bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dominant‐negative NSF2 disrupts the structure and function of drosophila neuromuscular synapses
Authors: Stewart Bryan A. , Mohtashami Mahmood , Rivlin Patricia , Deitcher David L. , Trimble William S. , Boulianne Gabrielle L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractN‐ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein (NSF) is an ATPase necessary for vesicle trafficking, including exocytosis. Current models hold that NSF is required in a step that readies vesicles for fusion by disassembling postfusion SNARE protein complexes allowing them to participate in further rounds of vesicle cycling. Whereas most organisms have only one NSF isoform, Drosophila has two. dNSF1 is the predominant functional isoform in the adult nervous system. Conditional mutations in the dNSF1 gene, comatose, are paralytic and lead to disruption of synaptic transmission and the rapid accumulation of SNARE complexes in adult flies. This isoform is not required for synaptic transmission in larvae. In contrast, dNSF2 is important at earlier developmental stages, and its broad expression indicates its importance in neural and non‐neural tissues alike. To study dNSF2, and to circumvent the lethality of dNSF2 null mutants, we have constructed transgenic flies carrying a dominant negative form of dNSF2. When this construct was expressed in neurons we observed suppression of synaptic transmission, activity‐dependent fatigue of transmitter release, and a reduction in the number of releasable vesicles. However, we unexpectedly found that there was no accumulation of SNARE complexes accompanying these physiological phenotypes. Intriguingly, we also found that expression of mutant dNSF2 induced pronounced overgrowth of the neuromuscular junction and some misrouting of axons. These results support the idea that dNSF2 has multiple roles in cellular function and adds that not all of its functions require disassembly of the SNARE complex. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 51: 261–271, 2002
Evaluating products of matrix pencils and collapsing matrix products
Authors: Benner Peter , Byers Ralph 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper describes three numerical methods to collapse a formal product ofppairs of matrices$$P=\mathop{\prod}\limits_{k=0}^{p-1} E_{k}^{-1}A_{k}$$down to the product of a single pairÊ−1Â. In the setting of linear relations, the product formally extends to the case in which some of theEk's are singular and it is impossible to explicitly form P as a single matrix. The methods differ in flop count, work space, and inherent parallelism. They have in common that they are immune to overflows and use no matrix inversions. A rounding error analysis shows that the special case of collapsing two pairs is numerically backward stable. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling of elastic continua using a grillage of structural elements based on discrete element concepts
Authors: Griffiths D. V. , Mustoe G. G. W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA framework is described for modelling an elastic continuum using a grillage of beam‐like structural elements derived from discrete element concepts. The beam element properties are derived in detail and implemented in a structural analysis code for validation against classical two‐dimensional plane elasticity solutions. The framework offers the possibility of modelling the onset and propagation of fracture in materials that are initially continuous, without the need for specialized elements or remeshing in the context of traditional finite elements. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The emotional reality of teams
Authors: Goleman Daniel , Boyatzis Richard , McKee Annie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe capabilities that the authors have defined as components of Emotional
Intelligence—self‐awareness, self‐management, social awareness, and relationship
management—apply to teams as well as individuals. And so, to optimize a team's effectiveness, its
members—and especially its leader(s)—must “tune in” to its emotional state and
needs. © 2002 by Daniel Goleman
Mothers' evaluation of their caregiving for premature and full‐term infants through the first year: Contributing factors
Authors: Pridham Karen , Lin Chin‐Yu , Brown Roger 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe explored change in mothers' evaluations of their caregiving through the first postterm year for full‐term infants and for prematurely born, very low birth‐weight infants with a history of lung disease, and we examined the contribution to this evaluation of infant, family, and mother conditions. Fifty‐four mothers of premature infants and 49 mothers of full‐term infants evaluated their caregiving relationship, performance, and satisfaction at 1, 4, 8, and 12 months infant postterm age. In addition, at the same intervals—1, 4, 8, and 12 months—mothers rated their symptoms of depression, infant responsiveness, and satisfaction with help from husband or partner. Positive and negative feeding behaviors of mother and of infant were rated from videotapes. Regression analysis, which included all rated variables, infant birth maturity/lung health status, and number of children in the mother's care, showed that the 1‐month assessment differed significantly from the assessments at 4, 8, and 12 months. All conditions, except for infant birth maturity/lung health status and mother's positive feeding behavior, were significantly associated with caregiving evaluation. Findings support inclusion of infant, family, and mother conditions in a caregiving evaluation model. Infant responsiveness may be particularly salient to a mother's caregiving evaluation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24: 157–169, 2001
Enduring love: A grounded formal theory of women's experience of domestic violence
