bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma concentrations of morphine, morphine-6-glucuronide and morphine-3-glucuronide and their relationship with analgesia and side effects in patients with cancer-related pain
Authors: Quigley Columba , Joel Simon , Patel Naina , Baksh Amina , Slevin Maurice 
Published: May 2003

Morphine, the recommended drug for the management of moderate to severe cancer pain, is metabolized predominantly to the glucuronides morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) and morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G). The quantitative clinical importance of these metabolites following the administration of oral morphine is unclear. This study investigates the relationship between plasma concentrations of morphine (M), M6G, M3G and clinical effects in patients receiving sustained release oral morphine for cancer-related pain. Peak and trough plasma concentrations of morphine and its metabolites were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). At corresponding time points, pain [Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), Verbal Rating Scales (VRS), Pain Relief Scores (PRS)] and toxicity (VAS and VRS) were assessed. Renal and liver function tests were performed. Forty-six patients were included in the study. There was a significant correlation between dose and both peak and trough plasma M, M6G and M3G (r>0.60, P<0.001 for each). Differences between peak and trough M, M6G, M3G, M / M6G, M6G:M, M3G:M and M3G:M6G were all significant (P<0.001 for each). Pain was generally well controlled in the group, with a median VAS of 15 mm at the peak blood sampling time point. The differences between peak and trough values for VAS pain, VAS nausea and VAS drowsiness were not statistically significant (P = 0.078, 0.45 and 0.099, respectively). There were no differences in peak or trough morphine and metabolite concentrations or ratios between patients with low (< median) or high pain scores. Similarly, there was no significant relationship between high and low plasma concentrations and clinical effect. This study did not identify a simple relationship between plasma concentrations of morphine, morphine metabolites or metabolite ratios and clinical effects in patients with cancer and pain who were receiving chronic oral morphine therapy. Although overall pain control was good, there was marked interpatient variability in the dose of morphine and the plasma concentrations necessary to achieve this degree of analgesia.
A stakeholder evaluation of the impact of the palliative care clinical nurse specialist upon doctors and nurses, within an acute hospital setting
Authors: Jack Barbara , Oldham Jackie , Williams Anne 
Published: May 2003

There has been an expansion in the number of palliative care teams based in the acute hospital setting. Although organization of these teams varies both in structure and approach, the clinical nurse specialist is one of the key members. The last decade has seen an escalation in the UK of clinical nurse specialists, and following the Calman-Hine Report and the more recent NHS Cancer Plan, it is anticipated that the number of clinical nurse specialists in palliative and cancer care is likely to grow. This paper presents the qualitative findings of an evaluation study designed to investigate the impact of the clinical nurse specialist within a palliative care team based in an acute hospital setting. A stakeholder evaluation that encompassed 31 tape-recorded semi-structured interviews with senior nurses, consultants, junior doctors and nurses representing different grades were performed. The data was analysed for emerging themes utilising a case and cross case analysis methodology. The results suggested the presence of the clinical nurse specialists is seen as beneficial to both medical and nursing staff. This paper will focus upon exploring these potential benefits, included providing support, advice and education.
Challenging assumptions in end-of-life situations
Authors: Bolmsjö Ingrid , Hermerén Göran 
Published: May 2003

An actual case is used to highlight ethical and psychological problems which may arise in the care of terminally ill patients. The case is structured and analysed, focusing on five different situations in which more than one alternative action is possible. This study shows that between description and prediction on the one hand, and decision making on the other, the interpretation of the situation and the consideration of possible alternative actions both play an important role. Different factors that may influence the interpretations made by the staff include their values, knowledge, experiences and empathy.
The last month of life: continuity, care site and place of death
Authors: Sahlberg-Blom E , Ternestedt B-M , Johansson J-E 
Published: May 2003

A hospice ward was opened in 1991 at the Örebro Medical Centre Hospital (ÖMCH) in Sweden. Shortly afterwards, a research project was started, which aimed to describe different aspects of the final period of life of a group of cancer patients. This exploratory study is part of this project and aims to assess continuity in the site of care for a group of severely ill cancer patients during the final stages of their lives, and their place of death within different cultures of care. This prospective study involved 56 adults with cancer who had been admitted to six specialized departments at ÖMCH. Demographic and diagnostic data, documentation of when the patients changed from one care form to another, as well as place of death were obtained. The analysis of continuity in terms of care site involved care-oriented cultures (hospice ward, hospital-based home care, primary care-based home care and nursing home) and cure-oriented cultures (acute hospital wards). Considered as a group, the patients spent one-third of their time at home during their final month of life, with or without formal caregivers. For individual patients, however, there were great variations with regard to continuity of care site and care form. A pattern was found for the type of cancer the patients had and where they were during their final month. Ten patients died in their own homes, and of the 46 who died in an institution, approximately the same number died in a care-oriented culture as in a cure-oriented culture.
The use of specialist palliative care services by patients with human immunodeficiency virus-related illness in the Yorkshire Deanery of the Northern and Yorkshire region
Authors: Salt S , Wilson L , Edwards A 
Published: May 2003

