bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application processing
Authors: Anderson Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout many of the previous sections, the processing of applications has been discussed, but at no point has the processing of applications really been discussed. It has instead been brought up in bits and pieces, even though it is the most critical point in the risk management cycle. According to Makuch (1998:3), ‘It is estimated that as much as 80 per cent of the “measurable and controllable risk” is decided upon at the time of underwriting’.
Data privacy and protection
Authors: Anderson Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George Orwell’s book ‘1984’, written in 1948, presents a world governed by an all-knowing and all-seeing ‘Big Brother’. This was not the entertaining and sometimes humorous TV reality program, but a sinister prediction of how technology would assist a totalitarian state to control people’s lives. While the real model for the story was the then Soviet Union, the title became a metaphor for increasing public concern—if not paranoia—about western governments’ use of technology to compile cradle-to-grave dossiers on their citizens, and its potential impacts on civil liberties.
Anti-discrimination
Authors: Anderson Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People are warned against the use of generalisations, yet this is one of the most fundamental tools used by humans, to compensate for a lack of information in new situations. Some generalisations are pre-programmed as basic instincts, and may cause either repulsion or attraction in a given situation. Others are learnt as a part of people’s cultural upbringing; something is believed to be true just because family, friends, or government have said so. And finally, generalisations based upon people’s own limited past experiences may be used in certain situations.
Fair lending
Authors: Anderson Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first laws governing lending related to the charging of interest, and over time a distinction was made between interest and usury. Indeed, many countries either had, or have, a Usury Act that sets the maximum rate of interest that may be charged and guidelines for its disclosure. Nowadays, there is a bevy of fair-lending legislation that goes much further. These are often referred to as Consumer Affairs, Unfair Business Practices,1 or Consumer Credit Acts, which may cover marketing, account origination, account management, and collections practices. Such legislation is meant not only to protect consumers from borrowers, but also from them-selves. In this domain, a distinction is made between three types of lending practices, something like ‘illegal’, ‘barely legal’, and ‘legal’, but not quite:
Capital adequacy
Authors: Anderson Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bungee jumpers, skydivers and Indy 500 drivers are in the business of taking risk. Bankers are in the business of managing risk. John D. Hawke Jr., US Comptroller of the Currency, 1999. Anybody with a knowledge of economic history will be familiar with runs on the bank, which have caused many unnecessary bank failures during depressions and times of economic crisis. A rumour of financial problems at a bank can cause its depositors to storm its doors, waving their savings books and demanding their money. What may have been a minor problem becomes major, because cash in the vault is limited, and many other assets illiquid. In a world where a sound banking system is a major mainstay of both economy and society, such runs are unhealthy. Capital adequacy is a measure of banks’ financial strength and ability to absorb such shocks.
National differences
Authors: Anderson Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following provides an indication of some of the national differences between various English-speaking countries, which are summarised in Table 38.1. The first line provides the name used in that country, to refer to shared performance data. The acronyms in the second line indicate what personal identifier is used: social security number (SSN), social insurance number (SIN), identification number (ID). The items for ‘bureaux since’ and ‘debt % of net national product’ are based on a survey done by Japelli (1999).
Vowels
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1.The raising of εto before a nasal: 7 2. 2.The raising of to before a nasal and at word end: ε’ fρητασατ8 4. 3.Vocalic resonants are generally vocalized with o(§10.3): but τρακασ7 8&lt; *–kmtioi(contrast Attic, §32.9a). The perf. 4.Long vowels ηand ω(inherited and from contraction etc.): cf. the ‘severe’ WGk. vocalism of the southern Peloponnese (§38.3). 5.In the acc. plur. the sequence *-s&gt; -swith a short vowel (§23.9): therefore the a-stem acc. plur. is probably also short (δαρχμαs7 23), and so also the aor. ptcpl. lργωfJσαs7 12 (§23.11 for the accent).
