bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Chemical Industry
Authors: Gunningham Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we begin our exploration of sector-specific policy mixes. We provide a brief introduction to the chemical industry, its economic contribution, and its environmental problems, and we identify the key features of that industry that are likely to influence the possibilities for regulatory design. We then summarize the main components and limitations of current regulatory regimes in North America, Western Europe, and Australia, before going on to the main task of the chapter: the design of regulatory policy, harnessing a broader mix of instruments and institutional actors, and tailored to the particular circumstances of the chemical industry.
Inducing Breach of Contract
Authors: Bagshaw Roderick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a tort for a stranger to a contract to induce a breach of it. Most English tort lawyers would accept this as an accurate statement of the common law before proceeding to quarrel over the meaning of ‘induce’, or its legal synonym ‘procure’, and the necessary mental element. Some might query whether inducing breach of contract is properly described as a tort rather than partofa tort. Equally some would feel unable to accept the statement without adding with the same breath the opinion that the majority of the Court of Queen’s Bench in Lumley v. Gye made a grave mistake in committing English law to such a proposition. This essay seeks to respond to that opinion by providing a defence for Lumley v. Gye, and thereafter it investigates the sources of the query and quarrels.
Introduction
Authors: Ali Paul A U 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The equitable doctrine of marshalling of securities is the label given to the process by which equity intervenes to protect the secured status or priority-ranking of a creditor holding mesne or junior-ranking security following the enforcement of a prior-ranking security. The doctrine typically applies where one creditor (the ‘senior creditor ‘) holds firstranking security over two or more assets of a debtor as security for the repayment of a common debt, and another creditor (the ‘junior creditor ‘) holds a secondranking security over one of those assets. Should the senior creditor recoup its secured debt by enforcing its security against that asset, which is also subject to the junior creditor ‘s security, the doctrine of marshalling will permit the junior creditor to ‘marshall ‘ the senior creditor ‘s security. By this is meant that the junior creditor will, via the intervention of equity, be placed in the position of the senior creditor, as against those other assets of the debtor which are subject to only the senior creditor ‘s security, to the extent of any deficiency in the junior creditor ‘s security.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This work examines the legal basis for private EC antitrust enforcement in the courts of the United Kingdom by comparison to the litigation oriented system in the USA. It does not compare the substantive competition law in the EC or UK with that of the USA, but attempts to analyse and compare private enforcement in two systems which have at the same time great similarities and great differences. The last several years have seen increased interest on the part of the Commission and others in encouraging the development of private antitrust litigation in national courts. This work seeks to clarify and apply the foundational principles of Community law which enable private antitrust litigation to exist in the EC and UK, show how important issues have been dealt with in the US system, and test US approaches for possible application in the UK and Community legal orders.
Antitrust Enforcement In The Usa
Authors: Jones Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Responsibility for the enforcement of US antitrust law is apportioned among a number of parties, public and private. The oldest Federal enforcement agency is the United States Department of Justice ( ‘DOJ’), an executive department of the United States government and the only federal agency which technically has jurisdiction to enforce the Sherman Act. The Justice Department and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) share concurrent jurisdiction to enforce the Clayton Act, and the FTC alone enforces the FTC Act.
Special Issues Of Standing And Antitrust Injury
Authors: Jones Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second major prudential limitation on private enforcement actions in the USA, the ‘antitrust injury’ doctrine, was first articulated by the Supreme Court in its landmark 1977 Brunswick decision. In that case, the plaintiff was an owner of bowling alleys complaining of acquisitions of competing bowling alleys by Brunswick, a major national manufacturer of bowling equipment. Brunswick had extended credit to numerous bowling alleys for the purchase of equipment, many of these loans became delinquent, and attempts by Brunswick to sell repossessed equipment met with little success. Brunswick began acquiring and operating defaulting bowling alleys when their equipment could not be resold and a positive cash flow could be expected. The plaintiffs alleged that Brunswick’s acquisition of bowling centres which competed with them violated section 7 of the Clayton Act (prohibiting mergers which may have an adverse affect on competition within a relevant market) and damaged them, in that they lost profits as a result of Brunswick’s entry into the market. In other words, the plaintiffs had to compete against bowling centres which would have gone out of business but for Brunswick’s acquisitions, thereby making lower profits.
