bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exclusion of Fluoroscopy During Ablation Treatment of Right Accessory Pathway in Children
Authors: DRAGO FABRIZIO , SILVETTI MASSIMO STEFANO , DI PINO ALFREDO , GRUTTER GIORGIA , BEVILACQUA MAURIZIO , LEIBOVICH SHOSHANA 
Published: August 2003

Electroanatomic Ablation of Accessory Pathways.
Introduction: The field of pediatric electrophysiology poses many challenges to electrophysiologists. In particular there are two major concerns: (1) to reduce the amount of fluoroscopy exposure to patients and medical staff in the catheterization laboratory and (2) to minimize the number of vascular accesses. Prolonged fluoroscopy times are associated with radiofrequency (RF) ablation of right accessory pathways (APs), particularly the right free‐wall AP. The aim of this study was to eliminate the use of fluoroscopy during treatment of right‐sided APs in children while using a single‐catheter approach. Methods and Results: We studied 21 consecutive pediatric patients (mean age 11.3 ± 3.2 years) with Wolff‐Parkinson‐White syndrome due to a right AP. To limit fluoroscopy use, we used a three‐dimensional navigation system that facilitated reconstruction of a three‐dimensional electroanatomic activation map along the tricuspid annulus either on the atrial side during orthodromic AV reciprocating tachycardia or along the ventricular side during anterograde preexcitation. RF application was successful and without complications in 20 patients (success rate 95%); moreover, 19 of the 21 patients underwent a single‐catheter procedure. The remaining two patients required an additional quadripolar catheter for atrial stimulation. A mean of 2 ± 1 RF applications were used during the whole study. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that ablation of right APs in children can be performed without fluoroscopy using a single catheter with minimal amounts of RF applications. Our new technique is associated with high success rates.
Reduction of the Internal Atrial Defibrillation Threshold with Balanced Orthogonal Sequential Shocks
Authors: ZHENG XIANGSHENG , BENSER MICHAEL E. , WALCOTT GREGORY P. , SMITH WILLIAM M. , IDEKER RAYMOND E. 
Published: August 2003

Reduction of Shock Strength with Balanced Sequential Shocks.
Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the atrial defibrillation threshold (ADFT) of a first shock across the standard right atrium (RA) to distal coronary sinus (dCS) configuration followed by a second shock along the atrial septum with a standard sequential waveform (the second shock leading edge equaled the first shock trailing edge) and a balanced sequential waveform (the leading edges of both shocks were equal). Methods and Results: In nine sheep atrial fibrillation was induced with acetyl‐β‐methylcholine and burst pacing. A catheter was placed with electrodes in the dCS, proximal coronary sinus (pCS), and RA. A J‐shaped catheter was positioned with an electrode at Bachmann's bundle (BB) while another catheter was positioned with an electrode in the superior vena cava (SVC). The ADFTs of six single‐ and dual‐pathway configurations were determined with single, standard sequential, or balanced sequential shocks. The ADFT of the RA→dCS configuration (0.86 ± 0.27 J, 159 ± 29 V, 2.42 ± 0.36 A) was significantly reduced when followed by an SVC→pCS (0.58 ± 0.17 J, 112 ± 20 V, 1.64 ± 0.39 A) or a BB→pCS shock (0.64 ± 0.16 J, 119 ± 18 V, 1.81 ± 0.38 A) with standard sequential shocks. With balanced sequential shocks, the peak voltage and current ADFTs were further significantly reduced (85 ± 11 V and 1.24 ± 0.21 A for second shock SVC→pCS, and 93 ± 13 V and 1.38 ± 0.27 A for second shock BB→pCS). Conclusion: The ADFT of the standard RA→dCS shock is significantly reduced when followed by a second shock along the atrial septum delivered between electrodes in the pCS and either SVC or BB and ADFT is further reduced with balanced sequential shocks.
Regulation of Transient Outward Current in Human Atrial Myocytes by Protein Tyrosine Kinase Pathway
Authors: WANG YANGGAN , KUMAR RAJIV , WAGNER MARY B. , CHENG JUN , MISHRA MANJARI , JOYNER RONALD W. 
Published: August 2003

