bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of the effects of dietary added cupric oxide on the laying, domestic fowl and a comparison with the effects of hydrated copper sulphate
Authors: Jackson N. , Stevenson Mary H. 
Published: June 2005

1. An experiment is reported in which copper, as cupric oxide, was fed to two breeds of laying hen for 336 d at levels equivalent to 150, 300, 450, 600 and 750 mg added Cu/kg diet. The results obtained were compared with those found using similar diets to which the Cu was added as CuSO4. 5H2O.2. Addition of the CuO had no effect on food intake, food conversion efficiency, body-weight or egg production. The CuSO4addition caused the quadratic response of food intake and the adverse effects on food intake, egg production and body-weight noted in previous experiments.3. The CuO had no effect on liver, kidney, ovary, oviduct or gizzard weight per unit body-weight while the CuSO4decreased these with the exception of gizzard weight which was significantly increased.4. CuO addition did not affect liver Cu concentration but CuSO4caused a subtantial increase of liver Cu especially at the 750 mg Cu/kg level of addition.5. CuO addition had no effect on liver lipid concentration but this was depressed at the highest level of CuSO4addition. Effects on individual fatty acids are presented but no specific conclusions have been reached.
Diabolic acids: occurrence and identification in natural products and their metabolism by simple-stomached and ruminant animals
Authors: Hazlewood G. P. , Northrop A. J. , Dawson R. M. C. 
Published: June 2005

1. A method for gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the dimethyl esters of a homologous series of diabolic acids is described.2. Only when combined with low-resolution mass spectrometry could the method be used to show unequivocally the existence of diabolic acids in natural products.3. Diabolic acids occurred naturally in rumen and faecal lipids of all ruminants examined but could not be detected in a number of ruminant tissue samples.4. Infused14C-labelled (C16:0)2diabolic acid was poorly absorbed by both simple-stomached and ruminant animals. Oxidation was more extensive in the ruminant, but there was no evidence of deposition of diabolic acid in the tissues of either animal.
The digestibility of amino acids in the small intestine of the sheep
Authors: Tas M. V. , Evans R. A. , Axford R. F. E. 
Published: June 2005

1. The digestibilities of microbial and food proteins in the small intestine were studied in three sheep fitted with re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum.2. The quantities of microbial and food proteins at the small intestine were varied by infusion of a microbial isolate or by dietary manipulation and the balance of amino acids along the small intestine was determined.3. A mean value of 0.69 for the apparent digestibility and 0.86 for the true digestibility of total amino acids was obtained.4. From the composition of digesta at the duodenum the daily flows of microbial and food proteins were estimated. Their true digestibilities in the small intestine were calculated by regression and found to be: microbial protein 0.87 and food protein 0.82. The mean endogenous loss of amino acids secreted into the small intestine was estimated to be 13.3 g/d.
Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep
Authors: Grovum W. L. 
Published: June 2005

1. Sheep given ground and pelleted lucerne hay (Medicago sativa)ad lib.were infused intravenously with pentagastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and its analogues to assess their effects on motility of the reticulo-rumen and on food intake. In the latter experiments the animals were deprived of their diet for periods of up to 6 h to induce hunger and the infusions were made before and during 3–10 min periods of feeding.2. Pentagastrin, an analogue of gastrin, depressed intake by 35–50% (P< 0.05) when it was infused at 9 μg/kg per h during 30 min of feeding. The threshold may however be below 1 μg/kg per h as this dose decreased intake of 12–17%. The frequency of reticular contractions decreased by 13, 35, 39 and 44% when 1, 3, 9 and 27 μg pentagastrin/kg per h respectively was infused (P> 0.025).3. Secretin depressed food intake 38% after 30 min (P> 0.025) when 8 Clinical Units (CU)/kg per h was infused but the threshold could be less than this dose since 0.5 CU/kg per h depressed intake by 12%. Contraction amplitude but not frequency decreased at 8 CU/kg per h.4. CCK produced a 39% decrease in intake during the first 10 min of feeding (P< 0.05) and the threshold was between 5 and 15 Ivy Dog Units (IDU) or 425 and 1276 pmol/kg per h. The frequency of reticular contractions was not affected by 1.7 IDU/kg per h but it was depressed 21 and 63% by 5 and 15 IDU/kg per h. Octapeptide at 1.5 and 3 μg (1312 and 2624 pmol)/kg per h depressed intake by 11 and 43% respectively after 10 min (not significant) and 1.5 μg/kg per h depressed motility by 39% (P< 0.01). Ceruletide at 810 ng (599 pmol)/kg per h depressed intake by 31% (not significant) after 10 min and decreased motility by 52% (P> 0.05). The threshold dose for ceruletide on intake appeared to be about 90 ng or 66 pmol/kg per h which is considerably less than that for CCK or octapeptide.5. The biological significance of gastrointestinal hormones as signals of satiety in normal sheep is not known since doses of pentagastrin and CCK that suppressed intake also interfered quite markedly with motility. However there is good reason to suspect that elevated concentrations of gastrin and CCK in blood of parasitized sheep may account at least in part for their symptoms of rumen atony and reduced food intakes.
Effect of different levels of dietary molybdenum on copper and Mo metabolism in sheep fed on high levels of Cu
Authors: Ryssen Van , W. J. Stielau 
Published: June 2005