Limits On Permissible Private Plaintiffs Under Ec Law
Authors: Jones Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The case law in the USA concerning the standing and other prudential rules in private antitrust actions has been developed in many judgments given since 1890. In contrast, not a single decision awarding damages under EC antitrust law has yet been reported, much less any judgments concerning prudential rules in private actions. Any attempt to predict how the law will develop in this area puts chalk to the proverbial blank slate with attendant risks of being considered at least erroneous, if not presumptuous as well. As Craig and de Burca have said, ‘[p ]redicting future developments is never easy. It may well be foolish even to try’. Nonetheless, it is submitted that the US experience provides useful guideposts—and cautions—for Community antitrust.
Creditor Can Recover In Full From Claimant Or Defendant
Authors: Mitchell Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contribution principle applies where a creditor or other claimant has claims against more than one obligor for satisfaction of the same claim which he is free to enforce at his discretion. If the obligee does enforce his claim against one of the obligors, the others will be released. The release of others by the payment made by one was seen as inequitable, or in today’s language it was seen as an unjust enrichment of the others at the expense of the one. The result was the right of contribution.
Regulation and Deregulation: An Introduction
Authors: McCrudden Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Colloquium at which these papers were originally presented aimed to do two things, as does this book The first is to identify some of the current debates in the area of regulation generally. The chapters reflecting on these issues come primarily (though not exclusively) from academics. Among this group, there is a range of academic specialities, including economics and law. The second aim is to consider current issues of regulation which emerge in two more specialised, but particularly important, areas of regulatory practice: the regulation of utilities, and the regulation of banking and financial services. The chapters discussing these themes come from a mixture of practitioners and academics. This introductory chapter will briefly introduce the arguments developed at greater length in the various chapters, and sketch some of the debate generated at the conference.
Corrective Taxation as a Regulatory Instrument
Authors: Ogus Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the period since the late 1970s there has been a perception in most Western countries that excessive regulation has constrained economic growth.1 This was seen to result, in part, from the fact that use of the conventional coercive legal forms involved the apparently inexorable accumulation of highly complex and inflexible and detailed rules, some of which were difficult to reconcile with public interest goals. Moreover, there has been a growing scepticism concerning the ability of centralised bureaucracies, whether Government departments or regulatory agencies, to prescribe appropriate standards. These institutions might, indeed, be motivated to over-regulate: while they would derive benefits - notably an enhancement of prestige - from being seen to respond vigorously to a problem attracting public concern, others - shareholders, employees, consumers, taxpayers - would have to pay the cost.
Using Contracts to Enforce Standards: The Case of Waiting Times in the National Health Service
Authors: Davies A C L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerous empirical studies of regulatory agencies have demonstrated that, when enforcing standards, such agencies prefer a strategy of persuasion aimed at securing compliance to one which involves prosecuting offenders in order to deter them from future breaches. It is generally argued that persuasion is preferable because it is less costly than litigation, and preserves co-operation between agencies and firms. Further, it is assumed that a more litigious strategy would be ineffective; but, since most of the available studies have concerned “persuaders “, there is very little data to support this assumption.
Public Law and Private Finance: Placing the Private Finance Initiative in a Public Law Frame
Authors: Freedland Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Through the Private Finance Initiative, the private sector is able to bring a wide range of managerial, commercial and creative skills to the provision of public services, offering potentially huge benefits for the Government. We are keen to see the PFI and other public/private partnerships succeed in delivering the necessary investment the country needs, on terms it can afford.
Who are the Members?
Authors: Seyd Patrick , Whiteley Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We pointed out in the previous chapter that, until now, no comprehensive study of the members of one of Britain’s major political parties has ever been conducted and therefore no profile of the party membership has been available. In this chapter we will fill this gap and provide an overview of our research findings. We will consider Labour members’ socio-economic background, and then their attitudes and, in particular, their views on the reorganization of the Labour party. We will compare their background and attitudes with those of Labour voters, in order that we might draw conclusions about the representativeness of the party membership.
The Development of the Market for Bark Paintings in Western Arnhem Land
Authors: Taylor Luke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analysis of contemporary Kunwinjku bark pamtmg must include an account of production with regard to the market. While the importance of bark painting as a means for gaining access to cash income has been examined elsewhere (Altman 1982a, 1983, 1987; Altman et al. 1989), I am concerned with how Kunwinjku have been able to strike a particularly favourable balance between their cultural proclivities and the influence of the market. In this chapter I trace the historical evolution of the market for Kunwinjku bark paintings from the earliest collections made by non Aborigines to the present-day organization of the international market. I focus on the way Kunwinjku have perceived the nature of the production of paintings for sale in terms of their more traditional contexts for painting, and how today’s painting draws on these established artistic forms.
