bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis of Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Gardener Glenn J , Rodeck Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neural tube defects are a spectrum of serious malformations of the cranium, spine, and nervous system. The spectrum includes anencephaly, spina bifida, cephalocele, and iniencephaly. Anencephaly and spina bifida, the two most common are important contributors to perinatal mortality and morbidity. Anencephaly is a lethal condition, and infants with spina bifida who survive are likely to have severe, lifelong disabilities (Date et al., 1993; Botto et al., 1999).
Maternal Exposure to Selected Environmental Factors and Risk for Neural Tube Defects in the Offspring
Authors: Wyszynski Diegof. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among many populations, defects of neural tube closure, commonly known as neural tube defects (NTDs), are significant causes of infant mortality and morbidity. Neural tube defects include anencephaly, spina bifida cystica or meningomyelocele, and encephalocele. They are complex heterogeneous conditions, with multiple genes interacting with environmental factors (Seller, 1994). Although they have been studied extensively, many of their causes remain unknown (Sever, 1995). Intriguing observations about environmental factors that may play a role in the etiology of NTDs have been unveiled. For example, the protective value of increased dietary folic acid (FA) intake to 400 µg daily has been documented (Mulinare et al., 1988; Milunsky et al., 1989; Smithells et al., 1989; Wald et al., 1991; Czeizel and Dudas, 1992; Berry et al., 1999). Folic acid supplementation decreases the recurrence risk of NTDs by approximately 70% among women who have already had an affected pregnancy and shows a similar benefit in women who have not (Table 13.1). Although folate’s protective effect is recognized, the mechanism by which some women develop low folate levels and presumably predispose their offspring to NTDs and other potential birth defects is still a matter of debate (see Chapter 29).
Genetics of Syndromic Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Frias Sonja A Rasmussen Jaime L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The etiology of neural tube defects (NTDs) is known to be heterogeneous (Holmes et al., 1976; Khoury et al., 1982a, 19826; Martin et al., 1983). In the majority of infants with NTDs, a multifactorial mode of determination (a combination of multiple genetic and environmental factors) is believed to be involved. The NTDs in these infants are isolated, meaning that no other major unrelated malformations or conditions of known etiology, such as single-gene disorders or chromosome abnormalities, are present (Rasmussen et al., 2003a). In these isolated cases, empiric figures (detailed in Chapter 28) are used to counsel families regarding their risk for recurrence because of the current lack of understanding of the genetic and environmental factors involved. However, for a significant proportion of infants with NTDs, empiric recurrence risks are not applicable. It is essential that health-care providers of patients with NTDs and their families recognize situations in which the use of empiric recurrence risk figures are inappropriate and other, more specific recurrence risk information should be provided.
Neurosurgical Management of Adults with Spina Bifida
Authors: Rekate Harold L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accurate epidemiologic information before the development of valve-regulated shunts is unavailable. Nonetheless, during that time, few infants born with spina bifida and hydrocephalus survived the newborn period. The first reports of concepts for managing these children derived from treatments used in the 1960s and published in the early 1970s. The first generation of these survivors are now reaching middle age. Based on decades of careful study in multidisciplinary clinics, an increasing number of publications deal with the management of infants and children born with this complex congenital anomaly. However, there is little if any published information available from which to derive treatment protocols for adults with this condition. This problem primarily reflects the newness of this population of patients, who previously rarely survived infancy. An important secondary explanation is related to the settings in which care is delivered to these patients.
