bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Configurational stability of chiral lithiated cyclopropylnitriles: A density functional study
Authors: Carlier Paul R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractChiral, configurationally stable lithiated nitriles would be valuable intermediates for asymmetric carbon–carbon bond‐forming reactions. To gain insight into the design of such species, Walborsky's attempted enantioselective deprotonation/trapping reactions of a chiral cyclopropylnitrile were studied computationally up to the MP2(fc)/6‐31+G* and B3LYP/6‐31+G* levels. Investigation of cyclopropylnitrile/LiNH2 deprotonation transition structures demonstrated a significant (20–23 kcal/mol) kinetic preference for N‐lithiation, and a facile (4–6 kcal/mol barrier) “conducted tour” racemization pathway for the N‐lithiated nitrile product. Addition of a model directing group (formyl) to the β‐carbon of the cyclopropyl ring is predicted to significantly favor C‐lithiation over N‐lithiation, both kinetically and thermodynamically. Thus, chiral β‐Lewis base substituted cyclopropylnitriles may serve as precursors to chiral, configurationally stable organolithium reagents. Chirality 15:340–347, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interior structure of a quality control center at the low‐voltage side considering power conditioning by SMES
Authors: Sasaki Takashi , Kita Hiroyuki , Hara Ryoichi , Tanaka Eiichi , Hasegawa Jun 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe authors have proposed FRIENDS—Flexible, Reliable and Intelligent Electrical eNergy Delivery System—as a future electric power distribution system. The most important idea of FRIENDS is to install new facilities called Quality Control Centers (QCCs) between the distribution substation and customers. By controlling QCCs appropriately, various purposes of FRIENDS can be achieved.It is indispensable to design the concrete interior structure of QCC in order to realize FRIENDS. This paper proposes the interior structure and control methods of QCC from the viewpoint of power conditioning functions by energy storage system in QCC. In this paper, it is assumed that SMES is used as the energy storage system in QCC. The proposed interior structure is based on the concept of UPS (Uninterruptable Power Supply). In this paper, SMES is installed in the DC side of UPS. Further, this paper proposes control methods of SMES and PWM converters. The proposed control methods are used to satisfy various purposes, such as load fluctuation compensation, load leveling, and cooperation with dispersed‐type generator. Finally, the validity of these control methods is confirmed through transient analysis PSCAD/EMTDC. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 143(3): 20–28, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10056
A self‐commutated back‐to‐back system and its performance under a single line‐to‐ground fault condition
Authors: Hagiwara Makoto , Akagi Hirofumi , Fujita Hideaki 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper deals with a self‐commutated BTB (Back‐To‐Back) system for the purpose of power flow control and/or frequency change in transmission systems. Each BTB unit consists of two sets of 16 three‐phase voltage‐source converters, and their AC terminals are connected in series to each other via 16 three‐phase transformers. Hence, the BTB unit uses totally 192 switching devices capable of achieving gate commutation. This results in a great reduction of voltage and current harmonics without performing PWM control. Simulation results verify the validity of the proposed system configuration and control scheme not only under a normal operating condition but also under a single line‐to‐ground fault condition. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 143(3): 68–78, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10124
MHD flow simulation in subsonic disk MHD generator driven by a shock tube facility
Authors: Nabara Yoshihiro , Okuno Yoshihiro 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe MHD flow behavior and the performance of an experimental nonequilibrium subsonic disk MHD generator driven by a shock‐tube facility have been examined with time‐dependent r−z two‐dimensional and r−θ−z three‐dimensional Large Eddy Simulation for the first time. The calculation region is extended and covers a hot duct through a downstream duct including the subsonic MHD generator with two throats. For optimal and high load operations, the flow chokes at the downstream throat and the subsonic flow is maintained in the generator channel. The discharge structure is uniform in the θ direction, and suitable fluid flow is realized in the generator channel, although the large boundary layer separations and eddies are observed behind the downstream throat. For low load operations, the flow chokes at the upstream throat and the flow becomes supersonic, where pseudo‐shock waves and large eddies are observed in the generator channel and the downstream duct. The ionization instability in the r−θ plane occurs in the generator channel, which deteriorates the generator performance. Asymmetric flow at the generator inlet, which is attributed to the change of flow direction from the hot duct, seems not to be significant for the generator performance. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 143(3): 1–8, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10130
A compensation method for the end effect of a linear induction motor
Authors: Fujii Nobuo , Harada Toshiyuki , Sakamoto Yasuaki , Kayasuga Takeshi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractFor the end effect of a linear induction motor (LIM), the authors propose a new concept that the end effect can be compensated for only by the supply of secondary current synchronized with the current of the LIM in front of the entry end of the LIM, without considering the flux density distribution in the LIM primary region. As a concrete method to supply the secondary current in front of the LIM, the authors propose the rotator with rare‐earth‐type permanent magnets which has a strong flux density without ohmic loss, and does not cause the power factor problem even for the influence of end effect. The results of analytical study on the numerical example of LIM designed for subways are as follows. This method can make the flux density and thrust density distribution in the LIM primary region almost entirely agree with those of the case without end effects. This method can compensate for the thrust, power factor, and efficiency of the LIM at the rated speed to coincide with the characteristics without end effect. There is no problem in the slip characteristic curves of the LIM with the compensator, although the compensator only rotates synchronizing with the frequency of the LIM. The effect of compensation becomes large in the lower slip. The force to rotate the compensator is very small in the suitable design. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 143(3): 58–67, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10132
The phase reversal effect of a fiber Bragg grating and its application to optical switches
Authors: Morimura Shun , Kurono Masahiro 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe propose an interferometer‐type multistate optical switch and an interferometer‐type digital performance switch using a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and the phase reversal effect. The effect is a reversing phenomenon of optical phase difference between the reflected and transmitted light from an FBG on a reflectivity spectrum dip between the main reflection band and first sideband. By combining this effect and reflectivity change, the multistate switch including only a single FBG can perform as a four‐state switch. In this paper we describe the principle of the phase reversal effect and some novel optical switch structures, and also the results of experimental examination. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 143(3): 38–48, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10136
A degree‐of‐damage estimation model of earthquake damage using interferometric SAR data
Authors: Ito Yosuke , Hosokawa Masafumi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper presents a damage estimation model of an earthquake using a pair of interferometric SAR data. Coherence is defined as a correlation function of two SLC (Single Look Complex) data. The coherence derived from multi‐temporal SLCs before and after the earthquake includes a temporal decorrelation in disturbed regions. To estimate a degree of damage using the temporal decorrelation, the proposed model employs a coherence ratio, which is the ratio of the coherence derived from the SLCs before and after the event to the coherence derived from a pair of SLCs before the event. The temporal coherence ratio is computed by compensating the coherence ratio with the spatial decorrelation. The degrees of damage are defined by the logarithmic probability range of the ratio of the damage areas. It is shown that there is a significant relationship between the temporal coherence ratio and the probability of the degree of damage. In the case of the Hyogoken–Nanbu earthquake, its relationship can be represented by a linear function. The parameters of regression lines are set by applying the least‐squares method. We have succeeded in estimating the cumulative probability of the degree of damage from the temporal coherence ratio. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 143(3): 49–57, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10138
