bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genistein and daidzein influence lipid metabolism in human and murine cells via liver X receptor
Authors: Luo Ting F , Shay Neil F 
Published: November 2023

Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear hormone receptors which are involved in the regulation of cholesterol and lipid metabolism. In mice, soy isoflavone consumption reduces hepatic lipid accumulation, however, it is not clear whether these effects are mediated via LXR along with other regulatory factors. We therefore investigated whether the regulation of lipid‐related gene expression by soy isoflavones was via the involvement of LXR. Study 1: HepG2 cells were cultured with or without 30μM genistein. After 24h, RNA was isolated and gene expression was determined using RT‐PCR. Genistein treatment significantly increased the relative mRNA levels of the following: the rate‐limiting enzyme for fatty acid β‐oxidation, carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1α (CPT1α; 1.5‐fold); the expression of oxidative‐stress related NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 (NQO1; 1.3 fold); the phase II enzyme, glutathione S‐transferase theta‐2 (GSTT2; 1.5 fold); ATP‐binding cassette transporter ABCA1, which mediates the efflux of cholesterol and phospholipids to lipid‐poor apolipoproteins (ABCA1; 1.4 fold); and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase alpha, which catalyzes the rate‐limiting step in fatty acid synthesis (ACACA; 1.2 fold) (all P<0.05). However, the expression of other genes such as cytochrome P450 family 8 subfamily B member 1 (CYP8B1), heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX‐1), and Apolipoprotein A (APOA) was not significantly changed. Study 2: Mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells and MEF cells knocked‐in with LXRs (MEF+) were used to determine the dependence of LXRs on lipid accumulation as influenced by genistein. MEF and MEF+ cells were exposed to genistein (40μM), daidzein (40μM), or the LXR agonist TO0901713 (2μM). The relative expression of mRNAs for sterol regulatory element‐binding protein 1a (Srebp1a), Abca1 and Stearoyl‐CoA desaturase‐1 (Scd1) were determined by RT‐PCR. We found that in MEF+ cells, Srebp1a, Abca1 and Scd1 gene expression was significantly increased in agonist‐and genistein‐treated cells. Incubation of MEF cells not expressing LXRs with genistein or TO0901713 had no effect, suggesting the effect of genistein on Srebp1a, Abca1 and Scd1 gene expression was via LXR action. Presently, on‐going studies are utilizing transient transfection assays using LXR expression vectors and LXRE‐regulated lucifierase reporter vectors to further confirm the effect of isoflavones on LXR and donwstream gene expression. Our data suggest that soy isoflavones stimulate the activation of LXRs, resulting in metabolic changes in cholesterol and lipid metabolism. Although other mechanisms are most likely involved, we suggest that LXR plays a role in isoflavone regulation of gene expression.Support or Funding InformationOregon Agricultural Research Foundation
Total Usual Intake of Most Shortfall Nutrients Varies with Poverty among U.S. adults
Authors: Bailey Regan L , Akabas Sharon R , Paxon Erin E , Saklani Shilpa , Thuppal Sowmyanarayanan V , Tucker Katherine L 
Published: November 2023

