bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population Genetic Structure of Very Large Populations: The Brazilian Free-Tailed Bat, Tadarida brasiliensis
Authors: Russell Amy L , McCracken Gary F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Species with restricted distributions or low potential for movement often are distinguished by population structures that can be readily defined by geographical distribution. By contrast, highly vagile or migratory species such as many birds, bats, insects, and marine organisms, are often characterized by population structures that are much harder to predict. Using published data from allozymes and from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences, we present an analysis of genetic structuring in the Brazilian free-tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis, a highly vagile mammal that is characterized by extremely large population sizes. We compare molecular genetic analyses between and within subspecies with structure that has been inferred from morphological, behavioral, and ecological data. Mitochondrial DNA sequence data indicate that significant differences exist between populations in North America and those in South America. A cladistic analysis of gene flow suggests genetic structuring among females in North America that is not consistent with the current subspecific taxonomy. Neither allozyme nor mtDNA data support distinction between the North American subspecies, nor do they support the genetic uniqueness of Cockrum’s (1969) hypothesized migratory groups of T. b. mexicana. Data indicate that this subspecies has evolved as a single genetic unit, with an extremely large effective population size. Effective population sizes of the magnitude suspected for these bats are extremely rare for mammalian species.
Conflicts and Strategies in theHarem-Polygynous Mating System of the Sac-Winged Bat, Saccopteryx bilineata
Authors: Voigt Christian C , Heckel Gerald , Helversen Otto von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Daytime roosts of the neotropical sac-winged bat Saccopteryx bilineata (Emballonuridae) include up to 60 individuals and are located in buttress cavities of trees or in well-illuminated sections of caves or abandoned houses. Colonies are structured into harem groups, each of which includes a single male and a varying number of females. In daytime roosts, sac-winged bats do not aggregate into clusters; instead individuals are spaced at least 10 cm apart. Agonistic interactions among colony members are frequent. Males in general almost never win encounters with females, and harem males in particular cannot prevent females from switching between harems. Paternity studies confirmed that harem males are more successful in fathering offspring than nonharem males. Although harem males do not monopolize reproduction within their harem, reproductive success of males increases with harem size. Removal experiments with harem males show that nonharem males are probably queuing for access to harem territories. The importance of joining a queue as soon as possible in a male’s life may have led to male philopatry in S. bilineata. We conclude that the mating pattern of S. bilineata does not resemble a classical harem system because female choice is probably more important than male competition. This has probably led to the evolution of elaborate acoustic and scent courtship displays by male sac-winged bats.
Guiding Principles of Healthy Anger
Authors: Golden Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every adult was once a child who received various messages about anger. These messages, communicated both directly and indirectly, came from parents, teachers, clergy, relatives, and peers. Television, radio, books, magazines, movies, and newspapers also bombarded us with examples of anger and messages about how to manage it. In recent years, video games have added to this barrage of communications regarding anger. Some of these messages are in direct conflict with each other. Some have told us that we should make every effort to control all anger. In contrast, others have emphasized that anger needs to be expressed, but they offer conflicting guidelines for how it should be managed. It’s no wonder we have been confused about how anger should be handled, and even more bafiled when trying to help children and teens manage theirs.
Larval Biology of Checkerspots
Authors: Kuussaari Mikko , Nouhuys Saskya van , Hellmann Jessica J , Singer Michael C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Butterflies have achieved prominent status in population and meta population biology. Accordingly, butterfly biologists should distinguish between events that influence internal dynamics of populations and those that influence interactions among populations. Interactions among populations are driven principally by decisions made by adult insects and by the consequences of those decisions, though highly mobile parasitoids can also be important (van Nouhuys and Hanski 20026; chapter 8). Within-population dynamics could in theory be driven principally by variation in fecundity of adults or in mortality of any of the four life-history stages: eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. In practice, as we show here, patterns of larval mortality are often of paramount importance in population dynamics. Negative effects on larvae are often related to spatial and temporal variation in the quality and availability of host plants. The numbers and proportions of individuals attacked by generalist and specialist predators and parasitoids vary greatly. When survival is exceptionally high, butterfly populations may exhibit explosive growth, whereas high larval mortality can lead to population extinctions. To understand the dynamics of a butterfly population, one needs to know the causes of variation in larval survival (Singer 1972, Dempster 1983; chapters 3, 4, and 8).
