bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellular Interactions in the Seminiferous Epithelium
Authors: Wright William W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cell-cell interactions are essential to the development, maturation, and mature function of the seminiferous tubule, the site of spermatogenesis. These interactions occur between Sertoli cells and the underlying peritubular myoid cells, between adjacent Sertoli cells, between Sertoli cells and their surrounding spermatogenic cells, and are manifest in the morphology of the seminiferous epithelium. For example, interactions between Sertoli cells and the underlying peritubular myoid cells are evident in their coordinate deposition of the basement membrane of the seminiferous epithelium (Skinner et al., 1985). Interactions between adjacent Sertoli cells are obvious in their formation of both tight and gap junctions (Gilula et al., 1976). Finally, interactions between Sertoli cells and germ cells are obvious in the desmosomes, ectoplasmic specializations, and the tubulobulbar complexes formed between these cells (Russell et al., 1983). These extensive cellcell interactions are also manifest in the highly ordered spatial arrangement of germ cells within the seminiferous tubule. Particular types of germ cells reside next to specific areas of Sertoli cell plasma membrane: spermatogonia and early preleptotene spermatocytes are found between the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule and the basal plasma membrane of Sertoli cells. Spermatocytes, once they cross the blood-testis barrier, reside next to them basolateral surfaces of Sertoli cells just above the blood-testis barrier, whereas spermatids are adjacent to the more apical plasma membrane domains of the Sertoli cell (Weber et al., 1983). This segregation of the particular types of germ cells along different domains of the Sertoli cell plasma membrane has led to the hypothesis that specific and different interactions between Sertoli cells and germ cells occur along the different domains of the Sertoli cell (Wright, 1988).
Telecommunications and International Relations
Authors: Headrick Daniel R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When the telegraph was introduced in Australia in 1853, the Melbourne Argus went into an ecstasy of rhetoric: “We call the electric telegraph the most perfect invention of modem times … as anything more perfect than this is scarcely conceivable, and we really begin to wonder what will be left for the next generation, upon which to expend the restless energies of the human mind.” Such raptures, not uncommon in the nineteenth century, expressed not only the admiration of progressives for the marvels of technology that gave humans such power over nature, but also the optimistic faith that this power was a blessing for mankind.
George Kennan And The Dilemmas Of US Foreign Policy
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of a select group of American foreign service officers to receive specialized training on the Soviet Union in the late 1920s and early 1930s, George Frost Kennan eventually became the American government ’s chief expert on Soviet affairs during the height of the Cold War. Drawing upon a wealth of original research, David Mayers ‘ fascinating life of George Kennan examines his high-level participation in foreign policy-making and interprets his political and philosophical development within a historical framework. Mayers presents an engaging and lucid account of Kennan ’s training; his rise to prominence during the late 1940s and his policy failures; and his later roles as critic of America ’s external policy, advocate of d ‘etente with the Soviet Union, and proponent of nuclear arms limitation. Mayers also explores Kennan ’s complicated relationships with such important political figures and analysts as Dean Acheson, John Foster Dulles, and Walter Lippmann.
Eliot, Joyce And Company
Authors: Sultan Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this new look at Modernism, Sultan illuminates the shared enterprise of T. S. Eliot and James Joyce. The author discusses their seminal works, considering new aspects of the company they kept, and revealing their rich connection with the writers who preceeded them. Sultan combines a literary history of Modernism with objective analysis of three of its key works, Ulysses, The Waste Land, and The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.
Objectivity, Bias, and Slant in the News
Authors: Entman Robert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the major consequences of the failure to recognize the interdependence of the media, elites, and audiences is that discussions of the press’s political influence tend to become mired in heated disputes about “bias.” On one side are politicians and the public, who tend to trace episodes of unfavorable coverage to bias; on the other are scholars and journalists themselves, who insist that news workers do follow the objectivity guidelines designed to minimize bias. There the argument usually rests, un-resolved. Neither claiming that objectivity rules are violated nor certifying that they are obeyed reveals much about how the media’s messages influence politics.
A Legal Basis for the Firm
Authors: Masten Scott E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fifty years after the publication of Ronald Coase’s seminal deliberations on the subject, economists have yet to reach a consensus on the nature of the firm. While many continue to regard the firm as a distinct institution, usually ascribing to it some superior control, information, or adaptive properties, others reject the notion that any unique governance advantages accrue to integration, noting that neither human nature nor technology or information are altered by the purely nominal act of “internalization.” For the latter, the word firm is merely descriptive, a collective noun denoting a particular cluster of otherwise ordinary contractual relationships.
