bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intralamellar relationships within the collagenous architecture of the annulus fibrosus imaged in its fully hydrated state
Authors: Pezowicz Celina A. , Robertson Peter A. , Broom Neil D. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe anisotropic, inhomogeneous, multiply collagenous architecture of the annulus reflects the complex pattern of mainly tensile stresses developed in this region of the disc during normal function. Structural and mechanical responses of fully hydrated in‐plane sections taken from within single lamellae of the outer annulus of healthy bovine caudal discs have been investigated using a micromechanical technique in combination with simultaneous high‐resolution differential interference contrast optical imaging. Responses both along and across (i.e. transverse to) the primary direction of the mono‐array of collagen fibres were studied. Stretching along the alignment direction revealed a biomechanical response consistent with the behaviour of an array whose overall strength is governed primarily by the strength of embedding of the fibres in the vertebral endplates, rather than from interfibre cohesion along their length. The mono‐aligned array, even when lacerated, is highly resistant to any further tearing across the alignment direction. Although not visible in the relaxed mono‐arrays, transverse stretching revealed a highly complex set of interconnecting structures embodying hierarchical relationships not previously revealed. It is suggested that these structures might play an important role in the containment under pressure of the nuclear contents. The dramatic differences in rupture behaviour observed along vs. across the primary fibre direction are consistent with the known clinical consequences arising from varying degrees of annular wall damage, and might also explain various types of disc herniation. The lamellar architecture of the healthy disc revealed by this investigation provides an important reference framework for exploring structural changes associated with disc trauma and degeneration.
An immunohistochemical study of the development of sensorimotor components of the early fetal human spinal cord
Authors: Clowry Gavin J. , Moss Jennifer A. , Clough R. Lee 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSections from all spinal cord levels from 20 human fetuses, age range 7.5–17 gestational weeks (GW) were immunostained for non‐phosphorylated neurofilaments (to reveal motoneurones, spinocerebellar neurones and other large neurones), the calcium‐binding protein parvalbumin (large proprioreceptive afferents), growth‐associated protein 43 kDa (growing axons), glial fibrillary acidic protein (radial glia), synaptophysin (synaptic terminals) the cell–cell recognition molecule ephrin A4 (EphA4) and the ETS transcription factor Er81 (subclasses of motoneurone and proprioreceptive neurone). Muscle afferents crossed the dorsal horn by 7.5 GW and innervated motoneurones by 9 GW. An alignment of glial fibres guided them from dorsal columns to ventral horn, at right angles to the radial glia. They continued to provide a dense innervation of motoneurone pools up to 17 GW. By 13 GW motoneurones were segregated into distinct columns, all of which expressed EphA4 although only certain lateral groups expressed Er81. However, Er81 expression was more widespread amongst dorsal root ganglion neurones. From 9 GW Clarke's column neurones were identified and by 14 GW were heavily innervated by parvalbumin‐positive afferents whilst their efferent axons could be traced to the lateral funiculus. This investigation contributes towards a timetable for the functional development of human motor control and makes comparisons with well‐studied rodent models.
