bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Implications of Valuation: Capital and The Firm’s Boundaries
Authors: Mayson Stephen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I have now suggested that there are five forms of capital that are capable of contributing to a law firm’s strategy, competitive advantage, and valuation. The principal purpose of this chapter is to examine the basis on which firms decide which of those forms of capital (or the specific assets, resources and attributes that comprise it) should actually be brought within the firm. This is not an entirely theoretical question. For example, many law firms need access to specialist expertise in the course of their work, but they cannot afford to maintain that specialisation themselves. They therefore choose to instruct others outside the firm (such as barristers, foreign lawyers, actuaries, management, or recruitment consultants) rather than develop that expertise within the firm. Increasingly, firms will outsource certain support functions rather than bring or maintain them internally.
Performing Conflict: The Drama of Debate
Authors: Swift Helen J . 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the introduction to Pierre Michault’s allegorical verse debate, Le Procès d’Honneur Féminin, the wounded personification of woman’s reputation, Honneur Féminin, brings his cause against misogynists in from the battlefield to be fought out in the courtroom. The relationship between military arms and forensic discourse as instruments of combat appears quite imbricated here. Honneur Féminin describes to the poem’s narrator how a legal wrong committed without cause against him (‘un tort inferé sans cause’) was performed on his person in the form of an ambush (‘embusche’) by the misogynist Malebouche’s lackeys (‘bringans et souldoyers’): he was ‘batu et deschiré par eulx d’aucuns bastons qu’il portent nommés Faulses Langues’. This graphic depiction of how his body was beaten by the defamatory force of their tongues melds together in a striking way the discourses of warfare and legal rhetoric.
Consultants ‘ Professional Indemnity Insurance For Surveyors
Authors: Hogarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The profession, which is not subject to statutory regulation, is self-regulated by the main professional body for surveyors, the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS). The RICS requires all firms registered for regulation by RICS to ‘ensure that all previous and current professional work is covered by adequate and appropriate professional indemnity insurance cover which meets the standards approved by the RICS Regulatory Board.’
Standard Form Building Contracts
Authors: Hogarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This section divides the various JCT 2005 contracts into two groups as follows: Group 1: Standard form contracts which are broadly similar in their insurance provisions to the Standard Building Contract (SBC), namely: The SBC contracts themselves (SBC/Q, SBC/AQ and SBC/XQ) Design & Build Contract (DB)Intermediate Building Contract (IC) Prime Cost Building Contract (PCC)Measured Term Contract (MTC) Group 2: Standard form contracts which are generally dissimilar from the SBC, namely: Minor Works Building Contract (MW) Major Project Construction Contract (MP) Repair & Maintenance Contract (Commercial) (RM)
The Perfectibility of Man
Authors: Folbre Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Revolutions spin on the conviction that men can perfect themselves as well as their social institutions. The French expressed less confidence in the social virtues than the British. In the early eighteenth century they seemed more open to women’s rights than their British or American counterparts. Perhaps the very strength of French patriarchy encouraged sons and daughters to make a common cause. Once they had executed their symbolic father, however, the sons found republican governance more difficult than they had imagined and rejected political cooperation with their sisters.
Whose Wealth?
Authors: Folbre Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Adam Smith always elicited more affection than his successors, and with good reason. In addition to his comforting confidence in the moral sentiments, he predicted that commerce would increase the wealth of nations, not merely of certain groups within them. Malthus and Ricardo were far less optimistic. Both believed that wages would never exceed subsistence in the long run, because population growth would only bring them down again. Ricardo warned that rents would likely rise and bring a halt to economic growth.
How Should China Feed Itself?
Authors: Ytmg Yongzheng , Huang Yiping 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When China embarked on economic reform in 1978, its agricultural sector began a transition from a central planning regime to a market¬ oriented household farming system. With the dismantling of the communes and the release of market forces, agricultural output increased dramatically in the first six years of reform. Food shortages disappeared rapidly. With the deepen¬ing of industrial reform since the mid 1980s, strong growth in food demand has continued.
How to Reform a Planned Economy: lessons from China
Authors: McMillan john , Naughton Barry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have been flooded with advice from the West on how to liberalise their planned economies. This advice is, unfortunately, offered in an empirical vacuum: no one knows how these economies will react to the proposed liberalisation measures. There exists, however, a neglected source of information. China offers a long time¬ series of data---over a decade’s worth-on the effects of reforms on a planned economy. China’s reforms were gradual, but their cumulative effect has been large; and they have been remarkably successful. China’s experiments provide some practical lessons on what kinds of reforms can work elsewhere. The dominant school of thought among economists favours the ‘big bang’ policy of reforming quickly and according to a comprehensive plan. Partial reforms, in this view, are useless: they will be negated by the remnants of the planning system. The proponents of big bang reform have been influential, with Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Russia announcing plans for a rapid transition to capitalism.
