bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aroclor 1254 exposure reduces disease resistance and innate immune responses in fasted Arctic charr
Authors: Maule Alec G. , Jørgensen Even H. , Vijayan Mathilakath M. , Killie Jan-Eirik A. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
To examine the immunological impacts of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in an environmentally relevant way, we orally contaminated Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) with Aroclor 1254. After contamination, fish were either fed (0 and 100 mg Aroclor 1254 kg−1 fish wt) or fasted (0, 1, 10, and 100 mg kg−1) to mimic cycles of feeding–fasting experienced by Arctic animals. After four months, PCB concentrations in muscle were the same in fasted and fed fish; however, PCBs in kidneys of fed fish were 33 to 50% of those in fasted fish. Arctic charr were exposed to Aeromonas salmonicida, the bacteria responsible for furunculosis, by cohabitation with infected conspecifics. Fasted fish had a significant trend toward lower survival with higher dose of PCBs—from 68% in controls to 48% in treatment involving 100 mg kg−1. Independent of PCB contamination, fed fish had the lowest survival; we attribute this to stress associated with establishing and maintaining feeding hierarchies. A significant decrease in the activity of lysozyme was observed in skin mucus, as was hemagglutination ability of a putative rhamnose lectin in fasted, but not in fed, PCB-treated fish. These results demonstrate the immunosuppressive effects of PCBs on Arctic charr, and they illustrate the importance of considering environmentally relevant nutritional status in ecotoxicological studies.
Further delineation of Kabuki syndrome in 48 well‐defined new individuals
Authors: Armstrong Linlea , Moneim Azza Abd El , Aleck Kirk , Aughton David J. , Baumann Clarisse , Braddock Stephen R. , Gillessen‐Kaesbach Gabriele , Graham John M. , Grebe Theresa A. , Gripp Karen W. , Hall Bryan D. , Hennekam Raoul , Hunter Alasdair , Keppler‐Noreuil Kim , Lacombe Didier , Lin Angela E. , Ming Jeffrey E. , Kokitsu‐Nakata Nancy Mizue , Nikkel Sarah M. , Philip Nicole , Raas‐Rothschild Annick , Sommer Annemarie , Verloes Alain , Walter Claudia , Wieczorek Dagmar , Williams Marc S. , Zackai Elaine , Allanson Judith E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractKabuki syndrome is a multiple congenital anomaly/mental retardation syndrome. This study of Kabuki syndrome had two objectives. The first was to further describe the syndrome features. In order to do so, clinical geneticists were asked to submit cases—providing clinical photographs and completing a phenotype questionnaire for individuals in whom they felt the diagnosis of Kabuki syndrome was secure. All submitted cases were reviewed by four diagnosticians familiar with Kabuki syndrome. The diagnosis was agreed upon in 48 previously unpublished individuals. Our data on these 48 individuals show that Kabuki syndrome variably affects the development and function of many organ systems. The second objective of the study was to explore possible etiological clues found in our data and from review of the literature. We discuss advanced paternal age, cytogenetic abnormalities, and familial cases, and explore syndromes with potentially informative overlapping features. We find support for a genetic etiology, with a probable autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, and speculate that there is involvement of the interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) gene pathway. Very recently, a microduplication of 8p has been described in multiple affected individuals, the proportion of individuals with the duplication is yet to be determined. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two novel mutations in SLC6A8 cause creatine transporter defect and distinctive X‐linked mental retardation in two unrelated Dutch families
