bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Exposure to the Elements on the Forensic Characterization by Infrared Spectroscopy of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Fibers
Authors: Causin V , Marega C , Guzzini G , Marigo A 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Validation of a recently proposed differentiation method for single poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers, based on integration of IR absorption bands, is presented. IR microscopy in the transmission mode, differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy were employed. The reliability of the technique has been extended to the cases in which the fibers being compared have experienced long exposure to the elements, as may happen if these items are recovered from open-air crime scenes. The effect of immersion in water and irradiation by the sun for a three-month period have been considered. The fibers remained morphologically and structurally unaltered. The significance of comparisons between fibers kept in different environments is thus enhanced, because the detrimental effect of the elements can be ruled out. This further validation of the proposed technique contributes to render the data presented by the forensic scientist less vulnerable to context effect and bias.
Estimating Eyeball Protrusion from Body Height, Interpupillary Distance, and Inter-Orbital Distance in Adults
Authors: Swan LK , Stephan CN 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Eyeball protrusion is one characteristic that must be assessed/predicted in craniofacial identification methods of skull-face superimposition and facial approximation. Previously it has been suggested that average exophthalmometry values, as measured on living individuals, should be used. However, it is unknown if proptosis prediction can be improved beyond the accuracy obtained when using mean values. Some authors have suggested that relationships between exophthalmos, height, interpupillary distance, and interorbital distance exist and it has been reported that these latter variables can be used to estimate eyeball projection. However, crucial tests are yet to be conducted. This study measures these variables and tests the accuracy of exophthalmometry means, a previously proposed prediction equation, and newly derived regression equations to determine which methods provide the best results. Data indicate that variation in exophthalmos is fairly small and as such prediction from other variables, like body height, are weak; thus, exophthalmometry means currently offer the best practical method of prediction. It should be noted that up to 2mm error from either side of the mean is expected for 68% of cases.
Comparison of GC-MS and EIA Results for the Analysis of Methadone in Oral Fluid
Authors: Cooper G , Wilson L , Reid C , Baldwin D , Hand C , Spiehler V 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The purpose of these studies was to evaluate the performance characteristics of the Cozart® Microplate Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) for the determination of methadone in oral fluid from patients in a drug misuse treatment program. Oral fluid specimens were collected using the Cozart® RapiScan Collection system from 198 donors who were receiving treatment for their addiction and were monitored for drug misuse. Oral fluid specimens were also collected from forty volunteer donors who were not drug users. The specimens were analyzed in the laboratory by EIA and then analysed for methadone and its main metabolite EDDP by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 103 samples were confirmed positive for methadone. The Cozart® Microplate EIA for d-Methadone in oral fluid using a cutoff of 30 ng/mL in diluted oral fluid had a sensitivity of 91.3%±2.8% and a specificity of 100%±1.0% vs. GC-MS.
Accumulation of Explosives in Hair
Authors: Oxley JC , Smith JL , Kirschenbaum LJ , Shinde KP , Marimganti S 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The sorption of explosives (TNT, RDX, PETN, TATP, EGDN) to hair during exposure to their vapors is examined. Three colors of hair were simultaneously exposed to explosive vapor. Following exposure of hair, the sorbed explosive was removed by extraction with acetonitrile and quantified. Results show that sorption of explosives, via vapor diffusion, to black hair is significantly greater than to blond, brown or bleached hair. Furthermore, the rate of sorption is directly related to the vapor density of the explosive: EGDN&gt;TATP⋙TNT⪢PETN&gt;RDX. In some cases, the explosive-containing hair was subject to repeated washings with sodium dodecylsulfate or simply left out in an open area to determine the persistence of the explosive contamination. While explosive is removed from hair with time or washing, some persists. These results indicate that hair can be a useful indicator of explosive exposure/handling.
Short-term lab exposures of immature rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to sulfite and kraft pulp-mill effluents: Effects on oxidative stress and circulating sex steroids
Authors: Oakes Ken D. , Tremblay Louis A. , Kraak Glen J. Van Der 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
This study investigates the temporal onset of reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage and changes in circulating sex steroids in immature rainbow trout exposed over 21 d to two pulp-mill effluents. Exposure to effluent from a bleached sulfite mill produced increases in 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity, hepatic free iron, and significant depressions in hepatic ascorbic acid. Impairments in pregnenolone production relative to cholesterol availability suggest an effect of sulfite-mill effluent early in the steroidogenic pathway. Induction of vitellogenin in immature fish exposed to effluent from this mill, relative to waterborne 17 β-estradiol treatments, indicated sulfite-mill effluent contained constituents capable of binding the estrogen receptor. Exposure to a kraft-mill effluent also elevated hepatic TBARS, tissue normalized fatty acyl-coenzyme A oxidase (FAO) activity, and hepatic free iron while producing commensurate declines in hepatic ascorbic acid. Plasma testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, and 17 β-estradiol were elevated with kraft-mill effluent exposure, but no changes in vitellogenin induction were observed. In summary, effluent from bleached sulfite and bleached kraft mills yielded similar oxidative stress responses, but marked differences were observed in the endocrine-disrupting potential of each effluent.
