bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gatekeepers: The Professions and Corporate Governance
Authors: Coffee John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the wake of a series of corporate governance disasters in the US and Europe which have gained almost mythic status - Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, Adelphia, HealthSouth, Parmalat - one question has not yet been addressed. A number of 'gatekeeping' professions - auditors, attorneys, securities analysts, credit-rating agencies - exist to guard against these governance failures. Yet clearly these watchdogs did not bark while corporations were looted and destroyed. But why not? To answer these questions, a more detailed investigation is necessary that moves beyond journalism and easy scapegoating, and examines the evolution, responsibilities, and standards of these professions. John Coffee, world-renowned Professor of Corporate Law, examines how these gatekeeping professions developed, to what degree they failed, and what reforms are feasible. Above all, this book examines the institutional changes and pressures that caused gatekeepers to underperform or neglect their responsibilities, and focuses on those feasible changes that can restore gatekeepers as the loyal agents of investors. This informed and readable view of the players on the contemporary business stage will be essential reading for investors, professionals, executives and business academics concerned with issues of good governance.
An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust
Authors: Mayer Roger C , Davis James H , Schoorman F David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The topic of trust is generating increased interest in organizational studies. Gambetta (1988) noted that ‘scholars tend to mention [trust] in passing, to allude to it as a fundamental ingredient or lubricant, an un-avoidable dimension of social interaction, only to move on to deal with less intractable matters’ (unnumbered foreword). The importance of trust has been cited in such areas as communication (Giffin, 1967), leadership (Atwater, 1988), management by objectives (Scott, D., 1980), negotiation (Bazerman, 1994), game theory (Milgrom & Roberts, 1992), performance appraisal (Cummings, 1983), labormanagement relations (Taylor, 1989), and implementation of self-managed work teams (Lawler, 1992).
Initial Trust Formation in New Organizational Relationships
Authors: Mcknight D Harrison , Cummings Larry L , Chervany Norman L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several trust theorists have stated that trust develops gradually over time (e.g., Blau, 1964; Rempel, Holmes,& Zanna, 1985; Zand, 1972), but when contrasted with some recent empirical findings, their theories present an interesting paradox. By positing that trust grows over time, these trust theorists implicitly assume that trust levels start small and gradually increase. Some researchers, then, expecting this, have been surprised at how high their subjects’ early trust levels were—both in survey and experimental studies (e.g., Berg, Dickhaut, & McCabe, 1995; Kramer, 1994). For example, economics-based researchers Berg et al. (1995) expected subjects to exhibit low to medium trust in each other when faced with a trust dilemma. Instead, their subjects frequently exhibited high trust—passing to a second subject dollars they were given during the first part of the experiment, without any reason to expect their generosity to be reciprocated. Another example is Kramer’s (1994) survey of MBAs who were previously unknown to each other. Because the MBAs had no interaction history, one would have expected them to have low trust levels; however, surprisingly, Kramer found high trust levels among these individuals.
Managers As Initiators of Trust: An Exchange Relationship Framework For Understanding Managerial Trustworthy Behavior
Authors: Whitener Ellen M , Brodt Susan E , Korsgaard M Audrey , Werner Jon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine driving into work one day and hearing over the radio that your employer had agreed to merge with a rival firm and that the combined company would probably employ at least 10 percent fewer workers. Ciba Geigy employees experienced this scenario in 1996, when they were surprised to learn about their company’s planned merger with Sandoz. In a perfect world, this would never happen. Good news or bad, employees could trust management to give it to them straight, to mean what it said, and always to follow through on promises.
Does Trust Improve Business Performance?*
Authors: Sako Mari 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Does trust improve business performance? And if so, how can trust be created in business where there is none? These are the two questions which this chapter addresses. The main aim of the chapter is to evaluate various theories which touch on the causes and outcomes of trust, and to provide empirical tests of those theories using a large-scale survey of automotive parts suppliers in the United States, Europe, and Japan. A growing interest in building trust between organizations stems from the belief that trust enhances business performance. For instance, trust has been identified as an important component which makes partnerships, strategic alliances, and networks of small firms successful (Brusco 1986; Powell 1996; Smitka 1991). Trust is also of great relevance today because the maintenance of consistently high quality, which is an important source of competitiveness, is easier in a high-trust production system than in a low-trust one (Sako 1992).
