bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis And Assessment Of Comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder And Obsessive­Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Mitchell Gary , Koontz Dawn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will focus on the diagnostic and assessment implications of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD) in children and adolescents. Treatment implications are discussed but are not explained in detail. For further information, the reader is referred to additional resources. Oppositional defiant disorder is defined by a pattern of negativity, noncompliant defiance to authority figures (e.g., parents, teachers, and other adults), and temperamental outbursts that impair a child’s ability to function effectively in home, school, and peer environments. This maladaptive pattern of behavior must have endured for 6 months or longer for the diagnosis to be made accurately. Because of the pervasive behavioral disruptions caused by these disorders, ODD and conduct disorder (CD) continue to be the primary diagnoses of children and adolescents referred for mental health intervention (Frick, 1998; Kazdin, 1995). Research has shown that ODD can be validly diagnosed in children as young as those of preschool age (Keenan, Wakschlag, 2002).
“optimal practice” clinical neuropsychology: A Cautionary Tale and Revisionist Proto-Model
Authors: Pallone Nathaniel J , Hennessy James J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Lezak’s (1995) definition, “Clinical neuropsychology is an applied science concerned with the behavioral expression of brain dysfunction” (p. 7). As if in amplification, Gilandas, Touyz, Beumont, and Greenberg (1984) state, “Clinical neuropsychology relates brain dysfunction to observable, empirically documented behavioral deficits” (p. 1). In optimal practice circumstances, the distinctive role of the clinical neuropsychologistis the specification and remediation of the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral consequences that follow and flow from medically verified neuropathology. Optimal practice circumstances are achieved, however, only when members of the several relevant medical and mental health professions-including (but perhaps not limited to) neurology, psychiatry, endocrinology, psychology, social work, and marriage and family counseling-function cooperatively and harmoniously in the interest of patients. In its turn, such cooperative and harmonious functioning requires both that each member of each profession experience a high level of security in his or her professional identity, understand the boundaries of his or her competence and those of his or her profession, and harbor no territorial urge to violate the scope of practice unique to other professions. Unfortunately, such optimal circumstances are not often encountered in the real world.
Effective Outcomes Management At Devereux
Authors: Savin Howard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Devereux is a provider organization consisting of more than 50 behavioral health care treatment programs predominantly serving children and adolescents in 12 states and the District of Columbia (DC). Nearly 8 years ago, Devereux began its efforts to develop a coherent, qualityfocused, and data-driven organization. This undertaking was faced with numerous challenges, not least a geographically dispersed and clinically diverse provider network. This chapter will summarize how Devereux designed and implemented a quality improvement infrastructure incorporating empirically based practice guidelines and an effective outcomes-based management system. Five developmental stages will be described: (a) assessing the organization’s current status and planning for buy-in, (b) initiating data collection, (c) ensuring data integrity, (d) utilizing data to manage outcomes, and (e) system evolution. True to the spirit of continuous quality improvement (QI), our quality quest and interrelated outcomes management initiative is an ongoing work in progress. Its development has been previously chronicled (Savin, 2000) and expansively presented (Savin, Kiesling, 2000).
HIV Prevention: Evidenced-Based Practice With Infrastructure Support
Authors: Lewis Sarah J , Goldstein Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are approximately 850,000 to 950,000 people living with HIV in the United States, and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC, 2002) estimates that there are 40,000 new HIV infections each year. There are no promising cures or vaccines to date, and success with a vaccine is defined as a meager 30% effectiveness. These facts alone make the case that effective prevention of infection should be a major priority. The educated, white, gay community that was first hit by HIV in the early 1980s started to build a knowledge base about the condition and its causes. Grassroots community-based organizations came together to share knowledge about what worked and what did not work in supporting men to change their behavior and adopt safer sex practices. This empowered group recognized that sharing information about care and prevention with one another was imperative to reduce HIV (Indyk, Belville, Lachapelle, Gordon,, Dewart, 1993). HIV prevention research started in the mid-1980s to assess the effectiveness of behavioral and social interventions to reduce the risk of HIV infection (Office of Technology Assessment, 1996). There is an impressive list of well-designed interventions using several theoretical frameworks that have been found to be effective with various at-risk populations (National Institutes of Health, 1997).
