bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Timing of neuronal and glial ultrastructure disruption during brain slice preparation and recovery in vitro
Authors: Fiala John C. , Kirov Sergei A. , Feinberg Marcia D. , Petrak Lara J. , George Priya , Goddard C. Alex , Harris Kristen M. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractHippocampal slices often have more synapses than perfusion‐fixed hippocampus, but the cause of this synaptogenesis is unclear. Ultrastructural evidence for synaptogenic triggers during slice preparation was investigated in 21‐day‐old rats. Slices chopped under warm or chilled conditions and fixed after 0, 5, 25, 60, or 180 minutes of incubation in an interface chamber were compared with hippocampi fixed by perfusion or by immersion of the whole hippocampus. There was no significant synaptogenesis in these slices compared with perfusion‐fixed hippocampus, but there were other structural changes during slice preparation and recovery in vitro. Whole hippocampus and slices prepared under warm conditions exhibited an increase in axonal coated vesicles, suggesting widespread neurotransmitter release. Glycogen granules were depleted from astrocytes and neurons in 0‐min slices, began to reappear by 1 hour, and had fully recovered by 3 hours. Dendritic microtubules were initially disassembled in slices, but reassembled into normal axial arrays after 5 minutes. Microtubules were short at 5 minutes (12.3 ± 1.1 μm) but had recovered normal lengths by 3 hours (84.6 ± 20.0 μm) compared with perfusion‐fixed hippocampus (91 ± 22 μm). Microtubules appeared transiently in 15 ± 3% and 9 ± 4% of dendritic spines 5 and 25 minutes after incubation, respectively. Spine microtubules were absent from perfusion‐fixed hippocampus and 3‐hour slices. Ice‐cold dissection and vibratomy in media that blocked activity initially produced less glycogen loss, coated vesicles, and microtubule disassembly. Submersing these slices in normal oxygenated media at 34°C led to glycogen depletion, as well as increased coated vesicles and microtubule disassembly within 1 minute. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:90–103, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical markers for the subdivisions of the barn owl's inferior‐collicular complex and adjacent peri‐ and subventricular structures
Authors: Wagner Hermann , Güntürkün Onur , Nieder Bärbel 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe anatomy of the inferior‐collicular complex of the barn owl, situated below the fourth ventricle in the tectal lobe, was studied by determining the distribution of antigens with antibodies directed against tyrosine hydroxylase, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)Aβ, dopamine‐ and cyclic AMP‐regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP‐32), calretinin, and calbindin. Additionally, the somata were stained with cresyl violet, and fibers were marked according to the Gallyas procedure. These markers were chosen to allow for an easy delineation of the boundaries between the subnuclei of the inferior colliculus. We could discriminate eight structures that belong to the three subnuclei of the inferior colliculus [the central nucleus (ICC), the superficial nucleus (ICS), the external nucleus (ICX)] and to the optic tectum. Periventricular tectal layers 15a and 15b stained well with all the antibodies used. The ICS, embedded in tectal layer 15a, may be divided into a dorsal and a ventral lamina. It does not have direct contact with the other nuclei of the inferior colliculus. The border between tectal layer 15a and ICX was well marked by all antibodies, but less so in Gallyas and cresyl violet stains. The ICC consists of a core and a medial and lateral shell. The core was clearly demarcated with antibodies against calretinin and calbindin. The border between the lateral shell and the ICX was marked less well than the borders between ICX and 15a, but the somata were much more darkly labeled with the DARPP‐32 antibody in ICX than in the lateral shell of ICC. None of the markers delineated the border between the medial and lateral shell of ICC. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:145–159, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Broca's region: Cytoarchitectonic asymmetry and developmental changes
Authors: Amunts Katrin , Schleicher Axel , Ditterich Annette , Zilles Karl 
Published: August 2003

