bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sir John Harington and the Book as Gift
Authors: Scott-Warren Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sir John Harington (1560–1612) has long been recognized as one of the most colourful and engaging figures at the English Renaissance court. Godson of Queen Elizabeth, translator of Ariosto, and inventor of the water-closet, he was also a lively writer in a wide variety of modes, and an acute commentator on his times. This study opens a new perspective on Harington’s literary production by attending to the fact that almost all of his writings were designed as gifts. Combining detailed readings and first-hand historical research, Jason Scott-Warren reconstructs the complex, often devious agenda which Harington wrote into his books as he customized them for specific individuals and occasions. Offering a wealth of insights into self-fashioning and the pursuit of patronage, this study makes a persuasive case for the significance of material culture to textual interpretation. It will be of interest to all who work on the early modern period, and in particular to historians of the book.
Part of the Furniture
Authors: Scott-Warren Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Autobiographical writers tend to produce sympathetic commentators. Just as the audience to a Renaissance tragedy develops a rogue identification with its villains, as they plan their plots in soliloquy, so in time we warm to our self-disclosing historical actors. No matter how noxious they may once have seemed from the outside, they can enjoy a posthumous redemption through their written manifestations. In this chapter, I explore the darker side of my subject, and expose some of the dangers attendant on making this particular Elizabethan courtier ‘one of the family’.
The Nineteenth Century
Authors: Garnett Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Statistical data suggest that in 1800 the world was 23 per cent Christian (rather less than one quarter), of which 86.5 per cent Christian (rather more than one third), of which 81 per cent were white. Given that the population of the world had vastly increased (by roughly three quarters) over this period, these figures indicate that the nineteenth century saw the fastest relative growth of the Christian churches since the earlier centuries.
Spouses’ Employment Careers in (West) Germany
Authors: Blossfeld Hans-Peter , Drobnič Sonja , Rohwer Götz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN this chapter, we present a dynamic study on how spouses in (West) Germany1 affect each other over the life course. Our approach is based on a symmetric perspective, trying to examine the interdependencies of husbands’ and wives’ transitions between full-time or part-time paid work and unpaid household work, beginning at the time of entry into marriage. What follows can therefore not be generalized for all women, all men, or women and men in non-marital unions. The extent and nature of these interdependencies within marriages, varying across the family life cycle as well as between social classes, is examined. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), an event-history analysis is used in order to consider the development of husbands’ and wives’ careers over the life course and across a broad range of marriage cohorts.
Married Women's Employment Patterns in Britain
Authors: Mcculloch Andrew , Dex Shirley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AS married women's employment participation has grown, a parallel lx interest in couples' employment patterns has been voiced. However, the consideration of interactions between two individuals' employment decisions has proved conceptually and operationally difficult. It is important to have more understanding of the interaction between husbands' and wives' employment as more dual-earner and dual-career couples emerge.
The Roman conquest and colonization of Umbria
Authors: Bradley Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the Roman conquest and reorganization of Umbria in the late fourth and third centuries BC and the involvement of Umbria in the Hannibalic War. We saw in Chapter 2 that settlement had begun on many of the later city sites by the time of the conquest, and in most cases went back for several centuries. Archaeological evidence shows that there were important social changes in the Iron Age, which I suggested could be understood as the beginnings of state organization.
Umbria in Italy: some comparisons and conclusions
Authors: Bradley Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this last, concluding chapter is to summarize the position reached on a range of important issues in the history of Umbria in the first millennium BC and, where it is instructive, to compare this picture with the evidence for Picenum. Although different in many ways, the pattern of settlement in Picenum does show some important similarities with that in Umbria. In both regions there is archaeological evidence (in the form of cemeteries) for increasing numbers of settlements from the start of the Iron Age, and by the era of Augustus both had similarly dense patterns of small urban centres.
Romantic comedies
Authors: Carroll William C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Shakespeare’s colleagues assembled the collection of his works known as the First Folio in 1623, seven years after his death, they divided the plays into three genres, or categories of drama: ‘Comedies’, ‘Histories’, ‘Tragedies’; these are largely still the genres modern critics invoke (though Cymbeline is no longer considered a tragedy, as it was in the Folio).
English history plays
Authors: Rackin Phyllis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first collected edition of Shakespeare’s plays, known as the First Folio, divided the plays into three categories-Comedies, Histories, and Tragedies. Although many of the plays listed as tragedies were based on historical subjects, plays that depicted late medieval English history, whether the stories they told were comic or tragic, received a classification of their own.
