bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marijuana and Hashish
Authors: Winger Gail , Woods James H , Hofmann Frederick G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The hemp plant, Cannabis sativa, grows freely in the temperate and tropical zones of the world. For more than four centuries, humans have used this plant for numerous purposes. The most significant legal commercial use has been the conversion of its stalk fibers into rope, twine, and cord, and there is evidence that hemp was used for decorative purposes, if not for fabric or binding material, 10,000 years ago (Earleywine, 2002, Iversen, 2000). Hemp was one of the important cash crops in colonial Kentucky, where it was grown to make rope for the rigging of boats built in both England and New England (Earleywine, 2002; Iversen, 2000).
Drug Abuse and The Law
Authors: Winger Gail , Woods James H , Hofmann Frederick G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Drug Abuse and American Federal Law
Although the federal government has long been interested in regulating the public’s access to drugs, its enforcement powers have had to develop gradually. The laws that are ordinarily related to drug use and abuse; define moral behavior; define, restrict, and punish criminal acts; and regulate the medical profession are primarily limited by the Constitution to the states. Federal legislation restricting drug use has had to approach the problem obliquely, using the constitutionally defined powers of the U.S. government to generate tax revenue, to regulate interstate commerce, or to enforce international treaties in order to enact laws that limit drug availability. The federal government has had one important ally in its attempts to legislate access to drugs: the consistently strong antidrug sentiment of most Americans since before the turn of the nineteenth century.
The Making of a Radical
Authors: Foner Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The town of Thetford was one of the innumerable market centers which dotted the English countryside in the eighteenth century. Located in Norfolk, seventy miles northeast of London, Thetford had centuries before known a certain prominence as a center of rural manufacturing, and while most of its inhabitants in the eighteenth century were farmers, many still spun yarn in their homes for the thriving weaving industry of Norwich, only twenty miles away.
A Psychologist’s View
Authors: Laing R D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Counterpoint of Experience Dostoy evsky ‘ s g e n i u s is unmistakable in his grasp of the counterpoint of dreams, phantasy, imagination, and memory. All his novels reveal or imply simultaneous participation in these modalities. It is not easy to demonstrate this succinctly. We shall try to do so, by considering Dostoyevsky’s account of Raskolnikov at the beginning of Crime and Punishment in terms of dream, phantasy, imagination, reality, up to and including the murder.
“The Struggle between Noble Designs and Chaos” The Literary Tradition of Chaucer’s Knight’s Tale
Authors: Hanning Robert W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is perhaps no better illustration of the processes of continuity and change in medieval literature than the relationship between Geoffrey Chaucer’s Knight’s Tale (1386?), first of The Canterbury Tales, and its literary antecedents, both proximate—Giovanni Boccaccio’s Teseida delle nozze d’Emilia (ca. 1340)—and remote—the Thebaid of Statius (ca. 92 a.d.). Moreover, a comparison of Chaucer’s poem with Statius’s epic and Boccaccio’s epic romance offers important clues to the meaning of one of the most problematic tales in the Canterbury collection.
Self-Determination for Whom?
Authors: Manela Erez 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The USS George Washington, which carried President Woodrow Wilson across the Atlantic, steamed into the harbor of Brest on the coast of Brittany, France, at noon on Friday, December 13, 1918. It was the first time that a sitting American president had come to Europe and Wilson’s decision to go had been controversial at home. But the president, who believed thirteen was his lucky number, saw the date of arrival as a good omen for his mission. And he seemed to have every reason to think so as the cheering throngs that gathered at the docks to meet him came into view.
A Farmers’ Trust
Authors: Postel Charles 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the early spring of 1889, farmers gathered at a convention in Fulton County, Georgia, to discuss solutions for low cotton prices and hard times. The featured speaker was Farmers’ Alliance lecturer Ben Terrell of Texas, who spoke on the meaning of cooperation. “Here is how cooperation will work,” he explained. “Kentucky sells mules; you need them and buy them, paying $125 for a mule that can be bought in Kentucky for $60. You have no option. You must now buy in your home market. You should buy in Kentucky.” As for marketing their cotton crop, he told Georgia’s farmers that by pooling their resources they could “fight capital with capital” and leverage the price of cotton on the world market. “Keep cotton from Europe sixty days,” he said, “and the price will run up.” Through combination they could do more than resist their enemies, Terrell assured the assembled farmers; they could bring rational order to the commercial system. “Everything will be in proportion,” as he put it. The railroads made it cost-effective to purchase draft animals from out-of-state stock- breeders and supplant the local market in mules. The telegraph and steamship allowed for the organization of the nation’s cotton crop. By means of combination farmers could insert themselves more directly in regional, national, and global markets, putting commerce on efficient and proportional lines. To the accusation that a combination of farmers amounted to monopoly, Terrell replied: “If it is a monopoly we shall create a grand one. It will be a philanthropic monopoly. It will distribute wealth among the people.”
