bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Weight‐bearing Function of the Medial Coronoid Process in Dogs
Authors: Breit S. , Künzel W. , Seiler S. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe shape of and proportions between the surface areas of the medial coronoid process (MCP) and the fovea of the radial head were determined in 88 juvenile dogs and 146 adult dogs grouped as giant, large, mid‐sized, chondrodystrophic, or small dogs. Thereby, the longitudinal (length) and transverse (width) extension of the MCP and fovea of the radial head have been measured. Original values were used to describe changes of the parameters attributed to growth. Normalized values (i.e. values expected in case of a width of the fovea of the radial head of 20 mm) were used to determine potential differences between constitutional types. All original values increased during growth (P < 0.05) except for the width and length of the MCP in chondrodystrophic and small breeds. Normalized values revealed a proportional decrease in width and length of the MCP during growth (P < 0.05) compared with the radial head. In adults, the normalized MCP was widest in giant dogs followed by large, mid‐sized, small, and chondrodystrophic breeds. The MCP was also longest in giant dogs but shortest in large and chondrodystrophic dogs with those of large dogs being significantly (P < 0.05) shorter than those in giant, mid‐sized and small dogs. Present results suggest that a deficiency in length‐growth of the MCP – which has been present especially in large dogs – results in smaller humeral contact areas and decreased weight‐bearing capacity of the MCP. Because loading forces acting on the MCP increase with body weight, the condition noted in large dogs might increase the risk of fragmentation of the MCP in these.
Dependence of the timing system regulating the onset of gastrulation on cytoplasmic, but not nuclear, activities in the Xenopus embryo
Authors: Takagi Makoto , Shimoda Taiki , Shinagawa Atsunori 
Published: August 2005

