bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Binaural time discrimination
Authors: Nordmark Jan O. 
Published: October 2005

The least discriminable change in the position of a sound image was measured for pure tone with and without initial interaural delay, as well as for complex tones. The signals were either perfectly regular or jittered. The introduction of jitter allowed the subjects to lateralize equal-amplitude tones beyond 1500 Hz, which has been assumed to represent the limit for binaural phase discrimination. No frequency limit for jittered tones either in a fixed relationship or as binaural beats could be found. The smallest deviation from regularity employed was 0.2 μsec, and under certain conditions it was effective in producing lateralization. With no jitter in one ear, jitter in the other ear was ineffective. For a given high-frequency jittered tone, discrimination improves up to a limit with level and jitter magnitude. Complex tones, jittered and unjittered, show smaller just-noticeable differences for low and medium frequencies. Some other implications of these findings are discussed. A striking similarity between the curves for binaural time discrimination and those for pitch discrimination was found.
Subject Classification: [43]65.68, [43]65.62, [43]65.60.
Rayleigh wave velocity for a stress-induced slightly anisotropic solid
Authors: Gerhart G. R. 
Published: October 2005

The Rayleigh wave velocity on an otherwise isotropic-free surface is changed by the application of a static stress. A technique is described for calculating these changes as a function of the third-order elastic constants and the static stress configuration. Conversely, these velocity changes can be used to measure the third-order elastic constants. These corrections in the velocity appear as additional terms to the isotropic Rayleigh equation. Three independent Rayleigh velocity measurements are sufficient to determine the third-order elastic tensor for an isotropic solid. Experimental data is provided to validate the calculated results.
Subject Classification: [43]35.26; [43]20.35; [43]35.54.
Ultrasonic propagation properties of mammalian testes
Authors: Brady J. K. , Goss S. A. , Johnston R. L. , O’Brien W. D. , Dunn F. 
Published: October 2005

The ultrasonic absorption and reflection properties of sexually mature, freshly excised mouse, rabbit, cat, and dog testes have been investigated at 37°C in the frequency range 0.5–7MHz by the transient thermoelectric absorption, the pulse–reflection, and the pulse–transmission methods. The absorption coefficient is found to exhibit values considerably less than those of other parenchymal tissues and to possess a frequency dependence mimicking a simple relaxation process of characteristic frequency approximately 0.9 MHz.
Subject Classification: [43]80.20.
Reevaluation of Wilson’s sound-speed measurements for pure water
Authors: Chen Chen-Tung , Millero Frank J. 
Published: October 2005

The pure-water high-pressure sound-speed data of Wilson have been analyzed, and it is concluded that all Wilson’s values should be shifted by the apparent error of his 1-atm values. A new equation has been determined to represent the shifted pressure data of Wilson, as well as the best 1-atm data of Del Grosso and Mader.
Subject Classification: [43]30.25.
Abnormal attenuation in Chesapeake Bay waters
Authors: Turner William R. 
Published: October 2005

During a 1957 field study at the Chesapeake Bay, abnormal attenuation was detected in 18% of the 1.0-MHz data, 22% of the 2.0-MHz data, and 45% of the 3.0- and 5.0-MHz data. This ranged from 0.4 to 7.4 dB/m above the attenuation of fresh water. The interpretation of the data was facilitated by stable water conditions and the strong location orientation of results which permitted a separation of variables. The added attenuation appears to arise wholly from the presence of microbubbles which enter principally from atmospheric aerosols. The absence of abnormal attenuation in regions that receive significant drainage from residential and industrial areas is attributed to trace chemicals that modify of manner the microbubble stabilization. In regions of heavy ship traffic, on the other hand, wake bubbles may transport these trace chemicals to the surface, leaving a residue of smaller microbubbles that produce a high level of excess attenuation.
Subject Classification: [43]30.20.
Improvability of assembly systems I: Problem formulation and performance evaluation
Authors: Chiang S.-Y. , Kuo C.-T. , Lim J.-T. , Meerkov S. M. 
Published: September 2005

