bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MINIMAL 3-BRAID REPRESENTATIONS
Authors: KEEVER R. D. 
Published: November 2004

This paper provides necessary and sufficient conditions for a representation of any 3-braid to be minimal (with regard to the number of crossings) and includes an algorithm to obtain such a representation, the number of distinct minimal representations of a given 3-braid, as well as a unique canonical form for each braid in B3. Also presented are necessary and sufficient conditions for any 3-string braid word to be a minimal representation of its conjugacy class. A canonical form for each conjugacy class in B3 is given.
TECHNOLOGY-BASED FIRMS: CRITICAL ASPECTS OF THEIR EARLY DEVELOPMENT
Authors: KLOFSTEN MAGNUS 
Published: November 2004

The founding and early development of a firm are crucial events. Despite this fact, most research is aimed at problems existing in firms that are established and have passed the early development. Consequently, knowledge of the early development process in a business firm is limited, particularly where technology-based firms are concerned. The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyse the early development processes of technology-based firms. The research questions are: What aspects are important in the early development of a technology-based firm? Are some of these aspects more difficult to develop than others and, if so, why? A case study approach is used. Three technology-based firms have over a period of five years been studied in detail, using interviews and sources such as minutes of board meetings, business and market plans and other documents. From a review of the literature, eight essential aspects (business idea, product, market, organization, expertise, prime mover, customer relations and other corporate relations) of the early development have been chosen. The results show that the degree of difficulty to develop the aspects vary. A particularly difficult aspect is to define the market.
VENTURE CAPITALISTS’ COLLECTIVE BELIEFS ON NEW BUSINESS VENTURE INVESTMENTS
Authors: RIQUELME HERNAN 
Published: November 2004

A multi-method approach (investment case analysis, administrative records, published interviews, questionnaire, and personal interviews) was conducted in order to deal with the widest possible range of aspects connected with venture capitalists’ investments in new businesses. Our study identified 73 decision rules or heuristics associated with such investments and we examined the extent to which these rules were shared by the UK venture capital community. We proposed to find out the reasons for business problems/failures and whether venture capitalists’ attribution of blame is biased. We explained what social functions this attribution serves and what consequences it entails for the venture capitalist, the entrepreneur, and the providers of funds to venture capital firms. Our decision rules demonstrate that not only evaluation criteria are important to understanding success of new ventures but also other heuristics associated with the deal structure, and two basic social processes, namely, hands-on management and networks. This very much reflects the widespread belief among venture capitalists that “it is not just a matter of picking up the winners”. This research has made explicit the venture capitalists’ “theory”of new business failures and illustrates their attribution bias towards the managerial team. This attribution of blame has serious consequences for the managerial team and the venture capitalists themselves as they will try to alter the managerial team rather than any other situational factor, e.g. market, product.
The Problem of Agency in Scientific Distributed Cognitive Systems
Authors: Giere Ronald 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFrom the perspective of cognitive science, it is illuminating to think of much contemporary scientific research as taking place in distributed cognitive systems. This is particularly true of large-scale experimental and observational systems such as the Hubble Telescope. Clark, Hutchins, Knorr-Cetina, and Latour insist or imply such a move requires expanding our notions of knowledge, mind, and even consciousness. Whether this is correct seems to me not a straightforward factual question. Rather, the issue seems to be how best to develop a theoretical understanding of such systems appropriate to the study of science and technology. I argue that there is no need to attribute to such systems as a whole any form of cognitive agency. We can well understand the importance of such systems while restricting agency to the human components. The implication is that we think of these large-scale distributed cognitive systems not so much as unified wholes, but as hybrid systems including both physical artifacts and ordinary humans.
THE OURANOLOGY OF THE APOCALYPSE OF ABRAHAM
Authors: Poirier John 
Published: November 2004

