bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ancient Egyptian concepts and uses of the past: third to second millennium evidence
Authors: Baines John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the words of a medieval Arabic poem, the Great Pyramid, the archetypal ancient Egyptian monument, is ‘feared by time, yet everything else in our present world fears time’ (ℯUmāra al-Yamanī, cited by Schäfer 1986[1974]: 24 with n. 43). At any moment, the chief actors in such a culture are defying the future to erode their achievements and they may appear to be set against change. Yet their successors must be aware of change, and they have the monuments of the past almost ineradicably before them; they too seek to construct enduring monuments; in looking to the future they emulate the past and extend its traditions.
Introduction
Authors: Kallendorf Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a book about books —viewed as both carriers of ideas and as material objects, as both records of intellectual and social relationships and as forces that are themselves able to do work in history. The books under consideration are editions of the Roman poet Virgil —132 in Latin, sixty-four in Italian —published in Venice and the surrounding area between 1470 and 1600. I am less interested in production and distribution than in consumption — specifically, consumption by readers in the area around Venice during the late Renaissance. My argument, stripped of all its accompanying nuance and qualification, is that the poetry of Virgil became a best-seller in Renaissance Venice because it sometimes challenged, but more often confirmed, the specific moral, religious, and social values that these readers brought with them to their books.
Class, Gender, and the Virgilian Myth
Authors: Kallendorf Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, those who bought and read a Latin edition of Virgil in Renaissance Venice tended to approach the text with several concerns uppermost in their minds. When their interest in Virgil came from the institutional environment of the schools, they tended to concentrate on the moral content of the poetry, to hear in it exhortations to work hard for God, country, and what they knew to be right and to accept what could not be changed as part of the ultimate justice of an ordered universe. As Christians, Virgil’s Venetian readers also struggled throughout the Renaissance to integrate his poetry into their own religious life through the concept of theologia poetica. These moral and religious concerns emerged naturally as Virgil was read in accordance with the prevailing intellectual and political paradigm of the day, such that in this time and place Virgil can only be understood in relation to the myth of Venice.
Introduction
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though the corruption of politics by violence has long been recognized as a major factor in the fall of the Roman Republic, it has rarely received separate investigation. In particular the special problems posed by violence within the field of civil government, as opposed to military insurrection, have received less attention than they deserve. It is possible to overstress the effect of a large empire and powerful proconsular armies on the equilibrium of Roman politics in the city while neglecting factors in Roman society and the constitution which made critical contributions to this lack of balance. Yet there can be little doubt that the conflicts within the city were the first steps in civil war. They not only prepared the ground psychologically, but also provided the provocation that induced a man whose interests had been worsted through the struggles in Rome to resort to war.
The Gangs
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a Roman politician decided to use force, where did he find his strong-arm men? Before the sixties there is no trace of hired professionals. Men participated in violence if their own interests were at stake, or to support a politician who was their patron, either because they were in the strict sense hisclientes,or because he had won their loyalty by the policy that he was pursuing at the time. The three or four thousand men who were accustomed to escort Ti. Gracchus from his house, treating him as their patron, were probably recent recruits attracted by his programme. On the other hand the attendants who carried clubs for Scipio Nasica and his companions are more likely to have beenclienteslong attached to their families. Such men would have provided the foundation of thevis Claudianain 185. In general, great men must have surrounded themselves with clients, when proceeding to public business and especially at election time, not merely to enhance their reputation but to ensure their physical protection.
‘Baudelaire-Dufays’ and the Politics of Consensus, 1842-1848
Authors: Burton Richard D E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Baudelaire landed at Bordeaux in February 1842 at the end of his seven-month round trip to Mauritius and the lie Bourbon, he returned to a country which, not just on the surface but in fact, was enjoying a period of prosperity, security, and political stability such as it had not known since before the Great Revolution.
‘A Reader not a Visitor’: Barthes in ‘Japan’
Authors: Knight Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN February I980, Barthes had intended to introduce a conference paper on Stendhal with a personal (and perhaps invented) anecdote. On a recent trip to Italy (‘A few weeks ago .. .’), one cold, foggy, and grimy evening at the station in Milan, his attention had been caught by the yellow stickers (‘Milano-Lecce’) on the carriages of a departing train, and he had imagined travelling all night to find himself the next day in ‘the warmth, the light, the peace of a faraway town’ (une ville extreme).
