bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arterial Vascularization of the Uropygial Glands (Gl. Uropygialis) in the Rock Partridge (Alectoris graeca) Living in Turkey
Authors: Özcan S. , Aslan K. , Aksoy G. , Kürtül İ. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryThis study aims to observe the morphological characteristics of the uropygial gland (Glandula uropygialis), specifically the arterial vascularization, in rock partridges (Alectoris graeca) living in Turkey. Coloured‐latex‐injected animals were dissected and the gland and related arteries were observed. Mostly, the fourth paired caudal segmental arteries (Aa. segmentales caudales) arising from the median caudal artery (A. mediana caudae) were specified as the uropygial gland arteries. These arteries, in turn, gave the following rami: the muscular ramus (Ramus muscularis) to the levator coccygeus and lateral caudal muscles, the lateral ramus (Ramus lateralis) to the lateral coccygeus muscle and a small ventro‐lateral division of the caudal component of the gland, and the medial rami (Ramus medialis) to the dorsal surface of the gland.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Superficial Pineal Gland of the 15‐day‐old rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Ortiz G. G. , García J. J. , Feria‐Velasco A. , Rosales‐Corral S. A. , Reiter R. J. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryThe presence of a cortex and medulla in the superficial pineal gland has been a controversial point in the morphology of this structure in mammals. The published reports indicate contradictory data especially in rodents. In this study the pineal gland of 15‐day‐old male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were studied, using scanning electron microscopy, in an attempt to determine whether or not a cortex and medulla are apparent in the pineal gland of young rats. The superficial pineal gland of the 15‐day‐old rat exhibited both a cortex and a medulla; these areas exhibited different structural organizations. The cortex had a thickness of 40–80 μm and the cells did not show a particular arrangement. The center of the gland was composed of a medulla, which had a width of 1000–1200 μm, and consisted of cells arranged in cords; its morphology was distinctly different from that of the cortex.
Desmoplakin and Plakoglobin – Specific Markers of Lymphatic Vessels in the Skin?
Authors: Fedele C. , Berens D. , Rautenfeld V. , Pabst R. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryMonoclonal antibodies against Desmoplakin and Plakoglobin were tested for their suitability as specific markers of lymphatic vessels. The tissue samples were taken from horse skin in an attempt to establish the horse as a model for human lymphatic diseases. To obtain a clear, positive identification of blood and lymphatic vessels, immunohistochemical staining with antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR‐3) and platelet endothelial adhesion molecule (PECAM‐1, CD31), was compared with Desmoplakin and Plakoglobin. Because anti‐VEGFR‐3 is specific for lymphatic vessels in the skin while anti‐CD31 stains blood and lymphatic vessels as well, it can be concluded that VEGFR‐3−/CD31+ vessels are blood vessels and VEGFR‐3+/CD31+ vessels are lymphatic vessels. It was documented on serial sections that Plakoglobin stains both blood and lymphatic vessels. However, Desmoplakin did not stain several positively identified lymphatic vessels. Therefore, Desmoplakin and Plakoglobin antibodies are not specific markers of lymphatic vessels in the skin and the staining pattern is tissues and species dependent.
Development of Ileal Peyer's Patches and Follicle Associated Epithelium in Bovine Foetuses
Authors: Beyaz F. , Aşti R. N. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryThe development of the ileal Peyer's patches (ilPP) and follicle associated epithelium (FAE) was examined in 30 bovine foetuses ranging from 73 to 271 days of gestation by light and transmission electron microscopic methods. The first primordial ilPP was encountered in the foetus at 164 days of gestation The ilPP were found to have been formed from the aggregation of lymph follicles in the foetus at 227 days of gestation whereas in the foetus at 271 days of gestation the follicular development was observed to have been completed. While the cells in the FAE in the foetus at 164 days of gestation and those older were cuboidal, those of the foetus at 271 days of gestation were columnar. As from the foetus at 227 days of gestation, however, the FAE was found to be composed of uniform lymphoepithelial cells with an increase in the number of intraepithelial leukocytes. In the early stages, whereas the apical surfaces of the FAE cells appeared shorter with microfolds, with advancing age the apical surfaces of the FAE cells were observed to be heterogeneous. Our results suggest that bovine ilPP and FAE cells are histologically and functionally mature before birth.
