bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Buccal Flap—A Useful Technique in Cleft Palate Repair?
Authors: Jackson Ian T. , Moreira-Gonzalez Andrea A. , Rogers Amy , Beal Barbara J. 
Published: June 2004

Objective To evaluate speech quality and oronasal fistula after primary palate repair using a buccal mucosal flap. Design Retrospective study cohort of patients with cleft palate. Setting Primary care center for treatment of craniofacial congenital anomalies. Patients and Method One hundred fifty-six nonsyndromic patients underwent palatoplasty with the buccal myomucosal flap by the senior surgeon between 1989 and 2002. The preoperative workup, surgical technique, and other factors that might affect the outcome were identical in every case. Oronasal fistula and variables affecting speech quality were analyzed. Results The most common type of cleft was unilateral cleft lip and palate (43.5%). The median follow-up was 5.8 years (0.4 to 21 years), and the median age at repair was 6.2 months. The overall fistula formation was 3.6%, decreasing progressively: 1989 to 1994: 2.9%, 1995 to 2002: 0.7% (p < .05). Velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI) occurred in 8.8% of the patients, decreasing from 5.3% to 3.5% in the last years. VPI and oronasal fistulae were observed mainly in unilateral and bilateral clefts of the lip and palate. Velopharyngeal adequacy occurred in 91.1% of the children, and resonance was normal in 91.1 %. None of the patients had severe hypernasality or hyponasality. Articulation was normal in 97.9% of the children. Speech quality was good in 89% of the patients. Conclusions The technique presented has been effective, with the advantages of palatal closure without tension, good muscular reconstruction, lengthening of the nasal layer, and palatal closure without raw areas. The technique, early repair, and surgeon's skills were the most important variables for good outcomes regarding speech and fistula formation.
Correction of Facial Asymmetry with Multiplanar Mandible Distraction: A One-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Ko Ellen W. , Hung Kai-Fong , Huang Chiung Shing , Chen Philip K. T. 
Published: June 2004

Objective To assess the effectiveness of multiplanar mandibular distraction by evaluating the treatment effect and 1-year stability, measuring changes on the affected and nonaffected sides, and evaluating correction of the occlusal plane and oral commissure cant. Patients and Method Eleven patients aged 5 to 9.4 years (mean 6.7 years) who underwent unilateral multiplanar mandibular distraction were included, 10 with hemifacial microsomia and one temporomandibular joint ankylosis. Intermaxillary elastics were applied to intraoral dental devices during and after distraction until bony consolidation and occlusal interdigitation were achieved. Radiographs were taken and measured before distraction, after vertical distraction, after completion of distraction, and 1 year after treatment. Frontal facial photographs were obtained to analyze the changes in the position of the oral commissure. Results The facial profile was improved by sagittal mandibular advancement. Although the facial height increased 6.6 mm during vertical distraction, with a net gain of 5.8 mm in follow-up, the mandibular plane angle was maintained. The affected mandibular length increased 8.3 mm after distraction and remained unchanged after 1 year. Ramus height increased 12.7 mm after distraction and relapsed 3.8 mm at follow-up (30%). The affected body length demonstrated postoperative growth of 3.1 mm. Correction of the chin deviation was 9.8 mm after distraction and relapsed 1.6 mm (16.3%) after 1 year. Canting of the occlusal plane and oral commissure was corrected and remained stable. Conclusion Multiplanar mandibular distraction is an effective treatment for correcting facial asymmetry in young children. The 1-year follow-up revealed that the new sagittal jaw relation and mandibular body length were stable, and the achieved occlusal interdigitation was well maintained. However, the ramus height and chin deviation demonstrated some relapse.
A Case of Oculo-Facio-Cardio-Dental Syndrome with Integrated Orthodontic-Prosthodontic Treatment
Authors: Kawamoto Tatsuo , Motohashi Nobuyoshi , Ohyama Kimie 
Published: June 2004

