bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and evaluation of tritium labelled 10‐methylgalanthamine iodide: a novel compound to examine the mechanism of interaction of galanthamine derivatives with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Authors: Schildan Andreas , Schirrmacher Ralf , Schirrmacher Esther , Samochocki Marek , Christner Claudia , Maelicke Alfred , Rösch Frank 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA new promising galanthamine derivative, 10‐[3H]methylgalanthamine iodide, was synthesized for binding studies to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in Torpedo electric ray electroplaques. Galanthamine was reacted with [3H]methyl iodide to yield 10‐[3H]methylgalanthamine iodide with a radiochemical yield of >70% and a specific activity of 32 Ci/mmol after purification via solid phase extraction. To test the ligand properties of the radioligand, calcium imaging and electrophysiology of the non‐radioactive analogue were performed to obtain an EC50 of 270 nM, a Hill coefficient of 1.9 and the induced cell current. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of [18F]Fluoroclofilium as a potential cardiac imaging agent for PET studies
Authors: Yu K. H. , Kim Y. S. , Kim S. W. , Park J. H. , Yang S. D. , Herdering W. , Knoechel A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractN‐4‐(4‐chlorophenyl)butyl‐N,N‐diethyl‐7‐[18F]fluoroheptylammonium ([18F]‐fluoroclofilium) has been prepared as a potential cardiac imaging agent. For the synthesis of this radiolabelled ammonium salt, its tosyloxylated analogue was prepared as a precursor, and the non‐radioactive fluorine analogue was synthesized as a reference compound. Radiofluorination was achieved by the treatment of N‐4‐(4‐chlorophenyl)butyl‐N,N‐diethyl‐7‐(p‐toluenesulfonyloxy)heptylammonium p‐toluenesulfonate with 18F− in the presence of Kryptofix‐2.2.2 in acetonitrile. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchic finite element bases on unstructured tetrahedral meshes
Authors: Ainsworth Mark , Coyle Joe 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe problem of constructing hierarchic bases for finite element discretization of the spaces H1, H(curl), H(div) and L2 on tetrahedral elements is addressed. A simple and efficient approach to ensuring conformity of the approximations across element interfaces is described. Hierarchic bases of arbitrary polynomial order are presented. It is shown how these may be used to construct finite element approximations of arbitrary, non‐uniform, local order approximation on unstructured meshes of curvilinear tetrahedral elements. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 4‐node assumed strain quasi‐conforming shell element with 6 degrees of freedom
Authors: Kim K. D. , Lomboy G. R. , Voyiadjis G. Z. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractQuasi‐conforming formulations of 4‐node stress‐resultant shell elements are presented. The element formulations use interrelated displacement–rotation interpolations. The formulation also includes drilling degrees of freedom, which improves membrane behavior and allows the modeling of stiffened plates and shells. The proposed treatment for bending provides very good results in the 4‐node shell element. The stiffness matrices for the present elements are explicitly expressed and the stresses are taken accurately at the nodal points. Compared to elements using Gauss integration, where the stresses are most accurate at the integration points, the extrapolation procedure needed for post‐processing is eliminated in the present shell element. A lot of numerical tests were carried out for the validation of the present 4‐node shell element and the results are in good agreement with references. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Error surface calculations on the parameters defining oxygen depth profile models fitted to ARXPS data obtained from polystyrene exposed to an oxygen/helium plasma
Authors: Paynter R. W. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractError surfaces are calculated for the fitting of concentration–depth profiles to angle‐resolved x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) data. The shapes of the error surfaces indicate that model parameters related to composition (especially at the very surface of the sample) are well constrained by the data, whereas parameters related to depth have a less significant impact on the fit. It is then shown that certain parameters in the different depth profile models employed are highly correlated and that the different models convey essentially the same information in different ways. Finally, a compromise profile definition is proposed for the fitting of constrained but flexible depth profiles to ARXPS data. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of chemical threat agents in drinking water by an early warning real‐time biomonitor
Authors: Green U. , Kremer J. H. , Zillmer M. , Moldaenke C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractHaving a safe water supply for civilian organizations and military personnel is an important objective to avoid toxic contamination of civilians and soldiers. Chemical warfare (CW) agents, especially organophosphorous nerve compounds, are the most toxic of known chemical agents. The Daphnia Toximeter system is a continuously working test system that uses Daphnia magna as a sensitive organism for monitoring drinking water. Both small doses (allowable for short‐term water ingestion) and graduated higher concentrations induced toxic reactions in the Daphnia Toximeter system, leading to alarms sounding. The system is sensitive to a wide range of CW agents and their hydrolysis products. Concentrations below acute human toxicity can be discovered in a very short time, with the actual time depending on the concentrations applied. In every case alarms were triggered within 2 h at concentrations in water low enough for that water to be allowed for use as drinking water in exceptional conditions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 18: 368–374, 2003.
