bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum IgG reactivity to subgingival bacteria in initial periodontitis, gingivitis and healthy subjects
Authors: Tanner A. C. R. , Kent R. L. , Maiden M. F. J. , Macuch P. J. , Taubman M. A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground/aims: Established periodontal diseases may be associated with antibody responses to periodontal pathogens, but it is not known at which stage of disease this antibody response is initiated. This study aimed to characterize the host systemic response in initial periodontitis, gingivitis, and periodontal health, to evaluate whether elevated serum antibodies to subgingival species could be detected in initial periodontitis.Method: Human systemic immune response were evaluated to 40 subgingival bacterial species in 16 healthy, 21 gingivitis, 11 initial periodontitis and 5 progressing recession adults. Subjects had minimal periodontal attachment level (AL) loss at baseline. Disease categories were determined after 12 months monitoring at three‐month intervals. Increased AL loss 1.5 mm (disease activity) at interproximal sites defined initial periodontitis, recession was characterized by AL loss at buccal sites. Serum IgG antibodies were evaluated semi‐quantitatively by immunoblot from blood taken at baseline, active and final visits.Results: No antibody was detected from 55% of reactions. When detected, levels were below those reported for advanced periodontitis subjects. There were no major differences in serum antibody levels between healthy, gingivitis and initial periodontitis subjects, despite differences in the subgingival microbiota. Serum antibodies for more species were detected in recession subjects, compared with the other study subjects. No changes in antibody levels were detected between baseline, active, and final visits. No systematic association between species colonization and presence of systemic antibody was observed.Conclusions: This study did not detect differential elevation of mean serum antibody levels in initial periodontitis subjects, suggesting that serum antibody levels are not sensitive risk markers for initial periodontitis.
Prevalence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and clinical conditions in children and adolescents from rural and urban areas of central Italy
Authors: Paolantonio Michele , Di Bonaventura Gianni , Di Placido Giacinto , Tumini Vincenzo , Catamo Giovanni , Di Donato Angelo , Piccolomini Raffaele 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: The aim of this study was to report on the prevalence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) and the periodontal clinical conditions in children and adolescents from a rural area of central Italy compared with the ones from an urban area of the same region.Method: The study population consisted of 780 systemically healthy children, aged 6–14 years inhabiting the county of Chieti. 505 children attended 3 primary and 2 secondary schools from a rural area whereas 275 individuals attended 1 primary and 1 secondary school from the city of Chieti. The 2 provincial areas present a great difference in socioeconomic level and cultural background. Clinical examination consisted of recording the % of gingival sites positive for the presence of plaque (Pl+), bleeding on probing (BOP+), mean probing depth (PD) from each primary or permanent tooth fully erupted in the oral cavity. Loss of periodontal attachment (AL+) was evaluated only in interproximal sites. AL+ subjects were distinguished in juvenile periodontitis (JP) prepubertal periodontis and early periodontitis (EP) patients. 8 gingival sites were microbiologically sampled in each subject and cultured, after pooling, for the presence of Aa.Results: 30.3% of rural subjects, were positive for the presence of Aa, the difference from urban children (16%) being statistically significant (p=0.01) irrespective of gender and age. Aa showed a significantly (p=0.006) higher mean proportion in subgingival plaque samples from rural children (0.13% versus 0.02%). Loss of periodontal attachment in at least one site was found in 18 rural children (3.56%) (3 JP; 15 EP) and 2 urban girls (0.72%) (1 JP; 1 EP). No significant differences for AL were observed within the rural group according to the gender and age differentiation. In the urban group, both AL+ subjects were Aa+, while among children from rural areas all 3 JP and 13 EP subjects were Aa+. Rural subjects evidenced significantly worse clinical parameters with respect to urban children (% Pl+ sites: p=0.000; % BOP+ sites: p=0.010; mean PD: p=0.000.) The relative risk for AL+ sites was significantly greater (2.42) in rural subjects harboring Aa in subgingival plaque. Similarly, the presence of Aa in subgingival plaque was related to a greater risk of more than 50% of BOP+ gingival sites in both rural and urban subjects (1.45 and 8.40, respectively).Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that Aa colonization in children and adolescents from central Italy is affected by socioeconomic and cultural factors; these factors also affect the periodontal condition of the subjects.
