bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relations of justification and democratic structures
Authors: Basu Ipshita 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 provides the theoretical scaffolding for the book, explaining the concepts and epistemologies used to unearth the ‘political structures’ of social justice claims-making, with special reference to Adivasi community rights in India. The chapter engages with theories of social justice and theories of democracy to show how ‘politics’ has been understood as the who and how of claims-making: who belongs to a political community that can make claims of formal institutions and of others within the community; and how these claims are aired and adjudicated between citizens and those with duties to those citizens. Bringing these theories into the context of Adivasi rights—and of group-based claims-making in India, more broadly—the chapter describes how Indigenous ‘group rights’, ‘political community’, and ‘public reason’ have been theorized constitutionally and through political deliberation in India.
The politics of names and numbers
Authors: Basu Ipshita 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 focuses on ethnic politics in Jharkhand, explaining why elections reveal a stable social system in which the ethnic identity of candidates at the constituency level remains constant, even though the governing political party may change. This ethnic political system is rooted in local justification relations, whereby social groups identify with political leaders based on the ethnic group to which they belong. Expressive partisanship excludes certain groups who are socially or economically marginalized, and this has been the substance of different expressive articulations of Adivasi identity and other marginalized identities across the region—explained as the micro-level relations between differently positioned ethnic groups in the five divisions that comprise Jharkhand. Focusing on how political parties have responded to changes in the ethnic demography of Jharkhand by accommodating more ethnic groups within party structures, the chapter reveals the consequences of these changes to the relationships between identity and political representation in Jharkhand.
Sources of Infrastructure Finance
Authors: Pratap Kumar V , Gupta Manshi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
There are four main sources of infrastructure finance, namely gross budgetary support (GBS), internal and extra budgetary resources (IEBR) of the public sector, multilateral and bilateral loans, and private investment. Many of these sources are especially constrained in the current times because of the high priority demands of the Covid-19 pandemic (e.g. a high fiscal deficit is preventing high levels of gross budgetary support to infrastructure). Traditionally, retained earnings of the public sector have also been limited because of agency problems as well as the constant pressure from the government (as the primary shareholder) to provide dividends. There is, therefore, increased reliance on the private sector for infrastructure provisioning. India has done well in attracting private participation in infrastructure. Given that private investment contributed about a third to infrastructure investments in the last decade, it is expected that it would contribute a high proportion to total infrastructure investment in the years ahead. To enable this, the Government of India is opening up new sectors to private investment, mainly railways, social infrastructure (health, education, solid waste management, water and wastewater treatment and supply), and even strategic sectors (medical and industrial use of radio isotopes).
Project Finance
Authors: Pratap Kumar V , Gupta Manshi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Infrastructure projects are capital intensive, for example, an ultra-mega thermal power project of 4 GW capacity would require about Rs.200 billion to be built. A company could have sponsored a number of these projects and raising the associated amount of capital based on the balance sheet of the company would limit the number of such projects that it can finance. Therefore, it is best to create special purpose vehicles for implementing each of these projects with project financing being used to finance them. This is the best way of accessing infrastructure finance by the private sector as it allows companies to raise finances on the basis of the cash flows generated by the project, with no recourse to the balance sheet of the project sponsor (non-recourse financing). A ring-fenced company (special purpose vehicle) is created whose only purpose is to implement the project and the interests of other stakeholders (construction company, fuel supplier, off-taker, lenders, and so on, in a power plant) are protected through watertight contracts. The chapter discusses the reasons why project finance is used in financing private infrastructure projects, features of project finance, and contractual structure among stakeholders. The chapter also discusses project financing trends in India and the world.
Moving from Bank Finance to Bond Finance—Credit Enhancement and Infrastructure Debt Funds
Authors: Pratap Kumar V , Gupta Manshi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The main source of debt financing of infrastructure projects is bank credit, which suffers from asset–liability mismatch (ALM) as bank liabilities (deposits) are short term, while infrastructure assets are long term (the typical life of a conventional power or a road project is thirty years or more). This chapter discusses how, despite banks not being the most efficient institution for debt financing of infrastructure projects, they continue to be the major source of finance for such projects. This leads to a discussion on the twin balance sheet problem of infrastructure companies and banks, whereby high leverage of infrastructure corporates are linked to the non-performing assets (NPA) of banks. Therefore, there is utility in moving from bank financing of infrastructure to bond financing, especially after cash flows have stabilized in the operational phase of projects. Since project financing (non-recourse financing) is generally used to finance private infrastructure projects, the general credit rating for such projects is around BBB, while investment thresholds of institutional investors is AA or above. So, there is a requirement for credit enhancement of the bonds floated by these companies to make them amenable to institutional investment. In this context, the vehicle of infrastructure debt funds is also discussed.
