bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Major histocompatibility complex class‐I presentation impaired in transgenic mice expressing hepatitis C virus structural proteins during dendritic cell maturation
Authors: Hiasa Yoichi , Takahashi Hidemi , Shimizu Masumi , Nuriya Hideko , Tsukiyama‐Kohara Kyoko , Tanaka Takeshi , Horiike Norio , Onji Morikazu , Kohara Michinori 
Published: August 2004

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is often persistent, but its mechanism and pathogenesis remain unclear. One mechanism through which HCV escapes systemic immunosurveillance might be via impaired dendritic cells (DCs), which are the most potent type of antigen‐presenting cells. We examined whether HCV causes immunosuppression in DCs during maturation. We isolated immature DCs from the bone marrow of two founder lineages of transgenic mice harboring HCV cDNA expressing HCV structural proteins (nucleotides 294–3435), and studied how DC function is modified by HCV expression. Our data showed that the capacity of DCs expressing HCV structural proteins to stimulate T‐cells was significantly impaired. Moreover, the surface expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class‐I molecules was significantly impaired on infected DC, especially with respect to H‐2D. The transportation of H‐2D to the cell surface during DC maturation was inhibited by HCV expression. However, the total amount of H‐2D molecules produced by DC expressing HCV was not impaired. These results indicated that the immune response of DC infected with HCV is diminished and might be associated with the mechanism of persistent HCV infection. J. Med. Virol. 74:253–261, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High prevalence of human T‐lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV‐1) in immigrant male‐to‐female transsexual sex workers with HIV‐1 infection
Authors: Zehender Gianguglielmo , Colasante Chiara , De Maddalena Chiara , Bernini Flavia , Savasi Valeria , Persico Tiziana , Merli Stefania , Ridolfo Annalisa , Santambrogio Sara , Moroni Mauro , Galli Massimo 
Published: August 2004

AbstractHuman T‐lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 (HTLV‐1 and HTLV‐2) infections in Europe are limited to intravenous drug users and migrants coming from areas in which they are endemic. A survey was undertaken of HTLV‐1 and HTLV‐2 infections in 393 recent immigrants: 167 HIV‐1 positive subjects (including 52 male‐to‐female transsexual sex workers) and 226 pregnant HIV‐1 negative women. The prevalence of HTLV‐1 was 3.6% in the HIV‐1 positive group and 0.9% in the HIV‐1 negative group. The highest HTLV‐1 prevalence in both groups was found in persons from Latin America, particularly those born in Peru (up to 26% in the HIV‐1 positive group). All of the HIV‐1/HTLV‐1 co‐infected individuals were male‐to‐female transsexual sex workers in whom the overall prevalence of HTLV‐1 infection was 11.5%. HTLV‐2 was only found in the HIV‐1 positive group (prevalence 1.2%); all of the infected subjects were transsexual sex workers from Brazil (overall prevalence 6.4%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that all of the HTLV‐1 isolates were of the cosmopolitan type, clustering with other strains circulating in the patients' birthplaces; the HTLV‐2 isolates were of subtype 2a, and clustered significantly with other Brazilian strains. These results suggest the independent origin of each infection in the patient's birthplace. The data raise concerns about the further spread of HTLV infections mainly through the sexual route. J. Med. Virol. 74:207–215, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Emergence and continued circulation of dengue‐2 (genotype IV) virus strains in northern India
Authors: Dash Paban Kumar , Parida Man Mohan , Saxena Parag , Kumar Manoj , Rai Arvind , Pasha Sayeed Tazeen , Jana Asha Mukul 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDengue (DEN) is an acute mosquito borne viral disease of mankind. Off late it has become an important public health concern in Southeast Asia. Although, all the four known dengue virus serotypes (DEN‐1 to 4) are reported from time to time, in the recent past, DEN‐2 has emerged as the predominant type, being the causative agent of several outbreaks of dengue fever (DF) and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) in India. To elucidate the true molecular epidemiology of these viruses, we have sequenced C‐prM gene junction (454 nucleotides) of 11 DEN‐2 viruses directly from patient serum. The C‐prM gene junction was amplified initially by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction followed by automated DNA sequencing. These sequences provide unique information with regard to molecular epidemiology when compared to other DEN‐2 sequences from diverse geographic origins. The sequence analysis revealed that most of the mutations in this region remained silent, except a few at the carboxy‐terminal of the capsid. Reported phylogenetic analysis classifies DEN‐2 viruses into five distinct genotypes. The Gwalior DEN‐2 viruses, included in the present study were classified into genotype‐IV, and were found to be most closely related to Delhi 1996 DEN‐2 viruses and FJ 10/11 strains prevalent in the Fujian state of China. However, two earlier Indian isolates of DEN‐2 were classified into genotype‐V. The present study indicates that genotype V of DEN‐2 has been replaced by genotype IV during the past decade, which continues to circulate silently in north India, and have the potential to reemerge and cause major epidemics of DF and DHF. J. Med. Virol. 