bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moving a generalised limb: a simulation with consequences for theories on limb control
Authors: Otten  
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe movement control of articulated limbs in vertebrates has been explained in terms of equilibrium points and moving equilibrium points or virtual trajectories. These hypotheses state that the nervous system makes the control of multi-segment limbs easier by simply planning in terms of these equilibrium points and trajectories. The present paper elaborates on a planar computer simulation of an articulated three-segment limb, controlled by pairs of muscles. The nature of the virtual trajectory is analysed when the limb is required to make fast movements with endpoint movements along a straight line with bell-shaped velocity profiles. It appears that the faster the movement, the more the virtual trajectory deviates from the real trajectory, becoming up to eight times longer. The complexity of the shape of the virtual trajectories in these fast movements makes it unlikely that the nervous system plans to use these trajectories. It seems simpler to set up the required bursts of muscle activation, coupled in the nervous system to the direction of movement, the speed and the place in workspace. Finally, it is argued that the two types of explanation do not contradict each other: when a relation is established in the nervous system between muscle activation and movements, equilibrium points and virtual trajectories are implicitly part of that relation.
Mining, Protection of the Environment, Scientific Research and Bioprospecting: Some Considerations on the Role of the International Sea-Bed Authority
Authors: Scovazzi Tullio 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe innovative concept of the common heritage of mankind is embodied in the 1982 LOSC for the seabed beyond the limits of national jurisdiction (the Area). It has been subsequently adapted to meet further political and economic realities. Despite the present uncertain situation, the mandate of the International Seabed Authority (ISBA) is already broader than it is commonly believed. The legal condition of the space (the Area), its being the common heritage of mankind, may have an effect also on matters and activities that (though different from minerals and mining activities) are located in that space. While bioprospecting is not specifically regulated by the UNCLOS, there is an inextricable factual link between the protection of the deep seabed environment (including its biodiversity), marine scientific research and bioprospecting. the ISBA, the principles that it represents, as well as its existing competences and responsibilities, need to be taken into consideration when States decide to fill the legal gap of bioprospecting. The role of the ISBA could be expanded in the future to meet new objectives under commonly agreed cooperative schemes.
Zonal and Integrated Management Approaches to Ocean Governance: Reflections on a Dual Approach in International Law of the Sea
Authors: Tanaka Yoshifumi 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTraditionally, international law of the sea has been based on the zonal approach. The traditional approach purports in essence to divide the ocean into several jurisdictional spaces on the basis of two opposing principles, namely, the principle of sovereignty and the principle of freedom. It is now apparent, however, that the traditional zonal approach is insufficient to resolve the problems encountered in the management of ocean space. Hence, the need for a new integrated management approach is increasingly emphasised in international instruments as well as in the opinions of writers. Nevertheless, it appears that the concept of the integrated management approach remains obscure in international law. Thus, this study purports to examine this concept at three levels: the ecological, normative and implementation levels. Finally, on the basis of these considerations, this study will present a perspective that the international law of the sea should be considered as a dialectic legal system between the zonal approach and the integrated management approach.
Induction of tolerance to factor VIII inhibitors by gene therapy with immunodominant A2 and C2 domains presented by B cells as Ig fusion proteins
Authors: Lei Tie Chi , Scott David W. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Up to 30% of patients with hemophilia A given therapeutic factor VIII (fVIII) can make inhibitory antibodies, the majority of which are reactive with its C2 and A2 domains. We have previously demonstrated that antigen-specific tolerance to several antigens can be induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated B-cell blasts transduced with immunoglobulin (IgG)-antigen fusion constructs. To apply this system to hemophilia A inhibitor formation, we created retroviral vectors expressing fVIII amino acids S2173-Y2332 (C2 domain) and S373-R740 (A2 domain) in frame with an IgG heavy chain backbone. These vectors were transduced into B-cell blasts to induce tolerance in both naive and fVIII-primed hemophilic (E16 fVIII-/-) mice. Thus, treatment of E16 fVIII-/- mice with B cells expressing fVIII C2 and A2 domains led to tolerance in terms of specific humoral response (including inhibitory antibody titers) and cellular responses to fVIII and its C2 or A2 domains. Moreover, a significant reduction in immune responses to fVIII could be achieved in immunized hemophilic mice with existing anti-fVIII titers. This hyporesponsive state persisted for at least 2 months and withstood additional challenge with fVIII. Further experiments, in which mice were treated with a depleting monoclonal anti-CD25, suggested that a regulatory T cell may be required for the tolerogenic effect of transduced B cells. These findings demonstrate that B-cell presentation of fVIII domains on an Ig backbone specifically prevents or decreases existing antibodies in hemophilia A mice. (Blood. 2005;105:4865-4870)
In silico microdissection of microarray data from heterogeneous cell populations
Authors: Lähdesmäki Harri , Shmulevich llya , Dunmire Valerie , Yli-Harja Olli , Zhang Wei 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Very few analytical approaches have been reported to resolve the variability in microarray measurements stemming from sample heterogeneity. For example, tissue samples used in cancer studies are usually contaminated with the surrounding or infiltrating cell types. This heterogeneity in the sample preparation hinders further statistical analysis, significantly so if different samples contain different proportions of these cell types. Thus, sample heterogeneity can result in the identification of differentially expressed genes that may be unrelated to the biological question being studied. Similarly, irrelevant gene combinations can be discovered in the case of gene expression based classification.

