bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conditioned enhancement of natural killer cell activity, but not interferon, with camphor or saccharin‐Licl conditioned stimulus
Authors: Ghanta V. K. , Hiramoto N. S. , Solvason H. B. , Tyring S. K. , Spector N. H. , Hiramoto R. N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPavlovian conditioning of the natural killer (NK) cell response has been demonstrated by pairing camphor with polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly I: C) in nine association trials. The NK cell response could be conditioned also by using combined saccharin and lithium chlorid (LiCl) as the conditioned stimulus. The camphor and saccharin‐LiCl paradigms were tested to determine if the conditioned NK cell activity was the result of conditioning of the interferon response. Interferon levels were measured at 6 hr and NK cell activity at 24 hr after application of the conditioned stimulus. The interferon levels measured in separate experiments were not uniformly elevated in conditioned animals compared with controls.
Preproenkephalin mRNA in T‐Cells, macrophages, and mast cells
Authors: Martin J. , Prystowsky M. B. , Angeletti R. H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe presence of preproenkephaline mRNA in tumor cell lines derived from myeloid and mast cells was analyzed by RNA dot blot hybridization. A B‐cell lymphoma was negative for preproenkephalin mRNA, but several T‐cell lymphomas were positive. A mastocytoma and two macrophage cell lines were found to have high levels of preproenkephalin mRNA. Purified natural macrophages and mast cells also possessed easily detectable levels of this mRNA.
Novel processing pathway for proopiomelanocortin in lymphocytes: Endotoxin induction of a new prohormone‐Cleaving enzyme
Authors: Harbour D. V. , Smith E. M. , Blalock J. E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe have discovered that the immune system processes proopiomelanocortin (POMC) products differently depending on the stimulus for induction. We have shown that corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) induces the lymphocytes from C3HeB/FeJ lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐sensitive mice to produce adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) 1‐39 and β‐endorphin, whereas LPS induces these lymphocytes to produce ACTH 1‐23 to 26 and α‐ or γ‐endorphin. We have proposed that the smaller species of ACTH and endorphin are proteolytic cleavage products from ACTH 1‐39 and β‐endorphin analysis of C3HeB/FeJ LPS‐treatment B lymphocyte lysates showed an enzymatic activity at pH 5 but not pH 7 that cleaved ACTH 1‐39 into a smaller ACTH 1‐23 to 26. The B lymphocytes from C3HeB/FeJ (LPS‐resistant) mice expressed but did not process proopiomelanocortin after LPS or CRF treatment, nor did their B cells express the aforementioned enzymatic activity. Taken together, these data suggest a unique processing pathway in LPS‐treated B lymphocytes and one in which immunoreactive (ir)‐endorphins may play a role in the pathophysiology of endotoxic shock.
Neuroendocrine and metabolic responses induced by Interleukin‐1
Authors: Besedovsky H. , del Rey A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe have previously demonstrated that Interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), a cytokine mainly produced by activated monocytes, stimulates the pituitary–adrenal axis and affects glucose homeostasis. Comparative studies revealed that a β form of recombinant human IL‐1, similar to the mature peptide secreted naturally, is more powerful than other preparations of this monokine in stimulating adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and corticosteone output. Another monokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), does not share with IL‐1 the capacity to induce such effects. In extending out studies to rats, we showed that increased ACTH and blood corticosterone levels are also induced by IL‐1 in this species. Another in vivo activity of IL‐1 relates to its capacity to induce a reduction in blood glucose levels. Our studies strongly suggest that, as opposed to other effects elicited by IL‐1, blockade of prostaglandin synthesis does not effect the capacity of IL‐1 to stimulate insulin output and produce hypoglycemia. Administration of IL‐1 to adrenalectomized mice, which are defective in counterregulatory mechanisms of glucose homeostasis, resulted in marked hypoglycemia. In contrast to the response observed in normal mice, in adrenalectomized animals this effect was paralleled by decreased blood insulin levels. IL‐1 was also injected into alloxan‐diabetic mice. A marked reduction in blood glucose levels occurred in these animals. This effect was already noticeable 1 hr after injection. After 2 hr and for at least another 6 hr, glucose levels of alloxan‐treated mice injected with IL‐1 remained within the normal range. A possible early increase in release of residual insulin in diabetic animals was ruled out. These data, together with previous studies, suggest that IL‐1‐induced hypoglycemia is not only mediated by its insulin secretagogue effect. The fact that IL‐1, a key mediator of immunological and inflammatory reponses, affects crucial mechanisms under control of the central nervous system suggests that it play a major role in neuroendocrine immunoregulation.
