bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing relationships among mortality, status, and gender at the Medieval Gilbertine Priory of St. Andrew, Fishergate, York
Authors: Sullivan Amy 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe varied relationships among status, gender, and mortality are complex, historically produced phenomena that shape people's lives and deaths in socially meaningful ways. Paleodemographic analysis coupled with acute sensitivity to site‐specific context has the potential to move us toward a greater understanding of these experiences in the past. After considering the potential effects of migration and fertility on the age‐at‐death profiles of adult individuals interred at the Gilbertine Priory of St. Andrew, Fishergate, York (n = 200), it is asserted that these profiles primarily reveal expected and unexpected relationships among status, gender, and mortality in this Medieval context. Collectively, the long lives of religious‐status males compared to other composite and gendered status groups suggest that they experienced a relatively comfortable existence despite periodic complaints of destitution. The postulated demographic advantage of high‐status males did not materialize in the analysis, and a reevaluation of the skeletal evidence indicates that nearly 20% of these individuals died violently. Unexpectedly, moderate‐status females shared a mortality profile similar to that of religious‐status males and retained a demographic advantage over all other secular status groups. In contrast to the experiences of moderate‐status females, low‐status females had, on average, the shortest lives at St. Andrew's. This pattern is intimately linked to their restriction from crucial social and economic resources, and provides further evidence of their marginalization in York's wage‐labor economy. Overall, these relationships suggest that traditional, highly stratified and gendered notions of Medieval status and mortality are not adequate for understanding the intricacies of everyday life and death at St. Andrew's. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population genetics of apolipoproteins A‐IV, E, and H, and the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE): Associations with lipids, and apolipoprotein levels in American Samoans
Authors: Crews Douglas E. , Fitton Lori J. , Kottke Bruce A. , Kamboh M. Ilyas 
Published: July 2004

AbstractDistributions of alleles at three apolipoprotein loci (APO E, APO H, and APO A‐IV) and an insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism at the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) locus among 274 American Samoans are described here. Genotypes at each locus are examined for associations with quantitative lipid (total cholesterol (total‐c), LDL‐cholesterol (LDL‐c), HDL‐cholesterol (HDL‐c), and triglycerides) and apolipoprotein (APO AI, APO AII, APO E, and APO B) levels. Genotype frequencies at all four loci are in Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium. The most common APO A‐IV genotype (1‐1) was observed in 252 American Samoans (97%). The three most common APO E genotypes were 3‐3 (47%), 3‐4 (30%), and 2‐3 (12%). The most frequent APO H genotype was 2‐2 (86%). The most common ACE genotype (I/I) was observed in 75% of sampled individuals, and 23% were I/D heterozygotes. APO E genotypic variation was associated with total‐c, HDL‐c, LDL‐c, and all four quantitative apolipoproteins (AI, AII, E, and B). APO A‐IV genotypes were associated significantly with total cholesterol, LDL‐c, and APO‐B levels. APO H showed little association with any quantitative lipid or apolipoprotein. ACE D/D homozygotes had higher AII levels. ACE showed a consistent association with APO AII levels, with either APO A‐IV or APO E as a covariate. The interaction term between ACE and APO E was also significantly associated with total‐c and APO E levels, and the ACE genotype showed a significant main effect on APO AI levels in multivariate analyses. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship of strain magnitude to morphological variation in the primate skull
Authors: Daegling David J. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn a comparative study of variation in primate skulls, Wood and Lieberman ([2001] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 116:13–25) proposed that a predictable relationship exists between in vivo bone‐strain magnitudes and the extent of morphological variation in skeletal structures. They hypothesized that regions subject to high strains are prone to enhanced levels of variation. Three questions are posed with respect to the plausibility of this hypothesis. First, does the proposed relationship hold at different levels of analysis (e.g., for more restricted anatomical regions in which large strain gradients are present)? Second, is the biomechanical rationale for the hypothesis sound, given the current understanding of bone biology? Third, is the hypothesis obviated by consideration of the functional matrix concept of skull development, in which osseous growth is posited to be governed by surrounding soft tissues (e.g., muscle and tendon) and developing spaces (e.g., the nasal capsule)? The different perspectives explored by these questions suggest that the validity of the hypothesis, despite having a defensible theoretical rationale, is likely to be context‐specific. A direct role for strain magnitude in conditioning morphological variation is difficult to demonstrate either comparatively or theoretically, and it is unlikely that a single strain threshold or interval can be directly associated with elevated variation in the skeleton. The conceptual framework of the functional matrix (which allows for independent growth among different regions of the skull) conceivably contravenes the premise of a uniform relationship of strain magnitude to morphological variability. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atelinae phylogenetic relationships: The trichotomy revived?
