bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An approximate planning model for distributed computing networks
Authors: Hollywood John S. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe develop an approximate planning model for a distributed computing network in which a control system oversees the assignment of information flows and tasks to a pool of shared computers, and describe several optimization applications using the model. We assume that the computers are multithreaded, and have differing architectures leading to varying and inconsistent processing rates. The model is based on a discrete‐time, continuous flow model developed by Graves [Oper Res 34 (1986), 522–533] which provides the steady‐state moments of production and work‐in‐queue quantities. We make several extensions to Graves' model to represent distributed computing networks. First, we approximately model control rules that are nonlinear functions of the work‐in‐queue at multiple stations through a linearization approach. Second, we introduce an additional noise term on production and show its use in modeling the discretization of jobs. Third, we model groups of heterogeneous computers as aggregate, “virtual computing cells” that process multiple tasks simultaneously, using a judiciously selected control rule. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.
Firms' collaboration on building a business infrastructure as public goods‐dynamics of common versus firm‐specific benefits
Authors: Kim Bowon , Lee Seungchul 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate under what circumstances firms effectively participate in creating an industry‐wide infrastructure such as an industry standard without incurring opportunistic behaviours. Literature attests that free riding is unavoidable when companies are involved in offering public goods, which will eventually benefit all the members in the industry regardless of whether they actually contributed to making the goods. That is, the steady state equilibrium stocks of capital (investment) for a Markov perfect Nash equilibrium are lower than those in the collusive case, where the companies act like a single entity, not competitors. We postulate that in addition to the non‐discriminating ‘industry‐wide, i.e. common’ benefits, the firm participating in the process can earn another more important type of benefits, firm‐specific benefits, which improve the firm's own internal operations and enhances its performance. If it is indeed possible for the firms to realize there exist both common and firm‐specific benefits in collaboration and to be able to capitalize on both benefits simultaneously, our analysis shows that opportunistic behaviours can be mitigated or even eliminated, meaning economically better solutions can be derived from both the individual firm's and the entire industry's perspective. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2, gain‐of‐function mutations, and tumourigenesis: investigating a potential link
Authors: Hansen Ruth MS , Goriely Anne , Wall Steven A , Roberts Ian SD , Wilkie Andrew OM 
Published: July 2005

AbstractActivating germline mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) gene family have been identified in several dominantly inherited skeletal disorders; in the case of FGFR3, the same somatically arising mutations have also been isolated from a variety of tumour tissues. Whilst the role of FGFR2 mutations in congenital syndromes has been well documented, their relationship with cancer has not been clearly defined. Based on evidence that gain‐of‐function mutations in FGFR2 drive positive selection in adult spermatogonia, the present study investigated, by denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC), DNA sequencing, and restriction digestion, the prevalence of FGFR2 mutations in 58 tumour cell lines of various types, and 29 testicular germ cell tumour samples. Although sequence variations and allelic imbalance were identified in FGFR2, none of the previously documented dominant mutations was detected in any of the tumour types examined. This suggests that gain‐of‐function FGFR2 mutations are not commonly encountered in tumourigenesis and specifically excludes a major contribution in testicular tumours. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methods for the surface functionalization of γ‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles with initiators for atom transfer radical polymerization and the formation of core–shell inorganic–polymer structures
Authors: Gravano Stefanie M. , Dumas Randy , Liu Kai , Patten Timothy E. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractCarboxylic acid capped γ‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles were prepared by the standard decomposition of Fe(CO)5 in di‐n‐octyl ether and oleic acid. Two methods were employed to introduce surface functionality to the nanoparticles. First, a thermally stable, tert‐butyldiphenylsilyl‐protected hydroxyl group was incorporated into the carboxylic acid surfactant used during the synthesis. Subsequent deprotection and transformation installed a 2‐bromopropionyl ester group on the particle surface (the functional‐group‐interchange method). The resulting nanoparticles were 4.53 nm in average diameter and were characterized with IR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction, and elemental analysis. Second, a 2‐bromopropionyl ester group was installed on the particle surface after synthesis via the exchange of the surface oleic acid with a carboxylic acid containing the desired 2‐bromopropionyl ester unit (the ligand‐exchange method). The resulting nanoparticles were 4.30 nm in average diameter and were characterized with IR spectroscopy, TEM, and elemental analysis. Monitoring the percentage of bromine incorporated into the nanoparticle sample versus the ligand‐exchange reaction time indicated that the number of initiator‐containing carboxylic acids that could be exchanged onto the surface was limited, presumably by the steric size of the 2‐bromopropionyl ester group. Styrene was then polymerized directly off γ‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles, and this yielded hybrid core–shell structures. The measurements of the magnetic properties of the samples demonstrated that the magnetism of the core γ‐Fe2O3 nanoparticle did not change during the performance of the chemical transformations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3675–3688, 2005
