bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution in Mixed Company Evolutionary Inferences from Studies of Natural Hybridization in Salmonidae
Authors: Taylor Eric B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the intellectual vigor of a field of study is reflected by the number and intensity of scientific controversies within that field, then evolutionary biology remains a vital discipline. Controversial issues have included, and in many cases continue to include: the nature and origin of species, the basis and mechanisms of inheritance, the extent and nature of genetic variation within populations, and the role of hybridization in evolution (Mayr 1982). In the latter case, I refer to successful mating between individuals from two populations that are genetically distinct in at least one measurable trait. This definition (cf. Harrison 1990; Arnold 1997) emphasizes that hybridization includes mating between conspecifics (from genetically distinct populations). Although Arnold’s (1997) definition includes the additional point that at least some of the F1 progeny are viable and fertile, I will consider “successful” hybridization as not necessarily requiring fertility because even infertile (but viable) hybrids can have evolutionary consequences. For instance, reinforcement, or selection for pre-mating isolation as the result of selection against hybrids, is an important model of speciation (Dobzhansky 1940). Introgressive hybridization, however, clearly requires that hybrids be both viable and fertile as it represents the movement of alleles from one (genetically distinct) population to another by hybridization and backcrossing. Within this context, a hybrid zone is a geographic area where genetically distinct populations overlap spatially and temporally such that hybridization between them occurs (cf. Arnold 1997).
Salmonid Insights into Effective Population Size
Authors: Waples Robin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conservation biology can be defined as “the science of scarcity and diversity” (Soule 1986). The discipline is concerned with conservation of important components of biological diversity that are at risk because of their scarcity. The intersection of evolutionary biology and conservation biology, therefore, com prises the study of the consequences of scarcity and diversity for the persistence and evolution of species and populations. The genetic consequences of scarcity and diversity all depend, either directly or indirectly, on the concept of effective population size (Ne)-Wright (1931 and later) recognized that populations of the same census size (N) but with different demographic parameters do not necessarily respond to evolutionary forces in the same way, and he developed the concept of effective population size to provide a means of characterizing the evolutionary behavior of populations with different census sizes and demographic traits. Thus, Ne (rather than N) determines the rate at which random genetic drift acts in a population. Furthermore, because drift may swamp the effects of migration and selection in small populations, Ne also determines the relative importance of these evolutionary forces. As a con sequence, estimating Ne or the ratio N,IN in natural populations has attracted a great deal of interest among both evolutionary and conservation biologists. The unusual life history of Pacific salmon-they reproduce only once but have variable age structure-presents some analytical challenges but also provides an opportunity for novel evolutionary insights into effective population size. In this chapter I consider some of the insights inspired by these challenges.
Toward Evolutionary Management Lessons from Salmon ids
Authors: Young Kyle A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The science of fisheries management has traditionally been almost purely ecological (Frank and Leggett 1994; Trippel 1995; Levin and Schiewe 2001). Harvest rates are determined by the demographic indices and vital rates of populations, with little regard for the distribution of phenotypes or how their relative fitnesses are affected by anthropogenic changes to the biotic and abiotic environment. This is not to say that fisheries scientists have not considered evolutionary principles or used managed populations to test evolutionary theory, only that evolutionary principles have not consistently informed management actions.
Introduction
Authors: Suny Ronald Grigor , Martin Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Key Words That Have Intrigued Historians of the Soviet Union have changed over time. State and society, intelligentsia and gentry, proletariat and bourgeoisie have each in turn been examined in a series of debates. But as scholars began to doubt the relative stability of social categories and to question what categories should be employed, their attention has turned toward issues of identity, narrative, and meaning. In the process, key words that had served well in the past became problematic. Interest in class has declined among Soviet historians, and nation, a topic that earlier received extraordinarily little attention, has become a new focus for research. After decades of Russocentric exclusion, historians in significant numbers have ventured into the non-Russian peripheries or examined metropolitan policies toward nationalities.In this collection, empire and nation join state as key words through which to explore relations of power and representations of authority among the peoples of the USSR. This volume is a first take, an introduction, to what its editors and authors hope will be a new history of the Soviet Union as a multiethnic state.
Randomized Trial
Authors: Selvin Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To evaluate the results of a randomized trial conducted to test the effective­ ness of an experimental treatment in slowing the pathological changes in memory caused by Alzheimer’s disease. Data Individuals with Alzheimer’s disease were randomly divided into two groups. One group received a placebo (26 patients), and the other received a treat­ ment of lecithin (25 patients). However, three patients refused the treatment. It was hoped that the treated group would show a slower rate of cognitive loss. Each subject participated in the trial for six months. A memory recall test was administered to all 48 participants at the beginning of the trial period and at the end of the period, producing two scores for each participant.
