bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the conducting airway system in the lung: A new method combining morphometry with mathematical modeling for airway classification
Authors: Lipsett Jill 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough the lung is structurally complex, it is suitable for morphometric analysis of the structural determinants of lung function in health and disease. Analysis of the organized branching airways has been problematic because of the need to identify and classify airways before structural characteristics of different‐order branches can be determined. Airway casts have been used to identify relationships between branches, measure some structural features, and develop mathematical models that describe simply the relationships between generations. However, cast preparation destroys surrounding tissue, including the airway wall, thus precluding analysis of these structural elements. We describe a new approach using tissue sections which combines the classification of airways into Strahler order (SO) with tissue structural analysis. Lung‐tissue sections are prepared, and outer (OD) and inner (ID) diameters are determined over a wide range of airways. The line equation relating log OD vs. SO is determined using measured values for SO1 (terminal bronchioles) and SO8 (first branch bronchi). Mean ODs can then be calculated for each of the other SO groups, and measurements can be classified. Calculations can be made for the mean number of branches and airway lengths (given the log linear relationship of these factors with SO and morphometrically determined volume densities for airway lumen), and for individual airway resistance and total resistances for each SO. For an example, mean data are presented for airways in the adult sheep (n = 13). The methodology presented allows identification of subtle alterations in airway structures which may be affecting selected orders of airways, with specific implications for changes in lung function. Anat Rec 266:51–57, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Geophysical evidence for fires in antiquity: preliminary results from an experimental study. Paper given at the EGS XXIV General Assembly in The Hague, April 1999
Authors: Linford N. T. , Canti M. G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe ubiquitous use of fire in antiquity has been identified as an important mechanism for the magnetic enhancement of archaeological sediments and their subsequent identification through the use of surface magnetometer or topsoil susceptibility surveys. However, despite a number of specific studies there remains little quantitative evidence to examine the effect of domestic fire on the magnetic properties of soils and estimate the degree of magnetic enhancement such processes may create. This study reports results from a series of experimental fires lit over a range of differing substrates to examine the geophysical response created by the fire and the magnetic enhancement of the underlying soil. In all cases, the temperature profile both in the air and soil was measured using an array of thermocouples and measurements of magnetic susceptibility demonstrate a varying degree of enhancement dependent upon the depth from the surface and underlying substrate. Initial results demonstrate the ‘softer’ (low coercivity) magnetic nature of the thermally enhanced soils owing to an increased concentration of very fine‐grained superparamagnetic material. It is hoped that more detailed magnetic measurements on both burnt and control samples collected before the fire was lit will reveal the critical temperatures required for significant magnetic enhancement to occur. Copyright © Crown Copyright 2001. Recorded with the the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aspects of magnetic data processing
Authors: Ciminale M. , Loddo M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe presence of noisy contributions such as spikes, stripes and zigzag effects in magnetic data visualization represents the most common flaw that may degrade the image, rendering the correct detection and identification of archaeological features very uncertain. In order to overcome this serious disadvantage, a software package has been developed by implementing very simple algorithms based on statistical criteria. Some applications to field data are shown and discussed in order to demonstrate the program's ability to remove or minimize these undesired contributions. The results are very satisfactory: high‐quality digital raster images may be produced. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of quantitative trait loci regulating severity of mycobacterial adjuvant‐induced arthritis in monocongenic and polycongenic rats: Identification of a new regulatory locus on rat chromosome 10 and evidence of overlap with rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility loci
