bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computerized modelling of nasal capsular morphogenesis in prenatal primates
Authors: Lozanoff Scott , Zingeser Maurice R. , Diewert Virginia M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDescriptive and comparative analysis of primate chondrocranial anatomy relies on three‐dimensional reconstructions of embryonic and fetal tissues. Typically, reconstructions are accomplished using manual techniques that are time‐consuming and laborious. Recent advances in computer technology permit computerized reconstruction, but most available systems do not interpolate surfaces so models consist of solid polygons without intervening surfaces. The purpose of this paper is to describe a new computerized surface‐modelling routine for the rapid and reliable reconstruction of nasal capsular anatomy in prenatal primates as well as to apply this system for the comparative analysis of nasal morphogenesis. Models of the nasal capsule and anterior cranial base are generated for a developmental series of prenatal specimens including Microcebus murinus, Macaca mulatta, and Homo sapiens. Results show that the computerized system reconstructs complex morphologies rapidly and automatically. The computerized models display higher anatomical resolution than that available from reconstructions generated through manual methods or algorithms used in commercially available systems and they can be viewed on a personal computer. Comparative anatomical analysis reveals that the nasal floor is highly specialized in Microcebus which displays a zona annularis. However, complexity in this region is reduced in Macaca and Homo which probably corresponds to a morphological reduction, but not elimination, of the vomeronasal organ and associated structures. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The variable anatomy of the nerve to the extensor carpi radialis brevis
Authors: Colborn Gene L. , Goodrich J. Alan , Levine Monroe I. , Bhatti Nazir A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe origin and course of the nerve to the extensor carpi radialis brevis are closely related to the lateral aspect of the elbow joint and proximal portion of the radius—both of which are frequent sites of pathology and surgical treatment. The specific origin of the nerve supply to the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle has been attributed variably by diverse anatomic and clinical texts to be the radial nerve, its deep branch or its superficial branch. This study was undertaken to determine the most common source of the nerve to the extensor carpi radialis brevis, as well as the most predictable topographic site of its origin. A total of 111 limbs were dissected, with the most common origin (56.7%) found to be the deep radial nerve, followed by the superficial branch of the radial nerve (31.5%), and least frequently from the bifurcation of the radial nerve into its superficial and deep branches (11.7%). This nerve branch was found to arise in most individuals within one centimeter of the distal edge of the humeroradial joint and to pass distally about 3.5 centimeters before entrance into the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insertion orientation of terminal vastus lateralis obliquus and vastus medialis obliquus muscle fibers in human knees
Authors: Bennett William F. , Doherty Neville , Hallisey Michael J. , Fulkerson John P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe quadriceps mechanism consists of the patellar ligament distally and the quadriceps tendon proximally. The quadriceps tendon is the confluence of the tendinous portions of the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. Lieb and Perry (J. Bone Joint Surg. 50A:1535–1547, 1968) have described the vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) and Hallisey et al. (J. Bone Joint Surg. 69A:545–549, 1987) have described the vastus lateralis obliquus (VLO). These muscles are the terminal medial and lateral insertions of the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis. This study delineates and quantifies anatomic sex differences for the medial and lateral angular terminal insertions of the vastus lateralis obliquus and vastus medialis obliquus in relationship to the longitudinal axis of the patella in 40 embalmed cadaver knees. A mathematical model is developed and discussed using least steps regression equations y = Ax + B, where y = the VLO insertion angle, x = the VMO insertion angle, A = the coefficients, and B = the y intercept. These equations are different in males and females, with males having more horizontally oriented VLO fibers than females. The vastus lateralis obliquus (VLO) insertion angle can be predicted based upon measurement of the vastus medialis obliquus insertion angle and sex: Log VLO = 1.36 + .00531 VNIO − 0.000166 (S × VMO), where S = 1 for females and S = 0 for males. In embalmed cadaver knees, the angular terminal insertion of the vastus lateralis obliquus related to the longitudinal axis of the patella is more horizontally oriented in males than in females. The angular terminal insertion of the vastus medialis obliquus of males and females does not increase equally with increases in the angular terminal insertion of the vastus lateralis obliquus. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Position of the fabella relative to the path of the common peroneal nerve across the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle
Authors: Chihlas Christopher N. , Ladocsi Lewis T. , Sholley Milton M. , Loughran Thomas P. , Krieg Richard J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe fabella is an inconstant sesamoid bone located in the origin of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle. The presence of a fabella has been associated with a number of pathologies including compression injury of the common peroneal nerve (CPN) as it crosses the lateral head of the gastrocnemius. This study was designed to determine the incidence of fabellae and the geometric relationship of the fabella to the CPN using anatomical dissection. In the 78 specimens examined, the incidence of fabellae was 27%, a figure near the high end of the previously reported range. To our knowledge, the geometric relationship of the fabella to the CPN has not previously been reported. Using measurements taken during dissection of fabellae, the zone of potential locations of the fabella overlapped 26.0% of the length of the CPN across the lateral head of the gastroenemius. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pterygospinous and pterygoalar foramina: A role in the etiology of trigeminal neuralgia?