Vertical Integration as Organizational Ownership: The Fisher Body—General Motors Relationship Revisited
Authors: Klein Benjamin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I have always considered my work with Armen Alchian and Robert Crawford (1978) on vertical integration to represent an extension of Coase’s classic article on “The Nature of the Firm.” By focusing on the “hold-up” potential that is created when firm-specific investments are made by transactors, or what we called the appropriation of quasi-rents, I believed we had elucidated one aspect of the Coasian concept of transaction costs associated with market exchange. We hypothesized that an increase in firm-specific investments, by increasing the market transaction costs associated with a hold-up, increased the likelihood of vertical integration. This relationship between firm-specific investments, market transaction costs, and vertical integration was illustrated by examining the contractual difficulties that existed when General Motors purchased automobile bodies from Fisher Body and the corresponding benefits that were created when the parties vertically integrated.
The Physical Setting
Authors:   Rutherford
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The universe is large and ancient, on scales staggering to the human mind. The earth has existed for only about a third of the history of the universe and is in comparison a mere speck in space. Our sun is a medium-sized star orbiting near the edge of the arm of an ordinary disk­shaped galaxy of stars, part of which we can see as a vast glowing band that spans the sky on a clear night ( the Milky Way). Our galaxy contains many billion stars, and the universe contains many billion such galaxies, some of which we may be able to see with the naked eye as fuzzy spots on a clear night.
The Designed World
Authors:   Rutherford
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Throughout history, most people have had to spend a great deal of their time getting food and fuel. People began as nomadic hunters and gatherers, using as food the animals and plants they found in the environment. Gradually, they learned how to expand their food supplies by using processing technology (such as pounding, salting, cooking, and fermenting). And they also learned how to use some usually inedible parts of animals and plants to make such things as tools, clothes, and containers.
Reforming Education
Authors:   Rutherford
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The necessity for strengthening science education in the United States has been widely acknowledged in the numerous education studies conducted in the 1980s. (A representative selection of reports is listed in Selected References at the end of this book.) Although the most powerful argument for improving the science education of all students may be its role in liberating the human intellect, much of the public discussion has centered on more concrete, utilitarian, and immediate justifications.
Volcano Under the Snow
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 7 May 1975 the ABC evening news report showed an action shot of the North Vietnamese hierarchy celebrating its victory over South Vietnam. From a platform in front of the Presidential Palace in Saigon, Pham Van Dong, the North Vietnamese premier, pointed to Sr. Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap, the North Vietnamese minister of defense and commander in chief of its armed forces. “There,” proclaimed Dong, “is the architect of our victory” This was not the usual hyperbole of triumph; this was a fitting tribute, for Giap commanded the North Vietnamese armed forces from 1944, when it consisted of one platoon of thirtyfour men, until 1972 or 1973, when it became the third-largest army in the world. He made war for over thirty years, and he beat the French, the South Vietnamese, and, judged by the final results, the United States of America. What is more unusual is that Giap had no prior schooling, training, or experience to fit him for the role he played.
The French Campaign 1948–1949
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After Valluy’s failure in 1947, the military situation in Vietnam subsided into an uneasy stalemate. In the north the French retired to the Tonkin Delta, but they maintained a string of strong outposts and forts along the Chinese border. The French even held on to Bae Kan in the middle of the Viet Bae until August 1948, when• they abandoned it. It had become a useless burden, controlling nothing beyond the range of its guns, and its resupply had become a steady and costly drain of men and equipment.
The Tet Offensive 1968
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The trigger for these historical events was Giap’s Tet offensive of late January 1968, an event long planned by the Politburo and for a short period expected by the Americans. By the beginning of 1968, both sides had completed their preparations for what each knew would be a large, and probably decisive, battle. The North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong were positioning men and supplies to launch their Great Offensive. In mid-January, specially trained commando units called sappers began to infiltrate into the cities and towns with their weapons concealed under loads of farm products. At the same time, Main and Local Force units began to move toward their objectives, the towns and cities of South Vietnam.
The Raid Too Far: Lam Son 719 1971
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
All wars are continuous scenarios in which operations are related to what went before. And so it was with Lam Son 719. Named after the village of Lam Son, the birthplace of Le Loi, a Vietnamese national hero of antiquity, it was the most important combat action of the year, and it epitomized and focused the strategies of both sides. For the United States and South Vietnam, the ARYN offensive, designed to cut the Ho Chi Minh Trail and to occupy and destroy the base areas in southern Laos, bought time for continued Vietnamization and United States troop withdrawals. For North Vietnam, the South Vietnamese attacks struck directly at its greatest vulnerability: logistic support of its forces in the South.
