bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coordinate Systems
Authors: Tai Chen-To 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book, all coordinate systems used are orthogonal unless stated otherwise. The coordinate variables and the corresponding unit vectors in the general orthogonal system will be denoted by (v1, v2, v3) and (u1, u2, u3).
The coefficients hi 's are called the metric coefficients of that system. If one of the coordinate variables has the dimension of length, then the corresponding metric coefficient is dimensionless.
Vector Analysis in Space
Authors: Tai Chen-To 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the most important chapter in the entire book. A new method, designated the symbolic vector method, in treating vector analysis will be introduced. The main advantages of this method are the differential expressions of the three key functions in vector analysis are derived based on one basic formula, all of the integral theorems in vector analysis are deduced from one generalized theorem, the commonly used vector identities are found by an algebraic method without pedorming any differentiation, and two differential operators in the curvilinear coordinate system are introduced. They are designated as the divergence operator and the curl operator, which are distinct from the operator used for the gradient. The technical meaning of the words “divergence,” “curl”, and “gradient” will be explained shortly. It should be pointed out that the nomenclature for some technical terms introduced in this chapter is different from the original one used in [18).
Summary Of Space Phasor Theory
Authors: Vas Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, a summary of the space phasor equations of smooth-air-gap and salient-pole machines is given, since some of these equations will be extensively used in later chapters. However, it should be noted that the details of space phasor theory have been recently described by the author in two books in the technical literature (Vas 1990; Vas 1992). Here, the stator and rotor voltage differential equations of symmetrical three-phase or quadrature-phase smooth-air-gap electrical machines are given in space phasor terms by using the stationary reference frame and also the general reference frame. The application of space phasor theory results in a drastic simplification of the voltage equations compared with the phase-variable equations, and when the space phasor voltage equations are expressed in the general reference frame they contain all the transformed models used in the generalized theory of electrical machines. Furthermore, a very clear insight can be gained into the various physical processes through the application of space phasor theory.
The Effects Of Time Harmonics On Various Space Phasor Loci, Harmonic Amplitude Estimation
Authors: Vas Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If an a.c. machine is supplied by a converter, time harmonics can be present in the voltage, current, and flux linkage waveforms. These are undesirable, since they contribute to extra losses, unwanted torque pulsations and so on. It is possible to obtain information on the harmonic content of these waveforms directly from their space phasor loci. A space phasor locus of a particular quantity (in both the steady-state and the transient state) can be obtained by plotting on the two axes of a reference frame the real and imaginary components of the space phasor quantity (voltage, current, etc.) under consideration. The methods of monitoring these in real time, by using line-to-line or line-to-neutral quantities, was discussed in Chapter.
Electromagnetic transient analysis of the induction motor
Authors: Yamamura Sakae 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As AC motor control began to shift from classical to modern control with the advent of power electronics, the lack of adequate analytical and control theories for AC motors was the first problem. This prevented full use of the favourable situation created by advances in power electronics. Without adequate theoretical analysis of electromagnetic transient phenomena in AC motors, the inherently superior features of AC motors could not be exploited. In analyzing AC motor transients, the equivalent two-phase machine theory, or two-axis theory (sometimes mistakenly called d-q axis theory), is popular. This theory, however, has not provided an adequate anaytical solution of AC motor transients. AC motors have more windings than DC motors and so their analysis is more complicated than that of DC motors. The equivalent two-phase method reduces the number of phases from three to two, but this is still too many for derivation of analytical solutions of the performance equations. When analysing transients of motor speed control, where electromagnetic transients within the motor and dynamic transients of the driven equipment were mixed together, computers have provided numerical solutions. The former transient was thought to be influenced by the latter. But as will be shown in this chapter, these two transients can be made independent of each other by FAM control of the induction motor.
Transient analysis and torque control of the induction motor
Authors: Yamamura Sakae 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter, various transient-state equivalent circuits were derived. In this chapter, they will be used to analyse the transient response of induction motor torque control, and the results obtained will be put to use to provide a very fast torque response. As was shown in Chapter 3, a constant-magnitude exciting current makes the torque-speed characteristic curves very straight over very wide torque ranges. A constant-magnitude exciting current is the fundamental principle behind FAM control of induction motor torque. This principle, coupled with the pre-excitation, suppresses transients and makes control response very fast.
