bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BLOOD PLASMA PROTEINS AS INFLUENCED BY INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF GUM ACACIA
Authors: Yuile Charles L. , Knutti Ralph E. 
Published: June 2004

By repeated weekly intravenous injections of gum acacia solution in dogs over periods of 4 to 5 months, it has been possible to maintain plasma protein concentration and total circulating protein at very low levels.
If sufficient numbers of such injections are given and then discontinued, plasma protein concentration will remain below the normal limits for several more months. Acacia remains in the blood during this time.
Reduction of fibrinogen concentration in such animals is out of proportion to and more marked than the changes in plasma protein concentration. This would indicate interference with liver function.
Plasma volume when determined at 7 day intervals during injection periods at first diminishes, then rises 20 to 25 per cent above basal levels. The total blood volume does not show such marked changes because of a decrease in red cell volume.
Globulins are reduced to a greater extent than albumin after a single injection of gum acacia, although both albumin and the globulins diminish. This cannot be accounted for by a decrease in fibrinogen alone. After 14 to 16 weekly injections, both albumin and globulins are more profoundly reduced.
During injection periods in such animals, it has not been possible to control quantitatively the dietary intake, a complication which has made it difficult to ascertain the effect of various protein diets upon the protein-acacia balance. The changes described, however, have taken place regardless of various types of animal protein diets.
Following periods of injection, in spite of very low plasma protein concentration and high acacia concentration in the blood, most of the dogs eat well and therefore they can be used during this period for controlled dietary experiments which may be of value in investigating the mechanism of the production and function of the plasma proteins.
THE HYDROLYSIS OF HYALURONIC ACID BY BACTERIAL ENZYMES
Authors: Meyer Karl , Hobby Gladys L. , Chaffee Eleanor , Dawson Martin H. 
Published: June 2004

An improved method is described for preparing the enzyme which hydrolyzes the polysaccharide acid contained in vitreous humor, umbilical cord, synovial fluid, and the mucoid phase of group A hemolytic streptococci.
Preparations have been obtained from pneumococci, group A hemolytic streptococci, Clostridium welchii, and from splenic tissue, which display the same specific activity.
Evidence is presented to show that the hydrolytic enzyme is not the same as that responsible for the lysis of pneumococci.
In pneumococci and hemolytic streptococci the major portion of the enzyme is bound to the cell structure. The enzyme from Clostridium welchii is associated with other carbohydrate-splitting enzymes in the culture medium and not with the bacterial cells.
It is suggested that the disappearance of the mucoid capsule of group A hemolytic streptococci is due to enzymatic hydrolysis of the acid polysaccharide.
The relation between enzyme activity and the virulence and invasiveness of group A hemolytic streptococci is briefly considered.
SYMPTOMATIC HERPES, A SEQUELA OF ARTIFICIALLY INDUCED FEVER
Authors: Warren Stafford L. , Carpenter Charles M. , Boak Ruth A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Symptomatic herpes occurred in 190 (46.2 per cent) of 411 patients treated with fever induced by physical methods.
2. Herpes recurred in only 7, or 5.3 per cent, of 131 patients given subsequent fever treatments, suggesting that some immunity develops with the first attack.
3. An acute encephalitis-like syndrome of short duration and without sequelae developed in a group of patients with severe herpes following fever therapy.
4. A filter-passing virus, recovered from herpetic vesicles on patients treated with artificially induced fever, produced a fatal encephalitis in rabbits when inoculated intracerebrally and by corneal scarification. Intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in corneal epithelial cells and in motor ganglion cells of the brain similar to those observed in rabbits injected with known strains of herpes virus.
5. Four strains of virus that had been recovered from herpetic vesicles appearing on patients subsequent to artificially induced fever were shown by cross-protection tests on rabbits to be immunologically related to the Frank strain of herpes virus.
A DISTINCTIVE SUBSTANCE ASSOCIATED WITH THE BROWN-PEARCE RABBIT CARCINOMA
Authors: Kidd John G. 
Published: June 2004

