bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What’s Wrong?
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How does morality matter? Let me count the ways. Morality separates us from lower animals. It also enables us to get along with other humans. Laws cannot replace morality without becoming oppressive. If most of us did not embrace morality, life for all of us would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short,” as Hobbes famously put it.53 To live our lives, we need morality. To understand our lives, we need to understand morality.
On a more personal level, we all need to make choices, many of which involve moral considerations. We face temptations to cheat on taxes or spouses, to break a promise that we regret making, to lie in order to gain an advantage in a competition, to strike out at someone who angers us, to ignore someone who needs us, and even to steal when we are needy ourselves.
Where Do We Go From Here?
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have argued against five ways to interpret the thesis that there cannot be morality without God. Chapter Two: Belief in God is not needed in order for an individual to be a morally good person. Chapter Three: Belief in God is not needed in order for a society to avoid depravity and disintegration. Chapters Four and Five: God is not needed in order for certain acts to be objectively morally wrong. Chapter Six: Belief in God is not needed in order for us to have a reason to be moral. Chapter Seven: Belief in God is not needed in order for us to know what is morally wrong.
Introduction
Authors: Radden Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essays and discussions in this volume comprise a selection of my writing about melancholy and depression. Some of this work is historically oriented. I have attempted to place states of melancholy and depression within Western medical and cultural traditions that began with Hippocrates and Aristotle, and to uncover the theoretical implications of equating states of melancholy as we learn of them in these earlier, classical accounts with states of depression as they are characterized in our own time. Depictions of melancholic and depressive conditions in the classification and theories underpinning psychoanalysis, contemporary psychology, and psychiatry are also explored. Other writing analyzes concepts such as disease, disorder, and illness as they cast light on what we understand of melancholy and depression, and examines the phenomenology of the suffering so prominent in these conditions.
Love and Loss in Freud’s “Mourning and Melancholia” A Rereading
Authors: Radden Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
M“ ourning and Melancholia” is one of Freud’s most revered works. Yet it is deeply ambiguous and opaque. In particular, we leave it unsure of the extent to which melancholic states are part of the human condition, rather than rare forms of mental disorder. It is clear that melancholia is a condition of loss, but mystery attaches to the question of what is lost and whether adult states relive or merely mimic earlier infantile experiences. In addition, we remain uncertain of the relation between melancholia and hysteria, as of that between melancholia and mania. The notions of the ego-ideal, the super-ego, and the part played by ambivalence also remain vague and unresolved. I would be the first to grant the resonance and charm of the essay. Who can resist the image of the shadow of the object falling across the ego, or fail to be intrigued that “a man must become ill before he can discover truth” (Freud 1917:156)?1 Here, however, I want to examine not only the brilliance and appeal of “Mourning and Melancholia” but its strange opacity.
Review of Against Depression by Peter Kramer
Authors: Radden Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The broad framework of Peter Kramer’s book, AgainstDepression, is familiar. In response to repeated questions appearing to romanticize the pathology of great artists (“what works of genius might have been lost if Van Gogh had been dosed with Prozac?”), Kramer sets out to show depression for what, he is sure, it is—nothing more than a disease, a scourge, and a medical and public health problem of unmatched proportions.
Managing the risk of abuse, addiction, and diversion
Authors: Smith Howard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no single behavior that is pathognomonic of a substance use disorder, thus there is no foolproof instrument that can reliably assess the risk of opioid addiction (Gourlay and Heit, 2006). As the prevalence of addiction in the general population is not insignificant, it seems prudent to utilize the 10 steps of “universal precautions” in patients receiving long-term opioid therapy (LTOT) (Gourlay and Heit, 2005). These are (1) reasonable attempts to make a diagnosis with an appropriate differential; (2) comprehensive patient assessment including risk of addictive disorders; (3) informed consent; (4) treatment agreement; (5) pre- and postintervention assessment of pain level and function; (6) appropriate trial of opioid therapy, “adjunctive” medications; (7) reassessment of pain score and level of function; (8) regular assessment of the 4 “A’s” of pain medicine (see Chapter 10); (9) periodic review of pain diagnosis and comorbid conditions, including addictive disorders; and (10) documentation. Application of the universal precautions is intended to help the clinician identify and interpret aberrant behavior and, where they exist, diagnose underlying substance misuse disorders.
Pharmacology of Human Drug Response
Authors: Weber Wendell W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drugs and other exogenous substances may be viewed as agents that exert characteristic effects on cells and tissues, but they may also be regarded as agents on which individuals exert important differential effects. To develop explanatory and predictive insights relevant to pharmacogenetics, pharmacologists are more likely to view the effects of a specific drug from the former perspective, while geneticists are more likely to see them from the latter.
