bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Representation and Democracy: Uneasy Alliance
Authors: Pitkin Hanna Fenichel 
Published: August 2004

The concept of ‘representation’ is puzzling not because it lacks a central definition, but because that definition implies a paradox (being present and yet not present) and is too general to help reconcile the word's many senses with their sometimes conflicting implications.Representation has a problematic relationship with democracy, with which it is often thoughtlessly equated. The two ideas have different, even conflicting, origins. Democracy came from ancient Greece and was won through struggle, from below. Greek democracy was participatory and bore no relationship to representation. Representation dates – at least as a political concept and practice – from the late medieval period, when it was imposed as a duty by the monarch. Only in the English Civil War and then in the eighteenth‐century democratic revolutions did the two concepts become linked.Democrats saw representation – with an extended suffrage – as making possible large‐scale democracy. Conservatives instead saw it as a tool for staving off democracy. Rousseau also contrasted the two concepts, but favoured democratic self‐government.He was prescient in seeing representation as a threat to democracy. Representative government has become a new form of oligarchy, with ordinary people excluded from public life. This is not inevitable. Representation does make large‐scale democracy possible, where it is based in participatory democratic politics at the local level.Three obstacles block access to this possibility today: the scope of public problems and private power; money, or rather wealth; and ideas and their shaping, in an age of electronic media.
Cerebral correlates of autonomic cardiovascular arousal: a functional neuroimaging investigation in humans
Authors: Critchley H. D. , Corfield D. R. , Chandler M. P. , Mathias C. J. , Dolan R. J. 
Published: August 2004

States of peripheral autonomic arousal accompany emotional behaviour, physical exercise and cognitive effort, and their central representation may influence decision making and the regulation of social and emotional behaviours. However, the cerebral functional neuroanatomy representing and mediating peripheral autonomic responses in humans is poorly understood.Six healthy volunteer subjects underwent H215O positron emission tomography (PET) scanning while performing isometric exercise and mental arithmetic stressor tasks, and during corresponding control tasks. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored during scanning.Data were analysed using statistical parametric mapping (SPM99). Conjunction analyses were used to determine significant changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during states of cardiovascular arousal common to both exercise and mental stressor tasks.Exercise and mental stressor tasks, relative to their control tasks, were associated with significantly (P< 0.001) increased MAP and HR. Significant common activations (increased rCBF) were observed in cerebellar vermis, brainstem and right anterior cingulate. In both exercise and mental stress tasks, increased rCBF in cerebellar vermis, right anterior cingulate and right insula covaried with MAP; rCBF in pons, cerebellum and right insula covaried with HR. Cardiovascular arousal in both categorical and covariance analyses was associated withdecreasedrCBF in prefrontal and medial temporal regions.Neural responses in discrete brain regions accompany peripheral cardiovascular arousal. We provide evidence for the involvement of areas previously implicated in cognitive and emotional behaviours in the representation of peripheral autonomic states, consistent with a functional organization that produces integrated cardiovascular response patterns in the service of volitional and emotional behaviours.
Isolation of microsatellite loci from the scleractinian corals, Montastraea cavernosa and Porites astreoides
Authors: SHEARER T. L. , COFFROTH M. A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe ability to assess genetic variation is critical for determining genetic diversity and population structure. In corals, slow evolutionary rates in mitochondrial genomes have left allozymes as the only markers presently available to investigate patterns of intraspecific genetic variation. Characteristics of microsatellites render them more informative than allozymes for such analyses; however, few coral microsatellites are available. This study describes polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated from two scleractinian coral species. Most loci exhibit significant heterozygote deficiencies, likely due to nonrandom mating or Wahlund effects. These markers are being used to investigate gene flow among populations, providing insight into reef connectivity.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Fragaria
Authors: CIPRIANI GUIDO , TESTOLIN RAFFAELE 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis study reports the development and characterization of 20 microsatellite primer pairs in wild strawberry Fragaria vesca. One hundred primers were obtained from an AC‐enriched library developed in the cultivar ‘Ilaria’. A set of eight F. vesca genotypes was used to detect the polymorphism resulting in an average of 7.0 alleles, an average observed heterozygosity of 0.32 and an average expected heterozygosity of 0.73. Nineteen (95%) of the primers also amplified the cultivated octoploid strawberry Fragaria×ananassa.
