bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for the Presence of Beta-3-Adrenoceptors Mediating Relaxation in the Human Oviduct
Authors: Khan Islam , Omu Alexander E. , Fatinikun Tunde , Chandrasekhar Bindu , Kadavil Elizabeth A. , Oriowo Mabayoje A. 
Published: March 2005

β<sub>1</sub>- and β<sub>2</sub>-adrenoceptors mediate relaxation in the oviductal smooth muscle. This study examines the existence and function of β<sub>3</sub>-adrenoceptors in the human oviduct. Ring segments of the oviduct were set up for isometric tension recording. The effect of isoprenaline and BRL 37344 on smooth muscle tone was examined. The expression of β<sub>3</sub>-adrenoceptors in the oviduct was also examined. Isoprenaline and BRL 37344 concentration-dependently relaxed circular muscles of the oviduct. BRL 37344 was less potent than isoprenaline and was a partial agonist. Propranolol shifted isoprenaline but not BRL 37344 concentration-response curve to the right without reducing the maximum response. Cyanopindolol (1 µmol/l), a β<sub>3</sub>-adrenoceptor antagonist, shifted the isoprenaline concentration response curve to the right. The –log K<sub>B</sub> value of 7.8 indicates activation of β<sub>3</sub>-adrenoceptors by isoprenaline. mRNA for β<sub>3</sub>-adrenoceptors was expressed in the oviduct. These results suggest that β<sub>3</sub>-adrenoceptors, mediating relaxation, are expressed in the human oviduct.
The Impact of a Bottom Boundary Layer Scheme on the North Atlantic Ocean in a Global Coupled Climate Model
Authors: Tang Yong Ming , Roberts Malcolm J. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Although the overflow and descent of cold, dense water across the Greenland–Iceland–Scotland ridge is the principal means for the maintenance of the thermohaline circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean, this feature is not adequately treated in global ocean numerical models. In this paper, a bottom boundary layer scheme is introduced into the HadCM3 coupled atmosphere–ocean–sea ice general circulation climate model, in order to give an improved representation of cold water formation in the North Atlantic Ocean. The scheme uses a simple terrain-following bottom boundary layer incorporated into the ocean general circulation model; only the tracer tendencies are evaluated in the bottom boundary layer, with the velocities taken from the near-bottom interior values. It is found that with the bottom boundary layer scheme, there are several significant effects on the deep water formation and flow. The overflow of dense water from the Nordic Seas into the North Atlantic Seas is improved with the introduction of the authors’ bottom boundary layer scheme. Further, the thermohaline circulation is reduced in strength, but is also deeper, when compared with simulations without any bottom boundary layer scheme. There is also a stronger flow along the northwestern boundary, a more southerly location of the North Atlantic Current, and a stronger and larger subpolar gyre. Overall, these effects are an improvement when compared with climatology, although some differences remain.
Seasonal Characteristics of Circulation in the Southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean*
Authors: Qu Tangdong , Meyers Gary 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The circulation in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean is studied using historical temperature and salinity data. A southward shift of the subtropical gyre at increasing depth dominates the structure of the annual mean circulation. Near the southern Indonesian coast the westward South Equatorial Current (SEC) is at the sea surface and strongest near 10°–11°S, reflecting strong influence of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). In latitudes 13°–25°S the SEC is a subsurface flow and its velocity core deepens toward the south, falling below 500 m at 25°S. The eastern gyral current (EGC) is a surface flow overlying the SEC, associated with the meridional gradients of near-surface temperature and salinity. The ITF supplies water to the SEC mainly in the upper 400 m, and below that depth the flow is reversed along the coast of Sumatra and Java. Monsoon winds strongly force the annual variation in circulation. Dynamic height at the sea surface has a maximum amplitude at 10°–13°S, and the maximum at deeper levels is located farther south. Annual variation is also strong in the coastal waveguides, but is mainly confined to the near-surface layer. Although the South Java Current at the sea surface is not well resolved in the present dataset, semiannual variation is markedly evident at depth and tends to extend much deeper than the annual variation along the coast of Sumatra and Java.
DIALIGN-T: An improved algorithm for segment-based multiple sequence alignment
Authors: Subramanian Amarendran R , Weyer-Menkhoff Jan , Kaufmann Michael , Morgenstern Burkhard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
We present a complete re-implementation of the segment-based approach to multiple protein alignment that contains a number of improvements compared to the previous version 2.2 of DIALIGN. This previous version is superior to Needleman-Wunsch-based multi-alignment programs on locally related sequence sets. However, it is often outperformed by these methods on data sets with global but weak similarity at the primary-sequence level.