Organizational Growth and Development
Authors: Starbuck William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter defines growth as change in an organization ‘s size when size is measured by the organization ‘s membership or employment, and it defines development as change in an organization ‘s age. The chapter considers why and how organizations grow and develop, and it examines effects of growth and development on organizational structure and behavior. Many words have been written about growth and development. The bibliography includes over two hundred items. The chapter ‘s primary goal is to review this literature. In some cases, it is a critical review, but it is also an optimistic review. Some of the work is interesting, imaginative, empirically based, and methodologically sound. There have been attempts to construct theories and to make predictions. There is even some consistency among studies.
Acting First and Thinking Later: Finding Decisions and Strategies in the Past
Authors: Starbuck William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social science research has demonstrated a few truths quite convincingly. One of these is that people behave in very diverse ways, so one can find at least a few instances that match or contradict virtually any assertion about human behavior. Another truth is that realities are as numerous and different as their perceivers. Thus, social scientists should feel no surprise upon learning that other people see realities somewhat different from their own. But some realities diverge so greatly from my own perceptions that they do surprise me.
Learning by Knowledge-Intensive Firms
Authors: Starbuck William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The General Manager of the Garden Company (a pseudonym) invited John Dutton and me to advise him about what he called their ‘lot-size problem ‘. He was wondering, he said, whether Garden was making products in economically efficient quantities. We had no idea what a strange but memorable experience this would be! The General Manager proposed that we start with a tour of their largest plant, and assigned someone to guide us. Our guide took us first to the model shop, which produced jigs and patterns for use in the main plant. In the model shop, a skilled craftsman would start with a raw piece of metal, work on it with several different machine tools, and end with a finished component. Each successive component differed from those produced before and after, and each craftsman ‘s tasks were shifting continually.
Open Standards and Intellectual Property Rights
Authors: Simcoe Timothy S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Compatibility standards are used to govern the interaction of products and components in a technological system. In other words, they are the shared language that technologies use to communicate with one another. Standards are particularly important in the information and communications technology industries, where there are large numbers of interdependent suppliers and a very rapid pace of technological change. This chapter explores the inherent tension between cooperation and competition in the standards creation process, with a special emphasis on the role of intellectual property (IP) rights. These issues are closely linked to several key themes of Open Innovation, including the growing significance of IP-based business models, and the trend towards vertical dis-integration between technology development and commercialization.
The EU Strategy against Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction
Authors: Ahlstrom Christer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 21 October 2003 in Tehran, the foreign ministers of France, Germany and the UK secured a commitment from the Iranian Government to sign the IAEA Additional Protocol and begin the procedure for ratifying the protocol. Furthermore, the Iranian authorities declared that they had decided to voluntarily suspend all uranium enrichment and reprocessing activities. In return for these commitments, the three foreign ministers declared that—once the concerns of the international community as to the nature of its nuclear programme had been alleviated—Iran could expect easier access to modern technology and supplies.
Federation, Confederation, and Mixed Government: A EU– US Comparison
Authors: Majone Giandomenico 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even readers familiar with the general idea of ‘confederation’ and ‘mixed government’ will probably assume that nowadays these two concepts have only antiquarian value. The aim of the present chapter is to show that, far from lacking contemporary relevance, these concepts are in fact useful to understand the deep structure of the European Community and Union, and to highlight some crucial but often overlooked differences between EC/EU governance and full-fledged federations.
The Learning Curve
Authors: Gawande Atul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patient needed a central line. ‘Here’s your chance,’ S., the chief resident, said. I had never done one before. ‘Get set up and then page me when you’re ready to start.’ It was my fourth week in surgical training. The pockets of my short white coat bulged with patient printouts, laminated cards with instructions for doing CPR and using the dictation system, two surgical handbooks, a stethoscope, wound-dressing supplies, meal tickets, a penlight, scissors, and about a buck in loose change. As I headed up the stairs to the patient’s floor, I rattled.
Making a Market in Knowledge
Authors: Bryan Lowell L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just like people, companies in today’s economy find that their primary source of competitive advantage increasingly lies in the unique proprietary knowledge they possess. Companies and individuals may have equal talent and access to public knowledge, but the special value that comes with unique understanding provides a real edge. The bond trader who is the first to understand an opportunity to arbitrage securities across two different markets can earn extraordinary returns until other traders figure out the secret. A company thoroughly familiar with how to compete in a particular geographic market China, say-has huge advantages over competitors lacking that familiarity.
