bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fault tolerant deployment and topology control in wirelessad hocnetworks
Authors: Li Xiang‐Yang , Wan Peng‐Jun , Wang Yu , Yi Chih‐Wei 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWe consider a large‐scale of wirelessad hocnetworks whose nodes are distributed randomly in a two‐dimensional region Ω (more specifically, a unit square). Givennwireless nodesV, each with transmission rangern, the wireless networks are often modeled by graphG(V,rn) in which two nodes are connected if and only if their Euclidean distance is no more thanrn. We first consider how to relate the transmission range with the number of nodes in a fixed area such that the resulted network can sustainkfault nodes in its neighborhood with high probability when all nodes have the same transmission range. We show that, for a unit‐area square region Ω, the probability that the networkG(V,rn) isk‐connected is at least${\rm e}^{-{\rm e}^{-\alpha}}$when the transmission radiusrnsatisfies$n \pi r_n^2 \ge {\rm ln}\ n \,+ (2k - 3) {\rm ln}\, {\rm ln}\, n - 2 \,{\rm ln}(k - 1)! + 2 \alpha \ {\rm for} \, k >\,1$andnsufficiently large. This result also applies to mobile networks when the moving of wireless nodes always generates randomly distributed positions. We also conduct extensive simulations to study the practical transmission range to achieve certain probability the network beingk‐connectivity, when the number of nodesnis not large enough. The relation between the minimum node degree and the connectivity of graphG(V,r) is also studied. Setting the transmission range of all nodes tornguarantees thek‐connectivity with high probability, but some nodes may have excessive number of neighbours in the graphG(V,rn). We then present a localized method to construct a subgraph of the network topologyG(V,rn) such that the resulting subgraph is stillk‐connected but with much fewer communication links maintained. We show that the constructed topology has onlyO(k · n) links and is a length spanner. Here a graphH ⊆ Gis spanner for graphG, if for any two nodes, the length of the shortest path connecting them inHis no more than a small constant factor of the length of the shortest path connecting them inG. Finally, we conduct some simulations to study the practical transmission range to achieve certain probability ofk‐connected whennis not large enough. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of adaptive bridge scheduling in a scatternet with a slave–slave bridge
Authors: Mišić Vojislav B. , Mišić Jelena , Chan Ka Lok 
Published: February 2004

AbstractEnd‐to‐end packet delays in a Bluetooth scatternet with a Slave–Slave (SS) bridge can be minimized by adjusting the bridge residence times in accordance with traffic intensity and locality. This paper presents two algorithms to do so. One of these uses a fixed value of the bridge residence time, while the other adjusts the residence time dynamically according to the instantaneous intensity of inter‐piconet traffic. We discuss the performance of these algorithms and show that the adaptive algorithm offers better performance than the fixed residence time one, provided the parameters are chosen appropriately. We also consider the stability of both algorithms and show that they have comparable stability limits. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance analysis and evaluation of IEEE 802.11e EDCF
Authors: Kim Jong‐Deok , Kim Chong‐Kwon 
Published: February 2004

AbstractRecently, the IEEE 802.11 working group has announced a new distributed access mechanism called Enhanced DCF (EDCF) to provide service differentiation among traffic classes defined as access category. With the increasing demand for supporting Quality of Service (QoS) in IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs, the EDCF is now attracting many researchers' attention due to its practical worth as a standard mechanism. In this paper, we focus on the analytical approach to evaluate the performance of the EDCF. An analytical model is presented to estimate the throughput of the EDCF in saturation (asymptotic) conditions by substantially revising and extending the analytical model developed by Bianchi for the performance analysis of the DCF. Extensive simulation studies based on the NS‐2 simulator have been carried out for the validation of the analysis, and they show that it estimates the throughput of the EDCF accurately. By utilizing the analytical model, we evaluate the performance of the EDCF. Specifically, we concentrate on discovering the characteristics of the EDCF parameters, such as CWmin, CWmax and AIFS, in the way that they influence on the performance of the EDCF. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Test‐retest Validity of Acoustic Pharyngometry Measurements
Authors: Kamal Ibrahim 
Published: February 2004

