bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Content overlap of 91 dystonia symptoms among the seven most commonly used cervical dystonia scales
Authors: Chrobak Adrian Andrzej , Rusinek Jakub , Dec-Ćwiek Małgorzata , Porębska Karolina , Siwek Marcin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction
Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions. Cervical dystonia (CD) is the most common focal dystonia. There are several instruments assessing the symptoms of CD. However, different scales assess different features which may lead to poor patient evaluation.

Aim
The aim of the study was to evaluate the degree of overlap of most often used CD rating scales identified by the literature review.

Methods
A thorough search of the Medline database was conducted in September 2021. Then the frequency of each scale was calculated, and 7 most common scales were included in the content overlap analysis using Jaccard index (0 – no overlap, 1 – full overlap).

Results
Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS), Tsui score, Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS), Cervical Dystonia Impact Profile 58 (CDIP-58), Craniocervical Dystonia Questionnaire 24 (CDQ-24), Cervical Dystonia Severity Rating Scale (CDSS), Cervical Dystonia Severity Rating Scale (DDS) and The Dystonia Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire (DNMSQuest) were the most common scales. 91 CD symptoms were distinguished from 134 items used in the scales. The mean overlap among all scales was 0.17. 52 (62%) symptoms were examined by more than one scale. The CIDP-58 captured the highest number of symptoms (63.0%), while the CDSS captured the lowest number (8.0%). None of the symptoms were examined by seven instruments.

Conclusions
There was a very weak overlap among scales. High inconsistency between the scales may lead to highly different dystonia severity assessment in clinical practice. Thus, the instruments should be combined.
Tracking Magnetopause Motion Using Cold Plasmaspheric Ions
Authors: LLera K. , Fuselier S. A. , Petrinec S. M. , Rice R. C. , Burch J. L. , Giles B. , Trattner K. J. , Strangeway R. J. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractWe demonstrate that any plasmaspheric/cold ions accelerated in the vicinity of the magnetopause boundary, can proxy the local magnetopause motion over many minutes. The timeseries of this motion capture local structures such as waves on the boundary. We determine cold ion velocities normal to full magnetopause boundary crossings for three events with varying distances to the predicted reconnection X‐line, thus, providing a proof‐of‐concept study demonstrating the potential for using cold ion velocities to track magnetopause motion over a long period of time. Obtaining the time history of the (local) motion of the magnetopause relative to the spacecraft is determined by integrating the bulk (<100 eV for H+) ion velocities normal to the boundary. Timeseries of these tracked cold ion accelerations may be used to investigate boundary layer thicknesses, potential wave structures on the magnetopause, and their evolution beyond the boundary crossing. This method generally tracks magnetopause motion out to distances of ∼1–2RE away from the spacecraft during quasi‐steady space weather conditions.
Gut microbiota depletion aggravates bile acid-induced liver pathology in mice with a human-like bile acid composition
Authors: Verkade Esther , Shen Wenqiang , Hovingh Milaine V. , Mulder Niels L. , de Bruyn Krisztina , Koehorst Martijn , de Vries Hilde D. , Bloks Vincent W. , Kuipers Folkert , de Boer Jan Freark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cyp2c70-deficient mice have a human-like bile acid (BA) composition due to their inability to convert chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) into rodent-specific muricholic acids (MCAs). However, the hydrophobic BA composition in these animals is associated with liver pathology. Although Cyp2c70-ablation has been shown to alter gut microbiome composition, the impact of gut bacteria on liver pathology in Cyp2c70−/− mice remains to be established. Therefore, we treated young-adult male and female wild-type (WT) and Cyp2c70−/− mice with antibiotics (AB) with broad specificity to deplete the gut microbiota and assessed the consequences on BA metabolism and liver pathology. Female Cyp2c70−/− mice did not tolerate AB treatment, necessitating premature termination of the experiment. Male Cyp2c70−/− mice did tolerate AB but showed markedly augmented liver pathology after 6 weeks of treatment. Dramatic downregulation of hepatic Cyp8b1 expression (−99%) caused a reduction in the proportions of 12α-hydroxylated BAs in the circulating BA pools of AB-treated male Cyp2c70−/− mice. Interestingly, the resulting increased BA hydrophobicity strongly correlated with various indicators of liver pathology. Moreover, genetic inactivation of Cyp8b1 in livers of male Cyp2c70−/− mice increased liver pathology, while addition of ursodeoxycholic acid to the diet prevented weight loss and liver pathology in AB-treated female Cyp2c70−/− mice. In conclusion, depletion of gut microbiota in Cyp2c70−/− mice aggravates liver pathology at least in part by increasing the hydrophobicity of the circulating BA pool. These findings highlight that the potential implications of AB administration to cholestatic patients should be evaluated in a systematic manner.