Acute CO2 tolerance during the early developmental stages of four marine teleosts
Authors: Kikkawa T. , Ishimatsu A. , Kita J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractOcean sequestration of CO2 is proposed as a possible measure to mitigate climate changes caused by increasing atmospheric concentrations of the gas, but its impact on the marine ecosystem is unknown. We investigated the acute lethal effect of CO2 during the early developmental stages of four marine teleosts: red sea bream (Pagrus major), Japanese whiting (Sillago japonica), Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), and eastern little tuna (Euthynnus affinis). The percentages of larvae that hatched and survived were not affected by exposure to water with a PCO2 of 1.0 kPa (= 7.5 mmHg) within 24 h. Median lethal PCO2 values for a 360‐min exposure were 1.4 kPa (cleavage), 5.1 kPa (embryo), 7.3 kPa (preflexion), 4.2 kPa (flexion), 4.6 kPa (postflexion), and 2.5 kPa (juvenile) for red sea bream; 2.4 kPa (cleavage), 4.9 kPa (embryo), 5.9 kPa (preflexion), 6.1 kPa (flexion), 4.1 kPa (postflexion), and 2.7 kPa (juvenile) for Japanese whiting; 2.8 kPa (cleavage) and > 7.0 kPa (young) for Japanese flounder; and 11.8 kPa (cleavage) for eastern little tuna. Red sea bream and Japanese whiting of all ontogenetic stages had similar susceptibilities to CO2: the most susceptible stages were cleavage and juvenile, whereas the most tolerant stages were preflexion and flexion. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 18: 375–382, 2003
Characteristics of okadaic acid—induced cytotoxic effects in CHO K1 cells
Authors: Huynh‐Delerme C. , Fessard V. , Kiefer‐Biasizzo H. , Puiseux‐Dao S. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis article reports the results of investigations into the process of cell death induced in the Chinese hamster ovary cell K1 subclone (CHO K1) by okadaic acid (OA), a hydrophobic polyether produced by marine dinoflagellates. The IC50 was about 13 nM OA after 24 h of treatment, as determined using neutral red. With the MTT assay, the IC50 was 25 nM, although in this case 25% of the initial staining was still observed at 100 nM. Hoechst staining showed that mitotic figures accumulated at 12 nM OA after a 24‐ or 48‐h treatment. In experiments limited to a 3‐day treatment without changing the medium, CHO K1 cells were engaged in the death process at 50 nM OA after about 20 h and at 10 nM OA after 48 h. In many cells nuclear fragmentation that resulted in the apparent appearance of vesicles correlated with increasing cellular volume. But additional cell fragmentation was not observed with any treatment, and the chromatin material seemed to progressively disappear inside the cells. DNA fragmentation was analyzed by electrophoresis and with the TUNEL technique. With both techniques, the DNA was fragmented by 48 h in both 25 and 50 nM OA. Electrophoresis showed that both adherent and nonadherent cells were affected. Annexin‐positive/ propidium iodide (PI)–negative cells were rarely observed after OA treatment. Some were seen under the scanning cytometer after 20 h at 50 nM OA or after 48 h at 10 nM OA, but they were never detected by flow cytometry. Most of the time scanning cytometry showed either unstained cells or PI‐positive (annexin‐positive or ‐negative) cells (48 h, 50 nM, or 72 h, 10 nM). Flow cytometry cytograms showed two cell subpopulations: one composed of a majority of smaller cells, the other of larger cells. The larger cells markedly decreased with time and OA treatment (50 and 100 nM). Stained‐cell counting showed that all cells that stained were both annexin‐ and PI positive and that most PI‐positive cells were smaller. Ki67 antigen labeling showed the proliferative activity of CHO K1 cultures but also demonstrated the loss of this activity in smaller cells treated with 50 nM OA for 48 h. We concluded that in our culture conditions the main OA target within CHO K1 cultures was dividing cells. Our results suggest that cells with disturbed metaphase–anaphase enter apoptosis, leading to necrotic daughter cells. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 18: 383–394, 2003
