bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transient characteristics of a UPFC and its effect on suppressing power flow variation
Authors: Watanabe Yasuhiro , Fujita Hideaki , Akagi Hirofumi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper describes transient characteristics of a UPFC and its performance of suppressing power flow variation in a power transmission system having two parallel lines. The UPFC is installed in series with the two parallel lines and it controls the total power flow of the lines. Dynamic performance caused by a single line trip is theoretically and experimentally discussed. Experimental results reveal that a conventional control may produce an excessive power flow variation at the instant of the trip. On the other hand, the fast control scheme, which has been proposed by the authors, shows good performance of power flow control without any variation not only in steady state but also in transient state. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(1): 65–75, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.2011
What do you think is ‘fair’? Effects of ingroup norms and outcome control on fairness judgments
Authors: Hertel Guido , Aarts Henk , Zeelenberg Marcel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTwo studies are reported that examine whether fairness judgments in dyadic exchange situations are influenced by descriptive ingroup norms or the interdependence structure of the exchange situation. In both studies, these factors were varied within a minimal group categorization paradigm. Results showed that ingroup norms affected fairness judgments when participants interacted with another group member and interaction outcomes could be affected by this partner. However, in interactions with group members who could not influence the outcome of the partners no effects of ingroup norms were observed. Together, the results suggest that persons do not simply assimilate their fairness judgments to the normative context of their group, but adapt fairness judgments rather strategically to the expected behavior of their interaction partner in order to maintain general equality or reciprocity principles. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of dithiocarbamate pesticide zineb and its commercial formulation, azzurro. II. micronucleus induction in immunophenotyped human lymphocytes
Authors: Soloneski Sonia , Reigosa Miguel A. , Larramendy Marcelo L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe frequency of micronuclei was measured in human peripheral B‐lymphocytes and some T‐lymphocyte subpopulations exposed in vitro to 1.0–100.0 μg/ml of the dithiocarbamate pesticide zineb and its commercial formulation azzurro. The peripheral mononuclear lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro with phytohemagglutinin after pesticide treatment and B‐lymphocytes and the various T‐lymphocyte subsets were classified by the MAC (morphology, antibody, chromosomes) method, which allows the immunological identification of different cell lineages. An increased frequency of micronuclei in CD20+ (P < 0.01), CD3+ (P < 0.01), and CD8+ lymphocytes (P < 0.01) was observed only when 25.0 μg/ml of zineb and azzurro were employed. The frequency of micronuclei in treated CD8+ cells did not differ from treated CD20+ lymphocytes (P > 0.05). Lower concentrations of pesticides did not increase the frequency of micronuclei from that observed in control cultures. Furthermore, for both zineb and azzurro cytotoxicity was observed at doses higher than 50.0 μg/ml. Significant increases in the proportion of CD20+ (P < 0.01) and CD8+ cells (P < 0.01) among mitotic and interphasic lymphocytes from both zineb‐ and azzurro‐treated cultures were observed only when a concentration of 25.0 μg/ml was employed. In contrast, significant decreases in the proportion of CD3+ (P < 0.01) and CD4+ cells (P < 0.01) were found for both mitotic and interphasic lymphocytes from zineb‐ and azzurro‐treated cultures. The MAC methodology revealed that among the different lymphocyte subpopulations analyzed (CD20, CD3, CD4, and CD8), the induction of micronuclei by zineb and its commercial formulation azzurro was restricted to CD20+ B‐cells and T‐suppressor/cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 40:57–62, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New measure of DNA repair in the single‐cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay
Authors: Kim Byung‐Soo , Park Jin Joo , Edler Lutz , von Fournier Dietrich , Haase Wulf , Sautter‐Bihl Marie‐Luise , Gotzes Florian , Thielmann Heinz Walter 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSince its introduction by Östling and Johanson [1984; Biochem Biophys Res Commun 123:291–298] and independent modifications by Singh et al. [1990; Exp Cell Res 175:184–191] and Olive et al. [1988; Radiat Res 112:86–94], the comet assay has been widely used in genetic toxicology, environmental biomonitoring, molecular and human epidemiology, and clinical investigations. There are still several issues to be resolved before the comet assay is accepted as a standard assay for detecting DNA damage and repair in a single cell. One of the major issues is the proper quantification of DNA damage/repair. The aim of this article is to develop a new quantitative measure of DNA damage/repair which is represented in the dose–time‐response surface. We propose to use the second derivative (2D) of the dose–time‐response surface for measuring DNA repair activity. This approach enables us to represent the DNA repair activity of cells exposed to a DNA‐damaging agent with a single number by combining all the information of a dose–time‐response experiment. The computation procedure includes the application of linear regression. An SAS/AF‐based program, “Comet Assay,” was developed for this computation and is freely available on the Internet. We considered the response of each of four DNA damage parameters: tail moment, tail length, tail DNA, and tail inertia for constructing the dose–time‐response surface. Using data from 25 patients, we observed that 2Ds based on tail moment and tail DNA were highly correlated and that tail inertia might provide information on a somewhat different aspect of DNA damage/repair. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 40:50–56, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New systems for modeling, estimating, and predicting a multivariate spatio–temporal process
