bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Stress of Revolution, 1788-1826
Authors: Lloyd T O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Shortly before Cornwallis retired from office in India, Britain had gone to war with France once more, and the long wars dominated British foreign policy and military activity from 1793 until the final defeat of Napoleon in 1815. Imperial affairs were not quite so deeply affected by the wars; the world outside Europe was changed much more by the pressure of forces building up inside Britain than by Pitt’s attempts at imperial strategy. He was a child of his age in his free trade views on economics, but he was his father’s son when it came to military planning, and in the 1790s he committed the country to a policy of attacking French colonies that was no longer effective. The French had lost interest in colonies; Napoleon showed a few flickers of concern about the world outside Europe, but they soon died away. There was some truth in the Gilray cartoon which showed the world as a plum-pudding with Napoleon hacking away at the portion marked Europe while Pitt carved up the rest of the globe in a more leisurely manner, but this result was not brought about by Pitt’s strategy. His attacks on sugar islands were expensive and unsuccessful; what transformed the world outside Europe was the expansion and mechanization of the textile and metal trades in Britain that became known as the industrial revolution, and the accompanying growth of population. Colonial possessions of the old type would not be so useful in this new situation.
Independence at Once 1960-1983
Authors: Lloyd T O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A decisive change in British policy in Africa and in the general attitude to colonies took place at the end of the 1950s. Until then British statements about colonies stressed the idea of training them for independence, which was at times put explicitly in terms of the success of gradual withdrawal from India, and otherwise tacitly drew on memories of the long period during which the colonies of white settlement turned imperceptibly into independent nations. But in the 1960s and 1970s the idea of gradual preparation was laid aside almost completely and was replaced by the determination of the imperial rulers and their colonial subjects to end the process as fast as possible. The accustomed forms of opening the legislative council to elections on a basis of universal suffrage, handing power to a local leader, and holding an independence ceremony on lines that were almost always inspired by memories of Delhi in August 1947 were still observed, but at a pace which transformed the process in the way that a film is changed by being run more quickly.
The World after the Empire
Authors: Lloyd T O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the decades immediately after the great wave of independence at the beginning of the 1960s problems of nation-building and constitutional government arose in several of the countries that had just emerged from imperial rule. The individual colonies that made up the British Empire were in many cases large enough to contain a diversity of groups that could undermine the unity of the new country if they were not handled with great care. Many of the governments faced with this problem decided that the unrestrained democracy that they had welcomed when challenging British rule was too dangerous to be maintained after independence, and tried one¬ party rule or military rule. There was no sign that these expedients solved the problem, they had many other disadvantages and sometimes they were clearly exploited by politicians who wanted a monopoly of power. By the 1990s most members of the Commonwealth had had enough experience of other constitutional arrangements to understand the implications of Churchill’s statement that democracy is the worst type of government, except for all the others. Similar changes were taking place in many parts of the world, but the Commonwealth did express its own commitment to multi-party democracy by policy statements of its own and by steps towards applying pressure to members who did not meet those standards to do better or to cease to be members.
The Economic and Social Context
Authors: Sharpe J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Writing the social and economic history of the British Isles over the seventeenth century presents the historian with the formidable task of controlling and disciplining a mass of material which encompasses a sometimes bewilderingly diverse repertoire of experiences. This was, in the social and economic spheres, a century of change, and sometimes of very marked change, for the British Isles. Yet this process of socio-economic transition would have looked very different from the viewpoint of a Norfolk yeoman farmer, a Bristol merchant, an Edinburgh lawyer, a highland crofter, a Manx fisherman, or a Connacht cottar, while the womenfolk and children of such men would also have brought their distinctive perspectives to bear.
Governors, governance, and governed: British politics since 1945
Authors: Turner John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The political history of Britain in the second half of the twentieth century divides conveniently into five phases. From 1945 to 1951 the country was largely preoccupied witli post-war recovery under Clement Attlee’s Labour governments. The social and political consequences of affluence dominated the 1950s under the Conservatives. By the early 1960s confidence had begun to ebb, and from then until 1973 governments of both parties tried to modernize the country.
The edge of the world: the imperial frontier and beyond
Authors: Breeze David J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Caesar in 55 BC received a longer triumph for his foray into Britain than for his conquest of Gaul. Standing on the Channel coast in AD 43, the army of the Emperor Claudius mutinied at the order to cross the ocean. In the fourth century, after the accumulation of over three centuries of detailed knowledge, Roman writers still treated the land beyond Hadrian’s Wall as if it were a mystical country inhabited by strange and exotic peoples. This is particularly disturbing, for all our written sources are Roman (or Greek) in origin and are not balanced by any observations from the indigenous inhabitants of Britain. Even the only reference to the locals (‘Brittunculi’) in the most important new material discovered in the last thirty years, the Vindolanda writing tablets, is open to interpretation.
