bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moral Rationalism, Realism, and the Emotions
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The penultimate chapter of The Realm of Reason discusses the relation between the author's moral rationalism and a thorough moral realism and the question of whether a moral rationalist can hold that moral properties are sometimes involved in causal explanations. In reply, The author introduces what he calls the Eirenic Combination, which holds that (i) causal explanation of a priori moral beliefs by moral facts is excluded by the a priori status of those beliefs; but (ii) this is compatible with the moral properties mentioned in the a priori principles playing a significant part in empirical explanations, which they sometimes do. He then defends his moral rationalism against the charge that it is incompatible with the extensive role moral emotions play in our ordinary first‐level moral thought.
Conclusion
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The conclusion to The Realm of Reason gives briefly examples of other areas a fully developed rationalism has to elucidate. These include, amongst others, explaining self‐ and other‐ascriptions of mental states and the possibility of conforming to the normative requirements of rationality, and further elucidating the notion of knowing what it is for a given content to be true.
The Nature of Political Theory
Authors: Vincent Andrew 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis is a controversial book that challenges established views of contemporary political theory. It offers a synoptic, critical, and comparative analysis of the widely different accounts of how the discipline developed during the twentieth century. Its ‘nature’ is seen as intrinsically pluralistic and internally divided. The discussion utilizes the idea of foundationalism to bring coherence to the complex practices associated with theory during the twentieth century. Overall, the book aims to dispute current monistic trends in the way the discipline is understood. It will be an immensely useful resource for students of politics, as well as in providing critical perspectives on the future of the subject.
Shoring Up Foundations
Authors: Vincent Andrew 
Published: August 2004

AbstractExamines the initial critique of justice‐based political theory. This critical movement was not so much a resistance to the idea of justice as to its Universalist pretensions. An attempt was thus made to root political theory in a form of conventionalism. This chapter examines the sophisticated origins of the conventionalist form of argument in the writings of Michael Oakeshott, the better‐known writings of communitarianism and the reaction of the later Rawls to communitarianism in terms of his ideas on political liberalism.
Segmented Foundations and Pluralism
Authors: Vincent Andrew 
Published: August 2004

AbstractExamines the processes of internal fragmentation implicit within the logic of the conventionalist arguments, using the generic conceptual theme of ‘pluralism’ to analyse liberal pluralism, multicultural pluralism, and difference‐based pluralism. The basic argument made in this chapter is that conventionalism does not cease to work at the level of the nation or community. Every traditional community or nation is constituted by multiple sub‐communities and sub‐cultures.
Euroization, Dollarization, and the International Monetary System
Authors: Salvatore Dominick 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
A great debate has been taking place in many nations, especially small ones, in Central, Eastern, and Southern Europe, in the Baltic States, and in the Americas on the need and benefits of abandoning the national currency in favor of the euro or the dollar. This chapter examines the benefits and costs of euroization or dollarization. It analyzes the ways in which the two processes are similar and different, and it examines their likely effect on the functioning of the present and future international monetary system.
The Effect of Common Currencies on International Trade: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Rose Andrew K. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractNineteen recent studies have already investigated the effect of currency union on trade, resulting in 383 point estimates of the effect. In an attempt to summarize the current state of the debate, meta-analysis is used here to combine the disparate estimates. The chief findings are that (a) the hypothesis that there is no effect of currency union on trade can be rejected at standard significance levels, (b) the combined estimate implies that currency union approximately doubles trade, and (c) the estimates are heterogeneous and not consistently tied to features of the studies.
Living and Dying with Hard Pegs: The Rise and Fall of Argentina's Currency Board
Authors: de la Torre Augusto , Levy Yeyati Eduardo , Schmukler Sergio L. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The rise and fall of Argentina’s currency board illustrates the extent to which the advantages of hard pegs have been overstated. The currency board did not promote fiscal or monetary discipline, and fostered nominal stability and financial intermediation only at the cost of endogenous financial dollarization. Ultimately the failure adequately toaddress the currency-growth-debt trap, into which Argentina had fallen at the end of the 1990s, precipitated a run on the currency and on the banks, triggering a currency collapse and a sovereign debt default. The crisis, rooted in the underlying weaknesses of Argentina’s monetary regime, can best be interpreted as a bad outcome of a high-stakes strategy to overcome a weak-currency problem. To increase the credibility of the hard peg, the government raised its exit costs, which deepened the crisis once exit could no longer be avoided.
The Anatomy of a Multiple Crisis: Why was Argentina Special and What Can We Learn from It?
