bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Religious Affiliation of the Author
Authors: Bergren Theodore A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contents and style of 6 Ezra--above all, its strong affinities with the literary tradition of the Hebrew Bible-make it almost certain that the book was written by a Jew or a Christian. These two categories, furthermore, need not be mutually exclusive: the lines of demarcation between Judaism and Christianity in the first centuries C.E. were often rather fluid. I will argue in this chapter that the author of 6 Ezra was a “Christian,” in the commonly understood sense of the term. There do not seem to be sure grounds for assessing his attitude toward the Judaism of his day.
Sympathy and Alienation
Authors: Jenkins Thomas E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where neoclassical theists pictured God as having a mind (in Park’s words) “free from the complexities and discrepancies that mar our character,” sentimental incarnationalists brought God down to earth in the form of Christ and made him more accessible. And this, at its most dramatic, led to some tension in Christ’s mind. The tension involved the mixing of high and low, God and human; it involved a drama of an eternal, perfect being allowing himself to become involved in the plight of sinful beings. Harriet Beecher Stowe took this dramatic element of sentimental incarnationalism very far.
“Great Revival” or “Great Reformation”? The Privatization of Northern Revivalism
Authors: Long Kathryn Teresa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite The General public satisfaction over the success of the awakening, some voices questioned whether the relational piety of family and friends or the celebrated masculine millennium of the urban prayer meetings should qualify as true or genuine revival. In a front-page column of the Independent in early March 1858, Harriet Beecher Stowe suggested that “reformation” was the appropriate goal of religious fervor.1 “Instead of the great revival of 1858,” she wrote, “we should be happy to read the great reformation of 1858” (italics in original). From Stowe’s perspective, genuine revivals would “bless society” as well as con vert individuals. Moving more overtly toward the tone of a jeremiad, she insisted that evaluating a revival by its moral and social effects was fair: “A revival of religion that brings no repentance and reformation is false and spurious We believe in no raptures, in no ecstasies, in no experiences that do not bring the soul into communion with Him who declared He came to set at liberty them that are bound and bruised.” Stowe’s column was written just before revival began at Henry Ward Beecher’s Plymouth Church, where she herself became an active participant. The Plymouth Church meetings strongly emphasized personal piety but were strangely silent about concern for the oppressed. In subsequent editorials over the next few weeks, Stowe muted her rhetoric considerably, much to the dismay of abolitionist papers such as the Anti-Slavery Standard. Even so, the issues she had emphasized continued to surface in sermons and newspaper columns, particularly among those, such as Congregational minister George B. Cheever and Unitarian Theodore Parker, who equated genuine spiritual awakening with increased antislavery sentiment. They repeatedly argued that community moral transformation must accompany any true revival.
Destruction of Houses and Construction of a Cause: Lawyers and Bedouins in the Israeli Courts
Authors: Shamir Ronen , Chinski Sara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is on lawyers who represent Bedouins in Israeli courts. Specifically, we are interested in cases involving-from the formal standpoint of the law-the “vast phenomenon of illegal Bedouin construction” in violation of the state’s planning and construction laws. We posit that these constructions, illegal for having been built without appropriate construction permits, assume broader significance when evaluated in light of the Bedouin historical and cultural experience under Israeli state control. We want to briefly provide readers with this experience in order to clarify our reasons for looking at legal representation in such matters as a form of “lawyering for a cause.”
The Implementation of the Congregational Way
Authors: Cooper James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Looking Back At The Puritans’ painful decision to abandon their home land for the uncertainty of a New World, Cambridge pastor Thomas Shepard and Dedham pastor John All in singled out church government as the primary consider action for churchgoers and ministers alike. “Popish” practices in the Church of England had grown to such “an intolerable height,” they recalled, that “the consciences of God’s saints and servants ... could no longer bear them.” The mere “hope” of “enjoying Christ in his ordinances” persuaded thousands of dissenters to “forsake dearest relations, parents, brethren, sisters, Christian friends and aquaintances, over look the dangers of the vast seas, the thought whereof was a terror to many,” and “go into a wilderness where we could forecast nothing but care and temptation.”
“A Mixed Form”: Clerical Authority and Lay Liberty
Authors: Cooper James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reflecting Upon Congregationalism’S first ten years of development in Massachusetts Bay, Richard Mather proudly described in Church-Government and Church-Covenant Discussed a system which the Philosophers that write of the best Common-wealths affirme to be the best. For in respect of Christ the head, it is a Monarchy, in respect of the Ancients [lay elders] and Pastors that Governe in Common, and with like Authority among themselves, it is an Aristocracy, or rule of the best men; in respect that the people are not secluded but have their interest in Church matters it is a Democracy, or Popular State.