The Sanctity Of Rural Life
Authors: Baranowski Shelley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a study of rural social relationships in the eastern Prussian provinces during the Weimar Republic. Using the province of Pomerania as its primary example, Baranowski assesses the contributions of rural elites, particularly Junker landlords and Protestant clergymen, to the rise of National Socialism in a region where the rural electorate’s attraction to the Hitler movement became crucial to the Nazi takeover in 1933.
Income Effects
Authors: Wilson Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows how income effects in customers’ preferences are included in the construction of nonlinear tariffs. For simplicity, only monopoly pricing is addressed here; income effects complicate Ramsey pricing more severely so this topic is deferred to a brief treatment in § 13. Income effects are included in the demand profile by allowing it to depend on the total tariff as well as the marginal price. This amendment complicates calculations because a second-order differential equation must be solved to obtain the optimal tariff. When income effects are substantial, the tariff depends on customers’ incomes and on their income-elasticities of demand.
The Future Of The Past
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Eminent historian C. Vann Woodward presents a vivid collection of essays broadly concerned with contemporary attitudes towards history and historical study. Woodward discusses the dangers and attractions of historical re-enactments in fiction and in the media; the persistance of popular myths about the white anti-slavery movement; the literary phenomenon of the Southern Renaissance; the failure of the post-Civil War Reconstruction and the treatment of that failure by historians; and the uses and abuses of comparative history.
The Future of the Past
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Fortunes and Vitalities of the learned disciplines, his­tory as well as the others, vary considerably from period to period. Decades of confidence and fulfillment are followed by eras of hesitation and marking time. The relative status and prestige of the disciplines change accordingly. Without attempting to ex­plain the phenomenon, I would contend that the profession of history in America enjoyed a period of exceptional felicity, in fact, something of a boom period, during the two decades follow­ing the Second World War.
Emancipations and Reconstructions: A Comparative Study
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Comparisons Arb Essential To All Historical Understanding. American understanding of freedom and of the price the nation paid for it has suffered from lack of comparative reference. In proposing such an approach to the study of emancipation and Reconstruction history, I am of course conscious of the recent outburst of interest in the comparative history of slavery and the light it has shed on an American institution that was thereby rendered less peculiar and more understandable.
Reconstruction: A Counterfactual Playback
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Ruins Of Two Great Failures dominate the landscape of American history. They stand close together in the middle dis­tance, back to back, but separate and distinct. One is the ruins of the Confederacy, the South’s failure to gain independence. The other is the ruins of Reconstruction, the North’s failure to solve the problem of the black people’s place in American life. The South’s failure was the North’s success and vice versa.
Henry Adams
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although The Library Of America was planned to consist of literary classics, it has already found space for the masterpieces of two historians. The first of these was Francis Parkman’s France and England in North America. There could have been little debate about Henry Adams’s work on the age of Jefferson and Madison qualifying for a place beside Parkman as a classic or any question about its author being considered literary. But Adams (1838-1918), though only 15 years younger, was more than a literary generation removed from Parkman (1823-93), the great romantic.
In Memoriam
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I Speak In The Presence Of Those Who knew and loved Rich­ard Hofstadter best and therefore with the knowledge that noth­ing I can say will fully express their sense of loss and grief. I will not even be able to put my own feelings into words, much less the feelings of those of you who have known him better and longer, even less those of his family. He was too much a part of our own lives, too much a point of reference in our thoughts, too deeply fixed in our hearts, and the pain of his loss is to.
Oral Culture
Authors: Goody Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A CULTURE without writing. Many of the standard comparisons between oral and literate cultures are flawed because the role of writing is misrepresented. Writing does not supplant oral communication; it is merely another channel of communication, substituting for the oral only in certain contexts but at the same time developing new ones. It is the same with the new electronic media; they are only substitutes for oral and written communication in certain contexts and are always dependent on them, just as writing is dependent on the oral use of language, which remains the primary means of human communication. It is very important to distinguish between societies (or cultures) with and without writing and also between the written and oral traditions in societies with writing. Oral communication in societies with writing is not the same as it is in those without it.
