bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical problems
Authors: Modell Michael , Mughal Zulf , Boyd Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An organic cause for recurrent abdominal pain is only found in under 10 per cent of affected children, a problem discussed in Chapter 19. Here we consider quite another issue, acute abdominal pain occurring without a previous history. Most affected children will have unimportant illness; a few will be starting the weary round of recurrent abdominal pain; an important small minority will have a serious organic cause. In these, other symptoms are almost always present and give a clue to the diagnosis. After babyhood, the common causes are gastro-enteritis, with colicky pain, vomiting, and watery diarrhoea (p. 207); perhaps dietary indiscretion; and pain associated with upper respiratory tract infection. This latter in its severe form, ‘mesenteric adenitis’, may cause moderately severe abdominal tenderness which tends to have moved on re-examination. At operation enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes are found.
Professional Education for General Practice
Authors: Havelock Peter , Hasler John , Flew Richard , Mcintyre Donald , Schofield Theo , Toby John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vocational training for general practice has been tremendously successful over the past two decades, but the need became apparent at the beginning of the 1990s for revision of the education of GP trainers already experienced in setting up a training practice, who were demanding a fresh, more detailed consideration of the educational aspects of vocational training. The authors of Professional Education for General Practice comprise general practitioners from training practices, regional advisers in primary care, and an expert in adult education. They describe the history of vocational training and examine the educational requirements of adult learners, then go on to discuss particular aspects of curriculum design, assessment, teaching methods, trainer-trainee relationships, and evaluation, followed by an appraisal of what changes are needed in training for general practice in the future. Throughout the preparation of the book the authors worked closely with general practice trainers and trainees as well as their educators, thus ensuring that the book is completely appropriate for these groups. This book is essential for everyone involved in teaching GP trainers as well as for the trainers themselves, and will be of interest to doctors training in primary care.
Pathology of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Authors: Ferrario Franco , Rastaldi Waria Pia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is the name given to a syndrome characterized clinically by an acute rapid deterioration of renal function, and morphologically by widespread formation of circumferential extracapillary proliferation, generally involving more than 50% of glomeruli (Neild et al. 1983; Baldwin et al. 1987; Couser 1988). Many types of glomerulonephritis can present with crescent formation and renal failure, including both primary glomerular diseases and systemic diseases with glomerular involvement. Consequently, definition of RPGN has been difficult and the terminology and classification criteria have varied over the years, as a result of different approaches to the disease based on mainly clinical, pathological, or immunological components.
Anti-glomcrular basement membrane disease
Authors: Turner A Neil , Rees Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ernest Goodpasture reported a single patient with lung haemorrhage and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) while on leave from his residency at the Massachusetts General Hospital as a pathologist at the Chelsea Naval Hospital (Goodpasture 1919). In retrospect, the patient probably had systemic vasculitis. Goodpasture went on to become a pioneer in developing culture techniques for pathogenic viruses, but his name has remained attached to anti-GBM disease since it was applied by Stanton and Tange (Stanton and Tange 1958). Subsequently, it has become apparent that systemic vasculitis is a more common cause of lung haemorrhage and RPGN than anti-GBM disease, and it has become necessary to distinguish that syndrome (Goodpasture’s syndrome) from anti-GBM disease (Goodpasture’s disease), as his name is now firmly associated with the rarer, but better understood, disorder.
Crescentic nephritis secondary to infection, systemic disease and other glomerulopathies
Authors: Cameron J S1ewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since crescents occur when breaks in glomerular capillaries allow leakage of cells and plasma proteins into Bowman’s space (Chapter 1-3), it is not surprising that occasional crescents have been described in most chronic renal diseases, including some that do not primarily affect the glomerulus. Widespread crescent formation, however, requires active and specific attack on glomerular capillaries; predictably, this can occur in a variety of settings (Table 9.1). Today, crescentic nephritis is categorized using a variety of clinical, morphological, immunohistological, and serological criteria. None of the systems are entirely satisfactory; largely because crescent formation is the result of a disease, rather than a disease in itself.
The family attachment scheme at Queen’s University, Belfast
Authors: McGlade Kieran 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scheme, which evolved over several years, was originally squeezed into students’ spare time and facilitated by volunteer general practitioner tutor:,. It is essentially about learning how families and individuals perceive, understand, and manage their own health. The scheme arose out of a belief that medical students would benefit from very early and continuing exposure to patients and that there was a need to provide them with experience of how the practice of medicine works in the community. In recent years, formal curriculum time has been wrested from the basic medical science course to provide one tutorial per term with a GP tutor over the first two years of the medical curriculum. Students are still expected to visit patients in their own time. A lecture course entitled ‘Lifestyle and health’ takes place at the end of second year and draws on the experience the students have from this family attachment course. With the current reconstruction of the medical curriculum at Queen’s, as in many other universities, the family attachment scheme is now a key component and will act as a resource to several other curricular themes.