Pharmacodynamic effects of ketoprofen on crevicular fluid prostanoids in adult periodontitis
Authors: Paquette D. W. , Lawrence H. P. , McCombs G. B. , Wilder R. , Binder T. A. , Troullos E. , Annett M. , Friedman M. , Smith P. C. , Offenbacher S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe reported therapeutic benefits of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in slowing periodontal disease progression appear intimately linked to the effective inhibition of local prostaglandin synthesis. This randomized, partially double‐blind, controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the pharmacodynamic effects of the NSAID, ketoprofen (KTP), on gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) prostanoids. 42 subjects, ages 35–57 years, with moderate to advanced adult periodontitis were recruited and monitored for 22 days. On day 1, subjects were randomized for 1 of 5 treatments: i) 0.5% KTP gel; ii) 1.0% KTP gel; iii) 1.0% KTP alternate gel; iv) 2.0% KTP gel; v) 25 mg KTP capsule (positive control). Subjects applied 1 ml of gel topically to their gingiva or administered one capsule p.o., b.i.d. for 14.5 days. GCF samples were collected from posterior, interproximal sites on days 1 (pre‐dosing; 1, 2, 3, 6 h), 8 (pre‐dosing; 2 h), 15 (pre‐dosing; 2 h) and 22 (post‐treatment). GCF levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) were determined using RIA, and expressed in ng/ml and % reduction from baseline (%Effect). Neither a significant difference among groups nor a dose response in % effect for either prostanoid was evident, both overall and among cohorts with elevated baseline mediator levels ([PGE2]>34 ng/ml; [LTB4]>300 ng/ml). When data were combined from all groups, significant (p<0.01) % reductions in GCF PGE2 were noted at 1 and 2 h post‐dosing (29% and 24%, respectively). In comparing topical versus systemic formulations, all topical formulations were as equipotent as systemic dosing in altering local prostaglandin levels despite lower KTP exposures with gel treatments. These data indicate that both topical and systemic KTP therapies pharmacodynamically reduce GCF PGE2 levels in adult periodontitis subjects, allowing for potential inhibition of disease progression.
Effect of subgingival scaling during supportive therapy
Authors: Jenkins William M. M. , Said Samsiah H. M. , Radvar Mehrdad , Kinane Denis F. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aims: This prospective study was designed to investigate the rôle of root débridement at 3 month intervals for patients with periodontitis whose disease had persisted following the completion of conventional periodontal treatment.Methods: 39 maintenance patients with at least 4 pockets at least 4 mm deep were assigned to coronal scaling (CS) and subgingival scaling (SS) groups. Probing depths (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP) and relative attachment levels (RAL) were recorded at all eligible sites at baseline and 3, 6, 9 and 12 months later. Plaque index scores were recorded at the 12‐month visit. At every visit, following data collection, both groups received a coronal scaling and the SS group, in addition, received a thorough subgingival débridement. In the CS group, subgingival débridement was performed only for ‘loser’ sites which enhibited loss of attachment 2 mm relative to baseline values. Due to low compliance, only 31 patients completed the study. Thus, data analyses were carried out for 130 sites in 17 CS group patients and 146 sites in 14 SS group patients.Results: During the course of the study, 21 loser sites were identified in each group, but the difference in proportion of loser sites between groups was not significant. Furthermore, although there was a trend toward PD reduction in both groups throughout the study, mean PD, RAL and BOP values were not significantly different from baseline values at any time point, and there were no significant differences between groups with respect to these variables. Mean plaque scores measured at the 12‐month visit revealed no significant differences between groups.Conclusion: These findings call into question the value of performing repeated subgingival scaling at 3‐month intervals for patients with persistent disease.
