bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Setten Lodewijk Van , Fur Mag 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The investors in the financial markets may be categorized, broadly, as private house-holds, governmental agencies, public institutions, corporate firms, and institutional investors. Private households and governmental agencies are the ultimate holders of all assets, directly or indirectly, through public institutions, corporate firms, or institutional investors. Central banks and other monetary authorities, as well as certain international bodies, are categorized as ‘public institutions’.
The Regulatory Framework
Authors: Setten Lodewijk Van , Fur Mag 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The regulatory duties owed by an investment manager as an authorized and regulated financial services provider are not owed to its clients per se. Financial services regulation has a general purpose. It aims at promoting properly functioning markets and a sound financial services industry. It is not always appropriate, therefore, to imply regulatory rules and principles as terms of the services contract between a client and a regulated firm, nor for them to serve as a general source of implied duties.
Securities Accounts And Securities Transfers
Authors: Setten Lodewijk Van , Fur Mag 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Equity securities and fixed-income securities are issued either in registered form or in bearer form. Until, broadly, the 1960s, the delivery obligations on a contract for the sale and purchase of securities made in the financial markets would require the seller to transfer securities of a particular type, description, and quantity to the buyer. Thus, if a security is issued in registered form, in most legal systems, the transfer of a registered security must be effected by a written transfer instrument that is presented to the issuer’s registrar, after which the registrar will amend the register, so that the transferee will be recognized as the legal owner.
Uniform and Non-Uniform Aspects of Pro-Drop Languages
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a recent paper, Alexiadou and Anagnostopoulou (1998) put forth an approach to the pro-drop parameter and the Extended Projection principle (EPP), according to which (1) EPP is universal and is understood as a D feature on I (Chomsky 1995) and (2) pro-drop languages satisfy this feature via A movement to I owing to the pronominal nature of their verbal agreement. In these languages A movement to spec, IP is not needed, and all movement to the preverbal position is A’-movement. Non-pro-drop languages, however, necessarily move or merge a DP in spec, IP to check EPP.
Asymmetrical Pro-Drop in Northern Italian Dialects
Authors: Poletto Cecilia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I intend to address two basic questions concerning the role of overt morphology in the syntactic process of pro-drop. The two questions are intrinsically related in a more general perspective aiming to determine how much the presence of overt morphology influences syntactic processes. The empirical domain ranges over subject agreement, subject clitics, and pro-drop in some Northern Italian dialects, which will be compared with well-known analyses of the diachronic development of French.
Introduction: Competing, Collaborating, and Reinforcing Theories
Authors: Korczynski Marek , Hodson, Randy , Edwards Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sociology of work benefits from both strong empirical and theoretical traditions. Until now, however, there has been no available source that elaborates the various theoretical traditions in the study of work. This book is intended to fill that need. It grows out of our own pedagogical and research struggles to assemble readings for students and materials for ourselves that provide coherent overviews of the various theories of work.
Max Weber and the Irony of Bureaucracy
Authors: Sewell Graham , Barker James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unless bureaucracy is to become the graveyard of democracy, freedom must learn the lessons of power as a normal tendency that moves through institutions in silent stealth. Logic is merely slavery within the fetters of language. But language includes within itself an illogical element: metaphor, etc. The initial power produces an equation between things that are unequal, and is thus an operation of the imagination. The existence of concepts, forms, etc. is based upon this.
Towards a Theory of Dominant Interests, Globalization, and Work
Authors: Frenkel Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Globalization is a controversial concept. This is partly because it encompasses a wide variety of economic, political, and social processes, whose relative importance varies according to the perspective of the scholar’s discipline and interests. Anthropologists explore changing social networks and consumption patterns while economists are more likely to focus on trade and investment flows. These varying perspectives give rise to different evaluations: globalization may be seen as a complex process of influence by Western cultures but also appropriation and reinterpretation by host societies.
C
Authors: Dacko Scott G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ultimately, the extent of cannibalization depends on the extent that new products are substitutes for existing products. The cannibalization effect can be either intentional, as when a firm expects to replace its existing products with new ones, or unintentional, as when a firm only realizes after the introduction of a new product that sales for existing products are reduced. Marketers must aim to anticipate cannibalization effects of new product introductions in strategic marketing planning and implementation. Careful coordination of marketing strategies for new and existing products is needed to ensure that gains made with new products are not offset by losses in existing product sales and their value to the point where the firm is worse off as a result of introducing new products.