Objective Oculo-facio-cardio-dental (OFCD) syndrome is a very rare condition that requires comprehensive dental management because of associated multiple dental anomalies such as canine radiculomegaly, delayed dentition, oligodontia, persistent primary teeth, microdontia, and macrodontia. This report presents a case of OFCD in a Japanese girl (13 years 1 month old). We analyzed cephalograms, panoramic roentgenograms, and dental casts and discuss our integrated orthodontic-prosthodontic treatment. Design The sizes of the tooth crown and root as well as lateral cephalograms were compared with those from a Japanese control group. The outcome of orthodontic treatment was evaluated by comparing cephalograms taken before and after treatment. Results Radiculomegaly was found not only in the upper and lower canines but also the upper central incisors and lower first premolars. Macrodontia was found in the upper central incisors, upper canines, lower canines, and lower first premolars. Microdontia was found in the upper lateral incisor. Lateral cephalometric analysis showed a remarkable hypoplastic midface in both the sagittal and vertical dimensions, coupled with a significantly decreased cranial base length and an increased gonial angle. Serial lateral cephalograms during orthodontic treatment from 13 to 23 years of age demonstrated only slight maxillary growth and significant downward mandibular growth with clockwise rotation in addition to pronounced labial tipping of the upper central incisors. Conclusions Characteristic dental anomalies together with a unique craniofacial dysmorphology were clarified. Successful oral rehabilitation was achieved by integrated orthodontic-prosthodontic treatment.
Methodology for Perceptual Assessment of Speech in Patients with Cleft Palate: A Critical Review of the Literature
Authors: Lohmander Anette , Olsson Maria 
Published: June 2004

Objective and Design This review of 88 articles in three international journals was undertaken for the purpose of investigating the methodology for perceptual speech assessment in patients with cleft palate. The articles were published between 1980 and 2000 in the Cleft Palate–Craniofacial Journal, the International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, and Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica. Results and Conclusions The majority of articles (76) were published in the Cleft Palate–Craniofacial Journal, with an increase in articles during the 1990s and 2000. Information about measures or variables was clearly given in all articles. However, the review raises several major concerns regarding method for collection and documentation of data and method for measurement. The most distressing findings were the use of a cross-sectional design in studies of few patients with large age ranges and different types of clefts, the use of highly variable speech samples, and the lack of information about listeners and on reliability. It is hoped that ongoing national and international collaborative efforts to standardize procedures for collection and analysis of perceptual data will help to eliminate such concerns and thus make comparison of published results possible in the future.
Association between 10 Microsatellite Markers and Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip Palate in the Chilean Population
Authors: Blanco Rafael , Suazo José , Santos JoséLuis , Paredes Mónica , Sung Hsiao , Carreño Hernán , Jara Lilian 
Published: June 2004

Objective The objective of this case-control study was to evaluate the possible association between nonsyndromic cleft lip/palate (NSCLP) and 10 genetic markers in four chromosomal regions in the admixed Spanish-Amerindian Chilean population. Setting Study participants included 56 patients with NSCLP identified and interviewed for positive family history during the course of clinical examinations at different rehabilitation centers in the cities of Santiago and Talca, Chile. A control group of 59 normal individuals without known familial antecedents of clefting was obtained from blood bank donors of the University Hospital, University of Chile. Cases and controls belonged to low- to low-middle socioeconomic strata. Results Ten markers from chromosome 4p, 4q, 6p, 17q, and 19q were assessed (MSX1, D4S175, D4S192, F13A1, EDN1, D6S89, D6S105, D6S109, D17S579, BCL3). Four of them showed significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations in controls, according to the exact test (D4S192, BCL3, F13A1, and D6S89). The case-control comparison by means of the CLUMP program showed significant differences only in BCL3, and D6S109 almost reached statistical significance. Conclusions Most of the genetic regions with positive results in Caucasian populations may not be involved in NSCLP in Chile, regardless of the positive evidence for the candidate region on chromosome 19. Similar findings have been reported recently in the Chinese population.
Comparison of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Children with Cleft Palate following Furlow Palatoplasty or Pharyngeal Flap for Velopharyngeal Insufficiency
Authors: Liao Yu-Fang , Noordhoff M. Samuel , Huang Chiung-Shing , Chen Philip K. T. , Chen Ning-Hung , Yun Claudia , Chuang Ming-Lung 
Published: June 2004