Morphology/Syntax
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. The athematic 3 plur. imperf. and aor. was originally ȅθεν, ȅδον, etc. &lt;*ȅθε-ντ, ȅδο-ντ, and this is retained in some dialects. Att.-Ion. ized to ευ at an early date (§23.2b). The same may be true in certain circumstances for εω.3
Aeolic
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Aeolic dialects bear witness to a relatively brief period of common development followed by a much longer process of areal convergence (Boeotian and Thessalian have features in common with West Greek, Lesbian with East Greek). Whether proto-Aeolic was in the Bronze Age a north-western or south-eastern idiom (§8) is a vexed question, and perhaps misconceived (it implies a strongly genetic rather than an areal model of how dialects develop). Aeolic was clearly a conservative dialect (and therefore resembled the conservative north-western dialects in many respects), and probably did not develop distinctively Aeolic features (innovations) until the post-Mycenaean period. In the late second millennium the proto- Aeolians seem to have occupied the regions between Epirus and Thessaly, and to have migrated as far as the northern Peloponnese.
Morphology/Syntax
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1.Athematic inflection of vowel-stem verbs (§24.1): but Boeotian inscriptions show thematic inflection with West Greek and Attic. 2.Perfect ptcpl.: the inherited suffix *-wos- was replaced with -ont- imported from the present (*-wos- had to be remodelled in all dialects after the disappearance of intervocalic *-s-): Eπεστα-κτα 9 8, ‘in office’ (Ecp-{σταμα). 3.Infinitives: (a) the athematic infin. (active) is -μεin Thess. Boe., extended to thematic verbs also. (b) Lesb. has athematic -μεα(apparently a blend of -μεand -α), but only in the case of short- vowel monosyllabic stems (lμ-μεα, δ6-μεα, θi-μεα): other athematic stems share the thematic ending, viz. long vowel -.
Consonants
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1.[w] (digamma) is retained until the koiné period, especially in word-initial position. Exceptions: [w] is lost early in insular Doric (but retained in Crete), and the Saronic dialects (but post- consonantal fis found in early inscriptions from Corinth). There is a regular change of intervocalic -s-&gt; -h- in Laconian from the V cent. (and sporadically in other dialects, though not attested till the IV cent.): both epigraphic, and captured in Aristoph. Lysistrata. e.g. aor. ptcpl. καhαs33 3. The spelling &lt;σ&gt; for &lt;θ&gt; in sources (epigraphic, and Aristoph. Lysistrata) dating to the late V or early IV cent. indicates that [t] had moved early to the fricative [θ] in Lac., as in Modern Gk. ([s] was the only fricative of classical Gk., which explains the choice of sign). It is difficult to know how early this change had occurred: but however Alkman pronounced the sound, it is unlikely that he would have used the spelling &lt;σ&gt; (which must be a later addition to the text).
Consonants
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1.Inherited *wis retained in most positions: perhaps as a fricative (it seems to have merged with *b). See on σελWs63 1. 2.Retention of inherited -τ(verbal endings and numerals), as in WGk. 3.is not written before consonants (as in Cyp.), which points to nasalized vowels: e.g. πεδε[pede] 63 5. Also absent at word end in many cases.
Morphology/Syntax
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1.Dat. plur. in -σ/-ασ(as in Ionic, Lesb., early Att. and early Argolic): §32.14. 2.Prepositions meaning ‘from’ are constructed with the dat.-loc., as in Arc.-Cyp. (§28.5). 3.Imper. 3 plur. in -&lt; -τ(cf. §32.3), similar to the Lesb. form (§36.8). 4.The sigmatic aor. has thematic endings (i.e. those of the imperfect): Eβ-λασετ63 8. There are also examples in Homer (δ!σετ, etc.).
