bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yarrowia lipolytica
Mutants Devoid of Pyruvate Carboxylase Activity Show an Unusual Growth Phenotype
Authors: Flores Carmen-Lisset , Gancedo Carlos 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

We have cloned and characterized the gene
PYC1
, encoding the unique pyruvate carboxylase in the dimorphic yeast
Yarrowia lipolytica
. The protein putatively encoded by the cDNA has a length of 1,192 amino acids and shows around 70% identity with pyruvate carboxylases from other organisms. The corresponding genomic DNA possesses an intron of 269 bp located 133 bp downstream of the starting ATG. In the branch motif of the intron, the sequence CCCTAAC, not previously found at this place in spliceosomal introns of
Y. lipolytica
, was uncovered. Disruption of the
PYC1
gene from
Y. lipolytica
did not abolish growth in glucose-ammonium medium, as is the case in other eukaryotic microorganisms. This unusual growth phenotype was due to an incomplete glucose repression of the function of the glyoxylate cycle, as shown by the lack of growth in that medium of double
pyc1 icl1
mutants lacking both pyruvate carboxylase and isocitrate lyase activity. These mutants grew when glutamate, aspartate, or Casamino Acids were added to the glucose-ammonium medium. The cDNA from the
Y. lipolytica PYC1
gene complemented the growth defect of a
Saccharomyces cerevisiae pyc1 pyc2
mutant, but introduction of either the
S. cerevisiae PYC1
or
PYC2
gene into
Y. lipolytica
did not result in detectable pyruvate carboxylase activity or in growth on glucose-ammonium of a
Y. lipolytica pyc1 icl1
double mutant.
The Heterotrimeric G-Protein Subunits GNG-1 and GNB-1 Form a Gβγ Dimer Required for Normal Female Fertility, Asexual Development, and Gα Protein Levels in
Neurospora crassa
Authors: Krystofova Svetlana , Borkovich Katherine A. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

We have identified a gene encoding a heterotrimeric G protein γ subunit,
gng-1
, from the filamentous fungus
Neurospora crassa. gng-1
possesses a gene structure similar to that of mammalian Gγ genes, consisting of three exons and two introns, with introns present in both the open reading frame and 5′-untranslated region. The GNG-1 amino acid sequence displays high identity to predicted Gγ subunits from other filamentous fungi, including
Giberella zeae
,
Cryphonectria parasitica
,
Trichoderma harzianum
, and
Magnaporthe grisea
. Deletion of
gng-1
leads to developmental defects similar to those previously characterized for Δ
gnb-1
(Gβ) mutants. Δ
gng-1
, Δ
gnb-1
, and Δ
gng-1
Δ
gnb-1
strains conidiate inappropriately in submerged cultures and are female sterile, producing aberrant female reproductive structures. Similar to previous results obtained with Δ
gnb-1
mutants, loss of
gng-1
negatively influences levels of Gα proteins (GNA-1, GNA-2, and GNA-3) in plasma membrane fractions isolated from various tissues of
N. crassa
and leads to a significant reduction in the amount of intracellular cyclic AMP. In addition, we show that GNB-1 is essential for maintenance of normal steady-state levels of GNG-1, suggesting a functional interaction between GNB-1 and GNG-1. Direct evidence for a physical association between GNB-1 and GNG-1 in vivo was provided by coimmunoprecipitation.
Under-recognised paradox of neuropathy from rapid glycaemic control
Authors: Leow M K S , Wyckoff J 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Insulin induced neuropathy has been reported previously in people with diabetes treated with insulin, and subsequently reported in patients with insulinomas. However, neuropathy caused by rapid glycaemic control in patients with poorly controlled diabetes with chronic hyperglycaemia is not a widely recognised entity among clinicians worldwide. It is expected that this phenomenon of paradoxical complication of neuropathy in the face of drastic decreases in glycosylated haemoglobin concentrations will assume greater importance with clinicians achieving glycaemic targets at a faster pace than before.
Current dilemmas in overseas doctors’ training
Authors: Sandhu D P S 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
International medical graduates (IMGs) are a remarkably successful professional group in the United Kingdom making up to 30% of the NHS work force. Their very success and media publicity about general practice and consultant shortages, has led to a large influx of inexperienced doctors seeking training opportunities in competitive specialties. In 2003 a record 15 549 doctors joined the medical register of which 9336 doctors were non-European Economic Area citizens. The number of candidates sitting PLAB part 1 and part 2 in 2003 rose by 267% and 283% respectively compared with 2001. Changes to Department of Health, Home Office, and deanery regulations with expansion of medical schools, implementation of European Working Time Directive, Modernising Medical Careers, and the future role of the Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Board, will have an important impact on IMGs’ training. Dissemination of realistic information about postgraduate training opportunities is important as the NHS for some time will continue to rely on IMGs.
Reforme et restructuration de l’enseignement de l’islam dans les colleges marocains
Authors: Faoubar Mohamed 
Published: February 2005