Themes and Paintings in Ceremonies
Authors: Taylor Luke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the creation of bark paintings for sale Kunwinjku artists frequently paint design elements that are characteristic of paintings used in ceremonies. In doing this they intend that the meanings of the design in the ceremonial context carry over to the bark painting medium. For example, the production of a rarrk ceremonial design within a figure painted in a bark painting may associate the subject-matter with a particular clan design also used in the Mardayin ceremony. Or, a painting of a figurative subject may connote a particular ceremony by virtue of the way the Ancestral subject is related to ceremonial performances. Bark paintings encode meanings in different ways and knowledge of the ceremony in question is a prerequisite to understanding the widest connotations of the work. Revelation of ceremonial knowledge is controlled through the ordered initiation to Kunwinjku ceremony.
Formal Components of Bark Paintings
Authors: Taylor Luke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter examined in detail the contexts in which ceremonial paintings are made, and the intended effects of the production of paintings with particular meanings in the context of their use. It is now time to consider in detail the processes involved in producing bark paintings. This chapter marks the beginning of a set of chapters that examine various categories of bark painting and the way they are interpreted to encode meaning in different ways. In this chapter I focus on the materials and the various components of form that are used to complete particular categories of painting. Later chapters move to a consideration of the meanings elaborated within different categories of painting by senior artists.
Metaphors and Socialization
Authors: Taylor Luke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analysis of the way artists encode and produce meaning in the structure of the Kunwinjku artistic system helps to reveal their role in the maintenance of belief in the Ancestral beings in the contemporary context. Bark paintings are used to convey knowledge about the Ancestral beings and, while the system is integrated with the dominant Australian market economy, paintings have an increasingly important role in sustaining Kunwinjku culture.
Canada
Authors: Feldman Elliot J , Feldman Lily Gardner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last decade, René Lévesque, as Premier of Quebec, was invested as a Grand Officer (usually conferred only on heads of state) of the Légion d’honneur in France, and Quebec’s Paris delegation has continued to enjoy diplomatic status. The Premier of British Columbia, Bill Bennett, was received in Tokyo as a head of state. Premiers Lougheed of Alberta and Davis of Ontario met regularly with members of the US Congress and the Administration. All four premiers had left office by summer 1986 but their successors, including two of different political stripes, have not changed the fundamental parameters of their province’s international profile; they have merely elevated the business dimension and added the principle of rationalization. Quebec, Alberta, and Ontario all maintain important political and economic offices in Europe, the Pacific Rim, and the United States, and British Columbia facilitates the sale of coal to Japan; the Government of Alberta helps shape the sale of natural gas and oil to the United States.
The United States of America
Authors: Fry Earl H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will trace the development of the international activities of US state governments and view these activities within constitutional, institutional, and political parameters. The wide range of international contacts will also be examined in detail, as well as the motivation for establishing and expanding international liaisons. Finally, an analysis will be made of the impact which these subnational activities arc having on the ability of the US Government to conduct foreign policy in an age of complex interdependence.
The Flight from Liberalism
Authors: Macedo Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Liberalism embraces individuality, religious and social diversity, and commercial energy, by enshrining toleration and, personal liberty as core political values. It protects personal liberties by imposing procedural and substantive limits on the ways that persons or governments can interfere in the lives of others. Benjamin Constant’s depiction of ‘the liberty of the moderns’ is apt:
it is the right to be subjected only to the laws, and to be neither arrested, detained, put to death or maltreated in any way by the arbitrary will of one or more individuals. It is the right of everyone to express their opinion, choose a profession and practice it, to dispose of property, and even to abuse it; to come and go without permission, and without having to account for their motives or undertakings. It is everyone’s right to associate with other individuals, either to discuss their interests, or to profess the religion which they and their associates prefer, or even to occupy their days or hours in a way which is most compatible with their inclinations or whims. Finally it is everyone’s right to exercise some influence on the administration of the government, either by electing all or particular officials, or through representations, petitions, demands to which the authorities arc more or less compelled to pay heed.
The ‘Hegelian Secret’: Civil Society and American Exceptionalism
Authors: Bell Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rise and fall of nations and empires is a puzzle that has recurrently attracted, if not seduced, philosophers and historians, tempting them to grand visions of a ghostly demiurge that drives reflective consciousness, as with Hegel, or some Wagnerian drama of challenge and response, of purification and heroism, as with the self-wrapped robes of Arnold Toynbee.
Free Land and Federalism: American Economic Exceptionalism
Authors: Temin Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The American economy has seemed unique to generations of foreign observers. Its growth was a wonder of the Western world for more than a century. The organization of economic life provided a model for others to emulate. For a while after the Second World War, the United States even appeared capable of transforming the world economy into a larger version of itself. These images all seem to be fading like an old photograph. Before they disappear completely, it is appropriate to take a closer look at the development of the American economy and ask how it was unique, if indeed it was. This chapter is a contribution to that effort.
