bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Diagnostic Stability in International Cohorts of Persons with Schizophrenia and Related Psychoses
Authors: Craig Thomas J , Wanderling Joseph A , Janca Aleksandar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the epidemiologic study of schizophrenia and related psychoses, it is most common that an initial cross-sectional diagnosis is derived using a structured interview instrument from which study diagnostic categories are created for longitudinal analysis of outcome. Only recently have such studies examined longitudinal diagnostic stability (Babigian, Gardner, Miles, and Romano, 1965; Kendell, 1974; Tsuang, Woolson, Winokur, and Crowe, 1981; Weeke, 1984; Jorgensen and Mortensen, 1988; Beiser, Iacono, and Erickson, 1989; Lenz, Simhandl, Tharu, Berner, and Gabriel, 1991; Marneros, Deister, and Rohde, 1991; Stanton and Joyce, 1993; Rabinowitz, Slyuzberg, Retsner, Mark, Popper, and Ginath, 1994; Fennig, Kovasznay et al., 1994; Fenning, Bromet, Craig, Jandorf, and Schwartz, 1995; Chen, Swann, and Burt, 1996) despite the fact that differential diagnostic change over time could have serious implications for the interpretation of outcome data. Relatively few in number, such studies had very different study designs which limit their comparability. Few studies have used the same structured diagnostic interview at baseline and follow-up, for example, relying instead on routinely collected baseline clinical data—for example, from case registries (Babigian et al., 1965; Kendell, 1974; Tsuang et al., 1981; Weeke, 1984; Jorgensen and Mortensen, 1988; Marneros et al., 1991; Stanton and Joyce, 1993; Rabinowitz et al., 1994; Fennig, Craig et al., 1994).
The Alternatives to Prescribing
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two alternatives to requiring prescriptions from physicians to purchase any of thousands of pharmaceuticals are worth considering: the libertarian, freemarket option and something I will call patient certification. One simple, bold alternative to the irrational practice of prescribing would be to bite the bullet and remove restrictions on medicinal chemicals: Let any-one sell them on the free market the way we sell nicotine, alcohol, pesticides, and countless other dangerous chemicals. As far as I know, there is no other class of products in the United States—a country passionately devoted to liberty—that is categorically restricted so that only a state-licensed professional (the pharmacist) may legally purchase and resell them, and only with written permission of another state-licensed professional (the physician). This is extraordinary security. It might be warranted for radioactive materials or top-secret, national-security data, but it is hard to defend for large classes of chemicals, most of which pose very little danger and have very little potential for abuse.
Why Hospice Care Should Not Be a Part of Ideal Health Care: II Hospice in a Postmodern Era
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is obvious that the hospice movement has grown out of the medical model. It is health professionals—mainly nurses—who have been the leaders in the development of hospices. That has often led to choice of language and methods of procedure that are medical. We sometimes talk about the staff of hospices as “health-care providers.”; More critically, we talk about the lay participants in hospices as “patients.”; We do this even though much of what a hospice participant receives has nothing to do with health care as normally understood. The hospice participant receives companionship, help with housekeeping, and so forth. He or she is read to, joked with, prayed with, and cried with. In “inpatient”; hospices, the participants might better be called “hospice residents.”; In home care, they remain residents in their own homes and might be called variously “owner,”; “resident,”; “participant,”; or some other label. Calling these persons “patients,”; however, categorizes them into the medical model.
Living With Darwin
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent debates about Intelligent Design have brought into high relief the huge schism between those who believe in Darwin and the power of science to understand the world, and those who look through the prism of religious faith. Why, asks eminent philosopher Philip Kitcher, does this debate continue to rage given that the scientific consensus in favor of Darwin is overwhelming? This accessible and elegant essay attempts to answer this question. Kitcher first presents the compelling evidence on behalf of Darwin’s evolutionary theory, bringing out with unprecedented clarity the structure of the reasoning that has convinced almost all educated people of its merits during the past century and a half. He then sets the current debate about Intelligent Design in historical context, showing that ID theory is really dead science. Explaining the scientific issues in an elegant and accessible way, Kitcher shows how crucial discoveries successively undermined the Creationist views about life on earth that were once considered scientific orthodoxy. Finally, Kitcher goes on to analyze the recurrent opposition to Darwinian ideas, arguing that they do present a genuine threat to those forms of religion that invoke divine providence. A Darwinian understanding of the history of life makes popular forms of religious faith, including most versions of Christianity and Judaism, hard to sustain. The dispute about Intelligent Design emerges as a symptom of a much deeper problem the clash between the deep impulses to religion and the discoveries of the natural and human sciences. Kitcher contends that we cannot resolve that clash either by denying these discoveries or by brusquely overriding the underlying impulses. Somehow, we must develop a version of secular humanism that will prove genuinely satisfying.