Microsatellite markers developed from Thamnophis elegans and Thamnophis sirtalis and their utility in three species of garter snakes
Authors: GARNER TRENTON W. J. , PEARMAN PETER B. , GREGORY PATRICK T. , TOMIO GIANCARLO , WISCHNIOWSKI STEPHEN G. , HOSKEN DAVID J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPrevious studies of polyandry and population genetics in garter snakes have been hampered by the limited number of available microsatellite markers. Here we report another six dinucleotide microsatellite markers, doubling the number of previously available loci. The majority of the loci exhibit utility across a broad geographical range for the common garter snake and also cross‐amplify effectively in samples from two other Thamnophis species.
Dominant (AFLP) and co‐dominant (microsatellite) markers for the kelp Postelsia palmaeformis (Laminariales)
Authors: KUSUMO HANDOJO T. , PFISTER CATHERINE A. , WOOTTON J. TIMOTHY 
Published: August 2004

AbstractTo aid in understanding the structure, dispersal and genetic dynamics of their populations, we developed microsatellite and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers for the sea palm, Postelsia palmaeformis (Laminariales) for samples taken from nine sites in the area of Cape Flattery, Washington State, USA. We identified two AFLP primers that yielded 798 variable fragments and five microsatellite markers with three to seven alleles each. We also report patterns of allelic variation for four previously identified microsatellite markers in this species and several new alleles.
Microsatellite loci for studies of wild and hatchery Australian Murray cod Maccullochella peelii peelii (Percichthyidae)
Authors: LOUGHNAN SHANNON R. , BARANSKI MATTHEW D. , ROBINSON NICK A. , JONES PAUL L. , BURRIDGE CHRISTOPHER P. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractMurray cod is a species of conservation concern that is subject both to wild harvest and to aquaculture production. Six polymorphic microsatellite loci have been developed for this species, which will facilitate studies of wild‐stock structure, will help the management of hatchery diversity, and will aid genetic improvement programmes. The markers exhibited nonindependence of genotypes between loci and deviations from Hardy–Weinberg expectations, although these most probably reflect practices at the hatchery from which the genotyped individuals were sourced.
Isolation and characterization of 13 polymorphic microsatellite loci from the clam shrimp Eulimnadia texana (Crustacea: Spinicaudata)
Authors: DUFF R. JOEL , HOEH WALTER R. , COOK DOUG , WEEKS STEPHEN C. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThirteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from the clam shrimp Eulimnadia texana. In analyses of 20–50 individuals from two populations the number of alleles ranged from two to seven with observed heterozygosity ranging between 0.00 and 0.37. The low values for heterozygosity were not unexpected for a group characterized by its unusual androdioecious mating system, in which males compete with self‐compatible hermaphrodites for offspring production. These microsatellites are likely to be useful for further evolutionary investigations of this rare mating system in these crustaceans.
Characterization of 22 microsatellite loci developed from the genome of the Woolly Lemur (Avahi laniger)
Authors: ANDRIANTOMPOHAVANA R. , RANDRIAMANANA J. C. , SOMMER J. A. , BRENNEMAN R. A. , LOUIS E. E. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractTwenty‐two polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from the Avahi laniger genome. All were polymorphic in both the Eastern Woolly Lemur (A. laniger) and the Western Woolly Lemur (A. occidentalis). One locus, WOOL157, harboured allele structures that were species‐specific. This marker suite will be used in future studies to establish the ranges and population structures of the two Avahi species on the island of Madagascar.