Application of the conductor-like screening model for real solvents for prediction of the aqueous solubility of chlorobenzenes depending on temperature and salinity
Authors: Oleszek-Kudlak Sylwia , Grabda Mariusz , Shibata Etsuro , Eckert Frank , Nakamura Takashi 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) is applied to the prediction of the aqueous solubility of chlorobenzenes (CBZs) in a liquid-liquid and liquid-solid equilibrium. The solubilities of CBZs at temperatures ranging from 5 to 60°C are reported, and the enthalpies of solution are derived from van't Hoff plots. The salting effect of 12 chlorobenzenes is determined for sodium, potassium, and calcium solutions at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 3.5 mol/L. A new experimental aqueous solubility value is given for the isotopic labeled 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene determined at 25°C by the generator column procedure. The COSMO-RS method presented in this study can be useful to estimate the magnitude of the salt effect and temperature influence on the behavior of any chlorobezene under environmental conditions.
Genetically determined resistance to lethal levels of copper by Daphnia longispina: Association with sublethal response and multiple/coresistance
Authors: Lopes Isabel , Baird Donald J. , Ribeiro Rui 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The development of resistance to toxicants has been reported for a wide range of organisms. Two questions were addressed in the present study: Are genetically determined resistance responses at lethal levels (min to h) of copper associated with responses at extreme lethal (h to d) and sublethal levels and does genetically determined resistance to lethal levels of copper confer resistance to lethal levels of other chemicals? Twelve cloned lineages of Daphnia longispina, differing in their resistance to copper, were exposed to sublethal concentrations of copper and to lethal concentrations of copper, zinc, cadmium, hydrogen ions, and a pyrethroid insecticide (deltamethrin). Three kinds of toxicity assays were carried out: Survival time (death occurs in min to h; only for metals and hydrogen ions), cumulative mortality (death occurs in h to d; for all tested chemicals), and feeding depression assays (only for copper). A correlation between different levels of toxicity was observed only for extreme and moderate lethal responses to copper, and no correlation was found between lethal and sublethal levels of copper. Multiple resistance to lethal levels of toxicants was observed only for the pair copper/zinc.
Arsenic speciation in terrestrial birds from Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada: The unexpected finding of arsenobetaine
Authors: Koch Iris , Mace Jessica V. , Reimer Kenneth J. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The surrounding area of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada, is known for naturally and anthropogenically elevated concentrations of arsenic. Five bird species (gray jay [Perisoreus canadensis], American tree sparrow [Spizella arborea], dark-eyed junco [Junco hyemalis], yellow-rumped warbler [Dendroica coronata], and spruce grouse [Dendragapus canadensis]) were collected from this area. Their tissues were analyzed for total arsenic and for arsenic species, allowing us to report, to our knowledge for the first time, the arsenic characterization in terrestrial birds. Total arsenic concentrations were determined in the terrestrial birds by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, whereas arsenic speciation analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Total arsenic concentrations were substantially higher in the terrestrial bird species studied from Yellowknife compared with those reported previously in the literature. The primary arsenic species detected in two of the bird species studied was arsenobetaine. Normally, arsenobetaine is not formed or retained by terrestrial animals. Thus, the birds in the present study were thought to be highly adapted compared with other terrestrial animals, because they were able to form and/or retain this relatively nontoxic arsenic compound. This adaptation is thought to be a consequence of the elevated concentrations of arsenic in the Yellowknife area.
Modeling the effects of chronic toxicity on fish populations: The influence of life-history strategies
Authors: Spromberg Julann A. , Birge Wesley J. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Five life-history scenarios were composed to simulate fish population adaptations for survival under various environmental conditions. The scenarios encompassed differences in stage-specific survival, fecundity and hatch success, number of spawning events, and life-span effect response to chronic toxic impacts. The strategies represent a good survivor/generalist (GS), a species exhibiting high young-of-the-year survival, a species exhibiting high adult survival, a species with no parental care or guarding behavior, and an anadromous salmonid strategy. Although the modeled scenarios were similar in population growth rate and imposed toxic effects, differences concerning the influence of various traits were found. Scenarios characterized by a short life span, short time to reproductive maturity, moderate to high survival to reproductive maturity, large number of spawning events, and parental guarding behaviors experienced less perturbation from the imposed chronic stresses. The GS scenario, modeled after the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), exemplified these characteristics. Scenarios exhibiting little difference between reproductive effort for younger and older adults recovered quickly from stressors on fecundity and adult survival rates. Greater population decline in response to commensurate impacts was seen for life-history strategies with long life span, no parental guarding behaviors, semelparity and annual iteroparity, high adult survival rates, and moderate to low fecundity.
