bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Neglected Position?
Authors: Wiggins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peter Railton has brought about a real clarification of his original essay. The position he holds to have been overlooked is ‘substantive ethical naturalism’ as ‘defended on methodologically naturalist grounds’. Inasmuch as this position is methodologically naturalistic, it arises (as does Railton’s general outlook) from an a posteriori (benign in principle) explanatory approach to morality and its practices. Insofar as the neglected position also qualifies as substantive naturalism (that is, insofar as it turns out that substantive naturalism is the approach that methodological naturalism decides, against my counsel, to recommend towards moral discourse), what it proposes for moral discourse is ‘an interpretation’ of moral, normative and valuational concepts. This interpretation is to be ‘semantical’. But it is to be given in terms of properties or relations that pull their weight within an empirical science. The semantic interpretation offered by substantive naturalism is to be part of an explanatory theory of ‘what is going on’ in the area of moral discourse, and such a doubly naturalistic account of morals will have to rest at some point on a synthetic claim identifying the moral property by which this or that predicate is interpreted with some complex natural property.
Morality, Normativity, and Society
Authors: Copp David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book defends a form of naturalistic and relativistic moral realism. The guiding intuition is that any society needs to be characterized by a social moral code in order to enable its members to live together successfully. According to the “society centred theory”, it follows that certain moral codes are justified. And according to the “standard-based theory” of normative judgment, it follows that corresponding moral propositions may be true. The book also introduces a new perspective on reasons and rational choice.
Jazz
Authors: Collier James Lincoln 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Praised by the Washington Post as a ‘tough, unblinkered critic,’ James Lincoln Collier is probably the most controversial writer on jazz today. His iconoclatic articles, and his acclaimed biographies of the jazz greats continue to spark debate in jazz circles. With the publication of Jazz: The American Theme Song, Collier does nothing to soften his reputation for hard-hitting, incisive commentary. Questioning everything we think we know about jazz - its origins, its innovative geniuses, the importance of improvisation and spontaneous inspiration in a performance - and the jazz world, these ten provocative essays on the music and its place in American culture overturn tired assumptions and will alternately enrage, enlighten, and entertain.
The Structure of Rugged Fitness Landscapes
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I begin discussing in detail the central conceptual framework of the book: to examine the relation between selection and self-organization, opening with a discussion of the structure of the rugged fitness landscapes underlying evolution. I shall, for the moment, consider such landscapes as fixed in structure. In reality, fitness landscapes deform in response to changes in the abiotic environment and in response to coevolution. In coevolutionary processes, the fitness of one organism or species depends upon the characteristics of the other organisms or species with which it interacts, while all simultaneously adapt and change. A critical difference between evolution on a fixed landscape and coevolution is that the former can be roughly characterized as if it were an adaptive search on a “potential surface,” or “fitness surface,” whose peaks are the positions sought. In coevolution, there may typically be no such potential surface, and the process is far more complex. These more complex situations are deferred to Chapter 6.
Strict Akratic Action: A Paradox of Irrationality
Authors: Mele Alfred R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An adequate explanation of akratic action will preserve the elements of rationality involved in akratic actions without rendering the actions themselves rational. Akratic action is subjectively irrational; that is, it is irrational from the agent’s point of view. For, it is contrary to his own better judgment. Nevertheless, elements of rational explanation apply to akratic behavior. Agents of akratic actions act for reasons. What is potentially puzzling is that the reasons for which they act are not the reasons on which they judge it best to act.
Reverse Racism, Or, How The Pot Got To Call The Kettle Black
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I take my text from George Bush, who, in an address to the United Nations on September 23, 1991, said this of the U.N. resolution equating Zionism with racism: “Zionism . . . is the idea that led to the creation of a home for the Jewish people and to equate Zionism with the intolerable sin of racism is to twist history and forget the terrible plight of Jews in World War II and indeed throughout history” (New York Times, September 24, 1991, A6). What happened in World War II was that 6 million Jews were exterminated by persons who regarded them as racially inferior and a danger to Aryan purity. What happened after World War II was that the survivors of that Holocaust established a Jewish state, that is, a state centered on Jewish history, Jewish values, and Jewish traditions, in short, a Jewocentric state. What President Bush objects to is the logical sleight of hand by which these two actions are declared equivalent because they are both expressions of racial exclusiveness. Ignored, as Bush says, is the historical difference between them, the difference between a program of genocide and the determination of those who escaped it to establish a community in which they would be the makers, not the victims, of the laws. It is only by thinking of racism as something that occurs principally in the mind, a falling away from proper notions of universal equality, that the desire of a victimized and terrorized people to band together can be declared to be morally the same as the actions of their would-be executioners.
