bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Private Sector Health Care
Authors: Roemer Milton I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When all the organized health programs discussed in Chapters 5, 6, and 7 have been accounted for, there remains a private sector of health care in every health system. It varies enormously among countries in size and character, but everywhere it is a residual part of the health system structure. It is not organized deliberately in the usual sense, but is governed by economic forces of supply and demand, competition and price, and various aberrations of these forces, found in every market.
Programming a MIMD-SIMD Hybrid Computer: Modula*
Authors: Smith Justin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction. In this section we will discuss a new parallel programming lan guage based upon Modula-2 in somewhat the same way that C* was based upon the C programming language. The semantics of this language are somewhat simpler and clearer than C*, and it is well-suited to both SIMD and MIMD parallel programming. This language has been developed in conjunction with a MIMD-SIMD hybrid computer - the Triton system, being developed at the University of Karlsruhe. They have implemented Modula* on the CM-2 Connection Machine, and the MasPar MP-1, and intend to implement it upon their MIMD-SIMD hybrid computer, the Triton/1, when it is complete. The discussion in this section follows the treatment of Modula* in [68], by Christian Herter and Walter Tichy.
Parsing And The Evaluation Of Arithmetic Expressions
Authors: Smith Justin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essentially amounts to an implementation of a scanner. In the present section we will show how a parser (at least for certain simple grammars) can also be implemented on such a machine. It follows that for certain simple programming languages (ones whose grammar is a operator-precedence grammar), the whole front end of a compiler can be implemented on a SIMD machine We then show how certain operations similar to those in the code-generation part of a compiler can also be efficiently implemented on a SIMD machine. Essentially the algorithm presented here will take a syntax tree for an arithmetic expression (this is the output of the parser) and evaluate the expression, but it turns out not to be much more work to generate code to compute the expression.
Searching And Sorting
Authors: Smith Justin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section we will discuss some important parallel sorting algorithm. We have already seen one sorting algorithm at the end of§ 2 in chapter II. That algorithm sorted n numbers in time O(lg2 n) using 0( n) processors. The theoretical lower bound in time for sorting n numbers is O(lg n) (since this many comparisons must be performed). The algorithms presented here take advantage of the full power of SIMD computers.
Binding Passions
Authors: Ruggiero Guido 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Holy Office in Venice, as the agency of a rejuvenated Roman Inquisition, was an important arbiter of orthodoxy in late Renaissance Venice. In this boldly structured work, Guido Ruggiero presents five narrative accounts of inidividual encounters with the Inquisition that turn around how the passions were both bound by late Renaissance society and were seen in turn as binding people. With an imaginative flair for story-telling and impeccable scholarship, Ruggiero opens up new perspectives on magic, witchcraft, love, marriage, gender and discipline illuminating a chapter in Venetian history previously unexplored. This entertaining work will be of interest to scholars, the general reader and students alike.
“The Fortune-Telling Friar”: Fra Aurelio di Siena and the Wages of Sin
Authors: Ruggiero Guido 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marin Sanuto, the famous Venetian Renaissance diarist, in his memoirs noted briefly toward the end of that massive recording of all that he deemed fit to remember of his age: “On this day [10 August 1533] there was made and completed the marriage of Bianca my natural daughter with Anzolo di Gratariol son of Messer Alexandro, the physician. It was a handsome and honored marriage because at the ceremony there were a goodly number of senators and my relatives as well.”
Principies of Research Design
Authors: Valiela Ivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We discussed in chapter 1 how a fundamental step in scientific inquiry is to ask, exactly, “What is the question?” Explicit formulation of the question is essential, because it determines what we do in the design of the study that is supposed to answer it. This might appear trivial, but much experience with student-designed studies shows that insufficient critical thought is given to (a) stating the question exactly and (b) designing the work explicitly to answer the question.
Other Means of Scientific Communication
Authors: Valiela Ivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have used our best scientific intuition to discern the important question, we have designed the best possible way to test the question, we have used innovative ways to do the needed measurements, and we have excellent data; at some point in our scientific lives we will surely have to give the dreaded oral presentation. The first point to make about talks is that even experienced speakers have some apprehension at the prospect. The second point is that giving talks is theater.
