bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal gradient of oligodendrocyte differentiation in chick optic tectum requires brain integrity and cell‐cell interactions
Authors: Galileo Deni S. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe development of oligodendrocytes in the chicken optic tectum (OT) was studied in vivo and in vitro by analyzing expression of myelin‐associated glycoprotein (MAG) with a monoclonal antibody. MAG+ cells first appeared in the anterior OT on embryonic day (E) 12, were present throughout the anterior half on E15, and eventually filled the tectum on E17. This spatiotemporal appearance of MAG+ oligodendrocytes resembled two streams of cells entering the OT along the afferent and efferent axonal layers. However, experiments determined that this appearance of MAG immunoreactivity was the result of a gradient of oligodendrocyte differentiation and was not cell migration. First, retroviral vector labeling of OT progenitors in vivo on E3 resulted in labeled oligodendrocytes in late embryos. In addition, pieces of OT from as early as E3 kept in culture for a week developed numerous MAG+ oligodendrocytes. Pieces of both anterior and posterior E7 OT developed MAG+ oligodendrocytes after 3 days in culture, well ahead of their normal schedule in vivo. BrdU incorporation studies revealed that these cells were not born in culture, but merely differentiated. Monolayer cultures made from dissociated E10 or later OT cells developed MAG+ oligodendrocytes, but monolayers made from E7 OT cells did not. These experiments demonstrate that oligodendrocyte progenitors were present in the OT as early as E3, that they could differentiate precociously, and that their normal progressive differentiation in situ must be due to removal of inhibitory constraints rather than the onset of inductive factors. Also, certain cell‐cell interactions occur between E7 and E10, which cannot be disrupted if oligodendrocyte differentiation is to occur. GLIA 41:25–37, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projections from the posterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala to the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal region in rat
Authors: Kemppainen Samuli , Jolkkonen Esa , Pitkänen Asla 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe posterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala is involved in the processing of pheromonal information and presumably participates in ingestive, defensive, and reproductive behaviors as a part of the vomeronasal amygdala. Recent studies suggest that the posterior cortical nucleus might also modulate memory processing via its connections to the medial temporal lobe memory system. To investigate the projections from the posterior cortical nucleus to the hippocampal formation and the parahippocampal region, as well as the intra‐amygdaloid connectivity in detail, we injected the anterograde tracer phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin into different rostrocaudal levels of the posterior cortical nucleus. Within the hippocampal formation, the stratum lacunosum‐moleculare of the temporal CA1 subfield and the adjacent molecular layer of the proximal temporal subiculum received a moderate projection. Within the parahippocampal region, the ventral intermediate, dorsal intermediate, and medial subfields of the entorhinal cortex received light to moderate projections. Most of the labeled terminals were in layers I, II, and III. In the ventral intermediate subfield, layers V and VI were also moderately innervated. Layers I and II of the parasubiculum received a light projection. There were no projections to the presubiculum or to the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices. The heaviest intranuclear projection was directed to the deep part of layer I and to layer II of the posterior cortical nucleus. There were moderate‐to‐heavy intra‐amygdaloid projections terminating in the bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract, the central division of the medial nucleus, and the sulcal division of the periamygdaloid cortex. Our data suggest that via these topographically organized projections, pheromonal information processed within the posterior cortical nucleus can influence memory formation in the hippocampal and parahippocampal areas. Also, these pathways provide routes through which seizure activity can spread from the epileptic amygdala to the surrounding region of the temporal lobe. Hippocampus 2002;12:735–755. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deterioration in learning and memory of inferential tasks for evaluation of transitivity and symmetry in aged SAMP8 mice
Authors: Ohta Akira , Akiguchi Ichiro , Seriu Naoyuki , Ohnishi Katsunori , Yagi Hideo , Higuchi Keiichi , Hosokawa Masanori 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis study examined age‐dependent deficits in the learning and memory of inferential tasks, using an established senescence‐accelerated mouse model in age‐related brain dysfunction (SAMP8) and its genetically related inbred strain (SAMR1). The mice learned two sets of nonspatial odor‐odor pairs by association learning successively (i.e., A→B, X→Y, then B→C, Y→Z). They were tested in transitive inference (i.e., A→C, X→Z) and symmetrical inference (i.e., C→B, Z→Y). In the probe test of A→C, X→Z transitive inference, 1‐month‐old SAMP8 and control SAMR1 at the same age significantly chose the alternative based on transitive inference, but 4‐ and 7‐month‐old SAMP8 performed at a random chance level, in comparison with unambiguous inference by control SAMR1 at the same ages. During the test of C→B, Z→Y symmetrical inference, SAMP8 at 1 month of age made errors as frequently as control SAMR1 at the same age, but SAMP8 at 4 and 7 months of age made more errors than SAMR1 at the same ages. At 4 and 7 months of age, SAMP8 made more errors than 1‐month‐old SAMP8. Control SAMR1 did not show such an age‐related deficient. These results indicate that SAMP8 mice have age‐related learning and memory deficits in the ability to perform inferential tasks. Age‐related hippocampal dysfunction is suggested to be the cause of these age‐related deficits in old SAMP8 mice during the performance of inferential tasks mediated by declarative memory. Hippocampus 2002;12:803–810. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oculo‐auricular phenomenon secondary to vestibular dysfunction
Authors: Jiménez‐Escrig Adriano , San‐Millan Juan M. , Barón Manuel 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe oculo‐auricular phenomenon consists of coactivation of the ocular rectus lateralis and the posterior muscles of both ears (transverse auriculae and obliquus auriculae muscles). This coactivation produces a bilateral curling of auricles during extreme lateral gaze that can be observed in as much as an 80% of the normal population. We herein describe a 26‐year‐old man who presented a transient oculo‐auricular phenomenon in the course of a vestibular vertigo. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Cooling improves the writing performance of patients with writer's cramp
Authors: Pohl Christoph , Happe Jörg , Klockgether Thomas 
Published: December 2002