English The author draws a comparison between two manuals, the old and the new, aimed at teaching Islam in Morocco. Whereas the old manual situated the student uniquely in a relationship with God, the one resulting from reforms in education tries to respond to the questions and expectations of the young today and joins the teaching of Islamic values to social and cultural reality. In so doing, it transmits the image of a modern Islam, integrating realities and values linked to modernity, such as communication, openness of spirit, science, reason, tolerance and the rights of man. It moreover seeks to give young people a civic consciousness, designed to help them become responsible citizens. French L'auteur esquisse une comparaison entre deux manuels, l'ancien et le nouveau, destinés à l'enseignement de l'islam au Maroc. Alors que l'ancien manuel situait l'élève uniquement dans une relation à Dieu, celui qui suivit la réforme de l'enseignement tente de répondre aux questions et aux attentes des jeunes d'aujourd'hui et d'articuler l'enseignement des valeurs de l'islam à la réalité sociale et culturelle. Ce faisant, il véhicule l'image d'un islam moderne, intégrant des réalités et des valeurs liées à la modernité telles que la communication, l'ouverture d'esprit, la science, la raison, la tolérance et les droits de l'homme. De plus, il cherche à donner aux jeunes une conscience civique pour les aider à devenir des citoyens responsables.
L’islamisme officiel marocain et la lutte contre les plaisirs
Authors: Clement Jean-Francois 
Published: February 2005

English The official Moroccan Islamists of the PJD (Party for Justice and Development), here studied through articles in their press (the Tajdîd daily newspaper), from time to time denounce the pleasures offered in contemporary Moroccan society. Thus, it is possible to see which pleasures are significant for them but also we can discover how they conceive of what is called by them the divine Law. This is perceived to be a remote ideal to introduce gradually into the customs, according to alliances with non-Islamists, relating to the present political climate. It is not God who imposes His Law, but men who organize religion with their rules, according to the contingent forces. French Les islamistes officiels marocains du PJD (Parti pour la Justice et le Développement), étudiés au travers des articles de leur presse (le quotidien Tajdîd), dénoncent, de temps à autre, les plaisirs offerts dans l'actuelle société marocaine. Cela permet de voir quels plaisirs sont importants à leurs yeux mais aussi de savoir comment ils conçoivent ce qu'ils appellent la Loi divine. Celle-ci est perçue comme un idéal lointain à introduire progressivement dans les moeurs selon des alliances conjoncturelles, et très politiques, avec des non-islamistes. Ce n'est pas Dieu qui impose sa Loi, mais les hommes qui bricolent avec leurs règles selon des rapports de forces contingents.
The Molecular Biology Toolkit (MBT): a modular platform for developing molecular visualization applications
Authors: Moreland John L , Gramada Apostol , Buzko Oleksandr V , Zhang Qing , Bourne Philip E 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
The large amount of data that are currently produced in the biological sciences can no longer be explored and visualized efficiently with traditional, specialized software. Instead, new capabilities are needed that offer flexibility, rapid application development and deployment as standalone applications or available through the Web.

