bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microarray Analysis of Brassinosteroid-Regulated Genes in Arabidopsis
Authors: Goda Hideki , Shimada Yukihisa , Asami Tadao , Fujioka Shozo , Yoshida Shigeo 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroidal plant hormones that are essential for growth and development. Although insights into the functions of BRs have been provided by recent studies of biosynthesis and sensitivity mutants, the mode of action of BRs is poorly understood. With the use of DNA microarray analysis, we identified BR-regulated genes in the wild type (WT; Columbia) of Arabidopsis and in the BR-deficient mutant, det2. BR-regulated genes generally responded more potently in the det2 mutant than in the WT, and they showed only limited response in a BR-insensitive mutant, bri1. A small group of genes showed stronger responses in the WT than in the det2. Exposure of plants to brassinolide and brassinazole, which is a specific inhibitor of BR biosynthesis, elicited opposite effects on gene expression of the identified genes. The list of BR-regulated genes is constituted of transcription factor genes including the phytochrome-interacting factor 3, auxin-related genes, P450 genes, and genes implicated in cell elongation and cell wall organization. The results presented here provide comprehensive view of the physiological functions of BRs using BR-regulated genes as molecular markers. The list of BR-regulated genes will be useful in the characterization of new mutants and new growth-regulating compounds that are associated with BR function.
Covalent Analogues of DNA Base-Pairs and Triplets V. Synthesis of Purine-Purine and Purine-Pyrimidine Conjugates Connected by Diverse Types of Acyclic Carbon Linkages
Authors: Hocek Michal , Dvořáková Hana , Císařová Ivana 
Published: November 2002

The title 1,2-bis(purin-6-yl)acetylenes, -diacetylenes, -ethylenes and -ethanes were prepared as covalent base-pair analogues starting from 6-ethynylpurines and 6-iodopurines by the Sonogashira cross-coupling or oxidative alkyne-dimerization reactions followed by hydrogenations. 6-[(1,3-Dimethyluracil-5-yl)ethynyl]purine (11) was prepared analogously and hydrogenated to the corresponding purine-pyrimidine conjugates linked via vinylene and ethylene linkers. Unlike the cytostatic bis(purin-6-yl)acetylenes and -diacetylenes, the purine-pyrimidine conjugates were inactive. Crystal structures of bis(purin-6-yl)acetylene 6a, -diacetylene 8a and -ethane 5a were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Benefits of adding precision teaching to behavioral interventions for students with autism
Authors: Kubina Richard M. , Morrison Rebecca , Lee David L. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractStudents with autism have a variety of learning characteristics that can provide challenges to teachers. Precision Teaching, a method providing frequent assessment of performance, facilitation of curricular decisions, and techniques for developing fluency, can help teachers enhance educational outcomes for students with autism. Teachers can use the techniques found in Precision Teaching to augment their current instructional methods. This article purposes to examine the potential benefits of adding Precision Teaching to behavioral interventions for children with autism. This paper will define Precision Teaching, and review its guidelines within the context of a hypothetical case study. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate-Synthase and -Oxidase Transcript Accumulation Patterns during Pollen Tube Growth in Tobacco Styles
Authors: Weterings Koen , Pezzotti Mario , Cornelissen Marc , Mariani Celestina 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn flowering plants, pollination of the stigma sets off a cascade of responses in the distal flower organs. Ethylene and its biosynthetic precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) play an important role in regulating these responses. Because exogenous application of ethylene or ACC does not invoke the full postpollination syndrome, the pollination signal probably consists of a more complex set of stimuli. We set out to study how and when the pollination signal moves through the style of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) by analyzing the expression patterns of pistil-expressed ACC-synthase and -oxidase genes. Results from this analysis showed that pollination induces high ACC-oxidase transcript levels in all cells of the transmitting tissue. ACC-synthase mRNA accumulated only in a subset of transmitting tract cells and to lower levels as compared with ACC-oxidase. More significantly, we found that although ACC-oxidase transcripts accumulate to uniform high levels, the ACC-synthase transcripts accumulate in a wave-like pattern in which the peak coincides with the front of the ingrowing pollen tube tips. This wave of ACC-synthase expression can also be induced by incongruous pollination and (partially) by wounding. This indicates that wounding-like features of pollen tube invasion might be part of the stimuli evoking the postpollination response and that these stimuli are interpreted differently by the regulatory mechanisms of the ACC-synthase and -oxidase genes.
