bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Plastic Behavior of Metal in Drawing
Authors: Eksergian C. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Metal drawing, unlike other classes of engineering work, has proceeded mostly as an art rather than a science. The empirical method has of necessity been the basis of advancement, due to the limited knowledge of the attending phenomena.
The purpose of this study is to foster the development of analysis in drawing as an aid to subsequent development. Toward this end no attempt has been made to set forth any concrete analysis, since the subject is regarded as too complex for such a discussion at present. However, as a preliminary step in this direction, an attempt is made to outline a manner of attack by which a proper conception of the phenomena may be realized. For the present a general discussion is made of the manner of working the metal with reference to its state end behavior in comparison with that found in drawing. A survey of the conditions observed in the forming of a stamping is also made along with a report of certain experimental investigations which were conducted by the author.
Work-Hardening Properties of Metals: Their Relation to Metal-Cutting Operations and Cutting Temperatures
Authors: Herbert Edward G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
It is the principal object of the present work to bring into correlation with the operation of cutting tools certain groups of well established and generally recognized facts, the chief among them being: (1) the fact that metals are hardened by any process which deforms them so as to cause a permanent change of shape while they are at low or moderate temperatures, a process which is generally referred to as “cold work”; (2) the fact that metals are deformed and are therefore hardened by cutting tools; (3) the fact that heat is generated by deformation of metals and in a preëminent degree by metal-cutting operations; and (4) the fact which has now been known for some time, that the degree of hardness induced by working metals, with cutting tools, or otherwise, is greatly influenced by the temperature at which the deformation takes place.
An attempt will be made to show the bearing of these correlated facts on the resistance offered by metals to the cutting tool, and on the rate of wear of the cutting tool.
A further and most important branch of the same subject, the relation between the temperature generated in cutting and the heat resisting properties or “hot hardness” of the cutting tool, will be barely touched upon.
The limiting factor in the rapid removal of metal and therefore in the productivity of the metal-working industries is, ultimately, the temperature generated in cutting in relation to the capacity of the cutting tool to withstand high temperatures. The present work deals with the heat-producing properties of the work rather than with the heat-resisting properties of the tool.
Measurement of Static Pressure
Authors: Fechheimer Carl J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper describes a new instrument for measuring static pressures in air-flow determinations. Made in the form of concentric brass tubes, the outer of which is 1/4 in. diameter, the instrument is easily introduced into air ducts through small openings, such as a bolt hole. Pressure is communicated to manometers through two holes, one to the inner tube and the other to the concentric space between the tubes, about 78.5 deg. apart. The instrument is held perpendicular to the flow in such a manner that the direction of flow bisects the angle between the axes of the holes. In this position, which can be determined by balancing the pressures on one manometer, the reading on a second manometer gives the static pressure. The instrument has less error in turbulent flow than other types.
Ideal Gas-Engine Cycles
Authors: Heck Robert C. H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to promote the use, with the internal-combustion engine, of the ideal performance as a standard of comparison, by making that standard almost as readily convenient as is the Mollier chart for the steam engine. This purpose is accomplished in two steps: (a) developing a working chart that combines in one the temperature-entropy diagram and a diagram of internal energy and total heat on entropy, in which any horizontal line is a line of constant temperature, constant energy, and constant total heat; and (b) showing by trial upon representative examples that this chart, based on the properties of an average gas mixture, gives essentially correct output for any working mixture within the range of gas-engine practice.
Avoiding the common type of chart, with its confusing multiplicity of curves, the present scheme employs the principle of moving curves, carried by templates. The chart carries one curve of constant-volume and one of constant-pressure heating, with horizontal scales of volume and pressure and vertical scales of energy and total heat or “enthalpy.” These are so disposed that any problem can be solved by construction upon a separate working sheet, laid down across the chart, which will serve as a permanent record of the solution.
Important features of the paper are found in Figs. 9 and 10 on the specific heats of working mixtures, Figs. 11 and 12 for the general idea of chart and method, in the summary of Otto-cycle determination, Par. 73 to 76, and in that of the Diesel-cycle determination, Par. 85 and 86.
Properties of Boiler Tubing at Elevated Temperatures Determined by Expansion Tests
Authors: White A. E. , Clark C. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The object of this investigation was to determine safe working loads for low-carbon-steel seamless tubing at elevated temperatures.
Present-day boiler practice employs temperatures varying from 550 to 750 deg. fahr., and pressures of around 350 lb. per sq. in. There is an increasing tendency, however, to increase both temperature and pressure, but little is known of the properties of metals at elevated temperatures, particularly when temperatures are maintained for long periods of time.
