bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
7 November 1903, Max Beerbohm on The Tempest at the Court Theatre, London, from The Saturday Review, reprinted in his Around Theatres (1953), pp. 293-7.
Authors: Shakespeare Critics Theatre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over certain of the plays of Shakespeare broods darkly the superstition that they don’t ‘act well.’ Whenever a manager dashes in, undaunted by this shadow, and produces one of these plays, we are startled to find that the play does act very well indeed. ‘Julius Caesar,’ ‘King John,’ ‘Richard II,’ ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream,’ were all of them, within recent years, regarded as forlorn hopes. ‘The Tempest’ was in like case. More artistically compact, and therefore more modern, in form than any other Shakespearean play, it was yet scouted as apt only to ‘the study.’ True, Mr. Benson1 had it in his repertory (as, indeed, he had also two, at least, of those other plays which I have named). But somehow, admirable though they are in many ways, Mr. Benson’s productions do not make a sharp and durable impression.
18 November 1934, James Agate (1877-1947) on John Gielgud (born 1904) as Hamlet in his own production at the New Theatre, London, from The Sunday Times, reprinted in his Brief Chronicles: A Survey of the Plays of Shakespeare and the Elizabethans in actual performance (1943), pp. 264-9.
Authors: Shakespeare Critics Theatre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Agate was theatre critic of the Sunday Times from 1923 until he died. He published many volumes of theatre criticism, and his voluminous diaries, full of theatre gossip, were published under the title of Ego (9 vols., 1932-47). Gielgud (knighted in 1953) first played Hamlet at the Old Vic in 1930; it became his most famous role.
2 September 1955, Evelyn Waugh (1902-66) on
Titus Andronicus
directed by Peter Brook at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon, with Laurence Olivier as Titus; from The Spectator.
Authors: Shakespeare Critics Theatre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the extremity of the circle, which at Stratford-on-Avon is politely misnamed a ‘box,’ every face in the audience can be plainly seen. Dense, devout, heterogeneous, Americans, negroes and orientals, little girls and grandfathers, they extended without a gap from wall to wall and from roof to floor. The English were dressed, it seemed, for the beach at Broadstairs, the exotics more respectably.
1970, Robert Speaight (1904—76) on Peter Brook’s production of A Midsummer Night’s Dream at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon, from Shakespeare Quarterly, 21 (1970), PP-448—9
Authors: Shakespeare Critics Theatre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was eight years since Mr. Brook had directed a play at Stratford, and one assumed that he would not have directed the Dream unless he had something very particular to say about it. In fact, he forced one to forget—not, let me emphasize, the play itself—but anything one had seen done with it, or imagined being done with it, in the theatre. He swept the mind of the spectator as clear as he had swept his stage, allowing the text of the play, beautifully and deliberately spoken, to play upon you with the freshness of words seen for the first time upon the printed page. He persuaded you to forget a century of theatrical tradition, with its conventions and its cliches; and commanded you into a frame of mind where the very notion of magic, of supernatural agency, had to be created afresh. You could, if you chose, harbour a reminiscence of Alice in Wonderland* but of nothing else.
Shakespeare in History and History in Shakespeare
Authors: Taylor Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not even the most committed formalist would argue that Shakespeare’s works could be satisfactorily understood with no concern for their place in history. After all, the very language the formalists practise their art on is a language from another historical era whose idiom-as the mass of commentary in most modern editions of Shakespeare testifies-often needs strenuous interpretation. One of the glories of n twentieth-century Shakespeare criticism, as we have seen, is the inspired interpretations of those Shakespeare passages bristling with ambiguity and metaphor. Modernist poetic practice spurred on modernist critics to give foreign to their intense engagement with Shakespeare’s imagination, and they could not do so without an understanding of the time-bound language and concepts with which he shaped his art. But this is the application of history at its most minimal, whereas for many twentieth-century critics history at its most interventionist is now the sine qua non of Shakespeare criticism-and of most other kinds. ‘The systematic application of historical findings to the interpretation of secular literature’, writes S. Viswanathan, ‘is a characteristic n twentieth-century development’ (1980: 7).
