bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The morphology of the skull of a young Galesaurus planiceps and related forms
Authors: Rigney Harold W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis paper is based on evidence obtained from sectioned skull of Galesaurus planiceps, Owen. Width‐length index of skull is 67.7; height‐width index 47.6. Dental formula is: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{{\rm I\; 3\; or\; 4}}}{{{\rm I\; ?}}} $\end{document}, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{{\rm C\; 1}}}{{{\rm C\; 1}}} $\end{document}, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{{\rm PC\; 7}}}{{{\rm PC\; 9}}} $\end{document}. Length of prevomer is 24.0 mm., that of skull 62.0 mm. Maxilla contains cavity which appears to be equivalen of sinus maxillaris of mammals. Ear structure shows large internal auditory meatus. There is no evidence that horizontal and posterior semicircular canals pass through bone. Fenestra ovalis is large. Parasphenoid, basisphenoid, and basioccipital are fused. Parasphenoid consists of short body and a medial anterior process. Sella turcica lacks floor, probably due to erosion. Detached bone may be sphenethmoid. Dentary contains two canals, probably vascular. Comparisons with related forms lead to following conclusions: (1) Specimen is of young animal. (2) Dental succession of postcanines, distichical replacement of postcanines, long prevomer, short parasphenoid, incomplete osseous incasement of semicircular canals, and other characteristics label Galesaurus as primitive cynodont. (3) Reduction of parasphenoid and development of prevomer support Broom's view that Ictidosaurus is not a cynodont. (4) Prevomer as nasal septum; fusion of parasphenoid, basisphenoid, and basioccipital; large lacrimal, splenial, and articular; and other characteristics indicate that Galesaurus is off line leading to mammals. (5) In certain respects cynodonts are more mammal‐like than gorgonopsians.
Determination of capsaicinoid profile of different chilli peppers grown in Turkey
Authors: Poyrazoǧlu Ender Sinan , Yemiş Oktay , Kadakal Çetin , Artık Nevzat 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn this research the major pungent components of chilli peppers, namely capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin, were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Chilli pepper varieties Maraş, Süs, Cin and Isot were collected from different regions (Maraş and Urfa) of Turkey. Capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin contents of Maraş peppers were 0.81–1.42, 0.38–0.70 and 0.01–0.04 mg g−1 respectively. Total capsaicinoid contents of Süs, Cin and Isot peppers were 2.11, 4.70 and 0.55 mg g−1 respectively, while total capsaicinoid contents of their seeds were 0.63, 1.70 and 1.60 mg g−1 respectively. All the peppers in this study belong to the family Solanaceae, genus Capsicum and species annuum or frutescens. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of microbial transglutaminase on autolysis and gelation of lizardfish surimi
Authors: Yongsawatdigul Jirawat , Piyadhammaviboon Penprapha 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn the absence of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase), the textural properties of lizardfish surimi (Saurida spp) improved when pre‐incubated at 4 and 25 °C for 24 and 4 h, respectively. MTGase optimally catalyzed incorporation of monodansylcadaverine (MDC) into surimi at 40 °C. Addition of MTGase appeared to reduce autolytic activity at 25 and 40 °C, but had no effect on autolytic activity at 65 °C. Breaking force and deformation of lizardfish surimi significantly improved when 0.1 unit MTGase g−1 surimi (1.8 g kg−1) was added and pre‐incubated at either 25 or 40 °C. Textural properties improved concomitant with cross‐linked polymers of myosin heavy chain and tropomyosin, but not actin. Addition of MTGase also improved the storage modulus (G′). The gel network of surimi mixed with MTGase and pre‐incubated at 40 °C readily formed during the pre‐incubation period, while formation of the gel network began at 48.1 °C in the absence of MTGase. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Dynamical stability of compressible drops and stars
Authors: Beyer K. , Günther M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractInterest is directed to linearized free boundary motion of a compressible liquid subject to surface tension and self‐gravitation respectively. Linearization relative to an a‐priori given solution to the non‐linear equations leads to a non‐local second order evolution problem to be posed in a space‐time cylinder with variable cross section subject to Fréchet boundary conditions along the lateral boundary part. Well‐posedness of the corresponding initial value problem in a natural weak formulation is proved. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐attracting Fermi–Dirac particles in canonical and microcanonical setting
