bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Runoff generation from logged and burnt convergent hillslopes: rainfall simulation and modelling
Authors: Lane Patrick N. J. , Croke Jacky C. , Dignan Paul 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis paper reports results from field experiments and hydrological modelling on the dynamics of runoff generation in highly convergent parts of the landscape in a logged and burnt eucalypt forest in south‐eastern Victoria, Australia. Large‐scale rainfall simulation experiments were conducted to explore runoff generating mechanisms from harvested areas, and to assess the effectiveness of standard water quality protective measures, here a disturbed filter strip, in preventing accession of sediment to near‐stream areas. We then examined the likely effects of varying antecedent moisture conditions on surface and subsurface runoff generating mechanisms. Very small volumes of surface runoff were generated only at very high rainfall intensity rates that exceeded a 100 year recurrence interval event during the simulated experiments. There was little or no identifiable impact of either compaction from logging operations or fire‐induced hydrophobicity on surface infiltration or generation of surface runoff. Measured soil hydraulic properties and soil depths explained the paucity of surface runoff, and the dominance of subsurface storm flow as the prime runoff generating mechanism. Deep lateral subsurface flow was observed from the cut‐face of a fire access track and into a streamhead downslope of the experimental plots. Water balance modelling using Topog_Dynamic indicated the conditions under which saturated overland flow in this environment could be generated are rare, but that care should be taken in siting of roads and tracks in lower parts of convergent landscapes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time series analysis of long‐term river dissolved organic carbon records
Authors: Worrall Fred , Burt Tim 
Published: March 2004

AbstractTwo long records of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in river water were examined by a detailed time series analysis in order to shed light on the mechanisms generating observed increases in DOC concentrations across the UK. The records date back as far as 1962 and come from catchments 589 and 818 km2 in area. The DOC records were compared with others taken simultaneously for flow, pH, alkalinity, air temperature and rainfall, and in one of the catchments also for turbidity and conductivity. All records were examined by the seasonal Kendall test; frequency distributions of daily DOC measurements were examined; annual cycles were calculated, Autoregressive and impulse functions were derived for DOC against flow records. The time series analysis shows that: (i) DOC trends cannot be readily explained by trends in flow, pH, alkalinity, turbidity or conductivity; (ii) there is a significant increase in carbon flux from these catchments; (iii) maximum and minimum components of the annual distribution of daily readings both show increases in DOC, implying that DOC flux is increasing for differing hydrological pathways; (iv) increases in DOC concentrations coincide with increases in temperature, though the biggest increases in temperature are in the winter months when such increases might be expected to have less effect on DOC production; (v) change in trend, and therefore flux, was observed to occur after a severe drought in 1976. The study suggests that there are real, significant increases in carbon loss from upland peat catchments and that climate is a major driver, especially a severe drought. Severe drought triggering changes in the DOC flux might be attributed to enzymic latch mechanisms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of small water bodies on the atmospheric heat and water budgets over the MacKenzie River Basin
Authors: Nagarajan Badrinath , Yau M. K. , Schuepp P. H. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe effects of small water bodies or lakes on the surface sensible and latent heat fluxes and the transport of heat and water vapour in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over the Mackenzie River Basin (MRB) are studied from two cases, which occurred on 2 and 8 June 1999 during the warm season. The synoptic condition for the cases is representative of about 33% of the synoptic situation over the MRB.The two events are simulated using the Canadian mesoscale compressible community (MC2) model. A one‐way nesting grid approach is employed with the highest resolution of 100 m over a domain of 100 km2. Experiments were conducted with (LAKE) and without (NOLAKE) the presence of small water bodies, whose size distribution is obtained through an inversion algorithm using information of their linear dimension determined from aircraft measurement of surface temperature during MAGS (the Mackenzie GEWEX (Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment) Study) in 1999. The water bodies are assumed to be distributed randomly in space with a fractional area coverage of 10% over the MRB.The results show that, in the presence of lakes, the domain‐averaged surface sensible heat flux on 2 June 1999 (8 June 1999) decreases by 9·3% (6·6%). The surface latent heat flux is enhanced by 18·2% (81·5%). Low‐level temperature advection and the lake surface temperature affect the air–land/lake temperature contrast, which in turn controls the sensible heat flux. In the absence of lakes the surface wind speed impacts the latent heat flux, but in the presence of lakes the moisture availability and the atmospheric surface layer stability control the latent heat flux. The enhancement is smaller on 2 June 1999 as a result of a stable surface layer caused by the presence of colder lake temperatures.The domain‐averaged apparent heat source and moisture sink due to turbulent transports were also computed. The results show that, when lakes are present, heating and drying occur in the lowest 100 m from the surface. Above 100 m and within the ABL, there was apparent cooling. However, the apparent moistening profiles reveal that lakes tend to moisten the ABL through transfer of moisture from the lowest 50–100 m layer. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow modelling in a high mountain valley equipped with hydropower plants: Rio Zongo Valley, Cordillera Real, Bolivia
