bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monoculture, Monopoly, and the Mexican Revolution: Tomás Garrido Canabal and the Standard Fruit Company in Tabasco (1920–1935)
Authors: Ridgeway Stan 
Published: February 2004

While Tomás Garrido Canabal (Governor of Tabasco from 1920 to 1935) is generally portrayed as a rabidly anticlerical dictator, this article argues that we can gain much more insight into Garrido's regime if we examine how his policies evolved inresponse to Tabasco's status as amonocultural economy that depended on selling its bananas to the powerful Standard Fruit Company. If one appreciates the impact of the international business firm on the regional leader, then Garrido emerges not as a stereotypical Latin American strongman but rather as anastute politician with awell-conceived plan to improve conditions in his state.Si bien Tomás Garrido Canabal (governador de Tabasco desde 1920 hasta 1935) por lo general aparece retratado como un dictador fanáticamente anticlerical, este artículo propone que es posible profundizar más en su regimen si se examina cómo evolucionó su política en respuesta a la situación de Tabasco como una economía monocultural que dependía de la venta de bananas a la Standard Fruit Company. Sise logra medir elimpacto de esa firma internacional en ellíder regional, Garrido aparece no como el estereotipo del gobernante latinoamericano influyente sino como un político astuto con un plan bien concebido para mejorar las condiciones de su estado.
Adiós to the PRI? Changing Voter Turnout in Mexico's Political Transition
Authors: Klesner Joseph L. 
Published: February 2004

During the last decade, patterns of voter turnout in Mexico have changed dramatically. Turnout patterns now resemble those of established democracies, where affluent and politically engaged citizens are more likely to participate than poorer, less informed, and rural voters who make up the Institutional Revolutionary Party's traditional base. Because those Mexicans most likely to vote are also those most likely to support the opposition, especially the National Action Party, changing partisan biases in electoral participation have had crucial consequences for Mexico's political system.
Durante la última década, los patrones de participación de votantes en México han cambiado dramáticamente. Estos se asemejan ahora a los de las democracias establecidas, donde los ciudadanos acomodados e interesados en política son más propensos a participar que los más pobres, los menos informados y los votantes rurales que forman la base tradicional del Partido Revolucionario Institucional. Como los mexicanos más propensos a votar son aquellos también más propensos aapoyar ala oposición,especialmente alPartido Acción Nacional, el cambio de las tendencias de los partidarios en la participación electoral ha tenido consecuencias decisivas para el sistema político mexicano.
The Romantic Liberalism of Octavio Paz
Authors: Grenier Yvon 
Published: February 2004

My aim in this article is to contribute to a better appreciation of Octavio Paz's political thought, and to highlight how Paz's work is useful to improve our understanding of some of the fundamental dilemmas of contemporary Western societies. Ido this by examining Paz's unorthodox and syncretic use of two largely opposing intellectual traditions, liberalism and romanticism. I conclude with some remarks on how art can inspire fresh thinking about politics.En el presente artículo me propongo contribuir a un major entendimiento del pensamiento político de Octavio Paz y demostrar cómo su obra sirve para comprender algunos de los dilemmas fundamentals que enfrentan las sociedades occidentals contemporáneas.Miplanteamiento tiene como punto de partidaeluso no ortodoxo y sincrético que hace Paz de dos tradiciones intelectuales diametralmente opuestas, el liberalismo y el romanticismo. Concluyo con unos comentarios sobre el mundo de el arte y cómo puede inspirarnos a renovar nuestra manera de pensar lo politico.
A Most Delicate Balance: Representative Government, Public Opinion, and Priests in Mexico, 1821–1834
Authors: Connaughton Brian F. 
Published: February 2004

