bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canine role in dental wear patterns: Macaca nemestrina
Authors: Butler Ronald J. , Bernstein Irwin S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA study of variables and patterns in dental wear among 30 individuals in a colony of Macaca nemestrina shows that consideration of age and sex are crucial for understanding differential wear degrees on molar occlusal planes. With advanced age, this species of non‐human primate undergoes obliteration of initial morphological characteristics through the gradual erosion of enamel. Wear gradients are differential from PM1‐M3 in both sexes. It appears that there is a functional relationship between degrees of occlusal plane wear and the degree of wear on the canines, and that females show a greater degree of wear changes relative to males of equivalent age because of initial differences in canine length and robusticity due to sexual dimorphism. It appears that there is a direct relationship between occlusal wear plane changes and the degree of wear on the canines, with advanced differential wear showing up in individuals in whom years of maxillary canine honing, canine damage, and the normal wear of mastication has reduced dimensions of unworn permanent canines. Other considerations included in this study are the honing functions of the deciduous first mandibular molars and molar cusp height relative to canine function.
Sagittal cresting in the South African australopithecines
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe evidence for sagittal cresting, and more generally the position of the temporal lines is reviewed in the South African australopithecine sample. The position of the lines is dependent on both the allometric relation of the masticatory apparatus to cranial size and on individual variation. In the Swartkrans specimens, with generally bigger body size, the influence of allometry predominates, actually overshadowing the influence of individual variation. At Sterkfontein and Makapansgat with generally smaller body size and a resulting smaller allometric ratio, individual variation has a greater influence. Of the eleven adult South African specimens, the four largest are crested. The one smaller crested specimen comes from Sterkfontein. The crested Makapan specimen is intermediate in size. The pattern of australopithecine cresting is somewhat different from other hominoids, and is part of a total morphological pattern suggesting adaptation to a diet requiring powerful crushing during mastication.
Brain size and intelligence in man
Authors: van Valen Leigh 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAlthough estimates of brain weight are useless in prediction of individual intelligence in man, the available data (none of them entirely adequate) suggest that the real correlation may be as high as 0.3. Evaluation of causes suggests the participation of a direct effect. Natural selection on intelligence at a current estimated intensity suffices to explain the rapid rate of increase of brain size in human evolution. Selection on birth weight may also suffice for this. It does not seem overly difficult to estimate directly the relationships among brain weight, intelligence, and fitness.
An examination of the meaning of cranial discrete traits for human skeletal biological studies
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDiscrete traits are of increasing interest in comparative skeletal biological research. Characteristics justifying their use have been investigated primarily in mice, however. Using 72 discrete variants, 321 human skulls from the Terry Collection of known race, sex and age have been studied. Significant sex and age differences were detected. Inter‐trait correlation was found to be at a low but significant overall level. Multivariate comparison with conventional craniometric analysis was undertaken on subdivisions of the sample, and distance based on metric and nonmetric data were concordant. It is concluded, on the basis of these findings and the discontinuous variant frequency distributions, that discrete traits in isolation are not of paramount value to skeletal genetic studies, but may be vital in comparison and conjunction with other types of data in analyzing the population genetics of extinct groups.
Genetic studies in the Markham Valley, northeastern Papua New Guinea: Gamma globulin (Gm and Inv), group specific component (Gc) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) typing
Authors: Schanfield M. S. , Giles Eugene , Gershowitz H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractGenetic studies in the Markham Valley, northeastern Papua New Guinea: Gamma globulin (Gm and Inv), group specific component (Gc) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) typing. M. S. Schanfield, Eugene Giles and H. Gershowitz, Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104.Immunoglobulin allotyping was carried out on 680 serum samples from inhabitants of the Markham Valley, Papua New Guinea (seven villages speaking the same Melanesian [MN] language and a single Papuan [PAP] speaking village). Family and population data verified the presence of Gmag, and Gmafb among the MN speakers and Gmag, Gmaxg, Gmab and Gmafb among the PAP speakers. The frequency of Gmag was between 0.048 and 0.235, while the frequency of Gmab was between 0.427 and 0.627 and the frequency of Gmafb ranged between 0.261 and 0.424 among the seven MN villages; the single PAP village had frequencies of 0.568, 0.160, 0.213 and 0.059 for Gmag, Gmaxg, Gmab and Gmafb respectively. The frequency of Inv1 ranged between 0.034 and 0.095 in the MN villages and 0.014 in the PAP village. The rare occurrence of Gm(x) without Gm(g) could be studied in three families. In an MN family the presence of Gm(x) without Gm(g) was explained by the presence of a Gmaxfb haplotype, while in two PAP families the presence of Gm(x) without Gm(g) was explained by the abnormally weak expression of Gm(g) in a Gmaxg haplotype.A total of 654 sera were typed for Gc, with the seven MN villages ranging between 0.350 and 0.650 for Gc1, 0.312 and 0.575 for Gc2 and between 0.017 and 0.112 for GcAb; the single PAP village had a value of 0.627 for Gc1, 0.165 for Gc2 and 0.208 for GcAb.A total of 693 sera were tested for ceruloplasmin type. All showed the common Cp(b) phenotype.
