bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF THYROIDECTOMY AND OF THYMECTOMY IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Van Allen Chester M. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments are described in which the thyroid or thymus gland of rabbits was removed prior to inoculation of the animals with Tr. pallidum. The effect of these procedures is described from the standpoint of the manifestations of the disease. After complete thyroidectomy, the disease was considerably more severe than in the controls and very markedly so in certain instances. Partial tyroidectomy, on the other hand, resulted in a milder disease than that of the controls. The effect of complete thymectomy was less pronounced than that of either complete or partial thyroidectomy, but, in general, the syphilis resembled that in partially thyroidectomized animals.
These effects are discussed in relation to the host's reaction and resistance to experimental syphilis and the conclusion was reached that the integrity and balance of the glands of internal secretion play an important rôle in the mechanism of defense against this infection.
COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX
Authors: MacKay Eaton M. , MacKay Lois Lockard 
Published: June 2004

1. Removal of one adrenal in the albino rat is followed by hypertrophy of the remaining gland. In the case of female rats 90 days of age this compensatory hypertrophy amounted to 61 per cent.
2. The increase in size of the whole gland is due entirely to hypertrophy of the cortex. This increase in cortical tissue amounted to approximately 91 per cent and was due in large part if not entirely to an increase in the size of the cells.
3. No increase in the size of the medulla or its cells was found.
THE EFFECT OF ANTISERUM AGAINST THE SOLUBLE TOXIC SUBSTANCE OF BACILLUS COLI IN BACILLUS COLI PERITONITIS
Authors: Steinberg Bernhard , Ecker E. E. 
Published: June 2004

When colon bacilli in sufficient numbers were injected into the peritoneal cavity of rabbits the animals died within a few hours. There was an incubation period of 1 to 1½ hours which was followed by a set of symptoms that culminated in death. The peritoneum, however, showed only very slight changes.
It was thought that the soluble toxic substance of B. coli which was demonstrated by Aronovitch, Zinsser, and Branham may be an important lethal factor. Young cultures of B. coli in broth were centrifugalized and after killing the remaining bacteria by heat the supernatant fluid was injected into the peritoneal cavity of rabbits. There ensued the same set of symptoms terminating in death which were seen on the injection of the whole culture when the supernatant fluid alone was given.
The potency of the toxic substance is variable. This variability is probably in part inherent in the material and in part depends upon the individual resistance of the animals.
Rabbits were injected intravenously with the supernatant fluid of centrifugalized young cultures of B. coli and an antiserum was elaborated against the soluble toxic substance of this organism.
When this antiserum was given intravenously to rabbits immediately or ½ hour after receiving intraperitoneally five times the usual lethal dose of B. coli, ten out of twelve animals survived.
THE REACTION OF COW'S MILK TO BLOOD SERUM PRECIPITIN
Authors: Jones F. S. 
Published: June 2004

