bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Pre-Bent and Pre-Curved Needles Interacting With Soft Tissue Materials
Authors: Kim Doyoung , Podder Tarun K. , Hutapea Parsaoran 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Precise needle insertion is crucial in minimally invasive procedures such as brachytherapy, biopsy, and drug delivery, directly impacting clinical outcomes. Several factors affect needle positioning accuracy, including insertion force, tissue deformation, and obstacles along the trajectory. Techniques to activate needles to bend during insertion are being developed to create curved paths and avoid obstacles for targeting accuracy. However, the interaction between bent or curved needles and soft tissues has yet to be studied extensively. This study uses passive needles to understand active needle mechanics in soft tissue. Four needles are designed with pre-bent and pre-curved shapes with bent angles of 15° and 30°. Experiments are performed to measure insertion-extraction forces and needle deflection in tissue-mimicking phantom. The needle tip paths are evaluated using a video tracking analysis technique. Results show that the difference between bent and curved shapes minimally affects the target position and behaviors of forces and moments but significantly influences insertion and extraction paths. Tip tracking analysis reveals angle and shape impacts on path variations, with the highest average of 61.6% and 51.5%, respectively. Transverse-axial force ratios increase with angle by 59.3%, affecting moments during extraction. Paying attention to moment behaviors is essential since they are considered to affect the insertion-extraction path and different force distributions during insertion and extraction. Also, it could influence the damage and deformation of the tissue. This study provides a fundamental understanding of the mechanical behavior of deflected passive and active needles advancing in soft tissues to improve the design of surgical needles for minimally invasive procedures.
Solidification of Cyclohexanol in Sublimation Drying for Enhancing Semiconductor Manufacturing: Experimental and Mathematical Studies
Authors: Xu Minghan , Mohit Mohammaderfan , Hanawa Yosuke , Zhang Jianliang , Yoshida Junichi , Sawada Koichi , Sasaki Yuta , Sakuma Atsushi , Sasmito Agus P. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Solidification is a ubiquitous process that is critical in various industries, including semiconductor manufacturing. While extensive research exists on mechanical aspects of sublimation drying, the impact of non-uniform crystal morphology during solidification remains overlooked. This study addresses this research gap by focusing on the solidification behavior of cyclohexanol, a common sublimation chemical, crucial for preventing nanostructure collapse in semiconductor devices. A thermally controlled experimental chamber facilitated investigation into cyclohexanol solidification, employing high-speed cameras, thermocouples, and advanced image analysis. A unified mathematical model using the Stefan condition was developed. Experimental and simulated results were compared with respect to temperature profile, demonstrating good agreement. The presented framework offers a comprehensive approach for analyzing sublimation drying thermally, with potential applications beyond cyclohexanol to other sublimation chemicals and their optimal conditions, thus advancing semiconductor manufacturing processes.
Bucket Loaders Using Adjustable Linkages
Authors: Vudutanaboina Ritvik , Zhou Hong 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Bucket loaders or payloaders (also known as front loaders or loaders) are machines that are commonly employed in construction, mining or landscaping projects for loading or moving debris, soil, sand, or rock. Wheeled bucket loaders are preferred in most situations because of their high speed, efficiency and flexibility, relatively low weight and operation and maintenance costs. Tracked bucket loaders are chosen due to their high surface traction, stability and maneuverability, better performance on uneven or rough terrain, and relatively less ground impact. A payloader uses its front bucket to scoop materials that are stacked on the ground, and then either transport them to a different location or load them to a waiting transportation truck. The front bucket is pivoted to the end of the boom of the loader. The tilting motion of the bucket is generated by its corresponding hydraulic cylinder through a four-bar linkage. The boom link is connected to the chassis of the payloader using a revolute joint to lift or lower the bucket. The boom link has its driving hydraulic cylinder and its related driving linkage. The arm of a payloader consists of its bucket and boom, which moves the bucket to fulfill the payloader’s function. The position and orientation of the front bucket are determined by the joint efforts of the bucket and boom driving cylinders together with their driving linkages. The axes of the revolute joints of a payloader arm are parallel each other, which leads to a planar motion of the front bucket. The planar workspace of the front bucket is defined by the dimensions of the driving linkages and the driving strokes of the cylinders. The existing payloaders usually have fixed workspace since their driving linkages are not adjustable and driving cylinders have fixed strokes. The fixed workspace of a payloader lacks operation flexibility and limits its applications. This research incorporates adjustable linkages into payloaders to enhance their operation flexibility. The motion performances of payloaders without and with adjustable linkages are analyzed, simulated, evaluated, and compared. The results from this research are tried to provide certain guidelines for improving operation flexibility of the existing bucket loaders.