Ultrastructural anatomy of CALT follicles in the rabbit reveals characteristics of M‐cells, germinal centres and high endothelial venules
Authors: Knop Nadja , Knop Erich 
Published: September 2005

AbstractConjunctiva‐associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) is a part of the eye‐associated lymphoid tissue (EALT) at the ocular surface. Its lymphoid follicles are usually characterized by using light microscopy, but its ultrastructure remains largely unknown. In this study, flat whole‐mount conjunctival tissues (n = 42) from 21 young adult rabbits were investigated native in reflected light, and further stained and cleared (n = 6), in paraffin histology sections (n = 6), scanning electron microscopy (SEM,n = 4) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM,n = 4). Secondary lymphoid follicles accumulated into a dense group nasally towards the lacrimal punctum of the lower lid. High endothelial venules (HEV) with typical ultrastructure occurred in the parafollicular zone. The bright germinal centre (GC) contained lymphoblasts, follicular dendritic cells, apoptotic cells and tingible body macrophages. The follicle‐associated epithelium (FAE) was devoid of goblet cells and contained groups of lymphoid cells. TEM showed these cells to be located in cytoplasmic pockets of superficial electron‐lucent cells with a thin cytoplasmic luminal lining that contained a fine filament meshwork and numerous endocytotic vesicles. These M‐cells were sitting between and on top of the ordinary dense epithelial cells that were located basally and formed pillar‐like structures. In stereoscopic SEM, the surface cells were very large, had a polygonal outline and covered cavernous spaces. The rabbit has a CALT with typical follicular morphology, including HEV for regulated lymphocyte migration and epithelial cells with ultrastructural characteristics of M‐cells that allow antigen transport as indicated by the GC‐reaction. The arrangement of these M‐cells on top of and between epithelial pillar cells may reflect a special structural requirement of the multilayered CALT FAE.
Maternal attachment state of mind moderates the impact of postnatal depression on infant attachment
Authors: McMahon Catherine A. , Barnett Byranne , Kowalenko Nicholas M. , Tennant Christopher C. 
Published: September 2005

Background:  Empirical studies have revealed a significant, but modest association between maternal depression and insecure mother–child attachment. Across studies, however, a substantial number of mothers with depression are able to provide a sensitive caretaking environment for their children. This paper aimed to explore whether a mother's own state of mind regarding attachment moderated the association between postpartum depression and insecure mother–child attachment.Methods:  Mothers (n = 111), mainly middle‐class mothers, and their infants participated in a longitudinal study of postnatal depression, maternal attachment state of mind and child attachment. Depression was assessed using a diagnostic interview (at 4 and 12 months) and symptom checklists (at 4, 12 and 15 months). The Adult Attachment Interview was conducted at 12 months and the Strange Situation procedure at 15 months.Results:  Mothers diagnosed as depressed were more likely to have an insecure state of mind regarding attachment. Infants of chronically depressed mothers were more likely to be insecurely attached; however, the relationship between maternal depression and child attachment was moderated by maternal attachment state of mind.Conclusions:  Results are discussed with reference to resiliency factors for women with postnatal depression and implications for intervention.
Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene–environment interaction
Authors: Tuvblad Catherine , Grann Martin , Lichtenstein Paul 
Published: September 2005

Background: Socioeconomic status is often assumed to be of importance for the development of antisocial behavior, yet it explains only a fraction of the variance. One explanation for this paradox could be that socioeconomic status moderates the influence of genetic and environmental effects on antisocial behavior.Method: TCHAD is a Swedish longitudinal population‐based twin study that contains 1,480 twin pairs born 1985–1986. The present study included 1,133 twin pairs, aged 16–17 years. Antisocial behavior was measured through self‐report. Family socioeconomic status was assessed by parental‐reported education and occupational status. Neighborhood socioeconomic conditions were assessed using five aggregated level variables: ethnic diversity, basic educational level, unemployment level, buying power, and crime‐rate. We used structural equation modeling to test whether socioeconomic status interacted with latent genetic and environmental effects for antisocial behavior.Results: Genetic influences on antisocial behavior were more important in adolescents in socioeconomically more advantaged environments, whereas the shared environment was higher in adolescents in socioeconomically less advantaged environments. Heritability for antisocial behavior was higher in girls than in boys, irrespective of socioeconomic background.Conclusions: Our results suggest that different intervention policies should be considered in different socioeconomic areas. In socioeconomically advantaged areas, it might be more fruitful to focus on individually based preventions and treatments. In socioeconomically disadvantaged areas, intervention and prevention policies might be more effective on a community level, to account for shared environmental risk factors.