A practical and user‐friendly toxicity classification system with microbiotests for natural waters and wastewaters
Authors: Persoone Guido , Marsalek Blahoslav , Blinova Irina , Törökne Andrea , Zarina Dzidra , Manusadzianas Levonas , Nalecz‐Jawecki Grzegorz , Tofan Lucica , Stepanova Nadejda , Tothova Livia , Kolar Boris 
Published: November 2003

AbstractVarious types of toxicity classification systems have been elaborated by scientists in different countries, with the aim of attributing a hazard score to polluted environments or toxic wastewaters or of ranking them in accordance with increasing levels of toxicity. All these systems are based on batteries of standard acute toxicity tests (several of them including chronic assays as well) and are therefore dependent on the culturing and maintenance of live stocks of test organisms. Most systems require performance of the bioassays on dilution series of the original samples, for subsequent calculation of L(E)C50 or threshold toxicity values. Given the complexity and costs of these toxicity measurements, they can only be applied in well‐equipped and highly specialized laboratories, and none of the classification methods so far has found general acceptance at the international level. The development of microbiotests that are independent of continuous culturing of live organisms has stimulated international collaboration. Coordinated at Ghent University, Belgium, collaboration by research groups from 10 countries in central and eastern Europe resulted in an alternative toxicity classification system that was easier to apply and substantially more cost effective than any of the earlier methods. This new system was developed and applied in the framework of a cooperation agreement between the Flemish community in Belgium and central and eastern Europe. The toxicity classification system is based on a battery of (culture‐independent) microbiotests and is particularly suited for routine monitoring. It indeed only requires testing on undiluted samples of natural waters or wastewaters discharged into the aquatic environment, except for wastewaters that demonstrate more than 50% effect. The scoring system ranks the waters or wastewaters in 5 classes of increasing hazard/toxicity, with calculation of a weight factor for the concerned hazard/toxicity class. The new classification system was applied during 2000 by the participating laboratories on samples of river water, groundwaters, drinking waters, mine waters, sediment pore waters, industrial effluents, soil leachates, and waste dump leachates and was found to be easy to apply and reliable. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 18: 395–402, 2003.
Testing direct and indirect effects of sports participation on perceived health in Spanish adolescents between 15 and 18 years of age☆
Authors: Pastor Yolanda , Balaguer Isabel , Pons Diana , García‐Merita Marisa 
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the direct and indirect effects of sports participation on perceived health. It is based on a representative sample of middle adolescents aged 15–18 (N=1038,Mage=16.31,s.d.=0.92; 510 boys and 528 girls) from the Valencian Community (Spain). This study used two different models; Model A is an adaptation of Thorlindsson, Vilhjalmsson and Valgeirsson's (Social Science and Medicine 31 (1990) 551) model which introduces smoking, alcohol use, feelings of anxiety, feelings of depression and psychophysiological symptoms as mediator variables; Model B is an extension of Model A with perceived physical fitness as an added mediator variable. Both models show a good fit to the data. Results showed that, in both models, sports participation affected perceived health directly and indirectly by decreasing smoking and alcohol consumption, feelings of depression and psychophysiological symptoms. In Model B, sport also affected perceived health via increased perceived physical fitness explaining almost 10% more of the variance.
