bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chinese Popular Religion and Economy
Authors: Yang Mayfair 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chinese popular religion includes shamanism and divination, deities with their cults and pilgrimages, ancestor worship, healing and exorcism rituals, and fengshui or geomancy. While popular religion has been partially absorbed into the more institutionalized Daoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism, it remains tied up with local communities, and therefore exhibits regional differences. Popular religion took shape during the Song Dynasty period of commercialization and urbanization in China in the tenth to twelfth centuries ce. The history of burning ‘spirit money’ as offerings or debt payments to gods, ancestors, and ghosts predates paper money used as legal tender, which was invented in China. The notions of sin and debt were interchangeable, and moral evaluations were quantified in an interpenetrating logic that was both economic and religious. Thus, medieval China’s highly commercialized profit-oriented premodern economy was not disembedded from the other institutions of family, kinship, religion, and the state. The God of Wealth could make one rich as well as punish dishonesty and sin. When twentieth-century Chinese intellectuals, reformers, and revolutionaries adopted the modern Western opposition between religion and economic development and started suppressing religious practice and ethics as ‘backwards’, the ancient delicate ecology of religious ethics checking and balancing the market’s profit mechanism was destroyed. Today, we can still find pockets of a revitalized ‘ritual economy’ in rural areas and small towns of China, especially along the south-eastern coast. George Bataille’s concept of ‘religious or ritual expenditures’ provides a good way to conceptualize this generosity in ritual sacrifices, donations, and ‘wastefulness’ in life-cycle rituals and religious festivals and building projects. They all counter-balance the utilitarian, profit-maximization, and accumulationist tendencies of secular capitalism.
Religion and Agriculture
Authors: LeVasseur Todd 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a historical and comparative overview of Judaism, Christianity, and Hinduism and some of these three religion’s respective understandings of food production and distribution. The chapter begins by providing an overview of the Agricultural Revolution, within which contemporary world religions have emerged. The chapter then proceeds to analyse key doctrines, ethics, and rituals from each religion as these are related to food production and distribution. The chapter concludes by looking at contemporary issues in food production and distribution, including genetic modification of crops and understandings of sustainable agriculture. These topics will be briefly explored via a comparison of Judaism, Christianity, and Hinduism. Given the historical and phenomenological scale and scope of food–religion interactions within these three religions, readers should note the chapter is not exhaustive, but rather captures broad themes and key data points from the three religions.
Religion and Poverty
Authors: Beyers Jaco 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Poverty is a human condition determining human behaviour. Social, economic, psychological, political, and religious factors have effects on society and can alleviate or worsen poverty. This chapter suggests several functions of religion regarding poverty. Religion can redirect human thought to spiritual concerns, focussing on spiritual poverty. Religions can view poverty either as something desirable as proof of piety or as a curse, punishment, or sign of lack of faith. Religion can influence the response to poverty by having an ethical impact when principles benefitting all in society are applied within economic systems, fostering greater generosity. Perspectives from three religions (Christianity, Islam, and Judaism) are discussed and compared. Although Islam and Judaism exhibit institutionalized forms of dealing with poverty in terms of tzedakah and zakat, Christianity encourages spontaneous acts of kindness towards the poor as acts of faith. Prosperity Theology as one expression of dealing with materiality is discussed.
Confucian Economic Ethics
Authors: Huang Yong 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Confucian economic ethics is centred around the relationship between moral rightness and economic and other external benefits. It is a consensus that Confucianism gives priority to rightness over benefits. Scholars disagree on whether this is because Confucianism regards rightness as an intrinsic value independent of, even though not necessarily inconsistent with, benefits, or because it sees rightness as the best instrument to produce benefits. The former takes Confucianism as a deontological theory, while the latter a consequentialist or even utilitarian one. In contrast, this chapter argues that it is a virtue ethical theory, concerned with a good life, consisting of both external and internal well-being. Benefits are indispensable for external well-being, while the virtue of rightness is essential for internal well-being. Although these two aspects, each of which has its own intrinsic value, are mutually instrumental, conflicts between the two may arise, and when they do, Confucianism puts rightness ahead of benefits, as it is what makes human life different from other forms of life.
