bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geometry Of Scales In Metric Spaces
Authors: Carbone Alessandra , Semmes Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we elaborate on the dichotomy between paths and scales from Sections 17.7,17.8, and 17.9. We shall review a well-known mechanism for taking a metric space and producing a graph whose paths reflect movement by scales and locations in the original space. This helps to clarify the role of automatic structures in geometry and their relationship to ideas about “patterns”.
Utilization and management of wild resources
Authors: Chapman Anthony RO , Anderson Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1995, large beds of the agarophyte Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Bory) Dawson, Acleto et Foldvik, were located on the NW coast of the Gulf of California. Estimations indicated the existence of more than 4,500 dry tons available for commercial harvesting. As a result, the private company PHYKOS S.A., was formed in 1996. The company obtained permits from the Mexican Government for harvesting beds located in Bahia de Los Angeles and Bahia de las Animas. In 1996, 28 tons of G. lemaneiformis were exported to Japan, and in 1997, this increased to 45 tons. But in 1998, El Nifio Southern oscillation affected the exploitation area by reducing the beds and consequently, only eight tons were exported. Approximately 90 % of the beds disappeared..However, the recovery of the beds was evident early in 1999, and they recovered fully in 2000, so that PHYKOS S.A. exported 95 and 140 tons in those years, respectively. The demand for G. lemaneiformis, and its presence in other non-exploited regions, caused the creation of a second company in January 2000. This new company, POLO S.A., obtained permits to harvest the beds of San Rafael Bay. In its first year, 36 tons of G. lemaneiformis were harvested and exported to Chile. Thus, in 2000, a total of 176 tons were harvested from the Gulf of California. This amount represents only 3.6 % of the total esti mated biomass for the west coast of the Gulf of California. G. lemaneiformis has become a new fishery for the Mexican seaweed industry in addition to the commercial exploitation of Gelidium robustum (Gard.) Hollenb. & Abb. and Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Ag.
Chemical composition, properties, products
Authors: Chapman Anthony RO , Anderson Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A previously unstudied seaweed from the tropical South Pacific was examined as a source of gelling phy cocolloid. Percentage yield, gelation ability and sulfate content were determined for extracts from Meristotheca procumbens P. Gabrielson et Kraft collected in Rotuma Island. In addition, chemical and spec troscopic analyses were carried out to determine the constituent polysaccharides of the extracts. No gelling of the native and alkali-modified extracts was observed up to 1.5% concentrations. The alkali-modified M procumbens extract was composed predominantly of nearly equal proportions of partially pyruvated a-car rageenan and partially 6-0-methylated L-carrageenan units, although other components were detected. Pyruvate and methyl ether substitution was at the 20-30% level. The native M procumbens extract had addi tional residues, tentatively identified as G-D2S,6S units, the precursor to a-carrageenan units, which is reported here for the first time.
Population/Community attributes/Interactions
Authors: Chapman Anthony RO , Anderson Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patch or platform reefs and fringing reefs are widely distributed along the southern Arabian Gulf Until 1996, coral-dominated reefs characterised the shallow inshore waters of Abu Dhabi, one of the United Arab Emirates. In that year, the shallow staghorn coral Acropora bleached and died due to an unusually prolonged episode of high seawater temperature. A further and more severe episode in 1998 resulted in the death of many mound, boulder and encrusting corals. Immediately following death, the coral skeletons became rap idly colonised by mat- and turf-forming algae followed by slower growing fleshy forms, non-geniculate coralline red algae and invertebrate animals. Macroalgae increasingly dominate formerly coral-covered shal low rocky platforms with many of the more conspicuous macroalgae showing a distinct seasonality along the Abu Dhabi coast where the seawater ranges from l8°C in winter to sometimes over 35°C in summer. The winter is characterised by high algal diversity and abundance with shallow rocky platforms covered by dense ‘forests’ of Sargassum and Cystoseira accompanied by many understorey algae. Many macroalgae dis appear by June leaving perennial non-geniculate coralline red algae (principally Lithophyllum kotschyanum Unger) and a few mat or turf forms. The only brown macroalgae surviving through the summer are mainly Lobophora variegata (Lamouroux) Womersley, Hormophysa cuneiformis Q.F. Gmelin) P.C. Silva and Cystoseira myrica (S.G. Gmelin) C. Ag. Seasonality and the impact of the demise of the corals on algal development are discussed, along with the future of Abu Dhabi’s once coral-dominated reefs.
