bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Talk about Thoughts and Beliefs
Authors: Bartsch Karen , Wellman Henry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We examined children’s use of the terms believe, think, know, wonder, expect, and dream in order to chart their early understanding of mental states such as thoughts generally and beliefs more specifically. The concept of belief is central to our everyday understanding of mind-our ordinary belief-desire psychology-as noted in our introductory chapter. Beliefs, as intentional states, involve thinking about something. More specifically, beliefs are thoughts that some potential state of affairs is actually so. Of course, the believer can be mistaken, that is, can believe falsely.
Taney Court, 1837-1864
Authors: Schwartz Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Imagine a Court . . . conducting its business not in a massive building but in a basement room of an unfurnished Capitol.”1 One familiar with the marble temple in which the highest bench now sits will find it hard to picture the dingy quarters which that tribunal occupied during its early years. We saw in Chapter 2 that when the new capital was built, no chamber had been built for the Supreme Court. Instead, when the Government moved to Washington, the Court had to hold its sessions in a House committee room on the first floor of the Capitol. When the Capitol north wing was rebuilt in 1809, the Court moved to a new courtroom underneath the reconstructed Senate Chamber. After the British burned the Capitol in 1814, the Court moved to temporary quarters for five years. They were back in their basement courtroom for the 1819 Term.
War and Reconstruction,1861-1877
Authors: Schwartz Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many ways the Civil War was the test of fire of the American constitutional system. In an 1862 article, Lord Acton referred to it as the Second American Revolution1-a characterization that has since been made often. Like the Revolution, the Civil War represented an extralegal appeal to force to settle the ultimate legal issue of the nature of the polity. And the issue itself was decided, not by the tribunal to which the resolution of such questions was confided by the Constitution, but by the victorious Union armies. When the Supreme Court in 1869 decided that secession was illegal, since “[ t]he Consititution in all its provisions, looks to an indestructible Union,” it was only confirming a decision already made at Appomattox Courthouse.
Stone and Vinson Courts,1941-1953
Authors: Schwartz Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While it may be the custom to designate the Supreme Court by the name of its head, one who looks only to the bare legal powers of the Chief Justice will find it hard to understand this underscoring of his preeminence. Aside from his designation as Chief of the Court and the attribution of a slightly higher salary, his position is not superior to that of his colleaguesand certainly is not legally superior. In Justice Tom C. Clark’s words, ‘‘The Chief Justice has no more authority than other members of the court.”
The Transmission of Oral Traditions
Authors: Rubin David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acquisition of semipennanent knowledge typically involves repeated exposure to infonnation, with losses of information during intervals between exposures. Continued maintenance of knowledge depends on periodic access. Bahrick, 1979, p. 296 All of the methods so far described deal with factors influencing individual observers. They help to show what occurs when a person makes use of some new material which he meets, assimilating it and later reproducing it in his own characteristic manner. Already it is clear, however, that several of the factors influencing the individual observer are social in origin and character.
A Cult Grows in America
Authors: Hesse-Biber Sharlene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pretty, vivacious, and petite, Delia was a picture of fashionable perfection when she first walked into my office. Her tight blue jeans and fringed Western shirt showed off her thin, 5-ft frame; her black cowboy boots and silver earrings completed a presentation that said, “Look at me!” The perfect picture had a serious price. Delia had come to me to talk about her “problem.” She is bulimic. In secret, she regularly binges on large amounts of food, then forces herself to vomit. It has become a powerful habit, one that she is afraid to break because it so efficiently maintains her thin body. For Delia, as for so many others, being thin is everything.
There’s No Business Like the Body Business: Fitness and Cosmetic Surgery
Authors: Hesse-Biber Sharlene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The words in vogue at my fitness club are “tight” and “steel,” as in “buns of steel” and “abs of steel.” “Discipline,” “strength,” and “power” are also part of the vocabulary. “Muscle definition” is the term used by trainers to urge both men and women to sculpt their bodies. To make the point, the club has changed the name of my aerobics and conditioning class to “Body Defined.” Some of the women here think of their different body parts as fashion accessories. One works on the triceps so that she can show off her arms in a new sleeveless shirt, another counts situps in order to reveal her “abs of steel” in a bikini. Our cultural mirrors have undergone a massive transition from the 1950s, when the ideal female body had soft curves. The illustrated pages of Cosmopolitan and Vogue reflect these changes over the past four decades. In the late 1950s, the tiny waistline was in. Clothing was tapered to fit, emphasizing the shoulders, waist, and hips. Women relied on girdles to achieve this look.