Effects of thermal annealing on the viscoelastic properties and morphology of bimodal hard/soft latex blends
Authors: Colombini Didier , Hassander Helen , Karlsson Ola J. , Maurer Frans H. J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe effects of thermal annealing on the viscoelastic properties and morphology of films prepared from bimodal latex blends containing equal weight fractions of soft and hard latex particles with controlled sizes were investigated. The thermal and viscoelastic properties of as‐dried and annealed samples were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Throughout the thermal annealing, the latex blend morphologies were also followed with atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A particulate morphology, consisting of hard particles evenly dispersed in a continuous soft phase, was observed in the TEM micrographs of the as‐dried latex blends and resulted in an enhancement of the mechanical film properties at temperatures between the α relaxations of the soft and hard phases in the DMA thermograms. As soon as the thermal annealing involved temperatures higher than the glass‐transition temperature of the hard phase, the hard particles progressively lost their initial spherical shape and formed a more or less continuous phase in the latex blends. This induced coalescence of the hard particles was confirmed by the association of the experimental viscoelastic data with theoretical predictions, based on self‐consistent mechanical models, which were performed by the consideration of either a particulate or cocontinuous morphology for the bimodal latex blends. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2289–2306, 2005
Viscoelastic properties of bis(phenyl)fluorene‐based cardo polymers with different chemical structure
Authors: Tokumitsu Katsuhisa , Tanaka Akira , Kobori Kana , Kozono Yuji , Yamada Masahiro , Nitta Koh‐Hei 
Published: July 2005

AbstractViscoelastic properties of urethane and ester conjugation cardo polymers that contain fluorene group, 9,9‐bis(4‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy)phenyl)fluorene (BPEF), were investigated. As for the urethane‐type cardo polymers containing BPEF in the main chain, it had a high glass‐transition temperature (Tg), which was observed as the α dispersion on viscoelastic measurement, and its temperature depended on the chemical structure of the spacing unit, such as toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 4,4′‐methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), methylene dicycloexyl diisocyanate (CMDI), and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). Moreover, the Tg of urethane‐type cardo copolymers with various cardo contents increased with an increase of cardo content. Owing to the increase of Tg of cardo polymers, another molecular motion can be measured at the temperature between the α and β dispersion that was assigned to the molecular motion of urethane conjugation unit around 200 K, and it was referred to as the αsub dispersion. The peak temperature of the αsub dispersion was influenced by the chemical structure of the spacing unit, but it did not change for the cardo polymer containing the same spacing unit. Consequently, it was deduced that the αsub dispersion was originated in the subsegmental molecular motions of the cardo polymers. Ester‐type cardo polymer had higher Tg in comparison with noncardo polymer that consisted of dimethyl groups (BPEP) instead of BPEF as well. The αsub dispersion was also measured at the temperature between the α and β dispersion, which was assigned to the molecular motion of ester conjugation unit, around 220 K. For ester cardo polymer, the γ dispersion was measured in a low‐temperature region around 140 K, and it was due to a small unit motion in the ester‐type cardo polymers, such as ethoxyl unit, C2H4O. Moreover, the intensity of the γ dispersion of noncardo polymer was higher than that of cardo polymer, which means the molecular motion was much restricted by the cardo structure of BPEF. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2259–2268, 2005
Functionalized SWNT/polymer nanocomposites for dramatic property improvement
Authors: Ramanathan T. , Liu H. , Brinson L. C. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn this paper, we present results for polymer nanocomposites of poly‐ (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and amide‐functionalized SWNTs. The results demonstrate that even at very low loadings, 1 wt % (0.5 vol %), the mechanical and electrical properties are significantly improved. The improvement over PMMA properties exceeds the theoretical bounds for composites with the same volume fraction loading of randomly oriented, straight, individually dispersed nanotubes. The modeling and experimental results thus suggest that the nanotube bundles are well dispersed in the polymer matrix, that the functionalization significantly improves interaction with polymer, and that the interphase formed has improved mechanical properties over that of the matrix material. Loss modulus results indicate a significant difference between functionalized and nonfunctionalized tubes in the composite. Functionalized tubes result in a composite in which relaxation mechanisms are shifted by 30 °C from that of the matrix material, indicating extensive interphase regions and absence of PMMA with bulk properties. Unfunctionalized composites demonstrate a broadening of relaxation modes, but still retain the signature of bulk PMMA properties. These data suggest a morphological difference with a discrete interphase layer in unfunctionalized composites and a fully transformed matrix in the case of functionalization. This difference is consistent with electrical and mechanical property data. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2269–2279, 2005
