bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Principles and applications of complementary RNA probes
Authors: Steel J H , Gordon L , Polak J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of in situ hybridization for the detection of messenger RNA (mRNA) in tissue sections and other types of tissue or cell preparations is widely accepted as being a powerful technique for investigating gene expression at the cellular level. The high specificity and sensitivity of the bond formed between the nucleic acid probe and its target in the tissue section allows the detection of low abundance mRNAs, although there is a detection limit for the technique. In this chapter, the use of complementary RNA (cRNA) probes will be discussed (for a discussion of other types of probes, see Chapters 1-3).
Complexities of Discovery
Authors: Walter Lack H , Mabberley David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the Oxford English Dictionary,to discover means ‘to obtain sight or knowledge of (something previously unknown) for the first time’. In science, emphasis is placed on ‘the first time’: a vast literature exists on the actual priority of any given discovery, often with several contending candidates, few cases being as clearcut as the European discovery of the east coast of Australia by Captain James Cook or the ubiquity of the nucleus in plant cells by Robert Brown. Priority plays a particularly important role in taxonomy and nomenclature.
Sibthorp: The First Journey
Authors: Walter Lack H , Mabberley David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ln order to comply with the regulations of his Radcliffe Fellowship. Sibthorp, the newly elected third Sherardian Professor, was obliged to spend three more years ‘beyond sea.’ The idea of a tour to the Ottoman Empire is not referred to in his correspondence and it may well have developed only during his stay on the Continent.
Hawkins: The Years Between
Authors: Walter Lack H , Mabberley David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hawkins had been a fortunate traveller. not having fallen ill on his journey nor having exhausted himself too much. All his relatives—his mother Anne. whom he probably visited first, bis brother, his sister and brother-in-law–were alive and probably well. His extensive collections seem to have arrived safely in England: some of them had been sent by ship, others probably taken in his personal luggage. There is no indication that they included anything other than min-eralogical and geological material. More will be said of the fate of these specimens in Chapter 15 (see pp. 18 3–6 ).
Sibthorp: The Second Journey
Authors: Walter Lack H , Mabberley David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As with Sibthorp’s first journey, there is a diary of his second one, but there are extensive gaps in it; long stays in Istanbul and Zakinthos are not covered, nor most of the return journey, nor a few weeks of his travels in the Ottoman Empire, though the latter are fortunately included in Thoburn’s account. Sibthorp’s diary was written in the field, in his careless hand which is often very difficult to decipher, It is preserved, as MS Sherard 216, cited here as Sibthorp Diary 2, and MS Sherard 217, cited here as Sibthorp Diary 3, in the Department of Plant Sciences. Oxford, Whereas MS Sherard 216 is the complete original pocket-book for the first part of the journey (Fig. 46). MS Sherard 217 consists of various parts of the original notebooks bound together much later, when no attempt was made to arrange them chronologically, though continuous entries begin with 9 September 1794 and end on 12 October 1794; there are entries for only a few days of 1795.
The Collections, Drawings, and Notes
Authors: Walter Lack H , Mabberley David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That matters in an expedition are the collections, drawings, and notes brought back. On Sibthorp’s and on Hawkins’s journeys ample material was collected and is summarized in this chapter. The publication of the results by Smith, Lindley, Hawkins. and Imrie is dealt with in Chapter 17.
The Sphecid Wasps(Sphecidae)
Authors: Hanson Paul , Menke Arnold S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Body length 2.0 to 50.0 mm; both sexes fully winged (except in the Old World subfamily Heterogynainae); sexual dimorphism slight, although heads, and to some extent legs, vary between the sexes, often strikingly so; colour variable; body vestiture simple, setae not branched or plumose. Antenna 12- segmented in females, 13 in males (infrequently 12); inner eye margins straight, arcuate, sinuate or notched. Pronotum joined to mesothorax immovably, its hind margin straight and typically separated from mesoscutum by a constriction that contributes to the formation of a characteristic raised collar; posterolat eral margin of pronotum produced into a rounded lobe that covers mesothoracic spiracle; pronotal lobe typically not attaining tegula, the mesoscutum and mesopleuron in broad contact there. Fore wing usually with numerous veins and enclosed cells, with a pterostigma; hind wing with enclosed cells, claval lobe present, jugal lobe usually present. Hind leg with cleaning pecten on inner side of basitarsus (absent in bees).
Conclusions: new research initiatives
Authors: Ligon J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book I have attempted to review and synthesize the current literature dealing with two major aspects of the reproductive biology of birds, sexual selection and mating systems. In carrying out this project, I have gained a great deal of factual knowledge. I have also developed some impressions concerning the status of our understanding of these subjects, and where the field might go from here. These are discussed below.
