bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IV. HEMOGLOBIN INJECTIONS AND CONSERVATION OF PIGMENT BY KIDNEY, LIVER AND SPLEEN
Authors: Newman William V. , Whipple George H. 
Published: June 2004

When the minimal renal threshold for blood hemoglobin is exceeded there is observed a deposit of iron staining pigment in the epithelium of the renal convoluted tubules. At a certain point this epithelium cannot take up more hemoglobin and this coincides with the minimal renal threshold level.
When the injections of blood hemoglobin are kept below the minimal renal threshold level we note a complete absence of iron staining pigment in the renal tubular epithelium.
Given a deposit of iron staining pigment in the tubular epithelium, it will slowly disappear during rest periods with no hemoglobin injections. Anemia due to bleeding will accelerate this removal of pigment from the renal epithelium and this indicates a conservation of material by the kidney for use in construction of new hemoglobin.
Pigment giving a positive stain for iron will be found in the liver and spleen when hemoglobin injections are given, regardless of the renal threshold. Removal of this pigment is accelerated by anemia due to bleeding and as a rule an anemia period of 2 months at a level of 1/3 normal (40 to 50 per cent hemoglobin) will render the spleen, liver and kidney free from iron staining pigment.
Pigment giving a positive iron stain is frequently observed in the mesenteric and lower retroperitoneal lymph glands. This is merely a drainage of pigment and phagocytes including pigment from some organ in which the pigment deposit was primary.
In stock dogs in this laboratory the hemoglobin level is quite high when the animals are in a perfectly normal state. The blood hemoglobin averages 120 to 150 per cent hemoglobin. In such dogs iron staining pigment in the spleen is a common finding and on occasion is observed in the liver.
To establish an accurate base line for the study of iron and iron staining pigment storage due to diet intake one must submit these dogs to a preliminary anemia period of at least 2 months.
Muscle hemoglobin has a very low renal threshold and escapes freely into the urine when given intravenously. Contrasting with blood hemoglobin this musde hemoglobin under identical conditions does not cause the deposit of iron staining pigment within the epithelium of the renal tubules.
A pigment giving no iron staining reaction may be found in the epithelium of the convoluted tubules of the kidney. Whether this is due to dietary or other factors is uncertain but this indicates pigment conservation by the kidney.
Finally we would emphasize again the fact that the kidney is of considerable importance in the conservation of hemoglobin and hemoglobin split products which presumably are utilized to build up new hemoglobin.
V. THE IRON CONTENT OF BLOOD FREE TISSUES AND VISCERA
Authors: Bogniard Robert P. , Whipple George H. 
Published: June 2004

When hemoglobin is set free in the circulation the kidney plays an important part in the conservation of iron. When the renal threshold is not exceeded by the hemoglobin in the blood there is little or no excess iron deposited in the kidney but when superthreshold doses of blood hemoglobin are given the epithelium of the convoluted tubules accumulates much iron and the iron analyses may show 5 times normal values.
The normal dog (140 to 150 per cent hemoglobin) has a large reserve store of iron in the liver, spleen and marrow. Diets may modify this storage of iron in these tissues. To bring conclusive proof relating to the individual diet factors, the reserve store of iron should be depleted by an anemia period of 2 to 3 months.
Complete removal of red cells from tissue capillaries is essential for accurate iron assays of fresh tissue. The method described accomplishes this without causing gross tissue edema.
The lowest iron content is observed in the pancreas, stomach, jejunum, colon and urinary bladder. These figures average from 1 to 2 mg. iron per 100 gm. fresh tissue. This shows that smooth muscle and mucous membranes contain little iron.
Striated muscle (heart, psoas) shows a relatively low iron content but uniform values close to 4 mg. per 100 gm. tissue.
Lungs show a considerable fluctuation with low iron values in anemia (3.7 mg.) and higher values in health (6 to 7 mg.).
The spleen shows maximal fluctuations and the highest reserve storage of iron per 100 gm. fresh tissue. The spleen iron analyses show low values in anemia (7 to 15 mg.) and wide differences in controls (25 to 50 mg.). With hemoglobin injections the iron storage is conspicuous and iron analyses may run as high as l50 to 175 mg. iron per 100 gm. fresh tissue.
Bone marrow of the rib runs in parallel with the spleen as regards iron storage following hemoglobin injections and depletion following anemia periods.
The liver because of its weight always contains the main bulk of the iron stored in the blood free tissues of the body. Its store is depleted by anemia even to levels of 4 to 5 mg. iron per 100 gm. fresh tissue. In the normal dog the iron store in the liver averages 25 mg. per 100 gm. tissue. Frequent hemoglobin injections may increase this level to 31 mg. iron per 100 gm. The liver is considered the most active clearing house for iron storage and utilization.
STUDIES IN THE SEROLOGY OF SYPHILIS
Authors: Eagle Harry 
Published: June 2004

