bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maturity and its relationship to plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in adolescents: The Fels longitudinal study
Authors: Siervogel R. M. , Baumgartner R. N. , Roche A. F. , Chumlea Wm. C. , Glueck C. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDuring adolescence, changes in lipid and lipoprotein levels have been reported to be associated with changes in body composition and changes in endogenous testosterone and estradiol. These hormone levels are directly correlated with sexual and skeletal maturity levels. The purpose of the present study was to determine if there are associations during pubescence and adolescence, independent of chronological age, between measures of maturity and body composition or plasma lipid and lipoprotein cholesterols. Skeletal maturity was measured on the basis of skeletal assessments of the bones of the knee joint. Age at peak height velocity was determined from serial stature measurements and, in girls, age at menarche was recorded. These measures of maturity, as well as measures of percent body fat, total body fat, total body fat mass, fat‐free mass from underwater weighing, and plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, highdensity lipoprotein‐cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol levels from 502 observations on 174 boys and girls enrolled in the Fels Longitudinal Study were used in the analysis. Within annual chronological age groups, no associations were found between level of maturity and lipid and lipoprotein level or percent body fat in boys or girls. However, changes in lipid and lipoprotein levels over time appeared to be more apparent when age grouping were based on skeletal age than when they were based on chronological age.
Monthy growth increments from a longitudinal study of Canadian infants
Authors: Roche Alex F. , Guo Shumei , Yeung David L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractReference data for 1 month increments in weight, recumbent length, and head circumference, at ages 1 to 12 months, have been derived from serial data for 351 full‐term Canadian infants. This derivation was achieved by (1) fitting a family of three parameter mathematical models to the data for each infant, (2) using these models to estimate values 1 month apart (3) calculating 1 month increments from the status values of 1 month intervals, (4) obtaining the distributions of these increments, and (5) presenting the percentiles of these increments in tables and in figures. The 1 month increments decreased with age during infancy in each sex, and these increments tended to be more rapid for boys than for girls. It is suggested that these reference data are suitable for the assessment of growth rates in infants born at term in Canada or in the United States. They can be used to assist the early identification of deviations from expected growth rates for individuals and to compare population samples.
Dietary patterns of older adults in the United States, NHANES II 1976–1980
Authors: Ryan Alan S. , Martinez Gilbert A. , Wysong Jeffrey L. , Davis Maradee A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) 1976–1980 provided detailed information concerning the dietary patterns of older Americans. By using 24‐hour dietary recall and food frequency questionnaires, the dietary patterns of 2,615 adults aged 65–74 years were evaluated by types of living arrangements (living alone, with a spouse, or with someone other than a spouse) and income level (below poverty, at or above poverty). Analyzed indicators of dietary quality were caloric and nutrient intake, food group intake and frequency, and number of meals skipped. The most favorable dietary patterns of elderly persons were associated with living with a spouse, especially for men. Low‐income men not living with a spouse were at highest risk of dietary inadequacy. For women, income was more strongly associated with dietary patterns than type of living arrangement. Results from NHANES II compare favorably to those of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) 1971–1974.
Food restriction research: Its significance for human aging
Authors: Masoro Edward J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe total lack of knowledge concerning the nature of the primary aging processes coupled to the lack of biomarkers of aging has made it difficult to devise fruitful approaches for the study of aging. Indeed, the only index of aging about which there is general agreement is the life span of the species (i.e., the maximum age attained by members of the species). Only one manipulation has been found which extends the life span of a mammalian species and that is food restriction in rodents. In addition to increasing life span, food restriction also retards almost all age‐associated physiological changes and diseases processes. It is concluded that food restriction has these diverse actions because it retards the primary aging processes. Recent research has been focused on the mechanisms by which food restriction influences the primary aging processes because it is believed that such knowledge will provide insight on the basis nature of aging. Available evidence pints to the neural an endocrine system as couplers of food restriction to the aging processes. Of particular current interest are the effects of food restriction on protein turnover and free radical metabolism. The importance of food restriction to human aging relates to the information it is expected to yield on the nature of the primary aging processes in all mammalian species and the database it should provide for interventions of human aging.
Relative utility of carpal skeletal ages
Authors: Roche Alex F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe need to assess the carpal bones when a skeletal age is being obtained for a handwrist radiograph has been determined. The mixed longitudinal data that were analyzed had been obtained from 335 boys and 322 girls at 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, and 16 years of age. The FELS assessment method, which was used to obtain the skeletal ages, provides the standard error of each assessment; each of these standard errors is determined by the amount of relevant information available from a radiograph. Utilizing the standard errors for paired assessments made with and without the inclusion of the carpal bones, it was concluded that the carpal bones should be assessed from 7 to 13 years in boys and from 4 to 10 years in girls, but they need not be assessed before or after these age ranges.
Body weight/height relationship: Exponential solution
Authors: Henneberg Maciej , Hugg John , Townsend Emily J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRegression of weight (W) on height (H) in all higher primates is of exponential form W = a · exp(H · b) and is uniform for both nongrowing adults and growing children. Parameter a values are always close to 2.0 and b to 0.02. The exponential equation fits ontogenetic data better than the traditional allometric power curve. The exponential nature of the W/H regression during growth may be explained by mechanisms of cell proliferation: Arithmetic growth of the skeleton at epiphyseal plates and geometric proliferation of many other tissues of the body. Sexual dimorphism and interpopulational differences in a and b values are interpretable: e.g., girls have lower initial weight (lower a values) than boys, and Africans (low b values) grow “slimmer” than Eskimos. The effects of improved environmental conditions can also be described. Children of the same ethnic group have higher a and lower b values when growing in better condition because of higher initial weights, but acquire elongated physiques during growth. Use of exponential W/H relationship as growth standards and for reconstruction of body build in fossil material is postulated.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, parkinsonism‐demantia, and Alzheimer disease
Authors: Garruto Ralph M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHyperendemic Pacific foci of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and parkinsonism‐dementia (PD) represent naturally occurring models of late‐onset chronic degenerative diseases that occur in different cultures, in different ecological zones, and among genetically divergent populations. These diseases occur among the Chamorros of the Mariana Islands, among the Auyu and Jakai of southern West New Guinea, and among the Japanese from the Kill Peninsula of Honshu Island.Accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that a defect in mineral metabolism may be etiologically involved. Toxic and essential elements, such as calcium aluminum, and silicon cross the blood‐brain barrier, deposit in affected neurons, and disrupt the axonal transport system, resulting in the abnormal copolymerization of cytoskeletal and amyloid β‐proteins in neurons. The pathological accumulation of these and other proteins into neurofibrillary tangles (the hallmark neuropathological lesion) causes neuronal dysfunction and death.Recent immunocytochemical and biochemical studies indicate that the amyloid β‐protein in Guamanian PD has an identical amino acid sequence, a similar N‐terminus heterogeneity (variation in polypeptide length), and a similar immunoreactivity to those found in Alzheimer disease, suggesting a common mechanism of pathogenesis. Investigations are now underway to determine whether the abnormal accumulation of amyloid β‐protein in neurons of Guamanian patients with ALS and PD is the result of an aberrant post‐translational modification of a larger precursor protein, an additional copy of the amyloid gene, or an impairment of amyloid catabolism all of which may be mediated by metal‐enzyme or metal‐gene interactions. The abnormal copolymerization of other proteins such as neurofilament, microtubule‐associated protein tau, and ubiquitin in affected neurons suggests their interrelationship in the disease process.
Secular trends in physique and physical fitness in Japanese students during the last 20 years
Authors: Yagi Tamotsu , Takebe Yoshihide , Itoh Minoru 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe secular trend of increase in physical size of children has often been reported. Children today are bigger than before, but there is a question whether their physical fitness has improved as well. Methodological differences make it difficult to compare older and newer data.Data are presented from the tests and measurements of physical fitness of collage students measured once a year from 1964 to 1987. Identical methods of measurement were used throughout. Sample sizes are of about 500–2,300 for each year, and year to year changes are discussed.Height, weight and chest grith measurements increased from 1964 to 1987 by 4.4 cm, 5.3 kg, and 3.7 cm, respectively, and their regression coefficients for the years are .15, .24, and .15, respectively. The rate of increase of height is greater in the first half of these years.Vital capacity, standing broad jump, and 100 m dash records improved, but both right and left grip strength decreased. Back strength, ball throwing, and push‐up performance did not change significantly.The results show that the size of young adults has increased, but that their physical fitness does not always follow a similar course.
Comparison of different bioelectrical impedance analyzers in the prediction of body composition
Authors: Graves James E. , Pollock Michael L. , Colvin Andrea B. , Van Loan Marta , Lohman Timothy G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo investigate the influence of different bioelectrical impedance (BI) analyzers on the prediction of body composition from bioelectrical resistive impedance (R), 146 healthy white adults (73 men; 73 women) were studied at two independent laboratories: The University of Florida (UF) and the USDA, San Francisco. Whole body R was measured on each subject with three different BI analyzers. AT UF analyzers were: Valhalla Scientific model 1990‐A (VH), RJL Systems model BIA‐101 (RJL), and Medi‐Fitness model 1000 (MF). At USDA analyzers were: VH, RJL, and Bioelectrical Sciences model 200Z (BES). The largest difference in R (36 ohms, P ⩽ 0.01) was noted between BES and VH at USDA. When applied to current BI prediction equations, the observed differences among analyzers resulted in differences in predicated % fat of up to 6.3% although most comparisons among mean values (79%) showed differences below 3%. Crossvalidation of the selected BI prediction equations with hydrostatistically determines body composition using the different R values revealed total errors of prediction (E) ranging from 3.6 to 9.8% fat. The prediction equations were most accurate when used with data collected on the same instrument that was to used to develop the equation (E = 3.6 to 5.3% fat). These findings indicate that different analyzers can be a significant source of variation when predicting body composition from R. To minimize this source of variation, it is recommended that BI prediction equations be used with the same type of instrument as that with which they were developed.
Fatness and fat distribution in Mexican‐American children and youths from the Hispanic health and nutrition examination survey
Authors: Kaplowitz Haley , Martorell Reynaldo , Mendoza Fernando S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMexican‐American children are shorter but relatively heavier than non‐Hispanic white children. The excess relative weight is probably due to increased fat rather than lean body mass and, more specifically, to increased fat deposition on the upper trunk sites. The objective of this paper is to describe the level of fatness and fat distribution in a large, representative sample of Mexican‐ American children and adolescents from the recently completed Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES). As expected, Mexican‐American children are generally fatter than white children measured in previous national surveys (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES] II, Health Examination Survey [HES]). Differences are particularly evident for trunk skinfold thicknesses and generally increase with age. Indices of fat distribution clearly show a centralized, upper body adiposity pattern among Mexican‐Americans, a cause for concern since greater fat deposition on the trunk has been associated with increased risk of certain chronic disease.
Influence of prepregnant body mass and weight gain for gestation on spontaneous preterm delivery and duration of gestation during adolescent pregnancy
Authors: Scholl Theresa O. , Hediger Mary L. , Salmon Ruth W. , Belsky Daniel H. , Ances Isadore G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe examined the influence of two measures of maternal nutritional status: prepregnant body mass (kilograms/meter2) and Weight gain during pregnancy (adjusted for duration of gestation) on spontaneous preterm delivery (<37 completed Weeks' gestation) and duration of gestation, as well as on low birthweight (<2,500 grams) and small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) in pregnant adolescents. Inadequate Weight gain for gestation increased the risk of spontaneous preterm delivery when prematurity was reckoned by the obstetric estimate (Adjusted Odds Ratio, AOR = 1.75 95% CI 1.22–2.50) or from the mother's LMP (AOR = 1.49 95% CI 1.10–2.02). In linear models, gestation duration was significantly reduced, by more than half a week, when reckoned from eiter estimate of gestation. However, the association between preterm birth or gestation duration and prepregnancy body mass was not consistent and depended on the method of estimating gestation. Low birthweight and SGA were each significantly associated with inadequate weight gain during pregnancy as well as with prepregnant body mass. These results suggest that current maternal nutritional status, as measured by weight gain during pregnancy, may influence preterm delivery and gestation duration. The inconsistent results obtained with prepregnancy body mass may reflect a size bias inherent in the obstetric estimate of gestation, rather than effects of prepregnant maternal nutritional status on gestation.
Early weight gain in pregnant adolescents and fetal outcome
Authors: Hediger Mary L. , Scholl Theresa O. , Salmon Ruth Waxberg 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWhile the contribution of total maternal gain to birthweight is well described, less is known about whether there are specific effects of early weight gain. Early weight gain adequacy may be a particular problem among teenage gravidas who are more likely to have low prepregnant weight and in developing countries where chronic undernutrition is endemic. We studied the effects of early weight gain adequacy on infant birthweight in a geographical cohort of 1,790 adolescents from Camden County, New Jersey. Weight gain was calculated for prepregnant weight to 24 weeks' gestation and 24 weeks to delivery. Inadequate early weight gain was defined as gains less than 4.3 kg and inadequate late gains as averaging less than 400 gm/week from 24 weeks' gestation to delivery. In regressions predicting birthweight outcome, we found significant independent effects of timing of weight gain inadequacy. Early inadequate gains were associated with a −186.6 ± 31.6 gm decrement in birthweight that was not diminished even when later weight gains were compensatory. Late inadequate (−154.4 ± 29.3 gm) and inadequate gains both early and later (−298.6 ± 49.1 gm) were also associated with birthweight decrements. However, overweight (body mass index >24.5) appeared to buffer some of the effects of inadequate weight gains, reducing the decrement to about −100 gm. Protocols that seek to improve infant outcomes should focus on early weight gain during pregnancy. Affecting weight gain only late in pregnancy may not be able to substantially reduce the risk of fetal growth retardation.
Interaction of anorexia and cultural beliefs in infant malnutrition in Mali
Authors: Dettwyler Katherine A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAnorexia, the lack of a normal appetite or refusal to eat, has been reported among infants and young children worldwide. Many factors can contribute to anorexia, including a monotonous diet, chronic malnutrition, zinc deficiency, disease, anxiety, intestinal parasites, and sores in the mouth. At the same time, ethnographic research reveals wide variation in how, and to what extent, caretakers control food consumption (both quality and quantity) in infants generally, and how they deal with anorexia specifically. In some cultures, children are given considerable autonomy in deciding what and how much food to eat, even when anorectic. In other groups, Children's diets are closely monitored by adult caretakers and anorectic children are urged, or even forced, to eat. Theoretically, the potential for wildespread malnutrition and accompanying growth failure, even in the presence of adequate dietary resources, will be highest in populations which exhibit an interaction of (1) multiple conditions leading to anorexia and (2) cultural beliefs which allow children autonomy in food consumption decisions. Research in Mali provides examples of the potential consequences of the combination for child growth.
Longitudinal principal component analysis of somatic and motor characteristics
Authors: Lefevre J. , Beunen G. , Simons J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLongitudinal principal component analysis was applied to the study of growth patterns of several somatic and motor characteristics. The data are from the “Leuven Growth Study of Belgian Boys,” in which six annual observations were made. Peak growth velocity and age at peak growth velocity for each variable were estimated. The results for height show three components sufficient to provide an adequate representation of the original information. The first component can be interpreted as a growth distance component, which characterizes the general position of an individual growth curve relative to the average growth curve during the period analyzed. Components 2 and 3 reflect fluctuations in percentile level during the age period studied and can be conceived as indices of stability. Component 2 provides additional information about the age at peak height velocity; component 3 characterizes variation in peak height velocity. These interpretations can, in general, be assumed for the other characteristics analyzed.
Association of lung cancer death rates by parish with migration rate by age group
Authors: Thurmon Theodore F. , Ursin Susonne A. , Wiley Kathleen R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGeographic distribution of cancer incidence, as judged from death certificates in Louisiana, shows evidence of strong epidemiological forces. Inspection of data on migration and lung cancer frequency shows them to be associated. Inmigrants account for a majority of the lung cancer deaths. Under assumptions of phenotypic complexity stemming from both genetic and environmental components, we used a multiple regression technique to test the significance of this association. Given the nature of the data and the assumptions of the analysis, there was a reasonable level of significance, suggesting that inmigration of older persons may be largely responsible for higher cancer rates in some parishes (counties) in Louisiana.
Genetic studies of human apolipoproteins: XII. Population genetics of apolipoproteins in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Kamboh M. I. , Bhatia Kuldeep K. , Ferrell R. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe gene products of the apolipoprotein A‐I, A‐II, A‐IV, C‐II, C‐III, D, E and H loci have been screened by isoelectric focusing followed by immunoblotting from two Papua New Guinean populations, the Huli and the Pawaia. Only APO E and APO H revealed common polymorphisms. A putative unique A‐IV variant has been identified, but due to the lack of family data it is not characterized further. Three common APO H alleles were observed in both groups with comparable frequencies. But significantly different distributions of three APO E alleles were noted in the Huli and the Pawaia. The respective frequencies of the APO E*2, APO E*3, and APO E*4 alleles were 0.154, 0.356, and 0.490 in the Huli and 0.138, 0.603, and 0.259 in the Pawaia. A strikingly high frequency of the APO E*4 allele in Papua New Guinea may provide a useful insight into the studies of genetic and environmental interactions in controlling the cholesterol levels in the general population.
Nutritional status and morbidity on an irrigation project in Turkana District, Kenya
Authors: Brainard Jean 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe research reported on here was undertaken to identify the most important contributors to continuing high mortality on a small‐scale irrigation project at Nakwamoru in Turkana District, Kenya. The health status of project settlers had not been assessed prior to the present study, which was undertaken in 1978–79, a decade after the project was started. The purpose of the study was to estimate the nutritional status of project children and the major causes of morbidity in the Nakwamoru area. Nutritional status was derived from cross‐sectional anthropometric measurements, including weights, heights, triceps skinfolds, and upper arm circumferences, taken on approximately 60% of project children (n = 236) aged 1–10 years. The major causes of morbidity in project settlers of all ages for the period 1973–78 were estimated from outpatient records from the local primary care facility. Age/sex patterns of clinic use were obtained through interviews.Stunting was found to be prevalent, especially in children aged 1–4, while wasting was only observed in a small proportion of the sample, indicating a seasonal pattern of malnutrition. Derived cross‐sectional areas of upper arm muscle and fat were found to be low by comparison with U.S. standards, suggesting both energy and protein deficits in project children. Malaria and acute respiratory infections were found to be the major causes of illness in the local population, and both are likely to have contributed to the generally poor nutritional status of project children. Despite free biomedical care, 15% of the local population in general and 23% of adult females had never used clinic services.