Tetranucleotide and dinucleotide microsatellite loci from the northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)
Authors: SCHABLE NANCY A. , FAIRCLOTH BRANT C. , PALMER WILLIAM E. , CARROLL JOHN P. , BURGER L. WES , BRENNAN LEONARD A. , HAGEN CRIS , GLENN TRAVIS C. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe describe polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers and conditions to amplify eight dinucleotide, one trinucleotide and 14 tetranucleotide microsatellite DNA loci isolated from the northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). The PCR primers were tested on 16 individuals collected from a population located within the Red Hills region of south Georgia and north Florida. The 23 primer pairs developed in this study yielded an average of 6.5 alleles per locus (range 2–11), an average observed heterozygosity of 0.47 (range 0.06–0.94) and average polymorphic information content of 0.60 (range 0.06–0.85).
Novel microsatellites from the green swordtail (Xiphophorus hellerii) also display polymorphism in guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
Authors: HUA YUE GEN , ORBAN LASZLO 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe green swordtail (Xiphophorus hellerii; Poeciliidae) is a popular ornamental freshwater fish species. Fourteen microsatellites were isolated from a green swordtail genomic library enriched for CA‐repeats. Thirteen microsatellites were polymorphic in green swordtail; interestingly four of them were tetranucleotide‐type. Cross‐species amplification showed that 10 of the 14 microsatellites were polymorphic in guppy (Poecilia reticulata; Poeciliidae) as well. No significant directional difference of allele length was seen between the two species at any of the loci tested.
Microsatellite DNA markers for the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum
Authors: CAILLAUD M. C. , MONDOR‐GENSON G. , LEVINE‐WILKINSON S. , MIEUZET L. , FRANTZ A. , SIMON J. C. , COEUR D'ACIER A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractMicrosatellite loci were isolated from enriched partial genomic libraries of Acyrthosiphon loti and Acyrthosiphon pisum. Twenty of those loci were characterized in A. pisum. Fifteen of those loci were polymorphic. Genetic diversity varied across loci, allele repeat number ranging from two to 15, and observed heterozygosity from 0.1 and 0.96. An additional eight microsatellite loci originally isolated from other aphids but cross‐priming with A. pisum showed polymorphism as well. Allele size ranged from three to 9 and observed heterozygosity from 0.43 to 0.84. Overall, we present 23 microsatellite loci that can be used to reveal polymorphism in pea aphids.
Isolation and characterization of highly polymorphic microsatellites in tea (Camellia sinensis)
Authors: FREEMAN SUSAN , WEST JON , JAMES CELIA , LEA VINCE , MAYES SEAN 
Published: August 2004

AbstractRelatively little is known about the diversity and origins of tea. The highest value tea products are sold on the basis of their region of origin but there are currently no methods available to verify the claims made on packages. We have developed 15 microsatellite loci for tea. These have been evaluated for polymorphism in a set of tea clones to determine their usefulness for authentication purposes. The majority of the microsatellites developed proved to be highly polymorphic both between and within different geographical origins and offer the potential to investigate the population genetics and genetic origins of tea.
Polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite markers in the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus
Authors: DINIZ F. M. , MACLEAN N. , PATERSON I. G. , BENTZEN P. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractTen tetranucleotide microsatellite loci are described for the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus. Loci were polymorphic (4–15 alleles per locus) and exhibited high levels of expected (0.553–0.921) and observed heterozygosity (0.469–0.906) from samples caught off Belize and Puerto Rico coasts. No significant departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium conditions were observed for any locus. All microsatellite loci should be useful for assessing population discrimination for this valuable marine animal currently subjected to excessive fishing efforts.
micro‐checker: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data
Authors: VAN OOSTERHOUT COCK , HUTCHINSON WILLIAM F. , WILLS DEREK P. M. , SHIPLEY PETER 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDNA degradation, low DNA concentrations and primer‐site mutations may result in the incorrect assignment of microsatellite genotypes, potentially biasing population genetic analyses.micro‐checkeriswindows®‐based software that tests the genotyping of microsatellites from diploid populations. The program aids identification of genotyping errors due to nonamplified alleles (null alleles), short allele dominance (large allele dropout) and the scoring of stutter peaks, and also detects typographic errors.micro‐checkerestimates the frequency of null alleles and, importantly, can adjust the allele and genotype frequencies of the amplified alleles, permitting their use in further population genetic analysis.micro‐checkercan be freely downloaded fromhttp://www.microchecker.hull.ac.uk/.
