bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of oral administration of zanapezil (TAK‐147) for 21 days on acetylcholine and monoamines levels in the ventral hippocampus of freely moving rats
Authors: Hatip‐Al‐Khatib Izzettin , Iwasaki Katsunori , Yoshimitsu Yoshitaka , Arai Takashi , Egashira Nobuaki , Mishima Kenichi , Ikeda Tomoaki , Fujiwara Michihiro 
Published: June 2005

Zanapezil (TAK‐147 (3‐[1benzylpiperdin‐4‐yl]‐1‐(2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1 H‐1‐benzazepin‐8‐yl) propan‐1‐one fumarate)) is a selective acetylcholine (ACh) esterase inhibitor under investigation as a drug for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment.
In this study, the effects of TAK‐147 at 2 mg kg−1 p.o. for 21 days, compared to donepezil (E2020), on the levels of ACh, catecolamines and indoleamines were investigated in the ventral hippocampus (VH) of freely moving rats by microdialysis‐high‐performance liquid chromatography.
The results revealed that the VH contains 92.05±21.97 fmol 20 μl−1 ACh and the following monoamines levels (pg 30 μl−1), norepinephrine (NE) 1.92±0.39, epinephrine (Epi) 1.91±0.183, 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) 11.53±3.22, normetanephrine 3.26±0.61, dopamine (DA) 0.77±0.23, 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) 3.37±1.01, homovanillic acid (4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenylacetic acid; HVA) 4.04±0.93, 3‐methoxytyramine 0.64±0.13, serotonin (5‐HT) 0.73±0.16 and 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA) 313.15±18.42.
On the 21st day and prior to the last dose, TAK‐147 increased ACh, Epi, DA and 5‐HT, whereas E2020 increased MHPG, Epi and DA. Following the last dose, TAK‐147 increased NE, whereas E2020 increased NE, ACh and 5‐HT in addition to their effects prior to the last dose. TAK‐147 decreased HVA : DA ratio, but only marginally decreased DOPAC : DA and 5‐HIAA : 5‐HT ratios. On the other hand, E2020 decreased ratios of HVA : DA, DOPAC : DA (prior to the last dose), and 5‐HIAA : 5‐HT (90–180 min after the last dose). Both drugs decreased MHPG : NE only at 180 min after the last dose. The results also showed that TAK‐147 increased Epi : NE ratio prior to and for 120 min following the last dose, whereas E2020 increased the ratio only before the last dose. The present results show that TAK‐147 at a subthreshold dose could differentially increase ACh and 5‐HT, compared to MHPG increased by E2020. The last dose of each drug could extend their effects to other monoamines.
The increase of the monoamines levels, in addition to that on the ACh, and decrease of their oxidation could be of value in the treatment of the AD, other dementic diseases and the cohort neurological disorders depending on the type of the monoamine underlying the disorder.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 1035–1044. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706288
Dual regulation of myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity by levosimendan in normal and acidotic conditions in aequorin‐loaded canine ventricular myocardium
Authors: Takahashi Reiko , Endoh Masao 
Published: June 2005

Experiments were carried out in canine ventricular trabeculae loaded with aequorin to investigate the effects of levosimendan {(R)‐([4‐(1,4,5,6‐tetrahydro‐4‐methyl‐6‐oxo‐3‐pyridazinyl)phenyl]‐hydrazono)‐propanedinitrile} on contractile force and Ca2+ transients in normal and acidotic conditions.
The concentration–response curve for the positive inotropic effect (PIE) of levosimendan was bell‐shaped, that is, it declined markedly at 10−4 M after achieving the maximum at 10−5 M in normal (pHo=7.4) and acidotic conditions (pHo=6.6).
The positive inotropic effect (PIE) of levosimendan up to 10−5 M was associated with an increase in Ca2+ transients and a shift of the relationship of Ca2+ transients and force to the left of that of elevation of [Ca2+]o.
Levosimendan at 10−4 M elicited a negative inotropic effect (NIE) in association with a further increase in Ca2+ transients, and during washout Ca2+ transients increased further, while the force was abolished before both signals recovered to the control.
In acidotic conditions, the relationship of Ca2+ transients and force during the application of levosimendan in normal conditions was essentially unaltered, whereas the PIE was suppressed due to attenuation of the increase in Ca2+ transients.