Authors: Kearney Margaret H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUsing a grounded formal theory approach, 13 qualitative research reports were analyzed with the goal of synthesizing a middle‐range theory of women's responses to violent relationships. The combined sample numbered 282 ethnically and geographically diverse women ages 16–67. Within cultural contexts that normalized relationship violence while promoting idealized romance, these women dealt with the incongruity of violence in their relationships as a basic process of enduring love. In response to shifting definitions of their relationship situations, many women moved through four phases, which began with discounting early violence for the sake of their romantic commitment (“This is what I wanted”), progressed to immobilization and demoralization in the face of increasingly unpredictable violence that was endured by the careful monitoring of partner behavior and the stifling of self (“The more I do, the worse I am”), shifted to a perspective that redefined the situation as unacceptable (“I had enough”), and finally moved out of the relationship and toward a new life (“I was finding me”). Variations in the manifestation and duration of these phases were found to be linked to personal, sociopolitical, and cultural contexts. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24:270–282, 2001
Interventions to reduce the burden of caregiving for an adult with dementia: A meta‐analysis§
Authors: Acton Gayle J. , Kang Jeonghee 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBecause of conflicting results, in order to clarify the state of the science it was necessary to do a systematic analysis of the literature on research testing the effect of interventions on the burden of persons caring for family members with dementia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, using meta‐analytic techniques, those intervention strategies (support group, education, psychoeducation, counseling, respite care, and multicomponent) designed to help caregivers cope with the burden of caregiving. Using meta‐analytic methods developed by Glass, McGraw, and Smith (1981) and Hedges and Olkin (1985), 24 published research reports testing 27 treatments for caregivers of adults with dementia were synthesized. Overall, the analysis showed that collectively the interventions had no effect on caregiver burden. Only the category of multicomponent interventions significantly reduced caregiver burden. Burden may be too global an outcome to be affected consistently by intervention. Better and more precise measures are needed to evaluate the effects of caregiver interventions properly. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24:349–360, 2001
Destruction of microstructure in archaeological bone: a case study from Portugal
Authors: Jackes Mary , Sherburne Richard , Lubell David , Barker Christina , Wayman Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSampling of archaeological human bone may not be justified, contrary to former high expectations regarding adult age assessment based on histomorphometry. The alterations in buried bone as a result of bacterial action are readily visible in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). An understanding of the chemical and structural changes to cortical bone requires work at the level of a few microns. This paper reports on problems encountered during analyses of samples of human bone from Mesolithic (ca. 8000 calbp) shell midden sites at Muge in central Portugal, and the methods used to try and overcome these problems. We believe we have shown that these Mesolithic bones are partly comprised of bacterially reprecipitated mineral, which has had collagen removed, with consequent obliteration of bone microstructure. We conclude that microbial destruction of the structure of archaeological bone can be a serious impediment to analysis of the characteristics of the population represented by those skeletal remains. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The distribution of skeletal lesions in treponemal disease: is the lymphatic system responsible?
Authors: Buckley Hallie R. , Dias George J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe differential diagnosis of bone lesions in treponemal disease is well established in palaeopathology. However, the actual mechanism responsible for the characteristic distribution of bone involvement is not as clear. Two mechanisms are proposed in the literature. Firstly, that bone lesions are the result of direct extension from the skin rash of the secondary stage of disease. Secondly, that bones situated closer to the skin are more vulnerable to local trauma and therefore more likely to elicit a subperiosteal bone response. We propose an alternative explanation for the characteristic distribution of bone lesions in treponemal disease. This explanation is based on the close association between the lymphatic and skeletal systems and the pathogenesis of treponemal disease. This paper argues that the position of the lymphatic nodes and vessels, with little soft tissue intervention between bone tissue, mirrors the characteristic pattern of skeletal involvement in treponemal disease. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regional variability in Mackenzie Inuit beluga whale use
Authors: Friesen T. Max , Morrison David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInuit of the Mackenzie Delta region, Northwest Territories, relied on a wide range of subsistence resources, however they are best known as the consummate hunters of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas). This species represented a focal resource for the two regional groups centred on the East Channel of the Mackenzie River, but was available much less frequently and reliably to adjacent groups, who relied to a greater degree on alternative resources such as caribou, fish, seals, and bowhead whales. In this paper, we compare archaeofaunas from sites located in the “core” beluga whaling zone of the Mackenzie River East Channel with other sites to the east and west for which direct access to beluga whales was either reduced or non‐existent. Bone frequencies are compared both in terms of proportional species representation in site archaeofaunas, and in terms of differential element representation. These comparisons are then interpreted within a framework emphasizing regional economic patterns, as well as local variability in patterns of beluga acquisition, storage, transport, and disposal. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal control of innate immune response
