bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bioenergy: barriers, policy options, and guidelines
Authors: Ravindranath N H , Hall D O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of the modern bioenergy technologies have been in the portfolio of energy planners for over a decade. They have received substantial government support in countries such as Austria, Brazil, China, France, India, Sweden, USA, and Zimbabwe, to name a few. There are some successful examples from developing countries, such as the ethanol programmes in Brazil and Zimbabwe, the biogas programme in China (and to some extent in India), bagasse electricity in Mauritius, and the afforestation programme in India. However, apart from the ethanol programmes, they have yet to make significant impacts on the energy supplies in these and other developing countries. Interestingly, bioenergy technologies have made a significant entry into the energy supplies of a number of industrialized countries, such as the USA (electricity), Denmark (biogas), Sweden (combined heat and power), and Austria (heat and power and liquid fuels).
Conclusions and implications
Authors: Ravindranath N H , Hall D O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The population of the world has nearly crossed the 6 billion mark and its growth in the developing world continues to be about 2-3 per cent annually. Correspondingly, the total primary energy consumption in developing countries increased by 33 per cent between 1981 and 1991 (at 3712 Mtoe in 1991; OECD 1993). Consumption of coal increased by 56 per cent between 1982 and 1992 in developing countries (BP 1993). The fuelwood demand in developing countries is increasing and currently it is around 1.3 X 109 m3 (FAO 1993Z?) in tropical countries.
The shore environment
Authors: Little Colin , Williams Gray A , Trowbridge Cynthia D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the Otago Peninsula, in the South Island of New Zealand, a storm rips the massive holdfasts of the giant ‘bull kelp’, Durvillaea, from the rock and Kings its fronds far up the shore. Between the jagged remnants of the holdfast the rock is left bare—but only briefly—for this area will soon be colonized by algal sporelings or invertebrate larvae. Meanwhile, the cast-up fronds provide a continuing supply of organic material for detritus feeders, as well as being broken down to provide Ine particulate material for distant suspension feeders, some on rocky shores but others on mudflats and in estuaries.
At Cape d’Aguilar, in Hong Kong, under blue skies and tropical sunshine, the tide rises and a wave splashes the rock, wetting the hordes of grazing molluscs and triggering them into activity. The limpet Cellana and the chiton Acanthopleura begin slowly moving upshore with the tide, rasping at the invisible bioIlm of micro-algae and cyanobacteria. Their grazing action maintains this rich, microbial food supply and removes the settling stages of many invertebrates. As the tide retreats, the grazers move down-shore, the limpets clamping down on vertical rock walls and the chitons seeking shelter from the heat and desiccation in shaded crevices.
Suspension feeders: how to live on floating food
Authors: Little Colin , Williams Gray A , Trowbridge Cynthia D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the mobile grazers and predators on rocky shores may attract most attention, they are hugely outnumbered by the sessile animals—those that are Ixed in one spot. Where there is not a heavy growth of algae, the tops of rocks may be entirely covered by sheets of barnacles and mussels. On the undersides of rocks, and on many macroalgae, bryozoan colonies, ascidians, sponges, and polychaetes can form obscuring but highly diverse mats. All these species depend upon suspended food carried to them in water currents.
The distribution of sessile animals varies greatly both from shore to shore and in relation to vertical height. On wave-exposed shores in Washington (north-east PaciIc), for example, intertidal sites can be dominated by mussels such as Mytilus californianus, with patches of the sea palm Postelsia and only a scattering of barnacles. At sites of lower wave-exposure, barnacle species dominate, and where exposure is minimal, the rock supports a Fucus canopy but over 80% is free space.
Eating flesh: the predators
Authors: Little Colin , Williams Gray A , Trowbridge Cynthia D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because of their position at the top of the food web, there are fewer predators on a rocky shore than there are grazers or suspension feeders. This does not mean, however, that predators suffer from a low diversity, and we begin by describing the variety of feeding mechanisms found among rocky shore predators.