This article studies the fragmentation of public opinion in Mexico in the years following Independence in the midst of a critical lack of legitimacy on the part of succesive governments. Those in power, appealing to public opinion as the supposed pillar of independent representative government, tried to gain control over the situation by means of coaction and persuasion. As they did so, they had to concern themselves with the sensitivities and political convictions of priests, whose actions might tip a fragile political equilibrium one way or the other by granting personal sanction and hypothetically religious validation to contingent political movements.Este artículo aborda la problemática de la fragmentación de la opinión pública en México en los años posteriores a la independencia, en medio de una crítica falta de legitimidad por parte de los gobiernos en turno. Éstos, apelando a la opinión pública que era el supuesto pilar de un gobierno representativo independiente,trataron de tomarcontrolde lasituación por diversos medios de coacción y de persuasión.Alhacerlo,tuvieron que preocuparse por las sensibilidades y convicciones políticas de los sacerdotes,cuyas acciones podíaninclinar la frágil balanza política en un sentido u otro al otorgar su sanción personal y una convalidación pretendidamente religiosa a un movimiento coyuntural.
Allied Policy Toward Axis Interests in Mexico During World War II
Authors: Niblo Stephen R. 
Published: February 2004

This article consists of several parts:it explores the broad level of participation in Mexican society of citizens and companies associated with the Axis powers; it then looks at the use that several key political and economic figures in Mexico and the United States made of the reality, and or the fear of Axis influence; finally the article explores the treatment of the Axis nationals after Mexico entered World War II.Este artículo consiste de varias partes: explora el alto nivel de participación de ciudadanos y compañías asociadas con los poderes del Eje en la sociedad mexicana;luego observa eluso que varias figuras claves de la política y la economía de México hicieron de la realidad y deltemor a la influencia delEje;y finalmente, el artículo explora el tratamiento de los nacionales del Eje después de la entrada de México en la Segunda Guerra Mundial.
Attribution of Blame in the Global Economy: The Case of the Mexican Public and the Peso Devaluation Crisis
Authors: Davis Charles L. , Bartilow Horace A. 
Published: February 2004

Using survey data collected in 1995, this article examines how Mexicans assess responsibility for the 1995 Peso Devaluation Crisis. Mexicans primarily blame former president, Carlos Salinas, but a significant number also blame external actors and institutions for the crisis. The tendency to blame recent presidents is related to assessments of economic conditions and to partisanship; by contrast, the tendency to blame external actors and institutions is related to traditional Mexican nationalism with its defensive posture toward the United States. This posture is found primarily among the economically maginalized and the politically alienated. Nationalism remains an important force in citizen politics in Mexico, but its meaning is still contested.A través de una encuesta de 1995, este articulo examina la manera en que los mexicanos deslindan la responsabilidad de la crisis de la devaluación del peso en 1995. Por lo general, los mexicanos culpan al presidente Carlos Salinas, aunque un buen numero atribuye la crisis a factores e instituciones externas. La tendencia a culpar a los presidentes recientes se relaciona con la evaluación de las condiciones económicas y las lealtades de partido; por contraste, la tendencia a culpar a factores e instituciones externas se relaciona con el nacionalismo tradicional y con su actitud defensiva hacia los Estados Unidos. Dicha actitud se percibe principalmente entre los marginados económicamente y los alienados políticamente. De tal modo que el nacionalismo aún permanece como una fuerza importante en la política del ciudadano en México aunque su significación todavía se disputa.
Cambios de la comunidad algal (Perifiton) relacionados con el ciclo hidrológico en un tintal anegable en Quintana Roo
Authors: Becerra Absalón Itzel , Tavera Rosaluz 
Published: February 2004