The Idea of a Traite D’economie Politique
Authors: Whatmore Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The published version of Say’s Olbie appeared in the first months of 1800, and included a preface making clear the author’s enthusiastic support for the new regime which had been instituted since the work had been written. Although intended to address the problems of the Directory (the “fifty years of stability’ which the Olbiens moral reformation was based upon was held to be the product of the constitution of 1795), Say argued that Olbie was still more suited to the Consulate.
The Personal Income Tax
Authors: Messere Ken , Kam Flip de , Heady Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of all the particular kinds of tax surveyed in Part II, the personal income tax (PIT) is the most important and complex. It is used to promote many, not always compatible goals, such as vertical equity, horizontal equity, economic efficiency, neutrality towards various kinds of social and economic decisions. There are also a variety of instruments at governments’ disposal for promoting their priority objectives, such as different ways of giving tax relief, aggregation or non-aggregation of spouses’ income, different degrees of progressivity of rate schedules, offsetting wholly, partially or not at all the impact of inflation. All these instruments interact with each other in determining the tax burdens of different categories of taxpayer.
Taxes on Wealth, Capital Gains, and Property
Authors: Messere Ken , Kam Flip de , Heady Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with taxes not already covered in Chapters 6-9. Section 10.2 sets out the rationale for taxes on the transfer of net wealth, capital gains, and property. Sections 10.3 and 10.4 discuss net wealth and capital transfer taxes, respectively. The discussion here is confined to taxes of individuals, net wealth taxes on companies having been briefly covered in Chapter 8. Section 10.5 deals with capital gains taxes of individuals. Finally, Section 10.6 discusses taxes on land and buildings—hence forth called ‘property taxes’—including those levied on businesses as well as individuals. It is recalled that property taxes have already been discussed in Chapter 5 in their role of local taxes, but that aspect is not considered here. Also omitted from this chapter and the book are the various financial and capital taxes that usually raise little revenue.
Bureaucratic Corruption and Political Accountability
Authors: Rose-Ackerman Susan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Bureaucracies need to be accountable to the public. Their technical decisions and policy judgments should be open to public scrutiny. People and groups need to know what government is doing and have avenues for making complaints and holding officials responsible for their actions. An accountable bureaucracy is not only more democratically legitimate; it is also less prone to corruption and insider influence. In this note I discuss the legal and political constraints on the implementation of statutes, consider the role of judicial review, and highlight ways to achieve openness and public participation.
R & D in Developing Countries: What should Governments Do?
Authors: Neary Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this paper I consider the implications of recent research for R & D policy in developing countries. Typical new growth models, which assume free entry and no strategic behaviour by R & D producers, are less appropriate for policy guidance than strategic oligopoly models. But the latter have ambiguous implications for targeted R & D subsidies, and caution against the anti-competitive effects of research joint ventures. A better policy is to raise the economy-wide level of research expertise. This avoids the need for governments to pick winners, is less prone to capture, and dilutes the strategic disincentive to undertake R & D with unappropriable spillovers.
Gender Economics: Just Another Dummy Variable?
Authors: Elson Diane 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this short paper is to provoke a discussion about the position of ‘gender economics’ in the development economics agenda. Is it a new subspecialism that simply entails adding a male/ female dummy variable in standard forms of applied microeconomics? Or should we go beyond this to rethink development paradigms from a new perspective with more wide-ranging implications for development economics? The opportunity to discuss these issues is very timely, as the World Bank is engaged in the production of a Policy Research Report on Gender and Development, while the OECD Development Assistance Committee Working Party on Gender Equality is supporting the publication of a paper on gender-aware economic policy analysis for development cooperation. (I am engaged in the first venture as an adviser and the second venture as an author).
The Sogo Shosha: Finding a New Role?
Authors: Sjöberg Örjan , Soderberg Marie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Japanese postwar trade has been fundamentally different from that of other industrialized countries in the sense that it has been dominated by a handful of companies, the Japanese sogo shosha, or general trading companies (GTCs). As late as 1990 these companies controlled 75 per cent of all imports to and around 45 per cent of the exports from Japan.
Fertility Decline in Sri Lanka: Could Fertility Now Be at about Replacement Level?
