bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Greyhounds: Pharmacokinetics of Propofol and Fentanyl—MA Preliminary Study
Authors: Hughes J.M. Lynne , Nolan Andrea M. 
Published: April 2004

ObjectiveTo evaluate concomitant propofol and fentanyl infusions as an anesthetic regime, in Greyhounds.AnimalsEight clinically normal Greyhounds (four male, four female) weighing 25.58 ± 3.38 kg.DesignProspective experimental study.MethodsDogs were premedicated with acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) by intramuscular (IM) injection. Forty five minutes later anesthesia was induced with a bolus of propofol (4 mg/kg) by intravenous (IV) injection and a propofol infusion was begun (time = 0). Five minutes after induction of anesthesia, fentanyl (2 μg/kg) and atropine (40 μg/kg) were administered IV and a fentanyl infusion begun. Propofol infusion (0.2 to 0.4 mg/kg/min) lasted for 90 minutes and fentanyl infusion (0.1 to 0.5 μg/kg/min) for 70 minutes. Heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, end‐tidal carbon dioxide, body temperature, and depth of anesthesia were recorded. The quality of anesthesia, times to return of spontaneous ventilation, extubation, head lift, and standing were also recorded. Blood samples were collected for propofol and fentanyl analysis at varying times before, during and after anesthesia.ResultsMean heart rate of all dogs varied from 52 to 140 beats/min during the infusion. During the same time period, mean blood pressure ranged from 69 to 100 mm Hg. On clinical assessment, all dogs appeared to be in light surgical anesthesia. Mean times (± SEM), after termination of the propofol infusion, to return of spontaneous ventilation, extubation, head lift and standing for all dogs were 26 ± 7, 30 ± 7, 59 ± 12, and 105 ± 13 minutes, respectively. Five out of eight dogs either whined or paddled their forelimbs in recovery. Whole blood concentration of propofol for all eight dogs ranged from 1.21 to 6.77 μg/mL during the infusion period. Mean residence time (MRTinf) for propofol was 104.7 ± 6.0 minutes, mean body clearance (Clb) was 53.35 ± 0.005 mL/kg/min, and volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) was 3.27 ± 0.49 L/kg. Plasma concentration of fentanyl for seven dogs during the infusion varied from 1.22 to 4.54 ng/mL. Spontaneous ventilation returned when plasma fentanyl levels were >0.77 and <1.17 ng/mL. MRTinf for fentanyl was 111.3 ± 5.7 minutes. Mean body clearance was 29.1 ± 2.2 mL/kg/min and Vdss was 2.21 ± 0.19 L/kg.Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceIn Greyhounds which were not undergoing any surgical stimulation, total intravenous anesthesia maintained with propofol and fentanyl infusions induced satisfactory anesthesia, provided atropine was given to counteract bradycardia. Despite some unsatisfactory recoveries the technique is worth investigating further for clinical cases, in this breed and in mixed breed dogs.
Effects of Lumbosacral Subarachnoid Catheterization in Horses
Authors: Natalini Claudio C. , Robinson Elaine P. 
Published: April 2004

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effects of long duration subarachnoid catheterization in horses on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cellularity and bacteriology, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal body temperature, and spontaneous locomotor activity.Study DesignProspective experimental study.AnimalFive clinically normal healthy adults horses weighing 511 ± 47 kg.MethodsSubarachnoid catheters were placed using sedation and local anesthesia and maintained for 48 hours in standing horses. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were tested for cellularity and bacteria growth. Heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, and body temperature were recorded. Locomotor activity was graded. One‐way repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni's test were used to statistically compare data from baseline to 12, 24, and 48 hours.ResultsSubarachnoid catheterization in horses produced an acute inflammatory reaction after 12 hours of catheterization, as evidenced by a statistically significant increase in CSF white blood cell count. No bacterial contamination was encountered. No significant differences were found in heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and arterial blood pressure. The horses did not develop motor ataxia or proprioceptive deficits during 48 hours of catheterization.ConclusionsResults of this study suggest that 48 hours of subarachnoid catheterization in horses does not produce clinical signs of neurologic dysfunction or cardiovascular and respiratory changes, even though an inflammatory reaction occurred.Clinical RelevanceSubarachnoid catheterization in horses is preferred for monitoring CSF pressure or for repeated collection. Understanding the effects of catheterization alone, allows the clinician to better interpret abnormalities in CSF collected.
Evaluation of a Free Vascularized Medial Tibial Bone Graft in Dogs
Authors: Bebchuk Trevor N. , Degner Daniel A. , Walshaw Richard , Brourman Jeff D. , Arnoczky Steven P. , Stickle Russ L. , Probst Curtis W. 
Published: April 2004

