bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leveraged Buyouts and Debt as a Restructuring Alternative
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prior to being acquired in a leveraged buyout (LBO) in 1986, Beatrice Food Company had three major businesses—U.S. food, consumer products, and international food—and was arguably the largest packaged food and consumer products company in the United States. In August 1985 the LBO firm Kohlberg, Kravis, Roberts & Company made an offer to buy the company, and, after failing to elicit a white knight (a company, friendly to existing management, that offers a competing bid with the goal of defeating the original offer), Beatrice’s board accepted a sweetened offer in February 1986. The deal cost $8.2 billion and was hailed as “the deal of the century.”
Implementing Restructuring and Exercising Strategic Leadership
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kodak has undergone restructuring four times since 1982—and it continues to do so. The company operates businesses in photography, chemicals, business machines, and pharmaceuticals. Since 1982 Kodak has reduced staff, divested businesses, and realigned its remaining businesses. Four times top executives have promised a new focus, greater efficiencies, and increased earnings. In fact, however, Kodak has reported tremendous variability in profits and in employee numbers. Its profits have increased by as much as 70 percent in some years and decreased by as much as 45 percent in others. The firm dropped to a low of 121,000 employees in 1986 and then in 1988 reached a high of 145,000 employees. In 1991 Kodak had an operating profit of $2.5 billion, compared to $1.88 billion in 1982 (1991 and 1982 are comparable because they both occurred during recessions).
Learning from the Past and Looking to the Future
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Merck & Company, Inc., develops, manufactures, and markets products in human and animal health and in specialty chemicals. It produces highly related products that are largely undiversified from the point of view of base technology and product development. Unlike many U.S. firms, Merck avoided the merger/acquisition craze of the 1980s, as well as the popular “leveraging up” among large firms, and instead focused its effort and its resources on internal research and development and on maintaining the quality of its products.
Inequality
Authors: Temkin Larry S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book Larry Temkin examines the concepts of equality and inequality, and addresses one particular question in depth: how can we judge between different sorts of inequality? When is one inequality worse than another? Temkin shows that there are many different factors underlying and influencing our egalitarian judgements and that the notion of inequality is surprisingly complex. He looks at inequality as applied to individuals and to groups, and at the standard measures of inequality employed by economists and others, and considers whether inequality matters more in a poor society than a rich one. The arguments of non-egalitarians are also examined. Temkin’s book presents a new way of thinking about equality and inequality which challenges the assumptions of philosophers, welfare economists, and others concerned with these notions on a practical as well as a theoretical level.
What Hath God Wrought
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Oxford History of the United States is by far the most respected multi-volume history of our nation. The series includes two Pulitzer Prize winners, two New York Times bestsellers, and winners of the Bancroft and Parkman Prizes. Now, in What Hath God Wrought, historian Daniel Walker Howe illuminates the period from the battle of New Orleans to the end of the Mexican-American War, an era when the United States expanded to the Pacific and won control over the richest part of the North American continent. Howe’s panoramic narrative portrays revolutionary improvements in transportation and communications that accelerated the extension of the American empire. Railroads, canals, newspapers, and the telegraph dramatically lowered travel times and spurred the spread of information. These innovations prompted the emergence of mass political parties and stimulated America’s economic development from an overwhelmingly rural country to a diversified economy in which commerce and industry took their place alongside agriculture. In his story, the author weaves together political and military events with social, economic, and cultural history. He examines the rise of Andrew Jackson and his Democratic party, but contends that John Quincy Adams and other Whigs--advocates of public education and economic integration, defenders of the rights of Indians, women, and African-Americans--were the true prophets of America’s future. He reveals the power of religion to shape many aspects of American life during this period, including slavery and antislavery, women’s rights and other reform movements, politics, education, and literature. Howe’s story of American expansion culminates in the bitterly controversial but brilliantly executed war waged against Mexico to gain California and Texas for the United States. By 1848 America had been transformed. What Hath God Wrought provides a monumental narrative of this formative period in United States history.
Fort Sumter: At Last the War
Authors: Royster Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
They were going to fight the war, but no one should make the mistake of believing that they were responsible for it. In undertaking to discuss the start of the fighting and Americans’ acceptance of combat, I must make some disclaimers of my own, in the hope that I will not be held responsible for subjects that are outside of my scope. I do not propose to analyze the crisis over Fort Sumter or to recount the mobilization of the armies or the battlefield expectations of the combatants.
