bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food provision and the nutritional implications of food choices made by young adult males, in a young offenders' institution
Authors: Eves A. , Gesch B. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe nutritional adequacy of diets provided by a prison was assessed by analysis of the kitchen menu for 1 week of a 4‐week cycle. Dietary intakes were determined using a predefined 7‐day diet diary in which prisoners indicated what they had eaten, and how much. A total of 159 prisoners took part in the study.The food provided by the prison kitchen was broadly in line with current dietary recommendations. Vitamin content exceeded recommendations, with the exception of niacin in the vegetarian menu (12.6 mg compared with the reference nutrient intake of 16.8 mg). Selenium content was low in all menus, but particularly in the vegetarian menu in 1997 where it equalled the lower reference nutrient intake (LRNI) (39.5 μg). Food choices made by prisoners resulted in a wide variation in dietary intakes. Fat intake (as a proportion of energy) exceeded the recommended 35% in 82% of diets in 1996, and 64% of diets in 1997. In 1996, 34% of prisoners had intakes above 40% energy as fat. High fat intakes were largely the result of consuming items from the prison shop. Vitamin D intakes were low (3.4 and 3.3 μg in 1996 and 1997, respectively) compared with the recommendation (10 μg) for those with limited exposure to sunlight. Intakes of a number of minerals fell below recommendations, with some prisoners barely meeting the LRNI. This was particularly notable for selenium where 35% of prisoners in 1996, and 60% of prisoners in 1997 had intakes below the LRNI.
Sleep–wake rhythm in an irregular shift system
Authors: Sallinen Mikael , Härmä Mikko , Mutanen Pertti , Ranta Riikka , Virkkala Jussi , Müller Kiti 
Published: May 2003

SummarySleep in shift work has been studied extensively in regular shift systems but to a lesser degree in irregular shifts. Our main aim was to examine the sleep–wake rhythm in shift combinations ending with the night or the morning shift in two irregular shift systems. Three weeks' sleep/work shift diary data, collected from 126 randomly selected train drivers and 104 traffic controllers, were used in statistical analyses including a linear mixed model and a generalized linear model for repeated measurements. The results showed that the sleep–wake rhythm was significantly affected by the shift combinations. The main sleep period before the first night shift shortened by about 2 h when the morning shift immediately preceded the night shift as compared with the combination containing at least 36 h of free time before the night shift (reference combination). The main sleep period before the night shift was most curtailed between two night shifts, on average by 2.9 and 3.5 h among the drivers and the controllers, respectively, as compared with the reference combination. Afternoon napping increased when the morning or the day shift immediately preceded the night shift, the odds being 4.35–4.84 in comparison with the reference combination. The main sleep period before the morning shift became 0.5 h shorter when the evening shift preceded the morning shift in comparison with the sleep period after a free day. The risk for dozing off during the shift was associated only with the shift length, increasing by 17 and 35% for each working hour in the morning and the night shift, respectively. The results demonstrate advantageous and disadvantageous shift combinations in relation to sleep and make it possible to improve the ergonomy of irregular shift systems.
Assessment of reproducibility of measures of intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness in young white adults over a 16‐h time period
Authors: Aakre Bente Monica , Doughty Michael J. , Dalane Olav V. , Berg Andreas , Aamodt Øystein , Gangstad Hedda 
Published: May 2003

AbstractPurpose: The aims of this study were to obtain clinical measures of intraocular pressure (IOP) and central corneal thickness (CCT) and during waking hours to further assess both the nature of diurnal changes, and the reproducibility of any possible association between the two measures.Methods: Fifteen white (Norwegian) healthy young adult subjects aged 20–29 years had IOP and CCT measures made, using a non‐contact specular microscope and non‐contact tonometry (NCT), every hour over a period of 16 h, starting at 06.30 hours. The experiment was repeated on two successive days.Results: The average NCT readings were 12.5 and 11.4 mmHg for days 1 and 2, while pachometry averages were 0.518 and 0.514 mm. The range of NCT values, for any set of readings, averaged 2 mmHg, while this range was 0.014 mm for CCT measures. The reproducibility of these measures, as estimated by the coefficient of variation (COV) was 7.2% for NCT and 1.0% for pachometry measures. The COV for tonometry was inversely proportional to the actual values of these measures. A significant time‐related decline in tonometry values was seen over day 1 but not day 2. Pachometry values declined very rapidly over the first hour in both sessions and were essentially constant for the rest of the sessions. The strongest association between pachometry data and NCT measures was noted around midday (12.30 hours) on both sessions.Conclusions: These studies confirm that the reproducibility (repeatability) of NCT and pachometry are substantially different. It is suggested that this aspect of tonometry needs to be taken into account, especially where there are lower values, when considering the possible impact of corneal thickness on tonometry measures and their interpretation. These types of effects need to be further assessed in older patients with ocular hypertension, or other glaucoma suspects.
ZP123 Increases Gap Junctional Conductance and Prevents Reentrant Ventricular Tachycardia During Myocardial Ischemia in Open Chest Dogs
Authors: Xing Dezhi , Kjølbye Anne Louise , Nielsen Morten S. , Petersen Jørgen S. , Harlow Kenneth W. , Holstein‐Rathlou Niels‐Henrik , Martins James B. 
Published: May 2003

