bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrooptical properties of free‐standing polymer‐stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal films
Authors: Fujikake Hideo , Murashige Takeshi , Yonai Jun , Kikuchi Hiroshi , Kawakita Masahiro , Takizawa Kuniharu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe evaluated the electrooptical properties of free‐standing films based on ferroelectric liquid crystals stabilized by a rigid aligned polymer network in anticipation of future development of lightweight, large‐area flexible film displays. It was shown that the mechanical strength of the film increased at higher concentration of added monomer, while the speed of electrooptical response declined. This could be a result of restricted switching of the liquid crystal molecules due to their interaction with the surface of the solidified polymer. Although the contrast ratio decreased at higher polymer concentrations, when the concentration of the dispersed polymer was high enough to provide free‐standing ability, 100:1 or higher contrast ratios were achieved. In addition, the threshold voltage required for liquid crystal molecular switching was spatially changed due to polymer dispersion, resulting in the appearance of a grayscale display function. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(5): 35–42, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.1105
Performance comparison of (1,7) RLL coded PRML systems and 16/17 (0,6/6) coded PRML systems in perpendicular magnetic recording using double‐layered media
Authors: Okamoto Yoshihiro , Ashikaga Hiroshi , Saito Hidetoshi , Osawa Hisashi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe performance of a partial response maximum likelihood (PRML) system in perpendicular magnetic recording that uses double‐layered media perpendicular to the MR head is evaluated. The codes of (1,7) RLL and 16/17 (0,6/6), which are commonly used in modern hard disk equipment, are used as the recording codes. The relationship between the normalized linear density and the desired SNR at the reading point for a bit error rate of 10−4 is determined from a computer simulation, assuming equalization by a transversal filter, and a comparative study is performed. It is shown that a (1,7) RLL coded PRML system has better performance when the recording density is comparatively low. For high recording density, a 16/17 (0,6/6) coded PRML system has shown better performance. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(5): 43–49, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.1106
Stabilization of a large‐capacity, long‐distance transmission system by a combination of a system damping resistor and an adjustable speed flywheel generator
Authors: Chida Takuji , Tsukada Eiichi , Goto Ken , Sanekata Jun , Amano Masahiko , Makino Junichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA system damping resistor (SDR), which is a type of stabilizing equipment, is especially effective in decelerating the first synchronous generators' acceleration. An adjustable speed flywheel generator (FWG) is effective not only in decelerating the first acceleration but also in improving the dynamic stability.We have studied the combined effect of the SDR and FWG for a model network with a large‐capacity long‐distance transmission system. It has two types of instability mode. One is immediate step‐out type by unbalanced fault such as same‐phase 1LG‐OC (1 Φ2LG‐OC). The other is dynamic unstable type by balanced fault such as 3LG‐O. We found that SDR–FWG combination using proper control method has the effect of decreasing total capacity, yielding economical advantages. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(3): 52–62, 2002
Hybrid‐type immittance converter
Authors: Irie Hisaichi , Kawabata Yuichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe immittance converter has an input impedance that is proportional to the admittance of a load connected across output terminals. Therefore, in this converter, the output current is proportional to the input voltage and the input current is proportional to the output voltage. Consequently, it converts a constant‐voltage source into a constant‐current source and a constant‐current source into a constant‐voltage source.It is well know that the quarter‐wavelength transmission line shows immittance conversion characteristics. However, it has a very long line length for the switching frequency of converters and is not suitable for power electronics application. Thus, we proposed five types of immittance converters that consist of lumped elements L and C and showed improved immittance conversion characteristics at a resonant frequency.The output characteristics and efficiency characteristics of an immittance converter are the most important parameter when it is used in practical applications in a high‐frequency link. In this paper, we show voltage–current transformation characteristics, current–voltage transformation characteristics, and efficiency characteristics of a hybrid‐type immittance converter which consist of L and C elements with losses. The excellent characteristics were confirmed analytically and experimentally. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(3): 80–86, 2002
Flow cytometric enumeration of micronucleated reticulocytes: High transferability among 14 laboratories
