bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gendered Germany
Authors: Schaser Angelika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 18 August 1896 — more than a quarter century after Imperial Germany was formally unified— the Reichstag finally legislated its first Civil Code (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch). The code, which took effect in 1900, left little doubt that the gender order in twentieth-century Germany was based not just on a distinction but on a hierarchy between the sexes. While this hierarchy was endorsed in the political, economic, and legal arenas, the Civil Code’s paragraphs on marriage law were particularly revealing:
§ 1354. The husband is responsible for decisions in all matters affecting joint married life; in particular, he determines where the family is to reside.
The wife is not obliged to follow her husband’s decision if it represents an abuse of his rights.
The bourgeoisie and reform
Authors: Dickinson Edward Ross 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1891 Wilhelm Baur, an important figure in the Inner Mission (the German national organization of the Protestant charities), used that organization’s journal to issue a troubling warning to his colleagues. The feverish pace of some conservative Christians’ charitable activities — what Baur called the ‘instrumentalization of Christian personalities for the common good’ — threatened to undermine ‘the intimacy and warmth of family life’ in their own homes, and thereby to become self-defeating in the long term. ‘Running around in the city while forgetting to sweep before one’s own door,’ he reflected, and ‘an associational life that deprived the house of mother or father in undue measure, would turn reason into nonsense and good deeds into a plague.
Political culture and democratization
Authors: Kühne Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In March 1908, political trouble was brewing in the suburbs of Cologne. Elections to the Prussian state parliament (Landtag) were scheduled just three months hence, and the dominant party in the electoral district of Sieg-Mülheim-Wipperfürth, the Catholic Centre Party, faced the prospect of open rebellion in its ranks. This district lay on the east side of the Rhine River and had been a secure seat for the Centre since the mid-1870s, when the mobilization of Catholic voters during the Kulturkampf made it a ‘bomb-proof’ bastion of party support. (The district’s population was over 85 per cent Catholic.) Even though this district sent three representatives to the lower house of the Prussian Landtag, and even though its social profile was very heterogeneous, no other party stood a realistic chance of winning even one of those three mandates. Partly for this reason, in the spring of 1908 metal-workers in the city of Mülheim felt they deserved to have ‘one of their own’ in the Landtag — a true worker, not just a candidate who adhered to the Centre’s programme or promised to lobby for working-class interests. In fact, local workers had been voicing this demand for three years. How would the Centre’s nomination committee respond?
An Eighteenth-Century Prelude and a Sixteenth-Century Context
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 20 October 1762 Edward Gibbon lay awake in bed, worrying about the Greek calendar. He had read the dissertation of M. de la Nauze on the Roman calendar during the previous year, but found himself ‘very ignorant’ of Greek practices. Ever meticulous, ever self possessed, he spent the next morning working through ‘a short, but very excellent, abstract of Mr. Dodwell’s book De cyclis, by the famous Dr. Halley’. He read it carefully, verifying the calculations, and at the end felt able to congratulate himself on having done ‘a very good morning’s work’ and gained ‘a very true notion of Meton’s Attic year’-though the Macedonian chronology still puzzled him. On the 23rd he reinforced his confidence in Dodwell’s system by computing the date of the battle of Arbela; and though he found the necessary calculations ‘tedious’, he was delighted by the result: 1 October 331 bc, the date of the battle, fell as it should on 25 Boedromion in the Greek reckoning. The Greek calendar seemed under control.
The Meaning of World History: Scaliger and the Theorists
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sixteenth-century chronologers were usually grave and learned. But they also enjoyed what now seems a surprising degree of licence to innovate. Since Annius at least, modern scholars had rewritten all of political and cultural history in many mutually inconsistent ways. Any source could be supported or called into question, any nation from Sweden to Spain supplied on demand with a starring role in forgotten dramas that had once occupied centre stage in world history. No wonder, then, that the grand historical works of the period from 1550 to 1580 often have a carnivalesque flavour—an air of jubilance in overturning received opinions and overthrowing old authorities. Sweeping new versions of history, often highly charged with political and religious goals, were probably more prevalent—and often more impressive in their documentation—than merely informative compilations.
1580-1581: The Territory of the Chronologer (I): The Computus
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As he interpreted his first Oriental documents, Scaliger began systematically to explore the computistic literature to which they belonged. He must have used standard reference books, though these are necessarily hard to identify. One hint comes from the last section of his note on the colophon of his Arabic Gospels.
Travelling East: The Babylonian Calendar and its Progeny
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you ask a Jew nowadays what the form of the original Hebrew year was, he will either think you are making fun of him, or call you insane to doubt that the lunar year was established by Adam himself. Nor will a Christian treat you any better. But in the next book Moses will speak for himself—and say thing which will give them licence to hold their tongues.
