bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Some Credit”
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers Beaufort as the command center of the US federal government’s Port Royal Experiment and the clearing house for freedom seekers who could make their way there on foot or by water to Union lines. It points out enslavers that still held people a few miles west of Beaufort, months after the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect. It also details how the Creoles who had been enslaved in different places made contact with one another for the first time. The chapter highlights the return of the Combahee refugees from a successful raid into the Confederate enemy’s country, bringing home 780 freedom seekers and valuable Confederate property. It explores the extensive damage that Colonel James Montgomery, the Second South Carolina, and Third Rhode Island Artillery did to private property.
Reaping Dead Men
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the letter journalist Frank Sanborn published in the Boston Commonwealth, where he made it clear that Harriet Tubman needed contributions to continue her work in South Carolina. It mentions women’s rights activist Amelia Jenks Bloomer, who wrote that a woman’s slavery to clothes made her a corseted, crippled, dragged-down creature and that women should be free. It also highlights William Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator, which published several articles in the early 1850’s about the virtues of bloomer costume for reform-minded women, including women’s rights activists and abolitionists. The chapter points out Harriet Tubman’s pride in wearing pants and carrying a musket, haversack, and canteen on expeditions. It recounts Tubman’s work at the Contraband Hospital No. 5, which was a refuge for freedom seekers in Union-occupied Beaufort.
Beyond Distress Screening
Authors: Zebrack Brad , Doherty Meredith , Ellis Katrina 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Managing distress in cancer patients via a comprehensive system of screening, assessment, triage, intervention, and outcome monitoring is an evidence-informed approach to whole-person care that optimizes a range of health and quality-of-life outcomes. The chapter addresses the importance of assessing patients’ material needs, as well as their psychological and emotional concerns, as necessary for reducing distress and delivering high-quality cancer care, particularly for patients from socially marginalized and historically oppressed populations. It emphasizes structural competency—an understanding and acknowledgment within clinical care settings of how social and environmental factors influence vulnerability and needs among cancer patients—as critical for mitigating distress among cancer patients and achieving health equity. Achieving enhanced patient experience, improved population health, and cost containment will require a transformation of medical care, in general, and cancer care, specifically, including role delineation and standardization of competencies for oncology and palliative care social workers.
Leadership Development in Oncology and Palliative Care Social Work
Authors: Damaskos Penelope , Mathew Linda , Jackson LaKeisha 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes leadership efforts that promote the unique functions and challenges leaders face in oncology and palliative care social work. The chapter reviews current oncology and palliative care social work training programs. It also discusses the challenges and opportunities to develop leadership skills at the macro, mezzo, and micro areas of practice. This chapter covers leadership training specifically for Black, Indigenous, people of color (people/persons of color); Asian American, Pacific Islander (AAPI); and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex (LBGTQI) social workers throughout their professional development. This chapter also includes best practices for leadership development through educational forums, supervision, and diversification of social work staff as goals both for leadership development and professional growth.
Capturing the Contribution of International Oncology and Palliative Social Work
Authors: Lee Geok Ling , Wan Chan Cecilia Lai 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses person-centered care in an international context, focusing on patients and family with diverse ethnic and religious backgrounds. This chapter introduces elements in culture- and religion-sensitive social work practices in oncology and palliative care. The concepts of emotional and spiritual pain and suffering, use of rituals, and creative innovations in oncology and palliative social work are discussed with special reference to Chinese, Indian, and Muslim religious perspectives. The chapter also addresses how challenges that naturally arise during the trajectory of the cancer journey overlapped with the world pandemic of COVID-19. The case studies suggest potential innovations in culturally safe care.
Collaborations to Improve Maternal Health
Authors: Cilenti Dorothy , Buzi Ruth S. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Cross-sector collaborations are alliances among partners from various sectors, including health, education, and business, working together to address complex issues. These alliances are key to addressing inequities in maternal health outcomes. The seven chapters in this section outline examples of successful collaborations, provide information on barriers to, and facilitators of, successful collaboration, or describe opportunities to engage with traditional or nontraditional stakeholders invested in maternal health. Community engagement is also important in building cross-sector collaborations aimed at addressing inequities. The chapters of this section will give readers a better understanding of models for collaborations and community engagement that can be adapted and employed to address inequities in maternal health.
