bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orderly Theories, Disorderly Women
Authors: Watkins Susan Cotts , Rutenberg, Naomi , Wilkinson David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the themes of feminist studies in a variety of fields is the issue of male control over females, particularly over their productive and reproductive labour. Two widespread social changes—the spread of money and the spread of new ideas about fertility regulation and modern contraceptive techniques—are, we suggest, subversive of this control, and have the potential to destabilize the gender balance of power.
Methodological Advances in Studying the Social Context of AIDS in West Africa
Authors: Caldwell John C , Orubuloye, I O , Caldwell Pat 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The African AIDS epidemic has given rise to a need for both anthropological and survey methods of research and for modifications to existing methods because of the great sensitivity of the subject. Only very limited research on sexuality and sexual relations has ever been undertaken in sub-Saharan Africa even by anthropologists. This can hardly be explained by the fact that anthropologists looked upon it as a matter of trivial social importance or as having no significant bearing on other social relationships and behaviour. There are two possible explanations. The first is that they regarded the topic as so sensitive, and perhaps so central, that they believed its investigation would distort their relations with their respondents and hence would be damaging to their other inquiries. The second is that, arising from the nature of their own societies, they had difficulty in coming to terms with research on sexual relations as a serious, and even respectable, study.
Anthropological Insights into the Links between Women’s Status and Demographic Behaviour, Illustrated with the Notions of Hypergamy and Territorial Exogamy
Authors: Basu Alaka M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While the field methods of anthropological demography are increasingly accepted as an important way to increase our understanding of the impact on demographic behaviour of a variable—the status of women—which is today often considered an important key to sustained demographic change, the discipline of anthropology as a whole has much to offer in this understanding. In particular, its value lies in its ability to probe, define, and explain issues involving women’s status, even those with no obvious demographic implications. These issues are captured extremely inadequately by conventional demographic techniques; the excessive quantitative concentration by demographers on the two variables of female education and employment is not at all surprising, given that so much of what constitutes female status (and gender issues in general) is non-quantifiable and often even intangible.
Political Economy and Cultural Processes in the Fertility Decline of Sicilian Artisans
Authors: Schneider Jane , Schneider Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper analyses the transition from high to low fertility of the artisan class in a rural town of the Sicilian interior. The transition occurred between the First and Second World Wars, a time of severe dislocation and economic downturn. We argue that the resulting hardships motivated artisans to want smaller families; yet we do not treat their impressive new commitment to family limitation as a mere economizing gesture, but regard it as reflecting, as well, pan-European cultural processes that contributed to the diffusion of a particular technique of family limitation: coitus interruptus. We ask specifically how the inter-war crisis affected local artisans. In addition, we examine their life ways in relation to both the gender dynamics of this technique and the communications networks carrying news of its contraceptive efficacy. Overall, we hope to present a culturally sensitive, political economy approach to population change.
Social Norms, Natural Fertility, and the Resumption of Postpartum ‘Contact’ in The Gambia
Authors: Bledsoe Caroline , Hill Allan G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Social scientists have long treated normative prescriptions for behaviour as keys to maintaining social order, and departure from these norms as the root of social pathology. Even the father of demography himself, T. R. Malthus, began, after his initial prophesy of population catastrophe (1798), to place more cheerful confidence in the potentials of norms to check population increase—specifically, conjugal norms that supported premarital sexual restraint and discouraged marriage by individuals who could not yet support a family. Malthus, of course, was a minister of the Church as well as an economist and mathematician, so it is perhaps not surprising that he would find hope in normative solutions, especially those with religious backing. Since his time, demography has been adopted more by sociology than by any other field, and normative approaches familiar to sociology and anthropology have dominated many of its explanatory frameworks. Thus, fertility patterns in developing countries are commonly attributed to the influence of traditions or values that entail certain behaviour patterns, while changes in fertility are commonly attributed to the influence of new norms, often those iraparted by Western education, which supplant local norms with modern cosmopolitan ones.
