bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Ethnicity on Warfarin Dosage Requirement
Authors: Dang Mai-Trang N , Hambleton Julie , Kayser Steven R 
Published: April 2005

BACKGROUND: The optimal dose of warfarin varies among individuals, and the prediction of a maintenance dose is difficult. Ethnicity has been reported to influence warfarin dosing. OBJECTIVE: To quantitate the influence of ethnicity on warfarin dose requirement. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study at a university anticoagulation clinic to evaluate the influence of ethnicity on warfarin dose. Inclusion criteria included age ⩾18 years, target international normalized ratio (INR) 2–3, and warfarin management within the clinic for ⩾3 months with a minimum of 5 clinic visits. We collected clinical and demographic data including age, gender, weight, ethnicity, disease states, concomitant medications, indication, weekly warfarin dosage, and INR. To assess potential confounders, multivariate, repeated-measures regression analysis was used to identify and adjust for variables that may influence the maintenance dose of warfarin. RESULTS: Of the 345 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 27% were Asian American, 6% Hispanic, 54% white, and 14% African American. The adjusted mean (95% CI) weekly warfarin doses for patients with an INR goal of 2 to 3 were Asian Americans 24 mg (21 to 27), Hispanics 31 mg (25 to 37), whites 36 mg (34 to 39), and African Americans 43 mg (39 to 47) (p < 0.001). Additional factors found to influence warfarin dose requirement included age, weight, concomitant use of amiodarone, and diagnosis of venous thromboembolism. CONCLUSIONS: Warfarin dose requirements vary across ethnic groups even when adjusted for confounding factors, suggesting that genetic variation contributes to interpatient variability.
Erythro/threo ratio of β-O-4-5 structures as an important structural characteristic of lignin. Part 4: Variation in the erythro/threo ratio in softwood and hardwood lignins and its relation to syringyl/guaiacyl ratio
Authors: Akiyama Takuya , Goto Hitoshi , Nawawi Deded S. , Syafii Wasrin , Matsumoto Yuji , Meshitsuka Gyosuke 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The proportion of erythro- and threo-forms of β-O-4-structures in lignin was elucidated by ozonation analysis of 21 wood species, and the relationship to the syringyl and guaiacyl composition was investigated. For all hardwood species, the erythro-form of β-O-4-structures predominated, although the extent varied widely, depending on wood species. In contrast, the proportion and amount of erythro- and threo-forms were very similar in all softwood species. The proportion of the erythro-form was greater in species with a higher methoxyl content in the lignin (correlation coefficient, R2=0.83). The S/V ratio (molar ratio of syringaldehyde and syringic acid to that of vanillin and vanillic acid) obtained by nitrobenzene oxidation was also strongly correlated with the proportion of the erythro-form (R2=0.99). Accordingly, the syringyl/guaiacyl ratio is closely related to the erythro/threo ratio. This stereochemical characteristic of β-O-4-structures is discussed in relation to the process of lignin formation.
Hygroscopicity of resorcinol-formaldehyde resin and aqueous vinyl polymer-isocyanate resin in high humidity
Authors: Miyazaki Junko , Nakano Takato 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The hygroscopicity and hygro-mechanical properties of the adhesives, resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) resin and aqueous vinyl polymer-isocyanate (API) resin have been examined. Adsorption isotherms for cured RF and API resins with various degrees of crosslinking showed that the hygroscopicity of both resins decreased as the curing reactions proceeded, although the mechanisms for these decreases differed. In RF resins cured with a large amount of hardener, a highly crosslinked structure is formed, so swelling is limited by the network. Thus, the hygroscopicity of cured RF resins decreases due to the restricted swelling, while the number of hydroxyl groups, another source of hygroscopicity, are not changed by the curing. On the other hand, swelling in API resins cured with a large amount of hardener is not completely inhibited because of long segments between the crosslinks. The hygroscopicity of cured API resins is lowered as the curing extent increased, since this reaction decreases the number of hydroxyl groups.
