bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Estrogen Deficiency on Skeletal and Alveolar Bone Density in Sheep
Authors: Johnson R.B. , Gilbert J.A. , Cooper R.C. , Parsell D.E. , Stewart B.A. , Dai X. , Nick T.G. , Streckfus C.F. , Butler R.A. , Boring J.G. 
Published: February 2005

Background: This study provides a longitudinal assessment of changes in alveolar and skeletal bone mineral density (BMD) in ovariectomized animals.Methods: Following ovariectomy (OVX) (n = 6) or shamoperation (n = 6) intraoral radiographs were made at 4‐month intervals and serum 17‐β‐estradiol, osteocalcin, and interleukin (IL)‐6, urinary deoxypyridinium, and salivary IL‐6, deoxypyridinium, and osteocalcin concentrations were evaluated. Twelve months after surgery, animals were sacrificed and the mandible and radius/ulna removed. Bones were sectioned and radiographed. Mean BMD and cortical thicknesses were calculated from each region.Results: OVX animals had a progressive decrease in serum 17‐β‐estradiol, increased serum osteocalcin and IL‐6, urinary deoxypyridinium and salivary IL‐6, osteocalcin and deoxypyridinium (P <0.001), suggesting that they were becoming osteoporotic. The BMD of the radius/ulna and mandibular alveolar bone was significantly reduced in OVX animals (P <0.05 and P <0.001, respectively). Reduced alveolar bone BMD became evident in OVX animals 6 months after surgery and became more severe during the subsequent 6 months. Alveolar crestal height was also significantly reduced in OVX animals (P <0.001). These biochemical and density changes preceded a significant reduction in serum 17‐β‐estradiol, which occurred between 4 and 8 months following surgery.Conclusions: Serial measurements of alveolar BMD predicts loss of skeletal BMD in OVX sheep. Changes in alveolar BMD precede estrogen deficiency, suggesting that early signs of reduced BMD may be detected in peri‐menopausal women. The presence of biomarkers of bone metabolism within saliva and their correlation with reduced BMD suggests that saliva could be used as an adjunct screening method for assessment of skeletal bone density. J Periodontol 2002;73:383‐391.
Clinical Evaluation of an Enamel Matrix Protein Derivative Combined With a Bioactive Glass for the Treatment of Intrabony Periodontal Defects in Humans
Authors: Sculean Anton , Barbé Giovanni , Chiantella Giovanni C. , Arweiler Nicole B. , Berakdar Mohammad , Brecx Michel 
Published: February 2005

Background: The purpose of the present study was to compare the treatment of deep intrabony defects with a combination of an enamel matrix protein derivative (EMD) and a bioactive glass (BG) to BG alone.Methods: Twenty‐eight patients with chronic periodontitis, each of whom displayed 1 intrabony defect, were randomly treated with a combination of EMD and BG or with BG alone. Soft tissue measurements were made at baseline and at 1 year following therapy.Results: No differences in any of the investigated parameters were observed at baseline between the 2 groups. Healing was uneventful in all patients. At 1 year after therapy, the sites treated with EMD and BG showed a reduction in mean probing depth (PD) from 8.07 ± 1.14 mm to 3.92 ± 0.73 mm and a change in mean clinical attachment level (CAL) from 9.64 ± 1.59 mm to 6.42 ± 1.08 mm (P <0.0001). In the group treated with BG, the mean PD was reduced from 8.07 ± 1.32 mm to 3.85 ± 0.66 mm and the mean CAL changed from 9.78 ± 1.71 mm to 6.71 ± 1.89 mm (P <0.0001). No statistically significant differences in any of the investigated parameters were observed between the test and control group.Conclusions: Within the limits of the present study, it can be concluded that both therapies led to significant improvements of the investigated clinical parameters, and the combination of enamel matrix derivative and bioactive glass does not seem to additionally improve the clinical outcome of the therapy. J Periodontol 2002;73:401‐408.
Clinical Comparison of an Enamel Matrix Derivative Used Alone or in Combination With a Bovine‐Derived Xenograft for the Treatment of Periodontal Osseous Defects in Humans
Authors: Velasquez‐Plata Diega , Todd Scheyer E. , Mellonig James T. 
Published: February 2005

