bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subareolar Subcutaneous Injection of Blue Dye versus Peritumoral Injection of Technetium‐labeled Human Albumin to Identify Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Reitsamer Roland , Peintinger Florentia , Rettenbacher Lukas , Prokop Eva , Sedlmayer Felix 
Published: July 2004

AbstractLymphatic mapping in breast cancer patients is a widely used technique for axillary staging, though the optimal technique is not yet established. The purpose of this study was to show that subareolar and subcutaneous injection of blue dye drains to the same sentinel lymph node (SLN) in the axillary basin as does peritumoral injection of technetium (Tc)‐labeled albumin. Two injection methods were compared in 154 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed pT1 or pT2 breast cancers (tumor size 5–45 mm). The diagnosis of invasive breast cancer was confirmed by core needle biopsy. Peritumoral injection of 40 to 60 MBq 99Tc‐labeled colloidal albumin was performed 18 to 20 hours prior to surgery. In addition, 2 ml of blue dye was injected subcutaneously into the subareolar plexus of the same patients exactly 5 minutes prior to incision and dissection of the SLNs. The blue and hot SLNs were identified by searching for the blue lymphatic vessel and the blue lymph node and by counting the radioactivity with a gamma probe. The correlation between the blue nodes and the hot nodes was examined. Altogether, 154 patients were enrolled in the study. Three patients had bilateral breast cancer, and a total of 157 sentinel lymph node biopsies (SLNBs) were performed. The SLNs could be identified in 155 of the 157 SLNBs (98.7%), and the hot node clearly corresponded to the blue node in 151 of the 155 SLNBs (97.4%). Neither a hot node nor a blue node could be identified in 2 of the 157 SLNBs (1.3%). No concordance between the blue node and the hot node could be achieved in 4 of the 155 SLNBs (2.6%). Injection of blue dye into the subareolar lymphatic plexus shows excellent correlation with peritumoral injection of technetium‐labeled albumin concerning the identification of SLNs. Our results support the hypothesis that the lymphatic drainage of the breast parenchyma and the subareolar plexus leads to the same sentinel lymph node. It is a rapid, reliable method for identifying SLNs in breast cancer patients. It is easy to perform, especially in nonpalpable tumors, and it does not disturb surgery by discoloring peritumoral tissue.
High‐resolution MRI Enhances Identification of Lesions Amenable to Surgical Therapy in Children with Intractable Epilepsy
Authors: Goyal Monisha , Bangert Barbara A. , Lewin Jonathan S. , Cohen Mark L. , Robinson Shenandoah 
Published: July 2004

Summary:  Purpose: Many children with refractory epilepsy can achieve better seizure control with surgical therapy. An abnormality on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), along with corroborating localization by other modalities, markedly increases chances of successful surgical outcome. We studied the impact of high‐resolution MRI on the surgical outcome of intractable epilepsy. Methods: High‐resolution MRI using four‐coil phased surface array was obtained as part of the comprehensive presurgical protocol for children with focal onset intractable seizures evaluated by our epilepsy center during the first half of 2002. Results: Thirteen consecutive children, ages 5 to 18 years, entered this prospective study. For four patients with a lesion on a recent MRI examination with a standard head coil, management did not change with high‐resolution MRI. Standard MRI in the other nine patients did not identify a lesion. However, high‐resolution MRI with the phased‐array surface coil found previously undiagnosed focal abnormalities in five of nine patients. These abnormalities included hippocampal dysplasia, hippocampal atrophy, and dual pathology with frontal cortical dysplasia. In four of nine patients, no identifiable lesion was identified on the high‐resolution MRI. All patients underwent invasive monitoring. In three of five patients, newly diagnosed lesions correlated with EEG abnormalities, and resection was performed. Conclusions: In our center, high‐resolution MRI identified lesions not detected by standard MRI in more than half the children (56%). Technical advances such as four‐coil phased surface array MRI can help identify and better delineate lesions, improving the diagnosis of patients who are candidates for surgical treatment of refractory epilepsy.
Subtle Microscopic Abnormalities in Hippocampal Sclerosis Do Not Predict Clinical Features of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Kalnins Renate M. , McIntosh Anne , Saling Michael M. , Berkovic Samuel F. , Jackson Graeme D. , Briellmann Regula S. 
Published: July 2004

