bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Revolution Will Not Be Televised: Introduction to the Special Issue on Marketing Science and the Internet
Authors: Hoffman Donna L. 
Published: December 2003

There is a revolution happening—a startling and amazing revolution that is altering everything from our traditional views of how advertising and communication media work to how people can and should communicate with each other. That revolution is the Internet—the massive global network of interconnected packet-switched computer networks—and as the most important innovation since the development of the printing press, the Internet has the potential to radically transform not just the way individuals go about conducting their business with each other, but also the very essence of what it means to be a human being in society. Since the introduction of the first graphicallyoriented Web browser, Mosaic, in 1993, the Internet has experienced phenomenal growth, both in terms of the number of computers and devices connected to it and the number of individuals and firms providing and accessing content on it (Hoffman et al. 2000). The first significant commercial activity appeared on the Web by 1994and in the ensuing five years, the commercialization of the Internet has exploded. There are now very few countries and territories left in the entire world that do not have at least one host computer connected to the Internet (Rutkowski 1999). At the same time, electronic commerce, as a research area, a business, and, indeed, an entire new industry, is still very much in its infancy. There is much confusion and complexity and not nearly enough solid information.
The Little Engines That Could: Modeling the Performance of World Wide Web Search Engines
Authors: Bradlow Eric T. , Schmittlein David C. 
Published: December 2003

This research examines the ability of six popular Web search engines, individually and collectively, to locate Web pages containing common marketing/management phrases. We propose and validate a model for search engine performance that is able to represent key patterns of coverage and overlap among the engines.The model enables us to estimate the typical additional benefit of using multiple search engines, depending on the particular set of engines being considered. It also provides an estimate of the number of relevant Web pages not found by any of the engines. For a typical marketing/management phrase we estimate that the “best” search engine locates about 50% of the pages, and all six engines together find about 90% of the total.The model is also used to examine how properties of a Web page and characteristics of a phrase affect the probability that a given search engine will find a given page. For example, we find that the number of Web page links increases the prospect that each of the six search engines will find it. Finally, we summarize the relationship between major structural characteristics of a search engine and its performance in locating relevant Web pages.
Customer Referral Management: Optimal Reward Programs
Authors: Biyalogorsky Eyal , Gerstner Eitan , Libai Barak 
Published: December 2003

Sellers who plan to capitalize on the lifetime value of customers need to manage the sales potential from customer referrals proactively. To encourage existing customers to generate referrals, a seller can offer exceptional value to current customers through either excellent quality or a very attractive price. Rewards to customers for referring other customers can also encourage referrals. We investigate when referral rewards should be offered to motivate referrals and derive the optimal combination of reward and price that will lead to the most profitable referrals. We define a delighted customer as one who obtains a positive level of surplus above a threshold level and, consequently, recommends the product to another customer. We show that the use of referral rewards depends on how demanding consumers are before they are willing to recommend (i.e., on the delight threshold level). The optimal mix of price and referral reward falls into three regions: (1) When customers are easy to delight, the optimal strategy is to lower the price below that of a seller who ignores the referral effect but not to offer rewards. (2) In an intermediate level of customer delight threshold, a seller should use a reward to complement a low-price strategy. As the delight threshold gets higher in this region, price should be higher and the rewards should be raised. (3) When the delight threshold is even higher, the seller should forsake the referral strategy all together. No rewards should be given, and price reverts back to that of a seller who ignores referrals. These results are consistent with the fact that referral rewards are not offered in all markets. Our analysis highlights the differences between lowering price and offering rewards as tools to motivate referrals. Lowering price is attractive because the seller “kills two birds with one stone”: a lower price increases the probability of an initial purchase and the likelihood of referral. Unfortunately, a low price also creates a “free-riding” problem, because some customers benefit from the low price but do not refer other customers. Free riding becomes more severe with an increasing delight threshold; therefore, motivating referrals through low price is less attractive at high threshold levels. A referral reward helps to alleviate this problem, because of its “pay for performance” incentive (only actual referrals are rewarded.) Unfortunately, rewards can sometimes be given to customers who would have recommended anyway, causing a waste of company resources. The lower the delight threshold level, the bigger the waste and, therefore, motivating referrals through rewards loses attractiveness. Our theory highlights the advantage of using referral rewards in addition to lowering price to motivate referrals. It explains why referral programs are offered sometimes but not always and provides guidelines to managers on how to set the price and reward optimally.
