bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Agmon Tamir , Glinow Mary Ann Von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main message of this book is to bring technology transfer and international business together. There is no process of international business without a technology transfer, particularly the process-embodied kind. As the focus in the research and the practice of technology transfer is on the transfer that takes place across borders, understanding the environment of international business is essential for those who research or practice technology transfer.
On the Mathematical Transformation of Input-Output Matrices over Time or Space
Authors: Ghosh A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One feature of input output matrices is that if they are of the same order and have the same classification it may be possible to find a transformation between any two of them. If such a transformation can be related to the output vectors concerned by a scalar or a diagonal matrix, then the resulting transformation of the matrices can easily be computed and can be expressed in canonical form, and the implicit technological transformation that lies behind this transformation can be brought out clearly. The object of this chapter is to demonstrate some useful properties of input -output matrices of the same order, conceptualized as forming a group.
The Simultaneous Compilation of Current Price and Deflated Input-Output Tables
Authors: Boer S De , Broesterhuizen G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses a number of aspects of the procedure by which input-output tables arc compiled in the Netherlands. These tables are compiled annually and are fully integrated in the System of National Accounts. A few years ago the method of compiling the input-output tables underwent a revision that, in our opinion, led to great improvement. The most significant improvement is that during the entire statistical process, from the processing and analysis of the basic data up to and including the balancing of the input-output tables, current-price data and deflated data are obtained simultaneously and in consistency with each other. We believe that this innovation may be of interest to other countries that currently compile input output tables or wish to do so in the future, because many countries still-as the Netherlands used to do-first compile data in current prices and afterward calculate data in constant prices and changes in volume and prices, often on a higher level of aggregation. This means that an important opportunity for analysis of the interrelations between various kinds of data, and thus for better estimates, is used little or not at all.
Key Sectors, Comparative Advantage, and International Shifts in Employment: A Case Study for Indonesia, South Korea, Mexico, and Pakistan and Their Trade Relations with the European Community
Authors: Kol Jacob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The expansion of trade between developing and industrial countries may lead to an international shift in employment. As developing countries concentrate on labor intensive products in their export package relative to their imports, and would apply labor-intensive techniques in production relative to the techniques used in industrial countries, the resulting net shift in employment would be positive for the developing countries. This chapter describes such a shift in employment for a balanced increase in trade in manufactures between the EC and four developing countries: Indonesia, Korea (S), Mexico, and Pakistan.
Why Courts Invoke the Rule
Authors: Laycock Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapters 2 and 3 reviewed a sweeping range of doctrines for holding legal remedies inadequate or irrelevant. There are very few cases not subject to at least one of these doctrines. If plaintiff has any plausible need for specific relief, he can describe that need as irreparable injury and find ample precedent to support his claim. Yet there are cases denying specific relief and invoking the irreparable injury rule as the reason.
Achieving Systemic Organizational Change
Authors: Kochan Thomas A , useem Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is an attempt to meet a challenge first posed over thirty years ago. A former MIT colleague, Douglas M. McGregor, in his classic The Human Side of the Enterprise challenged managers to rethink their assumptions about their roles, their organizations, and the values, motivations, and talents of their employees. McGregor’s work was motivated by an intense belief that the key to organizational success in the future would be determined, in part, by the progress made in the theory and practice of organizational change and management.
The Political Embeddedness of Industrial Change: Corporate Restructuring and Local Politics in Contemporary Italy
Authors: Locke Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is an essay about industrial change. Conventional explanations for industrial adjustment emphasize the institutional efficacy (or lack thereof) of certain national institutional arrangements over others. The premise is that there exist different “national models” of regulation, some better than others at adapting to changing political and economic circumstances. Yet the empirical evidence on industrial adjustment in the 1980s suggests the need for a more subtle and differentiated account. Cases of successful adjustment1 emerged not just in countries with the “correct” mix of institutional arrangements but across several advanced industrial nations with radically different political and economic arrangements. Moreover, in a variety of industrial sectors within the same countries, patterns of industrial renewal appeared to coexist alongside other cases of blocked innovation.
