bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mozambique: Contested Sovereignty? The Dilemmas of Aid Dependence
Authors: Renzio Paolo de , Hanlon Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mozambique appears as many aid-dependent countries, with the government apparently believing that its undoubted reliance on foreign assistance means that it is not in a position to insist on its own priorities. [A]id dependency does not have to entail subservience, and boldness by the government can go part way to redressing the asymmetry just mentioned. (Killick, Castel-Branco, and Gerster 2005: 50) Mozambique has been seen by donors as a success story of peace, stability, and growth since the end of its devastating war in 1992. Indeed, it has become increasingly important to the international community as one of the few successes in Africa. Donors have invested substantial resources in Mozambique and are understandably committed to sustaining it for as long as possible.
Zambia: Back to the Future?
Authors: Fraser Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the mid-1980s, Zambia has been identifled as an emblematic case of a country dominated by its donors. Massive debt and aid dependency have weakened the government’s ability to negotiate with external actors, to set its own policies, and to act on the wishes of its citizens. Abrahamsen (2000) described a ‘disciplined democracy’, in which conditionality had been used by the Bretton Woods institutions to enforce their prescriptions, with the result that no matter who was elected economic liberalization would follow. Yet, in the past two years, the possibility has been mooted that Zambia is reclaiming the initiative in its aid relationships.
Notebooks from New guinea
Authors: Novotny Vojtech 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a unique and delightfully engaging account by a leading tropical biologist of doing science at one of the last wild frontiers in the world. Vojtech Novotny is a highly respected Czech scientist. His widely cited work, of profound importance to ecology and evolution, is not done, like much modern science, in a lab full of gleaming apparatus. Instead, he chose as his 'laboratory' the remotest parts of Papua New Guinea, where he has established a research station. Supported by a team of Papuans whom he has trained up so that they can combine their wide and intimate knowledge of the plants and animals of their tropical forest with the knowledge of modern science, Novotny studies the ecological interactions of butterflies and plants. Clearly this is no ordinary scientist. Combined with his intrepid courage (PNG is one of the most dangerous places on Earth, with a very high homicide rate), he is a shrewd observer of human nature. In the richly varied notes and reflections of this very individual volume are not only descriptions of natural history and scientific research in the rainforest, but accounts of the local peoples and their culture, the challenges of working across very different cultures, and amusing portraits of the antics of Western tourists, separated by a few 'intermezzi' - episodes when the author fought bouts of malaria. Novotny is that rare combination of excellent scientist and superb storyteller. The faithful translations by David Short bring these notes and reflections on science, nature, and human beings to a wide audience, without any loss to their richness, warmth, humility, and wisdom. The volume is illustrated with beautiful drawings by a self-taught Papuan artist, Benson Avea Bego, who lives in a remote village.
Finance Ministers and Central Bankers in East Asian Financial Cooperation
Authors: Nesadurai Helen E S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At least since the late 1950s, there have been networks of finance officials in the Asia-Pacific region. Nonetheless, the region has not had strong regional financial cooperation until the last decade. The Asian financial crisis of 1997–98 catalysed a rapid deepening of regional monetary cooperation, undergirded by several key networks of officials. This chapter analyses the emergence and influence of these networks. In the late 1950s, organizations such as the SEANZA (the Southeast Asia, New Zealand, and Australia forum) and SEACEN (the Southeast Asian Central Banks forum) were set up to provide training to regional central bank officials and have continued to do so. In 1991, central bankers began to meet under the framework of EMEAP, the Executives’ Meeting of East Asian and Pacific Central Banks. Since 1994, finance ministers have been meeting in the framework of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, while finance ministers from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) began meeting in March 1997 just before the Asian financial crisis broke out in July of that year.
The Centre for Latin American Monetary Studies and its Central Bankers’ Networks
Authors: Coates Kenneth G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the origins and evolution of a group of networks of central bank officials nested within a formal inter-governmental organization, the Mexico City-based Centre for Latin American Monetary Studies (CEMLA). Created before the rise of the East Asian central bankers’ networks discussed by Helen Nesadurai in this book, the Latin American networks are supported by a formal institution with its own legal personality, statutes, governance bodies, and executive structures. While the official mandate of the CEMLA is capacity-building, research, information dissemination, and technical assistance, it also coordinates four networks of senior central bank officials who meet regularly to discuss matters of mutual interest and to respond to emergencies in the international and regional financial environments.
Conclusion: Networks of Influence?