The Performance Variability Dilemma
Authors: Matson Eric , Prusak Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Performance variability frustrates managers everywhere. It takes a variety of forms: vastly different sales figures for similar retail stores in similar neighbor hoods; significantly varying productivity rates at factories producing the same products; major differences in insurance payments for similar auto accidents. Companies make strenuous efforts to reduce such differences as the financial benefits that result when laggards imitate leaders are often immense. For example, Ford Motor Co. claims to have saved $886 million after four years of sharing best practices throughout its manufacturing sites.
Knowledge-Worker Productivity: The Biggest Challenge
Authors: Drucker Peter F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most important, and indeed the truly unique, contribution of management in the 20th century was the fifty-fold increase in the productivity of the manual worker in manufacturing. The most important contribution management needs to make in the 21st century is similarly to increase the productivity of knowledge work and knowledge workers. The most valuable assets of a 20th century company were its production equipment. The most valuable asset of a 21st century institution (whether business or non-business) will be its knowledge workers and their productivity.
Using Supplier Networks to Learn Faster
Authors: Dyer Jeffrey H , W:. Hatch Nile 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Last year, Toyota Motor Corp. posted profits that exceeded the combined earnings of its three largest competitors. In today’s world of hyper competition, how did Toyota accomplish this? In searching for the answer, many business gurus and researchers have overlooked-or have not fully understood-the importance of knowledge-sharing networks. Certainly, knowledge management has become a hot topic. But how exactly do firms learn, and why do some companies learn faster than others? Furthermore, does learning go beyond the boundaries of the organization? Many companies keep their suppliers and partners at arm’s length, zealously guarding their internal knowledge. In sharp contrast, Toyota embraces its suppliers and encourages knowledge sharing with them by establishing networks that facilitate the exchange of information.
Nutrition in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Thomson Anne H , Harris Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children with CF on a high-calorie, high-fat diet should grow normally, At times of illness or during periods of fast growth, for example adolescence, high-calorie food supplements may be helpful, A huge variety of food supplements is available, Occasionally additional calories are needed and liquid supplements can be given slowly overnight into the stomach through either a nasogastric tube or a gastrostomy
Genetic counselling in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Forton Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parents who already have a child with CF have a 1 in 4 chance of another child with CF in each pregnancy, Diagnostic tests for CF can be done early in pregnancy (10-13 weeks) by a technique called chorionic villus sampling, 95 per cent of men with CF are infertile but techniques are available to permit them to become fathers, Advice on genetic risks (genetic counselling) is available for people who have CF in the family
Probabilistic ‘‘Sliding Template’’ Models for Indirect Vowel Normalization
Authors: Nearey Terrance M , Assmann Peter F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between the physical realization of utterances and language-specific categories is a fundamental question in phonology. Although speech perception is often viewed as a branch of experimental phonetics or of psycholinguistics, we believe phonology will not be complete without explicit models of the processes underlying the ability of listeners to label utterances with respect to the phonological categories of their language. For example, an understanding of sound change in progress or of cross-dialect or cross-language comparison of vowels must incorporate knowledge about the perceptual properties of vowels. Much work remains and many perceptual experiments will need to be carried out before a compelling model of vowel perception can be established. Such a model must ultimately provide an detailed account for listeners’ response patterns to natural and synthetic stimuli.
The View from Phonological Theory
Authors: Snyder William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys the ideas on cross-linguistic variation that are prominent in contemporary phonological theory. Two major frame-works are considered: Optimality Theory (OT) and Government Phonology (GP). Much as in the previous chapter, I provide a brief overview of each framework and consider an example of how cross-linguistic variation is treated. Specifically, for both OT and GP I will focus on cross-linguistic variation in phonotactics. My principal question will be the extent to which each framework is compatible with grammatical conservatism on the part of the learner (see Section 2.1.3).
Your income
Authors: Leblebici Huseyin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The success of every professional service firm, especially those operating in the field of law, critically depends on establishing a delicate balance between the demands of the client marketplace and the demands of its professional staff. Management issues ranging from leverage ratios and firm governance structures to the management of professional careers are direct manifestations of this balancing act (Maister 1997; Trotter 1997).
A Primer in Social Choice Theory
Authors: Gaertner Wulf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This introductory text explores the theory of social choice. Written as a primer suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduates, this text will act as an important starting point for students grappling with the complexities of social choice theory. Rigorous yet accessible, this primer avoids the use of technical language and provides an up-to-date discussion of this rapidly developing field. This is the first in a series of texts published in association with the LSE.
