bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the use of spectrum‐based fault localization
Authors: Amario de Souza Higor , de Souza Lauretto Marcelo , Kon Fabio , Lordello Chaim Marcos 
Published: October 2023

SummaryDevelopers spend significant time locating and fixing bugs, which is often performed manually. Although spectrum‐based fault localization (SFL) techniques aim at helping developers to locate faults, they are not yet used in practice. Recent studies have investigated how developers use SFL, presenting different conclusions about their effectiveness and usefulness. We carried out a user study to further enhance the understanding of SFL. We assessed whether SFL improves the developers' performance and to what extent SFL leads developers to inspect faulty code excerpts. We also investigated the intention of the developers to use SFL and how they interact with SFL. Twenty‐six participants performed debugging tasks using real programs, with and without using the Jaguar SFL tool. Using SFL, more developers located and fixed the bugs. SFL also led more developers to inspect the faulty code and locate the faulty method. However, they did not spend less time locating the faults. SFL was well‐accepted by the participants, who showed intention to use it in their daily activities. Our results indicate that SFL is useful even when the fault is not ranked among the first positions, leading developers to reach faulty code regions and find the bugs.
Optical Manipulation of Soft Matter
Authors: Chen Xixi , Zhao Yanan , Zhang Yao , Li Baojun , Li Yuchao , Jiang Lingxiang 
Published: October 2023

AbstractOptical manipulation has emerged as a pivotal tool in soft matter research, offering superior applicability, spatiotemporal precision, and manipulation capabilities compared to conventional methods. Here, an overview of the optical mechanisms governing the interaction between light and soft matter materials during manipulation is provided. The distinct characteristics exhibited by various soft matter materials, including liquid crystals, polymers, colloids, amphiphiles, thin liquid films, and biological soft materials are highlighted, and elucidate their fundamental response characteristics to optical manipulation techniques. This knowledge serves as a foundation for designing effective strategies for soft matter manipulation. Moreover, the diverse range of applications and future prospects that arise from the synergistic collaboration between optical manipulation and soft matter materials in emerging fields are explored.
Defect Strategy in Solid‐State Lithium Batteries
Authors: Mi Jinshuo , Chen Likun , Ma Jiabin , Yang Ke , Hou Tingzheng , Liu Ming , Lv Wei , He Yan‐Bing 
Published: October 2023

AbstractSolid‐state lithium batteries (SSLBs) have great development prospects in high‐security new energy fields, but face major challenges such as poor charge transfer kinetics, high interface impedance, and unsatisfactory cycle stability. Defect engineering is an effective method to regulate the composition and structure of electrodes and electrolytes, which plays a crucial role in dominating physical and electrochemical performance. It is necessary to summarize the recent advances regarding defect engineering in SSLBs and analyze the mechanism, thus inspiring future work. This review systematically summarizes the role of defects in providing storage sites/active sites, promoting ion diffusion and charge transport of electrodes, and improving structural stability and ionic conductivity of solid‐state electrolytes. The defects greatly affect the electronic structure, chemical bond strength and charge transport process of the electrodes and solid‐state electrolytes to determine their electrochemical performance and stability. Then, this review presents common defect fabrication methods and the specific role mechanism of defects in electrodes and solid‐state electrolytes. At last, challenges and perspectives of defect strategies in high‐performance SSLBs are proposed to guide future research.
Experimental investigation of innovative reinforcement method for two‐way concrete slabs using perforated steel plates
Authors: Khaloo Alireza , Khodabakhshi Nahid , Dehkordi Morteza Raissi 
Published: October 2023

AbstractImprovement of the bonding and interaction between concrete and steel is crucial to achieving an optimal reinforced concrete member. The proposed technique in this paper is using perforated steel plates (PSPs) to reinforce two‐way concrete slabs. In this method, ordinary steel bar reinforcements in the tension region of the concrete slabs were replaced by PSPs. Concrete slabs reinforced with PSPs enhance structural characteristics with respect to concrete slabs reinforced with ordinary reinforcement (OR) due to the higher lateral stiffness of PSPs, the better confinement of concrete within the holes of PSPs, the biaxial performance of the steel in the tension region, and the efficient load transmission mechanism between the steel and concrete. In this paper, a comprehensive experimental investigation was conducted on two‐way concrete slabs reinforced with PSPs and ordinary steel bars. The behavior of PSPs slabs was evaluated in comparison with OR slabs in terms of failure types, ductility, energy absorption, stiffness, ultimate load, cracking load, and force transmission mechanism. Findings revealed that the PSPs slabs have higher ductility, energy absorption, and ultimate strength compared to the OR slabs.
Categorization of formulas for calculation of crack width and spacing in reinforced concrete elements
Authors: van der Esch Anton , Wolfs Rob , Fennis Sonja , Roosen Marco , Wijte Simon 
Published: October 2023