Authors: Martinez-Diaz Leonardo , Woods Ngaire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Government networks have become a prominent feature of international relations and global economic governance, and they look poised to stay. In a world facing growing transnational problems that require greater international coordination and harmonization, yet one dominated by governments reluctant to cede power to supra-national organizations, networks will retain their appeal. At the same time, inter-governmental networking has also ceased to be the exclusive province of the richest and most powerful countries and is becoming a widespread practice among developing countries, including of both lowand middle-income countries. How will developing countries fare in an increasingly networked world order? This book has tried to address this broad question by asking two smaller ones: Are networks exacerbating the inequalities of power already present in the world economy by giving the most powerful states another vehicle to exert their influence, or are they helping relatively weak states exert influence and build capacity of their own? And under what conditions might developing countries benefit from building their own networks?
Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus infection in mice: a persistent viral infection of the central nervous system which induces demyelination
Authors: Welsh C J R , Blakemore W F , Tonks P , Borrow P , Nash A A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) was originally isolated by Max Theiler in 1933 from the central nervous system (CNS) of a mouse which had developed flaccid paralysis of the hind limbs. He subsequently reproduced the lesions in weanling mice by intracerebral or intranasal inoculation (Theiler, 1934). The mice developed paralysis 1–4 weeks post-infection. Lesions were mainly located in the spinal cord and were characterized by necrosis of the ventral horn motor neurones similar to that seen in the human disease of poliomyelitis.
Fed-batch and continuous culture
Authors: Brown Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A variety of techniques has been developed for the submerged culture of microorganisms. Batch and fed-batch culture have been part of the art of fermentation since antiquity and are still used today for most industrial fermentations. Continuous culture techniques are relatively new and have not yet found much industrial application but have proved invaluable as a tool for laboratory studies. There are few descriptions in the literature of the methodology of submerged culture due, perhaps, to the diverse range of fermentations and the vast amount of equipment on the market. This chapter will describe some of the general aspects of setting up and running fed-batch and continuous culture, and will compare these with simple batch culture.
Cell Permeabilization
Authors: Tatham Peter E R , Gomperts Bastien D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many years investigations of cell regulation, and in particular stimulus—response coupling, were limited to studies of intact, viable cells. Details of intracellular mechanisms remained obscure until it was discovered that permeabilized cells, in which the cytosol is directly accessible from the exterior, retain specialized functions in response to appropriate second messenger molecules. We have developed a range of techniques that allow us to dictate the composition of the cytosol so that we may then dissect and investigate the biochemical processes that occur during the activation of mast cells. Many of these methods are applicable to other cell types.
Peptide Hormone Action
Authors: Siddle K , Hutton J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This, the second of two volumes, covers methods relating to the biosynthesis, processing, and secretion of polypeptides. It also covers techniques for investigating the major signalling systems which mediate hormone action, including cyclic nucleotides, inositol phosphates, diacylglycerol, calcium, and tyrosyl kinases.
Peptide Hormone Receptors
Authors: Toft Steen Gammel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peptide hormones induce their cellular actions via interaction with specific cell surface receptors. The characterization of hormone receptors has primarily been based on their cellular functions: recognition of hormone, transmission of chemical signal, and activation of cellular effector systems such as transport carriers, metabolic enzymes, and secretory vesicles. In addition, receptors mediate also proteolytic degradation of their peptide ligand via endocytosis of the receptor—hormone complex. Peptide hormone receptors are integral membrane proteins consisting of an extracellular domain with ligand binding activity, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain involved in signal transduction. Recently, receptors for several peptide hormones, as well as polypeptide growth factors and neuropeptides have been purified and their amino-acid sequences resolved from the cDNA structures of their precursors. It should be emphasized that peptide hormone receptors show no principal differences in their structure and function from receptors for growth factors and neuropeptides, and they can be considered as one group of cellular proteins. Based on structural homologies between receptors, different classes have been recognized. In spite of the recent progress in resolving amino-acid sequences of receptors from the nucleotide sequence of their cDNAs, functional assays of receptor-binding, internalization and cellular actions remain fundamental in the identification of receptors.
Scanning electron microscopy and morphometry
Authors: Stanjsstreet Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the application of scanning electron microscopy and morphometry to the study of postimplantation mammalian embryogenesis. The production of scanning electron micrographs, once regarded as a science in itself, is now a routine procedure, whereas morphometry has not yet been applied extensively to studies of postimplantation mammalian embryos.
