bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Religion as Hallmark of Nationhood
Authors: Perica Vjekoslav 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The first part of the chapter gives a brief account of the bloody fratricidal war fought in Croatia and Bosnia‐Herzegovina in 1991–5, which resulted from ethnic nationalistic revolutions aimed at destroying the multiethnic federation of Yugoslavia founded by the communists, and establishing independent homogeneous states. Further wars would continue in 1998 (between the Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo) and in 2001 (between Albanians and Macedonians in Macedonia). The main part of the chapter discusses religion and nationalism in these successor states – Islam and Muslim nationalism in Bosnia‐Herzegovina, Catholicism (the Madonna of Medjugorje) and Croatian nationalism in Bosnia‐Herzegovina and Croatia, and the Orthodox Church in Serbia (and Kosovo), Macedonia, and Montenegro. The remaining two sections of the chapter discuss saint making in Croatia in the late 1990s, and the role of religious organizations in the international peace process.
The Twilight of Balkan Idols
Authors: Perica Vjekoslav 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The beginning of the chapter briefly discusses the degradation of the Balkan successor states to Yugoslavia, and the despise with which they were held by the West (except for Slovenia) – Serbia and Croatia came into conflict with the West, while Bosnia‐Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Macedonia became Western protectorates. The two main parts of the chapter discuss the role of the Catholic Church in the return of Croatia to the West, and the role of the Serbian Orthodox Church in relation to the West and the failure of the Serbian revolution under Milošević. The last part of the chapter discusses the legacy of Yugoslavia, and current attitudes to Balkan nationalism, which has undergone heavy blows from demography (a diminishing population of children and young people) and migration to the West – which have replaced Marxism as the new key menace to the Churches.
Conclusions
Authors: Perica Vjekoslav 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The conclusion from the case study of the making and unmaking of Yugoslav states presented in this book, both in general, and in its religious dimension in particular, offers scholars a kind of “laboratory” from which findings and deductions can be made. These are discussed under the following headings: multinational states and legitimacy by religion; the myth of the religious revival; religion and Yugoslav communism; and the continuing Balkan nightmare.
Beyond Auschwitz
Authors: Morgan Michael L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAuschwitz is the center of the twentieth century, its dark core, yet, in the postwar years in America few intellectuals dared to come to grips with the horror and the suffering. Jewish theologians too were slow to respond until, in the turbulent years of the sixties and beyond, a small number of Jewish thinkers came to realize that the survival of Judaism and continued Jewish life require first and foremost confronting Auschwitz; looking into the abyss had become unavoidable. In this book, Michael Morgan tells the story of these theologians, and offers the first comprehensive overview of post‐Holocaust Jewish theology. He gives an account of the encounter with the death camps in the postwar writings of figures such as Hannah Arendt, Elie Wiesel, and Primo Levi and describes the role of the Six Day War in 1967 on the development and reception of post‐Holocaust Jewish thought. In chapters on each of the central thinkers (Richard Rubinstein, Eliezer Berkovits, Irving Greenberg, Arthur Cohen, and Emil Fackenheim), he analyzes the way they have struggled with the dialectic of history and identity, and with the threat of radical rupture. Throughout the book, the intellectual developments are set in their historical context and there are chapters on the reception of post‐Holocaust Jewish thought and its legacy for today. This is a book of philosophical and theological analysis as well as a work of intellectual history and will interest a wide spectrum of readers.
Introduction
Authors: Morgan Michael L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis brief introduction discusses the importance of understanding what the American Jewish response – and more importantly, the American Jewish theologians’ response – to the Holocaust has been, and what it has taught Jews about their approach to the past and the future. The author has approached this by an examination of the writings of five thinkers (Richard Rubinstein, Eliezer Berkovits, Irving Greenberg, Arthur Cohen, and Emil Fackenheim), each of whom in the 1960s and 1970s began to treat the Holocaust as a central and determining feature in his Jewish thinking. Each conceived of his theological task as understanding Judaism in terms of an act of coming to grips with Auschwitz, yet each has been influential in different ways, and for different constituencies. A brief summary is given of the writings of each of the five, and of some of the thoughts and conclusions raised. The introduction ends with an outline of the book.
