bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Platonism In Aristotle’S Ethics
Authors: Gerson Lloyd P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern interpretations of Aristotle’s ethical theory labour unduly under the influence of Werner Jaeger’s hypothesis regarding Aristotle’s development. According to this hypothesis, Aristotle’s philosophical career can be plotted along an axis whose termini are Platonism and anti-Platonism. Jaeger argued that without such a hypothesis no coherent account of Aristotle’s philosophy could be extracted. Specifically, a number of Aristotelian works appear to defend or proclaim positions that might fairly be termed ‘Platonic’, whereas a number of others appear to oppose these same positions. So, on Jaeger’s hypothesis, Aristotle, when he entered Plato’s Academy at the age of 17, became a true Platonic disciple, but at some later date turned away from Platonism to found his own school and to assume his own distinctive, anti-Platonic philosophical stance. Regarding philosophical methodology, psychology, metaphysics, and ethics, Aristotle came to reject Plato’s otherworldly constructions in favour of an orientation more in line with what we think of today as ‘scientific’.
Alexander Of Aphrodisias On Mixture And Growth
Authors: Kupreeva Inna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ancient discussions of mixture and growth have to do with a broad range of philosophical issues, such as the nature of life, the boundary between living and not living, and the physical mechanisms operating in animate structures. Approaches to the solutions of these problems developed in antiquity seem to be earning more and more appreciation in the context of today’s metaphysical discussions. Following the revival of interest in Aristotle’s psychology welcomed by modern philosophers of mind as an alternative to both the excesses of Cartesian dualism and the deficiencies of numerous reductionist theories, there has been a new rise of interest in Aristotle’s theory of natural substance, in its full rigging, including such dusty items as the concept of mixture, which has been recently rediscovered by philosophers as a promising model for an ontological description of the type of unity present in a multi-layered, hierarchical composite structure.
Manuscripts of the Hippiatrica
Authors: Mccabe Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The texts of the Hippiatrica exist in twenty-two manuscripts, some of which contain more than one copy of the text, so that there are twenty-five copies altogether. These manuscripts range in date from the tenth century to the sixteenth; they represent a variety of levels of production, and contain five principal recensions of the compilation. The practical nature of the Hippiatrica may have contributed to the preservation of the text, but also contributed to its mutation in transmission: as is the case with other technical literature, the compilation was added to, subtracted from, adapted, and rearranged in accordance with the tastes and needs of its editors and users, with the result that nearly every one of the early manuscripts contains a substantially different version of the text.
Theomnestus
Authors: Mccabe Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theomnestus appears to have been a keen horseman, with a solid grounding in medical theory as well as experience of veterinary practice. He is the only author in the Hippiatrica to include in his treatise instructions for grooming and breaking in addition to veterinary treatments.1 He is also the only author who speaks of his own horses; he does so with affection. Theomnestus ‘ work belongs to the tradition of the texts that we have already examined: his description of the points of the horse, of grooming, and breaking alludes to the words of Xenophon and Simon; it also presents close parallels to the agricultural firiters, which suggests that one of these, probably Cassius Dionysius, was an intermediary.
Reason, Imagination, and Mechanism in Descartes’s Theory of Perception
Authors: Vinci Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
there is the painfully obvious question of how the human ability to home in on a distant object relates, on the one hand, to distance perception as Descartes interprets it, and, on the other, to the ability of animals to do the same thing. Without making an issue about consciousness, it’s hard to deny that in some sense my dog knows where the ball fell as well as I do: after all, he runs directly to it, just as I do. Now according to Descartes subhuman animals have no reasoning ability at all. It would seem to follow that, on Cartesian theory, either I do not rely for such physical acts on distance and position perceptions as Descartes explains them, or that the explanation of my dog’s ability is totally disanalogous to the explanation of mine. Both positions are, it seems to me, extremely implausible.