More than one-half of normal rabbits contain complement-fixing or precipitating antibodies against Wassermann antigens (the alcohol-soluble lipoids of beef, rabbit, and human hearts) by a sufficiently sensitive technique. Normal human sera tested by the same technique are uniformly negative. The intravenous injection of colloidal suspensions of beef and human heart lipoids into rabbits occasionally causes a significant increase in this normal Wassermann (antilipoid) titre. This may indicate a certain degree of antibody response to the lipoids as such; it may be due to the presence in such extracts of traces of foreign protein, which would activate the lipoid haptene into a complete antigen; or it may be a non-specific increase in a normal antibody, not due to a specific antigenic stimulus.
Confirming the results of Sachs, Klopstock, and Weil, the addition of normal foreign (human) serum to rabbit, beef, and human heart lipoids makes them antigenic for rabbits. The intravenous injection of such lipoid-serum mixtures usually causes a significant increase in the titre of the complement-fixing and precipitating antibody against tissue lipoids.
The precipitate which forms upon the addition of tissue lipoids to human syphilitic serum is by far the most efficient antigen for the production, in rabbits, of antibodies to tissue lipoids which we have as yet encountered. Rabbits injected intravenously with such a precipitate regularly develop a Wassermann titre which is many times higher than either the titre observed in human syphilis, or that induced by the injection of a normal serum-lipoid mixture. The very marked antigenic property of the precipitate as compared with that of a normal serum-lipoid mixture is considered to be due to the fact that it contains a foreign protein firmly bound to the lipoid particles, namely, the human reagin-globulin with which they have combined. This interpretation is supported by the observations (1) that heating at 100°C., which does not affect the lipoid constituent of the precipitate, destroys its antigenic power for rabbits, and (2) that a similar precipitate derived from Wassermann positive rabbit serum instead of syphilitic human serum, and therefore containing tissue lipoid in combination with homologous (rabbit) protein, is completely non-antigenic for rabbits.
STUDIES ON THE COMMON COLD
Authors: Kneeland Yale , Dawes Caroline F. 
Published: June 2004

1. Bacteriological and clinical observations on respiratory disease in a semiisolated infant population over a period of 2 years are recorded.
2. In two severe winter outbreaks of respiratory infection a parallel rise in the carrier rate of pathogenic organisms was noted.
3. The first autumn outbreak of colds seems to favor the dissemination of the pathogenic organisms.
4. The relationship of colds to the severer infections is roughly reciprocal.
5. Infants between 8 and 14 months of age are subject to the most severe infections.
6. The number of infants showing positive skin reactions to products of pathogenic organisms increases during the winter months.
7. The significance of these findings is discussed.
CYTOLOGIC STUDIES ON RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: McEwen Currier 
Published: June 2004

Scrapings of subcutaneous nodules from ten patients with rheumatic fever were examined microscopically after being stained with supravital dyes. From the uniform results obtained, the following conclusions have been drawn.
1. Supravital staining of cells from these lesions gives information unobtainable with ordinary histologic methods.
2. The scrapings show a great predominance of certain cells almost entirely devoid of phagocytic power and not characterized by the reactions with neutral red which distinguish monocytes, epithelioid cells, and clasmatocytes. Hence they differ from the essential cells of the lesions of tuberculosis and experimental syphilis. These differences are probably of a functional and developmental rather than of a genetic nature.
3. The cells probably arise from the undifferentiated mesenchymal elements of loose connective tissue, although it is possible that endothelial cells take part in their formation in some instances.
4. Since there is little doubt that the subcutaneous rheumatic nodules are pathologically identical with rheumatic granulomata else-where in the body, these conclusions are considered applicable also to the Aschoff body cells of the myocardial submiliary nodules.
CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CONJUGATED CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEINS
Authors: Goebel Walther F. , Babers Frank H. , Avery Oswald T. 
Published: June 2004