An Uneasy Balance
Authors: Cooper James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dastin of Reading spotted four young men laughing and chatting. She promptly filed a complaint with the elders, charging that her brethren “laughed and jibed at the minister that then had been dispensing the word to them,” and urged the officers to proceed to censure. A preliminary examination of the case, however, revealed that the foursome had not “laugh[ed] at the Minister” at all “but as they Say data Sense less joke put forth” by one of them. The elders reproved Dastin for her malevolent misapplication of mutual watch, then attempted to resolve the incident quietly, convincing her to apologize to the young men in private. To the elders’ dismay, the wrongfully accused angrily refused to accept Dastin’s confession.
Declension and Reform
Authors: Cooper James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The new generation of churchgoers was obviously less respectful and more contentious than the founders, developments that could be explained, ministers insisted, only by a decline in popular religiosity. In less confident moments, even Mather acknowledged bluntly that “the present Generation in New England is lamentably degenerate.” In general, ministers observed, the laity profited so little from the means of grace as to appear “sermon proof.” In1683, Samuel Torrey of Weymouth mournfully observed that “there is little or nothing of the Life of Religion to be seen or appearing either in the Frame or Way, Hearts, or Lives of the generality of the professors of it.
Clerical Conflict and the Decline of Sola Scriptura
Authors: Cooper James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pastor’s reply hardly eased the members’ indignation. In a scene repeated throughout Massachusetts in the first decades of the eighteenth century, church worship and practice in Dedham, though designed to serve as an essential means of grace, instead became the focus of bitter contention. In response to the phalanx of clerical authority that later assembled to supervise the Dedham fast, many angry churchgoers stayed home and “went about their worldly Occasions,” while others “Usid the Utmost Endeavour to prevent other peoples attending” the services. Pas tor Dexter was shocked to discover that one enraged member informed his wife “he had reather she should got to hear Mass and if she did [attend the fast] he desired not to See her in his house more.”
Perpetuation and Disintegration
Authors: Cooper James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Williams later complained that “several ministers” had refused to attend a meeting of the Hampshire Association, deplored the emergence of “divisions” among the clergy, and prayed for the Lord to “help in this day of difficulty to prevent further confusion and disorder.” The “feuds and contentions” that Williams lamented had perplexed local churches for several decades. But by the 1730s, conflict over church government had become so intense through out Massachusetts that ministers prayed regularly for relief from the “spreading leprosy” of church disorder.
In The Grip of Blindness
Authors: Nabokov Isabelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen the goddess counsel human beings through her intermediaries, but her interventions in this world are usually much more aggressive and engaged. At the fifty or so kyri seances that I documented, the goddess was caught up in revealing the causes of people’s ills and overcoming them. Although one hears a wide range of explanations in Tamilnadu for affliction (see Hiebert’s detailed taxonomy 1983), almost always the goddess, through her recruits, attributed it to what is called in Tamil eval. This word means “command, ” which implies that people are in the grip of a sorcery spell.
The Decapitation Of Young Brides
Authors: Nabokov Isabelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The musicians had achieved their first objective: the pey who was possessing Shanti was personified. So far her exorcism had followed the processual logic of the kalippu countersorcery ritual, which also began with the typification of afflicting forces. The difference was that here the musicians had not embodied the demon in an effigy: instead, they had drawn him out of Shanti’s body with their music. Nor was this incorporation accomplished by means of any visual, “eye-opening ” procedure. Rather, they had employed verbal, dialogical conventions to assimilate the demon’s personality with key aspects of Laksmi’s identity and biography. Speech had replaced sight as the organ of recovery. With the demon’s and Shanti’s identities sufficiently merged, the musicians could now proceed to separate them. For this dissociation no winnowing trays or any funeral symbols were necessary, only words. Let us return to that scene in the late afternoon light at the Malaiyagiir temple. Tottering from side to side in the middle of her circle, Shanti looked dazed and oblivious to the ritual’s progression.
European Upheaval, Theological Ferment 1933—1937
Authors: Warren Heather A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ADOLF HITLER’S THIRD REICH created a new political context for the Ameri, can Protestant theologians. It also revived the struggling ecumenical movement by presenting the need for a new theology within which the Nazi rise in a country as civilized as Germany could be comprehended. The young American thinkers who provided the requisite insight were to become central figures in the ecumenical movement. Their very involvement in the movement gave them the perspective from which to discern the theological dimension of a problem that had never been the province of either Protestant or Orthodox churches—international politics—in effect, widening the public stage along with the substantive scope of their work. With the Christian internationalist vision from their student days and their criticism of liberal theology, these theologians banded together in articulating the theology that would speak to the new situation in Central Europe and its threat to Christians everywhere.
