bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proteins interacting with PPlases
Authors: Galat Andrzej , Riviere Sylvie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Specific interactions between PPiases (immunophilins) and various intracellular proteins are summarized in this chapter. PPiases are important factors for in vivo protein folding and assembly of infectious particles of HIV-2 and HIV-1, and they may be involved in the transcription of the HIV genome [400]. Some PPiases function as ‘foldases’ and are associated with other protein components of the cellular machinery for translocating proteins from the cytosol to the lumen of the ER, folding of proteins in the mitochondria and secretion of gene products to the extracellular space [384, 401, 415, 419]. PPiases are involved in the assembly of steroid receptors and they control functioning of certain channels [365, 386]. These important cellular processes may sometimes be altered in the presence of immunosuppressants.
Network analysis of molecular interactions
Authors: Kanehisa Minoru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central dogma of molecular biology summarizes the flow of genetic information expression at the sequence level:
DNA → RNA → Protein
In a traditional view, the thermodynamic principle and the structure-function relationship together establish an additional flow of genetic information expression for a single protein molecule:
Sequence → Structure → Function
The additional flow is spontaneous under proper physiological conditions; thus, the genome (DNA) contains virtually all necessary information for protein function.
General Theorems
Authors: Hill R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The function g(ai;) defining the ratios of the components of the plastic strain-increment (equation (22) of Chap. II) is known as the plastic potential.
Now, if a polycrystalline element is strained, one of a number of possible systems of five independent glide directions must be active in each crystal grain, conceived as deforming uniformly. Such a glidesystem demands for its operation a state of stress in which the critical shear stress is attained in these five directions and is not exceeded in any others. The glide-system determines both the ratios of the components of the strain-increment and also the ratios which the components of the applied stress must bear to the critical shear stress. It is likely, therefore, that there is a relation, from a statistical average over possible orientations of the grains in a polycrystal, between the plastic potential and the function f(σij) defining the yield locus. It is not yet known what this should be, theoretically, for any particular metal.
Plastic Anisotropy
Authors: Hill R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are certain important and striking phenomena which cannot be described by the theory constructed in Chapter II. The assumption that every material element remains isotropic is an approximation that becomes less good as the deformation continues. Individual crystal grains are elongated in the direction of the greatest tensile strain and the texture of the specimen appears fibrous. Now it is a consequence of the glide process that a single crystal rotates during the straining so that it approaches an orientation characteristic of the particular strain-path. For example, when hexagonal single crystals are stretched in tension, the basal planes gradually turn towards positions parallel to the direction of the applied load. Similarly, the grains of a polycrystal tend to rotate towards some limiting orientation (not necessarily equivalent to that in a single crystal, owing to the mutual constraints between the grains); thus, in face-centred cubic metals compressed between lubricated plates, face diagonals tend to align parallel to the direction of compression.
The Geodesics in the Kerr Space-Time
Authors: Chandrasekhar S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the study of the geodesics in the Kerr space-time. We are devoting an entire chapter to this study for several reasons: apart from the fact that the delineation of the geodesics exhibits the essential features of the space-time (as for example, the relevance of extending the manifold to negative values of the radial coordinate r), the separability of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation (discovered by Carter) was the first of the many properties which have endowed the Kerr metric with an aura of the miraculous. Besides, the study discloses the possibility (discovered by Penrose) of extracting energy from the Kerr black-hole, thus revealing the existence of physical processes one had not contemplated before. At the same time the study of the geodesics in the Kerr space-time directed attention to certain quite unexpected properties of space-times of Petrov type-Din general. We begin, in fact, with the establishment of one of these properties.
elementary mathematical ‘fheory of statical electricity
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
63.] We have seen that the properties of charged bodies are such that the charge of one body may be equal to that of another, or to the sum of the charges of two bodies, and that when two bodies are equally and oppositely charged they have no electrical effect on external bodies when placed together within a closed insulated conducting vessel. We may express all these results in a concise and consistent manner by describing an electrified body as charged with a certain quantity of electricity, which we may denote bye. When the charge is positive, that is, according to the usual convention, vitreous, e will be a positive quantity. When the charge is negative or resinous, e will be negative, and the quantity -e may be interpreted either as a negative quantity of vitreous electricity or as a positive quantity of resinous electricity.
