bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustaining Earth: Thoughts on the present and future roles of mineralogy in environmental science
Authors: Hochella M. F. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSustaining Earth, in the face of both technology thrusts and population dynamics, depends on our ability to maintain a delicate balance between human-promoted planetary modification and decline thresholds for land (soils), water, atmosphere, and biological systems. Mineralogy, as much as any other single science, will be central to this process. A set of links between Earth sustainability issues and the science of mineralogy are formulated and discussed in this discourse. The strongest ties exist in the areas of mineral-water and mineral-atmosphere interactions. Minerals are also particularly important in human disease generation. In addition, due to the role of minerals as invaluable economic resources, the environmental consequences of mining also come into play. New subdisciplines have recently emerged to bring mineralogy even closer to Earth sustainability issues, particularly mineral-microbe interaction science and nanomineralogy
Minerals, metals and molecules: ore and environmental mineralogy in the new millennium
Authors: Vaughan D. J. , Pattrick R. A. D. , Wogelius R. A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAspects of the (bio)geochemical cycling of metals (including Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg, As, Sb, U, Tc, Np) at or near the Earth's surface are discussed with reference to the recent work of the authors. Key stages of the breakdown of metalliferous minerals, transport of metals as solution complexes or colloidal precipitates, and interaction of metals in solution with the surfaces of minerals are considered. Emphasis is on molecular-scale observations using techniques such as scanning probe microscopy, photoelectron and (synchrotron) X-ray spectroscopies. The importance of the biological/mineralogical interface is also emphasized with reference to the bacterial colonization of mineral surfaces and formation of biofilms, and their influence on mineral surface reactivity and flow of fluids through rocks and sediments. Also noted is the importance of relating molecular and micro-scale observations to macroscopic phenomena. Molecular-scale understanding is central to attempts to model many processes of relevance in mineral exploration and exploitation, and in the containment of hazardous wastes and remediation of polluted areas. Mineralogists have a central role to play in the relevant environmental sciences and technologies.
Quantitative mineralogy of sedimentary rocks with emphasis on clays and with applications to K-Ar dating
Authors: Środoń J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractClays are the most complicated objects in quantitative mineral analysis of sedimentary rocks. Complex quantitative analysis of clays comprises four major steps: measuring bulk quantities, quantifying the mixed layering, determining the three-dimensional organization, and measuring the particle size. Computerization has resulted in major progress in all four areas during the last decade. X-ray diffraction remains the major tool of the quantitative studies of clays, supported by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (bulk quantities), chemical analysis (bulk quantities) and electron microscopy (particle size). This contribution reviews recent developments in the techniques used for quantifying clays and their properties, and looks at the use of these quantification techniques in K-Ar dating of geological processes.
Mineral replacement reactions: from macroscopic observations to microscopic mechanisms
Authors: Putnis A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMineral replacement reactions take place primarily by dissolution-reprecipitation processes. Processes such as cation exchange, chemical weathering, deuteric alteration, leaching, pseudomorphism, metasomatism, diagenesis and metamorphism are all linked by common features in which one mineral or mineral assemblage is replaced by a more stable assemblage. The aim of this paper is to review some of these aspects of mineral replacement and to demonstrate the textural features they have in common, in order to emphasize the similarities in the underlying microscopic mechanisms. The role of volume change and evolution of porosity is explored both from natural microtextures and new experiments on model replacement reactions in simple salts. It is shown that the development of porosity is often a consequence of mineral replacement processes, irrespective of the relative molar volumes of parent and product solid phases. The key issue is the relative solubility of the phases in the fluid phase. Concepts such as coupled dissolution-precipitation, and autocatalysis are important in understanding these processes. Some consequences of porosity generation for metamorphic fluid flow as well as subsequent crystal growth are also discussed.
Microstructures of the silicates: key information about mineral reactions and a link with the Earth and materials sciences
Authors: Baronnet A. , Belluso E. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractFrom a few examples, the first part of this paper discusses the use of transmission electron microscopy in characterizing arrested silicate reaction mechanisms in coherent rocks, including nucleation, crystal growth, and resorption events. Some attention is given to the role of reaction sites and strain. The second part of the paper addresses the wealth of mutual arrangement of serpentine tubules (chrysotilesl) found recently in serpentinite cracks, the result of hydration reactions. It is suggested that their great flexibility of association as fascinating mesostructures may indicate how veins formed and how they were filled. Micro- to nano-cracks might potentially serve as markers of brittle deformation in the submicron range, and therefore might document nanostructural geology. When possible the topological and self-assembly features observed for chrysotile are compared with those reported for graphene nanotubes.