Authors: Mancini G.M.S. , Catsman‐Berrevoets C.E. , de Coo I.F.M. , Aarsen F.K. , Kamphoven J.H.J. , Huijmans J.G. , Duran M. , van der Knaap M.S. , Jakobs C. , Salomons G.S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFour Dutch male patients, two brothers from unrelated families were referred for investigation of psychomotor and severe language/speech delay. All four patients showed growth deficiency over the years. Facial features and poor body habitus were quite similar in the patients and in their mothers. Brain MRI showed nonspecific periventricular white matter lesions. In all the patients neuropsychological tests revealed moderate mental retardation, attention deficit and hyperactivity with impulsivity, a semantic‐pragmatic language disorder, and oral dyspraxia. This specific cognitive profile is different from other children with mental retardation syndromes and seems to be unique. Excretion of creatine to creatinine ratio in urine of the four boys was increased compared to controls and their creatine uptake in fibroblasts was deficient. In the two brothers from the first pedigree, DNA sequence analysis revealed a novel mutation in the splice donor site in intron 10 (IVS10 + 5G>C, c.1495 + 5G>C) of the SLC6A8 gene leading to skipping of exon 10. In the other sib pair a novel missense mutation (c. 1361C>T; p.Pro544Leu) was found. These are the first families reported, in which the clinical suspicion of a creatine transporter disorder was raised on clinical grounds, before a brain 1H‐MRS suggested the diagnosis. Screening of apparently X‐linked mental retarded patients with this somatic and behavioral phenotype by the biochemical assay of creatine to creatinine ratio in the urine or DNA sequence analysis of SLC6A8 is worthwhile even when 1H‐MRS is not available. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Candidate gene association studies of genes involved in neuronal cholinergic transmission in Alzheimer's disease suggests choline acetyltransferase as a candidate deserving further study
Authors: Cook Lynnette J. , Ho Luk W. , Wang Lin , Terrenoire Edith , Brayne Carol , Evans John Grimley , Xuereb John , Cairns Nigel J. , Turic Dragana , Hollingworth Paul , Moore Pamela J. , Jehu Luke , Archer Nicola , Walter Sarah , Foy Catherine , Edmondson Amanda , Powell John , Lovestone Simon , Williams Julie , Rubinsztein David C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractConsistent deficits in the cholinergic system are evident in the brains of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients, including reductions in the activities of acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), increased butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity, and a selective loss of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Accordingly, we have analyzed polymorphisms in the genes encoding AChE, ChAT, BChE, and several of the subunit genes from neuronal nAChRs, for genetic associations with late‐onset AD. A significant association for disease was detected for a non‐coding polymorphism in ChAT (allele χ12 = 12.84, P = 0.0003; genotype χ22 = 11.89, P = 0.0026). Although replication analysis did not confirm the significance of this finding when the replication samples were considered alone (allele χ12 = 1.02, P=0.32; genotype χ22 = 1.101, P = 0.58) the trends were in the correct direction and a significant association remained when the two sample sets were pooled (allele χ12 = 12.37, P = 0.0004; genotype χ22 = 11.61, P = 0.003). Previous studies have reported significant disease associations for both the K‐variant of BChE and the coding ChAT rs3810950 polymorphism with AD. Replication analyses of these two loci failed to detect any significant association for disease in our case‐control samples. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Region and Contour Identification of Physical Objects
Authors: Cuyt Annie , Sijbers Jan , Verdonk Brigitte , Van Dyck Dirk 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe region occupied by and the contour of a physical object in 3‐dimensional space are in a way dual or interchangeable characteristics of the object: the contour is the region's boundary and the region is contained inside the contour. In the same way the characterization of the object's contour by its Fourier descriptors, and the reconstruction of its region from the object's multidimensional moments, are also dual problems. While both problems are well‐understood in two dimensions, the complexity increases tremendously when moving to the three‐dimensional world.In Section 2 we discuss how the latest techniques allow to reconstruct an object's shape from the knowledge of its moments. For 2D significantly different techniques must be used, compared to the general 3D case. In Section 3, the parameterization of a 2D contour onto a unit circle and a 3D surface onto a unit sphere is described. Furthermore, the theory of Fourier descriptors for 2D shape representation and the extension to 3D shape analysis are discussed.The reader familiar with the use of either Fourier descriptors or moments as shape descriptors of physical objects may find the comparative discussion in the concluding section interesting. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On Stability of Weak Schemes for Stochastic Differential Systems With One Multiplicative Noise
