bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wasting Syndrome
Authors: Horwitch Carrie A , Maurice Joanne E , Hooton Thomas M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
HIV-associated wasting syndrome is defined as profound involuntary weight loss of greater than 10 percent of baseline body weight plus either (1) chronic diarrhea (at least two stools per day for more than 30 days) or (2) chronic weakness and documented fever (for 30 days or longer, intermittent or constant) in the absence of a concurrent illness or condition other than HIV infection that could explain the findings.
The prevalence of wasting syndrome in HIV-infected patients ranges from 11 to 47 percent. In the United States, HIV-associated wasting syndrome has become the second most common reported AIDS-defining diagnosis. Wasting syndrome as the only AIDS diagnosis is more common among injection-drug users, sex partners of injection-drug users, African-Americans, and Hispanics. Although most of the data on wasting are from studies predominantly involving men, women are also at risk for developing wasting.
Weight loss of 10 percent or greater appears to result in a significant reduction in survival. In addition, a decline in ideal body weight to 66 percent or less and a decline in body cell mass to 54 percent or less is a strong predictor of death. Body fat content is not a reliable marker of wasting, nor is it a reliable predictor of death in AIDS patients. Patients with wasting syndrome convert calories to fat storage concomitant with a loss in lean body mass (the opposite of what occurs in uncomplicated starvation). The progressive loss in lean body mass, which is characterized by protein wasting, appears to be a primary cause of morbidity and subsequent death.
Hodgkin’s Disease
Authors: Kovach Nicholas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The incidence of Hodgkin’s disease in HIV-infected men is approximately 19/100,000 person years; studies have suggested that HIV-infected individuals have a 6.6-fold excess of Hodgkin’s disease compared with non-HIV-infected persons. Hodgkin’s disease, however, is not recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as an AIDS-defming diagnosis.
The histopathology of HIV-related Hodgkin’s disease shows mixed cellular histology in 55
to 80 percent of HIV-infected patients (the predicted incidence in this age group would be 15 percent). Lymphocyte depleted and nodular sclerosing are the next most common histologic types and occur in 15 to 20 percent of patients; lymphocyte predominant histologic types also occur, but less commonly.
The cause of HIV-related Hodgkin’s disease is unknown. Studies have implicated Epstein-Barr virus in non-HIV Hodgkin’s disease; T-cell stimulation and proliferation also have been speculated as contributing to the development of Hodgkin’s disease.
Patients with AIDS-related Hodgkin’s disease usually have a CD4 count less than 400 cells/mm3 and often less than 200 cells/mm3 The clinical pattern is similar to other HIV-related malignancies: an aggressive course, disseminated cancer at the time of presentation, and poor response to therapy.
Relations of Language and Cognition: What Do Deaf Children Tell Us?
Authors: Marschark Marc , Everhart Victoria S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The issue of the relation (or relations) between language and thought is one of the oldest in philosophy, and in many ways, it was the issue that led to the emergence of psychology as a separate discipline. In Aristotle’s time, the debate was about analogy versus anomaly. From his perspective, language development depended on analogy: that is, the assignment of words to meanings on the basis of their rational linkage-even if the details of that analogy had been lost over time due to changes in the language. The anomalists, in contrast, saw language as given by nature and the relations between words and their meanings as entirely arbitrary (see Bates, Bretherton, & Snyder, 1988; Vygotsky, 1934/1986, chap. 1, for discussion). In many ways, this contrast parallels the “nature-nurture” controversy and dovetails well with the more recent “modularity-interactionist” debate. Indeed, the language thought issue and its corollaries emerge in every generation of psychological theory, even if the level of the arguments changes as a function of paradigm shifts and related advances in other fields. In this and the following chapters, we hope to bring the language-thought discussion into clearer focus, both theoretically and practically, by placing it in the context of children who grow up deaf and by considering the influences of having sign language as the primary form of communication (regardless of whether one is deaf or hearing). The discussion is sharpened by the fact that it is carried on by contributors with specialties in different areas, all converging on a common interest on which each has conducted empirical
The Nature And Development Of Children’s Event Memory
Authors: Leichtman Michelle D , Ceci Stephen J , Morse Marjorie B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a routine report on the Boston evening news, an investigative reporter spoke with a family whose house had been burned to the ground just hours before. Still clearly shaken, the mother described her horror at awakening to smoke emanating from the ground floor of her home, her fright in realizing her children were asleep in the next room, her actions in removing them from the home, and her present feelings of relief at their safety and dismay at the material loss. When the microphone was trained on the family’s 5-year-old son, his first response was a stunned pause. He was then able to answer the reporter’s inquiries with the information that he felt “happy, because my baby sister’s o.k.” and “sad, because I don’t know where my toys are.” A younger baby, apparently around 6 months, cried in the arms of her father, who had not been home at the time that the fire was discovered.