In summary, in intact canine ventricular myocardium, levosimendan elicits a dual inotropic effect: at lower concentrations, it induces a PIE by a combination of increases in Ca2+ transients and Ca2+ sensitivity, while at higher concentrations it elicits an NIE due to a decrease in Ca2+ sensitivity. Acidosis inhibits the PIE of levosimendan due to suppression of the increase in Ca2+ transients in response to the compound.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 1143–1152. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706292
Phylogenomic Analysis of the Receptor-Like Proteins of Rice and Arabidopsis
Authors: Fritz-Laylin Lillian K. , Krishnamurthy Nandini , Tör Mahmut , Sjölander Kimmen V. , Jones Jonathan D.G. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Cf-9 resistance gene encodes the first characterized member of the plant receptor-like protein (RLP) family. Other RLPs such as CLAVATA2 and TOO MANY MOUTHS are known to regulate development. The domain structure of RLPs consists of extracellular leucine-rich repeats, a transmembrane helix, and a short cytoplasmic region. Here, we identify 90 RLPs in rice (Oryza sativa) and compare them with functionally characterized RLPs from different plant species and with 56 Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) RLPs, including the downy mildew resistance protein RPP27. Many RLPs cluster into four distinct superclades, three of which include RLPs known to be involved in plant defense. Sequence comparisons reveal diagnostic amino acid residues that may specify different molecular functions in different RLP subtypes. This analysis of rice RLPs thus identified at least 73 candidate resistance genes and four genes potentially involved in development. Due to the synteny between rice and other Gramineae, this analysis should provide valuable tools for experimental studies in rice and other cereals.
Regulation of oxidative enzyme activity and eukaryotic elongation factor 2 in human skeletal muscle: influence of gender and exercise
Authors: Roepstorff C. , Schjerling P. , Vistisen B. , Madsen M. , Steffensen C. H. , Rider M. H. , Kiens B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAim:  To investigate gender‐related differences in the responses of oxidative enzymes and eukaryotic elongation factor‐2 (eEF2) to exercise.Methods:  The influence of exercise (90 min, 60%VO2peak) on citrate synthase (CS) and β‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (HAD) activity and mRNA content, together with eEF2 expression and phosphorylation at rest, were assessed in skeletal muscle of untrained (UT) and endurance trained (ET) females and males.Results:  Citrate synthase and HAD mRNA were higher in females than in males (27% and 48%, respectively, P < 0.05) whereas CS and HAD activity did not differ between females and males (NS). In females only, CS activity was enhanced (P < 0.05) by 90 min exercise. Resting CS mRNA content did not differ between UT and ET but, nevertheless, CS activity was 56% higher in ET than in UT volunteers (P < 0.001). HAD mRNA and activity were not influenced by training status (NS). In UT, CS mRNA was enhanced 37% (P < 0.05) by exercise whereas exercise did not change CS mRNA in ET (NS). eEF2 expression was 31% higher (P < 0.05) and eEF2 Thr56 phosphorylation (which leads to translation inhibition) was 24% lower (P < 0.05) in females than in males. eEF2 expression and phosphorylation were unaffected by training status (NS).Conclusion:  Basal transcriptional, translational, and/or post‐translational control of CS and HAD seems to be gender‐dependent. Also, gender differences in translation and/or post‐translational protein modification of CS occur during exercise. Accordingly, the potential for peptide‐chain elongation, based on eEF2 expression and phosphorylation, appears to be higher in females than in males.
