bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE PRESENCE OF BACTERIA IN THE LUNGS OF MICE FOLLOWING INHALATION
Authors: Stillman Ernest G. 
Published: June 2004

1. When mice are exposed to an atmosphere containing cultures of bacteria in the form of a fine mist, the bacteria readily penetrate into the lower respiratory tract.
2. Pneumococci which have reached the lung as a result of this procedure usually disappear within a few hours and give rise to no infection. Hemolytic streptococci, on the other hand, persist in the lung for a considerably longer time and a general septicemia usually follows.
3. Attempts to determine the conditions under which pneumococci which have reached the lung by inhalation may induce a local or general infection have not been successful.
CONDITIONS DETERMINING THE TRANSPLANTABILITY OF TISSUES IN THE BRAIN
Authors: Murphy James B. , Sturm Ernest 
Published: June 2004

In confirmation of Shirai's observation, we find that transplantable mouse tumors grow actively when inoculated into the brains of rats, guinea pigs, and pigeons, whereas subcutaneous or intramuscular grafts in the same animals fail. This growth of foreign tissue in the brain, however, takes place only when the grafted material lies entirely in the brain tissue; if it comes in contact with the ventricle a cellular reaction takes place with resultant destruction of the graft.
The growth of foreign tissue in the brain may be completely inhibited by simultaneous inoculations of a small bit of autologous but not by a bit of homologous spleen tissue.
Mice highly immune to subcutaneous transplants of mouse cancer show no resistance to such tumors when the inoculation is made into the brain.
Although the brain is without obvious power of resistance to implants of transplantable heteroplastic mouse tumors, yet grafts of spontaneous tumors fail to grow there even, as a rule, when tumor implanted and animal host are of the same species.
STUDIES ON THE ENZYMES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Avery O. T. , Cullen Glenn E. 
Published: June 2004

1. Pneumococci possess an active intracellular enzyme which causes lysis of heat-killed pneumococci of the same and heterologous types and to a less degree of a closely related organism, Streptococcus viridans.
2. The optimum reaction for lysis lies between pH 6 and 8.
3. The bacteriolytic action is proportional to the concentration of the enzyme.
4. Heating the enzyme for 30 minutes at 60°C. destroys its activity.
5. The possible relation of the enzyme to autolysis is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF PEPTONE ON THE PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION
Authors: Simonds J. P. , Ranson S. W. 
Published: June 2004

1. Injection of a solution of peptone directly into the artery of the leg of a dog is followed by an abrupt increase in leg volume. This is of short duration and is quickly followed, usually in less than ½ minute, by a decrease in the volume of the limb below that previous to the injection.
2. The phases of the leg volume curve bear a fairly definite relation to the changes in arterial pressure.
3. These results, therefore, indicate that the long continued low arterial pressure in peptone shock, and probably in anaphylactic shock, may be hastened but is not maintained by peripheral dilatation, and suggest that there is an impounding of the blood in some other part of the body.
STUDIES BASED ON A MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Brown Wade H. 
Published: June 2004

As a part of a general investigation of a malignant tumor of the rabbit, the phenomena of metastasis were studied in a group of 191 animals. The results of this investigation are presented from the standpoint of the relation of metastasis to animal resistance. The incidence and distribution of different classes of lesions are given and the peculiarities of the growth in different organs and tissues are described with especial reference to the time and circumstances of their occurrence and the relation of metastases in one organ or tissue to those of another.
It was found that while the picture presented by different animals varied greatly, there was a remarkable degree of uniformity in the character of the lesions in a given organ or tissue and in the circumstances under which metastases occurred in a given location. It was thus possible to establish a relationship between the distribution of metastases and the function of animal resistance.
In brief, the conclusion was reached that the peculiarities of metastatic involvement displayed by individual animals were not entirely attributable to chance distribution of tumor cells but that they were founded very largely upon constitutional differences and that the picture presented in any given instance represented an expression of the interaction between tumor and host, the character and force of which were indicated by the nature and distribution of the lesions or by the organs and tissues affected.
STUDIES BASED ON A MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise 
Published: June 2004