Effect of Walking Speed and Asymmetric Loading on the Clinical Angles of Walking Gait
Authors: Caruntu Dumitru I. , Trejo Alfirio , Rodriguez Eric , Alvarez Barriga Camila T. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This study assessed the biomechanical impacts of different walking speeds and asymmetric weight bearing on gait dynamics, examining clinical angles, step length, and cycle times under four conditions using advanced motion capture technology. Findings indicated that both walking speed and carrying a 25-pound weight significantly affect gait mechanics, with fast walking speeds associated with shorter cycle times and longer step lengths, while added weight introduced notable variability in cycle times and altered gait stability. Polynomial fitting and averaging techniques highlighted variable consistency in gait patterns, particularly showing reduced uniformity under weighted conditions. The results emphasize the importance of tailored gait analysis in rehabilitation and athletic training, suggesting that accommodating variations in walking speeds and weight bearing can enhance mobility and stability, thus improving overall quality of life.
Microcracking Simulation of Silicon-Based Anode Sheet in Lithium-Ion Battery (LiB) Using Finite Element Method
Authors: Kawashima Yuzuki , Ogata Kazuma , Shibayama Yuto , Takagi Aoi , Yonezu Akio 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Anode sheet of lithium-ion battery (LiB) has a layered structure consisting of an active material layer (composite of binder and active material) and a current-collecting layer (copper foil). Active material of silicon (i.e. silicon-based anode sheet) has been attracting attention in order to achieve high electric capacity of LiB. One of the problems in silicon-based anodes is cracking in silicon and binder due to the manufacturing process and cycle charging, leading to shortened battery life and reducing electrical capacity. Our previous study reports that microcrack occurs around Si particle (active material) due to the stress concentration under tensile loading. To avoid this problem, the microstructural design of the active material layer is required to further improve the performance and life of LiB. In this study, the damage criterion was employed to finite element method (FEM) in order to simulate crack initiation and propagation in binder with Si particles. The criterion used in this study is Oyane failure criterion which expresses ductile failure due to stress triaxiality (since, in principal, void nucleation is dominated by stress triaxiality degree). Due to non-linear plastic deformation of binder, this criterion is established based on accumulative strain increment. We simulated microcrack propagation in active material layer subjected to uni-axial tension. The validity of the crack simulation was conducted by comparison of actual experiment. Indeed, this study prepared several models with different particle positions and each simulated crack path was compared with actual one of SEM image.
Automatic Piping Routing Applying Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Mogi Shunta , Uemichi Akane 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Piping for fluid transport is essential in industrial plants. However, the design of piping requires an enormous amount of time. This paper presents an example of tool construction focusing on the total pipe length, interference with obstacles, seismic resistance, and the number of bends. The total pipe length, seismic resistance, and number of bends were used as objective functions. In contrast, interference with obstacles was used as a penalty function, and the sum of these functions was used as the overall evaluation index. The tool minimizes this overall evaluation index by multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA). The piping layout information is expressed as a piping gene, representing the position of the piping bend coordinates. The piping genes are evolved through crossover and mutation by combining the A* search algorithm and MOGA to obtain a layout that minimizes the overall evaluation index. However, since gene crossover and mutation are generated stochastically, different final layouts are obtained from trial to trial. This paper performed several examples with fixed starting and ending points in the piping routing space.
Methodical Approach to Instance-Specific Reliability Modeling for the Perpetual Innovative Product in the Circular Factory
Authors: Leitenberger Felix , Dörr Matthias , Gwosch Thomas , Matthiesen Sven 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Circular Factory reprocesses used products into current-generation products, aiming for perpetual innovation. This requires predicting the reliability of a product’s components and subsystems throughout its use life. Each product within the Circular Factory exhibits unique life cycles and processes, necessitating instance-specific reliability models.
This study introduces a novel methodical approach for reliability modeling tailored to the challenges of the Circular Factory, illustrated through a case study on angle grinders. The approach consists of four steps: Developing a non-parametric system reliability model by identifying failure types and assessing their impact; Generating reference data by sensor-integrated products and by X-in-the-Loop test benches; Integrating instance-specific data such as historical loads, tolerances, and material into reliability models; and validating these models at both subsystem and system levels to ensure they accurately reflect expected system reliability. Machine Learning techniques are proposed to enhance model accuracy and to challenge instance-specific reliability challenges.
Critical questions emerged from the theoretical case study, highlighting the necessity for more in-depth investigations. Future work will involve experimental validation of these models, continuing the study’s contributions to the Circular Factory paradigm.
