bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction of Antioxidants and Their Implication in Genetic Anemia
Authors: Chan Alvin C. , Chow Ching K. , Chiu Daniel 
Published: November 2003

Abstract.The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a steady‐state cellular event in respiring cells. Their production can be grossly amplified in response to a variety of pathophysiological conditions such as inflammation, immunologic disorders, hypoxia, hyperoxia, metabolism of drug or alcohol, exposure to UV or therapeutic radiation, and deficiency in antioxidant vitamins. Uncontrolled production of ROS often leads to damage of cellular macromolecules (DNA, protein, and lipids) and other small antioxidant molecules. A number of major cellular defense mechanisms exist to neutralize and combat the damaging effects of these reactive substances. The enzymic system functions by direct or sequential removal of ROS (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase), thereby terminating their activities. Metal binding proteins, targeted to bind iron and copper ions, ensure that these Fenton metals are cryptic. Nonenzymic defense consists of scavenging molecules that are endogenously produced (GSH, ubiquinols, uric acid) or those derived from the diet (vitamins C and E, lipoic acid, selenium, riboflavin, zinc, and the carotenoids). These antioxidant nutrients occupy distinct cellular compartments and among them, there are active recycling. For example, oxidized vitamin E (tocopheroxy radical) has been shown to be regenerated by ascorbate, GSH, lipoic acid, or ubiquinols. GSH disulfides (GSSG) can be regenerated by GSSG reductase (a riboflavin‐dependent protein), and enzymic pathways have been identified for the recycling of ascorbate radical and dehydroascorbate. The electrons that are used to fuel these recycling reactions (NADH and NADPH) are ultimately derived from the oxidation of foods. Sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and glucose‐6‐phosphate‐dehydrogenase deficiency are all hereditary disorders with higher potential for oxidative damage due to chronic redox imbalance in red cells that often results in clinical manifestation of mild to serve hemolysis in patients with these disorders. The release of hemoglobin during hemolysis and the subsequent therapeutic transfusion in some cases lead to systemic iron overloading that further potentiates the generation of ROS. Antioxidant status in anemia will be examined, and the potential application of antioxidant treatment as an adjunct therapy under these conditions will be discussed.
ASP(ect) in English modal complements
Authors: van Gelderen Elly 
Published: November 2003

In this paper, I argue in favor of a structure for modal complements making crucial use of the M(ood) and ASP(ect) Phrases. Deontic modals in English originate in ASP whereas epistemic modals are in M and select ASP Phrases as their complements. There are several arguments which I mention here briefly and then work out in later sections in more detail. The phrase structures used are Minimalist, and so are the underlying assumptions about features (even though the latter are not worked out).First, starting with the weakest argument, which I’ll only briefly mention in section 1, present tense deontic modals derive historically from perfective verb forms and the class is therefore called ‘preterite–present’. This suggests an ‘affinity’ with aspect. Second, deontic and epistemic predicates differ in that the latter but not the former can have auxiliaries and stative complements. This is accounted for if epistemics select an ASPP, but if deontics are in ASP in complementary distribution with other aspectuals. Third, double modal varieties of English typically have at most two modals with the epistemic preceding the deontic. This fits in if one modal is in ASP and the other in higher in the structure. Finally, I’ll look at the position ofto, but will start with a note on terminology.
ON THE STRUCTURE OF SIMPLY REPRESENTED KNOTS
Authors: SWENTON FRANK J. 
Published: November 2003

We provide an algorithm to decompose any diagram of a simply represented knot into an unlink diagram via certain local moves; such a decomposition exhibits an equivalent knot as a band-sum of represented unknots. This gives a represented ribbonlike surface respecting the knot's representation, extending the branch set to a smoothly embedded surface in the 4-ball. Via application of the methods in [2], as extended in [3], we can thus solve the problem [1] of algorithmically obtaining a Kirby diagram for any 3-manifold presented as a finite-sheeted (not necessarily simple) covering of the 3-sphere branched over a knot (or graph).
Effects of Operating Conditions on the Cellular Structure and the Thermal Properties of Extruded Foams Made From Corn
Authors: Lui Wai-Bun , Peng Jinchyau 
Published: November 2003

