bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrative research as appreciative system
Authors: Winder Nick 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis paper develops an appreciative method for the management and regulation of integrative research. It distinguishes product from process and emphasizes the value of processes. In human systems, historical events (states) sometimes change the balance of probabilities so that processes are never the same again. Many historical events are manifest as changing beliefs that lead to new behaviours. This irreversible change (innovation) often begins with an increase in the epistemic openness or appreciative setting of communities. As knowledge is exploited, however, appreciative settings become fixed; beliefs are ‘locked‐in’ or reified and recognizable epistemic communities form. Integrative research (i) involves two or more epistemic communities, often with mutually irreconcilable beliefs and (ii) requires small, well‐managed, ephemeral groups and sympathetic regulation. Institutional constraints are explored with reference to national and supranational research agencies and their practices. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human systems and global governance
Authors: Whitman Jim 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMany of the trends identified by Geoffrey Vickers are now clearly visible in the intensification of globalizing dynamics, yet the implications of these developments for human security and sustainability have still not been grasped adequately. The most pertinent and extensive literature in the social sciences concerning political and organizational arrangements at the highest levels of human organization is the study of global governance. However, the many themes and perspectives that comprise this literature tend toward sectoral speciality, or intra‐community theoretical debates. If we are to engage Geoffrey Vickers' insightful and now pressing range of questions, global governance theorists might do best to ask, ‘What would an adequate global governance be the governance of?’ Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning to appreciate learning systems for environmental decision making: a ‘work‐in‐progress’ perspective
Authors: Blackmore Christine 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis paper explains how and why the author engaged with the work of Sir Geoffrey Vickers and found it highly relevant to researching learning systems for environmental decision making at the start of the twenty‐first century. Key areas of Vickers' work reviewed are his ethical concerns that relate to what we refer to today as ecological sustainability, his insights into systems thinking, his concept of an appreciative system and his distinctions concerning learning. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is reversing the decline of Asian elephants in North American zoos possible? An individual‐based modeling approach
Authors: Faust Lisa J. , Thompson Steven D. , Earnhardt Joanne M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDemographic models are important tools for assessing population status, diagnosing potential causes of population decline, and comparing management strategies that might change population trajectory. The population of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) maintained in North American zoos has been declining for the past decade, and Wiese ([2000] Zoo. Biol. 19:299–309) predicted a continued decline in the population using an age‐based matrix model. We developed an individual‐based model to further explore the demographic issues of the population. Our model allowed us to quantitatively evaluate the prospects for slowing or reversing the decline given the potential management strategies of improving reproduction, reducing infant mortality, altering birth sex ratio, and recruiting additional individuals from outside the population. Our simulations showed that if current demographic trends continued, the population would continue to decline at 2%/year. It was possible to create sustainable simulations, but these required a large increase in the annual number of births produced. Increasing reproduction was the most effective strategy to slow the decline, whereas other management strategies had the most impact when combined with increases in reproduction. Almost all simulations resulted in large changes in population structure, with increases in the male population and decreases in the female population. Given the population's demographic issues, it will be difficult to either increase the population substantially or sustain it at its current size. Zoo Biol 25:201–218, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SPEM: improving multiple sequence alignment with sequence profiles and predicted secondary structures
Authors: Zhou Hongyi , Zhou Yaoqi 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Motivation: Multiple sequence alignment is an essential part of bioinformatics tools for a genome-scale study of genes and their evolution relations. However, making an accurate alignment between remote homologs is challenging. Here, we develop a method, called SPEM, that aligns multiple sequences using pre-processed sequence profiles and predicted secondary structures for pairwise alignment, consistency-based scoring for refinement of the pairwise alignment and a progressive algorithm for final multiple alignment.
Results: The alignment accuracy of SPEM is compared with those of established methods such as ClustalW, T-Coffee, MUSCLE, ProbCons and PRALINEPSI in easy (homologs) and hard (remote homologs) benchmarks. Results indicate that the average sum of pairwise alignment scores given by SPEM are 7–15% higher than those of the methods compared in aligning remote homologs (sequence identity &lt;30%). Its accuracy for aligning homologs (sequence identity &gt;30%) is statistically indistinguishable from those of the state-of-the-art techniques such as ProbCons or MUSCLE 6.0.
Availability: The SPEM server and its executables are available on http://theory.med.buffalo.edu
Contact: yqzhou@buffalo.edu
Consumer perceptions of food safety education sources
Authors: Redmond Elizabeth C. , Griffith Christopher J. 
Published: July 2005

