bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Females with fragile X syndrome: A review of the effects of an abnormal FMR1 gene
Authors: Lachiewicz Ave M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn 1980, Turner et al. described a sample of females affected with fragile X syndrome and recommended that all females with mental retardation of unknown etiology be evaluated for this condition. Since then, much has been learned about fragile X syndrome and its effects on females. Although research has primarily focused on abnormal cognitive and emotional findings in a proportion of women, studies have also addressed the physical characteristics and specific findings of young girls. Some of the early results were puzzling because so little was understood about the genetics of this condition, but much has become clear since the gene was sequenced in 1991. Many questions about this condition are still unanswered, but are likely to be addressed in the near future. This article highlights major advances made during the past 10 years with regard to females having fragile X syndrome. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene–teratogen interaction: Potentiation of actinomycin D teratogenesis in the house mouse by the lethal gene brachyury
Authors: Winfield John B. , Bennett Dorothea 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSingle intraperitoneal injections of actinomycin D (70 μg/kg female body weight) on day 6 1/4 of gestation yielded no abnormal embryos in wild‐type mice. Fifty percent of embryos similarly exposed to actinomycin D but obtained from matings in which one of the parents was heterozygous for Brachyury (T), a semidominant lethal gene at the T locus on linkage group IX, were abnormal. The abnormal embryos were presumably heterozygotes for T. Mesodermal derivatives and neural tissue were predominantly affected. Morphologically these abnormalities were very similar to those already described in homozygotes of T and early‐acting lethal t alleles. In a similar study trypan blue was also tested. This agent did not interact with T in producing abnormalities, and the abnormal development observed differed from that seen with actinomycin D. The results were interpreted as indicating that actinomycin D summates with T in converting T + heterozygotes into phenocopies of T/T homozygotes and early‐acting lethal t‐allele homozygous embryos.
Early biochemical changes in the embryonic rat heart after teratogen treatment
Authors: Overman Dennis O. , Beaudoin Allan R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects on mucopolysaccharide synthesis in isolated embryonic rat hearts of in vivo and/or in vitro 6‐aminonicotinamide, dietary‐induced folic acid deficiency, aminopterin, and trypan blue were investigated using uptake of 35S‐sodium sulfate to measure the rate of mucopolysaccharide synthesis. Intraperitoneal injection of 6‐aminonicotinamide on day 11 of gestation caused inhibition of mucopolysaccharide synthesis which was most pronounced at day 13. A similar effect followed in vitro 6‐aminonicotinamide treatment. Maternal folic acid deficiency on days 9–11 of pregnancy caused decreased mucopolysaccharide synthesis in embryonic hearts at day 14. In vitro treatment with the folic acid antagonist aminopterin inhibited the rate of synthesis on days 13–16. In vivo trypan blue on day 9 of pregnancy had no effect on the rate of mucopolysaccharide synthesis. However, in vitro trypan blue treatment of embryonic hearts resulted in a marked depression in synthetic rate. Aminopterin and 6‐aminonicotinamide had no noticeable effect on the rate of protein synthesis in isolated embryonic hearts as determined by measurement of 3H‐leucine incorporation. Thus mucopolysaccharide synthesis in isolated embryonic rat hearts was susceptible to the action of the teratogens used. It is postulated that these teratogens act by blocking a biochemical reaction in the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides and are not affecting the cellular machinery necessary for general protein synthesis.
Teratogenic effects of short‐term and transitory zinc deficiency in rats
Authors: Hurley Lucille S. , Gowan Jean , Swenerton Helene 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFemale rats fed a zinc‐deficient diet during pregnancy (days 0 to 21) had impaired reproduction and a high incidence of congenitally malformed young even though they had been fed a normal diet adequate in zinc until the beginning of gestation. With a deficiency from days 0 to 21 of pregnancy 41% of the implantation sites were resorbed, full‐term young weighed about half that of controls, and 90% of the fetuses showed gross malformations affecting every organ system. These results were similar to those found previously with females fed a zinc‐low diet from weaning. The fetal malformations were specifically due to a maternal dietary deficiency of zinc rather than to reduced food intake since females fed restricted amounts of a zinc‐supplemented diet had normal young. Shorter periods of deficiency were also teratogenic. With a deficiency from days 0 to 10 of pregnancy 22% of the young were malformed, and from days 0 to 12, 56% were malformed. When the zinc‐deficient regime was imposed from days 6 to 14 of pregnancy almost half of the young were abnormal. Transitory periods of deficiency altered the incidences of the anomalies observed in accordance with the developmental events occurring at the time the deficiency was imposed. The rapid and severe effects of even relatively short periods of zinc deficiency on fetal development suggest that the pregnant rat cannot mobilize zinc from body stores in amounts sufficient to supply the needs of developing fetuses.