From a pharmacological viewpoint, individual responsiveness depends on the intrinsic properties of the drug at hand and can be analyzed from observations of its pharmacokinetic and the pharmacodynamic properties. Often the plasma drug concentration or pattern of drug metabolites correlates with an unusual therapeutic effect or an adverse drug reaction, and observations of parameters such as peak and steady-state levels of the drug in plasma, half-lives of drugs in plasma, the ratio of parent drug to metabolite, or the urinary pattern of drug metabolites are successfully employed to study the doseresponse and dynamics of the response.
Genomic Tools
Authors: Weber Wendell W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1970s marked the beginning of a period of remarkable technical innovation that transformed life science research. Numerous methods were developed for identifying and locating genomic lesions of medical importance while other key technologies were designed that made possible the sequencing of the entire genome of humans and those of many other species. The extensive record of research that defines the field is closely tied to the range of innovative technologies that were developed to explore the composition and function of genomic DNA. As a result, modern genetics experienced a period of rapid growth that has prompted reappraisal and redefinition of the field.
Pharmacogenetic traits are revealed by structural lesions in DNA that can be inferred from family inheritance patterns and demonstrated by direct observation. Finding the genic differences that predispose persons to such traits provides clues that differentiate susceptible persons from those who are not, and on the premise of establishing their molecular basis, we hope to achieve better therapies and improve prospects for predictive biology including new drug discoveries and individualized medicine.
Atmospheric Chemistry of the Haloalkanes
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Derwent Richard G , Orlando John J , Tyndall Geoffrey S , Wallington Timothy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As with alkanes, reaction with OH is the dominant loss mechanism for haloalkanes. However, unlike the case for alkanes, photolysis can be an important loss mechanism for brominated and iodinated alkanes in the troposphere, chlorinated alkanes in the stratosphere, and fluorinated alkanes in the mesosphere. UV spectra and photolysis lifetimes for haloalkanes are discussed in chapter VII. In this chapter we first review the available kinetic data for reactions of OH radicals with haloalkanes (section VI-A). Reactions with Cl, O(3P), NO3, and O3 are then considered in section VI-B. Rules for the empirical estimation of rate coefficients of OH radicals with the haloalkanes are presented in section VI-C. The atmospheric chemistry of haloalkylperoxy and haloalkoxy radicals is described in sections VI-D and VI-E, respectively. Finally, the major products of the OH-initiated oxidation of haloalkanes are discussed in section VI-F.
The Primary Photochemical Processes in the Alkanes, the Haloalkanes, and Some of their Oxidation Products
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Derwent Richard G , Orlando John J , Tyndall Geoffrey S , Wallington Timothy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider the chemical changes that are induced by absorption of sunlight by the alkanes and some of their oxidation products. The lowest lying electronic transitions of the alkanes (σ → σ * excitation) occur at wavelengths in the vacuum ultraviolet region (A &lt; 200 nm) that are not present within the troposphere (see figure VII-A-1). Although absorption is shifted to somewhat longer wavelengths as one progresses from methane to ethane to propane, absorption of sunlight by even the higher alkanes, and hence their photodecomposition, are unimportant within the troposphere.
Interventional therapies
Authors: Mauskop Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Botulinum toxin (BT) was first approved by the FDA in 1989 for the treatment of blepharospasm and strabismus. Injecting BT around the eyes for blepharospasm led to the observation that it erases wrinkles. The widespread use of it for forehead wrinkles led William Binder to the observation that it may relieve headaches. A healthy amount of skepticism greeted initial reports by this plastic surgeon who first observed this effect. However, Mitchell Brin, a movement disorder specialist, confirmed this in his population of patients who, without expecting it, obtained good relief of their headaches along with the relief of their facial movement disorder. Over 100 published reports have suggested the efficacy of BT (predominantly used as BT type A in the form of Botox) in headache patients. A secondary analysis of a large double-blind, placebo-controlled study has shown that BT is effective in treatment of chronic migraines. Two definitive Phase III studies by the manufacturer of BT type A (Botox) with over 400 patients in each study confirmed what is widely observed in clinic and what was strongly suggested by other reports and trials—BT is very effective for chronic migraines. These two studies showed a significant reduction of headache days and improved quality of life in patients treated with BT, compared to placebo after two treatment cycles, given 12 weeks apart. After seeing many highly refractory patients who respond to only to BT, most headache clinics in the United States have started to use BT.
