bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cabinet
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
EADEM magistratuum vocabula.’1 Names persist everywhere while substance changes. Like the individual senator, the Senate as a body preserves dignitas but loses power as the Princeps encroaches everywhere, grasping more and more. He retains his imperium in the city of Rome; he controls admission to the high assembly ; he takes charge of public provinces; he appoints proconsuls, though with respect for forms preserved ;3 and he conveys requests, modest but firm, to the governors of provinces.
The Opposition
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The anny had made one emperor and could make another; and the change from Republic to Empire might be described as the provinces’ revenge upon Rome. Army and and provinces stood finn for the established order. The legions were mspired with a fanatical yet rational devotion to the person of Augustus and to the house of Caesar. No less comprehensible was the loyalty of the provinces-or rather of the propertied classes which the Empire preserved and supported all over the world, whether in the cities of Asia or the country districts of Gaul and Galatia. National memories were not strong in the western lands: in the East the fact that the Principate was a monarchy guaranteed its ready acceptance. The lower classes had no voice in government, no place in history. In town or country there was poverty and social unrest-but Rome could not be held directly responsible for the transgressions of the wealthy. Rome seldom intervened against the local dynasts. C. Julius Eurycles, the lord of Sparta and greatest man m all Greece, must have proved very unsatisfactory, for he was deposed by Augustus and subsequently banished.
The Doom Of The Nobles
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘Stemmata quid faciunt?’ The satirist Juvenal makes mock of pedigrees. Not, however, with all the fierce, free invective of a robust democrat. Juvenal derives his names and examples from the descendants of the Republican nobility-but not the living. Few of them, indeed, survived in Juvenal’s day, and they mattered not at all. The Empire had broken their power and their spirit. The satirist did not dare to deride the new nobility, the oligarchy of government in his own day. He makes mock of the needy Greek of low degree, clever, mendacious and unscrupulous.2 A traditional and literary figure. Very different the proud sons of the great priestly and dynastic houses of Asia, now holding consular rank in the imperial Senate. Still less does he venture to attack the opulent provincial families issuing from Spain and Narbonensis. They were now dominant in the social and political hierarchy of the Empire, they wore the purple of the Caesars.
Introduction
Authors: Snow Stephanie J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fanny Burney was no stranger to pain. Best known for her novel Evelina, published in 1778, Fanny suffered from mastitis after the birth of her son, Alex, in December 1794. The pain was so intense ‘ as to make life-even my happy life-scarce my wish to preserve!’ she wrote. Little did she know then that seventeen years later she would have to bear a mastectomy without pain relief Her description of the operation, undertaken in Paris, is a moving testimony to the awful suffering patients endured in operations without anaesthesia.
Discoveries
Authors: Snow Stephanie J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cunard’ s dock in Boston harbour on 3 December 1846: the final mail was loaded on board the paddle steamer Acadia, and she set sail, stopping briefly at Halifax for fuel and passengers before continuing to Liverpool. Few were aware of the momentous news carried in letters aboard the ship. Enthralled by William Morton’ s convincing demonstration of anaesthesia in Massachusetts General Hospital on 16 October, the Boston medical community had spent the past six weeks experimenting with ether. Now, word of the discovery was being sent to Britain.
On Battlefields
Authors: Snow Stephanie J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 28 February 1854, with the sun rising over the towers of Westminster Abbey, Queen Victoria stood on the balcony at Buckingham Palace and watched the last battalion of the Guards-the Scots Fusiliers regiment-depart for the Crimea. Engulfed by an immense crowd shouting encouragements and shaking their hands, the men formed a line, presented arms, and went off cheering. Such ‘ fine men’ , the Queen told her uncle, King Leopold I of Belgium, ‘ my best wishes and prayers will be with them’ .
Changed Understandings Of Pain
Authors: Snow Stephanie J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On the morning of 26 May 1868, Michael Barrett, legs and arms secured by leather straps, mounted the steps up to the scaf-fold at Newgate Prison, accompanied by his priest. The hangman, William Calcraft, put a cap over his face and a rope round his neck: the bolt was drawn and the drop fell with a resounding boom; a great cry rose from the crowd. ‘ Barrett died without a struggle,’ reported The Times. Some spectators dispersed, others remained until Calcraft cut down Bartlett’ s body ‘ amid such a storm of yells and execrations as has seldom been heard even from such a crowd’ .
Martin Frobisher’s Gold Mines
Authors: McGhee Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Helicopter Emerged From a Curtain of falling snow and the pilot pointed directly ahead, then eased back the throttle and began a long slanting descent. For the past hour we had thumped southeastwards down the length of Frobisher Bay, the tundra hills of Baffin Island rolling down to gradually disappear as humped islands and rocky shoals in the heaving waters of the inlet. Now the southern shore was falling away into a distant line of glaciated peaks as the bay opened out into the expanse of Davis Strait and the North Atlantic Ocean.
