bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autistic Learning Disabilities in Relating to the World of Objects: Description and Treatment
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How the Child with Autism May See the World Differently. In this chapter, we will begin to explore the third and final area of autistic learning disabilities. These are the learning disabilities that result from how children with autism take in information about the world differently from other children. From the point of view of diagnostic symptoms, these disabilities in learning stem from processing sensory information differently, and apparently extracting and processing meaning differently. Children with autistic spectrum disorders may over- or under-respond to different sorts of sensory stimuli: A child with autism may hear something and ignore it; or he may hear something chat is so apparently intense that he covers his ears with his hands or flaps his arms and vocalizes in a frantic perturbed fashion. A child with autism may see something (or someone) and seemingly “look right through” what he sees; or he may seize the object with one hand, hold it to the periphery of his vision with a strong vertical orientation, and stare fixedly at it out of the corners of his eyes, while rotating it slightly back and forth. A child with autism may assiduously ignore strangers, but selectively approach anyone with fluffy hair and grab the hair and smell it.
Model Programs and Exemplary Classes: What Can We Learn?
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What’s the best program in the country for children with autism? The answer, which should be apparent by now, is that there isn’t one. What makes a program superior is that it has mechanisms that allow it to be individualized according to a child’s needs. Some programs accomplish this by applying a specific set of methods to varying curricula. Some programs accomplish this by using a range of methods to teach given content in a variety of ways. Some programs vary both method and curriculum on an individual basis. Given the range of autistic learning disabilities, that is, the way different children with autism learn differently because they have different underlying profiles of weakness and strengths, there are some inherent advantages to flexible use of both curriculum and method. A program that can achieve this can match the needs of a range of children.
Putting the “I” Back in IEP: Creating Individualized, Meaningful Learning Experiences
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What’s the best kind of program to have? Where does ABA/DTT fit in? Where does TEACCH fit in? Where does integration and inclusion fit in? ABA/ DTT, TEACCH, integrative education, and inclusion are all methods of education. What about content once the method is selected? By now, it should be clear that the autistic spectrum disorders are not one-size-fits-all—not with respect to cause, not with respect to learning differences among children with autism, and so it follows, not with respect to treatment. How then can guidelines be developed to provide a range of services (methods, numbers of hours of treatment, curriculum content) that different children within the autistic spectrum will need? After initial services are in place, how can procedures be developed to ensure that the child is actually getting what is promised? Too often, lack of hoped-for progress is taken as evidence that promised services are not being delivered.
Genetics and Mechanics of Plasticity
Authors: Windig Jack J , Kovel Carolien G F De , Jong Gerdien De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All organisms function in variable environments. Each organism is plastic in at least some traits-typically in many traits-and almost all traits are plastic in at least some organisms. Plasticity is thus pervasive and exists in many different forms. The only thing that all plasticities have in common is that the phenotype is induced by the environment; in other words, the environment acts as a cue to form the phenotype. Two different processes, described by Smith-Gill (1983), may be involved in plasticity. Phenotypic modulation is the simple case. Here the environment directly influences the phenotype without active involvement of the organism, for example, when the environment simply forces a different phenotype by the laws of physics. In developmental conversion, the organism is actively involved in the production of the phenotype. Specific receptors may be present to perceive the state of the environment, and a complex “machinery” may produce dramatically different phenotypes. Although these two processes underlying phenotypic plasticity are fundamentally different, plastic phenotypes are, more often than not, shaped by both processes simultaneously. How the evolution of plasticity proceeds has been the subject of considerable debate (see chapter 2). In order to understand the evolution of plasticity, we need to understand the genetics of plasticity. Moreover, we need to identify what similarities and differences exist in the mechanisms of different plasticities, before we can generalize on the genetics of plasticity and its analysis.
The Functional Ecology of Phenotypic Plasticity in Plants
Authors: Dudley Susan A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Functional ecology is the study of the interactions of individuals, populations, and species with their environments. This broad definition embraces fields ranging from physiological ecology to evolutionary ecology. These fields are unified in their study of the process of adaptation to different environments and how different properties of the organism confer adaptation to the environment. The observation that an organism’s traits depend on its environment easily leads to the hypothesis that phenotypic plasticity functions as a way of adapting to a variable environment. The different fields comprising functional ecology have all addressed this hypothesis but have followed very different lines of evidence. In evolutionary biology, phenotypic plasticity is assessed in terms of genetic variation and fitness consequences; in physiological ecology, in terms of the functional consequences to stress tolerance and carbon acquisition; and in developmental biology, in terms of the mechanisms by which the environment can affect development of a trait. In this chapter, I describe some of the areas of concordance from these different fields of plant functional ecology, and how they can inform each other to suggest new areas of research on phenotypic plasticity in plants. Bradshaw (1965) and many others have suggested that the sessile nature of plants particularly favors phenotypic plasticity as a mechanism for adaptation to a variable environment. There is considerable evidence that plants defend against predators, cope with stress, and compete and forage for resources through cued patterns of growth and environmentally determined development. Acclimation responses demonstrate that a plant’s ability to tolerate a particular environmental stress is increased by prior exposure to that stress. Transplant and common garden experiments have demonstrated that the environment rather than the genotype causes much of the character variation within a species.