AbstractScholars universally dismiss the reference to an eighth heaven in Apoc. Abr. 19.6 as a late addition, but they have apparently done so without fully understanding the difficult sequence of activity in chaps. 15-19. With the help of other texts, the confusing web of spatial indicators in these chapters can be mapped out in a sensible and logical manner. This article not only argues that the narrative is more coherent than previous accounts have assumed, but also that the eighth heaven is a necessary part of the narrative.
Efficient activation of gene expression using a heat-shock inducible Gal4/Vp16-UAS system in medaka
Authors: Grabher Clemens , Wittbrodt Joachim 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Background
Genetic interference by DNA, mRNA or morpholino injection is a widely used approach to study gene function in developmental biology. However, the lack of temporal control over the activity of interfering molecules often hampers investigation of gene function required during later stages of embryogenesis. To elucidate the roles of genes during embryogenesis a precise temporal control of transgene expression levels in the developing organism is on demand.

Results
We have generated a transgenic Gal4/Vp16 activator line that is heat-shock inducible, thereby providing a tool to drive the expression of specific effector genes via Gal4/Vp16. Merging the Gal4/Vp16-UAS system with the I-SceI meganuclease and the Sleeping Beauty transposon system allows inducible gene expression in an entirely uniform manner without the need to generate transgenic effector lines. Combination of this system with fluorescent protein reporters furthermore facilitates the direct visualization of transgene expressing cells in live embryos.

Conclusion
The combinatorial properties of this expression system provide a powerful tool for the analysis of gene function during embryonic and larval development in fish by ectopic expression of gene products.
Inconsistent self-reported mammography history: Findings from the National Population Health Survey longitudinal cohort
Authors: Bancej Christina M , Maxwell Colleen J , Snider Judy 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Background
Self-reported information has commonly been used to monitor mammography utilization across populations and time periods. However, longitudinal investigations regarding the prevalence and determinants of inconsistent responses over time and the impact of such responses on population screening estimates are lacking.

Methods
Based on longitudinal panel data for a representative cohort of Canadian women aged 40+ years (n = 3,537) assessed in the 1994–95 (baseline) and 1996–97 (follow-up) National Population Health Survey (NPHS), we examined the prevalence of inconsistent self-reports of mammography utilization. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the associations between women's baseline sociodemographic and health characteristics and 2 types of inconsistent responses: (i) baseline reports of ever use which were subsequently contradicted by follow-up reports of never use; and (ii) baseline reports of never use which were contradicted by follow-up reports of use prior to 1994–95.

Results
Among women who reported having a mammogram at baseline, 5.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 4.6–7.3%) reported at follow-up that they had never had one. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that women with such inconsistent responses were more often outside target age groups, from low income households and less likely to report hormone replacement therapy and Pap smear use. Among women reporting never use at baseline and ever use at follow-up, 17.4% (95%CI: 11.7–23.1%) reported their most recent mammogram as occurring prior to 1994–95 (baseline) and such responses were more common among women aged 70+ years and those in poorer health.

Conclusions
Women with inconsistent responses of type (i), i.e., ever users at baseline but never users at follow-up, appeared to exhibit characteristics typical of never users of mammography screening. Although limited by sample size, our preliminary analyses suggest that type (ii) responses are more likely to be the result of recall bias due to competing morbidity and age. Inconsistent responses, if removed from the analyses, may be a greater source of loss to follow-up than deaths/institutionalization or item non-response.
Primary lymphocutaneous nocardiosis in an immunocompetent patient
Authors: Maraki Sofia , Chochlidakis Stavros , Nioti Eleni , Tselentis Yannis 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Background
Nocardia brasiliensis is a rare human pathogen usually associated with localized cutaneous infections.

Case Presentation
We report a case of primary lymphocutaneous Nocardia brasiliensis infection developed after a bone fracture of the left hand of an otherwise healthy 32-year-old man. Treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole given for a total of three months combined with surgical debridement resulted in complete resolution of the infection.