74:314–322, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of serologic responses between Kaposi's sarcoma‐positive and ‐negative men who were seropositive for both human herpesvirus 8 and human immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Inoue Naoki , Spira Thomas , Lam Lee , Corchero Jose L. , Luo Wei 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAlthough the introduction of HAART decreased substantially the incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), KS remains the most common cancer among individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). To define markers for progression to KS from the asymptomatic infection of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV‐8), serologic responses against HHV‐8 were compared between KS‐negative and ‐positive men who were seropositive for both HIV and HHV‐8. There was no difference in prevalence of detectable neutralizing antibodies between the two groups. The prevalence of anti‐ORF73 antibodies among the dual seropositive patients increased in proportion to their risk of KS. In specimens obtained from 11 HIV+ patients at different intervals over a period of 4–12 years, increase of anti‐ORF73 antibody titers was observed in the patients who developed KS but not in the patients who did not develop KS. These results suggest that there is a difference in serologic response against ORF73 between the HIV patients with and without KS. J. Med. Virol. 74:202–206, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epidemic resurgence of Chikungunya virus in democratic Republic of the Congo: Identification of a new central African strain
Authors: Pastorino B. , Muyembe‐Tamfum J.J. , Bessaud M. , Tock F. , Tolou H. , Durand J.P. , Peyrefitte C.N. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe resurgence of Chikungunya virus is described during an urban epidemic in Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo, after 39 years without any isolation of the virus. Chikungunya virus was isolated in sera from nine patients with clinical symptoms. A 1,200 bp long partial sequence of the E1/3'UTR genomic region was determined for each isolate. All sequences clustered in the central African lineage. They constitute Chikungunya virus reference sequences for the Democratic Republic of the Congo. J. Med. Virol. 74:277–282, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human T lymphotropic virus types I and II proviral sequences in Argentinian blood donors with indeterminate Western blot patterns
Authors: Mangano A.M. , Remesar M. , del Pozo A. , Sen Luisa 
Published: August 2004

AbstractHuman T‐cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) seroindeterminate blood donors have been reported worldwide including Argentina. To investigate the significance of HTLV‐I/II seroindeterminate Western blot (WB) patterns, we conducted an 8‐year cross‐sectional study. Of 86,238 Argentinian blood donors, 146 sera were reactive by screening tests. The WB results indicated that 20% were HTLV‐I reactive, 8% HTLV‐II reactive, 61% indeterminate, and 11% negative. The overall seroprevalence was 0.034% for HTLV‐I, 0.014% for HTLV‐II, and 0.103% for indeterminate. In 57 reactive specimens, HTLV‐I/II provirus could be examined by type specific PCR for tax, pol, and env regions. When at least two gene fragments were amplified HTLV‐I/II infection was considered confirmed. PCR results confirmed all WB seropositive samples for HTLV‐I (n = 15), and HTLV‐II (n = 7), and the only WB negative case was also PCR negative, showing a complete concordance between PCR and WB. However, of 34 WB seroindeterminate sera studied by PCR, in 5 was proviral DNA amplified. According to our criteria PCR confirmed one to be HTLV‐I, and one HTLV‐II, 3 remained indeterminate since only tax sequences were amplified. Among WB indeterminate samples tested by PCR, most of their serological profile showed reactivity to gag codified proteins but lacked env reactivities (70%). One sample with a WB gag pattern showed proviral tax sequences, but of the four samples with reactivity to env proteins GD21 (n = 3) or rgp46II (n = 1) PCR results indicated that one was HTLV‐I, one was HTLV‐II, and two were indeterminate (only tax sequences). In conclusion, the majority of HTLV‐seroindeterminate WB donors exhibited a gag indeterminate profile lacking HTLV provirus, and were thus considered uninfected. However, seroreactivity to env proteins, in particular to GD21, may indicate infection and a follow‐up study of each seroreactive blood donor should be considered. J. Med. Virol. 74:323–327, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secretory IgA antibodies provide cross‐protection against infection with different strains of influenza B virus
