bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNITY WITH PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE
Authors: Barach Alvan L. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Max Soroka
Published: June 2004

1. Pneumococcus vaccine was administered to 29 patients with pneumonia to determine whether a state of immunity could be induced during the course of the disease. Twenty patients received an intravenous injection of pneumococcus vaccine or pneumococcus filtrate. Nine pneumonia patients received an intradermal injection of vaccine. Eight patients with miscellaneous disease received an intravenous or intradermal injection of pneumococcus vaccine.
2. Of 23 tests in which the serum of the patient was studied for the appearance of protective substance after intravenous injection of heterologous pneumococcus vaccine, 20 or 87 per cent showed a positive response within 6 days after the administration of the antigen. The average day of onset was 4.4 days after injection.
3. Of 9 tests of the same character following the intravenous injection of pneumococcus filtrate, 8 or 89 per cent showed a positive response. The average day of onset of protective substance was 5.6 days after injection.
4. The appearance of specific protective substance following heterologous injection of pneumococcus vaccine appeared to be due to the introduction of the vaccine and not to the natural course of the disease, as was shown by negative control experiments.
5. Of 24 tests with intradermal injection of vaccine, 10 or 42 per cent developed slight protective substance of irregular degree 4.5 days after injection.
6. No immediate reactions were observed following the intravenous or intradermal injection of pneumococcus vaccine. One chill occurred after injection of pneumococcus filtrate. Of 20 cases with intravenous injection of pneumococcus vaccine or filtrate, 2 died of their disease, one a case in which homologous vaccine was used and one in which heterologous vaccine was administered.
7. Conclusions concerning the therapeutic value of the introduction of pneumococcus vaccine in pneumonia must await further investigation. These studies demonstrate that specific protective substances generally appear 4 to 5 days after intravenous injection of pneumococcus vaccine during the course of lobar or bronchopneumonia.
PARATHORMONE DOSAGE AND SERUM CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS IN EXPERIMENTAL CHRONIC HYPERPARATHYROIDISM LEADING TO OSTITIS FIBROSA
Authors: Bodansky Aaron , Jaffe Henry L. 
Published: June 2004

1. On a low calcium intake hypercalcemia tended to disappear in chronic hyperparathyroidism on a given dose of parathormone (as large as 6 units per kg.), apparently due to the reduction of a readily available calcium reserve. An increase of either the calcium intake or of the daily dose of parathormone caused a rise of serum calcium and symptoms of overdosage.
2. Hypocalcemia developed in chronic hyperparathyroidism in young puppies on a low calcium diet. Tetany occurred at a calcium level which was higher and a phosphorus level which was lower than in tetania parathyreopriva of young puppies. About 0.1 gm. of calcium daily was apparently sufficient to maintain the serum calcium at a normal level.
3. The serum phosphorus in chronic hyperparathyroidism in young puppies continued at or rose above the high level normal for young animals. Toward the end of long periods of treatment on large parathormone doses (about 5 units per kg.) serum phosphorus approached normal levels, pronounced hypercalcemia was absent but hypotonia and other symptoms of hyperparathyroidism were present.
4. A single dose of parathormone caused early in the treatment and on liberal calcium intakes a more marked relative rise of serum calcium than in normal adult dogs, confirming previous observations (5, 8). Later in the treatment and on low calcium intakes this effect was greatly reduced. Serum phosphorus rose after a single injection of parathormone, even when the effect on the serum calcium was slight or absent.
5. The continued effect of parathormone on serum calcium after prolonged periods of treatment, and the modified response of the serum phosphorus indicate tolerance due to some compensation, rather than immunity.
6. The bone lesions, presenting the essential features of ostitis fibrosa cystica (von Recklinghausen's disease) in varying degrees of severity, depending on the relation of the parathormone dose to the calcium intake and to the duration of the treatment, were most prominent on low calcium intakes, which permitted the use of large doses of parathormone without fatal hypercalcemia and without symptoms of overdosage.
7. Clinical and experimental hyperparathyroidism are compared and discussed.
STUDIES IN THE SEROLOGY OF SYPHILIS
Authors: Eagle Harry 
Published: June 2004

