bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scleroderma
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scleroderma is a broad term that simply means “hard skin.” A variety of different diseases are grouped together under this diagnosis. The focal (or localized) forms of scleroderma are often mild and may not require any treatment. In contrast, progressive systemic sclerosis (also called diffuse scleroderma) is a life-threatening disease typically involving the heart, lungs, and other organs. Often when a family contacts me it is because they were told the child had scleroderma. They have no idea whether the child has a severe or mild form. Fortunately, the mild forms of scleroderma are far more common than the severe ones.
Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hillary was a delightful four-year-old. She had a younger sister who was just beginning to walk when the family noticed that Hillary was asking to be carried and holding on much more often than she had previously. Her family thought this was a reaction to the increased attention given to her sister. But the next month she became increasingly “difficult.” She often refused to walk and had tantrums if her family would not carry her. Hillary’s bedroom was on the second floor. Although she would come downstairs in the morning, she insisted on being carried up to bed every night. One morning she wanted a doll from her bedroom but refused to go up the stairs to get it. The family could not understand why she was getting so lazy. Over the next few weeks they noted she was holding on to the stair rail with both hands when coming down the steps and seemed to be falling unexpectedly. Concerned, the family brought her to the pediatrician. On examination she was weak and could hardly get up from a chair. She could not get up off the floor without assistance, and even when she was given help getting started, she needed to push herself up the front of her legs to rise to a standing position (this is called a positive Gower sign). Laboratory evaluation revealed an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, elevated muscle enzymes, and elevated liver enzymes. She was referred for evaluation.
Osteoporosis and Osteopenia
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charlotte was twenty-one years old when I first met her. She had been cared for by another rheumatologist for many years, but was referred to my hospital because of her need for joint replacement surgery. She was diagnosed with juvenile arthritis at the age of twelve years and treated with corticosteroids when her disease did not respond to NSAIDs. She felt much better with the corticosteroids and was able to attend school and go on to college. During the college years, Charlotte was away from home and managed her own medications. Although she was officially on a low dose of corticosteroids, Charlotte freely admitted that when she felt stiff or sore she would take extra. Charlotte completed college with honors and planned to go on to graduate school. However, she had fallen and broken her hip. X rays revealed that the hip had broken because her bones were so weak. Further evaluation revealed that she had weak bones throughout her body. Over the next few years she suffered multiple fractures with even the slightest injury. She continues with multiple operations, and because of her many problems she has never been able to attend graduate school.
Introduction
Authors: Estlund Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marvlieu Hall, a college-educated African-American woman in her thirties, lives with her family in a nearly all-black neighborhood of Queens in New York City. She attends an all-black church at which her husband is the pastor, and she is active in Jack & Jill, an African-American social organization. Joan Dauria, a white woman of Greek descent, lived until recently in Westport, Connecticut, an overwhelmingly white suburb. Her family, her neighborhood, her church congregation, and her social circle in Westport is entirely white. It is hard to see how the daily lives of Marvlieu and Joan would ever intersect. But they did. Marvlieu and Joan met several years ago at work and became good friends. Their friendship began in the hours they spent together each working day. But it did not end there. Although both have changed jobs and Joan has moved across the country, she and Marvlieu still visit each other and talk regularly.
Situating the Workplace in Civil Society
Authors: Estlund Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having articulated in general terms what workplace connectedness does for a diverse democratic society, I want to sort out some discrete but related threads of the argument and link them to some old and new lines of thought about the role of associational life in a democracy. It will be useful, albeit conventional, to begin with Alexis de Tocqueville’s elucidation of the role of associations in the early American republic. For Tocqueville’s account contains the seeds of several modern strands of thought about the functions of associational life in a democratic society: democratic deliberation, social capital formation, civic skills, and social integration.
In his justly celebrated study of democracy in America, Tocqueville marveled at the rich collective life among the avowedly individualistic Americans. He was struck by the proliferation of voluntary political, social, and economic associations through which they engaged in a constant quest for collective self-improvement and prosperity:
Compulsion, Connectedness, and the Constitution of the Workplace
Authors: Estlund Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To claim for workplace associations a more central role in democratic society, one must confront two distinguishing features of the workplace, both traceable to its firm footing in the market: First, workplaces are subject to pervasive regulation; they lack the autonomy from the state that civil society institutions need, on some accounts, to perform their crucial functions. Second, workplace relations are often undemocratic, unfree, and permeated by elements of economic coercion and power that are radically at odds with the egalitarian principles that must prevail—again, on some accounts—in the institutions of civil society.