AbstractCooling of hand and forearm muscles by immersion in 15°C cold water for 5 minutes improved the writing performance of patients with writer's cramp. Since abnormal processing of muscle spindle afferent discharges contributes to the pathology of writer's cramp, this effect might result from a reduction in muscle spindle activity by lowering muscle temperature. Cooling is a simple, cheap, and safe procedure, providing temporary relief for patients with writer's cramp. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Polymorphisms in iron‐responsive binding protein 2 and lack of association with sporadic Parkinson's disease
Authors: Lee Pauline L. , Gelbart Terri , West Carol , Halloran Carol , Sipe Jack C. , Beutler Ernest 
Published: December 2002

AbstractMice with targeted disruptions in the iron‐responsive binding protein 2 (IRP2) gene accumulate iron in distinct regions of the brain and develop neurodegenerative characteristics resembling Parkinson's disease after 6 months of age. To determine whether polymorphisms in IRP2 predispose humans to Parkinson's disease (PD), we sequenced the IRP2 gene of subjects with sporadic PD and normal controls. Three polymorphisms which result in an amino acid change were identified: L159V, F272L, and T560I. The L159V and T560I polymorphisms, identified in an African‐American PD subject, were found in the African‐American population at an allele frequency of 0.102 (n = 1,236) and 0.111 (n = 1,228), respectively, and were not associated with an increased prevalence of PD. The F272L polymorphism was found in a normal 58‐year‐old, Caucasian subject whose father had PD, but it was not observed in 38 additional patients with sporadic PD. The F272L polymorphism occurred at an allele frequency of 0.0014 (n = 1,384) in the normal Caucasian population. Additional F272L heterozygous subjects identified in the normal population did not have a family or personal history of PD. We conclude that these IRP2 polymorphisms do not play an important role in the development of sporadic cases of PD. It remains to be determined whether other polymorphisms in IRP2 play a role in familial PD. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Resource use and costs in a Swedish cohort of patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Hagell Peter , Nordling Sara , Reimer Jan , Grabowski Martin , Persson Ulf 
Published: December 2002