Results
We propose a computational framework for removing the effects of sample heterogeneity by "microdissecting" microarray data in silico. The computational method provides estimates of the expression values of the pure (non-heterogeneous) cell samples. The inversion of the sample heterogeneity can be facilitated by providing accurate estimates of the mixing percentages of different cell types in each measurement. For those cases where no such information is available, we develop an optimization-based method for joint estimation of the mixing percentages and the expression values of the pure cell samples. We also consider the problem of selecting the correct number of cell types.

Conclusion
The efficiency of the proposed methods is illustrated by applying them to a carefully controlled cDNA microarray data obtained from heterogeneous samples. The results demonstrate that the methods are capable of reconstructing both the sample and cell type specific expression values from heterogeneous mixtures and that the mixing percentages of different cell types can also be estimated. Furthermore, a general purpose model selection method can be used to select the correct number of cell types.
Time on wait lists for coronary bypass surgery in British Columbia, Canada, 1991 – 2000
Authors: Levy Adrian R , Sobolev Boris G , Hayden Robert , Kiely Michael , FitzGerald J Mark , Schechter Martin T 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
In British Columbia, Canada, all necessary medical services are funded publicly. Concerned with growing wait lists in the mid-1990s, the provincial government started providing extra funding for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) operations annually. Although aimed at improving access, it is not known whether supplementary funding changed the time that patients spent on wait lists for CABG. We sought to determine whether the period of registration on wait lists had an effect on time to isolated CABG and whether the period effect was similar across priority groups.

Methods
Using records from a population-based registry, we studied the wait-list time before and after supplementary funding became available. We compared the number of weeks from registration to surgery for equal proportions of patients in synthetic cohorts defined by five registration periods in the 1990s.

Results
Overall, 9,231 patients spent a total of 137,126 person-weeks on the wait lists. The time to surgery increased by the middle of the decade, and decreased toward the end of the decade. Relative to the 1991–92 registration period, the conditional weekly probabilities of undergoing surgery were 30% lower among patients registered on the wait lists in 1995–96, hazard ratio (HR) = 0.70 (0.65–0.76), and 23% lower in 1997–98 patients, HR = 0.77 (0.71–0.83), while there were no differences with 1999–2000 patients, HR = 0.94 (0.88–1.02), after adjusting for priority group at registration, comorbidity, age and sex. We found that the effect of registration period was different across priority groups.

