bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taking aim on empowerment research: On the distinction between individual and psychological conceptions
Authors: Zimmerman Marc A. 
Published: January 2005

SummaryEmpowerment theory need not remain a mystery. Efforts, such as those described in this special section, to outline more clearly the nomological network of empowerment at multiple levels of analysis will advance empowerment theory. Tough‐minded rigorous research is needed to advance the concept of empowerment. Empowerment research requires us to shift our attention from a debate between the merits of research at one level of analysis versus another to building bridges between levels of analysis. We must integrate theories and methods from other disciplines and develop research strategies that incorporate qualitative procedures and the voices of the research participants. The papers in this special section take aim on these tasks and add to our understanding of empowerment.
Community psychology in Thailand
Authors: Tapanya Sombat 
Published: January 2005

ConclusionIt appears that, though the medical model will predominate in the health field for a long time to come, community psychology is slowly taking shape and laying down its foundation in Thailand. Increasing numbers of health professionals are becoming aware of the paradigm shift and the limitations of the conventional approach.With gradually accumulated experiences and more formal training, which Thai psychologists will be able to avail themselves of in the future, the results should be a better quality of community programs, with more systematic evaluation, and better research. The goal would be to develop innovations utilizing existing resources within the unique Thai culture and environment. With such progress, Thai community psychologists will be able to improve their status from the present auxiliary role to equal partnership and move into much better positions to make significant contributions in the field of community psychology.
Ultrasound biometry of Arabian fetuses
Authors: Nasrat H. , Bondagji N.S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo establish fetal ultrasound biometry charts for Arabian fetuses between 14 and 40 weeks of gestation.MethodCross‐sectional fetal ultrasound data of normal singleton pregnancies, which had been performed over a period of 7 years, were retrieved. Only pregnant Arab women with certain last menstrual period dates and/or early ultrasound examinations were included. Each fetus contributed to only one set of data. Normal ranges for biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), and femur length (FL) were established. The mean and 5th and 95th percentiles at 18th, 28th, and 36 weeks of gestation were compared with similar ranges of published data from pregnancies of American and Anglo‐Saxon population.ResultsFetal ultrasound biometry has been established for our local population. Comparing our data with Western population emphasizes the presence of significant variation in fetal morphometric measurements, particularly in the later weeks of gestation and at the extremes of the range of fetal size.ConclusionThe clinical significance of this variation differs according to the primary objective of ultrasound fetal measurements. For estimation of fetal age, usually by head and femur measurements in early gestation, ethnic variation seems to have limited significance. Whereas for estimation of fetal growth and/or weight in the third trimester, based on abdominal circumference, the use of given points, e.g., 10th or 5th percentile derived from other population charts, has the potential of either over‐ or underdiagnosis of IUGR fetuses. The adoption of locally developed charts is recommended.
Redirected primary T cells harboring a chimeric receptor require costimulation for their antigen-specific activation
Authors: Friedmann-Morvinski Dinorah , Bendavid Alain , Waks Tova , Schindler Daniel , Eshhar Zelig 
Published: December 2004

AbstractChimeric receptor (CR)–redirected lymphocytes (T bodies) have great potential in the eradication of tumor cells. To extend this approach to target cells that do not express surface ligands to costimulatory receptors (eg, cancer cells), we have generated an antibody-based tripartite chimeric receptor (TPCR) that contains scFv linked to the costimulatory molecule, CD28 without its ligand-binding domain, and to the cytoplasmic moiety of the FcRγ subunit. In this study, we tested the ability of 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP)–specific TPCR to drive primary, naïve T cells derived from CR-transgenic (Tg) mice to undergo full activation. As a control, we used Tg mice expressing a similar transgene but lacking the signaling region of CD28 (Tg-TPCRΔCD28). Only T cells from the TPCR-Tg and not the CD28-truncated TPCR-Tg mice could undergo activation following stimulation on hapten-modified target cells not expressing B7. Moreover, when stimulated with TNP protein displayed on plastic, the TPCR-Tg T cells expressing the entire TPCR gene became fully activated for proliferation, interleukin 2 production, protection from apoptosis, and killing of TNP-modified target cells. Finally, TPCR-Tg mice manifested a delayed-type hypersensitivity response following skin challenge in the absence of priming. Taken together, our results suggest that the TPCR is the receptor configuration of choice for clinical applications using primary T or stem cells.
