bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The outcome of diagnostic studies on the etiology of mental retardation: Considerations on the classification of the causes
Authors: Moog Ute 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn the different studies on the etiology of mental retardation (MR), a diagnosis has been reached in a remarkably variable proportion of cases. This is due to differences in methodology (population examined, age of the patients, degree of MR, time and protocol of investigation, expertise), method of classification (according to timing of defect, type of defect or both), and, in particular the different use of the term diagnosis. The latter varies with the employed criteria (causal vs. pathomorphological vs. pathophysiological), with the degree of exclusiveness (single cause vs. multifactorial/predisposing background factors) and particularly with the degree of implied certainty (definite vs. provisional). All these factors contribute to the fact that in general, the results of different clinical studies on the etiology of MR are not strictly comparable and cannot be pooled. A dynamic method of classification is proposed which combines both time of occurrence and type of defect, and includes the degree of certainty of a diagnosis. The method allows identification of patients which need follow‐up and reconsideration of their cases. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pigmentary mosaicism following the lines of Blaschko in a girl with a double aneuploidy mosaicism: (47,XX,+7/45,X)
Authors: Niessen Renée C. , Jonkman Marcel F. , Muis Nies , Hordijk Roel , van Essen Anthonie J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe report on a 6‐year‐old girl with linear streaks of apparent hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation following the Blaschko lines, growth retardation, bupthalmos of the left eye, and mild mental retardation. She had a 45,X karyotype in lymphocytes. In cultured fibroblasts a double aneuploidy mosaicism was detected, consisting of a cell line with trisomy for chromosome 7 and a cell line with monosomy for the X‐chromosome and no cell line with a normal karyotype. Cutis tricolor or three levels of pigmentation in different skin areas suggested presence of a third, probably normal cell line. Double aneuploidy mosaicism of a cell line with monosomy X and a cell line with trisomy of an autosome is a rare finding. The combination of monosomy X with trisomy of chromosomes 8, 10, 13, 18, and 21 has been reported, but not the combination with trisomy 7. In the 45,X cell line, microsatellite analysis showed loss of the maternal X‐chromosome, and presence of a maternal and paternal chromosome 7. The 47,XX,+7 cell line showed a paternal and a maternal X‐chromosome, and a paternal and two identical maternal chromosomes 7. Mechanisms that might explain this double aneuploidy mosaicism are discussed. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Method of endoscopy in the chimpanzee: Relations of ovarian anatomy, endometrial histology and sexual swelling
Authors: Graham C. E. , Keeling M. , Chapman C. , Cummins L. B. , Haynie J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEndoscopy was performed on adult female chimpanzees at various intervals before and after detumescence of the sexual swelling. The method required inhalation anesthesia, Trendelenberg positioning, abdominal insufflation with CO2 and a 10 mm photo‐endoscope inserted infra‐umbilically. Accessory instruments were introduced into each of the lower quadrants. Mechanical ventilation and careful physiologic monitoring were necessary to control cardiac arrhythmias.Before detumescence of the swelling, unovulated follicles were observed. Immediately after detumescence of the swelling began, ovulated follicles or early corpora lutea were present. Secretory endometria and plasma progesterone values in excess of 4.0 mg/ml did not occur until three days after detumescence of the sexual swelling commenced.Endoscopic ovarian visualization offers a means of establishing accurate correlations between ovarian morphology and other parameter in chimpanzee menstrual cycles. The data presented support the interpretation that in this species, ovulation and sexual swelling detumescence are closely related in time.
Racial differences in anthropometric traits in school children of Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Oliveira Maria Piedade M. S. , Azevědo Eliane S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTwo thousand four hundred and forty‐four Brazilian school children were classified as Light, Medium and Dark according to a subjective judgment of the proportion of Negro admixture, and studied for weight, height, span and upper‐segment/lower‐segment (US/LS) ratio. The mean US/LS ratio decreases significantly as the proportion of Negro admixture increases giving an intermediate value for those children belonging to the Medium group for race.
Locomotor adaptations within the Cercopithecus genus: A multivariate approach
Authors: Manaster B. J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMultivariate analysis as a technique for investigating locomotor differentiation among primates has proven its power and usefulness in many studies on various skeletal dimensions. In these analyses primate genera were distributed and sometimes clustered in a manner that was interpretable based on current knowledge of gross locomotor differences. In an effort to advance our understanding of arboreality and terrestriality in primates, the present research involves a careful look for the most subtle morphological differences in locomotor behavior. It is believed that by looking at such subtle shape differences an understanding of what it means morphologically for a primate to be either more or less arboreal may be achieved.The species within the primate genus Cercopithecus were analyzed. This genus includes species which may be placed along a habitat (ground‐living to tree‐dwelling) or activity spectrum. The different habitats or activity patterns clearly require slight variations in patterns of movement, which in turn may require subtle structural adaptations.Multivariate analyses of 67 postcranial variables on seven species within the genus allowed detection of slight degrees of morphological variation. However, when morphological differences are small, size variance among specimens may take on an inflated importance. A substantial amount of work was devoted to finding the least biased method of removing size variance from the variables while incorporating a discrete size variable into the study. Using these transformed skeletal variables, interspecific groupings were discovered. Much of this infrastructure is then related to differing locomotor behavior and provides an insight into the fine structure of primate locomotor adaptation in an arboreal habitat.
