bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Locally Produced Anti‐Phosphorylcholine and Anti‐Oxidized Low‐Density Lipoprotein Antibodies in Gingival Crevicular Fluid from Aggressive Periodontitis Patients
Authors: Schenkein Harvey A. , Berry C. Rennie , Burmeister John A. , Brooks Carol N. , Best Al M. , Tew John G. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Sera from patients with periodontal attachment loss contain higher concentrations of IgG anti‐phosphorylcholine (anti‐PC) than sera from healthy subjects. Furthermore, a large proportion of plaque bacteria bear PC‐containing surface antigens, implicating the oral flora as a source of immunogen for anti‐PC. Additionally, anti‐PC is cross‐reactive with a variety of oral bacterial antigens and human antigens such as oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL). We hypothesized that, if the oral flora is a source of PC antigens, then we should be able to detect local anti‐ PC and anti‐oxLDL production in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF).Methods: To test this, we collected 66 GCF samples from 15 patients with aggressive periodontitis and examined both the GCF samples and serum samples for their content of IgG anti‐PC, IgG anti‐LDL, and IgG anti‐oxLDL by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. We also determined levels of anti‐tetanus toxoid (anti‐TT) as a non‐oral antigen control. Serum and GCF concentrations of serum albumin (HSA) were also determined for use as a dilution marker. A conservative GCF:serum antibody ratio of greater than 1.5 was considered to be evidence of local antibody production.Results: For the non‐oral antigen TT, only one out of 62 samples contained locally produced antibody. Eight out of 64 samples (7 from a single subject) demonstrated local production of anti‐LDL. In contrast, 28 out of 66 samples demonstrated local production of anti‐PC, and 47 out of 66 samples contained locally produced anti‐oxLDL. It was observed thatA. actinomycetemcomitans strains containing or devoid of PC could absorb antioxLDL from human sera. Although there was a correlation between the ratios of anti‐PC and anti‐oxLDL (Spearman's rho = 0.35, P = 0.0037), local production of both antibodies was found in only 17 out of 65 samples, indicating that these antibodies are not always reflective of reactivity to the same antigens.Conclusion: The local production of anti‐PC and anti‐oxLDL further implicates the oral flora as a source of antigen that may mediate immune reactions of relevance to cardiovascular and other systemic diseases. J Periodontol 2004;75:146‐153.
Analysis of the Interleukin‐6 Gene Promoter Polymorphisms in Czech Patients with Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Holla Lydie Izakovicova , Fassmann Antonin , Stejskalová Andrea , Znojil Vladimír , Vaněk Jiri , Vacha Jiri 
Published: February 2005

Background: Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease, which is a major cause of tooth loss. The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) are key regulators of the host response to microbial infection and major modulators of extracellular matrix catabolism and bone resorption. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations of chronic periodontitis with IL‐6 gene polymorphisms (at positions –597 [G/A], –572 [G/C], and –174 [G/C]).Methods: We analyzed allele, genotype, and haplotype distributions of the IL‐6 promoter variants in a case‐control study involving 148 patients with chronic periodontitis and 107 unrelated controls.Results: Our results showed significant differences in the distributions of alleles and genotypes of the IL‐6 (–572 G/C) polymorphism between patients and the control population (X2 = 10.393, P = 0.001, Pcorr <0.01). The difference was due to the underrepresentation of the –572 G/C heterozygotes in patients (6.1%) compared to controls (19.6%). Although no variant “CC” homozygotes were detected in our cases and controls, heterozygosity protected against chronic periodontitis, representing a 73% reduction of risk (odds ratio [OR] = 0.27, 95% con‐ fidence interval: 0.12‐0.61) compared to wild‐type homozygotes. However, there were no significant differences in genotype or allele frequencies between both groups for IL‐6 –597 G/A and –174 G/C polymorphisms.Conclusion: This study is the first, to our knowledge, suggesting that the –572 G/C polymorphism of the IL‐6 gene may be one of the protective factors associated with lower susceptibility to chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2004;75:30‐36.
The Clinical Effect of Acellular Dermal Matrix on Gingival Thickness and Root Coverage Compared to Coronally Positioned Flap Alone
Authors: Woodyard James G. , Greenwell Henry , Hill Margaret , Drisko Connie , Iasella John M. , Scheetz James 
Published: February 2005