PurposeConsumers often use inappropriate food‐handling practices and improving these could help to reduce the incidence of foodborne disease. However the development of an effective food safety education strategy is considered complex and could be improved by having a greater understanding of the consumer. This paper proposes investigating the modes and channels of communication that maybe used in education strategies.Design/methodology/approachA self‐complete postal questionnaire was distributed to a linked demographic quota of adults in South Wales. Responses were entered into a specially constructed food safety database.FindingsResults indicated that the Environmental Health departments and UK Food Standards Agency were perceived to be the most trusted and credible organisations that can provide food safety information. The most believable spokespersons for promotion of food safety advice were determined as Environmental Health officers and the Chief Medical Officer. The most preferred source of food safety information identified were food packaging, followed by advice from a medical doctor.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough only a relatively small sample size, many of the findings have been corroborated by qualitative data from nationwide focus groups. The data have been used as the precursor for a large nationwide study of over 2,000 consumers and this should further validate the data.Originality/valueThe results will be of benefit to a range of organisations currently engaged in food safety education as well as identifying potentially underutilised channels of communication.
Understanding consumer perception of food quality: the cases of shrimps and cheese
Authors: Hansen Torben 
Published: July 2005

PurposeThe paper proposes to investigate empirically consumers' quality perception of shrimps and cheese.Design/methodology/approachA sample of 320 respondents was included in an experimental design in which two food products, shrimps and cheese, two price‐levels, two levels of purchase involvement, and two types of physical surroundings, elegant and less elegant, were manipulated. The experiments included both simulated buying situations and simulated usage situations.FindingsThe research finds that in the buying situation both experiments perceived price had a positive effect on expected eating quality for high‐involved respondents but not for low‐involved respondents. In the usage situation the effect of expected naturalness on experienced naturalness was in both experiments stronger for high‐involved respondents than for low‐involved respondents. In addition, experienced eating quality positively affected respondents' pleasure‐feeling. The positive effect of experienced eating quality on pleasure‐feeling was stronger for respondents exposed to elegant physical surroundings than for respondents exposed to less elegant surroundings.Research limitations/implicationsThis research concentrated on analyzing two food products, fresh‐shelled shrimps and solid cheese. This could mean that the results may suffer from a lack of generalizability. A large cross‐section of products ought to be studied to improve the generalizability of the results. Also, the manipulation of price and physical surroundings were confined to two different levels. Thus, this research offers no specific guidelines on how to set specific prices or how to establish specific physical surroundings for the purpose of manipulating, e.g. consumers' perceived quality.Practical implicationsThe results emphasize that food producers and retailers, among others, should seek an understanding of consumers' quality perception process in relation to both the buying and the usage situation.Originality/valueThis paper empirically investigates consumers' quality perception in both buying and usage situations. Also, the paper includes purchase involvement and physical surroundings as moderating variables of the quality perception process.
Food storage and disposal: consumer practices and knowledge
Authors: Terpstra M.J. , Steenbekkers L.P.A. , de Maertelaere N.C.M. , Nijhuis S. 
Published: July 2005

PurposeConsumer food handling behaviour is important in preventing food borne disease and this paper proposes examining consumer behaviour and knowledge concerning food storage and disposal.Design/methodology/approachInterviews and observations were used to investigate the storage methods and the storage durations of various categories of food products as well as the consumers' motives when they decide to throw away food products. The temperature of their refrigerators was also measured.FindingsThe results demonstrate that consumers deal with meat and dairy products relatively hygienically, but the storage of products in other categories is more likely to lead to risks; especially because of high storage temperatures. The study also shows that the elderly handle food differently from younger people.Research limitations/implicationsKnowledge of the recommended storage methods and the consequences of consuming out‐of‐date foodstuffs have not been investigated. This could be dealt with in a supplemental research.Practical implicationsThe elderly have a different purchasing policy. The older consumer of the future is likely to act differently to the present day elderly with respect to the disposal of food products.Originality/valueReveals that consumer education about food safety, in particular food storage and food handling is recommended.
Wage differentials in the 1990s in Israel: endowments, discrimination, and selectivity
Authors: Neuman Shoshana , Oaxaca Ronald L. 
Published: July 2005

