bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectrum of malformations of the hindbrain (cerebellum, pons, and medulla) in a cohort of children with high rate of parental consanguinity
Authors: Sztriha László , Johansen Johan G. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe review 25 patients with a spectrum of hindbrain (cerebellum, pons, and medulla) malformations from a cohort of children with high parental consanguinity rate. Twenty‐three of the 25 patients were born to consanguineous parents. The patients were classified in four groups. Eleven patients of 6 families had malformation of the hindbrain and midbrain with molar tooth sign (10 patients of 5 families with typical Joubert syndrome), 5 patients showed severe supratentorial anomalies in addition to the hindbrain malformations, 5 patients had pontocerebellar or cerebellar hypoplasia with anterior horn cell disease in the spinal cord (spinal muscular atrophy), and 4 patients showed malformations affecting predominantly the hindbrain without substantial involvement of other systems. A locus for Joubert syndrome was previously identified on chromosome 9q34.3 in two families, and a second locus on chromosome 11p12‐q13.3 in another family. A third Joubert syndrome locus has been mapped at 6q23 and a mutation in the AHI1 gene at this site has been found recently in a further family from this cohort. Delineation of homogeneous subgroups of patients with hindbrain malformations and molecular genetic analysis of these groups may lead to identification of further loci, genes and mutations responsible for the malformations. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adsorption of ammonium and nitrate ions by poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) gel and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐chlorophyllin) gel in different states
Authors: Yuan Linjing , Kusuda Tetsuya 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe adsorption of ammonium and nitrate by temperature‐stimulus‐responsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (NIPA) gel and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐chlorophyllin) (NIPA‐CH) gel in different states was investigated. Both the NIPA gel and NIPA‐CH gel could adsorb ammonium and nitrate in a swollen state (swollen gel) and a swelling state (swelling gel), and they adsorbed ammonium more than nitrate. When the gels were shrinking (shrinking gel), they could adsorb a little ammonium from solution, but when the gels were in a shrunken state (shrunken gel), they hardly adsorbed ammonium. The adsorption of both ammonium and nitrate increased for the swelling NIPA gel in comparison with the swollen gel. The NIPA‐CH gel was the opposite in this respect. The difference in the amounts of adsorption of ammonium and nitrate by the swollen and swelling NIPA‐CH gels was more significant than that of the NIPA gels. It was suggested that ions such as ammonium and nitrate could not diffuse into the gels freely. The adsorption of ammonium and nitrate was affected not only by the phase transitions of the gels but also by the electrical charges. The experimental results for the adsorption of ammonium and nitrate during the volume changes of the gels imply that if the gels are applied to the immobilization of microorganisms, they may improve mass transfer between the immobilization matrix and bulk liquid under cyclic temperature changes and promote reactions of the immobilized microorganisms, especially the nitrification of nitrifying bacteria immobilized by the NIPA‐CH gel. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2367–2372, 2005
Coalescence Extraction – A Benign Extraction Tool
Authors: Schaadt A. , Bart H.‐J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis paper deals with ‘Coalescence Extraction’, in which no intensive mixing is required. It is based on the use of a primary solvent, which, in combination with the feed, forms a homogeneous solution. This homogeneous phase has enormous potential for the treatment of cell fragments and other highly viscous materials. In the next step a secondary solvent (Composition‐Induced Phase Separation, CIPS) or a significant temperature change (Temperature‐Induced Phase Separation, TIPS) is used to enter the spinodal two‐phase region in which an extract and a raffinate are formed. The phases separate within seconds, even in the presence of emulsifying agents.
Triple‐Bond Covalent Radii
Authors: Pyykkö Pekka , Riedel Sebastian , Patzschke Michael 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA system of additive covalent radii is proposed for σ2 π4 triple bonds involving elements from Be to E 112 (eka‐mercury). Borderline cases with weak multiple bonding are included. Only the elements in Group 1, the elements Zn–Hg in Group 12 and Ne in Group 18 are then totally excluded. Gaps are left at late actinides and some lanthanides. The standard deviation for the 324 included data points is 3.2 pm.