BACKGROUNDAcoustic reflectometry is a relatively new technique that quantifies upper airway obstruction. The oropharyngeal airway is geometrically complex and variable; therefore establishing a standard operating protocol and understanding the possible sources of artifacts are of great importance in obtaining reliable results. This work aims at assessing the repeatability of pharyngeal cross‐sectional area measurements obtained from normal and snoring individuals.METHODSTwenty adult normal volunteers (16 men and 4 women; mean age, 35.9 years) and 10 adult snorers (9 men and 1 woman; mean age, 36.4 years) were examined by acoustic reflectometry following the developed standard operating protocol.RESULTSMeasurements of pharyngeal cross‐sectional area are analyzed in 2 groups. In normal subjects where mean pharyngeal cross‐sectional area in the first session was 3.187 cm2, in the second session (same‐day test‐retest), the mean pharyngeal cross‐sectional area was 3.239 cm2, and in the third session 7 to 10 days later (day‐to‐day test‐retest), it was 3.245 cm2 (P > 0.4). In a second group of snoring patients where mean pharyngeal cross‐sectional area in the first session was 2.244 cm2, in the second session, mean pharyngeal cross‐sectional area was 2.237 cm2, and mean pharyngeal cross‐sectional area in the third session (7 to 10 days later) was 2.238 cm2 (P > 0.9).CONCLUSIONSThese results show that repeatability of acoustic reflection results can be achieved following the standard operating protocol.SIGNIFICANCEThe study results add to the reliability of this technique in assessing the pharyngeal airway in patients with snoring and obstructive sleep apnea.
Allergic Fungal Sinusitis: Expanding the Clinicopathologic Spectrum
Authors: Thakar Alok , Sarkar Chitra , Dhiwakar Muthuswamy , Bahadur Sudhir , Dahiya Sonika 
Published: February 2004

OBJECTIVEWe sought to determine whether histologic tissue invasion occurs in allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS) and, if so, to identify clinical indicators for the same.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGWe conducted a retrospective case record review of all 28 AFS cases identified by histology over a 32‐month period at a tertiary care referral center. All histologic specimens were reevaluated for features of invasive pathology, and case records were correlated for clinical, radiologic, or laboratory parameters associated with such invasion.RESULTSIn addition to the universal finding of the characteristic allergic mucin with fungal elements on histopathologic examination of the sinus luminal contents, 6 cases (21%) had additional evidence of mucosal invasion as indicated by granulomatous inflammation and branching septate fungal hyphae in the submucosal tissues. Such coexistent invasion was associated with advanced disease as indicated by a higher incidence of orbital involvement on clinical evaluation (P = 0.024), and extra‐sinus spread (intraorbital or intracranial spread) on the computed tomography evaluation (P = 0.003). The single death that occurred on follow‐up was in a patient with coexistent invasion.CONCLUSIONAdvanced AFS may be complicated by histologic evidence of tissue invasion.SIGNIFICANCEThe noninvasive and invasive forms of fungal sinusitis are not necessarily discrete and may coexist in the same patient. Clinical features of orbital involvement or computed tomography manifestations of extrasinus spread should alert the clinician to the possibility of invasion.
Differential Expression of Myosin Heavy Chain Isoforms between Abductor and Adductor Muscles in the Human Larynx
Authors: Li Zhao‐Bo , Lehar Mohamed , Nakagawa Hideki , Foon Yoong Hoh Joseph , Flint Paul W. 
Published: February 2004