The Genotype-Environment Interaction and Evolution When the Environment Contains Genes
Authors: Wolf Jason B , Brodie Edmund D , Wade Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The context in which genes are expressed is often a major determinant of the phenotype (including fitness) associated with a given genotype (Schlichting and Pigliucci 1998; Wolf et al. 2000; chapter I). Contexts that influence genetic effects span a hierarchy that begins within the cell and extends beyond the individual as far as the ecological community. Below the level of the individual, such context dependence is called epistasis, wherein the genetic background provided by other loci influences the effect that a given locus has on the phenotype. Epistasis may also arise when the cytoplasmic environment, provided by organelles such as mitochondria, influences the expression of nuclear genes and vice versa. Beyond the individual, we often think of genotype-environment interaction (GxE) as a result of interactions between the genotype and the context deriving from the abiotic ecological environment. But other contexts include the environment provided by conspecifics in social interactions (e.g., Wade 1980; Moore et al. 1997; Brodie 2000; Wolf 2000) and by other species in community interactions (e.g., Wade 1990; Goodnight 1991 ). Although the tools and perspective of plasticity and GxE research can help us understand the general phenomenon of context-dependent expression, they often ignore the fact that many, if not most, of the ecologically relevant contexts are themselves genetically determined.
Triumph in the palace of science
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE NEW HUGHES RESEARCH LABORATORIES building in Malibu seemed “the palace of science” to physicist Bob Hellwarth who worked in Lyons’ department and moved in along with Maiman. Technology giants across the country were creating corporate research laboratories modeled loosely after Bell Labs, but the usual results were sprawling suburban office buildings surrounded by parking lots and landscaped green space—pleasant, but routine. Very little that involved Howard Hughes was routine.
Epilogue
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE YEARS THAT FOLLOWED would bring many more types of lasers, but ruby and helium–neon soon became the mainstays of laser research and applications. The two nicely complemented each other. Maiman’s elegant design made ruby simple and robust; its short, powerful pulses were valuable in research and industry. Bennett, Javan, and Herriott’s helium–neon laser was also a winner, generating a few milliwatts of light in a continuous and highly-coherent beam that was useful in a variety of research situations and alluring for communications. Helium–neon lasers took off rapidly after two other Bell physicists, Alan D. White and J. Dane Rigden, in 1962, made a version that emitted a visible red beam. Red helium–neon lasers became the standard for laboratory demonstrations and were the first type mass-produced for use in supermarket checkout scanners. Both helium–neon and ruby lasers have passed their prime after more than forty years, but remain in use.
The Extended Projection Principle as a Condition on the Tense Dependency
Authors: Roberts Ian , Roussou Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to provide a unified account of two seemingly unrelated phenomena: what we call the ‘subject requirement,’ which corresponds to the Extended Projection Principle (EPP) of Chomsky 1982, 1995, and the ‘V2 requirement.’ We argue that they both reduce to properties of T, and, arguably, to a single property of T in connection to the position where T is spelled out. In particular, the ‘subject requirement’ arises when Tis realized in the IP domain, while the ‘V2 requirement’ arises when T is spelled out in the CP domain.
Cytoplasmic Signaling and Cell Cycle Control in the Mouse Egg and Embryo
Authors: Baluch D P , Pauken C M , Capco D G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eggs have often been used for the analysis of cytoplasmic signal transduction events as well as the analysis of cell cycle events. This is because they have a distinct cell-cycle arrest point as they await fertilization by sperm. As a result of fertilization, there is a rapid transformation in the structure of the egg such that it becomes the zygote. These structural changes are often triggered by activation of cytoplasmic signaling pathways such as a calcium wave and/or propagation of a wave of kinase activity through the egg cytoplasm.