Results of a phase I dose‐escalation study using three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy in the treatment of inoperable nonsmall cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Rosenzweig Kenneth E. , Fox Jana L. , Yorke Ellen , Amols Howard , Jackson Andrew , Rusch Valerie , Kris Mark G. , Ling Clif C. , Leibel Steven A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of this study was to report the results of a Phase I dose‐escalation study using three‐dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D‐CRT) for the treatment of patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).METHODSBetween 1991 and 2003, 104 patients were enrolled for 3D‐CRT at Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center. The median patient age was 69 years. Twenty‐eight percent of patients had Stage I–II NSCLC, 33% of patients had Stage IIIA NSCLC, 32% of patients had Stage IIIB NSCLC, and 6% of patients had recurrent NSCLC. Induction chemotherapy was received by 16% of patients. Radiation was delivered in daily fractions of 1.8 grays (Gy) for doses ≤ 81.0 Gy and in daily fractions of 2.0 Gy for higher doses. Accrual at a dose level was complete when 10 patients received the intended dose without unacceptable acute morbidity.RESULTSAfter an incident of fatal acute radiation pneumonitis at the starting dose of 70.2 Gy, the protocol was modified to limit normal tissue complication probabilities (NTCP) to < 25%. The dose was then escalated from 70.2 Gy, to 75.6 Gy, 81.0 Gy, and 84.0 Gy, with at least 10 patients treated at each dose level. Unacceptable pulmonary toxicity occurred at 90.0 Gy. Subsequently, another 10 patients were accrued at the 84.0 Gy level with acceptable toxicity. Thus, 84.0 Gy was the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). The crude late pulmonary toxicity rate was 7%, the 2‐year local control rate was 52%, the disease‐free survival rate was 33%, and the overall survival rate was 40%. The median survival was 21.1 months. Overall survival was improved significantly in patients who received ≥ 80.0 Gy.CONCLUSIONSThe MTD of 3D‐CRT for NSCLC with an NTCP constraint of 25% was 84.0 Gy in the current study. There was a suggestion of improved survival in patients who received 80.0 Gy. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
gp49B1 deficiency is associated with increases in cytokine and chemokine production and severity of proliferative synovitis induced by anti‐type II collagen mAb
Authors: Zhou Joseph S. , Friend Daniel S. , Lee David M. , Li Lin , Austen K. Frank , Katz Howard R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMice with a disrupted gp49B gene, which encodes gp49B1 that is expressed on certain hematopoietic cells and has two immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), exhibit augmented FcϵRI‐initiated mast cell degranulation and resultant tissue edema. gp49B1‐deficient (gp49B–/–) mice also exhibit exaggerated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced intravascular neutrophil aggregation leading to cutaneous microangiopathy. To determine whether gp49B–/– mice exhibit elevated cytokine and chemokine levels leading to pathologic inflammation, we quantified clinical and morphologic parameters of arthritis and tissue levels of contributory mediators in gp49B–/– and gp49B1‐sufficient (gp49B+/+) mice injected with anti‐type II collagen monoclonal antibody (mAb) and LPS. Clinical scores for joint swelling and histological assessments of synovial thickness and cartilage matrix depletion at day 7 were significantly 2.3‐ to 2.5‐fold greater and were more prolonged in gp49B–/– mice. At day 5, the amounts of IL‐1β, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1α, and MIP‐2 were 2.1‐, 2.5‐, and 12‐fold greater in joint extracts from gp49B–/– mice. A significant 2.7‐fold more neutrophils infiltrated the synovium of gp49B–/– mice at day 7, and neutrophilia persisted with the delayed resolution of the synovitis. mAb‐mediated depletion of neutrophils prevented the synovitis in both strains. Thus, gp49B1 counter‐regulates the cytokine and chemokine induction and attendant neutrophilia that are all essential for synovitis and cartilage matrix depletion.
