bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organizational Memory
Authors: Argote Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What do organizations learn as they gain experience in production? Where is this knowledge embedded within organizations? What are the consequences of where knowledge is embedded for organizational performance? This chapter begins with a discussion of what is learned as groups and organizations gain experience in production. A more general discussion of organizational memory and various ‘retention bins’ or ‘repositories’ of organizational knowledge follows. Examples of knowledge embedded in various repositories drawn from our studies of manufacturing and service industries are provided. Empirical evidence on the extent to which organizational knowledge is embedded in these various repositories is described.
Balancing Act: How to Capture Knowledge without Killing It
Authors: Brown John Seely , Duguid Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
History will pity the managers of the 1990s. The Internet touched down in their midst like a tornado, tearing up the old game book, disrupting every aspect of business, and compelling them to manage for a new economy. When managers sought help, they found the experts were offering two radically different theories about what such management should look like. The first approach-re-engineering-focused on process. Organizations that re-engineered their business processes would gain sustainable competitive advantage, according to an army of highly paid consultants.
Getting It Right the Second Time
Authors: Szulanski Gabriel , Winter Sidney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once a business is doing a good job performing a complex activity-managing a branch bank, say, or selling a new product--the parent organization naturally wants to replicate that initial success. Indeed, one of the main reasons for being a big company rather than a small one is to capture on a grand scale the gains that come with applying smart processes and routines. Yet getting it right the second time is surprisingly difficult. Whole industries are trying to replicate best practices and manage organizational knowledge but even so, the overwhelming majority of attempts to replicate excellence fail. A slew of studies has confirmed this uncomfortable fact. One found that only 12 percent of senior executives are happy with how their organizations share knowledge internally.
Communities of Practice: The Organizational Frontier
Authors: Wenger Etienne C , Snyder William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today’s economy runs on knowledge, and most companies work assiduously to capitalize on that fact. They use cross-functional teams, customer-or product-focused business units, and work groups-to name just a few organizational forms-to capture and spread ideas and know-how. In many cases, these ways of organizing are very effective, and no one would argue for their demise. But a new organizational form is emerging that promises to complement existing structures and radically galvanize knowledge sharing, learning, and change. It’s called the community of practice. What are communities of practice? In brief, they are groups of people informally bound together by shared expertise and passion for a joint enterprise engineers engaged in deep-water drilling, for example, consu1tants who specialize in strategic marketing, or frontline managers in charge of check processing at a large commercial bank.
Transforming Strategy
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Gratton Lynda , Johnson Gerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How did British Airways go from ‘Bloody Awful’ in the 1970s, to ‘Bloody Awesome’ and ‘the world’s favourite airline’ in the 1980s, then back into the doldrums by the turn of the millennium? Why is Marks & Spencer, historically one of Britain’s most successful and admired companies, now regularly held up as a model of corporate failure? How has easyJet been so successful in the late 1990s and early 2000s? The answer lies in the management of corporate and business strategy. In the first two chapters, we looked at the need for UK companies to move up the value chain and, within that context, at the challenge for managers in ‘making a difference’ strategically.
Innovating Beyond the Steady State
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Gratton Lynda , Johnson Gerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central component of the shift towards higher-value-added activities is innovation. Innovations take many forms, from new products and processes to new lines of business, and they vary enormously in how radical they are vis-a`-vis existing offerings. A recurring theme in the book is that organizations will face challenges that require radical or transformational change. In this chapter we focus our attention on discontinuous innovation—that is, the radical end of the innovation spectrum. The reason for doing this is that incremental or ‘steady-state innovation’ practices are by now relatively well understood in UK firms. The real test for companies that aspire to leading-edge practice, and to stake a place at the forefront of world competition, is to master the much harder challenge of radical innovation.
Learning in Organizations
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Gratton Lynda , Johnson Gerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The capacity of exceptional managers to learn rapidly is crucial to their ability to deal with the many challenges we have considered in this book. Yet, while individual learning is indeed a key building block of organizational effectiveness, it is not sufficient. Over the last fifty years, we have built a deeper understanding of how the dynamics of groups and the structures of organizations can create a context in which learning may flourish, or indeed where it may decline. In this chapter we take a closer look at what we know about these contexts for learning, and at how organizations succeed or fail to use learning and knowledge as key resources for innovation, productivity, and ultimately competitiveness.
