bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of hormone replacement therapy to estrogen and progesterone receptor status in invasive breast carcinoma
Authors: Chen Wendy Y. , Hankinson Susan E. , Schnitt Stuart J. , Rosner Bernard A. , Holmes Michelle D. , Colditz Graham A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDObservational studies and randomized trials have demonstrated that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) increases the recipient's risk of developing breast carcinoma. Because it is known that some breast malignancies are hormonally responsive and that others are not, it has been hypothesized that HRT may be associated with the development of estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive/progesterone receptor (PR)‐positive breast carcinoma more so than with the development of ER‐negative/PR‐negative breast carcinoma.METHODSThe Nurses' Health Study is a prospective cohort study that enrolled 121,700 female registered nurses ages 30–55 years in 1976. In the current study, the authors analyzed 2548 malignancies that developed among eligible postmenopausal women in that cohort between 1980 and 2000 and for which data on ER and PR status were available.RESULTSCompared with women who had never used HRT, current long‐term users of HRT were more likely to develop ER‐positive/PR‐positive breast carcinoma (multivariate risk ratio [RR], 1.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.52–2.12) but were not any more likely to develop ER‐negative/PR‐negative disease (multivariate RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.72–1.39). This effect grew stronger with increasing duration of current HRT use and was also more pronounced among women with body mass index < 25 kg/m2. Furthermore, the association between HRT use and ER‐positive/PR‐positive disease was stronger among patients receiving combined HRT (CHRT) regimens, which included estrogen and progesterone, than among users of estrogen alone (ERT). In addition, tumors tended to develop more quickly in current users of CHRT than in ERT users.CONCLUSIONSThe finding that current users of HRT were more likely to develop ER‐positive/PR‐positive tumors than they were to develop ER‐negative/PR‐negative ones suggests that both endogenous and exogenous hormonal factors may influence breast tumor characteristics. In analyses of the effects of hormonal factors on breast tumor development, ER‐positive/PR‐positive tumors and ER‐negative/PR‐negative tumors should be considered separately from each other Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Clinical relevance of immunophenotype in a retrospective comparative study of 297 peripheral T‐cell lymphomas, unspecified, and 496 diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Morabito Fortunato , Gallamini Andrea , Stelitano Caterina , Callea Vincenzo , Guglielmi Cesare , Neri Santo , Lazzaro Antonio , Orsucci Lorella , Ilariucci Fiorella , Sacchi Stefano , Vitolo Umberto , Federico Massimo 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo assess the impact of T‐cell/B‐cell phenotype on clinical outcome, the authors retrospectively compared patients who had peripheral T‐cell lymphoma, unspecified (PTCL‐U), with patients who had diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL).METHODSTwo hundred ninety‐seven cases of PTCL‐U and 496 cases of DLBCL that had been transferred from the files of the Intergruppo Italiano Linfomi or the Gruppo Italiano Linfomi were integrated into a unique working file and reviewed by the authors.RESULTSThe PTCL‐U group and the DLBCL group had significantly different distribution patterns with respect to patient age, gender, disease stage, performance status (PS), the presence or absence of systemic “B” symptoms, the presence or absence of bulky disease, lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, and number of extranodal sites (ENS). A significantly greater number of patients in the DLBCL group experienced complete remission (P < 0.0001). Multinomial logistic regression analysis confirmed that immunophenotype, PS, LDH concentration, and number of ENS were independent predictors of response. At a median follow‐up duration of 43 months, there was no observable difference in disease‐free survival (DFS) between patients with DLBCL and patients with PTCL‐U; however, multivariate analysis did reveal that poorer PS and bone marrow involvement were significantly associated with shorter DFS. Furthermore, although the overall survival (OS) curves associated with the T‐cell and B‐cell immunophenotypes were significantly different from each other at a median follow‐up duration of 37 months (P = 0.0012), Cox multivariate analysis excluded immunophenotype from the final OS model.CONCLUSIONSThe findings made in the current study indicate that the natural history of PTCL‐U may differ from that of DLBCL. Patients with PTCL‐U tended to have less favorable clinical outcomes, although the observed difference in outcome was only partially attributable to immunophenotype, which was independently associated with response, but not with survival. Differences in prognostic factor distributions between patients with PTCL‐U and patients with DLBCL may account for some portion of the expected phenotype‐associated risk. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society
