bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retrieval of Cloud Properties for Partly Cloudy Imager Pixels
Authors: Coakley James A. , Friedman Michael A. , Tahnk William R. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Retrievals of cloud properties from satellite imagery often invoke the assumption that the fields of view are overcast when cloud-contaminated, even though a significant fraction are only partially cloud-covered. The overcast assumption leads to biases in the retrieved cloud properties: cloud amounts and droplet effective radii are typically overestimated, while visible optical depths, cloud altitudes, cloud liquid water amounts, and column droplet number concentrations are typically underestimated. In order to estimate these biases, a retrieval scheme was developed to obtain the properties of clouds for partially covered imager fields of view. The partly cloudy pixel retrieval scheme is applicable to single-layered cloud systems and invokes the assumption that clouds that only partially cover a field of view are at the same altitude as nearby clouds from the same layer that completely cover imager pixels. The properties of the retrieval are illustrated through its application to 2-km Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) for a marine stratocumulus scene. The scene was chosen because the cloud properties are typical of such systems based on an analysis of VIRS data for February and March 1998. Comparisons of properties for clouds in partly cloudy pixels and those for clouds in nearby overcast pixels reveal that the optical depths and droplet effective radii are generally smaller for the clouds in the partly cloudy pixels. In addition, for pixel-scale cloud fractions between 0.2 and 0.8, optical depth, droplet effective radius, and column droplet number concentration decrease slowly with decreasing cloud cover fraction. The changes are only about 20%–30%, while cloud cover fraction changes by 80%. For comparison, changes in optical depth and column number concentration retrieved using a threshold method decrease by 80%–90%. As long as the cloud cover in partly cloudy pixels is greater than about 0.1, uncertainties in the estimates of the cloud altitudes and of the radiances for the cloud-free portions of the fields of view give rise to uncertainties in the retrieved cloud properties that are comparable to the uncertainties in the properties retrieved for overcast pixels.
Constructing Three-Dimensional Multiple-Radar Reflectivity Mosaics: Examples of Convective Storms and Stratiform Rain Echoes
Authors: Zhang Jian , Howard Kenneth , Gourley J. J. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The advent of Internet-2 and effective data compression techniques facilitates the economic transmission of base-level radar data from the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) network to users in real time. The native radar spherical coordinate system and large volume of data make the radar data processing a nontrivial task, especially when data from several radars are required to produce composite radar products. This paper investigates several approaches to remapping and combining multiple-radar reflectivity fields onto a unified 3D Cartesian grid with high spatial (≤1 km) and temporal (≤5 min) resolutions. The purpose of the study is to find an analysis approach that retains physical characteristics of the raw reflectivity data with minimum smoothing or introduction of analysis artifacts. Moreover, the approach needs to be highly efficient computationally for potential operational applications. The appropriate analysis can provide users with high-resolution reflectivity data that preserve the important features of the raw data, but in a manageable size with the advantage of a Cartesian coordinate system.
Various interpolation schemes were evaluated and the results are presented here. It was found that a scheme combining a nearest-neighbor mapping on the range and azimuth plane and a linear interpolation in the elevation direction provides an efficient analysis scheme that retains high-resolution structure comparable to the raw data. A vertical interpolation is suited for analyses of convective-type echoes, while vertical and horizontal interpolations are needed for analyses of stratiform echoes, especially when large vertical reflectivity gradients exist. An automated brightband identification scheme is used to recognize stratiform echoes. When mosaicking multiple radars onto a common grid, a distance-weighted mean scheme can smooth possible discontinuities among radars due to calibration differences and can provide spatially consistent reflectivity mosaics. These schemes are computationally efficient due to their mathematical simplicity. Therefore, the 3D multiradar mosaic scheme can serve as a good candidate for providing high-spatial- and high-temporal-resolution base-level radar data in a Cartesian framework in real time.
