bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-fatal animal related injuries to youth occurring on farms in the United States, 1998
Authors: Hendricks K J , Adekoya N 
Published: October 2002

Objective—To provide data on the magnitude and patterns of animal related on-farm injuries to youth in the United States.Data source—A survey of 26 000 farm households conducted for the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1998.Subjects—Youth younger than 20 years of age.Results—There were an estimated 6438 animal related on-farm injuries to youth in 1998. 70% occurred to farm residents; 69% were work related. Males accounted for 64% and approximately 41% occurred to those younger than 10; 37% involved horses and 31% cattle. Most horse related injuries occurred to females and a majority of the cattle related injuries were to males. Additionally, most of the cattle related injuries were work related, while horse related injuries were mainly non-work.Conclusions—One out of every five youth injuries occurring on farms in the United States is animal related. These animal related injuries were due to both work and non-work related exposures. The large number of horse and cattle related injuries highlights a need for intervention strategies based on the injury circumstances common to these animals.
Citywide trauma experience in Kampala, Uganda: a call for intervention
Authors: Kobusingye O C , Guwatudde D , Owor G , Lett R R 
Published: October 2002

Objectives:To describe injuries and their emergency care at five city hospitals.Setting:Data were collected between January and December 1998 from casualty departments of the five largest hospitals of Kampala city, Uganda, with bed capacity ranging from 60 to 1200.Methods:Registry forms were completed on trauma patients. All patients with injuries were eligible. Outcome at two weeks was determined for admitted patients.Results:Of the 4359 injury patients, 73% were males. Their mean age was 24.2 years, range 0.1–89, and a 5–95 centile of 5–50 years. Patients with injuries were 7% of all patients seen. Traffic crashes caused 50% of injuries, and were the leading cause for patients ≥10 years. Fifty eight per cent of injuries occurred on the road, 29% at home, and 4% in a public building. Falls, assaults, and burns were the main causes in homes. Fourteen per cent of injuries were intentional. Injuries were severe in 24% as determined with the Kampala trauma score. One third of patients were admitted; two thirds arrived at the hospital within 30 minutes of injury, and 92% were attended within 20 minutes of arrival.Conclusions:Injuries in Kampala are an important public health problem, predominantly in young adult males, mostly due to traffic. The majority of injuries are unintentional. Hospital response is rapid, but the majority of injuries are minor. Without pre-hospital care, it is likely that patients with serious injuries die before they access care. Preventive measures and a pre-hospital emergency service are urgently needed.
Missing the target: a comparison of buyback and fatality related guns
Authors: Kuhn E M , Nie C L , O'Brien M E , Withers R L , Wintemute G J , Hargarten S W 
Published: October 2002

Objectives:To determine whether the firearms recovered in buyback programs in a large urban community are the types most closely associated with firearm fatalities in the same geographic area.Methods:The type, caliber, and manufacturer of 941 handguns recovered in Milwaukee County 1994–96 buyback programs were compared with 369 homicide related and 125 suicide related handguns used in Milwaukee during 1994–97.Results:Buyback handguns differed substantially from those used in homicide and suicide. One third of buyback handguns were semiautomatic pistols versus two thirds of homicide related handguns (p<0.001) and 40% of suicide related handguns (p=NS). Over 75% of buyback handguns were small caliber compared with 24% of homicide and 32% of suicide handguns (p<0.001). The top two manufacturers of buyback handguns represented 30% of these guns but only 5% of fatality related handguns (p<0.001). Companies currently out of business manufactured 15% of buyback handguns versus 7% of fatality related handguns (p<0.001).Conclusions:Handguns recovered in buyback programs are not the types most commonly linked to firearm homicides and suicides. Although buyback programs may increase awareness of firearm violence, limited resources for firearm injury prevention may be better spent in other ways.
An introduction to the Barell body region by nature of injury diagnosis matrix
Authors: Barell V , Aharonson-Daniel L , Fingerhut L A , Mackenzie E J , Ziv A , Boyko V , Abargel A , Avitzour M , Heruti R 
Published: October 2002