Microbial colonizers of freshly sawn yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) lumber in two seasons. Part 3: Yeasts
Authors: Mikluscak Mark R. , Dawson-Andoh Benjamin E. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis is the final report on a study that examined the occurrence of three types of microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, and yeasts) on dead-stacked green yellow-poplar lumber in spring and summer of 2000. This paper reports on the abundance, identities, and diversity of yeasts isolated during the first 60 days of storage of the lumber immediately after sawing in each season. Yeasts made up 16% of the total microbial isolates (logncfu g−1) in the entire study. The predominant yeast isolate wasTrichosporon cutaneum, which accounted for 42% of all the yeasts identified. A great variety of yeast species belonging to the genusCandidawere present and includedC. steatolytica,C. sphaerica,C. humicola,C. incommunis,C. montana, andC. kefyr.
Experimental economics in anthropology: A critical assessment
Authors: Chibnik Michael 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTIn recent years, well‐funded cross‐cultural economic experiments have received considerable publicity in science journals. The anthropologists conducting these experiments have made ambitious claims about the value of their research, saying that their findings “illuminate the nature of human nature” and the “appropriateness of the assumption of self‐interest that underpins much of social science.” The publication of a new book, Foundations of Human Sociality, provides an opportunity to assess these claims. The findings reported in the book are consistent with long‐accepted ideas in sociocultural anthropology. The book's contributors are often insufficiently critical of theoretical assumptions in economics, psychology, and biology and pay insufficient attention to relevant theory in economic anthropology. In particular, the evolutionary psychology paradigm accepted by many anthropologists conducting economic experiments does not aid in understanding their findings.
New Rapid Polymerase Chain Reaction‐Immunochromatographic Assay for Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Takada Kazuko , Sakaguchi Yoshiaki , Oka Chitoshi , Hirasawa Masatomo 
Published: April 2005

Background: A simple and rapid method for Porphyromonas gingivalis detection in clinical samples has been developed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and an immunochromatographic assay (ICA) with a lateral‐flow device (strip) to detect species‐specific 16S rRNA genes.Methods: The PCR used a pair of primer sets labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) or biotin at each 5' terminus. The strip used a nitrocellulose membrane containing streptavidin conjugated to gold particles and anti‐FITC line.Results: PCR and ICA detected as few as 1 and 10 cells of P. gingivalis, respectively. ICA required 5 to 10 minutes more than the initial PCR. The amplifications were not observed in other oral black‐pigmented bacteria at concentrations of 106 colony forming unit (CFU). The ICA strips showed bands at more than 104 CFU/ml equivalents in clinical samples from periodontitis.Conclusions: A diagnostic assay based on PCR‐ICA was developed for the detection of P. gingivalis, and results were obtained visually in 3 hours. PCR‐ICA will be a valuable tool for the rapid detection of target bacteria by chair side. J Periodontol 2005;76:508‐512.
Periodontal Regenerative Potential of Autogenous Periodontal Ligament Grafts in Class II Furcation Defects
Authors: Akbay Anıl , Baran Coşkun , Günhan Ömer , Özmeriç Nurdan , Baloş Köksal 
Published: April 2005

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the regenerative potential of autogenous periodontal ligament (PDL) grafts in the treatment of Class II furcation defects.Methods: Twenty mandibular Class II furcation defects from 10 systemically healthy patients with chronic periodontitis were selected. In experimental defects, flaps were coronally positioned following placing autogenous PDL grafts that were obtained from third molars; in controls, coronally advanced flap procedure without graft was applied. Clinical measurements including plaque index, gingival index, probing depth (PD), vertical and horizontal clinical attachment level (CAL), and gingival recession (GR) were obtained at baseline and after 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Vertical and horizontal defect fill was evaluated with open clinical measurements at initial surgery and reentry after 6 months. Gingival biopsies from the experimental and control defects were obtained at reentry and evaluated histopathologically in order to examine the soft tissue response towards PDL grafts.Results: Sites treated with PDL grafts demonstrated signifi‐ cant improvement in vertical and horizontal defect fill, PD, and CAL at 3 and 6 months compared to presurgical values. The difference determined for the PD values of both groups at a statistically significant degree in favor of grafted sites was maintained at all observation periods. No foreign body reaction was observed in PDL grafts.Conclusions: These short‐term results point to the potential of PDL grafts in promoting healing of furcation lesions. This preliminary study suggests that the use of PDL grafts may have beneficial effects in the treatment of furcation defects. J Periodontol 2005;76:595‐604.
