bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tropical Forest Conservation
Authors: Southgate Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attempts to halt the destruction of rain forests and other natural habitats in the tropics have met with little success. In particular, national parks, like those found in wealthy nations, have proven difficult to establish in Africa, Asia, and South and Central America. More often than not, people inhabiting areas designated for protection resist being told by outsiders that they must change how and where they live. Alternative approaches, frequently embodied in integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs), are now being pursued. The goal is to address local communities’ desires for improved standards of living while simultaneously meeting conservation objectives. Nature-based tourism and sustainable harvesting of forest products are the centerpieces of ICDPs and related initiatives. This book assesses the viability of conservation strategies predicated on the adoption of environmentally sound enterprises in and around threatened habitats. Drawing on research in Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Peru and on his extensive experience working in South and Central America and the Caribbean, the author demonstrates that it is rare for forest dwellers to derive much benefit from ecotourism, the extraction of timber and other commodities, or the collection of samples used in pharmaceutical research. Often these activities are simply unprofitable. Even when they are profitable, the benefits tend not to accrue locally, but instead are captured by outside firms and individuals who can provide important services like safe and reliable transportation. The author contends that human capital formation and related productivity-enhancing investment is the only sure path to economic progress and habitat conservation.
Analysis Of Individual Scenes
Authors: Leafstedt Carl S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bart6k’s music, with few exceptions, hews closely to the dramatic structure present in the original Bluebeard play. While “giving a sharp plasticity to every word and phrase;’ as Kodaly wrote following the opera’s premiere, the music also goes one step further in taking its essential form from the dialogue patterns, large-scale dramatic rhythm, and localized stage activity laid forth in Balazs’s text.1 In this chapter, each scene in the opera is analyzed with an eye toward demonstrating how Bart6k’s music reflects, and breathes life into, the subtle changes in dramatic emphasis that occur within individual scenes. Taken together, the seven door scenes reveal a remarkable variety of musical material keyed to the visions revealed behind the opening doors. Yet beneath the music’s variegated surface can be perceived common threads or procedures that help establish links between the scenes and eventually result in a coherent whole. Some of these-namely, the use of certain motifs and the opera’s background harmonic organization around a symmetrical cycle of thirds -were discussed in the preceding chapter.
Parasitic Cowbirds
Authors: Johnsgard Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cowbirds are a group of six species of passerines that are part of a larger group of”advanced” New World passerines of uncertain taxonomic status that includes approximately 95 species and 23 genera of cowbirds, blackbirds, oropendolas, caciques, and orioles. Orians (1985) regarded the group (which he collectively called “blackbirds”) as a distinct family Icteridae. No single collective vernacular name fits this rather diverse group of birds, but the orioles, caciques, and oropendolas make up the largest single component group. One tropical oriole species is the troupial (so called because of its coloniality and sociality), and the term “troupials” is also sometimes used an inclusive vernacular name for the oriole-, cacique-, and oropendolalike birds. In recent years the entire group has increasingly been reduced by taxonomists from familial rank (Icteridae) to subfamilial (e.g., American Ornithologists’ Union, 1983) or sometimes (as adopted here) even tribal rank (e.g., Sibley & Monroe, 1990), and this procedure allows for the use of convenient catch-all vernacular term “icterines” to refer to the cowbirds and their relatives.
Pardon Before the Enlightenment
Authors: Moore Kathleen Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As long as people have been thinking about punishment, they have been thinking about the remission of punishment. Western history gives no reason to think that the urge to punish is any older or any stronger than the impulse to pardon. Provisions for pardon were present in even the earliest legal codes. And it is arguable that pardons have played as pivotal a role in history as their better-known opposite, punishments.
Eighteenth-Century Reactions Against Pardon
Authors: Moore Kathleen Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eighteenth-century Europe was the setting for reformist attacks against the great monarchies, attacks both military and philosophical. The monarchies were guilty of many abuses; among the most flagrant was their abuse of the pardoning power. They used the pardon frequently-to fill their treasuries, to populate their colonies, to win powerful friends. This abuse did not escape the attention of the political philosophers. The great treatises on government and the rights of citizens published by philosophers during this time usually had something to say about pardon, and usually it was critical.