Editor’s Note
Authors: Rusch Frederik L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The writing in this part reflects the abhorrence Toomer had for rigid classifications of people. He felt that especially in America, it was a distortion and a limitation of the individual to define him or her solely according to ethnic background and race. He had personally experienced the force of such limitation after writing Cane: Critical pressure urged him to continue writing from the viewpoint of black life, while he thought that that perspective was now used up for him, a dead end, and he wanted to pursue different literary projects in his continuing search for meaning and personal growth and wholeness. The three short introductory pieces express Toomer’s repugnance to ward prejudice. The opening statement on prejudice is an undated, handwritten note in draft material for the essay “The Negro Emergent,” which I have included in the next section of this part. “The Negro Emergent” comes from an undated typescript draft that Kerman and Eldridge (The Lives of Jean Toomer) estimate was written around 1924. “Germ Carriers” is my title for an excerpt from “Preface #3,” a second-draft preface to “Book X,” one of Toomer’s autobiographical works. “Preface #3” is dated March 13, 1935. In the third section of this part, “The Blue Man,” I have used much of the rest of “Preface #3” in the essay I have titled “Not Typically American.” “
Editor’s Note
Authors: Rusch Frederik L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I. Gurdjieff, the mystical philosopher who was popular among some intellectuals and writers in the 1920s. Gurdjieff believed that people’s minds were cluttered with destructive notions because they lived in negative social environments. Most of what people heard and read gave them distorted or false views of the nature of the world and themselves. This negative environment prevented people from developing full and harmonious lives. Gurdjieff believed that most people were like machines, mechanical and efficient but asleep, with no consciousness of their real potential as human beings. Many of the pieces in this part reflect Toomer’s great interest in Gurdjieffs philosophy. The fiction describes negative and mechanistic societies containing human automatons, some of whom are groping for freedom from their rigid, programmed, and often lonely lives. The nonfiction discusses the problems with modern society that have created a less than human world.
The South
Authors: Rusch Frederik L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some miles northwest of New York, perhaps a hundred and fifty as the crow flies, there is a valley flanked by the southern spur-ends of the Catskill mountains. The valley is well watered. In summer, the natural grass and agricultural growths spread out in rich green waves and solid ractangles. Looked down upon from the mountain top, when the sun is shining, this carpet of the valley is amazingly fresh and brilliant. Towns, valley villages, irregular in form, houses for people and barns for cattle, belonging there, are clustered and scattered over the verdant lawn. The house[s] are white; some dulled to grey and greyish brown by long weathering. Most of them, built years ago, were built to stay and be homes. They are honest. The barns are red. The old red barns, among the finest forms of the American landscape. Peace, an active repose rests on this valley, wells up from it as dawn and twilight rise upward from horizons. When bands of cloud hang over it or drift slowly like great airships, the scene is magical. Particularly is it so if looked down upon from a mountain top when the sun rises and strikes these clouds, causing them to lift, turning them to mist and iridescence.
Editor’s Note
Authors: Rusch Frederik L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the first time in five years I would not spend the winter in Chicago. We-Marian and I-were off for the Southwest and the Pacific coast. I would miss the round of the Chicago season’s activities-the carrying on of my own work, the doings of my friends, play openings, dance recitals, Berta Ochsner, Ruth Page, new artists, parties, and all the rest. I would miss winter in Chicago-Michigan Avenue bright and white and blowy in a blizzard. That was a thing not to be missed. A Chicago blizzard was an event in America. Michigan Avenue piled white was a vivid American scene. I would escape being stopped on the street and begged for money. Business conditions, I was told, were not as bad in the Southwest and far West. We had personal reasons for this trip, and I wanted to see the Pacific coast and thus complete my picture of America. New England, New York, the eastern seaboard, the south, the middle west, the southwest-these sections I knew. But for years California and the Pacific coast had been a blank in my map, a vacant spot in my vision of the country.
Aspects of the biotic environment
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following humans over the world, feral pigeons interact with an enormous range of organisms. Some of them also may be commensal and accompany humans or pigeons in many different habitats; others are native. The feral cat is a good example of the first group and is a serious predator on pigeons everywhere (Goodwin 1977; Dorzhiev 1991; Janiga 1992b; Wormuth 1993). Prairie Falcons (Chapter 15), represent the second group. Because the number of species of organisms interrelating with pigeons is extensive, we selected only the basic literature sources for Tables 21.1, 21.2., and 21.3. Many more exist, but those cited will serve as an introduction to anyone looking for greater detail.
