bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Moral Significance of Suffering
Authors: Mayerfeld Jamie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The underlying claim of this book is that the badness of suffering, in the particular way that it is bad, gives rise to a prima fade duty to prevent suffering. I develop this claim in chapter 5. In this chapter, I prepare the way by examining certain questions relating to the badness of suffering.
The claim that we have a prima fade duty to relieve suffering can be seen as resting on three assertions. First, suffering is bad for the individual who experiences it. Second, suffering is bad from an impersonal perspective. Third, the impersonal badness of suffering implies a prima fade duty on our part to prevent suffering. This chapter is concerned with the first two claims.
The Duty to Relieve Suffering
Authors: Mayerfeld Jamie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I shall now try to state why we have a prima facie duty to relieve suffering. The explanation I shall give appears obvious to me, but is not the sort of account for which I can supply an argument. Some readers may not accept the picture that I offer here.
We have a prima facie duty to relieve suffering, because suffering is bad and ought not to occur. Suffering is bad (as I said before) not only for the individual whom it affiicts, but bad from an impersonal point of view. Its occurrence makes the world that much worse.
The Moral Asymmetry of Happiness and Suffering
Authors: Mayerfeld Jamie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins an inquiry, pursued further in chapter 7, into a class of moral dilemmas posed by the prima facie duty to relieve suffering. These are dilemmas in which we must choose between different ways of benefiting people.
This chapter addresses the relative moral importance of happiness and suffering. In addressing this question, I want to restrict our attention to happiness and suffering in the hedonistic sense of these terms and to set other values aside. I also want to set aside cases (if there are any) in which personal attributes or past actions alter the value of an individual’s happiness or suffering. In the cases to be examined, I assume that everyone is equally deserving of happiness and protection from suffering. Finally, I want to keep the analysis focused on the value of outcomes.
Trade-offs Internal to the Duty to Relieve Suffering
Authors: Mayerfeld Jamie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is some suffering that we cannot prevent at all. There is also some suffering that we cannot prevent without neglecting other suffering. Sometimes, that is, we may have to choose between preventing one portion of suffering and another. For example, we may be able to save one group of people or another group of people from suffering, but not both. Or we may have to choose between letting a person endure suffering of one kind and suffering of another kind. This chapter asks how we should resolve these kinds of dilemmas. We can think of them as trade-offs internal to the prima facie duty to relieve suffering.
Mathematical Logic as Based on the Theory of Types
Authors: Landini Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter we set out the system of “Les paradoxes de la logique”-the subtitutional theory without general propositions. We found that the system met its end with the problems introduced by the addition of *1906(Reduc). With this schemata, the Pol a0 and its “.ariants return; without it, the system could not construct arithmetic. This interpretation is corroborated in a letter Russell wrote to Hawtrey of 22 January 1907.
The Ubiquity of Motion
Authors: Silver Brian L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1827, as Beethoven lay dying, the Scottish botanist Robert Brown observed an aqueous suspension of pollen grains under the microscope and found that they were in continual motion, not in smooth waltzlike trajectories but in sudden, break dance-like jumps in all directions. He concluded that this motion was displayed only by the male sexual cells of plants. (In those days women moved more decorously than men.) Later he found that pollen from long-dead plants exhibited the same phenomenon, as did unambiguously nonliving systems, such as tiny specks of dust derived from crushed stones. Brown was, of course, not observing molecules, but unknowingly he had stumbled across the visible consequences of molecular motion.
The Gene Machine
Authors: Silver Brian L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In November 1895, Roentgen discovered X-rays. In 1912, van Laue showed that the diffraction of X-rays could be used to determine the arrangement of atoms in crystals. In 1952, Rosalind Franklin, working with the physicist Maurice Wilkins in King’s College London, shone a beam of X-rays at a crystal of DNA and photographed the diffracted rays. She obtained beautiful but complex patterns. There are recognized and well-tried mathematical methods used to analyze the patterns in X-ray diffraction patterns and convert them into information on the spatial arrangement of atoms in the scattering crystal.
The Inexplicable Quantum
Authors: Silver Brian L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The quantum theory is not explicable in common sense terms. Its axioms, and some of its predictions, go against all our built-in preconceptions as to the nature of reality. In the 1930s Niels Bohr, one of the theory’s fathers, was reported to have said that if you weren’t confused by quantum mechanics you didn’t really understand it.
