bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Struggle for Great Power Status and the End of the Old Fiscal Regime
Authors: Bonney Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mercantilist and Cameralist ideas had made a lasting impression on European rulers by the eighteenth century. ‘A financial system’, wrote Frederick the Great in his memoirs, ‘handed over by father to son and constantly improved, can change a government’s position. From being originally poor it can make a government so rich that it can throw its grain into the scales of the balance between the great European powers.’ Rulers recognized that there was an intimate connection between economic growth, the prosperity of the inhabitants of their lands, and the growth in their fiscal and military power. Joseph II claimed that he was ‘no more attached to the military than to finance’; had he been able to reduce the size of his army and make his subjects labourers he would have done so; but his responsibility was to ‘combine the necessary security with the country’s welfare’. On another occasion, he denounced rulers preoccupied with ‘insignificant conquests’ and ‘futile advantages’ while they diminished the true capital of the state and weakened its resources for years into the future. Similar concerns were expressed by rulers of quite small states.
Public Credit
Authors: Komer Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earlier chapters of this section dealing with the financial structures of the state revealed the fact that the inadequacy of states’ fiscal foundations constantly compelled those in power to borrow money (Chapter 13), and that servicing the debt, which included both the payment of interest and the repayment by instalments of the money borrowed, constituted in most states one of the most significant, if not the most significant, items of expenditure (Chapter 12). The state which successfully repaid its debts and managed to produce an annual surplus-in short, the ‘savings state’-was the exception. Where this happened, the problem was how to manage the profits-whether this should be by creating a cash reserve, by purely financial investments, or by other forms of profitable investment.
The officium in Medieval Ecclesiastical Law as a Prototype of Modern Administration
Authors: Padoa-Schioppa Antonio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of this chapter is ecclesiastical office (officium ecclesiasticum) and more generally ecclesiastical administration in the Middle Ages and in early modern times, with particular reference to the two episcopal offices of the official and the vicar-general. The choice and presentation of this subject are based on two fundamental arguments, namely, on the one hand, that ‘the office’ as an ele ment of modern state organization is of such fundamental importance that an investigation of its medieval roots is justified and, on the other, that this central element of the modern state was formed within the organization and law of the Church in the Middle Ages; moreover, ecclesiastical structures were the model for the secular sphere and were adopted for that reason. The two episcopal offices played such a special part here that they could be called the prototype of the mod ern office and office-holder.
Constitutional Devices Implementing State Power in Poland, 1300-1700
Authors: Uruszczak Wadaw 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At thebeginning of the fourteenth century one of the Polish dukes of the Piast dynasty; Wladislaus Lokietek, was successful in unifying under his sceptre the two most significant Polish provinces, Wielkopolska and Malopolska. This led to his coronation as king of Poland in 1320. The kingdom thus restored displayed social and constitutionalfeatures typical of the monarchy of estates. The monarch was not an independent sovereign and the estates had their share in the govern ment of the country, although only to a limited extent. The role of the estates grew in the course of time as a result of the difficulties faced by the next monarchs and arising from the childless death of Casimir the Great (1370), as well as from the lack of male heirs to the throne after Louis of Hungary who ruled Poland in 1370-84. The system of the monarchy of estates was fully consolidated in the Jagellonian period (1385-1572).
Training and Professionalization
Authors: Ridder-Symoens Hilde de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary sociologists generally trace the process of the transformation of an occupation into an independent profession in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Historians of medieval and early modern history trace the roots of professionalization much earlier, either in the Middle Ages or from the sixteenth century onwards. Of course it depends on one ‘s concept of professionalization. Instead of going into sociological debates as to how that process should be defined, we will limit ourselves here to some of the main components of professionalization in medieval and early modern society. It concerns primarily the ‘learned ‘ professions and consists of the following elements: (1) Education: the professional possesses a theoretical knowledge based on specialized and uniform training; (2) Organization: the professional is set apart from non-professionals by various signs and symbols; he is a member of a professional, self-regulating organization which sees to the competence, knowledge, and integrity of its peers; the professional is subject to self-control by codes of conduct; (3) Autonomy: in exercising his specialized knowledge the professional uses his own judgement and authority and thus he enjoys autonomy, restrained by responsibility; (4) Service: the professional is expected to provide service and to put the client ‘s interest above his own.
The Right of Representation: The Resistance Movements
Authors: Blickle Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most important institutional link between the rank and file of Spanish society and royal power was no doubt the Cortes. All three kingdoms had their own a monarch over a number of provinces, which were sometimes united and sometimes divided; an adversary of the estates in financial and religious conflicts; lord of most Austrian towns; &gt;the highest judge over all of his subjects.
