bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repeated physical and cytologic characterizations of subcutaneous postvaccinal reactions in cats
Authors: Schultze A. E. , Frank L. A. , Hahn K. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To examine local reactions and short-term cytologic responses of cats to administration of rabies virus (RV); FeLV; and combined feline rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, and panleukopenia virus (FRCPV) vaccines.

Animals
9 healthy 6- to 7-month-old specific-pathogen-free cats.

Procedure
One-milliliter doses of the aforementioned vaccines were administered SC (at different sites) to healthy, specific-pathogen-free cats. Each cat also received 1 ml of sterile saline solution SC as a control. Injection sites were visually examined and palpated daily for 4 weeks. Palpable lesions were measured by use of calipers. Temperature of the vaccination sites was measured weekly by use of a thermocouple. Aspirates were taken from vaccination sites weekly, and smears were submitted for cytologic analysis.

Results
There were no significant differences in lesion surface temperature among injection sites at any time. Injections of saline solution and FeLV vaccine resulted in no palpable lesions. The FRCPV vaccine elicited a minor reaction in 1 of the 9 cats. The RV vaccine caused palpable lesions in all cats. Smears of the aspirates from the sites of saline injection were poorly cellular. Cellularity of aspirates from the sites of FRCPV and FeLV vaccinations was moderate at week 1, and decreased with time. Inflammatory infiltrates were composed principally of lymphocytes, with fewer neutrophils and macrophages. In contrast, cellularity of aspirates from RV vaccination sites increased for 21 days and was characterized by increasing numbers of lymphocytes and macrophages.

Conclusions
RV vaccine used in this study induced palpable lesions in many cats. In contrast, FRCPV and FeLV vaccines elicited less severe lesions.

Clinical Relevance
Subcutaneous administration of killed virus vaccines in cats may result in palpable lesions that are detected by clients or clinicians. Aspiration cytologic examination may reveal a different characteristic pattern of cells that is dependent on the individual vaccine and time elapsed from vaccination. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:719–724)
Growth of Pasteurella haemolytica and production of its leukotoxin in semi-defined media
Authors: Highlander Sarah K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To develop semi-defined media that support growth of the bovine pathogen, Pasteurella haemolytica, and use them to examine production of leukotoxin and an arginine-binding protein by this organism.

Sample Population
10 P haemolytica A1 strains and 1 P multocida strain.

Procedure
Bacterial strains were cultivated at 37 C in media containing various amino acids, carbon sources, vitamins, and cofactors, and absorbance (OD600) was measured. Leukotoxin and arginine-binding protein production were assessed by immunoblot analysis.

Results
Optimal growth required supplementation with 0.1 % fetal bovine serum, gelatin, or purified bovine serum albumin. Calcium pantothenate and thiamine were essential for growth, and a variety of carbon sources could be utilized. In the complete medium, 15 amino acids were included; however, in the minimal medium, no amino acids were required. All strains (except P multocida) grew in the complete medium and 7 grew well in the minimal medium. Leukotoxin was not produced when amino acids were limiting, but could be enhanced by addition of 0.2% NH4SO4. Production of the arginine-binding protein was not affected by nitrogen availability or by presence of L-arginine.

Conclusions
Two media that support good growth of P haemolytica strains were developed. The minimal medium is simple to prepare and manipulate and its use revealed a potential role of nitrogen availability in the regulation of leukotoxin expression.

Clinical Relevance
Creation of these media will permit continued studies of the response of P haemolytica to environmental conditions that may mimic those encountered in the bovine respiratory tract during shipping. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:749–754)
Secretion of apolipoprotein A-I by calf liver parenchymal cells
Authors: Miyamoto Toru , Katoh Norio 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine: whether apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is secreted by calf liver parenchymal cells; the isoprotein pattern and association with lipids of secreted apoA-I; and effects of steroid hormones on apoA-I secretion.

Sample Population
6 male Holstein calves (1 to 2 weeks old) as a cell culture source.

Procedure
apoA-I in culture medium was detected by immunoblot analysis, and its concentration was measured by use of an ELISA. The isoprotein pattern was analyzed by use of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Associations of apoA-I with cholesterol and phospholipids were examined by ultracentrifugal analysis of the culture medium.

