bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partial melting in the Inzie Head gneisses: the role of water and a petrogenetic grid in KFMASH applicable to anatectic pelitic migmatites
Authors: Johnson T. E. , Hudson N. F. C. , Droop G. T. R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA sequence of prograde isograds is recognized within the Dalradian Inzie Head gneisses where pelitic compositions have undergone variable degrees of partial melting via incongruent melting reactions consuming biotite. Three leucosome types are identified. At the lowest grades, granitic leucosomes containing porphyroblasts of cordierite (CRD‐melt) are abundant. At intermediate grades, CRD‐melt mingles with garnetiferous leucosomes (GT‐melt). At the highest grades, CRD‐melt coexists with orthopyroxene‐bearing leucosomes (OPX‐melt), while garnet is conspicuously absent. The prograde metamorphic field gradient is constrained to pressures of 2–3 kbar below the CRD‐melt isograd, and no greater than 4.5 kbar at the highest grade around Inzie Head.A petrogenetic grid, calculated using thermocalc, is presented for the K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O (KFMASH) system for the phases orthopyroxene, garnet, cordierite, biotite, sillimanite, H2O and melt with quartz and K‐feldspar in excess. For the implied field gradient, the reaction sequence predicted by the grid is consistent with the successive prograde development of each leucosome type. Compatibility diagrams suggest that, as anatexis proceeded, bulk compositions may have been displaced towards higher MgO content by the removal of (relatively) ferroan granitic leucosome. An isobaric (P = 4 kbar) T–aH2O diagram shows that premigmatization fluids must have been water‐rich (aH2O > 0.85) and suggests that, following the formation of small volumes of CRD‐melt, the system became fluid‐absent and melting reactions buffered aH2O to lower values as temperatures rose. GT‐ and OPX‐melt formed by fluid‐absent melting reactions, but a maximum of 7–11% CRD‐melt fraction can be generated under fluid‐absent conditions, much less than the large volumes observed in the field. There is strong evidence that the CRD‐melt leucosomes could not have been derived by buoyantly aided upwards migration from levels beneath the migmatites. Their formation therefore required a significant influx of H2O‐rich fluid, but in a quantity insufficient to have exhausted the buffering capacity of the solid assemblage plus melt. Fluid : rock ratios cannot have exceeded 1 : 30. The fluid was channelled through a regionally extensive shear zone network following melt‐induced failure. Such an influx of fluid at such depths has obvious consequences for localized crustal magma production and possibly for cordierite‐bearing granitoids in general.
Seafloor hydrothermal alteration at an Archaean mid‐ocean ridge
Authors: Kitajima K. , Maruyama S. , Utsunomiya S. , Liou J. G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA hydrothermally metamorphosed/altered greenstone complex capped by bedded cherts exposed in the North Pole, Pilbara Carton, Western Australia, is interpreted as an accretionary complex. It is distinctive in being characterised by both duplex structure and an oceanic crust stratigraphy. This complex is shown to represent an Archaean upper oceanic crust with a mid‐ocean ridge hydrothermal metamorphism that increases in grade stratigraphically downward. Three mineral zones have been defined; Zone A of the zeolite facies, the prehnite‐pumpellyite facies or the lower‐greenschist facies at high‐XCO2 condition, Zone B of the greenschist facies, and Zone C of the greenschist/amphibolite transition facies. In Zone A metabasites, Ca‐Al silicates including Ca‐zeolites, prehnite and pumpellyite are absent and epidote/clinozoisite is extremely rare. Instead, abundant carbonates are present with chlorite suggesting high‐XCO2 composition in the fluid. On the other hand, in Zones B and C metabasites, where Ca‐amphibole + epidote/clinozoisite + chlorite + Ca‐Na plagioclase are the dominant assemblages, carbonate is not identified. The metamorphic conditions boundary of Zones B/C were estimated to be about 350 °C at a pressure of <0.5 kbar.Fluid compositions coexisting with Archaean greenstones at the transition between Zones B and C were estimated by thermodynamic calculation in the CaFMASCH system (T = 350–370 °C, P = 150–1000 bar) at XCO2 of 0.012–0.140, such values are higher than present‐day vent fluids collected near mid‐ocean ridges with low‐XCO2 values, up to 0.005. The Archaean seawater depth at the mid‐ocean ridge was estimated to be 1600 m at XCO2 = 0.06 using a depth‐to‐boiling point curve for a fluid. The carbonation due to high‐XCO2 hydrothermal fluids occurred near the ridge‐axis before or was coincident with ridge metamorphism.