Conclusion
Nocardiosis should be part of the differential diagnosis in patients with sporotrichoid infection, particularly those with a history of outdoor injury. Culture of the affected tissue and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the isolate should be performed for diagnosis and treatment.
Large bilateral adrenal metastases in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Karanikiotis Charisios , Tentes Apostolos Anto , Markakidis Sotirios , Vafiadis Konstantinos 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Background
The adrenal gland is one of the common sites of metastasis from primary lung cancer. Adrenal metastases are usually unilateral however bilateral adrenal metastases are seen in 10% of all lung cancer patients; of these 2–3% occurs at the initial presentation of non-small cell lung cancer. Secondary tumors can disrupt the structure and function of the adrenal. This can lead to adrenal hemorrhage, which constitutes a life threatening hazard for the patient.

Case presentation
A 59-year-old male presented with persisting abdominal pain. His initial work-up revealed significant anemia, an invasive process in the right upper lobe of the lung and large masses of heterogeneous texture, with hemorrhagic and necrotic elements in both adrenal glands. A biopsy confirmed it to be a large-cell carcinoma of the lungs. The patient developed severe leukocytosis akin to the paraneoplastic syndrome and died suddenly five days after the administration of chemotherapy.

Conclusion
Intratumoral hemorrhage is a rare but life threatening complication of adrenal metastases and should be treated as soon as it has been diagnosed. If adrenalectomy is not feasible, combination chemotherapy should be applied as in metastatic disease. For choosing the appropriate chemotherapeutic regimen it is important to accurately achieve the diagnosis.
Are zinc-bound metallothionein isoforms (I+II and III) involved in impaired thymulin production and thymic involution during ageing?
Authors: Mocchegiani Eugenio , Giacconi Robertina , Cipriano Catia , Muti Elisa , Gasparini Nazzarena , Malavolta Marco 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Background
With advancing age, thymic efficiency shows progressive decline due to thymic involution allowing impaired cell-mediated immunity and the appearance of age-related diseases. The intrinsic cause of thymic involution is still undefined. Chronic inflammation and high glucocorticoids (GCs) may be involved. However, transgenic mice, with increased GC sensitivity and over expression of GC receptors, display delayed age-associated thymic involution. This fact suggests that other substances may affect thymic involution. Among them, both isoforms of metallothioneins (MTs) I+II and III are the major candidates because their increments leads to organ atrophy in constant stress and are induced by IL-6, which increases in ageing. Enhanced MTs in ageing allows constant sequester of zinc ions and no subsequent zinc release leading to low zinc ion bioavailability for thymic efficiency. This sequester is very limited in very old age. Thus, we have investigated the MTmRNA (I+II and III) in the thymus from young, old and very old mice.

Methods
MTmRNA and IL-6mRNA (RT-PCR) in the thymus from different donors were tested. Concomitantly, TECs proliferation, zinc ion bioavailability (ratio total thymulin/active thymulin), thymulin activity and corticosterone were tested from different donors.

Results
Both isoforms of MTmRNA and IL-6mRNA increase in old thymus coupled with low zinc ion bioavailability, reduced TECs proliferation, impaired thymulin activity and enhanced plasma corticosterone in comparison with young. Conversely, although the thymus is involuted in very old mice because of no changes in thymus weight in comparison to old mice, reduced MTmRNA, especially MT-I+II isoforms, and low IL6mRNA occur. Concomitantly, good zinc ion bioavailability, maintained TECs proliferation, satisfactory thymulin activity and reduced corticosterone are observed in very old mice.