The Law Wishes to Have a Formal Existence
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The law wishes to have a formal existence. That means, first of all, that the law does not wish to be absorbed by, or declared subordinate to, some other-nonlegal-structure of concern; the law wishes, in a word, to be distinct, not something else. and second, the law wishes in its distinctness to be perspicuous; that is, it desires that the components of its autonomous existence be self-declaring and not be in need of piecing out by some supplementary discourse; for were it necessary for the law to have recourse to a supplementary discourse at crucial points, that discourse would be in the business of specifying what the law is, and, consequently, its autonomy would have been compromised indirectly. It matters little whether one simply announces that the principles and mechanisms of the law exist ready made in the articulations of another system or allows those principles and mechanisms to be determined by something they do not contain; in either case, the law as something independent and self-identifying will have disappeared. In its long history, the law has perceived many threats to its autonomy; but two seem perennial: morality and interpretation. The dangers these two pose are, at least at first glance, different.
The Logic of Mathematical Discovery versus The Logical Structure of Mathematics
Authors: Feferman Solomon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mathematics offers us a puzzling contrast. On the one hand it is supposed to be the paradigm of certain and final knowledge: not fixed, to be sure, but a steadily accumulating coherent body of truths obtained by successive deduction from the most evident truths. By the intricate combination and recombination of elementary steps one is led incontrovertibly from what is trivial and unremarkable to what can be nontrivial and surprising. On the other hand, the actual development of mathematics reveals a history full of controversy, confusion, and even error, marked by periodic reassessments and occasional upheavals. The mathematician at work relies on surprisingly vague intuitions and proceeds by fumbling fits and starts with all too frequent reversals. In this picture the actual historical and individual processes of mathematical discovery appear haphazard and illogical.
What Rests on What? The Proof-Theoretic Analysis of Mathematics
Authors: Feferman Solomon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whenever a subject is organized systematically for expository or foundational purposes (or both), one must deal with the question: What rests on what? The way in which this is answered in the case of mathematics depends on whether one is considering it informally or formally, that is, from the point of view of the mathematician or the logician, respectively. The latter usually deals with the question in terms of what specifically follows from what in a given logical/axiomatic setup. Proof theory provides technical notions and results which-when successful-serve to give a more global kind of answer to this question, in terms of reduction of one such system to another; moreover, these results provide a technical bridge from mathematics to philosophy. The purpose of this chapter is to give a picture of what is accomplished in these various respects by reductive proof theory. My own approach to that subject is outlined in section 1, along with a brief comparison with a more standard account. This is then followed in section 2 by a description of some technical results that illustrate the general approach. The chapter concludes in section 3 with a discussion of how reductive proof theory mediates between mathematics and philosophy. A more technical and comprehensive exposition of the material in sections 1 and 2 has previously been given in Feferman (1988).
Weyl Vindicated: Das Kontinuum Seventy Years Later
Authors: Feferman Solomon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his book Das Kontinuum (1918), Hermann Weyl initiated a program for the arithmetical foundation of mathematics. This was overshadowed by Hilbert’s program for finitist foundations via formal consistency proofs and Brouwer’s program for the “intuitionistic” constructive redevelopment of mathematics, both of which eventually met serious problems. Modern logical work has made it possible to give considerable substance to Weyl’s program, showing it to be surprisingly viable for scientifically applicable mathematics.