Authors: Haas Timothy C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTwo new systems for modeling, estimating, and predicting a multivariate spatio–temporal process are given. In the first system, a cylinder containing a fraction of the multivariate data with axis along the temporal dimension is centered at a spatio–temporal prediction location. After fitting a linear or nonlinear within‐cylinder trend function using minimum distance, an optimal prediction of the observable multivariate process is computed at the cylinder's center. The local nature of this system makes it suited to the analysis of large data sets often associated with ecosystem analyses.The second system consists of a global model of both the spatio–temporal trend and autocovariance function of the residual process. Each of these is formed by the weighted sum of component global models with weights computed from spatio–temporal kernels centered at each component's most characteristic spatio–temporal location. Minimum distance is again used to estimate all parameters. Predictions are then computed from this fitted global model.Spatio–temporal autocovariance within and between residual processes is modeled with parametric functions and need not be separable in space and time. The fast Fourier transform is used to approximately verify Hermitian positive semi‐definiteness of the covariogram matrix. Asymmetry of the cross‐covariogram in the temporal dimension is modeled as the sum of parametric even and odd functions. These functions have interpretable parameters. Long temporal memory is also modeled with an interpretable parametric function—obviating the need for fractional differencing across time. These covariance structure models are believed to be new.The use of a combined John–Draper and Box–Cox transformation allows continuous, count, categorical–ordinal, and categorical–nominal process data to be fitted within the same modeling, estimation, and prediction system, thus allowing mixed continuous–discrete multivariate predictions to be computed that take into account correlations between all constituent processes.Numerical examples consist of, first, the local system being used to redesign a spatial monitoring network with simulated data, and then both systems being applied to several different real data sets: multivariate spatio–temporal data (prediction of sulfate deposition in the conterminous U.S. with and without nitrate observations), multivariate temporal‐only data (prediction of mink–muskrat pelt counts), and univariate temporal‐only data with long memory (prediction of 5000 years of annual Lake Saki mud thickness). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kernel method for the estimation of the distribution function and the mean with auxiliary information in ranked set sampling
Authors: Lam K. F. , Yu Philip L. H. , Lee C. F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe method of ranked set sampling is widely applicable in environmental research mainly in the estimation of the mean and distribution function of the variable of interest, Y. Ranking of the Ys by visual judgment may be imperfect sometimes. When the Ys are expensive to measure, it would be more convenient to determine the ‘rankings’ of the Ys by a concomitant variable, X, which is relatively easy and cheap to make measurements. The information carried in X is not utilized in all estimation methods available in the literature except in determining the rankings of Ys unless extra distributional or linearity assumptions are made. However, these assumptions may be too stringent in environmental research. Nonparametric estimators for the distribution function and the mean of Y utilizing the concomitant variable and auxiliary information in a ranked set sampling setup are proposed in this article. The estimators are robust to model misspecification, and the performance of the estimators is highly satisfactory, supported by some simulation studies. The estimators are applied to a real data set to estimate the mean and distribution function of plutonium concentration in surface soil on the Nevada Test Site, Nevada, U.S.A. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrete‐time variable structure control method for seismic‐excited building structures with time delay in control
Authors: Cai Guoping , Huang Jinzhi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe discrete‐time variable structure control method for seismically excited linear structures with time delay in control is investigated in this paper. The control system with time delay is first discretized and transformed into standard discrete form which contains no time delay in terms of the time delay being integer and non‐integer times of sampling period, respectively. Then the discrete switching surface is determined using ideal quasi‐sliding mode and discrete controller is designed using the discrete approach‐law reaching condition. The deduced controller and switching surface contain not only the current step of state feedback but also linear combination of some former steps of controls. Numerical simulations are illustrated to verify the feasibility and robustness of the proposed control method. Since time‐delay effect is incorporated in the mathematical model for the structural control system throughout the derivation of the proposed algorithm, system performance and dynamic stability are guaranteed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of groundwater on surface flow erosion processes during a rainstorm