Demographic trends indicate that the proportion of Americans living in poverty has been steadily increasing, and that those in poverty are more likely to be overweight or obese. Paradoxically, a combined over‐consumption of energy exists simultaneously with nutrient shortfalls. However, little is known about how poverty affects total micronutrient intakes, including dietary supplements. The objective of this study was to examine total usual shortfall micronutrient intakes (i.e., calcium, folate, potassium, magnesium, and vitamins A, C, D, E) by poverty‐to‐income ratio (PIR). Adults (≥19 y) who participated in NHANES 2011–2012, a nationally‐representative, cross‐sectional survey, and had complete data on poverty status and diet were included (n = 4,524); three PIR categories were constructed: <130%, 130%–350%, and ≥350%. The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate total usual micronutrient intakes from foods, beverages, medications, and dietary supplements reported on 2 24‐hour dietary recalls using measurement error correction. Dietary supplement use was significantly different in each PIR group: 38% (<130%), 49% (130–350%), and 63% (≥350%); women had a higher prevalence of supplement use, and a higher percentage of micronutrients contributed from dietary supplements than men across all PIR categories. Within each PIR category, mean intakes of folate, vitamin C, vitamin D significantly increased in men and magnesium significantly increased in women. Except for calcium in men and vitamin C in women, the highest PIR category had significantly higher mean total usual intakes of all remaining shortfall micronutrients. Importantly, men and women in the highest PIR category (≥350%) were significantly less likely to have intakes below the Estimate Average Requirement (EAR) across all micronutrients compared with those in the lower PIR categories. Even with dietary supplements, large proportions of U.S. adults have micronutrient intakes below the EAR. Adults at the highest adjusted income have higher micronutrient intakes and lower risk of inadequacy than those than those with lower incomes.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported through an unrestricted educational grant to Columbia University by Pharmavite, LLC.
Legume Consumption, Diet Quality and Body Weight: Results from NHANES 2009–2012 and the Food Patterns Equivalent Database 2009–2012
Authors: Garcia‐Bailo Bibiana , Jain Neha , Keeler Chelsey , Smith Jessica 
Published: November 2023

The 2015 Dietary Guidelines recommend legume consumption as part of a healthy diet, and consumer interest in non‐meat protein sources has increased. This study describes legume intakes across demographic groups in the U.S. and their association with nutrient intakes and body weight, using Day 1 24‐hour recalls from NHANES 2009–12 and the USDA Food Patterns Equivalent Database 2009–2012. In adults aged 19+ years, the prevalence of legume consumption differed by ethnicity, ranging from 14% among Non‐Hispanic (NH) Blacks (n=2399), to 18% in NH Whites (n=4710) to 31% among Hispanics (n=2671). Among legume consumers, mean intakes also varied by ethnicity, from 2.2 protein oz eq/d among NH White adults, to 2.8 oz eq/d in NH Blacks, to 3.2 oz eq/d among Hispanics. Similar trends were observed in children aged 4 to 18 years (n=5155). Nutrient intakes differed between legume consumers and non‐consumers. Both adults and children who consumed legumes had significantly higher intakes of key nutrients such as fiber, protein, folate, iron, calcium, magnesium and potassium. However, legume consumers also had higher sodium and total energy intakes. Overall, legume consumers exhibited healthier eating patterns. Those who ate legumes consumed a smaller percentage of their total energy from both total and added sugar and ate more oz eq/d of total protein foods. Adult legume consumers also ate more of encouraged food groups such as whole grains, fruit and vegetables. Body weight measures differed between legume consumers and non‐consumers. Adults who ate legumes had significantly lower body mass index (BMI) and waist circumferences than those who did not, despite consuming more total energy. Among children, those who ate legumes had smaller waist circumferences, a lower prevalence of obesity, and a non‐significant trend for lower BMI z‐scores than those who did not eat legumes. These findings suggest that people who eat legumes have healthier diets, and legumes contribute to favorable nutrient intakes in adults and children. In addition, legume consumption may be associated with healthier body weights.Support or Funding InformationFunded by the Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, General Mills, Inc.
The Capacity of the US Food System to Accommodate Improved Diet Quality: Projections to 2030
Authors: Conrad Zach , Peters Christian , Johnson LuAnn K , Jahns Lisa 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveTo estimate the capacity of the US agricultural system to produce enough food to accommodate a population shift toward healthier diet patterns. This analysis has immediate and long‐term implications for the nutritional quality of the food supply, as well as for environmental sustainability because food production depends on adequate land and water resources.DesignThe US Foodprint Model was used to estimate the proportion of the national population that can be fed a variety of diets that differ by diet quality with domestically‐produced food. The US Foodprint Model accepted data inputs on current (2012) and projected (2030) population size, food intake, and crop yields. Data on current and projected population size were obtained from the US Census Bureau. Data on current food intake were acquired from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2012 (N=8,386 individuals), and these data were projected to 2030 with regression models that used food availability data from 1980–2012 acquired from the USDA Loss‐Adjusted Food Availability data series (N=20 food groups); quintiles of the Healthy Eating Index‐2010 (HEI‐2010) were used to quantify diet quality. Current and historical (1980–2016) crop yields were obtained from USDA Agricultural Surveys (N=112 crops), and regression models used historical data to project crop yields to 2030. Measures of variation for projected model simulations were estimated using Monte Carlo simulations with 1,000 draws.ResultsThe agricultural system in the US currently has the capacity to feed 140% (135%–146%) of the national population, based on currently‐consumed diets; and can deliver a high quality diet (HEI‐2010=82 out of 100) to 170% (151%–192%) of the population or a low quality diet (HEI‐2010=35 out of 100) to 143% (133%–153%) of the population (P=0.019). However, no linear relationship was observed between the proportion of the population fed and quintiles of diet quality (P=0.251). Based on projected (2030) estimates of population size, food intake, and crop yields, the US agricultural system could provide a high quality diet to 178% (172%–183%) of the population or a low quality diet to 149% (139%–152%) of the population (P<0.001). No linear relationship was observed between the proportion of the projected population fed and quintiles of diet quality (P=0.139). No difference was observed between the current and projected estimates of the percent of the population fed for the same diet quality score.ConclusionsThe US agricultural system currently has more than enough capacity to feed the national population. Incremental improvements in Americans' diet quality are not associated with an increase in the number of people fed, except at high levels of diet quality. Future studies are needed to assess the relationship between diet quality and additional indicators of environmental sustainability.Support or Funding InformationUSDA‐ARS 3062‐51000‐051‐00D
Demographics, Anthropometric Measurements, Vegetable Consumption, and Food Waste of Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) Members in Central Minnesota
Authors: Heying Emily , Butkowski Kendra 
Published: November 2023