OBJECTIVEThis study examines the differential expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) components in human laryngeal muscle groups.STUDY DESIGNA battery of monospecific monoclonal antibodies in Western blots was used to determine expression of IIX, extraocular‐specific (EOM), and IIB MyHCs for the thyroarytenoid (TA), vocalis (VOC), lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA), cricothyroid (CT), and posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles obtained from fresh cadaver specimens.RESULTSFast IIX MyHC was only expressed in the TA, VOC, and LCA muscles. Fast IIA and slow MyHCs were expressed in all laryngeal muscles including the CT and PCA. The CT with mixed phonatory and respiratory function and the PCA with respiratory function did not express IIX MyHC. The 2 MyHC isoforms associated with the highest speeds of contraction in rat laryngeal muscle, namely, the EOM MyHC and IIB MyHC, were not detected in human laryngeal muscles. Novel MyHC bands were not detected in SDS‐PAGE gels or Western blots using a broad specificity MyHC antibody.CONCLUSIONThe profile of MyHC expression in human laryngeal muscles differs from that observed in human extraocular and masticator muscles, and other mammalian species. Our data demonstrate that IIX MyHC expression is associated primarily with muscles affecting glottic closure and is absent in CT and PCA.SIGNIFICANCEA higher percentage of IIX MyHC is expected to impart a high speed of shortening to the TA and LCA muscles. The absence of IIX MyHC in muscles with respiratory (PCA) and mixed respiratory/phonatory function (CT) further supports the inference that the physiologic difference between laryngeal muscles is reflected in the molecular composition of contractile protein.
Effect of Nitric Oxide on Mucin Production in Experimental Otitis Media
Authors: Martin Paul , Choi Duk‐Joo , Jinn Tae‐Hoon , Cohen Joshua G. , John Earnest O. , Moorehead Morrill T. , Kaura Claire S. , Kaura Samantha H. , Jung Timothy T.K. 
Published: February 2004

OBJECTIVEThe purpose of this study was to determine the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the pathogenesis of mucold otitis media (OM) in lipopolysaccha‐ride (LPS)‐induced OM.METHODSOM was induced in chinchillas by injecting S‐nitroso‐N‐acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), LPS, and LPS + SNAP into the superior bullae. Auditory brainstem response thresholds were measured every 24 hours. Samples of middle ear fluid were collected and analyzed for mucin by the periodic acid‐Schiff method. At the end of each experiment, temporal bones were harvested for histopathologic study.RESULTSMucin concentration was greatest in the LPS + the SNAP group and least in the SNAP‐alone group. Auditory brainstem response threshold was highest in the LPS group and lowest in the SNAP group, although not significantly. Histopathology showed the greatest mucosal thickening and inflammation in the LPS + SNAP group.CONCLUSIONThe addition of NO in LPS‐induced OM increased the mucin concentration in middle ear fluid and increased mucosal thickness and inflammation in middle ear mucosa.SIGNIFICANCEIn the OM disease process, NO may contribute to the pathogenesis of mucold OM.
Endoscopy‐Assisted Surgery of the Petrous Apex
Authors: Mattox Douglas E. 
Published: February 2004

OBJECTIVEFive large petrous apex lesions, 4 cholesterol granulomas and 1 cholesteatoma, were managed with a combination of microsurgical and endoscopic techniques.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGRetrospective review of clinical experience in an academic medical center. Traditional microsurgical approaches, infra‐cochlear and/or retrofacial, were used in all cases, followed by endoscopic examination and debridement of the interior of the cysts. In all cases residual disease or fibrous septae within the cysts were found endoscopically that were not evident through use of the operating microscope.RESULTSIn all cases, the lesions were successfully managed without operative complications.CONCLUSIONSThe addition of endoscopic visualization to traditional microsurgical approaches allowed exposure of recesses within the lesions, removal of debris and inspissated secretions, and identification and removal of septae and fibrous bands within the petrous apex lesions that would not have been identified with the operating microscope alone. No surgical or postsurgical complications occurred in any of the cases, including facial weakness, hearing loss, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak.
High Throughput Screening at the Nano Scale
Authors: Gentsch Juerg , Bruttger Oliver , Daffertshofer Martin , Fiedli Bernard , Malin Cosmas 
Published: February 2004