Cordierite as a sensor of fluid conditions in high‐grade metamorphism and crustal anatexis
Authors: Harley S. L. , Thompson P. , Hensen B. J. , Buick I. S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractCordierite H2O and CO2 volatile saturation surfaces derived from recent experimental studies are presented for P–T conditions relevant to high‐grade metamorphism and used to evaluate fluid conditions attending partial melting and granulite formation. The volatile saturation surfaces and saturation isopleths for both H2O and CO2 in cordierite are strongly pressure dependent. In contrast, the uptake of H2O by cordierite in equilibrium with melts formed through biotite dehydration melting, controlled by the distribution of H2O between granitic melt and cordierite, Dw[Dw = wt% H2O (melt)/wt% H2O(Crd)], is mainly temperature dependent. Dw = 2.5–6.0 for the H2O contents (0.4–1.6 wt percentage) typical of cordierite formed through biotite dehydration melting at 3–7 kbar and 725–900 °C. This range in Dw causes a 15–30% relative decrease in the total wt% of melt produced from pelites. Cordierite in S‐type granites are H2O‐rich (1.3–1.9 wt%) and close to or saturated in total volatiles, signifying equilibration with crystallizing melts that achieved saturation in H2O. In contrast, the lower H2O contents (0.6–1.2 wt percentage) preserved in cordierite from many granulite and contact migmatite terranes are consistent with fluid‐absent conditions during anatexis. In several cases, including the Cooma migmatites and Broken Hill granulites, the cordierite volatile compositions yield aH2O values (0.15–0.4) and melt H2O contents (2.2–4.4 wt%) compatible with model dehydration melting reactions. In contrast, H2O leakage is indicated for cordierite from Prydz Bay, Antarctica that preserve H2O contents (0.5–0.3 wt%) which are significantly less than those required (1.0–0.8 wt%) for equilibrium with melt at conditions of 6 kbar and 860 °C. The CO2 contents of cordierite in migmatites range from negligible (< 0.1 wt%) to high (0.5–1.0 wt%), and bear no simple relationship to preserved cordierite H2O contents and aH2O. In most cases the cordierite volatile contents yield total calculated fluid activities (aH2O + aCO2) that are significantly less than those required for fluid saturation at the P–T conditions of their formation. Whether this reflects fluid absence, dilution of H2O and CO2 by other components, or leakage of H2O from cordierite is an issue that must be evaluated on a case‐by‐case basis.
Metasomatic albitites and related biotite‐rich schists from a low‐pressure polymetamorphic terrane, Snake Creek Anticline, Mount Isa Inlier, north‐eastern Australia: microstructures and P–T–d paths
Authors: Rubenach M. J. , Lewthwaite K. A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractRocks of the Snake Creek Anticline are mainly pelitic schists, psammitic schists and quartzites that were metamorphosed during multiple high‐T/low‐P events extending from D1 to D5, with the metamorphic peak occurring late to post‐D3. Albitites are widespread, but are concentrated in five areas. They are typically fine‐ to medium‐grained, and consist of albite, with or without combinations of quartz, biotite, staurolite, cordierite, garnet, andalusite, sillimanite, kyanite, gedrite and tourmaline. From the presence or absence of albite inclusions in porphyroblasts, the albitites are interpreted as forming early in the D3 event as a result of infiltration of external fluids. Psammitic schists and quartzites were preferentially altered, but pelitic schists were also albitized in localities where the alteration was more extreme, with the replacement of muscovite total and the replacement of quartz and biotite variable. Structural controls on albitization include fracturing and syn‐D3 shear zones in fold hinges. Biotite schists with abundant porphyroblasts (combinations of staurolite, garnet, andalusite and cordierite) occur adjacent to albitites, and it is argued that they formed by the addition of Fe and Mg sourced from the albitites. In several albitite‐rich areas, cordierite grew early in D3 and was partly or entirely replaced during or after D3 by combinations of biotite, andalusite, tourmaline, staurolite and sillimanite. A postulated P–T–d path involved an increase in pressure (with or without a decrease in temperature) subsequent to early D3 albitization, followed by an increase in temperature up to the metamorphic peak (late D3 to early D4. The metamorphism was contemporary in part with the emplacement of the Williams Batholith (c. 1550–1500 Ma), which probably supplied the Na‐rich fluids.