Summary:  Purpose: Subtle microdysplastic features are found in some patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. The significance of these findings is unknown. We investigated their frequency, relation to the pattern of HS, and clinical associations. Methods: One‐hundred forty patients with histologically confirmed HS (mean age at operation, 35 years; 85 women) were analyzed. The presence of HS and subtle structural abnormalities (SSAs) in the mesial temporal lobe and in the lateral neocortical tissue was assessed in detail. Antecedents, seizure characteristics, two verbal memory tests, and outcome in HS patients with and without SSAs were determined. Results: SSAs were found in 60 (43%) of the 140 HS patients, being mesial only in 32 of the 60 cases, and lateral only in nine cases; the remaining 19 cases had both mesial and lateral abnormalities. The frequency of SSA was not related to the pattern of HS or other tested variables. Prolonged febrile convulsions were present in 26 (44%) patients with SSAs, and in 26 (34%) patients (not significant) without SSAs. The outcome after surgery did not differ between patients with SSAs (incidence rate ratio for seizure recurrence, 0.9; 95% confidence interval, 0.5–1.6) compared with patients without SSAs (reference ratio, 1). Conclusions: Forty‐three percent of HS patients have SSAs in their lobectomy specimens. The presence of SSAs does not predict clinical characteristics, such as presence of prolonged febrile convulsions, postsurgical outcome, or neuropsychological performance, nor does it correlate with the histologic pattern of HS.
Increased Prevalence of Epilepsy Associated with Severe Falciparum Malaria in Children
Authors: Carter Julie A. , Neville Brian G. R. , White Steven , Ross Amanda J. , Otieno Godfrey , Mturi Neema , Musumba Cris , Newton Charles R. J. C. 
Published: July 2004

Summary:  Purpose: Multiple, prolonged, generalized, or focal seizures are common in children with severe malaria, with or without coma. In other contexts, such seizures have been associated with the development of epilepsy. The relation between falciparum malaria and epilepsy is undetermined; thus we measured the prevalence and characteristics of epilepsy in children with a history of severe malaria. Methods: We took a detailed epilepsy history from the parents of 487 children (aged 6–9 years) to compare the prevalence of epilepsy between three exposure groups: children with a history of cerebral malaria (CM), malaria and complicated seizures (M/S), or those unexposed to either complication. Each child had an EEG and was classified as having active, inactive, or no epilepsy. Results: An increased prevalence of epilepsy was seen in children previously admitted with CM [9.2%; OR, 4.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.4–13.7] or M/S (11.5%; OR, 6.1; 95% CI, 2.0–18.3) compared with the unexposed group (2.2%). The most commonly reported seizure types were tonic–clonic (42%), focal becoming secondarily generalized (16%), and both (21%). Twenty‐six percent of the active epilepsy group initially had EEG abnormalities. Conclusions: These results suggest that children exposed to CM or M/S have an increased propensity for epilepsy relative to children unexposed to these complications. The prevalence of epilepsy associated with CM is similar to that reported after other severe encephalopathies. The prevalence associated with M/S is more than twice that reported after complicated febrile seizures.
Contextualising experiences of depression in women from South Asian communities: a discursive approach
Authors: Burr Jennifer , Chapman Tom 
Published: July 2004

Abstract  The aim of this paper is to present an interpretation of the accounts of depression provided by women from South Asian communities. The paper presents the findings from a qualitative study, conducted in the UK, which explored women from South Asian communities and their experiences of depression. It is argued here, through examples of women's accounts of their experiences, that depression is ‘embodied’, that is, grounded in the materiality of the body which is also immersed in subjective experiences and in the social context of women's lives. Qualitative data were collected from four focus groups and ten individual interviews with women. The analysis involved a discursive approach. Analysis revealed how women made strategic choices in how they presented their symptoms as legitimate and for gaining access to what they perceived to be appropriate healthcare. This is not to argue that this is a culturally specific phenomenon but one which is a feature of all healthcare negotiations.
A novel instrument‐independent no‐scalpel vasectomy – a comparative study against the standard instrument‐dependent no‐scalpel vasectomy
Authors: Chen Kuan‐Chou 
Published: July 2004