Parsing Objects into Categories
Authors: Younger Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do infants form categories? Some time ago, Rosch and her colleagues (e.g., Rosch, 1978; Rosch, Mervis, Gray, Johnson, & Boyes-Braem, 1976) noted that natural object categories reflect the correlational structure of the environment. They pointed out that attributes are not randomly distributed across objects but that clusters of attributes occur with regularity. Thus, a category learner programmed in some sense to detect and utilize correlational information would tend to form distinctive categories (Medin, 1983). In this chapter, I summarize research focused on the infant as such a category learner. In contrast to the top-down or theory-driven approach to the use of correlated attributes typically presented for child and adult category learners (e.g., Barrett, Abdi, Murphy, & Gallagher, 1993; Medin, Altom, Edelson, & Freko, 1982), the view presented in this chapter is of an infant who is attuned to statistical regularities in the input (see Saffran, Aslin, & Newport, 1996). is presented indicating that infants (and preschool-aged children) are able to detect and utilize correlations among attributes in forming novel categories.
Prosody In The Study of Conversation
Authors: Wennerstrom Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I turn to the question of how prosody contributes to informal “ordinary” conversation. Several approaches to the analysis of conversation are touched on in the chapter, including those ofGumperz (1982), Fiksdal (1990), and Eggins and Slade (1997). The school of thought I draw from the most, however, is conversation analysis (CA), which stems from the work of sociologists Garfinkel (1967) and Sacks, Schegloff, and Jefferson (1974). In CA, a tradition of discourse analysis, everyday talk is regarded as a highly organized social achievement. By zeroing in on minute details of talk, preserved on audio- or videotape, conversation analysts attempt to discover how members of a culture display their knowledge of how to conduct daily affairs under their particular social order. Many conversation analysts consider conversation the most fundamental genre of speech; its very “ordinariness” makes it revealing as an object of study.
Prosody In Second-Language Discourse
Authors: Wennerstrom Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I consider the discourse of adult learners of English from other native-language backgrounds. As previous chapters have shown, prosody is involved in information structure, topic organization, turntaking, and other functions oflanguage at the discourse level. Therefore, for those nonnative speakers whose goal is to participate in Englishlanguage speech communities, an understanding of the English-specific aspects of prosody will be an enhancement. Researchers with a theoretical interest in second-language discourse would do well to take prosody into account along with other features of language.
If the English as a second language (ESL) textbook market is any indication of current interests among second-language educators, prosody is a favorite topic. During the 1990s, authors of pronunciation textbooks for ESL students raised the status of prosody by including core units on rhythm, stress, and intonation as central components of their books (Bradford, 1988; Dauer, 1993; Gilbert, 1993; Grant, 1993; Hagen & Grogan, 1992; Hahn & Dickerson, 1999; Morley, 1993; Wennerstrom, 1991).
Associated Fictions Dickens, Thackeray, and Mid-Century Fictional Autobiography
Authors: Dames Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in The History of Henry Esmond, William Makepeace Thackeray’s eponymous hero comes into possession of a troubling piece of paper: one that proves him to be the rightful, no longer illegitimate, heir of Lord Francis Castlewood, a paper that would at one blow divest the current Lord Francis, his sister Beatrix, and his mother Rachel—Esmond’s adopted family—of fortune and estate in favor of Esmond’s claims.1 Almost immediately Esmond decides to burn the proof of his identity and inheritance.
From Conspiracy to Total War
Authors: Connelly Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the morning of All Saints Day, November 1, 1954, french officials awoke to reports of assalts and ambushes across Algeria. The actual losses were slight, as inexperienced and ill-armed rebels bungled or aborted many of their operations. Altogether thirty attacks left seven dead and a dozen wounded. The FLN had been less concerned with thorough planning and preparation than with the danger of derectlon and I ri tthea delay. Even so, authorities immediately recognized that this was a coordinated operation with international implications. They worried that it was connected to the nascent insurgencies in Morocco and Tunisia and noted Egypt’s role in broadcasting the FLN’s first proclamation over the Voice of the Arabs, which declared among its aims the “Internationalization of the Algerian problem.”3
Receptors and Transduction Mechanisms I: Receptors Coupled Directly to Ion Channels
Authors: B.Levitan Irwin , Kaczmarek Leonard K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All of the neuroactive substances we discussed in the previous chapter alter some property of a target neuron. This effect on the target cell is highly specific for the particular neurotransmitter or neurohormone. How does a neuron know just which of the many possible chemical signals it is being tickled by, and how does it decide on a response appropriate for that signal? Obviously the answers to these questions are crucial for understanding intercellular communication in the nervous system. In this and the following chapter we will discuss the neurotransmitter and hormone receptors that recognize the signaling molecules, and the transduction mechanisms that convert the extracellular signal into a response, usually (but not always) electrical, in the target neuron. The focus of this chapter is on neurotransmitter receptors that are coupled directly to the ion channels whose activity they regulate (Fig. 11-1). In the next chapter we will discuss indirect receptor-channel coupling mechanisms (compare Fig. 12-1). We emphasize here, as we have previously, that these mechanisms are not restricted to nerve cells. Other cell types have receptors for intercellular signaling molecules and convert the signal into some biological response. Neurons are unusual in that their biological response is normally a change in voltage that ultimately alters transmitter release, allowing the signal to be passed along from one neuron to another in a multineuronal pathway.
