bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracheostomy timing and the duration of weaning in patients with acute respiratory failure
Authors: Boynton Jackie H , Hawkins Kenneth , Eastridge Brian J , O'Keefe Grant E 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Introduction
The effect of various airway management strategies, such as the timing of tracheostomy, on liberation from mechanical ventilation (MV) is uncertain. We tested the hypothesis that tracheostomy, when performed prior to active weaning, does not influence the duration of weaning or of MV in comparison with a more selective use of tracheostomy.

Patients and methods
In this observational prospective cohort study, surgical patients requiring ≥ 72 hours of MV were followed prospectively. Patients undergoing tracheostomy prior to any active weaning attempts (early tracheostomy [ET]) were compared with patients in whom initial weaning attempts were made with the endotracheal tube in place (selective tracheostomy [ST]).

Results
We compared the duration of weaning, the total duration of MV and the frequency of fatigue and pneumonia. Seventy-four patients met inclusion criteria. Twenty-one patients in the ET group were compared with 53 patients in the ST group (47% of whom ultimately underwent tracheostomy). The median duration of weaning was shorter (3 days versus 6 days, P = 0.05) in patients in the ET group than in the ST group, but the duration of MV was not (median [interquartile range], 11 days [9–26 days] in the ET group versus 13 days [8–21 days] in the ST group). The frequencies of fatigue and pneumonia were lower in the ET group patients.

Discussion
Determining the ideal timing of tracheostomy in critically ill patients has been difficult and often subjective. To standardize this process, it is important to identify objective criteria to identify patients most likely to benefit from the procedure. Our data suggest that in surgical patients with resolving respiratory failure, a patient who meets typical criteria for a trial of spontaneous breathing but is not successfully extubated within 24 hours may benefit from a tracheostomy. Our data provide a framework for the conduct of a clinical trial in which tracheostomy timing can be assessed for its impact on the duration of weaning.

Conclusion
Tracheostomy prior to active weaning may hasten liberation from ventilation and reduce complications. However, this does not reduce the overall duration of MV.
Activation of murine macrophages byNeisseria meningitidisand IFN-γ in vitro: distinct roles of class A scavenger and Toll-like pattern recognition receptors in selective modulation of surface phenotype
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Subhankar , Peiser Leanne , Gordon Siamon 
Published: June 2004

