bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of chemical wet scrubbers and biofiltration for control of volatile organic compounds using GC/MS techniques and kinetic analysis
Authors: Kastner James R , Das Keshav C 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIncreasing public concerns and EPA air regulations in non‐attainment zones necessitate the remediation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generated in the poultry‐rendering industry. Wet scrubbers using chlorine dioxide (ClO2) have low overall removal efficiencies due to lack of reactivity with aldehydes. Contrary to wet scrubbers, a biofilter system successfully treated the aldehyde fraction, based on GC/MS analysis of inlet and outlet streams. Total VOC removal efficiencies ranged from 40 to 100% for the biofilter, kinetic analysis indicated that the overall removal capacity approached 25 g m−3 h−1, and aldehyde removal efficiency was significantly higher compared with chemical wet scrubbers. Process temperatures monitored in critical unit operations upstream from the biofilter varied significantly during operation, rising as much as 30 °C within a few minutes. However, the outlet air temperature of a high intensity scrubber remained relatively constant at 40 °C, although the inlet air temperature fluctuated from 50 to 65 °C during monitoring. These data suggest a hybrid process combining a wet scrubber and biofilter in series could be used to improve overall VOC removal efficiencies and process stability. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of scale‐up on wall shear rates in circulating bubble columns
Authors: Al‐Masry Waheed A , Al‐Ahmed Malik I 
Published: May 2005

AbstractEffective wall shear rates were investigated experimentally in an external loop circulating bubble column made from transparent acrylic resin. The riser (DR) and downcomer (DD) diameters were 0.19 m and 0.14 m, respectively. The column working volume (VR) was 170 dm3, with a scale‐up factor (AD/AR) of 0.54, and a dispersion height (HD) of 2.25 m. Polymer solutions of xanthan gum and carboxymethyl cellulose were used to simulate non‐Newtonian behavior of biological systems. Effective wall shear rates for the non‐Newtonian solutions were found by analogy with Newtonian glycerol solutions, employing downcomer liquid velocity as the measurable and comparable parameter. The experimental shear rate results were found to fit between those of the literature data. A new single correlation taking into account all the relevant data in the literature and the results of this work is proposed. The new correlation is an improvement over the other correlations because it includes two important design constants: scale‐up factor and dispersion height. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
A comprehensive study of optimal conditions for naked plasmid DNA transfer into skeletal muscle by electroporation
Authors: Wang Xue‐Dong , Tang Jian‐Guo , Xie Xiao‐lei , Yang Ji‐Chun , Li Shuai , Ji Jian‐Guo , Gu Jun 
Published: May 2005

AbstractEfficient gene transfer is a key factor in gene therapy. Reducing the damage caused by gene transfer to muscle by electroporation is very important for its clinical application. Extensive investigation of optimal conditions for gene transfer by electroporation is required. The parameters used for electroporation, including plasmid concentration; injection volume; the plasmid dose of the injection; the concentration of saline media; the size of plasmid DNA; the age of the mice; the lag time between plasmid injection and electroporation; and the effect of repeated gene transfer by electroporation, were systematically investigated in the present study. The efficiencies of gene transfer by electroporation in normal and rodent models of diabetes were also evaluated. We found that electroporation used for non‐viral gene transfer could be repeated in the same place in the muscle, but the expression efficiency was closely related to the muscle damage. Increasing pulse times could enhance the efficiency of gene transfer with a lower strength of electric field. It was better to use a higher plasmid concentration than to use a larger dose of plasmid and repeated injection to achieve a high level of transgene expression. Optimal conditions varied in different animal models, being milder for diabetic mice than for normal mice, and it was also shown that the conditions that worked well on these small rodents were not necessarily suitable for larger animals. Our results provide a comprehensive view of the factors that affect the efficiency of gene transfer into skeletal muscle by electroporation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proliferation in the epidermis of chelonians and growth of the horny scutes