Results
In the present paper, we discuss strengths and weaknesses of DIALIGN in view of the underlying objective function. Based on these results, we propose several heuristics to improve the segment-based alignment approach. For pairwise alignment, we implemented a fragment-chaining algorithm that favours chains of low-scoring local alignments over isolated high-scoring fragments. For multiple alignment, we use an improved greedy procedure that is less sensitive to spurious local sequence similarities. To evaluate our method on globally related protein families, we used the well-known database BAliBASE. For benchmarking tests on locally related sequences, we created a new reference database called IRMBASE which consists of simulated conserved motifs implanted into non-related random sequences.

Conclusion
On BAliBASE, our new program performs significantly better than the previous version of DIALIGN and is comparable to the standard global aligner CLUSTAL W, though it is outperformed by some newly developed programs that focus on global alignment. On the locally related test sets in IRMBASE, our method outperforms all other programs that we evaluated.
Evaluation of gene importance in microarray data based upon probability of selection
Authors: Fu Li M , Fu-Liu Casey S 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Microarray devices permit a genome-scale evaluation of gene function. This technology has catalyzed biomedical research and development in recent years. As many important diseases can be traced down to the gene level, a long-standing research problem is to identify specific gene expression patterns linking to metabolic characteristics that contribute to disease development and progression. The microarray approach offers an expedited solution to this problem. However, it has posed a challenging issue to recognize disease-related genes expression patterns embedded in the microarray data. In selecting a small set of biologically significant genes for classifier design, the nature of high data dimensionality inherent in this problem creates substantial amount of uncertainty.

Results
Here we present a model for probability analysis of selected genes in order to determine their importance. Our contribution is that we show how to derive the P value of each selected gene in multiple gene selection trials based on different combinations of data samples and how to conduct a reliability analysis accordingly. The importance of a gene is indicated by its associated P value in that a smaller value implies higher information content from information theory. On the microarray data concerning the subtype classification of small round blue cell tumors, we demonstrate that the method is capable of finding the smallest set of genes (19 genes) with optimal classification performance, compared with results reported in the literature.

Conclusion
In classifier design based on microarray data, the probability value derived from gene selection based on multiple combinations of data samples enables an effective mechanism for reducing the tendency of fitting local data particularities.
Protein encoding genes in an ancient plant: analysis of codon usage, retained genes and splice sites in a moss, Physcomitrella patens
Authors: Rensing Stefan A , Fritzowsky Dana , Lang Daniel , Reski Ralf 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
The moss Physcomitrella patens is an emerging plant model system due to its high rate of homologous recombination, haploidy, simple body plan, physiological properties as well as phylogenetic position. Available EST data was clustered and assembled, and provided the basis for a genome-wide analysis of protein encoding genes.

Results
We have clustered and assembled Physcomitrella patens EST and CDS data in order to represent the transcriptome of this non-seed plant. Clustering of the publicly available data and subsequent prediction resulted in a total of 19,081 non-redundant ORF. Of these putative transcripts, approximately 30% have a homolog in both rice and Arabidopsis transcriptome.
More than 130 transcripts are not present in seed plants but can be found in other kingdoms. These potential "retained genes" might have been lost during seed plant evolution. Functional annotation of these genes reveals unequal distribution among taxonomic groups and intriguing putative functions such as cytotoxicity and nucleic acid repair.
Whereas introns in the moss are larger on average than in the seed plant Arabidopsis thaliana, position and amount of introns are approximately the same. Contrary to Arabidopsis, where CDS contain on average 44% G/C, in Physcomitrella the average G/C content is 50%. Interestingly, moss orthologs of Arabidopsis genes show a significant drift of codon fraction usage, towards the seed plant. While averaged codon bias is the same in Physcomitrella and Arabidopsis, the distribution pattern is different, with 15% of moss genes being unbiased.
Species-specific, sensitive and selective splice site prediction for Physcomitrella has been developed using a dataset of 368 donor and acceptor sites, utilizing a support vector machine. The prediction accuracy is better than those achieved with tools trained on Arabidopsis data.

Conclusion
Analysis of the moss transcriptome displays differences in gene structure, codon and splice site usage in comparison with the seed plant Arabidopsis. Putative retained genes exhibit possible functions that might explain the peculiar physiological properties of mosses.
Both the transcriptome representation (including a BLAST and retrieval service) and splice site prediction have been made available on http://www.cosmoss.org, setting the basis for assembly and annotation of the Physcomitrella genome, of which draft shotgun sequences will become available in 2005.
Family physicians' information seeking behaviors: A survey comparison with other specialties
Authors: Bennett Nancy L , Casebeer Linda L , Kristofco Robert , Collins Blanche C 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Using technology to access clinical information has become a critical skill for family physicians. The aims of this study were to assess the way family physicians use the Internet to look for clinical information and how their patterns vary from those of specialists. Further, we sought a better understanding of how family physicians used just-in-time information in clinical practice.

