bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Informatics in the Health Sciences
Authors: Lehmann Harold P. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Informatics is the use of information technology, broadly conceived, to advance a domain of work or inquiry. Concerns within informatics divide into system, role, function, workflow, information repository, information tools, standards, and technology. Individual efforts go through four phases: model formulation, system development, system installation, and study of effects. Areas within health sciences informatics include medical informatics, nursing informatics, public health informatics, and statistics informatics.
Deformation Mechanisms of Nanostructured Al Alloys
Authors: Han B. Q. , Lavernia E. J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractCryomilling has emerged in recent years as an effective approach to process large amounts of nanostructured Al alloys. In the present review, progress in our understanding of the microstructural characteristics and deformation behavior of nanostructured Al alloys processed via consolidation of cryomilled nanostructured powders is reviewed in an effort to elucidate salient findings and point out additional studies needed. A survey of published papers show that the microstructure of consolidated cryomilled Al alloys is comprised of equiaxed grains in the range of ∼ 50 nm to 200 nm, depending primarily on process parameters. Moreover, in many cases the microstructure consists of a supersaturated solid solution, despite the presence of significant amounts of alloying elements. As far as mechanical properties, the tensile behavior of these nanostructured Al systems is characterized by high strength and low strain hardening. The high strength was primarily attributed to three types of strengthening: grain size effect, solid solution hardening and Orowan strengthening. The low strain hardening or work softening behavior was accompanied with the occurrence of Lüders banding. Recent work suggests that there are two approaches that may be effectively used to address the lack of dislocation activity that typically accompany the presence of nanocrystalline grains < 10–50 nm. The first approach involves selective blending of powders to achieve a microstructure that contains multiple length scales (i.e., nanostructured, 50–200 nm, and submicron, 200–750 nm). The second approach involves thermal annealing in an effort to introduce small amounts of submicron grains for improvement of ductility. Recent related work is discussed herein.
Cover Picture: Polyaniline Nanofibers Prepared by Dilute Polymerization (Adv. Mater. 13/2005)
Authors: Chiou N.‐R. , Epstein A. J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe cover image shows a scanning electron micrograph of polyaniline/camphorsulfonic acid nanofibers synthesized using dilute polymerization. The inset shows isolated branched nanofibers with diameters of 17–50 nm. On p. 1679, Chiou and Epstein report the preparation of these polyaniline nanofibers with controlled diameters via reducing the concentrations of both monomer and oxidant.
The In Situ Physiology of Pine Tree Like Organisms (PTLO) in Activated Sludge Foams
Authors: Eales Kathryn , Nielsen Jeppe L. , Kragelund Caroline , Seviour Robert , Nielsen Per H. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe in situ physiology of filamentous bacteria with acute angle branching, or Pine tree like organisms (PTLO), from activated sludge foams was investigated with a focus on its response to hydrophobic substrates. Microautoradiographic studies revealed that PTLO are very selective in their substrate utilization in foams, only taking up oleic acid among many substrates tested, but carrying this out under aerobic, anaerobic, and anoxic conditions. Data from applying a combination of in situ techniques indicated that a high proportion of the PTLO were metabolically inactive in the foam. Most showed only low respiratory activity as detected with the redox dye CTC and low intensity signals from FISH probing with 16S rRNA targeted probes. A strong correlation was noticed between their accumulation of storage material in the form of polyhydroxyalkanoates and their intensity of fluorescent FISH signals. In situ surface properties of these PTLO as visualized by the adhesion of fluorescent hydrophobic spheres to individual filaments suggest that their relative hydrophobicities reflected their in situ cell viability. Active ectoenzyme activity was detected in many filaments but this activity did not correspond to the substrate uptake data.
Biological Foam Control by Chemical Additives Dosing – Part II: Biological and Physico‐chemical Aspects
Authors: Ruz̆ic̆ková Iveta , Remes̆ova Z̆anetá , Vanz̆urová Karolína 
Published: July 2005

AbstractEight antifoaming agents (AAs) were tested in lab‐scale sequencing batch reactors. Basic physico‐chemical (foam formation, hydrophobicity, scum index, surface charge, extracellular polymers concentration and composition) and biological parameters (floc structure, filament abundance and identification, sludge volume index) were determined. No stable or long‐term effect of AAs dosing on the biological foam occurrence was observed.
The Structure of Liquid Methanol
Authors: Ludwig Ralf 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA combination of density functional calculations of molecular clusters with a quantum cluster equilibrium (QCE) model provides evidence that liquid methanol is dominated by cyclic and/or lasso structures. Only cluster populations including these structures fit the measured thermodynamic and spectroscopic properties, such as heat of vaporization, heat capacity, NMR chemical shifts, and quadrupole coupling constants. On the other hand, cluster populations comprising open‐chain structures fail to reach the experimental values: the heat of vaporization is about 10 kJ mol−1 too low, and the proton chemical shift is insufficiently downfield‐shifted by about 1 ppm.
