bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organizing Crime
Authors: Rodensky Lisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is not much of a coherent plot in Oliver Twist, and what there is does not drive the novel. A child, soon to be orphan, is born to a destitute mother who dies shortly thereafter. The mistreated boy falls into the hands of criminals but is later saved by a gentleman who, we later discover, was a friend of the boy’s wellish-to-do father, and Oliver is reclaimed by this man and his newly discovered aunt, an angel into whose life he has previously dropped (through a window). For the most part, the plot is propelled by the game of lost and found Dickens plays with Oliver, a device that moves Oliver back and forth from good hands to bad, and Dickens plays the game more than once. About halfway through the novel, Oliver drops out of our sight almost entirely (and happily since we don’t really miss him), and Dickens attends to other characters, all criminal—Nancy, Fagin, Sikes, Monks—and their relations with and to the upstanding citizens in the book.
Middlemarch, Daniel Deronda, and the Crime in Mind
Authors: Rodensky Lisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Working out the relations between the interior life and the external acts and consequences of characters in the late novels of George Eliot is a humbling enterprise. One is tempted to simplify, to suggest that the internal displaces the external in these great and complicated texts. But the novels resist this reductive analysis. The relation is not, as Henry Alley describes it at one point in his essay on murder in Eliot’s novels, a clear “versus.” Of Daniel Deronda, Alley comments that “Foremost is the problem of murderous intent versus murderous action.” Later in the essay he makes the difference between them irrelevant: “As a moralist,” he remarks, “Eliot certainly wanted to show how culpability extends to those who have killed in their thoughts, no matter what the outcome.” It is true that Eliot holds her characters accountable for murderous thoughts, and yet she also tests the limits of that accountability, which is why in these late novels acts and consequences remain important factors in judgment.
The Rhythm of the Texture
Authors: Swain Joseph P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evaluation of rhythm relies heavily on relative comparison. Rhythmic events are faster or slower, of longer or shorter duration, metrically stronger or weaker, and so on. There is no theoretical limit to the parameters in most of these comparisons, although of course there may be practical limits. The evaluation of harmonic rhythm relies on such comparisons too, but there is a theoretical upper limit to its speed, its rate of change: the rhythm of its texture.
Root/Quality Harmonic Rhythm
Authors: Swain Joseph P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dimension of the root/quality rhythm returns to Walter Piston’s original insight: harmonic rhythm as the perceived motion caused by changing triads. That insight was both significant and natural since it is the triad that is the locus of the syntax of traditional functional harmony. The root/ quality rhythm in dimensional analysis, however, departs from Piston’s technique in two important ways.
The Speed of Harmonic Rhythm
Authors: Swain Joseph P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand tension and resolution in harmonic rhythm, consider the moment in a piece of music when resolution is complete and tension is nil: the end. What is required to compose a satisfactory ending? Broadly taken, the question evokes all kinds of aesthetic considerations of form, proportion, balance, and so on, and indeed, ending is often the most difficult aspect of composition to master. But considering only the purely technical requirements of the last moment, the essential thing is that all change-all motions of tones-must cease.
Independence in Harmonic Rhythm
Authors: Swain Joseph P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principle of harmonic speed derives reasonably from the simple fact that all motion must cease at the end of a composition. Recall this notion of a satisfactory ending, that moment in a piece of music when resolution is complete and tension is nil, for it requires something else of the harmony. When a polyphonic composition ends, the individual contrapuntal voices achieve homorhythm. Durations match up; the melodies move together. It is true that in some pieces this occurs with absolute unanimity only with the very last chord, but in many others it happens earlier. The principle of harmonic independence hypothesizes, then, that a particular kind of musical tension rises with increasing rhythmic independence of the dimensions of harmonic rhythm, called divergence, and resolves with increasing unanimity of the dimensions, convergence.
Body of Witnesses
Authors: Martensen Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To see ourselves as others see us can be eye-opening. To see others as sharing a nature with ourselves is the merest decency. But it is from the far more difficult achievement of seeing ourselves amongst others, as a local example of the forms human life has locally taken, a case among cases, a world among worlds, that the largeness of mind, without which objectivity is self-congratulation and tolerance a sham, comes.