The article presents a comparative description of changes in species composition of periphyton in a flooding tintal in Mexico. These changes were determined by variations in amount of water during the hydrological cycle. A detailed characterization of particular responses of the main species of algae is made, considering humidity and dryness in natural as well as in vitro conditions. Results showed out that the seasonal succession of periphytic species was due to their particular requirements of humidity, from those whose thalli tolerated a minimum of atmospherical water in the dry season to those that were able to grow only or mainly when the tintal was flooded.
El articulo presenta una descripción comparativa de los cambios en la composición de especies del perifiton en un tintal anegable en México. Esos cambios estuvieron determinados por variaciones en la cantidad de agua durante el ciclo hidrológico. Se hace una caracterización detallada de las respuestas particulares de las especies del perifiton, considerando tanto las condiciones naturales de humectación y sequía, como las que se establecieron en condiciones in vitro. Los resultados indicaron que la sucesión estacional de las especies se debió a sus requerimientos de humedad particulares. La sucesión transcurrió desde las especies cuyos talos toleraron un mínimo de humedad atmosférica en la época seca, hasta las especies que crecieron única o principalmente cuando el tintal estuvo anegado.
Mirages over the Andes: Peru, France, the United States, and Military Jet Procurement in the 1960s
Authors: Roy François Le 
Published: February 2004

On May 5, 1967, U.S. National Security Adviser Walter W. Rostow briefed President Lyndon B. Johnson that Peru had contracted to buy twelve Mirage 5 supersonic fighter jets from France, "despite our repeated warnings of the consequences." The first planes were delivered a year later, prompting the United States to withhold development loans from Peru as directed by the Conte-Long Amendment to the 1968 Foreign Assistance Appropriations Bill. Peru was the first Latin American country (with the exception of Cuba) to equip its air force with supersonic combat aircraft, and its decision spurred a dramatic qualitative and financial escalation in regional arms procurement, thereby defeating Washington's effort to control the latter.
The CIA qualified the "Mirage affair" as the "most serious issue" in U.S.-Peruvian relations at the time. The event demonstrated the growing desire of Peru and other Latin American countries to loosen the ties that bound them to Washington and exemplified France's drive to depolarize world politics during the Cold War. Demanded by the Peruvian military establishment, the Mirage deal also announced the golpe of October 1968 that ended the presidency of Fernando Belaúnde Terry and ushered in the reformist military dictatorship of Juan Velasco Alvarado. In addition, it complicated relations between the White House, Congress, and the press in the antagonistic context of the Vietnam War. Finally, it further illustrated the diplomatic and economic stakes of military aircraft sales, as well as the appeal of the airplane as a symbol of national sovereignty and modernity.
Germany's Holocaust Memorial Problem—and Mine
Authors: Young James E. 
Published: February 2004

Once not so long ago Germany had what it called a "Jewish Problem". Then it had a paralyzing Holocaust memorial problem, a double-edged conundrum: How would a nation of former perpetrators mourn its victims? How would a divided nation reunite itself on the bedrock memory of its crimes? In June 1999, after ten years of tortured debate, the German Bundestag voted to build a national "Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe" on a prime, five-acre piece of real estate between the Brandenburger Tor and Potsdamer Platz, a stone's throw from Hitler's bunker. In their vote, the Bundestag also accepted the design—an undulating field of pillars—by American architect, Peter Eisenman, which had been recommended by a five-member Findungskommission, for which I served as spokesman.
Like many others, I had been quite satisfied with the insolubility of Germany's memorial dilemma. Better a thousand years of Holocaust memorial competitions in Germany than any single "final solution" to Germany's memorial problem. But then I began to suspect that the neverending debate over Holocaust memory in Germany was itself becoming a substitute for taking any kind of action on behalf of such memory.
In this report, I tell the story of Germany's national Holocaust memorial and my own role in it, my evolution from a highly skeptical critic on the outside of the process to one of the arbiters on the inside. I find that as the line between my role as critic and arbiter began to collapse, the issues at the heart of Germany's memorial conundrum came into ever sharper, more painful relief.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(o‐ and m‐amino benzyl amine) and the copolymers with aniline. Study with Cu(II)
Authors: Rivas Bernabé L. , Sánchez Christian O. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractPoly(o‐amino benzyl amine), poly(m‐amino benzyl amine), and the copolymers with aniline were synthesized in 10−4M HCl by using ammonium persulfate as oxidizing agent. The copolymers were synthesized at various feed mole fractions of comonomer diamine and characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, and electrical conductivity. The polymerization yield depended on the substituent position in the aromatic ring. Copper ion was incorporated in the polymers and the amount depended on the side groups position in the aromatic ring. The thermal stability increased when copper ions and aniline units were incorporated in the polymers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 31–36, 2004
Low‐volatility acetals to upgrade the performance of melamine–urea–formaldehyde wood adhesive resins
Authors: Zanetti M. , Pizzi A. , Faucher P. 
Published: February 2004