Fur1ctions of extraembryonic membranes
Authors: Freeman Stuart J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several extraembryonic membranes arc interposed between the postimplantation mammalian embryo and the maternal tissue, and these subserve a variety of functions which together provide a well-regulated environment for embryo growth and development. The functions indudc protection against mechanical and chemical injury and immunological rejection, transmission of nutrients, and passive immunity and control of the volume and composition of the fluid sunounding the embryo. Much of the evidence for these findings comes from studies using intact pregnant animals in which the scope for more detailed quantitative investigation is somewhat limited. However, several methods are now available for the in vitro culture of extra. embryonic membranes and these have brought about significant advances in our understanding of the functions of these membranes. This chapter deals almost exclusively with one of these membranes, the visceral yolk sac. The yolk sac has been the subject of a great deal of investigation in recent years and numerous techniques are now well established for its study, particularly in the rodent. In addition to describing these methods, this chapter will review some of the key observations that have been made using culture and in vivo techniques and discuss their relevance in the context of developmental biology and toxicology.
Clonal analysis of cell lineages
Authors: Beddington Rosa S P , Lawson Kirstie A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with methods for studying the development of single cells and their progeny during gastrulation and early organogenesis in the intact mouse embryo. There are various reasons for wishing to conduct such clonal analyses. Most importantly, the results from a series of clones marked in different regions of the embryo and at different developmental stages will provide information regarding cell lineage and the stage at which apparent restrictions in developmental potential occur. In addition, the effects of a specific genetic perturbation may be best studied by following the development of a clone of genetically altered cells in an otherwise normal embryo.
Extraction of lipids and derivative formation
Authors: Hamilton Shiela , hamilton Richard J , sewell peter A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The extraction of most lipids involves the use of solvents. The handling and use of solvents are the first, most important stage in the consideration of means of extraction. All practising chemists and biochemists recognize the necessity to handle any chemical carefully. Recently, there has been the need to assess the hazards of each operation in the science laboratory and to assess the use of every chemical. In the experimental sections which follow, it is assumed that the proper handling of chemicals will be given due care and attention. chemical reactions in fume cupboards or other similar vented spaces. Some of the small-scale reactions covered in the subsequent sections of the book are carried out in screw-capped vials or centrifuge tubes. Provided that the operations of mixing the reagents and the placing them in the tubes are performed in the fume cupboard, the subsequent warming or leaving to stand can take place on the laboratory bench. Some of the experimental procedures are quoted exactly as given in the original literature. Thus, there are mentions of chloroform and benzene, two solvents which have been all-but-banned from many laboratories. Alternatives to these two which are currently being used are dichloromethane for chloroform and toluene for benzene.
Nucleic acid isolation and hybridization techniques
Authors: Gurr Sarah Jane , Mcpherson Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent advances in recombinant DNA technology provide a means to analyse host-pathogen interactions at the molecular level. In this chapter we focus on various techniques currently used in our laboratory pertinent to molecular plant pathology studies. Several of our protocols have been optimized for plant and fungal systems by adapting the methods of other workers. All procedures which are well documented or commonplace elsewhere are referenced in the text.
The dynamics of microbial processes: a personal view
Authors: Pirt S John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was introduced to microbial growth dynamics when I went to Rome in 1960 to be initiated into chemical microbiology by Ernst Chain. My objective was to study the biosynthesis of penicillin. However, gradually I became diverted and fascinated by the problems of process control in penicillin production by the filamentous mould Penicillium chrysogenum.
Recent extensions of the surface stress theory
Authors: Koch Arthur L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bacteria grow in a quite different manner than do higher cells. This is because the latter use proteins, like actin, to control the shapes and movements of the cell and its nucleus (Koch, 1985a,b; Koch, 1988a,b). Most bacteria cannot do otherwise than rely on their positive turgor pressure and their control of the location of secretion and crosslinking of the peptidoglycan (PG) and their control of the hydrolysis of stress-bearing PG for morphogenetic movements (Koch et al., 1981a; Koch, 1983). Evidently from the success of bacteria, these processes are deployed effectively. It can be concluded a priori that the successful prokaryote uses the turgor pressure constructively, but resists its destructive effect. They have had to devise strategies so that the quite considerable stress in the plane of the wall is distributed about equally among many of the bonds in any small region. Obviously, when the stress is shared equally by many chains the structure will be optimally strong and when only a few of many support the stress, bonds will break and cracks will propagate.
