bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theory of the Differential Capacitance of the Double Layer in Unadsorbed Electrolytes
Authors: Macdonald James Ross 
Published: April 2005

A partly phenomenological, one-dimensional theory is presented of the double layer formed at an ideal polarized electrode in uni-univalent aqueous electrolytes showing no specific adsorption. The system analyzed consists of the metallic electrode with its surface charge density, a charge-free layer next to the electrode, and a diffuse layer containing positive and negative charges in unequal concentration extending into the body of the electrolyte. The theory includes the effect of dielectric saturation in both layers due to the field produced by an applied negative bias potential, and compression of the charge-free layer by this field is also taken into account.
The theory is compared with experimental data of D. C. Grahame on 0.916 N to 0.001 N NaF, which shows little or no adsorption on negative polarization. Good agreement is found both for the dependence of the differential capacitance of the entire system on negative polarizing potential (measured from the electrocapillary maximum) and on concentration. Such agreement allows several constants of the charge-free layer to be obtained relatively accurately. In particular, values for its initial thickness, modulus of linear compressibility, initial dielectric constant, and dielectric saturation constant are obtained. Comparison of these results with corresponding results for bulk water affords strong evidence that the charge-free layer consists of a single molecule of water and thus that cations nearest the polarized electrode are hydrated.
Theory of Thermal Diffusion in Liquids and the Use of Pressure to Investigate the Theory
Authors: Rutherford W. M. , Drickamer H. G. 
Published: April 2005

A theory of thermal diffusion in liquids is presented which involves: (1) a molecular interpretation due to Denbigh of the results of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes in terms of regular solution theory; (2) a correction for differences in shape and size of the molecules.
Thermal diffusion measurements have been made to 10 000 atmospheres pressure on a series of binary mixtures in a single stage system. The results indicate that the theory is satisfactory.
The Box Model and Electron Densities in Conjugated Systems
Authors: Platt John R. 
Published: April 2005

Part I describes the pi-electron density distributions of some conjugated systems, computed by generalizing Schmidt's model, with the electrons free to move in a properly shaped box of constant potential. Only products and sums of sine functions are needed for rectangular boxes (polyacenes, porphine) and Bessel functions for circular (coronene) or circular-sector boxes (phenanthrene). Plaster models of the pi-electron density surface are shown for 10 molecules. In aromatics, ring-shaped regions of high density are found at the same locations as the rings of the carbon skeleton.
In Part II it is shown that the density maxima in the boxes usually coincide with the high-order bonds or high-density atoms predicted by resonance theory or LCAO theory or the free-electron-network theory, with similar correspondence for low-density bonds or atoms. This suggests that the common success of these three other theories rests not on their various special assumptions, but on primitive general requirements of wave continuity and orthogonality in space.
In Part III this point is elaborated into a theorem that the density and transition energy of a closed-shell system are stable under large changes in the one-particle potential function if the changes occur below the highest-filled orbital. Taken together with electron repulsion and antisymmetrization, this helps explain why Coulomb and short-range forces can be successfully approximated by the smoothed-potential model of the nucleus and the free-electron model of metals and molecules.
In Part IV it is shown that the box model leads to a ``periodic table'' of stabilities of convex conjugated hydrocarbons. Their possible spectral types are discussed. Some new hydrocarbons are described which may be stable.
Heloise and the Paraclete
Authors: Mews Constant J. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Heloise and the Paraclete. This chapter considers Abelard’s decision to entrust his foundation of the Paraclete to Heloise and his writing of the Historia calamitatum in 1132–33, as well as Heloise’s reaction to this autobiographical narrative. It examines the impact of Heloise’s arguments about their past relationship and about the religious life for women on Abelard’s writings for the Paraclete. It also considers Abelard’s poetic laments in the light of Heloise’s interest in the human side of the Bible.
