Cardio-Oncology Rehabilitation for Cancer Survivors With High Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Viamonte Sofia Gonçalves , Joaquim Ana Vieira , Alves Alberto Jorge , Vilela Eduardo , Capela Andreia , Ferreira Cristina , Duarte Barbara Fresco , Rato Nuno Dias , Teixeira Madalena Pinheiro , Tavares Aida , Santos Mário , Ribeiro Fernando 
Published: October 2023

ImportanceCardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity in cancer survivors, which makes strategies aimed at mitigating cardiovascular risk a subject of major contemporary importance.ObjectiveTo assess whether a center-based cardiac rehabilitation (CBCR) framework compared with usual care encompassing community-based exercise training (CBET) is superior for cardiorespiratory fitness improvement and cardiovascular risk factor control among cancer survivors with high cardiovascular risk.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis prospective, single-center, randomized clinical trial (CORE trial) included adult cancer survivors who had exposure to cardiotoxic cancer treatment and/or previous cardiovascular disease. Enrollment took place from March 1, 2021, to March 31, 2022. End points were assessed at baseline and after the 8-week intervention.InterventionsParticipants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to 8 weeks of CBCR or CBET. The combined aerobic and resistance exercise sessions were performed twice a week.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe powered primary efficacy measure was change in peak oxygen consumption (V̇o2) at 2 months. Secondary outcomes included handgrip maximal strength, functional performance, blood pressure (BP), body composition, body mass index (BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), lipid profile, plasma biomarker levels, physical activity (PA) levels, psychological distress, quality of life (QOL), and health literacy.ResultsA total of 75 participants completed the study (mean [SD] age, 53.6 [12.3] years; 58 [77.3%] female), with 38 in the CBCR group and 37 in the CBET group. Participants in CBCR achieved a greater mean (SD) increase in peak V̇o2 than those in CBET (2.1 [2.8] mL/kg/min vs 0.8 [2.5] mL/kg/min), with a between-group mean difference of 1.3 mL/kg/min (95% CI, 0.1-2.6 mL/kg/min; P = .03). Compared with the CBET group, the CBCR group also attained a greater mean (SD) reduction in systolic BP (−12.3 [11.8] mm Hg vs −1.9 [12.9] mm Hg; P &amp;lt; .001), diastolic BP (−5.0 [5.7] mm Hg vs −0.5 [7.0] mm Hg; P = .003), and BMI (−1.2 [0.9] vs 0.2 [0.7]; P &amp;lt; .001) and greater mean (SD) improvements in PA levels (1035.2 [735.7] metabolic equivalents [METs]/min/wk vs 34.1 [424.4] METs/min/wk; P &amp;lt; .001), QOL (14.0 [10.0] points vs 0.4 [12.9] points; P &amp;lt; .001), and health literacy scores (2.7 [1.6] points vs 0.1 [1.4] points; P &amp;lt; .001). Exercise adherence was significantly higher in the CBCR group than in the CBET group (mean [SD] sessions completed, 90.3% [11.8%] vs 68.4% [22.1%]; P &amp;lt; .001).Conclusion and RelevanceThe CORE trial showed that a cardio-oncology rehabilitation model among cancer survivors with high cardiovascular risk was associated with greater improvements in peak V̇o2 compared with usual care encompassing an exercise intervention in a community setting. The CBCR also showed superior results in exercise adherence, cardiovascular risk factor control, QOL, and health literacy.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05132998