bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polygalacturonase‐inhibiting protein accumulates in Phaseolus vulgaris L. in response to wounding, elicitors and fungal infection
Authors: Bergmann Carl W. , Ito Yuki , Singer Darrell , Albersheim Peter , Darvill Alan G. , Benhamou Nicole , Nuss Laurence , Salvi Giovanni , Cervone Felice , De Lorenzo Giulia 
Published: November 2004

SummaryPolygalacturonase‐inhibiting protein (PGIP) is a cell wall‐associated protein that specifically binds to and inhibits the activity of fungal endopolygalacturonases. The Phaseolus vulgaris gene encoding PGIP has been cloned and characterized. Using a fragment of the cloned pgip gene as a probe in Northern blot experiments, it is demonstrated that the pgip mRNA accumulates in suspension‐cultured bean cells following addition of elicitor‐active oligogalacturonides or fungal glucan to the medium. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies specific for PGIP were generated against a synthetic peptide designed from the N‐terminal region of PGIP; the antigenicity of the peptide was enhanced by coupling to KLH. Using the antibodies and the cloned pgip gene fragment as probes in Western and Northern blot experiments, respectively, it is shown that the levels of PGIP and its mRNA are increased in P. vulgaris hypocotyls in response to wounding or treatment with salicylic acid. Using gold‐labeled goat‐anti‐rabbit secondary antibodies in EM studies, it has also been demonstrated that, in bean hypocotyls infected with Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, the level of PGIP preferentially increases in those cells immediately surrounding the infection site. The data support the hypothesis that synthesis of PGIP constitutes an active defense mechanism of plants that is elicited by signal molecules known to induce plant defense genes.
A Gurson–Tvergaard based model to simulate the fracture of aged duplex stainless steels
Authors: ALEGRE J. M. , GUTIÉRREZ‐SOLANA F. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTIn order to use duplex stainless steels for components designed to withstand temperatures up to 475 °C, the knowledge of the effect of ageing on the fracture mechanisms is required. For the unaged steel, the ductile fracture takes place due to the nucleation of microvoids initiated on precipitates and inclusions present in the austenitic phase. However, the ageing of the material leads to a global loss of ductility. The ferrite phase embrittlement causes it to break by cleavage at lower levels of plastic strain. These changes, both in mechanical properties and in fracture micromechanisms, can be simulated by means of variation in the parameters that govern the constitutive equation of the material. The local approach model developed by Gurson–Tvergaard has been used to simulate, by FE analysis, the elasto‐plastic behaviour and the fracture of these materials at various stages of ageing at 400 °C. An extensive experimental program has been undertaken in order to obtain the Gurson–Tvergaard model parameters needed for numerical simulations, which considers the effect of ageing conditions (time and temperature), the ferrite content of the steel that causes the global embrittlement and the geometry of the component from the stress triaxiality by using axisymmetric notched specimens. The numerical model developed allows predictions to be made for the damage constitutive parameters for duplex steels subjected to any ageing conditions and, as a consequence, can be directly used for designing components.
Comparison of Routine Glove Use and Contact‐Isolation Precautions to Prevent Transmission of Multidrug‐Resistant Bacteria in a Long‐Term Care Facility
Authors: Trick William E. , Weinstein Robert A. , DeMarais Patricia L. , Tomaska Wanda , Nathan Catherine , McAllister Sigrid K. , Hageman Jeffrey C. , Rice Thomas W. , Westbrook Glennis , Jarvis William R. 
Published: November 2004