Social networks and exchange
Authors: Johnson Brooke R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Turkana people have adopted various levels of social interaction and strategies of livestock management that enhance their ability to survive in and exploit the arid scrub savanna environment they inhabit. The relative paucity and patchiness of rainfall require them to keep a variety of livestock. Vulnerability of the livestock to patchy vegetation, limited forage and water, endemic disease, and livestock raids from neighboring tribes requires the Turkana to maintain livestock-exchange and food-sharing relationships that provide a resource safety net. These relationships form an intricate social network that can extend throughout the district and beyond to other areas of the country. A Turkana social network is composed of cognates, affines, friends, and other livestock-exchange partners. In this chapter, the context of Ngisonyoka Turkana social networks is discussed based on a sample of 22 nomadic and settled herd owners.
Subsistence, activity patterns, and physical work capacity
Authors: Curran Linda S , Galvin Kathleen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Health, nutrition, activity patterns. and physical work capacity are necessarily interrelated for pastoral nomads such as the Ngisonyoka Turkana. The extent of the Ngisonyoka Turkana’s nutritional stress. as described in Chapter 7, can only be assessed with detailed knowledge of their energy requirements as well as their energy intake. Energy requirements consist of basal metabolic needs and the energy demands of various subsistence tasks. Basal metabolic requirements vary as a function of age, sex, season, body size, body composition, and life stage. For example, women have additional energy costs associated with pregnancy and lactation; children, from the demands of growth and the presence of disease. During the dry season. adults buffer children against nutritional stress by allocating to them some of their own food resources. Beyond the basal metabolic requirements. additional energy required also varies according to season (households move more frequently during the dry season) and individual variations in access to food, as a function of age and social standing, or ‘seniority’. Each household’s previous herding successes or failures form the backdrop for individual nutrition and health histories. Though nominally an egalitarian society, the people recognize among themselves both richer and poorer households. Nutritional inadequacy can result from herd losses, resulting in fewer animals to support the household, or from a mismatch in herd labor requirements and available household members, leading to greater individual energy expenditures.
Damage to Flowers and Seeds
Authors: Butin Heinz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Flowers and seeds, in common with all plant tissues, can be damaged either by biotic or abiotic agents which, in classic plant pathology, are distinguished as the two principal causes of disease; either ‘parasitic ‘ or ‘non-parasitic ‘ disease, respectively. Among the most important abiotic factors which can damage flowers or inflorescences are extremes of weather, in particular late frosts which principally affect the early flowering trees like walnut, Sweet chestnut, beech, and oak. In these species, the damage is usually noticed only because of the failure of the seed crop but there are others, especially ornamentals, which can show striking changes directly after the first frosty night: in magnolias, for example, the normally white petals become an unsightly brown and hang down limply. Other weather events which can damage the flowers are hailstorms and sudden, dry winds (cf. p. 47).
Wood Damage in the Standing Tree
Authors: Butin Heinz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Forest fires can be one of the greatest causes of loss in forests since, at their most severe, they can wipe out entire stands by spreading through the forest canopy. Certain years come to be recognized as ‘forest fire years ‘ when persistently hot, dry weather brings an exceptionally high risk of damage. Information on fire risk factors and on prevention and control can be found in the specialist literature. Storm damage can take the form of ‘windthrow, ‘ when the whole tree is uprooted or of ‘wind snap, ‘ when the root anchorage is relatively firm, but the stem breaks under wind pressure which exceeds its bending strength. Windthrow, which progresses through a stand due to restricted rooting, is said to be ‘endemic, ‘ while extensive windthrow due to severe storms, regardless of site conditions is described as ‘catastrophic ‘. Storm damage destabilizes the forest ecosystem, sometimes favoring the build up of pests, especially bark beetles that can harm surviving trees or logs awaiting extraction in coniferous stands (227). Breakage due to ice or snow can occur when excessive accumulations build up in extreme winter weather. In the case of ice, accumulation occurs when supercooled rain freezes on contact with the tree. The weight of ice or snow can break leading shoots as well as branches. Pines, spruces, Silver fir, Cedar of Lebanon, and beech are particularly at risk.
Changes in Habit and Growth Abnormalities
Authors: Butin Heinz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every plant species varies within certain limits in the expression of its specific growth habit and the form of its component parts. The extremes of this variation occasionally attract attention but are not regarded as pathological changes. Such deviations are caused by various abiotic or biotic factors. Thus, for example, a light-demanding tree species grows with a bent stem if the light source is one sided. Similar responses can be caused by the wind blowing predominantly from one direction. Animals can bring about various changes in form, such as the bushy growth which follows browsing by deer. Finally, plants too can influence the growth habit of trees; e.g. the stem constrictions and twisting caused by Lonicera periclymenum (honeysuckle). All these examples are induced by external factors and represent morphological adaptation within the basic pattern which is characteristic of that particular tree.
