bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extreme Compound and Seesaw Hydrometeorological Events in New Zealand: An Initial Assessment
Authors: Bennet Morgan J. , Kingston Daniel G. , Cullen Nicolas J. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAttention is increasingly being turned toward land atmosphere interactions within the wider hydrological cycle when investigating extreme hydrometeorological events. This is particularly the case with the identification of compound and seesaw events. To do so, accurate soil moisture data are essential. Here, soil moisture from three reanalysis products (ERA5‐Land, BARRA and ERA5) is compared to station observations from 12 sites across New Zealand, for an average timespan of 18 years. Soil moisture data from all three reanalyses are used to investigate land‐atmosphere coupling with gridded (observational) precipitation and temperature. This enables compound (co‐occurrence of hot and dry) and seesaw (rapid transitions from dry to wet) events to be identified and examined. No best performing reanalysis data set for soil moisture is evident (median Pearson's r range: 0.78–0.81). All reanalyses successfully capture the seasonal and residual component of soil moisture, but not the observed soil moisture trends at each location. Strong coupling between soil moisture and temperature occurs in all three reanalyses across the predominately energy‐limited regions of the lower North Island and entire South Island. Consequently, these regions reveal a high frequency of compound event occurrence and potential shifts in land states to a water limited phase during compound months. A series of seesaw events is also detected for the first time in New Zealand (terminating approximately one‐fifth of drought events), with a high frequency of seesaw event occurrence detected in previously identified areas of atmospheric river (AR) activity.
Isolated Crustal Partial Melting in the Southern Tibetan Plateau From H‐κ‐c Method
Authors: Gong Junyi , Li Jiangtao , Li Mengkui 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe crustal thickness and average Vp/Vs ratio are basic parameters to understand the current state and the tectonic processes in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). We gather receiver functions in the central‐southern TP and extract spatial variation of crustal thickness and Vp/Vs ratio using the H‐κ‐c method with careful quality control and stability analysis. Our results highlight the regions with high Vp/Vs ratios in the central‐southern Qiangtang block and two isolated patches around the Yarlung‐Zangbo suture, suggesting crustal partial melting. The disconnected high‐Vp/Vs patches imply a restrained pattern for present‐day crustal flow in the southern TP. Further correlation with mantle observations suggests that the high Vp/Vs region in the north can be attributed to mantle upwelling after lithospheric delamination, and the two isolated patches in the south may be related to the tearing of the Indian mantle lithosphere.
Slab Pull Drives IBM Trench Advance Despite the Weakened Philippine Sea Plate
Authors: Jian Huizi , Yang Ting , Chen Zhihao , Ye Lingling , Hu Jiashun , Guo Peng 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe mechanism behind the significant Izu‐Bonin‐Mariana (IBM) trench advance is still controversial. We conduct slab subduction numerical models that reproduce the spatio‐temporal tectonic evolution of the Philippine Sea region to investigate whether slab pull from the Ryukyu subduction zone can cross the weakened Philippine Sea Plate and act on the IBM trench. Model results show that the lithospheric strengthening and weakening effects cancel out each other during the rift stage so that the slab pull from the Ryukyu Trench can transmit through the weak fossil spreading centers and intra‐arc rifts and drive the Izu‐Bonin Trench's advance. In contrast, lithospheric weakening overwhelms lithospheric strengthening and impedes stress transfer in the back‐arc spreading stage, suggesting that the slab pull cannot directly pull the Mariana Trench to advance at present. Our study indicates that extreme rheological parameters are not needed for the IBM trench advance, despite the Philippine Sea Plate is weakened.