Changing the Conditions of Work: Responding to Increasing Work Force Diversity and New Family Patterns
Authors: Bailyn Lotte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That the work force is changing, and that the distribution of family types in the United States is dramatically different from what it has been-these are by now familiar facts. More than half of all mothers with children under one are now in the paid labor force (Hayes, Palmer, and Zaslow, 1990); 45 percent of all paid workers are women (Johnston and Packer, 1987). And 28 percent of all households are female-headed households (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1989). Further, at present, 60 percent of men in the labor force are married to wives who also hold jobs (U.S. Department of Labor, 1988b). It is not surprising, therefore, that a study by the Bank Street Work and Family Life staff has found that between two and three of every five employees are having problems managing the often conflicting demands of jobs and family life (Galinsky, 1988). Yet the structure of the workplace is still geared to the assumption that workers can commit all their energy and time to their employment.
The Churches
Authors: Lane Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philadelphia’s historic importance as a center of Afro-American life rests in large part on its role as site of the nation’s first black churches. During the late 19th century, hard work and sheer population growth multiplied the number of these churches, while shifting the earlier denominational configuration among them. But nothing could make them more important to the community than they already were. The church in Philadelphia as elsewhere helped to shape identity in terms of race and class, was both an expense and a source of professional employment, and served as a forum for discussion and the focus of much social, intellectual, and recreational life.
Race Pride and Race Relations
Authors: Lane Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Black Americans have always had to wrestle with the issue of race, but in a series of changing historical contexts. The major questions have been much the same: what to call themselves, how to think of Africa, how to relate to other disadvantaged or minority groups, and how, in a society dominated by whites, to deal with their own blackness. Philadelphians, like others across the country, expressed a variety of answers in a variety of ways, dealing with some of the issues directly and formally, others indirectly and even unconsciously. What made the late 19th century distinctive is the historical background, as the end of slavery, changing white attitudes, and the challenge of other groups made new choices both possible and necessary.
Sport, the Extracurriculum, and the Idea of Freedom
Authors: Smith Ronald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Foot Ball Was Played every fair fall day at Dartmouth College in the mid-1830s. Ex-president S. C. Bartlett recalled his earlier fresh man playing days at the New Hampshire institution. He remem bered a senior who used “ stupendous boots he had made on purpose with soles fully a half inch thick. “ Bartlett, nearly six decades after the event, could still see the hulking upperclassman as he stood “ on the extreme edge of a dense, surging mass of struggles, the foot-ball far out of sight in the centre, but the boots going like a horizontal trip-hammer “ in one of those glorious class battles.1 It appeared at least as important to incapacitate the lowly “frosh “ as it was to score the next goal.
Consciousness, Learning and Interlanguage Pragmatics
Authors: Schmidt Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past decade, the study of interlanguage pragmatics has produced important empirical findings, primarily through the identification and comparison of speech act realization patterns in various languages based on data from both native and nonnative speakers. In addition to this focus on product, some attention has been paid to the processes of comprehension and production in second language pragmatics (Faerch & Kasper, 1984, 1989; Kasper, 1984). In contrast to these concerns, there has been little discussion of how pragmatic abilities are acquired in a second language.
Jurisdiction Stripping and the Judiciary Act of 1789
Authors: Amar Akhil Reed 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his landmark opinion for the Court in Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, Joseph Story noted that Article III appears to distinguish sharply between two fundamentally different tiers, or Classes categories.
The first class includes cases arising under the constitution, laws, and treaties of the United States; cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction. In this class the expression is, and [sic] that the judicial power shall extend to all cases; but in the subsequent part of the clause which embraces all the other cases of national cognizance, and forms the second class, the word all is dropped seemingly ex industria. Here the judicial authority is to extend to controversies (not to all controversies) to which the United States shall be a party, & From this difference of phraseology, perhaps, a difference of constitutional intention may, with propriety, be inferred.
Recovering Coterminous Power Theory: The Lost Dimension of Marshall Court Sovereignty Cases
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the apparatus of Marshall Court sovereignty opinions, particularly those opinions that have to do with the apparent division of federal and state powers that was anticipated by the framers of the Judiciary Act of 1789. The Judiciary Act, as many commentators have pointed out, was shot through with ambiguities on issues pertaining to the prospective allocation of power between existing state legal systems and the newly created system to be implemented by the federal courts.
