bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochemical and Genetic Characterization of the
vanC-2
Vancomycin Resistance Gene Cluster of
Enterococcus casseliflavus
ATCC 25788
Authors: Dutta Ireena , Reynolds Peter E. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACT

The
vanC-2
cluster of
Enterococcus casseliflavus
ATCC 25788 consisted of five genes (
vanC-2
,

vanXY
C-2

,

vanT
C-2

,

vanR
C-2

, and

vanS
C-2

) and shared the same organization as the
vanC
cluster of
E. gallinarum
BM4174. The proteins encoded by these genes displayed a high degree of amino acid identity to the proteins encoded within the
vanC
gene cluster. The putative
d
,
d
-dipeptidase-
d
,
d
-carboxypeptidase, VanXY
C-2
, exhibited 81% amino acid identity to VanXY
C
, and VanT
C-2
displayed 65% amino acid identity to the serine racemase, VanT. VanR
C-2
and VanS
C-2
displayed high degrees of identity to VanR
C
and VanS
C
, respectively, and contained the conserved residues identified as important to their function as a response regulator and histidine kinase, respectively. Resistance to vancomycin was expressed inducibly in
E. casseliflavus
ATCC 25788 and required an extended period of induction. Analysis of peptidoglycan precursors revealed that UDP-
N
-acetylmuramyl-
l
-Ala-δ-
d
-Glu-
l
-Lys-
d
-Ala-
d
-Ser could not be detected until several hours after the addition of vancomycin, and its appearance coincided with the resumption of growth. The introduction of additional copies of the

vanT
C-2

gene, encoding a putative serine racemase, and the presence of supplementary
d
-serine in the growth medium both significantly reduced the period before growth resumed after addition of vancomycin. This suggested that the availability of
d
-serine plays an important role in the induction process.
Effect of Prolonged Fluconazole Treatment on
Candida albicans
in Diffusion Chambers Implanted into Mice
Authors: Sohnle Peter G. , Hahn Beth L. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACT

Fluconazole is an azole agent with primarily fungistatic activity in standard in vitro susceptibility tests. The present study was undertaken to develop a diffusion chamber model system in mice in order to study the in vivo effects of prolonged fluconazole treatment on
Candida albicans
. Chambers containing 100
C. albicans
yeast cells were implanted subcutaneously on the flanks of C57BL/6 mice and were then retrieved 6 or 14 weeks later (after fluconazole treatment for 4 or 12 weeks, respectively). Leukocyte counts demonstrated that implantation of the chambers did elicit an inflammatory response but that only small numbers of inflammatory cells were able to enter the chamber interior. Treatment with fluconazole at 10 mg/kg of body weight/day for 12 weeks not only reduced the numbers of viable organisms within the chambers compared to those in untreated mice (mean ± standard deviation of log
10
CFU of 0.7 ± 1.2 versus 2.3 ± 2.0;
P
< 0.001 by the Bonferroni test) but also increased the numbers of chambers that became sterile over the treatment period (14 of 16 versus 6 of 19;
P
= 0.0009 by the chi-square test). However, treatment for only 4 weeks had minimal effects on the numbers of chamber CFU, and none of the chambers became sterile during this period. Distribution of retrieved organisms between interior fluid and the chamber filters was approximately equal in all the treatment groups. This model system appears to be useful for evaluating the effects of antifungal drugs over prolonged periods in vivo. Its use in the present study demonstrates that fluconazole can increase the rate of sterilization of
C. albicans
foci that are protected from the host's inflammatory response.
Bactericidal Effect and Pharmacodynamics of Cethromycin (ABT-773) in a Murine Pneumococcal Pneumonia Model
Authors: Kim Myo-Kyoung , Zhou Wen , Tessier Pamela R. , Xuan Dawei , Ye Min , Nightingale Charles H. , Nicolau David P. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACTCethromycin (ABT-773), a new ketolide, possesses potent in vitro activity againstStreptococcus pneumoniae. The objective of this study was to investigate the in vivo bactericidal activity of cethromycin against macrolide-susceptible and -resistantS. pneumoniaein a murine pneumonia model and to describe the pharmacodynamic (PD) profile of cethromycin. Eight (two macrolide susceptible, six macrolide resistant) clinical isolates ofS. pneumoniaewere investigated. Cyclophosphamide administration rendered ICR mice transiently neutropenic prior to intratracheal inoculation with 0.05 ml of anS. pneumoniaesuspension containing 107to 108CFU/ml. Oral cethromycin was initiated 12 to 14 h postinoculation over a dosage range of 0.1 to 800 mg/kg of body weight/day. Lungs from seven to eight mice per treatment and control groups were collected at 0 and 24 h posttherapy to assess bacterial density. The cumulative mortality (n= 12 to 13) was assessed at 120 h (end of therapy) and at 192 h (3 days posttherapy). Recovery of pneumococci from the lungs of infected animals prior to the initiation of therapy ranged from 4.6 to 7.2 log10CFU. Growth in untreated control animals over a 24-h study period increased 0.3 to 2.7 log10CFU. Cethromycin demonstrated a substantial bactericidal effect, regardless of macrolide susceptibility. Correlation between changes in bacterial density (24 h) and survival over both 120 and 192 h were statistically significant. All three PD parameters demonstrated a significant correlation with changes in log10CFU/lung (Spearman's correlation coefficient,P< 0.001); however, the goodness of fit as assessed with the maximum effect (Emax) model revealed that the maximum concentration of free drug in serum (Cmax free)/MIC and the area under the free drug concentration-time curve (AUCfree)/MIC best explained the relationship between drug exposure and reductions in viable bacterial counts. These data reveal that an approximate cethromycin AUCfree/MIC of 50 orCmax free/MIC of 1 results in bacteriostatic effects, while higher values (twofold) maximize survival.
Ligands of the Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor Are Potent Inhibitors of
Plasmodium falciparum
and
Toxoplasma gondii
In Vitro
Authors: Dzierszinski Florence , Coppin Alexandra , Mortuaire Marlene , Dewailly Etienne , Slomianny Christian , Ameisen Jean-Claude , DeBels Frederic , Tomavo Stanislas 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACT

The increase in resistance of the malaria parasite
Plasmodium falciparum
to currently available drugs demands the development of new antimalarial agents. In this quest, we have found that ligands to the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor such as flurazepam, an agonist of the benzodiazepine family, and PK11195, an antagonist derived from isoquinoline, were active against
Plasmodium falciparum.
These two compounds effectively and rapidly inhibited parasite growth in vitro, irrespective of parasite resistance to chloroquine and mefloquine. Treatment with both drugs induced a sharp and consistent decline in parasitemia, a complete inhibition of parasite replication, and the destruction of parasites within the host red blood cells. Using electron microscopy, we showed that dramatic morphological changes, involving swollen endoplasmic reticulum and the reduction of hemozoin, were consistent with parasite death. The potent activities of flurazepam and PK11195 were also evaluated for antagonist or synergistic effects with currently used antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine and mefloquine. Moreover, flurazepam was found to be active against
Toxoplasma gondii
, another member of the phylum Apicomplexa. Taken together, our results indicated that benzodiazepines could be considered promising candidates in the treatment of both malaria and toxoplasmosis.
Comparative Evaluation of a New Fluorescent Carboxyfluorescein Diacetate-Modified Microdilution Method for Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of
Candida albicans
Isolates
Authors: Liao Robert S. , Rennie Robert P. , Talbot James A. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACT

This report presents a fluorescent carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA)-modified microdilution method used for the susceptibility testing of
Candida albicans
to amphotericin B, fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and flucytosine. Four different broth microdilution susceptibility testing methods were simultaneously evaluated at 24 and 48 h. The MICs determined using the CFDA-modified method (MIC
cfda
) were compared to those obtained by the standard broth microdilution method (MIC
visual
) and a procedure employing the indicator Alamar blue (MIC
alamar
). The reference MIC was determined visually as recommended by the NCCLS M27-A protocol, and then quantified spectrophotometrically following agitation (MIC
spec)
. The CFDA-modified microdilution method was demonstrated to effectively determine the MICs for all the antifungal drugs tested at both 24 and 48 h. The results from both the MIC
spec
and MIC
cfda
methods yielded >80% agreement within ±1 dilution and >90% agreement within ±2 dilutions at 24 h in comparison to the reference MIC
visual
method, respectively. The trailing growth phenomenon that occurs with azole antifungal drugs and many strains of
C. albicans
did not inhibit the effectiveness of the MIC
spec
and MIC
cfda
methods. The MIC
spec
and MIC
cfda
methods shared 92.8% agreement within ±1 dilution at 24 h and 87.6% agreement within ±1 dilution at 48 h.
DNA Sequence Analysis of DNA Gyrase and DNA Topoisomerase IV Quinolone Resistance-Determining Regions of
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhi and Serovar Paratyphi A
Authors: Hirose Kenji , Hashimoto Ai , Tamura Kazumichi , Kawamura Yoshiaki , Ezaki Takayuki , Sagara Hiroko , Watanabe Haruo 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACT

The mutations that are responsible for fluoroquinolone resistance in the
gyrA
,
gyrB
,
parC
, and
parE
genes of
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhi and serovar Paratyphi A were investigated. The sequences of the quinolone resistance-determining region of the
gyrA
gene in clinical isolates which showed decreased susceptibilities to fluoroquinolones had a single mutation at either the Ser-83 or the Asp-87 codon, and no mutations were found in the
gyrB
,
parC
, and
parE
genes.
In Vitro Activity of the New Oxazolidinone AZD2563 against Enterococci
Authors: Eliopoulos G. M. , Wennersten C. B. , Moellering R. C. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACT
The activity of a new oxazolidinone antimicrobial, AZD2563, was assessed against >500 clinical isolates of enterococci representing six species. All isolates, including those resistant to other antibiotic classes, were inhibited by AZD2563 at concentrations ≤2 μg/ml, except for four strains resistant to linezolid. In most cases, AZD2563 was twofold more active than linezolid against enterococci.
Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates by the Integrase Inhibitor L-731,988, a Diketo Acid
Authors: Reinke Ryan , Lee Deborah J. , Robinson W. Edward 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACT
L-731,988 inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication through integrase. In this study, approximately 600 nM L-731,988 inhibited the replication of 12 HIV type 1 isolates from multiple clades, including primary isolates and cloned viruses. These data suggest that diketo acids or their derivatives may prove useful on a worldwide basis in treating HIV infection.
In Vitro Synergistic Interaction between Amphotericin B and Pentamidine against
Scedosporium prolificans
Authors: Afeltra Javier , Dannaoui Eric , Meis Jacques F. G. M. , Rodriguez-Tudela Juan L. , Verweij Paul E. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACT

To develop new approaches for the treatment of invasive infections caused by
Scedosporium prolificans
, the in vitro interaction between amphotericin B and pentamidine against 30 clinical isolates was evaluated using a checkerboard microdilution method based on the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards M38-P guidelines. The interaction between the drugs was analyzed using fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) analysis and response surface modeling. Amphotericin B alone was inactive against all the isolates. The geometric mean MIC for pentamidine was 57 μg/ml (range, 8 to 256 μg/ml; MIC at which 50% of the isolates tested were inhibited [MIC
50
], 64 μg/ml; MIC
90
, 128 μg/ml). The combination was synergistic against 28 of 30 isolates (93.3%) by FICI analysis and 30 of 30 (100%) by response surface modeling analysis. Antagonism was not observed.
AN ADVERSARIAL MODEL FOR DISTRIBUTED DYNAMIC LOAD BALANCING
Authors: MUTHUKRISHNAN S. , RAJARAMAN RAJMOHAN 
Published: September 2002

We study the problem of balancing the load on processors in an arbitrary network. If jobs arrive or depart during the process of load balancing, we have the dynamic load balancing problem; otherwise, we have the static load balancing problem. While static load balancing on a number of different networks has been well-studied, analytical work on dynamic load balancing is limited. The difficulty lies in modeling the arrivals and departures of jobs in a clean manner. In this paper, we introduce a new framework for dynamic load balancing in which the job traffic is modeled by an adversary. Our main result is that a simple local load balancing algorithm maintains the load of the network within a stable level against a powerful adversary. Our result holds for different models of traffic patterns and processor communication.
The (16, 16, 2) designs
Authors: Assmus, Jr E. F. , Salwach Chester J. 
Published: September 2002

Elementary techniques of algebraic coding theory are here used to discuss the three biplanes with k = 6. These three designs are intimately related to the (16, 11) extended binary Hamming code and to one another; we systematically investigate these relationships.We also exhibit each of the three designs as difference sets.
A non‐linear hyperbolic equation
Authors: de Brito Eliana Henriques 
Published: September 2002

In this paper the following Cauchy problem, in a Hilbert space H, is considered:

urn:x-wiley:01611712:media:ijmm732105:ijmm732105-math-0001

urn:x-wiley:01611712:media:ijmm732105:ijmm732105-math-0002

urn:x-wiley:01611712:media:ijmm732105:ijmm732105-math-0003

M and f are given functions, A an operator in H, satisfying convenient hypothesis, λ ≥ 0 and α is a real number.For u0 in the domain of A and u1 in the domain of , if λ > 0, and u1 in H, when λ = 0, a theorem of existence and uniqueness of weak solution is proved.
Graphs and projective plaines in 3‐manifolds
Authors: Heil Wolfgang , Negami Seiya 
Published: September 2002

