bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PHYSIOLOGICAL ONTOGENY
Authors: Cohn Alfred E. ,   With the Assistance of Edith L. Wile.
Published: June 2004

In these experiments we have shown that, with the technique adopted, differences in behavior are exhibited by fragments of the heart taken from different localities. The different localities behave in a more or less uniform manner. The pace-making function, for instance, is found at first throughout the cardiac tube but later it is restricted and comes to reside in a special small area at the back of the right auricle near the center. The pace-making system is able to develop a rate comparable to that shown by the whole intact heart, irrespective of the size of the fragment in which it is contained. Later, under the circumstances of the study, the ventricular structures lose the power of spontaneous contraction, and later still, the auricular ones also. It need scarcely be pointed out, however, that this loss refers only to the function of pace making. In its place, the various localities of the heart undoubtedly take on other capabilities. This is what is meant after all by differentiation.
The question whether the pace-making and conduction systems reside in the remains of primitive portions of the cardiac tube in an undifferentiated form, or whether on the other hand these primitive portions develop into differentiated structures which preside over these functions may be reviewed afresh. Obviously the tube in its early state possesses these functions; obviously also the major part of the heart loses them during the course of development. A knowledge of the changes in form paralleling changes in function would have great interest. On this phase of the problem we hope to report later.
On the basis of these observations, differentiation from the point of view of stimulus production may be viewed perhaps in this manner. Pace making, the conduction of impulses, and contraction are the primitive functions of the tube. As the tube develops into the adult structure, pace making and conduction are supposedly served by tissues resembling in structure the original ones. Whether as a matter of fact a structural change takes place is an interesting and important problem. Those portions of the heart which require to develop greater degrees of energy lose the primitive functions of pace making and conduction, and, in the transformation, take on a differentiated structure. It is, then, not the structures in which the primitive functions of pace making and conduction reside which are differentiated, but the greater mass of ventricular muscle. These reflections have their origin not only from our own work but they grow out of observations to be found in the writings of those (A. Keith and I. Mc-Kenzie) who call the nodal and conduction tissues in the heart, embryonic. But whether from the point of view developed here the use of this term is completely descriptive remains an interesting problem.
STUDIES ON THE ANTIGENIC SUBSTANCE OF THE BACTERIAL CELL
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Tamiya Takeo 
Published: June 2004

Putting together the results of such experiments as those outlined above, we can set down the following definite facts.
1. The substance of the bacterial cell can be roughly divided into two antigenic entities. One of these is the so called "nucleoprotein" substance, the other the residue substance or soluble material of Dochez and Avery and Avery and Heidelberger, both of which have been repeatedly characterized in preceding papers.
2. Immunization with the nucleoprotein, if such nucleoprotein is rendered free of bacterial bodies or fragments of bacterial bodies by Berkefeld filtration, incites the production only of antinucleoprotein antibodies which, with slight group overlapping, are species-specific but, as determined by the previous studies of Avery and, subsequently, those of Lancefield, are not type-specific to the same degree as the residue antibodies.
3. Immunization with dissolved residue alone leads to no antibody formation whatever. This residue, as indicated in several of our own previous studies, represents the haptophore group upon which specificity depends and which, in the simple process of solution, is disrupted from another substance together with which it represented a complete antigen in the antibody-forming sense.
4. The formation of specific antiresidue antibodies is apparently dependent upon the injection of morphologically formed elements, at least as far as experiment can determine at the present time; for, as in the pneumococcus experiments, the most available process of solution and the injection of all the materials so obtained from the whole bacteria fails to yield antiresidue antibodies, as though in the mere process of dissolving the residue haptophore group were dissociated from its association with the larger molecule to which, in the whole bacteria, it lends specificity.
5. While antiresidue antibodies are only formed when such undisrupted bacterial cell substances are present in the immunizing substance, immunization with whole bacteria, even when attempts are made to preserve them from solution by formalin, leads to the formation of both antiresidue and antinucleoprotein antibodies, probably because a certain amount of solution inevitably takes place after injection within the animal body.
THE ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Avery Oswald T. , Neill James M. 
Published: June 2004