Glial fibrillary acidic protein in chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in SJL/J mice
Authors: Smith M. E. , Eng L. F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe gliotic scar in the demyelinated plaque is a prominent feature of the pathology of multiple sclerosis. Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the SJL/J mouse has many characteristics in common with multiple sclerosis in the human, including the development of intense gliosis during the course of the demyelinating disease. With the use of antibody to the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) we have measured the increase of GFAP over an 11‐month course of chronic EAE. Intense staining of astrocyte fibers was seen around EAE lesions, which were most frequently observed in t he cerebellum, periventricular areas, and in the spinal cord, The relative amount of GFAP was estimated by preparation of cytoskeletal proteins from the affected CNS areas, separation of proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and quantitation of GFAP in relation to the 70‐kD neurofilament protein (NF) in gel scans. The ratio GFAP/70‐kD NF protein in control animals did not change significantly over 11 months, whereas this ratio gradually increased to 2.54 in animals with chronic relapsing EAE 6 months after immunization. Although some decrease of neural fibers may have contributed partially to this change in ratio, the amounts of GFAP were greatly increased.These results indicate that the SJL/J mouse with chronic relapsing EAE provides an excellent model with which to investigate the formation and development of the gliotic plaque analogous to that seen in demyelinated areas in multiple sclerosis tissue.
HLA‐DR restriction‐fragment‐length polymorphisms in narcolepsy
Authors: Holloman J. D. , Bell J. I. , Kilduff T. S. , Dement W. C. , Guilleminault C. , McDevitt H. O. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSeventeen white patients from the Stanford Sleep Disorders Clinic compaining of excessive daytime somnolence (EDS) were selected for restriction‐fragment‐length polymorphism (RFLP) studies. Fourteen of the patients with clinically diagnosed narcolepsy were seropositive for DR2. RFLP analysis of these patients compared with a homozygous DR2‐Dw2 cell line failed to reveal any polymorphism when digested with six restriction endonucleases and hybridized with three different cDNA probes. None of the three patients with central nervous system hypersomnia, a syndrom similar to narcolepsy, were DR2‐positive. We conclude that any polymorphism of the DRβ, DQα or DQβ, genes of DR2 narcoleptics that might distinguish them from DR2 nomals cannot be resolved through RELP analysis.
An in vivo and in vitro analysis of systemic immune function in mice with histologic evidence of neural transplant rejection
Authors: Nicholas M. K. , Stefansson K. , Antel J. P. , Arnason B. G. W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHistologic and immunocytochemical analyses of fetal neocortical tissue transplanted to the lateral vnetricle of ibred adult mice indicate that this tissue survives transplantation well if the donor and host are isogeneic. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the mouse is known as the H‐2 locus. H‐2‐incompatible neural transplants (allografts), unlike their H‐2‐identical counterpart (isografts), are characterized by the presence of T cells comprising both major T‐cell subsets and macrophages, and by a marked increase in the expression of both class I and class II (Ia) MHC antigens. These findings suggest a recognition of H‐2 alloantigens by the host's immune system followed by an appropriate effector response. We report here out attempts to demonstrate systemic host sensitization to alloantigens in micebearing H‐2‐incompatible intraventricular neural transplants. We measured the time to rejection of orthotopic skin grafts subsequent neural transplantation, splenocyte proliferative responses to alloantigens in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), and class I‐restricted antigen‐specific cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity. No significant differences were found in any of these tests of host systemic sensitization between mice with allogeneic neural transplants and those with isogeneic transplants or control animals. We conclude that intraventricular neural transplants, while recognized and affected by cells of the host's immune system, do not elicit a detectable systemic sensitization to class I H‐2 alloantigens. Rejection of neural transplants may depend on sensitization to class II H‐2 alloantigens, to so‐called minor histocompatibility antigens, or some combination thereof.
