bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Simple Route to Prepare Monofunctionalised 21‐Thia‐, 21,23‐Dithia‐, and 21‐Thia‐23‐oxaporphyrins from Unsymmetrical Thiophene Diols and Their Use in the Synthesis of Covalently Linked Unsymmetrical Porphyrin Dimers
Authors: Punidha Sokkalingam , Agarwal Neeraj , Ravikanth Mangalampalli 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA series of unsymmetrical thiophene diols has been prepared in two steps from thiophene in 16–46 % yields. The unsymmetrical thiophene diols containing functionalised aryl groups were then used as key synthons for the synthesis of a series of monofunctionalised 21‐thia (N3S), 21,23‐dithia (N2S2) and 21‐thia‐23‐oxaporphyrins (N2SO). Condensation of one equivalent of unsymmetrical diol with either two equivalents of aldehyde and three equivalents of pyrrole, one equivalent of symmetrical 16‐thiatripyrrane or one equivalent of symmetrical 16‐oxatripyrrane under standard porphyrin‐forming conditions resulted in monofunctionalised 21‐thia‐, 21,23‐dithia‐ or 21‐thia‐23‐oxaporphyrins in decent yields. This unsymmetrical diol method is simple, versatile and gives an access for the first time to any desired monofunctionalised porphyrins with N3S, N2S2 and N2SO porphyrin cores. The use of monofunctionalised N3S, N2S2 and N2SO porphyrins is further demonstrated by synthesising the first examples of three new covalently linked diarylethyne‐bridged unsymmetrical dimers containing two different porphyrin cores such as N2S2‐N4, N2S2‐N3S and N2S2‐N2SO. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Repetition‐induced changes in BOLD response reflect accumulation of neural activity
Authors: James Thomas W. , Gauthier Isabel 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRecent exposure to a stimulus improves performance with subsequent identification of that same stimulus. This ubiquitous, yet simple, memory phenomenon is termed priming and has been linked to another widespread phenomenon called repetition suppression, which is a repetition‐induced reduction in human brain activation as measured using fMRI. Here, competing models of the neural basis of repetition suppression were tested empirically. In a backward masking paradigm, we found that effectively masked object stimuli showed repetition enhancement of brain activation instead of suppression. This finding is consistent with an Accumulation model, but is inconsistent with a Suppression model of neural activity. Enhanced activation and the improved behavioral performance usually associated with priming are both explained by a shift in peak latency of the population neural activity elicited during identification. Hum. Brain Mapping, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The keys to effective IT auditing
Authors: Petterson Mark 
Published: June 2005

AbstractInformation technology (IT) and systems have become the backbone of almost every organization. So, good IT audits are essential to ensure proper controls, security, and efficient functioning. But it's not easy to implement an IT audit strategy that justifies its cost and promotes effective use of your information systems! What are the keys to doing that? The author of this article has some answers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Excel macros to quicken SOX auditing
Authors: Burnett Royce D. , Friedman Mark 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBecause of Sarbanes‐Oxley (SOX) and other factors, auditors are under tremendous pressure to produce quality testing effectively and efficiently. Often, auditors must manually filter and then copy/paste spreadsheet data. But this is slow and can cause errors. Is there a better way? Yes, say the authors of the article—and they give step‐by‐step instructions for automating the process. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SOX ups the ante for environmental reporting
Authors: Berlin Joseph W. , Goldberg Stephen R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFederal and state laws require environmental cleanup that's often either not recognized or understated in financial statements. But now, the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (SOX) requires management to certify financial statements and internal controls. This makes management criminally liable for proper environmental cleanup reporting! So how should you identify, estimate, and report cleanup liabilities? The authors of this article offer some guidance. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Attaining exponential convergence for the flux error with second‐ and fourth‐order accurate finite‐difference equations. Part 3. Application to electrochemical systems comprising second‐order chemical reactions
Authors: Rudolph Manfred 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis article demonstrates that exponential convergence of the flux error can be attained with second‐ and fourth‐order accurate finite difference equations even for such electrochemical kinetic‐diffusion systems where difficult‐to‐resolve solution structures occur on account of fast second‐order chemical reactions. Thus, as far as the flux is concerned, the simulation of some example models treated in the literature by means of more sophisticated adaptive grid techniques turns out to be as straightforward as the simulation of a simple system under diffusion control. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 1193–1204, 2005
