bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Dying God
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The idea of a myth age, when people were animals, is taken for granted by storytellers in the Southwest, just as it is along the Northwest Coast and in other regions. For the Pueblos and their immediate neighbors the prehuman condition existed in the underworld before the emergence. In some Zuni versions, for example, the people are said to have crawled like toads when they reached the earth’s surface. The twin war gods made them human by cutting off their tails and horns and slitting their webbed hands to give them fingers.
Culture Heroes and Their Deeds
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Seen from the air as an apparently limitless expanse of green, the Amazon forest, despite inroads, still lives up to its reputation as the world’s last wilderness. The carpet of treetops stretches mile after mile, seemingly broken by nothing but an occasional river. The air is clean. No cities are visible on the horizon, only variations in the weather or perhaps a flock of birds.
This World and Its Beginnings
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is told that the Carib of Guyana, when they first arrived on earth from the sky world, could find no food. At that time, manioc, plantains, and all the other crops were growing on a single tree. But only the tapir knew its location. As the people watched the tapir getting fat, they wondered where he was eating. To find out, they sent a woodpecker to spy on him. But the noisy woodpecker could not resist stopping to tap on trees. Aware that he was being followed, the tapir changed direction and slipped away.
Tricksters of the Chaco
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Called Chaco or Gran Chaco, the flat low-lying region centering on western Paraguay takes its name from the old Argentine Quechua word chacu, meaning “hunting ground.” In fact deer, peccary, ostrich, and lesser game were once fairly common in the arid scrubland of the western Chaco. Toward the east, where rivers spread out and form swamps, ducks and other water birds are still plentiful.
Cannabis (Marijuana)
Authors: Goldstein Avram 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A professional airplane pilot sits in a simulator, the kind used to check the abilities of the men and women who fly for the military and the airlines. The task is to bring an aircraft safely down onto a runway through clouds or fog without being able to see anything outside. As the aircraft descends, the pilot has to watch for the smallest deviations of instruments on the panel, and correct for them quickly with more or less power or with slight movements of the control yoke. A continuous scan of instruments is required to make sure that all aircraft systems are operating correctly. The pilot must consult an approach chart continuously without interrupting the other tasks to which he or she is attending. And while all this is going on, the pilot has to communicate by radio with a controller on the ground and must be prepared to carry out unexpected instructions. Furthermore, if in the pilot’s judgment anything at all seems wrong, an immediate climb must be initiated, rather than gamble on reaching the runway safely.
Three Lessons from the Street
Authors: Goldstein Avram 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The stereotyped drug addict whose image fills the newspapers, magazines, TV screens, and politicians’ speeches is only part—and a small part at that—of ouraddiction problem, as I have pointed out throughout this book. Drug addiction afflicts all economic classes, all educational levels, and all ethnic groups. But although nicotine and alcohol, rather than cocaine and heroin, affect society on the largest scale, it must be acknowledged that the street addict (the ‘‘.junkie”) is a conspicuous reality, one whose very existence frightens and disgusts many citizens. This chapter focuses on some of the problems street addicts present to the larger society. These include the addicts’ criminal activities, difficulties encountered by health professionals in establishing treatment facilities, and intravenous drug use as a major factor in the epidemic spread of AIDS.
New Strategies for Rational Drug Policy
Authors: Goldstein Avram 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What should be the purpose of government policy on addictive drugs? What should we be trying to accomplish, and why? It is certainly in the interest of society as a whole to reduce the amount of damage done by drug addiction. This means preventing youngsters from being drawn into using addictive drugs in the first place. It means cutting down the amount of drug use by people already addicted, improving their physical and mental health, and trying to free them of their addiction. It also means reducing the harm caused to others as a result of drug use by addicts. At the same time, we have to take care that implementing drug policy does not cause more harm to individuals and society than do the drugs themselves. To strike the right balance requires careful, thoughtful analysis, with a recognition that changes come slowly, that there are no quick fixes.