A substance is regularly present in saline extracts of the Brown-Pearce rabbit carcinoma growth which is capable of fixing complement specifically in mixture with the sera of certain rabbits bearing the tumor or in which this has recently retrogressed, as the foregoing experiments have shown. The substance was not demonstrable in extracts of the normal tissues, virus papillomas, or uterine cancers of rabbits, nor in extracts of rabbit tissues infected with certain viruses (vaccine virus, Virus III, fibroma virus). The sera of normal rabbits, of those immune to a variety of infectious diseases, including syphilis, vaccinia, fibromatosis, and Virus III, and of others with uterine cancers or virus-induced papillomas, failed to fix complement specifically in mixture with extracts containing the antigen of the Brown-Pearce tumor.
The significance of the findings will be discussed in the succeeding paper, after consideration has been given to some of the properties of the serologically active material derived from the Brown-Pearce tumor.
ON CROSS REACTIONS OF EGG ALBUMIN SERA
Authors: Landsteiner K. , van der Scheer J. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments are presented on the cross reactions of hen egg albumin immune sera with egg albumins of other species by means of exhaustion with heterologous proteins and by inhibition tests. From the results it can be concluded that the sera contain multiple, qualitatively distinct antibodies. For this, two not mutually exclusive explanations come into consideration: the presence in proteins of a number of different, perhaps similar, complex determinants, and the fact, established by previous results, that one antigenic grouping can call forth the formation of diverse antibodies.
It is inferred that cross reactions between proteins of kindred species are ascribable, in general, to similarity in determinant structures, and not to the distribution of identical determinant groups among the related proteins.
ANTIBODY FORMATION IN A TUBERCULOUS LESION AT THE SITE OF INOCULATION
Authors: Westwater John O. 
Published: June 2004

Complement fixing antibody in animals injected with heat killed tubercle bacilli in oil appears earlier in the lesion at the site of injection than in the blood serum.
Complement fixing antibody in an extract prepared by suspending one part by weight of tissue from the local site in five parts of saline is in general in higher concentration than in the blood, for a period of approximately 3 weeks following injection. After this time the serum may show the higher titre.
The titre of antibody at the site of injection tends to increase with the quantity of heat killed bacilli injected into the skin, up to a definable maximum.
No evidence was found to support the opinion that local accumulation of antibody was caused by fixation of antibody contained in the serum and produced elsewhere in the body, for extracts of lesions produced by the injection of paraffin oil, old tuberculin, and cod liver oil showed no demonstrable antibody, or at most a very low titre, even when the serum titre was high. After reinjection of heat killed tubercle bacilli in oil into rabbits with antibody in the serum, antibody did not appear in the local lesion any earlier than in normal animals similarly injected.
These observations give evidence that antibody is formed in the skin at the site of injection of tubercle bacilli.
INFECTIVITY AND IMMUNITY RESULTING FROM THE INJECTION OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS BY THE INTRACUTANEOUS ROUTE
Authors: Stimpert Fred D. , Kessel John F. 
Published: June 2004

The infectivity of poliomyelitis virus by the intracutaneous route occurs in certain strains but is not a constant character. The inconsistency of skin infectivity tests indicates that there is some property yet unknown which influences this characteristic.
Strains of poliomyelitis virus vary in the degree of immunity produced in experimental monkeys injected with active virus by the intracutaneous route and subsequently tested for resistance by intranasal injections. The variation has no relation to the virulence of the strain. Further investigation on the intranasal route of injection should be carried on so that this method may be used with greater assurance in immunity tests, and also in other procedures of poliomyelitis experimentation.
THE BEHAVIOR OF POX VIRUSES IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

Recovery from the transient pulmonary reaction which accompanies the nasal instillation of variola virus in mice was followed by a measurable protection against the homologous virus and also against vaccinia.
Variola virus which regularly survived in the lung of normally susceptible mice through the 5th day was noticeably reduced in titer on the 3rd day in the lung of recovered animals, and usually eliminated by the 5th day.
Vaccinia virus produced a less severe systemic reaction in recovered mice and its titer in the lung was significantly reduced on the 5th day.
The residence of both viruses in the lung of recovered mice was attended by pathological changes, visible macroscopically.
THE UTILIZATION OF IRON AND THE RAPIDITY OF HEMOGLOBIN FORMATION IN ANEMIA DUE TO BLOOD LOSS
Authors: Hahn P. F. , Ross J. F. , Bale W. F. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