Urological Care and Management of Patients with Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Joseph David B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goals of urological care and management of a child with spina bifida center on maintaining normal renal function, gaining urinary continence, and making the eventual transition of personal care to gain independence. The significant achievements in other specialties, particularly neurosurgery, have unmasked the importance of maintaining normal renal function and a healthy bladder environment for urinary storage and elimination. Over 90% of children with spina bifida have a normal upper urinary tract (kidney and ureter) at the time of birth (Bauer and Joseph, 1990). Without follow-up, 50% of the children will suffer considerable upper urinary tract (kidney and ureter) damage due to lower urinary tract (bladder and urethra) hostility (Bauer and Joseph, 1990). (Fig. 22.1). With appropriate urological management, children at risk for renal damage can be identified early, and intervention can be initiated to prevent long-term compromise of kidney function. During the first several years of life, the urological focus on a child’s health is based on maintaining normal kidney function. As the child begins to approach school age, interest is directed gaining urinary continence. There are overlapping factors that affect both kidney function and urinary control.
Ethics at the Forefront: Moral Decisions and Responsibility When Confronted with Spina Bifida
Authors: Bliton Mark J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The refinements and use of obstetric ultrasound and other imaging modalities to identify fetal conditions that may require neurosurgical intervention present a crucial set of recurrent moral issues regarding parental decision making and informed consent. These advances also create a new kind of ethical complexity because perinatal obstetrics and pediatric neurosurgery may share the task of counseling a pregnant woman and her partner (Wilcox et al., 1993: 1282). For instance, when neurosurgeons are invited to consult with pregnant women carrying fetuses diagnosed with spina bifida and myelomeningocele, they may encounter complicated challenges traditionally associated with the roles assumed by obstetricians, genetic counselors, and perinatologists (Cromblehome et al., 1996; Madsen et al., 1998: 49). Thus, collaborative efforts and interdisciplinary cooperation among these various specialties are required to help pregnant women and their families understand and cope with difficult and agonizing decisions (Nichols and Bianchi, 1996).
European Mudminnow (Umbra krameri) in the Austrian Floodplain of the River Danube: Conservation of an Indicator Species for Endangered Wetland Ecosystems in Europe
Authors: WanzenböCk Josef 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The European mudminnow (Umbra krameri Walbaum, 1792) has a relatively small area of natural occurrence represented by the lowlands along the middle and lower River Danube including its (former vast) areas of inundation, as well as along the middle and lower River Dniestr (Figure 18.1). The mudminnow is predominantly found in swampy areas, oxbow lakes, and floodplain pools that are covered densely with aquatic vegetation (see papers in Mikschi and Wanzenböck 1995). Land reclamation and draining that began during the Middle Ages has changed the landscape dramatically, and areas suitable for mudminnows have shrunk to small spots and the narrow remnant floodplains of rivers. Consequently, the abundance and distribution of the mudminnow have diminished greatly, as described even 80 years ago (Hanko 1923). Changes on large spatial scales are mirrored on smaller spatial scales. This case history describes the plight of the mudminnow near the western border of its distribution where it was first described (see Wanzenböck 1995) and was found regularly during the eighteenth, nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries. Sightings became less frequent in the latter half of the twentieth century, and the last specimen was reported in 1975. The species was considered extinct in Austria (Red List of Austrian Animals; Herzig-Straschil 1991) for almost 20 years until its rediscovery in 1992 (Wanzenböck and Spindler 1995).
Helmeted Honeyeater (Lichenostomus melanops cassidix) in Southern Australia: Assessing Options for Establishing a New Wild Population
Authors: Mccarthy Michael A , Menkhorstm Peter W , Quin Bruce R , Smales Ian J , Burgman Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Population viability analysis (PVA) was originally developed to estimate the risk of extinction faced by species (Shaffer 1981). However, because of uncertainties associated with these predictions, determining appropriate management strategies is often more useful (Possingham et al. 1993, Akşakaya and Raphael 1998). One conservation strategy for endangered species management is captive breeding and release (Beck et al. 1994), which can be evaluated using PVA (McCarthy 1995, Saltz 1998). In this chapter, we develop a population model to assess options for establishing a new population of helmeted honeyeaters (Lichenostomus melanops cassidix) from a captive population. The helmeted honeyeater is endemic to remnant riparian forests in southern Victoria, Australia. Its population ecology has been studied by Wykes (1985) and more recently by several researchers working under the auspices of the Helmeted Honeyeater Recovery team (Menkhorst et al. 1999).