Lack of fruit and vegetable consumption is often dependent on accessibility, affordability, and geographic location. While industrialization of food processing and growth in agricultural technology have provided methods to feed masses, there is a growing concern with the lack of knowledge provided and sustainability of how food is produced. The discrepancies among consumers regarding this has led to the rise of the sustainable food movement, which includes Community Supported Agriculture (CSA). While CSA popularity is increasing, information regarding membership and efficacy of CSA programs in encouraging healthy eating habits is limited. This study investigated the demographics, anthropometric measurements, vegetable consumption, and food waste of CSA members (n = 22) receiving a weekly vegetable share in central Minnesota. An initial survey regarding demographic and anthropometric measurements was administered to study participants at the beginning of the CSA season. Surveys regarding vegetable consumption and food waste were then administered 10 days post CSA share pickup four times during the season. Vegetables in weekly shares varied based on the growing season, but typically consisted of salad greens (ex: spinach or lettuce), cruciferous vegetables (ex: broccoli), and root vegetables (ex: potatoes). Average body mass index (BMI) of participants was 26.1 ± 4.3 kg/m2, average family size consuming a CSA share was 3.1 ± 1.2 persons, and average distance traveled to CSA pickup site was 3.4 ± 5.8 miles. Percentage of vegetable consumed each week was dependent on type of vegetable and family size, but not BMI. Leafy greens were thrown away by participants in higher amounts compared to other vegetables, but were also available most often in weekly shares. 80% of participants indicated that participating in the study increased awareness of food waste, but only 53% of participants believed their food waste actually decreased during the CSA season and awareness of food waste had no correlation with vegetable consumption or likelihood of throwing away vegetables. Ultimately, CSA vegetable shares provide a consistent nutritious food source as well as an educational opportunity for sustainable food systems. CSA members report eating more vegetables during the CSA growing season than the rest of the year and enjoy being part of a community focused on local food sources. Increasing awareness of CSA vegetable shares has the potential to benefit both small, local agriculture and populations seeking to improve dietary habits.Support or Funding InformationCollege of Saint Benedict‐ New Faculty Startup Research Fundand College of Saint Benedict Undergraduate Research Fund
Reduced citrulline flux and concentration in patients with ketosis‐prone diabetes compared to healthy controls and typical type 2 diabetes suggest impaired gut function
Authors: Hsu Jean W , Mulukutla Surya N , Bohren Kurt M , Balasubramanyam Ashok , Jahoor Farook 
Published: November 2023

