bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
General Principles of Expression
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I will begin by giving the three principles, which appear to me to account for most of the expressions and gestures involuntarily used by man and the lower animals, under the influence of various emotions and sensations.* I arrived, however, at these three principles only at the close of my observations. They will be discussed in the present and two following chapters in a general manner. Facts observed both with man and the lower animals will here be made use of; but the latter facts are preferable, as less likely to deceive us. In the fourth and fifth chapters, I will describe the special expressions of some of the lower animals; and in the succeeding chapters those of man. Everyone will thus be able to judge for himself, how far my three principles throw light on the theory of the subject. It appears to me that so many expressions are thus explained in a fairly satisfactory manner, that probably all will hereafter be found to come under the same or closely analogous heads. I need hardly premise that movements or changes in any part of the body as the wagging of a dog’s tail,
General Principles of Expression concluded
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now come to our third principle, namely, that certain actions, which we recognize as expressive of certain states of mind, are the direct result of the constitution of the nervous system, and have been from the first independent of the will, and, to a large extent, of habit. When the sensorium is strongly excited nerveforce is generated in excess, and is transmitted in certain directions, dependent on the connection of the nerve cells, and, as far as the muscular system is concerned, on the nature of the movements which have been habitually practiced. Or the supply of nerve force may, as it appears, be interrupted. Of course every movement which we make is determined by the constitution of the nervous system; but actions performed in obedience to the will, or through habit, or through the principle of antithesis, are here as far as possible excluded. Our present subject is very obscure, but, from its importance, must be discussed at some length; and it is always advisable to perceive clearly our ignorance. The most striking case, though a rare and abnormal one, which can be adduced to the direct influence of the nervous system, when strongly affected, on the body, is the loss of cooler in the
Special Expressions of Animals
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dog. I have already described (Figs 5 and 7) the appearance of a dog approaching another dog with hostile intentions, namely, with erected ears, eyes intently directed forwards, hair on the neck and back bristling, gait remarkably stiff, with the tail upright and rigid. So familiar is this appearance to us, that an angry man is sometimes said ‘to have his back up’. Of the above points, the stiff gait and upright tail alone require further discussion. Sir C. Bell remarks’ that, when a tiger or wolf is struck by its keeper and is suddenly roused to ferocity, ‘every muscle is in tension, and the limbs are in an attitude of strained exertion, prepared to spring’.
This tension of the muscles and consequent stiff gait may be accounted for on the principle of associated habit, for anger has continually led to fierce struggles, and consequently to all the muscles of the body having been violently exerted. There is also reason to suspect that the muscular system requires some short preparation, or some degree of innervation, before being brought into strong action. My own sensations lead me to this inference; but I cannot discover that it is a conclusion admitted
Special Expressions of Man: Suffering and Weeping
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this and the following chapters the expressions exhibited by man under various states of the mind will be described and explained, as far as lies in my power. My observations will be arranged according to the order which I have found the most convenient; and this will generally lead to opposite emotions and sensations succeeding each other.
Suffering of the body and mind: weeping. I have already described in sufficient detail, in the third chapter, the signs of extreme pain, as shown by screams or groans, with the writhing of the whole body and the teeth clenched or ground together. These signs are often accompanied or followed by profuse sweating, pallor, trembling, utter prostration, or faintness. No suffering is greater than that from extreme fear or horror, but here a distinct emotion comes into play, and will be elsewhere considered. Prolonged suffering, especially of the mind, passes into low spirits, grief, dejection, and despair, and these states will be the subject of the following chapter. Here I shall almost confine myself to weeping or crying, more especially in children.
Surprise Astonishment Fear Horror
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Surprise, astonishment Elevation of the eyebrows Opening the mouth Protrusion of the lips Gestures accompanying surprise Admiration Fear Terror Erection of the hair Contraction of the platysma muscle Dilatation of the pupils Horror Conclusion.
Attention, if sudden and close, graduates into surprise; and this into astonishment; and this into stupefied amazement. The latter frame of mind is closely akin to terror. Attention is shown by the eyebrows being slightly raised; and as this state increases into surprise, they are raised to a much greater extent, with the eyes and mouth widely open. The raising of the eyebrows is necessary in order that the eyes should be opened quickly and widely; and this movement produces transverse wrinkles across the forehead. The degree to which the eyes and mouth are opened corresponds with the degree of surprise felt: but these movements must be coordinated; for a widely opened mouth with eyebrows only slightly raised, results in a meaningless grimace, as Dr Duchenne has shown in one of his photographs. On the other hand, a person may often be seen to pretend surprise by merely raising his eyebrows.