Isotopic Quantum Effects in Liquid Methanol
Authors: Ludwig Ralf 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDensity functional calculations (B3 LYP/6‐31+G*) on molecular clusters and a quantum cluster equilibrium (QCE) model were used to calculate thermodynamic and structural properties of four isotopically labeled methanol species. The method allowed the reproduction of the characteristic differences in boiling points and heats of vaporization. Structural changes were also detected and related to recent experimental findings. It was shown that isotopic effects clearly have a quantum‐mechanical origin.
Construction of the Six‐ and Five‐Membered Aza‐Heterocyclic Units of the Isoindoloisoquinolone Nucleus by Parham‐Type Cyclization Sequences –Total Synthesis of Nuevamine
Authors: Moreau Anne , Couture Axel , Deniau Eric , Grandclaudon Pierre 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAn efficient methodology for the synthesis of isoindolo[1,2‐a]isoquinolones based on two Parham‐type cyclizations allowing the formation of the five‐ and six‐membered nitrogenated rings from carbamate or diacylamine precursors is described. The synthetic potential of this method has been further illustrated by the total synthesis of the alkaloid nuevamine. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Gene therapy flexes muscle
Authors: VandenDriessche Thierry 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis commentary highlights the promising results of recent studies in animal models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that have clearly demonstrated the potential of gene therapy for tackling these diseases. In the absence of effective drugs or other treatments, these advances in gene therapy technology represent the best hope for those patients and families that are blighted by these diseases.BackgroundDiseases characterized by progressive muscle degeneration are often incurable and affect a relatively large number of individuals. The progressive deterioration of muscle function is like the sword of Damocles that constantly reminds patients suffering from these diseases of their tragic fate, since most of them will eventually die from cardiac or pulmonary dysfunction. Some of these disorders are due to mutations in genes that directly influence the integrity of muscle fibers, such as in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a recessive X‐linked genetic disease. Others result from a progressive neurodegeneration of the motoneurons that are essential for maintaining muscle function, such as in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease. The genetic basis of DMD is relatively well understood as it is due to mutations in the dystrophin gene that encodes the cognate sarcolemmal protein. In contrast, the cause of ALS is poorly defined, with the exception of some dominantly inherited familial cases of ALS that are due to gain‐of‐function mutations in the gene encoding superoxide dismutase (SODG93A). Gene therapy for these disorders has been hampered by the inability to achieve widespread gene transfer. Moreover, since familial ALS is due to a dominant gain‐of‐function mutation, inhibition of gene expression (rather than gene augmentation) would be required to correct the phenotype, which is particularly challenging. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a debugging system for sensor networks
Authors: Ramanathan Nithya , Kohler Eddie , Estrin Deborah 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDue to their resource constraints and tight physical coupling, sensor networks afford limited visibility into an application's behavior. As a result it is often difficult to debug issues that arise during development and deployment. Existing techniques for fault management focus on fault tolerance or detection; before we can detect anomalous behavior in sensor networks, we need first to identify what simple metrics can be used to infer system health and correct behavior. We propose metrics and events that enable system health inferences, and present a preliminary design of Sympathy, a debugging tool for pre‐ and post‐deployment sensor networks. Sympathy will contain mechanisms for collecting system performance metrics with minimal memory overhead; mechanisms for recognizing application‐defined events based on these metrics; and a system for collecting events in their spatiotemporal context. The Sympathy system will help programmers draw correlations between seemingly unrelated, distributed events, and produce graphs that highlight those correlations. As an example, we describe how we used a preliminary version of Sympathy to help debug a complex application, Tiny Diffusion. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management and configuration issues for sensor networks
Authors: Marrón Pedro José , Lachenmann Andreas , Minder Daniel , Gauger Matthias , Saukh Olga , Rothermel Kurt 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn this paper, we define three of the key issues that need to be solved in order to provide efficient management and configuration of applications and system software in sensor networks: the distribution and management of roles within the network, efficient code distribution algorithms, and efficient on‐the‐fly code update algorithms for sensor networks. The first issue is motivated by the increasing heterogeneity of sensor network applications and their need for more complex (non‐homogeneous) network topologies and structures. The second one is motivated by the intrinsic energy constraint issues and, in general, the resource limitation of sensor networks. Finally, the third one is needed due to the nature of monitoring applications and optimization needs from applications that should be able to efficiently incorporate code updates so that the network can adapt to its surroundings on the fly. In this paper we present related work and some results for each of these issues as we have dealt with them within the TinyCubus project. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensor network software update management: a survey