Results
We describe a new software toolkit – the Molecular Biology Toolkit (MBT; http://mbt.sdsc.edu) – that enables fast development of applications for protein analysis and visualization. The toolkit is written in Java, thus offering platform-independence and Internet delivery capabilities. Several applications of the toolkit are introduced to illustrate the functionality that can be achieved.

Conclusions
The MBT provides a well-organized assortment of core classes that provide a uniform data model for the description of biological structures and automate most common tasks associated with the development of applications in the molecular sciences (data loading, derivation of typical structural information, visualization of sequence and standard structural entities).
The evolution of the Sin1 gene product, a little known protein implicated in stress responses and type I interferon signaling in vertebrates
Authors: Wang Shu-Zong , Roberts R Michael 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
In yeast, birds and mammals, the SAPK-interacting protein 1 (Sin1) gene product has been implicated as a component of the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) signal transduction pathway. Recently, Sin1 has also been shown to interact with the carboxyl terminal end of the cytoplasmic domain of the ovine type I interferon receptor subunit 2 (IFNAR2). However, the function of Sin1 remains unknown. Since SAPK pathways are ancient and the IFN system is confined to vertebrates, the organization of the Sin1 gene and the sequences of the Sin1 protein have been compared across a wide taxonomic range of species.

Results
Sin1 is represented, apparently as a single gene, in all metazoan species and fungi but is not detectable in protozoa, prokaryotes, or plants. Sin1 is highly conserved in vertebrates (79–99% identity at amino acid level), which possess an interferon system, suggesting that it has been subjected to powerful evolutionary constraint that has limited its diversification.
Sin1 possesses at least two unique sequences in its IFNAR2-interacting region that are not represented in insects and other invertebrates. Sequence alignment between vertebrates and insects revealed five Sin1 strongly conserved domains (SCDs I-V), but an analysis of any of these domains failed to identify known functional protein motifs. SCD III, which is approximately 129 amino acids in length, is particularly highly conserved and is present in all the species examined, suggesting a conserved function from fungi to mammals. The coding region of the vertebrate Sin1 gene encompasses 11 exon and 10 introns, while in C. elegans the gene consists of 10 exons and 9 introns organized distinctly from those of vertebrates. In yeast and insects, Sin1 is intronless.

Conclusions
The study reveals the phylogeny of a little studied gene which has recently been implicated in two important signal transduction pathways, one ancient (stress response), one relatively new (interferon signaling).
Specialized microbial databases for inductive exploration of microbial genome sequences
Authors: Fang Gang , Ho Christine , Qiu Yaowu , Cubas Virginie , Yu Zhou , Cabau Cédric , Cheung Frankie , Moszer Ivan , Danchin Antoine 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
The enormous amount of genome sequence data asks for user-oriented databases to manage sequences and annotations. Queries must include search tools permitting function identification through exploration of related objects.

Methods
The GenoList package for collecting and mining microbial genome databases has been rewritten using MySQL as the database management system. Functions that were not available in MySQL, such as nested subquery, have been implemented.

Results
Inductive reasoning in the study of genomes starts from "islands of knowledge", centered around genes with some known background. With this concept of "neighborhood" in mind, a modified version of the GenoList structure has been used for organizing sequence data from prokaryotic genomes of particular interest in China. GenoChore http://bioinfo.hku.hk/genochore.html, a set of 17 specialized end-user-oriented microbial databases (including one instance of Microsporidia, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, a member of Eukarya) has been made publicly available. These databases allow the user to browse genome sequence and annotation data using standard queries. In addition they provide a weekly update of searches against the world-wide protein sequences data libraries, allowing one to monitor annotation updates on genes of interest. Finally, they allow users to search for patterns in DNA or protein sequences, taking into account a clustering of genes into formal operons, as well as providing extra facilities to query sequences using predefined sequence patterns.

