bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contempt
Authors: Thomason Krista K. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Contempt is expressed in many ways: the sneer, the upturned nose, the scoff, and the silent stare. While some philosophers argue that it’s incompatible with the respect owed to our fellow humans, others argue that some people deserve contempt. We feel contempt when we’re trying to gauge how we’re doing in building a self. Contempt involves a self-assuredness that gives us self-confidence. Sometimes we feel contempt when someone has disrespected us too many times. While contempt may be valuable in private life, that doesn’t mean it’s valuable in public life. Drawing on Jane Addams and W.E.B. Du Bois, this chapter argues that contempt can interfere with our commitment to a democratic way of life.
Conclusion
Authors: Thomason Krista K. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
If we are going to learn to love our negative emotions and not merely tolerate them, we need a new way of thinking about the role they play in our lives. Rather than thinking we should get rid of negative emotions or train them to be better, we should simply accept that there is a part of ourselves we don’t control. Drawing on the work of Henry David Thoreau, this chapter argues that we need to better understand and accept our inner wilderness. Being fully immersed and invested in your life requires giving up the need for emotional purity.
Together and Apart
Authors: Starr S. Frederick 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the lives of Ibn Sina and Biruni in the ancient Central Asian region of Khwarazm. While Khwarazm was one of Eurasia's most heavily traveled trade routes, the region developed its own language, religion, arts, and sciences. The chapter highlights how Gurganj thrived and became a global beacon of intellectual excellence in Central Asia. Ali Ibn Mamun, shah of Khwarazm, had personally recruited Biruni to join his stable of intellectuals. Additionally, both thinkers' time in Gurganj proved to be immensely useful, but Biruni and Sina barely brought up each other even though they worked together in official events.
Arguing Aristotle
Authors: Starr S. Frederick 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the inevitable communication between Biruni and Ibn Sina. It cites their argument surrounding On the Heavens, which is Aristotle's most significant astronomical work. Biruni questioned why Aristotle denied the existence of gravity, while Ibn Sina used syllogism for his counterargument. Additionally, Sina belittled Birumi for challenging the authority of Aristotle, who was known to be the First Teacher. The chapter then elaborates on the divide between Ibn Sina and Biruni, who both think that their intellectual conflict can never be resolved. It also cites that neither of them attempted to find a common ground with the other.
Ibn Sina’s Encore
Authors: Starr S. Frederick 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the final years of Ibn Sina's life. During his stay in Isfahan, Ibn Sina completed the last three volumes of The Canon of Medicine and the final sections of The Cure. Then, he focused on writing works that revolved around metaphysics to elaborate on human consciousness and God. Ibn Sina also indulges in drinking and carousing during his stay in Hamadan. The chapter considers Ibn Sina's personality, solitary and sustained feuds, and grudges. It explores the considerations of whether Ibn Sina had been murdered or not by a slave, who was suspected of adding opium to his concoctions.
No Mercy
Authors: Messac Luke 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
During the 1980s and 1990s, a slowdown in federal and state support for the care of the poor and decreasing reimbursements for the privately insured led to an increase in uncompensated care costs for American hospitals. To recoup some of their debts, hospitals and doctors’ offices began to provide less charity-care, turned more patients away at their doors (particularly Black patients and pregnant women), and relied increasingly on collections agencies. Initially, hospitals were wary of sending bills to collections, in part for fear of bad press, but soon the practice became common throughout the country. Medical debt was fast becoming a significant portion of the work of debt collectors, whose phone calls and letters and visits became a recurring feature of the lives of poor patients. By the mid-2000s, hospitals were no longer just assigning debt to collection agencies but selling it outright to private debt buyers.
The Resurgence of Facilitated Communication
Authors: Lutz Amy S. F. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Initially brought to the United States from Australia in 1989, by the mid-1990s controlled studies consistently proved that the messages produced by facilitated communication (FC) were directed by the facilitators, not the users, through the same kind of unconscious movements responsible for Ouija boards, water dowsing, table turning, and other ideomotor effects. Despite the fact that every relevant professional organization has rejected FC—including the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, and the American Psychological Association—new iterations, like the Rapid Prompting Method (RPM) and Spell to Communicate (S2C), are now surging in popularity, driven both by providers making big promises and by parents so desperate to access their children’s intact minds that they are willing to risk turning them into puppets.
Conclusion
Authors: Lutz Amy S. F. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Today the mantra in disability service provision has become “presume competence.” Although many advocates are unaware of its provenance, this directive originates from the facilitated communication literature and is really just another way of asserting the intact mind. But respecting the personhood of those with significant intellectual and developmental disabilities, maximizing their opportunities, and providing necessary and desired supports requires honest conversations about impairment, not pretending it away. The author closes by turning to care ethics—a framework originated by feminist thinkers like Carol Gilligan and Joan Tronto and most popularly applied to disability discourse by Eva Feder Kittay—as a way of de-throning the intact mind and centering instead nested dependencies and the infrastructure needed to support all people.