Authors: Caballero Yvan , Chevallier Pierre , Gallaire Robert , Pillco Ramiro 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWater management modelling of a hydroelectric system in a tropical high mountain context is presented. The study zone and the hydraulic network are described and the water management strategy analysed. Three different models are combined to describe the complexity of the specific hydrometeorological context: the spatial distribution of the climatic data over the river basin, the surface energy balance influence on the runoff production of a river basin and the surface flow transfer modelling through a hydraulic system. The atmospheric forcing spatial distribution is derived from the available climatic data records. The runoff production on the catchment's slopes is simulated using the land‐surface scheme ISBA. The system dynamics tool Vensim® is used to simulate the hydraulic dynamics in the hydropower plants system. A short description of the three modelling methods is given, followed by the description of the coupled model construction. The simulation results of the ISBA land‐surface scheme on both a non‐glacial an a glacial sub‐basin during a 17 month period are presented. After pointing out the necessity of the water management model to simulate the river discharge at the outlet of the basin, the main reservoirs, simulated water level variations are shown. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The spatial distribution of groundwater flooding in a chalk catchment in southern England
Authors: Finch J. W. , Bradford R. B. , Hudson J. A. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractGroundwater flooding occurred in the upper parts of many chalk rivers in the UK during the exceptionally wet winter of 2000–01. This provided a rare opportunity to investigate the spatial distribution of groundwater discharge and flooding along the normally dry intermittent headwaters of a chalk catchment. The extent of flooding along the River Pang, upstream of the seasonal head, was mapped using aerial photography, and point measurements of flow and water temperature were used to identify the contributing reaches of the river. The results are discussed in the context of the geological and groundwater conditions. The occurrence of flooding can largely be explained by the regional groundwater flow directions, but increased flow in some locations may be as a result of preferential groundwater flow along lines of geological structure. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scale‐dependency of hydraulic conductivity: an example from Thorne Moor, a raised mire in South Yorkshire, UK
Authors: Bromley J. , Robinson M. , Barker J. A. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe hydraulic conductivity (K) of many low permeability materials is strongly scale‐dependent. In raised mires and other types of peat deposit the effects of features such as abandoned infilled ditches, root holes and localized woody material, cause K to be heterogeneous and scale‐dependent. Despite this, field measurements are routinely made using auger hole (slug) tests at the scale of only a few tens of centimetres. Such measurements are locally valid, but where the regional subsurface movement of water through peat bogs is simulated using groundwater models, typically at the scale of hundreds of metres, they give rise to a systematic underestimate of flows and an overprediction of water table elevations. Until now, techniques to obtain values at a scale sufficiently large to include the effects of localized features of higher permeability have not been applied routinely.Research at Thorne Moor, a large raised mire, demonstrates that the K of peat varies over several orders of magnitude when measured at different scales, using a variety of techniques. Laboratory and auger hole tests cannot be relied upon to provide results that represent the hydraulic conductivity of large expanses of peatland. This has significant implications for the management and long‐term restoration of peatlands where both regional and local control of water levels is crucial. For groundwater models to be used successfully to plan such schemes, it is essential to apply the K values relevant to the scale of the simulation.This paper describes and tests novel techniques, using ditches, for the derivation of K at large scales which overcome many of the problems that have been identified with conventional techniques and are capable of producing estimates that are appropriate to the application of physically based regional flow models. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of wavelet‐based multi‐model Kalman filters to real‐time flood forecasting