1. Intact pneumococci, possessing specific antigenic powers unimpaired by cultural or other procedures, give rise to agglutinins for organisms of the homologous type and to precipitins for the type-specific carbohydrate derived from them.
2. Solutions of pneumococci free of all formed elements, but containing the carbohydrate and protein of the original cell, fail to stimulate the formation of type-specific antibodies. Sera prepared in this manner do not react with the carbohydrate constituent of the cell and do not agglutinate organisms of the homologous type. The loss of this antigenic function is related to changes incurred during dissolution of the bacterial cell.
3. Solutions of the cellular substances of Pneumococcus, although lacking the specific antigen of the whole cell, induce the formation of antibodies reactive with pneumococcus protein regardless of the type from which the latter is derived.
STUDIES ON REGENERATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory 
Published: June 2004

The regeneration of an extreme dilution of bacteriophage in a large volume of broth, as described by Gratia and De Kruif, is due to the influence of partial anaerobiosis upon the regeneration of the principle.
The influence of partial anaerobiosis upon regeneration of an extremely diluted bacteriophage was investigated in relation to different factors with the following results.
1. The
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expresses the degree of anaerobiosis necessary for regeneration of an extreme dilution of the bacteriophage. An increase in this ratio interferes with regeneration.
2. The regeneration of the highly diluted bacteriophage under partial anaerobiosis begins definitely at the 3rd hour of bacterial growth and is completed after about the 6th hour.
3. To obtain the full regeneration of an extreme dilution of bacteriophage it is sufficient to restrict for one hour the supply of air to a culture containing it, providing that this restriction be produced within the first 3 hours of the bacterial growth.
THE PRODUCTION OF PERSISTENT ALOPECIA IN RABBITS BY X-RAYS OF VARIOUS DEGREES OF HARDNESS
Authors: Clark Harry , Sturm Ernest 
Published: June 2004

1. The minimum dose of x-ray, of each of three degrees of hardness, required to produce persistent alopecia of the abdominal skin of normal white rabbits has been studied. 40 kilovolt rays filtered by 0.5 mm., 50 kilovolt rays filtered by 1 mm., and 70 kilovolt rays filtered by 1.5 mm. of aluminium were employed. The 70 kilovolt work is unfinished.
2. Under constant conditions of treatment, the animals were found to react with a high degree of consistency.
3. The values of the critical minimum doses expressed in terms of air ionization (pair of ions per gm. of air divided by 1015), for rays produced at 30, 40, 50, and 70 kilovolt peak, are 2.04, 3.7, 4.5, and over 5.1 respectively. The 30 kilovolt value is taken from a previous paper.
4. It is shown that the alopecia reaction does not run parallel to the erythema and pigmentation reactions.
STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF BLOOD AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Authors: Kubie Lawrence S. , Shults Gertrude M. 
Published: June 2004

1. If due allowance is made for the slow rate of elaboration of cerebrospinal fluid and for the time that it takes for newly formed fluid to emerge from a needle in the cistema, the amount of sugar, chloride, and non-protein nitrogen in the fluid seems to follow in a general way their concentrations in the blood stream.
2. It is equally evident, however, that for any substance other factors besides its concentration in the blood stream play a part in its distribution between blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Goebel Walther F. , Avery Oswald T. 
Published: June 2004

1. Refinements in the methods for the isolation of the soluble specific substances of Types II and III pneumococcus are described.
These improvements have resulted in the isolation of the end-products in a form free from nitrogen and of enhanced activity with immune serum.
2. The soluble specific substance of Type I pneumococcus is described and shown to differ sharply from the corresponding substances of the other two types, each of which, in turn, differs from the other.
3. Progress is reported on the identification of the sugar units from which the polysaccharides are built up.
4. The evidence so far accumulated is believed to favor strongly the view that the polysaccharides isolated are the actual specific substances of Pneumococcus.
THE ALVEOLAR PORES OF PNEUMONIA
Authors: Miller William Snow 
Published: June 2004

