bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A PERIODIC RADIOMETER FOR ELIMINATING DRIFTS
Authors: Firestone F. A. 
Published: February 2005

It is shown that while the Pfund resonance radiometer reduces the effect of drifts by a factor of several hundred, its advantage over the conventional Moll amplifying system as regards the reduction of the effect of Brownian motion on the accuracy of the readings is only about a factor of three for a resonance radiometer system requiring 140 seconds for a single observation. For a Moll system and a resonant system of equal times of observation, the Moll system is about twice as good as regards Brownian error in the readings. A resonance radiometer loses both its Brownian advantage and its ability to reduce drifts, when designed for a short time of response.
A periodic radiometer particularly suitable for rapid recording is described, drifts being completely eliminated, while the time of response is only six seconds. Two condensers in series with the amplifying circuit effectually stop all drifts while passing the periodic deflections. By averaging visually a considerable number of deflections, the accuracy of the resonance radiometer for equal reading time can be approached so that the same instrument may serve both for rapid exploration of spectra and more careful determination of detail.
Infrared spectra of high resolution have been successfully recorded from a grating spectrometer and in amount of detail shown, closely approach the most carefully manually recorded curves.
THE DESIGN OF TEMPERATURE CONTROL APPARATUS FOR PIEZO OSCILLATORS
Authors: Andrew Victor J. 
Published: February 2005

The procedure is described for calculating the dimensions of the different components of a temperature control system consisting of conducting and insulating layers outside the thermostat, and absorbing, and in some cases insulating layers between the thermostat compartment and the quartz plate mounting.
A method is explained for observing and empirically reducing the effect of variations of room temperature on the controlled temperature of the apparatus. This effect depends on the relative positions of the thermostat, the heater, and the quartz plate. It is usually the limiting factor in precision of control.
A FIELD INTENSITY METER
Authors: Brown G. H. , Koehler Glenn 
Published: February 2005

The fundamentals of field intensity measurements are summarized. The general methods of using a receiving set and a source of voltage for calibrating are outlined. The methods are then extended in application to a radio receiver which utilizes a modified superheterodyne circuit. The resultant beat note is of low frequency, and may be greatly amplified by means of audiofrequency stages of amplification. This gives the receiver not only extreme sensitivity but also great selectivity.
In other methods of measurement, the apparent field strength depends on the amount of modulation of the incoming wave. In the method here described, the beat note with the carrier wave is so great, compared to any contribution of the side-bands, that the meter readings do not change by any noticeable amount when a transmitting station ceases to modulate and transmits only the carrier wave. The beat note with the carrier wave is so great that it is possible to make measurements on stations whose fields are so weak that they cannot be detected on an ordinary receiver.
The attenuator is of the capacity type with a range of voltage from less than 1 microvolt to 3×106 microvolts. Detailed descriptions of the receiver and attenuator are given, as well as the methods of calibrating the apparatus.
Gamma-Ray Measurements by the Magnetic Analysis of Compton Electrons
Authors: Motz J. W. , Miller William , Wyckoff H. O. , Gibson H. F. , Kirn F. S. 
Published: February 2005

A magnetic spectrometer has been constructed which can be used to determine photon intensities and energies over an energy range of approximately 0.2 to 12 Mev. Over this energy range, the detection efficiency of the spectrometer is such that a monoenergetic photon flux density of the order of 105 photons per cm2 will produce one count. The instrument measures the momentum distribution of Compton electrons ejected from a thin beryllium foil into a small solid angle in the direction of the incident photon beam. A method of converting these measurements to corresponding photon intensities and energies is presented. The calculations necessary to convert to photon intensities are based on the Klein-Nishina formula, and include the effects of scattering and energy loss of the electrons in the foil.
The spectrometer was calibrated from (a) the line shapes produced when the gamma-rays from the radioactive sources Cs137 (0.661 Mev) and Na24 (1.37 Mev, 2.76 Mev) were incident on the foil, and (b) the intensity measurements of these sources, obtained with an ionization chamber.
A Method of Describing the Detectivity of Photoconductive Cells
Authors: Jones R. Clark 
Published: February 2005