The Lower Thermospheric Winter‐To‐Summer Meridional Circulation: 2. Impact on Atomic Oxygen
Authors: Wang Jack C. , Yue Jia , Wang Wenbin , Qian Liying , Jones McArthur , Wang Ningchao 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAs a companion study of the Part 1 (J. C. Wang et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JA030948), the impact of the lower‐thermospheric circulation on atomic oxygen (O) in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region is investigated in this Part 2 using Specified Dynamics Configuration Runs of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model eXtended (SD‐WACCMX) output. The asymmetry of the O profile in the summer and winter MLT region is mainly driven by local vertical advection, which is associated with the lower‐thermospheric winter‐to‐summer circulation and middle‐to‐upper thermospheric summer‐to‐winter circulation. It is found that meridional transport and eddy diffusion only weakly modulate the O budget within this altitude range. The globally and annually averaged transport effect due to the vertical advection is quantitatively estimated. It is shown that the vertical advection is the dominant mechanism in redistributing O at altitudes between 84 and 103 km, suggesting the vertical wind can efficiently transport O between its source and sink region within the vertical column. This study demonstrates that whole atmosphere coupling on seasonal time scales is a complex interaction involving multiple underlying mechanisms within the space‐atmosphere interaction region.
Digital informed consent for urological surgery - randomized controlled study comparing multimedia-supported vs. traditional paper-based informed consent concerning satisfaction, anxiety, information gain and time efficiency
Authors: Haack Maximilian , Fischer Nikita D. , Frey Lisa , Sparwasser Peter , Dotzauer Robert , Duwe Gregor , Haferkamp Axel , Borgmann Hendrik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction
Due to a lack of time and staff, informed consent (IC) in clinical practice often lacks clarity, comprehensibility and scope of information. Digital media offer great potential to enhance IC. Aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of multimedia-supported compared to traditional paper-based IC.

Methods
In the randomized, controlled, three-arm DICon (Digital Informed Consent for urological surgery) study 70 patients with an indication for prostate biopsy were randomized 1:1:1 to receive traditional paper-based IC vs. multimedia-supported information before IC vs. multimedia-supported information during IC. Patient satisfaction, anxiety and information gain were measured by validated questionnaires 2 weeks and directly before the procedure and time efficiency was recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn’s test (one-way ANOVA) and two-way ANOVA (with bonferroni post-test).

Results
Multimedia information prior to the consultation saved 32.9% time compared to paper-based (5.3 min. vs. 9.5 min; p < 0.05) and 60.4% time compared to shared multimedia information (5.3 min. vs. 13.9 min.; p < 0.001), with no difference in satisfaction (62.6 vs. 62.7 vs. 68.6 of max. 80; p = 0.07), anxiety (8 vs. 8.1 vs. 7 of max. 16; p = 0.35), or information gain (6.5 vs. 5.7 vs. 6.7 of max. 10; p = 0.23). Results on satisfaction (56.6 vs. 62.6 vs. 66; p = 0.06), anxiety (7.2 vs. 7.2 vs. 6.8; p = 0.84), and information gain (7 vs. 6.4 vs. 5.9; p = 0.43) remained stable over time.

Conclusions
Multimedia-supported IC prior to consultation provided improved time efficiency (33% gain) compared to traditional paper-based IC, with comparable satisfaction, anxiety and information gain. Multimedia-supported information materials should therefore be used more frequently in patient education.
Psychiatric medication prescriptions increasing for college students above and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Marconi Agustina M. , Myers Ursula S. , Hanson Bjorn , Nolan Sarah , Sarrouf Elena Beatriz 
Published: November 2023

AbstractPsychiatric medication prescriptions for college students have been rising since 2007, with approximately 17% of college students prescribed medication for a mental health issue. This increase mirrors overall increases in both mental health diagnoses and treatment of university students. As psychiatric medication prescriptions for college students were increasing prior to pandemic, the goal of this study was to compare these prescriptions over the years, while accounting for the added stressor of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study utilized cross-sectional, retrospective data from a cohort of college students receiving care from the university’s health service. We examined prescriptions for mental healthcare from 2015 to 2021. There was a significant increase in the percentage of psychiatric medication prescriptions in 2020 (baseline 15.8%; threshold 3.5%) and 2021 (baseline 41.3%; threshold 26.3%) compared to the historical baseline average for the whole sample and as well as for female students (2020 baseline 21.3% and threshold 4.6%; 2021 baseline 55.1% and threshold 33.7%). Within these years, we found higher trends for prescriptions in April–May as well as September–December. Overall, we found that psychiatric medication prescriptions have continued to rise through the years, with a large increase occurring during the pandemic. In addition, we found that these increases reflect the academic year, which is important for university health centers to consider when they are planning to staff clinics and plan the best way to treat college students with mental health difficulties in the future.