Of Monkeys and Men Biopower and the Production of Race
Authors: Feder Ellen K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The long-awaited publication of Michel Foucault’s 1974–75 and 1975–76 lectures at the Colle`ge de France provides us with an opportunity to reconsider the potential contribution of Foucault’s ‘analytics’ of power for understanding the contemporary operation of race. Unlike the deployment of gender, which, I argued in the previous chapter, is best understood as a function of disciplinary power, the deployment of race is primarily a function of ‘biopower,’ an expression of power that is bound up with the state apparatus. Appreciating the distinctive kinds of power associated with the production of gender on the one hand and race on the other affords us a chance to deepen our understanding of the ways that differences are produced and articulated in and through one another.
with a bullet checklists and dingbats
Authors: Humez Alexander Humez Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Funny you should mention it,” sang Frank Zappa: “Our new single hit the charts last week—with a bullet!” Amidst proliferating Power-Point presentations and burgeoning books of lists, the bullet seems as ubiquitous as blazing six-guns in a spaghetti Western. Like bar codes, they’re everywhere, even where one can’t tell exactly why (e.g., the one next to the sub-headline on a feature story about tree houses in our local paper). The use of bullet points, as a synonym for list items, has become so commonplace as to have worn out its novelty. We live in a bulleted age.
And a half: musical dots
Authors: Humez Alexander Humez Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In musical notation, the dot signifies that the note preceding it is to be increased in duration by half its length: A dotted half note is equal to a half note tied to a quarter note, a dotted quarter note equals a quarter tied to an eighth, and so on. (By the same token, a quarter-note rest with a dot after it means a rest equal to a quarter-note rest plus an eighth-note rest.) This has saved composers and their printers a great deal of ink over the years; without the dotted quarter, a jig (time signature 6/8), with an underlying two-beat rhythm of two dotted quarters to the measure, would be a thicket of tied quarters and eighths—and as for a concert polonaise jam-packed with dotted-eighths-plus-sixteenths, don’t even go there.
The Romantic Era
Authors: ShrockP Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Romantic era began in the 1820s when ideals of elegance changed to those of grandios- ity, conventional structures gave way to freer forms, and expressive individuality deter- mined textual selection and treatment. Throughout most of the Classical era, adjectives such as sweet, refined, and graceful were used to characterize musical composition and performance, even when choral ensembles and orchestras were very large. Many primary-source quotations verify this view, including a comment by the French author Marie-Henri Beyle (1793–1842) in his 1817 book (published under the pseudonym César Bombet) about the lives of Mozart and Haydn. Beyle makes reference to an early-nineteenth-century Handel festival concert in West- minster Abbey, stating, “Although 377 stringed instruments accompanied a single voice, such was the lightness of the effect, they did not overpower or incommode it. “ Large numbers of per- formers did not necessarily presume loud volumes of sound. However, the majority of composers at the beginning of the Romantic era desired to create imposing and grandiose effects—such as is evident in Berlioz’s Grande messe des morts and Beethoven’s Missa solemnis and Symphony #9. Composers also desired to create overtly dramatic effects, and, as a result, the dynamic ranges of volume became extreme and the use of numerous expressive markings became common- place. Indications for very loud volumes were contrasted with those for very soft volumes, and various symbols for articulation and emphasis were employed to vary the scope or compass of dramatic portrayal. In addition, more and more Italian terms were used to indicate precise tempo and expressive intent.
The Modern Era
Authors: ShrockP Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Modern era began during the early years of the twentieth century when composers felt that the genres, tonalities, scorings, and notational symbols of the Romantic era could no longer satisfy their creative needs. Traditional genres were too confining for new ideas of expres- sion, harmonic language based on functional tonality seemed to be exhausted, additional and unique colors were needed in scoring, and innovative elements of notation were required to manifest revolutionary concepts of communication. Consequently, dramatic changes affected virtually every element of music making. New genres ranged from stage productions that incor- porated dance (e.g., Claude Debussy’s Le martyre de St Sébastien ) to vocal chamber music scored for a large ensemble of highly skilled soloists (e.g., Olivier Messiaen’s Cinq rechants for twelve singers); experiments in new tonalities resulted in the dodecaphonic (twelve-tone) technique, pandiatonicism, bitonality, atonality, and divisions of the traditional chromatic scale into smaller units than half steps; scorings for uncommon colors included wordless chorus as an orchestral instrument, sprechstimme, numerous percussion instruments, and electronic sounds and instruments; and new notation consisted of a wide range of symbols to indicate such performance elements as variations in vibrato, speaking, singing in falsetto, producing the highest or lowest notes possible, and yelling, hissing, whispering, and so on.
