bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Exercise, Physical Medicine, and Physical Therapy
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our society much of what we do is passive. Many of our jobs are performed behind desks and counters with little expenditure of physical energy. Our recreation has become increasingly passive with television, computers, and electronic games. But our Western culture is paying a price for this couch potato lifestyle with rising obesity. We are now recognizing that this passivity translates into increased rates of diabetes mellitus, heart attacks, and strokes. Moreover, the complications of normal aging are exacerbated by this easy lifestyle. Osteoporosis is accelerated by lack of physical activity, with consequent hip fractures. As we age, our muscles tend to lose their tone and strength, and this is exacerbated by lack of physical activity. Our tendons and ligaments lose their elasticity with age, and a sedentary lifestyle increases the symptoms of stiffness and aching. The old adage, “If you don’t use it, you lose it,” is an irrefutable fact of aging. Graceful aging requires that we stay physically (and mentally) active to preserve our bodies as best we can. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is inextricably tied to aging. It usually starts in middle age or beyond and parallels the aging process; the longer you have PD, the older you get. Thus people with PD need to fight both their disease and normal aging. It turns out that exercise is a key element in both of these battles.
Stepping Into the Light: Modeling the lntraindividual Dimensions of Hedonic and Eudaemonic Well-Being
Authors: Ong Anthony D , Horn, John L , Walsh David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past three decades, the scientific study of positive human health and well-being has been driven by two major philosophical perspectives, one emphasizing hedonism or happiness and the other emphasizing eudaemonism or self-actualization (cf. Ryan & Deci, 2000; Waterman, 1993). These perspectives have shaped two prominent theories of positive health: the theory of subjective well-being (SWB; see Diener, 1984; Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999, for reviews) and the theory of psychological well-being (PWB; see Ryff, 1995; Ryff & Singer, 2000, for reviews). Although both theories aim to describe how people evaluate their lives, each gives emphasis to different aspects of this evaluation. Subjective well-being defines evaluations in terms of three elements: judgments of positive and negative affect (Diener & Emmons, 1984; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) and overall life satisfaction (Andrews & Withey, 1976). In contrast, PWB parses well-being into six elements: judgments of self-acceptance, personal growth, purpose in life, positive relations with others, environmental mastery, and autonomy (Ryff, 1989; Ryff & Keyes, 1995).
Assessing Factorial Invariance in Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies
Authors: Bontempo Daniel E , Hofer Scott M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The issue of factorial invariance (FI), or more specifically the subset of FI tests that pertain to measurement equivalence, is in essence an issue of construct validity. At the conceptual level, a measure is valid when it accurately operationalizes the construct it purports to measure. The operationalization calibrates manifest indicators to theoretical constructs, which are latent in the sense that they are not directly observed. When a construct is used across multiple groups of individuals or on multiple occasions for the same individuals, the construct’s measurement is invariant (and scores may be quantitatively compared) only when the construct’s operationalization functions equivalently for each group or occasion. This is defined as measurement invariance, and multigroup requirements can be mathematically formulated (Meredith, 1993). In practice, invariance of measurements obtained in different groups is often assumed without formal test. This occurs when scale items are summed (i.e., unit-weighted) or latent factor scores (a loading-weighted sum of scale items) are calculated across groups or occasions without first establishing that the score’s meaning is invariant for each group or across occasions. For a construct operationalized as the common factor of a set of manifest indicators, measurement invariance can be demonstrated by testing a sequence of invariance hypotheses focusing on the loadings, intercepts, specific factors, and some structural elements of the common-factor measurement model. These hypotheses provide evidence for the validity of subsequent score comparisons across groups or occasions.
Experimental Approaches to Individual Differences and Change: Exploring the Causes and Consequences of Extraversion
Authors: Zelenski John M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Positive psychologists, like most other people, wish to better understand happiness. While our environments and efforts surely play roles, it is also clear that some people are dispositionally more (or less) prone to happiness. For example, the personality traits of extraversion and neuroticism are among the best predictors of happiness (negatively in the case of neuroticism; Diener & Seligman, 2002; Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999). Nonetheless, naming these traits does not tell us what causes individual differences in happiness. The question remains: What are the processes that underlie the traits of extraversion and neuroticism, or individual differences in happiness? That is, what, specifically, are the stable aspects of personality (e.g., genes, beliefs, etc.) that contribute to behavior and experience across situations, and how do they manifest themselves, in conjunction with changing situations, over time? For example, do extraverts put themselves into more positive environments, or do they respond more positively than introverts while sharing roughly equivalent environments? In either case, how, at the level of psychological processes, is this accomplished (e.g., differences in attentional biases or emotional responsiveness)? Understanding the causal processes underlying individual differences provides an attractive goal for research, but also raises significant challenges. Most obviously, individual differences (like extraversion or happiness) are not easily manipulated and, as every psychologist learned in his or her first methods course, manipulation is the key to establishing causality in psychology.