Microsatellite markers for the cardinal tetra Paracheirodon axelrodi, a commercially important fish from central Amazonia
Authors: BEHEREGARAY L. B. , MÖLLER L. M. , SCHWARTZ T. S. , CHAO N. L. , CACCONE A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe cardinal tetra Paracheirodon axelrodi is a very popular aquarium fish and the most important ornamental fishery resource for riverine communities inhabiting the Rio Negro floodplain in central Amazonia. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of 14 microsatellite DNA loci for cardinal tetras. Number of alleles and heterozygosity per locus in a sample of 30 fish ranged from 2 to 22 and from 0.49 to 0.92, respectively. These markers provide powerful tools for studies on conservation and management of cardinal tetra resources and for investigating evolutionary processes underlying population diversification in Amazonian flooded forest fishes.
A set of microsatellite DNA markers for the one‐lined pencilfish Nannostomus unifasciatus, an Amazonian flooded forest fish
Authors: BEHEREGARAY L. B. , SCHWARTZ T. S. , MÖLLER L. M. , CALL D. , CHAO N. L. , CACCONE A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe one‐lined pencilfish Nannostomus unifasciatus is a small fish from the flooded forests of the Amazon basin. Pencilfish are popular in aquaria and are used as ornamental fishery resource by riverine communities from central Amazonia. Here we report a set of nine microsatellite loci for N. unifasciatus. Number of alleles and heterozygosity per locus in a sample of 30 pencilfish ranged from 4 to 19 and from 0.39 to 0.86, respectively. These markers will prove useful to investigate population genetic structure, identify conservation units, and to conduct phylogeographical reconstructions in pencilfish from the flooded forests of Amazonia.
Isolation and characterization of ten microsatellite loci for Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup)
Authors: FUNES VICTORIA , ZUASTI EUGENIA , CATANESE GAETANO , INFANTE CARLOS , MANCHADO MANUEL 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSenegal sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup) is a high‐value marine flatfish exploited in both fisheries and aquaculture. Here we describe the isolation of seven tetranucleotide and three dinucleotide polymorphic microsatellite loci. Characteristics of a captive broodstock and a wild population are described. Three loci displayed a significant departure from Hardy–Weinberg expectations in both populations, suggesting a substantial frequency of null alleles. The remaining seven loci were found to be in equilibrium in the wild population, whereas only four of them were in the cultured population. Cross‐species amplification was successful for three loci in other five flatfishes.
Characterization of 15 single nucleotide polymorphism markers for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: SMITH STEVE , AITKEN NICOLA , SCHWARZ CARSTEN , MORIN PHILLIP A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe report the characterization of 15 new single nucleotide polymorphism markers for a threatened species, the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), developed using a targeted gene approach. These markers are derived from the Y chromosome and autosomal regions of the genome and show frequency differences between chimpanzee subspecies from central and western Africa. These single nucleotide polymorphism markers are the first to be designed for the genotyping of wild chimpanzee populations and will provide a useful addition to the genetic tools employed for the conservation management of this threatened species.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers from malaria vector, Anopheles culicifacies
Authors: SUNIL SUJATHA , RAGHAVENDRA K. , SINGH O. P. , MALHOTRA PAWAN , HUANG YAMING , ZHENG LIANGBIAO , SUBBARAO SARALA K. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract Anopheles culicifacies, an important vector in the Indian subcontinent is a complex of five sibling species of which four are vectors. We describe the isolation of 31 microsatellite markers from the recently recognized isomorphic species A of which 13 were characterized in sympatric populations of Anopheles culicifacies isomorphic species A and B. The allele frequencies ranges from two to 12 in species A and two to seven in species B. Species A being a vector, and that these markers can be used in closely related species, makes the isolation of these markers important to study population structure of all sibling species in this complex.
