bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Unjust Enrichment
Authors: Birks Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bernard Rudden has immense range and depth. His learning stretches not only across many subjects and many jurisdictions but also deep down into history and jurisprudence. Few legal scholars can emulate either his intimate knowledge of every corner of the law library or his capacity to write with equal authority on, for example, Russian law, the structure of the law of property, the evolving law of the European Union, and the legal history of the commercial company. For most of us his example is utterly intimidating. He is also a great scholar in the more technical sense, as one whose writings simply assume the necessity of maintaining the highest standards of accuracy in expression and rigour in proof and documentation. This chapter is therefore offered with respect and affection, but not without considerable trepidation.
The action for annulment
Authors: Arnull Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under Article 230 (ex 173) EC, the Court has jurisdiction to review the legality of Community acts. That jurisdiction is essential to breathe life into two fundamental principles of the Community legal order, those of the rule of law and conferred powers. Article 230 is the main judicial remedy available to those whose rights are infringed where an institution of the Community exceeds its powers or acts unlawfully in some other way. It would have been out of keeping with the legal traditions of the founding Member States for institutions enjoying such broad law-making powers to have escaped judicial control. Article 230 helps to ensure that the Community meets the requirements of Article 47 of the Union’s Charter of Fundamental Rights, which confers on ‘[e]very one whose rights and freedoms guaranteed by the law of the Union are violated ... the right to an effective remedy before a tribunal .. .’ That provision is based on Articles 6(1) and 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights, an instrument which the Court has described as having ‘special significance’ in the Community legal order. The some­ times tortuous language in which Article 230 is couched has been the source of considerable controversy and the Court has not always adopted a consistent policy in resolving the doubts that have arisen. The same may be said of the CFI which, since 1993/’ has had jurisdiction over direct actions brought by natural and legal persons. It has made a significant contribution to the development of the case law on the action for annulment.
Direct effect, primacy and the national courts
Authors: Arnull Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It would be hard to exaggerate the importance of the doctrines of direct effect and primacy for the proper functioning of the common market, yet their practical application depends to a large extent on the goodwill of the national courts. While the lower national courts have by and large accepted the case law of the Court of Justice, the response of many top national courts has been somewhat negative. Their attitude is undoubtedly attributable in part to their role as ultimate guardians of cherished and historically resonant national constitutional values. It may also represent a reaction to the tendency of Community law to undermine the authority of higher national courts by enabling lower courts to bypass them and converse directly with the Court of Justice. Of the judgments on the matter given by supreme national courts, that of the Belgian Court de Cassation in Minister for Economic A .flairsv SA Froma,1;erie Franco­ Suisse ‘Le Ski’remains perhaps the most communautaire. The Le Skidecision has been described as ‘a watershed in Belgian jurisprudence’ as it settled a long-running debate over how conflicts between treaties and domestic law should be resolved. The position of Community law in the Belgian legal system would be determined by the solution adopted by the Cour de Cassation to that wider problem.
The right of establishment and freedom to provide services
Authors: Arnull Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Essential to the proper functioning of the internal market are the right of establishment and the freedom to provide services, which effectively extend rights of free movement to the self-employed. The right of establishment is the subject of Chapter 2 of Title III, Part Three, of the EC Treaty, which comprises Articles 43 (ex 52) to 48 (ex 58). In its original form, the first paragraph of Article 52 EEC provided: ... restrictions on the freedom of establishment of nationals of a Member State in the territory of another Member State shall be abolished by progressive stages in the course of the transitional period. Such progressive abolition shall also apply to restrictions on the setting up of agencies, branches, or subsidiaries by nationals of any Member State established in the territory of any Member State. Article 54(1) EEC required the Council to draw up a general programme for the abolition of existing restrictions on freedom of establishment within the Community setting out ‘the general conditions under which freedom of establishment is to be attained in the case of each type of activity and in particular the stages by which it is to be attained’. Under the following paragraph, the general programme was to be implemented by Council directive.
Introduction
Authors: Alvesson Mats 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book aims to contribute to the understanding of two seminal themes: knowledge-intensive work and knowledge-intensive firms; and knowledge-in particular, social processes around knowledge-more generally in an organizational context. What these rather difficult concepts may mean will be explored in depth in the next chapter. For the moment I will just say that work and organizations that are knowledge-intensive revolve around the use of intellectual and analytical tasks, and are typically seen as requiring an extensive theoretical education and experience to be carried out successfully.