Bahá’í Economic Ethics
Authors: Badee Hooshmand 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this work is to explore the Bahá’í teachings on economics and their impact on the members of the Bahá’í Faith and the wider society. Knowing and understanding the economic principles of the Bahá’í Faith can assist Bahá’ís to work towards building communities based on its spiritual and material foundations. It must be noted that Bahá’u’lláh, the founder of this Faith did not construct a Bahá’í economic system. Nevertheless, the central figures of the Bahá’í Faith have provided a number of principles that can be used as guidelines to develop the components of a just, universal, and flexible economic system. The exploration of the Bahá’í writings and the role of the Bahá’í Faith in economic behaviour are founded on a number of prerequisites and assumptions. The main goal of the Bahá’í Faith is uniting humanity, and economics is just a means for achieving this goal. Religious beliefs influence the actions and lifestyle of Bahá’ís. This is explored in relation to individuals, Bahá’í institutions, and their communities. The contribution of the Bahá’í Faith to the subject of economics is essentially indirect and is mainly directed to the application of spiritual solutions to economic problems. The Bahá’í teachings are complementary in nature, and any Bahá’í discourse should consider the entirety of Bahá’í writings rather than individual teachings in isolation. This work explores some of the Bahá’í teachings based on principles of modern economics, including production, distribution, consumption, and the view on globalization.
Embodiment and Subjugation
Authors: Swanson Eric Haruki 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This article is an examination of a ritual program created by the Buddhist monk Jien (1155–1225) at the Temple of Great Repentance (daisenpō-in, 大懺法院), established in 1206 in the proximity of the Heian capital (present-day Kyoto). It illustrates how the practice of exoteric-esoteric rituals were negotiated and reimagined to address growing concerns of social disorder. In his writing, Jien suggested that vengeful spirits (onryō, 怨霊) were responsible for the waning influence of imperial authority and argued for the reliance on practitioners of Buddhist rituals to maintain order in the capital. A consideration of Jien’s writings and their implications about ritual practice offers insight into concrete Buddhist expressions of the way the ritualized practice of embodiment was conceptualized as a practice not only with soteriological implications for the individual practitioner but also for maintaining order in the social realm.
The Role of Policymakers, Criminal Justice Administrators and Practitioners, and Citizens in Creating, Evaluating, and Using Evidence-Based Policy
Authors: Mears Daniel P. , Frost Natasha A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Evidence-based policy (EBP) is critical for improving the effectiveness and cost-efficiency of criminal justice. Most accounts of EBP center on research evidence for or against a given policy, program, or practice. Missing in them is the role of policymakers, criminal justice administrators and practitioners, and citizens in generating and evaluating EBP and in using it on a widespread and appropriate basis. The problem does not simply reflect a lack of institutionalized translational criminology. It reflects a neglect of the important role that nonresearchers have in generating and evaluating research on EBP and in using research to guide policy. The chapter highlights this issue and discusses ways to increase research knowledge among these different groups and, in so doing, contribute to the more widespread and appropriate use of EBP.
Systems of Change
Authors: Peck Shawn , Welsh Janet A. , Glunt Kristopher T. , Spaw Roger 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines the approach to juvenile justice utilized by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, which is unusual in terms of its commitment to the use of evidence-based prevention, treatment, and recovery programs and practices. Pennsylvania’s approach is built on several theoretical and service-delivery models, which position interventions based on the strength of their supporting research evidence. Decentralized decision-making requires strategic partnerships among state, county and municipal organizations, service providers, and researchers. Implementation, systematic monitoring, and evaluation of evidence-based programs (EBPs) have been sustained for decades due to the successful collaboration of stakeholders at all levels. The chapter identifies emerging and ongoing challenges, including concerns regarding disproportionate engagement of minority youth in the juvenile justice system, better understanding the needs of gender minority youth, the need for effective interventions addressing the comorbidity of youth crime and mental health disorders, and the role of social media and other online platforms in juvenile crime.
Critical Approaches to Gangs
Authors: Schwarze Tilman , Fraser Alistair 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of how critical approaches have contributed to criminological research on gangs. Besides discussing the intellectual history of critical approaches to gang research, this chapter explores the relationship between gangs and politics and foregrounds how critical gang studies have been attentive to questions of power, racism, and inequality when researching gangs. Critical gang scholars view gangs as the product of specific historical contexts that are shaped by socioeconomic, cultural, and political currents over time. The chapter concludes with a brief reflection on critique and how critical approaches can contribute to criminological thought on gangs in the future.
