bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Regal Period in Cicero’s De Republica
Authors: Fox Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cicero’s fragmentary treatise on government, the De Republica, includes a short narrative account of the regal period. As background to the examination of Augustan accounts of the regal period, it is important for a number of reasons. First, it is the most substantial evidence from the late republic of attitudes to the regal period and monarchy generally, and as such acts as a counterbalance to the defamatory accusations of regnum in rhetorical polemic, which are anyway quite distinct from the narrative presentation of Rome’s regal period. Second, because narration of the regal period forms only part of the De Republica, the main purpose of which is not the retelling of Roman history, we can observe how that narrative is shaped to a specific end, to illustrate the development of the Roman res publica. The result is an idealization of the regal period, based upon its particular function in the work. The same process can be observed in other authors; Varro, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Ovid. The unique value of the De Republica is that because it is a work of political theory, the forces that shape the idealization are not far to seek. Third, Cicero was a sophisticated thinker, and not content simply to idealize the distant past. As a result, this idealization itself becomes an object of scrutiny, and we can observe Cicero’s assessment of and response to the difficulties of writing this part of Rome’s early history. It is for this that I include the work, and in the next chapter, I shall be extrapolating its theoretical implications. In isolating the problems of regal historiography the De Republica greatly facilitates entry to the Augustan texts.
The Regal Period in Propertius 4
Authors: Fox Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Propertius’ last book, his poetry takes subjects incongruous to the love-elegy of his earlier work. This new variety can be thought of as the major concern of the book. The bond between the elegiac metre and the figure of the love-poet marginal in society, preferring love to war in poetry as in life, dominated the earlier books. In book 4 this bond is dissolved as the poet broadens his scope to include Rome’s history. That history is the history of early Rome, and we shall see that the regal period has a particular place in the elegist’s conception of Rome’s past. Propertius explores in book 4 the dilemma of how the elegist can treat subjects which he had previous shown required a bombast and grandeur to which he was unsuited. This dilemma is recalled in Ovid’s Fasti, which is the subject of my next chapter. Ovid builds on Propertius 4, and there again, the regal period becomes the medium in which the elegist can celebrate Rome’s history.
The Regal Period in Ovid’s Fasti
Authors: Fox Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is with Ovid that we encounter most forcefully the problem of irony and politics in the interpretation of Augustan literature. Wide acceptance of the historical model of the poet oppressed by autocracy has, speaking generally, imparted a lack of ambiguity to the interpretation of irony. While the subtlety of Ovidian irony is not in question, doubt tends not to be expressed about the object or intention of that irony, universally thought to be a flippant or subversive attitude to Augustus. Although the simplistic division between pro- and anti-Augustan is now becoming obsolete, it has not been replaced by a sophisticated way of interpreting irony, but instead by an interest in the workings of subversion, attempting to ground literary interpretation in historical circumstance. In its newest manifestation, this involves reconstructing the possible pluralism of Ovid’s original readership. The critic can invest this original audience with the responsibility for responding to poetic ambiguity, abdicating acknowledgement of the subjectivity or instability of his own judgements. More adventurously, Barchiesi has recently made the continuity of Augustan ideology a central issue.
Conclusion
Authors: Fox Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we look back, most striking is the great variety of uses to which the regal period was put. The extreme rationalized, hellenified modernism of Dionysius, and the atmospheric poverty of Propertius 4. 1 represent the extremes. The tendency to find in the regal period the origins of later Rome, and the fertile traditions of aetiologies which surrounded them, explains why the period was open to so many interpretations. This tendency to aetiology, however, also provides the principle which unifies all accounts of the regal period. In Cicero’s account the tradition of the kings as founders gains a political dimension, with the kings becoming ideal rulers. The concept of the innovating founder is transmuted slightly, so that he comes to act as a model.
Rural Piety, Witches, and Snake-Charmers: Religion in the Central Apennines
Authors: Dench Emma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I explore the processes of Roman selection and construction of images of religious practices amongst peoples of the Central Apennines. In pursuit of this aim, I do not consider Roman discourse alone. To some extent, archaeology can tell us more about the Roman process of selection by showing what was left out of Roman constructions of religion in the Central Apennines. For example, the Greek and Roman literary sources tend to emphasize the marginal and sinister aspect of the religious activity of peoples of the Central Apennines, such as their role as witches and indigent seers. The archaeological record of the Central Apennines on the other hand provides us with abundant examples of architecturally impressive sanctuaries in which, all the indications are, nothing but ‘mainstream’ Central Italian cult practices were performed, and with which, the epigraphic record tells us, the local elites were closely associated.