Evidence is seen in Fig. 1 that the alveoli are lined with a continuous epithelium.
In Fig. 2 there has been extensive shedding of the epithelium and broad sheets of fibrin are attached to the alveolar wall. On the right the exudate has escaped from both sides of the alveolar wall and the network of fibrin has begun to appear beneath the epithelium on its upper side. Owing, however, to the fact that the epithelium is still intact, though slightly raised from the surface, no pore has been formed.
In Fig. 3 the exudate has found its exit from a very definite point and has been converted into fibrin which radiates into the alveolus. No pore has resulted because the epithelium on the opposite side of the alveolus is still intact.
In Fig. 4 the epithelium has been pushed off from diametrically opposite sides of the alveolar wall and a pore has been formed with a thread of fibrin passing from one alveolus to an adjoining alveolus.
Pores are as numerous in edema due to mitral stenosis with in sufficiency of the valves as in pneumonia, but there are no threads of fibrin to direct attention to them.
This study confirms my previously expressed opinion-pores are not normal, preformed openings.
SEROLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE BLOOD OF THE PRIMATES
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Miller C. Philip 
Published: June 2004

The bloods of twenty-one anthropoid apes have been examined serologically. It was found possible to assign each to one of the four human blood groups.
The isoagglutinogens of the anthropoids were found to be identical with those of human blood. These very same factors could not be demonstrated in the blood of the lower monkeys.
In the blood of the fourteen chimpanzees examined only the isoagglutinogen A has been found, whereas both A and B were present in the blood of the six orangs.
The significance of these findings for the knowledge of the human blood groups is discussed.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF OXALURIA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS FERMENTATIVE ORIGIN
Authors: Baldwin Helen 
Published: June 2004

1. As varying amounts of calcium oxalate may be held in solution in the urine, conclusions based upon the presence or number of calcium oxalate crystals found therein are of no real value as an indication of the quantity of oxalic acid present.
2. Unless the utmost care is exercised, the results obtained by quantitative estimation of oxalic acid are subject to large percentages of error. This is especially true in the use of Neubauer's or Shultzen's methods, in which the calcium oxalate is precipitated in an alkaline solution.
3. An ordinary mixed diet regularly contains traces of oxalic acid or its salts.
4. A portion of the oxalic acid ingested with the food may be absorbed and reappear unchanged in the urine.
5. The normal daily excretion of oxalic acid in the urine fluctuates with the amount taken in the food, and varies from a few milligrammes to two or three centigrammes, being usually below ten milligrammes.
6. In health, no oxalic acid, or only a trace, is formed in the body, but that present in the urine has been ingested with the food.
7. In certain clinical disturbances which in some of the cases studied above were associated with absence of free hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice, oxalic acid is formed in the organism.
8. This formation in the organism is connected with fermentative activity in the alimentary canal.
(a) The prolonged feeding of dogs with excessive quantities of glucose, together with meat, leads eventually to a state of oxaluria. (6) This experimental oxaluria is associated with a mucous gastritis, and with absence of free hydrochloric acid in the gastric contents.
(c) The oxaluria and the accompanying gastritis are referable to fermentation induced by the excessive feeding with sugar.
(d) The experimental gastritis from fermentation is associated with the formation of oxalic acid in the gastric contents.
9. The symptoms attributed to an oxalic acid diathesis, with the exception of those due to local irritation in the genitourinary tract, do not appear to be due to the presence in the system of soluble oxalates, but are more likely to depend on other products of fermentation and putrefaction.
A CASE OF GENERAL GASEOUS EMPHYSEMA WITH GAS CYSTS IN THE BRAIN FORMED AFTER DEATH AND DUE TO BACILLUS MUCOSUS CAPSULATUS, WITH A CONSIDERATION OF THE GAS-PRODUCING PROPERTIES OF CERTAIN MEMBERS OF THIS GROUP IN THE CADAVERS OF ANIMALS
Authors: Howard W. T. 
Published: June 2004