Leuconostoc dextransucrase and dextran: production, properties and applications
Authors: Naessens Myriam , Cerdobbel An , Soetaert Wim , Vandamme Erick J 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis review covers the production, properties and applications of the biopolysaccharide dextran; this biopolymer can be produced via fermentation either with Leuconostoc mesenteroides strains and other lactic acid bacteria or with certain Gluconobacter oxydans strains. The former strains convert sucrose into dextran with the dextransucrase enzyme whereas the latter convert maltodextrins into dextran with the dextran dextrinase enzyme. Emphasis is mainly focused on Leuconostoc strains as producer organisms of dextransucrase and dextran types. In addition to industrial fermentation processes producing the enzymes and/or the dextrans, biocatalysis principles are also being developed, whereby enzyme preparations convert sucrose or maltodextrins, respectively, into (oligo)dextrans. The chemical and physical properties of different dextrans are discussed in detail, together with the characteristics and molecular mode of action of dextransucrase. Subsequently, useful applications of dextran and some problems associated with undesirable formation of dextran are outlined. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Enzymatic esterification of DL‐menthol with propionic acid by lipase from Candida cylindracea
Authors: Lü Zhongxian , Chu Ying , Han Yuchun , Wang Yuanhong , Liu Jinglin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis work deals with the resolution of DL‐menthol with propionic acid by Candida cylindracea lipase (Ccl) in organic solvent reaction systems and a reverse micelles system of sodium 1,4‐bis (2‐ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT). The activity and stability as well as enantioselectivity of the lipase in two systems were studied. The results indicate that the lipase showed higher stability in reverse micelles than in organic solvent, which proved that the reverse micelles system has potential application for maintaining the activity of the enzyme for a long time. This is because lipase molecules can be entrapped in water‐containing micro‐drops of reverse micelles, avoiding direct‐contract with unfavorable organic medium. The enantioselectivity (E > 30, eep = 92.5) in the two systems is relatively high, although the conversion is moderate. The influence of the characteristic parameters of the two systems, such as pH, temperature, w0 (molar ratio of water to AOT in reverse micelles systems) and water content (organic solvent) on the conversion of DL‐menthol was also investigated. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of a plasma‐column antenna using FDTD method
Authors: Lee Yoonjae , Ganguly Suman 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper presents numerical analyses of a plasma‐column antenna using the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) technique. We have simulated simple plasma‐antenna configurations (monopoles) to demonstrate some of their properties. We have evaluated the field distribution around the plasma antenna, current distribution along the plasma column, radiated power, antenna pattern, and antenna impedance of the plasma column antenna. It has been demonstrated that the plasma antenna can operate with characteristics similar to a copper antenna. Furthermore, the alteration of the plasma properties enables the dynamic reconfiguration of the plasma antenna. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 46: 252–259, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20959
Covalent immobilization of albumin on micron‐sized magnetic poly(methyl methacrylate‐divinylbenzene‐glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres prepared by modified suspension polymerization
Authors: Ma Zhiya , Guan Yueping , Liu Xianqiao , Liu Huizhou 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMicron‐sized magnetic poly(methyl methacrylate‐divinylbenzene‐glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres were prepared by a modified suspension polymerization in the presence of oleic acid‐coated magnetite nanoparticles. The magnetic microspheres were functionalized by reacting the epoxy groups with ammonia solution to provide amino groups. After activated with glutaraldehyde (GA), bovine serum albumin was covalently immobilized on these magnetic microspheres. The influence of initial protein concentration, pH and ionic strength of the protein solution on covalent immobilization was studied. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the magnetic microspheres had an average size of 6.4 µm and relative narrow size distribution. Magnetic measurement revealed the magnetic microspheres were superparamagetic with saturation magnetization of 7.32 emu/g. The successful amination of the magnetic microspheres was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New solvent scale applicable to microheterogeneous media