This work develops improvability theory for assembly systems. It consists of two parts. Part I includes the problem formulation and the analysis technique. Part II presents the so‐called improvability indicators and a case study.Improvability theory addresses the questions of improving performance in production systems with unreliable machines. We consider both constrained and unconstrained improvability. In the constrained case, the problem consists of determining if there exists a re‐distribution of resources (inventory and workforce), which leads to an increase in the system′s production rate. In the unconstrained case, the problem consists of identifying a machine and a buffer, which impede the system performance in the strongest manner.The investigation of the improvability properties requires an expression for the system performance measures as functions of the machine and buffer parameters. This paper presents a method for evaluating these functions and illustrates their practical utility using a case study at an automotive components plant. Part II uses the method developed here to establish conditions of improvability and to describe additional results of the case study.
A new numerical scheme for non uniform homogenized problems: Application to the non linear Reynolds compressible equation
Authors: Buscaglia Gustavo C. , Jai Mohammed 
Published: September 2005

A new numerical approach is proposed to alleviate the computational cost of solving non‐linear non‐uniform homogenized problems. The article details the application of the proposed approach to lubrication problems with roughness effects. The method is based on a two‐parameter Taylor expansion of the implicit dependence of the homogenized coefficients on the average pressure and on the local value of the air gap thickness. A fourth‐order Taylor expansion provides an approximation that is accurate enough to be used in the global problem solution instead of the exact dependence, without introducing significant errors. In this way, when solving the global problem, the solution of local problems is simply replaced by the evaluation of a polynomial. Moreover, the method leads naturally to Newton‐Raphson nonlinear iterations, that further reduce the cost.The overall efficiency of the numerical methodology makes it feasible to apply rigorous homogenization techniques in the analysis of compressible fluid contact considering roughness effects. Previous work makes use of an heuristic averaging technique. Numerical comparison proves that homogenization‐based methods are superior when the roughness is strongly anisotropic and not aligned with the flow direction.
High frequency asymptotic solutions of the reduced wave equation on infinite regions with non‐convex boundaries
Authors: Bloom Clifford O. 
Published: September 2005

The asymptotic behavior as λ → ∞ of the function U(x, λ) that satisfies the reduced wave equation Lλ[U] = ∇⋅(E(x)∇U) + λ2N2(x)U = 0 on an infinite 3‐dimensional region, a Dirichlet condition on
∂V
, and an outgoing radiation condition is investigated. A function
UN(x, λ)
is constructed that is a global approximate solution as
λ → ∞ of the problem satisfied by U(x, λ)
. An estimate for
WN(x, λ) = U(x, λ) − UN(x, λ)
on V
is obtained, which implies that
UN(x, λ)
is a uniform asymptotic approximation of
U(x, λ)
as
λ → ∞, with an error that tends to zero as rapidly as
λ−N(N = 1, 2, 3, …). This is done by applying a priori estimates of the function
WN(x, λ) in terms of its boundary values, and the L2 norm of rLλ[WN(x, λ)]
on V. It is assumed that
E(x), N(x), ∂V
and the boundary data are smooth, that
E(x) − I and N(x) − 1 tend to zero algebraically fast as r → ∞, and finally that
E(x) and
N(x) are slowly varying;
∂V may be finite or infinite.The solution
U(x, λ) can be interpreted as a scalar potential of a high frequency acoustic or electromagnetic field radiating from the boundary of an impenetrable object of general shape. The energy of the field propagates through an inhomogeneous, anisotropic medium; the rays along which it propagates may form caustics. The approximate solution (potential) derived in this paper is defined on and in a neighborhood of any such caustic, and can be used to connect local “geometrical optics” type approximate solutions that hold on caustic free subsets of V.The result of this paper generalizes previous work of Bloom and Kazarinoff [C. O. BLOOM and N. D. KAZARINOFF, Short Wave Radiation Problems in Inhomogeneous Media: Asymptotic Solutions, SPRINGER VERLAG, NEW YORK, NY, 1976].
High‐rate wireless data communications: An underwater acoustic communications framework at the physical layer
Authors: Bessios Anthony G. , Caimi Frank M. 
Published: September 2005

