bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Failure of the Gatekeepers
Authors: Coffee John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A wave of corporate scandals crested in the United States between late 2001 and the end of 2002. Hundreds of public corporations restated their financial statements, scores were sued by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and some executives were criminally prosecuted. But only two scandals became iconic in character: Enron and World- Com. Because they were larger in scale (resulting in the two largest bankruptcies in U.S.
A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Coffee John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To this point, the focus has largely been on the U.S. capital markets. Yet, gatekeepers—auditors, investment bankers, securities analysts, credit-ratings agencies—function in all the world’s major capital markets. Do they behave the same across all environments? Logically, their behavior and performance should vary depending on the factors present in the local environment. For example, the legal threat that gatekeepers face for inadequate performance differs vastly across legal regimes.
The Street-Level Epistemology Of Trust
Authors: Hardin Russell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A widely held view is that trust and distrust are essentially rational. For example, James Coleman bases his account of trust on complex rational expectations. There are two central elements in applying a rational choice account of trust: incentives of the trusted to fulfill the trust and knowledge to allow the truster to trust (or to recommend distrust). The knowledge at issue, of course, is that of the potential truster, not that of the theorist or social scientist who observes or analyzes trust. Hence we require an account of the epistemology of individual knowledge or belief, of street-level epistemology, to complete the rational theory of trust.
Organizational Realities
Authors: Starbuck William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William H. Starbuck is one of the most creative, productive, and wide-ranging writers in management and organization studies. His work spans three decades and encompasses a whole variety of issues, yet it has never been collected together in one place. This book does just that - bringing together his most seminal writings, prefaced by a personal reflection on some of the themes and conclusions of that emerge from this, and the context in which they were written. What emerges from this is a picture of organizations and their strategies that emphasizes the characteristics of real-life human beings: their idiosyncratic preferences, their distrust for each other, their struggele for dominance, their personal interests which don't always coincide with the interests of the organization, and the internal politicking and contests between interest groups that take place in organizations. Some chapters review research literature, some report empirical findings, some propose conceptual reformulations, and some offer advice to managers. This book will be a unique guide to the work of an influential thinker in management and organization studies, and will be of interest to academics, researchers, and students of management, strategy, and organization studies.
Organizations as Action Generators
Authors: Starbuck William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Problem-solving involves repetitive cycles of activity. A seminal study remarked that ‘the ‘ ‘problem ‘ ‘ to be solved was in fact a whole series of ‘ ‘nested ‘ ‘ problems, each alternative solution to a problem at one level leading to a new set of problems at the next level ‘ (Cyert, Simon, and Trow 1956: 247). However, that study ended when a committee voted for an action, as if this vote ended the process. Subsequent studies have portrayed decisions as endings, but they have not insisted that all decision processes begin with problems. Cyert and March (1963: 121), for example, noted that problems may be excuses: ‘Solutions are also motivated to search for problems. Pet projects (e.g. cost savings in someone else ‘s department, expansion in our own department) look for crises (e.g. failure to achieve the profit goal, innovation by a competitor). ‘
Ancient Chinese Theories of Control
Authors: Rindova Violina P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter grows out of efforts to find and make sense of texts describing managerial practices Before the Christian Era (bce). We undertook this project, not to prove any hypotheses or to justify a theory, but to find out what data exist about ancient management and organizations. How did ancient management practices differ from modern ones? How were they similar to modern practices? How did ancient organizations organize? There are many reasons why the ancient management practices should have differed greatly from contemporary ones. Since the people of 4,000 years ago faced different economic and technological challenges than contemporary people, they understood their worlds differently. Travel was difficult, communication slow and error-filled, timekeeping very imprecise (Loewe 1968).
Multi-Bank Financing: Who Uses it, Where, and Why?
Authors: Mugasha Agasha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any single multi-bank financing transaction, be it a syndicated loan or a secondary market loan practice, takes place within a particular regulatory and economic setting. The parties involved have reasons for using that particular method of financing in that particular financial market. This chapter describes the participants in multi-banking and the reasons why multi-bank financing is attractive to its users. It also discusses the different financial markets in which the banks and other financial institutions operate. The discussion illustrates that while it may be convenient to limit the focus of this book to English law and euro loan practices, euro loan banking practices are part of the global practices.