Conclusion
This growing set of specialized microbial databases organize data created by the first Chinese bacterial genome programs (ThermaList, Thermoanaerobacter tencongensis, LeptoList, with two different genomes of Leptospira interrogans and SepiList, Staphylococcus epidermidis) associated to related organisms for comparison.
Effects of the search technique on the measurement of the change in quality of randomized controlled trials over time in the field of brain injury
Authors: Borsody Mark K , Yamada Chisa 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
To determine if the search technique that is used to sample randomized controlled trial (RCT) manuscripts from a field of medical science can influence the measurement of the change in quality over time in that field.

Methods
RCT manuscripts in the field of brain injury were identified using two readily-available search techniques: (1) a PubMed MEDLINE search, and (2) the Cochrane Injuries Group (CIG) trials registry. Seven criteria of quality were assessed in each manuscript and related to the year-of-publication of the RCT manuscripts by regression analysis.

Results
No change in the frequency of reporting of any individual quality criterion was found in the sample of RCT manuscripts identified by the PubMed MEDLINE search. In the RCT manuscripts of the CIG trials registry, three of the seven criteria showed significant or near-significant increases over time.

Conclusions
We demonstrated that measuring the change in quality over time of a sample of RCT manuscripts from the field of brain injury can be greatly affected by the search technique. This poorly recognized factor may make measurements of the change in RCT quality over time within a given field of medical science unreliable.
Mental health first aid responses of the public: results from an Australian national survey
Authors: Jorm Anthony F , Blewitt Kelly A , Griffiths Kathleen M , Kitchener Betty A , Parslow Ruth A 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
The prevalence of mental disorders is so high that members of the public will commonly have contact with someone affected. How they respond to that person (the mental health first aid response) may affect outcomes. However, there is no information on what members of the public might do in such circumstances.

Methods
In a national survey of 3998 Australian adults, respondents were presented with one of four case vignettes and asked what they would do if that person was someone they had known for a long time and cared about. There were four types of vignette: depression, depression with suicidal thoughts, early schizophrenia, and chronic schizophrenia. Verbatim responses to the open-ended question were coded into categories.

Results
The most common responses to all vignettes were to encourage professional help-seeking and to listen to and support the person. However, a significant minority did not give these responses. Much less common responses were to assess the problem or risk of harm, to give or seek information, to encourage self-help, or to support the family. Few respondents mentioned contacting a professional on the person's behalf or accompanying them to a professional. First aid responses were generally more appropriate in women, those with less stigmatizing attitudes, and those who correctly identified the disorder in the vignette.

Conclusions
There is room for improving the range of mental health first aid responses in the community. Lack of knowledge of mental disorders and stigmatizing attitudes are important barriers to effective first aid.
Treatment outcome of new culture positive pulmonary tuberculosis in Norway
Authors: Farah Mohamed Guled , Tverdal Aage , Steen Tore W , Heldal Einar , Brantsaeter Arne B , Bjune Gunnar 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
The key elements in tuberculosis (TB) control are to cure the individual patient, interrupt transmission of TB to others and prevent the tubercle bacilli from becoming drug resistant. Incomplete treatment may result in excretion of bacteria that may also acquire drug resistance and cause increased morbidity and mortality. Treatment outcome results serves as a tool to control the quality of TB treatment provided by the health care system. The aims of this study were to evaluate the treatment outcome for new cases of culture positive pulmonary TB registered in Norway during the period 1996–2002 and to identify factors associated with non-successful treatment.

Methods
This was a register-based cohort study. Treatment outcome was assessed according to sex, birthplace, age group, isoniazid (INH) susceptibility, mode of detection and treatment periods (1996–1997, 1998–1999 and 2000–2002). Logistic regression was also used to estimate the odds ratio for treatment success vs. non-success with 95% confidence interval (CI), taking the above variables into account.

Results
Among the 655 patients included, the total treatment success rate was 83% (95% CI 80%–86%). The success rates for those born in Norway and abroad were 79% (95% CI 74%–84%) and 86% (95% CI 83%–89%) respectively. There was no difference in success rates by sex and treatment periods. Twenty-two patients (3%) defaulted treatment, 58 (9%) died and 26 (4%) transferred out. The default rate was higher among foreign-born and male patients, whereas almost all who died were born in Norway. The majority of the transferred out group left the country, but seven were expelled from the country. In the multivariate analysis, only high age and initial INH resistance remained as significant risk factors for non-successful treatment.