Background: The combination of bone replacement graft materials has been suggested for the treatment of periodontal osseous defects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) combined with a bovine‐derived xenograft (BDX) as compared to EMD alone in the treatment of intraosseous defects in patients with moderate to advanced periodontitis.Methods: Sixteen adult patients with at least 2 intrabony defects were entered in this split‐mouth design study. Defects were treated with EMD alone or EMD + BDX. Reentries were performed 6 to 8 months after initial surgery. The following soft and hard tissue measurements were recorded prior to initial surgery and at reentry: probing depth (PD), gingival margin location, clinical attachment level (CAL), depth of defect, and crestal bone level. Statistical analyses were performed to determine changes in PD, CAL, fill of osseous defect, and crestal resorption. Percentages of bone fill (%BF) and defect resolution (%DR) were also calculated.Results: The most significant results were that gingival recession was greater for the group treated with EMD alone (0.8 ± 0.8 mm) compared to EMD + BDX (0.3 ± 0.6 mm) (P = 0.04) and bone fill was greater for EMD + BDX (4.0 ± 0.8 mm) compared to EMD alone (3.1 ± 1.0 mm) (P = 0.02). The measures for PD reduction, attachment level gain, crestal resorption, %BF, and %DR did not present a statistically significant difference (P >0.10).Conclusions: This study evaluated the performance of EMD + BDX and EMD alone. The results demonstrated that a significant improvement in clinical parameters was observed. When comparing both modalities, a statistically significant difference was only found for gingival recession and bone fill, yielding a more favorable outcome towards the combined approach. J Periodontol 2002;73:433‐440.
Effects of Serum on Hepatocyte Growth Factor Secretion and Activation by Periodontal Ligament and Gingival Fibroblasts
Authors: Ohshima Mitsuhiro , Yokosuka Ryoji , Yamazaki Yoshitaka , Tokunaga Tsuyoshi , Maeno Masao , Otsuka Kichibee 
Published: February 2005

Background: Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/scatter factor is a paracrine growth factor secreted by mesenchymal cells, which exerts an effect on a variety of epithelial cell types. Our recent study revealed that periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PLF) and gingival fibroblasts (GF) cultured in the presence of serum which contains various stimulants produced HGF or HGF‐like factor, a predominant chemoattractant for gingival epithelial cells, and suggested that it could be involved in epithelial downgrowth in periodontitis.Methods: To clarify whether serum in medium stimulates PLF and GF to synthesize or activate HGF, the effect of fetal bovine serum (FBS) on HGF production was determined by enzymelinked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), and its chemotactic activity for gingival epithelial cells was examined by modified Boyden chamber assay.Results: One to 10% FBS in the culture medium stimulated HGF secretion in a dose‐dependent manner and the chemotactic activity was decreased by treatment with anti‐hHGF neutralizing antibody. Furthermore, fibroblast‐conditioned medium incubated with FBS and aprotinin reduced its chemotactic activity. Interestingly, serum‐free culture of PLF and GF produced potent chemoattractants for gingival epithelial cells other than HGF.Conclusions: These results show that FBS stimulates both HGF secretion and activation by PLF and GF. J Periodontol 2002;73:473‐478.
Effects of Topical Administration of Clodronate on Alveolar Bone Resorption in Rats With Experimental Periodontitis
Authors: Mitsuta T. , Horiuchi H. , Shinoda H. 
Published: February 2005

