bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reversibility of hydration and dehydration reactions of a phosphaphenanthrene oxide (DOPO) pendent group on polyamide
Authors: Liu Ying‐Ling , Wei Wen‐Lung , Chen Wen‐Yu 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe cyclic phosphorous group, 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide‐10‐yl (DOPO), attached on a polyamide PA–DOPO could be hydrated to give its open‐chained form with phosphinic acid groups (PA–DOPO–HD). The open‐chained phosphinic acid groups could be reformed to its cyclic DOPO form through thermal dehydration. The occurrence of the hydration and thermal‐dehydration reactions and the chemical structure of the polyamides were demonstrated with FTIR, 31P NMR, and thermal analysis. PA–DOPO–HD exhibited similar inherent viscosity and better organosolubility than the original polyamide PA–DOPO. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Structural changes in epoxy resin polymer after heating and their influence on space charges
Authors: Smaoui Hichem , Guermazi Hajer , Agnel Serge , Mlik Youssef , Toureille Alain , Schué François 
Published: July 2003

AbstractInfrared spectroscopy was used to characterize changes in physicochemical properties of an epoxy‐amine resin as a function of temperature. The thermal degradation of the system was studied by means of thermogravimetric analysis. The effect of heat on evolution of space charges was investigated by the thermal step method and the thermally stimulated depolarization currents method. It was found that heat induced ring opening of epoxide groups and promoted formation of carbonyl groups. Space charge density was found to increase with increasing temperature while dipolar relaxation decreased. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Properties of natural rubber composites reinforced with silica or carbon black: influence of cure accelerator content and filler dispersion
Authors: Choi Sung‐Seen , Nah Changwoon , Jo Byung‐Wook 
Published: July 2003

AbstractFiller dispersion is a critical factor in determining the properties of filled rubber composites. Silica has a high density of silanol groups on the surface, which lead to strong filler–filler interactions and a poor filler dispersions. A cure accelerator, N‐tert‐butyl‐2‐benzothiazole sulfenamide (TBBS), was found to improve filler dispersion in silica‐filled natural rubber (NR) compounds. For the silica‐filled NR compounds without the silane coupling agent, the reversion ratio generally increased with increase in TBBS content, whereas those of the silica‐filled NR compounds containing the silane coupling agent and carbon black‐filled NR compounds decreased linearly. The tensile strength of the silica‐filled NR vulcanizate without the silane coupling agent increased as the TBBS content increased, whereas carbon black‐filled samples did not show a specific trend. The experimental results were explained by TBBS adsorption on the silica surface and the improvement of silica dispersion with the aid of TBBS. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Intumescent flame retardant–montmorillonite synergism in polypropylene‐layered silicate nanocomposites
Authors: Tang Yong , Hu Yuan , Wang Shaofeng , Gui Zhou , Chen Zuyou , Fan Weicheng 
Published: July 2003

AbstractPolypropylene/clay nanocomposites have been prepared starting from pristine mont morillonite (MMT) and reactive compatibilizer hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C16). The nanocomposite structure is evidenced by the X‐ray diffraction and high resolution electronic microscopy. Intumescent flame retardant has been added to polypropylene/clay hybrids. Their flammability behaviours have been evaluated using cone calorimetry. Synergy was observed between the nanocomposites and intumescent flame retardant. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
A new species of Trichothelium and new records of Porinaceae from Ecuador
Authors: McCarthy P. M. , Palice Z. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractTrichothelium longisetum sp. nov. (Porinaceae) is described from a rainforest in northeastern Ecuador. It has a non-radiating photobiont, prominent, black perithecia, each with numerous, long-acute to acicular, black setae, and elongate-bacilliform, 9–15-septate ascospores. Remarkably, this lichen grows on wood rather than on the living leaves or bark of trees or shrubs. Four species of Porina are also reported for the first time from Ecuador.
A new corticolous species of Chroodiscus (Thelotremataceae) from Argentina
Authors: Messuti María Inés , Lumbsch H. Thorsten , Vezda Antonín 
Published: July 2003