The Great Late Medieval Kingdoms Poland and Hungary, 1350-1500
Authors: Johnson Lonnie R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Czechs, Hungarians, and Poles look back on their histories, they share a sense of tragedy related to those events leading up to the loss of “national freedom,” and for the Hungarians and the Poles, this feeling of loss is often intensified by reminiscences about extensive territories lost as well. If the old historical kingdoms of Poland and Hungary were “organic wholes” to the same extent that many Poles and Hungarians feel they were, the sensations they experience are akin to the phantom pain that amputees have after having lost a limb. They know that what has been lost is gone for good, but neurological quirks sometimes allow them to feel pains in the missing extremi-ties.
The Counter-Reformation: The Roman Catholic Church and the Habsburg Dynasty Triumphant, 1550-1700
Authors: Johnson Lonnie R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of reform inspired Protestants and Catholics alike with an apocalyptic sense of urgency that led them to see the world as a battlefield for the agents of God and the devil. Even though religion was often misused as an ideological pretext for the cynical realization of pragmatic political objectives, spiritual conviction was, for better or worse, a motive for action. Habitual Christians of all denominations today have trouble understanding what was at stake because the passions involved are so foreign to our con temporary way of life.
Epilogue: Postrevolutionary Paradoxes: Central Europe Since 1989
Authors: Johnson Lonnie R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last six months of 1989 the Communist regimes in the Eastern bloc came down one by one: in July in Poland, in Hungary in September, in East Germany in November, and in Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Bulgaria in December. One thing all these revolutions had in common was that they obviously displaced the old Communist order, and the coincidence of 1989 with the bicentennial celebration of the French Revolution in 1789 was an appropriate historical accident. Francois Furet, one of the premier French historians of the French Revolution, drew parallels between 1989 and “the ideas of 1789 or the American Revolution: human rights, the sovereignty of peoples, free elections, markets” and compared the Communist regimes with the ancien regime of late-eighteenth-century France: hated, immobile, and incompetent.
Introduction
Authors: Kissin Benjamin , Begleiter Henri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main emphasis of this volume is on the mechanisms underlying the development of alcohol dependence, described by Edwards (1990) as the most basic characteristic of alcoholism. The factors leading to its development may be biological, psychological, or social, but they most often consist of some combination of these. Since the pharmacology of alcohol involves both the biological and behavioral effects of the drug, it is critical to our understanding of alcohol dependence.
Metabolism of Ethanol, Acetaldehyde, and Condensation Products
Authors: Cederbaum Arthur I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although small amounts of ethanol may be formed endogenously from yeast and bacteria in the gut (Krebs and Perkins, 1970), ethanol is primarily an exogenous compound that is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Some of the ingested ethanol may be excreted in the breath, sweat, and urine; however, more than 90% of the ethanol is removed by oxidation (Holford, 1987). The predominant role of the liver in ethanol oxidation has been demonstrated in many studies (Larsen, 1959; Lundsgaard, 1938; Winkler et al., 1969). The major metabolic pathways for ethanol oxidation are found to the largest extent in the liver. These pathways all oxidize ethanol to acetaldehyde, which is subsequently oxidized to acetate.
Seek Your Salve Where You Get Your Sore
Authors: Ingle H Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the year 1645 drew to a close and 1646 began, the Civil War in Leicestershire had wound down. Belvoir Castle, long a royalist stronghold and garrison, capitulated, and the king’s men at Ashby-de-la-Zouch hauled their colors down. Maneuvering for the best position from which to bargain with his enemies, King Charles presently found himself the prisoner of strict Scottish Calvinists who had one firm demand of all those, be they parliamentarians or royalists, with whom they dealt, namely, that their Presbyterian church be established throughout the kingdom. With Parliament’s upper hand thus assured, final victory seemed in reach, as did settlement of the decades-long conflict between court and commons.
