bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between bleomycin hydrolase and Alzheimer's disease in caucasians
Authors: Farrer Lindsay A. , Abraham Carmela R. , Haines Jonathan L. , Rogaeva Ekaterina A. , Song Youqiang , McGraw Walker T. , Brindle Nicholas , Premkumar Smita , Scott William K. , Yamaoka Larry H. , Saunders Ann M. , Roses Allen D. , Auerbach Sanford A. , Sorbi Sandro , Duara Ranjan , Pericak‐Vance Margaret A. , St George‐Hyslop Peter H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA recent study showed modest evidence for an increased frequency of the bleomycin hydrolase (BH) V/V genotype in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients compared with nondemented controls. To test this hypothesis, we examined this polymorphism in 621 rigorously evaluated patients and 502 control subjects (all caucasian) but were unable to detect an association between BH and AD even after controling for age, gender, and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype. We conclude that this polymorphism does not account for inherited susceptibility to AD in the populations represented in this sample.
Spinal muscular atrophy due to an isolated deletion of exon 8 of the telomeric survival motor neuron gene
Authors: Gambardella A. , Mazzei R. , Toscano A. , Annesi G. , Pasqua A. , Annesi F. , Quattrone F. , Oliveri R. I. , Valentino P. , Bono F. , Aguglia U. , Zappia M. , Vita G. , Quattrone A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPatients with autosomal recessive spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) usually carry a homozygous deletion of exons 7 and 8 of the telomeric survival motor neuron (SMNT) gene, although an isolated deletion of SMN T exon 8 has never been found. We now report on 2 patients with the typical fetures of SMA types II and III, who carried a homozygous deletion of SMNT exon 8 but retained SMNT 7. Importantly, to exclude a sequence conversion event of telomeric exon 8, we amplified a fragment that spanned exons 7 and 8 of the SMN gene. The resulting 1,010‐base pair (bp) fragments were subjected to nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on exon 7. The subsequent restriction analysis failed to show any products of telomeric exon 7, as the site for primer 541 C1120 was lost in both alleles. These findings indicate a homozygous deletion of SMNT exon 8. Direct sequencing of the cloned 1,010‐bp fragment further confirmed that these 2 SMA patients did not possess telomeric exon 8. The present findings provide evidence that an isolated deletion of SMNT exon 8 is associated with the milder subtypes of SMA. Our data also demonstrate that the additional deletion of the NAIP gene exacerbates the severity of the disease.
Molecular genetic analysis of a novel Parkin gene in Japanese families with autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism: Evidence for variable homozygous deletions in the Parkin gene in affected individuals
Authors: Hattori Nobutaka , Kitada Tohru , Matsumine Hiroto , Asakawa Shuichi , Yamamura Yasuhiro , Yoshino Hiroyo , Kobayashi Tomonori , Yokochi Masayuki , Wang Mei , Yoritaka Asako , Kondo Tomoyoshi , Kuzuhara Shigeki , Nakamura Shigenobu , Shimizu Nobuyoshi , Mizuno Yoshikuni 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAutosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR‐JP) is a distinct clinical and genetic entity characterized by selective degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons and young‐onset parkinsonism with remarkable response to levodopa. Recently, we mapped the gene locus for AR‐JP to chromosome 6q25.2–q27 by linkage analysis and we identified a novel large gene, Parkin, consisting of 12 exons from this region; mutations of this gene were found to be the cause of AR‐JP in two families. Now we report results of extensive molecular analysis on 34 affected individuals from 18 unrelated families with AR‐JP. We found four different homozygous intragenic deletional mutations, involving exons 3 to 4, exon 3, exon 4, and exo 5 in 10 families (17 affected individuals). In addition to the exonic deletions, we identified a novel one‐base deletion involving exon 5 in two families (2 affected individuals). All mutations so far found were deletional types in which large exonic deletion accounted for 50% (17 of 34) and the one‐base deletion accounted for 6% (2/34); in the remaining, no homozygous mutations were found in the coding regions. Our findings indicate that loss of function of the Parkin protein results in the clinical phenotype of AR‐JP and that subregions between introns 2 and 5 of the Parkin gene are mutational hot spots.