Aunique approach to master sample screening at the nano scale was launched as a joint venture project between Evotec Biosystems AG Germany and Novartis Pharma AG. The application, which provides a fully automated nano-screening platform, is composed of three module units: HPLC Nano-Fraction Collection, Micro to Nano Pipetting, and Screening. Process simulation and 3D design tools were used to evaluate not only the most performing module design, but also to reach an outstanding automation and robotic concept. The uniqueness of this application is the combination of miniaturized assay format and single molecule detection read-out, having major beneficial consequences for assay biology. Miniaturization of assays which have been shown to lead to significant savings in assay reagents and test samples. An additional benefit is the physical layout of the 2080-well Nano-Titre-Plate (NTP), which enables screening of rare compounds at low volume and an easy and fast shipment of chemical libraries to different screening sites.
Digenetic trematodes, Acanthatrium sp. and Lecithodendrium sp., as vectors of Neorickettsia risticii, the agent of Potomac horse fever
Authors: Pusterla N. , Johnson E.M. , Chae J.S. , Madigan J.E. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractNeorickettsia (formerly Ehrlichia) risticii, the agent of Potomac horse fever (PHF), has been recently detected in trematode stages found in the secretions of freshwater snails and in aquatic insects. Insectivores, such as bats and birds, may serve as the definitive host of the trematode vector. To determine the definitive helminth vector, five bats (Myotis yumanensis) and three swallows (Hirundo rustica, Tachycineta bicolor) were collected from a PHF endemic location in northern California. Bats and swallows were dissected and their major organs examined for trematodes and for N. risticii DNA using a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Adult digenetic trematodes, Acanthatrium sp. and/or Lecithodendrium sp., were recovered from the gastrointestinal tract of all bats and from one swallow. The intestine of three bats, the spleen of two bats and one swallow as well as the liver of one swallow tested PCR positive for N. risticii. From a total of seven pools of identical digenetic trematodes collected from single hosts, two pools of Acanthatrium sp. and one pool of Lecithodendrium sp. tested PCR positive. The results of this investigation provide preliminary evidence that at least two trematodes in the family Lecithodendriidae are vectors of N. risticii. The data also suggest that bats and swallows not only act as a host for trematodes but also as a possible natural reservoir for N. risticii.
Parasitic helminths of the wild rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, in different bioclimatic zones in Tenerife, Canary Islands
Authors: Foronda P. , Castillo A. Del , Abreu N. , Figueruelo E. , Piñero J. , Casanova J.C. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractFaunistic and ecological analyses of the wild rabbit helminth fauna were undertaken in Tenerife island (Canary Islands). Rabbits were collected between 1998 and 2000 in seven bioclimatic zones in Tenerife selected by orientation and altitude. Five parasite species were identified, three cestodes (Taenia pisiformis (larvae), Andrya cuniculi and Mosgovoyia ctenoides) and two nematodes (Trichostrongylus retortaeformis and Passalurus ambiguus). Taenia pisiformis presented an irregular distribution with significant differences in prevalences between the zones. Andrya cuniculi was only found in two zones and there were no significant differences in prevalence values. Mosgovoyia ctenoides presented a wide distribution with significant prevalences, which were higher in northern compared to southern zones. Trichostrongylus retortaeformis was absent in the low southern zones of the island. Passalurus ambiguus was found in all zones with no significant difference in the prevalence of infection. The differences in prevalences are likely to be explained by abiotic factors in the case of T. retortaeformis, and by the absence of definitive and intermediate hosts in the case of T. pisiformis and A. cuniculi, respectively. All parasite species in Tenerife are common helminths in the Iberian Peninsula, from which their rabbit hosts originated. No significant differences were recorded in the mean intensities of infection of any of the parasite species identified.
The microhabitat distribution of two Dactylogyrus species parasitizing the gills of the barbel, Barbus barbus
Authors: Kadlec D. , Šimková A. , Gelnar M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe microhabitat distribution of two congeneric species Dactylogyrus carpathicus and D. malleus (Monogenea) parasitizing the gills of the barbel (Barbus barbus L.) was investigated. We tested whether congeneric species exhibited microhabitat preference and whether interspecific interactions could be attributed to the microhabitat segregation of congeners. The outlying mean index method was used to evaluate species microhabitats. Gill variables (different microhabitats within gills) were used as environmental factors characterizing the gills. When abundances of both species were highest, and no significant difference was found between the abundance of the two species, the gill segments and gill areas were the most important factors segregating the Dactylogyrus species on the gills. Niche overlap was low within each of the four gill arches, and parasites were segregated in the same microhabitats within each gill arch. When abundances of both species were low, each monogenean species was segregated at the level of the gill arches. When abundances of both species increased, the niche and overlap between species increased. The distribution of both congeneric species confirmed microhabitat preference within the gills. The results suggest that microhabitat preference is dependent on species abundances, species being segregated in the case of low abundance, possibly to increasing mating opportunities. Both niche and overlap between species increased with species abundance. In the case of the high abundance of both species, microhabitat preference seems to be related to interspecific interactions between monogenean species, as previously found for endoparasitic species.
Milbemycin oxime in a new formulation, combined with praziquantel, does not reduce the efficacy of praziquantel against Echinococcus multilocularis in cats
Authors: Jenkins D.J. , Romig T. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTwenty European domestic cats were each infected with 15,000 protoscoleces of Echinococcus multilocularis extracted from metacestodes grown in experimentally infected common voles (Microtus arvalis). Sixteen days after infection, ten cats were treated with a broad-spectrum anthelmintic and acaricide comprising praziquantel and milbemycin oxime. Five days later treated and untreated cats were euthanized and the intestine examined for E. multilocularis. Five of ten untreated cats were infected with E. multilocularis with worm burdens ranging from 235 to 1920 worms per cat. No E. multilocularis were recovered from any of the treated cats. This study has demonstrated that this new combination broad spectrum anthelmintic and acaricide for cats is highly efficacious against E. multilocularis and the relevance of this is discussed.
The Structure of a Scientific Paper
Authors: Suppe Frederick 
Published: February 2004

