bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary Obstetrics
Authors: Trevathan Wenda R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many current challenges to human health and well-being can be accounted for by the inconsistencies between the environments in which we live today and those in which human physical, emotional, and psychological needs evolved. An extreme example is the contrast between childbirth as experienced by om ancestors and by women in industrialized nations delivering their infants in modern hospital labor and delivery suites. In particular, the technology associated with childbirth and the social environment in which birth takes place are two areas of difference between past and present that will be examined in this chapter. Contemporary criticisms of “high-tech birthing” are presented,1 and ways in which birth technology could be made to align with a woman’s emotional needs are suggested. My argument is that the roots of social support during labor and delivery are as ancient as the human species itself, and that one of the reasons for dissatisfaction with the way in which childbirth is practiced in many industrialized nations is the failure of the medical system to acknowledge and work with the evolved emotional needs of women at this time. Providing social and emotional support during labor and delivery may improve both physical and emotional outcomes and lead to more positive perceptions of the birth experience.
Breast Cancer in Evolutionary Context
Authors: Eaton S Boyd , Eaton S Boyd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An evolutionary perspective on health and disease affords new insight into the development and operation of human psychology, sheds light on common symptoms like anemia, fever, and morning sickness, and provides new understanding about the relationship between humans and infectious organisms. The Darwinian view also emphasizes that there is now discordance between genetically determined human biology and the biobehavioral circumstances of our lives. In short, our genes and our lives are out of step.
Primary Afferent Depolarization and Presynaptic Inhibition
Authors: Vyklický Ladislav , Knotková-Urhancová Helena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The classical presynaptic inhibition of impulse transmission in the spinal cord was discovered in the early 1960s and the underlying mechanisms were analyzed in rapid succession (see Eccles, 1964). It has generally been accepted that GABAergic neurons form axoaxonic synapses at the central terminals of primary afferents, which when activated allow chloride ions to flow according to the electrochemical gradient, i.e., from the intracellular to the extracellular space.
Control of Action Potential Invasion Into Terminal Arborizations
Authors: Lüscher Hans-Rudolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the vertebrate central nervous system axons may project to widely separated targets. In the target region itself, the axons usually terminate in extensive arborizations giving off synapses to many, if not all, the neurons in that region. As an example, the well-studied Ia afferent fibers bifurcate after entering the spinal cord via a dorsal root with one rostral and one caudal branch. These branches may run over several spinal segments, giving off collaterals at regular intervals.
Action Potential Propagation Along Primary Afferents and Presynaptic Inhibition in Clarke’s Column of the Spinal Cord
Authors: Walmsley Bruce , Nicol Madeleine Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most central axons divide into a complex network of collateral branches which form many synaptic contacts with target neurons. The release of neurotransmitter at each synaptic contact depends on the amplitude and time course of the presynaptic action potential arriving at that contact (Katz and Miledi, 1965; see review by Smith and Augustine, 1988). Modeling studies have shown that the action potential may be modified as it propagates along even simply branched axons, and this raises the potential for the geometry of an axon to influence the efficacy of transmitter release at different release sites along its branches (Revenko et al., 1973; Goldstein and Rall, 1974; Brill et al., 1977; Moore et al., 1978; Parnas and Segev, 1979; Waxman and Wood, 1984; Franciolini, 1987; Swadlow, 1980).
Presynaptic Inhibition In Crayfish Primary Afferents
Authors: Cattaert Daniel , Clarac Fran ois 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Presynaptic inhibition of primary afferents was proposed initially by Frank and Fuortes (1957) to account for the reduction of group la excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSPs) in spinal motoneurons in the absence of detectable postsynaptic changes. Presynaptic inhibition was correlated with the dorsal root potential (DRP) and was thought to reflect the action of axoaxonal synapses (Eccles et al., 1961) that elicit depolarization of the primary afferent fibers (PAD) (Eccles et al., l 962a,b), but 26 years passed before PAD was recorded from functionally identified afferents Gimenez et al., 1988; Gossard et al., 1989).
Social Knowledge and Interaction
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most primates live in some form of social group. These groups range from the relatively simple social organizations of some prosirnian species in which individuals forage alone but then congregate to sleep, to the monogamous pairings of the several species of lesser ape, to the complex societies of many macaque species dominated by matrilineal kinship groupings, to the fission-fusion societies of chimpanzees in which there is a constant flux of smaller groupings within an overall community structure (Smuts et al., 1987). Each of these forms of social life, as well as those of many other animal species, creates difficult cognitive problems that individual primates must learn to deal with adequately if they are to survive and procreate.
