bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The efficiency of several sampling methods for Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysan., Thripidae) in strawberry flowers
Authors: González‐Zamora J. E. , Garcia‐Marí F. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract:Methods for sampling western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysan., Thripidae) in strawberry flowers were evaluated in three commercial plots by monitoring the population densities of adult and immature thrips throughout the growing season. Three types of flowers were sampled: open, senescent and petal fall, and three procedures were compared: a visual examination of flowers, a turpentine‐funnel method and a shake method. Open flowers showed higher population densities of adults, whereas senescent or petal fall flowers had a higher number of eggs and more damage symptoms. Seasonal changes in population density were similar for the three sampling procedures, although the turpentine method recovered more insects, especially larvae, than the other two methods. The turpentine procedure was the most efficient as it extracted almost 100% of adults and, in plots with no chemical sprays, nearly 100% of second instars and 50% of first instars. Regular control of thrips with pesticides reduced the percentage of larvae recovered with this procedure. The visual method spotted 80% of adults and 33% of larvae. The shake method extracted nearly 80% of adults but only 18% of larvae. The visual method is recommended for routine field samplings, especially for sampling adults and in plots regularly sprayed with pesticides, as it constitutes a cost‐effective method when time and efficiency are considered.
Airways infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis delays the influx of dendritic cells and the expression of costimulatory molecules in mediastinal lymph nodes
Authors: García‐Romo Gina S. , Pedroza‐González Alexander , Aguilar‐León Diana , Orozco‐Estevez Hector , Lambrecht Bart N. , Estrada‐Garcia Iris , Flores‐Romo Leopoldo , Hernández‐Pando Rogelio 
Published: December 2004

SummaryDespite tuberculosis resurgence and extensive dendritic cell (DC) research, there are no in vivo studies evaluating DC within regional lymphoid tissue during airways infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv. Using DC‐specific antibodies, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry and Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN) for bacilli staining, we searched for Mtb and DC changes within mediastinal lymph nodes, after intratracheal (ITT) inoculation of virulent Mtb. ZN and immunocytochemistry in frozen and paraffin sections of mediastinal lymph nodes identified Mtb until day 14 after ITT inoculation, associated with CD11c+ and Dec205+ DC. Analysing CD11c, MHC‐CII, and Dec205 combinations by flow cytometry in MLN suspensions revealed that CD11c+/MHC‐CII+ and CD11c+/Dec205+ DC did not increase until day 14, peaked on day 21, and sharply declined by day 28. No changes were seen in control, saline‐inoculated animals. The costimulatory molecules evaluated in CD11c+ DCs followed a similar trend; the CD80 increase was negligible, slightly surpassed by CD40. CD86 increased earlier and the three markers peaked at day 21, declining by day 28. While antigen‐specific proliferation was not evident for MLN CD4+ T cells at 2 weeks postinfection, delayed‐type hypersensitivity responses upon ITT inoculation revealed that, as early as day 3 and 7, both the priming and peripheral systemic immune responses were clearly established, persisting until days 14–21. While airways infection with virulent Mtb triggers an early, systemic peripheral response maintained for three weeks, this seems dissociated from regional events within mediastinal lymph nodes, such as antigen‐specific T‐cell reactivity and a delay in the influx and local activation of DC.
Dynamics of Rickettsia–tick interactions: identification and characterization of differentially expressed mRNAs in uninfected and infected Dermacentor variabilis
Authors: Mulenga A. , Macaluso K. R. , Simser J. A. , Azad A. F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTo begin to explore the molecular dynamics of rickettsial tick interaction, subtractive hybridization was used to screen mRNAs in Rickettsia montanensis‐infected and uninfected Dermacentor variabilis. We isolated 30 cDNA fragments, 22 of which were up‐regulated and eight were down‐regulated in response to rickettsial infection. Based on a putative identity of 11 cDNA fragments with similarity to known protein families, the tick genetic factors have been assigned into three groups including, the tick immune response factors (α‐2 macroglobulin and IgE‐dependent histamine release factor), the receptor/adhesion molecules (the signal transducer and activator of transcription‐1/3 protein inhibitor, the clathrin adaptor protein and tetraspanin) and the stress response proteins (aldose reductase, glutathione‐S transferase, ferritin, nucleosome assembly protein and cyclin A protein). Density analyses of semiquantitative RT‐PCR amplified products demonstrated differential expression for 18 of the 23 tested genetic factors, apparently representing a 78% agreement with results obtained by subtractive hybridization. Additionally, mRNA transcripts of 17 of the 23 tested genetic factors were amplified from tick haemocytes/circulatory cells demonstrating that their expression is not restricted to the ovaries and suggesting a potential involvement in the immune response.
Amplifying whole insect genomes with multiple displacement amplification
Authors: Gorrochotegui‐Escalante N. , Black IV W. C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMany applications in insect genetics require repeated analyses on individual organisms. These include population genetic and genomics, linkage mapping, molecular systematics and map‐based positional cloning. However, using the polymerase chain reaction, a limited number of analyses are possible with DNA isolated from whole bodies or parts of small or preserved specimens. We describe the optimization of a new technique, Multiple Displacement Amplification, for 100–400‐fold amplification of whole mosquito genomes. We demonstrate that MDA amplifies genomic DNA directly from an adult leg or from organisms as small as a first instar mosquito larva. Genetic polymorphisms revealed at individual loci are the same whether using the original genomic DNA or MDA DNA as a template.
Vital pulpotomy in the primary dentition: attitudes and practices of Specialists in paediatric dentistry practising in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hunter M. L. , Hunter B. 
Published: December 2004