AbstractChroodiscus lomatiae Messuti, Lumbsch & Vezda is described as new to science. This southern South American species belongs to the family Thelotremataceae. It is characterized by fusiform, hyaline, small, thin-walled ascospores, exfoliating, chroodiscoid apothecia, and the presence of lecanoric acid.
The Dawson Cut Forest Bed in the Fairbanks area, Alaska, is about two million years old☆
Authors: Westgate John A. , Preece Shari J. , Péwé Troy L. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe Dawson Cut Forest Bed lies in the lower part of thick, late Cenozoic loess deposits in the Fairbanks area. It is associated with several distal tephra beds that provide age control and offer the opportunity of its recognition elsewhere in central Alaska. EC tephra (named herein) occurs in the uppermost part of the Dawson Cut Forest Bed and its petrographic and chemical properties point to a co-magmatic relationship with PA tephra, which has not been found in direct association with the forest bed. Both tephra beds are pink and have unusually high Cl in their glass shards, which readily separates them from all other tephra beds in the Fairbanks area. They were produced by discrete eruptions, closely spaced in time. PA tephra has a glass-fission-track age of 2.02 ± 0.14 myr, indicating that the Dawson Cut Forest Bed must be about 2 million years old. The Palisades tephra (named herein) has very similar properties to these two tephra beds, suggesting that the buried forest bed just above it at the Palisades site on the Yukon River, about 250 km west of Fairbanks, correlates with the Dawson Cut Forest Bed.
Correlation and interpretation of paleosols and loess across European Russia and Asia over the last interglacial–glacial cycle
Authors: Rutter Nathaniel W. , Rokosh Dean , Evans Michael E. , Little Edward C. , Chlachula Jiri , Velichko Andrei 
Published: July 2003

