bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and diversity of Aphanomyces astaci in cambarid crayfish of Pennsylvania: where native and introduced hosts meet
Authors: Petrusek Adam , Mojžišová Michaela , Mikešová Adéla , Piálková Radka , Lieb David A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The crayfish plague pathogen Aphanomyces astaci (Oomycota: Saprolegniales) is native to North America but expanded with its crayfish hosts to other regions. In most of its invaded range, A. astaci haplotypes are associated with specific American crayfish, probably due to introduction bottlenecks, but haplotype diversity is higher and clear host-specific associations are lacking in its native range. However, little is known about the infection rate and load of this pathogen in North America. We investigated the distribution, prevalence and genetic variation of A. astaci in Pennsylvania (eastern USA), where multiple native and introduced crayfish species (family Cambaridae) occur. We used A. astaci-specific quantitative PCR to screen 533 individuals representing 8 crayfish species (2 Cambarus and 6 Faxonius) from 49 sites. Faxonius limosus, an American species first introduced to Europe and carrier of A. astaci genotype group E, was of particular interest. We confirmed A. astaci infections in 76% of sites in all but 1 host taxon, with the pathogen infection rate and load comparable to established populations of North American crayfish studied in Europe and Japan. Despite the absence of highly infected hosts, we genotyped A. astaci from 14 sites. We only detected 2 mitochondrial haplotypes, but nuclear markers indicated the presence of at least 4 distinct pathogen genotypes, none documented from invaded areas in Europe or Asia. Genotype group E was not detected in F. limosus, possibly due to limited spatial distribution of the original strain. Our results highlight both benefits and limitations of combining multiple pathogen genotyping methods.
A roadmap for understanding sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in malaria chemoprevention
Authors: Masserey Thiery , Braunack-Mayer Lydia , Miller R Scott , Möhrle Jörg J , Penny Melissa A 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is the standard of care for Plasmodium falciparum malaria chemoprevention among pregnant women, infants and children. Developing alternative chemoprevention products and other prevention products, such as vaccines and monoclonal antibodies, requires significant investment. However, knowledge gaps surrounding the activity of SP and resistance put these investments at risk. Therefore, we reviewed SP’s combined antimalarial action, including the individual antiplasmodial components, other antimicrobial effects, impact on malaria immunity development and continued effectiveness in settings with high SP resistance. We created a roadmap of non-clinical and clinical evidence to better understand the effectiveness of SP for chemoprevention and inform the development of new prevention tools.
‘We can only grow grass here’: Unsettling the traditionality of grassland narrative
Authors: Broomfield Catherine , Maher Aoife , Winter Michael 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Ruminant livestock farming is predominant in England’s grassland regions, including the south-west of England (SWE). The common farming view that such regions are only good for growing grass amounts to a simplistic ‘traditionality of grasslands’ (TOG) narrative, which may discount the potential of these regions to align food production with diverse, sustainable consumption. We interrogate the assumptions underlying the TOG narrative through the analysis of contemporary and historical agricultural data sources and recent interviews with SWE food producers to reveal an SWE traditionality of mixed farming and diverse food production. By unsettling the TOG narrative, we draw attention to multiple elements intertwining physical limitations of land with powerful but mutable human-made limitations of the wider food system as drivers of land use in the SWE, underscoring the role and responsibility of policymakers to ensure wider dynamics of the food system enable the transition to diverse, sustainable food production in England’s grassland regions.
Global Impact Assessment of Internal Climate Variability on Maize Yield Under Climate Change
Authors: Leng Guoyong 
Published: January 2025

AbstractInternal climate variability (ICV) is well‐known to mask forced climate change patterns and is thus expected to also impact crop yield trends. To date, a global picture of ICV effect on crop yield projection remains unclear, which inhibits effective adaptation and risk management under climate change. By combining initial condition large ensembles from multiple climate models with machine‐learning based crop model emulators, an ensemble of 2002 global maize yield simulations are conducted. The ICV effect is quantified for by the middle and end of 21st century under the business‐as‐usual scenario. ICV is shown to have significant influence on both the magnitude and sign of future yield change, with relatively higher impact in the top producing countries. The results imply that future yield projections considering relatively limited samples of ICV can be highly misleading as they may, by chance, indicate low yield loss risk in areas which will, instead, be at high risk (or vice versa). Further analysis reveals that the ICV effect is 2.30 ± 0.02 and 1.25 ± 0.03 times larger for yield projections than temperature and precipitation projections, respectively, suggesting an amplification of ICV effect from climate system to agricultural system. This study highlights that crop yield projections are substantially more uncertain than climate projections under the influence of ICV.