Concluding Remarks and Summary
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have now described, to the best of my ability, the chief expressive actions in man, and in some few of the lower animals. I have also attempted to explain the origin or development of these actions through the three principles given in the first chapter. The first of these principles is, that movements which are serviceable in gratifying some desire, or in relieving some sensation, if often repeated, become so habitual that they are performed, whether or not of any service, whenever the same desire or sensation is felt, even in a very weak degree.
Our second principle is that of antithesis. The habit of voluntarily performing opposite movements under opposite impulses has become firmly established in us by the practice of our whole lives. Hence, if certain actions have been regularly performed, in accordance with our first principle, under a certain frame of mind, there will be a strong and involuntary tendency to the performance of directly opposite actions, whether or not these are of any use, under the excitement of an opposite frame of mind.
The Circulation of Social Energy
Authors: Greenblatt Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I began with the desire to speak with the dead. This desire is a familiar, if unvoiced, motive in literary studies, a motive organized, professionalized, buried beneath thick layers of bureaucratic decorum: literature professors are salaried, middle class shamans. If I never believed that the dead could hear me, and if I knew that the dead could not speak, I was nonetheless certain that I could re-create a conversation with them. Even when I came to understand that in my most intense moments of straining to listen all I could hear was my own voice, even then I did not abandon my desire. It was true that I could hear only my own voice, but my own voice was the voice of the dead, for the dead had contrived to leave textual traces of themselves, and those traces make themselves heard in the voices of the living. Many of the traces have little resonance, though everyone, even the most trivial or tedious, contains some fragment of lost life; others seem uncannily full of the will to be heard. It is paradoxical, of course, to seek the living will of the dead in fictions, in places where there was no live bodily being to begin with. But those who love literature tend to find more intensity in simulations-in the formal, selfconscious miming of life-than in any of the other textual traces left by the dead, for simulations are undertaken in full awareness of the absence of the life they contrive to represent, and hence they may skillfully anticipate and compensate for the vanishing of the actual life that has empowered them. Conventional in my tastes, I found the most satisfying intensity of all in Shakespeare.
Sophocles and the Democratic City
Authors: Griffin Jasper 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At school in the early 1950s, the first Attic tragedy we read was Euripides’ Iphigenia in Tauris: in retrospect, perhaps an eccentric choice. To help us we had a small school edition with notes in the back. The notes, broadly speaking, were concerned with questions of two kinds only. One was the reason why the verb in a given verse was in the infinitive, or the noun in the dative. That is, the note gave, in an oracular manner, a name to the case or the mood: an ‘ethic’ dative, a ‘historic’ infinitive. The other kind of note, the kind which we really disliked, gave curt and (again) oracular answers to inscrutable disputes between German scholars about the reading of the text. Discussion in class dealt with grammatical questions, not literary criticism; as for discussing the function of tragedy in the democratic city of Athens, such a thing never crossed the mind of any of us, teacher or pupil. The play was simply there. We set about it very much for the same reason, and in the same frame of mind, as climbers tackling Mount Everest: roped together by our shared sessions of translation in class, and with our survival kit in the form of our edition with notes in the back.
Sophocles’ Electra in Britain
Authors: Hall Edith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In February 1992 the basketball pitch in Templemore Sport Stadium in Londonderry was covered over. On this space the Irish actress Fiona Shaw led the Royal Shakespeare Company in Deborah Warner’s production of Sophocles’ Electra. The set suggested the confinement of a mental hospital. Shaw’s black shift and dose-cropped hair brought new meanings to Electra’s psycho logical disturbance. Her androgynous, athletic body was ‘transformed into an instrument for expressing terrible, primitive emotions of grief, hatred and the desire for revenge’.
Newton and the Mausoleum Site
Authors: Cook B F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Newton came to Bodrum for the first time in 1855. Three years earlier he had entered the diplomatic service as HM Vice-Consul at Mytilene, having previously been an Assistant in the British Museum’s Department of Antiquities. Newton records that his brief from the Foreign Office allowed him ‘to use such opportunities as presented themselves for the acquisition of antiquities for the British Museum, and with this object I was authorised to extend my researches beyond the limits of my Vice-Consulship’. In addition to his official reports to the Foreign Office, Newton wrote regularly to Antonio Panizzi of the British Museum. Newton’s primary aim in Bodrum at this time was to discover whether there were embedded in the walls of the Castle any sculptures from the Mausoleum that had not been extracted with the frieze-blocks in 1846, a possibility that he had raised in his paper in Classical Museum. He was not disappointed, finding in the Castle three lions, including two that he identified as those seen only from a boat by Ross. Newton was at a loss to understand why they had not been removed in 1846, and conjectured that they might then have been thought to have been either medieval or Turkish. In the hope of obtaining a firman to remove the lions, Newton reported their discovery to Lord Stratford de Redcliffe (as Sir Stratford Canning was known from 1852).