The interpretation of reaction textures in Fe‐rich metapelitic granulites of the Musgrave Block, central Australia: constraints from mineral equilibria calculations in the system K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–TiO2–Fe2O3
Authors: White R. W. , Powell Roger , Clarke G. L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractFe‐rich metapelitic granulites of the Musgrave Block, central Australia, contain several symplectic and coronal reaction textures that post‐date a peak S2 metamorphic assemblage involving garnet, sillimanite, spinel, ilmenite, K‐feldspar and quartz. The earliest reaction textures involve spinel‐ and quartz‐bearing symplectites that enclose garnet and to a lesser extent sillimanite. The symplectic spinel and quartz are in places separated by later garnet and/or sillimanite coronas. The metamorphic effects of a later, D3, event are restricted to zones of moderate to high strain where a metamorphic assemblage of garnet, sillimanite, K‐feldspar, magnetite, ilmenite, quartz and biotite is preserved. Quantitative mineral equilibria calculations in the system K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–TiO2–Fe2O3(KFMASHTO) usingThermocalc3.0 and the accompanying internally consistent dataset provide important constraints on the influence of TiO2and Fe2O3on biotite‐bearing and spinel‐bearing equilibria, respectively. Biotite‐bearing equilibria are shifted to higher temperatures and spinel‐bearing equilibria to higher pressures and lower temperatures in comparison to the equivalent equilibria in K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O (KFMASH). The sequence of reaction textures involving spinel is consistent with a D2P–Tpath that involved a small amount of decompression followed predominantly by cooling within a single mineral assemblage stability field. Thus, the reaction textures reflect changes in modal proportions within an equilibrium assemblage rather than the crossing of a univariant reaction. The D3 metamorphic assemblage is consistent with lower temperatures than those inferred for D2.
Skin benefits from continuous topical administration of a zinc oxide/petrolatum formulation by a novel disposable diaper
Authors: Baldwin S , Odio M R , Haines S L , O'Connor R J , Englehart J S , Lane A T 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackgroundDiaper dermatitis is a common childhood affliction. Aiming to help reduce the prevalence of this problem, we have advanced in our development of a novel diaper that delivers dermatological formulations to help protect the skin from over‐hydration and irritation.ObjectiveTo determine the clinical benefits of a novel disposable diaper designed to deliver a zinc oxide and petrolatum‐based formulation continuously to the skin during use.MethodsAll studies were independent, blinded, randomized clinical trials. Study A was conducted to confirm transfer of the zinc oxide/petrolatum (ZnO/Pet) formulation from the diaper to the child’s skin during use. Children wore a single diaper for 3 h or multiple diapers for 24 h. After the use period, stratum corneum samples were taken from each child and analysed for ZnO/Pet. Study B evaluated the prevention of skin irritation and barrier damage from a standard skin irritant (SLS) in an adult arm model. Study C evaluated skin erythema and diaper rash in 268 infants over a 4‐week usage period. One half of the infants used the ZnO/Pet diaper, while the other half used a control diaper that was identical except for the absence of the ZnO/Pet formulation.ResultsThe ointment formulation and ZnO transferred effectively from the diaper to the child’s skin during product use. Transfer of ZnO increased from 4.2 µg/cm2 at 3 h to > 8 µg/cm2 at 24 h. Exposure to the formulations directly on adult skin prior to an irritant challenge was associated with up to a 3.5 reduction in skin barrier damage and skin erythema. Greatest reductions were seen for the ZnO containing formulations. Wearing of the formulation treated diaper was also associated with a significant reduction in skin erythema and diaper rash compared to the control product.ConclusionsThe results demonstrated the clinical benefits associated with continuous topical administration of a zinc oxide/petrolatum‐based formulation by this novel diaper.
