bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Terminology and Power
Authors: Luckasson Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an analysis of terminology or naming in mental retardation, which is one aspect of a larger process that includes defining and classifying. Particular attention is given to the power aspects of terminology. The issues of terminology and power are critical to people with intellectual disabilities because of their continuing experience with being named by others, the negative affects of particular names, their historic powerlessness in the naming of mental retardation, and their current attempts to influence, negotiate, or take control of the naming process.
The Effectiveness of the Beveridge Model at Different Stages of Socio-economic Development: The Israeli Experience
Authors: Doron Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of the Beveridge social security model in the early l940s, and its later implementation in Britain during the immediate postwar period, played an important role in the shaping of the evolution of the Israeli social security system. The overall strategic aim of the Beveridge plan was the creation of a minimum standard of living below which no person should fall, or, in Beveridge’s own words, ‘the abolition of want’. The implementation of this plan was to be based on insurance, i.e. on a contributory system of finance. The means by which poverty was to be relieved was by cash payments and not by benefits in kind (Beveridge 1942; Davies 1986: 10-11).
Greece: From Rent-Seeking Protectionism to Direct Intervention
Authors: Minoglou Ioanna Pepelasis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of the last century, Greece has evolved from a poor1 peasant quasi mercantile society to a middle-income (quasi-industrial) economy.2 Through out this trajectory, industrial policy has at times been effective, but was always inefficient, failing to enhance the international competitiveness of Greek indus try.3 Two structural continuities have been responsible for this outcome.
Demographic Responses to Economic Adjustment in Latin America
Authors: Tapinos G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The papers in this volume address the influence of economic fluctuations upon mortality, fertility, and labor markets in the Latin America of the 1980s. Contributors attempt to distinguish short-term effects from long-term ones. Broader policy-related and institutional factors affecting the continent as a whole are examined alongside the demographic consequences of economic changes in individual countries.
Introduction: Theories and Issues in the Study of Trust
Authors: Lane Christel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent changes in the global business environment have radically increased the demands which businesses have to fulfil to stay in the competitive race. Firms in the advanced countries are facing tremendous challenges from a number of sources: demands for enhanced quality and variability of goods and constant innovation in product development; severe price competition from low-wage countries; and much increased costs of new technology. Some of these demands are also beginning to impinge on newly industrializing societies (NIS). To cope with these new challenges, firms have begun to implement organizational innovations within firms and in their relations with other firms. Among the latter, relational contracting, networks, strategic alliances and horizontal co-operation in industrial districts have become particularly prevalent (Piorc and Sabel 1984; Powell 1990; Ring and van de Ven 1992; Alter and Hage 1993; Sydow 1996). Within organizations, networking, semi-autonomous working groups, and reciprocity are also accorded new importance (Rajan, van Eupen, and Jaspers 1997: 36; Turner and Auer 1994), as are forms of organizational decentralization of responsibility.
Understanding the Constitution of Interorganizational Trust*
Authors: Sydow Jörg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trust is a social phenomenon which makes work within organizations easier and collaboration among organizations possible. Specifically in a world of increasing uncertainty and complexity, flat hierarchies, more participative management styles, and increased professionalism, trust is thought to be a more appropriate mechanism for controlling organizational life than hierarchical power or direct surveillance (e.g. Fox 1974 and, for more recent sources, Heisig and Littek 1995; Hosmer 1995; Zaheer and Venkatraman 1995; Lane and Bachmann 1996). Beyond intraorganizational trust, the increasingly close collaboration among organizations as in cases of joint research and development, just-in-time delivery or relationship market ing requires trust among organizations, that is interorganizational trust (Dodgson 1993).
Trust and International Strategic Alliances: The Case of Sino-Foreign Joint Ventures*
Authors: Child John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is evident that co-operation, both within and between enterprises, is becoming more crucial for their success (Smith, Carroll, and Ashford 1995). Co-operation between firms continues to grow, manifested both in close and integrated relationships between manufacturing firms and their suppliers (Lane and Bachmann 1996) and in more comprehensive strategic alliances between companies (Bleeke and Ernst 1993).
