bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanoanalysis by a high‐resolution energy filtering transmission electron microscope
Authors: Mitome Masanori , Bando Yoshio , Golberg Dmitri , Kurashima Keiji , Okura Yoshihiro , Kaneyama Toshikatsu , Naruse Mikio , Honda Yoshiaki 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAn energy‐filtering transmission electron microscope with 300 kV acceleration voltage was developed and the spatial resolution of elemental distribution images was improved. Observing oxygen monolayers in Al11O3N9, it was shown that the actual resolution attained is up to 0.5 nm. Surface plasmon loss images of silver particles were taken with a resolution of better than 0.4 nm. Furthermore, the sensitivity is sufficiently high to distinguish indium content differences of 2.5 atomic percent in InxAl1‐xAs. This performance is good enough to analyze elemental distribution with atomic‐level resolution. Furthermore, since analysis with the energy‐filtering microscope is easy and practical, nanoanalysis may come into wide use not only in academic fields but also in industry. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:140–148, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploring the method of optical dating and comparison of optical and 14C ages of Late Weichselian coversands in the southern Netherlands
Authors: Vandenberghe D. , Kasse C. , Hossain S. M. , De Corte F. , Van Den Haute P. , Fuchs M. , Murray A. S. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA study was made of the applicability of three different techniques for equivalent dose (De) determination in the optical dating of quartz: the single‐aliquot regenerative‐dose technique (SAR), the single‐aliquot additive‐dose technique (SAAD) and the multiple‐aliquot additive‐dose technique (MAAD). For this purpose, quartz grains were extracted from a sequence of Upper Pleniglacial to Late‐glacial coversands exposed at the locality of Ossendrecht in the southwestern Netherlands, a site for which both radiocarbon and earlier luminescence dates are available, providing independent age control.Upon testing the different assumptions underlying each of the three OSL techniques investigated, the SAR protocol was found to be the technique of choice. The optical ages obtained with this protocol were in good agreement with the chronostratigraphical position of the sediments investigated and with the available chronostratigraphical information on the same and equivalent deposits. This confirms the suitability of the SAR technique for dating coversands. Furthermore, a small laboratory intercomparison of SAR‐based De determinations yielded results that were in fair overall agreement. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Periglacial trimlines and nunataks of the Last Glacial Maximum: the Gap of Dunloe, southwest Ireland
Authors: Rae Alaric C. , Harrison Stephan , Mighall Timothy , Dawson Alastair G. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractDuring the last main phase of glaciation (26–13 ka) an ice‐cap developed in southwest Ireland and ice, from a dispersal centre in the vicinity of Kenmare, flowed north through the Gap of Dunloe in the Macgillycuddy's Reeks. On surrounding hillsides a weathering limit separates ice‐moulded bedrock, on low ground, from frost‐weathered terrain above. Assessment of bedrock dilation joint characteristics, Schmidt hammer R‐value data and clay‐sized mineral contents of basal soil samples, demonstrate significant contrasts in the degree of weathering above and below this limit. The weathering limit declines in altitude along former ice flow‐lines and is confluent with morainic deposits on the eastern side of the Gap. This supports the assertion that the high‐level weathering limit is a periglacial trimline that marks the former maximum upper limit of the body of ice which occupied the Gap of Dunloe during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Reconstruction of the former ice‐surface profile from periglacial trimline limits on the eastern side of the Gap yields a mean estimate for basal shear stress of 106.5 kPa. This value suggests that the ice mass which occupied the Gap of Dunloe at the LGM was warm based and flowed on a bedrock substrate. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A precisely‐dated lake‐level rise marked by diatomite formation in northeastern Ireland
