bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Introduction to Healthcare Organizational Ethics
Authors: Hall Robert T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a lucid, readable discussion of ethical questions in health care as they arise on the business or organizational level: an effort to spell out an ethical perspective for healthcare organizations. It will be of use to students in health services management programs, health care professionals, healthcare administrators, and members of healthcare ethics committees. Hall begins with the ethical analysis of decision-making in the management of healthcare organizations and then addresses some of the questions of organizational ethics through an analysis of corporate social responsibility in for-profit and not-for-profit organizations and of the problem of uncompensated care. Later chapters take up patient development, community relations, diversity, employee relations, governmental relations, regulatory compliance and medical records. The author’s analysis focuses on healthcare institutions as business organizations with many of the problems faced by corporate management in other fields but with the difference that health care holds a special place among human needs and has traditionally been viewed from an altruistic perspective. He gives special attention to the new standards on organizational ethics promulgated by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and includes many case studies not only to illustrate the main points but also to direct the reader’s attention to peripheral aspects that can complicate theses issues.
Prostate Cancer: Epidemiology and Molecular Endocrinology
Authors: Ross Ronald k. , Makridakis Nick M , Reichardt Juergen K V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The epidemiology and etiology of prostate cancer are probably the least understood of any of the numerically major cancers. Although androgens have long been thought to play an important role in prostate cancer development, this remains unproven. While there is substantial indirect evidence for such involvement (reviewed below), direct evidence is still lacking. The epidemiology of prostate cancer is controlled by two risk factors, age and race/ethniity; but there is no firm understanding of why these two factors play such a crucial role in modifying risk. Among adult cancers of epithelial origin, prostate cancer is by far the most age-related. Before the advent of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a method to detect occult disease, prostate cancer was extremely rare before age 40 and very uncommon even up to age 50. However, after age 50 the rate of increase with aging is greater than for any other cancer. When age is plotted against incidence on a log–log scale for most common adult epithelial cancers (e.g., lung, stomach, bladder, and colon but with female breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancers representing exceptions), one observes a straight-line relationship, although the slope varies substantially from cancer to cancer. The steepest slope (age raised approximately to the 8.5 power) is observed for cancer of the prostate. Although it is difficult to observe given the steepness of the curve, it is noteworthy that for prostate cancer the relationship is not quite linear: the slope is actually steepest in the early part of the age range in which prostate cancer occurs and then tapers somewhat with further aging.2
The White Man’s Burden: Constipation and Civilization
Authors: Whorton James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometime in the early 1920s, London physician A. Graham-Stewart had a 7-year-old girl brought to him for treatment. She had already been seen by several other “eminent authorities,” but none had been able to relieve the bronchitis that had bothered her throughout her life. Graham-Stewart, however, immediately realized her bronchial difficulties were only a symptom of an underlying problem. He “recognized the pronounced evidences of chronic intestinal stasis,” the emaciation, the stained skin, the feces that “could only be de scribed as a ‘filthy mess,’ grossly offensive.” X-ray examination by a colleague only confirmed the diagnosis: her intestines drooped into her pelvis, and were so kinked “that the gastric contents were imprisoned many hours.”
Juvenile Crime and Juvenile Justice
Authors: Roberts Julian V , Stalans Loretta J , Indermaur David , Hough Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the 1990s, juvenile crime and juvenile justice generated more public concern than any other criminal justice issue. Most juvenile justice scholars believe that this public anxiety about escalating juvenile crime rates and a lenient juvenile justice system has resulted in significant legislative change in most countries. Zimring (1998), for example, notes that “the climate of concern in the early 1990s has produced a bumper crop of legislative responses” (p. 111).
Sex Offenders and Sexual Predators
Authors: Roberts Julian V , Stalans Loretta J , Indermaur David , Hough Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No form of offending provokes greater public condemnation and desire to punish than crimes of sexual aggression, especially when the victims are children. These tragic crimes attract intense news media attention, and punitive legislation often emerges in the wake of this coverage. Also, it is with respect to sexual offenders that the most extreme outbursts of “street” punitiveness occur, as witnessed by the attacks in England against innocent people suspected of being pedophiles (see chapter 3). Surveys suggest that many people believe that sex offending is on the rise, and that there has been an increase in the number of sexual predators.
The War on Drugs
Authors: Roberts Julian V , Stalans Loretta J , Indermaur David , Hough Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Politicians around the world have campaigned long and hard against drug offenders, who are often held up as the most visible (and harmful) evidence of declining moral standards. As such, they have been frequent targets of “get tough” campaigns in several countries, particularly in the United States. The “War on Crime” conducted around the world over the last two decades has focused considerable attention on protecting public safety through the imposition of harsher sentences on offenders convicted of drug crimes. Evidence of this can be found in the fact that the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and one Australian State (Queensland)1 have all instituted mandatory minimum prison sentences for some drug offenses.