Conclusions
The concomitant increments by high IL-6 of both MT isoforms in the thymus from old mice may be involved in thymic involution because provoking low zinc ion bioavailability, which is relevant for thymic efficiency. By contrast, the limited increments of MTs by low IL-6 induce good zinc ion bioavailability and satisfactory thymic efficiency in very old mice. Therefore, abnormal increased MTs may provoke complete thymic involution during ageing and the possible appearance of age-related diseases. If their increments are instead limited by low inflammation, healthy ageing and longevity may be reached.
Age-related decline in RACK-1 expression in human leukocytes is correlated to plasma levels of dehydroepiandrosterone
Authors: Corsini Emanuela , Racchi Marco , Sinforiani Elena , Lucchi Laura , Viviani Barbara , Rovati Gian Enrico , Govoni Stefano , Galli Corrado L , Marinovich Marina 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Aging is associated with remodeling of the immune system, contributing to increased incidence of infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer among the elderly. Alterations in several signal transduction pathways have been reported to play an important role in immunosenescence. We show that peripheral blood leukocytes obtained from old donors (≥65 years) have a significantly reduced expression of receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK-1), a protein required for protein kinase C (PKC)-β signaling, as compared with young donors (≤40 years), both in males and females. The decline in RACK-1 immunoboth in reactivity was age-related (Spearman correlation, r=–0.278, P=0.012). All leukocyte subpopulations, namely lympho-monocytes, granulocytes, and B and T cells, showed a similar defect. We also observed a direct correlation between circulating dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and RACK-1 expression in leukocytes (Spearman correlation, r=0.388, P=0.001). Furthermore, in vitro treatment with DHEA resulted in increased RACK-1 expression in leukocytes and lymphocyte proliferation, confirming the role of this hormone in the modulation of its expression and immune functions. A relevant consequence of RACK-1-reduced expression was the observation that release of tumor necrosis factor α following lipopolysaccharide challenge and mitogen-induced lymphocye proliferation, which involves PKC-β activation, was significantly reduced in elderly subjects. Overall, our findings contribute to the understanding of the complex process of immunosenescence and identify age-related loss in immunological responses as partially associated with decreased RACK-1 expression.
Targeting leukocyte integrins in human diseases
Authors: Yonekawa Karyn , Harlan John M 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
As our understanding of integrins as multifunctional adhesion and signaling molecules has grown, so has their recognition as potential therapeutic targets in human diseases. Leukocyte integrins are of particular interest in this regard, as they are key molecules in immune-mediated and inflammatory processes and are thus critically involved in diverse clinical disorders, ranging from asthma to atherosclerosis. Antagonists that interfere with integrin-dependent leukocyte trafficking and/or post-trafficking events have shown efficacy in multiple preclinical models, but these have not always predicted success in subsequent clinical trials (e.g., ischemia-reperfusion disorders and transplantation). However, recent successes of integrin antagonists in psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and multiple sclerosis demonstrate the tremendous potential of antiadhesion therapy directed at leukocyte integrins. This article will review the role of the leukocyte integrins in the inflammatory process, approaches to targeting leukocyte integrins and their ligands, and the results of completed clinical trials.
Paget’s disease and cochlear implantation
Authors: Bacciu A. , Pasanisi E. , Vincenti V. , Ingegnoli F. , Guida M. , Panu F. , Bacciu S. 
Published: November 2004