The Formation of Cyclopropane Derivatives Bearing 1,2‐Dicarbonyl Groups through Tandem Michael–Favorskii‐Type Reactions with(E)‐β‐Styrylselenonium Triflate
Authors: Watanabe Shin‐ichi , Nakayama Ippei , Kataoka Tadashi 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA novel tandem Michael–Favorskii‐type reaction is described. Treatment of active methylene carbanions, prepared by the reaction of NaH and active methylene compounds, with (E)‐β‐styrylselenonium triflate in DMF at 70 °C for 3 h gave cyclopropane derivatives bearing 1,2‐dicarbonyl groups in moderate to good yields. On the other hand, the carbanions derived from malonates reacted with the selenonium salt to afford 1,1‐dicarbonylcyclopropane compounds in good yields. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Treatment of Process Water Containing Heavy Metals with a Two‐Stage Electrolysis Procedure in a Membrane Electrolysis Cell
Authors: Fischer R. , Seidel H. , Morgenstern P. , Förster H.‐J. , Thiele W. , Krebs P. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe capability of a two‐stage electrochemical treatment for the regeneration of acidic heavy‐metal containing process water was examined. The process water came from sediment bioleaching and was characterized by a wide spectrum of dissolved metals, a high sulfate content, and a pH of about 3. In the modular laboratory model cell used, the anode chamber and the cathode chamber were separated by a central chamber fitted with an ion exchanger membrane on either side. The experiments were carried out applying a platinum anode and a graphite cathode at a current density of 0.1 A/cm2. The circulation flow of the process water in the batch process amounted to 35 L/h, the electrolysis duration was 5.5 h at maximum and the total electrolysis current was about 1 A. In the first stage, the acidic process water containing metals passed through the cathode chamber. In the second stage, the cathodically pretreated process water was electrolyzed anodically. In the cathode chamber the main load of dissolved Cu, Zn, Cr and Pb was eliminated. The sulfuric acid surplus of 3–4 g/L decreased to about 1 g/L, the pH rose from initially 3.0 to 4–5, but the desired pH of 9–10 was not achieved. Precipitation in the proximity to the cathode evidently takes place at a higher pH than farther away. The dominant process in the anode chamber was the precipitation of amorphous MnO2 owing to the oxidation of dissolved Mn(II). The further depletion of the remaining heavy metals in the cathodically pretreated process water by subsequent anodic treatment was nearly exhaustive, more than 99 % of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were removed from the leachate. The high depletion of heavy metals might be due to both the sorption on MnO2 precipitates and/or basic ferrous sulfate formed anodically, and the migration of metal ions through the cation exchanger membrane via the middle chamber into the cathode chamber. In the anode chamber, the sulfuric acid content increased to 6–7 g/L and the pH sank to 1.7. All heavy metals contained, with the exception of Zn, were removed to levels below the German limits for discharging industrial wastewaters into the receiving water. Moreover, the metal‐depleted and acid‐enriched process waters could be returned to the leaching process, hence reducing the output of wastewater. The results indicated that heavy metals could be removed from acidic process waters by two‐stage electrochemical treatment to a large extent. However, to improve the efficiency of metal removal and to establish the electrochemical treatment in practice, further work is necessary to optimize the operation of the process with respect to current density, energy consumption, discharging of metal precipitates deposited in the electrode chambers and preventing membrane clogging.
Coordinated Development of Yeast Colonies: An Experimental Analysis of the Adaptation to Different Nutrient Concentrations – Part 1
Authors: Walther T. , Reinsch H. , Ostermann K. , Deutsch A. , Bley T. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe development of yeast colonies on solid agar substrates served as a model system to investigate the growth of higher fungi in a heterogeneous environment. Applying a new analytical technique – which was based on the estimation of the intensity of transmitted light from microscopic images taken along the colony radius – cell‐density distributions inside fungal mycelia were measured at an extremely high spatial resolution. Using this method, the adaptation of yeast colonies to the limitation of different nutrients was investigated. Under conditions of carbon or nitrogen limitation, populations of the dimorphic model yeasts Yarrowia lipolytica and Candida boidinii underwent a transition in their morphology from solid colony to mycelial colony patterns. When grown under conditions that induced the mycelial morphology, colonies extended linearly at a constant rate irrespective of the initial nutrient concentration. In general, the cell density within the population declined at higher degrees of limitation. Nitrogen‐limited colonies of both model yeasts, as well as carbon‐limited Y. lipolytica colonies proceeded to extend until the growth field was finally covered by the population. Under these conditions, areas of fairly constant cell densities were formed during the growth process. Only carbon‐limited C. boidinii colonies stopped extending at a final diameter which was small when compared to the size of the growth field, and formed a cell‐density profile which was monotonically declining. The observed differences in the final colony diameter, and in the cell‐density profile morphology indicated the presence of different regulatory mechanisms that ruled the colony development of the model yeasts. The presented monitoring technique for the biomass distribution inside fungal populations provided the basis for a quantitative and non‐invasive description of mycelial development.