The Holocaust and the Intellectuals of the Fifties and Sixties
Authors: Morgan Michael L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFrom 1945 to 1965, the Holocaust and the Nazi destruction of European Jewry came to occupy the attention of a small number of intellectuals whose work would have a significant impact on post‐Holocaust Jewish thought. One of the most important, Raul Hilberg, was a political scientist by training, but his work was primarily historical; The Destruction of the European Jews, which appeared in 1961, meticulously examined the destruction process, but this massive and detailed work was rarely read. The most influential books were those of Hannah Arendt, Elie Wiesel, and Primo Levi; these writers provided powerful, important views of the death camps and the Nazi horrors, and they also introduced modes of discourse for describing and discussing the crimes perpetrated, the criminals, and the victims. This chapter is primarily devoted to a study of Arendt's examination of Nazism and totalitarianism, published in articles in the 1940s, and culminating in her tremendously important hook, The Origins of Totalitarianism, in 1951; discussion of various critiques of her work is also included. The writings of Elie Wiesel and Primo Levi are discussed in the next chapter.
Jewish Theology in Postwar America
Authors: Morgan Michael L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter covers the writings and interchanges of various Jewish theologians who wrote in America in the late 1940s, the 1950s, and the 1960s, who included existentialists, and Reform Jewish theologians. These writers include Emil Fackenheim, Will Herberg, Martin Buber, Franz Rosenzweig, Eugene Borowitz, Bernhard Heller, Jakob Petuchowski, Arthur Cohen, Abraham Joshua Heschel, Joseph Soloveitchik, Lou Silberman, Bernard Martin, Eliezer Berkovits, Richard Rubinstein, and many others. The chapter also covers the debates in various journals as well as ideas put forward in more substantial publications (essays, books, etc.).
Postmodernism, Tradition, Memory: The Contemporary Legacy of Post‐Holocaust Jewish Thought
Authors: Morgan Michael L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe contemporary legacy of the post‐Holocaust movement for modern Judaism and Jewish self‐understanding is considered in an examination of modernist and postmodernist thought. For various reasons, the primacy of the Holocaust has been seen by many as opposed to a number of recent developments in Jewish life, especially the return to texts, the renewal of ritual celebration, and the commitment to “liberal” values. The author encourages an appreciation of the realism and yet the idealism of the post‐Holocaust thinkers and points out that their goal, like that of every Jew, is to find a way to return to the past in order to live into the future with integrity and hope.
Regulatory Choke Holds on Economic Growth
Authors: Yago Glenn , Trimbath Susanne 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe chapter starts by pointing out that a fundamental mismatch exists between the sources of job creation and capital formation in the USA, and that US financial history can be read as a long attempt to resolve this. Flow of funds data from the 1950s to the late 1990s reflect the relative contraction of financial institutional sources of capital and the expansion of capital markets. However, an analysis of this structural shift shows that small businesses have participated less than large ones (although they represent over 40% of total assets, debt, and net worth), and they remain disproportionately dependent on banks as their major source of capital. The effect of the recession of the early 1990s on such small firms is discussed in terms of the four sources of regulatory chokes (i.e. overregulation) that have hampered their economic growth: banking regulations, insurance regulations, thrift regulations, and merger regulations. The last part of the chapter discusses the reinvention of financial institutions and the restructuring of regulation, and financial technology transfer for small businesses – such as developing secondary markets for small‐firm equity and debt, and the creation of derivatives or issue of bonds or certificates by investment originators.
New High Yield Markets
Authors: Yago Glenn , Trimbath Susanne 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSome of the developing (non‐US) high‐yield markets were briefly mentioned in the previous chapter, but before the development of the non‐US markets for high‐yield bonds is addressed in this chapter, the countries from which national and corporate borrowers were driven to the US markets for capital are reviewed. They represent the full spectrum of size, location, and creditworthiness, and include Argentina and Brazil (which accounted for nearly 90% of all high‐yield bonds issued in the USA by South American Corporations in the 1990s), Canada, Australia, and the UK. The next section of the chapter reviews the development of the European high‐yield market, the expansion of which peaked in 1998 but then paused (and showed a drop in returns) following the Russian crisis. Data are given contrasting the different European financial systems, and difficulties arising from the different European insolvency regimes and transnational bankruptcies are discussed. The last part of the chapter discusses the development of the Canadian high‐yield market, and the attempts made to break through into this market in Asia, which are limited by cultural taboos against bankruptcy (data are given on the different creditor rights in eight Asian countries and four South American countries).
