bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National Socialism and the German Universities
Authors: Hammerstein Notker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The historian’s job, in large part, is to present past events in a sober, objective, and methodologically sound way. With regard to the history of the Third Reich, of course, much remains highly charged, and with good reason. Even today, the eruption of barbarism in twentieth century civilized Europe remains difficult to grasp. Nevertheless, scholars have made some progress in investigating our recent past. But even as we are increasingly well-informed about the period, new efforts are still necessary—even more so as regards the history of the German universities during the Third Reich, which for a long time eluded any rigorous investigation. No doubt there reigned the assumption that it was best to dispose of uncomfortable memories and let matters rest quietly. Indeed, an article on the role of geography as a discipline during the Third Reich dates critical reflection only to the 1980s and 1990s, when the collective silence was finally broken. Or, as the introduction to that same volume put it: ‘The traditional view of the relationship between science, technology and National Socialism was radically questioned … The former construction of contrast between “bad”, distorted science and “good”, true science, being highly ideological itself, gave way to a rational, neutral “Science is what scientists do”‘. Not only have universities, industrial laboratories, and students been pressed into research in order to achieve better and more differentiated analyses, but publications in the history of science and universities have proliferated-as the bibliographies of the ASTA of the Mannheim University make clear.
Arbitration of Commercial Disputes
Authors: Tweeddale Andrew , Tweeddale Keren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arbitration of Commercial Disputes is intended for anyone who is involved in the arbitral process. It provides a thorough and up-to-date analysis of both English and international arbitration law. The book initially deals with the principles of arbitration as examined from an international perspective. The authors identify fundamental principles of arbitration law that are common to all jurisdictions, and shows how some principles of arbitration law are treated differently in various jurisdictions. The book also examines some of the key jurisprudential questions, such as whether an international commercial arbitration is anchored to the place or seat of the arbitration, whether an arbitral award can be enforced even it has been annulled, and the continuing development and use of the lex mercatoria to resolve international commercial arbitrations. The sections on English arbitration law are structured around the provisions of the English Arbitration Act 1996. The work examines in turn the parties to the arbitration, the arbitration agreement, the powers and jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal, the making of an award and its enforcement. In order to assist practitioners the authors have particularly focused on areas of the law which have changed over recent years and which are still developing. The book gives detailed analysis of court decisions and trends in areas where no clear authority exists, such as in the incorporation of arbitration clauses, and the drafting of arbitration notices. The book also deals thoroughly with costs and appeals. The final section of Arbitration of Commercial Disputes provides a comprehensive set of precedents. The precedents section includes both standard arbitration clauses and bespoke agreements, plus examples of clauses dealing with other forms of ADR prior to arbitration. There are also a number of procedural precedents including a set of Terms of Reference, Directions and a confidentiality agreement. There is finally a set of Awards and a section on applications to the English courts.
The Applicable Law
Authors: Tweeddale Andrew , Tweeddale Keren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No arbitration is conducted in a legal vacuum. The rights, duties, and obligations of the contracting parties are founded upon principles of law. This law is often referred to as ‘the proper law of the contract’, or the ‘substantive law’ or the ‘applicable law’. The term ‘applicable law’ is hereafter used to refer to the law relevant to the substantive issues of the dispute. The applicable law will be relevant to questions relating to the validity of the contract, its breach, and the level of damages.
Auctions Law And Practice
Authors: Frsa Brian W Harvey , Llb Franklin Meisel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the new edition of the leading work on the law and practice of auctions. The book looks at every aspect of auction practice from the economics of auction sales and restrictions on trading to criminal and other liabilities of the auctioneer. There is also a chapter on VAT. There have been important recent developments in the field of consumer protection and the book has been substantially revised to reflect these. In addition to general updating the new edition considers the practice of online auctions for the first time. There is also a section on looted art . The book continues to draw on case law from other common law jurisdictions.
Interpretations
Authors: Dudbridge Glen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The old liturgical text Jin’gang keyi puts it like this: ‘Miaoshan refused to take a husband, and most certainly achieved Buddha hood.’ Like the historical Buddha she rejected the privileged secular life into which she had been born and rose to spiritual triumph. To those who read it in this light the story serves as a charter for dedicated celibacy, and we find in its most widely ciculating versions—particularly the Xiangshan baojuan—a vigorous apologia for the life of religious renunciation. The successful impact of this appeal is reflected indirectly in the survival of the texts themselves, which depended on generations of pious donation and circulation.