Authors: Asahi‐Ozaki Yasuko , Yoshikawa Tomoki , Iwakura Yoichiro , Suzuki Yujiro , Tamura Shin‐ichi , Kurata Takeshi , Sata Tetsutaro 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis study examined whether secretory IgA (S‐IgA) antibodies (Abs) could confer cross‐protective immunity against infection with influenza B viruses of antigenically distinct lineages. Wild‐type or polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR)‐knockout (KO) mice were immunized by infection with different B viruses or by intranasal (i.n.) administration with different inactivated vaccines. Four weeks later mice were challenged with either the B/Ibaraki/2/85 virus, representative of the B/Victoria/2/87 (B/Victoria)‐lineage, or B/Yamagata/16/88 virus, representative of the B/Yamagata‐lineage. Three days after challenge, nasal wash and serum specimens were assayed for IgA and IgG Abs specific for challenge viral antigens and for protection against challenge viruses. In wild‐type mice, B/Ibaraki (or B/Yamagata) cross‐reactive IgA Abs were detected at higher levels when infected or immunized with homologous‐lineage viruses and at lower levels when infected or immunized with heterologous‐lineage viruses. There was a correlation between the amount of nasal cross‐reactive IgA Ab and the efficacy of cross‐protection with a homologous‐lineage virus. In mice lacking the pIgR, nasal cross‐protective IgA Abs were only marginally detected in vaccinated mice and an accumulation of IgA in the serum was observed. This reduction of nasal IgA was accompanied by inefficient cross‐protection against the B/Ibaraki (or B/Yamagata) virus infection. These results suggest that challenge viral‐antigen cross‐reactive S‐IgA in nasal secretions induced by i.n. infection or vaccination is involved in providing cross‐protection against challenge infection with virus within either the B/Victoria‐ or B/Yamagata‐lineage. J. Med. Virol. 74:328–335, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characteristics of core promoter and precore stop codon mutants of hepatitis B virus in Vietnam
Authors: Huy Tran Thien Tuan , Ushijima Hiroshi , Quang Vo Xuan , Ngoc Trinh Thi , Hayashi Shigeki , Sata Tetsutaro , Abe Kenji 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn Asia, genotypes B and C are the most common genotypes of hepatitis B virus (HBV); and genotype C causes more severe liver disease. Core promoter/precore (CP/PC) mutants, known to be linked to these genotypes, could have an impact on the progression and severity of liver disease. Sera of 115 patients, including 39 acute and 76 chronic Vietnamese HBV infected patients, were tested for their liver profile, HBeAg, HBV genotypes, and HBV DNA level. Fragments of 282 nucleotides covering CP/PC were amplified, sequenced, and analysed. In the acute group, CP/PC mutants accounted for 38.4 and 25.6%, respectively. Genotype B was found to be predominant (74.3%, P < 0.05) and linked to the PC mutant (A1896) (P < 0.05). In the chronic group, CP/PC mutants accounted for 61.7 and 32.8%. CP mutants, especially the T1762/A1764 double mutant, were found to correlate with genotype C (81%, P < 0.001), liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (P < 0.05). Therefore, genotype C in Vietnam, which carried high rate of C‐1858 (70%), could play an important role in causing severe chronic liver disease. J. Med. Virol. 74:228–236, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antigenic alteration of influenza B virus associated with loss of a glycosylation site due to host‐cell adaptation
Authors: Saito Takehiko , Nakaya Yoko , Suzuki Takashi , Ito Reiko , Saito Toshinori , Saito Hiroyuki , Takao Shinichi , Sahara Keiji , Odagiri Takato , Murata Takeomi , Usui Taichi , Suzuki Yasuo , Tashiro Masato 
Published: August 2004

AbstractEffects of host‐cell adaptation of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein were evaluated by the analyses of four pairs of recent influenza B field isolates, each pair consisting of an Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK)‐ and an embryonated chicken egg‐derived isolates from the same clinical specimen. Among the isolates examined, all of the MDCK‐derived isolates retained glycosylation site at amino acid 197 on the HA1 molecule, whereas three egg‐derived isolates lost it. Antigenic difference in the HA molecule between an MDCK‐ and an egg‐derived isolates of three of these pairs was demonstrated to be associated with the glycosylation 197. Replication of the MDCK‐derived isolates was suppressed in eggs, suggesting that the presence of the glycosylation 197 was disadvantageous to replication in eggs. Virus‐binding affinity assay revealed that the loss of carbohydrate chain did not significantly alter the preferential