Authors: ford C M Lang 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On the face of it, fertility in Sri Lanka-a very poor country, though with a good record in terms of literacy, education, and health (Caldwell 1986)-has now fallen to extremely low levels. According to the 1993 Demographic and Health Survey of Sri Lanka, the total fertility rate (TFR) for the five-year period before the survey was 2.3 children per woman (Department of Census and Statistics 1995: 26). The main object of this chapter is to assess the likelihood that fertility in Sri Lanka has indeed fallen to around replacement level. A wide range of fertility estimates, based upon census and registration data, and on the data provided by a number of sample surveys, are considered, and checked against each other for consistency. Changes in fertility over the entire period since World War II are examined, to see if apparent recent developments seem plausible. Changes in nuptiality are also considered, and information on recent birth control practice is examined.
Son Preference and the Dynamics of Fertility Decision-Making among Wives and Their Husbands in Rural Nepal
Authors: Stash Sharon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Within the demographic literature, or at least that which pertains to western countries, there exists a concept that certain parities are ‘discretionary’-implying that there are certain parities at which couples’ fertility decision-making processes are likely to be more evident than others. This concept is evident in the very title of Westoff, Potter and Sagi’s seminal book The Third Child (1963). As in other studies done during the same period of time, this study examines the relative contributions of various factors that predict a third birth among couples with two children. Such investigations of fertility decision-making benefit from a focus on spousal dynamics occurring at key decision-making junctures.
Transcending an Ethnic Party System? The Impact of Consociational Governance on Electoral Dynamics and the Party System
Authors: Mitchell Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter exams the impact of the new institutional architecture of Northern Ireland—the 1998 Belfast Agreement—on the party system and elect oral behavior of parties and voters. Previous chapters have detailed the making and meaning of the Agreement and considered its likely impact on policy-making and the future governance of Northern Ireland. Here we focus on the electoral consequences of consociationalrule. An important question concerning the post-Agreement party system is the extent to which the new political institutions—and the return to the Single Transferable Vote electoral system—may attenuate the previously intense communal cleavage by sperm posing a new ‘pro-power-sharing versus anti-power-sharing division’ on the communal party system. Since the agreement is premised on an informal, but no less real, coalition among the pro-Agreement parties, their co-operation in government may encourage, and indeed may ultimately depend upon, electoral co-operation both within and across the traditional communal party systems.
The Speed of Information Revelation in a Financial Market Mechanism
Authors: Vives Xavier 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The role of prices in transmitting information in financial markets has been extensively studied since the early work of Kihlstrom and Mirman [19] and Grossman [12]. Nevertheless, the study of the speed at which prices incorporate information is much less developed.1 This paper studies a simple information tâtonnement mechanism to elicit the dispersed private information of risk averse agents on the value of a risky asset. The speed of convergence of the prices generated by the mechanism to the underlying value of the asset, that is, the speed of price discovery, is established and the role of market makers analyzed.
Design and Valuation of Debt Contracts
Authors: Anderson Ronald W , Sundaresan Suresh 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This article studies the design and valuation of debt contracts in a general dynamic setting under uncertainty. In doing so we draw together two strands of the finance literature that have developed significantly in recent years, but have done so in large part independently of one another. By incorporating some insights of the recent corporate finance literature into a valuation framework, we obtain a model that seems promising for the empirical study of pricing of risky debt claims and which gives insights into the question of why certain contractual provisions are selected in some situations but not in others. Beyond this we believe our framework suggests a general approach incorporating strategic considerations in valuation setting which can be usefully explored in future work.
Underpricing, Ownership and Control in Initial Public Offerings of Equity Securities in the UK
Authors: Brennan M J , Franks J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The underpricing of Initial Public Offerings (IPO) of common stock has been confirmed by researchers in many different countries. A plethora of theoretical explanations have been advanced to explain why the owners of a company would rationally sell shares to outsiders for less than the apparent maximum price achievable (see, Loughran et al., 1994, for a review of the evidence and the possible causes of underpricing).
Introduction
Authors: Arndt Sven W , Kierzkowski Henryk 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over much of its development, trade theory has focused on explaining and assessing trade in end products. The international division of labor and the role of specialization are studied mainly in terms of final goods. Even the literature on intra-industry trade, which might naturally have been drawn to trade in parts and components, has tended to focus on the exchange of varieties of end products. There is, of course, a quite distinguished literature on trade in intermediate products, but its findings and insights exist more as an addendum to rather than an integral part of the main paradigm.