Knowledge, Truth, and Reliability
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The philosophy of knowledge and truth is dominated by two metaphors: that of a system of elements that correspond with particular facts in the world, and that of a raft or boat of interconnected judgements, where no element corresponds to anything external. The choice is between realism and a leaning towards a correspondence theory of truth, on the one hand, and holism, verging towards idealism, with a coherence theory of truth, on the other: the pyramid and the raft. These images have complementary attractions, but neither provides a solid, stable metaphor whereby we can understand how truth connects us to the world and its facts. The first prompts the charge of foundationalism, or of the myth that we can step outside our best beliefs to estimate how well they correspond with the facts. And the second seems to disconnect the web of belief from proper control by the world, so falling into idealism or relativism. In spite of rearguard actions it is the second image that dominates philosophy today. I shall have little to say to oppose that movement of opinion. But if we follow it, does it leave our concept of knowledge where we would like it to be, or does it demand, as some have maintained, abandoning the concept as the remnant of a classical but outmoded self-image?
Turning the Corner
Authors: Solso Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The science of the mind in 2001 and beyond can be forecasted paradoxically by taking a look backward in time. and the further we look back, the clearer will be the view of the future. In this retrograde approach to the future science of the mind, two historical periods can be considered-the twentieth century and the entire history of the universe that preceded it. That ought to cover just about everything important.
The Death of Developmental Psychology1
Authors: Mandler Jean M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I was asked to review the history of psychology in the past century, it made me quite grumpy. They must think me past my prime. Although I am at retirement age, I am as busy in the laboratory as ever. I really don’t have time to act the elder statesperson. Besides, the century isn’t finished. There is still a decade to go, and if my current research is any indication, there will be a lot of action before 2100 rolls around. Anyway, it would be more fun to predict what will happen in the twenty-second century than merely to summarize the events of the twenty-first. Well, I suppose I can take a few hours off to imprint my memories onto the visual scratch-pad of my computer. The computer editor can turn it into language, because I can’t be bothered to think so slowly.
Freud Returns?
Authors: Kosslyn Stephen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The twenty-first century may well see the return of many of Sigmund Freud’s ideas to mainline academic psychology, which will be part of a grand synthesis of psychoanalysis, other forms of clinical psychology, behavioral psychology, cognitive psychology, and neuroscience. In his famous “Project for a scientific psychology,” Freud (1895/1954) outlined goals that were simply beyond the reach of then-current research methods. Moreover, Freud lacked the scientific vocabulary to state his ideas clearly. The rise of cognitive neuroscience has ameliorated both deficiencies, and these developments may pave the way for many of Freud’s deep insights and observations again to assume center stage in psychology.
Toward an Ecological Physics and a Physical Psychology
Authors: Turvey M T , Shaw Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is reasonably fair to say that the major achievement of the nineteenth century was a formal and rigorous understanding of the previously intuitive idea of “energy” and that the major achievement of the twentieth century has been a similar grasp of the previously intuitive idea of “information,” at least as that idea bears on systems of communication. As we peer into the twenty-first century, we can see science shaping up to address the intuitive idea of “knowledge,” more precisely of “knowing about” as a property that some material systems can possess with respect to themselves and to other material systems. One suspects that a major scientific goal of the next century, perhaps the major goal, will be a formal and rigorous understanding of “knowing about.”
From Speech-ls-Special to Talking Heads: The Past to the Present
Authors: Massaro Dominic W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Good audience, why partake in this antiquated pastime of scientific inquiry? Existence opened in mystery and will close in mystery. Our telecom channels have been designated to please, not puzzle. For those into delectation, the other telecom channels offer instantaneous desserts. Virtual Reality 3 presents Marilyn Momoe’s rendezvous with Madonna III. If this tryst is too boring, the multistimulation of Bach’s Brandenburg concerti is guaranteed to bombard all sensory stations--sensory overload at its finest. Julia Child’s gastronomic channel is serving up Stegosaurus, as reconstructed from simulations of the fossil record.
Perennial Issues for the Next Century
Authors: Massaro Dominic W , Solso Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this concluding chapter, we simply want to yank some threads running through these varied chapters. We realize that our discussion will not capture the heart of these highly original and creative pieces, but we offer it as an integrative framework for what we see as perennial issues in our discipline. Most of our contributors explored well beyond the science of the mind by anticipating the state of the world at large. This choice was viewed as more or less mandatory because psychology will necessarily be immensely changed by developments outside its discipline. This influence is what Hunt calls a pull. It is difficult to imagine how psychology would have evolved (if it were to have evolved at all) without the technology developed during the Industrial Revolution. Would psychology have leapt out of philosophy departments without chronometers, tachistoscopes, memory drums, 3 by 5 cards (oops), or audiorecorders? In like fashion, we expect that the ongoing revolutions in telecommunications, computer delivery systems, genetic engineering, and natural science will impact our science in important ways.