recognition of sialic acid linkage. Immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy of an MDCK‐ and an egg‐derived clones of B/Akita/27/2001, the former retained the glycosylation 197 and the latter lost it, were compared in a hamster model. When formalin‐inactivated whole virion vaccines prepared from the paired isolates were administered into hamsters, no significant difference between them was observed in protective ability against challenges by the homologous and heterologous clones. Implication of the egg adaptation of influenza virus to antigenic surveillance of the field isolates as well as the selection of vaccine strains, and possibility of the involvement of the viral protein(s) other than the HA in the egg adaptation were discussed. J. Med. Virol. 74:336–343, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coxsackievirus B3 replication and persistence in intestinal cells from mice infected orally and in the human CaCo‐2 cell line
Authors: Harrath Rafik , Bourlet Thomas , Delézay Olivier , Douche‐Aourik Fatima , Omar Shabir , Aouni Mahjoub , Pozzetto Bruno 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAlthough the transmission of coxsackievirus B3 occurs mainly via the oral route, little is known about the primary replication and persistence of this agent in the intestine. To address this question, BALB/c mice were inoculated by gavage with coxsackievirus B3, Nancy strain. The mice were killed from 1 hr to 90 days after infection. The viral markers were detected in the small intestine using RT‐PCR, cell culture and detection of VP1 protein. Coxsackievirus B3 was detected positive by the three methods from hr 2 to day 45 after infection. By using monoclonal antibodies directed towards VP1, CD40 and CD26, the virus was shown to be present in the lymphocytes of the mucosa as soon as 2 hr after infection; in contrast, no virus was detected in the epithelial cells lining the intestinal lumen. Further experiments were performed to evaluate the capacity of coxsackievirus B3 to establish a persistent infection in two intestinal cell lines. In contrast to HT29 cells, the CaCo‐2 cells were shown to develop a persistent infection for up to 20 passages, as demonstrated by the detection of viral RNA and VP1 protein. This study provides further evidence that, after infection by the oral route, the viral particles are concentrated in the lymphocytes of the mucosal layer. In addition, the results suggest that coxsackievirus B3 is capable of establishing a persistent infection in the small intestine that may act as a reservoir of viral particles for the delayed spread of the virus to other target organs. J. Med. Virol. 74:283–290, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular testing for detection of in vitro infectivity of plasma pools contaminated with B19 virus
Authors: Bonvicini F. , Gallinella G. , Cricca M. , Ambretti S. , Delbarba S. , Musiani M. , Zerbini M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractB19 virus can be transmitted by contaminated blood or blood products. Recent observations, in healthy volunteers, suggest that active B19 infection can follow the administration of plasma pools with a concentration ≥107 genome equivalents/ml (geq/ml) of B19 DNA. However, patients receiving batches with levels of virus DNA lower than 104 geq/ml do not show any evidence of transmission of the virus. The aim of the study was to show, by in vitro assays, a threshold of viral load in B19 contaminated plasma pools over which the infection can be transmitted. Twenty plasma pools, each containing 960 single donations, were tested to correlate the viral load and the level of antibodies anti‐B19 with the in vitro infectivity and expression of B19 virus. All the plasma pools, titrated for B19 viral load by competitive PCR, were inoculated into KU812Ep6 erythroid human cell line. Five of the nine contaminated plasma pools, with a B19 DNA concentration ≥3.60 × 106 geq/ml, were able to infect KU812Ep6 cells. In vitro infectivity was shown in KU812Ep6 cells at 24 h post‐infection by in situ hybridisation and amplification assays for viral DNA and RNAs. Plasma pools with a viral load in the range of 6.00 × 103–8.96 × 104 geq/ml did not show infectivity when inoculated into KU812Ep6 cells. Medium‐high titres of IgG antibodies anti‐B19 were detectable in all the plasma pools and the neutralising activity associated with specific IgG anti‐B19 may explain the lack of infectivity of plasma pools contaminated with a low viral load. In conclusion, in situ hybridisation and amplification assays for viral DNA and RNAs in KU812Ep6 cells inoculated with plasma pools can be valid assays to test for the presence of infectous virus in the production of B19‐safe material. J. Med. Virol. 74:272–276, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variable patterns of varicella‐zoster virus reactivation in Ramsay hunt syndrome