Introduction:The Barell body region by nature of injury diagnosis matrix standardizes data selection and reports, using a two dimensional array (matrix) that includes allInternational Classification of Diseases(ICD)-9-CM codes describing trauma.Aim:To provide a standard format for reports from trauma registries, hospital discharge data systems, emergency department data systems, or other sources of non-fatal injury data. This tool could also be used to characterize the patterns of injury using a manageable number of clinically meaningful diagnostic categories and to serve as a standard for casemix comparison across time and place.Concept:The matrix displays 12 nature of injury columns and 36 body region rows placing each ICD-9-CM code in the range from 800 to 995 in a unique cell location in the matrix. Each cell includes the codes associated with a given injury. The matrix rows and columns can easily be collapsed to get broader groupings or expanded if more specific sites are required. The current matrix offers three standard levels of detail through predefined collapsing of body regions from 36 rows to nine rows to five rows.Matrix development:This paper presents stages in the development and the major concepts and properties of the matrix, using data from the Israeli national trauma registry, and from the US National Hospital Discharge Survey. The matrix introduces new ideas such as the separation of traumatic brain injury (TBI), into three types. Injuries to the eye have been separated from other facial injuries. Other head injuries such as open wounds and burns were categorized separately. Injuries to the spinal cord and spinal column were also separated as are the abdomen and pelvis. Extremities have been divided into upper and lower with a further subdivision into more specific regions. Hip fractures were separated from other lower extremity fractures.Forthcoming developments:The matrix will be used for the development of standard methods for the analysis of multiple injuries and the creation of patient injury profiles. To meet the growing use of ICD-10 and to be applicable to a wider range of countries, the matrix will be translated to ICD-10 and eventually to ICD-10-CM.Conclusion:The Barell injury diagnosis matrix has the potential to serve as a basic tool in epidemiological and clinical analyses of injury data.
Assessment of the exposure of islanders to ash from the Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat, British West Indies
Authors: Searl A , Nicholl A , Baxter P J 
Published: October 2002

Background and Aims:The Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat, has been erupting since July 1995 and volcanic ash has fallen on the island throughout most of the eruption. The ash contains substantial quantities of respirable particles and unusually large amounts (15–20%) of the crystalline silica mineral, cristobalite. The purpose of the surveys described here, undertaken between December 1996 and April 2000, was to determine levels of personal exposure of islanders to volcanic ash and cristobalite in order to inform advice on the associated risks to health and the measures required to reduce exposure.Methods:Surveys of personal exposure to respirable dust and cristobalite were undertaken using cyclone samplers. In addition, direct reading instruments (DUSTTRAK) were used to monitor ambient air concentrations of PM10at fixed sites and also to provide information about exposures to airborne particles associated with selected activities.Results:Environmental concentrations of airborne ash have been greatest in the areas where the most ash has been deposited and during dry weather. Individual exposure to airborne ash was related to occupation, with the highest exposures among gardeners, cleaners, roadworkers, and police at roadside checkpoints. During 1997 many of these individuals were exposed to concentrations of cristobalite that exceeded the ACGIH recommended occupational exposure limit. Since the population became confined to the north of the island in October 1997, even those in relatively dusty occupations have received exposures to cristobalite well below this limit.Conclusions:Most of the 4500 people who have remained on island since the eruption began have not been exposed to sufficiently high concentrations of airborne dust for long enough to be at risk of developing silicosis. However, more than a dozen individuals continued to experience frequent high occupational exposures to volcanic ash, some of whom may have had sufficient exposure to crystalline silica to be at risk of developing mild silicosis. If volcanic activity were to deposit further ash over the occupied areas of the island during the coming years, the risks of silicosis will become more substantial.
Chronic neck and shoulder pain, age, and working conditions: longitudinal results from a large random sample in France
Authors: Cassou B , Derriennic F , Monfort C , Norton J , Touranchet A 
Published: October 2002

