bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyclosporin A‐induced gingival overgrowth is unrelated to allograft function in renal transplant recipients
Authors: Thomas D. W. , Baboolal K. , Subramanian N. , Newcombe R. G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Severe gingival hyperplasia (GH) is one of the most frequent side‐effects associated with the prescription of Cyclosporine‐A (CsA).Aim: This study statistically modeled the medical and dental risk factors for the development of GH following CsA administration to determine whether renal function post‐transplantation was related to the incidence or extent of GH in 236 consecutive renal transplant patients.Method: All patients were at least 6 months post‐transplant and medicated with both traditional oral CsA (n=220 individuals) and the new microemulsion form CsA‐Me (n=229 individuals). Patients had either received CsA alone (n=45 individuals) or cyclosporine and nifedipene (n=191 individuals). Gingival overgrowth was assessed and computerized data, available for all patients included; pre‐ and post‐transplant medical history and post‐transplant renal function, i.e., serum creatinine levels, documented rejection episodes and glomerular filtration rates (GFR). These data together with CsA serum levels and last‐recorded dose of CsA, CsA‐Me, nifedipene, azothioprine and prednisolone, were analysed by multivariate regression analysis using SPSS.Results: The extent and severity of hyperplasia was significantly correlated with the dosage and serum level of CsA at 3, 6 and 12 months post‐transplantation; last recorded dosage, however (p<0.0001), was the most accurate predictor of hyperplasia. Gingivitis (p<0.0001) and plaque (p<0.002), were associated with hyperplasia. Duration of renal replacement therapy, age at transplantation, post‐transplant interval serum creatinine levels and documented rejection episodes were unrelated with the extent and severity of GH. Of all the renal variables only the correlation of GFR with last recorded doses of CsA and CsA‐Me, approached significance; this was then considered for inclusion in the model.Conclusion: In a multiple regression analysis including GFR, however, only last CsA (and CsA‐Me) doses and gingivitis score were selected for inclusion in the final model. These data demonstrate that inter‐patient variation in the extent and severity of GH and renal function post‐transplantation are unrelated and are mediated independently.
Elevated blood glucose levels in patients with severe periodontal disease
Authors: Katz Joseph 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aims: The rôle of diabetes mellitus in various forms of periodontal disease was investigated intensively in the past; some studies have also indicated an impact of periodontal inflammation on diabetic balance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reciprocal relationship between abnormal serum glucose levels and elevated CPITN scores in non‐diabetic patients.Material and Methods: 10,590 subjects were analyzed for normal and abnormal (higher than 120 mg/dl) serum glucose levels, their periodontal status reflected as CPITN was correlated with their glucose level category.Results: The results of the present study reflect a significant association between elevated blood glucose levels (higher than 120 mg/dl) and CPITN scores of 4.5 with an odds ratio of 2.46.Conclusion: A strong association exists between abnormal serum glucose level and periodontal disease as manifested by CPITN score.
