bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Not by Confusion of Substance, but by Unity of Person
Authors: Inwagen Peter Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an earlier essay, I showed how a part of the doctrine of the Trinity (that part that raises problems about counting, identity, and predication) could be given a statement in terms of ‘relative identity’.1 I did not contend that my statement of the doctrine was orthodox, although my tentative opinion, then and now, is that it is. I did not claim in any sense to have penetrated the mystery of the Trinity-to have proposed a non-mysterious formulation of the doctrine-but only to have formulated the doctrine in such a way that no contradiction could be formally derived from it. Here I propose to see whether the same methods can be applied to the mystery of the Incarnation: more exactly, to the doctrine of the hypostatic union of two natures-divine and human-in the person of Jesus Christ. I shall offer a formulation of a part of that doctrine in terms of relative identity. It is my hope that this formulation will be orthodox-that is, consistent with historical orthodoxy. I say ‘part of’ because I believe that there is no clearly demarcated set of propositions that can be called ‘the doctrine of the Incarnation’, or even ‘the doctrine of the hypostatic union’.
Swinburne on Guilt, Atonement, and Christian Redemption
Authors: Quinn Philip l. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Richard Swinburne’s work in philosophy of religion has already made important contributions to natural theology. His earlier trio of volumes, consisting of The Coherence of Theism, The Existence of God, and Faith and Reason, is concerned mainly with issues common to the theistic religions. In these books Swinburne defends the coherence of theism, argues that theism is more probable than not, and makes a case for the rationality of living by theistic belief. He is currently engaged in elaborating ii specifically Christian philosophical theology. His recent books, Responsibility and Atonement and Revelation, are the first two of a planned quartet of volumes about distinctively Christian doctrines. Other volumes in the quartet will deal with the doctrines of the Trinity and the Incarnation and with providence and the problem of evil. Responsibility and Atonement is devoted to the topic of moral relations between God and human creatures.
The Problem of Evil: A Deontological Perspective
Authors: Mcnaughton David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How is it that an omnipotent, omniscient, and wholly good God has created a world in which there is anything bad or evil? In particular, what could justify his allowing his creatures to suffer? For it seems that a morally good being would eliminate evil as far as he could, and an omnipotent being could eliminate all evil. Faced with this difficulty, theists have produced a number of responses. Varied though they may be in content, they nearly all share a common argumentative structure. While agreeing that God would eliminate all pointless or unnecessary evils, they claim that the evils in this world are neither pointless nor unnecessary-these evils are the price we pay for the existence of certain goods whose value is at least sufficient to outweigh the evils needed to produce them.
What Kind of Cause is Aristotle‘s Final Cause?
Authors: Furley David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anaxagoras says it is because Man has hands that he is the most intelligent of the animals. But the right account is that he got hands because he is the most intelligent. For hands are a tool; and nature, just like an intelligent man, allots each tool to one who can make use of it. (Aristotle, de Partibus Animalium 4. ro. 687a6-II)This fault we urgently desire you to avoid, this error to shun with fearful care. Do not take the bright shining eyes to have been created in order that we may be able to see. Do not believe that the tops of calves and thighs supported on feet are able to be bent in order that we can advance our eager steps. Do not accept, again, that arms are fitted to strong shoulders, and hands provided as servants on either side, in order that we can make what will be of use for life. All such theories are back to front, the product of misdirected thinking. There was no seeing before the lights of the eyes were born, no mouthing of words before the tongue was made. Rather, the origin of the tongue long preceded speech; ears were made far earlier than sound was heard; there were in fact, as I hold, all the members, before there was their use.
Locke on the Freedom of the Will
Authors: Chappell Vere 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Locke was a libertarian: he believed in human freedom. To be sure, his conception of freedom was different from that of many philosophers who call themselves libertarians. Some such philosophers maintain that an agent is free only if her action is uncaused; whereas Locke thought that all actions have causes, including the free ones. Some libertarians hold that no action is free unless it proceeds from a volition that is itself free; whereas Locke argued that free volition, as opposed to free action, is an impossibility. On the other hand, Locke agrees with the typical professed libertarian that free actions depend on volitions--or, as he often puts it, that an agent is free only with respect to the actions she wills, to those that are voluntary. And he also refuses to make voluntariness sufficient for freedom, whereby a free action is merely one that is willed. The free agent, Locke insists, must also be able or have been able to do something other than she does or did. Thus both Locke and the libertarian professor require indifference as well as spontaneity for freedom. But Locke’s freedom is not contra-causal; and he denies that it extends to volition.