The Greek East
Authors: Reynolds L D , Wilson N G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early centuries of the Roman empire intellectual life in Greece and the Hellenized provinces of the Eastern Mediterranean was in a state of decline. Despite the existence of institutions of higher education such as the schools of philosophy and oratory at Athens, Rhodes, and elsewhere, there were few outstanding achievements in literature or scholarship. The Museum at Alex andria still existed; although the end of independent government in Egypt brought to a close the royal patronage of scholarship, the situation was soon restored, for we find Strabo reporting (17.1.8) that the Roman emperor now supported the Museum, and there are explicit references to scholars entitled to its privileges. But notable works of scholarship do not seem to have been produced. Only the library continued to render service as a leading collection of material for the scholarly public; the tradition that Caesar was accidentally responsible for its destruction during his visit to Egypt (48-47 B.c.) has been widely accepted, but the sources are not entirely in agreement as to the extent of the damage, and it seems likely that no more than a section of the library was burnt, or that the deficiencies were made good by Antony, who was said to have transferred the Pergamene library to Alexandria (Plutarch, Antony 58); total destruction is also difficult to reconcile with the evidence that Strabo apparently did his geographical research in Alexandria. Literary work is harder to trace. In the Augustan age Aristonicus did further selection of the Homeric commentaries, and Tryphon studied and classified figures of speech (the treatise which now passes under his name has been revised by later redactors). During the reign of Tiberius there are again signs of some activity.
Textual Criticism
Authors: Reynolds L D , Wilson N G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foregoing chapters have attempted to give some idea of the ways in which the Greek and Latin classics were handed down through the Middle Ages to the modern world, and to outline some of the more important historical and cultural phenomena which affected the transmission of these texts. The business of textual criticism is in a sense to reverse this process, to follow back the threads of transmission and try to restore the texts as closely as possible to the form which they originally had.
Since no autograph manuscripts of the classical authors survive, we are dependent for our knowledge of what they wrote on manuscripts (and sometimes printed editions) which lie at an unknown number of removes from the originals. These manuscripts vary in their trustworthiness as witnesses to the original texts; all of them have suffered to some degree in the process of transmission, whether from physical damage, from the fallibility of scribes, or from the effects of deliberate interpolation. Any attempt to restore the original text will obviously involve the use of a difficult and complex process, and this process falls into two stages.
Style
Authors: Harding Phillip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Regarding the style of the Atthides, the passage from Dionysius of Halicarnassus referred to above goes on to inform us that they were ‘monotonous and hard for the reader to stomach’. This should cause no surprise, given the nature of the chronicle. Nevertheless, some have been distressed by the non-observance of certain canons of rhetorical style in a long passage from Androtion quoted by the scholar Didymus (see F30 with Commentary; Jacoby, Text, 86-7).
Atthidographers
Authors: Harding Phillip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not the least of Jacoby’s contributions to classical scholarship that he revealed Hellanikos of Lesbos (c.480-395) as one of the most important figures in Greek historiography. It was simply unfortunate for Hellanikos’ reputation that he lived during the same period as two giants of world literature, Herodotus and Thucydides, by whom he has been overshadowed, but his contri bution to the writing of history is none the less considerable. He was a foremost authority in the study of myth as history, or mythography. His five works in this field, Phoronis, Deukalioneia, Atlantis, Asopis, and Troika became definitive. He also wrote a great number of ethnographic studies, on foreign countries (Egypt, Cyprus, Scythia, Persia) and on areas in Greece (Thessaly, Boeotia, Arcadia, and, closer to home, Lesbos or Aeolis). More important, in a sense, than either of these interests was his pioneering work in chronography, to which he turned near the end of his career. His Priestesses of Hera at Argos, published some time after 421, was an attempt to find a universally applicable chronological system for the whole history of Greece (or a Universal Chronicle as Jacoby calls it, Text, 9). Obviously, by the time he wrote this work he was on the mainland. At some time he came to Athens and combined all his talents in the production of probably his last book, published when he was about 80, his Attike Syngraphe, the first Atthis.
Aristophanes and Athens
Authors: MacDowell Douglas M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each play of Aristophanes has its own subject and its own comic aims, which have been outlined in the preceding chapters. They were not the same from first to last. Times changed; no doubt his personal character and opinions changed too in the course of forty years. But there are at least a few respects in which we can see that he maintained a particular opinion or attitude over a long period. One policy or social class or individual is regularly treated with more favour or sympathy than another.
The Early Years: Ethics and the Public Good
Authors: Oswell David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
PERHAPS unlike other forms of broadcasting, children’s broad casting has required that those who make the programmes have a responsibility to their audience over and above the money that might be made from transmission or the entertainment of the children watching. Even those at the hard edge of market competitiveness feel compelled to justify the worth of their programmes for children in terms other than those of profit or pleasure maximization. In contemporary discourse, even the most commercial and market-oriented companies legitimate and conceptualize their children’s programmes through claims of ‘education’ and a sense of care for the developing child.