Receptor‐mediated transcytosis of transferrin across the blood‐brain barrier
Authors: Fishman J. B. , Rubin J. B. , Handrahan J. V. , Connor J. R. , Fine R. E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe perfusion of rat brain with 125I‐transferrin resulted in a receptor‐mediated uptake of transferrin into the endothelium of the blood‐brain barrier followed by its detecation in the brain. During a pulsechase experiment, 125I‐transferrin accumulated in the endothelial cells during the pulse, with a decrease of this intraendothelial radioactivity during the chase associated a concomitant increase in the nonvascular elements of the brain. The receptor‐mediated movement of transferrin across the blood‐brain barrier suggests that the brain may derive its iron through the transcytosis of iron‐loaded transferrin across the brain microvasculature. We discuss the likelihood that aluminum and other potentially toxic heavy metals, which also bind tightly to transferrin, may enter the brain by this pathway. We also discuss the possibility that other large molecules including neuroactive peptides and neurotrophic viruses may enter the brain through a similar receptor‐mediated, vesicular transcytotic route.
Preferential adhesion of brain astrocytes to laminin and central neurites to astrocytes
Authors: Pixley S. K. R. , Nieto‐Sampedro M. , Cotman C. W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAstrocytes from either fetal or newborn rat brain adhered preferentially to surfaces coated with active laminin. Neurites from septal neurons did not show a preference for active over inactive laminin. However, when given a choice between laminin and an astrocytic surface, septal cells preferred to extend neurities over astroglial processes. Hence, laminin paths can guide astrocyte migration, which, in turn, can guide neurite elongation.
Differentiation of cerebellar bipotential glial preecurosrs into oligodendrocytes in primary culture: Development profile of surface antigens and mitotic activity
Authors: Levi G. , Aloisi F. , Wilkin G. P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe have analyzed the changes in surface antigenic properties of cerebellar bipotential precursors of oligodendrocytes and type‐2 astrocytes during their differention into oligodendrocytes in serum‐free cultures and relationship between antigen expression and proliferation of these cells. Double immunofluorescence experiments with different monoclonal fluroescence experiments with different monoclonal antibodies (mabs) performed at various stages in vitro and immunocytolysis experiments provided evidence for the following antigenic development profile: at early stages in culture the progenitor cells are recognized by the mabs A2B5 and LB1 (which bind to surface gangliosides) but not by other mabs known to label immature or mature oligodendrocytes (04, 01, and anti‐galactocerebroside [GalC]). A few days later, the precursors start to express the 04 antigen; at this stage they maintain a bipotential nature and, in the presence of serum, they differentiate into type‐2 astrocytes. If maintained in serum‐free medium, the progenitor cells enter the oligodendrocyte differentiation compartment, acquiring GalC postivity. Soon after compartment GalC+, the cells lose both bipotentiality and the surface antigens binding A2B5 and LB1. They conserve, however, the antigen binding 04. Experiments of [3H]thymidine autoradiography combined with immunofluorescence showed that a greater proportion of the LB1+ cells incroporated the radioactive nucleoside into their nuclei as compared to the 04+ cells. No incorporation was present in GalC+ oligodendrocytes.
Myelin‐specific proteolipid protein is expressed in myelinating schwann cells but is not incorporated into myelin sheaths
Authors: Puckett C. , Hundson L. , Ono K. , Friedrich V. , Benecke J. , Dubois‐Dalcq M. , Lazzarini R. A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractContrary to widely held beliefs, the gene encoding proteolipid protein (PLP), the major structural protein of central nervous system myelin, is ecpressed in Schwann cells and their tumors. Proteolipid mRNA was identified in human acoustic neuromas and in rat and rabbit sciatic nerves using a human PLP cDNA as probe. Proteolipid protein itself was shown to be present in human and rat sciatic nerve Schwann cells by immunofluorescence microscopy and by Western blot analysis using antisera raised to a sythetic PLP polypeptide. Although easily detected in the Schwann cell body, PLP was not detected in the peripheral myelin itself, suggesting that PLP is preferentially excluded from this protion of the Schwann cell membrane.
