bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sandel and the Paradox of Liberalism
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The political system of the United States manages to contain, under conditions of peace if not civility, a remarkable range of moral, ideological, and religious conflicts. The conflicts are not so severe as those that led to the Civil War, but they are greater than those that divide most European countries—where public opinion occupies a narrower political range, and religion is not an important element. Because of its size and regional differences, and the historical shadow of slavery and the Civil War, the United States is radically divided over issues of war, taxes, welfare, race, religion, abortion, and sex.
MacKinnon on Sexual Domination
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Catharine MacKinnon, the author of Women’s Lives, Men’s Laws, is an emblematic figure in American life and law. For many years she and her late collaborator, Andrea Dworkin, were the standardbearers of antiliberal feminism, and as a lawyer, writer, and teacher, she has had an explosive impact. She comes from the Left, and her antiliberalism, like the antiliberalism of Marx, derides individual rights as an ideological mask for the protection of existing structures of domination. In Marx’s case, the targets were rights of private property and due process, instruments of class domination. In MacKinnon’s case, they are freedom of speech and the right to privacy, and the domination they uphold is sexual. Her career has been dedicated to attacking male dominance, not as a denial of individual rights to women, but as a deep systemic inequality that defines the difference between the sexes and the meaning of sex. And she has made U.S. antidiscrimination law her weapon: “In societies governed by the rule of law, law is typically a status quo instrument; it does not usually guarantee rights that society is predicated on denying. In this context equality law is unusual: social equality does not exist, yet a legal guarantee of equality does.”
Williams: The Value of Truth
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The virtuoso blend of analytic philosophy, classical scholarship, historical consciousness, and uninhibited curiosity marks Truth and Truthfulness unmistakably as a work by Bernard Williams. He responds to Rousseau and Diderot; Thucydides, Herodotus, and Homer; Nietzsche, Hume, Plato, and Kant; Rorty, Habermas, and Hayden White. He manages to be frequently entertaining, and never to show off. The book is about what Williams calls the “virtues” of truth—that is, the value we attach to certain relations or attitudes to the truth, notably accuracy and sincerity, and including the modern virtue of authenticity. The book is also, more indirectly, a response to skeptics about the reality or intelligibility of truth—the “deniers,” as he calls them—and he leans over backward to find something other than confusion in their position, or in its underlying motives. Recent skeptics about truth have laid themselves open to easy rebuttal by overgeneralizing their doubts into a denial that there is such a thing as truth, or that it matters. Nobody really believes this, says Williams, including the deniers themselves. There are plenty of plain everyday truths—that today is Wednesday, that plants need water, that Paris is the capital of France—and no possessor of language can seriously think otherwise.
Terri Schiavo and the Culture Wars: Ethics vs. Politics
Authors: Goodman Kenneth W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the time Terri Schiavo died on March 31, 2005, at Hospice of the Florida Suncoast in Clearwater, the nation—indeed the world—had eavesdropped on a family conflict with no equal, had witnessed unprecedented legislative machinations in the state capital and in Washington, and had seen dozens of courts hear and rule on scores of motions and pleadings that addressed cornerstone issues in end-of-life care: What are the powers of guardians and other surrogates? How much evidence is needed before their requests or refusals are honored? What is the role of government in bedside medical decisions? How should “disability” be deined? Are artificial nutrition and hydration like or unlike other forms of treatment?
Disability Rights and Wrongs in the Terri Schiavo Case
Authors: Nelson Lawrence J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the struggle over the fate of Terri Schiavo was waged in Florida and federal courts and in the media primarily by her husband and her parents, many other individuals and organizations enthusiastically and loudly joined in as well, including proponents of a right to die, health care workers, religious fundamentalists, politicians, right-to-life proponents, opponents of euthanasia and assisted suicide, lawyers, bioethicists—and disability rights activists. On October 15, 2003, Ms. Schiavo’s gastrostomy tube was removed for the second time pursuant to a court order. On October 21, the Florida Legislature passed “Terri’s Law,” which authorized the governor to issue an executive order directing the reinsertion of the tube. Governor Jeb Bush signed the bill and issued the order. On that same day, Michael Schiavo, her husband, filed a lawsuit arguing that “Terri’s Law” was unconstitutional and seeking an injunction to stop reinsertion of the tube; but the tube was reinserted anyway, and the controversy continued.