Dealing with the Jews: Rewriting a Tradition
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Establishing the Babylonian origins of the Jewish calendar did not, of course, amount to giving a definitive account of it. Scaliger dealt at length with its peculiar technical components—elements not, in his view, to be derived from an earlier source. And he elaborated some peculiar doctrines of his own in analysing and accounting for these.
The Historion synagoge and the Olympiad List: Greek Chronography Restored
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The late seventeenth century was a great age of criticism well applied: it saw Bentley athetize the letters of Phalaris, Simon resolve the Pentateuch into its original components, and Perizonius define the conditions of credibility for historical sources. But sometimes the criticism of the day was more rationalist than rational—as in the notorious case of Jean Hardouin, who used the numismatic evidence he knew so well to prove that Virgil never wrote the Aeneid.
Calendars Reconstructed Once More: Old Ideas and New Material in the lsagogici chronologiae canones
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lsagogici canones begin with a massive, systematic treatment of the Greek, Jewish, Islamic, and Persian calendars that Scaliger had first reconstructed more than twenty years before in the De emendatione. These new versions of old calendars both presented Scaliger’s main results from the past and added new material and findings to them, and they reveal the impact of his recent studies in a variety of ways. They show him continuing to add new texts and information to his old stores, and even applying some of his new analytical methods to texts that bore on calendars. But they also show some striking continuities, in data and argument, with work he had done long before and in another country.
Epochs, Dynasties, and fides historica: Ancient Chronography in the Isagogici canones
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Book 1 of the Canones restated Scaliger’s earlier work on calendars, some of it solid but much of it wilful, in the apparently rigorous language of mathematical tables. On reconversion into, plain qualitative English, much of this material disappoints. Book 2, by contrast, looks more conventional, even traditional, than anything in any version of the De emendatione. Scaliger leads off with a list of 121 historical epochs, all of them assigned to specific Julian years and many to Julian days as well. He then offers lists of rulers: Egyptians, Chaldeans, Assyrians, Medes, Persians, Macedonians, Babylonians, Persians, Arabs, Caliphs of Baghdad and Damascus, Ottoman Sultans, Chinese, Trojans, Lydians, Mermnadae, Pergamese, Tyrians, Jews, Sicyonians, priests of Apollo Karneius, Argives, Mycenaeans, Athenians, Spartans, Corinthians, Macedonians, Latins, Aeneadae, Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Suevi, Lombards, Vandals, and Exarchs of Ravenna. The whole display fills 52 folio pages in the second edition of the Canones.
Illness, revolution, and war
Authors: Cannon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The king’s pleasant and relatively undemanding way of life was shattered late in 1788 by the onset of a severe illness. Physically strong, abstemious in diet and conduct, taking regular exercise, George was often agitated by political diﬃculties, his opinions strongly held and frequently expressed with vigour. John Brooke and other historians have denied that there were any traces of derangement in his illness of 1765, though on 18 March George Grenville noted ‘the king’s countenance and manner a good deal estranged’ (W. J. Smith, 3.122). This may have been caused, or at least exacerbated, by the presence of Grenville him- self, whom the king disliked intensely.
Destined to be elusive
Authors: Stewart Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (1882–1941), writer, was born at 41 Brighton Square, West Rathgar, Dublin, on 2 February 1882, the eldest surviving son of John Stanislaus Joyce (1849–1931) and his wife, Mary Jane (May) (1859–1903), daughter of John Murray and Margaret Theresa Murray. The Joyces were a Catholic middle-class family who had enjoyed moderate commercial prosperity in Cork and Dublin throughout the nineteenth century. The family was aligned on both sides with constitutional nationalism, although the Joyces were the more substantial property-owners and the more socially secure representatives of the emerging Catholic bourgeoisie.
‘I will let in fresh air’
Authors: Stewart Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having spent a year on the matriculation course of the Royal University of Ireland during 1898–9 Joyce entered University College, Dublin, as an undergraduate in October 1899, reading modern languages with Latin and logic as additional subjects. The reserved but self-possessed young man was acknowledged to be exceptional in both temperament and intellect by his peers. He was certainly the best-read student in his year, yet his examination results were invariably undistinguished and he emerged in 1902 with only a pass degree.
‘Work in Progress’
Authors: Stewart Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1922 and 1923 Joyce’s health was again pre-carious. While Nora was in Ireland, following a period of domestic tension, he suffered an acute attack of iritis late in May 1922 and a physician observed him living in considerable squalor at rue de l’Université. On an endocrinologist’s recommendation all his teeth were extracted, and shortly afterwards he underwent a sphincterectomy on his left eye. But meanwhile Joyce showed signs of bestirring himself in new writing.