Sacred Vessel: The Dreadnought
Authors: O’Connell Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In November 1900 the enterprising Lieutenant William S. Sims arrived aboard the USS Kentucky, which, along with her sister Kearsarge, was the latest and presumably the most awesome addition to the growing herd of U.S. capital ships.1 Fresh from a three-year tour of duty as an intelligence officer assigned to evaluate the latest developments in European naval technology, Sims was naturally interested in the details of Kentucky’s armament and construction. What he discovered was not reassuring. Although Sims had been taught “from the day that I entered the Naval Academy ... that each ship that we launched was ‘the latest expression of naval science,’ “ he found the Kentucky to be a treasure trove of naval blunders and antiquities. 2 He reacted to the ship’s manifold failings with something akin to moral outrage. “Kentucky is not a battleship at all. She is the worst crime in naval construction ever perpetrated by the white race.”3 So great was Sims’s consternation that in February 1901 he presented the unfortunate vessel’s commanding officer with a detailed bill of indictment to be forwarded to the Navy Department in Washington.4 “I shall never forget the scene at the wardroom mess table when the criticisms were first discussed. The executive and other officers became pale with rage in denouncing them-and me. However, after much discussion, they were obliged sadly to acknowledge their justice.
Trial by Fire: Battle in the North Sea
Authors: O’Connell Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1914, for the first time in a century, Europe found itself immersed in general war. As the terrestrial conflict settled into a ghastly stalemate, the war at sea pitted the presumably incomparable British Grand Fleet against the brash chal¬ lenger from across the North Sea, the German High Seas Fleet. At last the mighty dreadnoughts would prove themselves to be the formidable weapons sailors everywhere knew them to be-or so the naval world fervently believed. In fact,_ things were destined to be a great deal different. Reality and that silent arbiter of human affairs, technology, had finally caught up with a naval establish¬ ment totally committed to floating leviathans calculated more to inspire fear than to deal death. What ensued was unlikely to reassure those who placed much stock in people’s ability to plan their futures.
Martyrdom: Dreadnoughts in the Wake of Versailles
Authors: O’Connell Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the Great War wound down to ashes in the fall of 1918, it became clear that for the second time in a bit over a century an outsider would preside over a general European peace settlement. Like Russia’s Alexander I a hundred years before him, Woodrow Wilson was an idealist who had seen the struggle from a vastly different perspective, both geographically and conceptually, from the views of the other belligerents. Millions of his people had not been uselessly slaughtered; the gargantuan hatreds generated by the war were but dimly perceived.
Requiem: The Washington Naval Conference
Authors: O’Connell Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chorus of naval protest that arose over Mitchell’s disregard of the rules could not drown out the test’s stark, simple lesson. A plane had sunk a battleship. Those were the words spoken by the public after reading their morning papers. That was the rationale behind Senator’s King’s 25 July bill to terminate work on the new dreadnoughts. 1 That was the message that pierced the ornate gray facade of the State Department building and found the ear of Charles Evans Hughes.
Life After Death: Rehabilitating the Dreadnought
Authors: O’Connell Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The U.S. Navy steamed into the interwar period with its course set to rehabilitate the battleship. But its bearings were askew: Those charting the passage were enshrouded in a fog of their own making, heavy with illusions of both past and future. Fortunately it was a multinational overcast, similarly dimming the vision of the British and Japanese naval leadership, leaving all three of the world’s great fleets steering nearly equally eccentric paths across the 1920s and 1930s. Cer¬ tainly there were dissenters within each of the three services, but until the very end of the period their voices were generally muffled by the liturgical chants of the orthodox and the manifest thunder of the sacred vessels. And appropriately enough that chapter ended with a massive slaughter of dreadnoughts, a massacre that, though perceived initially as a great victory, would prove tactically and strategically irrelevant to the conduct of the war it had provoked.
Conclusion: Vampires of Seapower
Authors: O’Connell Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The day of the dreadnought may have passed, but the individual ships lived on and on. Considering how it had begun, World War II proved to be something less of a debacle for battleships than might have been expected, but their role in the American Navy remained definitely a secondary one. After Midway-the first naval battle when the warships involved didn’t come within sight or gunshot of one another-it was utterly apparent that the carrier was the new capital ship. For their part, dreadnoughts would subsequently engage hostile surface-vessels only four times during the course of war, the high point coming when the new battleships Washington and South Dakota sank the Japanese Kirishima in November 1942 off Guadalcanal. However, battleships did prove useful for shore bombardment in support of amphibious operations, as antiaircraft platforms to protect carriers, and still less heroically as oilers. All in all, it was a modest but positive performance, although other, far .cheaper ships could have approximated most of these services, including shore fire mimicked by massed rocket barrages. Nonetheless, when the shooting stopped, it was a dreadnought that steamed into the spotlight at the moment of victory. For on 2 September 1945, Japanese representatives signed the instrument of surrender, not on the flight deck of a battle-scarred aircraft carrier, but aboard the dreadnought Missouri. Old loyalties die hard.
