bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression patterns of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide and its type I receptor mRNAs in the rat placenta
Authors: Koh Phil Ok , Kwak Soo Dong , Kim Hyun Joon , Roh Guseob , Kim Jin Hyun , Kang Sang Soo , Choi Wan Sung , Cho Gyeong Jae 
Published: November 2002

AbstractPituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) was first isolated from ovine hypothalamus and is known to act as a tropic factor in various cells. Recent report revealed the expression of PACAP and the PACAP type I (PAC1) receptor in human and rat placentas at term. Placenta is a critical organ that synthesizes several growth and angiogenic factors for its own growth as well as fetal development. However, there is little information regarding the expression pattern and cellular localization of PACAP and PAC1 during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to define the expression and distribution of PACAP and PAC1 receptor mRNAs in the rat placenta during pregnancy. PACAP and PAC1 receptor mRNAs were expressed in decidual cells, chorionic vessels, and stromal cells of the chorionic villi. Interestingly, the expression of these genes varied with the day of gestation. For example, PACAP and PAC1 receptor mRNAs expressed in decidual cells on day 13.5 and 15.5, their expression was strong in chorionic vessels and stromal cells of the chorionic villi within the labyrinth zone on day 17.5, 19.5, and 21.5. In fact, as gestation advanced, the expression of PACAP and PAC1 receptor mRNAs in the decidua cells disappeared, as their high expression became evident in the chorionic vessels and stromal cells of the chorionic villi. Our finding that PACAP and the PAC1 receptor are co‐localized and their genes seemingly co‐regulated within specific placental areas, strongly suggest that this peptide may play an important role, as an autoregulator or pararegulator via its PAC1 receptor, in physiological functioning of the placenta for gestational maintenance. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 64: 27–31, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of the two GH genes during embryonic development of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss in relation with the IGFs system
Authors: Gabillard Jean‐Charles , Duval Hélène , Cauty Chantal , Rescan Pierre‐Yves , Weil Claudine , Bail Pierre‐Yves Le 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe Growth hormone (GH)/insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) system promotes embryonic growth in higher vertebrates. Such a system exists in salmonids, but exhibits an additional level of complexity resulting from a recent whole genome tetraploidisation. Thus, two nonallelic GH genes are present in the trout genome. Although the two GH genes are similar, the possibility remains that the two genes have evolved separately, acquiring a distinct expression pattern. In this study, using whole mounted in situ hybridisation, we observed a one stage delay between the appearance of GH‐2 (Stage 22) and GH‐1 (Stage 23) soon after pituitary formation (Stage 21). In addition, by double in situ hybridisation, we clearly evidenced two types of somatotroph, one expressing only GH‐2 and the other type both GH‐1 and GH‐2 at Stage 24. Consequently, at this stage more cells expressed GH‐2 than GH‐1 as confirmed by quantitative RT‐PCR. However at hatching, as in adult, the difference between the expression of the two GH genes was no longer observed. In addition, our immunohistochemical studies did not show any delay between the expression of the mRNA and its translation as a protein at Stage 24. A comparison of the expression pattern of the IGF system components (IGF‐1, IGF‐2, and the receptor type I) determined by real time RT‐PCR, have shown an IGF‐1 mRNA increase concomitantly to the appearance of GH expression. On the whole, our results demonstrate a differential regulation of GH‐1 and GH‐2 genes in rainbow trout embryo. The relationship observed between the expression of different component of the GH/IGF system seems to indicate that this system could be functional early on during embryonic development. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 64: 32–40, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential pattern of Xist RNA accumulation in single blastomeres isolated from 8‐cell stage mouse embryos following laser zona drilling
Authors: Hartshorn Cristina , Rice John E. , Wangh Lawrence J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractXist gene expression begins at the late 2‐cell stage in female mouse embryos and by the third division results in the accumulation of an average 100 copies of Xist RNA per cell, as measured by real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). In the blastocyst, the trophectoderm maintains the paternally imprinted pattern of Xist expression present during early development, while either the maternal or the paternal X chromosome can express Xist among cells of the inner mass. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) has previously established that Xist transcripts are localized on the silenced X chromosome, forming aggregates of variable dimensions in blastomeres of 8‐cell embryos. This observation and the fact that Xist RNA accumulation per cell sharply decreases after morula stage raise the possibility that cells of cleaving embryos contain different levels of Xist RNA, perhaps linked to their subsequent developmental fates. We show here that Xist RNA is efficiently recovered from single blastomeres isolated from 8‐cell embryos following laser zona drilling. Sexing of the samples and simultaneous quantification of Xist RNA in individual cells is achieved with a multiplex Xist/Sry real‐time RT‐PCR assay sensitive to the single‐copy level. This analysis reveals that Xist RNA is indeed accumulated to substantially different levels in individual blastomeres of the same 8‐cell embryo and that two blastomeres contain most of the molecules per embryo. These results support the conclusion that cells of the early mammalian embryo are not all functionally equivalent. Differential Xist gene expression could arise from differences in DNA methylation, or the order in which cells divide. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 64: 41–51, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epididymal G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR): Two hats and a two‐piece suit tailored at the GPS motif