AbstractFunctional imaging and clinical studies in children and adults have provided evidence of developmental changes in the hemispheric specialization for language. Whereas cytoarchitectonic asymmetry has been demonstrated in Broca's region of adults, the anatomical correlates of developmental changes in language dominance are largely unknown. In the present postmortem study of 34 human brains (ages ranging from 3.5 months to 85 years), the cytoarchitecture of areas 44 and 45 as the putative anatomical correlates of Broca's region, their developmental changes, and interhemispheric asymmetry were analyzed. Asymmetry as estimated by Euclidean distances between feature vectors of cytoarchitectonic profiles of left and right areas 44 and 45 was already found in 1‐year‐old infants. Asymmetry tended to increase with age, which was significant in area 45, but not in area 44. An adult‐like, left‐larger‐than‐right asymmetry in the volume fraction of cell bodies [gray level index (GLI)] was reached at approximately 5 years in area 45 and 11 years in area 44. These time points indicate a delayed development of the cytoarchitectonic asymmetry in Broca's region in comparison with that of the primary motor cortex. It may be hypothesized that the delayed maturation is the microstructural basis of the development of language abilities and the influence of language practice on cytoarchitecture during childhood. Interhemispheric asymmetry in the cytoarchitecture of areas 44 and 45 continues to change throughout life. We conclude that the cytoarchitectonic asymmetry of areas 44 and 45 is a result of microstructural plasticity that endures throughout almost the whole lifespan. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:72–89, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inner retinal neurons display differential responses to N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor activation
Authors: Sun Daniel , Rait Julian L. , Kalloniatis Michael 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) responses of neurons from within the inner rabbit retina were mapped using a channel permeable cation, 1‐amino‐4‐guanidobutane (agmatine, AGB). Serial sections were subsequently probed with immunoglobulins targeting AGB, glutamate, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glycine to visualize the NMDA responses of neurochemical subpopulations of neurons. Most inner retinal subpopulations of neurons demonstrated an NMDA concentration‐dependent increase in activation. This NMDA‐induced activation displayed a distinct pattern, with the most sensitive class to least sensitive class ranking being GC > GABA cAC > GABA/Gly cAC > Gly cAC > GABA dAC (GC, ganglion cells; AC, amacrine cells; c, conventional; d, displaced; Gly, glycine). The variable NMDA response may reflect differences in NMDA receptor subunit disposition or differences in receptor density. In addition to the variable NMDA activation pattern, we found that virtually all ganglion cells (87%) showed NMDA‐gated AGB entry, compared with only 58% of amacrine cells. We conclude that a large cohort of amacrine cells do not possess functional NMDA receptors. In addition to most ganglion cells being activated by NMDA, a large subpopulation displayed the highest sensitivity to NMDA application. The functional significance of this finding is that the ganglion cell population will be the first neuronal class to be susceptible to glutamate‐induced neurotoxicity mediated through the NMDA receptor. The addition of betaxolol significantly reduced NMDA‐mediated AGB entry into most neuronal groups (ganglion cells, GABA, and glycine amacrine cells), with the greatest effect being on ganglion cells. Betaxolol had no significant effect on NMDA‐gated entry of AGB on the GABA/Gly amacrine cell population. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:38–56, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crystal growth of barium aluminum (gallium) borates
Authors: Kimura H. , Miyazaki A. , Maiwa K. , Nakamura H. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractCrystals listed in the JCPDS card in the BaO‐B2O3‐Al2O3 and BaO‐B2O3‐Ga2O3 systems are of interest from a viewpoint of the Second Harmonic Generation (SHG). Ba5Al4B12O29 and Ba5Ga4B12O29 are promising new crystals with SHG activity and with congruent melting mode. These crystals can be grown by the Czochralski method with a size of 3 × 3 × 0.1‐1mm. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrochemical growth and properties of LaMn1−xCoxO3 (0 < x ≤ 1) single crystals
Authors: Khalyavin D. D. , Shiryaev S. V. , Bychkov G. L. , Barilo S. N. , Ustinovich S. N. , Szymczak H. , Szymczak R. , Allenspach P. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractSingle crystals of LaMn1−xCoxO3 (0 < x < 1) with distorted perovskite structure have been obtained by the electrodeposition technique at anode from flux melt using Cs2MoO4‐MoO3 binary system as solvent. An investigation of magnetic and electrical properties of the obtained crystals as well as its comparison with those for ceramic samples of the same composition were carried out. A much weaker interplay between magnetic and electrical properties and a smaller ∼8% magnetoresistance were found in the ternary oxide crystals slightly doped by Co on the verge of transition to ferromagnetic state in comparison to the data have been reported for LaMnO3+δ single crystals. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of simultaneous doping of Tl and Bi on microstructure and critical current density of HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+δ