Essential Aloneness
Authors: Bollas Christopher 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Essential Aloneness: Rome Lectures on DW Winnicott offers a series of DW Winnicott lectures delivered by Christopher Bollas in the 1980s to the Institute of Child Neuropsychiatry at the University of Rome. It primarily focuses on Winnicottian psychoanalytic theory and practice. Each chapter contains unique and distinct discussions as delivered with the aliveness that is a hallmark of in-person lectures. Essential Aloneness also considers how to use Winnicott’s concepts in clinical spaces. Moreover, Bollas brings a unique outlook to the challenges Winnicott’s thinking posed to the psychoanalytical, literary, and intellectual culture in the United Kingdom and overseas ten years after the passing of Winnicott.
Communicating/Not Communicating
Authors: Bollas Christopher 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter highlights the importance of communication. It starts with the concept of original aloneness, which is a primary feeling people carry with them throughout their life. Donald Winnicott indicates that the inherent aloneness can be interfered with by anxiety and by psychopathological states, but it is generally a peaceful part of the personality. Moreover, Winnicott found that the non-communicating self reflects a personal core that is a true isolate. The chapter then explains Winnicott’s approach to providing conditions that enable the person to experience their inner sense of personal reality, while also highlighting how communication can be silent and significant.
Questions
Authors: Bollas Christopher 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into frequently asked questions and concerns regarding Donald Winnicott’s works and the development of infants. From Winnicott’s point of view, there is a state of double dependency during aloneness wherein the foetus is dependent upon the intrauterine state, and the mother is also dependent upon the foetus. Aloneness primarily refers to the state of being that exists soon after the emergence from inorganic to organic life. The chapter also considers how dreams and fantasy affect a person’s true self. It elaborates on the concept of celebrating the maturational process and the analysis of repetition in a child’s play.
Hope and Activism
Authors: Leshem Oded Adomi , Talmor Shanny , Halperin Eran 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores hope in the field of peace activism, aiming to understand hope from the perspective of peace activists working on the frontline of peacebuilding. The thematic analysis of the twenty interviews conducted among Israeli and Palestinian activists illustrates how hope is used and interpreted by activists and how it shapes (and is shaped by) their grassroots work. Utilizing the bidimensional model of hope, the chapter reveals that peace activism may be driven more by activists’ wishes for peace rather than their belief in its feasibility. The findings further expose the palliative aspects of hope and the reciprocal relations between hope and grassroots activism. Hope drives activists’ commitment to action while their actions feed back and replenish their hopes. Integrating the findings, the authors raise a provocative thought. Perhaps, hope, not necessarily political transformation, is the end target of activism. Applications for bottom-up peacebuilding are then discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Fulbrook Mary 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter introduces the concept of a ‘bystander society’. It addresses the distinctive situation of bystanding within a wider context of state-sponsored collective violence, as was the case in Nazi Germany. Certain types of social relations and political conditions produce a greater likelihood of widespread passivity in face of violence. A ‘bystander society’ developed in Nazi Germany, such that fewer people were likely to stand up on behalf of victims, but rather remained passive or even became complicit in stigmatizing and ousting individuals from the newly redefined ‘national community’. The chapter raises the question of whether the passivity of bystanders helps to explain the outcomes of violence.
Falling into Line
Authors: Fulbrook Mary 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores early reactions to the appointment of Adolf Hitler as chancellor of Germany, and the consequent destruction of parliamentary democracy. It contrasts enthusiastic support for Hitler with the more ambivalent responses of many others, while opponents of Nazism were horrified and subjected to brutal repression. The chapter explores how public enthusiasm, private apprehension, and widespread conformity became key characteristics of life in Germany in 1933. Policies of discrimination and intimidation began to affect social relationships in everyday life, as people informally adapted their behaviours towards others.
Changing Horizons
Authors: Fulbrook Mary 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses a range of perspectives and experiences among both those who were persecuted and their ‘Aryan compatriots’ in the later 1930s. The development of the Holocaust on a broader European scale can be better understood if we also take into account the changing attitudes and activities of ‘Germans abroad’, and consider the relationships between German-speaking communities in other states and within the Third Reich. Moreover, the annexation of Austria in March 1938 was a significant turning point in the expansion of the Nazi empire of violence, with rapid radicalization of Nazi violence in areas beyond the ‘old Reich’.
