bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Keratinocyte Growth Factor Expression in Human Gingival Fibroblasts and Stimulation of In Vitro Gene Expression by Retinoic Acid
Authors: Mackenzie Ian C. , Gao Zhirong 
Published: February 2005

Background: Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a stromally derived growth factor of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family with paracrine effects targeted to influence the growth and differentiation of epithelia. Regional and temporal changes in KGF expression play important roles in the development and maintenance of epithelial structures and in epithelial wound healing. Differing patterns of expression of KGF by fibroblasts in the gingival region could therefore be related to the observed regional variation in the differentiation and behavior of gingival epithelia.Methods: The in vitro and in vivo patterns of expression of KGF mRNA in human gingival and periodontal fibroblasts were examined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT‐PCR) and in situ hybridization with digoxigenin‐labeled riboprobes. The patterns observed for human gingiva were compared with those for human skin and for murine tissues.Results: Gingival and periodontal fibroblasts showed expression of KGF transcripts in vitro, and the degree of expression was markedly influenced by the presence of retinoic acid, an agent known to influence patterns of epithelial differentiation. Sections of human and murine gingiva and skin showed regionally variable expression of transcripts with the cells expressing KGF in the subepithelial, rather than the deeper, connective tissues and periodontium.Conclusions: The results point to a role of KGF in the maintenance of normal growth and differentiation of gingival epithelia. A lack of KGF expression by periodontal fibroblasts in vivo is expected to hinder apical epithelial migration and thus stabilize the epithelial attachment. The effects of retinoic acid (RA) on KGF expression in vitro provide an indirect mechanism by which RA may regulate the growth and differentiation of gingival epithelia. J Periodontol 2001;72:445‐453.
The Effect of Occlusal Discrepancies on Periodontitis. I. Relationship of Initial Occlusal Discrepancies to Initial Clinical Parameters
Authors: Nunn Martha E. , Harrel Stephen K. 
Published: February 2005

Background: A causal relationship between occlusal discrepancies and periodontal disease has been postulated in the past. However, animal studies and clinical studies have not been able to clearly demonstrate or rule out this potential relationship.Methods: The records from a private practice limited to periodontics were reviewed to find patients who had complete periodontal examination records, including occlusal analysis, that were recorded at least 1 year apart. Patients who fit these criteria were divided into a group who had none of the recommended treatment (untreated n = 30), those that had only nonsurgical treatment (partially treated n = 18), and a control group that had complete all recommended treatment (surgically treated n = 41). The data for each tooth of each patient, including occlusal status, were placed in a database and analyzed using the generalized estimating equations (GEE) method to test for associations between initial occlusal discrepancies and various initial clinical parameters while adjusting for significant confounders.Results: Teeth with initial occlusal discrepancies were found to have significantly deeper initial probing depths (P <0.0001), significantly worse prognoses (P <0.0001), and significantly worse mobility than teeth without initial occlusal discrepancies. In addition, this association between initial occlusal discrepancies and initial periodontal condition was found to hold for various subsets considered as well, including posterior teeth only and when only patients with good oral hygiene were considered.Conclusions: This study indicates that there is a strong association between initial occlusal discrepancies and various clinical parameters indicative of periodontal disease. Based on adjustments made for other known risk factors for periodontal disease, such as smoking, poor oral hygiene, etc., this study provides some evidence that occlusal discrepancy is an independent risk factor contributing to periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2001;72:485‐494.
The Effect of Occlusal Discrepancies on Periodontitis. II. Relationship of Occlusal Treatment to the Progression of Periodontal Disease
Authors: Harrel Stephen K. , Nunn Martha E. 