Innovation and Technology Transfer within Multinational Firms
Authors: Howells Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the issue of international innovation and technology transfer within multinational firms. It considers how the organizational and locational context of this affects both firm and national performance. Within the whole issue of international technology flows, intrafirm cross-border technology flows has remained a neglected issue for analysis and discussion. This is despite being long recognized as a major element in international technology transfer. Even in the late 1970s technological balance of payments analysis revealed that intrafirm payments accounted for between two-thirds and three-quarters of total payments in the USA, UK, and Germany and that this figure had increased in all three countries over the late 1960s and 1970s (Madeuf, 1984: 135). Despite these general estimates, however, the scale and process of such transfers has been difficult to measure and quantify and therefore has been resistant to analysis. In part this is bound up with the sensitive nature of such transactions, since it is a key element in transfer pricing and profit flows between subsidiary operations (Chudnovsky, 1981). However, even in relation to a management perspective, the process of intrafirm technology flows has remained relatively neglected.
Collocations and Lexical Functions
Authors: Mel’čuk Igor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses collocations from the viewpoint of their theoretical and practical (i.e. lexicographic) description. Although they are, and have long been, a popular topic in linguistics, there is, as far as I know, no universally accepted formal definition of collocations nor a proposal for their uniform and systematic treatment in dictionaries. I hope to fill both these gaps, taking up the following four topics:
On the Phraseology of Spoken English: The Evidence of Recurrent Word-Combinations
Authors: Altenberg Bengt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phraseology is a fuzzy part of language. Although most of us would agree that it embraces the conventional rather than the productive or rule-governed side of language, involving various kinds of composite units and ‘pre-patterned’ expressions such as idioms, fixed phrases, and collocations, we find it difficult to delimit the area and classify the different types involved. Indeed, as Pawley and Syder (1983) and others have pointed out, the existence of a large number of more or less prefabricated expressions in language blurs the distinction between lexicon and grammar and strongly suggests that ‘lexicalization and productivity are matters of degree’ rather than a clear-cut dichotomy. This state of affairs creates problems of description for both the empirical and the theoretical linguist, at the same time as it provides a challenge to anyone who wants to get a better understanding of language and language use.
Organizational Learning in Supplier Networks
Authors: Lane Christel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature on organizational learning is now voluminous, and the topic has been explored from a variety of different angles (Albach, Dierkes, Berthoin Antal, and Vaillant 1998; Edmondson and Moingeon 1996; Starkey 1996). Most accounts, however, have focused on learning within organizations, whereas learning in networks has received much less consideration. The few studies that cover external learning either deal with diffusion of information in a highly general way (Levitt and March 1988) or focus only on strategic alliances (Child, Ch. 29 in this volume) and learning in relation to R&D activity (e.g. Ciborra 1991; Dodgson 1993).
Global City-Regions
Authors: Scott Allen j. , agnew john , Soja, edward w. , storper michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are now more than three hundred city-regions around the world with popu lations greater than one million. At least twenty city-regions have populations in excess of ten million. They range from familiar metropolitan agglomerations dominated by a strongly developed core such as the London region or Mexico City, to more polycentric geographic units as in the cases of the urban networks of the Randstad or Emilia-Romagna. Everywhere, these city-regions are ex panding vigorously, and they present many deep challenges to researchers and policymakers as we enter the twenty-first century. The processes of worldwide economic integration and accelerated urban growth make traditional planning and policy strategies in these regions increasingly problematical while more fitting approaches remain in a largely experimental stage. New ways of thinking about these processes and new ways of acting to harness their benefits and to control their negative effects are urgently needed.
Protecting Prisoners
Authors: Morgan Rod , Evans Malcolm D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prisoners are a uniquely vulnerable social group and protecting them from oppressive states has given rise to a complex web of standards generated by a variety of international mechanisms and processes. Protecting Prisoners examines the most detailed and far-reaching set of custodial standards yet devised--those of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT)---and relates them to those of other European and United Nations bodies. The book also examines the reaction of selected Council of Europe member states---Belgium, France, Hungary, the Netherlands, Turkey, and the United Kingdom---to the application of those standards in CPT reports. This dual perspective provides a critical insight into the degree to which the development of international human rights law is having a practical impact on the situation of prisoners.
Genetic versus Contact Relationship: Prosodic Diffusibility in South-East Asian Languages
Authors: Matisoff James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the most striking phonological feature of the South-East Asian linguistic area (which is here defined broadly to include north-east India, the Himalayan region, and China south of the Yangtze) is the proliferation of systems of contrastive prosodic laryngeal effects — tones and phonation types — that have spread through all the language families of the region, and that have developed more elaborately here than anywhere else on earth. Before the universal phonetic mechanisms of ‘tonogenesis’ were well understood, cross-linguistic similarities in tonal systems were naively taken as prima facie evidence of genetic relationship; and before contact or diffusional phenomena had been studied from a sophisticated sociolinguistic point of view, the hypothesis of genetic relationship was felt to be especially convincing if there were ‘regular’ tonal correspondences between similar-looking vocabulary items in different languages. Thus Vietnamese was once thought to be related to Tai because of the overall similarity in their tone systems. More plausibly (but still erroneously), Tai and Hmong-Mien have often been included in the Sino-Tibetan family because of their large number of shared vocabulary items with regularly corresponding tones.