1. Distribution of copper and molybdenum was followed in the body tissues of sheep fed on high levels of Cu (82 mg Cu/sheep per d), sulphur (3·77 g S/sheep per d) and different levels of Mo (0·6 20·8, 38.4 and 58.5 mg Mo/sheep per d).2. Liver Cu content decreased as Mo intake increased from 0.6 to 38.4 mg/d, but increased again at high intakes of Mo. With an Mo intake of 58.5 mg/d, the Cu content of liver, kidney, lung, spleen and muscle tissue was significantly higher than with an intake of 20.8 mg Mo/d. The trend of increased Cu concentrations in kidneys and plasma was already evident at an Mo intake of 38.4 mg/sheep per d.3. High positive correlations were observed between Cu and Mo in both the kidney cortex and medulla of the sheep at the two highest Mo treatments.4. At constant S intake, Mo concentrations in the tissues tended to increase in proportion to Mo intakes. No indication of any detrimental effect due to the accumulation of Mo in the tissues was observed.5. It was suggested that in the presence of an abundance of Mo, Cu and S, compounds containing these minerals in metabolically unavailable forms accumulate in the body, first in the kidneys, but eventually also in the other tissues of the sheep.
Effects of overfeeding by gastric intubation on body composition of adult female rats and on heat production during feeding and fasting
Authors: McCracken K. J. , McNiven Mary A. 
Published: June 2005

1. The effects of overfeeding by gastric intubation on the body composition and energy metabolism of adult female rats were studied in three experiments.2. In Expt 1 there were significant (P < 0·001) linear increases in carcass dry matter, fat and energy during a 10 d period as metabolizable energy (ME) intake was increased from 160 to 300 kJ/d.3. In Expt 2 rats were fed to maintain weight (130 kJ/d) or given approximately 270 kJ/d for 120 d. Measurements of fed and fasting heat production (FHP) were made at intervals. FHP (kJ/d per kg metabolic weight (W0·75)) decreased by 15% over the 120 d period on both treatments. The mean carcass weight of the overfed rats increased from 216 to 465 g, over 90% of the increase being due to fat.4. In Expt 3 rats were fed to maintain weight (137 kJ/d) or given approximately 300 kJ/d for 6, 12, 18, 24 or 30 d. There were significant linear increases (P < 0·001) with time in carcass weight, dry matter, fat and energy. FHP, measured before slaughter, increased from 118 to 160 kJ/d but remained constant at 334 kJ/d per kg W0·75.5. In all three experiments there were significant (P < 0·01) increases in carcass crude protein (nitrogen × 6·25) in response to overfeeding.6. The efficiency of utilization of energy for production (Expt 1) or for maintenance and production (Expts 2 and 3) averaged 0·92, 0·86, 0·88 respectively.7. It is concluded that FHP per kg W0·75 may be regarded as constant over a wide range of body compositions in adult rats made obese by gastric intubation, and that energy utilization conforms to classical concepts.
The influence of protein:energy value of the ration and level of feed intake on the energy and nitrogen metabolism of the growing pig
Authors: Close W. H. , Berschauer F. , Heavens R. P. 
Published: June 2005