Authors: Plunkett G. M. , Whitehouse N. J. , Hall V. A. , Brown D. M. , Baillie M. G. L. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe intercorrelation of palaeoclimate events from various studies is often hindered by a lack of precise chronological control. Tephra isochrons can overcome this problem by providing direct site linkages. This paper outlines a study of Holocene peat and diatomite deposits that accumulated within the floodplain of Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland. The Icelandic Hekla 4 tephra has been identified at the base of diatomite deposits at a number of sites and provides firm dating evidence for a widespread flooding event in the area at ca. 2300 BC. The evidence is consistent with other studies in Ireland and elsewhere for increased wetness at this time. The results demonstrate that the terrestrial deposits around Lough Neagh contain an important record of Holocene lake‐level change. Dendrochronological evidence from the Lough Neagh area provides additional information about lake‐level fluctuations over the past two millennia. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multiproxy study of a basal till: a time‐transgressive accretion and deformation hypothesis
Authors: Larsen Nicolaj K. , Piotrowski Jan A. , Kronborg Christian 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA two‐part basal till at Knud Strand, Denmark reveals a uniform fabric pattern and strength, petrographical composition and clay mineralogy. The nature of the contact with the underlying sediments, ductile deformation structures, partly intact soft sediment clasts, small meltwater channels and thin horizontal outwash stringers dispersed in the till indicate both bed deformation and basal decoupling by pressurised subglacial water. A time‐transgressive model is suggested to explain the lack of vertical gradation in till properties in which debris released from the active ice sole is sheared in a thin zone moving upward as till accretion proceeds. It is suggested that, although strain indicators occur throughout the entire till thickness, the deformation at any point of time encompassed the uppermost part of the till only, allowing preservation of fragile clasts below. The substantial thickness of the till (up to 6 m) coupled with a much smaller (by more than one order of magnitude) inferred thickness of the deforming bed suggests that the bulk of till material was transported englacially prior to deposition. The lack of petrographical gradation in the till is attributed to effective mixing and homogenisation of material along the ice flow path. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dehydrocyanation of cultivars of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L) and its effect on tryptophan content
Authors: Ihimire IG , Eguavoen IO , Onimawo IA 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThree cultivars (red, black and white) of lima bean were studied to determine the best medium in which to cook them in order to reduce their hydrocyanic acid content to tolerable levels. The study also investigated the effects of processing media on the trytophan content of lima beans. Samples of each cultivar were parboiled in each of three media, 0.94 M HCl, 0.47 M H2SO4 and distilled water, for various times. Portions of each cultivar were also parboiled in the three media after enzyme incubation. Boiled samples were dried, pulverised and analysed for cyanide and tryptophan contents. There were 96.82, 99.78 and 99.62% reductions in cyanide content of the red cultivar after boiling in water, dilute HCl and dilute H2SO4 respectively for 30 min. The corresponding values for the white cultivar were 96.39, 99.59 and 94.77% respectively. Dehydrocyanation was more effective in enzyme‐incubated samples when they were parboiled in dilute mineral acids. The residual cyanide content in enzyme‐incubated samples was below tolerable limits after 30 min of treatment. However, the longer the parboiling time, the higher was the trytophan loss. Therefore parboiling for 30 min in dilute HCl will produce the desired result of insignificant residual cyanide content and minimal tryptophan loss in all samples. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Antinutritional and/or toxic factors in soybean (Glycine max (L) Merril) seeds: comparison of different cultivars adapted to the southern region of Brazil
Authors: Becker‐Ritt Arlete B , Mulinari Fernanda , Vasconcelos Ilka M , Carlini Célia R 
Published: January 2004

AbstractSoybean (Glycine max (L) Merril) seeds are known to contain different proteins displaying antinutritional and/or toxic effects, such as soybean agglutinin (an N‐acetylgalactosamine‐specific lectin), proteinase inhibitors (Kunitz‐ and Bowman–Birk‐type trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors) and urease (seed and tissue isoforms). Two other toxic proteins were previously isolated from soybeans, soyatoxin (21 kDa) and soybean toxin (18.4 kDa), which are immunologically related to canatoxin, a toxic protein from Canavalia ensiformis (jackbean) seeds. In this work we have screened crude extracts from seeds of six different soybean cultivars, which together represent most of the crop harvested in the southern region of Brazil, for the presence of urease, trypsin inhibitory and haemagglutination activities, intraperitoneal toxicity in mice and immunoreactivity against anti‐canatoxin antibodies. Significant differences were found in the contents of proteinase inhibitors, lectin, urease activity and lethality in mice. The relevance of these findings to the agronomic qualities and to the choice of soybean cultivars to be used as food or feed is discussed. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