Crustal Heterogeneity Onshore Central Spitsbergen: Insights From New Gravity and Vintage Geophysical Data
Authors: Senger Kim , Ammerlaan Fenna , Betlem Peter , Brönner Marco , Dumais Marie‐Andrée , Gellein Jomar , Henningsen Tormod , Janocha Julian , Johannessen Erik P. , Liebsch Jonas , Machleidt Jakob , Mosočiová Tereza , Olaussen Snorre , Olofsson Bo , Rodes Nil , Rylander Sofia , Shephard Grace E. , Smyrak‐Sikora Aleksandra , Solano‐Acosta Juan D. , Sterley Anna 
Published: January 2025

AbstractGravity data provide constraints on lateral subsurface density variations and thus provide crucial insights into the geological evolution of the region. Previously, gravity data from the Norwegian Arctic archipelago of Svalbard comprised an onshore regional gravity database with coarse station spacing of 2–20 km, offshore gravity profiles acquired in some fjords, airborne gravity, and satellite altimetry. The sparse regional point‐based onshore coverage hampered the direct integration of gravity data with seismic profiles acquired onshore Svalbard in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In April 2022, we acquired gravity data at 260 new stations along seven profiles from western to eastern Spitsbergen, with a cumulative length of 329 km. The profiles were acquired directly along selected seismic profiles and provide much closer station spacing (0.5–2 km) compared to the regional inland grid (2–20 km) acquired in the late 1980s (total number of onshore stations: 1,037). Having processed the data, we compared the first‐order density trends of our new data with the legacy regional grid. The new gravity data are consistent with the regional data, imaging a gravity low in the western part of the area underlying a foreland basin and a gravity high in the northwestern part of the area likely associated with a basement high or denser basement. We compare the new and vintage gravity using maps and profiles, linked to the known major tectonic features such as major basinal axes and fault zones, as well as other geophysical data sets including seismics and magnetics.
SWOT Reveals How the 2024 Disastrous Flood in South Brazil Was Intensified by Increased Water Slope and Wind Forcing
Authors: Laipelt Leonardo , de Paiva Rodrigo C. D. , Fan Fernando M. , Collischonn Walter , Papa Fabrice , Ruhoff Anderson 
Published: January 2025

AbstractClimate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of flooding, emphasizing the need to better understand these events. Satellite observations provide essential information, and the recent launch of SWOT offers new opportunities to investigate flood dynamics. Here, we use SWOT observations to detect significant hydrologic changes during an unprecedented 2024 flood in southern Brazil. In the Jacuí and Guaíba Rivers, water slopes increased dramatically–up to 11 times (from 0.82 to 9.59 cm/km) and 21 times (0.31–6.58 cm/km) compared to stable conditions. SWOT‐derived surface water elevations captured 99% of water level variability compared to in situ observations. Additionally, flooding in Patos Lagoon was intensified by NE–SW wind forcing, causing water levels to rise by up to 40 cm, worsening the flood event. SWOT proves a unique opportunity to understand extreme flooding events, providing new support for flood risk management in the context of climate change.
Mercury Isotopes Track the Causes of Carbon Perturbations in the Early Permian Ocean and Continent
Authors: Fang Qiang , Wu Huaichun , Chen Jiubin , Grasby Stephen E. , Zheng Wang , Shen Shu‐zhong , Huang Wentao , Xu Junjie , Zhang Shihong 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe Early Permian witnessed the first icehouse‐to‐greenhouse turnover of the vegetated Earth, yet its climate dynamics remain enigmatic. Here, we used mercury (Hg) isotopes from pelagic and continental successions at low paleo‐latitudes to track the perturbations of the global carbon (C) cycle and the climatic impact. Our results indicate that small‐scale volcanism promoted marine organic C burial, and the concomitant extreme cooling triggered the waning of wetland ecosystems in North China block at ∼296.2 Ma. Subsequently, the mass‐independent fractionation of odd Hg isotopes (Δ199Hg) and C isotopes synchronously decline in the deep‐marine succession, likely supporting progressive oxidation of terrestrial biomass and airborne release of Hg and C. Lowered C sequestration (as coal swamps) on land and dampened continental weathering limited the drawdown of CO2 emissions from wildfires, initiating deglaciation. Our findings highlight that the climate forcing on terrestrial ecosystems could activate additional C reservoirs, driving Earth into a warmer state.