A variety of signal processing functions are performed by Underwater Acoustic Systems. These include: 1) detection to determine presence or absence of information signals in the presence of noise, or an attempt to describe which of a predetermined finite set of possible messages {mi, i, …, M}
the signal represents; 2) estimation of some parameter
associated with the received signal (i.e. range, depth, bearing angle, etc.); 3)
classification and source identification; 4) dynamics tracking; 5) navigation (collision avoidance and terminal guidance); 6) countermeasures; and 7) communications. The focus of this paper is acoustic communications.There is a global current need to develop reliable wireless digital communications for the underwater environment, with sufficient performance and efficiency to substitute for costly wired systems. One possible goal
is a wireless system implementation that insures underwater terminal mobility. There is also a vital need to improve the performance of the existing systems in terms of data‐rate, noise immunity, operational range, and power consumption, since, in practice, portable high‐speed, long range, compact, low‐power systems are desired.We concede the difficulties associated with acoustic systems and concentrate on the development of robust data transmission methods anticipating the eventual need for real time or near real time video transmission. An overview of the various detection techniques and the general statistical digital communication problem is given based on a statistical decision theory framework. The theoretical formulation of the underwater acoustic data communications problem includes modeling of the stochastic channel to incorporate a variety of impairments
and environmental uncertainties, and proposal of new compensation strategies for an efficient and robust receiver design.
The effect of loss functions on empirical Bayes reliability analysis
Authors: Camara Vincent A. R. , Tsokos Chris P. 
Published: September 2005

The aim of the present study is to investigate the sensitivity of empirical Bayes
estimates of the reliability function with respect to changing of the loss function. In addition to applying some of the basic analytical results on empirical Bayes reliability obtained with the use of the “popular” squared error loss function, we shall derive some expressions corresponding to empirical Bayes reliability estimates obtained with the Higgins–Tsokos, the Harris and our proposed logarithmic loss functions. The concept of efficiency, along with the notion of integrated mean square error, will be
used as a criterion to numerically compare our results.It is shown that empirical Bayes reliability functions are in general sensitive to the choice of the loss function, and that the squared error loss does not always yield the best empirical Bayes reliability estimate.
Multiple objective optimization of hydro‐thermal systems using Ritz′s method
Authors: Arnáu L. Bayón , Rodríguez P. Suárez 
Published: September 2005