AbstractLoess-paleosol sequences of the last interglacial-glacial cycle are correlated from European Russia to central Siberia and the Chinese Loess Plateau. During cold periods represented by marine oxygen isotope stages (OIS) 2 and 4, loess deposition dominated in the Russian Plain and the Loess Plateau. In central Siberia, loess deposition took place also, but five to seven thin, weakly developed paleosols are identified in both stages. OIS 3, in the Chinese Loess Plateau near Yangchang, consists of a loess bed that is flanked by two weakly developed paleosols. At Kurtak, Siberia, OIS 3 is represented by two distinct, stacked paleosols with no loess bed separating the paleosols. In the Russian Plain, OIS 3 consists of a single, possibly welded paleosol, representing upper and lower stage-3 climates. Brunisols and Chernozems dominate the profiles in China and Siberia, whereas Regosols, Luvisols, and Chernozems are evident in the northern and southern Russian Plain, respectively. OIS 5 is represented in China and the Russian Plain by pedo complexes in a series of welded soils, whereas in contrast, the Kurtak site consists of six paleosols with interbedded loess. The paleosols consist largely of Brunisols and Chernozems. Although the three areas examined have different climates, geographical settings, and loess source areas, they all had similar climate changes during the last interglacial-glacial cycle.
Current perspectives on the Pleistocene archaeology of eastern Beringia
Authors: Morlan Richard E. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractMost recent summaries of eastern Beringian (Alaska and Yukon) archaeology present the Nenana complex, beginning 11,500–12,000 14C yr B.P., as the beginning of the regional archaeological record. Either explicitly or tacitly, these summaries dismiss or ignore a body of older putative evidence of human occupation that may span the late Wisconsin stade and even extend into part of the mid-Wisconsin interstade. This paper summarizes the interpretive problems surrounding the older findings, bringing together data that have accumulated over a period of two decades, in the hope that a coherent presentation will encourage more careful appraisals of the materials. The paper concludes with a family of testable hypotheses concerning the beginnings of human occupation in eastern Beringia. The hypothesis that people were present during the mid-Wisconsin interstade has not yet been falsified.
Stratigraphy, fossils, and age of sediments at the upper pit of the Lost Chicken gold mine: new information on the late Pliocene environment of east central Alaska
Authors: Matthews John V. , Westgate J. A. , Ovenden Lynn , Carter L. David , Fouch Thomas 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe “upper pit” at the Lost Chicken placer gold mine in east central Alaska contains fossils that provide information on the flora and insect fauna of interior Alaska just before the onset of global cooling at 2.5 myr. Fossils come from sediments interbedded with the Lost Chicken tephra (dated at 2.9 ± 0.4 myr—early Late Pliocene) and portray the floodplain and valley of a small creek within a region dominated by a coniferous forest richer in genera and species than the present one. Climate was wetter and less continental, and there was probably little or no permafrost. At least one other Pliocene tephra (the Fortymile tephra) occurs at the site and is also associated with plant and insect fossils. Among these fossils are extinct plants and insects like those found at other Tertiary sites in northern Canada and Alaska. The Lost Chicken sequence is the same age as the Beaufort Formation on Meighen Island, more than 1000 km to the north. Like Lost Chicken, Meighen Island sediments contain fossils representing a diverse boreal environment. This shows that the latitudinal climate gradient during early Late Pliocene time was shallower than at present and the boreal forest had a far greater latitudinal span than now.
Population dynamics and predictions in the Isle of Man fishery for the great scallop, Pecten maximus L.
Authors: Beukers-Stewart B.D , Mosley M.W.J , Brand A.R 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
There has been a fishery for the great scallop, Pecten maximus, around the Isle of Man, since 1937. Research up to the end of the 1980s suggested that these scallop stocks were in continuous decline. The fishery is now largely dependent on the strength of each recruiting year-class, placing it at considerable risk from recruitment failure. This study utilised data on the spat settlement, age structure, abundance and commercial catch rates of scallops, collected between 1975 and 2001, to examine recent population dynamics and the potential for predicting future catch rates. Spat settlement was generally low, but there were two exceptionally strong year-classes. Surveys of the stock revealed high exploitation rates during each fishing season (November to May inclusive) with variable recovery due to recruitment by the following October. In 1997/1998, scallop catch rates reached a 20-year high on several grounds and have generally remained high since. The strong spat settlements in 1989 and particularly 1994 were largely responsible for recent rises in catch rates, although the maintenance of high catch rates between 1999 and 2001 has occurred despite poor spat settlement between 1995 and 2000. Within stock surveys, the density of 2-year-old scallops was generally an accurate predictor of the density of 3- and 4-year-old scallops, 1–2 years later. The nature and strength of these relationships varied considerably between fishing grounds due to spatial variation in both scallop biology and patterns of exploitation. Results from fishery independent surveys did not always correlate well with commercial catch rates, however, suggesting the need for an expansion of the survey on some grounds. Overall, our study indicated that current levels of exploitation appear to be sustainable in the Isle of Man scallop fishery. Our results also demonstrated that monitoring of both spat settlement and the abundance of juveniles has considerable potential for predicting future catch rates of commercial sized scallops.
An overview of seabed-mapping technologies in the context of marine habitat classification☆
