bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Reporting of Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, Gender, and Age Over 10 Years
Authors: Brahan Denise , Bauchner Howard 
Published: February 2005

Background. The recognition of health disparities as an important aspect of US health care has led to renewed interest in the reporting of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) in original research reports.Purpose. To describe reporting of race/ethnicity and SES, in comparison with age and gender, and to report changes with time.Methods. All original research articles that focused on children and asthma that were published in The Journal of the American Medical Association, The New England Journal of Medicine, Pediatrics, The Journal of Pediatrics, and Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine were reviewed for 2 time periods, 1991–1993 and 2000–2002. Each report was assessed for coding of age, gender, race/ethnicity (number of groups and which groups), and SES.Results. In 1991–1993, 27 reports met the inclusion criteria; in 2000–2002, 74 were reviewed. Overall, significantly more reports described age (90.1%) and gender (78.2%) than SES (41.6%) and race/ethnicity (54.5%). During the 2 study periods, there were significant increases in studies reporting race/ethnicity (from 29.6% to 63.5%) but not in studies reporting SES or gender. Coding of race/ethnicity, even in the later time period, was largely confined to white (78.7%) and black (89.4%). Fewer reports coded Latino (55.3%) or Asian (14.9%). Only 2 of the 31 articles that coded Latino subjects contained information on ethnic subgroups, whereas none of the 8 articles included Asian subgroups.Conclusions. Original research reports in a specific area (asthma) for which health disparities have been well documented still contain few data on race/ethnicity and SES, particularly in comparison with age and gender. There has been some improvement in the past decade in the reporting of race/ethnicity, but the reporting of Latino and Asian subgroups remains poor. If we are to understand health disparities, then more appropriate reporting of SES and race/ethnicity is necessary.
Obese Children Who Are Referred to the Pediatric Endocrinologist: Characteristics and Outcome
Authors: Quattrin Teresa , Liu Emily , Shaw Natalie , Shine Barbara , Chiang Elaine 
Published: February 2005

Objective. The objective of this study was to characterize a population of obese children who were referred to a pediatric endocrinology clinic and to analyze the outcome of the referral.
Methods. Children who were referred for obesity and seen at least twice between January 1984 and July 2003 were included in this retrospective study. Demographic, clinical, and, when available, laboratory (fasting glucose and insulin, random cholesterol, and liver function tests) and bone age data were abstracted from the medical record at the first and last endocrine evaluations. Self-reported parental height, weight, and family history of diabetes were also entered in the database. Records from the pediatrician were used to identify the age of onset of obesity.
Results. The database included 587 children (mean age at referral: 9.5 years) with a preponderance of non-Hispanic white children (75.6%) and female gender (57.6%). Growth records in 251 children indicated that 80.6% of the children had become obese before the age of 6 years and were referred 4.3 ± 2.9 years after having become obese. At follow-up, 38% of the children exhibited a decreased percentage of overweight compared with the baseline visit, but only 5 children had an age- and gender-specific BMI below the 95th percentile. Cholesterol and fasting insulin were elevated in 174 of 311 and 72 of 94 children, respectively. Bone age radiographic records for 157 patients showed significant advancement in 46%. Half of the mothers and 57.7% of fathers were obese, and type 2 diabetes was self-reported in 11.4% parents.
Conclusions. In the majority of this predominantly non-Hispanic white referred sample of obese children, overweight started in the preschool years. The referral to the endocrinologist, occurring after a prolonged interval from the obesity onset, was ineffective in treating obesity. Hyperinsulinemia and hypercholesterolemia are often present also at a young age. These obesity comorbidities in association with high prevalence of parental obesity and type 2 diabetes expose these youths to high risk for developing type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. Our data underscore the need for early family-based behavioral-lifestyle intervention programs to be made available to pediatricians, enabling them to target the “at risk for overweight” preschool children and their likely overweight parents.