Objectives: To compare routine glove use by healthcare workers for all residents, without use of contact‐isolation precautions, with contact‐isolation precautions for the care of residents who had vancomycin‐resistant enterococci or methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a clinical cultureDesign: Random allocation of two similar sections of the skilled‐care unit to one of the infection‐control strategies during an 18‐month study period.Setting: Skilled‐care unit of a 667‐bed acute‐ and long‐term care facility.Participants: All residents present or admitted to the skilled‐care unit from June 1, 1998, through December 7, 1999.Measurements: Resident acquisition of four antimicrobial‐resistant organisms (methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin‐resistant enterococci, or extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase‐producing Klebsiella pneumoniae or Escherichia coli). All isolates were strain typed. The facility level costs associated with each strategy were estimated.Results: Resident acquisition of antimicrobial‐resistant organisms was no different in the glove‐use and isolation‐precautions sections (31 episodes (1.5 per 1,000 resident‐days) vs 38 episodes (1.6 per 1,000 resident‐days)). Acquisition of either of two prevalent K. pneumoniae strains was more likely (P=.06) in residents in the isolation‐precautions section. The estimated costs of contact‐isolation precautions were 40% greater than those of routine glove use.Conclusion: There was a similar frequency of transmission of antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria in the two study sections; there was evidence for resident‐to‐resident K. pneumoniae transmission in the isolation‐precautions section. Routine glove use for healthcare workers, which decreases resident social isolation and healthcare facility costs, may be preferable in many long‐term care facilities.
Indicators of Recurrent Hospitalization for Pneumonia in the Elderly
Authors: El Solh Ali A. , Brewer Thomas , Okada Mifue , Bashir Omar , Gough Michael 
Published: November 2004

Objectives: To identify modifiable risk factors of late unplanned readmissions for elderly with community‐acquired pneumonia.Design: A case‐control study.Setting: Three university‐affiliated tertiary‐care hospitals.Participants: Two hundred four case‐control pairs. Case patients referred to all patients readmitted with pneumonia 30 days to 1 year after discharge. Control subjects were matched for age, admission date, and residence before admission.Measurements: Baseline sociodemographic information, clinical data, activity of daily living (ADLs) information, and Charlson Comorbidity Index score were obtained. The Pneumonia Severity Index was calculated with swallowing dysfunction and pattern and extent of radiographic abnormalities, antimicrobial coverage, and total duration recorded.Results: Median time to readmission was 123 days (interquartile range=65–238 days). Readmission was not associated with increased severity or length of hospital stay. In a Cox proportional hazards regression model, swallowing dysfunction (hazard ratio (HR)=2.15, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.46–2.97), current smoking (HR=2.04, 95% CI=1.48–2.82), use of tranquilizers (HR=1.5, 95% CI=1.02–2.22), and lower ADL scores (HR=1.06, 95% CI=1.02–1.10) were independently associated with readmission for pneumonia. The receipt of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (HR=0.46, 95% CI=0.27–0.78) and prior pneumococcal vaccination (HR=0.59, 95% CI=0.42–0.82) had a protective effect.Conclusion: Although there are limited effective measures to improve functional status, preventive strategies that include smoking cessation and pneumococcal vaccination should be actively pursued. Routine evaluation of swallowing dysfunction and use of pharmacological agents to improve the cough reflex deserve further evaluation in multicenter controlled trials.
Disruptive Behaviors in Veterans Affairs Nursing Home Residents: How Different Are Residents with Serious Mental Illness?
Authors: McCarthy John F. , Blow Frederic C. , Kales Helen C. 
Published: November 2004

Objectives: To determine the prevalence and correlates of behavior problems of residents of Veterans Affairs (VA) nursing homes and to compare residents with serious mental illness (SMI) with other resident groups.Design: This study combined cross‐sectional resident assessments with administrative data for all residents in VA nursing homes. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between resident characteristics and problem behaviors.Setting: Nursing home care units in the VA healthcare system.Participants: A total of 9,618 nursing home residents assessed as part of the VA's April 2001 national resident census.Measurements: The Patient Assessment Instrument assessed each resident's verbally disruptive, physically aggressive, and socially inappropriate behaviors in the prior 4 weeks. Functional limitations in eating, mobility, toileting, and transfer were assessed. Diagnoses were evaluated for the stay and up to 6 months before assessment.Results: Almost one‐fifth (17.9%) of residents received a diagnosis of SMI. Residents with SMI or dementia had greater behavior problems than residents with neither condition. Residents with SMI (and without dementia) exhibited more verbal disruption than residents with dementia (and without SMI), but the two subgroups did not differ in physically aggressive or socially inappropriate behavior.Conclusion: Many VA nursing home residents have SMI. Their level of behavior problems is comparable with that of residents with dementia. Clinical practice and nursing home staff training must encompass geriatric mental health and behavior management to meet the needs of residents with SMI.
Footlift Asymmetry During Obstacle Avoidance in High‐Risk Elderly
Authors: Di Fabio Richard P. , Kurszewski Wesley M. , Jorgenson Erin E. , Kunz Rachel C. 
Published: November 2004

