bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Platelet-activating factor and human thyroid cancer
Authors: Denizot Yves , Chianéa Thierry , Labrousse François , Truffinet Véronique , Delage Manuela , Mathonnet Muriel 
Published: July 2005

Objective: Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a pro-inflammatory and angiogenic lipid mediator involved in several types of cancer in humans. The levels of PAF, lyso-PAF (the PAF precursor), phospholipase A2activity (PLA2, the enzymatic activity implicated in lyso-PAF formation) and acetylhydrolase activity (AHA, the PAF-degrading enzyme) were investigated in various diseased thyroid tissues.Subjects: Control and diseased tissue of patients with a hyperplastic goitre (n= 14), a benign adenoma (n= 12) and a papillary thyroid carcinoma (n= 15) were investigated.Results: PAF receptor transcripts were found in the human thyroid tissue. PAF, lyso-PAF, PLA2and AHA were present in control thyroid tissues, their levels being significantly correlated with each other, suggesting tiny regulations of the PAF metabolic pathways inside the thyroid gland. PAF, lyso-PAF, PLA2and AHA levels remained unchanged in diseased tissues of patients with a hyperplastic goitre, a benign adenoma and a papillary thyroid carcinoma. No difference was found between PAF, lyso-PAF, PLA2and AHA levels with respect to the TNM tumour status and the histological sub-type of papillary thyroid carcinoma. No correlation was found between tissue PAF levels and those of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, two angiogenic growth factors involved in thyroid cancer and that mediate their effect through PAF release in breast and colorectal cancer.Conclusion: PAF, PAF receptor transcripts and the enzymatic activities implicated in PAF production and degradation are present in the thyroid gland. While the physiological role of PAF is presently unknown in thyroid physiology, this study highlights no evidence for a potentially important role of PAF during human thyroid cancer, a result that markedly differs from breast and colorectal ones.
Uninsurance and Health Care Access Among Young Adults in the United States
Authors: Callahan S. Todd , Cooper William O. 
Published: July 2005

Objective. Young adults who are 19 to 24 years of age are the most likely age group to be uninsured in the United States, yet little is known about how uninsurance might affect health care access among young adults. The objective of this study was to describe the association between health insurance status and health care access among young adults while controlling for other determinants of access to care.
Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from 11 866 19- to 24-year-old respondents who completed the National Health Interview Survey between 1998 and 2001. We present percentages and adjusted relative risk of young adults who in the previous year delayed or missed medical care because of cost, did not fill a prescription because of cost, had not spoken to a health professional, or identified no usual source of health care.
Results. Among the young adults studied, 27% of women and 33% of men were uninsured. After potential confounders were adjusted for, the uninsured remained at significantly higher risk for reporting delayed or missed medical care (women: adjusted relative risk [95% confidence interval]: 3.24 [2.72–3.82]; men: 4.31 [3.44–5.34]), not filling a prescription because of cost (women: 3.27 [2.55–4.16]; men: 4.05 [2.78–5.81]), having no contact with a health professional (women: 2.54 [2.01–3.09]; men: 1.60 [1.43–1.77]), and having no usual source of health care (women: 3.45 [3.05–3.90]; men: 2.27 [2.06–2.48]) relative to privately insured peers. Women with Medicaid did not differ significantly from privately insured women in these measures.
Conclusions. Uninsured young adults were significantly more likely than privately insured peers to report barriers to obtaining needed care, having no contact with a health professional, and identifying no usual source of health care. Given the high rates of uninsurance among young adults, additional study is needed to examine how these barriers affect the immediate and future health of the young adult.
Aerobic Capacity, Strength, Flexibility, and Activity Level in Unimpaired Extremely Low Birth Weight (≤800 g) Survivors at 17 Years of Age Compared With Term-Born Control Subjects
Authors: Rogers Marilyn , Fay Taryn B. , Whitfield Michael F. , Tomlinson Jill , Grunau Ruth E. 
Published: July 2005