Objective—To develop a free vascularized tibial bone graft based on the periosteal saphenous blood supply.Study Design—Preliminary anatomic study of medial tibial blood supply.In vivocomparison of a vascularized and avascular tibial bone graft.AnimalsNine canine cadavers; 14 healthy adult dogs that weighed 25 to 32 kg.Methods—An anatomic study of the vascular supply of the medial aspect of the tibia was performed using the Spalteholz technique. A bone graft consisting of the medial aspect of the tibia was transferred to a mandibular defect as a vascularized graft in 7 dogs and as an avascular graft in 7 dogs. Bone scans were performed to evaluate graft perfusion. Radiographic evaluation of the mandibles and tibias was performed. The dogs were killed after 60 days, five mandibles from each group were examined histologically, and two from each group were evaluated using the Spalteholz technique.Results—The saphenous vascular pedicle provides vascular perfusion to the medial tibial cortex. Bone scans and radiographic evaluations were consistent with viable bone in the vascularized grafts, and nonviable bone in the avascular grafts. Histological examination revealed live, healing bone in vascular grafts and necrotic bone in avascular grafts. Spalteholz evaluation revealed many small arborizing vessels in the vascular grafts and no organized vasculature in the avascular grafts.Conclusions—The vascularized medial tibial cortical bone graft survived and proceeded to bony union in the mandibular body defect more readily than the avascular graft in this experimental model.Clinical Relevance—A vascularized medial tibial bone graft is a suitable free graft for use in reconstructing bone defects in dogs.
Effects of labelling on public attitudes towards people with schizophrenia: are there cultural differences?
Authors: Angermeyer M. C. , Buyantugs L. , Kenzine D. V. , Matschinger H. 
Published: April 2004

Objective:  A representative survey which was recently conducted in Germany came to the conclusion that labelling as mental illness has an impact on public attitudes towards people with schizophrenia, with negative effects clearly outweighing positive effects. In this study, we will examine whether this result can be replicated in other countries.Method:  In the summer of 2002, representative surveys were carried out in Novosibirsk (Russia) and in Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia), using the same sampling procedure and interview as in Germany.Results:  As in Germany, in Novosibirsk and Ulaanbaatar labelling as mental illness was positively correlated with the endorsement of the belief that the individual depicted in the vignette is in need for help. However, unlike in Germany, labelling had no significant effect on the endorsement of the stereotype of dangerousness.Conclusion:  Our findings support the notion that labelling effects are culture‐related. Therefore, anti‐stigma efforts need to be tailored to the specific conditions in a particular country.
Incidence and severity of root resorption in orthodontically moved premolars in dogs
Authors: Maltha JC , van Leeuwen EJ , Dijkman GEHM , Kuijpers‐Jagtman AM 
Published: April 2004

