bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Doppler application in the delivery timing of the preterm growth‐restricted fetus: another step in the right direction
Authors: Baschat A. A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis article provides an opinion on a study of relationships between umbilical artery (UA) Doppler, ductus venosus (DV) Doppler, fetal heart rate variation, and perinatal outcome in preterm, intrauterine growth‐restricted (IUGR) fetuses published in the same issue of this journal by Bilardo and coworkers. Recent evidence on venous Doppler surveillance in preterm IUGR fetuses was also reviewed and discussed in the context of the study with a special emphasis on delivery timing. A search was conducted through MEDLINE and eight articles with similar inclusion criteria and reporting format of outcomes were identified. Numbers for perinatal mortality, intraventricular hemorrhage, respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) were extracted for cases where Doppler status was recorded in an identical format. Proportional distribution of outcomes was compared for fetuses with normal DV Doppler velocimetry, absent or reversed UA end‐diastolic velocity (UA A/REDV), elevated DV Doppler index (abnormal DV) and absence or reversal of atrial velocity in the DV (DV‐RAV). A total of 320 fetuses with normal and 202 with elevated DV Doppler indices were extracted. Of these fetuses, 101 with UA A/REDV only and 34 with DV‐RAV were identified. Perinatal mortality was 5.6% (16/282) with normal DV, 11.9% (12/101) with UA A/REDV, 38.8% (64/165) with abnormal DV and 41.2% (7/17) with DV‐RAV. With the exception of NEC, all complications were significantly more frequent with abnormal DV. With normal venous Doppler neonatal deaths account for most of the perinatal mortality, while with abnormal DV stillbirths and neonatal mortality are similar contributors to the significantly increased perinatal mortality. In conclusion, UA Doppler is a placental function test that provides important diagnostic and prognostic information in preterm IUGR. DV Doppler effectively identifies those preterm IUGR fetuses that are at high risk for adverse outcome (particularly stillbirth) at least 1 week before delivery, independent of the UA waveform. Relationships between perinatal outcome, arterial and venous Doppler status and gestational age require ongoing observational research effort. Randomized management trials are necessary to verify that delivery timing based on venous Doppler will impact on outcome in preterm IUGR. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Male–female conflict and genitalia: failure to confirm predictions in insects and spiders
Authors: Eberhard William G. 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACTSome recent models suggest a new role for evolutionary arms races between males and females in sexual selection. Female resistance to males is proposed to be driven by the direct advantage to the female of avoiding male‐imposed reductions in the number of offspring she can produce, rather than by the indirect advantage of selecting among possible sires for her offspring, as in some traditional models of sexual selection by female choice. This article uses the massive but hitherto under‐utilized taxonomic literature on genitalic evolution to test, in a two‐step process, whether such new models of arms races between males and females have been responsible for rapid divergent evolution of male genitalia. The test revolves around the prediction that‘new arms races’are less likely to occur in species in which females are largely or completely protected from unwanted sexual attentions from males (e.g. species which mate in leks or in male swarms, in which males attract females from a distance, or in which females initiate contact by attracting males from a distance).The multiple possible mechanical functions of male genitalia are summarized, and functions of male genitalic structures in 43 species in 21 families of Diptera are compiled. Functions associated with intromission and insemination (e.g. seizing and positioning the female appropriately, pushing past possible barriers within the female, orienting within the female to achieve sperm transfer), which are unlikely to be involved in new arms races when females are protected, are shown to be common (> 50% of documented cases). This information is then used to generate the new arms race prediction: differences in genitalic form among congeneric species in which females are protected should be less common than differences among congeneric species in which females are vulnerable to harassment by males. This prediction was tested using a sample of 361 genera of insects and spiders. The prediction clearly failed, even when the data were adjusted to take into account several possible biases. Comparative analyses within particular taxonomic groups also failed to show the predicted trends, as did less extensive data on other non‐genitalic male display traits. Arms races, as defined in some recent models, seem to have been less important in male‐female coevolution of genitalic structures than has been suggested. By elimination, alternative interpretations, such as traditional female choice, which do not predict associations between female protection from harassment and rapid divergent evolution, are strengthened.
Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review
Authors: Linley P. Alex , Joseph Stephen 
Published: February 2004

