bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Stanzaic Architecture of Early Greek Elegy
Authors: Faraone Christopher A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this study of poetic form in early Greek elegy, Christopher A. Faraone argues against the prevailing assumption that it was a genre of stichic poetry derived from or dependent on epic verse. Faraone emphasizes the fact that early elegiac poets composed their songs to the tune of an aulos (a kind of oboe) and used a five-couplet stanza as a basic unit of composition. He points out how knowledge of the elegiac stanza can give us insight into how these poets alternated between stanzas of exhortation and meditation, used co-ordinated pairs of stanzas to construct lengthy arguments about excellence or proper human government, and created generic set pieces that they could deploy in longer compositions. Faraone's close analysis of nearly all the important elegiac fragments will greatly enhance understanding and appreciation of this poetic genre.
Detecting: Hyenas, Frogs, Zebra Fish, and Assorted Farm Animals
Authors: Harré Rom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we turn to the use of animals, birds, and plants, and their parts and extracts as instruments for detecting the presence of specific materials such as noxious gases, scientifically important states of the local environment such as electric charges as the intangible sources of electrical phenomena, and many other significant aspects of the natural world. We cannot perceive electric Welds by their effects on our senses, perhaps a mild tingling at best, but we can create instruments that are visibly affected by them. Instruments can also be used to scrutinize the observable properties of things more closely than the human senses. A human being can detect the presence of acids, alkalis, and other distinctive substances in solutions by taste or smell.
Once We Were Not Alone
Authors: Finlayson Clive 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the previous chapter I suggested that it was strange that small-brained proto-humans had reached all the way down to South Africa from the Ethiopian heartland, but apparently had not made it into the Middle East which was so much closer. Until very recently the prevalent view was that it was Homo erectus who first managed to break out of Africa and disperse across Eurasia. We saw in the Prologue how the strict political division of continents, a distinction that has never existed other than in our minds, complicated our understanding of how early primates and apes got to where they did. The same simplistic distinction has been widely applied in the human origins debate. I think that this way of carving up the Afro-Eurasian land mass has held back progress in our understanding of what really happened, and how it happened, by more than two decades. We are only now just starting to recover from the negative effects of ‘out-of-Africa migration’ dogma and see human origins in a different light. I was lecturing in Cambridge when the news of the discovery of the Hobbit (Homo floresiensis) was released in 2004. The anthropological community was in shock as nobody could have predicted that humans of any description, other than us, could have managed to survive on the planet until so recently. Most people were trying to find an explanation. As usual, others sat on the fence to wait to see which way the wind would blow, while the predictable staunch minority was doing every-thing possible to debunk the new claim. When something does not fit a long-established scheme, the usual response is disbelief, which rapidly turns into ridicule.
Failed Experiments
Authors: Finlayson Clive 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN 1932 human remains were excavated in the cave of es-Skhul (Mount Carmel). The finds were part of a joint expedition by the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem and the American School of Prehistoric Research. Dorothy Garrod from Cambridge University was the director but she was away from the site when her assistant,&gt;T. D. McCown (from the American School), made the discoveries. Garrod had been the prize pupil of the great French prehistorian and priest L’Abbé Henri Breuil and had successfully excavated, at his instigation, the site of Devil’s Tower in Gibraltar where she found the fragmented skull of a Neanderthal child in 1926. It was a decisive moment in her career and she soon turned her attention to the Middle East. Garrod was to become the first female professor at Cambridge, in 1939, holding the Disney Chair in Archaeology, although her appointment was not without its problems. The university’s Vice Chancellor noted that she would have to be an ‘invisible’ professor as the university’s statutes did not take women into account. The situation was eventually changed after the Second World War, in 1948, by which time Garrod was already one of the leading pre-historians of her time.
Being in the Right Place at the Right Time
Authors: Finlayson Clive 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE arrival of the Ancestors in Australia around 50 thousand years ago was the result of a coincidence of events and of people being in the right place, in this case India, at the right time. When a cooling and drying climate began to desiccate their savannah homeland, a new belt of savannah opened up to the south-east; the same climate change that was turning savannah into arid bad lands in one place was reducing the domain of the rain forest and replacing it with lush grasslands, where tall trees no longer prevented light reaching the ground, in another. In came the grazers and predators, including people, soon followed. We can speculate about the impact of these people on existing populations of Homo erectus that would have been around at the time of the arrival (Chapter 2). The last populations of H. erectus, if the dates are correct, may have survived in Java as recently as 25 thousand years ago which would suggest that the arrival of the Ancestors after 50 thousand years ago did not overwhelm them overnight. The many islands of south-east Asia may have acted as refuges for populations of archaic people and some seem to have survived until well after the arrival of the Ancestors. Homo floresiensis did so on Flores until 12 thousand years ago (Chapter 2). An even more remarkable discovery was reported early in 2008 from the island archipelago of Palau, north of New Guinea and east of the Philippine Islands. Around 25 skeletons of very small people were excavated and the stunning results revealed that they had lived as recently as somewhere between 2,890 and 940 years ago. These results reopened the debate on the status of the Flores people and posed the question whether dwarfism was indeed a common feature of humans that became isolated on remote islands.