G
Authors: Dacko Scott G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on pioneering experimental research by Aronson and Linder (1965), the gain–loss effect is embodied in the finding that an individual’s attraction to another is commonly observed to be more dependent on the degree that the other individual’s liking of them has increased or decreased rather than the overall level of the other’s degree of liking. In such a context, an individual’s attraction to another tends to be high when the other’s liking of the individual has appeared to increase and low when the other’s liking of the individual has appeared to decrease. Marketers should consider how gains or losses associated with a customer relationship or product or service offering, whether experienced or simply perceived by a consumer or other individual, may have more influence on the individual’s behaviors or decisions than the overall level of a factor of influence. As such, the gain–loss effect may embody itself in elements of marketing relationships with consumers as well as in decision-maker evaluations of problems involving gains or losses.
S
Authors: Dacko Scott G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on research by Simon (1955, 1956), the concept of satisfying reflects the view that individual cognitive capacities and decision processes are not strictly rational and, as such, are not guaranteed to arrive at optimal results. Deviations from rationality arise due to limitations in individual information-processing ability and the costs involved in comparing all available options. Individual decision making, as well as group and organizational decision making, may therefore involve satisficing as a means to cope or work more easily within limitations on information-processing capabilities and lessen the cost of comparing available options. With satisficing, the aim of decision making may therefore be to achieve some minimal level of performance rather than optimal performance. As an example, individuals and organizations engaged in satisficing behaviors may choose to regularly adopt plans for future action in much the same way they have always done in the past if past performance has always been minimally satisfactory.
W
Authors: Dacko Scott G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wal-Mart, a large US and international retailer with annual sales that consistently put it in the top rankings of retailers in the USA and the world, is credited with having an influence on business as well as local and national economies. Wage rates, prices, pricing practices, and supplier relations are just some of the areas influenced. The Wal-Mart effect also includes an economy-wide effect of lower inflation and increased productivity that have resulted from the operating practices of Wal-Mart that have been replicated by the retailer on a large scale. On a local level, the Wal-Mart effect includes a tendency for communities with Wal-Marts to have faster per-capita retail sales and tax increases than communities without Wal-Marts, and where non-competing businesses in Walmart communities experienced significant benefits while competing businesses experienced substantial revenue losses. On an industry level, WalMart’s use of information and communication technologies, combined with automation and centralization of warehousing as well as the scale of their retailing operations, has resulted in industry changes that have made many previous industry operations obsolete or unrecognizable. Marketers should not underestimate the significance of the array of Walmart effects on firm and industry practices (particularly in the retail industry), as well as local and national economies. The success of the innovations introduced by Wal-Mart, combined with the scale of their operations, continues to put considerable pressure on firms to find ways to reduce their costs and to meet customer expectations of a firm providing offerings at prices that move continually lower.
The Strategic Fitness Process and the Creation of Collaborative Community
Authors: Heckscher Charles , Foote Nathaniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If, as this volume has argued, collaborative community is necessary as a foundation for knowledge-based organizations, there remains the question of how to get there-whether and how existing bureaucratic systems can be transformed in this direction. It is an important problem because efforts to build participation and involvement in corporations have often, perhaps usually, ended in failure. In the last thirty years the range of ‘programs ‘ designed to increase communication and teamwork has been dizzying, and in many companies has resulted in nothing more than heightened cynicism.
Surveillance And Covert Human Intelligence Sources: RIPA, Part II, ss 26–48
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
RIPA, Part II covers three areas, namely directed surveillance, Intrusive Surveillance and Covert Human Intelligence Sources (‘CHIS’) and provides authorisation procedures in each of those areas. It is important to note that Part II creates what is essentially a voluntary scheme for authorisation (often wholly internally to the public bodies concerned) of surveillance or use of CHIS. Thus in contrast to the position which was discussed in the earlier parts of this work relating to interception of communications, RIPA does not impose any form of legal duty or obligation upon public authorities to obtain prior authorisation of surveillance or CHIS activities.