Background: We examined whether topical administration of a bisphosphonate clodronate could prevent alveolar bone loss in rats with experimental periodontitis.Methods: On day 0, elastic rings were placed around the cervix of the right and left maxillary first molars (M1) to induce inflammatory periodontitis. Fifty μl of clodronate solution at a concentration of either 0 (0.9% NaCl), 20, 40, or 60 mM was injected into the subperiosteal palatal area adjacent to the interdental area between M1 and M2 on either the left or right (experimental) side on days 0, 2, 4, and 6. The contralateral side served as a control and received 0.9% NaCl solution without clodronate. The animals were sacrificed on day 7.Results: Histological examination and determination of bone mineral density in the interdental alveolar bone area between M1 and M2 revealed that placement of an elastic ring caused severe vertical and horizontal bone resorption on the control side, while the topical administration of clodronate significantly prevented such alveolar bone loss. The number of osteoclasts on the experimental side was decreased compared with the control side. Furthermore, many of the osteoclasts on the experimental side were detached from the surface of the alveolar bone and had degenerated appearances, such as rounded shapes and a loss of polarity.Conclusions: These results suggest that topical administration of clodronate may be effective in preventing osteoclastic bone resorption in periodontitis. J Periodontol 2002;73:479‐486.
Effects of Phase I Periodontal Treatment on Gingival Crevicular Fluid Levels of Matrix Metalloproteinase‐1 and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase‐1
Authors: Tüter Gülay , Kurtiş Bülent , Serdar Muhittin 
Published: February 2005

Background: Matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1) is a member of a family of enzymes which are capable of degrading most extracellular matrix macromolecules. Extracellular control of MMPs is exerted by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) and by mechanisms of pro‐MMP activation. Levels of MMPs and TIMPs change during healing, inflammation, and normal tissue turnover. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of phase I periodontal treatment on gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of MMP‐1 and TIMP‐1.Methods: Ten patients with chronic periodontitis who had sites with probing depths ≥4 mm and 10 periodontally healthy persons (controls) were included in this study. Clinical measurements including plaque (PI) and gingival (GI) indexes, probing depths (PD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded both at baseline (before treatment, BT) and after phase I periodontal treatment (AT). Assays for MMP‐1 and TIMP‐1 were performed by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.Results: All of the clinical conditions significantly improved and GCF volume decreased AT (P <0.05). Levels of MMP‐1 were higher in patients BT than in controls (C) (P <0.05). Levels of MMP‐1 were reduced AT compared to BT (P <0.05). In addition, TIMP‐1 levels were lower at BT than AT and in C (P <0.05). Statistically significant differences were found between levels of TIMP‐1 at BT and AT (P <0.05). The ratio of MMP‐1 to TIMP‐1 was significantly lower in C than patients at BT; this ratio was also significantly lower at AT than BT (P <0.05).Conclusions: These results suggest that levels of MMP‐1 in GCF decreased and total levels of TIMP‐1 in GCF increased after phase I periodontal therapy. The ratio of MMP‐1 to TIMP‐1 changed after phase I periodontal therapy, becoming close to that of the controls. J Periodontol 2002;73:487‐493.
Association Between Periodontal Pockets and Elevated Cholesterol and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels
Authors: Katz Joseph , Flugelman Moshe Y. , Goldberg Avishai , Heft Marc 
Published: February 2005

Background: Periodontitis is associated with increased prevalence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; however, the nature of this association is unclear. There is a rationale that indicates that the presence of periodontal pockets which can harbor pathogenic microorganisms and evoke a host response could elicit a systemic effect. The hypothesis of this study is that periodontal pockets may be associated with elevated blood lipid levels, a known risk factor for atherosclerotic disease.Methods: The periodontal health of 10,590 Israeli military service men and women was assessed using the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). The relationship of blood lipids and periodontal disease and CPITN index was tested, controlling for factors that are related to elevated cholesterol levels, including high body mass index (BMI), age, diastolic blood pressure, and smoking.Results: The presence of periodontal pockets was positively associated with higher cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol blood levels in men. No significant association was found in women.Conclusions: In this large cohort study, the presence of periodontal pockets as measured by CPITN was positively associated with total cholesterol and LDL‐cholesterol. The findings of the study support the reports linking increased prevalence of cardiovascular mortality among patients with periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2002;73:494‐500.
Enamel Matrix Proteins in the Treatment of Deep Intrabony Defects
Authors: Cardaropoli Giuseppe , Leonhardt Åsa S. 
Published: February 2005