A Short History Of French Literature
Authors: Kay Sarah , Cave Terence , Bowie Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this lucid and innovative volume, three distinguished scholars trace this history of French literature from its beginnings to the present day. From the oral, unstable anonymous works of the early Middle Ages via the emergence of a print culture in the Renaissance, through to the attempted codification of genres and styles in the nineteenth century and the resourceful experimentation of the twentieth, A Short History of French Literature demonstrates the world importance of French literature, and the extraordinary richness of its range. The three main parts of the volume cover the Middle Ages, the Early Modern period, and the Modern period, and offer wide-ranging, personal, and detailed coverage of major writers and movements. Writing for the interested general reader as much as for students, the authors range expertly between authors and their works, historical events, and literary movements, offering as a whole an authoritative and innovative account of the history of French literature.
Overview of the Period
Authors: Kay Sarah , Cave Terence , Bowie Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People with the means to do so move around a good deal: despite intermittent wars in various parts of Europe, travel is increasingly easy and well organized. Columbus’s voyage was still barely conceivable when Villon was writing; by the late eighteenth century, the Americas are a major feature on the economic, political, and cultural map. Journeys in late medieval literature are liable to lead to fabulous encounters with strange and monstrous beings; in eighteenth-century texts, Persians, Peruvians, and Hurons—all of them eminently civilized in their own way—visit Paris, and ﬁctional travellers from France insatiably explore other cultures. Travel-writing has become a popular genre in its own right. Visitors from outer space are beginning to arrive, too.
Hammer Films
Authors: Harper Sue , Porter Vincent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
HAMMER FILMS experienced remarkable changes of fortune in the 1950s. At the beginning of the decade, it was a small, unambitious outfit producing B-features and distributing them through its own company, Exclusive Films. By the end of the decade, it was moving into major profit with its innovatory horror/costume films, and it had access to world-wide markets through its connections with the American majors. Its success can be attributed to canny economic practice by its owner James Carreras, and to skilled production/management behaviour by Executive Producer Antony Hinds. It is instructive to compare Hammer’s output and reputation with Gainsborough’s in the 1940s. Both companies specialized in cheap films with high emotional intensity, which were made by a small in-house team. Both employed heavily residual motifs, and both had absolutely minimal status and attracted critical opprobrium. Both did very well at the box office and were critically reassessed many years after their initial release.In 1935, cinema owner Enrique Carreras had formed a distribution company in partnership with Will Hinds, a variety artiste whose stage name was Will Hammer. Their company was called Exclusive Films, and in the same year they registered Hammer Productions Ltd.This made a range of modest films, some of which were distributed by Exclusive and some by other, bigger distributors. Hammer was then avery small outfit, and in 1949 it was expanded and repackaged as a subsidiary of Exclusive by Enrique Carreras and his son James, and by Will Hinds and his son Anthony Hinds. Because it was essentially a family firm, there was continuity of personnel-Anthony Hinds produced virtually everything from 1949 until well into the1960s, there was a small stable of regular directors (Terence Fisher, Francis Searle), and Jimmy Sangster was assistant director on all the films.
Censorship
Authors: Harper Sue , Porter Vincent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the 1950s opened, the film trade inherited a complex set of censorship arrangements that dated back to the 1909 Cinematograph Act which had accidentally given local authorities the power to censor the films shown in their area. Three years later, in 1912, in an attempt to establish a national standard that would ensure that the same film could be shown in every town, the trade established the British Board of Film Censors (BBFC), which would be ‘a purely independent and impartial body, whose duty it will be to induce confidence in the minds of licensing authorities and of those who have in charge the moral welfare of the Community generally’. The film trade’s proposal also attracted the tacit support of the Home Office, although it was unable to give formal endorsement as it no longer appeared to hold the legal powers for film censorship. In 1947, following the death of Lord Tyrrell of Avon, an ad hoccommittee representing all sections of the film trade appointed a new President of the BBFC: Sir Sidney West Harris, the former Head of the Children’s Department at the Home Office. Despite his age, Harris decided, unlike his predecessors, to become a hands-on President, taking an active part in both policy decisions and those affecting individual films, by sitting with the Board’s examiners to view films several times a week.
The dangerous individual
Authors: Segal Naomi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of this chapter is borrowed from a lecture given by Foucault in Toronto in 1978 in which he shows a very Gidean interest in the perpetrator of unexplained crime. He begins with the example of a young man convicted of five rapes and six attempted rapes. There is no doubt about the facts of his case; in this sense everything that needs to be established is known. Yet the whole judicial ‘machinery jams, the gears seize up ‘ because the accused cannot account for why he acted, for who he is. In another recent case-this time the trial of a man convicted of kidnapping and murdering a child-the defence lawyer puts it thus: ‘ “Can one condemn to death a person one does not know? “ ‘ (p. 127).