On the Positive Bias of Peak Horizontal Velocity from an Idealized Doppler Profiler
Authors: Short David A. , Merceret Francis J. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
In the presence of 3D turbulence, peak horizontal velocity estimates from an idealized Doppler profiler are found to be positively biased due to an incomplete specification of the vertical velocity field. The magnitude of the bias was estimated by assuming that the vertical and horizontal velocities can be separated into average and perturbation values and that the vertical and horizontal velocity perturbations are normally distributed. Under these assumptions, properties of the type-I extreme value distribution for maxima, known as the Gumbel distribution, can be used to obtain an analytical solution of the bias. The bias depends on geometric properties of the profiler configuration, the variance in the horizontal velocity, and the unresolved variance in the vertical velocity. When these variances are normalized by the average horizontal velocity, the bias can be mapped as a simple function of the normalized variances.
Women and leadership – 20 years later: a semantic connotation study
Authors: Koch Sabine C. , Luft Rebecca , Kruse Lenelis 
Published: February 2005

English We investigated the semantic connotations of the concepts woman, man, leadership, manager and businesswoman (N = 101) on 25-item semantic differentials. Our study was a replication of Kruse and Wintermantel (1986), who had found that the concepts man, leadership and manager formed one cluster, whereas businesswoman and woman each remained separate (woman being particularly far off the main cluster). The authors concluded that leadership was still male. We were now interested in the changes in semantic connotations of those concepts over the last 20 years. In addition to influence of participants' sex, we were also interested in how professionals differed from students in their representations of these concepts. Results suggest that (a) clusters have changed, with manager, leadership and businesswoman now forming the main cluster, and (b) influence of professional status was more pronounced than influence of participants' sex. The observed changes in concepts lead us to the carefully optimistic statement that societal gender roles seem to be changing in the direction of more representational and also more factual gender equality. French Sur un différentiel sémantique de 25 termes les auteurs ont étudié les connotations sémantiques des concepts femme, homme, leadership, manager et femme d'affaires (N = 101). Cette étude est une réplication de celle de Kruse et Wintermantel (1986), qui avait montré que les concepts homme, leadership et manager constituaient un seul groupe, alors que ceux de femme d'affaire et femme restaient isolés (femme se situant particulièrement à l'écart du groupe principal). Kruse et Wintermantel en avaient conclu que leadership restait un concept masculin. Dans cette étude, les auteurs s'intéressent aux changements des connotations sémantiques survenus pendant les 20 dernières années. Au delà de l'influence du facteur 'sexe du participant', ils s'intéressent également aux différentes représentations de ces concepts pour des personnes en activité et des étudiants. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que (a) les groupes ont changé, le groupe principal comprenant maintenant manager, leadership et femme d'affaire et (b) l'influence du facteur 'statut professionnel' est plus forte que celle du facteur 'sexe des participants'. Les changements observés au niveau des concepts conduisent les auteurs à affirmer, avec un optimisme prudent, que les rôles par genre dans la société actuelle semblent changer et que la tendance est à une égalité de genre au niveau des représentations et donc aussi au niveau des faits.