The Sculptors of the Mausoleum Friezes
Authors: Cook B F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1857, when he was still in Bodrum, Newton attributed to Scopas the four slabs of the Amazon frieze that had then recently been found on the Mausoleum site. Other scholars soon followed, attempting to attribute all the surviving slabs of the Amazon frieze, as well as other relief sculpture from the Mausoleum, to the sculptors named by Pliny and Vitruvius. Many indeed have thought that the question was settled by Wolters and Sieveking in 1909:’ their scheme has been widely accepted, and has served as the basis for much speculation on the style of the sculptors, and even for further attributions. Others, while accepting that the work of the named sculptors can be recognized in the Amazon frieze, have disagreed with Wolters and Sieveking in points of detail and have proposed schemes of their own. Others again have expressed doubts on the results of this kind of stylistic analysis, some even questioning the methodology itself.
Archaic Cyprus
Authors: Reyes A T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book examines the textual and archaeological evidence for the history of Cyprus from 750 to 500 BC. This significant period of the island's past is examined in three parts. The first surveys what is known about the local population of Cyprus and the political and social organization of the island. The second offer a narrative account of the period within a chronological framework more detailed than any analysis currently available. It suggests that the defining feature of the Cypro-Archaic period was the way in which local kingdoms adapted to different political and economic conditions in the Near East and Egypt, and took advantage of them. It challenges the prevalent view of a succession of foreign overlords controlling the island through military means. The third part discusses the internal and external relations of Cyprus by studying specific groups of pottery, seals, and sculpture. As a whole, this book provies a more complete picture of Archaic Cyprus than ever previously attempted. Generously illustrated with plates and figures, this will be an invaluable work of reference for archaeologists and ancient historians of both the West and Near East.
Cephalas
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The next point to be established is the scope of Michael’s book. Stadtmueller thought that it broke off at vii. 432, and few have allowed it to proceed beyond ix. 563, where C’s annotations stop. On more general and intangible grounds, Aubreton insists that it did not contain more than a selection of the poems in AP. If (as we have been assuming) it can be made probable that Michael’s copy was coextensive with the ‘Cephalan’ parts of AP at any rate up to ix. 563, then this would imply that Cephalas too was coextensive with AP to this point.
The Syllogae Minores
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a sense in which Aubreton’s attempt to dethrone Cephalas from his central position in the Byzantine epigram tradition is neither radical nor even original. For he is quite happy to allow that all the anthologies under discussion derive from an anonymous earlier collection which he calls simply ‘Anthologie perdue Xs’. That is to say, for a lost source we know to have existed he has substituted another, hypothetical source. This was in fact the common assumption before Basson’s epoch-making Berlin dissertation of 1917. Schneidewin, for example, discussing S in 1855 and Dilthey E in 1887, struck by the close parallelism of arrangement between their respective collections and AP/APl, both postulated a lost common source. ‘Habemus’, wrote Wolters of the syllogae minors in 1882, ‘vestigia luculenta vastae cuiusdam epigrammatum conlectionis, uncle et Cephalas et alii sua epigram-mata deprompserunt.
The Evolution of Greek Prose Style
Authors: Dover Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transmission of literature in writing began in the Greek world with poetry; the publication of laws and regulations came later, and prose literature last, about 500 BC. This book examines the stages by which prose was turned into the sophisticated art-form practised in the fourth century BC, in particular by Plato and Demosthenes. An attempt is made to determine the linguistic conventions which can reasonably be attributed, on the analogy of other cultures, to unwritten narrative and oratory. The extent to which `content' and `form' can be separated is considered, and the stylistic choices which constitute form are treated as determining the relationship (e.g. of authority or familiarity) between creator and receiver and the balance sought by the creator between innovation and deference to the receiver's expectations.