AbstractInnate and adaptive immune activation of macrophages (Mφ) by microorganisms and antigen-activated lymphoid cells, respectively, plays an important role in host defense and immunopathology. Antigen-presenting cells express a range of pattern recognition receptors including the class A types I and II scavenger receptors (SR-A) and Toll-like receptors (TLR). Recognition of microbial products by SR-A and TLR controls uptake, killing, altered gene expression, and the adaptive immune response; however, the contribution of each receptor and interplay with cytokine stimuli such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ) are not defined. We used Neisseria meningitidis (NM), a potent activator of innate immunity, and IFN-γ, a protoypic T helper cell type 1 proinflammatory cytokine, to compare surface antigens, secretion of mediators, and receptor functions in elicited peritoneal Mφ from wild-type and genetically modified mouse strains. We show that these stimuli regulate major histocompatibility complex type II (MHC-II) and costimulatory molecules differentially, as well as expression of the mannose receptor and of Mφ receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO), a distinct SR-A, which provides a selective marker for innate activation. In combination, NM inhibited up-regulation of MHC-II by IFN-γ while priming enhanced release of tumor necrosis factor α and nitric oxide. The SR-A contributes to phagocytosis of the organisms but not to their ability to induce CD80, CD86, and MARCO or to inhibit MHC-II. Conversely, studies with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-deficient organisms and/or TLR-4 mutant mice showed that LPS and TLR-4 are at least partially required to induce CD80, CD86, and MARCO, but LPS is not required to inhibit MHC-II. These studies provide an experimental model and identify surface markers for analysis of innate and acquired immune activation of Mφ.
Spaciotemporal Association and Bone Morphogenetic Protein Regulation of Sclerostin and Osterix Expression during Embryonic Osteogenesis
Authors: Ohyama Yoshio , Nifuji Akira , Maeda Yukiko , Amagasa Teruo , Noda Masaki 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSclerostin (SOST), a member of the cystine-knot superfamily, is essential for proper skeletogenesis because a loss-of-function mutation in the SOST gene results in sclerosteosis featured with massive bone growth in humans. To understand the function of SOST in developmental skeletal tissue formation, we examined SOST gene expression in embryonic osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo. During osteoblastic differentiation in primary calvarial cells, the levels of SOST expression were increased along with those of alkaline phosphatase activity and nodule formation. In situ hybridization study revealed that SOST mRNA expression was observed in the digits in embryonic 13-d limb buds, and SOST expression was observed in osteogenic front in embryonic 16.5-d postcoitus embryonic calvariae, and this expression persisted in the peripheral area of cranial bone in the later developmental stage (embryonic 18.5-d post coitum). These temporal and spacial expression patterns in vivo and in vitro were in parallel to those of osterix (Osx), which is a critical transcriptional factor for bone formation. Similar coexpression of SOST and Osx mRNA was observed when the primary osteoblastic calvarial cells were cultured in the presence of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)2 in vitro. Moreover, endogenous expression of SOST and Osx mRNA was inhibited by infection of noggin-expression adenovirus into the primary osteoblastic calvarial cells, suggesting that endogenous BMPs are required for these cells to express SOST and Osx mRNA. Thus, expression and regulation of SOST under the control of BMP were closely associated with those of Osx in vivo and in vitro.
Alcohol Alters Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in Immature Female Rhesus Monkeys by a Hypothalamic Action
Authors: Dissen Gregory A. , Dearth Robert K. , Scott H. Morgan , Ojeda Sergio R. , Dees W. Les 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
We determined whether the effect of alcohol (ALC) to suppress LH secretion in immature female monkeys is due to a hypothalamic or pituitary site of action. Beginning at 20 months of age, four monkeys received a single intragastric dose of ALC (2.4 g/kg), and four monkeys received an equal volume of a saline/sucrose solution daily until they were 36 months old. For the hypothalamic response test, two basal samples (3.5 ml) were collected at 15-min intervals via the saphenous vein, and then N-methyl-d-l-aspartic acid (NMA; 20 mg/kg) was given iv and four more blood samples collected. Three weeks later, this protocol was repeated except LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) (5 μg/kg) was used to test pituitary responsiveness. NMA or LHRH was administered 3 h after the ALC. After the pituitary challenge, each monkey was ovariectomized and 6 wk later, implanted with an indwelling subclavian vein catheter. Blood samples were drawn every 10 min for 8 h to assess effects of ALC on post-ovariectomy LH levels and the profile of LH pulsatile secretion. The hypothalamic challenge showed NMA stimulated LH release in control monkeys, an action that was blocked by ALC. The pituitary challenge revealed that LHRH stimulated LH release equally well in control and ALC-treated monkeys. A post-ovariectomy rise in LH was observed in both groups, but levels were 45% lower in ALC-treated monkeys. This reduction was attributed to an ALC-induced suppression of both baseline and amplitude of pulses. Results demonstrate that the ALC-induced suppression of LH in immature female rhesus monkeys is due to an inhibitory action of the drug at the hypothalamic level.
The Additive Risk Model for Purchase Timing
Authors: Seetharaman P. B. 
Published: June 2004

This paper proposes the Additive Risk Model (ARM), first used by Aalen (1980), to explain households' interpurchase times. Unlike the Proportional Hazard Model (PHM), first proposed by Cox (1972), the ARM incorporates the effects of covariates on the individual hazard function in an additive (as opposed to multiplicative) manner. While a large number of previous studies on interpurchase timing have dealt with the question of correctly specifying the parametric distribution for interpurchase times, no study has explicitly investigated the question of correctly specifying the effects of covariates in the model. This study looks at this issue.We propose an ARM that is suitable for purchase-timing data, and compare its empirical performance to that of the PHM and the Accelerated Failure Time Model (AFTM) using scanner panel data on laundry detergents, paper towels, and toilet tissue. We find that the ARM not only estimates and validates the observed interpurchase times better than existing models, but also recovers a time-varying price elasticity and shows a high degree of robustness in the estimated covariate effects to alternative parametric specifications of the baseline hazard. The estimates of covariate parameters under the PHM, on the other hand, are highly sensitive to alternative parametric specifications of the baseline hazard.
Growing, Growing, Gone: Cascades, Diffusion, and Turning Points in the Product Life Cycle
Authors: Golder Peter N. , Tellis Gerard J. 
Published: June 2004