How a Retributivist Theory Can Justify Pardon
Authors: Moore Kathleen Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that pardons are discretionary acts of grace that need no justification has not served America well. Left to their own discretion, recent presidents have diminished pardons-both numerically and morally. Yet even pardons that are clearly unjust are seen to be exempt from criticism, for who can quarrel with kindness? As a result, when a President grants or threatens to grant a pardon widely perceived as corrupt or unfitting, the disgruntled, grumbling public throws up its hands in resignation. As a first step toward removing pardon’s immunity to criticism, it needs to be shown that pardons should be just-and that they are not always so. Also, the question needs to be addressed of what makes a pardon just or unjust.
Justified Pardons: Innocence
Authors: Moore Kathleen Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Complex systems-nuclear plants, jet airliners-have the potential to do great damage to human life and limb if they malfunction, so they have built-in fail-safe systems as safety measures. For example, valves in a nuclear power plant will shut the entire system down automatically if steam pressure builds to dangerous levels. The computers on a jet have the capacity to override the pilots’ judgment to prevent them from making fatal errors. Often there are several layers of safeguards, just in case a primary “fail-safe” system fails.
Moral Epistemology and the supervenience of Ethical concepts
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Can there be moral truths, as opposed to truths merely about morals, say about people’s moral attitudes of approval and disapproval? If there can be moral truths, can they be known, or even justifiedly believed? And if there can be moral knowledge or justification, what sorts of evidence can ground it? Would the evidence be, for instance, the same kind that grounds scientific beliefs? Or would it be more like the evidence that grounds mathematical truths, if indeed this is different from the former kind? These questions are fundamental in moral epistemology and will be my subject.
Moral Obligation and Alternative Possibilities
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Possibly, causal determinism rules out alternative possibilities; if determinism is true, then perhaps no person can do anything other than what he actually does. This implication of determinism, however, need not threaten appraisability insofar as the implication is meant to undermine control-the sort constituted by freedom to do otherwise. As we saw in the last chapter, Frankfurt-type examples help alleviate the worry that causal determinism subverts moral appraisability by ruling out alternative possibilities. These fascinating examples go a long way toward suggesting that the control required for moral appraisability does not entail the existence of genuine options.
Appraisability and Control
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An individual can properly be morally appraisable for performing an action only if he controls that action in an appropriate way; this much is clear. But if the sort of control is not freedom to do otherwise, what does it consist in? I will begin by examining Wolf’s “Reason View,” which does not eschew the traditional approach-an approach that always requires alternative possibilities-altogether.
Appraisability and Induced Pro-Attitudes
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Psychogen, Jenny (in the absence of her consent or knowledge) is molded, via transformation psychosurgery, into a psychological twin of Jim the adept financial investor. When, just after awakening from her surgery, Jenny makes a brilliant investment decision and acts on it, we don’t think she is morally praiseworthy for her action. In a sense, we can say that her action is not “truly her own” as it issues from an evaluative scheme that is not “truly her own”; her engineered-in scheme is unauthentic.
Knowledge and Appraisability
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose, in an area not frequented by turtles, unbeknownst to Sid, a little turtle has curled up under one of the tires of her truck. As she backs out from the driveway, she crushes the poor little creature to pulp. It appears that in this case, Sid is not morally blameworthy for running over the turtle (or for its death). Reconsider Sweet Deception introduced in chapter . Sam is unaware that Ralph has replaced the sugar in the bowl with a sugar look-alike that is deadly. Indeed, Sam has no reason whatsoever to suspect Ralph of this wicked deed.
Blameworthiness, Character, and Cultural Norms
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When exploring the epistemic dimension of moral appraisability, I argued against any conceptualization of this dimension which entails that a person is morally blameworthy for performing an action only if that action is in fact wrong. I have suggested that blameworthiness is closely affiliated with an agent’s own perceptions about what is right or wrong. As I see it, an agent is blameworthy for performing an action only if she believes (at least dispositionally) that her action is wrong (or morally amiss), and her belief that the action is wrong (or amiss) plays an appropriate role in the etiology of that action.
Family Obligations and the Implications of Membership
Authors: Smith Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In liberal theory, special positive duties are said to be based on natural or contractual relations, and natural relations have always been taken to refer to the socalled biological connections of the traditional family. Of course, liberals didn’t invent family obligation, nor have they accounted for it particularly well. Nevertheless, liberal social organization relies on the family. There is nothing unique about that. One of the main sources of affirmative obligation recognized the world over is family membership. It is probably the oldest and possibly the least-questioned form of obligation that human beings have (or think they have). It is much older than the idea of contractual obligation, and it is not particularly individualistic or apparently consensual. It is, well —just natural. Liberals have hardly disputed this, although one might think it contradictory to basic liberal principles of freedom and autonomy. Indeed, that is precisely the problem. The family, with its natural duties relatively intact, is without question the basic building block of liberal society.
