bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of diet on results obtained by use of two commercial test kits for detection of occult blood in feces of dogs
Authors: Cook Audrey K. , Gilson Stephen D. , Fischer W. David , Kass Philip H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
To evaluate the effect of diet on results obtained by use of 2 commercial test kits for detection of occult blood in feces, 5 dogs were fed 7 diets in randomized sequence. Dry and canned diets with various principal ingredients were evaluated. Each diet was offered twice over a 24-hour period, followed by a 36-hour nonfeeding period. Fecal specimens were collected twice daily, and tests for occult blood were performed within 12 hours. The dietary origin of fecal specimens was confirmed by use of colored markers fed with each diet, and was correlated with estimates of gastrointestinal tract transit time. A modified guaiac paper test and an o-tolidine tablet test were performed on each specimen.
Of 59 specimens, 4 were positive for occult blood, using the o-tolidine tablet test. Three positive results were associated with a mutton-based canned diet, and 1 positive result was associated with a canned beef-based diet. Of 59 specimens, 11 were positive for occult blood, using the modified guaiac paper test. Four positive results were associated with the mutton diet, and 3 positive results were associated with the beef diet. Of the remaining 5 diets, 4 caused 1 positive reaction.
Results were inconsistent with the null hypothesis that the distribution of positive occult blood test results is not affected by diet (P < 0.025), and indicate that diet can affect the specificity of peroxidase-based tests for detection of occult blood in canine feces. Diet modification prior to testing is recommended.
Reference serum biochemical values for emus and ostriches
Authors: Okotie-Eboh G. , Bailey C. A. , Hicks K. D. , Kubena L. F. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Reference serum biochemical values were determined in blood samples from 15 male, 18 female, and 4 unsexed emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) 1 to 48 months old. Serum biochemical values also were obtained for 19 male, 26 female, and 4 unsexed ostriches (Struthio camelus) 1 to 60 months old. Parametric (mean ± 2 sd) and nonparametric (fifth to 95th percentile) reference ranges and linear trends as influenced by age were determined for enzyme activities and concentrations of glucose, inorganic phosphate, bun, uric acid, creatinine, triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, and albumin. Species differences for all analytes, except cholesterol and inorganic phosphate concentrations, were detected. Creatine kinase values in ostriches were higher than those in emus. There were no linear relationships between age and analyte values in emus, and sex did not significantly (P < 0.05) affect the values in emus. Analyte values in ostriches tended to increase with age, but cholesterol, creatine kinase, inorganic phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase concentrations decreased with age. Glucose, triglyceride, γ-glutamyltransferase, and cholinesterase concentrations in ostriches were not linearly associated with age. Age had a greater effect on the analyte values of female ostriches than it did on male ostriches. Concentrations generally increased with age in female ostriches, except for cholesterol, cholinesterase, inorganic phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase concentrations, which decreased with age.
Hemodynamic and respiratory responses to variable arterial partial pressure of oxygen in halothane-anesthetized horses during spontaneous and controlled ventilation
Authors: Steffey E. P. , Willits N. , Woliner M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to variable Pao2 were measured in 6 horses anesthetized only with halothane during spontaneous (sv) and controlled (cv) ventilation. The minimal alveolar concentration (mac) for halothane in oxygen was determined in each spontaneously breathing horse prior to establishing Pao2 study conditions—mean ± sem,0.95 ± 0.03 vol%. The Pao2 conditions conditions of > 250, 120, 80, and 50 mm of Hg were studied in each horse anesthetized at 1.2 mac of halothane and positioned in left lateral recumbency. In response to a decrease in Pao2, total peripheral resistance and systolic and distolic arterial blood pressure decreased (P < 0.05) during sv. Cardiac output tended to increase because heart rate increased (P < 0.05) during these same conditions. During cv, cardiovascular function was usually less than it was at comparable Pao2 during sv (P < 0.05). Heart rate, cardiac output, and left ventricular work increased (P < 0.05) in response to a decrease in Pao2, whereas total peripheral resistance decreased (P < 0.05). During sv, cardiac output and stroke volume increased and arterial blood pressure and total peripheral resistance decreased with duration of anesthesia at Pao2 > 250 mm of Hg. During sv, minute expired volume increased (P < 0.05) because respiratory frequency tended to increase as Pao2 decreased. Decrease in Paco2 (P < 0.05) also accompanied these respiratory changes. Although oxygen utilization was nearly constant over all treatment periods, oxygen delivery decreased (P < 0.05) with decrease in Pao2, and was less (P < 0.05) during cv, compared with sv, for comparable Pao2 values. Muscle and hepatic-derived serum biochemical values were substantially increased and evidence of depressed renal function was observed in these horses immediately after anesthesia recovery. These serum biochemical changes exceeded values in horses previously studied during prolonged halothane anesthesia in the absence of low Pao2.