The investigation recorded in this paper sets forth the preliminary findings on 0.13 carbon-steel tubing when loaded at temperatures of 900, 1000, 1250 and 1500 deg. fahr.
Air-Transport Engineering
Authors: Seymour L. D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author takes up and discusses briefly some of the more important subjects which come to the air-transport engineer for consideration. These are: the selection of routes; selection of aircraft; preparation of terminal field equipment; development of airways; provision of aids to aerial navigation; determination of flying schedules; establishment of sources of material supply; keeping of performance records; and the preparation of cost estimates and analyses.
Heavy-Oil Engines for Aircraft
Authors: Pye D. R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author first points out that the heavy-oil engine will probably provide a satisfactory practical power unit for airships long before it reaches the airplane stage. He then briefly describes early experimental work with a single-cylinder research unit to explore the possibilities of compression-ignition operation. Following this he discusses alternative designs which offer possible solutions of the main problem, and then gives results obtained in single-cylinder experiments showing the effect of maximum cylinder pressure upon brake m.e.p. and fuel consumption. Fuel-valve and nozzle design are then taken up, followed by sections dealing briefly with air swirl, valve mechanism, possibilities of the two-stroke cycle, and performance at altitude.
The High Cost of Fuel Saving
Authors: Trinks W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author compares the progress in engineering with the tendency toward fuel saving, and gives some of the reasons for shunning new equipment that will save a large percentage of the fuel wasted by the old. It is pointed out that in most cases it is less expensive in the long run to retain the old equipment than to install the later types with their economies. Mention is made of the well-known practice of building houses of flimsy construction but of beautiful exterior appearance, appearance being the best drawing card from the standpoint of sales, rather than to insulate the structure and thereby save fuel for the occupant. A tax on fuel is recommended as a possible stimulus in the interest of fuel saving.
The Use of Fuels in Brick Kilns
Authors: Rice W. E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to familiarize fuel engineers with the peculiar requirements of brick-kiln operation. It briefly describes the firing process and the limitations this imposes upon the fuel or combustion engineer, illustrates some of the faults that are often found and the corrections that may be applied, and points to some possible improvements.
Progress in Gas-Producer Practice
Authors: Chapman Wm. B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to point out the progress that has been made in recent years in overcoming serious objections to the use of producer gas, and to suggest that more attention be given to the problem of unlocking the possibilities of this cheap type of fuel for use in other fields than the conventional ones to which it hitherto has been limited. Further treatment of subjects discussed by the author in his paper on “Fuel Saving in Modern Gas Producers and Industrial Furnaces,” Trans. A.S.M.E., vol. 43, 1921, is offered.
The Economics of Air-Preheater Applications
Authors: Van Deventer F. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Part I of this paper, somewhat historical in nature, is intended to outline the several chronological steps of development which led to the air preheater, and to show why this equipment is a logical component of most modern plants.
Part II comprises brief descriptions of the principal types of air preheaters available.
Part III is a discussion of the conditions affecting the selection of a preheater and an outline of the economic problem.
Part IV explains by example the economic determination of the optimum size of plate heater for a specific application, and shows the characteristics of an air preheater as applied to a large boiler. General conclusions are summarized and a method of procedure for selecting a heater is proposed.
Part V records the detailed calculations corresponding to Part IV, so that this paper may be used as a text or guide in making analyses of similar problems where other basic conditions apply.
Economics of Dry-Quenching Coke by the Sulzer Process
Authors: Beebee A. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
An installation of the Sulzer process of dry-quenching coke at the plant of the Rochester Gas and Electric Corporation is described in this paper. Results of operation are shown for average conditions, and no attempt has been made to select unusual results. The plant is compared with other plants employing other systems as to efficiency, ease of operation, quality of product, labor requirements, etc., and great flexibility and ease of control are disclosed.
High-Pressure Steam at Edgar Station
Authors: Moultrop I. E. , Norris E. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the authors describe the design of a generating plant for the Edison Electric Illuminating Company using steam at 1200 lb. This plant, known as the Edgar Station, was the first in the country to use pressures of this magnitude. The equipment of the original plant is described and operating difficulties and results are discussed. An extension to the station is described and the results of experiences with the original plant as applied to the design of the extension are set forth. As in the case of the original installation, the plant layout and equipment are described and operating results given. The capacities of the boilers, turbines, and auxiliaries are given. An interesting discussion of the possibilities of pressures above 1000 lb. is included, as well as some of the problems likely to be encountered in high-pressure equipment. The inadequacy of existing data is also mentioned. A comparison of the space requirements of high- and low-pressure equipment closes the paper.