Authors: Aizawa Hiroshi , Ohtani Fumio , Furuta Yasushi , Sawa Hirofumi , Fukuda Satoshi 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe mechanism by which reactivation of varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) causes facial paralysis in Ramsay Hunt syndrome remains unclear. The relationship between VZV load and the onset of facial paralysis was analyzed in 42 patients with Ramsay Hunt syndrome. The patients were divided into three groups according to the times of appearance of zoster and of facial paralysis; group I (zoster preceding, n = 13), group II (simultaneous, n = 22), group III (paralysis preceding, n = 7). A real‐time quantitative PCR assay was used to measure VZV DNA copy number in saliva, and paired sera were assayed for anti‐VZV IgG and IgM antibodies. In group I, the VZV DNA‐positive rate was low and virus load decreased gradually after the initial hospital visit around the time of onset of paralysis. The level of anti‐VZV antibodies had in most cases already increased at that time. In group III, viral load tended to increase after the onset of paralysis and peaked around the time of appearance of zoster. The level of anti‐VZV antibodies was low at the onset of paralysis but showed a significant increase when paired sera were tested. In group II, virus load and changes in level of anti‐VZV antibodies either resembled group I or group III behavior. These results indicate that facial paralysis in Ramsay Hunt syndrome can occur at various times between the early and the regression phase of VZV reactivation, suggesting that there are variable patterns of development of facial nerve dysfunction caused by VZV reactivation and the progression of neuritis. J. Med. Virol. 74:355–360, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of beauty treatment in the spread of parenterally transmitted hepatitis viruses in Italy
Authors: Mariano Andrea , Mele Alfonso , Tosti Maria Elena , Parlato Antonino , Gallo Giovanni , Ragni Pietro , Zotti Carla , Lopalco Pierluigi , Pompa Maria Grazia , Graziani Grazia , Stroffolini Tommaso ,   SEIEVA collaborating group
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe aims of the study were to evaluate the role of beauty treatments in the spread of acute viral hepatitis B (HBV) and acute viral hepatitis C (HCV) in Italy. Data from the surveillance system for acute viral hepatitis (SEIEVA) during the period 1997–2002 were used. After exclusion of subjects <15 years or >55 years old and reporting intravenous drug use or blood transfusion, the association of acute HBV and HCV cases with beauty treatments (tattooing, piercing, manicure/chiropody, and barber shop shaving) was estimated comparing 2,964 hepatitis B and 598 hepatitis C cases with 7,221 hepatitis A cases, used as controls, by multiple logistic regression analysis. The population attributable risk (PAR) to beauty treatments was estimated according to Levin's formula. Beauty treatments were associated with acute HBV (OR = 1.8; CI 95% = 1.5–2.1) and acute HCV (OR = 1.7; CI 95% = 1.2–2.3). The strongest association was found with barber shop shaving for HBV (OR = 1.8; CI 95% = 1.5–2.2) and with tattooing for HCV cases (OR = 5.6; CI 95% = 2.8–11.0). The estimates of the population attributable risk (PAR) indicate that nearly 15% of all acute HBV (17.4% in males) and 11.5% of all acute HCV cases (16.4% in males) occurring in 15–55 year old subjects not exposed to intravenous drugs or blood transfusion in Italy are due to beauty treatments. It is concluded that certain beauty treatments play an important role in the spread of HBV and HCV infections in Italy. J. Med. Virol. 74:216–220, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coxsackie B viruses use multiple receptors to infect human cardiac cells
Authors: Orthopoulos George , Triantafilou Kathy , Triantafilou Martha 
Published: August 2004

AbstractViral myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle that can be fatal. The primary viruses that have been linked to myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy are the human enteroviruses. The most common viruses associated with this disease are the Coxsackie B viruses and in particular Coxsackievirus B3 and Coxsackievirus B5. Early events in viral infection include attachment of the virus onto cell surface receptors. Even though, CD55 and Coxsackievirus adenovirus receptor protein (CAR) have been identified as receptors for Coxsackievirus B3, the exact mechanisms that Coxsackievirus B3 and B5 use to infect the cardiac muscle are not yet known. In this study, attempts were made to inhibit Coxsackievirus B3 and Coxsackievirus B5 infectivity of cardiac cells by using CAR and CD55 specific antibodies. The results show that these antibodies could not completely inhibit Coxsackievirus B3 and Coxsackievirus B5 binding or infectivity. Furthermore five new proteins have been identified that are used by Coxsackieviruses for binding to cardiac tissue and are distinct from CAR or CD55, leading us to believe that these viruses may use a different set of receptors for infection of cardiac muscle. J. Med. Virol. 74:291–299, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.