Chaucer’s Shorter Poems: Social and Cultural Contexts
Authors: Minnis A J , Scattergood V J , Smith J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our first clear sighting of the historical Chaucer is in the late 1350s, when he appears as a retainer, probably a page, of Elizabeth de Burgh, Countess of Ulster and wife of Lionel, son of King Edward III. Lionel was involved in the English invasion of France in September 1359; at one point in this campaign Chaucer was captured, but soon ransomed. During the peace negotiations at Calais in October 1360, the prince paid him for carrying letters from there to England, which may mark the beginning of his career as international courier and diplomat. When he reappears from the mists of the period 1360–6, Chaucer may well be going about the royal family’s business: he is named as the recipient of a safe conduct through Navarre. In 1366 his father, a prosperous London wine merchant, died. And by 12 September of the same year he had married a certain ‘Philippa’, usually identified as Philippa de Roet, whose family (or at least father) had come to England from Hainault with Edward’s Queen Philippa.
The Book of the Duchess
Authors: Minnis A J , Scattergood V J , Smith J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Blanche of Lancaster died on 12 September 1368, perhaps of the plague. Two major monuments were constructed to preserve her memory. One was a poem by Geoffrey Chaucer, this being (as far as we know) his first substantial composition; he was probably in his mid-twenties at the time of Blanche’s death. The other was the work of her husband, John of Gaunt, the third surviving son of King Edward III. In 1374 he commissioned from master mason Henry Yevele a splendid alabaster tomb, surmounted by sculptures of the duchess and himself. Perpetual masses were to be said for her soul at an adjoining altar, and a memorial service held on 12 September of each year. Gaunt’s will contained the directive, ‘My body to be buried . . . beside my most dear late wife Blanche, who is there interred’. And that was done. However, the tomb of Gaunt and Blanche, which was located in the north arcade of the choir of old St Paul’s cathedral church in London, perished in the Great Fire. Chaucer’s poem has survived. Is it a record, however idealized, of a genuine love-affair, or an elaborate piece of princepleasing which plays fast and loose with the facts, assuming that the poet knew them? Marty critics have felt obliged to speculate on the nature of the royal relationship, since on it hangs—or at least they have made to hang—their views on the negotiations between artifice and life, conventional discourses and emotional integrity, which are made by the Book of the Duchess.
The House of Fame
Authors: Minnis A J , Scattergood V J , Smith J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Inferno such reticence is short-lived. Dante presents himself as travelling farther than Virgil in paradise and in poetry. When Virgil can serve as his guide no longer, the now glorified Beatrice takes over, she in turn giving way to St Bernard of Clairvaux, the great authority on Christian love. The implication that the Christian Comedy transcends the pagan Aeneid is obvious. Dante’s reference to St Paul recalls 2 Corinthians 12: 2—4, where Paul describes how he was elevated ‘to the third heaven’, ‘whether in the body, or out of the body, I know not: God knoweth’. ‘Caught up into paradise’, he ‘heard secret words which it is not granted to man to utter’.
The Parliament of Fowls
Authors: Minnis A J , Scattergood V J , Smith J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here Gerard Manley Hopkins celebrates what he called ‘inscape’ —the distinctive pattern and design which is the unique property of each and every creature, yet which links it to God, inasmuch as ‘the fire that breaks from thee’ is ‘a billion/ Times told lovelier, more dangerous’ (as he puts it in ‘The Windhover: To Christ our Lord’). Hopkins’s formulation of his interest in individuality and personality owed much to the theory of ‘thisness’ (or haeccitas) as held by the medieval schoolman John Duns Scotus, the notion that there is an individuating difference, or final perfection, which makes every created thing ‘this’ and not ‘that’.