Post-colonial criticism
Authors: Singh Jyotsna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why did Shakespeare choose a black man, Othello, as the hero of one of his greatest tragedies? What led the dramatist who had portrayed the conventional negative stereotype of the Moor in Aaron (in Titus Andronicus) to break away from that image in his later play, Othello? Had Shakespeare and his contemporaries any direct contact with black people, with new world ‘Indians’, and with Jews? What was his response to the prevailing stereotypes of race and religion? Such questions have become more important since the 1980s, in large part because our society has become more sensitive to issues of racial identity and equality, and also of gender equity.
Hellenistic Transformations
Authors: Buxton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the period after Alexander’s death Hellenistic writers tried to make sense of the radically recognized political and cultural present by exploring how it grew out of what went before. Such writers were often drawn to the notion of aitia, the ‘causes’ which laid the foundations for the contemporary world. Hellenistic treatments of the theme of metamorphosis exemplify this same fascination. Stories of transformation were held to explain how certain aspects of the present originated. Tellers of metamorphosis myths—which burgeon in this period—regard their great Classical predecessors with respect, but also deliberately diverge from them in a creative play of imitation.
The First Steps: From Antiquity to Cyllenius’ Fifteenth-Century Commentary
Authors: Skoie Mathilde 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to understand and analyse my chosen commentaries on Sulpicia, it is necessary to take a step back and look at the tradition from whence these commentaries spring. With its ideal of giving the reader not only an overview of one’s own interpretation but also presenting previous commentators’ views, the commentary genre constantly interacts with its own tradition. Quite explicitly this ideal often leads to a commentator inheriting what is worth commenting on, the lemmata, from his or her predecessors. Therefore it is particularly important to study the first steps towards a commentary. This chapter will accordingly first set out the story of what we know of the transmission of the Sulpician poems and the first printed editions, and then offer a short analysis of the very first commentary on the Corpus Tibullianum by Bernardinus Cyllenius 1475 as a starting point for the following analyses.
Confronting a Sibylline Leaf: Scaliger’s Sixteenth-Century Commentary
Authors: Skoie Mathilde 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter I argued that Cyllenius used a reading strategy that avoided the possibility of problematic femininity in the Sulpicia poems. By ‘straightforwardly’ reading the poems as nothing out of the ordinary and not focusing on the gender of the narrator the issue simply never arose. In this chapter I will focus on a commentary that explicitly confronts the femininity of the ego, Joseph Scaliger’s commentary on Catullus, Tibullus, and Propertius (1577). In the following I shall argue that Scaliger confronts the femininity of the poems through his narrative approach, through his attention to the gendered references in the poem, and through the manner of his aesthetic appreciation.
Subtle Poetry or Feminine Fiddling? Two Nineteenth-Century Commentaries
Authors: Skoie Mathilde 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the nineteenth century authorship becomes the central issue in Sulpician scholarship and proves pivotal to the interpretation of Sulpicia’s poems. When Otto Gruppe in 1838 positively promoted the idea that some of the poems in the Appendix Tibulliana were written by an Augustan Sulpicia this was the first time in the history of classical scholarship that these poems were let out of their male grip. Although Heyne (1755) suggested that it might not be unlikely that some of the poems in the third book were written by Sulpicia, it was still very much a Kuhnian change of paradigm when Otto Gruppe vigorously promoted this idea in his Römische Elegie.
Sulpicia Americana: Smith’s Twentieth-Century Commentary
Authors: Skoie Mathilde 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have chosen to deal with Sulpicia’s reception in the twentieth century in two separate chapters. I chose this approach partly due to the fact that the two commentaries I am dealing with are written at either end of the century, with a gap of nearly ninety years separating them, and partly because such a division seems apt due to the clear divide in Sulpician scholarship between the scholarship before and after Santirocco’s reconsideration of Sulpicia in 1979.2 Thus the two commentaries embody most different developments in Sulpician scholarship. In this chapter, I will therefore deal with Kirby Flower Smith’s commentary on Tibullus (1913) and relate this to developments in the first half of the twentieth century. In the following chapter I will offer an analysis of Hermann Tränkle’s commentary on the Appendix Tibulliana (1990) in the light of the more recent developments in Sulpician scholarship.
The Commentator as Collector: Tränkle’s 1990 Commentary
Authors: Skoie Mathilde 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From 1838, when Gruppe first attributed Sulpicia’s poems to an Augustan puella, they enjoyed an uncontested amateurish status. This ascription of dilettantism, promoted vigorously in Smith’s commentary (1913), proved most persistent and was not seriously contested until the seminal reconsideration of the poems in 1979 by Matthew Santirocco. Since Santirocco’s article, however, most scholarship has viewed Sulpicia’s poetry in a more professional light. Nonetheless Sulpicia’s poems were still presented as amateurish as late as 1990 in the commentary of the German scholar Hermann Tränkle.