Making Intelligent Decisions
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Gratton Lynda , Johnson Gerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this book we have argued that exceptional managers need both self-awareness and the capacity to reflect. They need intuition and insight about their values and experiences, and the capacity to work with the complex information with which they are daily presented. In this chapter, we focus on rational decision-making models and their potential value to the exceptional manager. We show how they may promote clear thinking and intelligent decision-making on the basis of systematically acquired and ordered information—what we call cognitive competence. We explore this topic by considering the way in which individuals and groups make sense of their world, the mental processes used to process information and acquire knowledge.
Introduction
Authors: Baycroft Timothy , Hewitson Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A nation is therefore the expression of a great solidarity, constituted by a feeling for the common sacrifices that have been made and for those one is prepared to make again. It presupposes a past; however, it is epitomised in the present by a tangible fact: consent, the clearly expressed desire that the common life should continue. The existence of a nation is (excuse the metaphor) a daily plebiscite, just as the existence of the individual is a perpetual affirmation of life In the order of ideas I am placing before you, a nation has no more right than a king to say to a province: ‘You belong to me, therefore I am taking you.’ A province, for us, is its inhabitants, and if anyone has the right to be consulted in this matter, it is the inhabitant.
Switzerland
Authors: Zimmer Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scholars of nationalism, partly because there was little empirical evidence that suggested otherwise, often agreed that ethno-cultural homogeneity was a significant factor for the long-term survival of modern nation-states. Thus Switzerland, according to this logic, constitutes an anomaly. If Switzerland has repeatedly attracted the curiosity rather than the systematic attention of scholars of nationalism, this is indeed because its very existence seems to defy the nationalist doctrine that nations are essentially language communities.
How cystic fibrosis affects the lungs
Authors: Thomson Anne H , Harris Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lung consists of airways and air spaces. The major airway is called the trachea and this then divides into airways (the bronchi) to the right and to the left lung. The airways then continue to divide, getting smaller and smaller as they get towards the periphery of the lung. Each tiny airway, now called a bronchiole, leads into a collection of air sacs called alveoli (Figure 2.1). The air sacs are surrounded by blood vessels and, as we breathe, oxygen passes from the air sacs into the bloodstream and hence is delivered to the body tissues. The waste product carbon dioxide (CO) passes back from the bloodstream into the air sacs and is breathed out.
Growing up with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Thomson Anne H , Harris Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transition to adult care should occur gradually at a pace governed by the young person with CF, Cystic fibrosis has no effect on sexual function but it does affect fertility, The results of lung transplantation are improving: 75 per cent of adults survive more than 2 years and 50 per cent more than 5 years after transplantation
Future therapies
Authors: Thomson Anne H , Harris Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is very active research on new therapies for CF, Approaches include trying to correct the basic defect by adjusting the CFTR protein; carrying normal CFTR into cells (gene therapy); and restoring the transfer of salts across the cell membrane (ion transport), Improving current treatments and making them work better is also likely to have real benefits in the near future
Local Arrangements For Civil Protection: Part I of The Act
Authors: Walker Clive , Broderick Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An overview will be given here of the planning duties in Part I of the Act, their effect on different public and private bodies, their fit with other legal provisions about planning and emergencies, and their meaning within a wider theoretical and critical context. The essence of Part I is to plan for ‘emergency’ (as defined in Chapter 3) by requiring preparations and protections to be undertaken and advice to be given (ss 2 and 4). The ‘Category 1’ responders form the core contingency workforce, and so they have specified responsibilities ‘based on key themes—risk management, emergency planning, business continuity of the responder itself, and warning and informing the public.’
Comparisons and Final Conclusions
Authors: Walker Clive , Broderick Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having explored the legal and organizational reforms heralded by the Act, this chapter will compare the UK legislation with structures and approaches developed in two comparable jurisdictions. The purpose is not to give a full survey of alternatives but to highlight possible developments and shortcomings in the domestic legislation. Some final conclusions will then be offered.
Though the Cabinet Office dismissed the value of comparative research in preparation of the Bill, there is a profusion of pertinent overseas experience. The two jurisdictions below are selected as amongst the most comparable (in the case of New Zealand) and instructive (in the case of the United States).
Introduction
Authors: Mitchell Charles , Watterson Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following part of the book is concerned with subrogation to extinguished rights, where a claimant’s money has been used to pay off a defendant’s obligation to a creditor. In principle, a claimant in this situation could enter an agreement under which he acquired new rights replicating the creditor’s extinguished rights by a process of subrogation. In practice, however, a claimant would never contract on these terms if he wished to improve his position vis-à-vis the defendant by acquiring the creditor’s rights, eg where the creditor’s rights were secured.
