bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Legitimacy Of The European Union After Enlargement
Authors: Thomassen Jacques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout its history the European Union ‘s (EU) legitimacy has been a matter of concern. A major challenge to its legitimacy was the 2004 enlargement with ten new member states, eight of them previously communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. This enlargement was without precedent in the history of the Union and its earlier incarnations. It is still to be seen how well the institutions as well as the citizens of the Union will be able to cope with the consequences of this operation. The institutions of the Union were never designed for such a large number of members. As a consequence, the Union is going through a laborious process of adapting its institutions to the changing circumstances.
European Citizenship and Identity after Enlargement
Authors: Thomassen Jacques , Bäck Hanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we focus on the first dimension of legitimacy distinguished in Chapter 1, the dimension of identity and citizenship, from the perspective of the citizens themselves. Thus, the aim of this chapter is to try to assess the effect of the 2004 enlargement on the legitimacy of the European Union (EU) with regard to the dimension of identity. For this purpose we should first clarify what we mean by a European demos and a European identity. It is beyond dispute that the very idea of democracy, and of people ‘s sovereignty, presupposes the existence of a people, a demos.
William Hazlitt
Authors: Wu Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Romanticism is where the modern age begins, and Hazlitt was its most articulate spokesman. No one else had the ability to see it whole; no one else knew so many of its politicians, poets, and philosophers. By interpreting it for his contemporaries, he speaks to us of ourselves - of the culture and world we now inhabit. Perhaps the most important development of his time, the creation of a mass media, is one that now dominates our lives. Hazlitt's livelihoo was dependent on it. As the biography argues, he took political sketch-writing to a new level, invented sports commentary as we know it, and created the essay-form as practised by Clive James, Gore Vidal, and Michael Foot. Duncan Wu's profile of one of the greatest journalists in the language draws on over a decade of archival research in libraries across Britain and North America, to reveal for the first time such matters as why Godwin broke with Hazlitt; how Hazlitt came to know Sir John Soane and J. M. W. Turner; the true nature of Hazlitt's dealings with Thomas Medwin, and what the likes of Joseph Farington and Sir Thomas Lawrence thought of him. In addition, it sheds new light on Hazlitt's dealings with such figures as Francis Jeffrey, Robert Stodart, John M'Creery, Henry Crabb Robinson, Joseph Parkes, John Cam Hobhouse, and Stendhal. It benefits also from Wu's New Writings of William Hazlitt, many of which make their appearance here, illuminating hitherto obscure passages of Hazlitt's life.
chapter 23
Authors: Wu Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Godwin was in for an unpleasant surprise. One day in early May 1826 he read in the paper that Hazlitt’s new collection, The Plain Speaker, contained ‘anecdotes’ about him. Irritated, he wrote to its publisher, Henry Colburn: In the larger announce of ‘The Plain Speaker,’ I find my name among others, as one of the persons of whom the author thinks proper to retail his anecdotes. No curiosity can be more natural, & few desires more venial, than the wish to know what sort of anecdotes respecting one’s self any one of the lounging public may be amused with, that chuses it Would you then oblige me with the loan of the book? I will promise not to detain it more than a week.
chapter 24
Authors: Wu Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was trouble brewing at home. Now fifteen, William Jr had been in Paris nearly a year. Never an easy child, he was once described by Keats as ‘that little Nero’, and loyalty to his mother (who he thought ‘had been ill used’) prevented him finding a modus vivendi with Isabella. Not only was he ‘very pointed and severe in his remarks’ to her, but his own son said he ‘was much distressed and hurt at the second marriage’ (an understatement), indicating a permanent disinclination to accept her. By the time Hazlitt returned to Paris in July 1827, the friction between them was intolerable, not eased by the fact that Isabella paid for the boy’s upkeep and education.
the ancient greeks and modern realism:ethics, persuasion, and power
Authors: Lebow Richard Ned 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is widespread recognition that the realist tradition reached its nadir in neorealism. In his unsuccessful effort to transform realism into a scientific theory, Kenneth Waltz, father of neorealism, denuded the realist tradition of its complexity and subtlety, appreciation of agency, and understanding that power is most readily transformed into influence when it is both masked and embedded in a generally accepted system of norms. Neorealism is a parody of science. Its key terms like power and polarity are loosely and haphazardly formulated and its scope conditions are left undefined. It relies on a process akin to natural selection to shape the behaviour of units in a world where successful strategies are not necessarily passed on to successive leaders and where the culling of less successful units rarely occurs. It more closely resembles an unfalsifiable ideology than it does a scientific theory, and its rise and fall has had little to do with conceptual and empirical advances. Its appeal lay in its apparent parsimony and superficial resemblance to science; something that says more about its adherents that it does about the theory.