Keratin and associated proteins of the equine hoof wall
Authors: Grosenbaugh D. A. , Hood D. M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
In this study, we described water-insoluble proteins extracted from the germinative regions (stratum internum and coronary band epithelium) and the cornified outer surface (stratum medium) of the equine hoof wall. Two major types of polypeptides were identified: the intermediate filaments (if) and the if-associated proteins. The if, including keratins, composed a major portion of this fraction, had electrophoretic mobilities on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the range of 40 to 80 kDa, and reacted with acidic or basic keratin-specific monoclonal antibodies. Differences in the composition of keratins between germinative layers and the stratum medium were seen. Another less well-characterized group of polypeptides associated with the if also were extracted with the water-insoluble polypeptide fraction. These associated proteins had an apparent molecular weight between 10 and 30 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and contained a higher percentage of sulfur-containing amino acids than did the if. Water-insoluble protein fractions compared favorably with those found in other less-specialized keratinizing tissue with respect to size, immunoreactivity with monoclonal antibody, and amino acid composition.
Regional brain blood flow during prolonged submaximal exercise in ponies
Authors: Sikkes Bridget P. , Manohar Murli , Duren Stephen E. , Day Jennifer , Baker John P. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Experiments were carried out on 8 healthy ponies to examine the effects of prolonged submaximal exercise on regional distribution of brain blood flow. Brain blood flow was ascertained by use of 15-μm-diameter radionuclide-labeled microspheres injected into the left ventricle. The reference blood was withdrawn from the thoracic aorta at a constant rate of 21.0 ml/min. Hemodynamic data were obtained with the ponies at rest (control), and at 5, 15, and 26 minutes of exercise performed at a speed setting of 13 mph on a treadmill with a fixed incline of 7%. Exercise lasted for 30 minutes and was carried out at an ambient temperature of 20 C. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and core temperature increased significantly with exercise. With the ponies at rest, a marked heterogeneity of perfusion was observed within the brain; the cerebral, as well as cerebellar gray matter, had greater blood flow than in the respective white matter, and a gradually decreasing gradient of blood flow existed from thalamus-hypothalamus to medulla. This pattern of perfusion heterogeneity was preserved during exercise. Regional brain blood flow at 5 and 15 minutes of exercise remained similar to resting values. However, at 26 minutes of exercise, vasoconstriction resulted in a significant reduction in blood flow to all cerebral and brain-stem regions. In the cerebellum, the gray matter blood flow and vascular resistance remained near control values even at 26 minutes of exercise. Vasoconstriction in various regions of the cerebrum and brainstem at 26 minutes of exertion may have occurred in response to exercise-induced hypocapnia, arterial hypertension, and/or sympathetic neural activation.
Bacterial survival, lymph node changes, and immunologic responses of cattle vaccinated with standard and mutant strains of Brucella abortus
Authors: Cheville N. F. , Jensen A. E. , Halling S. M. , Tatum F. M. , Morfitt D. C. , Hennager S. G. , Frerichs W. M. , Schurig G. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Forty-eight cattle were used in 4 experiments; 6-week-old calves in experiments 1-3 (n = 24) and 10-month-old heifers in experiment 4 (n = 24). In experiments 1-3, 7 groups of 3 calves each were inoculated sc with 5 strains of Brucella abortus: virulent strain 2308 (2 groups), vaccine strain 19 (2 groups), and mutant strains RB51, 19Δ31K, and 19ΔSOD. Sera and lymph node tissues were examined at 2-week intervals for evidence of infection. At postinoculation (pi) week 12, 2 calves in each group were given dexamethasone for 5 days. Calves were then euthanatized and lymphoid tissue, spleen, liver, and bone marrow were examined for evidence of B abortus. Calves given strain 2308 had large numbers of bacteria in their lymph nodes, marked granulomatous lymphadenitis in the deep cortex, and loss of lymphoid cells in superficial cortical areas. In addition, they had high serum antibody titers at pi week 16. Calves given strain 19, or genetic mutants derived from strain 19, cleared bacteria from lymph nodes more rapidly, had less lymphoid destruction, and developed antibody titers that did not persist for 16 weeks. The RB51 strain (rough) was cleared most rapidly from lymphoid tissues and induced serum antibody responses only to the core of the lipopolysaccharide molecule. Treatment of calves with dexamethasone did not cause B abortus to reappear in tissues of any calves, nor did serum antibody titers increase.