Morality
Authors: Gert Bernard 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Morality: Its Nature and Justification provides an analysis of the concepts of morality, rationality and irrationality, reasons, goods and evils, moral rules, and impartiality. It uses these analyses to describe a justified moral system that includes moral rules that prohibit doing the kinds of actions that need justification so as not to be immoral; moral ideals that encourage doing the kinds of actions that, if they do not involve violations of moral rules, are universally considered to be morally good actions; and a two-step procedure for determining when the violations of a moral rule are strongly justified, weakly justified, and unjustified. The first step of this two-step procedure uses the morally relevant features to provide a morally relevant description of the action. The second step involves estimating whether more harm would be caused by publicly allowing such a violation or by not allowing it. This justified moral system is commonly used, although usually only implicitly, by people when they are making thoughtful moral decisions and judgments. Morality is a public system that is known by all normal adults, and that is not irrational for any of them to use to govern their own behavior and to judge the behavior of others. These analyses and justifications are used to provide an account of virtues and vices and of moral judgments, to answer the question of why one should be moral, and show that the same morality applies to governments as to individuals.
Towards a Labour Market in China
Authors: Knight John , Song Lina 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This book presents a compilation of studies on China’s labour market. These explore institutional and political constraints on the operation of the market, and their changes over time. The book is divided into four parts. Part I studies the Chinese labour and wage system under the planned economy, labour market reforms, their evolution, and their consequences. Part II examines the various aspects of the labour market such as wage structure and segmentation. Part III analyses the rural labour market. Part IV discusses the imperfect labour market.
The Evangelical Conversion Narrative
Authors: Hindmarsh D. Bruce 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This book is about conversion narrative, a popular genre of spiritual autobiography that proliferated during the last two-thirds of the eighteenth century within the context of the Evangelical Revival in England. The subject is set in a large chronological frame, beginning with the rise of the genre in the mid-seventeenth century and ending with the ‘fall’ of the genre among some of the non-Western converts of early nineteenth-century missionaries. This large frame allows the genre to be seen whole, and draws attention to the particular conditions under which early modern people turned to spiritual autobiography. Tracing the development of the genre across the period of the Evangelical Revival through different communities and representative writings, the book provides a comprehensive typology of conversion and evangelical self-identity as it differed among the Arminian and perfectionist followers of Wesley, the Moravians under the influence of ‘stillness’, the moderate Calvinists in the Church of England, the Particular Baptists who continued to embrace high Calvinism, and others. A chapter is also included on conversion narrative among evangelical Presbyterians involved in the Cambuslang Revival in Scotland. On the basis of extensive, untapped archival sources, The Evangelical Conversion Narrative explores the different forms of expression among the educated and uneducated, pastors and laypeople, women and men, and Western and non-Western peoples. By being on the trailing edge of Christendom and the leading edge of modernity, eighteenth-century England provided the right conditions for evangelical conversion narrative to flourish, and the concluding chapter examines afresh the significance of the appearance of the genre in this context. This book is concerned with the history of autobiography, the study of eighteenth-century religion and culture, and our understanding of the Evangelical Revival.
John Calvin's Ideas
Authors: Helm Paul 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
John Calvin is universally acknowledged as one of the formative Christian theologians and one of the great doctors of the Church. His work continues to be the subject of almost continuous exposition and scholarly appraisal. This book is the first at length treatment of some of his key ideas and his theological positions that have a philosophical aspect to them. Work has been done on the philosophical sources of some of Calvin's work, but little or nothing on how Calvin actually made use of philosophical ideas in his work. Calvin has frequently been thought of as anti philosophical in his bent, with particular focus being placed on his intense dislike of speculation. Emphasis has been placed on his role as a theologian of 'the Word' and on his Renaissance background. It is not denied that Calvin was first and foremost a theologian, and not a philosopher, and the influence of the Renaissance upon him, particularly on his style, must be recognized. However, careful analysis of his theology reveals both Calvin's thorough familiarity with a range of philosophical ideas, and a willingness to use these, putting them to work in elucidation of his own theological positions, and even on occasion indulging in a little speculation on his own account.
