bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
San Juan Island, Washington The “Pig War” and the Vagaries of Identity and History
Authors: Kennedy David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Originally published in the Atlantic Monthly in December 1863, Hale’s celebrated yarn relates the bizarre fate of one Philip Nolan. As a gullible young army officer in the early nineteenth century, Nolan is seduced by Aaron Burr’s promises of adventure, somehow finds himself implicated in Burr’s shadowy conspiracy aimed at the lower Mississippi Valley, is arrested, tried for treason, and found guilty. Asked at his court-martial if he wishes to make a statement, a bamboozled Nolan blurts out, “D--n the United States! I wish I may never hear of the United States again!” That outcry quite literally determines Nolan’s sentence: “that you never hear the name of the United States again.” That faintly gothic opening scene arrested my attention, and I read eagerly on.
1048 Fifth Avenue
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As such things go it is certainly one of the lesser mansions on Fifth Avenue. Number 1048 sits unobtrusively on the southeast corner of 86th Street, its gray brick stones tucked into the surrounding neighborhood. It boasts no sweeping circular driveway: no generous portico flanked by brass or iron balustrades: no defenses against the pedestrian traffic on the sidewalk it directly abuts. This was once the home of a banker who earned his riches in the Gilded Age and who passed it on to a Vanderbilt family widow. Its quiet elegance, its clean lines, its understated solidity, testify to the wealth that once flowed through its rooms. And yet, for many years, these lines concealed a quintessentially American institution that literally captured the efforts of immigrants to meld their New and Old World roots. For nearly forty years, 1048 Fifth Avenue did not function as a mansion at all: it housed the collections of the Yidisher Visnshaftlekher Institut, now officially known as YIVO Institute for Jewish Research.
Queens
Authors: Leuchtenburg Willaims E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I grew up in a place now closing in on a population of two million which does not get a line in the history texts-unlike much less populous communities such as Boston, Charleston, and San Francisco. A land where Late Woodland people roamed and both the Dutch flag and the Union Jack unfurled, an area settled nearly two centuries before Chicago was much more than an outpost, home to two Signers of the Declaration of Independence, it has rarely been regarded as “historic.” In the more than seventy years that I have known it, few have thought of it, if they have thought of it at all, as an “American place:’
Monticello
Authors: Peterson Merrille D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On April r3, 1782, Thomas Jefferson, lately governor of Virginia, welcomed to his home, Monticello, a distinguished guest, the chevalier de Chastellux. It happened to be Jetler­son’s thirty-ninth birthday. Chastellux, a member of the French Academy, author of De la Fe!tciti publique, had traveled westward from Williamsburg, where he was stationed with General Rochambeau’s victorious army. His literary portrait of Jefferson was the first to present him to the world in philosophical colors, and it was only enhanced by placing it in the context of the remarkable house this Virginian had raised on a mountaintop in Albemarle County. Chastellux’s Traz,efs in North America appeared in Paris in 1786 and the next year in English translation.
The Musso & Frank Grill In Hollywood
Authors: Starr Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I knew it the moment I walked in. This was it: the rich wood paneling, the red leather booths, the equally red-jacketed waiters moving to and fro at their own pace, the long and crowded bar alight with fine-stemmed martini glasses, the steaks and chops on patrons· plates, and, above all else, the joyous reverberations of the room. This was Hollywood, this was Los Angeles in its golden agel This was the Musso & Frank Grill at 6667 Hollywood Boulevard between Las Palmas and Cherokee avenues in the heart of Hollywood: at the center of a dream as well, at the center of my own hopes for an imaginative connection to the City of the Angels and the larger Southern California past.
Psychosis
Authors: Taylor Michael Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The DSM separates “psychotic disorders” from “mood disorders,” defining psychotic disorders as conditions in which hallucinations, delusions, or related behaviors (e.g., grossly “disorganized” speech, thought, or social behaviors) must be present. Depression and mania can be severe enough to produce hallucinations and delusions, but these and related phenomena are not necessary for a diagnosis of mood disorder. This dichotomy is dangerous because it influences you to not diagnose mood disorder when a patient is also psychotic. However, 20% of melancholic and 30%-50% of manic episodes are of psychotic severity, and if you understand the treatment needs of such patients their response to treatment is good.
Obsessional Syndromes
Authors: Taylor Michael Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several seemingly distinct syndromes, upon close scrutiny, share the common feature of recurrent, intrusive thoughts or actions. These syndromes include obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), Gilles de la Tourette’s disorder (GTS), trichotillomania, kleptomania, pathologic gambling, some extreme forms of hypochondriasis (particularly when limited to one or a few recurrent health concerns), hoarding, some sexual disorders (e.g., exhibitionism), self-mutilation behavior, and some patients with substance abuse, anorexia nervosa (and perhaps bulimia), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Table 14.1 lists OCD syndromes.