Authors: Abukhaled Marwan I. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe logarithmic matrix norm with respect to l2 matrix norm will be used to investigate mean square stability for a class of second‐order weak schemes when applied to 2‐dimensional linear stochastic differential systems with one multiplicative noise. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Signal Estimation from Observations Affected by Random Delays and White plus Coloured Noises
Authors: Nakamori S. , Hermoso‐Carazo A. , Linares‐Pérez J. , Sánchez‐Rodríguez M. I. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe least‐squares linear estimation problem of discrete‐time signals using measurements perturbed by additive white plus coloured noises is solved. It is supposed that the measurements are arrived in time or delayed by one sampling time and the delay is modelled by a sequence of independent Bernoulli random variables whose values, one or zero, indicate if there exists or not delay. The estimation algorithms only use the covariance information about the signal and the observation noises and the delay probabilities. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of an antisense oligonucleotide inhibitor of human ICAM‐1 on fetal development in rabbits
Authors: Henry Scott P. , Denny Kevin H. , Templin Mike V. , Yu Rosie Z. , Levin Arthur A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe potential for reproductive toxicity of an antisense oligonucleotide designed to inhibit ICAM‐1 was evaluated as part of the safety assessment for this compound. The human active ICAM‐1 inhibitor (ISIS 2302) is not pharmacologically active in rabbits. Female rabbits were treated once daily on Day 6 through 18 of gestation. Rabbits were treated with 0, 1, 3, and 9 mg/kg ISIS 2302 by daily i.v. injection. Reproductive indices evaluated included estrus cycling, litter parameters, fetal development, and fetal body weight. Concentrations of oligonucleotide in plasma following the last dose, and in selected maternal target organs, placenta, and fetal tissues at scheduled necropsy were also measured. Maternal toxicity was evident as a decreased maternal body weight gain, decreased food consumption, and scant feces at doses ≥3 mg/kg. Increased spleen to body weight ratio and increased mononuclear cell infiltrates were indicative of a proinflammatory effect of ISIS 2302 at the 9 mg/kg dose level. Despite the maternal toxicity, there were no changes in litter parameters or fetal development in rabbits treated with ISIS 2302. The only change was a decrease in fetal body weight at the 9 mg/kg dose level, which was attributed to the maternal toxicity observed. Maternal liver and kidney contained dose‐dependent concentrations of oligonucleotide, but there was relatively little or no oligonucleotide measured in placenta or fetal tissues. Thus, there was no dose‐dependent exposure and maternal toxicity to ISIS 2302, but no reproductive toxicity in rabbits, and exposure of fetus or pups is negligible. Birth Defects Res B 71:368–373, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Studies on heme release from normal and metal ion reconstituted hemoglobin mediated through ionic surfactant
Authors: Venkatesh Balan , Venkatesh S. , Jayadevan S. , Rifkind Joseph M. , Manoharan P. T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe interaction of metal‐substituted hemoglobin (MHb), where M  Ni and Cu (T‐state with no O2 and CO binding capability) and Fe (R‐state when CO is bound), with cationic cityl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate—SDS) surfactants has been studied using spectroscopic techniques—UV‐visible, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and Fourier transform–Raman—with additional supportive evidence coming from conductivity measurements. We observed the loss of 5‐coordination in all three hemoglobins below the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of surfactant, with noticeable differences, suggesting differing mechanisms involved in this process. In addition, above the CMC, Ni‐ and Cu‐hemes were found to leave their proteins more easily than Fe‐heme, presumably due to weaker or no bond with the proximal histidine in the former. The released heme is stabilized by micellar media through a hydrophobic interaction process. Of the two surfactants, CTAB seems to be capable of releasing the heme better than SDS and it is attributed to the greater hydrophobicity of CTAB though the charge of the surfactant plays an important role. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci), 2005
