bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Composers at Work
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How did Renaissance composers write their music? In this revolutionary look at a subject that has fascinated scholars for years, musicologist Jessie Ann Owens offers new and striking evidence that contrary to accepted theory, sixteenth-century composers did not use scores to compose--even to write complex vocal polyphony.L L Drawing on sources that include contemporary theoretical treatises, documents and letters, iconographical evidence, actual fragments of composing slates, and numerous sketches, drafts, and corrected autograph manuscripts, Owens carefully reconstructs the step-by-step process by which composers between 1450 and 1600 composed their music. The manuscript evidence--autographs of more than thirty composers--shows the stages of work on a wide variety of music--instrumental and vocal, sacred and secular--from across most of Renaissance Europe. Her research demonstrates that instead of working in full score, Renaissance composers fashioned the music in parts, often working with brief segments, according to a linear conception. The importance of this discovery on editorial interpretation and on performance cannot be overstated.L Lhe book opens with a broad picture of what has been known about Renaissance composition. From there, Owens examines the teaching of composition and the ways in which musicians and composers both read and wrote music. She also considers evidence for composition that occurred independent of writing, such as composing “in the mind “ or composing with instruments. In chapters on the manuscript evidence, she establishes a typology both of the sources themselves and of their contents (sketches, drafts, fair copies). She concludes with case studies detailing the working methods of Francesco Corteccia, Henricus Isaac, Cipriano de Rore, and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina.L L This book will change the way we analyze and understand early music. Clear, provocative, and painstakingly researched, Composers at Work: The Craft of Musical Composition 1450-1600 makes essential reading for scholars of Renaissance music as well as those working in related fields such as sketch studies and music theory.
Chapter Two
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My teacher Josquin ... never gave a lecture on music or wrote a theoretical work, and yet he was able in a short time to form complete musicians, because he did not keep back his pupils with long and useless instructions but taught them the rules in a few words, through practical application in the course of singing. And as soon as he saw that his pupils were well grounded in singing, had a good enunciation and knew how to embellish melodies and fit the text to music, then he taught them the perfect and imperfect intervals and the different methods of inventing counterpoints against plainsong. If he discovered, however, pupils with an ingenious mind and promising disposition, then he would teach these in a few words the rules of three-part and later of four-, five-, six-part, etc. writing, always providing them with examples to imitate. Josquin did not, however, consider all suited to learn composition; he judged that only those should be taught who were drawn to this delightful art by a special natural impulse.
Erasable Tablets
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While composers were certainly able to hear and work out music in their minds without recourse to writing, at some point the music had to assume a graphic form so that it could be preserved, transmitted, and performed. The evidence suggests that composers employed two different kinds of surfaces for writing down their music: (1) an erasable surface such as slate that could be used many times and (2) paper. In the period we are considering, the pencil had not yet been invented, so writing on paper meant using pen and ink; “erasure “ could be achieved only by scraping the ink from the surface of the paper (often resulting in holes in the paper).1 Paper could therefore be used only once.
Henricus Isaac
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Henricus Isaac was one of the most prominent and prolific composers of his time.1 Born in Flanders probably in about 1450, he was called to Florence by Lorenzo de’ Medici in 1485 to serve as composer and singer; he remained in Medici service until 1494. During these years, Florence must have become his real home; he married an Italian and purchased property there. After the expulsion of the Medici he left Florence and went to Pisa, probably in 1495. In 1496 he joined the chapel of the Emperor Maximilian I, and remained in imperial service until about 1512. During these years, Isaac traveled extensively, partly with Maximilian’s court; there were frequent visits to Florence as well as sojourns in Torgau, Ferrara, and Constance. He retired to Florence in 1512 and died there in 1517.
Tropical Forestecology A Viewfrom Barro Colorado Island
Authors: Leigh Egbert Giles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Tropical Forest Ecology, Egbert G. Leigh, Jr., one of the world’s foremost tropical ecologists, introduces the reader to the tropical forest, and describes the intricate web of interdependence among the great diversity of tropical plants and animals. Focusing on the tropical forest on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, Leigh shows what Barro Colorado can tell us about other tropical forests--and what tropical forests can tell us about Barro Colorado. This book considers three essential questions for understanding the ecological organization of tropical forests. How do they stay green with their abundance of herbivores? Why do they have such a diversity of plants and animals? And what role does mutualism play in the ecology of tropical forests? Beautifully written and abundantly illustrated, Tropical Forest Ecology, will certainly appeal to a wide variety of scientists in the fields of evolution, tropical biology, botany, zoology, and natural history.