A simple method is proposed for describing the detectivity of photoconductive cells.
First it is pointed out that at signal modulation frequencies well below the frequency that corresponds to the time constant of the cell, the responsivity of the cell is independent of the frequency. For the same range of signal modulation frequencies, the noise power (mean-square noise voltage) per unit frequency bandwidth is inversely proportional to the frequency. It is a very general property of radiation detectors obeying Lambert's law that the detectivity varies inversely as the square root of the sensitive area.
As a result of the facts just stated, one is led to the conclusion that if one multiplies the measured detectivity by the square root of the cell's sensitive area and by the square root of the band width of the noise, and if one divides by the square root of the frequency of the test signal, one obtains a result that is independent of the test band width and test frequency and is independent also of the sensitive area of the cell. The detectivity 𝒟 so obtained is defined in Eq. (3) and is called the ``detectivity in the reference condition C.''
The detectivity 𝒟 is not proposed as a replacement for a detailed description of the test conditions and test results. It is an auxiliary quantity to be computed from the test results. It has the advantage over any other single test result that the knowledge of it alone permits a direct and significant comparison of two cells, even though the cells are of different area and are tested under different conditions.
A discussion is included of the various auxiliary ``ground rules'' that must be observed if one wishes to state the detectivity of a cell with complete unambiguity.
A Photoconductivity Apparatus. I. General Circuitry. II. Measurement of Transient Photocurrents
Authors: Miller L. E. , Hamm F. A. 
Published: February 2005

An instrument for the measurement of photocurrents is described. It has the advantage of an inherent time response of 0.1 second with an accompanying sensitivity of 2.0×10−13 ampere per inch deflection on the oscillograph screen. These characteristics are shown to be desirable for the evaluation of transient photocurrents.
A short discussion of the application of the instrument to the measurement of transient photocurrents in photographic emulsions is presented. These currents require two seconds to reach a maximum amplitude for a variety of emulsions. Thus the process giving rise to these currents may be electrolytic rather than electronic.
An Instrument for the Direct Measurement of Intense Thermal Radiation
Authors: Gardon Robert 
Published: February 2005

A new type of radiometer is described that is suitable for the measurement of the intensity of thermal radiation in the range of 1–100 cal/cm2 sec. The instrument is a simple one. It produces an emf directly proportional to intensity and can be made to have a time-constant of the order of 0.001 sec.
Equations are derived to predict the performance of the instrument, and their results are compared with experimental data obtained from three prototypes.
A Negative Muon Beam and Its Analysis by a Radiochemical Method
Authors: Winsberg Lester 
Published: February 2005

A negative muon beam effectively free of pions and secondary particles has been obtained at the 102 Mev π− channel of the Chicago synchrocyclotron by placing a graphite filter 36.0 g/cm2 thick in the beam. The emerging muons were magnetically deflected from the main beam and their energy was shown to be about 50 Mev. A radiochemical method for determining the π−/μ− ratio in the range 10 to 0.01 was used to demonstrate the purity of the negative muon beam.
Although not directly tested, his method for producing a muon beam should work equally well with positive muons.
A Recording Vacuum Gauge
Authors: Hurd Dallas T. , Corrin M. L. 
Published: February 2005

The Langmuir viscosity vacuum gauge has been modified to provide electrical recording of low-pressure data. A particular advantage of this type of gauge is that, once calibrated, it may be used with any gas, including reactive or unstable compounds, or with gases having low condensation pressures.
The gauge utilizes the changing capacitance between a stationary electrode and an oscillating fiber, the rate of damping of which is a function of the composition and pressure of the ambient gas, to modulate the frequency of an oscillator. The output from the oscillator is demodulated in a discriminator circuit, amplified, and recorded. The pressure of the gas is then determined from the recorder trace. Alternatively, the signal may be used to actuate relays or servomechanisms. The fiber is set into oscillation by means of an electromagnet, so the entire operation of the device may be made automatic if desired.
A Method for the Estimation of the Relative Intensities of Microwave Absorption Lines
Authors: Baird Donald H. , Bird George R. 
Published: February 2005