Sirius Red is able to Selectively Stain Eosinophil Granulocytes in Bovine, Ovine and Equine Cervical Tissue
Authors: Wehrend A. , Hetzel U. , Huchzermeyer S. , Klein C. , Bostedt H. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryThe aim of the present study was to examine the suitability of sirius red staining for selective light microscopic demonstration of eosinophil granulocytes in cervical tissue of mares, cows and sheeps. For this purpose, tissue was fixed in 4% neutral buffered formol or in Bouin's solution. Paraffin sections of 5‐μm thickness were stained with sirius red. In cows, mares and sheeps a selective distinction of eosinophilic infiltration is successful after both fixation methods.
Weight in Wales
Authors: Owen Teresa Ann 
Published: May 2004

SummaryThe Nutrition Strategy for Wales, Food and Well Being, has identified nine recommendations to bring about improvements in the nutrition of the people of Wales, including one specifically on obesity. The aim of this study was to scope current activities in weight management by health professionals in Wales, and to explore possibilities for future effective working. Qualitative data were collated via six focus group interviews, based on semi‐structured questions. These were conducted with five groups of health professionals in six separate areas of Wales, during a 1‐month period in 2003. In total, 58 health professionals were interviewed in uni‐professional focus groups. The analysis was based on grounded theory methodology using transcribed data from audio‐tape recordings, which were coded and categorised manually, and emergent themes identified. Four major themes emerged from the focus groups, each having two sub‐themes, and it is clear from the scoping work that current weight management practice varies across Wales, within and between professions, and in general with little sharing of information. All those interviewed were involved in weight management to some degree, but there was little consistency of approach and in general, no one professional group felt they were leaders in the field, with frustration emerging that no one profession is showing the way. Tackling obesity and overweight has to become a greater public health priority and thus from the findings, practical recommendations are made for Wales.
Firm Characteristics and the Pricing of Foreign Earnings of US Multinational Firms
Authors: Thomas Wayne B. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractPrior research finds a positive relation between current changes in foreign earnings of USmultinational firms and future stock returns. The cause of this relation is either (1) investors' mispricing of securities by underestimating the persistence of foreign earnings or (2) research design misspecifications (e.g., the researcher failing to control for cross‐sectional differences in risk). The purpose of this study is to determine which of these two competing explanations is more likely. If the anomalous results are due to market mispricing, then the anomalous results should be more pronounced for firms that are followed by fewer well‐informed, sophisticated investors and for firms that have foreign earnings that are more persistent than domestic earnings. If the anomaly is related to research design misspecification, then the existence of the anomaly is not expected to vary across these firm characteristics. The results are more consistent with the market mispricing hypothesis. Predicting the existence of the foreign earnings anomaly based on these firm‐specific characteristics increases our understanding of the true nature of the anomaly. In addition, relating the foreign earnings anomaly to firm‐specific characteristics provides relevant information to investors for firm valuation and helps to promote future academic research in the market's valuation of multinational firms' operations.
Reasons, practical reason, and practical reasoning
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe concepts of reasons as supporting elements, of practical reason as a capacity, and of practical reasoning as a process are central in the theory of action. This paper provides a brief account of each. Several kinds of reason for action are distinguished. Practical reason is characterized both as a capacity whose exercise is largely constituted by a kind of responsiveness to reasons and as governed by certain normative principles; and practical reasoning is described as a kind of mental process in which reasons figure as premises and, from those premises, a practical conclusion is drawn. Much of the paper undertakes two related tasks: to distinguish the main kinds of practical reasoning and the associated criteria of assessment and to formulate some important substantive principles of practical reason. These principles yield criteria of several sorts: logical, inferential, epistemic, and material. On the theory presented, although any (non‐basic) intentional act can be grounded in practical reasoning, the same acts can be performed for the relevant reason(s) without being so grounded, and in either case their rationality depends on adequate support by the reason(s). One kind of reason is commonly thought to be captured by Kantian hypothetical imperatives. The final sections explore what constitutes a hypothetical imperative and what other principles are needed to account for practical rationality. A major conclusion is that in the domain of practical reason, if there are no categorical imperatives, there are no hypothetical imperatives either.