Migration of cultured fetal spinal cord astrocytes into adult host cervical cord and medulla following transplantation into thoracie spinal cord
Authors: Goldberg W. J. , Bernstein J. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCell suspensions from 14‐days‐gestation rat spinal cord, which had previously been soaked for 1 hr in a 2 μg/ml solution of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL), were cultured on collagen gels containing laminin for 2 weeks. Pieces of the gel and attached cells were then transplanted into the dorsal column of adult host thoracic spinal cord. At 1, 2, and 3 months postimplantation (MPI), animals were sacrificed, and the spinal cords were removed, embaedded in paraffin, and sectioned at 8 μm for immunohistochemistry at the light microscopic level. Sections were double labeled for PHAL and utilized as a marker for transplant‐derived cells and glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP), a specific marker for astrocytes. Trnasplant‐derived astorcytes (PHAL‐GFAP positive cells) migrated from the transplantation site in both rostral and caudal directions and were observed within the host dorsal column ipsilateral to the transplantation site. At 2 months, latera migration into the contralateral dorsal coumn and ipsilateral dorsal horn was observed. At 3 MPI transplant‐derived astrocytes were observed in host medulla (nucleus gracilis). Transplant‐derived astrocytes were also observed on the glial limitans as far as nucleus gracilis. A migration rate of 0.72 mm/day was calculated, assuming a 14‐day delay in the initiation of migration. The ramifications of such extensive migration are discussed with regard to return of function and amelioration of lesion‐induced deficits.
Immunocytochemical demonstration of fibroblast growth factor in cultured chick and rat neurons
Authors: Janet T. , Grothe C. , Pettmann B. , Unsicker K. , Sensenbrenner M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe presence of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) was investigated by immunocytochemistry in cultured neuronal cells derived from the peripheral (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS) of chick and rat embryos. Polyclonal antimouse FGF antibodies, which cross‐react with basic and acidic FGF, were used in the peroxidase immunocytochemical staining method. FGF immunoreactivity was found in neurons. Staining intensity in chick and rat brain neuronal cells increased during the culture period, reached a maximum after 6–8 days, and subsequently declined. Embryonic chik ciliary and dorsal root ganglionic (DRG) neurons as well as DRG neurons from newborn rat displayed intense FGF immunoreactivity at 12 and 48 hr in culture. Nonneuronal cells were not stained. The data demonstrate for the first time that cultured neurons from the CNS and PNS contain FGF.
Demonstration of glucocorticoid receptor‐like immunoreactivity in glucocorticoid‐sensitive vasopressin and corticotropin‐releasing factor neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus
Authors: Uth R. M. , McKelvy J. F. , Harrison R. W. , Bohn M. C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMany parvocelular neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus express high levles of conticotropin releasing factor (CRF) or vasopressin following adrenalectomy. To determine whether gulcocorticoid receptor was used in cobination with polyclonal antisera directed against either vasopressin or CRF to permit simultanrous visulization of either peptide with gulcocorticiod receptor‐like immunoreactivity (IR). Rats were adrenlectomized (ADX) for 2 weeks to optimize numbers of vasopresin‐and CRF‐IR neurons. Six hours prior to sacrifice, a seprate group of adrenalectomized rats was treated with conticosterone (40 mg/kg). This short‐term re‐placement resulted in nuclear localization of gulcocorticoid receptor‐like‐IR but did not attenuate the increased numbers of CRF‐ and vasopressin‐Ir neurons observed after adrenlectomy. It was therfore possible to visualize vasopressin‐ or CRF‐IR and nuclear glucocorticoid receptor‐like‐Ir simultancously. Cell counts of deouble‐labeled neurons studied, which respond to adrenlectomy by increased peptide expression. Thse data suggest that a major feedback effect of gulcocorticoids on the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis is exerted directly within nuclei of CRF and vasopressin neurons.
Taurine and nifedipine protect retinal rod outer segment structure altered by removal of divalent cations
Authors: López‐Escalera R. , Morán J. , Pasantes‐Morales H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA protective effect of taurine on morphological alterations induced in isolated ROS by remotion of divalent cations is described. ROS damage is not observed when sodium or chloride is replaced by impermeant ions or in the presence of nifedipine (10μM). An increase acccumulation of22Na but not of36CI occurs in retinas incubated in dicalent cation free medium. Taurine (5–25mM) provides a concentration‐dependent protection to ROS structure. Taurine is also able to reduce the increased22Na influx to control values. These results suggest an interaction with calcium sites on ROS membranes which regulate sodium premeability.
