bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hungarian
Authors: Farkas Judit , Kniezsa Veronika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No other language in Eastern Europe has had so many dictionaries of foreign words in its history. The aim of this one was to bring the foreign element in the Hungarian lexicon up-to-date including information about their phonemic, orthographic and morphological adaptation and their field-oriented usage. The primary aim is to serve the larger public; it does not replace a special dictionary of anglicisms which has in fact never been compiled for Hungarian.
Procedural Law and Rules in Arbitral Practice
Authors: Petrochilos Georgios 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No discussion of international arbitration law is complete without a survey of the practice of arbitral institutions and tribunals. This chapter therefore analyses various arbitration rules, with emphasis on those applied in international disputes (section II), and the practice of arbitral tribunals (section III), to ascertain how the procedural law and rules of an arbitration are chosen and applied in practice. The focus will be on the methodology of such choice, and on the relationship of the procedural law chosen with the law of the situs of the arbitration, a matter on which preliminary observations are made in section I below. A final section (IV) briefly discusses general principles of arbitral procedure, as derived from arbitral practice.
Loan Refusals
Authors: Collins Michael , Baker Mae 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having examined the general profile of commercial bank loans to industry in the previous chapter, we now concentrate on a particular aspect of bank industry relationships, namely the circumstances surrounding those occasions on which business clients’ requests for loans were refused by the banks. It is thought that examination of the reasons for these unsuccessful loan applications might provide a specific means of establishing the limits to industrial lending made by the commercial banks in the pre-1914 period, of determining where the line was drawn by the banks between acceptable and unacceptable loans. The intention is to establish the principles and rules governing bank practice and, thus, help in the general evaluation of the various criticisms levelled at the banks with respect to support for industry.
Contributory Negligence
Authors: Weir Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It used to be the rule at common law that if your own carelessness had contributed to your injury, your claim in negligence was completely barred, even if the defendant’s fault and contribution were much greater than your own. This rule was very harsh, since most accidents, especially those at work, would be avoided if the victim had been more careful, and even if the accident itself cannot be prevented, the harm resulting from it can be reduced by sensible precautions, such as wearing a seat-belt or a hard hat. In 1945 this vicious old rule was replaced by statute. Nowadays damages for an injury are to be reduced to the extent that the claimant’s fault contributed to it. ‘Contributory negligence’ is thus only a partial defence—it affects the claimant’s quantum of recovery rather than the defendant’s liability—but it is raised very frequently, and has a great impact on the operation of the law. Note that while in the United States ‘contributory negligence’ refers to the old rule, now generally replaced there by ‘comparative negligence’, in England ‘contributory negligence’ denotes only the negligence of the claimant himself, not that of a third party whose negligence equally contributes to the occurrence of the harm.
Trespass
Authors: Weir Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tort of negligence tells us when a person has to pay compensation for harm he has caused without meaning to. The role of the tort of trespass is quite different. Its very important function is to protect and vindicate the basic rights of the citizen against deliberate, even well-meaning, invasion, whether or not any damage is caused: every positive act which directly invades one of those basic rights is tres-passory, and leads to liability unless it is justified in law. It is to the tort of trespass one must look if one wants to learn whether a doctor may sterilize an adult patient of very feeble intellect, whether the police may stop or arrest a person in the street or enter a private house or garden, whether people may peacefully gather on the highway without obstructing it and so on. The questions raised and answered in this chapter are a good deal more interesting than the question whether one insurance company has to pay another for accidental damage to property: we are here concerned with rights and liberties. When are you entitled to strike another? When may you seize something in his possession? If negligence law says (after the event) what you should not have done, trespass law lets you know (in advance) what you may do by way of—to use a phrase—direct action.
The Brussels Convention Becomes A Regulation: Implications For Legal Basis, External Competence, And Contract Jurisdiction
Authors: Beaumont* Ptzul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a great privilege to be able to take part in a collection of essays paying tribute to Sir Peter North. I have appreciated his scholarship for many years bur only in recent years have had the privilege of getting to know him in three contexts. First he was deservedly awarded an Honorary LLD by the University of Aberdeen, second he was the external examiner for a PhD thesis that I supervised, and third he has been the Chairman of the UK Advisory Committee on the proposed Hague Convention on Jurisdiction and Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters of which I am a member. In the first context Sir Peter was modest and charming. He was at the time Vice Chancellor of the University of Oxford but had no airs and graces, side, or arrogance. He was genuinely delighted to receive the honorary degree, particularly because it was given as part of the celebrations of the installation of his old University friend Lord Wilson of Tillyorn as Chancellor of the University of Aberdeen.