Authors: Perry Guillermo , Servén Luis 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The Argentine crisis has been variously blamed on fiscal imbalances, real overvaluation, and self-fulfilling investor pessimism triggering a capital flow reversal. This chapter provides a full assessment of the role of these and other ingredients in the collapse. It shows that in the final years of its Convertibility program, Argentina was not hit harder than other emerging markets in Latin America by global terms-of-trade shocks and financial disturbances. Hence the crisis reflects primarily the high vulnerability to disturbances built into Argentina’s policy framework. These fragilities reinforced each other in such a way that taken jointly they led to a much larger vulnerability to adverse external shocks than in any other country in the region.
America's Interest in Dollarization
Authors: Cohen Benjamin J. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter examines the US interest in dollarization. Formal adoption of the US dollar by other governments creates both opportunities and risks for the United States, political as well as economic. But few benefits and costs can be estimated in advance, leaving much room for disagreement over the likely balance of costs and benefits. The argument here is that, from the US point of view, no presumption either way can be established. Unless directly challenged by efforts elsewhere to establish formal currency blocs, the United States has no interest in promoting a wider role for the greenback.
Dollarization and Euroization in Transition Countries: Currency Substitution, Asset Substitution, Network Externalities, and Irreversibility
Authors: Feige Edgar L. , Dean James W. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The chapter examines the extent, causes and consequences of transition countries’ use of foreign currency as a co-circulating medium of exchange and store of value. Using new estimates of foreign cash in circulation, we obtain unique measures of currency substitution, asset substitution, and dollarization, and examine the consequences of network externalities for hysteresis and irreversibility. Finally, we examine factors that could lead some transition countries -- most of which are joining the European Union in 2004 -- to euroize officially, joining existing members of EMU, and others to euroize unilaterally, i.e., without joining EMU.
Allocating Lending of Last Resort and Supervision in the Euro Area
Authors: Kahn Charles M. , Santos João A. C. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The Maastricht Treaty created the European System of Central Banks and the European Central Bank (ECB) to head the system. The treaty entrusts the ECB with the responsibility for monetary policy, but national authorities remain responsible for financial stability. In this chapter, we focus on the implications of national versus central assignment of lender-of-last-resort and supervisory functions for the degree of forbearance in closing distressed banks and for the level of diligence in bank supervision. One major conclusion is that, if only one of the two functions is centralized, then it will be more effective to centralize the supervisory function.
Landownership Inequality and the Income Distribution Consequences of Economic Growth
Authors: Carter Michael 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAddresses the question of whether agrarian structure (land ownership inequality) can explain increasing income inequality. The second section begins the chapter with a conventional income inequality accounting or Gini decomposition framework, which, among other things, provides a convenient vehicle to review the economic theory of the inverted‐U, the assumptions under which it could be expected to hold, and, by implication, the likely reasons for its failure to hold in the contemporary world. This framework also makes it clear that the direct explanatory power of land ownership inequality on income inequality should diminish with the reduction in the share of national income generated in the agricultural sector, and should thus be diminishing rapidly over time in those countries of Asia and Latin America where the weight of the agricultural sector in the overall economy has fallen off dramatically. The third section develops an econometric approach for answering this empirical question, in which flexible estimation methods based on random coefficients or mixed effects models are employed to test for the effect of agrarian structure on income inequality. The last section summarizes the chapter by considering the implications for policy both inside and outside the agricultural sector.
External Liberalization, Economic Performance, and Distribution in Latin America and Elsewhere
Authors: Taylor Lance 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Economic policy in developing and post‐socialist economies during the last 10–15 years of the 20th century had one dominating theme: packages aimed at liberalizing the balance of payments, on both current and capital accounts. Together with large but highly volatile foreign capital movements, this wave of external deregulation was the central feature of globalization for the nonindustrialized world. In two recent research projects, the implications of external liberalization have been investigated through the use of quantified narrative histories for a number of countries, based on a methodology developed by the author to decompose and analyse changes in effective demand, productivity growth, employment, and the sectoral/functional income distribution over time; one of these studies concentrates on countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, while the other includes Argentina, Colombia, Cuba, India, South Korea, Mexico, Russia, Turkey, and Zimbabwe. After a summary of the results of the studies, with possible interpretations, the chapter develops a model of the likely effects of liberalization. The decomposition methodologies are then presented, and used to check the outcomes that the model generates; a substantial overlap is shown between observed phenomena and the model projections, and this discussion leads naturally to policy alternatives and suggestions about the future course of the liberalization process.
