bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liposome immunoblotting assay using a substrate‐forming precipitate inside immunoliposomes
Authors: Kumada Yoichi , Maehara Masumi , Tomioka Kanji , Katoh Shigeo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA new immunoblotting assay which uses antibody‐coupled liposomes containing horseradish peroxidase is proposed. A substrate 4‐chloro‐1‐naphthol permeated through the phospholipid membrane of the antibody‐coupled liposomes and formed a colored product precipitating inside the liposomes. The precipitates accumulated in the liposomes and could be detected at the positions where the liposomes coupled with a target in blotted samples. Combination of liposomes with average diameter of 350 nm and a PVDF membrane with a pore size of 450 nm, 0.02 ng of IgM was detected, while the conventional immunoblotting using antibody‐HRP conjugates detected 2 ng of IgM. The sensitivity increased about two orders of magnitude by the liposome immunoblotting assay. This liposome immunoblotting assay gives a simple detection method of proteins with a high sensitivity, as well as a high sensitivity Western blotting assay. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 414–418, 2002.
Production of lovastatin examined by an integrated approach based on chemometrics and DOSY‐NMR
Authors: Bradamante Silvia , Barenghi Livia , Beretta Giangiacomo , Bonfa' Maria , Rollini Manuela , Manzoni Matilde 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMicrobial secondary metabolites are one of the sources of therapeutic molecules in the pharmaceutical industry. Product quality and high yields of secondary metabolites are the main goals for the commercial success of a fermentation process. Our novel approach was based on the decision‐tree algorithm to determine the key variables correlated with the process outcome and on DOSY‐NMR to identify both co‐metabolites and impurities, and it improves fermentation systems and speeds up bioprocess development. The approach has been validated in the case of lovastatin production from Aspergillus terreus. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 589–593, 2002.
Aortic arch variation analyzed by using plastination
Authors: Sora Mircea‐Constantin , Strobl Birgit , Förster‐Streffleur Sophie , Staykov Dimitre 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDifferent ramification patterns can be observed during the development of the aortic arch. In this study a common trunk (CT), which subsequently branched into the brachiocephalic trunk (BT) and left common carotid artery (LCCA), arose from the aortic arch. The LCCA arose from the CT 10.27 mm above the aortic arch. After crossing the ventral aspect of the trachea and esophagus, the LCCA became situated on the left side of the esophagus. The caliber and length of the main branches of the aortic arch were determined and compared to reports in the literature. This variation was discovered in the context of producing transverse body slices using an E12 plastination process. Clin. Anat. 15:379–382, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of contemporary stent deployment using intravascular ultrasound
Authors: Yoon Samuel C. , Laskey Warren K. , Assadourian Assadour , Kelly Debra , Gellman Joel , Herzog William , Stafford J. Lawrence 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFour second‐ and third‐generation coronary stents were evaluated using QCA and intravascular ultrasound for adequacy of stent expansion, the influence of disease burden on adequacy of deployment, and postdeployment structural effects on the artery. Despite satisfactory stent deployment rates on angiography of 92 %, adequate stent deployment by IVUS ranged from 38% to 55%. There was no significant difference in deployment success across the four stent types. Lesions with significant plaque burden were associated with a lower rate of deployment success (P = 0.04). Twenty‐one edge dissections were demonstrated by IVUS; only six were detected by angiography. Observations made on first‐generation stents regarding adequacy of deployment still hold true for newer‐generation stents. Significant plaque burden is an independent negative predictor of stent deployment success. The presence of IVUS‐detected edge dissections indicates that the extent of injury during PCI extends beyond the physical length of the stent. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:150–154. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The disappearing coronary stenosis: Reemphasizing the importance of excluding coronary vasospasm before coronary intervention
Authors: Parham Walter A. , Kern Morton J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe describe a case of resting angina with multiple angiographic stenoses that were highly suitable for stenting. These classic lesions resolved after intracoronary nitroglycerin while positioning a stent. This case reemphasizes the need to exclude vasospasm prior to any interventional coronary procedure. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:224–228. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chiral synthesis of secondary alcohols using Geotrichum candidum