Conclusion: From Conflict to Transformation
Authors: Thompson J Phillip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Black mayors, like other big-city mayors, are confronted with revenue shortfalls needed to improve schools, deliver social and health services, and maintain and develop infrastructure. Part of their fiscal problems stem from reductions in federal aid to cities over the last two decades; another part comes from the fiscal isolation of wealthy suburbs from the urban poor and innercity problems. Big-city fiscal problems are traceable, above all, to the political isolation of the inner-city poor in the larger body politic. Because the suburbs are mostly populated by whites and most big cities are predominantly black and Latino, overcoming the political isolation of big cities requires the formation of multiracial coalitions that span current city-suburban boundaries.
The Rise of Specialties in Early Nineteenth-Century Paris
Authors: Weisz George 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Medical specialization emerged in large cities. It first did so in Paris during the 1830s as a result of three processes: the unification of surgery and medicine, the rise of a novel sort of medical research community in the capital, and the spread of a new kind of administrative rationality within the municipal hospital system. The initial emergence of specialties is best understood as part of the process of professionalization in science that took place throughout Europe during this period.
Specialization in the German-Speaking World
Authors: Weisz George 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In comparison with events in Britain, the development of specialization in the German-speaking world confronted relatively few intractable obstacles. Following their emergence in Paris medicine, specialties appeared in rich profusion in Vienna, capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and somewhat more slowly in the largest university cities of what would become the German Empire. Through out the German-speaking world, early specialties evolved around state systems of medical education. Even more than in France, specialization here was originally perceived and justified as an academic activity that was central to medical teaching and research.
The Rise of American Specialties
Authors: Weisz George 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are many similarities between the development of specialties in the United States and in Germany. In both countries, a decentralized political system combined with fierce professional competition to provoke medical elites to identify themselves closely with science and specialization. National professional associations responded to these conditions by taking on a central role in the reform of medical education and practice. The American Medical Association (AMA) was established, and became involved in issues of training, research, and specialization, well in advance of the comparable German medical association.
Regulating Specialists in National Medical Directories
Authors: Weisz George 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For much of the nineteenth century, I have argued, specialization was primarily about research and teaching. Sometime during the 1880s, specialist medical practice began to expand at a vertiginous rate, generating numerous problems in its wake. The medical history of the next half-century was in large measure about coming to terms with and exerting regulatory control over this relatively new form of practice. I begin this chapter by examining briefly the expansion of specialist practice from the 1880s to the mid-1930s.
Regulating Specialists in Germany
Authors: Weisz George 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Germany was the first of the four nations under discussion to organize a national system of specialist certification. It was preceded by Sweden and Denmark, whose medical associations introduced specialty regulation in 1911 and 1918, respectively. The grave problems facing the German medical profession, the existence of an active national medical association, and uniquely difficult political conditions made a relatively early resolution of the issue both desirable and possible. But it was above all the tactics chosen that allowed the profession to overcome massive differences of opinion and conflicts of interest.
Regulating Specialists the American Way
Authors: Weisz George 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Interest in specialty training and certification emerged in the United States a few years after its appearance in Germany. Unlike the system of regulation that emerged in the latter nation after many years of debate and that was associated with a single national set of guidelines introduced in 1924, American doc tors began almost immediately to implement certification in a piecemeal way. Consequently, a comprehensive system of specialist certification was gradually introduced over a period of two decades. As was the case in Germany, a national medical association preoccupied with all aspects of medical practice played a central role in these developments.
From Divisions of Medicine to Specialties
Authors: Weisz George 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For much of this book, nations have served as our fundamental units of analysis. We have discussed specific specialties insofar as they played a particularly significant role or illustrated particular themes of national medical development. I should like in this chapter and the next to change focus by examining a number of specialties in an explicitly comparative framework. My starting point will be the medical directories that I have cited so frequently in this book. The quantitative data for the mid-1930s calculated from these sources provide a very rough estimate of the general distribution of specialists and specialties in the countries under examination.