The Covert Surveillance Code of Practice 2002 (under SI 2002 No 1933)
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Covert Surveillance Code Of Practice 2002* (UNDER SI 2002 NO 1933)This code applies to every authorisation of covert surveillance or of entry on or interference with property or with wireless telegraphy carried out under section 5 of the Intelligence Services Act 1994, Part III of the Police Act 1997 or Part II of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 by public authorities which begins on or after the day on which this code comes into effect.
Interception Of Communications Code Of Practice 2002 (UNDER SI 2002 NO 1693)
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The text of this Code of Practice is taken from the version published by the Home Ofﬁce and made under the Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Interception of Communications: Code of Practice) Order 2002 (SI 2002 No 1693) which came into force on 1 July 2002.
Acquisition And Disclosure Of Communications Revised Code Of Practice (Home Office Pre-Consultative Document, 2005)*
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Editorial note: this draft Code is taken from the copy promulgated by the Home Ofﬁce in 2005 as a pre-consultative document. Note that it is therefore not in force at time of writing. Footnotes throughout the remainder of this chapter are the ofﬁcial footnotes forming part of that document. The Home Ofﬁce published it in March 2005.
Anti-Terrorism, Crime And Security Act 2001 (Part 11 Part 11
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Secretary of State shall issue, and may from time to time revise, a code of practice relating to the retention by communications providers of communications data obtained by or held by them.The Secretary of State may enter into such agreements as he considers appropriate with any communications provider about the practice to be followed by that provider in relation to the retention of communications data obtained by or held by that provider.A code of practice or agreement under this section may contain any such provision as appears to the Secretary of State to be necessary—for the purpose of safeguarding national security; or The sections reproduced here came into force upon enactment on 14 December 2001.
The Convention On Mutual Assistance In Criminal Matters Between The Member States Of The European Union Established By Council Act Of 29th May 2000 (2000/C197/01)
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mutual assistance shall also be afforded in proceedings brought by the administrative authorities in respect of acts which are punishable under the national law of the requesting or the requested Member State, or both, by virtue of being infringements of the rules of law, and where the decision may give rise to proceedings before a court having jurisdiction in particular in criminal matters.
Public Procurement In The Eu
Authors: Trepte Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a commentary on the two new EC Directives on public procurement, which are due to be implemented and in force by January 2006, together with practical guidance upon their application and implementation in national law. The author offers a clear and precise explanation of the meaning and significance of the rules and identifies and discusses the problem areas in understandable terms. A new feature of the second edition is that it covers all procurement rules relating to the institutions of the EC itself, for example rules relating to procurement by the EC Commission or European Development Fund. The author is a recognized expert in this field, bringing to bear experience both in private practice and as an adviser to governments and public bodies to provide an essential reference guide for all who operate in this field. The book is based on the provisions of the Directives themselves and, as such, sets out the minimum requirements that must be followed by each member state in the process of transposition. Whilst it considers the EU objectives of procurement regulation and the interpretations provided by the European Court, its primary purpose is to explain the effects of the EC rules in the context of real world procurement practices and procedures. The book takes into account the latest amendments brought about by the EC Directives of 2004, including: the consolidation of the Directives to introduce a more sequenced logic; the significant improvements and amendments brought about by both Directives: the introduction of new procedures; the introduction of electronic procurement (including specific provisions relating to dynamic purchasing systems and electronic auctions); the permissibility of the application of social and environmental policies and the applicable conditions as well as the amendments to the utilities sector Directive in respect of its scope (coverage of telecommunications removed and postal services added); the new general escape mechanisms for competitive markets and the significant changes to the affiliated undertakings. The book also covers the other EC procurement rules which apply to funded contracts and contracts benefiting third countries.
Introduction
Authors: Trepte Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first edition of this book did not contain an introduction in the belief that it was not necessary for practitioners to be given a lengthy discourse on the history or indeed the objectives of the relevant legislation. As a set of mandatory rules, they need to be respected in any event. However, this may have been mistaken because the context of European procurement regulation is perhaps unique and demands further explanation; not because this will necessarily explain better the scope of the Directives but rather because it will demonstrate the limitations of the European regime.