Authors: Stańczy Robert 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe existence of stationary solutions for the system describing the interaction of gravitationally attracting particles that obey the Fermi–Dirac statistics is studied depending on the relations between mass, the energy and the temperature of the particles. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Penetration of the zona‐free mouse egg by capacitated epididymal sperm: Cinemicrographic observations
Authors: Wolf Don P. , Armstrong Peter B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractConditions were established for routine cinemicrographic examination of sperm incorporation by living zona‐free mouse eggs employing oil immersion objectives and Nomarski optics. Initial sperm attachment to the egg plasma membrane, which was reversible and appeared to require flagellar activity, involved localized areas of the head corresponding approximately to the position of the equatorial segment. Penetrating sperm lay flat on the egg and, during incorporation, appeared to sink into the egg cytoplasm, accompanied by short bursts of flagellar activity and subsequent rotation of the flagellum around its insertion point. Ensuing sperm head decondensation involved dissociation of individual particulate structures and a dramatic localized clearing in the egg cytoplasm. The normalcy of the penetration process and the potential applicability of this approach was attested to by the observations that polar body extrusion, male and female pronuclear formation, and migration through the egg cytoplasm in preparation for syngamy occurred in several sequences followed for extended time periods.
Cellular associations in the rat oocyte‐cumulus cell complex: Morphology and ovulatory changes
Authors: Dekel Nava , Kraicer Peretz F. , Phillips David M. , Sanchez Ramon S. , Segal Sheldon J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCumulus‐oocyte complexes were isolated from the follicles of proestrous rats or from the oviducal ampullae of estrous rats. The zona pellucida of some complexes was dissolved before fixation. The follicular cumulus cells were seen to be held together mainly by long processes, which often extended over a distance of several cells. Large numbers of straight processes from the corona radiata cells, passing to the oocyte, surface, were seen in the space formerly occupied by the zona pellucida. Oocyte microvilli were uniformly short; none traversed the zona.The postovulatory complexes were covered by amorphous extracellular material which also filled the spaces between the cells. By lysis of this material with hyaluronidase the cumulus cells were detached. The surfaces of these cells were covered with blebs.By testing the ability of hyaluronidase to remove the corona cells from the zona pellucida of complexes isolated around the time of ovulation, it was found that the completion of retraction of the corona cells processes occurred in the oviduct, immediately after ovulation. It is suggested that the oviducal environment may influence the final step of the withdrawal of the corona cells' projections from the zona pellucida.
Oocyte‐surface factor responsible for 1‐methyladenine‐lnduced oocyte maturation in starfish
Authors: Morisawa Masaaki , Kanatani Haruo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFully grown oocytes of the starfish Asterina pectinifera, undergo breakdown of their germinal vesicles and subsequent maturation on treatment with 1‐methyladenine (1‐MeAde). However, oocytes treated with seawater containing 0.010% Triton X‐100 lost the capacity to respond to 1‐MeAde and their germinal vesicles remained intact. These decapacitated oocytes once again ac‐quired the capacity to respond to l‐Me Ade when they were incubated in sea water containing the extract of fully grown oocytes treated with Triton X‐100, from which the Triton X‐100 was removed after extraction by means of Bio‐Beads SM‐2 (TXE). Recovery of the capacity was also observed after washing such TXE‐treated oocytes with sea water. These results suggest that some factor (probably 1‐MeAde receptor or its fragment), extracted from the oocyte surface (plasma mem‐brane) by nonionic detergent, was reconstituted on the oocyte surface so that the capacity of the oocytes to respond to 1‐MeAde was recovered. The factor was heat‐stable and resistant to treat‐ment with proteolytic enzymes.