The formation of hemoglobin in the anemic dog takes place at a very rapid rate. Radio-iron is detectable in the circulating red cells 4 hours after feeding. The absorbed labelled iron is entirely converted into hemoglobin within 4 to 7 days under standard anemic conditions.
When red cell production has been accelerated by iron feeding or diet factors or when the dose of iron is very small, the dog can turn out as hemoglobin almost all the absorbed radio-iron in 2 to 3 days.
In general, absorption of radio-iron as shown by utilization to form hemoglobin in anemic dogs is more efficient in small doses in single feeding experiments. As the iron intake is increased the percentage absorption rapidly falls.
ELECTROPHORESIS OF THE COMPLEMENT-FIXING ANTIGEN OF HUMAN INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Bourdillon Jaques , Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: June 2004

1. An electrophoretic study has been made of normal mouse serum, influenza mouse serum, and influenza mouse lung suspension. The mobilities of the protein fractions present have been determined at various pH's by the optical method.
2. The pH-mobility curve of the soluble (complement-fixing) antigen present in the lung suspension has been determined analytically by sampling and application of the complement fixation test. The results show that the complement-fixing antigen has a mobility definitely smaller than that of serum albumin and close to that of a globulin, with an isoelectric point close to pH 5.
STUDIES ON ANTIBACTERIAL IMMUNITY INDUCED BY ARTIFICIAL ANTIGENS
Authors: Goebel Walther F. 
Published: June 2004

1. Azoproteins containing structurally isomeric aldobionic acids evoke in rabbits antibodies which are both serologically and immunologically specific.
2. Antigens containing the azobenzyl glycosides of the synthetic gentio-biuronic and glucuronic acids evoke in rabbits antibodies which confer passive immunity on mice against infection with multiple lethal doses of virulent Type II pneumococci.
ENCEPHALOMYELITIS OF MICE
Authors: Theiler Max , Gard Sven 
Published: June 2004

1. In the feces of approximately two-thirds of normal mice 6 weeks of age an agent in all respects similar to the virus of mouse encephalomyelitis can be recovered.
2. In isolated mice, fed on sterile food and water, excretion of virus has been shown to persist up to 53 days after isolation.
3. In normal mice known to be virus carriers virus has been demonstrated in the gastro-intestinal tract but not in the central nervous system, thoracic or abdominal viscera, or any organs of the head.
4. The source of the virus excreted in the feces has been shown to be located in all probability in the intestinal wall.
5. Evidence is presented that the virus can invade the animal organism, as virus has been demonstrated in the mesenteric lymph glands.
A TRANSMISSIBLE AGENT (THEILER'S VIRUS) IN THE INTESTINES OF NORMAL MICE
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. 
Published: June 2004

Every experiment with the contents of one, or with those pooled from two to five of the normal stock of Rockefeller Institute strain of albino mice, 1 to 2 months of age, revealed the presence of a virus which, after intracerebral inoculation into normal mice, induced characteristic paralytic encephalomyelitis, indistinguishable from Theilerapos;s disease. No difference was seen in this effect of intestinal contents deriving from animals paralyzed during the course of spontaneous encephalomyelitis and from normal mice. The influence of age on carriage of virus, as well as on the persistence of the carrier state, is discussed.
The present, as well as previous work has shown that the virus found in normal (or paralyzed) mice is similar to that of Theiler's disease in all of its properties thus far investigated; among the strains of the latter now at hand it can be classified with those having a low degree of invasiveness after peripheral inoculation.
The virus has thus far been recovered from intestinal contents, intestinal walls, and mesenteric glands but not from the central nervous system of normal mice; from these sites, as well as from the central nervous system, in paralyzed mice. In order of concentration of virus, the contents have more, the walls less, and the glands least.
THE RENAL CLEARANCE OF HEMOGLOBIN IN THE DOG
Authors: Monke J. Victor , Yuile Charles L. 
Published: June 2004