Contrasting Responses of Ion Concentration Variations to Atmospheric Patterns in Central Himalayan Ice Cores
Authors: Tsushima Akane , Esashi Nao , Matoba Sumito , Iizuka Yoshinori , Uemura Ryu , Adachi Kouji , Kinase Takeshi , Hirabayashi Motohiro , Kawakami Kaoru , Kayastha Rijan B. , Fujita Koji 
Published: January 2025

AbstractWe analyzed the water‐soluble chemical composition of an 81.2‐m‐long ice core collected in 2019 from 6,000 m elevation on a south‐facing glacier in the Nepal Himalaya. The ice core chronology is based on variability in nitrate and calcium ions, which reveal an apparently seasonal periodicity (with winter maxima) throughout the core's length. Two annual boundaries are consistent with the tritium peak representing nuclear tests conducted in 1963 CE and with the spike in sulfate ions due to the eruption of Krakatau in 1883 CE. The ice core spans 145 years from 1875 to 2019 CE. Dating uncertainties due to the layer counting methodology were estimated as year for 1963–2019 CE and years for 1875–1963 CE. Comparison with earlier ice cores drilled on the northern side of the Himalayas revealed that the ion components exhibit inverse correlations with two key climatic indices: the North Atlantic Oscillation and Southern Oscillation Index. Composite analysis of reanalysis climate data suggests that these inverse relationships reflect springtime pressure patterns, which show regional differences between the northern and southern sides of the Himalayan range.
A Machine Learning Approach for Filling Long Gaps in Eddy Covariance Time Series Data in a Tropical Dry Forest
Authors: Abdaki Mohammed , Sanchez‐Azofeifa Arturo , Hamann Hendrik F. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractLong‐term eddy covariance (EC) data are crucial for understanding the impact of global change on ecosystem functions. However, EC data often contain long gaps, particularly in tropical dry forests (TDF) due to seasonality and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases. These factors create high variability, complex dependencies, and dynamic flux footprints. No current gap‐filling method adequately addresses long gaps in TDFs. This study introduces a novel framework for addressing this issue by (a) defining gap sizes by their relative percentages, (b) training, tuning, and evaluating two machine learning (ML) models: MissForest for short gaps and Prophet for intermediate and long gaps, and (c) predicting half‐hourly EC data from 2013 to 2022 for six EC variables, where actual gap data sets ranged from 26.6% to 28.4%, at TDF in Costa Rica. Results indicate that MissForest excelled at filling short gaps (≤5%, R2 = 0.76 and Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) = 0.71), while Prophet performed exceptionally well for gaps between 5% and 10% (R2 = 0.72 and NSE = 0.67). However, both models struggled with gaps between 10% and 13%. Validation showed R2 values of 0.79, 0.88, and 0.77 for CO₂ flux, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux, respectively, with corresponding NSE values of 0.78, 0.86, and 0.72, and normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) around 2E‐4. Additionally, to validate our results, we applied our approach at three EC sites with different ecological conditions, demonstrating robust performance. This study presents a reliable ML approach for imputing long gaps in EC data, which can be applied to sites with strong variability.
Rapid Emulation of Spatially Resolved Temperature Response to Effective Radiative Forcing
Authors: Womack Christopher B. , Giani Paolo , Eastham Sebastian D. , Selin Noelle E. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractEffective assessment of potential climate impacts requires the ability to rapidly predict the time‐varying response of climate variables. This prediction must be able to consider different combinations of forcing agents at high resolution. Full‐scale ESMs are too computationally intensive to run large scenario ensembles due to their long lead times and high costs. Faster approaches such as intermediate complexity modeling and pattern scaling are limited by low resolution and invariant response patterns, respectively. We propose a generalizable framework for emulating climate variables to overcome these issues, representing the climate system through spatially resolved impulse response functions. We derive impulse response functions by directly deconvolving effective radiative forcing and near‐surface air temperature time series. This enables rapid emulation of new scenarios through convolution and derivation of other impulse response functions from any forcing to its response. We present results from an application to near‐surface air temperature based on CMIP6 data. We evaluate emulator performance across 5 CMIP6 experiments including the SSPs, demonstrating accurate emulation of global mean and spatially resolved temperature change with respect to CMIP6 ensemble outputs. Global mean relative error in emulated temperature averages 1.49% in mid‐century and 1.25% by end‐of‐century. These errors are likely driven by state‐dependent climate feedbacks, such as the non‐linear effects of Arctic sea ice melt. We additionally show an illustrative example of our emulator for policy evaluation and impact analysis, emulating spatially resolved temperature change for a 1,000 member scenario ensemble in less than a second.