Arranging Syndicated Loans, Sub-Participations, and Loan Participations
Authors: Mugasha Agasha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An elaborate procedure is followed in arranging a syndicated loan or any of the secondary loan market transactions of loan participation or sub-participation. The procedure gives rise to numerous legal issues, some of which have not been judicially determined. The allocation of rights and duties between the parties is mainly determined through the documents that they execute, but it is also determined by general principles of law such as the law of tort. The efforts of industry bodies, particularly the Loan Markets Association (LMA) in London and the Loan Syndications and Trading Association (LSTA) in New York have resulted in fairly standardized procedures and documents for the majority of large transactions and this chapter takes note of that fact.
The Nature of Credit Facilities Used In Syndicated Loans and Secondary Loan Markets
Authors: Mugasha Agasha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Credit by way of syndicated loans may be extended to the borrower through different financial accommodation devices. A direct loan may be made, or credit may be extended by way of documentary credit/letters of credit or guarantees. Alternatively, the banks may accept the borrower’s bills of exchange, thereby enabling the borrower to raise funds from the money market by way of bankers’ acceptances. Frequently, the borrower’s requirements necessitate a combination of these methods in the same facility and different options within the same method, for example different drawdown and maturity dates. The same credit facilities may later be traded in the secondary loan market.
Syndicated Loans: Legal Relationships Between The Borrower and Lenders, and Among Syndicate Lenders
Authors: Mugasha Agasha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a syndicated loan, several banks simultaneously, but severally, make a loan to a borrower on the basis of one set of lending documents. The primary document, the loan or facility agreement, is usually complemented by other documents, for example legal opinions, inter-creditor agreements, guarantees, and security agreements.
The syndicated loan agreement contains provisions similar to those found in other term loan agreements and has, in addition, features that necessarily arise because of the number of lenders involved. Its provisions may be conveniently grouped in three categories.
The Secondary Market for Syndicated Loans: Loan Trading, Credit Derivatives, and Collateralized Debt Obligations
Authors: Mugasha Agasha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The secondary market for loans consists of transactions in loans that have been committed or made. These practices are now firmly established as part of the lending markets. Such transactions are not new as regards syndicated loans because the well-known and established practices of loan sub-participations and loan participation are secondary market practices. Nor are they new as regards debt generally because debt has been a saleable commodity for well over a century. What is new in the loan markets is the increasing standardization of the techniques and instruments used, and these often resemble capital market methodology.
Conclusion
Authors: Mugasha Agasha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every syndicated loan is different. Yet there are many familiar, and indeed mandatory, provisions in any loan agreement such that it is fair to say in relation to a particular financial market that there is a typical syndicated euro loan agreement or a typical syndicated leveraged loan agreement. This book has analysed the legal and some practical aspects of the entire life of a typical syndicated loan agreement arranged in the euro loan market and governed by English law. The topics covered stretch from the pre-mandate phase through to the documentation and disbursement of the syndicated loan; to the transfer or sale of the loan in part or in whole; and to the insolvency of the borrower.
The evolution of Iran’s national security doctrine
Authors: Sajjadpour Seyed Kazem 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature on the security of Iran over the past quarter of a century shows clearly that Iran has been a security problem for the West and will continue to be so in the coming years, primarily in view of the issue of the nuclearization of Iran’s security discourse. Interestingly, in this literature (including a plethora of books, journal articles and policy papers that represent opinion rather than pure analysis), the one single analytical factor that is vital to fathoming Iran’s security behaviour—the evolution of its security doctrine from within—is almost completely absent.
Reductionism and Explanation in Legal Theory
Authors: Bix* Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My direct interactions with Professor J.W. Harris were not that many—and certainly not as many as I would have wanted. I sat in on one of his courses when I was a doctoral student at Oxford, and occasionally sought his advice on jurisprudential matters, both during my time at Oxford and later. Though I always learned a great deal from our contacts, it is not here that he had his most significant impact on me. From long before I met him, I have benefited enormously from his writings—in particular his general work in legal theory and his excellent writings on Hans Kelsen —and I am confident that the learning process will continue for as long as I have the good judgement to consult Harris’s work.
Plants, Torts, and Intellectual Property
Authors: Munzer* Stephen R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Time was when anyone interested in intellectual property and genetics would concentrate on humans or other animals and on utility patents. But, as my thinking slows, I find that I identify more readily with plants. This shift in focus does not make the inquiry into intellectual property easier. On the contrary, the intellectual property rights available in plants are more diverse than those in humans or other animals. This diversity is itself part of the problem, for it creates unwieldy overlapping regimes of legal protection.