Authors: Kenny A.J , Cato I , Desprez M , Fader G , Schüttenhelm R.T.E , Side J 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
A wide range of seabed-mapping technologies is reviewed in respect to their effectiveness in discriminating benthic habitats at different spatial scales. Of the seabed attributes considered important in controlling the benthic community of marine sands and gravel, sediment grain size, porosity or shear strength, and sediment dynamics were highlighted as the most important. Whilst no one mapping system can quantify all these attributes at the same time, some may be estimated by skilful interpretation of the remotely sensed data. For example, seabed processes or features, such as bedform migration, scour, slope failure, and gas venting are readily detectable by many of the mapping systems, and these characteristics in turn can be used to assist a habitat classification (and monitoring) of the seabed. We tabulate the relationship between “rapid” continental shelf sedimentological processes, the seabed attributes affecting these processes, and the most suitable mapping system to employ for their detection at different spatial scales.
Impact of a large-scale area closure on patterns of fishing disturbance and the consequences for benthic communities
Authors: Dinmore T.A , Duplisea D.E , Rackham B.D , Maxwell D.L , Jennings S 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
Seasonal area closures of fisheries are primarily used to reduce fishing mortality on target species. In the absence of effort controls, fishing vessels displaced from a closed area will impact fish populations and the environment elsewhere. Based on the observed response of the North Sea beam trawl fleet to the closure of the “cod box” and an existing size-based model of the impacts of beam trawling, we predict the effects of seasonal area closures on benthic communities in the central North Sea. We suggest that repeated seasonal area closures would lead to a slightly more homogeneous distribution of annual trawling activity, although the distribution would remain patchy rather than random. The increased homogeneity, coupled with the displacement of trawling activity to previously unfished areas, is predicted to have slightly greater cumulative impacts on total benthic invertebrate production and lead to localized reductions in benthic biomass for several years. To ensure the effective integration of fisheries and environmental management, the wider consequences of fishery management actions should be considered a priori. Thus, when seasonal closures increase the homogeneity of overall disturbance or lead to the redistribution of trawling activity to environmentally sensitive or previously unfished areas, then effort reductions or permanent area closures should be considered as a management option. The latter would lead to a single but permanent redistribution of fishing disturbance, with lower cumulative impacts on benthic communities in the long run.
A simulation study of the implications of age-reading errors for stock assessment and management advice
Authors: Reeves Stuart A. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractCatch-at-age data are a crucial input to many stock assessments, so errors in age determination could have an adverse effect on the quality of the stock assessment and the scientific advice based on that assessment. The results of simulation studies presented in this study are intended to quantify the effects of age-reading errors on the perception of stock trends and short-term management advice. The study is based on Eastern Baltic cod, in which problems with consistent interpretation of otolith structures result in the catch-at-age data being particularly problematic. The results indicate a clear distinction between the performance of the assessment, and the performance of catch forecasts and advice based on that assessment. The ageing error affected the absolute level of estimates of fishing mortality and spawning stock biomass from stock assessments, although overall trends are similar, and general conclusions about the state of the stock are likely to be broadly correct. Greater problems arose in catch forecasts and advice, for which ageing error led to discrepancies between the required and the effective fishing mortality, and a general tendency for ageing error to lead to advice on Total Allowable Catch that would be too optimistic and, therefore, less effective for stock conservation.
Evaluation of shell damage to the clam Chamelea gallina captured by hydraulic dredging in the Northern Adriatic Sea
Authors: Moschino V , Deppieri M , Marin M.G 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe impact of experimental hydraulic dredging was assessed on Chamelea gallina populations in two sites along the north-western Adriatic coast (Lido and Jesolo) by detecting and quantifying shell damage caused by fishing operations on both captured and discarded clams. Various levels of stress were applied, the highest being that used by commercial fishing vessels, which employ high water pressure and mechanised sorting and the lowest manual sampling of clams by scuba divers. Water pressure and sorting significantly increased shell damage, the highest levels always being observed in commercially dredged clams. At Lido, damage was mostly due to the action of the mechanised sorter; at Jesolo, the effect of high water pressure was more clearcut. Moreover, clams collected at Jesolo had both higher mean damage level and higher numbers of damaged individuals compared to the Lido samples. These differences seem to be mostly related to differing bottom features in the two sites. A positive relationship was observed between damage level and clam size: small-sized samples (length <17 mm) were less damaged than medium-sized ones (25 mm > length >17 mm) and commercial size clams (>25 mm) showed the highest damage level. The severe and harmful physical impact of hydraulic dredging was apparent in captured and then discarded animals, a small fraction of which appears able to recover, as shown by the presence of clams with repaired shells.
An experimental study of the ecological impacts of hydraulic bivalve dredging on maerl
Authors: Hauton C , Hall-Spencer J.M , Moore P.G 
Published: July 2003