Corticifugal fiber connections of the cortex of Macaca mullatta. The occipital region
Authors: Mettler Feed A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFibers from the upper opercular striate cortex pass to the following structures in the following order of abundance of association fibers: (a) Remainder of upper half of striate cortex including medially located portions. (b) Lower macular cortex. (c) Rest of striate cortex. (d) Posterior limb of the angular gyrus and middle annectant gyrus. (e) Caudal end of the posterior superior, parietal gyrus.
Electron microscopic study of the developing neuroblast of the dorsal root ganglion of the rabbit embryo
Authors: Tennyson Virginia M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe differentiation of the neuroblast of the spinal ganglion of the embryonic rabbit has been studied by phase, light, and electron microscopy from the period of migration of the cells from the neural crest until their transformation into unipolar neurons. The relatively undifferentiated migratory neuroblast, which has single primitive neurite, contains fine filaments and large numbers of ribonucleoprotein particles, but very little membranous endoplasmic reticulum. The presence in the Golgi‐centriolar region of large numbers of neurotubules, which probably originate from the centriole, is one of the first signs of further maturation of the neuroblast. The neurotubles migrate into the neurite, where they become a prominent feature during development, particularly in the distal processes.Elements of the immature Golgi complex appear to participate directly in the formation of the membranous portion of the primitive Nissl substance, which develops during the bipolar period.A difference was noted in the fine structure of the processes of the transitional bipolar neuroblast; i.e., one neurite resembles an axon; whereas, the other contains granular endoplasmic reticulum typical of dendrites.The findings of this study are in accord with the concept that the unipolar process arises by constriction and elongation of perikaryal cytoplasm. Two neural cell types, a small cell having randomly disposed organelles, and a larger cell having large clumps of endoplasmic reticulum at the periphery, can be distinguished. The application of the Cajal reduced silver technique to embryonic ganglia, which were subsequently examined with the electron microscope, resulted in a random distribution of silver deposit throughout neural perikarya.
Auerbach's plexus of the rat cecum in relation to the germfree state
Authors: Dupont Jean‐René , Jervis Helen Roland , Sprinz Helmuth 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe cecum of germfree rats, after the second week of life, enlarges sixfold over that of conventional tank‐raised controls. Poor muscle tone as well as dietary factors have been incriminated. We have studied the myenteric plexus of the cecum in conventional and germfree rats, in an effort to find a neuronal explanation of the phenomenon and to test whether the neurovegetative periphery is capable of adapting to the changing size.With routine and histochemical technics three salient features stood out: (1) The myenteric neurones in the cecum of the germfree rat on an average were three times larger than those of the controls (42 μ vs 16 μ). Some neurones of the germfree cecum attained giant size (over 150 μ). (2) They showed a lower DPNH diaphorase activity, unrelated to the increased cell size, (3) In the germfree rat cecum the meshes of the primary fiber plexus of Auerbach had increased in size along the antimesenteric border, while the network under the mesenteric attachment was smaller. The ratio between the network of the two sides was 1:12 in the germfree, 1:5 in the controls.We have concluded that the neurones of Auerbach's plexus in the germfree cecum are indeed less active metabolically — a factor which may perpetuate the cycle of cecal distention in these animals. The neurovegetative periphery in the cecum has shown itself capable to responding to the increased cecal volume by neuronal hypertrophy.