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine if the stable antiarrhythmic peptide (AAP) analogue ZP123 increases gap junctional intercellular conductance and prevents reentrant ventricular tachycardia (VT) during coronary artery occlusion.
Methods and Results: Voltage clamp experiments demonstrated that 10 nM ZP123 improved gap junctional intercellular conductance by

69%± 20%

in pairs of guinea pig ventricular myocytes. VT was induced by programmed stimulation in α‐chloralose anaesthetized open chest dogs 1 to 4 hours after coronary artery occlusion. Three‐dimensional activation mapping was done using six bipolar electrograms on each of 23 multipolar needles in the risk zone. When VT was reproducibly induced, dogs were randomly assigned to receive either saline or ZP123 cumulatively at three dose levels (intravenous bolus followed by 30‐min infusion per dose). Attempts to induce VT were repeated in each infusion period. Mass spectrometry was used to measure ZP123 plasma concentrations. Twenty‐six dogs with reentrant VT were included. ZP123 significantly prevented reentrant VT at all plasma concentrations vs saline:

1.0 ± 0.2 nM: 6/12 vs 0/12; 7.7 ± 0.6 nM: 7/13 vs 1/12

; and

69.2 ± 5.4 nM: 9/13 vs 1/13

. The preventive effect of ZP123 on reentrant VT was closely correlated to reversal of functional, unidirectional conduction block. ZP123 did not affect effective refractory period, surface ECG parameters, mean arterial pressure, or infarct size.
Conclusion: The stable AAP analogue ZP123 increased gap junctional intercellular conductance and specifically prevented the induction of reentrant VT during ischemia in a broad dose range without proarrhythmic or hemodynamic side effects. ZP123 is a promising candidate for use in preventing ischemia‐induced VT.
(J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 14, pp. 510‐520, May 2003)
Use of Electrogram Characteristics During Sinus Rhythm to Delineate the Endocardial Scar in a Porcine Model of Healed Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Wrobleski David , Houghtaling Christopher , Josephson Mark E. , Ruskin Jeremy N. , Reddy Vivek Y. 
Published: May 2003

Introduction: Substrate‐based catheter ablation of postmyocardial infarction (post‐MI) ventricular tachycardia necessitates electroanatomic definition of the scarred endocardium. We sought to determine whether electrogram criteria during sinus rhythm could identify the location and extent of the myocardial scar by electroanatomic mapping.
Methods and Results: A porcine model of healed MI was generated by injecting agarose microspheres into the mid left anterior descending coronary artery. At least 4 weeks post‐MI, the animals

(n = 24)

underwent detailed left ventricular endocardial electroanatomic mapping using a 4‐mm‐tip catheter (BioSense‐Webster, Inc.). Based upon mapping data in normal animals, infarcted tissue was defined as bipolar electrogram amplitude <1.5 mV and electrogram duration ≥50 msec. Radiofrequency ablation lesions (2–10 per animal) were placed to tag the endocardial borders of the electroanatomic mapping‐defined scar. The area of the scar defined by abnormal voltage amplitude was

25.9 ± 15.4 cm2

(range 6.9–60.5). This area correlated well with that defined as scar by the electrogram duration criteria

(26.4 ± 16 cm2)