Bringing Together Clinical and Community Partners for Better Patient Care: Bootheel Perinatal Network
Authors: Gleason Barbara , Burger Rebecca , Nesselrodt Morgan , Kendig Susan , Adimu Tanisa Foxworth 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
With the high rates of rural hospital closures, birthing people living in rural communities face challenges in accessing clinical maternity care. One solution is the clinical–community approach, which is a framework for integrating clinical partners with community-based organizations. In 2019, the Maternal and Child Health Bureau’s Rural Maternity and Obstetrics Management Strategies (RMOMS) program provided funding for the clinical–community approach. This chapter provides an overview of the history of collaboration among partners in the RMOMS Bootheel Perinatal Network (BPN). The chapter describes BPN strategies, challenges, and solutions for improving maternal health outcomes in the Missouri Bootheel region as well as a framework for effective collaboration that results in the successful implementation of maternal health strategies in rural communities.
The Broward Healthy Start Program: Cross-Sector Collaboration—Improving Pregnancy Outcomes and Birth Equity Using a Collective-Impact Framework
Authors: Ronik Marci , King Monica Figueroa , Remikie Sharetta , Wilson Roneé 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In Broward County, Florida, community-invested stakeholders including funders, health care providers, and community members, across various sectors and systems formed a collaborative to address infant and maternal mortality. The Broward County Healthy Babies are Worth the Wait® (HBWW) initiative chose to use collective impact (CI) and results-based accountability (RBA) as frameworks for their collaborative. The initiative also used quantitative and qualitative data to inform decisions and to assess progress. In this chapter we describe how HBWW integrated the five conditions of CI and the strategies of RBA. Additionally, we discuss the importance of prioritizing Black women’s narratives and provide a list of the key components for successful collaboration.
Equity and Systemic Racism
Authors: Webb Jonathan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Community-based organizations have on-the-ground experience with health inequities, such as maternal mortality and morbidity, and understand the social determinants of health that contribute to these inequities, including racism. Building strong partnerships is necessary to change systems that contribute to these inequities. When a group of multi-sector partners came together to test change ideas to improve Black maternal health in Atlanta, there were unique challenges and opportunities. This chapter explores this experience and how building quality improvement capacity among partners, centering the voices of Black women, using an equity framework, and fostering shared leadership facilitated tests of change to improve Black maternal health outcomes in an urban, southeastern city.
Garbage In, Garbage Out: Examining How Maternal Health Data Tools Misuse Race
Authors: Plaisime Marie V. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The data systems we have are only as good as the data metrics we use. We often use medial tools, calculators, and algorithms as part of data systems and as ways to examine maternal health. This chapter describes two examples of data tools that are based on flawed data and that can lead to poor perceptions and negative beliefs about Black women. The vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) calculator and body mass index (BMI) are commonly used to assess maternal health conditions, but they rely on biased, racialized data. There have been updates to the VBAC calculator to mitigate poor health outcomes, but there is no consensus about ongoing use of BMI. Stakeholders who are making decisions about research or patient health using these tools must consider the origins of these and other measures and think critically about the implications of such tools for maternal healthcare. The chapter includes a list of key questions investigators can ask before beginning a research project.
Innovations to Improve Maternal Health
Authors: Verbiest Sarah , Beltran Monica 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Innovations are defined as new processes, policies, products, or programs aimed at improving maternal health. This section covers innovations in mindsets and approaches; renaissance of practices previously ignored or deemed inappropriate; technology, such as telemedicine and telehealth; and models to address mental health. Innovations should be evaluated by, and created with, the communities we serve. Organizations that prioritize reproductive justice, maternal and child health, and social determinants of health are leading the development of innovations that can reduce inequities in maternal health outcomes.
Innovations in Virtual Care
Authors: deRosset Leslie , Neeley Halle , Palmquist Aunchalee 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Telemedicine has been used since the 1950s to provide specialized healthcare to patients who could not otherwise access needed services. However, it was not until the late 1980s and early 1990s that technological advancements allowed telemedicine to become more available to both patients and healthcare providers. Between 2016 and 2019, telemedicine utilization in the United States doubled, from 14% to 28%. Telemedicine and telehealth help patients and healthcare providers to communicate using electronic platforms that include audio and video that are either synchronous or asynchronous. Since its inception, telehealth has failed to address the structural inequities of access to healthcare. Access to telemedicine, telehealth, and remote services is not equitable in the United States. Telehealth is most challenging for people with low digital literacy, those who are non-English-speaking and need an interpreter, people living in rural areas (where broadband is insufficient or limited), and those without access to computers or devices (or who must share them with other family members).