Demand System Specification and Estimation
Authors: Pollak Robert A , Wales Terence J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book on demand analysis links economic theory to empirical analysis. It provides insights on three levels. First, it reveals something about the economic universe. Second, it illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of various functional forms, and of demographic and stochastic specifications which have wide applicability in empirical demand analysis. Third, it supports the authors’ methodological claim that theory provides a useful framework for empirical analysis.
Television in Europe
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this companion volume to Telecommunications in Europe, Noam looks at television in a country-by-country study, blending economic analysis, history, and economic journalism. He focuses on the breakdown of monopoly control of national communications systems. What Noam describes in broad historical scope in Western Europe has been revisited more recently and immediately in the dramatic events of Eastern Europe as, for example, the reformist forces in Romania based their operations in the newly liberated national broadcasting studios. Communications policy is closely linked with fundamental traditions concerning democratic control and freedom of speech.
Electronic Media and Their Impact
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Joseph Schumpeter’s metaphor of the creative destruction of capitalism is a useful backdrop in looking at the perceived dangers to culture caused by “new” media. There has always been a tendency by any group of creative people and institutions to identify their own role, and the technology on which it is based as central to culture. When sound was introduced into motion pictures, the German musicians’ associations agitated publicly, holding that “sound movies are tasteless” and “sound movies are economic and spiritual murder.” When radio was introduced, American researchers noted that the ‘‘popularity of this new pastime (radio) among children has increased rapidly ... (and) has brought many a disturbing influence into its wake. Parents have become aware of a puzzling change in the behavior of their children ... “ (Eisenberg, 1936).
Belgium
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Belgium’s complex electronic mass media system must be understood in the context of the tensions between its two language communities and their differing economic and political development. The other significant fact is the neartotal penetration of cable television. The average Belgian household can view fifteen to twenty channels, making the country one of the largest multichannel environments outside of North America. The result is a loss of influence by the public broadcasters, for they must contend with many rivals, both private and public. Some of the largest private firms are active in cable television, including the country’s major conglomerate, Societe Generale de Belgique (SGB). But the large cable audience is not matched by equally strong domestic program production, though this may be changing through the efforts of the country’s second largest conglomerate, Groupe Bruxelles Lambert (GBL), a partowner of Luxembourg’s CLT.
Finland
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Finland’s electronic mass media are characterized by a duality of public and private institutions, with overlapping roles that are separate in most other European countries. The dividing line between telephony and television is also fluid. And telephony itself is divided between public- and private-service operators. Similarly, cable television involves multiple interests. Finland’s rival communications institutions have learned to cooperate almost too well, establishing in the process a duopoly in television. But in the process, a media system has been created that promises more dynamism and variety than the small population of the country would lead one to expect.
Three Efforts at European Integration
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the beginning, European broadcasters collaborated with each other. In 1925, at the BBC’s initiative, the International Broadcasting Union (IBU) was established. One of the early functions of the Geneva-based organization was to draft a frequency allocation plan. It also tried, unsuccessfully, to reduce commercial as well as propaganda broadcasting across national frontiers and initiated a program exchange, mostly of concerts (Eugster, 1983). During World War II, the IBU was largely dormant, but it was revived afterward along with a new organization, the International Broadcasting Organization (OIR) (Briggs, 1979). The OIR, however, was soon abandoned by the West European countries. It was renamed OIRT with the advent of television and headquartered in Prague. The West European broadcasters established in 1950 the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), to which broadcasters from middle-Eastern and North African countries were soon added. The EBU domiciled itself in Geneva and shortly thereafter absorbed the IBU. With the demise of the Eastern Bloc after 1989, it seemed likely that the EBU would absorb the OIRT.