Industrial Reform and Macroeconomic Instability in China
Authors: Kueh Y Y , Chai Joseph C H , Fan Gang 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Is the battle against inflation in China now over? Can Zhu Rongji, the economic guru turned Chinese premier who has successfully reduced the skyrocketing inflation of the mid-1990s to a near zero level, while yet maintaining high economic growth through the new millennium, relax? These are the key questions raised by China's current economic transition towards a market-based system, and they both revolve around the institutional economics that is the focus of this volume. Dealing specifically with the giant state-owned enterprises (SOEs), Industrial Reform and Macroeconomic Instability in China unravels the intriguing dynamics between industrial deregulation and inflation, in the context of China's continuous search for sustained, stable economic growth without runaway inflation. This book is unique among western studies: it addresses the very core, but to date least reformed sector of the Chinese economy. SOEs have monopolized key industrial supplies, commanded the bulk of national investment, disctated much of the nation's credit and finance, and have been the single most important source of state budget revenue. Continually faced with enormous internal wage pressures, all attempts at marketization and price liberalization are inherently inflationary. Based upon an independently, specifically designed set of questionnaires administered to 300 large and medium-scale state industrial enterprises in six major industrial cities, this book provides an in-depth analysis of the first decade of the reforms of the 1980s. The findings are formulated as pointers for understanding the macroeconomic vicissitudes that occurred after the launching of the campaign to create a 'socialist market economy' in the early 1990s. This book will be of use to China analysts, students, and businessmen who are interested in learning about the progress made, the remaining obstacles that the state-owned enterprises face, and their inevitable impact on China's economic growth and stability.
Risk and Migration
Authors: Daveri Francesco , Faini Riccardo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The decision of where to seek work is a crucial determinant of the way labour markets function. If workers are attached to their initial location and reluctant to move to alternative locations, the smooth working of the labour market will be imperilled. Relative labour immobility will indeed result either in long unemployment spells if wages are rigid, or in persistent wage and productivity differentials across locations if wages happen to respond to unemployment. In both cases, however, the market outcome will be inefficient.
V-goods and the Role of the Urban Informal Sector in Development
Authors: Ranis Gustav , Stewart Frances 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The informal sector typically accounts for a high proportion of the work force in developing countries. It is often described as a low-productivity backwater ‘sponge’ which absorbs those who can’t find productive employment in the rural areas or in formal urban activities. In contrast, others suggest that the sector can make an important and indeed increasing contribution to production and income generation. The purpose of this paper is to advance this debate by taking a closer look at the sector itself and analysing its relationships with the rest of the economy.
Promoting the Strong or Supporting the Weak? Technological Gaps and Segmented Labour Markets in Sub-Sahara African Industry
Authors: Navaretti Giorgio Barba 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The fairly extensive literature on sub-Saharan African enterprises provides incontrovertible evidence of duality and a remarkably low rate of graduation from small-scale, low-productivity activities to those involving larger scale and modern technologies. Large numbers of firms with less than five employees survive, in the same industry, along with medium-large firms mostly under foreign or state ownership. While the number of indigenous enterprises has increased rapidly in the 1980s, especially in response to recession, the rate of graduation of firms into larger size has been very low in most African countries. The dynamism of African enterprises in other ways, such as the deepening of local linkages, productivity increase, product or technology diversification, and export performance, has also been low in relation to other industrializing areas. There are few signs that the duality in the industrial structure has been reduced by the modernization of the traditional sector or by diffusion of technology from large to small enterprises.
Labour Allocation under Baochan
Authors: Liu Minquan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a recent contribution to the literature on collective farming, Liu (1994a) argues that, under the classical collective farm system of the Chinese commune type, collective members actively participated in collective production even more than a self-cultivating private farmer would spend time working, but while engaged in this collective work they shirked. In this paper I extend that analysis and show that a reformed collective farm system (RS) could overcome the shirking problem. Liu (1994a) also stresses that the Chinese commune system was able to mobilize vast amounts of additional labour from members for various kinds of agricultural infrastructural investment, and discusses the reasons.
Keynes’s Manuscript On ‘Population’
Authors: Toye John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Keynes’s manuscript on “Population’, the basis of a lecture he delivered on 2 May 1914, was not finally published in any form until 1993, and then only as one small part of the archive of Keynes’s papers that was made available by King’s College, Cambridge in a commercial microfilm version. The cost of this version places it beyond the reach of all except very wellendowed university libraries. Thus, despite the microfilm publication, “Population’ remains a relatively unknown piece of Keynes’s writing, even to the academic world. Now a hard copy edition of it is published for the first time in the Appendix to this chapter.
The Timing of Reforms
Authors: Boeri Tito 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are a few myths about the legacy of the Communist regime. Among these is the belief that the old system had developed a highly qualified labour force. Contrary to such belief, the Communists were everything except good ‘human capitalists’. They overinvested in narrowly based vocational training, forcing most of those entering secondary education to invest in skills that were not ‘fungible’, i.e. not transferable across different jobs. Thus, rather than having jobs attributed according to talent-as implied by the Marxist paradigm-there were a lot of bad matches around. Moreover, workers were stuck in these bad matches, not necessarily by coercive power-workers had much more freedom under Communism to change jobs than is usually thought-but because their skills were non-transferable across jobs. Under the radical transformations that occurred in the Eastern European nations at the beginning of the 1990s, it was very difficult for workers, especially those with long tenures in socialist enterprises, to adjust to new production methods and to shift across occupations or even whole industries.