An examination of the theoretical relationship between absorption and crystal response in a Stark-effect microwave spectrograph indicates that a direct proportionality exists between the absorption coefficient and the component of crystal current at the modulation frequency, provided that certain reasonable conditions are fulfilled.
An experimental method is described which utilizes this principle to obtain measurements of the ratio of one absorption coefficient to another. This method involves a matching of the modulation frequency component of crystal current against an adjustable reference signal. These measurements may be used to determine the energy separation of the lower states of the lines observed, thus yielding microwave data on vibrational or torsional energy levels. Line breadth and saturation can be measured equally well with minor modifications in method.
This experimental method was tested by measuring the known ratios of absorption coefficients of the carbonyl sulfide lines near 24 000 mc which are assigned to various isotopic species. The range of deviation of measured ratio from known ratio was 25 percent, and this discrepancy is attributed to reflections in the microwave transmission line, particularly at the ends of the Stark electrode. The determination of molecular vibrational or torsional energy levels is discussed.
Note on the Estimation of Absolute Absorption Intensities with a Stark-Modulated Microwave Spectrograph
Authors: Bird George R. 
Published: February 2005

The method developed by Baird and Bird for the measurement of relative absorption intensities has been extended to the estimation of absolute absorption intensities. The estimation of absolute intensity is based on the measurement of the ratio of modulation-frequency component to direct component of crystal current at low microwave power levels.
A preliminary test of the method has been conducted by making measurements on the intensity of the line CH3Cl35, J=0→1, F=32→52 over a range of crystal currents. Measured intensities less than the calculated intensity by 15 percent to 25 percent were observed over a range of nine in crystal current, indicating that the method is at least feasible for the estimation of intensities. Even crude estimates can be extremely useful in the identification of spectral lines, and it seems likely that the method admits of much refinement in accuracy.
Inexpensive Gamma Detector
Authors: Cone Donald R. , Garbellano David W. 
Published: February 2005

A simple and inexpensive radiation detection device has been constructed sensitive to gamma fluxes in the range from a few to a few hundred roentgen per hour. Thus one can distinguish between dangerous and relatively safe radiation levels such as one might expect from radiological warfare, low level atomic blasts, or from ``rigged'' hydrogen bomb explosions.
A typical device consists of two gamma-activated crystals in a light-tight container which can be held close to one eye to exclude external light. A radium-activated phosphorescent material is included for light intensity comparison purposes. The more sensitive crystal can be discerned in a gamma radiation of a few R/hr, and its light output matches that of the fluorescent material at levels of 20 to 30 R/hr. The light from the less sensitive crystal matches that of the phosphorescent material at about 100 R/hr.
Ultra-High Frequency Beam Analyzer
Authors: Bloom L. R. , VonFoerster H. M. 
Published: February 2005