Aims:To analyse the effects of age and occupational factors on both the incidence and the disappearance of chronic neck and shoulder pain after a five year follow up period.Methods:A prospective longitudinal investigation (ESTEV) was carried out in 1990 and 1995 in seven regions of France. A random sample of male and female workers born in 1938, 1943, 1948, and 1953 was selected from the occupational physicians’ files. In 1990, 21 378 subjects were interviewed (88% of those contacted), and 87% were interviewed again in 1995. Chronic neck and shoulder pain satisfying specific criteria, and psychosocial working conditions were investigated by a structured self administered questionnaire and a clinical examination.Results:Prevalence (men 7.8%, women 14.8% in 1990) and incidence (men 7.3%, women 12.5% for the period 1990–95) of chronic neck and shoulder pain increased with age, and were more frequent among women than men in every birth cohort. The disappearance rate of chronic neck and shoulder pain decreased with age. Some adverse working conditions (repetitive work under time constraints, awkward work for men, repetitive work for women) contributed to the development of these disorders, independently of age. Psychosocial factors seemed to play a role in both the development and disappearance of chronic neck and shoulder pain. Data did not show specific interactions between age and working conditions.Conclusions:The aging of the workforce appears to contribute to the widespread concern about chronic neck and shoulder pain. A better understanding of work activity regulation of older workers can open up new preventive prospects.
Oral candidiasis
Authors: Akpan A , Morgan R 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOral candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection of the oral cavity caused by an overgrowth of Candida species, the commonest being Candida albicans. The incidence varies depending on age and certain predisposing factors. There are three broad groupings consisting of acute candidiasis, chronic candidiasis, and angular cheilitis. Risk factors include impaired salivary gland function, drugs, dentures, high carbohydrate diet, and extremes of life, smoking, diabetes mellitus, Cushing’s syndrome, malignancies, and immunosuppressive conditions. Management involves taking a history, an examination, and appropriate antifungal treatment with a few requiring samples to be taken for laboratory analysis. In certain high risk groups antifungal prophylaxis reduces the incidence and severity of infections. The prognosis is good in the great majority of cases.
Patient recall of medication details in the outpatient clinic. Audit and assessment of the value of printed instructions requesting patients to bring medications to clinic
Authors: Keeble W , Cobbe S M 
Published: October 2002

Abstract

Objective
There is no ambiguity when a patient presents their medications in the correct packaging during a consultation and declares, “this is what I am taking, doctor, I take this many, at this time”. The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of consultations in which patients attend both “empty handed” and unsure of their treatment. A re-evaluation was made after a simple intervention.

Design
Prospective cross sectional study with subsequent intervention and re-evaluation based on patient completed questionnaire.

Setting
University hospital cardiology outpatient department.

Patients
Consecutive patients arriving at clinic reception desks.

Results
Altogether 774 of 857 patients were receiving treatment; 15% attended with their tablets and 28% provided a note of their medication in some form; 40% attended empty handed but confident they could recall all aspects of their treatment from memory; 17% attended empty handed and unsure of their treatment.

Intervention
Clinic appointment cards were stamped with the request PLEASE BRING YOUR MEDICATIONS WITH YOU TO THE CARDIOLOGY CLINIC. A second unrelated cohort of patients was then surveyed in an identical manner, nine months later. Of these, 329 of 376 patients were receiving medication. Those attending with their tablets in hand now accounted for 78% rather than 15% (χ2=423, df=2, p&lt;0.001). The group unsure of their treatment, but attending empty handed, fell from 17% to 2%.

Conclusions
Reprinted appointment cards are highly successful in encouraging patients to attend with their tablets. This provides reliable information for decision making.
Particle production in central PbPb collisions at high energy
Authors: Liu F -H 
Published: October 2002

The rapidity and transverse-momentum distributions of particles produced in central PbPb collisions at high energy are analyzed by the thermalized cylinder model. The calculated results are compared and found to be in agreement with the recent experimental data of the NA49 Collaboration. PACS Nos.: 25.75-q, 24.10Pa
ON THE DERIVATION OF THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION
Authors: KANIEL S. , ITIN Y. 
Published: October 2002