Conclusion
Our results provide evidence that time to CABG shortened after supplementary funding was provided on an annual basis to tertiary care hospitals within a single publicly funded health system. One plausible explanation is that these hospitals had capacity to increase the number of operations. At the same time, the effect was not uniform across priority groups indicating that changes in clinical practice should be considered when adding extra funding to reduce wait lists.
Constructing design weather data for future climates
Authors: Belcher SE , Hacker JN , Powell DS 
Published: March 2005

We develop a method, here called ‘morphing’, to produce design weather data for building thermal simulations that accounts for future changes to climate. Morphing combines present-day observed weather data with results from climate models. The procedure yields weather time series that encapsulate the average weather conditions of future climate scenarios, whilst preserving realistic weather sequences. In this sense the method ‘downscales’ coarse resolution climate model predictions to the fine spatial and temporal resolutions required for building thermal simulations. The morphing procedure is illustrated by application to CIBSE design weather years and climate change scenarios for the UK. Heating degree days calculated from the weather series morphed to future climates show a marked reduction compared to present day, by an amount that agrees well with results calculated directly from the climate model. This agreement gives confidence that the morphing technique faithfully transforms the weather sequences. Practical application: There is overwhelming consensus amongst the scientific community that the Earth's climate is warming. This warming will have implications for building services in the UK that should be considered now. This article describes a method for producing weather data with best current estimates of future climate that can be used to quantify the risk of building overheating.
A novel approach to achieving airtightness in drylined load-bearing masonry dwellings
Authors: Roberts D , Johnston D , Isle JA 
Published: March 2005

This paper describes a novel approach that can be used to construct airtight drylined load-bearing masonry dwellings. This involves the application of a thin layer of ‘parging’ to the internal blockwork leaf of all external walls. Whilst this approach has so far only been undertaken on a field trial using one dwelling, the results suggest that the application of the parging layer improves the airtightness of the dwelling substantially and air leakage rates of less than 5 m3/h per m2at 50 Pa can be achieved. The paper also identifies a number of additional measures which, if undertaken, could reduce the air leakage of this dwelling even further. Practical application: Airtight construction techniques are increasingly required in order to comply with Part L of the building regulations. Wet plastering is very successful in reducing air leakage through load-bearing masonry construction but is rarely used nowadays because of its longer drying time compared with drylining. The novel approach described in this paper provides the advantages, of both systems by applying a quick-drying airtight barrier before drylining.
Gait and calf muscle endurance in patients with chronic venous insufficiency
Authors: van Uden C JT , van der Vleuten C JM , Kooloos J GM , Haenen J H , Wollersheim H 
Published: March 2005

Objective: To gain insight in gait and calf muscle endurance in patients with severe chronic venous insufficiency. Methods: Fifteen patients with severe chronic venous insufficiency (healed or active ulcers) and 19 healthy controls were selected for this study. Subjects had to perform eight trials at preferred walking speed and eight trials at instructed walking speed (1.25 m/s) during which the gait parameters were recorded. The calf muscle endurance was tested by use of the heel-rise test. Results: Patients had a significantly lower preferred walking speed (1.25 m/s9 /&plusmn; 0.31) compared with healthy controls (1.44 m/s&plusmn; 0.0.15) (p=0.039). During preferred walking speed patients had a wider base of support (p=0.003), a bigger step time (p=0.005), and a bigger stride time (p=0.004) compared with healthy controls. At instructed walking speed only base of support was different between the two groups (p=0.016). Patients had a significantly (p=0.003) smaller number of heel rises (14.69 &plusmn; 7.34), indicating decreased calf muscle endurance compared with controls (23.59 &plusmn;6.54). Conclusion: This study indicates a disturbed gait and decreased calf muscle endurance in patients with severe chronic venous insufficiency.
Is inspiratory muscle training effective for individuals with cervical spinal cord injury? A qualitative systematic review
Authors: Brooks Dina , O'Brien Kelly , Geddes E Lynne , Crowe Jean , Reid W Darlene 
Published: March 2005