To examine the use of palliative care services by patients affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in hospices which do not specialize in the care of HIV patients, a tape-recorded, semistructured interview was carried out in 12 hospices in the UK. The interview explored concerns about such provision, as well as actual issues encountered. The study revealed that all 12 hospices accepted referrals for people affected by HIV and had clear working practices on infection control. Between 1990 and 1996, 48 individuals affected by HIV had contact with the hospices. The number of referrals was not related to the size of the hospice. Thirty-nine individuals had a total of 655 days of inpatient care (range 1–35 days); mean length of stay 12.7 days. Twenty-four (62%) died during their first admission. Referrals came from disparate sources and this affected the amount and type of specialist HIV support available to the hospice. The paucity of referrals raised concerns in most of the units as to how to maintain skills. Issues about maintaining confidentiality of diagnosis in a multiprofessional team, and after death were highlighted. All units expressed concerns about the impact on fundraising of HIV-related admissions. Overall it was felt that the hospice units were failing to meet the palliative care needs of the majority of people affected by HIV or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the region. Possible reasons for this are given.
Access to palliative medicine training for Canadian family medicine residents
Authors: Oneschuk Doreen , Bruera Eduardo 
Published: May 2003

The authors conducted a nine-item mail questionnaire of the 16 Canadian family medicine teaching programme directors to determine the accessibility and operation of palliative care education for their respective family medicine residents. All 16 faculties of medicine responded (100%). The survey revealed that while all universities offer elective time in palliative care only five out of 16 (31%) have a mandatory rotation. The median durations of the mandatory and elective rotations are limited to two and three-and-a-half weeks, respectively. The majority of the universities offer formal lectures in palliative care (12/16, 75%) and educational reading material (13/16, 81%), with the main format in 14/16 (87%) of the sites being case-based learning. The two most common sites for teaching to occur for the residents are the community/outpatient environment and an acute palliative care unit. Fifty-six per cent (9/16) of the universities have designated faculty positions for palliative medicine with a median number of two positions per site. Only one centre offers a specific palliative medicine examination during the rotation. Feedback from the residents regarding their respective palliative medicine programmes were positive overall. Findings from our survey indicate an ongoing need for improved education in palliative medicine at the postgraduate level.
Relationships between symptom relief, quality of life, and satisfaction with hospice care
Authors: Tierney Ryan M , Horton Samuel M , Hannan Terry J , Tierney William M 
Published: May 2003

Hospices were founded to alleviate suffering at the end of life. Quality improvement in hospices should, therefore, target patients' subjective assessments of their care and its outcomes. However, little is known about the relationships among subjective measures of care among hospice patients. The aim was to assess the relationships between hospice patients' physical and psychological symptoms, quality of life, and satisfaction with inpatient care. This was achieved with a prospective cohort study of 42 patients admitted to an Australian hospice's inpatient service during a two-month study period. The Edmonton symptom assessment system, McGill quality of life questionnaire, and a new measure of patient satisfaction with hospice inpatient care were used. It was shown that while there were marked variations in symptoms and quality of life scores, most patients were satisfied with their care. Satisfaction on the day after admission was lower among patients with worse quality of life scores ( r = -0.40, P = 0.008), but there was no correlation with symptoms ( r = -0.12, P = 0.43). Among the 26 patients (62%) with at least one subsequent inpatient interview, satisfaction was correlated with both worse quality of life ( r = -0.51, P = 0.01) and symptoms ( r = -0.41, P = 0.05). The symptom, quality of life, and satisfaction scales all had sufficient precision to identify patients with significant changes between the two interviews. It can be concluded that satisfaction with hospice care was associated with quality of life more than symptoms, although symptoms became important later during inpatient stays. Patients can assess their care and can provide valuable information for improving palliative care.
Development of an aromatherapy service at a Cancer Centre
Authors: Kite S M , Maher E J , Anderson K , Young T , Young J , Wood J , Howells N , Bradburn J 
Published: May 2003