Family Membership and Reciprocity
Authors: Smith Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Liberal theory is fiercely individualistic; yet liberal societies seem to acknowledge, and even rely on, obligations to the family. We need an explanation for this. How does family obligation fit within the individualistic framework of traditional liberal theory? In chapter 4 I developed the theoretical notion of communal membership to provide the beginning of a liberal explanation of family obligation based on a review of three important and basic family relations and widely accepted obligations that appear to be based on or associated with them. These, of course, do not exhaust family relations or obligations, but they do provide a reasonable representation of them as broadly acknowledged and central to liberal social practice.
Articulating the Scope of Political Obligation
Authors: Smith Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The power of cooperation and the destruction of division have been part of the universal common wisdom for thousands of years. Yet our cooperation in the common interest is limited. That is primarily, I will suggest, because we refuse collectively to take responsibility for common problems; and this in turn is because we have as yet been unable to identify adequately with each other as groups to agree that our social problems are in fact common problems. Our collective refusal leaves social problems on the backs of charitable individuals, but large-scale social problems cannot be solved without collective efforts. In this chapter I will argue that this refusal to cooperate collectively in the common good is a form of irresponsibility, indeed a form of denial. So long as we deny our common responsibilities, we will cause ourselves individually irresolvable problems.
New Wave Moral Realism
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I will be defending a version of moral irrealism that I claim represents an overall plausible metaethical position. Since judging the overall adequacy of any philosophical position is a comparative matter, part of my defense of moral irrealism must involve the claim that other views are not (overall) as plausible as the one I will defend. However, I will not undertake to present and raise objections to every currently defended metaethical view opposed to my own; I must be selective. As explained in the last chapter, I am, for the purposes of this book, committed to philosophical naturalism (broadly understood), which imposes constraints on what is going to count as a plausible metaethical view.
The Wanton Song
Authors: Fast Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lights go up in Madison Square Garden, July 27, 1973, and Jimmy Page is in motion. This concert, from which most of the video for The Song Remains the Same was taken, begins with “Rock and Roll,” and Page, as usual, enacts the song using his full body, pressing into service most of the catalog of stylized physical gestures he normally uses in performance.
Times Gone By
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These memoirs trace the wild and adventurous life of Pérez Rosales from his childhood up to the 1860s. During that approximately half-century he saw and did more than a dozen ordinary men. At age eleven in Argentina he witnessed the executions of Luis and Juan Jose Carrera. From there, his activities and adventures took him on several journeys on sailing vessels around Cape Horn; to Paris, where he witnessed the July revolution of 1830; to various commercial endeavors including a distillery, the practice of medicine, and cattle smuggling; into service as an advisor to an Argentine warlord; as a miner for precious metals in the north of Chile; as participant in the California Gold Rush in 1849; as director of the government's project for German immigration and settlement in the wild south of Chile; and also as Chilean consul and immigration agent in Hamburg. Around the world, Rosales lived through many of his era's watershed moments. His exciting memoirs offer a chance to relive the rush and chaos of these times--from a much safer vantage.
Symbiosis
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first edition of this book, published by University Press of New England in 1986, sold over 2500 copies, and was received as the best introductory overview of this broad field. Quite a lot has happened in the field of symbiosis in the past 10 years, especially concerning molecular mechanisms. Ahmadjian and Paracer have thoroughly updated their book, addressing advances in the field and the emergence of fields such as cellular microbiology, immunoparasitology, and endocytobiology, which have revealed new aspects of symbiosis. It is the only book to cover all aspects of symbiosis at an introductory level.
Introduction
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Symbiosis is an association between two or more different species of organisms. The association may be permanent, the organisms never being separated, or it may be long lasting. This definition excludes populations, which are associations between individuals of the same species. Organisms that are involved in a symbiosis may benefit from, be harmed by, or not be affected by the association. Symbiotic associations are common in nature, from bacteria and fungi that form close alliances with the roots of terrestrial plants to those between giant tube worms and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria that live together in the deepest depths of the oceans. No organism is an island-each one has a relationship to other organisms, directly or indirectly. Even humans bear a reminder of an ancient symbiosis-their cells contain mitochondria, organelles which once were symbiotic bacteria. In addition, each of us harbors several types of viruses and bacteria in our skin and intestinal tract. Similarly, chloroplasts in plant cells are organelles which have evolved from ancient symbiotic photosynthetic bacteria. Bactmia which form symbioses with higher forms of life are themselves hosts to symbiotic viruses. Satellite viruses depend on other viruses for their expression. It is difficult to imagine life and its evolutionary history without symbioses (Khakhina, 1992; Sapp, 1994a,b).