Authors: Batchelor Stephen N. , Oakes John 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA simple alternative solvent scale is suggested using phenylazonaphthol azo dyes which exhibit azo–hydrazone tautomerism, e.g. Orange II, enabling nanopolarities to be measured by UV–visible spectrophotometry. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth of GaP1–xNx thin films by rf sputtering
Authors: Pulzara‐Mora A. , Meléndez‐Lira M. , Jiménez‐Sandoval S. , López‐López M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe have deposited GaP1–xNx thin films on glass substrates by rf sputtering employing a nitrogen–argon atmosphere. The films properties were studied as a function of the growth temperature in the range of 420–520 °C. The films characterization was carried out by absorbance, X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The GaP1–xNx films have a cubic polycrystalline structure with a preferential orientation along the [111] direction; the structural properties of the films are improved by increasing the growth temperature up to 500 °C. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Use of empirical correction terms in calculating ionization constants
Authors: Ulander Johan , Broo Anders 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe have investigated different protocols for calculation of pKa values for drug‐like organic molecules, using quantum mechanical methods. In particular, we examined the role of geometry optimization schemes and the use of empirical correction terms. A general parameterization, common for all compound classes, gave a mean unsigned error of 0.6 pKa units when applied to a test set containing 45 drug molecules. We also investigated the accuracy dependence of separate functional groups with respect to different geometry optimization methods. While heterocyclic compounds showed a consistent improvement with increasing theoretical rigor, other groups, such as amines or carboxylic acids, did not. We also investigated models using local atomic properties, rather than the free energy of solvation of the whole solute, by creating one‐component regression models using simple parameters calculated from the neutral ground state in vacuum. For some functional groups, these regression models showed similar performance as explicit titration calculations using continuum solvent models and explicit treatment of the ionized state. This finding indicates that the limiting factors for many protocols used to calculate pKa shifts may be dominated by noise from the conformational ensemble and inadequate description of the ionic solvated state. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
How do Obstetric Providers Discuss Referrals for Prenatal Genetic Counseling?
Authors: Bernhardt Barbara A. , Haunstetter Carrie Mastromarino , Roter Debra , Geller Gail 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo investigate referrals of pregnant women to genetic counseling, we analysed transcripts from audiotaped first prenatal visits of 104 patients (72 actual patient visits and 32 simulated patient visits) with 32 providers (obstetricians and nurse‐midwives). All patients had at least one indication for referral. Only 10% of visits with actual patients included a genetic counseling referral. When genetic counseling was discussed, it was only briefly described, primarily as an information session. This study shows that the majority of pregnant women with an indication for referral for genetic counseling are not referred. In addition, obstetric providers’ inadequate descriptions of prenatal genetic counseling may result in women being poorly prepared for genetic counseling sessions.
Psychodynamic Theory and Counseling in Predictive Testing for Huntington's Disease
Authors: Tassicker Roslyn J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper revisits psychodynamic theory, which can be applied in predictive testing counseling for Huntington's Disease (HD). Psychodynamic theory has developed from the work of Freud and places importance on early parent–child experiences. The nature of these relationships, or attachments are reflected in adult expectations and relationships. Two significant concepts, identification and fear of abandonment, have been developed and expounded by the psychodynamic theorist, Melanie Klein. The processes of identification and fear of abandonment can become evident in predictive testing counseling and are colored by the client's experience of growing up with a parent affected by Huntington's Disease. In reflecting on family‐of‐origin experiences, clients can also express implied expectations of the future, and future relationships. Case examples are given to illustrate the dynamic processes of identification and fear of abandonment which may present in the clinical setting. Counselor recognition of these processes can illuminate and inform counseling practice.