Putting Aristotle’S Physics In Its Place:A Discussion Of Benjamin Morison, On Location
Authors: Mendell Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is wondrous that in the last twenty years at least five books have been substantially devoted to the five Bekker pages that constitute Aristotle’s account of place.2 Morison’s book is, in fact, the first in English exclusively devoted to the topic. Of the topics covered by Physics 4, void is historically more important, while the discussion of time is more obscure and difficult. The discussion of place or location in Morison’s title, has, on the other hand, a simple structure arguing for a superficially simple thesis. Certainly, almost any student of Aristotle can rattle off his definition, ‘the limit of the surrounding body’ or something equivalent. Most can understand Aristotle’s motivation; many can even make sense of it. Part of its attraction lies in our interest in Aristotle’s method. The discussion of place not only includes one of his rare reflections on his method of surveying puzzles or aporiai, but is itself a fine example of the method.3 It is also important for understanding his theory of natural place4 in all its obscurity and, to a lesser extent, his kinematics.
Moore’s Paradox, Evans’s Principle, and Iterated Beliefs
Authors: Williams John N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I went to the pictures last Tuesday but I don’t believe that I did would be ‘absurd’. Moore calls it a ‘paradox’ that this absurdity persists despite the fact that what I say about myself might be true. For you may consistently suppose that I went to the pictures last Tuesday but fail to believe that I did. Moreover, if you contradict my assertion then your words, ‘If you went to the pictures last Tuesday then you believe that you did’ need not be true.
Matter and Meaning in the Work of Art: Joseph Kosuth’s One and Three Chairs
Authors: Wilde Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My interest in Joseph Kosuth’s assemblage, One and Three Chairs of 1965 (see Illustration 5), is in the way in which it requires us to consider how meaning is embodied within the work of art. In his discussion of Conceptual Art the art historian Hans Belting said that this work, “proposed a thesis that could have been voiced at any time, even a century earlier. But the proposition could not have been exhibited as art until the mid-1960s.” This statement is interesting but problematic. The idea that any work of art ‘proposes a thesis’ or ‘presents a proposition’ is problematic. For it seems to imply that we can expect some determinate meaning from a work of art.
Introduction
Authors: MacBride Fraser 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The papers in this volume constellate about fundamental philosophical issues concerning modality and identity: How are we to understand the concepts of metaphysical necessity and possibility? Is chance a basic ingredient of reality? How are we to make sense of claims about personal identity? Do numbers require distinctive identity criteria? Does the capacity to identify an object presuppose an ability to bring it under a sortal concept? In order to provide a guide to the reader I will provide a brief overview of the content of the papers collected here and some of the interrelations that obtain between them.
Doubt, Deference, and Deliberation: Understanding and Using the Division of Cognitive Labor
Authors: Keil Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In ‘The ‘‘Meaning of Meaning’’ ‘ Hilary Putnam (1975) famously sug- gested, as part of a more general defense of an externalist account of semantic content, that our referential practices are upheld by a ‘division of linguistic labor’. A speaker who lacks the individual capacity to identify a term’s referent may nonetheless use the term successfully, so long as she belongs to a linguistic community where some (group of) expert(s) have that capacity. Over the past thirty years, there has been a lively discussion about the implications of such a theory for questions about wide vs. narrow content, internalism vs. externalism about mean- ing, and the like. In the spirit of labor-division, I will leave discussion of these matters to others (see e.g. Burge 1979; Fodor 1998; Prinz 2002), focusing instead on a question that has received relatively little atten- tion in either the philosophical or the psychological literature, namely how laypeople understand the nature and character of the division of cognitive labor.
Introduction
Authors: Leiter Brian , Sinhababu Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moral philosophy has long situated its problems, positions, and arguments with respect to the views of the important historical figure in the field. Aristotle, Kant, Hume, and Mill, among others, have loomed large in ethics over the last century, so much so that those contemporaries influenced by them often self-identify as Kantians or Humeans, or as working out ‘Aristotelian’ or ‘Millian’ views as a way of defending answers to contemporary questions in moral philosophy.
