bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Biodegradable Hollow Nanocapsules by Silica Template Method
Authors: Itoh Yuki , Matsusaki Michiya , Kida Toshiyuki , Akashi Mitsuru 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Biodegradable hollow nanocapsules were successfully prepared by a combination of layer-by-layer assembly and the silica template method. Ultrathin polymer films were constructed on the surface of the silica nanoparticles by layer-by-layer assembly of oppositely charged biodegradable polyelectrolytes, chitosan and dextran sulfate. The silica templates were easily removed from the ultrathin polymer film-coated nanoparticles by treatment with hydrofluoric acid solution to create hollow nanocapsules. The hollow shape of these biodegradable nanocapsules was confirmed by SEM observation.
A picture is worth a thousand words: Art indexing in electronic databases
Authors: Roberts Helene E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe enormous number of images of works of art available on the Internet promises great potential for research in art history and related image‐using disciplines. Yet without adequate indexing, this resource is very difficult to explore. It is certainly necessary to identify each image with the basic unique information relating to it, but more is needed. Since it is largely the concepts related to works of art that interest art historians, it is these concepts that need to be reflected in indexing terminology. As these concepts have changed over time, a sizeable verbal infrastructure is needed to support the indexing of large image databases to achieve maximum use by art historians.
Erratum: Jasmin L, Granato A, Ohara PT. 2004. Rostral agranular insular cortex and pain areas of the central nervous system: A tract‐tracing study in the rat. J Comp Neurol 468:311–465.
Authors: Jasmin Luc , Burkey Adam R. , Granato Alberto , Ohara Peter T. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe original article to which this Erratum refers was published in The Journal of Comparative Neurology (2004) 468: 311–465.
Hydrophobic Chemistry in Aqueous Solution: Stabilization and Stereoselective Encapsulation of Phosphonium Guests in a Supramolecular Host
Authors: Brumaghim Julia L. , Michels Martin , Raymond Kenneth N. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractEncapsulation of guest molecules inside supramolecular host assemblies provides a way to stabilize reactive species in aqueous solution. The stabilization of reactive phosphonium/ketone adducts of the general formula [R1MeC(OH)PR3]+ by encapsulation as guest molecules within a [Ga4L6]12− tetrahedral metal−ligand assembly is reported; although these cations decompose in aqueous solution, encapsulation inside the hydrophobic cavity of the assembly lengthens their lifetimes considerably, in some cases up to weeks. By varying the phosphane (PMe3, PEt3, PPhMe2, and PPh2Me) and ketone (acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, 1,1,1‐trifluoroacetone, and fluoroacetone) which form these adducts, as well as the pD of the solutions, it was determined that the pH of the solution as well as the size and shape of the guest cations play an important role in the stability of these host−guest complexes. Encapsulation of chiral guests in the chiral [Ga4L6]12− assembly results in the formation of diastereomers, as characterized by 1H, 19F, and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Although the [Ga4L6]12− assembly is formed from non‐chiral ligands, the assembly itself has ΔΔΔΔ or ΛΛΛΛ chirality around the metal centers. Due to the chirality of this assembly, diastereomeric selectivity is observed upon initial guest encapsulation (typical diastereomeric excesses are 30−50%). This initial diastereomeric selectivity decreases over time to reach an equilibrium but does not become 1:1, indicating both kinetic and thermodynamic processes promote selective guest encapsulation. These experiments demonstrate further the applications of nanoscale reaction vessels, self‐assembled by design from non‐chiral ligands, in providing a chiral and hydrophobic environment for guest molecules in aqueous solution. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Nucleophile‐Selective Selenocyclizations
Authors: Khokhar Shaista S. , Wirth Thomas 
Published: November 2004

AbstractElectrophilic cyclizations are one of the major strategies for cyclofunctionalizations of alkenes. Selective selenocyclizations can be performed by adjusting various factors in such reactions. The nature of the electrophile, the counterion, solvents, and external additives coordinating to the electrophilic species are used to control the course of such cyclizations with high degrees of efficiency. Our investigations have been extended towards stereoselective reactions using chiral selenium electrophiles. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Cover Picture: C2‐Symmetric Fluorous Diamines and Diimines as Ligands for Metal‐Catalysed Asymmetric Cyclopropanation of Styrene (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 22/2004)