The discovery (1) that there are many substances with the sensitizing properties hitherto believed peculiar to cholesterol and its derivatives, and (2) that sensitizer can be added to antigen in very large quantities, many times those currently used, and yet continue to increase its complement-fixing efficiency with no danger of giving falsely positive tests has made possible the preparation of an antigen much more sensitive than any now available for use in the Wassermann reaction.
100 gm. of dry powdered beef heart muscle are extracted with 500 cc. ether for 15 minutes at 37°C. with shaking. After filtration with suction, the ether filtrate is discarded. The powder is then dried and extracted for 3 to 5 days with 500 cc. of 95 per cent alcohol, with intermittent shaking. The mixture is filtered, and the moist powder washed on the filter paper with two portions of alcohol, each 100 cc. The alcoholic filtrate and washings are combined and evaporated on the steam bath down to 250 to 300 cc. Cholesterol (0.8 per cent), and sitosterol (0.6 per cent) are then added, and dissolved at 65°–75°C. The excess sensitizer which crystallizes out upon cooling is dissolved just before using by immersing the antigen in a 56°C. bath for a few minutes. It is diluted by pouring the saline rapidly into the antigen. A 1:40 dilution is recommended for use in water bath fixation (½ hour at 37°C.), as well as for the short ice box fixation (8°, 4 hours) and a 1:120 dilution for use in the overnight ice box method (16 to 24 hours at 8°C.), as being well beyond its anticomplementary range; the anticomplementary quantities being 1:5 and 1:25 respectively.
There is reason to believe that this antigen possesses almost the maximum sensitivity obtainable. The method of preparation insures its being almost saturated with antigen-lipoids; and more sensitizer could not be added without increasing the turbidity of its dilution in saline to a point where it would interfere with the reading of hemolysis. Any further improvement must await the discovery of better sensitizers.
Preliminary experiments indicate that this new sensitizer, sitosterol, will find an immediate application, not only in the Wassermann reaction, but also in a more sensitive flocculation test to be described in a following paper.
STUDIES IN THE SEROLOGY OF SYPHILIS
Authors: Eagle Harry 
Published: June 2004

Serum, in concentrations greater than 1:25, causes a marked inhibition of complement fixation in general and of the Wassermann reaction in particular. The serum protein is probably adsorbed by the colloidally dispersed lipoid-reagin complexes, forming a protective film which prevents the fixation (adsorption) of complement. This inhibition explains the zone phenomenon in complement fixation: a weakly positive serum may give a completely positive reaction in e.g., 1:5 dilution, and yet, because of this serum inhibition, may appear completely negative when tested as whole serum.
The greater sensitivity of the ice box test is due (1) to the fact that the serum inhibition just described is less marked at lower temperature; (2) to the prolonged incubation time, making for greater specific fixation; (3) to a more marked non-specific destruction of complement by antigen; and (4) a spontaneous deterioration in the longer ice box test.
Because of the inhibition by serum protein in high concentration, a quantitative Wassermann technique involving the use of graded quantities of serum is worthless when carried out at 37°C. Even the ice box test, which is less susceptible to this inhibiting effect, will yield a positive reaction with whole serum only when the circulating reagin exceeds a surprisingly high threshold (six to ten times the quantity which could be detected in dilute serum). It is well known that a negative Wassermann, even by a very sensitive test, does not exclude syphilis: it now appears that a negative Wassermann does not exclude circulating reagin.
SPECIFIC AND NON-SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDES OF TYPE IV PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kendall Forrest E. 
Published: June 2004

1. Three nitrogen-containing polysaccharides have been isolated from autolyzed cultures of Type IV pneumococcus: (1) a type-specific carbohydrate differing markedly from those of Type I, II, and III pneumococcus, and representing a type of substance hitherto not observed among specific polysaccharides, (2) a chemically similar carbohydrate without specific function, and (3) the "C" substance, or species-specific polysaccharide of Tillett, Goebel, and Avery.
2. The chemical differences between the specific polysaccharides of Pneumococcus are discussed, and the relationship of the new examples to chitin is pointed out and its bearing indicated on the unsettled controversy as to whether or not chitin occurs in bacteria.
3. The data of Tillett, Goebel, and Avery on the "C" substance have been extended.
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION
Authors: Menkin Valy 
Published: June 2004