Knowledge Management: Departures from Knowledge and/or Management
Authors: Alvesson Mats 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FAIRLY closely related to the management of ‘human resources’ in terms of significance and focus is knowledge management. Knowledge and human resources cannot be fully separated, al though some authors reify knowledge. Knowledge management gives a particular perspective on how organizational resources and especially the key one in the form of humans-are being managed, or at least how management tries to access and control them. Although people have tried to utilize and improve knowledge throughout history, the term ‘knowledge management’ became popular in the 1990s. It is now an important area of organizational practice and a significant academic sub discipline. Knowledge management (KM) is one of those rare fashionable ideas that have been celebrated by practitioners but also by academics across a broad range of disciplines.
The Firm: Coalitions, Communities, and Collective Agency
Authors: Taylor Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research on local and regional economic growth and regeneration has always had the firm at the centre of its deliberations. In this literature, the firm is seen as a key driver of economic change, innovation, and knowledge transfer. It is the site of enterprise and entrepreneurial endeavour. It is the locus of job creation and wealth creation. It is the source of competitive advantage. But, how much do we know about how the firm functions: what creates it, what drives it, what shapes it, what destroys it? There is a range of theories that attempts to come to grips with these processes and issues that are built on different ontological and epistemological foundations. These theories range from the market rationality of the neoclassical ‘black box’, to the calculus of markets versus hierarchies in transaction cost reasoning, to the bounded rationality of behaviouralism, and the single category, ‘capital’, of structuralism.
Firms As Political Actors in Processes of Capital Accumulation and Regional Development
Authors: Hudson Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contrary to the assumptions of mainstream, neoclassical economics, the economy and its institutions, such as firms and markets, are not naturally occurring phenomena. They are, and must be, socially produced and politically regulated. Most fundamentally, this is because the contradictory class structural relationship between capital and labour is at the core of any capitalist economy but, in addition, there are permanent tensions, expressed in varying forms of collaborative and competitive relationships, marked by typically asymmetric power relations, among both firms and groups of workers. As such, a chronically recurring characteristic of capitalist societies is a formal separation of the economic and political spheres. This separation necessarily arises as a consequence of the state mediating competitive relations between capital and labour and because of the impossibility of any single firm ensuring the conditions that make capitalist production possible. As such the state, typically in the form of the national state, emerges and evolves via processes of political and social struggle as a mediating institution.
The Regulation of Aristocratic Status
Authors: Manning Roger B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the aristocratic societies of early modern north-western Europe, disagreement arose over the question of whether monarchs were the source of honours and titles of nobility or whether they merely recognized the prior existence of honour and nobility. After the chivalric revival began in the Elizabethan period, swordsmen especially in England-began to resent the pretensions of gownsmen and courtiers and to insist that honour could be gained or validated only on the battlefield. The Tudor and Stuart monarchs sought to monopolize and regulate the granting of titles and armorial bearings and to adjudicate disputes about points of honour. This they did through the College of Heralds, which granted and authenticated coats of arms and conducted visitations by heralds in an attempt to suppress spurious claims to armigerous status; they also revived the Court of Chivalry, which claimed an exclusive jurisdiction over affairs of honour in an unsuccessful attempt to prohibit the widespread practice of duelling. Peers and gentlemen resented the sale of peerages and baronetcies by James I and the duke of Buckingham, but the conflict about the regulation of aristocratic status was more basic than any dispute concerning royal venality.
Private Warfare and the Language of the Sword
Authors: Manning Roger B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
War was almost universally sanctioned by divines, jurists, and political philosophers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. As a con sequence of the chivalric revival and the eruption of religious wars throughout Europe, more and more noblemen and gentlemen in the British Isles were becoming acquainted with a martial culture based upon honour, which was spreading throughout the camps and courts of Europe, as well as the aristocratic households and urban centres of the British Isles. Concepts of honour and virtue, which were prominent features of European martial culture, taught swordsmen and gallants to think of war and vengeance in personal and individualistic terms; only powerful centralized states could maintain the distinction between public war (bellum) and private war (duellum).