AbstractWe estimated resource use and costs in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), thereby providing baseline data for future economic evaluations of therapeutic interventions. Data were collected from medical records of a South Swedish cohort of 127 PD patients during 1 year (1996) and a mailed questionnaire inquiring about cost‐related consequences and resource use in 1996 and in 2000. Annual costs were calculated based on prevalence and expressed in SEK (monetary value of the year 2000). Direct health care costs averaged approximately SEK 29,000 (≈USD 2,900; EUR 3,200) per patient per year, of which drugs were the most costly component. Nonmedical direct costs were higher than direct health care costs, averaging approximately SEK 43,000 (≈USD 4,300; EUR 4,800) per patient per year, and costs due to lost production were approximately SEK 52,000 (≈USD 5,200; EUR 5,800) per patient per year. The mean total annual cost for PD in our sample approximated SEK 124,000 (≈USD 12,400; EUR 13,800) per patient. These findings are roughly within the same range as estimates from other countries and show that PD causes a considerable societal burden. In addition to other outcomes, evaluations of the economic implications of new therapeutic interventions are highly warranted. In this perspective, the present study provides valuable baseline data. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Athetosis II: The syndrome of mild athetoid cerebral palsy
Authors: Morris John G.L , Grattan‐Smith Padraic , Jankelowitz Stacey K. , Fung Victor S.C. , Clouston Paul D. , Hayes Michael W. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractWe describe 8 patients who presented with continuous, irregular movements occurring independently in individual fingers and, in some cases, toes, in the setting of mild dystonia present since early childhood and not associated with major disability. The finger movements varied from low‐amplitude quivering or wriggling to larger amplitude movements in the plane of abduction–adduction as well as flexion–extension; they were asymmetrical but not unilateral. Quivering or working of the facial muscles was seen in 5 patients. Most patients reported worsening of the movements over the years, but there was no other evidence of a progressive neurological disease. We classify the movement disorder as athetosis as described by Hammond and Shaw and the syndrome as mild athetoid cerebral palsy. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Presumed rapid eye movement behavior disorder in Machado‐Joseph disease (spinocerebellar ataxia type 3)
Authors: Friedman Joseph H. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractRapid eye movement behavior disorder (RBD) is a recently recognized sleep disorder in which patients are occasionally not paralyzed during the dream portions of sleep. When not idiopathic, this state has been associated primarily with parkinsonian conditions but also with a small number of medications and other neurodegenerative disorders. Dopamine deficiency may play a role in some patients. This report describes the occurrence of a syndrome that appears to be RBD in 6 of 7 patients followed with Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (Machado‐Joseph disease). Polysomnography was normal in 1 patient. Two of these patients had had single photon emission computed tomographic imaging of the dopamine transporter 1 year previously. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Tc‐99m ethylene cysteinate dimer SPECT in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism
Authors: Feigin Andrew , Antonini Angelo , Fukuda Masafumi , De Notaris Roberta , Benti Riccardo , Pezzoli Gianni , Mentis Marc J. , Moeller James R. , Eidelberg David 
Published: December 2002

AbstractPositron emission tomography (PET) and network analysis have been used to identify a reproducible pattern of regional metabolic covariation that is associated with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). The activity of this PD‐related pattern can be quantified in individual subjects and used to discriminate PD patients from atypical parkinsonians. Because PET is not commonly available, we sought to determine whether similar discrimination could be achieved using more routine single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion methods. Twenty‐three subjects with PD (age, 63 ± 9 years), 22 subjects with multiple system atrophy (MSA; age, 64 ± 7 years), and 20 age‐matched healthy controls (age, 62 ± 13 years) underwent SPECT imaging of regional cerebral perfusion with Tc‐99m ethylene cysteinate dimer (ECD). Using network analysis, we determined whether a PD‐related pattern existed in the SPECT data, and whether its expression discriminated PD from MSA patients. Additionally, we compared the accuracy of group discrimination achieved by this pattern with that of the PET‐derived PD‐related pattern applied to the SPECT data. Network analysis of the SPECT data identified a significant pattern characterized by relative increases in cerebellar, lentiform, and thalamic perfusion covarying with decrements in the frontal operculum and in the medial temporal cortex. Subject scores for this pattern discriminated PD patients from controls (P < 0.01) and from MSA patients (P < 0.03). Subject scores for the PET‐derived PD‐related pattern computed in the individual SPECT scans more accurately distinguished PD patients from controls (P < 0.005) and from MSA patients (P = 0.0002). A significant PD‐related covariance pattern can be identified in SPECT perfusion data. Moreover, the disease related pattern identified previously with PET can be applied to individual SPECT perfusion scans to provide group discrimination between PD patients, healthy controls, and individuals with MSA. Because of significant individual subject overlap between groups, however, the clinical utility of this method in the differential diagnosis of Parkinsonism remains uncertain. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Hereditary chin trembling: A new family with exclusion of the chromosome 9q13‐q21 Locus
Authors: Grimes David A. , Han Fabin , Bulman Dennise , Nicolson Mary Lou , Suchowersky Oksana 
Published: December 2002