Regulation of Transient Outward Current.
Introduction: Regulation of transient outward current (Ito) in human myocytes is unclear. The present study investigated the effect of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitors on Ito in human atrial myocytes. Methods and Results: Atrial myocytes were isolated enzymatically from biopsies of human right atrial appendage obtained from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Ito was recorded by the whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique in voltage‐clamp configuration. Two groups of PTK inhibitors, the ATP binding site PTK inhibitors genistein and AG957 and the protein substrate PTK inhibitors ST638 and PP2, significantly inhibited Ito in a concentration‐dependent manner, with a potency order of genistein > AG957 > ST638 > PP2. At test pulse potential of +60 mV, Ito was inhibited by 28% ± 3%, 59% ± 3%, and 89% ± 3% by 15, 50, and 100 μM genistein, respectively. Daidzein and PP3, inactive analogues of genistein and PP2, respectively, did not produce any inhibitory effects on Ito. In addition to the inhibition of Ito amplitude, the protein substrate PTK inhibitors ST638 and PP2 significantly accelerated Ito inactivation (current decay) and delayed recovery from inactivation. Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase partially reversed the effect of genistein. Stimulation or inhibition of serine/threonine kinases (PKA, PKC, and PKG) did not change Ito or alter the inhibitory response of PTK inhibitors on Ito. Conclusion: In human atrial cells, the PTK pathway plays an important role in the regulation of basal Ito, independent of serine/threonine kinases.
Intracardiac Doppler Echocardiographic Quantification of Pulmonary Vein Flow Velocity: An Effective Technique for Monitoring Pulmonary Vein Ostia Narrowing During Focal Atrial Fibrillation Ablation
Authors: REN JIAN‐FANG , MARCHLINSKI FRANCIS E. , CALLANS DAVID J. , ZADO ERICA S. 
Published: August 2003

Pulmonary Flow in AF.
Introduction: Ablation at the pulmonary vein (PV) ostium to isolate triggers for atrial fibrillation (AF) may induce PV narrowing. The AcuNav ultrasound catheter can image PV flow and quantify peak velocity and may be useful in assessing the degree of narrowing of PV ostia. Methods and Results: In 93 patients with AF undergoing PV ostial ablation (up to 40 W, 52°C, 90 sec), the ultrasound catheter was placed in the right atrium and PV peak flow velocities were measured during systole and diastole before and after ablation. Ostial PV electrical isolation was achieved in 216 of the 219 targeted PVs. The ultrasound catheter provided flow imaging of all PVs. The ostial peak flow velocities measured 56 ± 12 cm/sec before ablation and increased to 101 ± 22 cm/sec after ablation (P < 0.001). Peak velocity > 100 cm/sec was detected in 103 (47%) of 219 and ≥ 158 cm/sec (estimated pressure gradient 10 mmHg) with turbulent flow features, in 7 (3.2%) of 219 PVs. The highest velocity detected in one PV was 211 cm/sec (17.7 mmHg). Follow‐up ultrasound catheter measurements were obtained in 13 patients (30 previously ablated PVs) during repeat ablations. The ostial peak velocity had decreased by 22 ± 14 cm/sec and in 25 (83%) of 30 PVs was within the baseline range (< 100 cm/sec) at a mean follow‐up of 4.9 ± 2.2 months. Follow‐up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or contrast‐enhanced CT was obtained at 7.0 ± 3.8 months in seven patients with PV velocity > 158 cm/sec after initial ablation. No significant stenosis (< 30%) was identified, and no patient suffered clinical symptoms (follow‐up 6–18 months) related to the described acute changes in PV flow after an initial ablation procedure. Of 13 patients with repeat ablation, two had PV velocities > 100 cm/sec before repeat ablation, and three PVs in two patients had flow velocity > 158 cm/sec after repeat ablation. One of these patients developed symptoms of exertional dyspnea; MRI at 4 months showed 50% to 60% ostial narrowing. Conclusion: Ostial ablation for PV isolation may induce a mild‐to‐moderate increase in PV flow velocity, which can be identified using an ultrasound catheter with Doppler color flow imaging. Increases in PV flow velocity (< 158 cm/sec) after a primary ablation procedure appear to be well tolerated, and a return toward baseline flow characteristics should be anticipated by 3 months. A more cautious approach may be required for patients undergoing repeat PV isolation.
Postinfarction Risk Assessment for Sudden Cardiac Death Using Late Potential Analysis of the Digital Holter Electrocardiogram
Authors: STEINBIGLER PETER , HABERL RALPH , BRÜGGEMANN THOMAS , ANDRESEN DIETRICH , STEINBECK GERHARD 
Published: August 2003