Results
Concentration of apoA-I in culture medium increased linearly up to 24 hours. The protein synthesis inhibitors, actinomycin D and cycloheximide, suppressed apoA-I accumulation in the medium in dose-dependent manner. Molecular mass of this protein in culture medium was 28 kd, and was indistinguishable from apoA-I of plasma. Four isoproteins with different isoelectric points (1 = 5.75; 2 = 5.67; 3 = 5.58; and 4 = 5.46) were detected. Of these, isoprotein 2 was the major species. By comparison, isoprotein 4 was the predominant species in plasma, and isoprotein 5 (isoelectric point = 5.38) was newly detected instead of isoprotein 1. Approximately 33% of apoA-I in culture medium was found in lipid-rich fractions, whereas the rest was found in nonlipoprotein fractions. Dexamethasone (10−8 to 10−6M) significantly (P < 0.001) increased apoA-I concentration in the medium, and the stimulatory effect was significantly (P < 0.001) suppressed by the simultaneous addition of 10−5M progesterone. Progesterone itself (10−6 to 10−5M) had little effect on apoA-I secretion; estradiol (10−14 to 10−6M) also had no significant effect.

Conclusions
apoA-I is synthesized by calf liver parenchymal cells, and the secreted protein is modified during circulation. Moreover, apoA-I synthesis and secretion by the cells appear not to be largely influenced by hormones, except for dexamethasone. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:811–815)
Airborne transmission of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in nursery pigs
Authors: Torremorell Montserrat , Pijoan Carlos , Janni Kevin , Walker Roger , Joo Han Soo 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To document airborne transmission of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection in nursery pigs.

Animals
32 two-week-old pigs obtained from 3 farms, but with similar Landrace × Yorkshire genetics for trial 1 of each experiment; 16 pigs for trial 2 of the A pleuropneumoniae experiment; and 14 pigs for trial 2 of the PRRSV experiment.

Procedure
In experiment 1, pigs were inoculated with A pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 (6/8) or were left as contacts (2/8). At the beginning of trial 1, pigs were seronegative to A pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1 and 5 on the basis of results of an ELISA, but had positive results on the A pleuropneumoniae hemolysin I (Apx1)-neutralization test. Pigs in trial 2 had negative results on both tests. Pigs of trial 1 of experiment 2 were inoculated with a PRRSV virulent field isolate (MN-1b); pigs of trial 2 were inoculated with the virus reference strain VR-2332. Aerosol-exposed pigs were placed on the other side of the air duct and kept there for 2 to 7 weeks depending on evidence of airborne transmission.

Results
In trial 1 of experiment 1, evidence of airborne transmission was not found. In trial 2, most airborne-exposed pigs died as a result of A pleuropneumoniae infection 12 days after initiation of the experiment. In trial 1 of experiment 2, all inoculated pigs (8/8) seroconverted, but only 2 of 8 contact-exposed pigs seroconverted. Aerosol-exposed pigs did not seroconvert nor was virus isolated. In trial 2, all inoculated and contact-exposed pigs seroconverted. All aerosol-exposed pigs seroconverted after 21 days, and virus was isolated at 16 days.

Conclusions
A pleuropneumoniae was transmitted by air at a distance of 1 m when pigs were fully susceptible to the organism. Transmission of PRRSV appeared to be strain dependent; when reference strain VR-2332 was used, airborne transmission of PRRSV was documented. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:828–832)
Age-related changes in the pharmacokinetic disposition of diazepam in foals
Authors: Norman W. M. , Court M. H. , Greenblatt D. J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate changes in the pharmacokinetic disposition of diazepam in foals from 4 to 84 days of age.

Sample Population
4 male and 2 female full-term mixed-breed foals.

Procedure
Diazepam terminal half-life, volume of distribution, clearance, free fraction, unbound volume of distribution, free clearance, peak desmethyldiazepam concentration, and area under the desmethyldiazepam concentration-time curve were determined after IV administration of 0.25 mg of diazepam/kg of body weight to foals at 4, 21, 42, and 84 days of age.

