bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Developmental Systems Perspective: Organism-Environment Systems as Units of Development and Evolution
Authors: Griffiths Paul E , Gray Russell D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Undergraduate textbooks typically define evolution as change in gene frequency.1 This reflects the conventional view of natural selection and the conventional view of heredity. Natural selection occurs because individuals vary, some of these variations are linked to differences in fitness, and some of those variants are heritable (Lewontin 1970). Because variants that are not heritable cannot play a role in natural selection, and because the mechanism of inheritance is presumed to be genetic, evolution is defined as change in gene frequencies. In the 1960s and 1970s this gene-centered vision of inheritance was extended to yield a gene-centered view of selection (Williams 1966; Dawkins 1976). According to gene-selectionism, the fact that individual genes are integrated into larger units, from genetic modules to entire phenotypes, is merely a special case of the fact that the fitness of any evolutionary unit is a function of the environment in which it happens to find itself (Sterelny and Kitcher 1988). The study of development and the study of how phenotypes are integrated are thus doubly divorced from the study of evolution. First, all causal factors in the development of the phenotype other than genes are excluded as potential sources of evolutionary change. Second, the study of development and phenotypic integration cease to be possible sources of theoretical insight into the evolutionary process. The phenotypes to which an individual gene contributes and the developmental processes by which it makes that contribution are simply environmental factors like rainfall or predator density.
Conceptions of Creativity
Authors: Sawyer R Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his childhood in the 1930s, young Mihaly loved to climb the hills of his native Hungary, and the larger mountains just across the border in Czechoslovakia. Why does someone climb a mountain? The obvious answer to the question is “to get to the top,” but Mihaly, like all mountain climbers, knew that he didn’t climb mountains to get to the top. That’s why mountain climbers answer the question with a half-joking reply, “because it’s there.” Mihaly climbed for the sheer pleasure of climbing. Mihaly’s family left Europe to escape the terrors of World War II.
Visual Creativity
Authors: Sawyer R Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I teach the psychology of creativity at my university, painting is always the first example that comes up in class discussion—and it comes up more than music, theater, advertising, architecture, videogame design, Web site design, movie directing, or any of the many other creative domains of modern society. Painting dominates our discussions not because it’s the most common or the most influential art form of today; my students are surrounded by music, movies, videogames, and Web sites, and they only occasionally go to art museums. The reason that painting always comes up is that it seems to fit better into our culture’s individualist myths about creativity. More than any other creative domain, we imagine the painter working in isolation, without influence from the external environment and without concern for convention. It turns out that these stereotypes about painters are wrong. In this chapter I’ll show that explaining painting requires both individualist approaches and contextualist approaches. And of course fine art painting is only one of the many visual arts, so I’ll move beyond fine art painting and discuss installation art, comics, videos, and movies. With these genres of visual creativity, our creativity myths begin to fail in very dramatic ways.
Caretaker Resource Accounts
Authors: Alstott Anne L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Caretaker resource accounts would give the parent of every child under age 13 an annual grant of $5,000, which could be used to pay for child care, education, or retirement savings in the current year or in any future year. All three uses would, in some way, improve parents’ future options. The hallmarks of the program are that each individual would receive an equal grant each year, and that each would decide for himself or herself how to deploy the funds over time. The program would direct resources not only to parents who remain in the paid workforce continuously but also to “sequencers,” who leave their jobs (or take part-time positions) for a time and return to the full-time workforce later on. It would be up to each individual to decide how best to plan for the future.
Practical Limitations of the Family-Friendly Workplace
Authors: Alstott Anne L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Family-friendly workplace policies seek to improve job options for parents, but they could produce unintended—and distinctly unfriendly—side effects: they could cut women’s wages, increase women’s unemployment, and reinforce sex segregation in the workforce. These problems arise because, in a free market, employers can shift the costs of workplace regulation to workers, and to female workers in particular. In this chapter, I present economic theory and empirical evidence that suggest caution in adopting family-friendly regulations.
Evolutionary Dynamics of the Mutualistic Symbiosis between Fungus-Growing Termites and Termitomyces Fungi
Authors: Aanen Duur K , Boomsma Jacobus J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Colonies offungus-growing termites (Isoptera: Termitidae) are among the most spectacular organismal phenomena in the world. One of the best-known species offungus-growing termites is Macrotermes bellicosus. A queen of this species (fig. 8.1) can lay up to 40,000 eggs per day, and a mature colony, normally founded by a single queen and king, consists of millions of sterile individuals, the workers and soldiers. Macrotennes bellicosus builds mounds that can be up to 7 m tall (fig. 8.2; Korb 1997). This species and all fungus-growing termites live in an obligate symbiosis with basidiomycete fungi of the genus Tennitomyces. The volume of the fungus garden of a live colony of M. bellicosus has been estimated to encompass several cubic meters. This chapter summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the major macroevolutionary developments that have shaped the symbiosis between the fungus-growing termites and their fungal symbionts and places these changes in an ecological context.
