bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing Marine Ecosystem Health: The long-term effects of fishing on functional biodiversity in North Sea benthos
Authors: Bremner J. , Frid C. L. J. , Rogers S. I. 
Published: October 2003

Assessments based on the taxonomic composition and relative abundance of taxa provide valuable information about the effects of anthropogenic activities on benthic systems. However, international agreements also require active conservation of ecosystem functioning as well as biological assemblages. We must therefore learn more about how ecosystems function and why changes occur within them in order to fully understand the implications of human activities.
Biological traits analysis allows systems to be described in terms of the characteristics of member taxa, describing functional diversity whilst retaining information on taxa distributions. This study used biological traits analysis to investigate the long-term effects of fishing on benthic infaunal communities.
Infaunal abundance was recorded over three decades at two stations, one within and one outside a fishing ground in the central western North Sea. Each taxon present was categorised for the degree to which it exhibited certain biological traits. The distribution of these traits within a sample produced a picture of functional diversity. Multivariate analyses were used to compare trait composition at the stations over time, thus depicting how community functioning responded to physical disturbance.
The assemblages at the two stations were functionally distinct at the onset of the study; with differences in size, feeding type and reproductive method. The functional structure changed over time at the station within the fishing ground as the level of exploitation varied. Large animals, predators, scavengers and those eating invertebrates or carrion dominated years of light effort in the fishing ground but were less represented when effort increased. No such changes occurred at the station outside the fishing ground.
Fishing seems to have some effect on benthic functional biodiversity and this effect is most obvious when moving from low to moderate levels. The differences between stations at the start of the timeseries may reflect variations in the physical environment or may result from effects of fishing that predate the timeseries.
Can conservation assessment criteria developed for terrestrial systems be applied to riverine systems?
Authors: Dunn Helen 
Published: October 2003

Australia's aquatic ecosystems are of outstanding diversity and interest on a world scale. As one of the world's driest continents, its water resources are under growing pressure, yet there are no systematic conservation efforts. Any moves towards aquatic biodiversity conservation must be pursued within appropriate scientific, policy, and management contexts. A key starting point is the articulation of aquatic conservation values.Concepts and criteria for biodiversity conservation are well established in the conservation of terrestrial ecosystems in Australia. They are often framed within legislation or derived through policy and practice. If freshwater biodiversity is to be conserved, then conservation criteria and methods of assessment need be integrated with possible mechanisms for protection. So it is useful to examine whether the criteria and thresholds applied to terrestrial systems are valid and appropriate for freshwater ecosystems.Two key questions are discussed: are commonly applied conservation criteria appropriate and adequate for aquatic ecosystems? and, is it feasible to apply criteria used in terrestrial systems to aquatic systems? The discussion is informed by evidence from two perspectives: a survey of views of river scientists and managers, and analysis of field studies of river conservation assessments in Australia.The data suggest that while the basic concepts that define biodiversity value can be applied to aquatic systems, difficulties are apparent in applying and interpreting the thresholds and decision rules used for terrestrial systems. In addition, the survey of scientists and managers in Australia showed that landscape scale values and riverine functions should be incorporated in the assessment and protection of riverine systems.The analysis concludes that conservation of freshwater biodiversity in Australia needs to be founded upon national legislation and policies for biodiversity conservation alongside conservation of terrestrial systems. However, different approaches to defining and assessing biodiversity value of freshwater ecosystems will need to be explored and specified.
Characterization of environmental gradients using physico-chemical measurements and diatom densities in Nairobi River, Kenya
Authors: Ndiritu G. G. , Gichuki N. N. , Kaur P. , Triest L. 
Published: October 2003

Degradation of water resources due to anthropogenic activities is a major problem all over the world. Monitoring changes in water quality is expensive but essential for management of water resources. Diatom assemblages can serve as useful indicators of changes in water quality. In order to determine changes in stream water quality in an urban environment, densities of epilithic diatom communities on both natural and artificial substrates were sampled in Nairobi River, Kenya in September 2000. Sampling of water and diatoms was carried out in almost equidistant sites along a 60 km stretch of the Nairobi River. Environmental (water physico-chemical and nutrients) data was explored by Principal Correspondence Analysis (PCA) and sites split into three groups of upper-, mid- and lower stream. Most abundant diatom taxa on both substrates were selected and their relationship with environmental variables determined.