These objections, and my response to them, go to the heart of the unique role of workplace relations in civil society. For it has become apparent that both the regulability of the workplace and the presence of economic pressure and authority play an ambiguous but largely constructive role in the cultivation of socially valuable workplace associations.
Conclusion
Authors: Estlund Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recall Tocqueville’s most profound observation about the virtues of association: “Feelings and ideas are renewed, the heart enlarged, and the understanding developed only by the reciprocal action of men one upon another.” “Reciprocal action” through collective activity not only fosters particular relationships and usable ties but also more diffuse and generalized feelings of empathy and under­ standing, of connectedness and being-in-this-togetherness among citizens. This diffuse sense of connectedness operates as a soft form of social capital, for it fosters the ability and willingness to support and carry out projects for the common good. It also contributes to the quality of public discourse and democratic deliberation, for deliberation among citizens who care about each others’ well­ being is more likely to produce understanding, compromise, and progress to ward solutions to social problems. But the value of connectedness as such, and especially the role of economic associations in fostering connectedness, hear kens to an older tradition in social theory—one that has mostly receded from public view and that deserves to be refurbished and updated in light of more recent commitments to intergroup equality and integration in the workplace. That has been my objective here.
Managing Financial Services Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Walter Ingo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapters of this book have provided the setting for M&A transactions in the financial sector: where they fit in the value-chain of financial services, the factual flow of deals, and their impact on the industry. The chapters have also detailed the underlying concepts and rationale regarding gains and losses with respect to market share and profitability. These considerations ought to determine strategic positioning, “doing the right thing,” a strategic approach that provides good prospects for sustained financial performance. But even if a strategic plan is well conceived, it equally needs to be well executed, thus “doing the thing right.”
The Special Problem of IT Integration
Authors: Walter Ingo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Information technology (IT) systems form the core of today’s financial institutions and underpin their ability to compete in a rapidly changing environment. Consequently, integration of information technology has become a focal point of the mergers and acquisitions process in the financial services sector. Sometimes considered largely a “technical” issue, IT integration has proved to be a double-edged sword. IT is often a key source of synergies that can add to the credibility of an M&A transaction. But IT integration can also be an exceedingly frustrating and timeconsuming process that can not only endanger anticipated cost advantages but also erode the trust of shareholders, customers, employees and other stakeholders.
Why do women have menopause?
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Menopause is the result of an inevitable decline in ovarian function. The term usually denotes the completion of a full year without a menstrual period. As menopause approaches, the ovaries decrease in size as virtually all the egg-containing ovarian follicles are lost due to a process called atresia. Estrogen production diminishes, and cycles tend to become shorter and more erratic. Menopause follows this last phase of the life cycle of the ovary which starts early in fetal life when the gland mobilizes the resources it will later need to assure egg and hormone production throughout a woman’s reproductive years. The link between deterioration of ovarian function and menopause is the fall in estrogen production. Estrogen is not only important for maintaining reproductive function, but it is a key hormone in maintaining bone density and for protecting against other physical and mental health disorders associated with aging. Sleep disturbances, hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and urinary incontinence are all conditions associated with estrogen fluctuation or deprivation. Osteoporosis, thinning of the bones, is a life-threatening condition for postmenopausal women. The onset of menopause, in other words, has many more health-related implications for women than simply the loss of reproductive capacity.
Risk–benefit ratio: Making the choice
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of my patients commented as we discussed continuing her hormone therapy that whenever there are press stories about hazards of menopause treatments, cancer or otherwise, they usually related to the very medicines I was prescribing for her. I reminded her that medical articles conveying good news are rarely considered newsworthy, so she is not going to read about them in the morning paper and that nonprescription therapies unregulated by the FDA are not subjected to rigorous trial or testing, so there are rarely findings, good or bad, to write news stories about. Under these ground rules, it is a self-fulfilling prophecy that if there is a story about HT in the lay press, it is going to be scary. There has been no shortage of attention given to the risks and benefits of HT. Here is a list of the studies funded by the National Institutes of Health and others in the recent years. Their titles describe the long list of subjects that have been studied. HERS (Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study) HERS II (Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study) WEST (Women’s Estrogen for Stroke Trial)
Questions about menopause
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women have menopause because their ovaries cease functioning. Estrogen and progesterone production by the ovaries becomes erratic, and the total amounts of hormones produced dramatically decrease. The uterine lining depends on estrogen and progesterone for the monthly buildup leading to menstruation, so when these ovarian hormones are no longer present, the menstrual flow no longer occurs. Periods usually become irregular at first, but they can cease abruptly.