Forms of the equipotential surfaces and lines of induction in simple cases
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
117.] WE have seen that the determination of the distribution of electricity on the surface of conductors may be made to depend on the solution of Laplace’s equation
V being a function of x, y, and z, which is always finite and continuous, which vanishes at an infinite distance, and which has a given constant value at the surface of each conductor.
Theory of electrio images and electric inversion
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
155.] We have already shewn that when a conducting sphere is under the influence of a known distribution of electricity, the distribution of electricity on the surface of the sphere can be determined by the method of spherical harmonics.
For this purpose we require to expand the potential of the influenced system in a series of solid harmonics of positive degree, having the centre of the sphere as origin, and we then find a corresponding series of solid harmonics of negative degree, which express the potential due to the electrification of the sphere.
The electric current
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
230.] We have seen, in Art. 45, that when a conductor is in electrical equilibrium the potential at every point of the conductor must be the same.
If two conductors A and B are charged with electricity so that the potential of A is higher than that of B, then, if they are put in communication by means of a metallic wire 0 touching both of them, part of the charge of A will be transferred to B, and the potentials of A and B will become in a very short time equalized.
231.] During this process certain phenomena are observed in the wire 0, which are called the phenomena of the electric conflict or current.
Conduction and resistance
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If by means of an electrometer we determine the electric potential at different points of a circuit in which a constant electric current is maintained, we shall find that in any portion of the circuit consisting of a single metal of uniform temperature throughout, the potential at any point exceeds that at any other point farther on in the direction of the current by a quantity depending on the strength of the current and on the nature and dimensions of the intervening portion of the circuit. The difference of the potentials at the extremities of this portion of the circuit is called the External electromotive force acting on it. If the portion of the circuit under consideration is not homogeneous, but contains transitions from one substance to another, from metals to electrolytes, or from hotter to colder parts, there may be, besides the external electromotive force, Internal electromotive forces which must be taken into account.
Linear, electric currents,
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any conductor may be treated as a linear conductor if it is arranged so that the current must always pass in the same manner between two portions of its surface which are called its electrodes. For instance, a mass of metal of any form the surface of which is entirely covered with insulating material except at two places, at which the exposed surface of the conductor is in metallic contact with electrodes formed of a perfectly conducting material, may be treated as a linear conductor. For if the current be made to enter at one of these electrodes and escape at the other the lines of flow will be determinate, and the relation between electromotive force, current and resistance will be expressed by Ohm’s Law, for the current in every part of the mass will be a linear function of E. But if there be more possible electrodes than two, the conductor may have more than one independent current through it, and these may not be conjugate to each other. See Arts. 282 a and 282 b.
A Treatise On Electricity And Magnetism
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Described by Einstein as “the most important event in physics since Newton's time,” the discovery by James Clerk Maxwell that a vast array of phenomena could be united by four elegant formulas remains one of the greatest successes of modern physics. This book, based on the third originally published in 1891, presents the original work which underpins the electronic revolution in the 20th century and which inspired both Lorentz’s theories on the electron and Einstein's theory of relativity. Volume II covers magnetism and electromagnetism.
On energy and stress in the electromagnetic field
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The energy of the system may be divided into the potential energy and the kinetic energy.
The potential energy due to electrification has been already considered in art. 85. It may be writtenw = ½ Σ (e Ψ), (1)Where e is the charge of electricity at a place where the electric potential is Ψ, and the summation is to be extended to every place where there is electrification. If f, g, h are the components of the electric displacement, the quantity of electricity in the element of volume dx dy dz is
Magnetic action on light
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most important step in establishing a relation between electric and magnetic phenomena and those of light must be the discovery of some instance in which the one set of phenomena is affected by the other. In the search for such phenomena we must be guided by any knowledge we may have already obtained with respect to the mathematical or geometrical form of the quantities which we wish to compare. Thus, if we endeavour, as mrs. Somerville did, to magnetize a needle by means of light., we must remember that the distinction between magnetic north and south is a mere matter of direction, and would be at once reversed if we reversed certain conventions about the use of mathematical signs. There is nothing in magnetism analogous to those phenomena of electrolysis which enable us to distinguish positive from negative electricity, by observing that oxygen appears at one pole of a cell and hydrogen at the other.