The Short Poems (by V. J. Scattergood)
Authors: Minnis A J , Scattergood V J , Smith J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But to take these statements with absolute literalness may be ill-advised, because lists so similar as to suggest a well-known formula appear in the writings of Machaut, Froissart, and Deschamps, and Chaucer attributes a similar repertoire of poetry to the love-sick squire Aurelius in the Franklin’s Tale, where it is asserted that he made ‘manye layes, / Songes, compleintes, roundels, virelayes’ (V(F) 747—8). If these lists are genuine attempts at description, they are not very exact in relation to what has survived. The implication that Chaucer’s short poems are all about love ignores the fact that a number treat religious and moral subjects. And, on a formal level, there is no surviving virelai (unless parts of Anelida and Arcite, 211—380, can be counted as such). Most of all, however, scholars have been puzzled by the impression that Chaucer is said to have written ‘many’ short poems, whereas only twenty-two are now usually accepted as canonical.
Reparation and ‘The Sailor’s Mother’
Authors: Robinson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bernard Williams, Writing about regret and the desire to make amends, has observed that cases exist where
Poetry may arise from the many circumstances in which no appropriate action is possible, when the desire to make reparation which remains is expressed through the activity, less directed to the victims, of making poems. I think the ‘other action’ of writing a poem, since it is prompted by a sense of irreparability, of there being no ‘appropriate action’ of a direct kind, will have two interdependent aims: it will try to inhabit the circumstances of the irreparable, to describe its ‘painful consciousness that nothing can be done’; and it will attempt, through the attributes of poems themselves, to perform a ‘reparative action or substitute for it’. The precise interrelating of these two aims in particular poems will vary widely according to both the nature of the circumstances and the aesthetic dispositions of the poet. This chapter explores one such interrelation in a poem by William Wordsworth.
In Another’s Words: Hardy’s Poetry
Authors: Robinson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In her short memoir, Some Recollections (a manuscript completed on 4 January 19u), Emma Lavinia Gifford, Thomas Hardy’s first wife, recalled the time of their courtship in the early 1870s: ‘We grew much interested in each other and I found him a perfectly new subject of study and delight, and he found a “mine” in me, he said’. Mrs Hardy had attempted to rival her husband as a writer, which may explain the curious air of people taking notes on each other in ‘a perfectly new subject of study and delight’, an air which runs on beyond the comma to inform the reciprocating ‘and he found a “mine” in me’, followed by the faintest note of possible recrimination in the halting, comma’d-off ‘he said’. Hardy introduced details of their courtship into A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873), as Mrs Hardy knew; he adopted phrases and incidents from Some Recollections when composing the poems that followed upon her death in the autumn of 1912. To account for the hold another’s words can have on the imagination of a writer conceiving and composing poems, I want to examine related qualities in Hardy’s work: regular and irregular rhythms and stanza forms; the unforeseen in human experience, and the predestined or fated; then, quoted or spoken words within inverted commas and the stanza forms they fit. James Joyce, referring to the final chapter of Ulysses in a letter to Frank Budgen of 28 February 1921, wrote: ‘The last word (human, all too human) is left to Penelope. This is the indispensable countersign to Bloom’s passport to eternity.’ An ‘indispensable countersign’ in Hardy’s ‘self-excelling’ poems is what I hope to depict.
