bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein 120 induces cyclooxygenase‐2 expression in neuroblastoma cells through a nuclear factor‐κB and activating protein‐1 mediated mechanism
Authors: Álvarez Susana , Serramía Ma Jesús , Fresno Manuel , Muñoz‐Fernández MaÁngeles 
Published: July 2005

AbstractInduction of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) in the brain of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) has been proposed as a cause of cognitive impairment in AIDS dementia. Here, we have analyzed the molecular mechanism by which its induction takes place in neuroblastoma cells. The HIV‐1 envelope protein gp120 was able to induce COX‐2 mRNA and protein in several human neuroblastoma cell lines, which express CXCR4 and CCR5 but not CD4. Moreover, gp120 induces COX‐2 promoter transcription. Sequential deletions of the promoter show that deletion of a distal nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) site abrogated gp120‐dependent transcription. More importantly, overexpression of NF‐κB inhibitory subunit, IκBα, completely abrogated gp120‐induced COX‐2 activity. However, transfection of p65/relA NF‐κB was not enough to induce COX‐2 transcription, suggesting that NF‐κB was necessary but not sufficient to control COX‐2 transcription induced by gp120. In addition to NF‐κB, activating protein‐1 (AP‐1) but not nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)‐dependent transcription was induced by gp120. Transfection of a dominant negative mutant c‐Jun protein, TAM‐67, efficiently blocked the induction of COX‐2 promoter by gp120, confirming AP‐1 requirement. Moreover, gp120 rapidly activates the c‐Jun amino‐terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase phosphorylation. The importance of NF‐κB and AP‐1 in COX‐2 promoter and protein induction was corroborated by using pharmacological NF‐κB, p38 and JNK inhibitors.
Distinct patterns of expression and regulation of GABAA receptors containing the δ subunit in cerebellar granule and hippocampal neurons
Authors: Follesa Paolo , Mostallino Maria Cristina , Biggio Francesca , Gorini Giorgio , Caria Stefania , Busonero Fabio , Murru Luca , Mura Maria Luisa , Sanna Enrico , Biggio Giovanni 
Published: July 2005

AbstractNeuronal plasticity is achieved by regulation of the expression of genes for neurotransmitter receptors such as the type A receptor (GABAAR) for γ‐aminobutyric acid. We now show that two different rat neuronal populations in culture manifest distinct patterns of GABAAR plasticity in response to identical stimuli. Whereas prolonged exposure to ethanol had no effect on expression of the δ subunit of GABAARs at the mRNA or protein level in cerebellar granule neurons, it increased the abundance of δ subunit mRNA and protein in hippocampal neurons. Subsequent ethanol withdrawal transiently down‐regulated δ subunit expression in cerebellar granule neurons and gradually normalized that in hippocampal neurons. These effects of ethanol exposure and withdrawal were accompanied by corresponding functional changes in GABAARs. GABAARs containing the δ subunit were also distributed differentially in the cerebellar and hippocampal neurons. These findings reveal complex and distinct mechanisms of regulation of the expression of GABAARs that contain the δ subunit in different neuronal types.
The intracellular domain of p75NTR as a determinant of cellular reducing potential and response to oxidant stress
Authors: Tyurina Yulia Y. , Nylander Karen D. , Mirnics Zeljka Korade , Portugal Carmel , Yan Chaohua , Zaccaro Clara , Saragovi H. Uri , Kagan Valerian E. , Schor Nina F. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryThe low‐affinity neurotrophin receptor, p75NTR, has been found to be pro‐ or anti‐apoptotic depending upon the cell in which it is expressed. Reactive oxygen species play a major role in apoptosis induction and enactment. Using two polyclonal PC12 populations that, respectively, do or do not express p75NTR, this paper demonstrates that p75NTR expression confers resistance to oxidant stress upon PC12 cells maintained in serum‐containing medium. The effect of p75NTR on cell survival is mimicked in p75‐negative cells by expression of constructs that produce the p75NTR intracellular domain (ICD) or p75NTR with the extracellular domain deleted (ΔECD), suggesting that binding of an extracellular ligand to p75NTR is not required. Our studies further document that the differential sensitivity to oxidant stress is serum‐dependent and associated with differential oxidation of glutathione between p75‐positive and p75‐negative cells. These results suggest that the role of p75NTR in determining the consequences and treatment of age‐related disorders and conditions in which reactive oxygen species are involved may require neither the extracellular receptor domain nor, by inference, the cognate extracellular ligands of this neurotrophin receptor.
Correlations between physiology and lifespan – two widely ignored problems with comparative studies
Authors: Speakman John R. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryComparative differences between species provide a powerful source of information that may inform our understanding of the aging process. However, two problems regularly attend such analyses. The co‐variation of traits with body mass is frequently ignored, along with the lack of independence of the data due to a shared phylogenetic history. These problems undermine the use of simple correlations between various factors and maximum lifespan potential (MLSP) across different species as evidence that the factors in question have causal effects on aging. Both of these problems have been widely addressed by comparative biologists working in fields other than aging research, and statistical solutions to these issues are available. Using these statistical approaches, of making analyses of residual traits with the effects of body mass removed, and deriving phylogenetically independent contrasts, will allow analyses of the relationships between physiology and maximum lifespan potential to proceed unhindered by these difficulties, potentially leading to many useful insights into the aging process.
Empirical Bayes and Adjusted Estimates Approach to Estimating the Relation of Mortality to Exposure of PM10
Authors: Le Tertre Alain , Schwartz Joel , Touloumi Giota 
Published: July 2005