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in rooster sperm
Authors: Witkin Steven S. , Reiner Brian , Brown Cynthia A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA 165,000g pellet fraction, isolated from lysed rooster spermatozoa, was shown to contain a deoxynucleotide polymerizing activity which banded in sucrose at a buoyant density of 1.15gm/ml. The solubilized enzyme, partially purified by gel filtration, was estimated to have a molecular weight of 33,000 and utilized dT10 or dG10 as exogenous primers in template‐independent reactions sensitive to either sodium pyrophosphate or ethylenediaminetetra‐ cetic acid. Pyrimidine nucleotides (dTTP) were preferentially polymerized in the presence of Co++, while purine nucleotides (dGTP) were the preferred substrate when Mn++ was the divalent cation. These properties are all consistent with those of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. An enzyme with similar properties was also obtained by subjecting a rooster sperm lysate to the procedure utilized to isolate terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase from calf thymus. It is hypothesized that the enzyme may be involved in the regulation of gene expression during embryogenesis.
Sperm glycoproteins of the boar, bull, rabbit, and ram: I. Acrosomal glycoproteins
Authors: Fléchon Jacques‐Edmond 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEjaculated spermatozoa of boars, bulls, rabbits, and rams were fixed with glutaraldehyde and embedded in glycolmethacrylate. Thin sections were treated with phosphotungstic acid at low pH in order to localize cellular glycoproteins stained by the PAS technique at the light microscope level. At the ultrastructural level the glycoproteins were segregated in the anterior segment of mature spermatozoa. The distribution of these glycoproteins in the anterior segment was not homogeneous; it appeared species‐specific in detail, but as a rule, the maximum concentration was observed in a superficial layer, especially in the marginal thickening. The localization of other acrosomal components (eg, crystalline and basic proteins) is also reviewed. The origin and significance of the segregation of proteins and glycoproteins in the acrosome are discussed in relation to the fact that the acrosomal enzymes analyzed so far are glycoproteins.
The zymogen form of acrosin in testicular, epididymal, and ejaculated spermatozoa from ram
Authors: Harrison R. A. P. , Brown C. R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe sperm‐specific proteinase acrosin (EC 3.4.21.10) is found in spermatozoa as a zymogen. We have looked for different forms of this zymogen in testicular, epididymal, and ejaculated spermatozoa from ram and have compared total sperm extracts made immediately after cell disruption with extracts made later from isolated sperm heads. We have concluded that the autoactivatable zymogen form, known generally as proacrosin, is the only form of acrosin within intact mature ram spermatozoa; no other zymogen form was detected, although lower levels of proacrosin were found in some samples of testicular spermatozoa. From studies of the activation process, it appears that ram proacrosin is truly autoactivatable; no evidence could be found for the involvement of any auxiliary enzyme. Estimations of the molecular weight of proacrosin using gel chromatography (60,000) and SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (51,300) indicated that the zymogen is monomeric. Comparison with the molecular weight of ram acrosin (44,000 or 40,000, using the two respective methods) indicated that a single acrosin molecule is derived from each zymogen molecule. The sperm acrosin inhibitor (molecular weight 11,000 or 8,000) was present in testicular spermatozoa as well as in ejaculated spermatozoa; there was no evidence that it was produced as a result of zymogen activation.
Multiple molecular forms of acid nitrophenyl phosphatase in sea urchin eggs and embryos
Authors: Yokota Yukio , Nakano Eizo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAcid nitrophenyl phosphatases from sea urchin eggs and embryos were investigated by gel filtration. Four different forms were found in Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, and three forms in Anthocidaris crassispina and Pseudocentrotus depressus.The first and second forms (designated AcP‐1 and AcP‐2) had the highest activity in the range of pH 5.6–6.0. The third (designated AcP‐3) had an apparent optimum pH between pH 4.3 and 4.8, and the fourth (designated AcP‐4) showed the maximum activity at pH 3.0. AcP‐1 was much more thermolabile than AcP‐2 and AcP‐3 at 56°C. NaF inhibited AcP‐2, AcP‐3, and AcP‐4 but not AcP‐1. AcP‐1, AcP‐2, and AcP‐3 were observed in the three species, whereas AcP‐4 was not detected in A. crassispina and P. depressus. AcP‐1, AcP‐2, and AcP‐3 were separted by gel filtration.AcP‐1 and AcP‐2 of A. crassispina and H. pulcherrimus were studied in developing embryos. The behavior of these forms in gel filtration changed during development, from unfertilized eggs to the pluteus stage.