Authors: Torous Dorothea K. , Hall Nikki E. , Dertinger Stephen D. , Diehl Marilyn S. , Illi‐Love Anne H. , Cederbrant Karin , Sandelin Kerstin , Bolcsfoldi George , Ferguson Lynnette R. , Pearson Amira , Majeska Jenness B. , Tarca James P. , Hewish Dean R. , Doughty Larissa , Fenech Michael , Weaver James L. , Broud Dennis D. , Gatehouse David G. , Hynes Geoffrey M. , Kwanyuen Puntipa , McLean Jack , McNamee James P. , Parenteau Monique , Van Hoof Veerle , Vanparys Philippe , Lenarczyk Marek , Siennicka Joanna , Litwinska Bogumila , Slowikowska Maria G. , Harbach Philip R. , Johnson Carol W. , Zhao Shuou , Aaron Charles S. , Lynch Anthony M. , Marshall Ian C. , Rodgers Brenda , Tometsko Carol R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis laboratory previously described a single‐laser flow cytometric method, which effectively resolves micronucleated erythrocyte populations in rodent peripheral blood samples. Even so, the rarity and variable size of micronuclei make it difficult to configure instrument settings consistently and define analysis regions rationally to enumerate the cell populations of interest. Murine erythrocytes from animals infected with the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei contain a high prevalence of erythrocytes with a uniform DNA content. This biological model for micronucleated erythrocytes offers a means by which the micronucleus analysis regions can be rationally defined, and a means for controlling interexperimental variation. The experiments described herein were performed to extend these studies by testing whether malaria‐infected erythrocytes could also be used to enhance the transferability of the method, as well as control intra‐ and interlaboratory variation. For these studies, blood samples from mice infected with malaria, or treated with vehicle or the clastogen methyl methanesulfonate, were fixed and shipped to collaborating laboratories for analysis. After configuring instrumentation parameters and guiding the position of analysis regions with the malaria‐infected blood samples, micronucleated reticulocyte frequencies were measured (20,000 reticulocytes per sample). To evaluate both intra‐ and interlaboratory variation, five replicates were analyzed per day, and these analyses were repeated on up to five separate days. The data of 14 laboratories presented herein indicate that transferability of this flow cytometric technique is high when instrumentation is guided by the biological standard Plasmodium berghei. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:59–68, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three R's of bacterial evolution: How replication, repair, and recombination frame the origin of species
Authors: Brown Eric W. , LeClerc J. Eugene , Kotewicz Michael L. , Cebula Thomas A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe genetic diversity of bacteria results not only from errors in DNA replication and repair but from horizontal exchange and recombination of DNA sequences from similar and disparate species as well. New individuals carrying adaptive changes are thus being spawned constantly among the population at large. When new selection pressures appear, these are the individuals that survive, at the expense of the general population, to forge new populations. Depending on the severity and uniqueness of the selection pressure, this could lead to new speciation. It is becoming more and more evident that, as nucleotide sequences of numerous loci from many bacterial strains continue to amass, horizontal transfer has played a key role in configuring the Escherichia coli chromosome. Here, we examine views, both old and new, for the role of recombination in the evolution of bacterial chromosomes. We present novel phylogenetic evidence for horizontal transfer of three genes involved in DNA replication and repair (mutS, uvrD, and polA). These data reveal a prominent role for horizontal transfer in the evolution of genes known to play a key role in the fidelity of DNA replication and, thus, ultimate survival of the organism. Our data underscore that recombination plays both a diversifying and a homogenizing role in defining the structure of the E. coli genome. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:248–260, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A displacement‐based approach for the seismic design of continuous concrete bridges
Authors: Kowalsky Mervyn J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA displacement‐based design procedure for continuous concrete bridges is proposed which can be incorporated into a performance‐based design philosophy. The procedure is applicable to multi‐degree‐of‐freedom bridges with flexible or rigid superstructures, and for varying degrees of abutment restraint. The background and development of the design procedure is presented first, followed by a series of examples and validation studies using dynamic inelastic time‐history analysis. The procedure is applied to the transverse response of bridge structures; however, it is equally well‐suited for longitudinal response. The results indicate that the process is able to capture non‐linear deformation patterns and thus reasonably control damage. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in coping styles and recovery after inpatient treatment for severe eating disorders
Authors: Bloks Hans , Spinhoven Philip , Callewaert Ineke , Willemse‐Koning Cejoma , Turksma Anouk 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFifty‐six patients with anorexia nervosa (19 restrictive type, 37 purging/bulimic type) and 32 patients with bulimia nervosa, purging type, filled in questionnaires at admission to an eating disorder unit, again at discharge and 6 months later. Among these questionnaires was the UCL, the Utrecht Coping List, a Dutch questionnaire on coping styles. To determine the association between changes in coping styles and changes in eating symptomatology and psychological functioning during treatment, correlations were calculated. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess the portion of the variance of the measurements at follow‐up that could be predicted by the coping styles at the end of treatment. Patients reported significant changes in coping styles in a favourable direction during treatment. Compared with normal controls, their coping styles at the end of the treatment were still more avoiding, more passive and more palliative reacting. They also made more use of reassuring thoughts, and less of active tackling and seeking of social support. The status of the patients 6 months after discharge was very well predicted by their status at discharge. After multiple regression analysis we found for both anorectic and bulimic patients that if they, at the end of the treatment made more use of the coping style reassuring thoughts, this would contribute to the prediction of a better status at follow‐up. Bulimic patients that at the end of the treatment made less use of the coping style palliative reacting, had a better status at follow‐up. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Selection of a staggered grid for inertia‐gravity waves in shallow water
