bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of overfeeding on growth, obesity and intestinal tract in young chicks of light and heavy breeds
Authors: Nir I. , Nitsan Zafrira , Dror Y. , Shapira Niva 
Published: September 2005

1. Heavy-breed (HB) chicks differed from light-breed (LB) ones in their propensity to be overfed. Whereas in the LB chicks the amount by which they could be overfed reached 70 % more than the food consumed daily by thead lib.-fed chicks, in the HB chicks the maximal excess was only 13 %.2. Overfeeding caused a slight but statistically significant increase in the linear growth rate (shank length) of the LB chicks, with an opposite effect in the HB chicks.3. Overfeeding increased the weight of the crop, proventriculus, small intestine, pancreas, liver and adipose tissue but had no such effect on the heart, cerebrum or cerebellum.4. Overfeeding had no effect on the specific activities of the pancreatic digestive enzymes, liver xanthine dehydrogenase, or tryptophan oxygenase (EC1.13.1.12). The increase in the total activities was due entirely to organ hypertrophy.5. Obesity induced in young chicks had no residual effects on the adult LB chicks, but reduced the linear growth of the adult HB chicks.6. An explanation for the difference between breeds in response to overfeeding at an early age is discussed.
Fatty acid composition of tissue phospholipids of the foetal calf and neonatal lamb, deer calf and piglet as compared with the cow, sheep, deer and pig
Authors: Payne E. 
Published: September 2005

1. The fatty acid compositions of muscle and brain phospholipids of foetal calves, neonatal lambs, deer calves and piglets, and mature cattle, sheep, deer and pigs were determined. The cattle, sheep and deer had previously grazed ryegrass–clover pastures, and the pigs had been given rations based on barley. Two steers and four sheep had been given protected polyunsaturated lipid-protein supplements.2. In muscle phospholipids the values for triene:tetraene were 1.5 for neonatal lambs and 0.3 for foetal calves. Levels of linoleic acid were low compared with those in older animals but levels of the fatty acids 22:5ω3 and 22:6ω3 were comparatively high. For arachidonic acid there was little difference between young and mature animals.3. In muscle phospholipids of neonatal piglets and deer calves values for triene:tetraene were low. The piglet also had a low value for 22:5ω3:22:6ω3 compared with those in deer, calves or lambs. This ratio showed a proportionately greater increase with maturity in the pig than in cattle and sheep. Whilst the neonatal deer had higher linoleic acid levels than the other young ruminants, the fatty acid composition of muscle phospholipids of mature deer was rather similar to that in other ruminants.4. Phospholipids of brain showed little difference in fatty acid composition between foetuses or neonates and the mature animals. There was higher 22:4ω6 content in the adult ruminant with even higher levels in sheep given protected polyunsaturated fat. Linoleic acid was barely evident in any animal. The 22:6ω3 content was as high in the foetal or neonatal ruminant brain as in the adult, and higher than in the piglet. The fatty acid composition of brain phospholipids of young deer was similar to that in other ruminants.5. In other tissue phospholipids in foetal or neonatal ruminants and piglets there were high levels of 22:6ω3 in liver and low levels in lung. The neonatal animals, in particular, had high palmitic acid levels in lung. Hearts of young ruminants contained high levels of 20:5ω3 and C16-aldehyde derived from plasmalogens. Piglet heart contained higher linoleic acid and arachidonic acid, possibly due to increased entry of linoleic acid across the placenta from the sow.
Effect of leucine at different levels of pyridoxine on hepatic quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase (EC2.4.2.19) and leucine aminotransferase (EC2.6.1.6) in rats
Authors: Krishnaswamy Kamala , Bapurao S. 
Published: September 2005

1. Effects of incorporating 30 g leucine/kg into diets on quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase (QPRT;EC2.4.2.19) activity and leucine aminotransferase (EC2.6.1.6) activity were studied in groups of rats receiving 5, 30 and 60 μg of pyridoxine/10 g diet.2. The results indicated that 30 g leucine/kg diet significantly reduced the QPRT activity when the diets provided 5 μg pyridoxine/10 g and that the effect was only marginal when the diet included 30 μg pyridoxine/ 10 g. The inhibitory effect was completely absent when the diet provided higher amounts of pyridoxine (60 μg/10g).3. These results suggest that additional amounts of pyridoxine are necessary to counteract the effects of excess of leucine in the diet.4. Leucine aminotransferase activity was increased in rats given diets containing higher amounts of pyridoxine; supplementary leucine also increased the enzyme activity.
Nitrogen excretion in germ-free and conventional chickens: effects of an alkali load
Authors: Okumura J. , Hewitt D. , Coates Marie E. 
Published: September 2005