The spermatogenesis of crustaceans. VI. The external morphology of the mature spermatozoa of mytilicola intestinalis, steuer (copepoda)
Authors: López‐Camps J. , Bargallo R. , Fontarnau R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe external structure of the male gamete of Mytilicola intestinalis is studied under a scanning electron microscope and compared with transmission electron micrographs of thin sections corresponding to the different parts of same. The cell in question is long and filiform, showing, along a significant part of its length, two ridges or expansions helicoidally arranged and diametrically opposed. Four different parts or segments can be identified in this spermatozoon: segment A, characterized by its screw‐like aspect; segment B, the longest, provided with well‐developed helicoidal expansions; segment C, showing an uneven surface and lacking expansions; and segment D, with a smooth surface and decreasing diameter. The significance of this original structure in a spermatozoon, considered immobile until now, is discussed, stating different hypotheses with regard to the possible mobility of the cell just before fertilization takes place.
Time and process of sperm penetration into cumulus‐free mouse eggs fertilized in vitro
Authors: Sato Kodo , Blandau Richard J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSperm penetration through the zona pellucida and fusion of the sperm head with the vitellus were observed continuously and filmed under phase optics in cumulus‐free living mouse eggs inseminated in vitro with capacitated epididymal sperm. Most spermatozoa penetrated the zona pellucida, traversed the perivitelline space, and fused with the vitellus at an angle nearly perpendicular to the surface. The mean duration required for sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida was 20 minutes with a range of 15–26 minutes. Sperm traversed the perivitelline space in less than one second. The initial contact of sperm with the vitellus generally took place at the tip of the sperm head. When the tip of the sperm head contacted the vitellus there was an immediate reduction in the rate of flagellation, followed by the gradual sinking of the sperm head into the vitellus.
The vitelline envelope, chorion, and micropyle of Fundulus heteroclitus eggs
Authors: Dumont James N. , Brummet Anna Ruth 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe architecture and transformation of the vitelline envelope of the developing oocyte into the chorion of the mature egg of Fundulus heteroclitus have been examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The mature vitelline envelope is structurally complex and consists of about nine strata. The envelope is penetrated by pore canals that contain microvilli arising from the oocyte and macrovilli from follicle cells. During the envelope's transformation into the chorion, the pore canals are lost and the envelope becomes more fibrous and compact and its stratified nature less apparent. The micropyle, of pore, through which the sperm gains access to the enclosed egg is located at the bottom of a small funnel‐shaped depression in the envelope. Internally, the micropyle opens on the apex of a cone‐like elevation of the chorion. During the development of the envelope, structured chorionic fibrils, the components of which are presumed to be synthesized by the follicle cells, become attached to its surface. These chorionic fibrils are though to aid in the attachment of the egg to the substratum and perhaps to help prevent water loss during low tides when the egg may be exposed.
Identification and hormonal control of reproductive‐tract‐specific antigens present in rabbit oviductal fluid
Authors: Stone Sarah Lipford , Huckle William R. , Oliphant Gene 
Published: February 2005

AbstractUtilizing the intra‐abdominal flask technique to collect oviductal fluid, the presence of two or possibly three reproductive‐tract‐specific antigens have been observed in rabbit oviductal fluid. Two of these antigens may be accounted for by the two forms of uteroglobin. The other antigen has a molecular weight greater than 200,000 daltons and its concentration in oviductal fluid is under hormonal control. During pseudopregnancy (PSP), when progesterone concentrations are high, or upon progesterone administration, the concentration of this high molecular weight antigen doubles in oviductal fluid. This correlates well with the previously observed increase in release of secretory products from the oviductal epithelia.
