bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mouse Mutants as Models of Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Copp Andrew J , Greene Nicholas D E , Murdoch Jennifer N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While most animals have a central nervous system (CNS), the process of neurulation, in which neural folding and fusion create a closed neural tube (reviewed in Chapter 2), occurs only in higher vertebrates. Embryos with an abnormal open neural tube are seen, therefore, only in higher animals, including amphibians, birds, and mammals. This fact has precluded advances in our understanding of the genetic basis of neural tube defects (NTDs) from studies of lower organisms. Genetic studies in the fruit fly Drosophila, and in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, have unraveled the mechanisms underlying many developmental events, including the specification, differentiation, and programmed death of CNS neurons (Ellis and Horvitz, 1986; Gaiano and Fishell, 2002). In contrast, invertebrate studies have not contributed directly to an understanding of the morphogenetic process of neurulation or the molecular basis of NTDs.
Postnatal Surgery for Myelomeningocele
Authors: Miller Jonathan P , Cohen Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Myelomeningocele, the most serious form of spina bifida, affects 2500 to 6000 newborns per year in the United States (McLone, 1998). For neonates born with this condition, the initial management has a profound impact on their survival and the disabilities they may have to cope with throughout their lives. Postnatal surgical treatment for myelomeningocele has been well established for many years. The surgeon must first replace the neural tissues within the spinal canal and then reconstruct the thecal sac and close the back. Large areas may be difficult to close and sometimes require innovative techniques, particularly if there is an associated kyphotic deformity. Associated abnormalities including hydrocephalus and the Chiari II malformation must also be addressed by the neurosurgeon.
Genetic Counseling and Interpretation of Risk Figures
Authors: Saul Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genetic counseling (providing genetic information, recurrence risks, and psychological support) as an activity did not begin in earnest until the twentieth century (Walker, 1998). Prior to that time, most birth defects such as neural tube defects and familial disorders such as mental retardation were attributed to external factors. These external factors included a variety of causes such as misdeeds, punishment by God, or being “marked” by some phenomenon during pregnancy. In the last category, everything from eclipses to runaway horse carts was implicated. The recognition of genetic traits, the possible transmission of those traits, and their possible recurrence was slow to evolve in the first half of the twentieth century. The second half of the century witnessed an explosion of such information. The ability to recognize genetic traits and their characteristics has led not only to the activity but also to the profession of genetic counseling.
The Half-Life of Cost-of-Illness Estimates: The Case of Spina Bifida
Authors: Waitzman Norman J , Romano Patrick S , Grosse Scott D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neural tube defects, which include spina bifida, are one of the most frequent and most important categories of birth defects. Accordingly, there has been considerable interest in studying the impact of spina bifida as a public health problem. This impact can be measured in various ways, including disease-specific mortality, morbidity, functional limitation or disability, and quality-of-life impairment. Each of these measures captures one component of the total burden of disease. Such measures of impact are important because they allow public health agencies, re­ searchers, and health-care providers to understand the effects of preventive or diagnostic interventions, changes in disease incidence or prevalence, and new technologies. In recent years, cost-of-illness estimates have been widely used. The cost of illness reflects the direct costs of providing medical care, rehabilitative care, developmental services, and special education to affected children, as well as the so-called indirect costs of reduced workforce and household productivity.
Australian Shrub Grevillea caleyi: Recovery through Management of Fire and Predation
Authors: Regan Helen M , Auld Tony D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fire plays an important role in the survival and ecology of many plant species. For many of these species, recruitment from a soil or canopy-stored seed bank depends on fire events; these include a number of Acacia spp., Banksia spp., Pinus spp., and Protea spp. (Whelan 1995, Bond and van Wilgen 1996). And this is particularly important for species in which all above-ground life history stages are killed by fire. One of the threats species in fire-prone habitats face is the alteration of natural fire regimes, and this threat is exacerbated when it exists in combination with habitat destruction. Such a combination can particularly affect the plants that occur in fragmented populations (a population of genetically indistinct individuals that has been fragmented into small groups) within cleared landscapes or on the edge of urban areas. Management of species in fire-prone, fragmented landscapes presents a number of challenges, one of which is how to determine an effective fire regime that will ensure the long-term persistence of populations. The optimal fire-management strategy will be one that ensures that seed production, survival of adult plants, and recruitment occur at complementary rates and times. In this chapter we use population viability analysis (PVA) to investigate a range of management strategies for fragmented populations of an endangered plant species, Grevillea caleyi (Proteaceae).
