bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WILDE’S SALOMÉ AND THE AMBIGUOUS FETISH
Authors: Fernbach Amanda 
Published: December 2002

Castration . . . is the seminal fantasy of the decadent imagination.— Charles Bernheimer, “Fetishism and Decadence: Salomé’s Severed Heads”When now I announce that the fetish is a substitute for the penis, I shall certainly create disappointment; so I hasten to add that it is not a substitute for any chance penis, but for a particular and quite special penis that had been extremely important in early childhood but had later been lost. That is to say, it should normally have been given up, but the fetish is precisely designed to preserve it from extinction. To put it more plainly: the fetish is a substitute for the woman’s (the mother’s) penis that the little boy once believed in and — for reasons familiar to us — does not want to give up.— Sigmund Freud, “Fetishism”DESPITE FREUD’S AUTHORITATIVE DECLARATION, contemporary critical theory deploys a conceptual plasticity of the fetish, which refutes the notion of any single narrative of origin.1 Many recent discussions of the fetish have pointed to the limits of the explanatory powers of classical psychoanalysis2 and have been critical of the theoretical importance invested in a narrative of causation which figures women’s bodies as “lacking” or mutilated, according to “the fact” of their “castration.” Focusing on Oscar Wilde’s Salomé, this essay will argue that despite Bernheimer’s claim,3 the Freudian fable of castration need not be taken as the singular, phallic, “seminal fantasy of the decadent imagination.” To do so merely reiterates the gender and sexual hierarchies of classical psychoanalysis and denies the ambiguity of some fetishistic imagery produced in the fin de siècle.
SHIRLEY: REFLECTIONS ON MARRYING MOORES
Authors: Wilt Judith 
Published: December 2002

“‘The Omnipresent,’ said a Rabbi, ‘is occupied in making marriages.’ The levity of the saying lies in the ear of him who hears it, for by making marriages the speaker meant all the wondrous combinations of the universe whose issue makes our good and evil.” 1— George Eliot, Daniel Deronda“Sir, your god, your great Bel, your fish-tailed Dagon, rises before me as a demon . . . Behold how hideously he governs! See him busied at the work he likes best — making marriages. He binds the young to the old, the strong to the imbecile. He stretches out the arm of Mezentius, and fetters the dead to the living. . . . All that surrounds him hastens to decay. . . . Your god is a masked Death.”2— Charlotte Brontë, ShirleyCHARLOTTE BRONTË’S FIRST NOVEL found no publisher: her second one brought her editors and readers, money and success, society and scrutiny. With this muchness the subtlest theologian of Haworth Parsonage turned, all shy and fierce and willing, to grapple. Not for nothing is her third novel set in “the Hollows”: not for nothing are the avatars and objects of its quests named “Mo(o)re.” The Work Question, the Woman Question, the Church Question, the Fiction Question — all of these go to the making of Shirley in its plenitude, but at its heart is a metaphysical question, the fusion, the confusion, of “hollow” with “more.”3
“UNMAPPED COUNTRY”: UNCOVERING HIDDEN WOUNDS IN DANIEL DERONDA
Authors: Penner Louise 
Published: December 2002

There is a great deal of unmapped country within us which would have to be taken into account in an explanation of our gusts and storms.— George Eliot, Daniel DerondaWITH THESE WORDS THE NARRATOR of George Eliot’s Daniel Deronda appears to invite readers to map Gwendolen Harleth’s psyche, to trace its history, the places it has been, and the events that appear to have been, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, erased from her memory. This passage is typical of the way that questions of identity in George Eliot’s last novel seem consistently to reflect emerging Victorian concepts of memory.Probably as a direct result of the burgeoning interest in the positivist philosophy of Auguste Comte, we see at mid-century a general trend toward the empirical study of the mind according to the model used in the natural sciences: observation and taxonomical classification. Scientists thus observed the physical attributes and behaviors of individuals and then attempted to classify each within the larger species of humans and their behaviors. From this point, scientists would then speculate about the existence of general categories or even laws governing the functions of the mind. It comes as no surprise, then, that those writing most prolifically on physiology and psychology at mid-century also wrote important tracts about nature study: George Henry Lewes, Herbert Spencer, and John Stuart Mill among others. And, as other critics have noted before me, Eliot includes references to both types of science in her works.1
A SPECULATIVE RESURRECTION: DEATH, MONEY, AND THE VAMPIRIC ECONOMY OF OUR MUTUAL FRIEND
Authors: Scoggin Daniel P. 
Published: December 2002