The promyelocytic leukemia protein PML regulates c-Jun function in response to DNA damage
Authors: Salomoni Paolo , Bernardi Rosa , Bergmann Stephan , Changou Austin , Tuttle Sara , Pandolfi Pier Paolo 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe promyelocytic leukemia (PML) gene, a tumor suppressor inactivated in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), regulates apoptosis induced by DNA damage. However, the molecular mechanisms by which PML modulates apoptosis following genotoxic stress are only partially elucidated. PML is essential for p53-dependent induction of programmed cell death upon γ-irradiation through PML-nuclear body (NB)–mediated control of p53 acetylation. Here, we show that PML selectively regulates proapoptotic transcription factors upon different types of DNA damage. We find that Pml inactivation protects fibroblasts from UV-induced apoptosis in a p53-independent manner. We demonstrate that c-Jun is required for UV-induced apoptosis and that PML is essential for both c-Jun transcriptional activation and DNA binding upon UV radiation. We find that PML physically interacts with c-Jun and that upon UV radiation the PML-NBs reorganize into novel nuclear microspeckled structures (UV-NBs), where PML and c-Jun dynamically accumulate. These data identify a novel PML-dependent pathway for c-Jun transcriptional activation and induction of apoptosis in response to DNA damage and shed new light on the role of PML in tumor suppression.
Endothelial barrier protection by activated protein C through PAR1-dependent sphingosine 1–phosphate receptor-1 crossactivation
Authors: Feistritzer Clemens , Riewald Matthias 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEndothelial cells normally form a dynamically regulated barrier at the blood-tissue interface, and breakdown of this barrier is a key pathogenic factor in inflammatory disorders such as sepsis. Pro-inflammatory signaling by the blood coagulation protease thrombin through protease activated receptor-1 (PAR1) can disrupt endothelial barrier integrity, whereas the bioactive lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) recently has been demonstrated to have potent barrier protective effects. Activated protein C (APC) inhibits thrombin generation and has potent anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we show that APC enhanced endothelial barrier integrity in a dual-chamber system dependent on binding to endothelial protein C receptor, activation of PAR1, and activity of cellular sphingosine kinase. Small interfering RNA that targets sphingosine kinase-1 or S1P receptor-1 blocked this protective signaling by APC. Incubation of cells with PAR1 agonist peptide or low concentrations of thrombin (∼ 40 pM) had a similar barrier-enhancing effect. These results demonstrate that PAR1 activation on endothelial cells can have opposite biologic effects, reveal a role for cross-communication between the prototypical barrier-protective S1P and barrier-disruptive PAR1 pathway, and suggest that S1P receptor-1 mediates protective effects of APC in systemic inflammation.
A rapid translocation of CD45RO but not CD45RA to lipid rafts in IL-6-induced proliferation in myeloma
Authors: Li Fu-Jun , Tsuyama Naohiro , Ishikawa Hideaki , Obata Masanori , Abroun Saeid , Liu Shangqin , Otsuyama Ken-ichiro , Zheng Xu , Ma Zi , Maki Yasuko , Kawano Michio M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCD45, a receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase, is required for interleukin-6 (IL-6)-induced proliferation in human myeloma cells, which express the shortest isoform, CD45RO, but not the longest isoform, CD45RA. Here, we showed that IL-6 induced the translocation of CD45 to lipid rafts in an isoform-dependent manner. In myeloma cells, CD45RO was translocated to lipid rafts more rapidly than CD45RB, but exogenously expressed CD45RA was not translocated. When an IL-6Rα-transfected B-cell line was stimulated with IL-6, CD45RA was not translocated, although CD45RB was. We further confirmed that the translocated CD45 bound to IL-6Rα, Lyn, and flotillin-2, and this was followed by the dephosphorylation of the negative regulatory Tyr507 of Lyn. CD45 also bound to phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains (PAGs), which were subsequently dephosphorylated, resulting in the release of C-terminal src kinase (Csk) from lipid rafts. Therefore, these results indicate that a rapid translocation of CD45RO to lipid rafts may be responsible for IL-6-induced proliferation, and that the change from CD45RA to CD45RO confers the ability to respond to IL-6 in human myeloma cells. (Blood. 2005;105:3295-3302)
Zukünftige Fahrzeugführungsassistenz – Kombinierte Längs- und Querregelung (Future Vehicle Guidance Assistance – Combined Longitudinal and Lateral Control)
Authors: Weilkes Michael , Bürkle Lutz , Rentschler Tobias , Scherl Michael 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Die Erweiterung der vom ACC bekannten Längsführungsunterstützung bis hin zum Stillstand unter Einbeziehung einer Querführungsunterstützung bringt nicht nur Vorteile für die Fahrerentlastung, sondern kann durch die Vernetzung der Unterstützungszweige auch die Einzelfunktionalität verbessern bzw. transparenter machen. Zwei mögliche Stufen einer Kombination, die unterschiedliche Automatisierung im niedrigen Geschwindigkeitsbereich bieten, werden dargestellt. Für die Querführung wird ein Grundkonzept, das sowohl die autonome wie eine durch Führungsmomente unterstützende Querführung ermöglicht, dargestellt und zwei verschiedene Querregelungsansätze verglichen.