Objectives. To compare aerobic capacity, strength, flexibility, and activity level in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) adolescents at 17 years of age with term-born control subjects.
Methods. Fifty-three ELBW teens of birth weight ≤800 g were assessed at 17.3 years (16.3–19.7 years; birth weight: 720 g [520–800 g]; gestation: 26 weeks [23–29 weeks]) along with term-born control subjects (n = 31) at age 17.8 years (16.5–19.0 years; birth weight: 3506 g [3068–4196 g]; gestation: weeks 40 [39–42 weeks]). ELBW and control teens were assessed by a pediatric physiotherapist and completed components of the Canadian Physical Activity, Fitness and Lifestyle Appraisal and a self-assessment fitness and activity questionnaire. Continuous data were analyzed using MANOVA (group, gender) followed by t tests; categorical data were analyzed using the χ2 test.
Results. ELBW teens had lower aerobic capacity, grip strength, leg power, and vertical jump; could do fewer push-ups; had less abdominal strength as measured by curl-ups; had less lower back flexibility; and had tighter hamstrings. ELBW teens reported less previous and current sports participation, lower physical activity level, and poorer coordination compared with term-born control subjects. ELBW teens were also found to have more difficulty with maintenance of rhythm and cadence. Although ELBW teens rated themselves lower on all measures of sporting activity, they were as happy with their level of fitness as the control subjects.
Conclusions. Compared with term-born control subjects, there are significant differences in motor performance in unimpaired ELBW survivors in late adolescence, reflected in aerobic capacity, strength, endurance, flexibility, and activity level. We conclude that these differences in fitness and physical activity are related to the interaction of effects of premature birth on the motor system together with a more inactive lifestyle. These findings have potential implications for later adult health problems.
Improvement in Bone Mineral Density and Body Composition in Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A 1-Year Prospective Study
Authors: Marinovic Daniela , Dorgeret Sophie , Lescoeur Brigitte , Alberti Corinne , Noel Michèle , Czernichow Paul , Sebag Guy , Vilmer Etienne , Léger Juliane 
Published: July 2005

Objectives. Abnormalities in bone mineral density (BMD), body composition, and bone metabolism have been reported in children who were treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) during and after completion of therapy. However, these studies are cross-sectional, and no longitudinal data are available in a large group of patients after completion of therapy. In the present study, 1-year longitudinal changes in BMD, body composition, and bone metabolism were evaluated in children with ALL during the first 3 years after completion of therapy without cranial irradiation.
Methods. BMD of total body (TB; g/cm2), areal and apparent volumetric lumbar spine (L2–L4), lean body mass, and percentage of body fat were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in 37 children (median age: 7.9 years; range: 4.7–20.6 years) who were treated for ALL at a median age of 3.3 years (range: 1.1–16.6 years), after a median time of 2.2 years after the completion of treatment, and after a 1-year follow-up period. Two control subjects (n = 74) who were matched for gender, age, and pubertal stage were also longitudinally investigated for body composition for 1 year. Usual serum biochemical markers of calcium metabolism and bone turnover were measured in patients during the study period.
Results. A slight decrease in TB BMD was found after a median time of 2.2 years after the completion of therapy for ALL in childhood. Patients showed a significantly lower median TB BMD when evaluated &lt;1.5 years as compared with those at ≥1.5 years since completion of therapy. At the time of first evaluation, the percentage of body fat mass was significantly higher and patients were physically less active than their matched control subjects. Although, as expected, during the 1 year of follow-up both groups showed an annual increment in their BMD measurements, a significantly higher increase in TB BMD was observed in patients in comparison with control subjects. During this same period, the increase in the percentage of body fat mass was slightly lower in ALL patients as compared with control subjects. At the end of the follow-up year, BMD, body-composition parameters, and physical activity of ALL patients were similar to those observed in matched control subjects. Serum biochemical markers of bone turnover were normal at both evaluations.
Conclusions. A significant increase in TB BMD and a tendency to a lesser increase in percentage of body fat mass were observed during the study period in ALL patients as compared with chronological age-, gender-, and pubertal stage–matched control subjects. These findings suggest a positive effect of long-term completion therapy and increase in physical activity on BMD, body composition, and bone metabolism in patients who have been treated for ALL.
Croup Hospitalizations in Ontario: A 14-Year Time-Series Analysis
Authors: Segal Audrey O. , Crighton Eric J. , Moineddin Rahim , Mamdani Muhammad , Upshur Ross E.G. 
Published: July 2005

