bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Domestic Arrangements and Depressive Symptoms: An Examination of Housework Conditions
Authors: Lennon Mary Clare 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the most consistent findings in psychiatric epidemiology is the greater prevalence of depressive disorders and symptoms of nonspecific psychological distress in women than in men (Dohrenwend & Dohrenwend, 1976; Kessler et al., 1994; McGrath et al., 1990; Pearlin, 1975; Robins & Regier, 1991; Weissman & Klerman, 1977, 1987). Gender differences are found on measures of anxiety, depressed mood, and psychophysiological complaints-what Dohrenwend and colleagues (1980) call demoralization (see Dohrenwend & Dohrenwend, 1976, and McGrath et al., 1990, for reviews)-and on measures designed to yield a psychiatric diagnosis of major depressive disorder and dysthymia according to criteria set forth by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association (1987, 1994; for example, see Kessler et al., 1994; Robins & Regier, 1991). Although the rates of disorder vary widely according to how the disorders are defined, women have, on average, about twice as many depressive disorders as men (McGrath et al., 1990; Paykel, 1991; Weissman & Klerman, 1977).
The Fourteenth Amendment: What Norms Did “We the People” Establish?
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As I said at the beginning of the preceding chapter, several of the most divisive moral conflicts that have beset us Americans since the end of World War II have been transmuted into constitutional conflicts-conflicts about what the Constitution of the United States forbids-and resolved as such. The particular constitutional conflicts I examine in this book-over racial segregation, race-based affirmative action, sex-based discrimination, homosexuality, abortion, and physician-assisted suicide-are, in the main, conflicts about what the Fourteenth Amendment forbids. What Raoul Berger wrote in 1977, in Government by judiciary: The Transformation of the Fourteenth Amendment, is no less true today: “Because the [Fourteenth] Amendment ... furnishes the chief fulcrum for [the Supreme Court’s] control of controversial policies, the question whether such control is authorized by the Constitution is of great practical importance.”1
Group Cohesiveness
Authors: Galanter Marc 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Group cohesiveness may be defined as the result of all the forces acting on members to keep them engaged in the group.1 When cohesiveness is strong, participants work to retain the commitment of their fellow members, protect them from threat, and ensure the safety of shared resources. With weak co hesiveness, there is less concern over the group’s potential dissolution or the loss of its distinctive identity, and joint action is less likely.
Curriculum Connections
Authors:   Aaas
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This Chapter Seeks To Illustrate how standard K-12 curricula in the United States can foster the science learning called for in Science for All Americans (American Association for the Advancement of Science [AAAS], 1989). By recommending increased emphasis on connections between science and other disciplines-naturally occurring connections in the physical and biological world studied by scientists that traditional science curricula rarely emphasize-we suggest that educators can encourage students not only to know scientific facts but also to view the world scientifically.
Track 1: Harassment Stepped Up
Authors: Lewy Guenter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the first three years of the Nazi regime, the treatment of the Gypsies did not change very much. The decrees and laws legislated during the Weimar Republic continued in force and new and similar measures were adopted. As we shall see later, some of the laws enacted by the new regime, such as the sterilization law of July 14, 1933, and the law against dangerous professional criminals of November 24, 1933, affected Gypsies somewhat more than the general population. However, this legislation was not aimed specifically at the Gypsies.
Life and Death in the Gypsy Family Camp of Auschwitz
Authors: Lewy Guenter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On February 26, 1943, the first large transport of Gypsies arrived in Auschwitz. It contained about two hundred Gypsies from the Buchenwald concentration camp who were put into Birkenau II e, a new and as yet uncompleted section of the Birkenau part of Auschwitz (B II e). A second transport reached the camp on March 1, and from this date on the pace of arrivals quickened. By the end of 1943, a total of 18,738 Gypsies had been registered by name, the largest part having been delivered by the end of May. Eventually about 23,000 men, women and children were to be incar cerated for varying lengths of time in the Gypsy family camp.1
The Emancipation of America, II
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If Edmund S. Morgan is right in maintaining that Americans “bought their independence with slave labor,” then the pronouncements we have quoted from Jay, Paine, and Jefferson were freighted with some of the cruelest irony in human history. American leaders could “dare to speak a political language that magnified the rights of freemen” precisely because they had no need to fear a dependent and exploited class of whites. Yet that very political language contributed to their abhorrence of Negro slavery-and made them dare to speculate aloud about God’s justice! Perhaps the speculation itself helped to confirm what Jefferson called “a conviction in the minds of the people that these liberties are the gifts of God.” Perhaps a just God would make allowance for the Americans’ good intentions, as well as for their inability to do anything about the unfortunate “source” of their freedom.