AbstractEmpirical studies (n = 39) that documented positive change following trauma and adversity (e.g., posttraumatic growth, stress‐related growth, perceived benefit, thriving; collectively described as adversarial growth) were reviewed. The review indicated that cognitive appraisal variables (threat, harm, and controllability), problem‐focused, acceptance and positive reinterpretation coping, optimism, religion, cognitive processing, and positive affect were consistently associated with adversarial growth. The review revealed inconsistent associations between adversarial growth, sociodemographic variables (gender, age, education, and income), and psychological distress variables (e.g., depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder). However, the evidence showed that people who reported and maintained adversarial growth over time were less distressed subsequently. Methodological limitations and recommended future directions in adversarial growth research are discussed, and the implications of adversarial growth for clinical practice are briefly considered.
Perceived coping ability mediates the relationship between PTSD severity and heart rate recovery in veterans
Authors: Kibler Jeffrey L. , Lyons Judith A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractMost psychophysiological studies of PTSD have not assessed physiological recovery, correlational relationships between PTSD severity and physiological measures within clinical populations, or mediation by cognitive appraisal. Relationships of PTSD severity to psychophysiological reactivity (to acoustic startle), habituation, and recovery were assessed in 29 combat veterans, and mediation by cognitive appraisal (perceived threat and coping ability) was assessed in a subset (n = 16) of participants. Heart rate (HR) recovery was linearly related to PTSD severity. Perceived ability to cope with the lab task, but not perceived threat inherent in the task, mediated the HR recovery—PTSD association. Potential implications of delayed HR recovery for functioning, treatment outcome, and health‐risk in PTSD are presented. Cognitive appraisal may represent an important target for treatments.
The accumulative effect of trauma exposure on short‐term and delayed verbal memory in a treatment‐seeking sample of female rape victims
Authors: Nixon Reginald D. V. , Nishith Pallavi , Resick Patricia A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe accumulative effect of prior high‐magnitude trauma exposure on memory was examined in 73 rape victims, 92% of whom had current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants were administered the Logical Memory component of the Wechsler Memory Scale, the Quick Test to obtain an estimate of intelligence, and were assessed for prior traumatic experiences. Prior exposure to high‐magnitude stressors (e.g., child rape, being kidnapped) was significantly correlated with poorer performance on the memory tasks. Regression analyses controlling for estimated IQ and psychopathology severity demonstrated that magnitude of prior trauma exposure predicted performance on the memory task, suggesting that in the current sample, deficits in verbal memory may be related (in part) to the degree of accumulative stress experienced over the lifetime.
Attention, learning, and memory in posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Neylan Thomas C. , Lenoci Maryanne , Rothlind Johannes , Metzler Thomas J. , Schuff Norbert , Du An‐Tao , Franklin Kristin W. , Weiss Daniel S. , Weiner Michael W. , Marmar Charles R. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis study compared attention and declarative memory in a sample of combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD, n = 24) previously reported to have reduced concentrations of the hippocampal neuronal marker N‐acetyl aspartate (NAA), but similar hippocampal volume compared to veteran normal comparison participants (n = 23). Healthy, well‐educated males with combatrelated PTSD without current depression or recent alcohol/drug abuse did not perform differently on tests of attention, learning, and memory compared to normal comparison participants. Further, hippocampal volume, NAA, or NAA/Creatine ratios did not significantly correlate with any of the cognitive measures when adjustments for multiple comparisons were made. In this study, reduced hippocampal NAA did not appear to be associated with impaired declarative memory.
Relationships of dissociation and childhood abuse and neglect with heart rate in delinquent adolescents
Authors: Koopman Cheryl , Carrion Victor , Butler Lisa D. , Sudhakar Shiv , Palmer Laura , Steiner Hans 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis study examined the relationship of dissociative symptoms, abuse and neglect, and gender to mean heart rate (HR) in two types of interviews. Participants were 25 female and 16 male delinquent adolescents. Dissociative symptoms and abuse and neglect were assessed by structured interviews. Participants were randomized to one of two conditions, to describe either their most stressful life experience or their free association thoughts. Greater dissociative symptoms were associated with lower mean HR, whereas abuse and neglect, being a girl, and participating in the free association task were associated with higher mean HR. The finding that high levels of dissociative symptoms may be related to a suppression of autonomic physiological responses to stress support Bremner's conceptualization (J. D. Bremner, 1999) that dissociative symptoms comprise one of two subtypes of the acute stress response, differing physiologically as well as subjectively from a predominantly hyperarousal or intrusive symptom response.
Impacts of the ocean lateral diffusion on the El Niño/Southern Oscillation‐like variability of a global coupled general circulation model
Authors: Raynaud S. , Speich S. , Guilyardi E. , Madec G. 
Published: February 2004