. Of those points remote from the infarct with falsely low voltage amplitude resulting from presumed poor catheter‐tissue contact, 94% were correctly identified as normal when using the electrogram duration criteria. Late potentials were observed predominantly along the borders of the infarcted myocardium. The radiofrequency lesions placed to tag the scar borders were located along the scar periphery during gross pathologic examination.
Conclusion: During normal sinus rhythm, both bipolar electrogram voltage amplitude and electrogram duration criteria are able to help differentiate normal from scarred myocardial tissue. Using these criteria, a detailed reconstruction of the endocardial scar can be rendered by electroanatomic mapping of the heart.
(J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 14, pp. 524‐529, May 2003)
Heart Rate Turbulence after Ventricular and Atrial Premature Beats in Subjects without Structural Heart Disease
Authors: Lindgren Kai S. , Mäkikallio Timo H. , Seppänen Tapio , Raatikainen M.J. Pekka , Castellanos Agustin , Myerburg Robert J. , Huikuri Heikki V. 
Published: May 2003

Introduction: Studies assessing heart rate (HR) behavior after premature beats have focused on HR responses to ventricular premature beats (VBPs), but there is less information of HR behavior after atrial premature beats (APBs).
Methods and Results: HR turbulence after VPBs and APBs was first measured in response to ambient APBs and VPBs occurring during 24‐hour ambulatory ECG recordings in 29 subjects without structural heart disease, and in response to programmed atrial (AE) and ventricular extrastimuli (VE) in 6 subjects undergoing electrophysiologic (EP) examination. Turbulence onset (TO) was more negative

(−2.3 ± 3.2% vs −0.9 ± 2.8%, P < 0.01)

and turbulence slope (TS) was steeper

(11 ± 11 vs 5.1 ± 4.1 msec/R‐R interval, P < 0.05)

after VPBs than APBs. Compared to VPBs, the acceleration of HR after APBs was delayed by one beat, and APBs were associated with a short R‐R interval preceding the APB, resulting in a blunted TO. Studies of patients undergoing an EP test confirmed the one‐beat delay of HR acceleration and the blunted TO after programmed AE compared to VE

(P < 0.05)

. TO and TS after VPBs were related to baroreflex sensitivity. TO also was related to 24‐hour standard deviation of N‐N intervals (SDNN). However, the TO or TS following APBs was not related to either SDNN or baroreflex sensitivity.
Conclusion: HR behavior is different in response to APBs and VBPs among subjects without structural heart disease. Different definitions and calculation formulas should be used in the analysis of HR turbulence after APBs and VPBs.
(J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 14, pp. 447‐452, May 2003)
Structural Analysis of Human Rhinovirus Complexed with ICAM-1 Reveals the Dynamics of Receptor-Mediated Virus Uncoating
Authors: Xing Li , Casasnovas José M. , Cheng R. Holland 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT
Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) functions as the cellular receptor for the major group of human rhinoviruses, being not only the target of viral attachment but also the mediator of viral uncoating. The configurations of HRV3-ICAM-1 complexes prepared both at 4°C and physiological temperature (37°C) were analyzed by cryoelectron microscopy and image reconstruction. The particle diameters of two complexes (with and without RNA) representing uncoating intermediates generated at 37°C were each 4% larger than that of those prepared at 4°C. The larger virus particle arose by an expansive movement of the capsid pentamers along the fivefold axis, which loosens interprotomer contacts, particularly at the canyon region where the ICAM-1 receptor bound. Particle expansion required receptor binding and preceded the egress of the viral RNA. These observations suggest that receptor-mediated uncoating could be a consequence of restrained capsid motion, where the bound receptors maintain the viral capsid in an expanded open state for subsequent genome release.
The Stress-Inducible Immediate-Early Responsive Gene IEX-1 Is Activated in Cells Infected with Herpes Simplex Virus 1, but Several Viral Mechanisms, Including 3′ Degradation of Its RNA, Preclude Expression of the Gene
Authors: Taddeo Brunella , Esclatine Audrey , Zhang Weiran , Roizman Bernard 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