Published: February 2005

Background: A causal relationship between occlusal discrepancies and periodontal disease has been postulated in the past. However, minimal data are available concerning the effect of treatment of occlusal discrepancies on periodontitis.Methods: The records from a private practice limited to periodontics were reviewed to find patients who had complete periodontal examination records, including occlusal analysis, that were recorded at least 1 year apart. Patients who fit these criteria were divided into a group that had none of the recommended treatment (untreated n = 30), those who had only nonsurgical treatment (partially treated n = 18), and a control group that had completed all recommended treatment (surgically treated n = 41). The data for each tooth of each patient, including occlusal status, were placed in a database and analyzed using the generalized estimating equations method.Results: Worsening in overall clinical condition, as measured by worsening in prognosis, indicated that teeth with no initial occlusal discrepancies and teeth with treated initial occlusal discrepancies were only about 60% as likely to worsen in overall clinical condition over time compared to teeth with untreated occlusal discrepancies. Teeth with untreated occlusal discrepancies were also shown to have a significantly greater increase in probing depth per year than either teeth without initial occlusal discrepancies or teeth with treated initial occlusal discrepancies (P <0.001). In addition, teeth with untreated occlusal discrepancies had a significant increase in probing depth per year (P<0.001), whereas teeth without initial occlusal discrepancies and teeth with treated initial occlusal discrepancies had no significant increase in probing depth per year (P >0.05).Conclusions: This study provides strong evidence of an association between untreated occlusal discrepancies and the progression of periodontal disease. In addition, this study shows that occlusal treatment significantly reduces the progression of periodontal disease over time and can be an important adjunct therapy in the comprehensive treatment of periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2001;72:495‐505.
The Effect of Membrane Exposure on the Outcome of Regenerative Procedures in Humans: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Machtei Eli E. 
Published: February 2005

Background: The significance of early membrane exposure on the regenerative outcome in guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures is somewhat controversial. Several clinical trials have shown better response when the membranes remained submerged (S) compared to those that have become exposed (E) during healing. Other studies have failed to show any such difference. Small sample size and/or large standard deviation of the changes might account for these discrepancies. The purpose of this meta‐analysis is to critically combine the existing data in order to provide meaningful information based on a large database.Methods: Studies of GTR in Class II furcation and intrabony defects (IBD), together with GBR around dental implants, where the membrane became exposed during the postoperative period, were combined to form 3 separate databases. A meta‐analysis was employed to compare the 2 subgroups (E versus S) in each of the databases. First, weighted mean changes and weighted standard errors were calculated for each subgroup. Next, an individual study P value was calculated (1‐tailed Student t test); finally, a combined Fisher's P statistic (with 5% significance level) was calculated from the individual P values.Results: Five studies with a total of 101 sites were included in the furcation database; 43 of these sites became exposed. Mean horizontal attachment level (AL) gain for the S sites (3.72 ± 0.15 mm) was slightly greater than that of the E sites (3.06 ± 0.15 mm; P = 0.030257). For the intrabony group, there were 309 sites in 5 studies: of these, 142 sites became exposed. Mean gain in vertical AL was 4.22 ± 0.15 mm and 4.69 ± 0.13 mm for the E and S group, respectively (P = 0.011415). The GBR group included 60 sites in 2 studies: new bone formation in the 24 S sites (3.01 ± 0.38 mm) was 6‐fold greater compared with the 36 E sites (0.56 ± 0.45 mm). These differences were also statistically significant (P = 0.001875).Conclusions: Membrane exposure during healing had a major negative effect on GBR around dental implants but only a minimal effect on GTR around natural teeth. J Periodontol 2001; 72:512‐516.
