bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Magnitude of Malnutrition in Latin America
Authors: Escudero José Carlos 
Published: May 2005

Malnutrition, an illness which can easily be prevented and cured with existing resources and technology, is perhaps the most widespread disease in Latin America. However, it is unrecognized as such, and those population groups that suffer most from it are most prone to have their sufferings unrecorded. Two factors contribute to this: (a) the inaccuracy and incomplete coverage of vital statistics, as reflected by underregistration of deaths, insufficient medical certification of registered deaths, and biases both among certifying physicians and in the International Classification of Diseases; and (b) low population coverage by the health care systems and thus by the statistics which they generate. These factors are related to the ideological bias of those statistical systems and to the concepts of causality which they use. Through a review and analysis of “ad hoc” studies on the frequency of malnutrition in Latin America and its incidence in relation to morbidity and mortality, an estimation is made of malnutrition-caused deaths, which would amount to almost one-fifth of deaths from all causes. As overall availability of food in Latin America is adequate, it is held that this continent ultimately has the level of malnutrition that it wishes to have.
Validity of the Repeated Ghq among Pregnant Women: A Study in a Japanese General Hospital
Authors: Kitamura Toshinori , Toda Mari A. , Shima Satoru , Sugawara Masumi 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The authors examined the variability of the validity of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) on two different occasions. Method: The subjects were 120 pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic of a general hospital in Japan. The GHQ was distributed twice—in the first and third trimesters. They were then interviewed by a psychiatrist blind to the GHQ scores using the standard and the “change” version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS). Results: Of the 120 women, 108 and ninety-eight completed the GHQ and were successfully interviewed in the first and third trimesters, respectively. Seventeen percent (18/108) and 13 percent (13/98) women were given RDC diagnoses in the first and third trimesters, respectively: They were designated as cases. Despite a satisfactory discriminatory power of the GHQ on the first occasion [1], the validity measures of the GHQ on the second occasion were generally poor. Thus, the sensitivity was 39 percent and specificity 82 percent for the cut-off point of 7/8. Conclusions: The GHQ should be validated separately when distributed repeatedly to the same subjects.
The Closure of a Factory and its Impact on Health
Authors: Grayson J. Paul 
Published: May 2005

SKF, one of Sweden's foremost corporations, is the world's largest producer of bearings. In the seventies, largely as a consequence of Japanese competition, in order to maintain its preeminent position, SKF embarked on a program of global rationalization and automation. One of the consequences of these measures was a decrease in the size of the overall SKF workforce and the closure of factories in a number of countries. One of the casualties was the manufacturing operation of SKF Canada Ltd. The following article concentrates on the consequences of the shutdown for employees. It is seen that over five surveys conducted over a two and a half year period the impact of the shutdown on some dimensions was the same for former employees and their wives. On others, former employees responded differently than their wives. Overall, however, the closure of SKF Canada Ltd., in terms of stress, economic hardship, and ill-health, was devastating for both former employees and their wives.
Hypochondriacal Concerns and Attitudes toward Illness in Males and Females
Authors: Hernandez Juan , Kellner Robert 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To review the published studies on the sex distribution of hypochondriasis, and to examine sex differences in hypochondriacal concerns and in attitudes toward illness. Method: The Illness Attitude Scales, Factors 2 and 3 of the Whiteley Index and the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) were administered to fifty randomly-selected female family practice patients ages eighteen to sixty-five, and to male patients matched by age in decades. From a pool of 130 consecutive nonpsychotic psychiatric outpatients, fifty females and fifty males were matched with the family practice patients. Results: Although females rated themselves as more depressed than males in both groups, there were no significant differences between the sexes in hypochondriacal fears and beliefs. Psychiatric male patients reported the most adverse effects of bodily symptoms on work and leisure. There were no other significant differences between the sexes in any of the other attitudes toward illness or symptoms. Hypochondriacal concerns were more common in the psychiatric patients than in the family practice patients of both sexes. Conclusion: The review of published studies on the sex distribution of hypochondriasis suggests that disease phobia is more common in females, except for the cardiophobic syndrome, which is more common in males. The other reported differences are inconsistent and appear to be caused by referral biases, varying diagnostic criteria, and cultural factors. In our study, we found no substantial differences between males and females in hypochondriacal concerns and attitudes toward illness.
GRAMR1: A Computer Program for Instruction in Formal Syntax
Authors: Smith William H. , Pearson Olen R. 
Published: May 2005

