bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of external within-person variance estimates to adjust nutrient intake distributions over time and across populations
Authors: Jahns Lisa , Arab Lenore , Carriquiry Alicia , Popkin Barry M 
Published: February 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the utility of using external estimates of within-person variation to adjust usual nutrient intake distributions.DesignAnalyses of the prevalence of inadequate intake of an example nutrient by the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) cut-point method using three different methods of statistical adjustment of the usual intake distribution of a single 24-hour recall in Russian children in 1996, using the Iowa State University method for adjustment of the distribution. First, adjusting the usual intake distribution with day 2 recalls from the same 1996 sample (the correct method) second, adjusting the distribution using external variance estimates derived from US children in 1996; and third, adjusting the distribution using external estimates derived from Russian children of the same age in 2000. We also present prevalence estimates based on naïve statistical analysis of the unadjusted distribution of intakes.Setting/subjectsChildren drawn from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey in 1996 and 2000 and from the 1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals.ResultsWhen the EAR cut-point method is applied to a single recall, the resulting prevalence estimate in this study is inflated by 100–1300%. When the intake distribution is adjusted using an external variance estimate, the prevalence estimate is much less biased, suggesting that any adjustment may give less biased estimates than no adjustment.ConclusionsIn moderately large samples, adjusting distributions with external estimates of variances results in more reliable prevalence estimates than using 1–day data.
Uncoupling strong predator–prey interactions in streams: the role of marginal macrophytes
Authors: Harrison Simon S. C. , Bradley David C. , Harris Iain T. 
Published: February 2005

Predation refugia can facilitate the coexistence of predators and prey within an ecosystem by weakening trophic links between the two. The marginal macrophytes of shallow lakes are used facultatively by zooplankton to escape fish predation, leading to the stabilisation of lentic food webs. Little is known about such a role for the marginal macrophytes of lotic systems. In this paper, we examine whether the marginal macrophytes of chalk streams help buffer the interaction between the freshwater shrimp, Gammarus pulex and a benthic fish predator, Cottus gobio, both characteristically abundant in such systems.Quantitative surveys were taken of Gammarus and bullheads in winter and summer in a southern English chalk stream. These indicated that Gammarus seasonally switched their habitat preference, from marginal macrophytes in summer, to midchannel habitats in winter. Bullheads exhibited an opposite trend, preferring midchannel habitats in summer and all habitats, particularly marginal macrophytes, in winter. Large Gammarus and precopula pairs were found almost exclusively in the margins in summer. This spatial separation between Gammarus and bullheads in summer, though not in winter, was reflected in bullhead diets, as determined by gut analysis.In field manipulation experiments, bullhead presence was the strongest factor explaining the between‐habitat distribution of Gammarus in both summer and winter, indicating that the habitat shift of Gammarus was driven by the distribution of fish. Other abundant invertebrate taxa, including Asellus, mayflies and chironomids, exhibited little avoidance of habitat patches of high bullhead density.We conclude that marginal macrophytes in chalk streams can potentially facilitate the coexistence of high densities of both Gammarus and bullheads by spatially separating predator and prey in summer. They may further allow large populations of Gammarus to persist in the presence of high bullhead density at stretch‐wide spatial scales, by reducing the predation by bullheads of large breeding and newly born individuals of Gammarus in summer.
REDUCTION OF PATULIN IN APPLE JUICE CONCENTRATES DURING STORAGE
Authors: KOCA NURAY , EKŞİ AZIZ 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT In this study, the reduction of patulin content in apple juice concentrates during 6 months of storage at 22 and 30C was investigated. Results demonstrated that reduction in patulin content was dependent on the storage temperature and time. Patulin reductions after 1 month of storage at 22 and 30C were in the ranges of 45–64% and 66–86%, respectively. Levels of patulin were below detectable limits after 4 months of storage at 22 and 30C.
INACTIVATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 DURING THE STORAGE UNDER REFRIGERATION OF APPLE JUICE TREATED BY PULSED ELECTRIC FIELDS
Authors: GARCÍA DIEGO , HASSANI MOUNIR , MAÑAS PILAR , CONDÓN SANTIAGO , PAGÁN RAFAEL 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT The sensitivity of pulsed electric fields (PEF)‐treated E. coli O157:H7 cells to subsequent holding in apple juice has been evaluated. Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells in apple juice were resistant to PEF. A PEF treatment of 400 µs at any electrical field strength was not sufficient to inactivate one log10cycle of cells. However, PEF injured a large proportion of E. coli O157:H7 cells that became sensitive to a subsequent storage under refrigeration in apple juice. The total lethal effect of the combined process depended on the electrical field strength and storage time. The combination of a PEF treatment at 25 kV/cm for 400 µs and a subsequent storage of the apple juice under refrigeration for 48 h allowed five log10cycles of inactivation to be achieved. The combination of PEF and maintenance under refrigeration has been demonstrated to be an effective pasteurization method, by sufficiently reducing the presence of E. coli O157:H7 in apple juice in order to meet U.S. FDA recommendations.
