bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mouse Genetics for the Analysis of Stem Cell Behavior
Authors: Muller-Sieburg Christa E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mouse has been one of the prime organisms used for the study of hematopoiesis. Consequently, the depth of knowledge about the behavior, properties, and phenotype of mouse stem cells are without parallel in any other system, be it man, fish, frog, fowl, dog, sheep, or other rodents. Which features made the mouse such a broadly applicable organism for stem cell research? First, mice are a well-established paradigm for the physiology of hematopoiesis of most mammalian species, and particularly humans. There are some components of hematopoiesis that function differently amongst species.
Vascular Matrix and Disorders
Authors: Karttunen Leena , Felbor Ute , Vikkula, Miikka , Olsen Bjorn R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The formation of blood vessels de novo in early development-vasculogenesis-and the later sprouting of new vessels from pre-existing ones-angiogenesis-are complex processes of cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation, accompanied by highly regulated and important events of degradation and synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents. Extracellular matrices within basement membranes form essential supportive structures for cells of the vascular wall, influence the migration and differentiation of endothelial cells (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC), and modify cellular responses to soluble cytokines.
Distributive Universal Quantification and Aspect in Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: Postma Gertjan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Kayne (1975), Williams (1977), and May (1984), quantification has been the subject of debate in the generative literature. Since scope relations are thought to be established under quantifier movement, quantification has been a testing ground for syntactic principles, such as the Empty Category Principle (ECP), the Binding Theory, Path Containment Condition (PCC), Connectedness, and so forth. The universal quantifier every in English has been studied in some detail. However, languages have various other universal quantifiers.
Elements of CT and MR Neuroimaging
Authors: Nelson James S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary neuroimaging uses plain skull radiography, X-ray computed tomography (CT), and conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect anatomical features and single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and transcranial Doppler ultrasound to demonstrate physiological processes. Among these techniques, CT and MR imaging have proven to be valuable aids to diagnostic surgical and autopsy neuropathologic examinations (Boyko et al., 1994; Burger et al., 1998). This chapter provides a brief summary of the imaging methods, terminology, and characteristics of common normal and abnormal findings associated with CT and MR imaging of the central nervous system (CNS). Two excellent sources of more detailed information are the monograph by Grossman and Yousem (1994) and the website edited by Johnson and Becker (1995). The complete citations for both are included in the references at the end of this chapter. Computerized Tomography Computerized tomography involves the use of a beam of parallel (highly collimated) X-rays (photons) that are differentially absorbed (attenuated) by various tissue components as the X-rays pass through the CNS and its coverings. A digital image is produced by a computerbased detection system that reflects the pattern of beam attenuation with gray-scale values between 1 (black) and 256 (white). In the CT image, tissues and lesions of high attenuation (hyperdense) are white; tissues and lesions of low attenuation (hypodense) are black. For example, bone and blood are hyperdense, and air, fat, and water (edema) are hypodense. Normal brain tissue is intermediate between these two extremes (Fig. 2.1).
Bacterial, Fungal, and Parasitic Diseases of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Bauserman Steven C , Naul L Gill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bacterial infections of the nervous system continue to be life threatening and often leave serious sequelae. As in our previous edition, we choose to discuss these various entities as infections of the meninges, focal purulent accumulations, mycobacterial infections (predominantly tuberculosis), other granulomatous diseases, and spirochetal infections. Additional brief discussions of the neuropathologic features of cat-scratch disease and Whipple’s disease are presented below. Powerful molecular techniques such as 16S PCR RNA have been applied to many of these diseases; some diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring breakthroughs have been made, but the pathologic features are unchanged. Purulent Leptomeningitis Purulent leptomeningitis is an acute suppurative infection of the pia–arachnoid and subarachnoid space (SAS). The causative organism(s) varies with geography, patient age, and many socioeconomic factors. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) continues to be the most common pathogen in adults (Schuchat, 1997). Age subdivisions in the pediatric population are used to predict predominant organisms, especially to enable early diagnosis and therapeutic advantage.