The aromatherapy service at the Cancer Support and Information Centre (CSIC) of this regional Cancer Centre has been continually assessed since its inception in 1993. New methods of assessing complementary therapies, based on the ‘therapy-as-practised’, have been explored. The present study evaluates the service following changes made after an initial pilot. The professional aromatherapist developed an evaluation tool, and formal questionnaires were limited to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). HADS was completed before and after a course of six aromatherapy sessions. Of 89 patients referred, 58 patients completed the six sessions. Referrals were made by health professionals working in the Cancer Centre and in the CSIC. The majority of patients were female with breast cancer and were receiving radical oncological treatment. Tension, stress and anxiety/fear were the most common reasons for referral, and this was reflected in high initial HADS scores. There were significant improvements in HADS scores in the 58 patients completing the course (mean anxiety, depression, and combined scores dropped from 8.9 to 6.2, 6.1 to 4.0 and 15.0 to 10.2, respectively, P < 0.001). Fifty per cent or more of the sample reported a significant improvement in the eight most commonly assessed symptoms. The therapist was initially cautious about using questionnaires, but she gained confidence in using HADS as an assessment tool. The areas covered by her own evaluation tools were broadly comparable to established instruments such as the EORTC QLQ-C30. We conclude that aromatherapy massage has a role in reducing psychological distress, and improving symptom control in cancer patients. Further service evaluation is needed to promote appropriate referral and effective planning of treatment, and to justify cost. Given the multifaceted nature of complementary therapies, the need to develop new research methodologies is acknowledged.
Why is the pain relief of dying patients often unsuccessful? The relatives' perspectives
Authors: Miettinen Terhikki T , Tilvis Reijo S , Karppi Pertti , Arve Seija 
Published: May 2003

In order to determine relatives' opinions of the pain relief of dying patients a postal questionnaire was sent to close relatives ( n = 371) of aged patients (mean age 80.1 years) who had died one to two years earlier. In the relatives' opinions, 57% of the patients ( n = 211) had suffered from moderate to severe pain and in 22% ( n = 46) of these the pain relief was unsuccessful. Inadequate pain relief was associated with a feeling of helplessness in the patients (odds ratio 2.6), insufficient self-determination of analgesic use (9.4), unsatisfactory care of daily needs such as nutrition (8.3), and insufficient care of concomitant symptoms such as dry mouth (6.2). The pain relief was also evaluated as having been unsuccessful when the relatives received limited information about the forthcoming death (5.7), when it was difficult to discuss with the clinical staff (5.7), and when the relatives were not supported by, for example, comforting and heartening (7.9) or encouraging to participate in the care (7.2). In the multivariate analysis, the self-determination of the patients about their pain medication (5.7), difficulties of the relatives to discuss issues with the nursing staff (3.7) and poor atmosphere of the treatment environment (2.8) emerged as the most significant associates of unsuccessful pain relief. The results show that dissatisfaction with the pain management is associated with low appreciation of the treatment of other discomforts and complaints. Successful pain management therefore requires a holistic approach to the wider spectrum of problems in dying patients.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in palliative care
Authors: Prentice Wendy , Dunlop Robert , Armes P J , Cunningham D E , Lucas Caroline , Todd Jennifer 
Published: May 2003

Our objective was to assess the impact of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in palliative care. The study was conducted at three hospices in south London, totalling 118 beds, and the following two methods were used. Firstly, a retrospective review of the notes of patients who were known to be MRSA positive at admission or were subsequently found to be MRSA positive was taken. Secondly, a prospective study of factors influencing bed occupancy in one hospice was conducted. The proportion of admissions who were MRSA positive ranged from 4% to 8% in the three hospices. Seven of the 43 patients who had MRSA suffered clinically significant infections. Risk factors for colonization and bacteraemia were similar to the general population. Sites of infection were variable and multiple and treatment regimes for eradication were variable, with varying outcomes. MRSA infection appeared to delay admission because of the need for single rooms, of which there are few. Time spent cleaning rooms after discharge or death also reduced the number of available beds. It was concluded that MRSA infection is associated with significant morbidity in a small number of palliative care patients. Beds unavailable because of MRSA should be considered in bed occupancy figures, otherwise bed occupancy may appear artificially low. The psychological and financial impact of the infection in palliative care patients needs further evaluation.
How do cancer patients who die at home differ from those who die elsewhere?
Authors: Karlsen Saffron , Addington-Hall Julia 
Published: May 2003

Our objective was to investigate how cancer patients who die at home differ from those who do not. A postbereavement survey of 229 people who registered the death of a random sample of cancer deaths in an inner London health authority was conducted. It was found that a fifth of patients (21%) died in their own home. Overall, 38% were reported to have expressed a preference for place of death, 73% of whom wanted to die at home. Only 58% achieved this. Having special equipment and stating a preference for place of death was associated with an increased likelihood of dying at home; using social and health services for social care was associated with a decreased likelihood of so doing. It was concluded that, as in previous studies, most patients who expressed a preference wanted a home death, but nearly half did not achieve this. Recognition of a preference for home death, providing the motivation to ‘stick it out’ at home, and adequate community support to provide the practical means to fulfil the preference, appear to be crucial in the achievement of a home death for all who desire it.
Do specialist palliative care teams improve outcomes for cancer patients? A systematic literature review
Authors: Hearn Julie , Higginson Irene J 
Published: May 2003

