bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mythology Of North America
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The growing economic and political influence of Native American tribes has brought religious issues, once little noted, increasingly to the fore. Timeless in their basic structures, the continent’s principal myths are now emerging as sacred histories that have contemporary significance. In this wide-ranging volume, John Bierhorst carefully delineates eleven mythological regions--from the Arctic to the Southwest and from California to the East Coast--presenting the gods, heroes, and primary myths of each area. First published in 1985, this indispensable guide has been updated to reflect the latest scholarship in Native studies. In a new Afterword, Bierhorst describes the recent impact of ancient myths in the arena of American Indian affairs and shows how Native Americans have successfully used mythology as oral evidence to reclaim land rights and to repatriate grave goods. Citing specific cases, he shows how new legislation and changing attitudes “have provided a basis for bringing myth to the negotiating table and into the courtroom.” Detailed maps show tribal locations and the distribution of key stories. Indian artworks illustrate the texts and samples of differing narrative styles add enrichment, as some of the world’s purest and most powerful myths are made more accessible--and more meaningful--than ever before.
Storytelling in the Arctic
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If myths offered the Northwest Coast a means of advancing one’s social position, among Eskimos they served the purpose of killing time. Before the days of satellite TV, stories were needed, if for no other reason than to help fill the endless winter night. At its best, this eminently practical approach to storytelling gave rise to a secular entertainment industry unexcelled by any other native American culture. Only among the Pueblos and perhaps the Iroquois was the art of fiction so highly developed, and only in the Southwest did music play so great a role.
Creators of California
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As used here, the name California applies only to about two thirds of the state, stretching from the northeast corner to a cut-off line two hundred miles south of San Francisco. Before the Gold Rush of 1849 this was a region of village dwellers, who did not farm, who seldom traveled, and who almost never made war. The hunting and the fishing were good and the edible acorns so abundant that the region supported a population denser than most areas where farming was practiced.
Great Basin Heroes and Heroines
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Living was difficult in the dry open country of the Great Basin. Lacking the acorn crops that enriched the Californians, the Basin people foraged for roots, bulbs, and greens, rounding out their diet with small game. Settlements, if such they can be called, often amounted to no more than the brush shelter of a single family, with no neighbors in sight. People did get together for communal hunts or an occasional pine nut harvest, and these events afforded opportunities for exchanging stories.
Father Creators and Boy Heroes
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the end of a session in which hero tales had been told, a Wichita narrator of the old days, thinking back over his own life, would weep, while his young listeners, thinking ahead, would strike their front teeth with their thumbnails, indicating their desire to live long and perform deeds like those that had just been recounted. Then the storyteller would make an offering of food and tobacco smoke to the mythical heroes and raise a pouch of food to the Creator in the sky. The session would close with offerings to the four directions and to the earth.
Earth and Sky
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Hidatsa of western North Dakota were the northernmost of the Plains tribes to grow corn and live in permanent villages. According to their mythology, adapted from the Mandan, they emerged from the earth carrying their garden produce with them. Lone Man was their leader. A vine they had planted in the underworld had grown through a hole in the earth’s crust, and it was this that they climbed as they made their way upward, one by one. Many had already emerged when a pregnant woman began the ascent.
Lore of the Kin
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Tribes of the central and lower Midwest were divided into kinship groups, usually thought of as representing the component parts of the universe. Among the Omaha there were ten such units, five of which considered themselves “sky” clans; the other five were the “earth” clans. The Winnebago had a similar system, recognizing four clans “above” and eight “below,” each named for a particular animal. In the mind’s eye these occupied five tiers: heaven of heavens (Thunderbird clan); sky (Hawk, Eagle, and Pigeon clans);
Dangerous Women
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Gran Chaco appears to be just beyond reach of the story of the female warriors, or Amazon myth, which has not been reported farther south than Bolivia and southern Brazil. Yet the theme of conflict between the sexes persists, giving rise to a variety of myths that betray men’s fear of women, including, among the Chamacoco at least, a ceremonial myth on the subject of male domination.
Introduction
Authors: Goldstein Avram 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A 50-year-old man lies in a hospital bed, desperately ill. Emphysema has destroyed his lungs, and the pitiful sound of his labored breathing fills the room. Watch him! Incredible as it seems, he begs his wife to bring him a cigarette. Cigarettes put him here, cigarettes will surely finish him off. Why doesn’t he quit? Why didn’t he quit years ago when the first Surgeon General’s report on smoking, widely publicized, had already made it clear what his future would be if he continued his pack-a-day habit?