Introduction
Authors: Caine Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of feminism has developed into a major field in recent years as scholars from many disciplines and in many countries have sought to explore the ways in which women’s oppression has been represented, discussed, and resisted in the past few centuries. This new scholarship and research has revealed the intensity, the extent, the duration, and the complexity of the concern to understand the meaning of sexual difference and to end sexual oppression and hierarchy, which is the core of feminism. Until quite recently, feminist discussion and debate was seen as spasmodic and fragmentary, at least until the midnineteenth century, and then as going into abeyance after the First World War. Now, by contrast, it is possible to construct a more or less continuous history of British feminism, showing its persistence in terms of published texts and active engagement at least from the seventeenth century to the present.
Feminism and the Woman Question in the Early Nineteenth Century
Authors: Caine Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The demand for the Rights of Woman in the late eighteenth century provided the basis and the framework for modern feminism. In Britain its emergence was closely bound up with the broad range of social and economic changes brought by industrialization and urbanization in the later eighteenth century, the expansion in wealth and power of the middle class, and the new emphasis on individualism and economic independence which accompanied it. But it was the political upheaval of the French Revolution and the debates about political rights and citizenship which surrounded it that brought the first extensive discussion of women’s emancipation, the central concern of modern feminism.
Mid-Victorian Feminism
Authors: Caine Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The period after the death of Mary Wollstonecraft raises many complex issues for historians of feminism. It is generally accepted that feminist debate and discussion ceased completely at this time. The French Revolution and the wars that followed them brought a powerful conservative reaction which made any suggestion of political and social reform all but impossible. And within this context, any suggestion of the need for women’s rights or for changes in sexual relations or family life invoked developments in France and raised fears, not only of revolution, but of contaminating British ways of life with French ideas. The sense of Britain as exemplified by manliness, which was accepted even by Wollstonecraft, had as its counterpart a sense of France as excessively feminine and as a country in which women had too much power. Thus traditional family structures and ideals of masculinity and femininity came increasingly to be seen as a central and defining part of British life. Godwin’s revelations about Wollstonecraft confirmed both the anti-French sentiment and the counter-revolutionary belief that the discussion of women’s rights-was inseparable from political subversion and personal immorality, ensuring that Wollstonecraft’s ideas were not generally discussed or elaborated for some decades. But this very conjunction of France with a fear of femininity and of women’s power raised sexual anxieties and made questions of gender central political ones.
The annotations in oxford, bodleian library, auct. D. 11. 14
Authors: Ganz David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oxford, Bodleian Library, Auct. D. II. 14 is one of two surviving Italian gospel books which had reached Anglo-Saxon England by the end of the seventh century (pls. 1-2). The other, Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, 286 has long been called the Gospels of St Augustine, and fanciful accounts of its place of origin and its arrival in England have ensured that it has recently kept company with England’s primates. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Auct. D. II. 14 was given to Sir Thomas Bodley by Robert Cotton in 1603, and clear evidence of its earlier history is lacking. It contains an Italian text of the gospels, now incomplete,4 which editors have long calledO. The frequent annotations found in this manuscript make it possible to explore its history and use from the seventh to the twelfth century.
The Voice of Charlemagne
Authors: Nelson Janet L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern historians might well sympathize with the difficulty medieval people had in gaining access to kings. In our case, the reasons have nothing to do with obtrusive favourites or officious ostiarii, or with the magnum impedimentum in palatio caused by the throng of clamatores, seekers of redress. Our direct evidence on rulers’ aims and characters is so inadequate that we are likely to despair of ever scenting human flesh (to borrow Marc Bloch’s phrase). Yet we occasionally have a sense of contact with the individuals in question which may not be mere illusion.
True Teachers and Pious Kings: Salzburg, Louis the German, and Christian Order
Authors: Airlie Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The church of Salzburg in the Carolingian era can easily appear as a missionary station focused on the frontiers of the empire. Writing to his friend Arn, bishop and after 798 archbishop of Salzburg, Alcuin referred to the latter’s proximity to the ‘frontiers of the Christian empire’. Alcuin was concerned with the work of conversion among the pagan Avars, whose military power had just been broken by Carolingian might. A century later one of Am’s successors, Archbishop Theotmar (873-907), wrote to the pope to express his anger at the savage behaviour of the pagan Hungarians which threatened the Christian culture of Pannonia. Theotmar, together with two other Bavarian bishops and a host of warriors, was in fact to perish in battle against the Hungarians at Pressburg (Bratislava) in 907.