Increased Income Inequality in OECD Countries and the Redistributive Impact of the Government Budget
Authors: Atkinson Anthony B. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The recent rise in inequality in the distribution of disposable income in many, although not all, countries has led to a search for explanations, particularly since for much of the postwar period falling income inequality has been the norm. In the OECD countries, on which this chapter concentrates, the cause has been identified as rising wage dispersion, coupled with persistent unemployment in Europe. However, a number of factors need to be brought into any explanation of the extent and timing of changes in income distribution, including movements in factor shares, changes in real interest rates, and the impact of the government budget. This chapter focusses on the last of these. It has five sections: Introduction; Redistributive Impact of the Government Budget in selected OECD countries—a review of the statistical evidence from five OECD countries where a time series of studies covering the 1980s and the 1990s is available (UK, Canada, West Germany, Finland, Sweden; The Government Budget in Principle and Policy Reaction to Demographic Shifts—a simple framework within which the distributional implications of different government policy responses to changes in economic conditions and the different elements influencing the choice of response are explored; Policy Changes in Redistributive Taxes and Transfers: Case Studies of Unemployment Benefit and Personal Taxation—in the five European countries already studied, and in the US; and Summary of Conclusions.
Income Distribution and Tax and Government Social-Spending Policies in Developing Countries
Authors: Chu Ke-young , Davoodi Hamid , Gupta Sanjeev 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Provides an overview of the changes in income distribution in developing and transition countries in recent decades, and assesses the incidence of taxes and government expenditure in these countries. For the overview of income distribution, the chapter relies largely on a set of newly available ‘high‐quality’ income‐distribution data. For the assessment of tax and government expenditure incidence, it relies on existing incidence studies on individual countries. The chapter has five sections: Introduction; The Role of Taxes and Social Spending; Selective Literature Survey—a survey of the studies on the incidence of taxes and expenditure, paying particular attention to the incidence of government spending on education and health, and reviewing the available evidence for a large number of developing countries; Role of Taxes and Government Social Spending Policy—this section offers an overview of the changes in income distribution in developing countries from the 1970s to the 1990s, with separate discussion of the nature of tax reforms and social expenditure policy and their distributional implications in selected countries (Hungary, Indonesia, and Thailand); and Summary and Conclusions.
The Impact of Adjustment-Related Social Funds on Income Distribution and Poverty
Authors: Cornia Giovanni Andrea , Reddy Sanjay G. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Most poverty and income inequality has deep‐rooted causes that can be removed only by structural (and often slow) interventions, although it is now increasingly evident that structural adjustment, premature financial liberalization, and uncontrolled globalization can exacerbate poverty by inducing protracted recessions and macroeconomic instability. One of the dominant responses to these policy‐induced problems has been the establishment of temporary social safety nets, of which the most popular type is known as ‘social funds’; these have become a prime policy choice for offsetting the social impact of policy reform. This chapter assesses the performance of social funds, arguing that have played a minor role in containing the social costs arising from liberalization policies and in reducing the number of unemployed, ‘adjustment poor’, and ‘chronic poor’. In addition, the emphasis placed on short‐term social funds may have diverted resources and the attention of policy‐makers from the extension and reform of standing social security arrangements that may more effectively address both chronic and adjustment‐induced poverty. The six sections of the chapter are: Introduction; The Historical Context Leading to the Mass Introduction of Social Funds; Adjustment‐Related Social Funds: Scale, Scope, and Structure; Effects on Incomes, Income Distribution, and Poverty: Macroperspective; Effects on Incomes, Income Distribution, and Poverty: Microperspectives; and Conclusions and Recommendations.
Factor Shares and Resource Booms: Accounting for the Evolution of Venezuelan Inequality
Authors: RodrÍguez Francisco 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis is the second of five country case studies on income inequality, and shows that income inequality in Venezuela has significantly worsened during the past 27 years; in particular, the worsening has taken the form not of higher inequality among workers, but of higher inequality between those who own and those who do not own capital. Factor shares (shares of factors of production) have moved decisively against labour during the last three decades, resulting in a transfer of approximately 15% of GDP from labour to capital income: the data show an average worker in the late 1990s to be roughly half as well off in terms of income as an average worker in 1970. The chapter examines several possible explanations for the change in income inequality. It has six sections: Introduction; What the data say; Factor Shares, Factor Prices, and Oil Booms—an attempt to explain the evolution of factor shares on the basis of the evolution in human and physical capital accumulation; Other Influences on Income Distribution—an examination of alternative influences on factor shares; Labour's Loss of Power and the Political Economy of Inequality—an in‐depth discussion of the loss of political power by the Venezuelan labour movement and the relationship of this with the main hypothesis presented by the chapter; and Concluding Comments. The main thrust of the explanation offered is that the increase in Venezuela's income inequality can to a great extent be traced back to the decline in the country's physical capital stock and its rigid production processes, although policies such as trade liberalization, contractionary macropolicies, and capital account convertibility have made a far from negligible additional contribution.
