bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Mediterranean forest transpiration and photosynthesis through the use of an ecosystem simulation model driven by remotely sensed data
Authors: Anselmi Silvia , Chiesi Marta , Giannini Monica , Manes Fausto , Maselli Fabio 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACTAim  This paper investigates the use of an ecosystem simulation model, FOREST‐BGC, to estimate the main ecophysiological processes (transpiration and photosynthesis) of Mediterranean coastal forest areas using remotely sensed data.Location  Model testing was carried out at two protected forest sites in central Italy, one of which was covered by Turkey oak (Circeo National Park) and the other by holm‐oak (Castelporziano Estate).Methods  At both sites, transpiration and photosynthesis measurements were collected in the field during the growing seasons over a four‐year period (1999 and 2001 for the Turkey oak; 1997, 1999 and 2000 for the holm‐oak). Calibration of the model was obtained through combining information derived from ground measurements and remotely sensed data. In particular, remote sensing estimates of the Leaf Area Index derived from 1 × 1‐km NOAA AVHRR Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data were used to improve the adaptation of the model to local forest conditions.Results  The results indicated different strategies regarding water use efficiency, ‘water spending’ for Turkey oak and ‘water saving’ for holm‐oak. The water use efficiency for the holm‐oak was consistently higher than that for the Turkey oak and the relationship between VPD and WUE for the holm‐oak showed a higher coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9238). Comparisons made between the field measurements of transpiration and photosynthesis and the model estimates showed that the integration procedure used for the deciduous oak forest was effective, but that there is a need for further studies regarding the sclerophyllous evergreen forest. In particular, for Turkey oak the simulations of transpiration yielded very good results, with errors lower than 0.3 mm H2O/day, while the simulation accuracy for photosynthesis was lower. In the case of holm‐oak, transpiration was markedly overestimated for all days considered, while the simulations of photosynthesis were very accurate.Main conclusions  Overall, the approach offers interesting operational possibilities for the monitoring of Mediterranean forest ecosystems, particularly in view of the availability of new satellite sensors with a higher spatial and temporal resolution, which have been launched in recent years.
Hostile Receptions: Dilemmas of Democracy, Legitimacy and Supranational Law
Authors: Longo Michael 
Published: June 2004

The increasing resonance of international humanitarian law in the domestic sphere, primarily through the implementation of treaty obligations in domestic legislation, gives international law a relevance to local communities never before seen. Whilst the effects of this phenomenon defy generalisation in Australia today, it is possible to discern a range of responses from indignation at the overarching reach of international law to the domestic space, to vindication of historical claims of mistreatment at the hands of colonial oppressors.Recent shifts in Commonwealth legislation and policy have sparked debate on whether the federal government has breached its international obligations. Notwithstanding the importance and currency of this question, and irrespective of one's views on it, there is a broader issue raised by the question, which is more amenable to academic investigation. It may be framed in the following terms. How can, and should, the ideal of democratic control of legislation and the legal system generally be reconciled with the development of an autonomous international legal system? The article will approach this question from a comparative perspective, drawing on legal and political developments in the EU and Australia. It seeks to justify a comparative analysis on the basis that Australia (an established federation) and the EU (an emerging federation) are both dealing with issues of reception of supranational law within domestic systems. It concludes that there is a need to reaffirm the legitimacy of supranational law both as an expression of national sovereignty and as an outcome of rational discourse — i.e. it has come into being with right process and is considered binding.
The Photovoltaic Properties of a Lithiated TiO2 Electrode
Authors: Vondrák Jiří , Jakubec Ivo , Bludská Jana 
Published: June 2004

Titanium electrodes coated by TiO2 (anatas) were prepared by decomposition of peroxotitanic compounds. Their photoelectric behavior in 1 M LiClO4/PC (propylene carbonate) was investigated. The photoeffect was emphasized by the process of electrolytic incorporation and removal of lithium. The effective threshold energy was 1.5 to 1.6 eV, thus indicating donor dissociation being the basic photochemical process.