The medial longitudinal fasciculus and disturbances of conjugate horizontal eye movements in the monkey
Authors: Carpenter Malcolm B. , Strominger Norman L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn 16 monkeys attempts were made to produce localized unilateral and bilateral lesions in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) in the pons in order to study resulting disturbances of eye movements and fiber degeneration. Noteworthy physiological findings could be correlated with lesions and fiber degeneration in eight animals. Degeneration was studied by the Nauta technic.Bilateral lesions of the MLF between the abducens nuclei impair all horizontal eye movements, except convergence. Unilateral lesions of the MLF rostral to the abducens nuclei produce: (1) paresis of ipsilateral ocular adduction on attempted lateral gaze and (2) monocular horizontal nystagmus in the contralateral abducting eye. Bilateral lesions in the latter location produce these disturbances bilaterally.Paresis of ocular adduction resulting from lesions in the MLF is associated with ascending degeneration in the MLF projecting differentially upon cells of the ventral nucleus of the oculomotor complex, a cell group innervating the ipsilateral medial rectus muscle. Monocular horizontal nystagmus in the contralateral abducting eye appears to be a consequence of interruption of either: (1) descending fibers in the MLF, or (2) secondary vestibular fibers passing to the opposite abducens nucleus.Unilateral lesions of the MLF rostral to the abducens nucleus produce degeneration ipsilaterally in: (1) the nuclei of the extraocular muscles, (2) the interstitial nucleus (Cajal), and (3) parts of the ventral posterior inferior, ventral posterior medial, parafascicular, centromedian, and recticular nuclei of the thalamus.
The auditory pathway of the epileptic waltzing mouse. II. Partially deaf mice
Authors: Ross Muriel D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study deals with degeneration occurring in the auditory pathway of the partially deaf epileptic waltzing mouse. Cellular changes include loss of Nissl material and swelling of the neurons. The fibers lose their myelin sheaths and ultimately disappear. These changes occur gradually and throughout the system, so that the animals slowly lose their hearing arid finally become deaf. Tests given to three of the four animals reported here show that the high tones are most affected, but the low tones are lost to a lesser extent. The specific locations of degenerative changes in the acoustic centers are described and related, as far as possible, to the tonotopic pattern in the auditory system as reported in the literature.This comparison brings out a caudorostral relationship between the medial geniculate and the primary auditory cortex.
An electron microscopic study of degenerative changes in the cat cerebellum after intrinsic and extrinsic lesions
Authors: Smith Kenneth R. , Hudgens Richard W. , O'Leary James L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDegenerative changes in the cerebellum of the cat have been observed electron microscopically 2 to 30 days after surgical lesions were placed in the inferior or middle cerebellar peduncles or after undercutting or isolating cerebellar folia. The changes were confined to the mossy fibers of the white matter and granular layer except when Purkinje cells were damaged buy undercutting. Mossy fiber terminals in the glomeruli underwent two kinds of change. Either the synaptic vesicles and mitochondria coalesced into dense clumps with loss of mitochondrial outer membranes and proliferation of cristae, or the vesicles and miotochondria disappeared leaving a swollen terminal containing only a few large pleomorphic vesicles and small dense polygonal bodies. Neurofilaments proliferated and filled a few terminals but most of the neurofilamentous hypertrophy and proliferation was confined to myelinated axons. Some phagocytosis of degenerated endings was observed and mild fibrous gliosis occurred in the glomeruli.All of the changes observed in the present study have been reported in degenerating synapses and axons elsewhere in the central and peripheral nervous system, but there appeared to be more pleomorphism and less predictability of changes in the cerebellar cortex than have been noted in other single areas of the central nervous system.
Electron microscopic observations on vacuolated neurons in starved Rana esculenta
Authors: Srebro Zbigniew 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn electron microscopic study of the brains of normal and starved individuals of Rana esculenta L. showed that some neurons from the posterior septal area of the telencephalon of the starved animals contain clear vacuoles, up to 3 μ in diameter. The electron micrographs show that the vacuoles derive from small ones present in the dense bodies/lysosomes/ by their enlargement and vacuolar transformation of the dense bodies. The vacuoles generally are membrane‐bound, but also membrane‐less ones can be found. In the latter case the shape of the vacuoles in irregular and they form villus‐like ramifications in the cytoplasm. These ramifications of the outer dense material appear to be dissolving in the cytoplasm or transforming into small vesicles.