Children’s Television: Participation, Commensurability, and Differentiation
Authors: Oswell David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although children’s television programmes had been shown before the war in the UK, there was no regular service until after 1946. Initially the driving force behind children’s television at the BBC was Mary Adams, Head of Television Talks By 1947, under her control, the BBC had shown Muffin the Mule since the preceding year and one short play. She pushed for a weekly one-hour slot, initially designed to be on Sunday afternoon. She wanted to include plays, ‘how to’ series (e.g. how to make puppets, kites, and toy theatres), storytelling, ‘collectors’ corner’ (e.g. stamp-collecting, butterfly-collecting, and shell-collecting), programmes on pets, travel tales, ‘nature parliament’, Muffin the Mule, James Pratt and Molly Blake, outside broadcasts (e.g. children visiting museums and toy factories), films (e.g. ‘Secrets of Nature’, ‘How the Telephone Works’, and ‘Instruments of the Orchestra’), current affairs, participation programmes (e.g. general knowledge quizzes and spelling-bees), and ‘children’s encyclopaedia’ programmes.
Children’s Television Grows Up: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Authors: Oswell David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fourth set of problems significant in the making of the child television audience regards the coming to maturity of the organization of children’s television. This set of problems sits alongside and draws upon the problem spaces I have discussed earlier, concerning the address to the child television audience as a distinct, but differentiated whole, the formation of conditions of domestic supervision and geographies of familial viewing and the congealing of relations of expertise and governance. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, children’s television and the child television audience were increasingly understood within a logic of commercialism and also posed as a matter of public and political concern.
The Edge of Space
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Could space have an outermost limit, a boundary beyond which there is nothing, not even space itself? Suppose that it does and that you are at that boundary. Could you thrust your arm beyond it? This simply stated but baffling conundrum was first posed, so far as we know, by a contemporary and friend of Plato’s, Archytas. Besides being aphilosopher and distinguished mathematician, Archytas was an administrator of some significance in Tarentum (now Tarento) in Southern Italy in the fourth century BC. One of his achievements was the construction of a mathematical theory of music. But it is for his puzzle concerning the edge of space that he is best remembered. Archytas’ own answer to the riddle was that it would plainly be absurd if we could not put out our arm beyond any putative.
Infinity and Paradox
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Achilles challenges the tortoise to a race. Being a sporting man, and recognizing his companion’s inferiority in the field of velocity, Achilles allows the tortoise a head start of 100 yards. This is a more generous concession than it seems, as Achilles is not the swiftest of runners-in fact, he can only move ten times faster than the tor toise. This, however, should be more than enough to guarantee him victory. Or so, at any rate, he calculates. The race begins. By the time Achilles has reached the tortoise’s starting-point, 100 yards from his own, the tortoise has moved on a tenth of that distance: IO yards. When Achilles has covered that 10 yards, the tortoise has moved on another yard. When Achilles travels that yard, the tortoise is still ahead-by 0.1 yard. And so, to Achilles’ amazement, it goes on.
Inteifering with History
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the September r752 issue of The Gentleman’s Magazine, a monthly periodical offering a diverting mixture of news, book reviews, recipes, advice, and poetry, there appeared a rather unusual letter. The correspondent reported an unsettling experience he had just had: I went to bed last night, it was Wednesday Sept. 2, and the first thing I cast my eye upon this morning at the top of your paper, was Thursday, Sept. 14.
The Version On Which The Sun Never Sets: The English Bible And Its Authorizing Tendencies
Authors: Sugirtharajah R S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing at the turn of the twentieth century on the history of the English people, J. R. Green observed that no ‘ history, no romance, hardly any poetry save the little known verse of Chaucer existed in the English tongue’ until the emergence of one book: No greater moral change ever passed over a nation than passed over England during the years which parted the middle of the reign of Elizabeth from the meeting of the Long Parliament. England became a people of a book, and the book was the Bible. It was yet one English book which was familiar to every Englishman; it was read at churches, and read at home, and everywhere its words, as they fell on ears which custom had not deadened, kindled a startling enthusiasm. (Green1903:935) One of the most extraordinary events in the history of the English people was the translation of the Bible into English.
The Church
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have argued that, on the evidence of the life of Jesus, if it is already moderately probable that there is a God, it is very probable that Jesus was God Incarnate. But there was one further requirement which, I claimed in Part I, a prophet’s life would need to satisfy if it was to be the life of God Incarnate, and that is that the Church which he founded should give plausible interpretations of his teaching—ones both plausible as interpretations and whose content is plausibly true.
Medical imaging and therapy with ionising radiation
Authors: Allison Wade 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the time of their discovery X-rays have been used for imaging. The conventional X-ray examination, as used in medicine and dentistry, with a simple photographic plate is safe, cheap and widely available. In addition to the photographic plate as detector, a source of X-rays is needed. The initial electron beam can be focused to a small bright spot. But because it is not possible to reflect, refract or focus an X ray beam, the straight line optics of the pinhole camera must be used to produce the image. Technically there are three possibilities.
The War Against Magic
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries heralded three profound and interlinked events in European history that can be explored through the story of grimoires: the rise of print, the Protestant and Catholic Reformations, and the witch trials. For some, the Devil lay behind all these momentous events. Printing was described as a ‘black art’ and books as ‘silent heretics’.