Measuring Police And Citizen Perceptions Of Police Power In Newark, New Jersey
Authors: Robertiello Gina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 40 or so years of research on police behavior, serious questions have been raised about the “public relations” problems police have had when confronting the general public. This research has allowed police to come to appreciate how some of their everyday routines are in need of revision. Research of the past 15 years, for example, demonstrates that random patrol has a limited effect on crime, and that the general public is a critical dimension in the reporting and detecting of criminal behavior. In the wake of these more recent investigations into the impact of police work on public safety, the idea is that a “partnership” needs to be forged between the public and police if more effective and fruitful relationships are to grow.
The Role Of Families In Buffering Stress In Persons With Mental Illness: A Correlational Study
Authors: Johnson Eric D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Work with people with serious mental illness and their families provides an excellent forum for examining the importance of two reciprocal processes: practice-based research and evidence-based practice. As a way of providing a focus for the study discussed in this chapter, a brief history of the relationship between practice and research with this population is provided. The beginnings of family therapy in the United States, in the early 1950s, involved families with schizophrenic members, most of whom were interviewed in the context of the ill member's hospitalization. Based on earlier psychodynamic ideas like the schizophrenogenic mother, many of these early family therapy pioneers speculated that family communication and affiliation dynamics were responsible for causing schizophrenic symptoms (Bateson, Jackson, Haley,, Weakland, 1956; Wynne, Singer, 1963). However, these observations were based on small samples and tended to make assumptions about the family interaction that failed to take into account the possibility of a biological illness process, as well as the influences of the illness and hospital contexts. These theories were subsequently tested in research studies during the 1960s and were found wanting. Those studies concluded that the theories of family etiology of mental illness failed to produce any variables that could be clearly linked to the development of schizophrenia (Meissner, 1970).
Survival and Adaptation
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between any living organism and the environment in which it lives is as intricate and delicate as is the relationship between a species and its ecosystem. Highly complex biological systems such as the human body coordinate many processes to maintain a stable internal environment despite fluctuations in the environment around them. The integrated regulation of these processes is designed to allow the organism to function properly amid the varying influences of the external environment. Integration is the key principle in understanding how the human body functions.
The study of how a living organism functions normally despite disturbances in the environment is the discipline of physiology. Because all living systems attempt to maintain constant internal conditions in the face of changes in the environment, it can be argued that all physiology is essentially environmental. This view was first espoused by the scientist–theoretician Claude Bernard at the Sorbonne in the second half of the nineteenth century.
Cross-Acclimation
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A wonderful opportunity to illustrate the rich complexity of biological responses to natural environments arises when a difference is encountered between acclimation to a single stressor in an environment and overall acclimatization. This biological complexity can be conceptualized in a scientifically useful way. The key concept is based on the hypothesis that acclimation to a single stressor triggers a general pattern of responses that could augment or interfere with acclimation to a second, independent stressor. The name given to this process is cross-acclimation, which is defined as the influence of earlier adaptation to one stressor on subsequent adaptation to a new environment that may or may not contain the initial stressor.
Tolerance to Heat
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dispersion of heat is driven by the universe’s thermodynamic imperative, against which rage the furnaces of animal homeothermy. Body heat offers the scythe of speed to animals of advanced phylogeny. In the current animal kingdom, however, only birds and mammals are able to maintain a body temperature that is substantially warmer than their surroundings. Lower animals are cold-blooded, or poikilothermic, which means internal body temperature fluctuates with ambient temperature. Warm-blooded animals are homeothermic because they maintain a constant internal body temperature (core temperature) that is higher than the average temperature of the environment in which they live. This characteristic, which in cooler climates has a strong survival advantage, results from the ability to conserve the metabolic heat every cell in the body generates during the process of homeostasis.
Climbing Higher
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the world’s population lives at or near sea level, where their ancestors lived for thousands of generations. Because the human body is adapted to life at sea level, it must make physiological adjustments to the decrease in atmospheric pressure at higher altitudes. These adjustments are true physiological adaptations that appear to have evolved out of the survival advantage that tolerance to O2 deprivation affords the body. The amount of O2 in the atmosphere declines as altitude increases, exposing the body to hypoxia, which produces the same effects as certain disorders of cardiopulmonary function.
