bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Structure and Properties of a Mononuclear and an End‐On Double Azido‐Bridged Copper(II) Complex Incorporating an N,N,N,O‐Coordinating Tripodal Ligand
Authors: Sarkar Sumana , Mondal Amrita , Ribas Joan , Drew M. G. B. , Pramanik Kausikisankar , Rajak Kajal Krishna 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe blue coloured complex [Cu(HL)(H2O)(ClO4)]ClO4·H2O·MeOH (1·H2O·MeOH) has been synthesised in excellent yields by reacting Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O with N,N‐bis(2‐methylpyridyl)(3,5‐dimethyl‐2‐hydroxybenzyl)amine (HL) in methanol. The same reaction, when carried out in the presence of sodium azide, afforded a dark‐blue complex of formula [Cu2(HL)2(μ‐1,1‐N3)2](ClO4)2 (2). The crystal and molecular structures of the complexes have been solved. Variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibility data in the range of 2−300 K for 2 reveal the existence of an antiferromagnetic interaction through an end‐on azido linker. Temperature‐dependent susceptibility studies for 2 were fitted using the Bleaney−Bowers expression, which led to the parameters J = −3.2 cm−1, g = 2.12 and R = 2.14 × 10−4. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Slow Electron Self‐Exchange in Spite of a Small Inner‐Sphere Reorganisation Energy − The Electron‐Transfer Properties of a Copper Complex with a Tetradentate Bispidine Ligand
Authors: Comba Peter , Kerscher Marion , Roodt Andreas 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe electron self‐exchange rate of [Cu(L)(OH2)]2+/1+, kexp11 (298.13 K) = 15 ± 11 m−1s−1 {L = dimethyl 3,7‐dimethyl‐9oxo‐2,4‐bis(2‐pyridyl)‐3,7‐diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane‐1,5‐dicarboxylate}, was determined by a cross reaction. The analysis, based on classical Marcus theory, indicates that this relatively slow rate is to a large extent due to enthalpic terms (ΔG‡,exp11 = 62.8 ± 3.5 kJ·mol−1, ΔH‡,exp11 = 36.0 ± 2.7 kJ·mol−1 and ΔS‡,exp11 = −92 ± 10 J·mol−1K−1). The activation entropy is significant but not unusually large and the calculated outer‐sphere reorganization energy, ΔG*,calcout = 20.5 kJ·mol−1, is at least of the same order of magnitude as the calculated inner‐sphere reorganisation energy ΔG*,calcin = 18.6 kJ·mol−1, i.e. the deformation of the solvent sheath is a major reason for the slow electron transfer rate. This is believed to be due to the highly elastic coordination geometry which leads to little strain upon distortion enforced by the electron transfer but to comparably large structural changes and, hence, to a large outer‐sphere reorganisation term. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Tungsten Wires: A New Class of Microelectrochemical Sensors
Authors: Valentini F. , Orlanducci S. , Tamburri E. , Terranova M. L. , Curulli A. , Palleschi G. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis paper reports the fabrication and the outstanding performance characteristics of novel microelectrodes consisting of tungsten (W) wires coated with homogeneous layers of single‐walled C nanotubes (SWNT). A series of studies using cyclic voltammetry indicate that the SWNT‐modified W electrodes possess interesting electrochemical features. In fact, they are able to catalyse electron transfer reactions involving a series of inorganic and biological molecules. These electrodes are characterized by a fast electron transfer, a wide working potential window, and a low background current. Moreover they demonstrate excellent reproducibility, good stability in various chemical media, and very high sensitivity towards a series of inorganic and organic compounds. The SWNT modified microelectrodes have been tested for the capacity to electrochemically detect ferrocene monocarboxylic acid and potassium hexacyanoferrate as well of a series of interesting biological molecules which include catechol, caffeic acid, DOPAC, ascorbic acid, L‐tyrosine, acetaminophen, guanine, uric acid, and the neurotransmitters dopamine, epinephrine, and serotonin (5‐HT) hydrochloride. The advantages of the SWNT‐modified W electrodes are illustrated by comparing their analytical performance with that of conventional electrodes.