Digital Holter ECG Late Potential Analysis.
Introduction: Noninvasive postinfarction risk assessment for sudden cardiac death is limited. Standard analysis of the signal‐averaged QRS complex can identify patients at risk for monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, but its value for discriminating patients at risk for sudden death is low. Methods and Results: The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate repeated late potential analysis of digital Holter ECG and compare it with standard analysis of the signal‐averaged QRS complex within a short ECG period and with common clinical risk factors for sudden cardiac death in 756 consecutive patients after acute myocardial infarction. Digital Holter ECG were subdivided into 5‐minute segments, and late potential analysis was performed on each 5‐minute segment. During follow‐up of 32 ± 15 months, 35 patients died of sudden cardiac death and 50 patients died of nonsudden cardiac death. Sudden cardiac death was associated with ejection fraction <40%, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, creatine kinase >1,000 IU/L, and late potentials in >75% of analyzed Holter ECGs (abnormal LP75), but not with late potentials determined by only a short ECG period. According to multivariate analysis, the best independent significant predictor of sudden cardiac death was abnormal LP75 (P = 0.002, sensitivity 29%, specificity 96%, positive predictive value 40%, negative predictive value 97%). Nonsudden cardiac death was associated with ejection fraction <40% (P = 0.001). Conclusions: Late potential analysis of digital Holter ECG is a powerful tool that can be used to determine postinfarction patients at risk for sudden cardiac death and is optimized when combined with determination of ejection fraction.
Termination of Reentry by a Long‐Lasting AC Shock in a Slice of Canine Heart: A Computational Study
Authors: MEUNIER JASON M. , EASON JAMES C. , TRAYANOVA NATALIA A. 
Published: August 2003

AC Cardioversion in a Canine Slice.
Introduction: A heart in fibrillation can be entrained by long‐lasting alternating current (AC) stimuli, leading to defibrillation. To investigate the role entrainment plays in defibrillation, computer simulations of AC cardioversion in a three‐dimensional slice of the canine heart were performed. Methods and Results: A bidomain finite element model of a 1‐mm thick slice across the ventricles of a canine heart was used to simulate termination of transmural reentry with AC shocks. Cardioversion defibrillation thresholds (DFTs) were determined for 200‐msec (L) AC shocks at varying frequencies. At the DFT, the entire tissue is entrained by the AC shock. DFT decreases as the frequency of the long‐lasting AC shock increases. We hypothesize that this decrease is due to the short period of the high‐frequency AC waveform, leaving strong virtual electrode polarization (VEP) after the shock ends. To test this hypothesis, the end‐shock VEP were compared for different frequencies, demonstrating stronger polarization as frequency increased. To examine whether entrainment by the long‐lasting AC shock contributes to the VEP at the end of the shock, additional simulations were conducted using single‐period (Z) AC waveforms. Z waveform DFTs were higher than L waveform DFTs; the Z waveform VEP was weaker than the L waveform VEP at the same frequency. This indicates that entrainment contributes to the development of stronger VEP and, thus, to lower DFT at high frequencies. Conclusion: This study offers for the first time a mechanistic insight into cardioversion with long‐lasting AC shocks.
Structure and Properties of an Engineered Transketolase from Maize
Authors: Gerhardt Stefan , Echt Stefanie , Busch Marco , Freigang Jörg , Auerbach Günter , Bader Gerd , Martin William F. , Bacher Adelbert , Huber Robert , Fischer Markus 
Published: August 2003

Abstract
The gene specifying plastid transketolase (TK) of maize (Zea mays) was cloned from a cDNA library by southern blotting using a heterologous probe from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). A recombinant fusion protein comprising thioredoxin of Escherichia coli and mature TK of maize was expressed at a high level in E. coli and cleaved with thrombin, affording plastid TK. The protein in complex with thiamine pyrophoshate was crystallized, and its structure was solved by molecular replacement. The enzyme is a C2 symmetric homodimer closely similar to the enzyme from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Each subunit is folded into three domains. The two topologically equivalent active sites are located in the subunit interface region and resemble those of the yeast enzyme.
Aluminum-Induced Gene Expression and Protein Localization of a Cell Wall-Associated Receptor Kinase in Arabidopsis
Authors: Sivaguru Mayandi , Ezaki Bunichi , He Zheng-Hui , Tong Hongyun , Osawa Hiroki , Baluška František , Volkmann Dieter , Matsumoto Hideaki 
Published: August 2003