Has a dead man any use for money? Is it possible for a dead man to have money? What world does a dead man belong to? ‘Tother world. What world does money belong to? This world. How can money be a corpse’s? Can a corpse own it, want it, spend it, claim it, miss it?— Gaffer Hexam, Our Mutual FriendWHILE FISHING CORPSES out of the fast-flowing Thames, itself a symbol of death,1 in order to probe their pockets, Gaffer Hexam makes sharp reference to a long-standing distinction regarding the limits of earthly possession. Some of Dickens’s readers would have been quite ready to connect Gaffer’s remarks to Bunyan’s story of Christian’s exodus from the commerce and bustle of the earthly city and his crossing of the river of death that flows before the gates of the celestial city. Others might have considered the riverman’s musings as somehow referring to St. Paul’s saying that “the end of those things [wealth] is death” (qtd. in Welsh 59).2 In the presentation of Gaffer’s ghastly career, however, Dickens points out a dislocation from these earlier views: the riverman desecrates the “muffled human form” he finds just as he truncates (if not turns inside-out) what was once the afterlife’s principal judgment of the use of riches in this lower world (44; bk. 1, ch. 1). According to the text, Gaffer, in sharply dividing spiritual transactions from material ones, and the soul from his or her former possessions, only further mires himself in the “slime and ooze” of the commercial river (43; bk. 1, ch. 1), enabling decay to encroach more aggressively on life.
STEVENSON’S PYJAMAS
Authors: Colley Ann C. 
Published: December 2002

IntroductionBURIED AMONG ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON’S miscellaneous papers at the Beinecke Library (Yale) is a seemingly insignificant tailor’s bill made out to “R. L. Stevenson, Samoa” from Chorley, the tailor in Sydney (Australia). The bill lists such items as “1 pair of white serge tros.,” “1 pair of Bedford Cord riding tros.,” “and 3 pairs of pyjamas” (Figure 3). Not even his biographers have bothered to mention it.
ELEGANT AMAZONS: VICTORIAN RIDING HABITS AND THE FASHIONABLE HORSEWOMAN
Authors: David Alison Matthews 
Published: December 2002

There is a delightful feeling when you are well mounted, that those who are casting admiring glances at your horse, will find your dress and “get-up” just as perfect in their way.— Mrs. Alice Hayes, The Horsewoman, 1893At no time are the beauties of the female form divine displayed with such witching grace, the faultless flowing lines so attractively posed, the tout ensemble so thoroughly patrician. But if there be one blot in the fair picture, the charm at once vanishes.— E. Kerr, Riding for Ladies, 1895THE VICTORIAN SIDESADDLE RIDING HABIT was a paradoxical garment. It was a fashionable anti-fashion statement, masculine and feminine, practical yet alluring. While on horseback, the fair equestrian shunned the lace, frills, and furbelows worn by her pedestrian sisters. Even when the bell-like silhouette produced by the crinoline skirt was at its greatest width, the essence of the horsewoman’s garb was a lean, understated, and almost masculine simplicity. She represented the epitome of cultivated elegance and cut a fine figure in her tailored habit and silk top hat. Clad in her severe attire, the horsewoman became a center of visual attention in Victorian England. Though she graced fewer pages than the traditional fashion plate, she put her stamp on paintings, photographs, and caricatures. Preceded by showy, colorful riding costumes and superseded by breeches, caught between the demands of Victorian femininity and rising feminism, the riding habit and the women who wore it were typical of and unique to their era. The modern horsewoman represents a turning point in the history of female dress. She adopted the first sports costume specifically designed for women and opened the way for the invention of other athletic garments like the bicycling suit. The riding habit’s combination of style and practicality launched the fashion for more gender-neutral, utilitarian garments and heralded the advent of the twentieth-century working woman’s uniform: the tailored suit.
FRINGE
Authors: Freedgood Elaine 
Published: December 2002

IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, edginess was experienced as a literal problem. The OED gives the first definition, occurring in 1822, as “the condition of having the outlines too clearly marked; angularity, hardness of outline.” This problem of unsightly outlines was solved, I suggest, by an extensive use of fringe throughout the Victorian period. These many miles of trimming performed symbolic work for a culture whose anxieties seemed to gather at edges — of clothing, of furniture, of nations, of empires, and eventually, of selves. A few inches of fringe, after all, can make an edge wide and irregular enough to allow for error. A row of pompoms strategically placed can usefully blur the beginnings and endings of literal and figurative fabric. A border of lace can protect edges from unraveling or wearing down. The fringed, and thus indefinite border, suggests the value of being able to imagine and construct limits as variable, permeable, and attenuated structures, rather than as hard edges at which one must stop short. The befringed edge offers a margin for error, for exploration, for coming to an end slowly and gradually.Can fringe really mean anything, much less create symbolic space for working out conflicts that gather at boundaries, limits, and edges? I contend that fringe, like other debased aspects of material culture, can perform cultural work precisely because it doesn’t get taken seriously. Indeed, the debasement of fringe is part of what makes it interesting and significant.
VICTORIAN CARNIVALESQUE
Authors: Hennelly Mark M. 
Published: December 2002

The Carnival is just over, and we have entered upon the gloom and abstinence of Lent. The first day of Lent we had coffee without milk for breakfast; vinegar and vegetables, with a very little salt fish, for dinner; and bread for supper. The Carnival was nothing but masking and mummery. M. Héger took me and one of the pupils into the town to see the masks. It was animating to see the immense crowds, and the general gaiety, but the masks were nothing.—Charlotte Brontë, letter, March 6, 1843. . . Humble as I [Pecksniff] am, I am an honest man, seeking to do my duty in this carnal universe, and setting my face against all the vice and treachery.—Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1843–44)Women were playing [at cards and roulette]; they were masked, some of them; this licence was allowed in these wild times of carnival.—Thackeray, Vanity Fair (1847–48)OVER FIFTEEN YEARS AGO, Allon White acknowledged “the small army of literary critics now regularly describing modern cultural phenomena as ‘carnivalesque’” (109). Surprisingly, though, only advance scouting parties of carnivalesque critics have infiltrated the various war games, love feasts, slanging matches, “blood” sports, food fights, drinking bouts, carnal appetites, funferalls, body cultures, ludic acts of toasting, roasting, masking, mumming, and other folk and fair festivities — besides the recurring clowns, fools, rogues, tricksters, killjoys, and spoilsports — that significantly enliven and inform Victorian literature. When such critical forays have occurred, the role of the carnivalesque has often been contested, reflecting perhaps what White’s liminal reading of cultural history calls the nineteenth-century’s initial “‘disowning’ of carnival, and the gradual reconstruction of the concept of carnival as the culture of the Other” (102). And yet Robert Browning’s Fra Lippo Lippi still speaks eloquently for various Renaissance and Victorian writers when he proclaims that he is but “one” of many who “makes up bands/To roam the town and sing out carnival” (ll.45–46). Indeed, his double-voiced, pantagruelian aesthetic is to “go a double step,/Make his flesh liker and his soul more like,/Both in their order” (ll.206–08), for
Executive functions in children with frontal and temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Culhane-Shelburne Kathleen , Chapieski Lynn , Hiscock Merrill , Glaze Daniel 
Published: December 2002

AbstractEven though frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) is a relatively common seizure type, no formal psychometric studies of children with FLE have been reported. We compared 12 children with FLE and 15 children with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) on neuropsychological tests of attention, memory, executive functioning, and adaptive functioning. The results of these tests indicated that the children with FLE had deficits in planning and executive functions, whereas their verbal and nonverbal memory was intact. The opposite pattern was observed in children with TLE. Measures of executive functioning and impulse control were the best predictors of adaptive functioning. The findings suggest that children with FLE have a pattern of cognitive deficits that differs markedly from the pattern seen in children with TLE. Children with FLE have prominent deficits in executive functioning that appear to be related to poor behavioral adaptation.
Double-Blind Evaluation of Two Commercial Hypoallergenic Diets in Cats with Adverse Food Reactions
Authors: Leistra M , Willemse T 
Published: December 2002