PurposeTo examine gender and ethnic wage structures and wage differentials an Israel and decompose the difference in wages into endowments, discrimination and selectivity components.Design/methodology/approachSelection and wage equations are estimated for each of the population groups (Eastern women, Western women, Eastern men, Western men) separately. The wage equations are corrected for selectivity using the Heckman procedure and subsequently wage differentials are decomposed into the three components mentioned above, using four alternative decompositions suggested in 2004 by Neuman and Oaxaca.FindingsGender wage differentials are significantly larger than ethnic differences. Discrimination is more common between the genders. The four alternative decompositions – that are based on different assumptions and objectives – yield different results.Research limitations/implicationsDecomposition of wage differences between groups needs to take into account information on the local relevant labor market and the wage setting process.Practical implicationsInformation on the relative shares of the endowments, discrimination and selectivity components leads to a more effective way to close wage gaps.Originality/valueEmployment of new proposed decomposition methodologies that might lead to practical implications to combat gender and ethnic wage gaps in Israel.
Domestic work time and gender differentials in Great Britain 1992‐1998
Authors: Ramos Xavier 
Published: July 2005

PurposeAims to provide new evidence about gender differentials in domestic work time, market work time and total work time, that updates the evidence provided by Jenkins and O'Leary in 1997 and Layte in 1999 using UK time‐budget surveys.Design/methodology/approachInvestigates gender differentials in work times using the British Household Panel survey (BHPS). The BHPS is a nationally representative longitudinal data set consisting of some 5,500 households (and 10,000 individuals) first interviewed in the autumn of 1991 and followed and re‐interviewed every year subsequently.FindingsThe picture that emerges from the BHPS data is a rather “traditional” and well‐known one. On average, women (be them married or single) work more at home and less in the labour market than men. The comforting side of this pessimistic conclusion, is that the trends in domestic and paid work time over the 1990s show a narrowing in the gender differentials, thanks mainly to the changing behaviour of women and not of men.Originality/valueAn important message that seems to emerge is that women are far more flexible than men. That is, men hardly react or change their behaviour in front of (certain) situations that clearly affect women's time allocation decisions (e.g. presence of children, cohort effects). Finally, the paper identifies and characterises the men who do better at home in relative terms: the “new” men.
The compatibility of epoxy‐based printed circuit boards with lead‐free assembly
Authors: Ehrler Sylvia 
Published: July 2005

PurposeAims to explain the main requirements for printed circuit boards (PCBs) and to determine the survival rate of boards in lead‐free assembly.Design/methodology/approachThe first two main requirements are the survival of 5‐6 cycles lead free reflow with peak temperatures of up to 260°C and an identical or even better board reliability of such boards compared to todays eutectic soldered ones. In a first series of tests the influence of base materials, reflow temperature gradient and peak temperature on PCB survival rate are investigated. Thermo‐mechanical data of different epoxy‐based materials are compared to survival rate investigations using repeated reflow tests. The impact of PCB manufacturing and design on the lead free performance is discussed. A second series of investigations is air‐to‐air life cycle tests of daisy chain boards out of different epoxy‐based materials with varying preconditioning were done.FindingsThe tests showed that dicy cured epoxy base materials are not able to withstand the thermal stress of the mentioned soldering steps. Board design and the heating gradient in reflow also influence the assembly performance. Thermal cycling tests (air‐to‐air), showed clearly the effect of reflow temperature and number of reflow cycles on through‐hole reliability. There was no significant impact of z‐axis‐expansion on the through‐hole failure rate in air‐to‐air cycling.Originality/valueProvides further information on the lead‐free assembly of PCBs.
The influence of curing systems on epoxide‐based PCB laminate performance
Authors: Peng Yih‐Rern , Qi Xiaolong , Chrisafides Christos 
Published: July 2005

PurposeThere are many considerations that have to be taken into account when balancing the properties epoxy‐based laminate and prepreg materials must have in order to meet the array of electrical, thermal and mechanical demands of today's multilayer printed circuit boards. Aims to discuss two different curing systems that are commonly employed in current laminate and prepreg materials.Design/methodology/approachAn examination of the two different curing systems – phenol novolac (PN) and dicyandiamide (DICY) based – that are commonly employed in current laminate and prepreg materials.FindingsDICY curing systems have properties such as good flexibility, good adhesion and good processability but have poor thermal resistance, higher water absorption and poor anti‐CAF capability. Because PN resin systems utilize an aromatic ring structure, traditional PN cured epoxy resin results in having excellent thermal resistance, low water absorption and anti‐CAF capability.Originality/valueProvides a comparison of interest to all those involved with laminate and prepreg materials in the circuit board industry.
New materials and build‐up constructions for advanced rigid‐flex PCB applications
Authors: Rapala‐Virtanen Tarja , Jokela Timo 
Published: July 2005