A Scottish Interlude, 1877–1878
Authors: Walker Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bülow’s direction of the Glasgow Choral Union for a ten-week period from early November 1877 to January 1878 is a virtually unknown episode in his career. The invitation was due in no small measure to the powerful sponsorship of Thomas Logan Stillie, the chief music critic of the Glasgow Herald, and one of the supporters of the Choral Union itself. Stillie was a wealthy Scottish merchant who had made a fortune as head of a calico company and had then retired from business while still young in order to cultivate his musical interests. On account of his uncommon erudition, his wide European travels, and his knowledge of foreign languages, he had been appointed to the Glasgow Herald, in which position he wielded much local influence.
The Meiningen Years, 1880–1885 II: Enter Marie Schanzer
Authors: Walker Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Behind the public euphoria surrounding Bülow’s success with the Mein- ingen Orchestra, an elation of a very private kind had taken possession of him. In the early part of 1882 he had fallen in love with a young Meinin- gen actress named Marie Schanzer, who eventually became his second wife. The story is fraught with complication, and it would require a Bal- zac or a Dickens to do it proper justice. But the chronicle of Bülow’s life cannot continue much further without dwelling on this young woman, and the central role she was to play in his affairs.
Lupus The Essential Clinician’s Guide
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This concise, authoritative pocketbook provides the most up-to-date information on the diagnosis, treatment and management of lupus. The volume describes the pathophysiology of the condition, diagnostic strategies and tools, and current and emerging therapeutic options, focusing on direct clinical applications for busy healthcare professionals. One million people in the United States suffer from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus), a chronic autoimmune disease that is potentially debilitating and sometimes fatal as the immune system attacks the body's cells and tissue, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage. SLE can affect any part of the body, but most often damages the heart, joints, skin, lungs, blood vessels, liver, kidneys and nervous system. The course of the disease is unpredictable, with periods of illness alternating with remission. It can be treated symptomatically, mainly with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, though there is currently no cure. Several promising new treatments, however, are in late-stage clinical trials. Lupus is one of several diseases known as the 'great imitator' because its symptoms vary so widely and it often mimics or is mistaken for other illnesses, and because the symptoms come and go unpredictably. As a result, patients present with varied symptoms to different practitioners and diagnosis can be elusive, with patients sometimes suffering unexplained symptoms and untreated lupus for years. Hence, a practical guide to the diagnosis and treatment of lupus would be valuable to an array of clinicians and may help expedite earlier diagnosis and better patient care.
Brainstem
Authors: Fisch Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Brainstem IS arguably the most important anatomical region of the nervous system; all fibers that pass to and from the cerebrum go through it and it contains numerous neuronal pools requisite for survival. Despite its importance, it is suprisingly small—only 6 × 3 × 3 cm in size (54 cm3 in volume), which means its neurons and axons are densely packed, and so we are able to localize brainstem lesions with remarkable precision. In this chapter, we will start with a basic approach to the overall brainstem and then cover each brainstem level in detail. The superior border of the brainstem lies along the horizontal plane of the mammillary bodies and posterior commissure. The inferior border is the upper cervical spinal cord at the level of the pyramidal decussation.
Thalamus
Authors: Fisch Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In This Chapter, we will draw the nuclei of the thalamus. Informational pathways flow into the thalamus from all areas of the central nervous system. Thalamic nuclei process, integrate, and relay sensory, motor, and behavioral information and project it throughout the cerebral cortex. These cortical areas then return modulated information to the thalamus, which forms a reciprocal topographic connection between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. In some instances, the cerebral cortex, itself, provides the initial projection to the thalamus, such as the cortical projections that exist to the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus.
Visual Pathways
Authors: Fisch Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In This Chapter, we will draw the most overtly relied upon sensory system—the visual sensory system, and in the next chapter, we will learn the eye movements. Let’s begin with an axial section through the eyeball and include the posterior optic nerve attachment. In the anterior eye, draw the lens; indicate it separates the anterior chamber in front of it from the vitreous space behind it. The anterior chamber and vitreous space contain aqueous and vitreuous humor, respectively.
Language
Authors: Fisch Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In This Chapter, we will learn the neuroanatomy of language in two steps. First, we will learn the language disorders (aka aphasias), because clinically, we consider language anatomy in terms of its disorders. However, the anatomical basis of the aphasias is broad, imprecise, and redundant; so after that we will study the specific steps in the perception, processing, and production of language to fully understand its anatomy.
Sleep Neurocircuitry
Authors: Fisch Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1914, renowned French neurologists Joseph Dejerine and Jacques Lhermitte emphatically denied the possibility of a brain sleep center. Their view was shared by most scientists that sleep was simply the absence of sensory input to the brain and not an active brain process. In 1916–1917, however, Baron Constantin von Economo documented pathologic–anatomic correlations of patients who had died from encephalitis lethargica (aka von Economo’s encephalitis), which demonstrated clear sleep and wake central nervous system centers.