A Facile Direct Synthesis of Bimetallic CuIIZnII Complexes with Ethylenediamine Revealing Different Types of Chain Crystal Structures
Authors: Pryma Oksana V. , Petrusenko Svitlana R. , Kokozay Volodymyr N. , Skelton Brian W. , Shishkin Oleg V. , Teplytska Tetyana S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractUnactivated copper metal powder and zinc oxide readily react with ethylenediamine (en) in nonaqueous [methanol, dimethylformamide (dmf), dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), acetonitrile] solutions of ammonium salts under ambient conditions producing, in high yields, a series of heterobimetallic complexes of general formula [Cu(en)2ZnX4]·(Solv), where X = Cl, Br, NCS, CH3COO (OAc); Solv = dmf, dmso, CH3CN, H2O. The single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of the complexes reveals chain structures, which are based on the completion of the octahedral coordination of CuII by two bridging X atoms from ZnX42−. The ZnX42− is shown to be a distorted tetrahedron (Cl, Br, NCS) or a very distorted octahedron (OAc) and to behave as a one‐ or two‐linking centre bridging ligand. The chains are found to be zigzag [Cu(en)2ZnCl4]·dmso (1), [Cu(en)2ZnCl4]·dmf (2), [Cu(en)2Zn(NCS)4]·CH3CN (3), quasi linear [Cu(en)2Zn(OAc)4] (4), or helical, [Cu(en)2Zn(NCS)4]· 0.5H2O (5), depending on the nature of the anion and solvent. Complex 4 represents the first compound containing Zn(OAc)42− to be crystallographically authenticated. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis and Characterization of Five‐Coordinate Gallium and Indium Complexes Stabilized by Tridentate, Substituted Pyrrole Ligands
Authors: Kuo Pei‐Cheng , Huang Jui‐Hsien , Hung Chen‐Hsiung , Lee Gene‐Hsiang , Peng Shie‐Ming 
Published: March 2003

AbstractFive‐coordinate gallium and indium complexes stabilized by tridentate, substituted pyrrole ligands have been synthesized and characterized. The reaction of MCl3 with 1 equiv. of Li[NC4H2(CH2NMe2)2‐2,5] in diethyl ether affords [{NC4H2(CH2NMe2)2‐2,5}MCl2] [M = Ga (1), In (2)] in high yield. Reaction of 1 with 2 equiv. of MeLi in diethyl ether at −78 °C followed by heating to reflux for 30 min affords the alkylated product [{NC4H2(CH2NMe2)2‐2,5}GaMe2] (3). Similarly, the reaction of 2 with 2 equiv. of MeLi or nBuLi affords the dialkylated complexes 4 and 5, respectively. Complex 2 is a strong Lewis acid which readily absorbs H2O forming [{[C4H2N(CH2NMe2)2‐2,5]InCl2}2(μ‐OH2)] (6). Complexes 3, 4, and 6 have been characterized by X‐ray crystallography. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Cyclopropanation of Olefins with Diazoalkanes, Catalyzed by CoII(porphyrin) Complexes − A Synthetic and Mechanistic Investigation and the Molecular Structure of CoIII(TPP)(CH2CO2Et) (TPP = Dianion of meso‐Tetraphenylporphyrin)
Authors: Penoni Andrea , Wanke Riccardo , Tollari Stefano , Gallo Emma , Musella Danilo , Ragaini Fabio , Demartin Francesco , Cenini Sergio 
Published: March 2003

AbstractCobalt(II) porphyrin complexes catalyze reactions between ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) and styrenes to give the corresponding cyclopropanes with trans selectivity. The reactions of other diazoalkanes and other olefins have also been carried out, and the mechanism of the reaction has been investigated. Kinetic data and stoichiometric reactions support the formation of a diazoalkane cobalt‐porphyrin complex that reacts with the olefins to generate the cyclopropane. Diethyl maleate and fumarate are not formed in the presence of an excess of olefin. On treatment of EDA with CoII(TPP) (TPP = dianion of meso‐tetraphenylporphyrin) in the absence of the olefin, an alkyl cobalt(III) complex CoIII(TPP)(CH2CO2Et) was isolated, and its structure has been solved by X‐ray diffraction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Does assessment make a difference for people with dementia? The effectiveness of the Aged Care Assessment Teams in Australia