Results
Disposition of diazepam was best described using a two-compartment model. Clearance and free fraction values (mean ± SEM) determined at 4 days (5.06 ± 0.79 and 51 ± 8 ml/kg/min, respectively) were significantly less than those obtained at 21 (8.64 ± 0.95 and 87 ± 11 ml/kg/min), 42 (7.31 ± 0.82 and 83 ± 10 ml/kg/min), and 84 (8.41 ± 0.56 and 100 ± 12 ml/kg/min) days. Volume of distribution and unbound volume of distribution values determined at 4 days (1.57 ± 0.11 and 16.0 ± 1.7 L/kg, respectively) were significantly less than those found at 21 (2.66 ± 0.33 and 26.8 ± 3.9 L/kg), 42 (3.00 ± 0.42 and 33.9 ± 5.0 L/kg), and 84 (2.55 ± 0.35 and 30.2 ± 5.3 L/kg) days. Peak plasma desmethyldiazepam concentration obtained at 4 days (22.7 ± 2.4 ng/ml) was significantly lower than that obtained at 21 (36.1 ± 4.5 ng/ml), 42 (38.3 ± 4.8 ng/ml), and 84 (34.6 ± 2.1 ng/ml) days.

Conclusions
Factors likely to affect the pharmacokinetic disposition of diazepam in foals, such as body composition and hepatic enzyme activity, are in transition during the first 21 days of life. These have opposing effects on diazepam clearance and volume of distribution so that terminal half-life remains unchanged. However, clearance determines whether diazepam will accumulate with repeated doses, and care should be taken when administering repeated doses to foals < 21 days old. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:878–880)
Effects of flunixin meglumine on short circuit current in equine colonic mucosa in vitro
Authors: Freeman David E. , Inoue Olivia J. , Eurell Thomas E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To study the effect of flunixin meglumine on short circuit current (Isc) in equine right ventral colon in vitro.

Samples
Intestinal mucosa from healthy horses and ponies.

Procedure
Isc was measured in mucosa from the right ventral colon mounted in Ussing chambers. In experiment 1, collection and incubation solutions were: control (no additions): flunixin meglumine, 4 μg/ml; indomethacin, 10-6M; and flunixin meglumine (4 μg/ml) with 10-6M prostaglandin E2. In experiment 2, incubation conditions were: control (plain Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate [KRB] solution); flunixin meglumine, 4 μg/ml in KRB; chloride-free buffer solution; flunixin meglumine (4 μg/ml) in a chloride-free buffer solution; and plain KRB with 10-6M prostaglandin E2. In experiment 3, tissue from 3 groups (n = 6 each) of animals: controls, physiologic saline solution given IV at 10 minutes before euthanasia; flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg of body weight, IV) given at 10 minutes before euthanasia; and treatment similar to controls, except that tissues were incubated with 8 μg of flunixin meglumine/ml of bathing medium.

Results
Flunixin meglumine and indomethacin reduced Isc to approximately a third of control current (P < 0.05), but coincubation with flunixin meglumine and 10-6M prostaglandin E2 restored Isc close to the control value. Incubation with 10-6M prostaglandin E2 alone did not change Isc. When chloride was substituted with isethionate, flunixin meglumine had no effect on Isc. Flunixin meglumine given before euthanasia or included at a concentration of 8 μg/ml in all tissue preparation and incubation solutions reduced Isc (P < 0.05).

Conclusions
Flunixin meglumine given IV or added to bathing solutions decreased Isc in equine right ventral colon by a mechanism that appeared to involve prostaglandin-mediated chloride secretion.

Clinical Relevance
Our results suggest that flunixin meglumine given IV to horses at recommended doses could alter putative effects of colonic prostaglandins. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:915–919)
Identification of thrombospondin as a high molecular mass protein released from activated equine platelets
Authors: Lipscomb Desireé L. , Boudreaux Mary K. , Paxton Ralph , Spano Joseph , Welles Elizabeth G. , Schumacher John 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To establish the existence of platelet-derived proteins in equine plasma, with the future goal of developing an assay for the detection of in vivo platelet activation.

Animals
5 mature healthy horses.

Procedure
Platelet-rich plasma and platelet-poor plasma were prepared from anticoagulated blood. Platelets were separated from plasma proteins by gel filtration, then activated with 0.5 μM platelet-activating factor. Protease inhibitors were added, and the released platelet proteins were harvested. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed on the released platelet proteins and platelet-poor plasma, and the resultant silver-stained bands were compared. Immunoblot analysis was performed on released platelet proteins, using an antibody to human thrombospondin; human platelet-derived proteins served as the positive control for the antibody.