Glucocorticoid administration in antiemetic therapy
Authors: Münstedt Karsten , Borces Dennis , Bohlmann Michael K. , Zygmunt Marek , von Georgi Richard 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlthough glucocorticoids are often used in cancer therapy, in particular to enhance the effectiveness of antiemetic therapy, they have been associated with impaired tumor apoptosis and an increased frequency of metastases in some reports. The current study aimed to determine whether glucocorticoid treatment had an adverse effect on outcomes in patients with ovarian carcinoma.METHODSRecords of patients with ovarian carcinoma who were scheduled to receive at least six courses of systemic chemotherapy were reviewed. Patients were grouped into those who had or had not received corticosteroid medication as a part of general antiemetic prophylaxis before chemotherapy, and details of hematologic parameters during treatment and disease recurrence‐free and overall survival were recorded.RESULTSAltogether, 245 patients with ovarian carcinoma had received chemotherapy. Of these, 62 had been given concurrent glucocorticoid treatment and 183 had not. The two patient groups were well balanced with respect to disease stage and other prognostic factors. Kaplan–Meier analyses showed no significant differences in survival between the groups. Patients who received glucocorticoid treatment had significantly higher leukocyte values in the days immediately after chemotherapy, higher nadir leukocyte values, and higher counts before subsequent courses of chemotherapy (P < 0.01; Levene test, t test) compared with patients who did not receive glucocorticoid treatment. As a result, the initial treatment targets were achieved significantly more often in the glucocorticoid group (P = 0.007; chi‐square test).CONCLUSIONSThere was no evidence that glucocorticoid treatment had a negative effect on outcomes in these patients. Glucocorticoids may exert protective effects on the bone marrow. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Lung adenocarcinoma and human papillomavirus infection
Authors: Chen Yen‐Ching , Chen Jen‐Hau , Richard Kradin , Chen Pao‐Yang , Christiani David C. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractOver the past three decades, the incidence of lung adenocarcinoma has increased worldwide. Most individuals with lung adenocarcinoma (especially women) are nonsmokers. Reported risk factors for the development of lung adenocarcinoma include cigarette smoking; exposure to cooking fumes, air pollution, second‐hand smoke, asbestos, and radon; nutritional status; genetic susceptibility; immunologic dysfunction; tuberculosis infection; and asthma. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a known risk factor for the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), but it has not been thoroughly assessed as a potential risk factor for the development of pulmonary adenocarcinoma. More than 50% of people are infected with HPV during their lifetimes, either via intrauterine or postnatal infection. Recent studies involving Taiwanese patients have demonstrated a possible association between HPV infection and the risk of developing pulmonary adenocarcinoma. HPV transmission pathways have not yet been conclusively identified. The observation of certain types of HPV in association with cervical and oral SCC raises the possibility of sexual transmission of HPV from the cervix to the oral cavity, with subsequent transmission to the larynx and then to the lung. HPV infection and metaplasia in lung tissue may increase an individual's susceptibility to the tumorigenesis of pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Further epidemiologic and pathologic investigations will be necessary to establish a causal relation. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Assessing fatigue in persons with cancer