‘Lazy Learning’: Natural and Machine Learning of Word Stress
Authors: Gillis Steven , Daelemans Walter , Durieux Gert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do children learn to assign stress to the words of their native language? One approach holds that they abstract the rules for stress assignment from the language they hear. This view is commonly advocated in the psycholinguistic literature for the acquisition of metrical phenomena, but also for acquisition in other linguistic domains such as morphology or syntax. Alternatively, children may well memorize individual words together with their appropriate stress pattern. After all, a language user—child or adult—needs a lexicon in which at least the morphologically simplex words of the language are stored. The information available for each item in the lexicon may thus include segmental information as well as the word’s stress pattern (Dell 1986; Levelt and Wheeldon 1994). The main advantage of the former approach is that it relieves the lexicon from much redundancy: rules explicitly embody the general regularities that underlie the system of stress assignment. The latter approach in which all words, including their stress pattern, are stored in memory is less economical in this respect, but it captures in a natural way the fact that most (if not all) words that children use, they have heard correctly stressed in the input. Learning is drastically different in both approaches: in the first approach, children have to abstract rules in some way from the input, which is not necessary when they simply memorize words and their stress pattern. In this approach rule abstraction is not part of the learning process. Stressing of previously unseen words is possible in a lexical approach by incorporating a form of learning (i.e. lazy learning) which works on the basis of the stored examples directly instead of on rules extracted from the examples. This possibility is not considered in the language acquisition literature.
Landmark use and the cognitive map in the rat
Authors: Save Etienne , Poucet Bruno , Thinus-Blanc Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spatial behaviours are essential to the survival of all species of mammals. In spite of the large diversity of their anatomical morphologies and natural habitats, mammals have to orient, to navigate towards specific places by using landmarks (to reach food sources or mates) and finally to return to their nests or home sites. Therefore, spatial orientation may require similar basic information processes in all species.
Galois theory
Authors: Wilson John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Classical Galois theory is concerned with finite field extensions K/k which are normal and separable, and the associated groups Gal (K/k), where Gal (K/k) denotes the group of all automorphisms of K which induce the identity in k. When one passes to infinite algebraic extensions, the appropriate groups turn out to be profinite groups, and most theorems from the classical case can be extended without difficulty.
Cyclopropanation mediated by zinc organometallics
Authors: Charette André B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Haloalkylzinc-derived organometallics are among the reagents of choice for the stereoselective conversion of olefins to cyclopropanes. These reagents were shown to be very effective cyclopropanating reagents with unique properties and reactivities. They allow the stereospecific conversion of (E)- or (Z)¬ alkenes to (E)- or (Z)-cyclopropanes (Scheme 13.1). Although a variety of olefins containing various functional groups have been successfully converted into cyclopropanes under these conditions, these reactions are best performed on electron-rich olefins or those containing basic groups that can pre-coordinate to the reagent. More specifically, the highest yields and reaction rates are usually observed in the cyclopropanation of allylic alcohols and ethers in nonetheral solvents.
The Reformatsky reaction
Authors: Fürstner Alois 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a general sense, the Reformatsky reaction can be taken as subsuming all enolate formations by oxidative addition of a metal or a low-valent metal salt into a carbon-halogen bond activated by a vicinal carbonyl group, followed by reaction of the enolates thus formed with an appropriate electrophile (Scheme 14.1).1-3 The insertion of metallic zinc into a.-haloesters is the historically first and still most widely used form of this process, to which this chapter is confined. It is the mode of enolate formation that distinguishes the Reformatsky reaction from other fields of metal enolate chemistry.
Solving differential systems
Authors: Schatzman Michelle , Taylor John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essential point leading to the proof of the theorem which follows is that the operation of integration produces more regular functions than the operation of differentiation. More precisely1 if u is a measurable and essentially bounded function on a compact interval of 1 we have no information on its derivative and do not even know if it is differentiable. On the other hand1 all of its integrals are bounded1 Lipschitz1 and differentiable almost everywhere.
First properties of the plane
Authors: Hirschfeld J W P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The plane PG(2, q) contains q2+q +1 points, q2 +q +1 lines, q+1 points on every line, and q +1 lines through every point. Throughout, U0, U1, U2, U denote the vertices of the triangle of reference and the unit point with u0,u1,u2,u their respective duals.