Exegetical Writings
Authors: McEvoy James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Origins are for the most part the obscurest things in history. Pitifully little is known with any certainty of the Oxford in which Grosseteste taught, of the curriculum in arts and theology, the length of courses, and the other structures of academic life that contribute so largely to the shape of a scholar’s day-by-day and year-by-year existence, and that even help to set the lines on which he will write. This inability of ours to relate Grosseteste institutionally and imaginatively to a scholastic setting that remains almost impenetrably obscure is the source of the great difficulties we experience in trying to locate his writings in time and to place them in relation to the historical context of his teaching.
Despite the obscurity referred to, I think it is a fair assumption that a master brought his students through the Gospels and the Epistles (especially those of St. Paul), thus preparing them for ministry in the Church, or for teaching at episcopal and other schools. Gospel and Epistle, read in an annual cycle, constituted essentially the first part of the Sunday Mass. It may also be assumed that the teacher covered a fair bit of the Old Testament in cycles of two or three years, commenting with particular care on the opening chapters of Genesis, the major prophets, and the Psalms. He would have to have had at his disposal his own copy of the Vulgate and a copy, owned outright or shared (if he lived in a community), of the Ordinary Gloss. That, at any rate, is how I imagine in the broadest outline Grosseteste’s conduct of the theological course at his school to have been.
Greek Scholarship
Authors: McEvoy James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was as a translator from the Greek that Grosseteste was to achieve celebrity on a European scale. The most popular of his versions (the Nicomachean Ethics, the Letters of St. Ignatius, and the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs) far outweigh his original writings in numbers of extant copies, as well as outreaching them in geographical diffusion. Indeed the Ignatian letters and the Testaments were read well beyond the university and clerical setting that formed the intended readership of his other versions.
The conventional date of 1232 for the beginnings of his Greek studies does not take account of either the breadth or the depth of scholarship that Grosseteste displayed in versions and commentaries within a very few years of then, and in reading and glossing even around that very time. There was no precedent at Oxford, or in England, for the learning of Greek and no ready-made collection of books to learn from, with the result that the question concerning his motivation for taking up the language must in the very last analysis receive an answer in terms of his own free initiative.
The Arrival of The Sentences
Authors: McEvoy James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On becoming bishop of Lincoln, in 1235, Grosseteste left Oxford. The fifteen years that followed his departure witnessed a growing influence of Paris upon Oxford, through the importation of the practice of commenting on the Sentences of Peter Lombard. By about 1250 both Richard Fishacre, O.P., and Richard Rufus, O.F.M., had completed commentaries on the Sentences. Grosseteste’s resistance to the new style had some effect, as we shall see, but he was not able to counteract the novelty. On the other hand, the influence of some of his ideas was felt by both writers, in a way that lent a measure of material continuity to the changing structure of theology. I shall study these developments in some detail, on the basis of the latest research.
Grosseteste more or less identified theology with the study of the Bible and filled the morning hours of classes (lectiones ordinariae) with exposition of the text. Indeed he deliberately underlined his adherence in this regard to the practice of the Paris regents of the time of his own youth.
When Aseneth Met Joseph
Authors: Ross Shepard Kraemer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a study of an anonymous ancient work, originally composed in Greek, titled Joseph and Aseneth. Although relatively unknown outside of scholarly circles, the story is remarkable because of its focus on a female character and its lack of overt misogyny and has traditionally been viewed as an early second-century C.E. conversion story of Jewish provenance. Kraemer offers conclusions that differ with previous findings in questions of date, provenance, identity, geographic origin and textual relationships as well as in matters of interpretation. She also explores the story's implications within the context of late antique constructs of and concerns about gender.
Composing Aseneth
Authors: Wolff Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ancient readers of Jewish scripture often found themselves confronted by textual anomalies, which they attempted to resolve. The means by which at least one circle of Jewish readers frequently did so is brilliantly illuminated in Kugel’s study of midrashic rabbinic traditions about Joseph and the wife of Potiphar, where he demonstrates their formulation and development as logical responses to textual and contextual anomalies and questions.