Authors: Wu Horng‐Shiuann , McSweeney Maryellen 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDCancer‐related fatigue (CRF) is a highly prevalent, subjective experience of patients with and survivors of cancer. Effective assessment of the attributes of CRF from the patient's perspective is essential. The current study developed a measure of CRF from the patient's perspective and determined its psychometric properties for patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy.METHODSChemotherapy outpatients in a free‐standing metropolitan area cancer clinic participated in the current multiphase study. In the instrument development phase, 42 items were generated from a qualitative study with 10 semistructured individual interviews and 6 daily fatigue diaries. These items were revised based on content evaluation by 20 cancer patient content experts. In the instrument analysis phase, the 30 content‐validated items were pilot tested by 30 patients with breast carcinoma using cognitive interview techniques. The psychometric properties of the resulting 16‐item, 5‐point CRF rating scale were tested with 82 patients with breast carcinoma.RESULTSPrincipal axis factoring gave a one‐factor solution accounting for 59% variance. Coefficient alpha reliability was 0.95 for the final 15‐item scale. Convergent validity with the Schwartz Cancer Fatigue Scale was 0.84, concurrent validity with the Geriatric Depression Scale was 0.61, and predictive validity with the Cancer‐Related Fatigue Distress Scale was 0.83.CONCLUSIONSThis newly developed instrument to assess the subjective fatigue symptoms of patients with cancer demonstrated effective use of diary and interview methods in instrument development and both cognitive interviewing and traditional psychometric techniques in instrument analysis. The instrument has promising psychometric properties, but confirmatory testing is needed. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
A gene signature of inhibitory MHC receptors identifies a BDCA3+ subset of IL‐10‐induced dendritic cells with reduced allostimulatory capacity in vitro
Authors: Velten Florian W. , Duperrier Karine , Bohlender Johannes , Metharom Patraporn , Goerdt Sergij 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDendritic cells (DC) are crucial gatekeepers in regulating immunity. Whereas mature immunostimulatory myeloid DC (DCims) potently promote immune responses, IL‐10‐induced myeloid DC (DC‐IL‐10) counteract T cell activation. To elucidate the molecular repertoire by which DC‐IL‐10 secure reduced T cell activation, comparative gene expression profiling was done using Affymetrix U133A microarrays. Among the genes overexpressed in DC‐IL‐10, eight immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibitory motif (ITIM)‐containing inhibitory molecules (ILT2, ILT3, ILT4, ILT5, DCIR, PILRA, FcγRIIB, SLAM) were found. Phenotypic analysis of DC‐IL‐10 defined an ILThigh DC subset further characterized by expression of CD14, TLR2, DC‐SIGN, and CD123 and the lack of lymphocyte, monocyte/macrophage, and plasmacytoid DC markers such as CD3, CD8, and CD68. A unique feature of the ILThigh DC subset was expression of the novel DC marker BDCA3, which was not detected on monocytes, immature DC, DCims, or ILTlow DC‐IL‐10. While the allogeneic T cell proliferation induced by the entire DC‐IL‐10 population was approximately 30% of that stimulated by DCims, allogeneic MLR responses driven by the ILThigh DC subset were reduced to 8% of the allostimulatory capacity of DCims, although secretion of the inhibitory cytokine IL‐10 and other Th1/Th2‐associated cytokines was similar in these cells.
Expression of housekeeping and immunoproteasome subunit genes is differentially regulated in positively and negatively selecting thymic stroma subsets
Authors: Nil Ahmed , Firat Elke , Sobek Vera , Eichmann Klaus , Niedermann Gabriele 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe expression of housekeeping and/or immunoproteasomes in isolated thymic stroma subsets has so far not been analyzed but may have important consequences for self peptide repertoires presented by MHC class I molecules during positive and negative thymic selection. Here we determined the expression of housekeeping and immunoproteasome β subunits and of PA28 in positively and negatively selecting stroma subsets. Positively selecting cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTEC) expressed only housekeeping but no immunoproteasome β subunit mRNA and proteins. However, immunoproteasome β subunits could be induced in cTEC by infection withListeria monocytogenesor injection of IFN‐γ. In negatively selecting stroma including medullary epithelial cells and dendritic cells, incomplete and low representation of housekeeping β subunit proteins but high and complete expression of immunoproteasome β subunit proteins suggests absence of proper housekeeping proteasomes and predominance of immunoproteasomes. Expression of immunoproteasome β subunits in negatively selecting stroma was independent of IFN‐γ receptor as shown in knockout (KO) mice. Absence of LMP2 altered thymic selection of the MHC class I‐restricted transgenic P14 TCR in KO mice. The data suggest that negative selection may primarily involve immunoproteasome peptide repertoires and that peripheral infection may influence peptide repertoires involved in positive selection.