Shock Waves
Authors: Fulbrook Mary 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The violence of November 1938 was a turning point for both ‘Aryans’ and Jews in Nazi Germany. Non-Jewish Germans were engaged in moral compromises, and caught between willing complicity, constrained conformity, or frustrated impotence. Kristallnacht, as the violence and mass arrests of Jews in November 1938 became known, had been planned, initiated, and coordinated from above; it was not a spontaneous ‘pogrom’ as portrayed by Goebbels. Following the night of arson attacks on synagogues and violence against Jews as well as their homes and businesses, adult male Jews were incarcerated. Jews were subjected to further restrictions and deprived of their livelihoods; and despite restrictive immigration quotas elsewhere, and horrific bureaucratic and economic hurdles, they were encouraged to emigrate. The chapter explores how the German population was deeply divided: while some enthusiastically joined in with the Nazi violence and plundering of Jewish property, many retreated into resigned passivity. The oddest phenomenon explored here is the combination of personal expressions of sympathy with victims while continuing to perform roles that furthered Nazi policies.
Divided Fates
Authors: Fulbrook Mary 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Following Kristallnacht, Germans and Austrians of Jewish descent faced agonizing choices, particularly the question of whether to leave their homeland for the uncertainties of an impoverished life in an unknown country. Kristallnacht was also a turning point for Aryans who could no longer plausibly claim ignorance of the radical violence against Jews across the Reich. People of mixed descent or in mixed marriages were never secure, despite partial protection. With the Nazi invasion of Poland in September 1939, terror was unleashed on Polish elites as well as Jewish communities in Poland, with brutalities and murders. Forced ‘resettlement’ and Nazi ‘germanisation’ policies meant ousting former inhabitants (Poles and Jews) from their homes, and bringing in ‘ethnic Germans’ from abroad to resettle large areas, enlarging the sphere of complicity. Within the Reich, being forced to wear a yellow star and denied the possibility of emigration further isolated Jews from September 1941. Yet some ‘Aryans’ nevertheless tried to assist Jews in distress, including those who had been deported.
The Bystander Myth and Responses to Violence
Authors: Fulbrook Mary 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter clarifies how a ‘bystander society’ was actively developed in Nazi Germany. Memoirs written about lives before and after 1933, and other personal accounts from the time, highlight the significance of everyday social processes in which ‘Aryans’ propelled the ‘racial’ segregation of German society. Initial conformity and growing compliance developed into more active involvement in the machinery of perpetration during the war. Nazi Germany presents a striking example of the rapid racialization of identity, which may persist over time. Personal accounts illuminate moral compromises in difficult circumstances, and help us to evaluate the changing balance of the three key factors of ignorance, impotence, and indifference, both as explanations and as self-representations during and following periods of collective violence. This analysis helps to explain the conditions under which people are more likely to remain passive in face of violence against others, and how they live with it afterwards. Exploring the character of ‘bystander society’ is therefore crucial in understanding the character and legacies of the Holocaust.
Angels Tapping at the Wine-shop's Door
Authors: Matthee Rudi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Islam is the only major world religion that resists the juggernaut of alcohol consumption. In many Islamic countries, alcohol is banned; in others, it plays little role in social life. Yet, Muslims throughout history did drink, often to excess—whether sultans and shahs in their palaces, or commoners in taverns run by Jews or Christians. This evocative study delves into drinking’s many historic, literary, and social manifestations in Islam, going beyond references to “hypocrisy” or the temptations of “forbidden fruit.” Rudi Matthee argues that alcohol, through its “absence” as much as its presence, takes us to the heart of Islam. Exploring the long history of this faith—from the eight-century Umayyad dynasty to Erdoğan’s Turkey, and from Islamic Spain to modern Pakistan—he unearths a tradition of diversity and multiplicity in which Muslims drank, and found myriad excuses to do so. They celebrated wine and used it as a poetic metaphor, even viewing alcohol as a gift from God—the key to unlocking eternal truth. Drawing on a plethora of sources in multiple languages, Matthee presents Islam not as an austere and uncompromising faith, but as a set of beliefs and practices that embrace ambivalence, allowing for ambiguity and even contradiction.
The Hijacking of American Flight 119
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The Hijacking of Flight 119: How D.B. Cooper Inspired a Skyjacking Craze and the FBI's Battle to Stop It discusses the legend of D.B. Cooper that triggers the most extraordinary eras in American aviation history. In November 1971, Cooper hijacked a Northwest Airlines flight, parachuted from the Boeing 727 with $200,000 in ransom, and was never seen again. The hijacking case remained open for four decades before it was finally determined as a cold case. Over the following seven months of his crime, many air pirates imitated Cooper's crime with varying motivations such as politics, greed, derring-do, and boredom. The Hijacking of Flight 119 also details the impact of Cooper's legend on the public, media, and law enforcement.