Contemporary Theories of International Migration
Authors: Massey Douglas S , Arango Joaquín , Hugo Graeme , Kouaouci Ali , Pellegrino Adela , Taylor J Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At present, there is no single theory widely accepted by social scientists to account for the emergence and perpetuation of international migration throughout the world, only a fragmented set of theories that have developed largely in isolation from one another, sometimes but not always segmented by disciplinary boundaries. Current patterns and trends in international migration suggest, however, that a full understanding of contemporary migratory processes will not be achieved by relying on the tools of one discipline alone, or by focusing on a single level of analysis or one conceptual model. Rather, their complex, multifaceted nature requires a sophisticated theory that incorporates a variety of perspectives, levels, and assumptions.
Dimensions Of Sexuality Among Nigerian Men: Implications For Fertility And Reproductive Health
Authors: Orobaton Nosa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Recent studies of sexuality in Africa have tended to focus on women: their knowledge, attitudes, and contraceptive practices. Of late, with the spread of HIV/AIDS, more attention has turned to men, but with particular emphasis on their roles in, and knowledge of, sexually transmitted diseases. These studies typically confine their scope to measurable attributes such as the knowledge of respondents, medical risk factors, frequency of sexual intercourse, and number of children. These measures are useful proxies for describing general parameters of sexuality, but the conditions that surround their production frequently remain obscure. Researchers are paying increasing attention, for example, to young men’s quests for sexual gratification, especially in the era of AIDS. However, the factors and motives that shape the numerical measures reported in demographic studies often remain obscure. In the new domain of male fertility, qualitative studies may be of particular use. This is particularly important in the area of sexuality, where the influences of social and cultural factors are difficult to quantify. It is especially important with respect to married and/or mature men’s motives, wherein there is a tendency to assume that reproduction represents the chief, if not exclusive, goal of male sexuality.
Demographic Patterns of Motherhood and Fatherhood in France
Authors: Toulemon Laurent , Lapierre-Adamcyk Évelyne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There have been dramatic changes in family patterns throughout the industrialized world during the last third of the twentieth century. Whereas the previous century or so was characterized as a period of declining fertility within marriage, with little change in marital behaviour beyond a very slow, longterm increase in divorce, the recent half century has seen changes in the very fabric of the family.
Bolivia’s Tin and Natural Gas Crises, 1985-89
Authors: Morales Juan Antonio 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the negative price shock that affected Bolivia’s two main exports, tin and natural gas, in the second half of the 1980s, and with its effects throughout the economy. The shock started shortly after a drastic stabilisation programme that the government had launched to tame a devastating hyperinflation (unrelated to the trade shock). The interaction of the shock with the anti-inflationary policies gives distinctive features to the Bolivian case. An additional element that distinguishes the Bolivian experience from others is that an ample liberalisation of markets accompanied the stabilisation programme.
Temporary Shocks, Consumption Smoothing and Economic Adjustment: Sri Lanka, 1973-76
Authors: Jayasuriya Sisira 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The large trade shocks experienced by both developed and developing countries during the 1970s and early 1980s associated with oil (and other commodity) price shocks and the discovery of new resource stocks led to the development of the now familiar Dutch Disease literature.1 This pro vided a framework for the analysis of the general equilibrium effects of a shock by decomposing its effects into a relative price effect (‘the resource movement effect’) and an income effect (‘spending effect’). An increase in the price of an exportable, for example, alters its relative price and thereby its relative profitability; this ‘booming sector’ then attracts resources from other sectors and expands.
Class and Gender in Rural Pakistan: Differentials in Economic Activity
Authors: Sathar Zeba , Desai Sonalde 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite substantial gains in per capita income in the last few decades, Pakistan continues to experience sharp inequalities in income. Regional inequalities in income are pronounced and, as Table 7.1 shows, pockets of poverty are concentrated in rural areas (Gazdar, Howes, and Zaidi 1994). While regional inequalities are the subject of continuous concern (Hasan and Pasha 1986; Malik 1991) gender-based inequalities in wealth, control over resources, opportunities for economic activity, and earnings by gender have rarely been addressed.