Background: The primary aim of this randomized, controlled, blinded, clinical investigation was to compare the coronally positioned flap (CPF) plus an acellular dermal matrix (ADM) allograft to CPF alone to determine their effect on gingival thickness and percent root coverage.Methods: Twenty‐four subjects with one Miller Class I or II buccal recession defect of ≥3 mm were treated with a CPF plus ADM or a CPF alone. Multiple additional recession sites were treated with the same flap procedure, and all sites were studied for 6 months. Tissue thickness was measured at the sulcus base and at the mucogingival junction of all teeth, with an SDM ultrasonic gingival thickness meter.Results: For the ADM sites, mean initial recession of 3.46 mm was reduced to 0.04 mm for defect coverage of 3.42 mm or 99% ( P <0.05). For the CPF group, mean initial recession of 3.27 mm was reduced to 1.08 mm for defect coverage of 2.19 mm or 67% (P <0.05). The difference between ADM and CPF groups was statistically significant (P <0.05). Marginal soft‐tissue thickness was increased by 0.40 mm (P <0.05) for the ADM group, whereas the CPF group remained essentially unchanged. Keratinized tissue was increased for the ADM group by 0.81 mm (P <0.05), whereas the CPF group increased by 0.33 mm (P >0.05). No additional root coverage was gained due to creeping attachment between 2 and 6 months for either group.Conclusions: Treatment with a CPF plus an ADM allograft significantly increased gingival thickness when compared with a CPF alone. Recession defect coverage was significantly improved with the use of ADM. J Periodontol 2004;75:44‐56.
Efficacy of a Fluoridated Hydrogen Peroxide‐Based Mouthrinse for the Treatment of Gingivitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Hasturk Hatice , Nunn Martha , Warbington Martha , Van Dyke Thomas E. 
Published: February 2005

Background: A randomized clinical trial was performed to test the efficacy of a fluoridated hydrogen peroxide–based mouthrinse on gingivitis and tooth whitening in a two‐phase study. The first phase (28 days) included the experimental gingivitis phase; the second phase (5 months) was the oral hygiene phase, which included rinsing.Methods: A total of 99 subjects were included in the study and were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or test mouthrinse. Clinical measures were chosen to reflect the gingival health and tooth whiteness in an intent‐to‐treat study design. Statistical analyses of clinical parameters related to gingival health and tooth color were conducted, using the method of generalized estimating equations (GEE), with an exchangeable working correlation to accommodate tooth‐level data. Baseline differences between the groups were adjusted. Microbial samples taken at the beginning and at the end of the study were analyzed by DNA‐DNA hybridization technique, to determine whether there was any adverse shift in supragingival flora.Results: Eastman bleeding index, modified gingival index, intensity of stain, and extent of stain were significantly reduced in the test group at 6 months compared to baseline (P <0.05). In contrast, only the Eastman bleeding index was significantly reduced in the control group (P <0.05). The reduction in the index of gingival inflammation for the test group was significantly greater than for the control group (P = 0.004). Subjects using the test rinse were also six times more likely to exhibit an improvement in tooth color after 6 months than were subjects using placebo (P = 0.002). As a result of the clinical evaluations and microbial analysis, test mouthrinse was found to be safe during a 6‐month period.Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the fluoridated hydrogen peroxide–based mouthrinse effectively whitens teeth and significantly reduces gingivitis. J Periodontol 2004;75:57‐65.
Periodontal Repair in Surgically Created Intrabony Defects in Dogs: Influence of the Number of Bone Walls on Healing Response
Authors: Kim Chang‐Sung , Choi Seong‐Ho , Chai Jung‐Kiu , Cho Kyoo‐Sung , Moon Ik‐Sang , Wikesjö Ulf M.E. , Kim Chong‐Kwan 
Published: February 2005

