bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of melancholia: focus on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis overactivity and the role of vasopressin
Authors: Dinan Timothy G. , Scott Lucinda V. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractOveractivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis characterized by hypercortisolism, adrenal hyperplasia and abnormalities in negative feedback is the most consistently described biological abnormality in melancholic depression. Corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) are the main secretagogues of the HPA/stress system. Produced in the parvicellular division of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus the release of these peptides is influenced by inputs from monoaminergic neurones. In depression, anterior pituitary CRH1 receptors are down‐regulated and response to CRH infusion is blunted. By contrast, vasopressin V3 receptors on the anterior pituitary show enhanced response to AVP stimulation and this enhancement plays a key role in maintaining HPA overactivity.
Anatomical perspectives on adult neural stem cells
Authors: Watts C. , McConkey H. , Anderson L. , Caldwell M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe concept of stem cells within the adult brain is not new. However, only recently have scientific techniques become sufficiently advanced to identify them although this remains problematic and the technology is still developing. Nevertheless, it is now generally recognized that stem cells are restricted to two germinal regions within the intact brain. From here they can migrate to specific destinations where they integrate with existing circuitry. Their identity remains controversial but a growing body of evidence suggests it may have an astrocytic phenotype. Within the germinal regions the stem cells are confined to a niche environment and are capable of responding to environmental signals generated locally in an autocrine or paracrine fashion. The niche environment is also modulated by more generalized systemic and physiological activity. These observations are exciting in their own right and form the basis of this review. They are also beginning to alter how we think about neural injury and disease and to impact on the development of novel therapies.
Stem cells, progenitors and myelin repair
Authors: Zhao Chao , Fancy Stephen P. J. , Magy Laurent , Urwin Joanna E. , Franklin Robin J. M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractRemyelination, the process by which new myelin sheaths are restored to demyelinated axons, represents one of the most compelling examples of adult multipotent progenitor cells contributing to regeneration of the injured central nervous system (CNS). This process can occur with remarkable efficiency in both clinical disease, such as multiple sclerosis, and in experimental models, revealing an impressive ability of the adult CNS to repair itself. However, the inconsistency of remyelination in multiple sclerosis, and the loss of axonal integrity that results from its failure, makes enhancement of remyelination an important therapeutic objective. Identifying potential targets will depend on a detailed understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of remyelination. In this article we address two important issues. First, we consider the nature of the cell or cells that respond to demyelination and generate new oligodendrocytes, identifying current areas of uncertainty and addressing the role of adult CNS stem and progenitor cells. Second, we discuss the concept of adult progenitor activation following demyelination, focusing on the increased expression of (1) olig transcription factors, (2) bone morphogenetic proteins and (3) fyn, a member of the src‐family of tyrosine kinases.
Role of radial glia in cytogenesis, patterning and boundary formation in the developing spinal cord
Authors: McDermott Kieran W. , Barry Denis S. , McMahon Siobhan S. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractRadial glial fibres provide a transient scaffold and impose constraints in the developing central nervous system (CNS) that facilitate cell migration and axon growth. Recent reports have raised doubts about the distinction between radial glia and precursor cells by demonstrating that radial glia are themselves neuronal progenitor cells in the developing cortex, indicating a dual role for radial glia in both neurogenesis and migration guidance. Radial glia shift toward exclusive generation of astrocytes after neurogenesis has ceased. Radial progenitor cell differentiation and lineage relationships in CNS development are complex processes depending on genetic programming, cell–cell interaction and microenvironmental factors. In the spinal cord, radial cells that arise directly from the neuroepithelium have been identified. At least in the spinal cord, these radial cells appear to be the precursors to radial glia. It remains unknown whether radial glial cells or their precursors, the radial cells, or both can give rise to neurons in the spinal cord. Radial glial cells are also important in regulating the axon out‐growth and pathfinding processes that occur during white matter patterning of the developing spinal cord.