Integration and Identity Politics
Authors: Saggar Shamit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Western Europe, and increasingly North America, has in the later part of the twentieth century become associated with significant Muslim-minority populations as a result of large-scale immigration. Descriptions of those migratory flows and the Muslim populations that have settled in Western Europe were provided in Chapter 2. That chapter noted the large element of internal differentiation and heterogeneity in the various Muslim communities of Western Europe. Although a number of those communities are associated with post-war labour migration into growing industrial economies, it is also clear that the sources and circumstances of their migration has varied a great deal. The Turkish guest worker-derived community of Germany differs in important ways from the North African communities of France, for example. The heavy influx of refugee communities into the Netherlands, many from Muslim regions such as the Horn of Africa and the Maghrib, has resulted in a different dynamic. Meanwhile, Britain’s more recent Bangladeshi influx has tended to originate from a poor, rural, agrarian background to a much greater extent than its other longer-standing South Asian communities. In this chapter, the focus of the discussion changes to examine in some detail the dominant ideas and approaches towards the inclusion of migrants and foreigners across Western Europe. The localized context of migrants and the descendents, in other words, is sufficiently important as a set of explanatory variables. Therefore, some space needs to be devoted to exploring not just the varied experiences of European Muslims but also the specific historical and ideological environments in which they live, if not always easily, with their non-Muslim neighbours.
Strategic Responses
Authors: Saggar Shamit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study thus far has examined various aspects of the emerging problem of Muslim religious and political extremism in Western societies. The problem has been viewed from a range of perspectives and approaches. For example, in Chapter 3, we examined the nature of religious identity in a largely secular environment and the areas of tension that this threw up in relation to Western Muslim communities. In Chapter 4, our attention turned to theories and practices to build integration across ethnic and religious lines in Western immigration societies. And the concern of Chapter 5 was to pin down with as much detail as possible the nature and extent of radicalism and extremism within Western Muslim communities. In this chapter, we will draw on these findings and emerging conclusions to inform understanding not just of a bigger picture of the central issue. The central purpose of this chapter is to assess the task or tasks facing government or governments across the Western family of nations. This, as previously noted, is the main objective of this book, namely, to describe a story and assess responses as viewed from the perspective of government itself.
Rwanda: Milking the Cow. Creating Policy Space in Spite of Aid Dependence
Authors: Hayman Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When dealing with donors you are dealing with humans, and you have to deal with them as you would milking a cow. Treat them nicely and more milk flows than you would have expected; treat them badly and they kick over the bucket.2 Like many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Rwanda is highly dependent upon flows of external assistance for maintaining economic stability and undertaking socio-economic development programmes. Since the late 1990s, donor agencies have converged around Rwanda’s poverty reduction strategy as the country’s main policy agenda. This represents a joint policy, which is ‘owned’ by Rwanda but has involved considerable external input, enabling the Rwandan government to negotiate aid around a set of mutually agreed priorities. These priorities reflect both Rwandan needs and dominant global norms for development, incorporating neo-liberal economic reforms as well as social and political development activities focused on achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and poverty reduction.
Mali: Patterns and Limits of Donor-Driven Ownership
Authors: Bergamaschi Isaline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since 1999, Mali has become a laboratory for the implementation of the Paris Declaration in West francophone Africa. However, the much-wanted recipient ownership is very weak. Some donors working in Mali describe it as an example of ‘donor-driven ownership’, meaning that there are few signs of genuine policy ownership and that the government lacks both the ‘capacity’ and ‘political will’ to pursue development goals and take the lead in the aid relationship. This chapter argues that as donors’ influence over policy has increased, the government’s capacity and will to take the lead in managing aid have decreased. Indeed, if the current political situation seems characterized by a certain degree of inertia, a lack of development strategy, weak capacities, and compliance with donors, it can only be understood as the result of several decades of aid dependence, the weakening of the state, and donor entanglement in national institutions.
Island of a Thousand Tongues and a Wild, Wild Landscape
Authors: Novotny Vojtech 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New Guinea is the world’s largest tropical island, with vast virgin forests, great rivers and swamps, high mountain chains, and even a little glacier, as well as hundreds of island satellites ringed with coral reefs. In short, a most diverse and extraordinarily impenetrable land. Its area, ten times the size of the Czech Republic, is home to a mere six million people who speak 1,043 languages at the last count. For us Czechs, members of an exceptionally large nation in New Guinean eyes, this wealth of languages is hard to imagine.