Cluster Analysis
Authors: Selvin Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To identify the similarities and differences among a series of human populations based on variations in genetic frequencies. DATA The frequencies of genetic variants within three major red blood cell systems (ABO-system, Rh-system, and MN-system) for 26 race/ethnicity groups were collected from a variety of sources. The presence of genetic variation in human blood was first established by Lansteiner in 1901 with the identification of different blood group types, now called the ABO-system. The Rh­ and MN-systems also contain well-known and reliably identified genetic variants. Using these three red blood cell systems (a total of 13 variants), the genetic distances between the members of the 26 populations can be estimated (325 distances). Data consisting of summary values (such as genetic frequencies) rather than individual measurements are commonly referred to as aggregate or ecologic data.
Linear Logistic Regression
Authors: Selvin Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Measures of hypertension and noise exposure were collected from 1101 women working in a textile factory in Beijing, China (only women make up the workforce). All sampled women were employed for at least five years, each at essentially the same task. Each worker was assigned to her task within the plant at “random. “ That is, when a current worker retired or quit (a rare event), a new worker (about age 19) was assigned to the vacated job and typ­ ically continued to do the same task until retirement. The textile factory envi­ ronment was chosen because of the stability of the workforce and the spatial uniformity of each worker’s exposure to noise sound pressure level (SPL). The SPL was measured as a time-weighted average. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure greater than 160 mm Hg or diastolic pressure greater than 95 mm Hg. Additionally, workers taking antihypertension drugs were classified as hypertensive regardless of their blood pressure levels.
Silence
Authors: Debost Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The vase gives its shape to vacuum, and music to silence,” wrote Georges Braque,3 the great French painter who initiated Cubism and modern art with Pablo Picasso4 in the early 1900s. Although still misunderstood and disliked by many, their art illustrates tension between volumes and lines, colors and forms, and order and chaos, sometimes to the point of deliberate ugliness. In this sense, music is also an abstract art, meant to depict not anecdotal vignettes, but conflict between tension and release, passion and serenity, form and content, sound and silence. If our music does not express thoughts and feelings, however down-to-earth or intellectual they may be, then it is merely a bland background or an expensive noise. Composers express themselves and their inner conflicts through construction, harmony, movement and silence.
Stability
Authors: Debost Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stability is the foundation of flute playing. There is no possible flexibility without a sound foundation. The stronger a muscle is, the less tension it needs for its action. “Give me a fulcrum and I will lift the earth.” Stability, for the flutist, implies: A flexible but “heavy”station on the feet, or a well-centered seat with the posterior resting on its entire surface, not on the edge of the chair. The center of gravity placed as low as possible and slightly forward, shoulders and elbows low. No standing at attention (except in military bands). Solidarity of the flute with the chin, which facilitates flexibility of the lips. If the embouchure plate is not stable, there can be no reliability in articulation. A rapid note sequence can threaten the balance of the embouchure, making slurring uncertain and staccato problematic. Predictable intonation. There is no totally in-tune flute; even Albert Cooper says so. But with a flute built on a reasonable scale and an ear trained by daily practice, it is possible, with flexible stability, to adapt in this respect. One should play in tune with a key more than with a tuner. A B is not an AS, nor an Eb a DS, nor a Db a CS. A flutist will be happy if he or she understands early the concept of chin stability. Lips should be relaxed but not loose. The chin is not jutted toward the embouchure plate. Instead it is the flute that is maintained to the chin by the fulcrums.
Style
Authors: Debost Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once instrumental playing has received some answers to its problems, once the grammar of phrasing and interpretation has matured, there remains an elusive question: What is style? Some people’s idea of lifestyle is to go for the richest and most ostentatious. The same thing happens in music, in fashion, and in cooking. The more stuff you add, the more the neighbors and the colleagues will be impressed. Beware of musical editions and improved foodstuffs. It is hard these days to find anything that has not been improved. Improved milk, improved bread, improved soap, improved sugar; and, of course, improved music. Mahler reorchestrated Schumann, and even Beethoven, did he not? Why then cannot editors do likewise with our most cherished repertoire? How would anyone think of improving a classical painting? Yet some nudes were painted over by order of the church, supposedly to preserve a sick kind of morality. Everybody claims that simple and fresh food is the best. Yet a fast-food chain advertises its sandwich as having “five meats and three cheeses, everything on it.” You get more for your money. But in the process, you lose contact with the essential: the taste of individual content.