Fractal Measures of Heterogeneity and Correlation
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If anything is characteristic of biological signals it is that they fluctuate. Yet, like the staggering progress of science, there is direction and correlation. We often need to characterize correlations, that is, the degree and extent of similarity of a measured property as it varies in space and time. The use of the normal curve assumes the fluctuations are independent, not correlated. However, in nature these fluctuations are more structured. For example, structured correlations occur in the variation in density of water in a cloud, the variation in regional blood flow, and local receptor densities in an organ.
Mechanisms That Produce Fractals
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fractals help us understand physiological systems in two different ways. First, they provide a phenomenological description. Since fractals have qualitatively different properties than nonfactual, just the realization that we are working with a fractal is important. This realization can actually be difficult, even if the pattern is “obvious.” Thus, it has been a significant surprise each time yet another physiological system was found to be fractal, such as the branching of the airways in the lung, or the distribution of blood flow in the heart, or the kinetics of ion channels.
Chaos? in Physiological Systems
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last two decades chaotic dynamical systems analysis has become a standard tool for systems analysis in the hydrodynamics of turbulence, in mechanical systems, and in electrical signals. The label “chaotic” referes to the lack of predictability of the weather and other complex systems. We can use “chaos” theory to enhance our understanding of cardiovascular pressures, flows, heart rates, and tracer exchanges. “Chaos” is the descriptor applied to the state of a system that is unpredictable, even though bounded.
Negation and Clausal Structure
Authors: Zanuttini Raffaella 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every human language has some syntactic means of distinguishing a negative from a non-negative sentence; in other words, every speaker ‘s syntactic competence provides a means to express sentential negation. This ability, however, may be expressed in different ways, as shown by the fact that individual languages employ different syntactic strategies for the expression of the same semantic function of negating a sentence. Zanuttini ‘s goal here is to characterize the range of such variation by comparing the different syntactic means for expressing sentential negation exhibited by the members of one language family--the Romance languages--and by reducing the differences we witness to a constrained set of choices available to the particular grammars of these languages. This sort of analysis is a first step towards the ultimate goal of determining and understanding what limits there are on the syntactic options that universal grammar imposes on the expression of sentential negation.
A Bibliography of the Conjunctive
Authors: Depuydt Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BROWNE, G. Michael, Bibliotheca Orientalis, 36 (1979): 181-83, at 182. Review of Tito Orlandi, Il dossier copto del martire Psote. Tosti e documenti per lo studio dell’Antichita 61. Milano: Cisalpino-Goliardica, 1978. , Chronique d’Egypte, 53 (1978): 199-202, at 201-2. Review of Hans Quecke, Das Lukasevangelium sai’disch. Papyrologica Castroctaviana: Studia et Textus 6. Rome and Barcelona: Papyrologica Castroctaviana, 1977.
Translating Contiguous Events
Authors: Depuydt Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present paper does not aim to discuss the subtle differences that no doubt exist among these four alternatives. Since it is impossible to determine the degree of vividness expressed by the Egyptian original, Egyptian being a dead language, the translator will have to choose for each example the English alternative that seems stylistically most suitable, at the risk of not conveying the proper degree of forcefulness. In the translations of the examples below, subjective choices have been made among those four alternatives.
Incentives to Increase Services: The Range of Existing Practices
Authors: Rodwin Marc A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conflicts of interest in fee-for-service medicine are significant and intractable. Coupled with insurance, they have spawned a great deal of overuse of medical services.3 In reaction, third-party payers have developed alternative ways of paying physicians that do not provide incentives for increasing services. These include salary, capitation payment (a set fee per patient for a fixed period of time), and risk-sharing plans that hold physicians financially responsible for the volume of services they provide. But fee-for-service payment still dominates our medical care system. Eliminating fee-for-service payment would require major changes in the organization of medicine that would be politically difficult, and this form of payment does provide some benefits for patients and society.