The characteristics of a corn extrudate generally appear similar to commercial plastic foam cushioning materials. If extruded foams from whole yellow dent corn are used for loose fill cushioning material, low cost will be realized. In addition, this extruded foam is biodegradable and might even be recoverable as animal feed or as an ethanol feedstock. It could also be spread on farm fields as a soil amendment. Extrusion technology has been applied in cornstarch processing for many years. Different categories of extruders have been developed to give various advantages and disadvantages as used for production. The low-moisture (low-cost) extruder cooker is a good choice for producing low cost expanded corn for packaging use. The objective of this study is to focus on the feed compositions and screw configurations affecting the cellular structure and the specific heat of extruded foams and to evaluate corn/ PVA extrudates as packaging material.Experimental results indicated that:1. The size of air cells became smaller and more uniform, and the air cell wall became thinner with the increase in screw pitch and screw speed. Moreover, using the food grade corn grits also made the size of cells smaller and more uniform.2. Treatments 5 and 22 had the highest specific heats. For all treatments, the specific heat increased linearly as the temperature increased.3. The extrudates from Treatments 5 and 22 have potential applications as thermal insulation applications for their high specific heat values.
Quiescence and Vigilance in Tai Chi Chuan
Authors: Ram  
Published: November 2003

Delicately and with a voluptuous spiral movement the leaf from the tall beech tree detached itself from its branch and landed on the flaming bed made by its companions.That autumn, that morning, while I was observing this unique event, I began to reflect on the emotion I felt in its probably universal connotation. Like aesthetic feeling, a great many concepts affect living beings in the deepest part of themselves, and come from the depths of the cognitive processes, those determinants that are innate dispositions to feel and know. Those depths have a reality and a meta-historical, infra- and extra-verbal dimension.
The Role of Iranians in the Spread of Buddhism, Manichaeism and Mazdaism in China
Authors: Tajadod Nahal 
Published: November 2003

Gandhara, an area that welcomed Buddhism and where the earliest monasteries are found from the late third century BC, was also a ‘land of immigration’.With the aim of converting the Greco-Iranian peoples to Buddhism, the dignitaries in charge of these provinces under Asoka had identified in Greek and Aramaic vocabulary equivalents of Hindu or Buddhist themes. But the Gandhara Buddhists seem not to have continued this attempt to translate their sacred texts into Greek, Aramaic and probably Middle Iranian. On the other hand the Buddhists from Bactrian, Sogdian and Xinjiang translated the great texts of Buddhism from Sanskrit into the indigenous languages.
‘East versus West’: Beyond Dichotomy and towards an Acknowledgement of Differences
Authors: Kawada Junzo 
Published: November 2003

The theme ‘East versus west’ is an old topic for discussion, but one that is constantly being rehashed. Though it has many aspects, a number of elements remain vague. Do East and West each form a monolithic bloc? Where does the East begin in the West's eyes, and vice versa, the West for the East? What, if any, are the basic differences separating the two?Palaeontologists tell us that a dividing line indicating a divergence of traditions in stone tools can be traced back to the Lower Palaeolithic era, that is, a million years ago, in the western region of India. To the east of that line, in other words in East and South-east Asia, the most common tools are choppers and chopping-tools, while to the west, in western Asia, Europe and Africa, the main tools are hand-axes. The former are suitable for working vegetable materials and making bamboo or wooden, therefore perishable, objects, which for this reason leave no trace in the form of archaeological clues. The hand-axes are capable of being worked into stylized shapes and are appropriate for dismembering large herbivores and cutting up their meat.
At the Dawn of the Call: From Human to Animal before the Division of the World
Authors: Dor Rèmy 
Published: November 2003