Pre‐purchase and post‐purchase satisfaction and fashion involvement of female tennis wear consumers
Authors: Chae Myung‐Hee , Black Catherine , Heitmeyer Jeanne 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis study examined the relationship among pre‐purchase and post‐purchase satisfaction and fashion involvement of women who participated in tennis. As women's activities in sports, including tennis, are growing, it is necessary to investigate their clothing needs in order to meet consumers’ needs. A final sample consisted of 124 women who attended a Cortec United States Tennis Association Women's Pro Tournament. The questionnaires were personally distributed and collected during the tournament. The theoretical base for this study was the Engel, Blackwell, and Miniard model on consumer decision making. There was a positive significant relationship between pre‐purchase satisfaction and post‐purchase satisfaction (P < 0.01). There was a positive significant relationship between pre‐purchase satisfaction and fashion involvement (P < 0.001). Also, there was a positive significant relationship between post‐purchase satisfaction and fashion involvement (P < 0.001). Comfort was identified as the most important clothing attribute and fit the second most important for women to achieve satisfaction before and after purchasing tennis apparel. Seventy‐two percent of the women indicated the need for improved fit of tennis wear. Women of all ages reported garment length as a problem for each garment type. Two major reasons for not purchasing tennis clothing were high prices and inappropriate sizes.
Consumer purchase behaviour for oysters: an empirical study in some state capital cities of Australia
Authors: Liu Yu , Kow Felicia , Grewal Devinder , FitzGerald Des 
Published: September 2005

AbstractOysters represent an excellent source of major nutrients, especially proteins, vitamins and minerals. The consumption of oysters in Australia has not grown enough to match to their increased availability. This study is designed to provide information for the oyster industry to better attract more consumers to eat oysters. Six antecedent variables affecting the consumer choice of oysters: quality, safety, labelling, presentation, psychological aspects and preferred values for packaging and price, were identified by principal component factor analysis. A logistic regression approach predicts the consumer choice of oysters using these six factors and the demographic factors in the binary choice model. The outcome of the modelling predicts that the consumer choice of ‘dine in or out’ for oysters is significantly linked to age, gender, residence, labelling and preferred values, while the frequency of eating oysters annually is significantly influenced by the factors of age and preferred values. The oyster promotions such as nutritional marketing of oysters that have low cholesterol, cooking shows and special activities that target specific subsections of the consumer market are recommended in the study.
Altered CD38 expression in thioacetamide‐induced rat model of liver cirrhosis
Authors: Gan Bong Hwa , Ng Geok Lan , Bay Boon Huat , Chang Chan Fong 
Published: October 2005

Abstract: Background: Cirrhosis is a gradually developing, chronic disease which involves the whole liver. Here, we have shown that CD38 undergoes altered expression upon thioacetamide‐induced cirrhosis in rats. CD38 is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that exhibits ADP‐ribosyl cyclase and cADPR hydrolase activities. In this study, the gene and protein expressions of CD38 were investigated in a thioacetamide‐induced rat model of cirrhosis.Methods: CD38 expression was studied by using real‐time RT‐PCR, immunohistochemistry, and immunoblotting. cADPR content in liver was measured using cycling assay.Results: There was a significant increase in CD38 mRNA and protein expressions as well as ADP‐ribosyl cyclase activity in cirrhotic liver compared to the control liver. cADPR level was found to be modestly but significantly augmented in cirrhotic liver.Conclusions: These results raised the possibility that altered CD38 expression and a concomitant elevation of the enzymatic activity as well as cADPR may be involved in the pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis.