A global coupled General Circulation Model is used to investigate effects of the lateral ocean mixing on the amplitude and spectral characteristics of the ENSO‐like variability. Three 40‐year coupled simulations are analysed. They only differ by the lateral ocean physics parametrized: a horizontal diffusion scheme; an isopycnal scheme; isopycnal scheme with an Eddy Induced Velocity (EIV) term.The Multichannel Singular Spectrum Analysis is used to extract linear modes of variability from each simulation and from observations. The strength of the variability, close to that observed in the horizontal and only‐isopycnal simulations, is stronger in the two isopycnal configurations, and more especially when the EIV is added. The dominant periods of the variability, also close to those observed, are also affected by the lateral diffusion: the time scale becomes slightly longer as the complexity of the lateral physics increases.
Normal modes modelling of post‐seismic ionospheric oscillations
Authors: Artru Juliette , Lognonné Philippe , Blanc Elisabeth 
Published: February 2004

Since 1960, several experiments have shown strong perturbations of the ionosphere after earthquakes. For the biggest quakes, Doppler ionospheric soundings have revealed displacements of several tens of meter of the ionized layers E and F. An accurate modelling of these phenomena was however never described.We present here synthetic displacements of such oscillations and compare it with experimental data. Realistic models of the atmosphere including viscosity are used, as well as realistic Earth and seismic source model. These ionospheric oscillations are computed by normal modes summation taking explicitly into account the coupling between the solid Earth and the open atmosphere. They are associated to the Rayleigh fundamental surface waves. We obtain a good agreement between synthetics and observations, so it should be possible to use this method to study the ionospheric post‐seismic perturbations and possibly the high altitude profile of the density and the viscosity of the atmosphere.
A measurement of the quiet network contribution to solar irradiance variation
Authors: Foukal Peter , Milano Leo 
Published: February 2004

A large increase in quiet network area since the 17th century Maunder Minimum has been suggested as a mechanism for increasing solar irradiance sufficiently to drive global warming. We show that this mechanism requires essentially complete disappearance of network proceeding back in time to the beginning of the 20th century. This disappearance is ruled out by the many Ca K spectroheliograms taken since the discovery of the network in the early 1890's. Furthermore, network area measurements we have carried out on Ca K spectroheliograms digitized from the Mt. Wilson and NSO/Sacramento Peak archives, for the nine solar activity minima between 1914 and 1996, show no evidence of network area variations large enough to produce a significant long‐term component of total irradiance variation. A network brightness variation of sufficient magnitude is also unlikely, given the linear dependence of solar microwave flux on area of bright structures.More generally, recent analyses of cycle 21,22 pyrheliometry, and of broadband stellar photometry, provide little support for any long‐term irradiance component These results do not rule out a secular irradiance increase. But they suggest that high climate sensitivity to the relatively small changes in solar total and UV irradiance that have been observed, provides a more likely explanation of the global temperature‐solar activity correlation.
Solar illumination as cause of the equinoctial preference for geomagnetic activity
Authors: Lyatsky W. , Newell P. T. , Hamza A. 
Published: February 2004

