bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development, parallelization, and automation of a gas‐inducing milliliter‐scale bioreactor for high‐throughput bioprocess design (HTBD)
Authors: Puskeiler R. , Kaufmann K. , Weuster‐Botz D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA novel milliliter‐scale bioreactor equipped with a gas‐inducing impeller was developed with oxygen transfer coefficients as high as in laboratory and industrial stirred‐tank bioreactors. The bioreactor reaches oxygen transfer coefficients of >0.4 s−1. Oxygen transfer coefficients of >0.2 s−1 can be maintained over a range of 8‐ to 12‐mL reaction volume. A reaction block with integrated heat exchangers was developed for 48‐mL‐scale bioreactors. The block can be closed with a single gas cover spreading sterile process gas from a central inlet into the headspace of all bioreactors. The gas cover simultaneously acts as a sterile barrier, making the reaction block a stand‐alone device that represents an alternative to 48 parallel‐operated shake flasks on a much smaller footprint. Process control software was developed to control a liquid‐handling system for automated sampling, titration of pH, substrate feeding, and a microtiter plate reader for automated atline pH and atline optical density analytics. The liquid‐handling parameters for titration agent, feeding solution, and cell samples were optimized to increase data quality. A simple proportional pH‐control algorithm and intermittent titration of pH enabled Escherichia coli growth to a dry cell weight of 20.5 g L−1 in fed‐batch cultivation with air aeration. Growth of E. coli at the milliliter scale (10 mL) was shown to be equivalent to laboratory scale (3 L) with regard to growth rate, μ, and biomass yield, YXS. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TGF‐β1 regulation in hepatocyte‐NIH3T3 co‐culture is important for the enhanced hepatocyte function in 3D microenvironment
Authors: Chia Ser‐Mien , Lin Pao‐Chun , Yu Hanry 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCo‐culture of hepatocytes or hepatocyte spheroids with the supporting NIH3T3 in a 3D microcapsule formed with a hybrid natural/synthetic matrix has led to enhanced hepatocyte functions. We investigated the mechanism of the functional enhancement in co‐culture with respect to the contributions of soluble factors and direct cell–cell interactions. The conditioned media from the co‐culture induced higher P450 cytochrome oxidase activity (indicated by EROD assay) in the microencapsulated hepatocytes than the conditioned media from the NIH3T3‐ or the hepatocytes‐alone controls. Conditioned media from physically separated co‐culture of hepatocytes‐NIH3T3 by a membrane insert reduced the functional enhancement. Among the known stimulators of hepatocyte functions, TGFβ1 is primarily responsible for the stimulation of hepatocyte functions in this 3D co‐culture since the removal of TGFβ1 by antibody depletion eliminated the functional enhancement and the reconstitution of TGFβ1 restored the functional enhancement. Activation of latent TGFβ1 in an extracellular environment were upregulated in co‐culture with no observable increase in the TGFβ1 expression at transcriptional and translational levels. Our data led to an improved understanding of how co‐culture enhances hepatocyte functions in vitro and pave the way for further innovations in liver tissue engineering, drug metabolism studies, and other applications that require functional hepatocytes cultured in vitro. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interleukin 7 upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor D in breast cancer cells and induces lymphangiogenesis in vivo
Authors: Al-Rawi M A A , Watkins G , Mansel R E , Jiang W G 
Published: January 2005

Abstract

Background
Interleukin (IL) 7 is known to stimulate growth of breast cancer cells in vitro. It has been recently associated with node-positive tumours and with poor survival in breast cancer. The effects of IL-7 on the lymphangiogenic properties of breast cancer cells were explored.

Methods
The effects of IL-7 on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) in MDA MB-231, MCF-7 and BT-483 cells were analysed by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. An in vivo lymphangiogenesis model using nude mice was developed. The newly generated microtubules were stained with anti-von Willebrand factor and anti-LYVE-1 (lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor) antibodies.

Results
All VEGFs (VEGF-A, -B, -C and -D) were expressed in breast cancer cells, but at different levels. IL-7 increased the expression of VEGF-D at both mRNA and protein levels in MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 cells. In the in vivo model, IL-7 significantly induced the formation of lymphatic LYVE-1-positive, but not vascular von Willebrand factor-positive, microtubules (P = 0·021 versus sections without IL-7).