High Steam Pressure and Temperature at Crawford Avenue Station
Authors: Bailey Alex. D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper discusses some of the problems encountered in the operation of the Crawford Ave. Station of the Commonwealth Edison Co. This station is designed for 550 lb. steam pressure at the turbines and 725 deg. fahr. temperature. The fuel used is central Illinois coal having an average heat value of 10,255 B.t.u. This is fired on forced-draft, chain-grate stokers.
In the first three units the steam is reheated after passing through the high-pressure turbine by means of a special reheat boiler on each unit. The specified reheat temperature is 700 deg. The fourth unit has no reheat. The first three turbine units are bled at three points and the fourth at four. The boilers are of the interdeck superheater type, built by the Babcock & Wilcox Co., with a capacity of 150,000 to 200,000 lb. of steam per hour.
Unit No. 1, 50,000 kw., built by Parsons Co., England, was put into service in May, 1925. Unit No. 2, 60,000 kw., built by the General Electric Co., was put into service in November, 1924. Unit No. 3, 50,000 kw., built by the Westinghouse Co., was put into service in March, 1925. Unit No. 4, 75,000 kw., built by the General Electric Co., was put into service in August, 1926. Unit, No. 5, 90,000 kw., built by the General Electric Co., is under construction, and will be put into service in August, 1927. Unit No. 6, 100,000 kw., is on order with the Westinghouse Co., and will be in operation in the summer of 1928. Detailed description of the station has been given in various reports and printed articles, so it is considered unnecessary for this discussion.
Some Fundamental Considerations in the Design of Boiler Furnaces
Authors: Wohlenberg W. J. , Brooks F. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper deals with the influence of furnace water walls on the furnace volume requirements in so far as flame temperature is the limiting factor in the allowable rates of energy release. It is shown that the totally cold furnace envelope provides for the highest permissible energy-release rate at a given flame temperature. The permissible load range in a given furnace for given high and low limits of flame temperature is, however, greatest in the refractory-lined water-wall furnace.
Some Economic Factors in Power-Station Design
Authors: Brydon H. Boyd 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
After a discussion of capacity factors and average loads of steam turbines over a sixteen-year life period, the author examines the costs of seven 60,000-kw. unit plants. Of these, one is to operate with steam at 400 lb. pressure, three with steam at 600 lb., and three with steam at 1200 lb., there being different reheating arrangements provided in the 600-lb. and 1200-lb. plants. Preliminary layouts of the 400-lb., 600-lb., and 1200-lb. plants are shown. It is concluded that the adoption of the 400-lb. plant is preferable on the score of simplicity, ease of operation, and cost. Should conditions ever arise under which the use of a pressure of 1200 or 1500 lb. may become attractive, the proposed pressure will fit in nicely. The 600-lb. plant will not.
Progress Toward Direct Firing of Boilers With Producer Gas: This Fuel Is Claimed to Have All the Advantages of Pulverized Coal and Atomized Oil Without Any of the Disadvantages—The Merit Possessed by Oil or Pulverized Coal Is That They Float and Burn in Suspension as an “Imitation Gas”
Authors: Chapman William B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to awaken interest in the subject of heating boilers with producer gas. While there are no large installations in existence, nevertheless enough experimental work, has been done on which to base grounds for further experimentation in the belief that there can be worked out a really commercial application of producer gas for boiler firing, obtaining all of the advantages of firing fuel in suspension and without the attendant disadvantages of ash in suspension. It can be done, the author believes, without any greater cost for the installation, without any greater amount of attendance, and with at least an equally good facility for adapting to changes in load. There are real possibilities, at least in all the medium-sized boilers, to justify the expectation that it will not be many years before boilers will be generally heated with producer gas and more efficiently than they are now heated in the average-sized units.
Determination of Economic Value in the Selection of Power-Plant Equipment: Only Correct Methods of Evaluating Bids Are Those That Determine the Minimum Sum of Fixed and Operating Charges, Taking Account of Price, Thermal Performance, Other Operating Costs, and Influence Upon Other Plant Design or Equipment
Authors: Van Deventer F. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
After reviewing the customary procedure in obtaining competitive bids on equipment, the author discusses critically the commonly used criteria of relative value. Definite conclusions are drawn concerning the correctness and merit of each. Two illustrative examples are presented to demonstrate the author’s conclusions, and the recommended method is summarized.