Juvenile non‐hyaline fibromatosis: juvenile hyaline fibromatosis without prominent hyaline changes
Authors: Anadolu Rana Yavuzer , Oskay Tuǧba , Özsoy Nesrin , Erdem Cengizhan 
Published: February 2005

Abstract:  Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis (JHF) is a rare autosomal recessive disease of the connective tissue. It is characterized by papulonodular skin lesions, soft tissue masses, gingival hypertrophy, osteolytic bone lesions and flexion contractures of the large joints. Here, we report a 14‐year‐old girl with characteristic clinical features of JHF with early fatal outcome. Dermatopathologic examination of the early lesions however constantly lacked the so‐called hyalin changes in multiple skin biopsies.According to our experience; dermatopathological features of this entitity is not often and always consists of classical hyalinisation. Only larger lesions with long duration should expected to be exhibiting those features. Therefore we suggest that; JHF may often present itself as Juvenil Non‐Hyaline Fibromatosis: JHF without prominent hyaline changes. And thus this fact should not change the actual diagnosis and prognostic implications.
Current concepts for the prevention of venous thromboembolism
Authors: Bramlage P. , Pittrow D. , Kirch W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractVenous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and the annual incidence of VTE is 1 per 1000. The individual risk for venous thromboembolism may be substantially higher and is determined by expositional and dispositional factors.Unfractionated heparin and warfarin have been the mainstays for the prevention of VTE until the early 1980s. Bleeding complications and side effects limited the use of these agents and subsequently low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) were introduced into clinical practice. These are most commonly used for the prophylaxis and treatment of VTE today.In the last decade, the pace of development of further anticoagulants has accelerated with the introduction of new treatment regimens and new substances. In this context, novel drugs directed against clotting factor Xa (such as fondaparinux) and direct thrombin inhibitors (such as melagatran/ximelagatran) have been developed. Fondaparinux shows a favourable efficacy/safety profile and has been documented to be cost‐effective compared to enoxaparin in the US and the UK.
Rationale for the use of antifactor Xa in the treatment and prevention of venous and arterial thromboembolic events
Authors: Drouet L. , Bal dit Sollier C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe design and synthesis of new antithrombotic agents have led to numerous recent clinical trials to investigate their efficacy and safety. Analysis of the data from these trials, especially when the results were not totally expected, has provided interesting information, allowing a better understanding of the pathophysiology of thrombosis in various clinical situations. The aim of the present manuscript is to present the hypotheses on thrombogenesis generated by some of these recent clinical trials, notably those investigating the antithrombotic efficacy of a new synthetic and selective factor Xa inhibitor, fondaparinux. The antithrombotic efficacy of fondaparinux was recently investigated in a number of trials in the prevention and treatment of venous and arterial thrombotic disorders. In each case, the concept of the clinical efficacy of a selective factor Xa inhibitor has been proven. These trials have also clarified the implication and mode of action of factor Xa in these various types of thrombotic events. In the light of these trials, we discuss the clinical efficacy of such a selective factor Xa inhibitor, and other specific points such as the apparent lack of dose‐dependency of its antithrombotic effect.
Fondaparinux: an update on new study results
Authors: Bauersachs R. M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFondaparinux (Arixtra®) is the first selective factor Xa inhibitor approved for use in thromboprophylaxis after orthopaedic surgery. New recently completed trials have also demonstrated the potential of fondaparinux in the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in other surgical and medical settings and in the treatment of established VTE. In the randomized double‐blind PEGASUS study in high‐risk abdominal surgery patients, fondaparinux reduced the incidence of VTE from 6·1% with dalteparin to 4·6% (odds ratio reduction = 25·8%, P = 0·14), without increasing the bleeding risk. In the randomized double‐blind ARTEMIS trial in acutely ill medical patients, fondaparinux reduced the incidence of VTE from 10·5% with placebo to 5·6% (odds ratio reduction = 49·5%, P = 0·029), without increasing the bleeding risk; there was no pulmonary embolism in the fondaparinux group compared with five, all fatal, in the placebo group (P = 0·029). In the two MATISSE trials, both the efficacy and safety of once daily fondaparinux were at least as good as enoxaparin in the treatment of deep‐vein thrombosis (MATISSE–DVT) and unfractionated heparin in the treatment of pulmonary embolism (MATISSE‐PE). In patients with coronary artery disease, promising results were obtained in phase II trials and large phase III trials are ongoing. In conclusion, fondaparinux may further improve and simplify the prevention and treatment of thrombosis in a large range of medical and surgical settings.