‘In the beginning was the word And the word was aardvark’Oulipo, Aux origines du langage, Bibliothéque oulipienne no. 121First I think I should explain that call. It echoed in my ears for the first time a very long time ago and far, far away: on the Roof of the World, the Afghan Pamir, more than 30 years ago. It was uttered by a Kirghiz shepherd following a herd of sheep. Even if it is not in fact possible to transcribe that call accurately - the combination of the phonetic parameters that determine it would necessitate a representation using a graph or numerical matrices - I will attempt to give it a written shape, HAY, while admitting that this transcription denotes an abstraction that subsumes many possible realizations. But be that as it may. A few years later, when I was living in the Haut-Livradois, in the deepest heart of rural France, I was surprised to hear that call again on the lips of an Auvergnat peasant who was taking his sheep to the meadow. This unlikely coincidence led me to take a closer interest in the problem of communication between humans and animals. It is the essence of that thinking that I would today like to pass on to the readers of Diogenes in an issue devoted to the East/West contrast.
My Personal Experience of East–West Cultural Exchange
Authors: Hirayama Ikuo 
Published: November 2003

On 6 August 1945, I was exposed to radiation in Hiroshima during the atomic bombing. At that time I was 15 years old, a third-year junior high school student, and working at a factory in Hiroshima under the wartime student mobilization plan. A total of 201 people from my school (13 teachers and 188 students) were killed outright in the bombing. I narrowly escaped death, but suffered from radiation sickness for many years afterwards. At one point, my white blood cell count dropped sharply, endangering my life.When I chose painting as my vocation, I decided to put on canvas my prayer for world peace that stems from my experience in Hiroshima. In 1959, I painted Arrival of Buddhism, a picture depicting the 17-year-long journey to India of Xuanzang (600–664), a Chinese priest during the Tang Dynasty, in search of enlightenment. This work made my name known as a painter among the general public.
How to Counter Islamic Extremism
Authors: Wahid Abdurrahman 
Published: November 2003

Two great challenges for reform of education have to be addressed if Muslim society is to respond meaningfully to the threat of terrorism.Most Muslims are strongly opposed to acts of violence, in any form, undertaken in the name of religion. Consequently, it hurts us to constantly see the name of Islam, ‘the religion of peace’, linked with international terrorism. Nevertheless, as Muslims we must face the reality that if we fail to address the challenges before us we will find ourselves constantly confronted with accusations of harbouring terrorists - regardless of how fair those generalized accusations might be. If, however, we are prepared seriously to address these two challenges, people such as Osama Bin Laden will find increasingly little solace or support in Muslim society.
Concurrent Engineering and Design Oscillations in Complex Engineering Projects
Authors: Loch Christoph , Mihm Jürgen , Huchzermeier Arnd 
Published: November 2003

Coordination among many interdependent actors is key activity in complex product development projects. The challenge is made more difficult in concurrent engineering processes, as more activities happen in parallel and interact. This coordination becomes progressively more difficult with project size. We do not yet sufficiently understand whether this effect can be controlled with frequent and rich communication among project members, or whether it is inevitable. Recent work in complexity theory suggests that a project might form a “rugged landscape”, for which performance deterioration with system size is inevitable. This article builds a mathematical model of a complex concurrent design project. The model explicitly represents local component decisions, as well as component interactions in determining system performance. The model shows, first, how a rugged performance landscape arises from simple components with single-peaked performance functions, if the components are interdependent. Second, we characterize the dynamic behavior of the system analytically and with simulations. We show under which circumstances it exhibits performance oscillations or divergence to design solutions with low performance. Third, we derive classes of managerial actions available to improve performance dynamics, such as limiting the “effective” system size of fully interdependent components, modularity, and cooperation among designers. We also show how “satisficing”, or a willingness to forego the last few percent of optimization at the component level, may yield a disproportionally large improvement in the design completion time.
Bullying a Review: Presentations to an Adolescent Psychiatric Service and within a School for Emotionally and Behaviourally Disturbed Children
Authors: Salmon Gill , James Anthony , Cassidy Elizabeth Lisheen , Javaloyes M. Auxiliadora 
Published: November 2003