India ink or graphite partides injected into an area of inflammation fail to disseminate to the tributary lymph nodes. When injected into a normal peritoneal cavity they rapidly appear in the retrosternal lymph nodes. When injected into an inflamed peritoneal cavity they are fixed in situ and fail to reach the regional lymph nodes.
Graphite particles injected in the circulating blood stream enter an inflamed area both as free particles owing to increased capillary permeability and also as phagocyted material within leucocytes.
Bacteria (B. prodigiosus) injected into inflamed tissue are fixed at the site of inflammation and fail to disseminate to the regional lymph nodes as readily as when injected into normal tissue.
Bacteria (B. prodigiosus) injected at the periphery of an inflamed area do not readily penetrate into the site of inflammation. The experiments furnish evidence, in addition to that already provided, that fixation of foreign substances by the inflammatory reaction is primarily due to mechanical obstruction caused by a fibrin network and by thrombosed lymphatics at the site of inflammation.
Bacteria (B. prodigiosus and B. pyocyaneus) injected intravenously rapidly enter an inflamed area. It is suggested that localization of bacteria in a locus minoris resistentiae may be explained as the result of increased capillary permeability with subsequent accumulation and fixation of bacteria from the blood stream at the point of injury.
CONGENITAL PROTEIN HYPERSENSITIVENESS IN TWO GENERATIONS
Authors: Ratner Bret , Gruehl Helen Lee 
Published: June 2004

Hypersensitivity actively induced in utero is shown to persist for a longer period than passive sensitization.
The degree of hypersensitivity, its duration, and its transmissibility appear to be influenced by the time elapsing between the original injection of the parent and parturition.
A pregnant guinea pig receiving a parenteral injection of antigen 2 to 4 days prior to parturition transmits a state of hypersensitivity to two succeeding generations. The sensitization of the FI generation is due to the passage of antigen. The sensitization of the FII generation is due to the passage of antibodies formed in the FI generation. This prevents any further transfer of the hypersensitive state.
Though hypersensitivity occurs in two successive generations, the phenomenon is congenital and not hereditary.
We believe that this phenomenon demonstrated in the guinea pig is fundamentally related to the problem of congenital sensitization of the human being.
STUDIES IN THE BLOOD CYTOLOGY OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Casey Albert E. 
Published: June 2004

1. Statistical analyses have been made of the weekly variations in the blood counts of groups of normal rabbits to find whether there exists any relationship between the numerical changes occurring in the various cell types.
Consecutive blood counts and differential white cell determinations on five groups of normal male rabbits comprising 45 animals in all were made at weekly intervals from October, 1927, to June, 1929, the number of observations on each group varying from eight to thirty-five.
2. The following relationships between the varying group means were found to be consistent and significant:—The number of the red blood cells varied with the amount of hemoglobin per cubic millimeter and with the number of lymphocytes. There was an inverse relationship between the amount of hemoglobin and the number of monocytes. The neutrophiles varied in number with the monocytes; the basophiles with the eosinophiles; and the eosinophiles with the monocytes.
Other associations not always similar but of high significance as far as the combined values were concerned, were the relations of the red blood cells with the basophiles and the monocytes. The relations of the neutrophiles with the red blood cells and the hemoglobin were very irregular.
3. Significant association of the white blood cells with variations in the red blood cells and the hemoglobin content were observed. The numerical variations in the group means of the total white cells were associated with similar variations in the group means of the neutrophiles, the lymphocytes, the monocytes, the basophiles, and the eosinophiles almost to the degree of their numerical occurrence in the peripheral blood.
4. With the exception of the total white cells, approximately only half the variations in the group levels of the various cells and of the hemoglobin content can be accounted for on the basis of simultaneous associations with each other.
5. The red blood cells, the lymphocytes, and the basophiles as one group, the eosinophiles and the monocytes as another group, and the hemoglobin content and the neutrophiles as a third group, described a definite shift from a high to a low numerical value during the 2 year observation period. From the standpoint of the magnitude of the shift, the basophiles, the eosinophiles, the monocytes, the lymphocytes, and the red blood cells participated in the order mentioned. The neutrophiles were only slightly affected and the hemoglobin content relatively not at all.
6. No significant relationship was ever found, even in the component groups, between the weekly mean values of the following: the hemoglobin with the basophiles, the eosinophiles, or the lymphocytes; the neutrophiles with the basophiles or the eosinophiles; and the lymphocytes with the eosinophiles or the monocytes.
STUDIES ON TRANSMISSIBLE LYMPHOID LEUCEMIA OF MICE
Authors: Furth J. , Strumia M. 
Published: June 2004