Authors: Rockwell D. L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSurface erosion rates on a disturbed natural soil in a 10 m indoor flume increased by an order of magnitude when a water table developed at a 10 cm depth during simulated rainstorms. Erosion rate increases did not correlate well with surface hydraulic flow conditions, and all significant erosion increases began before the full soil depth was saturated, before the water table reached the soil surface, and before seepage was possible. Groundwater influenced erosion processes primarily by increasing unsaturated pore‐water pressures and decreasing soil shear strength in surface rainflow, rather than through the direct entrainment of soil particles by seepage flow.There was no unique morphologic expression of the influence of groundwater during a rainstorm. Subsurface processes influencing surface erosion were detected only by appropriate subsurface instrumentation, which included micropiezometers, tensiometers and time domain reflectometry. Erosion rate increases occurred all along the slope, and were not concentrated at the base of slope due to a seepage zone. Soil depth was crucial to determining surface erosion increase. It is likely that confusing trends in surface flow erosion rates in past studies have occurred due to unrecorded groundwater development or an emphasis on seepage effects. Groundwater must be monitored along hillslopes under all moisture and soil conditions in order to avoid misleading and inconsistent conclusions derived solely from surface flow or seepage data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overbank sediment deposition patterns for straight and meandering flume channels
Authors: Bathurst J. C. , Benson I. A. , Valentine E. M. , Nalluri C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractExperiments with the 10 m Flood Channel Facility at HR Wallingford, UK, indicate a fundamental dependency of the overbank deposition pattern of channel suspended sediments on channel planform. Two experiments (100 and 140 l s−1) in a 1·95 m wide straight channel showed deposition concentrated in a berm along the channel bank. Little sediment was transferred further onto the floodplain. For the larger flow, the berm formed further from the channel. A single experiment (103 l s−1) with a 1·31 m wide meandering channel showed deposition across the entire floodplain tongue between successive meanders. Maximum deposition occurred on the downstream side of the meander, just past the bend apex. These generalized flume results complement the real‐world but site‐specific data of field studies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of time integration methods in an unsteady low‐Reynolds‐number flow
Authors: Majander Petri , Siikonen Timo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper describes three different time integration methods for unsteady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. Explicit Euler and fractional‐step Adams–Bashford methods are compared with an implicit three‐level method based on a steady‐state SIMPLE method. The implicit solver employs a dual time stepping and an iteration within the time step. The spatial discretization is based on a co‐located finite‐volume technique. The influence of the convergence limits and the time‐step size on the accuracy of the predictions are studied. The efficiency of the different solvers is compared in a vortex‐shedding flow over a cylinder in the Reynolds number range of 100–1600. A high‐Reynolds‐number flow over a biconvex airfoil profile is also computed. The computations are performed in two dimensions. At the low‐Reynolds‐number range the explicit methods appear to be faster by a factor from 5 to 10. In the high‐Reynolds‐number case, the explicit Adams–Bashford method and the implicit method appear to be approximately equally fast while yielding similar results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An adaptive Cartesian grid generation method for ‘Dirty’ geometry
Authors: Wang Z. J. , Srinivasan Kumar 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTraditional structured and unstructured grid generation methods need a ‘water‐tight’ boundary surface grid to start. Therefore, these methods are named boundary to interior (B2I) approaches. Although these methods have achieved great success in fluid flow simulations, the grid generation process can still be very time consuming if ‘non‐water‐tight’ geometries are given. Significant user time can be taken to repair or clean a ‘dirty’ geometry with cracks, overlaps or invalid manifolds before grid generation can take place. In this paper, we advocate a different approach in grid generation, namely the interior to boundary (I2B) approach. With an I2B approach, the computational grid is first generated inside the computational domain. Then this grid is intelligently ‘connected’ to the boundary, and the boundary grid is a result of this ‘connection’. A significant advantage of the I2B approach is that ‘dirty’ geometries can be handled without cleaning or repairing, dramatically reducing grid generation time. An I2B adaptive Cartesian grid generation method is developed in this paper to handle ‘dirty’ geometries without geometry repair. Comparing with a B2I approach, the grid generation time with the I2B approach for a complex automotive engine can be reduced by three orders of magnitude. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease on Chinese and American caregivers