Technique
Authors: Debost Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Everyone complains about technique, and no one about musicality.” Technique is like money: it creates problems mostly when you don’t have any. Usually technique implies mere finger speed. When you hear someone say, “Miss X has fantastic technique,” you immediately infer that her fingers move very fast but that her music making is altogether a bore. This confusion between technique and superficial velocity is very common. When the comment is, “Mr. Z is very musical,” the implication is that he cannot move fast. My teaching ideas stress instrumental playing as much as if not more than repertoire. I tell my students that before they can revolutionize interpretation, they owe music good instrumental playing. Thinking and studying both simultaneously is even better. In fact, finger velocity is only one aspect of instrumental playing, a phrase that I use more readily than technique. There are as many techniques as there are facets of flute playing: blowing and breathing techniques, technique of articulation and attacks, tone technique, phrasing technique, even technique of expression. The border is thin: Where does music start? Where does instrumental playing end? There is no relevant instrumental playing without a musical project. There is no credible interpretation without reliable instrumental playing. Instrumental playing’s various elements cannot be disconnected: finger practice this morning, staccato next, tone tonight (without vibrato until tomorrow.) Unfortunately, technique is seen as playing all the notes, at any price, as fast as possible, without any other concern.
Zeal in Form of Conclusion
Authors: Debost Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Earnestness or fervor in advancing a cause or rendering service. Hearty or persistent endeavor.” For one who dedicates his love to music, as an amateur in the best sense of the word,2 or his life as a professional, the challenge is in self-improvement for the sake of art. My advice to aspiring professionals would be for them to put themselves to the test as often as possible. Do not wait until you are completely ready to undertake the goals of ambition. There is no such thing as being completely ready. No artist can stop growing— not until he dies. Competitions are a case in point. The important part of a contest, outside of the eventual prize, is self-improvement. It is the reward of the also-ran. Trial and failure demand as much as trial and success. Competitions help you learn more about yourself than anything else.
Syntagma Musicum III
Authors: Praetorius Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This translation of the third volume of Syntagma musicum is part of a multi-volume work by German composer and theorist Michael Praetorius (1571-1621). Volume III deals with terminology and performance practice, and offers us the most detailed commentary available from the 17th century about the performance of particular pieces of music. For modern scholars, this third volume is the preeminent source of contemporary information on performance practice for the late Renaissance and early Baroque periods. Praetorius is the most often quoted and excerpted writer on performance practice. In his translation, Kite-Powell has worked with a notoriously difficult syntax to produce a definitive English edition of this important work.
War’s Miseries The Confederate Home Front
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a late April day in 1862, forty-year-old Leah Black was tidying up after the midday meal when the alarmed squawks and cries of the farm animals sent her to the window. If she at first suspected that her four young sons were up to mischief, the reality proved much worse: Twenty to thirty Union infantrymen, maybe more, were scattered across her southwestern Tennessee farmyard, trying to corral her livestock. With her husband away from the house, Black huddled inside with her children while some of the men outside scooped up chickens and geese, slaughtered hogs, prodded cows, and harnessed a horse to each of the family’s two wagons. Others raided the barn, flinging sacks of corn and bales of hay onto the wagons. Returning home not long after the soldiers had fled, James Black gave quick chase and soon caught up to the men, whose retreat was slowed by the burden of their plunder. We cannot know for sure what exchange took place, but Jim Black probably breathlessly pleaded his case: There never was a more loyal Union man than he, and he was willing to do his part for the boys in blue, but he had four youngsters, the oldest of whom was ten, who needed to eat but couldn’t yet do much to help out. Those horses had cost him nearly every last penny—$150 each in greenbacks—and who could afford to buy food at wartime prices anyway? The soldiers barely stopped to listen—they had heard it all before. They didn’t feel good about it, but soldiers can’t be starving either. They instructed Jim Black that if on Wednesday next he came to Bolivar, the nearby Union-garrisoned town, he could retrieve his horses then.
The Nature of Research
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why is it that being in a research study may so often be a bad choice for someone who is primarily concerned with his or her own well-being? In this chapter we begin to explore the principles behind why that is so—even in many of the clinical trials that might generally be perceived as very good choices. The key lies in understanding the true nature of research—something that remains mired in confusion.