A wideband cylindrical conformal microstrip mimo antenna array
Authors: Qian Song‐Song , Sheng Ke‐Long , Zhou Song‐Zhao , Long Xun‐Peng , Zong Zhi‐Yuan , Wu Wen 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIn this paper, a wideband cylindrical conformal microstrip antenna array employing a proximity‐coupled feeding mechanism with a cavity‐backed configuration is designed and fabricated. Compared with other conformal microstrip patch antennas by using linear subarrays assembled piecewise, this design uses Teflon instead of traditional dielectric layers, and makes it possible to process the whole conformal array without splicing, obtaining the freedom in unit size and array radius adjustment except ease of manufacturing and assemblage. Combined with the optimization of the cavity size, an array with 4 × 4 elements is obtained which has a bandwidth of 40% from 8 to 12 GHz and a gain of 16.4 dB.
Leveraging IoT data stream for near‐real‐time calibration of city‐scale microscopic traffic simulation
Authors: Pourmoradnasseri Mozhgan , Khoshkhah Kaveh , Hadachi Amnir 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe emergence of smart cities is set to transform transportation systems by leveraging real‐time traffic data streams to monitor urban dynamics. This complements traditional microscopic simulation methods, offering a detailed digital portrayal of real‐time traffic conditions. A framework for near‐real‐time city‐scale traffic demand estimation and calibration is proposed. By utilising Internet of Things (IoT) sensors on select roads, the framework generates microscopic simulations in congested networks. The proposed calibration method builds upon the standard bi‐level optimization formulation. It presents a significant computational advantage over available methods by (i) formulating the optimization problem as a bounded variable quadratic programming, (ii) acquiring sequential optimization technique by splitting computations into short time frames while considering the dependency of the demand in successive time frames, (iii) performing parallel simulations for dynamic traffic assignment in corresponding time frames using the open source tool Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO), and (iv) feeding traffic count data of each time frame as a stream to the model. The approach accommodates high‐dimensional real‐time applications without extensive prior traffic demand knowledge. Validation in synthetic networks and Tartu City case study showcases scalability, accuracy, and computational efficiency.
Key comparison BIPM.RI(I)-K3 of the air-kerma standards of the BFKH, Hungary, and the BIPM in medium-energy x-rays
Authors: Burns D T , Kessler C , Finta V 
Published: November 2023

Main text
A key comparison has been made between the air-kerma standards of the BFKH, Hungary, and the BIPM in the medium-energy x-ray range. The results show the standards to be in agreement at the level of the expanded uncertainty of the comparison of 6.2 parts in 103. The results are analysed and presented in terms of degrees of equivalence, suitable for entry in the BIPM key comparison database.
To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Statistics for quantifying aging in time transfer system delays
Authors: Parker T E , Brown R C , Sherman J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Residual time delays in time transfer systems such as two-way satellite time and frequency transfer (TWSTFT), or GPS carrier phase (GPSCP) change over time. A double difference such as TWSTFT—GPSCP provides information on the changes in the relative time delays of the two systems. These changes are referred to as aging or time dispersion. A first difference statistic, RMS time interval error, TIERMS, provides the RMS time dispersion. The time deviation statistic (TDEV) or a variation on the Allan deviation (ADEV), referred to here as ADEVS, provide information on the nature of the random fluctuations in aging. This paper describes analytical and Monte Carlo techniques used to estimate the aging (time dispersion) from TDEV or ADEVS statistics, and finds that the aging can be more than a factor of four larger than TDEV or ADEVS. The use of ADEVS is recommended over TDEV since it is sensitive to time drift.
Older widows and couples in contemporary society
Authors: Freer Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Current trends in ageing mean that the advantageous lifespan of women will lead to even greater numbers of widows in the older population. Indeed, it could be argued that the most important current feminist issue is the status and role of widows in contemporary society. At the same time overall improvements in health, fitness, and survival rates will lead to greater numbers of couples growing older together.
Pre-retirement education and the role of the GP
Authors: Coleman Allin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that it might be a good thing for people to come together in an educational environment to prepare for retirement has gained ground steadily in this country since the 1950s. The earliest recorded pre-retirement course took place in the United States in 1949, while in Britain the National Old People’s Welfare Council (now Age Concern) set up a Preparation for Retirement Study Group in 1955, and ran an experimental weekend residential course in 1958.
‘Everyone wants to go to heaven, but no one wants to die.’ Screening women over 75—a health promotion approach
Authors: Tilston Jane , Williams Jude 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of this chapter is a quotation from an interview with an elderly woman in which she expressed her views about cancer screening. Being offered screening would have meant having to cope with the possibility of facing up to cancer. Her dilemma was the right to knowledge and control over her body, and the fear of the worst and how this would have affected her. The dilemma was complicated by her feelings that older women were often excluded from preventive health care, and that there was little support available to help women cope with the illness and disability they experienced.