The development of trigeminal nerve fibers to the oral mucosa, compared with their development to cutaneous surfaces, ,
Authors: Humphrey Tryphena 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSmall cutaneous branches of all three divisions of the trigeminal nerve pass toward epithelial surfaces in 14 mm human embryos. By 18 mm, such fibers are nearer the epithelium of the upper lip (14 μ., maxillary division) than the lower lip (31μ, mandibular division). At 20.5mm and 20.7mm, the age when Fitzgerald and Windle ('42) and Hooker ('52, '58) first found the perioral area sensitive to stimulation, the nerve fibers are about the same distance from the epithelium of both upper and lower lips (13–14 μ in rima oris area).Maxillomandibular fibers of the trigeminal nerve reach the basement membrane of the oral cavity epithelium earlier in development than they touch the basement membrane of the cutaneous epithelium about the mouth. Nerve fibers also penetrate the basement membrane of oral mucosal surfaces earlier than that of perioral cutaneous surfaces and form crude Merkel's end discs in mucosal epithelium earlier in development (mucosal epithelium, ten weeks; cutaneous epithelium at 12 weeks according to Hogg, '41).Ophthalmic fibers approach the upper eyelid epithelium later in development than the maxillomandibular fibers near perioral areas and touch the basement membrane of the eyelid epithelium a week later than they do that of the lips. Hooker did not observe reflexes from eyelid stimulation before ten weeks, when ophthalmic fibers reach the basement membrane, although reflexes from perioral stimulation were elicited when the nearest nerve fibers identified are still 13–14 μ from the basement membrane of the perioral epithelium. Additional correlations are made between the human fetal reflexes recorded by Hooker and the degree of development of the sensory peripheral nerve fibers.
Septal nuclei in primate phylogeny. A quantitative investigation
Authors: Andy Orlando J. , Stephan Heinz 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSpecific septal nuclei were quantitatively studied to determine their developmental changes during evolution. The animals utilized were three insectivores (Erinaceus europaeus, Crocidura russula and Sorex araneus), one prosimian (Galago demidovii) and two higher primates (Colobus badius and Cercopithecus ascanius). The primitive insectivores were used as basal forms of reference upon which developmental changes were determined for the progressively evolving primates. Septal nuclei were histologically identified and delineated on histologic photographs made from the serial histologic sections through the septum. The components of the septum were quantitatively compared to both the size of the total septum and to animal body size. The latter quantitative technique known as the allometric method provides measurements for change in absolute size. Increased growth rate occurred in all septal components except for nucleus septalis triangularis and the bed nucleus of the anterior commissure. The structures which underwent the greatest growth rate were the fimbria‐fornix complex, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the nucleus septalis lateralis. The greatest single contributor to the enlargement of the septum in phylogeny was the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Its growth rate was similar to that of the total septum (1.7 × basal forms) and it made up 30% of the septum volume. The nucleus septalis triangularis was the only one of the septal components to undergo an absolute reduction in size. The subfornical body, a structure lying along the ventro‐caudal surface of the ventral hippocampal commissure, underwent a marked increased size in higher forms, 4 × to 6 × that of basal forms.
The tecto‐thalamic connections in the brain of the rabbit,
Authors: Tarlov Edward C. , Moore Robert Y. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe have correlated the tectal connections and cytoarchitecture of regions in the rabbit's midbrain and caudal thalamus. The inferior colliculus projects ipsilaterally to the central gray, superior colliculus, and via the brachium of the inferior colliculus to its interstitial nucleus and the parabrachial region of the midbrain tegmentum. From the brachium, fibers fan out to the principal and internal divisions of the medial geniculate. A smaller contralateral pathway sweeps into the contralateral inferior colliculus and in its brachium to the interstitial nucleus, the parabrachial region, and the internal and principal divisions of the medial geniculate.The superior collicular projection is mainly ipsilateral. Medially, fibers terminate in the central gray and pretectal area. Laterally, fibers ascend in the superior brachium to parabrachial region, suprageniculate pretectal nucleus, posterior complex, caudodorsal internal division of the medial geniculate, and to a discrete part of the ventral nucleus of later geniculate. A component of the commissure of Gudden originates in the rostral superior colliculus and terminates in the contralateral ventral lateral geniculate, posterior complex, pretectal area and midbrain tegmentum.Interconnections between the colliculi and overlap of their projections in the parabrachial region, the central gray, and the internal division of the medial geniculate are described.
