bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A technique for improved fixation of the pigeon central nervous system for electron microscopy
Authors: Rieke Garl K. , Bowers Daniel E. , Silvy Nova J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe central nervous system (CNS) of the pigeon has been difficult to fix with consistency, and consequently this problem has impeded ultrastructural studies of various parts of the pigeon brain. Here we describe a method for effective fixation of the pigeon CNS and discuss the three principal problems associated with good fixation of this animal's brain. The animal was deeply anesthetized and the thoracic cavity was opened without collapsing the pectoral girdle upon the brachiocephalic trunks and the common carotids. The perfusion pressure was raised to 140–150 mm Hg to overcome the high resistance of the small diameter, long common carotids. Heparin was added to the wash buffer to retard coagulation of blood in the vascular bed of the brain. The method is not foolproof, but with care excellent fixation can be achieved.
Necrotic death but not irradiation abolishes costimulation of T‐cell effector functions and survival by CD80‐expressing tumor cells
Authors: Stärck Lilian , Scholz Christian , Blankenstein Thomas , Dörken Bernd , Daniel Peter T. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTumor vaccination by the use of gene‐modified cancer cells that provide costimulatory signals has been successfully applied in preclinical animal models and is currently evaluated in a variety of clinical settings. In previous work, we demonstrated the efficacy of B7.1/CD80 to promote tumor immunity in syngeneic murine models and to prevent deletion of activated T cells by activation‐induced cell death (AICD). In clinical trials, tumor cell vaccines are generally inactivated to avoid transfer of live tumor cells, i.e., additional tumor burden. Previous data indicated, however, that inactivation of tumor cells by lethal ionizing irradiation abrogates tumor vaccination by CD80‐expressing cells. Here, we compare living and irradiated allogeneic tumor cells regarding their capacity to induce T‐cell effector functions and their propensity to interfere with T‐cell deletion by apoptosis. Both lethally irradiated and nonirradiated tumor cells facilitated T‐cell proliferation, tumor cell lysis, and interfered with T‐cell AICD to a similar extent. In contrast, necrotic tumor cells failed to costimulate T‐cell effector functions. Thus, irradiation does not seem to hamper tumor cell‐mediated costimulation of T‐cell effector functions. In contrast, necrosis of gene‐modified tumor cells abrogates costimulation of T cells by CD80‐expressing cells. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Constructions of sparse asymmetric connectors with number theoretic methods
Authors: Baltz Andreas , Jäger Gerold , Srivastav Anand 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe consider the problem of connecting a set 1 of n inputs to a set O of N outputs (n ≤ N) by as few edges as possible such that for every injective mapping f : I → O there are n vertex disjoint paths from i to f(i) of length k for a given k ∈ IN. For k = Ω(logN + log2n) Oruç (J Parallet Distributed Comput 1994, 359–36610) gave the presently best (n,N)‐connector with O(N + n · logn) edges. For k = 2 and N the square of a prime, Richards and Hwang (1985) described a construction using
$N\lceil\sqrt{n + 5/4} - 1/2\rceil + n\lceil\sqrt{n + 5/4} - 1/2 \rceil \sqrt{N}$
edges. We show by a probabilistic argument that an optimal (n,N)‐connector has Θ(N) edges, if n ≤ N½−ε for some ∈ ≥ 0. Moreover, we give explicit constructions based on a new number theoretic approach that need at most $N\lceil \sqrt{3n/4}\rceil + 2n\lceil \sqrt {3n/4}\rceil\lceil\sqrt{N}\rceil$
edges for arbitrary choices of n and N. The improvement we achieve is based on applying a generalization of the Erdős‐Heilbronn conjecture on the size of restricted sums. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 45(3), 119–124 2005
Adolescents with a childhood experience of parental divorce: a longitudinal study of mental health and adjustment
Authors: St⊘rksen Ingunn , R⊘ysamb Espen , Moum Torbj⊘rn , Tambs Kristian 
Published: February 2005

Abstract**This is a prospective Norwegian study of a group of adolescents with an experience of parental divorce or separation and a comparison group without this experience . Mean age at T1 was 14.4 years and mean age at T2 was 18.4 years. Parental divorce was prospectively associated with a relative change in anxiety and depression, subjective well‐being, self‐esteem, and school problems. Considering boys separately, parental divorce was prospectively associated only with school problems. Among the girls, divorce was prospectively associated with all variables. The effect of divorce on relative change was partially mediated by paternal absence.
The space \( BV\left(\right.S^{2},S^{1}\left.\right) \): minimal connection and optimal lifting
Authors: Ignat Radu 
Published: February 2005

We show that topological singularities of maps in

\mathrm{BV}(S^{2},S^{1})

can be detected by its distributional Jacobian. As an application, we construct an optimal lifting and we compute its total variation.

