bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A family‐based association study of congenital left‐sided heart malformations and 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
Authors: McBride Kim L. , Fernbach Susan , Menesses Andres , Molinari Laura , Quay Ellinor , Pignatelli Ricardo , Towbin Jeffrey A. , Belmont John W. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDAortic valve stenosis (AVS), coarctation of the aorta (CoA), and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) are obstructive malformations of the left ventricular outflow tract that account for a significant proportion of infant mortality. Two previous small case‐control studies suggested methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms may be associated with this group of malformations.METHODSWe used a family‐based association design with inclusion criteria of nonsyndromic diagnosis of AVS, CoA, and HLHS, powered to detect an odds ratio for the heterozygote of <1.5. A total of 207 affected offspring‐parent trios were genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphisms at the two common polymorphic loci C677T and A1298C.RESULTSError rate estimation based on replicate samples was 0.76%. Mendelian inconsistency at either polymorphism was noted in 10 trios, for a calculated undetected error rate of 1.95%. A total of 197 trios were analyzed using the transmission disequilibrium test. Significant association was not found between both the C677T or A1298C polymorphisms and presence of a heart defect, whether analyzed as a group, or by sex, ethnicity, or specific diagnosis. A log‐linear analysis did not find increased relative risk based on the maternal genotype.CONCLUSIONSWe were unable to replicate previous association studies and concluded that neither the affected nor the maternal MTHFR genotype, by itself, is a major risk factor for congenital left ventricular outflow tract malformations. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein partitioning driven by excluded‐volume interactions in an aqueous nonionic micellar—gel system
Authors: van Roosmalen Dick , Lazzara Matthew J. , van den Broeke Leo J.P. , Keurentjes Jos T.F. , Blankschtein Daniel 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe separation and purification of biomolecules in aqueous media driven by excluded‐volume interactions is a well‐established concept. In this article we propose a new separations method, based on excluded‐volume principles, consisting of an aqueous micellar—gel system (AMGS). Specifically, an outer aqueous phase containing cylindrically shaped micelles of the nonionic surfactant n‐decyl tetra (ethylene oxide) (C10E4) is physically separated from an inner aqueous phase defined by the interior volume of gel beads, from which the micelles are completely excluded because of their shape and size. In the AMGS, the concentration of the micelles outside the gel beads is sufficiently high that the volume excluded to a biomolecule in the solution external to the gel beads is much larger than that within the gel beads. Accordingly, when biomolecules are introduced into the AMGS, they partition preferentially into the gel‐bead phase, according to their sizes, as a result of the greater effect of the excluded‐volume interactions with the C10E4 micelles present in the aqueous phase outside the gel beads. The new AMGS is more versatile and adaptable than the conventional two‐phase aqueous C10E4 micellar system because the micelle volume fraction is independent of the temperature and because the effects of entrainment are eliminated. After demonstrating the experimental feasibility of creating the new AMGS, the three proteins myoglobin, ovalbumin, and BSA‐FITC, and the enzyme G6PD, were partitioned in the AMGS and their partitioning behavior was found to follow the experimental excluded‐volume trends dictated by the interactions of the biomolecules with the C10E4 micelles. Specifically, the measured partition coefficients of the four biomolecules into the micellar phase were found to be less than unity and to decrease with increasing biomolecule size. A theoretical description of the partitioning behavior of the biomolecules in the new AMGS was formulated, based on excluded‐volume considerations, and the predicted biomolecule partition coefficients were found to compare favorably with those measured for the four biomolecules studied. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel approach for the extraction of herbicides and pesticides from water using liquid‐core microcapsules