Authors: Nakamura Kaoru , Matsuda Tomoko , Harada Tadao 
Published: October 2002

AbstractChiral synthesis of secondary alcohols of both the (S)‐ and (R)‐enantiomer with extremely high enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee) using a biocatalyst, Geotrichum candidum, is reviewed. Resting cell and dried‐cell preparation using acetone were applied to oxidation, reduction, and deracemization reactions. Many methods to improve the reactivity and enantioselectivity of the reactions were developed. For example, additives such as secondary alcohols and hydrophobic resin (Amberlite™ XAD) were used in nonaqueous reaction media such as organic and supercritical solvents as well as in aqueous ones. As a result, optically pure alcohols of both enantiomers were synthesized on a gram scale. Chirality 14:703–708, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulsed current gradient power supply for microcoil magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Seeber D.A. , Hoftiezer J.H. , Pennington C.H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) microscopy requires very strong gradients (>10 T/m) that can be rapidly switched between positive and negative gradient fields. A gradient power supply is presented that is capable of pulsing a custom built triaxial microcoil gradient system to an excess of 15 T/m (and as high as 50 T/m), representing pulsed currents in excess of 150 A into loads of ∼200 mΩ (gradient coil plus cables). The gradient power supply is switchable (from positive to negative gradient fields) within a time of ∼10 μs. An H‐bridge design, consisting of four metal‐oxide semiconductor field‐effect transistors (MOSFETs), is used for changing both the current and magnetic field gradient directions. In series with the H bridge is an additional MOSFET that is optimized to be a voltage‐controlled (adjustable) resistor to send the current through the gradient coils. Because MOSFETS require special driving circuits to overcome parasitic capacitances, the MOSFET fundamental design parameters are also presented to complete the circuit schematics. The gradient power supply presented allows for the high gradient fields required for microcoil MRI of small samples. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts in Magnetic Resonance (Magn Reson Engineering) 15: 189–200, 2002
Impact of undergoing prostate carcinoma screening on prostate carcinoma‐related knowledge and distress
Authors: Taylor Kathryn L. , Shelby Rebecca , Kerner Jon , Redd William , Lynch John 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDDespite the ongoing controversy regarding the utility of prostate carcinoma (PCa) screening, the prevalence of asymptomatic men who participate in free PCa screening programs is on the rise. However, this increased awareness has not been associated with increased knowledge about the potential limitations of PCa creening. We conducted a prospective assessment to delineate men's motivations for undergoing screening and to determine the impact of screening on psychological distress and on men's knowledge about PCa screening.METHODSWe conducted two telephone interviews with a group of 136 men registered to undergo free PCa screening at two hospital‐based sites. The first interview was conducted before screening and the second interview followed receipt of the screening results. Interviews assessed demographics and screening history, reasons for undergoing the current screening, cancer‐related and general psychological distress, knowledge of risk factors for PCa, and knowledge of the benefits and limitations of screening. Only participants with normal screening results were included in these analyses.RESULTS“Seeking peace of mind about prostate cancer” was rated as the most important reason for undergoing screening. PCa‐related distress decreased following receipt of a negative result (P < 0.01). Stratified analyses indicated that this was particularly true among younger men and African American men (both Ps < 0.001). Awareness of the benefits of screening was very high, but awareness of limitations was low, with fewer limitations reported following screening compared with prescreening (P < 0.01). Although awareness of the established risk factors improved following screening, controversial risk factors (i.e., those with limited empirical support) and factors that were unrelated to PCa risk were also rated as more important in the development of PCa than they were before screening (all Ps < 0.05). Therefore, the results may reflect that following screening, participants were simply more likely to endorse plausible risk factors, rather than actually reflecting an increase in participants' knowledge.CONCLUSIONSThese results suggest the importance of developing informed consent procedures and educational programs for the asymptomatic men who participate in free prostate screening programs each year, as the decision to be screened is being made without the benefit of a full understanding of the current state of medical knowledge about PCa screening. Until the definitive results of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial are available, improved patient education is needed to assist men in making screening decisions consistent with their own preferences. Cancer 2002;95:1037–44. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10781