Methods
A fax survey was provided with 17 items. The survey instrument, adapted from two previous studies, was sent to community-based physicians. The questions measured frequency of use and importance of the Internet, palm computers, Internet CME, and email for information seeking and CME. Barriers to use were explored. Demographic data was gathered concerning gender, years since medical school graduation, practice location, practice type, and practice specialty.

Results
Family physicians found the Internet to be useful and important as an information source. They were more likely to search for patient oriented material than were specialists who more often searched literature, journals and corresponded with colleagues. Hand held computers were used by almost half of family physicians.

Conclusion
Family physicians consider the Internet important to the practice of medicine, and the majority use it regularly. Their searches differ from colleagues in other specialties with a focus on direct patient care questions. Almost half of family physicians use hand held computers, most often for drug reference.
Global, local and focused geographic clustering for case-control data with residential histories
Authors: Jacquez Geoffrey M , Kaufmann Andy , Meliker Jaymie , Goovaerts Pierre , AvRuskin Gillian , Nriagu Jerome 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
This paper introduces a new approach for evaluating clustering in case-control data that accounts for residential histories. Although many statistics have been proposed for assessing local, focused and global clustering in health outcomes, few, if any, exist for evaluating clusters when individuals are mobile.

Methods
Local, global and focused tests for residential histories are developed based on sets of matrices of nearest neighbor relationships that reflect the changing topology of cases and controls. Exposure traces are defined that account for the latency between exposure and disease manifestation, and that use exposure windows whose duration may vary. Several of the methods so derived are applied to evaluate clustering of residential histories in a case-control study of bladder cancer in south eastern Michigan. These data are still being collected and the analysis is conducted for demonstration purposes only.

Results
Statistically significant clustering of residential histories of cases was found but is likely due to delayed reporting of cases by one of the hospitals participating in the study.

Conclusion
Data with residential histories are preferable when causative exposures and disease latencies occur on a long enough time span that human mobility matters. To analyze such data, methods are needed that take residential histories into account.
The excitement of Google Scholar, the worry of Google Print
Authors: Banks Marcus A 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
In late 2004 Google announced two major projects, the unveiling of Google Scholar and a major expansion of the Google Print digitization program. Both projects have generated discussion within the library and research communities, and Google Print has received significant media attention.
This commentary describes exciting educational possibilities stimulated by Google Scholar, and argues for caution regarding the Google Print project.
Molecular biodiversity of cassava begomoviruses in Tanzania: evolution of cassava geminiviruses in Africa and evidence for East Africa being a center of diversity of cassava geminiviruses
Authors: Ndunguru J , Legg JP , Aveling TAS , Thompson G , Fauquet CM 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Cassava is infected by numerous geminiviruses in Africa and India that cause devastating losses to poor farmers. We here describe the molecular diversity of seven representative cassava mosaic geminiviruses (CMGs) infecting cassava from multiple locations in Tanzania. We report for the first time the presence of two isolates in East Africa: (EACMCV-[TZ1] and EACMCV-[TZ7]) of the species East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus, originally described in West Africa. The complete nucleotide sequence of EACMCV-[TZ1] DNA-A and DNA-B components shared a high overall sequence identity to EACMCV-[CM] components (92% and 84%). The EACMCV-[TZ1] and -[TZ7] genomic components have recombinations in the same genome regions reported in EACMCV-[CM], but they also have additional recombinations in both components. Evidence from sequence analysis suggests that the two strains have the same ancient origin and are not recent introductions. EACMCV-[TZ1] occurred widely in the southern part of the country. Four other CMG isolates were identified: two were close to the EACMV-Kenya strain (named EACMV-[KE/TZT] and EACMV-[KE/TZM] with 96% sequence identity); one isolate, TZ10, had 98% homology to EACMV-UG2Svr and was named EACMV-UG2 [TZ10]; and finally one isolate was 95% identical to EACMV-[TZ] and named EACMV-[TZ/YV]. One isolate of African cassava mosaic virus with 97% sequence identity with other isolates of ACMV was named ACMV-[TZ]. It represents the first ACMV isolate from Tanzania to be sequenced. The molecular variability of CMGs was also evaluated using partial B component nucleotide sequences of 13 EACMV isolates from Tanzania. Using the sequences of all CMGs currently available, we have shown the presence of a number of putative recombination fragments that are more prominent in all components of EACMV than in ACMV. This new knowledge about the molecular CMG diversity in East Africa, and in Tanzania in particular, has led us to hypothesize about the probable importance of this part of Africa as a source of diversity and evolutionary change both during the early stages of the relationship between CMGs and cassava and in more recent times. The existence of multiple CMG isolates with high DNA genome diversity in Tanzania and the molecular forces behind this diversity pose a threat to cassava production throughout the African continent.
Sexual Nature, Sexual Culture; Sexual Behaviour and AIDS in the Developing World; Sex, Scams, and Street Life: The Sociology of New York City's Times Square
Authors: Murray David A. B. 
Published: March 2005