The Eu And A Metamorphosis Of Private International Law
Authors: d’Oliveira Hans Ulrich }essurun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although private international law has always been looked upon as an arcane subject-a characterization which the high priests celebrating its mysterious lore have seldom sought to deny-it has never ceased to be influenced by the outside world. ‘l’he permeability of it body of rub and principles and indeed of its very structure has been repeatedly demonstrated over the centuries. The amazing change of paradigm brought about by the success, primarily on the continent to be sure, of volume Vlll of von Savigny’s System des heutigen rOmfschen Rechts (1849) did not fall from the sky. It is the result, not only of the genius of the author, but of profound changes in society as well. I do not need to dwell too long on these well-known tramformations. The imtauration of the sovereignty of the people, the fall of theancien rigimeand concentration of power in the bourgeoisie, the ideology of the enlightenment and its principles of freedom, equality, and a little solidarity, the industrialization, the professionalization, and bureaucratization of society and government, accompanied by new theories about the place and function of law, have all contributed to theories such as those ofvon Savigny.
Special Rules Of Private International Law For Special Cases: What Should We Do About Intellectual Property?
Authors: Fawcett* James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the moment, one of the most problematic areas of private international law is that of jurisdiction Ill intellectual property cases where a claim for infringement of a right raises the issue of the validity of that right. The question of how juridicrional rule operate in such ca es has arisen in the context of the Brmsels Convention on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, now the Brussels I Regulation, and is now taxing minds at the Hague Conference on private international law during discussion of thc’ Hague Judgments Convention. The problrn1 that arises in both contexts is, in general terms, one of the interaction of different base of jurisdiction. Mure particularly, under the Brussels I Regulation the problem is one of the interaction of the special rule for intellectual property cases raising the issue of validity of a patent, etc, which allocates exclusive jurisdiction to the Member State where the right was registered, and other bases of jurisdiction Which are of more general application, in particular the basis of jurisdiction that a plaintiff can rely upon in a tort case. As far as the Hague Judgments Convention is concerned, the problem is more fundamental and raises the question of whether there should be any special rule of exclusive jurisdiction in intellectual property cases and, if so, how wide its scope should be, bearing in mind that the wider it is the more it cuts across other bases of jurisdiction, including the rule dealing with jurisdiction in tort.
Central Banks and the Process of Financial Internationalization: A Secular View
Authors: James Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There have been two waves of internationalization, or-to use the currently fashionable world, ‘globalization’-in the modern history of the world economy, the first lasting from the 1870s to the 1920s, the second since the end of the 1960s. Central banks played a prominent part in each, but more frequently they represented an attempt to erect protective devices rather than acting as a facilitator of international financial connectivity. Unlike earlier central banks, which were essentially private institutions that gradually evolved to meet a need for central bank functions such as clearing, the provision of liquidity, and the supervision of the banking system, the central banks that were established in the nineteenth-century era of globalization were from the start charged with public functions. They were usually created at the initiative of governments or parliaments, rather than through private initiative; and their major function was seen as providing some form of defensive barrier against globalization. At this time, there began a dynamic of a competitive race of regulation and control against market-driven forces of innovation: a competition that persisted through the twentieth century, and which-one might think-central banks working on their own were bound to Jose.
The Victim in Criminal Justice
Authors: Strang Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine a criminal justice system in a democratic state which has evolved over hundreds of years. Imagine those accused of crime in that state acknowledging their legal guilt despite a deep-seated sense of grievance, while advocates on their behalf minimize culpability on grounds their clients scarcely recognize. Imagine the victims of crime in that state having no chance to explain the consequences of the crime, their views seen as irrelevant and even dangerously distracting in the pursuit of justice. Imagine further a criminal justice system in which the guilty parties, having distanced themselves entirely from the consequences of their actions, are punished by the only means available —financial penalty, community service, or loss of liberty —all of them characterized by un connectedness to the crime, and meaningless to victims except in terms of their desire for revenge.
Repair or Revenge?
Authors: Strang Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The momentum of the restorative justice movement over the past decade has given rise to some extravagant claims for its superiority to formal justice processes in dealing with crime. Most of those claims relate to benefits for offenders and, to a lesser extent, to communities which will profit from the lower offending rates which, it is hoped and sometimes assumed, will follow from restorative interventions. Less attention has been paid to the way victims feel about restorative programmes and many victim advocates have remained suspicious about the motivations behind such programmes, their focus, and the likely benefit to victims from taking part.
