bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative analysis of continuous variables
Authors: Harvey Paul H , Pagel Mark D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the questions of interest to comparative biologists involve comparing the values of characters that vary continuously, rather than discretely, among a number of species. Measures of morphology, physiology, life histories, and behaviour, such as walking, flying, or swimming, produce quantitative values. Comparative studies of characters that vary continuously have progressed from relying nearly exclusively on cross-species correlational analyses that ignore the historical relationships among species, to sophisticated techniques that incorporate information about phylogenetic relationships into the comparative test. We review briefly each of the major approaches in this chapter. Those comparative methods that compute sets of statistically independent comparisons, either across contemporary taxa, or between ancestral and descendant nodes, emerge as the best techniques currently available. This conclusion is supported by the results of computer simulation studies.
Dental homologies and nomenclature in the Proboscidea
Authors: Tassy Pascal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Proboscidean molars and premolars are basically bunolophodont teeth. They diverged from the plesiomorphic tethythere condition where the bilophodont/bunolophodont pattern is outlined on molars (Domning et al. 1986; Tassy and Shoshani 1988). The main evolutionary trend is towards the augmentation of cusps due to subdivision of the main mammalian cusps and by the augmentation of loph(id)s.
Stegodontidae: evolutionary relationships
Authors: Saegusa Haruo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The family Stegodontidae is composed of the two genera, Stegolophodon and Stegodon. This family first appeared in Asia during the early Miocene and became one of the dominant faunas of Asia during the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Because of elephant-like similarities, the systematic position of the stegodontids has developed with the prevailing ideas of elephant evolution (e.g. Osborn 1942; Maglio 1973; Tobien 1976; Tassy 1982; Tassy and Shoshani 1988)
Origin and radiation of the Elephantidae
Authors: Todd Nancy E , Roth V Louise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of the family Elephantidae in the late Miocene of Africa is thought to be correlated with a major adaptive shift in the masticatory apparatus. This shift was a transition from a combined grinding and shearing molar function with some lateral jaw movement, which is characteristic of gomphotheres, to a mostly horizontal shearing dental function involving fore and aft movement of the jaw, which is present in elephantids. Major structural modifications in skull and mandibular morphology accompanied this transition, which increased the shearing efficiency of the molars, and which was the principal factor in the rapid, early radiation of this family (Maglio 1972, pp. 640, 654).
Elephas maximus: status and distribution
Authors: Sukumar Raman , Santiapillai Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present-day distribution of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) (Fig. 33.1) covers only a tiny fraction of its former extensive range. Six thousand years ago, its range extended from the Tigris-Euphrates Basin in Western Asia, eastward up to the Yangtze-Kiang, and perhaps even beyond this, in northern China. This distribution covered present-day Iraq and nearby countries, southern Iran, Pakistan, the entire Indian subcontinent south of the Himalayas, continental South-East Asia, a substantial part of China, and islands such as Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Borneo, and possibly Java.
Preliminary Inspection of Observations
Authors: Haccou Patsy , Meelis Evert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The models described in sections 1.2 and 1.3 are idealized representations of behavioural records. Before tests can be applied on whether any of these models fits the data, records should meet certain conditions. One of these conditions, namely that behavioural categories should be exclusive, has already been mentioned in Chapter 1. We return briefly to this issue in subsection 2.2.1. Until now it has also been assumed that behaviour was observed continuously throughout the observation period, but sometimes it may be impossible to do this. For instance, animals may be out of sight for certain periods. This is discussed in subsection 2.2.2. (One of the consequences is the occurrence of censors, see section 4.4.) Yet, even if there are no such gaps and behavioural categories are exclusive, the methods described in the succeeding chapters can usually not be applied directly to the raw data, since these often contain recording errors. Furthermore, rare events may sometimes cause disturbances during observation periods (for instance, someone walks into the room during an experiment, or an animal gets hiccups).