Roads and road transport: their impact on the countryside-and what should be done about it
Authors: Dower Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michael Dower has been Director-General of the Countryside Commission since 1992. He took his MA at St John ‘.I• College, Cambridge, and then studied for a Diploma in Town Planning, which he was awarded in 1957 at University College, London. He then held a succession of posts in planning and development: with the London County Council, the Civic Trust, the United Nations Development Programme for Ireland, and the Dartington Amenity Research Trust and Darting ton Institute in Devon, of which he was Director for 17 years, until 1985. Mr Dower then served as National Park Officer to the Peak Park Joint Planning Board until he was appointed to his present post. He has been a member of the Sports Council and of the English Tourist Board, and he was President of the European Council for Village and Small Town from I986 to I990. He is the author of several books and articles about the British countryside and its preservation.
The complex molecular network regulating tumour angiogenesis: the importance of context
Authors: Lewis Claire E , Balkwill Frances R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the early descriptions of angiogenesis in malignant tumours some 25 years ago (1,2), over 3000 papers have been published describing the involvement of myriad individual factors in the various cellular steps of the angiogenic pathway. These include cytokines, enzymes, and other macromolecules which regulate the dissolution of the basement membrane around existing vessels, and the orientation, motility, proliferation, and differentiation of endothelial cells to form new ones (3).
Vascular targeting of anti-cancer gene therapy
Authors: Jaggar Rhys T , Bicknell Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In anti-cancer gene therapy we have the opportunity to be destructive rather than correctional and for this reason anti-cancer studies are likely to comprise a major area of gene therapy research in the near future. Nevertheless, there are many problems to be surmounted. Foremost among these is that of delivery of the gene to the cell in which function of the gene product is required. The cells of the vascular endothelium are some of the most accessible in the body, comprising a single monolayer which are all in intimate contact with the blood. This makes vascular targeting of gene delivery systems a particularly appealing strategy.
The inland waters
Authors: Fogg G E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is great variety in the inland waters of the polar regions (Hobbie 1984). It was convenient to consider those contained in ice in Chapter 3, but there is no sharp biological distinction between these and water bodies on exposed land surfaces. Most of the pools and streams which appear on ice are ephemeral but some proglacial lakes, such as Lake Untersee (p. 56), may persist and perhaps eventually become contained in a rock basin beneath. Many lakes in the Arctic and Antarctic may have originated in this way (Friddle and Heywood 1980).
Sea ice as a habitat and ecological interface
Authors: Fogg G E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The profound effects of sea ice on the climatic and oceanographic environments in which polar organisms live have been outlined in Chapter 1. It is more variable and heterogeneous in structure than land ice and since it is in contact with liquid water and consequently does not reach such low temperatures as does land ice, it provides a variety of niches for active life. Sea ice has a unique ecological role. It interposes a solid interface between two fluid phases—biologically productive seawater and air, unproductive but allowing exceptional mobility to animals able to take advantage of it. It modifies environmental conditions in the sea below and also provides a platform on which air-breathing birds and mammals can live, breed, and base foraging forays into the water. Although its annual cycle of advance and retreat is a recurrent pattern, the distribution and local structure is irregular. Its variations from year to year affect all levels in the marine ecosystem.
Some conclusions
Authors: Fogg G E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The quintessential polar habitat, the ice cap, supports no vital activity but does not extinguish life altogether; some microorganisms can lie dormant in it for seemingly indefinite periods. Lack of moisture, not low temperature itself, is the ultimate constraint and wherever liquid water appears, active life becomes possible and is usually to be found. Around the ice cap such situations are transient and shifting, being colonized only by such opportunistic organisms as are already present in dormant form or whose propagules arrive via air, water, or human visitors.
Camouflage, Colour, and Lights
Authors: Herring Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen in Chapter 8 how the light environment in the ocean is fundamentally different from that on land. Only at the edges of the ocean arc there any real similarities to the small-scale structure and optical complexity present in fields, woods, or streams. It is here that the water is shallow enough, and the light bright enough, for bottom-living plants to flourish as thickets of algae and sea-grass, and for corals to exploit their photosynthetic symbionts in the exuberance of tropical reefs.
A wonderful Variety of Life: Biodiversity of the Deep-sea Fauna
Authors: Herring Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life probably arose in the earliest seas some 4 billion years ago (4000 Ma), perhaps close to hydrothermal springs. There is fossil evidence for the existence of prokaryotic (bacteria-like) organisms 500 million years later and mats of cyanobacteria-like organisms or stromatolites were abundant 3 billion years ago (3000 Ma).