It seems well established that during normal lactation there passes a slight but well defined quantity of blood protein into the udder. When a specific serum precipitin is applied to diluted milk the reaction occurs at a relatively uniform level of dilution. This line may well be considered the normal level of blood protein elimination. In the main the serum protein level is the same when mastitis streptococci are present as when they are absent, provided they are not too numerous. On the other hand it has been shown that when streptococci are present in large numbers the milk while apparently normal reacts at dilutions considerably higher than the normal.
In the non-lactating udder, particularly during the latter end of gestation, serum proteins accumulate. Little and Orcutt have shown that certain antibodies tend to become greatly concentrated within the udder. Howe and others have shown that the colostrum of cows is rich in blood proteins. It is to be noted, however, that colostrum while rich in serum proteins usually reacts with serum precipitin to about one-half the titer of the blood serum itself. It may well be that certain proteins of the blood passing into the acini are reabsorbed, leaving a portion of the antigen within the udder. Thus a gradual accumulation of antigen may occur. Shortly after parturition the udder may be drained with a consequent marked fall in serum content. There, however, apparently exists for the next few days considerable permeability of the capillaries for serum proteins. This is borne out by the reaction of the milk to the serum precipitin, since it may react above the normal level for as long as 10 days or 2 weeks after parturition.
During the course of inflammation there may occur a considerable outpouring of blood protein. In the severe cases the exudate may give a titer at as great a dilution as the blood serum. In other milder cases where the inflammation may be confined only to the mucosa of the milk cystern, there is usually little that is abnormal in the appearance of the milk. The precipitin test, however, indicates that serum proteins are present in definitely greater concentration than in normal milk.
Of practical interest is the effect of heating the milk on the reaction of serum precipitin. Milk heated to a temperature as high as 66°C. for 20 minutes will react at the same dilutions as the raw milk. Milk pasteurized at 68–69°C. for 20 minutes will no longer react. The precipitin test, then, affords a ready means of detecting milk heated above 68–69°C.
It is assumed that the precipitin test may have some further practical application. The evidence presented indicates a well defined serum proportion in the milk which may be increased during inflammation of the udder. The experiments in which mastitis exudate was mixed with varying quantities of market milk indicate that such mixtures can readily be detected with serum precipitin. It seems not improbable that some such procedure might be applied as a presumptive test to the product of small herds or to the mixed milk of a number of cows.
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK CAUSED BY ANTIBODY IN ANIMALS SENSITIZED BY ANTIGEN—REVERSED PASSIVE ANAPHYLAXIS
Authors: Opie Eugene L. , Furth J. 
Published: June 2004

Anaphylactic shock occurs (in rabbits) when the usual procedure for the production of passive anaphylaxis is reversed; that is, when an animal previously treated with antigen receives the corresponding antiserum by way of the circulating blood.
This susceptibility to the action of anti-horse serum produced by injection of antigen reaches maximum intensity after an interval of 4 hours presumably required to permit penetration of the antigen in sufficient concentration into the tissues.
Desensitization to the action of a shock-producing dose of anti-horse serum can be brought about by repeated small doses of the same antiserum.
Anaphylactic shock and local anaphylaxis manifested by the acute inflammation of an immunized animal when injected with the antigen used for immunization (Arthus phenomenon) occur under analogous conditions; that is, when antigen and antibody meet within the tissues. The peculiar characters of these reactions are dependent upon the site of entry of the irritating agent, which is the vascular system in one instance and tissue spaces in the other, and upon the concentration of antigen and antibody within susceptible tissues.
Meeting of antigen and antibody within susceptible tissues is sufficient to explain the phenomena of local and general anaphylaxis so that it is unnecessary to assume the sudden formation of a toxic substance (anaphylatoxin).
EFFECT OF JEJUNOSTOMY IN EXPERIMENTAL OBSTRUCTION OF THE JEJUNUM OF THE DOG
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G. 
Published: June 2004

1. Jejunostomy does not prevent the development of the chemical changes of the blood characteristic of obstruction of the jejunum in the dog.
2. Jejunostomy following experimental obstruction of the jejunum has no beneficial effect upon the duration of life. There is some evidence that life may be shortened by early jejunostomy.
3. Treatment of jejunal obstruction with sodium chloride solution tends to prolong the life of animals regardless of jejunostomy.
SYPHILITIC MYOCARDITIS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise 
Published: June 2004

In the course of routine postmortem examinations of rabbits infected with Treponema pallidum, six cases of pronounced granulomatous myocarditis were encountered. Treponemata were not demonstrated in the lesions, but the clinical history, and the gross and microscopic appearance of the lesions seemed to warrant a diagnosis of syphilitic myocarditis. The lesions measured 1.0 cm. or more in diameter and histologically were practically identical with those described by Warthin in cases of syphilitic myocarditis in man.
These are the first cases of syphilitic myocarditis or of visceral syphilis in the rabbit that have been reported.
EXPERIMENTAL BONE MARROW REACTIONS
Authors: Muller Gulli Lindh 
Published: June 2004