The Age of Power and Dunstable
Authors: Caldwell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE period covered by this chapter coincides broadly with the reigns of the Lancastrian kings, Henry IV, V, and VI, up to the deposition of Henry VI in 1461. While historians naturally see the establishment of the Tudor monarchy in 1485, when the dynastic struggles of the fifteenth century were finally resolved, as a critical turning-point, that moment is of little significance for the history of music. The great movements of the fifteenth century, by and large, were those that were curtailed or transformed only by the upheaval of the Reformation. Two of these, the growth of a sense of national identity and the consolidation of orthodox churchrnanship, are of particular importance to us here.
The Later Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Centuries
Authors: Caldwell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE period covered by this chapter witnessed the composition of a great quantity of music of unquestionable stature, much of it hardly performed in modern times and still waiting to take its place in the heritage of national classics. It does not matter that contemporary Continental opinion ignored or misunderstood it; and it should not matter that it has often been neglected since. Judged on its own terms, it cannot fail to impress and uplift.
The principal novelty in the period was the growth of a quality that can only be called architectural. This may seem a strange proposition in view of the mathematical and proportional basis of much of the music of the preceding era. But the quality which now emerges is based not on numerical proportions as such (though they may indeed be exploited in some cases) but on the realization of the possibilities provided by larger choirs: the distribution of masses of sound in order to provide effective contrasts, the development of harmonic thinking, and the cultivation of a highly decorative superstructure. This is closely parallel to the late Gothic and Perpendicular styles of architecture, in which the resources of space were more imaginatively planned than hitherto, and in which a balanced use of ornament was an essential feature. The parallel must not be pushed too far, if only because architecture was ubiquitous and polyphonic music, even the grandest sort, merely the decorative surface of a musical culture of which the staple commodity was still the age-old plainsong of the Church; but it is perhaps the most helpful way in which to approach the essence of this splendid music.
The Period of the Reformation
Authors: Caldwell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A CHURCH musician of the later years of Henry’s reign would have had little adjustment to make in the practice of his art, provided that he could accept the royal supremacy and, if employed by a monastic foundation, was in a position to find an alternative sphere of activity. So far as the first was concerned, the virtually complete capitulation of the ecclesiastical hierarchy would have made protest by ordinary individuals a pointless exercise. There is no record of any professional musician making an issue of the matter at this period; indeed, the few instances of trouble with the authorities, as in the cases of Taverner and Marbeck, were on the grounds of their Lutheran opinions. These were equally repugnant to the monarch, whose policy was to preserve the outward forms and doctrinal essence (as he saw it) of Catholicism.
The Elizabethan and Jacobean Period: Music for the Church
Authors: Caldwell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE reign of Elizabeth was one of gradually increasing national self-confidence, mirrored with curious exactness in its artistic (and especially its literary and musical) productions. Once it became clear that there could be no accommodation, at least in the short term, between the English Church and the papacy, the consequences had to be faced with determination. Adherence to Roman Catholicism implied at best disloyalty and at worst treason. It ceased to be mere conservatism, a longing for a vanished past, and became instead an association with a Continental movement of immense vigour. It could not be ignored; the wonder, rather, is that recusancy—so called from the refusal of Roman Catholics to attend their parish church—played so large a part in English intellectual life, despite the risk of severe penalties for those involved. Elizabeth, whose personal position as daughter of Anne Boleyn was a large part of the problem, acted with courage, resolution, and scrupulous fairness. These qualities were put to a severe test when Mary Queen of Scots was brought to trial; but Elizabeth emerged unscathed, and when in the following year the Armada was defeated by a combination of circumstances, the tide of national fortunes seemed truly to have turned, subsequent reverses notwithstanding.
Music Under the Later Stuarts
Authors: Caldwell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the middle years of the 1670s, the political and economic future of the nation might have seemed to be set on an uneventful course. The earlier troubles of the restored monarchy were over,1 and while the newly consolidated character of Church and State might be threatened both from the Puritan or parliamentary side and from the Roman Catholic, the monarchy itself, at least in its public face, held a middle course, bowing occasionally to political pressures but losing neither its control nor its distinctiveness. But the seeds of disruption were already sown. Charles died without legitimate issue. Much attracted to Roman Catholicism, at least in its outward forms, the son and husband of Roman Catholic women, he was almost certainly a convert to their faith. His brother, an avowed Papist, succeeded to the throne as James II. His uneasy combination of private and public faith, whatever its moral justification, was doomed to failure in the current climate of opinion, and his conduct was unanimously regarded as a threat to the established Church. The loyalty that had enabled the crisis of Sedge-moor to be surmounted evaporated, and the ignominious flight of 1688 brought William of Orange and his wife Mary, James’s daughter, to the English throne.