Barbets, toucans and honeyguides—the birds, their relationships and evolution
Authors: Short Lester L , Horne Jennifer F M , Gilbert Albert Earl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Barbets, toucans and honeyguides (respectively, the Capitonidae, Ramphastidae and Indicatoridae), with the woodpeckers (Picidae), comprise the order Piciformes. We have been fascinated by the diversity of these often colourful birds, especially in their disparate feeding structures and foraging modes that belie their universally accepted, close interrelationships.
Carboniferous
Authors: Fengqing Yang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite of the decline of trilobites, graptolites, and orthocone nautiloids, the Carboniferous Period enjoyed a great diversity of biotas, dominated by corals, brachiopods, ammonoids, and fusulinids, with many other animal groups, such as bivalves, gastropods, crinoids, non-fusulinid forams, ostracods, insects, and vertebrates. Corals, stromatoporoids, and bryozoans became the main reef-building organisms. In addition, there are also a large number of plant fossils. Hill (1973), Ross (1979), and Ross and Ross (1985) have described and summarized in detail the geographical provincialization of Early Carboniferous corals and Carboniferous forams in the world,based on the geographical distribution of the two groups. Read and Mamay (1964), Chaloner and Meyen (1973), Meyen (1982) and Rowley et al.
Mirna-like mounds (heuweltjies) of South Africa: the topographical, ecological and economic impact of burrowing animals
Authors: Lovegrove A G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mima-like mounds (heuweltjies) are circular (c.30 m diameter), raised(&lt; 2 m high) earth mounds, found over extensive regions of the western Cape Province, South Africa. Popular hypotheses attribute their origin to the burrowing activities of termites, Microhodotermes viator, and mole rats (Bathyergidae). These animals account for the higher nutrient status, water-holding capacity, organic content and pH and the finer soil structure of the mound soils, compared with adjacent intermound soils. These soil parameters determine the distinctive floristic composition of heuweltjie vegetation assemblages. The existence of the mounds profoundly increases local beta and gamma plant species diversity. It is emphasized that, in agricultural regions, the higher fertility of the mounds may be of significant economic importance. Minimum objectives are proposed for a multi-disciplinary scientific approach to ascertain the extent of energy flow through heuweltjies, to elucidate the important topographical, ecological and economic impact of these two burrowing animals on this ecologically sensitive region of South Africa, and to propose serious consideration of appropriate conservation status for representative mounds.
The aerodynamics of insect flight
Authors: Brodsky Andrei K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of how aerodynamic forces are generated has been and continues to be the most basic question in the study of insect flight. Although it was addressed by the very first investigators of insect flight, Demoll (1918) and Magnan (1934), Holst (1943) was the first to prove experimentally that the previous concept of insect flight as ‘rowing’ does not correspond to how the flapping wing actually works. In contrast to previous over-simplified and imprecise notions about air being ‘thrown off’ by the wing, the quasi-steady approach enabled aerodynamic processes to be considered as a series of stationary conditions which could be quantified using classical aerodynamic methods. An investigation of the flight of the desert locust by Weis-Fogh and Jensen (1956) obtained a good match Between theoretical data and measured values or aerodynamics forces. In spite of general acceptance of the quasi-steady approach, nobody else has managed to obtain agreement between theoretical and real forces, which implies the existence of additional aerodynamic forces. In addition, many authors have emphasized the non-stationary nature of the forces created during insect flight, and the unusual behaviour of the airflow in the insect’s wake.