Objective. Croup is the most common form of airway obstruction in children. Known to be primarily viral, the seasonality of croup has been examined largely through its association with the human parainfluenza viruses. This study examined the seasonal pattern of croup hospitalizations in relation to age and gender for the province of Ontario during a 14-year period.Methods. A retrospective, population-based study design was used to examine seasonal and temporal patterns of croup hospitalizations from April 1, 1988, to March 31, 2002. All residents of Ontario who were aged 0 to 4 years and eligible for universal health coverage during the study period were included for analysis. Time-series analyses then were conducted on monthly aggregations of hospitalizations.Results. This study found strong evidence of croup hospitalization seasonality, with a biennial midautumn peak and annual summer trough, evident throughout the 14-year study period (Fisher's κ = 51.11; Bartlett Kolmogorov Smirnov = 0.552). The pattern was observed in all children aged 0 to 4, although boys were hospitalized 2 times more often than girls of the same age. Rates of croup hospitalization were lower for children aged 1 to 4 years than for children aged 0 to &lt;1. A marked decrease in croup hospitalizations was observed after the winter of 1993/1994 and continued to decrease in a step-wise manner for the remainder of the study period.Conclusions. This study delineates a clear biennial pattern of seasonal croup hospitalizations, varying by age and gender, with a large decrease in hospitalizations after the winter of 1993/1994. It is expected that these findings will have important implications for the treatment and management of childhood croup.
Heat Stress From Enclosed Vehicles: Moderate Ambient Temperatures Cause Significant Temperature Rise in Enclosed Vehicles
Authors: McLaren Catherine , Null Jan , Quinn James 
Published: July 2005

Objective. Each year, children die from heat stroke after being left unattended in motor vehicles. In 2003, the total was 42, up from a national average of 29 for the past 5 years. Previous studies found that on days when ambient temperatures exceeded 86°F, the internal temperatures of the vehicle quickly reached 134 to 154°F. We were interested to know whether similarly high temperatures occurred on clear sunny days with more moderate temperatures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of temperature rise and rate of rise in similar and lower ambient temperatures. In addition, we evaluated the effect of having windows “cracked” open.
Methods. In this observational study, temperature rise was measured continuously over a 60-minute period in a dark sedan on 16 different clear sunny days with ambient temperatures ranging from 72 to 96°F. On 2 of these days, additional measurements were made with the windows opened 1.5 inches. Analysis of variance was used to compare how quickly the internal vehicle temperature rose and to compare temperature rise when windows were cracked open 1.5 inches.
Results. Regardless of the outside ambient temperature, the rate of temperature rise inside the vehicle was not significantly different. The average mean increase was 3.2°F per 5-minute interval, with 80% of the temperature rise occurring during the first 30 minutes. The final temperature of the vehicle depended on the starting ambient temperature, but even at the coolest ambient temperature, internal temperatures reached 117°F. On average, there was an ∼40°F increase in internal temperature for ambient temperatures spanning 72 to 96°F. Cracking windows open did not decrease the rate of temperature rise in the vehicle (closed: 3.4°F per 5 minutes; opened: 3.1°F per 5 minutes or the final maximum internal temperature.
Conclusions. Even at relatively cool ambient temperatures, the temperature rise in vehicles is significant on clear, sunny days and puts infants at risk for hyperthermia. Vehicles heat up rapidly, with the majority of the temperature rise occurring within the first 15 to 30 minutes. Leaving the windows opened slightly does not significantly slow the heating process or decrease the maximum temperature attained. Increased public awareness and parental education of heat rise in motor vehicles may reduce the incidence of hyperthermia death and improve child passenger safety.
The Cost of Containing One Case of Measles: The Economic Impact on the Public Health Infrastructure—Iowa, 2004
Authors: Dayan Gustavo H. , Ortega-Sánchez Ismael R. , LeBaron Charles W. , Quinlisk M. Patricia ,   and the Iowa Measles Response Team
Published: July 2005