Authors: Chou Chien‐Ming , Wang Ru‐Yih 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis paper presents the application of a multimodel method using a wavelet‐based Kalman filter (WKF) bank to simultaneously estimate decomposed state variables and unknown parameters for real‐time flood forecasting. Applying the Haar wavelet transform alters the state vector and input vector of the state space. In this way, an overall detail plus approximation describes each new state vector and input vector, which allows the WKF to simultaneously estimate and decompose state variables. The wavelet‐based multimodel Kalman filter (WMKF) is a multimodel Kalman filter (MKF), in which the Kalman filter has been substituted for a WKF. The WMKF then obtainsMestimated state vectors. Next, theMstate‐estimates, each of which is weighted by its possibility that is also determined on‐line, are combined to form an optimal estimate. Validations conducted for the Wu‐Tu watershed, a small watershed in Taiwan, have demonstrated that the method is effective because of the decomposition of wavelet transform, the adaptation of the time‐varying Kalman filter and the characteristics of the multimodel method. Validation results also reveal that the resulting method enhances the accuracy of the runoff prediction of the rainfall–runoff process in the Wu‐Tu watershed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Snowmelt‐driven macropore flow and soil saturation in a semiarid forest
Authors: Newman Brent D. , Wilcox Bradford P. , Graham Robert C. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractLateral subsurface flow is generally assumed to occur as a result of the development of a saturated zone above a low‐permeability interface such as at the soil–bedrock contact, and it is often augmented by macropore flow. Our objective was to evaluate the development of lateral subsurface flow and soil saturation at a semiarid ponderosa pine forest in New Mexico with respect to the conceptual model of saturation building above the soil–bedrock contact. At this site, we have long‐term observations of the water budget components, including lateral flow. A 1·5 m deep by 7 m long trench was constructed to observe lateral subsurface flow and development of saturation directly. Our observations are based on flow resulting from a melting snowdrift. The edge of the drift was about 7 m upslope from the trench. Lateral subsurface flow only occurred from root macropores in the Bt soil horizon. Saturation developed and grew outward from flowing root macropores, rather than growing upward from the soil–bedrock interface. This macropore‐centred saturation resulted in a highly heterogeneous distribution of water content until enough macropores began flowing and individual macropore saturated zones grew large enough to coalesce and saturate large volumes of the soil. Our observations are based on one snowmelt event and a relatively short hillslope flow path, and thus do not represent a full range of hydrologic conditions. Nevertheless, the observed behaviour did not conform to the traditional model of soil–bedrock control of saturation and lateral flow. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Description method for spatio‐temporal regions in a video and its application
Authors: Kaneko Toshimitsu , Masukura Koichi , Hori Osamu 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA new description method for spatio‐temporal regions in a video is proposed. It is efficient in terms of description data size and computational complexity under the condition that the regions in each frame can be approximated by simple figures. It approximates the object region in a frame by a simple figure such as a rectangle, an ellipse, or a polygon, and describes the coordinates of its representative points (vertices). Then, the motions of the representative points are described by polynomial spline functions to express the regions in the following frames efficiently. The proposed method is adopted in the MPEG‐7 standard to provide the functionality of spatio‐temporal location description. Experimental results using synthesized and real videos are presented to show the efficiency. Also, movie‐centric hypermedia, a typical application of this description method, is introduced in this article. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 13, 257–266, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10062
A robust video scene extraction approach to movie content abstraction
Authors: Li Ying , Kuo C.‐C. Jay 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis research addresses the problem of automatically extracting semantic video scenes from feature films based on multimodal information. A three‐stage scene detection scheme is proposed. First, we use pure visual information to extract a coarse‐level scene structure based on generated shot sinks. Second, audio cue is integrated to refine the scene detection results by considering various kinds of audiovisual scenarios. Finally, we introduce users into this process by allowing them to interactively tune the final results to their own satisfaction. The generated scene structure forms a compact yet meaningful abstraction of the video data, which can help facilitate the content access. Preliminary experiments on integrating multiple media cues for movie scene extraction have yielded encouraging results. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 13, 236–244, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10063
Summarization of news video and its description for content‐based access
Authors: Kim Jae‐Gon , Chang Hyun Sung , Kang Kyeongok , Kim Munchurl , Kim Jinwoong , Kim Hyung‐Myung 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA video summary abstracts the entirety with the gist without losing the essential content of the original video and also facilitates efficient content‐based access to the desired content. In this article, we propose a novel method for summarizing a news video based on multimodal analysis of the content. The proposed method exploits the closed caption (CC) data to locate semantically meaningful highlights in a news video and speech signals in an audio stream to align the CC data with the video in a time‐line. Then, the extracted highlights are described in a multilevel structure using the MPEG‐7 Summarization Description Scheme (DS). Specifically, we use the HierarchicalSummary DS that allows efficient accessing of the content through such functionalities as multilevel abstracts and navigation guidance in a hierarchical fashion. Intensive experiments with our prototypical systems are presented to demonstrate the validity and reliability of the proposed method in real applications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 13, 267–274, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10067