The Emperor’s New ‘Knows’
Authors: Bach Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I examine contextualism there is much that I can doubt. I can doubt whether it is a cogent theory that I examining, and not a cleverly seated piece of whacks. I can doubt whether there is any real theory there at all. Perhaps what I took to be a theory was really some reflections; perhaps I am even the victim of some cognitive hallucination. One thing however I cannot doubt: that there exists a widely read pitch of a round and somewhat bulgy shape. The title of this chapter calls for it to stick to the obvious. Even if it did, it would probably not convince the contextualise. Knowing that, I will be comforted by the thought that whether or not ‘knows’ is a context-sensitive term, at least ‘obvious’ and ‘convincing’ are. Perhaps ‘context-sensitive’ is context-sensitive too.
The Gospel of Luke in the Apostolic Fathers: An Overview
Authors: Bellinzoni Arthur J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an article published in 1992, I traced the use of the Gospel of Matthew in second-century Christian literature from the Apostolic Fathers through Irenaeus.1 Such a study, I maintained, is central to an understanding of the origin and development of the church’s fourfold gospel canon.
The Apostolic Christology of Ignatius of Antioch: The Road to Chalcedon
Authors: Weinandy Thomas G , Cap. O F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What New Testament teachings Ignatius of Antioch (d. c.107–10) was acquainted with, either in their written form or through the oral traditions that gave rise to them, has caused a great deal of debate. For example, did Ignatius have access to some or all of the written Gospels of Matthew, Luke, and John, or was he merely acquainted with their various oral traditions, or even traditions parallel to them? Which, and how many, of Paul’s letters did he possess or had he read? There is no scholarly consensus concerning these issues. Some authors over a positive assessment, and ayrm that Ignatius did possess some of the writings later canonized as the New Testament, the most likely being Matthew, John, and 1 Corinthians, and that he was acquainted with various oral traditions, the most likely being Lucan and Pauline traditions. Others scholars are more or less sceptical.1 At present, it is very DIY cult, and in the end most likely impossible, to ascertain exactly which Christian writings Ignatius either had read or knew simply from the various oral traditions that he had received.
The Opponents of Polycarp, Philippians, and 1 John
Authors: Hartog Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1905 Oxford Society of Historical Theology classified the possible use of 1 John in Polycarp’s Philippians with a ‘C’ rating, meaning that they thought there was a ‘lower degree of probability’ that Polycarp’s letter to the Philippians used 1 John.1 Some scholars have expressed similar uncertainty.2 For example, S. E. Johnson labelled the possibility of dependence as ‘doubtful’,3 and H. F. von Campenhausen dismissed the parallels between 1 John and Polycarp’s letter as a typical ‘kirchliche Parole im Kampf gegen die kleinasiatische Gnosis’.4 However, many other scholars have disagreed with the Oxford Society’s assessment.5
The New Testament And The Martyrdom Of Polycarp
Authors: Dehandschutter Boudewijn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When in 1905 a ‘Committee of the Oxford Society of Historical Theology’ published The New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers, the Martyrdom of Polycarp, or Martyrium Polycarpi ( Mart. Pol.) was not included. The Committee may have had good reasons for restricting the corpus of ‘Apostolic Fathers’, but this should not mean that the question about the New Testament and the Martyrdom of Polycarp has to be neglected in a volume that marks the centenary of the publication of the committee’s conclusions. For whatever reasons, the Martyrdom has been printed in editions of the Apostolic Fathers from Cotelier to the present.1 It is my conviction, moreover, that further research on the theme of the present contribution can lead to a better understanding of the general theme ‘The New Testament and the Apostolic Fathers’. My contribution will therefore take into consideration some elements of the history of research on the Martyrdom in the hope that this will clarify some of the problems that arise when dealing with ‘The New Testament and the Apostolic Fathers’.
EU Human Rights Policies
Authors: Williams Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite recent constitutional arrangements, human rights remain an ambiguous and complex subject in the European Union. Human rights issues may have become increasingly relevant to the life of the EU over the past thirty years but there has been an institutional reluctance to mould a unified human rights policy worthy of the name. Nevertheless, the EU’s practices have not been constructed randomly: they have evolved within discrete policy realms along coherent narrative lines. From the arguably mythical basis that the EU was founded upon a general principle of respect for human rights; policies and practices have developed along two distinct paths. Internally, within the EU, human rights are contingent. Scrutiny is erratic and even casual, and enforcement is left to the courts and independent agencies. Externally, in the EU’s interactions with non-members, however, the story is very different: human rights are broad in concept. Collective notions of rights are accepted and promoted. Scrutiny can be intrusive and effective, and systems of enforcement, increasingly severe in scope and strength, have been applied. This bifurcation has direct implications for the EU’s constitutional structure and its future human rights activities. It suggests that, through human rights language, conditions for conflict rather than integration have arisen, and that a system of double standards has been instituted. Williams therefore argues that the EU’s claims to a credible human rights policy are suspect. This book examines the nature and scope of the bifurcation and explains its origins and development. In doing so it questions orthodox interpretations and provides a radical new reading of the EU’s human rights law and practice. At its heart, the book claims that without a fundamental reappraisal of the basis upon which the EU responds to human rights, it will remain plagued by this ironical condition.