Duelling and Authority
Authors: Manning Roger B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The critics of the phenomenon of duelling agreed that, at best, the practice ignored royal proclamations, offended divine law, and was inconsistent with the values of a civil society. Ultimately, the practice of duelling invaded the royal prerogative, was symbolically an act of subversion and rebellion, and asserted the regulation of aristocratic status by the community of honour rather than royal authority. Theologians and ethicists condemned duelling as murder or suicide depending on the outcome of private combats, and military commanders discovered that duelling subverted military hierarchies and undermined military discipline, and they issued articles of war prohibiting the practice.
Conclusion
Authors: Manning Roger B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the end of the sixteenth century approached, the English aristocracy had become demilitarized for lack of opportunity-not for want of inclination; the Irish and Scottish aristocracies retained their medieval martial traditions, but engaged in feuding and cattle raiding, where the principal motive was personal revenge rather than the more rational military and political objectives of a modern state. Queen Elizabeth’s decision to intervene in the Netherlands to keep the Spanish menace at bay engaged the aristocracies of the British Isles once again in the cockpit of mainland European politics as well as the ideological conflicts of the Protestant and Catholic Reformations. The swordsmen and gallants of the Three Kingdoms volunteered in their numbers to fight in the armies of Catholic and Protestant princes and states, as the whole of Europe became engulfed in endemic religious and dynastic warfare, which spread to the British Isles after 16 38. By the end of the seventeenth century, the Three Kingdoms, under the leadership of William III, had become fully engaged in continental European and colonial wars and naval and commercial rivalries that had spread across the globe.
Constituent Structure
Authors: Carnie Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book explores the empirical and theoretical aspects of constituent structure in natural language syntax. It surveys a wide variety of functionalist and formalist theoretical approaches, from dependency grammars and Relational Grammar to Lexical Functional Grammar, Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar, and Minimalism. It describes the traditional tests for constituency and the formal means for representing them in phrase structure grammars, extended phrase structure grammars, X-bar theory, and set theoretic bare phrase structure. In doing so it provides a clear, thorough, and rigorous axiomatic description of the structural properties of constituent trees. Andrew Carnie considers the central controversies on constituent structure. Is it, for example, a primitive notion or should it be derived from relational or semantic form? Do sentences have a single constituency or multiple constituencies? Does constituency operate on single or multiple dimensions? And what exactly is the categorial content of constituent structure representations? He identifies points of commonality as well as important theoretical differences among the various approaches to constituency, and critically examines the strengths and limitations of competing frameworks. This is an ideal introduction for graduate students and advanced undergraduates. It is also a valuable reference for theoretical linguists of all persuasions in departments of linguistics, cognitive science, computational science, and related fields.
A Liberal Democratic Approach to Language Justice
Authors: Laitin David D , Reich Rob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Linguistic diversity is a social fact that raises important normative questions about justice. Since most states are linguistically diverse—by which we mean that the political boundaries of the state circumscribe a territory in which persons do not share the same native tongue—the state must have language policies, either explicit or implicit, that answer questions such as: what language(s) should be used in public institutions?; should linguistic minorities receive education in their native language, and, if so, should the state fund it?; can the state mandate or prohibit the use of some language(s) in public or non-public domains?; and can linguistic communities within the state mandate or prohibit the use of some language(s) within given zones or territories?
Beyond Personality: The Territorial and Personal Principles of Language Policy Reconsidered
Authors: Réaume Denise G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Language regulation regimes are commonly classified according to whether they exemplify the territorial model or the personality principle (Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism 1967: Ch. 4; McRae 1975: 33; Laponce 1987; McRoberts 1989; May 2001: 178–9). This division picks out one particular feature of regimes: whether they regulate language use by territory, requiring people to adapt to the language of the place, or regulate in accordance with the linguistic preferences of speakers, wherever they reside. Described this thinly, neither model dictates very precisely a concrete policy on language, and indeed the literature displays a distinct lack of precision in the use of the two models to illuminate the concrete policies adopted in various jurisdictions.
Introduction
Authors: Cooper Cary L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1980s was described as the decade of the ‘enterprise culture’, with people working longer and harder to achieve individual success and material rewards. Globalization, privatization, process re-engineering, mergers and acquisitions, strategic alliances, joint ventures, and the like, all combine to transform workplaces into hot-house, free-market environments (Cooper, 1999). By the end of the 1980s and into the early 1990s, a major restructuring of work, as we have never known it since the industrial revolution, was beginning to take place. The early years of the decade were dominated by the effects of the recession and efforts to get out of it.
