bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Germanization and Christianization: 376-678
Authors: Russell James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is not to provide a comprehensive historico religious survey of the Germanic peoples from their initial entrance into the Roman Empire in 376 until the Anglo-Saxon mission inaugurated by Bishop Wilfrid of York’s visit to Frisia in 678. It is rather to examine those developments during this period that seem to most clearly reveal the operation of the processes of Germanization and Christianization. This examination will be conducted in light of the sociohistorical and socio psychological observations of the preceding chapters. The developments which will be examined include the expansion of Germanic Arianism, the affiliation of the Merovingians with the Catholic Church, the development of the Eigenkirche and Eigenkloster institutions and the Adelsheilige hagiog raphies, the unification of socio-politico-religious attributes in Germanic kingship, the influence of the Irish mission, and the metaphysical conflict between Germanic and Christian concepts of time.
E. A. Poe and T. B. Thorpe: Two Models of Deceit
Authors: Bryant John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Poe’s hoaxes avoid the traditional framed structure of the tall tale, and yet they develop the technique of the unreliable con man narrator to its fullest. As sharp, even bitter attacks upon the reader, they test our wits against the writer’s, but somehow the cards are always unfairly stacked against us. Poe’s famous tale of ratiocination, “The Murders in the Rue Morgue,” does not induce a “perpetual interrogative” of self, nature, illusion, and truth, but suppresses the doubt it raises about irrationality and sex. And in “Ligeia” imagination and transcendence are the bait in an elaborate confidence game against readers. Finally, there is little playing along in Poe; his put-ons are putdowns. Thomas Bangs Thorpe’s “Big Bear of Arkansas,” however, employs silences (rather than stings) to lure us more effectively into a community of liars and players. This more genial hoax was the better model for containing factionalism and regionalism within a larger metaphysical vision. More than Poe, Thorpe effected a convincing reconciliation of humor and satire within America’s comic debate. In Thorpe, we find America and repose; in Poe, the anxieties of self and ideality. Melville combined the best of both.
The Emergence of Tall Narrative in American Writing
Authors: Wonham Henry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Benjamin Franklin may have been among the first patriots to challenge foreign readers with an example of tall humor, yet by the end of the eighteenth century Americans were already notorious for their seemingly irrational and depraved love of exaggeration, and no account of travel through the western and southern settlements was complete without some anecdote intended to illustrate this idiosyncrasy of the national character. Some of the more credulous early visitors to America inadvertently provided evidence of the nation’s passion for yarn spinning by including information gleaned from native sources in their notes on the geography, history, institutions, and people of the new country. Travelling across western Maryland and Virginia shortly after the Revolution, for example, Isaac Weld witnessed several typical narrative performances by settlers who must have detected in Weld’s harsh opinion of American culture an opportunity to practice their own peculiar brand of satire. The gentleman writes that he encountered “four or five” invalids whose testicles- so he was told- had been torn off in combat with barbarous neighbors. Deaf to the laughter his hosts must have been sharing behind his back, Weld goes on to report: “I have been credibly assured that [in the Carolinas and Georgia] the people are still more depraved … and that in some particular parts of these states, every third or fourth man appears with one eye.”
Mark Twain’s Development as a Literary Yarn Spinner
Authors: Wonham Henry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1847, the year Sam Clemens entered the newspaper trade as a printer’s devil, the Hannibal, Missouri, Journal reported on the exceptional durability of some local homespun. After explaining how he inadvertently uprooted a nine-foot-wide tree stump with the seat of his pants, the correspondent declared proudly: “My wife made the cloth for them pantaloons, and I han’t worn any other kind since.” In a similar spirit, Orion Clemens, editor of the Hannibal Western Union, comforted local farmers in August 1851 with a report that the soil in Maine is so poor that before planting, the downeasters must “look for crivices in the rocks, and shoot the grains in with a musket.” Conditions in one Virginia county were even more desperate that year, according to the Western Union, which reported that horses there “are so thin that it takes twelve of them to make a shadow, and when they kill a beef they have to hold him up to knock him down.”
Joyous Heresy: Travelling with the Innocent Abroad
Authors: Wonham Henry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Americans expended considerable energy attempting to answer criticism from European travellers in the New World during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. In their defense, writers such as Royall Tyler were understandably prone to grasp at what-ever advantage they could claim, with the result that many of the earliest responses to European criticism probably provoked more amusement than respect on the other side of the Atlantic. As one of the first and best known patriots to brandish a pen in the nation’s defense, Tyler helped to initiate a tradition of American response to European censure by producing his own observations of travel in England, published anonymously in 1808 as The Yankey in London. In a typical passage, the American writer condemns what he considers the pernicious habit among members of the most polite British society of polluting their language with “evanescent vulgarisms of fashionable colloquy,” or slang. He goes on to object that “there are a number of words now familiar, not merely in transient converse, but even in English fine writing, which are of vulgar origin and illegitimate descent, which … degrade their finest modern compositions by a grotesque air of pert vivacity.”