Les Atomes
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Occasionally, I get really excited about a 70-year-old book, or perhaps a 120-year-old book, and then find colleagues giving me strange looks. One such “quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore” that impels me to exuberance is Les Atomes by Jean Perrin. The work, which should be honored as a classic, has fallen into disuse and obscurity. I’m in the process of trying to restore interest in this book for the enlightenment of historians of science and the edification of students of elementary chemistry, who are presented with the atomic hypothesis as if it were Holy Writ.
Fundamental Laws Of Nature
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sitting In An Auditorium at the California Institute of Technology one Friday morning in January, my thoughts began to drift. We were assembled to celebrate the 60th birthday of Nobel laureate Murray Gell-Mann, and the room was filled with people listening to talks on the future of research on the fundamental laws of nature. It was daunting to be in a room shared with so many brilliant thinkers in physics and mathematics, but there I was.
The Smoking Gun
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now That Scientific Integrity has become a major public issue, I am tempted into going to the closet and dragging out a skeleton that has been gathering dust for many years. I would have done this earlier, but the current climate of opinion seems more favorable. In 1974 I attended an international ecology meeting in the Netherlands. I was discussing some scientific theories with a young Belgian scientist, who pointed out that I would appreciate the ideas in a new book, L’Anti hasard by Ernest Schoffeniels, which had just appeared in print. He offered to bring his copy to the next session to show me. When he appeared with the volume, he thought I would be particularly interested in Chapter 4.
Justice
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It Has Taken Me Much of a lifetime finally to appreciate an anecdote I heard my father tell when I was 10. Dad was a businessman who had many lawyer stories, not in the modem hatethe-lawyers vein, but with a deep appreciation of the vagaries of the law. He once remarked that had his family come to the United States earlier, he probably would have become a lawyer. But, alas, the problems of earning a livelihood forced him to postpone his education until his mid-80s, when he enrolled in a community college.
Nixon And Thermodynamics
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Richard Milhous Nixon is not my favorite U.S. President, nor is he my least favorite. He did play a major role in determining my career, however, and I think that the time has come to acknowledge his contribution. I was about to say, “to give the devil his due,” but that would be a more judgmental statement than I wish to make. Let the facts speak for themselves.
“George Mason One Of Our Really Great Men”
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those Byline Readers among you will note that my niche has changed from Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry at Yale University to Biology and Natural Philosophy at George Mason University. The relocation of one professor is hardly a matter of note, but somehow I cannot resist seeking for the deeper significance of each minor event in life. And this inquiry has, as is often the case, opened up a new stream of thought quite unrelated to the immediate act.
Koobi Fora
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most Of us like to be present at “firsts” or to visit sites where the original something or other took place. These firsts come with varying degrees of emotional impact. Thus, for example, a few weeks ago in Nairobi I was present at what was billed as the first performance on the African continent of Sonata No. 15 by Niccolo Paganini. Doubtless for Paganini devotees in the audience this was a magical moment, but to me it was merely an interesting footnote to a fine concert by Fernando Antonelli on the violin and Francesco Beroglio on the guitar. I was frankly more taken by the oft-performed Sonata No. 3 in C Major, with the extraordinary Mato perpetuo, in which the violinist plays 2,100 notes in three minutes.
Twenty Books Clad In Black Or Red
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE OTHER DAY I was planning on reading for relaxation and pulled out my old copy of Aristotle’s The Parts of Animals. Every time I start to read this extraordinary man’s work, the following lines from Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales seem to come to mind:
Those words are a delightful description of the ideal scholar, whose most cherished possessions were bound volumes of philosophy. All of which gets one to thinking about Aristotle’s position in intellectual history. For the past 400 years, starting about 200 years after Chaucer’s death, Aristotle has, in my opinion, gotten a bum deal.
A variety of circumstances and a group of unsympathetic readers have combined to blur our understanding of the man and his works. I am absolutely amazed at how often at cocktail parties, banquets, and other social functions one hears some thoughtless, unfeeling, prejudicial remark about his savant, and one is forced to correct the misconceptions. There is a trade-off for setting the record straight. Some people can get quite touchy about having their sloppy philosophical and historical ideas amended.
Flights Of Fancy
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
OVER THE YEARS, when our children were growing up, discussions at the dinner table often led to a postprandial examination of an encyclopedia to resolve some differences of opinion about matters of fact. Through the years we thus acquired two editions of the Britannica, one of the World Book, a few copies of the one-volume Columbia, and a Book of Knowledge, which came with me from my parents’ home. It was thus an exercise in nostalgia, mixed with deja vu, when the 17 members of the nowextended family were sitting around the New Year’s table and the unlikely discussion of flying mammals arose.