Methods to Analyse the Texture of Alginate Aerogel Microspheres
Authors: Valentin Romain , Molvinger Karine , Quignard Françoise , Di Renzo Francesco 
Published: April 2005

AbstractNitrogen adsorption at 77 K has been applied to the study of the texture of alginate aerogel microspheres obtained by CO2 supercritical drying of alcogels. The limited volume shrinkage suggests that the aerogels preserve the texture of the hydrogels. Alginate aerogels presents a N2 adsorption at small pressure higher than reference non‐porous silica, to be attributed to the polarity of the surface or to a small microporous volume. The aggregated nanobead strings of the guluronic‐rich gels accounts for a significant mesoporosity. The N2 adsorption results correspond to electron microscopy observations for features smaller than 50 nm.
Intramolecular Polycomplexes Formed by Dextran‐Grafted Polyacrylamide: Effect of the Components Molecular Weight
Authors: Kutsevol Nataliya , Guenet Jean‐Michel , Melnik Nataliya , Rossi Claudio 
Published: April 2005

AbstractGraft copolymers of Polyacrylamide‐g‐Dextran were synthesized using ceric‐ion‐initiated solution polymerisation technique. It is shown that the macromolecular parameters of these copolymers and their molecular structure strongly depend on the molecular weight of the Dextran part.
Influence of Phase Morphology on Molecular Mobility of Poly(propylene)‐(ethylene‐vinyl acetate) Copolymer Blends
Authors: Pimbert Sylvie , Stevenson Isabelle , Seytre Gerard , Boiteux Gisele , Cassagnau Philippe 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe dynamic mechanical and dielectric behaviours of Polypropylene (PP) and (Ethylene‐Vinyl Acetate) Copolymer (EVA) blends are reported as a function of the morphology. For EVA contents lower than 20%, blends show the two‐phase morphology characteristic of immiscible blends, with spherical EVA droplets finely dispersed in the PP matrix. After stretching in the molten state, the morphology of EVA fibers is observed. Mechanical Relaxation Spectroscopy display three relaxation processes: the EVA and PP α‐relaxations associated to the glass transitions and a β‐transition corresponding to a PP crystalline phase relaxation. The PP α‐relaxation shifts to higher temperatures when EVA presents a fiber morphology, corresponding to a decrease of PP chain mobility since it is hindered by the reinforcement effect of EVA fibers. Quite different results are obtained by DRS analysis. In blends containing EVA fibers, only one main relaxation associated to the EVA α‐transition is observed whereas one additional relaxation can be noticed in the blends containing EVA droplets. This new relaxation might be assigned to interfacial polarization effects, phenomena that are sometimes observed in heterogeneous polymer blends when a low content of one polar component is embedded in a non conductive matrix. In this case, the occurrence of a characteristic interfacial polarization relaxation appears to be correlated to the accessible experimental frequency.
Crystalline Organization in Syndiotactic Polystyrene Gels and Aerogels
Authors: Daniel Christophe , Guerra Gaetano 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe crystalline structure of syndiotactic polystyrene gels and aerogels has been investigated by using x‐ray diffraction. Results show that, depending on the solvent, the crystalline structure of the junction zones of the gels is a clathrate phase or the solvent free orthorhombic β‐form. For aerogels obtained from gels with a clathrate phase, the aerogel crystalline phase consists of the nanoporous δ‐form while for aerogels obtained from gels with the β‐form, the original crystalline structure is maintained.