It’s Not News, It’s Entertainment
Authors: Park Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I called Joe Newman at his home in Lucedale, Mississippi. I was surprised when he answered the phone; I had tried several times before and always got a recorded message offering his book, The Energy Machine of Joseph W. Newman, for $74.95. I explained that I was writing a book about ideas that are not generally accepted by scientists, and it would not be complete without a full account of the Energy Machine. He seemed suspicious. “It’s all in my book,” he snapped. I told him I’d read his book at the time of the 1986 Senate hearing, but I wondered if his ideas had changed over the years. His voice softened. Well, he said, the book had been expanded and I should buy a new copy, but he still stood by everything he’d said before about how the Energy Machine works.
Placebos Have Side Effects
Authors: Park Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was a full-page ad in USA Today recently for “Vitamin 0.” Beneath a photograph of an attractive group of vigorous, smiling people, the ad said “Vitamin O” was helping thousands of people to live healthier lives. “It’s so safe you can drop it in your eyes, so natural it contains the most abundant element on earth, so effective you could spend hours reading the unsolicited testimonials of those who’ve used it with dramatic results.” Indeed, the ad included a number of testimonials, which said things like: “After taking ‘‘Vitamin O’ for several months, I find I have more energy and stamina and have become immune to colds and flu.”
There Ought to Be a Law
Authors: Park Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 8:30 a.m. on April 26, 1989, a long line snaked down the marbled hall of the Rayburn House Office Building, waiting for the doors of the Science Committee hearing room to open. The hearing on “recent developments in fusion energy research” was not scheduled to begin for another hour. Network camera crews were already setting up inside, and racks of their electronic equipment were presided over by technicians in the hallway. Most of those in line would be turned away; the hearing room has about sixty chairs, many of which would be reserved for witnesses in what was to be an all-day hearing.
Currents of Fear
Authors: Park Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paul Brodeur was not there in 1996 when the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) released the results of an exhaustive three-year review of the possible health effects of exposure to residential electromagnetic fields. He no longer wrote for the New Yorker, there had been a major shake-up at the magazine in the summer of 1992, and Brodeur did not fit into the new style. It was his series of sensational New Yorker articles in 1989 that first aroused widespread public fear about power lines and cancer. Without Paul Brodeur there would have been no Academy review. Now retired from the environmental health wars, Brodeur would return to active duty one more time after learning of the Academy’s conclusions.
Judgment Day
Authors: Park Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Four-year-old Mallory was suffering from Wilms’ tumor, a rare kidney cancer. Her mother, Michelle, was tormented, as the parents of children stricken by cancer must always be, by the “Why my child?” question. She met Paul Brodeur in a San Diego bookstore owned by Brodeur’s wife. It was the spring of 1990, and Brodeur was there promoting his new book, Currents of Death. The cause of little Mallory’s tumor, he told Michelle, must surely be EMF. He introduced her to Michael Withey, a Seattle lawyer who had tried EMF cases. A year later Michelle and her husband Ted filed a lawsuit in San Diego Superior Court alleging that EMF from nearby San Diego Gas & Electric transmission lines was the cause of Mallory’s cancer and had compelled them to sell their home at a loss.
How Strange Is the Universe?