Summary.Objectives.This study was designed to examine the attitudes and practices of Specialists in Paediatric Dentistry practising in the United Kingdom in relation to vital pulpotomy in the primary dentition.Design.Data were collected by postal questionnaire.Sample and methods.All dentists whose names were entered on the General Dental Council's Specialist List in Paediatric Dentistry, and who were resident and practising in the United Kingdom, were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of nine questions.Results.Questionnaires were returned by 184 (86·8%) of the eligible Specialists in Paediatric Dentistry. These yielded a sample group of 179 Specialists practising the primary vital pulpotomy technique. The most commonly used medicament was formocresol, with a 1 : 5 dilution being used by 66·5% of the sample. More than half (54·2%) of the Specialists practising the technique expressed concern regarding their preferred medicament. Without exception, their concerns related to the potential adverse effects of formocresol and formaldehyde. Seventy‐five respondents (41·9% of the sample) were considering changing their technique. One hundred and thirty‐seven Specialists stated that they routinely took preoperative radiographs, while postoperative radiographs were routinely taken by 107 Specialists (76·5% and 59·8% of the sample, respectively). Rubber dam isolation was used by 62·6% of the sample.Conclusions.The majority of Specialists are adhering to the UK national clinical guideline for pulp treatment of the primary dentition. However, significant numbers are considering changing their chosen technique. There is a lack of consensus on the use of pre‐ and postoperative radiographs; specific guidance with respect to their use is required.
The effectiveness of Watson's Caring Model on the quality of life and blood pressure of patients with hypertension
Authors: Erci Behice , Sayan Ayşe , Tortumluoǧlu Gülbu , Kiliç Dilek , Şahin Olcay , Güngörmüş Zeynep 
Published: December 2004

Background.  Nurses caring relationships with hypertensive patients can have a positive effect upon their blood pressure and may increase quality of life and prolongation of life. Hypertension affects a large number of people. It is important that those affected receive, in addition to the best available medical treatment, nursing care that best meets their needs and adds to the quality of their lives. Watson's Caring Model is one nursing approach consistent with needs of persons with hypertension, and was used in this study to guide both research and practice. Aim.  To determine the effectiveness of a nurse's caring relationship according to Watson's Caring Model on the blood pressure and the quality of life of patients with hypertension. Methods.  The design of the study was a one‐group pretest and post‐test. The study included 52 patients with hypertension in four health care units in Erzurum, Turkey in 2000. These patients had been diagnosed with hypertension and invited to participate in a research project involving nursing care. After acceptance, patients were given questionnaires consisting of demographic characteristics; their blood pressure was measured, and a quality of life scale was administered. Each of the participating nurse researchers was prepared in the use of Watson's Theory and Model of Caring (and the 10 Carative Factors). This training formed the basis of the caring process used by the nurse researchers who then visited the patients and their families once a week for blood pressure measurement for a 3‐month period. At the end of care, the quality of life scale was applied to patients, and blood pressures were measured as the post‐test. Results.
There were statistically significant differences between mean scores of general well‐being (
t
= 3·097, d.f. = 51,
P
= 0·003), physical symptoms and activity (
t
= 2·994, d.f. = 51,
P
= 0·004), medical interaction (
t
= 2·127, d.f. = 51,
P
= 0·035). There were also significant differences between blood pressure (systolic:
t
= 4·830, d.f. = 51,
P
= 0·000; and diastolic:
t
= 3·51, d.f. = 51,
P  = 0·001) in pre‐ and post‐test. Conclusion.  This study demonstrated a relationship between care given according to Watson's Caring model and increased quality of life of the patients with hypertension. Further, in those patients for whom the caring model was practised, there was a relationship between the Caring model and a decrease in patient's blood pressure. The Watson Caring Model is recommended as a guide to nursing patients with hypertension, as one means of decreasing blood pressure and increase in quality of life.
Limit‐setting and decision‐making in the management of aggression
Authors: Lowe Trevor , Wellman Nigel , Taylor Richard 
Published: December 2004