Authors: Shepperson Ian , Quici Silvio , Pozzi Gianluca , Nicoletti Marcello , O’Hagan David 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe cover picture shows a biphasic reaction catalysed by a metal complex of an enantiopure fluorous 1,2‐diamine ligand (L*). C2‐symmetric diamines and diimines bearing perfluoroalkyl ponytails have attracted considerable attention as recoverable chiral ligands in transition‐metal‐catalyzed asymmetric processes. In this case, preformed cobalt(II) and in situ generated copper(I) complexes of such ligands have been tested as catalysts for the cyclopropanation of styrene with diazoacetates. Under optimised reaction conditions, which include the use of a fluorous biphasic system and short reaction times, the copper complex of L* afforded promising results and could be easily separated from the products by simple decantation of the fluorous phase. Details are discussed in the article by G. Pozzi, D. O′Hagan et al. on p. 4545 ff. Cover art by Marco Cavazzini.
CO2 laser surgery: A larynx preservation alternative for selected hypopharyngeal carcinomas
Authors: Vilaseca Isabel , Blanch José Luis , Bernal‐Sprekelsen Manuel , Moragas Miguel 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackground.Transoral CO2 laser surgery (TLS) has demonstrated good oncologic results and low morbidity in the treatment of selected laryngeal carcinomas, but experience in hypopharyngeal carcinomas (HC) is limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of TLS in the treatment of selected HC.Methods.Twenty‐eight patients with HC were treated with TLS and neck dissection. Tumors with preoperative invasion of thyroid cartilage at CT, deep growth into the cervical space or tongue base, and tumors crossing the posterior midline or involving the cervical esophagus were excluded. Postoperative radiation to the neck was administered when more than one lymph node was involved, when the metastasis diameter was greater than 2 cm, or when extranodal spread was found at the pathologic study.Results.The sample included two T1, 16 T2, nine T3, and one T4 tumors. Stage classification was: II, 21.4%; III, 28.6%; and IV, 50%. Four‐year overall and disease‐specific survival rates were 43.4% and 59.4%, respectively, with 78.5% function preservation. Nine patients (32.1%) did not need a nasogastric feeding tube. The mean duration of the feeding tube in the remaining patients was 15.27 ± 27.3 days. We had two postoperative bleeding episodes that required endoscopic coagulation and three postoperative pneumonias caused by aspiration.Conclusions.TLS is an alternative for the treatment of selected HC associated with a high larynx preservation rate. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 953–959, 2004
Hypothyroidism caused by a nonvisible lingual thyroid
Authors: Grossman Alon , Olonovski David , Barenboim Erez 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackground.Lingual thyroid is a developmental anomaly caused by failure of migration of the thyroid gland to its normal position in the neck. This anomaly is usually manifested in childhood as hypothyroidism or local symptoms.Methods.We present a case of a 32‐year‐old patient in whom lingual thyroid was diagnosed after complaints of a chronic cough. Thyroid‐stimulating hormone levels were significantly elevated. Sonograms of the neck revealed atrophy of both thyroid lobes, with nonhomogeneous consistency and no lymphadenopathy. Technetium‐99m scan revealed uptake at the tongue base, with no uptake at the neck or other locations.Results.L‐thyroxine treatment was begun, with progressive decrement in thyroid‐stimulating hormone levels and cessation of the cough.Conclusion.This case is unique in both the advanced age of the patient and the unusual clinical presentation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 995–998, 2004
Synthesis of High Solid‐Content Latex using Alkali‐Soluble Resin as Sole Surfactant
Authors: do Amaral Marcelo , Asua José M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSummary: A novel polymerization procedure to synthesize latex stabilized by alkali‐soluble resin (ASR) is detailed. According to this process, latexes with a high solid content and low viscosity are obtained using a substantially lower amount of ASR when compared with existing techniques. Similar rewet properties were found for the latexes obtained by a standard process and for the one obtained by the process described in this work.Comparison of the particle size distributions obtained by conventional emulsion polymerization (○) and by miniemulsion polymerization (□).magnified imageComparison of the particle size distributions obtained by conventional emulsion polymerization (○) and by miniemulsion polymerization (□).