Apoptosis in Chronic Adult Periodontitis Analyzed by In Situ DNA Breaks, Electron Microscopy, and Immunohistochemistry
Authors: Gamonal J. , Bascones A. , Acevedo A. , Blanco E. , Silva A. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Apoptosis is an evolutionary form of physiological cell death. Previous studies suggest that apoptosis is involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Therefore, we studied the apoptotic events in the gingival tissue of chronic adult periodontitis patients.Methods: Gingival tissue biopsies from 22 patients with chronic adult periodontitis and from 11 healthy controls were obtained. Criteria for patient inclusion in the periodontitis group were a minimum of 14 natural teeth, excluding third molars, with at least 10 posterior teeth; 5 to 6 sites with probing depth ≥5 mm; attachment loss ≥3 mm; and extensive radiographic bone loss. The control group included healthy subjects with no prior history of periodontal disease. Apoptosis was determined using the terminal TdT‐mediated dUTP‐biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique; electron microscopic analysis; and expression of Caspase‐3, Fas, FasL, Bcl‐2, and p53 by immunohistochemistry.Results: TUNEL‐positive cells and cells exhibiting chromatin condensation by electron microscopy were observed in the inflammatory infiltrate of biopsies obtained from periodontitis patients. Most of the TUNEL‐positive cells belonged to neutrophil cell populations as they were stained with anti‐myeloperoxidase. Positive staining for active‐caspase 3, Fas, FasL, and p53 was only observed in the inflammatory infiltrate from periodontitis biopsies, whereas Bcl‐2 cells were present in both periodontitis patients and healthy controls.Conclusions: Our findings establish that apoptosis is induced in the periodontal tissue by host and microbial factors and support the hypothesis that apoptotic mechanisms could be implicated in the inflammatory process associated with gingival tissue destruction observed in adult periodontitis patients. J Periodontol 2001;72:517‐525.
Does Nifedipine Aggravate Cyclosporin‐ Induced Gingival Overgrowth? An Experiment in Rats
Authors: Chiu Hsien‐Chung , Fu Earl , Chiang Cheng‐Yang , Liu Demeral 
Published: February 2005

Background: Nifedipine (NIF) may aggravate cyclosporin A (CsA)‐induced gingival overgrowth because the potentiated gingival overgrowth has been observed in the patients treated with CsA and NIF. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether NIF could aggravate the CsA‐induced gingival overgrowth in a rat model.Methods: Ninety male Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups: the first group received 8 mg/kg of CsA daily by gastric feeding for 6 weeks; the second and third groups received NIF daily at a dosage of 10 or 50 mg/kg; the fourth and fifth groups received CsA (8 mg/kg) and NIF (10 or 50 mg/kg); and the sixth group received solvents as a negative control. Gingival dimensions (including bucco‐lingual depth, mesio‐distal width, and vertical height) were assessed bi‐weekly from impressed stone models of the mandibular incisal region. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed. Following histopathological procedures, serial horizontal sections were obtained at the base of the central incisal papilla. Two tissue levels were selected for histometric analysis. Level 1 was defined as the point where the lingual gingiva embraced the bucco‐lingual midpoint of the roots and the level 2 as the point where the lingual gingiva at the enamel‐dentinal junction approximated the bucco‐proximal angle of the roots. The bucco‐lingual depth and the mesio‐distal width of the papilla were recorded on 5 consecutive sections at the 2 levels, respectively.Results: At the 6‐week observations, the gingival dimensions (including the depth, width, and height) significantly increased after CsA therapy and the increasing treatment duration; however, only the mesio‐distal width increased after NIF therapy. For NIF therapy alone, a positive linear relation was noted by increased NIF treatment dosages in all gingival dimensions at week 6. But, this relationship was not found in the combined therapies. By histometry, tissue dimensions increased following single drug therapy, either CsA or NIF, at both levels. In animals with the combined therapies, the tissue dimensions decreased if the animals received 10 mg NIF, while they rebounded to control levels with the 50 mg dosage. A dose‐dependent positive pattern by NIF was noted in tissue dimensions, but the pattern did not occur in animals that received combined therapy.Conclusions: The gingival dimensions increased after CsA or NIF therapy, although they were more prevalent with CsA. But the augmenting pattern in gingival morphology observed with CsA therapy decreased when the animals received additional NIF. Therefore, we question whether NIF is a critical factor in aggravating the CsA‐induced gingival overgrowth. J Periodontol 2001;72:532‐537.