Variation
Authors: Holland John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When i examined the commonalities of examples of emergence in Chapter 6, I devoted a section to agent-based models. The aggregate properties of interacting agents, such as the ants in an ant colony, provide some of our best examples of emergent phenomena. Agents, above all, are mobile. And that mobility raises a question about the facility with which constrained generating procedures can handle agents. We know, from the example of the glider in Conway’s automaton, that cgjb’s can accommodate mobile objects. However, that is not the same as designing a cgp to handle agents according to specifications given at the outset.
Metaphor and Innovation
Authors: Holland John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We started this exploration of emergence by examining two inventions, numbers and board games. These ancient pursuits were contrived long before humans began recording their intellectual achievements. They are simply described, though their discovery was far from simple. In both cases their short, intuitive definitions generated objects that have been fruitfully studied to the present day. Both easily illustrate the “much from little” hallmark of emergence. And both raise the question, how are such inventions produced? Ultimately, to understand emergence, we must understand the process that engenders these inventions. Our quest now enters the broader arena of metaphor and innovation.
Closing
Authors: Holland John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In closing (first sense), I will summarize some of the main points of this book. The summary involves some of the difficulties that accompany an attempt to summarize a poem, even though there is little of the poetic in this presentation. Much of the meaning is bound up in the way the presentation unfolds. Moreover, at this stage emergence is a subject as ill defined as “purpose” or “justice.” The uncertainty of definition forces us to rely on partial descriptions, which in turn rely heavily on context. As a consequence, this summary mainly suggests loci for increased attention.
Absolutely Continuous Functions and Sobolev Spaces
Authors: Buttazzo Giuseppe , Giaquinta Mariano , Hildebrandt Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall introduce and discuss the class of absolutely continuous functions. There are essentially two ways of introducing these functions, namely the classical one going back to Vitali and Tonelli, and the more functional-analytic way in terms of the so-called Sobolev spaces. A detailed description of these spaces in any dimension can be found in several books; see for instance Adams [1], Maz’ya [182], Ziemer [295].
Semicontinuity and Existence Results
Authors: Buttazzo Giuseppe , Giaquinta Mariano , Hildebrandt Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to our previous considerations, in order to apply the direct methods to integral functionals : F(u) on Sobolev spaces or in the class of absolutely continuous functions, the key point is a semicontinuity theorem with respect to weak convergence in Sobolev spaces. In the following sections we prove some fairly general semicontinuity theorems. Then, under suitable coerciveness assumptions, the direct methods lead to various existence results.
Autism and Asperger Syndrome
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this new book Simon Baron-Cohen summarizes the current understanding of autism and Asperger Syndrome. He explains the process of diagnosis, as well as the options for education and intervention for those with these conditions. Taking a lifespan approach, Professor Baron-Cohen considersa how the conditions affect very young children through to adulthood. He also outlines his new Empathizing-Systemizing (ES) theory, which aims to explain all of the psychological features of autistic-spectrum conditions. This book is designed firstly for people with these conditions and their families. It will be useful to clinicians, teachers, and other professionals involved in the care and support of people on the autistic spectrum. The book will also provide an invaluable introduction to the topic for students in the social and biological sciences.
The Chimpanzees of the Taï Forest
Authors: Boesch Christophe , Boesch-Achermann Hedwige 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chimpanzees are the closest living evolutionary relatives to our own species, Homo sapiens. As such, they have long exerted a fascination over those with an interest in human evolution, and what makes humans unique. Chrisophe Boesch and Hedwige Boesch-Acherman undertook an incredible observational study of a group of wild chimpanzees of the Tai forest in Cote D'Ivoire, spending some fifteen years in the West African jungle with them. This fascinating book is the result of these years of painstaking research among the chimps. Chimpanzee behaviour is documented here in all its impressive diversity and variety. Aggression, territoriality, social structure and relationships, reproductive strategies, hunting, tool use - each of these is given its own chapter, along with topics such as chimp intelligence, life histories, and demography. The authors take care to place their observations within the broader context of research in behavioural ecology, and to compare and contrast their findings with other important work on chimpanzee groups, such as that by Jane Goodall. The book concludes with a summary chapter relating the chimpanzee findings to our understanding of human evolution. Combining careful scientific observation with a store of entertaining anecdotes, this is a lively and readable book. It also succeeds in shedding light on some of the central questions around the evolutionary relationships between the primates, and in particular the affinity between chimpanzees and humans. 'This is a major contribution to the study of the great apes, and a significant addition to debates about human/ape evolution. It has all the makings of a classic monograph.'