Discrimination of Orientation
Authors: Weiskrantz Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our original paper we reported a demonstration of good discrimination of the orientation of successively presented bars, either horizontal vs. vertical or vertical vs. diagonal. We followed this up in a further study in February 1976, when we were also interested in the difference in performance between the left and right eyes (see Chapter 7). The first test, however, was binocular. D.B. was seated in a semi-darkened hospital office room, and a white bar was projected onto the wall for 125 msec. (using a Compar shutter placed in front of a Leitz Type 31 044 000, 150-watt projector). He was told that a vertical or horizontal bar would be flashed into his blind field, and he was to respond either ‘up-and-down’ or ‘across’. The order of each block of 30 trials was quasi-random, and the same slide was used for both orientations. The size of the bar was 21.6 cm long × 1.27 cm wide, and the fixation distance was 91.4 cm.
Matching within the Impaired Field
Authors: Weiskrantz Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, matching between stimuli in the impaired and the mirror-symmetrical normal field is possible for D.B., at least for X vs. O, at a moderate level of success. But, as mentioned, it is possible that the performance was carried out successively. That is, it is already clear that he can make a successive discrimination between these two stimuli when they are projected singly in the impaired field. To store what was presented in the good field for a short interval while making a decision about the impaired field would not be a demanding task, and would enable a match to be made efficiently. The matter could, perhaps, be pursued by careful analysis of reaction times in the single vs. double field presentations.
Modeling Evolution an introduction to numerical methods
Authors: Roff Derek A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Computer modeling is now an integral part of research in evolutionary biology. The advent of increased processing power in the personal computer, coupled with the availability of languages such as R, SPLUS, Mathematica, Maple, Mathcad, and MATLAB, has ensured that the development and analysis of computer models of evolution is now within the capabilities of most graduate students. However, there are two hurdles that tend to discourage students from making full use of the power of computer modeling. The first is the general problem of formulating the question and the second is its implementation using an appropriate computer language. Modeling Evolution outlines how evolutionary questions are formulated and how, in practice, they can be resolved by analytical and numerical methods (with the emphasis being on the latter). Following a general introduction to computer modeling, successive chapters describe "Fisherian" optimality models, invasibility analysis, genetic models, game theoretic models, and dynamic programming. A common chapter plan facilitates tuition and comprises an introduction (in which the general approach and methods are described) followed by a series of carefully structured scenarios that have been selected to highlight particular aspects of evolutionary modeling. Coding for each example is provided in either R or MATLAB since both of these programs are readily available and extensively used. This coding is available on the author's web site allowing easy implementation and study of the programs. Each chapter concludes with a list of exemplary papers which have been chosen on the basis of how well they explain and illustrate the techniques discussed in the chapter.
Electrophoretic and Immunoblotting Methods
Authors: Jackson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peptide hormones are a particular set of soluble proteins which may be characterized by the application of those electrophoretic methods available generally for protein analysis. There is a wide variety of types of such analytical methods. The information obtainable from the use of a suitable selection of these will usually provide sufficient data for either the unequivocal identification or the de nova description of the proteins or peptides in question.
Immunometric Assays
Authors: Siddle K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The potential of a peptide to react in a two-site assay therefore depends on it being antigenically polyvalent, and of a minimum size such that two antibodies can bind simultaneously to their respective epitopes without mutual steric interference. Polyvalency can reflect either the presence of multiple copies of a given epitope, as in oligomeric proteins, or more usually, distinct epitopes recognized by the two antibodies. It is unlikely that peptides of less than 20—30 amino acids in length would readily permit simultaneous binding of two antibodies and the two-site assay format is therefore not applicable for short peptides, or molecules normally considered as haptens.
Cytoplasmic free calcium: measurement and manipulation in Iiving cells
Authors: Hallett Maurice B , Dormer Robert L , Campbell Anthony K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The survival, specialized functions, and reproduction of eukaryotic animal and plant cells, and many prokaryotes, requires Ca2+ in the medium bathing the cells (1, 2, 3). In 1883, Sydney Ringer showed that the normal beating frog heart requires external Ca2+. The problem facing cell physiologists over the century since these pioneering experiments is how can one distinguish a ‘passive’ structural role for Ca2+ in a particular cell type from an ‘active’ regulatory one? In the latter case it is a change in free Ca2+ at a particular site within the cell which is responsible for initiating a response, for example cell movement, secretion or division.
Exo Utero surgery
Authors: Muneoka Ken , Wanek Nancy , Trevino. Christopher , Bryant Susan v. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of our current understanding of vertebrate development has been derived from analyses of amphibian and avian embryos which are readily accessible for observation and experimentation. Studies on mammalian embryos during critical stages of organogenesis are complicated by the inaccessibility of the embryos. Only limited manipulations have been possible on embryos in utero (Chapter 3) and, although intact embryos may he manipulated in vitro (Chapters 1 and 15), these studies are restricted by the relatively short period during which embryos develop normally in culture. We have been able to circumvent some of the problems of embryo accessibility in the mouse by showing that embryonic development can occur normally outside the confines of the uterus (exo utero) as long as the placental uterine association remains undamaged.