Authors: Alibardi Lorenzo 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe proliferation of the epidermis in soft skin, claws, and scutes of the carapace and plastron in the tortoise (Testudo hermanni) and the turtle (Chrysemys picta) were studied using autoradiographic and immunocytochemical methods. During the growing season, a basal keratinocyte in the epidermis of soft skin and claws takes 5–9 days to migrate into the corneous layer. In the tortoise, during fall/winter (resting season) a few alpha‐keratin cells are produced in soft epidermis and hinge regions among scutes and occasional beta‐keratin cells in the outer scute surface. When growth is resumed in spring (growing season), cell proliferation is intense, mainly around hinge regions and tips of marginal scutes. No scute shedding occurs and numerous beta‐keratin cells are produced around the hinge regions, while alpha‐keratin cells disappear. Beta‐cells form a new thick corneous layer around the hinge regions, which constitute the growing rings of scutes. Beta‐keratin cells produced in more central parts of scutes maintain a homogeneous thickness of the corneous layer along the whole scute surface. In the turtle, a more complicated process of scute growth occurs than in the tortoise. At the end of the growing season (late fall) the last keratinocytes formed beneath the old stratum corneum of the outer scale surface and hinge regions produce more alpha‐ than beta‐keratin. These thin alpha‐keratin cells form a scission layer below the old stratum corneum, which extends from the hinge regions toward the center of scutes and the tip of marginal scutes. In the resting season (fall/winter) most cells remain within the germinative layer of the carapace and plastron and a few alpha‐cells move in 7–9 days into the corneous layer above hinge regions. In the following spring/summer (growing season) a new generation of beta‐keratin cells is produced beneath the scission layer from the hinge region and more central part of the scutes. The epidermis of the inner surface of scutes and hinge regions contains most of the cells incorporating thymidine and histidine, while the remaining outer scute surface is less active. It takes 5–9 days for a newly produced beta‐cell to migrate into the corneous layer. These cells form a new corneous layer that extends the whole scute surface underneath the maturing scission layer. The latter contains lipids and eventually flakes off, determining shedding of the above outer corneous layer in late spring or summer. J. Morphol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postnatal ontogeny, population structure, and extinction of the giant moa Dinornis
Authors: Turvey Samuel T. , Holdaway Richard N. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractRecent reinterpretation of the giant moa Dinornis as consisting of two sexually dimorphic allospecies permits thorough site‐by‐site investigation of the ontogeny and population biology of this genus. Analysis of subadult skeletal material from natural swamp sites in the North and South Islands of New Zealand forms the basis for recognition of growth series for each long bone element, characterized by sequential formation of fossulae in the femur and fusion of bones in the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus. Femora reached progressive developmental stages more rapidly than the other long bones, but all three elements reached maturity at about the same time. Patterns of bone fusion in Dinornis are more similar to those in Apteryx than in Struthio, and kiwi are recognized as a suitable developmental analog for interpreting moa ontogeny. Samples from Bell Hill Vineyard Swamp (South Island) and Makirikiri swamp (North Island) are interpreted as representing autochthonous moa populations; comparison with stages of kiwi long bone development suggests that Dinornis at these sites had high adult survivorship in strongly K‐selected populations, with 72.5–87.3% of individuals having achieved adult body mass, and 55.9–78.2% being sexually mature. The pattern of low fecundity and probable high longevity in both Dinornis species suggests that populations were vulnerable to loss of adults, primarily through hunting, rather than as a result of habitat destruction. J. Morphol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Statistical design of experiments as a tool in mass spectrometry
Authors: Riter Leah S. , Vitek Olga , Gooding Karen M. , Hodge Barry D. , Julian Randall K. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis Tutorial is an introduction to statistical design of experiments (DOE) with focus on demonstration of how DOE can be useful to the mass spectrometrist. In contrast with the commonly used one factor at a time approach, DOE methods address the issue of interaction of variables and are generally more efficient. The complex problem of optimizing data‐dependent acquisition parameters in a bottom‐up proteomics LC‐MS/MS analysis is used as an example of the power of the technique. Using DOE, a new data‐dependent method was developed that improved the quantity of confidently identified peptides from rat serum. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protective effects of bone marrow stromal cell transplantation in injured rodent brain: Synthesis of neurotrophic factors
