bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An explicit third‐order numerical method for size‐structured population equations
Authors: Kostova Tanya 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA numerical method incorporating a combination of a difference scheme and several uniform and nonuniform quadrature rules is presented. The method is designed to solve size‐structured population equations with linear growth rate and nonlinear fertility and mortality rates. A detailed analysis of the global discretization error is carried out. Examples with known exact solutions have been solved numerically using the proposed method. The computations show that the global error is of third order as predicted by the theory. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 19: 1–21, 2003
Adaptive numerical solution of thick plates using first‐order shear deformation theory. Part I: Error estimates
Authors: Ludwig M. J. , Shaw Simon , Whiteman J. R. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA posteriori error estimation employing both a residual based estimator and a recovery based estimator is discussed. Interest is focused upon the application to Reissner‐Mindlin type thick plates modeled using first‐order shear deformation theory, and our investigation is limited to uniform meshes of bilinear quadrilateral elements. Numerical results for selected test problems are presented for the resulting error estimators and discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 19: 44–66, 2003
Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of the 49,XXXXY syndrome
Authors: Schluth Caroline , Doray Bérénice , Girard‐Lemaire Françoise , Kohler Monique , Langer Bruno , Gasser Bernard , Lindner Véronique , Flori Elisabeth 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe 49,XXXXY syndrome is a rare sex chromosome anomaly with an approximate incidence of 1 in 85 000 male live births. The diagnosis is usually ascertained postnatally by the association of mental retardation, variable growth deficiency, Down syndrome‐like facial dysmorphy, hypogenitalism and other malformations, especially involving the heart and skeleton. Prenatal diagnosis of the pentasomy 49,XXXXY is generally fortuitous and sonographic features have rarely been described in the literature. We report here on two cases of 49,XXXXY syndrome diagnosed prenatally because of sonographic abnormalities. In the first, amniocentesis was performed at 26 weeks' gestation for polyhydramnios, unilateral clubfoot and micropenis. In the second, a karyotype was carried out on chorionic villi at 13 weeks' gestation for cystic hygroma. These observations and the six previously reported cases demonstrate that cystic hygroma in first or second trimester of pregnancy may be associated with sex chromosome aneuploidy other than Turner syndrome. Moreover, they emphasize the importance of detailed sonographic examination in the second trimester, as small penis and abnormal posturing of the lower extremities are very suggestive of the 49,XXXXY syndrome. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis and treatment of fetal long QT syndrome: a case report
Authors: Chang Ing‐Kuang , Shyu Ming‐Kwang , Lee Chien‐Nan , Kau Miau‐Ling , Ko Yu‐Hsueh , Chow Song‐Nan , Hsieh Fon‐Jou 
Published: December 2002

AbstractWe report a case of a fetus presenting with bradycardia, intermittent atrioventricular (AV) block, ventricular tachycardia (VT) and the signs of fetal congestive heart failure (ascites and scrotal hydrocele) during mid‐gestation. Prenatal treatment with β‐adrenergic blocker (propranolol) and digitalis glycosides was prescribed because of suspicion of long QT syndrome occurring with fetal congestive heart failure. The male baby was born at 39 weeks of gestation and showed a prolonged QT interval (QTc = 492 ms) and frequent variable AV block or alternating left and right bundle branch block, depending on the atrial rate. Prenatal administration of lidocaine failed to correct the fetal VT. Conversely, propranolol decreased the attack frequency of fetal VT. Postnatal administration of the K+ channel opener (nicorandil) successfully shortened the QT interval and improved the outcome. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preference assessment of prenatal diagnosis for Down syndrome: is 35 years a rational cutoff?