The Transformation of Eve
Authors: Martensen Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In February 1650 a woman “of very good family” complained of “several months of pain” to Thomas Willis, then an advanced Oxford medical student who occasionally consulted with patients. The pain began in her stomach and radiated to her back. It was worse when she lay down, so much so that she spent “whole nights sleepless,” according to Willis’s report. “Liable to headaches for several years,” she suffered pain in her loins and upon urination. The proto-doctor diagnosed her condition as “doubtless hysterical,” and attributed its cause to a “foul vapour ascending from the uterus into the praecordia.” Seventeen years later, Willis, by then Europe’s most influential anatomist and England’s leading physician, had changed his mind. Concerned that “any time a sickness happens in a Woman’s Body ... we accuse the evil influence of the Womb (which for the most part is innocent),” his anatomic studies and medical experiences had convinced him that hysteria was “chiefly and primarily Convulsive, and chiefly depends on the brain and the nervous stock being affected.” Subsequently, a learned rival interested in hysteria, Nathaniel Highmore, published an account attacking Willis and his doctrine of the nerves.
The Classical Heritage of Modern Narrative
Authors: Scholes Robert , Phelan James , Kellogg Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand the present we must possess the past. The literature of Greece and Rome is still of interest to us in the twentieth century because of its intrinsic merit, but for our special purposes in this investigation it has an even greater interest. The classical literatures provide us with prototypes of virtually all later narrative forms and with paradigms of the processes which govern their interaction and evolution. Of all the forms of full-length written narrative, only the novel failed to develop in classical times. And this non-event is probably the most important literary consequence of the fall of Rome. But we anticipate. Let us begin at the beginning.
Character in Narrative
Authors: Scholes Robert , Phelan James , Kellogg Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus Henry James in “The Art of Fiction.” James, in that essay, displays little sympathy for the “queer predicaments” of critics and for their “clumsy separations,” such as the “celebrated dis tinction between the novel and the romance.” ( This attitude, however, did not prevent James from making his own elegant “separations” when he chose. Still, we begin this discussion of character with James’s statement not to convict the master of inconsistency but to illustrate something about conceptions of character in general.) James, consciously or unconsciously, refers all judgments of fiction to the novels written by himself or by those authors most like himself. The very incident he selects to illustrate the interdependence of character and incident is a Jamesian incident. The woman is a Jamesian character. She could easily be Isabel Archer, or Milly Theale, or Fleda Vetch; and the incident could be expanded in the hands of the master to a full chapter’s worth of consideration. What might that look signify? What volumes of meaning are expressed in the position of that hand? And so on.
Point of View in Narrative
Authors: Scholes Robert , Phelan James , Kellogg Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of point of view is narrative art’s own problem, one that it does not share with lyric or dramatic literature. By definition narrative art requires a story and a story-teller. In the relationship between the teller and the tale, and that other relation ship between the teller and the audience, lies the essence of narrative art. The narrative situation is thus ineluctably ironical. The quality of irony is built into the narrative form as it is into no other form of literature. What the dramatist can achieve only with considerable effort, and what is utterly alien to the lyricist, is the natural basis of narrative art.
1953 and All That A Tale of Two Sciences (1984)
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toward the end of their paper announcing the molecular structure of DNA, James Watson and Francis Crick remark, somewhat laconically, that their proposed structure might illuminate some central questions of genetics. Thirty years have passed since Watson and Crick published their famous discovery. Molecular biology has indeed transformed our understanding of heredity. The recognition of the structure of DNA; the understanding of gene replication, transcription, and translation; the cracking of the genetic code; the study of gene regulation; these and other break throughs have combined to answer many of the questions that baffled classical geneticists. Muller’s hope-expressed in the early days of classical genetics-has been amply fulfilled.
Species (1984)
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most accurate definition of “species” is the cynic’s. Species are those groups of organisms that are recognized as species by competent taxonomists. Competent taxonomists, of course, are those who can recognize the true species. Cynicism is attractive for the weary systematist who despairs of doing better. But I think that philosophers and biologists need not despair. Despite the apparently endless squabbles about how species are to be characterized, it is possible to defend an account of the species category that will do justice to the insights of several divergent approaches.
Race, Ethnicity, Biology, Culture (1999)
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During recent decades, a number of prominent anthropologists have defended eliminativism about race, arguing that the notion of race, as applied to our own species, is of no biological significance. One obvious motivation for discarding the concept of race is that it might provide the most effective way of undermining racism. Ironically, as I shall try to show later in this essay, important postracialist projects may require us to probe the connections between biology and race more deeply, to arrive at a clearer understanding of the concept of ethnicity, and to under take empirical investigations of the connections between biological and social notions.
Common Decency
Authors: Calhoun Cheshire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles Dickens’s Ebenezer Scrooge is a portrait of a man without common decency. Scrooge’s central failing is not his miserliness or callousness toward suffering. His sometimes spectacularly contemptible failings—as when he suggests that the poor should simply get on with dying and reduce the surplus population—are connected to a less spectacular but more pervasive failing: Scrooge has removed himself from the daily commerce of favors, mercies, small kindnesses, forgivings, expressions of gratitude, and social pleasantries that are the stuff of common decency. He grufy rebuffs his nephew’s invitation to Christmas dinner.