At sea level the air column above Earth exerts a force approximately equivalent to the weight of a column of mercury (Hg) 760 millimeters (29.9 inches) high. This height of mercury, placed in a barometer, exactly counterbalances the normal sea level pressure of Earth, 1 ATA, or 1 bar (1000 millibars). On ascent to altitude barometric pressure falls because the atmosphere is less dense owing to the lower weight of the air column above it. Atmospheric pressure falls more rapidly at attitude than might be predicted from the weight of the air column because as one ascends there is less compression of the air from the gas above it.
Reinventing Depression
Authors: Callahan Christopher M , Berrios German E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To inform future research, treatment, and policy decisions, this book traces the scientific and social developments that shaped the current treatment model for depression in primary care over the past half century. While new strategies for diagnosing and treating depression have improved millions of people’s lives, there is little evidence that the overall societal burden of depression has decreased. Most experts point to a gap between what psychiatrists know and what primary care doctors do to explain untreated depression. Callahan and Berrios argue, however, that the problem stems mainly from lack of a public health perspective, that prevailing etiologic models underestimate the roles of society and culture in causing depression and over-emphasize biological factors. The current conceptual model for depression is a scientific and social invention of the last quarter century. Such models are important because they shape how society views people with emotional symptoms, defines who is sick, and determines who should get care. Most parents who seek treatment for depression receive antidepressant medications in primary care. The authors show that although depressed patients’ help-seeking behaviour and primary care doctors’ clinical approach have changed little over the past half century, the field of primary care medicine has changed dramatically. They describe how the specific diagnoses and treatments developed by psychiatrists in the past 50 years have often collided with the non-specific approaches that dominate primary care practice. In examining the research seeking to close the gap between psychiatry and primary care, Callahan and Berrios offer public health models to explain the ongoing societal burden of depression. By exploring the history of depression in primary care, they open a pathway for improvements in the care of people with depression, where primary care physicians should play a greater leadership role in the future.
Primary Care In Crisis
Authors: Callahan Christopher M , Berrios German E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a presidential address to the American Medical Association, W. L. Bierring (1934) reminded his audience of society’s influence on the delivery of health care: Since the turn of the century, man’s environment has changed, largely as a result of the ex- pansion of his control over physical forces, as in the growth of speed, the elimination of time and space, and the enlargement of the dominion of man’s skill and knowledge. This new environment has however not produced a new society, and in some respects the individual units of society have not kept pace with the changing world.
“Perfect Drugs” For Primary Care
Authors: Callahan Christopher M , Berrios German E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As discussed, primary-care doctors and their patients have been using psychoactive medications to treat emotional symptoms for at least a century. Over the past 100 years, the toxicity and addictive properties of these drugs have improved, and the manner in which these drugs are discovered, tested, marketed, distributed, and regulated has changed. Antidepressant drugs are less revolutionary when viewed in the context of this history. This chapter tells the story of drugs used in the non- specific treatment of emotional disorders in primary care since World War II, highlighting the limited role of the primary-care and psychiatry leadership in promoting and regulating the use of these drugs.
Can Attention Modulate Color-Graphemic Synesthesia?
Authors: Rich Anina N , Mattingley Jason B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we review our recent experiments targeting the issue of whether visual selective attention can modulate synesthetic experience. Our research has focused on color-graphemic synesthesia, in which letters, numbers, and words elicit vivid experiences of color. Although the associations between inducing stimuli and the colors they elicit are typically idiosyncratic, they remain highly consistent over time for individual synesthetes (Baron-Cohen, Harrison, Goldstein & Wyke, 1993; Baron-Cohen, Wyke & Binnie, 1987).
The First Hookworm Campaigns (1913-1920)
Authors: Farley John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rose’s vision of the Health Board as a wedge that would prompt government involvement in developing public health service was not to prevail (although, as explained earlier, vestiges of it remained throughout the life of the organization). Instead, the Health Board focused on disease control and eradication. This was certainly the case when they began work on malaria and yellow fever in 1915. The move away from Rose’s vision took longer in hookworm work; not until the early 1920s had the emphasis shifted to hookworm eradication. Rose never seemed to realize that his long-term goal of developing a public health service was not possible within the constraints imposed by the British Colonial Office. Few colonial governments could afford to develop a public health campaign on their own. Each colony had to be financially self-sufficient, requiring minimal government expenditure, and, above all, minimal costs to the British taxpayer. It was a empire on the cheap; hookworm had caused “grave anxiety” to the Colonial Office, but the political system limited officials to collecting and circulating information, and acting in an advisory capacity.