Security in Pension Provision: A Critical Analysis of UK Government Policy
Authors: RING PATRICK JOHN 
Published: June 2005

The Labour government has often argued that it is attempting to find a ‘third way’ in politics, appearing to take its inspiration from Anthony Giddens and, in relation to Labour's pensions policy, Giddens' notion of ‘positive welfare’.Noting that the government maintains that ‘pensions are all about security’, and that it has declared the importance of this position throughout its reform of UK pension provision, this article critically examines the nature of the ‘security’ its reform is likely to deliver. Using the work of Giddens, it notes the importance of the concept of ontological security, and the relevance of trust to security. From this basis, and drawing upon the work of both Giddens and Niklas Luhmann, it goes on to consider whether the government's reforms of the three pillars of pension provision in the UK – state provision, occupational provision and personal provision – are capable of delivering greater security in pension provision.It concludes that, quite apart from the potential criticisms of the conception of positive welfare itself, the government's apparent adoption of such an approach has failed to appreciate adequately the importance of ontological security to any understanding of welfare. As a consequence, it is suggested that the practical outcome is reform that is likely to create much less security in pension provision than either Giddens' approach, or indeed regular government pronouncements, might suggest.
Effects of lengthening contraction on calcium kinetics and skeletal muscle contractility in humans
Authors: Nielsen J. S. , Madsen K. , Jørgensen L. V. , Sahlin K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAim: We have tested the hypothesis that the altered muscle contractility after lengthening contractions (LC) is caused by altered calcium (Ca2+) kinetics.Methods: Subjects (n = 8) performed 100 drop jumps and muscle contractility was measured pre‐ and post‐exercise by maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and transcutaneous electrical stimulation (1, 20 and 50 Hz). Muscle biopsies were analysed for muscle metabolites, rates of SR Ca2+uptake (CaU) and release (CaR) and myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition.Results: The rates of torque relaxation and CaU were positively related to muscle fibre type composition (% MHC II). Muscle creatine (Cr) decreased and the ratio between phosphocreatine (PCr) and Cr increased 3 and 24 h post‐exercise (P < 0.05 vs. pre‐exercise). LC resulted in reduced MVC (−19%), twitch torque (−41%) and 20/50 Hz torque ratio (−30%) and a faster relaxation rate (P < 0.05). The contractile parameters recovered partially but remained altered 24 h post‐exercise (P < 0.05). The average CaR was unchanged after LC (P > 0.05). However, the response varied between subjects and the relative post‐exercise CaR was significantly related to the degree of LFF (post/pre 20/50 Hz force ratio) and to the decline in twitch force (post/pre twitch ratio). CaU was lower in seven of eight subjects after LC (P > 0.05).Conclusion: The decline in torque after LC could not be explained by metabolic factors since PCr/Cr ratio increased. The relation between CaR and fatigue suggests that the mechanism of fatigue in part may be attributed to intrinsic changes in the SR Ca2+release channel. The faster torque relaxation after LC could not be explained by an increased rate of CaU.
Anti-inflammatory properties of heat shock protein 70 and butyrate on Salmonella-induced interleukin-8 secretion in enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells
Authors: Malago J J , Koninkx J F J G , Tooten P C J , Van Liere E A , Van Dijk J E 
Published: June 2005

Summary
Intestinal epithelial cells secrete the chemokine interleukin (IL)-8 in the course of inflammation. Because heat shock proteins (Hsps) and butyrate confer protection to enterocytes, we investigated whether they modulate Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. serovar Enteritidis)-induced secretion of IL-8 in enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells. Caco-2 cells incubated with or without butyrate (0–20 m M, 48 h) were infected with S. serovar Enteritidis after (1 h at 42°C, 6 h at 37°C) or without prior heat shock (37°C). Levels of Hsp70 production and IL-8 secretion were analysed using immunostaining of Western blots and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The cells secreted IL-8 in response to S. serovar Enteritidis and produced Hsp70 after heat shock or incubation with butyrate. The IL-8 secretion was inhibited by heat shock and butyrate concentrations as low as 0·2 m M for crypt-like and 1 m M for villous-like cells. In a dose-dependent manner, higher butyrate concentrations enhanced IL-8 secretion to maximal levels followed by a gradual but stable decline. This decline was associated with increasing production of Hsp70 and was more vivid in crypt-like cells. In addition, the higher concentrations abolished the heat shock inhibitory effect. Instead, they promoted the IL-8 production in heat-shocked cells even in the absence of S. serovar Enteritidis. We conclude that heat shock and low concentrations of butyrate inhibit IL-8 production by Caco-2 cells exposed to S. serovar Enteritidis. Higher butyrate concentrations stimulate the chemokine production and override the inhibitory effect of the heat shock. The IL-8 down-regulation could in part be mediated via production of Hsp70.