The Peoples’ Land
Authors: McGhee Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Native Occupants of the Arctic had little interest in the endeavours of the explorers to which history has accorded such great importance. The quest for sea-passages to the north of Asia and America, the search for Franklin and the race to the Pole, brought relatively few southerners into the Arctic latitudes and very few of those wished to stay longer than was necessary. Most of these visitors found no quick fortunes in the Arctic, had little interest in its people or the lands that they called home, and left the country as quickly as possible to return home and write their books portraying the cold white hell they had experienced. To the northerners who came into contact with such expeditions, the visiting strangers were no more than useful sources of valuable goods: metal tools, wood, exotic ornaments, and eventually tobacco, tea and other staples of the global market.
An Arctic Journey
Authors: McGhee Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This Book Has Been an Attempt to understand our vision of the arctic as a world apart, where past and present merge in a distant and compelling landscape of brilliant light. In tracing the gradual construction of this image we have journeyed through deep time, beginning in the ice age environment of our early human ancestors, which may yet resonate at some unfathomable level of cultural memory. We have visited the territory of the carefree and immortal Hyperboreans described by the geographers of the Classical Mediterranean world, and have glimpsed Ultima Thule protected by the congealed and heaving sea encountered by the first Arctic explorer of that time. We have followed these images through two millennia of speculation, exploration and creative artistry, and seen them layered with the hardships and hideous trials endured by the unprepared explorers of the past few centuries.
The Army Of British India
Authors: Heathcote T . A . 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ground forces of the British authorities in India consisted of two distinct elements. One was made up of troops belonging to the British army, sent to serve in India for a limited, albeit sometimes lengthy, period. Some went as individuals, to staff or singleton posts, but most went because their regiments had been ordered to India from another station, either in the United Kingdom or a colonial garrison, or a foreign campaign. In the days when soldiers enlisted, in effect, for life, or, after 1847, at least for ten years, some men served long enough to go to India with their regiments and in due course to return with them to the United Kingdom, or go on to some other location before doing so. With the change in 1870 to a system of short-service engagements, whereby most men served for a period of six years with the Colours before returning to civilian life as a reservist, regiments spent longer in India than the average soldier in their ranks. Thus men might go to India with their regiment or return with it, but in normal times would not do both. Usually, men would either be sent as members of replacement drafts to join units already there, or go back to the United Kingdom with drafts of men returning to take their discharge on the completion of their engagement. Those who wished to continue serving in India when their regiments went back to the United Kingdom were generally permitted to transfer to the regiments coming out to replace them. For officers and ordinary soldiers alike, service in India, where cheap labour was available to perform all menial tasks and most forms of relaxation were easily affordable, provided an easier life than could be found in a home station, despite the climate, the diseases, and the sense of exile from their homeland.
Independence
Authors: Boehmer Elleke 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Raja Rao’s Kanthapura (1938), the women of the village respond to imperial police brutality with long-suffering passive resistance. In Anand’s Coolie (1936), there are bold but unrealized plans for a Bombay workers’ strike against the colonial authorities. These colonial novels of the r93os contrast strongly with later postcolonial examples of the genre. In Ngugiwa Thiong’o’s A Grain of Wheat (1967), for example, a hero dies while carrying arms in the Kenyan anti-colonial struggle. Throughout the novel, his memory is cherished as an inspirational example for those who survive to create the new nation. Only a decade earlier, in 1957, the year in which Ghana became the first sub-Saharan state to win independence, this literary apotheosis of an African revolutionary would hardly have been imaginable. Between the 1930s, when Rao and Anand began to publish, and the 1950s and 1960s, when African writers won prominence, the terms and the tone of anti-colonial argument had undergone an oceanic change.
Whose Revolution? Irish Politics in 1912
Authors: Fitzpatrick David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Oddly, the most active threat to the Union in 1912 came from Unionists, in particular from Ulster Unionists. Since almost all pre-war Unionists demanded the retention of all four Irish provinces within the United Kingdom, the term ‘Ulster Unionists’ signified those Unionists who resided in Ulster (home to three-quarters of all Irish Protestants).Their main forum was the Ulster Unionist Council, formed in 1905 as an adjunct to the Irish Unionist Alliance (1891). The Council linked local activists with the caucus of about twenty Irish Unionists in the House of Commons (all normally from Ulster with the exception of the two members for Dublin University) and their numerous col-leagues in the House of Lords. Though a tight-knit and highly effective unit, the Ulster Unionists acted not as a distinct party but as a lobby within Conservatism.