Conclusion
Although the TB treatment success rate in Norway has increased compared to previous studies and although it has reached a reasonable target for treatment outcome in low-incidence countries, the total success rate for 1996–2002 was still slightly below the WHO target of success rate of 85%. Early diagnosis of TB in elderly patients to reduce the death rate, abstaining from expulsion of patients on treatment and further measures to prevent default could improve the success rate further.
Revisiting immunosurveillance and immunostimulation: Implications for cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Ichim Christine V 
Published: February 2005

AbstractExperimental and clinical experience demonstrates that the resolution of a pathogenic challenge depends not only on the presence or absence of an immune reaction, but also on the initiation of the proper type of immune reaction. The initiation of a non-protective type of immune reaction will not only result in a lack of protection, but may also exacerbate the underlying condition. For example, in cancer, constituents of the immune system have been shown to augment tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastases. This review discusses the duality of the role of the immune system in cancer, from the theories of immunosurveillance and immunostimulation to current studies, which illustrate that the immune system has both a protective role and a tumor-promoting role in neoplasia. The potential of using chemotherapy to inhibit a tumor-promoting immune reaction is also discussed.
In vitro bioassay as a predictor of in vivo response
Authors: Barnard Ross , Gurevich Konstantin G 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
There is a substantial discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo experiments. The purpose of the present work was development of a theoretical framework to enable improved prediction of in vivo response from in vitro bioassay results.

Results
For dose-response curve reaches a plateau in vitro we demonstrated that the in vivo response has only one maximum. For biphasic patterns of biological response in vitro both the bimodal and biphasic in vivo responses might be observed.

Conclusion
As the main result of this work we have demonstrated that in vivo responses might be predicted from dose-effect curves measured in vitro.
HIV-1 Tat, apoptosis and the mitochondria: a tubulin link?
Authors: Giacca Mauro 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The Tat protein of HIV-1 is a powerful activator of viral gene expression. Besides this essential function at the HIV-1 promoter, the protein also exerts a remarkable number of other biological activities, among which the induction of cellular apoptosis. Two papers now published in Retrovirology provide possible molecular mechanisms for the pro-apoptotic effect of Tat, which involve the cell's microtubular network and the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis.
Levels of gastrin-releasing peptide and substance P in synovial fluid and serum correlate with levels of cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Grimsholm Ola , Rantapää-Dahlqvist Solbritt , Forsgren Sture 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIt is well known that cytokines are highly involved in the disease process of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recently, targeting of neuropeptides has been suggested to have potential therapeutic effects in RA. The aim of this study was to investigate possible interrelations between five neuropeptides (bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (BN/GRP), substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin-gene-related peptide, and neuropeptide Y) and the three cytokines tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in synovial fluid of patients with RA. We also investigated possible interrelations between these neuropeptides and soluble TNF receptor 1 in serum from RA patients. Synovial fluid and sera were collected and assayed with ELISA or RIA. The most interesting findings were correlations between BN/GRP and SP and the cytokines. Thus, in synovial fluid, the concentrations of BN/GRP and SP grouped together with IL-6, and SP also grouped together with TNF-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. BN/GRP and SP concentrations in synovial fluid also grouped together with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. In the sera, BN/GRP concentrations and soluble TNF receptor 1 concentrations were correlated. These results are of interest because blocking of SP effects has long been discussed in relation to RA treatment and because BN/GRP is known to have trophic and growth-promoting effects and to play a role in inflammation and wound healing. Furthermore, the observations strengthen a suggestion that combination treatment with agents interfering with neuropeptides and cytokines would be efficacious in the treatment of RA. In conclusion, BN/GRP and SP are involved together with cytokines in the neuroimmunomodulation that occurs in the arthritic joint.