Objective To evaluate the incidence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in patients with cleft palate having a Furlow palatoplasty or pharyngeal flap for correction of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). Patients A total of 48 nonsyndromic children with repaired cleft palate with VPI were enrolled in the study. Twenty of the children had a Furlow palatoplasty (F group) and 28 children had a pharyngeal flap (P group) for correction of VPI. Interventions An overnight polysomnography evaluation was done to evaluate the incidence and severity of OSAS 6 months or more postoperatively. Main Outcome Measures Symptoms of OSAS, respiratory disturbance index (RDI), oxyhemoglobin desaturation index (DI), and sleep stages were measured. Results In the P group, the mean percentage of stage 2 sleep was lower than the F group (p < .05). The mean RDI and DI were larger in the P group, compared with the F group (p < .001). The incidence and severity of OSAS were higher in the P group, compared with the F group (p < .001 and p = 0.05, respectively). Conclusions A Furlow palatoplasty should be used in deference to a pharyngeal flap whenever possible on the basis of the preoperative evaluation of VPI because of the decreased incidence and severity of OSAS.
Cleft Palate and Congenital Synechiae Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Murphy Siun M. , Rea Suzanne , McGovern Eleanor , Fleming Paddy , Orr David 
Published: June 2004

Objective A 1-day-old baby girl with a cleft of the secondary palate and a soft tissue band connecting the upper and lower jaws and preventing mouth opening was referred to the cleft lip and palate team by her pediatrician. This case represents a further example of an interesting but rare anomaly known as congenital alveolar synechia syndrome that requires early management to allow normal feeding and oral development.
Stabilization of an Edentulous Premaxilla for an Alveolar Bone Graft: Case Report
Authors: Bohman Paul , Yamashita Dennis Duke , Baek Seung-Hak , Yen Stephen L.-K. 
Published: June 2004