From Crime to Drugs-and Back Again
Authors: Beckett Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The salience of the crime and drug issues declined dramatically following President Richard Nixon’s departure from office. Neither President Gerald Ford nor President Jimmy Carter mentioned crime­ related issues in their State of the Union addresses or took much legislative action on those issues. During and after the 1980 election campaign, however, the crime issue once again assumed a central place on the national political agenda. Like conservatives before him, candidate and President Ronald Reagan paid particular attention to the problem of street crime and promised to enhance the federal government’s role in combating it. Once in office, however, the institutional difficulties associated with this project led the Reagan administration to shift its attention from street crime to street drugs. Political and public concern about the drug problem increased throughout the 1980s; by August 1989 President George Bush characterized drug use as “the most pressing problem facing the nation.” Shortly thereafter, a New York Times/CBS News Poll reported that 64% of those polled-the highest percentage ever recorded-thought that drugs were the most significant problem in the United States.
Crime and Drugs in the News
Authors: Beckett Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For people living in modern society, the media are a crucial source of information about the social and political world. This is particularly true with respect to crime: over 90% of those polled report that the media is their most important source of information about this social problem.Research investigating the effects of this reliance indicates that the media play an important “agenda-setting” function: “the press may not be successful in telling people what to think, but they are stunningly successful in telling people what to think about.” Specifically, these studies report that those social issues and problems that receive a high degree of attention in the news are more likely to be identified as the nation’s most important by the viewing public. More recent research indicates that the content of media products also has an important impact on the formation of political opinions. For example, Iyengar found that stories characterized by “episodic” news frames (in which public issues are discussed in terms of specific instances) are much more likely to elicit individualistic attributions of responsibility than are “thematic” stories that place public issues in a more general and historical context. Surveys show that heavy consumers of violent television crime shows are more likely to see the world as a violent and frightening place and to adopt a “retributive justice perspective.
Industry-Level Learning and the Social Construction of Recipes
Authors: Sigismund Anne , Huff Huff James Oran , Barr Pamela S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter1 relates to the arguments about group influences on cognition found in chapter 3 to make sense of the rapid transformations in strategic thinking concerning biotech firms over a 10-year period beginning in 1984. The biotech story that unfolds through the analysis of industry documents traces the sensemaking efforts of key actors within different subgroups of the biotech community. The study traces the evolving understanding of the benefits and disadvantages of interfirm collaborations or strategic alliances involving biotechnology firms from the first published beginnings of alliances in 1984, through a sequence of industry-wide shifts in “industry recipes” (Spender, 1989), as firms observe and learn from direct experiences and from the experiences of other firms within the industry.
The Structuration of Industries
Authors: Sigismund Anne , Huff Huff James Oran , Barr Pamela S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this concluding chapter,1 we draw upon structuration theory, as outlined by the sociologist Anthony Giddens (1979, 1984), as a theoretic framework for extensions to the cognitively anchored theory of strategic change developed in Part I of this book. We are particularly interested in extending our theoretic arguments in ways that recognize the interdependencies between the actions of firms as knowledgeable actors and the structural conditions prevailing within an industry that influence and are influenced by the actions of firms both inside and outside the industry. Structuration theory is particularly well suited to structure-agency dualities of this sort and has received increasing attention in the management literature (Pettigrew, 1987; Ransom, Hinings &Green wood, 1980; Orlikowski, 1992; Whittington, 1992; Gibbons, Prescott & Ganesh, 1993) because it provides a means of going beyond the economic-behavioral debate that has recently preoccupied the strategy field. As an example, in this chapter we use structuration theory to explore the creative tension between incumbent firms and new entrants whose actions serve to transform the structure of the industry. The example illustrates the need to draw economic, behavioral, and cognitive theories together.
The Topology of Theft
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of theft offenses displays a variety as rich as the imagination of those who seek dishonest gain. There are crimes committed in cashing bad checks, misusing credit cards, eating at a restaurant wit)10ut paying, joyriding in another person’s car, appropriating someone else’s electricity—the list goes on and on. In this book we could not canvass all of these crimes of dishonest acquisition even if we were so inclined. Our objective will be to elicit the basic structure of theft by focussing on three types of crime that have crystallized in all Western legal systems. The traditional pattern in France, Germany and the Soviet Union as well as Anglo-American jurisdictions is to recognize a crime of larceny committed by taking the goods of another, a crime of embezzlement committed by improperly keeping goods entrusted to the actor, and a crime of fraud or false pretenses, committed by fraudulently inducing another to part with his property.