1. Groups of three colostomized germ-free (GF) and conventional (CV) chickens aged 4 months were maintained for successive periods of 8 d on a diet containing 200 g casein/kg without and with sodium bicarbonate at the rate of 20 mmol/d and a nitrogen-free diet without and with NaHCO3at 9 mmol/d. Urine and faeces were collected during the last 3 d of each period.2. Total N, uric acid- and ammonia-N were determined in urine and total N in faeces. Amino acids were measured in hydrolysates of faeces collected during the periods when no NaHCO3was included in the diets.3. The CV birds excreted more N on the casein diets but less on the N-free diets than did their GF counterparts, the differences being mainly shown in the urine.4. On both diets hydrolysates of the faeces of CV birds contained smaller amounts of amino acids. On the N-free diet the proportions (g/160 g N) of serine, proline and threonine were reduced, suggesting some conservation of endogenous N by micro-organisms, and the proportions of histidine, alanine, lysine and methionine increased, possibly through microbial synthesis; on the casein diet, proportions of most amino acids were less, probably because bacterial deamination had occurred.5. Urinary excretion of total N, uric acid and ammonia was much greater on the casein than on the N-free diets. Inclusion of NaHCO3caused a sharp fall in urinary ammonia on both diets and in both environments.6. It was concluded that the level of dietary protein and the regulation of acid-base balance have more effect than microbial activity on the urinary ammonia excretion.
Leucocyte ascorbic acid and pregnancy
Authors: Schorah C. J. , Zemroch P. J. , Sheppard Sheila , Smithells R. W. 
Published: September 2005

1. Leucocyte ascorbic acid concentrations have been measured in 1147 females during early pregnancy and in smaller numbers of women before conception, throughout pregnancy and at 6 months post partum.2. The leucocyte concentration in the 1st trimester was found to be affected by season, social class and smoking. Selecting individuals by extremes of social class, season and smoking produced two small populations with almost separate ascorbic acid distributions and mean concentrations of 21.7 and 45.1 μg/108leucocytes.3. Early pregnancy had little effect on leucocyte ascorbic acid concentrations but values decreased in the second trimester. However, this was associated with a leucocytosis so that the total leucocyte ascorbic acid content of blood was unchanged.4. Low ascorbic acid concentrations during the 1st trimester were not associated with subsequent spontaneous abortions, still-births or neonatal deaths, but there was an increased frequency of low values in women who gave birth to infants smaller than 3250 g.5. The adequacy of ascorbic acid reserves in early pregnancy is discussed.
The simultaneous use of ribonucleic acid,35S, 2,6-diaminopimelic acid and 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid as markers of microbial nitrogen entering the duodenum of sheep
Authors: Ling J. R. , Buttery P. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Three sheep, each fitted with a ruminal cannula and duodenal re-entrant cannulas were given three isonitrogenous, isoenergetic diets in a Latin-Square design. Each diet contained (/kg) approximately 400 g N as white fish meal, soya-bean meal or urea and approximately 600 g dry matter (dm) was barley grain. The diets were fed continuously and supplied about 28 g N/d.2. Total duodenal digesta was collected manually for 72 h and the proportions of microbial N in that digesta were simultaneously estimated for all sheep using RNA, radioactive sulphur (35S), diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) and aminoethylphosphonic acid (AEPA) as markers.3. Three of the estimation methods showed that the variable source of dietary N had the greatest (RNAP< 0.05,35SP< 0.005, DAPAP< 0.1) effect on the proportions of microbial N in duodenal digesta, though differences between sheep accounted for some variation.4. These methods also ranked the diets in the order: urea > soya-bean meal > fish meal with respect to the proportions of digesta N that were microbial in origin; the respective mean values for these diets with the different markers were: RNA 0.98, 0.70, 0.56;35S 0.92, 0.64, 0.54; DAPA 0.80, 0.47, 0.42.5. AEPA was found to be present in substantial quantities not only in isolated rumen protozoa, but also in dietary and bacterial material; an observation that invalidated its further use as a protozoal marker.6. Calculations using values obtained from the35S procedure showed that the proportions of dietary N degraded within the rumen were 0.38, 0.43 and 0.89 for the white fish meal, soya-bean meal and barley respectively.7. The marker methods are compared and their advantages and disadvantages (real and apparent) are discussed. It is concluded that where microbial N estimates of a more general and comparative nature are required, the use of RNA as a marker is probably adequate. Where information for more exacting purposes is required, the use of35S appears to be more appropriate.
The effects of dietary nitrogen level on the collagen of rat skin
Authors: Dawson R. , Milne G. 
Published: September 2005