Media Corporatism and Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Caglar Ayse 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent literature on cosmopolitanism (Clifford 1998; Robbins 1998a) tries to go beyond defining cosmopolitanism in opposition to locality. Beck (chapter 6, in this volume) urges us to ‘think about the cosmopolitan disposition as something that does not have to exclude the perspective of the local’. Instead of approaching cosmopolitanism with a universalist nostalgia in the idiom of a complete detachment (Clifford 1998), we could consider it a reality of (re)attachment with multiple affiliations. In cosmopolitanism there is definitely a concern to go beyond the locality. However, it can still be conceived of as a mode of attachment, which, by entailing multiple, uneven and non-exclusive affiliations, challenges the conventional notions of locality as well as of belonging.
Protecting humanitarian aid operations
Authors: Seybolt Taylor B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humanitarian relief includes commodities over which warring parties and independent militia fight. Food and medical supplies keep armies on their feet when civilians are targets, denying them access to the necessities of life is an effective weapon. In such an environment, aid operations are under constant threat. Aid organizations frequently operate in conflict zones where they negotiate safe passage without physical protection. Often that safe passage comes at the price of losing a certain percentage of their supplies to the warring factions, which inadvertently helps to sustain the conflict. An obvious remedy is to protect aid operations with military force. Military protection of aid, however, raises thorny issues of principle and practice.
Men without Children
Authors: Akerlof George A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chorus of family values that has rocked America over the last few years has focused on the impact of children growing up without fathers. In this lecture I shall address the obverse question: what is the impact on society of men neither marrying nor living with children. Between 1968 and 199 3 the fraction of men 25 to 34 who are householders living with children declined from 66% to 40%. I shall model marriage according to its traditional and conventional meaning as a rite of passage-a sacrament that marks the transition from one stage of life to another.
Behavioral Macroeconomics and Macroeconomic Behavior*
Authors: Akerlof By George A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Think about Richard Scarry ’s Cars and Trucks and Things That Go. Think about what that book would have looked like in sequential decades of the last century had Richard Scarry been alive in each of them to delight and amuse children and parents. Each subsequent decade has seen the development of ever more specialized vehicles. We started with the Model T Ford. We now have more models of backhoe loaders than even the most precocious four-year-old can identify.
The Right To Liberty
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arrest with warrant. In Henderson v Chief Constable of Cleveland [2001] 1 10.31 WLR 1103 the Court of Appeal held that where an arrest is carried out in the execution of a default warrant, the failure to take the person arrested immediately before a court (should a court be sitting) was not unlawful and did not render his continuing detention on the arrest warrant unlawful.
The Right To Respect For Privacy And The Home
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Douglas v Hello! Ltd [2001] QB 967, para 110, Sedley LJ expressed the view 12.06 that the point has been reached where it can be said with confidence that the law recognizes and will appropriately protect personal privacy. However, there has been some debate about whether the courts would recognize a new tort of breach of privacy following the coming into force of the Human Rights Act (see Main Work, paras 12. 165ff).
The Right To Education
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essential question for the appeals committee under Schedule 24 to the 19.22 School Standards and Framework Act 1998 is whether it was perverse in the light of the admission arrangements to refuse to admit the particular child; see R (London Borough of Hounslow) v School Admission Appeals Panel [2002] EWCA Civ900.
European Union Coordination and the Core Executive
Authors: Hayward Jack , Wright Vincent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
European Community policy began as foreign economic affairs but increasingly penetrated into almost every part of domestic affairs) so that it has posed problems of predominance especially between the President and Prime Minister, the Foreign Minister and the Finance Minister. The need to adopt a clear and consistent posture in negotiations at Brussels and other European Union (EU) fora has been a stronger driving force promoting coordination than in other public policies but, although the institutionalized arrangements for such coordination have been impressive, they have encountered serious problems. While the General Secretariat of the Inter ministerial Committee for European Economic Cooperation (SGCI) is intended to be the pivot of the coordination process, intervention by the President, rivalry with the Prime Minister-especially in periods of cohabitension-rivalry between the Foreign Ministry and the sectoral ministries, especially the Finance Ministry, as well as the informal bilateral relations between ministry officials and the Commission, all contribute towards a disruption of the smooth working of a centralized coordination process.