Testing the Story View
Authors: Sternberg Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two years ago Karen realized that she was looking for “Mr. Goodbar,” the proverbial destroyer in a horror story. She frequented ingles bars, was involved in drugs, and found the most destructive men to be the most attractive. After being savagely beaten, her life was on a fast track—in a downward spiral. Then, one day, after Karen began to understand how her story was influencing her choices, and how she was reliving her mother’s past life. Her mother had married an abusive and violent man, and now, in spite of her own protestations to the contrary, Karen was on the verge of doing the same thing. She hoped to relive the process, but change the ending, of her mother’s life. Being severely beaten brought Karen to the realization that, if she didn’t change, her ending would be no different than her mother’s.
The Heat Below
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Heat and fire, bringing warmth and light to our planet, have been of crucial importance to humanity’s progress. In prehistoric times, opportunities to “discover” fire and observe heat abounded. Light­ ning strikes ignited fires in the primeval forest or on arid grassy plains. Volcanic eruptions and lava flows threw forth showers of glowing sparks and incandescent heat. Most likely, these were the sources our ancestors borrowed from, carefully nurturing the fires they kindled, for these sources could be fickle and sporadic. With fire at their command, humans could venture into new realms of the cold and the dark-into polar terrain and mountain caves. Fire may also have contributed to a sense of community and language as our ancestors gathered around their hearths at night.
The Bronze Age Eruption of Thera and Lost Atiantis
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What a stroke of luck that the Mediterranean region, that cradle of Western civilization, is pockmarked with active volcanoes! There the early Greeks and Romans could observe local volcanoes and incorporate this phenomenon first into their mythology and later into their philosophy of nature. Their ideas regarding volcanic activity were born not in a vacuum or from secondhand accounts, but from firsthand experience.
Burning Mountains and Cooling Stars
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most valuable knowledge given to the world is the method of acquiring new knowledge-that is, the scientific method. The creation of scientific methodology by the French mathematician and cosmologist Rene Descartes revolutionized the way in which we do science, and this method made possible the great discoveries of Isaac Newton on the laws of planetary motion and the force of gravity. Newton was also curious about the inner workings of the Earth, but his explanations for the causes of volcanism were a direct result of his secret experiments with alchemy.
From Fluid to Solid Earth
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most geologists studying volcanic activity in the early and midnineteenth century continued to envision a planet with a solid crust and a largely molten interior. Heat within the Earth was considered a residue of the central, primitive heat held by the Earth at the time of its formation, a supply that had been diminishing over geologic time.1 Many considered heat a fluid or gaseous substance, supposedly present in the pores between atoms in matter and caused by thermal expansion.
The College Preparation Process’
Authors: Shay Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I represent Cooperating Hampton Roads Organizations for Minorities in Engineering (CHROIVIE), a precollege program in Tidewater, Virginia, as well as members of the National Association of Precollege Directors (NAPD), who have similar programs across the country. Vl/e are among the practitioners in the field. l\fany of us are offshoots of NACME’s precollege effort-precious seeds planted over the years, some with roots and branches that are interrelated like many of our family trees. For example, CHROME evolved from the efforts of Southeastern Consortium for Minorities in Engineering (SEC ME) in Virginia.
Barriers to Minority Success in College Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Progran1s
Authors: Wilson Reginald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will explore the continued underrepresentation of minorities in science, mathematics, and engineering. Since such exploration must begin with precollege preparation, I intend to address the subject first. But the thrust of my efforts will focus on the major impact of the undergraduate years and their various influences: retention and support programs; the campus climate; the effect of minority faculty; curricular changes and their impact on student learning; and what research can tell us to improve retention and increase access.
Rethinking the Model
Authors: Torres Antoinette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A variety of strategies has been used to increase the participation of underrepresented groups in engineering programs and a set of model programs developed to provide academic enrichment and improve the curriculum. These programs, generally known as Minority Engineering Programs (MEPsJ share such common features as financial support, admissions intervention, summer orientation, clustering of students, the development of a sense of academic community, and prematriculation activities. After twenty years of program intervention and support and the expenditure of millions of dollars, these programs have achieved mixed results. Underrepresented groups are still underrepresented (comprising only 9.2 percent of the graduates in engineering in 1995) and continue to be at risk in our colleges of engineering.
Why Do We Speak Metaphorically? Reflections on the Functions of Metaphor in Discourse and Reasoning
Authors: Cacciari Cristina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the role of figurative language in the “conversational machine” so elegantly described in War and Peace? When planning the production of a sentence, a speaker faces several choices, one of which concerns the ways in which each chunk of what that speaker intends to convey will be “shaped”: literally, ironically, metaphorically, and so forth. Such a choice is of course anything but neutral, involving semantic as well as pragmatic relevance and effects. Nevertheless, very little is known about the motivations underlying the decisions of speakers as to which kind of communicative register to adopt, given a specific discourse context, knowledge of the addressee, awareness of the extent of common ground shared, and so forth.