APOE ε4 and Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Patients With Brain Arteriovenous Malformation
Authors: Renedo Daniela , Rivier Cyprien A. , Koo Andrew B. , Sujijantarat Nanthiya , Clocchiatti-Tuozzo Santiago , Wu Kane , Torres-Lopez Victor M. , Huo Shufan , Gunel Murat , de Havenon Adam , Sheth Kevin N. , Matouk Charles C. , Falcone Guido J. 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceIntracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a serious complication of brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM). Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 is a well-known genetic risk factor for ICH among persons without AVM, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a vasculopathy frequently observed in APOE ε4 carriers that may increase the risk of ICH.ObjectiveTo assess whether APOE ε4 is associated with a higher risk of ICH in patients with a known AVM.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study including 412 participants was conducted in 2 stages (discovery and replication) using individual-level data from the UK Biobank (released March 2012 and last updated October 2023) and the All of Us Research Program (commenced on May 6, 2018, with its latest update provided in October 2023). The occurrence of AVM and ICH was ascertained at the time of enrollment using validated International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision and Tenth Revision, codes. Genotypic data on the APOE variants rs429358 and rs7412 were used to ascertain the ε status.Main Outcomes and MeasuresFor each study, the association between APOE ε4 variants and ICH risk was assessed among patients with a known AVM by using multivariable logistic regression.ResultsThe discovery phase included 253 UK Biobank participants with known AVM (mean [SD] age, 56.6 [8.0] years, 119 [47.0%] female), of whom 63 (24.9%) sustained an ICH. In the multivariable analysis of 240 participants of European ancestry, APOE ε4 was associated with a higher risk of ICH (odds ratio, 4.58; 95% CI, 2.13-10.34; P &amp;lt; .001). The replication phase included 159 participants with known AVM enrolled in All of Us (mean [SD] age, 57.1 [15.9] years; 106 [66.7%] female), of whom 29 (18.2%) sustained an ICH. In multivariable analysis of 101 participants of European ancestry, APOE ε4 was associated with higher risk of ICH (odds ratio, 4.52; 95% CI, 1.18-19.38; P = .03).Conclusions and RelevanceThe results of this cross-sectional study of patients from the UK Biobank and All of Us suggest that information on APOE ε4 status may help identify patients with brain AVM who are at particularly high risk of ICH and that cerebral amyloid angiopathy should be evaluated as a possible mediating mechanism of the observed association.
Cost-Effectiveness of School Urinary Screening for Early Detection of IgA Nephropathy in Japan
Authors: Honda Kimiko , Akune Yoko , Goto Rei 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceThe evidence for and against screening for chronic kidney disease in youths who are asymptomatic is inconsistent worldwide. Japan has been conducting urinary screening in students for 50 years, allowing for a full economic evaluation that includes the clinical benefits of early detection and intervention for chronic kidney disease.ObjectivesTo evaluate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of school urinary screening in Japan, with a focus on the benefits of the early detection and intervention for IgA nephropathy, and to explore key points in the model that are associated with the cost-effectiveness of the school urinary screening program.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis economic evaluation with a cost-effectiveness analysis used a computer-simulated Markov model from the health care payer’s perspective among a hypothetical cohort of 1 000 000 youths aged 6 years in first grade in Japanese elementary schools, followed up through junior and high school. The time horizon was lifetime. Costs and clinical outcomes were discounted at a rate of 2% per year. Costs were calculated in Japanese yen and 2020 US dollars (¥107 = US $1).InterventionsSchool urinary screening for IgA nephropathy was compared with no screening.Main Outcomes and MeasuresOutcomes were costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Cost-effectiveness was determined by evaluating whether the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per QALY gained remained less than ¥7 500 000 (US $70 093).ResultsIn the base case analysis, the ICER was ¥4 186 642 (US $39 127)/QALY, which was less than the threshold. There were 60.3 patients/1 000 000 patients in the no-screening strategy and 31.7 patients/1 000 000 patients in the screening strategy with an end-stage kidney disease. Cost-effectiveness improved as the number of screenings decreased (screening frequency &amp;lt;3 times: incremental cost, −¥75 [US $0.7]; incremental QALY, 0.00025; ICER, dominant), but the number of patients with end-stage kidney disease due to IgA nephropathy increased (40.9 patients/1 000 000 patients). Assuming the disutility due to false positives had a significant impact on the analysis; assuming a disutility of 0.01 or more, the population with no IgA nephropathy had an ICER greater than the threshold (¥8 304 093 [US $77 608]/QALY).Conclusions and RelevanceThis study found that Japanese school urinary screening was cost-effective, suggesting that it may be worthy of resource allocation. Key factors associated with cost-effectiveness were screening cost, the probability of incident detection outside of screening, and IgA nephropathy incidence, which may provide clues to decision-makers in other countries when evaluating the program in their own context.