On artificial substrates, Gomphonema parvulum, Nitzschia palea and Nitzschia umbonata were the most abundant and were significantly related with total dissolved solids, nitrate, conductivity and turbidity. Temperature, altitude and pH interacted significantly with dominant diatom species on natural substrates, which included Gomphonema parvulum, Nitzschia palea and Navicula subminuscula. Non-parametric analyses showed that diatom densities in natural and artificial substrates were significantly different and were affected by different environmental variables. Our results indicate that abundant diatom species can be used to describe major types of aquatic environmental gradients and can serve as good indicators of ecological conditions in tropical streams and rivers. This study also showed that diatoms from artificial and natural substrates can be used to provide complementary information.
Reprographic rights in Singapore: the story of CLASS
Authors: Davison Peter 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTThe Copyright Licensing and Administration Society of Singapore was established in 1999. It is now profitable and commercially significant, perhaps uniquely so in Asia. Critical factors in its growth have included a statutory (non‐voluntary) photocopying licence provision for educational institutions in the Copyright Act; and widespread support from the local and international communities of rightsholders. Tentative consensus has been established with educators over a fair level of remuneration for copying. Further work needs to be done to extend or amend the current model for electronic copying, for the private sector and for other countries in the region.
Post‐publication filtering and evaluation: Faculty of 1000
Authors: Wets Kathleen , Weedon Dave , Velterop Jan 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTFaculty of 1000 (www.facultyof1000.com) is a new on‐line literature awareness and assessment service of research papers, on the basis of selections by 1400 of the world's top biologists, that combines metrics with judgement. The service offers a systematic and comprehensive form of post‐publication peer review that focuses on the best papers regardless of the journal in which they are published. It is now possible to draw some conclusions about how this new form of post‐publication peer review meets the needs of scientists, and the organizations that fund them, in practice. In addition, inferences about the relative importance of journals are set out, which should also interest publishers and librarians.
Organization and technology for the recording of science
Authors: Lindquist Mats G. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTScientific research requires access to earlier research results. Over time a system supporting scientific exchange has evolved where publishers, libraries and archives each have well‐defined institutional roles. New information and communication technologies are challenging the established order for the recording of science and alternative systems are evolving. A strong commercial market for STI coupled with decreased purchasing power on the part of libraries makes organizational issues as important as technological ones.
Googled: the quest for visibility on the Internet
Authors: Beckwith Kimberly 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTSmall publishing‐related firms have a problem getting their services and products known to the scholarly and STM market. Getting listed on search engine results pages is difficult due to the way the most popular search engines rank sites. Galayaa has tried out Google's AdWords as a way to get noticed. Does it work? An impression of early results of the campaign is given.
What does ZWOLLE stand for?
Authors: Harvey Judith 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTZwolle stands for a unique approach to the management of copyright in international higher and further education. The stakeholders in copyright management include authors, publishers, librarians, universities and the public. The seven Zwolle Principles were agreed at the conference on Copyright and Universities held in Zwolle in The Netherlands in December 2002. The principles and the examples of good practice in copyright management represent the best opportunity for resolving differences and achieving convergence of the interests of stakeholders.
RoMEO studies 4: an analysis of journal publishers' copyright agreements
Authors: Gadd Elizabeth , Oppenheim Charles , Probets Steve 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTThis article is the fourth in a series of six emanating from the UK JISC‐funded RoMEO Project (Rights Metadata for Open archiving). It describes an analysis of 80 scholarly journal publishers' copyright agreements with a particular view to their effect on author self‐archiving: 90% of agreements asked for copyright transfer and 69% asked for it prior to refereeing the paper; 75% asked authors to warrant that their work had not been previously published although only two explicitly stated that they viewed self‐archiving as prior publication; 28.5% of agreements provided authors with no usage rights over their own paper. Although 42.5% allowed self‐archiving in some format, there was no consensus on the conditions under which self‐archiving could take place. The article concludes that author–publisher copyright agreements should be reconsidered by a working party representing the needs of both parties.
Book Reviews
Authors: Robson Jodie , Blackburn Cathleen 
Published: October 2003

The Accidental Webmaster by Julie M. Still Information Today, 2003. Pp 192. Paperback $29.50. ISBN 1‐57387‐164‐8Clark's Publishing Agreements – A Book of Precedents, 6th edn, General Editor Lynette OwenButterworths Lexis Nexis, 2002, £70.85. 615 pp. Hardback and CD‐ROM. ISBN 0‐406‐93916‐0
Bioethics: Power and Injustice: Iab Presidential Address
Authors: Benatar Solomon R. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTA major focus within the modern bioethics debate has been on reshaping power relationships within the doctor–patient relationship. Empowerment of the vulnerable has been achieved through an emphasis on human rights and respect for individual dignity. However, power imbalances remain pervasive within healthcare. To a considerable extent this relates to insufficient attention to social injustice. Such power imbalances together with the development of new forms of power, for example through new genetic biotechnology, raise the spectre of increasing social injustice. Attention will be drawn to the need to extend the bioethics debate to include ethical considerations regarding public health. Changes in political philosophy will also be required to reshape international power relations and improve population health.