Iatrogenesis In Health Promotion
Authors: Buchanan David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Iatrogenesis is a term of art used to describe the inadvertent harm inflicted by medical practitioners. This chapter presents case studies of the iatrogenic effects of the application of three theories used in designing health promotion interventions: social learning theory, social marketing, and empowerment. The case studies illustrate the ethical pitfalls outlined in the last chapter in concrete terms. The analysis shows how the use of these theories exacerbates, rather than relieves, the dissolution of values underlying so many modem social health problems.
Health And Well-Being
Authors: Buchanan David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is something sick about how we think about health. “When polled, Americans commonly list health at the top of their preoccupations, ahead of love, work, or money, and identify good health ahead of any other alternative, including love, as the chief source of happiness,” writes Michael Ignatieff in his essay “Modern Dying.” “The gyms, squash courts, Nautilus rooms, swimming lanes, and saunas of the big cities resound with the thud and the grunt of the last men and women in pursuit of their grail."1 Health is now an integral part of popular concerns, with plenty of bedside reading. Perusal of the health section of any bookstore reveals innumerable books on diet, exercise, stress, recovery, vitamins, biofeedback, and on and on. Indeed, health books have replaced philosophy books as guides to the good life. True to Nietzsche’s portents, we seem to have reduced the idea of the human good to the glow of physical fitness and the ideals of self-knowledge and self-control to a dawn-to-dusk regimen of diet and exercise. We have a bad case of hypochondria.
Rural Health Care Networks
Authors: Wellever Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many rural health providers voluntarily collaborate with other health care providers to cope with the challenges of operating in a turbulent, rapidly changing health care delivery and financing environment. By coalescing into cooperatives, alliances, consortia, or networks, rural providers expect to reduce their costs, manage their scarce resources, and increase their bargaining position with other institutional actors, such as insurers and regulators (Zuckerman, Kaluzny, and Ricketts, 1995). The popularity of voluntary collaboration among rural providers may have accelerated in recent years in response to the Medicare prospective payment system and the anticipated expansion of managed care in rural areas, both of which caused rural hospitals and other providers to seek improvements in the management of their cost and utilization (Shortell, Gillies, and Devers, 1995; Shortell, Gillies, and Anderson, 1994).
Summary
Authors: Calvert J G , Atkinson R , Kerr J A , Madronich S , Moortgat G K , Wallington, T J , Yarwood G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When alkenes are released into the atmosphere of a city during the day, they react quickly (within hours), largely with hydroxyl radical (OH), and somewhat more slowly with nitrate radical (N03) and ozone (03). When released at night, alkenes react largely with N03 or 03, with lifetimes of the order of days. Alkenes (as well as alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons) react with OH radicals to form peroxy radicals that initiate chain reactions in which NO is oxidized to N02, N02 is photodissociated [N02 + hv (&gt;-. &lt; 430 nm) —s+ 0(3 P) + NO], and03 is formed from the 0-atoms produced [02 + 0(3 P) + (N2/02)---+03 + (N2/02)]. Although the alkenes constitute only about 7% of the non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) in the early morning urban atmosphere of Los Angeles, they account for about 27% of the species reacting with OH, and about 19% of the maximum incremental reactivity (MIR). In the Boston atmosphere in the morning, alkenes account for 10% of NMHCs, 24% of the species reacting with OH, and 18% of the MIR. Alkenes are one of the most important classes of hydrocarbons in promoting 03 and smog formation in urban environments.
The Politics Of Harmony In Eighteenth-Century Prussia
Authors: Levinger Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Kings are … but human, and all humans are equal.”1 This remark, from a treatise by the youthful Frederick the Great, illustrates a deep tension that existed within the theory of Prussian enlightened absolutism—a tension between egalitarian principles and authoritarian practice. From the mid–seventeenth century onward, the Hohenzollern kings had sought to consolidate their control over the realm and to diminish the political power of the Prussian nobility. Frederick’s predecessors had established a centralized bureaucracy and a large standing army under their direct command. They had levied taxes without consulting the Landstände, the traditional representative assemblies of the Prussian provinces. Only in the local and county diets, many of which still convened on a regular basis, did the Prussian nobility continue to play an active governing role.2
Invoking the Nation
Authors: Levinger Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 14 October 1806, Prussia’s famed army collapsed in a single day, routed by the French at the battles of Auerstädt and Jena. Two weeks later, Napoleon entered Berlin, as the Prussian court fled eastward toward Memel, a small Lithuanian seaport near the Russian border. Throughout the following winter and spring, the Prussian military forces were besieged in the towns of Prussia’s eastern marches.