Tropical Climates
Authors: Leigh Egbert Giles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The latitudinal line passing through New York City crosses a great variety of climates, each with its characteristic vegetation (Schimper 1903: p. 543). Near New York, summers are wet enough to support mesic deciduous forest which, mature and fully leafed, bears some striking structural resemblances to rainforest. West of the Mississippi, the native vegetation of the Great Plains is a spacious grassland subject to sporadic fires which exclude trees. Between the Rockies and the Cascades is a dry zone, a desert world of saltbush and sagebrush. Near the Pacific Coast, summers are dry, and winters are wet and not very harsh. Here the native vegetation is an evergreen, coniferous forest of giant trees, much larger, older, thicker, and more widely spaced than the trees of any tropical forest.
The Seasonal Rhythm of Fruiting and Leaf Flush and the Regulation of Animal Populations
Authors: Leigh Egbert Giles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most conspicuous herbivores are vertebrates. In Panama many of these herbivores eat leaves (especially young leaves), which are sugar factories the plants depend on; other herbivores eat seeds and seedlings. In the Neotropics, consumption of twigs, bark, and the like is less than in the United States, or in Madagascar or New Zealand in the days of elephant birds and moas. To what extent the restricted diets of modern vertebrate herbivores of Neotropical forests is an artifact of the human presence is not yet known.
The Rainforest Endangered
Authors: Leigh Egbert Giles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This story began in Panama so that our knowledge of Barro Colorado Island could be fashioned into a lens through which to view the tropical rainforests, seasonal and aseasonal, of the world. It ends in Madagascar. Dry season is drawing to a close. A Malagasy graduate student, three Malagasy botanical technicians, a chauffeur, and I are in a bright new Toyota Land Cruiser, jolting over a rough laterite track from the forestry station where we sleep, toward the Foret d’Ambohitantely, 8 km and 30 minutes away. This forest, with roughly the same acreage as Barro Colorado Island, is one of the largest tracts left of the “plateau forest “ that used to cover perhaps a quarter of Madagascar.
Rupture: The Shattering of Meaning
Authors: Schwartzberg Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With its relentless barrage of illness, loss, and grief, AIDS has the devastating power to shatter peoples’ views of life as meaningful. In the style of adaptation I call Rupture, a person bears the full brunt of HIV’s despair and trauma. For these men, grief is too weighty to be countered by hope. Sorrow may cut too deep to allow for stability, much less growth.
Here loss, not growth, is key. Gone is the comfort of a safe and orderly world. Gone is the expectation of a lengthy lifespan. Gone is the soothing and helpful illusion of immortality. Gone, often, are the very lovers and friends with whom one would otherwise seek shelter from the steadily mounting losses. In one dire flash—or, more commonly, in painful, inexorable increments of loss — AIDS has robbed these men of the inner beliefs and external bonds on which they based their lives. It has unceremoniously yanked the rug of meaning out from under their feet.
Rupture results from losing your prior framework for understanding the world, with no new beliefs to take their place. Victor and Ron are examples of this style of adaptation.
Grief and Hope
Authors: Schwartzberg Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Columbus Day weekend, I988, remains vivid in my memory. For the second year in a row, gay men and lesbians came together for a national march and rally in Washington, D.C. During the day the AIDS quilt lay unfurled in the nation’s mall, covering acres. The quilt has an extraordinary impact, as moving in its fragility as in its size. From a distant corner of the park, a plaintive voice droned out the names of people who had died. The names blurred into one another. Most people stopped listening.
That Saturday evening, thousands of people took part in an AIDS candlelight walk and vigil. We completed the short walk in silence—a eulogy for the dead, a prayer for the living.
The evening culminated in a tepid rally. A few speakers addressed themes political and personal, but all spoke inadequately. They somehow missed the palpable, restless undercurrents of emotion in the crowd—the grief, the pride, the fear, the rage. None of the speakers came close to helping us express all that percolated beneath the surface.
Moral Theory, Moral Dilemmas, and Moral Responsibilities
Authors: Gowans Christopher W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussion of the possibility of moral dilemmas has coincided to some extent with debate about the viability of moral theory. In fact, it is sometimes suggested that the assertion that there are moral dilemmas is a key element in the critique of moral theory, alongside claims concerning the significance of the plurality of moral considerations, the need to focus on particulars, the impossibility of a decision-procedure in moral deliberation, and the like. As a means of exploring connections between these two issues, I will begin by distinguishing two styles of moral reflection I call rationalism and experientialism. These correspond at least approximately with the respective contentions of proponents and opponents of moral theory. I will then consider the supposition that many of the arguments for and against moral dilemmas can be seen as a dialectic between experientialism and rationalism, and more generally that the insistence on the part of some that there surely are dilemmas evidences an experientialist outlook, while the equally strong conviction on the part of others that there cannot possibly be dilemmas reflects a rationalist temperament. My conclusion will be that this interpretation is revealing, although it cannot be considered a fully accurate or complete account of the moral dilemmas debate.