Authors: Joe Bina , Cannon Grant W. , Griffiths Marie M. , Dobbins David E. , Gulko Pércio S. , Wilder Ronald L. , Remmers Elaine F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the regulatory potential of genetic loci controlling Mycobacterium butyricum adjuvant‐induced arthritis (Mbt‐AIA) using mono‐ and polycongenic rats.MethodsOf 4 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that regulate Mbt‐AIA, F344 alleles at 3 of these loci, Aia1, Aia2, and Aia3, are associated with lower arthritis severity, whereas F344 alleles at Aia4 are associated with greater arthritis severity. In this study, we constructed congenic lines by transferring 1 or more of the F344 genomic segments containing Aia1, Aia2, and Aia3 onto the DA genome. We comparatively evaluated their responses to Mbt‐AIA with the responses of parental DA and F344 rats.ResultsAia1, encompassing the rat major histocompatibility complex, reduced arthritis severity in monocongenic rats of both sexes. The arthritis‐lowering effects of Aia2 and Aia3 were sex‐influenced and were therefore observed in only males and only females, respectively. Polycongenic rats containing F344 genomic regions at Aia1, Aia2, and Aia3 developed Mbt‐AIA of relatively greater severity than did F344 rats, implying that in DA and F344 rats, there could be other Mbt‐AIA loci in addition to Aia1, Aia2, Aia3, and Aia4. To test the possibility that some of these Mbt‐AIA–regulatory loci may colocalize with other arthritis QTLs, we evaluated Mbt‐AIA in DA.F344 monocongenic rats containing collagen‐induced arthritis QTLs. Cia5 (the QTL region on chromosome 10), but not Cia5a, Cia4, or Cia6, also regulated Mbt‐AIA, and was named Aia5.ConclusionF344 genomic regions at Aia1, Aia2, and Aia3 and the newly identified Aia5 contain genes that reduce Mbt‐AIA severity in DA rats. These Mbt‐AIA–regulatory loci overlap rheumatoid arthritis–susceptibility loci in humans.
Health outcomes assessment in community pharmacy practices: A feasibility project
Authors: Osterhaus Jane T. , Dedhiya Seema D. , Ernst Michael E. , Osterhaus Matthew , Mehta Shilpa S. , Townsend Raymond J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the feasibility and benefit of capturing outcomes data in community pharmacy settings, and to characterize the health status, resource use, and medication use of patients with musculoskeletal disorders.MethodsPatients (n = 460) with musculoskeletal disorders including osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and low back pain from 12 community pharmacy sites responded to disease‐specific questions, the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form‐36 (SF‐36) health survey, demographics, and resource use using touch screen computer technology. Patients provided information and met with a community pharmacist for scheduled visits at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Pharmacists, with the aid of the patient‐reported information, documented medication use and identified and addressed drug therapy problems of the patients at each visit. Baseline results, based on descriptive statistics are reported.ResultsOA was reported by 71% of the patients, 55% reported low back pain, and 19% reported RA. Despite receiving a variety of analgesic medications, a majority of the patients reported experiencing moderate to severe pain. SF‐36 scores of the study population were significantly lower than age‐adjusted population norms, with arthritis patients reporting worse physical health than patients with low back pain. Drug therapy problems were identified in 58% of the population, with need for additional drug therapy (31%) and adverse drug reactions (18%) being the most common problems identified.ConclusionsResults indicate that routine capture of patient‐reported health outcomes data is feasible in community pharmacy settings using touch screen technology.
Emerging information society and history of information science in Romania
Authors: Dragulanescu Nicolae 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInformation Science development in Romania provides a comprehensive, comparative study of the cultural influences that prevail in the acquisition, processing, and distribution of data, information, and knowledge in that nation. The chronology of most important events of history of Information Science in Romania and the historical context in which the present development of Information Society in Romania can be understood are presented.
A typed text retrieval query language for XML documents
Authors: Colazzo Dario , Sartiani Carlo , Albano Antonio , Manghi Paolo , Ghelli Giorgio , Lini Luca , Paoli Michele 
Published: August 2002

AbstractXML is nowadays considered the standard meta‐language for document markup and data representation. XML is widely employed in Web‐related applications as well as in database applications, and there is also a growing interest for it by the literary community to develop tools for supporting document‐oriented retrieval operations. The purpose of this article is to show the basic new requirements of this kind of applications and to present the main features of a typed query language, called Tequyla‐TX, designed to support them.