Lymphoid leucemia of the mouse is readily transmitted by intravenous inoculations. The majority of the mice inoculated successfully develop leucemic, a smaller number of them, aleucemic lymphadenosis. The data presented favor the view that leucemic and aleucemic lymphadenosis are essentially the same condition.
Leucemia produced by transmission is preceded by an aleucemic stage, in which the lymph nodes and the spleen are uniformly enlarged, and the white blood count and the percentage of lymphocytes are within the normal range but immature lymphocytes are numerous in the circulating blood.
Young as well as old mice may develop leucemia if leucotic material enters their circulation.
Studies of transmissible leucemia favor the view that leucemia of mammals is a neoplastic disease. The basic problem of leucemia would seem to be determination of the factors that bring about a malignant transformation of lymphoid cells.
A BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDY OF "COLDS" ON AN ISOLATED TROPICAL ISLAND (ST. JOHN, UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS, WEST INDIES
Authors: Milam Daniel F. , Smillie Wilson G. 
Published: June 2004

Studies in the Virgin Islands, Labrador, and Alabama, suggest that colds are incited by some specific agent with which we are not yet familiar. They suggest also that the secondary and more severe symptoms associated with colds may be due to certain aerobic flora commonly found in the nasopharynx. Types of pneumococci which are virulent (to white mice) and true Pfeiffer's bacilli requiring both V and X substance (and forming indol?) seem to be of particular importance in these secondary infections.
The studies indicate that the specific agent which initiates colds is infectious in nature, and spread by direct contact, with an incubation period of 1 to 3 days. There is strong evidence that environmental factors, particularly reduction in atmospheric temperature, have some influence upon the incidence of colds.
EXPERIMENTAL NEPHRITIS IN THE FROG
Authors: Oliver Jean , Smith Pearl 
Published: June 2004

1. It is possible to produce in the perfused frog's kidney an experimental nephritis which is anatomically similar to that which develops in the living animal.
2. The functional effects of these anatomical alterations may be examined by a method previously described.
3. The correlation of the two aspects of damage, anatomical and functional, is more certain under such conditions than in the living animal.
4. The value of the extravital method in general problems is indicated by our brief consideration of mitochondrial changes.
HYPERSENSITIVENESS TO SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES FROM YEAST-LIKE FUNGI
Authors: Kesten H. D. , Mott E. 
Published: June 2004

1. The polysaccharide fractions from each of five yeast-like fungi produce rapid, fatal anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs passively sensitized with antiserum from rabbits immunized against the killed organisms.
2. Cross-anaphylactic reactions with heterologous polysaccharide fractions are frequent. They parallel closely the cross-precipitin reactions, thus adding evidence in favor of the identity of precipitin and sensitizing antibody.
3. The polysaccharide fraction from Monilia psilosis produces anaphylactic death in guinea pigs actively sensitized with killed homologous organisms, but an attempt to sensitize actively with the polysaccharide fraction was unsuccessful.
THE ETIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA (WINTER SCOURS) IN CATTLE
Authors: Jones F. S. , Little Ralph B. 
Published: June 2004

