bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supporting dynamic parallel object arrays
Authors: Lawlor Orion S. , Kalé Laxmikant V. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractWe present efficient support for generalized arrays of parallel data driven objects. Array elements are regular C++ objects, and are scattered across the parallel machine. An individual element is addressed by its ‘index’, which can be an arbitrary object rather than a simple integer. For example, an array index can be a series of numbers, supporting multidimensional sparse arrays; a bit vector, supporting collections of quadtree nodes; or a string. Methods can be invoked on any individual array element from any processor, and the elements can participate in reductions and broadcasts. Individual elements can be created or deleted dynamically at any time. Most importantly, the elements can migrate from processor to processor at any time. We discuss support for message delivery and collective operations in the face of such dynamic behavior. The migration capabilities of array elements have proven extremely useful, for example, in implementing flexible load balancing strategies and for exploiting workstation clusters adaptively. We present the design, an implementation, and performance results. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Platform independent dynamic Java virtual machine analysis: the Java Grande Forum benchmark suite
Authors: Gregg David , Power James , Waldron John 
Published: February 2003

AbstractIn this paper we present a platform independent analysis of the dynamic profiles of Java programs when executing on the Java Virtual Machine. The Java programs selected are taken from the Java Grande Forum benchmark suite and five different Java‐to‐bytecode compilers are analysed. The results presented describe the dynamic instruction usage frequencies, as well as the sizes of the local variable, parameter and operand stacks during execution on the JVM.These results, presenting a picture of the actual (rather than presumed) behaviour of the JVM, have implications both for the coverage aspects of the Java Grande benchmark suites, for the performance of the Java‐to‐bytecode compilers and for the design of the JVM. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Java Virtual Machine support for object serialization
Authors: Breg Fabian , Polychronopoulos Constantine D. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractDistributed computing has become increasingly popular in the high‐performance community. Java's remote method invocation (RMI) provides a simple, yet powerful method for implementing parallel algorithms. The performance of RMI has been less than adequate, however, and object serialization is often identified as a major performance inhibitor. We believe that object serialization is best performed in the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), where information regarding object layout and hardware communication resources are readily available. We implement a subset of Java's object serialization protocol in native code, using the Java Native Interface (JNI) and JVM internals. Experiments show that our approach is up to eight times faster than Java's original object serialization protocol for array objects. Also, for linked data structures our approach obtains a moderate speedup and better scalability. Evaluation of our object serialization implementation in an RMI framework indicates that a higher throughput can be obtained. Parallel applications, written using RMI, obtain better speedups and scalability when this more efficient object serialization is used. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sapphire: copying garbage collection without stopping the world
Authors: Hudson Richard L. , Moss J. Eliot B. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe growing use in concurrent systems of languages that require garbage collection (GC), such as Java, is raising practical interest in concurrent GC. Sapphire is a new algorithm for concurrent copying GC for Java. It stresses minimizing the amount of time any given application thread may need to block to support the collector. In particular, Sapphire is intended to work well in the presence of a large number of application threads, on small‐ to medium‐scale shared memory multiprocessors.Sapphire extends previous concurrent copying algorithms, and is most closely related to replicating copying collection, a GC technique in which application threads observe and update primarily the old copies of objects. The key innovations of Sapphire are: (1) the ability to ‘flip’ one thread at a time (changing the thread's view from the old copies of objects to the new copies), as opposed to needing to stop all threads and flip them at the same time; (2) exploiting Java semantics and assuming any data races occur on volatile fields, to avoid a barrier on reads of non‐volatile fields; and (3) working in concert with virtually any underlying (non‐concurrent) copying collection algorithm. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitochondrial DNA studies of Native Americans: Conceptions and misconceptions of the population prehistory of the Americas
Authors: Eshleman Jason A. , Malhi Ripan S. , Smith David Glenn 
Published: February 2003

AbstractA decade ago, the first reviews of the collective mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data from Native Americans concluded that the Americas were peopled through multiple migrations from different Asian populations beginning more than 30,000 years ago.1 These reports confirmed multiple‐wave hypotheses suggested earlier by other sources and rejected the dominant Clovis‐first archeological paradigm. Consequently, it appeared that molecular biology had made a significant contribution to the study of American prehistory. As Cann2 comments, the Americas held the greatest promise for genetics to help solve some of the mysteries of prehistoric populations. In particular, mtDNA appeared to offer real potential as a means of better understanding ancient population movements. A decade later, none of the early conclusions remain unequivocal. Nevertheless, in its maturity, the study of Native American mtDNA has produced a volume of reports that still illuminate the nature and timing of the first peopling and postcolonization population movements within the New World.