Informal and formal caregivers’ involvement in nursing home care activities: impact of integrated care
Authors: Paulus Aggie T.G. , Van Raak Arno , Keijzer Femke 
Published: February 2005

Aims.  This paper reports a study to investigate the relationships between informal and formal care, changing relationships over time, impact of integrated care, and theoretical and methodological lessons that can be drawn from research on this topic.Background.  The ratio of informal to formal care provided in nursing homes varies. In many countries the predominance of traditional, formal care is being challenged by the emergence of integrated care models in which formal and informal caregivers co‐operate and co‐ordinate their activities to deliver tailor‐made care. This move towards integrated care is likely to result in changes in the degree and nature of involvement of formal and informal caregivers in care activities. However, very little research has investigated this. Previous research is restricted to one point in time, as opposed to focussing on the changing relationships between formal and informal caregivers over time.Methods.  The quasi‐experimental design encompassed a traditional care comparison setting and an experimental setting with an integrated care intervention. At three measurement points, one before the intervention in May/June 2000 and two at 6 and 14 months after the intervention, informal and formal caregivers recorded their care activities. Informal care relationships were determined by calculating contribution rates and informal/formal care ratios for 14 activities.Results.  Integrated care did not bring about the expected major changes. There was a limited amount of substitution of formal care with informal care. There were limited changes in the extent of dual specialization, in which informal and formal caregivers perform separate activities. There was little supplementation of formal care with informal care. Furthermore, relationships changed over time, resulting in a complex pattern of linkages at the level of separate activities.Conclusions.  Informal caregivers contribute to many activities. The impact of integrated care on the degree and nature of involvement, however, was moderate. A possible explanation is the contextual situation for nursing home care. These findings point to the need for further research into the (changing) relationship between formal and informal carers in residential care activities and the evolution of this relationship over time.
Paternal reactions to a child with epilepsy: uncertainty, coping strategies, and depression
Authors: Mu Pei‐Fan 
Published: February 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a study examining the stress that fathers experience when caring for a child with epilepsy.Background.  A seizure, which is frightening and potentially damaging, creates uncertainty about its possible effects and threatens the integrity of family systems. In the Chinese social context, epilepsy is stereotyped ‘sudden craziness’ of people and affected family feel shamed by the diagnosis. When a child has epilepsy, the stereotype of epilepsy affects the family experience in terms of stress and their coping process. Few studies have focused on how a father with an ill child adapts to family stress.Methods.  This study was based on the resiliency model of family stress, adjustment, and adaptation, and was designed to examine the relationships among fathers’ uncertainty, coping strategies, and depression. From three teaching hospitals in Taiwan, 210 fathers were recruited. A pilot study was conducted to establish the reliability and face validity of the Chinese language version of the Coping Health Inventory for Parents.Findings.  Results showed that paternal uncertainty was negatively associated with the total Coping Health Inventory for Parents score for family coping patterns for factors I, II, and III. Uncertainty and coping strategies for factors II and III were indicators of paternal depression and accounted for 10·3% of the total variance.Conclusions.  The results give insight into the unique family stress that fathers experience as a result of the interaction between the social context of a child with epilepsy and the family's coping patterns. They also suggest ways to improve family‐centred nursing interventions to help parents establish effective caring patterns to manage the family stress.
Staff perceptions of residents across the long‐term care landscape
Authors: Gaugler Joseph E. 
Published: February 2005

Aims.  This paper reports a study to determine how facility‐, resident‐, family‐ and staff‐level indicators are empirically associated with staff members’ perceptions of residents in nursing homes (NHs), assisted living facilities (ASLs) and family care homes (FCHs).Background.  While various efforts have described the ramifications of staff–resident interactions in nursing homes (NHs), few studies identify the factors that potentially influence staff members’ perceptions of residents in multiple long‐term care settings.Methods.  The participants were 41 care staff located in five NHs, five ASLs, and 16 FCHs randomly selected in Kentucky, United States of America. Face‐to‐face and telephone interviews were conducted with care staff, residents in their care, family members of residents, and administrators of participating facilities. Telephone interviews measured staff perceptions of residents on two domains: cohesion (perceived feelings of closeness between staff and residents) and knowledge of residents’ personal lives and care needs.Results.  Regression models found that staff who were married, reported more positive attitudes towards family members, and worked in smaller facilities reported greater staff–resident cohesion. In addition, staff who cared for a higher percentage of residents with learning difficulties indicated greater knowledge of residents.Conclusion.  The findings emphasize the need to consider elements of staff–family relationships when considering staff perceptions of residents. They also imply that clinical interventions designed to enhance social relationships in NHs can be extended across the long‐term care landscape to influence the staff–resident–family triad positively.