Background: The objective of this study was to histologically evaluate periodontal healing following flap surgery in intrabony periodontal defects to determine the influence of the number of bone walls on periodontal regeneration.Methods: One‐, 2‐, and 3‐wall intrabony periodontal defects were surgically produced at the proximal aspect of mandibular premolars in either right or left jaw quadrants in six beagle dogs. Mucoperiosteal flaps were positioned and sutured to their presurgery position following defect preparation. The animals were euthanized at 8 weeks post‐surgery, and block sections of the defect sites were collected for histologic and histometric analysis.Results: Bone and cementum regeneration was positively correlated to the number of bone walls limiting the intrabony periodontal defects. The junctional epithelium averaged (± SD) 1.5 ± 0.2, 1.2 ± 0.3, and 0.9 ± 0.2 mm for the 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐wall defects, respectively, with the 3‐wall defects being significantly different from the 1‐wall defects (P <0.05). Cementum regeneration averaged 1.2 ± 0.6, 2.0 ± 0.6, and 2.8 ± 0.5 mm for the 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐wall defects, respectively; all groups were significantly different from each other (P <0.05). Bone regeneration averaged 1.5 ± 0.5, 1.7 ± 0.6, and 2.3 ± 0.5 mm for the 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐wall defects, respectively, with the 3‐wall defects being significantly different from the 1‐wall defects (P <0.05).Conclusions: The results suggest that the number of bone walls is a critical factor determining treatment outcomes in intrabony periodontal defects. One‐ and 3‐wall intrabony defects appear to be reproducible models to evaluate candidate technologies for periodontal regeneration. J Periodontol 2004:75:229‐235.
Regulation of Rat Bone Sialoprotein Gene Transcription by Enamel Matrix Derivative
Authors: Shimizu Emi , Nakajima Yu , Kato Naoko , Nakayama Youhei , Saito Ryoichiro , Samoto Hiroshi , Ogata Yorimasa 
Published: February 2005

Background: Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has recently been developed for use as a periodontal regenerative treatment. While EMD is believed to induce regeneration of periodontal tissue, the precise mechanism is not known. Bone sialoprotein (BSP), an early phenotypic marker of osteoblast differentiation, has been implicated in the nucleation of hydroxyapatite during bone formation. In this study, we examined the ability of EMD to regulate BSP gene transcription in osteoblast‐like cells.Methods: To determine the molecular basis of the transcriptional regulation of BSP gene transcription by EMD, we conducted Northern hybridization, transient transfection analyses with chimeric constructs of the rat BSP gene promoter linked to a luciferase reporter gene, and gel mobility shift assays.Results: Using the osteoblastic cell line ROS 17/2.8, we determined that BSP mRNA levels increased ~2.8‐fold by EMD. In transient transfection analyses, EMD (50 μg/ml, 12 hours) increased luciferase activities of pLUC4 (nt −425 to +60) and pLUC5 (nt −801 to +60), transfected into ROS 17/2.8 cells. Within the pLUC4 and 5, a homeodomain binding element (HOX) and a transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β activation element (TAE) are present. Gel mobility shift assays with radiolabeled HOX and TAE ds‐oligonucleotides revealed increased binding of nuclear proteins from EMD stimulated ROS 17/2.8 cells.Conclusion: These studies have, therefore, identified EMD response elements in the rat BSP gene promoter that may mediates the effects of EMD on BSP gene transcription. J Periodontol 2004;75:260‐267.
Different Titanium Surface Treatment Influences Human Mandibular Osteoblast Response
Authors: Guizzardi Stefano , Galli Carlo , Martini Desiree , Belletti Silvana , Tinti Anna , Raspanti Mario , Taddei Paola , Ruggeri Alessandro , Scandroglio Renato 
Published: February 2005