Background. In February 2004, students from a college in Iowa, with a high proportion of nonmedical exemptions to vaccination, traveled to India; one fourth of the students contracted measles while there. One exposed, susceptible student returned home during his infectious period, necessitating 2 months of containment efforts in Iowa.
Objective. The objective of this study was to measure the direct costs of measles containment from a public health system perspective.
Methods. We evaluated activities performed, personnel time/materials allocated, and direct costs incurred in 2004 US dollars by the Iowa public health infrastructure. The study period was defined as March 5, 2004 (when the Iowa Department of Public Health was first contacted about the case), through May 12, 2004 (when a final meeting was held on the containment effort).
Results. A total of 2525 hours of personnel time were expended to review flight manifests, contact exposed passengers, set up vaccination clinics, trace &gt;1000 potentially exposed contacts, and institute and enforce quarantine orders for vaccination refusers. Two thousand twenty-five phone calls were received from the public, and 2243 miles were driven by staff. The temporal distribution of personnel time was characterized by marked peaks at the report of potential secondary cases. The total estimated cost was $ 142452.
Conclusions. The direct cost to the public health infrastructure of containing 1 case of measles was far greater than the estimated cost of uncomplicated individual illness (less than $100). Economic analyses of vaccine-preventable diseases may need to go beyond the costs of individual illness to account for the costs of protecting society.
Obesity Rather Than Severity of Sleep-Disordered Breathing as the Major Determinant of Insulin Resistance and Altered Lipidemia in Snoring Children
Authors: Tauman Riva , O’Brien Louise M. , Ivanenko Anna , Gozal David 
Published: July 2005

Objective. Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in adults and in obese children. However, the prevalence of such metabolic abnormalities among snoring children is unknown. This study was done to prospectively assess the relative contribution of SDB and obesity to metabolic disturbances in a large cohort of snoring children.Methods. Measurements of fasting serum glucose, insulin, and lipids were obtained after polysomnographic evaluation in 116 snoring children and in 19 control subjects. Insulin resistance was assessed using the insulin/glucose ratio (I/G ratio) and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA).Results. A total of 135 children (79 boys; mean age: 8.9 ± 3.5 years) were studied. Sixty-four children had moderate to severe SDB (AHI = 5 per hour of total sleep time [TST]), 52 had mild SDB (AHI = 1 but &lt;5 per hour of TST), and 19 were control subjects (AHI &lt;1 per hour of TST). Seventy of these children were obese. No significant correlations were found between AHI, lowest arterial oxygen saturation, or arousal index and serum insulin, serum glucose, I/G ratio, HOMA, or serum lipids for either the whole group or the obese children only. However, significant positive correlations were found between I/G ratio and relative BMI (relBMI; r = 0.58), HOMA and relBMI (r = 0.52), triglycerides and relBMI (r = 0.30), and high-density lipoprotein and relBMI (r = 0.50). No significant differences were found in relBMI, I/G ratio, and lipid levels between boys and girls.Conclusions. Among children with suspected SDB, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia seem to be determined primarily by the degree of body adiposity rather than by the severity of SDB.
On Gödel's Way In: The Influence of Rudolf Carnap
Authors: Goldfarb Warren 
Published: July 2005

