bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Justice Deferred
Authors: Crenshaw James L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn some ways, the most satisfying theodicy has been the promise of equitable adjustment in a future existence. This response to rampant injustice is the second major intellectual revolution in biblical literature. This hope is grounded in the intensity of religious devotion and belief that evil will not finally prevail. Originating in the myth about Enoch’s ascension, replicated by Elijah, this belief that God takes extraordinarily devout people into glory becomes more frequent in Psalms (49:16; 73:24) and late additions to the Bible (Isa 26:19; 53:8; Dan 12:2), especially in the Apocrypha and the Pseudepigrapha as a result of martyrdom (Wis Sol; 2 Macc 7). Belief in life beyond the grave that was distinct from the older shadowy existence in Sheol took two forms, immortality and resurrection, but strong resistance to this belief arose in Job 14:1–22, Ecclesiastes, and Sirach.
Introduction
Authors: Cooke Bernard , Macy Gary 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Rituals perform many important functions. They facilitate everyday human interaction as well as symbolize and celebrate the most important values of individuals, communities, and nations. Symbols and rituals, including the use of language itself, actually construct the human world, and it is only through symbols that we perceive both the world and ourselves. The symbols and rituals of the society in which we are a part shape even our experience of reality.
Rituals in the Christian Context
Authors: Cooke Bernard , Macy Gary 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Christians have their own language for the rituals they use including the word “sacrament”, the Christian term for their most important rituals. This chapter explains the role that Jesus plays for Christians in their lives and in their rituals, and what Christians mean when they say that Jesus “saves” them. It explains how the Christian belief in the resurrection of Jesus and his continued presence in the community of Christians gives meaning to their ritual activity through what Christians term “grace”. Five elements present in all Christian rituals are introduced: hermeneutic of experience, maturation, presence, service, and friendship.
Rituals of Friendship
Authors: Cooke Bernard , Macy Gary 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Friendship rituals help create the important relationships that give individuals self-worth and identity. In Christianity, the most important of these rituals is marriage. Marriage within Christianity can be understood as the clearest symbol of the selfless love of God for humans. This chapter details the history of marriage within Christianity, as well as the relations of marriage to the wedding ritual. An appendix explains the different Christian positions on the possibility of dissolving a Christian marriage through divorce or annulment.
Rituals for Healing, Suffering, Death
Authors: Cooke Bernard , Macy Gary 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Jesus was perhaps best known as a healer. Christians have continued this ministry of Jesus in their long history, proving care for the sick, needy, and dying. They also pray over the sick, anoint them, accompany them in their final days, and offer comfort to those bereaved in the ritual of funerals. This chapter discusses the theology and history behind these practices.
Communion
Authors: Stewart Dianne M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis concluding chapter considers the implications of studying African-Jamaican religiosity for theology and for African-derived religions. It suggests new directions for Caribbean theology that are consonant with the historical manifestations of Jamaica's African-derived religions and with the spiritual insights and ethical imperatives of broader African-Caribbean religions. It argues that African-derived religions are critical in shaping liberative perspectives in Caribbean theology. Some methodological insights and limitations of contemporary Caribbean, Black, Pan-African, womanist, and Latin American theologies are explored, particularly liberation theological approaches to indigenous religions, which seek to bring credibility to aspects of indigenous traditions as they have been incorporated into localized expressions of Christianity.
The Second Factor: Centering Focus
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
In the classic sacramental tradition, the main focus is the altar, conceived as the place of eucharistic sacrifice. The history of the altar is discussed, with reference to the pagan temples and the early Christian house of worship at Dura Europos, in Syria, where the altar seems to have been a moveable table. The proliferation of altars in medieval churches is illustrated by Saint-Jacques in Perpignan, in France. The centrality of the pulpit in the classic evangelical tradition is traced to its origins—although the Castle Chapel at Torgau (an early example of Protestant church design) retains the altar and the pulpit as alternative foci. In the modern communal tradition of church design, which takes the congregation as the chief focus, liturgical furnishings tend to be relatively simple and are often moveable. Baptisteries, as secondary liturgical foci, are related in various ways to the overall design of a church.