Simultaneous hemoglobin and creatinine renal clearance studies have been presented which indicate that hemoglobin is eliminated by the kidney at a rate which is 3 per cent of the creatinine clearance, above a plasma hemoglobin concentration of approximately 250 mg. per 100 cc. In dogs whose average glomerular filtration rate is 66 cc. per minute, about 2 cc. of plasma are cleared of hemoglobin per minute.
A definite renal threshold exists for hemoglobin at a plasma concentration of about 100 mg. per 100 cc., below which hemoglobinuria does not occur.
The uniformity of the process indicates that hemoglobinuria is not the result of a transient glomerular injury induced by the hemoglobin.
It is tentatively suggested that the experimental results obtained may be interpreted in terms of the following concept. The glomerulus permits the filtration of hemoglobin in amounts directly dependent upon plasma concentration. However, only 3 per cent of all the pores of the membrane are electrostatically large enough to permit the passage of an undissociated hemoglobin molecule. Of that hemoglobin which passes down the tubule, a relatively constant though small amount is recovered by the tubules by a process not unlike that of phagocytosis found elsewhere in the body. An average value for this "athrocytic" capacity in a medium-sized dog is 2 mg. of hemoglobin per minute. This pattern of renal hemoglobin excretion is in agreement with the principles of the modern theory of kidney function.
THE INHIBITION OF THE BACTERIOSTATIC ACTION OF SULFONAMIDE DRUGS BY SUBSTANCES OF ANIMAL AND BACTERIAL ORIGIN
Authors: MacLeod Colin M. 
Published: June 2004

Sulfonamide inhibitor has been demonstrated in extracts of fresh normal muscle, pancreas, and spleen of certain animals. When autolysis of tissues takes place the amount of inhibitor is greatly increased.
Fresh liver from beef, rabbit, and guinea pig is free of active inhibitor, although inhibitor is demonstrable in autolysates of this tissue. Fresh rabbit kidney is likewise free of active inhibitor. Following acid hydrolysis extracts of fresh rabbit liver and kidney cause sulfonamide inhibition.
Normal human urine contains little or no active inhibitor. However, upon acid hydrolysis, inhibitor is uniformly present.
Sulfonamide inhibitor is present in some, but not all, sterile serous effusions occurring during certain diseases. Inhibitor was found uniformly in pus. None was found in blood serum.
In certain species of bacteria the inhibitor is found in the cells only and is not demonstrable in the culture medium, whereas in other species, the inhibitor is found in the culture supernatant, and the cells themselves are relatively free.
The development of sulfapyridine fastness in a strain of Pneumococcus Type I is accompanied by a greatly increased production of sulfonamide inhibitor.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH OF FROG CARCINOMA
Authors: Lucké Balduin , Schlumberger H. 
Published: June 2004

From the results of these experiments we can now attempt to answer the questions proposed in the introduction.
Just as in normal tissues, it has been found that growth and development of a malignant neoplasm are influenced by temperature both quantitatively and qualitatively. The most striking effect was the acceleration in the rate of growth of the tumor at higher temperature, and retardation at lower. The ultimate size attained within periods averaging 3 months was regularly much greater at higher temperature.
Also, the character of growth was quite different. At high temperature, there was more efficient vascularization, and the tumors formed long, branching, tubular outgrowths and cysts; at low temperature the outgrowths were short and stubby and cysts were rare.
These differences were accentuated by repeatedly passing the tumor from one generation to another. In particular, in such serial passages, there was a remarkable tendency for the tumor to develop greatly dilated tubules and large cysts, which later, however, became solid as the result of ingrowth from the wall.
The experiments demonstrate that the carcinoma in the frog can exist over a wide range of temperature. Even a temperature as low as 4°, as in the hibernation experiment, produces no injury to the tumor. This result is consistent with the common occurrence of large, healthy, spontaneous tumors in frogs which have recently hibernated in their natural state.
STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Di Somma A. A. 
Published: June 2004