Lovecraft, Satan, and Shadows
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the battle over the Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses was being fought in Germany, and as the publications of Gamache and De Claremont spread across the Caribbean, a new genre of grimoire was brewing in the Anglo-Saxon world. The merging of fact and fiction had always been an integral aspect of the grimoire tradition, and in the twentieth century this was given a new twist with the genre of literary fantasy not only being influenced by the magical tradition but also inspiring the creation of new grimoires. They also reached a new audience, attracting the attention of counter-culture movements in the post-war West. As a consequence they became the basis for new, non-Christian religions whose appeal stretched far beyond the rarefied, middle-class esotericism of the Golden Dawn and its offshoots.
Adamgirk ‘ 3
Authors: Stone Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pleasing words and necessary histories concerning the first ones, Adam and Eve, spoken in their name,98 diverse and various mysteries concerning the serpent and the Devil and deceptions, pronounced in verse by Lord Aṙakfiel of Siwnik I wondered greatly at the Devil, Why was he so envious? He does not calm and cool down, But suffers pain and hurts.
Builders Change the World
Authors: Hansell Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Wombats Detected from Space’ is the title of a scientific paper published in 1980 in the journal Remote Sensing of Environment. The burrowing and associated soil disturbance, it goes on to explain, damages the surrounding vegetation to such an extent that, even with the satellite imaging available a quarter of a century ago, it could be detected and mapped from space. The southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) is a sturdy beast about 1m (3.3ft) long, weighing up to 30kg (66lb).
Introduction
Authors: Rowland Tracey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 6 November I992, Joseph Ratzinger was appointed an associate member of the prestigious Académie franÇaise in the section for moral and political sciences. The Académie was founded by Armand-Jean Cardinal Richelieu in I635. Its members, known as les immortels, have included Victor Hugo, Louis Pasteur, and Voltaire. This honour from a completely secular institution in the capital of a country renowned for keeping God out of the public realm, at least since I789, is some indication of Ratzinger’s high standing in the world of European letters. As one of the most prolific theologians of his generation he has held positions at the University of Bonn (1959–1963), the University of Münster (1963–1966), the University of Tübingen (1966–1969), and the University of Regensburg (1969–1977). He speaks several modern languages (German, French, Spanish, Italian, English) and is quite at home with classical Greek, Latin, and Hebrew. He plays the piano and especially enjoys the music of Mozart and Beethoven. He shares this interest with his older brother Georg who has held the post of Kapellmeister of Regensburg Cathedral. Ratzinger was made a bishop and cardinal by Paul VI in 1977 and appointed Prefect for the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (the CDF) by John Paul II in 1981. This latter post is regarded by some as the second most significant within the Catholic Church after that of the papacy itself, or at least the most significant of the nine heads of Congregations. While holding these appointments Ratzinger continued to publish substantial academic works. His doctoral dissertation, defended in 1953, was entitled The People and the House of God in Augustine’s Doctrine of the Church; and his postdoctoral thesis, or Habilitationsschrift, offered an examination of St Bonaventure’s theology of history.
Gaudium et spes and the Importance of Christ
Authors: Rowland Tracey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At a conference in Cambridge in 1979 Karl Rahner drew an analogy between the Christian community before and after the Council of Jerusalem (traditionally dated to ad 49) and Catholicism before and after the Second Vatican Council. He used the language of a ‘decisive break’ to describe the two transitions, and went so far as to assert that the break experienced after the Council was of such a magnitude that the only possible comparison is with the transition from Jewish to Gentile Christianity at the Council of Jerusalem. He added that such transitions ‘happen for the most part and in the final analysis, unreXectively; they are not first planned out theologically and then put into effect.’ Likewise, some Catholic traditionalists have seen the pre- and post-Vatican II eras in this dualistic way— almost a pre- and post-lapsarian view propped up with various conspiracy theories and in extreme cases leading to schism.
Modernity and the Politics of the West
Authors: Rowland Tracey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his homily at the Mass prior to his election Ratzinger rhetorically asked: ‘how many winds of doctrine have we known in recent decades, how many ideological currents, how many ways of thinking?’ He suggested that the western world was currently in the throes of a dictatorship of relativism that did not recognize anything as definitive and whose goal consists solely of the satisfaction of the desires of one’s own ego. However, while post-modern relativism is replacing the Ten Commandments in the area of private morality, in the area of public morality eighteenth-century ‘Enlightenment’ conceptions of freedom and truth continue to provide the foundation of the dominant political cultures of the West. Paradoxically, these theories are now being used to promote nineteenth-century romantic-movement visions of human dignity, which, at least implicitly, and sometimes quite explicitly, reject the eighteenth-century accounts of reason and morality. For this reason contemporary public life in the western world has been described as a three-cornered ‘civil war’ of hostile traditions.