The Crucial Role of Critical Thinking in an Integrated Approach to Machine Design Problems
Authors: Dhanasekaran Puttagounder 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Engineering technology students are expected to focus more on applied and hands-on learning, gaining practical knowledge that aligns with industry needs. The industry seeks graduates who are prepared for day-to-day work and well-versed in applied engineering and industry applications. It is beneficial for technology students to engage in problem-solving in machine design using an integrated approach, which exposes them to real-time circumstances in the industry. While students are taught how to design mechanical elements such as shafts, gears, bearings, etc., individually, it is equally essential for them to understand how to integrate these elements into systems or sub-systems. Example problems will be discussed to illustrate how each machine element interacts with other machine elements, aiding students in designing a cohesive system. In an integrated design approach, the output of one machine element serves as input to another, creating a continuous flow of information. An example problem will be presented with minimal inputs, requiring students to devise solutions by selecting appropriate factors that align with industry requirements to solve the problem. They will be encouraged to articulate their thought process behind these selections. Since the industry relies heavily on adhering to industrial standards, students must cite relevant standards in each design decision, drawing from what they learned during their classroom exercises. This approach requires a significant amount of critical thinking, as students must justify their assumptions when addressing various aspects such as the selection of driven machinery, duty cycles, and work environment conditions. Considerations such as stress concentration factors, bearing span and lifespan, interference between machine elements, and selecting appropriate tolerances are crucial. This paper focuses on the integrated problem-solving method and highlights the essential critical thinking requirement in engineering technology education.
Experimental In-Field Evaluation of HVAC Fault Detection and Diagnostics Technologies
Authors: Patil Prathamesh , Gorthala Ravi 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Energy efficiency of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment is challenging to upkeep, maintain, and repair without a comprehensive maintenance plan, and experienced personnel. With the prevalence of HVAC Fault Detection and Diagnostic (FDD) tools that aim to address issues in HVAC energy efficiency, these tools collect real-time system data and provide a variety of fault detection and diagnostics that may improve the energy efficiency, operational life, and reduce maintenance costs of the equipment. By detecting and diagnosing soft mode faults before they develop into catastrophic hard faults, FDD tools serve as a continuous and preventative maintenance tool. In determining their effectiveness in-field, 9 commercial FDD tools were paired with 9 packaged roof-top unitary systems (RTUs) that are independently verified through an industrial-scientific monitoring system that measures both the two-stage vapor compression circuits, and air-side psychrometric performance of the equipment. After collecting the data and monitoring the equipment and tools for three years, three refrigerant charge events were observed and compared to their Energy Efficiency Ratios (EER) before and after system repairs. Two tools detected and diagnosed low charge faults on Sites 1 and 2, which respectively increased and decreased long-term EERs from 6.3 to 9.1, and 10.3 to 9.2. This is because Site 1 had an initially low charge that was not diagnosed due to an improperly installed pressure transducer, which was later identified until a pinhole leak on the evaporator coil signaled a maintenance event. The second FDD tool for Site 2 after two sequential leaks through pressure transducer fittings was not sensitive enough to diagnose the leak earlier until a significant amount of charge had evacuated. The third FDD tool on site 3 did not detect and diagnose a high charge fault that led to a decrease in EER from 16.6 to 15.3. Contrary to claims supported by some of the FDD tools, these tools are only effective with expert level supervision.
A Simulation Tool to Evaluate Different Capture Strategies in a Berthing Maneuver
Authors: Sorli Davide , Ferrauto Martina , Melchiorre Matteo , Palmieri Pierpaolo , Salamina Laura , Mauro Stefano 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Space operations for satellite maintenance and space debris capture necessitate meticulous design and planning of contact maneuvers, which may include docking or berthing operations. Minimizing contact forces between the chaser and the target is crucial to prevent undesired repulsion or excessive torque demands on the chaser’s attitude control system. Various design parameters such as capture strategy, relative speeds, stiffness of components, and force directions influence these maneuvers.
The MUSAPOEM project aims to develop a comprehensive simulation environment for analyzing and designing proximity operations. It focuses on modeling the initial contact phase between spacecraft using a robotic arm for target capture. The simulation tool incorporates detailed models of both spacecraft, of a seven-degree-of-freedom manipulator, and of their mechanical interfaces, with particular attention on the modeling of contact mechanics.
The paper explores different capture maneuvers, evaluating the impact of capture strategy and robot motion planning on the chaser. Simulation results discuss exchanged forces, relative spacecraft motion, energy consumption by the robotic arm and the GNC during the maneuver. Additionally, the robustness of the system is tested throughout various maneuver simulations.
