bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lutheranism, Anti-Judaism, and Bach’s St. John Passion
Authors: Marissen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the bibliographies on Bach and on Judaica have grown enormously since World War II, there has been very little work on relationships between these two areas. It is not difficult to account for this. History, religion, and sociology scholars who focus on issues of antisemitism often lack musical training and are, in any event, quite reasonably interested in even more pressing social and political manifestations. Bach scholars, on the other hand, have largely pursued more narrowly musical topics such as notation, form, style, attribution, and chronology. A small branch has concerned itself with Bach and Lutheran theology, but its practitioners have generally centered on the librettos without paying much attention to the ways that the words are set musically. Strangely, almost no scholarly attention has been given to relationships between Lutheranism and the religion of Judaism as they affect Bach’s most problematic work in this respect, the St. John Passion. The only studies are in German, and, although each makes far-reaching observations about Luther, none of them adequately engages Bach’s music.
Luther’s scathingly polemic writings are fairly well known today. Because Bach’s indebtedness to Luther has come to be more widely acknowledged, listeners can easily assume that Bach harbored hostility to Jews and, accordingly, that his music probably projects such hostility. Many other listeners, however, believe Bach produced great music which transcends any sort of verbally specifiable meaning. Interpretive Bach research might reasonably be expected to have engaged these difficult issues more fully by now.
Authentic Evaluative Schemes
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometimes, when pro-attitudes like desires are induced in a person, and the per son acts on those induced desires, we believe-and I think correctly-that the person is not appraisable for behavior that arises from those desires. A typical sort of case would be one in which, in the absence of her consent, a cluster of irresistible desires has been implanted in the victim. At other times, this is not so: we feel that the person can, for instance, be blameworthy for acting on a posthypnotic suggestion when, through a series of past actions, she has deliberately and freely brought it about that she cannot now refrain from acting on the posthypnotic suggestion; or when she can easily thwart the influence of the posthypnotic suggestion.
Grounds Of Conflict
Authors: Russell Bertrand 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
RELIGION and Science are two aspects of social life, of which the former has been important as far back as we know anything of man’s mental history, while the latter, after a fitful flickering existence among the Greeks and Arabs, suddenly sprang into importance in the sixteenth century, and has ever since increasingly moulded both the ideas and the institutions among which we live. Between religion and science there has been a prolonged conflict, in which, until the last few years, science has invariably proved victorious. But the rise of new religions in Russia and Germany, equipped with new means of missionary activity provided by science, has again put the issue in doubt, as it was at the beginning of the scientific epoch, and has made it again important to examine the grounds and the history of the warfare waged by traditional religion against scientific knowledge.
The Copernican Revolution
Authors: Russell Bertrand 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE first pitched battle between theology and science, and in some ways the most notable, was the astronomical dispute as to whether the earth or the sun was the centre of what we now call the solar system. The orthodox theory was the Ptolemaic, according to which the earth is at rest in the centre of the universe, while the sun, moon, planets, and system of fixed stars revolve round it, each in its own sphere. According to the new theory, the Copernican, the earth, so far from being at rest, has a twofold motion : it rotates on its axis once a day, and it revolves round the sun once a year. The theory which we call Copernican, although it appeared with all the force of novelty in the sixteenth century, had in fact been invented by the Greeks, whose competence in astronomy was very great. It was advocated by the Pythagorean school, who attributed it, probably without historical truth, to their founder Pythagoras. The first astronomer who is known definitely to have taught that the earth moves was Aristarchus of Samos, who lived in the third century B.C. He was in many ways a remarkable man.
Determinism
Authors: Russell Bertrand 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WITH the progress of knowledge, the sacred history related in the Bible and the elaborate theology of the ancient and mediaeval Church have become less important than formerly to most religiously minded men and women. Biblical criticism, in addition to science, has made it difficult to believe that every word of the Bible is true ; everyone now knows, for instance, that Genesis contains two different and inconsistent accounts of the Creation by two different authors. Such matters, it is now held, are inessential. But there are three central doctrines-God, immortality, and freedom-which are felt to constitute what is of most importance to Christianity, in so far as it is not connected with historical events. These doctrines belong to what is called “ natural religion “ ; in the opinion of Thomas Aquinas and of many modern philosophers, they can be proved to be true without the help of revelation, by means of human reason alone. It is therefore important to inquire what science has to say as regards these three doctrines. My own belief is that science cannot either prove or disprove them at present, and that no method outside science exists for proving or disproving anything. I think, however, that there are scientific arguments which bear on their probability.