Proper homotopy equivalent compact P2‐irreducible and sufficiently large 3‐manifolds are homemorphic. The result is not known for irreducible 3‐manifolds that contain 2‐sided projective planes, even if one assumes the Poincaré conjecture. In this paper to such a 3‐manifold M is associated a graph G(M) that specifies how a maximal system of mutually disjoint non‐isotopic projective planes is embedded in M, and it is shown that G(M) is an invariant of the homotopy type of M. On the other hand it is shown that any given graph can be realized as G(M) for infinitely many irreducible and boundary irreducible M.As an application it is shown that any closed irreducible 3‐manifold M that contains 2‐sided projective planes can be obtained from a P2‐irreducible 3‐manifold and P2 × S1 by removing a solid Klein bottle from each and gluing together the resulting boundaries: furthermore M contains an orientation preserving simple closed curve α such that any nontrivial Dehn surgery along α yields a P2‐irreducible 3‐manifold.
Quasi‐adjoint third order difference equations: oscillatory and asymptotic behavior
Authors: Smith B. 
Published: September 2002

In this paper, asymptotic properties of solutions of

urn:x-wiley:01611712:media:ijmm806976:ijmm806976-math-0001

are investigated via the quasi‐adjoint equation

urn:x-wiley:01611712:media:ijmm806976:ijmm806976-math-0002

A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of oscillatory solutions of (E+) is given. An example showing that it is possible for (E+) to have only nonoscillatory solutions is also given.Corrigendum: Quasi-adjoint third order difference equations: oscillatory and asymptotic behaviordx.doi.org/10.1155/S0161171287000747
On normal lattices and separation and semi‐separation of lattices
Authors: Schutz Robert W. 
Published: September 2002

This present paper is concerned with two main conditions, that of normality of a lattice, and separation and semi‐separation of two lattices, both looked at using measure theoretic techniques. We look at each property using {0, 1} two valued measures and associated {0, 1} valued set functions.For normal lattices we look at consequences of normality in terms of properties of their measures and closely allied set functions. For separation and semi‐separation of two lattices, we investigate the realtionship between regular measures of both lattices, define the notion of weak going up and look at this notion in terms of separation and semi‐separation. We then give necessary and sufficent conditions for semi‐separation in terms of equality of two set fuctions, derived from regular measures on the smaller lattice on the larger lattice.
An application of KKM‐map principle
Authors: Carbone A. 
Published: September 2002

The following theorem is proved and several fixed point theorems and coincidence theorems are derived as corollaries. Let C be a nonempty convex subset of a normed linear space X, f : C → X a continuous function, g : C → C continuous, onto and almost quasi‐convex. Assume that C has a nonempty compact convex subset D such that the set

urn:x-wiley:01611712:media:ijmm571891:ijmm571891-math-0001

is compact.Then there is a point y0 ∈ C such that ‖g(y0) − f(y0)‖ = d(f(y0), C).
Solutions to Lyapunov stability problems of sets: nonlinear systems with differentiable motions
Authors: Grujic Ljubomir T. 
Published: September 2002

Time‐invariant nonlinear systems with differentiable motions are considered. The algorithmic necessary and sufficient conditions are established in various forms for one‐shot construction of a Lyapunov function, for asymptotic stability of a compact invariant set and for the exact determination of the asymptotic stability domain of the invariant set.The classical conditions are expressed in terms of existence of a system Lyapunov functions. The conditions of theorems presented herein are expressed via properties of the solution ? to , or of the solution ? to , for arbitrarily selected p?P(S; f) or p?P1(S; f), where families P(S; f) and P1(S; f) are well defined. The equation , or its equivalent , should be solved only for one selection of the function p.
Extensions of Hardy‐Littlewood inequalities
Authors: Lou Zengjian 
Published: September 2002

For a function f ∈ Hp(Bn), with f(0) = 0, we prove(1) If 0 < p ≤ s,then

urn:x-wiley:01611712:media:ijmm679145:ijmm679145-math-0001

(2) If s ≤ p < ∞, then

urn:x-wiley:01611712:media:ijmm679145:ijmm679145-math-0002

where Rβf is the fractional derivative of f. These results generalize the known cases s = 2, β = 1 ([1]).
Zero‐sum partition theorems for graphs
Authors: Caro Y. , Krasikov I. , Roditty Y. 
Published: September 2002

Let q = pn be a power of an odd prime p. We show that the vertices of every graph G can be partitioned into t(q) classes such that the number of edges in any induced subgraph 〈Vi〉 is divisible by q, where , and if q = 2n, then t(q) = 2q − 1.In particular, it is shown that t(3) = 3 and 4 ≤ t(5) ≤ 5.
On locally s‐closed spaces
Authors: Basu C. K. 
Published: September 2002