Road traffic accidents and falls
Authors: Guly H R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘RTA’ as the only history appearing on the A& E record is inadequate. Injuries are caused by forces acting on the human body and it is important to estimate the size and direction of those forces and to know what restraining methods were used (e.g. seat belts, air bags). Estimates of speed may be inaccurate but an assessment of the damage to the vehicle (e.g. the amount of intrusion of the doors or roof and the integrity of the frame) will give a good indication of the forces involved and provide valuable clues to the types of injury to be expected.
Inherited Disorders of the Kidney
Authors: Morgan Stephen H , Grunfeld Jean-Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inherited disorders of the kidney are becoming important, not only in pediatric nephrological practice, but also in adult nephrology, representing a high proportion of patients with end-stage renal failure. In almost 50% of all children and in 15% of adults accepted for renal replacement therapy, the causative disorders have a hereditary basis. Many of these disorders are apparent at birth but may not cause renal failure until adolescence. Others may not present until adult life. The contribution of these disorders to adult nephrological practice has so far been understated in most of the existing textbooks. This book presents a practical approach to the investigation and management of patients with inherited renal disorders. The book is aimed at both established pediatric and adult nephrologists, as well as nephrologists in training, and will also be of interest to pediatricians, geneticists, and research workers in this field.
Genetic counselling
Authors: Patton Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medical genetics is a relatively new discipline and one which has expanded extremely rapidly over the last decade. The initial development of knowledge was slow. In 1865, George Mendel developed the basic laws of Mendelian inheritance, but his work remained in obscurity until it was ‘rediscovered’ and presented to the scientific world. In 1901, Sir Archibald Garrod described the condition alkaptonuria (homogentisic acid oxidase deficiency) and coined the term ‘inborn error of metabolism’ to describe conditions that were both inherited and biochemical in their aetiology. In 1903, Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri independently recognized the threadlike structures in the nucleus were connected with the transmission of inherited characteristics, and used the term ‘chromosomes’ to describe them.
Genetic aspects of primary glomerular diseases and haemolytic-uraemic syndrome
Authors: Levy Micheline , Lesavre Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past, it was generally assumed that haemolytic-uraemic syndrome and primary glomerular diseases were randomly distributed in the population and, in most large series, there was no mention of affected relatives.Although systematic examination of patients’ relatives remains an uncommon approach in nephrology, a few authors pointed out occasional families having two (or more) affected relatives. Such an investigation in a series of 860 patients with primary chronic glomerulonephritis identified, besides families with Alport’s syndrome, a relatively small number of patients with affected relatives (six with IgA nephropathy and one with nephrotic syndrome with focal glomer ular sclerosis) (Rambausek et al. 1987).
The primary hyperoxalurias
Authors: Morgan Stephen H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although oxalate has a biological role in plants and fungi-providing a protective calcium oxalate exoskeleton-no useful function has been defined in man. Nonetheless, a normal adult will excrete up to 0.Smmol/24h of oxalate in the urine derived from diet and the endogenous metabolism of glyoxylate and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) (Fig. 22.1). An excess biological load of oxalate is potentially harmful as the calcium salt is very insoluble at physiological pHs (Hodgkin son 1977).
Diagnostic imaging of renal cystic diseases
Authors: King Bernard F , Matsumoto Jane S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Renal cysts are the end result of many disorders. Diagnostic imaging findings do allow for a method of classification that correlates well with the various pathological entities and provides a practical approach to the evaluation of cystic diseases (Zerres et al. 1984; Bernstein 1990; Torres 1990).
Kidney Failure The Facts
Authors: Cameron Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost one million people around the world suffer from kidney disease and owe their lives to dialysis or transplantation. Over the past 20 years their prospects for treatment and survival have dramatically improved thanks to medical advances. This book has been written with these patients and their families in mind. After explaining the causes and symptoms of kidney failure, the various treatment options are considered, in particular dialysis and transplantations. Throughout, the book aims to help patients understand how this disease and its treatment will affect their lives, and provides information covering every practical aspect of the disease.
Treatments of kidney failure: peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Cameron Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the treatment of kidney failure by peritoneal di,ilysis (PD). Because it is a dialysis treatment, it holds you in a state of mild kidney failure, rather than curing it. Peritoneal dialysis has much in common with haemodialysis. The basis of dialysis and uraemia in general have already been discussed; please refer to Chapter 5 about chronic kidney failure, and Chapter 6 on haemodialysis.