Pivotal clinical trials of adapalene in the treatment of acne
Authors: Millikan LE 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAdapalene, a naphthoic‐acid derivative, possesses some of the biological activities of tretinoin but has distinct physicochemical properties and binding properties for selective affinity for retinoic acid receptors. As such, adapalene is less likely to be associated with certain local tolerability problems (e.g. burning, erythema, pruritus).Over the past 5 years, numerous clinical trials have been conducted to compare the efficacy and tolerability of adapalene and tretinoin in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Three pivotal, large, well‐controlled studies involving almost 900 patients showed that adapalene gel 0.1% and adapalene solution 0.1% are at least as effective as tretinoin gel 0.025%, with superior local tolerability. Adapalene cream 0.1% has proven to be significantly more effective than vehicle, with response rates comparable to those observed with the gel and solution. A meta‐analysis of trials with the gel formulation confirmed these findings, showing equivalent efficacy and improved tolerability vs. tretinoin gel 0.025%. Moreover, the onset of clinical effect was shown to be significantly more rapid than that of tretinoin gel. Taken together, these studies demonstrated that adapalene has overall efficacy similar to that of topical tretinoin, but with a superior therapeutic ratio that may result in superior outcomes in clinical practice through improved compliance. This may be expected because of its lesser potential for skin irritation, especially early in treatment, and because of greater convenience in that no waiting period is required between face washing and application of the product. Therefore, 5 years of clinical experience have established that adapalene in its various formulations is a valuable addition to current treatments for acne vulgaris.
An update of recent clinical trials examining adapalene and acne
Authors: Wolf JE 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTopical retinoids are a mainstay in the treatment of acne vulgaris. In the past these agents have been associated with irritant effects, however, newer generations of topical retinoids have emerged that have been designed to be less irritating. This paper focuses on the newer topical retinoid products, and specifically looks at adapalene and recent clinical studies that evaluate its efficacy and tolerability. Most of these studies evaluate adapalene in comparison with the new tretinoin formulations, which, like adapalene, have been designed to be less irritating than their predecessors. The various studies comparing the efficacy and tolerability of adapalene with the new formulations of tretinoin are described. A summary of the findings and their implications follows.
hxc2, an Arabidopsis mutant with an altered hypersensitive response to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
Authors: Godard François , Lummerzheim Marie , Saindrenan Patrick , Balagué Claudine , Roby Dominique 
Published: March 2003

SummaryA chemical mutagenized population of Arabidopsis Col‐0‐gl plants was screened for an altered hypersensitive response (HR) after spray inoculation with an HR‐inducing isolate of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (strain 147). Three classes of mutant were identified: those exhibiting an HR– phenotype or partial loss of HR; hyper‐responsive mutants showing necrotic lesions rapidly leading to the collapse of leaves; and susceptible mutants. One mutant belonging to the susceptible class, hxc‐2, was extensively characterized. The compatible phenotype observed several days after initiation of the interaction was confirmed by measurement of in planta bacterial growth and use of bacterial strains constitutively expressing the GUS reporter gene. In the same way, accumulation of autofluorescent compounds, salicylic acid production and defence gene expression in the mutant were found to be similar to that displayed by the susceptible ecotype. Inoculation of hxc‐2 with different avirulent bacteria suggests that the mutation is specific for the interaction with the Xcc 147 strain, although the mutation has been shown to affect a single dominant locus, different from the resistance locus defined by genetic analysis of resistance to Xcc 147. Genetic mapping of the mutation indicated that it is located on chromosome III, defining a previously unknown resistance function in response to X. c. campestris.