Radical quotation and real repetition
Authors: Roden David 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn this essay I argue for a constructivist account of the entities composing the object languages of Davidsonian truth theories and a quotational account of the reference from metalinguistic expressions to interpreted utterances. I claim that ‘radical quotation’ requires an ontology of repeatable events with strong similarities to Derrida's account of iterable events. In part one I summarise Davidson's account of interpretation and Olav Gjelsivk's arguments to the effect that the syntactic individuation of linguistic objects is only workable if interpreters make richer assumptions about semantic properties than Davidson can tolerate. In part two I show that the objectivist account of syntactic objects which Gjelsivk's arguments presuppose is incompatible with one corollary of Davidsonian semantic indeterminacy: namely, the relativity of language to interpretative scheme. In place of this an account of radical interpretation is presented in which a quotational theory of metalinguistic reference furnishes the requisite relativity. In part three I argue that this account requires that particular utterance events must be repeatable to be radically quotable and give reasons why particularity and repeatability are not incompatible.
A note on particularised qualities and bearer‐uniqueness
Authors: Schnieder Benjamin 
Published: May 2004

AbstractMany friends of the category of particularised qualities subscribe to the view that particularised qualities have a unique bearer in which they inhere; no such quality then can inhere in two different entities. But it seems that this idea is flawed, for there are apparent counterexamples. An apple's redness is identical with the redness of its skin, though the apple is distinct from its skin. So it seems that a principle of bearer‐uniqueness has to be modified, maybe by excluding certain unwanted cases.However, I argue that the need of a modification is not a direct consequence of the supposed counterexamples. Their dangerous potential for the principle arises if one takes the genitive in expressions of the form ‘a's F‐ness’ to signify the relation of inherence. I propose an alternative view: The genitive signifies a relation which is indeed closely related to inherence, but which is, contrary to inherence itself, partitive. That is, it may hold between a particularised quality and another entity because it holds between the quality and a part of the entity. If one regards the ontologically interesting relation of inherence as non‐partitive, one can still adhere to an unrestricted principle of bearer‐uniqueness.
A dressing history
Authors: Queen Douglas , Orsted Heather , Sanada Hiromi , Sussman Geoff 
Published: May 2004

AbstractOver the past 30 years as caregivers, clinicians have been exposed to a plethora of new advanced wound dressings. The moist wound care revolution began in the 1970s with the introduction of film and hydrocolloid dressings, and today these are the traditional types of dressings of the advanced dressing categories. Wound‐healing science has progressed significantly over the same period, as a result of intense clinical and scientific research around these product introductions. Today, the clinician understands moist wound healing, occlusion, cost effectiveness, wound bed preparation and MMP activity to name but a few of the many concepts in wound care that have flourished as a result of technology and product advancement. This review article presents a condensed history of dressing development over the past 30 years. However, in addition, such advancement is discussed in respect to its adoption in different parts of the world. The largest single markets of the world are generally the United States of America and Europe; as such, the development of both practice and technology generally begins there. Much has been written about these markets in previous review articles. For the purposes of this review, the development of wound care and the maturing of practice is discussed in respect to Canada, Japan and Australia representing smaller geographical areas where the development has been more recent but nonetheless significant.