Understanding Risks in Health Care
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A glance at the literature reveals a shocking lack of statistical understanding of the outcomes of modern technologies, from standard screening tests for HIV to DNA evidence. For instance, physicians with an average of 14 years professional experience were asked to imagine using the Haemoccult test to screen for colorectal cancer (Hoffrage & Gigerenzer, 1998). The prevalence of cancer was percent, the sensitivity of the test was 50 percent, and the false positive rate was 3 percent.
Military Intervention and Terrorism
Authors: Held Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One unfortunate casualty of the foreign policies of the George W. Bush administration is the very idea of morality in relations between states. I have a long-standing interest in this topic since one of the first books I ever edited (or coedited in this case) was called Philosophy, Morality, and International Affairs. This was during the Vietnam War, and we editors and contributors, most of us philosophers, all argued for paying more attention to what morality would recommend for U.S. foreign policy and for recognizing the appropriateness of the moral evaluation of states’ behavior.
Group Responsibility for Ethnic Conflict
Authors: Held Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a group such as a nation or a corporation has a relatively clear structure and set of decision procedures, it certainly seems that it is capable of acting and, one can well argue, that it should be considered morally, as well as legally, responsible. Assigning responsibility is a human practice, and there are good moral reasons to adopt the practice of assigning responsibility to such groups. From these judgments, however, little follows about the responsibility of individual members of such groups; much more needs to be ascertained about which official or executives are responsible for what before we can consider individual members of nations or corporations responsible.
Genes, Environments, and Concepts of Biological Inheritance
Authors: Mameli Matteo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term inheritance is often used to talk about biological traits. It can be argued that in this context, this term is used to express two different concepts. The first refers to the processes responsible for the reliable reoccurrence of biological features within lineages. The second refers to the processes responsible for the reliable reoccurrence of phenotypic differences between lineages. I shall call these two concepts, respectively, the concept of F-inheritance and the concept of D-inheritance. The F stands for “features that reoccur within lineages,” and the D stands for “differences that reoccur between lineages.” I shall call F-inheritan e and D-inheritance the processes to which these two concepts respectively refer. The distinction between F-inheritance and D-inheritance is fundamentally important for understanding the way developmental theory and evolutionary theory are related. Once this distinction is properly grasped, it is possible to see that the currently popular genecentric views of inheritance are inadequate.
Poverty of Stimulus Arguments Concerning Language and Folk Psychology
Authors: Segal Gabriel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is principally devoted to comparing and contrasting poverty of stimulus arguments for innate cognitive apparatus in relation to language and to folk psychology. These days one is no longer allowed to use the term “innate” without saying what one means by it.1 So I will begin by saying what I mean by “innate.” Sections 2 and 3 will discuss language and theory of mind, respectively. Along the way, I will also briefly discuss other arguments for innate cognitive apparatus in these areas.
Learning “About” Versus Learning “From”Other Minds
Authors: Gergely Gyorgy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the species-unique characteristics of human cultures is that they create, maintain, transmit, and retain across generations many cultural forms, skills, and knowledge whose relevant aspects are often cognitively opaque to their users and learners. In this chapter I’ll first characterize the concept of cognitive opacity, outline the nature of the learnability problem it represents for mechanisms of cultural learning, and speculate about its evolutionary origins. It will be argued that during hominid evolution, a new type of social learning system has been selected that is specialized to ensure efficient intergenerational transfer of cognitively opaque cultural contents from knowledgeable to nai”ve conspecifics. The design structure of this cue-driven cognitive adaptation of mutual design, which we call natural pedagogy (Csibra and Gergely, 2006; Gergely and Csibra, 2006; Gergely et al., 2007), will then be described. Pedagogical knowledge transfer is triggered by specific ostensive and referential cues to which infants show special and early sensitivity and which involve the selective communicative manifestation of relevant and generalizable cultural knowledge about referent kinds for the infant to fast-learn. I shall then critically contrast pedagogy theory with currently dominant alternative approaches to cultural learning that are based on simulation and identification processes by comparing how these respective models can account for recent evidence on early relevance-guided selective imitative learning, on the one hand, and on young infants’ interpretation of others’ referential emotion expressions in ostensive versus incidental observation contexts, on the other hand.