Background.  Several published research studies have suggested that inpatient aggression against nursing staff may be directly precipitated by common nurse–patient interactions. This study sought to examine the structure of nurses' judgements in situations of conflict. Method.  Seventy practising United Kingdom psychiatric nurses were presented with a number of conflict scenarios and were asked to rate a range of intervention options for each scenario according to how appropriate they perceived those interventions to be. Their responses were analysed using multidimensional scaling techniques. Results.  The results suggest that issues associated with limit setting and autonomy were perceived as most important by the nurses and that these issues are most likely to lead to disagreements in judgement between nurses of different status. Nurses of higher grades (levels) showed a significantly greater preference for respectful and autonomy‐confirming interventions than their more junior nurses. These results have training and policy implications and further research should examine the effects of such nursing judgements on patient care.
Effectiveness of home‐based cardiac rehabilitation for special needs patients
Authors: Warrington Darrell , Cholowski Krystyna , Peters David 
Published: December 2004

Background.  The benefits of cardiac rehabilitation programmes have been well documented including reductions in mortality, improved physical performance, and improved quality of life. However, a large number of special needs patients often fail to access these programmes. Of particular concern are elderly patients with chronic illness and disability. Aims.  To evaluate the effectiveness of a home‐based cardiac rehabilitation programme in improving health outcomes and rehabilitation access for special‐needs patients. Design.  Using a one‐group pre and post‐test quasi‐experimental design 40 elderly patients recently discharged from hospital following a cardiac event completed the Short Form Health Survey, the Angina Quiz, and the Exercise Assessment Questionnaire prior to undertaking home‐based rehabilitation. The rehabilitation programme consisted of four community nursing contacts over a 9‐week period primarily aimed at individual patient education and carer support. Analysis.
Descriptive statistics provided analysis for demographic data. Repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (
manova ) were computed to examine changes in health‐state and practices. Results.  Significant positive changes were found for measures of quality of life, knowledge of angina, and exercise tolerance. Additionally, the higher levels of participation and completion by older women was encouraging. Development of carer competence through an improved knowledge base and nursing support was also evident. Limitations.  While theoretically defensible positive outcomes were found these results need to be replicated in a larger study. Similarly, the limitations imposed by a single group pretest, post‐test design suggest that claims of generalizablity need to be limited to the specific variables measured in this study. Conclusion.  The study demonstrated medium term positive health outcomes. These positive findings suggest that home‐based rehabilitation using larger samples of older patients with comorbidities, and using randomized comparative group designs, may be a fruitful area in future research.
Poorly served? Eating and dementia
Authors: Manthorpe Jill , Watson Roger 
Published: December 2004

Background.  People with dementia encounter problems in eating and these have been reported in various studies. Many of these studies focus on individual difficulties and neglect the social, environmental and cultural aspects of meals and eating. Studies often centre on the problems of providing food instead of the experience of those receiving food. Less is known of the perspectives of family carers and residential or domiciliary care staff than of nurses’ perceptions. Only recently are the perspectives of family carers and people with dementia joining nurses’ discussions. Aim.  The present paper considers feeding and eating in the context of enhancing support of life for people with dementia. Drawing on a range of literature, it highlights themes that are well developed and aims to identify areas of little knowledge and potential investigation. Conclusions.  In the United Kingdom, the areas of feeding and eating are likely to assume greater importance in attempts to promote rehabilitation, in moves to offer training to unqualified staff and in enhanced vigilance of the experience of people with dementia. Their problems with respect to food and its consumption need to be interrogated and informed by interventions that are ethical, socially inclusive and acknowledge the importance of food to well‐being.
Effectiveness of informational support in reducing the severity of postnatal depression in Taiwan
Authors: Heh Shu‐Shya , Fu Yu‐Ying 
Published: December 2004

Aim. The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of informational support in reducing the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores in Taiwan. Methods. Five hundred Taiwanese women were screened during the fourth week after giving birth and those with a score of over 10 on the EPDS were considered to be at risk of postnatal depression. Seventy postpartum women were randomly allocated to the experimental or control group. Only those in the experimental group received informational support about postnatal depression during the sixth week postpartum. Two groups were assessed by the EPDS at 3 months postpartum to explore their depressive status. Results. Taiwanese women who received informational support about postnatal depression 6 weeks after giving birth experienced lower EPDS scores at 3 months postpartum than those who did not receive this information. Conclusions. The findings suggest that informational support about postnatal depression given to women in the postnatal period may contribute to psychological well‐being.
Perceiving risk in dangerous situations: risks of violence among mental health inpatients
Authors: Trenoweth Steve 
Published: December 2004