Myocardial interstitial choline and glutamate levels during acute myocardial ischaemia and local ouabain administration
Authors: Kawada T. , Yamazaki T. , Akiyama T. , Shishido T. , Mori H. , Sugimachi M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAim:  Noradrenaline (NA) uptake transporters are known to reverse their action during acute myocardial ischaemia and to contribute to ischaemia‐induced myocardial interstitial NA release. By contrast, functional roles of choline and glutamate transporters during acute myocardial ischaemia remain to be investigated. Because both transporters are driven by the normal Na+ gradient across the plasma membrane in a similar manner to NA transporters, the loss of Na+ gradient would affect the transporter function, which would in turn alter myocardial interstitial choline and glutamate levels. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of acute myocardial ischaemia and the inhibition of Na+,K+‐ATPase on myocardial interstitial glutamate and choline levels.Methods:  In anaesthetized cats, we measured myocardial interstitial glutamate and choline levels while inducing acute myocardial ischaemia or inhibiting Na+,K+‐ATPase by local administration of ouabain.Results:  The choline level was not changed significantly by ischaemia (from 0.93 ± 0.06 to 0.82 ± 0.13 μm, mean ± SE, n = 6) and was decreased slightly by ouabain (from 1.30 ± 0.06 to 1.05 ± 0.07 μm, P < 0.05, n = 6). The glutamate level was significantly increased from 9.5 ± 1.9 to 34.7 ± 6.1 μm by ischaemia (P < 0.01, n = 6) and from 8.9 ± 1.0 to 15.9 ± 2.3 μm by ouabain (P < 0.05, n = 6). Inhibition of glutamate transport by trans‐l‐pyrrolidine‐2,4‐dicarboxylate (t‐PDC) suppressed ischaemia‐ and ouabain‐induced glutamate release.Conclusion:  Myocardial interstitial choline level was not increased by acute myocardial ischaemia or by Na+,K+‐ATPase inhibition. By contrast, myocardial interstitial glutamate level was increased by both interventions. The glutamate transporter contributed to glutamate release via retrograde transport.
Effect of cyclopiazonic acid, an inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca‐ATPase, on skeletal muscles from normal and mdx mice
Authors: Divet A. , Lompré A.‐M. , Huchet‐Cadiou C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAim:  In this study, we investigated Ca2+ loading by the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle from mdx mice, an animal model of human Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, at two stages of development: 4 and 11 weeks.Method:  Experiments were conducted on fast‐ (extensor digitorum longus, EDL) and slow‐ (soleus) twitch muscles expressing different isoforms of Ca2+‐ATPase, which is responsible for the uptake of Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum.Results:  In sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles, the ATP‐dependent activity and sensitivity to cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), an inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase, were similar in mdx and normal EDL muscle. Furthermore, in chemically‐skinned fibres from both normal and mdx muscles, the presence of CPA induced a decrease in Ca2+ uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. However, the sensitivity to CPA was lower in mdx EDL muscle than in normal muscle. In addition, in EDL muscle from 4‐week‐old mdx mice, the expression of the slow Ca2+‐pump isoform (SERCA2a) was significantly increased, without any accompanying change in slow myosin expression. In contrast, the expression and function of the Ca2+‐ATPase in mdx soleus muscles at 4‐ and 11‐weeks of development did not differ from those in age‐matched controls.Conclusion:  These findings show that in dystrophic muscle, where the Ca2+ homeostasis was perturbed, the Ca2+ handling by the sarcoplasmic reticulum was altered in fast‐twitch muscle, and this was associated with the expression of the slow isoform of SERCA. In these muscles, reduced Ca2+ uptake could then contribute to an elevated concentration of Ca2+ in the cytosol, and also to Ca2+ depletion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Effects of sodium intake on plasma potassium and renin angiotensin aldosterone system in conscious dogs
Authors: Kjolby M. J. , Kompanowska‐Jezierska E. , Wamberg S. , Bie P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAims:  The operating range of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system is ill‐defined. This study quantifies renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system activity as a function of sodium intake.Methods:  Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system variables were measured daily after a sudden reduction in sodium intake (3.0–0.5 mmol kg−1 day−1) or at steady states generated by eight levels of sodium intake (0.5–8.0 mmol kg−1 day−1). Potassium intake was 2.79 ± 0.03 mmol kg−1 day−1. Arterial blood pressure was measured invasively. Hormone concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassays. Glomerular filtration rate and plasma volume were determined by standard methods.Results:  Sudden sodium intake reduction doubled plasma renin activity and angiotensin II, and tripled aldosterone on day 1 with only small non‐significant additional changes on the following days. Different levels of sodium intake did not affect arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma concentrations of sodium, angiotensinogen, atrial natriuretic peptide, vasopressin, glomerular filtration rate and diuresis. With increasing sodium intake, plasma volume increased by 0.47 ± 0.04 mL (kg body mass)−1 (unit increase in Na intake)−1 (P < 0.01), and plasma potassium decreased with the slope −0.038 mm [(mmol Na+ intake) (kg body mass)−1 day−1]−1 (P = 0.001) while plasma renin‐activity, angiotensin II, and aldosterone decreased systematically as expected.Conclusions:  A step reduction in sodium intake alters renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system activity on day 1 with little further change the subsequent 4 days. Week‐long increases in sodium intake decreases renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system activity, increases plasma volume, and decreases plasma potassium. Isolated decreases in sodium intake increase aldosterone secretion via volume‐mediated action on the renin–angiotensin system and via increases in plasma potassium.