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Retraction. Risk Analysis 25: 6, 1683 In the framework of the APHEIS program (Air Pollution and Health: A European Information System), a health impact assessment of air pollution in 26 European cities was performed for particles of an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 μm (PM10). For short‐term effects, it was based on overall estimates from the APHEA‐2 project (Air Pollution and Health: A European Approach). These city‐specific risk assessments require city‐specific concentration‐response functions, raising the question of which concentration‐response is most appropriate. Estimates from city‐specific models are more specific, but have greater uncertainty than those provided from multicity analyses. We compared several estimates derived from the city‐specific analyses in cities that were part of the APHEA‐2 project, as well as in a city that was not included in APHEA‐2 but was part of the APHEIS project. These estimates were: the estimates from a local regression model, the adjusted estimates based on two significant effect modifiers identified through meta‐regression models, and the city‐specific empirical Bayes (shrunken) estimates and their underlying distribution. The shrunken and adjusted estimates were used to improve the estimation of city‐specific concentration‐response function. From these different estimates, attributable numbers of deaths per year were calculated. The advantages and limits of the different approaches are discussed through real data and in a simulation study.
Actively regulating bioengineered tissue and organ formation
Authors: Mooney DJ , Boontheekul T , Chen R , Leach K 
Published: July 2005

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Mooney DJ, Boontheekul T, Chen R, Leach KObjectives –  Describe current and future approaches to tissue engineering, specifically in the area of bone regeneration. These approaches will allow one to actively regulate the cellular populations participating in this process.Design –  Many approaches to actively regulate cellular phenotype are under exploration, and these typically exploit known signal transduction pathways via presentation of specific receptor‐binding ligands, and may also deliver mechanical information via the physical bridge formed by the receptor‐ligand interactions. Cellular gene expression may also be directly modulated utilizing gene therapy approaches to control tissue regeneration.Conclusions –  Significant progress has been made to date in bone regeneration using inductive molecules and transplanted cells, and FDA approved therapies have resulted. While approaches to date have focused on delivery of single stimuli (e.g. one growth factor), future efforts will likely attempt to more closely mimic developmental processes by the delivery of multiple inputs to the cells in spatially and temporally regulated fashions.
Bone – special problems of the craniofacial region
Authors: Herring SW , Ochareon P 
Published: July 2005