Cardiff Wound Impact Schedule: the development of a condition‐specific questionnaire to assess health‐related quality of life in patients with chronic wounds of the lower limb
Authors: Price Patricia , Harding Keith 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to develop and validate a questionnaire to measure the impact of chronic wounds (leg ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers) on patient health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and identify areas of patient concern. The Cardiff Wound Impact Schedule (CWIS) was created following a three‐stage process. Stage 1 included a focus group (n = 10) and a series of semi‐structured interviews (n = 13) to generate items for the questionnaire. Stage 2 involved piloting the 28‐item questionnaire on 124 patients (64·5% with leg ulceration and 35·5% with diabetic foot ulceration): data from this stage were analysed using factor analysis. The reliability, validity and reproducibility of the resulting scale were assessed in Stage 3, a 3‐month follow‐up study of 135 patients in which patients completed the CWIS and the SF‐36. Factor analysis identified three domains of HRQoL: physical symptoms and daily living, social life and well‐being. There were no significant differences in scores across the wound types. Internal consistency was good (α = 0·77–0·96) as was reproducibility (P < 0·001). The CWIS was able to discriminate between those with healed ulcers and active ulcers (P < 0·01). Construct validity was demonstrated by strong correlations between related items on CWIS and SF‐36 (P < 0·01–P < 0·0001). The data suggest that CWIS has high internal consistency and the ability to discriminate between health states and good reproducibility. CWIS is a valid tool for studying the impact of chronic wounds of the lower leg on HRQoL. CWIS allows clinicians to identify items of patient concern, which can then be used to negotiate options of care most suited to individual patients.
Wound bed preparation and a brief history of TIME
Authors: Schultz Gregory S , Barillo David J , Mozingo David W , Chin Gloria A 
Published: May 2004

AbstractManagement of chronic wounds has progressed from merely assessing the status of a wound to understanding the underlying molecular and cellular abnormalities that prevent the wound from healing. The concept of wound bed preparation has simultaneously evolved to provide a systematic approach to removing these barriers to natural healing and enhancing the effects of advanced therapies. This brief review of wound bed preparation traces the development of these concepts and explains how to apply systematic wound management using the TIME acronym – tissue (non viable or deficient), infection/inflammation, moisture (imbalance) and edge (non advancing or undermined).
Rheumatoid arthritis‐associated inflammatory leg ulcers: a new treatment for recalcitrant wounds
Authors: Coelho Sunita , Amarelo Marlena , Ryan Siobhan , Reddy Madhuri , Sibbald R Gary 
Published: May 2004

AbstractPatients with rheumatoid arthritis may develop leg ulcers of varied aetiologies, including venous disease, infection and inflammation (vasculitis or pyoderma gangrenosum). The leg ulcers in rheumatoid arthritis patients may involve several of these aetiological factors and are often difficult to heal. Both the ulcers and the treatments are often painful, and these ulcers may be present for years. A new oxidised regenerated cellulose and collagen dressing has been developed for slow‐to‐heal wounds and may have a role in the management of superficial inflammation that may persist in many of these ulcers, although clinically it is difficult to distinguish this from critical colonisation or frank infection. Venous disease requires compression therapy. Deep compartment infection should be treated with systemic antimicrobials, and inflammatory processes extending beyond the superficial wound base require disease‐specific systemic anti‐inflammatory agents. Four patients with recalcitrant wounds resistant to best practice were treated successfully with this new dressing combined with a strategy to control bacterial burden.