Genetic Hearing Loss-A Brief History
Authors: Gorlin Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
References to hereditary hearing loss date from the sixteenth century. This chapter presents a very brief history of genetic hearing loss, but more comprehensive histories have been written by Stephens (26), Ruben (25), and Reardon (23). Jn the early seventeenth century Paulus Zacchias stated, “The deaf and dumb ought to abstain from marriage for the good of the commonwealth, because there is evidence they beget children like themselves ... “ (7). Autosomal dominant inheritance of hearing loss was described as early as the seventeenth century (32). ln 1814 Adams (1) reported a kindred affected in four generations and recognized the hereditary nature of otosclerosis.
“Sexes mêlés je ne SUS plus rien distinguer”
Authors: Livia Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1986 the French writer Anne Garréta created a minor literary sensation with her novel Sphinx. The novel was greeted as a tour de force by French critics for its complete avoidance of gender markers in connection with the two main characters. We begin our examination of the functioning of gender in French with an analysis of this novel because of its extremely marked nature. The absence of the expected gender markers demonstrates, by its effect on many different structures in the text, how these markers usually function. We focus on the techniques available in French for gender avoidance—repetition of the proper name, synecdochic lexical substitution, and deverbal nouns—and examine not only how they function, but also how their use affects other devices, demonstrating the corollary effects of pro noun avoidance on such phenomena as cohesion and empathy.
“On est quatre dans le même tas”
Authors: Livia Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Personal pronouns engineer gender through language, and personal pro nouns arc ... the subject matter of each one of my books,” Wittig asserts when asked about her intentions in writing (1986, 67). In wopoponax, Les Guérillères, and Le Corps lesbien, Wittig either uses a pronoun that has low frequency in literary works or invents a new pronominal form to express one of the essential messages of the text. In L’opoponax, on is used as the principal pronominal vehicle; in Les Guérillères, the story is told through the third person feminine plural, elles, while Le Corps lesbien features the first person singular neologism y/e. In this chapter, we will mainly be concerned with an examination of the epicene on of L’opoponax, Wittig’s first novel, which has far-reaching effects on almost every aspect of the text.
From Economic Theory toward a Knowledge-Based Theory of _the Firm: Conceptual Building Blocks
Authors: Krogh Georg von , Grand Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is consensus among entrepreneurs, managers, academics, and consultants that we are about to embark on a new economic order: a knowledge-based economy, playing by a new set of rules (Day and Schoemaker 2000, Hamel 2000). In recent years we have seen an increasing interest in firm knowledge and innovation as the source of competitive advantage, which can be traced back to the emergence of the resourcebased perspective of the firm (Wernerfeld 1984, Dierickx and Cool 1988, Barney 1991, Mahoney and Pandian 1992, Peteraf 1993, Teece et al. 1997), the growing literature on innovation (Dosi 1982, Foster 1986, Tushman and Anderson 1986, Henderson and Clark 1990, Utterback 1994, Bower and Christensen 1995, Christensen 1997), organizational learning (Hedlund 1994, Argyris and Schon 1996, Wenger 1998), and most explicitly in the recent development of a knowledge-based perspective of strategy (Nonaka 1994, von Krogh et al. 1994, Spender 1996, Grant 1996).
Product Sequencing: Coevolution of Knowledge, Capabilities, and Products
Authors: Helfat Constance E , Raubitschek Ruth S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why are firms different? This is one of the fundamental questions in strategic management, because the sources of firm heterogeneity underlie competitive advantage (Rumelt et al. 1994). The resource-based view (Barney 1991, Peteraf 1993, Wernerfelt 1984) and knowledge management approaches (Grant 1996) suggest that capabilities and knowledge form the basis for differential firm performance. But how do successful firms get to the point where they have superior resources and knowledge, and how do firms maintain this superiority through time? Dynamic capabilities that enable firms to introduce new products and processes and adapt to changing market conditions play an important role (Teece et al. 1997, Helfat 1997). But exactly how do firms build and deploy capabilities? We provide a conceptual model that explains how organizations can successfully build and utilize knowledge and capabilities, over long time spans, in single and multiple product markets, for continuing competitive advantage. The model further highlights the importance of products, supported by vertical chains of complementary assets and activities, to the development and exploitation of capabilities and knowledge. That is, we bring the role of products back into the analysis of resources, capabilities, and knowledge.