The British Isles 1901-1951
Authors: Robbins Keith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The 'British Isles' entered the twentieth century as a single state 'Great Britain and Ireland' with a 'British Empire' greater in extent and larger in population than the world had ever seen. The first fifty years saw vast change. This volume presents a very different country in 1951 from what it had been in 1901. The chapters by different authors focus on politics, economics, society, wars, and foreign policy to emphasize the interconnectedness of all these developments. These clearly written expositions reflect on 'the British Way and Purpose' from different perspectives.
Introduction: Halfway House— Isles and Empire over half a century
Authors: Robbins Keith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Historians are always uneasy about the ‘periods’ with which they conventionally work. Why choose one set of dates rather than another to begin and end a particular book? It has often seemed convenient to take a century as a reasonable period within which to consider the development of one country. And, while such a practice remains common, some historians kick against the constraints which they feel are imposed by the mere passage of a century or half a century. They seek to escape from what they regard as arbitrary periodization dictated by the calendar and instead define their periods by allegedly more meaningful considerations and characteristics. For this reason, some ‘centuries’ have a habit of becoming ‘long’ centuries which extend forwards or backwards. Such ‘long’ centuries are then begun or ended by a specific event or events, cataclysmic or otherwise.
Reason, Science and the Domination of Matter
Authors: Lloyd Genevieve 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a striking passage in The Second Sex, Simone de Beauvoir suggested that ‘male activity’, in prevailing over the ‘confused forces of life: has subdued both Nature and woman.1 The association between Nature and woman to which de Beauvoir here alludes has a long history in the self-definitions of Western culture. Nietzsche, with characteristic overstatement, suggested in a fragment on ‘The Greek woman’ that woman’s closeness to Nature makes her play to the State the role that sleep plays for man.
A Science of Mars or of Venus?
Authors: Tiles Mary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For as long as there has been anything worthy of the name of science, there have been those who have criticized its claim to superior knowledge. With the birth and prodigious growth of modern science, the corresponding growth of critical opinion led, in the eighteenth century, to a divorce of the sciences from the humanities around which our educational institutions, and our universities in particular, have been built. It is this divorce which renders prob-lematic the status of the social or human sciences. For the extent to which man can be an object of scientific knowledge will be questioned by those insisting on an opposition between human knowledge and values as embodied in the humanities, and the dehumanized objective knowledge proclaimed within the natural sciences.
The Inviolable Woman: Feminist Conceptions of Citizenship in Australia, 1900-1945
Authors: Lake Marilyn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The meaning of citizenship is currently attracting renewed attention around the world. At the same time that people are identifying new democratic possibilities in a revitalized citizenship, however, feminists have been pointing both to the masculinist terms in which citizenship has been conceptualized and to women’s effective exclusion, in practice, from the basic citizen’s right of self government in Western democracies. These theoretical and practical issues are, of course, related. The assumed autonomy of the citizen, for example, rested on the understanding that someone else was responsible for domestic work and the maintenance of every day life. To participate fully as active citizens in public life, women have had to emulate men’s condition of freedom from private constraints and domestic responsibilities. Comparatively few have been willing and able to do so, and one result is that women every where are dramatically under-represented in political institutions. Both the discourse and practice of citizenship, feminist scholars have concluded, are profoundly gendered activities.
HQ: Culture at the ‘Big House’
Authors: Young Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I have written elsewhere (Young 1991a) about the ethical dilemmas of carrying out an observing participation on your own ‘tribe’ after living with it unthinkingly for over two decades. Here I felt less constrained, however, for I was not required to re-examine my own earlier practices to quite the same extent. Furthermore, having moved in from outside, I was made aware I was an ‘import’ who might be accepted, but only after I had served a very long apprenticeship.
Rural Practice and Project Research
Authors: Young Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In police society there is a paramount need to appear busy, with the result that the occurrence sheet or incident log begins to assume enormous significance. In this situation every event can become infused with importance, however trivial. Work tends to follow Parkinson’s law and expands to fill the time available. Inevitably this means even a minor incident in some hamlet perhaps twenty miles or more from a city such as Worcester or Hereford can become a major event. It was therefore perhaps not surprising to find there was little support in the rural world for practices which had operated for years in the city forces, where minor crimes were recorded and then more or less ignored. In the urban forces there had been a practical recognition and acceptance of the considerable body of research that shows such crimes are generally opportunist events and are not easily detected.