Unconscionability in property law: a fairy-tale ending?
Authors: Wtitt Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tale of property law belongs to the science-fiction genre - it is part science, part fiction. In fact it is the ongoing story of efforts to supplant the fictions of law with the science of law. These efforts are keenly felt in connection with the idea of unconscionability. The most scientific approaches tell the story of equity in property law without resort to the idea of unconscionability. Sarah Worthington resort to the idea of exemplifies this approach in her monograph, Equity,1 and F W Maitland takes a similar approach in Equity: A Course ofLectures,2 in which he confines conscience to history.3 There are, however, commentators who approve an aspirational version of equity in which good conscience is a transcendent extra-legal value to which appeal can be made through the language of unconscionability with a view to developing the law along ‘better’ lines. Margaret Halliwell is representative of this approach. In her monograph Equity and Good Conscience she contends that ‘equity, or good conscience, operates as an anti-legal element via the judicial modification or supplementing of existing rules of law by reference to current conditions and circumstances’.
‘Si Sit Clericus Superveniens De Genere Nostro’ : The Parlement of Paris and the Foundation of the Collége de Montaigu
Authors: Lusignan Serge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the thirteenth century, the kings of France interfered very rarely in Parisian scholarly affairs, unless it was to renew the precious privilege granted by Philippe Auguste in 1200. This privilege recognized the clerical status of all scholars and made the Provost of Paris responsible for respecting their immunity. Papal power was at the origin of the legislation ensuring the university’s autonomy and the personal privileges of its members.
Customs-Approved Treatment or Use
Authors: Gormley Laurence W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Save as otherwise provided, goods may at any time be assigned a customs-approved treatment or use irrespective of their nature or quantity, or their country of origin, consignment or destination, although this principle must not preclude the imposition of prohibitions or restrictions justified on grounds of public morality, public policy or public security, the protection of health and life of humans, animals or plants, the protection of national treasures possessing artistic, historic or archaeological value or the protection of industrial and commercial property.
The Nuclear Common Market
Authors: Gormley Laurence W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Member States were required by Article 93 of the Euratom Treaty, as from 1 January 1959, to prohibit between themselves all customs duties on imports or exports or charges having equivalent effect, and all quantitative restrictions on imports or exports, in respect of: products in List Al and List A2 of Annex IV;products in List B of Annex IV if subject to a common customs tariff and accompanied by a certificate issued by the Commission stating that they are intended to be used for nuclear purposes.
Legal Mechanisms to Promote The Use of Renewable Sources of Energy in Mexico: The Role of Taxation
Authors: González M* José Juan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 1970s, the concern about the consumption of fossil fuels has been increasing around the entire world, not only because they are not renewable resources, but also because during its process of production and consumption serious damage to the environment 1 and to the human health are * Professor, Department of Law, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico, and Director of the Mexican Environmental Law Journal, Mexico; BA, LLM (Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana), PhD (Alicante).
Recent Developments in the Use of Environmental and Energy Taxes in South Africa
Authors: Plessis* Willemien du 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past few years more emphasis has been placed on energy issues in South Africa. New policies and legislation are introduced on nearly a monthly basis. According to the White Paper on Energy of 1998, the exploitation of all possible energy carriers is vital for sustainable economic development. Although South Africa has the potential to make use of renewable resources,1 it relies mostly on a coal-generated energy industry with its environmental and health consequences, while people in the rural areas use biomass as their source of energy for cooking and heating.2 In some areas the wood source has been totally depleted, and in others it is under severe pressure.3 Dung is used by some as fuel and by others to make methane gas.
The Use of Environmental Taxes as a Water Management Strategy
Authors: Fort* Denise D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Environmental taxation should be utilized to address water demands in the arid western United States. It would provide water consumers with better information about the cost of water and encourage the conservation or transfer of water from lower value uses. The western US is defined by a scarcity of water. This geographic distinction has given rise to unique laws for the use and distribution of water, massive federal subsidies, and decades of litigation.
Conserving Native Vegetation on Private Land: Subsidizing Sustainable Use of Biodiversity?
Authors: Stoianoff Natalie P , Kelly Andrew H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 (the Biodiversity Convention) has as its primary objective the conservation of biological diversity.1 Running a close second is the objective of sustainable use of biological diversity.2 Simultaneous achievement of such objectives often runs contrary to the desires of large landowners in Australia, particularly when such landowners are engaged in primary production industries.