Why a little bit goes a long way: Logical foundations of scientifically applicable mathematics
Authors: Feferman Solomon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here we consider answers of an underlying character to these questions, that is, from the point of view of the foundations of mathematics.1 In this respect, both Quine and Putnam were led to accept set-theoretical notions and principles to some significant extent or other. However, neither one relied on any detailed examination of just what is needed for scientifically applicable mathematics in arriving at their positions. Nor did they seem to consider whether any of the alternative foundational schemes actively developed during this century-namely, those of predicativism, constructivism, and finitism-ought to be preferred on philosophical grounds, particularly when natural science is given such primacy. On the face of it, scientific realism is at odds with the strong form of platonic realism required to justify set theory through its assumption of the independent existence of abstract entities (such as sets of sets of sets ... of unbounded infinite cardinality). The failure to consider other foundational approaches no doubt stems from the common impression that-whatever their philosophical merits these schemes are simply inadequate to meet the needs of everyday mathematics by being too restrictive and too foreign to practice. This impression needs to be corrected: there has been considerable logical work in recent years which has established in some detail the unexpected mathematical reach of each of these programs. Moreover, one result of the work in question is that surprisingly meager (in the proof-theoretical sense) predicatively justified systems suffice for the direct formalization of almost all, if not all, scientifically applicable mathematics.
The Unfinished Universe
Authors: Young Louise B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the dawn of humankind, men and women have looked at change--as wrought by weather, the seasons, and, most strikingly, the inexorable advance of time--as something essentially to be feared. And partially from this fear the great religions and mythologies have arisen, systems which gave meaning to the ever-changing world, and, quite often, immortality to ourselves. By the late nineteenth century, the quest for ultimate meanings became largely the province of science, and today, change still figures (on the surface, at least) as a malevolent force: most of the cosmological theories formulated in recent years predict the ultimate extinction of the world by universal entropy. Bringing together the evidence and insights of biology and physics, of astronomy and cosmology, Louise Young offers a profoundly original and stirring vision of order, form, change, and the creative forces in the universe. Opposing the long-held beliefs of many scientists that the universe is running down and will eventually collapse upon itself, Young eloquently argues that the tendency toward increasing entropy is merely one aspect of a single process that is creating more complex, highly organized, and more efficient forms of matter all the time, and at every level--from the microscopic to the stellar. In vivid, compelling prose, Louise Young--an award-winning writer on science and a former physicist--takes us on an unforgettable tour of the world around us, showing how even the most ordinary aspects of life and the universe display a strangely beautiful symmetry. She clearly demonstrates that creation was not simply some big-bang eons ago, but rather is an ongoing process, one in which we are both witnesses and participants. Illustrating her findings with many remarkable photographs and fascinating examples ranging from geology to animal behavior, and from oceanography to genetics, Young gracefully canvasses the themes of growth, change creativity, and the mystery of the universe in a book that is as much poetry as it is science. Based on solid scientific knowledge, yet informed by a refreshingly philosophical sensibility, The Unfinished Universe is a book that will inspire anyone who has ever questioned their place and purpose in a world filled with uncertainty and change.
University Reform and Medical Education at the University of Heidelberg, 1815-1830
Authors: Tuchman Arleen Marcia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The German university system changed markedly during the nineteenth century. Apart from such exceptions as G6ttingen and Halle, eighteenth century universities were corporate structures, relatively free of state control and, for the most part, financially independent. Although they received some support from their respective governments, most of their income came from privately owned property and private endowments. Moreover, the emphasis on scientific and medical research that so characterized the nineteenth-century university had little counterpart in these earlier institutions. The latter fulfilled, rather, a predominantly pedagogical function, preparing students for entry into one of the professions through an education that focused on the classical works and classical languages. The student’s possession of this knowledge marked him as a scholar (Gelehrter) and thus qualified him to become a lawyer, physician, clergyman, or civil servant. In this setting, the professor’s primary function was to teach an already existing body of knowledge. Specialized research and the production of new knowledge were considered inappropriate for the university setting. Instead, the professor’s scholarly pursuits centered on the publication of comprehensive textbooks and works of an encyclopedic nature, and he was rewarded for this work.1
Revolution, Reaction, and the Politics of Education
Authors: Tuchman Arleen Marcia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first decade following the Revolution of 1848 Baden spent a larger percentage of its budget (1. 9%) in support of the natural sciences than any other German land, with the exception of Bavaria (2.2%). It invested more than twice as much as Prussia (0.8%) and one and a half times as much as Saxony (1.2%). When looked at in terms of money spent per individual in the population, the statistics are even more remarkable. Here Baden far exceeded all others, spending the equivalent of .42DM per person in com parison with .26DM in Bavaria, .18DM in Saxony, and only .15DM in Prussia.