Robert Lowell and ‘Moral Luck’
Authors: Robinson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My daughter who was aged about five I think at the time happened to be listening to a radio programme and Anton Webern’s music came on and I said, ‘This is music you won’1t like, it’s difficult, for grown-ups’ and asked her what it’s like . . . then she said this amazing thing, ‘It’s like a lot of wild spiders crying but without tears’... I stole it from her.2
Robert Browning’s Grasp
Authors: Robinson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paying a compliment, she prefigures the terms of Browning’s ‘Essay on Shelley’ (1852), and shows how to apply to her future husband his distinction between subjective and objective poet. For Browning, as for the objective poet, ‘the world is not to be learned and thrown aside, but reverted to and relearned’(i. roo3); yet equally, Browning and the subjective poet are to intuit ‘Not what man sees, but what God sees-the Ideas of Plato, seeds of creation lying burningly on the Divine Hand-’ (i. roo2), and ‘it is towards these that he struggles’. Elizabeth’s effusion was a response to the praise in Browning’s letter of two days earlier, where he affirms that she was the truly subjective poet, the Shelleyan visionary, while he was merely and exclusively objective: ‘You speak out, you, I only make men & women speak-give you truth broken into prismatic hues, and fear the pure white light’. While each of the lovers-in-potential is writing to idealize and worship the poetry of the other, Elizabeth Barrett’s literary foresight and criticism seem, more than Browning’s: ‘shadows which futurity casts on the present’.
‘Moral Eugenics’: The Working-Class Fiction of V. Sackville-West
Authors: Raitt Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sackville-West’s political and class allegiances have always been a stumbling block for her feminist admirers. This chapter will argue that she was already profoundly, and publicly, reactionary, by the time Woolf met her. In 1942 Sackville-West was enraged by the Beveridge Report, as we shall see; but her hostility to the working class is obvious already in her earliest published fiction. The woman with whom Woolf fell in love was, among other things, an unashamed eugenicist, and her extensive knowledge of the subject shapes the narrative of, and the assumptions behind, two of her earliest popular novels, Heritage (1919) and The Dragon in Shallow Waters (1921).
‘Maternal Explanation’: Autobiography and Gender
Authors: Raitt Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both Woolf and Sackville-West, imaginative and introspective, were constantly concerned with explanation. As we have seen, Vita Sackville-West relied in her early novels on eugenic theory to ‘explain* class difference. But in her and Woolf’s autobiographical writing, explanation of the self and of others required the forging of new narratives, rather than the adaptation of old ones. Sackville-West’s interest in the intersection of public policy and theories of heredity was also an anxiety about who she was herself.
Modern Times
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The twentieth century brought all sorts of modern inventions to make life more fun. Every parlor held at least one mechanical amusement. The family could wind up the Victrola and listen to Caruso records, or pop a self-playing music roll into the player piano for a little ragtime. Those who were not musical might spend an evening viewing beautiful three-dimensional landscapes through the stereoscope, or browsing through the pictures in the newspaper’s rotogravure section. Or maybe they’d just curl up on the davenport with the latest dime novel. The adventures of schoolboy Frank Merriwell kept readers entertained for hours.
Swinging Cats in Hooverville
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The party that was the twenties crashed along with the stock market in 1929. Coolidge prosperity turned into the Hoover Depression. The newly unemployed stood in breadlines and slept on park benches under Hoover blankets made of newspaper. Hoovervilles, wretched shantytowns where people lived when they weren’t on the tramp looking for work, sprang up around the country. Even those who still had homes were throwing rent parties to avoid eviction.
Rosie the Riveter and G.I. Joe
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year 1940 found Americans waiting for war. The Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan had been on the move since the mid-1930s. Adolph Hitler’s Nazis invaded the Rhineland in 1936, then annexed Austria. Fellow fascists in Italy under Benito Mussolini had already taken over Ethiopia. On the other side of the world, Japan waged war against China. After a 1938 meeting with Hitler, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain predicted peace for our time, but most people expected conflict. Barely a year later, it came. When Germany invaded Poland, Poland’s Allies, France and Britain, declared war.
Hipsters in Squaresville
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The country took it easy during the Eisenhower years, at least as much as it could in the shadow of the A-bomb and the H-bomb. Americans liked Ike. Former G.I. Joes traded their uniforms for gray flannel suits, while former Rosies changed from their overalls into can-can petticoats. Together they moved to suburban Levittowns and started families. Babies were really booming in the fifties.