Systemic and local antimicrobial use in periodontal therapy in England and Wales
Authors: Choudhury Mab , Needleman Ian , Gillam David , Moles David R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground/aims: The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial use during periodontal therapy in dental practice in England & Wales.Method: This was a postal questionnaire survey of 800 dentists, 400 general dental practitioners (GDP) in National Health Service practice and 400 members of the British Society of Periodontology (Periodontal Society) primarily in dental practice. We designed and piloted a questionnaire to evaluate both systemic and local antibiotic use with periodontal therapy as well as factors affecting their prescription. In addition, we also investigated the potential use of antibiotic sensitivity testing, since this has been recommended prior to prescribing antibiotics. Two follow‐up mailings were used to encourage non‐responders.Results: The useable return rate for the questionnaires was 587/800 (73%). Systemic antibiotics were used by 7.4% Periodontal Society members and 18.4% GDP for untreated adult periodontitis patients (p<0.001). Antimicrobials were prescribed more frequently by Periodontal Society members in early onset (52.7%) and refractory periodontitis patients (49.6%), and this was highly statistically significantly greater usage than GDP (p<0.001). Regarding local antimicrobials, usage for untreated adult periodontitis was Periodontal Society 8.9% and GDP 5.4%. Higher usage of local antimicrobials was found both for the treatment of recurrent pocketing in adult periodontitis (Periodontal Society 26.3%, GDP 14.8%, p<0.014) and refractory periodontitis (Periodontal Society 30.8%, GDP 15.2%, p<0.001). As reasons for using local antimicrobials, more than 80% of all respondents stated superiority over root debridement alone. Barriers to use included cost, no perceived need and lack of supporting research data. The percentage of responders considering diagnostic microbiology either theoretically or at a cost of £60 were by group, Periodontal Society 83% & 70.4% and GDP 76% & 51.2%. 33% of Periodontal Society members and 3.8% of GDP spent at least 45 min per quadrant on root planing and Periodontal Society members had a greater exposure to lectures on both systemic and local drug therapy compared with GDP (p<0.001).Conclusions: Systemic antimicrobial use was infrequent for adult periodontitis and generally in line with current recommendations for other disease types. Whilst local antimicrobial therapy for periodontitis was not widespread, a substantial minority of dentists use this form of therapy and most believe that it is more effective than root debridement alone.
Yeasts in periodontal pockets
Authors: Reynaud A. H. , Nygaard‐Østby B. , Bøygard G.‐K. , Eribe E. R. , Olsen I. , Gjermo P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives: The presence of yeasts in periodontal pockets has been described in a few studies. The association between yeasts and putative periodontal pathogens is not well described. This study aims at assessing the prevalence of yeasts in periodontal pockets and possible associations with the clinical conditions of the sampled sites and other micro‐organisms present.Material and methods: 2 subject groups form the basis for this study. The 1st comprises results from microbiological samples from periodontal pockets of 128 subjects. The 2nd originates from 126 periodontal patients with untreated pockets. Microbiological identification was performed after cultivation on blood and Sabouraud agar plates, and “checkerboard” DNA‐DNA hybridisation.Results: The prevalence of subjects with yeasts in the pockets was 15.6% and 17.5% in the 2 groups respectively and was inconsistent according to gender. No correlation was found between age and the presence of yeasts. Eubacterium saburreum was weakly correlated with presence of yeasts (r=0.194 p=0.03). Yeasts were rarely found in both samples from the same individual.Conclusions: Our results indicate that yeasts can be expected to be present in periodontal pockets in one out of 6 periodontal patients independent of gender and age. Eubacterium saburreum seems to occur frequently together with yeasts.
Effects of metal salts on the oral production of volatile sulfur‐containing compounds (VSC)
Authors: Young A. , Jonski G. , Rölla G. , Wåler S. M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aim: Halitosis, mainly caused by bacteria located on the posterior dorsum of the tongue and in periodontal pockets, is due to formation of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC). The hypothesis to be tested was that the affinity of a metal for sulfur determines its anti‐VSC activity.Method: Clinical tests were carried out on 12 subjects who rinsed with cysteine to induce halitosis (baseline) before rinsing with 7.34 mM ZnCl2, SnF2 and CuCl2. Mouth air VSC analyses were repeated following cysteine rinses at 1 h, 2 h and 3 h using a gas chromatograph. In vitro experiments tested toxic metals Hg2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+. 10‐μl aliquots of metal salts were added to 1‐ml aliquots of human whole saliva from 30 subjects. Samples were incubated overnight at 37oC and saliva headspace was analyzed for VSC in a gas chromatograph.Clinical results:Cu2+>Sn2+>Zn2+ (supports hypothesis). Zn2+ had significantly less anti‐VSC effect compared with Cu2+ and Sn2+ at 1, 2 and 3 h. In vitro results indicated that Hg2+, Cu2+ and Cd2+ had close to 100% anti‐VSC effect, and that Pb2+ was less effective and Cd2+ more effective than expected in inhibiting VSC.Conclusions: Apart from Hg2+ and Cu2+, the metals had a significantly greater effect on H2S than on CH3SH. Cu2+ and Hg2+ have well‐known antibacterial activity and may presumably also operate by this mechanism.