Authors: Han Chih‐Chieh , Kumar Ram , Shea Roy , Srivastava Mani 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSoftware management is a critical task in the system administration of enterprise‐scale networks. Enterprise‐scale networks that have traditionally comprised of large clusters of workstations are expanding to include low‐power ad hoc wireless sensor networks (WSN). The existing tools for software updates in workstations cannot be used with the severely resource‐constrained sensor nodes. In this article, we survey the software update techniques in WSNs. We base our discussion around a conceptual model for the software update tools in WSNs. Three components of this model that we study are the execution environment at the sensor nodes, the software distribution protocol in the network and optimization of transmitted updates. We present the design space of each component and discuss in‐depth the trade‐offs that need to be considered in making a particular design choice. The discussion is interspersed with references to deployed systems that highlight the design choices. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High molecular weight monodisperse polystyrene microspheres prepared by dispersion polymerization, using a novel bifunctional macromonomer
Authors: Jung Hyejun , Kim So Yeoun , Lee Kangseok , Lee Byung H. , Shim Sang Eun , Choe Soonja 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA novel bifunctional vinyl‐terminated polyurethane macromonomer was applied to the dispersion polymerization of styrene in ethanol. Monodisperse polystyrene (PS) microspheres were successfully obtained above 15 wt % of macromonomer relative to styrene. The steep slope from the reduction of the average particle size reveals that the macromonomer can efficiently stabilize higher surface area of the particles when compared with a conventional stabilizer, poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone). The stable and monodisperse PS microspheres having the weight‐average diameter of 1.2 μm and a good uniformity of 1.01 were obtained with 20 wt % polyurethane macromonomer. The grafting ratio of the PS calculated from 1H NMR spectra linearly increased up to 0.048 with 20 wt % of the macromonomer. In addition, the high molecular weights (501,300 g/mol) of PS with increased glass transition and enhanced thermal degradation temperature were obtained. Thus, these results suggest that the bifunctional vinyl‐terminated polyurethane macromonomer acts as a reactive stabilizer, which gives polyurethane‐grafted PS with a high molecular weight. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3566–3573, 2005
Quantum cascade lasers in magnetic field: An active region model
Authors: Savić I. , Milanović V. , Indjin D. , Ikonić Z. , Jovanović V. D. , Harrison P. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA model of the active region of a quantum well cascade laser (QCL) subjected to an externally applied magnetic field is presented, based on a solution of the coupled rate equations, assuming unity injection. Landau quantization induced by magnetic confinement imposes a need for a modification of the well‐established active region model in order to accurately describe the processes occurring in an entirely discrete spectrum. Landau level (LL) configuration has major consequences for scattering processes, enhancing or inhibiting them depending on the inter‐LL energy separation, and strongly modifies the population inversion and optical gain that can be estimated from the presented model. Numerical calculations were performed for a GaAs/AlGaAs QCL emitting at λ ≈ 11.4 μm in a magnetic field of 10–60 T. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical, electrical and structural characterization of CuInSe2 thin films
Authors: Calderón C. , Gordillo G. , Romero E. , Bolaños W. , Bartolo‐Pérez P. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe present issue of physica status solidi (b) comprises papers presented at the XVII Latin American Symposium on Solid State Physics (SLAFES 2004) in Havana, Cuba, 6–9 December 2004. Further papers from this conference are published in phys. stat. sol. (c) 2, No. 10 (2005).The cover picture refers to the article [1] on polycrystalline CuInSe2 films by Clara Calderón et al. and shows the crystal structure of CuInSe2 (right) and that of the In‐rich phase CuIn3Se5 (left) which were used for the simulation and analysis of the X‐ray diffraction spectra.Clara Lilia Calderón Triana is teacher at the Solar Cells Laboratory of Universidad Nacional de Colombia in Bogotá where she has been working on solar cells and semiconductor materials since 1995. In particular, she is fabricating thin film solar cells based on CuInSe2 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2. At SLAFES 2004, Clara Calderón received the physica status solidi Young Researcher Award for her second presentation entitled “Study of electrical transport properties of ZnO thin films used as front contact of solar cells” [2] which is published as Editor's Choice of this issue.	(© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reanalysis and reforecast of three major European storms of the twentieth century using the ECMWF forecasting system. Part II: Ensemble forecasts