I asserted, more surely than was justified by my solid knowledge, that all flying mammals were bats, members of the order Chiroptera. Exception was immediately noted: “What about flying foxes?” “How about flying squirrels?” and “Don’t forget the flying wombat!” The matter clearly awaited encyclopedic authority.
For completeness in reviewing names that look as though they belong to flying mammals, I should point out that the Flying Tigers were a group of American airmen in the Burma theater of operations around 1941 and the Flying Dutchman is the name of a spectral ship doomed to sail forever. I hope this completes the catalogue of apparent flying mammals.
Rocks
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SOMETIMES, when musing about seemingly insoluble problems, the mind takes to wandering along rather whimsical ways. So it was the other day when the tangible I was wandering down Front Street in Lahaina, Hawaii, thinking about the changing global ecosystem. I had been working on a piece about balancing species endangerment against economic concerns. That is a most difficult issue, truly deserving of Solomonic wisdom-which we, alas, can only aspire to.
In an unexplained thought, doubtless brought on by direct noonday sun on the forehead, I began to put myself in the position of a thinking rock about 3.85 billion years ago. I would have been distressed about what was happening to my environment. An ugly stuff referred to by some rocks as “life” is beginning to show up all over. The beautiful crystal-clear ocean waters are beginning to cloud up as this material accretes in very unrocklike ways. Clean wet seashore stones are being covered by an ugly, greengray slimy goo. Rock environmentalists among us are truly upset.
Separate Spheres
Authors: Coltrane Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the so called traditional view, it is a man’s duty to serve his family by being a breadwinner and protector, whereas a woman’s duty is to be a good wife and mother. More than any other cultural belief, this idealized notion of separate spheres for mothers and fathers shapes what it means to be a man or a woman in our society. Kind and gentle women are supposed to stay home to care for children and family, allowing bold and aggressive men to venture out into the competitive worlds of work, politics, and war. According to this widely held view, the rights and duties of men and women are separate but complementary, flowing directly from some underlying natural difference between mothers and fathers. Like all beliefs, however, the separate spheres ideal is shaped by one’s culture, and is subject to change as the social and economic factors that produced it undergo changes of their own. In this chapter I explore some of the historical roots of the belief in separate spheres to see just how much change might be possible.
Changing Patterns of Family Work
Authors: Coltrane Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Second Shift, sociologist Arlie Hochschild presented compelling accounts of working parents trying to balance job and family responsibilities in the 1980s. Not surprisingly, she concluded that wh;it seems natural and fair to most people actually favors husbands’ interests over wives’. According to Hochschild, American women put in fifteen hours more each week than their husbands on all types of work—both paid and unpaid—amounting to a full extra month of 24-hour workdays in a year. Trying to understand how and why this second shift falls on women, Hochschild and her assistants inter-viewed and observed 52 couples over an eight-year period.
Explaining Family Work
Authors: Coltrane Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last three chapters I explored how some California couples talked about balancing paid work and family obligations. Focusing on personal motivations and social contexts, I was able to generate some ideas about why other couples might attempt to share various aspects of household labor and which couples might be most likely to succeed. My goals in this chapter are to broaden the previous analysis to include studies of families from throughout the United States, to identify the most promising explanations for why Americans share family work, and to test these ideas using a national sample of households. Results will provide the basis for making predictions about the future in the last chapter.
Prologue—Two Aristocracies: A Dialogue
Authors: Taylor William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Social Problems in the South which worried and perplexed the novelists were not confined to those which concerned slavery and the status of women, deeply troubling as these were. Other tensions were building within the society at about the same time, and there is evidence that these tensions are responsible for certain features of the plantation novel as it developed. During the twenty years from Swallow Barn to Uncle Tom, Southerners betrayed a growing uneasiness over their ability to keep their house in order. The fear of a divided South and anxiety about alienation of the West grew more apparent as the sectional crisis increased in intensity.
Virtue Theory
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medicine is a moral community because it is at heart a moral enterprise and its members are bound together by a common moral purpose. If this is so, they must be guided by some shared source of morality-some fundamental rules, principles, or character traits that will define a moral life consistent with the ends, goals, and purposes of medicine. For centuries, this source was the character of the physician and, in keeping with the moral philosophy of the times, virtue ethics provided the conceptual foundation for professional ethics. In modem times, for reasons we shall outline briefly, virtue has been supplanted by principle- and rule-based ethics.