Morphology and therapeutic strategies for neuroendocrine tumors of the genitourinary tract
Authors: Helpap Burkhard 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlthough many articles have been published regarding neuroendocrine tumors (NET) and neuroendocrine carcinomas of both low‐ and high‐grade malignancy (NEC) of the genitourinary tract, the histologic diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for treating these entities remains difficult. In the current study the author discusses the significant differences between NET and NEC of the urinary bladder and the prostate, including therapeutic consequences.METHODSFour hundred eighty neoplasms of the urinary bladder and prostate with a small cell pattern were analyzed not only on slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin but also by means of immunohistochemical stains demonstrating a neuroendocrine origin. The avidin‐biotin complex method was used with the following markers: MIB‐1, chromogranin A (Chr A), synaptophysin (SNP), cytokeratin (CK) 34βE12, CK20, androgen receptor (AR), and prostate specific antigen (PSA).RESULTSTwenty tumors of the urinary bladder and 26 of the prostate demonstrated a diffuse neuroendocrine pattern. Only two patients were found to have a low‐grade NEC of the prostate with a low proliferative index but strong expression of neuroendocrine markers. All other patients with small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the bladder and prostate demonstrated extremely high proliferation activity (>80%) and expressed Chr A and SNP. CK34βE12, 20, PSA, and AR were not found to be expressed. The mean survival time was 6.9 months. Fourteen of 20 patients with NEC of the urinary bladder died of the disease and 19 of 24 patients with prostatic NEC died. The therapy for urinary bladder NEC was repeated transurethral resection and antiandrogen therapy was given for NEC of the prostate. Only one patient was treated with chemotherapy, which to the author's knowledge currently is the only treatment for NECs of the genitourinary tract.CONCLUSIONSUndifferentiated carcinomas of the urinary bladder and prostate should be analyzed not only by means of hematoxylin and eosin but also by immunohistochemical staining for Chr A and SNP to demonstrate a neuroendocrine origin. Because the prognosis of small cell NECs is very poor, pathologists should indicate in their final report the peculiarities of small cell NECs of the prostate and the urinary bladder with special emphasis on different therapeutic strategies. Cancer 2002;95:1415–20. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10840
A Phase II trial of gemcitabine and docetaxel in patients with chemotherapy‐naive, advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Popa Irina E. , Stewart Kathleen , Smith Frederick P. , Rizvi Naiyer A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe goals of the current study were to determine the safety and efficacy of a nonplatinum‐containing doublet, gemcitabine and docetaxel, in the treatment of patients with chemotherapy‐naive nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).METHODSThirty‐two patients with advanced, chemotherapy‐naive NSCLC were treated with gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2) and docetaxel (40 mg/m2) administered on Days 1 and 8 every 21 days. All patients were evaluable for toxicity and survival and 27 patients were evaluable for response.RESULTSThis combination was extremely well tolerated with Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia occurring in 6 of 32 patients (19%) (grading was based on the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria). There were two episodes of Grade 3 thrombocytopenia and no episodes of Grade 3 or 4 anemia. Grade 3 or 4 nonhematologic toxicities included nausea (occurring in 1 of 32 patients), diarrhea (occurring in 1 of 32 patients), fatigue (occurring in 10 of 32 patients), fluid retention (occurring in 2 of 32 patients), anorexia (occurring in 4 of 32 patients), and transaminitis (occurring in 2 of 32 patients). Six patients experienced Grade 3 pneumonitis that was at least possibly related to the combination of gemcitabine and docetaxel. There was 1 complete response and 7 partial responses for an overall response rate of 30%. The 1‐year and median survivals were 35% and 7.9 months, respectively.CONCLUSIONSIn the current study, the regimen of gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2) and docetaxel (40 mg/m2) administered on Days 1 and 8 every 21 days was well tolerated with manageable hematologic and nonhematologic toxicities. The responses were comparable to those achieved with platinum‐based combination chemotherapy and the 2‐year survival was an encouraging 19%. These data would support the further study of this nonplatinum doublet in patients with advanced NSCLC. Cancer 2002;95:1714–19. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10843