Egypt: From Egyptian to Pan-Arab Nationalism
Authors: Suleiman Yasir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The language–national identity link is a recurrent theme in nationalism studies. However, both this link and its constituent members (language and nation) are a matter of construction, what I have elsewhere called a discursive project (Suleiman 2006), that is amenable to formulation and counter-formulation. It is, therefore, not surprising that for much of the twentieth century the link between language and national identity in Egypt has been the subject of debate which sought to argue either for an Egypt-bound form of identity, revolving around the territory of Egypt (Egyptian nationalism), or for forms of supra-Egyptian nationalism that sought to define this identity extraterritorially by reference to dominant religion (Islam), some vague notion of a Western versus Eastern culture, or language (Gershoni and Jankowski 1995). This chapter deals with the two most important formulations of national identity in Egypt: Egyptian nationalism and Pan-Arab nationalism.
Mali: In Defence of Cultural and Linguistic Pluralism
Authors: Skattum Ingse 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mali is a landlocked country bounded by seven states: Senegal in the west, Mauritania and Algeria in the north, Niger and Burkina Faso in the east, the Ivory Coast and Guinea in the south. It is one of Africa’s largest countries and is divided into three climatic zones: the Sahara desert in the north, the semi-desert Sahel in the centre, and the Sudanese savannah in the south. Most of the approximately 13 million inhabitants live in the south and along the two main rivers, the Niger (which is Africa’s third largest) and the Senegal. Gold and cotton are main exports, Mali being Africa’s second largest cotton producer after Egypt. It is, however, one of the poorest countries in the world, coming 174th of 177 countries in the Human Development Indicator (HDI) of the United Nations Development Programme, which takes into account standard of living, life expectancy, and literacy. Statistics show that the fertility rate is high (nearly 7 children per woman), infant mortality amongst the world’s highest (11.3 per cent), while life expectancy is only 48.5 years and nearly 50 per cent of the population is under 15 years of age. The literacy rate is 19 per cent and school enrolment 26 per cent. Around 90 per cent of the population is Muslim, 9 per cent are animists, and 1 per cent Christian. Animism influences both Muslim and Christian practices, and religious tolerance is the rule. The capital Bamako, in the southern part of the country, has approximately 1 million inhabitants. Other important cities are Segu, Sikasso, Koutiala, Kayes, Mopti, Djenne, Timbuktu, and Gao. The country was colonized by France between 1880 and 1895 and named French Sudan in 1892. It was proclaimed an independent republic on 22 September 1960, when it took the name of the prestigious medieval Mali Empire. Since 1960, there have been three Malian republics: the first under Modibo Keita (1960–68), the second under General Moussa Traoré (1968–1991) and the third under democratically elected presidents Alpha Oumar Konaré (1992– 2002) and Amadou Toumani Touré (2002– ).
The Horn of Africa: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, and Somalia
Authors: Appleyard David , Orwin Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Horn of Africa is here understood as comprising four countries: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia. Of these the largest both in terms of landmass and population is Ethiopia, followed by Somalia, Eritrea, and Djibouti in that order. Ethiopia also has the highest overall density of population of the four countries. Whilst all four countries have in part shared histories and some common cultural patterns and influences, owing in large part to their geographical contiguity, the dominant factor that has been central to history and culture alike across the region is the ancient and at times conflicting presence of two world religions, Christianity in the case of highland Ethiopia and Eritrea, and Islam elsewhere. Ethiopia and Eritrea, which historically formed a single entity, have been Christian since the fourth century and the Ethiopian kingdom constituted an expansive political and cultural nucleus in the Ethiopian highlands from even before that time. Islam already entered the Horn from its earliest days in the seventh and eighth centuries AD, and the growth of Islamic states in the southern and eastern parts of the region from the thirteenth century onwards inevitably led to conflict with the Christian kingdom. Islam today is dominant in the east of the Horn and along the Red Sea littoral, in Djibouti and Somalia, and with around 50 per cent of the population of Eritrea. Historically religion rather than language seems to have been the main criterion of identity and adherence to a political entity or state, at least judging from written histories, both chronicles and hagiographies.