Retinoid binding proteins in the developing vertebrate nervous system
Authors: Maden Malcolm , Gale Emily , Horton Claire , Smith Jim C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been known for more than 40 years that the development of the central nervous system (CNS) depends crucially on the correct balance of vitamin A in the maternal diet. Nutritional and teratological studies on the effects of hyper-and hypovitaminosis A have revealed devastating consequences for the embryo (Kalter and Warkany 1959). The organ system primarily affected is the nervous system and its derivative, the neural crest. It is quite likely, therefore, that the CNS requires specific levels of vitamin A, perhaps in the form of retinoic acid (RA), for its normal development. Two recent pieces of evidence support this suggestion. First, more precise teratological studies have identified specific CNS regions whose development can be suppressed by RA while the remaining parts of the CNS develop normally. In the zebrafish embryo, RA administration results in the loss of an area of CNS between the caudal mid brain and rostral hindbrain, which would normally form the cerebellum (Holder and Hill 1991). In the Xenopus embryo, increasing RA doses cause the loss of increasing amounts of CNS commencing with the forebrain (Durston et al. 1989), and a disruption of rostral hindbrain segmentation (Papalopulu et al. 1991). In the rat embryo the same area of rostral hindbrain is deleted (Morriss and Thorogood 1978), perhaps in humans too (Lammer et al. 1985 and Chapter 21) and neural crest migration is inhibited both in vitro (Thorogood et al. 1982) and in vivo (Pratt et al. 1987). The second piece of evidence is that we have recently identified endogenous RA in the CNS using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Hunter et al. 1991). To overcome the problems of small amounts of tissue we used the spinal cord of the larval axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), an animal that retains various embryonic characteristics into adult life, including the ability to produce new neurons. The level of RA in the spinal cord detected by HPLC was comparable to that found in the chick limb bud. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that RA stimulates neurite outgrowth from explants of the spinal cord with a particular threshold response.
The instability of differentiation in hepatomas
Authors: Goss S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1965, Henry Harris showed that viable heterokaryons could be made between HeLa cells and normal differentiated cells as distinctive as rat lymphocytes, hen erythrocytes, and rabbit macrophages; and in these heterokaryons he detected reactivation of RNA and DNA synthesis in the previously quiescent nuclei. Cell fusion was rapidly established as a powerful tool in the investigation of differentiation, as is clear from the intense activity in this field in the immediately following years (Ringertz and Savage 1976). In work with growing hybrid cells, it is liver differentiation that has been most extensively studied. Well-differentiated hepatomas are available that maintain a wide range of liver-specific traits even when they are grown rapidly in standard tissue culture media. Their phenotype is generally stable through repeated cloning (Deschatrette and Weiss 1974), and the usefulness of the system has been increased by the development of media and conditions that select either for or against liver-specific traits (Leffert and Paul 1972; Haggerty et al. 1975; Choo and Cotton 1977).
Some insights into the replication of damaged DNA in mammalian cells
Authors: Johnson R T , Downes C S , Godfrey D B , Hatton D H , Ryan A J , Squires S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a volume devoted to the legacy of cell fusion, this article on cellular responses to DNA damage contains only a single example of the use of the technique, though the information gained thereby has transformed our view of the mutant cell whose phenotype is described at some length below. In the wider sense cell fusion continues to play an invaluable role in the analysis of DNA repair problems, most notably in complementation analysis using heterokaryons (Giannelli et al. 1982) or permanent hybrid cells (Johnson et al. 1989). In this way the number of genes involved in a repair pathway can be identified, by separating a set of repair-defective mutant cells into different complementation groups.
Genes in control of cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in Drosophila
Authors: Mechler Bernard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cancer is generally considered as a failure in the normal progression of differentiation. As a result, the cancer cells escape the mechanisms controlling normal growth and proliferate. When the overgrowth of neoplastic cells reaches a critical threshold, complex syndromes arise and, ultimately, lead to the death of the organism. A genetic basis for cancer is now well established and includes the discovery of protooncogenes, whose activation or altered expression is associated with the cancerous state and tumour suppressor genes which appear to be lost or functionally inactivated.