Authors: Wyss A. , Cordente N. , von Stockar U. , Marison I.W. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA novel perstraction system using liquid‐core microcapsules for pesticide and herbicide removal from aqueous environments is proposed. The microcapsules contain an oil, dibutyl sebacate, surrounded by a hydrogel membrane. The extraction efficiency of the capsules was demonstrated with atrazine, methylparathion, ethylparathion, and 2,4‐dichloro‐phenoxyacetic acid. The results show that all of the tested compounds could be rapidly extracted, typically 75% extraction within 10 minutes using a capsule: liquid volume ratio of only 3.5% for ethylparathion, and that the rate of extraction increased with increasing hydrophobicity of the compound to be extracted. Higher rates of extraction could be achieved by changing the capsule: liquid volume ratio.The effect of different liquid core solvents, size of capsules, agitation rate, and treatment with complexing agents on the properties of the microcapsules and extraction rate were studied.Capsules of a diameter smaller than 0.800 mm show little external resistance to mass transfer. The main resistance to mass transfer of the pesticides/herbicides was found to reside in the hydrogel membrane composed of cross‐linked alginate/polyacrylamide. Removal of divalent cations from the membrane by the addition of citrate, resulted in a 50% increase in the mass transfer coefficient, probably as a result of solubilization and exo‐diffusion of alginate. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimal operating mode for enantioseparation of SB‐553261 racemate based on simulated moving bed technology
Authors: Wongso Faldy , Hidajat K. , Ray Ajay K. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe performance of the simulated moving bed (SMB) technology and its modification, the Varicol process, was optimized using an experimentally verified model for the enantioseparation of SB‐553261 racemate. Single and multiobjective optimizations have been carried out for both existing as well as design stage and their efficiencies were compared. The optimization problem involves a relatively large number of decision variables, both continuous variables such as flow rates, switching time and length of the columns, as well as discrete variables like number and distribution of columns. A state‐of‐the‐art new optimization technique based on a genetic algorithm (nondominated sorting genetic algorithm with jumping genes) was utilized which allows handling of these complex optimization problems. The optimization results showed that significant improvement could be made to the chiral drug separation process using both the SMB and the Varicol process. It was found that the performance of a Varicol process is superior to that of a SMB process in terms of treating more feed using less desorbent or increasing productivity while at the same time achieving better product quality. Optimum results were explained using equilibrium theory by locating them in the pure separation region. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Meta-analysis of non-sentinel node metastases associated with micrometastatic sentinel nodes in breast cancer
Authors: Cserni G , Gregori D , Merletti F , Sapino A , Mano M P , Ponti A , Sandrucci S , Baltás B , Bussolati G 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBackgroundThe need for further axillary treatment in patients with breast cancer with low-volume sentinel node (SN) involvement (micrometastases or smaller) is controversial.MethodsTwenty-five studies reporting on non-SN involvement associated with low-volume SN involvement were identified using Medline and a meta-analysis was performed.ResultsThe weighted mean estimate for the incidence of non-SN metastases after low-volume SN involvement is around 20 per cent, whereas this incidence is around 9 per cent if the SN involvement is detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) alone. Subset analyses suggest that studies with axillary dissection after any type of SN involvement result in somewhat higher estimates than studies allowing omission of axillary clearance, as do studies with more detailed histological evaluation of the SN compared with those with a less intensive histological protocol. Higher-quality papers yield lower pooled estimates than lower-quality papers.ConclusionThe risk of non-SN metastasis with a low-volume metastasis in the SN is around 10–15 per cent, depending on the method of detection of SN involvement. This should be taken into account when assessing the risk of omission of axillary dissection after a positive SN biopsy yielding micrometastatic or immunohistochemically positive SNs.
Optimal total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer is by dissection in front of Denonvilliers' fascia (Br J Surg 2004; 91: 121–123)
Authors: Flati G , Porowska B , Procacciante F 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses can be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk) or by post. All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length. Letters submitted by post should be typed on A4-sized paper in double spacing and should be accompanied by a disk.