Binding Studies and Computer‐Aided Modelling of Macromolecule/Odorant Interactions
Authors: Guth Helmut , Fritzler Roberto 
Published: December 2004

AbstractOdorant‐to‐biopolymer (proteins and polysaccharides) binding properties influence the partition coefficients of odorant/matrix mixtures and depend on the molecular structure of the guest and the host. While air/solvent partition coefficients of odorants influence the flavor intensity of compounds in the headspace above the solvent, more complex mechanisms are proposed for the binding of a molecule to a food matrix. Odorant air/solvent partition coefficients are dependant on both the physico‐chemical properties of odorant and solvent. Binding affinities for flavor compounds on various biopolymers can be estimated by calculation of physico‐chemical descriptors for the odorants. Binding affinities of γ‐ and δ‐lactones (C7–C11) to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and β‐lactoglobulin (BLG) were investigated by ultracentrifugation and equilibrium‐dialysis techniques. Quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR) of lactone binding on proteins (BLG and BSA) were performed by the measurement of lipophilicity and H‐bond strength. Large differences in observed protein‐binding properties for the various compounds clearly demonstrated that structure–activity relationship was significantly influenced by the lipophilicity of the odorant. If the structure of the receptor molecule is known, computational ligand–macromolecule docking experiments can be used to predict binding affinities for unknown compounds with the receptor molecule. A BLG–lactone binding position, not previously reported in the literature, has been identified and confirmed by competitive binding studies. A model has been developed to estimate the free energy of binding of odorants to biopolymers. Estimated free energies of binding of lactones with BLG from computational methods were in very good agreement with the experimentally obtained results.
Identification of New Odoriferous Compounds in Human Axillary Sweat
Authors: Hasegawa Yoshihiro , Yabuki Masayuki , Matsukane Masamoto 
Published: December 2004

Abstract3‐Hydroxy‐3‐methylhexanoic acid (1) and the 3‐sulfanylalkan‐1‐ols 2–5 were identified to contribute to the odor of human axillary sweat. Quantitative analyses of axillary sweat extracts from 50 healthy men showed an unambiguous correlation between the detected levels of 1 and the intensity of the axillary odor. Chiral‐GC analyses revealed 1 to be a 72 : 28 mixture of the (S)/(R)‐isomers. Optically pure (S)‐1 (>97% ee) emanated a strong spicy note, which recalled typical axillary odors. 3‐Methyl‐3‐sulfanylhexan‐1‐ol (2), the enantiomeric ratio of which equaled that of 1, was present in greater quantity than any of the other 3‐sulfanylalkanols. Optically pure (S)‐2 (>97% ee) had a strong meaty, fruity note, also reminiscent of axillary odor. The compounds identified, in particular (S)‐1 and (S)‐2, contribute significantly to the olfactory impression of human axillary odor.
Die Vergasung von Kohle – Grundlagen und Anwendung
Authors: Peters Werner , Schilling Hans‐Dieter 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMikroskopische Aufnahme einer Gasflammkohle aus dem Ruhrrevier. Man erkennt, daß die Steinkohle uneinheitlich aus verschiedenen Gruppenbestandteilen zusammengesetzt ist, die man Macerale nennt. Je nach mikroskopischer Erscheinungsweise unterscheidet man drei Maceralgruppen: Vitrinit (graue Bereiche, z.B. links unten), Exinit (schwarze Bereiche, z.B. im Mittelteil des Bildes) und Inertinit (helle Bereiche, z.B. links oben). Vitrinit und Exinit sind die beiden reaktionsfähigen Maceralgruppen; der Inertinit ist stets reaktionsträge und daher schwerer chemisch umzuwandeln als Vitrinit und Exinit.