AbstractA short-term experiment to assess the ecological impact of a hydraulic blade dredge on a maerl community was carried out during November 2001 in the Clyde Sea area on the west coast of Scotland. A fluorescent sediment tracer was used to label dead maerl, which was then spread out on the surface of sediment to act as a proxy for living maerl. The fauna collected by the dredge was dominated by the bivalves Dosinia exoleta and Tapes rhomboides, which were found to be intact. The target razor clams Ensis spp. were caught in low numbers, which reflected the low abundance of this genus within the maerl habitat. The hydraulic dredge removed, dispersed and buried the fluorescent maerl at a rate of 5.2 kg m−2 and suspended a large cloud of sediment into the water column, which settled out and blanketed the seabed to a distance of at least 8 m either side of the dredge track. The likely ecological consequences of hydraulic dredging on maerl grounds are discussed, and a case is made for protecting all maerl grounds from hydraulic dredging and establishing them as reservoirs to allow for the recruitment of commercial bivalve populations at adjacent fished sites.
Improved transfection efficiency of cultured human cells
Authors: Nikcevic Gordana , Kovacevic‐Grujicic Natasa , Stevanovic Milena 
Published: July 2003

AbstractWe simultaneously tested the transfection efficiency of NT2/D1 and HeLa cells with Lipofectamine™ (Life Technologies) and Effectene™ (Qiagen) transfection reagents using the pCH110 eukaryotic assay vector, which contains the lacZ reporter gene. Under our culture conditions for NT2/D1 and HeLa cells, Effectene™ transfection efficiency could be augmented by simply increasing the amount of plasmid DNA 1.5–3 times above the recommended concentration without any visible cytotoxicity. With the Lipofectamine™ reagent, optimal transfection efficiency was obtained for both cell lines within the recommended concentrations, but at the top of the range. The results indicate that optimization of the transfection process should include plasmid DNA concentrations above the levels suggested by the manufacturers, in order to accomplish the highest transfection efficiency.
Central hemimaxillectomy and reconstruction using a superficial temporal artery axial pattern flap in a domestic short hair cat
Authors: Lester S , Pratschke K 
Published: July 2003

A 2-year old, neutered male domestic short hair cat presented with a large mass involving the right upper lip and underlying gingiva. A previous attempt at mass excision had failed, and the histopathological diagnosis was reported to be a fibrosarcoma. The cat was otherwise in good health. A central hemimaxillectomy was performed with extensive soft-tissue dissection and maxillofacial reconstruction achieved using an axial pattern flap based on the superficial temporal artery. This is the first reported clinical case of the use of the superficial temporal artery axial pattern flap in the cat. Histopathology identified a periodontal fibromatous epulis.
DNA sequence profile of TP53 gene mutations in childhood B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas: prognostic implications
Authors: Klumb Claudete Esteves , Furtado Daniel Rodrigues , Magalhães de Resende Lídia Maria , Carriço Maria Kadma , Coelho Arthur Moellman , de Meis Ernesto , Maia Raquel Ciuvalschi , Rumjanek Franklin David 
Published: July 2003

Abstract:Objectives: The TP53 gene encodes a nuclear protein implicated in the regulation of the cell cycle, DNA repair, and apoptosis. TP53 mutations and other alterations have been described in numerous types of tumors, and some of these have been associated with poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to characterize TP53 mutations in childhood B non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, their correlation with clinical prognostic factors and response to therapy.Patients and methods: Samples from 49 children with B non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma were examined for TP53 alterations by single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP) of exons 5–9, direct sequencing and by p53 immunohistochemistry.Results: Mutations of TP53 were detected in 11 of 49 (22.5%) patients and more specifically in 20% of Burkitt's lymphoma. The sequence analysis showed missense mutations in 10 cases and an insertion mutation in one case. Mutations of the transition type occurred more frequently than transversions (seven of 11). Analysis of the spectrum of single‐nucleotide substitutions showed a 30% frequency of transition mutations in CpG dinucleotide sequences. The overall frequency of p53 immunostaining positivity was 36% (15 of 41). There was a very good agreement between protein expression and the presence of TP53 mutation (P = 0.0005). No significant correlation was found regarding age, gender, clinical stage and LDH level and TP53 mutations. Comparison of EFS curves using the log‐rank test were also not significant. However, the analysis of the effects of mutations on the core p53 structure identified biological and biochemical mutants with phenotypes probably related to different response to chemotherapy.Conclusions: Our data suggest that some types of mutants can alter the protein distinctly and may be associated with a more aggressive phenotype. In addition, the impact of TP53 mutations on response to therapy may also be influenced by disruption of other genes.