Some Preliminary Issues
Authors: Whyte John , FitzGerald Garret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the troubles broke out in 1968, there was very little literature available on the community divide in Northern Ireland. Back in 1947, John M. Mogey had published a book for the Northern Ireland Council of Social Service entitled Rural Life in Northern Ireland: Five Regional Studies. Intended as ‘an attempt to describe the way of life of the country people of Northern Ireland’ (p. I), it contains much fascinating detail; but it focuses mainly on standards of living and patterns of work, and contains only incidental information on community relations. In 1960 a geographer then lecturing at Queen’s University, Emrys Jones, published A Social Geography of Belfast, which contains much relevant information, including a chapter on religion; but it covered only one city in Northern Ireland, albeit much the largest. Some other books contained apposite information-for instance, Ulster under Home Rule, edited by Thomas Wilson (1956), and R. J. Lawrence’s The Government of Northern Ireland (1965).
Economic Aspects
Authors: Whyte John , FitzGerald Garret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All recent writers on the Northern Ireland economy agree that it is in a bad state. On this point the spectrum of academic opinion is narrower than on almost any topic examined in this book. It ranges only from those who paint the picture as bleak (e.g. Kennedy et al. 1988, 95-116) through to those who paint it as catastrophic (e.g. Rowthorn and Wayne 1988, 70-104). Unemployment is high. Emigration is rife. A substantial minority of the population lives in poverty. Manufacturing jobs have declined by 40 per cent since 1973. Attempts to start up new industries to compensate for the decline of old ones have had limited success. The economy is unhealthily dependent on public-sector jobs. Public services are maintained only by enormous subsidies from the rest of the United Kingdom.
Psychological Aspects, and a Review
Authors: Whyte John , FitzGerald Garret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anyone who studies Northern Ireland must be struck by the intensity of feeling which the conflict evokes. It seems to go beyond what is required by a rational defence of the divergent interests which undoubtedly exist. There is an emotional element here, a welling-up of deep unconscious forces. It is worth examining what contribution psychology can make to an explanation of the conflict. The first observer to -stress such an approach was a journalist, Harold Jackson, whose pamphlet for the Minority Rights Group The Two Irelands (1971) was heavily psychological in its emphasis.
Israel’s Border Wars 1949-1956
Authors: Morris Benny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book looks at the development of Israeli-Arab relations during the formative years 1949 to 1956, focusing on Arab infiltration into Israel and Israeli retaliation. Palestinian refugee raiding and cross-border attacks by Egyptian-controlled irregulars and commandos were a core phenomenon during this period and one of the chief causes of Israel's invasion of Sinai and the Gaza strip, the Israeli part of the Anglo-French-Israeli invasion of Egypt in 1956. Benny Morris probes the types of Arab infiltration and the attitude of Arab governments towards the phenomenon, and traces the evolution of Israel's defensive and offensive responses. He analyses Israeli decision-making processes, including the emergence and ultimate failure of Foreign Minister Moshe Sharett's dissident policy of moderation and describes in detail the history of the Arab infiltration, including the terrorist-guerrilla raids by state-organized Fedayeen in 1955-6, and of the IDF raids of Qibya, Nahhalin, Kinneret, and the Sabha. This was a precedent-setting period in the making of Israeli defence policy, and this pattern of raiding and counter-raiding served to define Israeli-Arab relations during the subsequent three to four decades. In this pioneering study Benny Morris deepens our understanding of the current situation in the Middle East and of the prospects for a lasting peace there.
Israel, the Arabs, and the Great Powers after the 1948 War
Authors: Morris Benny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1948 war officially ended with the signing in the spring and summer of 1949 of a series of ‘general armistice’ agreements between Israel and each of its neighbours (Israel-Egypt–24 February; Israel-Lebanon–23 March; Israel-Jordan–3 April; Israel-Syria–20 July). But, for all practical purposes, the fighting between Israel and Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan had already ended in the summer of 1948; only the war with Egypt continued through the autumn and ended in January 1949. Most of the borders delineated in the armistice accords followed the previous international boundaries (the Israeli-Lebanese border; the Israeli-Syrian border; the Israeli-Jordanian border along the Beit Shean Valley and the ‘Arava; and the Israeli-Egyptian border separating the Negev and the Sinai Peninsula). Other borders (such as along the Gaza Strip) were determined by the situation of the opposing armies when the fighting ended.