Epic
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the literary dialects, the language of epic (Homer and Hesiod) offers the most perplexing mixture of real and invented elements. It seems likely that Iliadand Odysseytook a form close to the one we are familiar with between the late VIII and early VII cent., though there is some dispute as to whether they were committed to writing contemporaneously or later (following a period of oral transmission). They represent the climax of many centuries of oral epic composition, and this is reflected in the peculiar language of the poetry. It is a literary dialect (Kunstsprache) which contains elements from different dialects and different periods, and some which were never spoken at all but created by the bards within the tradition.
The Classical World: 480–320 BC
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Persian occupation of the Ionian Greek states in the mid VI cent. BC led to a shift in the intellectual centre of gravity in the Greek world, as Ionian thinkers moved west to mainland Greece and Ionia ceased to be the dominant force in Greek thought. Athens had been an important cultural centre in the VI cent. (the Peisistratid tyrants were patrons of the arts), but was distracted by political and constitutional upheaval for much of the period. After the Persian wars (490–79), however, a new-found self-confidence, stable democratic government, and a rapid increase in wealth and political influence through the Delian league led to undisputed Athenian leadership in the artistic and intellectual life of the Greek world.
Post-Classical Prose: The Koiné
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Greek-speaking world after Alexander the Great is more or less diglossic. For the first time in Greek history there is a common Greek language, which remains the standard for the next several centuries while becoming increasingly distant from the everyday spoken language. This is the era of the koiné (ή κοινή δια´ λεκτος), a term which probably dates to the beginnings of Alexandrian textual and grammatical activity in the III/II cent. BC. This common language was contrasted (a) with foreign languages, and (b) with the classical dialects Attic, Ionic, Aeolic, and Doric. It has proved difficult, how- ever, to specify exactly which variety of the language should be called ‘koiné’. One variety can be immediately excluded, and that is the spoken vernacular: the language spoken by most people most of the time. This may seem surprising: there are two reasons for it.
Lexicon
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lexicon of Hellenistic Greek is in many ways the area in which the differences from classical Attic are most striking; however, none of the developments below is new to the koiné. 1.A large proportion of the words were originally at home in Ionic: there are a number of reasons for this. The literary koiné (e.g. of historiography) aligned itself with the tradition of scientific prose, where, as we have seen, Ionic was always extremely influential. Secondly, the importance of Ionians in the hellenization of Asia Minor explains why a large number of Ionicisms entered the common language on a spoken level. 2.Some literary prose authors (notably Polybios) use words which seem oddly poetic from an Attic perspective. No doubt this is partly due to the presence of dialect words (mostly Ionic) in the con- stitution of the koiné, words which were confined to poetry in Attic (but vernacular elsewhere). Another reason is the artificial nature of the literary koiné: writers drew on the lexical resources of the clas- sical past, and this sometimes included the poets (especially epic). 3.The language is enriched by borrowings: particularly from Latin, but also from other languages in the case of regional standards (such as Egypt).
Post-Classical Literary Prose
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distinction between literary prose of the Hellenistic period and formal inscriptions (such as 65) is to a large extent artificial. The koiné takes many forms, and although the Atticizing movement of the I cent. BC is presented as a marked shift in attitude, there was always a continuum between ‘low’ koiné (the letters in 64) and the ‘high’ variety which closely emulated classical prose, and which required a high level of education. The move to Atticism could be compared to the return to classicizing Latin in medieval Europe after the reforms of Charlemagne. 1. The Septuagint A translation of the Pentateuch (torah, or first five books of the Hebrew Bible) was made in Alexandria in the III cent. BC. Translation of the rest of the Hebrew Bible was probably complete by the end of the I cent. BC. To refer to the Septuagint (LXX) as though it constitutes a unitary work is misleading, since it is likely that there were competing translations of much of it. According to tradition (documented in the so-called Letter of Aristeas), Ptolemy II wrote to the high priest of Jerusalem requesting six elders from each of the twelve tribes to make a translation: he hosted them in Alexandria, where it took them seventy or seventy-two days (hence the name Septuagint). In fact the translation was probably undertaken by and for the hellenized Jewish community of Alexandria for whom Hebrew and Aramaic were becoming inaccessible.