Paget’s disease of bone is a common disorder of unresolved etiology characterized by excessive bone resorption followed by excessive bone formation. If the skull isaffected this may result in hearing loss and eventually develop into profound deafness. To date, no cases of cochlear implantation in patients with Paget’s disease have been reported.The authors present a case of radiographically confirmed Paget’s disease of the skull in a 77-year-old man with a 20-year history of progressive bilateral sensorineural hearing losswho underwent cochlear implantation. A successful insertion of the Nucleus 24 Contour electrodearray was achieved without surgical and postoperative complications. At the 10 months’ postoperative evaluation, the patient had gained useful open-set speech perception. In quiet conditions, his performance scores on the word and sentence recognition tests were 100 and 98 per cent, respectively. In the presence of noise (at +10 dB. signal-to-noise ratio), his performance scores on the word and sentence recognition tests were 96 and 94per cent, respectively.
Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Colonization of Pig Carrion in South Georgia
Authors: Tomberlin JK , Sheppard DC , Joyce JA 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.), is thought to colonize corpses 20–30 days postmortem. However, recent observations indicate this might not be true for all cases. Therefore, we conducted a study examining colonization by the black soldier fly and other Diptera on pig carrion in a plowed field in southern Georgia from 20 September through 21 February. Our data indicate black soldier flies could colonize a corpse within the first week after death. Knowing this information could prevent a serious mistake in estimating the time at which a corpse is colonized by this species. This study also represents the first record of Chrysomya rufifacies in Georgia.
Person Identification by Gait Analysis and Photogrammetry
Authors: Lynnerup N , Vedel J 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Surveillance images from a bank robbery were analyzed and compared with images of a suspect. Based on general bodily features, gait and anthropometric measurements, we were able to conclude that one of the perpetrators showed strong resemblance to the suspect. Both exhibited a gait characterized by hyperextension of the leg joints, and bodily measurements did not differ by more than 6 mm on average. The latter was quantified by photogrammetry: i.e., measuring by using images of the perpetrator as captured by surveillance cameras. Using the computer software Photomodeler Pro®, synchronous images from different cameras were compared and concurrent body features were identified. The program could then render the perpetrator as a three dimensional, high-precision, scalable and measurable object.
Forensic Dermatopathology and Internal Disease
Authors: Kovarik CL , Stewart D , Cockerell CJ , Barnard JJ 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The gross and microscopic analysis of skin lesions at autopsy can help the pathologist understand diseases and injuries inflicted premortem, perimortem, or postmortem. From January 2003 to January 2004, skin findings at autopsy were closely examined by a dermatologist and sampled for microscopic analysis at the Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences. Dermatologic abnormalities in some of these cases led to the discovery of internal disease and allowed for a more complete understanding of the pathologic disease processes affecting the individual. We present four autopsy cases with skin manifestations of internal disease, including pseudoxanthoma elasticum, calciphylaxis, the sign of Leser Trelat, and papular mucinosis, and demonstrate the usefulness of the dermatological assessment at autopsy. In all cases, discovery of these skin lesions and internal disease manifestations allowed contributing factors to the death of the individual to be uncovered.
Structural Determination of the Principal Byproduct of the Lithium-Ammonia Reduction Method of Methamphetamine Manufacture
Authors: Person EC , Meyer JA , Vyvyan JR 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
One common method- of illicit methamphetamine manufacture utilizes an alkali metal, typically lithium, and liquid ammonia to chemically reduce ephedrine or pseudoephedrine to form methamphetamine. This method is often referred to as the lithium-ammonia reduction method or the Birch reduction method. While the hydroxyl group of ephedrine is more reactive than the aromatic ring, excess alkali metal and the presence of a proton source allow the formation of a cyclohexadiene byproduct not found in samples of methamphetamine produced from other manufacturing methods. A sample enriched in this byproduct was generated and characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), infrared (IR) spectrophotometry, and ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. The chemical structure of this byproduct was determined to be 1-(1ʹ,4ʹ-cyclohexadienyl)-2-methylaminopropane (CMP).
Computer-Based Production of Comparison Overlays from 3D-Scanned Dental Casts for Bite Mark Analysis
Authors: Martin-de las Heras S , Valenzuela A , Ogayar C , Valverde AJ , Torres JC 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Bite mark analysis assumes the uniqueness of the dentition can be accurately recorded on skin or an object. However, biting is a dynamic procedure involving three moving systems, the maxilla, the mandible, and the victim's reaction. Moreover, bite marks can be distorted by the anatomic location of the injury or the elasticity of the skin tissue. Therefore, the same dentition can produce bite marks that exhibit variations in appearance. The complexity of this source of evidence emphasizes the need for new 3D imaging technologies in bite mark analysis. This article presents a new software package, DentalPrint® (2004, University of Granada, Department of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Odontology, Granada, Spain) that generates different comparison overlays from 3D dental cast images depending on the pressure of the bite or the distortion caused by victim-biter interaction. The procedure for generating comparison overlays is entirely automatic, thus avoiding observer bias. Moreover, the software presented here makes it impossible for third parties to manipulate or alter the 3D images, making DentalPrint suitable for bite mark analyses to be used in court proceedings.