Potential flow around obstacles using the scaled boundary finite‐element method
Authors: Deeks Andrew J. , Cheng Liang 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe scaled boundary finite‐element method is a novel semi‐analytical technique, combining the advantages of the finite element and the boundary element methods with unique properties of its own. The method works by weakening the governing differential equations in one co‐ordinate direction through the introduction of shape functions, then solving the weakened equations analytically in the other (radial) co‐ordinate direction. These co‐ordinate directions are defined by the geometry of the domain and a scaling centre. The method can be employed for both bounded and unbounded domains. This paper applies the method to problems of potential flow around streamlined and bluff obstacles in an infinite domain. The method is derived using a weighted residual approach and extended to include the necessary velocity boundary conditions at infinity. The ability of the method to model unbounded problems is demonstrated, together with its ability to model singular points in the near field in the case of bluff obstacles. Flow fields around circular and square cylinders are computed, graphically illustrating the accuracy of the technique, and two further practical examples are also presented. Comparisons are made with boundary element and finite difference solutions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neural networks for BEM analysis of steady viscous flows
Authors: Mai‐Duy Nam , Tran‐Cong Thanh 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThis paper presents a new neural network‐boundary integral approach for analysis of steady viscous fluid flows. Indirect radial basis function networks (IRBFNs) which perform better than element‐based methods for function interpolation, are introduced into the BEM scheme to represent the variations of velocity and traction along the boundary from the nodal values. In order to assess the effect of IRBFNs, the other features used in the present work remain the same as those used in the standard BEM. For example, Picard‐type scheme is utilized in the iterative procedure to deal with the non‐linear convective terms while the calculation of volume integrals and velocity gradients are based on the linear finite element‐based method. The proposed IRBFN‐BEM is verified on the driven cavity viscous flow problem and can achieve a moderate Reynolds number of 1400 using a relatively coarse uniform mesh. The results obtained such as the velocity profiles along the horizontal and vertical centrelines as well as the properties of the primary vortex are in very good agreement with the benchmark solution. Furthermore, the secondary vortices are also captured by the present method. Thus, it appears that an ability to represent the boundary solution accurately can significantly improve the overall solution accuracy of the BEM. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of thermo‐solutal‐capillary migration of a dissolving drop in a cavity
Authors: Bassano Edmondo 
Published: February 2003

AbstractIn the present paper the thermo‐solutal‐capillary migration of a dissolving liquid drop, composed by a binary mixture having a miscibility gap, injected in a closed cavity with differentially heated end walls, is studied. The main goal of the analysis is to clarify if and how the drop migration is affected by the dissolution process. The numerical code is based on a finite volume formulation. A level‐set technique is used for describing the dynamics of the interface separating the different phases. A thermodynamic constraint fixes the concentration jump between the interface sides. This jump, together with that of the concentration normal derivatives, in turn defines the entity of the dissolution cross‐flow through the interface and the interface velocity relative to the fluid. Since the jump singularity of normal derivatives cannot be easily mollified, while retaining the necessary accuracy, a scheme for the species equation is elaborated that allows sharp jumps and has subcell resolution. Steady migration speeds are determined after the start‐up phase for different radii and temperature differences. The results will be used for the preparation of a sounding rocket space experiment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inter‐‐rater and test‐‐retest reliability of the Japanese version of the subjective deficit syndrome scale
Authors: Kokai M. , Inada T. , Ohara K. , Shimizu M. , Iwado H. , Morita Y. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe subjective deficit syndrome scale (SDSS) was established in 1990 by Jaeger et al. to assess systematically subjective experiences of schizophrenic patients. It was translated into Japanese in 1999 by this paper's second author (T.I.). In this study, the inter–rater reliability of this Japanese version (SDSS‐J) was examined. The subjects studied were 13 schizophrenic patients (male 6, female 7; respective average ages at study entry and disease onset: 41 and 25 years), who were being followed up at the outpatients' service of the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo College of Medicine. Four psychiatrists attended together, the systematic interview with each subject to rate the SDSS‐J and independently rated 19 items. The severity scales of the items assessed by these raters ranged from 0 to 4 for 12 items and from 0 to 3 for 7. The ANOVA ICC inter–rater reliability values for the 19 individual items ranged from 0.67 to 0.96. The ANOVA ICC test–retest reliability values achieved by two raters were also high overall, ranging from 0.72 to 1.00, except for one item (item 13) assessed by one rater. Our results suggest that the SDSS‐J is a potentially useful rating scale for evaluating subjective experiences of schizophrenic subjects. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluvoxamine as effective as clomipramine against symptoms of severe depression: results from a multicentre, double‐blind study