In order to emphasis Calvin's often positive relationship to philosophical ideas, the chapters of the book are arranged in philosophical rather than theological order. So there are chapters on metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. As well as examining Calvin's theology in its late mediaeval context, attention is given to the way in which Calvin has been appealed to in contemporary philosophy by 'reformed' epistemology.
It is believed that this book should lead to a reappraisal not of Calvin's theology as such, but of his theological method, and of the way in which his work relates not only to late mediaeval theology but also to later developments in Reformed theology, in Puritanism, and Reformed Scholasticism.
Ethylene-Regulated Floral Volatile Synthesis in Petunia Corollas
Authors: Underwood Beverly A. , Tieman Denise M. , Shibuya Kenichi , Dexter Richard J. , Loucas Holly M. , Simkin Andrew J. , Sims Charles A. , Schmelz Eric A. , Klee Harry J. , Clark David G. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
In many flowering plants, such as petunia (Petunia × hybrida), ethylene produced in floral organs after pollination elicits a series of physiological and biochemical events, ultimately leading to senescence of petals and successful fertilization. Here, we demonstrate, using transgenic ethylene insensitive (44568) and Mitchell Diploid petunias, that multiple components of emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated by ethylene. Expression of benzoic acid/salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (PhBSMT1 and 2) mRNA is temporally and spatially down-regulated in floral organs in a manner consistent with current models for postpollination ethylene synthesis in petunia corollas. Emission of methylbenzoate and other VOCs after pollination and exogenous ethylene treatment parallels a reduction in PhBSMT1 and 2 mRNA levels. Under cyclic light conditions (day/night), PhBSMT mRNA levels are rhythmic and precede emission of methylbenzoate by approximately 6 h. When shifted into constant dark or light conditions, PhBSMT mRNA levels and subsequent methylbenzoate emission correspondingly decrease or increase to minimum or maximum levels observed during normal conditions, thus suggesting that light may be a more critical influence on cyclic emission of methylbenzoate than a circadian clock. Transgenic PhBSMT RNAi flowers with reduced PhBSMT mRNA levels show a 75% to 99% decrease in methylbenzoate emission, with minimal changes in other petunia VOCs. These results implicate PhBSMT1 and 2 as genes responsible for synthesis of methylbenzoate in petunia.
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Polyamine Levels and Polyamine Anabolism in Different Organs/Tissues of the Tobacco Plant. Correlations with Age, Cell Division/Expansion, and Differentiation
Authors: Paschalidis Konstantinos A. , Roubelakis-Angelakis Kalliopi A. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Polyamine (PA) titers and biosynthesis follow a basipetal decrease along the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plant axis, and they also correlate negatively with cell size. On the contrary, the titers of arginine (Arg), ornithine (Orn), and arginase activity increase with age. The free (soluble)/total-PA ratios gradually increase basipetally, but the soluble conjugated decrease, with spermidine (Spd) mainly to determine these changes. The shoot apical meristems are the main site of Spd and spermine biosynthesis, and the hypogeous tissues synthesize mostly putrescine (Put). High and low Spd syntheses are correlated with cell division and expansion, respectively. Put biosynthetic pathways are differently regulated in hyper- and hypogeous tobacco tissues: Only Arg decarboxylase is responsible for Put synthesis in old hypergeous vascular tissues, whereas, in hypogeous tissues, arginase-catalyzed Orn produces Put via Orn decarboxylase. Furthermore, Orn decarboxylase expression coincides with early cell divisions in marginal sectors of the lamina, and Spd synthase strongly correlates with later cell divisions in the vascular regions. This detailed spatial and temporal profile of the free, soluble-conjugated, and insoluble-conjugated fractions of Put, Spd, and spermine in nearly all tobacco plant organs and the profile of enzymes of PA biosynthesis at the transcript, protein, and specific activity levels, along with the endogenous concentrations of the precursor amino acids Arg and Orn, offer new insight for further understanding the physiological role(s) of PAs. The results are discussed in the light of age dependence, cell division/expansion, differentiation, phytohormone gradients, senescence, and sink-source relationships.