Electromagnetic Effects
Authors: Gieras Jacek F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The linear velocity of the fundamental harmonic of the MMF travelling wave produced by the primary winding is called the synchronous velocity,
where: T = pole pitch, f = l/T = input frequency, w = 2πf = angular input frequency. The synchronous velocity of a LIM depends on the frequency of the input current and on the pole pitch. It does not depend on the number of poles 2p.
Inverter Drives
Authors: Gieras Jacek F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The full capability of LIMs has only been recognized through recent revolutionary advances in power semiconductor technology. For example, the progress in power electronics over the last ten years has led to the replacement of the bipolar transistor with the power metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) and the insulated gate bipolar transistor_ (IGBT). Similar advances in the 1990s are expected to lead to the replacement of the gate-turn-off (GTO) thyristor by MOS-gated thyristor structures. On a longer time scale, silicon-carbide-based power devices have the potential to replace all silicon-based structures. Allied with modern control methods, power semiconductor devices allow manipulation of the characteristics of LIMs, enlarging the field of their applications, and saving energy.
Methods of numerical analysis
Authors: Krawczyk Andrzej , Tegopoulos John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the continuous mathematical model gives some essential and meaningful information on the problem considered, what we really need is a numerical result. The qualitative analysis is of limited use if it is not supported by numerical results, and therefore we need to discretize a worked-out continuous model. This procedure creates new knowledge which may be easily understood by a mathematician but may be too difficult for an engineer. Thus, it is important to find an adequate compromise, and at this point we should warn the readers that they will not find here any mathematical proofs and considerations on the stability or convergence of the methods described. What we really want to convey to readers are some hints as to general features of the methods and how they can be applied to eddy current problems.
Treatment on non-linearities
Authors: Krawczyk Andrzej , Tegopoulos John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although eddy currents mainly exist in conducting materials which are by nature linear in the sense of constant (independent of field) permeability, they can be also analysed in non-linear materials. Indeed, it is quite common for eddy currents to flow in ferromagnetic media, in which case an analysis of their distribution and other integral parameters (power losses, forces etc.) is needed. It should be clearly stated that the problem of non-linearities is much more serious when eddy currents are present than in the static problems. It is especially seen in transient problems where the permeability is dependent on time. What is more, the hysteresis loop has to be then specified for each time-space point. For this reason the hysteresis will not be discussed here. As already mentioned (see Chapter 2) an extensive survey of approaches regarding non-linear materials is given by Stoll (1974).
Numerical methods for systems of equations
Authors: Neittaanmäki P , Rudnicki M , Savini A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One approach is to employ direct methods such as Gaussian elimination, which gives the solution of the system in a finite number of operations, to exploit the sparsity structure of the system matrix A. Typical strategies involve the intelligent choice of the numbering of the unknowns, to minimize the band width of the matrix or to obtain special data structures, or special pivoting rules to minimize fill-in in the elimination process. The interested reader should consult the books by George and Liu [1981], Duff et al. [1986] or Pissanetzky [1984].
Nonlinear least-squares
Authors: Neittaanmäki P , Rudnicki M , Savini A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unconstrained optimization, nonlinear least-squares and the solving of simultaneous nonlinear equations together make a particular blend of applied mathematics with broad applications in the numerical solution of inverse, synthesis and optimal-design problems in real life. It is, therefore, pertinent to present these topics in a way which stresses their mutual connection.
Synthesis of boundary conditions
Authors: Neittaanmäki P , Rudnicki M , Savini A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of identifying the boundary conditions along a part of the boundary of a field region, knowing the conditions on the other part and the values of the potential or the field intensity in a subregion, is often encountered, especially when performing measurements in bodies which are not easily accessible. This usually entails extrapolation of measurement results. In practice we often deal with the problem of the continuation of electric or magnetic field potentials derived from experimental data; that is, we determine the field in the whole domain knowing only the field distribution at a number of sample points in part of the domain.
Subroutine libraries
Authors: Neittaanmäki P , Rudnicki M , Savini A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are number of excellent commercial libraries of mathematical subroutines. Below we list those offering software for optimization, linear and nonlinear least-squares problems, singular-value decomposition, ovenletermined systems of linear equations, systems of nonlinear equations, sparse linear solvers and the finite-element method•
Groundwater flow problems solved by finite elements
Authors: Wood W L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
described in section 1.7. Appendix 1 shows how the three-dimensional equation can be vertically integrated to give a two-dimensions-in-plan equation suitable for aquifer modelling. This equation is non-linear but further simplifications can be made to make it linear. This chapter gives examples of the solution of groundwater flow problems by finite element methods. There is a general discussion of the solution of the non-linear aquifer equation (Al.18). The linear form using estimated transmissivities can be regarded as a particular case of this.