Industrial Restructuring
Authors: Yago Glenn , Trimbath Susanne 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter investigates industrial restructuring in the slow‐growing food industry in the USA, asking why an industry with a growth factor of less than 1% flourishes in a world in which companies strive for growth rates of 10% or more. It first looks at the industrial composition (sectoral distribution) of the Fortune 500 [the largest 500 companies in the US as listed by Fortune Magazine, on the basis of publicly available data], and at the industrial restructuring that occurred in the 1980s in the US economy, showing a breakdown of consumer products into cyclical and noncyclical groups. The food industry is in the noncyclical group, which increased its share of revenues while decreasing its share of companies in the Fortune 500. Other sections of the chapter look at the following: consolidation through mergers and acquisitions; financial innovations – the ability to use public markets for leveraged financing and a possibly more heavy reliance (of noncyclical companies) on high‐yield bond financing (for which evidence is presented); the financing of biotechnology for food production and the associated structural change in production; the impact of the combination of high‐yield financing and high tech in the food industry; and foreign and international influences.
Why We Can't Understand Thought from the Outside
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In Nagel's view, any challenge to reason involves reason and implicitly authorizes the use of reason. Separating the idea of reason from the idea that its results must carry absolute certainty, Nagel stresses the importance of the aspiration of reason for universality. His defense of the authority of reason resembles Descartes’ cogito, which identifies the limits of self‐criticism from an external viewpoint. Rejecting Richard Rorty's pragmatism as inconsistent with the consensus upon which Rorty attempts to “ground” objectivity, Nagel states that epistemological skepticism is only possible with an implicit reliance on the capacity for rational thought.
Science
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
To refute subjectivism about science, we must begin, Nagel says, with the idea that there is some way the world is and aim to show that even the subjectivist cannot rise above this idea. Nagel rejects Kant's claim that reason cannot tell us anything about how the world is in itself because any use of reason is limited by how the world seems to us. According to Nagel, there is something suspicious in the view that we have the bare idea of our placement in a mind‐independent world but not the logical possibility of anything more. Kantian transcendental idealism is just one hypothesis and must compete with the more mundane possibility that the world is more or less as it appears. Since science continues to offer good reasons to believe things, not just about the phenomenal world but also about the world as it is in itself, in an equal contest, the subjectivist loses.
Ethics
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Considers whether moral reasoning is fundamental and inescapable. Nagel argues that we cannot step outside the procedures of justification and criticism employed in moral and practical reason and regard them as mere expressions of contingent local or cultural, or, even more broadly, human practices. Nagel rejects Bernard Williams's claim that, unlike reflective theoretical reason, reflective practical reason, of which moral reason is an example, is always first‐personal. Targeting Hume's skepticism, Nagel argues that a gap exists between inclination and decision that requires one to employ reason to determine what oneself or any other person should do when confronted by a given set of circumstances.
Traditional Criteria of Tax Equity
Authors: Murphy Liam , Nagel Thomas 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Traditional analyses of tax justice demand that the distribution of tax burdens satisfy criteria of vertical and horizontal equity–like cases should be treated alike and relevantly different cases should be treated differently. Various criteria for relevant differences have been proposed, drawing on ideas such as ability to pay and taxation in proportion to benefit. All these analyses suffer from the fundamental flaw of treating pretax income as a morally significant baseline. This mistake can partly be traced to a prevailing “everyday libertarianism” according to which our legal property rights simply protect what we are independently morally entitled to; this view is incoherent.
The Tax Base
Authors: Murphy Liam , Nagel Thomas 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The choice of tax base–income, consumption, wealth–is an instrumental one: it depends upon the efficiency and justice of the outcomes different tax bases promote. Traditional fairness-based arguments for the consumption base–for example, that it is fairer to savers, or appropriately taxes according to what is taken out rather than put into the “common pool”–all suffer from the everyday libertarian mistake of treating the pretax distribution as morally significant. But there are important philosophical questions to be asked about the value of wealth and the legitimacy of taxing endowment (potential rather than actual income).
Autonomous Agents
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExplores the related topics of self‐control and personal autonomy. Self‐control is understood as the contrary of akrasia or weakness of will, and autonomy is placed in the family of metaphysical freedom concepts: most notably, free will, free choice, and free action. The book's first half develops an analysis of the nature of self‐control and explains the potential influence of self‐control on actions, beliefs, reasoning, emotions, and values. It also develops an account of an ideally self‐controlled person and argues that even such a person will fall short of autonomy. The second half of the book first asks what may be added to ideal self‐control to yield autonomy and then defends two distinctive answers, one for compatibilist believers in autonomy (believers in autonomy who see it as compatible with determinism) and another for libertarians (believers in autonomy who see it as incompatible with determinism). The compatibilist answer features an account of control and a sensitivity to agents’ histories, and the libertarian answer adds to this a kind of causal openness that does not require agent causation and that avoids the sort of luck that undermines autonomy and moral responsibility. It is argued that the disjunction of these two answers as applied to actual human beings is more credible than the thesis that there are no autonomous human beings. This is “agnostic autonomism”: the position is agnostic about whether the falsity of determinism is required for autonomy while asserting that it is more credible that there are autonomous human beings than there are not.