This paper presents GRAMR1, a program (in COBOL and BASIC) intended for instructional use in introductory courses in formal syntax. GRAMR1 accepts as input a string of up to five words and determines whether the string forms a grammatical sentence in Gramr1, a simplified English-like language. Gramr1 has a lexicon of five nouns, eight verbs, and two function words, and is capable of generating affirmative and negative statements and questions. By the use of strict subcategorization and selectional restrictions, the 1,048,576 possible input strings are reduced to 161 acceptable sentences. This paper provides a description of Gramrl followed by a line-by-line explanation of the COBOL version of GRAMR1, the latter being directed toward readers who are not familiar with computer programming. The final section offers suggestions for classroom applications of the program.
Language Impairment in Dementia of the Alzheimer Type: A Hierarchical Decline?
Authors: Emery V. Olga B. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Progressive memory impairment is the primary cognitive feature of Alzheimer's disease. Systematic attention to progressive language impairment is under-appreciated. The purpose of this article is to apply the semiotic language framework to organize the disparate findings on language impairment in DAT. Method: The semiotic system is hierarchical, going from simple to more complex units of language, with the hierarchical ranks of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics. This language hierarchy is used as an organizing tool to provide a context for the discrete data on language decline in DAT. Studies relating to language impairment in DAT were identified through an exhaustive computerized search (Medline and Psych Info Database) of available literature spanning the last forty years in which 615 references were examined. Papers were selected for review if reference were made to any one or more of the language parameters of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, or to any components or indicators of these parameters, such as sound production, naming, grammar, sentence processing, verbal comprehension in Alzheimer patients. Results: There appears to be an overall relation between language decline and complexity of language both across and within the hierarchical ranks. There also appears to be an associated negative relation between sequence in language development and language decline. Language forms learned last in the sequence of language development are the most complex and appear to be first to deteriorate. Conclusions: The decline of language in DAT appears to be hierarchical in nature. Further understanding of this hierarchical language decline depends in part on nosologic clarification and subtyping of DAT.
Anxiety and Depression in an Outpatient Clinic in Lesotho, Africa
Authors: Hollifield Michael , Katon Wayne , Morojele Neo 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Past studies of psychiatric disorders in primary care in developing countries have utilized measures to determine conspicuous psychiatric morbidity (CPM) rather than diagnoses. Our goal was to determine the prevalence of DSM-III major depression (DEP), panic disorder (PD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in an outpatient clinic in Lesotho, Africa. Methods: As part of a larger community study, we utilized a translated version of the N.I.M.H. Diagnostic Interview Schedule to determine the prevalence of DEP, PD, and GAD in 126 randomly selected outpatients (response rate = 77%) attending a general hospital clinic. We compared these data to information about demographics and symptom presentation. Results: We found twenty-nine (23%) patients with DEP, thirty (24%) with PD, and thirty-six (29%) with GAD. Forty-six (36%) had either DEP or PD, with thirteen (45%) having concurrent illness. Patients with DEP and/or PD presented with a significantly higher number of physical symptoms, and a higher percentage of symptoms that were pain or autonomic nervous system related than patients with no disorder ever. Conclusion: There is significant psychiatric morbidity of common diagnoses in outpatient clinic in Lesotho, and patients present primarily with somatic symptoms, as in developed countries. There is a need for better elucidation of cross-cultural phenomenology, medical co-morbidity as a con-founder, and help-seeking and treatment patterns in the developing world.
Clonazepam Treatment of Panic Disorder in Patients with Recurrent Chest Pain and Normal Coronary Arteries
Authors: Wulsin Lawson R. , Maddock Richard , Beitman Bernard , Dawaher Rula , Wells Victoria E. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To examine the efficacy of clonazepam in chest pain patients with panic disorder and normal coronary arteries. Method: We conducted a placebo controlled, double blind, flexible dose (1–4 mg/d), six-week trial of clonazepam. All subjects ( N = 27) had current panic disorder and a negative coronary angiogram or thallium exercise tolerance test within the previous year. Results: Analyses show modest improvements in the clonazepam and placebo groups over the first four weeks in both primary outcome measures. Eight of twelve (67%) clonazepam treated patients responded with reduction of panic attacks by week four to zero per week or half of initial frequency, while seven of fifteen (47%) placebo treated patients responded (not significant). When response was measured by 50 percent reduction in Hamilton Anxiety total score, however, seven of twelve (58%) clonazepam treated patients responded, while two of fifteen (14%) placebo treated patients responded, ( p = .038) by Fisher's exact test. Within-subject improvements over the first four weeks were not significantly greater for the clonazepam group than for the placebo group on either outcome measure. Conclusions: These results show a generally good outcome in chest pain patients with panic disorder, and they provide suggestive evidence for the efficacy of clonazepam compared to placebo. This study points to the need for larger, well-funded treatment studies of chest pain patients with panic disorder.
A Theory of Intraorganization Communication
Authors: Thompson Billy E. , White Charles W. 
Published: May 2005