In utero manipulations
Authors: Papaioannou Virginia E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Postimplantation stages of mammalian development are accessible through short-term in vitro culture of whole embryos (see Chapter 1) and exoutero preparations (see Chapter 2). Another approach is the introduction of cells or substances into the implanted conceptus in utero. These methods can be used to follow the outcome of a manipulation on a postimplantation embryo over an extended period including birth and postnatal development. What follows is a description of these methods as they have been developed for the mouse. They have not been widely employed, largely because of the lack of precision in the placement of introduced cells, limitations on the success of colonization, and the high mortality following the disturbance of gestation. None the less, they have been successfully applied to specific questions of cell lineage in the postimplantation embryo. This chapter also covers techniques useful in the follow--up of in utero manipulations, such as the recognition and staging of intrauterine death and Caesarean delivery of offspring.
Routine assessment of morphology and growth: scoring syste1ns and measurements of size
Authors: Brown Nigel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes techniques for the routine assessment of the morphology and growth of postimplantation conceptuses. The aim is to give methods which are quick, easy, objective, and accurate, rather than exhaustive. For example, morphological assessment is made from gross examination of fresh samples, not from histological examination. A recent study (t) showing that routine histological study of postimplantation conceptuses reveals little more than gross morphology supports this approach.
RNA-based viruses
Authors: Kroner Philip , Ahlquist Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the use of protoplasts to study various aspects of the replication cycle of ( +) strand RNA viruses that infect plants. The genetic analysis of these viruses, which comprise the overwhelming majority of plant viruses, has been accelerated in recent years by the development of methods that produce infectious viral RNA from genetically manipulatable cDNA clones. Using this technology, these viruses can be studied both in vivo and in vitro in a variety of experimental systems using, for example whole plants, protoplasts, and extracts purified from infected tissue. Each of these systems has its own advantages, such as emphasizing aspects of the virus lifecycle. Many important issues relating to the movement of virus infection, for example, require investigation at the level of whole plants or tissues. For many studies, however, protoplasts provide an especially valuable system.
Analysis of DNA adducts by mass spectrometry
Authors: Giese Roger W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is increasing concern in our society about the risks to health from human exposure to toxic chemical and physical agents. While chemical exposure studies involving animals are important, there is no complete substitute for direct studies of humans. Since an ultimate target for toxic chemicals in the body is DNA, there is interest in measuring chemicals attached to human DNA. Such measurements including structural elucidation of the adducts can serve not only as an internal dosimeter for human exposure to chemicals, but contribute to our understanding of chemical carcinogenesis and mutagenesis.
Progress in biomonitoring of aromatic carcinogens by determination of thioethers in the urine
Authors: Norpoth K , Muller G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Besides DNA-, RNA-, and protein adducts, thioethers which are produced by the reaction of activated carcinogens with glutathione are found to be useful parameters of the biological monitoring of carcinogen exposure. Of importance are S-substituted cysteine and N-acetylcysteine derivatives which are degraded further to thioglycolic acids and sulphoxides (Fig. 29.1). The aim of this work was to study whether the improvement of thioether-analysis can facilitate the calculation of body burden of the activated moiety of incorporated aromatic carcinogens.
Selective alkylation of cells in rat tissues after treatment with N-nitroso compounds: immunohistochemical detection of potential target cells
Authors: O’Connor P J , Fan C -Y , Zaidi S N , Cooper D P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The N-nitroso compounds are carcinogenic if they are activated to generate intermediates which undergo reaction with the constituents of cells thereby leading to the initiation of cancers through the formation of promutagenic 0-alkylated bases in DNA.
Immunological monitoring of DNA damage formed in patients by DNA-reactive anticancer drugs
Authors: Tilby M J , Dean C J , Lawley P D , Styles J N , Selby P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The anticancer drug melphalan (phenylalanine mustard), a difunctional nitrogen mustard which is highly cytotoxic, is administered to certain cancer patients (e.g. myeloma) in high doses by intravenous injection. We have developed a monoclonal antibody based immunoassay for the DNA adducts fonned by melphalan in order to carry out clinical investigations related to cancer chemotherapy. Because the patients receive a single, accurately known, high dose of this drug, an opportunity is available for studying the molecular dosimetry of an alkylating agent in man and for assessing the variation between patients in their susceptibility to DNA damage formation under these circumstances.