A new procedure for rapidly scoring acrosome reactions of human sperm
Authors: Talbot Prudence , Chacon Richard 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBecause the acrosome of human sperm is too small to be directly visualized by phase‐contrast microscopy, acrosome reactions (that is loss of the acrosome) are generally not evaluated in studies of human sperm capacitation and fertilization. Nevertheless, it would be useful in such studies to have a technique for easily identifying and quantitating acrosome‐reacted sperm. In this paper, we describe a method for labeling the human sperm acrosome with fluorescein‐conjugated Ricinus communis agglutinin‐60 (FITC‐RCA); we show that in sperm without acrosomal caps, FITC‐RCA labeling occurs either not at all or only in the equatorial segment of the acrosome. To determine if the absence of FITC‐RCA labeling in the acrosomal cap region gives a reliable estimate of acrosome reactions, washed sperm or sperm incubated in a capacitating medium (BWW) were divided into two groups, which were then fixed for FITC‐RCA labeling or transmission electron microscopy. Counts of acrosome reactions made by each method were similar, and we observed an increase in the percentage of reactions following incubation in BWW. We conclude that the FITC‐TCA labeling technique is a reliable method for accurately scoring the percentage of acrosome‐reacted human sperm.
Gonadotropin stimulation of steroidogenesis and cellular dispersion in cultured porcine cumuli oophori
Authors: Hillensjö Torbjörn , Channing Cornelia P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe relationship between cellular dispersion and steroidogenesis was studied in culture using oocyte‐cumulus complexes harvested from porcine follicles. The cells were cultured in modified TC 199 containing pig serum for one to two days. When oocyte‐cumulus complexes were cultured in the absence of hormone the oocytes resumed meiosis, the cumulus cells grew out forming monolayers, and progesterone accumulation was low. Addition of ovine LH, purified human LH, or purified human FSH stimulated expansion of the cumulus mass as well as enhanced progesterone accumulation. Oocyte maturation was not affected by the hormones. In absence of hormone, oocyte‐cumulus complexes obtained from large (6–12 mm) follicles showed increased cellular dispersion and higher progesterone accumulation as compared to complexes obtained from medium‐sized (3–5 mm) follicles.
Ultracytochemical localization of 3β‐hydroxy‐steroid ferricyanide reductase activity in the fetal mouse ovary
Authors: Hiura Masamichi , Jagiello Georgiana , Dennis James , Ducayen Mercedes 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIt has been suggested that the production of estrogens by the fetal ovary may modulate the entry or progression of meiosis in the female mammalian fetus. In the present study the possibility that the site of this steroid synthesis is the rete ovarii system was explored in the fetal mouse of gestational ages 12.5 to 18 days. The method of ultracytochemical localization of 3β hydroxy‐steroid ferricyanide was used. Reaction product was found in the cytoplasm of the rete ovarii (prefollicular) cells as early as day 14 with increasing amounts seen at later gestational ages. The presence of this essential enzyme system in cells closely applied to oogonia and oocytes during an active meiotic period must be considered in developing concepts of meiotic entry.
Aging of mouse eggs in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Longo Frank J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMorphological and cytochemical (acid phosphatase) changes associated with mouse ova and cumulus cells aged within the oviducts (in vivo) or in culture (in vitro; 1–24 hours postovulation) have been investigated. Structural alterations of cumulus cells were apparent immediately after ovulation and included nuclear pycnosis and cytoplasmic vacuolization. Nevertheless, approximately 30% of the cumulus masses examined contained cells that plated out when cultured and remained viable for up t o three days in vitro. From 12 t o 24 hours postovulation almost all cumulus cells of specimens aged in vivo showed signs of degeneration. Disruption of the meiotic spindle and an increase in acid phosphatase positive organelles were characteristic of in vivo and in vitro aging ova. The percentage of fragmented eggs obtained from super‐ovulated (5 IU PMS followed by 5 IU HCG) mice approximately one and 24 hours postovulation was not significantly different. Eggs obtained from superovulated animals and aged in vitro for 24 hours yielded significantly more fragmented ova. Fragmented eggs were not obtained from cycling females on the morning of estrus. When such eggs were cultured in vitro for 24 hours the percent fragmentation was significantly lower than that for aged eggs obtained from super‐ovulated mice. These results indicate that 1) similar morphological alterations occur among cumulus cells and eggs aged either in vitro or in vivo, 2) ova from superovulated mice do not constitute a homogeneous population and 3) the method of superovulation employed in this study induces the ovulation of a relatively large group of eggs that are susceptible to fragmentation when cultured in vitro.