Are maternal effects in fish adaptive or merely physiological side effects?
Authors: Heath Daniel D , Blouw D Max 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In general, maternal effects in fishes have received little attention except as confounding factors in quantitative genetic experiments. However, due to commercial interest in certain fish species, considerable research provides evidence for large and ubiquitous maternal effects in fishes. Here, we review that evidence with a special emphasis on the potential, or demonstrated, adaptive nature of those effects. There is virtually no direct evidence for adaptive maternal effects in fishes; however, strong inferential evidence exists. The bulk of the published research deals with maternal effects in oviparous species, although important work has also been done on viviparous species. Maternal effects on offspring size are best documented; however, evidence for maternal effects on disease resistance, survival and mortality, embryonic levels of hormones, mRNA, environmental contaminants, and behavior is presented as well. We conclude that the study of adaptive maternal effects in fishes is still rudimentary and predict that further research in this area will provide useful and important insights into the evolution of fishes.
Maternal Effects, Developmental Plasticity, And Life History Evolution: An Amphibian Model
Authors: Kaplan Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many frogs and salamanders the largest investment made in progeny is in the provisioning of eggs with material and energy. At the time a female makes this substantial contribution, the environment that her offspring will experience may be unpredictable. How much influence does uncertainty in the larval environment exert over the way in which this maternal investment is allocated? Much progress was made in answering this question by using optimality techniques and their accompanying assumptions (e.g., Roff 1992; Stearns 1992). These techniques were firmly based on neo-Darwinian principles emphasizing natural selection among phenotypic variants that result directly from the action of discrete genes. This is apparent in the amphibian literature where models were developed to explain different patterns of reproductive allocation with the major assumptions being that for a given amount of reproductive expenditure, a female may produce many small offspring or few large offspring, and that offspring fitness is positively related to investment in offspring (Smith and Fretwell 1974; Brockelman 1975; Wilbur 1977).
Adaptation Of Maternal Effects In The Wild: Path Analysis Of Natural Variation And Experimental Tests Of Causation
Authors: Sinervo Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The process of adaptation fundamentally involves Darwin’s principle of evolution by natural selection in which variation in heritable traits is shaped by natural selection, and individuals that leave the most surviving progeny in the next generation have the highest fitness. The mean and variance of the heritable trait change across generations, resulting in adaptation to the selective environment. It is axiomatic to refer to many maternal effects undergoing the process of adaptation. Maternal effects such as egg size are thought to confer a strong fitness advantage to the offspring (Lack 1954; Williams 1966; Smith and Fretwell 1974; McGinley et al. 1987), and because egg size can be genetically transmitted to offspring (e.g., Sinervo and Doughty 1996), the reproductive trait of egg size should respond to the force of natural selection. However, a maternal effect such as egg size could affect the reproductive phenotype of the offspring as a nongenetic or “environmental effect” (Falconer 1965; Riska et al. 1985; Kirkpatrick and Lande 1989). I first discuss some of the obstacles in adaptational analyses of maternal effects in natural populations, and then I describe experimental manipulations of a suite of maternal effects in lizards that overcome many of these obstacles.
I
Authors: Sacks David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
lbycus Lyric poet of circa 535 B.c., known particularly for his love poetry. Coming from the Greek city of RHEGIUM, located in the “toe” of ITALY, he supposedly refused an offered dictatorship and traveled instead to the east Greek island of sAMos, where he flourished at the wealthy court of thety Tant POLYCRATES,
W
Authors: Sacks David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
warfare, land The famous land battles of ancient Greece were primarily collisions of heavy infantry, who met on open ground by mutual consent. CAVALRY remained secondary, partly due to the mountainous Greek terrain and partly due to technical matters, such as the small size of Greek horses and the absence of stirrups. It took the tactical genius of the Macedonian king PHILIP II and his son ALEXANDER THE GREAT (Inid-300s B.C.) to make cavalry at least partly effective against infantry.
Z
Authors: Sacks David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Zancle Greek city of northeast SICILY, located beside the three-mile-wide Strait of Messina, which separates Sicily from the “toe” of ITALY. Located on a crescent-shaped peninsula enclosing a fine harbor, Zancle (now the modem Sicilian city of Messina), was founded circa 725 B.c. by Greek settlers from cuMAE and CHALCIS. Its sister city was RHEGIUM, across the strait.