An Ottonian Sacramentary in Oxford
Authors: Kauffmann Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A reconsideration of Oxford’s most important Ottonian illuminated manuscript seems appropriate in a volume dedicated to Henry Mayr-Harting, whose ground-breaking contextual study of Ottonian illuminated manuscripts reminded the scholarly world that Ottonian books were made by and for real people in particular religious and political situations, people who may even have gone so far on occasion as to talk to one another. Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS. Canon. Liturg. 319, a sacramentary,2 was first described in detail in the early twentieth century, and was subjected to close examination in the mid-1960s by two liturgical scholars, who reached markedly different conclusions as to its origins (pls. 8-ro, 12, 14, 16, and 18). Since then considerable progress has been made by palaeographers and art historians in the study of Ottonian manuscript production, much of which has implications for our understanding of the Oxford sacramentary.
Pastorale pedum ante pedes apostolici Posuit: Dis- and reinvestiture in the Era of the investiture contest
Authors: Reuter Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historians of the eleventh-century church are familiar with the public renunciations by bishops of the symbols of office followed by their return by the pope, acting either in consistory or in council: the first and most spectacular example took place at the Council of Reims in 1049, when Leo IX received an episcopal submission in this way, as we shall see. The action might seem to need no explanation, and it has certainly received none, but it does raise several interesting questions, in particular what it meant and why people began using it in this period. We may begin by looking at some detailed examples, and then move on to elucidate the meaning and the prehistory of this ritual, and the methodo-logical questions it raises.
Two Concepts of Temptation*
Authors: Leyser Henrietta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He asked Abba Joseph of Panepho, ‘What would I do when the passions assail me? Should I resist them, or let them enter?’ The old man answered, ‘Let them enter, and fight against them.’ Poemen returned to Scetis where he remained (as a hesychast). Now someone from Thebes came to Scetis and said to the brothers, ‘I asked Abba Joseph, “When a passion draws near, should I oppose it or allow it to enter?” He answered me, “Absolutely do not let the passions enter, but cut them off at once.”‘ When Abba Poemen learned that Abba Joseph had spoken to the Theban in such a manner, he arose, went to see him in Panepho, and said, ‘Abba, I confided my thoughts to you; and you have said one thing to me, and another to the Theban.’
The Domesday Texts
Authors: Roffe David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To All Appearances the Domesday process is remarkably well documented. There is a handful of more or less independent accounts of the purpose of the inquiry and the methods that it employed, and, in addition to the two volumes of Domesday Book, a mass of documentation that was collected in the course of the inquest itself The historian may wish for more, but in fact the volume of evidence is remarkable for the period. Comparison with the Hundred Roll inquiry of 1279 underlines the point. This was commissioned at the height of Edward I’s experiment in interventionist government and, if it was ever finished, amounted to the most comprehensive survey of land tenure, Domesday Book notwithstanding, that was undertaken anywhere in medieval Europe. And yet there is not a single reference to this momentous event in contemporary chronicles and only fragmentary verdicts survive from a dozen or so counties. Even the immensely popular inquest of 1274/5, that promised the restitution of lands and rights after the civil war of 1264–5, only merited a single reference and this only to note that ‘nothing came of it.’3 The Domesday inquest was different. It attained talismanic status at an early date, and in consequence the inquest was noticed and its records preserved.
The Writing of Great Domesday Book
Authors: Roffe David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Mystique That surrounded Domesday Book in the popular mind was in no small measure a function of the sacral connotations of the book form. Nevertheless, the extent to which such symbolism was fostered by government should not be exaggerated. In 1279 Edward I ordered his commissioners to enter the Hundred Rolls ‘in books [in libris] ‘. Edward was certainly aware of the power of appropriate iconography; that of his Welsh castles evoked images of a triumphant Albion. But the survey of 1279 was never completed and it is therefore impossible to determine what was intended. Nevertheless, throughout the Middle Ages inquests were abbreviated and copied into books for more prosaic reasons. Almost all of the major surveys brought to light information that was of continuing interest to government, and convenient summaries were frequently made to facilitate reference. Sometimes the process was contemporary or almost contemporary. The Rotuli de Dominabus certainly date from the late twelfth century and Round believed them to be the verdicts of the inquest of 1185. In reality they appear to be abbreviations (here in roll form, albeit sewn together) of the inquest, for the names of the jurors are not preserved and the rolls were apparently not sealed. More often abbreviation post-dates by many years the inquests. Thus it is that many of the twelfth-and early-thirteenth-century surveys are preserved in works of reference of the later thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
Constables and Other Officers
Authors: Beattie J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The forces charged with keeping order in the City of London consisted of constables, the night watch, the beadles, and the City marshals. The beadles-generally speaking one in each ward-and the two marshals, who were helped by a half dozen marshalsmen, were paid and uniformed, and to some extent experienced, in that they tended to continue in office from one year to another. The watchmen, beadles, and marshals were charged with a range of duties, but their principal tasks centred on maintaining order in the streets, controlling vagrancy, prostitution, and begging, and preventing disorderly behaviour in general.