AbstractHereditary chin trembling is a rare autosomal dominant condition that has been linked to chromosome 9q13‐21 in one kindred. We describe a four‐generation family with this condition and, using linkage analysis, have excluded the 9q13‐21 region as causing the chin trembling in this family. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Unilateral pallidal stimulation for segmental cervical and truncal dystonia: Which side?
Authors: Escamilla‐Sevilla Francisco , Mínguez‐Castellanos Adolfo , Arjona‐Morón Ventura , Martín‐Linares José María , Sánchez‐Álvarez Juan Carlos , Ortega‐Morenoa Angel , García‐Gómez Teresa 
Published: December 2002

AbstractWe present a 24‐year‐old man with idiopathic segmental cervical and truncal dystonia of juvenile onset. His condition improved after unilateral stimulation of the internal globus pallidus ipsilateral to the contracting sternocleidomastoid muscle. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Juvenile parkinsonism as a manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: García‐Moreno José Manuel , Chacón José 
Published: December 2002

AbstractInvolvement of the central nervous system in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been well described. It usually includes psychiatric disturbance, seizures, and cranial nerve disorders. Movement disorders are less common, chorea being the one most frequently described. A parkinsonian syndrome may be an extremely rare manifestation of cerebral lupus. We report on a case of juvenile parkinsonism as a manifestation of SLE and review the literature. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Stimulation of cannabinoid receptors reduces levodopa‐induced dyskinesia in the MPTP‐lesioned nonhuman primate model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Fox Susan H. , Henry Brian , Hill Michael , Crossman Alan , Brotchie Jonathan 
Published: December 2002

AbstractLong‐term treatment with levodopa in Parkinson's disease results in the development of motor fluctuations, including reduced duration of antiparkinsonian action and involuntary movements, i.e., levodopa‐induced dyskinesia. Cannabinoid receptors are concentrated in the basal ganglia, and stimulation of cannabinoid receptors can increase γ‐aminobutyric acid transmission in the lateral segment of globus pallidus and reduce glutamate release in the striatum. We thus tested the hypothesis that the cannabinoid receptor agonist nabilone (0.01, 0.03, and 0.10 mg/kg) would alleviate levodopa‐induced dyskinesia in the 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (MPTP) ‐lesioned marmoset model of Parkinson's disease. Coadministration of nabilone (0.1 mg/kg) with levodopa was associated with significantly less total dyskinesia (dyskinesia score, 12; range, 6–17; primate dyskinesia rating scale) than levodopa alone (22; range, 14–23; P < 0.05). This effect was more marked during the onset period (0–20 minutes post levodopa). There was no reduction in the antiparkinsonian action of levodopa. Furthermore, the intermediate dose of nabilone used (0.03 mg/kg) increased the duration of antiparkinsonian action of levodopa by 76%. Thus, cannabinoid receptor agonists may be useful in the treatment of motor complications in Parkinson's disease. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Entacapone‐Induced Hepatotoxicity and Hepatic Dysfunction
Authors: Fisher Alexander , Croft‐Baker James , Davis Michael , Purcell Patrick , McLean Allan J. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractWe describe 2 patients with Parkinson's disease who developed hepatotoxicity associated with the use of entacapone, a novel, mainly peripheral acting inhibitor of catechol‐D‐methyltransferase. Hepatotoxicity resolved rapidly with discontinuation of the drug. Analysis of causality in a further case initially linked to entacapone exposure was confounded by conflicting serial adverse reaction reports. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Consequences of nitric oxide generation in epileptic‐seizure rodent models as studied by in vivo EPR
Authors: Kaneko Kenshi , Itoh Kouichi , Berliner Lawrence J. , Miyasaka Kazuo , Fujii Hirotada 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe role of nitric oxide (NO) in epileptogenesis was studied in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)‐treated animals using in vivo and ex vivo EPR spectroscopy. NO generation was measured directly in the brain of a PTZ‐induced mouse in vivo by an L‐band EPR spectrometer. An elevation in NO production in the brain was observed during convulsions, and more NO was generated in the tonic seizure vs. the clonic seizure. NO content in several brain tissues (including the cerebral cortex (CR), cerebellum (CL), olfactory bulb (OB), hippocampus (HI), and hypothalamus (HT)) of PTZ‐doped rats was analyzed quantitatively ex vivo by X‐band EPR. To test the involvement of NO in seizure development, pharmacological analyses were performed using the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine (L‐NNA), NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine (L‐NMMA), and 3‐bromo‐7‐nitroindazole (3Br‐7NI). All of these inhibitors suppressed the convulsions, holding them at the clonic level, and prevented development of a tonic convulsion in rats doped with up to 80 mg/kg PTZ. 3Br‐7NI completely inhibited NO production, but L‐NNA and L‐NMMA showed only 70% inhibition of NO production in PTZ‐doped rats. In order to examine the contributions of NO in convulsions, rats were treated with anticonvulsants (phenytoin and diazepam) before PTZ treatment. Both drugs completely suppressed tonic convulsion in PTZ‐doped rats at doses up to 80 mg/kg, but NO levels were similar to those detected in a clonic convulsion. These results support the notion that NO does not directly induce a clonic convulsion, but may be generated as a consequence of onset of seizure. Magn Reson Med 48:1051–1056, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Finite difference time domain (FDTD) method for modeling the effect of switched gradients on the human body in MRI
Authors: Zhao Huawei , Crozier Stuart , Liu Feng 
Published: December 2002