Embryonal Tumors of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Rorke Lucy B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) tumors composed of embryonic neuroepithelial cells occur, not surprisingly, primarily in infants and children. Amongst the three major histological types, medulloepitheliomas are the least frequent, whereas primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) are the most common malignant CNS tumors of children. The atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is being diagnosed with increasing frequency now that it has been defined as a unique neoplasm, separate from PNETs with which it was typically confused (Rorke et al., 1996). Pathological and cytogenetic features of each tumor type will be described. Medulloepithelioma Medulloepitheliomas are biologically malignant CNS tumors that basically occur only in infants and young children; some are already quite large at birth. This tumor type was proposed as a unique entity by Bailey and Cushing (1926). Although such tumors may arise anywhere in the CNS, they are most common within the cerebral hemispheres. While much less frequent than gliomas in the pons, a few have developed in that site and have been misdiagnosed on clinical and radiological grounds (Molloy et al., 1996) (Color Fig. 17.1A in separate color insert). Boys and girls are equally affected. Tumors with the histological features of medulloepithelioma occur in the orbit or on a peripheral nerve, but in these sites, they are not necessarily confined to children, and many follow a different clinical course (Nakamura et al., 1982).
Inherited Tumor Syndromes Involving the Nervous System
Authors: Nelson James S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The inherited tumor syndromes involving the nervous system are a group of genetically determined disorders with neoplastic or dysplastic lesions in the nervous system and in extraneural tissues. The group includes the conditions discussed in this chapter: neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2), von HippelLindau disease (VHL), tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), and Cowden/Lhermitte-Duclos disease (CLDD). Other syndromes of this type include the Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Turcot’s syndrome, and the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Kleihues and Cavenee, 2000). NF1, NF2, VHL, and TSC have also been classified as neurocutaneous diseases (NCDs), or phakomatoses. The two terms are sometimes used synonymously. The NCDs are a collection of familial and spontaneously occurring disorders with lesions involving both the nervous system and the skin that are not necessarily neoplastic or dysplastic. The criteria defining this collection are arbitrary, because some of the conditions classified as NCDs do not include skin lesions—for example, VHL (Gomez, 1987, 1991). Phakomatosis is a term suggested by Van der Hoeve (1923) as a generic designation originally for two of the more common NCDs, NF1 and TSC. It is derived from the Greek word phakos, meaning “motherspot.” The motherspots referred to by Van der Hoeve were the malformative and dysplastic lesions often found in the brain, skin, and viscera of patients with the two diseases. The motherspots were considered similar, except for the absence of neval cells, to cutaneous nevi or birthmarks. The masses or tumors developing from the motherspots were called phakomas. They represented a spectrum of proliferative activity including benign and malignant neoplasms. Later, Van der Hoeve added VHL (1932) and SturgeWeber disease (1936) to the list of phakomatoses.
Neuromuscular Diseases
Authors: Heffner Reid R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From an organizational standpoint, it is useful to begin with a classification of neuromuscular diseases. The classification presented here is not meant to be comprehensive, but to enumerate disorders which are commonly encountered. This is a standard classification modified from Walton et al. (1994), generally accepted by the majority of U.S. and British physicians, which does not attempt to reconcile every nosology and all diverse viewpoints into a single system (Table 23.1). Many of the diseases appear in the table as a reminder to the reader and will not be discussed in the text. For further explanation and greater detail concerning the subject of neuromuscular diseases, a list of general references is provided at the conclusion of the chapter (Layzer, 1985; Engel and Franzini-Armstrong, 1994; Heffner and Schochet, 1994; Walton et al., 1994; Heffner, 1997, 1999). Clinical Information In order to save time in the pathological evaluation of the muscle biopsy and to avoid diagnostic errors, it is highly desirable that the tissue specimen be accompanied by adequate clinical data. The muscle biopsy is often the culmination of the diagnostic work-up of the patient, which begins with a thorough clinical history, physical examination, and clinical laboratory tests. In order to remind the clinician, who may be unaware of precisely what information is important in a particular case, to provide adequate clinical data, in our institution we supply a form that the requesting physician is expected to complete and return with the biopsy specimen (Fig. 23.1). After the biopsy is reviewed by the pathologist, frequently the referring clinician is contacted for additional information and is given a preliminary diagnosis if additional studies are necessary for a definitive interpretation.
Contextualizing the Exotic Few: Gender Dichotomies in Lakhota
Authors: Trechter Sara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The characteristics between male and female language are very peculiar. I think, before assuming the origin of the language as due to admixture of tribes, it might be well to consider whether the mannerism of speech of different social groups may not be a sufficient explanation. Take, for instance, our students’ slang, which is only used in conversation in college, but which the students readily drop when talking to other people.