Mineral physics: the atomic, mesoscopic and macroscopic perspective
Authors: Salje E. K. H. , Ríos S. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe macroscopic behaviour of minerals is not always directly related to their crystalline structure at the atomic scale but often depends explicitly on mesoscopic (nanometer–micrometer) features. This paper reviews various cases where the macroscopic phenomena differ from those of the bulk, with structural and chemical variations related to: domain walls, leading to enhanced or reduced transport properties; surfaces controlling growth morphologies; and radiation-damaged minerals where the interface between the amorphous and crystalline phase is believed to play a key role in hydrothermal leaching behaviour. Minerals explicitly discussed are: quartz, agate, hydroxylapatite, cordierite and metamict zircon.
Mineralogical and geochemical aspects of impact craters
Authors: Koeberl C. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe importance of impact cratering on terrestrial planets is obvious from the abundance of craters on their surfaces. On Earth, active geological processes rapidly obliterate the cratering record. To date only about 170 impact structures have been recognized on the Earth's surface. Mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical criteria are used to identify the impact origin of such structures or related ejecta layers. The two most important criteria are the presence of shock metamorphic effects in mineral and rock inclusions in breccias and melt rocks, as well as the demonstration, by geochemical techniques, that these rocks contain a minor extraterrestrial component. There is a variety of macroscopic and microscopic shock metamorphic effects. The most important ones include the presence of planar deformation features in rock-forming minerals, high-pressure polymorphs (e.g. of coesite and stishovite from quartz, or diamond from graphite), diaplectic glass, and rock and mineral melts. These features have been studied by traditional methods involving the petrographic microscope, and more recently with a variety of instrumental techniques, including transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, cathodoluminescence imaging and spectroscopy, and high-resolution X-ray computed tomography. Geochemical methods to detect an extraterrestrial component include measurements of the concentrations of siderophile elements, mainly of the platinum-group elements (PGEs), and, more recently, chromium and osmium isotopic studies. The latter two methods can provide confirmation that these elements are actually of meteoritic origin. The Cr isotopic method is also capable of providing information on the meteorite type. In impact studies there is now a trend towards the use of interdisciplinary and multi-technique approaches to solve open questions.
Application of synchrotron radiation and Kawai-type apparatus to various studies in high-pressure mineral physics
Authors: Irifune T. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA combination of Kawai-type multianvil apparatus and highly brilliant X-rays at the third generation synchrotron radiation facility (SPring-8) in Japan has been successfully applied to various studies in high-pressure mineral sciences such as determinations of phase transition boundaries, P–V–T relations of high-pressure phases, kinetics of phase transitions, structure and viscosity of melts. These studies are now comfortably made at pressures of ˜25 GPa and at temperatures to 2300°C, using the intense X-ray beam and the large capacity of the high-pressure apparatus at SPring-8. Moreover, efforts have been made to further extend the pressure limit using large sintered diamond anvils. Thus in situ X-ray observations are now possible at pressures to 50 GPa with the Kawai-type apparatus, which may be doubled in the near future when the potential of sintered diamond anvils is fully utilized. On the other hand, some problems, such as those related to pressure and temperature measurement, have been manifested in these studies. These should be overcome for further quantitative studies of the mineralogy of the Earth's deep interior based on these techniques.
New windows on earth and planetary interiors
Authors: Hemley R. J. , Mao H. K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractRecent diamond-anvil cell experiments are providing windows of unprecedented clarity on the interiors of the Earth, other planets, and their moons from highP-Tstudies of the materials that comprise these bodies. With recent advances in techniques, the component minerals can be examined with a growing array ofin situmethods over an expanding range of conditions that extend to hundreds of gigaspascals in pressure and thousands of degrees in temperature. Such investigations reveal that major, if not profound, changes in physical and chemical properties of these materials occur with depth. This information is crucial for understanding the materials basis of regional to global structure and processes documented by a wealth of recent observational and geophysical data. This paper reviews selected recent studies of major planet-forming minerals, focusing on key examples that illustrate different microscopic origins of macroscopic behaviour. This comparative mineralogical approach provides insight into phenomena occurring over a wide range of length scales. For terrestrial planets, the high-pressure behaviour of representative silicates, oxides and sulphides is examined. This includes the silicate perovskite assemblages that form the bulk of the Earth's lower mantle, for which a number of new findings concerning effects of non-stoichiometry and defect properties, pressure-induced electronic and magnetic transitions, and rheology have been obtained. HighP-Tstudies of Fe-Ni alloys, together with various light elements, provide constraints on the composition, structure and dynamics of terrestrial planet cores. Water is a key component of many planetary bodies; as ice it undergoes numerous high-pressure transformations and as a volatile component it is involved in potentially important highP-Tmineral reactions and is incorporated in dense mineral phases. Striking behaviour is observed in other molecular systems, including CO2and CH4and their mixtures with H2O; these form new phases, some relevant at the relatively modest conditions of deep marine sediments, others at the extreme states found in the deepest planetary interiors. Additional highP-Tinteractions between rare gases and ices and silicates are also documented. For the large planets, the most abundant ‘mineral’ is hydrogen, which has been shown to undergo novel mineral/gas reactions, possibly in cloud decks deep within the dense atmospheres of these bodies.