Technical note: SpekPy Web—online x‐ray spectrum calculations using an interface to the SpekPy toolkit
Authors: Vorbau Robert , Poludniowski Gavin 
Published: February 2024

AbstractKnowledge of the photon spectrum emitted from an x‐ray tube is frequently needed in imaging and dosimetry contexts. As the spectrum characteristics are influenced by several parameters and routine measurement of a spectrum is often impractical, a variety of software programs have been developed over the decades for convenient calculations. SpekPy is a state‐of‐the‐art software package containing several spectrum models, and was created to estimate photon spectra originating from x‐ray tubes using a small set of input parameters (e.g., anode material, anode angle, tube potential, filtration, etc.). SpekPy is distributed as a Python toolkit and is available free of charge. The toolkit does, however, lack a graphical user interface and a user is required to write a Python script to make use of it. In this work this limitation is addressed by introducing a web application called SpekPy Web: a graphical user interface together with an application programmable interface (API). These developments both make the SpekPy spectrum models accessible to a broader set of users and increases the ease of use for existing users. SpekPy Web is hosted at: https://spekpy.smile.ki.se. The functionality of the software is demonstrated, using its API, by estimating first half‐value layers (HVLs) for 15 standard beam qualities from the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). The estimated HVLs were found to all be within 3.5% agreement when compared to experimental values, with an average calculation time of 2.5 s per spectrum.half‐value‐layer, software, x‐ray spectrum
Influence of dose calculation algorithms on the helical diode array using volumetric‐modulated arc therapy for small targets
Authors: Ono Tomohiro , Hirashima Hideaki , Adachi Takanori , Iramina Hiraku , Fujimoto Takahiro , Uto Megumi , Nakamura Mitsuhiro , Mizowaki Takashi 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBackgroundFor patient‐specific quality assurance (PSQA) for small targets, the dose resolution can change depending on the characteristics of the dose calculation algorithms.PurposeThis study aimed to evaluate the influence of the dose calculation algorithms Acuros XB (AXB), anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA), photon Monte Carlo (pMC), and collapsed cone (CC) on a helical diode array using volumetric‐modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for small targets.Materials and methodsArcCHECK detectors were inserted with a physical depth of 2.9 cm from the surface. To evaluate the influence of the dose calculation algorithms for small targets, rectangular fields of 2×100, 5×100, 10×100, 20×100, 50×100, and 100×100 mm2 were irradiated and measured using ArcCHECK with TrueBeam STx. A total of 20 VMAT plans for small targets, including the clinical sites of 19 brain metastases and one spine, were also evaluated. The gamma passing rates (GPRs) were evaluated for the rectangular fields and the 20 VMAT plans using AXB, AAA, pMC, and CC.ResultsFor rectangular fields of 2×100 and 5×100 mm2, the GPR at 3%/2 mm of AXB was < 50% because AXB resulted in a coarser dose resolution with narrow beams. For field sizes > 10×100 mm2, the GPR at 3%/2 mm was > 88.1% and comparable for all dose calculation algorithms. For the 20 VMAT plans, the GPRs at 3%/2 mm were 79.1 ± 15.7%, 93.2 ± 5.8%, 94.9 ± 4.1%, and 94.5 ± 4.1% for AXB, AAA, pMC, and CC, respectively.ConclusionThe behavior of the dose distribution on the helical diode array differed depending on the dose calculation algorithm for small targets. Measurements using ArcCHECK for VMAT with small targets can have lower GPRs owing to the coarse dose resolution of AXB around the detector area.