Authors: Shaw J. P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe pterygospinous and pterygoalar foramina are illustrated photographically. To confirm the incidence of the foramina 454 skulls from various racial groups were examined. A survey of the literature shows that the pterygospinous foramen is present in about 10% of individuals and the pterygoalar foramen in about 1%. The possibility that either foramen may trap, compress, or cause traction of anomalous cutaneous branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, or occlude blood vessels supplying the trigeminal ganglion is discussed in relation to trigeminal neuralgia. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Teaching and examining clinical skills in anatomy
Authors: Monkhouse W. S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBasic clinical skills are taught throughout the undergraduate anatomy course at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. They are tested in weekly, termly, and end‐of‐course examinations, and this material is reinforced by anatomy lectures during the clinical course. Anatomists and clinicians are involved in both teaching and examining. This fires the students' motivation for learning and enhances their knowledge of anatomy. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical study of the symmetry of lateral extensor compartment of the wrist
Authors: Godwin Yvette , Ellis Harold 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe anatomy of the lateral extensor compartment of the wrist has been extensively studied, since it is the site of stenosing tenosynovitis of the tendons of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis (de Quervain's disease). Septation of the compartment and multiplicity of the tendons within it have been thought, by some surgeons, to cause overcrowding and thus contribute to the pathogenesis of the condition.This anatomical study of ten pairs of cadaveric hands has shown that these variations are common, confirming previous reports in the literature, and, more importantly, that they are frequently bilaterally symmetrical. Since de Quervain's disease tends to occur unilaterally, it seems unlikely that anatomical variations are important in its pathogenesis.Appreciation of these variations is, however, important in surgical treatment.Adequate exposure is necessary to recognize the anatomical structures, so that all subcompartments within the fibroosseous tunnel may be decompressed. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Course of study in the anatomical sciences for a problem‐based curriculum
Authors: Dinsmore Charles E. , Paul Harold A. , Sweet Fred A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDifferent models of medical education in the basic sciences have arisen in the last decade, some in response to issues raised in the 1984 GPEP Report. Each model attempts to redress problems of identifying core content in any particular discipline, within which the knowledge base is continually expanding, and of providing optimal educational experience outside of the traditional lecture/laboratory format. These objectives must also be achieved within a collapsing allocation of time for instruction as it has been commonly understood. In this paper, we discuss instructional method, developed to meet these demands, which are currently used in the Anatomical Sciences Program of the Alternative Curriculum, Rush Medical College's problem‐based curriculum. Although circumstances determining curricular constraints vary among medical colleges, we offer our positive experience with this particular format as a potential guide to curricular reform in the anatomical sciences. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of four methods for measuring femoral anteversion
Authors: Kirby Alanah S. , Wallace W. Angus , Moulton Alan , Burwell R. Geoffrey 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis study evaluates the most valid and reproducible method for directly measuring anteversion (torsion) in dried femora using a commercially available measuring machine. Each femur was placed horizontally on the surface of the machine and readings were obtained from the head, the shaft distal to the lesser trochanter, and the distal end. Using computer software, four different anteversion angles were calculated: the center head‐neck line to the retrocondylar line (Method 1); the center head‐neck line to the transcondylar line (Method 2); the anterior head‐trochanter line to the retrocondylar line (Method 3); and the anterior head‐trochanter line to the transcondylar line (Method 4). The methods were applied to 20 femora, which were measured twice by one observer. The most reproducible method of measuring femoral anteversion uses the bone surfaces on the anterior aspect of the head and greater trochanter and on the posterior aspect of the condyles (Method 3.95% confidence limits of ± 0.4°). The other methods are shown to be reproducible to ±2.4°, ±3.3° and ±1.7° (Methods 1, 2, and 4, respectively, 95% confidence limits). Conversion factors between the different methods are: 12.5° + 0.8 x (anteversion angle) to change each of Method 2 to Method 1 and Method 4 to Method 3; and 8° + 0.7 x (anteversion angle) to change each of Method 1 to Method 3 and Method 2 to Method 4 (correct to within ±3°). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship of deep structures of the hand and wrist to topographical landmarks