Property, Personality and Violence
Authors: Getzler* Joshua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jim Harris taught criminal law and Roman law over the years, as well as property and jurisprudence, and his broad legal culture left its mark on the planes of his great work on property theory. I cannot help but wonder if the clear positions of classical Roman law did not somewhere inform Jim’s strong rejection of self- ownership. ‘Who Owns My Body?’ is the rhetorical title of one of Jim’s finest essays. ‘Nobody owns my body, not even me’ is the laconic conclusion.
Understanding the European Parliament from a Federalist Perspective: The Legislatures of the United States and European Union Compared
Authors: Kreppel Amie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The US Congress is frequently referred to as the most influential democratic legislature in the world (Laundy 1989; Olson 1994; Davidson and Oleszek 1998; Lijphart 1999), while the European Parliament (EP) is often begrudged even its status as a functioning parliament (Westlake 1994; McCormick 1999). Yet a careful comparison of them reveals some unexpected similarities. In terms of its internal organization, partisan voting patterns and policymaking roles the EP resembles the American House of Representatives more than its national European counterparts.
The Meanings of ‘Emergency’
Authors: Walker Clive , Broderick Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the controversy surrounding the new Act is triggered by the imprecision of its definitions. Prominent amongst these debates is the scope of an ‘emergency’. The definitions adopted are consciously more encompassing than formulae in prior Acts and thereby provide ‘programmatic declarations’ of an interventionist stance towards potential crisis which also reflect globalizing and politicizing tendencies.
Central to the operation of Part I are the three meanings of ‘emergency’, set out in s 1(1). Each is accorded an expansive definition to cater for a variety of catastrophic events.
Human Rights Issues
Authors: Walker Clive , Broderick Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is infused with the same spirit as the prior one, not surprisingly as human rights are a key element of contemporary constitutionalism. Consequently, many relevant points have already been made in Chapter 6 and elsewhere, hence the comparative brevity of this chapter. One might, however, reiterate that the position of human rights in an emergency is precarious and that ‘The true test of the viability of any legal system is its ability to respond to crisis without permanently sacrificing fundamental freedoms.’.
Articulatory Movements and Phrase Boundaries
Authors: Bonaventura Patrizia , Fujimura Osamu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present study investigates the systematic effect of two prosodic parameters, syllable duration reflecting magnitude of the syllable and magnitude of the gap between two syllables, on the strength of consonantal gestures. In general, consonantal gestures show a larger excursion in phrase-final and -initial, than in phrasemedial position (Kelso et al. 1985; Ostry and Munhall 1985; Bonaventura 2003; Keating et al. 2003; Cho 2005). For example, previous research on articulatory strengthening by Fougeron and Keating (1997) has shown that the magnitude and duration of consonantal gestures depend on syllable boundaries, position in the phrase, and strength of phrase boundaries. Further research has confirmed these results, showing larger displacements and longer relative durations of consonantal movements during constriction formation and release at phrase edges than in phrase-medial positions (Beckman and Edwards 1992; Byrd and Saltzman 1998; Byrd et al. 2000). Such effects have been interpreted as due to the presence of a prosodic gesture (π-gesture; Byrd and Saltzman 2003) that is activated at phrase boundaries, with a strength related to the strength of the juncture, and that slows down adjacent onset and coda gestures at phrase edges (Byrd et al. 2005). Although specific measurements of syllable-position (onset, coda) and phrase-position (medial, edge) effects have shown inconsistent patterns of gestural lengthening, both within and across subjects and across consonantal locations in the syllable and consonant types, the general pattern of lengthening of onset and coda consonantal gestures at phrase boundaries, more prominent for consonants adjacent to the boundary and more evident in onsets than in codas, is upheld in the literature (Byrd et al. 2005).
The Variations, Quantification, and Generalizations of Standard Thai Tones
Authors: Roengpitya Rungpat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Standard Thai has five distinctive phonological tones: mid (M), low (L), rising–falling (RF), high (H), and falling–rising (FR) (Abramson 1962; Naksakul 1998; Roengpitya 2001; Yip 2002). The phonetic shapes of these tones in citation form were presented by Abramson (1962, 1997). To illustrate the canonical shapes of the five tones in Thai in citation form, the fundamental frequency (f0) contour of each tone is plotted in real time, in Figure 17.1. The figure shows the five tones in Thai plotted on the same graph. The f0 contours of the five tones show what is regarded as the canonical shape in CVV words in citation form. Tingsabadh and Deeprasert (1997) found, however, that the tones in connected speech had different shapes from the ones in citation form. Gandour (1977) reported that tone shape influenced the duration of the vowel that the tone was superimposed on; vowels on low tones were longer than those on high tones. Saravari and Imai (1983) found that relative initial tone values as well as tonal contours were important for the perceptual differentiation of the tones. They also reported that short and long vowel duration seemed to be not only a cue for differentiating distinctive vowel length but also for identifying the tones.