THE FIRST APPROXIMATED DISTRIBUTED ALGORITHM FOR THE MINIMUM DEGREE SPANNING TREE PROBLEM ON GENERAL GRAPHS
Authors: BLIN LÉLIA , BUTELLE FRANCK 
Published: June 2004

In this paper we present the first distributed algorithm on general graphs for the Minimum Degree Spanning Tree problem. The problem is NP-hard in sequential. Our algorithm give a Spanning Tree of a degree at most 1 from the optimal. The resulting distributed algorithm is asynchronous, it works for named asynchronous arbitrary networks and achieves O(|V|) time complexity and O(|V||E|) message complexity.
A New Class of Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids: Trialkyl(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium Perfluoroethyltrifluoroborate
Authors: Zhou Zhi-Bin , Matsumoto Hajime , Tatsumi Kuniaki 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
New hydrophobic ionic liquids consisting of trialkyl(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium ([R1R2R3NCH2CH2OCH3]+, R1, R2, R3 = CH3 or C2H5) cation and perfluoroethyltrifluoroborate ([C2F5BF3]−) anion were prepared by neutralization of aq. [R1R2R3NCH2CH2OCH3][OH] with aq. H[C2F5BF3]. The new [C2F5BF3]−-based ionic liquids show much lower melting points and viscosities (58–86 cP at 25 °C), hence higher ionic conductivities, than the [BF4]−-based ones.
Synthesis and Characterization of μ-Oxodiiron(III) Complexes of Porphycenes with Electron-withdrawing Substituents
Authors: Baba Tatsushi , Shimakoshi Hisashi , Aritome Isao , Hisaeda Yoshio 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
μ-Oxodiiron(III) complexes of porphycenes with electron-withdrawing Br-substituents have been synthesized. The crystal structure of a tetrabrominated complex was elucidated by X-ray analysis. The Br-substituted effects for the electronic spectra and electrochemical properties have been reported.
Site-selective Scission of Double-stranded DNA by Combining Peptide Nucleic Acids and Ce(IV)/EDTA
Authors: Yamamoto Yoji , Komiyama Makoto 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
By using two pseudo-complementary peptide nucleic acids (pcPNAs), invasion-structures were formed in double-stranded DNA so that the nucleotides adjacent to the DNA/PNA duplexes were kept unpaired. When these DNA/PNA conjugates were treated with Ce(IV)/EDTA complex, these gap-like sites in both DNA strands were preferentially hydrolyzed.
Reactions Between or Within Molecular Crystals
Authors: Braga Dario , Grepioni Fabrizia 
Published: June 2004

AbstractReactions that occur within or between molecular crystals, in particular those reactions that are activated by mechanical methods, are reviewed. The focus is on processes (whether intrasolid or intersolid) that are controlled primarily by supramolecular bonding, such as template cycloadditions, formation of inclusion compounds, reactions between molecular crystals by the reassembling of noncovalent bonds, and the formation of complexes and coordination compounds. It is proposed that solvent‐free mechanochemical methods, for example, cogrinding, milling, and kneading, represent viable “green” routes for the preparation of novel molecular and supramolecular solids.