Authors: Zohar Joseph , Keegstra Harman , Barrelet Lucien 
Published: February 2003

AbstractBackgroundAlthough selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are better tolerated than tricyclic antidepressants, their efficacy in severe depression remains to be further elucidated.MethodA double‐blind, multicentre study was conducted in 86 severely depressed inpatients (≥ 25 on the 17‐item Hamilton depression rating scale [HAMD] total score) to compare the efficacy and safety of fluvoxamine with that of clomipramine. Following placebo run‐in, 86 patients were randomised to receive fluvoxamine or clomipramine (100–250 mg/day) for 8 weeks.ResultsFluvoxamine and clomipramine both resulted in marked improvements; there were no statistically significant differences between them on the 17‐item HAMD total score, the clinical global impression severity of illness or global improvement items or the Montgomery–Åsberg depression rating scale, at any visit. At the end of the study, 71% in the fluvoxamine group and 69% in the clomipramine group were responders (≥ 50% decrease in 17‐item HAMD total score). However, fluvoxamine was better tolerated than clomipramine. Clomipramine was associated with a higher incidence of overall and treatment‐related adverse events. In addition, the percentage of patients discontinued prematurely due to adverse events was more than twice as high with clomipramine than with fluvoxamine (24% vs 11%).ConclusionFluvoxamine and clomipramine are equally effective in severe depression, but fluvoxamine has a better safety and tolerability profile. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coffee increases state anxiety in males but not in females
Authors: Botella Paloma , Parra Andrés 
Published: February 2003

AbstractCoffee, reproducing the conditions under which caffeine is normally ingested, containing 3, 75, 150 or 300 mg of caffeine was given to healthy male and female volunteers. 25–30 min after drinking the beverage, they completed the Spanish version of the state‐trait anxiety inventory (STAI). The beverage increased state anxiety, in a dose‐dependent manner, in males but not in females. This could be due to a lesser sensitivity of females to coffee. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal variations in the binding of [3H]paroxetine to the platelet serotonin transporter sites in African–American cocaine‐dependent patients and healthy volunteers
Authors: Patkar Ashwin A. , Berrettini Wade H. , Lundy Allan , Murray Heather W. , Hill Kevin P. , Vergare Michael J. , Weinstein Stephen P. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractAlthough seasonal fluctuations in several indices of serotonin function have been described, little is known about seasonality and serotonergic activity in substance abusers. We investigated whether there were seasonal differences in platelet serotonin transporter sites among cocaine dependent patients and controls. Platelet [3H]paroxetine binding, a measure of serotonin transporter sites, was assayed in 141 African–American cocaine‐dependent subjects and in 60 race matched healthy volunteers who served as the control group. Bmax (density of serotonin transporter) and Kd (affinity constant) values of [3H]paroxetine binding were compared during spring, summer, fall and winter. Consistent with our previous findings Bmax values were significantly lower in cocaine patients (639 ± 234) than in controls (906 ± 225) (t = 7.12, p < 0.001). Moreover, Bmax values showed a significant seasonal variation in controls with the highest values in summer and spring compared with fall and winter (F = 4.47, p < 0.01). However, there were no significant seasonal differences in Bmax values in cocaine patients. Kd values did not show any seasonal changes in either group. There were no effects of age or gender on seasonal variations in Bmax. The study demonstrates a seasonal effect on platelet serotonin uptake in healthy African–American volunteers. The lack of seasonal differences in transporter availability in cocaine patients indicates that the normal seasonal rhythm of serotonergic activity may be disturbed in cocaine abusers. Biological studies that employ platelet serotonin transporter sites as a marker of serotonin function should consider seasonal variations in these markers as a potential source of variance. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early photoperiod history and short‐day responsiveness in siberian hamsters