The Relative Value in Locomotive Service of Different Sizes of the Same Coals: Analysis of Results of Various Tests Tends to Indicate That the Evaporation per Pound of Coal Increases and the Pounds of Coal per Unit of Work Decrease as the Percentage of Slack Decreases
Authors: Crawford John G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper deals with the comparative locomotive-fuel values of various grades (sizes) of coal from the same mine. It does not attempt to determine a formula which would be applicable to any grade of coal from any district, but summarizes such information as is obtainable from the various railroads and elsewhere. It deals in a general way with the characteristics of coals, their preparation, and their physical as well as chemical make-up, and with the effect of these factors on the condition of coal supplied to locomotives. It emphasizes the importance of making sure that the coals tested are representative as to size and quality and that a sufficient number of tests are made with each grade of coal to secure a reliable average.
Railway Practice in Utilization and Conservation of Coal: With a Fuel Cost for Transportation of Over a Million Dollars a Day, the Roads Have Followed the Concerted Efforts Begun During the War With a Large Further Reduction
Authors: Overmire W. J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Detailing the organization that can make an effective cut in the cost of coal in passenger and freight service, and outlining the selection of grades suitable for a particular road’s use, the railroad practices in the utilization and conservation of coal are stated to be: Selection and purchase of suitable coal. Maintenance of a high standard of preparation on all coal shipped. Distribution of the coal to reduce mixing to a minimum. Careful accounting for all coal purchased and statistics for analyzing the fuel performance. Locomotives of proper design and size. A high standard of maintenance of motive power, rolling stock, and track. Elimination of delays and slow orders. Adopting train loadings and train schedules for the most efficient movement of trains. Reducing grades and constructing double track and other facilities for improved operating conditions. Educating officials and employees and soliciting their assistance in the conservation of coal.
Damage Due to Smoke: Enormity of the Destruction and Defacement Caused by Air Pollution Owing to the Unrestrained Products of Combustion
Authors: Meller H. B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The smoke investigation conducted by the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research of Pittsburgh forms the basis of the paper, with additional data and observations as the result of studies since that time. The smoke problem in cities arises mainly from the fuels that give off during combustion part of their volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash, and sulphur. Although coke and anthracite burn without appreciable smoke and are low in volatile matter, ash is carried off in proportion to the draft. The effects on buildings, vegetation, and health are summarized, and also the economic cost.
Computation of the Tail-Water Depth of the Hydraulic Jump in Sloping Flumes
Authors: Ellms Robert W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This investigation deals primarily with the methods of computing the tail-water depth of the hydraulic jump when it is produced in sloping flumes. The author has developed two formulas for this calculation based upon the unpublished work of A. G. Levy and J. W. Ellms of the Cleveland Water Department, and of J. R. Fleming and the author in a thesis presented to Case School of Applied Science. In this paper are given a description and the data of the latter’s thesis work, and certain data obtained by the two former investigators. From a study of the results of these experiments the author has drawn certain conclusions as to what takes place in the hydraulic jump when it is produced in sloping flumes, and attempts an explanation of this spectacular and baffling phenomenon.
Sheet Rolling
Authors: Cammen Leon 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper, after distinguishing between strip and sheet, and between hot and cold rolling, the author points out that mills are today rolling to surface specifications which would have been considered impossible fine years ago, and that barring certain contingencies, stricter specifications may prevail in the near future. In the course of his treatment of the subject he describes the continuous process of sheet rolling, temperature and labor, roll life, engineering economies of the sheet-rolling business, rolling with heating between passes, sheet rolling in Germany, sheet and roughing mills of the future, the price problem, etc. In the author’s opinion the economic side of the industry will have to be reorganized along lines which have proved successful throughout the entire American industry; and this will be in the direction of reduction of the number of plants and concentration of output in larger and better-equipped units capable of meeting the strenuous specifications of today in an economical manner and by those knowing enough about their costs to demand a fair price for their products.
Rolling-Mill Lubrication
Authors: Tyler L. P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author confines his discussion to those modern installations where lubrication is effected by means of a system which automatically circulates a single lubricant. He first considers the mill members best adapted to such lubrication, following which he outlines the conditions to be satisfied for correct lubrication. The requirements to be met by the lubricant are then enumerated, and instructions are given for its application and handling. Finally the advantages of such a system in the way of economy and in the compactness of design it permits are pointed out.