Much of the prey available on rocky shores consists of sessile or very slow-moving animals, so many predators tend not to be as fast or mobile as their classic terrestrial counterparts. Prey have oJen adopted a ‘fortress’ strategy, attempting to defend themselves against attack. As a result, predators have developed a variety of feeding mechanisms for scaling the walls of the fortress or breaking them down.
Chronic Migraine
Authors: Wiendels N J , Ferrari M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chronic daily headache (CDH) is a collective term for primary headaches occurring on more than 14 days per month. The 2nd edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II) now includes four types of CDH: chronic migraine (CM), chronic tension-type headache (CTTH), new daily persistent headache (NDPH), and hemicrania continua (HC). CM is classified as a complication of migraine and is described as headache, fulfilling criteria for migraine without aura, occurring on 15 or more days per month for more than three months in the absence of medication overuse.
Application of Diagnostic Criteria For Migraine Without Aura*
Authors: Torelli P , Beghi E , Manzoni G C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thanks to its unquestionable merits, the International Headache Society (IHS) classification published in 1988 has been instrumental for a correct scientific and clinical approach to primary and symptomatic headaches. Fifteen years later, nosographic and clinical knowledge has considerably improved, calling for a revision of the 1988 classification and leading to the publication of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (2nd edition) (ICHD-II) in 2004. Although substantial progress has been made in the last few years, there is still much to be learned in the headache field.
Tension-Type Headache: What is New in the Second Edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders?
Authors: Bendtsen L , Jensen R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The classification of tension-type headache is not simple. Tension-type headache is the most common of primary headaches with a lifetime prevalence of 30%–78% thus known to almost everybody, but it is also the most featureless of headaches, which obviously makes classification difficult. It is also the headache type with the highest socioeconomic impact of all primary headaches and yet one of the least studied headaches, which hampers progress in classification.
Other Primary Headaches: Old Concepts and New Views
Authors: Nappi G , Sandrini G , Ghiotto N , Cecchini A P , Tassorelli C , Sances G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the appearance, in 1988, of the International Headache Society’s Classification and Diagnostic Criteria for Headache Disorders, Cranial Neuralgias and Facial Pain, numerous papers have been published, aiming to validate the proposed criteria or to identify new nosographic entities. In the recently published second edition of the classification (International Classification of Headache Disorders, ICHD-II), Chapter IV, previously named ‘Primary Miscellaneous Headaches’, emerges as one of the chapters to have under- gone the most profound revision, as indicated by its title, which has now been changed to Other Primary Headaches.
Duration of Rebound Headache in the Treatment of Substance-Overuse Headache: Effects of Prednisolone Versus Tricyclic Antidepressants
Authors: Göbel H , Heinze A , Heinze-Kuhn K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If taken too frequently, all effective migraine and headache drugs can lead to an increase in headache frequency and ultimately to permanent headache. Before the complete picture of ‘medication-induced permanent headache’ is reached, patients experience a continuous increase in the frequency of headache attacks and also an increase in the dosage needed to obtain relief. Medication-induced headache may also occur in cases of incorrect use of triptans. Reports in the literature about medication-induced headache in connection with the use of triptans have been known for several years.
Headache Attributed to Mild Head Injury
Authors: Stovner L J , Mickeviciene D , Schrader H , Obelieniene D , Surkiene D , Kunickas R , Sand T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two studies on the postconcussion syndrome (PCS) have relatively recently been performed in Lithuania, one historical and one prospective cohort study, both with control groups. The present paper summarizes the results on headache in these studies, and discusses the results in relation to the relevant diagnoses of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD II): acute (5.1.2) and chronic (5.2.2) posttraumatic headache attributed to mild head injury.