Background. Violence in British psychiatric hospitals appears to be escalating, with nursing staff the most frequent victims of assault. There is also public concern about violence on the part of individuals with mental health problems. In this climate, assessing a patient's risk of violent behaviour has become an important part of mental health care. However, little research has been published into how mental health nurses undertake such assessments in their day‐to‐day clinical practice. Aim. The study focused on how mental health nurses make assessments of risk in clinical crisis situations where there is a perceived likelihood of imminent violence. The study sought to identify skills, cognitive processes or any other mechanisms which nurses draw upon to assist in such assessments. Method. Ten experienced mental health nurses working in a secure mental health environment were interviewed and data generated was analysed using a grounded theory approach. An in‐depth literature search was also undertaken. Findings. It was found that, in their risk assessments, nurses rely extensively on their personal knowledge of their patients (in particular, previous history of violent behaviour; biographical data; and impact of the mental health problem on violent behaviour). Nurses ‘tune in’ to potentially violent situations by observing a scenario as a whole, as well as specific aspects of a patient's behaviour, whilst also searching for causes of the violent behaviour. In making clinical risk assessments, nurses often make rapid, intuitive judgements in which various possibilities are considered regarding the likelihood of violent behaviour (such as the capacity and capability of a patient to be violent and the potential in the situation). It was also found that the ability to intervene successfully in potentially violent situations reduced the level of risk that nurses felt exposed to, and here nurses draw on their knowledge of a particular patient. They also perceive lower levels of risk when working in a skilled team. Conclusion. The study indicates that the development of nurse–patient relationships and working in a supportive team are perceived as protective factors against risk. Implications of the research are discussed in relation to nurse–patient relationships, particularly in the context of the current nursing climate and the way in which violent behaviour may lead to an erosion of these relationships. The importance of ‘working in a team’ is discussed, as is the consequence of the findings for education and development. Methodological limitations of the study are also discussed.
Sexuality after hysterectomy: a review of the literature and discussion of nurses' role
Authors: Katz Anne 
Published: December 2004

Aim. To review the literature on studies of sexuality after hysterectomy and to identify barriers to nursing assessment of this aspect of human functioning. Methods. Articles published between 1970 and 2002 on female sexuality, hysterectomy, and nursing assessment of sexuality were located using MEDLINE, CINAHL, Psychlit and Sociofile databases. Study findings were reviewed in relation to the effect of hysterectomy on sexuality, as well as women's perspectives on hysterectomy. Barriers to nursing assessment of sexual functioning are described with suggestions for inclusion of this topic in practice. Conclusions. There are very few nursing studies on the topic, which may reflect the lack of inclusion of sexual assessment and education in clinical practice. Reasons for this are discussed, and instruments used in sex research are described. There are a number of gaps in the knowledge base on to this topic. Future research in this area is needed to provide direction for nurses in this aspect of clinical practice.
Feeding nursing home patients with severe dementia: a qualitative study
Authors: Pasman H. Roeline W. , The B. Anne Mei , Onwuteaka‐Philipsen Bregje D. , Van Der Wal Gerrit , Ribbe Miel W. 
Published: December 2004

Aim. To describe the nature of problems nurses face when feeding nursing home patients with severe dementia, and how they deal with these problems. Background. In our study on starting or withholding artificial nutrition and hydration for nursing home patients with dementia, we found that many problems in feeding arose (long) before any decision was made about artificial feeding, namely from the first moment a patient needed help with meals. Because ‘ordinary feeding’ was experienced as a daily recurring problem for nurses, we decided to investigate this within the study. Methods. Participant observation by two researchers in two Dutch nursing homes. Findings. Nurses interpreted the aversive behaviour of patients differently, and a link between interpretation and responses (stop or continue feeding) was observed. Differences in interpretation with regard to the same patient were observed in nurses in five of the seven units. Only in three units did nurses discuss their different interpretations in an attempt to find out why a patient avoided food and fluids and how to deal with these problems. Conclusions. Nurses' interpretations of aversive behaviour of patients differ. No definite conclusions can be drawn about the causes of the aversive behaviour observed, because they cannot be verified. We recommend that interpretations of the behaviour of particular patients should be discussed by nurses with physicians, other disciplines and the patient's family to obtain more insight into all its possible causes and to determine together the most likely interpretation and appropriate way in which to deal with the aversive behaviour. This would give nurses more confidence and improve the quality and continuity of care provided. To structure the search for possible causes of aversive behaviour, we developed a framework of causes of aversive behaviour and domains of functioning.