Background: Six titanium disks with six different surface treatments were examined: SS: smooth (polished) surface; TPS: plasma spray; C100: sand blasting by aluminum oxide (Al2O3) Ø 100 µm and acid etching; C150: sand blasting by Al2O3 Ø 150 µm and acid etching; B60: sand blasting by zirconium oxide (ZrO2) Ø 60 µm and acid etching; and B120: sand blasting by ZrO2 Ø 120 µm and acid etching.Methods: The surface characteristics were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation and a roughness tester. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the presence of residual substances on the samples. Cells were seeded onto the disk and after 24 hours, 6 days, and 12 days were observed under SEM and growth curves generated with a cell counter. Some samples were used to determine alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), using a colorimetric assay.Results: SEM observation revealed drastic differences in surface microtopography, with a higher cell density on sand‐blasted and acid‐etched (SLA) samples than SS and TPS, and more regularly aligned cells on B60 and B120 surfaces than on the others. The growth curves showed a greater adhesion of cells on the etched/blasted surfaces compared to the SS and TPS surfaces. The number of cells increased on all the SLA samples, especially B60, throughout the experiment. At the same time, there was considerable ALP activity on the B60 sample, while it remained at extremely low levels on SS and TPS surfaces. Raman analyses revealed Al2O3 debris on C100 and C150, partly explaining the poorer performances of these two surface treatments, since this substance was shown to be toxic for cultured osteoblasts.Conclusions: Surface treatments influence the growth and the metabolic activity of cultured osteoblasts, and B60 seems to be the most favorable surface inducing a more pronounced proliferation of cells together with a high differentiation degree. J Periodontol 2004;75:273‐282.
Interleukin‐4 Suppresses IL‐17–Induced Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase‐3 in Human Gingival Fibroblasts
Authors: Jenkins Kosunique , Javadi Masoud , Borghaei Ruth Carter 
Published: February 2005

Background: In periodontitis, matrix metalloproteinase‐3 (MMP‐3, stromelysin 1) is present at increased levels in active disease sites compared to inactive or healthy sites, and the levels are correlated with clinical parameters and associated with progression of the disease. Interleukin (IL)‐4 has been shown in human skin and synovial fibroblasts and articular chondrocytes to suppress IL‐1–induced expression of MMP‐3, but this has not been shown in human gingival fibroblasts. The objective of this study is to determine the effects of IL‐4 on the IL‐1–induced expression of MMP‐3 in human gingival fibroblasts isolated from patients with periodontitis.Methods: Northern blot analysis was performed to determine the effects of IL‐4 on the IL‐1 induction of MMP‐3 mRNA. MMP‐3 protein levels were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). DNA binding of activator protein (AP)‐1 and nuclear factor (NF)‐κB was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA).Results: Northern blot analysis revealed that co‐incubation of gingival fibroblasts with IL‐1 and IL‐4 resulted in a significant decrease in MMP‐3 mRNA levels compared to IL‐1 alone, with a concomitant decrease in protein levels. This inhibition is dosedependent, and is apparent as early as 3 hours after stimulation. IL‐1‐induced production of PGE2 was not affected in four of six cultures isolated from different individuals. Addition of exogenous PGE2 had no effect on the suppressive effects of IL‐ 4. DNA binding of transcription factors AP‐1 and NF‐κB was not affected by IL‐4.Conclusions: IL‐4 inhibits the IL‐1 induction of MMP‐3 in human gingival fibroblasts isolated from patients with periodontitis. This effect is independent of PGE2 and is not due to inhibition of the DNA binding activity of known transcription factors binding to the MMP‐3 promoter. J Periodontol 2004;75:283‐291.
Effect of Restraint Stress on the Progression of Experimental Periodontitis in Rats
Authors: Takada Tetsuo , Yoshinari Nobuo , Sugiishi Shin , Kawase Hitoshi , Yamane Takashi , Noguchi Toshihide 
Published: February 2005