Rome and Baetica
Authors: Fear A T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book examines the development of urban units and their relationship to the adoption of Roman cultural forms in the province of Baetica (roughly modern Andalusia) in the Early Imperial period. Its starting point is a general examination of the notion of `Romanization' followed by a discussion of whether a positivistic interpretation of this concept can be inferred from the development of various sorts of towns found in the province. The nature, implications, extent, and results of Vespasian's Latinitas in the Iberian peninsula are discussed in depth in this respect. The material remains of the province are also examined to see what light they can cast on the problem of `Romanization'. Finally, the degree to which non-Roman cultural forms persisted in the province is discussed with the implications that this may have for the cultural dynamics of the region. The conclusions attempt to draw together the results of these analyses and suggest that Roman Imperialism is best seen through a model which envisages the creation of new synthetic cultural forms rather than through the traditional model of Romanization and resistance.
From Caesar to Vespasian: Problems of City Status
Authors: Fear A T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As has been seen, in the republican period there were very few communities possessing a Roman legal status in the south of Spain. The number of such towns gradually increased from the time of Caesar onwards. Unfortunately our records of this development are small in number, the most extensive account being the Elder Pliny’s summary of the types of community in the province. This lists the total number of towns (oppida) as 175; a figure which included 9 coloniae, IO municipia civium Romanorum, 27 (oppida? municipia?) Latio antiquitus donata, 6 free towns, 3 treaty towns, and 120 tribute-paying towns.
The Survival of Non-Roman Cultural Forms in Baetica
Authors: Fear A T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As has been seen, the link between urbanization and the adoption of one or more Roman customs by a non-Roman community is a complex one. Understanding this relationship is made all the more complex in the case of Baetica because the two largest indigenous population groups in the province, the Punic and Iberian, already possessed their own urban traditions prior to the arrival of Rome. The mere fact of urbanization alone therefore cannot be used as a marker of acculturation towards a Roman way of life by these groups. Instead it is necessary to look at how contact with Rome changed the nature of urban settlement in the region, and to determine in what areas such changes occurred and the depth to which they penetrated native society. Two potential models present themselves: the first is that Rome took active steps to change the structure of native towns, in which case we would expect a low rate of survival for nonRoman customs; the other model suggests that a much looser approach was employed, with Rome’s concerns centring more on the need for efficient revenue-raising, administration, and the use of towns for these purposes-more because this was the unit with which she had habitually dealt in these areas than because she felt an ideological imperative to impose her own pattern of urban life on subject groups.
Early Rome and Latium
Authors: Smith Christopher John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first full account in English of the archaeological material from early Rome and the surrounding region of Latium, from the Late Bronze Age down to the end of the sixth century BC. The book sets for the first time the region of Latium in its proper context as the hinterland of Rome, and as participating in the major developments in central Italy, including Campania and Etruria, and as a witness to the radical transformation of the Mediterranean as a whole in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. Dr Smith presents the most recent evidence from the whole region as well as Rome itself, and discusses the reliability and usefulness of the literary accounts of early Latium, as well as applying theoretical models of regional economy and archaeological interpretation.
Latial Period IVA
Authors: Smith Christopher John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This period is often called an orientalizing phase in Latium, as well as in Campania and Etruria, because of the influence of eastern models on the style of pottery and metalwork. Although there is little firm evidence for the permanent presence of Greeks or others from the eastern Mediterranean in Etruria or Latium, luxury objects from the east and imitations of them are frequently found in tombs, and there can be little doubt that contacts between the east and the west were close. Interpretation of the evidence remains difficult though. On the standard chronology, Period IVA is very long (c.730 to 630 BC), certainly when compared with Period III (which the standard Italian chronology may have left too short), but it is hard to trace development through the period. It seems that all the most important aspects of the period as regards rich burials and the first stone buildings occur at the end, from 650 BC on, which makes it difficult to define the transition to IVB. Moreover IVB, with its limited material evidence, is itself very much a transition to the sixth century, clearly a quite different sort of world. The division between IVA and IVB is rather arbitrary, and the end of IVB is defined only by the cessation of burial evidence, which had already become scarce, and not by a dra matic change in material culture.
The Derveni Papyrus*
Authors: Funghi Maria Serena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Derveni papyrus was discovered in Greece in 1962 at iJEp/3/vi, a locality a few kilometres from Saloniki, probably near Lete (A17r ). a known ancient settlement. The archaeological data indicate that the site cannot be more recent than 300 BC; it is made up of a group of tombs, some with funeral apparatus, belonging to members of the military class. The completely charred top part of a rolled up papyrus roll was found among the remains of the funeral pyre of tomb A; more than 200 fragments were recovered from this roll and once they were put together they yielded more than 24 columns of text. About 15 lines per column are preserved, around 7-8 cm., perhaps a bit more than a third of the height of the roll2; the number of letters per line varies from 30 to 45, as the text is written out to the full length of the hexameters and words are divided only in the case of preverbs (except in col. xn. 4 Jtaµaplra.vovcn). After the last column there is a blank space-of about 16 cm.