Cocaine and Amphetamines
Authors: Goldstein Avram 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“They give all that they possess, in order to indulge their mad craving,” wrote the German physician and medical researcher Louis Lewin in 1887 about cocaine addicts. That comment is just as apt for cocaine users today as it was a century ago, and is true of amphetamine addicts as well. Chapter 4 described how monkeys, given free access to cocaine, self-administer it to the exclusion of all other activities until they reach a state of sleepless exhaustion and die in a couple of weeks. One sees the same frantic, compulsive behavior in cocaine addicts on a binge, the chief difference being that their supply of cocaine is usually (but not always) exhausted before they can kill themselves.
Treating Addiction, Preventing Relapse
Authors: Goldstein Avram 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of my patients (let’s call him Charlie T.) was an accomplished musician. His career had been wrecked by heroin, and now he had been on methadone for three years. For all that time he had participated in group counseling sessions. His therapist had helped him find a job with a local opera company. Marital counseling had helped him reunite with his wife. He belonged to a neighborhood bowling club and had recently won a trophy. He had used no heroin or other illicit drug for two whole years, as proved by regular urine testing. A year ago, as he was doing so well by all the indicators, his therapist had agreed that he might be ready to discontinue methadone, and he had been reducing dosage very, very gradually since then.
Library Automation: Tight Consortia
Authors: Quandt Richard E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
My first trip to Poland under Mellon auspices was in October 1990. In Hungary, I most often traveled by train because of the excellent intercity trains that connect Budapest with the larger provincial cities. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, I sometimes drove a rented car or took a plane. In Poland, the distances are large, my itinerary often made trains impractical, and on most trips I rented a car with a driver for a geographically clockwise tour that would start in Warsaw and carry me to some or all of Lublin, Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk, Toruń, and back to Warsaw.
As I started to meet with university as well as government officials, I soon realized that there was a substantial style difference between the Hungarians and the Poles on the one hand, and the Czechs and the Slovaks on the other. The Hungarians and Poles tended to be informal: discussions took place around a table over coffee, and they had the air of conversations. In the Czech Republic and in Slovakia, comparable events were often (but by no means always) very formal. The “locals” would sit on one side of a long rectangular table and I (or I and a colleague if I was accompanied) would sit along the other side; occasionally our side of the table would fly a small American flag while the other side would fly the appropriate local flag. There would be no conversation on such occasions, but speeches would be made: an opening sally by the home team, a reply by me, and so on; this might end with a ritual glass of brandy, even if it was 10 o’clock in the morning.
There was one issue associated with making library automation grants that I did not really have to face in Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, namely what difference it makes whether the software system is or is not already selected by the library at the time that the grant is awarded. In Hungary, I did not have to deal with integrated automated library systems, and in the other two countries the oversight provided by Andrew Lass insured that the preparatory work was scrupulously careful and detailed, even if the final decision had not yet been made. The advantages of having the software decision made early was that the cost of the system could be known with greater precision and that the library would have had to do all its homework before the grant was awarded.
Economy and Society
Authors: Quandt Richard E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The previous chapters have dealt with a varied menu of activities focused overwhelmingly on management training and economics education, on improving the state of national and university computing capabilities, and on modernizing research libraries. These activities had substantial effects on the development of free-market economies, on the modernization and westernization of educational systems, and on the integration of the East European countries into a mainstream western-style educational and research environment. But the same objectives could also be pursued by somewhat different means; that is, one could also think of reforming particular institutions of the economy, the political system, or society at large by more direct and practical actions. Thus, for example, it seemed entirely reasonable to help streamline the privatization process in the several countries.
There is, of course, an endless list of potential direct interventions, but it made good sense to place some special emphasis on areas that I knew some thing about. This involved first and foremost the development of particular business enterprises or of regional industrial centers and the improvement of the financial institutions in the several countries. Closely related were projects to improve the quality of government operations. Most importantly, many of the useful activities that one could undertake were to recognize the importance of the shift from a strongly centralized, pre-1990 system to one that was becoming increasingly decentralized in several important respects.
Eternal Sacred Order versus Conventional Wisdom
Authors: Opata Damian U 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Okonkwo’s Killing of Ikemefuna—his knottiest moral dilemma in the novel—has generally been seen by critics as an unconscionable act that is tantamount to an offense against the gods of the land. After Ikemefuna’s death, Okonkwo’s closest friend, Obierika, tells him that what he did “will not please the Earth” because “it is the kind of action for which the goddess wipes out whole families” (46). Earlier, Ezeudu, “the oldest man” in Okonkwo’s own quarter of Umuofia, had told Okonkwo not to have anything to do with the killing of Ikemefuna. He said, “That boy calls you father. Do not bear a hand in his death” (40). The authorial voice which follows after the killing of Ikemefuna ascribes a psychological motive of fear to Okonkwo’s actions.