World War II: DDT, Typhus, and Malaria
Authors: Farley John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When war broke out in September 1939, the Rockefeller Foundation had over 100 European projects in operation. They had no desire to withdraw from Europe and resolved to salvage as much as possible from their ongoing commitments. But this time, in contrast to their experiences during World War I, they decided to avoid any involvement in emergency relief. If the money were used “to ameliorate human distress caused, for example, by famine or flood or earthquakes or any other calamity, our funds would soon be exhausted with no permanent result,” the trustees concluded during their meeting of December 1939. When the Health Division was faced with a $20 million request from the American Red Cross to engage in just such emergency work, Sawyer and Strode decided that a general war program to aid government health organizations was in order, but it needed to be administered by a separate agency from the Health Division. Thus, in July 1940, the foundation set up the “Health Commission in Europe” under Wilber Sawyer, with George Strode acting as assistant director.’ (A year later Europe was dropped from the title to allow war work outside that continent). Its main headquarters were located in the Paris Rockefeller office, with another office in neutral Lisbon acting as a link between France and New York. Setting up a parallel organization of this kind to the main body is normal procedure for many organizations. It freed the Health Commission to carry out its own wartime activities without changing the goals or mandate of the parent International Health Division.
The Nature of Skill
Authors: Campos Frank Gabriel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Skilled performance is the medium through which an artist communicates. The only purpose of skill is to convey a message, yet to a great extent, skill determines our success as performers. The transformation of an immature student to a mature artist depends largely on the acquisition of skill. We can better understand the relationship of skill to artistic expression by examining performers from op-posite ends of the spectrum: the dilettante and the pedant. Perhaps lacking the discipline or interest to master the medium, the dilettante is a person with an interest in artistic performance who has, at best, mediocre skills.
Mental Health Theory For Health Promotion Practice
Authors: Vandiver Vikki L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Health promotion is an amalgamation of a number of thoughtful and progressive theories borrowed from the behavioral and social sciences. However, despite health promotion ‘s increasing visibility worldwide and acceptance in political, social, and practice circles, a single, unifying, formal theory does not exist. This chapter begins by describing different approaches for models of practice—conceptual, perspectives, and theory—and how each of these is reflected in distinct approaches to health promotion practice. The next section describes four levels of change theory (individual, interpersonal, organizational, and community) and the corresponding mental health theories applicable to health promotion practices. The remainder of the chapter concludes with a review of the limitations of using traditional mental health theories for health promotion practice, some of which includes lacking a testable framework and cultural competence application for people of color or ethnic populations. Last, this chapter concludes with a section entitled “In Our Own Words,” which is a focus group summary of consumers ‘ and family members ‘ comments regarding the following question: “Why Does Mental Illness Happen to People?” In other words, what is their “theory” about mental illness? Such theory is the theme of this chapter.
Evaluating and Measuring Health Promotion Strategies For Mental Health Interventions
Authors: Vandiver Vikki L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assessment, intervention, and evaluation are interrelated approaches in health promotion practice. Assessment drives the intervention, which, in turn, determines the evaluation approach. The importance of evaluating the success or failure of mental health interventions and health promotion strategies cannot be overstated. Clinicians and clients need to know whether change has occurred and had the intended effects. This chapter begins by examining the various approaches used in evaluation efforts, beginning with an overview of qualitative and quantitative methodology and moving to a review of conventional research designs—single-subject, group, quasi-experimental, and experimental. Next, an overview is provided on the critical issues experienced in health promotion measurement—reliability, validity, snapshot measures, understandings, time course and perspectives. The remainder of the chapter reviews six measures appropriate for health promotion strategies and provides a discussion on the limitations and benefits of evaluating mental health interventions and health promotion strategies. The chapter concludes with a summary of a focus group discussion held by consumers and family members who responded to the following question: “What kinds of information do you think are important for the evaluation of mental health interventions, services, or programs?”