The aim of this study was to evaluate two commercially available selected-protein-source diets as maintenance diets in cats with dermatological manifestations of adverse food reactions. Twenty cats with a confirmed adverse food reaction were tested in a double-blind manner. An adverse food reaction was diagnosed when, after recovery with a home-cooked elimination diet, the signs relapsed after a challenge with their previous dietary components, and re-disappeared on a second elimination diet period. Hereafter the cats were blind and randomly challenged with two commercial hypoallergenic diets. Relapse of the clinical signs was seen in eight cats (40%) on a lamb and rice diet and in 13 cats (65%) on a chicken and rice diet ( P>0.05). Neither one of the commercial diets was as effective in controlling the skin problems as the home-cooked elimination diet. The study confirms that commercial hypoallergenic diets are adequate for maintenance.
Statewide Prevalences of Concern about Enough Food, 1996–1999
Authors: Evenson Kelly R. , Laraia Barbara A. , Welch Verna L. Lamar , Perry April L. 
Published: December 2002

Objective. Food insecurity is defined as not having access at all times to enough food for an active and healthy life-style. A Healthy People 2010 objective is to increase food security and reduce the risk of hunger for all households. The objective of this study was to characterize the prevalence of concern about enough food and its association with other sociodemographic and health characteristics at the state level. Methods. Adult respondents participating in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey provided information on concern about enough food from nine states from 1996 through 1999. Results. Overall, the prevalence of concern about enough food ranged from 3.1% to 11.8% for individual states. Across states, low household income was the strongest predictor of concern about enough food. The odds of being concerned about enough food were generally higher among respondents who were female, younger, and without health care coverage. The odds were generally lower among those reporting excellent or very good general health and among non-Hispanic whites. Conclusion. Food security scales could be used at the state level to track progress for the Healthy People 2010 objective of reducing food insecurity and hunger across American households.
Ectopic Expression of Carpel-Specific MADS Box Genes from Lily and Lisianthus Causes Similar Homeotic Conversion of Sepal and Petal in Arabidopsis
Authors: Tzeng Tsai-Yu , Chen Hsing-Yu , Yang Chang-Hsien 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
Two MADS box genes, Lily MADS Box Gene 2(LMADS2) and Eustoma grandiflorum MADS Box Gene 1 (EgMADS1), with an extensive similarity to the petunia (Petunia hybrida) FLORAL BINDING PROTEIN 7/11 and Arabidopsis AGL11, were characterized from the lily (Lilium longiflorum) and lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum). The expression ofLMADS2 and EgMADS1 mRNA was restricted to the carpel and was absent in the other flower organs or vegetative leaves. LMADS2 mRNA was detected mainly in ovules and weakly in style tissues of the carpel, whereas EgMADS1mRNA was only expressed in the ovules. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants ectopically expressing LMADS2 or EgMADS1showed similar novel phenotypes resembling35S::AGAMOUS plants by significantly reducing plant size, flowering early, and losing inflorescence indeterminacy. Ectopic expression of these two genes also generated similar ap2-like flowers by inducing homeotic conversion of the sepals into carpel-like structures in which stigmatic papillae and ovules were observed. In addition, the petals were converted into stamen-like structures in the second whorl of 35S::LMADS2 and35S::EgMADS1 transgenic Arabidopsis. Our data indicated that LMADS2 andEgMADS1 are putative D functional MADS box genes in lily and lisianthus with a function similar to C functional genes once ectopically expressed in Arabidopsis.
Control of Demand-Driven Biosynthesis of Glutathione in Green Arabidopsis Suspension Culture Cells
Authors: Meyer Andreas J. , Fricker Mark D. 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
We have investigated what limits demand-driven de novo glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis in green Arabidopsis suspension culture cells. GSH is the most abundant low-molecular weight thiol in most plants and can be quantified using monochlorobimane to fluorescently label GSH in live cells. Progress curves for labeling reached a plateau as all the cytoplasmic GSH was conjugated. In the presence of excess monochlorobimane, a second, almost linear phase of labeling was observed, after a lag of 2 to 3 h, that was then maintained for an extended period. The increase in fluorescence was shown to be because of de novo GSH biosynthesis by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis and was eliminated bydl-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine, a specific inhibitor of GSH biosynthesis, or reduced by inhibitors of transcription and translation. The rate of GSH biosynthesis during the linear phase was 8.9 ± 1.4 nmol g fresh weight−1min−1 and was not affected by addition of glutamate, glycine, or cysteine, the immediate precursors needed for GSH biosynthesis. Likewise, the synthesis rate was not affected by pretreatment with aminotriazole, menadione, jasmonic acid, or cadmium, all of which cause oxidative stress and up-regulate expression of GSH biosynthetic genes. The lag phase was markedly reduced by aminotriazole and menadione and marginally by jasmonic acid, suggesting the system was primed to react faster after mild stress. In contrast to the other feeding experiments, exclusion of SO4 2− from the medium abolished the second phase completely. This suggests demand-driven GSH biosynthesis is directly coupled to uptake of SO4 2− and that the linear increase in fluorescence reflects flux through the entire SO4 2− assimilation pathway.
The Maize Geneterpene synthase 1Encodes a Sesquiterpene Synthase Catalyzing the Formation of (E)-β-Farnesene, (E)-Nerolidol, and (E,E)-Farnesol after Herbivore Damage
Authors: Schnee Christiane , Köllner Tobias G. , Gershenzon Jonathan , Degenhardt Jörg 
Published: December 2002