Authors: Collins A.C. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis research examines phylogenetic relationships between members of the Atelinae subfamily (Alouatta,Ateles,Brachyteles, andLagothrix), based on analysis of three genetic regions. Two loci, cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII) and the hypervariable I portion of the control region, are part of the mitochondrial genome. The other is a single‐copy nuclear gene, Aldolase A Intron V. Analysis of these genetic regions provides support for tribe Alouattini containing theAlouattaspecies, while tribe Atelini contains the other three genera. However, these three genetic regions produce conflicting results for relationships among tribe Atelini members. Previous genetic studies supported groupingBrachyteleswithLagothrix, leavingAtelesin a separate subclade. The present data sets vary based on the genetic region analyzed and method of analysis suggesting all possible cladistic relationships. These results are more consistent with investigations of morphology and behavior among these primates. The primary cause of discrepancy between this study and previous genetic studies is postulated to reside in increased sampling in the present study of genetic variation among members of the Atelinae, specificallyAteles. The present study utilized samples ofAtelesfrom all postulated species for this genetically variable primate, while previous studies used only one or two species ofAteles. This paper demonstrates that shifting relationships are produced when different species ofAtelesare used to reconstruct phylogenies. This research concludes that a trichotomy should still be supported between members of tribe Atelini until further analyses, which include additional Atelinae haplotypes are conducted. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional anatomy of the olecranon process in hominoids and plio‐pleistocene hominins
Authors: Drapeau Michelle S.M. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis study examines the functional morphology of the olecranon process in hominoids and fossil hominins. The length of the bony lever of the triceps brachii muscle (TBM) is measured as the distance between the trochlear articular center and the most distant insertion site of the TBM, and olecranon orientation is measured as the angle that this bony lever makes with the long axis of the ulna. Results show thatHomo,Pan,Gorilla, most monkeys, and theAustralopithecusfossils studied have similar relative olecranon lengths. Suspensory hominoids andAteleshave shorter olecranons, suggesting, in some instances, selection for greater speed in extension. The orientation that the lever arm of the TBM makes with the long axis of the ulna varies with preferred locomotor mode. Terrestrial primates have olecranons that are more posteriorly oriented as body size increases, fitting general models of terrestrial mammalian posture. Arboreal quadrupeds have more proximally oriented lever arms than any terrestrial quadrupeds, which suggests use of the TBM with the elbow in a more flexed position. Olecranon orientation is not consistent in suspensory hominoids, although they are all characterized by orientations that are either similar or more posterior than those observed in quadrupeds.Homoand the fossils have olecranons that are clearly more proximally oriented than expected for a quadruped of their size. This suggests thatHomoandAustralopithecusused their TBM in a flexed position, a position most consistent with manipulatory activities. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional Models for Rhodium‐Mediated Olefin‐Oxygenation Catalysis
Authors: de Bruin Bas , Budzelaar Peter H. M. , Gal Anton W. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractOxygenation of CH and CC bonds of hydrocarbons with H2O2 and O2 is an important industrial method to convert mineral oil into useful chemicals. Despite their enormous economic impact, these reactions are still not fully understood. In the early 1970s, the potential of Rh and Ir complexes for olefin oxygenation was investigated intensively. Simple inorganic salts of these metals proved to be rather useless for industrial application when compared with the traditional Wacker system. However, the appropriate choice of ligands allows the stepwise oxidation of olefins at Rh and Ir. These systems are therefore useful to study mechanistic details of substrate binding and CO bond formation at the catalytic metal center. Insight from these model studies helps in understanding the catalytic reactions at these (and possibly other) metal centers. Further insight into the differences between the Rh system and traditional Wacker‐type oxidation at Pd may lead to useful applications.