Data bearing on the occurrence and distribution of metastases, as recorded in the preceding papers of the series, are analyzed with reference to the parts played by the tumor cell and by conditions which influence cell distribution and cell growth.
It is shown that, while the tumor cell is an essential element in the production of metastases, its influence is relatively constant, and that the prime factors responsible for variations in the occurrence and distribution of metastatic growths are conditions that influence cell distribution or that affect the viability of the cell during transport, and conditions that affect the nutrition of the cell wherever it may become lodged.
It is further shown that both the presence and the absence of metastases, as well as peculiarities of distribution and of growth, are susceptible of a comparatively simple explanation upon the basis of well recognized principles of pathological action. In brief, it was found that, while the tumor cells might be distributed by either the blood stream or the lymphatics, the mode of distribution and the fate of the cells were determined in accordance with the same general principles that are applicable to the distribution and disposal of foreign cells introduced into the animal body. It was pointed out, however, that in applying these principles to tumor metastasis, it was necessary to recognize the fact that tumor cells bear a definite relation to the tissues of the host and that they are living and agressive agents. Hence, the reaction that they arouse differs in some respects from that produced by inert or unorganized foreign material or by living cells of a foreign species.
A METHOD FOR THE PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY OF TISSUES IN VITRO
Authors: Carrel Alexis 
Published: June 2004

1. A method has been developed which allows the continuous growth of pure strains of fibroblasts, epithelium, and leucocytes in a medium which undergoes but slight spontaneous deterioration.
2. The principle of the method is to leave the tissues undisturbed while the medium is changed. This was realized by special containers allowing the change of the medium without bacterial contamination and by the simultaneous use of a solid and a fluid medium.
3. The curve of growth of pure cultures of fibroblasts and epithelial cells in a nutrient medium is a parabola; in a non-nutrient medium, it is S-shaped and expresses the residual activity of the tissues. Leucocytes invade the culture medium progressively, as do bacteria, but never aggregate in a tissue.
4. The method is used for the study of the morphological and dynamic changes occurring in tissues under the influence of chemical and physical factors.
ANTAGONISTIC GROWTH PRINCIPLES OF SERUM AND THEIR RELATION TO OLD AGE
Authors: Carrel Alexis , Ebeling Albert H. 
Published: June 2004

It may be concluded that, under the conditions of the experiments:
1. The inhibiting action on homologous fibroblasts of the heated serum of a young animal increases relatively more than that of an old animal. After it has been heated, the inhibiting action of the serum of the old animal is still greater than that of the young animal.
2. The CO2 precipitate obtained from the serum of a young animal definitely increases the proliferative activity of homologous fibroblasts, while the CO2 precipitate of the serum of an old animal has practically no activating power. After the removal of the CO2 precipitate, the inhibiting action of the serum of young animals is increased, while that of old animals is not modified.
3. The increased inhibiting action of serum on homologous fibroblasts in old age is partly due to the disappearance of the growth-activating substances and to the enhanced activity of the growth-inhibiting principle.
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER OBSTRUCTION OF THE ESOPHAGUS AND OF THE CARDIAC END OF THE STOMACH
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G. 
Published: June 2004

Ligation of the cardiac end of the stomach or of the esophagus in ten dogs produced a severe toxemia, and rapid death.
In seven of the animals there occurred a marked rise in the total non-protein nitrogen and urea nitrogen of the blood.
The dogs living longest with cardiac obstruction showed a fall in blood chlorides and a rise in the CO2-combining power of the plasma. All the dogs with an obstruction of the esophagus showed a fall in blood chlorides.
Control animals subjected to other types of abdominal operations showed no significant changes in the blood.
ON THE ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES OF HEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Heidelberger M. , Landsteiner K. 
Published: June 2004