The accumulation of cellular transcripts from cells infected with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) as measured with the aid of Affymetrix microchips has been reported elsewhere. Among these transcripts were genes that respond to stress and that could have a noxious effect on viral replication. We have selected the stress-inducible cellular gene encoding the immediate-early response protein IEX-1 to verify and determine the significance of the accumulation of these transcripts in infected cells. We report that we verified the increase in accumulation of IEX-1 transcripts after infection by Northern analyses and real-time PCR. These transcripts reach peak levels between 3 and 7 h after infection and decrease thereafter. However, IEX-1 protein was detected in cells 1 h after infection but not at later intervals. Studies designed to elucidate the failure of IEX-1 protein to be synthesized revealed the following points. (i) IEX-1 RNA transported to the cytoplasm after 1 h of infection consisted of at least two populations, a partially degraded population and a population consisting of unspliced IEX-1 RNA. Neither of these RNAs could translate the authentic IEX-1 protein. (ii) The partially degraded IEX-1 RNA was not detected in the cytoplasm of cells infected with a mutant virus lacking the U
L
41 gene encoding the virion host shutoff protein (
vhs
). Although degradation of RNA mediated by
vhs
was reported to be 5′ to 3′, the partially degraded IEX-1 RNA lacked the 3′ sequences rather than the 5′ sequences. (iii) The unspliced pre-RNA form containing the IEX-1 intron sequences was detected in the cytoplasm of cell infected with wild-type virus but not in those infected with a mutant lacking the α27 gene encoding the infected cell protein No. 27. (iv) Overexpression of IEX-1 protein by transduction of the gene prior to infection with 1 PFU of HSV-1 per cell had no effect on the accumulation of late genes and virus yield. We conclude that the failure of IEX-1 to express its protein reflects the numerous mechanisms by which the virus thwarts the cells from expressing its genes after infection.
CpG Methylation of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 DNA in Cervical Cancer Cell Lines and in Clinical Specimens: Genomic Hypomethylation Correlates with Carcinogenic Progression
Authors: Badal Vinay , Chuang Linda S. H. , Tan Eileen Hwee-Hong , Badal Sushma , Villa Luisa L. , Wheeler Cosette M. , Li Benjamin F. L. , Bernard Hans-Ulrich 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT
Infection with genital human papillomaviruses (HPVs) is the primary cause of cervical cancer. The infection is widespread, and little is known about the secondary factors associated with progression from subclinical infection to invasive carcinoma. Here we report that HPV genomes are efficiently targeted in vivo by CpG methylation, a well-known mechanism of transcriptional repression. Indeed, it has been shown previously that in vitro-methylated HPV type 16 (HPV-16) DNA is transcriptionally repressed after transfection into cell cultures. By using a scan with the restriction enzyme McrBC, we observed a conserved profile of CpG hyper- and hypomethylation throughout the HPV-16 genomes of the tumor-derived cell lines SiHa and CaSki. Methylation is particularly high in genomic segments overlying the late genes, while the long control region (LCR) and the oncogenes are unmethylated in the single HPV-16 copy in SiHa cells. In 81 patients from two different cohorts, the LCR and the E6 gene of HPV-16 DNA were found to be hypermethylated in 52% of asymptomatic smears, 21.7% of precursor lesions, and 6.1% of invasive carcinomas. This suggests that neoplastic transformation may be suppressed by CpG methylation, while demethylation occurs as the cause of or concomitant with neoplastic progression. These prevalences of hyper- and hypomethylation also indicate that CpG methylation plays an important role in the papillomavirus life cycle, which takes place in asymptomatic infections and precursor lesions but not in carcinomas. Bisulfite modification revealed that in most of the HPV-16 genomes of CaSki cells and of asymptomatic patients, all 11 CpG dinucleotides that overlap with the enhancer and the promoter were methylated, while in SiHa cells and cervical lesions, the same 11 or a subset of CpGs remained unmethylated. Our report introduces papillomaviruses as models to study the mechanism of CpG methylation, opens research on the importance of this mechanism during the viral life cycle, and provides a marker relevant for the etiology and diagnosis of cervical cancer.
Palmitoylation of the
Autographa californica
Multicapsid Nucleopolyhedrovirus Envelope Glycoprotein GP64: Mapping, Functional Studies, and Lipid Rafts
Authors: Zhang Sandy Xiaoxin , Han Yu , Blissard Gary W. 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