Major immunoreactive domains of human ribosomal P proteins lie N-terminal to a homologous C-22 sequence: application to a novel ELISA for systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Lin J L J , Dubljevic V , Fritzler M J , Toh Ban-Hock 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThe aim of this study was to identify immunoreactive domains on human ribosomal P0, P1 and P2 proteins, other than the C-22 peptide, to develop a novel ELISA using a combination of these proteins and to compare this ELISA with one using the C-22 peptide. Human recombinant P0, P1, P2 and mutant P0 lacking the homologous C-22 peptide (N-P0) were produced in bacteria and tested by ELISA and immunoblotting using sera from 48 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 48 with an unrelated inflammatory disorder (Crohn's disease) and 47 healthy controls. ELISA with P0, P1 and P2, premixed at equimolar concentrations, gave higher OD readings than each protein tested individually. Eighteen SLE sera tested positive by ELISA with premixed P0, P1, P2 but only 3 tested positive with the C-22 peptide. Twenty-two SLE sera reacted positively, as determined by immunoblotting, with 5 different P protein combinations: P1P2, P0P1P2, P1, P0P1, P0 and P1. Only sera reactive with all three P proteins reacted with the C-22 peptide, with absent or minimal reactivity with N-P0. Native antigens yielded sensitivity (6/48, 13%) similar to the C-22 peptide assay. An ELISA with premixed P1 and P2 gave higher OD values than the arithmetic means with P1 or P2. Fifteen SLE patients had antibodies to double stranded (ds)-DNA, of which 6 also had antibodies to P0P1P2 by ELISA but 12 reactive with P0P1P2 did not have discernable ds-DNA antibodies. Ribosomal P autoantibodies react mainly with epitopes N-terminal to a homologous C-22 peptide. An ELISA with premixed P0, P1 and P2 has 5-fold greater sensitivity (38%) for SLE than an assay with the conventional C-22 peptide (7%). The combined sensitivity for SLE for antibodies to P0P1P2 and ds-DNA is 56%, higher than C-22 and ds-DNA, 38%. Only one of the SLE patients had neuropsychiatric lupus.
Innate immune responses in Lyme borreliosis: enhanced tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-12 in asymptomatic individuals in response to live spirochetes
Authors: Sjöwall J , Carlsson A , Vaarala O , Bergström S , Ernerudh J , Forsberg P , Ekerfelt C 
Published: June 2005

SummaryInnate immunity is important for early defence against borrelia spirochetes and should play a role in the clinical outcome of the infection. In order to study early cytokine responses, in vitro differentiated dendritic cells (DCs) and whole blood cells from 21 patients with different clinical outcomes of Lyme neuroborreliosis were stimulated with live borrelia spirochetes. The borrelia-induced secretion of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-12p70, interferon (IFN)-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in DCs and IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-α, regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β and eotaxin in whole blood cells was measured by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) and multiplex arrays, respectively. We found increased numbers of TNF-α-secreting DCs (P = 0·018) in asymptomatic seropositive individuals compared to patients with subacute neuroborreliosis and seronegative controls. Asymptomatic individuals were also found to have elevated levels of IL-12p70 (P = 0·031) in whole blood cell supernatants compared to seronegative controls. These results are in line with previous experiments using cells of the adaptive immune response, indicating that strong T helper type 1 (Th1) proinflammatory responses might be associated with a successful resolution of Lyme disease.