Electing Justice
Authors: Davis Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The nomination and confirmation of Supreme Court justices has, in recent years, become a battleground like no other. Bruising Senate confirmation hearings for failed nominee Robert Bork and successful nominee Clarence Thomas left the reputation of all branches of government in disarray and the participants--and the nation--exhausted. The Senate's Constitutional prerogative to provide advice and consent to the President's nominations to the highest court in the land has given rise to political grandstanding and ideological battles. Less well known is how other players--interest groups, the news media, and, through their involvement, the general public--also affect the conduct and outcome of the Supreme Court nomination process. Electing Justice reveals how from the late 1960s on, the role of these other players grew in intensity to the point that the nomination process would be unrecognizable to its original devisers, the Framers of the Constitution. Over the past quarter century, live television coverage of Senate hearings, "murder boards" in preparation for those hearings, a flood of press releases, television and radio advertisements, and public opinion polls all characterize nominations. Unlike earlier, more elite-governed processes, the involvement of outside groups has become highly public and their effect on the outcome of some nominations is now widely accepted. How should we respond to this informal democratization of the selection process? The genie, Davis contends, cannot be put back into the bottle and we cannot return to a non-political, elite-driven ideal. Davis concludes with several controversial recommendations that preserve the public role while avoiding the excesses of past controversial nominations. By embracing the public's new role in the examination of nominees we can ensure a democratic process and secure an independent and accountable judicial branch.
Destitution
Authors: de Waal Alex 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter presented a paradox which strikes right to the centre of how we think of famines. Famine victims had exchange entitlements to ‘esh which they did not fully utilize. This paradox is partly resolved by looking at the consumption of wild foods, and partly by the observation that people simply went very hungry. Two questions remain. One is: if people were not spending their money on grain, what were they spending it on, and why? That is the concern of this chapter. The concept of famine held in Darfur has a focus on destitution. People see famine primarily not as a threat to their lives but as a threat to their way of life. Their central aim during the famine was to preserve the base of their livelihood, so that they could return to a normal or acceptable way of life after the famine. This leads to the second question: were people struggling to preserve their way of life at a risk to their lives, were they really choosing to starve? That is the concern of the next chapter.
Relief
Authors: de Waal Alex 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The famine in Darfur became most visible to outsiders during the first half of 1985. Journalists began to visit Darfur, and relief agencies began their operations (although there was to be no sign of major UN agencies such as UNICEF and World Food Programme for many months). Aid agency officials, journalists, politicians, and other sundry disaster tourists flocked to Darfur. Disaster tourism reached its peak shortly after the EEC relief programme launched an airlift of grain in May 1985, making it possible to visit Darfur with relative ease.
Other Famines
Authors: de Waal Alex 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are two levels of conclusion for this book. One is at an abstract level. This is that English-speakers have consistently misunderstood famines because we have been misled by an inappropriate concept of what famine is. Instead we must recognize that ‘famine’ is not a single, cohesive concept, and famines are not a natural kind. Analysis of individual famines must precede attempts to understand the general phenomenon of famine. This analysis emphatically must take into account the understandings of the famine articulated by the people who are suffering it.
False Hope
Authors: Rettig Richard A , Jacobson Peter D , Farquhar Cynthia M , Aubry Wade M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the late 1980s, a promising new treatment for breast cancer emerged: high-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation or HDC/ABMT. By the 1990s, it had burst upon the oncology scene and disseminated rapidly before having been carefully evaluated. By the time published studies showed that the procedure was ineffective, more than 30,000 women had received the treatment, shortening their lives and adding to their suffering. This book tells of the rise and demise of HDC/ABMT for metastatic and early stage breast cancer, and fully explores the story's implications, which go well beyond the immediate procedure, and beyond breast cancer, to how we evaluate other medical procedures, especially life-saving ones. It details how the factors that drove clinical use - patient demand, physician enthusiasm, media reporting, litigation, economic exploitation, and legislative and administrative mandates - converged to propel the procedure forward despite a lack of proven clinical effectiveness. It also analyses the failure of the technology assessments and randomised clinical trials that evaluated the procedure and the ramifications of this flawed system on healthcare today. Sections of the book consider the initial conditions surrounding the emergence of the new breast cancer treatment, the drivers of clinical use, and the struggle for evidence-based medicine. A concluding section considers the significance of the story for our healthcare system.