Objective: To perform a systematic review to determine the effect of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in adults with cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI). Design: A systematic search of the literature on IMT and CSCI according to the Cochrane Collaboration protocol was performed. We searched electronic databases up to August 2003 including MEDLINE and CINAHL, searched reference lists from pertinent articles and books, made personal contact with authors, and hand searched targeted journals to identify potential studies for inclusion. Study selection: Inclusion criteria for the review included randomized controlled trials published in English comparing IMT with another comparison group among adults with CSCI. Data extraction: Two reviewers abstracted relevant data from included studies. Methodological quality of the studies was assessed using criteria developed by Jadad et al. We also assessed whether the comparison groups were similar at baseline and whether an intention-to-treat analysis was performed. Results: Forty articles were retrieved and three met the inclusion criteria. All studies used inspiratory resistance muscle trainers for at least 15 min, twice daily, five to seven days per week for six to eight weeks. Meta-analysis could not be performed due to differences in study design and outcomes. Only one study reported a positive effect of IMT compared to control for measures of dyspnoea and pulmonary function. Conclusion: Literature on the effect of IMT among adults with CSCI is scarce and an overall effect could not be confirmed.
Evidence of the efficacy of occupational therapy in different conditions: an overview of systematic reviews
Authors: Steultjens Esther MJ , Dekker Joost , Bouter Lex M , Leemrijse Chantal J , van den Ende Cornelia HM 
Published: March 2005

Objective: To summarize the research evidence available from systematic reviews of the efficacy of occupational therapy (OT) for practitioners, researchers, purchasing organizations and policy-makers. Data source: The search for systematic reviews was conducted in PubMed and the Cochrane Library (October 2004). Methods: The reviews included were those that utilized a systematic search for evidence with regard to OT for specific patient groups. Data were summarized for patient group, interventions, outcome domains, type of study designs included, method of data synthesis and conclusions. Results: Fourteen systematic reviews were included. Three reviews related to rheumatoid arthritis, four reviewed stroke and four focused on elderly people. Reviews of Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, Huntington's disease, cerebral palsy and mental illnesses were also identified. The reviews of rheumatoid arthritis, stroke and elderly people showed evidence of the efficacy of OT in increasing functional abilities. Positive results were presented for quality of life and social participation in elderly people and stroke respectively. The efficacy of OT in all other patient groups is unknown due to insufficient evidence. Conclusion: This summary shows that elderly people and people with stroke or rheumatoid arthritis can expect to benefit from comprehensive OT. Evidence of the efficacy of specific interventions is sparse and should be addressed in future research. The evidence that does exist should be incorporated into OT practice.
Women's Organizations and the Development of Civil Society
Authors: Baldez Lisa 
Published: March 2005

Organizing Women: Formal and Informal Groups in the Middle East. Dawn Chatty and Annika Rabo. eds. New York: New York University Press, 1997.224pp.Crazy for Democracy: Women in Grassroots Movements. Temma Kaplan. New York: Routledge, 1997.243 pp.Women and Social Movements in Latin America: Power from Below. Lynn Stephen. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997.332 pp.Feminist Nationalism. Lois A. West. ed. New York: Routledge, 1997.294pp.
Patterns that Connect: Social Symbolism in Ancient & Tribal ArtThe Political Economy of AIDS
Authors: Prins Harold E. L. , Stoner Bradley 
Published: March 2005