Microsurgical Approach to Periodontal Regeneration. Initial Evaluation in a Case Cohort
Authors: Cortellini Pierpaolo , Tonetti Maurizio S. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Improvements in flap design and soft tissue manipulation are considered key elements in improving the outcomes of regenerative periodontal surgery. Improved visual acuity and better soft tissue handling resulting from the application of a microsurgical approach hold great promise to further improve predictability of periodontal regeneration. The aim of this study was to preliminarily evaluate the outcomes of a microsurgical approach in the regenerative therapy of deep intrabony defects.Methods: This patient cohort study involved 26 patients with one deep interdental intrabony defect each. They were treated with periodontal regeneration using guided tissue regeneration membranes. Defects were accessed with previously described papilla preservation flaps performed with the aid of an operating microscope and microsurgical instruments. A stringent plaque control regimen was enforced in all the patients during the 1‐year observation period. Outcomes included evaluation of the complete primary closure of the interdental space (closure), gains in clinical attachment (CAL), and reductions in probing depths (PD).Results: Closure was achieved in all treated defects and was maintained in 92.3% of cases for the entire healing period. Associated gains in CAL were 5.4 ± 1.2 mm on average, corresponding to a CAL gain of 82.8 ±14.7% of the initial intrabony component of the defect. Average PD reduction was 5.8 ±1.4 mm and was associated with minimal increase in gingival recession (0.4 ±0.7 mm).Conclusions: The use of a microsurgical approach was associated with very high ability to obtain and maintain primary closure of the interdental tissues over the barrier membranes. The procedure resulted in clinically important amounts of CAL gains and minimal recessions. J Periodontol 2001;72:559‐569.
Root Trunk Concavities as a Risk Factor for Regenerative Procedures of Class II Furcation Lesions in Dogs
Authors: Novaes Arthur B. , Tamani Juliana P. , Oliveira Paulo T. , Palioto Daniela B. , Almeida Adriana L.G. 
Published: February 2005

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of root trunk concavities on guided tissue regeneration.Methods: The second, third, and fourth mandibular bicuspids of 4 healthy mongrel dogs were used. Full flaps were elevated and furcation lesions (5 mm in height and 2 mm in depth) were surgically created. One mm deep concavities were prepared on the root trunks and part of the crown of all teeth. The second bicuspids remained as controls (C); the left third and fourth bicuspids received normal expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membranes (NM) and the right bicuspids received modified ePTFE membranes (MM). The MM were made by removing the collar from an NM, cutting it into 2 mm segments, and suturing each of the segments to the collar of each MM. Normal and modified membranes were sutured to their corresponding teeth and the flaps sutured. After the healing period, the mandibles were removed and the teeth processed for histomorphometry.Results: The results showed that the junctional epithelium measured a mean of 0.71 mm for C, 0.64 mm for NM, and 0.14 mm for MM. The differences between C and MM and between NM and MM were both statistically significant at the 5% level (Kruskal‐Wallis test). Mean bone height measurements for the buccal surfaces from the furcation roofs were 2.79 mm for C, 2.60 mm for NM, and 1.06 mm for MM and for the mid‐portion 1.10 mm for C, 1.23 mm for NM, and 0.30 mm for MM. Differences were statistically significant at the 1% level between C and MM and between NM and MM for the buccal measurements, and at the 5% level between NM and MM for the mid‐portion measurements.Conclusions: Root trunk concavities are important risk factors for regenerative procedures. The collars of the membranes should be modified to improve results when concavities are present. J Periodontol 2001;72:612‐;619.
Soluble CD 14 Levels in Ginigival Crevicular Fluid of Subjects With Untreated Adult Periodontitis
Authors: Jin Lijian , Darveau Richard P. 