Relativity
Authors: Silver Brian L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Einstein fathered two theories of relativity. The first, which came out in 190Ei, is the special theory of relativity, which generated much of the popular imagery of relativity: shrinking spears, lethargic clocks, bodies accumulating mass, youthful space travelers, and so on. The theory essentially concerns itself with what an observer sees when he looks at a system-a spacecraft, an aeroplane, a car, a comet, an electron, and so forth-that is moving uniformly with respect to him. If Einstein had not come out with the theory, someone else would have done so; the mathematics was standard, and many of the ideas were sitting around waiting to be drawn together.
Consequentialism, Non-Archimedean Probabilities, and Lexicographic Expected Utility
Authors: Hammond Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The consequentialist approach to single-person decision theory, with uncertainty described by specified objective probabilities, was previously described in Hammond (1988a, 1988b). In fact, the latter paper also deals with states of nature and subjective probabilities. Here non-Archimedean subjective probabilities will not be considered at all, but left for later work.
How wrong we are when we think the whole world knows us.—Beginnings of the railroad in Europe. —Bordeaux. — Wines and chicanery. —How to make use of sandy terrain. — A lucky escape. — Tenerife. —Tropical seas. — South winds.— Effects of a lack of drinking water at sea. — Doublingand redoubling Cape Horn. —The Falkland Islands.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every nation, no matter how insignificant, suffers from the inborn weakness of thinking that all other nations are very much aware of it, or at least that they are often concerned with it. Anyone who tries to convince its citizens of the contrary therefore risks being considered a fraud or having to suffer the displeasure of them all. Chile was as little known in the Europe of 1830 as are the mountains of the moon among the Chileans of today. This is a plain and simple fact.
We go into business. — What business we go into. — We buy a boat. — Legal difficulties in the way of river navigation and the less than honorable way to overcome them. — A voyage on the Impermeable.— California’s snakes and mosquitoes. — The death of young Martinez.— Tertian fever in Sacramento. — The Chilean hospital of the Luco brothers. — Establishment of a hotel in San Francisco. — Don Juan Nepomuceno Espejo’s well. — We become waiters. — The milk adventure. — My voyage to Monterey. — Reputation of the Chileans in California. — Monterey. — Its hospitable inhabitants. — A soiree. — A valuable gift, and my return to San Francisco. — Arrival of the first women in San Francisco. — Repulsive tableaux 'vluants in the cafes. — Women are auctioned off on board the ships.— Gambling. — Elections for the convention in San Jose. — A fire destroys San Francisco. — We become sailors. — Our return to Chile.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mines were not the only oppornmity open to enterprise in the California of that time. After they had become inaccessible to foreigners, there was still trade, which was flourishing. We knew from experience that retailers and idlers made more money than did hard workers and entrepreneurs on a larger scale; this fact, after some brief consideration, led us to erect altars to Mercury, the god of thieves.
Voyages into the interior of the province. — Lake Llanquihue. — We burn the forests of Chanchan. — I am shipwrecked on the lake. — The settlements fall into dangerous disrepute. — The way out of these straits. — Exploration of the Chacao channels and Reloncavi Bay. — Cayenel. .
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The uncertain situation in which I found myself absolutely had to be resolved as soon as possible, because the attitude of the squatters on public lands was making it questionable whether Valdivia would be come the first immigrant settlement in Chile. I therefore set off for the interior without further delay, leaving the newly arrived immigrants lodged in the vaults of the old Corral castle, after having allotted to some of them the wretched lands of Cutipai and a few isolated stretches of the banks of the Valdivia River, banks that were so useless no one laid claim to them and that I took care to award free of charge, so that the recipients might more cheerfully await the appearance of those lands that they had been told were awaiting them.
Immigration. — The German population at Llanquihue and Valdivia in i860. — Its level of education. — Its influence on native Chileans. — Unfortunate loss of public lands. — Personal sacrifices made by the agent to provide land for the immigrants.— Ways to prevent abuse in these matters.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps not one of the countless colonies founded yearly in the world’s wilderness by the dynamic sons of Old Europe has required seventeen years to accumulate so insignificant a number of foreign settlers as has our settlement at Llanquihue; and that is certainly not because our government lacks practical knowledge after so long a period of timid experimentation, but because immigration is still viewed as a luxury and not a pressing need. In our country immigration takes second place to everything else, including a public building, no matter how unnecessary.
A voyage across the pampas to Buenos Aires. — The road to Uspallata. — Rosario. —The Parana River. — Buenos Aires. — The ex-dictator Don Juan Manuel Rosas. .