Active Faulting in the Southern Bole Basin Within the Northern Tian Shan and Implications for Strong Earthquake Hazards and Tectonic Deformation, NW China
Authors: Hu Zongkai , Yang Xiaoping , Yang Haibo , Li An 
Published: January 2025

AbstractIn compressional active orogenic belts, crustal deformation is accommodated by strike‐slip faults and thrust faults. Studying the fault interactions of different types of active faults is important for understanding mountain building and seismogenic characteristics. This study uses field mapping, high‐resolution digital elevation models, and in situ cosmogenic nuclides to present data from active thrusts and thrust‐related folds on the southern margin of the Bole Basin, northern Tian Shan. These abandonment ages derived from in situ cosmogenic nuclides indicate that climate plays a significant role in controlling the alluvial surface incision. The crustal shortening rates of the eastern Jinghenan, central Jinghenan, and Yongji Faults are 0.21 ± 0.04, 0.37 ± 0.07, and 0.91 ± 0.08 mm/yr, respectively. Based on the fresh fault scarps, three paleo‐earthquakes are identified. The oldest paleo‐earthquake (16.6 ± 2.8 kyr) had a Mw of 6.5 ± 0.3. The penultimate event (3.0 ± 0.8–4.4 ± 0.8 kyr) had a Mw of 6.6 ± 0.3 or 6.8 ± 0.3, while the most recent one (1.1 ± 0.3 kyr) had a Mw of 7.0 ± 0.3 or 6.5 ± 0.3. Fault geometries and seismic activity indicate these thrusts and right‐lateral strike‐slip faults on both sides of Keguqin Range converge depth and form a positive half‐flower structure. Crustal thickening outpaces denudation, showing that the Bole Basin is in an unsteady state. Keguqin Range is experiencing lateral growth, and as a result, the intermountain basins are expected to gradually diminish.
Spatial‐Temporal Variation in Erosion Rate of Lohit Bomi‐Chayu Batholith Around Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (SE of the Namche Barwa Massif)
Authors: Borgohain Biraj , Mathew George , Salvi Dnyanada , Harbola Divyadeep , Rai Priti 
Published: January 2025

AbstractMeasuring erosion rates around the Eastern Himalayan syntaxis is crucial to understanding the interaction between tectonic, climate, and landscape associated with Eastern Himalayan termini. The spatio‐temporal deformation history around the eastern syntaxis is unclear due to a lack of comprehensive thermochronological data coverage, especially from the Lohit Bomi‐Chayu (LBC) batholith. This work utilizes 2473 new detrital fission track ages of apatite and zircon grains from 14 catchments, and 17 new bedrock thermochronometric ages (eight AFT, six ZFT, and three ZHe ages) from 12 rock samples collected along rivers flowing through the LBC batholith to quantify the spatio‐temporal erosion history. Bayesian probability, Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm, and bootstrapping were applied for the inversion of detrital cooling ages to model various erosion histories. Results indicate an increased erosion rate in the batholith at least four times from the Miocene to the present. Specifically, LBC batholith's erosion rates were lower (∼0.16 mm/yr) before the Miocene and increased (∼0.61 mm/yr) during the Early‐Middle Miocene to the present. The post‐Miocene erosion rate is similar to SE Tibet, Bhutan, and Arunachal Pradesh rates. However, it is lower than Nepal. Pre‐Miocene rates are significantly low and comparable only with that of SE Tibet. We envisage that the Early‐Middle Miocene enhanced erosion was related to the tectonic uplift along the Jiali shear zone. This surface uplift was in close concurrence with increased precipitation that might have disconnected the Yigong‐Parlung River from the Irrawaddy River and, subsequently, captured the Lohit River.