Chemiker im Gespräch: Erinnerungen an Heinrich Wieland
Authors: Freise Gerda , Hamm‐Brücher Hildegard 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAm 4. Juni 1877 wurde Heinrich Wieland geboren – nach allen Kriterien einer der bedeutendsten deutschen Chemiker.Darstellungen seines Lebens und Werkes sind nach seinem Tod (5. August 1957) in großer Zahl geschrieben worden, und in diesen Tagen werden noch einmal zahlreiche Gedenkaufsätze veröffentlicht. Die Redaktion dieser Zeitschrift wollte die Reihe dieser Aufsätze nicht verlängern, sondern versuchte im Gespräch mit zwei ehemaligen Schülerinnen Wielands, die allerdings beide der Chemie etwas abtrünnig geworden sind, einem wenig bekannten Zug in der Biographie Heinrich Wielands nachzuspüren: seiner ungewöhnlichen Haltung im „Dritten Reich”︁.Hildegard Hamm‐Brücher, geboren 1921, ist als Bildungspolitikerin sicher bekannter, als als Chemikerin, obwohl Wieland ihr, als sie schon tief in der Politik steckte, einmal sagte, als sie im Bayerischen Landtag die ersten Millionen zum Wiederaufbau des „Staatslabors”︁ erkämpft hatte: „Fräulein Brücher, eines muß ich Ihnen sagen, in der Chemie hätten Sie sich größeren Ruhm geholt als in der Politik.”︁ Nach ihrer Promotion am chemischen Institut der Universität München arbeitete Frau Hamm‐Brücher als wissenschaftliche Redakteurin bei der „Neuen Zeitung”︁ in München, um sich und ihre Geschwister zu ernähren. Über die FDP kam sie 1948 in den Münchener Stadtrat und wenig später in den Bayerischen Landtag. 1967 wechselte sie von der Legislative in die Exekutive, wurde Staatssekretärin im hessischen Kultusministerium und 1969 Staatssekretärin im Bundesministerium für Bildung und Wissenschaft. Zur Zeit ist sie in Bonn Staatsminister im Auswärtigen Amt und dort vor allem für auswärtige Kulturpolitik zuständig.Gerda Freise, geboren 1919, studierte Chemie in Bonn und München und promovierte bei Heinrich Wieland unter der Betreuung von Rudolf Hüttel. Nach dem Krieg arbeitete sie erst bei Burkhard Helferich in Bonn und anschließend bei Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer am Max‐Planck‐Institut für physikalische Chemie in Göttingen. Mit vierzig Jahren entschloß sie sich zu einem Neubeginn und begann ein Studium als Volksschullehrerin. Nach einigen Jahren Praxis and der Schule wurde sie Dozentin an der Pädagogischen Hochschule Heidelberg und dort vor allem als Verfechterin des „integrierten naturwissenschaftlichen Unterrichts”︁ bekannt. Heute ist sie H4‐Professor für „Erzie‐hungswissenschaft unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Didaktik der Chemie”︁ im Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaft der Universität Hamburg.