Optimized design with topology and shape optimization
Authors: Spath D , Neithardt W , Bangert C 
Published: September 2002

International competition forces companies to use computer methods in order to accelerate the time-consuming development processes and further to improve the product quality. The use of numeric optimization methods can be very helpful to obtain ‘systematic and proper’ solution variants. Solutions that have been generated automatically provide the designer with new, previously unknown suggestions for problem solution. These structural optimization tools have not yet been sufficiently integrated into the design process. Within a research project, software companies, research institutes and users are working on the integration of topology and shape optimization. This article presents an example of this process and describes the potential of the structure optimization tools based on the example of a machine tool.
Attending to the peripheral world while driving
Authors: Crundall David , Underwood Geoffrey , Chapman Peter 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDo inexperienced drivers see less of the world when driving? Previous research suggests that participants detect fewer peripheral targets while watching video clips of dynamic hazardous driving scenes due to increases in foveal demand (i.e. the presence of a hazard), increases in peripheral target eccentricity, and the lack of driving experience. The current study aimed to further explore the role of experience as a key factor in the potential narrowing of spatial attention, and the possibility of differences in the time course of attentional deployment. It was predicted that the amount of narrowing due to central processing demands would change as a function of driving experience, with more experienced drivers suffering less narrowing due to their mastery of central processing demands in road scenes. The data did not support the narrowing hypothesis, though they did support the alternative strategic difference between the driver groups in the time‐course of attentional deployment. Learners seem to suffer attentional degradation in extra‐foveal regions over a longer period of time whereas experienced drivers seem to invest peripheral attention at the hazard location in short but intense bursts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The pricing of innovations: An application to specialized corn traits
Authors: Alexander Corinne , Goodhue Rachael E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOne concern regarding the growing agricultural biotechnology industry is the potential for these firms to exercise market power when pricing their innovations, which would affect the magnitude and distribution of resulting welfare gains. We argue that competition across production systems limits the exercise of such market power by suppliers. In order to examine the demand for these innovations, we evaluate the producer's returns to planting patented seed innovations, using a calibrated optimization model of a south‐central Iowa corn producer's adoption decision. Overall, our results suggest that patented seed innovations do not increase the market power of biotechnology firms in the relevant market for production systems. [EconLit subject codes: L190, O330, Q120] © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trisomies 8 and 9 not detected with fish in patients with mastocytosis
Authors: Swolin Birgitta , Rödjer Stig , Ögärd Inger , Roupe Gösta 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMastocytosis is a rare disease characterized by proliferation of mast cells in one or several organs. With conventional cytogenetics about 35% of the patients have chromosomally abnormal clones in bone marrow cells. It has been proposed to include the mast cell disease among the myeloproliferative disorders, in which trisomy for chromosome 8 and 9 can appear in the bone marrow cells. In this study bone marrow cells from eight patients with mastocytosis, two had as well an associated hematological disease, have been examined with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for enumeration of chromosome no8 and 9. In conventional cytogenetics two patients had clones with del(20) and 47,XY,+14/45, X,−Y, respectively. None of the patients with mastocytosis had clones with trisomy 8 or 9 with either cytogenetics or FISH. Am. J. Hematol. 70:324–325, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydroxyurea treatment of sickle cell anemia in hospital‐based practices
Authors: Ferguson Robert P. , Arun Anuradha , Carter Chris , Walker Stanley D. , Castro Oswaldo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn a published randomized clinical trial, hydroxyurea (HU) improved clinical outcomes in patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA). The mean treatment duration of that trial was 21 months. Here we attempt to determine whether the benefits associated with HU therapy of SCA have led also to successful patient acceptance of HU treatment in community practices, and whether successful clinical outcomes persist beyond 2 years. This is an observational retrospective chart study of the computerized medical records of 60 men and women with SCA who had HU treatment for at least 3 months and who were treated at teaching hospital subspecialty clinics in Baltimore, Maryland, and Washington, D.C. Thirty had remained on therapy for at least 24 months. Admissions declined in this group by 30% (P = 0.04). Declines were seen also in transfusion requirements (−58%, P = 0.07). In 17 of these 30 patients, at least 48 months of follow‐up records were available. Fourteen of these remained on therapy the entire period, with similar and sustained reductions in admissions and transfusions. We conclude that hydroxyurea therapy of SCA applied in community settings leads to declining admissions and transfusion rates in many individuals for 4 years or more. Am. J. Hematol. 70:326–328, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Split‐cord malformation in a girl with Angelman syndrome: A mere coincidence?