Association Between Parental and Childhood Emergency Department Utilization
Authors: Mistry Rakesh D. , Hoffmann Raymond G. , Yauck Jennifer S. , Brousseau David C. 
Published: February 2005

Objective. To examine the association between parental emergency department (ED) utilization and child ED utilization for overall numbers of ED visits, as well as numbers of nonurgent ED visits.Methods This was a secondary data analysis of the 2000 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, a nationally representative survey of health care utilization. The numbers of overall self-reported ED visits were collected for parents and a single child randomly selected from each family. Negative binomial linear regression, with clustering within families, was used to determine the association between parental ED and child ED use, controlling for potential confounders. The analysis was repeated for nonurgent ED visits, classified with standard and modified versions of previously published criteria.Results. The mean age of the 3182 children analyzed was 9.4 years; 51% were male, 18.1% were publicly insured, and 8.2% were uninsured. The mean number of overall ED visits in 2000 was 0.17 visits per year for the children (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.15–0.19 visits per year), 0.18 visits per year for the mothers (95% CI; 0.15–0.21 visits per year), and 0.11 visits per year for the fathers (95% CI: 0.09–0.13 visits per year). Each maternal ED visit was associated with 1.30 additional child ED visits (95% CI: 1.07–1.59 visits); each paternal ED visit was associated with an additional 1.33 child ED visits (95% CI: 1.07–1.65 visits). The relationship between parental and child nonurgent ED visits was even more pronounced.Conclusions. Increased parental ED utilization is significantly associated with increased childhood ED utilization. Parental patterns of ED use may have implications for childhood ED use. Future interventions aimed at decreasing ED utilization should focus on parental or family utilization.
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Croen Lisa A. , Yoshida Cathleen K. , Odouli Roxana , Newman Thomas B. 
Published: February 2005

Objective. To investigate the association between neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and autism spectrum disorders (ASD).Methods. We conducted a large case-control study nested within the cohort of singleton term infants born between 1995 and 1998 at a northern California Kaiser Permanente hospital. Case subjects (n = 338) were children with an ASD diagnosis recorded in Kaiser Permanente outpatient databases; control subjects (n = 1817) were children without an ASD diagnosis, who were randomly sampled and frequency-matched to case subjects according to gender, birth year, and birth hospital.Results. Approximately 28% of case and control subjects received ≥1 bilirubin test in the first 30 days of life. No case-control differences were observed for maximal bilirubin levels of ≥15 mg/dL (10.1% vs 12.1%), ≥20 mg/dL (2.1% vs 2.5%), or ≥25 mg/dL (0.3% vs 0.2%). Compared with children whose maximal neonatal bilirubin levels were &lt;15 mg/dL or not measured, children with any degree of bilirubin level elevation were not at increased risk of ASD, after adjustment for gender, birth facility, maternal age, maternal race/ethnicity, maternal education, and gestational age (for bilirubin levels of 15-19.9 mg/dL: odds ratio: 0.7; 95% confidence interval: 0.5-1.2; for bilirubin levels of 20-24.9 mg/dL: odds ratio: 0.7; 95% confidence interval: 0.3-1.6; for bilirubin levels of ≥25 mg/dL: odds ratio: 1.1; 95% confidence interval: 0.1-11.2).Conclusion. These data suggest that neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is not a risk factor for ASD.