Sera produced by immunization with crystalline oxyhemoglobin react species-specifically with hemoglobin solutions.
Evidence is presented that in this reaction the hemoglobin itself is the active substance.
Conversion of oxyhemoglobin into methemoglobin, carbon-monoxy hemoglobin, or cyanhemoglobin does not alter the response to the precipitating immune serum.
Not only the hemoglobin of homologous species, but also that of other species causes inhibition in greater or less degree of the precipitin reaction.
IMMUNITY STUDIES OF ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

Freshly prepared mixtures of spotted fever virus and immune rabbit serum in neutral or superneutral proportions confer complete immunity on guinea pigs.
The mixtures undergo a considerable loss in immunizing power when heated to 60°C. for 20 minutes, but are still capable, if used in sufficient quantity, of conferring a degree of immunity on the vaccinated animal such that a subsequent experimental infection is rendered less severe and non-fatal.
Unheated mixtures which had been preserved in the refrigerator at 4°C. for a period of 32 days still retained a certain degree of immunizing property.
The virus alone, or mixed with normal rabbit serum, when allowed to die out by prolonged preservation at refrigerator temperature, or when killed either by heating at 60°C. for 20 minutes or by chemicals (chloroform, ether, xylene) does not induce immunity in guinea pigs.
ROENTGEN RAY INTOXICATION
Authors: Warren S. L. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

These experiments show that the common laboratory animals are about equally sensitive to the x-ray given over the abdomen. The clinical reaction following a M.L.D. is very similar and the intestinal pathology almost identical. The rat and guinea pig are slightly more sensitive to the x-ray than are the dog, cat, and rabbit.
By contrast birds, frogs, and reptiles are very resistant to the x-ray and may tolerate two or three doses of radiation lethal for dogs. We can offer no convincing explanation for this fact which is discussed above.
These data strengthen our belief in the scattered and incomplete observations on human cases which indicate that the human intestinal tract is likewise sensitive to radiation. This fact must be given careful consideration in conditions where abdominal or pelvic radiation is being used because such injury done to intestinal epithelium is always serious and in some cases irreparable.
OBSERVATIONS ON SOME CAUSES OF GALL STONE FORMATION
Authors: Rous Peyton , Drury Douglas R. , McMaster Philip D. 
Published: June 2004

A day-to-day study has been made of the sediment in the sterile liver bile of intubated dogs. There exists a marked tendency for calcium carbonate to be deposited therefrom. After hepatic or duct injury a great deal of organic débris of various sorts may be present in the bile, but it never causes deposition out of the fluid save when it accumulates in quantity on the tube wall. Particles of the material of which "bile thrombi" are composed may be found in the bile when the liver has been appropriately damaged, but these fail to act as centers of stone formation. On the other hand, there are to be found in the secretion after many sorts of hepatic injury little nuclei which undoubtedly serve in this way. These nuclei consist of a mixture of calcium bilirubinate and carbonate with an organic shadow or scaffolding. They do not occur in normal bile, but, coming down on special occasions, prove favorable to deposition out of the secretion elaborated at later periods. We have found nuclei strikingly similar in their relationship to stone formation, but consisting almost wholly of carbonate, in the sterile bile from human gall bladders which contained large calculi. Many of them were encountered in a free state, and others with layers of cholesterol and organic matter upon their surface, while others yet were recognizable deep within matured stones.
The factors concerned in the genesis of gall stones consisting of calcium carbonate have been reviewed at some length in this paper and the preceding one. The evidence we have collected supports the view that the development of carbonate stones in human beings as well as in the dog may be a consequence, not of changes in the bile brought about by microorganisms, nor of the elaboration of an inflammatory exduate rich in calcium salts, but merely of inflammation such as leads to lessened motility of the duct system with the accumulation of organic débris. The fact that infection is almost the sole agent whereby such inflammation is set up and maintained in clinical instances had led too often to the conclusion that it serves as the essential agent in the process of calcification.
The present findings taken with those described in a preceding paper suffice for an understanding of the immediate history of the gall stones which develop in intubated dogs. But the factor of individual differences, as yet undefined in nature, bulks large in the problem of the lithiasis, as does that of the local physiological safeguards against it.
STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS GROWTH INHIBITION
Authors: Robertson Oswald H. , Sia Richard H. P. 
Published: June 2004