Audit projects
Authors: Blackie Dominic , Campion Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The audit cycle, like the citric acid cycle, is critically important to health and, potentially, just as stupefyingly dull to learn. However, there is one crucial difference: the Krebs’ cycle happens whether it is understood or not, unlike the audit cycle, which depends on doctors having the necessary knowledge, skills, and attitudes (Marinker 1990). The almost universal ignorance among clinicians of the details of Krebs’ work--despite the time devoted to it in the classical curriculum-is largely irrelevant. On the other hand, the reluctance among clinicians of all disciplines to pursue rigorous and relevant clinical audit, despite, for general practitioners, contractmil obligation and financial incentives, is arguably detrimental to patient care.
Student-completed records of learning
Authors: Bradley Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of students completing a contemporaneous record of their clinical experience is certainly not new. The idea of a so-called ‘log diary’ is a common feature of many undergraduate and postgraduate courses in medical disciplines. However, not all such documents arc the same nor, indeed, do they even share a common purpose or set of purposes. Often, they fail to exploit the greatest potential of a student completed record of experience which is to act as a stimulus to reflection on experience that is central to the whole concept of experiential learning and is claimed to be particularly important in the development of professionals (Baud 1985; SchiÖin 1987).
Principles of assessment
Authors: Holsgrove Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major principles of assessment can be summarized under three interrelated headings: reliability, validity, and feasibility. Although they are very important, they are so frequently ignored that even some experienced examiners may be unfamiliar with them. Each acquires a special meaning in the context of educational assessment so this chapter sets out to describe some of the key points in lay terms. Reliability is concerned with the accuracy with which the assessment is made. Among the things which might affect accuracy is the extent to which different examiners marking the same piece of work would independently award similar marks. This is known as inter-rater reliability. It is of no importance in computer-marked examinations (e.g. multiple choice questions, MCQs), but may be a major source of unreliability in essay questions and, notoriously, in viva voce examinations and selection interviews.
Assessing knowledge
Authors: Holsgrove Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A recurrent theme in this section has been that the style and outcome of summative assessment is a major determinant of students’ learning behaviour. This is especially true in medical education, which is traditionally highly competitive both in student selection and in the many examinations that the students will take, especially if the assessment is norm-referenced. Assessors should be concerned to know the students’ achievements in relation to agreed criteria, the curriculum objectives, and, in particular, whether they satisfy the criteria for safe and competent practise. The rank order of their marks is of little interest, particularly when the confidence intervals determined by measures of the reliability of the examination prove that the rank order may be unreliable anyway.
Resuscitation and acute treatment of brain injuries (traumatic and atraumatic)
Authors: Ratcliffe Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the principles of management and to emphasize the importance of adequate initial resuscitation and the optimization of cardiovascular parameters, to reduce the incidence of secondary brain injury. Although there are different mechanisms of acute brain injury with very different outcomes, the initial management and goals of treatment are the same.
The impact of brain injury on the family
Authors: Demellweek Colin , O’Leary Audrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a child suffers a brain injury (BI), other family members are likely to be affected and, indeed, such an injury has been referred to as being a family affair (Lezak 1988). Family members may be there when the injury occurs or be called to the hospital afterwards, and even quite a mild head injury (HI) appears to cause parents anxiety. In more severe cases, the child may be in a coma and family members may spend long, uncertain hours at the child’s bedside, disrupting family routines. If and when the child emerges from the coma he may, for example, be unable to walk or talk. A lengthy rehabilitation process may then begin, again requiring family members to spend long periods of time in the hospital and suspend or defer other activities.
The urinary tract
Authors: Smith Francis W , Gemmell Howard G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of the urinary tract may be divided into the demonstration of the anatomy and the study of its function. The anatomy of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder is best displayed using diagnostic ultrasound and/or intravenous urography (IVU). Functional information, as well as the gross anatomy, are obtained by radionuclide renography and renal imaging using a gamma camera and computer. Renography is the method of monitoring the arrival, uptake, and elimination of a radiopharmaceutical by the kidneys to give an assessment of individual renal function. Renal imaging produces static images of the urinary tract.