Authors: Kierszenbaum Abraham L. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractG protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in cell recognition and signaling and their function has been experimentally determined by ligand activation and site‐directed mutagenesis. Structurally, GPCRs consist of an extracellular N‐terminus and an intracellular C‐terminus separated by seven helical transmembrane domains (TM7). The extracellular region is highly glycosylated. The intracellular region binds to G proteins. An epididymal GPCR, designated HE6 (for human epididymis‐specific protein 6), is present in the stereocilia projecting from the apical domain of principal cells into the epididymal lumen. In conceptual terms, HE6 wears two hats: an unusually long extracellular region characteristic of cell adhesion proteins, and an intracellular region with binding affinity to G protein. The binding partner to the long extracellular region has not been identified. HE6 has another remarkable feature comparable to the GPCR calcium‐independent receptor of α‐latrotoxin, designated CIRL. Both HE6 and CIRL are endogenously cleaved into two pieces at the GPCR proteolytic site (GPS) located adjacent to TM1, the first of the seven transmembrane helices. One fragment of the heterodimer wears the cell adhesion hat; the other retains the typical characteristics of GPCRs. This proteolytic processing may be regarded as a mechanism of molecular compartmentalization of cell adhesion and G protein activation functions. The latter may engage a β‐arrestin‐driven endocytic trafficking mechanism independent from the adhesive properties of the mucin extracellular domain. It is also conceivable that events taking place in the epididymal lumen can be surveyed by the long adhesive rod and subsequently coupled inside principal cells to a signaling cascade. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 64: 1–3, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Networking lessons in delivering ‘Software as a Service’—Part II
Authors: Greschler David , Mangan Tim 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn part I of this paper, we described the origins and evolution of Software as a Service (SaaS) and its value proposition to Corporate IT, Service Providers, Independent Software Vendors and End Users. SaaS is a model in which software applications are deployed, managed, updated and supported on demand—like a utility—and are served to users centrally using servers that are internal or external to the enterprise. Applications are no longer installed locally on a user's desktop PC; instead, upgrades, licensing and version control, metering, support and provisioning are all managed at the server level. In part we examine the lessons learned in researching, building and running an SaaS service. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel methodology for robust VBR video transmission in an ATM system
Authors: Alheraish A. , Smith D. G. , Irvine J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractA dynamic FEC (DFEC) scheme for VBR video in ATM networks is proposed. The scheme combines the design of source encoder, error control, and the network. In the design, we will develop a methodology to vary FEC redundancy dynamically. The methodology considers the fluctuations in video source and network utilisation to adjust the FEC redundancy levels. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme by examining its performance with three existing schemes in terms of loss rates, throughput, and quality degradation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interworking of switched ethernet and ATM flow control mechanisms
Authors: Aweya James , Ouellette Michel , Montuno Delfin Y. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we evaluate the performance of TCP in a network where the IEEE 802.3x flow control and the ATM Available Bit Rate flow control mechanisms are interworked. The objective is to examine whether an interworking of the two flow control mechanisms can improve the performance of upper‐layer protocols like TCP which is an end‐to‐end connection‐based transport protocol. The simulation studies show that the two interworked flow control mechanisms result in high link utilization while providing very low loss rates when used in conjunction with TCP. The flow control mechanisms complement each other. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increasing on‐task behavior during mathematics independent seat‐work in students with emotional disturbance by interspersing additional brief problems
Authors: Skinner Christopher H. , Hurst Kristal L. , Teeple Donna F. , Meadows Sadonya O. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractAlternating treatments designs were used to compare on‐task levels in 4 students diagnosed as emotionally disturbed while working on control and experimental independent seat‐work mathematics assignments. Control and experimental assignments were similar except experimental assignments contained additional briefer mathematics problems interspersed following every third problem. Results showed greater on‐task levels while working on experimental assignments across 3 of the 4 students. Discussion focuses on problem completion being a conditioned reinforcer and applying this theory to prevent and remedy academic and social‐behavior problems in students with behavior disorders. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The reliability of test scores for the pervasive developmental disorders rating scale
Authors: Williams Thomas O. , Eaves Ronald C. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe Pervasive Developmental Disorders Rating Scale (PDDRS; Eaves, 1993) is a screening instrument used in the assessment of autistic disorder. In this study, the reliability of test scores for the PDDRS was examined with three samples. The first sample consisted of 456 participants ranging in age from 1 to 12 years old and the second sample consisted of 111 participants in the 13 to 24 year‐old range. Additionally, the test‐retest reliability of scores for the PDDRS was examined with a sample of 40 participants. The results indicated that coefficient alpha for the PDDRS Total Score was adequate for screening purposes (r = .89) for both age groups. The results of the test‐retest study also suggested that PDDRS had adequate test‐retest reliability (r = .92) for the PDDRS Total Score. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 39: 605–611, 2002.