Proposed test for detection of nonlinear responses in biological preparations exposed to RF energy
Authors: Balzano Quirino 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDemodulation of amplitude modulated radio frequency (RF) energy has been proposed as a mechanism for the biological responses to these fields. The experiment proposed here tests whether the electric and magnetic structures of biological cells exhibit the nonlinear responses necessary for demodulation. A high Q cavity and very low noise amplification can be used to detect ultraweak nonlinear responses that appear as a second harmonic of a RF field incident on the sample. Nonlinear fields scattered from metabolically active biological cells grown in monolayer or suspended in medium can be distinguished from nonlinearities of the apparatus. Estimates for the theoretical signal sensitivity and analysis of system noise indicate the possibility of detecting a microwave signal at 1.8 GHz (2nd harmonic of 900 MHz) as weak as one microwave photon per cell per second. The practical limit, set by degradation of the cavity Q, is extremely low compared to the much brighter thermal background, which has its peak in the infrared at a wavelength of about 17 μm and radiates 1010 infrared photons per second per cell in the narrow frequency band within 0.5% of the peak. The system can be calibrated by introduction of known quantities of nonlinear material, e.g., a Schottky diode. For an input power of 160 μW at 900 MHz incident on such biological material, the apparatus is estimated to produce a robust output signal of 0.10 mV at 1.8 GHz if detected with a spectrum analyzer and a 30‐dB gain low noise amplifier. The experimental threshold for detection of nonlinear interaction phenomena is 1010 below the signal produced by a Schottky diode, giving an unprecedented sensitivity to the measurement of nonlinear energy conversion processes in living tissue. Bioelectromagnetics 23:278–287, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of short duration electromagnetic field exposures on rat mass
Authors: Sandrey Michelle A. , Vesper David N. , Johnson Mary T. , Nindl Gabi , Swez John A. , Chamberlain Jack , Balcavage Walter X. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDaily preexposure and postexposure mass measurements of 65 rats (young males and females, old males) a proprietary pulsed wound healing field, pulsed electromagnetic field, (PEMF), or their control fields for 4 h/day for 21 days. Statistical analysis of mass changes over time showed that young rats exposed to PEMF lost more mass and recovered it more slowly compared to controls (2–4% more loss) than did older PEMF exposed rats or any 60 Hz exposed rats. We conclude that daily preexposure and postexposure mass measurements are needed to adequately assess the effects of electromagnetic fields on body mass. Bioelectromagnetics 23:2–6, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The JAK/STAT pathway and Drosophila development
Authors: Luo Hong , Dearolf Charles R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe JAK/STAT signal transduction pathway plays a critical role in mammalian cells, particularly in hematopoiesis and immune responses. Several components of this pathway have been identified and characterized in Drosophila. Mutational analyses of these components have revealed a number of interesting developmental roles, and provide a mechanism to identify other interacting molecules and pathways. Hence, the JAK/STAT pathway in Drosophila serves as an attractive model for in vivo functional analyses of JAK/STAT signaling. BioEssays 23:1138–1147, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Paradigm shifts in malaria parasite biochemistry and anti‐malarial chemotherapy
Authors: Surolia Namita , RamachandraRao Satish P. , Surolia Avadhesha 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA fatty acid synthesis (FAS) pathway was recently discovered and established in the obligate human parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Its inhibition by triclosan (2,4,4′‐trichloro‐2′‐hydroxydiphenyl ether) leads to its classification as a type II FAS. Humans, the vertebrate host for the malarial parasite utilize type I FAS, which is not inhibited by triclosan. This discovery thus paves the way for novel approaches to the treatment of malaria. In direct contrast to the delayed‐death phenotype associated with poisoning of the apicoplast using certain other drugs, the rapid and striking action of triclosan suggests the possibility of developing new drug(s) for the treatment of malaria. BioEssays 24:192–196, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spontaneous urinary chemiluminescence and diet. An intervention study in humans