The historical context
Authors: Heather Nick , Robertson Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing in 1773, Dr Johnson lamented the passing of the good old days ‘when all the decent people in Lichfield got drunk and every night and was not thought the worse of’ . Presumably such nostalgia already reflected the emergence of a more welldisciplined and sober age but, even so, on a night in 1782, James Boswell, Johnson’s faithful companion and biographer, was found dead drunk in a London gutter.
The wrist
Authors: Wardrope Jim. , English Bryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The area of the wrist comprises a complex series of joints including the distal radioulnar joint.The joints are highly mobile and dependent on strong ligaments for stability. “ TraumaFractures of the scaphoid are one of the commonest missed diagnoses in A&E practice. Be reluctant to label an injury as due to ‘wrist sprain’ in a young patient with pain or swelling in the wrist after a fall or other significant injury. Such patients require senior review within 14 days.Falls on the hand in a child may result in fractures anywhere along the limb and these may be difficult to localize and diagnose. Seek senior review of a child not using a limb.Ligament injury may cause significant long-term disability.
The chest
Authors: Wardrope Jim. , English Bryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a patient presenting after a blow to the ribs perform a full respiratory examination.If the blow is to the lower ribs examine the abdomen.Perform a chest X-ray if there is any shortness of breath, raised respiratory rate, or chest signs.Those patients with chronic chest disease require extra care as the pain from a minor rib injury may precipitate respiratory failure.In a patient returning with chest problems after injury perform a chest X-ray.
Cardiovascular System
Authors: Harvey CJ , Roberts HRS , Shaw PJ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This 67-year-old man presented with a 4-hour history of central chest pain radiating to the back. His electrocardiogram (ECG) was diagnostic of an acute myocardial infarction. What is the diagnosis and how would you confirm it? The chest radiograph shows gross widening of the mediastinum and enlargement of the aortic contour. Other radiological features that may be present are tracheal and oesophageal displacement and a shift medially in the position of a calcified aortic rim by more than 6 mm from the aortic border. The cardiac silhouette may appear enlarged due to a haemopericardium or aortic regurgitation. Pleural effusion, an extrapleural apical fluid cap, and paramediastinal widening are other well recognized features. The chest radiograph may be normal. The diagnosis may be confirmed by contrast enhanced CT (Fig. 42a, arrow demonstrating a dissection of the descending aorta), MRI, aortography, or transoesophageal echocardiography.
Musculoskeletal
Authors: Harvey CJ , Roberts HRS , Shaw PJ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This 20-year-old man presented with a painful left shoulder. What is the most likely diagnosis? There is an aggressive lytic process affecting the left humeral head with cortical destruction and a Codman’s triangle type periosteal reaction. The glenoid is not involved. The distal extent of the bony involvement is ill-defined (‘wide zone of transition’) indicative of an aggressive process.
Rheumatology and orthopaedics
Authors: Round Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
True. The spine should be straight when viewed from behind but should deviate in the anterior—posterior (AP) plane at the neck, chest, and in the lumbar region (known as the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar lordoses). Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral deviation and kyphosis deviation in the anterior-posterior direction.
Non-diabetic renal disease in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Rychlik Ivan , Fliser Danilo , Ritz Eberhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Renal disease is particularly common in the elderly. According to Feest et al. the frequency of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is about 85 times more common in this group (i.e. 500/million in those aged 70-79 years compared to 6/million in those aged&lt; 19 years).1 It is in this elderly population that type 2 diabetes also tends to occur. Therefore, it can be predicted that some patients with diabetes will have another primary chronic renal disease. How often this occurs has remained controversial. From 1960 to 1963, Ditscherlein in former East Berlin collected a total of 400 consecutive diabetic patients who had come to autopsy.2 He found glomerulosclerosis in 45.3% including nodular glomerulosclerosis in 23.3%. As to additional or superimposed renal disease, it is of note that pyelonephritis was diagnosed in 30%. However, this figure must be viewed with circumspection in view of the criteria then used for the diagnosis. Of note, however, is the finding that papillary necrosis was found in no less than 10.5% of the diabetic versus 0.7% in the non-diabetic population.
Risk factors for the progression of renal disease in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Bilous R W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The factors that affect progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes are less well characterized than for type l and there are several reasons for this. Historically, it was believed that fewer patients with type 2 diabetes developed nephropathy, and that proteinuria in these patients had a relatively benign prognosis compared to insulin dependent diabetic patients. Carefully controlled prospective studies have refuted both of these concepts; the cumulative incidence of proteinuria in type 2 diabetes is very similar to type l in Europid patients at around 25% after 20 years known duration of diabetes.