Scientific articles exemplify standard functional units constraining argumentative structures. Severe space limitations demand every paragraph and illustration contribute to establishing the paper's claims. Philosophical testing and confirmation models should take into account each paragraph, table, and illustration. Hypothetico-Deductive, Bayesian Inductive, and Inference-to-the-Best-Explanation models do not, garbling the logic of papers. Micro-analysis of the fundamental paper in plate tectonics reveals an argumentative structure commonplace in science but ignored by standard philosophical accounts that cannot be dismissed as mere rhetorical embellishment. Papers with illustrations often display a second argumentative structure differing from the text's. Constraints on adequate testing and confirmation analyses are adduced.“Experiments are about the assembly of persuasive arguments, ones that will stand up in court. … The task at hand is to capture the building-up of a persuasive argument about the world even in the absence of the logician's certainty.”—Galison, How Experiments End, 277.
Conditional Probability and Dutch Books
Authors: Döring Frank 
Published: February 2004

There is no set Δ of probability axioms that meets the following three desiderata:
(1) Δ is vindicated by a Dutch book theorem;(2) Δ does not imply regularity (and thus allows, among other things, updating by conditionalization);(3) Δ constrains the conditional probability q(·, z) even when the unconditional probability p(z) (= q(z, T)) equals 0.This has significant consequences for Bayesian epistemology, some of which are discussed.
Causal Democracy and Causal Contributions in Developmental Systems Theory
Authors: Oyama Susan 
Published: February 2004

In reworking a variety of biological concepts, Developmental Systems Theory (DST) has made frequent use of parity of reasoning. We have done this to show, for instance, that factors that have similar sorts of impact on a developing organism tend nevertheless to be invested with quite different causal importance. We have made similar arguments about evolutionary processes. Together, these analyses have allowed DST not only to cut through some age-old muddles about the nature of development, but also to effect a long-delayed reintegration of development into evolutionary theory.Our penchant for causal symmetry, however (or ‘causal democracy’, as it has recently been termed), has sometimes been misunderstood. This paper shows that causal symmetry is neither a platitude about multiple influences nor a denial of useful distinctions, but a powerful way of exposing hidden assumptions and opening up traditional formulations to fruitful change.
There's No Time Like the Present (in Minkowski Spacetime)
Authors: Savitt Steven F. 
Published: February 2004

Mark Hinchliff concludes a recent paper, “The Puzzle of Change,” with a section entitled “Is the Presentist Refuted by the Special Theory of Relativity?” His answer is “no.”I respond by arguing that presentists face great difficulties in merely stating their position in Minkowski spacetime. I round up some likely candidates for the job and exhibit their deficiencies.