A Novel Catalyst for the Selective Hydrogenation of Furfural to Furfuryl Alcohol
Authors: Ying Hao Xiang- , Zhou Wei , Wang Jun-Wei , Zhang Yin-Qing , Liu Shuangxi 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
MCM-41 supported CuO catalyst with high metal loading level and dispersion degree was prepared via a novel preparative method. The catalyst shows remarkable high activity and selectivity in the hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol.
Size-tuning and Optical Properties of High-quality CdSe Nanoparticles Synthesized from Cadmium Stearate
Authors: Teranishi Toshiharu , Nishida Masami , Kanehara Masayuki 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
High-quality CdSe nanoparticles were synthesized with a hot-injection method from cadmium stearate and selenium powder in the size range of 2.0 ± 0.2 to 8.6 ± 2.3 nm, corresponding to blue to red emission. The pod-shaped nanoparticles were formed at low reaction temperature, and exhibited sharp emission peak.
Heteroferrocene: The Synthesis of Bis[(3a,4,5,6,6a-η)-1,3,4,5,6-pentamethylcyclopenta[d]imidazo-2-thionoyl]iron(II)
Authors: Arduengo Anthony J , Bannenberg Thomas P , Tapu Daniela , Marshall William J 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The synthesis of bis[(3a,4,5,6,6a-η)-1,3,4,5,6-pentamethylcyclopenta[d]imidazo-2-thionoyl]iron(II) is reported. Structural determination of the unusual hetero-substituted metallocene by X-ray crystallographic analysis is described. Preliminary electrochemical studies reveal that oxidation and reduction potentials for the subject ferrocene lie midway between those of ferrocene and decamethylferrocene.
A Reagentless Biosensor of Oxygen Based on the Direct Electrochemistry of Cytochrome c on the Surface of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Yin Zheng-Zhi , Zhao Guang-Chao , Wei Xian-Wen 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Direct electrochemical response of cytochrome c (Cyt c), which was adsorbed onto the surface of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) through a simple cyclic potential scan technique, was observed. Cyt c adsorbed on MWNTs showed an enzyme-like activity to catalyze the reduction of oxygen (O2). Thus, a third generation O2 reagentless biosensor was constructed.
Highly trans-Selective Synthesis of β-Lactams by Tandem Phenoxide Anion-catalyzed Mannich-type Addition and Cyclization
Authors: Takahashi Eiki , Fujisawa Hidehiko , Yanai Toshiharu , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Highly trans-selective synthesis of β-lactams by tandem Lewis base-catalyzed Mannich-type addition and cyclization was established; that is, reaction of benzylideneanilines and trimethylsilyl enolates derived from S-ethyl thioates proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding β-lactams in good to high yields with high trans-selectivity by using Lewis base catalyst such as lithium phenoxide or tetrabutyl ammonium phenoxide in DMF at −45 °C or THF at −78 °C, respectively.
Genetic Evaluation of a Great Lakes Lake Trout Hatchery Program
Authors: Page Kevin S. , Scribner Kim T. , Bast Dale , Holey Mark E. , Burnham‐Curtis Mary K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEfforts over several decades to restore lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in U.S. waters of the upper Great Lakes have emphasized the stocking of juveniles from each of six hatchery broodstocks. Retention of genetic diversity across all offspring life history stages throughout the hatchery system has been an important component of the restoration hatchery and stocking program. Different stages of the lake trout hatchery program were examined to determine how effective hatchery practices have been in minimizing the loss of genetic diversity in broodstock adults and in progeny stocked. Microsatellite loci were used to estimate allele frequencies, measures of genetic diversity, and relatedness for wild source populations, hatchery broodstocks, and juveniles. We also estimated the effective number of breeders for each broodstock. Hatchery records were used to track destinations of fertilized eggs from all spawning dates to determine whether adult contributions to stocking programs were proportional to reproductive effort. Overall, management goals of maintaining genetic diversity were met across all stages of the hatchery program; however, we identified key areas where changes in mating regimes and in the distribution of fertilized gametes and juveniles could be improved. Estimates of effective breeding population size (Nb) were 9–41% of the total number of adults spawned. Low estimates of Nb were primarily attributed to spawning practices, including the pooling of gametes from multiple males and females and the reuse of males. Nonrandom selection and distribution of fertilized eggs before stocking accentuated declines in effective breeding population size and increased levels of relatedness of juveniles distributed to different rearing facilities and stocking locales. Adoption of guidelines that decrease adult reproductive variance and promote more equitable reproductive contributions of broodstock adults to juveniles would further enhance management goals of maintaining genetic diversity and minimize probabilities of consanguineous matings among stocked individuals when sexually mature.
Genetic Analyses of Juvenile Steelhead, Coastal Cutthroat Trout, and Their Hybrids Differ Substantially from Field Identifications
Authors: Baumsteiger Jason , Hankin David , Loudenslager Eric J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBecause of their similar appearance and frequent hybridization, juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss and coastal cutthroat trout O. clarkii clarkii are difficult to distinguish visually. Nevertheless, field biologists often use visual methods to classify juvenile individuals. This study investigated hybridization between these species and determined the accuracy of field identification where hybridization occurred. Using a five‐point classification system, two evaluators identified 500 fish collected from three watersheds in Humboldt County, California. Individuals were then genotyped at seven single‐copy nuclear DNA genes and one mitochondrial gene, all assumed to be diagnostic for each species. Single‐locus Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, pairwise genotypic disequilibrium, and cytonuclear disequilibrium calculations revealed that subpopulations of these species were mating assortatively. Presumptive F1 hybrid individuals were rare, whereas introgressed individuals were more common. These presumptive later‐generation backcross hybrids were produced with both parental species but were more frequently produced with coastal cutthroat trout. Interspecific matings appeared to be bidirectional. Conditional classification probabilities between evaluator identifications and genotypes showed that both evaluators had moderate to substantial success identifying individuals less than 85 mm total length, whereas individuals 85 mm and larger were identified less successfully. Evaluators successfully identified coastal cutthroat trout but had moderate difficulty identifying steelhead (sometimes misidentified as hybrids) and always misidentified hybrids as coastal cutthroat trout. Although visual identifications are not without error, approximately unbiased estimates of the percentage of hybrids may be generated from a combination of visual assignments and supplementary genetic analyses.
Identification and Characterization of Migratory and Nonmigratory Bull Trout Populations in the St. Mary River Drainage, Montana
Authors: Mogen Jim T. , Kaeding Lynn R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPopulations of migratory and nonmigratory bull trout Salvelinus confluentus were identified in the St. Mary River drainage, Montana. Migratory fish were most conspicuous because they were caught in traps operated near creek mouths or moved between creeks. Capture of postspawning bull trout in traps during four consecutive years suggested that most migratory fish had spawned by late September. Migratory bull trout reached maturity mainly as age‐5 fish that were typically 300 mm or larger in total length. Estimates based on the recapture of tagged fish in traps indicated that populations of migratory adult bull trout were significantly larger than the mean values from annual catches of trapped fish. Juvenile migratory bull trout departed natal creeks mainly as age‐2 or age‐3 fish. The scarcity of age‐4 bull trout in trap samples indicated that most migratory age‐4 fish were immature and inhabited either the downstream lakes or main‐stem river. Conversely, the abundance of age‐4 bull trout in electrofishing samples was primary evidence of nonmigratory populations in creeks. The occurrence of age‐0 bull trout in electrofishing samples indicated recent spawning and reproduction in five creeks, and annual reproduction was indicated by multiple age‐classes of young bull trout. Bull trout had growth rates similar to those of bull trout elsewhere, including marked growth of age‐4 fish that ostensibly resulted from their transition to a largely piscivorous diet. Migratory bull trout in the St. Mary River drainage are more common than previously believed and may be more common than in many other regions of the species' natural range.