For the three-dimensional case it is possible to solve for the groundwater flow up to the phreatic surface but this is difficult because the position of this surface is initially unknown. This problem with some simplifying assumptions is discussed in section 7.6. Section 7.7 deals with the solution of the three-dimensional non-linear Richards’ equation representing groundwater flow in the saturated and unsaturated regions up to the surface of the ground.
Boundary integral methods
Authors: Wood W L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Boundary integral methods are taken here to mean methods where all or part of the computation is transferred to an integral on the boundary of the region. There is the boundary integral method which is referred to here as the BIM. This is also sometimes called the boundary element method (Latinopoulos, 1986; Grilli, 1989; Latinopoulos and Katsifarakis, 1991) or the boundary integral equation method (Liggett and Liu, 1983). The BIM is described in section 8.2. Sections 8.3 and 8.4 describe two different kinds of problem where boundary integrals are used together with finite elements to cope with regions which are sufficiently large so as to be called infinite.
Prologue
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why his Finger? Galileo marks the turning point, when the scientific endeavour took a new direction, when scientists—an anachronistic term at the time, of course—rose from their armchairs, questioned the efficacy of the preceding attempts to come to grips with the nature of the world by thought in alliance with authority, and took the first faltering steps down the path of modern science. In the process they rejected untested authority, and while not letting go entirely of armchair speculation and inner contemplation, forged a new, more powerful alliance with the technique of publicly verifiable experimental observation. We see this aspect of Galileo’s finger dabbling in all our current scientific pies. We see it in physics, where it first began to stir; in chemistry, where it found its way at the beginning of the nineteenth century; and in biology, especially since biology ceased being merely a source of wonder during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Evolution
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life is such a precious thing that for long it was thought to require its own special creation, for how could something so extraordinary and so special emerge spontaneously from lifeless slime? Indeed, what is the crucial component of things that endows them with life? The answers to hugely important questions like these emerged in two waves. There was first the wave of empirical explanation, when observers, most of them naturalists and geologists in the nineteenth century, inspected the outward forms of nature and drew far- reaching conclusions. Then there was the second wave, in the twentieth century, when moles with scientific eyes burrowed below the surface of appearance and discovered the molecular basis of the web of life.
DNA
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each of us is about a hundred trillion selves. Each of our cells, and there are getting on for about a hundred trillion of them, most of them so small that about two hundred are needed to cover the dot on this i, contains a template for our complete body. In principle—always a dangerously suspicious word—your body shattered into its hundred trillion cells could spawn a hundred trillion yous, each of those new yous shattered again could become a hundred trillion more, and quickly you and your clones would dominate the universe utterly. Fortunately, there are physical and biological constraints that render this fantasy impossible. But even to contemplate the possibility suggests that we know about the cellular nature of life to an unprecedented degree.
Energy
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Either the pulsating biosphere that emerged from inorganic Earth, nor the molecular activity that sustains and propagates it now, could have done so without an influx of energy from the Sun. But what is this thing called energy? The word might spring from everyone’s lips, and a scientist might see it as binding the universe into a comprehensible, living whole; but what is it really? Poets, in their inimitable way, mastered the concept of energy well before it came to the attention of scientists.
Entropy
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Question anyone might forget to ask is why anything happens at all. Deep questions are often thought wrongly to be naive questions; yet deep, seemingly naive questions properly investigated can expose the heart of the universe. That is certainly true of this particular question, for we shall see that by pursuing the answer we are led into a full understanding of the driving force of all change in the world. We shall come to understand the simple events of everyday life, such as the cooling of hot coffee, and we shall see at least the ankle of the explanation of the most complex events of everyday life, such as birth, growth, and death.
Symmetry
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Could it be that beauty is the key to understanding this beautiful world? The Greek sculptor Polyclitus of Argos, who flourished in about 450–420 Bce, laid down the foundations of our current understanding of the fundamental particles when, in his Canon, his guide to aesthetics, he wrote that ‘the beautiful comes about little by little, through many numbers’. Polyclitus wrote of symmetria, the dynamical counterbalance of the relaxed and tensed parts of the human body and the relative orientations of these parts that results in a harmonious whole.