Amniotic fluid brain‐specific proteins are biomarkers for spinal cord injury in experimental myelomeningocele
Authors: Petzold A. , Stiefel D. , Copp A. J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractMyelomeningocele (MMC), the most severe form of spina bifida (SB), causes neurological deficit. Injury to the spinal cord is thought to begin in utero. We investigated whether brain‐specific proteins (BSPs) would enable us to monitor the development of MMC‐related tissue damage during pregnancy in an animal model with naturally occurring SB (curly tail/loop tail mouse; n = 256). Amniotic fluid levels of neurofilament heavy chain (NfH), glial acidic fibrillary protein (GFAP) and S100B were measured by standard ELISA techniques. The amniotic fluid levels of all BSPs were similar in SB and control mice on embryonic day (E) 12.5 and 14.5, whereas a significant increase was observed for GFAP in SB mice on E16.5. Levels of all BSPs were significantly increased in SB mice on E18.5. The rapid increase in GFAP, paralleled by a moderate increase in NfH and S100B, suggests that spinal cord damage starts to accelerate around E16.5. The macroscopic size of the MMC was related to NfH level on E16.5 and E18.5, suggesting that axonal degeneration is most severe in large MMC. Amniotic fluid BSP measurements may provide important information for balancing the risks and benefits to mother and child of in utero surgery for MMC.
Ethanol disrupts cell cycle regulation in developing rat cortex interaction with transforming growth factor β1
Authors: Siegenthaler Julie A. , Miller Michael W. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractEthanol is a potent teratogenic agent that disrupts several aspects of neuronogenesis, including the proliferation rate of cortical precursors. With regard to corticogenesis, possible targets of ethanol toxicity include soluble factors, like transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), that regulate cortical growth and cell cycle proteins that control the kinetics of the cell cycle. The effect of ethanol on normal cell proliferation and TGFβ1‐regulated cell proliferation in the developing cortex was assessed using an organotypic slice culture model. Ethanol elongated the cell cycle, possibly through a decrease in the expression of G1 cell cycle protein cyclin D1. Further, ethanol exposure antagonized the anti‐proliferative action of TGFβ1 and blocked TGFβ1‐dependent increases in cell cycle inhibitor p21. Collectively, this evidence suggests that disruption of appropriate cell cycle protein expression and inhibition of TGFβ1 activity are potential mechanisms underlying the effect of ethanol on cortical development.
Rapid WAVE dynamics in dendritic spines of cultured hippocampal neurons is mediated by actin polymerization
Authors: Pilpel Yair , Segal Menahem 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein family Verprolin‐homologous protein (WAVE) complex has been proposed to link Rho GTPase activity with actin polymerization but its role in neuronal plasticity has never been documented. We now examined the presence, distribution and dynamics of WAVE3 in cultured hippocampal neurons. WAVE3 was localized to dendritic spines via its N‐terminal domain. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐tagged WAVE3 clusters demonstrate an F‐actin‐dependent high rate of local motility. Constitutive Rac activation translocates WAVE3 (via the N‐terminus), to the leading edge of lamellipodia. Also, spinogenesis is associated with actin‐based motility of the WAVE3 protein. Brain specific WAVE1 showed similar localization and effects on spine density. Cytoplasmic fragile X mental retardation protein interacting protein (CYFIP) and non‐catalytic region of tyrosine kinase adaptor protein 1 (NCK‐1), proteins that are assumed to complex with WAVE, have a somewhat similar cellular distribution and motility. We propose that the WAVE complex is a downstream effector of the Rac signaling cascade, localized to sites of novel synaptic contacts by means of its N‐terminal domain, to guide local actin polymerization needed for morphological plasticity of neurons.