On The Use Of Stoicheion In The Sense Of ‘Element’
Authors: Crowley Timothy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle says that Empedocles is the first to name fire, air, water, and earth as the four kinds of stoicheia, or ‘elements’ (Metaph. A 4, 985a32; cf. 984a8). But it is well known that Empedocles does not call fire, air, water, and earth stoicheia; rather, he calls them the ‘roots of all things’ (31 B 6 DK). The use of the term stoicheion in the sense of ‘element’ or ‘principle of nature’ is usually believed to be a later innovation. How much later is a matter of some dispute. In a fragment preserved by Simplicius, Aristotle’s pupil Eudemus of Rhodes seems to identify Plato as the first to call the ‘elementary principles of natural and generated things’ stoicheia. Diels, in his study of the development of the term ‘element’ in Graeco-Roman philosophy, reviews the evidence for Eudemus’ claim and concludes that before Plato nobody had used the term stoicheion with reference to ‘the physical principles’. Some commentators, however, have challenged this conclusion. A common view is that the atomists were the first to use the term for the principles of things; Diels himself acknowledges this possibility, and it is repeated by Burnet. But Burnet also thinks it
How to Argue about Practical Reason
Authors: Wallace R Jay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are the comparative roles of reason and the passions in explaining human motivation and behavior? Accounts of practical reason divide on this central question, with proponents of different views falling into rationalist and Human camps. By ‘rationalist’ accounts of practical reason, I mean accounts which make the characteristically Kantian claim that pure reason can be practical in its issue. To reject this view is to take the Human position that reasoning or ratiocination is not by itself capable of giving rise to a motivation to act. This alternative position is most famously expressed in Hume’s polemical assertion that ‘reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions’ in influencing the will or moving us to act.¹
The Essential Davidson
Authors: Lepore Ernie , Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Essential Davidson compiles the most celebrated papers of one of the twentieth century’s greatest philosophers. It distils Donald Davidson’s seminal contributions to our understanding of ourselves, from three decades of essays, into one thematically organized collection. A new, specially written introduction by Ernie Lepore and Kirk Ludwig, two of the world’s leading authorities on his work, offers a guide through the ideas and arguments, shows how they interconnect, and reveals the systematic coherence of Davidson’s worldview. Davidson’s philosophical program is organized around two connected projects. The first is that of understanding the nature of human agency. The second is that of understanding the nature and function of language, and its relation to the world. Accordingly, the first part of the book presents Davidson’s investigation of reasons, causes, and intentions, which revolutionized the philosophy of action. This leads to his notable doctrine of anomalous monism, the view that all mental events are physical events, but that the mental cannot be reduced to the physical. The second part of the book presents the famous essays in which Davidson set out his highly original and influential philosophy of language, which founds the theory of meaning on the theory of truth. These fifteen classic essays will be invaluable for anyone interested in the study of mind and language. Fascinating though they are individually, it is only when drawn together that there emerges a compelling picture of man as a rational linguistic animal whose thoughts, though not reducible to the material, are part of the fabric of the world, and whose knowledge of his own mind, the minds of others, and the world around him is as fundamental to his nature as the power of thought and speech itself.
How is Weakness of the Will Possible?
Authors: Lepore Ernie , Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An agent’s will is weak if he acts, and acts intentionally, counter to his own best judgement; in such cases we sometimes say he lacks the willpower to do what he knows, or at any rate believes, would, everything considered, be better. It will be convenient to call actions of this kind incontinent actions, or to say that in doing them the agent acts incontinently. In using this terminology I depart from tradition, at least in making the class of incontinent actions larger than usual. But it is the larger class I want to discuss, and I believe it includes all of the actions some philosophers have called incontinent, and some of the actions many philosophers have called incontinent.