Linguistic Minimalism
Authors: Boeckx Cedric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Boeckx examines the foundations and explains the underlying philosophy of the Minimalist Program for linguistic theory, the most radical version to date of Noam Chomsky's naturalistic approach to language. He exemplifies its methods, considers the significance of its results, and explores its roots and antecedents. He disentangles and clarifies current debates and shows how the Minimalist Program lies at the centre of the enterprise to understand the human language faculty. The book is written for everyone in and outside the field who wants to know about current developments in theoretical linguistics.
Introduction And Overview
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Laws governing extradition seek to reconcile two objectives that are of concern to states that recognize the rule of law. One objective is to give effect to the principle that, in the ordinary way, persons in one state who are credibly accused of committing serious crimes triable in another state should be surrendered to that other state to answer for their alleged misdeeds. The second objective is to protect those whose surrender is sought against such surrender in circumstances where they would suffer injustice or oppression. States ordinarily seek to provide some safeguards against the surrender of those within their borders in such circumstances.
The Role Of The Secretary Of State; Deferral Of Extradition
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapters 4 and 5 the Secretary of State’s limited role at the beginning of the extradition process in Category 2 cases was considered. This chapter examines his role in Category 2 cases after the extradition hearing has taken place, when he has to decide whether to order extradition. One of the major changes to the extradition regime effected by the EA 2003 is the substantially reduced role of the Secretary of State. He is no longer required to consider whether extradition would be wrong, unjust or oppressive before ordering return.
Return To The United Kingdom
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The EA 1989 was primarily concerned with incoming extradition requests and outgoing defendants. The principal provisions applicable to defendants extradited to the UK were Part IV and para 17 of Sch 1, which provided specialty protection for defendants extradited to the UK. 1 Corrigan [1931] 1 KB 527; R v Aubrey-Fletcher ex p Ross Munro [1968] 1 QB 620; Kerr and Smith (1976) 62 Cr App R 210. Specialty is dealt with at 12.26 and 12.71. On occasion, rather than pursuing a legitimate extradition request, UK prosecuting authorities have resorted to illegal methods to obtain the return of a defendant for trial (see R v Horseferry Road Magistrates Court ex p Bennett [1994] 2 AC 42; R v Horseferry Road Magistrates Court ex p Bennett (No. 3) [1995] 1 Cr App R 147; Mullen [2000] QB 520). This is known as ‘disguised extradition’ and is dealt with below at 12.60.
Uk Requests To Foreign States For Assistance
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CICA 2003, ss 7–9 deal with requests to obtain evidence from abroad in relation to a prosecution or investigation taking place in the UK. These provisions develop and expand on s 3 of the Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1990, which they replace.
Transfer Of Prisoners To And From The Uk For The Purpose Of Giving Evidence And Assisting Investigations
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1990 contains provisions allowing UK prisoners to travel overseas to give evidence in foreign criminal proceedings or to assist with foreign criminal investigations, and powers which enable requests to be made to foreign states that prisoners held there be transferred to the UK to give evidence in criminal proceedings there or assist in criminal investigations.
Mutual Legal Assistance In Relation To Confiscation And Forfeiture
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The statutory provisions analysed in this chapter give effect to the UK’s international obligations to assist other states in relation to restraint, confiscation and forfeiture matters. Specific powers relating to the gathering of evidence for use in confiscation matters are also considered in this chapter. General powers relating to the gathering of evidence and information including banking information have been considered in earlier chapters in the context of
How Markets Matter: Radical Innovation, Societal Acceptance, and the Case of Genetically Engineered Food
Authors: Jolivet Eric , Maurice Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theories of diffusion have long recognized the importance of ‘information’—the know- ledge consumers need to make their decisions. The influence of word of mouth (Mansfield 1961) and cross-referencing (Moore 2002) in technology adoption has been underlined in several models, stressing the interactive and collective nature of this ‘information’. But the process by which this learning is done has remained to a large extent a research question to date (Geroski 2000). How does this learning process really work? How do consumers come to form and share representations about radically new products? How do they learn about their performance and use? What factors condition the process by which radically new products are becoming a naturalized part of our daily life? This issue is of considerable practical interest to managers and innovators, since consumers’ decisions condition innovation’s success or failure.