Enrichment
Authors: Mitchell Charles , Watterson Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A claimant who seeks a restitutionary remedy on the ground of unjust enrichment must first establish that the defendant has been enriched. Where the restitutionary remedy sought is the remedy of subrogation to a creditor’s extinguished rights against the defendant, the relevant enrichment is of a very particular kind. By its nature, the remedy is only available where the claimant has been responsible for discharging another party’s obligation to his creditor. The enrichment reversed is the enrichment accruing as a result of that discharge.
At The Expense Of The Claimant
Authors: Mitchell Charles , Watterson Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There must have been a subtraction of value from the claimant. This basic requirement is uncontroversial. However, it is less clear whether there must have been a precise correspondence between the claimant’s loss and the defendant’s gain. If this is required, then in cases where the defendant’s enrichment is greater than the claimant’s loss, the claimant’s right to restitution will be capped at the lower amount of the claimant’s loss.
Bars To Subrogation
Authors: Mitchell Charles , Watterson Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the English courts have expanded the grounds for recovery in the law of unjust enrichment over the past decade, they have also sought to avoid restitutionary overkill by maintaining and developing a robust set of defences and bars to recovery. Consistently with this, there are a wide range of bars to subrogation claims, including general bars to the assertion of legal rights, bars which are specific to equitable claims, and bars which are specific to claims in unjust enrichment. This chapter will examine the most important of these.
Insurers’ Subrogation Rights
Authors: Mitchell Charles , Watterson Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It often happens that an insured suffers a loss in respect of which he has two claims: one against an indemnity insurer and one against a third party. In these circumstances he is generally free to choose which claim to pursue first.1 If he decides to claim against the insurer, then the insurer must pay him to the full extent of its liability, and cannot resist the claim on the ground that the insured should first have exhausted his rights against the third party.
The Third Parties (Rights Against Insurers) Act 1930
Authors: Mitchell Charles , Watterson Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Re Harrington Motor Co Ltd 1 the claimant was knocked down by a car belonging to an insured company. He sued the company and won damages and costs, but before he could enforce judgment, the company was wound up. The liquidator made a claim against the company’s liability insurer for the amount of the judgment sum, and the insurer paid this over, after deducting the amount of unpaid premiums. The question then arose, whether this money was earmarked for the claimant, or formed part of the assets of the company for distribution to the whole body of creditors?
Methods in Phonology
Authors: Ohala John J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the advent of the new millennium it would be an appropriate time to examine the methodological achievements of phonology. This volume does that. The focus on methodology, rather than exclusively on particular theories or questions is motivated by the all-important role that methodology has in determining the scientific rigor and maturity of a discipline. Furthermore, it may be argued that one of the newest and potentially revolutionary aspects of phonology as it has developed in the past few decades is its new methodology. This work should be a valuable resource for linguists and stimulus to promote further attention to methodological matters in phonology.
Morphophonemics and the Lexicon A Case Study from Turkish
Authors: Pycha Anne , Inkelas Sharon , Sprouse Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A large body of recent work has focused on statistical properties of the lexicon and their possible consequences for the grammar (e.g. Luce 1986; Content et al. 1990; Baayen 1993; Plag et al. 1999; Hay and Baayen 2002; Ernestus and Baayen 2003). The basic idea of this line of research is that every word can be meaningfully characterized by way of its relationship to other words in the same lexicon. Individual words are therefore not isolated entities; instead, their grammatical behavior can best be understood by considering lexicon variables such as frequency, neighborhood density, and cohort size. For example, Rhodes (1992) claims that flapping in American English tends to occur in frequent words like winter but not in infrequent words like banter. Frequent words are produced with more gestural overlap and hence greater tendency for reduction, so the lexical-statistics approach offers a plausible explanation for this gradient alternation.
Experimental and Statistical Methods for Cross-Sectional Studies
Authors: Snyder William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I discuss two of the main experimental methods used with children in a laboratory setting. I then review statistical methods for testing a prediction of concurrent or ordered acquisition with the resulting cross-sectional data. Finally I provide a real life example from Kang’s (2005) work on case-marking and scrambling in children acquiring Korean.