The extant species
Authors: Kobel H R , Loumont C , Tinsley R C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a result of recent detailed analysis of live specimens and also of sampling in more remote parts of Africa, the number of Xenopus species has trebled in the last 20 years. Studies of karyotype and DNA-content demonstrate a remarkable series of polyploid species. Based on two different chromosome sets of 10 and 18, they represent ploidy levels of 2:4:8:12. In fact, when compared with other members of the Pipidae, only a single species seems to have remained diploid. Other criteria used to define species are the mate calls, which in almost all cases are species-specific, and experimental hybridization, which reveals genetic incompatibilities (fertilization barriers, viability, sterility, meiotic chromosome pairing).
An overview of the anuran fossil record
Authors: Sanchiz Borja , Rocek Zbynek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A general overview of the known anuran fossil record is presented, with an emphasis on diversity and extinct groups. The fossil record is analysed for all anurans at the family level, and palaeontological minimal ages are inferred. Most of the record can be referred to extant families, but a few exceptions remain: the South American Jurassic Vieraella and Notobatrachus, the Asiatic Cretaceous Gobiates and the holarctic palaeobatrachids are especially discussed in this regard. However, the real evolutionary pattern appears to include few examples of lost, extinct diversifications within the order Anura, unless this merely derives from a sampling bias of the known fossil record. Diversity in the past has not proven to be higher than today, and it seems to have been growing very slowly through time.
Systematic implications of lactate dehydrogenase isozyme phenotypes in Neotropical pitvipers {Viperidae: Crotalinae)
Authors: Werman Steven D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase isozyme phenotypes were surveyed from kidney tissues of pitvipers by means of horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis. Individuals of 23 species, representing the general Agkistrodon, Atropoides, Bothriechis, Bothriopsis, Bothrops, Cerrophidion, Crotalus, Lachesis, Porthidium, Sistrurus and Trimeresurus, were examined. Phenotypic variation based on the mobility class of LDHA, the loss of specific isozyme expression and relative isozyme intensity differences were used to evaluate existing systematic and phylogenetic issues.
DNA evolution of South American pitvipers of the genus Bothrops (Reptilia: Serpentes: Viperidae)
Authors: Salomao Maria Da Graçca , Wuster Wolfgang , Thorpe Floger S , Bbbsp Jean-Marc Touzet & 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Neotropical pitvipers currently and formerly included in the genus Bothrops comprise a large number ( &gt; 60) of species. The phylogenetic relationships among the taxa included in this group remain incompletely understood. Here, we analyse the relationships among various species of Bothrops (B. alternatus, atrox, caribbaeus, cotiara, insularis, isabelae, jararaca, jararacussu, leucurus, marajoensis and moojeni) and Bothriopsis (B. taeniata) by means of comparative mitochondrial DNA sequencing. Portions of the cytochrome b gene were amplified by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sequenced. A 565 bp region of the cytochrome b gene was subjected to phylogenetic analysis, using maximum parsimony, Fitch-Margoliash and maximum likelihood algorithms. All trees confirmed the monophyly of the Bothrops atrox group exclusive of Bothrops jararacussu, the rooting of Bothriopsis taeniata within the genus Bothrops, the basal dichotomy between species with and without a lacunolabial scale, and the sister-species relationships between B. jararaca and B. insularis. On the basis of these results, we synonymize the genus Bothriopsis with Bothrops. Our results are discussed with reference to previous analyses of the phylogeny of Neotropical pitvipers, and points of consensus and remaining problem areas are identified.
Russell ‘s viper in Indonesia: snakebite and systematics
Authors: Belt Paul J , Malhotra Anita , Thorpe Rogers. , Warrell David A , Wuster Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Russell ‘s viper has a widespread but discontinuous distribution across 10 Asian countries. The presence of the species in southern Indonesia is of particular interest, as these populations are isolated by more than 2000 km from the nearest conspecific populations in Thailand. Formerly divided into five subspecies, the population systematics of this species has recently been revised as a result of a multivariate analysis of scalation and colour pattern characteristics. The analysis reveals two morphologically distinct forms occupying the eastern and western part of the range of the species respectively. While the populations from the Lesser Sunda Islands (Nusa Tenggara Timur) group with the eastern form, they appear to be somewhat divergent from the other populations in Java and continental south-east Asia. In the species as a whole there is clear lack of concordance between morphological and venom variation, but data on venom effects, or indeed on the incidence of bites by this species, is lacking for the Indonesian populations.
In this paper, fresh distributional data from recent expeditions and the results of a retrospective case study of Russell ‘s viper bites (n = 26) from the Lesser Sunda Islands are presented. The magnitude of the public health problem and effect of medical and traditional treatments on outcome are assessed. The case fatality of Russell ‘s viper bites in Indonesia is 38.5%. The mean interval between snake bite and death is 14.5 h, which is considerably shorter than that reported from other Asian populations. Incoagulable blood caused by procoagulant effects of the venom and the ensuing consumption coagulopathy is the most common feature across the entire geographical range.