A critical review of the biogeochemistry and ecotoxicology of selenium in lotic and lentic environments
Authors: Simmons Denina B.D. , Wallschläger Dirk 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Anthropogenic activities resulting in elevated selenium (Se) levels in aquatic ecosystems can result in teratogenic and reproductive effects in fish and waterfowl. However, relationships between observed effects and exposure concentrations or body burdens are ambiguous. Therefore, it is critical to identify factors that affect Se ecotoxicity before defining adequate protective environmental regulations. One important political debate questions if Se ecotoxicity differs between standing (lentic) and flowing (lotic) waters and, if so, how this should be incorporated into the definition of protective criteria. In the present review, we compile and discuss the scarce literature regarding Se ecotoxicity in lotic systems, and we compare it to the substantial body of evidence for lentic systems. General differences between lentic and lotic systems with respect to ecology, hydrology, and biogeochemistry are identified and related to Se ecotoxicity. The limited knowledge regarding Se speciation in the biomagnification process is reviewed and put in context. Fundamental considerations suggest that Se ecotoxicity in lotic systems should be reduced compared to lentic systems, but we conclude that this statement is not substantiated by the existing data. Additionally, we identify critical gaps of knowledge that must be resolved in future studies before the argument can be decided conclusively.
Evaluating the biodegradability of sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfathiazole, and trimethoprim at different stages of sewage treatment
Authors: Pérez Sandra , Eichhorn Peter , Aga Diana S. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The aerobic biodegradability of four antimicrobials (sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfathiazole, and trimethoprim) was investigated in sewage collected at four treatment stages (primary treatment, activated sludge treatment, aerobic nitrification process, and after disinfection of treated sewage) of a municipal sewage treatment plant. The biodegradability tests were conducted in aerated batch reactors by spiking the sewage with 20 μg/L of each of the test substance. Concentration profiles of the assayed compounds were monitored during a 54-d period using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry. Substantial differences in the degradation curves were observed between trimethoprim and the three sulfonamides. The behavior of the latter was characterized by a general biodegradability in the primary and secondary treatment. The highest degradation rates were obtained in the sewage from the activated sludge treatment, where no adaptation phase was observed. On the other hand, the onset of biodegradation in the sewage from the primary treatment was preceded by a lag phase ranging from 10 to 15 d. In contrast, trimethoprim displayed high resistance to microbial degradation in the sewage from the primary treatment and the activated sludge treatment. However, primary degradation of this compound was completed within only 3 d in the sewage from the nitrification process.
Zinc toxicity to the mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdt) in high-hardness water
Authors: Brinkman Stephen , Woodling John 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The median 96-h lethal zinc concentration (LC50) was 439 μg Zn/L (hardness of 154 mg/L as CaCO3) for feral mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi), decreasing to a median incipient lethal level of 266 μg Zn/L after 13 d. The 30-d chronic value was 255 μg Zn/L. The acute toxicity-hardness (ln-ln) slope of 1.022 exceeded that of the current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency zinc criteria. The mottled sculpin is the second most sensitive fish species for which toxicity data are available.
Kinetics of the reduction of chromium(VI) by vitamin C
Authors: Xu Xiang-Rong , Li Hua-Bin , Gu Ji-Dong , Li Xiao-Yan 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The kinetics of the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by vitamin C was studied using potassium dichromate solution as the model pollutant. Effects of the concentration of vitamin C, pH, temperature, and irradiation on the reduction of Cr(VI) were examined. The kinetics of Cr(VI) reduction by vitamin C can be described as -d[Cr(VI)]/dt = 0.0156 (μM s−1).[Cr(VI)][vitamin C] (pH 5), where dt is the differential function (d) of time (t). The activation entropy (ΔS‡) and enthalpy (ΔH‡) are 42.4 kJ mol−1 and -71.0 J mol−1 K−1, respectively, and the activation energy at 298 K is 63.5 kJ mol−1. The advantages of vitamin C as a reductant are as follows: It is an important biological reductant in humans and animals, and it is not toxic. Toxic Cr(VI) can be reduced by vitamin C not only in acidic conditions but also in alkaline solutions (pH 9); furthermore, the reduction was shown to occur both under the irradiation and in the dark. The present results suggest that vitamin C could be used effectively in the remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil and groundwater in a wide range of pH, with or without sunlight.