Yellow-Shouldered Parrot (Amazona barbadensis) on the Islands of Margarita and La Blanquilla, Venezuela : Poaching and the Survival of a Threatened Species
Authors: Rodríguez Jon Paul , Fajardo Laurie , Herrera Ileana , Sánchez Ada , Reyes Annedis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Approximately one-third of the 140 New World parrot species are considered at risk of extinction (Collar and Juniper 1992, Collar 1996, Snyder et al. 1999, BirdLife 2000). Venezuela is home to 14 genera and 49 species in the family Psittacidae, representing 35% of neotropical taxa (Desenne and Strahl 1991, 1994; Phelps and Meyer de Schauensee 1994). They occupy all habitat types in the country, from the dry scrub across the Caribbean and Atlantic coasts to the highland meadows (known locally as páramos) of the Andean cordillera in the west. Some 7 parrot taxa are considered nationally threatened, while 11 more are listed as facing a lower extinction risk (Rodríguez and Rojas-Suárez 1999).
A Paradox in English Syntax
Authors: Postal Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“This is what I understand by a paradox: an apparently unacceptable conclusion derived by apparently acceptable reasoning from apparently acceptable premises. Appearances have to deceive, since the acceptable cannot lead by acceptable steps to the unacceptable. So, generally, we have a choice: Either the conclusion is not really unacceptable, or else the starting point, or the reasoning, has some nonobvious flaw.” Early sections of this study argue that common, perhaps even standard assumptions about English grammar yield a paradox in this sense when combined with certain observations about a puzzling class of sentences. It is ultimately claimed that one can resolve the paradox by adopting a particular set of grammatical assumptions; a partial development of these makes up section 9. A characteristic feature of one rather formal style of English is the existence of structures I refer to with considerable theoretical prejudice as null expletive subject (NEX) clauses. They are illustrated by the sentences in (2):
Oppenheimer’s Opinion Of His Own Teaching And Research In California
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When in 1963 Oppenheimer, then director of the Princeton Institute, was asked whether he missed his earlier successful teaching activities, he replied, “I think that the charm went out of teaching after the great change of the war because I did teach at Caltech and Berkeley and for one thing I was always called away and distracted because I was thinking about other things, but actually I don’t think I ever taught well after the war. I have a feeling that what my job was was to get a part of the next generation brought up and that job was done when I came here.”
Narrative Features of Medicine
Authors: Charon Rita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The divides in health care need to be bridged in order for effective treatment to proceed. I have proposed that narrative means might help to bridge these chasms, because narrative ways of knowing and experiencing the world and self are held in common by health care professionals and patients. Anterior to our differentiating into doctors, nurses, and patients, that is, we are united and can be reunited. Furthermore, the specific divides that separate doctors from patients—beliefs about mortality, the contextualization of illness, understanding of disease etiology, and emotional factors that lead to suffering—have direct correlates in narrative aspects of medicine.
The Bioethics of Narrative Medicine
Authors: Charon Rita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sickness calls forth stories. Whether in the patient’s “chief complaint,” the intern’s case presentation, the family member’s saga of surgery, or the coroner’s death note, patients and health professionals recognize problems, gauge progress, and lament defeat, in part, through telling about illness and having others listen. As we inspect the role of storytelling and bearing witness to narratives of illness in routine clinical practice, a specific instance of storytelling might need particularly close attention. This instance is the practice of bioethics. Not only are bioethicists called to assist at illnesses at particularly grave points in their courses—usually at the ends of life, especially the ends of contested lives—but the practice of ethics has of late been enlivened and itself contested by narrative knowledge and practice. In the same way that narrative competence alters what the nurse or doctor does in the office or on the ward, narrative competence fundamentally shifts what the ethicist does with patients, with families, with health care professionals, and with the self.
Changing Places: Language and Woman’s Place in Context
Authors: Bucholtz Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Commentators on Robin Tolmach Lakoff’s work on language and gender, and particularly her critics, often seem to believe that her ideas about women, language, and feminism stopped in 1975, the year when Language and Womans Place (LWP) was published in book form. Yet Lakoff explicitly stated in the text that she considered that work an initial foray into language and gender issues, not a definitive statement of the ways in which language reproduces an asymmetrical gender system: “I present what follows less as the final word on the subject of sexism in language —anything but that! —than as a goad to further research” (LWP 40).
Language and Marginalized Places
Authors: Hall Kira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1990s, the field of language and gender began to shift to what many scholars now identify as an ideological understanding of linguistic gender. This perspective views the “women’s language” and “men’s language” of previous generations not as indexically bound to the sex of the speaker, but as culturally and socially produced beliefs that are available for consumption, negotiation, and contestation (Gal 1991).