“I Am Woman, Hear Me Roar” The Importance of Linguistic Stereotype for Lesbian Identity Performances
Authors: Queen Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I was six, I believed that I had been born a boy. It wasn’t that I questioned my apparent girlness, nor was I unhappy being a girl. I just assumed that the delivering doctor had performed a medical intervention because my parents really wanted a girl and were disappointed when a boy emerged. I was happy that I had become what my parents wanted, but I thought that a bit of boy must have lingered inside me. I understood that my longing to be loud and obnoxious, always right, physically powerful, and often very dirty was not quite in line with what my body seemed to predict for my behavior, and so I simply believed that my body and my gender didn’t quite map onto each other. A year or so later, having figured out the implausibility of my story, I created an older brother, who encouraged me to play football, go on bug-hunting adventures, find the scariest hills for riding my bike, and cuss like a sailor.
Introduction
Authors: Chase Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What better justifies a collection of new essays on an old classic than an acknowledgment of interpretive evanescence? The phrase, “the varying experiments of Time” (prelude, 3) suggests why criticism always benefits from renewal, but it hardly narrows the field. With few editorial alterations, the text of Middle-march remains unchanged: the novel withstands the pressures of time, circumstance, and personality. However, its meaning changes both within the culture and within the consciousness of individual readers. It is for each generation to chart the differences that ensure that the novel will not become a relic, but will continue to exert a pressure on the twenty-first century as vitally as it did in its nineteenth and our twentieth centuries.
What”s Not in Middlemarch
Authors: Beer Gillian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My title may seem perverse, and is certainly two-edged. The inclusiveness of George Eliot”s novel Middlemarch or, at the least, its capaciousness, is one of the book”s most marked characteristics. The novel is usually praised for its copiousness or blamed for its deterministic inclusiveness. It can” t include everything, of course: plastic cups and chaos theory are beyond its horizon. George Eliot”s narrator insists “that all the light I can command must be concentrated on this particular web, and not dispersed over that tempting range of relevancies called the universe” (ch. 15, 132). Those “relevancies,” how-ever, give scope to the book, permeating its apparently constrained subject matter described in the subtitle: “a study of provincial life.” Moreover, the book”s boundaries are permeable: not only is it highly allusive, but it also calls on a stock of common knowledge”that is to say, knowledge common to its first readers and not to us.
Space, Movement, and Sexual Feeling in Middlemarch
Authors: Trotter David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 9 of Middlemarch , Dorothea Brooke, accompanied by her uncle and sister, visits her future home at Lowick Manor. The building, of greenish stone, was in the old English style, not ugly, but small-windowed and melancholy-looking: the sort of house that must have children, many flowers, open windows, and little vistas of bright things, to make it seem a joyous home. In this latter end of autumn, with a sparse remnant of yellow leaves falling slowly athwart the dark evergreens in a stillness without sunshine, the house too had an air of autumnal decline, and Mr Casaubon, when he presented himself, had no bloom that could be thrown into relief by that background. (ch. 9, 67–8) Mr Casaubon, rather alarmingly, is in camouflage. He seems unable, or unwilling, at this crucial moment in his life, to stand forth, to assume a shape. It is not that he is invisible but that he remains, even upon presentation of himself, utterly indistinct.
Mutation as a Phenotype
Authors: Friedberg Errol C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The stability of DNA sequences across generations is dependent upon a diverse set of biochemical mechanisms that protect the DNA from predictable sources of damage that otherwise would be catastrophic. These biochemical mechanisms range from the repair of damage to nucleotide precursors or to DNA itself, to the replication past any one of a number of lesions, to the proofreading of a new copy of DNA. The spectrum of mutations experienced by a genome will change and their number will increase dramatically when the efficacy of even a single one of these many mechanisms is altered. During sequence comparisons mutations often are treated much like random typographical errors, yet there is a rich biochemistry that underlies the probability of distinct types of errors along a particular genome sequence. This chapter provides an overview of such biochemical mechanisms, with a particular focus on novel polymerases that are able to effect synthesis across distinct classes of lesions in DNA.
