bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anxiety disorders and the onset of depression among adults in the community
Authors: GOODWIN RENEE D. 
Published: September 2002

Objective. To determine the association between anxiety disorders, panic attack and the risk of major depression among adults in the community.Method. Data were drawn from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program survey waves 1 (N = 20291) and 2 (N = 15849). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the risk of incident major depression at 12-month follow-up (wave 2) associated with each anxiety disorder and panic attacks assessed at wave 1, adjusting for differences in sociodemographic characteristics, and then controlling simultaneously for all anxiety disorders, and other psychiatric co-morbidity.Results. Specific phobia (OR = 1.7 (1.6, 1.8)), agoraphobia (OR = 2.3 (2.2, 2.5)), obsessive–compulsive disorder (OR = 5.4 (5.0, 5.8)) and panic attack (OR = 1.9 (1.8, 2.1)) each made an independent contribution to the risk of major depression, which persisted after adjusting simultaneously for sociodemographic differences and other psychiatric co-morbidity. Conclusions. Each anxiety disorder and panic attacks appear to confer an independent risk for the onset of major depression within 12-months among adults in the community. Understanding the key role played by anxiety in depression onset is needed for prevention strategies.
Parental bonding and adult psychopathology: results from the US National Comorbidity Survey
Authors: ENNS M. W. , COX B. J. , CLARA I. 
Published: September 2002

Background. Research using the parental bonding instrument (PBI) has suggested that lack of parental care and/or overprotection may be important risk factors for adult mental disorders. Much of this research, however, has relied on clinical populations with one or two disorders, or has used highly select community samples.Method. The association between parenting experiences and the occurrence of 13 common mental disorders in adulthood was evaluated in the US National Comorbidity Survey (N = 5877). The effect of sociodemographic variables (age, education, income) was statistically controlled and the effects of six parenting variables (maternal and paternal care, overprotection and authoritarianism) were examined simultaneously. The effects in men and women were examined separately.Results. Lack of care was the parenting variable most consistently associated with adult psychopathology. Parenting experiences with one's mother were more consistently associated with adult mental disorders. In general the impact of parenting was diagnostically non-specific. However, there appeared to be some unique effects for externalizing disorders (substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorder) in males; paternal overprotection and authoritarianism conferred a reduced risk of externalizing disorders in adult males. The overall impact of parenting as assessed by the PBI was modest, accounting for about 1 to 5% of the variance in the occurrence of adult mental disorders.Conclusion. Parenting experiences, particularly lack of care, are potentially causally related in a non-specific manner to a wide variety of forms of adult psychopathology in both men and women. The overall magnitude of the effect is small but statistically significant in a nationally representative US sample.
Back–neck pain and symptoms of anxiety and depression: a population-based twin study
Authors: REICHBORN-KJENNERUD T. , STOLTENBERG C. , TAMBS K. , ROYSAMB E. , KRINGLEN E. , TORGERSEN S. , HARRIS J. R. 
Published: September 2002

Background. Clinical and epidemiological studies have shown an association between anxiety and depression and pain in the back and neck. The nature of this relationship is not clear. This study aimed to investigate the extent to which common genetic and environmental aetiological factors contribute to the covariance between symptoms of anxiety and depression and back–neck pain.Methods. Measures of back–neck pain and symptoms of anxiety and depression were part of a self-report questionnaire sent in 1992 to twins born in Norway between 1967 and 1974 (3996 pairs). Structural equation modelling was applied to determine to what extent back–neck pain and symptoms of anxiety and depression share genetic and environmental liability factors.Results. The phenotypic correlation between symptoms of anxiety and depression and back–neck pain was 0.31. Individual differences in both anxiety and depression and back–neck pain were best accounted for by additive genetic and individual environmental factors. Heritability estimates were 0.53 and 0.30 respectively. For back–neck pain, however, a model specifying only shared- and individual environmental effects could not be rejected. Bivariate analyses revealed that the correlation between back–neck pain and symptoms of anxiety and depression was best explained by additive genetic and individual environmental factors. Genetic factors affecting both phenotypes accounted for 60% of the covariation. There were no significant sex differences.Conclusion. The results support previous findings of a moderate association between back–neck pain and symptoms of anxiety and depression, and suggest that this association is primarily due to common genetic effects.
Prevention and treatment of post-partum depression: a controlled randomized study on women at risk
Authors: CHABROL, H. , TEISSEDRE, F. , SAINT-JEAN, M. , TEISSEYRE, N. , ROGÉ B. , MULLET E. 
Published: September 2002