Thermohydrodynamic Lbe Schemes
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The LBE discussed thus far did not address the issue of a self-consistent coupling between temperature dynamics and heat transfer within the fluid flow. Fully thermohydrodynamic LBE schemes represent a standing challenge to LBE research and despite several brilliant attempts, to date, a consistent thermodynamic LBE scheme working over a wide range of temperatures is still missing. The difficulty is that heat and temperature dynamics require more kinetic momenta and consequently they probe the discrete space–time ‘fabric’ of the lattice more keenly than isothermal flows. At the time of writing, this is one of the most challenging issue left with (basic) LBE research. In this chapter we shall give an account of this important ongoing topic.
A comparative approach to the study of microsatellite evolution
Authors: Amos William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines microsatellite evolution in the light of comparative and empirical data. Sources include limited numbers of germline mutations from humans and birds, large numbers of human allele frequency distributions, studies where loci cloned from one species are amplified in related species and data from studies on a wide range of taxa which yield mean microsatellite lengths and frequency per kilobase of genome. These data are used to examine a range of microsatellite characteristics including: the bite size of the mutation process, whether mutations are biased in favour of expansion, whether heterozygotes are more likely to mutate than homozyogtes, whether maximum repeat number is constrained by an absorbing or reflecting boundary and the extent to which the length and frequency of microsatellites in the genome can be predicted from a species' characteristics.
Mutation and migration in models of microsatellite evolution
Authors: Feldman Marcus W , Kumm Jochen , Pritchard Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dynamic and statistical properties of generalized stepwise mutation models are described, and used to compare data on human di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide polymorphisms. The time-dependent behaviour of an island model with stepwise mutation is analysed, and its equilibrium properties used to estimate the product Nm of the population size and the migration rate. Population statistics are derived from the complete equilibrium analysis of the model, and these are combined to give an estimate of Nm that is related to Slatkin's 1995 estimate which used RsT· When this new statistic is applied to a set of 85 human microsatellite polymorphisms, the resulting population clusters match those in the original tree of Bowcock et al. (1994).
The coalescent and microsatellite variability
Authors: Donnelly Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The coalescent captures the genealogical relationships amongst DNA sequences at a locus within a population. We motivate and describe its probabilistic structure in a variety of demographic scenarios, and discuss models for microsatellite mutations. The paper outlines applications of coalescent methods for microsatellite data, an urn scheme for simulating samples is given, qualitative and quantitative insights are described, and statistical methods for multilocus estimation and testing of demographic scenarios, and likelihood-based inference, are highlighted.
Microsatellites, a neutral marker to infer selective sweeps
Authors: Schloitterer Christian , Wiehe Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years microsatellites have become popular as a highly variable neutral marker. In natural populations, microsatellite variability is determined by new mutations, genetic drift, and selection at linked chromosomal regions. In this chapter. we focus on the consequences of directional selection on observed microsatellite variability in natural populations. A test statistic is introduced that permits the identification of such 'selective sweeps'. The test is designed to detect reduced genetic variation in a specific locus-population combination from a data set of several microsatellite loci in multiple populations. Theoretical considerations, however, predict that selective sweeps may only be detected where microsatellites have a mutation rate which is below a certain threshold.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spatio-Temporal Inference
Authors: Genovese Christopher R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With ever greater computational power at our fingertips, statisticians can now approach problems of unprecedented complexity, both in terms of the mechanics of modeling and the substantive content of inferences to be drawn from models. One class of such problems, of particular relevance in many current applications, is modeling and drawing inferences from data derived from a spatio-temporal process. This paper illustrates some of the new challenges that can arise in this context, using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) as an exemplar. The paper begins with a detailed description of a hierarchical model for fMRI data that focuses on the temporal structure only. The model is applied to fMRI data from a recent neuroscientific study of the eye-movement system in the human brain. The discussion then extends to cover a selection of open problems that are of vital interest to neuroscientists. In fMRI, each of these problems can be approached by extending or applying the hierarchical model in different ways. However, these problems can also be abstracted beyond fMRI and indeed exemplify broader methods that can be useful in a wide range of applications.
Bayesian Model Choice: What and Why?
Authors: Key Jane T , Pericchi Luis R , Smith Adrian F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bayesian approaches to model choice are reviewed from an historical perspective and then discussed in terms of possible desiderata and principles. Particular focus is given to issues of conformity with a decision-theoretic formulation and to the issue of model choice when none of the available models is regarded as true.