This article reviews the literature on bullying with particular reference to associated psychiatric symptoms and presents data and case examples from an inpatient and outpatient adolescent service and a school for emotionally and behaviourally disturbed children (EBD school). Bullying or its effects do not seem to be a distinguishing factor among those admitted to an adolescent unit. In the outpatient group, however, being bullied is frequently a factor in the presentation of adolescents to psychiatric services, with depression being the diagnosis in over 70% of cases. In contrast, bullies and bully/victims were most likely to present with conduct disorders, which were frequently co-morbid with hyperkinetic disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Unsurprisingly, regardless of whether bully, victim, bully/victim or neither, the most common psychiatric diagnosis of the EBD school pupils who were interviewed was that of conduct disorder. This was sometimes co-morbid with AD(H)D but also seen alongside generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder. In an adolescent unit and in an EBD school, being bullied or a bully is an important factor associated with psychiatric symptomatology and should be regarded as a substantial mental and public health issue.
Inadmissible Evidence: An Example of Projective Identification
Authors: Balbernie Robin 
Published: November 2003

Sometimes our patients cause us to struggle with emotions and sensations that are invaders, they come from elsewhere and yet feel as if they are our sole possession. The same thing occurs in many different settings. This experience of projective identification can influence the recipient and he or she then becomes the changed person in the mind’s eye of the initiator. One of the reasons for psychotherapists to be in analysis during their training is that this gives them a better chance of being aware when such psychological parasites are present. And one of the reasons that theoretical models are important is that they can help us to decode what we feel at such times. In this paper I describe an example of projective identification from work with a 6-year-old adopted boy, where I found myself almost completely unable to function for several sessions. A traumatic past experience belonging to my patient, which he could have had no conscious knowledge of, had been pushed out of his unconscious to lodge in mine; and then, in turn, I acted out a version of that experience.
Reducing Curl in Multilayer Blown Film: Experimental Results, Model Development, and Application to A Cereal Liner Film
Authors: Morris Barry A. 
Published: November 2003