Driving Access, Health Equity, and Innovation in Maternal Healthcare through Medicaid
Authors: Smith Jessica C. , Heberlein Emily , Snyder Angela , Minyard Karen 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Medicaid’s effects on healthcare access, health equity, and innovations in maternal health. Approximately half of women who are uninsured when they become pregnant gain access to insurance coverage through Medicaid or CHIP (the Children’s Health Insurance Program). The coverage provides access to the full range of Medicaid benefits, allowing women to receive care in inpatient and outpatient settings, to fill prescriptions, and to receive services from healthcare providers from the time they become pregnant through at least 60 days after delivery. While variation can lead to disparities in healthcare access and quality between states, it can also spur innovation, so that state programs can learn from one another and work with their communities to design the most appropriate care for the populations covered.
The Role of the Family Physician in Pregnancy Care: Striving for Birth Equity and Reducing Maternal Morbidity and Mortality
Authors: Wood Julie K. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
If society and the healthcare system are to address the inequities in health outcomes, particularly for rural and BIPOC [Black, Indigenous, and People of Color] women, they must embrace the challenge and train the next generations of family physicians to provide maternal healthcare. To understand family physicians’ potential role to improve pregnancy-related health outcomes, the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) convened a Task Force on Maternal Morbidity and Mortality based on action taken by the AAFP’s policymaking body, the AAFP Congress of Delegates. The AAFP supports dissemination, participation, and use of evidence-based tools, such as the Alliance for Innovation on Maternal Health (AIM) maternity safety bundles, and regularly collaborates with ACOG and other key stakeholders to further this program. AAFP is a partner of the AIM Community Care Initiative (AIM CCI), which focuses on opportunities to prevent maternal morbidity and mortality by making available to community partners, women, and families education and safety bundles for the nonhospital setting.
Employing Policy and Advocacy for Sustainable Reduction of Maternal Mortality and Maternal Health Inequities
Authors: Kheyfets Anna , Ruiz Maria Gabriela , Carvalho Keri , Stewart Candace , Amutah-Onukagha Ndidiamaka 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Black people in the United States are more than twice as likely as their white counterparts to experience maternal mortality and severe maternal morbidity. While the exact causes of the disparities are complex, it is evident that systemic racism plays a major role in driving the Black maternal health crisis. Systemic racism requires systemic change through policy implementation that combats the effects of unjust systems. This chapter describes six areas of focus for policy implementation to sustainably improve maternal outcomes and to reduce Black–white disparities: increasing access to doula care, improving data collection, expanding Medicaid coverage to one year postpartum, improving telehealth services, mandating cultural competency training, and increasing diversity in the medical profession. The chapter includes examples of successfully implemented policies and programs throughout the United States, with data on their efficacy, as well as practical approaches to advocacy among healthcare professionals to enact these policies.
How State-Based Foundations Can Leverage Collaboration to Improve Maternal Health: A Case Study from California
Authors: Smith Dana G. , Teleki Stephanie S. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Lowering maternal morbidity and mortality is a problem too large for any one organization to solve on its own, and it is too complex to have a single solution. The work requires strategic thinking and collaboration among public and private stakeholders, including philanthropies. This chapter describes how the California Health Care Foundation (CHCF) has contributed to statewide improvements in maternal morbidity and mortality, including lowering the rate of low-risk cesarean deliveries, increasing accountability for perinatal mental health, and addressing racial birth inequities. CHCF’s strategy is to “pull,” or fund, multiple “levers” to bring about change. Collaboration around the levers that brings together the right organizations and draws on the strengths of each is what leads to progress. Therefore, CHCF views its role not just as a funder but as a convener, thought leader, and partner to grantees and other stakeholders in the state.
The Role of the Area Health Education Center in Improving Maternal Health
Authors: Zolotor Adam J. , Forcina Jill M. , Shuler Tara Owens , Tilson Hugh H. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights the work of the NC Area Health Education Centers (NC AHEC) program to recruit, train, and retain an available, accessible, appropriate, acceptable, and quality maternal health workforce that reflects the communities it serves. To achieve this goal NC AHEC is focused on building a more diverse workforce, providing practice support to a variety of health care practices and systems, offering continuing professional development for maternal health professionals, and expanding graduate medical education training programs. Each of these focus areas is examined for the way that it contributes to healthier mothers and babies, with special attention to diverse populations, underresourced communities, and rural access.
Origin Uncertain
Authors: Liberman Anatoly 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The book, divided into fourteen chapters, is devoted to the origin and history of English words and idioms. Although only a hundred of them are featured in the table of contents, several thousand words—common, rare, slangy, and exotic—in English and other languages, especially German, Dutch, the Scandinavian group, French, and Latin, are mentioned or discussed in some detail in the text. A broad net is cast over language change, history, material culture, geography, and ethnography. The book will attract those who are interested in the ways words arise and develop and in how the history of the vocabulary reflects the history of civilization. Free of jargon, it does not presuppose the reader’s familiarity with the apparatus of historical linguistics and combines entertainment and instruction. It can serve as an introduction to etymology and be used in various college and high school courses.