This paper examines the applicability of the Ritz method to multi‐objective optimization of hydro‐thermal systems. The algorithm proposed is aimed to minimize an objective functional that incorporates the cost of energy losses, the conventional fuel cost and the production of atmospheric emissions such as NOx and SO2 caused by the operation of fossil‐fueled thermal generation. The formulation includes a general layout of hydro‐plants that may form multi‐chains of reservoir network.Time‐delays are included and the electric network is considered by using the active power balance equation. The volume of water discharge for each hydro‐plant is a given constant amount from the optimization interval. The generic minimization algorithm, which is not difficult to construct on the basis of the Ritz method, has certain advantages in comparison with the conventional methods.
The Bisphosphonate YM529 Inhibits Osteolytic and Osteoblastic Changes and CXCR-4–Induced Invasion in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Miwa Sotaro , Mizokami Atsushi , Keller Evan T. , Taichman Russell , Zhang Jian , Namiki Mikio 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Bisphosphonates are useful for the treatment of prostate cancer bone metastasis. However, the role of bisphosphonate on the development of the osteoblastic component of prostate cancer bone metastases is not defined. In the present study, the third-generation bisphosphonate, YM529 (minodoronate), was tested for its effects on the osteolytic PC-3 and novel osteoblastic LNCaP-SF cell lines. YM529 inhibited both osteolytic and osteoblastic changes in an intratibial tumor injection murine model. In vitro, YM529 inhibited both the proliferation and the invasion of both prostate cancer cell lines. The stromal cell–derived factor-1 (or CXCL12)/CXCR-4 pathway is believed to play an important role in the development of prostate cancer bone metastases. Thus, we determined if YM529 affected this pathway. YM529 suppressed CXCR-4 expression in PC-3 and LNCaP-SF in vitro and in vivo and this was associated with decreased in vitro invasion. These results suggest that YM529 may inhibit cancer cell invasion into the bone matrix by repressing the expression of CXCR-4 in bone metastasis lesions.
Down-Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor-C Expression Using Small Interfering RNA Vectors in Mammary Tumors Inhibits Tumor Lymphangiogenesis and Spontaneous Metastasis and Enhances Survival
Authors: Chen Zhengtang , Varney Michelle L. , Backora Matthew W. , Cowan Kenneth , Solheim Joyce C. , Talmadge James E. , Singh Rakesh K. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Tumor production of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF)-C is associated with tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis. In this study, we examined the effects of small interfering RNA (siRNA)–mediated inhibition of VEGF-C on murine mammary tumor growth, metastasis, and survival. The mRNA and protein expression of VEGF-C in murine mammary tumor cells stably transfected with a VEGF-C siRNA vector were significantly lower compared with VEGF-C-control vector-transfected cells. Cl66-siVEGFC tumors had lower levels of lymphangiogenesis and lymph node and spontaneous lung metastasis than Cl66-control tumors. However, we did not observe significant differences in primary tumor growth and experimental lung metastasis between mice injected with Cl66-siVEGFC and Cl66-control cells. In addition, mice bearing Cl66-siVEGFC tumors lived significantly longer than mice bearing Cl66-control tumors. Furthermore, our data suggest that inhibition of VEGF-C modulates immune cell infiltration and their function, which might be critical in tumor immunity. In summary, our data show that inhibition of VEGF-C expression using siRNA-mediated gene silencing vectors reduces lymphangiogenesis and lymph node and spontaneous lung metastasis, and enhances survival.
Retention of Intrinsic Stem Cell Hierarchies in Carcinoma-Derived Cell Lines
Authors: Locke Matthew , Heywood Matthew , Fawell Stuart , Mackenzie Ian C. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Recent work indicates that the growth and behavior of cancers are ultimately determined by a small subpopulation of malignant stem cells and that information about the properties of these cells is urgently needed to enable their targeting for therapeutic elimination. A key feature of normal stem cells is their asymmetrical division, the mechanism that allows stem cell self-renewal while producing hierarchies of amplifying and differentiating cells that form the bulk of the tissue. Most cancer deaths result from epithelial malignancies, but the extent to which the hierarchical proliferative stem and amplifying cell patterns of normal epithelia are actually retained in epithelial malignancies has been unclear. Here we show that even cell lines generated from carcinomas consistently produce in vitro colony patterns unexpectedly similar to those produced by the stem and amplifying cells of normal epithelia. From the differing types of colony morphologies formed, it is possible to predict both the growth potential of their constituent cells and their patterns of macromolecular expression. Maintenance of a subpopulation of stem cells during passage of cell lines indicates that the key stem cell property of asymmetrical division persists but is shifted towards enhanced stem cell self-renewal. The presence of malignant epithelial stem cells in vivo has been shown by serial transplantation of primary cancer cells and the present observations indicate that stem cell patterns are robust and persist even in cell lines. An understanding of this behavior should facilitate studies directed towards the molecular or pharmacologic manipulation of malignant stem cell survival.
