bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rheumatoid Arthritis and Related Arthropathies
Authors: Harrison Pille , Wordsworth Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chronic inflammatory joint diseases of noninfective origin are common and cause significant long-term morbidity. Their etiology is not entirely clear but genetic factors have been suspected for a long time. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and most of the related forms of inflammatory arthritis are multifactorial diseases. Although they are often referred to as ‘‘autoimmune disorders,’’ it is far from clear what triggers the abnormal inflammatory processes that characterize these conditions. In contrast, there has been substantial progress in determining the nature of genetic susceptibility to these potentially crippling disorders. After 30 years in which the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes have stood out as the only oasis in a genetic desert the application of genome-wide linkage and association techniques is beginning to bear fruit. The striking recent example of the association of the protein tyrosine phosphatase, PTPN22, with RA and several related autoimmune diseases seems likely to herald a wealth of new genetic information to inform our knowledge of the etiology and pathogenesis of these conditions.
Immunological Disorders
Authors: Kraan Tineke CMT van der Pouw , Verweij Cornelis L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The analysis of gene expression in tissues, cells, and biological systems has evolved in the past decade from the analysis of a selected set of genes to an efficient high-throughput whole-genome screening approach of potentially all genes expressed in a tissue or cell sample. This development allows an open-ended survey to identify comprehensively the fraction of genes that define the sample’s unique biology. This discovery-based research provides the opportunity to characterize either new genes with unknown function or genes not previously known to be involved in a biological process. The latter category may hold surprises that sometimes urge us to redirect our thinking. Besides a more detailed understanding in basic processes in immunology, microarray studies have increased our insight in the immunological mechanisms that contribute to chronic immune-related diseases. Of particular interest is the overlap of genes identified in these diseases with the genes that are induced in response to a microbial stimulus. Moreover, genomics studies have provided evidence for the existence of genetically determined differences in immune activity that might have consequences for susceptibility and/or outcome of immune-related diseases.
Applications in Audiological Medicine
Authors: Laer Lut Van , Camp Guy Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hearing apparatus is a complex system that requires the interaction of many different proteins. It is therefore not unexpected that defects in many genes can lead to hearing loss (HL). HL is the most common sensory handicap. One in six hundred and fifty children is born permanently hearing impaired, or will develop severe-to-profound HL before speech is acquired (Mehl and Thomson, 2002). In addition, 1 in 1000 children will become permanently or severely hearing impaired before adulthood (Morton, 1991). In developed countries, at least 50% of permanent childhood HL is attributable to genetic causes (Marazita et al., 1993). The remaining cases are due to environmental factors that lead to HL: for example, prenatal and postnatal infectious diseases, hypoxia, ototoxic drugs, and acoustic trauma. It is estimated that approximately 30% of inherited childhood HL is syndromic, whereas the remaining 70% is nonsyndromic (Gorlin et al., 1990; Cohen and Gorlin, 1995; Gorlin et al., 1995). The most common mode of transmission of permanent childhood hereditary HL is autosomal recessive (80%). Only 15% of the cases are estimated to have an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, whereas 2%–3% of the cases show an X-linked inheritance pattern (Newton, 1985; Morton, 1991).
Diseases of the Epidermis and Appendages, Skin Pigmentation, and Skin Cancer
Authors: Healy Eugene , Irvine Alan D , Lear John T , Munro Colin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Skin, the largest organ in the body, has multiple functions. It forms a physical envelope that is tough but flexible and capable of self-repair; it facilitates touch and other sensory inputs, and enables grip, friction, and dexterity; it has major roles in homeostasis of water and heat; it must defend itself and the body against physical and chemical attack and ultraviolet radiation (UVR); it functions in both innate and acquired immunity; and it manufactures vitamin D on exposure to UV light. Finally, skin, its appendages, and vasculature play important roles in nonverbal communication.
Epidemiology
Authors: Prokopowicz Gregory P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution of clinical phenomena in human populations. Clinical epidemiology is the application of epidemiologic methods to the care of the patient. The fruits of clinical epidemiology include: Identification of the causes of disease, prediction of the development of disease and its clinical outcomes, rational use of clinical tests, assessment of the risks and benefits of therapies, and evaluation of screening technologies.
Biochemistry
Authors: Sisson Stephen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Laboratory medicine reduces our patients to a few easy-to-handle numbers: this is the discipline’s great attraction—and its greatest danger. The normal range (reference interval) is usually that which includes 95% of patients. If variation is randomly distributed, 2.5% of our results will be ‘too high’, and 2.5% ‘too low’ on an average day, when dealing with apparently normal people.
