bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Signalling pathways and PPlases
Authors: Galat Andrzej , Riviere Sylvie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is much experimental evidence for the influence of CsA and FK506 on suppression of T-helper cells (bearing CD4+ epitopes tailored in the thymus) [463, 464, 489-496, 501, 513-519, 525, 553, 555, 564, 588, 590, 595, 618, 619, 625]. Both immunosuppressants interfere with signals emanating from the TCR after its association with an antigen-presenting cell (APC). The T-cell activation pathway begins at the intracellular C-terminal part of the T-cell receptor (TCR)/ CD3-CD4 complex [593]. These C-terminal domains are involved in a network of interactions with various kinases, phosphorylation/dephosphorylation by these enzymes initiates signals which are transmitted via multi-channel pathways to the nucleus.
At the World’s Crossroads
Authors: Hamilton W D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
And did those feet in ancient time/Walk upon England’s mountains green ?And was the holy lamb of God/In England’s pleasant pastures seen?’ So wrote William Blake in the opening lines of a famous poem. A short and unmetaphorical answer to his question is: ‘No; but as a boy he did walk over very similar rocks.’ Jesus grew up in a chalk landscape, one born out of the soft white limestone built in the same milky Cenomanian Cretaceous Sea as reared eventually, at what was once its western extremity (just as the site of Nazareth was at its eastern), the small hills here in southern England. These make the South and particularly the North Downs, as we call them; the latter almost certainly were the ‘mountains’ Blake was thinking of when he wrote the poem, for it was among them, near Shoreham in Kent (or else among others similar that were of the same formation near the Sussex coast), that the artist was accustomed to take refuge at times from London and the ‘dark satanic mills’ that also enter the poem.
A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Other bodies, particularly the loadstone, and pieces of iron and steel which have been subjected to certain processes, have also been long known to exhibit phenomena of action at a distance. These phenomena, with others related to them, were found to differ from the electric phenomena, and have been classed under the name of Magnetic phenomena, the loadstone, being found in the Thessalian Magnesia.
These two classes of phenomena have since been found to be related to each other, and the relations between the various phenomena of both classes, so far as they are known, constitute the science of Electromagnetism.
Description of phenomena
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
27.] Experiment I* Let a piece of glass and a piece of resin, neither of which exhibits any electrical properties, be rubbed together and left with the rubbed surfaces in contact. They will still exhibit no electrical properties. Let them be separated. They will now attract each other.
If a second piece of glass be rubbed with a second piece of resin, and if the pieces be then separated and suspended in the neighbourhood of the former pieces of glass and resin, it may be observed—
Conduction through heterogeneous media
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
310.] There are two conditions which the distribution of currents must fulfil in general, the condition that the potential must be continuous, and the condition of ‘continuity’ of the electric currents.
At the surface of separation between two media the first of these conditions requires that the potentials at two points on opposite sides of the surface, but infinitely near each other, shall be equal. The potentials are here understood to be measured by an electrometer put in connection with the given point by means of an electrode of a given metal. If the potentials are measured by the method described in Arts. 222, 246, where the electrode terminates in a cavity of the conductor filled with air, then the potentials at contiguous points of different metals measured in this way will differ by a quantity depending on the temperature and on the nature of the two metals.
Finale: Who Needs Lbe?
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After so much ado about lattice Boltzmann it is worth taking a final step back and asking a very simple question: who needs LBE? The views can be quite disparate. Some authors, including one of the originators, seem to regard it as just ‘yet another finite difference scheme’.56 In a much more enthusiastic vein, some others claim that LBE and LGA might even represent a new paradigm in non-equilibrium statistical physics.
Bayesian Inference on Latent Structure in Time Series
Authors: Aguilar Omar , Huerta Gabriel , Prado Raquel , West Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A range of developments in Bayesian time series modelling in recent years has focussed on issues of identifying latent structure in time series. This has led to new uses and interpretations of existing theory for latent process decompositions of dynamic models, and to new models for univariate and multivariate time series. This article draws together concepts and modelling approaches that are central to applications of time series decomposition methods, and reviews recent modelling and applied developments. Several applications in time series analyses in geology, climatology, psychiatry and finance are discussed, as are related modelling directions and current research frontiers.
From the RNA world to the modern world
Authors: Maynard Smith John , SzathmáRy EöRs 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter, we explained an apparent ‘catch-22’ in the origin of life. Complex protein enzymes cannot exist without substantial lengths of DNA to code for them, but only rather short pieces of DNA could be reliably copied without enzymes: in short, no enzymes without long DNA molecules, and no long DNA molecules without enzymes. An escape from this catch-22 of the origin of life came with the discovery that RNA molecules can act not only as templates for copying but also as enzymes.