Authors: Goldman Sharry L. , Goldman Bruce D. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractSiberian hamsters exhibit seasonal, photoperiod influenced cycles of reproductive activity, body size, pelage characteristics, and thermoregulatory behavior. Laboratory populations generally exhibit inter‐individual variability in expression of photoperiod responsiveness, with a subset of individuals that fail to show the species typical responses to short photoperiod. This variability is partly explained by a genetic component, as it has been possible to increase the number of short‐day nonresponders by artificial selection. Responsiveness to short photoperiod is also substantially influenced by photoperiod history in this species; hamsters that have been raised under long (16L) or very long (18L) day lengths are less likely to exhibit winter‐type responses to short days as compared to hamsters raised under an intermediate (14L) day length. In the present experiment, we examined effects of age and early photoperiod history in a strain of Siberian hamsters that had been selected for short‐day nonresponsiveness. Hamsters transferred into short photoperiod on the day of birth were uniform in exhibiting winter‐type responses. However, hamsters raised until 25 days of age in either continuous illumination or in 16L exhibited variation in responsiveness when subsequently moved into short photoperiod. We conclude that virtually all hamsters of the short‐day nonresponsive strain are born responsive to short days. Subsequent development of resistance to potential short day effects is dependent on age and/or photoperiod history. J. Exp. Zool. 296A:38–45, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Putative histidin‐rich proteins in the epidermis of lizards
Authors: Alibardi L. , Maurizii M.G. , Toni M. , Spisni E. , Taddei C. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractIn the stratum granulosum of mammalian epidermis, histidin‐rich proteins (filaggrins) determine keratin clumping and matrix formation into terminal keratinocytes of the stratum corneum. The nature of matrix, interkeratin proteins in the epidermis of nonmammalian vertebrates, and in particular in that of reptilian, mammalian progenitors are unknown. The present biochemical study is the first to address this problem. During a specific period of the renewal phase of the epidermis of lizards and during epidermal regeneration, keratohyalin‐like granules are formed, at which time they take up tritiated histidine. The latter also accumulate in cells of the alpha‐keratin layer (soft keratin). This pattern of histidine incorporation resembles that seen in keratohyalin granules of the stratum granulosum of mammalian epidermis. After injection of tritiated histidine, we have analysed the distribution of the radioactivity by histoautoradiography and electrophoretic gel autoradiography of epidermal proteins. Extraction and electrophoretic separation of interfilamentous matrix proteins from regenerating epidermis 3–48 hours post‐injection reveals the appearance of protein bands at 65–70, 55–58, 40–43, 30–33, 25–27, and 20–22 kDa. Much weaker bands were seen at 100, 140–160, and 200 kDa. A weak band at 20–22 kDa or no bands at all are seen in the normal epidermis in resting phase and in the dermis. In regenerating epidermis at 22 and 48 hours post‐injection, little variation in bands is detectable, but low molecular weight bands tend to increase slightly, suggesting metabolic turnover. Using anti‐filaggrin antibodies against rat, human, or mouse filaggrins, some cross‐reactivity was seen with more reactive bands at 40–42 and 33 kDa, but it was reduced or absent at 140, 95–100, 65–70, 50–55, and 25 kDa. This suggests that different intermediate degradative proteins of lizard epidermis may share some epitopes with mammalian filaggrins and are different from keratins with molecular weight ranging from 40 to 65–68 kDa. The immunocytochemical observation confirms that a weak filaggrin‐like immunoreactivity characterizes differentiating alpha‐keratogenic layers in normal and regenerating tail. A weak filaggrin labeling is discernable in small keratohyalin‐like granules but is absent from the larger granules and from mature keratinocytes. The present results indicate, for the first time, that histidine‐rich proteins are involved in the process of alpha‐keratinization in reptilian epidermis. The cationic, interkeratin matrix proteins implicated may be fundamentally similar in both theropsid‐derived and sauropsid amniotes. J. Exp. Zool. 296A:1–17, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Entrainment of circadian locomotor activity rhythm of the nocturnal field mouse Mus booduga using daily injections of melatonin
Authors: Sharma Vijay Kumar , Chidambaram R. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractIn this paper, we report the effects of daily injections of melatonin on the locomotor activity rhythm of the nocturnal field mouse Mus booduga. The locomotor activity rhythm of 45 animals was first monitored in constant darkness (DD) of the laboratory for about 15 days. The animals were then divided into three groups (experimental, vehicle‐treated control, and the nontreated control groups) and subjected to three different treatments. The animals from the experimental group (n=19) were administered daily a single subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of melatonin (1 mg/kg) for about 45 days. The vehicle treated controls (n=13) were administered daily injections of 50% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for about 45 days, and the nontreated controls (n=13) were handled similar to the other two groups without being administered injections. Following the treatments, the animals were maintained in DD for about 20 days, after which the experiments were terminated. A significantly larger percentage of animals from the experimental group either entrained or showed phase control to daily treatments, compared to the animals from the two control groups. These results suggest that externally administered melatonin can influence the phase of the circadian locomotor activity rhythm of M. booduga. The fact that none of the nontreated controls showed any sign of phase control to daily handling, clearly demonstrates that the entrainment or phase control in the melatonin treated group of animals is caused by melatonin alone and not due to handling. J. Exp. Zool. 296A:30–37, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.