Differential diagnosis
Authors: Park Ariane , Zadikoff Cindy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parkinsonism is characterized by tremor, akinesia (or bradykinesia), rigidity, and postural instability. While idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common cause of parkinsonism, there are a wide range of other diseases that can also cause parkinsonism. In fact, approximately 25% of patients initially diagnosed with PD are found to have parkinsonism as part of another disorder.12 As therapeutic advances are made, it becomes increasingly important to not only recognize PD in its early stages but also distinguish PD from other causes of parkinsonism. Therefore, it is important to recognize some of the unique features that can help distinguish between the different causes of parkinsonism.
Approach to the treatment of early Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Isaacson Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The choice of initial therapy for treating early Parkinson’s disease is best individualized after consultation with the patient, family members, and other caregivers. Patients can report how they feel and how motor and nonmotor symptoms affect their experiences of daily life. Their families and caregivers can relate observations of symptoms of which the patient may not be aware, such as rest tremor or confusion.
Clinical Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 emphasized that the motor symptoms and signs of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are confined to the extrapyramidal system. There should be no obvious corticospinal tract signs, cerebellar ataxia, or apraxia. Nonmotor symptoms and signs also influence the diagnosis, but since extrapyramidal motor system dysfunction is fundamental, we will consider this first.
Choosing the Initial Drug (Confronting Controversies)
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The available drugs treat only the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Deferring drug therapy may be reasonable if the symptoms are not interfering with the patient’s life. However, the circumstances need to be considered. What may be a trivial problem for one patient may be disabling for another. For example, a prominent hand rest tremor may not be problematic for a hard-working farmer, but conversely, a source of distraction for a trial attorney in court. Compromised workplace activities, reduced social interactions, declining recreational activities, or an increasing sedentary lifestyle are all good reasons to treat.
Depression
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Depression is common in Parkinson’s disease (PD), with an estimated prevalence of 40 percent; however, the severity and the origins are often difficult to assess. PD patients usually appear depressed even when they are not, due to loss of facial animation and reduced smiling. Apathy, reduced motivation, insomnia, and psychomotor retardation are hallmarks of depression, but also are primary symptoms of PD, independent of depression. Moreover, it is often difficult to distinguish primary depression from a reactive depression caused by PD disability. Finally, insomnia and sleep disorders are common in PD (see chapter 20), and sleep deprivation can secondarily exacerbate depression.
Diets, Nutrition, and Osteoporosis Prevention
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No changes in diet are necessary for Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients, except for those requiring frequent carbidopa/levodopa doses, including some close to meals (see below). As discussed in chapters 10 and 12, dietary amino acids from protein digestion will compete with levodopa for transport across the blood–brain barrier. However, if the carbidopa/levodopa doses can be taken an hour (or more) before meals, or at least 2 hours after completion of meals, there is no problem; no changes in meal content are necessary. Patients should be reminded, however, that between-meal snacks that contain protein (e.g., ice cream) will also sabotage the levodopa effect, as will taking the carbidopa/levodopa doses with milk.
Management of Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms
Authors: Birnbaum Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much to many a neurologist’s surprise, studies on the treatment of MS symptoms showed that most physicians fail to address this aspect of the disease. While treatment of the underlying pathologic process is of major importance, failure to treat MS symptoms can result in a seriously compromised quality of life for both patients and their families, as well as increased disability. Symptoms of MS vary considerably among individuals and change over time. Most MS symptoms can be modified, but only a few can be eliminated completely. Severity of symptoms, duration, and ability to tolerate symptom-relieving medications are all important variables.
The Structure Of Gould Happenstance, Humanism, History, and the Unity of His View of Life
Authors: Allmon Warren D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once, in responding to critics who had attempted to link his views on another topic to punctuated equilibrium, Steve Gould wrote, “I do have other interests, after all” (1982f, 88; see also 2002c, 1005). This was of course very true. Steve read, thought, traveled, talked, and wrote across a wide expanse of time, space, and subjects. He sang Bach and Gilbert and Sullivan; loved architecture, baseball, and numerical coincidences; collected beautiful old books; met with the pope about nuclear war; corresponded with Jimmy Carter about God; once appeared on a TV talk show as an expert on conjoined twins; and published technical papers on allometry, snails, Irish Elks, eurypterids, pelycosaurian reptiles, clams, receptaculitids, the history of paleontology, and human cranial capacity. Despite this breadth, however, one of the central facts of his professional life was that essentially all of his interests were, proximately or ultimately, interconnected in a unusually coherent and explicitly stated intellectual view, not only of the history of Earth and its life but also of the philosophy of science and the nature of human thought.