Women inside and outside Academia: a struggle to access knowledge, legitimacy and influence
Authors: Romito Patrizia , Volpato Chiara 
Published: February 2005

English Starting from the observation that women still represent a minority in the higher echelons of universities and scientific institutions, the article discusses a number of strategies used to 'keep them out'. Historically the main strategy was to refuse to admit women. This refusal was accompanied by discourses devaluing women's intellectual capacities, while stressing their domestic and motherly duties, and by the actual burdening of women with these duties. When women succeeded in entering universities, subsequent strategies have been the appropriation by men of women's scientific production, sexual harassment (going as far as physical elimination) and anti-feminist intellectual harassment. Notwithstanding this strong opposition, during the last 30 years scientific production by women and feminists has been extensive, of high quality and innovative. This knowledge has advanced our understanding of important scientific and social problems, benefited both men and women, and contributed in some cases to a limitation of traditional male privileges. French Partant du constat que les femmes sont encore minoritaires dans les positions de pouvoir à l'Université et dans les institutions scientifiques, cet article présente certaines des stratégies utilisées pour garder les femmes à l'écart. Traditionnellement, la principale stratégie a été de leur refuser l'accès à l'Université. Ce refus a été accompagné de discours dévaluant leur capacités intellectuelles et mettant en avant leurs devoirs domestiques et maternels, et de leur maintien dans des conditions sociales oË elles étaient effectivement restreintes par ces devoirs. Dès lors que les femmes ont réussi à accéder à l'Université, d'autres stratégies ont été utilisées, telles que l'appropriation de leur production scientifique par les hommes, le harcèlement sexuel (poussé jusqu'à l'élimination physique) et le harcèlement intellectuel anti-féministe. Malgré cette opposition tenace, dans les 30 dernières années la production scientifique des femmes et des féministes s'est révélée large, brillante et innovatrice. Cette connaissance a permis d'avancer dans la compréhension de questions importantes sur les plans scientifique et social, a profité aux hommes et aux femmes, et a contribué à limiter certains privilèges masculins traditionnels.
Gender literacy: enhancing female self-concept and contributing to the prevention of body dissatisfaction and eating disorders
Authors: Sigall Brenda Alpert , Pabst Mary Strouse 
Published: February 2005

English This article examines the effect of gender inequity in education and gender identity development on self-concept, body dissatisfaction and eating disorders in females and considers the potential impact of the limited access to information about women's lives, history and contributions, and the concomitant focus on culturally defined attractiveness as a basis for self-worth for females. The authors propose a Corrective Education Model to facilitate the achievement of 'gender literacy': an awareness and understanding of those gender-related issues that affect the context and possibilities of girls' and women's lives. The object of this work is to help women and girls feel more powerful and enhance their sense of self beyond the limits of their body size and shape. French Cette étude examine l'impact de l'inégalité des sexes dans l'éducation, de même que l'incidence du développement de l'identité sexuelle sur l'idée de soi, le rejet de son propre corps, et les troubles alimentaires. Elle analyse aussi les conséquences éventuelles de l'accès limité à l'information sur la vie, l'histoire et l'apport des femmes, ainsi que l'importance accordée à l'étalon culturel de la beauté, étalon à l'aune duquel la femme mesure sa propre valeur. Les auteurs proposent un modèle orthopédagogique pour faciliter l'éveil des femmes à leur identité sexuelle: une prise de conscience et une compréhension de la dynamique sexuelle qui influe sur le milieu de vie des femmes et des filles et sur les possibilités qui leur sont offertes. L'objectif de ce travail est d'amener femmes et filles à prendre conscience de leur capacité accrue d'améliorer l'idée qu'elles ont d'elles-mêmes, indépendamment des contraintes de corps, de taille et de forme.
Egalité formelle et obstacles informels á l'ascension professionnelle: les femmes et l'effet ‘plafond de verre’
Authors: Sanchez-Mazas Margarita , Casini Annalisa 
Published: February 2005

English In this article the authors analyze the often 'hidden' impediments which contribute to keep women in the lower positions of the social hierarchy (known as the 'glass ceiling' effect). The asymmetry between men's and women's professional profiles is questioned from an historical and psychosocial perspective. Empirical evidence attesting to the impact of the prevailing organizational norms on the propensity to upward social mobility are presented and discussed on the basis of the notions of 'social identity' (Social Identity Theory, Tajfel et Turner, 1979), 'dominant and dominated groups' (Lorenzi-Cioldi, 1988), and 'normative conflict', as well as the historical analysis of the dichotomies between feminine and masculine (Héritier, 1996, 2002) and public and private spheres of life (Scott, 1998). French Cet article propose une réflexion sur les obstacles, souvent 'invisibles', qui contribuent à maintenir les femmes aux niveaux inférieurs de la hiérarchie sociale, un phénomène qui a été baptisé 'plafond de verre'. L'asymétrie des profils professionnels entre hommes et femmes est interrogée à partir d'une approche historique et psychosociale. Des résultats de recherches attestent l'impact qu'exercent les normes en vigueur dans les organisations sur la propension à la mobilité ascendante. Le 'plafond de verre' est discuté à partir des notions d'identité sociale (cf. Théorie de l'Identité Sociale, Tajfel et Turner, 1979), de 'groupes dominants et dominés' (Lorenzi-Cioldi, 1988) et de 'conflit normatif' ainsi que de la division historique entre féminin et masculin (Héritier, 1996, 2002), sphère publique et sphère privée (Scott, 1998).