With the advent of new information processing systems, managers are faced with decisions which must be made immediately. These managers most often are faced with problems of identifying those communications within the organization that take precedence in their decision-making activities. Because of the ever-expanding need for effective communications within organizations, management cannot afford to ignore the need for developing some classification system to distinguish between types of communications used by firms. This article outlines a system of classifying communications whereby such factors as retention time of the material, value of the communication, and distribution policy within the organization are discussed. Communications are received by management. They are properly classified by the appropriate color code to allow management to know which is most important and needs a more immediate response. With the implementation of the system, management should begin to realize a savings in time and cost as well as removal of any embarrassment from delays in answering important communications.
The Aging Enterprise: In Whose Interests?
Authors: Estes Carroll L. 
Published: May 2005

This paper revisits the aging enterprise in the context of the new competitive business ideology. Public policy has created an aging enterprise that assures that the needs of the aged will be processed and treated as a commodity. The medical-industrial complex, which comprises the most significant part of the aging enterprise, is a primary beneficiary of the recent reformulation of values and expectations vis-a-vis the state and the private sector. The new business ideology in health is aimed not only at controlling costs but, more importantly, at establishing health care as a market good like any other. Issues of access to needed services are raised for Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries and for the uninsured. Budget cuts, medical cost control, and the market ideology are resulting in greater fragmentation, privatization, and corporatization of services, as indicated by the author's research on the private nonprofit health and social services sector in a sample of 8 states and 32 communities. In this paper, age-segregated politics and policies in the United States are challenged to utilize grass-roots political efforts that cross age and class barriers. Single-interest aging-based policies are criticized as a form of selfish separatism that could supplant an important and vitally needed intergenerational and coalition strategy.
Methodology and Models of Learning Systems
Authors: Hoye Robert E. 
Published: May 2005

As technological advances in electro-mechanical devices result in more sophisticated learning delivery systems, emphasis should not be diverted from the legitimacy of the “software” or “message” to be transmitted. Evaluation procedures must be provided for at the earliest phases of program development with emphasis on measurable benefits to the learner. Cost effectiveness measures and a review of promises of new delivery systems are discussed.
Anxiety in Medically Ill Older Patients: A Review and Update
Authors: Hocking Leslie B. , Koenig Harold G. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The authors review the evaluation and treatment of anxiety symptoms in elderly patients, with particular emphasis on elderly patients with chronic medical illness. Methods: A computer search for articles addressing anxiety symptoms in patients sixty-five and older was supplemented by the authors' clinical experience and knowledge of other literature and textbooks relevant to the topic. Results: Ten to 20 percent of older patients experience clinically significant symptoms of anxiety. Anxiety complaints may represent the physiological consequence of treatable medical illness, the result of psychiatric illness, or an exaggerated or normal response to life events. Both psychopharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments can be effective in relieving symptoms. Conclusions: Careful differential diagnosis is an essential preliminary step to successful treatment. Non-pharmacologic interventions (behavioral treatments, in particular) may be effective for many patients. Consideration of both the benefits and the risks of medication management is recommended, as elderly patients are especially vulnerable to side effects.
The Export of Hazardous Factories to Developing Nations
Authors: Castleman Barry I. 
Published: May 2005