Authors: Cobb Tyson K. , Cooney William P. , An Kai‐Nan 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe relationship of topographical landmarks to the deep structures of the wrist and hand has not been clearly defined and would be of benefit to surgeons performing endoscopic carpal tunnel surgery. To this end, 10 fresh cadaveric wrist specimens had radiopaque markers placed adjacent to key anatomic structures within the wrist and hand. A new technique for localizing the hook of the hamate was established. We found that the thick segment of the flexor retinaculum, often defined as the transverse carpal ligament, was 2.2 cm in length. Its distal border was 1 cm distal to the distal aspect of the hook of the hamate. The proximal ligamentous portion had a mean length of 1.2 cm, whereas the distal aponeurotic portion (distal to the hook of the hamate) had a mean length of 1.0 cm. The position of the superficial palmar arch was 2.7 cm distal to the hook of the hamate or at a line bisecting three‐fourths of the distance from the distal flexor wrist crease to the proximal palmar crease. The relationship of the superficial palmar arch to topographical landmarks was more consistent than it was when the standard reference of Kaplan's cardinal line was used. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of the accuracy of local steroid injection into the lateral extensor compartment of the wrist
Authors: Godwin Yvette 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDe Quervain's tenosynovitis can be treated either by conservative or operative measures. Harvey et al. (1990) have shown that treatment by local injection of corticosteroid into the lateral extensor compartment can effect cure in 80% of cases without surgical intervention. However, the lateral extensor compartment may be anatomically divided by septa into subcompartments, and this prevents the distribution of steroid throughout the compartment, and hence may lead to failure of conservative treatment. This study was undertaken to develop an injection technique that will ensure that, even if septa are present, both subcompartments are penetrated by the needle and receive steroid. The technique is shown to enhance the accuracy of injection and hence should further increase the proportion of patients treated conservatively with success. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tracheostomy: An anatomico‐clinical review
Authors: Ger Ralph , Evans James T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTracheostomy surgery may be accompanied by complications that lead to morbidity and mortality. The incidence of these complications is not inconsiderable, as documented by case reports that continue to appear annually. Most complications are based on failure to appreciate the anatomic relationships of the area. In an operation that often falls to the lot of the junior surgeon and that deals with normal anatomic structures, it is disappointing to find that the surgeon gets little help when consulting clinical anatomic texts. Infact, the advice given may be erroneous, indefinite, or even misleading. It is strongly urged that a tracheostomy education program be instituted at the clinical anatomic level. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A reappraisal of the blood supply of the pectoralis minor muscle
Authors: Stook Frank P. , Zonnevijlle Erik D. H. , Groen Gerbrand J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRecently the pectoralis minor muscle has been introduced as a free muscle transplant for facial reanimation in peripheral facial paralysis. However, reports on the vascular supply of this muscle are incomplete or contradictory. Therefore the pectoral region was examined in 57 human cadavers. A complex pattern of variations in the arterial supply was found: it was, however, systematically arranged and limited to a small part of the arterial tree. A topographical classification was made, based on the dominant muscle artery, to provide a useful orientation during reconstructive surgery. Related to the origin of this dominant artery, three main patterns are distinguished. In the most frequent pattern a major role is played by an artery not mentioned in Nomina Anatomica (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1989). This artery usually arises directly from the axillary artery, accompanies the medial pectoral nerve, and supplies the major lateral part of the muscle from its deep surface. For topographical reasons we propose the name “lateral pectoral artery.” The classification, presented in this study, may provide a better insight for the reconstructive surgeon working in this area. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variation in tibial torsion
Authors: Eckhoff D. G. , Kramer R. C. , Watkins J. J. , Burke B. J. , Alongi C. A. , Stamm E. R. , Van Gerven D. P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA skeletal collection from the African country of Sudan was examined to determine if torsion of the tibia in an African population varies from established norms for European, Asian, and American populations. A large variation in tibial torsion was observed. There was a distinct limb asymmetry with more torsion on the right than left. No association of tibial torsion with gender was identified. A small but appreciable increase in average torsion (7°) was identified when this population was compared with previously reported populations. This study documents a variation in tibial torsion not appreciated in earlier studies. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for a relationship between head shape and prevalence of middle ear effusion in children
