primary outcome was a combined endpoint of all‐cause death, hospitalization for heart failure, or fatal ventricular arrhythmia events. Among 475 patients with CS (mean age, 62.0 ± 10.9 years; female ratio, 59%) diagnosed by the JCS guidelines, 119 (25.1%) were diagnosed with iCS. Patients with iCS had a higher prevalence of a history of atrial fibrillation or hospitalization for heart failure, or lower left ventricular ejection fraction than those with sCS. During a median follow‐up of 42.3 (interquartile range, 22.8–72.5) months, 141 primary outcomes (29.7%) occurred. Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed that iCS was a significant risk factor for the primary outcome in the unadjusted model (hazard ratio [HR] 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12–2.34; p = 0.011). However, this association was not retained after adjustment for other covariates (adjusted HR 1.27; 95% CI 0.86–1.88; p = 0.226).ConclusionsPatients with iCS had more impaired cardiovascular function at the time of diagnosis than those with sCS. However, iCS was not independently associated with poor prognosis after adjustment for prognostic factors.