Utilization of images and three-dimensional custom-made nostril retainer fabricate for patients with cleft lip and cleft lip nose deformities at Siriraj Hospital: preliminary phase
Authors: Chaikangwan Irin , Yodrabum Nutcha , Kusakunniran Worapan , Tachavijijaru Rachata , Aojanepong Chongdee 
Published: November 2023

AbstractA prospective study utilizing image analysis to assess nostril openings in post-operative patients with cleft lip and cleft lip nose deformities. This preliminary study seeks to employ two-dimensional (2D) images to fabricate a custom-made nostril retainer. This study was performed at Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand. This study included 30 healthy volunteers and 15 patients with cleft lip and cleft lip nose deformities. The nostril opening width and height for all participants were measured, and photographs were taken. An image analysis application was used to fabricate a three-dimensional (3D) custom-made nostril retainer. The mean differences between the direct measurements of the nostril aperture and the measurements obtained through the program did not exceed 2 mm in terms of nostril height, width, or columella. Two-dimensional photographs can be used to create a custom-made, three-dimensional nostril retainer. This retainer allows post-operative patients to maintain their nares without needing to visit the hospital, thereby reducing the cost of care.
Water quality, geochemistry and human health risk of groundwater in the Vyeboom region, Limpopo province, South Africa
Authors: Mutileni Ntwanano , Mudau Mulalo , Edokpayi Joshua Nosa 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis study focuses on the evaluation of trace metals as well as microbial contamination of groundwater. Groundwater samples were collected from 17 boreholes. The microbial quality was tested using membrane filtration method. Higher levels of contamination for both E. coli and total coliform was recorded in the wet season. Majority of the boreholes had nitrate levels above the regulatory guideline value of the World health Organisation and the South African National Standards. The water type was established by Piper plot which showed the predominance of a magnesium bicarbonate water type, with alkaline earth metals dominating the alkali metals, as well as the weaker acids (bicarbonates) dominating the stronger ones (Sulphates and chlorides). Most of the trace metals detected were in compliance with the regulatory standard except for aluminium (0.41–0.88 mg/L). The hazard quotient and Hazard indice exceeded 1 mostly for children in both season which implies a possible non-carcinogenic health risk is associated with the continuous consumption of the water resource. The estimations of carcinogenic risk (CRing) for Cr and Pb exceeded the carcinogenic indices of 10−6 and 10−4 which could pose adverse effects on human health for both children and adults. Therefore, it is recommended that measures should be implemented to reduce the risk.
Glutamate secretion by embryonic stem cells as an autocrine signal to promote proliferation
Authors: Teng Lin , Qin Qin , Zhou Ziyi , Zhou Fei , Cao Chunyu , Yang Jian , Ding Jiawang 
Published: November 2023

AbstractGlutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, has also been found to play a role in embryonic stem (ES) cells. However, the exact mechanism and function of glutamatergic signaling in ES cells remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified a glutamatergic transmission circuit in ES cells that operates through an autocrine mechanism and regulates cell proliferation. We performed biological analyses to identify the key components involved in glutamate biosynthesis, packaging for secretion, reaction, and reuptake in ES cells, including glutaminase, vesicular glutamate transporter, glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, and cell membrane excitatory amino-acid transporter (EAAT). We directly quantified the released glutamate signal using microdialysis-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MD–HPLC–MS–MS). Pharmacological inhibition of endogenous glutamate release and the resulting tonic activation of NMDA receptors significantly affected ES cell proliferation, suggesting that ES cells establish a glutamatergic autocrine niche via releasing and responding to the transmitter for their own regulation.