Contactless Conductivity Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis: A Review
Authors: Kubáň Pavel , Hauser Peter C. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe popularity of contactless conductivity detection in capillary electrophoresis has been growing steadily over the last few years. Improvements have been made in the design of the detector in order to facilitate its handling, to allow easy incorporation into available instruments or to achieve higher sensitivity. The understanding of its fundamental working principles has been advanced and the detection approach has also been transferred to lab‐on‐chip devices. The range of applications has been extended greatly from the initial work on small inorganic ions to include organic species and biomolecules. Concurrent determination of cations and anions by dual injection from opposite ends has been demonstrated as well as sample introduction by using flow‐injection systems for easy automation of the process.
Finite element methods based on a new formulation for the non‐stationary incompressible Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Lin Ping , Chen Xianqiao , Ong Ming Tze 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA new formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations is introduced to solve incompressible flow problems. When finite element methods are used under this formulation there is no need to worry whether Babuska–Brezzi condition is satisfied or not. Both velocity and pressure can be obtained separately and the pressure can be simply obtained by a substitution. Moreover, fully explicit time integration can be applied for easy implementation. Implementation issues are discussed and a couple of flow examples are simulated. Parallel implementation based on domain decomposition is incorporated as well. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequent deletions at 12q14.3 chromosomal locus in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Patel Hemantkumar S. , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Bueso‐Ramos Carlos E. , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Haidar Mohammad A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractCytogenetic abnormalities at the 12q12‐q14 chromosomal locus are rarely detected in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). To examine submicroscopic deletions at this locus, we analyzed 78 adult precursor B‐ and T‐cell ALL cases [27 with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)–negative B‐cell ALL, 20 with Ph‐negative B‐cell ALL with expression of one or two myeloid markers, 18 with Ph‐positive B‐cell ALL, and 13 with T‐cell ALL] using a panel of 13 microsatellite (MST) markers that span the 12q12–q14.3 region. The status of MST markers was evaluated by use of polymerase chain reaction performed with fluorescence‐labeled primers and automated fragment analysis. The MST marker analyses showed submicroscopic deletions at the 12q14.3 locus in 20 of the 78 ALL cases (26%). The frequency of deletions was highest in Ph‐negative B‐cell ALL (13 of 27, 48%) compared with that in Ph‐negative B‐cell ALL with expression of myeloid markers (4 of 20, 20%), Ph‐positive B‐cell ALL (2 of 18, 11%), and T‐cell ALL (1 of 13, 8%). Deletion frequencies of MST markers along the 12q12–q14.3 locus suggest that the targeted gene of deletion is located within a 170‐kb region bordered by the markers D12S1504 (approximately 65 kb upstream of HMGA2) and D12S1509 (in intron 3 of HMGA2) at the 12q14.3 locus. These submicroscopic deletions at the 12q14.3 locus may play a role in the pathogenesis of ALL, particularly in Ph‐negative precursor B‐cell ALL. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Drosophila tudor is essential for polar granule assembly and pole cell specification, but not for posterior patterning
Authors: Thomson Travis , Lasko Paul 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPole cells and posterior segmentation in Drosophila are specified by maternally encoded genes whose products accumulate at the posterior pole of the oocyte. Among these genes is tudor (tud). Progeny of hypomorphic tud mothers lack pole cells and have variable posterior patterning defects. We have isolated a null allele to further investigate tud function. While no pole cells are ever observed in embryos from tud‐null mothers, 15% of these embryos have normal posterior patterning. OSKAR (OSK) and VASA (VAS) proteins, and nanos (nos) RNA, all initially localize to the pole plasm of tud‐null oocytes and embryos from tud‐null mothers, while localization of germ cell‐less (gcl) and polar granule component (pgc), is undetectable or severely reduced. In embryos from tud‐null mothers, polar granules are greatly reduced in number, size, and electron density. Thus, tud is dispensable for somatic patterning, but essential for pole cell specification and polar granule formation. genesis 40:164–170, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimating mean QALYs in trial‐based cost‐effectiveness analysis: the importance of controlling for baseline utility