1. Male rats of approximately 120 g body-weight were maintained on a commercial stock diet containing 204 g crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25)/kg, a hydroxyproline-free high-protein (HP) diet containing 200 g casein/kg as the only protein source, or a low-protein (LP) diet containing 40 g casein/kg. After 6 weeks on these diets half of each group was transferred to a non-protein (NP) diet and the experiment was continued for a further 6 weeks. Animals from each group were killed at 4 d, 3 weeks and 6 weeks after the transfer to the NP diet.2. Throughout the experiment the urinary excretion of N, hydroxyproline and creatinine, and the content and solubility of the skin collagen were determined.3. When compared with a control group killed at the beginning of the experiment the rats maintained on the LP diet showed an increase of 25% in total N content of the skin but collagen content increased by 100%. Rats transferred from the HP to the NP diet lost both N and collagen from the skin, but those transferred from the LP to the NP diet lost N but increased the collagen content by 42%.4. Protein deprivation brought about marked changes in the solubility of the skin collagen, suggesting an increase in the rate of maturation of skin collagen.
Efficiency of use of nitrogen from dried microbial cells after a period of N deprivation in growing pigs
Authors: Whittemore C. T. , Tullis J. Bronwyn , Hastie Sandra W. 
Published: September 2005

1. Semi-synthetic diets, with dried microbial cells (Pruteen) as the nitrogen source, were used to measure N retention in 50 kg pigs which had been given only sufficient N (5.3 g/d) to maintain N equilibrium for the previous 12 d. Control pigs were given 33.2 g N/d.2. Metabolic faecal N losses were 1.62 g/d (1.2 g/kg dry matter eaten) and endogenous urinary losses were 3.90 g/d.3. Realimentation of N-deprived pigs was achieved with diets providing 20.0, 33.2 and 67.4 g N/d and daily rates for N retention were 11.2, 17.8 and 25.9 g respectively; the corresponding value for control pigs was 15.0 g. ‘Catch-up’ protein growth was demonstrated in pigs given both 33.2 and 67.4 g N/d. In the former instance, this was associated with an increase in the efficiency of utilization of dietary N.4. The biological value of the protein in Pruteen was 0.85, and it appeared that under conditions of increased demand for N the pig could utilize some of the nucleic acid-N fraction of this protein source.
Deposition of fat in the body of the rat during rehabilitation after early undernutrition
Authors: Harris Patricia M. , Widdowson Elsie M. 
Published: September 2005

1. Male and female rats aged 3 weeks were divided into two groups. One group of each sex was allowed unlimited access to the stock diet, the other group was given the stock diet in restricted amounts for 10 weeks so that the males gained only 19 g and the females 21 g in comparison with 176 g and 116 g for the well-nourished males and females respectively. The undernourished animals were then rehabilitated by being allowed the stock dietad lib.2. Five animals of each sex were killed at various stages of the experiment, their bodies analysed for fat and nitrogen, and the size and number of fat cells determined in specific fat depots.3. The undernourished rats failed to make a complete recovery and were significantly smaller than the controls of the same sex at 172 d of age when the experiment terminated.4. The previously undernourished rats deposited significantly more fat in their bodies during rehabilitation than the control animals in the same number of days and over the same gain in body-weight.5. There were no significant differences in the number of cells containing fat at the abdominal fat site between the undernourished and rehabilitated animals and the controls at any stage, nor were there any significant differences in apparent fat cell numbers between the control and rehabilitated animals at any of the other sites studied when the experiment ended at 172 d.
The effect of dietary calcium intake of ewes in pregnancy on their Ca and phosphorus metabolism in lactation
Authors: Braithwaite G. D. 
Published: September 2005