The Metamorphosis of Piety in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart
Authors: Mackenzie Clayton G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Matters of Religion are thematically central to Things Fall Apart and Arrow of God. Both novels reflect revisions in the nature of traditional worship, and both attest to the demise of traditional mores in the face of an aggressive and alien proselytizing religion. The disparities between the two novels are equally significant. Possibly for reasons of historical setting, Things Fall Apart differs from Arrow of God in its presentation of the status of indigenous beliefs and in its precise delineation of the evolutionary process of those beliefs—a process not articulated in any detail in the later novel. The shifts of belief in Things Fall Apart are marked by the pragmatic transference of old pieties for new, a metamorphosis demanded by the realities of a revised socioeconomic hierarchy.
FX Short Positions, Balance Sheets, and Financial Turbulence An Interpretation of the Asian Financial Crisis
Authors: Neftci* Salih N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper discusses a framework that may make the explanation of such dynamics easier. In the framework that we develop below, market participants start taking risky positions due to an initial mispricing. The positions weaken the balance sheet of the financial sector. This fragility then imposes constraints on the central bank’s policies and makes sure that the mispricing is perceived as “long-term,” which in tum leads to an increase of the risky positions.
Candidiasis
Authors: Vazquez Jose A , Sobel jack D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Within a few decades, Candida species have progressed from infrequent pathogens that were largely considered nuisance contaminants to important and common human pathogens causing a wide spectrum of superficial and deep disease. Superficial infections are frequently community acquired and responsible for considerable morbidity. In contrast, deep seated, invasive, and systemic Candida infections are usually nosocomial in origin. Pathogenic and risk factors for superficial and deep candidiasis, although overlapping, are markedly different; hence superficial infection uncommonly results in systemic disease. Matching the increased incidence of Candida infections has been the availability in the last 2 decades of successive generations of antifungal agents.
Cryptococcosis
Authors: Baddley John W , Dismukes william E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cryptococcosis is a systemic mycosis caused by the encapsulated yeast Cryptococcus neoformans, an organism found in soil, often associated with pigeon droppings. Infection most often involves the lungs or central nervous system, and less frequently the blood, skin, skeletal system, and prostate. Since the incidence of cryptococcosis is greatly increased in immunocompromised patients, especially among patients with AIDS and organ transplant recipients, cryptococcosis is considered an opportunistic fungal disease. Treatment of cryptococcosis is based on anatomic site of disease and immune status of the patient. Cryptococcal meningitis is typically treated with induction therapy of amphotericin B with or without flucytosine, followed by a pro-longed course of fluconazole. For pulmonary disease, fluconazole is effective therapy in most patients. Chronic maintenance therapy with fluconazole may be required in HIV-infected patients who remain immunosuppressed. At least 19 species of the genus Cryptococcus have been described (Rippon, 1988), but few are recognized as causing infection in humans. The predominant pathogen is C. neoformans, but two other species, C. albidus, and C. laurentii, have been reported to rarely cause disease in humans (Gluck et al, 1987; Johnson et al, 1998; Kordossis et al, 1998). Cryptococcus neoformans is a round or oval encapsulated yeast, measuring approximately 4–6 µ,m in diameter in clinical specimens, and having a capsule ranging in size from 1 to &gt; 30 µ,m. In specimens isolated from nature, organisms tend to be smaller and poorly encapsulated (Neilson et al, 1977). Four serotypes, A, B, C, and D, of C. neoformans are recognized based on antigenic determinates on the polysaccharide capsule, with serotype A most common. Cryptococcus neoformans is further classified into pathogenic varieties: C. neoformans var. neo-formans traditionally included serotypes A and D; and C. neoformans var. gattii includes serotypes B and C.
Efficacy of Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Abrams Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is axiomatic that rigorous experimental methods are required to demonstrate the efficacy of a medical treatment. Whether the comparison is with placebo (sham treatment) or with an alternative active therapy, a prospective design with random assignment of consecutive patients to treatment groups and blind assessment of outcome using objective measures are absolute requirements. Both the diagnostic criteria and the precise treatment parameters must be specified, and appropriate statistical analyses must be employed (or the data presented in sufficient detail for readers to perform their own calculations). Scrupulous adherence to these rules is especially crucial when studying an emotionally charged and physiologically active treatment such as ECT, for it is often used for illnesses (depression, mania) with a high spontaneous remission rate.