The United States: The Logic of the Mixed Market
Authors: Tuohy Carolyn Hughes 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The hallmark of American health policy, as noted in part I, has been its incrementalism. In contrast to the cases of Britain and Canada, in which major episodes of policy change established enduring organizational frameworks for the delivery and financing of health care, U.S. public policy both directly and indirectly fostered continuous organizational change in the health care arena, as private actors responded and adjusted to the incentives and constraints established by incremental policy changes.
Conclusion
Authors: Tuohy Carolyn Hughes 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book is essentially a work of political science. Nonetheless, it is addressed not only to political scientists but also to others concerned with policy-making about the role of the state in the health care arena. In this concluding chapter, I first summarize the experience of Britain, the United States, and Canada in the health care arena, with particular emphasis on experience in the 1990s, to demonstrate the workings of the process of “accidental logics” that drives the dynamics of change. Forces in the broader political arena have periodically opened windows of opportunity for major policy change in the health care arena in each of these nations. The systems that resulted were largely, if not entirely, “accidents” of the timing of their birth-had windows opened at different times, they might have looked quite different. Between these policy episodes, the systems were shaped by their own internal logics. This analysis then provides the platform from which several concluding observations can be made, looking toward a future marked by accelerating technological change and ongoing policy debate.
Introduction
Authors: Lauritzen Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In February 1997, scientists from the Roslin Institute near Edinburgh, Scotland, announced that they had successfully cloned an adult sheep. Because many scientists had been skeptical about the possibility of such cloning, and because the particular technique that Ian Wilmut and his colleagues used to create the clone promised tremendous advances in knowledge about mammalian cell development and cell differentiation, the birth of Dolly received intense, international attention. Dolly’s birth also generated enormous controversy. Could this technology be extended to humans? If it could, would cloning humans be morally acceptable? Even the apparently remote possibility of human cloning conjured apocalyptic visions for many commentators, and so Wilmut’s announcement was met almost everywhere with a sense of alarm and moral urgency. Certainly in the United States there was a sense of urgency, for, the day after the story broke, President Clinton instructed the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) to “undertake a thorough review of the legal and ethical issues associated with the use of this technology” and to do so within 90 days.1 The President was not alone: The United States House of Representatives convened hearings on cloning the following week, as did the United States Senate the week after that.
Morality, Religion, and Public Bioethics: Shifting the Paradigm for the Public Discussion of Embryo Research and Human Cloning
Authors: Stiltner Brian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Public ethics bodies play a major role in the development of public policies that govern scientific research and health care.1 Their tasks include weighing the ethical ramifications of forms of research, educating the public about the research and its likely benefits, and recommending directions for institutional practices and legal policies. Much debate about public ethics bodies has concerned the mode and level of their ethical reasoning. Should public ethics bodies develop substantive moral arguments on issues that are subject to widely divergent moral and religious interpretations, such as the status of the human embryo? To develop such arguments would, of course, require ethics panels to consider the ethical and philosophical arguments about the status of the embryo as well as arguments about the dignity of the human person, the symbolic and social value of procreation, and so on. Is this something we should expect ethics panels to do?
Introduction
Authors: Samuels Shirley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The cover of this book shows a familiar iconographic imagining of nations as women in a nineteenth-century commemoration of the Four Continents motif. Produced for the Philadelphia Centennial of 1876, nominally a celebration of the century that had passed since the Declaration of Independence was read aloud in that city, this colored lithograph introduced the program. Inside, artistic and mechanical objects appeared that were, in the newly minted tradition of such fairs, designed to celebrate the future as well as the past. That past included the war, the still rawly remembered conflict that had sent troop trains south and wounded men north along Philadelphia’s rails. In reproducing the spectacle and its commemoration here, I propose to begin my consideration of national iconography through a scrutiny of these faces and the processes of recognition they invoke.
Lincoln’s Body
Authors: Samuels Shirley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter is deceptively titled “Lincoln’s Body,’’ since I will read through the skin of his body, as though it were the flayed transparency of wellscraped parchment, the bodies of his contemporaries: those who viewed his body and those through whom his body may be viewed. Developing a relationship among somewhat disparate texts, I will consider the historical treatments of Lincoln’s embalming and funeral train, the memorial poetry of Walt Whitman, the remembrances of Elizabeth Keckley, and the outlandish poetry of Adah Menken.