From Yeshiva Bochur to Secular Humanist
Authors: Levine Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was born in Brooklyn, New York, of Eastern European Jewish descent. My parents were born in the States, but their parents came from Europe, and both my parents spoke Yiddish as their first language. When I was just three, my family moved to Los Angeles, California. Both of my parents were raised in Torah Jewish homes, and that’s how they raised my two brothers and myself. The Torah, in the broad sense in which I intend it here, is the entire body of law, legend, and inspirational literature that encompasses the Old Testament of the Bible, the Talmud, Midrash, and numerous other religious writings down through the centuries, including today. To be a Torah Jew is to live in conformity with the Torah, and to believe its precepts. “Strictly Orthodox,” shomer shabbas (translated literally as “guardian of the Sabbath”), and, I would claim, “fundamentalist,” are other terms one could use to describe this way of life. While the first two are common, you don’t hear “fundamentalist” used very often in connection with Judaism, though it is with Christianity and Islam. But Torah Jews really are fundamentalists; I was taught that the world was literally created in six days almost six thousand years ago, and that the theory of evolution was mistaken.
Introduction
Authors: Krebs Harald , Krebs Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our singer, too, is called Josephine. Her full name is Josephine Caroline Lang (1815–80). In her childhood, she was often known by the variant “Josepha,” and by the common Bavarian nicknames “Pepi,” “Peppi,” “Pepperl,” or “Bebi.” Later, she was usually called “Josephine,” although the spelling of this name fluctuated between the Germanic “Josefine” and the French “Josephine” (depending on how popular the French were in Germany). After she married Christian Reinhold Köstlin, she referred to herself in letters and other documents as “Josephine Köstlin, née Lang.” On the title pages of her published compositions, however, she continued to use her maiden name, Josephine Lang. Unlike many other nineteenth-century women artists, Lang apparently never considered using a pseudonym (male or female) in her publications. It is the name “Josephine Lang” with the “ph” spelling familiar to English readers that we shall use in this volume.
The Beginning Of Josephine Lang’s Compositional Career
Authors: Krebs Harald , Krebs Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Josephine Lang was born into a musical family. Her grandfather and great-uncle, Martin Lang (1755–1819) and Franz Lang (1751–1816), were both wellknown horn players, and both obtained positions in the Munich court orchestra. Martin Lang’s son Theobald (1783–1839) followed in his footsteps, assuming a position as violinist in the same orchestra in 1798 (when he was only 15). In 1808, Theobald married Regina Hitzelberger (1786–1827), the daughter of two prominent musicians: her father was a flute virtuoso, and her mother, Sabine Renk (1755–1817), one of the most celebrated singers of her day. Regina Hitzelberger became famous in her own right. After a solid musical education under Peter von Winter, Carl Cannabich, and Abbé Vogler, she became an opera singer, in which capacity she favorably impressed Carl Maria von Weber. It is not surprising that the children of such parents were artistically talented. Their first child, Ferdinand (1810–82), became one of the best-known comic actors in Munich. Their daughter, Josephine, became a composer.
1856 To 1867: The Difficult Years
Authors: Krebs Harald , Krebs Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When, after Reinhold Köstlin’s death, Josephine Lang found herself in the frightening position of a single parent with six dependent children, she was fortunate to have relatives who stood by her. Her half-sister, Meta Lang, who had come from Munich just before Köstlin’s death to help in the household, stayed with her for a while after his death. Marie Jäger offered her religious consolation and moral support through her letters, expressing her belief that Lang would in time regain her courage and her strength and that much joy through her children was still in store for her. Jäger also assisted Lang in more tangible ways by frequently sending money or clothing for the children.