The Third Factor: Aesthetic Impact
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
There is broad consensus that churches should be places of beauty, but for different reasons. The aesthetic design of a church may be viewed as a way of signaling holiness--the presence of the holy (i.e., the divine) within the sacred (i.e., a cultural complex drawing upon sacred tradition and fostering a sacred community). The emphasis in the classic sacramental tradition on an interplay of transcendence and immanence—with creation of height, light, and volume that call attention to themselves and serve as sacred symbols—is illustrated by early descriptions (ekphraseis) of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (Istanbul) An alternative conception of church aesthetics is found at Christ Church Lutheran in Minneapolis, where architectural forms are simple and subtle reminders of grace. A church by Julia Morgan serves as an example of architectural articulation. And the Thorncrown Chapel at Eureka Springs, Arkansas, illustrates the integration of church design with natural setting.
Late Medieval Beverley
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Late medieval Beverley: traditional churches in a traditional culture. The medieval churches of Beverley (in Yorkshire, England) are examined as representative of traditional church design. Attention focuses mainly on Beverley Minster (an important center of pilgrimage and the focus of a particularly well developed custom of sanctuary for criminals) and Saint Mary’s (a parish church, originally a chapel dependent on the Minster). Other churches and chapels in the city are also discussed, including the local Dominican church and friary. These buildings are noteworthy for their richness of symbolic association and (at least in the two major churches) their aesthetic power. The crucial questions are whether the partitioning of processional space diminishes the spatial dynamics of these churches, and whether the multiplication of altars and devotional sites distracts from a meaningful centering focus.
Chicago
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Chicago: traditional churches in a modern culture. The churches built in Chicago between the great fire of 1871 and the First World War were almost all built in revival styles: the Gothic revival was accepted as the norm in many denominations, while Roman Catholics also built in Romanesque, Renaissance, and other revival styles. Within Roman Catholicism, these styles served as markers of ethnic distinction, but then American Colonial style could be used to counteract the ethnicity of specific national churches. While classic sacramental design was taken for granted in Roman Catholic circles, the altar rail served as a strong boundary between clerical and lay space, and churches were used less for procession than for intercession. In Protestant circles, auditorium churches closely resembling contemporary theaters became prominent, serving for worship in which proclamation was of paramount importance. The high church movement in the Episcopal Church led to churches with extended chancels (in which choirs with choir stalls were placed between the congregation in the nave and the priest at the altar); other denominations sometimes borrowed this design. Orthodox immigrants built in a manner long established in their home countries, with large icon-screens that clearly limited visibility of the altar and served a form of worship largely centered on mediation.
Rapture Culture
Authors: Frykholm Amy Johnson 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Examines the readership of the contemporary best-selling series Left Behind, drawing on a qualitative study of readers. Rapture Culture asks what role an anti-worldly theory like dispensationalism plays in contemporary evangelicalism when evangelicals have gained increasing social and political power. The book argues that apocalyptic stories are a form of social relationship. They shape identity not only through agreement and a sense of belonging, but also through disagreement and dissent. The most urgent message of the rapture for readers of Left Behind is that the end of time could come soon, and therefore a decision about personal salvation is necessary. While it is true that the Left Behind series plays on readers’ fears, the primary fear is not so much a social or political fear as a personal one—a fear that the reader himself or herself might be left behind. The primary purpose of the Left Behind series is to promote evangelism. Readers feel convicted by the books of the need to tell their loved ones about Christ and to seek the conversion of others. In addition, the story of rapture and tribulation provides a lens through which readers can interpret the chaotic and sometimes disconcerting events of the world. The popularity of the Left Behind series and its diffusion into mainstream culture leads the book to conclude with the suggestion that evangelicalism is wrongly understood as a “subculture” and instead needs to be conceived as a broad and fluid part of dominant popular culture in the United States. Rapture Culture urges its readers to take seriously both the fears and the desires about social life present in the testimonies of Left Behind’s readership and to consider popular fiction reading as a complex and dynamic act of faith in American Protestantism.
Conclusion
Authors: Bishop Michael A , Trout J. D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter presents some concluding thoughts. It identifies three challenges that remain in the construction of a naturalistic epistemology. First, an effective epistemology needs to continue to discover handy new heuristics that help us reason reliably about significant matters. Second, we need to identify with more effectiveness what is involved in human well-being. A third project essential to the development of a prescriptive, reason-guiding epistemology is social epistemology.