Authors: Beckers J. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe problem of accuracy in propagating inertia‐gravity waves on Arakawa grids is investigated. It is shown that the sole analysis of spatial discretization and the recommendation of the B‐grid for coarse resolution models and C‐grid for high resolution models must be re‐analysed when time discretization is taken into account as well. For a chosen time discretization, a coarse C‐grid is shown for example, to increase precision when using larger time‐steps (up to the stability limit) whereas the precision of the B‐grid decreases. Here, an analysis of error for different grids in function of the space–time resolutions and computational costs is presented and some recommendations on the choice of the particular staggered grid for a given application are outlined. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limits to linear price behavior: futures prices regulated by limits
Authors: Hall Anthony D. , Kofman Paul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article analyzes the behavior of futures prices when the exchange is regulated by price limits. With a model analogous to exchange‐rate target‐zone models, we tested for the existence of a nonlinear S‐shape relation between observed and theoretical futures prices. This phenomenon reflects the adjustments in traders’ expectations even when limits are not actually hit. The approach is illustrated for five agricultural futures contracts traded at the Chicago Board of Trade. There is some evidence of nonlinearity in quiet periods. In cases of fundamental realignments, that is, volatile periods, this nonlinearity disappears. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:463–488, 2001
“One‐pot” synthesis of (Z)‐2‐aryl‐1‐(2‐cyanoethyl)ethenylphosphonates via hexamethylphosphoramide‐promoted sequential transformation
Authors: Wang Guoping , Shen Yanchang 
Published: August 2002

Abstract(Z)‐2‐Aryl‐1‐(2‐cyanoethyl)ethenylphosphonates were synthesized by the hexamethylphosphoramide‐promoted sequential transformation of tetra‐alkyl methanediphosphonates, by the action of potassium tert‐butoxide, and then by acrylonitrile and aldehydes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:116–119, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10004
Financing health care at the local level: the community drug funds of Honduras†
Authors: Fiedler John L. , Wight Jonathan B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn response to UNICEF's Bamako Initiative, hundreds of privately run Community Drug Funds were established in Honduras during the 1990s, generally under the auspices of a non‐government organization and usually with the financial assistance of international agencies. Honduras' Community Drug Funds (CDF) are rotating drug funds intended to: (1) serve as a means of increasing access to care in isolated rural populations, (2) promote the more rational use of medicines and (3) promote community participation in the financing and oversight of primary health care activities. This study is the first to analyse empirically the impact and efficiency of these institutions, relying upon primary data obtained from a survey of 51 of the 450 active CDFs in Honduras. Archival data from Ministry of Health and other sources were also analysed. The structure, operations, and impact of CDFs are detailed, with special attention given to access and quality of care issues. The study found that CDFs are rapidly becoming under‐capitalized because of basic management problems, principally in pricing and in medicine purchasing practices. These shortcomings, and more generally, increasing financial pressures on NGO sponsors, are negatively affecting quality and access to care. Given the rate of erosion in CDF assets, unless they are recapitalized, the current average estimated lifespan of a CDF is 5.5 years. If these funds are to be sustainable, changes in their financing, training and supervision will be required. In addressing these issues, Honduran health policy‐makers must decide how best to balance the competing goals of holding down costs, while maintaining adequate quality and improving access to care. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Matching training methods and factors of cognitive ability: A means to improve training outcomes
Authors: Carter Shani D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe author examines the relationship between training methods and factors of cognitive ability in order to
determine whether a match between these variables will increase learning. Lecture‐based and
case‐study‐based training were conducted using a repeated‐measure design. Predictive validity
of verbal comprehension, verbal reasoning, and general reasoning abilities for learning from the two training
methods were examined by way of MANOVA and multiple regression. Results indicate that knowledge gained in
lecture‐based training was significantly related to verbal comprehension ability, and knowledge gained in
case‐study‐based training was significantly related to general reasoning ability. The article
discusses implications for designing training programs and for future research.