Photoreceptor synapses degenerate early in experimental choroidal neovascularization
Authors: Caicedo Alejandro , Espinosa‐Heidmann Diego G. , Hamasaki Duco , Piña Yolanda , Cousins Scott W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSevere visual loss in patients with age‐related macular degeneration is associated with the development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). The pathogenic mechanisms for CNV formation have been extensively investigated, but remarkably little research has addressed the mechanisms for dysfunction of the retina in CNV. Using laser‐induced CNV in mice, we evaluated the mechanisms of retinal dysfunction. At 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks after laser application, retinas under experimental CNV were characterized physiologically (ERG recordings, synaptic uptake of the exocytotic marker FM1‐43, and light‐induced translocation of transducin), histologically, and immunohistochemically. ERG amplitudes were reduced by 20% at 1 week after CNV. Depolarization‐induced FM1‐43 uptake in photoreceptor synapses was selectively reduced by 45% at 1 week after CNV. Although photoreceptor outer segments were shortened by 36%, light adaptation as measured by transducin translocation was mostly preserved. Early in CNV (3 days to 1 week), Muller cells demonstrated induction of c‐fos and pERK expression. Also, the density of macrophage‐like, F4/80 immunoreactive cells increased ∼3‐fold. Minimal photoreceptor death occurred during the first week, and was variable thereafter. At later times in CNV formation (≥2 weeks), expression of photoreceptor synaptic markers was reduced in the outer plexiform layer, indicating loss of photoreceptor synaptic terminals. ERG amplitudes, synaptic uptake of FM1‐43, and the induction of c‐fos and pERK in Muller cells were altered within 1 week of experimental CNV, suggesting that during CNV formation, deficits in retinal function, in particular photoreceptor synaptic function, precede degeneration of photoreceptor terminals and photoreceptor cell death. J. Comp. Neurol. 483:263–277, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nitric oxide stimulates γ‐aminobutyric acid release and inhibits glycine release in retina
Authors: Yu Dou , Eldred William D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) modulates the uptake and/or release of neurotransmitters through a variety of cellular mechanisms. However, the pharmacological and biochemical processes underlying these neurochemical effects of NO often remain unclear. In our study, we used immunocytochemical methods to study the effects of NO, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), and peroxynitrite on the uptake and release of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine in the turtle retina. In addition, we examined the involvement of glutamate receptors, calcium, and the GABA transporter in this GABA uptake and release. We also tested for interactions between the GABAergic and glycinergic systems. In general, we show that NO stimulated GABA release and inhibited glycine release. The NO‐stimulated GABA release involved calcium‐dependent or calcium‐independent synaptic release or reversal of the GABA transporter. Some effects of NO on GABA release involved glutamate, cGMP, or peroxynitrite. NO promoted glycine uptake and inhibited its release, and this inhibition of glycine release was influenced by GABAergic modulation. These findings indicate that NO modulates the levels of the inhibitory transmitters GABA and glycine through several specific biochemical mechanisms in different retinal cell types and layers. Thus it appears that some of the previously described reciprocal interactions between GABA and glycine in the retina function through specific NO signaling pathways. J. Comp. Neurol. 483:278–291, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A review of principal component analysis and its applications to color technology
Authors: Tzeng Di‐Yuan , Berns Roy S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPrincipal component analysis, abbreviated PCA, has been an important and useful mathematical tool in color technology since the 1960s. Its uses have included defining tolerance intervals and ellipsoidal regions, estimating colorant spectral properties from mixtures, deriving CIE daylight, data reduction for large ensembles of spectra, and spectral imaging. Although PCA is a common topic in many engineering disciplines, statistics, and mathematics, many color‐technology professionals and color‐science students come from disciplines where this technique is not part of their curricula. It is from this perspective that this review publication was written. The purpose of this publication is to describe PCA and present examples in its use for colorant estimation, spectral data reduction, and defining multidimensional confidence regions for colorimetric scatter data. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 84–98, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20086
Design and study of a color sensitivity function