In vitro and in vivo X‐irradiation of preimplantation mouse embryos
Authors: Fisher D. L. , Smithberg M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwo‐day‐old strain 129/SvSl mouse embryos obtained by induced superovulation were exposed to various doses of X‐rays in vitro and in vivo and cultured from the 4‐cell to the blastocyst stage. The LD50 for blastocyst development 48 h after in vitro irradiation was 300 R and following in vivo irradiation was 600 R. Blastulation occurred in over 80% of the cultured sham‐irradiated control embryos. Treated and control embryos that blastulated after 48 h of culture were transplanted to nulliparous adult 2‐day pseudo‐pregnant 129/SvSl females and examined 15 days later. Approximately 70% of implanting control blastocysts developed into fetuses. Significantly fewer fetuses developed after in vitro exposure to more than 73 R. No fetal development occurred following in vitro irradiation with more than 170 R. No indication of implantation was observed for embryos irradiated in vitro with more than 267 R. Fetal development occurred following in vivo irradiation with 388 R. It appears that it required twice as much in vivo irradiation as in vitro irradiation to produce equivalent lethality for the early mouse embryo. No significant gross abnormalities were observed in preterm fetuses following embryonic irradiation in vitro or in vivo, but there was significant weight‐gain impairment in fetuses developing from transplanted embryos irradiated in vitro with 73 R or more.
Inhibitory effect of corticoids on the proliferative pattern in mouse palatal processes
Authors: Jelínek Richard , Dostál Miroslav 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe formation of the secondary palate in mice is accompanied by intensive mitotic activity, which is mainly concentrated at the medial edges of the palatal processes. In control H‐Velaz randombred fetuses the mitotic activity culminated approximately 24 h before palatal‐shelf horizontalization, so that the period of intensive cell proliferation coincided with the period when cleft palate could be induced by cortisone administration. Effects of teratogenic doses of corticoids, injected directly into amniotic sac of embryos on day 13 (0.3 mg hydrocortisone) or im to pregnant females on day 12 (7.5 mg cortisone acetate), on the proliferative peak in palatal processes were studied using intraamniotic injection of colchicine. Counts of colchicine‐blocked mitoses in histological serial sections revealed both a significant decrease in overall mitotic density and a posterior shift of the proliferative peak in the palatal processes of fetuses treated with doses of corticoids producing cleft palate.
Cytotoxic effects of 6‐mercaptopurine on the limb‐bud blastemal cells of rat embryos
Authors: Merker H. J. , Pospisil M. , Mewes P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOn day 12 of pregnancy Wistar rats were each given a single ip injection of 5, 8, 16, 25, or 50 mg/kg 6‐mercaptopurine. The embryos were removed 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 24, 48, or 72 h after injection or on day 20 and studied by light and electron microscopy. After 25 or 50 mg/kg all embryos showed no mineralization in the lower extremities. By electron microscopy condensation, shrinking, and fragmentation of cells in the limb bud blastema could be seen after 5 h. The fragments were phagocytosed and broken down by neighboring cells or remained in the extracellular space. After 25 or 50 mg/kg the damage was so extensive that the number of undamaged cells and of cells transforming into phagocytes, was not sufficient to remove the debris or to compensate for the defect by mitotic activity. Epithelial cells, nerves, and blood vessels, show no morphological signs of damage. The “critical period” was the time cartilage just starts developing, i.e., when the blastema begins to differentiate.