Intervention Bioethics: A Proposal For Peripheral Countries in A Context of Power and Injustice
Authors: Garrafa Volnei , Porto DorA 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTThe bioethics of the so‐called ‘peripheral countries’ must preferably be concerned with persistent situations, that is, with those problems that are still happening, but should not happen anymore in the 21st century. Resulting conflicts cannot be exclusively analysed based on ethical (or bioethical) theories derived from ‘central countries.’ The authors warn of the growing lack of political analysis of moral conflicts and of human indignation. The indiscriminate utilisation of the bioethics justification as a neutral methodological tool softens and even cancels out the seriousness of several problems, even those that might result in the most profound social distortions. The current study takes as a theoretical reference the fact that natural resources (which all of us are) are finite, and that corporeal, pleasurable and painful matters (which affect us all) are relevant. Based on these premises, and on the concept that equity means ‘treating unevenly the unequal’, a proposal of a hard bioethics (or intervention bioethics) is introduced, in defence of the historical interests and rights of economically and socially excluded populations that are separated from the international developmental process.
Not Telling the Truth in the Patient–Physician Relationship
Authors: Silva Carlos Henrique Martins Da , Cunha Renato Luiz Guerino , Tonaco Ronaldo Borges , Cunha Thúlio Marquez , Diniz Carolina Boaventura , Domingos Gustavo Gontijo , Silva Juliana Diniz , Santos Marcelo Vitral Vitorino , Antoun Melissa Ganam , Paula Rodrigo Lobato de 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTThe presence of truth and honesty is a permanent demand, and becomes vital the more committed and intimate a relationship is. Medical practice is relevant to this discussion when one questions whether or not a physician should always tell their patient the truth in the face of a progressive or potentially fatal disease, regarding the diagnosis, outcome, therapy and evolution of the specific disease. From this discussion we aim, with the present report, to look at the truth applicable to the patient‐physician relationship, and its ethical and moral implications; and also to look at where the Brazilian Code of Medical Ethics (BCME) and the medical literature stand regarding this issue. One concludes that there are only two moments not to tell a patient the truth: when the patient does not want to be informed, and when the truth could be iatrogenic. The question now is, when would the truth be iatrogenic? Physicians, in our opinion, would not be able to judge solitarily when the truth might be deleterious to their patient. Alternatively, we propose the appointment of a multidisciplinary commission to help the doctor with such a decision.
Is the Unified List System for Organ Transplants Fair? Analysis of Opinions from Different Groups in Brazil
Authors: Ávila Gustavo Noronha De , Ávila Gerson Antônio De , Gauer Gabriel José Chittó 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTIn the 1960s, when Dr. Belding Scribner discovered how to accomplish the process of dialysis in a repeated way, he could not imagine that in solving such a problem others as or more difficult would appear. Given the technological progress and the impossibility of assisting all patients through the most modern methods, the medical doctor often finds himself faced with the moral dilemma of choosing which patient in the waiting list will receive the treatment. This same dilemma is amplified in the case of organ transplants.Professionals, students, professors of the juridical and health fields, and the population in general, were interviewed as a means of documenting the moral concepts and opinions surrounding this problem. In the reality in which we find ourselves, it seems to us that deciding who lives, and the responsibility for all the events that culminate in such decisions, is still a subject left open to discussion.
Teaching Global Bioethics
Authors: Dwyer James 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTWe live in a world with enormous disparities in health. The life expectancy in Japan is 80 years; in Malawi, 40 years. The under‐five mortality in Norway is 4/1000; in Sierra Leone, 316/1000. The situation is actually worse than these figures suggest because average rates tend to mask inequalities within a country. Several presidents of the IAB have urged bioethicists to attend to global disparities and to broaden the scope of bioethics. For the last six years I have tried to do just that. In this paper, I report and reflect on my attempts to teach bioethics in ways that address global health and justice. To begin, I discuss how I structure bioethics courses so as to move naturally from clinical ethics to health policy to global health. I then discuss ways to address key ethical issues in global health: the problem of inequalities; the nature of the duty to assist; the importance of the duty not to harm; the difference between a cosmopolitan and a political view of justice. I also discuss how teaching about global health may help to shift the emphasis in bioethics – from sensational cases to everyday matters, from autonomy to justice, and from access to healthcare to the social determinants of health. At the end of my paper, I reflect on questions that I have not resolved: how to delineate the scope of bioethics, whether my approach over‐politicises bioethics, and how to understand the responsibilities of bioethicists.