ANOVA: Experimental Layout and Analysis
Authors: Potvin Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the understanding of ecological questions necessitates partitioning the effects of environmental factors, ecologists rely on experiments. Manipulative experiments, either in the field or in controlled environments, enable ecologists to vary single factors to isolate their effects. For example, growth cabinets make it possible to raise organisms at identical temperatures but different photoperiods, or at identical light intensities but different temperatures. In manipulative experiments, it is often desirable that environmental “background,” that is, all the factors that are not altered voluntarily, be controlled precisely.
Failure-time Analysis: Studying Times to Events and Rates at Which Events Occur
Authors: Fox Gordon A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do differences among treatments lead to differences in the time until seeds germinate, foragers leave patches, individuals die, or pollinators leave flowers? Do treatment differences lead to differences in the number of events that have occurred by some time or to differences in the rates at which these events occur? Questions of this kind are at the heart of many studies of life history evolution, demography, behavioral ecology; and pollination biology, as well as other ecological sub disciplines. In all of these cases, researchers are concerned either with the time until some event occurs in individual experimental units or with the related problem of the rate at which these events occur.
Diversity, Toleration, and Deliberative Democracy: Religious Minorities and Public Schooling
Authors: Galston William A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is said that during medieval times, Bulan, king of the Khazers, summoned four wise men to his kingdom-a secular philosopher, a Christian scholar, a Muslim scholar, and a rabbi. After interrogating them seriatim on the content and basis of their beliefs, Bulan called his people together in an assembly, declared that he accepted Judaism, and decreed that all Khazers would thenceforth be instructed in and practice Judaism as their communal faith.
Deliberation Method, Not Theory
Authors: Hardin Russell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Democracy and Disagreement, Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson address the centrally most difficult problem of democratic theory and government: how to handle deep disagreements. Their resolution is to plump for deliberative democracy. This has been perhaps the single most popular move of democratic theorists in our time, especially theorists under the sway of Ji.irgen Habermas. But Gutmann and Thompson are not as abstract and vague as Habermas in his prescriptions, which seem to presuppose that disagreements can commonly be bridged if only we talk enough and hold to the “normative prerequisites of discourse,” which sound like rules for parlor or academic discussion rather than rules for the political fray of democratic policymaking. Gutmann and Thompson know that some of our disagreements are real and deep and that, in the face of these, deliberative democracy can be defended primarily not for its effectiveness in bridging all conflicts but for its qualities as a procedure in reaching political decisions.
Justice, Inclusion, and Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Young Iris Marion 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Democracy and Disagreement Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson offer the most complete theory of deliberative democracy yet developed. They specify six principles that define the norms of deliberative democracy, and they elaborate the meaning and implications of each. Moreover, they use these principles to analyze recent political discussion in the United States, more extensively and in greater detail than any other recent writing on deliberative democracy.
Pathophysiology and Assessment of Dyspnea in the Patient with Cancer
Authors: Dudgeon Deborah J , Rosenthal Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dyspnea, an uncomfortable awareness of breathing, can seriously affect the quality of life of cancer patients. Management of this symptom in these patients requires an understanding of the multidimensional nature of dyspnea, the neural pathways and receptors that may be involved, the pathophysiological mechanisms that may underline the problem, the methods of evaluation and assessment of dyspnea, and the clinical syndromes that are common in cancer. Relief of breathlessness should be the goal of treatment at all stages of cancer. Good control of this symptom will improve function and quality of life.
Models for the Delivery of Palliative Care: The Canadian Model
Authors: Brenneis Carleen , Bruera Eduardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion of palliative care, providing comfort to the dying, is not new to Canada or other countries. However, the context of the delivery of care has changed considerably since the mid-1970s. In the second half of the twentieth century in North America, care of the terminally ill moved from the home into the hospitals. The success of medical technology shifted the focus in hospitals to prolonging life and avoiding death.
Models for the Delivery of Palliative Care: The Spanish Model
Authors: Centeno Carlos , Gómez-Sancho Marcos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before describing the model of palliative care in Spain, it is necessary to give a brief description of the country’s current health care model. Our country has approximately 40 million inhabitants. The public health system offers universal access and is publicly financed. In accordance with the constitutional principle of territorial decentralization in the healthcare field, public health services and functions have been transferred from central government to 7 of the 17 Autonomous Regions, affecting some 62% of the country’s population.