The First Columns of the Derveni Papyrus and their Religious Significance
Authors: Tsantsanoglou K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The text of the first seven columns of the PDerv. is given above without a diplomatic transcription or any palaeographical notes or other auxiliary details. The letter-number combinations under the heading of each column (G 17, G 8, etc.) indicate the papyrus fragments out of which the column was reconstructed. Many supplements are no doubt provisional and are published here merely for the sake of discussion; all, however, take strict account of the existing ink traces and the length of the gaps.
The East Face of Helicon
Authors: West M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since Neolithic times Greek lands lay open to cultural imports from western Asia: agriculture, metal-working, writing, religious institutions, artistic fashions, musical instruments, and much more. Over the last sixty years scholars have increasingly become aware of links connecting early Greek poetry with the literatures of Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Canaan, and Israel. Martin West's new book far surpasses previous studies in comprehensiveness, demonstrating these links with massive and detailed documentation and showing that they are much more fundamental and pervasive than has hitherto been acknowledged. His survey embraces Hesiod, the Homeric epics, the lyric poets, and Aeschylus, and concludes with an illuminating discussion of possible avenues of transmission between the orient and Greece. He believes that an age has dawned in which Hellenists will no more be able to ignore Near Eastern literature than Latinists can ignore Greek.
Of Heaven and Earth
Authors: West M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are now ready to begin comparing the poetic traditions of early Greece with those developed in the Near East. At a later stage we shall be focussing on specific Greek authors, poems, and myths. The present chapter will be concerned with the wider framework of ideas about the gods, the world, and man’s place in the world, that are not peculiar to particular poets but form a common ground stock of conviction or convention. In Mesopotamian, Ugaritic, and Hurro-Hittite poetry and myth, as in Greek, the gods appear as a society of individuals, some male, some female, similar to human beings in form, speech, psychology, and social arrangements, but far surpassing them in power. Each has his or her own name, character, and special sphere(s) of activity. For example, we find—admittedly not all in any one text or tradition—the weather-or storm-god, the sun-god, the god of war, the goddess of love, a goddess (who may or may not be the same one) who delights in battle, a divine messenger, and a divine smith, corresponding respectively to the Homeric Zeus, Helios, Ares, Aphrodite, Athena, Hermes, and Hephaestus.
Ars Poetica
Authors: West M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall compare the literary techniques employed in Greek poetry of the Archaic period, especially epic, with those found in the Near Eastern literatures. The similarities, or some of them, have not gone unremarked by classicists who have looked at these literatures or by orientalists with a classical training. Walter Burkert has recently put together a succinct but striking list of resemblances. But they deserve to be explored at length and in greater detail. Burkert’s first point is that Near Eastern narrative poetry, like Homeric, employs a long verse which is repeated indefinitely, without strophic division. This needs some qualification. The usual Semitic verse (we can use this collective term, since we find similar verse forms in Akkadian, Ugaritic, and Hebrew) is rather flexible in length as measured by syllables. Most lines divide easily into two balancing cola, separated by a ‘caesura’; some, however, seem to consist of three cola. Each colon normally contains two accented words or word-groups, but in some cases only one, or three. There is often parallelism of sense between paired cola or a pair of lines, or between couplets.
A Form of Words
Authors: West M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here and there in the last chapter we encountered cases where Greek and Near Eastern poets not only do things in the same way but, in doing them, use very similar verbal formulations. Now we will look more generally at parallelisms of idiom and expression between the different traditions. We shall find that Homeric and other Greek poetic diction is characterized by many turns of phrase that do not correspond to normal Greek idiom as we know it from Classical prose, but do correspond to oriental idiom. It will emerge that ‘Semiticisms’ are not something that first appear in Greek in the Septuagint: there are Semiticisms in Homer. In addition to idioms we shall be considering noun-epithet formulae, similes and metaphors, figures of speech, a series of distinctively poetic interjections, and the language of hymns and prayers.