Dialect Inscriptions
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ARCADIAN Inscription on stone from Tegea concerning the awarding of building-contracts: only the first part is given here. Mid IV cent. BC. IGV 2. 6. Buck 19. Schwyzer 656. Thür–Taeuber (1994: no. 3). Rhodes–Osborne (2003, no. 60). O Dubois (1986: II, 39–61). the same work, so far as it concerns the work; let the wronged party summon the wrongdoer within three days from the time at which the injury (5) arose, but not later; and whatever the contract-awarders decide, that is to be valid. Now if war hinders any of the works which have been contracted out or destroys any of those completed, let the Three Hundred decide what should be done; let the Generals provide revenue (10) if it seems to them that it is war which hinders or has destroyed the works, with a sale of booty at the city’s expense. Now if anyone, having entered into a contract, has not taken the works in hand, but war hinders him, let him return whatever money he has received, and let him be excused the work, (15) if the contract-awarders so order.
From Distant Cousins to Close Family
Authors: Taylor Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An American tourist becomes lost in the wilds of Western Ireland. Spotting a farmer working in a nearby field, he edges his car toward the kerb, gets out, and walks over to him. ‘Excuse me, sir’, he says, ‘Could you possibly tell me how to get to Kilkenny?’ The farmer ruminatively scratches his stubbly chin, before answering: ‘Well now, if I were going to Kilkenny, I wouldn’t start from here!’ One of mankind’s greatest intellectual journeys has been the quest for our evolutionary human origins.
The Riddle of the 1.6%
Authors: Taylor Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is indisputable—far too many independent scientific studies have verified it—is that over very appreciable lengths of their respective genomes, humans and chimpanzees are very similar indeed. This is where the oft-quoted ‘1.6% that makes us human’ comes from. Despite 12 million years of evolutionary separation, 6 million for each species since the split from the common ancestor, we are surprisingly similar in our genes.
The Ape That Domesticated Itself
Authors: Taylor Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last few years, several pieces of evidence have come together that have dramatically changed our perception of the rate of evolution in the human genome, when it happened, and what processes brought it about. It is impossible to over-emphasize the importance of these recent developments because they not only show that many of the genetic differences between humans and chimps have happened recently—within the last 40–50,000 years—they show how we humans have brought about new and intense selection pressures upon ourselves that have resulted in these genetic changes. We have been the main instruments of our own evolution.
Dancers and Choruses
Authors: Schuchard Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Florence Farr sensed doom for the Masquers Society when Annie Horniman gave her full support to the Irish National Theatre Society. It was a bitter pill for her to swallow, given the energy and expectation invested over two years. Instinctively, as she had often done within the Golden Dawn, she made plans to form yet another society to keep the core of her London dramatic group intact, and by October 20, 1903, her old friend York Powell had promised to put up her circular for a society to be known as “The Dancers.” With the Masquers dissolving and Yeats going to America, she was determined to keep her friends and “pupils” together as a fun-loving but serious group that would serve as a standing company for societies performing poetic drama.
“As Regarding Rhythm”: Minstrels and Imagists
Authors: Schuchard Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soon after Florence Farr returned from her American tour and began writing dramatic criticism for the New Age, she found herself in the company of T. E. Hulme and a group of poets who were soon to form what Ezra Pound called “the forgotten school of 1909.” Hulme, a brilliant student of maths, Bergson, and French vers libre, had been sent down from Cambridge for prankish behavior and had left the University of London in 1906 without graduating. After a maturing year of travel, hard labor, and philosophical reflection in Canada and a short period of teaching English and perfecting his French in Brussels, he returned to London intent upon making an impact on English poetry with his developing Imagist aesthetic.