Authors: Howe Anna L. , Kung Francis 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe needs of individuals with dementia and other psychiatric problems of old age have received increased attention in Australia over the last decade. This paper reports on the role of Aged Care Assessment Teams (ACATs) in managing these clients, and the extent to which they are differentiated from other clients in the assessment process and outcomes recommended. Data on some 26,500 clients seen by ACATs in Victoria in the second half of 1999 are analysed to show (1) the relationship between a diagnosis of dementia and reporting of disability in orientation, (2) characteristics of clients with and without a diagnosis of dementia and (3) outcomes for groups of clients defined on the basis of a diagnosis of dementia and disability in orientation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The long term care insurance law in Japan: impact on institutional care facilities
Authors: Ikegami Naoki , Yamauchi Keita , Yamada Yukari 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackgroundFollowing the introduction of the public long‐term care (LTC) insurance in Japan on 1 April 2000, funding that had been split between the health and social welfare sectors was unified. All elderly people 65 and over have become entitled to receive benefits according to their eligibility level, regardless of income or family support. Except for those assessed as in the least dependent group, individuals can choose either community care or institutional care, with only the cost of food an additional payment for the latter.MethodReview of the development and implications of long term care insurance provision for older people and analysis of quality based on resident level data.ResultsDespite the structural changes, the impact of the new programme has had minimal impact upon the providers of institutional care. The three types of facilities that had provided LTC have continued to function independently, basically retaining the same staffing requirements and charges. For indicators adjusted for risk, the quality of care tended to be higher in designated LTC hospital beds.ConclusionsAppropriate balance between institutional and community care and triaging among the three different types of facilities remains difficult because decisions rest with the individual. Indicators of quality must take into account differences in case‐mix among the facility types. However, there are few incentives for providers to improve quality because demand is likely to be increasingly greater than supply. Whether the generous provisions of the new programme will prove to be sustainable remains to be seen. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An attachment perspective on grandparents raising their very young grandchildren: Implications for intervention and research
Authors: Poehlmann Julie 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to apply an attachment perspective to the growing number of families with grandparents raising grandchildren to increase our understanding of the complexity of intergenerational relationship processes in these families and to guide early intervention and research. It is proposed that, as grandparents take responsibility for their grandchildren, three relationship processes simultaneously occur: (1) disruptions in attachments potentially occur, especially in relationships involving parents, (2) attachment relationships between grandchildren and grandparents develop or are revised, and (3) family members' internal working models of attachment and caregiving are challenged and shaped. To address these processes, attachment theory and research focusing on the formation, disruption, and intergenerational transmission of attachment relationships are reviewed. Conclusions suggest that when grandparents assume responsibility for grandchildren, families may need and be particularly open to a range of interventions. In addition, research focusing on attachment relationships in families of grandparents raising grandchildren is needed. ©2003 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Maternal self‐efficacy beliefs, competence in parenting, and toddlers' behavior and developmental status
Authors: Coleman Priscilla K. , Karraker Katherine Hildebrandt 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis study was designed to examine parenting self‐efficacy beliefs as correlates of mothers' competence in parenting toddlers and as predictors of toddlers' behavior and development. Sixty‐eight predominantly middle‐class mother–toddler pairs participated in this study. Mothers completed questionnaires, toddlers were administered the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID‐II), and each dyad participated in the Crowell Procedure, which is designed to observe parent and toddler behaviors in a semistructured laboratory context. Although domain‐general and domain‐specific parenting self‐efficacy beliefs were not associated with parenting competence, domain‐specific beliefs were significantly related to toddlers' scores on the Mental Scale of the BSID‐II and several behaviors observed during the Crowell Procedure (Affection Towards Mother, Avoidance of Mother, Compliance, Enthusiasm, and Negativity). Implications of the findings are discussed. ©2003 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Ontological modelling of e‐services to ensure appropriate mobile transactions
