bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sumatriptan for acute Migraine
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Clinical bottom line. Oral sumatriptan 100 mg has been fully tested in thirteen randomised trials with about 3500 patients. The NNT for 2-h headache response was 3.3 (3.0–3.7). Oral sumatriptan 50 mg has been fully tested in six randomised trials with about 5500 patients. The NNT for 2-h headache response was 4.1 (3.4–5.2). Subcutaneous sumatriptan 6 mg has been fully tested in eight randomised trials with about 900 patients. The NNT for 2-h headache response was 2.0 (1.8–2.2). Intranasal sumatriptan 20 mg has been fully tested in six randomised trials with about 1500 patients.
Prophylaxis for migraine
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
People who have frequent migraines will sometimes need other approaches to treatment than just treatment of the acute attacks. This usually means a prophylactic treatment to try and reduce the number of acute attacks. The evidence on the efficacy of migraine prophylaxis is not extensive but is summarised here. Beta-blockers are competitive antagonists of adrenaline and noradrenaline at beta-adrenoceptors. Propranolol is the most commonly used of the beta-blockers, although timolol, metoprolol and nadolol are also used in migraine prophylaxis. However, there are a number of important side-effects associated with this class of drugs.
Equity-motivated responses to market failures
Authors: Dolan Paul , Olsen Jan Abel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are many reasons why we care for other people’s health to the extent that we are willing to subsidize their use of health care. This chapter begins with an inquiry into altruism, before discussing various aspects of equity. Altruism is discussed through the eyes of ‘the individual as a consumer’, while equity is seen through the eyes of ‘the individual as a citizen’.
The epidemiology of hysterical conversion
Authors: Akagi Hiroko , House Allan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Clinical epidemiology is the study of illness in populations. One of its aims is to estimate the magnitude of the problem posed by a particular disorder—usually defined according to the disorder’s frequency and severity in the population. It may also provide clues as to the cause by identifying the characteristics—such as age, sex, socio-economic status, or exposure to risk factors—of those who have the disorder, or by highlighting variations in occurrence over time or between places. The third value of epidemiology is that it can assist in planning treatment trials , successful design of which relies on accurate knowledge of rates of occurrence (to plan recruitment) and of natural history (to estimate sample size).
Conversion, dissociation, or doxomorphic disorder
Authors: Merskey Harold 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I should begin by explaining or apologizing for a new word: doxomorphic. I hope the importance of the word will be evident later, but for the moment I should simply state its origins. There is an existing word doxogenic which comes from the Greek doxa (opinion) and gennan (to produce) (Dorland 1974). I put this old word forward a few years ago (Merskey 1994) as a step in the neutralization of pejorative descriptions of hysteria, or as an alternative to more ambitious theories of hysteria. I offer doxomorphic as a word to describe symptoms which resemble those due to patients’ ideas. Doxomorphic, unlike doxogenic , does not state an aetiology.
Rehabilitation for hysterical conversion states
Authors: Wade Derick T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The management of patients whose neurological symptoms, signs, and disabilities do not have a satisfactory or adequate explanation in terms of an underlying disease or diagnosis has always been difficult for doctors. Such patients challenge doctors and health care professionals in many ways: scientifically (what is the explanation of this state in terms of anatomy and physiology?); practically (how can we help? how much investigation should we undertake?); and ethically (should we simply ignore and discharge such patients? how do health care professionals cope with the irritation they may arouse in themselves?). To many people such patients abuse society’s benefits, failing to follow accepted social rules that people can only exhibit illness behaviour and adopt the sick role when they have a medically legitimate disease (usually taken to mean a pathologically proven disease).
Education about delirium
Authors: Rockwood Kenneth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For many years articles were written and lectures given with a title such as: ‘the con- fusion about confusion’, or ‘delirium: a confusing matter’. The intent was to signal that the routine management of the delirious patient was poorly done and that education was an important remedy. After more than 20 years of experience with such presentations, however, I do not think that we can use the term ‘confusion’ in relation to delirium management any longer. The problem is so pervasive and so chronic that our failure to come to grips with delirium must be considered a form of dementia.
Looking into the mind
Authors: Tyrrell David , Fielder Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘History is more or less bunk’, claimed Henry Ford, and maybe it is. Certainly, if we accept that it is written by the winners, then we must expect some distortion. But here we talk of politics. Other accounts going back over the centuries may be considered more reliable—and, perhaps, more inspiring. Philosophical writings from ancient Greece and onwards continue to guide our thoughts and inform our actions. And amongst these treasures of ancient learning there is much about man’s attempts to understand the workings of the human body, as we discovered in Chapter 1. But what about those obscure areas where the mind plays its part?