Testing the Flexibility Paradigm: Canadian Labor Market Performance in International Context
Authors: Stanford Jim 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLike most of Europe, Canada experienced high levels of unemployment from the early 1980s through the late 1990s. It responded by introducing significant labor market reforms aimed at implementing OECD-style flexibility. In chapter 4, Jim Stanford points out that based on standard indicators of flexibility, like employment shifts across sectors, geographic mobility, and the levels of part-time work and self-employment, Canada gets high scores. He argues that the real objective of Canadian reforms has not been greater labor market flexibility per se, but greater labor market discipline through deregulation He finds that it is aggregate demand conditions, not labor market institutions, which best accounts for differences in labor market performance between the United States and Canada.
Is Labor Market Regulation at the Root of Unemployment?: The Case of Germany and the Netherlands
Authors: Schettkat Ronald 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWhile the Netherlands experienced high unemployment in the late 1980s, it outperformed the United States in the early 1990s and has done so since 1997. Germany’s high unemployment is entirely a post-unification phenomenon; it was not until 1993 that Germany’s unemployment rate was higher than that of the United States. The author argues that despite Dutch reforms, by the late 1990s their regulations still tended to be stronger and social protection spending more generous than Germany’s. Wage and skill dispersion are quite similar, as are the unemployment benefit systems. The answer lies elsewhere. The Netherlands has been distinguished by high levels of part-time employment, particularly among women, and has experienced substantially slower wage growth (partially compensated for by tax cuts), which contributed to an export boom. The key to the Dutch success has been a consistent mix of monetary, fiscal and wage policies. In contrast, in Germany the politics of the unification process helped produce both large public debts and substantial growth in real wages. The response was fiscal austerity, tight monetary policy, and a rise in social security payments levied on both employers and employees. The chapter concludes that the policy debate has greatly overemphasized the role of supply-side work incentives (regulations and benefits) and neglected the role of consistent wage bargaining, tax, and macroeconomic policies.
Managing Pension and Retirement Plans
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis book discusses the different financial issues surrounding pension plans. It covers the different types of pension plans, fiduciary responsibilities, investment policy, performance monitoring, risk management, and cost control. The book is divided into five parts. Part I introduces the two main types of pension plans (defined benefit and defined contribution plans), then presents an overview of fiduciary responsibilities and regulatory compliance. Part II focuses on the different aspects of Defined Benefit plans. Part III focuses on Defined Contribution plans and hybrid plans. Part IV discusses the measurement, evaluation, and improvement of investment performance. Part V addresses the management of the decision-making process, asset managers, and costs.
An Introduction to Pension Plans
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of the two major types of pension plans: defined benefit (DB) plans and defined contribution (DC) plans. Under DB plans, the employee receives an annuity at retirement and in which the payment level depends on a formula specified by the plan. DC plans are individual account plans in which a person’s retirement benefit depends on contributions and on investment returns. The discussion of DB plans will focus on how benefits accrue over an employee’s career. The discussion of DC plans will differentiate among the several varieties of this plan type.
What Pension Plans Do
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter discusses the five basic justifications for pension plans: (i) they have significant tax advantages, (ii) they help people save for retirement, (iii) they help employers recruit the type of workers they want, (iv) they can be used as severance pay, to help restructure the workforce, and (v) they can increase productivity. Pension plans offer more qualitative than quantitative advantages for employers and employees. The features that employers want to emphasize should be manifested in the type and design of pension plans.
Designing the Best Pension Plan
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter discusses the two-layer process in designing pension plans. The first involves choosing the best plan structure. A decision must be made whether the plan will offer defined benefits or defined contributions, or a hybrid of both. Once the plan type is selected, the various features of the plan must be defined based on the needs of both sponsors and employees. Boards of directors or government officials as well as senior management and the finance and human resources teams must accept a leadership role in forming and structuring pension plans.
The Prudent Pension Fiduciary: A Pragmatic View
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter discusses the fiduciary obligations of sponsors and managers of pension funds. Pension plan fiduciaries have a clear obligation to invest prudently and for the exclusive benefit of plan beneficiaries. However, the definition of both prudence and “exclusive benefit” remains the focus of considerable legal and regulatory debate and uncertainty. What is clear is that fiduciaries must be familiar with the issues surrounding their investment strategies and their specific implementation.
Improving Pension Fund Investment Performance
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractImproving the investment performance of pension fund asset pools begins with a careful evaluation of the current performance of the plan, and then taking action to improve future performance. This chapter discusses how performance measurement techniques may be used to evaluate pension fund performance, and some important limitations of performance measurement. It reviews the evidence on money managers’ abilities to perform and looks at the issue of using historical performance to select managers.