Mutations Affecting Light Regulation of Nuclear Genes Encoding Chloroplast Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis
Authors: Chan Chui Sien , Peng Hsiao-Ping , Shih Ming-Che 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Expression of nuclear genes that encode the A and B subunits of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPA and GAPB) of Arabidopsis is known to be regulated by light. We used a negative selection approach to isolate mutants that were defective in light-regulated expression of the GAPA gene. Two dominant mutants belonging to the same complementation group, uga1-1 anduga1-2, were then characterized. These two mutants showed a dramatic reduction in GAPA mRNA level in both mature plants and seedlings. Surprisingly, mutations inuga1-1 and uga1-2 had no effect on the expression of GAPB and several other light-regulated genes. In addition, we found that the chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity of the mutants was only slightly lower than that of the wild type. Western-blot analysis showed that the GAPA protein level was nearly indistinguishable between the wild-type and the ugamutants. These results suggested that posttranscriptional control was involved in the up-regulation of the GAPA protein in the mutants. Theuga1-1 mutation was mapped to the bottom arm of chromosome V of the Arabidopsis genome.
Rapid Induction of Regulatory and Transporter Genes in Response to Phosphorus, Potassium, and Iron Deficiencies in Tomato Roots. Evidence for Cross Talk and Root/Rhizosphere-Mediated Signals
Authors: Wang Yi-Hong , Garvin David F. , Kochian Leon V. 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Mineral nutrient deficiencies constitute major limitations for plant growth on agricultural soils around the world. To identify genes that possibly play roles in plant mineral nutrition, we recently generated a high-density array consisting of 1,280 genes from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) roots for expression profiling in nitrogen (N) nutrition. In the current study, we used the same array to search for genes induced by phosphorus (P), potassium (K+), and iron (Fe) deficiencies. RNA gel-blot analysis was conducted to study the time-dependent kinetics for expression of these genes in response to withholding P, K, or Fe. Genes previously not associated with P, K, and Fe nutrition were identified, such as transcription factor, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, MAP kinase kinase, and 14-3-3 proteins. Many of these genes were induced within 1 h after withholding the specific nutrient from roots of intact plants; thus, RNA gel-blot analysis was repeated for specific genes (transcription factor and MAP kinase) in roots of decapitated plants to investigate the tissue-specific location of the signal triggering gene induction. Both genes were induced just as rapidly in decapitated plants, suggesting that the rapid response to the absence of P, K, or Fe in the root-bathing medium is triggered either by a root-localized signal or because of root sensing of the mineral environment surrounding the roots. We also show that expression of Pi, K, and Fe transporter genes were up-regulated by all three treatments, suggesting coordination and coregulation of the uptake of these three essential mineral nutrients.
Endophytic Fungal β-1,6-Glucanase Expression in the Infected Host Grass
Authors: Moy Melinda , Li Huaijun Michael , Sullivan Ray , White James F. , Belanger Faith C. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractMutualistic fungal endophytes infect many grass species and often confer benefits to the hosts such as reduced herbivory by insects and animals. The physiological interactions between the endophytes and their hosts have not been well characterized. Fungal-secreted proteins are likely to be important components of the interaction. In the interaction between Poa ampla and the endophyteNeotyphodium sp., a fungal β-1,6-glucanase is secreted into the apoplast, and activity of the enzyme is detectable in endophyte-infected plants. Sequence analysis indicates the β-1,6-glucanase is homologous to enzymes secreted by the mycoparasitic fungi Trichoderma harzianum andTrichoderma virens. DNA gel-blot analysis indicated the β-1,6-glucanase was encoded by a single gene. As a secreted protein, the β-1,6-glucanase may have a nutritional role for the fungus. In culture, β-1,6-glucanase activity was induced in the presence of β-1,6-glucans. From RNA gel blots, similar β-1,6-glucanases were expressed in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and Chewings fescue (Festuca rubra L. subsp.fallax [Thuill] Nyman) infected with the endophyte species Neotyphodium coenophialum andEpichloë festucae, respectively.
Race, socioeconomic status, and breast carcinoma in the U.S.