Mysticism
Authors: Russell Bertrand 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE warfare between science and theology has been of a peculiar sort. At all times and places-except late eighteenth-century France and Soviet Russia-the majority of scientific men have supported the orthodoxy of their age. Some of the most eminent have been in the majority. Newton, though an Arian, was in all other respects a supporter of the Christian faith. Cuvier was a model of Catholic correctness. Faraday was a Sandymanian, but the errors of that sect did not seem, even to him, to be demonstrable by scientific arguments, and his views as to the relations of science and religion were such as every Churchman could applaud. The warfare was between theology and science, not the men of science. Even when the men of science held views which were condemned, they generally did their best to avoid conflict. Copernicus, as we saw, dedicated his book to the Pope ; Galileo retracted ; Descartes, though he thought it prudent to live in Holland, took great pains to remain on good terms with ecclesiastics, and by a calculated silence escaped censure for sharing Galileo’s opinions. In the nineteenth century, most British men of science still thought that there was no essential conflict between their science and those parts of the Christian faith which liberal Christians still regarded as essential for it had been found possible to sacrifice the literal truth of the Flood, and even of Adam and Eve.
Science And Ethics
Authors: Russell Bertrand 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THOSE who maintain the insufficiency of science, as we have seen in the last two chapters, appeal to the fact that science has nothing to say about “ values.” This I admit ; but when it is inferred that ethics contains truths which cannot be proved or disproved by science, I disagree. The matter is one on which it is not altogether easy to think clearly, and my own views on it are quite different from what they were thirty years ago. But it is necessary to be clear about it if we are to appraise such arguments as those in support of Cosmic Purpose. As there is no consensus of opinion about ethics, it must be understood that what follows is my personal belief, not the dictum of science. The study of ethics, traditionally, consists of two parts, one concerned with moral rules, the other with what is good on its own account. Rules of conduct, many of which have a ritual origin, play a great part in the lives of savages and primitive peoples. It is forbidden to eat out of the chief’s dish, or to seethe the kid in its mother’s milk; it is commanded to offer sacrifices to the gods, which, at a certain stage of development, are thought most acceptable if they are human beings. Other moral rules, such as the prohibition of murder and theft, have a more obvious social utility, and survive the decay of the primitive theological systems with which they were originally associated. But as men grow more reflective there is a tendency to lay less stress on rules and more on states of mind. This comes from two sources-philosophy and mystical religion. We are all familiar with passages in the prophets and the gospels, in which purity of heart is set above meticulous observance of the Law; and St. Paul’s famous praise of charity, or love, teaches the same principle. The same thing will be found in all great mystics, Christian and non-Christian : what they value is a state of mind, out of which, as they hold, right conduct must ensue ; rules seem to them external, and insufficiently adaptable to circumstances.
The Limits of the Duty to Relieve Suffering
Authors: Mayerfeld Jamie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is an enormous question. A full answer would require nothing less than a complete theory of morality. Having nothing that even approaches such a theory, I can only take a few broad swipes at the issue, and I shall leave many more questions than answers. This chapter can be seen as a statement of the work that remains to be done.
We can distinguish between four kinds of possible limits on the duty to relieve suffering. First, the value of relieving suffering may sometimes be outweighed by its cost from an impersonal point of view. Second, the relief of suffering might sometimes require the use of impermissible means.
The Logic Of Substitution
Authors: Landini Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1905 was a watershed year for Russell. By its end he had developed an intensional calculus for the logic of propositions adequate to proxy a type regimented theory which employs predicate variables in subject as well as predicate positions. The theory affords a proxy for a theory of classes and relations-in-extension. For this reason, Russell often referred to it as his “no-classes” theory. He named it “the substitutional theory” because it allowed definite descriptions of propositions by employing the primitive notion of the substitution of an entity for another in a given proposition. The calculus is wholly type free and employs only one style of completely unrestricted variables-individual variables. It therefore adheres to the fundamental doctrines of Principles, and Russell had no small hope that it would salvage logicism from the grip of the paradoxes.
Thomas Aquinas versus Neil Armstrong
Authors: Silver Brian L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 4 October 1957 the first man-made satellite to go into orbit was launched from the Soviet Union (R. I. P.)1 Sputnik’s speed and trajectory were calculated using laws published 280 years previously. Sir Isaac Newton’s laws of motion are still generally sufficient, even in the age of relativity and chaos, to account for the movement of most bodies in the everyday world. Their near infallibility in that world has prompted me to curse Sir Isaac on three occasions: in 1944 (London, Hitler’s V2), in 1973 (the Golan Heights, Assad’s artillery), and 1991 (Haifa, Sadaam’s Scuds). Waiting for the impacts, I spared a warm thought for the sixteenth century Italian Tartaglia, who is said to have abandoned research on the dynamics of moving bodies because he was fearful of possible military applications.