Abstract
Here, we report the aluminum (Al)-induced organ-specific expression of a WAK1 (cell wall-associated receptor kinase 1) gene and cell type-specific localization of WAK proteins in Arabidopsis. WAK1-specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed an Al-induced WAK1 gene expression in roots. Short- and long-term analysis of gene expression in root fractions showed a typical “on” and “off” pattern with a first peak at 3 h of Al exposure followed by a sharp decline at 6 h and a complete disappearance after 9 h of Al exposure, suggesting the WAK1 is a further representative of Al-induced early genes. In shoots, upon root Al exposure, an increased but stable WAK1 expression was observed. Using confocal microscopy, we visualized Al-induced closure of leaf stomata, consistent with previous suggestions that the Al stress primarily experienced in roots associated with the transfer of root-shoot signals. Elevated levels of WAK protein in root cells were observed through western blots after 6 h of Al exposure, indicating a lag time between the Al-induced WAK transcription and translation. WAK proteins are localized abundantly to peripheries of cortex cells within the elongation zone of the root apex. In these root cells, disintegration of cortical microtubules was observed after Al treatment but not after the Al analog lanthanum treatments. Tip-growing control root hairs, stem stomata, and leaf stomatal pores are characterized with high amounts of WAKs, suggesting WAKs are accumulating at plasma membrane domains, which suffer from mechanical stress and lack dense arrays of supporting cortical microtubules. Further, transgenic plants overexpressing WAK1 showed an enhanced Al tolerance in terms of root growth when compared with the wild-type plants, making the WAK1 one of the important candidates for plant defense against Al toxicity.
Interallelic Complementation at the Ubiquitous Urease Coding Locus of Soybean
Authors: Goldraij Ariel , Beamer Lesa J. , Polacco Joe C. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractSoybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) mutant aj6 carries a single recessive lesion, aj6, that eliminates ubiquitous urease activity in leaves and callus while retaining normal embryo-specific urease activity. Consistently, aj6/aj6 plants accumulated urea in leaves. In crosses of aj6/aj6 by urease mutants at the Eu1, Eu2, and Eu3 loci, F1 individuals exhibited wild-type leaf urease activity, and the F2 segregated urease-negative individuals, demonstrating that aj6 is not an allele at these loci. F2 of aj6/aj6 crossed with a null mutant lacking the Eu1-encoded embryo-specific urease showed that ubiquitous urease was also inactive in seeds of aj6/aj6. The cross of aj6/aj6 to eu4/eu4, a mutant previously assigned to the ubiquitous urease structural gene (R.S. Torisky, J.D. Griffin, R.L. Yenofsky, J.C. Polacco [1994] Mol Gen Genet 242: 404–414), yielded an F1 having 22% ± 11% of wild-type leaf urease activity. Coding sequences for ubiquitous urease were cloned by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction from wild-type, aj6/aj6, and eu4/eu4 leaf RNA. The ubiquitous urease had an 837-amino acid open reading frame (ORF), 87% identical to the embryo-specific urease. The aj6/aj6 ORF showed an R201C change that cosegregated with the lack of leaf urease activity in a cross against a urease-positive line, whereas the eu4/eu4 ORF showed a G468E change. Heteroallelic interaction in F2 progeny of aj6/aj6 × eu4/eu4 resulted in partially restored leaf urease activity. These results confirm that aj6/aj6 and eu4/eu4 are mutants affected in the ubiquitous urease structural gene. They also indicate that radical amino acid changes in distinct domains can be partially compensated in the urease heterotrimer.
Regulated Phosphorylation of 40S Ribosomal Protein S6 in Root Tips of Maize
Authors: Williams Alan J. , Werner-Fraczek Joanna , Chang Ing-Feng , Bailey-Serres Julia 
Published: August 2003

Abstract
Ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) is located in the mRNA binding site of the 40S subunit of cytosolic ribosomes. Two maize (Zea mays) rps6 genes were identified that encode polypeptides (30 kD, 11.4 pI) with strong primary amino acid sequence and predicted secondary structure similarity to RPS6 of other eukaryotes. Maize RPS6 was analyzed by the use of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis systems, in vivo labeling with [32P]Pi and immunological detection. Nine RPS6 isoforms were resolved in a two-dimensional basic-urea/sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry performed on trypsin-digested isoforms identified four serine (Ser) and one threonine (Thr) residue in the carboxy-terminal region as phosphorylation sites (RRS238KLS241AAAKAS247AAT250S251A-COOH). Heterogeneity in RPS6 phosphorylation was a consequence of the presence of zero to five phosphorylated residues. Phosphorylated isoforms fell into two groups characterized by (a) sequential phosphorylation of Ser-238 and Ser-241 and (b) the absence of phospho-Ser-238 and presence of phospho-Ser-241. The accumulation of hyper-phosphorylated isoforms with phospho-Ser-238 was reduced in response to oxygen deprivation and heat shock, whereas accumulation of these isoforms was elevated by cold stress. Salt and osmotic stress had no reproducible effect on RPS6 phosphorylation. The reduction in hyper-phosphorylated isoforms under oxygen deprivation was blocked by okadaic acid, a Ser/Thr phosphatase inhibitor. By contrast, the recovery of hyper-phosphorylated isoforms upon re-oxygenation was blocked by LY-294002, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases. Thus, differential activity of phosphatase(s) and kinase(s) determine complex heterogeneity in RPS6 phosphorylation.
An Anaplerotic Role for Mitochondrial Carbonic Anhydrase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Giordano Mario , Norici Alessandra , Forssen Magnus , Eriksson Mats , Raven John A. 
Published: August 2003