Genetics and molecular biology of tumour formation in Xiphophorus
Authors: Altschmied Joachim , Schartl Manfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fact that genes cause cancer has never been appreciated accordingly. Although as early as 1914 Theodor Boveri had postulated that ‘cancer cells have lost certain features of their normal phenotype’ and that ‘this loss is the consequence of an abnormal chromosomal constitution’ (Boveri 1914), his chromosome theory of cancer could not be verified for quite some time because neither the technical tools nor the experimental systems were available. In 1928, K. H. Bauer took up some of Boveri’s ideas and postulated that cancer is due to mutations (Bauer 1928). It was the pioneering work of Henry Harris which led to the development of an experimental system that has made it possible to define and characterize the targets of carcinogenic mutations. Using somatic cell hybrids of cancer cells fused with normal cells, genes that are functionally impaired in the tumour cell and that suppress the neoplastic phenotype in the normal cell were detected (Harris et al. 1969). Such genes were then also recognized in certain hereditary forms of human cancer like retinoblastoma (Knudson 1971) and Wilm’s tumour (Koufos et al. 1985).
Cancer suppression by the retinoblastoma gene
Authors: Lee Wen-Hwa , Goodrich David , Lee Eva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A concentrated effort toward the molecular cloning of cancer suppressor genes had an important recent success: a candidate retinoblastoma (RB)gene was cloned, identified, and extensively characterized by us and others (Friend et al. 1986; Fung et al. 1987; Lee et al. 1987a). Our demonstration of the tumour suppression activity of this single gene when transferred into tumour cells containing inactivated endogenous RBgenes constituted a critical milestone for the theory of cancer suppression (Huang et al. 1988). Since several other cancers are known to be familial, are associated with chromosomal deletions, or exhibit loss of heterozygosity, an extension of this concept to other genes and to other cancers is widely anticipated (Malkin et al. 1990).The existence of inactivating mutations of RB in some natural human tumours supports the idea that RBnormally functions to prevent tumour formation in susceptible precursor cells (Dryja et al. 1986; Friend et al. 1987; Harbour et al. 1988; Lee et al. 1988; T’ Ang et al. 1988; Toguchida et al. 1988; Yokota et al. 1988; Horowitz et al. 1989, 1990; Reissmann et al. 1989; Shew et al. 1989, 1990b; Bookstein et al. 1990b; Cheng et al. 1990).
Alseuosmiaceae
Authors: Gregory Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This small family was erected by Shaw (1965) to include three genera of shrubs from the southwest Pacific region, previously of disputed relationship although sometimes placed in Caprifoliaceae: Alseuosmia A. Cunn., Memecylanthus Gilg et Schltr. and Periomphale Baill. Van Steenis (1984) reduced Memecylanthus and Perimnphale to Wittsteinia F. Muell. and included Crispiloba Steenis (Randia disperma S. Moore), a monospecific genus from Queensland formerly in Rubiaceae. Alseuosmia comprises four to eight species from New Zealand and Wittsteinia three species, one each from New Caledonia, New Guinea, and New South Wales.
Cephalotaceae
Authors: Gregory Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a monospecific family; Cephalotus follicularis Labill. is a perennial carnivorous pitcher plant with an underground rhizome and a basal rosette of leaves. It grows only in coastal marshes between Donelly River and Cheyney beach, SW Australia, where the soil is wet in winter but may dry out in summer.
Francoaceae
Authors: Gornall R J , Al-Shammary KI A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leaf morphology. Leaves alternate, dorsiventral; margins lobed or toothed; simple and petiolate in Teti/la and often so in Francoa but in the latter the petiole having leaf-like wings of tissue developed at irregular intervals and to varying extents such that in the extreme the leaf might be described as compound (lyrate); sti ules absent.
Detection of genital human papillomavirus infections: Critical review of methods and prevalence studies in relation to cervical cancer
Authors: Walboomers Jan M M , Husman Ana-Maria De Roda , Brule Adriaan J C Van Den , Snijders Peter J F , Meijer Chris J L M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than a century ago sexual activity was already considered as an important risk factor for the development of cancer of the uterine cervix (cervical cancer). As early as 1842 Regioni-Stern described that this type of cancer rarely exists in nuns and is frequently observed in prostitutes. Other epidemiological studies have shown that onset of sexual activity at an early age and promiscuity are important risk factors for this disease (Rotkin 1967). In addition it was noted that in monogamous women cervical cancer was more frequently detected if the male partner had penile cancer, more sexual partners, or had already been previously married to a woman who died from cervical cancer.