Multilayer blown films often curl, particularly if the layers are not distributed symmetrically. Experimental results from simple two- and three-layer structures are described in an effort to understand the underlying mechanisms behind curl. A model from the literature based on “beam theory” was adapted to film applications. In this model, force and momentum balances are used to solve for curl as a function of each layer’s thickness, stiffness, and shrinkage during fabrication. The difficulty in using such an approach is estimating differential shrinkage. Pressure-Volume-Temperature (PVT) data give good qualitative information on differential shrinkage, but they are generated under experimental conditions that differ greatly from commercial blown film processes. To correct the PVT data, a semi-empirical approach was utilized. The model was run “backwards” to compute the differential shrinkage in two-layer structures where the curl has been measured. From this, PVT correction factors are obtained to predict the curl of multilayer structures. The model was applied to a (HDPE-tie-EVOH-tie-sealant) cereal liner structure. A sensitivity analysis showed that curl can be reduced by: increasing the thickness of the high density polyethylene (HDPE) layer, reducing the shrinkage of the HDPE, and reducing the thickness and stiffness of the ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) layer. Experiments on a five-layer blown film line confirmed the model predictions: a standard cereal liner structure had severe curl, yet by using the model as a guide, we were able to make essentially flat film.
Thiol/disulfide exchange is a prerequisite for CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 envelope-mediated T-cell fusion during viral entry
Authors: Markovic Ingrid , Stantchev Tzanko S. , Fields Karen H. , Tiffany Linda J. , Tomiç Melanija , Weiss Carol D. , Broder Christopher C. , Strebel Klaus , Clouse Kathleen A. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Attachment of gp120 to CD4 during HIV-1 entry triggers structural rearrangement in gp120 that enables binding to an appropriate coreceptor. Following coreceptor engagement, additional conformational changes occur in the envelope (Env), resulting in fusion of virion and cell membranes. Catalysts with redox-isomerase activity, such as protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), facilitate Env conversion from its inactive to its fusion-competent conformation. We report here that anti-PDI agents effectively block CXCR4 Env-mediated fusion and spread of virus infection. Exogenously added PDI, in turn, can rescue fusion from this blockade. We further find that PDI facilitates thiol/disulfide rearrangement in gp120 during conformational change, whereas inhibition of this redox shuffling prevents gp41 from assuming the fusogenic 6-helix bundle conformation. At the virus-cell contact site, gp120 induces assembly of PDI, CD4, and CXCR4 into a tetramolecular protein complex serving as a portal for viral entry. Our findings support the hypothesis that Env conformational change depends on a well-coordinated action of a tripartite system in which PDI works in concert with the receptor and the coreceptor to effectively lower the activation energy barrier required for Env conformational rearrangement.
Primary diffuse large B-cell lymphomas of the central nervous system are targeted by aberrant somatic hypermutation
Authors: Montesinos-Rongen Manuel , Van Roost Dirk , Schaller Carlo , Wiestler Otmar D. , Deckert Martina 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
We have addressed whether aberrant ongoing hypermutation can be detected in the proto-oncogenes PIM1, c-MYC, RhoH/TTF, PAX5, and the tumor-suppressor gene CD95 in primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSLs) derived from immunocompetent HIV-negative patients. Nine of 10 PCNSLs analyzed harbored somatic mutations in the PIM1, c-MYC, RhoH/TTF, and PAX5 genes, but not in the CD95 gene, with 8 tumors carrying alterations in at least 2 of these genes. Furthermore, ongoing aberrant mutation was evidenced in a subset of PCNSLs (2 of 3). Although most of the mutations corresponded to base pair substitutions, deletions were also present. The mean mutation frequency was approximately 60-fold lower for these genes compared with the values obtained for immunoglobulin genes in PCNSL. They were increased 2- to 5-fold compared with extracerebral diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In summary, our data demonstrate aberrant somatic hypermutations at high frequency in the PIM1, PAX5, RhoH/TTF, and c-MYC genes in most PCNSLs. These findings may indicate a pathogenic role for aberrant somatic hypermutation in PCNSL development. In contrast, although mutations were detected in exon 9 of the CD95 gene, the lack of mutations in the 5′ region provides no evidence for the CD95 gene as a target for aberrant somatic mutation.
Disparities in Health Care: An Overview
Authors: Cohen Jordan J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe most important predictor of quality of health care across all racial and ethnic groups is access, especially insurance status and the ability to pay for health care. If we consider populations with equal access to health care, two groups emerge with differing qualities of health care: non‐minority and minority populations. When studies control for the stage of disease at presentation, comorbidities, severity of illness, and other variables, substantial differences in health care based on race and ethnicity can still be found. Raising the consciousness of this issue is an important step toward recognizing and eliminating health care disparities.
Researching Disparities: Strategies for Primary Data Collection
Authors: Weinick Robin M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractComparatively little disparities research to date has focused on emergency medicine. However, the body of disparities research developed in other areas of health care has identified a number of issues that are directly applicable. To promote research on disparities in emergency medicine, this article addresses several of these issues related to collecting and classifying data on race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status and selected methodologic issues that are particularly important for evaluating disparities.
Researching Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Emergency Medicine
Authors: Richards Christopher F. , Lowe Robert A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe recent Institute of Medicine report “Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care” chronicles a growing body of literature describing racial and ethnic disparities in health care delivery. It suggests a research agenda designed to better understand and eventually eliminate these disparities. Prompted by this report, Academic Emergency Medicine convened a Consensus Conference on Disparities in Emergency Health Care on May 28, 2003, in Boston. One of the goals of that meeting was to develop a research agenda for emergency medicine researchers working on disparities in health care. This report describes the results of the consensus conference and suggests such a research agenda.