Generic aspects of consent
Authors: Aitkenhead Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Public expectations of health care have changed dramatically over the last 10–20 years, particularly in relation to the involvement of patients in determining treatment options and the selection of the most appropriate treatment plan. Paternalistic actions of doctors, which involved telling the patient what treatment they were going to receive, without discussing the risks and benefits of various options, is no longer acceptable. This has been reflected in decisions reached by the courts in cases in which patients have entered litigation on the basis that inadequate information was given to them before treatment, and that they were unaware of risks of complications that subsequently materialized. Although most claims of this nature are brought against surgeons, similar claims are likely in relation to anaesthetic procedures. Complaints about lack of information or inadequate consent can also result in a doctor being reported to regulatory authorities. It is therefore necessary for anaesthetists to be aware of current issues surrounding provision of information and obtaining consent for anaesthesia in various categories of patient.
Critical care
Authors: March Adam C , Winter Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The treatment of patients in intensive care units involves a multidisciplinary approach, with communication between medical professionals, the patient’s family, and most importantly, when possible, the patient. Problems may arise when patients are unable to express their own wishes either as a direct result of their illness, or secondary to medical interventions such as tracheal intubation and sedation. In these circumstances, the process of gaining consent for treatment can be challenging if not impossible, and often results in the patient losing the ability to exert the right to autonomy. At such times, carers and healthcare professionals must make decisions based on their patient’s ‘best interests’. However, determining a patient’s ‘best interests’ can be equally challenging and can create disagreement between doctors and family members when deciding upon the most appropriate course of medical therapy. Resolution of these issues can provide doctors with a wide range of ethical dilemmas, many of which can be emotive in nature. This chapter aims to address the ethical and legal principles involved in gaining informed consent from patients treated in intensive care units. It will also discuss some of the key issues surrounding good practice in circumstances in which patients lack the capacity to give consent. Many of these factors are considered in the recently formulated Mental Capacity Act 2005(1), which came into force in 2007, with the intention of protecting individuals who lack the capacity to make their own decisions. It contains guidance for those who are responsible for the care of incapacitated individuals and gives legal powers to prosecute those who abuse their position of trust.
Nervous system and regional anaesthesia
Authors: Hardman Jonathan G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first part of this chapter will deal with complications relating to anaesthesia that impact the central nervous system, particularly cerebrovascular accident, seizures, intracranial haemorrhage, and spinal cord infarction. This chapter will not cover the psychological complications of general anaesthesia, including delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction; these are dealt with in detail in Chapter 16. The second part of the chapter will deal with complications arising during regional anaesthesia. These include systemic effects of local anaesthetic agents, inadequate and excessive block, and injury to nerves, the spinal cord, arteries, and pleura. Cerebral infarction is caused by inadequate oxygenation of an area of brain tissue, secondary to embolus, haemorrhage, arterial constriction, or hypoxaemia. Focal cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or ‘stroke’ is reported to occur around the time of 1% of surgical procedures(1). Only 17% occur during anaesthesia, while 83% occur during the 10 days following surgery(1,2). The risk for each patient is dependent upon his or her existing pathology (e.g. atherosclerosis) and upon his or her operative procedure (Table 15.1). Pre-existing atrial fibrillation (giving a predisposition to the formation of emboli) greatly increases the risk of CVA. A history of prior transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs) or strokes indicates possible cerebral or carotid arterial disease and increases the risk of perioperative CVA tenfold(2), while pre-existing hypertension increases the risk of perioperative CVA fourfold. Symptomatic carotid artery disease carries a substantially increased risk of perioperative CVA and prophylactic carotid endarterectomy should be considered.
Endocrine and renal surgery
Authors: Plaat Felicity S , Wallace Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The specific risks of anaesthesia for thyroid surgery arise from the potentially compromised, difficult, and shared airway in patients who may have significant co-morbidities. The position of the thyroid accounts for many risks associated with surgery. The thyroid gland lies anteriorly and inferiorly in the neck. The two lobes are connected by an isthmus that commonly overlies the second and third tracheal rings. The recurrent laryngeal nerve lies between the thyroid and the oesophagus posteriorly. Posterolaterally, the lobes abut onto the carotid sheath.