Association of interleukin‐1 gene polymorphisms with early‐onset periodontitis
Authors: Parkhill Judith M. , Hennig Branwen J. W. , Chapple Iain L. C. , Heasman Peter A. , Taylor John J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aims: Early onset periodontal diseases (EOP) are a group of inflammatory disorders characterised by a rapid rate of periodontal tissue destruction, in young individuals who are otherwise healthy. There is now substantial evidence to suggest that genetic factors play a rôle in the pathogenesis of EOP but the precise nature of these factors remains unclear. Polymorphisms in cytokine genes which may underpin inter‐individual differences in cytokine synthesis and secretion have been associated with other diseases which have an inflammatory pathogenesis, including chronic adult periodontal disease (CAPD).Method: We therefore investigated the frequency of polymorphisms in the genes encoding interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and its receptor antagonist (IL‐1RA) in 70 EOP patients, including a subgroup of 21 localised EOP (L‐EOP) patients and 72 periodontally healthy controls. All subjects were of Caucasian heritage and systemically healthy. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in exon 5 of the IL‐1β gene (IL‐1β+3953) was analysed by amplifying the polymorphic region using PCR, followed by restriction digestion with Taq1 and gel electrophoresis.Results: The frequency of IL‐1β genotypes homozygous for allele 1 (corresponding to the presence of a restriction site) of the IL‐1β+3953 SNP was found to be significantly increased in EOP patients (χ2 test, p=0.025). Upon stratification for smoking status a significant difference was found in the IL‐1β genotype distribution between EOP smokers compared to control smokers (F‐exact test, p=0.02), but not between EOP non‐smokers and control non‐smokers. The IL‐1β 1/1 genotype occurred at a higher frequency in EOP smokers (odds ratio=4.9) compared to control smokers. A variable number tandem repeat polymorphism (VNTR) in intron 2 of the IL‐1RA gene was analysed by amplifying the polymorphic region using PCR and fragment size analysis by gel electrophoresis. There was no evidence for an association of an IL‐1RA genotype with EOP. However the combination of IL‐1β allele 1 and IL‐1RA allele 1 (corresponding to 4 repeats) was associated with EOP (Clump, p=0.01).Conclusions: These findings suggest that an IL‐1β genotype in combination with smoking, and a combined IL‐1β and IL‐1RA genotype are risk factors for EOP and support a role for genetic and environmental factors in susceptibility to EOP.
Bacterial susceptibility to amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate in advanced periodontitis patients not responding to mechanical therapy
Authors: Kleinfelder J. W. , Müller R. F. , Lange D. E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aims: Between 4 and 8% of periodontitis patients are reported to respond poorly to conventional therapy. In these cases, adjunctive use of systemic antibiotics might be a reasonable therapeutic approach. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of systemic amoxicillin/clavulanate as adjunct to periodontal surgery on the predominant subgingival microorganisms in patients not responding to mechanical therapy. Furthermore, the bacterial susceptibility to amoxicillin/clavulanate was analyzed before and after therapy in order to assess the clinical validity of pre‐therapeutic susceptibility testing.Methods: In 10 periodontitis subjects with no subgingival detection of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, the predominant subgingival organisms were identified using the identification system Rapid ID 32 A as well as antibiotic susceptibility was tested utilizing the E test.Results: Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella oralis were detected in 7/10 subjects and could no more recovered after therapy. Fusobacterium nucleatum and Peptostreptococcus micros were present in 5/10 patients before treatment, but could be detected in 6/10, resp. 3/10 after therapy. In 4/10 subjects harboring F. nucleatum and in 3/10 with P. micros, those organisms were not targeted by amoxicillin/clavulanate, although post‐treatment testing revealed their alleged susceptibility (MICs varied from 0.023 to 0.032 μg/ml, resp. from 0.125 to 2.0 μg/ml).Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the outcomes of conventional methods of susceptibility testing have to be interpreted very carefully when being used for treatment of plaque‐related diseases. Furthermore, since the endpoint of systemic antibiotic treatment as adjunct to conventional therapy is elimination of F. nucleatum or P. micros in patients harboring these organisms, the use of amoxicillin/clavulanate appears not to be justified.