Karyotypes of two American field crickets: Gryllus rubens and Gryllus sp. (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)
Authors: YOSHIMURA Aya 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe karyotypes of Gryllus rubens (Scudder) and Gryllus sp. collected in the US were studied using conventional Giemsa staining and two differential staining methods. Both species had a chromosome complement of 2n = 28 + XX/XO, and the X chromosome was large and metacentric. In addition, nucleolus organizer regions (NOR) were detected in the short arm of one pair in the two species, and the NOR showed variation in size. The two species had species‐specific chromosome configuration and C‐banding patterns. In Gryllus sp., the chromosome configuration showed polymorphism in size and type among individuals, and the distal C‐bands of Gryllus sp. were larger than those of G. rubens.
Vertical and seasonal variation in the abundance and the species richness of Attelabidae and Cantharidae (Coleoptera) in a suburban mixed forest
Authors: LEKSONO Amin Setyo , NAKAGOSHI Nobukazu , TAKADA Kenta , NAKAMURA Koji 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA continuous sampling of canopy beetles was carried out to determine variation in the abundance and the species richness of the Attelabidae and Cantharidae in a suburban mixed forest. Changes in the abundance and the species richness were monitored in three vertical strata of the forest from May to November in 1999, using yellow and blue water pan traps. The results showed significant variation in the abundance and the species richness of Attelabidae and Cantharidae between the layers, trap colors and seasons. Rare species were found in the bottom and middle layers, but were absent in the upper layer. In contrast, common species were more abundant in the upper layer than in the lower layers. The yellow traps had better trapping efficiency than the blue traps for both families, with the exception of an attelabid species, Cycnotrachelus reolofsi, which was more abundant in the blue traps. The abundance and the species richness were generally greater in spring than in summer. In spring, the abundance was consistently highest in the yellow traps in the upper layer. Season and layer were determinant factors in the species composition of the Attelabidae, while only season explained variation in species composition of the Cantharidae.
Density dependent shifts in attachment site by the ectosymbiotic chironomid Nanocladius asiaticus on its megalopteran host Protohermes grandis
Authors: HAYASHI Fumio , ICHIYANAGI Hidetaka 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIntraspecific interactions among ectosymbionts may occur when suitable attachment sites are limited to specific parts of their hosts. In this study, we examined attachment site selection by the ectosymbiotic chironomid Nanocladius (Plecopteracoluthus) asiaticus. Larvae and pupae of this chironomid attach to larvae of the megalopteran Protohermes grandis: they feed on algae and detrital materials caught on the chironomid's silken nets and on the body surface of the host. Sampling at approximately monthly intervals in central Japan revealed that the proportion of hosts with chironomids was relatively high and stable during the 2 year study period. When attached singly, larvae were usually found on the ventral side of the host's mesothorax. However, when two or more larvae were attached to a host, the mesothorax was occupied by only one larva (usually a large individual) and the other(s) were attached to the ventral side of the abdomen. Density dependent shifts in attachment sites were confirmed by a reattachment experiment in which a larva was removed from its host and released onto a new host with or without symbiosis by another individual. All of the larvae released singly on a host devoid of symbionts attached to the thoracic region and survived, whereas those released in pairs and not occupying this site were frequently lost. Thus, the thorax (particularly the mesothorax) is the most suitable attachment site, and there is a possibility that chironomid larvae compete for this site.
Colony cycle in the south‐eastern coastal populations of Ropalidia plebeiana, the only Ropalidia wasp occurring in temperate Australia
Authors: SAITO Fuki , KOJIMA Jun‐ichi 
Published: September 2005

AbstractOf the 22 species of Ropalidia occurring in Australia, only R. plebeiana is distributed in temperate areas. This wasp is abundant in the south‐eastern coastal regions of Australia, where it forms huge nest aggregations. Based on our observations in late autumn and early spring, as well as information in the literature, we outline the colony cycle of R. plebeiana in the south‐eastern coastal area of New South Wales. The nesting period lasts for approximately 9.5 months, which is unusually long for temperate polistine wasps. Most foundresses seem to return to their natal nests in early spring (mid‐August to early September) to start their own colonies by reusing pre‐existing nest combs, and the pre‐emergence stage (before the emergence of the first adult brood) lasts for approximately 3.5 months. Reproductives (gynes and males) start to emerge as adults in early March, and the reproductive‐producing period lasts until the end of May. Both the pre‐emergence stage and the reproductive‐producing period are much longer than in other temperate polistine wasps, which is discussed in terms of fluctuating temperature conditions in the area and the formation of nest aggregations, a peculiar habit for temperate populations of R. plebeiana.