Rebaking the Pie: The WOMAN AS DESSERT Metaphor
Authors: Hines Caitlin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
venerable approach in language and gender scholarship has been to analyze the ways in which sexism is built into a language (usually English). Muriel Schulz’s classic article “The Semantic Derogation of Women” (1975) is one such careful deconstruction of linguistic chauvinism, using the tools of dictionary definitions and etymology. Despite much solid work, this entire line of inquiry was trivialized and branded as “radical feminism” based on the misunderstood and decontextualized claims of a few researchers in the 1970s (see especially Penelope 1990 (reprint of 1975 work); Todasco 1973; and, for a book-length articulation, Spender 1980). Language and gender studies moved on to the macro issues implied by sexist usage on the one hand, with gender seen as but one of many social variables speakers bring to the table (largely the concern of sociolinguistics), and to the micro issue of sexist usages in individual conversations on the other hand (exemplified by discourse analysis). Meanwhile, cognitive linguistics was establishing itself as a subfield dedicated to elucidating the interdependencies of thought and language, focusing mainly on the (ungendered) role of metaphors in constructing cognition. In this chapter I bring together these two disparate approaches, using each to illuminate the other.
From Folklore to “News at 6”: Maintaining Language and Reframing Identity through the Media
Authors: Cotter Colleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The linguistic subdisciplines of language and gender on one hand and language preservation on the other have rarely overlapped despite their shared concern with the relationship between language and identity. The traditional lack of interaction between the two fields is attributable to biases on both sides: language and gender scholars overwhelmingly study speakers of English and other thriving Western languages, and researchers of endangered languages are generally more focused on cultural and linguistic identity than on gender identity. Yet the revitalization of a minority language that is on the brink of extinction provides a rich opportunity to consider gender and other aspects of identity in a particular situation of use, and gender-based analyses may suggest promising new directions for language-maintenance programs. The approach in this chapter involves a blend of ethnographically and interactionally oriented examinations of language and culture, the language being both the Irish language and the discourse forms specific to media, and the culture being the symbolic referents of the community within Ireland, as well as the practices and norms of the discourse community of media practitioners.
Financing Health Care Fairly
Authors: Fleck Leonard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the saddest pictures I have ever seen in my life is that of a 100-year-old man, William Hart, in a wheelchair in San Diego who was caught robbing a bank of that he needed to pay for his heart medications (Associated Press, ). This is not someone without health insurance; he was covered by Medicare. But Medicare covers only about half the health expenses of the average elderly person in the U.S., which is why about of the elderly have and need MediGap coverage (the other need the coverage but cannot afford it).
Two Decades of Decline
Authors: Belzer Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American truck drivers have ridden a roller coaster over the last few decades. Unfortunately, since the peak in 1973, the overall movement has been down. While unions—mainly the Teamsters—represented about 60% of all truck drivers twenty years ago, today they represent less than 25% of all drivers. Truckers’ wages, once among the highest in American industry, have plummeted, particularly among non-union drivers.
Congenital myasthenic Syndromes
Authors: Engel Andrew G , Ohno Kinji , Sine Steven M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are neither new nor uncommon disorders. In 1937, Rothbart described four brothers under the age of 2 years with a myasthenic disorder, and by 1972 Sarah Bundey was able to collect 97 familial cases of myasthenia with onset before the age of 2 years. After the discovery of the autoimmune origin of myasthenia gravis (MG) in the 1970s and of the Lambert-Eaton syndrome in the 1980s, it became apparent that myasthenic disorders occurring in a familial or congenital setting must have a different pathogenesis. In the 1970s and 1980s, ultrastructural, cytochemical, and in vitro microelectrode studies of CMS patients revealed a heterogeneous group of disorders: a presynaptic syndrome associated with a paucity of synaptic vesicles and decreased evoked release of acetylcholine (ACh) quanta; a presynaptic disease caused by a defect in the resynthesis or vesicular packaging of ACh; synaptic acetylcholinesterase (AChE) deficiency; and two postsynaptic syndromes, one at-tributed to slow closure of the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) ion channel? and one associated with AChR deficiency.
A Philosophical Basis for Organization Ethics
Authors: Spencer Edward M , Mills Ann E , Rorty Mary V , Werhane Patricia H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent upheavals in the way health care is delivered in the United States have called into prominence conflicts between traditional business goals such as efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and productivity, and the ends of such well-established and traditional professions as medicine, nursing, dentistry and the allied health professions. Since many healthcare workers suddenly find themselves playing dual roles as professionals and as employees of healthcare businesses, clashes between competing obligations and responsibilities are rife. The entry of businesses from other areas, such as insurance companies and multinational corporations, into what was traditionally the social welfare arena of health has produced crises, scandals, and increased public scrutiny that have turned health care into one of the most controversial fields of the 1990s.