Sexual Nature, Sexual Culture. PAUL ABRAMSON and STEVEN D. PINKERTON, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. xviii + 416 pp., figures, tables, notes, bibliography, appendix, references, index.Sexual Behaviour and AIDS in the Developing World. JOHN CLELAND and BENOIT FERRY, eds. London: Taylor & Francis, on behalf of World Health Organization, 1995. xx + 243 pp., figures, tables, list of contributors, references, index.Sex, Scams, and Street Life: The Sociology of New York City's Times Square. ROBERT P. MCNAMARA, ed. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers of Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995. xiv + 126 pp., figures, notes, references, contributors, index.
Place making and place breaking: Migration and the development cycle of community in colonial Mexico
Authors: Amith Jonathan D. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTAlthough scholars increasingly recognize that community survival depends on ongoing processes of renovation and innovation, and not simply on the persistence of past identities into the present, the historical processes of community formation and fragmentation in colonial situations is seldom documented. In this article, I examine both the tactical engagement of indigenous peasant migrants with the colonial Mexican state over spatial rights and the migrants' emergent sense of place in a newly settled locale. I suggest that place making involves place breaking, and I seek to add a diachronic dimension to understanding of indigenous societies and identity politics.
Misunderstood Gestures: Iconatrophy and the Reception of Greek Sculpture in the Roman Imperial Period
Authors: Keesling Catherine M. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract Anthropologists have defined iconatrophy as a process by which oral traditions originate as explanations for objects that, through the passage of time, have ceased to make sense to their viewers. One form of iconatrophy involves the misinterpretation of statues' identities, iconography, or locations. Stories that ultimately derive from such misunderstandings of statues are Monument-Novellen, a term coined by Herodotean studies. Applying the concept of iconatrophy to Greek sculpture of the Archaic and Classical periods yields three possible examples in which statues standing in Greek sanctuaries may have inspired stories cited by authors of the Roman imperial period as explanations for the statues' identities, attributes, poses, or locations. The statues in question are the portrait of the athletic victor Milo of Croton at Olympia, a bronze lioness on the Athenian Acropolis identified as a memorial to the Athenian prostitute Leaina (“lioness”), and the Athena Hygieia near the Propylaia of Mnesikles.Inscriptions on the bases of Archaic and Classical statues in Greek sanctuaries typically named the dedicator, the recipient deity, and the sculptor, but did not include the subject represented or the historical occasion behind the dedication. These “gaps” left by votive inscriptions would only have encouraged the formation of iconatrophic oral traditions such as the examples examined in this article.
Supervised classification and tunnel vision
Authors: Hand David J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn recent decades many highly sophisticated methods have been developed for supervised classification. These developments involve complex models requiring complicated iterative parameter estimation schemes, and can achieve unprecedented performance in terms of misclassification rate. However, in focusing efforts on the single performance criterion of misclassification rate, researchers have abstracted the problem beyond the bounds of practical usefulness, to the extent that the supposed performance improvements are irrelevant in comparison with other factors influencing performance. Examples of such factors are given. An illustration is provided of a new method which, for the particular problem of credit scoring, improves a relevant measure of classification performance while maintaining interpretability. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pericardiocentesis ending in the superior vena cava
Authors: Dabbah Salim , Fischer Doron , Markiewicz Walter 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPericardiocentesis is associated with a wide range of complications. We describe a pericardiocentesis attempt ending in the superior vena cava through the route of liver parenchyma, hepatic vein, inferior vena cava, and right atrium. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005;64:492–494. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of frame selection on quantitative coronary angiographic analysis after coronary stenting
Authors: Fischell Tim A. , Maheshwari Alok , Mirza Rubina A. , Haller Scott , Carter Andrew J. , Popma Jeffrey J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis study examined the impact of frame selection on the results of quantitative coronary angiographic analysis (QCA). Thirty‐nine patients who had stent implantation and a follow‐up angiogram 5–7 months later were studied using the CMS Medis QCA system. The acute and follow‐up films (n = 39) were read in three different ways to assess the impact of frame selection: frame chosen making the stent appear least narrowed (best); frame chosen making the stent appear most narrowed (worst); and measurement from the mean value from three consecutive end‐diastolic frames (core). We measured the mean percent diameter stenosis immediately postintervention and at follow‐up, the binary restenosis rate, and the late lumen loss (mm). There was a statistically significant difference in all of these variables when comparing the three methods of frame selection (best vs. worst, P values < 0.001; best or worst vs. core, P values < 0.01). This study demonstrates a marked variability in the results obtained using QCA to measure the acute and late coronary stent outcomes when operators have the ability to select which frame to analyze (frame bias). Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005;64:460–467. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.