Published: February 2005

Background: This study determined soluble CD14 (sCD14) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and their potential relationship to periodontal conditions in adult periodontitis.Methods: GCF was collected from 15 patients with untreated adult periodontitis. sCD14 levels were determined by ELISA and presented as total amount (ng/site) and concentration (µg/ml). The periodontal exarhination consisted of plaque index (PI), bleeding index (BI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL). PD and CAL were measured with an electronic probe.Results: sCD14 was detected in all 15 subjects and was found in 59% (62/105) of the sampled sites. The percentage of sites with sCD14 vaned greatly, ranging from 14% to 100%. The mean total amount of sCD14 was 1.71 ± 0.40, range 0.03 to 5.41 ng/site; the concentration of sCD14 was 14.04 ± 4.15, range 0.16 to 51.74 µg/ml. No significant difference in clinical data was found between the sites with and without detectable levels of sCD14. However, on the basis of the individual profile of sCD14 levels, i.e., those individuals with >50% of the sites containing sCD14 and mean levels of sCD14 >5.0 pg/ml, the 15 subjects were divided into a high sCD14 group (9 subjects) and a low sCD14 group (6 subjects). Compared to the high group, the low group showed greater mean PD and a higher percentage of sites with PD ≥ 5.0 mm (P > 0.05). Consistent with this, sCD14 concentrations showed a negative correlation with PD (rs = –0.636, P = 0.0174).Conclusions: The present study shows that sCD14 levels in GCF varied greatly among subjects with untreated adult periodontitis. Individuals with higher levels of sCD14 in GCF and more sites containing sCD14 had fewer deep pockets. The negative correlation between GCF sCD14 levels and probing depth implies a crucial role of sCD14 in bacterially induced periodontal destruction. The relationship between GCF sCD14 levels and probing depth warrants further investigations. J Periodontol 2001; 72:634‐640.
Effects of Cyclosporin A on Dental Alveolar Bone: A Histomorphometric Study in Rats
Authors: Shen E‐Chin , Fu Earl , Hsieh Yao‐Dung 
Published: February 2005

Background: We have previously reported cyclosporin A (CA)‐induced osteopenia around the dental alveoli of the mandibular incisors of rats. The drug‐induced tooth displacement and the regional anatomical complexity around the mandibular incisors might complicate the local effects of CA. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the dental alveolar bone histomorphology around maxillary secondary molars in CA‐treated rats and to further elucidate the effects of CA on the dental alveolus.Methods: Twenty Sprague‐Dawley rats were assigned to a CA and a control group. Animals in the CA group received CA (15 mg/kg) daily and the control rats received only mineral oil. At the end of weeks 2 and 4, five animals in each group were sacrificed. Dental alveoli around the maxillary second molar region were frontally sectioned and stained with toluidine blue by undecalcified histological processing. Ten serial tissue sections, 80 µm apart, were selected for histometric evaluation. Bone volume, bone‐specific surface, and osteoid formation were measured at buccal, apical, and palatal locations in dental alveolus.Results: Overall bone mass in dental alveolus decreased more in the CA group than in the control group at both observation intervals. All histometric measurements, except the bone‐specific surface, were significantly affected by the alveolar location (palatal, apical, and buccal) and CA therapy (P = 0.004 and <0.001, 0.001 and <0.001, 0.004 and <0.001 for drug therapy and location of the dental alveolus in bone volume, marrow volume, and the ratio of bone surface to volume, respectively). Decreased bone volume, but increased marrow volume, were noted in the CA group compared to the control group. Although the alveolar bone surface area did not differ between the CA group and the control group, greater alveolar surface‐to‐volume ratio was noted in the CA group. For osteoid, more decreased volume, seam width, and fractional formation surface were observed in the CA group compared to the control group (P <0.001, <0.001, and = 0.046 in osteoid volume, seam width volume, and formation surface, respectively).Conclusions: Because the bone mass and the osteoid formation in the dental alveolus around the maxillary molar region showed a decrease after CA exposure, we conclude that this drug has inhibitory effects on the dental alveoli. J Periodontol 2001;72:659‐665