AbstractNumerical modeling of the eddy currents induced in the human body by the pulsed field gradients in MRI presents a difficult computational problem. It requires an efficient and accurate computational method for high spatial resolution analyses with a relatively low input frequency. In this article, a new technique is described which allows the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method to be efficiently applied over a very large frequency range, including low frequencies. This is not the case in conventional FDTD‐based methods. A method of implementing streamline gradients in FDTD is presented, as well as comparative analyses which show that the correct source injection in the FDTD simulation plays a crucial rule in obtaining accurate solutions. In particular, making use of the derivative of the input source waveform is shown to provide distinct benefits in accuracy over direct source injection. In the method, no alterations to the properties of either the source or the transmission media are required. The method is essentially frequency independent and the source injection method has been verified against examples with analytical solutions. Results are presented showing the spatial distribution of gradient‐induced electric fields and eddy currents in a complete body model. Magn Reson Med 48:1037–1042, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transient relationships among BOLD, CBV, and CBF changes in rat brain as detected by functional MRI
Authors: Wu Gaohong , Luo Feng , Li Zhu , Zhao Xiaoli , Li Shi‐Jiang 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe transient relationship between arterial cerebral blood flow (CBFA) and total cerebral blood volume (CBVT) was determined in the rat brain. Five rats anesthetized with urethane (1.2 g/kg) were examined under graded hypercapnia conditions (7.5% and 10% CO2 ventilation). The blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) contrast was determined by a gradient‐echo echo‐planar imaging (GE‐EPI) pulse sequence, and CBVT changes were determined after injection of a monocrystalline iron oxide nanocolloid (MION) contrast agent using an iron dose of 12 mg/kg. The relationship between CBVT and CBFA under transient conditions is similar to the power law under steady‐state conditions. In addition, the transient relationship between CBVT and CBFA is region‐specific. Voxels with ≥15% BOLD signal changes from hypercapnia (7.5% CO2 ventilation) have a larger power index (α = 3.26), a larger maximum possible BOLD response (M = 0.85), and shorter T (32 ms) caused by deoxyhemoglobin, compared to voxels with <15% BOLD signal changes (α = 1.82, M = 0.16, and T = 169 ms). It is suggested that the biophysical model of the BOLD signal can be extended under the transient state, with a caution that α and M values are region‐specific. To avoid overestimation of the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen changes seen using fMRI, caution should be taken to not include voxels with large veins and a large BOLD signal. Magn Reson Med 48:987–993, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.