General Relativity is unique, among the class of field theories, in the treatment of the equations of motion. The equations of motion of massive particles are completely determined by the field equation 1-5. Einstein's field equations, as well as most field equations in gravity theory, have a specific analytical form: They are linear in the second order derivatives and quadratic in the first order, with coefficients that depend on the variables. We propose for the N-body problem of equations that are Lorentz invariant a novel algorithm for the derivation of the equations of motion from the field equations. It is: (1) Compute a static, spherically symmetric solution of the field equation. It will be singular at the origin. This will be taken to be the field generated by a single particle. (2) Move the solution on a trajectory P and apply the instantaneous Lorentz transformation based on instantaneous velocity. (3) Take, as first approximation, the field generated by N particles to be the superposition of the fields generated by the single particles. (4) Compute the leading part of the equation. Hopefully, only terms that involve the acceleration will be dominant. This is the "inertial" part. (5) Compute the quadratic part of the equation. This is the agent of the "force". (6) Equate for each singularity, the highest order terms of the singularities that came from the linear part and the quadratic parts, respectively. This is an equation between the inertial part and the force. The algorithm was applied to Einstein's equations. The approximate evolution of the scalar curvature leads, in turn, to an invariant scalar equation. The algorithm for it did produce Newton's law of gravitation. This is, also, the starting point for the embedding of the trajectories in a common field.
IS THERE CLASSICAL SUPER-RADIANCE ON KERR-NEWMAN-ANTI-DE SITTER BLACK HOLES?
Authors: WINSTANLEY ELIZABETH 
Published: October 2002

Since the formulation of the AdS/CFT correspondence 1, there has been great interest in space-times which are asymptotically anti-de Sitter, and the properties of the Kerr-Newman-anti-de Sitter (KN-AdS) space-time in various dimensions have been extensively studied 2. However, the properties of classical or quantum fields propagating on this background have not been widely studied, and, in particular, the question of whether super-radiance occurs has not been addressed. This is an important issue since a detailed understanding of classical super-radiance is necessary before tackling quantum field theory on rotating black hole geometries 3. We considered a classical scalar field on the KN-AdS background 4, and examined the form of the separated field modes. Given the structure of infinity in asymptotically anti-de Sitter space-times, we paid particular attention to the boundary conditions at infinity. Unlike the situation for asymptotically flat Kerr-Newman black holes 5, super-radiance is not inevitable. It depends partly on our choice of boundary condition at infinity. For reflective boundary conditions at infinity, there is no super-radiance. On the other hand, if we consider transparent boundary conditions at infinity, then the presence of super-radiance depends on our choice of positive frequency. For those KN-AdS black holes possessing a globally time-like Killing vector, then the natural definition of positive frequency implies that there are no super-radiant modes. For other KN-AdS black holes, then this same definition of positive frequency again leads to no super-radiance.
Search for Bc and ϒ in Hadronic Z Decays
Authors: McNeil M. 
Published: October 2002

Out of 3.9 million hadronic Z decays collected by the ALEPH detector, a sample of approximately 700 J/ψ events decaying into e+ e- or μ+μ- are selected. A search for the Bc meson decaying into the channels J/ψπ+, J/ψe+νe and J/ψμ+νμ is then performed, resulting in the observation of 0, 1 and 1 candidate in each of these channels respectively, with 0.37, 0.28 and 0.36 background events expected. The following 90% confidence level upper limits are derived: [Formula: see text] An intriguing candidate, found in an independent analysis, is also described in detail. Using the same data sample, a search is performed for the ϒ(1S), ϒ(2S) and ϒ(3S) states, decaying into either e+e- or μ+μ-. After kinematic and topological cuts a total of 1.2 ± 0.4 background events are expected for both channels in the mass window chosen. Two events are observed, allowing the following 90% confidence level branching fraction upper limit to be derived: [Formula: see text]
LOW TEMPERATURE STUDIES OF THE DIELECTRIC AND ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS OF GLASSY Se90Ge10-xInx
Authors: ABOU EL-HASSAN S. 
Published: October 2002

The dielectric properties of the system Se 90 Ge 10-x In x (x = 2, 4 and 6 at. %) were studied in the temperature range of 78–273 K and in the frequency range of 400 Hz–20 kHz. The density of localized states N(E) and the activation energy of hopping wk for the samples were deduced at different temperatures. The exponents s, m1 and m2 of the equations σ ac (ω) = Aωs, ε′ = Bωm1 and ε′′ = Cωm2 have been deduced for the samples. The composition and temperature dependence of s, m1, m2, wk and N(E) have been determined. The results are interpreted in terms of the correlated barrier hopping (CBH) model and the concept of localized states.
SPIN-DEPENDENT QUANTUM SIZE EFFECTS IN THE ELECTRON REFLECTIVITY OF ULTRATHIN FERROMAGNETIC CRYSTALS
Authors: ZDYB R. , BAUER E. 
Published: October 2002

