bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Wood Jim 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the broad theoretical issues relevant to nominalization, a skeletal overview of the proposal to be defended throughout the book, and background on Icelandic noun phrase structure. It summarizes the differences between gerunds and Derived Nominals, and discusses how this difference was treated in Chomsky 1970, Marantz 1997, and elsewhere. It discusses Grimshaw’s (1990) proposal that Derived Nominals are often ambiguous between three readings, with the claim that Complex Event Nominals inherit argument structure from their verbal source. It then describes what this has meant for syntactic theories of argument structure and raises some problems that such theories encounter. The chapter outlines the proposal and discusses how this proposal is grounded in a specific view of the syntax-semantics interface. It then provides some background information on the framework, specifically with respect to the syntax-semantics interface, and the author’s assumptions about the structure of Icelandic noun phrases
Icelandic nominalizations
Authors: Wood Jim 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents a general study of Icelandic nominalizations, which have received little attention in theoretically driven work. It characterizes Icelandic nominalizations within the broad theoretical literature and shows how Icelandic nominalizations are similar to English Derived Nominals (and not English gerunds), of the type marked by -ation, -ment, -ance, and the like. It describes the morphology of Icelandic nominalizations and addresses issues having to do with stem changes, zero morphology, and fusional morphemes. It provides critical scrutiny of diagnostics that identify Complex Event Nominals (CENs) but defends the claim that the CEN reading is a distinct reading. It argues that Icelandic nominalizations contain a v-head but may not contain Voice. It concludes that the similarities between English and Icelandic Derived Nominals are strong enough that conclusions about Icelandic should bear on English and vice-versa. This conclusion sets the stage for the Icelandic-specific issues raised in Chapter 3.
Ideal Gas Law
Authors: Bohren Craig F. , Albrecht Bruce A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The kinetic theory of gases established that invisible gas molecules are ceaselessly and rapidly moving. Gas pressure is a momentum flux density measured by interaction with surfaces. Motion does not cease at absolute zero because at sufficiently low temperatures all real gases liquefy. By definition the internal energy of an ideal gas is independent of density. Air is mostly empty space. Intermolecular collisions ensure local thermodynamic equilibrium and determine mean free paths of at least thirty molecular diameters. Molecular speeds are distributed about a mean, a decrease of about 7% corresponding to a temperature drop from 20∘C to −20∘C. Relatively fewer molecules drive chemical reactions. Even fewer molecules have sufficient energy to escape Earth’s gravity. Pressure and density decrease exponentially with height in the troposphere with a scale height of around 8 km because of gravity. Earth’s atmosphere is well-mixed up to about 100 km.
Moist Air and Clouds
Authors: Bohren Craig F. , Albrecht Bruce A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
All the water vapor in clear air condenses to about 1 cm of liquid at midlatitudes. And yet, precipitation from a single storm can greatly exceed this—evidence that storms are giant engines for processing water. The lifting-condensation level is the height to which a parcel can rise where its temperature equals its dew point. This is often a good estimate of the base of cumulus clouds with their roots in the planetary boundary layer. The contribution of variable water vapor to the density of moist air can be accounted for by a virtual temperature, calculated but not measured with a thermometer. It is always greater than air temperature by a few degrees Celsius. If a rising, initially dry parcel becomes saturated, the lapse rate decreases from dry adiabatic to moist adiabatic. This warming process determines equivalent potential temperature, conserved in moist and dry processes and a critical parameter in the analysis of convective systems.
The Function of Logical Necessity
Authors: Leech Jessica 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents an account of the function of logical modal judgment. The following line of argument is presented and defended: (1) Reasoning from suppositions depends upon a belief in logical necessity (and hence the possession of concepts of logical modality and the capacity to apply them in judgment). (2) Any logical reasoning at all depends upon an ability to reason from suppositions. And (3) any thinking at all depends upon logical reasoning. Hence, any thinking at all depends upon the possession of concepts of logical modality and the capacity to apply them in judgment. This provides an answer to the questions: What is the transcendental role of judgments and concepts of logical modality? Would there be a thinker at all if they didn’t or couldn't make judgments of logical modality or didn't have logical modal concepts?
What Is Metaphysically Necessary?
Authors: Leech Jessica 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores the extent to which the proposed account of metaphysical necessity can accommodate de re metaphysical necessity. It is argued that the conditions on objectivity, to which metaphysical modality is relative, are general, and that therefore they primarily give rise to de dicto metaphysical necessities. However, a notion of conditional metaphysical necessity which can be de re is introduced. Considerations of de re modality raise the spectre of Quine. Quine challenges the intelligibility of a combination of ordinary objectual quantification and logical modality operators. This combination is a feature of the proposed view. The chapter therefore also offers a response to Quine: we can make sense of conditions that apply to objects, independent of how we refer to those objects, due to the logical features of the conditions and without appeal to the idea of inherent modal properties of the objects. We can thus defend the intelligibility of de re modal predication without being drawn into the metaphysical jungle of Aristotelian essentialism.
The Early Modern Dutch Press in an Age of Religious Persecution
Authors: de Boer David 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
For victims of persecution, attracting international awareness of their plight is often a matter of life and death. This book uncovers how in seventeenth-century Europe, persecuted minorities first learned how to use the press as a weapon to combat religious persecution. To mobilize foreign audiences, they faced an acute dilemma: how to make people care about distant suffering? This study argues that by answering this question, they laid the foundations of a humanitarian culture in Europe. The book reveals how, as consuming news became an everyday practice for many Europeans, the Dutch Republic emerged as an international hub of printed protest against religious violence. It traces how a diverse group of people, including Waldensian refugees, Huguenot ministers, Savoyard officeholders, and many others, all sought access to the Dutch printing presses to raise transnational solidarity for their cause. By examining their publicity strategies, this study deepens our understanding of how people tried to confront the specter of religious violence that had haunted them for generations.
A Mysterious Universe
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