Apuleius A Latin Sophist
Authors: Harrison S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a response to the literary pleasures and scholarly problems of reading the texts of Apuleius, most famous for his novel Metamorphoses or Golden Ass. Living in second-century North Africa, Apuleius was more than an author of fiction; he was a consummate orator and professional intellectual, Platonist philosopher, extraordinary stylist, relentless self-promoter, and versatile author of a remarkably diverse body of work, much of which is lost to us. This book is written for those able to read Apuleius in Latin, and Apuleian works are accordingly quoted without translation (although where they exist suitable translations have been indicated). In this book Dr Harrison has provided a literary handbook to all the works of Apuleius as well as the Metamorphoses, and has set his works against their intellectual background: not only Apuleius' career as a performing intellectual, a sophist, in second-century Roman North Africa, but also the larger contemporary framework of the Greek Second Sophistic. While focusing primarily on the texts as literature and literary-historical, the book also deals with Apuleius' works of didactic philosophy and his consequent connection with Middle Platonism.
Aristides and the Prose Hymn
Authors: Russell D A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ten of Aristides’ extant speeches (Orations 37-46Keil) are usually designated ‘hymns’. They are: Athena, The Sons of Asclepius, The Well of Asclepius, Heracles, Dionysus, Asclepius, zeus, The Aegean Sea, Sarapis, and Poseidon. They certainly form a very striking display of high sophistic culture, combining rhetorical splendour with a sense of pride in places and monuments and a concern for religion and theology which we should believe to be rooted in deeply felt sentiment. No one who reads the Hieroi Logoi can fail to think Aristides a man of genuine religious temper.
The Interpretation of Order
Authors: Kahane Ahuvia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is an exciting and original study on the poetic significance of formal repetition in Homer. The author argues that localization, metre, and verse-structure are regularly used as semantic markers, providing certain words with a "meaning" that extends beyond their immediate context. This meaning often interacts with context-specific semantic features, creating a discourse that is replete with ambiguity, ambivalence, irony, and allusion. The discussion draws on recent approaches in linguistics and literary criticism, including narratology, pragmatics, socio-linguistics, discourse analysis, and speech-act theory, but lays emphasis on the primary text as an object of study. The author shows how Homer's polysemic texture contributes to the presentation of key literary topics such as the image of the hero in the Iliad or disguise and recognition in the Odyssey.
The Allies of Rome
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strabo, in book r 2, provides an account of the Galatian constitution which, although brief, is probably the most complete description of Celtic political organization in any part of the ancient world: The three tribes used the same language and differed from one another in no other respect; they were divided each into four sections, and called them tetrarchies, each having its own tetrarch, one judge and one military commander, subordinate to the tetrarch, and two junior commanders. The council of the twelve tetrarchs consisted of three hundred men, and they assembled at the so-called Drynemetos. The council decided murder cases, the tetrarchs and the judges all others. This, therefore, was the constitution in the old days, but during my time power has passed to three, then to two and then to a single ruler, namely Deiotarus, and then to Amyntas who succeeded him.
In formam provinciae redacta
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 25 BC the possessions of Amyntas were annexed to the Roman empire, and the province of Galatia was created.1 During the preceding two centuries Rome had acquired new territory in a host of different circumstances. There were wide vicissitudes in the forms of provincial administration, and the term provincia itself could convey a broad spectrum of meanings in different contexts, ranging from the purview and responsibilities of a Roman magistrate, devoid of any geographical connotation, to the precise topical definition of the area where those responsibilities were undertaken, that is a province in the modern sense of the word.
The Euphrates Frontier and the Impact of the Roman Armies
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At an uncertain date in the 90s BC L. Cornelius Sulla, then governor of Cilicia, reached the river Euphrates in the company of a modest force of Asiatic levies and the new king of Cappadocia, Ariobarzanes.1 He was met by Orobazus, an ambassador from the Parthian king Arsaces, and, at an encounter whose significance was not lost on observers, presided over an agreement between Parthia and Rome which set the Euphrates as the limit of their respective spheres of influence.2 Over a century and a half later the emperor Vespasian fully realized the implications of that early parley, when he planned and constructed a system of frontier defences stretching from the Black Sea and the upper Euphrates, across the Taurus to the Syrian and Arabian deserts. The creation of this limes was crucial to the development of Roman Asia Minor.
Estates and the Land
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The heart of Galatia, and the heart of Asia Minor, is the high arid steppe which runs from Afyonkarahisar to the Kizil lrmak, and from the mountain ranges of northern Anatolia to the Taurus. There could be no greater contrast between this vast bare landscape and the crisp alternation of mountain and valley in the Aegean regions of the south and west, or the sharply etched terrain of the Tauric and Pontic mountains. The pattern of exploitation and human settlement in this central plateau has not been constant, oscillating between pastoralism and settled agriculture, desertion and prosperity, but its bare, unsmiling nature has impressed observers from Antiquity to modern times.