We have studied the spin-dependent quantum size effects in the reflection of 0–20 eV electrons from 2–10-ML-thick Fe microcrystals grown in situ on a W(110) surface in a spin-polarized low energy electron microscope. The goal is to obtain a better understanding of the magnetic ("asymmetry") image contrast and of the limits of spin polarization devices based on the quantum size contrast. The contrast is interpreted in terms of the band structure and of the spin-dependent inelastic mean free path. For the figure of merit of spin polarization devices, an upper limit of 5 × 10-2 is obtained.
A STUDY OF THE MUTUAL INFLUENCE OF Cs AND S ON Si(100)-(2 × 1) SURFACES
Authors: PAPAGEORGOPOULOS A. C. 
Published: October 2002

In this work we study the adsorption of Cs on S-covered Si(100)-(2 × 1) and Si(100)-(1 × 1) surfaces, as well as the adsorption of S on Cs-covered Si(100)-(2 × 1). The experiment was performed in an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) chamber with low energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and work function (WF) measurements. Predeposited S increases the binding energy and the maximum amount of Cs that can be deposited on the surface. The presence of S inhibits the pattern of the characteristic WF curve of Cs on clean Si(100)-(2 × 1), i.e. an initial decrease to a minimum value, Φmin, followed by an increase toward the value Φmax of metallic Cs. The WF, instead, decreases to a value close to that of saturated Cs on clean Si(100)-(2 × 1), where it forms a plateau. This is characteristic of the covalent bonding of Cs with the semiconductor substrate. Independently of the sequence of Cs and S deposition, (a) the transition Si(100)-(2 × 1) → Si(100)-(1 × 1) occurs when ΘS > 0.5 ML, and (b) the sites of Cs and S remain the same, with the Cs atoms residing between the S atoms. Heating of the S/Cs/Si composite surfaces to ~ 650 K causes a reorganization of the Cs and S adatoms in a tendency to form a Cs–S complex. The issue of site preference for Cs and S adatoms has been discussed in detail in the structural models provided.
Fabrication of a-axis Oriented YBa2Cu3Ox/PrGaO3/a-axis Oriented YBa2Cu3Ox Trilayer Films
Authors: Masashi Mukaida Masashi Mukaida , Shintaro Miyazawa Shintaro Miyazawa 
Published: October 2002

This paper reports the fabrication of a-axis oriented YBa2Cu3O

x

/PrGaO3 insulating barrier/ a-axis oriented YBa2Cu3O

x

trilayer films by in-situ pulsed-laser deposition. A cross sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) analysis of the junctions verifies that the ultrathin PrGaO3 insulating barrier does not form islands between the base and the counter electrode of YBa2Cu3O

x

films and the a-axis oriented YBa2Cu3O

x

grows right on the insulating PrGaO3 ultrathin (30 Å) film without any c-axis oriented or disordered YBa2Cu3O

x

layer. Excellent surface coverage of the base electrode of the YBa2Cu3O

x

thin film is considered to result from lattice matching and the similarity of the crystal structure. Lattice matching perovskite insulators with the same thermal expansion coefficient are attractive for use as the insulating barrier for superconductor/insulating barrier/superconductor (SIS) junctions.
Investigations of Pressure and Temperature Effects on Gelation Process of Egg White by Time-Resolved Turbidimetric Measurements
Authors: Haruichi Kanaya Haruichi Kanaya , Kazuhiro Hara Kazuhiro Hara , Atsushi Nakamura Atsushi Nakamura , Nobuyasu Hiramatsu Nobuyasu Hiramatsu , Kazumi Matsushige Kazumi Matsushige 
Published: October 2002

Dynamical properties of the gelation process of egg white under simultaneous pressure and heat treatments were investigated by measuring the transmitted light spectra. It was found that pressures up to 180 MPa can suppress the heat-induced gelation. In a pressure-jump experiment, the transmitted light intensity rapidly increased on the application of pressure, then decreased gradually, which indicates that dissociation of the protein clusters occurs before polymerization.