Detection of low‐frequency human antigen‐specific CD4+ T cells using MHC class II multimer bead sorting and immunoscope analysis
Authors: Lemaître Fabrice , Viguier Manuelle , Cho Min‐Sun , Fourneau Jean‐Marie , Maillère Bernard , Kourilsky Philippe , van Endert Peter M. , Ferradini Laurent 
Published: August 2004

AbstractMHC class II tetramers are attractive tools to study antigen‐specific CD4+ T cell responses in various clinical situations in humans. HLA‐DRA1*0101/DRB1*0401 MHC class II heterodimers were produced as empty molecules using the Drosophila melanogaster expression system. Peptide binding experiments revealed that these molecules could be loaded efficiently with appropriate MHC class II tumor epitopes. Interestingly, MHC class II tetramer staining was influenced by modifications in membrane lipid rafts, and could in itself induce activation changes of stained CD4+ T cells at 37°C. In order to increase the threshold of detection of poorly represented peripheral antigen‐specific CD4+ T cells, we combined cell sorting using MHC class II multimer beads together with TCR analysis using the immunoscope technology. This strategy greatly increased the sensitivity of detection of specific CD4+ T cells to frequencies as low as 4×10–6 among peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Such a combined approach may have promising applications in the immunomonitoring of patients under vaccination protocols to tightly follow induced antigen‐specific CD4+ T cells expressing previously identified TCR.
Frequent expression of the natural killer cell receptor KLRG1 in human cord blood T cells: correlation with replicative history
Authors: Marcolino Isabel , Przybylski Grzegorz K. , Koschella Marie , Schmidt Christian A. , Voehringer David , Schlesier Michael , Pircher Hanspeter 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe killer cell lectin‐like receptor G1 (KLRG1) belongs to the family of inhibitory C‐type lectins that are encoded in the NK gene complex. Similar to other inhibitory NK cell receptors, KLRG1 expression in adult peripheral blood lymphocytes is restricted to NK cells and to antigen‐experienced T cells. Umbilical cord blood T cells are thought to represent an homogenous pool of naive T cells. Surprisingly, we identified substantial subsets of CD4 (∼ 30%) and CD8 (∼ 20%) αβ T cells in cord blood that expressed KLRG1. In contrast to T cells in adult, KLRG1+ T cells in cord blood exhibited predominantly a naive CCR7+CD45RA+ and CD11alow phenotype. After birth, KLRG1 expression in T cells from peripheral blood decreased rapidly to reappear in effector/memory T cells in adults. KLRG1+ T cells in cord blood expressed a diverse T cell receptor β (TCRβ) repertoire and the cells proliferated normally, in contrast to KLRG1+ T cells from adults. Finally, examination of T cell receptor excision circles (TREC) indicated that KLRG1 expression discriminated between cord blood T cells that differed in their post‐thymic expansion rate. Thus, analysis of KLRG1 expression in cord blood revealed an unexpected heterogeneity of human T cells in newborns.
A unique pattern of up‐ and down‐regulation of chemokine receptor CXCR3 on inflammation‐inducing Th1 cells
Authors: Chen Jun , Vistica Barbara P. , Takase Hiroshi , Ham Don II , Fariss Robert N. , Wawrousek Eric F. , Chan Chi‐Chao , DeMartino Julie A. , Farber Joshua M. , Gery Igal 
Published: August 2004

AbstractChemokine receptor CXCR3 and its CXC ligands play major roles in Th1 cell‐induced inflammatory processes. Here, we examined the expression of CXCR3 by TCR‐transgenic Th1 lymphocytes that induce ocular inflammation in mice expressing the target antigen in their lenses. The essential role of CXCR3 in this model was indicated by the observation that the ocular inflammation was significantly blocked by an antibody against this receptor. CXCR3 expression by Th1 cells was elevated during their initial activation in culture and further increased during the consecutive incubation with IL‐2. However, CXCR3 expression declined dramatically during the ensuing antigenic reactivation, in parallel with down‐regulation of its mRNA. Yet, reactivated Th1 cells exhibited the highest degree of pathogenicity when adoptively transferred into recipients. Transferred reactivated Th1 cells proliferated vigorously and re‐expressed CXCR3 while residing in the spleen of recipient mice, reaching ∼85% positivity 4 days post cell transfer when their massive migration to the target eyes began. Importantly, infiltrating Th1 cells underwent profound phenotypic changes in the eye that closely resembled those seen during reactivation of Th1 cells in vitro and included down‐regulation of CXCR3. These observations thus show that expression of CXCR3, a major participant in Th1‐induced inflammation, fluctuates profoundly during cell activation and migration and is down‐regulated upon re‐exposure of these cells to the antigen, in vitro or in the target organ.