Synthesis and characterization of acrylic rubber/silica hybrid composites prepared by sol‐gel technique
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Abhijit , Bhowmick Anil K. , De Sarkar Mousumi 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe organic–inorganic hybrid composites comprising acrylic rubber and silica were synthesized through sol–gel technique at ambient temperature. The composites were generated through the acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis and subsequent condensations of inorganic tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) in the organic acrylic rubber (ACM), solvated in tetrahydrofuran. The morphology of the hybrid materials was investigated by using the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Transmission electron micrographs revealed that the silica particles, uniformly distributed over the rubber matrix, are of nanometer scale (20–90 nm). The scanning electron micrographs demonstrated the existence of silica frameworks dispersed in the rubber matrix of the hybrid composites. The X‐ray silicon mapping also supported that observation. There was no evidence of chemical interaction between the rubber phase and the dispersed inorganic phase, as confirmed from the infrared spectroscopic analysis and solubility measurements. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicated mechanical reinforcements within the hybrid composites. The composites containing in situ silica, formed by sol–gel technique, demonstrated superior tensile strengths and tensile modulus values at 300% elongations with increasing proportions of tetraethoxysilane. However, the improvements in physical properties with similar proportions of precipitated silica were not significant. Maximum tensile strength and tensile modulus were obtained when the rubber phase in the hybrid composites was cured with ammonium benzoate and hexamethylenediamine carbamate system, as compared with benzoyl peroxide cured system. Thermal stability of the hybrid composites was not improved appreciably with respect to the virgin rubber specimen. Residue analysis from thermogravimetric study together with infrared spectroscopic analysis indicated the presence of unhydrolyzed tetraethoxysilane in the hybrid composites. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2579–2589, 2004
Biodegradable polymers. III. Spectral, thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of cross‐linked furfural–soy protein concentrate
Authors: Swain S. N. , Rao K. K. , Nayak P. L. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractSoy protein concentrate, a potential alternative of petrochemical polymers, has been crosslinked with furfural at 0.5,1, 2.5, 5, and 7.5% (w/w). The materials were then compression‐molded into plastic tensile bars and tested for tensile and yield strength, percentage elongation, and water absorption. The infrared spectra of the crosslinked product have been studied. The degradation pattern of the crosslinked product has been monitored by TGA method. A computerized LOTUS package method developed by us has been used for evaluating the kinetic parameters. The morphology as well as the biodegradability of the crosslinked product has also been investigated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2590–2596, 2004
Preparation and characterization of chitosan based micro networks: Transposition to a prilling process
Authors: Martinez L. , Agnely F. , Bettini R. , Besnard M. , Colombo P. , Couarraze G. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBeads of chitosan (CS) crosslinked network and of chitosan/poly(ethylene oxide) (CS/PEO) semi‐interpenetrating network (semi‐IPN) were prepared by a dropping technique and characterized. PEO content in the beads of semi‐IPN was determined by gel permeation chromatography. CS crosslinking ratio was evaluated qualitatively by ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy and quantitatively by UV spectrophotometry. After drying in a fluidized bed apparatus, a monodisperse population of well individualized, spherical, and smooth particles was obtained. It was shown that bead collapsus during the drying stage was avoided thanks to the chemical crosslinking of CS chains. By the prilling, or laminar jet break‐up technology, production at a larger scale was also achieved. This process allowed the formation of a row of well calibrated drops of polymer solution under the influence of a vibration. Polymer solution characteristics, particularly viscosity, constituted a critical factor in the feasibility of the prilling process. Transposition of the formulation was managed through the optimization of process parameters such as vibration frequency, amplitude, and flow rate. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2550–2558, 2004
Copolymerization of ethylene–propylene using high‐activity bi‐supported Ziegler–Natta TiCl4 catalyst
Authors: Zohuri G. H. , Mortazavi M. M. , Jamjah R. , Ahmadjo S. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractHeterogeneous Ziegler–Natta TiCl4 catalyst using MgCl2 and SiO2 as supports was prepared under controlled conditions. Mg(OEt)2 was used as a starting material and was expected to convert to active MgCl2 during catalyst preparation. Due to the high surface area and good morphological control, SiO2 was chosen as well. Slurry copolymerization of ethylene and propylene (EPM) was carried out in dry n‐heptane by using the catalyst system SiO2/MgCl2/TiCl4/EB/TiBA or TEA/MPT/H2 at temperatures of 40–70°C, different molar ratios of alkyl aluminum : MPT : Ti, hydrogen concentrations, and relative and total monomers pressure. Titanium content of the catalyst was 2.96% and surface area of the catalyst was 78 m2/g. Triisobutyl aluminum (TiBA) and triethyl aluminum (TEA) were used as cocatalysts, while ethyl benzoate (EB) and methyl p‐toluate (MPT) were used as internal and external donors, respectively. H2 was used as a chain‐transfer agent. Good‐quality ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) of rubber was obtained at the ratio of [TiBA] : [MPT] : [Ti] = 320 : 16 : 1 and polymerization temperature was 60°C. When TiBA was used as a cocatalyst, a higher and more rubberlike copolymer was obtained. For both of the cocatalysts, an optimum ratio of Al/Ti was obtained relative to the catalyst productivity. Ethylene content of the copolymer obtained increased with increasing TiBA concentration, while inverse results were obtained by using TEA. Addition of H2 increased the reactivity of the catalyst. The highest product was obtained when 150 mL H2/L solvent was used. Increasing temperature from 40 to 70°C decreased the productivity of the catalyst, while irregular behavior was observed on ethylene content. Relative pressure of PP/PE = 1.4 : 1 and total pressure of 1 atm was the best condition for the copolymerization. Polymers with ethylene contents of 25–84% were obtained. Increasing ethylene content of EPR decreased Tg of the polymer obtained to a limiting value. Viscosity‐average molecular weight (Mv) decreased with increasing temperature and TiBA and H2 concentration. However, increasing the polymerization time increased the Mv. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2597–2605, 2004