Exploring Women’s Language in Japanese
Authors: ide sachiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was not until I read Robin Lakoffs article “Language and Woman’s Place” in Language in Society (1973) in the mid-1970s that I awakened to the realization that a woman could be a full-fledged scholar. Lakoff keenly analyzed the mechanisms handicapping female students, who have to be “bilingual” in order to be perceived as appropriately serious in class and when talking to professors. As she noted, “It may be that the extra energy that must be (subconsciously or otherwise) expended in this game is energy sapped from more creative work, and hinders women from expressing themselves as well as they might otherwise, or as fully or freely as they might otherwise” (1973: 48, n. 2; cf. LWP 41-42). When I read this passage, I could not agree more.
Mother’s Place in Language and Womans Place
Authors: Kendall Shari 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At seven years old in Utah, I asked my mother why all the cooks I knew were women but the chefs at the restaurants were men, why the church choir was stocked with sopranos but the voices I heard on the records my parents played were male. I was deeply unsatisfied when she replied that this was the way it was supposed to be. Granted, there were even then well-known female chefs and vocalists, the latter well represented on now defunct records and eight-track tapes, but I was overwhelmed by a pattern of women working at home unrecognized and men doing similar work with public approbation.
“I’m Eveiy Woman’’ Black Women’s (Dis)placement in Women’s Language Study
Authors: Morgan Marcyliena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For nearly three decades, scholars in the humanities and social sciences have participated in the long march to reevaluate, reconstruct, and, in many cases, expose systems of misrepresentation, exclusion, and marginalization regarding the study of gender and language. At the same time, scholarship on women of color has actively asserted that the interrelationship between race, gender, and class is integral to understanding both race and gender. Paradoxically, rather than social science and linguistic canons and paradigms shifting in light of the extensive writings on African American and other nonwhite and working-class women, academic theories of gender have simply shrugged in disregard.
Contradictions of the Indigenous Americas Feminist Challenges to and from the Field
Authors: Trechter Sara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robin Lakoffs Language and Womans Place (LWP) (1975) called linguists to realize their obligation to analyze and transform the place of women in English. Recognizing that language cannot solely determine social reality, Lakoff nevertheless encourages the linguist to take an active role in social transformation because of her understanding of how language reflects “the weaknesses and strengths of a culture” (LWP 75; see also Ehrlich, this volume). In the same year that Lakoffs work was published, Anne Bodine (1975) surveyed the languages of the world that overtly encoded “sex differentiation” in their phonology or grammar; that is, languages that contained linguistic structures indicating the gender of the speaker, the listener, or both (cf. Matsumoto, this volume). Sixty percent of the languages she cited were indigenous languages of the Americas.
The Way We Wish We Were Sexuality and Class in Language and Woman’s Place
Authors: Gaudio Rudolf P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It’s no wonder I became an academic. As an Ivy League-educated gay man who came of age just a few years after Robin Lakoffs Language and Womans Place (LWP) (1975) was published, I couldn’t possibly have gone into hairdressing or interior decorating. What a waste of a good education, and what would my parents tell their friends? Nor could I enter the more manly professions of banking, law, or medicine, where Fd have to repress my emotions, hide my knowledge of color terms, and tell dirty jokes during happy hour.
As Much as We Use Language Lakoff’s Queer Augury
Authors: Barrett Rusty 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A few days before I was to finish third grade, a tornado destroyed my family’s home in Arkansas, and we had to move to a new house across the street from the scariest girl in school. One day that summer, she tied her younger brother to a tree and spent the afternoon throwing a small axe at him like a knife thrower at the circus. When I screamed for her to stop before she hurt him, she simply glared at me and said, “Go to hell, you motherfucker.”
Genetic Tinkering with Humans
Authors: Avise John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the genetic techniques that might be used to engineer human beings differ little from those that have been used routinely since the 1970s to modify the genes of numerous microbes, plants, and other animals. The ethical issues, however, may be altogether different. Some of the proposed genetic alterations would apply only to individual recipients of the GM procedures, whereas others would impact the human germline and thereby potentially influence future generations of Homo sapiens as well. Should we assume godlike command and attempt to engineer our own species intentionally? Should we take the unprecedented medical and evolutionary reins now available to us and use them to direct our own genetic fates? No prior generation has had the immediate opportunity nor the responsibility to tackle such questions in practical, as well as in philosophic terms. The biotechnology revolution, when applied to the purposeful genetic alteration of people, raises profound issues that will challenge the deepest judgment and wisdom of Homo sapiens, the “cognizant” primate.