Capital and Labour
Authors: Ashton T S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
THE industrial revolution was an affair of economics as well as of technology: it consisted of changes in the volume and distribution of resources, no less than in the methods by which these resources were directed to specific ends. The two movements were, indeed, closely connected. Without the inventions industry might have continued its slow-footed progress-firms becoming larger, trade more widespread, division of labour more minute, and transport and finance more specialized and efficient-but there would have been no industrial revolution. On the other hand, without the new resources the inventions could hardly have been made, and could never have been applied on any but a limited scale. It was the growth of savings, and of a readiness to put these at the disposal of industry, that made it possible for Britain to reap the harvest of her ingenuity.
The Economics of Revolution and Revolutionary Economics
Authors: Feldman Gerald D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of February 1919, three British officers boarded the “Armistice Express” in Cologne and traveled to Berlin under instructions to report back on conditions in the German capital and on the German food supply. Originally from London and having just gone through war-ravaged Belgium, they were impressed by the absence of any sign of deforestation in Germany; the extent to which the land was cultivated; and the substantial number of trucks, rolling stock, and locomotives standing idle along with huge piles of timber at the major railroad stations. Upon arriving at the noisy and crowded Potsdamer Station, where no one came to meet them, they encountered armed “Red Guards” who shouted that all baggage had to be examined but to whom neither the officers nor any of the other passengers leaving the station paid the slightest attention.
The Transition to Galloping Inflation
Authors: Feldman Gerald D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The turn of 1921 to 1922 is a good vantage point from which to analyze the process by which Germany was succumbing to inflation. At this time, the situation by no means appeared hopeless, as demonstrated by the improvement of the mark and a measure of stabilization from December through February and by the optimism with which Rathenau had spoken of a gradual transition to a deflationary policy. Events since May 1921, of course, had fed arguments on both sides of the contemporary debate over the responsibility of reparations for ruining the German currency. Germans could claim that the severe distress of the mark was the product of Allied mistreatment of Germany and the reparations payments and that the improvement was a consequence of the relief being granted and the prospects of further Allied concessions and even of financial help in the future. Allied critics of Germany could claim that the Germans had been successful in using their inflation to blackmail the Allies into concessions and would do so again unless stringent controls were imposed on German monetary and fiscal policy. These differing views were to fuel an increasingly tense theoretical debate between the proponents of the balance-ofpayments theory of the inflation, who tended to stress the role of reparations in causing the increased inflation, and the proponents of the quantity theory, largely but by no means exclusively in the Allied camp, who were often highly critical of the reparations demands but nonetheless argued that the source of the inflation was the budget deficit and the use of the printing press and that an endogenous stabilization was possible and essential. These theoretical debates were more than intellectual exercises. They at once reflected and influenced policy options, and the theoretical positions accepted at the highest levels of government and among Germany’s economic leadership were choices between or among competing priorities.1
Stabilization Debates and Political Crises, August 1922–January 1923
Authors: Feldman Gerald D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The galloping inflation and the hyperinflation were having disastrous effects upon Germany’s society and polity. Both Rathenau and Wirth had predicted such a result if Germany were not granted some respite from Allied demands. It is impossible, therefore, not to take very literally the desperate appeal made by Wirth for Papal intervention on Germany’s behalf at the beginning of August 1922. He warned that Allied demands were creating conditions which were reducing the “Mittelstand to beggars” and could only lead to more political murder, desperation, and the kind of circumstances that had already devastated Russia. Wirth, “as the responsible director of German policy and as a faithful son of the Catholic Church,” pleaded that the Holy See intervene in what he called the “final hour” to prevent Allied measures of force from totally destroying the German economy and to call for a reduction of the demands made upon Germany to a “bearable measure” as well as for a “sufficient breathing space” within which Germany could restore its currency and finances.1
Facing Disaster: The State and the “Productive Estates” on the Eve of the Ruhr Occupation
Authors: Feldman Gerald D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The French occupation of the Ruhr on January 11, 1923, was to create, however briefly and confusedly, a new context for the issues of stabilization and inflation that was nevertheless not entirely unfamiliar. Actions conducive to the worsening of the inflationary situation and attempts at relative stabilization were to become instruments in the struggle against the French and were to take on the “decisionist” quality of financial and economic practice during the war as well as of the crisis management aimed at pacifying the unrest of the first postwar years. It would be false to think that history could repeat itself, however, since years of inflation (and, above all, the year of galloping inflation between the summers of 1921 and 1922) and the hyperinflation since July 1922 had changed the consciousness of the participants in the inflationary process.