Comparison of outcome in patients with cirrhosis and ascites following treatment with albumin or a synthetic colloid:
Authors: Moreau Richard , Valla Dominique‐Charles , Durand‐Zaleski Isabelle , Bronowicki Jean‐Pierre , Durand François , Chaput Jean‐Claude , Dadamessi Innocenti , Silvain Christine , Bonny Corinne , Oberti Frédéric , Gournay Jérôme , Lebrec Didier , Grouin Jean‐Marie , Guémas Eric , Golly Dominique , Padrazzi Bruno , Tellier Zéra 
Published: October 2005

Abstract: Background: The question of which colloid (albumin or synthetic colloids) used for plasma expansion following paracentesis or other complications requiring fluid loading in patients with cirrhosis remains controversial.Aims: To compare outcome and hospital‐related cost in patients with cirrhosis treated with 20% human albumin with those treated with a synthetic colloid (3.5% polygeline).Methods: The primary end point was occurrence of a first liver‐related complication.Results: When the trial was prematurely discontinued because of safety concerns about bovine‐derived products, 30 patients were assigned to receive albumin and 38 were assigned to receive a synthetic colloid. Sixty‐three patients were included for ascites removal by paracentesis and five patients for ascites removal by paracentesis and renal impairment. The median time to first liver‐related complication was not significantly longer in the albumin group (20 vs. 7 days). However, the total number of liver‐related complications adjusted to a 100‐day period was significantly lower in the albumin group. The median hospital cost for a 30‐day period was significantly lower in the albumin group (1915 euros vs. 4612 euros).Conclusions: In patients with cirrhosis and ascites, human albumin appears to be more effective in preventing liver‐related complications than synthetic colloid. This may be associated with decreased hospital costs.
Editorials: Parathyroid Hormone Assay Drift: An Unappreciated Problem in Dialysis Patient Management
Authors: Cantor Tom 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) bone metabolism guidelines assume that clinicians use the Nichols intact parathyroid hormone immunoradiometric assay (iPTH IRMA) upon which K/DOQI was based. But for more than a decade, virtually all PTH assay results used for routine end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) clinical management have not been generated with this test. Results from the most widely used PTH assays for ESRD patient testing in the United States have varied from 1999 to 2005. The Nichols chemiluminescent Advantage iPTH assay results shifted upwards significantly in 1999 and remained elevated until 2005. From 2003 to 2005, results from the Nichols Advantage Bio‐Intact PTH assay shifted upward on average by 29% to 52%. These changes in the most widely used PTH assays have made use of the K/DOQI guidelines with these assays both inappropriate and potentially harmful to patients.
Recent Advances in Understanding the Malnutrition‐Inflammation‐Cachexia Syndrome in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: What is Next?
Authors: Kalantar‐Zadeh Kamyar 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTSeveral recent clinical trials using single modalities to correct the conventional cardiovascular risk factors in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or to improve dialysis dose and techniques in maintenance dialysis patients have failed despite the high rate of cardiovascular mortality in these individuals. Protein‐energy malnutrition and inflammation, two relatively common and concurrent conditions in CKD patients, have been implicated as the main cause of poor short‐term survival in this population. The “malnutrition‐inflammation‐cachexia syndrome” (MICS) appears to be the main cause of worsening atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the CKD population. The MICS is associated with low serum cholesterol and homocysteine levels and leads to “cachexia in slow motion.” Hence a reverse epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors is observed in dialysis patients with a paradoxical association of obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperhomocysteinemia with better survival. Correction of MICS can potentially ameliorate the cardiovascular epidemic in CKD patients. Because MICS is multifactorial, its correction will require an integral approach rather than a single intervention. The ongoing obsession with conventional cardiovascular risk factors largely reflecting overnutrition in a population that suffers from the short‐term consequences of undernutrition and excessive inflammation may well be fruitless. Clinical trials focusing on the causes and consequences of MICS and its modulation using nutritional interventions may be the key to improving survival in these individuals.