A‐β+ Ketosis‐Prone Diabetes (KPD) is a unique subset of type 2 diabetes (T2D) characterized by non‐autoimmune β cell dysfunction causing unprovoked ketoacidosis, followed by partial restoration of insulin secretory function. Production of citrulline occurs almost exclusively in the intestine and in a previous study, we reported significant positive correlations between urinary mannitol excretion and citrulline flux and concentration in healthy adults suggesting that plasma citrulline flux or concentration is a good marker of gut function. The objective of this ongoing study is to assess gut function in KPD, T2D and healthy subjects (12/group) using parameters of citrulline metabolism. Subjects are given 6h primed, constant intravenous infusions of 2H2‐Cit after an overnight fast to measure citrulline flux. Preliminary results are shown in the table.Our preliminary results show that citrulline flux and concentration were lower in patients with KPD compared to controls and “usual” T2D. These results suggest that patients with KPD have reduced gut function.Support or Funding InformationSupported by NIH Grant # 5R01DK101411

Citrulline flux and concentration in control subjects, T2D and KPD patients

Controls
T2D
KPD
P‐Value

Citrulline Flux μmol/kg LBM/h
9.23 ± 0.71a
10.1 ± 1.01a
5.64 ± 0.33b
0.0121

Citrulline Concentration μmol/L
27.2 ± 1.31a
21.6 ± 2.21a
12.4 ± 3.02b
0.0002

Means with different superscript letters are significantly different, P < 0.05 (post‐hoc Tukey's multiple comparison test).
Body Fat Changes in The Beef WISE Study: Beef's Role in Weight Improvement, Satisfaction, and Energy
Authors: Sayer Richard Drew , Speaker Kristin J , Pan Zhaoxing , Peters John C , Wyatt Holly J , Hill James O 
Published: November 2023

Higher protein (HP) diets may increase satiety, postprandial thermogenesis, and preservation of lean mass compared to normal protein diets, which has contributed to the popularity of HP diets for weight loss. However, recommendations to restrict red meats – a major contributor to overall protein intake – are common among dietary patterns for weight loss. Therefore, the objective of this randomized controlled trial was to determine the impact of consuming lean beef as part of a HP diet on body fat changes during a 16‐week weight loss intervention. 119 adults (98 female) with overweight or obesity (BMI: 35.7 ± 7.0 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to either a HP diet with ≥ 4 weekly servings of lean beef (B; n = 60) or a HP diet restricted in all red meats (NB; n = 59). Among all study participants, % body fat decreased from 40.7 ± 7.6% to 35.6 ± 8.1% and fat mass decreased from 40.3 ± 13.8 kg to 32.4 ± 13.0 kg during the intervention (p < 0.001 for both). % body fat and fat mass were compared between B and NB using ANCOVA with age, sex, and baseline % body fat or fat mass as covariates. At the end of the 16‐week intervention, % body fat (B: 35.1 ± 3.5% vs. NB: 34.9 ± 3.7%, p = 0.70) and fat mass (B: 31.2 ± 5.0 kg vs. NB: 31.1 ± 5.2 kg, p = 0.90) were not different between B and NB. Results of this study demonstrate that HP diets – either rich or restricted in red meat intakes – are effective for decreasing body fat and suggest that lean beef can be consumed as part of a HP diet for weight loss.Support or Funding InformationThe Beef Checkoff, NIH NHLBI (T32 HL116276), NIH/NCRR Colorado CTSI (UL1 RR025780)
Differences in the Enterocyte Cytoplasmic Lipid Droplet Proteome in Mice Resistant (Acyl CoA: Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 1 Deficient) versus Susceptible to Diet‐Induced Obesity
Authors: Carreiro Alicia , Buhman Kimberly K 
Published: November 2023

