bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disentitlement?
Authors: Jost Timothy Stoltzfus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No developed nation relies exclusively on the private sector to finance health care for citizens. This book begins by exploring the deficiencies in private health insurance that account for this. It then recounts the history and legal character of America’s public health care entitlements -Medicare, Medicaid, and tax subsidies for employment-related health benefits. These programs are increasingly embattled, attacked by those advocating privatization (replacing public with private insurance), individualization (replacing group and community-based insurance with approaches based on individual choice within markets) and devolution (devolving authority over entitlements to state governments and to private entities). The book critically analyzes this movement toward disentitlement. He also examines the primary models for structuring health care entitlements in other countries -general taxation-funded national health insurance and social insurance, and considers what we can learn from these models. The book concludes by describing what an American entitlement-based health care system could look like, and in particular how the legal characteristics of our entitlement programs could be structured to support the long-term sustainability of these vital programs.
Tax Credits for Health Insurance: Disentitlement of America’s Workers?
Authors: Jost Timothy Stoltzfus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
America’s third most costly health-care entitlement program is its most effective in terms of lives covered, but also one of its most maligned. For the past half century, most Americans with health insurance have been covered through their place of employment. A major factor in bolstering employment related insurance has been the entitlement of employers who offer and employees who purchase employment-related health insurance to sizable tax subsidies. The payments that an employer makes to purchase employmentrelated group health insurance for its employees are considered to be business expenses of the employer and are thus not included in the employer’s taxable income. Moreover, § 106 of the Internal Revenue Code provides that employment-provided health insurance is also not taxable income to the employee, while § 105 excludes from employee income the value of medical benefits purchased with employment-related insurance. When these provisions are read together, they totally exempt the value of employment-related health benefits from income taxation. The value of employer-provided insurance is also excluded from payroll taxes for Social Security and Medicare. Combined, these provisions afford a tax subsidy valued at $111.2 billion in 1998 to support employment-related health insurance.
The British National Health Service: The General Revenue-Financed Model of Health-Care Entitlements
Authors: Jost Timothy Stoltzfus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The British National Health Service (NHS) is generally regarded as the archetypical example of the national health service, general revenue financed, model of health-care financing and provision. The hallmarks of the British “Beveridge model” are payment for health-care services from general taxes and direct government provision of health care. Neither of these characteristics exists purely in the British system. Although the health-care system is funded primarily through general revenue funding, about 12% of funding comes from national insurance contributions, a payroll tax that is a holdover from the pre-NHS days that funds various social security programs, and 6.3% is funded by user charges. Also, most British general practitioners (GPs) are not government employees, but own their own practices as individuals or groups and provide services to the NHS on a contracted basis. The NHS, moreover, has increasingly turned to private ownership of NHS hospitals as a means of financing new construction, and has begun to purchase services from private hospitals as well. In general, however, the British system represents this model of health service provision, with its strong and weak points.
Domestic Violence Theories, Research, and Practice Implications
Authors: Brewster Mary P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Violence against women has received unprecedented attention during the past decade. The first piece of federal legislation addressing intimate violence, the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), was passed by Congress in 1994 and brought greater legal protection for abused women and stiffer penalties for batterers. Congress also increased funding for domestic violence research and for programs to protect women from domestic violence perpetrators. Media coverage of the VAWA has also increased public awareness of the issue of domestic violence.
Children Exposed to Domestic Violence: The Role of Impact, Assessment, and Treatment
Authors: Lehmann Peter , Rabenstein Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to provide social workers with a broad, practice-based overview of the literature documenting children exposed to domestic violence. Exposure can occur in many different ways (Edleson, 1999); however, in this chapter, exposure is generally defined as seeing and/or hearing and/or intervening in an attempt to stop the violence.
“An Exterminating Bolt Of Lightning”: The Wars for Freedom, 1810-1890
Authors: Andrews George Reid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beginning in 1775, a wave of revolution rolled through the Atlantic world. It began in North America, with the American Revolution (1775-83), swept into Europe, in the form of the French Revolution (1789-99), and then back to the Americas, with the slave revolution in Haiti (1791-1804). Each of these world-historical events was powerfully felt in Spanish and Portuguese America; each spoke to the peoples of the region in different ways. The United States showed how a New World society could throw off the shackles of colonial rule and construct a new political system based on the principles of national sovereignty and liberal republicanism. The revolution in France offered Latin Americans an object lesson in how to overthrow an ancien regime based on absolutist monarchy.