The effects of organolead compounds on a freshwater and a marine alga
Authors: Jarvie A W P , Marshall S J 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThere are conflicting reports concerning the toxicity of tetraalkyllead (TAL) compounds to algae. A number of groups have found the TAL's to be comparable in toxicity with the trialkyllead compounds (R3Pb+), whereas in a recent report it is suggested that the TAL's themselves are completely non‐toxic and any apparent toxicity is due to R3Pb+ breakdown products.With the object of identifying the toxic agent, the effect of Et4Pb (TEL) on two algal species was re‐examined. Analyses were carried out during the course of the incubations to establish the nature and concentrations of organoleads present in both media and algae, and hence evaluate their relative contributions to total toxicity.Algae were also cultured in the presence of Me4Pb (TML), Me3PbCl, Et3PbCl, Bu3PbCl and Et2PbCl2 to assess relationships between alkyl chain length and degree of substitution around the lead on algal activity. Additions of selenide and sulphide were made to the Et3Pb+ and Et2Pb2+ systems to see if these environmentally abundant species reduced or enhanced organolead toxicity. Problems were encountered in the analysis of the heterogeneous TEL containing media. Regardless of the analytical problems, the results confirm the previous findings that TAL's are non‐toxic to algae and it is the R3Pb+ breakdown products which are responsible for the apparent toxicity of the TAL's. The trialkylleads were the most toxic of the several alkyllead species studied, and within the trialkyl series toxicity increased with alkyl chain length. Neither selenide or sulphide had any significant ameliorative effect on alkyllead toxicity. It was found that the ionic organoleads were complexed on the TAL's and this complexing led to a number of unexpected results.
Polymeric cofactors which accelerate homogeneous rhodium(I) and ruthenium(II) catalyzed hydrogenations of alkenes
Authors: Bergbreiter David E , Bursten Marian S , Parsons Gregory L , Cook Kaelyn 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPolymeric reagents prepared by exchanging silver(I) for H+ on a macroreticular polystyrene sulfonate ion exchange resin are shown to be capable of selectively absorbing triphenylphosphine from solutions of triphenylphosphine complexes of rhodium(I) and ruthenium(II). Absorption of triphenylphosphine during alkene hydrogenations catalyzed by RhCl(PPh3)3, RuCl2(PPh3)3 and RuHCl(PPh3)3 led to increased hydrogenation rates in hydrogenation of 1‐hexene and other alkenes. Addition of this silver(I) polystyrene sulfonate to alkene hydrogenations catalyzed by HRh(CO) (PPh3)3, RuH2(PPh3)3 and RuH(OCOCH3) (PPh3)3 also led to modest rate accelerations. Catalyst activations seen in these alkene hydrogenations were shown to be due in some cases to triphenylphosphine absorption. In other cases, HCl or HCl plus triphenylphosphine absorption was responsible for the formation of a more active catalyst solution.
Organotin biocides. X. Synthesis, structure and biocidal activity of organotin derivatives of 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole, 2‐mercaptobenzoxazole and 2‐mercaptobenzimidazole
Authors: Molloy K C , Purcell T G , Cunningham D , McCardle P , Higgins T 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTen organotin derivatives of 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole (Hmbt), 2‐mercaptobenzoxazole (Hmbo) and 2‐mercaptobenzimidazole (Hmbi) have been synthesised and thier structures characterised by spectroscopic methods. Triorganotin derivatives are all S‐bonded to the ligand and four‐coordinate at tin except Bu3Sn(mbo) which is five‐coordinate trans‐ONSnR3 polymer at 78K. The crystal structure of Cy3Sn(mbt) has been determined and confirms the tetrahedral geometry at tin. Bu2Sn(mbt)2 is weakly six‐coordinate by N,S chelating ligands. Biocidal activity patterns are presented for Cy3Sn(mbt), Ph3Sn(mbt) and Ph3Sn(mbo).