Environmentally and Socially Responsible Infrastructure Finance
Authors: Pratap Kumar V , Gupta Manshi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
For sustainable infrastructure, projects have to be financially, economically, environmentally, and socially sustainable. While countries like India have traditionally been looking at financial and economic viability through metrics like financial internal rate of return (FIRR), net present value (NPV), economic internal rate of return (EIRR), and so on, not much attention has been given to environmental and social sustainability. However, being responsible entities, and as multilateral financial institutions and institutional investors also look at environmental and social sustainability before committing investments, these concerns have to be on-boarded. This chapter looks at these issues. The alignment of environmental principles with infrastructure investments and projects is necessary for sustainable development, as also their financing. Many financial institutions have voluntarily adhered to Equator Principles, Carbon Principles, and Climate Principles, thereby preventing them from financing projects that are not aligned to these principles. Green bonds are also being increasingly used for financing infrastructure projects. For India, green bonds would be the key to meeting the ambitious target of building 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022 and 450GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030. The chapter will explore the Equator, Carbon, and Climate Principles, as also the green bond, climate bond, and social bond avenues for financing infrastructure projects. In this context, the chapter will also discuss whether exploitation of renewable energy (through the case study of the Solar Energy Corporation of India Ltd.) is the silver bullet that mitigates the traditional trade-off between growth and environment to enable sustainable development.
Some Questions
Authors: Pratap Kumar V , Gupta Manshi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with four questions that repeatedly come up in discussions on augmenting infrastructure financing in India. First, is there a case for borrowings in foreign currency for infrastructure finance? The chapter recommends an appropriate approach for foreign financing of Indian infrastructure. Second, is there a need for a new development finance institution in India? The chapter highlights some issues for the newly formed Indian DFI to be able to fulfil its objectives. Third, is there a need for a new credit-rating system for infrastructure projects? The chapter considers whether a Loss Given Default (LGD) scale may be better than a Probability of Default (PD) scale for credit rating of infrastructure projects. A recommendation is presented. Fourth, should India have a 3P institution for shepherding PPPs in the country and systematically deal with questions that arise concerning private participation in infrastructure.
The Nature and Value of Conceptual Legal Scholarship
Authors: Bumke Christian , Schäfer Fritz 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In its first part, the chapter explores the relationship between the New Private Law and German legal dogmatics. While there are considerable differences between the two, they can be understood as two variants of the same general approach. This approach, which the chapter labels conceptual legal scholarship, is characterized first by its orientation towards the existing positive law, second by taking the perspective of a participant in the law and third by a belief in the law as an ordered whole. In its second part, the chapter examines the different activities pursued within conceptual legal scholarship, cutting across the differentiation between New Private Law and legal dogmatics. The most important distinction here is between approaches aiming at understanding law’s normative content and approaches seeking to explain a legal phenomenon without taking a position on difficult interpretive questions. These explanatory approaches are further surveyed in the last part of the chapter.
The Place of Philosophy in Private Law Scholarship
Authors: Goldberg John C.P. , Zipursky Benjamin C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter first considers why, in the United States, philosophical analysis has become a prominent feature of private law scholarship. Historical, sociological, and constitutional peculiarities of the American experience all figure in our account. It then distinguishes two ways in which philosophy has been brought to bear on private law are distinguished. The first involves the use of analytical and moral philosophy to critique and develop alternatives to policy-driven, welfarist approaches that tend to dominate elite US legal-academic writing. The second harnesses philosophical analysis to defend the intelligibility of ordinary lawyerly discourse about private law as against reductionists (deontological and welfarist) who treat legal concepts as empty vessels to be filled with extralegal content. Our aim is to help scholars understand the current state of private law scholarship in the United States and appreciate the role that philosophy can play in the explanatory, justificatory, and critical aspects of the legal-academic enterprise.