Descriptive Indexicals and Indexical Descriptions
Authors: Nunberg GeoVrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the attributive reading, the description the pers on who’s parked in front of the restaurant is interpreted as a quantifier: it says that the unique person who is parked in front of the restaurant is in a hurry, with no implication that the speaker has a particular person in mind—maybe she simply inferred his haste from his choice of a parking spot. On the referential reading, the description picks out a particular person—say Jones, who is waiting for his car at the valet parking station with visible impatience. The question is, is (1) semantically ambiguous? Not if you accept the Russellian view, which holds that the description in (1) is always interpreted as a quantifier, with the referential interpretation arising via a conversational implicature that arises from the hearer’s assumption that the speaker is trying to say something relevant and has a particular person in mind.
Descriptions, Linguistic Topic/Comment, and Negative Existentials: A Case Study in the Application of Linguistic Theory to Problems in the Philosophy of Language
Authors: Atlas Jay David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I give an explanation for these data on cleft statements, introduce the notions of topic/comment from linguistics that are required to elaborate the explanation, defend my theoretical approach from an attack by Keith Donnellan, and apply the theory so developed to the vexing and infamous case of negative existence statements. Surprisingly my linguistic analysis of the topics of explicit, informative, negative existence statements, for example, The king of France does not exist , shows that the statement is not about the king of France, and so my analysis contradicts Bertrand Russell’s (1903) analysis in The Principles of Mathematics . It was the ultimately unsatisfactory metaphysical and semantical consequences of his about nessanalysis of negative existence statements in 1903 that motivated Russell (1905) to create his theory of de finite descriptions.
Indefinites and Scope Choice
Authors: Kempson Ruth , Meyer-Viol Wilfried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since the early 1980s, there has been recognition that the intrinsic contribution of a natural language expression systematically under-determines the way it is interpreted in any given context. In the initial part of this period, there were fierce debates between Fodor and situation theorists, principally Barwise (see Fodor 1981, 1983, 1987; Barwise and Perry 1983; Barwise 1988) as to whether this phenomenon should be modeled relative to the assumption that languages are directly interpreted (much as the familiar formal languages, though with an enriched semantic vocabulary), or rather only indirectly with an intermediary process mapping such strings into some form of representation (for Fodor some ‘language of thought’) which is transparent with respect to such interpretation and nontrivially distinct from the natural-language string itself.
Arbitration Of Competition Law Disputes In The Eu And The Us
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Competition law issues may have to be decided by arbitrators. Private law remedies play an important role in the enforcement of competition law. There-fore, arbitral tribunals should be able to dispose fairly and expeditiously of for an overview of the problems in an international context and in a selected number of national legal systems, it is interesting to read the contributions contained in the ICC Dossier of the Institute of International Business Law and Practice, Competition and Arbitration Law (Paris: ICC Publishing SA, 1993). The ICC study predates the judgment of the Court of Justice in Case C-126/97 Eco Swiss China Time Ltd v Benetton International NV [1999] ECR I-3055 but deals extensively with the issue of arbitrability following the US Supreme Court
Choice Of Law For Equitable Doctrines
Authors: Yeo Tm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is an unfortunate feature of the common law conflicts landscape that, for all its sophistication, the relationship between the equitable principles of the forum and the forum's choice of law process remains unclear. This book examines this relationship from the perspective of English law, taking account of the impact of European law. What law applies when litigants invoke the principles of equity of the forum or analogous doctrines in foreign law? This book suggests that there is nothing inherent in the invocation of the forum's equitable jurisdiction or in the nature of equitable discourse that renders the application of the forum's equitable principles inevitable. It then considers whether a different methodology should be adopted for equitable doctrines, and concludes that this should not be the case. Thus, unless the issue involves the application of fundamental public policy, mandatory forum laws or the procedure of the forum, equitable doctrines of any country should be subject to the same choice of law analysis like other principles of substantive law. The book then analyses equitable doctrines within the traditional choice of law categories of property, contracts, torts and restitution in three steps: first, many equitable doctrines may be regarded as substantive and not procedural; secondly, property and obligations issues raised by equitable doctrines may be segregated; and thirdly, by considering the functions of the respective doctrines, equitable obligations may be analysed as contractual (or based on agreement), tortious (or based on wrongs) or restitutionary (or based on unjust enrichment).