Introduction to dynamic modelling
Authors: Sandefur James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dynamics is the study of how quantities change over time. Dynamic modeling is the process of developing a mathematical relationship that in some sense describes how a real world quantity changes over time. We do not claim that the mathematics gives an exact description of reality. But we do hope the analysis will give us some insight into the phenomenon being studied. Let’s begin by developing a simple model of how medicine is eliminated from the body. An empty container will represent the body. Add 4 cups of water to the container to model the blood in the body. Suppose we are going to take some medicine internally. Let’s assume that the proper dose of this medicine, say cough syrup, is 16 ml. To model this, add 16 ml of food coloring to the container. See figure 1.1. (To be precise, the 16 ml of food coloring should be added first, with enough water added to make a total of 4 cups of liquid.) How do the kidneys remove impurities from the blood? Loosely speaking, during any 4-hour period, the kidneys take in a fixed percentage of the blood and remove the medicine from that blood. Let’s assume the kidneys purify one-fourth of the blood during any 4-hour period.
Behavioral Alterations and the Fitness and Longevity of Infected Hosts
Authors: Moore Janice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite an impressive repertoire of parasite avoidance techniques, animals still acquire parasites. If behavioral alterations in parasitized animals were all the result of natural selection favoring increased parasite transmission and therefore increased R0for parasites, the world I am describing here would be uncomplicated. Of course, most of the mechanisms by which parasites alter behavior remain a mystery, and the evolutionary events that enabled them to seize upon these mechanisms are equally unknown to us. These questions certainly lead into complicated territory.
Global Climatic Change: Climatically Important Biogenic Gases and Feedbacks
Authors: Mackenzie Fred T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the next century the earth will almost certainly experience climatic change. In the normal course of events, the planet would enter another glacial maximum about 23,000 years from now (Figure 2.1). However, the flywheels of population growth and fossil fuel burning are turning rapidly and will be difficult to slow within a century. The global population is growing at a rate of 1.6% per year, representing a doubling time of 44 years; the rate implies a population of at least nine billion people by 2040 (Figure 2.2A). All these people will require energy to sustain themselves; most scenarios of future global energy use project a continuous heavy reliance on fossil fuel into the 21st century (Figure 2.2B).
Introduction
Authors: Rae Nicol C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about the South, and particularly southern Democrats, in national party politics since the culmination of the civil rights revolution in 1965 (the year that the Voting Rights Act was passed). The South has been the major aberration in the pattern of America’s economic and social development since the Civil War, and as a consequence, southern party politics also has deviated from the national norm. The clearest illustration of this deviation was the establishment of the one-party Democratic “Solid South” at both the state and national levels in order to maintain the South’s hierarchical social system based on racial segregation and black disfranchisement. Since the passage of the Voting Rights Act in 1965, the old barriers of segregation and disfranchisement have disappeared, and rapid economic development has brought an end to the old southern economic and social system. One outcome of these changes has been the emergence of a competitive two-party system in the South.
The South and American Party Factionalism
Authors: Rae Nicol C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intraparty factionalism is one of the most understudied areas of American political science. Although we have strong evidence of increasingly polarized, coherent, and durable party factions in both the national Republican and Democratic parties, an overall analysis of American party factionalism is still lacking. The remainder of this chapter is an attempt to arrive at such an analysis by looking at the nature of factionalism in the Republican and Democratic parties today. Before embarking on this task, however, it is necessary to consider what precisely is meant by the term faction. In classical republican usage, faction was almost always used pejoratively to refer to self-interested groups of persons who sought to manipulate the polity for their own ends rather than the common good. As such, factions were generally condemned as a danger to the health of the republic as a whole. This usage of the term was still current when critics of the British government in the early eighteenth century led by Lord Bolingbroke condemned the patronage-oriented “factional” politics of Robert Walpole’s regime.
The Democrats’ Presidential Weakness in the South, 1968 to 1988
Authors: Rae Nicol C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The South ceased to be solidly Democratic at the presidential level during the 1950s, and since 1964 it has been the Democrats’ weakest region in presidential elections. Between 1968 and 1988 their consistently poor electoral performance in the southern states also doomed the Democrats’ efforts to win nationally. The sole Democratic presidential triumph during that period (in the South and nationwide), in 1976, was the exception that proved the rule. It was impossible for the Democratic party to win presidential elections without winning at least some of the electoral votes of the southern states, yet during the 1980s this appeared to be an increasingly remote possibility. Despite losing presidential elections in the South, the Democrats nevertheless remained the region’s dominant party below the presidential level. Although the Republicans were competitive in senatorial and gubernatorial elections in the South by the late 1980s, they still held only about a third of the region’s House seats, and the Democrats enjoyed overwhelming and secure majorities in almost all southern state legislatures.