Authors: Manca Andrea , Hawkins Neil , Sculpher Mark J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn trial‐based cost‐effectiveness analysis baseline mean utility values are invariably imbalanced between treatment arms. A patient's baseline utility is likely to be highly correlated with their quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) over the follow‐up period, not least because it typically contributes to the QALY calculation. Therefore, imbalance in baseline utility needs to be accounted for in the estimation of mean differential QALYs, and failure to control for this imbalance can result in a misleading incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio. This paper discusses the approaches that have been used in the cost‐effectiveness literature to estimate absolute and differential mean QALYs alongside randomised trials, and illustrates the implications of baseline mean utility imbalance for QALY calculation. Using data from a recently conducted trial‐based cost‐effectiveness study and a micro‐simulation exercise, the relative performance of alternative estimators is compared, showing that widely used methods to calculate differential QALYs provide incorrect results in the presence of baseline mean utility imbalance regardless of whether these differences are formally statistically significant. It is demonstrated that multiple regression methods can be usefully applied to generate appropriate estimates of differential mean QALYs and an associated measure of sampling variability, while controlling for differences in baseline mean utility between treatment arms in the trial. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elemental distributions and microtensile bond strength of the adhesive interface to normal and caries‐affected dentin
Authors: Nakajima Masatoshi , Kitasako Yuichi , Okuda Mamiko , Foxton Richard M. , Tagami Junji 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and the elemental contents of the adhesive interface created to normal versus caries‐affected dentin. Extracted human molars with coronal carious lesions were used in this study. A self‐etching primer/adhesive system (Clearfil Protect Bond) was applied to flat dentin surfaces with normal and caries‐affected dentin according to the manufacturer's instructions. After 24 h water storage, the bonded specimens were cross‐sectioned and subjected to a μTBS test and electron probe microanalysis for the elemental distributions [calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and nitrogen (N)] of the resin–dentin interface after gold sputter‐coating. The μTBS to caries‐affected dentin was lower than that of normal dentin. The demineralized zone of the caries‐affected dentin–resin interface was thicker than that of normal dentin (approximately 3 μm thick in normal dentin; 8 μm thick in caries‐affected dentin), and Ca and P in both types of dentin gradually increased from the interface to the underlying dentin. The caries‐affected dentin had lost most of its Mg content. The distributions of the minerals, Ca, P, and Mg, at the adhesive interface to caries‐affected dentin were different from normal dentin. Moreover, a N peak, which was considered to be the collagen‐rich zone resulting from incomplete resin infiltration of exposed collagen, was observed to be thicker within the demineralized zone of caries‐affected dentin compared with normal dentin. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 72B: 268–275, 2005
Zirconia to Ti‐6Al‐4V braze joint for implantable biomedical device
Authors: Jiang Guangqiang , Mishler Delta , Davis Ross , Mobley Jon Phil , Schulman Joseph H. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA strong, hermetic, reliable, and biocompatible ceramic‐to‐metal seal is essential for many implantable medical devices. Yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y‐TZPs) and a titanium alloy Ti‐6Al‐4V were selected as the ceramic and metal components of the seal because both materials have excellent mechanical properties and favorable biocompatibility. A brazing method using titanium nickel (TiNi)‐clad braze filler material is presented to bond the components together forming a seal. Laboratory tests show that the ceramic‐to‐metal seal is hermetic, strong, and resistant to electrochemical corrosion. Twenty‐eight microstimulators utilizing the ceramic‐to‐metal seals were implanted in seven sheep to stimulate the hypoglossal nerve. When the tissue was evaluated by gross inspection at necropsy and examined histologically by a pathologist, there were no signs of local hemorrhage, infection, or hypoglossal nerve tissue damage. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 72B: 316–321, 2005
Thermosensitivity of Optically Active Hydrogels Constructed with N‐(L)‐(1‐hydroxymethyl)propylmethacrylamide
Authors: Aoki Takashi , Muramatsu Mika , Nishina Akino , Sanui Kohei , Ogata Naoya 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSummary: We previously reported on the water soluble, optically active polymer, poly[N‐(L)‐(1‐hydroxymethyl)propylmethacrylamide] (P(L‐HMPMA)), which has lower critical solution temperatures of approximately 30 and 21 °C upon heating and cooling, respectively. The phase separation behavior of the P(L‐HMPMA)‐water binary system has a reversible and clear hysteresis during heating and cooling cycles. The present study describes the thermosensitive properties of the optically active polymer and its hydrogel. Circular dichroism and microcalorimetric measurements of the polymer in water supported the hypothesis that the soluble polymer chains might be compactly folded with an interaction between optically active side chains. In addition, these measurements showed the polymer chains in a state of relatively low hydration compared to that of P(D,L‐HMPMA), which was free‐radically synthesized from racemates of monomers. The solution properties reflected the swollen‐shrunken behavior of corresponding hydrogels in response to temperature changes. The microscopic observation of aqueous polymer solutions and hydrogels also confirmed that the optically active properties of polymer chains affect their structure and thermosensitivity.SEM micrograph of the surfaces of the crosslinked P(L‐HMPMA).magnified imageSEM micrograph of the surfaces of the crosslinked P(L‐HMPMA).