AbstractOver the last century, over one hundred crack width formulas have been developed to calculate the width and spacing of cracks in reinforced and prestressed concrete elements. It is unclear which formulas are the most accurate. An extensive comparison study is required to determine which formulas accurately describe the crack patterns, consisting of the crack width and spacing. To make such a study possible, this paper proposes categorizing formulas. The categorization of the formulas is based on their applicability, crack pattern representation, and background. The categorization presents an overview of the different assumptions and application areas for describing crack patterns.
Recent Advances in the Catalytic Synthesis of the Cyclopentene Core
Authors: Miguélez Rubén , Barrio Pablo , González José M. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractFive‐membered carbocycles are ubiquitously found in natural products, pharmaceuticals, and other classes of organic compounds. Within this category, cyclopentenes deserve special attention due to their prevalence as targets and as well as key intermediates for synthesizing more complex molecules. Herein, we offer an overview summarizing some significant recent advances in the catalytic assembly of this structural motif. A great variety of synthetic methodologies and strategies are covered, including transition metal‐catalyzed or organocatalyzed processes. Both inter‐ and intramolecular transformations are documented. On this ground, our expertise in the application of C−H functionalization reactions oriented towards the formation of this ring and its subsequent selective functionalization is embedded.
Which ideas, when, and why? An experienced teacher's in‐the‐moment pedagogical reasoning about facilitating student sense‐making discussions
Authors: Krist Christina (Stina) , Shim Soo‐Yean 
Published: October 2023

AbstractTeaching to support students' sense‐making is challenging. It requires continuous, context‐dependent decision‐making about which student ideas to pursue, when, how, and why. This paper presents a single case study of an experienced teacher, Nadine, as an illustrative case in order to provide a rich description of this teacher's decisional episodes. Specifically, we characterize Nadine's pedagogical reasoning for decisions to make space for or close down student sense‐making while facilitating whole‐class discussions. We analyzed video recordings of (1) Nadine's classroom teaching over the course of two instructional units, (2) classroom moments tagged by Nadine or researchers in the midst of her teaching capturing her rationales for instructional decisions, and (3) interviews about those tagged moments. Using constant‐comparative analytic methods, we identified three dimensions of criteria that Nadine considered in her decisions about whether to pursue student ideas: (1) disciplinary potential, (2) potential for fostering the classroom community, and (3) curricular considerations. We present four episodes that feature Nadine's reasoning, two in which she intentionally made space for student sense‐making and two in which she intentionally closed down lines of student reasoning. Regardless of the decision, the criteria Nadine considered were sometimes aligned, supporting a straightforward decision, and other times created tensions. Across four episodes, we show how Nadine navigated multidimensional criteria; considered students' long‐term trajectories; and considered for whom pursuing sense‐making would be beneficial. We argue that these navigational considerations might serve as focal points as teachers, researchers, and professional learning facilitators make sense of teachers' instructional decisions as they occur during instruction and that leveraging them to open opportunities for discourse with teachers can support complex teaching practices.
Teaching and learning floating and sinking: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Schwichow Martin , Zoupidis Anastasios 
Published: October 2023

AbstractFloating and sinking (FS) is a key topic in science education, both at primary and secondary levels. The interpretation of FS phenomena, however, is challenging due to the difficulty of the scientific concepts and explanatory models involved (e.g., density, buoyancy), along with students' everyday experiences, which conflict with scientific explanations. Consequently, many studies over the last few decades have investigated how FS could be taught effectively to students of different ages while utilizing multiple teaching approaches. This meta‐analysis summarizes findings from 69 intervention studies on teaching FS conducted between 1977 and 2021. Over all studies, we estimated a mean effect size of g = 0.85 (95% CI = 0.71, 0.99). This large effect size demonstrates that, although FS is a challenging concept, teaching FS is effective even in elementary school. Moreover, in a moderator analysis, we investigate the effect of intervention characteristics, students' age, as well as study design, and assessment features on the mean study effect size. To analyze the effect of these moderator variables, we use a three‐level hierarchical meta‐regression model for dealing with multiple effect sizes from single studies. We found two intervention characteristics that explain variance in study effect sizes: longer lasting interventions result in larger effect sizes and interventions where hands‐on experiments are applied are more effective than those utilizing virtual experiments. Furthermore, studies with a treatment‐control group comparison have significantly smaller effect sizes than studies with a pre‐post design. We discuss the implications of our findings regarding the moderator variables for effective teaching of FS and further research on FS.
Syzygium cumini ameliorates high fat diet induced glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, weight gain, hepatic injury and nephrotoxicity through modulation of PTP1B and PPARγ signaling
Authors: Thiyagarajan Gopal , Muthukumaran Padmanaban , Prabhu Durai , Balasubramanyam Muthuswamy , Baddireddi Lakshmi Subhadra 
Published: October 2023