Heinrick von George
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the frequency of crashes in early flying before the 1970s and that a new threat took their place in the form of hijackers. Hijackers often targeted stewardesses as hostages, and more often than not, stewardesses were the ones who ended up with a gun at their back. The chapter discusses Heinrick von George, who hijacked a Mohawk Airlines turboprop in January 1972. The chapter looks at von George’s life before the hijacking incident, when he held a pistol to stewardess Eileen McAllister’s head for nine hours. Von George was a married man and a father of seven children who had frequently changed jobs in hopes of doing better. However, after a failed business and being forced into bankruptcy, von George lost his confidence, and the family’s finances never fully recovered.
The Money
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter recounts American Flight 119’s arrival in St. Louis, where the hijacker allowed all the women and children and men seated on the right side of the plane to leave. One of the stewardesses, Diana Rash, was able to convince the hijacker to release the male passengers with health conditions that required medication, causing every man on the plane to claim they had a bad heart. The hijacker was able to take control of the sudden commotion and let some of the men go, with thirteen remaining. The chapter highlights how the stewardesses tried to keep everyone calm and talked to the hijacker as the plane flew out again. When the hijacker was notified that his money was ready back in St. Louis and the plane was approaching the airport, he positioned three stewardesses in front of his seat as a human shield.
D.B. Cooper
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the hijacker who used the name Dan Cooper when he paid for a one-way ticket to Seattle on Northwest Orient Flight 305. Cooper handed Florence Schaffner, one of the three stewardesses on the flight, a note that said he had a bomb and that he wanted Schaffner to sit by him. The chapter outlines Cooper’s demands, which included $200,000 in cash in a knapsack, two back parachutes, two front parachutes, and a fuel truck ready to refuel the plane. The chapter recounts how the plane landed in Seattle and the hijacker released all the passengers and two stewardesses but kept the three pilots and stewardess Tina Mucklow remaining on the plane. After getting what he’d demanded, Cooper ordered the pilot to fly to Mexico, and on the way to the destination, he used a parachute to jump off the plane, and he and the money were never found.
David Hanley
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes David Hanley, a thirty-year-old inventor who was considered a misfit genius as his ideas for new inventions often straddled the line between creative and goofy. Hanley worked in engineering and design for Emerson Electric and then started his company, Circa 2000, which served largely as a vehicle to market his inventions. The chapter cites a statement from Hanley’s neighbor describing him as smart but also impetuous in a way that seemed immature to some. The chapter details Hanley’s decision to take matters into his own hands when he learned about the hijacking of American Flight 119. In his wife’s Cadillac Eldorado, Hanley rushed to the St. Louis Airport, drove through the gate, and hurtled down the runway toward Flight 119.
Dead or Alive
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Everyone thought that the hijacker of American 119 was dead. Based on the briefing received about Richard McCoy’s jump, Leroy Berkebile, who was flying the hijacked Boeing 727 when the hijacker bailed out, and Art Koester, the second American Airlines pilot on the plane, were sure that the combination of their speed at the moment the hijacker jumped (320 miles an hour) and the turbulence from the jet engines that Berkebile had directed downward into his path would have made it impossible for him to survive. On the off chance that the hijacker had survived, police were determined not to let him slip through their grasp. By 4:45 a.m. on June 24, less than two hours after the hijacker bailed out, the entire Peru police force was mobilized and setting up roadblocks on major thruways. In the era before cell phones, FBI cars were equipped with radios. To coordinate the search across the countryside, FBI radio operator Brice Umstead set up a portable station at the old Butler Township School where the FBI had set up its headquarters.
Show Me the Money
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how, as the FBI tried to make sense of the new clues, American Airlines contemplated what to do about Lowell Elliott, the farmer. On Wednesday, June 28, American Airlines district sales manager Frank Bodwell arrived to offer $10,000 to Elliot as a gift from the airline. However, the farmer refused to take it. Elliot had become convinced that he should get at least 5 percent, or $25,000, if not 10 percent of the money he found. The airline refrained from criticizing Elliott but also declined to increase its offer. A week after turning down the money, the farmer went into seclusion, refusing to take calls. Later he accepted the $10,000 without fanfare and used it to pay bills.
The Informant
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how agents Larry Bonney and Richard Farley followed through on the tip from Detroit detective Robert Krichke despite their initial skepticism. Both agents tracked down James Petty in Michigan and interrogated the man for a few hours before Petty admitted to Martin McNally’s hijacking stunt. Under the orders of agents, Petty was able to gather more information about McNally, who gullibly shared details of his crime. McNally said he expected his next hijacking attempt would be easier and would not result in losing money. The chapter explains the agents’ attempts to trace McNally’s missing gun before receiving positive identification on the hijacker.