Effects of drugs on behaviour
Authors: Ferner R E , Norman Elizabeth , Rawlins M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is common experience that chemical substances can alter one’s state of mind. Many people have tried to ‘drown their sorrows’ in ethanol, which provides the most familiar example of the phenomenon. There are prescribed drugs used specifically to treat anxiety, depression, psychosis and other psychiatric (‘mental’) diseases. These drugs are intended to alter the subject’s feelings or state of mind therapeutically. Many more drugs can cause psychiatric disturbance as an adverse effect. The pleasurable feelings engendered by some drugs and chemicals can also lead to their non-medicinal use and abuse.
Hawkins: The Adventurer at Home
Authors: Walter Lack H , Mabberley David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hawkins had been a lucky traveller, surviving malaria, not having been intercepted by the French Navy, and not being drowned in the storm off the coast of Negroponte [Evia]. His family was well; no member of it had died during his absence of five years; a very considerable amount of money had been spent—£ 2849 from his account ·with Lee & Sons alone, but his income was still flowing steadily from shares; his prospects were favourable. Like so many gentleman travellers, he now felt his curiosity sufficiently satisfied and was inclined to settle down to a sedentary life in England. Like many fellow tourists he soon got married and purchased further estates, one of them becoming his principal residence. For the rest of his life Hawkins seems to have remained in England.
Introduction
Authors: Gauld Ian D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With more than 115,000 described species, ranging from diminutive ‘fairy-flies’ which are less than 0.2 mm in length and develop within the single egg of a leafhopper, to colossal tarantula-hawks—spiderhunting wasps with a wingspan of more than ten centimetres—the Hymenoptera is one of the largest and most diverse of all insect orders. However, the variety and composition of the group often remains unappreciated, a fact that is perhaps best reflected by their lack of a common name in either the English or Spanish languages.
The chalcidoid families
Authors: Hanson Paul E , LaSalle John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Chalcidoidea is the second most species-rich superfamily of Hymenoptera, exceeded in size only by the Ichneumonoidea. Presently the superfamily contains about 2000 genera and 19,000 described species, but the actual number of species could be as high as 100,000 (Noyes, 1990). In terms of body size, Chalcidoidea include some of the smallest of all insects; Megaphragma, a trichogrammatid parasitoid of thrips ‘ eggs, is only 0.17 mm in length. The largest members of the superfamily are species of the pteromalid subfamily Leptofoeninae, which reach 25 mm in length, excluding the ovipositor. Unlike other microhymenoptera (Ceraphronoidea, Proctotrupoidea and Cynipoidea), many chalcidoids are bright metallic green or blue in coloration.
The Evolution of Avian Breeding Systems
Authors: Ligon J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Evolution of Avian Breeding Systems deals with three of the most conspicuous and fascinating aspects of the reproductive biology of birds: sexual selection, parental care, and mating systems. Ever since Darwin, birds have provided much of the stimulus for study of these interrelated topics. Researchers have been fascinated by the extent of sexual dimorphism in plumage colours among avian species, and the puzzling development of flamboyant ornamentation or complex courtship displays in male birds. This book provides empirical assessments of the main theories of mate choice by females, and also includes related topics such as the role of sexual selection in speciation. Although most avian species are socially monogamous, others exhibit polygyny, cooperative and classical polyandry, or lek-promiscuity. The effects of extra pair copulations on paternity, as well as their possible effects on the evolution of mating systems are also considered. Chapters devoted to each of the major mating system summarize current thinking about the factors maintaining them. Throughout the book, theoretical discussion is illustrated with examples, drawn from work on a wide range of avian species. This is the first book to combine the themes of sexual selection, parental care, and mating systems, and to focus exclusively on birds. It will be welcomed by researchers in animal behaviour and ornithology with an interest in mating systems, as well as by graduate and advanced undergraduate students taking courses in this area. It is illustrated throughout with original line drawings.