Capgras syndrome – out of sight, out of mind?
Authors: Dietl T. , Herr A. , Brunner H. , Friess E. 
Published: November 2003

Objective:  Recent theoretical approaches emphasize a disorder of face processing in the pathogenesis of the Capgras syndrome. We report a patient with the Capgras syndrome developing in the physical absence of the person who is believed to be replaced and thus a limited role for a disorder of face processing.Method:  The clinical phenomenology of a case of the Capgras syndrome is explored.Results:  A disorder of face processing might not be a sufficient explanation of the course of the disorder in this patient.Conclusion:  Face processing accounts, of the Capgras delusion, have to be supplemented by additional assumptions.
Clinical correlates of early medication adherence: West London first episode schizophrenia study
Authors: Mutsatsa S. H. , Joyce E. M. , Hutton S. B. , Webb E. , Gibbins H. , Paul S. , Barnes T. R. E. 
Published: November 2003

Objective:  Little is known about factors that mediate adherence with medication during the early stages of antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia. This study sought to identify factors that may be associated with medication adherence in first‐episode schizophrenia.Method:  In 101 patients, adherence was assessed along with potentially relevant variables, including attitudes toward medication, insight, substance misuse, side effects and psychopathology.Results:  In a linear regression analysis, negative attitudes toward medication and a relative lack of insight contributed significantly towards poor adherence. Although poorly adherent patients had significantly higher scores on negative and disorganization syndromes, these did not contribute significantly towards adherence. Adverse medication side effects, subjective well‐being and substance misuse showed no significant association with adherence.Conclusion:  At the initiation of drug treatment, attitudes toward medication and insight appear more relevant to medication adherence than side effects. Adherence appears to reflect a complex interaction of influences, which may change over time.
Which individuals with affective symptoms seek help? Results from the Zurich epidemiological study
Authors: Burns T. , Eichenberger A. , Eich D. , Ajdacic‐Gross V. , Angst J. , Rössler W. 
Published: November 2003

Objective:  Several factors influence whether individuals with affective disorders seek help. The Zurich cohort study provides an opportunity to explore patient‐based factors without confounding with problems of access. This study aims to identify features which predict help‐seeking behaviour in symptomatic individuals and to explore failure of help seeking in those who did not.Method:  Characteristics of currently symptomatic 40‐year‐old individuals in a stratified epidemiological sample were tested against help‐seeking behaviour using bivariate statistics and logistic regression. Individual predictors were identified and interaction effects tested.Results:  Thirty‐one per cent of the 364 subjects sought help in the preceding year. Past treatment and living alone were significantly associated with treatment. Total number of symptoms and several individual symptoms correlated with treatment in the bivariate analyses but regression analysis identified ‘unfounded self‐reproach’ and ‘hopelessness’ interacting with social support to predict the best treatment.Conclusion:  Social support is strongly protective against needing help in the presence of distressing affective symptoms unless these symptoms become elaborated into conclusions about their meaning and prognostic significance.
Weather and suicide: the present state of knowledge on the association of meteorological factors with suicidal behaviour
Authors: Deisenhammer E. A. 
Published: November 2003

Objective:  To review the available literature on the association between daily and longer‐term weather data and the incidence of attempted and completed suicide.Method:  A computerized search supplemented by a cross‐check of the references sections of the thereby identified papers was performed.Results:  A total of 27 studies looking for a relationship between attempted or completed suicide and weather or climate data were found. Most of the papers reported a statistical association of suicidal acts with at least one weather factor. However, the results are not conclusive and in part contradictory.Conclusion:  Possibly due to the high variance in methodological approaches of the studies it is not possible to identify a specific weather condition associated with a generally higher risk for suicide. Weather and seasonal effects may interact with each other. Environmental effects on brain function and weather‐related interactions of people may be involved in the occurrence of suicidal behaviour.