Headache or Facial Pain Attributed to Disorders of Cranium, Neck, Eyes, Ears, Nose, Sinuses, Teeth, Mouth, or Other Facial or Cranial Structures
Authors: Göbel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since many headaches originate from the cervical, nuchal, or occipital regions or are localized there, disorders of the cervical spine and other structures of the neck and head have frequently been regarded as the commonest causes of headache. The objective of the second edition of the IHS classification is not to describe these headaches in all their forms; nor is it to pander to traditions, or to accept criteria which only permit ‘knowing’ by intuition that the headache is cervicogenic or caused by other structures of the head.
Cranial Neuralgias and Central Causes of Facial Pain
Authors: Lance J W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pain in the head is mediated by afferent fibers in the trigeminal nerve, nervus intermedius, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves, and the upper cervical roots via the occipital nerves. Impulses giving rise to the sensation of pain may be generated by compression or distortion of these nerves, and exposure to excessive heat or cold or other sources of irritation. Lesions of the central connections of sensory fibers can also cause pain referred to the distribution of the appropriate nerves.
ICHD Classification Research
Authors: First M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first edition of the International Classification of Headaches was established in order to introduce needed precision in the definition of the various types of headaches by assuring ‘reasonably low inter-observer diagnostic variability’. (Introduction to Classification and Diagnostic Criteria for Headache Disorders, Cranial Neuralgias, and Facial Pain, 1988, p 10).
Autoantibodies In Rheumatoid Arthritis: Prevalence And Clinical Significance
Authors: Steiner Günter , Smolen Josef S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Autoantibodies are a characteristic feature of autoimmune diseases. Although with only few exceptions autoantibodies do not appear to play important pathogenic roles, they are often very useful for diagnostic purposes. This includes various autoantibodies typical for organ-specific autoimmune diseases and is likewise true for most autoantibodies that occur in autoimmune rheumatic diseases , such as anti-double-stranded (ds) DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), anti-topoisomerase I (Scl-70) in scleroderma, anti-histidyl-tRNA synthetase (Jo-1) in poly/dermatomycosis’s, or anti-proteinase 3 in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Nevertheless, some autoantibodies, such as antids DNA, may also serve as indicators of disease activity.
Introduction: What is alpine?
Authors: Nagy Laszlo , Grabherr Georg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book introduces the reader to a special mountain environment that can be relatively well defined by its characteristic physiognomy and its relative position along a bioclimatic gradient, which is reflected by the vertical zonation of the vegetation. Alpine environments are found where, along an altitude gradient, natural woody vegetation changes from various lowland and montane forest formations and gives way to dwarf-shrubs, various grass–heath, sedge–heath, and moss–heath formations, and finally, to open frozen ground. This book is about the upper, treeless end of this vertical gradient. The transition from closed forest to treeless vegetation—the upper montane zone with the treeline ecotone—marks the upper limits of tree growth. More precisely, an imaginary line connecting the highest outposts, forming clumps of small-stature trees, called the tree-line is the lower limit of the alpine zone; areas lying above it are called alpine (Grabherr et al. 2003; Körner 2007a). According to such criteria, overall, about 3% of the terrestrial surface of the Earth is covered by al-pine ecosystems, where about 4% of the Earth’s flora is found (Heywood 1995).
Elevation gradients
Authors: Nagy Laszlo , Grabherr Georg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are striking changes in vegetation from lowlands to high mountain-tops, similarly to that from the Equator towards the poles. These changes entail a reduction in the structural and floristic diversity of ecosystems and a reduction in biomass from the tall lowland forests to low stature alpine heaths, or arctic tundra. The simplification in structure and the trends in species richness and biomass have been related primarily to a reduction in temperature alone, or in combination with other climatic and physiographic factors in alpine environments (e.g. Theurillat et al. 2003). Harsh mountain climate is locally ameliorated by glacial geomorphic landscape features, which contribute much to habitat diversity, and vegetation and species diversity patterns.