Growth, Structural Change, and Inequality: The Experience of Thailand
Authors: Sarntisart Isra 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This is the last of five country case studies on income inequality, and looks at the case of Thailand. Following on from a number of other studies, the study attempts to re‐examine the relationships between economic growth, structural change, and income inequality in Thailand. After an introduction, the second section, Economic Growth and Structural Change, provides a broad picture of the Thai economy, and the third, Trends in Income Inequality, reviews studies on the changes in income inequality from the 1960s through to the beginning of the 1990s. The fourth section, Factors Related to Income Distribution, examines industrialization planning, industrial protection policies, regional income disparities, and the minimum wage bill over the past four decades. The fifth section, Analysis of Income Inequality in 1988, 1992, and 1996, presents an analysis income inequality in those years according to the subgroups and source decompositions of income; the final section summarizes.
Corporate Law and Governance: Shareholder Derivative Suits
Authors: Milhaupt Curtis J. , West Mark D. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Presents a paradigmatic case of law's role in facilitating change in the Japanese economy: shareholder derivative suits. After discussing the structure of corporate governance in Japan, the authors show how a seemingly technical and innocuous legal change in 1993 led to large‐scale changes in the scope and mechanics of shareholder monitoring in that country.
Venture Capital
Authors: Milhaupt Curtis J. , West Mark D. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Chapters 3 and 4 examine the role of law and informal rules in the financial sector. Examines entrepreneurial finance in Japan, focusing on how the institutional environment associated with Japanese corporate governance in its post‐war heyday created problems for start‐up firms by handicapping the development of an active venture capital market. Bubbles notwithstanding, the maturation and dynamism of the venture capital market in the 1990s was one of the signal economic successes of the US in recent years. Not surprisingly, Japan has looked enviously at Silicon Valley. The search for an institutional structure supportive of entrepreneurial finance in Japan has motivated substantial corporate law reform over the past five years.
Lawyers and Bureaucrats
Authors: Milhaupt Curtis J. , West Mark D. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Chapters 7 and 8 show how institutional changes can lead to positive results. In Chapter 8, the authors examine the allocation of talent in Japan between the bureaucracy and the legal profession. This chapter both reflects and highlights the general transformation seen to be taking place in Japan, away from informal rules and toward more formal, law‐based institutions. If Japan is moving toward a firmer ‘rule of law’ (putting aside the very thorny question of precisely what that means), one likely consequence is a greater role for lawyers in the economy, and a diminished role for bureaucrats operating by fiat. Examining career choices of elites in Japanese society thus provides a novel way of testing whether the institutional changes observed in the rest of the book are having a real impact on society. Milhaupt and West present dramatic evidence that indeed they are: the cream of the crop in Japan is forsaking the bureaucracy for law.
Mirror‐Image Reversal of Coronal Computed Tomography Scans
Authors: Schmidt Derek , Odland Rick 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: Mirror‐image reversal of coronal computed tomography (CT) scans can be a significant problem in patient care, potentially leading to wrong‐sided surgery and malpractice suits. There is no literature describing the problem of mirror‐image reversal of coronal CT scans. Generally, medical errors are not widely published: however, with the emphasis on reduction of errors in medicine, this topic should be openly discussed.Study Design: Retrospective review of patient care and an assessment of current methods.Methods: Two cases of mirror‐image reversal of coronal CT scans were reviewed, and the authors found that each case represented a different type of error. In the first case, the error was recognized in the operating room. The second case resulted in wrong‐sided surgery, and a lawsuit was filed. These two separate occurrences led to a review of the methods for determining right versus left side for orienting and labeling of CT scans. Orientation of coronal scans depends on whether the patient is prone or supine. Thus, technician input is required. If a labeling mistake is made, radiologists may not readily catch the mistake because of the symmetry of the head and neck anatomy.Results: A review of the markings on each scan should provide the otolaryngologist with enough information to determine whether the scan is mislabeled.Conclusion: The incidence of mislabeled coronal CT scans is unknown. This error can result in inappropriate patient care and lawsuits for wrong‐sided surgery. Awareness of the potential problem and open discussion of interpretation and prevention are necessary.