Objectives: To test the hypothesis that vertical footlift asymmetries and low obstacle clearing distance during obstacle avoidance are characteristics of elderly people classified as high risk for falls.Design: Controlled cross‐sectional design with two conditions to cue selection of the foot‐for‐step initiation: sound cue and visual cue.Setting: Senior independent living facilities.Participants: Eighteen community‐dwelling elderly with a history of falling or prolonged Timed Up and Go score greater than 13.5 seconds, 16 elderly with no fall history and Timed Up & Go score of 13.5 seconds or less, and 15 younger subjects.Measurements: Video kinematic analysis of bilateral footlift displacement and velocity using reflective markers as subjects stepped over foam obstacles scaled to a maximum tolerated height.Results: High‐risk elders contacted the obstacle more frequently and had significantly greater vertical footlift asymmetries adjusted for obstacle/subject height (mean±standard error asymmetry index for sound cue 3.25±0.42 cm, for visual cue 2.51±0.45 cm) than low‐risk and younger subjects (P<.001). In low‐risk elderly and younger subjects, the asymmetry index approached 0, which indicated symmetrical lower limb movements when stepping over the obstacles.Conclusion: High‐risk elderly show a marked asymmetry in foot clearance while stepping over an obstacle, with the lag foot clearing the obstacle at a much lower distance than the lead foot. Possible mechanisms responsible for these findings (limited hip extension and deficits in executive cognitive function) are discussed.
Internal consistency and validity of a new physical workload questionnaire
Authors: Bot S D M , Terwee C B , van der Windt D A W M , Feleus A , Bierma-Zeinstra S M , Knol D L , Bouter L M , Dekker J 
Published: November 2004

Aims:To examine the dimensionality, internal consistency, and construct validity of a new physical workload questionnaire in employees with musculoskeletal complaints.Methods:Factor analysis was applied to the responses in three study populations with musculoskeletal disorders (n = 406, 300, and 557) on 26 items related to physical workload. The internal consistency of the resulting subscales was examined. It was hypothesised that physical workload would vary among different occupational groups. The occupations of all subjects were classified into four groups on the basis of expected workload (heavy physical load; long lasting postures and repetitive movements; both; no physical load). Construct validity of the subscales created was tested by comparing the subscale scores among these occupational groups.Results:The pattern of the factor loadings of items was almost identical for the three study populations. Two interpretable factors were found: items related to heavy physical workload loaded highly on the first factor, and items related to static postures or repetitive work loaded highly on the second factor. The first constructed subscale “heavy physical work” had a Cronbach’s α of 0.92 to 0.93 and the second subscale “long lasting postures and repetitive movements”, of 0.86 to 0.87. Six of eight hypotheses regarding the construct validity of the subscales were confirmed.Conclusions:The results support the internal structure, internal consistency, and validity of the new physical workload questionnaire. Testing this questionnaire in non-symptomatic employees and comparing its performance with objective assessments of physical workload are important next steps in the validation process.
Leisure time physical activity and strenuousness of work as predictors of physical functioning: a 28 year follow up of a cohort of industrial employees
Authors: Leino-Arjas P , Solovieva S , Riihimäki H , Kirjonen J , Telama R 
Published: November 2004