Rediscovering America: The Two Treatises and Aboriginal Rights
Authors: Tully James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three hundred years after its publication Locke’s Two Treatises of Government continues to present one of the major political philosophies of the modern world. By this I mean it provides a set of concepts we standardly use to represent and reflect on contemporary politics. This arrangement of concepts is not the only form of reflection on modern politics, not our ‘horizon’ so to speak, but it is a familiar and customary one.
Introduction
Authors: Burton-Roberts Noel , Carr Philip , Docherty Gerard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume concerns the nature, status, and acquisition of phonological knowledge and, relatedly, the conceptual and empirical foundations of phonology, its place in and/or relation to the theory of language and of cognition. Phonological enquiry is generally thought to be empirical in nature. But all enquiry depends for its empiricality on conceptual assumptions—about the nature of the data, the framework needed for their description and explanation, what counts as explanation within the domain, the scope of the enquiry, and the criteria by which its empirical success should be judged. These underlying assumptions are seldom examined explicitly. Where there is general agreement on such conceptual matters, it may not be necessary to examine them; it may even be felt to be beside the point.
A New Teaching
Authors: Romilly Jacqueline De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To appreciate what the Sophists’ teaching represented, it is important to understand its great novelty. There was nothing that even remotely resembled what we call further education in Athens; there was, indeed, very little intellectual teaching of any kind. For the moulding of the young, an aristocratic society depends, first and foremost, on heredity, with the aid of the models that are provided by ancestors, family, and tradition. In such a society, courage and various physical attributes tend to be valued above all else, and so it was with Athens. It had been warfare that, in the first instance, set a high value on these attributes; later; they gradually came to be associated with sport and athleticism. The youth of Athens continued to be brought up in this spirit, even after the establishment of democracy. Literary sources tell us of the various teachers to whom a child would be entrusted. The nature of their specialization is extremely revealing.
Recovering the Virtues
Authors: Romilly Jacqueline De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WHEREVER the blast of the Sophists’ destructive analysis struck, there is also evidence of an effort of reconstruction. Except in the field of ontology, which does not impinge greatly upon peoples’ lives, their analyses produced positive factors to compensate for the negative side of every theme tackled. Protagoras had sapped the foundations of truth by declaring man to be the measure of all things and by rejecting all but subjective appearances, each of which was as valid as any other. As we have already noted, however, there were limits to that relativism of his, for it was subject to qualifications. In the Theaetetus, they are expressed by Socrates at the point where he presents his defence of Protagoras.
Weak Materialism1
Authors: Nathan N M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is often said that although some mental properties are irreducibly non-material, not open to any behavioural or functionalist analysis, still every mental property is or even has to be owned by a material substance, by a brain or body. And from this the conclusion is drawn that a certain vestigial materialism can be preserved, property irreducibility notwithstanding. If a material (or mental) substance is just a particular which instantiates a material (or mental) property, then the thesis that every mental property is or must be owned by a material substance can be joined without inconsistency to the parallel thesis that every material property is or must be owned by a mental substance.
Introduction
Authors: Lennon Kathleen , Charles David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many years there was a widespread belief amongst philosophers in a variety of different areas that the projects of making certain phenomena intelligible or of vindicating the legitimacy of certain modes of explanation required their reduction to phenomena whose intelligibility was considered less problematic or to explanations whose value was assured. Reduction was regarded as the only alternative to accepting as dualists the existence of mysterious entities or kinds, or else to rejecting the reality of these problematic phenomena. In recent years, however, there has been an attempt to articulate a position which does not fit either of these two alternatives. In a number of areas explicitly anti-reductionist views have been proposed, which are both realist and non-dualist, laying claim, for instance, to a respectable materialism. Biologists working in evolutionary theory argue that there is no precise physical property or relation correlated with the evolutionary property of ‘fitness’.
The First Person: The Reductionist View of the Self
Authors: Campbell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rousseau said: ‘He who pretends to look on death without fear lies. All men are afraid of dying, this is the great law of sentient beings, without which the entire human species would soon be destroyed., But we are accustomed to oscillate on the topic of our own death. On the one hand, looked at from our immersion in our ordinary activities, death is something terrifying, something it is hard to think about with clarity. The problem is not the expectation of the pain and suffering that may be associated with death; it seems to be even more fundamental than that. Death is the end of everything, and that is what is terrifying. On the other hand, looking at the matter objectively, it is hard to see what is so very bad about it. One’s plans and projects may be pursued by others, in so far as they are worth pursuing. Life for most people will go on just as before, and we are certainly considering a very small disturbance in the cosmos.