Evoked potential study of connections of avian archistriatum and caudal neostriatum
Authors: Phillips Richard E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractEvoked potential recording revealed that light but not auditory, tactile stimulation or sciatic nerve activated the archistriatum of urethane‐anesthetized chickens. Stimulation of the archistriatum evoked short latency responses throughout the distribution of tractus occipito‐mesencephalicus. Longer latency responses were recorded in other striate areas. Contralateral responses were much less widespread but were recorded from sites in archistriatum, septum, hypothalamus and optic tectum. The absence of multi‐sensory input coupled with the widespread projections of the archistriatum and the taming effect of lesions in tractus occipito‐mesencephalicus suggest that the structure serves as an activator in escape behavior. Reciprocal relations with tectal and/or neostriate regions demonstrated in the study are suggested as the sources for the necessary sensory information for this activating mechanism.
Lamination of the lateral geniculate nucleus in the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus
Authors: Doty Robert William , Glickstein Mitchell , Calvin William Howard 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe parvocellular portion of the lateral gesticulate nucleus (LGN) in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) is a relatively unlaminated mass of cells. In order to determine whether a concealed laminar structure might exist, one eye was removed in each of three squirrel monkeys. Transneuronal degeneration did not appear prominent in the LGN of the animal which was allowed to survive for six months, but in the two animals which survived for one year six laminae were clearly present. There was transneuronal degeneration in layers 1, 4 and 6 contralateral to the enucleation, and 2, 3 and 5 ipsilaterally. Lack of interlaminar fiber masses probably accounts for the apparent absence of lamination in the normal parvocellular mass.
An electrophysiological study of the visual projection to the superior colliculus of the rat
Authors: Siminoff Robert , Schwassmann Horst Otto , Kruger Lawrence 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe topographical relations of the visual field with the superior colliculus of the rat was investigated using constant small visual stimuli and recording the electrical response of aggregate unit activity with fine tip metal microelectrodes. A precise essentially linear projection onto the contralateral colliculus was demonstrated after appropriate corrections for brain curvature were performed. The general pattern and arrangement of the retinotopic projection is similar to that found in infra‐mammalian vertebrates. An ipsilateral projection appears to be absent. The phasic properties and rhythmic discharge patterns of single units in the coliculus were studied with stationary and moving luminous stimuli.
Effect of vitamin A on development of the central nervous system
Authors: Langman Jan , Welch Gary W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPregnant rats and mice were treated with large doses of vitamin A to examine its effect on the closure of the neural groove in the developing embryo. In the rat the most effective dose was 30,000 U.S.P. units given at day 8, 9, and 10 of pregnancy. Twenty‐six per cent of the implanted embryos showed anencephaly and/or myeloschisis. In the mouse the results of vitamin A treatment were inconsistent.In 12‐day rat embryos, the lateral walls of the diencephalon and mesencephalon were slightly everted. Mitotic neuro‐epithelial cells were frequently piled up two or three rows thick, causing a disruption of the internal limiting membrane. Many cells were characterized by a bleb‐like cytoplasmic evagination protruding into the lumen.During the following days, the everted walls of the diencephalon and mesencephalon expanded farther and farther over the sides of the head, thereby often covering the lateral hemispheres and the eyes. Although the hemispheres were displaced by the everted diencephalic plates and the eyes were frequently buried deep inside the head, histological differentiation proceeded normally and a primitive cerebral cortex as well as normal eye structures were observed. The accumulation of mitotic figures, the formation of cytoplasmic protrusions, and the presence of small neuro‐epithelial rosettes throughout the brain were the most striking cytological anomalies.By the eighteenth day of development, small hemorrhages occurred in the mesenchyme surrounding the brain and degeneration became apparent. At birth a small amount of degenerated brain tissue was all that remained from the large exencephalic brain, and the newborn had the appearance of an anencephalic. It is concluded that large doses of vitamin A prevent the neural groove from closing, possibly by interfering with the Cell membrane and/or the mitotic activity of the neuro‐epithelial cells.