Authors: Stengel Robert F. , Ghigliazza Raffaele , Kulkarni Nilesh , Laplace Olivier 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTreatment of a pathogenic disease process is interpreted as the optimal control of a dynamic system. Evolution of the disease is characterized by a non‐linear, fourth‐order ordinary differential equation that describes concentrations of pathogens, plasma cells, and antibodies, as well as a numerical indication of patient health. Without control, the dynamic model evidences sub‐clinical or clinical decay, chronic stabilization, or unrestrained lethal growth of the pathogen, depending on the initial conditions for the infection. The dynamic equations are controlled by therapeutic agents that affect the rate of change of system variables. Control histories that minimize a quadratic cost function are generated by numerical optimization over a fixed time interval, given otherwise lethal initial conditions. Tradeoffs between cost function weighting of pathogens, organ health, and use of therapeutics are evaluated. Optimal control solutions that defeat the pathogen and preserve organ health are demonstrated for four different approaches to therapy. It is shown that control theory can point the way toward new protocols for treatment and remediation of human diseases. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does choice lead to racially distinctive schools? Charter schools and household preferences
Authors: Weiher Gregory R. , Tedin Kent L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA persistent fear regarding school choice is that it will lead to more racially distinctive schools. A
growing number of studies compares choosing households to non‐choosing households, but few have examined
the possibility that choosers sort themselves out based upon school preferences that are correlated with race
and ethnicity. This report addresses this issue by analyzing the responses of 1,006 charter school households in
Texas. It first examines the expressed preferences of choosing households, then compares expressed preferences
with behavior. A comparison of the characteristics of the traditional public schools that choosers leave with
the characteristics of the charter schools they choose indicates that race is a good predictor of the choices
that choosing households make. Whites, African Americans, and Latinos transfer into charter schools where their
groups comprise between 11 and 14 percentage points more of the student body than the traditional public schools
they are leaving. © 2002 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Medication use and risk of falls
Authors: Neutel C. Ineke , Perry Sheril , Maxwell Colleen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeInjuries due to falls are an important public health concern, particularly for the elderly, and effective prevention is an ongoing endeavour. The present study has two related objectives: (1) to describe associations between drug use and falls in an institutionalized population, and (2) to identify a high risk subgroup within the larger population.MethodsThe initial analysis was based on a population of 227 residents who were followed over a 1‐year period. Logistic regression techniques were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of the association of falls and drug use. The study of potential ‘high‐risk’ groups employed a case–crossover design to estimate the risk of falling associated with starting a new drug course.ResultsRelatively weak ORs for risk of falling were observed for various drug classes; the highest OR was for benzodiazepines (BZD) at OR=1.8Statistically significant at p < 0.05.
(unadjusted). Residents taking multiple drugs were at particular risk for falling, e.g. an OR of 6.1 for those using 10+ drugs. The case–crossover analysis indicated that residents starting a new BZD/antipsychotic were at very high risk (OR = 11.4) for experiencing a fall.ConclusionsResidents who took many different types of medications, as well as residents starting a new BZD/antipsychotics were at greatly increased risk of falling. These are high risk groups where increased monitoring or adjustments to drug regimens could lead to prevention of falls. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AB‐type crosslinked polymer networks from vinyl terminated polyurethane and poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Sriram V , Subramani S , Radhakrishnan Ganga 
Published: August 2002

AbstractVinyl terminated polyurethanes (VTPUs) were prepared by endcapping isocyanate terminated prepolymers with vinylbenzyl alcohol (VBA). AB‐type crosslinked polymer (ABCP) networks were generated by crosslinking the telechelic polyurethane with methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence of 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as free radical initiator. The spectral, thermal and mechanical properties of ABCPs were studied using Fourier Transform IR, thermogravimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis and stress‐strain analysis. The FTIR results confirm the formation of VBA, TP and ABCPs. Thermal behaviour of crosslinked polymers showed no significant weight loss up to 300 °C, indicating improved thermal stability. Dynamic mechanical tests revealed confinement of phase separation and good damping behaviour for the crosslinked networks. Stress‐strain analysis showed that tensile strength increases with increasing amounts of methyl methacrylate.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Separation and characterization of poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile)‐graft‐poly(propylene oxide) polymer stabilizer formed in dispersion polymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile in polyether