Condition Black—Negative
Authors: Young Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although police accountability has been on the political agenda for perhaps two decades now, and in that time there has been a well-documented decline in the public deference and respect for the institu1ions of authority, the rural force seemed somewhat immune. And even as it followed trends in ‘modern management’, set up consultative committees, and rushed to gain MRA qualifications to meet demands for an effective and business-like prowess, all our attempts to transform the culture met with only limited success; for as a contemporary in research and corporate planning put it, ‘all we ever really do is tease the edges of the fabric of the beast’.
Culture
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Writing in 1983, Raymond Williams declared ‘culture’ one of the two or three most complicated words in the English language. Since then, the concept of culture has been through further vicissitudes—’culture wars’, identity politics, and resurgent ethnonationalism, to name just a few.To some people working in the social sciences and humanities, the point has been reached where this term has become more trouble than it is worth. To them, culture is best avoided, or even entirely dropped from our vocabularies of social description and analysis.
Privacy
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If privacy is today regarded as a social good, to be defended and protected, this was not always so. The English word ‘privacy’ comes from the Latin privare (to deprive), and in its earliest sense meant something along the lines of ‘privation’. A ‘private’ person was someone deprived of official position or rank, or a member of a closed religious order similarly (albeit voluntarily) disengaged from public life. In the army, of course, a private is still an ordinary soldier who lacks the rank of an officer, and (in some usages) is not a public recruit.
Religion
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If for Karl Marx religion was the pacifying ‘opium of the people’, today it is more commonly denounced for the opposite tendency. Religion, we hear, mobilises people to extravagant, intemperate and violent action; it stirs them to kill, maim, terrorise, tyrannise, self-harm. Insofar as religion is indeed linked to action of this sort, it seems hardly congenial to the promotion of human rights. Yet the promotion of human rights is precisely an enterprise in which religious conviction has always played an important part. Religious organisations helped to launch the human rights movement, and remain to this day some of the most engaged and effective actors within it.
The Procedure of the Courts
Authors: Brown L Neville , Bell John S , Galabert Jean-Michel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The procedure before the French administrative courts is quite unlike any court procedure in England and differs also from that before the civil courts in France. This is principally because it shares the characteristic of French criminal procedure in being ‘inquisitorial’ rather than adopting the ‘accusatorial’ method of the English criminal process or the ‘adversary’ procedure of our civil trial. In other words, the court takes upon itself the task of finding out the facts, not being content to decide the case on the facts as established by the parties. Indeed, the court will also pursue an independent investigation of the law, again not being content or constrained (as in England) to rely upon the investigations and arguments of counsel.
The Influence of droit administratif Outside France
Authors: Brown L Neville , Bell John S , Galabert Jean-Michel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The most outstanding contribution made by France to legal science has undoubtedly been the Civil Code of 1804, but almost as important has been the separate system of administrative jurisdiction and administrative law created by the Conseil d’Etat during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Most European countries follow the French practice of the double jurisdiction; even Belgium, which was strongly opposed to the French example in its constitution of 1831, has since established a separate Conseil d’Etat. The Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Greece1 all have separate administrative courts administering principles of administrative law not far removed from those of the droit administratif. In this chapter, therefore, it is proposed briefly to outline the systems in the European Communities, namely, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Germany, and Greece, and then to discuss what may well in time become the most important French export of all, the procedure and law of the Court of Justice of the European Communities at Luxembourg, the title retained by the Court even after the Maastricht Treaty (1992) adopted the label ‘European Union’ in place of ‘European Communities’.
Conclusions
Authors: Brown L Neville , Bell John S , Galabert Jean-Michel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The task of administrative judges has been described by Rivero as that of ‘submitting the totality of French public life to an ethic whose content it defines without any written text’.1 In other words, judges set standards of good government. As President Odent suggested,2 their ability to perform such a role depends on a close connection between the administration’s judges and the administration itself: the interpenetration of administrative and judicial functions is a good thing. If administrative judges were isolated from the active administration, if they ceased to be in constant contact with the needs and constraints of administrative life, they would lose their specific character.
Lagrange’s Method
Authors: Dixit Avinash K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Let us begin the development of the general theory of optimization subject to constraints, using a setting very close to the consumer choice model of Chapter 1. Suppose the choice variables are x and x. I shall write them more compactly as a vector x arranged in a column, Initially, I shall use vectors only to abbreviate lists of components; actual operations with vectors and matrices will appear gradually.