Comparison of a conventional and modified tooth stain index
Authors: Macpherson L. M. D. , Stephen K. W. , Joiner A. , Schäfer F. , Huntington E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives:To evaluate a modified tooth stain index and determine the effect of dietary factors on stain formation.Methods: At baseline, 182 adult volunteers were given a full oral prophylaxis followed by stain assessment using a modification of the Lobene index. This involved assigning separate scores to the mesial (M) and distal (D) sites of each tooth, in addition to the standard gingival area (G) and tooth body (B). For each site, stain intensity and areas were scored. The sum of (intensity×area) scores was calculated for all sites (GBMD‐value) and for the gingival and body sites only (GB‐value). The subjects used a standard abrasive dentifrice and a soft toothbrush for 6 weeks.Results: Stain was reassessed and the average increase in GBMD‐value was 20.9 (sd=9.9) (buccal aspect) and 29.9 (sd=18.0) (lingual aspect). The corresponding GB‐values were 4.4 (sd=4.8) and 12.5 (sd=10.2). The coefficients of variation of the GBMD index values were consistently lower than those of the GB values. Smoking and tea‐drinking were found to be the only significant (p<0.001) factors investigated for stain formation.Conclusions: It is concluded that the modified index may well be advantageous to its conventional counterpart because sites with most visible stain are assessed separately and because it may also offer higher discriminatory power due to a lower coefficient of variation.
Comparison of clinical outcomes following treatment of chronic adult periodontitis with subgingival scaling or subgingival scaling plus metronidazole gel
Authors: Griffiths G. S. , Smart G. J. , Bulman J. S. , Weiss G. , Shrowder J. , Newman H. N. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aims: Conventional treatment of chronic periodontitis involves mechanical debridement of periodontal pockets. Recently, subgingival antimicrobials have been used adjunctively following such debridement. This 2‐centre study compared the clinical effects of subgingival scaling (SRP) with SRP plus subgingival application of 25% metronidazole gel, Elyzol® (SRP+gel), in patients with chronic adult periodontitis.Method: Voluntary informed written consent was obtained from 45 subjects at the Eastman (mean age 46, range 34–63) and 43 subjects at RAF Halton (mean age 47, range 34–71) who participated in this blind, randomised split‐mouth design study. All had at least 2 sites in each quadrant with probing pocket depth (PPD) 5 mm. PPD, bleeding on probing (BOP), and clinical probing attachment levels (CAL) measured using a stent, were recorded at baseline and at 1, 3, 6 and 9 months post‐therapy. After subgingival scaling of all quadrants, 2 quadrants were randomly selected to be treated with metronidazole gel.Results: A paired t‐test on baseline values showed no bias between groups. Both treatments effectively reduced the signs of periodontitis. At each follow‐up visit, reduction in PPD, CAL and BOP after the combined treatment was greater than for SRP alone. Paired t‐tests showed that the improvement in the SRP+gel group was statistically significantly better (p<0.001) than for SRP alone (mean 0.5±0.6 mm. 95% CI 0.4–0.6 mm.) Similarly, the % of sites which improved to a final pocket depth of 3 mm and the % of sites which improved over the 9 months of the study by as much as ≥2 mm were greater for SRP+gel than for SRP alone.Conclusions: At the end of the study, the mean reductions for PPD were 1.0 mm (SRP) compared to 1.5 mm (SRP+gel), and for CAL they were 0.4 mm (SRP) compared to 0.8 mm (SRP+gel), with mean difference for CAL between treatments of 0.4±0.6 mm (95% confidence intervals of 0.3–0.6 mm). The combination therapy of SRP+gel was superior to the conventional treatment of SRP alone, and these differences were maintained for 9 months.
Osseointegrated implants in a patient with Papillon‐Lefèvre syndrome
Authors: Ullbro Christer , Crossner Claes‐Göran , Lundgren Tord , Stålblad Per‐Åke , Renvert Stefan 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: The Saudi female reported in this study was diagnosed with Papillon‐Lefèvre syndrome. She had lost all her teeth, including third molars, at the age of 18 years.Method: She was wearing full dentures for 7 years, before 5 titanium implants were installed in the mandible.Results: 4½ years after the implant installation, the treatment was clinically and radiographically successful. Neither A. actinomycetemcomitans nor P. gingivalis were detected at any of the implants. This very encouraging result does not differ from what is generally reported in edentulous medically healthy patients.Conclusion: The use of implants could considerably enhance future therapeutic options for the severely dentally compromised patients with Papillon‐Lefèvre syndrome.