Crystallization behavior of bisphenol A polycarbonate with a simple vacuum process
Authors: Mochizuki Hiroyuki , Mizokuro Toshiko , Tanigaki Nobutaka , Ueno Ichiro , Hiraga Takashi 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe crystallization behavior of an amorphous polymer, bisphenol A polycarbonate (BAPC), was evaluated. BAPC was crystallized by exposure to diphenylpropane, a component of BAPC, by vapor transportation methods. Furthermore, the surface of BAPC was also crystallized by this method. Crystallized BAPC was employed as a novel simple storage medium, and bit patterns were recorded on its surface by laser irradiation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2307–2313, 2005
Measurement of the Parameters of Atmospheric‐Pressure Barrier‐Torch Discharge
Authors: Chichina Mariya , Hubicka Zdenek , Churpita Oleksandr , Tichy Milan 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSummary:The atmospheric plasma jet system was investigated for deposition of oxide layers on polymer (kapton) substrates. The plasma in the system was excited by an RF power source working in pulse modulated mode. This modulation allowed exciting high density plasma in the active part of the duty cycle and simultaneously keeping the neutral gas in the plasma jets at the substrate sufficiently cold, thus protecting the kapton substrate from thermal damage. The atmospheric plasma jet system was tested in two configurations: as single jet system and as linear multi‐jet system with four equivalent jets. The plasma in the system was investigated by means of impedance measurements. A calibrated capacitive voltage probe and a Rogowski current coil were used for direct measurement of voltage and current RF waveforms, respectively. From these data the power deposited in the discharge and the plasma column impedance were estimated. The real part of plasma impedance was used for electron concentrationneestimation. It was found that the electron concentration in the plasma jet was about 2 × 1013cm−3. The atmospheric plasma jet source was used for low temperature deposition of conductive oxide (ZnO) thin films on kapton, silicon and quartz glass substrates. As growth precursors for ZnO films, Zn‐acetylacetonate vapors were used. Deposited ZnO films on both kapton and quartz glass contained hexagonal crystalline phase. They were optically transparent and had an electrical conductivityσ ≈ 10−1–100S · cm−1.magnified image
Consequences of underwater releases of LNG
Authors: Shaw Stephen , Baik John , Pitblado Robin 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe potential outcome of marine incidents involving liquefied natural gas (LNG) is of significant interest, but most work has examined above‐waterline releases onto the sea surface. This paper examines the likely discharge rate and changes in hazard zones for underwater releases of LNG compared to surface releases. The discharge rate calculation for underwater LNG releases is more complex than that for the above‐waterline case because of the initial ingress of water into the LNG tank. The entry of water into the LNG storage tank will cause a small positive pressure in the tank and increase the LNG discharge rate through the hole. This report, which identifies some uncertainties, while discussing the sequence of development for such LNG incidents, would support planning for larger‐scale experimental projects. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2005
Safety implications of a large LNG tanker spill over water
Authors: Hightower Michael , Gritzo Louis , Luketa‐Hanlin Anay 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe increasing demand for natural gas in the United States could significantly increase the number and frequency of marine LNG (liquefied natural gas) imports. Although many studies have been conducted to assess the consequences and risks of potential LNG spills, the increasing importance of LNG imports suggests that consistent methods and approaches be identified and implemented to help ensure protection of public safety and property from a potential LNG spill.For that reason, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Fossil Energy, requested that Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) develop guidance on a risk‐based analysis approach to assess and quantify potential threats to an LNG ship, the potential hazards and consequences of a large spill from an LNG ship, and review prevention and mitigation strategies that could be implemented to reduce both the potential and the risks of an LNG spill over water.Specifically, DOE requested:
An in‐depth literature search of the experimental and technical studies associated with evaluating the safety and hazards of an LNG spill from an LNG ship
A detailed review of four recent spill modeling studies related to the safety implications of a large‐scale LNG spill over water
Evaluation of the potential for breaching an LNG ship cargo tank, both accidentally and intentionally, identification of the potential for such breaches and the potential size of an LNG spill for each breach scenario, and an assessment of the potential range of hazards involved in an LNG spill
Development of guidance on the use of modern, performance‐based, risk management approaches to analyze and manage the threats, hazards, and consequences of an LNG spill over water to reduce the overall risks of an LNG spill to levels that are protective of public safety and property.