The North for Greatness
Authors: Ingle H Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the winter of 1651 when George Fox mounted his horse and turned north-ward away from Derbyshire, he gave no indication that he sensed anything different about the land, and he certainly did not know what was in store for him and his movement in the north borderlands. Hence we must take him at his word: he simply passed into the hill country of Yorkshire, preaching repentance and searching for more converts to his young movement. If he had tapped a reservoir of emptiness and found enough response to merit traveling in the Midlands for nearly four years, then he must have hoped for at least as much response in the northern counties. Barren and backward, isolated and fought over by powerful Scottish lairds and English earls, the north country could boast one large city, York, with a spectacular minster steeple visible for thirty miles; after that, according to one seasoned traveler, the boasting would have to stop, for the town, with short, narrow streets, resembled the rest of the region: mean and indifferent. The area where Fox entered Yorkshire rolled, flattening out to the east where windmills dotted the landscape and the North Sea lapped against the shoreline. With many streams but few bridges, travel in the north was mostly by water or horseback; even trade goods moved to market on the backs of pack horses. Parishes were large, bishops were absentees, clergymen were ignorant and ill paid, and schools were fewer than anywhere else in the country. Even though other sections of the country shared these deficiencies,3 the area was still regarded as a backwater, ignored and looked down on by more sophisticated southerners, a place where discontent every so often bubbled up in the shape of religious revolt.
Out of the North All Ill Comes Forth
Authors: Ingle H Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To judge from published reaction to the push of George Fox’s Children of the Truth southward, something resembling a new Pict invasion seemed in the offing, and this time no Hadrian’s Wall rose to block the incursion. Fox’s movement provoked fears in London and encouraged defenders of the established ecclesiastical and political orders to push the populace to reject it. Francis Higginson, a Westmorland minister who watched the Children operate in his county, explained how “Satan’s seeds-men” had “crept” into the north the previous summer and seduced multitudes to embrace devilish doctrines. William Prynne, having lost his ears because of two libel convictions, wrote a pamphlet that fulminated against Quakers as “the spawn of Romish Frogs, Jesuits, and Franciscan Friars” who had grown up in the very section of the country where Catholics had always posed a threat. A posthumous edition of Ephraim Pagett’s famous Heresiography included an attack on the Friends: readers were told that Quakers were an upstart branch of the Anabaptists, “thickest set in the north parts,” the dregs of conceited and ignorant common people and prey to those opposing “all laws, magistrates, ancient worship, prayers and sacraments” and subverting the present “holy age, the age of perfection, zeal, and liberty.” An anonymous author dubbed them “anti-Scripturalists” and “Libertines” who had begun in the north and now seemed poised to extend their community and their lust for other men’s wives southward. A news sheet jibed that a goose wrote in her will, “I give my soul to the sister Quakers, on condition they damm it not, as they had done their own.” A broadside shouted that thirty blasphemies flourished in the city and that “Ranters, Quakers, Seekers” broached their heresies daily.
I Thank God and My Cunning
Authors: Ingle H Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Edward Pyott, one of the Quakers held at Launceston jail, took up his pen on May 14, 1656, to write to George Bishop, he had strict instructions about what to write. George Fox wanted Bishop, a prominent Bristol Friend, to delay publishing his pamphlet, West Answering to the North, because its harsh words about Cornwall were likely to “enrage and obstruct the [Quakers’] service here.” After all, Pyott went on, echoing Fox, “the justices have been as yet pretty civil towards us ... which is to be owned and encouraged.” Only the next day Pyott contacted another correspondent, writing that Fox liked the brief prepared for the court but thought it best “to have it go in my name singly.”2With Pyott signing the brief, Fox could take the high road and retain his stance as prophet of righteousness.
Resources and Reasons for Individual Style
Authors: Johnstone Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both the “Cartesian” syntactician, in his chamber with his pencil, and the “empirical” sociolinguist, in the department store with his tape recorder, commit what are, strictly, analogous methodological fallacies in moving directly from the so-called data of intuition or a questionnaire to generalizations about the “competence” of an ideal speaker-hearer or the “speech” of a community. Between the data and the generalizations there exists the variable, the phenomenon of individual language-seen, not Why does this sentence-the one you are now reading-consist of precisely these twenty-three words, and why are they in this order? There are many reasons. For one thing, the sentence begins with whyand not with pourquoior warumor limaaoabecause it is in English, not in French or German or Arabic. The fact that the sentence is in English means that it is likely that the sounds and structures of its words will conform to the conventions of English phonology and morphology and that the words will be part of the English lexicon (though the Englishness of a sentence does not make it necessarythat all its words be English, as my third sentence shows). Because the sentence is in English, it is also likely that the words will be in the order typically
Individual Voice and Articulate Speaking
Authors: Johnstone Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is believed by speakers of Malagasy, who live in Madagascar, that there are two kinds of talk: everyday talk and kabary,or formal oratory (Keenan 1973). A person who can perform kabarywell is a good speaker, an articulate person. Not everyone is allowed to be an orator; women, for example, who are in general thought to be overly direct and pushy in speech (Keenan 1974), are excluded. And not every man who has learned something about the roundabout “winding words” in which kabarymust be phrased and the rules for who speaks when in the situations that call for kabaryis equally good at performing it. Some orators are more articulate than others, in other words, and accordingly in greater demand to speak at marriage-request ceremonies and in other situations in which kabaryis necessary. Being articulate, for the Malagasy, requires two things: being a member of the category of people who are allowed to perform articulate roles, and, assuming that one is a member of this category, being competent at those roles. There is even more to it, however. Being an articulate orator sometimes requires strategic inarticulateness. When the orator representing a young man ‘s family speaks to request a young woman ‘s hand in marriage, he must symbolize in his speech the inferior role of the petitioner. To do this, he must purposely make errors in delivery and protocol but not so many that he jeopardizes his reputation as a good speaker.