Discovery of a new species of the genus Borophaga Enderlein from Japan (Diptera: Phoridae)
Authors: NAKAYAMA Hiroto , SHIMA Hiroshi 
Published: September 2005

AbstractJapanese species of the genus Borophaga are revised. Borophaga clandestina sp. nov. is described, and brief description of a known Japanese species, B. femorata (Meigen), is added. Borophaga clandestina sp. nov. is similar to B. femorata in general appearance, but they are clearly distinguishable in genitalic characters. The aedeagus of Borophaga is a complicated structure composed of multiple sclerites, and completely different from the simple, tube‐shaped aedeagus in Stichillus or Peromitra, members of the Stichillus subgroup. The state of the left flattened arm derived from the posterodorsal margin of the hypandrium being broadened at the base could be synapomorphic to the Borophaga subgroup comprising Borophaga, Godavaria, Latiborophaga, Antipodiphora and Abaristophora.
Notes on the genus Neochauliodes Weele (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) from Henan, China
Authors: LIU Xingyue , YANG Ding 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe species of the genus Neochauliodes from Henan are reviewed. Three species are described as new to science: Neochauliodes digitiformis sp. nov., Neochauliodes parasparsus sp. nov. and Neochauliodes sparsus sp. nov. A key to the species from Henan is presented.
Taxonomy of the genus Acymatopus Takagi (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)
Authors: MASUNAGA Kazuhiro , SAIGUSA Toyohei , YANG Ding 
Published: September 2005

AbstractTwo new species of the genus Acymatopus from Japan and China are described. This is the first record of Acymatopus outside Japan. A key to all six valid species of the genus is given, and their distributions are mapped and discussed.
Does ternary feldspar constrain the metamorphic conditions of high‐grade meta‐igneous rocks? Evidence from orthopyroxene granulites, Bohemian Massif
Authors: ŠTÍPSKÁ P. , POWELL R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe presence of ternary feldspar in high‐grade meta‐igneous rocks, and the recognition of the thermometric significance of this mineral, has led recent researchers to postulate peak metamorphic temperatures in excess of 1000 °C. However, it needs to be established that such ternary feldspar is not in fact a survivor of the original high‐temperature crystallization of the igneous protolith. After exsolution, the host and lamellae in the ternary feldspar grains may be stable throughout subsequent history as long as recrystallization does not occur. Such a history may involve rehydration and metamorphism, including H2O‐saturated conditions, with the compositions and proportions of the host and lamellae being modified to reflect the P–T conditions experienced. In the case of the high‐grade meta‐igneous rocks from the Moldanubian of the Bohemian Massif, some samples that contain ternary feldspar preserve a substantial measure of their igneous heritage. Orthopyroxene‐bearing granulites not only include types that are barely affected by the metamorphism, but also others that have undergone hydration of the igneous protolith prior to the development of a metamorphic overprint. A key to establishing the igneous origin of the ternary feldspar grains is their preservation in garnet that is either itself igneous, or of a relatively low‐temperature metamorphic origin. Applying the logic to the other ternary feldspar‐bearing meta‐igneous rocks deprives the Moldanubian of its ultrahigh temperature (UHT) metamorphic status.