Introduction
Authors: Salmon Wesley C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is widely agreed that we live in a “postpositivist” era; these days the word “positivist” functions chiefly as an ill-defined term of abuse. Logical positivism is dead. One cannot deny, however, that it was a potent philosophical force in the earlier part of the twentieth century; many conferences, books, and articles have endeavored to assay that influence. One conference, which generated such a book, was held in Pittsburgh in 1983. The first chapter in the present collection was my contribution to that conference.
Plausibility Arguments in Science
Authors: Salmon Wesley C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1950, L. Ron Hubbard published Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Healing, which purported to provide a comprehensive explanation of human behavior and which recommended a therapy for the treatment of all psychological ills. According to Hubbard’s theory, psychological difficulties stem from “en- grams,” or brain traces, that are the results of experiences the individual has undergone while unconscious as a result of sleep, anesthesia, a blow to the head, or any other cause. Of particular importance are experiences that occur before birth. Hubbard gives strikingly vivid accounts of life in the womb, and it is far from idyllic. There is jostling, sloshing, noise, and a variety of rude shocks. Any un- pleasant behavior of the father can have serious lasting effects upon the child. On a Saturday night, for example, the father comes home drunk and in an ugly mood; he beats the mother and with each blow he shouts, “Take that, take that!” The child grows up and becomes a kleptomaniac. Martin Gardner (1957) provides many additional, and often amusing, details.
The Discourse of Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Christensen Lars Thøger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A book like this, entitled The Debate over Corporate Social Responsibility, should be scrutinized and challenged for its own language(s), its own linguistic enactment(s) of the notion, and the phenomenon of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Dedicated to, among other things, explaining and demonstrating the “merits of a communication- based perspective for analyzing the history, development, and future of CSR,” as described in the overview, the editors Cheney, Roper, and May undoubtedly welcome such a challenge so that the book becomes the impetus for further debate and development rather than containing the debate.
Responsibility And Agent Causation
Authors: Fischer John Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Certain libertarians adopt a view called “agent-causation.” Although everyone wishes to say that agents cause certain effects, agent-causation, in the relevant sense, is supposed to be a basic, irreducible sort of causation which relates agents and events. In this chapter I wish to explore the question of whether agentcausation has distinctive resources for responding to the Frankfurt-type cases in which it is alleged that an agent is morally responsible although he lacks alternative possibilities.
Revision as Form Wordsworth’s Drowned Man
Authors: Wolfson Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scattering thus In passion many a desultory sound I deemed that I had adequately cloathed Meanings at which I ha[rd]ly hinted thoughts And forms of which I scarcely had produced A monument and an arbitrary sign that considerate and laborious work In That patience which admitting no neglect By that slow creation {which} imparts to speach Outline & substance even till it has give[n] A function kindred to organic power The vital spirit of a perfect form resting not till....
The Creative Soul Simplon Pass to Mount Snowdon
Authors: Ulmer William A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Book 6 of The Prelude, with its apostrophe to Imagination and journey through the Ravine of Arve, was Wordsworth’s first endeavor after deciding to reorganize and expand the five-book Prelude. Drafts towards the Simplon crossing and address to Imagination exist in MS WW, and by the end of March 1804 the poet was developing them into a coherent narrative for his sixth book.1 The Simplon adventure and apostrophe to Imagination were especially important for his reconceived Prelude, for these passages permitted Wordsworth a useful framing strategy. The 1805 Prelude relegates most of its newly added material to an intermediate position between book 6 and book 13, 13 being the new location of the Snowdon episode: the result is an account of the Fall framed by depictions of imaginative power. Wordsworth could thereby invoke the corruption of creativity by abstruse rationalization and still anchor his poem’s darker episodes within a supervening optimism. At the same time book 6 complexly portrays both triumph and failure. Due to its breadth of implication, book 6 “has become one of a handful of paradigms capable by itself of representing the poet’s work,” Alan Liu justly declares, and matters change little in moving on to the complexities of book 13.2 With these rich, difficult books, I will restrict my argument to two main points.