1. The effect produced by the intravenous administration of collargol on the bone marrow of rabbits varies directly with the amount of collargol injected, and three fairly well defined stages could be recognized.
(a) An initial stage after comparatively few and small doses, with erythrocytic and endothelial hyperplasia in the bone marrow and with evidences of this stimulation in the peripheral blood in the form of young erythrocytes and normoblasts.
(b) An intermediary stage which followed the injection of larger amounts of collargol, and which was characterized by a predominant myeloid hyperplasia.
(c) A final stage with marked bone marrow aplasia and with colloidal silver deposited in endothelial cells, as well as in clasmatocytes. This was associated with a high grade anemia with low color index, resembling aplastic anemia in its main features. This stage terminated fatally.
2. There was no evidence of injury to blood cells in the peripheral circulation. The erythrocytic bone marrow aplasia was present before any appreciable decrease of red blood cells was found in the peripheral blood.
3. The results were less clear-cut in a series of rats, but anemia of a similar type was produced in all animals when sufficiently large doses were injected.
4. Splenectomy did not alter the course in rats materially.
5. It is fair to conclude that the cause of the anemia produced may be sought in the deviation of the parental endothelial cell toward clasmatocyte formation at the expense of the development of erythrocytes.
6. It is suggested that the results may be offered in support of the theory of the endothelial origin of both clasmatocytes and red blood cells.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

1. Four general types of spontaneous pneumonia, associated with strains of Bact. lepisepticum similar in biology and virulence, are described: (1) an acute, diffuse form, with subpleural and perivascular orientation of the exudate, (2) lobar, (3) pleuro-, and (4) abscess pneumonia.
2. The acute, diffuse, lobar, and pleuro pneumonias may be induced experimentally by intranasal instillation of a virulent strain of Bact. lepisepticum.
3. These same types occur when the organisms are inoculated intravenously, intratesticularly, and subcutaneously.
4. Intrabronchial insufflation of the organisms brings about infection in less than half of the animals. When effective, a sharply circumscribed, peribronchial lesion is found at the base of the lung, which spreads peripherally by direct extension, and generally by invasion of the blood stream.
5. It is concluded that differences in the types of pneumonia following infection with similar strains of Bact. lepisepticum depend upon the resistance of the animal, and that the usual portal of entry of this organism into the lungs, in cases of acute and lobar pneumonia, is by way of the blood stream.
THE RELATION BETWEEN ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND INGESTED CHOLESTEROL IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Clarkson Sarah , Newburgh L. H. 
Published: June 2004

1. The range of free cholesterol in the blood of rabbits, as determined by the Windaus method, varies from 35 to 125 mg. with a mean of 71 mg. per 100 cc. of blood.
2. The small amount of cholesterol contained in the high protein diet used by us in earlier work and causing atherosclerosis does not affect the blood cholesterol nor does it cause arterial disease.
3. In order to produce atherosclerosis it is necessary to feed at least ten times that amount of cholesterol.
4. In rabbits receiving such amounts both hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis occur, but it is not possible to establish any close parallelism between the two. High blood readings are found in rabbits with normal aortæ and atherosclerotic rabbits in this series sometimes have shown a normal blood cholesterol.
5. With still greater doses of cholesterol one finally reaches an amount which regularly produces hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis within a few weeks.
6. A new series of rabbits fed the high protein diet shows that those rabbits which become atherosclerotic also develop hypercholesterolemia. We attribute this elevation of the blood cholesterol to a metabolic disturbance directly referable to the excess of protein in the diet and not to its cholesterol content.
THE RÔLE OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Jungeblut C. W. , Berlot J. A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Following massive doses of India ink injected intravenously into guinea pigs before a subcutaneous injection of diphtheria toxin-antitoxin mixture, no antitoxin was found in the blood serum for 3 weeks, as indicated by intracutaneous tests, whereas an appreciable amount could be detected in non-blocked, immunized control animals.
2. During the 4th week following immunization, the titer of the serum of blocked animals equaled that of non-blocked controls within the limits of the intracutaneous test dose.
3. The smaller doses of India ink used in these experiments, given before immunization, had no stimulating effect on the production of diphtheria antitoxin but, on the contrary, also inhibited the appearance of this antibody, although to a less extent.
CHANGES IN THE REACTION POTENTIAL OF A TRANSPLANTABLE TUMOR
Authors: Strong Leonell C. 
Published: June 2004