Optical and infrared photometry of new very low‐mass stars and brown dwarfs in the σ Orionis cluster
Authors: Béjar V. J. S. , Zapatero Osorio M. R. , Rebolo R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe present an RI photometric survey covering an area of 430 arcmin2 around the multiple star σ Orionis. The observations were conducted with the 0.8 m IAC‐80 Telescope at the Teide Observatory. The survey limiting R and I magnitudes are 22.5 and 21, and completeness magnitudes 21 and 20, respectively. We have selected 53 candidates from the I vs. R–I colour‐magnitude diagram (I = 14–20) that follow the previously known photometric sequence of the cluster. Adopting an age of 2–4 Myr for the cluster, we find that these objects span a mass range from 0.35 M⊙ to 0.015 M⊙. We have performed J‐band photometry of 52 candidates and Ks photometry for 12 of them, with the result that 50 follow the expected infrared sequence for the cluster, thus confirming with great confidence that the majority of the candidates are bona fide members. JHKs photometry from the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) is available for 50 of the candidates and are in good agreement with our data. Out of 48 candidates, which have photometric accuracies better than 0.1 mag in all bands, only three appear to show near‐infrared excesses. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Radial velocity and light curves analysis of the eclipsing binary NN Vir
Authors: Pazhouhesh R. , Melendo E. G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe eclipsing binary NN Vir is a short period system showing an EW‐type light curve. Photometric observations of NN Vir were done by Gomez‐Ferrellad & Garcia‐Melendo (1997) at Esteve Duran Observatory. We used photometric data of NN Vir for light curve analysis. The available spectroscopic data of NN Vir is new and we also used the first radial velocity data of this system obtained by Rusinski & Lu (1999) for analysis. The radial velocity and light curves analysis was made with the latest version ofWilson program(1998) and the geometric and physical elements of the system are derived. By searching the simultaneous solutions of the system, we have determined the masses and radii of the components : 1.89(M⊙) and 1.65(R⊙) for the primary component; 0.93(M⊙) and 1.23(R⊙) for the secondary component. We estimated effective temperatures of 7030(K) for the primary and 6977(K) for the secondary component. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Astrometric confirmation of a wide low‐mass companion to the planet host star HD 89744
Authors: Mugrauer M. , Neuhäuser R. , Mazeh T. , Guenther E. , Fernández M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn our ongoing deep infrared imaging search for faint wide secondaries of planet‐candidate host stars we have confirmed astrometrically the companionship of a low‐mass object to be co‐moving with HD 89744, a companion‐candidate suggested already by Wilson et al. (2000). The derivation of the common proper motion of HD 89744 and its companion, which are separated by 62.996±0.035 arcsec, is based on about 5 year epoch difference between 2MASS and our own UKIRT/UFTI images. The companion effective temperature is about 2200K and its mass is in the range between 0.072 and 0.081M⊙, depending on the evolutionary model. Therefore, HD 89744 B is either a very low mass stellar or a heavy brown dwarf companion. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The cytoskeleton and motor proteins of human schistosomes and their roles in surface maintenance and host–parasite interactions
Authors: Jones Malcolm K. , Gobert Geoffrey N. , Zhang Lihua , Sunderland Philip , McManus Donald P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSchistosomes are parasitic blood flukes, responsible for significant human disease in tropical and developing nations. Here we review information on the organization of the cytoskeleton and associated motor proteins of schistosomes, with particular reference to the organization of the syncytial tegument, a unique cellular adaptation of these and other neodermatan flatworms. Extensive EST databases show that the molecular constituents of the cytoskeleton and associated molecular systems are likely to be similar to those of other eukaryotes, although there are potentially some molecules unique to schistosomes and platyhelminths. The biology of some components, particular those contributing to host–parasite interactions as well as chemotherapy and immunotherapy are discussed. Unresolved questions in relation to the structure and function of the tegument relate to dynamic organization of the syncytial layer. BioEssays 26:752–765, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neuroblast formation and patterning during early brain development in Drosophila