The Vikings
Authors: Crawford Barbara E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a timely moment to consider the Vikings in the context of Britain, Ireland, and all their surrounding islands. Viking impact has been more usually discussed and analysed from the perspective of individual kingdoms and national entities, such as Anglo-Saxon England, Francia, and recently Scotland (or Alba). However, the Vikings are an international phenomenon; this period of European history is indeed often called the ‘Viking Age’. From the point of view of the Vikings, Britain, Ireland, and the islands were regarded as one maritime complex, giving access to different territories available for exploitation. This complex is geographically very much a part the northern maritime world, and north and east Britain are near neighbours with Scandinavia.
Exchange, Trade, and Urbanization
Authors: Griffiths David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lives of people in Britain and Ireland between 800 and 1100 continued to depend for the most part on agriculture, and the produce of sea, forest, river, and marsh. Throughout the period, the proportion of people living on the land, as opposed to in towns, monasteries, or palaces, remained well over 90 per cent. The number of people who had specialized roles such as in craft, trade, household retinues, holy orders, administrative offices, and military service remained small, but increased over the period. The demands of conspicuous consumption and piety described in the following chapter grew alongside the needs of an increasing apparatus of state power and defence; the obligations between Irish kings and client lords for the provision of large amounts of military equipment and ships to defend the coast, described in the Lebor na Cert (the ‘Book of Rights’, dating to c.1100), are a case in point.
What Does it Mean to be Human?
Authors: Coggins Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The proper study of mankind is man.’ So wrote Pope, nearly 300 years ago. His choice of words would be criticized nowadays as sexually stereotyped, but apart from that it might not appear that his aphorism was true when applied to the Bible, which is, after all, a book about God and his relations with humanity. Yet (if not quite in the sense envisaged by Pope) recent biblical studies have been much enriched by the work of anthropologists, whose contributions have brought a different perspective to bear upon the biblical text over against that which has been dominated by historical concerns.
John Clare
Authors: Dawson P M S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The editing of Clare ‘s poetry has been a problematic issue from the very beginning of his career as a published poet. The four volumes published in his lifetime-Poems Descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery (4 edns., 1820-1), The Village Minstrel (1821), The Shepherd ‘s Calendar (1827), and The Rural Muse (1835)were all editorialized to an extent and in ways that modern readers would consider excessive. Even the selection of their contents (in the case of the first three) was dependent on the approval of Clare ‘s publisher, John Taylor, who also oversaw their correction in terms of spelling, grammar, and punctuation, and often in terms of decorum and decency as well. Taylor also proof-read The Rural Muse, whose contents and title were determined by Mrs Emmerson. The case against Taylor ‘s editing and the motives underlying it has been made by Robinson and Summerfield (1963); the defence by Chilcott (1972) is less than totally persuasive. Clare himself had mixed feelings. At the outset of his career he was uncertain of his qualifications to enter the literary field and grateful for the assistance of advisers for whose taste and knowledge he had great respect. Like most authors at the period he would have expected his publishers to tidy up the more mechanical aspects of his writing, such as spelling, punctuation, and grammar.
Women Poets of the Romantic Period
Authors: Breen Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cultural status and aesthetic merit of a few women poets in the Romantic period have been discussed in a variety of ways, depending on each critic ‘s theoretical viewpoint as well as on the availability of each woman author ‘s texts.
Most of the women ‘s poetry that was published between 1785 and 1832 was available only in specialist libraries until the publication of Roger Lonsdale ‘s Eighteenth-Century Women Poets: An Oxford Anthology in 1989. Lonsdale reprinted a wide-ranging selection of women ‘s poetry published up to 1800. My subsequent Women Romantic Poets, 1785-1832: An Anthology reprints an innovative selection from the work of twenty-five competent and interesting women poets from the entire Romantic period. My anthology contains biographical and historical notes as well as a useful ‘Introduction ‘. Andrew Ashfield ‘s Romantic Women Poets extends the Romantic period from 1770 to 1838. He provides annotated selections that represent his version of ‘Romanticism ‘ from thirtyfour women poets, but he has reprinted only excerpts from most of his chosen longer poems.