Conclusion
IL-7 induced the lymphangiogenic properties of breast cancer cells, probably by upregulation of VEGF-D. This might have a significant impact on the lymphatic spread of breast cancer.
Axillary vein abnormalities contribute to development of lymphoedema after surgery for breast cancer
Authors: Pain S J , Vowler S , Purushotham A D 
Published: January 2005

Abstract

Background
The aetiology of breast cancer-related lymphoedema (BCRL) is poorly understood and multifactorial. Previous work has suggested that acquired abnormalities of the axillary vein may contribute to arm swelling. This prospective study evaluated venous changes in patients with a new diagnosis of breast cancer who had surgery that included axillary lymph node clearance.

Methods
Patients underwent arm volume measurement and Doppler ultrasonographic assessment of the axillary vein before, and at 3 and 12 months after surgery.

Results
A complete data set was available for 70 patients. BCRL was observed in 16 per cent at 3 months and 11 per cent at 12 months. Significant alterations to venous flow patterns were observed in those with BCRL. Vein wall movement was significantly reduced after surgery for the group as a whole, but did not correlate with arm swelling. Venous stenosis with impaired flow was also observed in the absence of BCRL.

Conclusion
Axillary clearance can cause altered flow within the axillary vein, which is associated with an increased risk of developing lymphoedema.
Prospective evaluation of the impact of [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography of resectable colorectal liver metastases
Authors: Truant S , Huglo D , Hebbar M , Ernst O , Steinling M , Pruvot F-R 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the additional value of information provided by positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) over that provided by computed tomography (CT) in patients with resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer.MethodsBetween October 2001 and November 2002, a prospective double-blind comparison of preoperative FDG-PET and thoracoabdominal CT was performed in 53 patients with potentially resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer. All resected metastases were subjected to histological examination.ResultsHistological examination confirmed the presence of malignant or benign lesions detected by PET and/or CT in 95 per cent of instances. Overall sensitivity (78 per cent) and accuracy (88 per cent) of PET were equivalent to those of CT (76 and 86 per cent respectively). The sensitivity of PET was equivalent to that of CT for hepatic sites (both 79 per cent), but was superior for extrahepatic abdominal sites (63 and 25 per cent respectively). PET provided additional information in five patients, mainly by revealing abdominal extrahepatic metastases, but falsely upstaged three patients.ConclusionWhole-body FDG-PET may identify unrecognized extrahepatic metastases in patients with potentially resectable liver metastases imaged by CT. However, additional information provided by PET is not as reliable as suggested by earlier retrospective studies.
Lymph node involvement in macroscopic medullary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Tamagnini P , Iacobone M , Sebag F , Marcy M , De Micco C , Henry J F 
Published: January 2005

Abstract

Background
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare disease, with variable tendency to lymphatic spread. The aim of this retrospective study was to identify distinctive features of large MTC with and without nodal metastases.

Methods
Between 1993 and 2003, 28 consecutive patients underwent total thyroidectomy and neck node dissection for sporadic MTC larger than 10 mm in diameter.

Results
All tumours were confirmed to be malignant with a locally invasive pattern of growth. Lymph node metastases were present in 16 patients (N1) and absent in 12 (N0). There were no statistically significant differences between patients with N0 and N1 tumours concerning age (mean 52·1 versus 53·4 years), male:female ratio (0·7 versus 1·0), basal preoperative calcitonin concentration (mean 3238 versus 3076 pg/ml) and tumour size (23·3 versus 23·9 mm). There were differences in the incidence of tumour invasion (P &lt; 0·001), vascular embolism (P = 0·011) and peritumoral thyroiditis (P = 0·039). Measurement of basal and stimulated calcitonin levels after surgery confirmed biochemical cure in all patients with N0 tumours and half of those with N1 disease (P = 0·006).

Conclusion
There were no preoperative factors that predicted node status for MTC larger than 1 cm in this series. Total thyroidectomy and nodal dissection remains the optimal treatment.
Effect of preoperative biliary stenting on immediate outcome after pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Jagannath P , Dhir V , Shrikhande S , Shah R C , Mullerpatan P , Mohandas K M 
Published: January 2005

Abstract

Background
Preoperative biliary stenting is associated with bacterial contamination of bile and an increased rate of infectious complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Preoperative drainage has been found to have conflicting effects on morbidity and mortality, and no studies have been published on the effect of stent complications and duration of stenting on postoperative outcome. This study examined the effects of preoperative biliary stenting on early outcome after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Methods
Details of 144 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy from 1992 to 2001 were entered into a database. Variables included biliary stenting, duration of stenting, stent complications and bile culture results. Details of surgery and postoperative complications were noted. Patients were grouped as stented and non-stented. Factors likely to affect postoperative mortality and morbidity were analysed.