Background: The present study evaluated the healing of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) proteins in the treatment of periodontal lesions with deep intrabony defects.Methods: Ten deep intrabony defects in 7 periodontal patients were treated and followed for 1 year. The sites had a probing depth (PD) ≥8 mm; clinical attachment level (CAL) ≥9 mm, and intrabony component depth ≥5 mm. All subjects received therapy prior to surgery and had a plaque score (PI) ≤10%. Full thickness flaps were elevated buccally and lingually, granulation tissue was removed from the defects, and the root surfaces were planed. A 24% EDTA gel was applied followed by the enamel matrix protein preparation. The flaps were closed with interrupted sutures. The patients rinsed with a chlorhexidine solution twice a day for 6 weeks. They were recalled every 2 weeks for 6 months for professional tooth cleaning and then every 4 weeks for an additional 6 months. The experimental sites were reexamined 6 and 12 months after regenerative surgery.Results: At the 1‐year examination, the mean CAL gain was 6.5 mm, the mean PD was 3.2 mm, and mean radiographic bone fill was 4.7 mm.Conclusions: The application of enamel matrix proteins in combination with open flap curettage and root planing resulted in a gain of CAL and bone fill in deep intrabony defects. J Periodontol 2002;73:501‐504.
Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis on the Central Nervous System: Activation of Glial Cells and Exacerbation of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Shapira Lior , Ayalon Sharon , Brenner Talma 
Published: February 2005

Background: Several studies have suggested that peripheral inflammation may be involved in the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). T‐cells activated in the periphery enter the CNS, leading to demyelination and axonal loss. We hypothesized that peripheral infection by Porphyromonas gingivalis can affect pathological processes in the CNS and aggravate MS.Methods: Glial cells derived from rat brains were cultured and stimulated with P. gingivalis or P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Secretion of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was determined. In addition, we examined the proliferation of lymphocytes harvested from P. gingivalis‐immunized mice in response to stimulation by echephalitogenic proteins. The effect of peripheral inflammation induced by P. gingivalis on the clinical course of the disease was tested in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model used for the study of MS.Results: P. gingivalis LPS and heat‐killed bacteria induced secretion of the proinflammatory mediators NO and PGE2 by CNS glial cells. Lymphocytes derived from P. gingivalis‐immunized mice proliferated in the presence of the echephalitogenic protein myelin basic protein. Injection of P. gingivalis into subcutaneous chambers in mice, followed by EAE induction led to aggravation of the disease.Conclusions: The present study provides evidence that infection with a periodontal pathogen, such as P. gingivalis, may play a role in the pathogenesis of CNS inflammatory disorders such as MS. J Periodontol 2002;73:511‐516.
Er:YAG Laser Scaling of Diseased Root Surfaces
Authors: Frentzen M. , Braun A. , Aniol D. 
Published: February 2005