Introduction: The many Italies of the Middle Ages
Authors: Abulafia David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing the early history of a politically fragmented and economically diverse territory which has only been unified in recent times is a diﬃcult task; both medieval Italy and medieval Germany, tied together by their links to the Holy Roman Empire, have posed similar problems in this respect. The diﬃculties are magnified in the Italian case because of the existence in the south of political structures quite different from those in the north, and because of the ethnic and religious diversity of the south by comparison with the north.
Rural Italy
Authors: Osheim Duane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Italian countryside in was covered thickly with forest and marsh. These uninhabited tracts in northern and central Italy were broken up by numerous small villages organized in a system of estates or manors, what the Italians call the sistemacurtense. When these estates were first established in the eighth and ninth centuries, they consisted of some lands directly farmed by the landlord (demesne lands), other lands let by traditional long-term leases, as well as pasture and woodland used by all. These were not compact estates, but collections of pieces of land often spread among a number of villages.
Sardinia and Italy
Authors: Tangheroni Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Dante’s famous Devulgarieloquentia, a treatise on literary language written around, the author describes Sardinia as ‘associated’ with Italy, rather than part of it, and he describes the Sardinian language as a laboured and mechanical imitation of Latin, ‘as if of monkeys’. This reflects an idea, common in authors both before and after Dante, such as Raimbaut de Vaiqueiras or Fazio degliuberti, that Sard was a barbarous and incomprehensible language. Linguists now consider Sard a language in its own right, due to its particular characteristics, evident in documents written in the vernacular as early as the last decades of the eleventh century.
The Crossing
Authors: Barchiesi Alessandro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The Crossing’ in my title is the crossing or cross-breeding of literary genres: the implications of this abbreviation will be explained later. My talk today is influenced, as is obvious, by my own research on Latin poetry and on the impact of literary theory on the study of Latin poetry, but also, less obviously, by my participation in an interesting seminar on genre organized in 1996 by Mary Depew and Dirk Obbink, and hosted by the Centre for Hellenic Studies in Washington DC. I gratefully acknowledge the many ideas I have learned from most of the participants. The proceedings of the conference will present what could be seen as a ‘play-book’ of generic approaches in the 1990s. To avoid duplication, I will try to focus both on a distant past, late positivistic scholarship in the 1920s and on a near future, the crisis of postmodern culture that many of us are beginning to experience.
Purity in Danger: The Contextual Life of Savants
Authors: Stray Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In her anthropological analysis of boundaries and pollution, Purity and Danger (Douglas 1966), Mary Douglas redefined ‘dirt’ as ‘matter out of place’. Impurity, she argued, is not a state intrinsic to an object or person, but stems from their being where, according to a particular system of values, they should not be. In a sense I am myself out of place among the contributors to this book, since I write not as a classical scholar, but as a student of the uses of classics by different social groups-including classical scholars. My interest in classical scholarship is thus not in how to carry it out, but in how others practice it: in particular, in how they define their task, and why such conceptions emerge, are reproduced, or con tested in different institutional settings. To call myself, in effect, an ethnographer rather than a native is not to claim superiority of in sight. The distinction is in any case to be made between roles, not persons: there is no reason why a classical scholar should not also explore the history of his or her field. Yet scholars in other fields also have a legitimate interest in the history of classical scholar ship, and bring to its study techniques and perspectives which may enrich our understanding. Here, then, is a collaborative project to be pursued through dialogue between the bearers of different kinds of knowledge, bringing to it a variety of questions and insights. The present chapter, offered as a contribution to this dialogue, springs from the study of disputes between classical scholars who differed in their conceptions of their subject. My hope is that it may help to establish the conditions for the possibility of collaboration: an organic division of labour, in which different perspectives lead to constructive debate rather than to mutual stereotyping.
Education and Agency
Authors: Fortna Benjamin C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years the conjunction of state, education, and Islan1 has sparked controversy. The headscarf issue has only been the most visible aspect of a broader and more trenchant disagreement about the place of religion in contemporary society. For many, both in the Islamic world and in the West, the divisive “return” of Islam to school classroom and university campus, areas assumed to be the preserve of secular progress and national homogenization, has been deeply troubling. Whether or not we agree with this reaction, the prevailing historical treatment supports such a pejorative, dismissive approach to Islam in the context of “modern” education.