Authors: Mastroyianni Sotiria D. , Kontopoulos Eleftherios 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe present a case of a girl with both Angelman syndrome and split‐cord malformation. The child was initially referred at the age of 2.5 years, for developmental delay and a possible diagnosis of spina bifida occulta, based on the presence of a hair tuft located on the midline of the lumbar area. Magnetic resonance imaging of the spine showed split‐cord malformation below L1, whereas a cytogenetically detected deletion of chromosome bands 15q11‐q13 (SNRPN) confirmed the clinical diagnosis of Angelman syndrome. Split‐cord malformation or diastematomyelia is a rare form of spina bifida occulta that occurs sporadically and is not particularly related to specific syndromes. Hair patches or other distinctive cutaneous stigmata such as those seen in the present case have not, to our knowledge, been reported in other patients with Angelman syndrome; therefore, the association of Angelman syndrome and split‐cord malformation in this child is probably coincidental. Spinal cord abnormalities have not been consistently reported in patients with Angelman syndrome; only one adult patient with Angelman syndrome and spina bifida occulta has been reported, and this association was probably considered fortuitous. However, some relatively uncommon clinical features such as deterioration of gait, lower limb malformations, and bladder dysfunction, particularly as the patients age, although nonspecific, are reminiscent of such a cause. We therefore urge clinicians to look for cutaneous stigmata along the spine and consider the evaluation of the spinal cord in children with apparent paraparesis, out of proportion to that usually seen in Angelman syndrome, should our case report not just be a coincidental observation. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expanding phenotype of XNP mutations: Mild to moderate mental retardation
Authors: Yntema Helger G. , Poppelaars Francis A. , Derksen Esther , Oudakker Astrid R. , van Roosmalen Tanja , Jacobs Anja , Obbema Hanneke , Brunner Han G. , Hamel Ben C.J. , van Bokhoven Hans 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMutations in the XNP gene have been reported in alpha thalassemia/mental retardation (MR) syndrome (ATR‐X) and other severe X‐linked MR conditions with facial dysmorphisms. In this report, we describe a missense mutation in exon 18 in a family with borderline to moderate MR. Like other disorders associated with an XNP mutation, skewed X‐inactivation was found in all carrier females in this family. Only retrospective examination revealed childhood facial hypotonia and HbH inclusions in some of the affected males. These results expand the spectrum of clinical phenotypes known to be due to mutations in the XNP gene, and indicate that XNP mutation analysis should not be restricted to patients with severe MR and characteristic facial features. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association study of the short tandem repeat in the 5′ upstream region of the cholecystokinin gene with mood disorders in the Japanese population
Authors: Hattori Eiji , Yamada Kazuo , Ebihara Mitsuru , Toyota Tomoko , Nankai Masahiro , Shibuya Haruo , Yoshikawa Takeo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe have recently identified a novel polymorphic short tandem repeat (STR) in the 5′ upstream region of the cholecystokinin (CCK) gene and reported its association with panic disorder. A linkage study of affective disorder showed a modest linkage signal on the short arm of chromosome 3, the location of the CCK gene. Furthermore, clinical comorbidity of depression and anxiety disorders have been documented. In the present study, we examined a possible association of the CCK STR with mood disorders. We genotyped 165 subjects with mood disorders consisting of unipolar and bipolar disorders and 253 control samples. However, no significant allelic associations were detected between the STR and either the combined mood disorders (P = 0.885), the unipolar group (P = 0.296), or the bipolar group (P = 0.605). These data suggest that the CCK promoter STR is unlikely to have a major genetic effect on the development of mood disorders in the Japanese population. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genitopatellar syndrome: A recognizable phenotype
Authors: Reardon William 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGenitopatellar syndrome is a newly described condition, subject of a single literature report to date. The condition comprises absent patellae, genital and renal malformations, joint dislocation, and mental retardation. Recurrence has been recorded in two kindreds, consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Demonstration of acute ischemic lesions in the fetal brain by diffusion magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Baldoli Cristina , Righini Andrea , Parazzini Cecilia , Scotti Giuseppe , Triulzi Fabio 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe possibility of detecting acute hypoxic‐ischemic brain lesions by prenatal magnetic resonance imaging or ultrasound is low. We present a case of a fetus with a vein of Galen arteriovenous malformation in whom prenatal diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging at 33 weeks of gestation clearly detected cerebral acute ischemic lesions, associated with remarkable decrease of the average apparent diffusion coefficient, whereas T2‐weighted imaging was still not informative.