AbstractMaize (Zea mays) emits a mixture of volatile compounds upon attack by the Egyptian cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis). These substances, primarily mono- and sesquiterpenes, are used by parasitic wasps to locate the lepidopteran larvae, which are their natural hosts. This interaction among plant, lepidopteran larvae, and hymenopteran parasitoids benefits the plant and has been termed indirect defense. The committed step in the biosynthesis of the different skeletal types of mono- and sesquiterpenes is catalyzed by terpene synthases, a class of enzymes that forms a large variety of mono- and sesquiterpene products from prenyl diphosphate precursors. We isolated a terpene synthase gene,terpene synthase 1 (tps1), from maize that exhibits only a low degree of sequence identity to previously identified terpene synthases. Upon expression in a bacterial system, the encoded enzyme produced the acyclic sesquiterpenes, (E)-β-farnesene, (E,E)-farnesol, and (3R)-(E)-nerolidol, the last an intermediate in the formation of (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene. Both (E)-β-farnesene and (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene are prominent compounds of the maize volatile blend that is emitted after herbivore damage. The biochemical characteristics of the encoded enzyme are similar to those of terpene synthases from both gymnosperms and dicotyledonous angiosperms, suggesting that catalysis involves a similar electrophilic reaction mechanism. The transcript level oftps1 in the maize cv B73 was elevated after herbivory, mechanical damage, and treatment with elicitors. In contrast, the increase in the transcript level of the tps1 gene or gene homolog in the maize cv Delprim after herbivory was less pronounced, suggesting that the regulation of terpene synthase expression may vary among maize varieties.
Light-Dependent Death of Maize lls1 Cells Is Mediated by Mature Chloroplasts
Authors: Gray John , Janick-Buckner Diane , Buckner Brent , Close Pam S. , Johal Gurmukh S. 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
We reported previously the isolation of a novel cell death-suppressing gene from maize (Zea mays) encoded by the Lls1 (Lethal leaf spot-1) gene. Although the exact metabolic function of LLS1 remains elusive, here we provide insight into mechanisms that underlie the initiation and propagation of cell death associated withlls1 lesions. Our data indicate that lls1lesions are triggered in response to a cell-damaging event caused by any biotic or abiotic agent or intrinsic metabolic imbalance—as long as the leaf tissue is developmentally competent to developlls1 lesions. Continued expansion of these lesions, however, depends on the availability of light, with fluence rate being more important than spectral quality. Double-mutant analysis oflls1 with two maize mutants oil-yellowand iojap, both compromised photosynthetically and unable to accumulate normal levels of chlorophyll, indicated that it was the light harvested by the plant that energized lls1lesion development. Chloroplasts appear to be the key mediators oflls1 cell death; their swelling and distortion occurs before any other changes normally associated with dying cells. In agreement with these results are indications that LLS1 is a chloroplast-localized protein whose transcript was detected only in green tissues. The propagative nature of light-dependentlls1 lesions predicts that cell death associated with these lesions is caused by a mobile agent such as reactive oxidative species. LLS1 may act to prevent reactive oxidative species formation or serve to remove a cell death mediator so as to maintain chloroplast integrity and cell survival.