Measuring Heterogeneous Reservation Prices for Product Bundles
Authors: Jedidi Kamel , Jagpal Sharan , Manchanda Puneet 
Published: December 2003

This paper develops a model for capturing continuous heterogeneity in the joint distribution of reservation prices for products and bundles. Our model is derived from utility theory and captures both within-and among-subject variability. Furthermore, it provides dollarmetric reservation prices and individual-level estimates that allow the firm to target customers and develop customized and nonlinear pricing policies.Our experiments show that, regardless of whether the products are durables or nondurables, the model captures heterogeneity and predicts well. Models that assume homogeneity perform poorly, especially in predicting choice of the bundle. Furthermore, the methodology is robust even when respondents evaluate few profiles.Self-stated reservation prices do not have any informational content beyond that contained in the basic model. The direct elicitation method appears to understate (overstate) the variation in reservation prices across consumers for low-priced (high-priced) products and bundles. Hence this method yields biased demand estimates and leads to suboptimal product-line pricing policy.The optimization results show that the product-line pricing policy depends on the degree of heterogeneity in the reservation prices of the individual products and the bundle. A uniformly high-price strategy for all products and bundles is optimal when heterogeneity is high. Otherwise, a hybrid strategy is optimal.
Advertising Competition Under Consumer Inertia
Authors: Banerjee Bibek , Bandyopadhyay Subir 
Published: December 2003

We construct a multistage game-theoretic model of advertising and price competition in a differentiated products duopoly, in which proportions of consumers exhibit latent inertia in favor of repeat purchase. Advertising simultaneously plays the dual role in reducing such inertia through awareness and enhancing perceived brand value (persuasion). We derive the advertising price cross-effects and provide a theoretical reconciliation of the longstanding debate in the marketing literature regarding the impact of advertising on price sensitivity. We characterize the nature of equilibria under symmetry and show that when a large proportion of consumers exhibit inertial tendencies, then a multiplicity of equilibria exists. Marketing implications and comparative statics are discussed. Numerical simulations for asymmetric firms are presented, wherein we show that advertising is not a useful competitive tool for small firms. However, advertising spending by the large firm provides a halo effect for the average prices in the category, which has a positive externality on the small firm's profits. In the absence of the small brand advertising, larger brand shares encourage firms to allocate higher expenditures on advertising to enhance the perceived value of their brand, which in turn shore up the average prices in the industry from which all firms benefit.
Negotiations and Exclusivity Contracts for Advertising
Authors: Dukes Anthony , Gal–Or Esther 
Published: December 2003

Exclusive advertising on a given media outlet is usually profitable for an advertiser because consumers are less aware of competing products. However, for such arrangements to exist, media must benefit as well. We examine conditions under which such exclusive advertising contracts benefit both advertisers and media outlets (referred to as stations) by illustrating that exclusive equilibria arise in a theoretical model of the media, advertisers, and consumers who participate in both the product and media markets. In the model, stations sell advertising space to advertisers and broadcast advertising messages to consumers. Conditions leading to higher equilibrium levels of advertising can be unprofitable for advertisers because high levels of advertising make consumers better informed and thus lead to fiercer product price competition. As a result, media stations may be less profitable as well because their payoff is determined as a fraction of the advertiser surplus generated in the product market. Stations mitigate this effect by offering advertisers exclusive advertising contracts. With such contracts, consumers are less informed about competing products, yielding higher producer surplus. It is profitable for stations to offer exclusivity when commercial advertising is an important means for advertisers to inform consumers about their products.