Authors: Giri Rajiv , Verma G. D. , Tiwari R. S. , Srivastava O. N. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractIt has been found that simultaneous doping of Tl and Bi at Hg site of HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+δ HTSC phase induces interesting microstructural variants in the form of long period polytypoid (LPP) like structure embodying native defect substructures. It has been observed that the as synthesized (HgTl0.2−xBix)Ba2Ca2Cu3O8+δ (with x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15) phases have superconducting onset transition temperature (Tc) of about ∼133 K. However, the intragrain critical current density (Jc) for the various materials with different compositions varies significantly. It varies from 6.2 × 106 A/cm2 to 2.9 × 106 A/cm2 at 5 K and 1 T for (HgTl0.10Bi10)Ba2Ca2Cu3O8+δ and (HgTl0.15Bi0.05)Ba2Ca2Cu3O8+δ HTSC phase respectively. A correlation between the intragrain Jc and the defect substructures has been found to be present. This correlation has been described and disscussed. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Atomic force microscopy studies on liquid inclusions and induced defects of cadmium mercury thiocyanate crystal
Authors: Jiang X. N. , Xu D. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractLiquid inclusions and various defects accordingly induced on a nonlinear optical material of CMTC crystal were investigated by atomic force microscopy. Liquid inclusions are chiefly caused by formation of macrosteps, which result from impurity‐induced inhibiting of step growth and meeting of step trains advancing along different directions. Liquid inclusions induce generation of dislocations and even cracks within the crystal by three‐dimensional nucleation growth. Liquid inclusions also provide screw dislocation growth sources, leading to formation of spiral hillock trains with ridged tails. Etching experiments reveal circular hollow cores, indicative of screw dislocation growth, and negative crystals resulting from further crystallization in the liquid inclusions. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical constants of DC magnetron sputtered titanium dioxide thin films measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry
Authors: Karunagaran B. , Rajendra Kumar R. T. , Viswanathan C. , Mangalaraj D. , Narayandass Sa. K. , Mohan Rao G. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractOptical constants of DC magnetron sputtered TiO2 thin film have been determined by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry in the photon energy range 1.2 to 5.5 eV at room temperature. The measured dielectric‐function spectra reveal distinct structures at energies of the E1, E1 + Δ1 and E2 critical points are due to interband transitions. The root mean square roughness of the magnetron sputtered TiO2 thin films evaluated by ex‐situ atomic force microscopy is 5.8 nm. The Dielectric constant values were found to be substantially lower than those for the bulk TiO2. The dielectric related Optical constants, such as the refractive index, extinction coefficient, absorption coefficient and normal incidence of reflectivity determined from the spectroscopic ellipsometry data are presented and analyzed. The optical constants of the films were also determined using the optical transmittance measurements and the results were discussed. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Measurement of temperature and concentration dependences of refractive index of hen‐egg‐white lysozyme solution
Authors: Yin D. C. , Inatomi Y. , Wakayama N. I. , Huang W. D. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis paper reports the measurement of temperature and concentration dependences of the refractive index of hen‐egg‐white lysozyme (HEWL) solution, and the temperature dependence of refractive index of the quartz container, which are indispensable for the efforts to measure HEWL concentration of the solution during the processes like crystal growth and dissolution using interferometer. As all of these dependences might be different under different observation wavelengths, temperatures and solution compositions, it is necessary to measure them for specific conditions. In this paper, the desired dependences were measured without knowing the actual value of the refractive index. The measurement method was introduced and the measurement experiments were undertaken at wavelength 780 nm. The dependences obtained will be also useful for those studies employing the same wavelength and solution conditions. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermal conductivity and refractive indices of Nd:GdVO4 crystals