A transplantable tumor, known as dBrD, gave very uniform results in a series of mice of known pedigree for a period of about a year.
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We may say that the reaction potential existing between the tumor and individuals inoculated was the same during this first part of the experiment. This tumor will grow in a mouse progressively provided there be present simultaneously at least from six to eight independently segregating genetic factors (genes) in the fundamental make-up of the host derived from the zygote that gave rise to the individual. In the course of routine transplantation of this tumor, there was a sudden change in this hitherto constant reaction potential resulting in at least three types of transplantable tumors—new types as far as their physiological activity and reaction potential are concerned. From a single original transplantable mass, I have therefore obtained four masses that remain true to type at least for some months of continued experimentation. These four types are (1) the original tumor, dBrD, still giving a six to eight Mendelian factor ratio, (2) dBrDm giving a two factor ratio, (3) dBrDBl showing another two factor ratio, and (4) dBrDBs giving a one factor ratio. The number of factors involved in the transplantability for the several tumors investigated are given in Table III.
STUDIES ON REGENERATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory 
Published: June 2004

The investigations of the influence of oxygen on the bacteriophage phenomenon recorded in this paper show that this factor plays an important role which is due exclusively to its ability to induce certain changes in the behavior of bacterial cells towards lytic principle. At certain H ion concentrations both aerobic and anaerobic cultures can be made resistant in the absence of lytic principle. The resistance thus acquired is of a stable nature under suitable conditions. If the lytic principle is added to aerobic or anaerobic types of resistant strains the cultures are able to regenerate it to a certain extent. However they do not undergo any visible lysis themselves even under the action of lytic principles which were passed through several generations of these types. The principles regenerated by both types of resistant cultures are identical in action with each other as well as with the stock lytic principle.
These experiments suggest a new method of investigation into the hitherto unexplained nature of resistance of bacteria towards bacteriophage.
THE PRESENCE OF DESQUAMATED ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, THE SO CALLED CLASMATOCYTES, IN NORMAL MAMMALIAN BLOOD
Authors: Sabin Florence R. , Doan Charles A. 
Published: June 2004

1. There is a practically constant desquamation of endothelial cells into the circulating blood in rabbits and man.
2. These endothelial cells represent the entire range in size of endothelium from very small cells, possibly from capillaries, up to the type of the large Kupffer cell.
3. These desquamated cells can be discriminated from monocytes.
4. There are common morphological and functional characteristics among the following cells: the clasmatocytes from the specific endothelia, such as the cells from the sinuses of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow; the clasmatocytes of the diffuse connective tissues; and desquamated endothelial cells occurring in normal and pathological blood.
5. There are four strains of white cells in the normal circulating human and rabbit blood, granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, and endothelial phagocytes.
NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FRAGMENTATION OF RED BLOOD CELLS; THE PHAGOCYTOSIS OF THESE FRAGMENTS BY DESQUAMATED ENDOTHELIAL CELLS OF THE BLOOD STREAM; THE CORRELATION OF THE PEROXIDASE REACTION WITH PHAGOCYTOSIS IN MONONUCLEAR CELLS
Authors: Doan Charles A. , Sabin Florence R. 
Published: June 2004