Transparent Experience and the Availability of Qualia
Authors: Loar Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two strong intuitions about visual experience seem to conflict radically. One is that visual experiences have discernible qualitative features, often called qualia. They are aspects of what it is like to have particular visual experiences, subjective or felt aspects of experiences. They present themselves as intrinsic and non-relational properties of visual experience, and they come in great detail. Almost all qualiphiles think of qualia as introspectable. The competing intuition is that visual experience is transparent: when you attend to a visual experience as it is going on, you will notice its objects, i.e. the things you see or apparently see, including their apparent properties and relations, and you will notice your (diaphanous) visual relation to those external objects and properties;1 and, representationists say, that is all.
Consciousness and the Quantum World: Putting Qualia on the Map
Authors: Lockwood Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let me begin by nailing my colours to the mast. I count myself a materialist, in the sense that I take consciousness to be a species of brain activity. Having said that, however, it seems to me evident that no description of brain activity of the relevant kind, couched in the currently available languages of physics, physiology, or functional or computational roles, is remotely capable of capturing what is distinctive about consciousness. So glaring, indeed, are the shortcomings of all the reductive programmes currently on offer, that I cannot believe that anyone with a philosophical training, looking dispassionately at these programmes, would take any of them seriously for a moment, were it not for a deep-seated conviction that current physical science has essentially got reality taped, and accordingly, something along the lines of what the reductionists are offering must be correct.
Religion, Agency, Restitution
Authors: Little Wood Roland 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professor Littlewood's lectures marshal arguments that help us understand more clearly how we interactively use religion and science/healing to come to terms with the world around us. The lectures draw in part on the author's clinical work as a psychiatrist with patients from religious movements in the West, but are primarily based on his earlier anthropological fieldwork with a new African-Caribbean religion in Trinidad, and more recently with ethical transformations in the older Caribbean cults and among the ultra-Orthodox Jewish Hasidim. There exists a close relationship between the explanations of misfortune, reconciliation, and restitution in the historical - and other - religions and in therapeutics. Professor Littlewood believes that cosmological and redemptive assumptions exist in any type of healing, whether physical or psychological. Spiritual and healing theories interact in surprising ways, and he examines the religious aspect in systems of therapeutics as well as the appearance of healing practices within social institutions that are generally regarded as religious.
The Syntax of Silence
Authors: Merchant Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A primary goal of contemporary theoretical linguistics is to develop a theory of the correspondence between sound (or gesture) and meaning. This sound-meaning correspondence breaks down completely in the case of ellipsis, and yet various forms of ellipsis are pervasive in natural language: words and phrases which should be in the linguistic signal go missing. How this should be possible is the focus of Jason Merchant's investigation. He focuses on the form of ellipsis known as sluicing, a common feature of interrogative clauses, such as in 'Sally's out hunting - guess what!'; and 'Someone called, but I can't tell you who'. It is the most frequently found cross-linguistic form of ellipsis. Dr Merchant studies the phenomenon across twenty-four languages, and attempts to explain it in linguistic and behavioural terms.
Wives, Pets, and Affines: Marriage among the Jivaro
Authors: Taylor Anne-Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his celebrated work on marriage among the Trio (1969a), Peter Riviere drew attention to an intriguing trait of this group’s system of kin relations: the proximity between conjugal and brother-sister relations (Riviere 1969a: 190-1). This feature is also characteristic of the pattern of kin relations among the Jivaro, a set of sub-tribes entirely distinct from the Trio, although they too—at least some of them—possess a ‘two-section’ or, to use the now more commonly used expression, Dravidian-type kinship terminology, coupled with a stated preference for close cross-cousin marriage.
From Longhouse to Village: Structure and Change in the Colombian Amazon
Authors: Århem Kaj 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Change has always been a recalcitrant topic to students of society. Constantly challenging, frequently puzzling, historical process—change, diachrony, transformation-refuses to be neatly conceptualized or easily explained. A review of some recent statements on the subject reveals three salient and recurrent themes. The first is the relationship between event and structure (Moore 1987, 1994; Ohnuki Tierney 1990; Sahlins 1981, 1985, 1994); the second is the articulation between local social formations and external forces, or what Sahlins refers to as the ‘structure of the conjuncture’.