The amygdala: anxiety and benzodiazepines
Authors: File Sandra E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the role of the benzodiazepine receptors in the amygdala in mediating behaviour in animal tests of anxiety. Indications of the physiological role of amygdala nuclei can be obtained from the effects of central injections of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, flumazenil. When benzodiazepine agonists are injected it is crucial to determine whether the effects are genuinely due to pharmacological activation of the receptors in a specific area. The use of low concentrations, injected in sma11 volumes and an effect that is antagonised by flumazenil is the best indication that this is so. High concentrations of benzodiazepines have a local anaesthetic action and thus their effects are more those of a lesion than of receptor activation; the drug may also spread to other nuclei of the amygdala. At present, there is no strong evidence that the benzodiazepine receptors in the central nucleus play either a physiological or pharmacological role in animal tests of anxiety. However, activation of the receptors in the basolateral nucleus has anxiolytic effects in many, but not all, animal tests. These effects are dependent on the endogenous GABA tone that is generated by the particular test conditions.
Introduction
Authors: Sellers James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term myosin is now used to refer to a diverse superfamily of molecular motors capable either of translocating actin filaments or of translocating vesicles or other cargo on fixed actin filaments. This superfamily is currently represented by at least 15 distinct classes based on sequence homology, only one of which comprises the familiar and well-studied myosin II class which is capable of forming thick filaments at low ionic strength [29,41,79,100,487,2707] (Figs 1 and 2, Table 1). Myosin I proteins, which are single headed, were originally discovered in Acanthamoeba [871,2781] and are now expected to be ubiquitous in eukaryotes [21,49]. Much less is known about the structure, subunit composition, function, and intracellular localization of members of classes IIIXV. In fact, some of these are known only as partial cDNA sequences derived by RT-PCR and it is, indeed, through the power of PCR that so many new myosins have been discovered in the last few years.
Myosin binding proteins
Authors: Sellers James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many proteins that interact with class II myosins (Table 16). The most studied interactions are the proteins that bind in a regular manner to vertebrate skeletal muscle thick filaments. These include MyBP-C (formerly known as C protein), M-protein, creatine phosphokinase, myomesin, MyBP-H (H-protein, 86-kDa protein), and titin. Electron micrographs of thick filaments show eleven transverse stripes that begin just inside the bare zone (0.07 µm from the centre of the thick filament) and are spaced at 43 nm intervals [1422,1444]. MyBP-C is located in seven of these bands (5-11) and is found in both fast and slow muscles [2368,2379]. MyBP-H, also called 86-kDa protein, also labels the stripes, but the labelling pattern varies between chicken and rabbit muscles [2364,2368]. Molecular cloning indicates that MyBP-H and MyBP-C share significant homology, both having C2-type IgG and type II fibronectin homology regions [2453,2475]. MyBP-C interacts with myosin primarily through its carboxyl-terminal portion via a particular set of IgG repeats [2392].
Mutations in myosin
Authors: Sellers James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Approximately 15–30% of the families afflicted with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM, sometimes referred to as FHC) have inherited mutations in the heavy chain of their β-cardiac myosin gene located on chromosome 14q1 [51,96,97,124,2524,2531]. This disease is characterized by cardiac hypertrophy, particularly of the left ventricular wall and septum, myofibrillar disarray, and fibrosis. There are a variety of symptoms including arrhythmias, angina, and sudden death. Some mutations are associated with a high penetrance and severe symptoms including a high incidence of sudden death, whereas others have a more benign phenotype [2523,2637]. More recently disease causing mutations have also been found in the RLC and ELC [2526,2600]. Four other disease loci have been localized to particular genes, troponin-T on chromosome lq, MyBP-C on chromosome 11p11.2 [2371,2484], tropomyosin on chromosome 15q2 [2938], and troponin I on chromosome 19p13.2-q13.2 [2935].
Navier-Stokes equations and fluid turbulence
Authors: Constantin P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Incompressible fluids are described by the Navier-Stokes equation. Turbu lence ([1], [2], [3]) experiments provide measurements that correspond to aver ages of certain quantities associated to the variables appearing in the Navicr Stokes equation. The present mathematical knowledge about the Navier-Stokes equations is incomplete. Some of the quantities measured in experiments are accessible to mathematical theory. They are usually low order, one-point bulk averages like the time average of integrals of squares of gradients. Most other measured quantities are not amenable to rigorous quantitative a priori analysis. Turbulence is concerned with statistical or collective properties of fluids. Nevcr theless, the main impediment to progress in the rigorous analysis of turbulence is the present lack of understanding of possible blow up in individual solution of the Euler and Navier-Stokes systems.