Effects of three teratogens on development of arteries in the secondary palate in rats
Authors: Diewert V. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDevelopment of the arterial vasculature in the secondary palate was studied in Sprague‐Dawley rat fetuses treated with vitamin A plus cortisone, 6‐aminonicotinamide (6‐AN), and X‐rays. Most of the control and teratogen‐treated fetuses were India‐ink injected for study of the palatine vasculature; others were histologically sectioned in the coronal plane. All 3 teratogens affected development of the lateral palatine processes and arterial vasculature. Vitamin A plus cortisone produced severe palate deformities. The palatine processes were composed of multiple horizontal and vertical processes containing abnormal epithelial and cartilaginous components. The palatine arteries remained widely separated in the maxillary area of the palate but narrowed to form a “V” pattern in the premaxillary area. 6‐AN and X‐rays delayed development of arterial patterns and the palatine processes, and decreased growth of the lateral palatine processes. After reorientation the palatine arteries remained fairly widely separated in fetuses with cleft palate.
Effects of hydrocortisone acetate on the development of chicken embryos
Authors: Goel Suresh C. , Jurand A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHydrocortisone acetate (1–10 mg/egg), when injected into the extraembryonic celom of 3‐ or 4‐day chicken embryos, caused necrosis in limb‐bud mesoderm after further incubation for 24 h. The necrotic areas usually appeared in the central and subapical mesoderm. Similar treatment of 4‐day embryos with a higher dose (7.5 mg/egg) caused, in addition, hemorrhage in limb buds, micromelia, and slight growth retardation. The mechanism of the resulting necrosis and phagocytosis are discussed.
Evaluation of the teratogenic effects of hydrazine, methylhydrazine, and dimethylhydrazine on embryos of Xenopus laevis, the South African Clawed Toad
Authors: Greenhouse Gerald 
Published: June 2005

AbstractXenopus laevis embryos were exposed to hydrazine and its methylated derivatives, (mono)methylhydrazine, 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine (SDMH), and 1,1‐dimethylhydrazine (UDMH). Concentrations of hydrazine, methylhydrazine, and UDMH in excess of 10 mg/1 were teratogenic; SDMH was teratogenic at concentrations of 50 mg/1 or greater. Exposure to lower concentrations permitted survival and development into normal larvae. The period of embryogenesis during which exposure to hydrazine was teratogenic was during neurulation. Exposure to these compounds at later or earlier periods affected viability but was not teratogenic. The malformations affected the head, trunk, and tail. The most common abnormality observed was tail kinks. Other abnormalities were microcephaly, cyclopia, shortening of the trunk, and edema. All malformed embryos also had abnormal notochords. The possible relation of notochordal abnormality to the pathogenesis of other malformations is discussed.
Comparative susceptibilities of pregnant, nonpregnant, and lactating hamsters to infections with H‐1 and reoviruses
Authors: Kilham Lawrence , Margolis George 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPregnant and lactating hamsters were inoculated with reovirus type 3 and H‐1 virus to determine whether they had any special susceptibility as compared with nonpregnant controls; whole blood, liver, and uterus were tested for virus on successive days after inoculation. Results showed that both agents proliferated to highest titers in pregnant as well as in lactating animals. These results were most striking with reovirus, which propagated to only a limited extent in controls and hamsters in the first half of gestation, although developing to high titers in the second half. A feature of the experiments was the ability of both agents to infect the postpartum uterus. Uterine infections, which appear to have importance for both rubella and cytomegaloviruses, should it would seem, be considered in relation to any viruses capable of inducing fetal infections or congenital anomalies.
Methylmercury: Teratogenic and lethal effects in frog embryos
Authors: Dial Norman A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRana pipiens embryos at the cleavage, blastula, gastrula, and neural‐plate stages of development were treated with methylmercuric chloride in concentrations of 0.5–200 parts per billion (ppb) to determine embryocidal and teratogenic effects. Concentrations of 40 ppb and above were lethal to embryos treated during the cleavage stage. Embryos at the blastula, gastrula, and neural‐plate stages were treated for 5 days with 5–30 ppb; 5 ppb had only minor effects, 10, 15, and 20 ppb caused various defects (exogastrulae, poor tail development, poor general development) and increased death rates related to exposure time and concentration, and embryos treated with 30 ppb had a high frequency of defects after 24 h and all died by the end of the 3rd day. Individual tolerances to methylmercury of various degrees were observed.