Undercutting and the Ramsey Test for Conditionals
Authors: Fuhrmann Andre , Levi Isaac 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to a suggestion made by F.P. Ramsey (1931), a conditional jfA then C is accepted (or assertible) according to an agent X if and only if the consequent C follows from the ‘minimal revision’ of X’s state of belief needed to accommodate the antecedent A. A belief state (or corpus, or theory) will here be represented by a set of sentences in some suitably regimented language closed under logical consequence.
Can Free Choice Be Known?
Authors: Gilboa Itzhak 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed a proliferation of attempts to formalize the notions of knowledge, choice, and rationality, especially in interactive situations. Two, admittedly related, types of problems arise in this context: the substantial philosophical questions that have a couple of millennia of experience in tormenting innocent minds, and the more modern formal questions. Among the former, the essence of rationality, choice, and knowledge may lead one to causal decision theory, self-referential paradoxes, and the ageold problem of determinism and free will. Among the latter, it seems that even when we have a very clear idea of some notion of rationality, a satisfactory formulation of it may be extremely evasive. At times, the formulation problem would indeed be rooted in a much more fundamental philosophical quandary. The main goal of this essay is to address a question of the second type. We highlight a problem in the formal modeling of rational choice and suggest a way to deal with it. The discussion seems to lead one inevitably to dangerous areas shadowed by ominous problems of “the first type.” On our retreat from these areas to a safe haven, we will naturally watch the ogres carefully and relate their size and ghastliness as seen from our viewpoint, though we will not tackle them directly.
Parent and Teacher Relations
Authors: Paskevska Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Louisxrv of France understood the value of ritual. Life at his court seemed to mirror the orderliness of a choreographed dance. From the moment he awoke (attended by courtiers and dignitaries invited to ·witness the event) through the day (during which his every encounter was governed by strict rules of etiquette) to his retirement in the evening (again formally escorted), Louis XIV sought to establish a harmonious atmosphere in which specific rules of conduct were applied to every exchange and encounter.
Entering the Profession
Authors: Paskevska Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The greatest difference among dance companies is size, not idiom. Large companies will be administered in similar ways, be they modern dance, jazz, or ballet. Furthermore, as mentioned earlier, today there are very few companies that do not have a mixed repertory. The large company may have an extended touring schedule, although regional companies, such as the Houston Ballet or the Louisville Ballet, tend to cultivate their hometown audiences.
Direct Realism
Authors: Butchvarov Panayot 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussions of our knowledge of “the external world” usually begin with the observation that, although such knowledge rests on the testimony of our senses, this should not be taken to imply that (even in veridical sense perception) we directly perceive material objects. According to Sextus Empiricus, “the faculty of sense does not deliver the external objects to the intellect, but reports its own peculiar affectio ns.” 1 Most writers on perception, both before and after him, have agreed. The view that we do directly perceive material objects (but not necessarily only material objects) is naturally describable as direct realism, direct in the sense that it denies that perception of objects is mediated by any intermediaries, though it is often called naive realism on the grounds that it is incompatible with some of the most familiar facts about perception. I believe that this appraisal of direct realism is quite unwarranted and will devote this chapter and the next to showing that this is so.2 Direct realism would deserve to be called naive if it denied that any perceptions are illusory, but as we shall see, it does not and need not deny this.
The Untruth And The Truth Of Skepticism
Authors: Butchvarov Panayot 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are now ready to attempt another answer to the skeptic, one based on the preceding considerations regarding the concept of reality. Can what I have called the particular (nonmodal epistemic) question, namely, Do we know or at least have evidence, in some particular perceptual situation, that what we perceive is a real material object? be given a nonskeptical answer, just as in chapter 4 I gave a nonskeptical answer to the general (non modal epistemic) question, namely, Do we know or at least have evidence that material objects exist? If it can, then we would also have a second nonskeptical answer to the general question, since a nonskeptical answer to the particular question entails a nonskeptical answer to the general question, though not vice versa. Thus my argument in chapter 4 in favor of the latter would receive welcome supplementation. But, as we shall see, we would still need that argument at a crucial point in our search in this chapter for a complete nonskeptical answer to the particular question. The fact is that both answers are needed. There is no circularity here, since the argument in chapter 4 is independent of the argument to be offered in this chapter. It’s just that the converse is not quite the case.
Introduction
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From around the turn of this century, beginning with the work of G. E. Moore and into the 1950s, metaethics was primarily focused on the analysis of moral language. Metaethical inquiry during this period was preoccupied with questions about whether or not moral terms, and sentences containing such terms, could be reductively analyzed into terms and sentences of some other sort and, if so, what sort. Philosophers divided on these questions, some arguing that moral terms and sentences could not be reductively analyzed, others arguing that they could.