Exploration and Exploitation as Complements
Authors: Knott Anne Marie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the more persistent themes in the management literature is the tension between success in a competitive environment versus survival in a changing environment. Success in the competitive environment involves exploitation of a firm’s existing capabilities; survival in a dynamic environment involves exploration for new capabilities (March 1991, Levinthal and March 1993). In the early work, exploration and exploitation were often characterized as perfect substitutes. Strategic choice was thus presented as positioning along a continuum from exploration (high variance in activities/knowledge) to exploitation (low variance in activities/knowledge). The challenge for firms then, was “picking” the point on the exploration/exploitation continuum corresponding to the underlying rate of change in the environment. A more recent perspective suggests that exploration and exploitation are imperfect substitutes, such that there are greater returns to specialization. Once a firm engages in substantial exploitation, it is more cost-effective to increase exploitation than it is to engage in exploration, and vice versa. From this perspective, the optimal strategies for firms are the extremes of static optimization (exploitation) and dynamic optimization (exploration )-balancing is impractical.
Genes Implicated in Lip and Palate Development
Authors: Chong Samuel S , Cheah Felicia S H , Jabs Ethylin Wang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Normal development of facial structures such as the lip and palate is a dynamic, highly regulated, and complex process (Francis-West et al., 1998; Schutte and Murray, 1999). Signaling interactions control the normal outgrowth of facial primordia from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, as well as the subsequent fusion of the frontal nasal mass and the left and right maxillary primordia to form intricate facial structures such as the lip and palate. From mouse mutant models, human syndromes, and both association and expression studies, a spectrum of gene products, such as transcription factors, growth factors, and signaling molecules, are postulated to be involved in these interactions (Table 3.1). These factors interact in a series of intra and intercellular events that culminate in a developmentally significant pattern of gene expression. When the structure or expression of these genes is modified, a cleft of some type [cleft lip only (CL), cleft palate only (CP), or cleft lip and palate (CLP)] may occur. Expression of every gene is uniquely controlled, whether in its spatial or temporal pattern or in its response to extracellular signals. Transcription regulators control gene expression via activating or repressing signal-transduction pathways.
Twin Studies in Oral Cleft Research
Authors: Mitchell Laura E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twin studies of oral clefts (OCs) have in general been undertaken to address one of two questions: (1) Are OCs in twins related to or a consequence of the twinning process? and (2) What can twins tell us about the genetic contribution to OCs in the general population of, predominantly singleton (i.e., nontwin), affected individuals? Clearly, the answers to these two questions are not independent. If OCs in twins are a consequence of the twinning process, information from twins will not be useful in establishing the genetic contribution to OCs in the general population of affected individuals. Prior to examining the literature, it is helpful to have an appreciation for some of the challenges presented by twin studies of OCs. Although OCs are relatively common malformations, the co-occurrence of twinning and OCs is rare. Population-based data from Denmark (Christensen and Fogh-Andersen, 1993a,b), which has a high ascertainment of OC cases (Christensen, 1999), suggests that only approximately 1/21,000 newborns will be a twin with an OC. Hence, it is extremely difficult to ascertain an unbiased sample of OC twins that is sufficiently large to address the questions of interest with any degree of precision. This problem is compounded by the fact that data from twins with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CUP) and those with cleft palate only (CP) must be evaluated separately since, with rare exceptions (e.g., Van der Woude’s syndrome), the etiologies of these disorders differ (Fraser, 1970). In addition, twins with syndromic forms of CUP and CP must be excluded from any analysis that focuses on the causes of nonsyndromic OCs, and monozygotic twins (i.e., identical twins derived from a single sperm and egg) and dizygotic twins (i.e., fraternal twins derived from the fertilization of two eggs) must be evaluated separately.
Segregation Analyses
Authors: Marazita Mary L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Segregation analysis refers to statistical methods that are used to determine the mode of inheritance of a trait. Segregation in this context therefore is derived from Mendel’s laws regarding the segregation of alleles in the formation of gametes (Mendel, 1866; translated by Bateson, 1902, 1909). According to the Oxford English Dictionary (Burchfield, 1986), the first usage of the word was by Weldon (1902) in his description of Mendel’s laws. Therefore, segregation analysis originated from the assessment of Mendelian patterns of inheritance, i.e., testing whether family data were consistent with a single genetic locus. Today, the term is used more broadly, to encompass tests of many types of transmission of traits not limited to Mendelian patterns. Complex segregation analysis is sometimes used to describe statistical methods that incorporate two or more distinct, functionally independent parameters (Ellandt-Johnson, 1971). The importance of inheritance in the etiology of cleft lip (CL) and cleft palate (CP) has been noted by scientists for more than 200 years. The first published description of a family with several affected members was in 1757 (Trew, 1757). Charles Darwin (1875) pointed out a publication of “the transmission during a century of hare-lip with a deft-palate” by Sproule (1863) describing the author’s family. Rischbieth (1910) summarized pre-1900 publications of familial cases of CL (“hare-lip”) and CP (abridged facsimile of Rischbieth, 1910, and commentary putting Rischbieth’s conclusions into historical perspective are provided by Melnick, 1997).