The Beetle Gut as a Habitat for New Species of Yeasts
Authors: Suh Sung-Qui , Blackwell Meredith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of endosymbioses continues to accentuate the extraordinary impact that microorganisms have had on the ecology and evolution of invertebrates, especially insects. One only has to learn of the studies of Buchneria and Wolbachia and their interactions with a wide variety of arthropods to wonder at the dramatic effect of endosymbionts on their hosts (van Meer et al. 1999; Dale et al. 2001; Funk et al. 2001). The study of eukaryotic endosymbionts, however, has lagged somewhat behind that of the prokaryotes. Nevertheless, fungi are increasingly being recognized as important endosymbionts of insects. It is difficult to predict which insects might be associated with fungi because even close relatives feeding on similar nutrient resources may vary in whether they are associated with bacterial or fungal symbionts, or for that matter with any symbiont (Buchner 1965; Martin 1987).
Conclusion Symbioses, Biocomplexity, and Metagenomes
Authors: Vega Fernando E , Blackwell Meredith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A common thread in this book is symbiosis, organisms living together in an association, the outcome of which could be neutral, positive, or negative and that might even change from time to time. Ever since de Bary (1879) popularized this term, we have seen the reductionist approach of science in vogue, an approach that has been quite productive. This approach has resulted in the development of revolutionary technologies, such as the tools of molecular biology, which have revealed a tremendous level of biocomplexity in nature. For example, Hermsmeier et al. (2001) found that more than 500 genes in Nicotiana attenuata respond to attack by the lepidopteran Manduca sexta. This mind-boggling analysis points at the need for a concerted effort aimed at understanding the biocomplexity of insect-fungal associations. We have to start fitting the parts together in a new puzzle that uses parts based on molecular studies. It is not just a matter of examining tri-trophic interactions or of examining how insects deal with plant trichomes, allelochemicals, or a thick cuticle.
The Volume-Variance Correction Alternative
Authors: Journel André G , Kyriakidis Phaedon C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because any mining venture investment requires an estimate of recoverable reserves and associated profits, many different approaches to such estimation have been developed. It would take years of compilation of great works and lesser manuals to write the history of mine valuation techniques starting from Agricola’s de Re Metallica (Agricola, 1950). Such a survey would go far beyond the scope of this book, which is limited to the presentation of the stochastic simulation approach.
Estimation of Recovery Volume-Variance Correction
Authors: Journel André G , Kyriakidis Phaedon C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To evaluate the results obtained from the proposed simulation approach, we now proceed to estimation of the recovery functions using the traditional volume-variance correction (VVC) described in Chapter III. Remember, though, that the VVC approach does not account for the information effect; that is, the fact that SMUs are selected on the basis of future estimated values not on their true average grades. The VVC approach thus provides only estimates of recovery under perfect selection, not of actual recovery un der imperfect selection.
Discovery of the Southern Route
Authors: Hillary Sir Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From Namche Bazar It took only three days to get to the foot of Everest, but in many ways they were the most exciting and dramatic days I had ever spent. The rivers foamed through great gorges; the hillsides were clothed in dense forest, broken only here and there by a sheer rock face or a sharp crag. And then, high above the early autumn tints, towered the unbelievable peaks of the Khumba region – mighty ice-fluted faces, terrific rock buttresses, and razorsharp jagged ice ridges soaring up to impossible summits. These peaks were rarely more than 22,000 feet high, but I found it hard to believe that they would ever be climbed.
Perched amongst them all on a wooded spur is the Monastery of Thyangboche, one of the spiritual homes of the Sherpas. No temple could have a more glorious setting. Ageless, it is wrapped in an aura of peace and meditation. The Lamas proved to be kindly, gentle folk and entertained us regally. We had great difficulty in dragging ourselves away from their hospitality.
Preparation on Cho Oyu
Authors: Hillary Sir Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This News Was A serious and unexpected blow to our hopes and plans, but the Joint Himalayan Committee of the Royal Geographical Society and the Alpine Club acted with admirable courage. They decided to go ahead irrespective of the Swiss attempt. Permission had been granted by the Nepalese Government for a British Expedition to Everest in 1953. The Himalayan Committee decided to spare no effort to prepare for this, and at very short notice agreed to send a training expedition to the Himalayas in 1952. This would have the very useful purpose of providing a pool of climbers who had shown that they could function effectively at great altitudes. It would also give an opportunity to carry out experiments with the existing oxygen apparatus with a view to developing something suitable for use on Everest.