Philosophies
Authors: Mccormmach Russell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Influential as he was in his lifetime, Locke dominated the intellectual life of the next century to an even greater degree. Certain of his teachings are germane to our topic. According to Locke, the mind perceives the world indirectly, through “ideas,” and the powers of bodies to produce ideas in the mind he calls “qualities.” Ideas of size, shape, solidity, number, and motion are simple ideas of “primary” qualities; they belong to material bodies, they have an objective existence. By contrast, “secondary” qualities such as taste, smell, color, sound, and heat do not reside in the bodies themselves but are powers that arise from the primary qualities and depend on the mind for their existence. Although the distinction between primary and secondary qualities did not originate with Locke, it was commonly identified with him, and his formulation of it had significance for natural philosophy. Cavendish’s mathematical theory of heat was Lockean in that it explained heat, a secondary quality, as a power arising from a primary quality of matter, motion.
The Question
Authors: Mccormmach Russell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As he did heat, Cavendish interpreted light in Newton’s way: light is a body consisting of particles emitted from luminous bodies at a known velocity. To find its vis viva, he looked to Michell’s experiment with a light-mill. From the observed speed of rotation of the vane and other details of the experiment, and from the assumption that light is perfectly reflected from the copper of the vane, he calculated the momentum and vis viva of sunlight falling each second on one and a half square feet of surface. Translating this result into its mechanical effect, he showed that the rate of vis viva of sunlight falling on that surface exceeds the work done by two horses, two horsepower. By his theory, this very considerable mechanical power imparted by sunlight has an exact heat equivalence: if the same quantity of light were to be absorbed instead of reflected, the equivalent heat would register on the thermometer. Upon this reasoning, Cavendish proposed two experiments on sunlight, with the intention of carrying them out himself.
Why do dialects and creoles differ from standard language?
Authors: Napoli Donna Jo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Misunderstandings of dialect diversity and of creoles have led to common claims that some languages are deficient, revealing carelessness or even stupidity. Indeed, language discrimination is tolerated by people who would never tolerate discriminatory remarks based on race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, or many other characteristics. The goal of this chapter is to understand what dialects and creoles are, so that such misconceptions can be erased. Along the way we will face an astonishing fact about creoles, one that has been pivotal in the understanding of the human mind.
Introduction
Authors: Lockard Craig A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the day broke one morning a thousand years ago, the sun’s rays drifted westward across the Pacific. Coming to the offshore islands of Asia, the light shone on the spires of countless Buddhist temples, pagodas, and colossal statues of a serene-faced Buddha dotting the hillsides and cities of Japan, Korea, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Burma. In Central Java, at Borobodur, the world’s largest humanmade monument sat on a hilltop amidst the lush green landscape of rice fields stretching to volcanic mountains. This magnificent temple, which had taken decades and thousands of artists and workers to build, was covered with spectacular carvings of the teachings of the Buddha, an Indian sage who lived many centuries earlier and thousands of miles west of Java. Borobodur and other Buddhist temples were some of the most obvious testimonies to the increasing connections between distant societies that eventually resulted in the links and interdependence, often described by the term “globalization,” in our contemporary world. The Buddhist temples erected in the first millennium ce as well as the Islamic mosques and Christian churches that were built in Southeast Asia in the middle of the second millennium ce accompanied the spread of traders, ideas, technologies, and adventurers. The increasing connections between distant peoples and cultures meant that the world would never again be the same.
The Kingdoms of the Golden Age, ca. 800—1400
Authors: Lockard Craig A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Around 900 an Arab trader named Abu Dulaf arrived at the port of Kalah on Malaya’s west coast. He wrote in his travel accounts that the city was “very great, with strong walls, numerous gardens and abundant springs. I found there a tin-mine such as does not exist in any other part of the world.”1 Arab traders had begun visiting Southeast Asian ports in the seventh century in search of tin and agricultural products to sell all over the Eastern Hemisphere. Kalah is even mentioned in one of the major works of Arab literature, The Thousand and One Nights, as “a great empire bordering on India, in which there are mines of tin, groves of bamboo and excellent camphor[for perfumes].”2 The green lands and blue waters were attracting the world’s attention, with the sea becoming a link rather than a barrier. Nor were the blue waters that Abu Dulaf traveled significant only to coastal states, because most Southeast Asians benefited from maritime trade and also depended on the muddy rivers for survival. Before modern times most inland trade was carried out along rivers, in fact. The era from around 800 to 1400 can be viewed, as it has been by many Southeast Asians, as a “Golden Age” in politics, economic prosperity, and cultural development.