Created from Animals
Authors: Rachels James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the Origin of Species was first published, Darwinism has been attacked for undermining traditional morality. In particular, because it emphasizes the kinship between humans and other animals, Darwinism seems incompatible with the traditional idea of human dignity - that human life has a special value, while other animals may be sacrificed for any purpose that humans choose. This book argues that Darwinism does undermine the traditional idea of human dignity; however, this is not a reason for rejecting Darwin's outlook. Instead, it is a reason for rejecting human dignity and replacing it with a better moral view, a more enlightened ethic regarding both the value of human life and our treatment of nonhuman animals. This important book, presenting Darwin's scientific and non-scientific views as one united theory, will stimulate all those interested in evolution, morality, religion, and animal rights to re-examine their views.
Darwin’s Discovery
Authors: Rachels James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CHARLES DARWIN and Karl Marx, the two great revolutionaries of nineteenth-century thought, were almost exact contemporaries. Their deaths in 1882 and 1883 were separated by only a few months. For more than three decades, while writing their most important works, they lived sixteen miles apart, Marx in London and Darwin at his home in the Kentish village of Downe. But they never met, which is not surprising, considering how different were their lives and personalities. Marx spent much of his life in abject poverty, unable at times to feed his family. Because of his political activities, he was chased from country to country. Above all Marx was preoccupied with the great public events of his time: with industrialization, with political revolution, and with the vast changes he saw taking place in society. Darwin, by contrast, was oblivi ous to such matters. Born into a life of privilege, he would have a tranquil existence, rooted in one place, surrounded by servants and a loving family: the very picture of a nineteenth-century English gentleman. His revolution would be of a different sort.
Must a Darwinian be Sceptical about Religion?
Authors: Rachels James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BISHOP WILBERFORCE believed that The Origin of Species was ‘absolutely incompatible’ not only with the history of origins given in the Bible, but with Christianity’s ‘whole representation of the moral and spiritual condition of man’. Like Wilberforce, many religious conservatives continue to condemn evolutionary ideas because they see them as contradicting revealed truth. In 1987 the largest Protestant denomination in the United States, the Southern Baptist Convention, became the latest in a long line of religious bodies to denounce Darwinism, when it officially adopted the view that Adam and Eve were real people and prohibited the teaching of anything else in its theological seminaries.
How Different are Humans from Other Animals?
Authors: Rachels James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT has always been difficult for humans to think objectively about the nature of non-human animals. One problem, frequently remarked upon, is that we tend to anthropomorphize nature and see animals as too much like ourselves. An opposite but less frequently noticed difficulty is connected with the fact that, even as we try to think objectively about what animals are like, we are burdened with the need to justify our moral relations with them. We kill animals for food; we use them as experi mental subjects in laboratories; we exploit them as sources of raw materials such as leather and wool; we keep them as work animals-the list goes on and on. These practices are to our advantage, and we intend to continue them. Thus, when we think about what the animals are like, we are motivated to conceive of them in ways that are compatible with treating them in these ways. If animals are conceived as intelligent, sensitive beings, these ways of treating them might seem monstrous. So humans have reason to resist thinking of them as intelligent or sensitive.
Setting global priorities for strategies to control diarrhoeal disease: the contribution of cost-effectiveness analysis
Authors: Phillips Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Agencies involved in health-programme policy, planning, and implementation continually face the problem of choosing between alternative approaches to improve the health of their populations. In the context of increasingly severe financial constraints, ‘value for money’ is recognized as an important criterion for choice, and countries are now paying more attention to the cost-effectiveness of their health programmes. However, it is difficult, time-consuming, and costly to evaluate all alternative investments each time a decision on programme development has to be made. There are clearly advantages in being able to identify health strategies which can be widely recommended even if their detailed implementation needs to be adapted to local circumstances. Such was the thinking behind, for example, the advocacy of selective primary health care (Walsh and Warren 1979), and UNICEF’s promotion of GOBI-FFF − growth monitoring, oral rehydration therapy, breast-feeding, immunization, family planning, female education, and food supplementation.