Aims:To examine associations of leisure time physical activity and physical strenuousness of work with physical functioning 28 years later.Methods:A cohort (n = 902) of metal industry employees was studied for exercise and housework activity in 1973 and 1978, and for BMI, current smoking, strenuousness of work, grip strength, and chronic diseases in 1973. Of the 670 survivors in 2000, 529 (79%) responded to all studied items in a follow up questionnaire including the SF-36 Physical Functioning (PF) scale. Belonging to the lower quartile of the PF scale denoted poor functioning.Results:Vigorous exercise and housework activity were inversely associated with poor PF 28 years later in both white-collar and blue-collar workers. Engaging in activities of any intensity was similarly associated among the blue-collar workers. In a multiple logistic regression model including as independent variables age, sex, occupational class, the number of chronic diseases, vigorous leisure time physical activity, BMI, physical work strenuousness, and smoking (all measured at baseline), the risk of poor PF at follow up was decreased by vigorous leisure time physical activity and increased by high physical strenuousness of work, high BMI, and smoking. The effect of work strenuousness was mainly due to that among the blue-collar group. Allowing for baseline grip strength did not materially alter the results.Conclusion:Vigorous leisure time physical activity decreased the risk of poor physical functioning as perceived considerably later in life, while high work strenuousness, smoking, and overweight increased it. Among blue-collar workers a beneficial association was observed with all leisure time activity, including that of lower intensity.
Dose-response relations between occupational exposures to physical and psychosocial factors and the risk of low back pain
Authors: Jansen J P , Morgenstern H , Burdorf A 
Published: November 2004

Aims:To assess dose-response relations between occupational exposures to physical and psychosocial factors and the risk of low back pain.Methods:A cohort of 523 subjects, working in nursing homes and homes for the elderly, was followed prospectively for one year. Physical load for different occupations was assessed by quantitative observations at the workplace. Information on low back pain and other factors was gathered with questionnaires administered at baseline and at one year. Two outcome measures of low back pain incidence were used: any new episode of pain lasting for at least a few hours during follow up (LBP); and any new episode of disabling pain that interfered with daily activities during follow up (LBP/D). Hierarchical regression analysis with a spline function was used to estimate dose-response relations.Results:The risk of LBP was not associated with physical factors, controlling for confounders; but this outcome was inversely associated with age and weakly, though imprecisely, associated with two psychosocial factors—low decision authority and high work demands. In contrast, the risk of LBP/D was positively associated with age and not associated with the psychosocial factors. Trunk flexion over 45 degrees was monotonically associated with the risk of LBP/D; the estimated relative risk was 3.18 (95% CI 1.13 to 9.00) for 1 hour and 45 minutes of bending per week (90th centile), relative to 30 minutes per week. The hierarchical estimates of effect were more stable than were the maximum likelihood estimates.Conclusion:Occupational exposure to trunk flexion over 45 degrees appears to be a risk factor for low back pain with disability among persons employed in nursing homes and homes for the elderly in the Netherlands.
Network Orientation
Authors: TEL GERARD 
Published: November 2004

This paper analyses how the symmetry of a processor network influences the existence of a solution for the network orientation problem. The orientation of hypercubes and tori is the problem of assigning labels to each link of each processor, in such a way that a sense of direction is given to the network. In this paper the problem of network orientation for these two topologies is studied under the assumption that the network contains a single leader, under the assumption that the processors possess unique identities, and under the assumption that the network is anonymous. The distinction between these three models is considered fundamental in distributed computing. It is shown that orientations can be computed by deterministic algorithms only when either a leader or unique identities are available. Orientations can be computed for anonymous networks by randomized algorithms, but only when the number of processors is known. When the number of processors is not known, even randomized algorithms cannot compute orientations for anonymous processor networks. Lower bounds on the message complexity of orientation and algorithms achieving these bounds are given.
MASSLESS FLOWS II: THE EXACT S-MATRIX APPROACH
Authors: FENDLEY P. , SALEUR H. , ZAMOLODCHIKOV AL. B. 
Published: November 2004