Methyl Substitution of Aluminum−Hydride Bonds in a Carbaalane and an Aluminum Imide
Authors: Stasch Andreas , Shravan Kumar S. , Jancik Vojtech , Roesky Herbert W. , Magull Jörg , Noltemeyer Mathias 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe methylated compounds [(AlMe)6(AlNMe3)2(CCH2Ph)6] (4), [(AlMe)6(AlNMe3)2(CCH2CH2SiMe3)6] (5) and [(AlMe)6(NCH2C4H3S)6] (6) were synthesized in good yields from the corresponding hydride derivatives by treatment with AlMe3 in toluene. The X‐ray single crystal structures of 4·xC7H8, 4·4C7H8 and 6 were determined. In 4·xC7H8 the solvent molecules are arranged in infinite channels along the c axis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
A comparison of temperature density forecasts from GARCH and atmospheric models
Authors: Taylor James W. , Buizza Roberto 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDensity forecasts for weather variables are useful for the many industries exposed to weather risk. Weather ensemble predictions are generated from atmospheric models and consist of multiple future scenarios for a weather variable. The distribution of the scenarios can be used as a density forecast, which is needed for pricing weather derivatives. We consider one to 10‐day‐ahead density forecasts provided by temperature ensemble predictions. More specifically, we evaluate forecasts of the mean and quantiles of the density. The mean of the ensemble scenarios is the most accurate forecast for the mean of the density. We use quantile regression to debias the quantiles of the distribution of the ensemble scenarios. The resultant quantile forecasts compare favourably with those from a GARCH model. These results indicate the strong potential for the use of ensemble prediction in temperature density forecasting. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forecasting the Treasury's balance at the Fed
Authors: Thornton Daniel L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAs part of the Fed's daily operating procedure, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, the Board of Governors and the Treasury make a forecast of that day's Treasury balance at the Fed. These forecasts are an integral part of the Fed's daily operating procedure. Errors in these forecasts can generate variation in reserve supply and, consequently, the federal funds rate. This paper evaluates the accuracy of these forecasts. The evidence suggests that each agency's forecast contributes to the optimal, i.e., minimum variance, forecast and that the Trading Desk of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York incorporates information from all three of the agency forecasts in conducting daily open market operations. Moreover, these forecasts encompass the forecast of an economic model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of MgO‐CaO‐P2O5‐Na2O‐based additives on mechanical and biological properties of hydroxyapatite
Authors: Kalita S. J. , Rokusek D. , Bose S. , Hosick H. L. , Bandyopadhyay A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn this research, we improved densification, hardness, and compression strength of synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAp) ceramics by introducing small quantities of MgO‐CaO‐P2O5‐Na2O‐based sintering additives. Biological properties of HAp were not altered by this procedure. Phase analyses were performed by using a Philips Xpert fully automated diffractometer with Co K‐alpha radiation to understand the influence of additives on phase purity in the final products. All compositions were characterized at green and sintered densities to understand the influence of additives on densification. Some of the compositions showed >40% increase in Vickers microhardness compared with pure HAp processed under the same conditions. Improvement in compression strength was also detected in some compositions. In vitro biological testing used a modified human osteoblast cell line to test biocompatibility, cell attachment, and cell proliferation. All these compositions were nontoxic and biocompatible. Our results indicate that MgO‐CaO‐P2O5‐Na2O‐based sintering additives can be used to improve both mechanical and biological properties of HAp ceramics. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 71A: 35–44, 2004