Structured AbstractAuthors – Maltha JC, van Leeuwen EJ, Dijkman GEHM, Kuijpers‐Jagtman AMObjectives – To study treatment‐related factors for external root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement.Design – An experimental animal study.Setting and Sample Population – Department of Orthodontics and Oral Biology, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Twenty‐four young adult beagle dogs.Experimental Variable – Mandibular premolars were bodily moved with continuous or intermittent controlled orthodontic forces of 10, 25, 50, 100, or 200 cN according to standardized protocols. At different points in time histomorphometry was performed to determine the severity of root resorption.Outcome Measure – Prevalence of root resorptions, defined as microscopically visible resorption lacunae in the dentin. Severity of resorption was defined by the length, relative length, depth, and surface area of each resorption area.Results – The incidence of root resorption increased with the duration of force application. After 14–17 weeks of force application root resorption was found at 94% of the root surfaces at pressure sides. The effect of force magnitude on the severity of root resorption was not statistically significant. The severity of root resorption was highly related to the force regimen. Continuous forces caused significantly more severe root resorption than intermittent forces. A strong correlation (0.60 < r < 0.68) was found between the amount of tooth movement and the severity of root resorption.Conclusions – Root resorption increases with the duration of force application. The more teeth are displaced, the more root resorption will occur. Intermittent forces cause less severe root resorption than continuous forces, and force magnitude is probably not decisive for root resorption.
The Distribution Pattern of Freshwater Crayfish in Croatia
Authors:   Maguire,   Gottstein-Matočec
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn order to improve our general knowledge on the distribution of the various species of freshwater crayfish of the family Astacidae in Croatia, we gathered all the available unpublished data, as well as data from the literature and those of our own investigations. Our research confirmed the presence of three crayfish species in Croatia: Astacus astacus (Linnaeus, 1758), Austropotamobius torrentium (Schrank, 1803), and Austropotamobius pallipes (Lereboullet, 1858), and we officially recorded the presence of Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823 and Orconectes limosus (Rafinesque, 1817). Biogeographical data suggest the following distribution pattern: A. astacus is distributed in the continental part of Croatia, forming both river and lake populations. A. pallipes is distributed in south and southwest Croatia (Lika, Istria, Dalmatia, and on some islands in the Adriatic Sea). A. torrentium can be found in streams at higher altitudes in the continental part of Croatia. Finally, A. leptodactylus is found in the rivers of eastern and central Croatia (Slavonia and Posavina), while O. limosus was discovered recently in marshes of the Nature Park Kopački rit (Slavonia). Some mixed populations of A. astacus and A. torrentium were detected. Some specimens of A. pallipes and A. torrentium were found in underground habitats. Research on the distribution of freshwater crayfish should be more intensive, and will be continued in the future.
Demand for, Access to and Use of Community Mental Health Care: Lessons from a Demonstration Project in India and Pakistan
Authors: James Sarah , Chisholm Daniel , Murthy R. Srinivasa , Kumar K. Kishore , Sekar K. , Saeed Khalid , Mubbashar Malik 
Published: April 2004

Background: A widely promoted model of mental health care and prevention appropriate to many low-income countries is one that is integrated into the local primary health care system. Aims: To examine the influence of health-seeking behaviours (demand-side factors) and the access to/availability of services (supply-side factors) on local service utilisation patterns for people with common mental disorders. Method: Two rural catchment populations outside Bangalore (India) and Rawalpindi (Pakistan), one with the standard primary health care system, the other with additional mental health care training and support, were screened for common mental disorders. Diagnosed cases were interviewed about thier use of and perceptions of local health care services (repeated three months later). Results: Individuals' use of integrated mental health and other care was modest. Principal (self-rated) supply-side factors were the cost of care, distance from treatment centre, a perception that care would not be effective, and concerns regarding stigma. Perceptions improved over three months, accompanied by an increased preference for public over private providers, but this was not restricted to the integrated care localities. Conclusion: The use (and therefore effectiveness) of mental health services integrated into primary care is influenced by the health-seeking behaviours and perceptions of the local population. Efforts to integrate mental health into primary care need to be accompanied by educational activities in order to increase awareness, reduce stigma and draw attention to the availability of effective treatment.
A Comparison of the Psychosocial Environment of Two Types of Residences for Persons with Severe mental Illness: Small Congregate Community Residences and Psychiatric Inpatient Settings
Authors: Brunt David , Hansson Lars 
Published: April 2004

Background: Legislation was passed in Sweden to stimulate the development of different housing solutions for persons suffering from severe mental illness. Among these solutions are small congregate residences built in the community to provide suitable housing and support for those not able or willing to live independently. Aims: The general aim of the present study was to compare the psychosocial environment of two types of residences for the persons with severe mental illness-congregate community residences and psychiatric inpatient settings. A specific aim was to see if the former provided higher levels of autonomy than the latter. Methods: In this cross-sectional study the real version of the Community Oriented Program Environmental Scale (COPES) was administered to residents, patients and staff members. Results: The study showed that the psychosocial environment differs between the two types of settings. Residents and staff in small congregate residences rated higher levels of Autonomy and lower levels of Practical Orientation, Anger and Aggression and Order and Organisation than patients and staff in inpatient settings. Conclusions: The psychosocial environment profiles for psychiatric settings in different phases of the care process may vary in terms of the aforementioned subscales.
Of Change, Famished Roads, and African Development
Authors: Sonaiya Remi 
Published: April 2004