The Demonic Image of the Witch in Standard Babylonian Literature: The Reworking of Popular Conceptions by Learned Exorcists
Authors: Abusch Tzvi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I was invited to write this paper, I considered presenting one or another aspect of Mesopotamian magic within a framework that had earlier allowed me to study the native materials with a high degree of freedom from the constraints of artificial definitions. I should then have followed a distinction between religion and magic such as the one pro posed by the anthropologist Mischa Titiev: religious rites are calendrical and communal, whereas magical rites deal with emergencies and often treat the crises of an individual.1 Surely this classification provides a sounder basis for work and yields better results than the more common dichotomy that equates gods, sin, and supplication with religion, and demons, witchcraft, and “manipulative” rituals with magic. The more conventional distinction hamstrings the interpreter in his attempts to organize and understand what native Mesopotamians termed asipTltu, the texts and craft of the professional exorcist, for therein materials and attitudes conventionally defined as religion and magic occur together in varying patterns and combinations.
Theurgy and Forms of Worship in Neoplatonism
Authors: Luck Georg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The need of pagan believers to enter into direct contact with their gods led to the development of a certain technique or a set of techniques codified during the reign of Marcus Aurelius, it seems, and given the name “theurgy.”1 It was the subject of philosophical discussions within the Neoplatonist schools, and many followers of Plotinus accepted it enthusiastically, almost as a way of life. The man who wrote the code in the second century A.D. is known as Julian the Theurgist, to distinguish him from his father, Julian the Chaldaean. The code itself is known as the Dracula Chaldaica, a collection of logia or sayings in Greek hexameters, of which fragments have survived.2 In its original form, the collection might be called the “Bible” of theurgy, although its enigmatic style and its use of exuberant imagery would have made it difficult to use even then without the help of a spiritual guide or mentor. It seems to address itself to readers who knew already what the theurgical experience is like.
Romances Of The Republic
Authors: Samuels Shirley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Samuels looks at the relations among sexual, political, and familial rhetoric in American writing from 1790 to the 1850s. With a special focus on the depictions of the American Revolution and the use of the family as model and instrument of political forces, she examines how the historical novel formalizes some of the more extravagant features of the gothic novel while incorporating a sentimental vision of the family.
Wieland: Alien And Infidel
Authors: Samuels Shirley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Alien and Sedition Acts were a major late-eighteenth-century American attempt to maintain national insularity by promoting a sense of threat. Shortly before Congress was to vote on the measures, Senator Humphrey Marshall, who supported the Alien Act, turned t poetry to explain its necessity. Marshall begins “The Aliens, A Patriotic Poem,” by praising the qualities of the United States that attract aliens. But the wrong aliens are attracted. A troop of “venal wretches,” the French, have come to the United States because they were “At home involv’d in horrid war, / And all the vices, that curse the mind.” The proper recourse: Not surprisingly, the poem cordons off the “safe” alien from the potentially contagious one, but the paradox of America, epitomized by Philadelphia as the center of both government and aliens, is that its very order, especially its “laws, like those divine, / Calleth the Alien, from afar.” Attracting those “Aliens” it wishes to repel, America must act to contain the threat of the Alien, perversely drawn by the order that his coming threatens to disrupt. Invoking the same model of attracting and even promoting disorder while producing a desire for familial and social order, Charles Brockden Brown’s Wieland, or The Transformation, published the year the Alien and Sedition Acts were passed, might be read as their novelistic response, but also counterpart.
Monuments And Hearths
Authors: Samuels Shirley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nineteenth-century fiction that makes the story of the American Revolution into a story of courtship or family romance repeatedly derails narrative attention from the central story of historical romance to the at once peripheral and destabilizing business of how profit and patriotism collaborate to keep the story available. That is, the political story ostensibly bound up with the romantic or familial story becomes “quilted” with an additional question of who will benefit from the successful deployment of a patriotic sensibility. The stress of such a deployment and the violence it unsuccessfully defers emerge vividly in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s early series of short stories, “Legends of the Province House.” The focus on the location of these tales-the one-time residence of royal governors and hence a space maintained simultaneously as home and as political stage-keeps Hawthorne’s narrator oscillating between the private space of patriotism and the public matter of profit. This chapter considers what happens when such plots announce that they will manage the business of patriotism. Beginning with Hawthorne’s splicing of public and private spaces, I move to the endangered families of Cooper’s Lionel Lincoln and other contemporary revolutionary novels before engaging the bloody ruptures of George Lippard’s revolution.