Optical semantic communication through multimode fiber: from symbol transmission to sentiment analysis
Authors: Gao Zheng , Jiang Ting , Zhang Mingming , Wu Hao , Tang Ming 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We propose and validate a novel optical semantic transmission scheme using multimode fiber (MMF). By leveraging the frequency sensitivity of intermodal dispersion in MMFs, we achieve high-dimensional semantic encoding and decoding in the frequency domain. Our system maps symbols to 128 distinct frequencies spaced at 600 kHz intervals, demonstrating a seven-fold increase in capacity compared to conventional communication encoding. We further enhance spectral efficiency by implementing 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4), achieving 9.12 bits/s/Hz without decoding errors. Additionally, we explore the application of this system for sentiment analysis using the IMDb movie review dataset. By encoding semantically similar symbols to adjacent frequencies, the system’s noise tolerance is effectively improved, facilitating accurate sentiment analysis. This work highlights the potential of MMF-based semantic communication to enhance both capacity and robustness in optical communication systems, offering promising applications in bandwidth-constrained and noisy environments.
Life cycle comparison of industrial-scale lithium-ion battery recycling and mining supply chains
Authors: Machala Michael L. , Chen Xi , Bunke Samantha P. , Forbes Gregory , Yegizbay Akarys , de Chalendar Jacques A. , Azevedo Inês L. , Benson Sally , Tarpeh William A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Recycling lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) can supplement critical materials and improve the environmental sustainability of LIB supply chains. In this work, environmental impacts (greenhouse gas emissions, water consumption, energy consumption) of industrial-scale production of battery-grade cathode materials from end-of-life LIBs are compared to those of conventional mining supply chains. Converting mixed-stream LIBs into battery-grade materials reduces environmental impacts by at least 58%. Recycling batteries to mixed metal products instead of discrete salts further reduces environmental impacts. Electricity consumption is identified as the principal contributor to all LIB recycling environmental impacts, and different electricity sources can change greenhouse gas emissions up to five times. Supply chain steps that precede refinement (material extraction and transport) contribute marginally to the environmental impacts of circular LIB supply chains (<4%), but are more significant in conventional supply chains (30%). This analysis provides insights for advancing sustainable LIB supply chains, and informs optimization of industrial-scale environmental impacts for emerging battery recycling efforts.
Digoxin for reduction of circulating tumor cell cluster size in metastatic breast cancer: a proof-of-concept trial
Authors: Kurzeder Christian , Nguyen-Sträuli Bich Doan , Krol Ilona , Ring Alexander , Castro-Giner Francesc , Nüesch Manuel , Asawa Simran , Zhang Yu Wei , Budinjas Selina , Gvozdenovic Ana , Vogel Maren , Kohler Angela , Grašič Kuhar Cvetka , Schwab Fabienne D. , Heinzelmann-Schwarz Viola , Weber Walter Paul , Rochlitz Christoph , Vorburger Denise , Frauchiger-Heuer Heike , Witzel Isabell , Wicki Andreas , Kuster Gabriela M. , Vetter Marcus , Aceto Nicola 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The presence of circulating tumor cell (CTC) clusters is associated with disease progression and reduced survival in a variety of cancer types. In breast cancer, preclinical studies showed that inhibitors of the Na+/K+ ATPase suppress CTC clusters and block metastasis. Here we conducted a prospective, open-label, proof-of-concept study in women with metastatic breast cancer, where the primary objective was to determine whether treatment with the Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor digoxin could reduce mean CTC cluster size. An analysis of nine patients treated daily with a maintenance digoxin dose (0.7–1.4 ng ml−1 serum level) revealed a mean cluster size reduction of −2.2 cells per cluster upon treatment (P = 0.003), meeting the primary endpoint of the study. Mechanistically, transcriptome profiling of CTCs highlighted downregulation of cell–cell adhesion and cell-cycle-related genes upon treatment with digoxin, in line with its cluster-dissolution activity. No treatment-related adverse events occurred. Thus, our data provide a first-in-human proof of principle that digoxin treatment leads to a partial CTC cluster dissolution, encouraging larger follow-up studies with refined Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitors and that include clinical outcome endpoints. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03928210.