1. The heat losses and energy and nitrogen balances of thirty-six individually-housed, entire male pigs (initial body-weight 18–30 kg) were measured over 7 d periods, when they were fed on rations containing 153, 201 and 258 g crude protein (nitrogen × 6·25; CP)/kg dry matter (DM). The rations also contained 16·29, 16·96 and 17·24 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg DM so that the CP:ME values were 9·4, 11·8 and 15·0 g CP/MJ ME respectively. Each ration was given at three levels, 20, 35 and 50 g feed/kg body-weight per d, thus giving nine dietary treatments. The experiments were carried out at an environmental temperature of 22 (±1)°.2. Heat loss (H) increased significantly (P < 0·01) with increase in ME intake. The rate of increase in H was not, however, influenced by the protein content of the ration. Thus, energy retention (ER) at any given level of ME intake was independent of the ration offered. From the relationship between ER and ME, estimates of the maintenance energy requirement (MEm) and the partial efficiency of energy utilization (k) were determined. MEm varied within the range 494–568 kJ/kg body-weight0·75 per d, while k varied from 0·70 to 0·76.3. Both energy and protein intakes had a significant influence upon the rates of protein (P) and fat (F) deposition, and hence body-weight gain. At any given level of feed intake P was higher and F lower the higher the protein content of the ration. However, when compared at similar levels of protein intake, both P and F were reduced the higher the protein content of the ration.4. From the multiple regression equations relating P and F to ME, individual estimates of MEm and the energetic efficiencies of protein (kp) and fat (kF) depositions were determined. Using an overall mean kF value of 0·86, it was calculated that MEm ranged from 462 to 525 kJ/kg body-weight0·75 per d while kp varied from 0·48 to 0·55. The significance of these estimates of kp are discussed in the light of their derivations and in relation to theoretical values.
Nutritional ocular diseases and their association with diarrhoea in Matlab, Bangladesh
Authors: Khan Moslem Uddin , Haque MD. Emdadul , Khan Matiar Rahman 
Published: June 2005

1. The prevalence of visual defects, especially from causes associated with nutritional deficiencies, and their relation to diarrhoea in rural Bangladesh have been studied. A trained physician and a team of health workers examined visual defects in 149 villages, with a total population of 182976.2. According to WHO classification, night blindness (XN) was found in only 0.03 persons/1000 population and 0.04 were found to have conjunctival xerosis (XIA) and Bitot's spot (XIB). Corneal xerosis (X2, X3A, X3B) also was found in 0.04 persons/1000. Night blindness combined with conjunctival xerosis and Bitot's spot (XN + XIA + XIB) was present in 1.69 persons/1000 and all combined stages of active xerophthalmia were seen in 0.06 persons/1000. Xerophthalmia prevailed up to age 19 years. Males had a significantly higher (2.9) incidence/1000 than did females (1.2).3. The total rate of keratomalacial scar for all ages was 0.31 persons/1000, while corneal opacity from other causes was seen in 2.25 persons/1000 population.4. More than 2.06 persons/1000 had ocular manifestations of one or more vitamin A deficiencies, while 4.47 persons/1000 had other ocular diseases, except for cataracts.5. Only 12.0% of all the corneal scars (XS) were due to keratomalacia.6. History of night blindness is a good indicator of vitamin A deficiency. In 96% of cases, night blindness was associated with conjunctival xerosis and Bitot's spot (XN + XIA + XIB).7. The onset of approximately 86% of cases of corneal xerosis (X2, X3A, X3B) and night blindness associated with conjunctival xerosis and Bitot's spot (XN + XIA + XIB) was related to diarrhoea.
The development of cold-induced thermogenesis and the structure of brown adipocyte mitochondria in genetically-obese (ob/ob) mice
Authors: Hull D. , Vinter J. 
Published: June 2005

1. The onset of cold-induced thermogenesis was studied in a strain of mice which produced among their offspring genetically-obese (ob/ob) individuals. A thermogenic response was present in a majority by day 5 after birth.2. The thermogenic response to cold was measured on days 5, 10 or 15 after birth, and the animals reared and the onset of obesity noted. The correlation between the subsequent development of obesity and a poor thermogenic response in early life was low.3. A poor thermogenic response at day 15 was associated with the presence in brown adipocytes of mitochondria with disordered internal structures.4. At day 42 both non-obese and obviously-obese mice showed a similar thermogenic response to moderate cold exposure.5. It would seem that in this strain of mice disordered internal mitochondria1 structure in brown adipose tissue is associated with a poor thermogenic response to cold, but not invariably with the subsequent onset of obesity.
Chromium in human milk from American mothers
Authors: Casey Clare E. , Michael Hambidge K. 
Published: June 2005