Models for the Delivery of Palliative Care in Developing Countries: The Argentine Model
Authors: Wenk Roberto , Bertolino Mariela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Half of Argentina’s 35 million inhabitants live in the urban areas scattered throughout the country’s 23 provinces, while the other half live in rural districts. Health care development varies considerably, with areas of excellent medical facilities and others with insufficient basic primary care. This chapter describes the development and current status of palliative care in Argentina, noting that the information could be incomplete because of lack of up-to-date national data.
Exploring the Need for a Special Model of Geriatric Care
Authors: Morrison R Sean , Meier Diane E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Popular images of death and dying are a jumble of gun violence; young and middle-aged adults on television fighting for life with the help of tubes, intensive care units (ICULF), and other modern machinery; and nineteenth century images of feverish mothers or children attended at home by their grieving families and helpless physicians. In reality, these media visions bear little relationship to the actual human experience of dying in the United States. In our society, the overwhelming majority of people who die are elderly.
Advance Directives in Different Cultures
Authors: Akabayashi Akira , Voltz Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One method used to resolve such dilemmas is the provision of an advance directive (AD), particularly in the United States. Such directives are made while the patient is still competent, and specify the forms of medical treatment to be provided by caregivers and/or designate someone to act as a proxy should the subject in question lose his or her capacity to make decisions.
Problems with Opioid Dose Escalation in Cancer Pain: Differential Diagnosis and Management Strategies
Authors: Mercadante Sebastiano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chronic opioid therapy has been recognized as standard management for cancer pain. Analgesia can be achieved with different opioid dosages in individuals, as there is effectively no ceiling to their analgesic effect and the proportion of adverse effects that the patient can tolerate is usually the limiting factor of the dose used. Thus, analgesic dosage should be titrated to effect. However, opioid escalation may have different causes in the course of the illness, and several factors can interfere with an appropriate analgesic opioid response.
Diagnosis and Management of Delirium in the Terminally Ill
Authors: Breitbart William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Delirium is one of the most common mental disorders encountered in general hospital practice. Knight and Folstein estimated that 33% of hospitalized medically ill patients have serious cognitive impairments. Massie and coworkers found delirium in 25% of 334 hospitalized cancer patients seen in psychiatric consultation and in 85% (11 of 13) of terminal cancer patients. Pereira and co-workers found the prevalence of cognitive impairment in cancer inpatients to be 44%, and just prior to death, the prevalence rose to 62.1%.
Daodejing (Tao Te Ching)
Authors: Kupperman Joel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we enter the world of Daoism (Taoism), the great rival of Confucianism in ancient China. Of the two, Daoism is the more col01ful. It has captured Western imaginations: witness books ranging from the Tao of Pooh to the Tao of Physics. Its original advocates clearly were eccentric people, and there is a mysticism that makes readers think that they are being given access to deep truths. But it is not so easy to say what these deep truths are supposed to be. According to legend the eighty one poems that compose the Daodejing (also known in the older romanization as Tao Te Ching) are the work of Lao Tzu, a contemporary of Confucius in the sixth century BCE. He has been thought of as the great founder of Daoism. Was there a real Lao Tzu? It may be that the original inspiration of the Daodejing was at the time of Confucius, or even before. But scholars now agree that the work we actually have dates from about two hundred years or n1ore after then.
Trees
Authors: Dale Mark R T , Francis Shawn , Krebs Charles J , Nams Vilis O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tree flora of the Kluane Valley is remarkably depauperate, even for the boreal forest, which is not known for high diversity of tree species. Three species of trees are pre­ sent. The only species of conifer is the white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss. The absence of its congener, the black spruce, Pieea mariana (Mill.) BSP, which is widespread and common in other parts of the boreal forest, is surprising, particularly since black spruce occur to the north and to the east of Kluane. The other two tree species in the valley are angiosperms of the genus Populus: trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx., and balsam poplar, Populus balsamifera L. In spite of their ability to spead clonally, the two species of Populus are comparatively rare in the valley, making spruce the dominant tree in area, cover, and biomass. This chapter is therefore primarily about white spruce. Although some herbivores feed on parts of the spruce trees (e.g., red squirrels eat the seeds), these trees are more important to the other organisms in the ecosystem because of the physical structure they create. The second way in which spruce are important is as pri­ mary producers because they are responsible for a large portion of the net primary productivity in the valley. Although this production does not benefit all the herbivores directly, it affects them indirectly through the accumulation of litter, which provides cover and in tum affects their food plants through its physical and chemical properties.