The philosopher Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970), although not himself an originator of mathematical advances in logic, was much involved in the development of the subject. He was the most important and deepest philosopher of the Vienna Circle of logical positivists, or, to use the label Carnap later preferred, logical empiricists. It was Carnap who gave the most fully developed and sophisticated form to the linguistic doctrine of logical and mathematical truth: the view that the truths of mathematics and logic do not describe some Platonistic realm, but rather are artifacts of the way we establish a language in which to speak of the factual, empirical world, fallouts of the representational capacity of language. (This view has its roots in Wittgenstein's Tractatus, but Wittgenstein's remarks on mathematics beyond first-order logic are notoriously sparse and cryptic.) Carnap was also the thinker who, after Russell, most emphasized the importance of modern logic, and the distinctive advances it enables in the foundations of mathematics, to contemporary philosophy. It was through Carnap's urgings, abetted by Hans Hahn, once Carnap arrived in Vienna as Privatdozent in philosophy in 1926, that the Vienna Circle began to take logic seriously and that positivist philosophy began to grapple with the question of how an account of mathematics compatible with empiricism can be given (see Goldfarb 1996).A particular facet of Carnap's influence is not widely appreciated: it was Carnap who introduced Kurt Gödel to logic, in the serious sense. Although Gödel seems to have attended a course of Schlick's on philosophy of mathematics in 1925–26, his second year at the University, he did not at that time pursue logic further, nor did the seminar leave much of a trace on him. In the early summer of 1928, however, Carnap gave two lectures to the Circle which Gödel attended, or so I surmise. At these occasions, Carnap presented material from his manuscript treatise, Untersuchungen zur allgemeinen Axiomatik, that is, “Investigations into general axiomatics”, which dealt with questions of consistency, completeness and categoricity. Carnap later circulated this material to various people including Gödel.
What did Gödel Believe and When did He believe It?
Authors: Davis Martin 
Published: July 2005

Gödel has emphasized the important role that his philosophical views had played in his discoveries. Thus, in a letter to Hao Wang of December 7, 1967, explaining why Skolem and others had not obtained the completeness theorem for predicate calculus, Gödel wrote:This blindness (or prejudice, or whatever you may call it) of logicians is indeed surprising. But I think the explanation is not hard to find. It lies in a widespread lack, at that time, of the required epistemological attitude toward metamathematics and toward non-finitary reasoning. …I may add that my objectivist conception of mathematics and metamathematics in general, and of transfinite reasoning in particular, was fundamental also to my other work in logic.How indeed could one think of expressing metamathematics in the mathematical systems themselves, if the latter are considered to consist of meaningless symbols which acquire some substitute of meaning only through metamathematics?Or how could one give a consistency proof for the continuum hypothesis by means of my transfinite model Δ if consistency proofs have to be finitary?In a similar vein, Gödel has maintained that the “realist” or “Platonist” position regarding sets and the transfinite with which he is identified was part of his belief system from his student days. This can be seen in Gödel's replies to the detailed questionnaire prepared by Burke Grandjean in 1974. Gödel prepared three tentative mutually consistent replies, but sent none of them.
Gödel's Conceptual Realism
Authors: Donald A. Martin  
Published: July 2005

Kurt Gödel is almost as famous—one might say “notorious”—for his extreme platonist views as he is famous for his mathematical theorems. Moreover his platonism is not a myth; it is well-documented in his writings. Here are two platonist declarations about set theory, the first from his paper about Bertrand Russell and the second from the revised version of his paper on the Continuum Hypotheses.Classes and concepts may, however, also be conceived as real objects, namely classes as “pluralities of things” or as structures consisting of a plurality of things and concepts as the properties and relations of things existing independently of our definitions and constructions.It seems to me that the assumption of such objects is quite as legitimate as the assumption of physical bodies and there is quite as much reason to believe in their existence.But, despite their remoteness from sense experience, we do have something like a perception also of the objects of set theory, as is seen from the fact that the axioms force themselves upon us as being true. I don't see any reason why we should have less confidence in this kind of perception, i.e., in mathematical intuition, than in sense perception.The first statement is a platonist declaration of a fairly standard sort concerning set theory. What is unusual in it is the inclusion of concepts among the objects of mathematics. This I will explain below. The second statement expresses what looks like a rather wild thesis.
Gödel's Reformulation of Gentzen's First Consistency Proof For Arithmetic: The No-Counterexample Interpretation
Authors: Tait W. W. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe last section of “Lecture at Zilsel's” [9, §4] contains an interesting but quite condensed discussion of Gentzen's first version of his consistency proof forPA[8], reformulating it as what has come to be called theno-counterexample interpretation. I will describe Gentzen's result (in game-theoretic terms), fill in the details (with some corrections) of Gödel's reformulation, and discuss the relation between the two proofs.