Authors: Cross Chaundré K. , Harris Jay , Recht Abram 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDWhether African‐American women have biologically more aggressive breast carcinoma compared with white women and whether race acts as a significant independent prognostic factor for survival have not been determined. Alternatively, race merely may be a surrogate for socioeconomic status (SES).METHODSA literature review was performed of clinical trials and retrospective studies in the U.S. that compared survival between white women and black women with breast carcinoma after adjustment for known prognostic factors (patient age, disease stage, lymph node status, and estrogen receptor status) to assess the impact of race and SES.RESULTSSingle institutional and clinical studies suggest that, when black patients are treated appropriately and other prognostic variables are controlled, their survival is similar to the survival of white patients. Twelve retrospective studies and 1 analysis of a clinical trial included SES and race as variables for survival. Only three of those studies revealed race as a significant prognostic factor for survival after adjusting for SES.CONCLUSIONSSES replaces race as a predictor of worse outcome after women are diagnosed with breast carcinoma in many studies. However, black women present with more advanced disease that appear more aggressive biologically, and they present at a younger age compared with white women. Further research should be conducted concerning the precise elements of SES that account for the incidence of breast carcinoma, age at diagnosis, hormone receptor status, and survival to devise better strategies to improve outcome. Cancer 2002;95:1988–99. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10830
Selective aromatase inhibition for patients with androgen‐independent prostate carcinoma
Authors: Smith Matthew R. , Kaufman Donald , George Daniel , Oh William K. , Kazanis Maryanne , Manola Judith , Kantoff Philip W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDFirst and second‐generation aromatase inhibitors have shown activity in patients with androgen‐independent prostate carcinoma. These early‐generation aromatase inhibitors are nonselective, however, and inhibition of other steroidogenic enzymes may contribute to their reported clinical activity. The authors conducted a Phase II clinical study of letrozole to determine the safety and efficacy of a potent and selective third‐generation aromatase inhibitor in men with androgen‐independent prostate carcinoma.METHODSForty‐three men with androgen‐independent prostate carcinoma were treated with oral letrozole (2.5 mg daily). Treatment was continued until progressive disease or Grade 3 toxicity developed. Response and progressive disease were defined according to recommendations of the Prostate Specific Antigen Working Group.RESULTSIn total, 380 weeks of treatment were administered to the 43 study patients. The median duration of treatment was 8 weeks. Forty men discontinued treatment due to progressive disease. Only one patient responded to treatment with a sustained decrease > 50% in serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels. Three other patients experienced transient minor decreases (< 50%) in serum PSA levels. There were no serious treatment‐related adverse events.CONCLUSIONSSelective aromatase inhibition with letrozole is not active in men with androgen‐independent prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2002;95:1864–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10844
Tumor necrosis factor α induces three‐dimensional cytomorphologic differentiation of human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells through activation of nuclear factor κB
Authors: Wang Chih‐Yuan , Zhong Wen‐Bin , Chang Tien‐Chun , Lai Shu‐Mei , Tsai Yuan‐Feen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDAnaplastic thyroid carcinoma is almost uniformly fatal. Microvilli are an important three‐dimensional (3‐D) cytomorphologic feature of thyrocyte differentiation, because fewer microvilli are seen in less differentiated tumors. Differentiation therapies, such as retinoic acid and somatostatin, have been tested previously in experimental models of differentiated thyroid carcinoma but not in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. The objective of this study was to determine whether tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) is capable of inducing 3‐D cytomorphologic differentiation of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells, and, if so, to investigate the mechanism involved.METHODSAnaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells were treated with TNF‐α and examined for evidence of cytomorphologic differentiation using electron microscopy. To study the mechanism of differentiation, immunoblotting was used to analyze inhibitory κB (I‐κB) proteins and electrophoretic mobility shift assays to analyze nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) activation. The effect of NF‐κB SN50, a NF‐κB translocation inhibitor, on cytomorphologic changes induced in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells by TNF‐α also was studied. In addition, levels of thyroglobulin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secreted into the culture medium were measured.RESULTSThe results showed that TNF‐α can induce activation of NF‐κB and that the activation and translocation of NF‐κB into the nucleus is responsible for promoting the 3‐D cytomorphologic differentiation of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells, which was inhibited by the NF‐κB translocation inhibitor, NF‐κB SN50. TNF‐α also induced increased thyroglobulin secretion and reduced VEGF secretion by anaplastic tumor cells.CONCLUSIONSThe current data suggest that TNF‐α can induce thyrocyte differentiation in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells through NF‐κB and that it merits investigation as differentiation therapy for the treatment of patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. The authors also found that microvilli were useful markers for studying thyrocyte differentiation in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells. Cancer 2002;95:1827–33. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10857
Immunohistochemical expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase 2, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 in cutaneous melanocytic lesions