This paper provides an overview of the conclusions and recommendations from that study. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2005
Transit‐time mechanism of plasma instability in high electron mobility transistors
Authors: Ryzhii Victor , Satou Akira , Shur Michael S. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe show that the transit‐time effects in the high‐electric‐field region near the drain edge of the channel of a field effect transistor can increase the increment of plasma wave growth in the device channel. These electron transit‐time effects might lead to the plasma wave instability in high‐electron‐mobility transistors (HEMTs) in the terahertz range of frequencies. We demonstrate that the self‐excitation of plasma oscillations is possible when the ratio of the electron velocity in the high field region, ud, and the gate length, Lg, is sufficiently large in comparison with the electron collision frequency in the gated channel, ν, i.e udLg > ν/k, where k is a constant. Hence, in contrast with the Dyakonov–Shur mechanism of plasma instability in HEMTs, the plasma instability associated with the mechanism under consideration can occur at fairly low values of the electron mobility in the gated portion of the HEMT channel. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Potential decay experiments for the characterization of electron transport. Modelling and discussion
Authors: Mady F. , Renoud R. , Ganachaud J.‐P. , Bigarré J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPotential decay experiments are considered as an efficient method for studying transport in insulators. Interpretation of their results is nevertheless still delicate, mainly because of the difficulty in controlling the quantity of deposited carriers (dose). This work is concerned with an apparatus which allows an accurate control of the dose. An adequate modelling of potential decay, based on analytical and numerical calculations, is then proposed for time‐dependent, field‐dependent and trap‐limited mobilities. It is shown that representing the data with a convenient set of dimensionless variables greatly facilitates their interpretation, indicating for instance directly either the mobility depends on the field or not. Expressions of the experimental observable and characteristic features associated with the various transport models are derived. Finally, an example of data analysis is discussed in detail to illustrate how our conclusions can be used in practise to extract information about transport of excess electrons in insulators. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Raman scattering spectra of Ca3NbGa3Si2O14 (CNGS) crystals
Authors: Lan Jianhui , Lu Guiwu , Wang Zengmei , Zhu Ge , Yuan Duorong , Xia Hairui 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe normal vibrational modes of Ca3NbGa3Si2O14 (CNGS) crystals were predicted according to the space group theory, and the lattice vibrational modes and structure were investigated using the Raman spectroscopy technique and ab initio molecular orbital calculation method. The calculations were made for Ca3NbGa2SiO12 and Ca3NbGaSi2O12 clusters, which models the clusters in CNGS crystals. A good agreement was achieved between the vibrational frequencies predicted by the theory and those observed in experiments. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photoluminescence and optical absorption spectra of γ1‐(GaxIn1–x)2Se3 mixed crystals
Authors: Kranjčec M. , Studenyak I. P. , Azhniuk Yu. M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractTemperature and compositional studies of photoluminescence and optical absorption edge spectra of γ1‐(GaxIn1–x)2Se3 mixed crystals with x = 0.1–0.4 are performed. Exciton and impurity‐related photoluminescence bands are revealed at low temperatures and Urbach shape of the absorption edge is observed in the temperature range 77–300 K. Temperature and compositional dependences of the photoluminescence band spectral positions and halfwidths as well as optical pseudogap and absorption edge energy width are investigated. Mechanisms of radiative recombination and optical absorption as well as crystal lattice disordering processes in γ1‐(GaxIn1–x)2Se3 solid solutions are studied. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The electron‐gas pair density and its geminal representation II. The long‐range asymptotics of the Kimball–Overhauser geminals
Authors: Ziesche P. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn part I [phys. stat. sol. (b) 241, 3544 (2004)] it has been shown, for the homogeneous electron gas, how the momentum distribution n(k) determines the geminal occupancy μ(k), which appears in the Kimball–Overhauser partial‐wave analysis of the pair density g(r). The Fermi surface singularities of n(k) cause singularities in μ(k). These singularities determine the large‐r asymptotics of the 1‐matrix and of the pair density, respectively. Because the pair‐density geminals are scattering states, their asymptotic behavior is characterized by phase shifts. Whereas the normalization sum rule of g(r) leads to a Friedel‐like phase‐shift sum rule [Phys. Rev. B 67, 233102 (2003)], the plasmon sum rule cannot be satisfied by Kimball–Overhauser geminals. Possibilities to cure this failure are discussed. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The influence of correlated hopping on the ground‐state properties of the two‐dimensional Falicov–Kimball model
Authors: Čenčariková Hana , Farkašovský Pavol 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe extrapolation of finite cluster calculations is used to study effects of correlated hopping on the ground‐state properties of the two‐dimensional Falicov–Kimball model (FKM). It is shown that the ground‐state phase diagram as well as the picture of valence transitions found for the conventional FKM (without correlated hopping) are strongly changed when the correlated hopping term is added. In particular, it is found that non‐zero values of correlated hopping stabilize a new type of spatial charge ordering, the axial stripes, for a wide range of model parameters. This result indicates that the competition between the kinetic energy, the on‐site Coulomb energy and the correlated hopping term can be an alternative mechanism leading to stripe formation in the strongly correlated electron systems. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)