Optimal Policies for Inventory Systems with Priority Demand Classes
Authors: Frank Katia C. , Zhang Rachel Q. , Duenyas Izak 
Published: January 2004

We consider a periodic review inventory system with two priority demand classes, one deterministic and the other stochastic. The deterministic demand must be met immediately in each period. However, the units of stochastic demand that are not satisfied during the period when demand occurs are treated as lost sales. At each decision epoch, one has to decide not only whether an order should be placed and how much to order, but also how much demand to fill from the stochastic source. The firm has the option to ration inventory to the stochastic source (i.e., not satisfy all customer demand even though there is inventory in the system). We first characterize the structure of the optimal policy. We show that, in general, the optimal order quantity and rationing policy are state dependent and do not have a simple structure. We then propose a simple policy, called (s, k, S) policy, where s and S (ordering policy) determine when and how much to order, while k (rationing policy) specifies how much of the stochastic demand to satisfy. We report the results of a numerical study, which shows that this simple policy works extremely well and is very easy to compute.
Numerical Modeling of Differential Kinetics in the Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Acetophenone by Noyori's Catalyst
Authors: Hartmann Rudolf , Chen Peter 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA combination of numerical integration of the rate equations and experimental measurement of the time‐dependence of rates rather than concentrations is described for the analysis of the catalytic cycle by which Noyori's catalyst, trans‐RuCl2[(S)‐binap][(S,S)‐dpen], hydrogenates acetophenone. The method is simpler in practice than usual kinetic methods and yields furthermore rate constants for activation, dihydrogen cleavage, and hydride transfer to substrate under realistic catalytic conditions. The specific results for the asymmetric hydrogenation of acetophenone show that the turnover‐limiting step changes from dihydrogen cleavage to hydride transfer if the H2 pressure is increased, but also during the course of the reaction when the hydrogenation is performed under typical conditions.
Donor Atom‐Stabilized Aluminum Alkyls as Cocatalysts for the Ziegler–Natta Polymerization of Propene
Authors: Eisenhardt Andrea , Heuer Björn , Kaminsky Walter , Köhler Katrin , Schumann Herbert 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA number of organoaluminum compounds, stabilized with intramolecular nitrogen‐ or oxygen‐donor functions, have been used as cocatalysts for the MgCl2/TiCl4‐catalyzed homopolymerization of propene as well as for the copolymerization of ethene with propene. The polymerization behavior of these aluminum alkyls was examined at different Al/Ti ratios within the range of 2 to 50 and compared with the reference of triethylaluminum (TEA). Especially the alkyls [2‐(N,N‐dimethylaminomethyl)phenyl]dimethylaluminum (1) and [2‐(N,N‐dimethylaminomethyl)phenyl]diethylaluminum (2) show the highest activities at very low Al/Ti ratios in the homopolymerization of propene, whereas TEA is almost inactive. The species [8‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)naphthyl]dimethylaluminum (4) reaches the highest activity of all examined alkyls and is very close to the highest value obtained with TEA. Bulky iso‐butyl groups at the aluminum center are responsible for the very poor performance of the nitrogen stabilized cocatalysts [8‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)naphthyl]diisobutylaluminum (5) and [2‐(N,N‐dimethylaminomethyl)phenyl]diisobutylaluminum (3). The properties of the polypropenes synthesized with the stabilized organoaluminum species are similar to those produced with TEA but with a distinctly higher molar mass. In the case of 1, it was possible to increase the molar mass by a factor of three. For the copolymerizations, the compounds [2‐(N,N‐diethylaminomethyl)phenyl]diethylaluminum (7) and (2‐methoxybenzyl)diisobutylaluminum (8) were found to be most suitable, producing polymers with significantly higher activities than TEA. For all copolymers two fractions were obtained, one crystalline fraction with a low and an amorphous part with a high amount of comonomer. In both fractions, 7 and 8 provide a higher comonomer incorporation than TEA.