Results
Preoperative biliary stenting was performed in 74 of the 144 patients; post-stenting complications developed in 18 patients (24 per cent) before surgery. After surgery there were nine deaths (6·3 per cent) and 60 (41·7 per cent) of the 144 patients developed complications, with no significant difference in morbidity rate between stented and non-stented patients. Logistic regression showed that a positive intraoperative bile culture was the only factor significantly associated with operative morbidity (P &lt; 0·001) and mortality (P = 0·019). Biliary stenting was not significantly associated with a positive culture (P = 0·073), but stenting that resulted in complications (P = 0·006) and drainage for less than 6 weeks (P = 0·011) was associated with significantly greater culture positivity. Stenting followed by complications was shown by logistic regression to be the only factor significantly associated with a positive culture (P = 0·012).

Conclusion
A positive intraoperative bile culture was associated with higher morbidity and mortality rates following pancreaticoduodenectomy. A positive culture in the stented group was related to stent complications and duration of stenting. Uncomplicated stenting was not associated with increased morbidity or mortality.
Clinical relevance of multiple sentinel nodes in patients with breast cancer
Authors: Goyal A , Newcombe R G , Mansel R E 
Published: January 2005

Abstract

Background
Indiscriminate removal of axillary nodes may not be justified as it may potentially worsen the morbidity of the sentinel lymph node biopsy (SNB) procedure. This study examined the factors associated with removal of multiple sentinel lymph nodes and determined whether there was an upper threshold for the number of sentinel nodes that should be removed.

Methods
A total of 803 patients with breast cancer underwent successful SNB using peritumoral injection of 99mTc-labelled albumin colloid and Patent Blue V dye. SNB was followed by standard axillary treatment at the same operation in all patients.

Results
The mean number of sentinel nodes removed per procedure was 2·2 (range 1–9). Multiple sentinel nodes (mean 2·9, range 2–9) were found in 501 patients (62·4 per cent). The false-negative rate in patients who had one sentinel node harvested was 10 per cent, compared with 1 per cent in patients who had three or more nodes removed (P = 0·010). Factors associated with finding multiple sentinel nodes were age less than 50 years (P = 0·004), low body mass index (P &lt; 0·001), tumour in the outer half of the breast (P = 0·013), sentinel node visualization on lymphoscintigraphy (P &lt; 0·001) and an interval of 12 h or less between radioisotope injection and SNB (P = 0·014). For 99·6 per cent of node-positive tumours, metastasis was detected within the first four sentinel nodes removed.

Conclusion
The identification of multiple sentinel nodes, when present, reduced the false-negative rate. These data suggested that removal of more than four nodes was unnecessary.
Addiction as a functional representation
Authors: Heim Derek , Davies John B. , Cheyne Bill , Smallwood Jonathan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study examined how perceptions of the addicted state vary as a function of social conditions, personal circumstances and type of substance. University students (n = 144) were presented with portrayals of drug users in which sex, drug type and social setting were varied. A questionnaire determined the degree to which participants thought that the person portrayed was (i) addicted, (ii) prone to use drugs due to his/her personality, and (iii) perceived as a problem to society. The pattern of results fitted a functional model of the addiction concept rather than an attempt to describe an ‘objective’ state. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attitudes to women in society: the role of social dominance orientation and social values
Authors: Bates Cathy , Heaven Patrick C. L. 
Published: January 2005