Dynamic Programming
Authors: Dixit Avinash K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 10 we studied optimization over time. The constraints (10.1) expressing increments to stocks or state variables, and the additively separable form (10.3) of the objective function, were special features that enabled us to express the first-order conditions in a useful special form, namely as the Maximum Principle. Dynamic Programming is an alternative way of solving the same problem. It proves especially useful when time and uncertainty appear together, as they so often do in reality. Let us begin with time to keep the exposition simple, and introduce uncertainty later.
subject to the constraints
Seasonal Adjustment and Relations between Variables
Authors: Wallis* Kenneth F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This article studies the effect of official seasonal adjustment procedures on the relations between variables. By considering time-invariant linear filters, and in particular a linear approximation to the Census Method II adjustment program, the effect of adjusting one or both of the variables in a distributed lag relation is examined, and the distortions which can arise are described. Applying the actual (nonlinear) adjustment procedure to artificial data indicates that at least for the particular x-series used, the results of the linear filter analysis provide a good guide to the behaviour of estimates obtained from data adjusted by the official method.
A Study Toward a Dynamic Theory of Seasonality for Economic Time Series
Authors: Ghysels* Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Several economists, notably Plosser (1978), Sargent (1978), and Wallis (1978) refuted the assumption that the seasonal component of endogenous variables in a dynamic economic model has almost all of its power restricted to what is termed seasonal frequency and its harmonics. In this article, a model with a closed-form solution is formulated to provide more insight into the arguments put forward by economists. It is concluded that univariate seasonal adjustment cannot be considered a harmless simplification of data without loss of information, neither for the interpretation of economic time series nor for regression analysis. Key words: Unobserved component models; Dynamic economic models.
Seasonal Adjustment and Kalman Filtering: Extension to Periodic Variances
Authors: Burridge Peter , Wallis Kenneth F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Abstract. This paper reviews the relations between the methods of seasonal adjustment used by official statistical agencies and the ‘model-based’ methods that postulate explicit stochastic models for the unobserved components of a time series and applying optimal signal extraction theory to obtain a seasonal adjusted series. The Kalman filter implementation of the model-based methods is described and some recent results on its properties are reviewed. The model-based methods employ homogeneous or time-invariant models that as sume in particular that the autocovariance structure does not vary with the season. Relaxing this leads to the class of models known as periodic models, and an example of a seasonally heteroscedastic unobserved-components ARIMA (SHUCARIMA) model is presented. The calculation of the standard error of a seasonally adjusted series via the Kalman filter is extended to this periodic model and illustrated for a monthly rainfall series.
Key words: Seasonal adjustment; signal extraction; Kalman filter; periodic models; seasonally heteroscedastic unobserved-components autoregressive integrated-moving average; (SHUCARIMA) models.
Basic Concepts
Authors: Granger Clive W J , Teräsvirta Timo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It seems to be generally accepted that the economy is nonlinear, in that major economic variables have nonlinear relationships. Economic theorists suggest models with floors and ceilings, buffer stocks, and switching regimes. Investment functions, production functions, and Phillips’ curves are usually specified in nonlinear forms. Given any particular nonlinear model, with known specification but unknown parameters, econometricians can suggest ways of estimating these parameters and produce some asymptotic properties of these estimators (see, for instance, Judge et al. 1985 and White 1984). However, most economic theories only suggest plausible nonlinear specifications, usually are incomplete, and often do not agree with actual data, particularly in the dynamic structure.
Particular Nonlinear Multivariate Models
Authors: Granger Clive W J , Teräsvirta Timo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews several specific nonlinear models that are useful in practical analysis. The models are fairly obvious generalizations of well-known univariate models, such as autoregressive, moving average, and bilinear models. Some specific nonlinear autoregressive models are likely to be the most practical: these are all concerned with modelling the mean or conditional expectation or a series. The final section discusses simple models for conditional variance.
Testing Weak Exogeneity and the Order of Cointegration in U.K. Money Demand Data
Authors: Johansen Søren 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper discusses autoregressive models allowing for processes integrated of order 2, and the various types of cointegration that can occur. A statistical analysis of such models that allows for the determination of the order of integration and the cointegrating ranks is outlined. The notion of weak exogeneity is discussed for 1(1) processes. The results are illustrated by the U.K. money data of Hendry and Ericsson (1991).