It was a great moment when I received a cable from Shipton. He had been asked to lead the Expedition to Cho Oyu, 26,867 feet, the seventh highest peak in the world. And he wanted me to go along too.
Playing With The Boys
Authors: Mcdonagh Eileen , Pappano Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From small-town life to the national stage, from the boardroom to Capitol Hill, athletic contests help define what we mean in America by “success.” And by keeping women from “playing with the boys” on the grounds that they are inherently inferior to men, society relegates them to second-class status in American life. In this forcefully argued book, Eileen McDonagh and Laura Pappano show in vivid detail how women have been unfairly excluded from participating in sports on an equal footing with men. Using dozens of powerful examples from the world of contemporary American athletics--girls and women trying to break through in football, ice hockey, wrestling, and baseball to name just a few--the authors show that sex differences are not sufficient to warrant women’s coercive exclusion from competing with men; that some sex-group differences actually confer a sports advantage to women; and that “special rules” for women in sports do not simply reflect the “differences” between the sexes, but actively create and reinforce a view that women as a group are inherently inferior to men--even when women clearly are not. For instance, women’s bodies give them a physiological advantage in endurance sports like the ultra-marathon and distance swimming. So, why do so many Olympic events--from swimming to skiing to running to bike racing--have shorter races for women than men? Likewise, why are women’s tennis matches limited to three sets while men’s are best-of-fives? This book shows how sex-segregated sports policies, instead of reflecting sex-group differences, in fact construct them. An original and provocative argument to level the athletic playing field, Playing with the Boys issues a clarion call for sex-sensible policies in sports as a crucial step toward achieving social, economic, and political equality for men and women in our society.
What’s The Problem?
Authors: Mcdonagh Eileen , Pappano Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When two former U.S. presidents, Bill Clinton and George H. W. Bush, sat down the evening of February 6, 2005, at the Fox Network sports desk, they delivered more than the planned message. Ostensibly the two appeared on the Super Bowl pregame show to win support for tsunami relief efforts. However, in choosing this event as their venue, they embraced an unabashed cultural and political fact: Sports matter. Athletic events, they confirmed, are more than entertainment, exercise, orpastime. Sports—footballand the Super Bowl inparticular— provide one of the largest and most important stages in American society. Some 86 million U.S. households tuned in to watch Super Bowl XXXIX. By contrast, four days earlier just 38.4 million tuned in to President George W. Bush’s State of the Union Address. The NFL may be among the most superbly packaged and marketed athletic products in the world, but the ease with which politics, power, and money intermingle with organized sports is more than a good pitch. The connections run deep. Some sociologists argue that “sports have replaced formal religion as a dominant force in the lives of many Americans.” And in educational contexts, as law scholar Julia Lamber notes, the purpose of sports “is for students to learn the kinds of discipline, cooperation, and ability to meet challenges that often produce success in later public and private life.”
Mutation
Authors: Houle David , Kondrashov Alexey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mutation is the ultimate source of all genetic variation, and genetic variation is absolutely necessary for any sort of evolution to proceed (Wayne & Miyamoto, Ch. 2 of this volume). These two facts should make the study of mutation the foundation of evolutionary genetics. Unfortunately, this is very far from the case. Both the processes of mutation and the pattern of effects of those mutations are relatively little known compared with the properties of the standing genetic variation within populations and among populations and species. However, these properties can only be understood in light of mutation.
New Genes, New Functions: Gene Family Evolution and Phylogenetics
Authors: Thornton Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Darwin, the central project of evolutionary biology has been to explain the origin of biodiversity-to determine how novel species and their characteristics have evolved. With the advent of genome sequencing, an entirely new level of biodiversity has been revealed: the proliferation and diversification of genes within genomes. Discovery of this molecular biodiversity allows evolutionary biology’s fundamental question to be asked at a new level: by what mechanisms and dynamics have new genes with novel functions evolved? The vast majority of genes in sequenced genomes are organized hierarchically into gene families and superfamilies (e.g., Lander et al. 2001). This hierarchy of genes, like the nested organization of living organisms, has been produced primarily by a process of lineage splitting and divergence-in this case, gene duplication followed by independent trajectories of sequence substitution. The formal analogy between speciation and gene duplication means that the same phylogenetic techniques used to reconstruct the tree of life from gene sequence data can also be used to infer the evolutionary history of gene families. A reliable gene family phylogeny provides a scaffold on which patterns of variation in sequence, structure, and function can be interpreted to reconstruct the evolutionary events and dynamics that generated gene family diversity.