Emergency medicine
Authors: Chanmugam Arjun S , Vibhaker Neel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients that present with an emergency condition generally fall into two categories. They will either have a life-threatening condition or an organ- threatening condition. Knowledge of some basic disease processes and an understanding of how to approach patients who may be critically ill is of importance in managing their care. Recognizing that an emergent condition is present is the key first step, and the second step is to activate the appropriate resources as quickly as possible. Remember, if you suspect an emergent condition, ask for help as soon as possible, even if you are not sure whether there is an emergency.
Introduction
Authors: Cohen M Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Faces, like images seen in a kaleidoscope, are infinitely complex and beautiful. Together with their associated structures, they “allow us to speak and smile; sigh and kiss; smell, touch, chew, and swallow; cry out in pain; and convey a world of feelings and emotions through facial expression” (16). However, faces are also found in a variety of different animals (20) (Fig. 1-1). What constitutes a face depends on how the question is framed. There are three general ways to look at faces-structurally, behaviorally, and symbolically. If two eyes, nostrils,a and a mouth define a face, then fish have faces (10). They may have one or two nostrils, which are not connected to the mouth. However, water entering the nostrils does bathe the olfactory mucosa. Fish lack an ear canal, but the inner ear is present. In some fish, Weber’s bones connect the swim bladder to the inner ear, and sound is transmitted.
Artistic Perspective
Authors: Cohen M Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is often a tendency to think that a portrait should be as lifelike as possible. Although this has been true during certain periods of art history, it cannot be said to represent a general tendency (vide infra). Two arguments have been used against true likeness. First, a portrait is timeless long after the sitter dies. What the sitter really looked like is not remembered, but the artist’s rendition. When it was remarked that Michelangelo’s Medici portraits in the Sagrestia Nuova were not good likenesses, Michelangelo said that in a thousand years, it won’t matter what these men looked like (5). It was said that the 1906 portrait of Gertrude Stein by Picasso was not a true likeness when it was painted. Picasso observed that, “in time, she will come to look like my painting.” Gertrude herself liked the portrait from the beginning, stating “For me, it is I” (17).
The Basic Science of Addiction
Authors: Melendez Roberto I , Kalivas Peter W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drug addiction can be defined as a chronically relapsing behavioral disorder characterized by compulsive, at times uncontrollable, drug craving, seeking, and use that persists even in the face of negative consequences (O’Brien, 2001). Addictive drugs produce their behavioral effects by initiating a cascade of neurochemical events that ultimately makes the organism seek the drug. Thus, addictive drugs have the property of reinforcing or rewarding drugrelated behaviors and thereby increasing the probability of a response, which is core to our understanding of the behavioral attributes associated with addiction.
Neurobiology of Opioids in Dependency
Authors: Perrotti Linda I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opiates exert their rewarding effects though actions at µ-opioid receptors (MOR) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain. Activation of MOR disinhibits GABA neurons, which ordinarily hold VTA dopaminergic neurons in abeyance. This disinhibition increases the release of dopamine (DA) to the major target of the VTA dopaminergic cells, the nucleus accumbens (NAc), as well as other regions of the limbic forebrain. Chronic exposure to opiates results in neural adaptations that lead to tolerance, sensitization, and dependence.
Alcohol Use Disorders and Their Treatment
Authors: Flannery Howard S Smith Mary Jeanne Kreek Carrie L Johnson Kenneth L , Newlin David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alcohol dependence is a chronic, relapsing disorder of the brain (Leshner, 1997, p. 45). It is in this sense similar to dependence/ abuse of other drugs and for that matter to most other psychiatric illnesses. Alcohol use disorders (AUDs, which include alcohol dependence and alcohol abuse) are complex diseases that have substantial heritable components ranging from 40% to 60%, which allows for major environmental aspects of their etiologies. Although AUDs appear to be polygenic with many small, additive gene effects, important epistatic (gene-gene interactions) and geneenvironment interactions cannot be ruled out at the present time. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition–Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) is the de facto standard for diagnosing AUDs. The criteria for alcohol abuse include significant problems associated with alcohol and persistent use despite these problems, hazardous use (e.g., intoxicated driving), and/or recurrent legal problems. Importantly, alcohol abuse is diagnosed when the criteria for alcohol dependence have not been met. Alcohol dependence involves a constellation of symptoms associated with significant impairments that include marked tolerance to alcohol’s intoxicating effects, withdrawal symptoms, escalating use despite problems, inability to limit use, and/or preoccupation with alcohol.