The Last Minstrel
Authors: Schuchard Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immersed as he was in Senate affairs, the writing and revisions of A Vision, the struggle to reclaim the Hugh Lane pictures for Ireland, and his many literary and theatrical activities, Yeats was not attentive to the development of wireless broadcasting in the 1920s as a wondrous medium for taking the living voice of the poet to the people. Although the BBC began broadcasting in October 1922, its programs were not relayed to Belfast until September 1924, and the Dublin Broadcasting Station (Radio Telefis Éireann) did not broadcast its first program until New Year’s Day 1926.
The human amygdala and orbital prefrontal cortex in behavioural regulation
Authors: Dolan R J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Survival in complex environments depends on an ability to optimize future behaviour based on past experience. Learning from experience enables an organism to generate predictive expectancies regarding probable future states of the world, enabling deployment of flexible behavioural strategies. However, behavioural flexibility cannot rely on predictive expectancies alone and options for action need to be deployed in a manner that is responsive to a changing environment.
Morphology, language and the brain: the decompositional substrate for language comprehension
Authors: Marslen-Wilson William D , Tyler Lorraine K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper outlines a neurocognitive approach to human language, focusing on inflectional morphology and grammatical function in English. Taking as a starting point the selective deficits for regular inflectional morphology of a group of non-fluent patients with left hemisphere damage, we argue for a core decompositional network linking left inferior frontal cortex with superior and middle temporal cortex, connected via the arcuate fasciculus.
Modulation of visual processing by attention and emotion: windows on causal interactions between human brain regions
Authors: Vuilleumier Patrik , Driver Jon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Visual processing is not determined solely by retinal inputs. Attentional modulation can arise when the internal attentional state (current task) of the observer alters visual processing of the same stimuli. This can influence visual cortex, boosting neural responses to an attended stimulus. Emotional modulation can also arise, when affective properties (emotional significance) of stimuli, rather than their strictly visual properties, influence processing.
Levels of processing during non-conscious perception: a critical review of visual masking
Authors: Kouider Sid , Dehaene Stanislas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding the extent and limits of non-conscious processing is an important step on the road to a thorough understanding of the cognitive and cerebral correlates of conscious perception. In this article, we present a critical review of research on subliminal perception during masking and other related experimental conditions. Although initially controversial, the possibility that a broad variety of processes can be activated by a non-reportable stimulus is now well established. Behavioural findings of subliminal priming indicate that a masked word or digit can have an influence on perceptual, lexical and semantic levels, while neuroimaging directly visualizes the brain activation that it evokes in several cortical areas.
Basic epidemiologic study designs
Authors: Thomas Duncan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of this book is concerned with dichotomous disease outcomes with variable age at onset. Continuous outcomes are usually studied with simple random samples, using standard linear models for normally distributed random variables. But disease traits—particularly, rare diseases—require the use of specialized sampling designs and methods of survival analysis. Here we provide a brief introduction to these principles, as they apply to the study of independent individuals. [See the companion volume (Thomas, 2004) for a discussion of dependent data arising in the context of family studies.] This introduction will be somewhat terse, and the reader who wishes a more in depth treatment of these topics might be referred to standard epidemiology (Kleinbaum et al. 1982; Rothman and Greenland 1998) and biostatistics (Breslow and Day 1980; 1987) textbooks.
Longitudinal models
Authors: Thomas Duncan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up this point, we have focused on disease incidence or mortality data— discrete events, which by definition can only occur once. Not all traits of interest to the epidemiologist are like that. Underlying any binary trait is likely to be a complex system of continuous or discrete changes developing over time. Diseases come and go, and their pattern of recurrence, particularly in relation to changes in the environment, may be of interest. Often these subtler changes in intermediate traits can shed light on biological mechanisms or, by being closer to the immediate environmental cause, prove to be a more sensitive endpoint. In this chapter, we discuss the analysis of biomarkers, physiological measurements, clinical symptoms, and other traits that vary over time, either as endpoints of interest in themselves or as surrogates for the development of some unobservable disease process.