Authors: Wang Xichang , Gong Yanjun , Song Dongcao 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIf we study color reproduction, such as computer color matching or the appraisal of metametric index, we wish to understand the characteristic of color differences that are caused by the object spectral reflectivity change at each wavelength. If we simulate the light source, we wish to know the characteristics of color differences that are caused by change in relative power distribution of the light source at each wavelength; if we simulate a human eye instrument, we wish to know the characteristics of color differences that are caused by change in visual sense of human eyes at each wavelength. So, we define the color‐sensitivity functions of an object, a light source, and human eyes. According to the chromatic theory, the color‐sensitive functions of an object, a light source, and human eyes are defined in the widely used CIE1976 (L*a*b*) color space and color difference.1 Their mathematical formulae are deduced. The three kinds of color‐sensitive functions are studied systematically and comprehensively in the whole color space. The characteristics of the color‐sensitive functions are summarized, and the mathematical models of the three kinds of color‐sensitive functions can be utilized in some fields such as computer color matching, simulation of a standard light source, and humans viewing a colorimeter. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 118–124, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20089
Color pictures using dielectric films
Authors: Hawkins Aaron R. , Wang Ran , Sanber Ghassan S. , Beutler Joshua L. , Schultz Stephen M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis article presents a method for the fabrication of full‐color images using silicon dioxide films grown on silicon. Three different oxide film thicknesses are used to create a basis color set from which a color palette is constructed. A mathematical description is made showing how to create this color palette based on the surface area of the basis colors within a pixel. Procedures are outlined for transforming an image saved in the JPEG format into photolithography masks. Processing steps are also described for transferring the image onto a silicon wafer. Results are shown for a specific color picture. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 125–129, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20090
Design and implementation of a novel mechanical testing system for cellular solids
Authors: Nazarian Ara , Stauber Martin , Müller Ralph 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCellular solids constitute an important class of engineering materials encompassing both man‐made and natural constructs. Materials such as wood, cork, coral, and cancellous bone are examples of cellular solids. The structural analysis of cellular solid failure has been limited to 2D sections to illustrate global fracture patterns. Due to the inherent destructiveness of 2D methods, dynamic assessment of fracture progression has not been possible. Image‐guided failure assessment (IGFA), a noninvasive technique to analyze 3D progressive bone failure, has been developed utilizing stepwise microcompression in combination with time‐lapsed microcomputed tomographic imaging (μCT). This method allows for the assessment of fracture progression in the plastic region, where much of the structural deformation/energy absorption is encountered in a cellular solid. Therefore, the goal of this project was to design and fabricate a novel micromechanical testing system to validate the effectiveness of the stepwise IGFA technique compared to classical continuous mechanical testing, using a variety of engineered and natural cellular solids. In our analysis, we found stepwise compression to be a valid approach for IGFA with high precision and accuracy comparable to classical continuous testing. Therefore, this approach complements the conventional mechanical testing methods by providing visual insight into the failure propagation mechanisms of cellular solids. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater
Anti‐IL‐16 therapy reduces CD4+ T‐cell infiltration and improves paralysis and histopathology of relapsing EAE
Authors: Skundric Dusanka S. , Dai Rujuan , Zakarian Vaagn L. , Bessert Denise , Skoff Robert P. , Cruikshank William W. , Kurjakovic Zlatan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInfiltration of the central nervous system (CNS) by CD4+ Th1 cells precedes onset and relapses of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We reported that (B6 × SJL) F1 (H‐2b/s) mice with severe relapsing‐remitting disease had extensive infiltration by CD4+ T cells compared to that in C57BL/6 (B6) (H‐2b) mice, which developed mild low‐relapsing disease in response to myelin oligodendrocyte peptide 35–55 (MOG35–55). This observation led us to search for mechanisms that specifically regulate trafficking of CD4+ cells in relapsing H‐2b/s mice. We show that the CD4+ cell chemoattractant cytokine interleukin (IL)‐16 has an important role in regulation of relapsing EAE induced by MOG35–55 in the (B6 × SJL) F1 (H‐2b/s) mice. We found production of IL‐16 in the CNS of mice with