Somewhat discordant results which have been reported by others who have investigated the property of the whole blood of resistant animals to cause inhibition of growth or death of pneumococci have led us to investigate this matter and to develop a new technique in which the conditions as they are present in the animal body are more nearly imitated. The observations already made have rendered it probable that phagocytosis plays some rôle in any destructive power for pneumococcus which whole blood possesses. We have, therefore, employed mixtures of serum and leucocytes in our tests, since when blood is coagulated the conditions become highly artificial. Furthermore, in order to imitate more nearly the conditions in the circulating blood the mixtures have been constantly, though gently, agitated. For this purpose a specially devised apparatus has been employed. The mixtures of serum and leucocytes have been inoculated with varying numbers of pneumococci in the active growth phase and after varying intervals of time the tubes containing the mixtures of serum, leucocytes, and bacteria have been opened, examined microscopically, and cultures made.
Employing this technique it has been found that the growth of pneumococci having low virulence for cats is markedly inhibited in mixtures of cat serum and cat leucocytes. It was impossible to recover pneumococci from the tubes showing no apparent growth, either when the contents were transplanted into various kinds of culture media, or when the contents were injected into mice of a variety highly susceptible to pneumococcus infection. 10,000 times the number of pneumococci sufficient ordinarily to kill a mouse failed to do so after a 24 hour sojourn in the cat serum-leucocyte mixture. Mixtures of dog serum and leucocytes exert a similar action. The serum and leucocytes of animals susceptible to pneumococcus infection (rabbits and guinea pigs,) on the other hand, failed to injure pneumococci even in extremely small quantities.
These results indicate that the blood of resistant animals, at least of the dog and cat, possesses destructive properties for pneumococci, and that this destructive power is not possessed by the blood of certain susceptible animals. The experiments suggest that natural immunity depends chiefly, if not entirely, upon this property. The leucocytes play an active part in this process, but whether the destruction of the pneumococci occurs entirely within the leucocytes or not is not determined. That the serum also plays a part is shown by the fact that when the serum of resistant animals was inactivated before being used in the serum-leucocyte mixture, the growth of even very small numbers of pneumococci was not prevented.
Further experiments with cat serum and leucocytes were carried out to determine the optimum rate and time of agitation, the amount of serum and leucocytes required, and also the period of incubation necessary for the inhibition of growth and death of the pneumococci to occur.
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE INGESTION OF COLOSTRUM OR BLOOD SERUM AND THE APPEARANCE OF GLOBULIN AND ALBUMIN IN THE BLOOD AND URINE OF THE NEW-BORN CALF
Authors: Howe Paul E. 
Published: June 2004

The coincidence of the appearance of euglobulin and pseudo-globulin I in the blood and urine of the new-born calf following the ingestion of colostrum and the absence of these proteins when milk is fed support the inference that the proteinuria of the new-born calf is due to the ingestion of colostrum. In this passage the proteins are in part unaltered.
The absorption and excretion of the proteins of blood serum have been observed.
The high protein content of the feces of young calves—during the first few days—is to be ascribed, in part at least, to ingested colostrum.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS ON RESISTANCE
Authors: Scott W. J. M. 
Published: June 2004

1. The resistance of rats to bacterial intoxication is greatly decreased after double adrenalectomy.
2. This decreased resistance is dependent upon a functional insufficiency of the adrenal cortex.
3. A dose of killed streptococci or staphylococci can be obtained that is invariably fatal to adrenalectomized rats, before hypertrophy of cortical accessories, but never kills control rats.
STUDIES ON THE RELATION BETWEEN TUMOR SUSCEPTIBILITY AND HEREDITY. I
Authors: Lynch Clara J. 
Published: June 2004