The effects of irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer and grain size on Hagberg falling number, specific weight and blackpoint of winter wheat
Authors: Clarke Matthew P , Gooding Mike J , Jones Steve A 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe effects of irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilizer on Hagberg falling number (HFN), specific weight (SW) and blackpoint (BP) of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L) were investigated. Mains water (+50 and +100 mm month−1, containing 44 mg NO3− litre−1 and 28 mg SO42− litre−1) was applied with trickle irrigation during winter (17 January–17 March), spring (21 March–20 May) or summer (24 May–23 July). In 1999/2000 these treatments were factorially combined with three N levels (0, 200, 400 kg N ha−1), applied to cv Hereward. In 2000/01 the 400 kg N ha−1 treatment was replaced with cv Malacca given 200 kg N ha−1. Irrigation increased grain yield, mostly by increasing grain numbers when applied in winter and spring, and by increasing mean grain weight when applied in summer. Nitrogen increased grain numbers and SW, and reduced BP in both years. Nitrogen increased HFN in 1999/2000 and reduced HFN in 2000/01. Effects of irrigation on HFN, SW and BP were smaller and inconsistent over year and nitrogen level. Irrigation interacted with N on mean grain weight: negatively for winter and spring irrigation, and positively for summer irrigation. Ten variables derived from digital image analysis of harvested grain were included with mean grain weight in a principal components analysis. The first principal component (‘size’) was negatively related to HFN (in two years) and BP (one year), and positively related to SW (two years). Treatment effects on dimensions of harvested grain could not explain all of the effects on HFN, BP and SW but the results were consistent with the hypothesis that water and nutrient availability, even when they were affected early in the season, could influence final grain quality if they influenced grain numbers and size. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
The prognostic significance of margin width for extremity and trunk sarcoma
Authors: Mc Kee Mark D. , Liu Dong Feng , Brooks John J. , Gibbs John F. , Driscoll Deborah L. , Kraybill William G. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTo evaluate the significance of resection margin for soft tissue sarcoma (STS), we determined local recurrence‐free interval (LRFI), distant metastases‐free interval (DMFI), and overall survival (OS) for primary extremity and truncal STS with clear margins (≥10 mm), close margins (1–9 mm), and positive margins (0 mm).MethodsPatients were evaluated via review of charts and tumor specimens.ResultsAmong 111 patients, tumors were predominantly high grade (86%), ≥5 cm (76%), and deep (81%). A minority of patients received adjuvant radiation (38%) and/or adjuvant chemotherapy (34%). Margin width was ≥10 mm (48%), 1–9 mm (40%), or 0 mm (12%). Margins ≥10 mm were less common for large (P = 0.009) or deep (P = 0.02) tumors. By multivariate analysis, independent factors for LRFI were tumor size (P = 0.04) and margin width (P = 0.03). Independent factors related to DMFI were tumor grade (P = 0.002), size (P = 0.007), and patient age (P = 0.02). Independent factors relating to OS were tumor grade (P = 0.001), size (P = 0.004), and depth (P = 0.03).ConclusionsMargins ≥10 mm independently predicted longer LRFI and are optimal for extremity STS resection. Adjuvant radiotherapy should be considered for all STS resected with margins <10 mm, and margin width should be considered when reporting and interpreting LR outcomes for these patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;85:68–76. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Feasibility of sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer after neoadjuvant endocrine therapy: A pilot study
Authors: Aihara Tomohiko , Munakata Satoru , Morino Hideo , Takatsuka Yuichi 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesSentinel node biopsy (SNB) is used for evaluation of axillary lymph node status of patients with breast cancer. The usefulness of SNB after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is not established. In addition, SNB after endocrine therapy has rarely been evaluated. We assessed the feasibility of dye guided SNB after neoadjuvant endocrine therapy in comparison with those of SNB after chemotherapy.MethodsA total of 36 patients subjected to SNB after endocrine therapy alone (n = 16) (tamoxifen, anastrozole or combination of goserelin and tamoxifen) or after chemotherapy (n = 20) (anthracycline and/or taxane) were included. SNB was performed with indigocarmine dye prior to the wide resection of the tumor or mastectomy.ResultsSentinel nodes were successfully identified in 100% (16/16) of patients after endocrine therapy and in 85% (17/20) of patients after chemotherapy. The mean number of harvested sentinel nodes was 2.2 after endocrine therapy and 1.8 after chemotherapy. There was no false negative case after endocrine therapy and there was one false negative case after chemotherapy (8% of overall false negative rate).ConclusionsSNB seemed feasible and accurate after neoadjuvant endocrine therapy in patients with breast cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;85:77–81. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toxicity of cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intra‐peritoneal chemotherapy