Numerical Investigation of Flow Field and Mixing Efficiency in the Kanbara Reactor
Authors: Razzak Mohammed Abdul , Guo Xipeng , Imran Syed , Walla Nicholas , Yin Hongbin , Zhou Chenn 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Kanbara Reactor stands as a cornerstone desulfurization technology in the hot metal pretreatment refining process, widely embraced in modern steelmaking. Immersing a mechanical stirring mechanism directly into the reactor utilizes a specially designed impeller to induce turbulent mixing within the molten steel. This study employs a comprehensive three-dimensional multiphase Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model to simulate the flow field within an industrial-scale Kanbara Reactor. Leveraging the Volume of Fluid (VOF) approach and sliding mesh technique, the model accurately captures the rotating flow dynamics. Validation against experimental data yields a mere 3.12% average discrepancy for vortex depths. Simulations explore the influence of Impeller Rotation Speed (IRS) on various parameters, revealing notable increases in average velocity, intensified recirculation patterns, and deepened vortex cores with rising IRS. Particularly, surface velocity peaks and stabilizes as the centripetal force-induced depression reaches its maximum extent. Furthermore, the simulations provided detailed insights into the industrial-scale Kanbara Reactor’s multiphase distribution data exposed the spatial arrangement of different phases within the reactor, while the flow field distribution describing regions of high and low velocity. The distribution of desulfurization particles, specifically lime, served as a crucial indicator of the mixing phenomena, revealing dispersion patterns throughout the molten steel bath. These findings offer valuable insights for reactor design optimization and operational enhancements, ultimately enhancing mixing and desulfurization efficiency in steelmaking processes.
Calibration and Inspection of Additive Manufacturing With Laser Profilometry
Authors: Elliott Sam , Campbell Matthew I. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Additive manufacturing has drastically reduced the time it takes to fabricate unique parts, which is why it is frequently used for prototyping and low-volume production. However, it is not effectively utilized for modification or repair of existing parts. This paper presents a proof-of-concept method for using a combination of scanning technology and 3D printing to scan a desired print area, determine the geometry to be printed, and print directly onto an existing surface. This is achieved using a laser profilometer to scan a real-world object that is compared with an existing virtual representation of the object in CAD. The real surface and the simulated surface are aligned using the Iterative Closest Point algorithm, and then subtracted from each other to determine any discrepancies between the real model and the simulated model. These differences in the models determine the print volume, which is converted to print paths. The paths are printed using a custom 5-axis Fused Filament Fabrication printer onto the real surface. This method shows that scanning and additive technology can be utilized together to expand the capabilities of 3D printing to encompass repair and alteration of parts. In this paper, we demonstrate the algorithm behind this proof-of-concept method in which a test part with a fabricated defect is scanned and repaired.
Hybrid Locomotive Consists: Balancing Operational and Embodied Carbon Effects
Authors: Agyapong Beatrice , Oldknow Kevin , McVey Molly 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this paper, the authors present an analysis of wheel and rail wear intensities corresponding to representative cases of tractive and regenerative braking efforts associated with Diesel Electric Locomotives and Battery Electric Locomotives (respectively) in a Hybrid Consist arrangement. Relative changes in wheel and rail wear intensities are simulated for a practical set of operating (curving) conditions, with wear energy (T-gamma) levels used to estimate the change in relative contribution of the locomotive consist to wheel and rail wear rates, by placing the results in the context of established wheel and rail wear models. Wear rates are then translated into estimates of embodied carbon footprint, which can be used in a lifecycle modelling approach through which the combination of tractive effort and regenerative recharging can be optimized to yield a balance between operational carbon savings and embodied carbon emissions.
Electrospun Silica Nanofibers as Passive Thermal Control Materials for the Extreme Environment of Low Earth Orbit
Authors: Ibekwe Chieloka , Wang Xuanjie , Hartwig Jason W. , Feller Jeffrey R. , Swanger Adam M. , Narayan Shankar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Effective thermal management is crucial for maintaining spacecraft and onboard systems at optimal temperatures, ensuring their longevity in space missions. Passive thermal management is particularly promising due to its lower power consumption compared to active systems. This study focuses on developing materials with low solar absorptance and large thermal emittance to facilitate self-cooling under the harsh thermal conditions of space. We employ electrospinning, a nano/micro-manufacturing technique, to create a lightweight, fibrous thermal control material from silica (SiO2). Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we examine the nanoporous structure of the electrospun material. Its optical properties, including reflectance, transmittance, and absorptance across ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths, are assessed using spectrometers interfaced with integrating spheres. To test durability in space, we conduct high-temperature endurance and ultraviolet resistance tests to observe changes in optical properties of the materials and evaluate their performance in low Earth orbit (LEO). We also compare the material’s solar reflectance and thermal emittance to existing spacecraft materials. The findings suggest that electrospun silica nanofibers presents a new paradigm for passive thermal control in space applications.