Viral Symbiotic Associations
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Viruses fascinate us not only because they cause disease, but also because they challenge the way we define life (Radetsky, 1994; Dimmock and Primrose, 1994). Viruses are intracellular, obligate parasites which have evolved numerous methods to survive and reproduce. Ability to reproduce is a central feature of life, and in the living world the only systems that can reproduce are the ones that contain nucleic acids (Lederberg, 1993). Viruses consist of nucleic acids that replicate inside living cells and cause the synthesis of virions that can transfer the genome to other cells (Luria et al., 1978).
Bacterial Associations Of Bacteria, Protozoa, And Animals
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prokaryotes are simple, primitive organisms that dominate life on earth in terms of numbers of individuals. They also support life by recycling carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur in the biosphere. Prokaryotes, in particular the bacteda, have adapted to almost every ecological niche, ranging from plant surfaces to the skin and digestive system of animals. Bacteria are key players in the Gaia hypothesis (“life regulates life”), and their controversial presence in a. Martian meteorite has spurred interest in the possibility of life on other planets (Gibson et aL, 1997). Bacteria are important in human affairs. Some cause disease, but others are used to make vaccines and antibiotics which cure disease. Bacteria are an integral part of the current biotechnology revolution.
Bacterial Pathogenesis
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
De Bary’s (1879) broad definition of symbiosis includes parasitism and disease, areas in which significant discoveries are being made. This has been most evident in bacterial pathogenesis. In this chapter we introduce some of the recent findings of molecular mechanisms of bacterial pathogens. During the past decade, scientists have introduced innovative approaches and concepts from disciplines such as bacteriology, cell biology, and immunology in an attempt to understand the molecular basis of infectious diseases. Stanley Falkow calls such attempts the “Zen” of bacterial pathogenesis, believing, in the Zen Buddhist tradition, that true enlightenment is achieved through meditation and insight (Falkow, 1988, 1990).
Symbiosis And The Origin Of The Eukaryotic Cell
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ThE1 cell theory, long a basic tenet of biology, states that all organisms are made up of cells and that cells are the basic units of living organisms. This traditional view of an indivisible cell has been challenged by the serial endosymbiosis theory (SET), which claims that the eukaryotic cell is not a single entity but rather a multiple of the prokaryotic cell (Margulis, 1992a). This controversial theory has slowly gained acceptance by biologists until now, according to Doolittle and Brown (1994), “the endosymbiont hypothesis for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts is as firmly established as any fact in biology” (p. 6721). Given the widespread acceptance of the SET, a revision or rejection of the cell theory is inevitable. Even the boundaries of an organism can be clouded over by symbiotic associations (Dyer and Obar, 1985).
When Screen Violence Is Not Attractive
Authors: Mccauley Clark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Screen violence is not always attractive. In a volume focusing on the attractions of symbolic violence, it is useful to consider some of the limits of such attraction. In this chapter, I begin with research on disgust that found three documentary films of blood and violence that undergraduate students, at least, do not want to watch. After trying out some simple explanations of the unattractiveness of these films, I turn to theory and research aimed at understanding the genre of commercial film violence that should be most disgusting-horror films. This literature does not provide much help in understanding the unattractiveness of the disgusting films, but it leads to two new studies with results that suggest that viewers can enjoy the experience of negative emotions such as disgust and fear. I conclude by examining two possible theories of how negative emotions can be experienced as positive; both theories point to the importance of dramatic distance-framing violence as fiction-if screen violence is to be attractive.
Chromosomal Syndromes: Unusual Variants
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is impossible to provide a totally comprehensive review of the unusual variants of chromosomal syndromes, as some variations are extremely complicated, involving complex translocations; others represent single reports. Our goal here is to summarize what is known about these variants, especially where generalizations can be made on the basis upon several cases of the apparently same deletions or duplications. If sufficient numbers of examples have been reported, we have attempted to present the approximate frequency of a finding