Abstract
Previous studies of the mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase (mtCA) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii showed that expression of the two genes encoding this enzyme activity required photosynthetically active radiation and a low CO2 concentration. These studies suggested that the mtCA was involved in the inorganic carbon-concentrating mechanism. We have now shown that the expression of the mtCA at low CO2 concentrations decreases when the external NH4 + concentration decreases, to the point of being undetectable when NH4 + supply restricts the rate of photoautotrophic growth. The expression of mtCA can also be induced at supra-atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 by increasing the NH4 + concentration in the growth medium. Conditions that favor mtCA expression usually also stimulate anaplerosis. We therefore propose that the mtCA is involved in supplying HCO3 - for anaplerotic assimilation catalyzed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, which provides C skeletons for N assimilation under some circumstances.
Jung, Evans‐Wentz and various other gurus
Authors: McGuire William 
Published: August 2003

Abstract:How did Jung become deeply concerned with Asian religions and particularly with the Tibetan Buddhism of a Welshman from Trenton, New Jersey? Could that man be considered one of Jung's gurus? This essay begins six years after Jung, at twenty, was admitted to the medical school of Basel University and became a member of the Zofingiaverein, a student society. The next year he gave the first of a series of lectures on the interpretation of Christ as the model of the ‘god‐man’, like the Apostle Paul, Confucius, Zoroaster and the Buddha, who was ‘drummed into the Hindu boy’. (Jung's Zofingia Lectures were discovered only after his death, in 1961, and were published in English in 1983). The present essay discusses Jung's early Buddhist interest as displayed in The Psychology of the Unconscious (finally, in a revision, entitled Symbols of Transformation), in Psychological Types and later in his foreword of the Wilhelm translation of the I Ching. Jung was influenced by the gurus Richard Wilhelm and his son Hellmut, the scholar J. W. Hauer (with whom he later broke off relations because of Hauer's Nazi politics), the indologist Heinrich Zimmer, and the Zen master D. T. Suzuki. Walter Yeeling Wentz was born in Trenton in 1878 and brought up in his family's theosophist faith. The Wentzes moved to San Diego in 1900, and Walter added his mother's Celtic surname, Evans, to the German Wentz. He was educated at Stanford University and travelled in Europe, studying Celtic folklore, and widely in the Near East, Tibet, India, and Oxford – studying religions everywhere and editing Tibetan books. He lived his last decades in San Diego and conducted a correspondence with Jung, while living in a cheap hotel, or in an ashram.
Trauma and daimonic reality in Ferenczi's later work
Authors: Kalsched Donald 
Published: August 2003

Abstract:Jung and Ferenczi made independent discoveries of an ‘archaic’ (Jung) or ‘primordial’ (Ferenczi) layer of the psyche that shone through the ‘basic fault’ in the psyche opened by childhood trauma. This paper explores those parallels through an extended vignette of Ferenczi's work with Elizabeth Severn, known as ‘R. N.’ in the Clinical Diary. A remarkable inner object known as ‘Orpha’ appeared in the patient's trauma experience and saved a seed of personality from total annihilation. Ferenczi's speculation about this ‘daimonic’ object is cited along with his discussion of a trans‐personal immaterial reality that Orpha makes visible, and that links the patient's ego‐experience with a spiritual/material unity not ordinarily available to consciousness.
Toni Wolff–James Kirsch correspondence
Authors: Kirsch Thomas B. 
Published: August 2003

Abstract:This paper draws on the letters between Toni Wolff and James Kirsch from 1929–1933 and from 1949–1953 to highlight some aspects of Toni Wolff's relationship with her supervisee and former analysand, James Kirsch. Her personality, her approach to her work as analyst, and her relationship with Jung and with colleagues are illustrated with selected quotes from the correspondence.