Authors: Grobman W. A. , Dooley S. L. , Welshman E. E. , Pergament E. , Calhoun E. A. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the perceptions of miscarriage and birth of a child with Down syndrome among pregnant women and to evaluate the implications of these preferences for the traditional 35‐year old maternal age risk boundary.MethodsAn interviewer‐administered survey was given to 186 pregnant women receiving antepartum care at a university hospital. Preferences, as reflected by utilities, for birth of a child with Down syndrome and pregnancy miscarriage, stratified by patient characteristics, were assessed.ResultsThe utility for the birth of a child with Down syndrome decreased (p < 0.001) as clinical severity increased from mild (0.78) to severe (0.65). Miscarriage of a pregnancy had a mean utility of0.76 ± 0.31. Women who desired prenatal diagnosis had a utility value for miscarriage (0.79 ± 0.28) that was significantly higher than for the birth of a child with Down syndrome of unknown severity (0.73 ± 0.27). In multivariable logistic regression, desire for prenatal diagnosis was the only factor associated with a preference of miscarriage over birth of an affected child (odds ratio 2.26, 95% confidence interval 1.03, 4.96).ConclusionWomen who desire prenatal diagnosis do not perceive the birth of a child with Down syndrome and a pregnancy miscarriage to be equivalent health states. This finding calls into question the rationale of the 35‐year‐old maternal age criterion and suggests that actual patient preferences should be better incorporated into the decision to offer definitive prenatal diagnosis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uptake of prenatal screening for chromosomal anomalies: impact of test results in a previous pregnancy
Authors: Spencer Kevin 
Published: December 2002

AbstractAimTo assess whether the uptake of prenatal screening for trisomy 21 in a subsequent pregnancy is influenced by being classified in the ‘increased risk’ or ‘not at increased risk’ group in the first pregnancy.SettingDistrict General Hospital Maternity Unit.MethodsAmongst a group of women attending for maternity care at this hospital, the maternity records were examined to find women having at least two pregnancies. Any prenatal screening record for each pregnancy was retrieved from the prenatal screening database.Prenatal screening for trisomy 21 was by a combination of maternal serum α‐fetoprotein (AFP) and free β‐human chorionic gonadotrophin (β‐hCG) in the second trimester and by maternal serum free β‐hCG and pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) and fetal nuchal translucency (NT) thickness in the first trimester.Women were stratified according to their trisomy 21 risk into an ‘increased risk’ group (1: <250 in the second trimester and 1: <300 in the first trimester) or ‘not at increased risk’ group based on their first pregnancy. In a second pregnancy, the records were examined to see if the mother accepted prenatal screening in the second pregnancy. The rate of acceptance of screening in a subsequent pregnancy, depending on whether ‘at increased risk’ or ‘not at increased risk’ in the first pregnancy, was examined using chi square tests.ResultsIn the second trimester study, 4601 women were identified with two pregnancies during the study period. Of these, 4559 women had prenatal screening in a subsequent pregnancy. Initially, 273 women were identified in the high‐risk group, and of these 252 (92.3%) elected to have prenatal screening in a subsequent pregnancy. This compared with 4307 of 4328 (99.5%) women in the low‐risk group.In the first trimester study, 1077 women were identified with two pregnancies during the study period. Of these, 1072 had prenatal screening in a subsequent pregnancy. Initially, 60 women were identified in the high‐risk group, and of these 56 (93.3%) elected to have prenatal screening in a subsequent pregnancy. This compared with 1016 of 1017 (99.9%) in the low‐risk group.Statistically, there was no difference between the rate of declining prenatal screening in a second pregnancy amongst those in the high‐risk group in a first pregnancy or those in the low‐risk group (p = 0.429 for second trimester screening and p = 0.794 for first trimester screening). Similarly, no difference could be demonstrated between rates when screening in the first or second trimester (p = 0.961) for those in the high‐risk group.ConclusionDespite the understandable anxiety associated with being identified in the high‐risk group (as a false positive finding) in a previous pregnancy, this did not seem to deter women from accepting prenatal screening in a subsequent pregnancy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Misclassification of current benzodiazepine exposure by use of a single baseline measurement and its effects upon studies of injuries
Authors: Ray Wayne A. , Thapa Purushottam B. , Gideon Patricia 
Published: December 2002

AbstractPurposeMeasurement of drug exposure is a major methodologic challenge for pharmacoepidemiologic studies of acute effects of medications taken intermittently. If the effect is plausible only during periods of active drug use, daily (or even more frequent) exposure measurement is optimal. Benzodiazepines, episodically used hypnotics and anxiolytics, impair psychomotor function and some epidemiologic studies have reported users have increased risk of unintentional injuries. However, several prospective cohort studies of this question defined benzodiazepine exposure status from a single baseline measurement, and these have not consistently reported increased risk. We used data from an historical cohort study to demonstrate the extent of misclassification potentially induced by this practice.MethodsThe cohort consisted of 2510 Tennessee nursing home residents 65 years of age or older identified in a prior study of antidepressants and falls. Both baseline users (any in 7 days preceding start of follow‐up) and current use (use on a given day of follow‐up) of benzodiazepines were determined from facility medication administration records, which record information on drugs given to the resident each day. Falls were ascertained from nursing home incident reports and medical records. The effect of benzodiazepine exposure for each ascertaiment method was estimated from incidence rate ratios adjusted for multiple fall risk factors by Poisson regression.ResultsThe 666 baseline benzodiazepine users had current use on 44.6% (95%CI, 40.2–49.2%) of follow‐up person‐days; baseline non‐users had current use for 3.7% of days (2.8–4.7%). Misclassification increased with length of follow‐up and with quintile of fall risk. The adjusted fall incidence rate ratios for the baseline user and current use definitions were 1.02 (95%CI, 0.95–1.10) and 1.44 (1.33–1.56), respectively.ConclusionThese findings strongly suggest that to avoid potentially serious misclassification, studies of the acute effects of benzodiazepines and other drugs taken intermittently need to track exposure on a day‐by‐day basis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency of use of acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, and aspirin in US women