1. The chromium concentration was determined in 261 samples of breast milk collected by manual expression from forty-five American women.2. Cr was measured in whole, liquid milk by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry, using the method of standard additions.3. The mean Cr content of the breast milk samples was 0.30 ng/ml. The range of individual values was 0.06–1.56 ng/ml and did not change significantly with duration of lactation.4. The Cr content of breast milk from these American women is similar to levels reported recently in milk from Finnish women.
Abomasal emptying in sheep as related to the amount of protein entering the abomasums
Authors: Bruchem J. Van , Van Der Lende T. , De Swart J. G. , Bangma G. A. 
Published: June 2005

1. In sheep, provided with re-entrant cannulas in the caudal duodenum and with an infusion tube into the abomasal fundus, emptying of the liquid phase of the abomasal contents was studied with [57Co]EDTA. Radioactivity was measured continuously with Geiger-Müller counters placed along the re-entrant cannulas.2. It appeared that first-order kinetics could be applied to the elimination of [57Co]EDTA from the abomasum. Mean retention time of this label in the abomasum was 40–50 min.3. Infusion of a suspension of soya-bean protein in saline (9 g sodium chloride/l) caused an initially decreased rate of abomasal emptying, but after 48 h an adaptation had occurred to the original rate of emptying producing an increased volume of abomasal contents and increased flow-rate of digesta into the duodenum.
The voluntary food intake by growing pigs of diets containing ‘treated’ rapeseed meals or extracts of rapeseed meal
Authors: Lee Pauline A. , Pittam Sharon , Hill R. 
Published: June 2005

1. The intake by growing pigs of a diet containing British rapeseed meal (Brsm) extracted once with water was greater than that of a similar diet containing untreated Brsm, and a diet containing Brsm extracted twice with water was eaten more readily than one containing Brsm extracted once with water. Treatment of Brsm with slaked lime increased slightly its acceptability by growing pigs.2. The addition of a water extract of Brsm to a soya-bean meal (Sbm) diet reduced voluntary intake compared with the voluntary intake of the same Sbm diet with water added. Addition to the diet of a water extract passed through an anion exchange column increased food intake but if a cation exchange column was used there was no effect on intake.3. Treated rapeseed meals and extracts were analysed for glucosinolates, sinapine and tannins; the results indicated that glucosinolates rather than sinapine or tannin were associated with low feed intake.
The hydrogenation of somecis- andtrans-octadecenoic acids to stearic acid by a rumenFusocillussp.
Authors: Kemp Patrick , Lander David J. , Gunstone Frank D. 
Published: June 2005

1. The hydrogenation of a range of double-bond positional and configurational octadecenoic acid isomers (cis (δ2 and δ4 to δ13) and trans (δ2 and δ5 to δ13)) to stearic acid by a rumen Fusocillus sp. were examined.2. The cis and trans δS to δ13 isomers were all hydrogenated to some extent by late-log-phase cultures added to suspensions of individual isomers and incubated for a further 3 h. Of the cis-isomers, δ5 to δll (79–73% conversion to stearic acid) were the preferred substrates. δ24s- (30%) and δ13-cis-isomers ( 5 % ) were poorly hydrogenated. Of the trans-isomers, δ8, δ9 and δ10 were 45% converted to stearic acid, the other isomers were poorly hydrogenated. These results are in agreement with less extensive studies using sheep rumen micro-organisms.3. When cultures were grown from small inocula in media containing individual isomers more extensive hydrogenation was found than with late-log-phase cultures. At 24 h, cis δ2, δ4 and δ5 gave the highest conversions to stearic acid (90%) followed by the cis δ6 to δ12 and trans δ8 to δ10 isomers (approximately 75%), although at 6 and 12 h δ9-trans gave higher yields of stearic acid than δ9-cis, probably because the growth of the cis cultures showed a longer log-phase.
The hydrogenation of the series of methylene-interruptedcis,cis-octadecadienoic acids by pure cultures of six rumen bacteria
Authors: Kemp Patrick , Lander David J. , Holman R. T. 
Published: June 2005