EAE. IL‐16 levels in the CNS correlated well with the extent of CD4+ T‐cell and B‐cell infiltration during acute and relapsing disease. Infiltrating CD4+ T cells, B cells, and to a lesser extent CD8+ T cells all contained IL‐16 immunoreactivity. Treatment with neutralizing anti‐IL‐16 antibody successfully reversed paralysis and ameliorated relapsing disease. In treated mice, diminished infiltration by CD4+ T cells, less demyelination, and more sparing of axons was observed. Taken together, our results show an important role for IL‐16 in regulation of relapsing EAE. We describe a novel therapeutic approach to specifically impede CD4+ T cell chemoattraction in EAE based on IL‐16 neutralization. Our findings have high relevance for the development of new therapies for relapsing EAE and potentially MS. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular structure of agarose chains in thermoreversible hydrogels revealed by means of a fluorescent probe technique
Authors: Itagaki Hideyuki , Fukiishi Hiroyasu , Imai Tomoe , Watase Mineo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThermoreversible hydrogels of agarose with both high and low molecular weights were studied by means of a fluorescence probe method using 1‐anilino‐8‐naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS). The fluorescence spectra of ANS in agarose/water changed markedly with agarose concentration. Analysis of the spectra shows that this change is not due to a shift of the whole spectrum, but that there are two fluorescent components of ANS in addition to the fluorescence peak at 542 nm due to free ANS molecules in water. The fluorescence component at 461 nm is assumed to be from ANS intercalated within either a single 31helix‐form agarose chain or nonpolar region produced by chemical defect, and the fluorescence component between 507 and 522 nm is assumed to be from ANS in aggregated regions of agarose chains having a loose helical structure. There is no doubt that a certain number of water molecules are included in the aggregated region. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 680–688, 2005
Patterns of electroconvulsive therapy use in Spain
Authors: Bertolín-Guillén José Manuel , Peiró-Moreno Salvador , Hernández-de-Pablo María Eugenia 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjective– To describe the utilization, geographical variations and adaptation of ECT in the Spanish context.Method– A cross-sectional study, involving a questionnaire delivered to all hospitals with a Psychiatry Unit (PU) in Spain included in the National Hospitals Catalogue (N= 233). A descriptive analysis was made of the answers to the different questions, using an adequate denominator in each case: all PUs (n= 233), those units that prescribe and apply ECT (n= 174), or only those that apply the technology (n= 108).Results– All PUs completed the questionnaire. Fifty-nine units (25.3%) neither prescribed nor applied ECT, while 108 (46.4%) prescribed and applied the technology, and 66 PUs (28.3%) only prescribed ECT. Those units with training responsibilities for psychiatry residents or pregraduate students, and those with a larger number of beds, were more inclined to apply ECT. The estimated ECT applied in the preceding 12 months totaled 2435 with an annual rate per 10,000 inhabitants of 0.61, and a range per Spanish Autonomous Community of 0.28–16.59.Conclusions– We now know a reliable rate and characteristics of the use of ECT in Spain, and the attitudes and opinion of PUs Spanish psychiatrists about it. We found a very important variability in ECT application rates among Autonomous Communities.
Association of mental health problems in childhood with prenatal and postnatal physical growth
Authors: Gunther Nicole , Drukker Marjan , Feron Frans , Van Os Jim 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAimsThe present study was conducted to examine (i) prenatal and postnatal patterns of growth in relation to the risk of later mental health problems in children and (ii) the possible mediating effect of these patterns of growth in the association between parental socioeconomic status (SES) and children’s mental health.Subjects and methodsThe present study is part of a blinded, matched case control study, involving a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from routine examinations at community health services for children and adolescents. The sample comprised 80 patients, referred between the age of 6–13 years to the Community Mental Health Centre in Maastricht, and 320 matched population controls.ResultsChildren coming from unemployed families weighed less at birth, but postnatal growth was not associated with this or other indicators of SES. Although children using mental health care were somewhat smaller at birth, there was no evidence that leanness during childhood was a risk factor for the development of mental health problems.ConclusionsThe present results showed some evidence for the impact of intrauterine development on children’s mental health problems. In addition, neither prenatal nor postnatal physical growth were on the pathway between parental SES and children’s mental health problems.