1. The synthesis of p-aminophenol α-glucoside has been described. This glucoside can be coupled to any protein to yield a synthetic α-glucoside-protein complex.
2. A synthetic ß-glucoside-protein complex has also been prepared.
3. These synthetic sugar-protein complexes have been used as immunizing antigens in order to ascertain whether α- and ß-glucosidic unions influence the specificity of the immune response in animals. The results of the immunological studies are presented in the following paper.
REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTIONS OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Authors: Julianelle L. A. , Rhoads C. P. 
Published: June 2004

1. The intratracheal injection of egg albumin or pneumococcus protein induces an inflammatory reaction in the lungs of rabbits previously inoculated with the respective antigen.
2. A similar reaction occurs following intratracheal injection of pneumococcus protein into the lungs of rabbits previously inoculated with heat-killed suspensions of the bacteria.
3. This reaction appears to be related to the presence of circulating antibody and to have the nature of the Arthus reaction.
4. A study of the reaction of the lung of rabbits to infection caused by intravenous injections of Pneumococcus reveals that (a) reactions occur irregularly in the lung; (b) in the lungs in which reactions do occur, the histological changes are not different in normal rabbits and in rabbits made resistant by previous intravenous or intracutaneous injections of pneumococci.
5. Intratracheal injection of pneumococcus protein followed by intravenous injection of virulent pneumococci on the next day does not alter the course and character of the infection in resistant rabbits.
6. The experiments reported in this paper bring no evidences to support the view that the lesions in the lungs of rabbits following the intravenous injection of pneumococci are modified by any previous state of sensitivity.
ANTIPNEUMOCOCCIC IMMUNITY REACTIONS IN INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT AGES
Authors: Sutliff W. D. , Finland Maxwell 
Published: June 2004

1. The incidence of pneumococcidal power of the whole defibrinated blood in human beings has been shown to vary with age. The age distribution of other type-specific antibodies varies similarly, insofar as they are frequent enough to be compared or technically demonstrable.
2. The incidence of pneumococcidal power of the whole defibrinated blood for Type I, Type II, and Type III differs. Type I is the rarest, Type II is the most frequent, and Type III is of intermediate frequency. The type-specific antibodies responsible for the other tests employed show a similar relative frequency in regard to Types I and II, but some variation in regard to Type III.
3. The skin reactions to the acetic acid-predpitable proteins and autolysates of the pneumococci are negative or rarely positive in infants, infrequently positive in childhood, and positive in a high percentage of adults.
SPECIFIC ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF HUMAN SUBJECTS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS PRODUCTS
Authors: Finland Maxwell , Sutliff W. D. 
Published: June 2004

The blood of 63 human subjects selected because of the absence of recent infections, was studied for its content of specific antibodies against virulent strains of Types I, II, and III pneumococci before and after intracutaneous injections of minute amounts of pneumococcus products.
The simultaneous injection of the specific polysaccharides of all three types of pneumococci and of proteins and autolysates derived from Types I and II pneumococci was followed by the appearance or increase of pneumococcidal power in the whole defibrinated blood and, in most instances, by the appearance of mouse-protective antibodies and agglutinins for one or more types.
A single intracutaneous injection of 0.01 mg. of the protein-free type-specific polysaccharide of either Type I, Type II, or Type III pneumococci or 4 similar daily injections was followed, in most of 29 subjects, by the appearance of antibodies against the homologous, but not against the heterologous type pneumococci. Some subjects showed a simultaneous lowering of a preexisting pneumococcidal power for heterologous or homologous types.
A single intracutaneous injection of O.1 mg. of pneumococcus protein in 13 individuals was not followed by the appearance of specific antibodies to any appreciable degree.
Single intracutaneous injections of small amounts of autolysates derived from virulent strains of Type I, II, or III pneumococci were followed in 11 subjects by a more or less general rise in the pneumococcidal power with the appearance of homologous type agglutinins and protective antibodies in about one-third of the subjects.
VACCINATION AGAINST YELLOW FEVER WITH IMMUNE SERUM AND VIRUS FIXED FOR MICE
Authors: Sawyer W. A. , Kitchen S. F. , Lloyd Wray 
Published: June 2004