Abstracthis research assessed the extent to which attitudes to women in society are predicted by the personality trait social dominance orientation (SDO) as well as the values international harmony and equality (INT) and national strength and order (NAT). Respondents were a community sample of adult non‐students (N = 158). Sex differences were observed on INT and attitudes to women. Multiple regression analyses showed sex differences in the extent to which SDO predicts attitudes to women, while no support was found for the view that social attitudes are underpinned by both security and harmony values. The results are discussed with reference to social dominance theory and the nature of the security value domain. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Community‐oriented primary care: a multidisciplinary community‐oriented approach to primary care?
Authors: Lenihan Penny , Iliffe Steve 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDeveloping more of a local public health focus, and involving local communities in Great Britain in health care decision‐making, are key aspects of the radically changing face of primary care. Community‐oriented primary care (COPC) is an international model for innovative primary health care delivery historically applied in developing or deprived communities, but increasingly seen as having broader relevance for a wider range of primary care settings. COPC has a long history of development in deprived communities, it is still however seen as innovative. It fits the current requirements of clinical governance and the ‘Modern and Dependable NHS’, but does its long history also provide information about it's pitfalls? COPC is promoted as an approach that is applicable to community mental health problems, community psychologists can provide the expertise to facilitate addressing community mental health in COPC programmes. This paper describes the COPC model and highlights the relevance of the COPC philosophy and the problems of its implementation for community psychologists in primary care. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mental health professionals' support of self‐help groups
Authors: Salzer Mark S. , Rappaport Julian , Segre Lisa 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjective. Self‐help groups and other consumer‐led services are viewed as valuable additions to mental health services. This study describes professional support for self‐help groups and examines the hypothesis that professional support of self‐help is influenced by the degree to which professionally‐led groups are viewed as more helpful than self‐help groups. Method. Survey data were obtained from a representative sample of over 900 mental health professionals employed in mental health agencies in a large US State. The survey assessed beliefs, behaviours, attitudes, and intentions toward professional and self‐help groups. Results. Respondents who perceive professionally‐led groups to be significantly more helpful than self‐help groups were less inclined to support self‐help groups through referrals, help in organizing groups, or financially. Conclusion. To the extent that professional support of the self‐help movement is diminished, valuable allies in the struggle to expand the reach of mental health services are lost. It is proposed that mental health professionals should obtain additional information about the benefits of self‐help and the constructive role that self‐help groups can play in expanding the availability and continuum of beneficial mental health services. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pragmatic post‐structuralism (I): participant observation and discourse in evaluating violence intervention
Authors: O'Neill Damian , Morgan Mandy 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper discusses the process and merits of a post‐structuralist approach to participant observation and describes the use of this research strategy in evaluating a community based ‘stopping violence’ programme. While the participant observation research strategy is commonly employed as a ‘process evaluation’ method (Rossi and Freeman, 1993) it's role within a distinctly post‐structuralist programme is a novel application of a well‐established research strategy. This has significant implications for how social scientists may approach both participant observation and evaluation in the future. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereotype change and prejudice reduction: short‐ and long‐term evaluation of a cross–cultural awareness programme
Authors: Hill Miriam E. , Augoustinos Martha 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe present study reports an evaluation of an applied prejudice reduction intervention. Previous research has indicated that such programmes achieve limited success. The programme evaluated was an in‐house anti‐racist education programme aimed at reducing prejudice towards Aboriginal Australians. The target audience were employees of a large public service organization. Knowledge of, prejudice towards, and stereotyping of Aboriginal Australians were assessed before commencing the programme to establish a baseline. Changes in these variables were assessed immediately after completing the programme, and again 3 months after completing the programme. The programme had pronounced effects immediately after completion: there was a significant increase in knowledge and significant decrease in prejudice and negative stereotyping. However, 3 months later, there was no significant difference to baseline levels of prejudice and stereotyping. Knowledge remained significantly higher than at baseline 3 months after completing the programme. High prejudice participants alone experienced a significant, long‐term decrease in old‐fashioned racism. It is concluded that further research must be done to develop more successful strategies of prejudice reduction and stereotype change that are also applicable to ‘real world’ contexts. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel approach for screening discrete variations in organic synthesis
Authors: Carlson Rolf , Carlson Johan , Grennberg Anders 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn this paper we present a general strategy for screening discrete variations in organic synthesis. The strategy is based upon principal properties, i.e. principal component characterization of the constituents defining the reaction system. The first step is to select subsets of test items from each class of constituents defining the reaction space, i.e. substrates, reagents, solvents, catalysts, etc., so that the selected items from each class cover the properties considered. The second step is to construct a candidate matrix which contains all possible combinations of the items in the subsets. This matrix is a full multilevel factorial design. The third step is to assign a tentative model for the screening experiment and to construct the corresponding candidate model matrix. The fourth step is to select experiments to yield an experimental design that spans the variable space efficiently and that also gives good estimates of the model parameters. We present an algorithm that uses singular value decomposition to select experiments. The proposed strategy is then illustrated with an example of the Fischer indole synthesis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calibration with absolute shrinkage
Authors: Öjelund Henrik , Madsen Henrik , Thyregod Poul 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn this paper, penalized regression using theL1norm on the estimated parameters is proposed for chemometric calibration. The algorithm is of the lasso type, introduced by Tibshirani in 1996 as a linear regression method with bound on the absolute length of the parameters, but a modification is suggested to cope with the singular design matrix most often seen in chemometric calibration. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm may be generalized to all convex norms like ∑|βj|γwhere γ ≥ 1, i.e. a method that continuously varies from ridge regression to the lasso. The lasso is applied both directly as a calibration method and as a method to select important variables/wavelengths. It is demonstrated that the lasso algorithm, in general, leads to parameter estimates of which some are zero while others are quite large (compared to e.g. the traditional PLS or RR estimates). By using several benchmark data sets, it is shown that both the direct lasso method and the regression where the lasso acts as a wavelength selection method most often outperform the PLS and RR methods. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.