Authors: Guo Ruiwei , Lu Xiandong , Hua Maosheng , Fang Daobin , Yao Kangde 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPoly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile)‐graft‐poly(propylene oxide) (PSAN‐graft‐PPO), the stabilizer formedin situin the dispersion polymerization of styrene, acrylonitrile and macromonomer PPO maleate in PPO polyol, was separated from ungrafted copolymer PSAN by liquid chromatography. After the determination of the separation conditions by thin‐layer chromatography, the effective separation of the graft polymer from copolymer PSAN was achieved by liquid column chromatography. The graft efficiency and the composition of the graft polymer was determined by UV and1H NMR, and the formation characteristics of the graft polymer are discussed.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of environmental stress on the mechanical properties of surface treated fly‐ash/polyester particulate composite
Authors: Guhanathan S , Saroja Devi M 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFly‐ash (FA) was surface treated with silane coupling agents (CA) vinyltriethoxy silane and aminopropyltrimethoxysilane. Fly‐ash/polyester (FA/GPR) and surface treated fly‐ash/polyester (FA/CA/GPR) particulate composites were made. The composites were exposed to various adverse environmental conditions such as water, boiling water, salt water, acid, alkali, toluene, weather and freezing–thawing cycles for 30 days. The mechanical properties, ie tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break, flexural strength, flexural modulus, compressive strength, impact strength and hardness of FA/GPR and FA/CA/GPR were studied before and after exposure to adverse environmental conditions. The results indicate that the mechanical properties of FA/GPR composites are improved by surface treatment of FA and that their resistance to the various environmental stresses is also enhanced substantially by surface treatment.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Modeling solar cell degradation in space: A comparison of the NRL displacement damage dose and the JPL equivalent fluence approaches†
Authors: Messenger S. R. , Summers G. P. , Burke E. A. , Walters R. J. , Xapsos M. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe method for predicting solar cell degradation in space radiation environments developed recently at the US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is compared in detail with the earlier method developed at the US Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Although both methods are similar, the key difference is that in the NRL approach, the energy dependence of the damage coefficients is determined from a calculation of the nonionizing energy loss (NIEL) and requires relatively few experimental measurements, whereas in the JPL method the damage coefficients have to be determined using an extensive set of experimental measurements. The end result of the NRL approach is a determination of a single characteristic degradation curve for a cell technology, which is measured against displacement damage dose rather than fluence. The end‐of‐life (EOL) cell performance for a particular mission can be read from the characteristic curve once the displacement damage dose for the mission has been determined. In the JPL method, the end result is a determination of the equivalent 1 MeV electron fluence, which would cause the same level of degradation as the actual space environment. The two approaches give similar results for GaAs/Ge solar cells, for which a large database exists. Because the NRL method requires far less experimental data than the JPL method, it is more readily applied to emerging cell technologies for which extensive radiation measurements are not available. The NRL approach is being incorporated into a code named SAVANT by researchers at NASA Glenn Research Center. The predictions of SAVANT are shown to agree closely with actual space data for GaAs/Ge and CuInSe2cells flown on the Equator‐S mission. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metamorphic GayIn1−yP/Ga1−xInxAs tandem solar cells for space and for terrestrial concentrator applications at C > 1000 suns
Authors: Dimroth F. , Beckert R. , Meusel M. , Schubert U. , Bett A. W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe use of Ga1−xInxAs instead of GaAs as a bottom solar cell in a GayIn1−yP/Ga1−xInxAs tandem structure increases the flexibility of choosing the optimum bandgap combination of materials for a multijunction solar cell. Higher theoretical efficiencies are calculated and different cell concepts are suggested for space and terrestrial concentrator applications. Various GayIn1−yP/Ga1−xInxAs material combinations have been investigated for the first time and efficiencies up to 24·1% (AM0) and 27·0% (AM1·5 direct) have been reached under one‐sun conditions. An efficiency of 30·0–31·3% was measured for a Ga0·35In0·65P/Ga0·83In0·17As tandem concentrator cell with prismatic cover at 300 suns. The top and bottom cell layers of this structure are grown lattice‐matched to each other, but a large mismatch is introduced at the interface to the GaAs substrate. This cell structure is well suited for the use in next‐generation terrestrial concentrators working at high concentration ratios. For the first time a cell efficiency up to 29–30% has been measured at concentration levels up to 1300 suns. A small prototype concentrator with Fresnel lenses and four tandem solar cells working at C = 120 has been constructed, with an outdoor efficiency of 23%. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flexible CdTe solar cells on polymer films
Authors: Tiwari A. N. , Romeo A. , Baetzner D. , Zogg H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLightweight and flexible CdTe/CdS solar cells on polyimide films have been developed in a ‘superstrate configuration’ where the light is absorbed in CdTe after passing through the polyimide substrate. The average optical transmission of the approximately 10‐μm‐thin spin‐coated polyimide substrate layer is more than ∼75% for wavelengths above 550 nm. RF magnetron sputtering was used to grow transparent conducting ZnO:Al layers on polyimide films. CdTe/CdS layers were grown by evaporation of compounds, and a CdCl2annealing treatment was applied for the recrystallization and junction activation. Solar cells of 8·6% efficiency with Voc = 763 mV, Isc = 20·3 mA/cm2and FF = 55·7% were obtained. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.