Energetics of growth at low growth rates and its relevance for the maintenance concept
Authors: Stouthamer A H , Bulthuis B A , Van Verseveld H W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well known from chemostat experiments that yield parameters (Y) are dependent on the specific growth rate(µ,). In 1965 Pirt reformulated the linear equation for substrate conversion, in which the maximum growth yield (Yxsm) and the maintenance demand (ms) are constant parameters (see equations la and b). They can be calculated from the measured substrate utilization rate (rs), the specific rate of substrate utilization (qs), the specific rate of biomass formation (rx) and the biomass concentration (xt):
Principles of Protein Turnover: Possible Manipulations
Authors: Jentsch Stefan , Bachmair Andreas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction Protein degradation is an essential biological activity of living cells. In several cases protein turnover has a regulatory function, e.g. in reducing the levels of key enzymes of metabolic pathways and in the elimination of cellular regulators. In particular, some transcription factors, repressors, certain products of viral and cellular oncogenes, and crucial cell-cycle regulators, such as the cyclins, are short-lived in vivo. Turnover rates for individual proteins can vary considerably depending on the cell type, nutritional and other influences, and the position within the cell cycle. Another function of intracellular protein degradation is the elimination of misfolded, misassembled, mislocalized, damaged, or otherwise abnormal proteins.
Chemical Approaches to Protein Engineering
Authors: Offord Robin E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction This chapter exemplifies the chemical approach to protein engineering. We shall see that such an approach permits the preparation of, among other things, human insulin from porcine insulin, a super-active version of the same hormone, an antibody adapted for tumour location by a regio-specific substitution, proteins with high-abundance isotopic substitution of single atoms (radioactive and stable), specific C-terminal amidation of peptides produced by recombinant means, and various types of protein chimeras. Some of these applications are admittedly quite specialized, but it is clear that the methodology in general has much to offer, not only to research workers concerned with a particular system, but also to those who produce large quantities of recombinant polypeptides for some practical purpose, while encountering some limitation in the capacity of the normal biological expression system to introduce some particular structural feature.
Quantitation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-serum protein and lymphocyte DNA adducts in Danish foundry workers usmg 1mmunoassays
Authors: Autrup H , Seremet T , Sherson D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are ubiquitous in the environment, and have long been of concern as a potential human health hazard. Incomplete combustion of organic material, including fossil fuels, is the major source of PAH in the environment. High levels of PAH have been reported in many occupational settings.1,2 The PAH in cigarette smoke has been considered one of the etiological agents in lung cancer.
The N-alkyl Edman method for haemoglobin adduct measurement: updating and applications to humans
Authors: Töjrnqvist M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The N-alkyl Edman method, a modification of the Edman degradation method, was developed for specific determination of adducts to the Nterminal valine in haemoglobin (Hb). Later improvements of the method with respect of sensitivity, reproducibility, etc., have been summarized.4-5 The derivatives of the alkylvalines, the pentafluorophenylthiohydantoins (PFPTHs) are determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with chemical ionization in the negative ion mode, monitoring characteristic fragments.
Immunological methods for studying and quantifying lipoproteins and apolipoproteins
Authors: Milne Ross W , Weech Philip K , Marcel Yves L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antibodies and immunochemical techniques have been used to quantify lipoproteins and apolipoproteins and to study their structure, function, metabolism, heterogeneity, and genetic polymorphism. The antibodies used are, in general, directed against the apolipoproteins or against molecules that are implicated in lipoprotein metabolism such as the triglyceride lipases, cell surface lipoprotein receptors, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, and lipid transfer proteins. Due to their complex structure, lipoproteins have a number of distinct antigenic properties that impose certain modifications to the usual criteria that are applied in the production, characterization, and use of antibodies. In this chapter we will emphasize the unique antigenic features of lipoproteins and how these peculiarities influence the methodologies that are used to detect and measure lipoproteins. The techniques that are described are those that we currently use in our laboratories. For other techniques and a description of the production and use of antibodies in general, the reader is referred to reference (1).
Analysis of genomic sequence variation using amplification and mismatch detection (AMD) and direct sequencing
Authors: Roberts Roland G , Montandon A Jane , Green Peter M , Bentley David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genomic DNA sequence variation between individuals is the basis of both heritable phenotypic traits (including lethal diseases) and the neutral polymorphisms used for linkage analysis (1). The analysis of new disease mutations has until recently been performed by cloning and sequencing (e.g. see ref. 2), while the identification of novel restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) for a given DNA probe has usually been effected by Southern analysis of DNAs digested with a selection of restriction enzymes (1, 3). The advent of the polymerase chain reaction (4) (PCR), direct sequencing (5), and mismatch detection [using chemical modification (6, 7), RNase A cleavage (8), or denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (9)] has improved both the speed and efficiency of detecting all types of sequence variation. This chapter describes the use of PCR in combination with chemical mismatch detection and sequencing to detect sequence variation, and discusses their application to the study of both mutations and polymorphisms.