The William Lawes Masques
Authors: Walls Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The published text of The Triumph of Peace is one of the relatively few to mention the contribution of specific musicians. Its author, James Shirley, signs off by paying tribute, first to Inigo Jones as designer, and then—in particularly generous terms—to the musicians: ‘The composition of the music was per formed by Mr. William Lawes and Mr. Simon Ives, whose art gave an harmonious soul to the otherwise languishing numbers’ (11. 787–9).
Samuel Sebastian Wesley A Life
Authors: Horton Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born into one of England’s best-known families, Samuel Sebastian Wesley (1810–76) was not only the foremost organist and church musician of his generation, but a vigorous campaigner for higher standards in cathedral music. He was also a troubled, difficult character, and accounts of his abrasive personality or anecdotes about his fishing exploits have tended to obscure his very real achievements as a composer. Peter Horton has drawn on a wide range of source material to produce a detailed account of Wesley’s life and career as he moved from cathedral to cathedral in search of an unattainable ideal, his youthful idealism gradually giving way to the cynicism and disillusion familiar to those who encountered him late in life. He also examines his development as a composer and presents a study of his complete output (including the many non-church works) against the background of his restless career and in a wider European context. The book is illustrated by a generous selection of musical examples and plates, and includes the most detailed list of works to appear in print.
Hereford
Authors: Horton Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WHEN the new Dean, John Merewether, DD, arrived at Hereford Cathedral in June r 832 he found much to claim his immediate attention. Not only was the building in a poor state, but the conduct of services also left much to be desired, and at his first chapter meeting on 16 June the latter was discussed. Whilst it was recognized that this proceeded from the disability of the organist, John Clarke Whitfeld, it was now considered that the chapter’s ‘long …forbearance’ could be extended no further. Accordingly, they felt it to be ‘their indispensable duty to communicate to him their decision that the Office of organist ... [would become] vacant at Midsummer next’, unless he wished to retire earlier. The blow was softened by the grant of an annual allowance of £40 ‘in proof of their kindly feelings towards him’-a gesture whose generosity was more apparent than real because the sum was to be deducted from the emoluments of his successor.
Exeter
Authors: Horton Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WITH its busy port and general air of prosperity the city of Exeter must have seemed a hive of activity after the rural seclusion of Hereford. But it was not only commercial activity that contributed to its vitality, as it also had a flourishing cultural life and was home to the Devon Madrigal Society and the Devon Glee Club; Wesley was doubtless most gratified to be invited to join the members of the former on 17 September 1835 for a dinner in honour of their president, the amateur composer Sir John Rogers (1780–1847).
Sources and Peiformance
Authors: Spink Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cathedral choirs sang from partbooks. In the first half of the century a set usually consisted of ten-treble or ‘mean’; first and second countertenor, tenor, and bass, on both the cantoris and decanisides of the choir-and an accompaniment book for the organ. Four parts rather than five becoming the norm after 1660, a set would include eight (treble, still sometimes called ‘mean’, especially when the Cr clef was used, countertenor, tenor, and bass), again with an organ-book. Compared with scores, partbooks saved space and time in copying, but were liable to contain and reproduce scribal errors which were not easy to correct.
Chester
Authors: Spink Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Henrician foundation at Chester established a choir of six minor canons, six ‘conducts’ or lay clerks, a master of the choristers, and eight choristers.1 It was thus one of the smaller of the new foundations, and tended during the Resto ration period to be a musical satellite of Lichfield, lacking prestige for a mixture of historical, geographical, and financial reasons-the latter especially. Its endowments were inadequate, and from 1677 onwards the Chapter resorted to borrowing, with inevitable loss of morale and decline in standards, despite the best endeavours of the dean, Henry Bridgeman.
Durham
Authors: Spink Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the 1554 statutes of the cathedral: ‘there shall be for ever in the said Church one Dean, twelve Canons, twelve Minor Canons, one Deacon, one Subdeacon, ten Clerks who may be either laymen or priests, one Master of the Choristers, ten Choristers1It was thus one of the most lavish of the new foundations, as befitted the seat of a prince-bishop, comparable in size with Canterbury, Westminster Abbey, and Winchester (prior to its 1634 statutes).
Gloucester
Authors: Spink Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles II’s coronation day, 23 April 1661, was celebrated at Gloucester with bonfires, the ringing of the cathedral bells, and a special service at which the lay clerks sang. The following month a set of Barnard’s Church Musick was bought for ꌕ. 5s., and by the end of the year the choir stood at three minor canons, six lay clerks, and eight choristers.
Lincoln
Authors: Spink Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In pre-Refom1ation times the choir at Lincoln consisted of vicars choral (div ided into seniors and juniors, or those of the first and second forms), poor clerks, and choristers. So rich and magnificent a cathedral could support a large choir, which in I 506 comprised at least twenty-six vicars, nine poor clerks, and twelve choristers.