Authors: Park Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ageless Body, Timeless Mind: The Quantum Alternati-ve to Growing Old, by Deepak Chopra, M.D., was at the top of the New York Times best-seller list week after week in 1993, even while Quantum Healing, also by Chopra, was still in the top ten from two years earlier. The promise of both books was that illness and even the aging process can be banished by the power of the mind. If anyone should doubt it, Dr. Chopra explains that it’s all firmly grounded in quantum theory. Commenting on the occasional spontaneous remission of cancer, for example, Chopra explains: “Such patients apparently jump to a new level of consciousness that prohibits the existence of cancer... this is a quantum jump from one level of functioning to a higher level.” Lest you imagine he was using quantum in some metaphorical sense, he informs the reader: “Once
Temporal inferences from distance sampling surveys
Authors: Thomas L , Burnham K P , Buckland S T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many distance sampling surveys are repeated on multiple occasions, with the aim of monitoring long-term changes in population density or abundance. In this chapter, we review selected methods of analysing repeated surveys, and discuss issues related to planning long-term studies. For clarity, we will assume that surveys occur annually, although the methods described here can be applied directly for surveys equally spaced in time and are readily generalized to unequal time intervals. We mostly focus on simple methods that are relatively easy to implement, although we briefly discuss more advanced approaches and those requiring further methodological development.
Patterns and correlations
Authors: Czirók A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bacteria are often said to be typical unicellular organisms and thought to live independently from each other. However, in their natural living places like on soil or rock surfaces bacteria form colonies and, as we will see, these colonies alter their form depending on the environmental conditions. This response cannot be understood by assuming that individual cells simply stay close to each other as the consequence of being difficult to move. In fact, some of the complex biochemical processes performed by bacteria could not be possible without forming organized groups [57–59]. In some cases bacteria differentiate into specialized cell types (Fig. 4.1) within the colonies resulting in increased resistance to antibacterial agents or ability of invading eukaryotic hosts
Dynamics: General Laws And The Dynamics Of A Point Particle
Authors: Fasano Antonio , Marmi Stefano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discussion of the phenomenological aspects of classical mechanics is beyond the scope of this book. We shall restrict ourselves to a summary of the fundamental concepts following Mach (1883), without any historical introduction, and hence overlooking the work of Galileo and Newton, who laid the foundations of mechanics; for this we refer the reader to Truesdell (1968). Up to this point we have modelled physical bodies by a finite number of points, without any reference to their dimensions or internal structure. By physical bodies we mean bodies that can interact with each other; hence this interaction must be precisely quantified. To be able to express this quantitatively, we need to select a class of observers with respect to whom to formulate the laws governing such an interaction.
Analytical Mechanics: Canonical Formalism
Authors: Fasano Antonio , Marmi Stefano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thematrices with this structure deserve special attention. From Theorem 10.1 it follows that the Hamiltonian matrices form a group (with respect to matrix sum) called sp(l, R). If we identify the vector space of real 2l ×2l matrices with R4l2, the Hamiltonian matrices form a linear subspace, of dimension l(2l + 1) (indeed, from what was previously discussed we may choose l(l + 1)/2 elements of the matrices b and c and, for example, l2 elements of the matrix a). In addition, since the Lie product (or commutator) [,] preserves the group of Hamiltonian matrices, sp(l, R) has a Lie algebra structure (see Arnol’d 1978a).
Statistical Mechanics: Kinetic Theory
Authors: Fasano Antonio , Marmi Stefano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we present a brief introduction to the statistical approach to mechanics, developed by Ludwig Boltzmann. The great importance and immense bearing of the ideas of Boltzmann deserves ampler space, but this is not feasible within the context of the present book. We recommend the monographs of Cercignani (1988, 1997) and the deep analysis of Gallavotti (1995), in addition to the treatise of Cercignani et al. (1997). Consider a gas of N particles, which for simplicity we assume to be identical. The gas is contained in a volume V. The typical values of N and V, at standard conditions of temperature and pressure (T = 300K, P = 1 atm) are N = 6.02 x 1023 (Avogadro’s number) and V = 22.71. We assume from now on that all collisions with the walls of the container are non-dissipative.