The export of hazardous industrial plants to developing nations is examined for a number of industries. As hazardous and polluting industries come under increasing regulation in industrial nations, some of the affected processes are exported, without improvements to make them less hazardous, to nonregulating countries where cheap and uninformed labor is abundant. “Runaway shops” then market their products in industrial nations with the competitive advantage of not having had to comply with costly workplace and pollution-control regulations. The international trade impacts of hazard export include: export of jobs from regulating to nonregulating countries; shift of international balance of payments in favor of nonregulating countries; export of mortal health hazards and environmental destruction to workers and communities in nonregulating nations, in order to produce goods for consumption by the regulating countries; weakened competitive position of reputable manufacturers who incur control costs and compete in domestic and world markets against less scrupulous companies; prolonged widespread use of discredited, extremely hazardous technologies, arising from the continuing “subsidy” of certain industries by workers and communities exposed to uncontrolled, well-recognized, mortal health hazards; and aggravated international relations resulting from developing nations' awareness and concern over becoming dumping grounds for hazard export from industrial nations.
Mental Disorders and Help Seeking in a Rural Impoverished Population
Authors: Fox Jeanne C. , Blank Michael , Berman Jessica , Rovnyak Virginia G. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: This study examined the impact of an in-home screening and educational intervention on help seeking among rural impoverished individuals with untreated mental disorders. The effect of including a significant other in the intervention and reasons for not seeking help were explored. Method: The sample was randomly selected from households in nine rural counties in Virginia. The short form of the CIDI was used to screen 646 adult residents. Respondents who screened positive were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1) no intervention, 2) an educational intervention, or 3) the educational intervention with a significant other. A list of local sources of health and mental health care was distributed. At one-month post interview, respondents were telephoned to inquire about help seeking. Results: Almost one-third (32.4%) of these respondents screened positive for at least one disorder. Five hundred and sixty-six (87.6%) were successfully followed up, and thirty-three of the 566 (5.8%) reported that they had sought professional help since the interview. Eighty-four subjects who screened positive and received the educational intervention reported in follow up that they had discussed the interview with a friend or family member, but only eleven (13.1%) received encouragement to seek treatment. The predominant reason endorsed for not seeking help was “felt there was no need,” even among respondents who were informed that they had a disorder. Conclusions: A significant proportion of this rural impoverished sample screened positive for a mental disorder. Few individuals sought professional help and significant others did not encourage them to seek treatment. The implication of these results for investigators and service providers is that motivating individuals to seek mental health services is a complex process; more attention must be devoted to the development of culturally relevant methods for facilitating help seeking.
Underdiagnosis of Depression in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: The Role of Nonspecific Symptoms
Authors: Freedland Kenneth E. , Lustman Patrick J. , Carney Robert M. , Hong Barry A. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To determine whether the underdiagnosis of major depression (MD) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) may be explained by low specificity and mild severity of depressive symptoms in affected patients. Method: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to assess depression symptoms in thirty-one patients with both CAD and MD, and eighty-three patients with CAD but without MD. Results: Only ten (48%) of the symptoms were significantly more common in the MD than in the non-MD group, and nine symptoms were present in at least 20 percent of both groups. Of these nine nonspecific symptoms, only one (insomnia) was more severe in the MD patients than in the non-MD group ( p < .006). When all twenty-one symptoms were rank ordered by frequency, the most common symptoms in the MD group were also the most common in the non-MD group ( r = .91, p < .001). Conclusions: The symptoms of major depression were found to be relatively mild and nonspecific in patients with CAD. This may help to explain why depression is underdiagnosed in cardiac patients.
An Automated Record Keeping System for Use in Keller-Type Courses
Authors: Shepherd Marian M. 
Published: May 2005

In a self-paced course with large numbers of students (over 300) and with ten to twelve proctors or testers, at least two problems associated with record keeping become apparent. The problems are that of having the records both up-to-date and accurate and having records available to all those involved in administering the course. An automated record keeping system has been in use for three years at York University. This software provides a generalized practical (and portable) solution to the problems of record keeping in large self-paced courses.
Health Services Research on Mental Health in Primary Care
Authors: Van Der Feltz-Cornelis Christina M. , Lyons John S. , Huyse Frits J. , Campos Ricardo , Fink Per , Slaets Joris P. J. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The article seeks to provide an international perspective on the facilitating role of health services research in the treatment of psychiatric disorders in primary care. It builds on Goldberg and Huxley's model describing pathways to mental care for the psychiatrically ill in the community. Method: Seventy studies were selected for review by Medline search, sixteen studies by contacting prominent researchers in the field. All studies are discussed more or less extensively. Results: Case identification strategies including screening tools and diagnostic modules have been developed. Other strategies include educational training programs and psychiatric consultation services designed to facilitate psychopharmacological and other types of treatment of psychiatric disorders in primary care. Several models for the linkage of primary care and specialty mental health providers are discussed, and a primary care psychiatry programme is examined. Conclusion: Better psychiatric training of general practitioners (GPs), on-site consultation, and better communication between mental health professionals and GPs can improve the recognition, management, and referral of psychiatrically ill primary care patients. The further development of guidelines focusing on anxiety disorders, somatization, subthreshold disorders, and effectiveness in primary care is recommended.
Meeting the Writing Needs of Business and Industry
Authors: Fleischhauer F. W. 
Published: May 2005

College writing courses offer more practical guidance than ever, but they still fall short of business-and-industry needs. Missing in the main are writing mechanics tailored for communicating the who, whats, and whys involved in running an organization. A writing course aimed at reducing, if not closing, that gap has been in existance for some time now. Dealing with writing to prescribe, persuade or report, it is structured around the proper selection and arrangement of both what must be stated and the words with which to state it, and then stating it with reader ease. This article details the components within that structure.