Crystal and molecular structure of [i‐Pr2Si]4 and [(Me3SICH2)2Si]4 and some structural properties of cyclopolysilanes, [R1R2Si]n (n = 3‐6)
Authors: Watanabe Hamao , Kato Motohiko , Okawa Tadashi , Kougo Yuichi , Nagai Yoichiro , Goto Midori 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe crystal structures of octaisopropylcyclotetrasilane [i‐Pr2Si]4 (1) and octakis(trimethylsilylmethyl)cyclotetrasilane [(Me3SiCH2)2Si]4 (2) have been determined by means of X‐ray diffraction analysis. Various crystallographic and structural data for the two compounds were recorded. The Si4 rings of the compounds are nonplanar with quite large dihedral angles of 37.1° in (1) and 36.6° in (2), being comparable to that (36.8)° for [t‐BuMeSi]4 reported previously and other characteristic features in the structures of (1) and (2) were described. Some structural properties of the cyclic catenation systems, [R1R2Si]n (n = 3–6), including (1) and (2) were also discussed from a comparative viewpoint with respect to the ring shape and the relationship between ring size and Si‐Si bond length.
Identification of arsenobetaine and a tetramethylarsonium salt in the clam Meretrix lusoria
Authors: Shiomi Kazuo , Kakehashi Yukari , Yamanaka Hideaki , Kikuchi Takeaki 
Published: January 2005

AbstractChemical forms of arsenic were examined in six tissues (gill, mid‐gut gland, siphon, foot, mantle and adductor muscle) of the clam Meretrix lusoria. The gill was found to contain higher levels of arsenic than the other tissues. Regardless of the nature of the tissues, the presence of arsenobetaine was established by HPLC0ICP; it was a minor arsenic compound in gill but a major one in the other tissues. The major arsenic compound in gill, which was more cationic than arsenobetaine, was obtained in a relatively pure state by ion‐exchange chromatography, gel filtration and HPLC. It was positive to the Dragendorff reagent and iodine vapor but negative to ninhydrin reagent. Its 1HNMR spectrum exhibited only one signal at δ 1.7 (singlet) and its FAB mass spectrum gave a base peak at m/e 135 [(CH3)4As+] and two significant peaks at m/e 120 [(CH3)3As] and 106 [(CH3)2AsH]. These results suggested that the major arsenic compound in gill exists as a tetramethylarsonium salt (CH3)4As+ · X−. The tetramethylarsonium salt was also found as a minor component in the tissues other than the gill.
The direct synthesis of triorgano tin compounds
Authors: Holland F S 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe synthesis of triorganotin halides directly from tin is described. The addition of an alkyl halide to tin metal dispersed in a molten quaternary halide rapidly and selectively produces the trialkyltin halide and a by‐product containing the quaternary as a tin halide complex. The quaternary halide, the tin, and the halide ion are all recovered from the by‐product by electrolysis and reused.
The distribution and potential toxic effects of TBT in UK estuaries during 1986
Authors: Waldock M J , Thain J E , Waite M E 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe concentrations of butyltin compounds in seawater were measured at nine sites in the UK during 1986. In popular yachting centres concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) ranged from less than detectable ( < 1 ng dm−3) in the winter, up to 1500 ng dm−3 in marinas in the summer. Measurements of wastewater generated by high‐pressure hosing of yachts demonstrated that even higher environmental concentrations of TBT resulted from the procedure. The results of the monitoring programme are discssed in relation to the toxicity of TBT and recent government legislative actions.
Synthesis of tri‐n‐butyltin taurocholate, taurodeoxycholate and glycocholate
Authors: Sherman Larry R , Coyer Michael J , Huber Friedo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe bile acids, taurocholic, taurodeoxycholic and glycocholic acid, were reacted with bis(tri‐n‐butyltin) oxide (TBTO) to form 1:1 derivatives. The water of reaction was removed with 2, 2‐dimethoxypropane or by azeotropic distillation with benzene. The compounds were characterized by 13C and 119Sn NMR, IR, elemental analysis, molecular weight determination, DTA, TGA, and conductance measurements. The data indicated that tri‐n‐butyltin glycocholate forms a covalent ester, tin being tetracoordinated. The taurocholic and taurodeoxycholic acid derivatives contain one molecule of coordinated water. They partially dissociate in polar solvents. The taurocholic and glycocholic acid derivatives were tested in vitro as anticancer agents and exhibited ED50 in the 0.2–0.4 ppm (mg kg−1) range against KB epidermoid tumor and P‐388 leukemia using NCI protocols.