Many of the most publicized issues have been cases of improper business practices easily analysed—and prevented—by already available understandings of legal and ethical business dealings. Much less visible are the tensions, frustrations, and conflicts produced within and between people struggling to carry out their traditional obligations responsibly under rapidly changing conditions. Physicians and other healthcare professionals in unprecedented numbers are confronting the problems of maintaining professional integrity in the absence of their traditional autonomy and control over their conditions of practice.
Clinical Ethics and Organization Ethics
Authors: Spencer Edward M , Mills Ann E , Rorty Mary V , Werhane Patricia H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is in the clinical units that the fundamental work of an HCO occurs. However extensive the administrative and support system which grows up around those units, it is here that the excellence or inadequacies of the HCO are most often judged by HCO stakeholders, including patients, staff, and the larger society. The ethics of the clinical enterprise has received a great deal of attention in the last few decades. The public is increasingly aware of ethical issues in health care, and medical innovations constantly force us to rethink issues that seemed settled only yesterday. The shift from individual to team medicine has changed the parameters within which we think of ethical issues in clinical practice, and institutional ethics committees (IECs) have developed as the forum in which competing values are negotiated between team members, or between the medical team and families.
The clinical setting will not decline in importance as a focus for ethical activity in HCOs, but the interpenetration of organizational and clinical ethical decisions is becoming increasingly obvious. All clinical decisions have organizational implications, and the converse is often the case as well. Cases brought to IECs frequently focus on organizational problems that created them, and organizational changes are sometimes suggested in order that the same problem not recur. This tendency has been accelerated by the recent addition of “organization” ethics standards to the JCAHO accreditation procedure and by initiatives from other directions as well.
The Relationship of Social Climate to the Historical Development of the Healthcare Organization and Its Ethical Climate
Authors: Spencer Edward M , Mills Ann E , Rorty Mary V , Werhane Patricia H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our healthcare organizations owe much of their form and function, as well as their publicly perceived mission, to their particular history in the United States and the social, economic, and political conditions under which they operate.
The organization of health and hospital services has always reflected changing societal values and interests. These societal interests shape the ethical climate within which healthcare organizations operate. They help determine how their income is derived, who has the power to affect their direction and everyday operation, and how their mission is perceived and judged. The changing relationships within an HCO itself (involving the board of directors, administrators, medical staff, other clinical staff, ancillary staff, hourly employees, and, most importantly, patients) as well as the relationships between individuals or groups representing the HCO and interested persons outside the organization are also important factors when attempting to analyze its ethical climate.
Compliance, Risk-Management, and Quality-Improvement Programs
Authors: Spencer Edward M , Mills Ann E , Rorty Mary V , Werhane Patricia H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The public’s negative perceptions of the healthcare system have led to calls for regulation and will likely lead to further, possibly expensive changes. These in tum will increase the need for HCOs to develop mechanisms to protect their position in the marketplace. Programs addressing compliance, risk management, and continuous quality improvement are already part of the HCO’s administrative structure or soon will be. If these programs are seen as mechanisms that help protect or strengthen the HCO in the market, then these programs and their influence in the HCO will certainly grow.
At first glance, these three activities may appear to either duplicate the healthcare organization ethics program or offer a framework that can easily be expanded to encompass the goals of such a program. In this chapter we argue otherwise. To make this argument we will first consider the role in the current HCO structure of these three programs. We will then consider whether one or more of these programs should be expanded to include the organization ethics program.
Organization Ethics Activities and Their Evaluation
Authors: Spencer Edward M , Mills Ann E , Rorty Mary V , Werhane Patricia H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any activity undertaken by an organization should be consistent with the mission and goals of that organization. If it is important to an organization that it have a positive ethical climate, the effective functioning of the organization’s ethical processes will not only influence but also, at times, direct activities critical to the fulfillment of the organization’s mission.
An organization ethics program engages in various activities, including policy review and development, communication activities, education, and in some instances, consultation. To strengthen an organization’s ethical climate, the activities that are designed to affect it must be evaluated to determine whether the organization ethics program is fulfilling its purposes.
Emergence of “Ba”: A Conceptual Framework for the Continuous and Self-transcending Process of Knowledge Creation
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Konno Noboru , Toyama Ryoko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, the importance of knowledge as a source of sustainable competitive advantage has been discussed by a myriad of authors (Drucker, 1993; Leonard-Barton, 1992; Nelson, 1991; Prahalad and Hamel, 1990; Quinn, 1992; Sveiby, 1997; Teece, Pisano, and Shuen, 1990; Toffler, 1990). Knowledge is undoubtedly an indispensable resource to create value for the next generation of society, industries, and companies.