In experiment 4, designed to compare the effects of age, 4 groups (n = 4) of 10-month-old heifers were given 1 B abortus strain each (19, RB51, 19Δ31K, or 19ΔSOD), using the same methods. Results of bacteriologic culturing and antibody responses were similar to those in the calves, except that strain RB51 persisted longer in heifers. Results of these studies indicated that, in cattle, the genetically engineered deletion mutants of B abortus do not cause unusual lesions, do have characteristics that closely resemble the parental strain, and could be candidates for use in a live vaccine.
Evaluation of clinical signs of disease, bronchoalveolar and tracheal wash analysis, and arterial blood gas tensions in 13 horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with prednisone, methyl sulfonmethane, and clenbuterol hydrochloride
Authors: Traub-Dargatz J. L. , McKinnon A. O. , Thrall M. A. , Jones R. L. , Bruyninckx W. , Blancquaert A-M. B. , Dargatz D. A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
We evaluated the efficacy of 3 treatments for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in horses: prednisone (400 mg/horse, po, daily; n = 7), methyl sulfonmethane (10 g/horse, po, q 12 h; n = 6), and clenbuterol hydrochloride (0.4 mg/horse, po, q 12 h; n = 7). A fourth group acted as controls (n = 6) and was not treated. The treatment period lasted 10 days. Each horse was a member of 2 different groups for 10 days, separated by an 18-day interval of no treatment. All horses were housed together in an outdoor pen without bedding. Horses were fed alfalfa/grass hay mix ad libitum from a large feeder. The same batch of hay was fed throughout the study. Multiple physical and laboratory variables were monitored prior to, during, and at the end of each 10-day trial period. Changes in lung sounds, respiratory effort, degree of anal movement, nasal discharge, temperature, respiratory rate, or heart rate were not significant. Changes in arterial blood gas tensions, tracheal wash or bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic findings, or phagocyte function were not significant. All horses were tachypneic and most were tachycardic. The median value for Pao2 was below normal for all horses. All tracheal wash and most bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic findings represented a suppurative response. Negative linear correlation was observed between Pao2 and degree of respiratory effort in these horses (eg,Pao2 decreased, the degree of respiratory effort increased).
Polymorphisms of a scrapie-associated fibril protein (PrP) gene and their association with susceptibility to experimentally induced scrapie in Cheviot sheep in the United States
Authors: Maciulis Alma , Hunter Nora , Wang Shiquan , Goldmann Wilfred , Hope James , Foote Warren C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The duration of the incubation period for scrapie, a fatal transmissible neurodegenerative disorder of sheep and goats, is mainly determined by the Sip gene, which has 2 alleles (sA—susceptible and pA—resistant). A diagnostic test is not available to detect scrapie in live animals. We analyzed genomic dna extracted from frozen sheep brains collected from Cheviot sheep of the United States that had been inoculated with the SSBP/1 scrapie inoculum. Digestion of the dna with EcoRI or HindIII followed by the addition of a scrapie-associated fibril protein (PrP)-specific marker probe, yielded fragments of 6.8 (e1) and 4.0 (e3) kb, or 5.0 (h1) and 3.4 (h2) kb, respectively. Fragments e1 and h2 were associated with the histopathologic diagnosis of scrapie, and fragments e3 and h1 were associated with survival. A valine/alanine polymorphism within the PrP coding region that resulted in a BspHI site was further used to determine the genotype of these Cheviot sheep. Digestion of polymerase chain reaction fragments with BspHI resulted in an undigested fragment b– (0.840 kb), digested fragments b+ (0.460 and 0.380 kb), or both types of fragments. Survival time of b+/b+ homozygous sheep was significantly (P < 0.01) shorter (218 ± 26.0 days) than survival time for b−/b− sheep (> 700 days after inoculation). Results indicated that b+ and b− are markers for the Sip sA and pA alleles, respectively. The intermediate duration of the incubation period for heterozygous sheep (b+/b−; 342.9 ± 25.3 days) indicated that the Sip sA allele is expressed codominantly to the Sip pA allele.