Abstract1,1,2,2‐Tetramethoxyethane (TME), a high boiling point acetal derived from glyoxol, lhas been shown to upgrade the performance of melamine‐urea‐formaldehyde (MUF) and some UF resins used for wood adhesives. This affords the possibility of decreasing the percentage of resin used in the preparation of wood panels without volatilizing the TME acetal used.
Curing behaviors of Korean Dendropanax lacquer determined by chemical and physical measures
Authors: Lee Byoung‐Hoo , Kim Hyun‐Joong 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis work was performed to investigate the curing behaviors of Korean Dendropanax lacquer and to determine its sufficient curing conditions. In FTIR and AFM analyses, the peak area of CC (1644 cm−1) and the microadhesion decreased with increasing curing time, attributed to oxidative thermal polymerization (or crosslinking). The magnitude of the microadhesion between the probe and the surface related to the surface tack of the lacquer indicates how well the lacquer was cured and crosslinked. The increased contact angle exhibited increasing lacquer hydrophobicity, due to polymerization, during the curing process. Changes in double bond peak, contact angle, and microadhesion were dependent on the curing temperature. The results obtained by chemical and physical measures showed that Korean Dendropanax lacquer can be effectively (economically) cured at 100°C for 150 min and at 110°C for 120 min. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 625–630, 2004
The digital reference research agenda
Authors: Lankes R. David 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA research agenda for the study of digital reference is presented. The agenda stems from a research symposium held at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts in August 2002. The agenda defines digital reference as “the use of human intermediation to answer questions in a digital environment.” The agenda also proposes the central research question in digital reference: “How can human expertise be effectively and efficiently incorporated into information systems to answer user questions?” The definition and question are used to outline a research agenda centered on how the exploration of digital reference relates to other fields of inquiry.
Information‐seeking behavior of chemists: A transaction log analysis of referral URLs
Authors: Davis Philip M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis study reports an analysis of referral URL data by the Cornell University IP address from the American Chemical Society servers. The goal of this work is to better understand the tools used and pathways taken when scientists connect to electronic journals. While various methods of referral were identified in this study, most individuals were referred infrequently and followed few and consistent pathways each time they connected. The relationship between the number and types of referrals followed an inverse‐square law. Whereas the majority of referrals came from established finding tools (library catalog, library e‐journal list, and bibliographic databases), a substantial number of referrals originated from generic Web searches. Scientists are also relying on local alternatives or substitutes such as departmental or personal Web pages with lists of linked publications. The use of electronic mail as a method to refer scientists directly to online articles may be greatly underestimated. Implications for the development of redundant library services such as e‐journal lists and the practice of publishers to allow linking from other resources are discussed.
An information processing model of undergraduate electronic database information retrieval
Authors: Macpherson Karen 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn this paper, it is suggested that a number of theoretical and practical perspectives on information literacy can be obtained through the examination of tenets of cognitive psychology. One aspect of cognitive psychology—information processing theory—is applied to the development of a two‐stage model of the information retrieval process. This model of information retrieval has utility along two dimensions: firstly, in the conceptualization of the information retrieval process; and secondly, in the development of teaching strategies informed by such a model. The efficacy of this model was tested in a large two‐phase experimental study at the University of Canberra, Australia. Statistically significant results support the effectiveness of the concept‐based teaching of information retrieval and the utility of the model as an explanation of the cognitive underpinnings of information retrieval.
Stereodivergent and Reiterative Synthesis of Bistetrahydrofuran Ring Cores of Annonaceous Acetogenins
Authors: Kojima Naoto , Maezaki Naoyoshi , Tominaga Hiroaki , Yanai Minori , Urabe Daisuke , Tanaka Tetsuaki 
Published: February 2004