Structured AbstractAuthors – Herring SW, Ochareon PProblems – The craniofacial region presents special problems for tissue engineering. First, the stresses and strains that engineered tissues will encounter are mostly unknown. Second, if tissue engineering is to be useful in ameliorating craniofacial anomalies, it will have to mimic the growth activity of the native tissues. These problems are interrelated in that bone growth responds to loading conditions.Methods – Our work uses miniature technology to measure skull deformation during function in the miniature pig. Growth is quantified in the same animals by labeling replicating cells with bromodeoxyuridine and newly mineralized bone with fluorochromes. The mandibular condyle and the cranial sutures are both candidate areas for tissue engineering, and craniofacial periosteum is a promising graft material.Results – The condyle is compressed by the reaction load at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Cell divisions in the perichondrium are negatively correlated with bone strain. Craniofacial sutures deform during function much more than adjacent bones, and strains can be either tensile or compressive. In contrast to expectation, functional tension is not correlated with sutural growth rate. However, functional strain does predict sutural morphology, with compressed sutures showing complex interdigitation. Periosteum shows striking differences between resorptive and appositional surfaces. The resorptive medial side of the zygomatic arch is under pressure during function. Tensile strain perpendicular to the surface is probably greater on the temporal than on the zygomatic bone, thus correlating with more rapid periosteal apposition on the temporal.Conclusion – Engineered implants may be more likely to succeed if their architecture suits the strain environment in which they will function.
Bioreactor cultivation of osteochondral grafts
Authors: Vunjak‐Novakovic G , Meinel L , Altman G , Kaplan D 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAuthors –  Vunjak‐Novakovic G, Meinel L, Altman G, Kaplan DThe clinical utility of tissue engineering depends upon our ability to direct cells to form tissues with characteristic structural and mechanical properties across different hierarchical scales. Ideally, an engineered graft should be tailored to (re)establish the structure and function of the native tissue being replaced. Engineered grafts of such high fidelity would also foster fundamental research by serving as physiologically relevant models for quantitative in vitro studies. The approach discussed here involves the use of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) cultured on custom‐designed scaffolds (providing a structural and logistic template for tissue development) in bioreactors (providing environmental control, biochemical and mechanical cues). Cartilage, bone and ligaments have been engineered by using hMSC, highly porous protein scaffolds (collagen; silk) and bioreactors (perfused cartridges with or without mechanical loading). In each case, the scaffold and bioreactor were designed to recapitulate some aspects of the environment present in native tissues. Medium flow facilitated mass transport to the cells and thereby enhanced the formation of all three tissues. In the case of cartilage, dynamic laminar flow patterns were advantageous as compared to either turbulent steady flow or static (no flow) cultures. In the case of bone, medium flow affected the geometry, distribution and orientation of the forming bone‐like trabeculae. In the case of ligament, applied mechanical loading (a combination of dynamic stretch and torsion) markedly enhanced cell differentiation, alignment and functional assembly. Taken together, these studies provide a basis for the ongoing work on engineering osreochondral grafts for a variety of potential applications, including those in the craniofacial complex.
Advances in skeletal tissue engineering with hydrogels
Authors: Elisseeff J , Puleo C , Yang F , Sharma B 
Published: July 2005