Anatomy and the Art of Consumption
Authors: Liberman Anatoly 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter features the etymology of the names of four body parts (brain, marrow, finger, and brisket; the origin of such words is obscure in most languages), of the odd-looking adverb akimbo, the word ache (naturally aligning itself with the body), and the names of a few things we eat and drink: cake, rum, booze, and cocktail. Marrow has ties outside Germanic and an ascertainable etymology. Brisket, though partly obscure, is, it appears, not related to breast. Finger may or may not be akin to the numeral five. Booze is at least partly sound-imitative, while cake is probably sound-symbolic. Rum, a borrowing, has a secure origin, and so does cocktail, a native English compound. The story of cocktail is the most entertaining of them all: the word’s etymology has been known for a long time but not to the researchers who failed to read their colleagues’ works.
Philosophical Perspective: Accountability, Reactive Attitudes, and the Meaning of Actions
Authors: Wendel W. Bradley 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Accountability follows from the relational nature of morality. Morality is not something mysterious or inaccessible. It is part of the way we relate to one another. These relationships sometimes involve reactive attitudes, including anger, resentment, and blame. The philosopher Peter Strawson argued that reactive attitudes are fundamental to morality and comprise the social practice of holding each other accountable. The practices of criticizing, calling out, and blaming lawyers express the reactive attitudes of members of the political community. Reactive attitudes add nuance and texture to moral life, beyond merely assessing actions as permissible or impermissible. It can also ask about the meaning of actions, which involve an assessment of the attitudes and motivating reasons of the actor. The additional texture provided by reactive attitudes also makes it possible to evaluate an action as one involving inevitable loss and an occasion for reluctance or regret.
Philosophical Perspectives: Blame, the Meaning of Actions, and the Ethics of Blame
Authors: Wendel W. Bradley 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Blame is a response to someone who reveals attitudes that impair their relationships with others. In T.M. Scanlon’s understanding of blame, it leads to a modification of the relationship that one has with a blameworthy individual. This model of blame helps explain many of the episodes of criticizing, shaming, or canceling lawyers. Whether someone is blameworthy is a question on which reasonable people may differ, which helps explain the intractability of controversies over criticizing lawyers. There is, in addition, ethics of blaming. Those who engage in practices exhibiting blame should take time to understand the issues involved and seek a response that is proportionate to the impairment of the relationship. This is particularly important given the importance in a liberal society of tolerating diverse points of view.
The Virtue Ethics of Islamic Philosophers
Authors: Saemi Amir 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Although Islamic philosophers, including al-Fārābī, Avicenna, and Averroës are famous for siding with reason over religion, the chapter argues that they place religion prior to reason when it comes to morality. The project of Islamic philosopher to reconcile philosophy with religion involves adopting a highly intellectual epistemology as well as developing theological virtue ethics. On this highly intellectual epistemology, it is only permissible to depart from literal interpretation of Scripture if we have a demonstrative proof that the apparent meaning is not true, which we lack in moral matters. Additionally, the chapter discusses al-Fārābī’s theological virtue ethics as compared with Aristotle’s. Contrary to Aristotle’s view, al-Fārābī offers an otherworldly conception of happiness to which practical reason has no epistemic access. Therefore, in his view, we should rely on the views of the theoretically wise person (i.e., the prophet) to know what we should do.
How Uncertain Treatment Outcomes Affect Value
Authors: Phelps Charles E , Lakdawalla Darius N. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Diminishing returns in value create a parallel economic phenomenon, an aversion to risky outcomes. This well-known phenomenon leads to widespread purchases of insurance against various financial risks. Uncertainty in treatment outcomes creates the same problem, but no insurance exists to “pay off” when treatment outcomes are low. Instead, this chapter assesses how reductions in treatment uncertainty, measured by changes in the variance of treatment outcomes, add value, thereby measuring “risk-adjusted” improvements in average gains in quality of life. Similarly, increasing the chances of highly beneficial outcomes, the “value of hope,” is measured by changes in the positive skewness of outcome distributions. These are all combined in a Taylor series expansion showing how to estimate the “certainty equivalent” amount of health gain that various treatments provide, adjusting average gains (as normally measured in cost-effectiveness analysis) by changes in variance, skewness, and, potentially, higher order measures of risk.