Acute inflammatory rheumatic syndromes
Authors: Szer Ilona S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to describe the acute and usually self limited inflammatory conditions of children which are manifested by arthritis and must be ruled out before chronic rheumatic conditions, such as Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, may be considered. The differential diagnosis of childhood arthritis is extensive, as can be appreciated from algorithms found in Chapter 1.3. To date, over 110 distinct disorders that include arthritis have been identified. Some of these conditions have not yet been recognized in children and some have only been seen in children and not in adults.
Systemic Arthritis
Authors: Prieur Anne-Marie , Malleson, Peter N , Kimura Yukiko 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to discuss the clinical features, investigations, and epidemiology of Systemic Arthritis. The differing clinical courses of this disease and the impact on prognosis, as well as predictors of outcome, are discussed. In addition, there is a discussion of the chief diagnoses that are often confused with Systemic Arthritis. Systemic Arthritis is classified as belonging in the group of childhood rheumatic diseases gathered together under the umbrella term of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) [1].
Rheumatoid Factor Positive Polyarthritis
Authors: Gardner-Medwin Janet 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aims of this chapter are to discuss the clinical features, investigations, and complications of Rheumatoid Factor (RF) Positive Polyarthritis, which is similar to but is somewhat distinct from rheumatoid arthritis in adults. This chapter also contains a discussion of RF, the presence of which is a requirement in the diagnosis of RF Positive Polyarthritis. Rheumatoid Factor (RF) Positive Polyarthritis is the smallest category of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), making up about 5% of cases. It is most common in teenage girls, and is associated with a poor prognosis.
Immunopathology of the joint in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Wedderburn Lucy R , Nistala, Kiran , Southwood Taunton R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to describe the macroscopic pathology, histopathology, and immunopathology of the inflamed joint in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). The pivotal and multifaceted role of the T cell in mediating inflammation and joint damage, as well as the complex and multifactorial nature of this process, will be discussed. The inflamed joint is central to the clinical manifestations of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), and understanding the pathological alterations associated with this manifestation is essential to understanding the disease itself.
The Northern World in the Dark Ages 400-900
Authors: James Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For Romans, or at least for their rulers and the aristocratic elite who provide us with the bulk of our written sources, northern Europe was at the fringes of civilization or beyond it, and barely worth attention. Those parts of it in the Roman Empire-central and southern Britain, and northern Gaulwere much less heavily Romanized than the provinces around the western Mediterranean. It is significant that the earliest surviving Latin writings from those provinces are from the very end of the Roman Empire, and from writers who may have learnt their Latin in Christian rather than secular schools. The only time that Britain and northern Gaul impressed themselves upon the consciousness of Roman authorities was when they produced usurpers or were attacked by still less civilized peoples from beyond the frontiers: the Franks, the Alamans, the Saxons, the Picts, or the cannibal Atecotti. The northern provinces were merely buffer states to help protect the empire from the barbarians beyond.
Northern Europe Invades the Mediterranean 900-I200
Authors: Morris Rosemary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the world of the Patriarch Nicholas I, wntmg in about 914, there were two powers which commanded honour and respect. One was the Abbasid Caliphate based on Baghdad, the ruler of the lands of the Near East; the other the Roman Empire, based since the fourth century on its new, Christian capital, Constantinople. Both powers were conscious of a long tradition of rule; the people of the eastern empire always referred to themselves as Rhomaioi (‘Romans’) and the rulers of the lands to the east of the Mediterranean were similarly conscious of a Muslim tradition which stretched back to the days of the Prophet. But how far did these grandiose concepts of imperial might correspond with reality in the period after 900? There was no place in the patriarch’s world-view for the lands and rulers of the western Mediterranean and not the slightest indication that Byzantine power closer to home might often be challenged.
Greek Historians
Authors: Murray Oswyn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many societies possess professional remembrancers, priests or officials, whose duty it is to record those traditions thought necessary for the continuity of social values; many societies also possess priestly or official records, designed to help regulate and placate the worlds of gods and men, but capable of being converted by modern scholars into history. Yet the actual writ¬ing of history as a distinct cultural activity seems in origin independent of these natural social attitudes, and is a rare phenomenon: it has in fact developed independently only in three very different societies: Judaea, Greece, and China. The characteristics of history in each case are distinct: history is not a science, but an art form serving the needs of society and there¬ fore conditioned by its origin.
Classical Greek Philosophy
Authors: Annas Julia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Plato began to write, philosophy in Greece already had a long and striking history-a history against which Plato himself in his early dialogues rebels. It is tempting for us to take Plato as marking a fresh start in philosophy, and we are encouraged in this by the fact that his are the first complete works that we can discuss philosophically without the preliminary labour of piecing out fragments and disentangling later reports. But Plato’s work as a whole is best seen against the background of the philosophical tradition that he found; and this is even more true of Aristotle, who indeed largely charts that tradition for us, and whose work is deeply marked by his continued engagement with, and responses to, previous thinkers.