Children
Authors: Dearlove Oliver R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During recent decades, the shift in children’s healthcare towards one based on a close and continuous involvement of the child’s family has become commonplace in the Western world. When a child is ill, the family is always affected; it is the family that is the constant in a child’s life. It is therefore important that a good parent–professional relationship develops at all levels of healthcare involving a child. However, allowing children the freedom to participate in the decision-making process is fraught with ethical and legal dilemmas. For sick children and anxious parents, the dilemmas also involve the clinician, who must act in the best interests of his patient. The law has long presumed that children and young people do not have the capacity to make important decisions, thus denying them their rights to self-determination; parents and doctors have traditionally made most medical decisions for and on behalf of children in their care. More recently, the introduction of family-centred approaches to healthcare accommodate and respect the complex nature of parent–child relationships and the dependence and vulnerability of the child and his developing morality and capacity for decision-making. Nevertheless, it is most often the doctor and the parent who determine the child’s role in decision-making, thus excluding the child from involvement at the first hurdle. The decision is therefore parent-centred and not patient-centred.
Respiratory risk
Authors: Moppett Iain K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses respiratory complications associated with anaesthesia during the intraoperative and postoperative periods. Factors that influence these risks will be discussed, as well as anaesthetic approaches that may have benefit in reducing risks of complications. Complications will be divided into intraoperative and postoperative, though there is clearly some overlap. Adverse respiratory events during anaesthesia include breath-holding, coughing, laryngospasm, bronchospasm, and difficulties with airway management. The incidence of failed tracheal intubation is influenced by many factors: the environment, the patient, the urgency, and the training of the practitioner, to name the most common. It is therefore difficult to describe a ‘real’ figure. However, in the out-of-hospital environment, anaesthesia-trained physicians reported multiple intubation attempts in 4% and failed intubation in 2% of attempted intubations(1). Intensive care patients have a relatively high rate of difficult intubation (8%)(2). The rate of failed intubation is approximately 1 in 250(3,4) to 1 in 500(5) in the general obstetric population. The incidence of failed intubation in the general population has been reported at around 0.7–4% of patients(6–8). Difficult laryngoscopy occurs in around 5–10% of patients(6,7,9). A number of sub-groups of patients (e.g. those with craniofacial abnormalities, temporomandibular joint disease, fused cervical spine, etc.) are predictable as being potentially difficult to intubate, but for the general population, anaesthetists can use bedside predictive tests. Unfortunately, none of these is particularly sensitive or specific for difficult intubation(10).
Innovations to Speed Mass Claims: New Standards of Proof
Authors: Haersolte-van Hof Jacomijn J van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mass claims tribunals are characterized by large numbers of claims, large numbers of claimants and, usually, ·special factual circumstances which triggered the institution of the particular mass claims tribunal. Recent practice shows that the role of evidence and the standard of proof in proceedings before such tribunals has been redefined. In conventional “non-mass” proceedings, the usual standard is that evidence is weighed up and a determination is made based on the preponderance of the evidence. A comparison of this standard to the one applied by most mass claim tribunals reveals that less stringent standards of proof prevail and, moreover, that the procedure itself is often simplified in mass claims proceedings.
The United States Indian Claims Commission: A Remedy for Ancient Wrongs, A Source of New Wrongs
Authors: Luebben Thomas E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historic mass dispossessions of land are among the most difficult problems that national governments and international tribunals are called upon to resolve. In the five hundred years since Columbus’ voyages to the New World, Europeans and their descendants have dispossessed Native Americans of most of the North American continent. Although the United States government has usually taken pains to cloak this process with the appearance of legitimacy and lawful process, including entering into treaties wherein Native Americans ceded large tracts of land, by the beginning of the twentieth century the United States faced an accumulation of Native American grievances extending through two centuries.
Litigating Mass Claims Involving Slavery and Jim Crow Under United States Law
Authors: Brooks Roy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Litigation provides an avenue of civil redress for past atrocities. Victims use the courts to exact justice from their perpetrators. This approach to redress—which can be called the “tort model”—emphasizes the compensation of victims and, sometimes, the punishment of perpetrators. Black Americans have invoked the tort model by filing lawsuits seeking “slave redress,” meaning redress for the atrocities of slavery and the concept of “Jim Crow.” These lawsuits have proliferated in recent years. Cases have been filed against the United States government and state governments for authorizing, protecting, and prolonging slavery and “Jim Crow laws” (“public actions”).