To appreciate fully the scale of changes in vegetation (and climate) along an altitude gradient there is no better place to start than in the rainforest, at the foot of an equatorial high mountain (Table 3.1). From evergreen rainforest at near sea level, one can scale the range of montane forest and treeless alpine formations and reach high mountain tops, capped by glacial ice.
Resuscitation and acute treatment of brain injuries (traumatic and atraumatic)
Authors: Ratcliffe Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acute brain injury may be categorized into two main areas in terms of mechanism, namely traumatic and atraumatic, but there is considerable over-lap in terms of pathological processes and management. Outcome depends on both the extent of the brain injury and the maintenance of blood supply and oxygen delivery to the brain. Whatever its cause, adequate resuscitation and ongoing stabilization is paramount in achieving the optimal outcome. Resuscitation management protocols must be agreed between the regional paediatric neurosurgical and trauma centre and the referring hospitals within its catchment area to ensure adequate resuscitation, stabilization and investigation and thus enable safe and rapid patient transfer. There is good evidence that managing acute brain injuries in children in paediatric trauma centres improves outcome (Potoka et al. 2000).
physical (motor and functional) difficulties
Authors: Henderson Nicola , Kinley Eileen , Loughran (with contributions from Susie Harrison Sue , Ritson Paul , Weston) Juliet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will discuss physical rehabilitation and strategies for optimizing physical function following an acquired brain injury (ABI). It focuses upon the physiotherapy and occupational therapy assessments and early, intermediate and late rehabilitation, including initial management within the community setting. Throughout, it is essential to highlight that general management and more specific treatment approaches should be multidisciplinary, involving not only therapists but also the family/carers, ward nursing staff, play specialists and hospital school teachers.
Prevention of brain injury
Authors: Gregg Jackie , Appleton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accidents in children and young people are a major cause of death and serious disability and so it is not surprising that reduction in accidents was identified as (and remains), a major target area in the Department of Health ‘s Health of the Nation document (1992) – ‘The consequences of some accidents can be life-long disability, or predisposition to ill-health later in life. Action to reduce accidents will have a significant effect on the health and well-being of children ‘ (Department of Health 1992: 117). More recently this has been recognized in the National Service Framework (NSF) for disabilities and chronic medical conditions; unfortunately, this recognition does not include additional NHS-funding for the predictable and inevitable deficiencies that the NSF has identified.
Pathogenesis of cancer
Authors: Watson Dr Max , Barrett Ann , Spence Roy AJ , Twelves Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cause of cancer is multifactorial and includes lifestyle, environmental exposures, and inherited genetic susceptibility. It is thought that as many as 80–90% of all cancers may be the result of such environmental or life-style factors. Changes to the individual’s genome are increasingly thought to be the final common pathway in the development of cancer, whatever the initial trigger. These genetic influences are often classified as initiators or promoters. The Human Genome Project (completed in 2003) has shown the DNA sequence for 30,000 genes. However, linking genes to the risks of disease with certainty is far from the straightforward process that is sometimes portrayed in the popular media, as there are many other complex environmental factors involved.
Patients with common gynaecological cancers
Authors: Watson Dr Max , Barrett Ann , Spence Roy AJ , Twelves Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 2001 6,883 women were diagnosed with ovarian cancer in the UK.1 In 2003 4,617 women died from ovarian cancer in the UK.2 Background *Fifth commonest cancer in women *Commonest gynaecological cancer in the UK *Risk is reduced by factors that reduce the number of ovulatory cycles, e.g. pregnancy, prolonged use of oral contraceptive pill * *Median age at diagnosis 66 years *&gt; 90% of tumours are epithelial in origin . Serous adenocarcinoma 40–50% . Endometrioid 15–30% . Mucinoid and clear cell 10–15% each *Spread is predominantly to other organs in the pelvic cavity and is often associated with ascites. Later spread may be to the chest and liver parenchyma *5-year survival less than 25% Presentation Ovarian cancer spreads mainly intraperitoneally and may often remain ‘silent’ until the disease is advanced; 80% of patients, therefore, present with disease which has spread beyond the pelvis.