Genome-Based Examination of Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Lohr Martin , Im Chung-Soon , Grossman Arthur R. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a particularly important model organism for the study of photosynthesis since this alga can grow heterotrophically, and mutants in photosynthesis are therefore conditional rather than lethal. The recently developed tools for genomic analyses of this organism have allowed us to identify most of the genes required for chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis and to examine their phylogenetic relationships with homologous genes from vascular plants, other algae, and cyanobacteria. Comparative genome analyses revealed some intriguing features associated with pigment biosynthesis in C. reinhardtii; in some cases, there are additional conserved domains in the algal and plant but not the cyanobacterial proteins that may directly influence their activity, assembly, or regulation. For some steps in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway, we found multiple gene copies encoding putative isozymes. Phylogenetic studies, theoretical evaluation of gene expression through analysis of expressed sequence tag data and codon bias of each gene, enabled us to generate hypotheses concerning the function and regulation of the individual genes, and to propose targets for future research. We have also used quantitative polymerase chain reaction to examine the effect of low fluence light on the level of mRNA accumulation encoding key proteins of the biosynthetic pathways and examined differential expression of those genes encoding isozymes that function in the pathways. This work is directing us toward the exploration of the role of specific photoreceptors in the biosynthesis of pigments and the coordination of pigment biosynthesis with the synthesis of proteins of the photosynthetic apparatus.
Characterization and Expression Patterns of UDP-d-Glucuronate Decarboxylase Genes in Barley
Authors: Zhang Qisen , Shirley Neil , Lahnstein Jelle , Fincher Geoffrey B. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
UDP-d-glucuronate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.35) catalyzes the synthesis of UDP-d-xylose from UDP-d-glucuronate in an essentially irreversible reaction that is believed to commit glycosyl residues to heteroxylan and xyloglucan biosynthesis. Four members of the barley (Hordeum vulgare) UDP-d-glucuronate decarboxylase gene family, designated HvUXS1 to HvUXS4, have been cloned and characterized. Barley HvUXS1 appears to be a cytosolic enzyme, while the others are predicted to be membrane-bound proteins with single transmembrane helices. Heterologous expression of a barley HvUXS1 cDNA in Escherichia coli yields a soluble enzyme that converts UDP-d-glucuronate to UDP-d-xylose, is associated with a single molecule of bound NAD+, and is subject to feedback inhibition by UDP-d-xylose. Quantitative PCR shows that the HvUXS1 mRNA is most abundant among the 4 HvUXS genes, accounting for more than 80% of total HvUXS transcripts in most of the tissues examined. The abundance of HvUXS1 mRNA is 10-fold higher in mature roots and stems than in leaves, developing grains, or floral tissues. Transcriptional activities of HvUXS2 and HvUXS4 genes are relatively high in mature roots, coleoptiles, and stems compared with root tips, leaves, and floral tissues, while HvUXS3 mRNA is low in all tissues. In barley leaf sections, levels of the most abundant mRNA, encoding HvUXS1, reflect the amount of soluble enzymic protein and activity. In selected tissues where HvUXS1 transcript levels are high, cell walls have higher arabinoxylan contents.
A Novel Short-Root Gene Encodes a Glucosamine-6-Phosphate Acetyltransferase Required for Maintaining Normal Root Cell Shape in Rice
Authors: Jiang Huawu , Wang Shaomin , Dang Lei , Wang Shoufeng , Chen Hanmin , Wu Yunrong , Jiang Xinhang , Wu Ping 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Glycosylation is a posttranslational modification occurring in many secreted and membrane-associated proteins in eukaryotes. It plays important roles in both physiological and pathological processes. Most of these protein modifications depend on UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. In this study, a T-DNA insertional rice (Oryza sativa) mutant exhibiting a temperature-sensitive defect in root elongation was isolated. Genetic and molecular analysis indicated that the mutated phenotype was caused by loss of function of a gene encoding a glucosamine-6-P acetyltransferase (designated OsGNA1), which is involved in de novo UDP-N-acetylglucosamine biosynthesis. The aberrant root morphology of the gna1 mutant includes shortening of roots, disruption of microtubules, and shrinkage of cells in the root elongation zone. Our observations support the idea that protein glycosylation plays a key role in cell metabolism, microtubule stabilization, and cell shape in rice roots.