The Pilot-field
Authors: Krips Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we described the core features of the theoretical role which the state-vector has in QT (sections 4 and 5), and said what a state-vector is (sections 1-3). Moreover we located the property of having a state-vector as a real property of an individual system at a time (section 6). And we went some of the way to interpreting the state-vector by locating it within a suite of metaphysical models in terms of which explanations are couched (section 5). In particular we suggested that f(S,t) describes a categorical basis for the propensities displayed by the P(Q, qi, S, t). In this chapter I shall complete the task of interpreting the state-vector. In particular I shall argue that f(S, t) should be taken as a field-function, describing a probability field which is associated with S at t.
Gauge Theory and the Geometrization of Fundamental Physics
Authors: Cao Tian-Yu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the twentieth century, two research programmes have sought to describe Nature’s fundamental interactions: the geometrical programme initiated by Einstein’s general relativity, and the quantum field programme. According to the geometrical programme, interactions are realized through continuous classical fields which are inseparably correlated to geometrical structures of space-time, such as the metric, affine connection, and curvature. This concept of geometrizing interactions has led to a deep understanding of gravitation, but has had no success elsewhere in physics. Indeed, theories of electromagnetic, weak and strong nuclear interactions took a totally different direction, in the late 1920s, with the advent of quantum electrodynamics which initiated the quantum field pro gramme for fundamental interactions. According to this programme, interactions are realized through quantum fields which underlie the local coupling and the propagation of field quanta, but have nothing to do with the geometry of space-time.
The Good, the Right, and the Common Point of View
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We can now return to a more detailed discussion of sentiments that actually motivate us, without being distracted by the threat of egoism, or the misuses of rational actor theory. In particular, we can further delimit the nature of genuinely moral sentiments. We have already said that guilt and shame coordinate our own attitudes to ourselves with the possible anger or disdain of others. The classical moral philosopher who best emphasizes this is Adam Smith. Smith talks of the voice of conscience as the voice of ‘the man within the breast’. His theory is that this voice is not a strange extra, having a divine, unnatural, and inexplicable authority over us.
A Restrictive versus a Non-Restrictive Approach
Authors: Ravin Yael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Various theories and proposals concerning thematic roles and their place in linguistic theory are being formed and revised currently, making it difficult to select the ones to address in a book such as this. Four theories were chosen here. Two of them posit thematic roles as the primitive basis for the generation of syntactic structures: Fillmore’s Case Theory, dating back to the late 1960s, provides historical perspective on this approach; while Chomsky’s Government and Binding Theory is the current origin for the newly revived interest in thematic roles.
An Analysis of some Event Concepts (I)
Authors: Ravin Yael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 and 7 concentrated mainly on the principles and mechanisms of the Decompositional Theory. In the next two chapters, we look more closely at the semantic content expressed by some of the semantic markers we have been using and compare it with the semantic content said to be captured by thematic roles in the various Restrictive theories. First, we discuss the Decompositional concepts of causation, action, autonomy, and animacy, which we stipulate instead of thematic Agency. We show that there is some overlap but no straightforward mapping between our Decompositional concepts and the thematic role of Agent as it is proposed by the Restrictive theories.
Natural Law and Moral Realism: The Scottish Synthesis
Authors: Haakonssen Knud 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
English-language scholarship has recently made a number of salutary efforts to draw connecting lines between Scottish moral thought in the eighteenth century and the history of European natural law theory. The latter is, however, a less than uniform tradition. Even Protestant natural law theory in the century after Hugo Grotius was sufficiently multifarious, that any attempt to use it without differentiation as a key, let alone the key, to the moral thought of the Scoctish Enlightenment must lead to ungainly trimming.’ Furthermore, it is only when we attend to the differences and the fundamental debates within modern natural jurisprudence that we shall be able to appreciate how different kinds of natural law could be combined with ideas apparently foreign to the jurisprudential tradition, such as the notions of virtue, character, or quality of personality, which were central to the humanism of neo republicanism and the evolving culture of politeness.
How did Morality Get a Bad Name?
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘I’m not making any moral judgements, of course’ (sniff). How often have we not heard ordinary middle-class, moderately enlightened but not terribly sophisticated people say this sort of thing? I have read in the newspapers and elsewhere much to the same effect. This attitude to morality became popular a long time ago; even in I 97 I it was not at all unexpected to see Paul Ferris, in the Observer Review ( 18 July), in a very good article called ‘Teenage Sex: The New Dilemma’, slipping into this way of speaking. He was discussing the problems of doctors at contraceptive clinics, and others who have to advise teenage girls about contraception and thus about sex generally: whether it is best to give them all the pills they ask for to prevent unwanted pregnancies, or to encourage them to keep off the pill and off extra-marital sex in view of the dangers of venereal disease and the general undesirability of such behaviour.