1. After preliminary experiments in monkeys, 15 persons were actively immunized by a single injection of a dried mixture of living yellow fever virus, fixed for mice, and human immune serum, with separate injections of enough additional serum to make up the amount required for protection.
2. One person was similarly immunized by injecting immune serum and dried virus separately.
3. By titration of the sera of vaccinated persons in mice, it was shown that the immunity rose in a few weeks to a height comparable to that reached after an attack of yellow fever, and remained there throughout an observation period of 6 months.
4. Yellow fever virus could not be recovered from the blood of vaccinated persons or monkeys, except when the latter had received less than the minimal effective amount of immune serum.
5. Neutralization of yellow fever virus by immune serum took place very slowly in vitro at room temperature in our experiments, and could not have been an appreciable factor in vaccination with the serum virus mixtures.
6. A mixture of fixed virus and immune serum retained its immunizing power for 8 months when dried in the frozen state and sealed in glass.
7. It appears that the immunizing reaction after yellow fever vaccination was a part of a true infectious process, as was also the observed leucopenia.
TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Pinkerton Henry , Hass G. M. 
Published: June 2004

The temperature at which tissue cultures infected with typhus Rickettsiae are incubated has been shown to exert a marked influence on the intracellular multiplication of Rickettsia prowazeki.
At 41°C. the organisms were not found in the cultures histologically on and after the 2nd day in vitro, and the cultures were non-virulent on and after the 3rd day in vitro, in spite of good preservation and growth of the cells.
At 37.5°C. organisms were absent from the cultures histologically and the cultures were non-virulent on and after the 11th day in vitro, in spite of good preservation and growth of the cells.
At 32°C. good but slow growth of cells occurred and organisms were found in increasing numbers histologically up to about the 21st day in vitro. At this time, 50 to 99 per cent (approximately) of the cytoplasmic volume of the cultures was occupied by Rickettsiae. From the 21st day to the 51st day (the limit to which cultures have been carried successfully) this condition of unrestricted multiplication remained practically unchanged. Inoculation of guinea pigs with single cultures after varying lengths of time in vitro, (up to the 51st day) always resulted in reproduction of typhus in a characteristic manner.
At 27° the cell growth was negligible, but many cells remained alive for 10 days or more. Organisms were absent from the cultures histologically and the cultures were non-virulent on and after the 18th day in vitro.
The only histological preparations showing unrestricted multiplication of the organisms (infection of the majority of the cells present) were of cultures incubated at 32°C.
It is believed that the detrimental effect of the higher temperatures (37.5° and 41°C.) on the multiplication of the organism is exerted indirectly, by stimulation of the defence mechanism of the cells.
THE RÔLE OF HYPERSENSITIVITY IN THE PRODUCTION OF EXPERIMENTAL MENINGITIS
Authors: Burn Caspar G. , Finley Knox H. 
Published: June 2004

1. When living or dead tubercle bacilli and their products are placed in direct contact with the leptomeninges of hypersensitive (tuberculous) animals, there is a definite clinical and pathological response.
2. The clinical response is characterized by an onset of weakness, twitchings, convulsions and death of the animal within 6 to 12 hours.
3. Histologically the central nervous system shows an extensive polymorphonuclear exudate distributed throughout the subarachnoid spaces of the brain and extending into the perivascular spaces.
4. The intensity of the response is directly proportional to the quantity of visceral tuberculosis or to the dose of tuberculin employed.
5. When small quantities of tuberculin are employed so as to permit the animal to survive longer than 24 hours, there is an exudate found in the sulci and at the base of the brain which is characterized by small lymphocytes.
6. The non-tuberculous animals when inoculated with tuberculin or tubercle bacilli revealed no clinical or pathological response. The tuberculous animals, on the other hand, when inoculated with glycerine broth always responded by a definite but slight polymorphonuclear exudate.
7. The possible relationship of the allergic state to postinfectious complications of the central nervous system is discussed.
II. INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN THE PERMEABILITY OF THE LYMPHATIC CAPILLARY
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Hudack Stephen 
Published: June 2004