Budded virions (BV) of the baculovirus
Autographa californica
multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (Ac
M
NPV) contain a major envelope glycoprotein known as GP64, which was previously shown to be palmitoylated. In the present study, we used truncation and amino acid substitution mutations to map the palmitoylation site to cysteine residue 503. Palmitoylation of GP64 was not detected when Cys503 was replaced with alanine or serine. Palmitoylation-minus forms of GP64 were used to replace wild-type GP64 in Ac
M
NPV, and these viruses were used to examine potential functions of GP64 palmitoylation in the context of the infection cycle. Analysis by immunoprecipitation and cell surface studies revealed that palmitoylation of GP64 did not affect GP64 synthesis or its transport to the cell surface in Sf9 cells. GP64 proteins lacking palmitoylation also mediated low-pH-triggered membrane fusion in a manner indistinguishable from that of wild-type GP64. Cells infected with viruses expressing palmitoylation-minus forms of GP64 produced infectious virions at levels similar to those from cells infected with wild-type Ac
M
NPV. In combination, these data suggest that virus entry and exit in Sf9 cells were not significantly affected by GP64 palmitoylation. To determine whether GP64 palmitoylation affected the association of GP64 with membrane microdomains, the potential association of GP64 with lipid raft microdomains was examined. These experiments showed that: (i) Ac
M
NPV-infected Sf9 cell membranes contain lipid raft microdomains, (ii) GP64 association with lipid rafts was not detected in infected Sf9 cells, and (iii) GP64 palmitoylation did not affect the apparent exclusion of GP64 from lipid raft microdomains.
Hepatitis B Virus X Protein and Simian Virus 5 V Protein Exhibit Similar UV-DDB1 Binding Properties To Mediate Distinct Activities
Authors: Leupin Olivier , Bontron Séverine , Strubin Michel 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT
The UV-damaged DNA-binding activity protein (UV-DDB) consists of two subunits, DDB1 and DDB2, and functions in DNA repair and cell cycle regulation. The DDB1 subunit is a target for the hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx). Binding of HBx to DDB1 interferes with cell growth and viability in culture and has been implicated in the establishment of viral infection. DDB1 also interacts with the V proteins encoded by several paramyxoviruses including simian virus 5 (SV5), which prevent interferon signaling by targeting either STAT1 or STAT2 proteins for proteolysis. The role of V binding to DDB1, however, remains unclear. Here we show that the V protein of SV5 (SV5-V) and HBx exhibit strikingly similar DDB1 binding properties. Thus, SV5-V and HBx bind to DDB1 in a mutually exclusive manner, and SV5-V shares with HBx the ability to enhance the steady-state levels of DDB1 and to inhibit its association with DDB2. Yet only HBx induces cell death, and SV5-V can prevent HBx from doing so by blocking its interaction with DDB1. Binding of SV5-V to DDB1 may serve another function, since SV5-V shows a decreased ability to induce STAT1 degradation in cells expressing reduced amounts of DDB1. These findings demonstrate that HBx performs a unique function through its association with DDB1 for which SV5-V cannot substitute and suggest that SV5-V and HBx have evolved to bind DDB1 to achieve distinct functions, both by a mechanism that does not involve DDB2.
Transport of the Intracisternal A-Type Particle Gag Polyprotein to the Endoplasmic Reticulum Is Mediated by the Signal Recognition Particle
Authors: Fehrmann Frauke , Jung Martin , Zimmermann Richard , Kräusslich Hans-Georg 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT
Intracisternal A-type particles (IAP) are defective endogenous retroviruses that accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of rodent cells. The enveloped particles are produced by assembly and budding of IAP Gag polyproteins at the ER membrane. In this study, we analyzed the specific ER transport of the Gag polyprotein of the IAP element MIA14. To this end, we performed in vitro translation of Gag in the presence of microsomal membranes or synthetic proteoliposomes followed by membrane sedimentation or flotation. ER binding of IAP Gag occurred mostly cotranslationally, and Gag polyproteins interacted specifically with proteoliposomes containing only signal recognition particle (SRP) receptor and the Sec61p complex, which form the minimal ER translocation apparatus. The direct participation of SRP in ER targeting of IAP Gag was demonstrated in cross-linking and immunoprecipitation experiments. The IAP polyprotein was not translocated into the ER; it was found to be tightly associated with the cytoplasmic side of the ER membrane but did not behave as an integral membrane protein. Substituting the functional signal peptide of preprolactin for the hydrophobic sequence at the N terminus of IAP Gag also did not result in translocation of the chimeric protein into the ER lumen, and grafting the IAP hydrophobic sequence onto preprolactin failed to yield luminal transport as well. These results suggest that the N-terminal hydrophobic region of the IAP Gag polyprotein functions as a transport signal which mediates SRP-dependent ER targeting, but polyprotein translocation or integration into the membrane is prevented by the signal sequence itself and by additional regions of Gag.