Authors: Qin L. J. , Meng X. L. , Shen H. Y. , Zhu L. , Xu B. C. , Huang L. X. , Xia H. R. , Zhao P. , Zheng G. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe thermal conductivities of Nd:YAG, M(Y,Gd)VO4 crystals were measured at 298 K. The value of Nd:GdVO4 crystal along <001> direction was 11.4 W/mK, which was higher than that of YAG crystal measured to be 10.7 W/mK. The principal refractive indices of Nd:GdVO4 crystal in the temperature range from 20 °C to 170 °C were determined by auto‐collimation method. Based on the measured values of refractive indices, the Sellmeier equation and expression of temperature dependence of refractive indices have been obtained. The measured results show that the birefringence Δn is 0.22007 at 20 °C and temperature coefficient of birefringence is 4.33 × 10−6/°C for 1.064 μm. These results prove that the GdVO4 crystal is a laser crystal with excellent thermal and birefringence properties. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical properties of nitrogen implanted GaSe single crystal
Authors: Karabulut O. , Parlak M. , Turan R. , Serincan U. , Tasarkuyu E. , Akįnoglu B. G. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractN‐implantation to GaSe single crystals was carried out perpendicular to c‐axis with ion beam of 6 × 1015 ions/cm2 dose having energy values 30 keV and 60 keV. Temperature dependent electrical conductivities and Hall mobilities of implanted samples were measured along the layer in the temperature range of 100‐320 K. It was observed that N‐implantation decreases the resistivity values down to 103 Ω‐cm depending on the annealing temperature, from the room temperature resistivity values of as‐grown samples lying in the range 106‐107 Ω‐cm. The temperature dependent conductivities exhibits two regions (100‐190 and 200‐320 K) with the activation energies of 234‐267 meV and 26‐74 meV, for the annealing temperatures of 500 and 700 °C, respectively. The temperature dependence of Hall mobility for the sample annealed at 500 °C shows abrupt increase and decrease as the ambient temperature increases. The analysis of the mobility‐temperature dependence in the studied temperature range showed that impurity scattering and lattice scattering mechanisms are effective at different temperature regions with high temperature exponent. Annealing of the samples at 700 °C shifted impurity scattering mechanism toward higher temperature regions. In order to obtain the information about the defect produced by N‐implantation, the carrier density was analyzed by using single donor‐single acceptor model. We found acceptor ionization energy as Ea = 450 meV, and acceptor and donor concentration as 1.3 × 1013 and Nd = 3.5 × 1010 cm−3, respectively. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Global Reporting Initiative and corporate sustainability reporting in Swedish companies
Authors: Hedberg Carl‐Johan , von Malmborg Fredrik 
Published: August 2003

AbstractWith empirical evidence from Swedish companies, this paper analyses the phenomenon of corporate sustainability reporting (CSR) in general and the use of CSR guidelines developed by the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) in particular. The main questions at issue are why companies have chosen to use the GRI guidelines and how this has affected corporate social responsibility and environmental management. From interviews with all Swedish companies that use the guidelines, we have found that companies produce CSRs mainly to seek organizational legitimacy, and that the main reason for use of the GRI guidelines is an expectation of increasing credibility of the CSR, but also that it provides a template for how to design a report. Moreover, we have found that the CSR report and the GRI guidelines are of more help for internal than external communication at this stage of development. It could help corporations to learn about themselves and to see what has actually been done in the organization. In all, the GRI guidelines would have the potential for gaining visibility and control of the triple bottom line on a corporate level, but they are in need of further development, not least in relation to the issue of verification. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Corporate social responsibility and the identification of stakeholders
Authors: Vos Janita F. J. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractAs a management problem the identification of stakeholders is not easily solved. It comprises a modelling and a normative issue, which need to be solved in connection with each other. In stakeholder literature knowledge can be found, e.g. on various stakeholder categorizations, that could be useful for the modelling issue. However, the normative issue remains unresolved. Additionally, the modelling of the so‐called stakeholder category ‘the affected’ further complicates this issue. Nevertheless, from a normative perspective, this group holds justified interests in aspects of organizational activity and its members are, for that reason, legitimate stakeholders. In this article it is explored to what extent critical systems heuristics can help in resolving the managerial problem of identifying stakeholders. Critical systems heuristics is a modelling methodology in which the normative aspect of modelling is crucial. Using the distinction between ‘the involved’ and ‘the affected’, a variety of boundary judgments are discussed. Special attention is given to the so‐called ‘witness’ as a representative of the affected. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Balancing performance, accountability and equity in stakeholder relationships: towards more socially responsible HR practice