Geovisualization of Human Activity Patterns Using 3D GISA Time-Geographic Approach
Authors: Kwan Mei-Po , Lee Jiyeong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of human activities and movements in space and time has long been an important research area in social science. It covers a wide range of topics such as migration, residential mobility, shopping, travel, and commuting behavior. One of the earliest spatially integrated perspectives for the analysis of human activity patterns and movement in space-time is time-geography.
Shaping Policy Decisions with Spatial Analysis
Authors: Muller Ted K Bradshaw Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spatial analysis has been a part of urban and land use planning at least since the 1960s. In certain arenas, such as transportation planning and preparation of comprehensive plans, local governments and land use agencies have come to rely heavily on spatial data (Harris and Batty 1993). Until recently, analytical applications were concentrated in a few areas such as demand modeling under federal transportation statutes. During the 1990s, however, adoption of GIS technologies in public agencies, and creation of GIS-based resource and asset inventories, expanded the scope of analytical opportunities.
The Shredding of Public Privacy
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The shameful farce now being played out in Washington has many contributing causes: the Supreme Court, which refused to permit the Paula Jones lawsuit to be deferred until the end of President Clinton’s term in office; the panel of federal judges in Washington that approved Kenneth Starr’s request to extend his White water investigation to the president’s sex life; the sinister and obsessionally puritanical Starr himself and the independent prosecutor statute that created his almost limitless power to persecute the president; the lurid and poisonous Linda Tripp; the fetishistic and infantile Monica Lewinsky; and the president himself, for falling on this land mine disguised as a cream puff.
Nussbaum on Sexual Injustice
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any society concerned with fairness must try to decide what general structures or modes of treatment, applied to persons who differ greatly one from another, will qualify morally as a form of equal treatment, or at least not egregiously unequal treatment. In some cases, such as the vote, identical treatment will do. In other cases, such as taxation or maternity leave, it clearly will not. Sex is one of the most important dimensions in which people differ. They come in two sexes and a variety of sexual roles and orientations.
Scanlon’s Moral Theory
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On occasion we are faced with acute moral choices-whether to join the Resistance or stay at home and care for our widowed mother; whether to run off with Vronsky or remain with Karenin. But largely, morality shapes our lives in ways we don’t even think about; in fact, it does so partly by excluding certain options from our thoughts. Most of us, for instance, wouldn’t even consider (1) threatening to expose a colleague’s adulterous affair to his wife unless he votes our way on a contested appointment or policy issue; (2) extracting some cash from the pocketbook of an interior decorator as she inspects our house because we think she is overcharging us; (3) stealing a kidney for a friend who needs a transplant; (4) selling all we have and giving it to the poor.
Stroud and the Quest for Reality
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Barry Stroud’s strange and absorbing book The Quest for Reality sets out to undermine the central metaphysical ambition that has dominated philosophy since the seventeenth century-that of reaching what Bernard Williams calls an “absolute conception of reality.” The aim is to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the world, consistent with modern science, which distinguishes between what exists objectively, independent of our minds, and what is merely subjective-due to the effects of the world on our minds and our responses to it.
Embodied Emotions
Authors: Prinz Jesse 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In one of the most frequently quoted passages in the history of emotion research, William James (1884, 189ff.) announces that emotions occur when the perception of an exciting fact causes a collection of bodily changes, and “our feeling of the same changes as they occur IS the emotion.” The same idea occurred to Carl Lange (1885) around the same time. These authors were not the first to draw a link between the emotions and the body. Indeed, this had been a central theme of Descartes’s exquisite opus The Passions of the Soul. But James and Lange wanted to push things farther than most, suggesting that emotions are exhausted by bodily changes or perceptions thereof.
Emotions, Thoughts, and Feelings
Authors: Solomon Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have been arguing, for thirty years now, that emotions are a kind of judgment—or rather, a complex of interlocking judgments, desires, and intentions. Back in the seventies, it was an argument that attracted some attention but little sympathy. What provoked me then—and still provokes me now—is what I call the primitivist conception of emotions, the idea that emotions are basically physiological or (now) neurological syndromes conjoined with feelings that have only marginally to do with cognition or our engagements in the world.
Emotion, Feeling, and Knowledge of the World
Authors: Goldie Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a view of the emotions (I might tendentiously call it “cognitivism”) that has at present a certain currency. This view is of the emotions as playing an essential role in our gaining evaluative knowledge of the world. When we are angry at an insult, or afraid of a burglar, our emotions involve evaluative perceptions and thoughts directed toward the way something is in the world that impinges on our well-being, or on the well-being of those that matter to us. Without emotions, we would be worse off, prudentially and morally: we would not see things as they are, and accordingly we would not act as we should. Emotions are, according to this view, a Good Thing. No wonder we have evolved as creatures capable of emotion.