Smoking, Pain, and Addiction
Authors: Dhingra Lara K , Ostroff Jamie S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Smoking rates among adults with persistent pain are high (30%– 64%) compared to the general population (22%). Smokers with persistent pain are likely to be more nicotine dependent and have difficulty quitting smoking. Further, smokers with persistent pain have higher rates of opioid abuse compared to nonsmokers with pain. Smokers with more severe nicotine dependency are more likely to misuse their opioid medications than smokers with lower nicotine dependency. Despite these findings, smoking is an underappreciated risk and poorly understood factor for opioid therapy and functional rehabilitation in pain management. Thus, examining the link between smoking and aberrant drug-taking behavior is critical to clinicians and researchers seeking to understand a patient’s potential risk for prescription opioid abuse.
Opioid Pharmacology for Pain
Authors: Inturrisi Charles E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The increased availability of opioid maintenance treatment through office-based practice means that many chemically dependent individuals will require pain management in a primary care setting (Alford et al., 2006). This management will include the use of opioid analgesics because these drugs remain the most effective and commonly used modality for the alleviation of moderate to severe pain (Inturrisi, 2002). The issues, problems, and approaches that are to be used for pain management in chemically dependent patients, regardless of the setting, are discussed through-out this volume. The purpose of this chapter is to focus on the pharmacological properties of opioids that form the basis for their use in pain management. The most effective use of these drugs requires consideration of these properties regardless of whether or not the patient in pain is chemically dependent.
Behavioral Medicine Approaches to Pain Management
Authors: Okifuji Akiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chronic pain is one of the most prevalent physical conditions accounting for long-term disability (Von Korff et al., 2005). Unlike transitory or acute pain that either remits spontaneously or responds to fairly simple intervention, chronic pain persists beyond an expected period for which healing of the initial injury completes despite treatments. The average duration of pain noted for patients treated at clinics specializing in the treatment of chronic pain typically exceeds 7 years with pain duration of 20 to 30 years (Flor, Fydrich, Turk, 1992).
Support Groups and Twelve-Step Programs in the Treatment of the Chronic Pain Patient
Authors: Ziedonis Douglas M , Berman Jeffrey A , Lehn M Dale , Colameco Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chronic pain can cause great emotional and spiritual suffering, including isolation, exaggerated fears, obsession, shame, guilt, irrational thinking, anger, resentment, self-pity, and confusion. Patients often struggle with the question, ‘‘Why me?’’ Medication management, behavioral therapy, and complementary treatment approaches are commonly used and are often effective in helping the individual manage chronic pain; however, some individuals are better able to manage their chronic pain because they receive additional support and anticipatory guidance from peers at chronic pain support and 12-step groups.
Chemical Coping The Clinical Middle Ground
Authors: Passik Steven D , Kirsh Kenneth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pain clinicians recognize that there is a vast middle ground between generally compliant drug-taking behavior on the one hand and frequent/severe aberrant behaviors that are likely to be associated with addiction on the other (see Figure 35.1). Compliant drug-taking behavior is usually associated with opioid therapy that is beneficial to the patient, whereas frequent and severe aberrant behavior is generally associated with opioid exposure that is potentially harmful to the patient. There is a large group of patients in the middle: those who display aberrant behaviors periodically, who may additionally have a mixed response to opioid therapy, the overall results of which are less than satisfying (often in the domain of functionality).
Documentation and Potential Documentation Toolsin Long-Term Opioid Therapy
Authors: Kirsh Kenneth L Howard S , Smith Howard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of long-term opioid therapy (LTOT) to treat chronic nonmalignant pain is growing, based in part on evidence from clinical trials and a growing consensus among pain specialists (Collett, 1998; Portenoy, 1996a, 1996b; Urban et al., 1986; Zenz et al., 1992). The appropriate use of these drugs requires skills in opioid prescribing, knowledge of addiction medicine principles, and a commitment to perform and document a comprehensive assessment repeatedly over time. Inadequate assessment can lead to undertreatment, compromise of the effectiveness of therapy when implemented, and prevention of an appropriate response when problematic drug-related behaviors occur (JCAHO, 1999; Katz, 2002; Max et al., 1999).
Closing Thoughts
Authors: Wittry Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is important always to be learning as a conductor. Often, we think that study- ing new repertoire is the only learning we need, but that is just the tip of the ice- berg. Of course, you want to be constantly exposing yourself to new music and investigating lost works and composers, but you also need to grow in many other ways. Often, as conductors, we stop attending concerts because we are spending so much time conducting our own that going to others feels like work. Try not only to keep attending quality concerts at which you can observe top conductors in the field but also make it a point to attend rehearsals. Most orchestras are very open to this.