Nematode Infection Triggers the de Novo Formation of Unloading Phloem That Allows Macromolecular Trafficking of Green Fluorescent Protein into Syncytia
Authors: Hoth Stefan , Schneidereit Alexander , Lauterbach Christian , Scholz-Starke Joachim , Sauer Norbert 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSyncytial feeding complexes induced by the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii represent strong metabolic sinks for photoassimilates. These newly formed structures were described to be symplastically isolated from the surrounding root tissue and their mechanism of carbohydrate import has repeatedly been under investigation. Here, we present analyses of the symplastic connectivity between the root phloem and these syncytia in nematode-infected Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants expressing the gene of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) or of different GFP fusions under the control of the companion cell (CC)-specific AtSUC2 promoter. In the same plants, phloem differentiation during syncytium formation was monitored using cell-specific antibodies for CCs or sieve elements (SEs). Our results demonstrate that free, CC-derived GFP moved freely from the phloem into the syncytial domain. No or only marginal cell-to-cell passage of GFP was observed into other root cells adjacent to these syncytia. In contrast, membrane-anchored GFP variants as well as soluble GFP fusions with increased molecular masses were restricted to the SE-CC complex. The presented data also show that nematode infection triggers the de novo formation of phloem containing an approximately 3-fold excess of SEs over CCs. This newly formed phloem exhibits typical properties of unloading phloem previously described in other sink tissues. Our results reveal the existence of a symplastic pathway between phloem CCs and nematode-induced syncytia. The plasmodesmata responsible for this symplastic connectivity allow the cell-to-cell movement of macromolecules up to 30 kD and are likely to represent the major or exclusive path for the supply of assimilates from the phloem into the syncytial complex.
Localization of Soluble β-Carbonic Anhydrase in the Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Sorting to the Chloroplast and Cluster Formation on the Girdle Lamellae
Authors: Tanaka Yuji , Nakatsuma Daisuke , Harada Hisashi , Ishida Maki , Matsuda Yusuke 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
A β-carbonic anhydrase (CA) in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PtCA1) is encoded by the nuclear genome. This enzyme was previously found to be important for the operation of photosynthesis with a high affinity for dissolved inorganic carbon. A cDNA sequence that encodes PtCA1 (ptca1) was shown to possess a presequence of 138 bp (pre138), which encodes an N-terminal sequence of 46 amino acids (Pre46AA) that does not exist in the mature PtCA1. In this study, pre138 was ligated with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene (egfp), and introduced into P. tricornutum by microprojectile bombardment. Subsequently, the expressed Pre46AA-GFP fusion was shown to be localized in the chloroplast stroma, whereas the expressed GFP without Pre46AA was localized in the cytoplasm. Insertion of the DNA sequence, encoding a mature region of ptca1 (mptca1) between pre138 and egfp, resulted in the formation of particles with concentrated GFP fluorescence in the stroma of P. tricornutum. These particles, 0.3 to 3.0 μm in size, were shown to be distinct from the mitochondria and localized on the surface of the putative girdle lamella. The attachment of the initial one-half of the pre138 to the mptca1-egfp fusion caused the expressed GFP fusion to accumulate in areas surrounding the chloroplast, presumably due to the presence of the endoplasmic reticulum signal encoded by the initial half-sequence and to the absence of the chloroplast transit sequence. These results indicate that PtCA1 is targeted to the stroma by the bipartite sequences of Pre46AA and that the observed GFP particles are formed specifically in the stroma due to the function of the mptca1.