The Future of Reform
Authors: Noble Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To this point, I have considered the political and institutional constraints on welfare-state development in the United States and reformers’ responses to these. I have argued that the structure of American politics, the balance of power between business and labor, and racial divisions have discouraged all but the most modest reforms-even in crisis situations. The result is the market-oriented welfare state described in chapter 1, a welfare state that provides fewer public benefits and, as the rightwing’s recent success in reforming welfare and restraining the growth of social spending has revealed, is more vulnerable to efforts to retrench than most other welfare states.
The Web Of Politics
Authors: Davis Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is the Internet destined to upset traditional political power in the United States? This book answers with an emphatic “no.” Author Richard Davis shows how current political players including candidates, public officials, and the media are adapting to the Internet and assuring that this new medium benefits them in their struggle for power. In doing so he examines the current function of the Internet in democratic politics--educating citizens, conducting electoral campaigns, gauging public opinion, and achieving policy resolution--and the roles of current political actors in those functions. Davis’s unconventional prediction concerning the Internet’s impact on American politics warrants a closer look by anyone interested in learning how this new communication medium will affect us politically.
Geomorphology of Konza Prairie
Authors: G. (Jack) Oviatt Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Konza Prairie lies in the Flint Hills of eastern Kansas, a region of stream-dissected hills eroded from flat-lying to gently dipping, chert-bearing limestones and shales of Permian age. Konza Prairie is part of an erosional landscape produced during millions of years of exposure to weathering and to stripping by streams tributary to the Kansas River. The major drainage basins on Konza are Kings Creek, Shane Creek, Pressee Branch, Swede Creek (tributaries of McDowell Creek), and Deep Creek (Fig. 3.1). Also prominent is the bench and slope topography in the uplands created by the erosion of contrasting bedrock units-resistant limestone layers alternate with less-resistant mudstone layers in a layer-cake pattern (Fig. 3.2). Because the landscape is undergoing long-term erosion, surficial deposits are generally thin and relatively young, and they accumulate in temporary storage sites, such as ridgetops and valley bottoms, before being transported out of the system to the Kansas River. Previous work on the geology and geomorphology of Konza Prairie area has been mostly of a reconnaissance nature. The first systematic study of the geology of Riley and Geary Counties was by Jewett (1941), who mapped the geology at a scale of 1:126,720. Beck (1949) mapped the Quaternary deposits of Riley County, and Byrne et al. (1949) mapped the bedrock and Quaternary deposits at a scale of 1:31,680. Frye (1955) reviewed the sketchy history of erosion of the Flint Hills, and Mudge (1955) outlined drainage changes in northeastern Kansas related to glaciation. The history of glaciation in Kansas was summarized by Aber (1991).
Plant Populations Patterns and Processes
Authors: Hartnett David C , Fay Philip A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long-term research on Konza Prairie has greatly increased our understanding of plant population structure, dynamics, and interactions in tallgrass prairie. It is well recognized that periodic fire, grazing, and a variable climate historically have been integral factors in shaping the structure of plant communities and directing the evolution and coevolution of their component species (Chapter 1, this volume). On Konza Prairie, landscape heterogeneity associated with the Flint Hills topography also interacts with these three primary factors to influence the distribution and abundance of plant species. These key factors have important direct, indirect, and interacting effects on tall-grass prairie plant life histories, population dynamics, species interactions, and community structure (Fig. 6.1). The structure and composition of the vegetation, in turn, influence populations of birds, mammals, and invertebrate consumers (Chapters 7, 8, this volume). Ultimately, these interactions drive local patterns of species abundance, migration, and extinction, imparting patterns to the distribution and abundance of species at the watershed and larger scales.
Animal Populations and Communities
Authors: Kaufman Donald W , Kaufman Glennis A , Fay Philip A , Zimmerman John L , Evans Edward W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Important consumers in tallgrass prairie include mammals (large ungulate grazers and a suite of small mammals), invertebrates (several guilds of aboveground insects and soil invertebrates), and birds (both grass- and woody-dependent species; see Chapter 7, this volume). These consumers represent abundant and ecologically important groups that vary considerably in space and time in their relative importance to the trophic structure and ecosystem dynamics of the prairie. A primary goal of the LTER Program is to understand the ecology of these populations and communities, their spatial distributions and temporal patterns of abundances, and the processes controlling their dynamics and structure. As is true for the flora, the population dynamics and evolution of animals in tallgrass prairie have been molded by the selective pressures associated with fire, large ungulate grazers, and an annually and seasonally variable climate. These factors directly, and indirectly through their effects on vegetation structure and composition, influence the spatial and temporal distributions of birds, mammals, and invertebrate consumers in tallgrass prairie.