Research on the product life cycle (PLC) has focused primarily on the role of diffusion. This study takes a broader theoretical perspective on the PLC by incorporating informational cascades and developing and testing many new hypotheses based on this theory. On average, across 30 product categories, the authors find that: (i) New consumer durables have a typical pattern of rapid growth of 45% per year over 8 years. (ii) This period of growth is followed by a slowdown when sales decline by 15% and stay below those of the previous peak for 5 years. (iii) Slowdown occurs at 34% population penetration and about 50% of ultimate market penetration. (iv) Products with large sales increases at takeoff tend to have larger sales declines at slowdown. (v) Leisure-enhancing products tend to have higher growth rates and shorter growth stages than nonleisure-enhancing products. Time-saving products tend to have lower growth rates and longer growth stages than nontime-saving products. (vi) Lower probability of slowdown is associated with steeper price reductions, lower penetration, and higher economic growth. (vii) A hazard model can provide reasonable predictions of the slowdown as early as the takeoff.The authors discuss the implications of these findings.
Cardiac Troponin T for Prediction of Short- and Long-Term Morbidity and Mortality after Elective Open Heart Surgery
Authors: Lehrke Stephanie , Steen Henning , Sievers Hans H , Peters Hanno , Opitz Armin , Müller-Bardorff Margit , Wiegand Uwe K H , Katus Hugo A , Giannitsis Evangelos 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Background: Increased cardiac troponins in blood are observed after virtually every open heart surgery, indicating perioperative myocardial cell injury. We sought to determine the optimum time point for blood sampling and the respective cutoff value of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) for risk assessment in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
Methods: In a series of 204 patients undergoing scheduled open heart surgery, mainly for coronary artery bypass grafting (n = 132) or valve repair (n = 27), cTnT concentrations were measured before and 4 and 8 h after cross-clamping and then daily for 7 days. Individual risk was assessed by use of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation Risk score and intraoperative risk indicators such as duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, cross-clamping, and perioperative release of cardiac markers. Patients were followed for 28 months.
Results: Cardiac mortality, all-cause mortality rates, and rates of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction (AMI) at 28 months were 6.9%, 8.8%, and 6.8%, respectively. cTnT was higher in patients with Q-wave AMI or postoperative heart failure requiring inotropic support, and in nonsurvivors. The ROC curve revealed a cTnT ≥0.46 μg/L at 48 h as the optimum discriminator for long-term cardiac mortality. Stepwise logistic regression identified higher Cleveland Clinic Risk Score [odds ratio (OR) = 2.6 per point], cross-clamp time &gt;65 min (OR = 6.6), and cTnT (OR = 4.9) as significant and independent predictors of long-term cardiac mortality.
Conclusions: A single postoperative cTnT measurement can be used to estimate myocardial cell injury that impacts long-term survival after open heart surgery. It adds independently to established risk indicators.
Constructing School Success in Literacy: The Pathway to College Entrance for Minority Students
Authors: Bean Thomas W. , Valerio Paul Cantú 
Published: June 2004