Dermal bioavailability of benzo[a]pyrene on lampblack: Implications for risk assessment
Authors: Stroo Hans F. , Roy Timothy A. , Liban Cris B. , Kreitinger Joseph P. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Lampblack is the principal source of contamination in soils at manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites where oil was used as the feedstock. Risks and cleanup criteria at these sites are determined primarily by the total carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content, particularly the concentration of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Dermal contact with soils at oil-gas MGP sites is a significant component of the overall risks. Seven samples were collected from oil-gas MGP sites and the steady-state dermal fluxes were measured over 96 h in vitro. The standard dermal bioassay technique (in which 3H-BaP is added to the soil matrix) was modified to allow direct measurement of the dermal absorption of the native BaP in the samples. The experimentally derived dermal absorption factors for BaP were 14 to 107 times lower than the default assumption of 15% over 24 h (55-fold lower on average). The dermal fluxes were correlated positively to the total BaP and total carbon concentrations. The measured dermal absorption factors were compared to the default risk-assessment calculations for all seven samples. The calculated excess cancer risk was reduced as a result of using the measured absorption factors by 97% on average (with reductions ranging from 93 to 99%). This work indicates the risks at oil-gas MGP sites currently are overestimated by one to two orders of magnitude, and provides a protocol for the testing and data analysis needed to generate site-specific cleanup levels.
Abiotic dealkylation and hydrolysis of atrazine by birnessite
Authors: Shin Jin Y. , Cheney Marcos A. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) and its degradation products are important contaminants of world water systems and have effects on aquatic life. These effects are modulated by the degradation of atrazine, which depends, in part, on its reactivity with soil minerals. We have studied the degradation reaction of atrazine on synthetic birnessite (δ-MnO2) in the aqueous phase using a batch reactor and a developed high-performance liquid chromatography method. The reaction was studied in the absence of light at 25°C and between pH 2.3 to pH 8.3. The reaction rates increased with decreasing pH and increasing 5-MnO2 loading, and they did not follow simple first-order kinetics. The major products are hydroxylated and mono- and didealkylatrazine. Ammeline and cyanuric acid also were detected. The half-life (t1/2) for the degradation of atrazine was approximately 16.8 d and independent of oxygen. Manganese(II) evolution was a minor product. The mechanism of dealkylation involved proton transfer to Mn(IV)-stabilized oxo and imido bonds, with no net oxidation and reduction. Oxidation was a secondary reaction. The proposed abiotic pathway for the transformation of atrazine on δ-MnO2 was identical to the reported biotic pathway. Thus, δ-MnO2, a common soil component, facilitated the efficient N-dealkylation and hydrolysis of the herbicide atrazine at 25°C, possibly via a nonoxidative mechanisms. The N-dealkylation has been attributed strictly to a biological process in soils.
Confirmation of cause-effect relationships using effect-directed analysis for complex environmental samples
Authors: Grote Matthias , Brack Werner , Walter Helge A. , Altenburger Rolf 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The establishment of causal links between chemical contamination and observed ecotoxic effects of environmental samples is a major challenge in ecotoxicology. Effect-directed analysis is an approach combining fractionation with toxicity testing before chemical nontarget analysis to separate and subsequently identify toxic compounds in environmental samples. A final confirmation step in this procedure evaluates how much of the observed toxicity in the environmental sample can be attributed to the mixture of identified toxicants. The aim of the present study is to advance the methodology for the confirmation of mixtures in effect-directed analysis by using tools for the assessment of mixture toxicity accounting for unknown modes of action and heterogeneity of concentration-response curves. For this purpose, toxicants were identified in sediment extracts from two different sites. All identified compounds were tested both individually as pure compounds and in mixtures at ratios equal to those found in the sediment extracts. The observed extract toxicity was then compared with the expected combined effects calculated according to the models of concentration addition and independent action as well as with the observed toxicity of the synthetic mixture. Drawbacks of the established approach using toxic unit summation are demonstrated, and the Index of Confirmation Quality, an easy-to-read representation that allows a quantitative measure of confirmation over a range of different effect levels, is introduced.
Joint toxicity of sodium arsenate and sodium perchlorate to zebrafish Danio rerio larvae
Authors: Liu Fujun , Kendall Ronald J. , Theodorakis Christopher W. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Joint toxicity of arsenate and perchlorate was tested in larvae of Danio rerio. Results indicated that the 96-h median lethal concentrations of sodium arsenate and sodium perchlorate were 258.8 and 1,401.2 mg/L, respectively, and that arsenate and perchlorate generally showed a concentration-additive effect.