Authors: Pizarro M. , Lissi E.A. , Marshall G. , Martín A. San , Leighton F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSpontaneous urinary visible chemiluminiscence has been measured in samples from a diet intervention study in humans. For a month, two groups, each of 21 male volunteers, received either a Mediterranean‐type diet or an occidental (high‐fat) diet. Urinary chemiluminescence levels (in 103 cpm) were 8.5 ± 3.1 and 6.0 ± 2.0 for the high‐fat and Mediterranean‐type diets, respectively. The differences obtained were statistically significant. These results reflect differences in the oxidative stress associate to both diets and support the proposal that spontaneous urinary chemiluminiscence constitutes a complementary index of systemic oxidative stress. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging of hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide‐scavenging substances by photon emission
Authors: Yoshiki Yumiko , Iida Tetsuo , Akiyama Yoshinobu , Okubo Kazuyoshi , Matsumoto Hitoshi , Sato Michikatsu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn imaging system for the hydroperoxide and hydrogen donor was developed by photon emission from the reactive oxygen species–hydrogen donor–KHCO3–MeCHO system. Photon intensity (luminance, cd/m2) showed a linear correlation with the concentration of some hydroperoxides [hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), tert‐butyl hydroperoxide and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide] and that of hydrogen donors (catechins and anthocyanins). The linear relationship between photon intensity and concentration was observed in polyphenol‐rich samples, such as teas, berries and currants. Photon intensity from the H2O2/polyphenol‐rich sample–KHCO3–MeCHO system corresponded with H2O2‐scavenging activity, rather than with polyphenol contents. It is possible to classify hydrogen donor species according to absorption features using spectral analysis (gallic acid, Emax 645 nm, catechins, Emax 610 nm; anthocyanins, Emax 690–700 nm). This method is a simple and sensitive detection system for hydroperoxide‐ and H2O2‐scavenging substances. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanism of bovine serum albumin aggregation during ultrafiltration
Authors: Maruyama Tatsuo , Katoh Shinji , Nakajima Mitsutoshi , Nabetani Hiroshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractProtein fouling is a critical problem for ultrafiltration. In this study, we adopted bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein and polysulfone membrane as a typical ultrafiltration membrane. We then investigated the factors of the protein denaturation and aggregation, such as stirring shear stress and intermolecular exchange of disulfide during ultrafiltration, and discussed the BSA fouling mechanism. Fourier transform‐infrared analysis revealed that magnetic stirring did not cause any difference in the secondary structural change of BSA gel‐like deposits on the ultrafiltration membrane. BSA aggregates were collected from BSA gel‐like deposits on the ultrafiltration membrane by centrifugation. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS analysis of BSA aggregates proved that the major binding of the BSA aggregates involved intermolecular disulfhydryl binding and that capping the free thiol group in BSA molecules with cysteine induced a remarkable decrease in the amount of the BSA aggregates during ultrafiltration. We concluded that one of the main factors in the BSA aggregation during ultrafiltration is the intermolecular exchange of disulfide through cysteinyl residue. We also found that the BSA aggregation caused a decrease in α‐helix from 66% to 50% and an increase in β‐sheet from 20% to 36%, which was presumably because the cysteine residues associated with the intermolecular disulfide bonds had been located in α‐helices. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 233–238, 2001.