The physical growth of high altitude Bolivian Aymara children
Authors: Stinson Sara 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis study describes the growth characteristics of Aymara children living in Ancoraimes, Bolivia at altitudes between 3800 and 4000 meters. Anthropometric measurements were made on 510 children between the ages of 6. 0 and 20. 9 years, 360 males and 150 females. The growth pattern of Ancoraimes Aymara children is very similar to that of other high altitude Andean populations. They are greatly delayed in height and weight, exhibit little sexual dimorphism in body size and relative to stature, have larger chest dimensions than U.S. children. Compared to Quechua children living at higher altitudes in Peru, Ancoraimes children tend to be taller and heavier but have significantly smaller chest dimensions. Although the causes of the size differences between these two groups are not entirely clear, they may be due to the different altitudes at which the groups reside.
Metrical analysis of the basicranium of extant hominoids and Australopithecus
Authors: Dean M. C. , Wood B. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe size and shape of the basicranium (seen in norma basilaris) in Homo, Gorilla, Pan, Pongo, and Australopithecus have been studied by recording the relative disposition of midline and bilateral bony landmarks. Fifteen linear measurements and two angles were used to relate the landmarks. The relatively longer and narrower cranial base of Gorilla, Pan, and Pongo is clearly contrasted with the wider, shorter cranial base in Homo sapiens. When the same observations were made on two “robust” and two “gracile” australopithecine crania, marked differences were found between the taxa. In the two “robust” specimens, the foramen magnum is located relatively further forward, and the axis of the petrous temporal bone is aligned more nearly with the coronal plane than in the two “gracile” crania.The implications of this apparent parallelism in basicranial morphology between Homo sapiens and the “robust” australopithecines are discussed.
Structural strength of the macaque femur
Authors: Burr David B. , Piotrowski George , Miller Gary J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractNew techniques in bone mechanics, and the demonstration that locomotor function can be interpreted based on patterns of structural strength delineated by these new techniques, lay the foundation for analyses of structural strength in nonhuman primate long bones. The present paper details topographic variability in structural strength of the femoral diaphysis of Macaca as a basis for further quantifying form‐function interactions in pronograde primates. The femoral diaphyses of 42 macaques were serially sectioned. These sections were digitized, and coordinate points were submitted to the SCADS computerized stress analysis program. This analysis indicated that the femoral diaphysis of Macaca is better adapted proximally than distally to resist axial loads. The proximal third of the femur is better able to resist bending loads in the posterolateral/anteromedial direction than in the standard planes. The distal femur is geometrically well suited to resist high bending loads, particularly in the mediolateral plane. The elliptical construction of the distal femur is designed to resist high torsional loads as well. When compared with density data on the macaque femoral diaphysis, these data indicate extremely high rigidity in the mediolateral plane. The inverse relationship between density and structural rigidity distally indicates the presence of compensatory mechanisms between structural strength, geometry, and density. Similarities in femoral mechanics in macaques and humans suggest uniformity of stress patterns of the lower extremity in terrestrial quadrupedal and bipedal locomotion.
Peopling of Andean South America
Authors: Rothhammer Francisco , Silva Claudio 
Published: August 2005

AbstractArcheological, craniometrical, and genetic information is utilized to reconstruct possible migration routes used in the peopling of Andean South America. Special emphasis is given to the elaboration of craniometrical isoline maps and its application in testing models of population displacement based on archeological data. A genetic distance analysis among linguistic groupings complements the conclusions based on archeological and craniometrical information.