Effects of three antiarthritic drugs on fibronectin and keratan sulfate synthesis by cultured canine articular cartilage chondrocytes
Authors: Steinmeyer Jürgen , Burton-Wurster Nancy , Lust George 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Because articular chondrocytes are a target for drugs that can influence the integrity of cartilage, we investigated the effects of 3 antiarthritic drugs, glycosaminoglycan polysulfate, diclofenac-Na, and S-adenosylmethionine sulfate p-toluenesulfonate on total protein, fibronectin, and dna synthesis, as well as on extradomain-A fibronectin and keratan sulfate content. Glycosaminoglycan polysulfate stimulated dose-dependent incorporation of [35S]methionine into protein and fibronectin, whereas incorporation of [3H]thymidine into dna was unaffected. Total fibronectin, extradomain-A fibronectin, and keratan sulfate content were high in chondrocyte cultures treated with glycosaminoglycan polysulfate. In contrast, fibronectin and dna synthesis, as well as extradomain-A fibronectin and keratan sulfate content were unaffected by diclofenac-Na. S-Adenosylmethionine decreased dose-dependently the synthesis of fibronectin, as well as the content of fibronectin and keratan sulfate. At the highest concentration of S-adenosylmethionme tested, findings suggest that cell viability was impaired as assessed by the release of lactate dehydrogenase into the media.
Effect of titanium endoprostheses on bone mineral density measurements, using quantitative computed tomography
Authors: Markel Mark D. , Morin Richard L. , Roy Robert G. , Gottsauner-Wolf Florian , Chao Edmund Y. S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Quantitative computed tomography has been used extensively to measure bone mineral density; particularly in the vertebral column and in the proximal portion of the femur in human beings with osteoporosis. Other potential applications of this technique include evaluation of bone adjacent to metallic endoprostheses and evaluation of fractures as they heal. Unfortunately, metal causes severe image degradation, principally seen as starburst streaking. One method used to decrease these artifacts is by imaging less-attenuating materials, such as titanium alloy. Titanium decreases image degradation sufficiently to allow accurate determination of the geometric properties of cadaveric bone. In our study, the effect of a titanium segmental endoprosthesis on bone mineral density measurement was determined by use of bone specimens from dogs and calibration standards. Titanium decreased the bone mineral density of calibration solutions from 6.8 (500 mg/cm3) to 17.7% (250 mg/cm3), and increased bone mineral density of cortical bone by 5.3%. Titanium did not affect the repeatability of these scans, indicating that the error caused by titanium was systematic and can be corrected. Our data were suggestive that quantitative computed tomography can be used to measure bone mineral density of cortical bone adjacent to titanium endoprostheses, with a predictable increase in density measurement.
Biomechanical comparison of three internal fixations for treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis in immature dogs
Authors: Belkoff Stephen M. , Millis Darryl L. , Probst Curtis W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The biomechanical strength and stiffness of 3 fixation techniques used to repair acute slipped capital femoral epiphysis were evaluated in bone specimens from immature dogs. A servohydraulic testing machine was used to create slipped capital femoral epiphysis in 9 pairs of femurs by shearing the capital femoral epiphysis along the physis in a craniocaudal direction. The slip was reduced and repaired with 1, 2, or 3 double-pointed, 1.6-mm (0.062-inch) smooth pin(s) and retested. The strength and stiffness of each intact femur (which served as the control) and repaired femur were compared. Results of the study indicated that differences among the failure strengths of 1- and 2-pin fixations and their respective controls were not significant; however, the 3-pin fixation was 29% stronger than its control and was 60 and 45% stronger than the 1- and 2-pin fixations, respectively. One- and 2-pin fixations were 34 and 24% less stiff than their respective controls, whereas the stiffness of the 3-pin fixation was similar to its control. The 2- and 3-pin fixations were 48 and 76% stiffer, respectfully, than the 1-pin fixation, but were not significantly different, compared with each other.