Introduction
Authors: Fast Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘m so happy;’ wrote a thirty-five-year-old male respondent to my Led Zeppelin fan questionnaire,” that after years of being put down for worshipping such a ‘declasse’ band ... someone like you is giving their oeuvre the deserved attention of an academic:’ There has always existed a gap between the millions of fans who are devoted to Led Zeppelin’s music and the rock establishment critics and other artists-who found Zeppelin’s music bombastic, their offstage antics unruly even by rock standards, and their business practices ruthless and suspect.
Passenger steamers.— Chief stewards.— Coquimbo.— Huasco.— The port if Copiap6. — The city if Copiap6. —The prospector. — The bambooz.ler. — The river and valley ofCopiapd. — Chaflarci!lo. —Juan Godoy. —The bootlegger. —A voyage into the interior. —Admirable utilization Of water.— Chaiiarcillo again. —Bandurrias.—Pajonales.—A husband is responsible far his wife’s sins.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
lost hope of continuing my wild adventure-packed career as a cattle man on the pampas when the revolutionary schemes that filled the mind of my friend Rodriguez forced me to break off my relationship with that redoubtable chieftain. Poor as always, but desirous of avoiding temptations as dangerous as they were flattering, I decided to sail to far off Copiap6 in search of a kinder fortune than I had hitherto found inthe southern part of our country.
General considerations on Upper California, its past and present-Fortuitous events that hastened the discovery of gold in California. — Sutter’s arrival in America.— Brief biographical sketch of this captain of Swiss Guards in I830. — His model colony. — Sutter’s hired hand Marshall discovers gold at Sonoma. — The effect that this news produced in Chile. —My voyage to California. —A rebellion on board, incited by Alvarez. —How later on I miraculously saved this same gentleman from the gallows. —Mishaps during our voyage. The Golden Gate. — San Francisco Bay.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twenty-nine years have passed since foreign immigration, with its usual accompaniment of enterprise, energy, and progress, began to reach the lonely and remote regions that today make up the flourishing State of California.
Reports of the abundance and richness of the gold fields are confirmed. — The harbormaster. — Rosarito Amestica. — A tour of the town. — Contradictory reports about the mines and the best time to start working there. — My mining company begins its operations. — In the freight business.— The company goes into the laundry business
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With most of our sails furled and our anchors at the ready we cautiously passed through the famous Golden Gate and soon, filled with excitement, we caught sight of the town that would, as though by magic, turn from the petty village of Yerba Buena into the rich and populous San Francisco. To be sure, we had no very clear idea of what that town might be like. We remembered that the place had belonged to Spain and to Mexico, we knew that it was far from any major city, and on these grounds we believed that we should find a second edition of some Curacavi.
A tempting invitation to write a vitriolic newspaper.— am appointed an immigration agent in Valdivia. —The civil servant and the personal servant. — Corral—The town of Valdivia.—The province of Valdivia. — What immigrationmeant for many people. — Unjustifiable encroachment on public lands and means far gaining ownership of them.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
They say that as soon as poverty comes in through the door of a house, virtue escapes through the window. There is a good deal of truth in that, though not because there are no remedies against the disease poverty, but because of the patient’s ridiculous reluctance to take them. A distinguished name, a former position in society, and our national concern with “What will people say?” are the worst enemies of the benefit that modest labor always yields to those who seek it. In his own country, no one dares to be a shopkeeper after having bought box tickets to the theater.
Arrival of the first immigrants at Corral. — The questions they put to the government agent. — Lessons to be learned from this interview. — An act of generosity by Colonel Viel in support of immigration. — Isla de la Teja. — Additional groups of immigrants.— The sort of people they were, a real treasure for Valdivia. — How Chileans understood immigration. — Advice on this subject pours in to the government. — Muschgay’s settlement, sponsored by Domeyko. — Muschgay, the archbishop, and the Larram family. — The arch-Catholic Muschgay adopts the Araucanian religion. — The dreadful Cambiaso in Valdivia.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I have had the pleasure of noting at the conclusion of the last chapter, not all Valdivians sacrificed the future well-being of the province to petty immediate profit; but their offers only halfway met the aims of the government and the true interests of the country.
Fungal Associations Of Fungi, Algae, And Plants
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Symbiotic interactions between fungi and phototrophs were instrumental in the colonization of land by algae and plants. Fungi may have helped the early phototrophs cope with the drying conditions of the terrestrial environment. Such interactions led to permanent associations now recognized as lichens, mycorrhizas, mycophycobioses, and endophytes of grasses (Atsatt, 1988, 1991; Selosse and LeTacon, 1998).