Corpus callosum in sexually dimorphic and nondimorphic primates
Authors: Holloway Ralph L. , Heilbroner Peter 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe midsagittal area and other morphological measures were taken on the corpus callosum of four different species of primate: Macaca mulatta, M. fascicularis, Callithrix jacchus, and Saguinus oedipus. The first two species are strongly dimorphic, whereas the New World forms show little dimorphism with regard to overall body size, canines, and brain weight.Neither total corpus callosal area (TOTALCC), or other parts of the corpus callosum (CC) showed any significant sexual dimorphism in any of the primate species sampled. Only in M. mulatta did a sexual dimorphism appear to be significant. In males of this species, the dorsoventral width of the splenium was larger than in females. In addition, the anterior commissure (ANTCOMM) evinced no sexual dimorphism in the different species.Brain weight was significantly dimorphic in only M. mulatta, and when ratio data were used to correct for brain weight, no significant differences were found in the corpus callosum. This is in contrast to Homo sapiens, where the relative size of the CC has been reported to be larger in females, and particularly so in the posterior, or splenial portion of the CC. Correlation coefficients were calculated for the various variables within each species. In general, most of the callosal measures are significantly inter‐correlated, although the exact pattern varies for each species.Thus, unlike Homo sapiens, or pongids such as Gorilla and Pan, neither New nor Old World monkeys show any striking evidence for sexual dimorphism in the corpus callosum.
Modelling of adsorption in cyclic operation of a PSA plant for H2 recovery
Authors: Brüggendick Hermann , Richter Ekkehard , Knoblauch Karl , Jüntgen Harald 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA pressure swing adsorption process for hydrogen recovery from coke oven gases comprises the steps of adsorption at pressures above 6 bar, cocurrent and countercurrent depressurization, purging with hydrogen at ambient pressure and repressurization. The process was investigated in the cyclic mode, on a laboratory scale, using an adsorber filled with 1.3 litres of carbon molecular sieve. Based on the test results of concentrations and pressures within the adsorber during complete cycles, a pseudo‐homogeneous model was developed for the adsorption step. Adsorption equilibrium parameters were determined by separate measurements, while the transport parameters were evaluated by fitting the experiments of the fixed bed adsorber. It was possible to consider the residual load, resulting from an incomplete regeneration, by the assumption of a load distribution in the inlet region of the adsorber.
Dynamic behavior and operational aspects of heat‐integrated distillation processes
Authors: Lang Lothar 
Published: August 2005

AbstractComplex configurations of distillation columns have been shown to consume less energy than simple configurations. These complex configurations mainly results from two considerations: either a feed split, where the condensing vapor from the top of the high pressure column is used to heat the reboiler of the low pressure column, or the overheads from a high pressure column in a distillation train used to reboil a column under lower pressure. Industrial experience shows that very often in these configurations there is still incentive for more energy reduction simply because of inefficient control. The energy integration increases the control loop coupling the system, so that the operating strategy for the columns is no longer apparent. Therefore, the dynamic behaviour and the operational constraints of such systems become very important. The use of rigorous dynamic model of the processes is an essential instruments to pursue the goal of good and reliable process control Such models allow the engineer to realistically simulate the process with the desired control system in place and to analyze the effects of equipment sizing, hest integration, and disturbances. Variable pairing proved is used to illustrate that effective control of energy‐integrated distillation columns can be achieved by proper selection of manipulated variables and pairing them correctly with control variables. Hints will also be given, when multivariable predictive control schemes should be used.
Boron as a Bridging Ligand
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Whittell George R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe Lewis acidity of [(η5‐C5R5)Fe(CO)2(BX2)] (1: R=H, X=Cl) and the robust nature of the constituent FeB bond have been demonstrated by reaction with 4‐methylpyridine to yield the corresponding Lewis acid–base adduct. These properties have subsequently been utilised in the construction of heterodinuclear bridging borylene, bridging boryl and μ2‐boride complexes from analogues 3 (R=Me, X=Br) and 5 (R=Me, X=Cl). All the bimetallic species so formed exhibited unprecedented coordination modes for boron.
The shifting gamma perception
Authors: Besuijen J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTrue to life, color display and color management depend on a proper technical model of the display used. Current gamma models and fitting procedures are not accurate in modeling the lower part of the tone reproduction curve. The GOG‐ and GOGO‐model used in color management standards tend to clip the luminance to zero for digital values were luminance can be seen and measured. Two improvements to the models are suggested. First, the models should be fitted by optimizing the root mean square error (RMSE) of the CIE lightness instead of the luminance. Second, a shifting gamma model is adopted, with gamma increasing in value for lower voltages. Results show that the adapted models correspond better with the luminance measurements. The clipping values are nearer to the measured zero luminance threshold, and the average RMSE and ΔE over the whole scale are smaller. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 332–340, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.
Theoretical analysis of subtractive color mixture characteristics III—Realistic colorants and single tristimulus dimension
Authors: Matsushiro Nobuhito , Ohta Noboru 
Published: August 2005

AbstractContinuing our work to further understand the characteristics of stimulus values of a single tristimulus dimension in colors obtained by subtractive color mixture, discussions proceed related to realistic colorants. New theorems are intended to provide for the establishment of bounds for realistic colorants in mixtures when stimulus measurements of the constituent single‐colorant samples and the illuminant are obtainable. Related to the new theorems, a formulation is derived for the calculation of the bounds of realistic colorants whose spectral transmittances are represented by weighted combinations of basic functions. By solving the formulation, numerical illustrations are provided for various conditions. The results contribute toward a comprehensive modeling of subtractive color mixture. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 354–362, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.