Localization of glial cell antigens in the brains of young normal mice and the dysmyelinating mutant mice, Jimpy and Shiverer
Authors: Cammer W. , Tansey F. A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTissue sections from the brains of normal, jimpy, and shiverer mice were immunostained by the peroxidase antiperoxidase method for carbonic anhydrase (CA) and the putative astrocytic “markers” glutamine synthetase (GS) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The cells in normal gray matter that immunostained with anti‐CA and anti‐GS were similar to one another in size and process elaboration. In the normal gray matter there were relatively few GFAP‐positive astrocytes. When present, these cells resembled the CA‐and GS‐positive cells; however, the GFAP appeared to be concentrated in the astroglial processes, as distinguished from the cell bodies. Glial cell processes, immunostained for CA or GS, surrounded blood vessels and unstained neurons in the normal gray matter. The glial cells in shiverer gray matter were similar to those in the normal gray matter. When stained for GS or GFAP, the glial cells in the jimpy gray matter appeared to be somewhat hypertrophied, and when the glial cells in this mutant were stained for CA, the nuclei appeared to be swollen. It was concluded that some of the CA‐positive cells inthe gray matter of the normal and of each mutant mouse brain could be astrocytes. The patterns of immunostaining in the white matter emphasized the different complements of glial cells in the mutants. In the normal and shiverer mouse corpus callosum, CA, in particular, was detected only in the oligodendrocytes, their processes, and myelin. However, the data concerning the jimpy mouse suggested that the few CA‐positive cells in the corpus callosum of that mutant could be astrocytes.
Modulation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in rat brain and adrenals by exposure to cold
Authors: Richard F. , Faucon‐Biguet N. , Labatut R. , Rollet D. , Mallet J. , Buda M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe long‐term changes in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity induced by chronic exposure to cold in brain noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) were analyzed and compared to those measured in a peripheral tissue such as adrenals. This analysis was made possible at the level of one single tissue corresponding to one animal by the use of sensitive methods that allow assay of TH activity, protein, and mRNA levels in parallel from the same homogenate. The three parameters were measured in brain structures and adrenals of rats maintained at 4°C during 4 days and were compared to those of control animals kept at normal housing temperature (22°C). LC of rats exposed to cold contained 200% more TH mRNA than controls. The amount of TH protein in this area rose to as much as 164% that of controls. Similarly, the activity of the enzyme increased to 140% of the normal value. Thus, these observations show that (1) the increase in TH mRNA was much higher than the increase in protein levels, and that (2) the newly synthesized molecules have about the same activity as that present under normal conditions. In contrast to the LC, no variation of these parameters was observed in the substantia nigra. In the adrenals, the variations in the different parameters were qualitatively similar to that observed in the LC, although they were quantitatively higher: TH mRNA, TH protein, and TH activity levels were respectively 330%, 182%, and 167% that of control adrenals. Altogether, these results demonstrate that exposure to cold induces an alteration in TH synthesis in brain noradrenergic neurons as well as in adrenals.
Effect of epidermal growth factor on the labeling of the various RNA species and of nuclear proteins in primary rat astroglial cell cultures
Authors: Avola R. , Condorelli D. F. , Turpeenoja L. , Ingrao F. , Reale S. , Ragusa N. , Stella A. M. Giuffrida 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the labeling of various RNA species and of nuclear proteins in primary rat astroglial cell cultures. After 12 hours of EGF treatment in serumfree medium or chemically defined medium, significant increase in RNA labeling, and also in acid‐soluble radioactivity and RNA content, was observed. The ratio RNA/DNA was significantly higher in EGF‐treated cultures compared with controls. Ribosomal RNAs (28S and 18S), polyadenylated, and nonpolyadenylated RNAs showed a higher specific radioactivity in EGF‐treated cultures. Among the nuclear proteins, the labeling of basic proteins was enhanced by EGF treatment, whereas that of total nuclear acidic protein (NHPs) was less modified, except for some NHPs separated by gel electrophoresis with a molecular weight (MW) approximately 95‐83 and 44 kd, which were significantly more labeled in EGF‐treated cultures.