3D gold in situ labelling in the EM
Authors: González‐Melendi Pablo , Shaw Peter 
Published: March 2003

SummaryWe have developed a novel pre‐embedding in situ hybridization labelling method for electron microscopy which has given much greater sensitivity and higher labelling levels than have been achieved previously, together with good ultrastructural preservation. Vibratome sections of plant tissue were labelled throughout their thickness with 1 nm gold antibodies and then silver enhanced, embedded in resin and sectioned for electron microscopy. Because the labelling extends throughout the depth of the specimen, this method permits the study of the 3D arrangement of the labelling at the electron microscope level by either stereo‐pair recording, tomographic reconstruction or 3D reconstruction from serial sections. In this paper we describe the application of this method to study the organization of rDNA in pea root tissue.
5S rRNA genes expression is not inhibited by DNA methylation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Mathieu Olivier , Yukawa Yasushi , Sugiura Masahiro , Picard Georges , Tourmente Sylvette 
Published: March 2003

SummaryMethylation has often been correlated with transcriptional inhibition of genes transcribed by polymerase II, but its role on polymerase III genes is less well understood. Using the genomic sequencing technique, we have analysed the methylation pattern of the different 5S‐rDNA arrays of the Arabidopsis genome. Every cytosine position within the 5S sequence is highly methylated whatever the context – CpG, CpNpG or non‐symmetrical. The methylation pattern of both transcribed and non‐transcribed 5S units is similar, with no preferential methylated or unmethylated site. These results, taken together with 5‐azacytidine treatments and in vitro transcription experiments using methylated 5S templates, demonstrate that 5S rRNA gene transcription is not inhibited by methylation. Non‐transcribed 5S arrays are more subject to transition mutations resulting from deamination of 5‐methylcytosines, leading to CpG depletions and an increasing A + T content. As there were no detectable differences in methylation, this implies more efficient repair and/or selection pressure in transcribed 5S‐blocks.
Cell cycle‐dependent regulation of telomerase activity by auxin, abscisic acid and protein phosphorylation in tobacco BY‐2 suspension culture cells
Authors: Yang Seong Wook , Jin EonSeon , Chung In Kwon , Kim Woo Taek 
Published: March 2003

SummaryTelomerase is a specialized RNA‐directed DNA polymerase that adds telomeric repeats onto the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes. It was recently reported that the low, basal level of telomerase activity markedly increased at early S‐phase of the cell cycle, and auxin further increased the S‐phase‐specific telomerase activity in tobacco BY‐2 cells. In this study we show that abscisic acid (ABA), a phytohormone known to induce the cyclin‐dependent protein kinase inhibitor, effectively abolished both the auxin‐ and S‐phase‐specific activation of telomerase in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent fashion in synchronized tobacco BY‐2 cells. These results suggest that there exists a hormonal cross‐talk between auxin and ABA for the regulation of telomerase activity during the cell cycle of tobacco cells. Treatment of synchronized BY‐2 cells with the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine or H‐7 effectively prevented the S‐phase‐specific activation of telomerase activity. By contrast, when okadaic acid or cantharidin, potent inhibitors of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), was applied to the cells, the S‐phase‐specific high level of telomerase activity was continuously maintained in the cell cycle for at least 14 h after release from M‐phase arrest. Incubation of tobacco cell extracts with exogenous PP2A rapidly abrogated in vitro telomerase activity, while okadaic acid and cantharidin blocked the action of PP2A, effectively restoring in vitro telomerase activity. Taken together, these findings are discussed in the light of the suggestion that antagonistic functions of auxin and ABA, and reciprocal phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of telomerase complex, are necessarily involved in the cell cycle‐dependent modulation of telomerase activity in tobacco cells.