Results
Released platelet proteins in the presence of β-mercaptoethanol (reduced samples) contained several proteins that were not observed in plasma including (mean ± SEM) 194 ± 2, 159 ± 2, 151 ±2, 104 ± 2, and 95 ± 1 kd. Immunoblots of released platelet proteins had a prominent 180 ± 2-kd protein in reduced samples that was recognized by an antibody to human thrombospondin, and with prolonged color development, 2 additional less prominent proteins (166 ± 1 and 155 ± 1 kd) were observed.

Conclusions
Several proteins are released from activated equine platelets that are not detectable in normal equine plasma. Thrombospondin is one of the high molecular mass proteins released by activated equine platelets.

Clinical Relevance
An assay can be developed for detection of thrombospondin in equine plasma and may be useful for detection of in vivo platelet activation in horses. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:954–960)
Comparison of whole-cell antigens of pressure- and formalin-killed Flexibacter columnaris from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)
Authors: Bader J. A. , Klesius P. H. , Vinitnantharat S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To identify and compare immunodominant antigens in whole-cell lysates of pressure-and formalin-killed Flexibacter columnaris.

Animals
Sera from naturally infected and vaccinated channel catfish.

Procedures
Whole-cell lysates of pressure- and formalin-killed F columnaris were compared, and antigens were isolated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The antigens were identified by staining, western blotting, and specific monoclonal antibodies to glycoproteins. Western blotting was performed, using sera from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) with naturally acquired F columnaris infection and sera from channel catfish vaccinated with an experimental prototype F columnaris vaccine.

Results
Whole-cell lysates of pressure and formalin-killed F columnaris shared 4 proteins: 100, 80, 66, and 60 kd. The 60-kd antigen was a glycoprotein. Western blotting, using sera from naturally infected channel catfish, revealed the same proteins for pressure- and formalin-killed F columnaris. Sera from vaccinated fish reacted only to pressure-killed lysate antigens.

Conclusions
Pressure- and formalin-killed F columnaris whole-cell lysates share 100-, 80-, 66-, and 60-kd proteins and are recognized by antibodies from naturally infected catfish and those vaccinated with formalin-killed F columnaris. Formalin treatment modifies or inactivates the 60-kd protein antigens, rendering them unrecognizable to antibodies from channel catfish naturally infected with F columnaris, suggesting that formalin-killed F columnaris may not be suitable for use as a bacterin against columnaris disease. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:985–988)
Measurement of cyclic variation in ultrasonic integrated backscatter in conscious, unsedated, clinically normal dogs
Authors: Fuentes Virginia Luis , Moran Carmel M. , Schober Karsten , McEwan Joanna Dukes , Brown Helen , Sutherland George R. , McDicken W. Norman 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To assess the feasibility and repeatability of measuring ultrasonic integrated backscatter in unsedated conscious dogs, using a protocol previously validated in pigs with open thorax.

Animals
11 clinically normal conscious unsedated German Shorthair Pointers.

Procedure
A modified commercially available echocardiography system was used to record long-axis views of the heart. The radiofrequency data from 15 consecutive frames were digitized and analyzed. Regions of interest were chosen within the myocardium, and the ultrasonic integrated backscatter within each region was calculated in the time domain for each frame.

Results
Cyclic variation in integrated backscatter values was observed, with maximal values at end-diastole and minimal values at end-systole. Mean ± SD amplitude of cyclic variation was 5.81 ± 3.86 dB over all the regions chosen.

Conclusions
Results agreed with those obtained by other investigators working with dogs with open thorax and those with closed thorax while under general anesthesia. The analysis of the components of variance indicates that this is a consistent, reliable technique in conscious unsedated dogs.

Clinical Relevance
Integrated ultrasonic backscatter measurement provides a noninvasive means of tissue characterization. Use of this protocol reliably yields cyclic variation in integrated backscatter and could be applied clinically to dogs with myocardial disease. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1055–1059)
Within- and between-examiner repeatability of distraction indices of the hip joints in dogs
Authors: Smith Gail K. , LaFond Elizabeth , Gregor Thomas P. , Lawler Dennis F. , Nie Robert C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate in vivo repeatability of the distraction index method of evaluating hip joint laxity in dogs.

Animals
31 two-year-old Labrador Retrievers.

Procedure
Each dog was anesthetized and radiographically evaluated for hip joint laxity 4 times: twice by an experienced examiner and twice by an examiner who had no previous knowledge of or training in the technique prior to the first day of testing. Distraction indices (DI) were determined from the radiographs and intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate the repeatability of DI measurements between and within examiners.