A standardized solution of a vital dye which escapes with some difficulty from the lymphatics of the ear of the mouse has been utilized in tests of the permeability of the lymphatic wall under various conditions. It has been found that this permeability is subject to great change. The slight pressure that suffices to prevent lymph flow from the ear,—an organ in which such flow goes on normally,—soon results in increased permeability of the obstructed lymphatics without as yet any perceptible dilatation of these vessels. Mechanical stimulation as for example a stroke with a blunt wire, or scratching so light as not to break the epidermis, results in a practically immediate, great increase in lymphatic permeability, which is sharply localized to the region pressed upon. This increase in permeability, though so great that even hemoglobin is let pass by the lymphatics, endures but a few hours. Warming the ear to 43°C. or exposure to mild sunlight increases permeability considerably. Slight chemical irritation increases it greatly, though not so much that particulate matter is let pass. The edema developing as result of lymphatic obstruction or mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimulation is preceded by and associated with a large increase in lymphatic permeability.
The facts are discussed in relation to their bearing upon fluid accumulation within the tissue. It is plain that influences within the realm of the normal suffice to increase lymphatic permeability and that those which lead to edema cause a very great increase in it. In proportion as this increase occurs the lymphatics cease to be channels demarcated by a semipermeable membrane. It seems certain that the changes must be in some part responsible for the local accumulation of fluid. There exist possibilities, on the other hand, of a correlation between the functionings of the blood and lymph vessels under certain pathological conditions, as during the resorption of edema.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE PURIFICATION AND CONCENTRATION OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Sabin Albert B. 
Published: June 2004

Methods employed by Willstätter and his coworkers in the isolation and purification of enzymes have been applied to the virus of poliomyelitis. Rhoads (6) showed that alumina gel C mixed with poliomyelitis virus in certain proportions at an acid pH resulted in the adsorption and inactivation of the virus. The experiments in this communication confirm Rhoads' observation, and show further that the adsorption as well as the inactivation are reversible; i.e., by changing the pH to the alkaline side with M/15 Na2HPO4 it is possible to free the virus in a state in which it is again capable of producing typical poliomyelitis. These experiments show also that by this process the virus undergoes considerable purification by diminution in the concentration of non-virus-containing substances. Washing the alumina gel C-virus complex with M/5 NaCl-M/15 KH2PO4 apparently dissociates no virus but is capable of freeing a certain amount of extractible organic substances. Furthermore, it is possible to increase the degree of purity and concentration of the virus by distillation in vacuo, and subsequent repeated adsorptions and elutions. By such partial purification and concentration, a virus solution with a minimal effective dose (as regards the production of typical poliomyelitis) of 0.0003 cc. was obtained. This solution had 0.04 mg. N per cc., and gave negative biuret, xanthoproteic, and ninhydrin reactions.
These methods offer an opportunity for the preparation of a quantity of sufficiently purified and concentrated poliomyelitis virus to warrant the beginning of a study of its chemical nature; they also offer a means of anchoring the virus to an insoluble, and centrifugable substance (alumina gel C), which promises to facilitate various immunological studies, that might otherwise have been impossible.
LYMPH PRESSURES IN STERILE INFLAMMATION
Authors: Field Madeleine E. , Drinker Cecil K. , White James C. 
Published: June 2004

1. The normal lymph pressure in the legs of anesthetized dogs is not measurable.
2. The maximum pressure of lymph in the quiescent leg under conditions of sterile inflammation is around 120 cm. of lymph.
3. Venous pressure rises immediately in a region subjected to sterile inflammation and then slowly returns to normal. The rise in lymph pressure follows the rise in venous pressure.
4. Changes in lymph flow, lymph pressure, and protein concentration of the lymph occur when the part producing lymph is subjected to external temperatures between 50° and 60°C.