SummaryAn instrument‐independent no‐scalpel vasectomy (IINSV) technique is reported. This technique does not use the standard specific instruments, but comparatively retains the advantages of minimally invasive instrument‐dependent no‐scalpel vasectomy (IDNSV). Between July 1999 and June 2002, 449 men were prospectively randomized to be vasectomized at two hospitals in Taipei. Of those who accepted, 215 underwent IDNSV at one hospital and the remaining 234 underwent IINSV at the other. The intra‐operative conditions of each group were recorded. The postoperative pain and life conditions were self‐reported through a questionnaire that had been carefully designed prior to the operations, in which the pain level was assessed using a 10‐cm visual analogue scale under varying situations. Men vasectomized using the IINSV method experienced less operation time and postoperative complications (haematomas, infections and granulomas) (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to incision length, postoperative pain, pain at coitus, time of return to work, time of resuming intercourse, self‐reported satisfaction in sexual life, postoperative psychological status, postoperative body weight change and vasectomy failure as evidenced by sperm analysis (p > 0.05 for all items). Thus, the IINSV technique can offer an alternative option for vasectomists whenever the specific instruments of standard no‐scalpel vasectomy are unavailable. The IINSV technique shortens the operation time and reduces the incidence of operative complications when compared with the IDNSV technique, while still retaining the advantages of minimally invasive vasectomy.
Disrupted expression of intermediate filaments in the testis of rhesus monkey after experimental cryptorchidism
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Hong , Hu Zhao‐Yuan , Song Xin‐Xin , Xiao Li‐Juan , Zou Ru‐Jin , Han Chun‐Sheng , Liu Yi‐Xun 
Published: July 2004

SummaryCytoskeletons in Sertoli cell play an important role in process of spermatogenesis. The expression and distribution of the intermediate filaments, vimentin, keratin and desmin, were studied in the Sertoli cells of the cryptorchid testis of rhesus monkey. Vimentin was localized in the perinuclear region of Sertoli cells of the normal testis. An intense increase in vimentin immunoreactivity was observed with appearance of disorganized staining in the Sertoli cells of the cryptorchid testes. Cytokeratin 18, a marker of immature Sertoli cells, re‐expressed in the cells of the adult cryptorchid testes. Desmin was also observed in the Sertoli cells in addition to the peritubular myoid cells on 30 days after the cryptorchid operation. These data suggest that Sertoli cells in primate can be affected by the heat stress. The altered changes in intermediate filaments could be possible to induce the Sertoli cell functional changes that would partially contribute to the germ cell apoptosis leading to azoospermia or oligozoospermia.
The A‐type cyclins and the meiotic cell cycle in mammalian male germ cells
Authors: Wolgemuth Debra J. , Lele Karen M. , Jobanputra Vaidehi , Salazar Glicella 
Published: July 2004