A Mysterious Universe introduces the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics, theory of relativity, and cosmology to a lay person in as simple a language as possible. This book is intended for readers, young and old, who would like to understand the incomprehensible laws that govern the universe without any prior background in physics and mathematics. This book is much lighter (and concise), but accurate, in dealing with deep issues related to the mysteries of modern physics. Both quantum mechanics and relativity are highly mathematical subjects and are not easily accessible. In 2020, I wrote a book Quantum Mechanics for Beginners (Oxford University Press, 2020) with the aim of introducing the fundamentals of quantum theory to someone with elementary knowledge of physics and algebra. Here I go one step further and introduce these ideas to someone with no prior knowledge of physics and mathematics. In the first part of the book the topics like wave–particle duality, the probabilistic nature of measurement, the possibility of multiple universes, and the nature of reality are discussed. In the second part, Einstein’s special and general theories of relativity and their amazing and mind-boggling consequences are presented. The impact of the theory of relativity on cosmology is immense. The big bang model of the universe, black holes, and the current hot topics of dark matter and dark energy are explained and discussed. These fields that may hold key to many unanswered questions about the universe are still evolving.
What does an atom look like?
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
A history of the atom is presented. The earliest ideas about atoms go back to Democritus in the fifth century bc. These ideas were revived by John Dalton in the eighteenth century by treating the atom as a solid sphere. In the 1890s J. J. Thomson discovered the electron and presented a “plum pudding” model of the atom. A few years later, Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus. His model of the hydrogen atom was similar to a planetary system with a proton at the center and an electron circling around it. Bohr modified the Rutherford model by invoking a quantum condition. The final and correct picture of the atom emerged with the formulation of quantum mechanics in 1926, and is nothing short of mind-boggling. All the forces of nature are discussed that explain how a nucleus remains stable despite repulsive forces between protons inside the nucleus.
A single photon—An amazing quantum system
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Maxwell showed that light consists of electric and magnetic fields that oscillate in directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Associated with this picture of light as an electromagnetic wave is an important property—the polarization of light. The polarization of light is related to the direction of oscillation of the electric field in an electromagnetic wave. The polarization of a single photon and its counterintuitive behavior is explained. Based on this description of this simplest quantum system, a communication system that can allow perfect security is described. In this so-called BB-84 protocol, a key can be exchanged between two parties on a publicly accessible channel in such a way that an eavesdropper can be traced immediately. This almost magical communication system is based on the foundational ideas of quantum mechanics.
Does God play dice?
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the most celebrated and discussed aspect of quantum mechanics is the probabilistic nature of its predictions. For example, if a ball is thrown toward a wall, its position and how fast it will be moving at a later time can be determined with arbitrary accuracy using Newton’s laws of motion. An amazing result is that such a deterministic behavior is no longer valid according to the laws of quantum mechanics. We cannot predict with absolute certainty where the ball will be and how fast it will be moving after a given time. The probabilistic nature of measurements is explained and discussed using the example of a single photon. A brief history of how the Schrödinger equation was formulated is also discussed. The probabilistic description according to the Schrödinger equation is elucidated using some simple examples.
Is reality really real?
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The first round of the Einstein–Bohr debates took place when Einstein challenged Bohr’s principle of complementarity at the Solvay conference in 1927 and Bohr successfully defended it. The most serious challenge, however, came in 1935 through a paper by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) when they argued about the incompleteness of quantum mechanics through a gedanken experiment motivating an approach based on hidden variables. In this chapter, the EPR argument about the incompleteness of quantum mechanics and Bohr’s reply to it, are presented. The ultimate answer came almost 30 years later, almost ten years after Einstein’s death, and the answer was nothing what Einstein would have expected. Bell’s inequality and the subsequent Bell–CHSH inequality, that are satisfied by all theories based on the “self-evident truths” of reality and locality are discussed. The startling result that quantum mechanics violates Bell’s inequality and that the experimental results are in agreement with the prediction of quantum mechanics is presented.
General theory of relativity
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The basic ideas concerning Einstein’s general theory of relativity, originally published in 1907, are presented. It is shown how the principle of equivalence leads to the revolutionary idea that space and time are curved in the neighborhood of a massive object. The concept of force is replaced by the space-time curvature. The geometrical structure explains why objects fall on massive objects like earth. Space-time curvature is explained using embedding diagrams. Tests of the general theory of relativity like the bending of light around the sun, the precession of the perihelion of Mercury, gravitational red shift, the gravitational lensing effect, and gravitational waves are discussed.
Dreams of the future
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss some of the unsolved problems. Do we expect to see a major upheaval of the kind that happened in the early years of the twentieth century? Will the laws of nature as understood today go through a major revision at some point in future? Development of a unified theory of gravitation with quantum mechanics into a theory of quantum gravity remains an elusive dream. Similarly it remains unclear whether a quantum theory of the human brain will ever be integrated with the known laws of nature.
Desperate House Sellers: Distress among Developers
Authors: van Straelen Eileen 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
I identify the effect of financial constraints on product prices using granular data on home-builder housing developments from the 2006–2009 housing crisis. Builders who experience losses in one area subsequently sell homes in unaffected areas at a discount to raise cash quickly. When builders cut prices, they sell homes faster and builders cut prices more in areas in which price cuts produce larger declines in time-to-sale. Financially constrained firms are more likely to cut prices of homes in healthy areas following losses elsewhere. Firms cut prices following losses in other projects only during the crisis, not during the boom.
Does Screening Ultrasound Timing in Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip Need to be Adjusted for Moderate Preterm and Near-term Infants: A Prospective Study
Authors: Hockett Claire , Mayfield Laura M. , Gill Corey S. , Kim Harry K.W. , Sucato Daniel J. , Podeszwa David A. , Jo Chan-Hee , Morris William Z. 
Published: September 2023