In this preliminary report there are presented some of the results obtained from crossing mice from tumor strains with males from other sources. The comparison of the tumor incidence in the inbred and backcross daughters, though the numbers given are small, supports the theory that the tendency to develop neoplasms is hereditary and the frequency with which tumors appear in the first filial generation of such crosses, indicates that the character is dominant.
Additional experiments involving larger numbers are in progress.
STUDIES ON OXIDATION AND REDUCTION BY PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Avery Oswald T. , Neill James M. 
Published: June 2004

1. Sterile broth extracts of unwashed pneumococci, entirely free from living or intact cells, actively reduce methylene blue.
2. Sterile extracts prepared by extracting washed pneumococci in phosphate solution are unable by themselves to reduce methylene blue. Upon the addition of meat infusion or yeast extract, these washed cell extracts actively reduce methylene blue.
3. The system or systems in pneumococcus extracts responsible for methylene blue reduction are destroyed by exposure to temperatures practically identical with those which have been previously found to destroy the peroxide-forming activity of the same extracts.
4. It is suggested that peroxide formation and methylene blue reduction by pneumococcus extracts are functions of the same or closely related systems, the particular reaction induced depending upon whether molecular oxygen or methylene blue serves as hydrogen acceptor or oxygen donator.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE "CURE" OF SYPHILIS IN THE RABBIT WITH ARSPHENAMINE
Authors: Chesney Alan M. , Kemp Jarold E. 
Published: June 2004

1. The intravenous administration of six doses of arsphenamine to syphilitic rabbits in amounts of 10 mg. per kilo, 127 days after inoculation is sufficient to render the popliteal nodes of such animals incapable of transmitting the infection to normal animals.
2. Syphilitic rabbits that have been treated in this manner and whose popliteal nodes 32 to 38 days after treatment have been shown to be incapable of transmitting the infection to normal animals are, as far as can be judged by the absence of a local lesion, refractory to a second inoculation of active virus of the same strain, if the inoculation be made intradermally at the base of the ear and carried out 209 days after the first inoculation.
3. Untreated syphilitic rabbits are also refractory toward a second inoculation made in a similar manner and at a similar interval following the first inoculation.
4. Evidence is offered in favor of the view that the most satisfactory method of evaluation of antisyphilitic agents in experimental syphilis of the rabbit is that of lymph node transfer.
5. Evidence is offered in support of the view that the state of refractoriness toward a second inoculation exhibited by syphilitic rabbits may be explainable upon the basis of either an acquired immunity or persistence of a focus of living treponemata in the body.
THE CORRELATION OF CERTAIN PHENOMENA OCCURRING DURING THE GROWTH OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Morgan Hugh J. 
Published: June 2004

The growth of a culture of pneumococcus was followed together with the time relations of some of the phenomena incident thereto. There were, roughly speaking, three periods of growth: first, the period of maximum rate, or logarithmic period; second, a brief stationary period; and third, the period of decline, during which actual death of individual organisms in the culture occurred. It has been pointed out that the usual preliminary latent period was avoided by the use of relatively large inoculum, obtained from a culture which was itself in the logarithmic period of growth.
During the height of growth activity of the culture certain changes in the substrate became demonstrable. Between the 7th and 10th hours the reaction of the medium was changed by the production of acid and the soluble specific substance was detected. At a somewhat later time in the logarithmic period of the culture peroxide was demonstrable and, simultaneously with the appearance of this substance, the substrate acquired the ability to change catalase-free crystalline hemoglobin to methemoglobin. Moreover, changes then occurred in the cultural fluid, such that, after the removal of the parent organisms by filtration, it no longer supported growth when seeded with either the pneumococcus or staphylococcus. These changes occurred early in the logarithmic period of growth of the culture.