Emotion as a Subtle Mental Mode
Authors: Ben-Ze’ev Aaron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over a hundred years ago, William James asked, “What is an emotion?” Today, the answer still remains unclear. Several replies have been proposed in response to this question, but they all seem to be unsatisfactory. After briefly describing some of these replies, I propose considering emotion as a subtle general mental mode. I then describe this mode by referring to its logic, psychological mechanism, and psychological nature.
Enough Already with “Theories of the Emotions”
Authors: Rorty Amélie Oksenberg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Notoriously, emotions do not form a natural kind distinguished from motives, moods, and attitudes. To be sure, occurrent emotions like anger, fear, awe, lust, and pride are typically phenomenologically distinguishable from propositional attitudes like astonishment, suspicion, and amusement; but so are many desires (hunger, lust) and moods (depression, anxiety), and many propositional attitudes (astonishment, suspicion, amusement). What have we learned if we are told that (for example) anger, like fear, is an emotion, in contrast to the motivational desires of lust and hunger? Or that nostalgia and depression are moods, while doubt and surprise are propositional attitudes? After all, nostalgia and depression also have propositional content; and anger and fear can, like nostalgia and depression, pervade the psychological field, affecting a person’s perceptions and interpretations.
Adelina Otero Warren: Rural Aristocrat and Modern Feminist
Authors: Salas Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suffragist, education reformer, and writer, Adelina Otero Warren was the first Latina to run for Congress. In 1922, she was the Republican candidate for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives for her native New Mexico. Born in 1881, María Adelina Isabel Emilia (Nina) Otero was a member of the Hispanic (commonly known as Hispano/a) elite of New Mexico. She came from a family of landowners with political connections to the United States that were enhanced after the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo because of the family’s successful “sheep drives” to California during the gold rush. Even as a young teenager, Adelina Otero Warren was determined to succeed.
Narrative Emotion Coding System (NEC)
Authors: Warren Susan L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the Narrative Emotion Coding System (NEC) (Warren, Mantz-Simmons, & Emde, 1993), developed to provide additional codes for examining a child’s internal worldview and to aid clinical assessment. The coding system investigates several areas not included in the MacArthur Narrative Coding System (Robinson, Mantz-Simmons, Macfie, and the MacArthur Narrative Working Group, 1992, see chapter 4) and can thus be used as a supplement to that system. Additional emotional areas assessed in the NEC include sudden shifts in the emotional tone of the stories and incongruent affect (potentially indicating difficulties coping with certain emotions), as well as the child’s description of emotions experienced and several new themes (e.g., danger, loss). We also added two codes that captured the child’s negotiation of the beginning of the stem response and its ending: a coding of the child’s initial response to the story stems (potentially providing information about the child’s initial response to certain types of situations) and coding the manner in which the child ends the stories (potentially providing information about the child’s expectations concerning the resolution of situations).
Portrayals in Maltreated Children’s Play Narratives: Representations or Emotion Regulation?
Authors: Clyman Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maltreated children’s perspectives of their experiences within their families may mediate their subsequent development in a number of important social domains. Individual differences in maltreated children’s developing knowledge of how care-givers parent children, for example, may contribute to the variability in whether they subsequently maltreat their own children (Kaufman & Zigler, 1987). Recently, investigators have begun to use story stem narratives with young children to assess children’s understanding of family relationships (Buchsbaum & Emde, 1990; Bretherton, Ridgeway, & Cassidy, 1990). In this technique, an experimenter tells the beginning of a story using a doll family and props (called the story stem) and then asks the child to “show me and tell me what happens now.” The story stems typically pose interpersonal dilemmas for the children to address. A number of studies provide growing evidence that children’s narrative portrayals of child and parent characters are systematically related to the children’s interpersonal behavior and experiences. This suggests that children’s mental representations of themselves and their parents, their memories, beliefs, and expectations about behavior, influence how they portray characters in their narratives.
Narratives in Risk and Clinical Populations
Authors: Warren Susan L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The play narrative approach is useful for studying children at risk and with identified disorders. It provides a measure, obtained directly from the child, of enacted themes and representations related to interpersonal relationship experiences. The ability to examine internal representations is useful for both developmental researchers and clinicians because it is difficult for the young child to directly report views and feelings (Harter & Pike, 1984). Play narratives allow children to express their views of themselves and others in a manner that is emotionally meaningful and fun.