1. There is constantly some breaking down of red cells in the circulation by fragmentation.
2. The fragments of red cells, as well as whole red cells, are phagocytized and destroyed by clasmatocytes or endothelial phagocytes.
3. When there is an increase in fragmentation in abnormal or pathological states, desquamated endothelial cells of the blood stream, as well as the clasmatocytes of the tissues, increase proportionately and take in these fragments. These cells are to be distinguished from eosinophilic leucocytes by the nature of their granules, by the type of motility of the cells, and by a negative peroxidase test.
4. The desquamated endothelial cells, clasmatocytes, in the circulating blood are positive to the peroxidase test only when they have taken in positive material.
5. The monocytes show marked variations of the oxidase reaction in different species and to different techniques. With the Sato and Sekiya technique most monocytes of human blood are positive, while most of them in rabbit blood are negative, but both positive and negative reactions are found in both human and rabbit blood.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo , Battistini Telémaco S. 
Published: June 2004

A pure culture of a microorganism resembling in morphology and pathogenic action Bartonella bacilliformis has been obtained from blood taken during life from a case of Oroya fever which ended fatally. The blood taken at Lima into citrate solution and transported to New York at refrigerator temperature yielded positive cultures 28 days after its withdrawal from the patient.
The strain of Bartonella bacilliformis thus isolated grows well on the semisolid leptospira medium, and also on slant agar containing animal blood. The initial growth is not readily recognizable to the naked eye, but the presence of the organisms can be determined by means of the dark-field microscope and by Giemsa and Gram staining methods. No growth has been obtained on the more ordinary culture media. The organism is an obligate aerobe, is Gram-negative, and under certain cultural conditions motile. All the forms which have been described as occurring in human red corpuscles may be found in the cultures, and in addition many granular and coarsely irregular forms have been met with.
The inoculation of cultures of Bartonella bacilliformis into Macacus rhesus produces infection and gives rise to effects which differ with the mode of inoculation. The intravenous injection of the culture into young macaques induces a prolonged irregularly remittent fever. The organism can be cultivated from the blood over a long period, and it has been detected within the red corpuscles of the monkeys, reproducing the precise appearances observed in human cases of Oroya fever.
The intradermal injection of the culture into the eyebrow of young macaques gives rise to nodular formations rich in new blood vessels and showing the bacilliform organism within the endothelial cells. From the experimentally induced nodules cultures of the organism are readily recovered.
A FILTER-PASSING VIRUS OBTAINED FROM DERMACENTOR ANDERSONI
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

An invisible, filter-passing virus, pathogenic for the guinea pig, and capable of cultivation on special media for at least seven generations, has been isolated from a tick of the species Dermacentor andersoni. One of two monkeys (Macacus rhesus) inoculated became infected, and in one rabbit the result was negative.
The virus has been transmitted from infected guinea pigs to ticks as also in one instance by tick feeding from an infected tick to a guinea pig The presence of the virus in the tick is more easily demonstrated by the inoculation of guinea pigs with a suspension of the tick viscera. Continuous high fever (104.5–106.5°F.) and enlargement of the spleen are the chief symptoms of the infection in guinea pigs. After the febrile attack the guinea pigs are not susceptible to reinoculation with the cultured virus but are subject to infection with the virus of spotted fever, and vice versa.
THE ORGANISM ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC INFECTIOUS CYSTITIS AND PYELONEPHRITIS OF COWS
Authors: Jones F. S. , Little Ralph B. 
Published: June 2004

A Gram-positive diphtheroid isolated from spontaneous cases of cystitis and pyelonephritis of cows on five farms has been studied. All the strains obtained were of the same general morphology. They possess similar cultural characteristics and to a great degree similar agglutination affinities. The organism is not pathogenic for the ordinary laboratory animals. It produces no toxin. Cows injected intravenously with broth cultures failed to develop the disease. On the other hand, small quantities of cultures introduced into the bladder by way of the urethra gave rise to a typical persistent cystitis.
There is evidence for a transmission of the disease by contact infection, as when the same individual curries both normal and infected cows.