Kidney agenesis, hypoplastic left heart, and rib and vertebral anomalies in the fetus of a diabetic mother
Authors: Harris M. J. , Yasuda M. , Poland B. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA male human fetus of 83 mm crown‐rump length was removed by hysterotomy from a diabetic woman. It was normal externally but had bilateral kidney agenesis, a hypoplastic left heart, vertebral fusion on the left side, and other cervical and thoracic vertebral and rib anomalies. Possible syndromes and their relevance to prenatal diagnosis are discussed.
Teratogenicity studies with methotrexate, aminopterin, and acetylsalicylic acid in domestic cats
Authors: Khera K. S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPregnancy was timed in cats following induced ovulation. Methotrexate, (0.5 mg/kg), aminopterin, (0.1 mg/kg), and acetylsalicylic acid, (25 or 50 mg/kg) were administered orally in gelatin capsules in single daily doses on different days of gestation, methotrexate (MTX) on days 11‒14, 14‒17, or 17‒20, aminopterin on day 12, 14, or 16, and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on days 10‒15 or 15‒20. Maternal toxicity was produced only by MTX. MTX given on days 11‒14 and 14‒17 produced high frequencies of malformations including umbilical hernia. Aminopterin caused no conclusive teratogenic response. An overall increased frequency of anomalies occurred after 50 mg/kg ASA but no single anomaly predominated.
In vitro development of postimplantation rat embryos cultured on dialyzed rat serum
Authors: Gunberg David L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAttempts to culture postimplantation rat embryos on defined media have not been successful although they grow well when cultured on homologous serum. As a first step in the search for factors in serum that support growth and differentiation of such cultured preparations the following experiments were undertaken. Six‐somite rat embryos were cultured on whole serum, dialyzed serum, or the buffered salt solution (BSS) used for dialysis. Additional experiments were conducted utilizing BSS supplemented with glucose or dialyzed serum supplemented with glucose, mannose, fructose, or pyruvate. Of the media tested only glucose‐supplemented dialyzed serum maintained development at a level comparable to that obtained with whole serum. Further preliminary studies with combined supplementation and metabolic poisoning suggested that anaerobic glycolysis is essential for the in‐vitro growth and differentiation of these preparations.
Studies of the etiology of thalidomide dysmorphogenesis
Authors: McBride W. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThalidomide was administered to pregnant rabbits in dosages of 150–250 mg/kg/day on days 8–12 of gestation. These females produced 40 offspring, 21 of which were deformed. Four control females produced 34 offspring, none of which was deformed. The C6 and C7 ganglia of day‒13, ‒15, ‒17, and ‒21 control and experimental embryos and fetuses were examined electron microscopically. Degenerative changes were found in the neurons and axons of dorsal root ganglia in day‒13 experimental embryos, i.e., at least 16 h before the earliest signs of thalidomide dysmelia have been reported in rabbits (Vickers, '67). Since the dorsal root ganglia form in rabbits on days 11 and 12 the changes evident at day 13 indicate that degeneration of neurons and axons may be a pathogenetic factor in thalidomide‐induced peripheral deformities.
Descriptive epidemiology of small‐bowel atresia in metropolitan Atlanta
Authors: Safra Mark J. , Oakley Godfrey P. , Erickson J. David 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe epidemiological characteristics are presented of 46 children with small‐bowel atresia, ascertained over a 6‐year period by an active, population‐based birth defect surveillance program in Atlanta, Georgia. The malformation occurred at a rate of 2.7/10,000 livebirths. The previously reported association of duodenal atresia and Down syndrome was confirmed. No instances of familial association were noted, nor was any excessive prenatal exposure to drugs found. Thirty‐two instances of isolated small‐bowel atresia were analyzed in detail. The frequency of the isolated defect for blacks was twice that for whites because of a higher rate for black females. The isolated defect was commonest in the winter months. The relation between isolated small‐bowel atresia, birth weight, and mortality was discussed. This small series cannot readily be subdivided into distinct epidemiological groups on the basis of the location of the atretic lesions along the length of the small boweL.