Detection and Prosecution: Thief-takers, 1690-1720
Authors: Beattie J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early modern policing, like modern policing, centred broadly on the maintenance of the peace and the keeping of order in society.1 Then, as now, crime prevention was a major concern of the authorities, and, as we have seen, they thought that surveillance on the streets and public places was one way to achieve that. But in 1700 other aspects of what we take to be matters at the heart of modern policing were not within the purview of the constabulary or the night watch¬ men. No public body had the responsibility to investigate crimes, to detect offenders, or to gather the evidence that would sustain a prosecution. All of that was left to the victim. The state provided the machinery of criminal justice, but there was no expectation that constables, or other public officials, would act as detectives or prosecutors-not, at least, with respect to the serious offences that harmed individual victims.
Crime and the State, 1714-1750
Authors: Beattie J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1701 the author of that gloomy treatise on the state of crime in London Hanging Not Punishment Enough had no doubt that there had been a sharp increase in crime in the capital over the previous few years, particularly robberies and burglaries-a ‘Lamentable Increase’, as he put it, ‘of High-way-Men, and House-breakers ... ‘. Nor had he any doubt about the causes: ‘We need not go far for Reasons of the great numbers and increase of these Vermin: for tho’ no times have been without them, yet we may now reasonably believe, that after so many Thousands of Soldiers disbanded, and Mariners discharged, many of them are driven upon necessity, and care not to work, and many (I fear) cannot, if they would.’1 It might not be entirely their fault, he conceded, but these ex-soldiers and sailors had been corrupted by the irregular life they had led in the forces, and when they were discharged some of them turned inevitably to take by plunder what they could not or would not earn by working.
The physical environment
Authors: Haughton J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The island has a compact shape with a maximum length of 480 km (280 miles) from Malin Head in the north to Cape Clear in the south, and a maximum width of 300 km (190 miles) from Belmullet in Mayo to the Ards peninsula in County Down. Within its 84,400 km (32,000 square miles) a variety of relief and soil conditions provide a wide range of physical environments. About 12 per cent of the total area is occupied by inhospitable, windswept hills and plateaus where rocky outcrops alternate with spreads of heather-covered peat.
The archaeology of early medieval Ireland, c.400–1169: settlement and economy
Authors: Edwards Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is still possible to trace great numbers of sites, both secular and ecclesiastical, in the landscape, some with substantial upstanding remains. For example, it is estimated that as many as 45,000 ringforts are still identifiable. Only a tiny fraction of the sites known has been sampled by excavation, but where conditions of survival are favourable, notably those caused by waterlogging, it has proved possible to learn an increasing amount about the way in which the early medieval Irish lived, their houses, and a range of other structures, such as Souter rains and water-mills.
The church in Irish society, 400–800*
Authors: Hes Kathleen Hug 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
when Christianity reached Ireland in the fifth century it came from different sources, from Britain and from the Continent. Both were very different from Ireland. Gaul lay at the end of a very long and thorough period of romanisation. The barbarians were moving into Gaul in the fourth century, but they were barbarians who had lived for some time on the fringes of the Roman world and who were anxious to be assimilated into it. The church in Gaul was identified with some aspects of the culture of the empire: most of her bishops spoke and wrote good Latin; they presided in judicial disputes; they had taken over the administration of some cities, organising their provisioning and even their defence.
Music in Ireland to c.1500
Authors: Buckley Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two requirements for the investigation of prehistoric music cultures are archaeological excavation and a broad range of comparative data. The former is essential, since the only evidence we can hope for is that of material survivals. We have no written records; thus objects which would have been used for producing sound, and depictions of these objects, or of music making situations (e.g., dance), are our only sources. Comparative data are usually a sine qua non, for the range of sound-producing objects is, in theory, unlimited.
The Time: Economic Crisis and Political Repression in the I87os
Authors: Blackbourn David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prussian victory over France in 1870 laid the basis of the German Empire that came into being the following year. The formation of the new state seemed to many contemporaries to mark the beginning of a new age. One of them later wrote that the events of the 1870s were like a spring wind, signalling ‘the end of the Middle Ages, the beginning of the modern era’.1 The sentiment was widespread. Pride in the might of German arms, symbolized in the celebration of Sedan Day as a national festival, was joined to pride in German material and cultural achievements. Unification was widely perceived as providing a framework within which the railway and the telegraph, the educational system and the rule of law, would make an Age of Progress still more complete.’ This sense of buoyancy was fuelled by the heady upward movement of all the economic indicators during the so-called Griinderzeit, the post-unification boom of 1871–3.