Authors: Verwaal Vic J. , Tinteren Harm van , Ruth Serge V. , Zoetmulder Frans A.N. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesCytoreduction with hyperthermic intra‐peritoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is a treatment with a high morbidity. Optimal patients selection can possible reduce toxicity and complications.Patients and MethodsComplications and toxicity of 102 patients were studied. Toxicity was graded according National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI CTC) classification. A complication was defined as any post‐operative event that needed re‐intervention. Potential patients, tumor, and treatment factors were studied on their relation to complications.ResultsGrade 3, 4, or 5 toxicity was observed in 66 patients (65%). Eight patients died of treatment‐related causes. Surgical complications occurred in 36 patients (35%). Fistulae were frequently encountered (18 patients). The risk of a complicated recovery was higher in carcinomatosis with recurrent colorectal cancer (P = 0.009) and in the case of more than five regions affected (P = 0.044), who had a Simplified Peritoneal Cancer (SPC) score of 13 (P = 0.012) and with an incomplete initial cytoreduction (P = 0.035). Patients with blood loss exceeding 6 L (P = 0.028) and those with three or more anastomoses also had an increased post‐operative complication rate (P = 0.018).ConclusionsToxicity of cytoreduction followed by HIPEC was 65% (Grade 3–5 NCI CTC), with a surgical complication rate of 35%. Patients with six or seven regions involved and those in whom complete cytoreduction cannot be reached are probably better off without this treatment. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;85:61–67. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of fiber‐optic probe designs for optical spectroscopic diagnosis of epithelial pre‐cancers
Authors: Skala Melissa C. , Palmer Gregory M. , Zhu Changfang , Liu Quan , Vrotsos Kristin M. , Marshek‐Stone Crystal L. , Gendron‐Fitzpatrick Annette , Ramanujam Nirmala 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe first objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of fluorescence spectroscopy for diagnosing pre‐cancers in stratified squamous epithelial tissues in vivo using two different probe geometries with (1) overlapping versus (2) non‐overlapping illumination and collection areas on the tissue surface. Probe (1) and probe (2) are preferentially sensitive to the fluorescence originating from the tissue surface and sub‐surface tissue depths, respectively. The second objective was to design a novel, angled illumination fiber‐optic probe to maximally exploit the depth‐dependent fluorescence properties of epithelial tissues.Study Design/Materials and MethodsIn the first study, spectra were measured from epithelial pre‐cancers and normal tissues in the hamster cheek pouch and analyzed with a non‐parametric classification algorithm. In the second study, Monte Carlo modeling was used to simulate fluorescence measurements from an epithelial tissue model with the angled illumination probe.ResultsAn unbiased classification algorithm based on spectra measured with probes (1) and (2), classified pre‐cancerous and normal tissues with 78 and 94% accuracy, respectively. The angled illumination probe design provides the capability to detect fluorescence from a wide range of tissue depths in an epithelial tissue model.ConclusionsThe first study demonstrates that fluorescence originating from sub‐surface tissue depths (probe (2)) is more diagnostic than fluorescence originating from the tissue surface (probe (1)) in the hamster cheek pouch model. However in general, it is difficult to know a priori the optimal probe geometry for pre‐cancer detection in a particular epithelial tissue model. The angled illumination probe provides the capability to measure tissue fluorescence selectively from different depths within epithelial tissues, thus obviating the need to select a single optimal probe design for the fluorescence‐based diagnosis of epithelial pre‐cancers. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:25–38, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hybrid germanium/silica optical fibers for endoscopic delivery of erbium:YAG laser radiation