Neuroscience, Agency, and the Meaning of Life
Authors: Flanagan Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems as if I do things. It would undermine, possibly destroy, the meaning and significance of my life if I am not an agent, if who and what I am is in no way the result of choices I make. It matters that I am not just along on some ride that the cosmos, for some absurd reason, is taking. And yet if I am just an animal, if what I think and do is just the emergent product of what the world outside, my body and its brain jointly produce, then it is hard to see what sense there is to the ideas that I am an agent, that I am self-productive, and that I create or cocreate some of the meaning my life has. These are reasonable worries. But they are not rational.
Miracles, Motivicity, and Mannerism: Adrian Willaert’s Videns Dominus fientes sorores Lazari and Some Aspects of Motet Composition in the 1520s
Authors: Joshua Rifkin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As with his colleague and predecessor as Ferdinand Schevill Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago, Edward E. Lowinsky, I had my share of differences with Howard Mayer Brown. In recent years, however, as he edged past his 50s and I edged toward mine, I began to find more of his work to my taste and, at the same time, to develop a sneaking personal fond ness for him. Back-to-back conferences at Wolfenbiittel and Cremona in the autumn of 1992 brought a chance for some enjoyable, if brief, conversations; and on a Tuesday in mid-February 1993, I found myself pleased to discover Howard “lurking with intent,” as he put it, in the hallway outside a rehearsal room at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis. Although we had both spent the last several weeks in Basel-he teaching at the university, I preparing a production of Monteverdi’s L’Orfeo at the Schola-we had not seen one another. He had just a couple of days left in town, he now said, and hoped to have dinner with me before his departure. We met that evening and had a long, wide-ranging conversation over an excellent meal-for which he picked up the tab. In the course of our talk, it turned out that his strongest recent interest intersected with an equally strong interest of mine: his hobbyhorse, which he liked to call “varied repetition,” nestled snugly into something that I like to call “moti vicity.”
Still Southern after All These Years
Authors: Butler Jack 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question gets asked a lot. Let me phrase it like this: Is there still such a thing as southern writing, what with the New South and all, and technology? And if there is, what makes it southern? I’m grateful for the question. The question has become a sort of small industry helping to ease regional unemployment. Answering the question brings in some useful if not life-changing checks, and it doesn’t hurt your reputation, either. If you answer the question two or three times, you’re an expert. In fact, if you think about it, answering the question is one of the things that infallibly identifies you as a southern writer. In fact, if you think about it some more, the question itself has served as a good way to keep southern writing going, at least as a panel topic. We question our existence, therefore we must exist. That’s a nice modem way of addressing the issue, even if it does smack of how we tried to resolve the confusions created by our first philosophy class. Suppose the answer to the question was no. No, there’s not any such thing as southern literature anymore. Would we have to quit having conferences and seminars? Could anybody make us quit? Who could? The Jewish writers? Do they still exist? If so, they’re disqualified from the judging. If anybody’s going to make us quit talking about whether or not we exist, it will have to be a group that already for certain doesn’t exist. The midwestemers, maybe. Or the minimalists. Or the thirty-something urban trend jockeys. If we tum out not to exist, will I be forced to pay back the travel expenses I wrote off on my income taxes for going different places to answer the question? Maybe in 100 to 150 years, someone is going to be raising the question of whether there’s anything in American literature any more that can seriously be referred to as Vietnamese writing.
Writing on the Cusp :Double Alterity and Minority Discourse in Appalachia
Authors: Cunningham Rodger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a very bad review of a very good book of short stories from West Virginia, Diane McWhorter of Birmingham, Alabama, wrote in the New York Times Book Review: [Pinckney] Benedict’s characters are the new lost generation from the border states. Working the not-long-sodded subdivisions, his literary elders gave us the first wave, a postrural sub-bourgeoisie Mr. Benedict’s people are the skulls they see in their Sears mirrors; his turf is the dismal sludge underneath the cartoon strokes of Al Capp’s Dogpatch .... On the cusp of two vital American cultures-the northerly one devoted to the making of money, the other to the making of myth-the border country has little of either. (13) As I said in a letter in reply to this review: Come now. Can any group in this country other than Appalachian mountain people be subjected to this sort of ethnic slur by a national magazine in 1987? To be sure, you’ve laudably tried to have the book reviewed by a native of the same region. Alas-with the Steinberg map behind your eyelids, you’ve handed it over to a Deep Southerner who proceeds to air all her region’s standard prejudices against what she self-revealingly calls “the border country:’ ... The sad thing is that while “two vital American cultures” join hands over the presumably moribund form of”moonshine America” whenever something like this comes along to confirm their interlocking prejudices, the “national” literary world remains nearly unaware of the burgeoning of writing within the region in the past generation. There is an enormous amount of first-rate poetry and fiction by native Appalachians of all backgrounds which fits neither century-old convention-pastoral idyll or
Pornography Left and Right
Authors: MacKinnon Catharine A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a telling convergence between left and right, Rush Limbaugh, a conservative commentator, recently said that I say “all sex is rape,” repeating a lie that Playboy, a glossy men’s sex magazine with liberal politics and literary pretensions, has been pushing for years. This is a lie, rather than a mistake, on the assumption that they both read my work, which may be giving them too much. That those whose politics conventionally divide them are united on this point reveals the common nerve struck by questioning the presumptive equality of men and women in sex.