Psychophysiological Approaches to the Study of Laughter: Toward an Integration With Positive Psychology
Authors: Devereux Paul G , Heffner Kathi L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of laughter occupies a rather modest place in scientific inquiry. Overshadowed by the study of humor, laughter has been relegated to a subtopic occasionally examined within the study of emotion (Ruch, 1993), facial displays (van Hoof£, 1972), communication (Grammer, 1990), and, of particular relevance to this chapter, wellbeing (Fry, 1994). Discussions of laughter and health have mostly occurred in the context of therapeutic approaches to healing and wellness without strong scientific support. The scientific neglect of laughter is not unlike the relative neglect of positive emotion in general, and therefore it is commendable that this volume seeks to incorporate the work on laughter into positive psychology. The neglect of laughter is unfortunate because the topic of laughter has much to offer the study of positive psychology. From its benefits to the physiological system and potentially to individual health, to its indication of positive interaction and positive intraindividual emotional states, the study of laughter can inform the interpersonal, individual, and biological levels of psychological inquiry. Laughter is implicated in a wide variety of positive psychology topics (e.g., reducing perceptions of pain, reconstructing narrative, coping, resilience, creating and strengthening bonds, and mind-body linkages).
Natural Experiments: What Behavioral Genetic Approaches Can Tell Us About Human Potential
Authors: Bergeman C S , Ong Anthony D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Variation is a hallmark of human development. Implied in every question about an individual’s development, thus, is another question: How did the person get this way? And, relatedly, What kind of person will he or she become? Such questions are neither invented by nor restricted to academic psychologists. Reflections on religion, physics, education, and philosophy all lead to the issue of biological propensity and individual agency, and one has only to read Dostoyevsky to get a sense of the exigency with which these issues may be felt. Indeed, questions concerning the influence of nature versus nurture speak to the very core of what it means to be human. Does genetic inheritance restrict our range of purposeful behavior? At the same time, individual variation in genetic makeup also begs a question about identity, one that all identical twins probably struggle with to some extent: If you cannot hear the beat of your own heart, who are you? Comprehensive understanding of the complexities of human development, thus, requires methodologies that permit the assembly of an ever-expansive puzzle, the pieces of which come from different domains of inquiry. Behavior genetics is a theory and a set of methodologies that can help to bridge the arc between the language of genes and the influence of the environment (cf. Bergeman, 1997; Plomin, Defries, & McClearn, 1990).
Cultural Aspects of Quantitative Genetic Investigations
Authors: Whitfield Keith E , Brandon Dwayne T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fields of quantitative genetics, adult development, and aging as well as cultural psychology often draw from perspectives in positive psychology to explain phenomena within their disciplines. The discussion in this chapter is on using positive psychology perspectives to further elucidate the complicated relationships found in the integration of adult development and aging research with cultural psychology, using a quantitative genetic approach to examine individual differences. Social scientists have long been engaged in an epic search for the sources of individual variation in the development and aging of humans. Research has led to various methodologies in an effort to account for the differences found between people. One of those methodologies is quantitative genetics, which, in part, grew out of opposition to the “environmentalist” view that only factors from the environment are involved in interindividual variability (Plomin, Defries, McClearn, & Rutter, 1997). However, the absence of environmental causal factors in molecular genetic models and theories swings the pendulum of reductionism too far in the opposite direction.
Understanding the Adjustment to Widowhood: Using Dynamical Systems to Assess and Predict Trajectories of Well-Being
Authors: Bisconti Toni L , Bergeman C S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last decade has seen an explosion of research from a new area in psychology. This area, positive psychology, emphasizes the positive aspects of well-being and functioning rather than pathology (Aspinwall & Staudinger, 2003; Seligman & Czikszentmihalyi, 2000; Thompson, 2002). In fact, human beings appear to have an extraordinary capacity to maintain emotional, psychological, and physical health despite facing a myriad of stressors (Luthar, 1991; Ryff & Singer, 2002). Resiliency, or the ability to maintain or regain healthy levels of functioning under difficult or stressful circumstances (Bonanno, 2004; Masten & Reed, 2002), was first introduced in the field of child psychopathology (Masten, 1999; Masten & Garmezy, 1985); the term, however, has now been used across all disciplines in psychology to describe individuals who show adaptation and growth rather than decline or pathology under challenging conditions. In understanding adjustment to widowhood, bereavement researchers have begun to apply the concept to the characteristics of individuals who successfully negotiate the process of adjusting to conjugal loss. In fact, Bonanno (2004) held that “resilience in the face of loss ... is more common than is often believed, and that there are multiple and sometimes unexpected pathways to resilience” (p. 20).