Generation Through Violence: The Making Of Americans
Authors: Samuels Shirley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An early analogue to the slaughter of women and children in The Last of the Mohicans is the surprising sacrifice of the colt, who “gliding like a fallow deer” follows its mother into the forest. The colt’s resemblance to a deer turns out to be ominous: the first deer that appears in the novel has a knife passed “across its throat,” after which it is proposed to “cut our steaks, and let the carcass drive down the stream” (35, 51). When Natty Bumppo decrees, “That colt, at least, must die,” Chingachgook’s “knife passed across its throat quicker than thought, and ... he dashed it into the river, down whose stream it glided away” (47). Such killings in Cooper, acts of violence “quicker than thought,” have traditionally been seen in mythic and sacrificial terms. 2 This way of reading emphasizes the ritualistic character of these frontier rites of passage, mythologizing the act of entering the wilderness, but it also, perhaps inevitably, ignores the specific transformations of identity involved in such violence. In The Last of the Mohicans, these killings conflate domestic and wild, suggesting the conflations of animals and humans throughout the novel; beyond that, the explanations given for them point to the renegotiations of the racial and sexual identities of Indian and white, male and female.
Sexuality, Politics, And Culture: Gide’s Trip To The Soviet Union
Authors: Lucey Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How might we discuss sexuality and politics in Gide differently, allowing ourselves to understand them as related, and yet not giving way to those plots that so easily see in most sexual relations between men merely a reflection (often an uncritical or craven one) oflarger political structures? Adorno, for example, in “Freudian Theory and the Pattern of Fascist Propaganda” is willing to blend together fascism’s “archaism” (“As a rebellion against civilization, fascism is not simply the reoccurrence of the archaic but its reproduction in and by civilization itself” (122]) with its exploitation of “unconscious homosexual­ ity,” thereby implying an archaic, atavistic, anticivil impulse within same-sex masculine desire. He comments that in German fascism, “the borderline between overt and repressed homosexuality, just as that between overt and repressed sadism, was much more fluent than in liberal middle-class society” (178n). Adorno’s analysis here decontextualizes homosexuality and thereby essentializes its political content in a way that more extensive cultural analysis would not bear out. Indeed, later in this chapter we will be able to read a different account of the political potential of homosexuality out of one of Adorno’s more autobiographical essays.
Alongside Adorno’s decontextualizing abstractions, we might place another way of relating homosexuality and politics current at Gide’s time. Consider the response given by the antiwar socialist novelist Henri Barbusse to an inquiry conducted in 1926 by the journal Les Marges.
The History of Interpretation
Authors: Finney Paul Corby 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a sense this study has two subjects: what the earliest Christians thought about art and what later interpreters (the present writer included) said they thought. The two are not easily disentangled. In fact any separation of the primary subject from the history of its interpretation is bound to be arbitrary—after all, even the earliest second-century apologists thought they were interpreting first-century tradition; hence they too belong to the history of interpretation. But one must draw the line somewhere, and I have done so here at the Tetrarchy. Thus, for this study developments in the fourth and subsequent centuries will be construed as belonging to the history of interpretation. The primary subject of this study is located in the pre-Tetrarchic period.
The Edwardian Shaw, or the Modernist That Never Was
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1970 I went to a production of Major Barbara at the Aldwych in London, the Royal Shakespeare Company’s first staging of a Shaw play. Clifford Williams directed in post-Brechtian modern style; instead of a curtain rising on a fully represented Edwardian scene, Lady Britomart’s library was constructed downstage before the audience by costumed stagehands who unrolled carpets and moved furniture into place as tokens within a space that remained largely empty and unoccupied. This cutaway style, advertising it’s the atrkal temporariness, helped to point up the play’s changes of scene, to the stark bareness of the West Ham Salvation Army shelter of act 2, and then to the munitions factory/model town of act 3. It was an interesting and intelligent production, with some fine performances-Judi Dench as Barbara, Brewster Mason as Undershaft-an admirable attempt to rescue Shaw from the comfortable datedness of traditional representational productions. Much in the play seemed to warrant such a modern theatrical idiom: the materialist unmasking of conventional political attitudes, particularly in the last act, with its alienating scenic ironies-the foreground of the munitions factory with dominating cannon and mutilated dummy soldiers leaking straw, and the distant prospect of the flawless model town. And yet it was this last act which I found least satisfactory in the RSC production, which left me most aware of some sort of mismatch between play and playing style. Something in the relentless assurance of Undershaft, the sheer energetic control of his big speeches, a confidence that things were (potentially at least) all for the best in the best of all possible worlds, clashed with the chilling estrangements of the stage set.