A Communication-Based Model of Global Production Fragmentation
Authors: Harris Richard G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An important characterization of the globalization of trade, and in particular of trade in manufactures, is the increased fragmentation of production as defined by Jones and Kierzkowski (1990). The basic idea they advanced is that it is important to open the ‘black box’ of the production function and focus attention on differences among the basic component processes of a production system. For example, an electronics plant may have historically produced a number of different components and then assembled them into a final product at a single geographic location. Over time these separate processes which were once agglomerated within a single plant have been segmented, with their location being geographically dispersed both within national economies and across international economies. From the point of view of the country losing an activity, this is also referred to as ‘outsourcing’ by the resident home country firm.
The Netherlands
Authors: Zwaak Leo F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 31 August 1954 the Netherlands became a Party to the European Convention on Human Rights and the government recognized the compulsory jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights. When ratifying the Convention, however, the Netherlands did not recognize the right of individuals to lodge complaints with the European Commission on Human Rights. A declaration recognizing the right of individual petition was deposited with the Secretary General of the Council of Europe on 5 July 1960. Both declarations have been regularly renewed and since 1979 for an unlimited period. The Netherlands further ratified in 1971 the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and in 1978 the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its Optional Protocol and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights.
Therapeutic Arguments and Structures of Desire
Authors: Nussbaum* Martha 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We all know that society influences our thinking and our behavior in many ways. But we frequently imagine that we also inhabit a pre societal realm of ‘nature,’ and that our desires and emotions derive from that realm. This way of thinking was very much encouraged by romanticism, but it has older roots; it was alive, indeed, in the ancient Greek world. Greeks liked to talk about erotic passion as something that grows in us ‘by nature,’ and to refer to the compulsions of nature in explication of their sexual conduct. The contrast between nature and convention, in the Greek world very much as in our own, was used to mark certain things as unchangeable and off-limits, other things as more superficial and potentially more mutable.
A Second Revolution, 1792
Authors: McPhee Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ever since July 1789 the Assembly had had to face a double challenge-how to preserve the Revolution from its opponents? Whose Revolution was it to be? These questions came to a head in mid-1791. Outraged by the changes to the Church and the limitations to his own power, Louis fled Paris on 21June, publicly repudiating the direction the Revolution had taken: ‘the only recompense for so many sacrifices is to witness the destruction of the kingdom, to see all powers ignored, personal property violated, people’s safety everywhere in danger’.
New Regulations for Public Services in Competition
Authors: Henry Claude , Matheu Michel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The history of network utilities reached a new phase in the late 1970s. The first half of the twentieth century witnessed the mass distribution of these services, with the progressive connection of small local or regional networks. Then in the postwar years there was a general move towards national monopolies, which were usually publicly owned. A third period, characterized by liberalization, has emerged over the last two decades of the century. Competition has been introduced on varying scales in all sectors —energy, transport, telecommunications and the postal service —as a result of the impact of structural changes.
Developments in Regulatory Principles: The UK Experience
Authors: Cowan Simon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The UK, along with Chile, was the pioneer of privatization of state-owned utilities in the 1980s, and has served as a model for subsequent privatizations and new forms of regulation elsewhere in the world. As experience has been gained and practical lessons have been learned, the theory of regulation has also developed. In this paper I assess some recent theoretical developments in regulation in the light of UK experience. The choice of topics is motivated by UK practice, but the purpose is not to claim that there is a tight mapping between observed features of actual regulation and the theory. Instead I present some key ideas using, for the most part, a unified modelling framework. Armstrong et al. (1994) and Laffont and Tirole (1993) present more detailed surveys of regulation theory.
Establishing Independent Regulators in France
Authors: Bureau Dominique , Curien Nicolas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The telecommunications and electricity sectors are not the only ones in France for which the state has gradually delegated regulatory responsibility to independent authorities. The Broadcasting Council (CSA) and the Stock market Regulatory Body (COB) also hold such powers. However, they operate on established markets where public operators are no longer dominant and do not control essential facilities.
The Phillips curve
Authors: Bårdsen Gunnar , Eitrheim Øyvind , Jansen Eilev S , Nymoen Ragnar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Norwegian model of inflation and the Phillips curve are rooted in the same epoch of macroeconomics. But while Aukrust’s model dwindled away from the academic scene, the Phillips curve literature ‘took off’ in the 1960s and achieved immense impact over the next four decades. Section 4.1.1 records some of the most noteworthy steps in the developments of the Phillips curve. In the 1970s, the Phillips curve and Aukrust’s model were seen as alternative, representing ‘demand’ and ‘supply’ model of inflation respectively (see Frisch 1977). However, as pointed out by Aukrust (1977), the difference between viewing the labour market as the important source of inflation and the Phillips curve’s focus on product market, is more a matter of emphasis than of principle, since both mechanisms may be operating together.