This paper describes a method for presenting on a fluorescent screen the time varying velocity and density modulation of an electron beam, modulated at a frequency of 3000 Mc, as it emerges from the cavities of a klystron, the wave guide in a traveling wave tube, or similar structures.
In order to deflect an electron beam at this frequency, each pair of the usual deflection plates is replaced by a two-wire transmission line, resonant at the beam modulating frequency. Under proper phase conditions a circular trace is obtained, where one complete revolution of the beam corresponds to exactly one complete cycle of events on the beam at the point of its deflection. Since electrons having different velocities will be deflected differently, a complete velocity and density picture of the beam at a given point of interest is obtained.
This is demonstrated by observing the bunching action in the drift region of a velocity modulated electron beam.
Allele-Specific Assay Reveals Functional Variation in theChalcone SynthasePromoter ofArabidopsis thalianaThat Is Compatible with Neutral Evolution
Authors: de Meaux Juliette , Goebel Ulrike , Pop Ana , Mitchell-Olds Thomas 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPromoters are thought to play a major role in adaptive evolution, yet little is known about the regulatory diversity within species, where microevolutionary processes take place. To investigate the potential for evolutionary change in the promoter of a gene, we examined nucleotide and functional variation of the Chalcone Synthase (CHS) cis-regulatory region in Arabidopsis thaliana. CHS is the branch point enzyme of a biosynthetic pathway that leads to the production of secondary metabolites influencing the interaction between the plant and its environment. We found that nucleotide diversity in the intergenic region encompassing the CHS promoter (π = 0.003) is compatible with neutral expectations. To quantify functional variation specifically as a result of cis-regulation of CHS mRNA levels, we developed an assay using F1 individuals in which distinct promoter alleles are compared within a common trans-regulatory background. We examined functional cis-regulatory variation in response to different stimuli representing a variety of CHS transcriptional environments (dark, light, and insect feeding). We observed extensive functional variation, some of which appeared to be independent of the trans-regulatory background. Comparison of functional and nucleotide diversity suggested a candidate point mutation that may explain cis-regulatory differences in light response. Our results indicate that functional changes in promoters can arise from a few mutations, pointing to promoter regions as a fundamental determinant of functional genetic variation.
Molecular pathways in bladder cancer: Part 1
Authors: Bryan Richard T. , Hussain Syed A. , James Nicholas D. , Jankowski Janusz A. , Wallace D. Michael A. 
Published: February 2005

This month, three of the mini‐reviews are descriptive of bladder cancer. The first two of these relate to various aspects of molecular pathways in bladder cancer. In this ever‐changing field, it is important to keep abreast of new information, and the authors from Birmingham do this for us in a way that is easy to understand and complete.The third of these reviews assesses reports of non‐urothelial bladder tumours, a relatively uncommon subject. In this helpful article, the authors from Rennes classify and explain these tumours, which comprise ≈5% of bladder tumours.Finally, authors from Cleveland classify the methods used for the diagnosis of seminal oxidative stress, sperm DNA damage and apoptosis, and the association of these with male fertility.
Incidence, prevalence and management of lower urinary tract symptoms in men in the UK
Authors: Logie John , Clifford Gary M. , Farmer Richard D.T. 
Published: February 2005