Methods of exposure measurement
Authors: Armstrong Bruce k. , White Emily , Saracci Rodolfo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Methods used for the measurement of exposure in epidemiology range from objective methods of measurement of fixed human attributes (e.g. blood type) that are as precise and valid as any in biomedical science, to methods that depend totally on the imperfect capacity of human beings to recall information. Epidemiological practice is weighted heavily towards the second of these two extremes. Frequently, past exposure is important and there are usually no records that can provide the data required. Much of modern epidemiology deals with lifestyle. The subjects, recollections of their behaviour, or those of other people close to them, may be the only comprehensive evidence we have about exposure. Recent methodological work has emphasized the development of objective methods of exposure measurement (e.g. ‘molecular epidemiology’; Perera and Weinstein 1982) and such methods are increasingly being used for validation purposes, if not for the measurement of exposure in all subjects (see Chapter 4)
Validity and reliability studies
Authors: Armstrong Bruce k. , White Emily , Saracci Rodolfo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The serious adverse effects of the use of invalid exposure measurements have been described in Chapter 3. Selecting or developing an accurate measurement instrument is obviously a critical step in designing an epidemiological study. First, the available literature on the validity and reliability of instruments which measure the exposure of interest should be reviewed. Then, if a new instrument is to be developed which differs substantially from other methods, its reliability or, preferably, its validity should be assessed.
The cross-sectional study
Authors: Olsen Jørn , Merletti Franco , Snashall David , Vuylsteek Karel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a cross-sectional study the occurrence (prevalence) of the disease under study for the ‘exposed’ is compared with the same occurrence in the non-exposed. The exposure and disease status is examined for the same time period. We do not have data to establish exposure status before the onset of the disease. In a cross-sectional study the present work situation and present symptoms or diseases are recorded. Such a study can be carried out for all the workers in the factory, a particular section, or a sample of the workers. Data may be presented in a similar way as before (p. 27), but prevalence ratios (PR) are estimated and not relative risks, Table 4.
Byssinosis and chronic bronchitis in a flax-mill
Authors: Olsen Jørn , Merletti Franco , Snashall David , Vuylsteek Karel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In January 1965 a member of a trade union was delegated by his organization to ask for advice on an alleged health problem in two flax-weaving mills. As the plants had at that time no organized health service, the workers union took the initiative and made contact with the occupational health department of the nearby medical faculty. The two weaving mills processed dry spun flax producing heavy linen canvas for tent material; they had been in operation for about 15 years. Many, but not all, of the workmen in the plant complained of an irritating cough and wheezing which they said was caused by the flax dust. The plant owners, on the other hand, complained of a disturbingly high absence rate-especially on Mondays-and a huge turnover of staff. They produced a list of 194 persons who had left the plant in the last 15 years.
Clustering in time and space
Authors: Little Julian , Elwood Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As with any other relatively uncommon event, the occurrence of births of infants with neural tube defects close to each other in time or in geographical location, or both, will tend to attract attention and suggest that further investigations could determine a common cause of the cluster of events, although it is also obvious that such clusters will occur by chance alone. The recognition and investigation of clusters of congenital anomalies, and particularly the assessment of whether the occurrence of clustering or a particular cluster is purely a chance phenomenon, leads to considerable methodological and practical difficulties. Although all studies must have boundaries in both time and space, they can concentrate on clustering in time, in space, or with regard to both. Thus for a population of births defined by a geographic area and a total time period, studies can assess whether affected births tend to occur closer to each other in space than would be expected by chance alone (space clustering), or whether such births occur close together in time (time clustering), or whether such events occur close together in both time and space (time-space clustering).