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When you leave foggy Llanquihue and its damp forests and travel to the northern regions, everything there seems drier, more arid than it really is; and so, when I suddenly found myself on the road from the town of Santa Rosa de los Andes to Mendoza, knowing that to the north of me the mountainous region became more barren by the mile until it turned into the sands and rocks of Atacama, I came to think that in all of Chile there could be nothing more useless to mankind than these vast highlands that separate us from the Argentine Republic. But even in the mind of one who has grown up in the forests, this unfavorable impression cannot last once he learns that these arid lands contain mineral wealth matching the agricultural wealth of the mountains of the south. The road between Santa Rosa and Mendoza was so neglected and so bad when I found myself on it for the sixth time in early April 1855 that I could not get over my astonishment at how a route so important
Bacterial Associations Of Plants
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Relationships between bacteria and plants are widespread and include mutualistic and parasitic associations (Preston et al., 1998). Bacteria constitute more than 90% of the total biomass of agricultural soils, followed by fungi and protozoa. Bacteria obtain energy and nutrients through decomposition of dead plant material and from exudates of living plants, and they may significantly influence interactions that take place between plants, including competition (Chanway et al., 1991). Most plant bacteria are facultative saprobes and contain plasmids in addition to large, circular chromosomes.
Wilde West
Authors: Meisel Perry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What Wilde and the Westerners shared, of course, was the license that Romanticism afforded and that cow boy and dandy each exploited in a different way. Between them was the Romantic bond that Wilde teased out, the bond with their dandy counterparts that Americans in general, and Westerners in particular, couldn’t quite admit to themselves: that the great outdoors was really an elaborate form of interior decoration. The cultivation of both exterior space and internal reflection depends upon a single principle of imperial imagination. “A continuous redistribution of matter and motion,” as a Paterian Wilde puts it in 1879 (9:183), three years before his American trip, is the visionary imperative that links science and art, the practical and the imaginative, the American and the European, the cow boy and the dandy. Like the artist, the American-so the implication goes as Wilde delivered this apothegm to an audience in Washington in June of 1882, just before heading West-”will take from his surroundings whatever is salutary for his own spirit” (1882b, n:n9).
The Psychology of the Appeal of Portrayals of Violence
Authors: Zillmann Dolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Khan’s famous utterance actually may have lost some of its sting in the translation-probably by design, in order to make it more palatable for sensitive Westerners. Such likely cleansing seems duly corrected, however, by contemporary fiction. Events that accord with the barbarian’s formula for the grandest of bliss have become mainstream entertainment in the so-called free world. They are laid open and featured in the raw, with pains taken to depict the cruelest of cruelties and the goriest of gore, along with the most profane linguistic concoctions imaginable. Granted that most modern storytelling still clings to protagonists who have retained some moral inhibitions and even pursue the common good to a degree, the blockbuster success stories tend to present barbarous villains who, like ancient emperors, see no wrong in vanquishing those who get in their way, as well as in taking possession of whatever those others cherish, including their lovers and loved ones.
The Game of Seek and Find
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now veer off the mainstream for a while to survey how all that enormous flux gets aportioned and channeled. The question immediately before us is, how do the messages from the thousands of genes get to the right destinations? Consider their conveyance from RNA to protein. The continuity of the information flux here depends on a series of specific molecular associations: the 20 different enzymes, the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, join up with their appropriate amino acids; these 20 molecular combinations, in turn, associate with their appropriate tRNA adaptors, and the resulting 31 amino acid-tRNA couples hitch up to the appropriate mRNA codons. But how do all these molecules find one another in the hodgepodge of the cell? How do they sort themselves out? Let’s take into consideration only the enzymes and amino acids, to narrow the issue. Each molecule here shares the cellular space with 40 different cognate species which are not materially segregated-there are no walls between them, nor a dynamic water structure that sweeps them apart. All those molecules are scattered about randomly by thermal energy, tossing and tumbling in the cell water, occasionally bouncing into one another. Millions of molecular encounters take place every instant in this jumble, yet only a few are of the fulfilling sort where the right enzyme meets the right amino acid. But those few matches make the endless roaming worthwhile.
How Can You Explain So Wise an Old Bird in a Few Words?
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here ends our excursion along the biological information stream. This is as far as I dared to go; farther “down” it gets too labyrinthine for safe travel. But no journey would be complete without a little philosophy, especially not a journey so full of wonders. It has been said by Epicurus-and he was probably rightthat all philosophy takes its origin from wondering. So here we’ll ponder over the peculiar character of biology as a science and the prospects of a unifying theory. I will draw a parallel with physics to improve the sibyllic odds.