Background: A hypothesis of an increased risk for destructive periodontal diseases due to psychological stress has long been promoted. However, the research on stress and periodontal disease is still in its infancy. One of the reasons is thought to be that there is no suitable animal model for investigating the relationship.Methods: One hundred male Wistar rats were included. A nylon ligature was placed around the second right maxillary molars. The animals were then divided into group S, exposed to a restraint stress for 12 hours/day for up to 10 days, and group N, controls. Ten animals were sacrificed on days 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. Blood samples were taken, and the blood glucose level and the concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone, corticosterone, and adrenaline were measured as the markers of stress. The atrophies of the thymus and the spleen were measured. The furcation area of the second maxillary molars was examined histologically and histometrically.Results: In group S, all values of stress markers were increased, and the thymus and the spleen were atrophied. Whereas group N showed only slight alveolar bone resorption, a marked alveolar bone resorption occurred in group S between days 8 and 10. An increase in beaded nerve terminals occurred around the vessels in the furcation area of group S.Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that the restraint stress modulates the progression of periodontal inflammation and that this rat model is suitable for investigating the association between stress and periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2004;75:306‐315.
Clinical Significance of the Structural Integrity of the Superior Aspect of the Mandibular Canal
Authors: Reiser Gary M. , Manwaring Jeremy D. , Damoulis Petros D. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Sparse data can be found regarding the structural integrity of the superior aspect of the mandibular canal. In many cases, the mandibular canal must be carefully evaluated prior to defining patient treatment.Methods: In this case report, a 54‐year‐old patient presented with a periapical infection involving the mesial root of the mandibular right second molar (#31). Radiographic evaluation revealed that the periapical lesion extended from the apex of the tooth to the superior aspect of the mandibular canal. Upon surgical removal of the tooth, an apical communication between the extraction socket and mandibular nerve was located. A guided bone regeneration procedure was performed to protect the nerve from subsequent damage and to prepare the site for future implant placement. Implants were placed in the area approximately 5 months following the regenerative procedure.Results: After implant placement, the patient experienced normal function and no mandibular symptomatology. Implants have been in function for the past 4 years.Conclusions: Many factors, both pathologic and developmental, can lead to a discontinuity of the superior aspect of the mandibular canal. Normally, a thin cortical plate of bone protects the nerve. When a lack of structural integrity of the canal roof is discovered, enucleation of a periapical infection or subsequent implant placement can lead to potential disruption of the nerve. Limited information is available regarding the integrity of this protective cover. This case report underscores the importance of proper clinical diagnosis before implant placement in the posterior mandible. J Periodontol 2004;75:322‐326.
Human Gingival Epithelial Cells Produce Chemotactic Factors Interleukin‐8 and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein‐1 After Stimulation With Porphyromonas gingivalis via Toll‐Like Receptor 2
Authors: Kusumoto Yutaka , Hirano Hiroyuki , Saitoh Keiko , Yamada Satoru , Takedachi Masahide , Nozaki Takenori , Ozawa Yasuhiro , Nakahira You , Saho Teruyuki , Ogo Hideji , Shimabukuro Yoshio , Okada Hiroshi , Murakami Shinya 
Published: February 2005

Background: The mechanism of stimulation of human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC) by Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) has not been fully clarified yet. In order to investigate the possible activation of HGEC by Pg through Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), we analyzed the production of chemotactic factors and the activated nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB).Methods: The mRNA expression of TLRs and the protein expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in HGEC and gingival tissue were assessed using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) assay and immunohistochemical staining. Primary cultured HGEC (nHGEC) and HGEC transformed by simian virus 40 T antigen (OBA‐9) were activated by a sonic extract (SE) of Pg to examine cytokine production and NF‐κB activation using enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). In addition, Pg mediated activation of NF‐κB in a TLR2‐transfectant was also investigated.Results: RT‐PCR results revealed that HGEC expressed mRNA of TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR9, although the expression pro‐ files of each cell line were slightly different. In addition, immunostaining revealed the prominent expression of TLR2 not only in nHGEC, but also in the gingival epithelium of the tissue specimen. Interestingly, nHGEC and OBA‐9 secreted IL‐8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1 upon stimulation with Pg SE more efficiently than LPS and fimbriae of Pg. Furthermore, Pg SE increased the activated NF‐κB not only in OBA‐9, but also in 293T cells transfected with the human TLR2 gene.Conclusion: TLR2 participates, at least partly, in the signaling pathway to induce chemokine production in gingival epithelium as a reaction against Pg component(s), probably other than lipopolysaccharide and fimbriae. J Periodontol 2004;75:370‐379.