AbstractEight diastereoisomers of the bistetrahydrofuran ring cores of annonaceous acetogenins have been synthesized by asymmetric alkynylation of α‐tetrahydrofuranic aldehydes and stereodivergent one‐pot tetrahydrofuran (THF) ring formation. In all cases, the asymmetric alkynylation proceeded with very high diastereoselectivity to give eight kinds of optically pure THF cores. We also describe a comparison of the 1H and 13C NMR spectral data of the eight isomers and give full details of the THF ring construction.
A Practical Oxidative Method for the Cleavage of Hydrazide NN Bonds
Authors: Fernández Rosario , Ferrete Ana , Llera José M. , Magriz Antonio , Martín‐Zamora Eloísa , Díez Elena , Lassaletta José M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe selective N‐oxidation of the most nucleophilic amino nitrogen atom in hydrazides is central to the development of an unprecedented methodology for the cleavage of their NN bonds under oxidative conditions. Treatment of a series of hydrazides 1–9 with peracids such as magnesium monoperoxyphtalate hexahydrate (MMPP⋅6 H2O) or meta‐chloroperbenzoic acid (m‐CPBA) afforded the corresponding amides 10–16 in good‐to‐excellent yields (80–92 %). The extension of the methodology to carbamate‐like substrates such as 17 and 18 was also investigated, but in this case the process is synthetically useless in view of the low yields observed of carbamates 19 and 20 (≈15 %). Experiments carried out with equivalent amounts of oxidant produced nitrones, such as 26, proceeding from the dialkylamino moiety, and 1H NMR experiments indicated that this product is formed by fast conversion of the parent hydrazide, without detection of the expected hydrazide N‐oxides. In addition, the over oxidation of 26 into nitronate 25 proceeds through an unknown intermediate. This oxidative NN bond cleavage by peracids is an alternative method for the deamination of hydrazides, and constitutes the only solution compatible with substrates carrying functionalities sensitive to reducing conditions.
CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells suppress tumor immunity but are sensitive to cyclophosphamide which allows immunotherapy of established tumors to be curative
Authors: Ghiringhelli François , Larmonier Nicolas , Schmitt Elise , Parcellier Arnaud , Cathelin Dominique , Garrido Carmen , Chauffert Bruno , Solary Eric , Bonnotte Bernard , Martin François 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWe investigated the mechanisms of immune tolerance raised by tumors by comparing immunogenic and tolerogenic tumor cell clones isolated from a rat colon carcinoma. When injected into syngeneichosts, the immunogenic REGb cells yield tumors that are rejected, while the tolerogenic PROb cells yield progressive tumors and inhibit the regression of REGb tumors. We show here that PROb tumor volume is correlated with an expansion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues. These cells delay in vivo the rejection of REGb tumors and inhibit in vitro T cell‐mediated immune responses against REGb cells through a mechanism that requires cell contact between effector and regulatory T cells and involves TGF‐β. While total T cells fromPROb tumor‐bearing rats yield no apparent anti‐tumor immune response, depletion of CD25+ T cells restores this reactivity. A single administration of cyclophosphamide depletes CD4+CD25+ T cells in PROb tumor‐bearing animals, delays the growth of PROb tumors, and cures rats bearing established PROb tumors when followed by an immunotherapy which has no curative effect when administered alone. These results demonstrate the role of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in tumor‐induced immune tolerance and the interest of regulatory T cell depletion to sensitize established tumors to immunotherapy.