PurposeThis paper aims to explain how the goals have been met to manufacture rigid‐flex printed circuit boards (PCBs) in equipment used for rigid PCBs by utilizing new materials and process combinations.Design/methodology/approachA discussion of the technology and applications.FindingsThe main drivers for PCB technology have been size reduction, increased resolution, improved high frequency performance together with increased reliability and cost savings. To reach higher packaging density at the PCB level, Aspocomp has developed the technology with embedded active and passive components. However, in higher packaging density applications, the PCB‐technology has to offer more flexibility to PCB‐designers in order to effectively utilize space inside the electronic devices. Different flexible PCB solutions are needed to achieve this goal.Practical implicationsFor fabricators of rigid PCBs there are challenges in production to adopt the new industry requirements.Originality/valueThis paper is of value to those involved with or interested in PCB technology.
Superior, whisker‐reduced immersion tin technology
Authors: Schroeder Sabine 
Published: July 2005

PurposeTo provide information about latest product developments to address and take away the fear of whisker formation on pure immersion tin surface finishes on PCBs.Design/methodology/approachThis paper summarises the latest findings on whisker formation of pure tin surface finishes and describes an effective methodology for whisker suppression in combination with other benefits for the use of this new immersion tin generation.FindingsWhisker formation is a typical feature of pure tin when coated, e.g. on copper and is a threat to the PCB industry, because of the risks of shortcuts involved. The main driving force for whiskers is an accumulation of internal stress created by diffusion at the boundary of copper and tin. A nano layer deposited from an organic metal‐based pre‐dip significantly reduces the diffusion by creating a unique sandwich layer with smooth concentration gradients. A drastic reduction of diffusion and stress was found, eliminating the driving force for whisker formation and prolonging the layer's shelf life and temperature stability at the same time.Practical implicationsWhenever whisker formation on immersion tin is regarded as a potential risk, e.g. by OEMs, a whisker‐reduced process is available and should be chosen to meet the market's specifications.Originality/valueThis paper takes the edge off the whisker threat discussions, leading to a hesitant implementation of immersion tin surface finish technology for PCBs, which disregard its excellent features with respect to future lead‐free soldering. Whisker‐reduced immersion tin is a viable and preferable alternative solderable surface finish for the lead‐free era.
The water break test
Authors: Ellis Brian 
Published: July 2005

PurposeTo discuss the validity of the water break test, commonly used as a means of cleanliness determination in the printed circuit fabrication industry.Design/methodology/approachTo examine qualitatively the physics of water‐wetting of solid substrates and their energy levels and the conditions under which cohesion may occur.FindingsIt would seem that conditions could occur, which would render the likelihood of the test being valid problematic.Practical implicationsTechnical managers of fabricators using the test may wish to re‐examine whether it is valid under their particular circumstances. If it were replaced by a more scientific test covering their particular needs, it is possible that the reliability of subsequent operations may be improved, increasing production yield.Originality/valueThe author previously cast doubts on the test validity but this is the first physical analysis of the situation, confirming prior statements. The value of this paper is to demonstrate that a long‐standing practice may be either meaningless or of significantly reduced usefulness.
Social responsibility: the most important, and neglected, problem of all?
Authors: Trainer Ted 
Published: July 2005

PurposeTo draw attention to an important but neglected topic, and provide an analysis that will help others to go further into key elements of the theme of social responsibility.Design/methodology/approachA review of themes previously encountered in a diverse literature.FindingsIt is argued that many powerful forces within capitalist‐consumer society militate against social responsibility. In view of looming global justice and sustainability problems the lack of social responsibility points to gloomy prospects for humankind. Yet it is argued that the solution is theoretically simple and three essential themes for the discussion of positive action are considered.Practical implicationsA number of important implications for education and social action are discussed.Originality/valueThe topic seems to have been almost totally overlooked previously, although many works are tangentially related.
Distributed computing initiatives
Authors: Rudall Brian H. 
Published: July 2005

PurposeThis paper provides reviews of distributed computing initiatives and developments in systems and cybernetics. They include: brain fingerprinting, complex and systems research, cognition of animals, and innovative systems.Design/methodology/approachA general review and survey of selected research and development topics.FindingsIllustrates the multi‐ and trans‐disciplinary nature of cybernetics and systems in order to further research and development.Practical implicationsThe choice of topics enables researchers to be aware of current trends in their fields and gives readers an overview of a variety of important areas.Originality/valueReviews from a worldwide database of: current reports and opinions to introduce new perspectives in research and development.