Pflanzen als Bioindikatoren für Luftveruneinigungen
Authors: Steubing Lore 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPassives und aktives Monitoring mit Pflanzen ermöglicht:
Erkennung von Schadstoffwirkungen,
Ermittlung von Immissionstrends,
Erkennung von Immissionstypen in einem Belastungsgebiet,
Matrixisolation: Erzeugung und Nachweis reaktiver Moleküle
Authors: Schnöckel Hansgeorg , Schunck Stephan 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn jüngster Zeit hat sich das Hauptaugenmerk bei chemischen Reaktionen deutlich verlagert: Während man in der Vergangenheit hauptsächlich an den Reaktionsprodukten und deren Eigenschaften interessiert war, gewinnen seit einiger Zeit zunehmend Reaktionsmechanismen und Strukturen von Zwischenstufen an Bedeutung. Die Charakterisierung der Intermediären erlaubt dabei auf besonders eindrucksvolle Weise die Aufklärung des Reaktionswegs. Darüber hinaus können häufig aus der Struktur solcher Teilchen (z. B. aus bisher nicht beobachteten Bindungsverhältnissen) allgemeine Konzepte zur Systematik bei Bindungsfragen abgeleitet oder gestützt werden. Allerdings ergeben sich wegen der Reaktivität und Instabilität von Zwischenprodukten bei einer Untersuchung Probleme prinzipieller und technischer Art, die bei der Charakterisierung von Endprodukten nicht auftreten. Meist verhindert die kurze Lebensdauer (1 bis 10‐12s) eine einfache Identifizierung. Ähnliche Probleme tauchen auf, wenn Spezies untersucht werden sollen, die in der Gasphase nur bei hohen Temperaturen stabil sind oder als Zersetzungsprodukte unter solchen Bedingungen entstehen. Welche prinzipiellen Untersuchungsmöglichkeiten stehen zur Verfügung? Eine davon, nämlich die in den fünfziger Jahren von George C. Pimentel eingeführte Methode der Matrixisolation, wird in dem vorliegenden Beitrag beschrieben. Dabei steht eine Vielzahn von Techniken zur Verfügung, mit denen unterschiedliche Spezies in der Matrix (im allgemeinen feste Edelgase) isoliert werden können. Die Vielfalt wird mit Beispielen zu den Themenkreisen: Stabile Gase, Hochtemperatur‐Spezies, Matrixreaktionen und Photochemie belegt.
Boride – eine neue Hartstoffgeneration?
Authors: Telle Rainer 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWerkstoffe mit herausragenden mechanischen, chemischen, elektrischen und thermischen Eigenschaften sind Gegenstand permanenter Nachfrage in Forschung und Industrie. Für eine wirtschaftliche Anwendung sollten solche Materialien unbegrenzt verfügbar und leicht herstellbar sein, ein geringes spezifisches Gewicht, hohe Zuverlässigkeit, lange Lebensdauer haben und ‐ selbstverständlich ‐ geringe Kosten verursachen. Leider erfüllt kein Werkstoff alle diese Anforderungen gleichzeitig, so daß gewisse Nachteile stets in Kauf genommen werden müssen.Eine neue Werkstoffklasse, die gegenüber den Metallen eine extreme Härte und Korrosionsbeständigkeit aufweist, stellen die Hochleistungskeramiken dar. Sie sind vor allem dort auf dem Markt im Vormarsch, wo es um Hochtemperaturanwendungen oder um extreme Verschleißfestigkeit geht. Es sind dies vorwiegend Oxide (Aluminiumoxid, Mullit, Zirkonoxid, Cordierit) aber auch Nitride (Si3N4, AlN, Sialon) und Carbide (SiC, TiC). Diese Werkstoffe sind bereits so weit entwickelt, daß sie im Motoren‐ und Anlagenbau, aber auch in der Zerspanung von Metallen oder als Trägermaterialien für elektronische Bausteine erfolgreich eingesetzt werden. Um diese von Grund auf spröden Materialien anwendungsreif zu machen, wurden zahlreiche Konzepte zur Überwindung dieses wichtigsten Nachteiles gegenüber Metallen entwickelt.
Oberflächenvergoldung: Alte und neue Techniken
Authors: Bachmann Hans‐Gert , Bachmann Günter 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWas haben Menschen nicht schon alles vergoldet? Von Pharaonenmasken bis zu James Bond‐Heroinen! Das Gold hat bereits als Edelmetall an sich eine die Geschichte durchziehende, oft schicksalhafte Bedeutung für einzelne und ganze Völker; die chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften dieses Metalls haben darüber hinaus zu Verwendungen angeregt, die goldspezifisch sind. Als Techniken zur Herstellung von Oberflächenüberzügen erzeugen Vergoldungen den schönen Schein – im schmückenden wie im täuschenden Sinn –, schützen vor Korrosion verbessern die elektrische Leitfähigkeit usw.