Incompetent Adults
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In part II we illustrated the importance of getting informed consent. Informed consent is what generally makes it acceptable to enroll subjects in studies. It legitimates providing them weaker legal protections than those given to patients, and doing things to them that may not be in their best interests. Given that circumstance, it is perhaps surprising that the federal regulations approve of a variety of circumstances in which subjects can be enrolled in studies without their full informed consent, because the subjects are incapable of providing consent.
Emergency Research
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Often, someone who has suffered an acute medical problem—they just had a heart attack or a stroke or were in a car crash—will be unconscious or unable to think clearly in the initial moments when medical treatment is begun. There will often be no surrogate decision maker available at that moment. Under such circumstances, medical personnel are legally authorized to begin urgently needed medical treatment on a theory of “implied” consent. But can we enroll such people in research studies? Should we?
Moving Mountains: Aldo Leopold and A Sand County Almanac
Authors: Meine Curt D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Literary classics are the mountains of our minds. They shape us, subtly and continually. They cast long shadows. They provide access to higher realms. They make their own intellectual weather. We are prone to take them for granted, yet they so define our view of the world, and of ourselves, that we can hardly imagine the world without them.
Introduction: Becoming Aware of the New Unconscious
Authors: Uleman James S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past decade or two, a new picture of unconscious processes has emerged from a variety of disciplines that are broadly part of cognitive science. Unconscious processes seem to be capable of doing many things that were, not so long ago, thought of as requiring mental resources and conscious processes. These range from complex information processing through behavior to goal pursuit and self-regulation. Much has changed since Kihlstrom’s (1987) description of the “cognitive unconscious.” This collection of chapters provides a sampling of some of the most important developments at the heart of this new picture.
Who Is the Controller of Controlled Processes?
Authors: Wegner Daniel M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Are we the robots? This question surfaces often in current psychological research, as various kinds of robot parts—automatic actions, mental mechanisms, even neural circuits—keep appearing in our explanations of human behavior. Automatic processes seem responsible for a wide range of the things we do, a fact that may leave us feeling, if not fully robotic, at least a bit nonhuman. The complement of the automatic process in contemporary psychology, of course, is the controlled process (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968; Bargh, 1984; Posner & Snyder, 1975; Shiffrin & Schnieder, 1977), and it is in theories of controlled processes that vestiges of our humanity reappear. Controlled processes are viewed as conscious, effortful, and intentional, and as drawing on more sources of information than automatic processes. With this power of conscious will, controlled processes seem to bring the civilized quality back to psychological explanation that automatic processes leave out. Yet by reintroducing this touch of humanity, the notion of a controlled process also brings us within glimpsing range of a fatal theoretical error—the idea that there is a controller.
Implicit Impressions
Authors: Uleman James S , Blader Steven L , Todorov Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our knowledge of other people is complex and multilayered. It develops from a thousand strands: a friend’s comment (“she’s cool”), taste in clothing (all from The Gap), tones of voice (like a fishwife), attitudes (against the death penalty), values (pro-life), facial expressions (crooked smile with overbite), favorite haunts (jazz clubs) and foods (eggplant and garlic), what someone does with us (talk politics, gossip) and others (makes love), roles (sister-in-law), goals (stay sober), style (shy at first), and so on ad infinitum. What we know quickly extends beyond what we can say to how we feel, what we implicitly expect, and how we act toward them and with them, sometimes to everyone’s surprise. Much of it is based on forgotten encounters and barely noticed events. It includes the meanings we give these events and observations, sometimes consciously with care and effort, but more often without effort or awareness.
Happy New Year! But Why Now?
Authors: Aveni Anthony F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where to Begin? Basically I am a morning person, but shall I have that second cup to be sure I am totally awake before I start work? Should I clean up right after dinner or savor a quiet moment by saving the dishes for later? When am I going to restart my diet? Can I wait until after the weekend when I will be less tempted by the evil gastronomic missiles my hosts will likely hurl at me Saturday night? Or should I take the high road and test my mettle by deflecting delectable desserts directly in the line of fire? When to stop warming up and start exercising? When to take my vacation week? When to get out of bed—or back into it? Time and all the routines that fill it go round and round, the ending of one cycle immediately followed by the beginning of another.
February’s Holidays: Prediction, Purification, and Passionate Pursuit
Authors: Aveni Anthony F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everybody &HOWS the North American tradition tied to what appears to be a purely secular holiday: if a certain rodent who spends most of the year living in a cage in Pittsburgh emerges on the second day of February and sees his shadow, back in the hole he goes and another six weeks of winter weather is in store for us. But should skies be cloudy when he makes his exit, spring is surely on its way.