Results
Intraclass correlation coefficients were high (range, 0.85 to 0.94). Lower limits of the 95% confidence intervals for the intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.75 to 0.89.

Conclusions
Between- and within-examiner repeatabilities of DI measurements were high, suggesting that the technique is clinically reliable.

Clinical Relevance
Distraction index is a reliable measure of hip joint laxity and a good predictor of the risk of development of degenerative joint disease associated with hip dysplasia in dogs. Establishment of high repeatability of DI measurements suggests that the stress-radiographic method may be used by multiple examiners with the expectation of comparable and consistent results. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1076–1077)
Induction of gross and microscopic lesions of porcine proliferative enteritis by Lawsonia intracellaris
Authors: Joens L. A. , Nibbelink S. , Glock R. D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate experimental induction of porcine proliferative enteritis (PPE), using cell cultured Lawsonia intracellularis (ileal symbiont intracellularis), and to determine whether dexamethasone administration or age of the host or both affects susceptibility to L intracellularis infection.

Animals
Thirty-two 3- or 7-week-old pigs.

Procedures
Lawsonia intracellularis was extracted from tissue with lesions of PPE and was subcultured in a continuous Henle 407 cell line at 37 C under an atmosphere of 5% CO2. Three- or 7-week-old pigs were inoculated orally with 100 ml of a 10-day-old cell culture preparation of the bacterium or infective intestinal homogenates. Control pigs were inoculated with uninfected Henle cells. Pigs were observed daily for clinical signs of infection and necropsied at death or at termination of the study. Lesions in the small and large intestines were recorded.

Results
Diarrhea was observed in pigs 4 to 7 days after inoculation with the pure culture agent or homogenates and lasted throughout the study period. Histologic lesions consistent with PPE were detected in pigs inoculated with pure culture. Intestinal lesions were absent in control pigs inoculated with uninfected Henle cells. Differences in lesions were not significant between treatment groups that varied in age or were receiving dexamethasone. Tissue specimens from pigs at necropsy were culture negative for Salmonella spp and Serpulina hyodysenteriae.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Gross and microscopic lesions typical of acute PPE were induced in pigs by use of a cell culture agent. Age differences and the stress induced by administration of dexa-methasone had no effect on development of intestinal lesions. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1125–1131)
Scintigraphic biodistribution and plasma kinetics of indium 111-labeled transferrin in dogs
Authors: Berry Clifford R. , Fisher Paul , Koblik Philip D. , Guilford W. Grant , Hornof William H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To determine plasma clearance kinetics and imaging biodistribution of indium 111-labeled transferrin (111In-TF) in dogs.

Animals
7 adult dogs.

Procedure
After 30 minutes’ incubation of 18.5 MBq (0.5 mCi) of 111InCl3 with 1 ml of serum (n = 3) or 1 ml of plasma (n = 4) at 37 C, dogs were given autologous 111In-TF IV, and serial blood samples and right lateral and dorsal scintigraphic images were obtained immediately and 1, 3, 5, 9, 22, and 48 hours later. Blood and plasma clearance kinetics were determined from a least-squares, nonlinear fit of the sample radioactivity data. Blood radioactivity was compared with plasma radioactivity to determine the extent of cellular labeling. Imaging biodistribution was characterized by subjective and objective assessment of blood pool, liver, gastrointestinal (abdomen) tract, kidney, and bone marrow activity.

Results
111In-TF plasma clearance was best described by a biexponential fit, with early and late clearance half-times of 6 and 49 hours, respectively. The 111In was not redistributed between transferrin (plasma proteins) and blood cells. Imaging studies documented progressive liver and bone marrow uptake of the 111In-TF over 48 hours. Some radioactivity was evident in the colon of 1 dog on 48-hour images. Decay-corrected count rates (counts/pixel/mCi/kg/min) within the abdominal region of interest increased over the 48-hour imaging period and exceeded the blood pool (cardiac) activity at 20 hours after injection.

Conclusion
111In-TF has a biexponential plasma clearance in clinically normal dogs, with early and late clearance half-time of 6 and 49 hours, respectively. Scintigraphically, 111In-TF localizes to sites of iron storage (bone marrow and liver) over time. Some loss of 111In-TF via the gastrointestinal tract may be seen on late 48-hour images.

Clinical Relevance
111In-TF appears to be a viable radiopharmaceutical for use in dogs, with specific application for identifying those with protein-losing enteropathy. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1188–1192)