Authors: Simonetti Oriana , Lucarini Guendalina , Brancorsini Donatella , Nita Petronela , Bernardini Maria Luisa , Biagini Graziella , Offidani Annamaria 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an endothelial cell mitogen, plays a hierarchical role in regulating physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis. Moreover, the transformation from noninvasive to invasive carcinomas is accompanied by focal disruption and discontinuity of the basement membrane. Several groups of proteases have been implicated in tumor cell invasion, including the 72‐kDa gelatinase A/Type IV collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase 2 [MMP‐2]) and the 92‐kDa gelatinase B/Type IV collagenase (MMP‐9).METHODSThe authors assessed the immunohistochemical expression of VEGF and metalloproteinases MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 in paraffin embedded biopsy specimens of malignant melanomas (18 invasive melanomas and 10 in situ melanomas); dysplastic nevi with architectural disorder and cytologic atypia of melanocytes; Spitz nevi; and compound or predominantly intradermal, ordinary, benign melanocytic nevi.RESULTSStrong cytoplasmic staining for VEGF was observed in melanoma cells in as many as 77% of primary invasive melanomas, whereas only 25% of the in situ melanomas exhibited a detectable immunoreactivity for VEGF. It is interesting to note that no immunoreactivity was shown by any nevi; Spitz nevi, in particular, showed negative immunoreactivity to VEGF. Invasive melanomas and in situ melanomas displayed coexpression of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9, although to a variable extent. In particular, high MMP‐2 staining was observed in 14 of 18 invasive melanomas; moreover, strong MMP‐2 expression also was observed in 60% of in situ melanomas, whereas the residual 40% of those melanomas showed a moderate level of positivity.CONCLUSIONSOn the basis of the current data showing that malignant melanocytic tumors displayed strong VEGF expression, whereas benign melanocytic proliferations showed no immunoreactivity for VEGF, VEGF also may be used as a discriminating factor to distinguish malignant melanoma from lesions of uncertain histology. Cancer 2002;95:1963–70. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10888
Delirium in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Fann Jesse R. , Roth‐Roemer Sari , Burington Bart E. , Katon Wayne J. , Syrjala Karen L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDDelirium is common in patients with malignant disease and is associated with significant morbidity. Studies have not examined the epidemiology of delirium in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence, incidence, severity, and duration of delirium in the acute phase of HSCT and to determine the pretransplantation risk factors for the occurrence and severity of delirium during this period.METHODSNinety adult patients with malignancies who were admitted to the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center for their first HSCT were assessed prospectively from 1 week pretransplantation to 30 days posttransplantation. Delirium occurrence using the Delirium Rating Scale (DRS) and severity using the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS) were assessed three times per week. Pretransplantation risk factors were assessed by patient self‐report, charts, and computerized records.RESULTSThe cumulative posttransplantation incidence of delirium events (DRS score > 12) was 66 (73%), and the incidence of delirium episodes (DRS score > 12 for 2 of 3 consecutive assessments) was 45 (50%). The mean ± standard deviation duration of delirium episodes was 4.8 ± 2.8 assessments (approximately 10 days). Pretransplantation risk factors for having a delirium episode were lower cognitive functioning (Trailmaking B test [a standardized test of visual conceptual and visuomotor tracking and cognitive flexibility]; P = 0.0008), higher blood urea nitrogen (P = 0.002), higher alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.008), lower physical functioning (SF‐12 [self report questionnaire that is a general measure of functioning]; P = 0.03), and higher magnesium (P = 0.03). Pretransplantation risk factors for higher delirium severity scores were higher creatinine (P < 0.0001), the presence of total body irradiation (P = 0.0001), higher magnesium (P = 0.0003), lower Mini‐Mental State Examination score (P = 0.002), malignancy diagnosis category (P = 0.002), female gender (P = 0.008), higher alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.02), older age (P = 0.03), and prior alcohol or drug abuse (P = 0.046).CONCLUSIONSHalf of patients who undergo HSCT experience a delirium episode during the 4 weeks posttransplantation. Pretransplantation risk factors can assist in identifying patients who are more likely to develop delirium posttransplantation. Cancer 2002;95:1971–81. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10889
Relations between fatigue, neuropsychological functioning, and physical activity after treatment for breast carcinoma
Authors: Servaes Petra , Verhagen Constans A. H. H. V. M. , Bleijenberg Gijs 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDPrevious research indicates that disease free breast carcinoma survivors who experienced severe fatigue also had many problems with regard to neuropsychological functioning and physical activity, measured with general self‐report questionnaires. Both neuropsychological functioning and physical activity can be measured with daily self‐report measures in addition to measures of objective behavior. The main objective of this study was to examine the relations between 1) fatigue and 2) daily self‐reported and objective measures of neuropsychological functioning and physical activity.METHODSDisease free breast carcinoma survivors and age‐matched women with no history of breast carcinoma filled out a daily self‐observation list and wore an actometer during a period of 12 days. Furthermore, they performed two standardized tests to assess neuropsychological functioning.RESULTSNo differences were found between severely fatigued disease free breast carcinoma survivors, nonseverely fatigued disease free breast carcinoma survivors, and women in a control group with regard to daily self‐reported and objective physical activity. The severely fatigued disease free patients reported more impairment in neuropsychological functioning on daily questionnaires compared with nonseverely fatigued disease free patients and women in the control group. However, no differences were found between these three groups on a standardized concentration task. On a standardized reaction time task, no significant differences were found between the two groups of disease free breast carcinoma survivors: However, women in the severely fatigued group had a significantly longer reaction time compared with women in the control group.CONCLUSIONSFatigue is correlated strongly with daily self‐reported neuropsychological functioning, but not with objective neuropsychological functioning, in a laboratory setting. In the current study, fatigue was not correlated with daily self‐reported and objective physical activity. Cancer 2002;95:2017–26. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10891