Social interaction interventions for youth with severe disabilities should emphasize interdependence
Authors: Kennedy Craig H. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAn emphasis on independence may be limiting the outcomes achieved by social interaction research. Given the lack of correlation between intellectual or adaptive functioning level and meaningful social outcomes for people with severe disabilities, a focus on increasing skills as a mechanism for increasing social outcomes seems misplaced (or, at least, inefficient). It is argued here that a more productive route for researchers to follow will be to emphasize interdependence. Implications of such a focus will change where interventions are implemented, curricular foci, and the types of instructional strategies used to improve the social life of youth with severe disabilities. MRDD Research Reviews 7:122–127, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noonan syndrome type I with PTPN11 3 bp deletion: Structure–function implications
Authors: Lee Wen Hwa , Raas‐Rotschild Annick , Miteva Maria A. , Bolasco Giulia , Rein Azaria , Gillis David , Vidaud Dominique , Vidaud Michel , Villoutreix Bruno O. , Parfait Beatrice 
Published: November 2004

AbstractNoonan syndrome was recently reported to be caused by mutations in the PTPN11 gene in 40% of the cases. This gene encodes the nonreceptor‐type protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP‐2 and has been shown to be self down‐regulated with the concurrency of two SH2 domains. Insertion of a specific loop (D′EF) from N‐terminal SH2 domain into the SHP‐2 active‐site is responsible for the reversible inhibition of the phosphatase activity. Here we report the first in frame trinucleotide deletion resulting in the removal of Aspartate 61 (D61del), a key residue of the N‐terminal SH2 D′EF loop. Energetic‐based structural analysis and electrostatic calculations carried out on the wild‐type and mutant proteins predict lower stability of the D′EF loop for the D61del variant as compared to the wild type indicating better access to the active site and most likely an enzyme activated for longer extent. Similar computations were performed on the previously functionally characterized gain‐of‐function D61Y mutant and similar behaviors were observed. The simulation data for the D61del and D61Y mutants suggest that both variants could yield more catalytic cycles than the wild‐type molecule in the same timespan because of the opening of the active site. It also supports the notion that D61 plays a major role for proper down‐regulation of the protein tyrosine phosphatase activity of SHP‐2. Proteins 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Energy landscape of a small peptide revealed by dihedral angle principal component analysis
Authors: Mu Yuguang , Nguyen Phuong H. , Stock Gerhard 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation of penta‐alanine in explicit water is performed to study the reversible folding and unfolding of the peptide. Employing a standard principal component analysis (PCA) using Cartesian coordinates, the resulting free‐energy landscape is found to have a single minimum, thus suggesting a simple, relatively smooth free‐energy landscape. Introducing a novel PCA based on a transformation of the peptide dihedral angles, it is found, however, that there are numerous free energy minima of comparable energy (≲ 1 kcal/mol), which correspond to well‐defined structures with characteristic hydrogen‐bonding patterns. That is, the true free‐energy landscape is actually quite rugged and its smooth appearance in the Cartesian PCA represents an artifact of the mixing of internal and overall motion. Well‐separated minima corresponding to specific conformational structures are also found in the unfolded part of the free energy landscape, revealing that the unfolded state of penta‐alanine is structured rather than random. Performing a connectivity analysis, it is shown that neighboring states are connected by low barriers of similar height and that each state typically makes transitions to three or four neighbor states. Several principal pathways for helix nucleation are identified and discussed in some detail. Proteins 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study of the Villin headpiece folding dynamics by combining coarse‐grained Monte Carlo evolution and all‐atom molecular dynamics