Authors: Jung Thomas , Klinker Ernst , Uppala Sakari 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn Part II of this study the ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System (EPS) is used to study the probabilistic predictability of three major European storms of the twentieth century. The storms considered are the Dutch storm of 1 February 1953, the Hamburg storm of 17 February 1962, and the British/French storm of October 1987 (Great October storm). Common to all these storms is their severity that caused large loss of life and widespread damage.In Part I of this study it has been found that deterministic predictability of the Dutch and Hamburg storms amount to 48 and 84 hours, respectively. Here, it is shown that the ensemble forecasts supplement the deterministic forecasts. The large number of members in the 48 and 84 hour ensemble forecasts of the Dutch and Hamburg storms, respectively, suggest that at this forecast range and for these storms the sensitivity of the forecasts to analysis and model uncertainties is rather small. From these results, therefore, it is argued that reliable warnings (i.e. low probability for the occurrence of a forecast failure) for the Dutch and Hamburg storms could have been issued 48 and 84 hours, respectively, in advance, had the current ECMWF EPS been available.For the Great October storm it has been found in Part I of this study that short‐range and medium‐range forecasts of the intensity and track of the storm were very skilful with a high‐resolution model of the ECWMF model. The actual timing of the storm, however, was difficult to predict. Here, it is shown that the EPS is capable of predicting large forecast uncertainties associated with the timing of the Great October storm up to 4 days in advance. It is argued that reliable warnings could have been issued at least 96 hours in advance had the ECMWF EPS been available.From the results presented in this study it is concluded that an Ensemble Prediction System is an important component of every early warning system for it allows an a priori quantification of the probability of the occurrence of severe wind storms. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Celiac Disease: From Inflammation to Atrophy: A Long‐Term Follow‐up Study
Authors: Lähdeaho Marja‐Leena , Kaukinen Katri , Collin Pekka , Ruuska Tarja , Partanen Jukka , Haapala Anna‐Maija , Mäki Markku 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTObjectives:Celiac disease develops gradually from lymphocytosis, crypt hyperplasia and minor villous atrophy to overt villous atrophy. It IS NOT known how such minor mucosal changes predict eventual celiac disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of intraepithelial lymphocytosis and marginally decreased villous height/crypt depth ratio in the development of overt villous atrophy in a long‐term follow‐up.Methods:The authors evaluated 980 small bowel biopsies of children who had previously been studied and found to be histologically negative for celiac disease between 1976 and 1992. Villous height/crypt depth ratio and the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes were measured in these initial biopsies. Cases with slight biopsy changes were identified for further study and sex and age matched subjects with normal biopsies from same group were selected as controls. They all were asked to submit serum samples for gliadin, endomysial and tissue transglutaminase antibodies 8 to 28 years after the initial biopsy. Those with positive screening tests were asked to undergo endoscopy and small intestinal biopsy.Results:236 cases with slight changes were identified, and 236 with normal mucosa served as controls; 76 cases and 68 controls participated in the follow‐up study. Ten individuals had positive screening test results. Two new celiac disease patients, one in each group, were found. Four patients in the case group had been diagnosed with celiac disease by routine procedures during the follow‐up. Thus, five cases and one control had developed celiac disease.Conclusions:Small bowel mucosal lymphocytosis or slight reduction in villous height/crypt depth ratio are common findings in patients with suspicion of celiac disease. These findings alone are poor predictors of celiac disease.
Incidence, Clinical Presentation and Location at Diagnosis of Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Population‐Based Study in Northern France (1988‐1999)
Authors: Auvin Stéphane , Molinié Florence , Gower‐Rousseau Corinne , Brazier Franck , Merle Véronique , Grandbastien Bruno , Marti Raymond , Lerebours Eric , Dupas Jean‐Louis , Colombel Jean‐Frédéric , Salomez Jean‐Louis , Cortot Antoine , Turck Dominique 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTObjective:To assess the incidence and location at diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents in northern France between 1988 and 1999.Methods:A 12‐year prospective population‐based study was conducted by gastroenterologists and pediatric gastroenterologists of northern France (1,312,141 children <17 years of age).Results:From 1988 to 1999, 509 cases of childhood inflammatory bowel disease were recorded (7.2% of all inflammatory bowel disease cases in Northern France): 367 Crohn disease, 122 ulcerative colitis and 20 indeterminate colitis. The mean standardized incidence was 3.1/105 for inflammatory bowel disease as a whole (2.3 for Crohn disease, 0.8 for ulcerative colitis and 0.12 for indeterminate colitis). Crohn disease location at diagnosis was: small bowel and colon (71%), colon only (10%) and small bowel only (19%). Location of initial ulcerative colitis was: proctitis (11%), left colitis (57%) and pancolitis (32%). Although ulcerative colitis incidence remained stable (0.8), Crohn disease incidence increased from 2.1 in 1988 to 1990 to 2.6 in 1997 to 1999 (P = 0.2).Conclusions:The incidence of Crohn disease in the children of northern France showed an increasing trend (20%; not significant) during the 12‐year period while the incidence of ulcerative colitis remained stable. In the entire population(children and adults)the incidence of Crohn disease increased significantly (+23%; P < 0.001), while the incidence of ulcerative colitis decreased (−17%; P < 0.0001).