Autonomy as an Educational Ideal
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It must have occurred to many people to ask what the connection is between the psychological state, state of mind, state of character, or whatever, which is called ‘autonomy’, and what others call ‘the logical autonomy of moral discourse’. We are accustomed in philosophy to slip back and forth between logical and psychological ways of speaking; but all the same the transitions need to be explained. I am going to try to do this, and shall maintain in the course of my explanation that at least one of the issues about autonomy is an issue in philosophical logic.
Formalism
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Formalism’ is an ill-chosen word to describe the account of absolute music that I am about to give. It is, indeed, an ill-chosen word to describe many other versions of musical formalism that resemble mine in general outline but differ from it in major or minor aspects. It is ill-chosen, I think, for two reasons. To begin with, it suggests that the only aspect of music relevant to its appreciation is its form; and this may be true of the views of Kant, Hanslick, and Gurney, which represent its first flowering. But it is certainly not true of my formalism that musical form is the only artistically relevant aspect, and it is certainly not true of other versions of formalism currently in the marketplace.
The Emotions in you
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recall that from the onset of the modern discussion of music and the emotions there were two issues at stake: the expressiveness of music, and its power to move us emotionally. The issue of expres siveness is the issue of what it is in virtue of which we describe music in terms of the garden-variety emotions: happy, melancholy, angry, and the like. The issue of music’s emotive power over us, its power to move us emotionally, is the issue, of course, of how, why, we are so moved. The simple arousal theory of musical expressiveness had, as we have seen, the same answer to both questions. Music, according to that theory, is described as ‘melancholy,’ ‘cheerful,’ and so forth, because it makes normal listeners, under normal conditions, melancholy and cheerful: it is melancholy and cheerful in the dispositional sense: it has the disposition to make listeners melancholy or cheerful or whatever.
The Work
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like many philosophical problems, the problem of the musical work—what kind of a ‘thing’ it is—can initially be raised, very simply, by looking at how we ordinarily speak. Suppose you picked up your morning paper and saw the headline: ‘Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa stolen. Culprits sought by police.’ You would, no doubt, be shocked by the audacity of such an act. But you would not have difficulty imagining what had taken place. Thieves somehow got into the Louvre, evaded the guards, lifted the canvas off the wall, and spirited it away to their hideout.
James and Bergson: The Neglected Alternative
Authors: Sacks Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Turn now to consider the Jamesian model of the mind. Interestingly, and at some cost, as the present reflections should bring out, James is not normally included in the story of modern epistemology that takes in Decartes, Locke, Hume, and Kant. This omission is all the more surprising given that James himself saw his work on the mind as a response to that story, taking up a position that rejected a common presupposition of both the empiricists and Kantians. That he clearly saw his philosophical psychology in this orientation is not to say that he saw clearly the significance it had for that orientation, as we will see. Again, I shall begin with an outline of James’s conception of the mind, and the ways in which it differs from other views, in particular Hume’s and Kant’s; I shall then consider the wider philosophical ramifications of this view of the mind, and along with that the cost of standardly neglecting to consider the Jamesian response to Kant.
Prichard on Duty and Lgnorance Of Fact
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am contributing this paper to a volume intended to re-evaluate ethical intuitionism for two reasons, one historical and the other not. The historical reason is that Prichard’s paper ‘Duty and Ignorance of Fact’ caused a complete volte-face in Ross. Ross’s first book, The Right and the Good, expounded the view that Prichard’s paper was intended to undermine, and Ross was so completely persuaded by Prichard that he included in The Foundations of Ethics a ten-page summary of Prichard’s argument, often word for word. (Nonetheless, he managed, as I will suggest below, to make a couple of significant errors.) This interesting example of the influence that Prichard had over Ross is worth re-examination. I suggest that Prichard’s arguments were not really as powerful as Ross supposed.
Ethical Lntuitionism and Ethical Naturalism
Authors: Sturgeon Nicholas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is common for philosophers discussing ethical issues to appeal to what they freely call intuitions-their own and, they hope, their audience’sabout real or imagined cases. Only rarely do they treat such intuitions as indefeasible: typically, they are prepared to play off intuitions against one another, revising or abandoning some for the sake of a more coherent theoretical picture, deferring also to the perceived plausibility of various general principles, themselves treated as defeasible and approximate. Is this procedure ever a way of actually justifying a moral belief, or of coming to know something? In my view the answer is yes, on both counts.