Authors: Urbach Rolf , Technau Gerhard M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe Drosophila embryo provides a useful model system to study the mechanisms that lead to pattern and cell diversity in the central nervous system (CNS). The Drosophila CNS, which encompasses the brain and the ventral nerve cord, develops from a bilaterally symmetrical neuroectoderm, which gives rise to neural stem cells, called neuroblasts. The structure of the embryonic ventral nerve cord is relatively simple, consisting of a sequence of repeated segmental units (neuromeres), and the mechanisms controlling the formation and specification of the neuroblasts that form these neuromeres are quite well understood. Owing to the much higher complexity and hidden segmental organization of the brain, our understanding of its development is still rudimentary. Recent investigations on the expression and function of proneural genes, segmentation genes, dorsoventral‐patterning genes and a number of other genes have provided new insight into the principles of neuroblast formation and patterning during embryonic development of the fly brain. Comparisons with the same processes in the trunk help us to understand what makes the brain different from the ventral nerve cord. Several parallels in early brain patterning between the fly and the vertebrate systems have become evident. BioEssays 26:739–751, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Many ways to make a gradient
Authors: Smith J.C. , Gurdon J.B. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA recent publication1 describes a novel mechanism by which a morphogen gradient might be established. These results concern a gradient of FGF8 expression along the longitudinal axis of the chick embryo with a high level of transcripts at the tail, fading off in an anterior direction. Assaying for intron transcripts, it is shown that fgf8 is transcribed only in the tail cells and that the gradient of fgf8 transcripts is produced by growth and mRNA degradation. This possible mechanism of gradient formation can operate only when growth is involved, as is the case in many examples including the longitudinal axis formation of vertebrates, but is not in some other systems. BioEssays 26:705–706, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Endogenous inhibitors of RNA interference in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Timmons Lisa 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn eukaryotes, double‐stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) or short, interfering dsRNAs (siRNAs) can reduce the accumulation of a sequence‐related mRNA, often resulting in a loss‐of‐function phenotype—a process termed RNA interference (RNAi). Unfortunately, some mRNAs are resistant to the effects of dsRNA. Experiments designed to unravel RNAi mechanisms in Caenorhabditis elegans have led to the identification of two worm proteins, RRF‐31,2 and, now, ERI‐1,3 that can inhibit RNAi responses. Animals defective in either protein can display enhanced RNAi phenotypes for mRNAs that were previously resistant to dsRNA. Since ERI‐1 is a conserved protein, development of procedures to enhance RNAi effectiveness in other systems may be possible. BioEssays 26:715–718, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Worm chromosomes call for recognition!
Authors: Rattner Barbara P. , Meller Victoria H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMany organisms face a dilemma rooted in the unequal numbers of X chromosomes carried by the two sexes and the need to maintain equivalent expression of X‐linked genes. Several strategies have arisen to cope with this problem. All rely on accurately targeting epigenetic modifications to entire chromosomes. Targeting results from the action of recognition elements that attract modification and may rely on spreading of modification in cis along the affected chromosome. A recent report describing the first X chromosome recognition element from C. elegans opens the way to defining the relative contributions of these factors to the compensation of X‐linked gene expression in worms.1 Extrachromosomal arrays composed of a C. elegans recognition element attract proteins that modify the C. elegans X chromosomes and interact genetically with mutations disrupting compensation. Moreover, examination of X:A translocations provides the first evidence for spreading of modification along C. elegans X chromosomes. BioEssays 26:707–710, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Variability in the expression of urokinase receptor (CD87) mutants on cells: relevance to cell adhesion