Validity of the comprehensive receptive and expressive vocabulary test in assessment of children with speech and learning problems
Authors: Smith Teresa , Smith Billy L. , Eichler Joan B. , Pollard Amy Gilbert 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe current researchers investigated construct, predictive, and differential validity for the Comprehensive Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test (CREVT). Participants were 243 public school students, ages 5.5 to 17.25 years. They represented four primary disabilities: Learning Disability (n = 115), Learning Disability with Speech Impairment (n = 29), Mental Retardation (n = 40), and Speech Impairment (n = 59). Adequate construct validity for the CREVT was documented, using the Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children–III as a criterion. Also, the CREVT significantly predicted the scores on the Wide Range Achievement Test–3. Lastly, the CREVT effectively differentiated between students with disabilities. These findings suggest that the CREVT may be helpful in identifying the presence of learning problems. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 39: 613–619, 2002.
The effect of reading recovery® on special education referrals and placements
Authors: O'Connor Evelyn A. , Simic Ognjen 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis study examined the effect of Reading Recovery®, an early intervention program for first‐grade children, on the rates of referral and placement in special education in New York City. Study participants consisted of students who had a complete Reading Recovery (RR) program (RR‐discontinued and RR‐recommended) and a comparison group composed of children with literacy difficulties, who were initially performing at a slightly higher level than the Reading Recovery children. The results showed that children who received the Reading Recovery program were referred for testing and placed in special education at a statistically significant lower rate. Reading Recovery is associated with a 5% reduction in estimated referral rate and a 3% decrease in placement rate. Additionally, an examination of the classification labels of children placed in special education revealed that RR‐discontinued children were less likely to be classified as learning disabled than those in both the comparison group and the RR‐recommended group. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 39: 635–646, 2002.
Relationships among stressful life events, temperament, problem behavior, and global life satisfaction in adolescents
Authors: McKnight Caroline G. , Huebner E. Scott , Suldo Shannon 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe relationships among stressful life events (SLEs), temperament, externalizing and internalizing behaviors, and global life satisfaction were investigated. The Students' Life Satisfaction Scale, the Youth Self Report (YSR) form of the Child Behavior Checklist, a portion of the Life Events Checklist, and the Abbreviated Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, were administered to 1,201 adolescents in grades 6 through 12 in a small city in the Southeast. A modest correlation was found between life satisfaction and Extraversion, whereas moderate correlations were found between life satisfaction and Neuroticism and life satisfaction and SLEs. Based upon hierarchical regression analyses, temperament variables accounted for approximately 16% of the variance in predictions of life satisfaction ratings. When SLEs were added, an additional 3% of the variance in life satisfaction ratings was subsequently explained. Life satisfaction did not operate as a moderator between SLEs and problem behavior. However, when global life satisfaction was added as a mediator variable, results indicated a partial mediational effect, particularly on internalizing behavior. Limitations of the study as well as implications for comprehensive psychological assessments are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 39: 677–687, 2002.
Outcomes of a school‐based mental health program for youth with serious emotional disorders
Authors: Robinson Kristin E. , Rapport Lisa J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe present study describes a comprehensive, day treatment program conducted in public school classrooms for children with serious emotional disorders (SED) and presents data evaluating program efficacy. Behavioral outcomes are presented for 142 children, ages 5 to 18 years, over the course of an academic year. Treatment efficacy was assessed using a behavioral outcome measure, the Youth Outcome Questionnaire. At initial evaluation, all children were exhibiting emotional symptoms beyond the scope of outpatient services, with 97% being classified as having a Severe Emotional Disorder. At the 9‐month follow‐up, 50.7% of the sample showed overall symptom reduction, and 27.5% scored below clinical cutoff levels, indicating remission of symptoms to within normal limits. Treatment response was equally likely among boys and girls, and across diagnostic categories. Elementary school‐aged children and adolescents made equivalent gains in the program; however, mixed‐model, repeated‐measures ANOVA revealed a significant group × time interaction ( p < .05), indicating that these groups showed different patterns of improvement over time. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 39: 661–675, 2002.