Beyond Lesbian and Gay “Families We Choose”
Authors: Eskridge William N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern family law in this century has been characterized by a shift in emphasis from status to choice, from the status-based roles imposed by communal tradition to the consensual duties created by contract. This shift reflects a progressive adoption in the family law context of the consequences of a “liberal” conception of self. The liberal self is an autonomous actor whose liberty is constrained only to the extent the actor agrees (contract) or harms others (tort and crimes). Hence, the liberal self is free to enter into, and exit from, family arrangements largely at will, uninhibited by social custom or old-fashioned status rules. Lesbians and gay men have been among the avant-garde of this shift, for we do not usually follow the traditional husbandwife-kids model of family formation. Instead, we have turned to “families we choose”circles of consent-based intimacy among friends, partners, former lovers, children, and others.
“Somebody I Can Talk To”: Teaching Feminism Through The Color Purple
Authors: Kaplan Carla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Color Purple, Alice Walker gives us a heroine, like the others I ‘ve discussed, whose being in some way hinges on her ability to narrate her life story and to find an audience fit to hear and understand it. Where the other texts I ‘ve discussed use tropes of discursive and social exchange to critique the liberal premise that anyone can participate as an equal in the cultural conversation, Walker gives us a heroine whose story works transformative magic, putting all of its listeners—including the reader—on the same footing and thereby representing exchange as just the equalizing and fair social machinery it represents itself to be.
If Their Eyes Were Watching God can only imagine a satisfying discursive exchange within a dyadic, female, identificatory, homogeneous, and private public sphere (the back porch), Alice Walker’s The Color Purple is prepared to celebrate the utopian possibilities of discourse, community, and social exchange without the reserve and distrust exhibited by the other texts I ‘ve discussed.
The Editor Speaks
Authors: Brothers Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Upon stimulating his left amygdala at lmA, he had a feeling “as if I were not belonging here,” which he likened to being at a party and not being welcome. Right hippocampal stimulation at 3mA induced anxiety and guilt, “ … like you are demanding to hand in a report that was due 2 weeks ago … as if I were guilty of some form of tardiness.” These sensations are those of a 20-year-old man who was undergoing brain electrical stimulation while recounting his experiences out loud to Dr. Pierre Gloor, a neurologist at the Montreal Neurological Institute. Like other patients whose epilepsy is unfortunately not able to be controlled by medication, the young man had chosen to undergo surgery to remove the part of his brain that was triggering the seizures. To prepare for the surgery, his neurosurgeon had implanted electrodes into the regions thought to be causing the seizures. These regions were in the temporal lobes. The patient’s brain activity was being recorded directly from the electrodes over a period of time in the hospital and correlated with the onset of his seizures, which were carefully monitored.
Talking Faces
Authors: Brothers Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our inborn language capacity is brought to life when we are exposed to the language of our community during infancy and childhood. Be fore social exposure, language exists only as a kind of abstract potential. This is also true of the concept of person in its social dimension. Our brains have the capacity to generate the concepts of person and social order, but they must take their specific form from exposure to a particular culture. Cultures transmit the content of person and social order in two ways—through narratives and performances. Let’s con sider narratives first.
Worlds We Create
Authors: Brothers Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We saw in the first four chapters that our brains attribute a locus of subjectivity to faces and bodies, endowing them with mental life, a key dimension of the concept of person. In the last chapter we saw how the relationship between persons and the social order is continuously in vented and reworked in narratives and how our brains have evolved to carry out the sophisticated face-to-face performance known as “talk.” Thus, we are adapted not only to form the concept of person, but also as receptacles both for communal stories and for performances of what it means to be a person-what a person in one’s culture or one’s family should do, think, and say. Moreover, we are highly flexible in this regard, even eager to redefine ourselves and each other through our interactions.