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Elisseeff J, Puleo C, Yang F, Sharma B.Objectives –  Tissue engineering has the potential to make a significant impact on improving tissue repair in the craniofacial system. The general strategy for tissue engineering includes seeding cells on a biomaterial scaffold. The number of scaffold and cell choices for tissue engineering systems is continually increasing and will be reviewed.Design –  Multilayered hydrogel systems were developed to coculture different cell types and develop osteochondral tissues for applications including the temporomandibular joint.Experimental variable –  Hydrogels are one form of scaffold that can be applied to cartilage and bone repair using fully differentiated cells, adult and embryonic stem cells.Outcome measure –  Case studies represent an overview of our laboratory's investigations.Results –  Bilayered scaffolds to promote tissue development and the formation of more complex osteochondral tissues were developed and proved to be effective.Conclusion –  Tissue engineering provides a venue to investigate tissue development of mutant or diseased cells and potential therapeutics.
Intraoperative Detektion von Sentinel‐Lymphknoten beim malignen Melanom der Haut‐Vitalfärbung allein versus Vitalfärbung plus Gammasonde
Authors: Kretschmer Lutz , Peeters Sabine , Beckmann Iris , Thoms Kai‐Martin , Mitteldorf Christina , Emmert Steffen , Sahlmann Carsten‐Oliver , Bertsch Hans Peter , Neumann Christine , Meller Johannes 
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Im Vergleich zur alleinigen Vitalfärbung der Lymphabflusswege bei der Sentinel‐Lymphknotendissektion hat die intraoperative Anwendung einer Gamma‐Detektionssonde die Identifikationsraten verbessert. In der vorliegenden retrospektiven Studie wird der Einfluss der Gamma‐Detektion hinsichtlich weiterer Aspekte ausführlich analysiert. Patienten und Methodik: 81 Patienten, bei denen zur intraoperativen Detektion des Sentinel‐Lymphknotens (SLK) ausschließlich Patentblau zum Einsatz kam, wurden mit 247 Patienten verglichen, bei denen zusätzlich eine Gamma‐Sonde verwendet wurde. Ergebnisse: Die Einführung der Gamma‐Sonde erbrachte eine Steigerung der SLK‐Detektionsrate von 87,7 % auf 99,2 % (P < 0,00001). Die Zahl der exzidierten SLK erhöhte sich von 1,4 ± 0,9 auf 1,8 ± 0,09 (P < 0,00001). Die „klinische Falsch‐negativ‐Rate” sank von 15,8 % auf 9,6 %. Die Positivitätsrate der komplettierenden Lymphknotendissektion sank von 50 % auf 26,6 %. Die Gamma‐Sonden‐gesteuerte Präparation hatte weniger Serome zur Folge (5,1 % versus 15 %, P = 0,01). Die Überlebens‐ und Rezidivraten nach alleiniger Vitalfärbung bzw. zusätzlicher Gamma‐Detektion unterschieden sich nicht signifikant. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, innerhalb von 5 Jahren ein Rezidiv im Lymphknotengebiet zu entwickeln war 7,9 % nach negativer SLK‐Dissektion und 25,3 % nach positiver SLK‐Dissektion mit anschließender komplettierender Lymphknotendissektion. Schlussfolgerungen: Der kombinierte Einsatz von Vitalfärbung und Gamma‐Sonde erhöhte die Sensitivität und senkte das Risiko der postoperativen Seromentwicklung, war aber ohne signifikanten Einfluss auf die Rezidiv‐ und Überlebensraten.
An Evaluation of the Ontario Farm Business Management Association Program
Authors: Howard Wayne H. , Filson Glen C. 
Published: July 2005

The Ontario Farm Business Management Association (FBMA) program was initiated to improve the business management skills of Ontario red meat producers. The program has three aims:

to increase management skills on the farm
to increase management skills in the private sector
to help farmers make use of private sector advice.

Two methods were used to evaluate the program. First, FBMA members and other red meat producers were surveyed about their farm and personal characteristics as well as use farm records and information sources. Second, focus groups were held with the FBMA field persons. Results indicate that membership in an FBMA increased the collection and use of farm records, but that there was no significant increase in the use of private sector consultants by the producers. Moreover, FBMA members indicated a very low willingness to pay to support their FBMA if government funding were stopped.
Comparaison de la rentabilité des enterprises céréalières biologiques et en transition par rapport aux entreprises conventionnelles au Québec
Authors: Paillat Nicolas , Pellerin M. Doris , Perrier Jean Philippe , Levallois Raymond 
Published: July 2005

Les données financières de 92 entreprises agricoles conventionnelles produisant un minimum de 20 hectares de céréales à paille et de 21 entreprises, biologiques ou en phase de transition avancée, cultivant au moins 15 hectares de céréales ont été extraites de la banque de données Agritel pour fins de comparaison. À partir des entreprises conventionnelles, quatre groupes sont formes: bas niveau d'intrants (BNI), haut niveau d'intrants (HNI), rendement faible (extensif) et rendement eleve (intensif).Pour l'ensemble des céréales, ainsi que pour l'orge, les entreprises biologiques obtiennent des rendements et des charges significativement plus faibles par rapport á l'ensemble des entreprises conventionnelles. Ainsi, les marges brutes sont équivalentes. La dépendence des entreprises biologiques et conventionnelles vis‐à‐vis des aides gouvemementales contribue toutefois pour une part importante aux résultats obtenus. La rentabilité des entreprises biologiques est comparable à celle des entreprises conventionnelles au niveau global de l'entreprise.Par rapport aux quatre sous‐groupes formés, le groupe biologique se situe, pour les marges brutes sur les cultures entre les groupes les plus performants (groupes BNI et intensif) et les moins rentables (groupes HNI et extensif).Des logiques de production totalement différentes peuvent done aboutir à des résultats économiques similaires, du moins á court terme.
Establishing a Framework for an Information System
Authors: Bonnen James T. , Harsh Stephen B. 
Published: July 2005