Authors: Chen Qin , Long Yan , Yuan Xiaoqing , Zou LingLong , Sun Jiao , Chen Shengdi , Perez‐Polo J. Regino , Yang Keyi 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSeveral groups have suggested that transplantation of marrow stromal cells (MSCs) promotes functional recovery in animal models of brain trauma. Recent studies indicate that tissue replacement by this method may not be the main source of therapeutic benefit, as transplanted MSCs have only limited ability to replace injured central nervous system (CNS) tissue. To gain insight into the mechanisms responsible for such effects, we systematically investigated the therapeutic potential of MSCs for treatment of brain injury. Using in vitro studies, we detected the synthesis of various growth factors, including nerve growth factor (NGF), brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3). Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) demonstrated that MSCs cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) produced substantial amounts of NGF for at least 7 weeks, whereas the levels of BDNF, GDNF and NT‐3 remained unchanged. In studies in mice, after intraventricular injection of MSCs, NGF levels were increased significantly in cerebrospinal fluid by ELISA, confirming our cell culture results. Further studies showed that treatment of traumatic brain injury with MSCs could attenuate the loss of cholinergic neuronal immunostaining in the medial septum of mice. These studies demonstrate for the first time that by increasing the brain concentration of NGF, intraventricularly transplanted MSCs might play an important role in the treatment of traumatic brain injury. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Demonstration of kynurenine aminotransferases I and II and characterization of kynurenic acid synthesis in cultured cerebral cortical neurons
Authors: Rzeski Wojciech , Kocki Tomasz , Dybel Anna , Wejksza Katarzyna , Zdzisińska Barbara , Kandefer‐Szerszeń Martyna , Turski Waldemar A. , Okuno Etsuo , Albrecht Jan 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe present study characterizes the synthesis of kynurenic acid (KYNA) from exogenously added kynurenine and its regulation by extrinsic factors, in cultured cerebral cortical neurons and, for comparison, in astrocytes incubated under identical conditions. The neuronal culture showed positive immunostaining for both kynurenic acid aminotransferase (KAT) isoforms I and II. Neurons synthesized KYNA at a rate about 2.3 times higher than astrocytes. Neuronal, but not astrocytic, KYNA synthesis was lowered ∼30% by ionotropic glutamate receptor agonists [(R,S)‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methoxyloxasole‐4‐propionic acid (AMPA; 100 μM) and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartic acid (NMDA; 100 μM)] and depolarizing agents [KCl (50 mM) and 4‐aminopyridine (4‐AP; 10 μM)]. Neuronal and astrocytic synthesis alike were vulnerable to inhibition exerted by the aminotransferase inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), glutamate (IC50: 31 and 85 μM, respectively), substrates of the L‐amino transport system [leucine (Leu); IC50: 19 and 42 μM, respectively] and 2‐aminobicyclo[2,2,1]heptane‐2‐carboxylic acid (BCH; IC50: 19 and 28 μM, respectively). Glutamine (Gln), which is a metabolic precursor of glutamate in astrocytes and L‐system substrate in both cell types, inhibited KYNA synthesis both in neurons and in astrocytes (IC50: 268 and 318 μM, respectively). α‐Ketoisocaproic acid (KIC), a Leu transamination product that is produced mainly in astrocytes and shuttled to neurons to modulate intraneuronal concentration of glutamate, stimulated KYNA synthesis in neurons but did not affect the synthesis in astrocytes. In conclusion, this study is the first to demonstrate active, regulation‐prone KYNA synthesis in neurons. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Albumin stimulates monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 expression in rat embryonic mixed brain cells
Authors: Calvo Charles‐Félix , Amigou Edwige , Tencé Martine , Yoshimura Teizo , Glowinski Jacques 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAlbumin, a blood protein absent from the adult brain in physiological situations, can be brought into contact with brain cells during development or, in adult, following breakdown of the blood–brain barrier occurring as a result of local inflammation. In the present study, we show that ovalbumin and albumin induce the release of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP‐1/CCL2) from rat embryonic mixed brain cells. A short‐term exposure to ovalbumin during the cell dissociation procedure is sufficient to generate MCP‐1 mRNA. A comparable effect is observed when the cells are incubated for 4 hr with ovalbumin or rat albumin, while MCP‐1 messengers are barely detectable following bovine albumin exposure. The amount of MCP‐1 protein measured in 4 hr‐supernatants of albumin‐treated cells followed the same albumin‐inducing pattern as that of MCP‐1 mRNA, while all albumins tested induced MCP‐1 protein after a 17 hr‐incubation period. The albumin‐induced MCP‐1 production is significantly inhibited in calphostin C‐treated cells, suggesting the implication of a protein kinase C‐dependent signaling pathway. This MCP‐1‐inducing activity is maintained after a lipid extraction procedure but abolished by proteinase K or trypsin treatments of albumin. The MCP‐1 secretion following albumin contact with nervous cells could thus interfere, by chemotactic gradient formation, with the brain infiltration program of blood‐derived cells during development or brain injury. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A study of the effects of phototherapy dose interval on photobiomodulation of cell cultures
Authors: Brondon Philip , Stadler Istvan , Lanzafame Raymond J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesDosimetry and treatment frequency are controversial phototherapy issues. Efficacy of dose fractionation on photobiomodulation was evaluated in vitro.Study Design/Materials and MethodsHuman HEP‐2 and murine L‐929 cell lines were cultured in complete DMEM media. Photoradiation (670 nm, 5 J/cm2/treatment, 50 J/cm2 total energy delivery), was performed varying treatments per 24 hour period: Group I (Controls)—0, Group II‐1/d, Group III‐2/d, Group IV‐4/d. Cell proliferation was measured using Cyquant® (fluorescent DNA content) and MTT (3‐(4, 5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2, 5‐diphenyl tetrasolium bromide) assays for 240 hours post therapy. A proliferation index: PI = (#Cells Experimentalt ÷ #Cells Controlt) was computed.ResultsMTT assay results demonstrated maximal response in Group III (P < 0.05, n = 3). Cyquant® maxima occurred in HEP‐2 Groups II and III (P < 0.045) and L‐929 Group III (P < 0.091).ConclusionsCellular response to dose frequency varies. More frequent treatments (2/24 hours) increased metabolism and proliferation in both cell lines. Further investigation of dose fractionation in phototherapy is warranted. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solvent Vapor‐Induced Nanowire Formation in Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) Thin Films
Authors: Kim Do Hwan , Park Yeong Don , Jang Yunseok , Kim Sungsoo , Cho Kilwon 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSummary: Nanowire lengths and length‐to‐width aspect ratios in regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) were simply controlled through changes in the solvent vapor pressure during solidification. It is demonstrated that the nanowires grew by rod‐to‐rod association, in which the molecular long axis of the P3HT chains appeared to be well‐oriented parallel to the silicon substrate (Si/SiOx). The formation of the nanowires took place by one dimensional self‐assembly, governed by π‐π stacking of the P3HT units.TEM high contrast images showing P3HT nanowires fabricated by spin‐coating under a solvent vapor pressure.magnified imageTEM high contrast images showing P3HT nanowires fabricated by spin‐coating under a solvent vapor pressure.
Gait analysis detects early changes in transgenic SOD1(G93A) mice
Authors: Wooley Christine M. , Sher Roger B. , Kale Ajit , Frankel Wayne N. , Cox Gregory A. , Seburn Kevin L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe effective treatment or cure of motoneuron disease will require understanding the disease processes that precede irreversible cell loss. To study these early stages, and to evaluate potential treatments in relevant animal models, requires a sensitive functional assay. To this end, we sought to determine whether the gait pattern of SOD1 transgenic mice changed prior to overt symptoms. Using a simplified video‐based approach we compared the treadmill gait of C57BL/6J and B6.SOD1 transgenic mice at 8 and 10 weeks of age. B6.SOD1 mice had significantly longer stride and stance times than controls by 8 weeks. Consistent with disease progression, hindpaw measures of B6.SOD1 mice showed larger changes than front paws. Differences between control and B6.SOD1 mice increased at 10 weeks, but only because repeat testing caused habituation in control mice to a greater extent than in B6.SOD1 mice. Together the results demonstrate that simplified gait analysis is sensitive to early processes of motor system disease in mice. Muscle Nerve, 2005
X‐linked Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy and vacuoles: An immunohistochemical characterization