World War II Era: Context and Cases
Authors: Klarman Michael J . 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A brutal triple murder took place near Hugo, Oklahoma, on New Year’s Eve 1939. A white man, his wife, and their four-year-old son were shot, and their bodies were hacked with an axe and then burned. W. D. Lyons, a black man, was arrested several days later. According to the NAACP’s account of what happened, prior to the arrest of Lyons, a white escapee from the state chain gang had confessed to the murders. But the governor’s office, fearful of the political consequences of election-year allegations that lax supervision of the chain gang had resulted in a triple murder, decided to frame a black man. The governor sent a special investigator to Hugo. According to boastful statements the investigator made to several white witnesses, he assaulted Lyons for several hours with his “nigger beater” (a blackjack). He also made Lyons hold on his lap a pan containing the victims’ bones. Many local whites, not to mention Lyons’s lawyers, were convinced that Lyons was innocent. At the trial, which the judge called a “gala” event for the community, lawyers from the NAACP and the ACLU sowed enough doubts about Lyons’s guilt that the all-white jury, after several hours of deliberation, sentenced him to life imprisonment rather than death.
Pilocytic Astrocytoma, Low-Grade Astrocytoma, and Other “Benign” Neuroepithelial Neoplasms
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma Gangliocytoma and Ganglioglioma Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor Central Neurocytoma This chapter discusses most “benign” neuroepithelial tumors with a grade I or II biologic behavior. These tumors were classified pathologically in Table 1-2. Pilocytic astrocytoma is discussed initially and has a grade I biologic behavior, although its histological appearance may appear more aggressive.
Pituitary and Pineal Region Tumors
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The existence of the pituitary gland has been recognized since before the time of Artistotle. From the second until the seventeenth century, it was believed that the pituitary secreted mucus produced by the brain. Rathke described the embryology of the pituitary in 1838, and Marie described the clinical syndrome of acromegaly in 1886,2 but it was Minkowski in 1887 who first linked the symptoms of acromegaly to a dysfunction of the pituitary gland. Benda4 and Frankel and colleagues5 recognized that acromegaly was caused by a hyperfunction of the pituitary. It was not until 1962 that a radioimmunoassay for growth hormone (GH) became available to finally prove that the proliferation of CH-secreting cells in pituitary adenomas produced acromegaly.
Brain Metastases
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Brain metastases are secondary deposits that arise from primary systemic cancer outside the brain and spread to involve the brain. Brain metastases can be divided into metastases to the dura, leptomeninges, and brain parenchyma. Parenchymal brain metastases are the most common symptomatic lesion, and may be single or multiple. The distinction between single and multiple metastases is important for treatment. Single and multiple brain metastases refer only to the brain parenchyma and do not address the extent of systemic disease.
Clinical Pathophysiology of Spinal Signs and Symptoms
Authors: Byrne Thomas N , Benzel Edward C , Waxman Stephen G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first task of the physician examining a patient with suspected spinal cord disease is to establish the presence or absence of such disease and, if present, then the location(s) of the lesion(s). The lesion’s anatomical coordinates are its (1) “level” in the rostrocaudal axis, and (2) the extent of the lesion in the transverse plane of the spinal cord. These coordinates are determined by clinically testing specific functions of the myotomes and dermatomes served by both nerve roots and tracts that may be involved. A third coordinate is the time-course of evolution of spinal cord dysfunction; this is often important in predicting the etiology and the physiological response of the cord to compression, and in determining prognosis. For example, a patient with a long-standing lesion, such as a benign meningioma, may manifest few signs, whereas a patient with a malignancy of comparable size that is rapidly enlarging may be paraplegic.
Noncompressive Myelopathies
Authors: Byrne Thomas N , Benzel Edward C , Waxman Stephen G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Intrinsic or medullary diseases cause several disorders of the spinal cord that disrupt its structure and function. A broad range of pathological processes are affected by these diseases (Table 8-1):
1. Noninfectious diseases such as transverse myelitis, which occur following infection or vaccination or which may be idiopathic, and the demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis
2. Infectious diseases
3. Toxic diseases, such as those caused by irradiation
4. Metabolic disorders and vitamin deficiencies, such as the combined degeneration caused by vitamin B12
5. Vascular diseases, including ischemia, hemorrhage, and vascular malformations
6. Neoplastic diseases
Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathies
Authors: Mendell Jerry R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A substance is defined as amyloid if it has an affinity for Congo red dye and exhibits apple green birefringence under polarized light (Fig. 23-1, see Fig. 7-15). A three-dimensional, crystallographic, 13-pleated sheet structural conformation underlies this affinity for Congo red. By electron microscopy amyloid is composed of nonbranching filaments measuring 10-20 nm in diameter. There are many confusing concepts about amyloidosis. Even the origin of the term amyloid is a misnomer. In 1854, the distinguished pathologist Virchow coined the word, because of a presumed relationship to a polysaccharide based on affinity “or iodine and sulfuric acid. Later studies lemonstrated that amyloid is unequivocally :omposed of any number of unrelated proteins hat can be deposited in tissue. The protein involved determines the particular disease and predominant organs affected. Table 23-1 lists many types of amyloid proteins and their associated disorders. Familial amyloid polyneuropathies represent one of the many types of amyloidoses.