GCF IL‐1β profiles in periodontal disease
Authors: Engebretson Steven P. , Grbic John T. , Singer Robert , Lamster Ira B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives: Studies suggest a genetic influence on levels of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Levels of IL‐1β in GCF, however, are also dependent upon the clinical parameters at the site of collection, including probing depth (PD) and level of attachment (AL). To examine this issue, IL‐1β in GCF was evaluated from patients with varying degrees of periodontal disease. The influence of both the status of the patient and the probing depth at the sampled sites were considered in the analysis.Material and methods: GCF IL‐1β was determined by ELISA at 6–8 molar sites from 29 non‐smoking adults with mild, moderate, or severe periodontal disease at baseline, 2 weeks, and 24 weeks following scaling and root planing. For later analysis, patients were dichotomized on the basis of disease severity (mild/moderate vs severe). Sampled sites were classified at baseline by PD as, shallow (<4 mm), intermediate (4–6 mm), or deep (>6 mm).Results: PD and AL were each strongly correlated with IL‐1β levels at baseline. However, patients with severe disease had higher levels of IL‐1β in each PD category than those with mild/moderate disease. As compared to patients with mild/moderate disease, IL‐1β levels in shallow sites from patients with severe disease was elevated nearly 2 fold (p<0.001). IL‐1β levels were reduced in all groups at 2 weeks and were still significantly reduced in patients with mild/moderate disease at 24 weeks. At 24 weeks IL‐1β returned to near baseline levels in patients with severe disease.Conclusion: While PD and AL are each associated with increased GCF IL‐1β, patients with severe disease show higher IL‐1β GCF levels in shallow sites, suggesting that high GCF IL‐1β expression is in part a host trait, and not strictly a function of clinical parameters.
Effect of the enamel matrix derivative Emdogain® on the growth of periodontal pathogens in vitro
Authors: Spahr Axel , Lyngstadaas Staale Petter , Boeckh Clemens , Andersson Christer , Podbielski Andreas , Haller Bernd 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Emdogain® (EMD), used for periodontal regeneration, on the growth of periodontal pathogens like Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia. For comparison, we studied the effect of EMD on several microbes associated with other oral diseases as well as its effect on non‐pathogenic oral inhabitants.Methods: Freshly prepared EMD or its vehicle propylene glycol alginate (PGA) alone were added to calibrated suspensions of microbes. As a control, imitating the post‐surgical subgingival situation after flap closure, a serum/NaCl‐solution mixture was used. Aliquots for growth assays were taken at scheduled times for calculation of colony‐forming units and cell densities over an observation period of 24 h. Additionally, EMD was spotted onto selected, newly seeded microbes growing on agar plates to see if growth inhibition zones could be produced.Results: The study revealed a marked inhibitory effect of EMD on the growth of the gram‐negative periodontal pathogens. A. actinomycetemcomitans showed a significant decrease (p=0.012) in viable counts after 24 h when EMD was added at baseline. P. gingivalis and P. intermedia also showed a marked growth reduction in the presence of EMD and in these cultures no viable microbes could be detected anymore after 24 h. In contrast, no significant growth inhibition was observed in gram‐positive bacteria.Conclusions: The results suggest that EMD has a positive effect on the composition of bacterial species in the post‐surgical periodontal wound, by selectively restricting growth of periopathogens that could hamper the wound healing and reduce the outcome of regenerative procedures.