Résumé

On montre que le jacobien d'une fonction

u \in \mathrm{BV}(S^{2},S^{1})

permet de localiser les singularités topologiques de

u

. On applique ce résultat à la construction d'un relèvement optimal et on calcule sa variation totale.
Postoperative analgesia in children — current practice in Germany
Authors: Stamer Ulrike M. , Mpasios Nektarios , Maier Christoph , Stuber Frank 
Published: February 2005

AbstractGerman departments of anaesthesia were surveyed to determine current practice of postoperative pain management in children. The response rate of the survey was 58.6%: Questionnaires of 383 departments in which paediatric surgery was performed could be analyzed. 37.3% operated an acute pain service (APS). In 58.8% of the hospitals, postoperative pain management in children was mainly performed by surgeons or pediatricians. Anaesthesiologists or an APS were in charge for pain management in children in 38.6% of the institutions. Non‐opioid analgesics were the drugs most widely used (93.4%), whereas i.v. opioids were never used in 20.9% of the hospitals and used less than once a week in 28.7%. The intramuscular route was chosen at least occasionally by 27.7% of the respondents. Peripheral and central regional techniques were performed in most of the departments, however, frequency of use varied considerably between hospitals running or not running an APS. The majority performed the techniques of regional anaesthesia less than once a week. The basic primary quality criterion of pain therapy, a regular measurement and documentation of pain scores, was performed in only 4% of the institutions.Paediatric pain management does not meet quality criteria and standards of care already established in adults. In the future, additional education of the medical staff considering analgesic techniques and measurement of pain scores has to be emphasized.
Rapid-response indicators of changes in resource state based on Mediterranean bottom-trawl surveys
Authors: Ragonese Sergio , Morizzo Gaia , De Santi Alberto , Bianchini Marco L. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The authors propose a method for developing operational indicators of resource state, with an example based on a set of eight variables (mean abundance index in weight, mean body weight, median length, sex ratio, sex ratio by selected length class, mean and median female length-at-maturity, and percentage of females at maturity) derived from surveys conducted in the Strait of Sicily (central Mediterranean Sea, 1994–2002) for six target species. The method combines univariate (kite diagrams, sphere displacement plots) and multivariate techniques (multi-dimensional scaling).
Comparing the Benguela and Humboldt marine upwelling ecosystems with indicators derived from inter-calibrated models
Authors: Moloney Coleen L. , Jarre Astrid , Arancibia Hugo , Bozec Yves-Marie , Neira Sergio , Roux Jean-Paul , Shannon Lynne J. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Large-scale, mass-balance trophic models have been developed for northern and southern regions of both the Benguela and Humboldt upwelling ecosystems. Four of these Ecopath models were compared and calibrated against one another. A common model structure was established, and a common basis was used to derive poorly known parameter values. The four resulting models represent ecosystems in which the main commercial fish species have been moderately to heavily fished: central-southern Chile (1992), northern-central Peru (1973–1981), South Africa (1980–1989), and Namibia (1995–2000). Quantitative ecosystem indicators derived from these models were compared. Indicators based on large flows (involving low trophic levels) or top predators were not well estimated, because of aggregation problems. Many of the indicators could be contrasted on the basis of differences between the Benguela and Humboldt systems, rather than on the basis of fishing impact. These include integrated values relating to total catches, and trophic levels of key species groups. Indicators based on integrated biomass, total production, and total consumption tended to capture differences between the model for Namibia (where fish populations were severely reduced) and the other models. We conclude that a suite of indicators is required to represent ecosystem state, and that interpretation requires relatively detailed understanding of the different ecosystems.
Lamellar body count as a predictor of neonatal lung maturity in high‐risk pregnancies
Authors: Abd El Aal D.E.M. , Elkhirshy A.A. , Atwa S. , El‐Kabsh Mohamed Y. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractObjectivesTo compare the usefulness of a lamellar body count, a fluorescence polarization assay, and the foam stability index for predicting neonatal lung maturity in high‐risk pregnancies.SettingThis study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut University Hospital.DesignA prospective clinical trail.Subjects and MethodsThis study was performed after recruiting 73 pregnant women, 52 with high‐risk pregnancies (25 had diabetes and 27 had premature labor) and 21 with a healthy full‐term singleton pregnancy as controls. All women were delivered in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Assiut University Hospital. The newborns with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were admitted in the neonatal intensive care unit of the Department of Pediatrics. Amniotic fluid specimens were obtained near delivery. Apgar score, vital signs, anthropometric data, and complete clinical examination results were available for all newborns, and particular emphasis was placed on signs of RDS.ResultsThe incidence of RDS was 44.2% in the newborns of women who had experienced a high‐risk pregnancy (of these, 82.6% were born preterm and 17.4% to diabetic mothers). We found that a lamellar body count is a good screening test for predicting neonatal lung maturity. It is as good as the fetal lung maturity assay by fluorescence polarization in some respects and better in others; moreover, it is better than the foam stability index test in all respects. A lamellar body count with cutoffs of 41×103/μL and 18×103/μL was a good predictor of low and high risks of RDS in newborns. Values between 19×103/μL and 40×103/μL were the best to predict an intermediate risk of RDS.ConclusionLamellar body count is a good screening test for predicting the degree of neonatal lung maturity.
Diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus intrauterine infection using fetal cells from maternal blood
Authors: Chen H.P. , Wang T.R. , Xiang W.P. , Xu X.Y. , Zhang M. , Xu J.P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractObjectiveThe sensitivity and specificity for the noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus intrauterine infection were estimated by using isolating single fetal cells from maternal peripheral blood.MethodsMicromanipulation techniques were employed to isolate single fetal nucleated erythroblasts from 273 maternal blood samples. SRY gene and HCMV‐DNA in single fetal cells were detected by multiple primed in situ labeling (PRINS) from 76 HCMV‐DNA positive samples of maternal peripheral blood. 273 samples of maternal peripheral blood were tested for SRY gene and HCMV‐DNA in single fetal cells by primed extension preamplification (PEP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).ResultsThe detection rate of fetal cells from maternal blood was 100% with micromanipulation techniques. The sensitivity of PRINS for SRY gene detection was 97.56% and its specificity was 100%. The sensitivity and specificity of PEP and PCR for SRY gene detection were 97.39% and 99.17%, respectively. The sensitivity of PRINS for HCMV‐DNA detection was 92.68% and the specificity was 100%. The sensitivity and specificity of PEP and PCR for HCMV‐DNA detection were 95.12%and 100%, respectively.ConclusionThe technique for noninvasive prenatal detection of intrauterine infection of HCMV using single fetal cells from maternal peripheral blood by using PRINS and PEP and PCR is more reliable than the CMV‐DNA detection in peripheral maternal blood, amniocentesis or percutaneous umbilical blood sampling.
Effective Moisture Diffusivity in Porous Materials as a Function of Temperature and Moisture Content
Authors: Tong C. H. , Lund D. B. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractRegular regime theory was used to evaluate the effective moisture diffusivity of a commercial white bread, plain sheet muffin, and baking powder biscuit as a function of moisture content based on desorption experiments. Volume shrinkage during drying was also monitored. The existence of regular regime periods in desorption processes for porous baked products was experimentally verified. Effective moisture diffusivity at temperatures between 20 and 100°C ranged from 2.5×10−5to 5.5×10−3cm2/s in the moisture range of 0.1–0.7 g of H20/g of solid for bread, 9.35×10−6to 9.7×10−4cm2/s in the moisture range of 0.1–0.65 g of H20/g of solid for biscuit, and 8.4×10−6to 1.54×10−3cm2/s in the moisture range of 0.1–0.9 g of H20/g of solid for muffin. The effect of temperature on effective moisture diffusivity was adequately modeled by the Arrhenius relationship. Activation energies for bread, biscuit, and muffin were found to be independent of moisture content and were 51, 51, and 55 kJ/mol, respectively. Mathematical models to relate the effective moisture diffusivity to temperature and moisture content were developed.
Degradation of Pesticides in a Continuous‐Flow Two‐Phase Microemulsion Reactor
Authors: Komives C. , Osborne D. , Russell A. J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBiocatalytic processes in reversed micelles are limited by the need for continuous reactors in which reaction and separation are feasible. In this paper, we report the design and testing of a continuous‐flow centrifugal bioreactor for the enzyme‐catalyzed hydrolysis of the common pesticide paraoxon in reverse micelles of Tween 85. In this system, organophosphorus hydrolase catalyzes hydrolysis of the pesticide in an organic‐organic two‐phase system. The enzyme is retained in one of the phases by encapsulation in reversed micelles, while the other phase is under a continuous flow. This liquid‐liquid plug‐flow reactor does not leach enzyme because the enzyme is not soluble in the flowing organic phase that contains the paraoxon.
Temperature and Growth Rate Effects on the hok/sok Killer Locus for Enhanced Plasmid Stability
Authors: Wu Kuowei , Jahng Deokjin , Wood Thomas K. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe hok/sok locus, isolated from the multiple‐resistance plasmid R1 of Escherichia coli, is very efficient at ensuring the stable maintenance of plasmids in Gram‐negative systems by killing plasmid‐free cells as they arise. To investigate independently the influence of temperature and growth rate on the effectiveness of hok/sok, continuous fermentations have been conducted with the pUC‐based, IPTG‐induced, β‐galactosidase expression vector pTKW106. At fixed temperature (37°C), decreasing the dilution rate decreased plasmid stability, and at a fixed, low dilution rate (D = 0.15/h), decreasing the temperature resulted in an increase in plasmid stability. These trends are explained by the specific β‐galactosidase activity of each continuous fermentation: higher, specific, recombinant protein expression led to decreased plasmid stability (due to either segregational or structural instability, as determined by plasmid DNA isolation). A representative fed‐batch medium produced more β‐galactosidase on a volumetric basis than M9C in the chemostat, and addition of the hok/sok locus increased segregational stability by 8–22‐fold in continuous fermentations that lacked antibiotic selection pressure and in which β‐galactosidase was constantly expressed at 12% of total cell protein for 60 h (43–47 generations).
Bond Strength of Composite to Alloy Treated With Bonding Systems
Authors: Chang Jeffrey C. , Powers John M. , Hart Deborah 
Published: March 2005