Bayesian Analysis of Cepheid Variable Data
Authors: Jefferys William H , Thomas G Barnes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cepheids are a type of variable star that play a key role in establishing the astronomical distance scale. These objects undergo regular pulsations, shrinking and expanding as their luminosities and colors vary in synchronism. It has long been known that the period of the pulsation is related to the luminosity of the star (the Period-Luminosity relationship), and therefore these objects become ‘‘standard candles” that allow us to estimate the distances of objects once we measure their periods and the flux from the stars received on Earth. Calibrating the zero-point of the Period-Luminosity relationship therefore becomes a critical measurement that has repercussions throughout astronomy. These stars are very luminous, and therefore can be seen to rather large distances, which makes them very valuable as standard candles; however, most of them are out of reach of the most direct distance measurements, and even the nearest can only be measured with rather large errors. We have been investigating another approach to determining the distance to these objects that depends upon a detailed study of both photometry and radial velocity information. Analysis of such data has up until now been rather ad hoc’, we have been exploring Bayesian methods in order to systematize the technique. Among the features with which a fully Bayesian analysis of these data must contend are: Model selection (the light curves and velocity profiles need to be modeled accurately yet parsimoniously), and errors-in-variables. We will describe several approaches, one due to Gull, and another using the program BUGS by Spiegelhalter et. al. We are particularly interested in learning ideas that may assist us in carrying out our program.
A Bayesian Analysis of Stochastic Unit Root Models
Authors: Jones Christopher R , Marriott John M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many types of unit root model are used for modelling macroeconomic time series. Recent interest has centred on nonlinear models that exhibit nonstationary behaviour. Granger and Swanson (1993) introduced the stochastic unit root (STUR) model in which the inclusion of a time-varying coefficient in a first order autoregressive model accommodates stationary or explosive behaviour away from a unit root. The STUR model extends the more usual approach adopted in economics for which first differences of the data are used when a classical test of the null unit root, or difference stationary, model cannot be rejected.
Optimal Design for Quantal Bioassay via Monte Carlo Methods
Authors: Kuo Lynn , Soyer Refik , Wang Fei 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In quantal bioassay, different levels of a stimulus are applied to the subjects (experimental units) to learn about the distribution of their tolerance. The response is usually assumed to be dichotomous. The design issue is to determine the levels of the stimuli and to allocate the subjects to different levels of stimuli. We adopt a nonparametric Bayesian approach and assume a Dirichlet process prior on the potency curve. The optimal design solution is derived from a preposterior analysis. When the number of stimuli increases, it becomes more and more difficult to carry out an analytic solution to the preposterior analysis. A simulation-based approach as in Muller and Parmigiani (1995) becomes quite useful. This approach replaces the exact preposterior analysis by a curve-fitting-based optimization procedure that uses Monte Carlo samples simulated from the joint parameter/sample space. We illustrate the implementation of the method by several examples.
Living together
Authors: Maynard Smith John , SzathmáRy EöRs 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the themes of this book is that complex organisms depend on a division of labour between their parts. But this end result can evolve in two very different ways. Compare, for example, an elephant and a plant cell. An elephant depends on co-operation between different kinds of cells—epithelial cells, muscle cells, neurones, and so on. These cells have essentially the same genes. They are derived during development by the division of a single fertilized egg. In evolutionary time, they are all descended from the same single-celled ancestor. The differences between them arise not from possessing different genes but because influences external to the cells cause different genes to be active in different cells. The division of labour in human society, or between castes in an insect colony, is analogous. Humans, although not genetically identical, are very similar, and have a recent common ancestor. The differences between a carpenter and an electrician are caused not by their genes but by their training. The evolution of such systems—multicellular organisms, and animal and human societies—is not discussed in this chapter: it is the topic of the remainder of the book.
The amygdala and associative learning
Authors: Gallagher Michela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The amygdala complex is composed of a heterogeneous collection of nuclei that possess widely different interconnections with other brain regions. By combining behavioural studies with a neural systems analysis, a subset of these nuclei, including the lateral, basolateral, and central nuclei, have been tied together to form a functionally unified system necessary for the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear (Davis, 1992; LeDoux, Chapter 7). This chapter considers more broadly studies of associative learning that have shown a dependence on the integrity of the amygdala complex, which include aversive and appetitive paradigms as well as both Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning. This review supports the perspective that the central nucleus and basolateral complex, along with their diverse interconnections with both brainstem and forebrain systems, form a largely integrated substrate for the use of associative information in the control and guidance of adaptive behaviour.