Authors: Paradas Carmen , Márquez Celedonio , Gallardo Eduard , de Luna Noemí , Chinchón Isidoro , Recan Dominique , Jiménez María Dolores , Illa Isabel 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWe report a striking abundance of rimmed vacuoles in two brothers with X‐linked Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (X‐EDMD) confirmed by the absence of emerin at the muscular nuclear envelope and by genetic analysis showing a new 2‐bp deletion in exon 6 of the STA gene at the Xq28 region. Immunohistochemical analysis of the vacuoles revealed expression of dystrophin but not of merosin in the sarcolemma of rimmed vacuoles and absence of amyloid and membrane attack complex (MAC) deposition either in vacuoles or muscle fibers. The presence of rimmed vacuoles can be a histopathological finding in X‐EDMD, and the diagnosis should not be excluded in clinically well‐defined EDMD patients because of this finding. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Intraneural microstimulation of motor axons in the study of human single motor units
Authors: McNulty Penelope A. , Macefield Vaughan G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSingle motor unit activity has been studied in depth since the first intramuscular electrodes were developed more than 70 years ago. Many techniques have been combined or used in isolation since then. Intraneural motor axon microstimulation allows the detailed study of single motor units in awake human subjects in a manner most analogous to that used in reduced animal preparations. A microelectrode, inserted percutaneously into a peripheral nerve, stimulates the axon of a single α‐motoneuron at a site remote from the contracting muscle, allowing detailed analyses of the contractile properties of a single motor unit in an otherwise quiescent muscle, that is, without interference of simultaneously active motor units or the presence of an electrode within the muscle. The methods and results obtained using this technique are described and compared to those of other studies of single motor units in human subjects. Differences have been found between human and animal motor units and between motor units of various muscles. Studying human and animal motor units using an analogous technique provides insight into the interpretation of human data when results differ from animal data, and when human motor units cannot be examined in the same way, or at a similar level of detail, as animal motor units. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Modifiability of abnormal isometric elbow and shoulder joint torque coupling after stroke
Authors: Ellis Michael D. , Holubar Bradley G. , Acosta Ana Maria , Beer Randall F. , Dewald Julius P. A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractUnlike individuals with mild stroke, individuals with severe stroke are constrained to stereotypical movement patterns attributed to abnormal coupling of shoulder abductors with elbow flexors, and shoulder adductors with elbow extensors. Whether abnormal muscle coactivation and associated joint torque patterns can be changed in this population is important to determine given that it bears on the development of effective rehabilitation interventions. Eight subjects participated in a protocol that was designed to reduce abnormal elbow/shoulder joint torque coupling by training them to generate combinations of isometric elbow and shoulder joint torques away from the constraining patterns. After training, subjects demonstrated a significant reduction in abnormal torque coupling and a subsequent significant increase in ability to generate torque patterns away from the abnormal pattern. We suggest the rapid time‐course of these changes reflects a residual capacity of the central nervous system to adapt to a novel behavioral training environment. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Effect of body mass index on ulnar nerve conduction velocity, ulnar neuropathy at the elbow, and carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Landau Mark E. , Barner Kristen C. , Campbell William W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBoth high and low body mass index (BMI) have been reported as risk factors for ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE), and a high BMI as a risk factor for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). To determine whether the extremes of BMI are risk factors for UNE or CTS, and whether BMI affects calculation of median and ulnar motor nerve conduction velocity (NCV), we retrospectively analyzed the electrodiagnostic records of control patients, UNE patients, and CTS patients. The BMI was calculated for 50 patients with a sole diagnosis of UNE and compared to the BMI of 50 patients with CTS and 50 control subjects. The mean BMIs were 25.9 ± 4.4, 30.1 ± 5.5, and 28.3 ± 5.6 for the UNE, CTS, and controls, respectively. By one‐way analysis of variance, the difference in BMI between the UNE patients and the normal patients was significant (P < 0.01). In the control groups, increasing BMI directly correlated with increasing ulnar motor NCV across the elbow but not with forearm NCV. Across‐elbow (AE) ulnar motor NCV may be falsely increased in patients with a high BMI, probably due to distance measurement factors. Not only do relatively slender individuals have comparatively slower AE ulnar NCVs, they are also at increased risk for developing UNE. Patients with a high BMI are at increased risk for CTS. Muscle Nerve, 2005