Relative Stabilities of Weakly Coordinating Anions: A Computational Study
Authors: Krossing Ingo , Raabe Ines 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis article describes BP86/SV(P) (DFT) calculations on a representative set of weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) of type [M(L)n]−, their parent neutral Lewis acids M(L)n−1 and their ate complexes with fluoride, that is, [FM(L)n]n−1 (M=B, L=F, OTeF5, C6H5, C6F5, C6H3(CF3)2, CF3; M=P, As, Sb, L=F, OTeF5; M=Al, L=OC(CF3)3). Compounds with fluoride bridges, that is, SbnF5n and [SbnF5n+1]− (n=2, 3, 4), Al2(L)5F and [(L)3Al‐F‐Al(L)3]− (L=OC(CF3)3), (F4C6{1,2‐B(L)2}2, [F4C6{1,2‐B(L)2}2F]−, [F4C6{1,2‐B(L)2}2OMe]− (L=C6F5) were also calculated. Based on these BP86/SV(P) and auxiliary MP2/TZVPP, G2, and CBS‐Q calculations the relative stabilities and coordinating abilities of these WCAs were established with regard to the fluoride ion affinities (FIA) of the parent Lewis acids, the ligand affinity (LA) of the WCAs, the decomposition of a given WCA in the presence of a hard (H+, proton decomposition PD) and a soft electrophile (Cu+, copper decomposition CuD), the position of the HOMO, the HOMO–LUMO gap, and population analyses of the anions providing partial charges for all atoms. To obtain data that is more reliable, the assessed quantities were calculated through isodesmic reactions. If parts of the calculations could not be done isodesmically, higher levels such as MP2/TZVPP, G2, and CBS‐Q were used to obtain reliable values for these reactions. Although the obtained results can not be taken as absolute, the relative ordering of the stabilities of all WCAs will undoubtedly be correct, since a single methodology was chosen for the investigation. To include media effects the decomposition reactions of a subset of 14 WCAs with the SiMe3+ and [Cp2ZrMe]+ ions were also calculated in PhCl and 1,2‐F2C6H4 (COSMO solvation model). We found that in most cases gas‐phase calculations and solution calculations give comparable results for the stability of the anion. Applications of the LA and FIA that allow one to decide, on thermodynamic grounds, which WCA or Lewis acid is the most suitable for a given problem are sketched.
Mouse α1B‐adrenergic receptor is expressed in neurons and NG2 oligodendrocytes
Authors: Papay Robert , Gaivin Robert , McCune Dan F. , Rorabaugh Boyd R. , Macklin Wendy B. , McGrath John C. , Perez Dianne M. 
Published: August 2004

Abstractα1‐Adrenergic receptors (ARs) are well‐known mediators of the sympathetic nervous system, are highly abundant in the brain, but are the least understood in the central nervous system. The particular cell types in the brain that contain these receptors or their functions are not known because of the lack of high avidity antibodies and selective ligands. We developed transgenic mice that endogenously overexpress the α1B‐AR subtype fused with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Endogenous expression was obtained by using a 3.4 kb fragment of the mouse α1B‐AR promoter. Using this model, we determined cellular localization of the α1B‐AR throughout the brain. The α1B‐AR‐EGFP fusion protein is expressed in neurons throughout the brain and in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. The α1B‐AR is also expressed in NG2 oligodendrocyte precursor cells in both neonatal cell cultures and in the adult cerebral cortex, but is weakly expressed in mature oligodendrocytes. The α1B‐AR was not observed in astrocytes or in cerebral vascular smooth muscle, cell types previously suggested to contain α1‐ARs. We conclude that the α1B‐AR is highly abundant throughout the brain, predominately in neurons, and may be involved in the development of the oligodendrocyte. In adult NG2 cells, implicated in stem cell‐like functions, the α1B‐AR may also play a role. This is the first report of a transgenic tagged‐GPCR approach to determine in vivo localization of a receptor. J. Comp. Neurol. 478:1–10, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of Islet1 marks the sensory and neuronal lineages in the mammalian inner ear