Statistical Mechanics: Gibbs Sets
Authors: Fasano Antonio , Marmi Stefano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we considered the study of the evolution of a diluted gas, disregarding the (impossible) task of describing the motion of each molecule, and referring instead to a quantity, the distribution function, with an extrapolation to the continuous setting in the space µ. We then related the distribution function to thermodynamical quantities through averaging, and to entropy through the H functional. The procedure we followed was based on rather restrictive assumptions on the structure and the kind of interaction between particles, for example the assumption that the particles are elastic spheres. In other words, we used repeatedly the laws governing particle collisions in the construction of the evolution equation for the distribution function. At the same time, we concluded that, within the same approximation, the way in which binary interactions between particles take place is not essential (as long as it is of collisional type) for determining the equilibrium distribution. Such a distribution contains the factor e-f3h, where h is the Hamiltonian without the interaction potential.
One-dimensional maps
Authors: Sprott Julien Clinton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whenever you encounter a phenomenon such as chaos that occurs in many different contexts, a useful scientific approach is to find and study the simplest system that exhibits the phenomenon. Perhaps the simplest chaotic mathematical system is the logistic map. It involves only a single variable and a single control parameter. Exact solutions can be found using only algebra, and it can be visualized graphically. It exhibits many aspects of more complicated chaotic systems, and hence it serves as a prototype for them. It has been used to model phenomena in fields as diverse as ecology, oncology, and finance.
Nonchaotic multi-dimensional flows
Authors: Sprott Julien Clinton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The one-dimensional maps in the previous chapter illustrate many features of chaotic dynamical systems. However, they do not adequately model most natural processes. In this chapter we will relax two of their most limiting characteristics. We will consider models in which time advances continuously rather than discretely and models with more than one variable (dimensions higher than one). Most of the examples will be two-dimensional, since they are most easily visualized, but the extension to higher dimensions is straightforward.
Lyapunov exponents
Authors: Sprott Julien Clinton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although there is no universally accepted definition of chaos, most experts would concur that chaos is the aperiodic, long-term behavior of a bounded, deterministic system that exhibits sensitive dependence on initial conditions. It is relatively easy to establish that a deterministic system (one arising from equations without random variables) is aperiodic and bounded, at least for time-scales over which numerical computations are feasible.
Strange attractors
Authors: Sprott Julien Clinton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More often than not, the orbit or trajectory of a chaotic system will be drawn to a small region of state space as time evolves, whereupon it moves in a deterministic but unpredictable manner on a fractal object called a strange attractor. 1 Strange attractors are the usual geometric manifestation of chaos. They were originally called ‘strange’ because of their fractal structure.
Hamiltonian chaos
Authors: Sprott Julien Clinton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most previous examples have been dissipative systems in which friction or some equivalent process causes a set of initial conditions within the basin of attraction to collapse onto an attractor. When the dissipation is small, the time required for this to happen is long, and it is natural to ask what happens when the dissipation goes to zero. Mathematically, such a situation is nongeneric, and the equations describing it are structurally unstable, but there are many physical situations in which it is nonetheless a reasonable approximation.
Fractal measure and multifractals
Authors: Sprott Julien Clinton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foregoing discussion of fractals largely ignored the fact that most real fractal objects are not precisely self-similar and thus may have different dimensions on different size scales and on different parts of the object. When characterizing such an object by a single dimension, you must decide on a range of scale lengths and on how to weight the contributions to the dimension from its various regions.
VIP and PACAP receptors
Authors: Shioda Seiji , Waschek James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), like other neuropeptides in this family (glucagon, glucagon-like peptide, secretin, and growth hormone-releasing hormone), act on heterotrimeric G protein coupled receptors. VIP and PACAP receptors have been identified in numerous tissues, and three different types have been discerned. The official names of these were recently established by a recent IUPHAR nomenclature committee (Harmar et al . 1998, see Table 26.1). Two of these, the VPAC1 (VPAC1-R) and VPAC2 (VPAC2-R) receptors, bind PACAP38, PACAP27, and VIP with similar high affinity.