Introduction
Authors: Vaget Hans Rudolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literary fortunes of Thomas Mann’s 1924 novel The Magic Mountain in the English-speaking world, unlike those in his native country, have been rather mixed. Looking back over the eighty years since its publication, we can readily distinguish three phases in the critical reception of the book: first, a period of widespread acclaim, in which The Magic Mountain was generally held in the highest regard; second, a period of benign neglect in which the novel receded into the background of the literary landscape; and third, during the last two decades a period of significant new interest in Mann’s work.
The Making of The Magic Mountain
Authors: Vaget Hans Rudolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ashort time after the publication of Doctor Faustus in 1948, Thomas Mann began to write The Story of a Novel: The Genesis of Doctor Faustus, a book that lays out the biographical and historical context from which the novel sprang, covering the period from May of 1943 to February of 1947. Mann had an excellent and compelling reason to rehearse the composition of Doctor Faustus and to make his account public. He wanted to acknowledge the contribution to his work of Theodor W. Adorno, the philosopher and theoretician of the twelve-tone method of musical composition advanced by Arnold Schoenberg and his followers, and thereby nip in the bud a clear and present danger—that Adorno might one day raise the issue of intellectual property, just as Schoenberg him-self had done after the publication of the novel when he accused the author of Doctor Faustus of having appropriated the invention of dodecaphonic music and of having misleadingly attributed it to his fictional hero, the composer Adrian Leverkühn. Similar issues of mimesis had been dogging Mann from the time of Buddenbrooks. As we shall see, they acquired a new and special virulence with The Magic Mountain.
Death, Knowledge, and the Formation of Self :The Magic Mountain
Authors: Travers Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The experience of death is central to all of Mann’s early fiction, from Buddenbrooks (1901) through to Death in Venice (1912). Tonio Kröger is the only major work of this period in which that experience is absent; in all of Mann’s other works, death appears either as a brute reality, the inevitable culmination of physical decline, or, more metaphysically, as the object of longing, a solution to the crisis of alienated sensibility that besets many of Mann’s early “heroes,” from little Herr Friedemann (in the short story of that name) through to Hanno Buddenbrook. To a large extent, this preoccupation with death arises, quite logically, out of the themes that Mann addressed in this early body of work: the relationship between knowledge and sickness, between attenuated sensibility and decadence, and the plight of the artist torn between bourgeois happiness and artistic vocation.
The “Magic Mountain Malady”: Der Zauberberg and the Medical Community, 1924–2006
Authors: Herwig Malte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For more than eighty years, Thomas Mann’s 1924 tale of life, disease, degeneration, and death has both fascinated the general reader and con-spicuously exercised the imagination of the medical professional. Indeed, not only has this novel become a classic of twentieth-century fiction but after an initially skeptical reception by the medical community it has been enshrined in the canon of literary works that have become required reading for aspir-ing physicians.
The Moral Significance of Early Human Embryos in Secular Thought
Authors: Cohen Cynthia B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dream of scientists and many patients of using human embryonic stem cells to treat the seriously ill has been interrupted by the alarmed voices of those who see human embryos as vulnerable living humans. These objectors do not reject stem cell research in itself, for they recognize that it may offer new forms of treatment and insights into human development. Instead, they reject human embryonic stem cell research because it necessarily involves the destruction of early human embryos. To destroy human embryos, these objectors declare, is to destroy individual living human beings and is therefore wrong.
Others, however, take different views of the moral significance of early human embryos. These range from the view that they do not have the potential to produce individual humans until after fourteen days of growth to the position that they are insignificant groups of human cells. Although these other commentators start from different positions, they reach the same conclusion: early human embryos at five to six days of growth are not individual human beings, and their use in embryonic stem cell research can be morally justifiable.
The Development of National Policy on Stem Cell Research in the United States
Authors: Cohen Cynthia B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stem cell research was being carried out in a fairly low-key way by scientists in various parts of the world until 1998, when news of the isolation and cultivation of human embryonic stem cells burst onto the national scene. Public, scientific, and legislative interest in this novel and promising research surged immediately around the world. The question whether it should proceed with federal support in the United States became the subject of explosive debate in the halls of Congress and among members of antiabortion groups and patient advocacy organizations, as well as the general public.
President William J. Clinton responded affirmatively to this question and was poised to allow federal funding of research with human embryonic stem cells when the George W. Bush administration came into office in 2000. The new president initiated a more restrictive policy regarding such research than the Clinton administration had planned, allowing it to proceed with federal funding on a limited number of human embryonic stem cell lines. Bush continued to provide federal support for research on adult stem cells and stem cells found in umbilical cords, placental blood, and bone marrow.