The Improvisatory Dramas of Deliberation
Authors: Rorty Amelie Oksenberg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It’s no news that the movement from decision to action and from action to out-come are contingent and accident-prone. But we tend to set aside the fact that— for good or ill—intentions, deliberations, and decisions are themselves affected by tangential and accidental contingencies. I want to explore the dynamics of the process of shared or collective decision making in which participants improvise dramatic roles that often do not represent their primary aims or views. Despite the powerful role of chance and accident in decision making, despite the apparent arbitrariness of its outcome, there is (I argue an Aesopian lesson) a surprising set of norms that should govern the process.
Absalom, Absalom! and the House Divided
Authors: Sundquist Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The “ flaw “ in thomas sutpen ‘ s grand “design” is, of course, his first son’s supposed black blood. Abandoning his wife and son in Haiti, Sutpen carries his dynastic scheme to frontier Mississippi, only to have that repressed son return as his second son’s best friend and, apparently, his daughter’s fiancé Sutpen does not (according to Quentin, according to his father, according to his grandfather) call it “retribution, no sins of the fathers come home to roost,” but just a “mistake,” one that inescapably impedes his vision of “fine grandsons and great- grandsons springing as far as the eye could reach” and leaves him immobilized in attempting to fathom its meaning. He can either recognize Charles Bon or not recognize him, he says, “either destroy my design with my own hand” or, letting the affair take its own course, “see my design complete itself quite normally and naturally and successfully to the public eye, yet to my own in such a fashion as to be a mockery and a betrayal.”
“The Direction of the Howling”
Authors: Ladd Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although stories of the slaveholder ‘ s mixed-race children were immensely popular prior to the Civil War, most were written, as one might expect, by northern writers intent on, or at least not opposed to, stirring public sentiment against slavery. The white southern writer tended to avoid the subject. After the Civil War, however, mixed-blood characters began to appear with some frequency in the work of white southern writers like George Washington Cable, Joel Chandler Harris, Grace King, Kate Chopin, Mark Twain, and, later, William Faulkner. The issue of passing was of particular interest to many of these writers; they often depicted characters traditionally classified as “quadroons” or “octoroons,” not solely to indicate that these characters had more white ancestry than black, but also to suggest their origins in the colonialist slave cultures of the Deep South and the Caribbean where they were associated with a distinct caste of free persons of mixed blood relatively unknown in the slaveholding areas of the Upper South—creoles of colour.
Skepticism and Nihilism
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My main aim in this paper is to help foster a positive attitude toward a thesis of radical nihilism. According to this thesis, none of the things which, it seems, are most commonly alleged to exist do in fact exist: neither rocks nor stones, not tables nor chairs nor even people; perhaps most importantly, neither you nor I exist. The positive attitude toward this thesis is that it is worthy of serious consideration. The recommended attitude is that it should be seriously considered, at least, whether this thesis may not be perferable to its denial. Thus taken as a ‘‘working hypothesis’’, this attitude continues, the thesis may provide a first step to developing a more adequate way of thinking. To be sure, if we stay within our ordinary thinking, the nihilistic thesis means commitment to paradox for us. Thus the paradoxical character of some things just said. But that may mean no relevant refutation of the thesis, or of our arguments on its behalf. Rather, it might direct us to abandon common sense entirely, in our philosophical thinking. Perhaps new beginnings for understanding may then be sought so that such paradox may be properly avoided.
Agitation and Pain
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rapid administration of a sedative may seem appropriate in patients with an acute neurologic illness who are agitated and uncomfortable. It may not only provide proper anxiolysis but may also reduce oxygen consumption and mute the hyperdynamic stress response. In addition, pulling of intravascular and bladder catheters and endotracheal and nasogastric tubes, a danger to the patient, may be prevented.
Craniotomy and Biopsy
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both elective and emergency craniotomy are unchallenged indications for admission to a neurologic-neurosurgical intensive care unit. We may have a tendency to overestimate small risks but the probability of a major complication after elective craniotomy is rare, and such a complication is unlikely to contribute to overall morbidity. In many patients with planned craniotomy, stay in the NICU is precautionary and brief.
Gastrointestinal Complications
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gastrointestinal discomfort is not often voiced by patients with acute brain injury. Impaired level of consciousness often precludes an adequate history of abdominal pain, and, in trauma, there may be distracting injuries. Often, only significant laboratory changes, such as a decrease in hematocrit, point to a gastrointestinal complication. This chapter summarizes the important principles of recognition and management of acute conditions in the gastrointestinal tract complicating acute neurologic illness. Bowel care in spinal cord injury, which is complicated because of neurogenic bowel disorder, receives attention here.