Authors: Chaney Charles A. , Yang Yubing , Fried Nathaniel M. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesEndoscopic applications of the erbium (Er):YAG laser have been limited due to the lack of an optical fiber delivery system that is robust, flexible, and biocompatible. This study reports the testing of a hybrid germanium/silica fiber capable of delivering Er:YAG laser radiation through a flexible endoscope.Study Design/Materials and MethodsHybrid optical fibers were assembled from 1‐cm length, 550‐μm core, silica fiber tips attached to either 350‐ or 425‐μm germanium oxide “trunk” fibers. Er:YAG laser radiation (λ = 2.94 μm) with laser pulse lengths of 70 and 220 microseconds, pulse repetition rates of 3–10 Hz, and laser output energies of up to 300 mJ was delivered through the fibers for testing.ResultsMaximum fiber output energies measured 180±30 and 82±20 mJ (n = 10) under straight and tight bending configurations, respectively, before fiber interface damage occurred. By comparison, the damage threshold for the germanium fibers without silica tips during contact soft tissue ablation was only 9 mJ (n = 3). Studies using the hybrid fibers for lithotripsy also resulted in fiber damage thresholds (55–114 mJ) above the stone ablation threshold (15–23 mJ).ConclusionsHybrid germanium/silica fibers represent a robust, flexible, and biocompatible method of delivering Er:YAG laser radiation during contact soft tissue ablation. However, significant improvement in the hybrid fibers will be necessary before they can be used for efficient Er:YAG laser lithotripsy. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:5–11, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photodynamic Therapy of oral dysplasia with topical 5‐aminolevulinic acid and light‐emitting diode array
Authors: Tsai Jui‐Chang , Chiang Chun‐Pin , Chen Hsin‐Ming , Huang Sheng Bang , Wang Chun Wei , Lee Ming I. , Hsu Yih‐Chih , Chen Chin‐Tin , Tsai Tsuimin 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesIn Taiwan, more than two million people have the betel quid (BQ) chewing habit which is a risk factor related to premalignant lesion and squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity. We developed a light‐emitting diode (LED) array combined with topical 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and evaluated its effectiveness for the treatment of oral lesions.Study Design/Materials and MethodsWe compared the ALA‐PDT effect of the homemade LED array to that of a commercial light source on cultured Ca9‐22 human gingival carcinoma cells and the DMBA‐induced hamster buccal pouch carcinoma model. Furthermore, we treated several patients having an oral lesion using a topical ALA delivery system and the LED array.ResultsThe LED array light source was as effective as the commercial light source for ALA‐PDT in cultured Ca9‐22 cells with LD50 of 4.5 and 4.3 J/cm2, respectively, using an MTT assay. This light source was also effective in the DMBA‐induced hamster buccal pouch carcinoma model, and in the patients of oral leukoplakia.ConclusionsALA‐PDT is effective for premalignant lesions such as mucosal dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of oral cavity. Good results could be obtained by using the homemade LED array as light source. The LED array has the advantages of low cost, high reliability, and portability. It is safe, convenient and easy to use for the treatment of oral dysplasia. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:18–24, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of the combination of laser excision and interstitial hyperthermia in palliative therapy of head and neck tumours in the advanced stage of the disease
Authors: Šmucler Roman , Mazánek Jiří 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesWe evaluated the potential of combining laser excision with laser interstitial hyperthermia in order to improve the quality of life of patients with 3rd or 4th stage malignant head and neck tumours.Study Design/Materials and MethodsTo evaluate the quality of life, we used the 4th version of the University of Washington Quality of Life assessment score modified for head and neck tumours. The study group of 20 patients assessed their condition in a questionnaire, examining 12 aspects of their quality of life before the laser treatment, the second day after, and 6 weeks after the treatment.ResultsWe observed a gain of 16.41 points, which subjectively represents a 70.32% improvement in the quality of life.ConclusionsFollowing this therapy the quality of life significantly improved in patients with primarily low quality of life, whereas the group of patients with less affected quality of life reported a temporary decline in the quality of life after the treatment. To obtain a proper objective indication, we suggest a mathematical modelling of possible gains for the individual patient using the University of Washington Quality of Life classification. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:12–17, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.