Authors: Terziyan Vagan 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe main goal of this paper is to provide simple ontological support to mobile electronic commerce. The description of an ontology‐driven Transaction Monitor (TM) for mobile business applications is considered. The approach is based on the assumption that the transaction management tool can be implemented in a mobile terminal, allowing integration of different distributed external e‐services. We use the ontology‐based framework for transaction management so that the TM will be able to manage transaction across multiple e‐services and we consider management of distributed location‐based services as an example of such ontology‐based TM implementation. The core of the approach is very simple service ontologies. Ontologies should be ‘placed’ both in mobile terminals and in e‐services. They define common multiple clients—multiple services standards and vocabularies for the use of the names, types, schemas, default values for parameters, atomic service actions with appropriate structure of action's input and output. In our implementation ontologies help to the TM to deal with multiple services during transactions and to simplify the appropriate user interface. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new synthesis of [26,28‐2H6]brassinolide and [26,28‐2H6]castasterone via an unusual methyl migration
Authors: Kolbe A. , Porzel A. , Schmidt J. , Adam G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDeuterium‐labelled brassinosteroids, namely [26,28‐2H6]castasterone, 8, and [26,28‐2H6]brassinolide, 9, were synthesized starting from 6,6‐ ethylenedioxy‐20‐formyl‐2α,3α‐isopropylidenedioxy‐5α‐pregnane, 1, and 3‐[2H3]methyl‐but‐1‐yne‐[4,4,4‐2H3], 11. Upon alkylating cleavage of the epoxide 6 with trimethylaluminium‐n‐butyllithium an unusual migration of a neighbouring [2H3]methyl group takes place to afford deuteriation at positions 26 and 28. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 1‐(2′‐deoxy‐2′‐fluoro‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosyl)‐[Methyl‐11C]thymine ([11C]FMAU) via a Stille cross‐coupling reaction with [11C]methyl iodide
Authors: Samuelsson Linda , Långström Bengt 
Published: March 2003

Abstract1‐(2′‐deoxy‐2′‐fluoro‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosyl)‐[methyl‐11C]thymine ([11C]FMAU) [11C]‐1 was synthesised via a palladium‐mediated Stille coupling reaction of 1‐(2′‐deoxy‐2′‐fluoro‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosyl)‐5‐(trimethylstannyl)uracil 2 with [11C]methyl iodide in a one‐pot procedure. The reaction conditions were optimized by screening various catalysts and solvents, and by altering concentrations and reaction temperatures. The highest yield was obtained using Pd2(dba)3 and P(o‐tolyl)3 in DMF at 130°C for 5 min. Under these conditions the title compound [11C]‐1 was obtained in 28±5% decay‐corrected radiochemical yield calculated from [11C]methyl iodide (number of experiments=7). The radiochemical purity was >99% and the specific radioactivity was 0.1 GBq/μmol at 25 min after end of bombardment. In a typical experiment 700–800 MBq of [11C]FMAU [11C]‐1 was obtained starting from 6–7 GBq of [11C]methyl iodide. A mixed 11C/13C synthesis to yield [11C]‐1/(13C)‐1 followed by 13C‐NMR analysis was used to confirm the labelling position. The labelling procedure was found to be suitable for automation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deuterated abscisic acid analogs for mass spectrometry and metabolism studies
Authors: Abrams Suzanne R. , Nelson Ken , Ambrose Stephen J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractFour analogs of abscisic acid (ABA) with deuterium atoms at non‐exchangeable positions have been synthesized to be used as standards for quantitation of the plant hormone ABA by mass spectrometry and also to be employed as substrates for metabolism studies. Deuterium atoms were introduced in the side chain of the molecule, at C‐4 and/or C‐5, by deuteride or hydride reduction of a propargylic alcohol, an intermediate in the synthesis. As well, deuterium labels were introduced at the C‐8′ position by conjugate addition of a Grignard reagent containing the label to a cyclohexadienone intermediate, affording specific isotopically labeled ABA molecules with one to five deuterium atoms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.