The Politics of Stabilization, October–November 1923
Authors: Feldman Gerald D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Stresemann and his Cabinet realized that the effective functioning of the new Rentenbank as an interim arrangement prior to a permanent stabilization depended upon a genuine transformation of German fiscal and economic practice. The central question was whether this change could be achieved without disaster or some combination of disasters: the total disintegration of the political system, the dissolution of national unity, or a loss of national independence. Could the Weimar political system survive if its government reneged on its social commitments? How could a social démontage be achieved without unleashing the latent civil war between the extreme left and the extreme right?
Cultivating Respectability: A Family Enterprise
Authors: Kaplan Marion A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Jews built the walls around their homes to be highly permeable, allowing German bourgeois modes to penetrate intimate familial relationships as well as the decor and atmosphere of their interiors, and permitting the display of Jewish acculturation to flow to the exterior. The home was where they experienced the ambivalences and contradictions inherent in the dual desires to maintain their family, Jewish com munity, and heritage, and to integrate into social and cultural life with other Ger mans. It was where boys and girls were raised to fit the role of religiously observant or secular men and women, and where new options for girls and women were first explored. It was where Jews absorbed the impact of their economic success and prepared to achieve the social status commensurate with it. The home was the juncture at which gender, class, and ethnicity confronted one another.
Her Sister’s Keeper: Women’s Organizations from the Chevra to Feminism
Authors: Kaplan Marion A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The extraordinary involvement of Jewish women in charitable and social welfare organizations reflected a combination of deeply held Jewish traditions as well as social transformations within Imperial Germany. Among the latter, the evolution of women’s role in the public arena is prominent. For many women, it was the religious social welfare context from which their feminist perceptions and move ment grew. Indeed, excluded until 1908 from most political involvement, women’s social service activism can be interpreted as a form of women’s politics, a way in which women created their own power structures alongside the political and busi ness spheres dominated by men. After the founding of the German Empire, the complex interaction between state and private welfare and the Jewish minority also affected the involvement of Jewish women in voluntary social welfare. Further, social welfare was a form of minority self-help and self-protection in an era of increased anti-Semitism. It was also a form of liberal, bourgeois politics vis-a-vis those of a lower social class: specifically, German Jews tried to alleviate the conditions of Eastern European immigrant Jews and help them acculturate to German society.
Women and Economic Equality
Authors: Chafe William H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although the political activities of women naturally attracted the most attention after enactment of the suffrage amendment, many observers—especially feminists—viewed women’s economic progress as a more important barometer of what had been gained or lost in the fight for equality. The ballot provided a potential opportunity to influence public policy, but by itself, it did little to transform woman’s “place” in the home or to alter her life chances as a worker in the labor force. If one source of systemic inequality between the sexes was the extent to which women’s roles—in and out of the home— were totally prescribed by their sex, a clear sign of ending that inequality would be women being able to participate in all areas of life. Within that context, the economic experience of women became a crucial index of how much had been gained in the fight for the vote.
Development of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule
Authors: Helzer John e. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the late 1970s, Darrel Regier and his colleagues at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) started a multi center psychiatric epidemiologic study in the United States, the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Survey (Regier et al., 1984). The scope of this effort was huge. Plans called for several thousand face-to-face interviews to be conducted in five sites across the Unite.cl States. Respondents were to be interviewed regarding their lifetime and recent history of psychiatric symptoms, utilization of health care services, perceived barriers to care, use of psychotropic medication, and recent untoward life events. There was also to be a follow-up interview 1 year after the index examination in order to estimate incidence of psychiatric disorder. It was apparent that it would be financially impractical to use psychiatrists as interviewers for an effort of this magnitude, and that it was therefore necessary to develop an interview instrument that would enable nonclinician (lay) inter viewers to gather the clinical and other data needed to make psychiatric diagnoses.
Recent Advances in the Investigation of the Epidemiology of Alcohol Abuse and Addiction
Authors: Leaf Philip J , hwu, hat gwo , Canino glorisa J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the past decade, there has been increased interest in psychiatric nosology and epidemiology, stimulated to a great extent by the revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (APA, 1980; APA, 1987) and by the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Project, a five-site epidemiologic study undertaken by the National Institute of Mental Health and five universities (Eaton and Kessler, 1985; Robins et al., 1985; Myers et al., 1984). The diversity of contributions to this volume indicates that interest in the epidemiology of specific psychiatric disorders has not been limited to the United States. The existence of studies utilizing a common research instrument represents an exciting development in psychiatric epidemiology. The contribution that these studies make to our understanding of the etiology and consequences of alcohol-related disorders suggests that there is much to be gained by applying this methodology to other contexts.