Authors: Kanse Sandip M. , Chavakis Triantafyllos , Kuo Alice , Bdeir Khalil , Cines Douglas B. , Preissner Klaus T. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR, CD87) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored protein, containing three homologous Ly‐6 domains, that mediates integrin‐independent cell adhesion by directly binding to extracellular matrix protein vitronectin (VN). To elucidate the structural requirements for the uPAR‐dependent cell adhesion on VN, several glycolipid‐anchored variants of uPAR were expressed in BAF3 cells, (mouse pre B‐lymphocytes) followed by functional analysis. The individual domains of uPAR were expressed at very low levels, the two domain mutants were expressed to a higher level and the wild type uPAR was expressed highly. Point mutations in domain 2 of uPAR have been shown to diminish cellular binding of the ligand urokinase and we observed a lack of VN binding to this mutant. Flow cytometry with a number of monoclonal antibodies indicated that the domain‐specific antigenic determinants in these mutants were well preserved. Only the cells expressing the intact uPAR with all three domains adhered strongly to a VN substrate, whereas none of the other transfected cells showed significant cell adhesion. Hence, any alterations in the domain structure of uPAR reduce its expression and only the intact receptor can sustain the direct cell adhesion on VN‐rich matrices found at sites of inflammation and injury. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glucose and glutamine utilization by rat lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils in culture: a comparative study
Authors: Pithon‐Curi Tania Cristina , De Melo Mariza Pires , Curi Rui 
Published: June 2004

AbstractGlucose and glutamine utilization and production of glutamate and lactate were determined for up to 48 h in lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils cultured in medium rich in metabolites and vitamins. Glucose was utilized by the three cell types in culture in the following order: neutrophils > monocytes > lymphocytes, whereas lactate was produced in the order: monocytes > neutrophils > lymphocytes. The consumption of glucose followed the activity of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase but it was not related to hexokinase activity. Glutamine was consumed by the three leukocyte types in culture as follows: neutrophils > lymphocytes ≥ monocytes. The consumption of glutamine was not fully related to the activity of phosphate‐dependent glutaminase. The production of glutamate was not remarkably different among the three cell types. For comparison, glutamine and glucose utilization and glutamate and lactate production were also evaluated using 1‐h incubated leukocytes. Under this condition, only glucose or glutamine was added to the medium. Glucose was utilized as follows: neutrophils > monocytes > lymphocytes, whereas lactate was produced in the following order: monocytes ≥ neutrophils > lymphocytes. Glutamine was consumed as follows: neutrophils > lymphocytes > monocytes, whereas glutamate was produced as follows: neutrophils ≥ monocytes=lymphocytes. The ratio of the amount of glucose/glutamine consumed by 1‐h incubated cells was 0.5 for neutrophils, 1.5 for monocytes, and 0.3 for lymphocytes. However, the three cell types cultured for 48 h utilized glucose to a much higher degree than glutamine. The ratio of the amount of glucose/glutamine utilized by the cultured cells was 8.9 for neutrophils, 16.4 for monocytes, and 6.7 for lymphocytes. These observations support the proposition that glutamine is required in much higher amounts than glucose to accomplish the total metabolic requirement of leukocytes. Under conditions closer to physiological when the availability of a variety of metabolites and vitamins is not restricted, glucose is the preferred substrate for lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carnitine prevents cyclic GMP‐induced inhibition of peroxisomal enzyme activities
Authors: Dhaunsi Gursev S. , Al‐Essa Mazen , Ozand Pinar T. , Moosa Allie 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPeroxisomes, also termed as microbodies, are now known to carry out several specialized metabolic activities that are vital to cellular function. A defect in peroxisomal function leads to development of a fatal human disease, and a number of peroxisomal disorders are now linked to inherited peroxisomal enzyme abnormalities. Peroxisomal enzyme activities are also altered during pathophysiological conditions through various endogenously produced bio‐molecules such as nitric oxide (NO). NO produced by cytokines or NO‐donors is known to modulate peroxisomal functions, and these effects of NO are mediated through cGMP. We are reporting for the first time that L‐carnitine (1–5 mm) prevents cGMP‐mediated impairment of peroxisomal enzyme activities. Cyclic GMP (250–1000 μM) significantly inhibited (p < 0.01) the specific activities of catalase, acyl CoA oxidase and dihydroxyacetone‐phosphate acyltransferase (DHAPATase) in human dermal fibroblasts, and treatment of cells with 1–5 mM of carnitine significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the inhibitory effects of cGMP on peroxisomal enzyme activities. These findings suggest that carnitine, previously thought to participate only in fatty acid oxidation, may in fact be regulating other cellular events including oxidative stress, and could possibly be used to correct cytokine‐impaired peroxisomal functions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.