Southern Democrats in the U.S. Congress
Authors: Rae Nicol C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scholars of the U.S. Congress over the past two decades are virtually unanimous in their agreement that there has been a transformation in the internal power structure of both the House and Senate. One aspect of this transformation has been a reduction in the influence of the southern Democrats. Under the congressional power structure that prevailed from 1910 to 1970, southern Democratic members exercised a dominant influence on the behavior and policy output of the Congress. Over the past two decades, however, this influence has clearly eroded. This chapter deals with the situation of southern Democrats in the present-day Congress and is based largely on a series of interviews conducted during the summer of 1990 with thirty southern Democratic congressmen, three senators, two former senators, and five senior Senate staffers. The first section deals with the House and the second with the Senate.
The Conservative Counterattack: The Democratic Leadership Council
Authors: Rae Nicol C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the discussion of American party factionalism in Chapter 1, I noted that one of the most salient features of the contemporary American party system has been the weakness of the ideological “center” in both of the major parties. The Downsian model of party competition prevalent during the late 1950s assumed that parties operated as unified teams and that in a two-party system the candidates and policies of the parties would inevitably gravitate toward the center of the ideological spectrum (where most of the voting public was situated). Yet since the Republicans’ nomination of Barry Goldwater in 1964, the major American parties have generally adopted presidential candidates and platforms more representative of the views of the parties’ ideological activists than of the parties’ identifiers in the general electorate. The major reason for the recent weakness of the centrist or “moderate” wings of the Democratic and Republican parties is the transformation of American party politics that has been in progress since the Progressive era at the tum of the century and that culminated in the party reform movement of the 1968-72 period.
The 1992 Election: The South Recaptures the Democratic Party and the White House
Authors: Rae Nicol C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1992 election marked a crossroads in American politics in more than one respect. With the end of the cold war and the collapse of Communism, the Republican presidential advantage in foreign defense policy was nullified. A sluggish national economy for most of the Bush presidency also put economic pressure on the middle- and working-class voters who had deserted the Democrats on foreign policy and cultural issues during the 1980s. These fears combined with a widespread national anxiety over America’s relative economic “decline” vis-a-vis Japan and Western Europe. Finally, George Bush, in contrast with his Republican predecessor, appeared to have little empathy with middle- and working-class Americans and was widely perceived to be a weak and vacillating leader. The Democrats still had to grasp the opportunity, however, and their presidential travails over the previous two decades did not inspire great confidence that they would finally be able to seize the White House in 1992.
Conclusion: The Future of the Southern Democrats and American Party Factionalism in the 1990s
Authors: Rae Nicol C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the spectacular success of the all-southern Democratic Clinton- Gore ticket in 1992, the short-term prospects for the southern wing of the Democratic party would appear to be very bright indeed. In defiance of the apparent logic of the presidential nominating process during the 1968-88 period, an ostensibly moderate southerner was able to win the Democratic presidential nomination with ease and end more than a decade of Republican domination of the presidency. Whereas from the Civil War up to almost the end of the New Deal era it was virtually inconceivable that the Democratic party would nominate a southerner for president, since 1964 the only times when the Democratic party has won presidential elections has been with southern nominees: Johnson, Carter, and now Clinton. Yet parties exist not only to win elections but also to govern in accordance with a set of principles or policies, and the reemergence of the southern wing of the Democratic party needs to be confirmed by a successful Clinton presidency followed by reelection in 1996. Failure in office for a second time might well doom the southern conservative wing of the party to a further spell in the wilderness while the Republicans dominate the White House.
What This Book Is About
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
OF ALL CREATURES ON THIS EARTH, humans are the most emotional. Our speech, actions (gestures, body movements, and postures), and our faces, too, are frequently contorted with emotion. We express anger, anxiety, fright, shame, joy, love, and sadness, as well as other perhaps socially more subtle emotions, such as guilt, envy, jealousy, pride, relief, hope, gratitude, and compassion. Everything important that happens to us arouses emotion.
When Coping Fails Psychotherapy Offers a Solution
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In This Chapter, we explore psychotherapy as a way of dealing with dys functional and distressing emotions. People seek professional help for their emotional problems when they feel miserable, when their hopes and ambitions are blocked or interfered with by these problems, and when their own efforts have not ameliorated their pain and suffering. They may have tried other sources of help, looking to friends, family, or clergy, but the problems remain daunting. This is an age-old story, going back to ancient shamans who, with potions and potent ideas consistent with their cultural traditions, sought to cure emotional problems and the physical symptoms often accompanying them.