Ordering in Bio‐Polyelectrolyte Chitosan Solutions
Authors: David Laurent , Montembault Alexandra , Vizio Nadège , Crépet Agnès , Viton Christophe , Domard Alain , Morfin Isabelle , Rochas Cyrille 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe scaling of the polyelectrolyte scattering peak in chitosan solutions, as deduced from the relation qmax∼cpα was studied by synchrotron SAXS as a function of the charge density of the polymer. We observe a variation in the α exponent corresponding to the limit of the ionic condensation, by varying the degree of acetylation of the polymer. The nature of the solution medium also affects the polyelectrolyte peak, and it is shown that in alcoholic/water mixtures, the lower dissociation of the acid induces a lower charge density, thus influencing the polyelectrolyte ordering.
Spectroscopic (Raman, FT‐IR and NMR) and theoretical study of alkali metal picolinates
Authors: Lewandowski W. , Świderski G. , Świslocka R. , Wojtulewski S. , Koczoń P. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe FT‐IR, FT‐Raman and1H and13C NMR spectra of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium picolinates were recorded, assigned and compared in the Li → Na → K → Rb → Cs series and analysed. Experimental, vibrational and NMR spectra were interpreted with the aid of calculated data from density functional theory at the B3PW91/6–311 ++ G** level. Distance, angles and dipole moments and also aromaticity indices (HOMA,EN,GEO,I6) for the optimized structures of picolinic acid and sodium picolinate were calculated. Comparison of theoretical and experimental (x‐ray) data and the application of Bader's theory enabled us to evaluate the intramolecular interactions in picolinic acid. Also, the influence of the carboxylic anion structure and the nature of metal–ligand bonding on the electronic charge distribution in the aromatic ring was investigated. The degree of perturbation in the electronic system of the ligand under the influence of metal in the Li → Cs series was investigated with the use of statistical methods (principal component analysis) and calculated aromaticity indices. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Ce4+ substitution on the structural, electrical and dielectric properties of NiAl2O4 spinel
Authors: Augustin C. O. , Hema K. , Berchmans L. John , Kalai Selvan R. , Saraswathi R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe structural, electrical and dielectric properties of a series of Ni1–xCexAl2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) compositions have been studied. The samples were prepared by a novel glycine–nitrate combustion synthesis route. The substitution of Ce4+ for Ni2+ results in an increase in the lattice constant owing to the larger size of the substituent. The X‐ray density increases with increasing Ce4+ content. The IR spectra show two fundamental absorption bands, which are shifted gradually towards higher energy with the addition of Ce4+. The UV–visible spectra confirm the preference of Ni2+ for the octahedral site. The dc electrical conductivity increases with increasing temperature due to the mobility of thermally activated charge carriers. Due to the electrostatic screening effect of B‐site cations, the conductivity decreases with increasing Ce4+ content. The dielectric constant and loss tangent of the synthesized compounds show the normal behavior of spinel compounds. The ac electrical conductivity increases with increasing applied frequency and decreases with increasing Ce4+ substitution. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Economic burden of post‐acute myocardial infarction heart failure in the United Kingdom
Authors: Lacey L. , Tabberer M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCongestive heart failure (CHF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. This study was carried out to quantify the burden of CHF, subsequent to acute myocardial infarction (AMI), from the perspective of the UK National Health Service (NHS).A systematic literature review of publications since 1990 was carried out on the economic burden of heart failure. The economic burden of post‐AMI heart failure in the UK for the year 2000 was estimated for two scenarios: (1) Base‐case estimate (post‐AMI heart failure accounts for 20% of heart failure cases): Direct healthcare costs of £125–181 million (approx. 0.4% of total NHS spend) and nursing home costs of £27 million; (2) Upper estimate (post‐AMI heart failure accounts for 50% of the total): Direct healthcare costs of £313–453 million (approx 1.0% of total NHS spend) and nursing home costs of £68 million. In conclusion, post‐AMI heart failure imposes a significant direct economic burden on the UK.