Book reviewed in this article:Constructing School Success: The Consequences of Untracking Low‐Achieving Students. By Hugh Mehan, Irene Villanueva, Lea Hubbard, and Angela Lintz. 1996.
Concurrent and Longitudinal Predictors of Reading: The Role of Metalinguistic and Short‐Term Memory Skills
Authors: Muter Valerie , Snowling Margaret 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACTSThe relationship between phonological awareness, short‐term memory, grammatical awareness, and reading accuracy was investigated in a follow‐up study of 34 9‐year‐olds originally studied as preschoolers. The best concurrent predictor set for reading accuracy at age 9 was grammatic knowledge, phoneme awareness, and speech rate, which together explained nearly 90% of the variance in reading skill. Phoneme deletion, nonword repetition, and letter knowledge measures taken at ages 5 and 6 predicted reading skill at age 9, while rhyme awareness proved a poor long‐term predictor.SE INVESTIGÓ la relación entre la conciencia fonológica, la memoria a corto plazo, la conciencia gramatical y la precisión en lectura en un estudio de seguimiento de 34 niños de 9 años estudiados originalmente como preescolares. El mejor conjunto de predictores concurrentes de la precisión en lectura a los 9 años fue el conocimiento gramatical, la conciencia fonológica y la velocidad del habla, los que explicaron casi el 90% de la varianza en habilidad de lectura. Las medidas de supresión de fonemas, repetición de pseudopalabras y conocimiento de las letras, tomadas a los 5 y 6 años predijeron la habilidad de lectura a los 9 años, en tanto que la sensibilidad a las rimas resultó un predictor pobre a largo plazo.DIE BEZIEHUNG zwischen phonologischem Bewußtsein, dem Kurzzeit‐Gedächtnis, grammatikalischer Erkenntnis und der Lesegenauigkeit wurde in einer Nachfolgestudie mit 34 Neunjährigen untersucht, welche ursprünglich als Vorschüler bereits beobachtet wurden. Die besten übereinstimmenden Vorhersagen, welche für die Lesegenauigkeit mit Erreichen des Alters von 9 Jahren festgesetzt wurden, waren grammatikalisches Wissen, phonemes Bewußtsein und die Aussprache‐Bemessung, welche zusammengenommen nahezu 90% der Abweichung bei der Lesefertigkeit erklärte. Phonemische Auslassungen, Silbenwiederholungen und Buchstabierkenntnisse als Bemessungen im Alter von 5 und 6 dienten zu Voraussagen über Leseleistungen im Alter von 9, während Rythmus‐Bewußtsein sich als schwacher Langzeit‐Vorhersagefaktor erwies.ON A examiné la relation entre conscience phonologique, mémoire à court terme, conscience grammaticale, et maîtrise de la lecture dans une étude longitudinale portant sur 34 enfants de 9 ans suivis depuis l'école maternelle. Le meilleur ensemble de prédicteurs simultanés pour la lecture à l'âge de 9 ans a été la connaissance de la grammaire, la conscience phonémique, et la maîtrise du langage qui en semble rendent compte de 90% de la variance du savoir‐lire. Les évaluations de suppression de phonèmes, répétition de non‐mots, et connaissance des lettres effectuées à 5 et 6 ans ont permis de prévoir le niveau de lecture à l'âge de 9 ans, tandis que la conscience de la rime s'est révélée être un mauvais prédicteur à long terme.
Literacy on the Margins of the American Past
Authors: Weber Rose‐Marie 
Published: June 2004

Book reviewed in this article:Literacy, Education, and Society in New Mexico, 1693–1821. By Bernardo P. Gallegos. 1992.“When I Can Read My Title Clear”: Literacy, Slavery, and Religion in the Antebellum South. By Janet Duitsman Cornelius. 1991.Intimate Practices: Literacy and Cultural Work in U.S. Women's Clubs, 1880–1920. By Anne Ruggles Gere. 1997.
Teaching Literature to Adolescents
Authors: Lewis Cynthia 
Published: June 2004

Book reviewed in this article:On the Brink: Negotiating Literature and Life With Adolescents. By Susan Hynds. 1997.Reading Across Cultures: Teaching Literature in a Diverse Society. Edited by Theresa Rogers and Anna O. Soter. 1997.Authorizing Readers: Resistance and Respect in the Teaching of Literature. By Peter J. Rabinowitz and Michael W. Smith. 1998.Knowledge in the Making: Challenging the Text in the Classroom. Edited by Bill Corcoran, Mike Hayhoe, and Gordon M. Pradl. 1994.
Access to Print in Low‐Income and Middle‐Income Communities: An Ecological Study of Four Neighborhoods
Authors: Neuman Susan B. , Celano Donna 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACTSBuilding on a growing body of ecological research, this study examines access to print in two low‐income and two middle‐income neighborhood communities in a large industrial city. It documents the availability of print in these communities, focusing on resources considered to be influential in a child's beginning development as a writer and reader. It describes the likelihood that children will find books and other resources, see signs, labels, and logos, public places (spaces) conducive to reading, books in local preschools, school libraries, and public library branches. Results of the year‐long analysis indicated striking differences between neighborhoods of differing income in access to print at all levels of analyses, with middle‐income children having a large variety of resources to choose from, while low‐income children having to rely on public institutions which provide unequal resources across communities. Such differences in access to print resources may have important implications for children's early literacy development.
The Role of Knowledge in Early Literacy
Authors: Neuman Susan B. 
Published: June 2004