Reassembling the Social
Authors: Latour Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reassembling the Social is a fundamental challenge from one of the world’s leading social theorists to how we understand society and the ‘social ‘. Bruno Latour’s contention is that the word ‘social’, as used by Social Scientists, has become laden with assumptions to the point where it has become misnomer. When the adjective is applied to a phenomenon, it is used to indicate a stablilized state of affairs, a bundle of ties that in due course may be used to account for another phenomenon. But Latour also finds the word used as if it described a type of material, in a comparable way to an adjective such as ‘wooden’ or ‘steely ‘. Rather than simply indicating what is already assembled together, it is now used in a way that makes assumptions about the nature of what is assembled. It has become a word that designates two distinct things: a process of assembling; and a type of material, distinct from others. Latour shows why ‘the social’ cannot be thought of as a kind of material or domain, and disputes attempts to provide a ‘social explanations’ of other states of affairs. While these attempts have been productive (and probably necessary) in the past, the very success of the social sciences mean that they are largely no longer so. At the present stage it is no longer possible to inspect the precise constituents entering the social domain. Latour returns to the original meaning of ‘the social’ to redefine the notion, and allow it to trace connections again. It will then be possible to resume the traditional goal of the social sciences, but using more refined tools. Drawing on his extensive work examining the ‘assemblages’ of nature, Latour finds it necessary to scrutinize thoroughly the exact content of what is assembled under the umbrella of Society. This approach, a ‘sociology of associations’, has become known as Actor-Network-Theory, and this book is an essential introduction both for those seeking to understand Actor-Network Theory, or the ideas of one of its most influential proponents.
Second Source of Uncertainty: Action Is Overtaken
Authors: Latour Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most situations, we use ‘social’ to mean that which has already been assembled and acts as a whole, without being too picky on the precise nature of what has been gathered, bundled, and packaged together. When we say that ‘something is social’ or ‘has a social dimension’, we mobilize one set of features that, so to speak, march in step together, even though it might be composed of radically different types of entities. This unproblematic use of the word is fine as long as we don ‘t confuse the sentence ‘Is social what goes together?’, with one that says, ‘social designates a particular kind of stuff’ .
Fifth Source of Uncertainty: Writing Down Risky Accounts
Authors: Latour Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This introduction to ANT begins to look like another instance of Zeno’s paradox, as if every segment was split up by a host of mediators each claiming to be taken into account. ‘We will never get there! How can we absorb so many controversies?’ Having reached this point, the temptation is great to quit in despair and to fall back on more reasonable social theories that would prove their stolid common sense by ignoring most of the sources of uncertainty I have reviewed. We could swallow one, maybe two, but not four in a row.
Characterization
Authors: Ooi Maisie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In England the rules that have developed to deal with choice of law problems are expressed in terms of juridical concepts or categories and localizing elements or connecting factors. The structure is typically illustrated as follows: ‘the formal validity of marriage is governed by the law of the place of the celebration’; ‘capacity to marry is governed by the law of the parties’ domicile’. ‘The formal validity of marriage’ and ‘capacity to marry’ are the categories, while ‘the place of the celebration’ and ‘the parties’ domicile’ are the connecting factors.
Statutory Intervention
Authors: Ooi Maisie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 has shown that there is no prevailing consensus among legal practitioners, academics, and market participants as to what the choice of law rule should be. That having been said, there is clearly consultation, and significant strides have been made in identifying and understanding the complexities involved, and among those who have been most actively and publicly addressing the issues, a trend towards a convergence of position on the law of the relevant intermediary.
The Relational View: Cooperative Strategy and Sources of Interorganizational Competitive Advantage
Authors: Dyer Jeffrey H , Singh Harbir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scholars in the strategy field are concerned fundamentally with explaining differential firm performance (Rumelt, Schendel, and Teece, 1991). As strategy scholars have searched for sources of competitive advantage, two prominent views have emerged regarding the sources of supernormal returns. The first— the industry structure view—associated with Porter (1980), suggests that super-normal returns are primarily a function of a firm’s membership in an industry with favorable structural characteristics (e.g., relative bargaining power, barriers to entry, and so on). Consequently, many researchers have focused on the industry as the relevant unit of analysis.
What Then Must We Do?
Authors: Lev Baruch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Investors, and often managers too, are deprived of intangibles-related information on essential business capabilities and performance characteristics Examples of important, yet not disclosed, performance indicators follow:The utilization of intellectual property. Firms generally develop only a small fraction of the patents and know-how they possess into products or services, resulting in an underutilization of intellectual property.