Many decision errors arise out of a failure to understand the nature and structure of the information system that supports policy decisions, public or private. For a information system to be reliable and accurate three subsystems, data collection, inquiry (or analysis) and policy decision, must share the same base of concepts, measurable proxies porn the real world to represent those concepts, and compatible measurement techniques and processing designs in the data used. All information systems must be closely adapted to the specific context of the decisions they are intended to support.Rapid globalization of markets and the parallel revolution in information technologies and supporting information infrastructure, institutions and human capital are transforming the agri‐food sector. The food system is moving away from mass markets driven by the production of standardized commodities toward many smaller, diverse, and customized niche markets driven by consumer preferences for specific food characteristics. Concentration, vertical coordination and integration are growing, particularly in the livestock sector, and especially hogs. Information technologies now permit firms to discover and track consumer preferences while the new biotechnologies make it possible to create the characteristics in products that consumers desire in niche markets. Information has itself become an important commodity.
The Impact of Government Programs and Land Characteristics on Cropping Patterns
Authors: Wu Junjie , Brorsen B. Wade 
Published: July 2005

Acreage response equations for nine major crops of Wisconsin are estimated to determine the impacts of government programs and site characteristics (e.g., soil types, slope and rainfall) on cropping patterns. Site characteristics account for more than twice as much acreage variation as the economic and policy variables. Three policy simulations are conducted:• a 10% reduction in the target price for corn;• an increase in the Acreage Reduction Program (ARP) rate for corn from 10% to 20%; and• a 10% increase in chemical price, due, for example, to a tax.Reducing the target price for com would result in both a land reallocation among the nine crops and a reduction in total acreage. However, adjusting the ARP rate for corn would affect mainly the land allocation, and a tax on chemical use would generally reduce the total acreage of the nine crops. The results suggest that all three policies would be effective overall in reducing the total acreage of the chemical‐intensive crops and thus would reduce the potential for groundwater pollution. This article also develops and uses a method to correct heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation, and contemporaneous correlation that may arise in a set of seemingly unrelated equations.Des équations d'évolution prévisible des surfaces affectées aux cultures de neuf principaux vivriers de Wisconsin sont estimées afin de déterminer l'impact des programmes gouvemementaux et des types de terre (par exemple, types de sols, pente et pluviométrie) sur les modèles de cultures vivrières. Comparés aux variables économiques etpolitiques, les types de terre comptent pour plus du double dans la variation des surfaces affectées aux cultures. Trois plans de simulation sont conduits:• une réduction de 10% du prix objectif du maïs;• une augmentation du taux ARP (Programme de réduction des surfaces affectées aux cultures) de 10%à 20% pour le maïs;• et une augmentation de 10% du prix des produits chimiques, due, par exemple, à une taxe. La réduction du prix objectif du maïs entraînerait la redistribution des surfaces affectéees aux cultures des neuf vivriers, et la réduction des surfaces totales cultivées. Cependant, un réglage du taux ARP pour le maïs affecterait principalement la distribution des surfaces affectées aux cultures, et une taxe sur l'utilisation des produits chimiques en général réduirait les surfaces totales affectées aux cultures des neuf vivriers considérés. Les résultats suggèrent que les trois plans réduiront effectivement les surfaces totales cultivées pour les vivriers dont la production nécessite une utilisation intensive de produits chimiques. Ce qui par conséquent, réduirait le danger potentiel de pollution des eaux souterraines. De plus, cet article développe et utilise une méthode de correction des problèmes d'hétéroscédasticité, d'autocorrélation, et de corrélation contemporaine qui peuvent provenir de groupe d'équations apparemment non liées.