Complex Flow Patterns
Authors: Bruus Henrik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Viscous forces dominate in microfluidics and tend to favor laminar flow at the expense of turbulence. Most laminar flow patterns are simple, and in the case of creeping flow they even closely follow the geometry of the enclosing channel. Nevertheless, it is possible by careful design to create complex flow patterns in microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems. In this chapter we will study two examples of such an increasing level of complexity in microflows.
The Right to Freedom of Association
Authors: Gearty Conor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The right of association for political ends is a strongly embedded entitlement in British political culture. It is a freedom that has been forged in past eras of repression, when the branding of a political association as unlawful was frequently turned to as a means of hindering the advance of the ideas for which its members stood. By the twentieth century, however, the liberty had managed to become well-established in the UK (apart from in Northern Ireland, on which see further below). Thus the generally severe defence of the realm regulations promulgated at the outset of and throughout the First World War empowered the authorities to harass in all sorts of ways the radical peace activists and trade unionists who were perceived to be a threat to national defence, but they did not take the shortcut of group censorship. Nor did the government when faced with the new threat of a domestic Communist Party of Great Britain in the 1948 s. The emergency regulations of the Second World War era likewise tended to go for suspected persons rather than groups. Through much of the liberal post-war period, the idea of banning political groups or other kinds of associations was more or less unthinkable in Britain.
Commencement, Service And Pleadings
Authors: Andrews Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with various aspects of ‘commencement’ of proceedings: issue of process; service of claim forms; the period for service of a claim form; and pleadings, which are now known in England as ‘statements of case’; finally, Section E provides the reader with details of sources concerning the scope of English civil jurisdiction, namely the Brussels and Lugano jurisdictional systems or (in situations not governed by the Brussels/Lugano systems) the grounds specified in CPR 6.20 concerning service of claim form outside the English Jurisdiction.
John’s Gospel: ‘I Am The Way’
Authors: Stanton Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John’s gospel is like a stream in which children can wade and elephants swim. For many readers this gospel’s main themes are simple and clear, and the evangelist’s dramatic presentation of the story of Jesus is compelling. The first half of the gospel is dominated by dialogues between Jesus and a handful of individuals who do not appear in the other gospels but whose portraits are finely drawn: Nicodemus, the leading Pharisee who came to Jesus by night (ch. 3); the Samaritan woman by the well at Sychar (ch. 4) who turns out to have had five husbands; the man who had been ill for 38 years, lying beside the pool with five porticoes (ch. 5); the man born blind whose sight is restored and who gradually understands who Jesus is (ch. 9).
Messiah, Son of God, Son of Man
Authors: Stanton Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What claims did Jesus make about himself? Until the rise of modern historical study of the gospels in the late eighteenth century, it was generally assumed that Jesus spoke openly about himself as a divine being. Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of God of the Christian creeds. Reference was often made to verses from the fourth gospel such as John 8: 58 and 17: 5. In the former, when Jesus says, ‘Before Abraham was, I am’ (John 8: 58), there is a clear echo of God’s self-disclosure to Moses in Exodus 3: 14: ‘I am who I am.’ In John 17: 5 Jesus speaks of the glory which he had with the Father before the world was made.
Paths to Creativity for Knowledge-Intensive Workers
Authors: Sodergren Birgitta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the era of the ‘knowledge society’ many companies are becoming increasingly aware of the fact that their competitiveness, in terms of both customer value and shareholder value, is to an increasing extent based on knowledge. Also in society as a whole we can see that organizations play an important part in the development and spread of knowledge. Companies do not only create goods and services; they also create knowledge, for themselves, for individuals, and for society.
Shareholder Value and the Modernization of European Corporate Law
Authors: Ferrarini Guido 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I argue that the shareholder value concept is a useful yardstick by which to measure the responsiveness of corporate law and practice to the needs of capital markets. I analyses, in particular, some of the corporate law institutions and practices that offer an organizational setting for the wealth creation process, focusing on the board of directors, take-overs, and share buy-backs.
British Commercial Bank Support for the Business Sector and the Pressure for Change, 1918–39
Authors: Collins Michael , Baker Mae 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the interwar period commercial banks in Britain (as elsewhere) came under severe pressure to change their traditional approach to the provision of finance for the business sector. Problems arising from the disruption of the First World War, the Great Depression of 1929–32, and the long-term contraction of overseas markets for British manufacturing goods, led to major structural changes within the country’s industrial sector and to large-scale unemployment. Central to the disruption were the chronic difficulties facing the so-called traditional industries that were heavily dependent on export markets—in particular, the coal, textiles, iron and steel, shipbuilding, and heavy engineering sectors. Such problems led to an unprecedented amount of pressure (both economic and political) on the banks to become more actively involved in the affairs of their business clients.