Critically Evaluated Rate Coefficients for Free‐Radical Polymerization, 5,
Authors: Asua José M. , Beuermann Sabine , Buback Michael , Castignolles Patrice , Charleux Bernadette , Gilbert Robert G. , Hutchinson Robin A. , Leiza José R. , Nikitin Anatoly N. , Vairon Jean‐Pierre , van Herk Alex M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSummary: Propagation rate coefficients, kp, for free‐radical polymerization of butyl acrylate (BA) previously reported by several groups are critically evaluated. All data were determined by the combination of pulsed‐laser polymerization (PLP) and subsequent polymer analysis by size exclusion (SEC) chromatography. The PLP‐SEC technique has been recommended as the method of choice for the determination of kp by the IUPAC Working Party on Modeling of Polymerization Kinetics and Processes. Application of the technique to acrylates has proven to be very difficult and, along with other experimental evidence, has led to the conclusion that acrylate chain‐growth kinetics are complicated by intramolecular transfer (backbiting) events to form a mid‐chain radical structure of lower reactivity. These mechanisms have a significant effect on acrylate polymerization rate even at low temperatures, and have limited the PLP‐SEC determination of kp of chain‐end radicals to low temperatures (<20 °C) using high pulse repetition rates. Nonetheless, the values for BA from six different laboratories, determined at ambient pressure in the temperature range of −65 to 20 °C mostly for bulk monomer with few data in solution, fulfill consistency criteria and show excellent agreement, and are therefore combined together into a benchmark data set. The data are fitted well by an Arrhenius relation resulting in a pre‐exponential factor of 2.21 × 107 L · mol−1 · s−1 and an activation energy of 17.9 kJ · mol−1. It must be emphasized that these PLP‐determined kp values are for monomer addition to a chain‐end radical and that, even at low temperatures, it is necessary to consider the presence of two radical structures that have very different reactivity. Studies for other alkyl acrylates do not provide sufficient results to construct benchmark data sets, but indicate that the family behavior previously documented for alkyl methacrylates also holds true within the alkyl acrylate family of monomers.Arrhenius plot of propagation rate coefficients, kp, for BA as measured by PLP‐SEC.magnified imageArrhenius plot of propagation rate coefficients, kp, for BA as measured by PLP‐SEC.
Advancing from subjective to confirmatory personal introspection in consumer research
Authors: Woodside Arch G. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractResearch findings support the view that a multiple‐methods approach is necessary to surface the substantial amount of relevant thinking processes that occur both consciously and unconsciously within different phases of consumer decision making. This article advocates viewing all studies that ask informants questions as representative of researcher–informant introspections. Because answers to questions differ substantially depending on how the questions are framed, applying multiple, explicit, question frames to acquire conscious and unconscious thoughts in researcher–informant introspections is helpful. This article reviews multiple methods, including metaphor elicitation of unconscious thinking, useful for achieving and confirming thick descriptions of conscious and unconscious thinking associated with informants' deep‐seated beliefs and observable actions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exploring the role of memory for self‐selected ad experiences: Are some advertising media better liked than others?