Crafting Near‐Infrared Photonics via the Programmable Assembly of Organic Heterostructures at Multiscale Level
Authors: Xia Xing‐Yu , Lv Qiang , Xu Chao‐Fei , Yu Yue , Wang Lei , Wang Xue‐Dong , Liao Liang‐Sheng 
Published: February 2024

AbstractOrganic single crystals with near‐infrared (NIR) emission demonstrate their excellent optical communications from well photonic confinement and low optical waveguide loss, which are considered as competitive candidates toward advanced optoelectronics. However, the increasingly diverse and sophisticated application demands result in the complicated design of NIR devices, which is hardly realized solely by the intrinsic properties of individual crystals. Herein, a programmable assembly strategy is presented to fabricate organic heterostructures. Triphenylene (TP), pyrene (Py) and 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) are primary selected to prepared organic cocrystals with narrow band gap and near‐infrared emission. Importantly, the charge‐transfer alloy with tunable emission from 700 nm to 850 nm and branched heterostructures with multichannel characteristics are prepared from these organic cocrystals by following the growth kinetics process at molecular level and lattice matching principle at structural level, respectively. Theses prepared heterostructures exhibit optical logic operation capabilities, which can serve as optical modulators. This work provides new insights into the manufacturing of organic NIR heterostructures applied in advanced optoelectronics.
All‐Automated Fabrication of Freestanding and Scalable Photo‐Thermoelectric Devices with High Performance
Authors: Dai Xu , Wang Yizhuo , Sun Xu , Li Kuncai , Pan Jiahao , Wang Jing , Zhuang Tiantian , Chong Daotong , Yan Junjie , Wang Hong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractFlexible photo‐thermoelectric (PTE) devices have great application prospects in the fields of solar energy conversion, ultrabroadband light detection, etc. A suitable manufacturing process to avoid the substrate effects as well as to create a narrow transition area between p–n modules for high‐performance freestanding flexible PTE devices is highly desired. Herein, an automated laser fabrication (ALF) method is reported to construct the PTE devices with rylene‐diimide‐doped n‐type single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) films. The wet‐compressing approach is developed to improve the thermoelectric power factors and figure of merit (ZT) of the SWCNT hybrid films. Then, the films are cut and patterned automatically to make PTE devices with various structures by the proposed ALF method. The freestanding PTE device with a narrow transition area of ≈2–3 µm between the p and n modules exhibits a high‐power density of 0.32 µW cm−2 under the light of 200 mW cm−2, which is among the highest level for freestanding‐film‐based PTE devices. The results pave the way for the automatic production process of PTE devices for green power generation and ultrabroadband light detection.
Tailless Information–Energy Metasurface
Authors: Chang Mingyang , Mu Yajie , Han Jiaqi , Li Guanxuan , Li Yicen , Liu Haixia , Li Long , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: February 2024

AbstractProgrammable metasurface technology can achieve flexible manipulations of electromagnetic waves in real time by adjusting the surface structure and material properties and has shown extraordinary potential in many fields such as wireless communications and the Internet of Things. However, most of the programmable metasurfaces have a common feature: a tail (electrical wires and DC powers), which is difficult to supply in some particular application scenarios such as canyons and mountains. To eliminate the limitation of DC power supply, the programmable metasurface and wireless power transfer technology are combined to propose a tailless information–energy metasurface (IEMS). The tailless IEMS platform can dynamically control electromagnetic waves without relying on an external DC power supply; instead, the required DC power is provided internally by the IEMS platform itself. In the tailless IEMS experiments, the concept is demonstrated through the dynamic regulation of wireless channels and the wireless transmission of DC power. This work provides a self‐powered method for programmable metasurfaces, expands the application scenarios, facilitates the miniaturization of systems, and makes it easy to integrate with other systems.