In the case reported in this article there was septicæmia with special localization of the microorganisms in the brain, with gas cysts of the brain and general gaseous emphysema due to Bacillus mucosus capsulatus (aërogenes group).
The bacillus isolated from the organs of this case, as well as other members of the aërogenic group of Bacillus mucosus capsulatus can cause general gaseous emphysema in the cadavers of rabbits, either with or without the intravenous injection of sugar before the animal is killed, the gas, however, being most abundant and rapidly formed in the former case.
It is not impossible that some of the published cases of gaseous emphysema in which a bacteriological examination was not made, may have been due to members of the Bacillus mucosus capsulatus group.
ON THE RELATION OF CHRONIC INTERSTITIAL PANCREATITIS TO THE ISLANDS OF LANGERHANS AND TO DIABETES MELUTUS
Authors: Opie Eugene L. 
Published: June 2004

(1) Congenital syphilitic pancreatitis retards the development of the glandular acini but does not affect the islands of Langerhans. Embedded in the stroma, but not invaded by it, the latter maintain their continuity with the small ducts and acini with which they have a common origin.
(2) Two types of chronic interstitial inflammation affecting the developed pancreas are distinguishable:
(a) Interlobular Pancreatitis.—In the interlobular variety the inflammatory process is localized chiefly at the periphery of the lobule and implicates the islands of Langerhans only when the sclerotic process has reached a very advanced grade. When pancreatitis has followed obstruction of the ducts, the islands long remain unaltered though embedded in dense scar-like tissue.
(b) Interacinar Pancreatitis.—In the interacinar type the process is diffuse, invading the lobules and separating individual acini. The inflammatory change invades the islands of Langerhans.
(3) A relationship has been observed between lesions of the islands of Langerhans and the occurrence of diabetes mellitus.
(a) In one of eleven cases of interlobular panereatitis diabetes of mild intensity occurred. The sclerosis, which in this case followed obstruction of the ducts by calculi, was far advanced and affected the islands of Langerhans.
(b) In two of three cases of interacinar pancreatitis, diabetes was present. The third case was associated with a condition, hæmochromatosis, which at a later stage is associated with diabetes, the result of pancreatic lesion.
(c) In a fourth case of diabetes, hyaline deposit between the capillaries and the parenchymatous cells had so completely altered the islands of Langerhans that they were no longer recognizable.
ALLOXURIC EXCRETION IN A CASE OF LEUCOPENIA
Authors: Hutchison Robert , Macleod J. J. R. 
Published: June 2004

1. In the case investigated, one of Malta fever, the leucocytes were reduced to between 1500 and 3000 per cubic millimetre.
2. Notwithstanding this, the alloxur bodies and the phosphoric acid in the urine, the patient being on an alloxur-free diet, showed no distinct diminution from the normal.
3. The suggestion is made that this result may be due to the leucopenia being brought about by an increased destruction of leucocytes in the spleen rather than to a diminished activity of the bone-marrow.
NOTES UPON THE AGGLUTINATIONS OBTAINED BY INTRAPERITONEAL INSERTION OF CELLOIDIN CAPSULES CONTAINING BACILLI AND UPON A MODE OF PREPARING SUCH CAPSULES
Authors: McCrae John 
Published: June 2004

1. Capsules made as described above allow dialysis, when placed in the peritoneal cavity.
2. The normal tissues, unstimulated, do not possess the power of causing agglutination; they do not require to be stimulated by the presence of the bacterial bodies, but will produce their share of the agglutinins when acted upon by the bacillary products.
3. Agglutination follows the insertion, in the peritoneal cavity, of "capsuled" bacilli; it gradually increases in degree, and on the removal of the capsule containing the bacilli, begins to disappear.
4. Varieties of bacilli, related closely in morphology and cultural reactions, do not, as a rule, produce serums which inter-agglutinate.
OBSERVATIONS ON A CASE OF CYCLIC ALBUMINURIA
Authors: Mendel Lafayette B. , Hooker Donald B. 
Published: June 2004

The preceding observations record a new instance of the occurrence of cyclic albuminuria in an otherwise apparently healthy young man. The typical course of the proteid excretion from hour to hour under various conditions has been reviewed and its independence of the changes in diet or muscular work pointed out. No relationship between the volume of urine eliminated and the quantity of proteid excreted has been ascertained. The specific effect of the horizontal posture in dispelling the albuminuria is the most interesting feature observed. The attempt to refer this to attendant circulatory changes in the kidneys is, for the present, no more than an interesting speculation.
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THE ETIOLOGY OF ACUTE DYSENTERY IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Vedder E. B. , Duval C. W. 
Published: June 2004