The Church’s New Social Mission
Authors: Herlihy Patricia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For centuries, individual members of the Russian Orthodox Church had viewed drunkenness as a vice and a sin. That is not to say, however, that preachers against drunkenness favored total abstinence. A fourteenth-century Russian cleric declared: “the holy fathers did not forbid us to drink and to eat within the law and at a fitting time, but they rejected overeating and drunkenness.” Saints’ lives and miracle tales frequently reflect tolerance for moderate use of alcohol and tolerance of those who abused it. The Mother of God is supposed to have admonished: “Know, child, that it is not evil to drink wine, but it is evil to drink too much to [the point] of drunkenness, outside of the proper time.” While pious literature condemned drunkenness, it also showed compassion for those who drank to excess, especially laypersons.
This empathetic approach is typical of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as well. Although from time to time, termssuch as “evil” and “sin” were used with regard to drunkenness, most clerical temperance workers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, like their earlier counterparts, regarded alcoholism as a disease.
Crossing Color
Authors: Stephen Therese 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Rita Dove (b. 1952) was elected Poet Laureate--the first ever African-American to hold the position--in 1993, in recognition of work that combines racially sensitive observation with searing and immediate personal experience. She is best known for her substantial body of poetry, although she has also been recognized for her many accomplishments in drama and fiction, written in both German and English. Crossing Color, written by a well-known Americanist in the European community, is the first full-length critical study offering a comprehensive biographic and literary portrait of Rita Dove and her work.
Common Ground: Continuous Molecular Changes
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Thatched House Tavern in St. James’s Street was a five-minute walk from Snow’s Picadilly residence. In the eighteenth century it had been the home of a fine arts society, the Dilettanti. In the nineteenth century it was a fashionable meeting place for artists and writers and featured a large room for public gatherings, where members and visitors of the Medical Society of London assembled to celebrate its eightieth anniversary on Tuesday, 8 March 1853. The annual oration was scheduled for 5:00 P.M., with a dinner to follow. The orator for the year was John Snow.
His address was cumbersomely entitled, “On continuous molecular changes, more particularly in their relation to epidemic diseases” (CMC ). Given the standards of the time, most of Snow’s communications were narrowly focused, addressing one issue or a single set of observations. An oration, however, offered him an unusual opportunity to speak in a speculative way and with unprecedented breadth “on the chief phenomena of living beings” (CMC, 147). This work, therefore, provides a rare glimpse of Snow’s scientific thought as a whole, illustrating connections not discernible in his papers on anesthesia and cholera. It is a deeply interdisciplinary, synthetic essay, a focal point at which the rays of Snow’s thought converged and his two specialities were joined, albeit tenuously. Snow thought serially and by accretion, and CMC was the apotheosis of this style.
The Turkist Thinkers: Ziya Gökalp, Yusuf Akçura, Fuat Köprülü
Authors: Karpat Kemal H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter I established the ideological and historical context for the views of Ziya Gökalp, Yusuf Akçura, and Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, the fathers of Turkish nationalism.1 All three attempted to define for the Turks a new national identity within the frame of Ottomanism and Islamism, and all three were modernist, democratically minded constitutionalists, who had opposed Abdulhamid’s absolutism on principle as much as for personal reasons. Gökalp and Akçura suffered imprisonment and exile for having done so. Moreover, the three were closely acquainted with Western ideas, knew one or more European languages, and possessed knowledge and intellectual capacity well above that of many of their contemporaries.
Distinguishing Neurological From Psychiatric Symptoms
Authors: Pincus Jonathan H , Tucker Gary J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the eighteenth century, hysteria was called the English malady, and although the various paralytic symptoms and unusual seizures were attributed to a disorder of the emotions, the biologic mechanism that mediated these symptoms remained a mystery. A prominent explanation relied on the newly discovered laws of gravity; it was postulated that the mind caused paralysis of an arm by an “action at a distance,” just as gravity made the apple fall (Vieth, 1965). While medicine has made great advances since the eighteenth century and our understanding of the central nervous system has increased enormously, we still have trouble delineating the exact mechanisms that cause patients to express their emotional discomfort through somatic symptoms. We still do not have laboratory measures that will tell us whether an isolated neurological symptom is caused by a neurological illness or by a specific emotional state. Consequently, much of what is included in this chapter is the clinical lore that has been gathered since the time of Charcot about how to differentiate neurological disorders from psychiatric disorders.