The first twenty years of the Strategic Management Journal
Authors: Phelan Steven E. , Ferreira Manuel , Salvador Rommel 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe Strategic Management Journal (SMJ) has now entered its third decade of publication and consistently ranks among the most influential journals in management. While several authors have examined the impact of SMJ vis‐à‐vis other management publications, few studies have examined the internal changes in the publication over time, particularly with regard to the diversity and content of the journal. The current study finds that there has been a significant shift in the number of authors, publication lags, reference lists, and page lengths in SMJ over the past 20 years, while the diversity of authorship has stayed relatively constant. There has also been a marked rise in the proportion of empirical papers being published. The implications of these results are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corporate reputation and sustained superior financial performance
Authors: Roberts Peter W. , Dowling Grahame R. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractGood corporate reputations are critical because of their potential for value creation, but also because their intangible character makes replication by competing firms considerably more difficult. Existing empirical research confirms that there is a positive relationship between reputation and financial performance. This paper complements these findings by showing that firms with relatively good reputations are better able to sustain superior profit outcomes over time. In particular, we undertake an analysis of the relationship between corporate reputation and the dynamics of financial performance using two complementary dynamic models. We also decompose overall reputation into a component that is predicted by previous financial performance, and that which is ‘left over’, and find that each (orthogonal) element supports the persistence of above‐average profits over time. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The dynamics of product innovation and firm competences
Authors: Danneels Erwin 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis study examines how product innovation contributes to the renewal of the firm through its dynamic and reciprocal relation with the firm's competences. Field research in five high‐tech firms of varying age, size, and level of diversification is combined with analysis of existing theory to develop the findings of the study. Based on the notion that new products are created by linking competences relating to technologies and customers, a typology is derived that classifies new product projects based on whether a new product can draw on existing competences, or whether it requires competences the firm does not yet have. Following organizational learning theory, these options are conceptualized as exploitation and exploration. These organizational learning concepts are used to gain a dynamic and path‐dependent view of product innovation and firm development, and to reveal the unique nature and challenges of different types of product innovation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceived fairness, decision control, and commitment in international joint venture management teams
Authors: Johnson James P. , Korsgaard M. Audrey , Sapienza Harry J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractPrevious research examining the effectiveness of international joint ventures (IJVs) has focused on differences in the backgrounds and bargaining power of IJV parent firms, while little attention has been given to the IJV itself. This study takes a different perspective by examining the relationship between IJV parent firms and the IJV. Specifically, we examine how IJV and parent involvement in strategic decision‐making influences the IJV management team's commitment to the IJV and to the parent firms. We hypothesize that the IJV management team tends to be more committed to the IJV than to the parent firms, and that there is a strong positive relationship between procedural justice, strategic decision control, and organizational commitment. A field study involving 51 IJVs supported our hypotheses. We discuss the implications of organizational commitment and procedural justice for managing IJVs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CONFORMATIONAL AND DYNAMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE C(O)–CH2–S–H MOIETY IN THIOGLYCOLIC ACID AND METHYLTHIOGLYCOLATE: AN AB INITIO AND DFT STUDY
Authors: FANTONI A. C. 
Published: November 2002

The results of a series of ab initio molecular orbital calculations on thioglycolic acid and methylthioglycolate are presented. Full geometry optimizations at different levels of theory have been performed for the equilibrium and transition state configurations, in order to determine the height of the inversion barriers, and to obtain information on the relaxation of some geometrical parameters. In spite of using extended basis sets and the inclusion of electron correlation, there is an important inconsistency between the relative position of the thiolic hydrogen derived from experimental data and the ab initio predictions. As regards the barrier height, the results more consistent with the available experimental data are obtained when the Gaussian2 compound methods [G2 and G2(MP2)] are used. The possible influence of an –S–H⋯O = hydrogen bond on the conformational behavior has also been investigated by analyzing the topology of the electron density.
WHAT, IF ANYTHING, IS MAHĀYĀNA BUDDHISM? PROBLEMS OF DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS
Authors: Silk Jonathan 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis study investigates some problems regarding the definition of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Tracing the history of the notion in modern scholarship, it pays particular attention to the question of the relation between Mahāyāna and so-called Hīnayāna or Sectarian Buddhism. Finding the commonly used methods of classification which rely on necessary and sufficient conditions to be inadequate to the task, it suggests the alternative employment of polythetic classification, a method which permits a constantly variable set of questions and data to be taken into account in the most flexible and accommodating manner.