A disease of cows manifested by severe diarrhea has been described. The condition is characterized by the frequent passage of dark brown or black feces, often containing mucus and blood. The principal lesions are catarrhal inflammation of the small intestine and liver degeneration.
By feeding feces from spontaneous cases to calves a similar but milder disease characterized by the same type of enteritis was produced. Vibrios were cultivated from the inflamed intestinal tract of such experimentally induced cases. Pure cultures of the vibrios when fed to other calves, in certain instances, produced diarrhea and a well marked enteritis similar to that observed in both the spontaneous disease and in calves following the feeding of feces from naturally affected cows. Vibrios were recovered from the inflamed small intestine of three out of four animals fed such cultures.
VIBRIOS (VIBRIO JEJUNI, N.SP.) ASSOCIATED WITH INTESTINAL DISORDERS OF COWS AND CALVES
Authors: Jones F. S. , Orcutt Marion , Little Ralph B. 
Published: June 2004

A number of vibrios obtained from the small intestines of calves fed feces from spontaneous diarrhea in cows, natural intestinal disorders of calves, experimentally induced infections of calves, and cultures obtained from Dr. Theobald Smith have been studied. From the close morphological resemblance, similarities in motility, position and number of flagella, tinctorial properties, and the tendency to fragmentation in older cultures, as well as the narrow nutritive requirements, we are led to regard them as a closely allied group and we propose the name Vibrio jejuni.
Immunologically as judged by agglutination the organisms have been divided into two groups, the smaller representing two strains originating from diarrhea in cows and the larger comprising one from this source and many from the calf disease. The larger group can be subdivided by means of agglutination absorption into cultures which do not contain the complete antigenic complex and others which do so.
Certain freshly isolated vibrios when injected into rabbits incite definite reactions terminating in a localization in the small intestine accompanied by catarrhal inflammation.
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG IN EXPERIMENTAL BILE PERITONITIS
Authors: Ziegler Allen M. , Orr Thomas G. 
Published: June 2004

1. Changes in the chemistry of the blood of dogs with experimental bile peritonitis are here reported.
2. In all animals that died, a bile ascites was found.
3. Dogs dying of bile peritonitis showed a constant increase in the blood non-protein and urea nitrogen, and a fall in the chlorides.
ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION AGAINST POLIOMYELITIS IN MONKEYS
Authors: Brodie Maurice , Goldbloom Alton 
Published: June 2004

1. A combination of poliomyelitis virus and specific human serum is effective for the production of active immunity.
2. For each gram of active virus given intradermally as an emulsion, 6 cc. of human immune serum, injected subcutaneously, was required in our experiments to protect a monkey from paralysis. Some degree of active immunity was induced.
3. Immunity, without symptom of the disease, was secured when the serum was given at the time of inoculation, or within 3 days preceding or following inoculation of the virus.
4. For the production of immunity, virus, preceded by serum administration, is probably less effective than when it is given simultaneously with, or before, the injection of serum.
5. The virus neutralization test is more sensitive than the direct intracerebral test for determining the production of immunity.
STUDIES IN THE BLOOD CYTOLOGY OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Casey Albert E. 
Published: June 2004

Successive blood counts at weekly intervals were made on rabbits inoculated with a transplantable malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin. There were 78 animals distributed in 9 groups; the period of observation after inoculation was 2 months. The results have been considered with respect to the character of the tumor process as determined by postmortem examination, the animals being classified as deaths, probable deaths, probable recoveries, and recoveries. The blood findings have been analyzed on the basis of the values derived from normal rabbits. A comparison has also been made with the results of preinoculation counts.
In rabbits in which the tumor process was of pronounced or well marked severity, the numbers of monocytes became greatly increased; the neutrophiles and the total white blood cells were also increased; the eosinophiles, and to a less extent, the basophiles and lymphocytes were decreased; the red cell count was decreased and the hemoglobin content was lowered.
In rabbits which recovered from the tumor inoculation, there were no outstanding changes in the blood picture when the findings for the entire observation period were considered. In the group of probable recoveries, the results were variable; there was, however, a definite although moderate increase of monocytes, and in general, the findings reflected the mildness of the disease when compared with those of the fatal cases and the group of probable deaths.