Recasting Aseneth
Authors: Wolff Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While previous scholarship has endeavored to resolve the relationship of the shorter and longer versions of Aseneth primarily through traditional text-critical approaches, I have focused on the content of the different readings, a focus that has produced significantly different results. As I hope to demonstrate in this chapter, a comparative reading of the shorter and longer reconstructions of the text reveals a plethora of instances in which the longer text appears to expand upon the shorter in a consistent manner, resolving anomalies, clarifying ambiguities, and rendering biblical and related imagery much more explicit, bringing the longer text into closer conformity with biblical texts. In many cases, these changes are effected through the subtle addition of only a few words, consistently added at appropriate points. All of this strongly suggests to me that, in general, the longer text as reconstructed by Burchard represents an intentional and careful reworking of a shorter text and that it makes far more sense to account for the numerous divergent readings as expansions from the shorter rather than deletions from the longer. While not attempting to be absolutely comprehensive, in this chapter I will consider a number of examples that I think demonstrate my thesis. Subsequent
Aseneth and Late Antique Religious Sensibilities
Authors: Wolff Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the comparison of Aseneth with demonstrably Jewish (and, to a lesser extent, Christian) mystical traditions illuminates otherwise obscured aspects of the texts, it is still an incomplete excavation of the mystical paradigms that undergird the text. As I hope to show in this chapter, two crucial elements of the Aseneth tale, the identification of Joseph and his angelic double with Helios and the mystery of the bees, are best accounted for within the framework of late antique religious sensibilities, including solar henotheism and Neoplatonic cosmology and mysticism.
The Persian Messiahs
Authors: Isa Abu , Mushka Yudghan , Syria Serenus of 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the beginning of the fifth century until the present, almost all Jewish messiahs have appeared outside the land of Israel. This has resulted in new motifs in the ac counts of them, including miracles that look toward a return to Israel (the rebuilding of the temple, miraculous transportation back to Israel), alongside firm localist tendencies. The focus of this chapter is on the Jewish messiahs of Persia in the eighth century. (It includes the Syrian messiah Serenus because of his clear similarity to the Persians.) The careers of these messiahs bring together rural militant localism with the legend of the Ten Tribes and the asceticism that characterized the Mourners of Zion before them and Karaism after them. These messiahs are the direct forerunners of David Alroy, also from Persia, who is the subject of chapter 4.
The Messiah Of Amadia
Authors: Alroy David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Four centuries after the Persian messiahs had waged their struggles, David Alroy, another localist, militant messiah, led an armed insurrection bent on the redemption of the Jews in Persia’s borderlands. He was better educated in Islamic culture, philosophy, and law than were his predecessors and shared their syncretist tendencies; his facility in science perhaps helped him perform deeds that others took as evidence of his magical powers. Unlike the rural eighth-century Persian messiahs, there is no evidence in the accounts of Alroy that he followed ascetic practices. Alroy gravitated toward the urban center of power; he was the first of several Jewish messiahs after Jesus who confronted the ruler-in this case, the sultan, face to face.
The Messiahs Of Safed
Authors: Luria Isaac , Vital Hayim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While many Jews converted to Catholicism during the repressive periods in Spain and in other European countries, others chose to leave Europe altogether. In 1492, Jews were no longer given the option of conversion in Spain and were simply forced out, with most of them winding up in the Moslem lands of the Ottoman Empire. Thus the center of Jewish life returned to the Middle East, and the mystical the ology that had begun in the regions of the northern and western Mediterranean continued to develop back in the land of Israel. This chapter focuses on two major figures in the development of the Kabbalah-Isaac Luria and Hayim Vital-both of whom also assumed the role, one after the other, of messiah.
The Yemenite Messiahs Reprise
Authors: Lenowitz Harris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have covered the appearances of Jewish messiahs from biblical times to the present, from the land of Israel to New York City, and I have noted the continuities between messiah events throughout history and across continents, as well as the unique or innovative features of these events in each period and place. There re mains one set of Jewish messiahs that I have not yet discussed-those who made their appearance in the tiny and remote land of Yemen (on the southern tip of the Arabian peninsula), from late in the twelfth century to the end of the nineteenth. The history of the Yemenite messiahs stands somewhat apart from the rest, due to the geographic isolation of Yemen and the peripheral nature of the Jewish community there.
Conclusion The Characterization of Abandonment
Authors: Lenowitz Harris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Messianism has generally a particular outlook on the dimension of time: its temporal process leads to a change-or to a final concretion-on the heels of which the dam aged present is annulled and a new world order that is wholly good replaces it, for if the present were good the necessity would be to ensure its continuation and not to endeavor to exchange it for a new world order. Since “this world” is evil, damaged, or ruined by negative elements, whether spiritual or real-such as suffering, death, ill ness, sin, and so on-a new world that would be entirely good is required.
Jonathan Edwards and the Angel of the Lord
Authors: Munk Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“A heathen asked Rabbi Joshua b. Karha: Why did God speak to Moses from the thorn bush? Rabbi Joshua replied: If he had spoken from a carob tree or from a sycamore, you would have asked me the same question. But so as not to dismiss you without an answer, God spoke from the thorn bush to teach you that there is no place where the Shekinah is not, not even a thorn bush.”