The Dangers Of Incentives To Decrease Services And The Ineffectiveness Of Current Responses
Authors: Rodwin Marc A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) and hospitals have developed strong long-term organizational and financial ties with physicians that enable them to influence their clinical decisions. As we have seen, they often use financial incentives to manage physicians’ behavior and cut costs. Many incentives can promote patients’ welfare or at least have no detrimental effect. But there are HMO risk-sharing and hospital incentive plans that encourage physicians to reduce the number of services they provide. They compromise physicians’ loyalty to patients and reduce their independent judgment. These problems are not minor. They are growing more serious, and regulatory measures are not yet coping with them adequately.
Form, Creativity, and Competitiveness
Authors: Fruin W Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Japan’s industrial competitiveness is factory-based competitiveness, and for Toshiba, Knowledge Works are the source of its competitive, leading edge in manufacturing. Knowledge Works are focused, yet flexible and versatile, high-tech manufacturing sites that emphasize an integrated management of people, capital, and technology, and embody an abundant base of knowledge, capability, and ambition. This factory-as-fulcrum argument goes beyond Alfred Chandler’s 20th-century emphasis on vertical integration, management of physical assets, and the coordination of scale and scope economies to argue that network forms of organization, workplace centered human resource strategies, and intangible asset management constitute a new paradigm for factories and industrial firms in the 21st century.
Internationalizing Knowledge Works
Authors: Fruin W Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The factory, as opposed to the firm, as a principal vehicle for transferring organizational and technical knowledge has been ignored or, at least, badly neglected. This has led to a misunderstanding of the process by which inter unit and inter functional manufacturing capabilities are moved, and to an overemphasis on strategic rather than operational aspects of the transfer. When capabilities are site- and relation-specific, as in Knowledge Works, the transfer is likely to be especially problematic, resulting in wasted efforts and opportunities.
Waste is just what Knowledge Works are designed to reduce, yet the very reasons why they reduce waste at home may be jeopardized overseas.
Introduction
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On August 2, 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait. To the outside world, the news came as a complete surprise. Two years earlier Iraqand Kuwait had stood together as allies against the rising tide of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, which threatened both countries as well as the region as a whole. During the eight-year war with Iran, Kuwaitindeed, along with several other Arab neighbors-supported Iraq not only politically in international councils, but also financially when its income from the export of oil was reduced by Iran’s raids, which destroyed most of its oil fields. Small wonder that the invasion of Kuwait aroused concerns in international circles about Iraq’s intentions, and the Western media, already disenchanted with Iraqi policy, launched an outrageous campaign against its leadership.
Shri and Kurdish Uprisings
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Iraqi Army’s defeat by the Coalition powers and the massive destruction of military and civilian areas released pent-up antiregime feelings among the opposition groups inside and outside the country. Above all, it reinvigorated opponents to the regime among the Shi’is in southern Iraq and the Kurds in northern areas who had long been awaiting favorable opportunities for uprisings against the central government.
’A Negro on Trial for His Life’Criminal Law and Race
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fascism’s rise in Europe, which Justice Black alluded to in his Chambers opinion, brought third-degree methods and discrimination in jury selection to the center of the Supreme Court’s concern about racial equality. The African-American com-munity pressed civil rights lawyers to pursue cases raising these issues. Those were truly pressing cases of sheer human need, and they appealed to Marshall’s instincts as a trial lawyer. During the 1940s ’Judge and Company’ laid the foundations of the law of criminal procedure that eventually came into full flower under Chief Justice Earl Warren.
Hong Kong
Authors: Day Jerome J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand Hong Kong’ s telecommunications policy and practice requires an understanding of Hong Kong’ s uniqueness in terms of the broad parameters and institutional frameworks within which these matters are worked out compared with those elsewhere. First, Hong Kong is not a country. Rather, it is a British Crown Colony headed by a governor appointed by the Queen. In historical practice this means that the governor and other senior officials have been “vetted” for their posts by the British government in London. While the Hong Kong government has enjoyed the authority to legislate law for Hong Kong, to interpret this law through an independent judiciary, and to administer it, British constitutional and administrative practices naturally have predominated. (In the run-up to 1997 this has changed somewhat; see, e.g., Miners 1991).
Human Resource Management
Authors: Oster Sharon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the hallmarks of the nonprofit organization is its high labor intensity. For charitable nonprofits as a whole, in 1987, 44% of total expenses were in the form of labor payments, as shown in Table 5.1. This paid staff is supplemented by a large and active volunteer staff, the value of whose services in the United States alone has been estimated at over $150 billion. For reasons of size alone, human resource management is a critical issue in most nonprofits.