Radical Interpretation
Authors: Lepore Ernie , Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kurt utters the words ‘Es regnet’ and under the right conditions we know that he has said that it is raining. Having identified his utterance as intentional and linguistic, we are able to go on to interpret his words: we can say what his words, on that occasion, meant. What could we know that would enable us to do this? How could we come to know it? The first of these questions is not the same as the question what we know that enables us to interpret the words of others. For there may easily be something we could know and don’t, knowledge of which would suffice for interpretation, while on the other hand it is not altogether obvious that there is anything we actually know which plays an essential role in interpretation.
Informed Consent and the Expansion of Newborn Screening
Authors: Consent Informed , Screening1 the Expansion of Newborn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The moral acceptability and justifiability of a medical procedure seems partly dependent on whether informed consent has been attained. In many situations it is clear why this is so. There is near consensus that patients should have a say in whether to undergo surgery, particularly if there are alternatives available and when there are clear advantages and disadvantages to the different options. It is generally conceded that patients should be in a position to weigh what is important to them. Furthermore, informed consent is undisputedly an effective way to prevent abuse and exploitation of patients, for example in the context of medical research.
Misunderstanding Metaethics: Korsgaard’s Rejection of Realism
Authors: Hussain Nadeem J Z , Shah Nishi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary Kantianism in ethics is often thought of not just as a position within normative ethics but also as an alternative to moral realism. We argue that it is in fact not at all clear how contemporary Kantianism can distinguish itself from moral realism. There are of course many Kantian positions. For reasons of space we have chosen to focus here on the position of one of the most prominent, contemporary Kantians, Christine Korsgaard. Officially our discussion is restricted to her version of Kantianism, though we suspect that the lessons learnt here apply elsewhere.
In our experience, it immediately strikes some as implausible that Korsgaard is actually engaged in metaethics. We grant that there are strains in Korsgaard that suggest an attempt to, so to speak, go ‘‘beyond’’ metaethics. We take up such a reading of Korsgaard elsewhere (Hussain and Shah, 2005b). Here we simply accept at face value the way in which she repeatedly introduces the Kantian view as an alternative to realism. Crucially, she emphasizes that the realism of concern to her is, as she puts it, ‘‘substantive moral realism’’— that is, a view with specific metaphysical, epistemological, and semantic commitments.
“Corpus Linguistics” or “Computer-aided Armchair Linguistics”
Authors: Fillmore Charles J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Armchair linguistics does not have a good name in some linguistics circles. A caricature of the armchair linguist is something like this. He sits in a deep soft comfortable armchair, with his eyes closed and his hands clasped behind his head. Once in a while, he opens his eyes, sits up abruptly shouting, “Wow, what a neat fact!”, grabs his pencil, and writes something down. Then he paces around for a few hours in the excitement of having come still closer to knowing what language is really like. (There isn’t anybody exactly like this, but there are some approximations.) Corpus linguistics does not have a good name in some linguistics circles. A caricature of the corpus linguist is something like this. He has all the primary facts that he needs, in the form of a corpus of approximately one zillion running words, and he sees his job as that of deriving secondary facts from his primary facts. At the moment he is busy determining the relative frequencies of the eleven parts of speech as the first word of a sentence versus as the second word of a sentence. (There isn’t anybody exactly like this, but there are some approximations.) These two don’t speak to each other very often, but when they do, the corpus linguist says to the armchair linguist, “Why should I think that what you tell me is true?”, and the armchair linguist says to the corpus linguist, “Why should I think that what you tell me is interesting?” This paper is a report of an armchair linguist who refuses to give up his old ways but who finds profit in being a consumer of some of the resources that corpus linguists have created.