Genetics of Checkers pot Populations
Authors: Saccheri Ilik J , Boggs Carol L , hanski Ilkka , Ehrlich Paul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The integration of ecological and evolutionary processes into a common framework has been a long-standing goal in population biology, to which E. B. Ford’s pioneering studies on the European checkerspot Euphydryas aurinia made distinct contributions (Ford and Ford 1930, Ford 1975). Subsequently, Sheppard and Ford’s work (Sheppard 1953, 1956, Ford and Sheppard 1969) on the factors controlling the medionigra wing pattern polymorphism in the scarlet tiger moth, Panaxia dominula, was central to the development of ecological genetics, in which theory, field observations, and experimentation were combined to analyze the genetics of natural populations. This integration has also been one of the key themes in our own research on Euphydryas editha and Melitaea cinxia. Merging ecological and evolutionary studies with their dissimilar perspectives and techniques is necessary for several reasons. In the first place, the key demographic parameters, including variation in reproductive success and migration, are studied much more effectively through a combination of direct observation and genetic marker analysis than with just one approach alone (Avise 1994). Additionally, a mechanistic understanding of variation in individual behavior and fitness that underlies population-level phenomena must include the interaction of ecological and genetic factors.
Bay Checkerspot and Glanville Fritillary Compared with Other Species
Authors: Wahlberg Niklas , Ehrlich Paul R , Boggs Carol L , Hanski Ilkka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The long-term intensive studies on Euphydryas editha and Melitaea cinxia have produced substantial knowledge about their population biology. It is important to ask how much of this knowledge can be applied to other checkerspots, to other butterflies, and, indeed, to other taxa apart from butterflies. To answer these questions requires judicious comparisons among species, following in the steps of hundreds of population biologists who have used the “comparative approach” since Darwin (1859) formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection.
Checkerspots and Conservation Biology
Authors: Hanski Ilkka , Ehrlich Paul R , Nieminen Marko , Murphy Dennis D , Hellmann Jessica J , Boggs Carol L , McLaughlin John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The days are long gone when we could be happy in simply satisfying our curiosity about the ecology, evolution, and behavior of butterflies. In our view, biologists today have an obligation to determine how their work can contribute to solving the human predicament of declining environmental quality and increasing economic inequity. This obligation is strongest for population biologists. Populations are the basis for species diversity (Ehrlich and Daily 1993), and they provide the ecosystem goods and services that support our civilization (Daily 1997, Hughes et al. 1997). The role of most butterflies in the ecosystems that support them is not such that their extinction would lead to immediate and obvious repercussions. Nonetheless, butterflies do matter because occasionally they may play important roles, for example, as pollinators, and the disruption of those roles might cause long-term cascading effects. Equally important is that many people consider butterflies symbolic of healthy landscapes, and thus the disappearance of butterflies can be readily understood by the public as a signal of more serious environmental degradation.
How Science Works
Authors: Jenkins Stephen H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One week, red wine is good for the heart. The next week, new reports say it’s bad for the health. So which is true? Anyone who’s ever read science news with fascination, or who’s ever been confounded by conflicting stories will appreciate this book. Taking a look at some true to life contemporary news stories, the author assesses recent studies on topics ranging from vitamin C and caffeine to pollution and cancer. With straight talk and a passion for the whole project of science, he demysifies the cult of the expert and sheds light on the nitty-gritty details of scientific processes. Any scientist loves a challenge, but the biggest challenge of all, observes Jenkins, is shared by scientists and nonscientitsts alike: how to make practical decisions in light of ambiguous evidence. Promising no simple answers, this book does offer excellent food for thought for people pondering that next glass of wine.
Sustainability in HIV Prevention Research
Authors: Schensul Jean J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If existing prevention strategies were “brought to scale” we could prevent as many as 29 million of the 45 million new infections that have been projected to occur by 2010. But resource sufficiency is not the only condition required for successful HIV prevention. It is also crucial to support various prevention approaches, to integrate HIV prevention into treatment and care, to recognize and address the social factors that facilitate HIV transmission, and to provide strong, continuous leadership in support of HIV prevention efforts.
Evolvability, Stabilizing Selection, and the Problem of Stasis
Authors: Hansen Thomas F , Houle David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evolutionary stasis has a paradoxical position in current evolutionary thinking. Williams (1992) argued convincingly that stasis is one of the most important unsolved problems of evolutionary biology (see also Bradshaw 1991). Stasis is arguably the predominant mode of evolution (Gould and Eldredge 1993); the cry “stasis is data” (Gould and Eldredge 1977) echoes faintly in most neontologists’ ears. Despite this, stasis is one of the most neglected theoretical problems in evolutionary biology. When population geneticists think of stasis at all, they usually regard it as an almost trivial consequence of stabilizing selection (e.g., Charlesworth et al. 1982; Maynard Smith 1983; Lande 1985, 1986). The fundamental problem of what may cause persistent stabilizing selection in changing environments is rarely addressed at length. It has been largely left to macroevolutionists to speculate on the microevolutionary underpinnings of stasis (e.g., Van Valen 1982; Wake et al. 1983; Williamson 1987; Hoffman 1989; Lieberman and Dudgeon 1996; Sheldon 1996; Eldredge 1999; Gould 2002).