This study examines the properties of the timer that regulates the onset of gastrulation in the Xenopus embryo. Pre‐gastrulation embryos were exposed to aphidicolin, vinblastine, 6‐dimethylaminopurine (6‐DMAP) or urethane. Embryos exposed to aphidicolin or vinblastine for 0.5–2 h before the presumptive onset of gastrulation, began gastrulation at the same time as control embryos. However, those exposed to 6‐DMAP or urethane commenced gastrulation significantly later than controls. In 6‐DMAP‐ and urethane‐treated embryos, the onset of gastrulation was retarded by approximately 25% and 120%, respectively. 6‐DMAP and urethane, but not vinblastine, also lowered the rate of nuclear doubling by 30% and 120%, respectively, in late‐blastula to early‐gastrula embryos. 6‐DMAP and urethane also lowered the rate of cleavage and cleavage‐relevant cytoplasmic cycling by 30% and 80%, respectively, in cleavage‐stage embryos. We propose that cytoplasmic activities that can be retarded by 6‐DMAP and urethane, but not aphidicolin or vinblastine, may be responsible for regulating the onset of gastrulation in Xenopus embryos.
How many branchiopod crustacean species are there? Quantifying the components of underestimation
Authors: Adamowicz Sarah J. , Purvis Andy 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTAims  For the crustacean class Branchiopoda, we estimated global species richness, assessed the reliability of relative diversity estimates among higher taxa and made predictions about the kinds of species remaining to be described.Location  Global.Methods  We calculated correction factors to account for three different sources of diversity underestimation, analysed taxonomic patterns of species descriptions over time and tested possible correlates of description date.Results  Our work suggests that there are c. 2.1 times more branchiopod species in nature than the c. 1180 currently described. The largest correction factor was at the scale of single biogeographical regions, mainly attributed to poor knowledge of species diversity within described morphospecies. Relative diversity estimates among major taxonomic groups are apparently quite reliable, with diversity differences greater than 1.5‐fold robust to the heterogeneity of the taxonomic process. Current knowledge of branchiopod diversity is biased towards species with large geographical ranges, whereas body size and higher taxonomic group were only weak predictors of description date.Main conclusions  A proper understanding of species boundaries in nature, which is greatly aided by molecular studies, is key in accurately estimating species richness for invertebrate groups. However, we suggest that while many species remain to be described, numbers of presently described species are still useful for macroevolutionary studies of diversification when interpreted with caution.
Macroecological correlates and spatial patterns of anuran description dates in the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Diniz‐Filho José Alexandre F. , Bastos Rogério Pereira , Rangel Thiago F. L. V. B. , Bini Luis M. , Carvalho Priscilla , Silva Rodrigo J. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTAim To quantify the relationship between the description dates of anuran species in the Brazilian Cerrado and some macroecological traits, and to verify the spatial patterns of average description dates and their correlation with human occupation and biodiversity knowledge.Location Brazilian Cerrado (South America).Methods The average date of description of 131 species of anurans found in 181 cells overlaying the Brazilian Cerrado was recorded. Description date was regressed across species on body size and geographical range size. Phylogenetic effects that could bias the significance tests of the multiple regression model of description dates on macroecological traits were taken into account using a phylogenetic subtraction method in which families and genera were classificatory factors in a nested two‐way analysis of variance (anova) model. We also conducted a spatial analysis of the average description date that was estimated for each cell. This cell‐based metric was regressed on human population size, the year of foundation of the municipalities and the number of inventories undertaken in each cell. The influence of spatial autocorrelation patterns was taken into account by using the geographically effective number of degrees of freedom.Results The number of new species being discovered in the Brazilian Cerrado has been increasing, especially over the last 50 years. Cross‐species analyses indicated that description dates were negatively correlated with body size and geographical range size, taking phylogenetic effects into account. Even after controlling for the spatial structures in all variables, average description date was positively correlated with human population in geographical space, but because of multicolinearity structure in the data, it was not possible to quantify the independent influence of human population and number of inventories on description date.Conclusions As found in previous papers, large‐bodied and widely distributed species are likely to be described first. Species yet to be discovered are probably small‐bodied and with narrow distributions, more restricted to the Cerrado biome. Also, the explicit spatial approach showed that the average description date is spatially correlated with total human population and biodiversity knowledge in the Cerrado region. Our findings suggest that incorporating human population density into the reserve design algorithms, which has usually been done to avoid or minimize conservation conflicts, may also produce good results because this will preserve many places where most of the non‐described species will probably be found in the future.
Sensitivity and response of northern hemisphere altitudinal and polar treelines to environmental change at landscape and local scales
Authors: Holtmeier Friedrich‐Karl , Broll Gabriele 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTThe sensitivity and response of northern hemisphere altitudinal and polar treelines to environmental change are increasingly discussed in terms of climate change, often forgetting that climate is only one aspect of environmental variation. As treeline heterogeneity increases from global to regional and smaller scales, assessment of treeline sensitivity at the landscape and local scales requires a more complex approach than at the global scale. The time scale (short‐, medium‐, long‐term) also plays an important role when considering treeline sensitivity. The sensitivity of the treeline to a changing environment varies among different types of treeline. Treelines controlled mainly by orographic influences are not very susceptible to the effects of warming climates. Greatest sensitivity can be expected in anthropogenic treelines after the cessation of human activity. However, tree invasion into former forested areas above the anthropogenic forest limit is controlled by site conditions, and in particular, by microclimates and soils. Apart from changes in tree physiognomy, the spontaneous advance of young growth of forest‐forming tree species into present treeless areas within the treeline ecotone and beyond the tree limit is considered to be the best indicator of treeline sensitivity to environmental change. The sensitivity of climatic treelines to climate warming varies both in the local and regional topographical conditions. Furthermore, treeline history and its after‐effects also play an important role. The sensitivity of treelines to changes in given factors (e.g. winter snow pack, soil moisture, temperature, evaporation, etc.) may vary among areas with differing climatic characteristics. In general, forest will not advance in a closed front but will follow sites that became more favourable to tree establishment under the changed climatic conditions.
REASON‐EXPLANATION AND THE CONTENTS OF THE MIND
Authors: Tanney Julia 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper takes a close look at the kinds of considerations we use to reach agreement in our ordinary (non‐philosophical and non‐theoretical) judgments about a person's reasons for acting, and the following theses are defended. First, considering the circumstances in which the action occurs is often enough to remove our puzzlement as to why someone acts as she does. Second, in those situations where we do need to enquire about the agent's state of mind, this does not, in the normal case, lead us to look for hidden, inner events that are candidates for the causes of her action. Finally, even though there are cases in which the agent's introspections, reflections, and deliberations are relevant to our search for reasons, such cases do not lend support to the idea that reasons are hidden or inner causes of action. This suggests a problem for most philosophical accounts of what it is to act for reasons and for most philosophical accounts of the nature of mental states.
Local Model Uncertainty and Incomplete-Data Bias (With Discussion)
Authors: Copas John , Eguchi Shinto 
Published: August 2005

SummaryProblems of the analysis of data with incomplete observations are all too familiar in statistics. They are doubly difficult if we are also uncertain about the choice of model. We propose a general formulation for the discussion of such problems and develop approximations to the resulting bias of maximum likelihood estimates on the assumption that model departures are small. Loss of efficiency in parameter estimation due to incompleteness in the data has a dual interpretation: the increase in variance when an assumed model is correct; the bias in estimation when the model is incorrect. Examples include non-ignorable missing data, hidden confounders in observational studies and publication bias in meta-analysis. Doubling variances before calculating confidence intervals or test statistics is suggested as a crude way of addressing the possibility of undetectably small departures from the model. The problem of assessing the risk of lung cancer from passive smoking is used as a motivating example.
Estimating the Proportion of True Null Hypotheses, with application to DNA Microarray Data
Authors: Langaas Mette , Lindqvist Bo Henry , Ferkingstad Egil 
Published: August 2005