The Implications of ADA Litigation for Employers: A Review of Federal Appellate Court Decisions
Authors: Lee Barbara A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAnalysis of litigation outcomes indicates that most plaintiffs who sue under the Americans with Disabilities Act are unsuccessful. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission enforcement data and six years of federal appellate court decisions were reviewed, as well as recent rulings of the United States Supreme Court. The courts are interpreting the ADA very narrowly, and very few plaintiffs prevail. The results of this research suggest that if employers engage in an individualized assessment of whether an individual is protected by the law and whether the requested accommodation is reasonable, legal liability will be minimized. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ablation patterns of snow cover over smooth first‐year sea ice in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Iacozza J. , Barber D. G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe examine the temporal evolution of snow distribution over first‐year sea ice from late winter to the period when melt ponds form. Our objectives are to model snowmelt over first‐year sea ice and investigate how melt rate affects the transmission of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). These objectives are a subcomponent of a larger initiative to examine the coupling of physical and biological systems within a changing ocean–sea‐ice–atmosphere system (Iacozza J, Barber. 2000. C‐ICE 2000 Field Summary. CEOSTEC‐2000‐12‐01. CEOS, University of Manitoba).Results indicate that the melt rate for the snow cover is non‐uniform both spatially and temporally, with decreasing rates for increasing snow depths. At depths greater than approximately 16 cm the melt rate is fairly consistent (approximately 3·5% day−1). The melt rate was best modelled using a quadratic equation, accounting for 71·5% of the variation in the melt rate. This melt‐rate equation was used to estimate the evolution of a statistical snow surface based on Iacozza and Barber (1999. Atmosphere–Ocean 37: 21–51) and to examine the transmission of PAR through the melt period. Analysis of the PAR transmission indicated that, as the melt season progressed, a greater amount of PAR is transmitted through the snow and ice and that this transmission is controlled by the ablation rate of different thicknesses of snow. The variation in PAR over the study area also increased as the melt season progressed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phosphorus and dissolved silicon dynamics in the River Swale catchment, UK: a mass‐balance approach
Authors: Bowes M. J. , House W. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe internal riverine processes acting upon phosphorus and dissolved silicon were investigated along a 55 km stretch of the River Swale during four monitoring campaigns. Samples of river water were taken at 3 h intervals at sites on the main river and the three major tributaries. Samples were analysed for soluble reactive phosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus, total phosphorus, dissolved silicon and suspended solid concentration. Mass‐balances for each determinand were calculated by comparing the total load entering the river with the total load measured at the downstream site. The difference, i.e. the residual load, showed that there was a large retention of phosphorus and silicon within the system during the March 1998 flood event, but the other three campaigns produced net‐exports.Cumulative residual loads were calculated for each determinand at 6 h intervals throughout each campaign. This incremental approach showed that the mass‐balance residuals followed relatively consistent patterns under various river discharges. During stable low‐flow, there was a retention of particulate phosphorus within the system and also a retention of total dissolved phosphorus and soluble reactive phosphorus, most likely caused by the sorption of soluble phosphorus by bed‐sediments. In times of high river‐discharge, there was a mobilization and export of stored bed‐sediment phosphorus. During overbank flooding, there was a large retention (58% of total input) of particulate phosphorus within the system, due to the mass deposition of phosphorus‐rich sediment onto the floodplain. Soluble phosphorus was also retained within the system by sequestration from the water column by the high concentration of suspended solids.The dissolved silicon mass‐balance residuals had a less consistent pattern in relation to river discharge. There was a large retention of dissolved silicon during overbank flooding, possibly due to sorption onto floodplain soil, and net‐exports during periods of both stable low‐flow and rising limbs of hydrographs, due to release of dissolved silicon from pore‐waters. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro and in vivo downregulation of MRP1 by antisense oligonucleotides: A potential role in neuroblastoma therapy
Authors: Kuss Bryone J. , Corbo Margherita , Lau Wen Min , Fennell Dean A. , Dean Nicholas M. , Cotter Finbarr E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe expression of MRP1 (multidrug resistance protein‐1) is associated with chemoresistance and poor prognosis in neuroblastoma. MRP1 antisense oligonucleotides were used in an in vivo mouse‐human xenograft model of neuroblastoma to downregulate MRP1. The MRP1 ASO reduced protein levels of MRP1 to an average of 40% of the nil treated controls (p = 0.007). There was significant chemosensitisation to single‐agent chemotherapy, VP16 (etoposide), at 1 μg/mL (p = 0.035) and 10 μg/mL (p = 0.02) in comparison to tumours not receiving oligonucleotides. In contrast, MDR1‐ASO produced significant chemosensitisation only at 10 μg/mL of VP16 (p = 0.029). No significant chemosensitisation was seen following nonsense oligonucleotides. The downregulation of MRP1 was also associated with an increase in tumour cell death (79% increase in apoptosis index p = 0.0313) and a reduction in cell turnover (42% reduction in mitotic index p = 0.0313), which was not seen with any other oligonucleotide. This new and novel perspective of MRP1 function, which is an apparent involvement in apoptosis and cell cycle progression in neuroblasts, presents a fresh avenue for investigation of the biologic consequences of MRP1 expression that occurs in many tumour cell types. Our work is the first to concurrently explore the effects of downregulation of MRP1 and MDR1 by antisense oligonucleotides in a neuroblastoma xenograft model. It provides rationale for the investigation of therapy adjuvants such as antisense oligonucleotides in the treatment of this malignancy. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.