The TV‐trawler project
Authors: Rogers Derek , Hunter Jane , Kosovic Douglas 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn this article, we describe a system that enables the filtering, recording and delivery of digital video broadcasts over satellite, by matching incoming content descriptions to predefined sets of personal user preferences that have been specified using MPEG‐7. The system enables the automatic analysis, selection, and flexible, customized delivery of relevant content extracted from potentially hundreds of concurrent video channels. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 13, 289–296, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10068
Intellectual property management and protection for MPEG multimedia content: A structured language for interoperable IPMP systems
Authors: Alberti C. , Romeo A. , Mattavelli M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn this article a new approach to intellectual property management and protection (IPMP) is described. The novelty of the approach resides in the definition of a new simple language expressly conceived for the platform independent description of IPMP tools. The definition of such an IPMP‐structured language can achieve two fundamental goals not fulfilled by current approaches: (1) full interoperability between content protection and decoder platforms originated by different content producer and platform manufacturers and (2) the possibility of renewing IPMP systems whenever needed. The approach is similar to other meta‐languages such as Structured Audio, used to describe sound processing and synthesis algorithms. The proposed solution is an alternative to the full standardization of several IPMP algorithms, an approach that cannot achieve full interoperability among different vendors' platforms and does not allow the possibility of renewing IPMP systems. In the proposed technology, platforms supporting the standard IPMP primitives can be configured on the fly to run the appropriate protection algorithm. Ideally a specific IPMP tool can be defined for each content item to be protected. The new approach requires the implementation of a “secure IPMP virtual machine” on the target device. This concept can be derived by means of an extension of the original OPIMA specification enabling the OPIMA virtual machine to manage and execute IPMP structured descriptions. The presence of such a (normative) secure virtual machine on different platforms together with the normative definition of the meta‐language can assure a standard execution of the structured description of IPMP systems without the need of cross‐platform adaptations. The approach is fully compliant and may be part of an extension of the MPEG‐n IPMP frameworks. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 13, 275–288, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10070
MPEG‐4 facial animation in video analysis and synthesis
Authors: Eisert Peter 
Published: March 2004

AbstractMPEG‐4 supports the definition, encoding, transmission, and animation of 3‐D head and body models. These features can be used for a variety of different applications ranging from low bit‐rate video coding to character and avatar animation. In this article, an entire system for the analysis of facial expressions from image sequences and their synthesis is presented. New methods for the estimation of MPEG‐4 facial animation parameters as well as scene illumination are proposed. Experiments for different applications demonstrate the potential of using facial animation techniques in video analysis and synthesis. A model‐based codec is presented that is able to encode head‐and‐shoulder video sequences at bit‐rates of about 1 kbit/s. Besides the low bit‐rate, many enhancements and scene modifications can be easily applied, like scene lighting changes or cloning of expressions for character animation. But also for the encoding of arbitrary sequences, 3‐D knowledge can help to increase the coding efficiency. With our model‐aided codec, bit‐rate reductions of up to 45% at the same quality can be achieved in comparison to standard hybrid video codecs. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 13, 245–256, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10072
Insecure adult attachment style and depressive symptoms: Implications for parental perceptions of infant temperament
Authors: Pesonen Anu‐Katriina , Räikkönen Katri , Strandberg Timo , Keltikangas‐Järvinen Liisa , Järvenpää Anna‐Liisa 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe current study tested associations between parental depressive symptoms, adult attachment styles, and perceptions of infant temperament among 319 mother–infant and 173 father–infant dyads. Depressive symptoms and insecure attachment style among the mothers and/or fathers were associated with perceptions of the infant as temperamentally more negatively and/or less positively tuned. Multivariate analyses of depressive symptoms and attachment styles with perceived temperament suggest that depressive symptoms and perceived temperament remain significantly associated, while the associations between attachment styles and perceived temperament, in most instances, were reduced to nonsignificance. We also tested whether secure attachment among the parents buffered any negatively and/or positively tuned depression‐related perceptions, but found no supporting evidence. Even though the study results await replication in longitudinal designs, they nevertheless underline the significance of parental depressive information processing in the perceiving of infant temperament. ©2004 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.