Application of Dynamic Systems Analysis to Dyadic Interactions
Authors: Felmlee Diane H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research on close dyads assumes that individuals who comprise couples influence each other’s behavior over time. A good deal of theoretical work on intimate relationships, for example, focuses on the ways in which romantic partners affect each other and their relationship. Yet interaction between members of a dyad seldom is modeled formally as an endogenous system in which each actor is allowed to directly affect change in the behavior of the other, and as a consequence we know little about the manner in which each member of a pair influences the other. A good deal of theoretical and empirical work also documents that dyadic social processes fluctuate, and that interaction among pairs of social actors is fluid. Nevertheless, there are relatively few systematic studies that investigate the types of changes that might occur over time in interdependent, dyadic social systems.
Nonlinear Dynamics of Positive Psychology: Parameters, Models, and Searching for a Systems Summum Bonum
Authors: Schuldberg David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses new measurement and modeling techniques for positive psychology, methods grounded in the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems (NDS). The chapter’s primary focus is on ways to evaluate interindividual differences in variables that assess the complexity of each person’s fluctuating behavior.1 It also discusses individual differences in descriptors summarizing the pattern or shape of a participant’s variations. Whether assessing the quantity-or the quality and style-of a person’s changes, the intent is to find indices of intraindividual change that can be related to interindividual differences in positive characteristics. The emphasis here is on methods based on NDS, in contrast to more traditional timeseries techniques.
The Use of Growth-Curve Modeling in Estimating Stability and Change in Well-Being Over Time
Authors: Mroczek Daniel K , Griffin Paul W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One central goal of positive psychology is the understanding of positive psychological growth. Growth implies change. Hence, positive psychology needs tools that can accurately track growth and other types of change over time. This need calls out for longitudinal studies, of course, but also for statistical techniques that can make the most of longitudinal growth data. Growth-curve models are one such technique. Many of the research questions posed by the positive psychology movement are suitable for growth-curve modeling. For example, in what ways do the positively valenced components of well-being change over time? What aspects are stable and which change? More important, who changes and who stays stable? These questions are essential to positive psychology and are amenable to growth-curve models.
Multilevel Modeling of Social Interactions and Mood in Lonely and Socially Connected Individuals: The MacArthur Social Neuroscience Studies
Authors: Hawkley Louise C , Preacher, Kristopher J , Cacioppo john T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For all the intellectual sophistication and ingenuity of the human species, it is our rudimentary need to belong (Baumeister & Leary, 1995) that motivates much of our behavior and shapes our thoughts and feelings about others. We engage in strategies that facilitate being accepted by others; we cultivate friendships and partnerships; we strive to overcome obstacles that threaten our social bonds; and we suffer when our social relationships are hurting or broken. Ultimately, the success we experience in achieving, negotiating, and maintaining our social relationships helps determine our overall satisfaction with life (Myers, 2000; Myers & Diener, 1995).
Detecting Population Heterogeneity in Stability and Change in Subjective Well-Being by Mixture Distribution Models
Authors: Eid Michael , Langeheine Rolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The state-trait distinction has a long tradition in psychology. Particularly in emotion psychology, it is common to distinguish between an emotional state that characterizes the emotion felt at any given moment in time and an emotional trait that describes the disposition of an individual to the repeated experience of a specific emotional state (e.g., Lazarus, 1991; Spielberger, 1977). In positive psychology, it is also common to distinguish, for example, between the momentary well-being of an individual and a general well-being set point that characterizes an individual across situations and time (e.g., Csikszentmihalyi & Wong, 1991; Eid & Diener, 2004). The state-trait distinction enables positive psychologists to simultaneously analyze the effect of stable personality traits as well as fluctuating situational influences on the experience of subjective well-being.
The Simple Care of a Hopeful Heart:Developing a Personally Designed Self-Care Protocol
Authors: Wicks Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Health care is one of the few professions where it is socially acceptable to ignore your family, your nonwork life, yourself. Gabbard and Menninger theorized many years ago with respect to physicians as to why this is so: Whether their theory is correct or not, care must be taken not to be driven in one’s career to the extent that everything else loses value and accordingly does not receive the attention it should. Although being a healing professional is a wonderful way to devote oneself, unless care is taken to ensure that the rest of one’s life is fulfilling as well, one’s life becomes too narrow, limited, and eventually distorted. This can have a negative impact not only on oneself but also on family life and other interpersonal relations.
