Future directions for patient engagement in research: a participatory workshop with Canadian patient partners and academic researchers
Authors: Chudyk Anna Maria , Stoddard Roger , Duhamel Todd A. ,   Patient Engagement in Research Partners, Andreas Brenda , Ashe Maureen C. , Daly-Cyr Jennifer , Elliott Sarah , L’Esperance Audrey , Park Melissa , Parry Monica , Puts Martine , Rich Mariann , Robinson Bryn , Rubenstein Donna , Sanchez Sherald , Schreiner Kurt , Singer-Norris Lesley , Smith Kathy , Strudwick Gillian , Toupin-April Karine , Vercauteren Suzanne , Wadden Katie , Schultz Annette S. H. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Background
Patient engagement in research (also commonly referred to as patient or patient and public involvement in research) strives to transform health research wherein patients (including caregivers and the public) are regularly and actively engaged as multidisciplinary research team members (i.e. patient partners) working jointly towards improved health outcomes and an enhanced healthcare system. To support its mindful evolution into a staple of health research, this participatory study aimed to identify future directions for Canadian patient engagement in research and discusses its findings in the context of the international literature.

Methods
The study met its aim through a multi-meeting pan-Canadian virtual workshop. Participants (n = 30) included Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research-funded academic researchers and patient partners identified through a publicly available database, personal and professional networks and social media. All spoke English, could access the workshop virtually, and provided written informed consent. The workshop was composed of four, 1.5–3-h virtual meetings wherein participants discussed the current and preferred future states of Canadian patient engagement in research. Workshop discussions (i.e. data) were video and audio recorded. Themes were generated through an iterative process of inductive thematic analysis that occurred concurrently with the multi-week workshop.

Results
Our participatory and iterative process identified 10 targetable areas of focus for the future of Canadian patient engagement in research. Five were categorized as system-level (systemic integration; academic culture; engagement networks; funding models; compensation models), one as researcher-level (engagement processes), and four crossed both levels (awareness; diversity and recruitment; training, tools and education; evaluation and impact). System level targetable areas called for reshaping the patient engagement ecosystem to create a legitimized and supportive space for patient engagement to be a staple component of a learning health system. Researcher level targetable areas called for academic researchers and patient partners to collaboratively generate evidence and apply knowledge to inform values and behaviours necessary to foster and sustain supportive health research spaces that are accessible to all.

Conclusions
Future directions for Canadian patient engagement in research span 10 interconnected targetable areas that require strong leadership and joint action between patient partners, academic researchers, and health and research institutions if patient engagement is to become a ubiquitous component of a learning health system.