The genetic structure of a tribal population, the Yanomama Indians. XII. Biodemographic studies
Authors: Neel James V. , Weiss Kenneth M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe Yanomama Indians of Southern Vanezuela and Northern Brazil are one of the largest, relatively unacculturated tribes of the tropical rain forest. Over a period of eight years data have been collected from a considerable portion of their territory on estimated age, sex ratio, fertility rates (as determined by physical examination and urine tests), and infant death rates. Although it has been impossible to collect direct data on infanticide, this subject can be approached indirectly through distortions of the sex ratio and anecdotal information. Some historical data are also available as a basis for estimating tribal expansion in the past 100 years. With this material it has been possible to construct Life Tables for the Yanomama, and to explore the results of various perturbations of the input parameters.Data are also presented on patterns of mating and reproduction: number of spouses, mean and variance in number of surviving children, frequency of “extra‐marital conceptions” based on the results of extensive blood group typings, and consanguinity rates as determined by observation and computer simulation.Although we do not present the Yanomama as typical, these data are seen as providing a basis for more realistic population models than have existed in the past. In addition, the data provide a basis for relatively precise estimates of such demographic measures as Fisher's Reproductive Value, Crow's Index of Total Selection, and Weiss' Index of Growth Regulation.
Sex and genetic differences in hair color changes during early childhood
Authors: Matheny Adam P. , Dolan Anne Brown 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHair color was assessed routinely from three months to six years for children participating in a longitudinal study of twins: 169 female twin pairs, 161 male pairs, and 60 opposite‐sex pairs. Age trends, established by sampling only one member of every pair, showed marked changes in hair color for both sexes, but there was a consistent excess of light‐haired males and dark‐haired females. Within‐pair concordance rates were calculated for same‐sex pairs whose zygosity had been determined independently through blood‐typing. A high rate of concordance was found for MZ twins at every age in spite of the general change in hair color, indicating a strong genetic influence in the timing of color changes. The results are discussed in terms of accelerated maturation of females, and the need for genetic models of the inheritance of hair color which are age‐ and sex‐specific.
Septal apertures in the humerus of normal and experimental rats
Authors: Riesenfeld Alphonse , Simon Mark 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSeptal apertures of the humerus are rare in wild and domesticated rats but their occurrence is more frequent in females than in males and on the left than on the right side. Septal apertures can be produced experimentally by hypophysectomy due to an extreme reduction of the thickness of the septal wall. Other endocrine ablations, starvation and unilateral front leg paralysis do not produce a sufficient reduction of septal wall thickness to cause septal apertures. Their occurrence is also not correlated with total humeral robusticity. Thus, the manifestations of septal apertures in a non‐specialized mammal such as the rat do not differ from those in higher primates.
Papago Indian admixture and mating patterns in a mining town: A genetic cauldron
Authors: Lamb Neven P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractProblems of delineation of population units and sub‐units and the poor fit of genetic models make populations with high mobility and low stability difficult to analyze by present means. Examination of three processes—in‐migration, admixture, and dispersal—as well as the mate selection factors involved in out‐mating and changing population boundaries are suggested as alternate procedures in these cases. The Papago Indian community of Ajo, Arizona, is characterized by historical instability, an in‐migration rate of 72.3%, a dispersal rate of 20.6%, and an admixture rate of 36.7%. Inmigrant parents continue to come from all parts of the reservation, reservation ties are strong, and families often fragmented between reservation and Ajo homes. For these and other reasons the community cannot be delineated as a population unit nor incorporated into models of subdivided populations. Ajo's function as a cauldron in which genes are mixed and from which they are scattered is evident in sharp increases in the percentage of mixed Papagos among residents and out‐migrants. Among the latter more than twice as many mixed Papago leave Ajo as entered in the parental generation. Mate selection factors possibly involved in admixture are considered.
Otosclerotic stapedial footplate fixation in an 18th century burial
Authors: Birkby Walter H. , Gregg John B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFixation of the footplate of the stapes by otosclerosis has been found in the left ear of a probable Spaniard who died about 200 years ago and was buried in the Tucson Presidio. Previous studies on North and South Dakota American Indian crania of about the same time period did not demonstrate any stapedial fixation in 2,600 burials (4,064 temporal bones), 1,416 of which were over 16 years of age at death. The Tucson burial would indicate that this abnormality can be demostrated in old interred skeletal material. Our other studies suggest that this disease process was not common in the prehistoric and historic Indian populations of the Dakotas.