Basic Concepts and Equations
Authors: Dingman S Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 developed an appreciation of the qualitative nature of natural rivers and river flows; the variables that characterize channels, flows, and sediment; and some of the quantitative relations among these variables. Chapter 3 described the properties of water that determine how it responds to forces acting on it. To complete the presentation of the foundations of the study of open-channel flows, this chapter focuses on the physical and mathematical concepts that underlie the basic equations relating fluid properties and hydraulic variables, with the objective of providing a deeper understanding of the origins, implications, and applicability of those equations. Most of these equations are based directly on the laws of classical (Newtonian) mechanics; however it is often useful or necessary to make use of equations that are not derived directly from basic physical laws, and these are introduced in the last section of the chapter.
Positive Personality Development Approaching Personal Autonomy
Authors: Leontiev Dmitry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Positive development has not yet found its place among the “pillars of positive psychology” (Seligman, 2002a, 2002b). However, it appears no less important than positive emotions, positive traits, and positive institutions. Unlike positive emotions, it is always synergetic: It brings benefits not only to the developing person, but also to other persons surrounding him or her. Unlike positive traits, it is something a person cannot reach, but rather must cultivate all the time with incessant efforts. Unlike positive institutions, it is something for which a person can take full responsibility. What Seligman calls the Nikki principle—”by identifying, amplifying, and concentrating on these strengths in people at risk we will do effective prevention” (Seligman, 2002b, p. 5)—is not so much about the strengths themselves, but rather about the process of their actualization.
Integrating Perspectives on Human Body Perception
Authors: Knoblich Gunther , Thornton Ian , Grosjean Marc , Shiffrar Maggie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is virtually impossible not to perceive one’s own body. When we wake up in the morning, our bodies are the first things we feel and see. As the day goes on we continue to perceive our bodies; in one way or another they are always present, in our perceptual experience, until we fall asleep again at night. Almost equally ubiquitous is the perception of others’ bodies, be it those of our partners, children, colleagues, or strangers in real life, on TV, or in projected images.
From “Body in the Brain” to “Body in Space”:Sensory and Intentional Components of Body Representation
Authors: Maravita Angelo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our body is many things. From a sensory perspective the body is the physical space where all somatosensory input is coded. From a motor point of view, the body is the effector through which each one of us can interact with objects in external (extrapersonal) space.
When the Other Influences the Self:Interference Between Perception and Action
Authors: Blakemore Sarah-Jayne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion that actions are intrinsically linked to perception goes back to the 19th century when William Carpenter developed the principle of “ideomotor action,” in which simply thinking about an action is sufficient to lead to the performance of an action (Carpenter, 1888). Similarly, William James claimed, “[E]very mental representation of a movement awakens to some degree the actual movement which is its object” (James, 1890, p. 293). The implication is that observing, imagining, or in any way representing an action excites the motor programs used to execute that same action (Jeannerod, 1994; Prinz, 1997). Interest in this idea has grown since the 1990s due in part to the neurophysiological discovery of mirror neurons in the monkey ventral premotor cortex. These neurons discharge both when the monkey perfom1s certain hand movements and when it observes another monkey or human perfomling the same movements (Gallese et al., 1996; Rizzolatti, Fadiga, Fogassi, & Gallese, 1996).
Introduction
Authors: Thomas Sue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this edition of Women in Elective Office: Past, Present, and Future, we offer updated perspectives on the progress of women candidates and officeholders, their challenges, and prospects for their future in light of their ongoing quest for diverse and balanced political representation. Four themes dominate the chapters in this volume: (1) although women have made progress as candidates and officeholders, they are still vastly underrepresented on the state and federal levels; (2) women make a difference in office: they bring distinctive attitudes and behaviors to legislatures, and real policy differences are the result of their contributions; (3) evidence suggests that the political playing field is not level; rather, women tend to pay a higher cost than men for the same levels of success; and (4) the higher cost and the underrepresentation can be explained, in large part, by the concept of “institutional gendering,” or persistent experiences of discrimination and structures designed to extend male privilege. The fourteen chapters that follow illuminate these themes and speak to the future of equality of political representation. —ARISTOTLE, Politics, book IV, chapter 4 There cannot be true democracy unless women are given the opportunity to take responsibility for their own lives. There cannot be true democracy unless all citizens are able to participate fully in the lives of their country.