Authors: Worley Gordon , Sturner Raymond A. , Green James A. , Frothingham Thomas E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTo determine if there is an association between head shape type (brachycephaly, mesocephaly, and dolichocephaly) and prevalence of middle ear effusions, we performed tympanometry and head measurements on 203 children who were enrolling in kindergarten and who were 4 or 5 years old. Maximum head length and head breadth were measured using anthropometric spreading calipers, and the cephalic index (CI) was calculated for each child (head width/head length × 100). Children with a CI > 1 standard deviation (SD) from the mean were classified as brachycephalic, those with a CI < 1 SD as dolichocephalic, and the remainder as mesocephalic.The overall distribution of flat tympanograms (indicative of middle ear effusions) by head shape type was unlikely to have occurred by chance (X2(2) = 6.2; P < 0.05). Brachycephalic children had a significantly greater prevalence (39%) of flat tympanograms, than did mesocephalic children (19%; P = 0. 015). There was a trend toward more dolichocephalic children having effusions (29%) than mesocephalic children (19%), but the difference was not significant (P = 0.24). Neither race nor sex affected the relationship between brachycephaly and middle ear effusions. Brachycephaly is a physical finding associated with flat tympanograms and, therefore, middle ear effusions in preschool children. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of bequeathed and unclaimed bodies in the dissecting room
Authors: Jones D. Gareth 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe bodies used in dissecting rooms have either been unclaimed or bequeathed. Although bequeathed bodies constitute the major source of bodies in many countries today, this is not a universal situation. The use of unclaimed bodies for dissection is traced historically from its origins in grave robbing and murder, and against the background of the thesis that it involves exploitation of the poor and the lack of informed consent. The ethical significance of the treatment of cadavers is considered in terms of the intrinsic and instrumental value ascribed to cadavers. The use of unclaimed bodies is assessed in relation to the ethical principles underpinning organ donation, including respect for the autonomy of the deceased, and the interests of family members, as well as reference to altruism as a basis of donations and the possible redemptive aspects of organ donations. It is argued that the use of unclaimed bodies does not correspond to any procedure we use today in the realm of organ donation. It is concluded that the use of unclaimed bodies is never to be the procedure of choice, since taking a body even for good purposes is ethically inferior to giving a body for the same purposes. Nevertheless, what is done with dead bodies for good reasons is not the most important of ethical matters, and a balance has to be attained between these ethical considerations and the potential benefits accruing to society. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Untreated uveal melanoma and its metastatic spread: A case report
Authors: Nelson Marita L. , Hardman John M. , Coel Marc N. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA patient with suspected uveal melanoma died 18 months after refusing all treatment. Since this disease rarely goes untreated, its undeterred spread is of clinical interest. At the request of the patient's family and physician, we set out to verify the type, location, and extent of the tumor, and the cause of death. Post‐mortem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the patient's head, followed by dissection and microscopic examination confirmed the diagnosis of primary uveal melanoma. There were large masses in the frontal part of the cranium which apparently had metastasized from the primary uveal tumor via vascular or lymphatic pathways since there were no direct extensions of the primary tumor beyond the orbital musculotendinous cuff. Metastases found in the liver, kidney, and vertebrae, is the absence of cervical, thoracic, and abdominal lymph node involvement, indicated the likelihood of hematogenous spread although small subpleural metastases were found in the lung. The cause of death appeared to be acute myocardial infarction due to obstruction of both coronary arteries and was unrelated to the malignancy.Although MRI has been proposed as an important tool for diagnosing uveal melanoma, our findings indicate the need for caution. Misleading signal intensities resulting from variable pigmentation in these tumors impair diagnosis. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphometric comparison of computed tomography to magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of the lumbar intervertebral foramina
Authors: Cramer Gregory D. , Howe Joseph , Glenn William V. , Greenstein Jay , Potvin William 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the ability of computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as techniques to determine linear morphometric measurements of several parameters of the right and left lumbar intervertebral foramina (IVFs). Specifically, the greatest superior‐to‐inferior diameter and anterior‐to‐posterior diameter of the lumbar IVFs were measured in a cadaveric imaging phantom. The phantom was first measured directly with vernier calipers and then embedded in gelatin to simulate soft tissue. It was then scanned with two types of protocols each for CT and MRI. The scanned images were transferred directly from the imaging units to optical disks, which were then read using an optical disk drive. The measurements taken directly from the phantom were then taken from the scans using a Macintosh II computer interfaced with the optical disk drive. The results showed that both sagittally reformatted CT images and sagittal MRI images were clinically and statistically reliable and valid methods for linear evaluation of the IVF in the sagittal plane. However, measurements made from the MRI scans were found to be more accurate than those made from the CT scans. The results of this study should help increase understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of both imaging modalities in the sagittal evaluation of the lumbar IVFs. The results may also help with the future evaluation of the IVF in the condition known as nerve root canal stenosis. This study also indicates that a normal morphometric database from the MRI scans of normal human subjects should be developed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.