Posttraumatic Cranial Neuropathies
Authors: Keane James R , Baloh Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perseverance is required to diagnose cranial nerve injury in the presence of severe head trauma.49 Coma may obscure all but cranial nerve III, VI, and VII damage. Diagnosis of trochlear nerve injury in particular requires a high level of patient cooperation. Injury to the orbital muscles may be impossible to distinguish from ocular motor nerve damage. Loss of smell from nasal obstruction may be confused with olfactory nerve damage, and blockage of the auditory canal or damage to the middle ear may be difficult to distinguish from nerve VIII interruption. Craniofacial and skull base fracture can be overlooked while treating more life-threatening injuries.
Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage
Authors: Ammerman Joshua M , Jarell, S Taylor , Polin Richard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the United States, the direct and indirect costs of care for individuals suffering a traumatic brain injury (TBI) are estimated at more than $56 billion annually. The overall impact is even more substantial when one considers that the majority of severe head injuries occur in adolescents and young adults. Following head trauma, the spectrum of TBI ranges from concussion to diffuse axonal injury with irreversible coma. Within this spectrum lie the patients with traumatic intracranial hemorrhages (TIH).
Neurobehavioral Outcome of Head Trauma
Authors: Capruso Daniel X , Levin Harvey S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neurobehavioral outcome in survivors of head trauma ranges from rapid recovery of cognition with no discernible sequelae to survival without recovery of consciousness. For those patients whose outcome falls between these two extremes, cognitive deficits and personality change frequently result in marked impairments of social and occupational functioning. These deficits in thought and behavior contribute more to disability than do physical (motor and sensory) sequelae in 72% of severe head trauma survivors.
Neurology of Microgravity and Space Travel
Authors: Fujii Mavis D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The environment of space is toxic to humans and most other forms of life that have evolved on this planet. The toxicity occurs because space lacks gravity, a radiation shield, an atmosphere, warmth, food, water, and other humans—in short, all those things that ensure survival and provide physical and psychological happiness (Table 32.1). After a discussion of the methodological limitations of space science and a history of the exploration of space, this chapter reviews the environment of spaceflight in terms of the major effects of space, particularly of microgravity, on the nervous system and on those systems that have an impact on the nervous system.
Psychiatric Aspects of the Neurology of Trauma
Authors: Merskey Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cognitive effects of neural trauma frequently run side by side or are intermingled with emotional changes. This chapter deals with the psychiatric aspects of trauma other than changes in cognitive function. The recognition of psychological and neurological responses to trauma is discussed first. Some of the emotional changes that can occur in reaction to physical lesions, including neurological lesions, are then considered. Lastly, specific changes in personality or mental state that can result directly from brain damage are reviewed.
Physical Trauma, Psychological Stress, and Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Goodin Douglas S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems clear that physical trauma and/or psychological stress can either cause or exacerbate certain medical conditions. For example, trauma is known to precipitate seizures, headache, or focal neurological deficits in previously asymptomatic individuals. Similarly, psychological stress seems to be a factor in the development of some peptic ulcers, anxiety disorders, and other psychiatric states. In addition, trauma and/or stress have been suspected to have links to many other medical disorders. It is perhaps not surprising, therefore, that both physical trauma and psychological stress have been posited to be causal factors in either the onset or exacerbation of multiple sclerosis (MS). Indeed, this notion has been a conspicuous part of the lore of this illness dating back to its earliest clinical descriptions.
Principles Of Nutritional Assessment
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a comprehensive text on the methods—dietary, anthropometric, laboratory and clinical—of assessing the nutritional status of populations and of individuals in the hospital or the community. The second edition incorporates recent data from national nutritional surveys in the US and Europe; the flood of new information about iron, vitamin A and iodine; the role of folate in preventing neural tube defects; the use of HPLC techniques and enzyme assays; improvements in data handling; and many other developments since 1990.
Anthropometric assessment of body size
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most widely used anthropometric measurements of body size are those of stature (height or length) and body weight. These measurements can be made quickly and easily and, with care and training, accurately. Head circumference measurements are often taken in association with stature. Details of standardized procedures for these measurements of body size are summarized below and are given in detail in Lohman et al. (1988).
Laboratory assessment of body composition
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the human body is a complex unit, it is normal to use a simplified model to represent its composition: two-or four-compartment models are most commonly used. The two-compartment model assumes that the total body mass is composed of two major molecular compartments: body fat and the fat-free mass. The four-compartment model divides the body into four molecular fractions — minerals, water, protein, and fat — all of which can now be determined in vivo. Wang et al. (1995) have formally proposed that the body can be divided not only on a four-compartment molecular basis but also according to parallel elemental, cellular, and functional frameworks. This scheme has become accepted and is shown in Figure 14.1.