AbstractMetabolic disorders are majorly associated with insulin resistance and an impaired glucose tolerance. Since, many of the currently available drugs exhibit adverse effects and are resistant to therapies, natural products are a promising alternate in the alleviation of complex metabolic disorders. In the current study, Syzygium cumini methanolic extract (SCE) was investigated for its anti‐diabetic and anti‐adipogenic potential using C57BL/6 mice fed on high fat diet (HFD). The HFD fed obese mice were treated with 200 mg/kg SCE and compared with positive controls Metformin, Pioglitazone and Sodium Orthovanadate. The biometabolites in SCE were characterized using Fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. A reduction in blood glucose levels with improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance was observed in SCE‐treated HFD obese mice. Histopathological and biochemical investigations showed a reduction in hepatic injury and nephrotoxicity in SCE‐administered HFD mice. Results showed inhibition of PTP1B and an upregulation of IRS1 and PKB‐mediated signaling in skeletal muscle. A significant decrease in lipid markers such as TC, TG, LDL‐c and VLDL‐c levels were observed with increased HDL‐c in SCE‐treated HFD mice. A significant decrease in weight and adiposity was observed in SCE‐administered HFD mice in comparison to controls. This decrease could be due to the partial agonism of PPARγ and an increased expression of adiponectin, an insulin sensitizer. Hence, the dual‐modulatory effect of SCE, partly due to the presence of 26% Pyrogallol, could be useful in the management of diabetes and its associated maladies.
Structure and Optical Characteristics of DLC Films
Authors: Grayeli Alireza 
Published: October 2023

SummaryUsing a RF‐Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor (RF‐PECVD) Depositions method, employing hydrogen and methane gas, Diamond like carbon (DLC) films were fabricated on glass and silicon substrates. The impact of varying CH4to H2ratios on the resulting film's structure, optical characteristics, and mechanical properties was investigated. The deposition process occurred at methane flow rates spanning 5 to 40 sccm. The films' surface morphology, and roughness were analyzed through Atomic Force Microscopy. Moreover, the Vickers hardness tests was employed to determine the hardness of produced films. The optical behavior of the DLC thin films was explored utilizing UV‐visible spectrometry and ellipsometry. A thorough investigation was conducted to understand how the CH4flow rate influences layer growth, morphology, topography, and how these factors relate to the films' transmittance, reflectance, refractive index, and optical band gap.
Plasma urea:creatinine ratio as a biomarker of gastrointestinal bleeding in dogs with anaemia
Authors: Safrany Ben , Holmes Andrea C. , Adamantos Sophie , Kisielewicz Caroline , Juvet Florence , Macfarlane Laura , McCann Theresa , Diana Paula Valiente , Allerton Fergus 
Published: October 2023

AbstractBackgroundGastrointestinal bleeding is a cause of anaemia in dogs. A reliable, non‐invasive biomarker to differentiate gastrointestinal bleeding from other causes of anaemia would be advantageous to direct clinical decisions in anaemic patients. Plasma urea:creatinine ratio is an accepted biomarker of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in human medicine.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate plasma urea:creatinine ratio as a biomarker of gastrointestinal bleeding in a population of dogs with anaemia.MethodsThis was a prospective cross‐sectional study of dogs with anaemia presenting to referral centres for the investigation of anaemia. Cases were categorised as having overt gastrointestinal bleeding (melena on presentation), occult gastrointestinal bleeding (historical and diagnostic findings consistent with gastrointestinal bleeding without melena at presentation) or anaemia of other cause (confident diagnosis other than gastrointestinal bleeding reached, normal diagnostic imaging of gastrointestinal tract). Urea:creatinine ratio at presentation was calculated by dividing urea (mg/dL) by creatinine (mg/dL).ResultsNinety‐five dogs were included. Plasma urea:creatinine ratio was not significantly different between dogs with overt or occult gastrointestinal bleeding or those with anaemia of other cause (median urea:creatinine ratio 25.8, 20.7 and 22.5, respectively). No significant difference in urea:creatinine ratio was found between dogs with upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding (median urea:creatinine ratio 19.4 and 24.6, respectively).ConclusionsPlasma urea:creatinine ratio was not helpful in differentiating between dogs with anaemia resulting from gastrointestinal bleeding (overt or occult) and those with other causes of anaemia.
Anaesthesia of a little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) for magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Daly Erica , McFadzean William , Tucker Phillipa Kate 
Published: October 2023