Background: The removal of calculus and plaque is an essential component of a therapeutic approach to control periodontal disease. Er:YAG laser scaling was recently introduced as an alternative to conventional scaling procedures. In this histological study, the effects of laser instrumentation of diseased root surfaces are compared to mechanical removal of plaque and calculus with ultrasonic instruments and scalers.Methods: Areas of subgingival calculus were identified on 40 freshly extracted human teeth. Each of these areas was randomly divided into 2 equal parts. The control site was treated either with scaling and root planing or with an ultrasonic instrument. The test site was cleaned using an Er:YAG laser according to the manufacturer's instructions. The end point of debridement was the inability to mechanically or visibly detect any remaining calculus. After pre‐ and postsurgical photographs and impressions for scanning electronic microscopic investigation, a plastic embedding technique was used to cut the undecalcified roots into 15 µm thick sections.Results: Clinically and histologically, scaling resulted in complete debridement at all samples, producing a smooth root surface. At the test sites, laser scaling was accompanied by an increased removal of tissue and roughened surfaces.Conclusions: Laser scaling results in an increased loss of cementum and dentin, which should be taken into account in clinical situations. J Periodontol 2002;73:524‐530.
Microscopic, Immunocytochemical, and Ultrastructural Properties of Peri‐Implant Mucosa in Humans
Authors: Marchetti Carla , Farina Aurora , Cornaglia Antonia Icaro 
Published: February 2005

Background: Microscopic and immunocytochemical studies have demonstrated both similarities and differences between the gingival mucosa and the peri‐implant mucosa restored around dental implants.Methods: This study was performed on 10 samples of periimplant mucosa from 10 patients who had undergone implant treatment 16 to 18 months before. Microscopic, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical investigations were performed to characterize the epithelial and connective layers of the peri‐implant mucosa.Results: All specimens showed the morphologic characteristics of well restored tissues. The immunocytochemical reactions used to detect cytokeratins demonstrated that the restored peri‐implant mucosa had a non‐keratinized epithelium. The apical part of the inner epithelium was a few cell layers thick, like the corresponding junctional epithelium, but it stained positively with the markers for the cytokeratins expressed by the stratified epithelia. Ultrastructurally the keratinocytes adjacent to the implant displayed nuclei containing a rich cytoplasm with filaments and specialized intercellular junctions right up to the more superficial strata. Immunocytochemical reactions and ultrastructural observations demonstrated the presence of non‐keratinocyte cells; i.e., Langerhans cells, melanocytes, and Merkel cells. Several cells were found to be proliferating by immunoreaction with mAb anti‐PCNA, while immunoreactions with mAbs to detect von Willebrand factor, CD34, and vascular endothelial growth factor marked the well‐developed networks of blood and lymphatic vessels in the connective tissue. S‐100 and protein gene product 9.5 positive nerve fibers were marked. Immunocytochemical reactions with mAbs anti‐vimentin, anti‐laminin were also performed.Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that all the epithelial and connective components of the mucosa are involved in the substantial regrowth of the peri‐implant tissue and subsequently in the success of the implant. J Periodontol 2002;73:555‐563.
Relationship Between Compliance and Periodontal Treatment Outcome in Smokers
Authors: Jansson Leif E. , Hagström Karin E. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Smoking is an established risk factor of periodontal disease and smokers are regarded as patients with a high risk of periodontitis recurrence during the maintenance phase. Lack of compliance and smoking constitute significant factors for the risk of further periodontitis progression. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between periodontal status and the tendency to interrupt periodontal treatment and determine if this relationship differs significantly between smokers and non‐smokers.Methods: The investigation was conducted as a retrospective study on a sample of 325 patients referred for treatment. The patients had been offered full periodontal treatment and a fullmouth oral radiographic examination. In order to investigate any correlations between periodontal status and smoking or interrupted periodontal treatments, stepwise multiple regression analyses were adopted.Results: The mean age of the sample was 49.7 years (range 25 to 83) and a majority were females (57%). The relative frequency of smoking was 52%. The relative frequency of interruption of periodontal treatment was 26% for non‐smokers and 31% for smokers. Smokers who interrupted periodontal treatment after the reevaluation were found to have significantly deeper periodontal probing depths at the reevaluation compared to those who did not interrupt the treatment irrespective of smoking habits (P <0.001).Conclusions: The results of the study demonstrate that the non‐complying individuals had the highest risk of recurrent periodontitis even if they had completed the treatment plan. An important task in the future will be to find ways to reduce the frequency of non‐compliance and thus improve the prognosis. J Periodontol 2002;73:602‐607.