Economics Education
Authors: Quandt Richard E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We have already discussed in broad terms the differences between economics education and management training. Western Ph.D. programs in economics attempt to turn out graduates who are capable of independent research and who will become faculty members at other institutions, or researchers or executives at consulting firms or government agencies such as the Federal Reserve Board or the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice, or at international agencies such as the International Monetary Fund or the World Bank—people who will formulate new problems on a conceptual level, who are able to abstract from idiosyncratic elements of problems and concentrate on the essential characteristics, and who will invent new methods of measurement and quantitative analysis. And while I hasten to say that there are many distinguished professors in business schools who do exactly the same, the bulk of the thrust of MBA programs is towards individuals who will occupy positions in business enterprises, where they will have to solve problems in their gory complexity, without abstracting from the details.
The differences in orientation are reflected in notable differences in the required training. To get an MBA usually takes two years, while a Ph.D. normally takes a minimum of four, and more usually five or six years. The requirements for a Ph.D. include a dissertation, which is a substantial piece of independent research, while the MBA degree has no such requirement. It is highly desirable for the faculty that teaches Ph.D. students to have—in addition to a specialty—a general understanding of the economy as a whole, and this desideratum is expressed by the common requirement that Ph.D. candidates qualify in microtheory, macrotheory, econometrics, and usually two additional fields. It seems less important for teachers of MBA students to have as broad a command, and one could have very adequate teachers of, say, finance who do not know much about marketing or accounting; although in western MBA programs broad command over material is common.
Management Training at Universities and Colleges
Authors: Quandt Richard E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was clear from the beginning that training efforts directed toward entrepreneurs in small business enterprises would not be sufficient to create an adequate human resource base for the economic transformation that needed to take place in Eastern Europe. Those efforts, discussed in chapter 4, were and are continuing to be important for developing a small business sector, but they did not address the deficiencies in managerial knowledge in large or even medium-sized enterprises. The demands on managers in these are generally more complex than in small ones, and larger size also permits functional specialization, which in turn usually requires greater depth of knowledge. All this seemed to point toward establishing management training programs at universities that would provide in-depth knowledge in a number of specialized areas through programs lasting one to two years. Such programs are the focus of the present chapter.
Each of the Visegrad countries had some institutions devoted to university-level managerial training during the Communist period. The preeminent institution of this type in Poland was the Warsaw School of Economics (Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie), established in 1906. A number of university-level “academies” of economics also provided training in economics and management in provincial cities (for example, Kraków, Poznań, Wrocław, Katowice). In the Czech Republic, economics and management training were offered by the Prague School of Economics (Vysoká škola ekonomická, now University of Economics), while in Slovakia, the corresponding institution was the Bratislava School of Economics (later promoted to university status). In Hungary, the Budapest University of Economic Sciences (formerly Karl Marx University) was created as an independent institution in 1948 and was the intellectual successor to earlier efforts to teach economics and management at the Budapest Technical University (Müegyetem). In 1999, as a consequence of the policy of consolidating institutions of higher learning, it absorbed the College of Public Administration and became the Budapest University of Economic Sciences and Public Administration.
Rembrandt and a Brief History of Connoisseurship
Authors: Sutton Peter C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Even if you take only a passing interest in the world of art, you will probably have heard of the recent commotion over Rembrandt. The authorship of some of his best-loved paintings, such as Man in a Golden Helmet in the Gemäldegalerie in Berlin and The Polish Rider in the Frick Collection in New York, have been questioned, and the body of his accepted work seems to be shrinking. In point of fact, Rembrandt’s accepted oeuvre has often swelled and contracted, burgeoning to more than 600 paintings in W. R. Valentiner’s revision of Adolf Rosenberg’s catalogue of the paintings (1908) and shriveling to only forty-five works in the eccentric book by John C. van Dyck (1923). However, since the 1970s, the systematic investigations of the Rembrandt Research Project, a team of Dutch scholars, have led to dramatic reassessments of the parameters of Rembrandt’s production; in three volumes surveying his career chronologically to 1642, the team has winnowed the accepted canon. In recent decades, the invaluable work of authors such as Werner Sumowski on Rembrandt’s pupils and associates has also helped bring the master’s production into sharper focus.