Authors: Pang F. C. , Chow T. W. , Cummings J. L. , Leung V. P. Y. , Chiu H. F. K. , Lam L. C. W. , Chen Q. L. , Tai C. T. , Chen L. W. , Wang S. J. , Fuh J. L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundIn Chinese culture, extended family support, acceptance of age‐related cognitive changes and filial tradition of caring for elders may decrease caregiver burden and distress in the context of dementia.ObjectiveTo study cross‐regional and cross‐cultural differences in symptom‐related caregiver distress due to the behavioral problems of Chinese and American patients with Alzheimer's disease.MethodCaregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease at Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan (n = 89), Chinese University of Hong Kong (n = 31) and the UCLA Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Los Angeles, California (n = 169) reported the neuropsychiatric symptoms of patients and their corresponding distress on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory.ResultPresence or absence of distress due to the neuropsychiatric symptoms of the patients with Alzheimer's disease was assessed. The three centers differed significantly in the proportions of caregivers with distress caused by depression (p < 0.05) and apathy (p < 0.001). UCLA had higher proportions of caregivers with depression‐related distress than Taipei. UCLA caregivers were also more stressed by apathy than caregivers in Taipei and Hong Kong. Logistic regression further supported the findings that depression‐related and apathy‐related caregiver distress differed between Chinese and American caregivers (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe results were surprising, in that American and Chinese (Taipei and Hong Kong) caregivers exhibited similar distress or lack of distress in response to delusions, hallucinations, agitation, anxiety, euphoria, disinhibition, irritability, aberrant motor behavior, sleep and appetite symptoms of Alzheimer's disease patients. Chinese caregivers were less affected by depression and apathy in patients with Alzheimer's disease than Caucasian caregivers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study of suicides of older people in Sydney
Authors: Snowdon John , Baume Pierre 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundReports based on studies of coroner's files show that suicides in old age are commonly related to depression, but that in a majority of cases disability or ill‐health is also a major factor. The aim of this study was to try to understand more clearly the precipitant causes of suicide in an older population.MethodAn Australian metropolitan coroner's office provided data concerning suicides in 1994–1998 of persons aged over 65 years.ResultsOf 210 elderly people who killed themselves, 160 (76%) were clearly depressed, including a majority of the 24% deemed to have understandable reasons for suicide. Physical ill‐health or disability was the major factor leading to suicide in 34% and appeared to contribute to suicidal ideation in another 24% of those who died; they had usually not been seen by psychiatrists.ConclusionBecause depression is often treatable, even when associated with depressing circumstances, there is potential for further reduction of old age suicide rates by recognising and appropriately responding to symptoms of depression and distress. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 24‐week, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of donepezil in patients with Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease—pilot study
Authors: Prasher Vee. P. , Huxley Adam , Haque M. S. ,   the Down syndrome Ageing Study Group
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundDonepezil Hydrochloride (Aricept) is a selective anticholinesterase inhibitor developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study investigated the safety and efficacy of the drug to treat Down syndrome (DS) adults with mild to moderate AD.MethodThis was a 24‐week, double blind, placebo controlled, parallel‐group trial. Patients were randomized to receive placebo or donepezil (5 mg per day during the first four weeks, and then 10 mg per day thereafter). Primary efficacy was measured using the Dementia Scale for Mentally Retarded Persons (DMR), and secondary efficacy was measured using the Severe Impairment Battery (SIB), Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and by the Adaptive Behavior Scale (ABS).ResultsA total of 30 DS patients with AD entered the study of which 27 were included in the subsequent data analysis. The donepezil group had non‐statistically significant reduction in deterioration in DMR, SIB, and ABS mean scores relative to the placebo group. However NPI scores showed less improvement in the donepezil group when compared to the placebo group. Fifty percent of subjects in the donepezil group showed improvement in mean DMR scores at the end point compared to baseline, when compared to 31% on placebo. There were no life threatening adverse effects associated with treating adults with DS with donepezil. A number of side‐effects did occur including diarrhoea, insomnia, fatigue, and nausea.ConclusionDonepezil Hydrochloride administered once a day appears to be generally well tolerated and safe in DS adults who have AD. There is some possible efficacy in the treatment of symptoms of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease in this population, although the sample size of this study was too small for statistical significance. It is recommended that donepezil, with the appropriate precautions, should be considered for the treatment of AD in adults with DS as deemed by a specialist. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.