Medical Charlatanism in Early Modern Italy
Authors: Gentilcore David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the mid-sixteenth century onwards, the Italian Protomedicato tribunals, Colleges of Physicians, or Health Offices (jurisdiction varied from state to state) required charlatans to submit their wares for inspection and, upon approval, pay a licence fee in order to set up a stage from which to perform and sell them. The licensing of charlatans became an administrative routine. As far as the medical magistracies were concerned, charlatans had a defineable identity, constituting a specific trade or occupation. This book studies the way charlatans were represented, by contemporaries and by historians, how they saw themselves and, most importantly, it reconstructs the place of charlatans in early modern Italy. It explores the goods and services charlatans provided, their dealings with the public and their marketing strategies. It does so from a range of perspectives: social, cultural, economic, political, geographical, biographical and, of course, medical. Charlatans are not just some curiosity on the fringes of medicine: they offered health care to an extraordinarily wide sector of the population. Moreover, from their origins in Renaissance Italy, the Italian ciarlatano was the prototype for itinerant medical practitioners throughout Europe. This book offers a different look at charlatans. It is the first to take seriously the licences issued to charlatans in the Italian states, compiling them into a 'charlatans database' of over 1,300 charlatans active throughout Italy over the course of some three centuries. In addition, it makes use of other types of archival documents, such as trial records and wills, to give the charlatans a human face, as well as a wide range of artistic and printed sources, not forgetting the output of the charlatans themselves, in the form of handbills and pamphlets.
Introduction
Authors: Gentilcore David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We all know what a ‘charlatan’ is: ‘a pretender to medical skill ‘, or ‘one making usually showy pretences to knowledge or ability’ (Merriam-Webster ‘s Collegiate Dictionary); ‘an empiric who pretends to possess wonderful secrets, especially in the healing art’, and by extension, ‘an assuming empty pretender to knowledge or skill’ (Oxford English Dictionary). Quite simple, really. When I began this project I did not have in mind the actuation of my favourite dictum concerning the historian ‘s craft: ‘why make things simple when one can make them complicated?’ And yet that is how it turned out.
Licensing
Authors: Gentilcore David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The surviving licence requests, petitions, or applications (called suppliche) from charlatans suggest that there was a standard approach if one was to meet with success. The procedure, in no way unique to aspiring charlatans, resulted (if successful) in the issuing of the document as a ‘favour ’. The charlatan ’s petition took the following form. With all due modesty, one had to stress the originality of one ’s remedy, but not that it was so new that it went against the accepted rules of pharmacy. One had to remark on its proven efficacy, exemplified by numerous cures.
Fractionating the Intentional Control of Behaviour: A Neuropsychological Analysis
Authors: Humphreys Glyn W , Riddoch M Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neuropsychological studies have played an important role in guiding our understanding of cognitive function. For example, studies of selective deficits in particular tasks, following brain lesions, provide constraints on models of cognition, demonstrating functional modularity between processes underlying the tasks. In many instances, the deficits reflect impairments to specific forms of stored representation or in gaining access to those stored representations-even when the representations are normally accessed automatically (examples here would include deficits in object recognition and in the recognition of printed and auditory words; see Humphreys, 1999; Coltheart et al., 1980; Hall and Riddoch, 1997). In other cases, though, the deficits do not reside in automatic processes but rather in control processes that either modulate access to stored representations or that modulate the consequences of the access process. A classic illustration of this is so called ‘utilization behaviour’, following damage to the frontal lobes.
On Knowing One’s Own Actions
Authors: O’Brien Lucy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the recent debates about self-knowledge and first-person authority it is surprising that there has not been more discussion about our knowledge of our actions.1 It is surprising because our knowledge of our own actions seems, prima facie, to share many of the features of our knowledge of beliefs and perceptions that have given rise to these debates.2 At least this is what I want to suggest in this chapter. Indeed, perhaps the main motivation for this chapter is to place discussion of our knowledge of our own actions firmly alongside our knowledge of other psychological phenomena. I will outline what seem to be intuitively plausible features of our knowledge of our actions, and consider what account we might give of such knowledge that respects those features. A suggestion as to what form an account of our knowledge of our actions should take will be offered.
Henry Sidgwick
Authors: Raphael D D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sidgwick’s book,The Methods of Ed1ics,first published in 1874, is the most comprehensive and the best-argued version of classical utilitarianism. Its discussion of justice is a little disappointing because it does not face the special difficulty that justice poses for utilitarianism. Nevertheless its admirable analysis of the concept marks a clear advance on earlier treatments.