1. The several standard cultures used in this study are indistinguishable —a conclusion previously reached and stated by Flexner.
2. The acute dysentery of the United States is due to a bacillus indistinguishable from that obtained from the epidemics of dysentery in several other parts of the world.
3. The sporadic and the institutional outbreaks of acute dysentery are caused by the same microorganism, and this organism is identical with that causing epidemic acute dysentery.
4. The cause of acute dysentery, whether sporadic, institutional, or epidemic, is Bacillus dysenteriæ Shiga.
A STUDY OF THE CHANGES IN THE BLOOD AND BLOOD-FORMING ORGANS PRODUCED BY CYTOTOXIC SERA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HÆMOLYMPHOTOXIN
Authors: Woltmann Harro 
Published: June 2004

(1) The cytotoxins are not specific.
(2) The changes occurring after the injection of different cytotoxins are similar and do not vary in kind.
(3) The changes do, however, vary in degree in the following order, the one having the most marked effect being placed first, etc.:
(a) Hæmolymphotoxin,
(b) Splenotoxin,
(c) Lymphotoxin,
(d) Endotheliotoxin,
(e) Nephrotoxin,
(f) Hepatotoxin.
(4) Nephrotoxin causes the most specific change.
(5) The hæmolymph glands play some important part in the production of eosinophiles. The hæmolytic action of hæmolymphotoxic serum is greater than that of other cytotoxic sera.
(6) The histological changes which are observed in every case are secondary to the hæmolytic factor present in all cytotoxic sera.
COMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF ANTITOXIN HORSES. A STUDY OF THE RECORDS OF ONE HUNDRED HORSES IMMUNIZED TO DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, WITH COMPOSITE OF CURVES
Authors: Hubbert William R. 
Published: June 2004

1. Better results in the production of diphtheria antitoxin can be obtained with greater experience in the selection of the most suitable type of horses to be used. Young animals are usually to be preferred. Over one-half of all such horses can be made to yield 300-unit serum, while a third will yield 5oo-unit serum.
2. High-test horses require a shorter time to immunize and will yield a potent serum for a longer period than will low-test horses.
3. The period of usefulness of an antitoxin horse is short, and on an average endures only a few months.
4. A horse having attained a maximal antitoxic height begins to suffer a decline in antitoxin, which is usually as rapid as the ascent has been, and is unaffected by subsequent injections of diphtheria toxin.
SOME QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE VIRULENCE OF MICRO-ORGANISMS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THEIR IMMUNIZING POWERS
Authors: Strong Richard P. 
Published: June 2004

The virulent cholera spirillum possesses a greater number of bacteriolytic and agglutinable haptophore groups, or these groups are endowed with a greater avidity for uni- and amboceptors than the avirulent.
The number or the avidity of the bacteriolytic receptors possessed by a bacterium is directly proportional to its virulence.
However, the agglutinable receptors do not follow this law, i.e., the agglutinable haptophore groups are not necessarily present in the same proportion as the bactericidal ones.
While the energy of growth is a very important factor in relation to virulence, other phenomena must also be considered.
The virulent organism possesses a greater number of toxic haptophore groups than the avirulent.
The binding power of the free receptors of the organisms for bacteriolytic amboceptors in vitro is proportional to the bactericidal immunity produced in animals by each, which latter is in turn proportional to the virulence of the organisms from which the receptors were extracted. The binding power in vitro of the dead micro-organisms of different virulence for bacteriolytic amboceptors is not in proportion to their toxicity. The bactericidal immunity obtained by means of the inoculation with the dead organisms of different virulence, or their extracts obtained by autolytic digestion, is proportional to the virulence of the living strains of the bacteria employed.
With the living organisms, while the bactericidal immunity obtained from the inoculation of animals with the virulent organism is greater than that produced with the avirulent, such immunity is not in direct proportion to the virulence of the bacteria introduced.
These conclusions apply to the two strains of cholera spirilk employed in the foregoing experiments. Whether they will also hold good with other strains of this spirillum or for micro organisms in general, must be decided by further experimenta work.