Adaptive computational methods for differential equations
Authors: Johnson Claes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A shortcut through the history of mechanics and physics up to modern finance mathematics is given through the following list of models and solution methods: Lagrange’s equation, Laplace’s equation, Poisson’s equation, Navier-Stokes’ equations, Navier’s equations, Maxwell’s equations, Boltzmann’s equation, Schrodinger’s equation, Einstein’s equation, together with Newton’s method, d’Alembert’s formula, Fourier’s method, Gauss’ elimination method, Galerkin’s method, Black-Scholes formula. The importance of these models, which are all of the form of a differential equation, is reflected in the traditional organization of a technical university with one department associated with one equation: Mechanics with Lagrange’s equation, Physics with Schrodinger’s equation, Fluid Mechanics with Navier-Stokes’ equations, Solid Mechanics with Navier’s equations, Electrotechnics with Maxwell’s equations, etc.
Friend or Foe of Mankind?*
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These lines from Tony Harrison’s play Square Rounds epitomize the ambiguous personality and career of Fritz Haber. He was a German chemist, born in 1868, famous for being the first scientist to have synthesized ammonia from the nitrogen in the air; this opened the way to the synthesis of the nitrogen fertilizers that have dramatically increased agricultural production throughout the world. He is also infamous for having introduced poison gas in the First World War.
Bomb Designer Turned Dissident*
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There seem to have been two very different Sakharovs who hardly communicated with each other. The first was the cold-blooded inventor of the Russian hydrogen bombs; the second the fearless leader of the Russian intelligentsia’s struggle for human rights. For twenty years, from 1948 until his dismissal in 1968, Sakharov masterminded the scientific groundwork for the development and perfection of ever more lethal atomic weapons, blindly and obsessively absorbed in work that he describes as a theoretician’s paradise. His inventive genius was rewarded by election to full membership of the Academy of Sciences at the unprecedented age of 32, and by being decorated three times with the gold medal of Hero of Socialist Labour.
Liberating France*
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Successful people’s autobiographies often follow the pattern of Charlie Chaplin’s, who first delights us with his youthful acting talent, which raised him to fame and fortune from a childhood of penury and want, and then bores us with an enumeration of his movies and all the important people he has met. By contrast, François Jacob gives no hint that he became president of the Pasteur Institute in Paris, a Nobel Laureate, and one of the world’s leading biologists, but presents us with a life symbolic of the tragedy and rebirth of France. Jacob was born in Paris in 1920, of well-to-do Jewish middle-class parents, and had a happy childhood.
High on Science*
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peter Medawar was a great biologist whose research helped to make possible the transplantation of human organs. He also thought profoundly about the methods, the meaning, and the values of scientific research, and he published his thoughts in books and essays that are models of clarity, style, and wit. Born in 1915 in Brazil of a Lebanese father and an English mother, he received his education in England and made his career there. He became a full professor at thirty-two, a Fellow of the Royal Society at thirty-four, a Nobel Laureate at forty-five, and head of Britain’s largest medical research laboratory at forty-seven.
Deconstructing Pasteur*
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scientists at that time believed that the fermentation of grapes, or the souring of milk, or the putrefaction of meat, were processes unrelated to microorganisms. The causes of infectious diseases were unknown. Malaria was believed to arise from “miasmas” emanating from swampy ground, and outbreaks of plague were attributed to unfavorable constellations, to comets, to the wrath of God, or to the poisoning of wells by Jews (who often paid for it with their lives). The “animalcules” first observed in the seventeenth century by the Dutchman Anton van Leeuwenhoek were believed to arise spontaneously in decaying meat or vegetable matter; they had not as yet been connected with disease.
Life’s Energy Cycle*
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Four months later, shortly after Hitler seized power, this same dean sent him a “Notification of Immediate Removal from Office,” obediently implementing the Minister’s orders against members of the Jewish race. Krebs kept several such letters and also various press cuttings from those days and had them reproduced as facsimiles in his book. There is the “Manifesto Against the Un-German Spirit” published by the Freiburg Student Union and posted in the University: “Our most dangerous adversary is the Jew and he who serves him.
How Nerves Conduct Electricity*
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In August 1939, Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley joined forces at the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association in Plymouth for experiments on the transmission of nervous impulses along the giant axons of the squid. Hodgkin was a young research fellow at Trinity College in Cambridge and Huxley had just finished his undergraduate work in physiology there.
Jean Lerond D’Alembert (1717-1783)
Authors: Ewald William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
D’ Alembert contributed several articles on mathematics to the famous Encyclopédia of which he and Denis Diderot were the principal editors (Diderot et alii 1751-72); he also wrote the philosophical introduction, the Discours preliminaire de l’Encyclopédie (D’Alembert 1751), which contains a lengthy and influential treatment of the philosophical views of Descartes, Bacon, Newton, and Locke, and which became a manifesto for the philosophes of the French enlightenment.