We study the spectrum, the massless S matrices and the ground-state energy of the flows between successive minimal models of conformal field theory, and within the sine-Gordon model with imaginary coefficient of the cosine term (related to the minimal models by “truncation”). For the minimal models, we find exact S matrices which describe the scattering of massless kinks, and show using the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz that the resulting non-perturbative c function (defined by the Casimir energy on a cylinder) flows appropriately between the two theories, as conjectured earlier. For the nonunitary sine-Gordon model, we find unusual behavior. For the range of couplings we can study analytically, the natural S matrix deduced from the minimal one by “undoing” the quantum-group truncation does not reproduce the proper c function with the TBA. It does, however, describe the correct properties of the model in a magnetic field.
FROM EQUATIONS TO HARDWARE: TOWARDS THE SYSTEMATIC MAPPING OF ALGORITHMS ONTO PARALLEL ARCHITECTURES
Authors: FRISON PATRICE , CHAROT FRANÇOIS , GAUTRIN ERIC , LAVENIER DOMINIQUE , QUINTON PATRICE , RAIMBAULT FRÉDÉRIC , WAGNER CHARLES 
Published: November 2004

Advances in VLSI technology make it possible to realize systems of very high complexity in a small volume of hardware using integration. In many application fields, it is necessary to implement certain algorithms, or even complete information processing systems, directly in silicon. Application domains which are likely to benefit are in the fields of signal processing and scientific computing. In this paper, we consider several steps which we believe to be essential in the design path of a special purpose architecture, and we present methodologies for achieving design requirements. These solutions are based on experience gathered in the Parallel VLSI Architecture group of IRISA.
From Ethno-Science to Science, or 'What the Indigenous Knowledge Debate Tells Us about How Scientists Define Their Project'
Authors: Ellen Roy 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis paper begins by examining the response of the organised scientific community to the claims of the indigenous knowledge lobby, and with some observations on the dichotomy between science and traditional technical knowledge. It reiterates the view that the potency of the distinction arises from a fusion of the general human cognitive impulse to simplify the processes by which we understand the world, reinforced by the socially-driven need of science to maintain an effective boundary around the practices which scientists engage in. The paper goes on to argue that the existence of these two epistemological metacategories obscures the presence of different ways of securing predictive knowledge of the material world, each of which is characterised by a distinctive configuration of cognitive and technical features, and which in several ways cut across the usual dualism between science and traditional knowledge. The argument is illustrated using examples from the history of biology and the ethnography of ethnobiological knowledge. It engages critically with insights drawn from cognitive psychology, the philosophy and sociology of science, and cognitive anthropology, as well as with scientists' own descriptions of what distinguishes the mental operations in which they engage.
Cognition, Construction and Culture: Visual Theories in the Sciences
Authors: Gooding David 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis paper presents a study of the generation, manipulation and use of visual representations in different episodes of scientific discovery. The study identifies a common set of transformations of visual representations underlying the distinctive methods and imagery of different scientific fields. The existence of common features behind the diversity of visual representations suggests a common dynamical structure for visual thinking, showing how visual representations facilitate cognitive processes such as pattern-matching and visual inference through the use of tools, technologies and other cultural resources. This dynamical model suggests a way of theorizing the interaction of cognitive, socio-cultural and technological aspects of science without losing sight of the essential contribution each makes to the processes of discovery. Whereas scientific work is often construed epistemically, as having the aim of improving the fit between theories and phenomena or culturally given notions of what counts as reality, this study shows that scientists use transformations to modify visual representations in ways that achieve other kinds of match: between a representation and the cognitive demands of a task (such as pattern matching or mental rotation) or between an emerging representation and the social need to communicate and negotiate new meanings in a context of culturally embedded conventions. By showing how images connect each of the overlapping contexts of scientific work the proposed model negotiates the sometimes contested boundary between cognitive and social aspects of science.
The Unreasonable Richness of Mathematics
Authors: Van Bendegem Jean Paul , Van Kerkhove Bart 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The paper gives an impression of the multi-dimensionality of mathematics as a human activity. This 'phenomenological' exercise is performed within an analytic framework that is both an expansion and a refinement of the one proposed by Kitcher (1984). Such a particular tool enables one to retain an integrated picture while nevertheless welcoming an ample diversity of perspectives on mathematical practices, that is, from different disciplines, with different scopes, and at different levels. Its functioning is clarified by fitting in illustrations based on actual research.