Analysis of glycoprotein I (gI) negative and aberrant pseudorabies viral diagnostic isolates
Authors: Katz Jonathan B. , Pederson Janice C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Glycoprotein I (gI) phenotypes and genotypes of 4 pseudorabies viral diagnostic isolates were evaluted by use of in vitro dna amplification, monoclonal antibody binding, gI-specific serodiagnostic responses, and in vivo virulence approaches. Three viruses were avirulent and did not elicit gI-specific serologic responses, react with gI-specific monoclonal antibodies, or contain gI epitope-encoding dna sequences. The fourth virus was virulent and did elicit a gI-specific serodiagnostic response. Compared with reference virulent Pseudorabies viruses, however, the fourth isoslate had reduced reactivity with a group of gI monoclonal antibodies and had a single nucleotide sequence substitution with a corresponding putative amino acid change in the epitopically dominant portion of the gI molecule. Presumably, the first 3 isolates represented diagnostic recoveries of viruses derived from gI-deleted modified-live Pseudorabies viral vaccines, whereas the fourth isolate was a virulent but gI-aberrant wild-type virus. Thoroughly assessing the gI status of pseudorabies viral diagnostic isolates was considered to be essential in evaluating the epidemiologic importance of these viruses and in monitoring the validity of gI-based vaccine companion tests now used worldwide in Pseudorabies control and eradication programs.
Investigation of glomerular lesions in dogs with acute experimentally induced Ehrlichia canis infection
Authors: Codner E. C. , Caceci T. , Saunders G. K. , Smith C. A. , Robertson J. L. , Martin R. A. , Troy G. C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Six male Beagles were inoculated with Ehrlichia canis. Transient proteinuria was confirmed during the acute phase of infection by serial determination of urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio. Peak urine protein loss, consisting principally of albumin, was observed 2.5 to 3.5 weeks after inoculation. Renal biopsy specimens were obtained before inoculation, during peak proteinuria, and 10 weeks after inoculation when proteinuria had resolved. Renal tissue was evaluated by use of light, immunofluorescent, and electron microscopy to correlate specific glomerular lesions with development of proteinuria.
Histologic examination revealed perivenular and interstitial infiltrates of lymphocytes and plasma cells localized principally to the renal cortex. Glomerular lesions were minimal to absent. Immunofluorescent staining revealed moderate to marked deposition of anti-canine IgG and IgM in the glomerular tufts and mesangium. Depositions of anti-canine complement factor C3 were not observed. Immunofluorescent staining persisted 10 weeks after inoculation, despite resolution of proteinuria, and probably represented passive trapping of immunoglobulins.
Ultrastructural examination revealed fusion of podocyte processes that coincided with development of proteinuria. Electron-dense deposits or changes in the basement membrane were not observed. Morphometric measurements of average podocyte process length and percentage of coverage of basement membrane by podocyte processes were used to quantify the degree of process fusion. Both measurements increased significantly (P < 0.05) during peak proteinuria, and returned to preinoculation values when proteinuria had resolved 10 weeks after E canis inoculation.
These findings indicated possible minimal-change glomerulopathy, rather than immune-complex glomerulonephritis, during acute E canis infection and could explain transient proteinuria without histologic evidence of glomerular disease.
Pharmacokinetics of clindamycin phosphate in dogs after single intravenous and intramuscular administrations
Authors: Budsberg Steuen C. , Kemp Douglas T. , Wolski Nancy 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Clindamycin phosphate was administered to dogs at dosage of 11 mg/kg of body weight via iv and im routes. The disposition curve for iv administration was best represented as a 2-compartment open model. Mean elimination half life was 194.6 ± 24.5 minutes for iv administration and 234.8 ± 27.3 minutes for im administration. Bioavailability after im administration was 87%. Dosage of 11 mg/kg, iv, given every 8 hours, provided serum concentration of clindamycin that exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration for all Staphylococcus spp, as well as most pathogenic anaerobes, throughout the dosing interval. Intramuscular administration induced signs of pain and cannot be recommended.