The highly efficient absorption of dietary fat is essential for survival but can contribute to obesity and related metabolic diseases when dietary fat is consumed in excess. The digestive products of dietary fat are taken up by absorptive cells of the small intestine (enterocytes), re‐esterified into triacylglycerol (TAG), and either packaged on chylomicrons (CMs) for secretion into circulation or stored within cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLDs). Altered enterocyte TAG storage and secretion impacts susceptibility to high fat diet‐induced diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and hepatic steatosis, but molecular mechanisms directing TAG toward these fates are unclear. Acyl CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) are the enzymes that catalyze the final and committed step of TAG synthesis, and DGAT1 is the major DGAT enzyme present in the small intestine. Whole body Dgat1 deficient (Dgat1−/−) mice are resistant to diet‐induced obesity and exhibit improved glucose tolerance and blunted postprandial triglyceridemia compared to high fat fed wild‐type mice. In addition, these mice exhibit an accumulation of TAG within large CLDs in enterocytes in response to an acute dietary fat challenge. We hypothesized that the lean, insulin sensitive phenotype of these mice when fed a chronic high fat diet may be due to alterations in intestinal TAG storage that are regulated by the proteins that associate with enterocyte CLDs. To investigate this we isolated enterocyte CLDs from wild‐type and Dgat1−/− mice after 12 weeks of high fat feeding and determined their proteomes using LC‐MS/MS. Label‐free quantification resulted in the identification of 125 proteins spanning diverse cellular processes, including lipid metabolism. Several of the identified proteins were differentially expressed in Dgat1−/− compared to wild‐type mice, and over a third of these proteins were only identified in the Dgat1−/− model. Further investigation of these proteins will contribute to molecular knowledge of the regulation of enterocyte CLD stores, as well as the role of CLDs in the process of dietary fat absorption. This knowledge can be used to identify potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.Support or Funding InformationThis project was supported by the Purdue University Ingestive Behavior Research Center NIH Training Grant (5T32DK076540‐06, 5T32DK076540‐07) and the American Diabetes Association Innovation Award (7‐13‐IN‐05).
Gut Microbiota Increased by Omega‐3 Fatty Acids is Negatively Correlated with Hepatic Lipid Metabolism‐Associated Genes in mice with High Carbohydrate Diet‐Induced Steatosis
Authors: Huang Kuan‐Hsun , Nichols Robert G. , Sebastian Aswathy , Albert István , Patterson Andrew D. , Ross A. Catharine 
Published: November 2023

Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the development of hepatic steatosis and the progression of obesity‐related non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Studies have indicated that lean NAFLD, an understudied but a clinically relevant condition, is positively associated with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Our previous study showed that Omegaven®, a lipid emulsion (LE) rich in n‐3 fatty acids (FA), reversed hepatic triacylglycerol (TG) accumulation and markers of inflammation in mice with preexisting high carbohydrate diet (HCD)‐induced hepatic steatosis. However, it remains unclear whether the reversal effect of Omegaven® is partially contributed by nutrient‐gut‐microbiota interactions. Here, we tested the hypothesis that Omegaven® will alter gut microbiota, while regulating lipid metabolism associated genes in the liver, after the onset of steatosis.MethodsMale C57BL/6 mice were fed chow (a reference group for normal mouse diet) for 5 weeks or HCD (Clinimix‐E® supplemented with vitamins and minerals and containing 3% total energy as Intralipid®, a LE rich in n‐6 FA, to ensure adequacy of essential FA) for 2.5 weeks to develop hepatic steatosis. At this time, mice were randomized into 2 groups: continuation of HCD alone (HCD5), or change to HCD with 13.5% (energy‐%) of Omegaven® (HCDF) for an additional 2.5 weeks (n= 3–4/group). Liver transcriptomics, metagenomics, and correlations of liver genetic and gut microbiome were analyzed.ResultsRNA sequencing analysis revealed that the genes associated with lipid and glucose metabolism were downregulated after Omegaven® supplementation. HCDF‐fed mice had lower transcripts of genes involved in de novo lipogenesis, unsaturated FA synthesis, arachidonic acid synthesis, lipid localization, TG synthesis, and lipid droplet synthesis, while HCD‐fed mice had lower transcripts for steroid metabolism and pyruvate metabolism (all, adj P<0.001). Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) analysis suggested that HCDF mice had higher abundance of Bacteroidetes, Actinobateria, and Proteobacteria, which were negatively correlated with the genes associated with lipid synthesis and TG synthesis. Overall, the inclusion of 13.5% Omegaven® into the HCD lowered the transcripts for lipid synthesis in association with a partial alteration of the compositions of gut microbiota in mice with preexisting HCD‐induced hepatic steatosis.