Viscosity behavior of acrylonitrile–ammonium itaconate copolymer solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide
Authors: Hou Chen , Ying Liang , Wang Cheng‐Guo 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe viscosity behavior of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solutions of acrylonitrile–ammonium itaconate copolymer is discussed. The intrinsic viscosity was determined by an Ubbelohde viscometer. It is shown that an increase in the viscosity of acrylonitrile–ammonium itaconate copolymer solutions with time is considerably reduced by mechanical mixing. The viscosity of copolymer solutions with dimethyl formamide as an additive decreases monotonically. The viscosity of copolymer solutions decreases with the addition of H2O, and as the content of H2O in DMSO goes beyond 3 wt %, the viscosity shows a trend toward increase. The intrinsic viscosity decreases quickly with the addition of NaCl. As the concentration of NaCl goes beyond 0.015 mol/L, the viscosity increases solwly. The viscosity of copolymer solutions containing sodium ethoxide and sodium hydroxide appears to increase after an initial drop. The viscosity of copolymer solutions upon the addition of diethylamine increases continuously with time and changes in viscosity become less prominent after a period of a few hours. The effects of bases on the tacticity of highly isotactic copolymers follow the order of base strength. Diethylamine is more effective for moderating the stabilization exotherm of highly isotactic copolymers compared to sodium ethoxide and sodium hydroxide. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2622–2626, 2004
Biodegradable packaging foams of starch acetate blended with corn stalk fibers
Authors: Ganjyal G. M. , Reddy N. , Yang Y. Q. , Hanna M. A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractStarch acetate–corn fiber foams were prepared by extrusion. Corn starch was acetylated (DS 2) to introduce thermoplastic properties. Corn stalks were treated with sodium hydroxide to remove the lignin and to obtain purified cellulose fibers. Starch acetate was blended with treated fiber at concentrations of 0, 2, 6, 10, and 14% (w/w) and extruded in a corotating twin‐screw extruder with 12 to 18% w/w ethanol content and 5% talc as a nucleating agent. The samples were extruded at 150°C and selected physical and mechanical properties were evaluated. Micrographic properties were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy to observe the interaction of fiber and starch. Fiber incorporation at the lower concentrations enhanced the physical properties of the foams. Fiber contents greater than 10% decreased expansion and increased density and shear strength. Good compatibility between starch and corn fiber was observed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2627–2633, 2004
Contraction stress build‐up of anisotropic conductive films (ACFs) for flip‐chip interconnection: Effect of thermal and mechanical properties of ACFs
Authors: Kwon Woon‐Seong , Paik Kyung‐Wook 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe important mechanical mechanism for the electrical conduction of anisotropic conductive films (ACFs) is the joint clamping force after the curing and cooling processes of ACFs. In this study, the mechanism of shrinkage and contraction stress and the relationship between these mechanisms and the thermomechanical properties of ACFs were investigated in detail. Both thickness shrinkages and modulus changes of four kinds of ACFs with different thermomechanical properties were experimentally investigated with thermomechanical and dynamic mechanical analysis. Based on the incremental approach to linear elasticity, contraction stresses of ACFs developed along the thickness direction were estimated. Contraction stresses in ACFs were found to be significantly developed by the cooling process from the glass‐transition temperature to room temperature. Moreover, electrical characteristics of ACF contact during the cooling process indicate that the electrical conduction of ACF joint is robustly maintained by substantial contraction stress below Tg. The increasing rate of contraction stresses below Tg was strongly dependent on both thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) and elastic modulus (E) of ACFs. A linear relationship between the experimental increasing rate and E × CTE reveals that the build‐up behavior of contraction stress is closely correlated with the ACF material properties: thermal expansion coefficient, glassy modulus, and Tg. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2634–2641, 2004
New liquid polysulfide polymer terminated with silyl group
Authors: Matsui Tatsuro , Nakajima Masashi , Nonaka Toshiaki , Dokoshi Noriaki 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe terminal SH of liquid polysulfide polymer was capped with a silyl group. This polymer was hydrolyzed immediately by moisture at ambient temperature and returned to the original polymer. The compounds of this new polymer and the various curing agents of the conventional polysulfide polymer became moisture curable and of use as one‐component sealants and adhesives. The curing speed of these compounds is very fast compared with that of not only conventional one‐component polysulfide sealants, by more than three times, but also of other one‐component sealants at 20°C under 30% humidity. Their storage stability is good. Their cured products showed physical properties comparable to those of the two‐component polysulfide compounds. In particular, the compound of this polymer and isocyanate prepolymer showed good elasticity and good weatherability. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2642–2649, 2004