Magnitude of sex differences in dichotomous ossification sequences of the hand and wrist
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Poznanski Andrew K. , Larson Kay E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAmong the dichotomous (present/absent:absent/present) ossinication sequences individually ascertained in 3059 boys and girls with at least one but not more than 27 ossification centers of the hand and wrist, 54 such sequences exhibit statistically‐significant sex differences in frequency, 32 of them at the 1% confidence level or better. Analyzed by regions (rows and rays, epiphyses and round bones), ten centers, primarily distals and those of the first digit, account for the majority of the significant sex differences.
A factor analysis of morphogenetic fields in the human dentition
Authors: Lombardi A. Vincent 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe traditional morphogenetic fields of the human dentition were evaluated by means of factor analysis of dental dimensions taken from a series of human crania. When crown length, crown width and crown index were considered separately, factors emerged which could be identified with the tooth group fields. But a combined crown length‐crown width analysis generated factors which extended beyond the regional tooth groups. Crown width itself was revealed to be an important axis of morphologic intergration. It was concluded that univariate methods are not adequate for identifying morphogenetic fields; the teeth must be treated as multidimensional units where the correlation among dimensions is accounted for.
Hominid teeth and their relationship to hominid phylogeny
Authors: Read Dwight W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHominid fossil teeth are analyzed in terms of size and shape and contrasted with teeth from a modern population to determine boundaries that can be placed on a reconstruction of the hominid phylogeny. Teeth alone are considered as they are the only material preserved in large enough quantities to measure population variability accurately. Problems with the use of indices such as size and shape as species markers are discussed. Conclusions that are made about possible phylogenies are based on the analysis of size and shape.
Cusp size, sexual dimorphism, and heritability of cusp size in twins
Authors: Biggerstaff Robert H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOverall measures of mandibular molars reflect the combined size contributions of the component cusps and ridges. Until now, the size hierarchy of primary and permanent mandibular molar cusps remained unclear. This paper utilizes the relative plane surface areas (basal area dimensions) of the individual molar cusps, as assays of cusp size to demonstrate cusp size variations within populations, antimere cuspal variations, sexual dimorphism, and the heritability of cusp size. Duplicate dental casts from 199 pairs of like‐sexed twins provide the raw data. Defined anatomic landmarks on the occlusal surfaces were reduced to X‐Y rectangular coordinates prior to the computation of the basal areas dimensions. The results establish a cusp size hierarchy specific for molar type, i.e., five‐cusped molars with a distal fovea and distal marginal ridge (5fd), five‐cusped molars without a distal fovea and without a distal marginal ridge (5o), and four‐cusped molars (4c). Sexual dimorphism in cusp size in apparent in 5fd molar cusps but not in 5o molar cusps. However, males have a significantly higher frequency of 5fd molars. Females have a higher frequency of smaller 5o and 4c molars which have fewer crown components. Moreover, female 5o molars have cusps as large as or larger than 5o male molar cusps. Right‐side‐left‐side differences exist between antimere cusps based on relatively low correlations. The mirroring of molar types occurs infrequently. When observed, most intrapair differences for cusp size, using F‐ratios, indicate a low component of hereditary variability.
The skeletal correlates of behavioral modification in the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus)
Authors: Siegel Michael I. , Jones Cynthia L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe effects of behavioral modification on the skeletal morphology of the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) are investigated. Climibing, with increrased prehensile use of the foot, is found to bring about significant changes in metatarsal and long bone morphology. Differences in metatarsal robusticity related to weight‐bearing differences associated with different locomotor patterns are reported for a natural history setting for Peromyscus.
The skin of primates. XLIV. Numerical taxonomy of primate skin
Authors: Grant Philip G. , Hoff Charles J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractData on 84 characteristics of the skin of 36 species of primates were extracted from a series of articles describing the histological and histochemical properties of the skin of primates. The data were subjected to a cluster analysis. The results were in reasonably good agreement with orthodox primate taxonomies although some exceptions were apparent. The species clustered into four main groups approximately comparable to Prosimii, Cercopithecoidea, Ceboidea, and Hominoidea. The internal arrangements of the Prosimii, Cercopithecoidea, and Hominoidea are commensurate with standard taxonomic practice. Within the Ceboidea, however, the Atelinae and Alouattinae tend to group with the Hominoidea, Aotus and Saimiri show variable placements, and Callimico groups with the Callithricidae.