Authors: Radde‐Gallwitz Kristen , Pan Ling , Gan Lin , Lin Xi , Segil Neil , Chen Ping 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSeveral basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) genes have been shown to be essential for the generation of the auditory sensory hair cells or the spiral ganglion (SG) neurons that innervate the hair cells in the cochlea, as well as a variety of cell types in the other nervous systems. However, it remains elusive what cellular context‐dependent mechanisms confer the inner ear–specific neuronal or sensory competency/identities. We explored the possibility that one of the mechanisms responsible for generating cellular diversity in the nervous system through cooperative action of bHLH and LIM‐homeodomain (LIM‐HD) transcriptional factors might also contribute to the inner ear–specific sensory and/or neuronal competency. Here, we show that Islet1 (Isl1), a LIM‐HD protein, is expressed early in the otocyst in the region that gives rise to both the auditory sensory organ, the organ of Corti, and SG neurons. Subsequently, the expression of Isl1 is maintained in SG neurons but is transitory in the sensory lineage. At embryonic day 12 (E12) in mice, the expression of Isl1 marks distinctively the ventral portion of the nascent cochlear epithelium encompassing the primordial organ of Corti. At E13, Isl1 is maintained at relatively high levels in the sensory primordium while down‐regulated in the other regions of the cochlear duct. As the sensory epithelium starts to differentiate, it is down‐regulated in the entire cochlear epithelium. The expression of Isl1 in the developing inner ear reveals an early and likely a common step in the development of both sensory and neuronal lineages of the inner ear, and suggests its potential role in the inner ear‐specific sensory and neuronal cell development. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:412–421, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus neurons regulate medullary catecholamine cell responses to restraint stress
Authors: Dayas Christopher V. , Buller Kathryn M. , Day Trevor A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBoth physical and psychological stressors recruit catecholamine cells (CA) located in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). In the case of physical stressors, this effect is initiated by signals that first access the central nervous system at or below the level of the medulla. For psychological stressors, however, CA cell recruitment depends on higher structures within the neuraxis. Indeed, we have recently provided evidence of a pivotal role for the medial amygdala (MeA) in this regard, although such a role must involve a relay, as MeA neurons do not project directly to the medulla. However, some of the MeA neurons that respond to psychological stress have been found to project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), a structure that provides significant input to the medulla. To determine whether the PVN might regulate medullary CA cell responses to psychological stress, animals were prepared with unilateral injections of the neurotoxin ibotenic acid into the PVN (Experiment 1), or with unilateral injections of the retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin‐gold (WGA‐Au) into the CA cell columns of the VLM or NTS (Experiment 2). Seven days later, animals were subjected to a psychological stressor (restraint; 15 minutes), and their brains were subsequently processed for Fos plus appropriate cytoplasmic markers (Experiment 1), or Fos plus WGA‐Au (Experiment 2). PVN lesions significantly suppressed the stress‐related induction of Fos in both VLM and NTS CA cells, whereas tracer deposits in the VLM or NTS retrogradely labeled substantial numbers of PVN cells that were also Fos‐positive after stress. Considered in concert with previous results, these data suggest that the activation of medullary CA cells in response to psychological stress may involve a critical input from the PVN. J. Comp. Neurol. 478:22–34, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification and morphological classification of horizontal, bipolar, and amacrine cells within the zebrafish retina
Authors: Connaughton V.P. , Graham D. , Nelson R. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractHorizontal, bipolar, and amacrine cells in the zebrafish retina were morphologically characterized using DiOlistic techniques. In this method, 1,1′‐dioctadecyl‐3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI)‐coated microcarriers are shot at high speed onto the surfaces of living retinal slices where the DiI then delineates axons, somata, and dendrites of isolated neurons. Zebrafish retinal somata were 5–10 μm in diameter. Three horizontal cell types (HA‐1, HA‐2, and HB) were identified; dendritic tree diameters averaged 25–40 μm. HA somata were round. Cells classified as HA‐2 were larger than HA‐1 cells and possessed an axon. HB somata were flattened, without an axon, although short fusiform structure(s) projected from the soma. Bipolar cells were separated into 17 morphological types. Dendritic trees ranged from 10 to 70 μM. There were six Bon types with axon boutons only in the ON sublamina of the inner plexiform layer (IPL), and seven Boff types with axon boutons or branches only in the OFF sublamina. Four types of bistratified bipolar cells displayed boutons in both ON and OFF layers. Amacrine cells occurred in seven types. Aoff cells (three types) were monostratified and ramified in the IPL OFF sublamina. Dendritic fields were 60–150 μM. Aon pyriform cells (three types) branched in the ON sublamina. Dendritic fields were 50–170 μM. Adiffuse cells articulated processes in all IPL strata. Dendritic fields were 15–90 μM. These findings are important for studies examining signal processing in zebrafish retina and for understanding changes in function resulting from mutations and perturbations of retinal organization. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:371–385, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of vanilloid receptor TRPV1 in the rat trigeminal sensory nuclei
Authors: Bae Yong Chul , Oh Jung Min , Hwang Se Jin , Shigenaga Yoshio , Valtschanoff Juli G. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractLittle is known about the central projection patterns of trigeminal afferent neurons expressing the vanilloid receptor TRPV1 and their coexpression of neuromodulatory peptides. To address these issues, we examined the distribution of TRPV1‐positive neurons in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and trigeminal sensory nuclei principalis (Vp), oralis (Vo), interpolaris (Vi), and caudalis (Vc) in the rat via light and electron microscopy. In addition, we studied the colocalization of TRPV1‐positive neurons with substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) via confocal microscopy. In TG, only small and medium‐sized neurons were immunopositive for TRPV1. The staining for TRPV1 was found in axon collaterals in the dorsal parts of Vp, Vo, and Vi and in terminals and fibers throughout lamina I and the outer zone of lamina II (IIo) of Vc. With electron microscopy, TRPV1‐positive fibers in the ascending and descending trigeminal tracts were found to be unmyelinated. Almost all TRPV1‐positive terminals in Vc contained numerous large dense‐core vesicles and formed synaptic contacts with single small dendrites. Multiple immunofluorescence revealed a high degree of colocalization of TRPV1 with SP and CGRP in TG neurons as well as in fibers and terminals confined to laminae I and IIo of Vc. These results suggest that the central projections of unmyelinated (C) afferents sensitive to noxious heat and capsaicin are organized differently between Vc and the rostral trigeminal nuclei and that Vc may play a role in the development of hyperalgesia. J. Comp. Neurol. 478:62–71, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 in rat brain and in primary cultures of neuronal cells
Authors: Lontay Beáta , Serfőző Zoltán , Gergely Pál , Ito Masaaki , Hartshorne David J. , Erdődi Ferenc 
Published: August 2004

AbstractMyosin phosphatase (PP1M) is composed of the δ isoform of the PP1 catalytic subunit (PP1cδ), the myosin phosphatase target subunit (MYPT), and a 20 kDa subunit. Western blots detected higher amounts of the MYPT1 isoform compared to MYPT2 in whole brain extracts. The localization of MYPT1 was studied in rat brain and in primary cell cultures of neurons using specific antibodies. Analysis of lysates of brain regions for MYPT1 and PP1M by Western blots using anti‐MYPT1 antibodies and by phosphatase assays with myosin as substrate suggested a ubiquitous distribution. Immunohistochemistry of tissue sections revealed that MYPT1 was distributed in all areas of the brain, with staining observed in many different cell types. Depending on the method used for fixation, the MYPT1 appeared with varying intensity in nuclei, in nucleoli, and in the cytoplasm. In primary hippocampal cultures, MYPT1 was identified by confocal microscopy in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus, whereas a predominantly cytoplasmic localization was found in cochlear nucleus cells. In cultured cells, MYPT1 and PP1cδ colocalized with synaptophysin. PP1M activity was high in synaptosomes isolated from the cerebral cortex, but was relatively low in the postsynaptic densities. The interaction of MYPT1 with synaptophysin and with known partners (Rho‐kinase, PP1cδ) in brain extracts was shown by immunoprecipitation with anti‐MYPT1. Pull‐down assays from synaptosomes, using GST‐MYPT1, also confirmed these interactions. In conclusion, the widespread cellular and subcellular localization of MYPT1 implies that PP1M may play an important role in the dephosphorylation of key regulatory proteins in neuronal cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 478:72–87, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.