Granule neurons generated during development extend divergent axon collaterals to hippocampal area CA3
Authors: Hastings Nicholas B. , Seth Malika I. , Tanapat Patima , Rydel Tracy A. , Gould Elizabeth 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMost excitatory intrahippocampal pathways are characterized by significant, highly ordered projections into the long, or septotemporal, hippocampal axis. However, the mossy fiber system, the excitatory projection by which the dentate gyrus projects to hippocampal area CA3, is considered an exception, being organized to innervate exclusively transversely oriented cortical layers of the hippocampus. In the present study, the anatomy of the rat mossy fiber system was investigated using axonal tracing techniques, with an emphasis on determining its projection pattern into the long hippocampal axis. To this end, we used dual ipsilateral retrograde tracer injections to determine whether individual granule cells extend divergent axon collaterals to septotemporally distinct levels of hippocampal area CA3. We combined this technique with the fluorescent immunohistochemical detection of 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU), a marker of granule cell precursors and their progeny, to address whether the divergence of mossy fiber collaterals within area CA3 might by related to ontogenic gradients in granule cell genesis. We observed single granule neurons that had retrogradely transported both tracers, indicating that they had axon collaterals passing through or terminating within the distinct levels of area CA3 into which tracer had been injected. By using BrdU labeling, we identified divergent granule neurons that were produced during embryonic and postnatal development. We observed no adult‐generated granule neurons with significantly diverging mossy fiber collaterals. However, many fewer cells were labeled with BrdU in adult‐exposed animals. Because of this smaller sample, we cannot rule out the possibility that small numbers of divergent adult‐generated granule cells exist. We conclude that a proportion of the hippocampal mossy fiber projection extends septotemporally divergent axon collaterals to hippocampal area CA3. J. Comp. Neurol. 452:324–333, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A multicolor, no‐lyse no‐wash assay for the absolute counting of CD34+ cells by flow cytometry
Authors: Alvarez‐Larran Alberto , Jover Lluis , Marin Pedro , Petriz Jordi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundWe previously developed a method for counting CD34+ cells in unlysed whole blood. This method was applied to normal human bone marrow, peripheral blood after mobilization of progenitor cells, leukapheresis products, and cord blood and was validated with two different lyse‐no wash methods. However, the main advantage that we described, erythrocyte discrimination using nucleic acid staining, was also the main restriction because additional markers for the immunologic characterization of CD34+ cells cannot be included.MethodsWe used SYTO‐13 and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐CD45 staining (FL1) instead of SYTO‐13 and phycoerythrin (PE)Cy5‐CD45 staining (FL3) to leave the third and fourth fluorescence parameters available for further characterization of CD34+ cells. The new method was validated by applying it to cord blood samples (n = 20).ResultsFITC‐CD45 antibody gave a 1.7‐fold increase in mean fluorescence intensity over SYTO‐13 alone. From absolute counts (CD34+ cells per microliter), we plotted the differences between the methods against their mean, showing that differences fell into acceptable ranges.ConclusionsNo‐lyse procedures may represent an advance for cell immunophenotyping and it could be applied to the measurement of additional markers. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:249–253, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Progress in the development of new treatments for combined Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases
Authors: Masliah Eliezer , Hansen Lawrence A. , Rockenstein Edward , Hashimoto Makoto 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMisfolding of synaptic molecules such as amyloid β peptide and α‐synuclein has been proposed to play a key role in the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, respectively. Notably, the majority of patients with Alzheimer's disease also have α‐synuclein‐immunoreactive Lewy bodies, and a substantial proportion of them develop a form of parkinsonism also known as Lewy body disease, that defies conventional therapies. Thus, factors involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease might promote the development of particularly recalcitrant forms of Lewy body disease. We have shown that the amyloid β peptide 1‐42, of Alzheimer's disease, promotes the toxic conversion of α‐synuclein and accelerates α‐synuclein‐dependent deficits in transgenic mice. Understanding the mechanisms promoting the toxic conversion of α‐synuclein is of critical importance for the design of rationale treatments for Lewy body disease and transgenic models hold the promise for the development of such novel therapies. In this context therapies aimed at: (1) reducing amyloid β peptide 1‐42 production, (2) blocking toxic α‐synuclein oligomerization (e.g., β‐synuclein, antioxidants), (3) promoting α‐synuclein protofibril degradation, and (4) protecting neurons (e.g., anti‐oxidants, neurotrophic agents) against toxic α‐synuclein aggregates might prove to be significantly useful in the treatment of Lewy body disease. We characterized β‐synuclein, the non‐amyloidogenic homologue of α‐synuclein, as an inhibitor of aggregation of α‐synuclein. Our results raise the intriguing possibility that β‐synuclein might be a natural negative regulator of α‐synuclein aggregation, and that a similar class of endogenous factors might modulate the toxic conversion of other molecules involved in neurodegeneration. Such an anti‐amyloidogenic property of β‐synuclein in combination with other treatments might also provide a novel strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Drug Dev. Res. 56:282–292, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
From cyclooxygenase activities to Alzheimer's disease neuropathology:experimental approaches and therapeutic interventions
Authors: Pasinetti Giulio Maria 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSeveral prospective and retrospective epidemiological studies have demonstrated a protective effect for antiinflammatory drugs in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, despite this evidence therapeutic studies investigating nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including cyclooxygenase (COX)‐1 and COX‐2 inhibitors and steroids, do not support this hypothesis. This discrepancy may be due to the fact that the bulk of epidemiological evidence has examined the likely incidence of AD prior to the onset of clinical symptoms of disease. In contrast, in therapeutic studies NSAIDs are administered to patients with illnesses severe enough to exceed the clinical detection threshold, suggesting that NSAID therapy administered following the onset of AD may not be optimally effective. Thus, patients at high risk for AD, e.g., those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), may be more suitable for study in clinical trials of NSAIDs. Indeed, recent evidence suggests that different indices of classical inflammatory cascades have distinct associations with different phases of the clinical progression of AD. In this review, I discuss the potential role of inflammation in the clinical progression of AD and how this evidence relates to preventive use of antiinflammatory drugs for AD treatment. I then examine the importance of evidence for the potential role of inflammation in amyloidosis in the AD brain and experimental models. I consider the implications of inflammation in AD and recent evidence potentially supporting a negative role of inflammation in vaccination therapy trials. In conclusion, I examine cutting‐edge clinical studies investigating NSAID therapy for AD. Drug Dev. Res. 56:438–445, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of insulin in Alzheimer's disease:approaches emerging from basic animal research and neurocognitive studies in humans
Authors: Kern Werner , Born Jan , Fehm Horst L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPancreatic insulin is transported across the blood–brain barrier to bind to central neurons receptors that can mediate actions of the hormone on cognitive function. In different animal models as well as in healthy humans, a beneficial influence of insulin on sensory processing, learning, and memory has been recently demonstrated. Additional support for this view derives from the investigation of the neuronal mechanisms of memory function. Recent findings of decreased levels of insulin in cerebrospinal fluid and a disturbance of insulin signaling in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have raised interest in the role of insulin for cognitive impairment. Moreover, findings in cultured neurons hint at an influence of insulin on those cellular and molecular processes supposed to underlie AD pathology. Here, we briefly review the literature suggesting a link between disturbed insulin action in the brain and the development and progress of cognitive dysfunction as well as of neuropathological lesions in AD. Additionally, the potential therapeutic use of insulin in AD patients is discussed. Drug Dev. Res. 56:511–525, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.