Up-regulation of Delta-like 4 Ligand in Human Tumor Vasculature and the Role of Basal Expression in Endothelial Cell Function
Authors: Patel Nilay S. , Li Ji-Liang , Generali Daniele , Poulsom Richard , Cranston David W. , Harris Adrian L. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway and the delta-like 4 ligand (DLL4) play key roles in embryonic vascular development. Many of the pathways involved in embryonic vascular development also play important roles in tumor angiogenesis. In this study, we assessed the expression of DLL4 in primary renal cancer and investigated the biological function of DLL4 in primary endothelial cells. Using real-time quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization, we showed that the expression of DLL4 was up-regulated within the vasculature of clear cell-renal cell carcinoma almost 9-fold more than normal kidney and was correlated with the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The expression of DLL4 in endothelial cells was up-regulated by VEGF and basic fibroblast growth factor synergistically, and by hypoxia through hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. Down-regulation of DLL4 expression with RNA interference led to decreased expression of HEY1 and EphrinB2, and the inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and network formation, all of which are important processes in tumor angiogenesis. The inhibition of proliferation occurred via the induction of cell cycle arrest in G0-G1 by increased expression of p21 and decreased phosphorylation of retinoblastoma. We conclude that an optimal window of the DLL4 expression is essential for tumor angiogenesis and that selective modulation of the DLL4 expression within human tumors may represent a potential novel antiangiogenic therapy.
Pharmacologic Modulation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Promotes p53-Dependent Apoptosis through a Direct Bax-Mediated Mitochondrial Pathway in Colorectal Cancer Cells
Authors: Tan Jing , Zhuang Li , Leong Hui-Sun , Iyer N. Gopalakrishna , Liu Edison T. , Yu Qiang 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Activation of p53 tumor suppressor induces either cell cycle arrest or apoptosis through transcription-dependent and independent pathways; however, their relative roles in apoptosis induction and how these pathways are regulated remains elusive. Here, we report a unique role for glycogen synthesis kinase-3β (GSK-3β) in regulating p53 functions in human colorectal cancer cells. Pharmacologic modulation of GSK-3β markedly impaired p53-dependent transactivation of targets including p21 and Puma but promoted p53-dependent conformational activation of Bax, resulting in cytochrome c release, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and caspase-9 processing. Thus, p53-mediated damage response is converted from cell cycle arrest to apoptosis following exposure to a variety of chemotherapeutic agents. We found that this effect is associated with the modulation of inhibitory Ser9 phosphorylation of GSK-3β but not with the activating tyrosine phosphorylation. We further show that the induction of apoptosis is through a direct mitochondrial pathway that requires Bax but not Puma. Our results underscore the importance of transcription-independent mechanism in p53-induced apoptosis and indicate that GSK-3β plays distinct dual roles in regulating p53 pathways: promoting p53 transcriptional activity in the nucleus but suppressing p53-mediated direct apoptotic function at the mitochondria. Importantly, our data suggest that small-molecule inhibition of GSK-3β might represent a novel approach for modulating chemotherapy.
Inflammation in the Genesis and Perpetuation of Cancer: Summary and Recommendations from a National Cancer Institute–Sponsored Meeting
Authors: Peek Richard M. , Mohla Suresh , DuBois Raymond N. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The Inflammation and Cancer Think Tank Meeting was organized by the National Cancer Institute with the purpose of identifying research advances, gaps, and opportunities for the study and clinical application of the role of inflammation on tumorigenesis. The format of this meeting consisted of brief presentations that focused on concepts, with extensive discussion periods to allow participants to identify issues and barriers limiting progress in this area. The strong relationship between inflammation and cancer in the gastrointestinal tract prompted several presentations that were focused on carcinogenesis within this organ system; however, many of the same immune mediators that influence esophageal, gastric, and colorectal carcinoma were also shown to influence inflammation-related malignancies at other anatomic sites. This article summarizes the findings of this Think Tank Meeting, which highlight the intimate relationship between malignant cells and their inflammatory microenvironment and specifically address opportunities to manipulate the host immune response and therefore intervene at different points along the tumorigenic cascade.