The International Foundation for Art Research
Authors: Flescher Sharon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The International Foundation for Art Research (IFAR) was established in the late 1960s in the wake of several major art frauds that shook public confidence in the art market. Hearings organized by the attorney general of New York led to landmark legislation, incorporated into the state’s 1968 Arts and Cultural Affairs Law, which offered protection to collectors when purchasing from dealers. But another component of the proposed legislation did not pass: protection of experts from liability when rendering opinions. Then, as now, scholars were reluctant to speak out on issues of authenticity and attribution for fear of litigation. What was needed was an authoritative, objective, notfor-profit organization to serve as a bridge between the public and the specialists. IFAR was created to fill that void. It was set up initially to be a legal and administrative framework wherein the world’s greatest scholars could render opinions on authenticity without fear of liability: opinions would not be presented in the name of the scholar but in that of IFAR.
Museums and Authenticity Issues
Authors: Sachs Samuel , Spencer Ronald D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
RDS: Would you describe the kinds of authenticity issues that come up in public museums? SS, II: To set a standard of comparison, let me begin with a work at the Frick that poses no authenticity issues whatsoever. Its authenticity cannot possibly be in doubt because its provenance can be tracked from the moment it left the artist’s hand to the moment it came into The Frick Collection: the panels by Fragonard in what is known as the Fragonard Room. These were commissioned from the artist at a known date, delivered to the buyer (who immediately rejected them), and they went back into Fragonard’s own hands. They hung in his house until he died, whence every owner thereafter can be traced minute by minute until Mr. Frick bought them from J. P. Morgan, who had owned and installed them in his house in London. There cannot be any serious doubt about this unbroken provenance. In legal terminology, it would be called a trail of evidence.
Examining the Techniques and Materials of Paintings
Authors: Levenson Rustin S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Rustin Levenson is a painting conservator with private studios in New York and Miami. She has been on the painting conservation staff at the National Gallery of Canada and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and has written numerous articles for conservation publications. In 2000, she co-authored Seeing Through Paintings: Physical Examination in Art Historical Studies,a comprehensive study of conservation issues directed to art historians.
Authentication in Court
Authors: Spencer Ronald D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Art authentication issues arise initially in the context of numerous private decisions by experts, scholars, dealers, and buyers and sellers. Predominantly relied on, in this context, are connoisseurship, a work’s provenance, and, less frequently, scientific testing. At times, such private decisions are disputed, and the dispute may end up in court. Here, by definition, the ultimate question of authenticity will be determined by judges who are neither experts nor scholars, and who may find other factors persuasive. The Calder case, discussed below, is a dramatic example of this. This case involved a claim (for breach of contract) by buyers (who happened to be art dealers)of a Calder mobile, Rio Nero, that the mobile they purchased was a forgery. Despite the opinion of Klaus Perls, Calder’s American dealer for over twenty years, that the mobile purporting to be Rio Nero was a forgery, a federal judge disagreed, concluding that it was “more likely than not”1 that Rio Nero was “not a forgery” “but the original
The African Writer and the English Language
Authors: Achebe Chinua 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In June 1962, there was a writers’ gathering at Makerere, impressively styled: “A Conference of African Writers of English Expression.” Despite this sonorous and rather solemn title, it turned out to be a very lively affair and a very exciting and useful experience for many of us. But there was something which we tried to do and failed—that was to define “African literature” satisfactorily.
Was it literature produced in Africa or about Africa? Could African literature be on any subject, or must it have an African theme? Should it embrace the whole continent or south of the Sahara, or just black Africa? And then the question of language. Should it be in indigenous African languages or should it include Arabic, English, French, Portuguese, Afrikaans, and so on?
Capital Controls and the World Financial Authority: What Can We Learn from the Indian Experience?
Authors: Nayyar* Deepak 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the outset, it is essential to contextualize this exercise in a historical perspective. The reason is simple. India is a special case. For one, less than a decade after independence, India introduced a complex web of controls on trade flows and on other current account transactions. And even if the capital account was a negligible residual, controls were widespread. For another, private capital inflows into, or outflows from, India were no more than a trickle for almost three decades thereafter. Until 1980, concessional development assistance was almost the only form of foreign capital inflows. During the 1980s, India resorted to commercial borrowing in international capital markets and borrowing on commercial terms from nonresident Indians. Other forms of private foreign capital flows came only in the 1990s. Yet, there are several lessons that can be drawn from the Indian experience, particularly because there were extensive capital controls until not so long ago. And, even if private capital flows to some developing countries became significant earlier, such flows to the developing world have witnessed a phenomenal growth beginning in the early 1990s.