Authors: Shavitt Sharon , Vargas Patrick , Lowrey Pamela 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAdvertising media are associated with different degrees of self‐selected versus intrusive ad experiences. The role of such media differences in attitudes toward advertising was explored in a nationwide survey. The survey provides a national picture of attitudes toward specific ad media ranging from advertising media that deliver highly self‐selected ad experiences (catalogs and business classifieds) to highly intrusive ones (TV). A total of 2,514 adults were surveyed regarding their opinions about ads in (1) TV, (2) radio, (3) catalogs, (4) business classifieds, (5) out‐of‐home, or (6) advertising in general. Media that allow for self‐selected experiences, where perceived interest in an ad is the basis for attention to it, were evaluated much more favorably than more intrusive advertising media. Catalogs and business classifieds elicited the most favorable opinions; TV advertising elicited the least, and these media differences generally cut across demographic lines. Also, although more educated and affluent consumers generally held less favorable views of advertising, preliminary results suggested that this did not hold true for media that allow for self‐selected processing. An additional study suggested that memory for advertisements plays a significant role in the evaluation of a self‐selected ad medium (catalogs). That is, consumers' strongest memories are for those ads to which they paid the most attention, and consequently these engaging ads have a disproportionate influence on opinions toward the ad medium. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An approximate method for evaluating the shear band thickness in saturated soils
Authors: Lu X. B. , Shuyun Wang , Yihua Wang , Cui Peng 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA formula for the thickness of a shear band formed in saturated soils under a simple shear or a combined stress state has been proposed. It is shown that the shear band thickness is dependent on the pore pressure properties of the material and the dilatancy rate, but is independent of the details of the combined stress state. This is in accordance with some separate experimental observations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical behaviour and failure of cohesive granular materials
Authors: Delenne Jean‐Yves , El Youssoufi Moulay Saïd , Cherblanc Fabien , Bénet Jean‐Claude 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe investigate the stress–strain behaviour and failure of a cohesive granular material both by experiments and numerical simulations. The material is an assembly of aluminium rods glued together by means of an epoxy resin. The behaviour of cohesive bonds (force–displacement relationship, failure conditions) is characterized by performing simple loading tests (tension/compression, shear…) on a couple of rods. Then, this local behaviour is introduced in a numerical code based on a discrete element method in order to perform numerical compression tests on large samples. The validation of this approach was the main goal of the present investigation that is essentially achieved by a direct comparison between the numerical results and similar experimental tests. As a basic application, we derive the macroscopic cohesion and friction characteristics of random cohesive materials by systematic numerical simulations in a biaxial geometry. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entwicklung der Beta‐Blocker: Ein historischer Rückblick
Authors: Hein Lutz 
Published: October 2004

AbstractEin wesentlicher Meilenstein der Forschung, der den Weg für die Entwicklung von β‐Blockern bereitete, war die funktionelle Beschreibung von α‐ und β‐Rezeptoren. Raymond Ahlquist stellte 1948 die Hypothese auf, dass die verschiedenen biologischen Effekte der endogenen Katecholamine Adrenalin und Noradrenalin durch zwei verschiedene Typen von Rezeptoren, nämlich α‐ und β‐Rezeptoren vermittelt werden.
Klinischer Einsatz von Beta‐Blockern bei kardiovaskulären Indikationen: Neue Therapiestudien
Authors: Maack Christoph , Böhm Michael 
Published: October 2004

Abstractβ‐Adrenozeptor‐ (β‐AR‐)Antagonisten (β‐Blocker) haben seit langem einen festen Platz in der Behandlung der arteriellen Hypertonie (Primärprävention) sowie der koronaren Herzkrankheit, insbesondere nach einem Myokardinfarkt (Sekundärprävention). Erst seit wenigen Jahren sind die β‐Blocker Carvedilol, Bisoprolol und Metoprolol auch zur Behandlung der chronischen Herzinsuffizienz zugelassen.
Pharmakoökonomische Überlegungen zu Beta‐Blockern: Wirtschaftliche Therapie‐Aspekte
Authors: Lemmer Björn 
Published: October 2004

AbstractDer GKV‐Arzneimittelumsatz im Jahre 2002 betrug 22,7 Mrd. Euro, dabei war ein Anstieg von 6,5 % gegenüber dem Vorjahr festzustellen. Unter den 20 führenden Indikationsgruppen, die etwa 77 % der gesamten Verordnungen und 70 % des Umsatzvolumens ausmachen, lag an Stelle 2 die Gruppe der β‐Adrenozeptor‐Antagonisten/Calcium‐Kanal‐Blocker/Angiotensin‐Rezeptor‐Antagonisten [1a]. Damit stellen diese kardiovaskulär wirksamen Pharmaka einen bedeutsamen Anteil an den Arzneimittelkosten dar. An dieser Stelle soll auf die Gruppe der β‐Adrenozeptor‐Antagonisten (β‐Blocker) näher eingegangen werden.