Cardiovascular malformations in Oryzias latipes embryos treated with 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5‐T)
Authors: Schreiweis Donald O. , Murray Gordon J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractExposure of fertilized Oryzias latipes eggs to concentrations of 2,4,5‒trichlorophenoxyacetic acid up to 14 ppm had no gross developmental effects. Exposure to concentrations above 14 ppm resulted in multiple malformations of the heart and blood vessels. Embryos failed to hatch when exposed to concentrations above 25 ppm.
Thallium‐induced achondroplasia in chicken embryos and the concept of critical periods during development
Authors: Hall Brian K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAchondroplasia was induced in chicken embryos by in ovo application of 0.6 mg/egg thallium sulfate. The critical (sensitive) period for production of achondroplasia began on day 5 of incubation and ended at the start of HH stage 35 (8.5 days). The end of the critical period was accurately timed and found to be 205–207 hours of incubation and to coincide with a 66% decrease in growth rate of the embryos. Treatment resulted in reduced tibial growth one day later, tibial angulation two clays later, and chondrocytic necrosis four days later. The last was therefore not the cause of the angulation. Tibias were taken from thallium‐treated and control donor embryos of various ages and grafted to the chorioallantoic membranes of treated and control host embryos of various ages during and outside the critical period and achondroplastic changes induced in grafted tibias exposed to thallium while on the chorioallantoic membrane. The critical period was extended into day 10 of incubation in such grafted tibias. Tibias maintained for seven days in organ culture were achondroplastic if pretreated with thallium at seven or eight days of incubation but not at ten days. Exposure of as little as 0.5 hour was sufficient to elicit micromelia when the tibias were grafted or organ cultured. Thallium therefore rapidly binds to skeletal tissues during a critical period of embryonic development but this critical period may be extended when tibias are removed from the embryo.
Cholinomimetic teratogens. V. The effect of oximes and related cholinesterase reactivators
Authors: Landauer Walter 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPyridine‐2‐aldoxime methiodide and pyridine‐2‐aldoxime methyl methane sulfonate (P2S), used as supplements to carbachol or neostigmine, greatly lowered the incidence in chicken embryos of vertebral defects and muscular hypoplasia. With 4‐pyridine aldoxime the effect of the teratogens was less reduced. Supplementation of carbachol or neostigmine with either ambenonium or toxogonin lessened the occurrence of muscular hypoplasia, but did little, if anything, to prevent malformation of the neck vertebrae. In tests with physostigmine P2S as supplement reduced or prevented cervical defects, but failed to protect the nicotinamide‐sensitive parts of the embryo.
Possible teratogenic effect of phenothiazines in human beings
Authors: Rumeau‐Rouquette C. , Goujard J. , Huel G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA prospective survey was carried out by the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) in 12 University hospitals in Paris and included 12,764 women; 189 gave birth to babies with unequivocal, nonchromosomally based, malformations. There was a significant excess of malformed infants when women had taken phenothiazines during the first three months after the last menstrual period. This association did not seem due to chance or to bias and coud not be explained by the influence of the outcome of previous pregnancies. These data are to be added to results of recent surveys showing a significant increase of malformations in children exposed in utero to anticonvulsants, carbamates, benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants, and amphetamines.
Teratogenic effects of retinoic acid in pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) I. General features
Authors: Fantel Alan G. , Shepard Thomas H. , Newell‐Morris Laura L. , Moffett Benjamin C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDaily oral administration of 10 mg/kg retinoic acid to pregnant Macaca nemestrina monkeys on days 20 to 44 resulted in a high frequency of craniofacial and musculoskeletal malformations. Craniofacial defects including cleft palate and anomalies of the pinna were common as were ectrodactyly, kyphosis, and muscular‐joint contractures. Transposition of the great vessels of the heart occurred in one animal and polycystic kidney and associated urogenital anomalies in another. Shorter treatment periods with similar or higher dosages were not teratogenic and were less fetocidal. Although only relatively long treatment courses were teratogenic, the defects that resulted were morphologically similar to those induced with retinoic acid or other vitamin A compounds in other animal orders.