Catalytic Conversions in Water. Part 23: Steric Effects and Increased Substrate Scope in the Palladium‐Neocuproine Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols in Aqueous Solvents#
Authors: Brink Gerd‐Jan ten , Arends Isabel W. C. E. , Hoogenraad Marcel , Verspui Göran , Sheldon Roger A. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe steric influence of substituents on the 2‐ and 9‐positions of phenanthroline in the (2,9‐R2‐1,10‐phenanthroline)palladium(II)‐catalyzed aerobic oxidation of 2‐hexanol was investigated by means of high throughput experimentation. (Neocuproine)Pd(OAc)2 (RCH3) was found to be a highly active catalyst for alcohol oxidation in 1 : 1 water/DMSO mixtures. The catalyst is unique in that it tolerates water, polar co‐solvents and a wide variety of functional groups in the alcohol. Turn‐over frequencies of >1500 h−1 were achieved and a series of alcohols was oxidised with 0.1 to 0.5 mol % of catalyst.
Enzymes in Organic Chemistry, 11:[1] Hydrolase‐Catalyzed Resolution of α‐ and β‐Hydroxyphosphonates and Synthesis of Chiral, Non‐Racemic β‐Aminophosphonic Acids
Authors: Woschek A. , Lindner Wolfgang , Hammerschmidt F. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe enantioselective acylation of racemic diisopropyl α‐ and β‐hydroxyphosphonates by hydrolases in t‐butyl methyl ether with isopropenyl acetate as acyl donor is limited by the narrow substrate specificity of the enzymes. High enantiomeric excesses (up to 99%) were obtained for the acetates of (S)‐diisopropyl 1‐hydroxy‐(2‐thienyl)methyl‐, 1‐hydroxyethyl‐ and 1‐hydroxyhexylphosphonate and (R)‐diisopropyl 2‐hydroxypropylphosphonate. The hydrolysis of a variety of β‐chloroacetoxyphosphonates by the lipase from Candida cylindracea and protease subtilisin in a biphasic system gives (S)‐β‐hydroxyphosphonates (ee 51–92%) enantioselectively. (S)‐2‐Phenyl‐2‐hydroxyethyl‐ and (S)‐3‐methyl‐2‐hydroxybutylphosphonates (ee 96% and 99%, respectively) were transformed into (R)‐2‐aminophosphonic acids of the same ee.
Cosegregation of C‐insertion at position 961 with the A1555G mutation of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene in a large Chinese family with maternally inherited hearing loss
Authors: Li Ronghua , Xing Guangqian , Yan Ming , Cao Xing , Liu Xue‐Zhong , Bu Xingkuan , Guan Min‐Xin 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMutations in the mitochondrial DNA have been shown to be one of the most important causes of sensorineural hearing loss. Here, we report the characterization of a large Chinese family (507 members in six generations) with maternally inherited non‐syndromic hearing loss. Members of this family showed variable severity and age‐of‐onset of hearing impairment. In particular, the average age at onset of hearing loss in this family changed from 49 years (generation III) to 3 years (generation VI). Sequence analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome in this pedigree revealed the presence of a homoplasmic A1555G mutation in the 12S rRNA gene and other nucleotide changes. Of these changes, a C insertion at position 961 in the 12S rRNA gene is of special interest as mutations at this position have been found to be associated with aminoglycoside induced deafness in several genetically unrelated families. These data imply that the C insertion at position 961 in the 12S rRNA gene, acting as a secondary factor, could play a role in the phenotypic expression of the deafness associated A1555G mutation.© 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A newly recognized syndrome with double upper and lower lip, hypertelorism, eyelid ptosis, blepharophimosis, and third finger clinodactyly
Authors: Parmar Ramesh C. , Muranjan Mamta N. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractCongenital double lip is an uncommon developmental abnormality usually affecting the upper lip. We report a 21‐year‐old male with double upper and lower lip, hypertelorism, unilateral ptosis, blepharophimosis, and broad nose with broad nasal tip, highly arched palate, and bilateral third finger clinodactyly. The disorder differs from Ascher syndrome and appears to represent a newly recognized syndrome. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Facial hemangioma and malformation of the cortical development: A broadening of the PHACE spectrum or a new entity?