Power
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soviet rule in the countryside was coercive, arbitrary, and often brutal. But, as had historically been the case in Russia, officials were spread thin over a wide area. That meant from the standpoint of peasants, neglect by Soviet power was as characteristic as coercion, and perhaps sometimes even as much resented. At the beginning of the 1930s, a great flood of urbanites swept in to the countryside to organize collectivization, followed by a smaller wave of Communist troubleshooters sent out to the (MTS) politotdels in 1933 to cope with famine-associated unrest. But the great majority of these outsiders went home to the towns within a few years. In normal times, the Communist presence in the village was still very much a matter of the season. Each year many Communists came on various official missions for the procurements campaign in the autumn, and a somewhat smaller number appeared in the spring in connection with the sowing campaign. But very few spent the winter with the peasants.1
Malice
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malice, anger, and bitterness were rife in the village in the decade after collectivization. It was the state that had initiated collectivization and forced it through against the will of the peasants, and no doubt it was the state and its agents that were the primary objects of peasant resentment. But they were not the only objects, for a great deal of peasant anger was directed against other peasants. Although collectivization was a trauma for the peasantry as a whole, this did not mean that it contributed to peasant or village solidarity. On the contrary, the Russian village (kolkhoz) of the 1930s seems to have been a place in which feuds and dissension flourished and mutual support and solidarity among peasants were a rarity. To be sure, the state would scarcely have welcomed the emergence of a real spirit of collective solidarity on the new collective farms, since that would have raised the possibility of active collective resistance and perhaps revived communal traditions that the state wanted to bury. But there is no sign that the peasants were striving towards village unity and harmony as a balm for the wounds inflicted during collectivization. On the contrary, a spirit of free-floating malice seems to have hovered over the Russian village throughout the 1930s.
Network Tipping: The Rise and Fall of the Public Network Monopoly
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to John Kenneth Galbraith, the “great advantage of being in the same world as the United States is that it reveals to other countries the pleasures and horrors that will afflict them only a few years hence.”1 Although such a generalization must be taken with caution, it suggests that some recent American change in telecommunications may be part of a broad and general trend and may be relevant to circumstances as they evolve elsewhere. More recently, several other industrialized countries have begun to adopt similar policies. Japan, for example, has seriously contemplated splitting its near monopolist NTT into local-exchange and long-distance companies and giving them a greater distance from equipment suppliers. Britain, Germany, and the Netherlands have lowered entry barriers. Other countries are considering similar changes. Much of Latin America is engaged in the privatization of telecommunications. These developments raise the question of whether change may have explanations more fundamental than the nature of the respective governments in power. Of course, there are unique aspects to any country, and they will keep national telecommunications systems to some extent distinct. But the variations should not obscure central themes that repeat themselves elsewhere.
Belgium
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the erosion of its traditional economic base of heavy industry, Belgium’s economic priority is to become Europe’s administrative center. Brussels already serves as the headquarters for both the European Community and NATO. The country also seeks to draw nongovernmental organizations; its capital city is home to the European headquarters of many overseas companies and associations. Telecommunications links should therefore be an especially important factor in the country’s economic development. However, Belgium’s traditional monopolist Regie des Telegraphes et des Telephones (RTT), financially constrained in its goal to be at the forefront of service provision and development, has been one of Europe’s strongest defenders of traditionalism. In this position it was supported by its major equipment supplier, Alcatel’s BTM, and by the labor unions.
Finland
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Finnish telephone system is one of the most interesting in Europe. Instead of a national monopoly, there are about fifty companies, either subscriber cooperatives, municipal enterprises, or private firms, that provide local telephone service and are directly accountable to subscribers. There is also a national PTT (the P&T), which is the largest operator of local telephone service (covering about one-third of all subscribers and three-quarters of the land area). The P&T also offers domestic and international long-distance service, mobile telephony, and other services. Thus, the Finnish telecommunications system has forgone the economies of scale and the unity of control that are sanctified elsewhere. Yet its telephone system is among the most advanced in the world, moved along by a healthy rivalry among the various participants, and especially by the responsiveness of local companies to their subscribers/shareholders. The number of equipment options is high. Despite the country’s small domestic market, Finland’s electronics and telecommunications industries are quite successful both in domestic and export markets.
Spain
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spain’s telecommunications system is unusual. It is dominated by one semiprivate firm, Telefonica de Espana, which is strongly integrated vertically into equipment manufacturing and horizontally into Latin American telecommunications. Telefonica has been assigned the role of a locomotive in Spain’s rapid industrialization, and its powerful and entrepeneurial presence is likely to increase still further, as long as its primary mission of providing basic service does not lag.
Turkey
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Telephone service began in Turkey in 1881 with lines connecting various post offices, government buildings, and banking branches. In 1909, a more complete network was created in Istanbul. In 1913, three government exchanges were established, followed by an exchange operated by a foreign company. International telephony was established during World War I, with service to Germany, Turkey’s ally. After the war, international service was interrupted until 1931, when service to Sofia, Bulgaria, was reopened.