1. A combination of a mineral balance and a radioactive technique has been used to study the effect of the dietary calcium intake of ewes in pregnancy on their Ca and phosphorus metabolism in lactation.2. Ewes which had received a Ca-deficient diet in pregnancy absorbed Ca at a greater rate and with a greater efficiency in early lactation than did the control animals, which had received an adequate Ca intake in pregnancy. The apparent absorption of P was also higher in the Ca-deficient sheep.3. Since both groups of sheep received the same high Ca intake in lactation, the increased rate of absorption of Ca must have resulted from an increased rate of active transport rather than an increased rate of diffusion.4. Retention of both Ca and P was positive in the Ca-deficient ewes but negative in the control ewes. This difference in retention reflected a difference in bone metabolism.5. The maximum rate of absorption possible, which is equal to the rate of irreversible loss of Ca from the rapidly exchangeable pool, was much greater in the Ca-deficient lactating ewes than was previously found in Ca-deficient wethers. This difference is due to the additional pathway of loss of Ca in the milk of the lactating animals.6. The relationship between these findings and the prevention of milk fever in dairy cows by manipulation of the dietary Ca intake is discussed.
The effects of feeding and acute cold exposure on the visceral release of volatile fatty acids, estimated hepatic uptake of propionate and release of glucose, and plasma insulin concentration in sheep
Authors: Thompson G. E. , Bassett J. M. , Bell A. W. 
Published: September 2005

1. Five sheep were given a meal while they were in a neutral environmental temperature (15–20°) and while acutely exposed to a moderately cold (1°, wind speed 2 m/s) environment.2. Before and at various times after feeding measurements were made of hepatic portal blood flow and the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and glucose in arterial, hepatic portal and hepatic venous blood plasma. From these measurements the net rate of release of VFA from the viscera was calculated, and the uptake of propionate and output of glucose by the liver was estimated, assuming hepatic arterial blood flow to be 20% of portal flow. The concentration of insulin in arterial and portal venous plasma was also measured.3. The change in environmental temperature did not affect the time taken by the animals to eat the meal completely.4. After feeding, in the neutral environment, there were significant increases in portal blood flow and release of VFA into the portal bloodstream. The uptake of propionate by the liver increased, significantly, and output of glucose also increased, but not significantly. Plasma insulin concentration also increased after feeding.5. During cold exposure portal blood flow was consistently higher, before and after feeding, than it was in the neutral environment. The release of VFA into the portal blood was also consistently greater during cold exposure, especially the release of propionate after feeding. Associated with this was an extra uptake of propionate and output of glucose by the liver. Plasma insulin concentration was slightly higher in the cold environment than the neutral environment before the animals were fed, but this difference was not apparent at any other time.
Metabolism of heat-damaged proteins in the rat
Authors: Shorrock C. , Ford J. E. 
Published: September 2005

1. An extract containing ‘unavailable’ small peptides was isolated from an enzymic digest of heat-damaged cod fillet and examined for its influence on uptake of leucine in the rat small intestine, using the everted-sac technique.2. The extract strongly inhibited the uptake of leucine. It had no effect on uptake of glucose or its metabolism to lactate.3. The findings are discussed in relation to the concept (Buraczewski, Buraczewska & Ford, 1967) that the accumulation of ‘unavailable peptide’ material in the intestine, found in rats given heat-damaged protein, might hinder the absorption of amino acids by blocking a mechanism involved in their transport across the mucosal barrier.
Haematological and blood chemistry changes in ewes and lambs following supplementation with vitamin E and selenium
Authors: Horton G. M. J. , Jenkins W. L. , Rettenmaier Rosemarie 
Published: September 2005