Sensitization of guinea pigs to picric acid was obtained by application of oil solutions to the skin, preferably on inflamed sites or by treatment with a compound of picric acid with n-butyl-p-aminobenzoate. The lesions obtained in sensitive animals on superficial administration bore resemblance to human eczema.
It seems probable that picric acid sensitization is an instance where a substance does not sensitize directly but after conversion into a more reactive compound, a principle which should be of wider application to instances where the original substance does not readily form conjugates.
THE PROLONGED COEXISTENCE OF VACCINIA VIRUS IN HIGH TITRE AND LIVING CELLS IN ROLLER TUBE CULTURES OF CHICK EMBRYONIC TISSUES
Authors: Feller A. E. , Enders John F. , Weller T. H. 
Published: June 2004

1. The virus of vaccinia in so called roller tube cultures of mixed embryonic chick tissue rapidly increases to maximal titre.
2. Under these conditions the quantity of virus in the tissue remains at or near the maximum for at least 9 weeks and considerable amounts are present in the fluids removed each day.
3. The same results are obtained when only fragments of embryonic chick heart are employed.
4. Many, though not necessarily all, of the cells in infected cultures remain alive and retain the capacity to proliferate. The presence of these living cells is essential for the persistence of the virus.
5. No apparent differences in the rate or amount of growth of cells in infected as contrasted with non-infected cultures can be discerned in the gross.
6. It is suggested, but not proved, that virus is continually being produced rather than simply preserved throughout the period.
A SOLUBLE ANTIGEN OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS
Authors: Smadel J. E. , Wall M. J. 
Published: June 2004

Anti-soluble substance antibodies and neutralizing substances, which develop following infection with the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis, appear to be separate entities. The times of appearance and regression of the two antibodies are different in both man and the guinea pig; the antisoluble substance antibodies appear earlier and remain a shorter time. Moreover, mice develop them but no demonstrable neutralizing substances.
Injection of formalin-treated, virus-free extracts containing considerable amounts of soluble antigen fails to elicit anti-soluble substance antibodies and to induce immunity in normal guinea pigs; administration of such preparations to immune pigs, however, is followed by a marked increase in the titer of anti-soluble substance antibodies in their serum. On the other hand, suspensions of formolized washed virus are effective in normal guinea pigs in stimulating both anti-soluble substance antibodies and protective substances, and in inducing immunity to infection.
NUTRITIONAL CYTOPENIA IN MONKEYS RECEIVING THE GOLDBERGER DIET
Authors: Day Paul L. , Langston William C. , Darby William J. , Wahlin Joel G. , Mims Virginia 
Published: June 2004

Experiments are reported upon young rhesus monkeys which were given a diet essentially the same as the Goldberger black tongue-producing diet, supplemented in various ways. Those receiving the unsupplemented diet developed the syndrome characterized by leucopenia, anemia, gingivitis, diarrhea, and death, which has been previously described in monkeys receiving our diet of refined foodstuffs.
An animal receiving the Goldberger diet supplemented with ascorbic acid and liver extract exhibited normal growth and development and has maintained a normal blood picture for approximately 2 years.
Likewise, the feeding of a crude liver extract to an animal with profound anemia and leucopenia was followed by a dramatic reticulocyte response and ultimate recovery. However, the ash of liver extract failed to maintain a normal blood picture or to prolong life.
Supplementing the diet with ascorbic acid, thiamin chloride, nicotinic acid (or amide), and riboflavin failed to prevent the leucopenia, gingivitis, diarrhea, and death. The combination of nicotinic acid and riboflavin, however, appeared to have a definite erythropoietic effect.
Shigella paradysenteriae was isolated from the stools of several of the animals which received the deficient diet. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between the deficiency, the infection, and the blood picture.
Three of the animals exhibited edema of the face.
It is evident that the Goldberger diet, even when supplemented with nicotinic acid, riboflavin, thiamin, and ascorbic acid, is inadequate for maintenance of health in the young monkey. The nature of the deficiency manifestations would indicate that the diet is deficient in the substance or substances which we have previously termed vitamin M.