Taxation and Public Expenditure
Authors: Grafe Clemens , Richter Kaspar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines fiscal aspects of Russia’s trans1t1011 up to 1997, taking into account political and institutional factors1 affecting the fiscal system. Section 2 describes the conditions underlying Russia’s formation as a Federation. Progress in fiscal reforms was subject to political constraints, among them the substantial autonomy of Russian regions. Section 3 discusses conceptual problems of estimating the boundaries of the Russian public sector, and clarifies the choice of our data set. It then considers the changes in the size of the general government sector since the beginning of transition,2 comparing it with other countries. Section 4 describes the reduction of the budget deficit. This chapter refrains from an analysis of the implications of the budget deficit and its financing for monetary policy and the stabilization. These issues are covered in depth in Brigitte Granville’s chapter in this volume. Fiscal consolidation came about despite a continuous decline in government revenues.
Regional Income Differences
Authors: Son Philip Han 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Along with a decline in Russia’s GDP and increased inequality of incomes, the fortunes of Russia’s regions have diverged substantially. At one end of the scale, Moscow city has a booming economy and in the third quarter of 1997 recorded average incomes 9.0 times the locally costed ‘subsistence minimum’ (prozhitochnyi minimum).1 Real income levels in Moscow are probably higher now than they have ever been before. At the other end of the scale, in Ingushetia, Dagestan, and Tyva, average incomes are reported to be below the subsistence level.
Poverty
Authors: Klugman Jeni , Marnie Sheila 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Poverty in Russia is not a phenomenon which arrived with transition, but the economic reforms have been associated with steep rises in the levels and severity of poverty, and changes in the profile of poverty. This chapter reviews available evidence of these changes. We also look at evidence of increasing inequality, using available data on per capital income levels, and at growing inter-regional inequality in the country. We examine the main determinants of poverty in the 1990s, and look at the sections of the population most at risk. The impact of various social transfers on the incidence of poverty among different groups is also examined. The analysis draws together available official data together with the published and unpublished research on the topic that has pro liferated since the transition began.
Multiculturalism and Political Integration in Europe*
Authors: Rex John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Western European countries have become increasingly conscious of multiculturalism as a major structural problem as a result of the presence in these countries of immigrants and of children who in some degree share their parents’ culture. Their models of the dynamics of democratic societies had been developed by liberals and social democrats to deal with the question of social class. They had seen society as developing, either in accordance with the needs of free markets in labour as well as other commodities, or as being based upon a plurality of conflicting class interests reconciled through the mechanism of the welfare state. The problem, however, was that of the integration of new collectivities and new political actors whose motivation and forms of organization did not seem to fit easily into this model.
Intergenerational Transfers and the Economic Life Cycle: A Cross-cultural Perspective
Authors: Lee Ronald D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Reallocations of resources across age and time take place in many ways and for many reasons. Positive interest rates encourage people to defer consumption. This incentive is reinforced by a biocultural-institutional-behavioural need to provide for consumption in old age when productivity falls or retirement occurs, by a desire to leave bequests for children, and by a desire to hedge against future risk. Furthermore, in some settings parents may be able to capture the surplus production of their young children, or their adult children may support them in old age. All these factors tend to make labour earnings exceed consumption at younger ages and for consumption to exceed earnings at older ages, which requires a net upward reallocation of income from younger to older ages. At the same time, however, impatience and uncertainty about survival encourage consumption in advance of earnings. This tendency is reinforced by the costs of rearing children and perhaps by the receipt of bequests. These factors tend to make consumption exceed labour earnings at younger ages, and the reverse at older ages, requiring a downward reallocation of income from older to younger ages.
Eliminators, Marginalists, and the Politics of Disarmament
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Appeals for international disarmament have a long and largely unsuccessful history. They have suffered from four core problems. First, the link between the incidence and intensity of conflict and the availability of weaponry remains uncertain in practice, whatever might be asserted in rhetoric. There are no iron laws at work here. Second, by necessity these appeals must convince political leaders convinced of the honour of their own intentions and the unthreatening nature of their own arsenals. Third, they must reassure these same leaders that attempts at general restraint, however noble in conception, will not provide golden opportunities to miscreant states who have the greatest interest in, and capacity for, cheating. Fourth, such appeals tend to be stronger when it comes to describing the ultimate destination than the mode of travel. It is easier to depict the putative benefits of a disarmed world, and its superiority to all alternatives, than to demonstrate how the processes of disarmament, with all their potential technical and political distractions, will achieve the desired result.