Objective The patient with bilateral cleft lip and palate and an edentulous premaxilla poses several additional challenges to the surgeon and the orthodontist. The cleft segments are usually expanded and stabilized with tooth-supported orthodontic appliances prior to an alveolar bone graft. This report describes a technique for stabilizing an edentulous premaxilla using an orthodontic-surgical screw that is ligated to an orthodontic archwire.
Current Concepts in Cell Toxicity
Authors: Samali Afshin , Zhivotovsky Boris , Orrenius Sten 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis overview provides a basic definition of cellular death and the mechanisms that are associated with cell death: apoptosis and necrosis. It includes a description of structural changes and macromolecular degradation and the roles of signaling, mitochondria, and genetic changes in the two forms of cell death.
In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry
Authors: Kokaia Zaal 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis unit describes two methods of in situ hybridization: one uses an 35S‐labeled oligonucleotide probe and the other uses a digoxigenin‐labeled oligonucleotide probe on frozen, cryostat‐sectioned samples. These methods allow detection of the physical distribution and expression levels of target mRNA. Protocols are also included for labeling the probes and preparing the sample material.
The Salmonella (Ames) Test for Mutagenicity
Authors: Zeiger Errol , Mortelmans Kristien 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe Ames test is a widely accepted short‐term assay for detecting chemicals that induce mutations in the DNA of organisms. The assay is a reverse mutation assay that detects the mutational reversion of his‐dependent Salmonella to his‐independent colonies. Mutation‐causing chemicals increase the frequency of occurrence of his‐independent colonies, usually in a dose‐dependent fashion. This unit includes protocols for the basic plate test with and without preincubation as well as procedures for highly volatile chemicals and gases, chemicals that require reductive metabolism, and chemicals that are available in small quantities. In addition there are protocols for dose selection, strain maintenance and preservation, freezing working and permanent cultures, and preparing the S‐9 metabolic activation system.
Measurement of a Malondialdehyde‐DNA Adduct
Authors: Plastaras John P. , Marnett Lawrence J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDetermining the levels of various DNA adducts has become an essential tool in understanding the toxicology of carcinogens. Direct measurement of DNA adduct levels, the true biologically effective dose of a mutagen, can be correlated with biological outcomes or used to probe mechanisms of adduct formation. Each adduct to be measured requires a specific assay. Malondialdehyde is a carcinogenic and mutagenic electrophile that is endogenously produced during peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Its reaction with deoxyguanosine produces a fluorescent exocyclic pyrimidopurinone that can be detected by gas chromatographic/negative chemical ionization‐electron capture mass spectroscopy. Methods for preparing an immunoaffinity gel and for HPLC quatification of nucleosides are also included.
Assays for DNA Damage
Authors: Sutherland Jessica E. , Costa Max 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis unit describes several assays for detecting several kinds of DNA damage (strand breaks, internal crosslinking, DNA/protein crosslinks) and repair activity following exposure to genotoxic agents. The methods include single‐cell electrophoresis (comet assay), filter eluting, K‐SDS precipitation, and measurement of unscheduled DNA synthesis.
Assays for Detecting Chromosomal Aberrations
Authors: Klein Catherine B. , Broday Limor , Costa Max 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis unit describes the techniques used to investigate chromosome structure to detect changes induced by toxicant exposure. Protocols are included for detecting microcucleus (MN) formation, changes in banding patterns by Giemsa banding or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using chromosome‐specific probes, and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in cultures of established cell lines.
Methods for Measuring DNA Adducts and Abasic Sites I: Isolation, Purification, and Analysis of DNA Adducts in Intact DNA
Authors: Swenberg James A. , Ham Amy‐Joan L. , McDorman Kevin S. , Morinello Eric J. , Nakamura Jun , Schoonhoven Robert 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe major event involved in the formation of mutations and the initiation and progression of cancer is the induction of DNA damage by reactive intermediates arising from exposure to endogenous and exogenous chemicals. Many electrophilic metabolites of chemicals covalently bind to the bases of DNA causing specific DNA adducts. This unit includes protocols for preparing samples of intact DNA and adduct analysis to quantify the number of adducts that can potentially cause mutagenic or carcinogenic damage.
Methods for Measuring DNA Adducts and Abasic Sites II: Methods for Measurement of DNA Adducts
Authors: Swenberg James A. , Ham Amy‐Joan L. , Koc Hasan , La David K. , Morinello Eric J. , Pachkowski Brian F. , Ranasinghe Asoka , Upton Patricia B. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis unit contains protocols for analyzing DNA adducts separated from the DNA backbone. HPLC is used to quantify total guanine or ribo‐ or deoxynucleotides as well as methods for analyzing specific adducts. These methods include HPLC with electrochemical detection, immunoaffininty chromatography to enrich for specific adducts, and gas and liquid chromatography in combination with HPLC and mass spectrometry.
Measurement of Cytochrome P‐450
Authors: Schenkman John B. , Jansson Ingela 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe family of cytochrome P‐450 enzymes are involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics. This unit provides protocols for the three most common ways to measure cytochrome P‐450. Spectrophotometric detection of the Soret band gives a quantitative measure of total cytochrome P‐450 in microsomes, liver homogenate, or mitochondria, but lacks information about the specific P‐450 forms. Immunochemical methods such as immunoblotting provide very sensitive semiquantitative identification of specific P‐450 enzymes Finally, enzymatic assays depend on substrate specificity and also provide information about specific P‐450 enzymes, although some members of this group of enzymes have broad and sometimes overlapping specificities.