The fact of the underdevelopment of Africa is a direct challenge to the enlightened minds on the continent. Indeed, it is a burden that is borne with a certain amount of shame by those who are more sensitive and capable of deep reflection. They have often asked fundamental questions in frustration and anger, wondering what was wrong with Africa and with the African, seeking to know why Africans seemed incapable of rising above their reputation of being the ‘les damnés de la terre’ (‘the wretched of the earth’). Among the questions about Africa that have troubled such minds are the following:-Why did Africa succumb to slavery like it did?-Why was the enslavement of African peoples on African soil possible?-Why has education failed to produce the kinds of societal changes that should normally have followed?-Why does good governance continue to elude so many African countries, after over 40 years of independence?-Might certain aspects of the African culture be standing in the way of the continent's development?
An Attempt at Predicting Failure in a Random Glass/Epoxy Composite Laminate
Authors: Okoli Okenwa I. , Abdul-Latif Aimullotfi 
Published: April 2004

The difficulties presented by inertial disturbances in the testing of fibre reinforced composite materials at elevated strain rates necessitated the development of a technique for the prediction of high strain rate material property data. These data have been used in a finite element analysis to simulate impact behaviour of a random glass epoxy composite. High strain rate properties obtained by extrapolating results of experiments conducted at low to intermediate strain rates were used in the finite element analysis of a simple three-point bend beam impact. Three point bend impact tests were performed on the laminates, and comparisons were made of the results predicted from this analysis and actual impact test data. The results show that the finite element model created may be used to predict the behaviour of random glass/epoxy laminates. However, the inclusion of flexible post-failure degradation rules to allow for progressive damage, will improve the accuracy of the analysis.
Ten-Year Outcomes in a Population-Based Cohort of Node-Negative, Lymphatic, and Vascular Invasion–Negative Early Breast Cancers Without Adjuvant Systemic Therapies
Authors: Chia Stephen K. , Speers Caroline H. , Bryce Cicely J. , Hayes Malcolm M. , Olivotto Ivo A. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose To discuss the absolute benefits from adjuvant systemic therapy knowledge of long-term outcomes and baseline risks of relapse and disease-specific survival are required. We assessed the 10-year outcomes in a population-based cohort of node-negative (N−) lymphovascular negative (LV−) early breast cancers diagnosed from 1989 to 1991 who did not receive adjuvant systemic therapy. Methods One thousand one hundred eighty-seven cases of pT1–2N0 LV− breast cancers with a median follow-up of 10.4 years were reviewed. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for relapse free survival (RFS), breast cancer–specific survival (BCSS) and overall survival (OS) were compared with log-rank tests with cohorts stratified for tumor size and grade. Results The median age of this series was 62 years. Four hundred thirty tumors were ≤ 1 cm in diameter (cohort 1), 507 were 1.1–2 cm (cohort 2), and 250 were 2.1 to 5 cm in diameter (cohort 3). The 10-year outcomes for cohorts 1, 2, and 3, respectively, were significantly different: RFS, 82%, 75%, and 66%; BCSS, 92%, 90%, and 77%; and OS, 79%, 78%, and 66%. Tumor grade significantly altered outcome within size cohorts, particularly in pT1N0 breast cancers. Conclusion This study provides detailed information on the continued relapse and breast cancer death rate to 10 years of follow-up. Specifically, without adjuvant systemic therapy, patients with LV−, N − breast cancer had a ≥ 25% 10-year risk of relapse and a corresponding 10-year breast cancer death rate of ≥ 10% if they had either a grade 3 tumor ≤ 1 cm, a grade 2 to 3 tumor from 1.1 to 2 cm, or any grade tumor greater than 2 cm.
Rebuilding civil society in Northern Ireland: the community and voluntary sector’s contribution to the European Union’s Peace and Reconciliation District Partnership Programme
Authors: Williamson Arthur , Scott Duncan , Halfpenny Peter 
Published: April 2004