Play
Authors: Miracle Andrew W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Behavior with a genetic basis that is voluntary and pleasurable and that results in an altered state of consciousness while leaving one in control of one’s actions. Play can be realized only in contrast tononplay behaviors. The experience of the play state may be sufficient motivation for engaging in play behavior. This definition implies that one ought to distinguish between the experience of play (as a state of being) and play behaviors as they may be observed in play events. Anthropologists Victor Turner and Helen Schwartzman also have noted that the major difficulty in defining and studying play is distinguishing the act from the experience. For example, urban Zulu males engaged in a soccer match or Dani children playing flip-the-stick may be said to be participants in play events. However, while an observer may assume they are experiencing play, it is un likely that this assumption can be verified. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi has stated that play is a state of subjective experience because its existence is contingent on there being an awareness of alternatives: “[W]e play when we know we are playing. . . . If we could not conceive of acting by a set of rules that are different from those to which we have learned to adapt, we could not play.” He also has developed the concept of flow, which is related to playfulness.
Mime
Authors: Royce Anya Peterson 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A dramatic form that throughout its long history has portrayed the ordinary through extraordinary means, communicating through the use of Gesture and movement rather than words. To do this mime has evolved a structure that conveys its message through the visual and tactile channels of expression and that is characterized by the features of narrative, time and space, and impulse and weight. In a standard dictionary, definitions of mime refer to its usage both as a noun and as a verb. Moreover, in its noun form it refers to the person who mimes as well as to the Genre. It is used in the sense of a number of theatrical forms as well as to mean imitation in general. Throughout most of its history mime has been plagued by negative associations; decrees, licensing laws, and theater censorship were designed, on the one hand, to contain mime within certain limits and, on the other, to guarantee the preserve of serious drama. Yet mime continued and continues to be per formed to full houses, precisely because it portrays the ordinary person in commonplace situations. It is a form of gesture and movement that has as its goal the presentation of the ordinary, but in evoking the everyday world it must use extraordinary means.
First Pitch
Authors: Echevarria Roberto González 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Alonso de Ojeda, one of the first conquistadors to rush to the Caribbean in the wake of Columbus, was a man of great physical strength and skill. Lore has it that one of his favorite feats was to stand at the base of the Giralda Tower in Seville, which is a full 250 feet high, and hurl an orange clear over the statue on top of it. Almost 500 years later, in 1965, Pedro Ramos, a Cuban pitcher with the Yankees at the time, tried to reach the ceiling of the Houston Astrodome (208 feet) with a baseball before the first game ever played there. Ojeda’s stunt uncannily anticipated that throwing a round object would become a passion of the variegated progeny he and others were to leave in the Caribbean. It is among the first things a boy learns in the region.
The Age of Gold
Authors: Echevarria Roberto González 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The 1949-50 season marked the beginning of a decade of stability in the Cuban League that was like no other before in its long history but that led, ironically, to its demise with the advent of the revolution. The period is framed by two victories that rekindled the nationalism that had prevailed in Cuban baseball since the days of Almendares’ victory over a Fe team made up of black Americans, since Mendez’s shutouts of Cincinnati, Torriente’s homers against the New York Giants, and since the triumphs in the Amateur World Series. The first was the already reported win in the inaugural Caribbean Series; the last, the Cuban Sugar Kings’ capture of the 1959 Little World Series against the Minneapolis Millers. The Gran Stadium in Havana was the stage for both. The Little World Series, played to full houses that included a triumphant Fidel Castro, took place less than a year after the revolutionary takeover. The nationalist fervor brought such support to the Sugar Kings that it seemed to herald the coming of majorleague baseball to Havana, the dream of Cuban entrepreneurs since the late forties. It was instead the last hurrah of Cuban professional baseball, in a reversal of epic dimensions and, for many players, tragic consequences.
Work, Workers,and the Workplace in Americz
Authors: Nolan Mary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fordism claimed to have transformed the nature of work as well as workers’ reactions to it, and Germans took that claim seriously. They saw mechani, zation, flow production, the assembly line, and Taylorism not merely as tech, nological improvements with economic consequences, but also as social inno, vations with psychological and political implications. This restructured system of work raised old questions about exploitation, job satisfaction, and occupational identities and cultures but expressed in new ways. It cast doubts on the future of German quality work and the German skilled worker, and it raised the problematic issue of whether work shaped the worker or had to be shaped to the cultural and political peculiarities of a given nation. German concern with the Americanization of work focused on a set of interrelated themes. The links between rationalization and deskilling, between mechanization and quality-of both the product and the pro, ducer-were of key importance in a country that industry and labor alike defined in terms of German quality work. The issues of work intensity, monotony, and job satisfaction-or “joy in work,” to borrow the elusive but ubiquitous concept-were central to German debates on the crisis of work which many believed afflicted Weimar Germany. Did most workers want mindless detail work, as Ford repeatedly asserted?1 Or were their desires for meaningful tasks and work-centered identities thwarted by tech, nology and flow production?