Introduction:
An initial screening ultrasound is essential for patients at higher risk of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) due to breech presentation or a family history of DDH. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends screening ultrasounds to be performed after 6 weeks of age to reduce the rate of false positives. However, there is limited evidence regarding whether these screening ultrasounds need to be adjusted for gestational age in prematurity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of moderate preterm and near-term births on screening hip ultrasounds for high-risk DDH populations.

Methods:
We identified all prospectively enrolled patients in a single-center database referred for screening hip ultrasound for DDH. We included those hips referred for risk factors of DDH, including breech presentation, family history of DDH, or hip click, and excluded those with known dysplasia or referral for hip instability. Each ultrasound was measured by a pediatric radiologist to determine the alpha angle and femoral head coverage. Patients were classified as “premature” if born at <37 weeks gestation or “full term” if born at ≥37 weeks gestation. All patients underwent screening hip ultrasound between 5 and 8 weeks of age. Sonographic markers of dysplasia and the incidences of abnormal ultrasound and Pavlik harness treatment were compared between cohorts. Significance was set at P <0.05.

Results:
A total of 244 hips in 122 patients were included, 58 hips in the premature cohort and 186 hips in the full-term cohort. The premature cohort had a significantly decreased gestational age compared with the full-term cohort (35.4 ± 1.1 vs 38.5 ± 1.1 wk, respectively, P < 0.001). However, there was no difference between premature and full-term cohorts in sex distribution (69% vs 75%, females, P = 0.39), unadjusted age at the time of ultrasound (6.6 ± 0.7 vs 6.8±0.7 wk, respectively, P = 0.07), or referral reason (P = 0.14). On hip ultrasound, there was no difference between premature and full-term cohorts with respect to alpha angle (62.6 ± 3.3 vs 62.2 ± 5.3 degrees, P = 0.41), femoral head coverage (54.9 ± 6.3 vs 55.1 ± 10.6, P = 0.19), rate of abnormal ultrasound (18.3% vs 20.7%, respectively, P = 0.68), or the rate of Pavlik harness treatment (0% vs 5.3%, respectively, P = 0.12).

Discussion:
There was no significant difference in alpha angle or femoral head coverage between premature and full-term patients at 5 to 8 weeks of unadjusted age. This preliminary data suggests that screening ultrasounds can be performed without adjusting for prematurity.