SummaryThere are two mammalian A‐type cyclins, cyclin Al and A2. While cyclin A1 is limited to male germ cells, cyclin A2 is widely expressed. Cyclin A2 promotes both Gl/S and G2/M transitions in somatic cells and cyclin A2‐deficient mice are early embryonic lethal. We have shown that cyclin Al is essential for passage of spermatocytes into meiosis I (MI) by generating mice null for the cyclin A1 gene Ccna1. Both Ccna1−/− males and females were healthy but the males were sterile because of a cell cycle arrest before MI. This arrest was associated with desynapsis abnormalities, low M‐phase promoting factor activity, and apoptosis. We have now determined that human cyclin A1 is expressed in similar stages of spermatogenesis and are exploring its role in human male infertility and whether it may be a novel target for new approaches for male contraception.
Chronic Changes in Peripheral Growth Hormone Levels Do Not Affect Ghrelin Stomach mRNA Expression and Serum Ghrelin Levels in Three Transgenic Mouse Models
Authors: Nass R. , Liu J. , Hellmann P. , Coschigano K. T. , Gaylinn B. , Berryman D. E. , Kopchick J. J. , Thorner M. O. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractGhrelin is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptor. Ghrelin is involved in feeding behaviour and is a potent stimulator of GH release. Chronically increased GH concentrations are known to negatively regulate the pituitary GHS receptor. This study tested whether chronic changes in peripheral GH levels/action affect ghrelin mRNA expression and circulating concentrations of ghrelin. Stomach ghrelin mRNA expression and serum concentrations of ghrelin were measured in three groups of transgenic mice and the respective control animals: group 1, GH‐receptor gene disrupted mice (GHR/KO); group 2, mice expressing bovine GH (bGH); and group 3, mice expressing GH‐antagonist (GHA). Ghrelin mRNA expression in the stomach, pituitary and hypothalamus of young adult male rats were measured using reverse‐transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Ghrelin mRNA expression levels were approximately 3000‐fold higher in rat stomach than in rat pituitary. Ghrelin mRNA expression in rat hypothalamus was below the detection limits of our assay. Stomach ghrelin mRNA expression, as well as serum concentrations of ghrelin, did not change significantly in any of the three mouse groups compared to the respective control group.These data support previous observations that the stomach is the main source of circulating ghrelin, and also indicate that stomach ghrelin mRNA expression and serum concentrations of ghrelin are not affected by chronic changes in peripheral GH/insulin‐like growth factor‐I levels/action.
Signal transduction and functional changes in neutrophils with aging
Authors: Fulop Tamas , Larbi Anis , Douziech Nadine , Fortin Carl , Guérard Kal‐Philippe , Lesur Olivier , Khalil Abdelouahed , Dupuis Gilles 
Published: July 2004

SummaryIt is well known that the immune response decreases during aging, leading to a higher susceptibility to infections, cancers and autoimmune disorders. Most widely studied have been alterations in the adaptive immune response. Recently, the role of the innate immune response as a first‐line defence against bacterial invasion and as a modulator of the adaptive immune response has become more widely recognized. One of the most important cell components of the innate response is neutrophils and it is therefore important to elucidate their function during aging. With aging there is an alteration of the receptor‐driven functions of human neutrophils, such as superoxide anion production, chemotaxis and apoptosis. One of the alterations underlying these functional changes is a decrease in signalling elicited by specific receptors. Alterations were also found in the neutrophil membrane lipid rafts. These alterations in neutrophil functions and signal transduction that occur during aging might contribute to the significant increase in infections in old age.
THE FAMA‐FRENCH MODEL, LEVERAGE, AND THE MODIGLIANI‐MILLER PROPOSITIONS
Authors: Lally Martin 
Published: July 2004

AbstractFor a cost‐of‐equity model to conform to the Modigliani‐Miller cost‐of‐capital propositions, any sensitivity coefficients in the model must be related to the firm's leverage. In this paper I apply these principles to the Fama‐French model for the cost of equity and develop the relation between its sensitivity coefficients and firm leverage. I then examine an empirical process developed by Fama and French (1997) to model the evolution through time of their sensitivity coefficients and show that this empirical process is inconsistent with the Modigliani‐Miller propositions. Separable functions are proposed for these sensitivity coefficients that are consistent with the Modigliani‐Miller propositions.
WARRANT PRICING USING OBSERVABLE VARIABLES
Authors: Ukhov Andrey D. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe classical warrant pricing formula requires knowledge of the firm value and of the firm‐value process variance. When warrants are outstanding, the firm value itself is a function of the warrant price. Firm value and firm‐value variance are then unobservable variables. I develop an algorithm for pricing warrants using stock prices, an observable variable, and stock return variance. The method also enables estimation of firm‐value variance. A proof of existence of the solution is provided.
Interactive debug requirements
Authors: Seidner Rich , Tindall Nick 
Published: July 2004

This is a market requirements statement for Interactive Debugging. It is the result of a collaboration between the GUIDE/SHARE Language Futures Task Force (LFTF) and IBM.
The LFTF was formed at meetings of SHARE and GUIDE in 1979. The objective of the task force was to provide IBM with the views of the user community on the future of the application development environment. The Task force chose to limit its discussions primarily to "enhancements to the procedural languages and the environments in which they operate."
Requirements/design debugging
Authors: Bates Peter 
Published: July 2004