Narrative representations may be multidetermined but are likely influenced by children’s perceptions of their life experiences. Children may convey in their narratives their views of themselves and others through their representations of the child protagonist doll and parent and sibling dolls. Children may also demonstrate through their narratives their strategies for dealing with particular challenges and their expectations for the outcome. Play narratives also provide an opportunity for the expression of wishes and fantasies and conflict resolution (Warren, Oppenheim, & Emde, 1996).
Mental Representations and Defenses in Severely Maltreated Children: A Story Stem Battery and Rating System for Clinical Assessment and Research Applications
Authors: Hodges Jill , Steele Miriam , Hillman Saul , Henderson Kaye 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes a set of narrative stems and a rating scheme devised especially for the assessment of young children when there are concerns about maltreatment.
Young children who have been maltreated present particular conundrums of clinical assessment. Parents, if abusers, are unlikely to be reliable informants about the child. Children may have recently moved because of the maltreatment to alternative caregivers who may be just beginning to get to know them. Children themselves are often in a situation of conflict or fear about revealing unhappy experiences; and where maltreatment has been long-term, distorting their development and their view of expectable family relationships, they may perceive and report their experiences or their feelings as normal. They may also lack the vocabulary or, for instance, the cognitive differentiations between affective states, which would help to give the interviewer a picture of their situation and feelings.
Patterns of Maternal Affect Regulation During the Co-construction of Preschoolers’ Autobiographical Narratives
Authors: Favez Nicolas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Affect regulation is a basic principle in human life (Emde, 1994). Several definitions of affect regulation have been offered; they share the ideas of control and transformation of the emotional experience, to heighten, maintain, or attenuate positive or negative emotions (Campos, Campos, & Barrett, 1989; Dodge, 1989; Garber & Dodge, 1991; La Greca, Siegel, Wallander, & Walker, 1992; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Ryan-Wenger, 1992).
Castelfranco and Padua, 1654-1667
Authors: Timms Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Castelfranco is a pleasant, fortified town, situated in the fertile plain to the northwest of Venice and marking the intersection of several important routes—from Venice to Bassano, Trent, and Bolzano; from Padua north to Asolo and Belluno; and from Tre-viso west to Vicenza. Less than 10 kilometres to the north the land begins to rise toward the foothills of the Dolomites; from there the River Lástego flows down via Castelfranco to join the Brenta near Padua.
Apostolic Vicar of North Germany 1709-1728
Authors: Timms Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Steffani left Rome in April 1709 he had been bishop of Spiga for over two years and had just been appointed apostolic vicar of north Germany. He was eager to devote the rest of his life to the Catholic Church and expected his costs to be covered by income from benefices. The remainder of this biography is therefore concerned above all with his work for the church in northern Germany, his financial problems, and his attempts to solve them. But it also explores his dealings with friends and relations in Italy and his involvement, during the last twenty years of his life, with music, musicians, and music lovers—for he continued to be interested in music right to the end.
Scorpion Biodiversity and Patterns of Endemism in Northern Mexico
Authors: Sissom W David , Hendrixson Brent E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although comprising a relatively small group of terrestrial arthropods, scorpions are subjects of considerable interest to both the scientist and layperson. In some areas of the world, including much of Mexico, they are feared by the general public because of their highly toxic venoms. To those unedu-cated about them, scorpions are all assumed to be lethal; the truth of the matter is, only about two dozen of the 1200 or so species are considered dan-gerous by medical experts. About 7 species of Centruroides in Mexico are known to cause human mortality; Simard and Watt (1990) estimated that about 100,000 stings occur in Mexico each year, and possibly as many as 800 people die. Most mor-tality involves young children and the elderly.
The Ecological Importance of Mangroves in Baja California Sur: Conservation Implications for an Endangered Ecosystem
Authors: Whitmore Robert C , Brusca Richard C , Luz José Luis León De La , González-Zamorano Patricia , Mendoza-Salgado Renato , Amador-Silva Edgar S , Holguin Gina , Galván-Magaña Felipe , Hastings Philip A , Cartron Jean-Luc E , Felger Richard S , Seminoff Jeffrey A , Mcivor Carole C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mangroves occur throughout the tropics, along shallow seashores protected from waves (Chapman 1976; Tomlinson 1986; Hogarth 1999). They grow in mud and other nonrocky substrates inundated during high tide. To cope with their environment (e.g., anoxic soil conditions and excess salt), they have developed a variety of morphological and physiological adaptations. For example, some mangroves have aerial roots for gas exchange, or they may actively secrete sodium chloride through salt glands in the leaves. Hydrological and edaphic conditions in mangrove ecosystems prevent all but a few other plant species from invading (Lugo 1998).