Of Pigeons, Humans, Language, and the Mind
Authors: Bonatti Luca L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans and pigeons don’t appear to have much in common. Humans have never been good at flying even short distances, nor have pigeons ever developed extensive civilizations. However, appearances are deceiving. For starters, they both seem to love crowded places, where they hang out and like to be photographed, possibly together, frequently with utter disregard for the artistic masterpieces therein. Also, as Woody Allen observed, they are among the few species in the animal kingdom that value monogamy, at least as a Kantian ideal of reason. In this chapter, I want to explore the hypothesis that humans and pigeons are alike in another aspect; a potentially fruitful trait of high-level cognition, exploited very differently in the two species.
Innate Constraints on Judgment and Decision-Making?
Authors: Santos Laurie R , lakshminarayanan venkat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we explore the possibility that human judgment and decision-making heuristics may have an innate component. We first provide a brief review of this heuristic approach, exploring what little is known about the role of experience in the emergence of these biases over the course of human development. We then review how a comparative-developmental approach allows us to directly address which aspects of our heuristics are innate, universal, and evolutionarily ancient. We then adopt insights from comparative cognition to investigate origins of two classic judgmental biases-loss aversion and reference dependence. We present evidence that humans and nonhumans exhibit analogous judgmental biases previously thought to be uniquely human, and further argue that these shared behaviors result from a common and possibly innate ancestry. We end by postulating that examining the innateness of seemingly maladaptive behaviors such as reference dependence and loss aversion may provide insight into the psychological machinery that drives both accurate and biased decision-making.
Structure of the Speech
Authors: Wooten Cecil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I. Proemium: D explains why he has risen to speak before the older orators and asks for the audience ‘s indulgence (§1).
II. Preliminary Arguments (§§2–12).
A. First Topic: The Athenians should not be discouraged by the difficult situation, since they have done nothing to make it better, but should be encouraged by the examples of their ancestors and of Philip himself, who overcame formidable foes by taking vigorous action (§§2–7).
B. Second Topic: Philip ‘s position is not as sure as it seems, since his allies and subjects resent his arrogance; the Athenians should take advantage of their animosity toward him (§§8–9).
C. Third Topic: Philip has grown great only because of Athenian negligence and carelessness; they will never be able to defeat him if they are unorganized and unprepared (§§10–12).
III. Specific Proposals (§§13–30).
From Rocking to B-Boying: History and Mystery
Authors: Schloss Joseph G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early development of the dance took place among small groups of work-ing-class black and Latino teenagers, many of whom did not even know about each other at the time. As New York City was abandoned by the federal gov-ernment and working-class neighborhoods were abandoned by New York City, youth in those neighbour hoods were, in turn, abandoned by traditional institu-tions that were supposed to care for them. As a forgotten minority of a forgotten minority of a forgotten minority, their culture was almost totally ignored.
Differentiating the Diagnostic Considerations
Authors: Dimario Francis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The approach to establishing a correct diagnosis when confronted with a child who appears to be experiencing events that could be epileptic in nature but are indeed non-epileptic is challenging. The appropriate identification will depend upon a careful extraction of the clinical history, confirmation of a supportive examination, observation of the critical events, and generally less reliance upon laboratory testing. These non-epileptic events by definition conform to a paroxysmal or intermittent character and are defined by key characteristics that allow identification. Unfortunately, not all entities are sufficiently well characterized at the outset to be confidently recognized.
Sleep-Related Phenomena
Authors: Dimario Francis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epileptic seizures may manifest a host of behavioral, motor, and perceptual alterations due to abnormal cortical electrical discharges. All epileptic seizure types can be electrically evident and often clinically manifest during sleep. In fact, sleep may serve as an activator of both epileptic discharges and epileptic seizures through the induction of brain-activated electrographic changes. Sleep itself, however, is a state where an orderly evolution of electrical brain wave patterns induces and reflect the clinical stages and physiologic responses we observe as sleep.
Factitious Disorders
Authors: Dimario Francis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Factitious epilepsy is one of the most difficult, potentially sinister, and often difficult to conclusively prove conditions mimicking epileptic seizures. By the very nature of the disorder, the individual perpetrator engages in a medical pretense of volitional deception. Non-epileptic seizures are but one of a myriad of other medical conditions, symptoms, and signs frequently intentionally feigned. In the context of children, parents and guardians may perpetuate a feigned illness in their child by the commission of pediatric condition falsification.
Further Considerations
Authors: Dimario Francis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters an organization and description of the clinical conditions and epidemiology of non-epileptic paroxysmal childhood disorders was presented. These entities individually and as a group can in many instances be mistakenly considered diagnostically for epileptic seizures. An emphasis has been placed upon phenomenon that display variations in normal childhood behavior and physiologic functioning with special consideration to other pathological conditions that require additional identification, further investigation, and treatment.