Studies in Scientific Realism
Authors: Kukla Andre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book offers a superbly clear analysis of the standard arguments for and against scientific realism. In surveying claims on both sides of the debate, Kukla organizes them in ways that expose unnoticed connections. He identifies broad patterns of error, reconciles seemingly incompatible positions, and discovers unoccupied positions with the potential to influence further debate. Kukla’s overall assessment is that neither the realists nor the antirealists may claim a decisive victory.
The Varieties of Realism
Authors: Kukla Andre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first order of business is to distinguish among several varieties of realism and antirealism. This unexciting but essential preliminary task 1s made all the more tedious by the lack of a standardized nomenclature in the field. Take “instrumentalism”. In the current philosophical literature, this term is often used to refer to a form of antirealism which denies that theoretical statements have truth-values. Almost as often, however, it covers any form of antirealism about theoretical entities. In the first sense of the term, van Fraassen isn’t an instrumentalist; in the second sense, he is. In this chapter, I present a taxonomy of realisms and antirealisms that will (usually) be adhered to throughout this book. Current usage is taken into account as much as possible, but I’ve had to make some arbitrary decisions. I’ve even had to introduce a couple of neologisms. The resulting scheme is adequate for the purpose oflocating the present work in its broader philosophical context. Perhaps it will also encourage terminological standardization among other workers in the field. It shouldn’t be expected that my scheme will be exhaustive of all the forms of realism and antirealism that have occupied the attention of philosophers. Those that I deal with do, however, constitute a set of core positions. They’re the “main sequence” of realist and antirealist views in our era.
Psychosocial Rehabilitation for Problems Arising from Cognitive Deficits in Dementia
Authors: Bird Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to most definitions, rehabilitation aims at the restoration of normal everyday functioning, for example, “The process of restoring the person’s ability to live and work as normally as possible after a disabling injury or illness” (Miller & Keane, 1987, p. 826). With the dementias, a group of illnesses that cause progressive deterioration and have no known cure, further qualification is required. This chapter concerns psychosocial interventions whose express target is serious clinical problems arising from cognitive deficits in dementia.
Creative And Professional Responses To The Politicization Of Music
Authors: Fulcher Jane F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 1 we examined how French music was implicated in the torrid symbolic battle that was launched by two nationalist leagues over the question of French cultural identity and values. We saw that as a result of the central institutional opposition between the Schola Cantorum and the Conservatoire, musical culture was bisected into hostile camps. D’Indy and the nationalist Schola challenged the Republic’s educational hegemony and established a discourse that related its conception of national identity to a canon and to style; the Republic responded with alacrity, defining its own set of meanings and values, as well as a canon in the context of both the programs of the 1900 Exposition and academic music history.
Methodological Issues in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Plasticity Following Brain Injury
Authors: Rickard Timothy C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) holds great promise of providing fundamental new insights into the plasticity of neural organization that may accompany recovery of function after brain damage. In principle, comparison of the activation patterns of patients and normal subjects can provide direct information not only about whether neural plasticity has occurred, but also about its location and extent. However, there are a number of factors that can lead to activation differences between patients and controls that are completely unrelated to any plasticity effect that may be present. Taken as a group, these factors present a significant challenge to researchers in this area. This chapter provides a brief tour of some of the more important of these challenges from the perspectives of both methodology and data interpretation.
Analysis of Detritus and Organic Horizons for Mineral and Organic Constituents
Authors: Harmon Mark E , Lajtha Kate 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The analysis of the chemical composition of plant matter (leaves, stems, I roots, and detritus) is critical for studies of nutrient turnover in ecosystems and of the biotic pools of important biogeochemical elements, as well as for understanding nutrient and chemical limits to plant growth. Understanding the organic constituents of plant litter and their transformation into those forming soil organic matter is also a critical need given their link to the biogeochemistry of other elements and the storage of carbon in ecosystems. The chemical analysis of plant materials for mineral constituents is fairly straightforward, although different materials may need either different pretreatment or slightly different digestion methods. In contrast, the analysis of organic constituents is not straightforward because of both the underlying complexity of the compounds themselves and the variety of methods that can be used, none of which are perfect. Our intent in this chapter is to review these methods and recommend standard protocols. In the case of organic constituents, we recognize that these recommendations may become dated rapidly if the most modern instrumentation becomes generally available.