Authors: Curhan Gary C. , Bullock Andrea J. , Hankinson Susan E. , Willett Walter C. , Speizer Frank E. , Stampfer Meir J. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractPurposeTo determine the frequency of use of the three main classes of over‐the‐counter analgesics: acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, and aspirin in two large US female cohorts.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study of the frequency of analgesic use and the characteristics of users in female participants in the Nurses Health Study I (n = 86 985) and the Nurses Health Study II (n = 93 002) who were between the ages of 33 and 77 years. Information on frequency of current analgesic use was assessed by mailed questionnaire.ResultsAll three classes of analgesics were used frequently. For example, acetaminophen was used ≥ 1 day/week by more than 20% of women. NSAIDs were used ≥ 1 day/week by 42% of women aged 51 years or younger, and aspirin was used ≥ 6 days/week by 25% women over age 51 years. The frequency of use of the individual analgesics varied by age (p < 0.001). In addition, women in the highest category of use of any of the analgesics tended to have a higher body mass index, were more likely to have hypertension and diabetes, and were more likely to be current smokers.ConclusionsAnalgesic use is very common among US women. Physicians should be cognizant of the frequency of use of the various over‐the‐counter analgesics in their female patient population. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey of physician efficacy requirements to plan clinical trials
Authors: Oremus Mark , Collet Jean‐Paul , Corcos Jacques , Shapiro Stanley H. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractPurposeEliciting physician efficacy requirements for utilizing medical treatments can be a useful means of helping plan a clinical trial. Efficacy requirements were studied for female stress urinary incontinence, where an experimental treatment (collagen injection) was compared to the standard therapy (surgery).MethodsA self‐administered questionnaire was sent to 223 North American urologists, gynecologists, and urogynecologists. An interviewer also administered a similar questionnaire to 20 other clinician‐specialists.ResultsThe response rate for the self‐administered questionnaire was 48.4% (108/223). All 20 clinician‐specialists who were approached for an interview consented. On average, respondents to the self‐administered questionnaire indicated they would consider using collagen as the first line treatment if the absolute reduction in efficacy of collagen versus surgery was no larger than 23%. The corresponding result for the interview‐questionnaire was 22%. Efficacy was measured as patient satisfaction with treatment. In the opinion of the physicians, surgery would remain the standard therapy if the reduction was greater than 34% (self‐administered questionnaire), or 37% (interviewer‐administered questionnaire).ConclusionsThe elicitation of physician efficacy requirements provides an idea of the treatment effect that would be needed for a clinical trial to have an impact on medical practice. These requirements can be used to calculate a relevant sample size. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adverse events in users of sertraline: results from an observational study in psychiatric practice in The Netherlands
Authors: Meijer Welmoed E. E. , Heerdink Eibert R. , van Eijk Jacques ThM. , Leufkens Hubert G. M. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the safety profile of sertraline versus other Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) directly following the introduction of sertraline to the Dutch market.MethodsIn a prospective follow‐up study, 109 psychiatrists included patients with a new episode of treatment with sertraline and an equal number of patients starting treatment with other SSRIs. All Adverse Events (AEs) during follow‐up were recorded by the psychiatrists for the duration of SSRI treatment until discontinuation or until at least 12 months.ResultsA total of 1251 patients were included in the study of which 659 used sertraline and 592 used other SSRIs (paroxetine, fluoxetine or fluvoxamine). The most frequently reported events in sertraline users and users of other SSRIs were nausea (160 (24.3%) sertraline patients versus 160 (27.0%) patients using other SSRIs), headache (127 (19.3%) sertraline patients versus 101 (17.1%) patients using other SSRIs), diarrhoea (94 (14.0%) sertraline patients versus 40 patients using other SSRIs (6.8%, p<0.05)), sweating (88 (13.4%) sertraline patients versus 69 (11.7%) patients using other SSRIs) and dizziness (75 (11.4%) sertraline patients versus 70 (11.8%) patients using other SSRIs). A total of 121 patients reported 134 different unlabelled AEs of which 10 were reported by more than 1% of the population.ConclusionsIn this study we found that almost three out of four patients reported an adverse event. When comparing with other SSRIs and the literature, we found a similar distribution of the most frequently reported adverse events in patients using sertraline. However, in this observational study we found over 100 different unlabelled adverse events. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions by nurses