Hellenistic Philosophy and Science
Authors: Barnes Jonathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
GREEK philosophy has a continuous history. The death of Alex¬ ander the Great heralded no intellectual revolution, and the Hellenistic thinkers placed themselves in the tradition of Thales and of Socrates. But after Aristotle the emphasis changed: Hellenistic philosophy-in its scope, its aim, its self-understanding -differed somewhat from the discipline practised in earlier centuries.
The First Roman Literature
Authors: Brown P G Mee. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Latin literature begins with a bang, with a dazzling display of virtuoso verbal fireworks in twenty comedies written by Plautus between about 205 and 184 BC. The start of Latin literature is conventionally dated to the performance of a play by Livius Andronicus at Rome in 240 BC, but these comedies by Plautus are the earliest works to have survived complete. They are modelled on Greek comedies, nearly all of them ‘New Comedies’ written by Menander and his contemporaries about 100 years before Plautus. Like the Greek comedies, they are written in verse. Greek comedies were written for performance in a permanent theatre at Athens, as central elements in a religious festival. Roman comedies were also performed at religious festivals, but they were one source of entertainment among many, and they were performed on a temporary stage erected for the occasion.
Roman Art and Architecture
Authors: Wilson R J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When the chaos and civil war which marked the collapse of the Roman Republic erupted in the third quarter of the first century BC, there had already been sown some of the seeds of architectural and artistic innovation which were to bear such remarkably productive fruit during the early years of Empire. Yet, architecture apart, the period of the Republic in central Italy down to the middle and later years of the second century BC was not marked by any brilliant outpouring of artistic creativity, or by many works which display striking originality: little that is genuinely and independently ‘Roman’ can be identified in the art of early- and middle-Republican Rome. Rather it was the twin cultural influences of Etruria and the Greek world that were dominant, the latter being by far the more significant.
The Other Two Italies, and their Three Wars, 1943–1945
Authors: Morgan Philip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During a conference in Pesaro held in 1984 on the war along the Gothic Line, an ex-partisan defensively took issue with some specifi contributions, but really with the whole tenor of the conference: ‘when people ask me how many partisans there were, I never reply with a number, because in reality we were an entire people who had taken to the woods, because everyone contributed in various ways, with the exception of a minority who served the Nazis’. Unfortunately for this protagonist of the armed struggle, and for her restatement of what was the conventional post-war view of the wartime Resistance, others had been playing the numbers game.
The Long ‘Peace’
Authors: Mulholland Marc 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
British policy had developed in the early 1970s as a twin track of levying war and constructing a political dispensation. War, however, delegitimized politics and left the IRA campaign undiminished. With the collapse of the political centre ground, British policy moved to that of limiting conflict to an ‘acceptable level of violence’ and criminalizing the IRA. This posed serious problems for republicans. Their determination to maintain their self image as an army led to bitter conflict in the prisons, where their POWs furiously resisted the withdrawal of special category status.
Brave New World?
Authors: Robbins Keith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was in the second half of the 1980s that the structures and assumptions which had still largely prevailed in the world since 1945 were dramatically reshaped. The ‘Cold War’, which had subsisted for decades, though with fluctuating intensity, was finally over. Its tentacles, as we have noted in previous chapters, had spread beyond Europe and complicated other conflicts elsewhere which had deeper and indigenous ethnic or religious causes. There had been moments of detente in previous decades, but they had turned out to be ‘false dawns’. Indeed, some scholars speak of a ‘Second Cold War’ in the early 1980s when the optimism engendered by the Helsinki Agreements gave way to the renewed and potentially explosive rivalry discussed in the previous chapter. The later 1980s, however, cannot yet be ex-plained definitively. And, when change did come, both its scope and timing were rarely predicted—a fact that makes one cautious about academic claims to understand both the international ‘system’ and the dynamics of domestic change.
The Proscriptions
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
CAESAR’S heir now held Rome after the second attempt in ten months. The first time he had sought backing from senior statesmen and from the party of the constitution. Now he was consul, his only danger the rival army commanders. For the moment, certain brief formalities. To bring to trial and punishment the assassins of Caesar, a special court was established by a law of the consul Pedius ; along with these state criminals a convenient fiction reckoned Sex. Pompeius, the admiral of the Republic. The ambitious or the shameless made show of high loyalty and competed for the right to prosecute. Agrippa indicted Cassius, a person called L. Cornificius marked down Brutus as his prey.2 Of the jurors, though carefully selected, one man gave his vote for absolution and remained unmolested until the proscriptions were duly instituted. Octavianus could afford to wait, to take vengeance upon the lesser enemies along with the greater.