The presence of local and circulating autoreactive B cells in patients with advanced periodontitis
Authors: Berglundh Tord , Liljenberg Birgitta , Tarkowski Andrej , Lindhe Jan 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim: The aim of the present investigation was to study the local (gingival) and systemic occurrence of autoreactive B cells (CD5+CD19 positive) in subjects with a high or low susceptibility to periodontitis.Material and Methods: 2 groups of subjects (Group A and B) susceptible to periodontitis were included. Group A consisted of 22 adult patients (7 females and 15 males, aged 24–66 years) with advanced and generalized chronic periodontitis and group B comprised 7 children (4 girls and 3 boys aged 9–13 years) with localized aggressive periodontitis. 26 periodontally healthy subjects, Group C (aged 23–80 years, mean 49.6±16.3), were also recruited. Assessment of clinical and radiographical characteristics of periodontal disease was performed. Gingival biopsies and peripheral blood samples were obtained and prepared for immunohistochemical analysis. Blood samples only were obtained from the periodontally healthy subjects (group C).Results: The proportion of autoreactive B cells (CD5+CD19 positive) of peripheral blood lymphocytes was about 6 times higher in group A and 4 times higher in group B than in the samples from the control subjects (group C). About 40–50% of the B cells in the peripheral blood of the periodontitis susceptible individuals expressed markers for autoreactive features while less than 15% of the circulating B cells in the subjects of group C exhibited such markers. The periodontitis lesion in the adult periodontitis patients contained a substantial number of B cells out of which about 30% demonstrated autoreactive features.Conclusion: It is suggested that both circulating and local B cells in periodontitis susceptible individuals have a higher propensity to autoreactive properties than B cells of patients with a low susceptibility to periodontitis.
Comparative evaluation of adjunctive oral irrigation in diabetics
Authors: Al‐Mubarak Sultan , Ciancio Sebastian , Aljada Ahmad , Mohanty P. , Mohanty P. , Ross Candy , Dandona Paresh 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim: The purpose of this study was to assess the response of diabetics to scaling and root planing treatment and subgingival oral irrigation as adjunctive therapy.Method: A total of 52 type 1 and 2 diabetics (mean age 51.3±14) with adult periodontitis were randomized to two groups. Treatment included ultrasonic scaling and scaling and root planing in both groups (control and test) plus subgingival water irrigation 2× daily for the test group. Assessments were made prior to and at 6 and 12 weeks after treatment. Parameters measured were modified gingival index (MGI), probing pocket depth (PPD), plaque index (PI), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP). Systemic measurement of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation, cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐10, and PGE2), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C).Results: After treatment, analysis of data showed that both groups had clinical and systemic improvement. The test group had a statistically significant reduction for MGI, PI, and BOP compared to controls (p<0.03) at 12 weeks and for ROS generation at 12 weeks (p<0.012). Unlike controls, systemic analysis of cytokines showed a statistically significant reduction from baseline for IL‐1β at 6 weeks and PGE2 at 6 and 12 weeks (p<0.05) within test group.Conclusion: These results suggest that scaling and root planing and adjunctive therapy may be of value in establishing a healthy periodontium in diabetics.
Coronary heart disease and periodontitis − a case control study in Chilean adults
Authors: López Rodrigo , Oyarzún Marcela , Naranjo Claudia , Cumsille Francisco , Ortiz Mario , Baelum Vibeke 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives :To investigate the association between periodontal disease parameters and coronary ischemic disease among 30–50‐year‐old Chileans.Material and methods: Cases were 30–50‐year‐olds who were hospitalized in one of four Cardiologic Units in Santiago, Chile, for acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina or angina pectoris. Controls had undergone surgery due to gall bladder stones or abdominal hernia. Information on blood pressure, serum cholesterol, body weight and height, age, occupation, smoking, diabetes and use of antidepressants was obtained. A total of 86 persons participated based on informed consent, but the analysis is based on 61 persons, for whom a complete set of data was obtained. Cases and controls were given a clinical periodontal examination comprising assessment of number of teeth present, periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment level at six sites per tooth. The association between mean attachment level; mean pocket probing depth; number of teeth present and case status was analyzed by conditional logistic regression controlling for known risk factors for CHD.Results: The mean attachment level was positively associated with case status (OR = 3.17; 95% CI = [1.31; 7.65]), as was the mean pocket depth (OR = 8.64; 95% CI = [1.22; 61.20]). The number of teeth present was not statistically significantly associated with case status (OR = 0.93; 95% CI = [0.83; 1.04]).Conclusion: The results are in accordance with those of several previous reports. If the results reflect a causal link between periodontal diseases and CHD they emphasize the need for better control of periodontal diseases. If the associations are‐non‐causal, they still demonstrate that CHD and periodontal diseases cluster in the same sections of the population, which is important from a public health point of view.