A comparison of lipase‐catalysed ester and lactone synthesis in low‐water systems: Analysis of optimum water activity
Authors: Alston Mark J. , Freedman Robert B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe investigated the effects of the lyophilisation medium (enzyme plus buffer salt and additives) and of water activity (aw) on the catalytic properties of lipase from Chromobacterium viscosum (lipase CV) in organic solvents; catalysis of ester and lactone synthesis were compared and, despite the similarities of the reactive groups involved in these reactions, some interesting differences were observed. Including 2‐[N‐morpholino]ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer in the lyophilisation medium of lipase CV increased its catalytic activity in transesterification and lactonisation, although the buffer salt requirement for maximal activity differed between the two reactions. Sorbitol, glucose, lactose, 18‐crown‐6 (crown ether 18‐C‐6), β‐cyclodextrin and bovine serum albumin were employed as alternative additives in the transesterification reaction, but were not as effective as MES buffer. Salt hydrates were used to investigate the effect of aw on esterification and lactonisation reactions catalysed by lipase CV. The maximum rate of hexadecanolide synthesis in toluene occurred at aw = 0.48. The optimum aw for the transesterification reaction in heptane/alcohol mixtures depended on the alcohol substrate employed (1‐heptanol, 2‐heptanol, or 3‐methyl‐3‐hexanol) but not on the acyl donor (p‐NP acetate or caprylate). The optimum aw values for both reactions were unchanged when a common solvent system (toluene/1‐heptanol) was employed, indicating that the dependence of enzyme activity on aw is an intrinsic property of the enzyme‐catalysed reaction and not a function of the solvent or other additives. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 641–650, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10102
Continuous isolation of plasmid DNA by annular chromatography
Authors: Giovannini R. , Freitag R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractContinuous chromatographic separations, especially of multicomponent mixtures, constitute interesting options for biotechnological downstream processing. Taking the separation of plasmid DNA from clearified lysates on hydroxyapatite as a pertinent example, we discuss the potential of continuous annular chromatography (CAC) in comparison with conventional (preparative) batch chromatography. In CAC the column is realized in the form of a thin (5 mm, height 210 mm) slowly rotating annulus. The performance of such a CAC column is compared to that of an (“analytical”) batch column of similar thickness (diameter) and length (4 × 250 mm) and that of a (“preparative”) batch column of similar cross‐sectional surface area and height (50 × 210 mm). The quality of the obtained plasmid as defined by the appearance of the corresponding agarose gels (native and linearized plasmid), the 260/280 ratio and the biological activity (transient transfection of HEK 293 cells) was found to be identical in all three cases. The yields are also shown to be equivalent. The loading factor is found to be the most decisive parameter for the transfer of a given separation method between the continuous and the batch columns. Under nonoptimized conditions, plate numbers tended to be lower in the continuous compared to the batch columns. This is shown to be largely due to an artifact created by the CAC design (collection of averaged fractions at the outlets) and can be overcome by optimizing the rotation speed. Surprisingly the large batch column consistently gave better plate numbers than either the small batch or the CAC column. Compared to the preparative batch column, wall effects are more pronounced in the CAC (respectively the small diameter batch column), which may translate into better bed stability but conceivably also contributes to an increase in plate height, due to the reduction in bed density usually observed in the proximity of the wall. The CAC is shown to be a powerful approach to continuous chromatography, which allows a direct and straightforward upscale of chromatographic bioseparation methods. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 445–454, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10149
Microengineering neocartilage scaffolds
Authors: Petersen Erik F. , Spencer Richard G. S. , McFarland Eric W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAdvances in micropatterning methodologies have made it possible to create structures with precise architecture on the surface of cell culture substrata. We applied these techniques to fabricate microfeatures (15–65 μm wide; 40 μm deep) on the surface of a flexible, biocompatible polysaccharide gel. The micropatterned polymer gels were subsequently applied as scaffolds for chondrocyte culture and proved effective in maintaining key aspects of the chondrogenic phenotype. These were rounded cell morphology and a positive and statistically significant (p < 0.0001) immunofluorescence assay for the production of type II collagen throughout the maximum culture time of 10 days after cell seeding. Further, cells housed within individual surface features were observed to proliferate, while serial application of chondrocytes resulted in the formation of cellular aggregates. These methods represent a novel approach to the problem of engineering reparative cartilage in vitro. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 802–805, 2002.