How Lawrence Corrected Wells; How Orwell Refuted Lawrence
Authors: Mendelson Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first reader who recognized the stature of Tona-Bungay was D. H. Lawrence. “You must, must read Tona-Bungay;’ he wrote to his friend Blanche Jennings in 1909, a few days after The English Review finished its serialization of the book: “It is the best novel Wells has written-it is the best novel I have read for-oh, how long? But it makes me so sad. If you knew what a weight of sadness Wells pours into your heart as you read him-Oh, Mon Dieu! He is a terrible pessimist. But, Wehmir, he is on the whole, so true” (1.119).1Two months later Lawrence again urged his friend to “read, read Tona-Bungay; it is a great book” (1.127). Literary history has consistently divided Lawrence from the popular, reputedly conventional novelists of his time by drawing an artificial border between modernist experimental energy and conservative Edwardian safety. Lawrence drew a similar border between himself and his contemporaries as a means of isolating and focusing the energies that he used in writing his novels. Yet he felt free to exploit the resources he had taken from the other side of the border, even if he no longer admitted to himself where he had found them. Recent attempts by literary historians to erase the barriers between high modernism and low culture seem embarrassed by Wells’s wholesale use of settings and subjects from the lower-middle class; it is the one class that most resists being idealized. Lawrence, in contrast, was too busy hating one class or another to bother being embarrassed by any of them. After his early burst of praise for Tona-Bungay, he seldom mentioned it again. But unlike almost all later critics and interpreters of the book, he understood its pervasive apocalyptic dread, and he continually wrestled with the images and implications of the book during the apocalyptic years from 1914 to 1918.
Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Avery Dulles S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Martin Luther (1483–1546), as a young member of the Hermits of St. Augustine, studied theology under Nominalists in the tradition of William of Ockham and Gabriel Biel.1 Although he accepted some of their positions, in many respects he reacted vehemently against his masters. He particularly criticized what he took to be a Pelagian tendency in Scholasticism to attach too much importance to human reason and human works as approaches to faith and justification. On the basis of his biblical studies, in combination with his Augustinian spirituality, he recaptured a more theocentric theology of faith. Justification, he contended, is God’s act in us. By passively accepting what God is doing for us and in us, we allow Christ’s righteousness to be imputed to us and receive what Luther liked to call “alien righteousness.”
Thieves and Dharma in the Story Literature
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The thief, unlike the adulteress, is a professional crosser of physical and social boundaries. He is not tragically trapped between social expectations and natural self-awareness, but instead he toys with the system of dharma as a whole. We have seen throughout chapter 5 and in the conclusion to chapter 6 that the social consensus that informs textual conceptions of dharma cannot remain directly embodied in a sensory orientation. A prohibition is not a wall; the two belong to distinct and separate ontologies. The concept of dharma, transformed and trans-muted metaphorically, is many times removed from the fundamental perceptual intentionalities examined in the early chapters of this book. Similarly, the Dharmasastras and subsequent texts pursue a social and juridical agenda that requires a highly structured and fixed notion of proper conduct, which they ground in the Veda for ultimate authority. But we have also seen that the contingent images of everyday life could never be set aside. Because of its thoroughly embodied epistemology, dharma continues to be informed by perception even as a sociojuridical system. The wall gives a prohibition its “feel” and possibly even a door. The storytellers who relished telling the exploits of India’s fabled thieves were exploring precisely this fiexible joint in the structure of dharma, namely, the point where temporal images softened the rigidity of an ideological structure. We shall shortly see that the thief is different from other criminals, say the robber, not because he is nonviolent.
Situating Our Knowledge of God in Relationship
Authors: Kirkpatrick Frank G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the heart of the Christian experience is the fact of relatedness: being together bound with other Christians in a community of faith, celebration, and responsibility. The foundation of that relatedness is the conviction that there is a loving God who creates and sustains the conditions of reality that make relatedness possible and who, in particular, is in a decisive personal relationship with that community of belief and its individual members as they celebrate the divine presence and seek to be responsible to the divine intention, as they have discerned it, for the world.
Alternative Views of God: Monism, Dualism, Pluralism
Authors: Kirkpatrick Frank G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the agent-act metaphysics is, I believe, most truly representative of the Christian’s experience of God and the world, there are two other alternative metaphysical views of God that have, historically, found important places in the Christian tradition. While they share with each other some important metaphysical assumptions, especially those that entail that God is beyond the reach of human reason, they are significantly different in enough respects that they should be treated separately before being compared to the third view of God as Agent.