Court Trials
Authors: Rettig Richard A , Jacobson Peter D , Farquhar Cynthia M , Aubry Wade M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is not surprising that the controversy over high-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation (HDC/ABMT) ended up in the courts. Regardless of their institutional capacity to resolve such disputes, the courts have long been central to resolving contentious social policy debates. In fact, it would have been quite unexpected if an alternative forum had emerged to settle the matter. This is illustrated clearly by the following account by Musa Mayer: Nine years ago this spring [2003], I sat in a Long Island courtroom with the rest of my breast cancer support group. We had come in solidarity for our friend Pat, whose insurance company had refused coverage for a second bone marrow transplant, after the first had failed, on the basis that this was an experimental treatment.
Clinical Trials
Authors: Rettig Richard A , Jacobson Peter D , Farquhar Cynthia M , Aubry Wade M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During most of the 1990s, insufficient evidence existed to support claims that highdose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation (HDC/ABMT) was superior to conventional treatment for patients with either metastatic or highrisk breast cancer. The evidence that did exist came from single-site, phase 2 studies involving small numbers of highly selected patients compared to historical or no controls. Decisive evidence about the effectiveness of the procedure required data from phase 3 randomized clinical trials. In contrast to the rapid diffusion of HDC/ABMT in the 1990s described in previous chapters, the evaluation of the procedure in randomized trials required a long, slow process of accruing sufficient numbers of patients, conducting the trials, following up patients over an adequate period, analyzing the data, and reporting results. When, in 1999, the trials reported “no benefit,” the news would come like a thunderclap.
The (Occasional) Power of Numbers
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Suppose that we want to answer a disputed question of fact. The question might involve past events: When was Calvin Coolidge elected president? How tall is the Eiffel Tower? How many home runs did Babe Ruth hit? Or the issue might involve a prediction about the future: Will Iran or North Korea pose a genuine threat to U.S. security? Is global warming a serious problem? Will the poverty rate, or concentrations of specified air pollutants, increase in the next year? Will a particular product sell? What will be the effect of a hurricane? Is a flu pandemic going to strike Europe? Will an endangered species recover?
The Surprising Failures of Deliberating Groups
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Let us begin with three examples of deliberation in action. In the summer of 2005, a small experiment in democracy was held in Colorado. Sixty American citizens were brought together and assembled into ten groups, each consisting of five to seven people. Members of each group were asked to deliberate on three of the most controversial issues of the day: Should states allow same-sex couples to enter into civil unions? Should employers engage in “affirmative action” by giving a preference to members of traditionally disadvantaged groups? Should the United States sign an international treaty to combat global warming? As the experiment was designed, the groups consisted of either “liberal” and “conservative” members, the former from Boulder, the latter from Colorado Springs. In the parlance of election years, there were five Blue State groups and five Red State groups: five groups whose members initially tended toward liberal positions on the three issues, and five whose members tended toward conservative positions on those issues. People were asked to state their opinions anonymously both before and after fifteen minutes of group discussion.
Implications and Reforms
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We have seen that there are multiple ways of aggregating information—of taking advantage of the widely dispersed knowledge that individuals have. If groups want to make better decisions, they ought to try to take advantage of that knowledge. Under what circumstances should one or another approach be chosen? For the prices of commodities, the answer is absurdly easy: Markets are best. It would be extremely foolish to set prices by taking the average judgment of a large group of people. Compared to the choices of statistical groups, deliberation might be better, but it might well be worse.
The Oxford Guide to Library Research
Authors: Mann Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With all of the new developments in information storage and retrieval, researchers today need a clear and comprehensive overview of the full range of their options, both online and offline, for finding the best information quickly. In this third edition of The Oxford Guide to Library Research, Thomas Mann maps out an array not just of important databases and print sources, but of several specific search techniques that can be applied profitably in any area of research. From academic resources to government documents to manuscripts in archives to business Web sites, Mann shows readers how best to exploit controlled subject headings, explains why browsing library shelves is still important in an online age, demonstrates how citation searching and related record searching produce results far beyond keyword inquiries, and offers practical tips on making personal contacts with knowledgeable people. Against the trendy but mistaken assumption that "everything" can be found on the Internet, Mann shows the lasting value of physical libraries and the unexpected power of traditional search mechanisms, while also providing the best overview of the new capabilities of computer indexing. Throughout the book Mann enlivens his advice with real-world examples derived from his experience of having helped thousands of researchers, with interests in all subjects areas, over a quarter century. Along the way he provides striking demonstrations and powerful arguments against those theorists who have mistakenly announced the demise of print. Essential reading for students, scholars, professional researchers, and laypersons, The Oxford Guide to Library Research offers a rich, inclusive overview of the information field, one that can save researchers countless hours of frustration in the search for the best sources on their topics.