Extrarenal complications of the type 2 diabetic patient with diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Raz ltamar , Wexler Isaiah D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a frequent complication of type 2 diabetes as well as a major cause of end-stage renal disease. The predicted natural course of type 2 diabetes is worse for patients with DN even in those with only asymptomatic proteinuria. The poor outcome is related to both renal dysfunction and the extrarenal complications of type 2 diabetes (see Table 11.1).
Kidney transplantation
Authors: Frei Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the first successful kidney transplants in twins more than 40 years ago, kidney transplantation has become an integral part in the treatment of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in most of the developed countries around the world. Several important steps have been necessary to expand kidney transplantation from an experimental procedure into a widely practiced therapeutic option in such a way that it has become the most successful modality of renal replacement therapy.
Multi-organ transplantation
Authors: Frei Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most patients, renal transplantation has to deal with a primary disease of the kidney. However, there are a number of clinical situations in which kidney failure is either a consequence of an extra-renal systemic disease or the cause for the failure of an other organ. The latter may happen simultaneously or sequentially. Therefore, there is a need for a simultaneous multi-organ transplant or the transplantation of different organs in sequence. In these cases, the rarely easy decision has to be made whether it is justified to use two precious organs, which might save the lives of two recipients, for one case with a sometimes open success. When reviewing the literature, it is obvious that multi-organ transplants have never been evaluated in a prospective manner, except for combined kidney-pancreas transplantation in some rare instances. Most available data consist of collected case histories. Nevertheless, it is now possible to draw some conclusions and to give advice on how to deal with these rare circumstances.
Optimal renal replacement therapy in elderly patients
Authors: Jacobs Claude , Mignon Françoise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No universal consensus currently prevails for the definition of elderly people. A 65-year age-limit is widely recognized in many countries for designating people as such on social, professional, or administrative grounds. In many persons, old age can not be strictly identified with civil age, as an elderly condition is also largely a state of mind. Similar difficulties and complications of dialysis treatments can be encountered in patients aged 40 or 75 years depending on their individual past history, presence of co-morbid diseases, and social environment.
The diagnosis of pregnancy
Authors: Neuberg Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is very important to be able to diagnose pregnancy correctly. A woman will usually wish to have her suspicions, hopes, or fears confirmed one way or another as soon as possible. To assure a woman that she is not pregnant when in fact she is, or vice versa, can cause a considerable amount of distress and does not do a great deal to enhance a doctor’s reputation. In the majority of cases the diagnosis of pregnancy is a simple matter, being based upon an assessment of symptoms and signs backed up by special investigations.
Towards the genetic basis of Rett syndrome
Authors: Clarke Angus , Schanen, Carolyn , Anvret Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Andreas Rett’s original description of the condition was the key observation that all affected individuals were female (Rett 1966a,b, 1977). Almost all definite cases of Rett syndrome (RS) described since have been female. It is this observation, together with the (almost complete) concordance of monozygotic female twins for the disorder, that has led so many investigators to conclude that RS must be genetic in origin although almost all cases are sporadic. The most convincing reports of males with RS have been of boys with mosaic or complete Klinefelter syndrome (Vorsanova et al. 1996; Schwartzman et al. 1999).
The role of genetic and environmental factors in brain development: development of the central monoaminergic nervous system
Authors: Segawa Masaya 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The MA neurons in the brainstem, namely the noradrenalin (NA), serotonin (SHT) and dopamine (DA) neurons, project their axons to various areas of the brain including the neocortex. There is regional specialization of innervation and.
The monoamine hypothesis in Rett syndrome
Authors: Nomura Yoshiko , Segawa Masaya 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rett syndrome (RS) is a unique neurodevelopmental condition predominantly affecting females and presenting with characteristic symptoms and signs. It is caused by mutation in the gene encoding X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) (Amir et al. 1999) but its pathophysiology still remains to be clarified.
The Structure And Function Of Tendons
Authors: Benjamin Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A tendon is generally a dense fibrous connective tissue that links a muscle to a bone and thus extends from its myotendinous junction to its enthesis (i.e. the bony attachment site). However, some tendons (e.g. the intermediate tendons of omohyoid and digastric and the tendinous intersections of rectus abdominis) simply link one muscle belly to another. Depending on the fibre arrangements in the muscle, tendons can extend into the muscle belly as tendinous septa. Such an arrangement is generally characteristic of the more powerful, multipennate muscles (e.g. deltoid) that have a short range of action.