This session was essentially a continuation of the earlier session on Knowledge-Based systems. The discussion proceeded along two dimensions. One is the paradigm used to, in some sense, debug high-level specifications. This is further broken into the 'current' and the 'operational specifications' paradigms. The other dimension is one of techniques for implementing these views. This dimension also has only two aspects, current techniques and knowledge-based techniques.
The plan for the session was to introduce the technologies that may or may not exist to support these capabilities followed by a debate on these methods. There are four areas to be discussed in terms of technology---symbolic evaluation, fault analysis, behavior expectations and natural language explanations.
An approach to testing specifications
Authors: Jard C. , Bochmann G. v. 
Published: July 2004

An approach to testing the consistency of specifications is explored, which is applicable to the design validation of communication protocols and other cases of step-wise refinement. In this approach, a testing module compares a trace of interactions obtained from an execution of the refined specification (e. g. the protocol specification) with the reference specification (e. g. the communication service specification).
Non-determinism in reference specifications presents certain problems. Using an extended finite state transition model for the specifications, a strategy for limiting the amount of non-determinacy is presented.
An automated method for constructing a testing module for a given reference specification is discussed. Experience with the application of this testing approach to the design of a Transport protocol and a distributed mutual exclusion algorithm is described.
A database model of debugging
Authors: Powell Michael L. , Linton Mark A. 
Published: July 2004

Debugging a program can be viewed as performing queries and updates on a database that contains both program source and execution state information. This model of debugging simplifies a "debugger" to a database interface for runtime information and allows the debugger to be easily integrated into a programming environment.
We are currently designing a programming environment in which all program information is stored in a relational database system. This system will include debugging capabilities to provide the programmer a simple yet powerful mechanism for describing debugging requests
Multilingual debugging with the SWAT high-level debugger
Authors: Cardell James R. 
Published: July 2004

The SWAT (TM) debugger, Data General Corporation's Source Language Debugger, is an interactive, high-level, symbolic debugging tool. It offers its users a full complement of standard high-level debugging features with a simple command format modeled after that of Data General's AOS and AOS/VS operating system Command Line Interpreter. Multilingual capability was a primary design goal and this has resulted in the benefits of both wide user acceptance and product extensibility.
This paper presents a summary of SWAT functionality and relates some of the experience of adding support for Data General Information Systems Division's recently announced AOS/VS Pascal and AOS/VS C languages.
DYMOS
Authors: Cook Robert P. , Lee Insup 
Published: July 2004

Programs are frequently modified during their lifetime. Furthermore, modifications to some systems have to be made on the fly; that is, without stopping their execution. For example, changes to airline reservation systems, telephone switching systems, and on-line banking systems have to performed dynamically. Other continuously running systems, such as operating systems, may be modified on the fly to increase their availability.
DYMOS is a programming system that supports a programmer modifying a StarMod program dynamically. StarMod [2] is an extension of Modula [3]. To modify procedures dynamically, the programmer modifies and recompiles the source code of the procedures to be replaced and then requests the system to change the current core image to incorporate new code and data.
Management information systems curricula in the United States and the Republic of China
Authors: Hwang Betty W. , Whinston Andrew B. , Savenye Wilhelmina 
Published: July 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the Management Information Systems (MIS) curricula in higher education in the United States (U.S.) and the Republic of China (R.O.C.). Several factors that affect the MIS curricula and its development in these two countries were closely examined. Similarities and differences were identified and compared; strengths and weaknesses were analyzed and described.
In particular, this study focused on the undergraduate MIS programs in both countries. Comparisons of the MIS programs were made concerning: MIS program history, MIS program setting, admission requirements and standards, graduation requirements and standards, computer hardware and software facilities, curriculum model adopted, required courses, instructional methods, faculty profiles, student profiles, and relationships with the industry. Based on the findings, some recommendations for improving the Chinese MIS curricula were offered.