Receptors and Transduction Mechanisms II: Indirectly Coupled Receptor/Ion Channel Systems
Authors: B.Levitan Irwin , Kaczmarek Leonard K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recognition of extracellular signals by specific receptors on the target cell is not the final step in intercellular communication. Cells must also possess mechanisms to transduce the extracellular signal, to convert it into some biological response that is characteristic of the particular target cell. In neurons, the biological response is often the modulation of the properties of one or more membrane ion channels. We have seen that in the ligand-gated ion channel family, the tasks of recognition and transduction reside in a single protein complex. Other families of receptors alter neuronal excitability through more complicated changes in the biochemistry of the cell (Fig. 12-1).
Neuromodulation: Mechanisms of Induced Changes in the Electrical Behavior of Nerve Cells
Authors: B.Levitan Irwin , Kaczmarek Leonard K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A11 neurons are not created equal. Even neighboring nerve cells may be distinct in their electrical properties and exhibit very different patterns of endogenous electrical activity. As we know from the discussion in Part II of this book, these diverse patterns of activity reflect the complement of ion channels that are active under a given set of conditions. The fundamental issue that we address now is the fact that these patterns of electrical activity are not fixed, but are subject to modulation resulting from synaptic or hormonal stimulation. Neurons may undergo long-lasting changes in the shape and amplitude of their action potentials, in the temporal pattern of action potential firing, and in the ways they respond to synaptic stimulation (Fig. 13-1). Such modulation of neuronal electrical properties, mediated by transduction mechanisms, some of which are described in Chapters 11 and 12, not only allow the nervous system to adapt its output in the face of a continually changing environment but also are the basis for many long-lasting changes in behavior. Because neuromodulation underlies the choice of different patterns of behavior at different times, it is of critical importance for the proper functioning of the nervous system.
Learning and Memory
Authors: B.Levitan Irwin , Kaczmarek Leonard K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We saw in the previous chapter that animals exhibit different kinds of behavior. There are, for example, fixed-action patterns, behaviors that always occur in a fixed and stereotyped manner once they are triggered. The trigger for a particular fixed-action pattern may arise from within the animal, as, for example, in the case of a chemical cue that appears at a certain time during development. Alternatively, fixed-action patterns may be triggered by a specific set of environmental conditions. It is thought that the neural circuitry underlying these invariant behaviors is more-or-less hard wired, that it is specified by the genome and is only to a limited extent subject to modulation. Many, but by no means all, behaviors in invertebrates and lower vertebrates tend to fall into this hard-wired category. We have seen, however, that modulation by neurotransmitters allows a considerable variety of behavioral outputs to be generated by a single hard—wired circuit.
Toward a Pluralist Aesthetics
Authors: Ickstadt Heinz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is widespread agreement that, in our contemporary late-capitalist culture, the aesthetic has spilled over into all areas of life, connecting art and everyday experience, inciting to “living beauty,” as Richard Shusterman phrased it, from fashion to self-fashioning. This “general drift towards the aesthetic” is perhaps most strikingly confirmed in the area of philosophy, where, although “aesthetics” as an independent field of theoretical inquiry has lost the status and prestige it had acquired in the previous two centuries, the erasure of the metaphysical has nevertheless resulted in the “total aestheticization of the logos” ( Grabes, 1994, 4).
What Is the Nature of Human Nature? Our Ancestral Shadow
Authors: Waller James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In some unique ways, each of us is like no other human being. In other ways, each of us is like some other human beings. And, in yet some other ways, each of us is like all other human beings. The question of the nature of human nature is captured in this final statement. In what ways are we like every other person that has gone before us and will come after us? This question is particularly relevant to our discussion of extraordinary human evil. The issue is not whether we can do good or evil, because each of us is certainly capable of either in any given situation. Rather, the issue is what, by our nature, we are most prone to do.