Genetic Prehistory in Selective Breeding: a Prelude to Mendel
Authors: Wood Roger J , Orel Vítêzslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before Mendel, who came closest to the truth about heredity? This book examines the activities of sheep breeders able to transform the appearance and qualities of their stock by combining different traits of body or wool into new patterns. Exploiting what were then untried procedures - individual trait selection, very close inbreeding and progeny testing - they demonstrated inheritance from both sexes and showed how it could be stabilised. Major advances in breeding are associated with the English farmer Robert Bakewell (1725-1795). By the following century, when the same procedures had been established at breeding centres in central Europe, theory as well as practice became the subject of wider attention. In the Brno Sheep Breeders' Society, discussions of patterns of heredity finally gave way to the physiological question, 'What is inherited and how?' The question was posed by Cyrill Napp, abbot of the monastery to which Mendel was admitted six years later.
Kähler Manifolds
Authors: Joyce Dominic D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall introduce the very rich geometry of complex and Kähler manifolds. Complex manifolds are manifolds with a geometric structure called a complex structure, which gives every tangent space the structure of a complex vector space. They are defined in §4.1, together with complex submanifolds and holomorphic maps. Section 4.2 discusses tensors on complex manifolds, and their decomposition into components using the complex structure, and §4.3 defines holomorphic vector bundles over a complex manifold.
Unconscious Processing in Neglect and Extinction
Authors: Driver Jon , Vuilleumier Patrik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unilateral spatial neglect is a complex neurological disorder after unilateral brain damage, usually to the right hemisphere. It has many components, but is generally characterized by a lack of conscious perception, and of spatially directed action, for stimuli on the side of space contralateral to the brain damage (i.e. usually towards the left). Neglect patients not only fail to notice stimuli on the contralesional side of space, but often appear inadequate at exploring for them. They may ignore people approaching from the contralesional side; miss words or letters when reading; incorrectly take ipsilesional turns in a corridor or a street; eat food from only the ipsilesional side of a plate; and shave or make up only this side of their face (Mesulam, 1981; Heilman et al., 1997; Halligan and Marshall, 1998).
On bedside clinical tests (Figure 7.1), neglect patients typically miss contralesional targets in cancellation tasks, deviate ipsilesionally on line bisection, and omit contralesional details when drawing or copying a picture. The phenomenon of perceptual ‘extinction’ is another common clinical sign (Figure 7.2); the patient can detect a contralesional stimulus when presented alone, yet remains unaware of the same stimulus when presented together with a concurrent stimulus on the ipsilesional side (Bender and Teuber, 1946; Rafal, 1994). Extinction often accompanies other signs of spatial neglect, but can be reported in isolation (Liu et al., 1992). Neglect and extinction can affect every sensory modality, although it is unclear whether this is invariably so. Besides deficits in perceptual awareness, spatial neglect can also involve lateralized biases in overt motor responses, with eye, head, and/or limb movements preferentially directed towards the ipsilesional side. Recent research has sought to examine whether such motor biases are simply the consequence of perceptual biases, or may instead have a separate origin (e.g. Bisiach et al., 1990; Mattingley et al., 1998).
DNA-DNA recognition: non-standard and higher order DNA structures
Authors: Neidle Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Base pairing in DNA should not be considered solely in terms of Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding. Even though 16 distinct arrangements for A•T and G•C base pair hydrogen bonding are in principle possible, not all have actually been observed. The Hoogsteen and reverse Hoogsteen pairs (Fig. 4.la,b) have been found in several crystal structures of adenine-thymine and adenine-uracil complexes.
Point transects
Authors: Buckland S T , Anderson D R , Burnham K P , Laake J L , Borchers D L , Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Songbird surveys often utilize point transects rather than line transects for several reasons. Once the observer is at the point, he or she can concentrate solely on detecting, locating and identifying birds, without the need to traverse what may be difficult terrain; he or she can take the easiest route into and away from the point, whereas good line transect practice dictates that the observer follows routes determined in advance and according to a randomized design. Further, patchy habitats can be sampled more easily by point transects. Frequently, density estimates are required for each habitat type, or estimation is stratified by habitat to improve precision. Even with the advent of geographic information systems, because the geometry of point sampling is simpler than that for line sampling, designing a point transect survey so that each habitat type is represented in the desired proportions is easier than for line transects. It is also easier to model density as a function of habitat if point samplers are used rather than line samplers. Other advantages of point transects are that known distances from the (stationary) observer may be flagged, to aid distance estimation, and only the observer-to-object distance is required, which is easier to estimate than the perpendicular distance required in line transect sampling if the observer is far from that part of the line closest to the object.