Background. Research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of prevention and treatment for post-partum depression.Method. Subjects were screened with the Edinburgh Post-natal Depression Scale (EPDS) at the obstetric clinic. Mothers at risk (N = 258) (EPDS scores [ges ]9) were randomly assigned to a prevention/treatment group or a control group. The prevention group received one cognitive-behavioural prevention session during hospitalization. At 4 to 6 weeks post-partum, subjects were screened again with the EPDS, after drop-out rates (refusals plus no return of the second EPDS) of 25.4% (33/130) in the intervention group and 10.9% (14/128) in the control group. Mothers with probable depression (EPDS scores [ges ]11) were assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Mothers with major depression continued in the treatment group (N = 18) or in the control group (N = 30). Treated subjects received a cognitive-behavioural programme of between five and eight weekly home-visits.Results. Compared with the control group, women in the prevention group had significant reductions in the frequency of probable depression (30.2% v. 48.2%). Recovery rates based on HDRS scores of <7 and BDI scores of <4 were also significantly greater in the treated group than in the control group.Conclusions. The study suggests that this programme for prevention and treatment of post-partum depression is reasonably well-accepted and efficacious.
Circumscribed journeys through soundscape composition
Authors: McCartney Andra 
Published: September 2002

The soundscape composition is the journey that circumscribes the relationship,
the conversation between composer and sound sources. (Hildegard Westerkamp)Environmental sounds hold an unusual place in our imaginations. On the one hand,
hey make up the often unnoticed ambiences of our daily lives: they are so much with us and
surrounding us that it takes a special effort to bring them into the foreground,
and pay attention to them. On the other hand, environmental sounds form a powerful conduit to memory. Hearing a particular sound or ambience can launch a chain of related memories, whether experienced consciously or working subconsciously, that reconnects us with particular places and times in our lives. It is precisely these confluences of memory, time and place that interest those who compose with soundscapes.
Sound and sign
Authors: Proy Gabriele 
Published: September 2002

In discussing different sound environments - sound in the field of art as well as sound in the context of our daily sonic environment - this article makes reference to semiotic theories.Sound without source. Electroacoustic media shape our perceptive realities. There are multiple tools available to record and reproduce sound, but is it possible to handle the fleeting nature of sound, the escape of sound? Certainly there are tools to manipulate sound, to create new soundscapes in this way. We can generate virtual
sound-projecting soundscapes via speakers, via headphones in a new context - but what are we listening to?Every sound evokes images. The concept of ‘musique acousmatique’, according to François Bayle, amplifies Pierre Schaeffer's notion of the ‘objet sonore’. ‘Musique acousmatique’ refers to sound projection, and thus to our imagination while concentrating on listening. In listening to acousmatic music, we can find three tonal levels, and this tripartite concept of listening refers to the tripartite semiotic concept introduced by Charles Sanders Peirce.Finally, sound affects us emotionally. In contradiction to the term ‘objet sonore’, the term ‘sound event’ coined by R. Murray Schafer stresses the necessity to analyse sound in its context. It is the sonic environment which determines the meaning of the ‘sound event’. Thus, from my point of view, the concept of soundscape can be compared with Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotic theory about the arbitrary meaning of signs. Signs are determined by their systems.Semiotic concepts offer an interesting approach to sound perception. Let's listen to soundscapes before sound escapes.
Empirical estimates of minimum viable population sizes for primates: tens to tens of thousands?
Authors: Harcourt A.H. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTheoretical estimates of long‐term minimum viable population (MVP) sizes for mammals indicate MVPs of tens of thousands, even a million. However, data to test the theoretical estimates are effectively non‐existent. I here use information on distributions of primates on islands of southeast Asia to provide empirical estimates of the size of multi‐millennial MVPs following the post‐Pleistocene insularization in the Sunda region. Small Sunda region islands have fewer taxa than do large ones. Assuming extinction on the small islands, the MVP size is somewhere between the population size on the smallest island on which the taxon is extant and that on the largest island on which the taxon no longer exists (population size calculated as density of taxon by area of land available). Results for eight to ten genera (depending on the taxonomy) on 35 islands indicate MVPs of perhaps a few score for Nycticebus (loris) and Macaca (macaque) to several thousands, or scores of thousands, for Pongo (orang‐utan) and Symphalangus (siamang). Large‐bodied taxa have significantly larger MVPs than do small‐bodied taxa. Only four protected areas in southeast Asia are large enough to conserve the smaller MVPs of the siamang and orang‐utan.
The Assay of Mixtures of Sodium-24 and Potassium-42 in Clinical Tracer Studies; with Particular Reference to the Measurement of Exchangeable Sodium and Potassium
Authors: D S Munro  , H Renschler  , G M Wilson  
Published: September 2002