Level of Evidence:
Level II, prognostic study.
Cone-beam CT-based Navigation With Augmented Fluoroscopy of the Airways for Image-guided Bronchoscopic Biopsy of Peripheral Pulmonary Nodules
Authors: Pritchett Michael A. , Williams Julie C. , Schirmer Charles C. , Langereis Sander 
Published: September 2023

Background:
Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and augmented fluoroscopy (AF), in which intraprocedural CBCT data is fused with fluoroscopy, have been utilized as a novel image-guidance technique for biopsy of peripheral pulmonary lesions. The aim of this clinical study is to determine the safety and diagnostic performance of CBCT-guided bronchoscopy with advanced software tools for procedural planning and navigational guidance with AF of the airways for biopsy of peripheral pulmonary nodules.

Methods:
Fifty-two consecutive subjects were prospectively enrolled in the AIRWAZE study (December 2018 to October 2019). Image-guided bronchoscopic biopsy procedures were performed under general anesthesia with specific ventilation protocols in a hybrid operating room equipped with a ceiling-mounted C-arm system. Procedural planning and image-guided bronchoscopy with CBCT and AF were performed using the Airwaze investigational device.

Results:
A total of 58 pulmonary lesions with a median size of 19.0 mm (range 7 to 48 mm) were biopsied. The overall diagnostic yield at index procedure was 87.9% (95% CI: 77.1%-94.0%). No severe adverse events related to CBCT-guided bronchoscopy, such as pneumothorax, bleeding, or respiratory failure, were observed.

Conclusion:
CBCT-guided bronchoscopic biopsy with augmented fluoroscopic views of the airways and target lesion for navigational guidance is technically feasible and safe. Three-dimensional image-guided navigation biopsy is associated with high navigational success and a high diagnostic yield for peripheral pulmonary nodules.
Black Families Who Choose Long-Term Breastfeeding
Authors: Acquaye Stephanie N. , Spatz Diane L. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Purpose:
Black families face disproportionate rates of poor health outcomes, including low rates of breastfeeding initiation and duration. Some Black mothers make the decision to breastfeed their child beyond infancy and report positive experiences. Understanding their backgrounds, motivations, and characteristics of their breastfeeding experiences may provide insight into what factors facilitate achievement of long-term breastfeeding for Black mothers.

Study Design and Methods:
Surveys were deployed through a variety of methods including social media and emails to organizations that work with breastfeeding families. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze survey data and the open-ended question was analyzed using a word cloud program.

Results:
Surveys were completed by 194 eligible mothers. Participants had a mean age of 31 years (range: 19-50). Mean breastfeeding duration of their currently breastfed and youngest child was 21 months (median: 19.5, range: 12-57). Primary reasons for breastfeeding beyond infancy included child wants to cuddle (28.9%) and child is tired (24.7%). Fifty-seven percent of participants reported that their child breastfed three to six times per day and 57.2% reported that their child woke up at least two times per night to feed.

Clinical Implications:
Nurses are uniquely positioned to provide anticipatory guidance, resources, and support to breastfeeding parents. Just over half of the mothers in this study had not planned to breastfeed beyond 12 months at the start of their lactation journey. Nurses who work with breastfeeding families could be instrumental in providing resources, support, and tangible assistance for families who may consider breastfeeding beyond 1 year.
Decreasing Radiation Exposure to the Abdomen in Children with Chronic Constipation
Authors: Chun Bennet C. , Chmil Margarita , Ruess Lynne 
Published: September 2023

Background:
Bowel management for children with chronic constipation may include repeated single-view abdomen radiographs (AXR) to monitor treatment success. Only one image of the abdomen is needed to include most of the colon, but technologists often make a second (or even third) exposure to be sure they have imaged the entire abdomen. Our quality improvement project aimed to reduce radiation exposure by decreasing the frequency of >1 exposure performed for AXR orders in children with chronic constipation from 27% to <10% by December 2022 and sustain.

Methods:
We counted baseline (01/2020–11/2020) and intervention (12/2020–5/2023) examinations with >1 exposure. Initial interventions were a structured communication to technologists and an article in the monthly department newsletter and later, a technologist education module. Additional interventions included communication to radiologists, project updates and encouragement to all technologists, and individual technologist feedback. A statistical process control chart tracked data to study process changes over time.

Results:
During the baseline and intervention periods, 525/1944 and 1329/8334 examinations, respectively, had >1 exposure performed for AXR orders. Interventions created 2 centerline shifts. Overall, examinations with >1 exposure decreased from 27% to 13.5%.

Conclusions:
Frequency of >1 exposure performed for AXR orders in children with chronic constipation decreased from 27% to 13.5% through education and communication. This was sustained. We plan to assign training modules for all new technologists, policy reminders (annual training in odd years) for all technologists, and continue individualized learning opportunities.