Language and History in the Late-Roman and Post-Imperial West
Authors: Mullen Alex , Woudhuysen George 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Language remains surprisingly absent from modern discussions of the transformation of the Roman world, an absence that is all the more perplexing given the attention that has been devoted to questions of cultural transformation, identity, and its complexities. This chapter sets out the motivations for trying to cross disciplinary boundaries in the study of the late-Roman and post-imperial Roman West and the barriers which hamper progress in this field. It considers the challenges presented by the scholarly paradigm, different disciplinary perspectives, and the difficult evidence, which often demands a combined historical and linguistic treatment, along with epigraphic, palaeographical, and/or archaeological knowledge. It uses the apparently Gaulish part of the Passion of St Symphorianus to illustrate some of the constraints of a monodisciplinary approach. Throughout the chapter, examples from Gaul indicate how much work is still to be done to lay the foundations for more sensitive multidisciplinary explorations of the linguistic communities and their worlds. Arguably, the disciplinary divides which the authors attempt to cross in the LatinNow volumes are deeper in the study of the later-Roman and post-imperial periods than for the pre-Roman and Roman. It is hoped that this volume will provide a basis for future work and dialogue.
Crises in European Integration
Authors: Mitchell Christopher 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines how crises have been assigned a central role in both the historical development of European integration and in the theoretical understanding of those processes of integration, even as analyses of which crises are most likely to produce integration have chiefly focused on post hoc examination of their impact rather than developing an ex ante theory of which crises are most likely to produce deeper integration. It briefly surveys how some crises have been linked to deeper integration, while other crises have had little to no impact on integration. It also examines how the major Grand Theories of European Integration, intergovernmentalism, neofunctionalism, and postfunctionalism, all see crises as a key driver of integration, albeit with different emphases. It then briefly summarizes the theory laid out in the remaining chapters, and concludes with an outline of the rest of the book.
Building a Theory of Crises and European Integration
Authors: Mitchell Christopher 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces a theory of which crises are most likely to produce deeper European integration by focusing on the interaction of the severity of the threat to integration and origin of the crisis within or outside of the sector of interest. It discusses the role of crises in the political science, sociology, media studies, and European integration literatures to explore how the interaction between these two dimensions explains when substantial change is most likely. The four-part typology of crises produced by these factors creates four different expectations for change, with the most change out of severe endogenous crises, modest change out of severe exogenous and moderate endogenous crisis, and little change out of moderate exogenous crises. A discussion of why European finance in the twenty-first century provides an ideal set of cases to explore this theory follows. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of potential alternative explanations.
The 2007–09 Banking Crisis
Authors: Mitchell Christopher 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores how the 2007–09 Banking Crisis, as a crisis originating out of endogenous problems in the European financial regulatory architecture but posing only a moderate threat to European integration, produced moderate “patch-up” reform, chiefly in the form of the European Financial Stability Facility, including the European Banking Authority. It traces how the Banking Crisis provided justification for some reforms, but did not create a circumstance where inaction would mean disintegration. As such, attempts at more substantial integration, such as moving bank supervision and resolution to the European level, failed in the face of opposition from actors such as the UK. Such actors did not see the threat as severe enough to make hard compromises that would impose substantial costs, including fiscal transfers and loss of regulatory autonomy.
The 2020–21 COVID Pandemic
Authors: Mitchell Christopher 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores how the 2020–21 COVID-19 Pandemic posed a threat to European integration as severe as the 2010–14 Debt Crisis but failed to produce nearly as substantial financial regulatory reforms due to its origin outside of the financial sector. It traces how the anticipated surge of nonperforming loans out of the economic contraction from lockdown measures risked a wave of bank failures and sovereign defaults. However, because flaws in financial regulation had not caused the Pandemic, financial reform could not prevent another similar shock. This created a willingness to embrace large temporary programs such as NextGenerationEU and the Pandemic Emergency Purchase Program, but not to support permanent reforms such as a European Deposit Insurance Scheme or Capital Markets Union. Instead, the only notable permanent financial reform out of the Pandemic was establishing the European Stability Mechanism as a backstop to the Single Resolution Fund to manage future bank failures.