1. Combinations of different counting systems have been investigated for their efficiency in assaying mixtures of24Na and42K. The advantages of a combination of thin and thick walled liquid G.M. counter tubes of the Veall pattern are described. Physical methods are unreliable when only a small proportion of the counts is derived from one isotope.2. The separation of potassium by precipitation with sodium tetraphenylboron is described. Methods dependent on chemical separation are reliable even when42K makes only a small contribution to the counting rate of a mixture.3. The application of these methods to the simultaneous measurement of exchangeable sodium and potassium is discussed and a rapid method for carrying out these measurements is described.
Localization of electrons in condensed matter
Authors: N H March  , J C Stoddart  
Published: September 2002

Recent developments in the electron theory of solids and fluids are leading us more and more to the picture of condensed matter as built up out of localized electron distributions, often only weakly interacting with their environment, and significantly different objects from isolated atoms.The merits of such an approach seem to be twofold:In theories where coulombic correlations are not dominant we might hope to obtain a unified description of one-electron states in crystals, amorphous and/or disordered solids, and liquids, in terms of such localized electron distributions. This description will, of course, have to be equivalent to the Bloch-Brillouin theory of energy bands in perfectly periodic structures.Correlation effects seem to be most usefully described in terms of electron localization, and therefore a description as in (i) promises to be particularly favourable for incorporating many-body effects at a second stage.In this article we give particular attention to the nature of electron states in the presence of a local potential built up as a superposition of screened one-centre potentials. If these screened potentials are centred on the sites of a regular lattice, it is shown that, once the problem of scattering of electron waves off the one-centre potential is solved, the exact construction of the energy bands is possible, at least in principle. In practice, only for muffin tins, for which potential the density of states can be derived from the phase shifts, has it proved possible to carry through this programme exactly. But we also describe a density matrix method based on the idea of the partition function of a crystal being built up from products of one-centre partition functions, by means of which we can solve approximately for the band structure generated by overlapping screened ion potentials, once the single-centre scattering has been calculated. In this method, the one-centre scattering is defined by an effective potentialUwhich is asymptotically related to the one-centre input potentialVL. The size of the overlaps of the effective potentialUon neighbouring sites determines the accuracy of the approximate theory.The way in which electron correlations can be incorporated into such a model is then considered. In the Sommerfeld model, where the positive charge is uniformly distributed, a localized orbital method is described. Further, in a lattice, the one-centre method has its counterpart in the many-body problem, though no applications have so far proved possible. Then the relation of the local potential theory to the many-body problem is described. Also included in the discussion are Wigner and Mott transitions, excitonic phases, localized moments in metallic alloys and the recent progress in the theory of strong correlations in narrow energy bands. The role that x-ray scattering measurements can play in helping to define localized electron distributions is also discussed.
Detection of cis -element clusters in higher
eukaryotic DNA
Authors: Frith Martin C. , Hansen Ulla , Weng Zhiping 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
Motivation: Computational prediction and analysis of transcription regulatory regions in DNA sequences has the potential to accelerate greatly our understanding of how cellular processes are controlled. We present a hidden Markov model based method for detecting regulatory regions in DNA sequences, by searching for clusters of cis -elements.
Results: When applied to regulatory targets of the transcription factor LSF, this method achieves a sensitivity of 67%, while making one prediction per 33 kb of non-repetitive human genomic sequence. When applied to muscle specific regulatory regions, we obtain a sensitivity and prediction rate that compare favorably with one of the best alternative approaches. Our method, which we call Cister, can be used to predict different varieties of regulatory region by searching for clusters of cis -elements of any type chosen by the user. Cister is simple to use and is available on the web.
Availability: http://sullivan.bu.edu/~mfrith/cister.shtml
Contact: mfrith@bu.edu; zhiping@bu.edu
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Presence of ATG triplets in