Teamwork and the organization of services
Authors: Dickenson Donna , Fulford Bill (Kwm) 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Issues of teamwork, although not separated out as such, have been woven through many of the ethical dilemmas raised in earlier chapters. The different models of disorder represented by different members of multidisciplinary teams were important in coming to a balance between moral and medical conceptions of mental disorder in Chapter 3; in Chapter 4, the different value perspectives of team members as well as of users and carers were crucial to diagnosis; these perspectives were important, too, in the discussion of aetiology in Chapter 5, in coming to an understanding of the meanings (as well as to explanations of the causes) of mental disorder; the skills base of the multi disciplinary team was important to treatment in Chapter 6 generally, but also to the management of involuntary treatment discussed in Chapter 2; and shared decision making was essential to the problems of risk management dis cussed in Chapter 7.
Genetic and hormonal factors influencing growth and maturation
Authors: Sinclair David , Dangerfield Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the growth of the individual is the result of a complex interaction of many different factors, which include genetic and environmental influences, it is clear that the genetic component of the individual and what they inherit from their parents is a powerful factor in how they progress through life (Fig. 7.1). For example, the best way of growing tall and heavy is to have tall and heavy parents, while studies of twins have shown that body shape and size, deposition of fat, and patterns of growth, are all more nearly related to a genetic influence rather than to external factors.
Disturbances of growth
Authors: Sinclair David , Dangerfield Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many different conditions which are associated with short stature. While some of these conditions are rarities, others are fairly common and important and demand medical attention These can include chronic disease of the kidneys or deficiencies in the capacity of the gut to absorb certain foodstuffs, a group called malabsorption diseases. Short stature is usually defined as a height below the third centile line for age on the Tanner Whitehouse chart.
The kidney in tropical infections
Authors: Barsoum Rashad S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘tropical zone ‘ is classically defined as that lying within 10° on either side of the Equator. However, the term is conventionally applied to a wider range extending from the Cancer to the Capricorn orbits, thereby including the whole of South-east Asia and Central America, most of Africa, Arabia, India, and significant parts of Australia, South America, and .Mexico (Fig. 11.1).
Treatment: options in general practice
Authors: Hope Sally 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary care nurse and general practitioner (GP) now spend much more time talking to women about the menopause than they did 15 years ago. There has been a bewildering explosion of hormone replacement therapy (HR T) preparations which has allowed for more flexibility in choice of regime (Sturdee 1997). Treating the effects of the menopause is now an important part of general practice, but has not been recognized in terms of remuneration for increased workload. GPs initiate 84% of all HRT prescriptions (Hope and Rees 1995). HR T can be discussed at well woman clinics, or by establishing menopause clinics, or by opportunistic screening during a consultation. Many women will not wish to take HRT for what is a normal milestone in their life, but all women should have the opportunity to discuss the topic, and understand their individual risks and benefits.
Hormone replacement therapy and the breast
Authors: Clarke P Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the benefits of hormone replacement therapy (HR T) are well recognized, a proportion of women suffer from benign breast problems as a direct result of the medication. Such symptoms include mastalgia, increased breast lumpiness, and an exacerbation of macrocystic disease. In addition, long-term HR T is associated with an increased incidence of breast cancer and so it is not surprising that HRT-related breast problems are a frequent indication for referral to a specialist breast clinic. The relationship between HR T and breast disease is an area of confusion and controversy, often because well controlled clinical data are not available to answer important questions. This chapter aims to cover some of these issues, to suggest guidelines for safe practice, and to indicate areas of particular clinical difficulty when risk/benefit assessments may have to be made for individual cases.
Hormone replacement therapy and dementia
Authors: Budge Marc M , Esiri Margaret M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dementia is a health problem of major proportions and is becoming even more important as life expectancy increases, particularly in the older age groups. Increasing age is the most important risk factor for development of dementia, most of which is attributable to Alzheimer’s disease, cerebrovascular disease, or a combination of both. Because the social and economic costs of dementia are so enormous, any intervention that can (even modestly) aid prevention and treatment is likely to be immensely worthwhile. The pathology that leads to dementia is found predominantly in the nerve cells of the cerebral cortex and their interconnections or in subcortical nuclei which project to the cortex and influence its functioning. Alzheimer’s disease is by far the most frequent cause of dementia, contributing some 70—75% of cases. Cerebro-vascular disease alone or in combination with Alzheimer’s disease is the next most common.
Autosomal dominant inheritance
Authors: Young Ian D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Well over 4000 disorders and polymorphic systems showing definite or probable autosomal dominant inheritance have been documented (McKusick, 1997). As the name implies, these conditions are determined by genes at autosomal loci and are manifest in the heterozygote. The provision of risks for disorders showing autosomal dominant inheritance is straightforward if there is a clear family history and the disorder in question is characterized by complete penetrance, consistent expression, and a reliable means of diagnosing heterozygotes. The risk to each child of an affected individual will be 50 per cent, whereas the child of an unaffected family member will be at negligible risk, or, to be more precise, twice the mutation rate(µ).