The Evolution of Genetic Architecture
Authors: Roff Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What one means by “genetic architecture” depends to some extent upon one’s perspective. At one level we might view it as the DNA coding, while at a more abstract level we can view it as the statistical structure arising from interactions within the DNA code. It is the latter sense that I adopt here, regarding the DNA as the “bricks” from which the genotype and phenotype are constructed. This statistical approach, sometimes known as biometrical genetics, has a long history stretching back to before the discovery of DNA or chromosomes or even Mendelian genetics (e.g., Galton’s biometrical analysis of quantitative trait variation preceded the rediscovery of Mendel’s work). The unification of biometrical genetics with Mendelian genetics to create the modern field of quantitative genet¬ ics was one of the great intellectual achievements of the past century.
Multivariate Phenotypic Evolution in Developmental Hyperspace
Authors: Wolf Jason B , Allen Cerisse E , Franking W Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Complex phenotypes are constructed during development by interactions among an intricate array of factors including genes, gene products, developmental units, and environmental influences. Although patterns of genetic variation and covariation play a clear role in determining patterns of phenotypic evolution (Lande 1979), it can be difficult to understand how various patterns of developmental interactions affect the evolutionary process, due to the complexity of developmental systems. However, recent advances in theory (e.g., Cowley and Atchley 1992; Atchley et al. 1994; Rice 1998, 2002; Gilchrist and Nijhout 2001; Wolf et al. 2001), and an explosion of interest in evolution and development, make it clear that a consideration of developmental interactions provides major insights into character evolution, including the evolution of phenomena such as canalization (Rice 1998), phenotypic integration (Cheverud 1996; Rice 2000), and genetic variance-covariance structure (Atchley 1984; Atchley and Hall 1991; Atchley et al. 1994; Atchley and Zhu 1997). These insights might allow one to predict (Rice 2002) or reconstruct (Lande 1979; Schluter 1996) evolutionary trajectories, and to identify the proximate basis of differentiation within or among species (e.g., Stem 1998; Kopp et al. 2000; Sucena and Stern 2000).
The Second Wave: Cognitive Psychology
Authors: Sawyer R Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Guilford’s 1950 APA address jump-started the modern era of creativity research. But soon after 1970, government funding dried up and studies of the creative personality slowly came to an end (Feist & Runco, 1993, p. 280). By 1980, it seemed clear that the first wave of creativity research—the 20 years of study into personality traits and creative potential in childhood—had failed to achieve its goals (cf. Feldman, Csikszentmihalyi, & Gardner, 1994). But fortunately, in the 1970s a new group of psychologists began to study creativity in a new way, using a different approach that had even more potential to explain creativity. Research psychology was changing dramatically during the 1960s and 1970s. Cognitive psychology began to replace both the behaviorism and the personality psychology that had been dominant in American psychology after World War II. Instead of studying traits and personality differences, cognitive psychologists analyze mental processes that are shared by all individuals. Cognitive psychologists examine the representational structures of the mind, their interconnections, and the mental processes that transform them. Instead of studying the creative personality, cognitive psychologists shifted the focus to creative mental processes. They tried to explain creativity by showing how it emerged from ordinary, everyday mental processes—cognitive abilities that everyone has, the same ones that are used in noncreative activities.
Biology
Authors: Sawyer R Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In October 1997, an audience filed into the theater at the University of Oregon and sat down to hear a very unusual concert. A professional concert pianist, Winifred Kerner, was performing several pieces composed by Bach. Well, actually, not all of the pieces had been composed by Bach, although they all sounded like they were. This was a competition to determine who could best compose pieces in Bach’s style, and the audience’s task was to listen to three compositions, one by Bach and the others by two different composers, and then vote on which was the real thing. Yet this information age competition had a novel twist: the audience had been told that one of the composers was a computer program known as EMI (Experiments in Musical Intelligence) developed by David Cope, a composer and a professor of music at the University of California, Santa Cruz. The audience knew that of the three compositions, one would be an original Bach, one would be a composition by Steve Larson—a professor of music theory at the University of Oregon—and one would be by EMI. For each of the performances, the audience had to choose which of the three composers had generated it. The audience first voted on Professor Larson’s composition. He was a little upset when the audience vote was announced: they thought that the computer had composed his piece. But Professor Larson was shocked when the audience’s vote on EMI’s piece was announced: they thought it was an original Bach!1 After the concert, Professor Larson said “My admiration for [Bach’s] music is deep and cosmic. That people could be duped by a computer program was very disconcerting” (quoted in Johnson, 1997, p. B9). In part 3, we’ll learn about exciting new research into the contexts of creativity: the societies, cultures, and historical periods where individual creativity takes place. Individual-level explanations are the most important component of the explanation of creativity, and that’s why I started the book with them. But individuals always create in contexts, and a better understanding of those contexts is essential to a complete explanation of creativity.