Patients with genitourinary cancers
Authors: Watson Dr Max , Barrett Ann , Spence Roy AJ , Twelves Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Gleason system is based on the degree of glandular differentiation (Gleason grade 1 is well differentiated, and grade 5 is poorly differentiated) which is closely associated with disease progression. Diagnosis and staging Patients with raised PSA or palpable prostate abnormalities are evaluated by transurethral ultrasound (TRUS), and local biopsy.
Patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Watson Dr Max , Barrett Ann , Spence Roy AJ , Twelves Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tends to progress from local disease, along lymph node levels in a stepwise manner, to distant disease occurring quite late. This allows radical treatment to be matched with treatment of the important lymph node groups, e.g. radical neck dissection. These are complex, for example, the posterior one-third, or base of tongue, is not mobile, and tumours involving this part are much more likely to spread to local lymph node stations at an earlier stage of the natural history. They also have more of a tendency to spread bilaterally, because of extensive lymphatic pathways which cross the midline.
Episode of care: a central concept of general/family practice
Authors:   Wonca
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Changes in the need for and use of classifications in primary care have continued since the publication of ICPC in 1987. The main purpose of the classification was then seen to be its use in gathering data for research and policy formulation. However, its use has now widened as research data and practical experiences with ICPC, as well as the emergence of new concepts in general/family medicine, have resulted in new applications.
Severity of illness coding
Authors:   Wonca
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since 1993 the WONCA Classification Committee has been developing the Duke Severity of Illness Checklist (DUSOI) system for international use. The WONCA Severity of Illness Field Trial (WONCA-SIFT) was conducted to test the system in 16 countries. The committee recognized that a method is needed to enable doctors to code not only the name of each health problem, but also the level of severity of each problem. This is applicable to problems whether in respect of episode of care, or for each encounter (see Fig. 2).
Functional status assessment: the COOP/WONCA charts
Authors:   Wonca
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1987 the WONCA Classification Committee began to develop a way of classifying and recording the overall functional status of the patient as distinct from the status of severity of their health problem(s). Over a number of years this work, later conducted in cooperation with the WONCA Research Committee, resulted in production of the COOP/WONCA Functional Status Assessment Charts.
Study Description And Methods
Authors: Chen Junshi , Peto Richard , Pan Wenharn , Liu Boqi , Campbell T Colin , Boreham Jillian , Parpia Banoo , Cassano Patricia , Chen Zhengming , Feng Zulin , Gelband Hellen , Li Junyao , Pan Hongchao , Root Martin , Wu Yanping , Youngman Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 2,400 counties that comprise rural China, with an average population of a few hundred thousand per county, differ greatly from each other in the ways the local populations live and in the main diseases by which they die. Many of these differences in lifestyle and disease rates have persisted for centuries. Even though in recent decades there has been a nationwide reduction in death from infectious disease (particularly in childhood), there is still great heterogeneity among counties in childhood mortality rates, as well as in the age-standardised mortality rates from the main chronic diseases of middle age.
Reliability re-survey in selected mainland counties (1993).
Authors: Chen Junshi , Peto Richard , Pan Wenharn , Liu Boqi , Campbell T Colin , Boreham Jillian , Parpia Banoo , Cassano Patricia , Chen Zhengming , Feng Zulin , Gelband Hellen , Li Junyao , Pan Hongchao , Root Martin , Wu Yanping , Youngman Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To help assess the reliability of the methods used in the 1989 survey, a repeat survey using those same methods was carried out in 1993. Thirteen counties in mainland China that represent a good north-south mix and a range of affluence levels were included (counties AC, BA, CB, CC, FA, HA, KB, LC, ND, QA, AC, RA and TD). In each, the re-survey was carried out at the same time of year as the 1989 survey, to avoid seasonal differences. After a refresher training course, the same 1989 personnel (where available) conducted the re-survey, during which they had no access to the 1989 values.