Morals
Authors: Fortna Benjamin C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like the empire’s borders, public morality was deemed to be in particular need of strengthening in the late Ottoman period. But while the geographical contractions displayed state weakness vis-a-vis external forces, the moral realm seemed to reveal the empire as coming unhinged from within. External hands could be perceived, it is true, behind the threat of religious conversion menacingly embodied in the form of foreign missionaries, yet the conversions that did take place were almost entirely at the expense of the empire’s non-Muslim population.
Imagined Universities: Public Insult and the Terrae Filius in Early Modern Oxford*
Authors: Haugen Kristine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a Saturday afternoon in July of 1669, a master of arts named Henry Gerard rose to address a crowd of academics and spectators in the Sheldonian Theatre at Oxford. A public Act for granting degrees was in progress, and nominally, Gerard was one of several opponents who were to challenge the incepting master of arts William Watts in a ceremonial disputation on three philosophical topics: Is knowledge memory (An scientia sit reminiscentia)? Is all sensation touch (An omnis sensus sittactus)? Are the planets habitable (An planetae sinthabitabiles)? Watts was obliged to answer no, yes, and no respectively, so that Gerard, speaking to the second question, was expected to argue that all sensation was not touch.1 No one would have been surprised, however, when Gerard ostentatiously ignored the stated question and announced his intention instead to ‘touch’ the doctors, their wives, and the Oxford townsmen—not, however, the townsmen’s wives, who according to Gerard suffered from the disease called ‘touch me not’.2 Gerard proceeded to insult various members of his audience in academic Latin for nearly an hour. According to him, the Vice-Chancellor John Fell shared one soul, one bed, and one wig with the Regius Professor of Divinity, Richard Allestree; Dr Smith of Christ Church invariably broke his oaths, except when he swore to beggars that he would not give them a penny; the Mayor of Oxford, John Lambe, was a tailor (sartor) and a cuckold who had delivered a simple-minded speech to the visiting Cosimo de Medici earlier that year; Dr John Lamphire, the Camden Professor of Ancient History, was a new Milo of Croton capable of carrying an ox, not on his shoulders, but in his belly. John Evelyn, who was present in the audience, described the speech to his diary as ‘a tedious, abusive, sarcastical rhapsodie’, and claimed he had advised the authorities that it ought to be ‘suppress’d’.3 In fact, the authorities went further, expelling Gerard within two weeks.
Philosophical Teaching and Mathematical Arguments: Jesuit Philosophers Versus Jesuit Mathematicians on the Controversy of Comets in Portugal (1577-1650)*
Authors: Carolina Luís Miguel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A long letter sent c.1630 by the Jesuit mathematician and astronomer Cristophoro Borri (1583-1632) to General Muzio Vitelleschi is illustrative of the difficulties Borri encountered in Lisbon during the late 1620s when he attempted to publish his Collecta Astronomica Exdoctrina. Owing to Borri’s stand on the epistemological status of mathematics-which contradicted a position defended in the Commentarii Collegii Conimbricensis1-Sebastião do Couto, the overseer of the celebrated Coimbra commentaries on Aristotle’s logic, appears to have conspired against the firebrand.2 Despite such initial problems, however, Borri’s cosmological work was destined to exert far-reaching influence over university teaching in both philosophy and astronomy. Indeed, as Randles has recently pointed out, traces of Borri’s work are evident in the two most influential Portuguese philosophy textbooks, composed by the Jesuits Baltazar Teles and Francisco Soares.3
Curriculum and Style in the Collegiate University: Classics in Nineteenth-Century Oxbridge1
Authors: Stray Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to compare two institutions which are in many ways similar but in others strikingly different: nineteenthcentury Oxford and Cambridge. It focuses on the content, organization, and status of their classical curricula, and explores the links between these and the social and intellectual styles characteristic of the two universities. These styles are identified both in the comparisons made within the universities, and in the fictional accounts which transmitted them in stereotyped form to a wider public. Such a comparison has the advantage of highlighting the extent to which transmitted knowledge is shaped by specific institutional contexts: academic politics, organizational structures, ideological traditions, and patterns of teaching and learning. In looking at Oxford and Cambridge from this point of view, we need to remember that in the collegiate university a layer of activity—pedagogical and political—has to be allowed for which is absent in most other such institutions. The Oxford battles between the advocates of collegebased tutorials and those of a research-oriented professoriate—i.e., between the followers of Benjamin Jowett and Mark Pattison—are well known. In the nineteenth century both universities had professors, but these were not the powerful founders and controllers of seminars, the patrons of pupils who followed their style and their commands which one finds in Germany in this period.2 In the first half of the century, indeed, many Oxbridge professors did not lecture, and some did not even reside. The university was beginning to take back the original authority which had been usurped by the colleges several centuries before, but the process was by no means complete.3