Postcolonial Bollywood and Muslim Identity
Authors: Khatun Nadira 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The book joins the growing scholarship in the field of Bollywood film studies encompassing methodological sub-groups such as discursive or narrative studies, textual analysis, audience research, political economy of Bollywood, and so on. It particularly focuses on the representation of Muslims in postcolonial Bollywood cinema that draws upon earlier questions and concerns about narrative style and politics of representing Muslims but expands the focus to include issues of Muslim film genres, the chronological shift in the portrayal of Muslims depending on the nation’s politics, particularly backed by empirical data. This book seeks to capture the changing image of Muslims in popular Bollywood films over the last seven decades. In Hindi films, Muslims have traditionally been portrayed through the lens of religion. Narratives associated with that specific religious identity were adapted based on the sociopolitical setting of the country at the time of the film’s making. It also takes forward developing scholarship on ‘representation’ in popular Hindi cinema and as such carries adequate potential to make a substantial contribution to the field of study. The book represents the perspectives of the consumers as well as the producers of those Bollywood texts. It intends to be an important intervention in the discussion around representation of ethnic and religious minorities in global popular culture in general and Bollywood cinema in particular.
Introduction: Muslims in Postcolonial Bollywood: Theoretical debates and Methodological Positions
Authors: Khatun Nadira 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter seeks to capture a brief historical background the changing image of Muslims in popular Bollywood films over the last seven decades and how in Hindi films, Muslims have traditionally been portrayed through the lens of religion. Narratives associated with that specific religious identity were adapted based on the sociopolitical setting of the country at the time of the film’s making. The chapter provides theoretical debates on the formation of Muslim identity using one of the most important and well-known theories i.e. Orientalist discourse. Moreover, it also outlines the methodological positions. Through different points of view, qualitative method is utilized to deal with the complexities of Bollywood films and via in-depth interviews, the research presented here attempts to capture these notions through the understandings of the audience, film critics, and filmmakers on the specified issues connected to either film texts concerning Muslims or the politics of making those texts.
A Critical Literature Review
Authors: Wolff Jonathan , de-Shalit Avner 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors undertake a critical literature review. The authors relate to works by political philosophers who have directly discussed equality in the city, but there are few such works. Since the book is written for a wider readership, including social scientists, urban studies scholars, planners, political scientists, and those who are in love with the urban way of life, the literature review is extended in several dimensions: contributions from a broader range of social sciences, urban studies and sociology, and political philosophy. Second, the authors incorporate a broader discourse on justice in the city because justice is only sometimes explicitly distinguished from equality in this literature. Furthermore, the authors look at some contributions which indirectly bear on their questions, even if they do not address them directly. The authors explain what remains to be done and how their work aims to do this.
A Secure Sense of Place
Authors: Wolff Jonathan , de-Shalit Avner 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 explains the theory of what makes a city a city of equals in detail, interweaving observations and results from the interviews and the previous chapters. Four core values of the city of equals are defined, based on reflection on the interviews and the literature: accessibility to the city’s services is not constituted by the market; a sense of a meaningful life; diversity and social mixing; non-deferential inclusion (that is, being included without having to defer). Finally, a general conception of a city of equals, deriving from the core values, is put forward: a city of equals is a city in which all of its residents feel that they are part of the city’s story, and enjoy a secure functioning of having a sense of place.
The Father and the Son
Authors: Miller Micah M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 considers Origen’s understanding of the relationship between the Father and Son in terms of their possession of auto-X attributes. By analyzing Origen’s use of the prefix auto- as it is applied to the Father and Son, as well as the language he employs to further define and clarify what this prefix means, the chapter establishes that the Son is dependent upon the Father for his being and his attributes. The Son, therefore, is ranked below the Father, a relationship that is best understood within the context of Origen’s interactions with Monarchian theology. All other beings, meanwhile, are dependent on the Son. The hierarchical relationship that exists between the Father, Son, and all other beings is important for understanding the Holy Spirit’s place within this hierarchy.
The Unity and Multiplicity of the Holy Spirit
Authors: Miller Micah M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines Origen’s description of the Holy Spirit as sevenfold, despite his statements that the Spirit is a single, independent being. The chapter exegetes each of the four passages in which Origen refers to the Spirit as sevenfold, considering Origen’s use of and development upon Clement of Alexandria, as well as other earlier Christians. The chapter further establishes that Origen interprets the Spirit’s multiplicity in terms of a philosophical notion of power. By utilizing this philosophical notion of power, Origen is able to explain how the Holy Spirit can remain a single, independent being while distributing many different spiritual gifts. Origen’s use of Greco-Roman philosophy, therefore, enables him to account for the Holy Spirit’s unity of being and pluriform activity.