Philosophical Arguments for and Against Human Reproductive Cloning
Authors: Häyry Matti 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTCan philosophers come up with persuasive reasons to allow or to ban human reproductive cloning? Yes. Can philosophers agree, locally and temporarily, which practices related to cloning should be condoned and which should be rejected? Some of them can. Can philosophers produce universally convincing arguments for or against different kinds of human cloning? No.This paper analyses some of the main arguments presented by philosophers in the cloning debate, and some of the most important objections against them. The clashes between the schools of thought suggest that philosophers cannot be trusted to provide the public authorities, or the general public, a unified, universally applicable view of the morality of human reproductive cloning.
The Vulnerable and the Susceptible
Authors: Kottow Michael H. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTHuman beings are essentially vulnerable in the view that their existence qua humans is not given but construed. This vulnerability receives basic protection from the State, expressed in the form of the universal rights all citizens are meant to enjoy. In addition, many individuals fall prey to destitution and deprivation, requiring social action aimed at recognising the specific harms they suffer and providing remedial assistance to palliate or remove their plights.Citizens receive protection against their biologic vulnerability by means of an in rem right to health [care], which is more an attitude of protection than a specific programme. When individuals become susceptible, that is, biologically weak or diseased, they also increase their predisposition to additional harm, and require social actions to treat their demeaned condition. Such assistance takes the form of positive healthcare rights.Research on human beings has been slow to observe that the subjects recruited are susceptible, especially so if research is done in less developed countries. By mislabelling them as vulnerable – a characteristic they share with all humans – sponsors avoid registering the deprivation these people suffer, and the ethical obligation to offer them remedial help.The distinction between vulnerability and susceptibility also marks the difference between being intact but fragile – vulnerable – and being injured and predisposed to compound additional harm – susceptible. Awareness of this difference should give additional force to the rejection of double standards in research ethics.
Bioethics, Vulnerability, and Protection
Authors: Macklin Ruth 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTWhat makes individuals, groups, or even entire countries vulnerable? And why is vulnerability a concern in bioethics? A simple answer to both questions is that vulnerable individuals and groups are subject to exploitation, and exploitation is morally wrong. This analysis is limited to two areas. First is the context of multinational research, in which vulnerable people can be exploited even if they are not harmed, and harmed even if they are not exploited. The type of multinational research likely to raise the most ethical concerns is that in which the investigators or sponsors are from a powerful industrialised country or a giant pharmaceutical company and the research is conducted in a developing country. Second is the situation of women, who are made vulnerable in cultural settings or in entire countries in which they are oppressed and powerless. In the face of cultural values and practices, or governmental policies, these women suffer serious consequences for their health and even lives. Examples are provided, and it is suggested that in some cases vulnerable individuals can be harmed but not exploited. On the positive side, recent developments reveal a new awareness of exploitation and efforts to enhance the ability of developing countries to protect themselves and their citizens from exploitation at the hands of powerful sponsors of research. In addition, human rights principles are increasingly being used to monitor the actions (or inaction) of governments regarding women's reproductive rights and vulnerability with respect to HIV/AIDS, and to take remedial actions.
Public Health Ethics: Asylum Seekers and the Case for Political Action
Authors: Mcneill Paul M. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper is a case study in public health ethics. It considers whether there is a basis in ethics for political action by health professionals and their associations in response to inhumane treatment. The issue arises from Australia's treatment of asylum seekers and the charge that this treatment has been both immoral and inhumane. This judgement raises several questions of broader significance in bioethics and of significance to the emerging field of public health ethics. These questions relate to the role of health professionals in response to inhumane treatment of people in their charge; to the discipline of public health in light of a growing recognition of its ethical basis; and the role of public health and bioethical associations in response to ethical issues arising in a political context. It is argued that, in serious cases of humanitarian and human rights abuses affecting health and well‐being, there is a case for political action by health professionals, academic and professional institutions, and associations of public health and ethics.