Orbital Magnetization in Extended Systems
Authors: Resta R. , Ceresoli Davide , Thonhauser T. , Vanderbilt David 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWhile the orbital magnetic dipole moment of any finite sample is well‐defined, it becomes ill‐defined in the thermodynamic limit as a result of the unboundedness of the position operator. Effects due to surface currents and to bulk magnetization are not easily disentangled. The corresponding electrical problem, where surface charges and bulk polarization appear as entangled, was solved about a decade ago by the modern theory of polarization, based on a Berry phase. We follow a similar path here, making progress toward a bulk expression for the orbital magnetization in an insulator represented by a lattice‐periodic Hamiltonian with broken time‐reversal symmetry. We therefore limit ourselves to the case where the macroscopic (i.e. cell‐averaged) magnetic field vanishes. We derive an expression for the contribution to the magnetization arising from the circulating currents internal to the bulk Wannier functions, and then transform to obtain a Brillouin zone integral involving the occupied Bloch orbitals. A version suitable for practical implementation in discretized reciprocal space is also derived, and the gauge invariance of both versions is explicitly shown. However, tests on a tight‐binding model indicate the presence of additional edge currents, and it remains to be determined whether these can be related to the bulk band structure.
Four correlates of complex behavioral networks: Differentiation, behavior, connectivity, and compartmentalization: Carving networks at their joints
Authors: Changizi Mark A. , He Darren 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSome of the most complex networks are those that (i) have been engineered under selective pressure (either economic or evolutionary), and (ii) are capable of eliciting network‐level behaviors. Some examples are nervous systems, ant colonies, electronic circuits and computer software. Here we provide evidence that many such selected, behavioral networks are similar in at least four respects. (1) Differentiation: Nodes of different types are used in a combinatorial fashion to build network structures through local connections, and networks accommodate more structure types via increasing the number of node types in the network (i.e., increasing differentiation), not via increasing the length of structures. (2) Behavior: Structures are themselves combined globally to implement behaviors, and networks accommodate a greater behavioral repertoire via increasing the number of lower‐level behavior types (including structures), not via increasing the length of behaviors. (3) Connectivity: In order for structures in behavioral networks to combine with other structures within a fixed behavior length, the network must maintain an invariant network diameter, and this is accomplished via increasing network connectivity in larger networks. (4) Compartmentalization: Finally, for reasons of economical wiring, behavioral networks become increasingly parcellated. Special attention is given to nervous systems and computer software, but data from a variety of other behavioral selected networks are also provided, including ant colonies, electronic circuits, web sites and businesses. A general framework is introduced illuminating why behavioral selected networks share these four correlates. Because the four above features appear to apply to computer software as well as to biological networks, computer software provides a useful framework for comprehending the large‐scale function and organization of biological networks. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 10: 13–40, 2005
Electron Kinetics and Self‐Consistent Description of Inhomogeneous and Nonstationary Plasmas
Authors: Loffhagen D. , Arndt S. , Sigeneger F. , Uhrlandt D. , Winkler R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA brief introduction into the progress of the analysis of the electron kinetics and the self‐consistent description of inhomogeneous and nonstationary plasmas is given. The spectrum of problems treated by electron kinetic studies as well as by the overall description of non‐isothermal plasmas is briefly characterized. Main aspects of the analyses are outlined and the progress reached in recent years in the framework of the collaborative research activities of the Sonderforschungsbereich 198 “Kinetics of partially ionized plasmas” is illustrated by topical kinetic study and self‐consistent modelling results of some selected problems. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Generation of Highly Charged and Energetic Ions From the Interaction of Strong Laser Pulses with Coinage Metal Clusters
Authors: Radcliffe P. , Döppner T. , Schumacher M. , Teuber S. , Tiggesbäumker J. , Meiwes‐Broer K.‐H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPlasmon–enhanced ionization of free coinage metal clusters is studied under intense laser field conditions. The charging and the subsequent Coulomb explosion results in huge recoil energies of the atomic fragment ions. In a charge‐resolved measurement it is found that the maximum kinetic energy scales roughly linear with the charge state. The ionization efficiency could strongly be enhanced when the pulse structure is adapted to the expansion dynamics of the cluster Coulomb explosion. Irradiation with stretched laser pulses as well as with dual pulses show that atomic charge states up to Cu10+, Ag15+ and Au15+ are generated whenever the plasmon mode of the cluster can be successfully excited. The charging enhancement when using dual pulses gives evidence that continuous heating is not necessary in order to get maximum energy absorption. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)