Authors: Grosso S. , de Cosmo L. , Bonifazi E. , Galluzzi P. , Farnetani M.A. , Loffredo P. , Anichini C. , Berardi R. , Morgese G. , Balestri Paolo 
Published: December 2003

AbstractFacial hemangioma is usually isolated but its association with craniocervical arterial anomalies and structural brain malformations is well known. The acronym PHACE syndrome (posterior fossa malformation, facial hemangiomas, arterial anomalies, cardiac/aortic anomalies, and eye abnormalities) has been used to indicate that disorder in which brain anomalies are mainly represented by the Dandy–Walker malformation. We report on a 10‐month‐old boy affected by facial hemangioma and a complex cortical dysplasia located in the left frontal region. The lesion was characterized by a deeply infolding pachygyric cortex and a band of gray matter lining the wall of the lateral ventricle. The entire left cerebral hemisphere appeared hypoplastic. No anomalies of the posterior fossa structures or cardiac/aortic malformations were present. An overlapping clinical/pathological pattern was previously reported in another patient with facial hemangioma and cerebrovascular anomalies. These observations seem to indicate that the facial hemangiomas may be associated with disorders of the cortical development. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Partial duplication 2p as the sole abnormality in two cases with anencephaly
Authors: Thangavelu Maya , Frolich Gary , Rogers David 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAnencephaly/NTD has been observed in aneuploid and non‐aneuploid individuals. We present two cases of anencephaly diagnosed prenatally with partial duplication of the short arm of chromosome 2 as the sole abnormality. The absence of aneuploidy involving other regions of the genome in these cases, further substantiates suggestions of the existence of a gene or genes on the short arm of chromosome 2 critical in the development of the central nervous system. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Search for somatic 22q11.2 deletions in patients with conotruncal heart defects
Authors: Rauch Anita , Hofbeck Michael , Cesnjevar Robert , Koch Andreas , Rauch Ralf , Buheitel Gernot , Singer Helmut , Weyand Michael 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA wide range of clinical variability in patients with 22q11.2 deletions has been demonstrated in numerous studies. Nevertheless, it is still an open question if major genetic factors contribute to clinical expression. Therefore one aim of this study was to investigate, if patients with 22q11.2 deletion and conotruncal heart defects show a “second hit” somatic 22q11.2 deletion in tissue from the conotruncus, heart vessels or thymus. The second aim was to analyse patients with conotruncal heart defects without 22q11.2 deletion in blood cells for somatic deletion mosaicism. We were able to study tissue samples from heart surgery from 23 patients, 9 of whom had 22q11 deletions by FISH analysis on metaphase spreads from peripheral lymphocytes. Analysis of 18 polymorphic markers from the 22q11.2 region in DNA prepared from thymus and/or heart vessels and/or conotruncus tissue and peripheral lymphocytes in each patient did not show any allelic loss. Thus somatic 22q11.2 deletions apparently do not play a major role in conotruncal heart defects in patients with or without germ line 22q11.2 deletion. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Segregation of a t(1;3) translocation in multiple affected family members with both types of adjacent‐1 segregants
Authors: Kozma Chahira , Slavotinek Anne M. , Meck Jeanne M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA subtle balanced translocation involving the terminal regions of 1q and 3p was identified in a large family by high‐resolution karyotype analysis and confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. In this family, segregation of a balanced t(1:3)(q42.3;p25) chromosome translocation led to two types of viable unbalanced complements. The proband inherited the derivative chromosome 3, resulting in partial trisomy of 1q and partial monosomy of 3p. A paternal uncle and cousin had the reciprocal rearrangement with a derivative of chromosome 1, resulting in partial monosomy for 1q and partial trisomy for 3p. While profound mental and physical retardation and congenital heart defects were characteristics for both rearrangements, facial dysmorphism was quite distinct for each imbalance. Individuals who had the derivative chromosome 3 had a long face, wide eyebrows, small palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, prominent glabella, a large tip of the nose, long philtrum with thin upper lip, and low set‐ears. In contrast, family members with the derivative of chromosome 1 had a tall forehead with bifrontal narrowing, full and large cheeks, and large simple ears. Since the translocated segments are small and approximately equal in size in this family, it is not surprising that viability was seen in individuals with both types of adjacent‐1 segregation. In this kindred, the ratio of normal to abnormal individuals born to balanced carriers is believed to be about 1:1.5. This suggests that the recurrence risk for carriers is 50%. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.