SummaryWe consider the problem of estimating the proportion of true null hypotheses, π0, in a multiple-hypothesis set-up. The tests are based on observed p-values. We first review published estimators based on the estimator that was suggested by Schweder and Spjøtvoll. Then we derive new estimators based on nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation of the p-value density, restricting to decreasing and convex decreasing densities. The estimators of π0 are all derived under the assumption of independent test statistics. Their performance under dependence is investigated in a simulation study. We find that the estimators are relatively robust with respect to the assumption of independence and work well also for test statistics with moderate dependence.
Effects of familial risk factors and place of birth on the risk of autism: a nationwide register‐based study
Authors: Lauritsen Marlene Briciet , Pedersen Carsten Bøcker , Mortensen Preben Bo 
Published: August 2005

Background:  The etiology of autism is unknown. A strong genetic component has been detected but non‐genetic factors may also be involved in the etiology.Methods:  We used data from the Danish Psychiatric Central Register and the Danish Civil Registration System to study some risk factors of autism, including place of birth, parental place of birth, parental age, family history of psychiatric disorders, and paternal identity.Results:  A total of 943,664 children younger than ten years were followed from 1994 to 2001; of those, 818 children developed autism. The highest risks of autism were found in siblings of children with autism, or Asperger‘s syndrome and other pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs), with relative risks of 22 and 13, respectively. The relative risk of autism in the child was about twice as high if the mother had been diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder. The risk of autism was associated with increasing degree of urbanisation of the child's place of birth and with increasing paternal, but not maternal, age. An increased relative risk of 1.4 was found if the mother was born outside Europe, and in children of parents who were born in different countries.Conclusions:  The highest risk of autism was found in families with a history of autism, or Asperger‘s syndrome and other PDDs in siblings, supporting the commonly accepted knowledge that genetic factors are involved in the etiology of autism.
Response reversal and children with psychopathic tendencies: success is a function of salience of contingency change
Authors: Budhani S. , Blair R.J.R. 
Published: August 2005

Background:  Previous work has inconsistently reported difficulties with response reversal/extinction in children with psychopathic tendencies.Method:  We tested the hypothesis that the degree of impairment seen in children with psychopathic tendencies is a function of the salience of contingency change. We investigated the performance of children with psychopathic tendencies on a novel probabilistic response reversal task involving four conditions with gradated reward–punishment contingencies (100–0, 90–10, 80–20 and 70–30; i.e., for the 100–0 contingency, responding to one object is always rewarded while responding to the other is always punished).Results:  In line with predictions, the impairment seen in the children with psychopathic tendencies was an inverse function of the salience of the contingency change.Conclusions:  We suggest that this data is consistent with suggestions of subtle orbital frontal cortex impairment in children with psychopathic tendencies.
The role of marital discord and parenting in relations between parental problem drinking and child adjustment
Authors: Keller Peggy S. , Mark Cummings E. , Davies Patrick T. 
Published: August 2005

Background:  Research suggests that children exposed to parental drinking problems are at risk for maladjustment. However, the potential impact of drinking problems in a community sample and the processes involved in the relationship between parental drinking and child outcomes have rarely been examined.Method:  A community sample of 235 mothers and fathers of kindergarten children completed measures of problem drinking symptoms, family functioning and child adjustment.Results:  Model tests indicate that problem drinking was associated with greater marital conflict, and that marital conflict was related to ineffective parenting which was in turn related to poorer child adjustment.Conclusions:  Even in a community sample, parental problem drinking behaviors are associated with reduced family functioning that relates to child outcomes.
Selected executive skills in adolescents with recent first episode major depression
Authors: Kyte Zoë A. , Goodyer Ian M. , Sahakian Barbara J. 
Published: August 2005