Hesiod
Authors: West M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If I take Hesiod before Homer, it is not simply because I believe the Hesiodic poems to have been composed somewhat earlier than the Iliad and Odyssey—that issue is not important in the present context-but also because Hesiod is the one Greek poet in whose work the presence of substantial oriental elements is already generally admitted. No one nowadays would write a commentary on the Theogony or the Works and Days without referring to them. Hesiod, therefore, should provide something like an agreed point of departure, a safe launching pad, for the following discussions of the Homeric epics and other poetry. The earlier of Hesiod’s two authentic extant works, the Theogony, is a narrative poem preceded by a hymnic proemium addressed to the Muses. The narrative begins at the beginning of the world and follows the births of the gods in their generations down to the youngest, the children of Zeus and their coevals. Interleaved with the genealogies is what has come to be called the Succession Myth, an account of how the first divine father figure, Ouranos or Heaven, was displaced from his dominant position by his son Kronos, and how Kronos, the king of the Titans or Former Gods, was in turn overthrown by Zeus with the younger gods, who now rule the world and may be expected to continue doing so.
The Question of Transmission
Authors: West M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that the Greek poets of the Archaic age were profoundly indebted to western Asia at many levels. They were indebted for mythical and literary motifs, cosmological and theological conceptions, formal procedures, technical devices, figures of speech, even phraseology and idioms. The debts continued to mount between the seventh century and the fifth. Clearly there is no prospect of accounting for them by reference to any narrowly defined factor such as, for example, eighth-century Greek patronage of north Syrian marts, or the occasional arrival in Greece of a poet or seer from abroad. Actually, there is no prospect of accounting for them at all in any decisive or final way. We shall never have the evidence that would enable us to pin down the exact moments at which and processes by which eastern influences became operative. But we can at least reflect on some of the more obvious possibilities and aspects of the problem.
Death, Burial, Memorial, And Renewal
Authors: Archibald Z H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The First Millennium Bc Represents A New and highly distinctive phase in terms of Thracian funerary and cult practice. This above all else marks the change in social attitudes which justifies a clear chronological caesura with the preceding period. Burials loom large across the perspective of Early Iron Age society. Tumuli are naturally a prominent feature of the land scape, but their locations indicate that they were deliberately selected to be as visible and significant as possible. Dolmens, though covered by earthen mounds, were located in very similar positions, on low spurs, hills, and upper terraces, like distant beacons if not actually dominating the skyline.
The Rise Of The Odrysian Kingdom C.480-C.389 Bc
Authors: Archibald Z H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Emergence Of State Organization Is A phenomenon which is often easier to identify than to explain. The Odrysian kingdom incorporated most of the characteristics by which sociologists and social anthropologists define ‘state’ formation: a supra-regional unit with a formal administrative hierarchy within a ranked society, specialization of crafts and social functions (the existence of a bureaucratic elite, priesthood, or ritual caste), regional control centres, literacy, and monumental art or architecture. It is usually assumed that such early polities were articulated by networks of exchange, between one social group and another, between one family or clan and another, and that the centralized organs of government were maintained through some form of tribute, in goods or in kind. In the Odrysian kingdom such reciprocal relationships are documented in Greek sources.
The archaeological evidence, c.480-c.400 BC (excluding burials)
Authors: Archibald Z H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary Written Sources Give No hints of the extensive contacts enjoyed by the Odrysian kings and their followers with various parts of the Aegean. The earliest evidence comes from burials at Duvanli (modern Zhitnitsa, c.30 km north of Plovdiv) close to the main road from Plovdiv to Karlovo and the Troian Pass. Individual gifts such as the Persian amphora from Koukuva Mogila are difficult to date with any accuracy but there is no reason to doubt that this found its way into the interior no later than 479 BC.
Princely Burials And Funerary Customs
Authors: Archibald Z H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although The Number Of Settlement Sites contemporary with the rise of the Odrysians is increasing, burials still form the principal body of evidence for the study of Thracian culture in the fifth century BC. Tumulus burial became widespread in Thrace and Macedonia at the beginning of the first millennium BC. Mound cemeteries abound in the east Balkan peninsula, usually in small scattered groups on riverter races or on low hills and spurs, chosen for their prominence in the landscape. A survey of tumuli in Turkish Thrace begun in 1980 has so far covered more than 3,000 mounds, thought to represent no more than IO per cent of the total in this region. There are no accurate figures for Bulgarian mounds, but even surviving numbers are likely to be several times greater than those of Turkish Thrace. Only samples have been excavated, often un systematically, so that details of the manner of burial are often vague. Area studies of dolmen cemeteries have shown that figures for presently surviving structures show a marked reduction since records began a century ago. The same is true of later tumuli in populated areas.
Epilogue: An Early Hellenistic Kingdom
Authors: Archibald Z H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With The Annexation Of Thrace To Macedon comes a distinct change in the nature of the sources. The tension created by rival Athenian and Macedonian claims for the possession of key sites disappears and with it a wealth of documentary evidence. This is compensated for by a series of inscriptions and archaeological and numismatic finds. In the planned city of Seuthopolis we have direct confirmation of the new Odrysian line founded by Seuthes III and ample evidence of urban sophistication on many levels.