Introduction: Self‐Control and Personal Autonomy
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Introduces some of the book's key concepts, sketches the process leading to full‐blown deliberative action, and provides an overview of the first half of the book. Important concepts introduced are autonomy, self‐control, akrasia or weakness of will, control, and determinism. It is argued that full‐blown, deliberative, and intentional action involves some psychological basis for evaluative reasoning (for example, values, desires, and beliefs), an evaluative judgment that is made on the basis of such reasoning and recommends a particular course of action, an intention formed or acquired on the basis of that judgment, and an action that executes that intention. An agent who lacks control at any of these junctures does not act autonomously.
Better Judgment: Nature and Function
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Defends a position on the nature and function of agents’ judgments that it would be best to do something and on the connection between such judgments and intentions. Competing theories advanced by Aristotle, Donald Davidson, and R. M. Hare are criticized. One conclusion is that no nonartificial species of evaluative judgment renders agents immune to weakness of will. Agents’ judgments about what is best to do are not only subject to defeat by opposing motivation but are also supportable by exercises of self‐control. An account of practical reasoning or deliberation and of what motivates it is offered.
Exercising Self‐Control: A Motivational Problem
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOffers a resolution of a puzzle about the possibility of exercising self‐control in support of one's doing what one judges best when one's desire for that course of action is weaker than one's desire to pursue a tempting alternative. The resolution is based partly on observations about the sources of the motivational strengths of desires and about various ways in which desires compete with one another. Some relevant empirical work on delay of gratification is reviewed.
Self‐Control, Akrasia, and Emotion
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Defends and explains the possibility of emotional analogs of akratic and self‐controlled actions. It is explained how people can avoidably acquire and continue to have feelings or emotions that they judge it best not to have and how they can exercise self‐control to avoid this. Our emotions are often products of such things as desires, habits of interpretation, learned patterns of emotional response, other emotions, and our physiological condition. The possibility of akratic feelings rests on the possibility that the evaluations that ground some better judgments about particular feelings neither fully fix nor exactly gauge the causal power of what produces those feelings. When there is a mismatch between the determinants of our feelings and our better judgments and when what we are feeling is subject to our control, akratic feelings are possible.
Problems for Libertarians
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIdentifies the main problems facing libertarians – incompatibilists who believe that there are free, autonomous, morally responsible agents. The main problems revolve around luck and control. Libertarians need to explain how the same actions can be both free and explicable and how indeterminism contributes to freedom, autonomy, and moral responsibility. It is shown that although the so‐called “Mind argument” is not a problem for libertarians, a variant of it is, and Robert Kane's libertarianism is criticized.
Incompatibilist Autonomy and Autonomous Action
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Develops a modest libertarian view that avoids traditional libertarians’ problems with luck and control. Ultimate and proximal control are distinguished; Galen Strawson's regress argument against libertarianism is criticized; a libertarian account of how we become free, autonomous agents is developed; and a set of sufficient conditions for libertarian autonomy is offered. Those conditions are the compatibilist conditions defended in Ch. 10 together with a new condition that introduces a specialized indeterminism into the deliberative process.
Assessing the Denial of Autonomy
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Argues that it is more credible that there are autonomous human beings than that there are not. Agnostic autonomism is defended: the position affirms the existence of autonomous agents while being agnostic about whether the falsity of determinism is required for autonomy. The defense is based on an examination of the philosophical advantages and disadvantages of four positions: agnostic autonomism, compatibilist belief in autonomy, incompatibilist belief in autonomy (libertarianism), and the belief that there are no autonomous agents (nonautonomism). If compatibilism is true, there is a strong case – grounded partly in human experience – for the existence of autonomous human agents; even if compatibilism is false, the nonautonomist is no better off than the libertarian; and given the absence of a knockdown argument for incompatibilism, the agnostic autonomist has a significant edge over the nonautonomist.
Where Darwin Meets the Bible
Authors: Witham Larry A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Offers a comprehensive and even‐handed summary of America's contemporary intellectual and social debate over evolutionism and creationism, with its roots in Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859). The book relies on more than 100 interviews with contemporary players, includes profiles of many of them, and reports opinion surveys of scientists and theologians. Chapters cover the topic's impact on politics, public education, museums and churches, the news media, public debate, beliefs of scientists, and issues of human nature and morality. The book closes with events in 2000 and suggests that in future debate, science is challenged to separate philosophy from evolution, and religion to explain God's action in the world.