Geomagnetic and auroral activity vary seasonally with maxima at equinoxes, as has been known for more than a century. The cause remains under debate. The angle made by the Earth's dipole axis with the typical direction of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) can explain a portion (about 17%) of the effect. To explain the majority of the equinoctial effect, we suggest that geomagnetic activity peaks when the nightside auroral zones of both hemispheres are in darkness, as happens at equinox. Under such conditions, no conducting path exists in the ionosphere to complete the currents required by solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling, and geomagnetic disturbances maximize. To test this theory, the Universal Time (UT) variation of geomagnetic activity was explored. As our model predicts, geomagnetic activity in December, measured by the Am index, evinces a deep minimum around 0300–0600 UT when the auroral oval of both hemispheres are in darkness and a maximum around 1500–1600 UT when the southern nightside oval is sunlit. In June, complementary effects are predicted and observed.Previous studies using the AE index have shown more ambiguous results. Here we show that if AE is resolved into the AU and AL components, the discrepancy disappears, with the AL component following the same pattern as does Am. We thus conclude that the intensity of global geomagnetic activity is well ordered by whether the nightside auroral oval is sunlit in one hemisphere or neither.
Effects of explosion energy and depth to the formation of blast wave and crater: Field Explosion Experiment for the understanding of volcanic explosion
Authors: Goto Akio , Taniguchi Hiromitsu , Yoshida Mario , Ohba Tsukasa , Oshima Hiromitsu 
Published: February 2004

We made field explosion experiments as an analogue of volcanic explosion to understand the relationship between the explosion condition and the resultant surface phenomena. The main parameters we employed were explosion depth and explosion energy. Through the experiments we confirmed that scaled depth, which is the depth divided by cube root of energy, is the main parameter determining the properties of explosive volcanism. The energy assigned to blast wave decreased exponentially against the scaled depth. The scaled crater diameter became maximum when the scaled depth was about 4 × 10−3 m/J¹/³.Scaled crater diameters by nuclear, chemical subsurface and some volcanic explosions were almost the same. From the scaling law, the overpressure at crater rim was estimated to be several MPa, which corresponded to typical rock strength. Probably the ground‐forming materials were broken inside the area where overpressure exceeded their strength.
Role of PKC in the attenuation of the cGMP‐mediated relaxation of skinned resistance artery smooth muscle seen in glyceryl‐trinitrate‐tolerant rabbit
Authors: Nakano Youichirou , Kusama Nobuyoshi , Kajikuri Junko , Suzuki Yoshikatsu , Kanmura Yuichi , Itoh Takeo 
Published: February 2004

We examined whether 10 days’ in vivo treatment with glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) might reduce cGMP‐induced relaxation in the smooth muscle of rabbit mesenteric resistance arteries and, if so, whether protein kinase C (PKC) plays a role in this downregulation.
The relaxation responses to GTN and the nitric oxide donor NOC‐7 were significantly reduced in endothelium‐denuded strips from GTN‐treated rabbits. In β‐escin‐skinned smooth muscle, the ability of 8‐bromoguanosine 3′,5′ cyclic monophosphate (8‐Br‐cGMP, a phosphodiesterase‐resistant cGMP analogue) to relax the contraction induced by 0.3 μM Ca2+ was significantly reduced in GTN‐treated rabbits.
In β‐escin‐skinned smooth muscle, an inhibitor of conventional and/or novel PKCs, GF109203X (0.6 μM), inhibited the Ca2+‐induced contraction and enhanced the 8‐Br‐cGMP‐induced relaxation. However, since the relaxing ability of 8‐Br‐cGMP was found to be unchanged by GF109203X when contractions were amplitude‐matched (0.2 μM Ca2+ alone vs 0.3 μM Ca2++GF109203X), the increase in the 8‐Br‐cGMP‐response seen with GF109203X was probably due to its inhibitory action on the Ca2+‐induced contraction. Furthermore, although the PKC activator phorbol 12,13‐dibutyrate (PDBu, 0.1 μM) decreased the 8‐Br‐cGMP‐induced relaxation of the Ca2+ (0.3 μM) contraction, this was probably due to its enhancement of the Ca2+‐induced contraction since no such effect of PDBu was seen when the Ca2+‐induced contractions were amplitude‐matched (0.2 μM Ca2++PDBu vs 0.3 μM Ca2+ alone).
These results suggest that the relaxing response to cGMP is reduced in the smooth muscle of mesenteric resistance arteries in GTN‐treated rabbits but that conventional and/or novel PKCs do not play a major role in maintaining this downregulation.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 141, 391–398. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705625
Iloprost inhibits superoxide formation and gp91phox expression induced by the thromboxane A2 analogue U46619, 8‐isoprostane F2α, prostaglandin F2α, cytokines and endotoxin in the pig pulmonary artery
Authors: Muzaffar Saima , Shukla Nilima , Lobo Clinton , Angelini Gianni D , Jeremy Jamie Y 
Published: February 2004