Purification of Cytochrome P‐450 Enzymes
Authors: Bell‐Parikh L.C. , Hosea N.A. , Martin M.V. , Guengerich F.P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAmong the liver P‐450 xenobiotic‐metabolizing enzymes, P450‐2E1 is of interest because of its activation of potent carcinogens, and P‐450 1A2 is of interest because of its role in oxidation of drugs and carcinogens. This unit describes column chromatography protocols for purification of recombinant forms of these enzymes expressed in a bacterial expression system.
Measurement of Aryl and Alcohol Sulfotransferase Activity
Authors: Sheng Jonathan J. , Sharma Vyas , Duffel Michael W. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractTwo methods are presented for determining the catalytic activity of aryl and alcohol sulfotransferases. The first assay is a simple and rapid procedure that is based on the extraction of a paired ion formed between the product organic sulfate and methylene blue. The second method employs HPLC analysis of the substrate‐dependent formation of PAP, an assay that is particularly useful when the sulfuric acid ester product is chemically unstable.
Measurements of Flavin‐Containing Monooxygenase (FMO) Activities
Authors: Rose Randy L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMeasurement of Flavin‐Containing Monooxygenase (FMO) Activities (Randy L. Rose, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina). This unit describes methods used for measuring the presence of flavin‐containing monooxygenases using NADPH oxygenation and methamizole oxidation. Methods are also provided to determine the relative contributions of FMO versus cytochrome P450 from microsomes.
Techniques for Measuring the Activity of Carboxylic Acid:CoA Ligase and Acyl‐CoA:Amino Acid N‐Acyltransferase: The Amino Acid Conjugation Pathway
Authors: Kelley Michael , Vessey Donald A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA wide variety of xenobiotic carboxylic acids are metabolized to their amino acid conjugates via a pathway that exists primarily in liver and kidney. This conjugation occurs in a two‐step pathway catalyzed by two distince types of enzymes, ligases and transferases. Measurements of acyl‐CoA ligase activity include monitoring the rate of appearance of AMP or PPi, or the CoA adduct. N‐acyltransferases catalyze formation of an amino acid conjugate from the CoA‐activated intermediate, releasing CoA. This reaction is monitored by following the release of free CoA or the disappearance of the acyl‐CoA adduct.
Determination of Paraoxonase 1 Status and Genotypes at Specific Polymorphic Sites
Authors: Richter Rebecca J. , Jampsa Rachel L. , Jarvik Gail P. , Costa Lucio G. , Furlong Clement E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe procedures for determining paraoxonase (PON1) status and for determining PON1 genotypes for polymorphisms in coding and important regulatory regions are described. PON1 status is determined by a functional two‐substrate analysis of plasma PON1 activities. Differences in catalytic efficiency of the PON1192Q and PON1192R alloforms result in the clear separation of all three phenotypes at position 192 (Q/Q, Q/R, R/R) and at the same time, the two‐substrate analysis indicates activity levels of PON1. Because the enzyme activity levels are as important as the polymorphic genotypes, this two‐substrate analysis of PON1 status provides the most relevant information for investigating the association of PON1 genetics with susceptibilities to disease, organophosphorus insecticide sensitivity, and pharmacokinetic status of drug metabolism. Genotyping of polymorphic sites alone fails to provide this important information but can be useful for gene frequency determination and forensic analysis. Analytical procedures for determining PON1 status and genotypes are described.
Measurement of Bioavailability: Measuring Absorption Through Skin In Vivo in Rats and Humans
Authors: Bounds Stephen V. , Hawkins David R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAbsorption through the skin is a route of exposure to a wide variety of therapeutic and/or environmental compounds. In vivo assays are advantageous in that they retain intact epidermal and dermal structures and thus reflect a more normal situation. The test compound is applied to the skin in a protected area for a specified period of time. At the end of the incubation, skin, tissues, and excreta are assessed for the presence of the test compound. The assay can also be performed with volatile compounds. When performed using laboratory animals, it is possible to assess the distribution of the compound throughout the body. If human volunteers are studied such analysis is limited to the skin, blood, and excreta.
Measurement of Glutathione and Glutathione Disulfide
Authors: Mustacich Debbie 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMeasurements of glutathione should include quantification of both the reduced and oxidized forms. HPLC‐based assays for glutathione and other cellular thiols and disulfides utilize a variety of detection methods, including ultraviolet, fluorescence, and electrochemical methods. This unit provides rapid, sensitive, highly versatile and reproducible HPLC methods for separating and quantifying sulfur‐containing amino acids and related derivatives from a variety of biological samples.
HPLC‐Based Assays for Enzymes of Glutathione Biosynthesis
Authors: White Collin C. , Krejsa Cecile J. , Eaton David L. , Kavanagh Terrance J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractGlutamate cysteine ligase and gluthione synthase carry out the two‐step synthesis of glutathione. The fluorescent thiol‐reactive compound monobromobimane is used to derivatize reaction products in an HPLC‐based assay with fluorescence detection. The assay described in this unit can be adapted for tissue homogenates or cultured cells.
γ‐Glutamyl Transpeptidase Activity Assay
Authors: Ikeda Yoshitaka , Taniguchi Naoyuki 
Published: June 2004

AbstractGamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase catalyzes the transfer of a gamma‐glutamyl bond and is of importance in glutathione metabolism. The most common assay methods for this enzyme, in which gamma‐glutamyl derivatives of p‐nitroanilineare used as a gamma‐glutamyl donor, are described in this unit.