OBJECTIVETo describe the incidence, prevalence and management of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia, reported in UK general practice.PATIENTS AND METHODSAll clinical information relating to LUTS and its treatment was assessed for men aged ≥ 45 years and registered on the UK General Practice Research Database (GPRD) at some time between 1992 and 2001. Incidence and prevalence were derived from the GPRD population. Secular trends in the management of LUTS were examined from prescribing rates and the intervals between first symptoms, first treatment and surgery or catheterization.RESULTSThe incidence of reported LUTS showed a strong linear increase with age. The prevalence increased from 3.5% for men aged 45–49 years to > 30% for men aged > 85 years. Between 1992 and 2000 there was a five‐fold increase in the proportion of time with LUTS when men were receiving medical treatment. This was accompanied by a progressive decrease in the intervals between first symptoms and first drug treatment, and a significant increase in the intervals from first symptoms or first treatment to surgery or catheterization. Treated men received surgery or catheterization significantly later than those receiving no drug treatment.CONCLUSIONThere has been a significant increase in the use of medical therapy for LUTS over the last decade. The accompanying postponement of surgery/catheterization is likely to be a result, at least in part, of successful earlier medical treatment and the treatment of a greater proportion of symptomatic men.
The Relevance of Precautionary Saving
Authors: Ventura Luigi , Eisenhauer Joseph G. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
This paper develops a model of personal saving that includes, unlike previous models appearing in the literature, an explicit role for the Leland-Kimball measure of prudence. Estimation of the model using Bank of Italy survey data suggests that about 20 per cent of total saving is driven by precautionary reasons.
Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Open Reading Frame 11 Encodes a Nonessential Virion Component
Authors: Boname Jessica M. , May Janet S. , Stevenson Philip G. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT
Open reading frame 11 (ORF11) is a conserved gammaherpesvirus gene that remains undefined. We identified the product of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) ORF11, p43, as a virion component with a predominantly perinuclear distribution in infected cells. MHV-68 lacking p43 grew normally in vitro but showed reduced lytic replication in vivo and a delay in seeding to the spleen. Subsequent latency amplification was normal. Thus, MHV-68 ORF11 encoded a virion component that was important for in vivo lytic replication but dispensable for the establishment of latency.
Angiopoietin-1 promotes LYVE-1-positive lymphatic vessel formation
Authors: Morisada Tohru , Oike Yuichi , Yamada Yoshihiro , Urano Takashi , Akao Masaki , Kubota Yoshiaki , Maekawa Hiromitsu , Kimura Yoshishige , Ohmura Masako , Miyamoto Takeshi , Nozawa Shiro , Koh Gou Young , Alitalo Kari , Suda Toshio 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAngiopoietin (Ang) signaling plays a role in angiogenesis and remodeling of blood vessels through the receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2, which is expressed on blood vessel endothelial cells (BECs). Recently it has been shown that Ang-2 is crucial for the formation of lymphatic vasculature and that defects in lymphangiogenesis seen in Ang-2 mutant mice are rescued by Ang-1. These findings suggest important roles for Ang signaling in the lymphatic vessel system; however, Ang function in lymphangiogenesis has not been characterized. In this study, we reveal that lymphatic vascular endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1-positive (LYVE-1+) lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) express Tie2 in both embryonic and adult settings, indicating that Ang signaling occurs in lymphatic vessels. Therefore, we examined whether Ang-1 acts on in vivo lymphatic angiogenesis and in vitro growth of LECs. A chimeric form of Ang-1, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP)-Ang-1, promotes in vivo lymphatic angiogenesis in mouse cornea. Moreover, we found that COMP-Ang-1 stimulates in vitro colony formation of LECs. These Ang-1-induced in vivo and in vitro effects on LECs were suppressed by soluble Tie2-Fc fusion protein, which acts as an inhibitor by sequestering Ang-1. On the basis of these observations, we propose that Ang signaling regulates lymphatic vessel formation through Tie2. (Blood. 2005;105:4649-4656)
B-Raf–dependent expression of vascular endothelial growth factor–A in Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus-infected human B cells
Authors: Akula Shaw M. , Ford Patrick W. , Whitman Audy G. , Hamden Khalief E. , Bryan Benjaman A. , Cook Paul P. , McCubrey James A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractKaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 (KSHV/HHV-8) is etiologically linked to Kaposi sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman disease. Vascular endothelial growth factor–A (VEGF-A) is one of the essential factors required in KSHV pathogenesis, mainly due to its ability to mediate angiogenesis. In this report we analyzed the relationship between Raf and VEGF-A expression in KSHV-infected hematopoietic cells. All of the KSHV-infected cell lines (derived from PEL) expressed higher levels of B-Raf and VEGF-A when compared with uninfected cells. Inhibition of Raf to mitogen-induced extracellular kinase (MEK) to extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) signaling, either by the use of MEK inhibitor (PD98059) or by siRNA specific to B-Raf, significantly lowered VEGF-A expression. In addition, B-Raf–induced VEGF-A expression was demonstrated to be sufficient to enhance tubule formation in endothelial cells. Interestingly, we did not observe mutation in the B-Raf gene of the KSHV-infected PEL cell lines. Taken together, we report for the first time the ability of Raf-associated signaling to play a role in the expression of VEGF-A in KSHV-infected hematopoietic cells.