Canalization
Authors: Siegal Mark L , Bergman Aviv 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Canalization, a concept introduced by C.H. Waddington (1940, 1942) to explain the robustness of developmental processes in the face of environmental and genetic variation, remains one of biology’s most confusing and contentious subjects. Perhaps it is a tribute to Waddington’s prescience that his ideas continue to be provocative in the post-genome era. Still, a number of authors have lamented the conceptual muddle that has endured for so many years (Debat & David 2001; Gibson & Wagner 2000; Rutherford 2000). Some even pin the blame on Waddington himself, whose penchants for philosophical language and iconoclastic status (Wilkins 2002) clouded the debate from the outset. Nevertheless, Waddington’s pioneering focus on developmental mechanism as central to understanding microevolutionary change cannot be overlooked, and indeed, we believe, is the reason why modern biologists still turn to him for inspiration and guidance as the much-heralded synthesis of evolutionary and developmental biology proceeds.
Evolutionary Quantitative Genetics
Authors: Roff Derek A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantitative genetics developed from an attempt to explain the apparent “blending inheritance” observed in quantitative traits within the framework of Mendelian genetics. In this it has been extraordinarily successful. However, a change in perspective was needed to understand the inheritance of quantitative traits. Rather than being controlled by a single locus or a small number of loci, variation in quantitative traits needed to be understood as the aggregate action of many loci. The individual behavior of any given locus was subsumed under a statistical description of the whole, analogous to the prediction of the properties of a gas or the flow of traffic. A prime focus of interest to the evolutionary biologist is the change in trait means, but to understand and predict such changes we must take into account not only what the mean trait values are before and after selection but also how much of the variability is ascribable to genetic factors. If very little of the variability is due to genetic effects then even very strong selection, leading to large differences in trait means before and after selection, will not result in a rapid change in the population from one generation to the next. Thus the central conceptual perspective in quantitative genetics is that of variance, that is, the division of phenotypic variance into components due to genetic and nongenetic effects. Using this perspective a very rich field of theory was developed, which both accounted for the apparent blending inheritance and was capable of making predictions about the response to selection.
Experimental Evolution
Authors: Chippindale Adam K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For evolutionary biologists, an unfortunate feature of the past century of genetics is that much of what we know comes from broken genes. The analysis of mutants shows us what evolution by natural selection overwhelmingly discards: dysfunctional genotypes. Although our understanding of fundaments such as patterns of inheritance and gene expression patterns has been advanced extraordinarily through the mutationist program, this approach remains atomistic and focused at the individual level. While polygenic variation is the curse of the mutationist program, it is the main fuel that drives adaptation. To understand evolutionary processes, which operate at the level of populations, we are led into the more confusing and experimentally difficult world of quantitative variation for traits affecting fitness. To study variation in fitness using classical mutagenic approaches is tantamount to pulling hoses and wires under the hood of a car and then measuring its performance. Most destructive modifications will cripple or extinguish drive, telling us that the automobile is a highly integrated machine. In contrast, adaptation is predominantly a fitness tuning process, and studying it requires approaches that allow us to connect genetic variation to performance variation in the context of populations, and to see input from new beneficial genes as well as deleterious ones.
What Psychobiographers Might Learn From Personality Psychology
Authors: McAdams Dan P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Personality psychology is the scientific study of the whole person. The ultimate goal of personality psychology is to provide a valid account of an individual person ‘s life (Allport, 1937; McAdams, 2001a). In a similar vein, psychobiographers aim to provide psychological accounts of individual human lives, especially the lives of famous or controversial persons. In applying psychological concepts to the particular life, psychobiographers often put into practice ideas that are of central concern to personality psychology (Runyan, 1990). You might think, therefore, that psychobiography and personality psychology would have much in common. You might expect that personality psychologists would find many illuminating case examples in the literature of psychobiography and that psychobiographers might draw upon contemporary personality theory and research to inform their explorations of the individual human life. You might even envision a lively and critical dialogue between the “fields “ of personality psychology and psychobiography. But if you thought, expected, or imagined any of this, you would be wrong. With a few notable exceptions (e.g., Ogilvie, 2003; Schultz, 1996), personality psychology and psychobiography today have little to do with each other. To the extent that there is a relationship between the two, it might best be described with such words as “contempt “ or “avoidance.