The first part of this chapter assesses the efficacy of ECT by reviewing the evidence from controlled trials in the three disorders for which such data are available: depression, schizophrenia, and mania. The results of uncontrolled or otherwise methodologically weak studies, anecdotal reports, and case history studies are referred to in the second part.
Technique of Electroconvulsive Therapy: Theory
Authors: Abrams Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy is not a trifling or inconsequential procedure to be delegated to a junior resident or casually administered, unassisted, in the office. It is unique among psychiatric treatments: a significant medical intervention requiring general anesthesia and entailing risks, however, small, of morbidity and mortality. The psychiatrist administering ECT adopts a role most like that of his medical and surgical colleagues; to perform it well requires an intimate knowledge of the physiology and biochemistry of induced seizures, an understanding of the pharmacology of anesthetic agents, familiarity with the physical properties of the electrical stimulus used, and the confidence and skill to lead a treatment team in the event of a medical emergency.
No requirements yet exist for the training of psychiatrists in giving ECT (Fink, 1986b); indeed, neither the American Committee on Graduate Medical Education and its Residency Review Committees nor the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology provide any guidelines in this regard.
Patients’ Attitudes, Medicolegal Considerations, and Informed Consent
Authors: Abrams Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Gomez (1975) was the first to examine the incidence and severity of subjectively experienced side effects of ECT. She tried to understand why, as she believed, “many patients and their relatives view the prospect of ECT with horror.” She interviewed 96 patients, most of them depressed, 24 hours after each treatment, for a total of 500 consecutive treatments, of which 420 were given with bilateral electrode placement. The self-reported incidence of side effects was remarkably low: Muscle pain topped the list at 8.2%, with subjective memory impairment and headache occurring only about 3% of the time. Surprisingly, subjective complaints were no less frequent in patients receiving unilateral compared with bilateral ECT. The aspect of ECT most disliked by patients who were interviewed after they had received 3 or 4 ECTs related primarily to fear—most frequently, a fear of permanent impairment of memory or intellectual abilities, followed about equally by fear of entering the ECT room, fear of death or serious damage, and the apprehension experienced while simply waiting to receive treatment. A quarter of the sample expressed no special fear or dislike of ECT.
A Short Guide to Fibromyalgia
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fibromyalgia is a form of chronic neuromuscular pain, a pain-amplification syndrome brought on by abnormal interactions between hormones, the immune system, neurotransmitters, and the autonomic nervous system, that afflicts six million Americans every year. Often misdiagnosed, and widely misunderstood, the majority of patients are turned away from doctors or treated for depression. This guide offers expert advice to sufferers of this painful syndrome and gives them the education they need to get the help they require but rarely get. In their earlier books, Making Sense of Fibromyalgia and All About Fibromyalgia, noted medical writer Janice Wallace and Dr. Daniel Wallace, a leading expert on this disorder, provided comprehensive guides—for both patients and professionals—to this little known and poorly understood syndrome. Now, in Fibromyalgia, the Wallaces provide an inviting and succinct version of the syndrome they have studied, laid out in clear and accessible language. The authors provide a clear, concise explanation of the syndrome and its symptoms, and also outline the recent advances in treatments. Fibromyalgia addresses a desperate need for concise, accessible information on this syndrome and offers reassurance to patients and their families.
The Naiveté of Agency Instrumentalism
Authors: Richardson Henry S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In situating his own approach to democratic deliberation, Habermas describes twin dangers that he seeks to avoid: Discourse theory drops all those motifs employed by the philosophy of consciousness that lead one either to ascribe the citizens’ practice of self-determination to a macrosocial subject or to refer the anonymous rule of law to competing individual subjects. The former approach views the citizenry as a collective actor that reflects the whole and acts for it. In the latter approach, individual actors function as dependent variables in power processes-processes that operate blindly because beyond individual choice there can be at most aggregated, but not consciously formed and executed, collective decisions.1 In examining two instrumentalist conceptions for agency reasoning in this chapter and the next, I will show that each falls into one of the traps that Habermas describes. Although (Ml), agency instrumentalism, is hardly inspired by Rousseau’s metaphors of collective consciousness, it nonetheless turns out to fail to take seriously enough the differences among persons and models governmental reasoning as if the government were a single subject. Model (M2), which takes cost-benefit analysis to be the crucial policy standard, falls instead into the second trap of casting individuals as blind and passive elements in a process of aggregation. My task, here, is to begin to explore the implications of democracy as democratic autonomy, with its populist and rationalist aspect, for decision-making within administrative agencies. To do so is also, as I have indicated, to begin to think about how to divide the difficult labor of reasoning collectively about such complex matters.