1. The hydrogenation of all the methylene-interrupted cis, cis-octadecadienoic acids was examined using pure cultures of six rumen bacteria able to hydrogenate linoleic acid to stearic acid or its immediate precursor, trans-1 1-octadecenoic acid, after first conjugating the linoleic acid to cis,truns-9, 1 1-octadecadienoic acid.2. Only the Δ 14-cis, 17-cis-isomer was not hydrogenated by at least one of the bacteria and no evidence was found that conjugation was necessary before hydrogenation except for the Δ 2-cis,5-cis- and Δ 9-cis, 12-cis-isomers. Several isomers were hydrogenated to an extent close to that achieved with linoleic acid (Δ 9-cis, 124s).3. Those bacteria only able to hydrogenate linoleic to trans-1 1-octadecenoic acid gave only octadecenoic acid products and those bacteria able to hydrogenate linoleic acid to stearic gave variable yields of octadecenoic acids and stearic acid except with the isomers Δ 12-cis, 15-cis and Δ 13-cis, Idcis when only octadecenoic acids were detected.4. At the substrate levels used (20 μg/ml), both inhibition and stimulation of growth were found but no common pattern emerged, nor was the growth consistently related to the extent of hydrogenation.
Measurement of short-term changes in the fat content of the body: a comparison of three methods in patients receiving intravenous nutrition
Authors: Almond D. J. , King R. F. G. J. , Burkinshaw L. , Oxby C. B. , McMahon M. J. 
Published: June 2005

1. Three methods of measuring changes in body fat were compared in seventeen patients undergoing a 2-week course of intravenous nutrition. Patients received all nutrition intraveneously at a steady rate of infusion, calculated to supply energy at a rate equal to 1.5 times the resting metabolic expenditure measured before feeding. Fat change was estimated from measurements of skinfold thickness, by isotopic methods (neutron-activation analysis and dilution of tritiated water) and by daily analysis of expired gases.2. The mean (with 1 SEM) gain in fat over the 2-week period was 1.14 (0.30) kg for skinfold measurement, 0.53 (0.62) kg for isotopic determination and 1.29 (0.22) kg for expired-gas analysis. There were no significant differences between the mean gains in fat measured by the three methods.3. The results show that expired-gas analysis is the most sensitive technique, measuring change in fat content with an estimated precision of 0.26 kg. The isotopic method is less sensitive, with a precision of 2.38 kg, but provides a detailed description of body composition. In contrast to these highly-specialized techniques, both of which have limited application, the simple technique of measurement of skinfolds occupies an intermediate position of sensitivity, with a precision for measuring change in fat content of 0.85 kg, and also has the potential to measure total body fat content.
Response of male and female rats to undernutrition
Authors: Harris Patricia M. , Hodgson Diane F. , Broadhurst R. B. 
Published: June 2005

1. In two separate trials male and female Wistar rats, 12 weeks of age, were either killed as a preliminary control group,ad lib.-fed or undernourished for 4 weeks until one-third of their 12-week body-weight was lost.2. Food intakes, urinary and faecal collections and measurements of standard metabolic rate were made at one-weekly intervals on both thead lib.-fed and undernourished animals of both sexes.3. The bodies of the preliminary controls, thead lib.-fed and the undernourished animals of both sexes were analysed for protein and fat, and the weights of four fat depots, two muscles and the major organs of all groups were determined.4. Measurements of lipid synthesis rate (LSR) and lipoprotein lipase (EC 3.1.1.34) (LPL) activity in the four fat depots and measurements of whole-body protein synthesis rates were carried out on animals of both sexes in each group.5. Although both sexes lost the same proportion of body-weight the females required more food on a body-weight basis than the males during the undernutrition period. The females absorbed significantly more energy on a body-weight basis during undernutrition and so were less efficient than the males at withstanding nutritional stress.6. There were no significant differences between males and females, on a body-weight basis, in the excretion of nitrogenous waste products (urinary nitrogen, creatinine, hydroxyproline or NT-methylhystidine) suggesting that there were no differences between the sexes in protein sparing during undernutrition.7. There were no differences between males and females in the proportions of body fat and protein used during the period of undernutrition or in the sites of the body from which the protein and fat were mobilized.8. There were no differences between males and females in the way they responded to undernutrition by altering LSR, LPL activity or whole-body protein synthesis rates. Both undernourished males and undernourished females maintained synthesis of lipid, on a per g tissue basis and whole-body protein synthesis at the level found in well-nourished animals of the same sex.