Twenty‐three microsatellite primer pairs for Betula pendula (Betulaceae)
Authors: KULJU K. K. M. , PEKKINEN M. , VARVIO S. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis paper reports the development of microsatellite primers for a widespread birch species Betula pendula. By screening genomic libraries with (TC)10 and (TG)10 probes, 38 microsatellite sequences were obtained, of which 23 proved to be polymorphic. Thirty genotyped individuals had two to 20 alleles per loci and a heterozygosity range of 0.17–0.92. Cross‐species amplification tests of four primer pairs on diverse birch species showed positive results in all cases. Also, one of two loci tested on related genus Alnus gave positive result.
Characterization of microsatellites for parentage studies of white‐throated magpie‐jays (Calocitta formosa) and brown jays (Cyanocorax morio)
Authors: WILLIAMS D. A. , BERG E. C. , HALE A. M. , HUGHES C. R. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWhite‐throated magpie‐jays (Calocitta formosa) and brown jays (Cyanocorax morio) are cooperative breeders that live in complex groups composed of helpers and multiple male and female breeders. Behavioral observations and multilocus DNA fingerprinting have indicated that the social and genetic mating systems of these two species are diverse. Extra‐group paternity appears to be common in both species, necessitating the use of single locus genetic methods to efficiently search for fathers. We therefore characterized 19 microsatellite loci for these two species (12 for magpie‐jays and seven for brown jays) to aid in parentage studies.
Polymorphic microsatellite loci for the marine angiosperm Cymodocea nodosa
Authors: RUGGIERO M. V. , REUSCH T. B. H. , PROCACCINI G. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe seagrass Cymodocea nodosa (UCRIA) Ascherson represents a good model to assess the relative contribution of clonal and sexual reproduction to genetic structure in marine plant populations. Seven microsatellite loci with repeat units consisting of one trinucleotide, four simple dinucleotides and two complex dinucleotides are described here. The seven loci are characterized by high number of alleles (from three to 13) and high heterozygosity (HO ranging from 0.240 to 0.860) in the tested populations. Conditions for multiplex polymerase chain reactions are also described.
A highly discriminatory multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) system for Penicillium marneffei
Authors: FISHER MATTHEW C. , DE HOOG SYBREN , VANITTANAKOM NONGNUCH 
Published: August 2004

AbstractFor eukaryotic pathogens that are depauperate in genetic variation, multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) offers an accurate and reproducible method of characterizing genetic diversity; herein we describe the development of an MLMT system for the emerging pathogenic fungus Penicillium marneffei based on 23 microsatellite loci. Screening isolates held within the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures culture collection demonstrate high levels of genetic diversity and 100% reproducibility. This MLMT system provides a powerful epidemiological tool to analyse the underlying parameters that are responsible for the emergence of P. marneffei in human HIV‐positive populations.
Polymorphic microsatellite loci in peafowl (Pavo cristatus)
Authors: HALE M. L. , PETRIE M. , WOLFF K. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractUnderstanding how the genetic characteristics of parents influence reproductive output is central to predicting the dynamics of small, endangered populations. We conducted a breeding experiment to look at the paternal genetic effects on offspring sex, fertility and growth in the peafowl (Pavo cristatus). Microsatellite loci were developed to allow maternity assignment and thus to allow us to separate maternal from paternal effects. We found 19 polymorphic loci in our inbred, captive population, six of which were only slightly polymorphic (HE range: 0.04–0.70). The remaining 13 loci were polymorphic enough to determine maternity by exclusion in approximately 85% of offspring.
Isolation and characterization of six novel microsatellite markers for mulberry (Morus indica)
Authors: AGGARWAL RAMESH K. , UDAYKUMAR D. , HENDRE P. S. , SARKAR A. , SINGH LALJ. I. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractGenetic characterization of germplasm resources is necessary for their effective management and efficient utilization, especially for species like mulberry in which the available germplasm exhibits rich phenotypic diversity with almost no information about its genetic base. Here we present the first report on the isolation of six novel microsatellite markers of mulberry, developed from an enriched genomic library of Morus indica. These markers revealed a high degree of polymorphism (14–26 alleles per locus; polymorphic information content, 0.85–0.90) and a broad cross‐species affinity when tested on a set of 43 elite genotypes including 13 related Morus species. The data thus demonstrate their utility as potentially efficient genetic markers for germplasm characterization, crop improvement and molecular systematics of mulberry.