5′ untranslated regions of

eukaryotic cDNAs correlates with a ‘weak’ context of the

start codon
Authors: Rogozin Igor B. , Kochetov Alexey V. , Kondrashov Fyodor A. , Koonin Eugene V. , Milanesi Luciano 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
Motivation: The context of the start codon (typically, AUG) and the features of the 5′ Untranslated Regions (5′ UTRs) are important for understanding translation regulation in eukaryotic mRNAs and for accurate prediction of the coding region in genomic and cDNA sequences. The presence of AUG triplets in 5′ UTRs (upstream AUGs) might effect the initiation rate and, in the context of gene prediction, could reduce the accuracy of the identification of the authentic start. To reveal potential connections between the presence of upstream AUGs and other features of 5′ UTRs, such as their length and the start codon context, we undertook a systematic analysis of the available eukaryotic 5′ UTR sequences.
Results: We show that a large fraction of 5′ UTRs in the available cDNA sequences, 15–53% depending on the organism, contain upstream ATGs. A negative correlation was observed between the information content of the translation start signal and the length of the 5′ UTR. Similarly, a negative correlation exists between the ‘strength’ of the start context and the number of upstream ATGs. Typically, cDNAs containing long 5′ UTRs with multiple upstream ATGs have a ‘weak’ start context, and in contrast, cDNAs containing short 5′ UTRs without ATGs have ‘strong’ starts. These counter-intuitive results may be interpreted in terms of upstream AUGs having an important role in the regulation of translation efficiency by ensuring low basal translation level via double negative control and creating the potential for additional regulatory mechanisms. One of such mechanisms, supported by experimental studies of some mRNAs, includes removal of the AUG-containing portion of the 5′ UTR by alternative splicing.
Availability: An ATG_ EVALUATOR program is available upon request or at www.itba.mi.cnr.it/webgene.
Contact: rogozin@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, milanesi@itba.mi.cnr.it
4 To whom correspondence should be addressed at NCBI/NLM/NIH, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bldg 38A, Rm 805, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
Markovian domain fingerprinting: statistical segmentation of
protein sequences
Authors: Bejerano Gill , Seldin Yevgeny , Margalit Hanah , Tishby Naftali 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
Motivation: Characterization of a protein family by its distinct sequence domains is crucial for functional annotation and correct classification of newly discovered proteins. Conventional Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) based methods find difficulties when faced with heterogeneous groups of proteins. However, even many families of proteins that do share a common domain contain instances of several other domains, without any common underlying linear ordering. Ignoring this modularity may lead to poor or even false classification results. An automated method that can analyze a group of proteins into the sequence domains it contains is therefore highly desirable.
Results: We apply a novel method to the problem of protein domain detection. The method takes as input an unaligned group of protein sequences. It segments them and clusters the segments into groups sharing the same underlying statistics. A Variable Memory Markov (VMM) model is built using a Prediction Suffix Tree (PST) data structure for each group of segments. Refinement is achieved by letting the PSTs compete over the segments, and a deterministic annealing framework infers the number of underlying PST models while avoiding many inferior solutions. We show that regions of similar statistics correlate well with protein sequence domains, by matching a unique signature to each domain. This is done in a fully automated manner, and does not require or attempt an MSA. Several representative cases are analyzed. We identify a protein fusion event, refine an HMM superfamily classification into the underlying families the HMM cannot separate, and detect all 12 instances of a short domain in a group of 396 sequences.
Contact: jill@cs.huji.ac.il; tishby@cs.huji.ac.il
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Clustering protein sequences—structure prediction by

transitive homology
Authors: Bolten Eva , Schliep Alexander , Schneckener Sebastian , Schomburg Dietmar , Schrader Rainer 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
Motivation: It is widely believed that for two proteins Aand Ba sequence identity above some threshold implies structural similarity due to a common evolutionary ancestor. Since this is only a sufficient, but not a necessary condition for structural similarity, the question remains what other criteria can be used to identify remote homologues. Transitivity refers to the concept of deducing a structural similarity between proteins Aand Cfrom the existence of a third protein B, such that Aand Bas well as Band Care homologues, as ascertained if the sequence identity between Aand Bas well as that between Band Cis above the aforementioned threshold. It is not fully understood if transitivity always holds and whether transitivity can be extended ad infinitum.
Results: We developed a graph-based clustering approach, where transitivity plays a crucial role. We determined all pair-wise similarities for the sequences in the SwissProt database using the Smith–Waterman local alignment algorithm. This data was transformed into a directed graph, where protein sequences constitute vertices. A directed edge was drawn from vertex Ato vertex Bif the sequences Aand Bshowed similarity, scaled with respect to the self-similarity of A, above a fixed threshold. Transitivity was important in the clustering process, as intermediate sequences were used, limited though by the requirement of having directed paths in both directions between proteins linked over such sequences. The length dependency—implied by the self-similarity—of the scaling of the alignment scores appears to be an effective criterion to avoid clustering errors due to multi-domain proteins. To deal with the resulting large graphs we have developedan efficient library. Methods include the novel graph-based clustering algorithm capable of handling multi-domain proteins and cluster comparison algorithms. Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) was used as an evaluation data set for our method, yielding a 24% improvement over pair-wise comparisons in terms of detecting remote homologues.
Availability: The software is available to academic users on request from the authors.
Contact: e.bolten@science-factory.com; schliep@zpr.uni-koeln.de; s.schneckener@science-factory.com; d.schomburg@uni-koeln.de; schrader@zpr.uni-koeln.de
Supplementary information: http://www.zaik.uni-koeln.de/~schliep/ProtClust.html
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.