Risk Management Strategies Using Derivative Securities
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter describes the main types of derivatives used by pension funds to manage risk. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using derivatives to carry out various risk management strategies, and presents some hedging and return enhancement strategies that use derivatives. It explains how plan sponsors, administrators, trustees, managers, and other decision makers can decide when to use derivatives, how to choose from among the many alternatives available, and how to control their use.
Selecting and Managing Asset Managers
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe effective management of a pension plan involves selecting, monitoring, compensating, and if necessary, replacing money managers. Such decisions are typically made by pension plan boards or senior management. Sponsoring organizations must decide whether to manage the pension plan internally or seek external managers. Once a decision is made, the plan sponsors must implement the decision by finding the most suitable money managers, establishing appropriate control procedures to ensure that the job is done in accordance with policy, and developing policies for such matters as manager compensation and the termination of money managers.
The Path to Better Pension Plan Management
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter presents a synthesis of the topics discussed in the preceding chapters. Sensible pension management begins with a clear understanding of the purpose of the plan. The second step is establishing policies that govern investment and management activities. The primary purpose of policy is to provide useful guidelines for decision making and to communicate unambiguously to all parties what the plan is trying to do and how it is going about it. The issues of prudent behavior, investment management, managing plan investment managers, performance monitoring and evaluation, risk management, and success factors in pension management are discussed.
Creating the Twentieth Century
Authors: Smil Vaclav 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis book is a systematic interdisciplinary account of the history of unprecedented technical advances that took place in Europe and North America during the three pre-WWI generations and of their truly epochal consequences. It takes a close look at four classes of fundamental innovations: formation, diffusion, and standardization of electricity-generating systems and the distribution and uses of this most versatile form of energy; invention and rapid adoption of internal combustion engines, the dominant prime mover in transportation; the unprecedented pace of the introduction of new materials and industrial chemical syntheses; and the birth of a new information age thanks to the new means of communication. These chapters are followed by an evaluation of the lasting impact these advances had on the 20th century, that is, the creation of high-energy societies engaged in mass production aimed at improving standards of living.
The Great Inheritance
Authors: Smil Vaclav 
Published: August 2005

AbstractNo other period in history has brought so many fundamental technical advances in such a short period of time. This Age of Synergy (1867-1914) saw a rapid introduction of science-based innovations, their prompt commercialization and improvement and their interaction to create a new knowledge-based economy and a high-energy civilization. This unprecedented technical progress laid the lasting foundations for modern societies: it created not only the basic material, economic, consumption, and social patterns of the 20th century but it will determine our fortunes for generations to come.
Imbricating Faith and Learning: The Architectonics of Christian Scholarship
Authors: Downing Crystal L. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Communities of faith and other communities of discourse police the use of language within their ranks to prevent linguistic “allergens” from disturbing established forms of thought and life. Using postmodern and Anabaptist insights, Downing critiques this control of language and argues for a more open-ended exchange of ideas in both church and academy. Her preferred metaphor for the relationship of faith and learning is “imbrication,” by which she means a pattern of complex and sometimes random overlapping of academic and faith concerns.
Is There a Christian History of Science?
Authors: Davis Edward B. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This essay argues that the history of science and faith is not one of ongoing conflict. While earlier historiographers like Andrew Dickson White portrayed a triumphal science engaged in “warfare” with theology, that view has been largely replaced by a much more nuanced story of mutual influence. Davis concludes that historians of science, whether Christians or not, largely share the same goal: to document the complexity of this story without prejudicing the case either for or against faith.
Contours and Contexts of Christian Scholarship
Authors: Jacobsen Douglas , Jacobsen Rhonda Hustedt 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The intermingling of faith and learning that takes place in Christian scholarship is often unpredictable, usually multi-directional, and always complex. Because of that, Christian scholars, whether Catholic or Protestant, will sometimes find themselves caught between the differing expectations of church and academy. But done well, faith-informed scholarship and academically shaped faith can be a boon to both the churches and the academy.
EPILOGUE: CAMPUS CLIMATE AND CHRISTIAN SCHOLARSHIP
Authors: Phipps Kim S. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This essay discusses the challenges for administrative leadership at church-related and other Christian colleges which desire to facilitate dialogue about faith and scholarship. Intellectual hospitality and inclusive conversation are defined and then applied to practical issues such as promotion and tenure. The goal is “to nurture campus cultures that acknowledge, affirm, and celebrate the many varieties of Christian scholarly vocation. ”