Background:  To investigate whether recent first episode major depression in adolescence is characterised by selected executive difficulties in attentional flexibility, behavioural inhibition and decision‐making.Methods:  Selected executive functions were compared in adolescents with recent (past year) first episode major depression (n = 30) and community controls (n = 49). Three computerised tests within the CANTAB battery were completed by all subjects (the Intra‐Dimensional, Extra‐Dimensional Set‐Shifting task, the Affective Go, No‐Go task, and the Decision‐Making task).Results:  Compared with controls, recently depressed cases displayed a bias towards negative stimuli with fewer errors on sad words as well as being more accurate in their responses to sad targets on the Affective Go, No‐Go task. Cases also made faster decisions in the context of betting more of their available points compared to controls, as indexed by the Decision‐Making task. These results were not influenced by age, gender, IQ, recent mood, severity of depression, medication or comorbidity.Conclusions:  Adolescents with recent first episode major depression show greater attention towards sad stimuli and more impulsive behaviour when making decisions. They were able to switch attentional set to neutral stimuli. This study demonstrates that computerised tests for measuring executive functions can be successfully deployed in adolescents, and suggests that specific patterns of neuropsychological functions may be relatively compromised in first episode major depression. These, together with their underlying neural substrates, deserve further investigation within this age range.
The borderline personality diagnosis in adolescents: gender differences and subtypes
Authors: Bradley Rebekah , Zittel Conklin Carolyn , Westen Drew 
Published: August 2005

Background:  This study aimed to identify personality features characterizing adolescent girls and boys with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and to see whether meaningful patterns of heterogeneity exist among adolescents diagnosed with the disorder.Methods:  Two hundred and ninety‐four randomly selected doctoral‐level clinicians described adolescent patients using Axis II rating scales and the Shedler–Westen Assessment Procedure‐200 for Adolescents (SWAP‐200‐A). We used the SWAP‐200‐A to provide empirically derived descriptions of female and male adolescents meeting DSM‐IV criteria for BPD (who differed substantially in their profiles), and used Q‐factor analysis to identify naturally occurring groupings of female patients based on shared personality features.Results:  The symptoms and phenomenology of adolescent girls with BPD are similar to those of adults. Adolescent boys meeting BPD criteria have a more aggressive, disruptive, antisocial presentation. Although Ns did not permit further analysis of the data on adolescent boys, Q‐analysis isolated four clinically coherent subgroups of girls with BPD: high‐functioning internalizing, histrionic, depressive internalizing, and angry externalizing.Conclusions:  BPD in female adolescents resembles DSM‐IV BPD as defined for adults. The operating characteristics of the DSM‐IV criteria for adolescent boys require further investigation. Empirically derived subgroups are similar to those identified in recent research with adult females. Differences across subgroups on internalizing and externalizing Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) scales provide preliminary data on the validity of subgroups and raise questions about the place of BPD among internalizing and externalizing spectrum disorders.
Annotation: Economic evaluations of child and adolescent mental health interventions: a systematic review
Authors: Romeo Renée , Byford Sarah , Knapp Martin 
Published: August 2005

Background: Recognition has grown over recent years of the need for economic information on the impacts of child and adolescent mental health problems and the cost‐effectiveness of interventions.Methods: A range of electronic databases were examined using a predefined search strategy to identify economic studies which focused on services, pharmacological interventions and other treatments for children and adolescents with a diagnosed mental health problem or identified as at risk of mental illness. Published studies were included in the review if they assessed both costs and outcomes, with cost‐effectiveness being the primary interest. Studies meeting the criteria for inclusion were assessed for quality.Results: There are still relatively few economic evaluations in this field. Behavioural disorders have been given relatively greater attention in economic evaluations of child and adolescent mental health. These studies tentatively suggest child behavioural gains and parent satisfaction from parent and child training programmes, although the cost‐effectiveness of the location of delivery for behavioural therapies is less clear. In general, the quality of economic evaluations was limited by small sample sizes, constrained measurement of costs, narrow perspectives and over‐simple statistical and econometric methods.Conclusion: Economic evaluations in the field of child and adolescent mental health interventions are few in number and generally poor in quality, although the number of studies being undertaken now appears to be rising.
Glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor‐induced signaling in Schwann cells
Authors: Iwase T. , Jung C. G. , Bae H. , Zhang M. , Soliven B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractGlial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a known survival factor for neurons, has recently been shown to stimulate the migration of Schwann cells (SCs) and to enhance myelination. GDNF exerts its biological effects by activating the Ret tyrosine kinase in the presence of glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐linked receptor, GDNF family receptor (GFR) α1. In Ret‐negative cells, the alternative transmembrane coreceptor is the 140‐kDa isoform of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) associated with a non‐receptor tyrosine kinase Fyn. We confirmed that GDNF, GFRα1 and NCAM are expressed in neonatal rat SCs. We found that GDNF induces an increase in the partitioning of NCAM and heparan sulfate proteoglycan agrin into lipid rafts and that heparinase inhibits GDNF‐signaling in SCs. In addition to activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases, and phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein, we found that cAMP‐dependent protein kinase A and protein kinase C are involved in GDNF‐mediated signaling in SCs. Although GDNF did not promote the differentiation of purified SCs into the myelinating phenotype, it enhanced myelination in neuron–SC cocultures. We conclude that GDNF utilizes NCAM signaling pathways to regulate SC function prior to myelination and at early stages of myelin formation.