Effect of non‐surgical periodontal treatment on clinical parameters and the numbers of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans at adult periodontitis sites
Authors: Doungudomdacha S. , Rawlinson A. , Walsh T. F. , Douglas C. W. I. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aims: The purpose of this study was to relate the numbers of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans cells to clinical parameters at diseased and healthy periodontal sites before and after non‐surgical periodontal therapy using a sensitive quantitative PCR method (Q‐PCR).Method: The sensitivity of the Q‐PCR was less than 10 cells for all three species. Subgingival plaque samples were collected from 541 sites in 50 adult periodontitis subjects pre‐treatment, post‐treatment and at a follow‐up visit (3–6 months post‐treatment). Pocket probing depth, attachment loss and bleeding on probing were recorded at each visit and both healthy and diseased sites in each subject were sampled.Results: Quantification revealed that P. gingivalis counts were associated with pocket depth (p=0.006) and attachment loss (p=0.010); however, neither P. intermedia nor A. actinomycetemcomitans was associated with the clinical signs examined. Post‐treatment, there was a significant decrease in the numbers of all three species in both the diseased and healthy sites (86–99%) but none were eradicated. Positive associations were found between any two of the three species studied both pre‐ and post‐therapy. By the follow‐up visit, there was a significant improvement in the probing depth of deep sites (p=0.001) but in no other clinical parameters.Conclusion: This study demonstrates the usefulness of Q‐PCR for enumerating putative pathogens in clinical periodontal specimens and that the numbers of the three organisms in all sites decrease with non‐surgical periodontal therapy.
Chlorhexidine varnishes: a review
Authors: Matthijs S. , Adriaens P. A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Of all chemical plaque control agents, chlorhexidine digluconate has proven to be the most effective and safe. Since 1964, varnishes have been used for local delivery of fluor and are reported to be an effective and easy to use vehicle. During the past decade, varnishes for local delivery of antimicrobial agents have been developed and investigated in vitro and in vivo.Aim: In this paper, the existing literature on the use of 3 different chlorhexidine varnishes in different fields in dentistry is reviewed.Method: In vitro results concerning the release of the antimicrobial agents are compared for the 3 different varnish formulations.Results and conclusion: Clinical reports on the efficacy of controlled‐release systems in altering cariogenic and periodontopathic microflora are summerized.
Clinical and microbiological studies of periodontal disease in Sjögren's syndrome patients
Authors: Kuru B. , McCullough M. J. , Yilmaz S. , Porter S. R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground:Little is known about the periodontal status of patients with Sjögren's Syndrome (SS), a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by xerophthalmia and xerostomia. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the periodontal status of SS patients, in terms of clinical and microbiological parameters, differs from systemically healthy age‐ and gender‐matched controls.Methods:8 primary SS and 10 secondary SS patients were examined in comparison with 11 control subjects. All patients were diagnosed by the European Community Criteria. Control subjects were systemically healthy and not undergoing periodontal treatment. The comparison of clinical status was made in terms of mean periodontal parameters (plaque index, gingival index, gingival recession, probing pocket depth, probing attachment level and bleeding on probing) as well as the frequency distribution of probing pocket depth and probing attachment level measurements. Microbiological assays of the subgingival dental plaque samples were carried out by both a chairside enzyme test (Periocheck®) for the detection of peptidase activity (PA) and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for 9 selected periodontal micro‐organisms (Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans,Fusobacterium nucleatum,Prevotella intermedia,Treponema denticola,Porphyromonas gingivalis,Eikenella corrodens,Campylobacter rectus,Bacteroides forsythus,Streptococcus oralis).Results:The occurrence, severity and extent of periodontal lesions were not significantly different between the 3 patient groups for all periodontal parameters examined. No significant differences in the sub‐gingival plaque samples from control, primary or secondary SS patients for the PA test, frequency or type of periodontal micro‐organisms observed.Conclusion:No significant differences could be detected in either clinical or microbiological parameters of primary or secondary SS patients compared with that of control subjects. The results of the present study thus support the notion that the periodontal status of patients with SS do not differ from systemically healthy age‐ and gender‐matched controls.