Morphometric analysis of Cartesian coordinates of the human skull
Authors: Benfer Robert A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA method for locating the three dimensional coordinates of cranial landmarks with respect to the Frankfort, midsagittal, and coronal planes is presented. Sliding calipers were used to obtain the distances from left and right porion and apex to each landmark, except for a few points where spreading calipers are required. In the present example, 35 landmarks (for a total of 105 measurements) were located for each of 35 Peruvian precolumbian skulls. These distances were entered into a program (SKULL) which calculates the Cartesian coordinates of each landmark. The XYZ coordinates of each landmark contain all the information necessary for calculation of the distances between any two landmarks, and these distances may also be obtained as output from program SKULL, if desired (595 distances if all 35 landmarks are used).Reliability of the location of coordinates was determined by comparing computed distances among selected landmarks from program SKULL with traditional anthropometric measurements. Satisfactory agreements were found. Direct multivariate analysis of the coordinates of the landmarks produced insights not available in traditional multivariate analysis of conventional anthropometric measurements.
Cranial dysraphism mistaken for trephination
Authors: Stewart T. D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAttention is called to a disputed diagnosis of trephination reported for a perforated skull of a prehistoric New England Indian. The perforation, surrounded by a saucer‐like depression, is located exactly in the midline just in front of bregma. The finding of a similar lesion in a prehistoric Indian skull from the North Coast of Peru — where, as in New England, good evidence of the practice of trephination is lacking — provides support for a more reasonable diagnosis for both cases: congenital cranial dysraphism, specifically encephalocele. Information about dysraphic states from modern clinical experience is summarized.
Albert Damon's contributions to engineering anthropology
Authors: Hertzberg H. T. E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe work by physical anthropologists in general, and by Albert Damon in particular, for U. S. flying personnel during World War II led to anthropological improvements in the combat effectiveness, safety and comfort of aircrewmen important in the outcome of that conflict. The efforts of those men created the foundations of a new profession, Engineering Anthropology, which has become an essential part of an even broader movement, Human Factors Engineering (or Ergonomics in Europe) in modern technology.
New hominids from East Rudolf, Kenya, I
Authors: Day M. H. , Leakey R. E. F. , Walker A. C. , Wood B. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractImportant new hominid fossils from the Plio‐Pleistocene sediments of Lake Rudolf, Kenya, are described. They include: a partial, adult cranium with most of the calvaria and some of the facial skeleton preserved; a complete right femur; and bones of a single left lower limb — femur and upper and lower parts of the tibia and a small portion of fibula. Detailed comparative descriptions will be published later.
Secular trend in body size among college athletes
Authors: Polednak Anthony P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHeight and weight were compared across five birth decades (1850–1899) among 1,121 Harvard atheletes who were letternmen in various sports. There were considerable differences in the magnitude of the secular trend among the sport categories (crew, baseball, football, track, ice hockey, and two or more sports). Comparing the 1890–1899 and 1860–1869 birth‐cohort samples, football lettermen were 2.6 inches (6.6 cm) taller (p < 0.001) and 20 pounds (9.1 kg) heavier (p < 0.001). Crew lettermen were 2.6 inches taller (p < 0.001) and 8.5 pounds (3.9 kg) heavier (p < 0.05). For lettermen in other sports, changes in mean height and weight were smaller in magnitude. Differential selection for body size may explain the differences in the magnitude of the secular trend when analzyed by specific sport.
Estimation of race admixture—A new method
Authors: Chakraborty Ranajit 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe contribution of a parental population in the gene pool of a hybrid population which arose by hybridization with one or more other populations is estimated here at the population level from the probability of gene identity. The dynamics of accumulation of such admixture is studied incorporating the fluctuations due to finite size of the hybrid population. The method is illustrated with data on admixture in Cherokee Indians.
Congenital defects of the upper lateral incisors (ULI): Condition and measurements of the other teeth, measurements of the superior arch, head and face
Authors: Le Bot Pierre , Salmon Denise 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe surveyed a French male population for the incidence of missing or reduced upper lateral incisors (ULI). In 5,738 subjects, we observed an incidence of 1.59% with one or two reduced ULI (the other normal) and 1.90% with one or two missing ULI (the other normal or reduced), altogether, 3.49% affected subjects. Furthermore, 250 random controls were observed. Agenesis of other teeth is more frequent in propositi. Missing third molars were 12.4% in controls, 24.0% in propositi with reduced ULI and 39.6% in propositi with two missing ULI. Furthermore, agenesis of incisors, canines and premolars ranges from 0.4% in controls to 1.3% in propositi having reduced ULI and 5.0% in propositi with two missing ULI. So, propositi with reduced ULI are intermediate between the controls and the propositi with missing ULI with respect to the frequency of agenesis of other teeth.On the other hand, a different ranking is observed with respect to the teeth measurements: reduction of tooth size is more marked in propositi with reduced ULI than in propositi with missing ULI. The reduction mainly affects canines, incisors and to a lesser degree, premolars. Arch length and interpremolar diameters are smaller in propositi with missing ULI, compared with controls.