Before proceeding to details of Sidgwick’s account of justice, I shall say something of the general plan of the book. What does Sidgwick mean by themethodsof ethics? He writes of three methods, egoist, intuitionist, and utilitarian. You could say that they are three theories of ethics, three different accounts of moral judgement. Egoism says that actions are properly judged to be right for their contribution to the interest of the agent. Intuitionism says that the judgement of an action as right does not depend on some other consideration; it stands on its own ground as a direct awareness. Utilitarianism says that a proper judgement depends on the contribution of the action to the general interest. Why does Sidgwick not write of them as theories? Because they have a practical as well as a theoretical purpose. They are not simply positive explanations, w1der a w1ifying formula, of what moral judgements have in common; they are also normative justifications that serve to recommend the formula as a guide to resolve practical dilemmas. Each of the theories describes a method of thinking that tends to take place without deliberate design, and also prescribes it for deliberate use when we are uncertain.
The Justinianic Dialogue On Political Science and its Neoplatonic Sources
Authors: O’Meara Dominic 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter concerns the fragments of an anonymous dialogue in Greek ‘On political science’ discovered by Angelo Mai in a Vatican palimpsest (Vat. gr. 1298) and first published by him in 1827. A more complete edition of the fragments was published in 1982 by Carlo Mazzucchi, together with an Italian translation. Mai identified the author of the dialogue as Peter the Patrician, a high official in the court of Justinian. Although this particular identification is fairly speculative, there is at least agreement that the anonymous dialogue dates to the Justinianic period, given its references, as if to a recent past, to the Persian King Peroz (459-484) and to the Frankish King Clovis (481-511). Mazzucchi thinks that the dialogue was written in the earlier part of the Justinianic reign, before 535, deriving from the higher circles of Justinian’s administration, whereas Averil Cameron prefers to place it towards the end of the reign (565) and considers it as voicing the interests of a senatorial elite. The later dating seems more plausible, since, as will be seen below, the two speakers in the dialogue appear to represent high officials active in Justinian’s administration in 528-9 and it seems unlikely that the dialogue, in portraying them, would have been written close to the time of their activity.
John of Damascus on Human Action, the Will, and Human Freedom
Authors: Frede Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not surprising that John of Damascus should assume that there is such a thing as the will, and that it is in virtue of having such a will that we are responsible for what we are doing. By John’s time this was a standard assumption which could be taken for granted. Though not originally a Christian doctrine, but of Stoic origin, it had become a standard view in Christian authors from the end of the second century onwards. But we also do have to keep in mind that Aristotle, for instance, on whom John of Damascus, directly or indirectly, relies a good deal for his account of human behaviour, does not in his account appeal to a will. Aristotle, too, assumes that human beings will ( ) things and that they do things, because they will to do them. And Aristotle, too, of course, must assume that, if human beings do will things, it is possible for them to will things, they can will things, they are able to will things. But to assume that human beings have a will is to assume more than that human beings can, or are able to, will things in this weak, trivial sense, in the sense in which quite generally possibility follows from actuality. It is rather to assume that they have the ability to will things in the sense of a basic, distinct, positive ability, comparable to the ability to discriminate perceptual features or the ability to understand things.
Psellos’ Paraphrasis on Aristotle’s De interpretatione
Authors: Ierodiakonou Katerina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There recently has been a lot of interest in Greek commentaries on Aristotle’s works. It has become clear that they not only reveal unsuspected subtleties of difficult Aristotelian passages and provide information concerning otherwise unknown doctrines, they also put forward original philosophical views. However, the period usually studied covers only the commentaries from Aspasius and Alexander of Aphrodisias in the second century to Simplicius in the sixth or Stephanus in the seventh century. What I think has not yet been sufficiently acknowledged is that in the East, even after the sixth century, the tradition of commenting on Aristotle’s treatises continues uninterrupted until the fifteenth century or even beyond the fall of Constantinople in 1453. In the case of Aristotle’s logical works, in particular, the significant number of manuscripts with Byzantine scholia on the Organon confirms that Aristotelian logic constitutes a focus of great attention throughout the Byzantine era. Following the tradition of the ancient commentators, but especially that of the Christian commentators of the Alexandrian school, Byzantine scholars such as Photios, Arethas, Michael Psellos, John Italos, Michael of Ephesus, Leo Magentinos, Nikephoros Blemmydes, George Pachymeres, John Pedia- simos, Isaak Argyros, Joseph Philagrios, John Chortasmenos, and others produce logical commentaries, paraphrases, compendia, and short treatises on selected logical topics. But in most cases these logical works have not been edited, let alone been closely studied, and so their importance for the development of logical theory in Byzantium has not yet been adequately assessed.