Refining Common Sense: Types of Knowledge in Management Studies
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MANAGEMENT studies has historically been a very diverse field. Its diversity has been manifested not only through the many different (often dis connected) problems management scholars choose to study, or through the multiple and shifting membership of the management-studies community, which includes academics, consultants, and occasionally practitioners, but also through the conceptual fragmentation of the field (Whitley 1984b). It appears to be no accident that some of the most influential books in management studies (such as (e.g.) Mintzberg 1979; Morgan 1986) owe their success, partly at least, to suggesting a conceptual reorganization (i.e. a novel categorization) of the plethora of theories and models one encounters in the field. Such classifications organize their extremely diverse material, and help the reader to make some sense of it.
How National are Business Systems? The Role of States and Complementary Institutions in Standardizing Systems of Economic Coordination and Control at the National Level
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central tenet of economic sociology is that cultural values and regulatory institutions help to constitute the nature of economic actors and guide their actions, thus affecting economic outcomes (see, for example, DiMaggio 1994; Smelser and Swedberg 1994). As socially organized agents operating in different kinds of societal contexts, firms and other actors are inevitably influenced by the dominant norms and conventions governing the formation of collective actors and how competition and collaboration between them is to be structured. Different societal ‘rules of the game’ governing the organization of firms and interest groups and how they interact can be expected to result in contrasting patterns of economic organization and change (Whitley 1999).
Introduction Morality and Mysticism: Parallel or Intersecting Lines?
Authors: Wolfson Elliot R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the correlation of mysticism and morality can be assessed properly, the meaning of each term must be addressed independently. I begin with a methodological disclaimer: as thinkers from various disciplines in social, cultural, and natural sciences have concurred, it is not humanly possible to inspect a universe of discourse circumspectly, for there is no Archimedean fulcrum point outside that universe, no transcendental position whence one would be capable of surveying the Weld in its totality; indeed, the hermeneutic quest—conspicuously circular—presupposes that the investigator be embedded in the Weld yet to be investigated. Needless to say, it is not genuinely possible to speak of ‘a Weld in its totality’, as the nature of the Weld (both natural and semiotic) is such that its boundaries are forever subject to reinscription and realignment. Thus, lacking both a transcendental standpoint and a conviction regarding the possibility of demarcating borders, it seems prudent to lay aside taxonomic aspirations.
Ontology, Alterity, and the Anthropological Other
Authors: Wolfson Elliot R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first chapter I shall consider to what extent the kabbalistic orientation fostered a sense of social consciousness and a call to moral action on behalf of the human community at large. In my judgement, the study of ethics in the kabbalistic tradition must begin with a proper understanding of the ontological place it accorded non-Jewish nations. In this regard I am naturally indebted to a host of philosophers who have identified in one way or another the centrality of the status of the other in ethical discourse. Indeed, as one contemporary philosopher reminds us, the sense of the other entailed in the notion of obligation must ‘include not only other human beings but what is other than human—animals. e.g., or other living things generally, and even the earth itself ‘. Perhaps no single thinker has been more insistent on emphasizing the importance of the other to the ethical project than Emmanuel Levinas. The example of Levinas is particularly relevant inasmuch as he maintained that the uniqueness of Judaism as a religious culture lies in the fact that the theological belief in the utterly transcendent God, a transcendence that transcends the traditional notion of divine transcendence, is the basis for the moral principle concerning the irreducible dignity of the other human subject.
Othering the Other: Eschatological Esacing of Ontic Boundaries
Authors: Wolfson Elliot R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Jewish Middle Ages, one of the prominent ways for the scribal elite of the minority culture to deal with the majority was through polemic. Limited by socio-political and economic factors, the avenue of disputation afforded rabbinic exegetes an opportunity to aggrandize their own situation and to deprecate the privileged status of the majority. If the minority assumes the position of the proverbial other, then the stratagem of polemic provided the mechanism by means of which the role of othering was inverted. By marginalizing the central power, the marginal power could vicariously occupy the centre, if only in a temporary gesture of empowering co-religionists so that they could withstand the violence and persecution fostered by the officially sanctioned rhetoric of difference.
An impressive number of scholars have discussed the role of polemic in medieval Jewish society from different vantage-points. The main bodies of literature that have been mined for this purpose are the written records of public disputations, theological and philosophical treatises of a polemical character, and exegetical works wherein the confrontational dimension is shrouded behind figures of the biblical past.