Authors: De Mori Giacomo M.S. , Colombo Giorgio , Micheletti Cristian 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe folding mechanism of the Villin headpiece (HP36) is studied by means of a novel approach which entails an initial coarse‐grained Monte Carlo (MC) scheme followed by all‐atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in explicit solvent. The MC evolution occurs in a simplified free‐energy landscape and allows an efficient selection of marginally‐compact structures which are taken as viable initial conformations for the MD. The coarse‐grained MC structural representation is connected to the one with atomic resolution through a “fine‐graining” reconstruction algorithm. This two‐stage strategy is used to select and follow the dynamics of seven different unrelated conformations of HP36. In a notable case the MD trajectory rapidly evolves towards the folded state, yielding a typical root‐mean‐square deviation (RMSD) of the core region of only 2.4 Å from the closest NMR model (the typical RMSD over the whole structure being 4.0 Å). The analysis of the various MC‐MD trajectories provides valuable insight into the details of the folding and mis‐folding mechanisms and particularly about the delicate influence of local and nonlocal interactions in steering the folding process. Proteins 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DFT study of mixed‐valent Mn(II/III) hexacyanide clusters
Authors: Daul Claude , Rauzy Cédrick , Decurtins Silvio , Franz Patrick , Hauser Andreas 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe cubic Prussian blue analogue Mn3[Mn(CN)6]2 · 15 H2O, which has the advantage of being transparent and magnetic (TN = 35 K) at the same time, has been investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The three‐dimensional structure is built of MnII ions linked to MnIII ions by μ‐bridging cyanides, to form a crystal structure, which is related to the NaCl type. In a first step, the relative stabilities of the mononuclear complexes [Mn(CN)6]z− (z = 2 to 4) have been studied as a function of the oxidation state, spin configuration, and the linkage isomerism of the cyanide ligand. The results we have obtained by this investigation are in good agreement with our chemical expertise. In addition, the calculations have been extended to the dinuclear [Mn2(CN)11]z− (z = 5 and 6) clusters. Furthermore, we used DFT to model the magnetic properties as well as the 3T1 → 1T2 transition, which has been observed by single‐crystal near‐IR spectra of Mn3[Mn(CN)6]2 · 15 H2O. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Using informal knowledge to infer human‐induced rarity of a conspicuous reef fish
Authors: Dulvy Nicholas K. , Polunin Nicholas V. C. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThere have been few contemporary extinctions in the sea, which suggests marine species are either less vulnerable to extinction than terrestrial species, or marine extinctions may have gone unnoticed. We consider whether a large conspicuous reef fish, the giant humphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), is likely to have declined across much of its geographical range. Informal knowledge was used to determine the status of the giant humphead parrotfish. We first surveyed fishers' knowledge of this parrotfish at 12 lightly exploited islands in the Lau group, Fiji and then compiled a global inventory of available information. In the Lau islands, Fiji, fishers reported this parrotfish as previously abundant, but it had not been caught at six islands since at least 1990 and was considered rare at another four islands. The parrotfish had been captured recently (since the 1990s) at three islands where fishers did not target parrotfishes regularly. A compilation of giant humphead parrotfish records provided by local scientists at 39 locations in 31 Indo‐Pacific nations suggested this fish is locally common only inside areas where fishing is prohibited and that it is currently globally rare. Local densities of the giant humphead parrotfish were negatively correlated to a categorical scale of fishing pressure across six Indo‐Pacific locations. The retrospective discovery of local disappearances and global rarity of a distinctive and formerly prominent reef fish is consistent with the hypothesis that the capacity to detect disappearances of exploitation‐vulnerable species in the sea is lower than expected.