A King, a Queen, and the Riddle Between: Riddles and Interpretation in a Late Midrashic Text
Authors: Stein Dina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with riddles in a Midrashic text. For the purposes of the discussion I make two assumptions concerning the nature of Midrash: that the Midrash is an interpretation of the scriptural canon and that it is a discursive situation which implies a sender and an addressee. In this situation the messages are transmitted in forms of discourse. These discursive channels operate most clearly when an overt discursive situation exists in the text itself-that is, in the communication between the characters in the Midrashic text.
When Is a Riddle Not a Riddle? Some Comments on Riddling and Related Poetic Devices in Classical Sanskrit
Authors: Salomon Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sanskrit riddles have attracted some interest in modern scholarship, though it cannot yet be said that they have been comprehensively or authoritatively treated. The most important work on the subject is Sternbach 1975. Bhagwat 1965 also treats of Sanskrit riddles in detail, along with material in other languages. Otherwise, the modern critical literature is generally limited to briefer studies, such as Porcher 1979, and incidental discussions in works on other subjects.
Peasant Rebels Under Stalin
Authors: Viola Lynne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on newly declassified Soviet archives, including secret police reports, Peasant Rebels Under Stalin documents the active history of the vast peasant rebellion against collectivization between 1928-1932. Lynn Viola reveals the manifestation in Stalin’s Russia of universal strategies of peasant resistance in what amounted to virtual civil war between state and peasantry.
Reorganization or Reform? The Fairness of Current Trends
Authors: Daniels Norman , Light Donald W , Caplan Ronald L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In August 1994, when the 103rd Congress abandoned any attempt to legislate national health care reform, we might have expected all talk about reform to cease, at least until some later Congress returned to the question. That has not happened (White 1994). Of course, some of the continued talk of reform was prompted by the belief that the states would pick up where the federal government had left off (Pear 1994). But the state reform initiatives that were passed in recent years have largely been put on hold, and some states are threatening to rescind them (Freudenheim 1995b). It is striking, then, given the failure of both federal and state reform efforts, to hear policy experts, politicians, and the media speak so assertively about ongoing “reform,” even “dramatic” and “accelerating reform.”
January, 1864—May, 1864
Authors: Burgess Lauren Cook 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The new year brought passage of a bill re-establishing the Federal military rank of lieutenant general. It would be filled by a commander from the west who knew how to wage war on Southern armies and win. In the next year-and-a-half, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant would forge the Union’s disparate armies into one destructive engine bent on forcing the South to its knees. Before Grant could take command, however, President Lincoln and General-in-Chief Henry Wager Halleck would “borrow” a portion of Federal forces one last time for some unfinished business.
Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Delirium
Authors: Ingha Jane , Breitbart William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Delirium is defined as a transient organic brain syndrome characterized by the acute onset of disordered attention (arousal) and cognition, accompanied by disturbances of psychomotor behavior and perception.1 Delirium may complicate any of a large number of disorders and can be highly aversive to patients. Untreated delirium may increase patient morbidity and family distress, and foster conflict between staff and families.2,3 Studies in medical populations suggest that delirium is underrecognized by medical and nursing staff 4—6 Although often treatable and reversible, etiologic factors are often missed and treatment strategies that may be highly beneficial are neglected. Appropriate assessment of delirium is imperative, and requires knowledge of the preva­ lence, diagnostic criteria, and assessment methodology.
Counseling the Confused Patient and the Family
Authors: Borreani Claudia , Caraceni Augusto , Tamburini Marcello 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Delirium is frequent in progressive diseases such as cancer and AIDS. At times it can be reversible, but often it characterizes the terminal evolution of the disease. In many cases, therefore, delirium not only heralds death but also, as popular wisdom has it, is a way of dying. 1,2 This chapter will focus on the role and content of counseling in cases of cognitive impairment or delirium occurring in the course of advanced cancer. Communication with the patient and the family in this clinical circumstance is not easy and is very much influenced by psychological and organic factors: cognitive failure, coping abilities, perception and knowledge of the disease, perception and knowledge of terminality, fluctuation of symptoms, and reversibility or irreversibility of consciousness impairment.