Purpose The in‐vitro bond strengths of a composite bonded to a nickel‐chromium‐beryllium alloy treated by eight bonding systems were measured after three storage conditions.Materials and Methods Nickel‐chromium‐beryllium alloy samples were treated by eight commercial bonding systems including adhesive composite cements, all‐purpose bonding agents, and silica‐coating systems. A composite was bonded to the alloy samples. Sample groups were stored in water for 24 hours at 23°C, or thermocycled, or stored for 6 months at 23°C and then debonded in tension.Results Bond strengths after 24 hours storage were: adhesive composite cements, 14.2 to 22.1 MPa; all‐purpose bonding agents, 11.4 to 14.6 MPa; and silica‐coating systems, 18.6 to 20.2 MPa. Bond strengths after thermocycling were: adhesive composite cements, 12.6 to 20.6 MPa; all‐purpose bonding agents, 9.9 to 17.7 MPa; and silica‐coating systems, 11.1 to 19.2 MPa. Bond strengths after 6 months were: adhesive composite cements, 12.0 to 13.1 MPa; all‐purpose bonding agents, 8.7 to 14.1 MPa; and silica‐coating systems, 14.8 to 18.4 MPa.Conclusions Only two bonding systems showed decreased bond strength after thermocycling, as compared with 24 hours' storage; whereas four bond systems showed decreased bond strength after 6 months' storage. Bond strengths measured after thermocycling were not predictive of those measured after 6 months' storage.
COMPARISON OF THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF HEDONIC DATA USING ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND MULTIPLE COMPARISONS VERSUS AN R‐INDEX ANALYSIS OF THE RANKED DATA
Authors: O'MAHONY MICHAEL , PARK HAENA , PARK JAE YEON , KIM KWANG‐OK 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT Consumers rated a set of toothbrushes and a set of potato chips on 9‐point and 21‐point hedonic scales under two experimental protocols: a traditional approach and rank‐rating. The hedonic data were analyzed in the usual way by using anova and multiple comparisons and also by ranking the data and using an R‐index analysis. The hypothesis that the latter analysis would elicit fewer significant differences was not confirmed.
On an Extension of Condition Number Theory to Nonconic Convex Optimization
Authors: Freund Robert M. , Ordóñez Fernando 
Published: February 2005