In the present paper, the concepts of s‐closed sub‐spaces, locally s‐closed spaces have been introduced and characterized. We have seen that local s‐closedness is a semi‐regular property; the concept of s‐θ‐closed mapping has been introduced here and the following important properties are established:‐Let f : X → Y be an s‐θ‐closed surjection with s‐set (Maio and Noiri [8]) point inverses. Then:(a) If f is completely continuous (Arya and Gupta [1]) and Y is locally compact T2‐space, then, X is locally s‐closed.(b) If f is ν‐continuous (Ganguly and Basu [5]) and X is a locally compact T2‐space, then, Y is locally s‐closed.
Finitely subadditive outer measures, finitely superadditive inner measures and their measurable sets
Authors: Stratigos P. D. 
Published: September 2002

Consider any set X. A finitely subadditive outer measure on P(X) is defined to be
a function v from P(X) to R such that v(ϕ) = 0 and v is increasing and finitely subadditive. A finitely
superadditive inner measure on P(X) is defined to be a function p from P(X) to R such that p(ϕ) = 0 and p is increasing and finitely superadditive (for disjoint unions) (It is to be noted that every finitely
superadditive inner measure on P(X) is countably superadditive).This paper contributes to the study of finitely subadditive outer measures on P(X) and finitely superadditive inner measures on P(X) and their measurable sets.
On manimax theory in two Hilbert spaces
Authors: El-Kholy E. M. , Abdou Hanan Ali 
Published: September 2002

In this paper, we investigated the minimax of the bifunction

urn:x-wiley:01611712:media:ijmm130956:ijmm130956-math-0001

such that

urn:x-wiley:01611712:media:ijmm130956:ijmm130956-math-0002

where
a(..) is a finite symmetric bilinear bicontinuous, coercive form on H1(Ω) and L belongs to the
dual of H1(Ω).In order to obtain the minimax point we use lagrangian functional.
Scaling of Central England temperature fluctuations?
Authors: Syroka Joanna , Toumi Ralf 
Published: September 2002

AbstractCentral England temperature fluctuations are found to be monoscaling with long‐range dependence. Monoscaling can be explained in terms of the dominance of Gaussian temperature advection. Simulations of the UK Meteorological Office Hadley Centre general circulation model do not capture many of these features. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
SLOW INDUCTION OF GELATINASE B mRNA BY ACIDIC CULTURE CONDITIONS IN MOUSE METASTATIC MELANOMA CELLS
Authors: KATO YASUMASA , OZONO SATORU , SHUIN TARO , MIYAZAKI KAORU 
Published: September 2002

AbstractGelatinase B has been thought to be a key enzyme for degradation of extracellular matrix in tumour invasion and metastasis. In this study, we examined the effect of acidic culture medium (pH5.9) on the expression of gelatinase B mRNA in mouse metastatic melanoma cell line (B16‐F10). Using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis, we found that gelatinase B was induced by the acidic culture medium at 24h, and then gradually diminished to 72h. By gelatin zymographic analysis, gelatinase B was first detected at 24h, continued to increase and then reached a plateau at around 48h. These results suggest that the induction of gelatinase B secretion by acidic culture medium occurs as a result of the gene expression.
DECREASE IN ELASTIN GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN FIBROBLASTS DERIVED FROM CARDINAL LIGAMENTS OF PATIENTS WITH PROLAPSUS UTERI
Authors: YAMAMOTO KIYOTAKA , YAMAMOTO MARI , AKAZAWA KENJI , TAJIMA SHINGO , WAKIMOTO HIROAKI , AOYAGI MASARU 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAbnormal connective tissues may be a key factor in the development of pelvic supportive disorders. Elastin gene transcripts and elastin synthesis in cultured fibroblasts derived from cardinal ligaments of patients with prolapsus uteri and compared them with those in fibroblasts from age‐matched control patients were examined. Elastin mRNA steady‐state levels and elastin synthesis were significantly down‐regulated in quiescent fibroblasts from prolapsus uteri patients compared with quiescent control fibroblasts. Although transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1) promoted elastin mRNA and protein levels in fibroblasts from both prolapsus uteri and control patients, the maximum levels of elastin gene transcripts and elastin synthesis in response to exogenous TGF‐β1 were significantly lower in prolapsus uteri fibroblasts than control fibro‐blasts. These results suggest that the marked reduction in elastin gene transcripts and elastin production in fibroblasts cultured from elderly women with prolapsus uteri could lead to a paucity of ligament elastic fibres and thus may contribute to the loss of supportive function in uterine connective tissues.