Financial Market Liberalization and the Changing Character of Corporate Governance
Authors: Block* Thorsten H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We will start by providing different definitions of the nature and scope of corporate governance. Governance issues are conventionally discussed in the con text of principal-agent (PA) models, which presuppose a distinction between ownership (shareholders) and control (managers) (Berle and Means 1932). The agency problem exists because managers might misuse their position, and there are costs associated with prevention of abuse. According to this view of governance, the crucial problem is to subordinate managers’ interest to that of shareholders.
The Influence of the Financial Media over International Economic Policy
Authors: Madrick Jeff 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a recent review of books about the Whitewater and Monica Lewinsky allegations, the writer Joan Didion concluded that the Washington political press had become insiders who were now part of the nation’s “permanent professional political class.” The members of the press claimed that they “did not think ideologically,” but Didion shows how they essentially formed a single “narrative” that was antagonistic towards the president, sympathetic towards the special prosecutor, and failed to convey the questionable motives of their news sources. “I had relied on the elves for information at critical junctures-even while they concealed from me their role in bringing the Lewinsky allegations to the Jones lawyers and later to Ken Starr,” wrote the journalist who broke the story. How ever one feels about President Clinton’s transgressions, the inability of prosecutor Kenneth Starr to come up with even a single criminal charge makes the press’s one-sidedness hard to justify.
The Magical Realism of Brazilian Economics How to Create a Financial Crisis by Trying to Avoid One
Authors: Palma* Gabriel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the last two decades there have been four major financial crises in the Third World: the 1982 debt crisis (affecting particularly Latin America, with the Chilean economy the worst hit in the region); the 1994 Mexican crisis (and its repercussions throughout Latin America, especially Argentina, commonly known as the “Tequila effect”); the 1997 East Asian crisis, and lately the Brazilian one (in 1999). The main common characteristic of these financial crises is that the economies most affected were those that had previously undertaken radical processes of financial liberalization. Furthermore, these countries had not only liberalized their capital accounts and domestic financial sectors, but had done so at times of both high liquidity in international financial markets, and slow growth in most OECD economies; i.e., at times when a rapidly growing, highly volatile, and largely under-regulated international financial market was anxiously seeking new high-yield investment opportunities.
Histoplasmosis
Authors: Kauffman Carol A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Histoplasmosis, the most common endemic mycosis in the United States, is caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum. Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii causes African histoplasmosis, which has different clinical manifestations. Histoplasma capsulatum is a thermally dimorphic fungus; in the environment and at temperatures below 35°C, it exists as a mould, and in tissues and at 35°–37°C, as a yeast. In the endemic area, along the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys in the United States, most persons are infected in childhood. The primary site of infection is the lungs following inhalation of the conidia from the environment. The severity of disease is related to the number of conidia inhaled and the immune response of the host; the primary host defense mechanism against H. capsulatum is cell-mediated immunity. Pulmonary infection is asymptomatic or only mildly symptomatic in most persons who have been infected; acute severe pneumonia and chronic progressive pulmonary infection also can occur. Asymptomatic dissemination of H. capsulatum to the organs of the reticuloendothelial system occurs in most infected individuals; however, symptomatic acute or chronic disseminated histoplasmosis, which is a life-threatening infection, occurs almost entirely in persons who have deficient cell-mediated immunity. Antifungal therapy is highly effective. For most patients with histoplasmosis, itraconazole, a triazole drug, is the treatment of choice. Histoplasmosis was first described and the organism given its name in 1904 by Samuel Darling, a physician working at the Canal Zone Hospital in Panama. He erroneously thought the organism, which in tissues resembled Leishmania, was a parasite. Within a few years it became clear that this organism was indeed a fungus. Several decades later it was shown that H. capsulatum was a thermally dimorphic fungus, and by 1949, an environmental reservoir for H. capsulatum had been proved by Emmons.