Women, women's rights and feminist movements
Authors: Vernet Jean-Pierre , Butera Fabrizio 
Published: February 2005

English This article contends that feminist movements are victims of social cryptomnesia: while women's rights are nowadays largely approved, the role of feminist movements in obtaining these rights is not recognized, and feminist groups are still stigmatized. This social cryptomnesia is believed to hinder further progress towards equality between men and women. Indeed, although women's rights are officially protected, men-women differences in status still exist; however, the potential of feminist movements to achieve real equality is blocked by social cryptomnesia, which describes feminists as extremists who do not realize that women's rights have already changed. We review some of the achievements of two waves of feminist movements in obtaining women's rights; the obstacles to a third wave of movements claiming real equality are discussed in relation to the social cryptomnesia phenomenon. French L'article soutient que les mouvements féministes sont victimes d'une cryptomnésie sociale. Bien que les droits des femmes soient largement approuvés aujourd'hui, le rôle des féministes dans l'obtention de ces droits n'est pas reconnu, et les groupes féministes sont toujours stigmatisés. Cette cryptomnésie sociale pourrait entraver le progrès ultérieur vers l'égalité homme-femme. En effet, bien que les droits des femmes soient officiellement protégés, il existe encore d'importantes différences de statut entre hommes et femmes; cependant, le potentiel des mouvements féministes pour promouvoir une égalité réelle est bloqué par la cryptomnésie sociale, qui décrit les féministes comme des extrémistes qui ne se rendent pas compte que les droits des femmes ont déjà changé. Nous présentons quelques résultats obtenus par deux vagues de mouvements féministes dans la promotion des droits des femmes, et discutons, sur la base du phénomène de la cryptomnésie sociale, les obstacles qui s'opposent à une troisième vague de mouvements qui se battent pour une égalité dans les faits.
Visible or influential? Language reforms and gender (in)equality
Authors: Mucchi-Faina Angelica 
Published: February 2005

English There is much controversy regarding the use and the effects of politically correct (PC) language and language reforms. This article is focussed on gender-related PC language, that is, non-sexist language. After a short account of the debate on the issue, it is shown that, with regard to gender, language reforms can be based on two main strategies: inclusion and visibility. The preference for one or the other strategy depends not only on the characteristics of the specific language but also on the aim considered as a priority in the context. After an overview of language changes introduced in different (mainly European) countries, studies on the effects of sexist language and language reforms are reviewed. Finally the practical implications of the scientific findings on the issue are discussed. French L'emploi et les effets du langage politiquement correct (PC), ainsi que les réformes de la langue, sont actuellement très controversés. Cet article se concentre sur le langage PC à l'égard du genre, à savoir le langage non-sexiste. Après un bref résumé du débat, l'auteure montre que, par rapport au genre, les réformes de la langue peuvent être fondées sur deux stratégies principales: l'inclusion et la visibilité. La préférence pour l'une ou l'autre de ces stratégies ne dépend pas seulement des particularités de la langue en question, mais aussi du but qui est considéré prioritaire dans un contexte donné. Après un compte rendu des changements de la langue introduits dans différents pays (surtout en Europe), une revue des études sur les effets du langage sexiste et des réformes de la langue est présentée. Enfin, les implications pratiques des résultats scientifiques sur le thème sont discutées.