Book reviewed in this article:Beating the Odds in Teaching All Children to Read. By Barbara Taylor, P. David Pearson, Kathleen Clark, and Sharon Walpole. September 30, 1999.The Contexts of Comprehension: Information Book Read Alouds and Comprehension Acquisition. By Laura Smolkin and Carol Donovan. June 30, 2000.The Interplay of Firsthand and Text‐Based Investigations in Science Education. By Annemarie Sullivan Palincsar and Shirley Magnusson. March 31, 2000.The Scarcity of Informational Text in First Grade. By Nell Duke. August 31, 1999.
In Other Words: Translating or “Para‐Phrasing” as a Family Literacy Practice in Immigrant Households
Authors: ORELLANA MARJORIE FAULSTICH , REYNOLDS JENNIFER , DORNER LISA , MEZA MARÍA 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACTSIn this article we report on ethnographic research that explores the range of ways in which Spanish‐English bilingual immigrant youth interpret English language texts for their families. Drawing on participant observation in the homes and classrooms of 18 young adolescents who serve as interpreters for their families, 86 transcripts of theseinterpreters' oral Spanish translations of English texts, and 95 journal entries written by the youth about their translating experiences, we document the multiple literacies of daily life that youth engage in while translating or “para‐phrasing” for their families. We focus on interpretations of written text for close family members, done at home, and chart the domains of these multiple literacies. Using an activity setting/interactional analysis, we then examine how two home “para‐phrasing” events unfold and contrast these with activity settings for literacy learning in school. This largely unexplored literacy practice is a common one in immigrant households, and we argue that bilingual youth's experiences as cross‐language “para‐phrasers” can be used to support the within‐language paraphrasing that is an important part of school literacy practices.
Assessing narrative comprehension in young children
Authors: PARIS ALISON H. , PARIS SCOTT G. 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACTSThis article explains the creation and validation of the Narrative Comprehension of Picture Books task (NC task), an assessment of young children's comprehension of wordless picture books. Study 1 explored developmental changes among 158 K‐2 children in narrative comprehension and the correlations among children's performance on the NC task and other measures of early reading. There was significant improvement with increasing age on NC task measures. Significant concurrent validity was found between the NC task and oral reading comprehension for readers and between the NC task and several prereading skills for prereaders. Study 2 tested the generalizability of the NC task by giving a sub‐sample of students (n= 91) two additional picture books using the NC task procedures. Intertask correlations showed that children were consistent on each of the NC task dependent variables across the three books. The same developmental trends by grade and reading ability were evident on all three versions of the task. Study 3 confirmed the generalizability of the NC task across children, books, and testers, and it revealed sensitivity to longitudinal growth in children's comprehension skills. There was little evidence of practice effects influencing NC scores. Study 3 also revealed significant concurrent and predictive validity between NC measures and other assessments of early reading skills such as the Gates McGinitie Reading Test and the Iowa Test of Basic Skills. The NC task is a valid quantitative measure of young children's comprehension that is sensitive to developmental changes and adaptable to various books. We discuss how narrative comprehension is fundamental to beginning reading and how the NC task may be used for classroom instruction and assessment.
Language proficiency and reading ability in first‐ and second‐language learners
Authors: DROOP MIENKE , VERHOEVEN LUDO 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACTSThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the development of and interrelations between the language proficiencies and reading abilities of children learning to read in either a first language or a second language. The authors compared the reading‐comprehension, word‐decoding, and oral‐language skills of both high and low SES Dutch third and fourth graders to the skills of low SES minority third and fourth graders from a Turkish or Moroccan background living in the Netherlands. Several tests of reading comprehension, word decoding, oral text comprehension, morphosyntactic knowledge, and vocabulary knowledge were administered at the beginning of third grade, the end of third grade, and the end of fourth grade. The results showed the minority children to be faster decoders than the Dutch low SES children. With respect to reading comprehension and oral language proficiency, however, the minority children were found to lag behind the Dutch children in all respects. With respect to the interrelations between oral‐language skills and reading skills, the development of reading comprehension was found to be influenced more by top‐down comprehension‐based processes than by bottom‐up word‐decoding processes for both the first‐ and second‐language learners. The oral Dutch skills of the minority children played a more prominent role in the explanation of their reading‐comprehension skills than the oral‐language skills of the Dutch children, however.