Authors: Simmons John 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe paper uses stakeholder analysis to examine issues of performance, accountability and equity in organizations; and to identify implications for more socially responsible HR practice. Its theme is that effective governance can be reconciled with social responsibility, and that incorporating stakeholder views in HR systems enhances organization performance and commitment. A performance management case study confirms the importance of incorporating stakeholder views when HR systems are designed or modified, and the implications for employee commitment and organizational justice if they are ignored. A ‘stakeholder systems’ model of performance management is offered as a means of developing robust and ethical HR systems. This delineates design, operation and evaluation stages, relates these to issues of accountability and organizational justice and suggests measures for assessing system effectiveness. Conclusions are related to research and practitioner agendas regarding stakeholder (and especially employee) ‘voice’. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Corporate social responsibility in international development: an overview and critique1
Authors: Michael Bryane 
Published: August 2003

AbstractWithin the literature focusing on CSR's role in development, three ‘schools of practice’ appear to be emerging: the neo‐liberal school (focused on self‐regulation by industry according to the risks and rewards of CSR activity), the state‐led school (focused on national and international regulation and co‐operation) and the ‘third way’ school (focused on the role of for profit and not‐for‐profit organizations. Yet, each of these schools of practice may be critiqued using theories applicable to the broader field of development. Namely, the neo‐liberal school fails to address the resource misallocations caused by CSR. The state‐led school fails to address the underlying politics behind government encouraged CSR. The ‘third way’ school fails to address the self‐interest involved in CSR. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The potential for high‐performance design adoption in retail property portfolios
Authors: Preston Mark , Bailey Alison 
Published: August 2003

AbstractGrowing legislative pressures and increasing stakeholder awareness of environmental issues are pushing the property market to consider high‐performance, low‐impact retail buildings. The office sector is relatively advanced in its apparent appreciation of such buildings; however, the retail sector is slow to recognize these benefits. In exploring the business case for high‐performance design adoption in the retail sector, this paper examines the overlaps between office and retail sector benefits and considers the potential benefits peculiar to retailers. Barriers to high‐performance design adoption are then addressed through case research, interviews with key representatives from the retail property market and a questionnaire survey of FTSE listed retail company property departments. The paper concludes that information gaps are a significant hindrance to high‐performance property development and that they can be reduced, to some extent, by the forthcoming introduction of the BREEAM Retail environmental assessment tool. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Nucleation and Growth of Nanophasic CeO2 Thin Films by Plasma‐Enhanced CVD
Authors: Barreca D. , Gasparotto A. , Tondello E. , Sada C. , Polizzi S. , Benedetti A. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractNanophasic CeO2‐based thin films were grown at low temperatures on SiO2 and Si(100) by plasma‐enhanced (PE) CVD from a CeIV β‐diketonate first generation precursor. Film depositions were carried out in low‐pressure Ar–O2 plasmas at temperatures between 150 °C and 300 °C. The film microstructure was investigated by glancing incidence X‐ray diffraction (GIXRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while the surface and in‐depth chemical composition was studied by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), respectively. Optical properties were analyzed by UV‐vis optical absorption. Nanostructured CeO2‐based films, with crystal size less than 6 nm and a controllable CeIV/CeIII ratio, were obtained at temperatures even lower than that required for precursor vaporization (170 °C). In particular, TEM analyses showed an island growth mode and different microstructural features as a function of the substrate used.