Christians, Spices, and Western Expansion, 1500—1750
Authors: Lockard Craig A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1509 five unknown but well-armed ships, each with a banner bearing a cross and full of strange, menacing pale-skinned men, lowered anchor off Melaka. The local people were curious about, but also wary of, these Portuguese in their uncomfortable-looking clothes. As the Malay Annals recorded: “The Portuguese saw that Melaka was magnificent, and its port was exceedingly crowded. The people gathered around to see what the foreigners looked like, and they were all surprised by their appearance. But these Portuguese are people who know nothing of manners.” The fame of Melaka as a treasure trove of Asian luxury goods had reached Europe. For a century the Portuguese had been seeking a sea route to the Orient around Africa. As one of their greatest explorers, Vasco da Gama, put it, they sought “Christians and Spices,” meaning allies against Islam and the valuable products of Southeast Asia. The Portuguese voyages inaugurated a new era of European activity in Southeast Asia and eventually led to the colonization of most of the region.
Don Tyler: Shared Values—The Prerequisite for Knowledge Sharing and Creation
Authors: Chatzkel Jay L . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of values in knowledge generation and transfer is often over looked and underappreciated. An organization’s underlying values will either support or disrupt its effectiveness in achieving its goals. If the leadership acts from one set of values, the middle management from another, and the line workers from a third set of values, the dissonance in values will undermine the best-intentioned and-financed effort. While technology and methodology are enablers as well, it is how the values align in an enterprise that will determine if knowledge is shared and used for de sired outcomes. This is as true in a small, single-site organization as it is in global, extended enterprises.
Sentencing Reform “Reform” through Sentencing Information Systems
Authors: Miller Marc L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Norval Morris often quotes an eminent nineteenth-century English politician who, when asked about proposals for parliamentary reform, responded, “Reform, reform. Don’t talk to me about reform. We are in enough trouble already.” Sentencing has undergone more reform over the past several decades than any other area of criminal justice, and perhaps as much reform as any area of the law. Indeed, one way to describe sentencing reform over the past half century is that law came to sentencing—an idea framed in the title of Marvin Frankel’s famous speech and book, Criminal Sentences: Law Without Order (Frankel 1973).
The Lower Respiratory Organs
Authors: Seaver Laurie H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lower respiratory organs consist of the larynx (including the epiglottis), trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The diaphragm, al- though not a respiratory tract organ per se, is included here because malformations of this organ impact the developing respiratory tract. The frequency of congenital lung and airway anomalies is reported to comprise approximately 7–19% of all congenital mal- formations, although this may be an underestimate since some malformations are asymptomatic or delayed in presentation. The malformations discussed in this chapter are presented because they frequently come to the attention of those interested in the field of birth defects, because they impact prenatal, perinatal, or neonatal management, or because they are frequently associated with other respiratory tract and nonrespiratory tract malformations.
Facial Bones
Authors: Gripp Karen , Escobar Luis Fernando 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans are very adept at recognizing one another. This ability is largely based on the identification of faces. The uniqueness of each human face, with the possible exception of monozygotic twins, allows for identification and recognition of an individual with deeper implications in human interaction and, more impor- tant, in social functioning. The recognition of an individual face, whose combination of features is remembered as belonging to a certain person, may be compared to the recognition of a syndrome diagnosis based on certain characteristics of the facial structures. The shape of individual facial structures can be recognized, but the combination of findings may lead to the identification of a facial “gestalt” that may be associated with a genetic syndrome.
Upper Gastrointestinal System
Authors: Hoyme H Eugene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Advances in molecular biology increasingly have provided insights into mechanisms of intestinal morphogenesis. In addition, rapid progress has been made in identifying genes that regulate gastrointestinal development. Genes directing initial formation of the endoderm as well as organ-specific patterning have been identified. Signaling pathways that regulate the overall right-left asymmetry of the gastrointestinal tract and epithelial/ mesenchymal interactions have been clarified.