AbstractA 2‐year‐old, male, entireEudyptula minor, kept in a colony of little penguins, started displaying neurological signs, including stumbling, shaking and ear scratching. Several treatment trials proved unsuccessful, and previous computed tomography failed to yield images of diagnostic quality. Due to the ongoing progression of the disease, the penguin was presented for general anaesthesia for magnetic resonance imaging. On presentation, a full neurological examination was conducted, the abnormalities were localised to vestibular apparatus or cerebellum, with a top differential diagnosis of bilateral otitis interna. The patient was scheduled for general anaesthesia to facilitate magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. There are limited reported data on anaesthesia of little penguins. When anaesthetising this species, there are multiple pre‐anaesthetic considerations: fasting period, availability of suitable monitoring, the presence of a tracheal septum, positioning of the patient, challenging intravenous access and complications such as alterations in normal body temperature and environmental temperature.
Impact of the Russia–Ukraine war on grain and fertilizer supply: Evidence from Kenya
Authors: Mwatu Shadrack Muthami 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of the Russia–Ukraine war on grain and fertilizer supply to Kenya as the sixth largest economy in Africa using the Regression Discontinuity estimator on monthly data spanning from January 2017 to August 2022. The share of the quantity and value of cereals and fertilizer imports by Kenya from Russia and Ukraine in the total quantity and value of cereals and fertilizer imports by Kenya from world are utilized. The share of freight and insurance costs on grain and fertilizer imports by Kenya from Russia and Ukraine in total freight and insurance costs on grain and fertilizer from world have also been used. After controlling for sensitivity and incorporating depreciation of the exchange rate and a dummy on drought as covariates, the results indicate the war has had insignificant impact on imports of grain and fertilizer by Kenya though the impact is negative for grain but positive for fertilizer. The findings have policy implications touching on need for African countries to diversify import sources for grain and fertilizer, enhance productive capacities through investment on irrigation, strengthen diplomatic ties with existing import sources for grain and fertilizer, and invest in climate action to tackle drought incidences.
A review on the effects of heavy metals on the development of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Raise Gloria , Gemmellaro M. Denise 
Published: October 2023

AbstractHeavy metals such as lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, mercury, and others, are naturally occurring non degradable elements which can accumulate in the environment and in living organisms and can have a significant impact on their physiological functions. Studies have shown that heavy metals can also influence the development and morphology of insects. Insects are the most abundant organisms on earth and play a major role in different ecosystems. They help in the dispersion of organic matter and are an important part of different ecological processes. Forensic entomology focuses on the use of arthropods in legal investigations. Shortly after death, a corpse is quickly colonized by several insect families; blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are among the first colonizers and are therefore often used for the estimation of the time of colonization (TOC) or minimum post‐mortem interval (mPMI). Since larvae feed on the corpse, any xenobiotic present in the remains, including heavy metals, can be ingested, and accumulated by them; these substances can influence their development and, in turn, can alter the estimation of the mPMI. We analyzed the literature on studies pertaining to the detection of heavy metals in blow flies and on their variations in developmental rate, mass, length, fecundity, morphology, immune system, and mortality rate.This article is categorized under:Forensic Biology > Forensic EntomologyForensic Anthropology > Time Since Death EstimationForensic Biology > Interpretation of Biological Evidence
Cancer‐derived non‐coding RNAs endow tumor microenvironment with immunosuppressive properties
Authors: Hu Tong , Shi Run , Gu Yunru , Zhou Hanyu , Fang Yuan , Xu Tingting , Xu Yangyue , Wu Xi , Ma Ling , Shu Yongqian 
Published: October 2023

AbstractNon‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have attracted extensive attention due to their vital roles in tumorigenesis and progression, especially in the immunotherapy resistance. Tumor immunotherapy resistance is a crucial factor hindering the efficacy of tumor treatments, which can be largely attributed to the immunosuppressive properties of tumor microenvironment. Current studies have revealed that cancer‐derived ncRNAs are involved in the formation of tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment (TIME) through multiple ways. They not only promote the expression of immune checkpoint ligands (e.g., PD‐L1, CD47, Gal‐9, and CD276) on cancer cell surfaces, but also enhance the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines (e.g., TGF‐β, IL‐6, IL‐10, VEGF, and chemokines). Cancer‐derived ncRNAs could also be transferred into surrounding immune‐related cells through extracellular vesicles, thereby inhibiting the cytotoxicity of CD8+T cells and NK cells, restraining the DC‐mediated antigen presentation, inducing the immunosuppressive phenotype transformation of TAMs and CAFs, and enhancing the immunosuppressive functions of Tregs and MDSCs. Herein, we summarize the roles of cancer‐derived ncRNAs in regulating TIME formation and further explore their potential applications as prognostic biomarkers and immunotherapeutic targets, which will help us to address the TIME‐mediated immunotherapy resistance in the future.This article is categorized under:
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs