bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The causes and consequences of maxillofacial injuries in elderly people
Authors: Rehman K. , Edmondson H 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjective: The occurrence of trauma in older people is well‐documented; however the incidence of maxillofacial trauma is scarcely reported. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the causes and consequences of maxillofacial trauma in older people. Design: A five‐year (March 95 ‐ March 2000) retrospective study was earned out of all patients over the age of 65 years with facial trauma presenting to Accident and Emergency Department (A&E). The information was collected using the medical notes and discharge summaries.Setting: The Departments of A&E and Maxillofacial Surgery.Subjects: A total of 42 patients' records were examined for study related data.Results: A total of 42 patients were seen during the study period. Thirty‐six gave a history of a fall, of which 15 had tripped, 5 had slipped, 3 resulted from a Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA), 1 as a result of alcohol abuse, in 1 a prosthetic knee gave way and 11 gave no cause for the fall. Of the remaining 6 patients. 5 were assaulted and 1 had a wardrobe fall on top of him. The majority of the falls occurred during the winter months. Maxillofacial injuries were noted in 27 of the 42 patients. Sixteen patients had cheekbone fractures, 8 mandibular fractures, 2 midface and 1 orbital complex fracture. Twenty‐five percent of cheekbone fractures and 50% of mandibular fractures were treated surgically. Medical history was noted in 27 patients.Conclusions: This study clearly demonstrates the majority of the facial trauma in the older people can be treated conservatively unless the patients complain of functional problems.
Oral health behind bars: A study of oral disease and its impact on the life quality of an older prison population
Authors: McGrath Colman 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjective: The principal aims of this study were to report on the prevalence of oral disease and its impact on the life quality of older (aged 60 and above) prisoners at Hong Kong SAR's elderly detention centre, China.Design: A cross‐sectional epidemiological survey involving clinical oral examinations and face‐to‐face interviews with 64 older prisoners at the centre. Clinical oral examinations were carried out following WHO criteria. The impact of oral health on life quality was assessed using the 14‐item Oral Health Impact Profile measure, OHIP‐14Results: The prevalence of oral disease was high, the mean DMFT was 22.5 (SD 10.6) and 40% (18) of the dentate prisoners had shallow or deep periodontal pockets. Most (75%, 48) were in need of prosthetic treatment. Over half the prisoners experienced one or more oral health impacts on life quality during the previous year. This was associated with socio‐demographic factors: employment status prior to incarceration (P<0.01), oral health behaviour: smoking habits (P<0.01) and clinical oral health status: DMFT (P<0.05) and prosthetic need (P<0.05).Conclusion: Among inmates at Hong Kong's elderly detention centre, the prevalence of oral disease was high and the impact of oral health on their life quality was substantial. The impact of oral health on the life quality of the older prisoners was associated with prisoners socio‐demographic background, oral health behaviour and oral health status.
Influence of age and dental status on chewing behaviour studied by EMG recordings during consumption of various food samples
Authors: Kohyama K. , Mioche L. , Bourdio P. 
Published: December 2003

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effects of age and dental status on chewing performance in humans. Design: Electromyography recordings (EMG) were made during chewing of six foods (rice, beef, cheese, crispy bread, apple, and peanuts) to compare the masticatory patterns of four subject groups with different ages and dental status. Subjects: Nineteen elders (mean age 67.2 years) classified into three categories according to their number of opposing post‐canine teeth pairs (i.e. functional units) and a control group of 10 young adults (mean age 26.5 years) with a high number of functional units. Main outcome measures: Number of chewing cycles, chewing time, total muscle activity and muscle activity per chew, burst and inter‐burst durations, maximum and mean voltages from EMG recordings. Results: Time‐related EMG parameters increased from young subjects to elderly subjects with high, middle and low dental status. Parameters related to EMG voltages per chew decreased in the same order among the different groups of subjects. These tendencies were observed for all the studied products. Subjects with weak muscle contraction may compensate for their poor chewing performance by lengthening both chewing cycle and sequence duration. Additional alterations in the chewing patterns were observed when age effect was associated with a dental status degradation in terms of number of functional units. Conclusion: Impairment in mastication for the elderly is due to both ageing and decreasing number of functional pairs of post‐canine teeth.
Factors influencing eating ability of old in‐patients in a rehabilitation hospital in Japan
Authors: Ono Takahiro , Hori Kazuhiro , Ikebe Kazunori , Nokubi Takashi , Nago Shotaro , Kumakura Isami 
Published: December 2003

Abstract Objectives: This study was designed to determine the factors influencing eating ability of old in‐patients in a rehabilitation hospital. Design: Cross‐sectional investigation. Setting: Forty‐six in‐patients in the rehabilitation ward of Hashimoto Hospital in Kagawa Prefecture in Japan were investigated using a multi‐disciplinary approach. Main outcome measures: Age, gender, state of dentition, muscle activity of lip, cheek and tongue, biting force, salivary flow rate per a minute (SFR), masticatory ability for gummy jelly, swallowing ability, texture of meal, independency of walking (Functional Independence Measure=FIM) and ability to communicate. Results: Bivariate analysis for the relationship between surveyed items and masticatory ability (chi‐square test) identified that better masticatory ability for gummy jelly was associated with age (<85 years), gender (male), state of dentition (dentate), SFR (high), activity of lip (good), biting force (high), swallowing ability (good) and activity of communication (high). Among these items, SFR (p=0.001), gender (p=0.004), ability to communicate (p=0.005) and age (p=0.012) were found having an influence on the masticatory ability (logistic regression analysis). On the other hand, age (<85years), gender (male), SFR (high), activity of lip (good), activity of cheek (good), biting force (high), masticatory ability (good) and swallowing ability (good) had a relationship with normal texture of meal. In regression analysis, only two items, activity of lip (p=0.003) and swallowing ability (p=0.024) emerged as factors on texture of meal. Conclusions: Masticatory ability for gummy jelly was influenced by cognitive function and was excluded from the factors on the state of meal. These results suggested the limitation of evaluation using test food, so dentists should observe eating behaviour of in‐patients. In addition, dentists should pay attention to the activity of the lip and swallowing ability as well as dentition and prostheses in the rehabilitation of eating ability. As SFR was the most significant factor on masticatory ability, this emphasizes the necessity of care for dry mouth caused by side effects of multi‐medication
Sialylation of Lipooligosaccharides Promotes Biofilm Formation by Nontypeable
Haemophilus influenzae
Authors: Swords W. Edward , Moore Miranda L. , Godzicki Luciana , Bukofzer Gail , Mitten Michael J. , VonCannon Jessica 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACT

Nontypeable
Haemophilus influenzae
(NTHi) is a major cause of opportunistic respiratory tract infections, including otitis media and bronchitis. The persistence of NTHi in vivo is thought to involve bacterial persistence in a biofilm community. Therefore, there is a need for further definition of bacterial factors contributing to biofilm formation by NTHi. Like other bacteria inhabiting host mucosal surfaces, NTHi has on its surface a diverse array of lipooligosaccharides (LOS) that influence host-bacterial interactions. In this study, we show that LOS containing sialic (
N
-acetyl-neuraminic) acid promotes biofilm formation by NTHi in vitro and bacterial persistence within the middle ear or lung in vivo. LOS from NTHi in biofilms was sialylated, as determined by comparison of electrophoretic mobilities and immunochemical reactivities before and after neuraminidase treatment. Biofilm formation was significantly reduced in media lacking sialic acid, and a
siaB
(CMP-sialic acid synthetase) mutant was deficient in biofilm formation in three different in vitro model systems. The persistence of an asialylated
siaB
mutant was attenuated in a gerbil middle ear infection model system, as well as in a rat pulmonary challenge model system. These data show that sialylated LOS glycoforms promote biofilm formation by NTHi and persistence in vivo.
Effects of PspA and Antibodies to PspA on Activation and Deposition of Complement on the Pneumococcal Surface
Authors: Ren Bing , Szalai Alexander J. , Hollingshead Susan K. , Briles David E. 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTStreptococcus pneumoniaeinfection is a frequent cause of pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis, and septicemia. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is an important virulence factor on the pathogen surface, and it is known to interfere with complement activation. In this study, flow cytometry was used to study the effects of PspA and antibodies to PspA on the deposition of complement C3 on the surface of a capsular type 3 strain, WU2, and its PspA−mutant, JY1119. Using naive mouse serum as a complement source, measurable deposition of C3 was observed within 4 min on PspA−pneumococci, and the amount of surface-bound C3 accumulated rapidly as the amount of serum was increased. In contrast, very little C3 was deposited on the PspA+strain. In nonimmune mouse serum, the classical pathway was the dominant activation pathway triggered by PspA−pneumococci. Accordingly, EGTA blocked almost all of the complement activation. Moreover, a significant amount of C3 was still deposited on the PspA−strain when serum from factor B-deficient mice was used. This deposition was not observed on the PspA+pneumococci, indicating that PspA may inhibit complement deposition via the classical pathway. Furthermore, under the conditions we tested, PspA also inhibited C3 deposition when the classical pathway was initiated by antibodies to capsular polysaccharide. Antibodies to PspA could overcome the anticomplementary effect of PspA, allowing for increased complement activation and C3 deposition onto PspA+bacteria.
Analysis of
Mycobacterium
Species for the Presence of a Macrolide Toxin, Mycolactone
Authors: Daniel Alexa K. , Lee Richard E. , Portaels Francoise , Small P. L. C. 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium ulcerans
is an environmental organism which is responsible for the disease Buruli ulcer, a necrotizing skin disease emerging in west Africa.
M. ulcerans
produces the polyketide-derived macrolide mycolactone, which is required for the immunosuppression and tissue damage which characterizes Buruli ulcer. We have extracted lipids from the cell envelope and culture filtrate from 52 isolates of
Mycobacterium
species, analyzed them with thin-layer chromatography, and tested them in a murine fibroblast cell line (L929) cytotoxicity assay to investigate whether these mycobacterial species produce mycolactone. For these studies chloroform-methanol (2:1, vol/vol) extracts were prepared from representative fast- and slow-growing mycobacterial species. Isolates tested included 16 uncharacterized, slow-growing, environmental mycobacterial species isolated from areas in which
M. ulcerans
infection is endemic. Although several strains of mycobacteria studied produced cytopathic lipids, none of these produced a phenotype on cultured cells consistent with that produced by mycolactone. Two mycobacterial species,
M. scrofulaceum
and
M. kansasii
, and eight of the environmental mycobacterial isolates contained cell-associated lipids cytopathic to fibroblasts at concentrations of 33 to 1,000 μg/ml. In contrast, mycolactone produces cytotoxicity at less than 2 ng/ml. Analysis of 16S rRNA sequences from the eight environmental isolates suggests that these are novel mycobacterial species. Results from these studies suggest that, although production of cytopathic lipids is relatively common among mycobacterial species, the production of mycolactone as a cell-associated or secreted molecule appears so far to be restricted to
M. ulcerans
.
Further Characterization of Immunomodulation by a Monoclonal Antibody againstStreptococcus mutansAntigen P1
Authors: Rhodin Nikki R. , Van Tilburg Marloes L. J. A. , Oli Monika W. , McArthur William P. , Brady L. Jeannine 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTWe demonstrated previously that mucosal immunization of mice withStreptococcus mutanscoated with the monoclonal antibody (MAb) 6-11A directed against the major surface adhesin protein P1 results in changes in the amount, isotype distribution, and specificity of serum antibodies compared with animals immunized with bacteria only. We now show that the specificity of the mucosal secretory IgA response was also influenced by this MAb. Changes in antibody specificity were associated with changes in biological activity. Serum samples which differed in antibody reactivity with P1 polypeptides generated by partial digestion withN-chlorosuccinimide but not in isotype distribution or overall reactivity withS. mutansor intact P1 demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the ability to inhibit bacterial adherence to salivary-agglutinin-coated hydroxyapatite beads. Serum IgG antibodies against P1 from mice immunized with eitherS. mutansalone orS. mutanscoated with 6-11A were shown to recognize antigenic determinants dependent on the presence of the central proline-rich repeat domain, a segment necessary for the structural integrity of the molecule. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in antibody reactivity with a panel of six partial P1 polypeptides encoded by overlappingspaPsubclones, suggesting that the targets of biologically relevant antibodies involve complex epitopes not reconstituted by the recombinant products tested. Lastly, we show that binding of MAb 6-11A to P1 on the surface ofS. mutansalters P1's susceptibility to proteolytic digestion. Hence, changes in antigen processing and presentation may contribute to the immunomodulatory effects of this MAb.
Cross-Sectional Analysis of Clinical and Environmental Isolates of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
: Biofilm Formation, Virulence, and Genome Diversity
Authors: Head Nathan E. , Yu Hongwei 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACT

Chronic lung infections with
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
biofilms are associated with refractory and fatal pneumonia in cystic fibrosis (CF). In this study, a group of genomically diverse
P. aeruginosa
isolates were compared with the reference strain PAO1 to assess the roles of motility, twitching, growth rate, and overproduction of a capsular polysaccharide (alginate) in biofilm formation. In an in vitro biofilm assay system,
P. aeruginosa
displayed strain-specific biofilm formation that was not solely dependent on these parameters. Compared with non-CF isolates, CF isolates expressed two opposing growth modes: reduced planktonic growth versus efficient biofilm formation. Planktonic cells of CF isolates showed elevated sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide, a reactive oxygen intermediate, and decreased lung colonization in an aerosol infection mouse model. Despite having identical genomic profiles, CF sequential isolates produced different amounts of biofilm. While
P. aeruginosa
isolates exhibited genomic diversity, the genome size of these isolates was estimated to be 0.4 to 19% (27 to 1,184 kb) larger than that of PAO1. To identify these extra genetic materials, random amplification of polymorphic DNA was coupled with PAO1-subtractive hybridization. Three loci were found within the genomes of two CF isolates encoding one novel homolog involved in retaining a
Shigella
virulence plasmid (
mvpTA
) and two divergent genes that function in removing negative supercoiling (
topA
) and biosynthesis of pyoverdine (PA2402). Together,
P. aeruginosa
biodiversity could provide one cause for the variation of morbidity and mortality in CF.
P. aeruginosa
may possess undefined biofilm adhesins that are important to the development of an antibiofilm therapeutic target.
Aggregation ofCryptococcus neoformansby Surfactant Protein D Is Inhibited by Its Capsular Component Glucuronoxylomannan
Authors: van de Wetering J. K. , Coenjaerts F. E. J. , Vaandrager A. B. , van Golde L. M. G. , Batenburg J. J. 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTCryptococcus neoformansis an opportunistic pathogen invading the immunocompromised host. Infection starts with the inhalation of acapsular or sparsely encapsulated cells, after which capsule synthesis is initiated. The capsule is the main virulence factor of this yeast-like fungus. Pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D) is an important component of the local innate defense system. In the present study, interactions of SP-D with intactC. neoformanscells and their isolated capsular components were investigated. Although encapsulated cryptococci were bound, SP-D showed the highest affinity for acapsularC. neoformans. Only acapsular cryptococci were aggregated by SP-D. Furthermore, the cryptococcal capsular components glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) and mannoprotein 1 (MP1) were bound with relatively high affinity, in contrast to GalXM and MP2. Binding as well as aggregation of acapsularC. neoformansby SP-D could be inhibited by GXM in concentrations that are likely to be present in the lung after infection, suggesting that not only the capsule hampers SP-D function within the innate defense system of the lung but also the secreted capsular component GXM.
Apical Membrane Antigen 1, a Major Malaria Vaccine Candidate, Mediates the Close Attachment of Invasive Merozoites to Host Red Blood Cells
Authors: Mitchell G. H. , Thomas A. W. , Margos G. , Dluzewski A. R. , Bannister L. H. 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACT

Apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) of
Plasmodium
merozoites is established as a candidate molecule for inclusion in a human malaria vaccine and is strongly conserved in the genus. We have investigated its function in merozoite invasion by incubating
Plasmodium knowlesi
merozoites with red cells in the presence of a previously described rat monoclonal antibody (MAb R31C2) raised against an invasion-inhibitory epitope of
P. knowlesi
AMA-1 and then fixing the material for ultrastructural analysis. We have found that the random, initial, long-range (12 nm) contact between merozoites and red cells occurs normally in the presence of the antibody, showing that AMA-1 plays no part in this stage of attachment. Instead, inhibited merozoites fail to reorientate, so they do not bring their apices to bear on the red cell surface and do not make close junctional apical contact. We conclude that AMA-1 may be directly responsible for reorientation or that the molecule may initiate the junctional contact, which is then presumably dependent on Duffy binding proteins for its completion.
Delayed Clearance ofEhrlichia chaffeensisInfection in CD4+T-Cell Knockout Mice†
Authors: Ganta Roman R. , Cheng Chuanmin , Wilkerson Melinda J. , Chapes Stephen K. 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTHuman monocytic ehrlichiosis is an emerging tick-borne disease caused by the rickettsiaEhrlichia chaffeensis. To examine the role of helper T cells in host resistance to this macrophage-tropic bacterium, we assessedE. chaffeensisinfections in three mouse strains with differing functional levels of helper T cells. Wild-type, C57BL/6J mice resolved infections in approximately 2 weeks. Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) knockout, B6.129-Abbtm1mice lacking helper T cells developed persistent infections that were not resolved even after several months. CD4+T-cell-deficient, B6.129S6-Cd4tm1Knwmice cleared the infection, but the clearance took 2 weeks longer than it did for wild-type mice. C57BL/6J mice resolved infection more rapidly following a second experimental challenge, but B6.129S6-Cd4tm1Knwmice did not. The B6.129S6-Cd4tm1Knwmice also developed activeE. chaffeensis-specific immunoglobulin G responses that were slightly lower in concentration and slower to develop than that observed in C57BL/6J mice.E. chaffeensis-specific cytotoxic T cells were not detected following a single bacterial challenge in any mouse strain, including wild-type C57BL/6J mice. However, the cytotoxic T-cell activity developed in all three mouse strains, including the MHCII and CD4+T-cell knockouts, when challenged with a secondE. chaffeensisinfection. The data reported here suggest that the cell-mediated immunity, orchestrated by CD4+T cells is critical for conferring rapid clearance ofE. chaffeensis.
Plant Cell-Based Intimin Vaccine Given Orally to Mice Primed with Intimin Reduces Time of
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 Shedding in Feces
Authors: Judge Nicole A. , Mason Hugh S. , O'Brien Alison D. 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACT

Intimin is the primary adhesin of
Escherichia coli
O157:H7, the most common infectious cause of bloody diarrhea in the United States and the leading cause of acute kidney failure in children who develop hemolytic uremic syndrome. Cattle are the primary reservoir of
E. coli
O157:H7. Indeed, most cases of
E. coli
O157:H7 infection in the United States occur after ingestion of contaminated undercooked hamburger or produce that had contact with bovine manure. Because intimin is required for persistent colonization of neonatal calves and adult cattle, we hypothesized that an intimin-based vaccination strategy in calves would reduce colonization of cattle with
E. coli
O157:H7. To test this concept in a small-animal model, we developed transgenic tobacco plant cells that express the carboxy-terminal host cell-binding domain of
E. coli
O157:H7 intimin. Mice were either immunized intraperitoneally with intimin expressed from the plant cells, fed transgenic plant cells, or both. Here we show that these mice generated an intimin-specific mucosal immune response when primed parenterally and then boosted orally and also exhibited a reduced duration of
E. coli
O157:H7 fecal shedding after challenge.