English
Since 1995, 26 District Partnerships have been established in Northern Ireland - one in each local government area. They are overseen by a Northern Ireland Partnership Board, drawing representation from across the ethnic and political spectrum. Funding of over £80 million (up to the end of September 1999) has been given by the European Commission through its Peace and Reconciliation Special Support Programme. Representatives of voluntary organisations and community groups form one of the largest constituencies within each District Partnership, alongside local government, the business sector and trade unions. This article outlines the work of the partnerships and describes the contribution of voluntary organisations and community groups. Despite the inherent ambiguities of the central terms of ‘peace and reconciliation’ and uneven data, there is evidence that the voluntary and community sector has played a significant role in the rebuilding of civil society in Northern Ireland.
Violence as a public health issue
Authors: Keithley Jane , Robinson Fred 
Published: April 2004

English
In recent years, there have been calls in the US and in Britain for a public health approach to violence and violent crime. This article considers the implications of such an approach for the definition and understanding of the ‘problem’ of violence and appropriate ways of tackling it. The discussion challenges the assumptions implicit in some of the literature that this is an intrinsically progressive and unproblematic perspective. This proposed expansion of the domain of contemporary public health poses dilemmas for implementation, as well as issues concerning the nature and process of governance in contemporary societies such as Britain.
Greater Manchester - ‘up and going’?
Authors: Hebbert Michael , Deas Iain 
Published: April 2004

English
In 1997-98 the artless slogan ‘Great Britain, Greater Manchester … we’re up and going’ made its appearance on buses and billboards. Propaganda for metropolitan consciousness in NorthWest England echoed a widely observed contemporary trend towards a strengthening of big-city identity and institutions. The strongest example within the United Kingdom, if not Europe as a whole, was the reinstatement of directly elected London-wide government in the spring of 2000. The prospects for metropolitan governance for England’s six other agglomerations are less clear. This article originated in a comparative research project on the spatial politics of European metropolitan areas. It offers a perspective on Greater Manchester, tracking institutional developments at city and regional scale since the abolition of its upper-tier council in 1986, and assessing the prospects of metropolitan renaissance.
Odd–Even Chain Length‐Dependent Order in pH‐Switchable Self‐Assembled Layers
Authors: Auer Frank , Nelles Gabriele , Sellergren Börje 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe reversible self‐assembly of a series of bipolar amphiphiles, α,ω‐bis(3‐ or 4‐amidinophenoxy)alkanes (chain length n = 5–12), on mercaptoalkanoic acid‐functionalized gold surfaces (chain length n = 10, 11, 14, 15) has been studied by in‐situ ellipsometry, IR reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The layer order, amphiphile orientation, and tendency to form bilayers depends on the position of the amidine substituent, the alkyl chain length of both the amidine amphiphile and the underlying acid self‐assembled monolayer (SAM), and whether the amidine alkyl chain contained an even or odd number of methylene groups. Thus, para‐substituted bisbenzamidines containing more than six methylene groups (n>6) and with an odd number (n = 7, 9, 11) tended to form bilayered structures, whereas those containing an even number formed monolayers when adsorbed on SAMs of the long‐chain acids (n = 14, 15). This behavior also correlated with the average tilt angle of the benzene moieties of the amphiphiles, as estimated by IRAS. The odd‐numbered chains gave lower tilt angles than the even‐numbered ones, and a possible model that accounts for these results is proposed. IRAS also revealed a higher order of the odd‐numbered chains and an increasing hydrogen‐bonding contribution with increasing chain length. Additional evidence for the proposed bilayered assemblies and their reversibility was obtained by AFM. Images obtained from the assembly of decamidine on a SAM of mercaptohexadecanoic acid in a pH 9 borate buffer revealed domains of similar size to that of the underlying acid SAM (20–30 nm), but less densely packed. By acidifying the solution, the second layer was destabilized and a very smooth layer with few defects appeared. Further acidification to pH 3 also destabilized the first layer.