Culture
Authors: Sawyer R Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The light dove cleaving in free flight the thin air, whose resistance it feels, might imagine that her movements would be far more free and rapid in empty space. —Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason (1781/1900, p. 6) In the last chapter, we learned about the important role played by the domain and the field. In our culture’s creativity myths, the domain—the set of conventions, past works, and standard ways of working—just gets in the way of creativity. It’s too constraining; the true creator ignores the domain and breaks all of the conventions. But that’s the wrong way to think about it. Instead, creativity researchers think of the domain as a kind of creativity language. Of course, you have to learn a language before you can talk; it’s impossible to communicate without sharing a language. In the same way, it’s impossible to create anything without the shared conventions of a domain. Just because you use the same words and grammatical rules as everyone else, you still manage to create a novel utterance almost every time you speak. And just because the creator accepts the conventions of a domain doesn’t mean they aren’t creative.1 Kant’s dove can only fly because of the invisible support of tiny air molecules. There could be no flight without air. The dove might feel the air only as resistance, and wish for the air to go away; but of course, in a vacuum the dove would fall to the ground.
History
Authors: Sawyer R Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Time is the greatest innovator. —Francis Bacon (1561-1626) (1868, Essays, in Works Volume 12, p. 160) Paul Cezanne was one of the most important painters of the 19th century. Born in 1838, Cezanne had a long and productive career. Cezanne’s paintings became more and more valuable throughout his life; his most valuable works were painted just before his death in 1906. The later paintings sell for more, and art professionals judge them to be more important (Galenson, 2001). This makes sense; after all, painters should become increasingly skilled with age, and their works should become increasingly more influential in the art world, and more valuable on the art market. However, Cezanne’s career pattern is not universal among artists. Pablo Picasso, born in Spain in 1881, also worked primarily in Paris. Picasso also had a long productive career, working right up to his death in 1973. However, while Cezanne painted his most important works late in life, Picasso painted his most valuable and most important works early in his career—while he was still in his twenties—and his output became increasingly less important over the rest of his life (see figure 9.1).
Writing
Authors: Sawyer R Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is tremendously important that great poetry be written, it makes no jot of difference who writes it. —Ezra Pound (1954, p. 10) When the young American poet T. S. Eliot published The Waste Land in 1922— while still only 24 years old—it won him an international reputation. The Waste Land has no plot, but is instead a loosely connected series of images that capture the disillusionment and disgust at the death and destruction caused by World War I. The disconnected organization of the poem reflects the fragmented and confused nature of modern urban life. Eliot later proved that he was no one-shot wonder; he had a long, productive, and influential career in the decades after this first great success, capped with a Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948. Most of us assume that Eliot created The Waste Land. After all, his name is on the title page, and he was the one who cashed the check for the royalties. And after all, isn’t poetry one of the most solitary, private forms of creativity? Not in this case. The Waste Land was a collaborative creation; two other poets significantly modified Eliot’s first typed manuscript: his friend and colleague Ezra Pound, and his wife, Vivien Eliot.
Acting
Authors: Sawyer R Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anyone interested in processes in the natural world would be very rewarded by a study of theatre conditions. His discoveries would be far more applicable to general society than the study of bees or ants. —Director Peter Brook (1968, p. 99) In 1992 and 1993, I was the pianist for one of Chicago’s most popular improvisational comedy groups. Three times every weekend, Off-Off-Campus would perform to a packed house of laughing fans. Along with the eight actors and the director, I arrived at the theater an hour early for the loud and vigorous warmup exercises. They exercised in a small circle, watching and listening closely to one another. All of the exercises were group activities, helping the group communicate instantly and think as a unit, building a group mind. I began each show by playing an up-tempo blues on the piano, as the stage lights came on and the actors ran to the stage, pumped with adrenaline. The show always began with a game of Freeze Tag. First, one of the actors introduced the show and asked members of the audience to shout out suggestions, asking for a location or a starting line of dialogue. Two performers then used this suggestion to begin an improvised scene. The actors accompanied their dialogue with exaggerated gestures and broad physical movements. The audience was told to shout “Freeze!” whenever they thought the actors were in interesting physical positions. Whenever anyone shouted “Freeze!” the actors stopped talking and immediately froze in whatever body position they happened to be in.