The reaction of hydrogen chloride with bis (p‐ethoxyphenyl)telluride, a possible route to pure tellurium
Authors: Elgy Christine , McWhinnie William R 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe reaction of hydrogen chloride with bis(p‐ethoxyphenyl)telluride is investigated and shown to give essentially phenetole (C6H5COEt), tellurium, and bis(p‐ethoxyphenyl)tellurium dichloride. Spectroscopic methods (UV–visible, 125Te NMR) show that some bis(p‐ethoxyphenyl)ditelluride is produced. This is believed to arise from a side reaction of organic telluride with an intermediate organyltellurenyl chloride which is considered to arise from initial proton attack at the Te–C bond of the telluride. The ditelluride reacts with HCl to deposit 80% of its tellurium content as the element; phenetole is the other major product. Use of a spin‐trap reagent gave no evidence of radical intermediates.An attempt to develop a reaction sequence to prepare high‐purity tellurium is described. Although a purity of 99.985% could be achieved, overall yields are not economic, unless very highpurity tellurium is required. The method described is, however, very effective for the removal of traces of tin, lead, arsenic and antimony and can significantly reduce the copper, iron and selenium content; for example, one treatment of an alloy (Te, 75%; Se, 25%) gave a sample of tellurium containing 40 ppm selenium.
Asymmetric hydrosilylation of prochiral ketones in the presence ofN‐benzyl‐N‐methylephedrinium halometallates
Authors: Rubina K I , Goldberg Yu Sh , Shymanska M V , Lukevics E 
Published: January 2005

AbstractN‐benzyl‐N‐methylephedrinium hexachloroplatinate(IV), bromotrichlororhodate(III), and dibromodichlorozincate(II) have been synthesized by reacting (—)‐N‐benzyl‐N‐methylephedrinium bromide with K2PtCl6, RhCl3· 4H2O and ZnCl2, respectively. The above halometallates have been found to catalyse the asymmetric hydrosilylation of acetophenone and 3‐acetylpyridine with diphenylsilane. The hydrosilylation of 3‐acetylpyridine in the presence of (—)‐N‐benzyl‐N‐methylephedrinium zincate followed by silyl ether hydrolysis gives 1‐(3‐pyridyl)ethanol inca50% optical yield.
The selective introduction of organometallic markers into estrogens. A‐ring propargylation of β‐estradiol
Authors: Greenfield S , Gruselle M , Jaouen G , Varghese V , Nicholas K M 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroduction of the propargyl dicobalt hexacarbonyl moiety onto the estradiol A ring as a potential probe in receptor studies requires protection of the ring phenolic group, and the regio‐selectivity of the attack (2‐ versus 4‐position) depends on the bulkiness of the organometallic carbenium ion.
The direct synthesis of triorganotin compounds: Process and reaction mechanism
Authors: Holland Frank S 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe reaction of tin metal with alkyl halides in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of halide ion rapidly produces very high yields of triorganotin halides. An overview of these reaction conditions and those required for the catalytic preparation of diorganotin dihalides shows that these preparations follow the normal reactivity of the alkyl halides towards nucleophiles. Both processes are satisfactorily explained by a mechanism involving tin halogenoanions as nucleophiles. A similar mechanism also explains the formation of organomagnesium and organozinc halides.
Synthesis of n,n′‐biquinolines by a coupling reaction of bromoquinolines using organonickel(0) complexes
Authors: Benito Yolanda , Canoira Laureano , Rodriguez J. Gonzalo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTris(triphenylphosphine)nickel(0) (A) and a zerovalent pyridine–nickel complex (B) have been used as reagents for the coupling reaction of 3‐, 6‐ and 8‐bromoquinolines: 3,3′‐, 6‐6′‐ and 8,8′‐ Biquinolines were obtained in quantitative yields when A was used as the coupling reagent. B gave always a mixture of the n,n′ ‐biquinoline and substitution products. A mechanism can be outlined to explain the coupling reaction of bromoquinolines using zerovalent nickel complexes.
The photo‐oxidation of solutions of arsenicals to arsenate: A convenient analytical procedure
Authors: Cullen William R , Dodd Matthew 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe separation of arylarsonic acids by HPLC on a reverse‐phase C18 column is described. Solutions containing these arsenicals and others such as arsenobetaine are photo‐oxidized to arsenate by ultraviolet (UV) radiation (1200 W, 1 h exposure). This allows the analysis of the solution for arsenic by hydride generation techniques. The method, UV HGAA, is developed and applied to the determination of arsenic in the methanol extracts of the Manila clam (Verupis japonica) and the Horse clam (Schizothoerus nutalli).