The Battle for an Experimental Physiologist
Authors: Tuchman Arleen Marcia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the University of Heidelberg created a separate chair for experimental physiology in 1858, it did so in response to a decade-long battle for the establishment of this discipline. The decentralized structure of the German university system may have fostered the relatively rapid establishment of the experimental sciences throughout Germany (as compared to other European countries), but the decision, as I have been arguing, to invest heavily in these subjects was based in part on a broader “ideology of the practical” that rated highly the exact method of the experimental sciences as a tool for teaching a critical approach to problem solving. In addition, other concerns, peculiar to physiology, contributed to the establishment of this discipline. For one, methodological changes, foremost the development of sophisticated instrumental techniques, encouraged specialization, making it increasingly difficult for one individual to assume responsibility for all the life sciences. In Heidelberg, as elsewhere, this generated discussions on the advisability of expanding the medical faculty and creating a new position for a physiologist. One of the strongest advocates of this expansion was Henle, who, by mid-century, was defining himself more and more as an anatomist and actively campaigning for the appointment of a physiologist who could take over his classes in physiology and teach the experimental method to students. In his efforts he received strong support from members of both the state health commission and the local medical society, who fought for the appointment of an experimental physiologist as part of their greater plans to reform educational and licensing requirements in the state.
The Poetics Of Fascism
Authors: Morrison Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Morrison examines the legacy of the modernist poetics of Ezra Pound and T.S. Eliot, as it relates to current theoretical orthodoxies, and traces its influence on the current crisis in post-structural literary theory. Morrison reads the politics of post-structural theory in relation to the socio-cultural arguments espoused in the poetry and prose by Pound and Eliot, and reveals a continuity between that theory and high modernism’s tendency towards fascism. Without reducing the political implications of poetry to mere caricature and without slighting the force and fact of literary mediation, Morrison has produced a book that will reshape the discussion of the social dimension of modernism. He concludes with a provocative analysis of deconstruction and the work of Paul de Man, and makes a case for a new post-structural theory that can accommodate history.
The Spectralization of the Other in The Mysteries Of Udolpho
Authors: Castle Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When it is not treated as a joke, Ann Radcliffe’s The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) is primarily re membered today for its most striking formal device-the much-maligned “explained supernatural.” Scott, we may recall, was one of the first to blame Radcliffe for supplying anticlimatic “rational” explanations for the various eerie and uncanny events in her novels, and in Lives of Eminent Novelists (1824) chastized her for not “boldly avowing the use of supernatural machinery” in her greatest fiction. Jane Austen’s satiric depredations in Northanger Abbey are even better known. But modern critics have been similarly put out-that is, when they have bothered to write about Radcliffe at all. “A stupid convention,” says Montague Summers of her admittedly intrusive rationalizations. “The vice of her method,” writes another.
Socratic Religion
Authors: Brickhouse Thomas C , Smith Nicholas D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Socrates was tried, convicted, and condemned to death on the charge that he was impious. The three specifications of this charge were that he did not believe in the gods the state believed in, he invented new divinities, and he corrupted the youth. Until recently, scholars have typically regarded these charges as masking the real motivations behind the prosecution, motivations of a political—and not a religious—nature. As we saw in chapter 5, few have felt any need to look carefully at the charges themselves and ask what could have motivated the prosecution to suppose that Socrates was guilty of religious offenses; for few have been convinced that anyone really believed that Socrates was guilty of religious offenses.
Language and Time
Authors: Smith Quentin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book offers a defence of the tensed theory of time, a critique of the New Theory of Reference, and an argument that simultaneity is absolute. Although Smith rejects ordinary language philosophy, he shows how it is possible to argue from the nature of language to the nature of reality. Specifically, he argues that semantic properties of tensed sentences are best explained by the hypothesis that they ascribe to events temporal properties of futurity, presentness, or pastness and do not merely ascribe relations of earlier than or simultaneity. He criticizes the New Theory of Reference, which holds that “now” refers directly to a time and does not ascribe the property of presentness. Smith does not adopt the old or Fregean theory of reference but develops a third alternative, based on his detailed theory of de re and de dicto propositions and a theory of cognitive significance. He concludes the book with a lengthy critique of Einstein’s theory of time. Smith offers a positive argument for absolute simultaneity based on his theory that all propositions exist in time. He shows how Einstein’s relativist temporal concepts are reducible to a conjunction of absolutist temporal concepts and relativist nontemporal concepts of the observable behavior of light rays, rigid bodies, and the like.