Kinetics of β2‐Microglobulin and Phosphate during Hemodialysis: Effects of Treatment Frequency and Duration
Authors: Leypoldt John K. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTCurrent understanding of β2‐microglobulin (β2M) and phosphate (or inorganic phosphorus) kinetics during hemodialysis is reviewed. The postdialysis:predialysis concentration ratio for β2M is determined by dialyzer clearance for β2M, treatment time, patient body size (specifically, extracellular fluid volume), and total ultrafiltration volume during the treatment. Evaluation of these treatment parameters can be used to calculate dialyzer clearance for β2M; however, such calculated values are only approximations, since they neglect intradialytic generation, nonrenal (nondialyzer) clearance, and postdialysis rebound of β2M. The detailed kinetics of β2M during hemodialysis are best described using a two‐compartment model. Theoretical predictions from such two‐compartment models suggest that the product of dialyzer clearance for β2M and weekly treatment duration, independent of treatment frequency, is the main determinant of plasma β2M concentrations. The kinetics of phosphate removal during hemodialysis are incompletely understood. Phosphate is removed from both extracellular and intracellular compartments during hemodialysis; the plasma phosphate concentration levels off after the first 1 or 2 hours of treatment and plasma concentrations can rebound even before therapy is complete. Increases in dialyzer clearance of phosphate have been previously achieved only by increasing dialysis membrane surface area or by the use of hemodiafiltration. A four‐compartment model of phosphate kinetics proposed recently by Spalding et al. suggests that the major barrier to phosphate removal is limited transfer of phosphate between the intracellular and extracellular compartments, although other complex factors also play important roles. Theoretical predictions using the model of Spalding et al. suggest that increasing either treatment frequency or treatment duration can increase phosphate removal. The kinetics of β2M are representative of middle molecules whose removal during hemodialysis is governed predominantly by clearance at the dialyzer. In contrast, phosphate removal is limited primarily by its sequestration in the intracellular compartment (and possibly other compartments), not by its clearance at the dialyzer. The kinetics of phosphate may therefore be representative of uremic toxins whose removal is limited by sequestration into compartments or by protein binding. Enhanced removal of both of these uremic toxins using a given therapy will require treatments of increased frequency and longer duration.
ASDIN Original Investigations: Creation of Secondary Arteriovenous Fistulas: Maximizing Fistulas in Prevalent Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Asif Arif , Unger Stephen W. , Briones Patricia , Merrill Donna , Cherla Gautam , Lenz Oliver , Roth David , Pennell Phillip 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTNational Kidney Foundation Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF‐DOQI) guideline 29 suggests that a patient should be evaluated for a secondary arteriovenous fistula (AVF) following each episode of dialysis access failure. Regretfully, it does not appear that this approach is used, even though recent data have emphasized that veins suitable for the creation of a secondary AVF can be identified in dialysis patients who are receiving dialysis via a synthetic arteriovenous graft (AVG) or other type of potentially dysfunctional vascular access. In this study nine patients (five with an AVG and four with an AVF) with vascular access dysfunction undergoing percutaneous interventions were evaluated for secondary AVF creation. All were found to have suitable vascular anatomy and had the AVF created. The secondary fistula was successful in all nine patients with a mean follow‐up of 4.8 ± 1.4 months in post‐AVG cases and 5.6 ± 1.7 months in the post‐AVF patients. In addition, it was possible to continue uninterrupted dialysis without the use of a tunneled dialysis catheter in three of the patients with AVGs. This experience demonstrates the validity and success of this approach to the management of dialysis access dysfunction. In the ongoing effort to optimize vascular health status, we suggest that during percutaneous interventions, patients should routinely have identification of vessels suitable for creation of a secondary AVF.
Fellows’ Forum in Dialysis   edited by Mark A. Perazella: A Patient With an Uncommon Etiology of Intradialytic Hypotension
Authors: Masani Naveed N. , Miyawaki Nobuyuki , Maesaka John K. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTHemodialysis is associated with various complications, the most common being intradialytic hypotension (IDH). In the majority of cases, IDH is easily corrected and does not represent a life‐threatening condition. We present a patient in whom IDH was unresponsive to various corrective strategies. A new mitral valve regurgitant lesion was diagnosed that eventually led to the patient's demise. Unusual etiologies of IDH need to be considered, particularly in instances where routine therapeutic measures are ineffective.