Calcium-sensing receptors
Authors: Ward Donald T , Riccardi Daniela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Regulation of blood calcium levels involves the integration of effects of three calcium homeostatic hormones, parathyroid hormone (PTH) released from the parathyroid glands, 1, 25(OH)2 vitamin D3 produced ultimately in the renal proximal tubule and calcitonin secreted from thyroidal C-cells. Of the three, PTH exerts perhaps the greatest influence on calcium homeostasis and its release or suppression of release is primarily dependent upon the accurate sensing of circulating ionic Ca2+ levels by the parathyroid glands. PTH secretion from the parathyroid glands rectifies hypocalcaemia by increasing renal Ca2+ reabsorption, bone resorption and 1, 25(OH)2D3 production, while hypercalcaemia is resolved by inhibition of PTH secretion. The protein that senses this hypercalcaemia is the extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaR; Brown et al . 1993).
National Identity And Music
Authors: Folkestad Göran 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arriving at the hotel abroad, my children notice with delight that ‘they’re playing Swedish music in the elevator’. This music was cover versions of hit songs by Abba. At the opening of the Olympics 2000 in Sydney, the Swedish team marched in to the tune of The Winner Takes It All, once again by Abba. Another feature of the Sydney Olympics was that the official music that accompanied every broadcast from the games included the didjeridoo and other Aboriginal cultural markers. What questions regarding the relationship between national identity and music do these examples raise?
Throughout time, people have used music as a means of expression and identification. Although the purposes and functions of music can vary within as well as between cultures, they have many common features; from the Stone Age to modern times, and from the jungles of Africa and Borneo to the suburbs of the big cities (Malinowski, 1922; Malm, 1967; Nettl, 1983).
Measures Of Accuracy For Binary Tests
Authors: Pepe Margaret Sullivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The accuracy of a diagnostic test can be defined in various ways. In this chapter we consider only diagnostic tests that yield a binary result. Some tests, by their nature, are dichotomous. A respondent answers ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to a question, for example. Others are ordinal or continuous but are dichotomized in practice using a threshold value.
Study Design And Hypothesis Testing
Authors: Pepe Margaret Sullivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of a medical test is a process. At the beginning of the process there are small exploratory studies that seek to identify how best to apply the test and whether or not it has potential for use in practice. At the end of the process there are studies that seek to determine the value of the test when applied in particular populations. In this chapter we first outline the series of research steps involved in developing a test.
Biometrika
Authors: Titterington D M , Cox D R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year 2001 marks the centenary of Biometrika, one of the world's leading academic journals in statistical theory and methodology. In celebration of this, the book brings together two sets of papers from the journal. The first comprises seven specially commissioned articles (authors: D.R. Cox, A.C. Davison, Anthony C. Atkinson and R.A. Bailey, David Oakes, Peter Hall, T.M.F. Smith, and Howell Tong). These articles review the history of the journal and the most important contributions made by appearing in the journal in a number of important areas of statitisical activity, including general theory and methodology, surveys and time sets. In the process the papers describe the general development of statistical science during the twentieth century. The second group of ten papers are a selection of particularly seminal articles form the journal's first hundred years. The book opens with an introduction by the editors Professor D.M. Titterington and Sir David Cox.
Biometrika Centenary: Theory and general methodology
Authors: Davison A C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contributions to statistical theory and general methodology published in Biometrika, 1901–2000, are telegraphically reviewed. Some key words: Bayesian inference; Estimating function; Foundations of statistics; Generalised regression model; Graphical method; Graphical model: Laplace approximation; Likelihood; Missing data; Model selection; Multivariate statistics; Non-regular model; Quasilikelihood; Saddlepoint: Simulation; Spatial statistics