Prometheus Unleashed: The Quest for Knowledge and the Promise of Salvation Through Technique
Authors: Gehmann Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prometheus-isn’t he a figure from Greek mythology, located in the remote past of an illo tempore, of a time-gone-by, with which we have nothing in common any more? What could such a figure have to do with our ‘post modern’ times, times that we perceive as being completely demystified, soberly organized, and stripped of any mythic ingredients? Before answering this question, we should first look at the myth itself.
Sentencing and Sensitivity: A Challenge for Criminological Research
Authors: Ashworth* Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The career that has taken Roger Hood to the top of his profession began with empirical research into sentencing, and he has revisited this field many times, both as a researcher and in the course of his influential writings on the relationship of criminology to policy making. Sentencing presents one of the most public faces of the criminal justice process.
Arguments of Public Policy
Authors: Cherie Booth QC , Squires Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once it is determined that a claim is justiciable, whether liability will be imposed on a public authority depends on the application of ‘ordinary principles of negligence’,and this will mean that the claimant must establish he or she was owed a duty of care. Where it has been widely recognized in similar past cases that a duty of care is owed, liability is dependent only on establishing carelessness and causation, and the court will not consider the issue of ‘duty’ at all. Where it is less clear that a duty is owed, because we are dealing with a novel category of case in which duties have not been recognized previously, the tripartite test set out in the judgment of Lord Bridge in Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman, which we consider in more detail in chapter 3, is applied.
Planning, Environmental, Banking and Professional Regulation
Authors: Cherie Booth QC , Squires Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, we examined the negligence liability of authorities engaged in health and safety regulation. The present chapter deals with regulation in other areas. It examines the tortious liability of authorities involved in regulation in the fields of planning, the environment and banking, and of those authorities regulating professions such as law, accountancy and medicine. In each of these areas, regulatory authorities are empowered to oversee and control the activities of third parties. Planning authorities regulate those involved in land development to ensure that development occurs in a manner that is compatible with wider public interests.
Petty Matters: About This Book
Authors: Phillips Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
True trade mark aficionados also tirelessly patrol a number of fault lines other than that which divides legal property from living language. In our calling we are drawn repeatedly to contemplate issues of verbal and conceptual preoccupation which many of our fellow lawyers, and certainly most of our fellow humans, find inexplicable. One of these issues is our constant need to know what is ‘identical’ and what is ‘similar’.
Infringing Acts
Authors: Phillips Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Group’s warning coincides with the publication of a new report by The Intellectual Property Institute (IPI) into The Social & Economic Effects of Counterfeiting. The report includes new information including the involvement of organised crime in counterfeiting and also the trade in counterfeit aircraft parts, which has led to many accidents globally. Aircraft fakes have been linked to no fewer than 174 US aircraft crashes or accidents between 1973 and 1996. Even the US President’s Air Force One and Two are not immune to the counterfeiting problem: in 1997, the oxygen and fire extinguisher systems were found to be ‘unapproved’.
Qualitative and Limited Dependent Variables
Authors: Heij Christiaan , Boer Paul de , Franses Philip Hans , Kloek Teun , Dijk Herman K van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider dependent variables with a restricted domain of possible outcomes. Binary variables have only two possible outcomes (‘yes’ and ‘no’); other qualitative variables can have more than two but a finite number of possible outcomes (for example, the choice between a limited number of alternatives).
Changes in the Employment Relationship Across Time
Authors: Schalk Rene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines changes in the employer-employee relationship from three perspectives: Societal changes; organizational changes; and individual changes in employees’ desires. The first perspective is the influence of the societal environment in which the employment relationship is embedded. Arguably, changes in the employment relationship occur as a consequence of developments in our society overall. In addition, characteristics of the context in which employment relationships are embedded exert an influence on the exchanges between employer and employee.
The Enforceability of A Mortgage
Authors: Miller Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A mortgagee will have taken steps to ensure that the mortgage is valid and effective against the mortgagor before the amount secured is advanced. If the legal estate is vested in joint names of husband and wife or cohabitants then the mortgage will almost certainly have been executed by both co-owners as joint mortgagors. The mortgagee will also have sought to ensure that there are no valid claims from persons other than the mortgagor or mortgagors which might affect the enforceability of its security. If the legal estate is vested in the name of one person alone then generally the mortgagee will have obtained from any person who may have, or claim to have, a right to occupy the property by virtue of a beneficial interest in the property or otherwise, a signed form consenting to such interest being postponed to the interest of the mortgagee.