Patterns that Connect: Social Symbolism in Ancient & Tribal Art. Carl Schuster and Edmund Carpenter. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1996.317 pp.The Political Economy of AIDS. Merrill Singer. ed. Amity ville, NY: Baywood, 1998.236 pp.
Comparison of the phase behavior of some selected binary systems with ionic liquids
Authors: Shariati Alireza , Gutkowski Karin , Peters Cor J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe phase behavior of binary mixtures consisting of two different supercritical fluids, one with no dipole moment and the other one with a strong dipole moment, and an imidazolium‐based ionic liquid were studied experimentally. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and trifluoromethane (CHF3), and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF6]) were the selected supercritical fluids and ionic liquid, respectively. A synthetic method was used to measure liquid–vapor (LV) and liquid–liquid–vapor (LLV) boundaries of these binary systems. Results for the LV boundaries are reported for CO2 concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 65.0 mol % and within temperature and pressure ranges of 293.29–363.54 K and 0.59–73.50 MPa, and for CHF3 concentrations ranging from 10.2 to 99.0 mol % and within temperature and pressure ranges of 303.20–363.42 K and 0.58–41.00 MPa, respectively. The LV boundaries of pure CO2 and CHF3 were measured up to their critical points. For the binary systems consisting of either CO2 or CHF3 with [bmim][PF6], the LLV boundaries were similarly measured up to their critical endpoints. The experimental results obtained in this work show that the binary systems of CO2 or CHF3 + [bmim][PF6] have Type III phase behavior according to the classification of Scott and Van Konynenburg. To the extent available, the experimental data obtained for the system CO2 + [bmim][PF6] were compared with literature data. In addition, comparisons were made with literature data of binary systems of either CO2 or CHF3 with other ionic liquids belonging to the same homologous family. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Linear and nonlinear dynamos
Authors: Weiss N. O. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMore than eighty years have passed since the idea of a solar dynamo was first put forward, and almost fifty years since Parker's pioneering paper. Yet dynamo theory remains a fertile subject and continues to raise new challenges, both physical and mathematical. So far, nearly all treatments have relied on mean field electrodynamics. The earliest models were linear but recent treatments have been nonlinear and increasingly sophisticated. During his career, Michael Stix has made major contributions to all branches of this subject. In this survey I shall review the historical development of dynamo theory, as applied to stars like the Sun, and then focus on some issues of current interest, ranging from axisymmetric calculations in spherical geometry to low‐order models. Finally, I shall look ahead to what is needed in order to develop fully consistent, three‐dimensional numerical models of the solar cycle. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Connecting solar radiance variability to the solar dynamo with the virial theorem
Authors: Steiner O. , Ferriz‐Mas A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe variability of solar radiance over a solar cycle is thought to result from a delicate balance between the radiative deficit of sunspots and the extra contribution of plage and network regions. Although the net effect is tiny, it must imply structural and thermal changes in the Sun or in partial layers of it as an unavoidable consequence of the virial theorem. Using the virial theorem for continua–including the magnetic field–it can be shown how solar radiance variability might be connected to a deeply seated flux‐tube dynamo and how this connection is established on a hydrodynamical time scale. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetic field oscillation in simulations of the Karlsruhe Dynamo
Authors: Sarkar A. , Tilgner A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe dynamo effect is numerically simulated for a model of the Karlsruhe dynamo. A flow periodic in two directions and independent of the third coordinate is considered. Each periodicity cell contains four helical vortices. The novelty of the model is that it includes cylindrical walls enclosing each vortex. These walls mimic the mechanical constraints inside the Karlsruhe experiment. Periodic oscillations of the magnetic field appear in the course of which the magnetic field pattern in each vortex rotates. The oscillations already exist in the kinematic regime. It is shown that the oscillations found in our simulations and oscillations observed in the Karlsruhe dynamo experiment must be of different origin. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dynamos of the Sun, Stars, and Planets – Preface
Authors: Stix M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe conference “Dynamos of the Sun, Stars, and Planets” was organized by the Kiepenheuer‐Institut für Sonnenphysik Freiburg, and was held at the University of Freiburg from 4th to 6th October 2004. About 50 participants attended the conference, with 8 review lectures, 20 contributed talks, and 6 posters. With only few exceptions, these contributions appear in the present issue of Astronomische Nachrichten. This preface summarizes the discussion of the closing session. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)