The migration of fluid‐filled grain boundaries in recrystallizing synthetic bischofite: first results of in‐situ high‐pressure, high‐temperature deformation experiments in transmitted light
Authors: SCHENK O. , URAI J. L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe effect of fluids on recrystallization behaviour is well known; however, the detailed microscale distribution of fluid in grain boundaries and the influence of fluid on grain boundary migration are still unresolved. In this study, in‐situ deformation experiments in transmitted light microscopy were undertaken, as this allows continuous and direct observation of the whole range of processes involved in fluid‐assisted grain boundary migration. A new see‐through deformation apparatus was developed to enable the control of fluid pressure. Bischofite containing small amounts of aqueous fluid was deformed at temperatures between 50 and 90 °C, over a range of fluid pressure from 0.5 to 1 MPa, and strain rates of 5 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−4 s−1. The rates of grain boundary migration were measured at different temperatures and strain rates. Detailed observations during and after the deformation illustrate the evolution of migrating fluid‐filled grain boundaries and show that the incorporation of fluids from inclusions as well as their pinch‐off is dependent on the grain boundary velocity, the thickness of the grain boundary and the size and shape of the inclusions. Direct evidence is presented for the contraction of the grain boundary fluids into isolated inclusions after equilibrium conditions are attained.
Successful Treatment of Localized Cutaneous Infection Caused by Mycobacterium scrofulaceum with Clarithromycin
Authors: Jang Ho‐Sun , Jo Ju‐Hyun , Oh Chang‐Keun , Kim Moon‐Bum , Lee Jae‐Bong , Chang Chulhun L. , Kwon Yoo‐Wook , Kwon Kyung‐Sool 
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  Cutaneous infection arising from Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, a nontuberculous mycobacteria, has rarely been reported, and most of the reported infections were disseminated forms in patients with AIDS or other immunocompromising illness. We describe an occurrence of localized mycobacterial skin infection caused by M. scrofulaceum in a previously healthy child that manifested as a red nodule on the cheek. A biopsy specimen of the lesion demonstrated granulomatous infiltration in the dermis. M. scrofulaceum was isolated from culture of a tissue specimen. Polymerase chain reaction amplified specific fragments for M. scrofulaceum. The patient was treated successfully with clarithromycin as monotherapy for 6 months, leading to complete healing without recurrence during a follow‐up period of 2 years.
Low Systemic Absorption and Good Tolerability of Pimecrolimus, Administered as 1% Cream (Elidel®) in Infants with Atopic Dermatitis – A Multicenter, 3‐Week, Open‐Label Study
Authors: Staab Doris , Pariser David , Gottlieb Alice B. , Kaufmann Roland , Eichenfield Laurence F. , Langley Richard G. , Scott Graham , Ebelin Marie‐Eve , Barilla Denise , Schmidli Heinz , Burtin Pascale 
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  Pimecrolimus cream 1%, a nonsteroid inhibitor of inflammatory cytokines, offers an alternative to corticosteroids in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Here we evaluate pimecrolimus blood concentrations and tolerability to pimecrolimus cream 1% in 22 infants below 2 years of age with atopic dermatitis (10–92% body surface area affected at baseline). Efficacy was assessed as a secondary objective. Pimecrolimus cream 1% was applied twice daily for 3 weeks. Blood concentrations were low, typically (96% of total 100 concentrations measured) below 2 ng/mL, the majority (71%) remaining below 0.5 ng/mL. The highest concentration observed was 2.26 ng/mL. At steady state, there was no indication of accumulation. Pimecrolimus was well tolerated locally and systemically, with no serious adverse events recorded. Most adverse events recorded (35 in 17/22 patients) were typical of the young pediatric population studied, of mild to moderate severity, and not considered to be study‐medication related, with the exception of four local adverse effects limited to the site of cream application. No clinically relevant change was observed in physical examination, vital signs, or laboratory safety parameters. A rapid onset of therapeutic effect was observed within the first four days of treatment. Pimecrolimus cream 1% is well tolerated in infants 3 to 23 months of age treated for 3 weeks, and results in minimal systemic exposure.