Developing and validating a nursing website evaluation questionnaire
Authors: Tsai Sing‐Ling , Chai Sin‐Kuo 
Published: February 2005

Aim.  The aim of this paper is to report on the development and validation of an evaluation questionnaire for nursing websites.Background.  Increasing numbers of the general public and health care professionals are using the Internet to access health and health care‐related information. The quality of such websites, therefore, needs to be evaluated.Methods.  A total of 24 websites in the United States and Taiwan, including websites in 13 leading schools and 11 hospitals, were selected as test websites. A total of 120 participants with Master's degrees in either nursing or mechanical engineering were invited to examine the 24 websites using a nursing website evaluation questionnaire. A 32‐item questionnaire was developed, covering overall impression, download and switch speed, accessibility and convenience, web page content, service function and compatibility with common browsers. Participants were requested to connect to the specific websites and browse the contents before filling in the questionnaire. The results were arranged into 12 different sequences and prepared on a CD using Macromedia Dreamweaver. Data were analysed using Cronbach's α, Guttman split‐half reliability and factor analysis.Findings.  Internal consistency was good, with a Cronbach's α of 0·93 in Part I and a KR‐20 (Kuder Richardson) of 0·85 in Part II. Four factors given in Part I were identified as content truth, accessibility and convenience, speed and connection, and overall impression.Conclusion.  The nursing website evaluation questionnaire had good construct validity and internal consistency.
Using a multidisciplinary classification in nursing: the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health
Authors: Van Achterberg Theo , Holleman Gerda , Heijnen‐Kaales Yvonne , Van der Brug Ype , Roodbol Gabriël , Stallinga Hillegonda A. , Hellema Fokje , Frederiks Carla M.A. 
Published: February 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a study to explore systematically the usefulness of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health to nurses giving patient care.Background.  The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health has a history of more than 20 years. Although this World Health Organization classification offers multidisciplinary use, nurses are not familiar with it.Methods.  Applications of the International Classification for nursing practice were developed and evaluated in a multi‐centre project, composed of a series of 10 projects in a variety of settings. These applications were a variety of tools, such as assessment forms, care plans and transfer forms. The study used information from 653 patients, 469 nurses and 178 others (International Classification experts; other professionals with whom nurses communicate or discuss patient data).Findings.  Large sections of the International Classification were used in the 10 projects, revealing a predominant focus on body functions (53% of all three‐digit codes and corresponding terms used). Although large sections of the Classification were useful in practice applications, some items were identified that could be added, improved or described with more detail. Positive remarks made by nurses referred to the scope of the International Classification, which encouraged assessing beyond a patient's functional impairments.Conclusions.  The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health can be a useful tool in classifying and communicating aspects of patient functioning by nurses. A level of moderate detail within the Classification (three‐digit level) seems appropriate for most nursing purposes. Our results on items that could be added or improved can serve as input in future revisions of the Classification. Future use of the International Classification should be encouraged, because of its relevance to nursing and its potential for multidisciplinary use in patient care.
Calcinosis Circumscripta in the Dog: A Retrospective Pathological Study
Authors: Tafti A. K. , Hanna P. , Bourque A. C. 
Published: February 2005

SummaryCalcinosis circumscripta is an uncommon syndrome of ectopic idiopathic, dystrophic, metastatic or iatrogenic mineralization characterized by deposition of calcium salts in soft tissues. This paper is a retrospective study of 77 canine cases. The age of dogs in the study varied from 4 months to 15 years and 55% were <1 year old, 74% <2 years old and 88% <4 years old. Several pure and mixed, typically large breed dogs were affected so that 28.6, 13 and 9% were German Shepherd, Rottweiler and Labrador Retriever respectively. The size of lesions varied from 2 mm to 13 cm in diameter but most lesions were between 0.5 cm and 3 cm in diameter. Lesions were solitary in 82% of the affected dogs, and occurred most commonly on the hind feet (50%) and tongue (23%). With multiple lesions there was no apparent body symmetry. Microscopically, most lesions were well‐defined single or multiple variably sized aggregates of amorphous to granular, lightly to darkly basophilic material with or without peripheral granulomatous reaction and surrounded by varying amounts of fibrous connective tissue. Additionally, three small nodular masses in the wall of the jejunum of a dog were diagnosed as calcinosis circumscripta. This is the first reported case of idiopathic intestinal calcinosis circumscripta in the dog.