Contracting Entities In The Utilities Sector
Authors: Trepte Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Public Sector Directive, consistently with the previous three Public Sector Directives, specifically excludes from its scope of application all public contracts which, under the Utilities Directive, are awarded by contracting authorities exercising one or more of the defined activities in the utilities sector (in the field of water, energy, transport and postal services) and are awarded for the pursuit of those activities. It also makes clear that contracts which are excluded from the Utilities Directive do not, at the same time, re-enter the scope of application of the Public Sector Directive. Thus, public authorities carrying out relevant activities in the utilities sector are covered by the Utilities Directive, not the Public Sector Directive.
Savages Within The Empire
Authors: Bickham Troy O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1720s London, a well-known band of young ruffians gave themselves crescent tattoos and adorned turbans in honour of their so-called 'mohamattan [Muslim]' Indian namesakes, the Mohawk. Few Britons noticed the gang's mistaken muddling of North American and Indian subcontinent geographies and cultures. Even fewer cared in an age in which 'Indian' was a catch-all term applied to theatre characters, philosophies, and objects whose only common characteristic often was that they were not European. Yet just thirty years later, when the North American empire had entered centre stage, Londoners bought Iroquois tomahawks at auctions; provincial newspapers debated Cherokee politics; women shopkeepers read aloud newspaper accounts of frontier battles as their husbands counted the takings; church congregations listened to the sermons of American Indian converts; families toured museum exhibits of American Indian artefacts; and Oxford dons wagered their bottles of port on the outcome of American wars. Focusing on the question, 'How did the British who remained in Britain perceive American Indians, and how did these perceptions reflect and affect British culture?', Savages within the Empire explores both how Britons engaged with the peripheries of their Atlantic empire without leaving home, and, equally important, how their forged understanding significantly affected the British and their rapidly expanding world. It draws from a wide range of evidence to consider an array of eighteenth-century contexts, including material culture, print culture, imperial government policy, the Church of England's missionary endeavours, the Scottish Enlightenment, and the public outcry over the use of American Indians as allies during the American War of Independence. By chronicling and exploring discussions and representations of American Indians in these contexts, Troy Bickham reveals the proliferation of empire-related subjects in eighteenth-century British culture as well as the prevailing pragmatism with which Britons approached them.
Introduction
Authors: Bickham Troy O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is not perhaps a nation in the world where the people so eagerly calculate events beforehand, or so vehemently debate the issue of public operations, as we do on this island. All arts and sciences are to be acquired by a regular method of study, or learnt by serving apprenticeships; but in the art of government, every Englishman is skilled by nature. One would think that there was something in the air of this island, which has the property of infusing political presumption. It possesses men of all ranks, professions and degrees. The Divine, instead of explaining the text of scripture, often preaches a comment upon treaties... the physician neglects his patients at home, to calculate the number of sick and wounded abroad; and the tradesmen forgets the business of his own shop, while he is adjusting the operations in Germany.
American Indians and Britain’s American War of Independence
Authors: Bickham Troy O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When news of the outbreak of hostilities in Massachusetts reached Britain in May 1775, an anxious nation feverishly speculated about the style and consequences of another war in North America. Not surprisingly, past experiences factored heavily into British expectations, causing most Britons to draw two broad conclusions regarding the combat aspects of the upcoming conflict. The first was that the British military would crush the rebellion by Christmas. The second expectation was that, should the fighting last longer, the American Indians would play a decisive role in its outcome, just as they had in previous wars.
Corporate Attorneys as Gatekeepers: The Short History of a Developing Concept
Authors: Coffee John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Law is an old profession, but the idea of the attorney as a gatekeeper for parties other than the attorney’s direct client is far more recent. Indeed, the concept has never truly been accepted by the organized bar, which prefers to view the attorney as an advocate, whose sole duty is the zealous representation of the client.
Kinds of Third-Party Effects On Trust
Authors: Burt Ronald S , Knez Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trust plays an ambiguous role in contemporary images of organization. Trust is essential to the loose coupling that makes network organizations more adaptive to changing environments. However, the dense relations argued to sustain trust also produce the tight-coupling rigidity for which trust and loose coupling are the cure. Much of the ambiguity about organizing to produce trust is resolved by focusing on the simplest social conditions for trust, then studying how trust changes as the simple conditions aggregate into social structures. The simplest context for trust is an isolated dyad, two people disconnected from others. Their relationship is the cumulative result of their exchanges, or interaction games, with one another. Their games are private—their behavior displayed only to one another.