Authors: Bäckström M. , Mjörndal T. , Dahlqvist R. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBackgroundAn Erratum has been published for this article in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 12(2) 2003, 157–159.Spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) remains one of the most effective methods to detect new and serious drug reactions. However, it is well known that there is a high degree of under‐reporting.ObjectiveThis study was carried out as an attempt to improve and increase the reporting of ADRs by investigating the utility of nurses reporting in addition to physicians, as usual.MethodsDuring a 12‐month study period, nurses working at two departments of geriatric medicine in northern Sweden received special instruction regarding drugs and ADRs, ADR reporting and special aspects of ADRs in elderly people. The reports from the nurses were scrutinized concerning the seriousness of the reaction, reported drugs and type of reaction (type A or B). All nurses working at the two departments (117) were eligible to report but in practice only those attending the teaching sessions did so. A comparison with historical reporting and with reporting from other geriatric departments in Sweden was also carried out. At the end of the study all participating nurses received a questionnaire aimed at investigating their attitudes towards ADR reporting.ResultsAfter the 12‐month study period 18 ADR reports involving 22 reactions had been received. Seven of these were assessed as serious reactions. All of the reactions were of type A. In comparison, during the corresponding time period from the study clinics during the preceding year, only two reports were registered. During the study period only 15 reports were registered from the other 50 geriatric departments in Sweden.ConclusionEven though the total number of ADR reports was small, our data indicate a substantial increase in the reporting rate. This indicates that instructed and interested nurses could play an important role in detecting and reporting suspected ADRs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An approximate Bayesian risk‐analysis for the gastro‐intestinal safety of ibuprofen
Authors: Wang Jixian , Donnan Peter T. , MacDonald Thomas M. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractPurposeAlthough several studies on ibuprofen and its gastro‐intestinal (GI) risk have been reported, the dose–response relationship was not clear due to the lack of information regarding high‐dose exposure. Analysis using Bayesian methods is appropriate whenever data are sparse, although such methods are not easily implemented.MethodsA retrospective cohort study to assess this dose–response relationship was carried out using a record linkage database. A Bayesian risk‐analysis was conducted using the Bayesian bootstrap approximation. Risks of GI events at different dose levels were compared using the posterior distributions and the number of events predicted to occur in the future was estimated. Risk factors such as age, gender and co‐morbidity were adjusted for in the analysis. This approximation was compared with the full Bayesian approach using the usual but more computer‐intensive tool of Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation.ResultsThere were 1, 5 and 10 complicated GI events during exposure to high, medium and low dose ibuprofen with 0.2, 1.8 and 7.0 thousand person‐years (PY) exposure, respectively. After adjusting for other risk factors the relative risks of high versus low and medium versus low doses were 6.3 (95% CI = 0.21, 24.17) and 2.5 (95% CI = 0.71, 5.85), respectively. Using the approximate Bayesian method prediction of the number of events in a population of females aged 50–59 with no previous medical problems with 1000 PY drug exposure showed that the estimated probability of having more than five events was 0.048 for the medium‐dose group and 0.14 for the high‐dose group.ConclusionsHigh dose ibuprofen appears to have a considerably greater risk of having a larger number of adverse GI events than a medium dose. The approximate Bayesian bootstrap method was demonstrated to be a robust and easily implemented alternative to the full Bayesian approach to risk analysis whenever data are sparse. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of ICD‐9 coding as a proxy for stage of disease in lung cancer
Authors: Thomas Simu K. , Brooks Sandra E. , Daniel Mullins C. , Baquet Claudia R. , Merchant Sanjay 
Published: December 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the validity of using ICD‐9‐CM codes indicating metastases as a proxy to classify lung cancer patients by stage of disease.Research DesignThis retrospective database analysis used diagnosis codes to classify subjects to either localized or advanced‐stage disease and then compared this classification to the tumor registry staging, which was considered as the ‘gold standard.’Subjects and MeasuresStudy subjects included all lung cancer patients treated at our academic institution during 1996–1997, who were also members of a large insurance company. Data were derived from inpatient cancer‐related claims linked with our institution's tumor registry data. Advanced‐stage disease (stages II to IV) was defined by claims indicating lymph node involvement or metastases (ICD‐9 codes 196–199.1). The tumor registry stagings of the disease for these patients were clustered into two groupings, stages 0–I (localized) and stages II–IV (advanced).ResultsTumor registry entries were identified for 66/77 (85.7%) patients. A total of 19 out of 22 local disease patients (sensitivity of 86.4%) and 30 out of 44 advanced disease patients (sensitivity of 68.2%) were classified correctly by ICD‐9 code. A total of 19 out of 33 patients with local disease codes (PPV of 57.6%) and 30 out of 33 patients with advanced disease codes (PPV = 90.9%) were properly identified.ConclusionsFor a population of lung cancer patients in an academic institution who were under a private insurance plan, the ICD‐9 coding was associated with a sensitivity and positive predictive values that were consistent with previously reported estimates using Medicare–SEER data. The use of such data to classify patients to disease stages should be executed with caution as under‐reporting might exist. Continued attention to discharge abstracting will be needed to improve the validity of this technique. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.