Considering the temporal when managing the spatial: a population range expansion impacts protected areas‐based management for bottlenose dolphins
Authors: Wilson Ben , Reid Robert J. , Grellier Kate , Thompson Paul M. , Hammond Philip S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractManagement of marine species has increasingly focused on key site protection. Initiatives to protect bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, under the EU Habitats Directive reflect this trend. The boundaries of the Moray Firth candidate Special Area of Conservation (cSAC) were intended to include the main Scottish population's core range, following research conducted in the 1980s and early 1990s. However, during implementation, anecdotal sightings increased outside the cSAC. Here, the authors examine existing datasets to identify whether these reports reflect simply elevated awareness among public observers or real changes in distribution. Dolphins photo‐identified in areas originally considered to be outside the population's range confirmed they originated from the protected population. These individuals became rarer within the cSAC during the 1990s. Scottish bottlenose dolphins kill harbour porpoises, Phocoena phocoena, and carcasses from these interactions also became more frequent outside the cSAC during the 1990s. These results indicate mobility of this ‘resident’ dolphin population on a timescale similar to that of the implementation of the European Directive designed to protect it. Consequently, this and other similar designations, may afford less protection than originally envisioned and the authors recommend, therefore, that the potential for long‐term mobility should be actively incorporated into such management structures from the outset.
Sampling effort and dynamics of bushmeat markets
Authors: Fa John E. , Johnson Paul J. , Dupain Jef , Lapuente Juan , Köster Pamela , Macdonald David W. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBushmeat markets can reflect the impact of hunting in large geographical areas, but efficient and adequate sampling strategies are needed. Five bushmeat markets in West and Central Africa were used to simulate the performance of different sampling regimes. The studied markets (n= 863 days) varied in animal carcasses and number of species recorded. In our simulations, we varied number of days sampled and their temporal distribution using a variant of the Monte Carlo methodology. Three sample strategies were considered: (1) unconstrained random sampling; (2) random sampling of start‐points, where the n days sampled are a sequential block following the randomly selected start‐point and (3) sampling blocked by season. No substantial differences between standard sampling theory and our simulations were present. However, only a large sample of markets will allow useful inferences on a regional scale and timing and coordination of sampling may be highly influential. Sampling in blocks of days was as efficient as simple random sampling in estimating species richness, but not carcass volume. This may indicate that, even with seasonality in market compositions, or irregular influences, the temporal pattern as described by presence/absence varies much less than does the volume of carcasses. Shorter sampling periods perform poorly in estimating species richness. The relationship between % species richness and overall carcass volume may predict the sampling effort required to estimate market species richness based on volume, when a large enough sample of markets becomes available. Similarly, a larger sample of markets would reveal how far the species composition in markets reflects the general organising principles of community structure in terms of frequency and abundance relationships.
Hsc70 and Hsp70 interact with phosphatidylserine on the surface of PC12 cells resulting in a decrease of viability
Authors: Arispe Nelson , Doh Michael , Simakova Olga , Kurganov Boris , Maio Antonio De 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTHeat shock proteins (hsps) are involved in multiple cellular processes during normal and stress conditions, particularly in the folding of polypeptides. A newly recognized property of the members of the Hsp70 family is their ability to interact with lipids, opening ion conductance pathways in artificial membranes, and integrating into natural membranes. The formation of Hsp70 channels in biological membranes and their function is still elusive. In this study, we showed that Hsp70 and Hsc70 display a highly selective interaction with phosphatidylserine moieties on membranes, followed by rapid incorporation into the lipid bilayer. Addition of Hsp70 or Hsc70 into the extracellular medium resulted in a viability decrease of cells beading PS on the exterior surface, such as PC12 cells. This toxic effect is modulated by the presence of ATP or ADP and can be blocked by screening PS moieties with annexin 5. These observations suggest that the presence of Hsp70 in the extracellular medium may be an accelerator of apoptosis since the presence of PS on the surface is an early indicator of this process. These findings may also explain the toxicity observed in cells overexpressing Hsp70s and provide a rational for the tight regulation of Hsp70 expression.—Arispe, N., Doh, M., Simakova, O., Kurganov, B., De Maio, A. Hsc70 and Hsp70 interact with phosphatidylserine on the surface of PC12 cells resulting in a decrease of viabifity.FASEBJ. 18, 1636–1645 (2004)