Context-Dependent Effects of L Domains and Ubiquitination on Viral Budding
Authors: Martin-Serrano Juan , Perez-Caballero David , Bieniasz Paul D. 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT

Many enveloped viruses encode late assembly domains, or L domains, that facilitate virion egress. PTAP-type L domains act by recruiting the ESCRT-I (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I) component Tsg101, and YPXL/LXXLF-type L domains recruit AIP-1/ALIX, both of which are class E vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) factors, normally required for the generation of vesicles within endosomes. The binding cofactors for PPXY-type L domains have not been unambiguously resolved but may include Nedd4-like ubiquitin ligases. Largely because they act as autonomous binding sites for host factors, L domains are generally transferable and active in a context-independent manner. Ebola virus matrix protein (EbVP40) contains two overlapping L-domain motifs within the sequence IL
PTAPPEY
MEA. Here, we show that both motifs are required for efficient EbVP40 budding. However, upon transplantation into two different retroviral contexts, the relative contributions of the PTAP and PPEY motifs differ markedly. In a murine leukemia virus carrying the EbVP40 sequence, both motifs contributed to overall L domain activity, and budding proceeded in a partly Tsg101-independent manner. Conversely, when transplanted into the context of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), EbVP40 L-domain activity was entirely due to a PTAP-Tsg101 interaction. In fact, a number of PPXY-type L domains were inactive in the context of HIV-1. Surprisingly, PTAP and YPXL-type L domains that simulated HIV-1 budding reduced the amount of ubiquitin conjugated to Gag, while inactive PPXY-type L domains increased Gag ubiquitination. These observations suggest that active L domains recruit deubiquitinating enzymes as a consequence of class E VPS factor recruitment. Moreover, context-dependent L-domain function may reflect distinct requirements for host functions during the morphogenesis of different viral particles or the underlying presence of additional, as yet undiscovered L domains.
Influenza B Virus Requires BM2 Protein for Replication
Authors: Hatta Masato , Goto Hideo , Kawaoka Yoshihiro 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT
The BM2 protein of influenza B virus functions as an ion channel, which is suggested to be important for virus uncoating in endosomes of virus-infected cells. Because direct support for this function is lacking, whether BM2 plays an essential role in the viral life cycle remains unknown. We therefore attempted to generate BM2 knockout viruses by reverse genetics. Mutant viruses possessing M segments with the mutated initiation codon of BM2 protein at the stop-start pentanucleotide were viable and still expressed BM2. The introduction of multiple stop codons and a one-nucleotide deletion downstream of the stop-start pentanucleotide, in addition to disablement of the BM2 initiation codon, failed to generate viable mutant viruses, but the mutant M segments still expressed proteins that reacted with the BM2 peptide antiserum. To completely abolish BM2 expression, we generated a mutant M gene whose BM2 open reading frame was deleted. Although this mutant was not able to replicate in normal MDCK cells, it did replicate in a cell line that we established which constitutively expresses BM2. Furthermore, a virus possessing the mutant M gene lacking the BM2 open reading frame and a mutant NA gene containing the BM2 open reading frame instead of the NA open reading frame underwent multiple cycles of replication in MDCK cells, with exogenous sialidase used to supplement the deleted viral sialidase activity. These findings demonstrate that the BM2 protein is essential for influenza B virus replication.
Fatal Disseminated Mouse Adenovirus Type 1 Infection in Mice Lacking B Cells or Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase
Authors: Moore Martin L. , McKissic Erin L. , Brown Corrie C. , Wilkinson John E. , Spindler Katherine R. 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACTMouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) infection of B-cell-deficient and Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk)-deficient mice resulted in fatal disseminated disease resembling human adenovirus infections in immunocompromised patients. Mice lacking B cells or Btk were highly susceptible to acute MAV-1 infection, in contrast to controls and mice lacking T cells. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that mice with an X-linked immunodeficiency phenotype (Btk deficient) are susceptible to virus-induced disease. Mice lacking B cells or Btk on a C57BL/6 background succumbed with encephalomyelitis, hepatitis, and lymphoid necrosis. Mice lacking B cells on a BALB/c background succumbed with enteritis and hepatitis. Survival of acute MAV-1 infection correlated with early T-cell-independent neutralizing antibody and T-cell-independent antiviral immunoglobulin M. Treatment of MAV-1-infected Btk−/−mice 4 to 9 days postinfection with antiserum harvested 6 to 9 days postinfection from MAV-1-infected Btk+/+mice was therapeutic. Our findings implicate a critical role for B-cell function in preventing disseminated MAV-1 infection, particularly production of early T-cell-independent antiviral immunoglobulin M.