Synthesis of Hollow Titania Using Nanosized Calcium Carbonate as a Template
Authors: Gao Li-dong , Luo Lai-long , Chen Jian-feng , Shao Lei 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Spherical hollow titania materials with a diameter of 60–100 nm and wall thickness of approximately 10 nm were synthesized using nanosized CaCO3 particles as inorganic templates. BET surface area of as-synthesized titania was 381.15 m2/g, and decreased to 124.36 m2/g after calcination at 500 °C for 2 h.
Lewis Base-catalyzed Strecker-type Reaction between Trimethylsilyl Cyanide and N-Tosylimines in Water-containing DMF
Authors: Takahashi Eiki , Fujisawa Hidehiko , Yanai Toshiharu , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Lewis base-catalyzed Strecker-type reaction between trimethylsilyl cyanide and N-tosylimines proceeded smoothly in dry DMF or water-containing DMF and the corresponding α-amino compounds were obtained in good to high yields.
Supramolecular Polymers from a Cyclodextrin Dimer and Ditopic Guest Molecules
Authors: Ohga Kahori , Takashima Yoshinori , Takahashi Hirokazu , Miyauchi Masahiko , Kawaguchi Yoshinori , Yamaguchi Hiroyasu , Harada Akira 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Novel supramolecular polymers have been prepared from a β-cyclodextrin dimer and ditopic guest dimers having adamantyl groups. A guest dimer (C0) with a 4,4′-bipyridinium group as a stiff spacer between adamantyl groups gave linear supramolecular polymers with high molecular weight, although guest dimer (C2) with flexible methylene spacers gave cyclic supramolecular polymers in aqueous solutions.
Sulfate-promoted Titania Photocatalyst for High Efficiency Gas Phase Toluene Degradation
Authors: Barraud Elodie , Bosc Florence , Keller Nicolas , Keller Valérie 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
A regenerable, halide-free, sulfate-promoted titania photocatalyst was developed for the high-efficiency, room temperature gas phase photodegradation of toluene at higher than trace concentrations.
Acceptor Number of Room Temperature Ionic Liquid Determined by the Raman Spectrum of Diphenylcyclopropenone
Authors: Kimura Yoshifumi , Fukuda Masanori , Fujisawa Tomotsumi , Terazima Masahide 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Raman spectrum of diphenylcyclopropenone has been measured in various liquids including room temperature ionic liquids. We found a good linear correlation between the solvent acceptor number and the vibrational frequency of the C=C and C=O stretching mode. From the correlation, we have successfully determined acceptor number of several room temperature ionic liquids.
Ruthenium(II) Tricarboxyterpyridyl Complex with a Fluorine-substituted β-Diketonato Ligand for Highly Efficient Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Islam Ashraful , Chowdhury Firoz A , Chiba Yasuo , Komiya Ryoichi , Fuke Nobuhiro , Ikeda Noriaki , Han Liyuan 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
We have developed a new β-diketonato Ru(II) complex, Ru(4,4′,4″-tricarboxy-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine) [4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butane-1,3-dionato](NCS)[(C4H9)4N]2 (1) which shows very efficient panchromatic sensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cell over the whole visible range extending into the near IR region (ca. 950 nm). A solar energy conversion efficiency of 8.9% was attained under standard AM 1.5 irradiation (100 mW cm−2) with a short-circuit photocurrent density of 20.4 mA cm−2, an open-circuit photovoltage of 0.65 V, and a fill factor of 0.67.
Triple-stranded Helicates as a Synthetic Template: Synthesis of Pyridine-containing Macrocyclic Compounds
Authors: Kawano Tomikazu , Nakanishi Masataka , Kato Takahiro , Ueda Ikuo 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Triple-stranded helicates possessing polyether side chains have been prepared from the reaction of oligo(ethynylpyridines) with copper(I) ions. Ring-closing metathesis of the helicates by using Grubbs’ catalyst has led to the formation of pyridine-containing macrocyclic compounds.