Crisis In Party And State
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
THE pretext of a special mandate from Senate and People was not merely a recognition of the past services and unique eminence of Caesar’s heir, not merely a due guarantee of his dignitas and pledge of civil concord or vested interests there was work to be done. The restored Republic needed a friendly hand to guide its counsels and set in order its imperial dominions and a firm authority to enforce a programme of social and moral regeneration.
The Government
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
THOUGH by no means as corrupt and inefficient as might hastily be imagined, the governing of all Italy and a wide empire under the ideas and system of a city state was clumsy, wasteful and calamitous. Many able men lacking birth, protection or desperate ambition stood aloof from politics. They could hardly be blamed. The consulate was the monopoly of the nobiles: after the consulate, little occupation, save a proconsulate, usually brief in tenure. The consulars became ‘senior statesmen’, decorative, quarrelsome and ambitious, seldom useful to the Roman People. Within the Senate or without it, a rich fund of ability and experience lay idle or was dissipated in politics.
Ice and Death on the Northeast Passage
Authors: McGhee Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Past Five Centuries of Arctic History are usually presented as a chronicle of exploration. History becomes a litany of the deeds of those (usually) men who travelled beyond the bounds of their own known world, returning with tales of hardship, adventure and amazing discoveries. Arctic geography becomes a gradually expanding “known world,” the advancing frontier of Europeans’ increasing awareness of the general outlines of coasts and rivers, routes of travel through ice or storm, and the animals and primitive tribes that occupied the country. Maps from these years of exploration depict the regions beyond this frontier as either snowy blanks or territories provisionally sketched with icy coastlines, towering mountain ranges, open oceans and strange peoples.
The Rape of Spitsbergen
Authors: McGhee Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Arctic Ocean is the Least Productive Sea on earth. Cold, deep and sealed with ice that blocks sunlight for six to twelve months of the year, it supports only minimal biological activity. In exceptional locations, however, circumstances allow pockets of productivity to develop, and these dense concentrations of life are the more remarkable for their contrast with the surrounding emptiness. One such concentration lies far to the north of Europe, midway between the northern coast of Norway and the Pole.
The Army Of The Georges 1714–1783
Authors: Guy Alan J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The butcher’s bill of Malplaquet in 1709, the vaulting ambitions of the over-mighty subject John Churchill, and the ostentatious post-war lifestyle of his associates—especiallyhisformerquartermaster-generalWilliam, Earl Cadogan—whose attempts to bribe the electors of Reading in 1714were greeted with derisory calls of ‘No Hanover, no Cadogan’—did nothing to lessen the proverbial antipathy of Englishmen to a standing army. Nor did the relentless growth of Marlborough’s military machine during the late war and the opportunities this seemed to give one English political faction, the Whigs, to subvert traditional values and social relationships by the gift of army commissions or lucrative supply contracts. Worse, and this perhaps is what the Reading electors most resented about Cadogan, the new and alien dynasty relied on armed force—first during the Jacobite rebellion of1715, when government margins of victory on the battle-field were perilously narrow—and later in the 1720s and1730s, when genuine fears of Jacobitism were linked by Sir Robert Walpole, the deeply loathed ‘prime’ minister, with elements of fantasy and political calculation to make Whig government backed by military power seem indispensable. The paranoid belief in October 1715 that the Jacobite scholars of Oxford were about to declare for the Pretender resulted in the city being first blockaded by Major-General Pepper’s regiment of dragoons and then occupied by Brigadier Handasyde’s regiment of foot. (The principal ‘conspirator’ escaped over Magdalen wall in his nightgown.)
An Unreformed Army? 1815–1868
Authors: Burroughs Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1815 Britain emerged victorious from the French and Napoleonic Wars. The circumstances created by this triumph, as well as the memories of military success, profoundly affected the development of the British army, both positively and negatively, for much of the nineteenth century. With its supremacy as a world power unchallenged by foreign rivals, Britain enjoyed almost four decades of peace in Europe, and this in itself sapped the army’s preparedness to fight a large-scale land war. Until 1854 military intervention to uphold a balance of power on the Continent was not contemplated, even by the meddling Lord Palmerston, as an adjunct to diplomatic action. Unlike the navy, the army had no role to play as an instrument of foreign policy. Both in official strategy and in popular perceptions, its position appeared secondary to that of the Senior Service as the front line of national defence, the foundation of Britain’s power and status, and the guarantor of trading routes throughout the world so vital to a commercial nation. These circumstances weakened the army’s capacity to command public attention and scarce resources. Home defence reinforced the tendency.