Gangs in Practice
Authors: Kennedy David M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Gang researchers have long paid careful attention to the scholarly definition of a “gang,” resulting in a rich literature on such definitions, their strengths and weaknesses, and their implications for scholarship and practice. Little such attention has been paid to what “gang” means outside scholarly circles, including to law enforcement, politicians, the media, and members of the public. That “received idea of the gang” has very real implications for how those sectors understand gangs, their contribution to crime and violence, and how they should be addressed. It can be illuminated from formal sources and inferred from the orientations and actions of key public actors. An initial attempt at that illumination is presented here, and critical contrasts with what is in fact known about gangs are highlighted.
The Legacy of Cheryl L. Maxson
Authors: Reid Shannon E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights the career and impact of Cheryl Maxson on the field of gang research and public criminology. To cover the legacy of Cheryl Maxson, this chapter provides an overview of her non-traditional pathway through academia and her influence on the field and her students. This chapter reviews her large body of work, how she has impacted the field, and how she sees her legacy. To acknowledge Cheryl’s impact on the field is to not only consider her work itself, but her impact as one of the key women working in mainstream criminology, her role as a mentor, and her push for public criminology. Cheryl is rightfully considered one of the pioneering gang scholars, whose work, both nationally and internationally, continues to influence and impact future generations of researchers and policymakers. This chapter also uses the opportunity to interview Cheryl so readers can be inspired by her thoughts about the future of the field and her goals for gang research.
Strategic Assemblies
Authors: Zhelnina Anna , Jasper James M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Peaceful assemblies are a broad strategy used by strategic players for a variety of purposes, and they are notably central to contemporary social movements. Like all strategic decisions they harbour a number of trade-offs and dilemmas, which the authors attempt to identify in this chapter. Foremost is the issue of how disruptive to be, with one extreme being to give up peacefulness altogether. Other dilemmas involve trade-offs between impacts on different audiences. Most observers view peacefulness as an inherently good thing, but we must remember that it comes with costs, making peaceful assemblies more predictable and less threatening to others.
Apologies and Transitional Justice
Authors: Smith Nick 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the myths, complexities and warnings concerning the correlation between apologies and transitional justice. It details a general theory of apologetic meanings, including the major issues associated with collective state apologies. Apologies can, however, work hand in hand with traditional transitional justice mechanisms and provide one of the most primal and ancient forms of reconciliation. The theory of categorical apologies provides conceptual distinctions to empower victims and their advocates to ask and answer necessary questions, such as accepting blame and measures to take. The chapter mentions aggregating the apologies of individual offenders as an alternative for collective apologies.
Freedom of Association and Expression, Education, Information
Authors: Bartenev Dmitri 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines freedom of expression and related freedoms of association, education, and information in the LGBT context. It looks at the controversies which these freedoms produce and investigates the dynamics of legal developments across jurisdictions. The chapter defines the scope of states’ legal obligations regarding protection of LGBT freedom of expression under regional and universal international law, and critically assesses doctrines behind curtailing this freedom, such as protection of public morals or the rights of minors. It demonstrates that in the LGBT context freedom of expression comprises two dimensions, individual and political. While, methodologically, expression of homosexual identity is often analysed as a privacy issue, it is suggested that freedom of expression as a political right is inseparable from human dignity and the right to respect for private life because restrictions on freedom of speech inevitably lead to denial to LGBT people of the core element of their identity.
Civil Unions
Authors: Fiorenza Katia , Virzo Roberto 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Western world has seen an increase in the number of states that, through a variety of legislative procedures and policies, have enabled same-sex couples to obtain legal recognition for their relationships. This chapter mainly focuses on registered partnerships, providing an analysis of some interesting types of same-sex civil unions, and outlining both their key features and their differences from the institution of marriage. Furthermore, the ever-increasing possibility of unions between same-sex partners gives rises to delicate problems in private international law—problems that the legislators try to solve by adopting specific conflict-of-law rules, which, in their turn, vary from one legal system to another. Therefore, the last section of the chapter presents a general comparison between certain rules of private international law concerning registered partnerships.