Microplanning with Communicative Intentions: The SPUD System
Authors: Stone Matthew , Doran Christine , Webber Bonnie , Bleam Tonia , Palmer Martha 
Published: November 2003

The process of microplanning in natural language generation (NLG) encompasses a range of problems in which a generator must bridge underlying domain‐specific representations and general linguistic representations. These problems include constructing linguistic referring expressions to identify domain objects, selecting lexical items to express domain concepts, and using complex linguistic constructions to concisely convey related domain facts.In this paper, we argue that such problems are best solved through a uniform, comprehensive, declarative process. In our approach, the generator directly explores a search space for utterances described by a linguistic grammar. At each stage of search, the generator uses a model of interpretation, which characterizes the potential links between the utterance and the domain and context, to assess its progress in conveying domain‐specific representations. We further address the challenges for implementation and knowledge representation in this approach. We show how to implement this approach effectively by using the lexicalized tree‐adjoining grammar (LTAG) formalism to connect structure to meaning and using modal logic programming to connect meaning to context. We articulate a detailed methodology for designing grammatical and conceptual resources which the generator can use to achieve desired microplanning behavior in a specified domain.In describing our approach to microplanning, we emphasize that we are in fact realizing a deliberative process of goal‐directed activity. As we formulate it, interpretation offers a declarative representation of a generator's communicative intent. It associates the concrete linguistic structure planned by the generator with inferences that show how the meaning of that structure communicates needed information about some application domain in the current discourse context. Thus, interpretations areplansthat the microplanner constructs and outputs. At the same time, communicative intent representations provide arich and uniform resourcefor theprocessof NLG. Using representations of communicative intent, a generator can augment the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of an incomplete sentence simultaneously, and can work incrementally toward solutions for the various problems of microplanning.
Widespread foliage δ15N depletion under elevated CO2: inferences for the nitrogen cycle
Authors: BassiriRad Hormoz , Constable John V. H. , Lussenhop John , Kimball Bruce A. , Norby Richard J. , Oechel Walter C. , Reich Peter B. , Schlesinger William H. , Zitzer Stephen , Sehtiya Harbans L. , Silim Salim 
Published: November 2003

AbstractLeaf 15N signature is a powerful tool that can provide an integrated assessment of the nitrogen (N) cycle and whether it is influenced by rising atmospheric CO2 concentration. We tested the hypothesis that elevated CO2 significantly changes foliage δ15N in a wide range of plant species and ecosystem types. This objective was achieved by determining the δ15N of foliage of 27 field‐grown plant species from six free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments representing desert, temperate forest, Mediterranean‐type, grassland prairie, and agricultural ecosystems. We found that within species, the δ15N of foliage produced under elevated CO2 was significantly lower (P<0.038) compared with that of foliage grown under ambient conditions. Further analysis of foliage δ15N by life form and growth habit revealed that the CO2 effect was consistent across all functional groups tested. The examination of two chaparral shrubs grown for 6 years under a wide range of CO2 concentrations (25–75 Pa) also showed a significant and negative correlation between growth CO2 and leaf δ15N. In a select number of species, we measured bulk soil δ15N at a depth of 10 cm, and found that the observed depletion of foliage δ15N in response to elevated CO2 was unrelated to changes in the soil δ15N. While the data suggest a strong influence of elevated CO2 on the N cycle in diverse ecosystems, the exact site(s) at which elevated CO2 alters fractionating processes of the N cycle remains unclear. We cannot rule out the fact that the pattern of foliage δ15N responses to elevated CO2 reported here resulted from a general drop in δ15N of the source N, caused by soil‐driven processes. There is a stronger possibility, however, that the general depletion of foliage δ15N under high CO2 may have resulted from changes in the fractionating processes within the plant/mycorrhizal system.