Since the roles of thromboxane A2 (TXA2), prostacyclin (PGI2) and 8‐isoprostane F2α in mediating vascular O2•− formation and its relation to adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is unknown, the effects of these eicosanoids on the expression of gp91phox (catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase) and O2•− release from cultured pig pulmonary artery (PA) segments, PA vascular smooth muscle cells (PAVSMCs) and PA endothelial cells (PAECs) were investigated.
PA segments, PAVSMCs and PAECs were incubated with the TXA2 analogue, U46619, (±LPS, tumour necrosing factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) or IL‐1α), 8‐isoprostane F2α and±iloprost (a stable PGI2 analogue) for 16 h. The formation of superoxide dismutase‐inhibitable O2•− was then measured spectrophotometrically and gp91phox expression assessed using Western blotting. In parallel experiments, whole PA segments were treated with LPS, TNF‐α and IL‐α after which time TXA2, PGI2, PGF2α and 8‐isoprostane F2α formation was measured using enzyme‐linked immunoassays.
U46619, PGF2α and 8‐isoprostane F2α promoted the formation of O2•− in PA segments, PAVSMCs and PAECs, an effect inhibited by diphenyleneiodonium and apocynin (both NADPH oxidase inhibitors) and upregulated the expression of gp91phox in PAECs and PAVSMCs. These effects were augmented by LPS, TNF‐α and IL‐1α but inhibited by iloprost. Under identical incubation conditions, IL‐1α, LPS and TNF‐α all induced an increase in the formation of TXA2, PGF2α and 8‐isoprostane F2α but reduced the concomitant formation of PGI2.
These data demonstrate that LPS and cytokines influence the relative balance of TXA2, PGI2, PGF2α and 8‐isoprostane F2α in pig PA, which in turn alter NADPH oxidase expression and O2•− formation. These novel findings have implications in devising effective strategies for treating ARDS.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 141, 488–496. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705626
Characterization of an anandamide degradation system in prostate epithelial PC‐3 cells: synthesis of new transporter inhibitors as tools for this study
Authors: Ruiz‐Llorente Lidia , Ortega‐Gutiérrez Silvia , Viso Alma , Sánchez María G , Sánchez Ana M , Fernández Carlos , Ramos José A , Hillard Cecilia , Lasunción Miguel A , López‐Rodríguez María L , Díaz‐Laviada Inés 
Published: February 2004

The response of anandamide is terminated by a carrier‐mediated transport followed by degradation catalyzed by the cloned enzyme fatty acid amidohydrolase (FAAH). In this study, we provide biochemical data showing an anandamide uptake process and the expression of FAAH in human prostate.
Anandamide was accumulated in PC‐3 cells by a saturable and temperature‐dependent process. Kinetic studies of anandamide uptake, determined in the presence of cannabinoid and vanilloid antagonists, revealed apparent parameters of KM=4.7±0.2 μM and Vmax=3.3±0.3 pmol min−1 (106 cells)−1.
The accumulation of anandamide was moderately inhibited by previously characterized anandamide transporter inhibitors (AM404, UCM707 and VDM11) but was unaffected by inhibitors of other lipid transport systems (phloretin or verapamil) and moderately affected by the FAAH inhibitor methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate.
The presence of FAAH in human prostate epithelial PC‐3 cells was confirmed by analyzing its expression by Western blot and measuring FAAH activity.
To further study the structural requirements of the putative carrier, we synthesized a series of structurally different compounds 1–8 and evaluated their capacity as uptake inhibitors. They showed different inhibitory capacity in PC‐3 cells, with (9Z,12Z)‐N‐(fur‐3‐ylmethyl)octadeca‐9,12‐dienamide (4, UCM119) being the most efficacious, with maximal inhibition and IC50 values of 49% and 11.3±0.5 μM, respectively.
In conclusion, PC‐3 cells possess a complete inactivation system for anandamide formed by an uptake process and the enzyme FAAH. These results suggest a possible physiological function of anandamide in the prostate, reinforcing the role of endocannabinoid system as a neuroendocrine modulator.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 141, 457–467. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705628