The promotion and protection of sexual and gender minorities under the African regional human rights system
Authors: Viljoen Frans , Sogunro Ayodele 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the landscape for the promotion and protection of one of Africa’s most vulnerable communities—sexual and gender minorities—within the African regional human rights system. It focuses on the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, assessing the avenues available for protecting and promoting LGBTI rights under the system, including the elaboration of soft-law standards, communications, state reporting, special mechanisms, and civil society participation. It traces the Commission’s evolving practice of standard-setting and institutional engagement and examines the interplay of national settings, historical dynamics, regional norms, and mechanisms for change. It further identifies inconsistencies and contemporary challenges in the continuing evolution of the legal, political, and social frameworks that inform the recognition and protection of LGBTI rights in Africa. The chapter concludes that if human rights are to be safeguarded for all Africans, they must be applied in a way that is consistent and non-discriminatory.
Haba na Haba Hujaza Kibaba
Authors: Gaitho Waruguru , Akena Achieng 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter gives an overview of SOGIESC legal advocacy and mobilization in Africa over the last three decades, during which queer legal protections have emerged. This is undertaken by exploring the contestations around SOGIESC in Africa, particularly the advancements made via litigation and legal reform at both national and regional levels. It discusses the social and political underpinnings of the development of legal provisions, including the criminalization of same-sex relations, and provides on-the-ground critical reflections from legal activists on the complex considerations that inform queer lawfare. The chapter avers that ‘progress’ and what this means, for law, society, and sexual and gender minorities is nuanced, multi-layered, and contextual. In reckoning with patterns of coloniality in the narratives of queer Africa, this chapter tells a story that holistically depicts the legal realities regarding SOGIESC on the continent, contextualizes law and society, and centres the insights and critical reflections of African lawyer-activists.
An Intersectionality Perspective on LGBTI Law
Authors: Binder Christina 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The chapter argues that an intersectionality perspective may provide added value to LGBTI law, in particular when multiple forms of discrimination against LGBTI persons come into play. Moreover, a comprehensive intersectionality perspective may contribute to bringing together possibly diverging standards of protection as well as different approaches of universal and regional human rights monitoring institutions. It may also further a comprehensive design of remedies. After an exploration of the trends and—partly insufficient—intersectionality approaches adopted by international and regional human rights monitoring institutions, the chapter evaluates the remaining shortcomings and challenges in current approaches to LGBTI rights through an intersectionality lens.
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law in the European Union and Its Court of Justice
Authors: Papadopoulou Lina 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of European Union (EU) legislation and the case law of its Court of Justice (CJEU) in matters of non-discrimination based on gender identity and / or sexual orientation in employment, asylum, blood donation, and of the free movement of same-sex partners and parents. The CJEU has recognized very early that discrimination based on gender identity re-assignment constitutes direct sex discrimination. However, the same has not been the case for homosexuals and same-sex couples. It was only after the introduction of Article 13 of the ‘Treaty establishing the European Community’ (through the Amsterdam Treaty), that the EU acquired the competence to adopt anti-discrimination legislation. Consequently, Directive 2000/78 was adopted, which precludes discrimination based (amongst others) on sexual orientation in EU matters, notably employment and free movement of persons. Moreover, the CJEU has shown remarkable sensitivity in asylum cases by taking the principle of human dignity into consideration.
Caste Disputes in Colonial India
Authors: Marquet Julie 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how caste identities were shaped by disputes over honours such as passing through specific streets, using honorific objects, receiving or distributing prasadam in the temple, or performing vedic rituals. Analysing caste conflicts during the first centuries of colonial presence, from the 17th century, up to the 1880s,it shows that these conflicts were not only elicited by the colonial governments’ classificatory practices but were anterior to them. It thus suggests that categorisation was the resulat of long processes of self-presentation by social groups and of multiple attempts at social ascendance resorting tolegal reasoning or open conflict. This chapter thereby shed lights on a crucial moment in the shaping of caste identities.
Caste and the Law
Authors: Bhatia Gautam 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Among the many interfaces caste has with the legal system, this chapter starts by looking at the supreme court’s engagement with reservations and highlights the tension that tear apart the different and contradictory interpretations of the Constitution. It shows that the jurisprudential links that have been drawn between caste, territory, and religion are premised upon an understanding of caste-based oppression and subordination that denies its deep-rooted and persisting character, and imply that caste discrimination can be resolved through a surface application of law. However, The Prevention of Atrocities Act passed by the Parliament of India offers a different approach to caste, which appears more authentic and faithful to reality than the dominant approach. Whether it will ever become a mainstream view, however, remains to be seen.