Pet Rocks and Plumbers
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American life took a turn for the frivolous in the seventies. During the Me Decade, people concentrated on encountering themselves rather than confronting the outside world. Primal screams echoed through the land, as the newly self-realized shed any inhibitions left over from the sixties. Those in search of quieter pursuits could stay at home and listen to their eight-tracks on the tape player. Or if they wanted a challenge, they could always spend time trying to solve their Rubik’s cubes. Trekfans (or trekfen) were settled in front of the tube, catching syndicated reruns of their favorite show. If you weren’t afraid of future shock, Star Trek could beam you up to a whole new universe.
The Anglo-Dutch Alliance in Dekker’s Early Works
Authors: Gasper Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dekker’s militant Protestant convictions are discernible in his earliest surviving work, The Shoemakers’ Holiday, or Holy-Day, as the second Quarto, of 1610, entitled it. It was written and performed in 1599. The Shoemakers’ Holiday is an intensely topical play. David Novarr has shown that it not only dramatizes elements of a story about a contemporary Lord Mayor of London, Sir John Spencer, but also refers to the military activities in London the previous year. In Act I soldiers are being pressed in London for a war in France. Lacey and his cousin Askew are officers, and the shoemaker, Rafe, is a conscript. In Act III Rafe’s wife Jane is persuaded from a list of casualties to believe that Rafe is dead.
The Whore of Babylon
Authors: Gasper Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dekker’s Whore of Babylon (1605) can be regarded as the definitive militant Protestant play. Although it was written shortly after the Gunpowder Plot, it would be a mistake to see it and its view of events in too narrow a context. While portraying recent events in England, it depicts the struggle between the True Church and her enemy, Rome, in inter national and apocalyptic terms. Like Sir Thomas Wyatt, it has a connection with the Essex rebellion.
The Virgin Martyr and the War in Germany
Authors: Gasper Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Virgin Martyr, a collaboration between Dekker and the young Massinger, has attracted quite a lot of critical attention, but for the last twenty years the accepted view of it has been that it is a Roman Catholic tragedia sacra, something which would be totally inconsistent with the works of Dekker and furthermore a unique anomaly on the Elizabethan or Jacobean stage. While The Virgin Martyr is a remarkable play, it is not such a total anomaly, and it is best understood in its proper place in the Dekker canon.
What is ‘Restoration’ Drama?
Authors: Hume Robert D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What do we mean by the term ‘Restoration’ drama? The question may seem to smack of triviality. or love of quibbling, yet its implications, fully pursued, take us into very significant problems. What period do we mean? Twenty years, forty years, seventy-seven years? Is there a case for recognizing a number of periods and sub-periods? I am going to argue against a broad application of the designation ‘Restoration’; instead, I favour viewing the development of English drama between 1660 and 1710 as a single long movement comprising some fairly distinct phases. With the period defined, we will want to know what playwrights are included. Do we mean to discuss five plays or five hundred? Several books supposedly on Restoration drama deal with three writers and their eleven plays; others cover six or eight writers. To explain who is covered and why seems only fair: the critic owes his readers a clear explanation of what defines the period or group he is analysing, how its parts cohere or relate to each other, and, more generally, just what sort of subject he thinks he is dealing with and why.
Theories of Serious Drama
Authors: Hume Robert D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Restoration theory of tragedy’—the title I am obviously avoiding here—is a vexed subject indeed. Most of the modern critics who have investigated the matter have arrived at fairly derogatory assessments of the so-called ‘neoclassic’ concept of tragedy, concluding that writers in this period fail to comprehend the very basis of genuine tragedy. And given the heavy emphasis seventeenth-century writers place on poetic justice, one must grant the evident—that they were not thinking of ‘tragedy’ as we now understand it. Given further that the plays these writers produced are now very much a cultivated taste at best, any exploration of the subject properly begins with the reopening of some very basic questions. How did the late seventeenth-century writers conceive of tragedy? What did they think it should do? We need an inventory of the subjects, methods of imitation, and types of effect considered proper to whatever set of modes of non-comic drama we may find championed. That the plays themselves have little appeal for modern taste is all the more reason for trying to comprehend what the writers thought they wanted to produce.