1. Four methods of vitamin E and selenium supplementation were evaluated using thirty-nine pregnant ewe-lambs fed on a ration containing 0.043 mg Se/kg and 25 mg vitamin E/kg. Treatments were control, fortified mineral mix (ESe salt) (300 mg vitamin E, 3 mg Se), ruminal Se pellets (505 mg Se), drench (300 mg vitamin E, 3 mg Se) and intramuscular injection (600 mg vitamin E, 3 mg Se). Only ewes were supplemented, commencing approximately 50 d before parturition.2. Birth weights were similar for all treatments and live-weight gains of lambs to 56 d of age were improved in all supplemented groups (P< 0.05). There were no clinical cases of nutritional muscular dystrophy.3. Se concentrations in whole blood were more than doubled in both lambs and ewes drenched or injected; responses to ESe salt and pellets were much smaller.4. Plasma tocopherol levels were increased in injected dams and their lambs (P< 0.001).5. Haemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte counts were significantly higher (P< 0.01) in control ewes and lambs than in treated lambs.6. Lactate dehydrogenase (EC1.1.1.27), creatine kinase (EC2.7.3.2) and aspartate aminotransferase (EC2.6.1.1) activities were increased in lambs from control, ESe salt and pellet groups (P< 0.001). Glutathione peroxidase (EC1.1.1.1.9) activity responded to Se supplementation in both ewes and their lambs (P< 0.001) and the response was highest in the injected group, followed, in order, by the drench, pellet, ESe salt and control groups.7. These studies indicated that in terms of the haematological and blood chemistry changes investigated, the intramuscular injection was most effective, followed by the oral drench. Ruminal pellets and fortified salt were less satisfactory.
The nutritive value of silages
Authors: Kelly N. C. , Thomas P. C. 
Published: September 2005

1. Two calorimetric experiments were conducted to study the utilization of energy in sheep given diets of grass silage or grass silage and barley. Three silages were investigated. One was made from first-harvest grass in the spring (S) and the others from regrowth cut either early or late in the autumn (E and L respectively). All were of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and preserved with formic acid. Each silage was given at two levels of feeding, the lower providing approximately a maintenance energy intake. The S and L silages were also given supplemented with barley.2. The digestibilities of organic matter, cellulose and energy in the silages were high. Measured at maintenance, digestible energy (de) contents (MJ/kg dry matter (dm)) were 11.83, 14.67 and 12.90 for S, E and L respectively. Thedecontents of the S and E silages were depressed at the higher level of feeding but the effect was offset by changes in the energy losses as methane and urine. Metabolizable energy (me) contents (MJ/kgdm) for the three silages, S, E and L were respectively 9.88, 12.54 and 10.73 at the low level of feeding and 9.91, 11.99 and 11.08 at the high level of feeding. The meanmecontent of barley calculated by difference was 13.76 MJ/kgdm.3. The mean efficiencies of utilization ofmefor maintenance (km) for the S, E and L silages were 0.69, 0.71 and 0.68 respectively. Corresponding values for fattening (kf) were 0.21, 0.57 and 0.59. Excepting thekffor the S silage which was low, observed efficiencies were in broad agreement with those predicted by the equations of the Agricultural Research Council (1965). Similar agreement was obtained with all diets consisting of silage and barley.
Metabolic changes associated with the occurrence of fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chicks
Authors: Whitehead C. C. , Bannister D. W , Cleland Maureen E. 
Published: September 2005

1. The changes in a number of metabolic measurements brought about by low-biotin diets associated with high and low incidences of fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) were studied in healthy 4-week-old broiler chicks.2. Liver pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate: CO2ligase (ADP);EC6.4.1.1) activity was low in birds fed on a diet causing a high incidence of FLKS but the addition of fat or protein to this diet, to decrease the incidence of FLKS, increased enzyme activity.3. Liver weights, blood lactate concentrations, plasma lactate dehydrogenase (l-lactate:NAD oxidoreductase;EC1.1.1.27) activities and values for C16:1:C18:0fatty acid in liver, adipose tissue and plasma triglyceride were highest in birds fed on the high-FLKS diet and all measurements were negatively correlated with pyruvate carboxylase activity.4. Birds with high plasma lactate dehydrogenase activity or triglyceride C16:1:C18:0values were the most likely to develop FLKS when fasted.5. There was no evidence that increased liver weight was associated with increased activities of certain other liver enzymes.6. It is concluded that FLKS occurs in birds with little or no hepatic gluconeogenic capacity via pyruvate carboxylase as a result of a dietary insufficiency of biotin but that the initiation of the syndrome is probably associated with the inhibition of other pathways of gluconeogenesis.