Retrospective study of tooth loss in 92 treated periodontal patients
Authors: Checchi Luigi , Montevecchi Marco , Gatto Maria Rosaria Antonella , Trombelli Leonardo 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground/Aims: In this retrospective study, the efficacy of periodontal therapy and maintenance in preventing tooth loss was evaluated.Methods: The study included 92 patients with 2310 teeth diagnosed with chronic adult periodontitis and observed over a mean period of 6.7 years, with each patient receiving surgical therapy in two or more quadrants. The group was divided into two subgroups: those who complied with the recommended maintenance schedule and those whose compliance was erratic. Individual tooth prognosis was assigned according to radiographic parameters.Results: At the completion of active periodontal therapy, 2184 teeth were present. During the maintenance period, 44 teeth were lost due to periodontal reasons. Tooth mortality revealed a mean annual adjusted tooth loss rate of 0.07/year. Molars were the teeth most frequently lost; canines the least. The number of teeth lost in the three prognostic categories was: one (0.07%) for teeth with good prognoses, 21 (3.63%) for questionable prognoses and 22 (11.34%) for hopeless prognoses. Patients complying erratically with supportive periodontal therapy were at a 5.6 times greater risk for tooth loss following active therapy than regularly compliant patients. Conclusions: The results demonstrated a low tooth mortality rate in periodontal patients following active treatment combined with a strict maintenance program.
Use of barrier membranes and systemic antibiotics in the treatment of intraosseous defects
Authors: Loos B. G. , Louwerse P. H. G. , Van Winkelhoff A. J. , Burger W. , Gilijamse M. , Hart A. A. M. , Van Der Velden U. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives: Current literature is ambivalent on the use of barrier membranes for regeneration of intraosseous defects. One of the reasons for unpredictable results may be related to infection before, during and after the surgical procedure. Therefore, the purpose of the present controlled study was to evaluate both the use of membranes (MEM) and antibiotics (AB), separately and in combination.Methods: In all, 25 patients with two intraosseous periodontal defects each were randomized in two groups: AB+ group receiving systemic antibiotics (n = 13) and AB– group without antibiotics (n = 12). After raising flaps and after debridement, both defects in each patient were covered by a bioresorbable membrane (MEM+). However, just before suturing the flaps in a coronal position, the membrane over one of the two defects was removed at random (MEM–). This protocol resulted in four groups of defects: (i) MEM– AB–; (ii) MEM+ AB–; (iii) MEM– AB+ ; (iv) MEM+ AB+. Patients were monitored clinically and microbiologically for 1 year. Data were analyzed in repeated measures ancova's and adjusted means for clinical variables were obtained from the final statistical model.Results:  Reduction in probing pocket depth (PPD) at 12 months postoperatively varied between 2.54 and 3.06 mm between the four treatment modalities, but overall no main effect of MEM or AB was found. Gains in probing attachment level (PAL) at 12 months postoperatively varied between 0.56 and 1.96 mm for the 4 treatments. In the overall analysis for PAL, no main effect of MEM or AB was found. Gains in probing bone level (PBL) 12 months postoperatively ranged from 1.39 to 2.09 mm between the treatment groups. Again, overall, no main effects of MEM or AB were found for PBL. Explorative statistical analyses indicated that smoking and not MEM or AB is a determining factor for gain in PBL (P = 0.0009). Nonsmokers were estimated to gain 2.04 mm PBL compared to 0.52 mm in smokers. The prevalence of several periodontal pathogens, at the day of surgery or postoperatively, and specific defect characteristics, were not determining factors for gain in PAL and PBL.Conclusions:  Neither the application of barrier membranes nor the use of systemic antibiotics showed an additional effect over control on both soft and hard tissue measurements in the treatment of intraosseous defects. In contrast, smoking was a determining factor severely limiting gain in PBL in surgical procedures aimed at regeneration of intraosseous defects.