Philosophy of the Environment
Authors: Nelson William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us put chemical usage in context. There is justifiably a concern over the adverse effects of chemicals on human health and the environment. The source of chemicals may be industrial, commercial, or adventitious. Environmental quality is a concern in the United States and throughout the world. This concern is important today. Our world has heightened environmental awareness, fueled by public interest groups and the media. Public awareness is growing of the processes involved in the use, manufacturing, and effect of many chemicals on the environment, including the generation of waste, the disruption of ecosystems, and the depletion of natural resources. Current patterns of chemical development threaten to exceed the limits of sustainability in terms of resource utilization and waste management, and also pose potential threats to global climate, vegetation, and agriculture. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), about 123 billion tons of industrial wastes are generated annually in the United States, and more than a third of this is hazardous waste. This presents a challenge to the chemical industry. Although the EPA has striven to reduce the impact of toxic chemicals, the efforts have focused primarily on exposure-based approaches. Within the United States, the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 introduced a new era in regulatory philosophy and policy. The emphasis became the prevention of toxic substances at their source. Green chemistry aims at accomplishing pollution prevention through the design of safer chemicals and the use of more environmentally friendly chemical processes.
Visionaries and Eclectics
Authors: Stokes W Royal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the several times that I have caught Don Byron in performance, one of the most enjoyable was in the mid-199os when, in the Smithsonian’s Baird Auditorium, he and a half-dozen of his musical associates offered selections from his CD Bug Music, which features the recorded music of Raymond Scott, John Kirby, and small group Duke Ellington. I went backstage with my brother Bill after the concert and presented Byron a copy of my recently published Swing Era New York: The Jazz Photographs of Charles Peterson, inscribing it to him on the spot and then opening it to photographs of Scott, Kirby, and Ellington. He thanked me warmly for the gift.
Editorial Introduction Place in Mind and Mind in Place
Authors: Graham George , Valentine Elizabeth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ullin Thomas (U. T.) Place can justifiably be described as the pioneer of the modern identity theory of mind, according to which mental processes can be identified with processes that go on in the brain. He was the author of the first of the trilogy of papers1 that established the theory as a defensible philosophical position. Place offered at least two estimations of his paper’s impact. One is humble; the other is uncharacteristically immodest. The one (Place 1988; chapter 7, this volume) is that his paper was an ancestor of the materialism that has become an establishment view in contemporary philosophy of mind. The other (Place 2002; chapter 1, this volume) is that the paper marked a watershed in philosophical discussions of the mind-body problem whose impact was comparable to that of Descartes’s Meditations. In our judgment there is no doubt that the paper constituted a watershed, helping to set the agenda in the philosophy of mind for the next half century. So its impact has been much more than just ancestral, if less than the volcanic force among philosophers of mind of the Meditations.
From Mystical Experience to Biological Consciousness A Pilgrim’s Progress?
Authors: Graham George , Valentine Elizabeth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story I shall tell is a piece of autobiography. But it is not, as you might sup­ pose, a record of my own mystical experiences. For I do not claim to have had any. It is rather a record of a thought process that led from a childhood interest in religion, through an adolescent interest in mystical experience as a psycho­ logical phenomenon, to the publication forty years ago in the British Journal of Psychology for 1956 of a paper titled “Is consciousness a brain process?” In that paper, as I say in the abstract, “The thesis that consciousness is a process in the brain is put forward as a reasonable scientific hypothesis, not to be dis­ missed on logical grounds alone” (Place, 1956, p. 44). It is widely accepted that that paper marks a watershed in philosophical discussion of the mind-body problem, one whose impact, though confined to discussions of that particular issue by professional philosophers in the English-speaking world, ranks in the magnitude of its effect with that of Descartes’s Meditations more than three hundred years earlier.
The Infallibility of Our Knowledge of Our Own Beliefs
Authors: Graham George , Valentine Elizabeth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It would seem to be the case that if I assert a proposition of the form ‘I believe that p’, I cannot be mistaken. The proposition of the form, “I believe that p,” may be false; but if it is, it must be the case that I am lying. Why should this be? On what Ryle (1949) in The Concept of Mind called “the official doctrine,” the infallibility of my knowledge of my own beliefs is explained on the assumption that a belief is a private inner state that I and only I can inspect. The objection to this theory is that if it were true, our knowledge of our own beliefs would be in­ corrigible in the sense that no one else is able to inspect my beliefs and thus correct any error I may have made in reporting them; but it would not be infallible, because there is no reason in principle why I should not make a mistake through careless introspection even though I am the only person who is in a position to correct it.