The purpose of this paper is to extend, as much as possible, the modern theory of condition numbers for conic convex optimization: z* ≔ minx ct x, s.t. Ax−b ∈ CY, x ∈ CX, to the more general nonconic format: z* ≔ minx ctx, (GPd) s.t. Ax − b ∈ CY, x ∈ P, where P is any closed convex set, not necessarily a cone, which we call the ground-set. Although any convex problem can be transformed to conic form, such transformations are neither unique nor natural given the natural description of many problems, thereby diminishing the relevance of data-based condition number theory. Herein we extend the modern theory of condition numbers to the problem format (GPd). As a byproduct, we are able to state and prove natural extensions of many theorems from the conic-based theory of condition numbers to this broader problem format.
FSH secretion predominates in vivo and in vitro in patients with non-functioning pituitary adenomas
Authors: Hanson P L , Aylwin S J B , Monson J P , Burrin J M 
Published: March 2005

Objective: Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are characterised by the lack of symptoms of hormone hypersecretory syndromes but in vitro studies have demonstrated that tumour cells may stain for gonadotrophins and/or their α- or β-subunits. In this study, we aimed to examine the pattern of secretion of LH and FSH from a series of pituitary adenomas cultured in vitro and where data were available to relate the results to pre-operative serum gonadotrophin levels.
Methods: The in vitro secretion of LH and FSH was measured from 46 cultured NFPAs and compared with pre-operative serum gonadotrophin levels in 38 patients. Peritumorous ‘normal’ pituitary cell cultures from 20 additional pituitary tumour patients were used for comparison with the NFPA group.
Results: A median pre-operative LH:FSH ratio of 0.33:1 was found in 38 patients with NFPAs. Preferential secretion of FSH was also documented from media of 46 NFPAs cultured in vitro with a median LH:FSH ratio of 0.32:1. A significant correlation (r = 0.43, P < 0.01) was observed between serum and media levels of FSH but not LH. Peritumorous ‘normal’ pituitary cells released LH and FSH in a reversed ratio (median LH:FSH ratio = 3.6:1, P < 0.01 compared with NFPAs).
Conclusions: This study has evaluated pre-operative serum gonadotrophin levels and in vitro release of hormones in cultures of surgically removed tissue from patients with NFPAs. The data suggest preferential secretion of FSH occurs both in vitro and in vivo. By demonstrating that NFPAs cultured in vitro reflect the in vivo situation of preferential secretion of FSH, it may be possible in future to perform functional studies using this system to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the development of an imbalance in gonadotroph cells preferentially overproducing FSH in NFPAs.
A relationship between fine structure and function of blood vessels in the central nervous system of rabbit fetuses
Authors: Donahue Sheila 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe central nervous system of rabbit fetuses from the ninth to the twentieth day of gestation has been examined by phase contrast and electron microscopy. Blood vessels are first seen in the neuroectodermal tissue at 11 days of gestation. They increase in number between 11 days and 20 days of gestation but there is no change in their fine structure. The endothelial cells usually have voluminous cytoplasm which forms projections into the lumen of the vessels. These projections or flaps are a prominent feature of the fine structure of the endothelial cells during this period of growth of the central nervous system. Their function appears to be the impounding of material from the blood stream by curving over and coalescing with the plasma membrane, thus forming a large vesicle. Thorium dioxide, injected into the blood stream, is taken up along with the constituents of the plasma and is seen in the large vesicles formed by the flaps, as well as in smaller vesicles formed directly from the luminal plasma membrane by the usual mechanism of pinocytosis. Flaps are usually located at the terminal bars. Thorium dioxide is not seen between the thickened cell membranes that form the terminal bar but is present in vesicles adjacent to the terminal bar.