The objective of the study was to determine whether teams providing specialist palliative care improve the health outcomes of patients with advanced cancer and their families or carers when compared to conventional services. The study involved a systematic literature review of published research. The source of the data included studies identified from a systematic search of computerized databases (Medline, psychINFO, CINAHL and BIDS to the end of 1996), hand-searching specialist palliative care journals, and studying bibliographies and reference lists. The inclusion criteria for articles were that the study considered the use of specialist palliative care teams caring for patients with advanced cancer. Articles were assessed and data extracted and synthesized, with studies graded according to design. A variety of outcomes were considered by the authors. These addressed aspects of symptom control, patient and family or carer satisfaction, health care utilization and cost, place of death, psychosocial indices and quality of life. Overall, 18 relevant studies were identified, including five randomized controlled trials. Improved outcomes were seen in the amount of time spent at home by patients, satisfaction by both patients and their carers, symptom control, a reduction in the number of inpatient hospital days, a reduction in overall cost, and the patients' likelihood of dying where they wished to for those receiving specialist care from a multiprofessional palliative care team. It was concluded that all evaluations were of services considered to be leading the field, or were pioneering training and treatments. However, when compared to conventional care, there is evidence that specialist teams in palliative care improve satisfaction and identify and deal with more patient and family needs. Moreover, multiprofessional approaches to palliative care reduce the overall cost of care by reducing the amount of time patients spend in acute hospital settings.
Specialist palliative care in nonmalignant disease
Authors: Addington-Hall Julia , Fakhoury Walid , McCarthy Mark 
Published: May 2003

The objective of this study was to investigate how many patients who die from causes other than cancer might benefit from specialist palliative care. This was achieved by secondary analysis of data from the Regional Study of Care for the Dying, a retrospective national population-based interview survey. The investigation involved 20 self-selected English health districts, nationally representative in terms of social deprivation and most aspects of health services provision. A total of 3696 patients were randomly selected from death registrations in the last quarter of 1990; an interview concerning the patient was completed 10 months after the death by bereaved family, friends or officials. The results show that a third (243/720) of cancer patients who were admitted to hospices or had domiciliary palliative care scored at or above the median on three measures of reported symptom experience in the last year of life. That is the number of symptoms (eight or more), the number of distressing symptoms (three or more) and the number of symptoms lasting more than six months (three or more). A total of 269 out of 1605 noncancer patients (16.8%) fulfilled these criteria. On this basis, it is estimated that 71 744 people who die from nonmalignant disease in England and Wales each year may require specialist palliative care. An increase of at least 79% in caseload would, therefore, be expected if specialist palliative care services were made fully available to noncancer patients. This is a conservative estimate, as non-cancer patients were matched to only one-third of cancer patients who had specialist palliative care. It is concluded that clinicians and patient groups caring for patients with advanced nonmalignant disease must work together with specialist palliative care services and with health commissioners to develop, fund and evaluate appropriate, cost-effective services which meet patient and family needs for symptom control and psychosocial support.
Encounters with doctors: quantity and quality
Authors: Smith S D M , Nicol K M , Devereux J , Cornbleet M A 
Published: May 2003

Continuity of care and the large numbers of health care professionals who deliver that care are issues that frequently concern patients and their families. This study examined the number of doctors encountered by 50 patients, during the period of their cancer care. This ranged from 4 months to 26 years, with a median time of 2 years and 4 months. The doctors included in this number were general practitioners, doctors met during hospital inpatient admissions and when attending outpatient appointments, and doctors at the hospice. Descriptive statistics are included detailing the total number of doctors encountered by patients; the number met by patients within the first year of their cancer care; and the average number of new doctors met each year. The minimum number of doctors met was 13, maximum 97 and median 32. Notable examples include one patient who met 31 doctors during a 6-month period, and one patient who met 73 doctors during a period of 2 years and 1 month. Patients in this study with a history of less than 1 year met 28 doctors on average. Semi-structured interviews with these patients were conducted adopting a qualitative approach. Patients were asked about their recollections of the doctors they had met during their cancer care and what value they attributed to these encounters. Interviews were subject to thematic analysis. The major themes to emerge were: continuity of care, the provision of information and explanations and honesty in that process, breaking of bad news, the manner adopted by the doctor and issues relating to specialist referral. The large number of health care professionals, including the doctors quantified in this study, involved in the care of each patient represents a major challenge to ‘seamless’ and consistent communication between those involved.