bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge at all Levels
Authors: Dalal-Clayton Barry , Dent David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our times are witnessing unprecedented change in human populations and societies, and in the natural resources that make up the life-support system. Crises such as dwindling fish stocks and forests; pollution of air, land, and water; global warming; and civil conflict and wars over land are all symptoms of the failure of management in the face of a fundamental challenge: that natural resources are finite while human demands upon them are not International pressure to respond to this challenge peaked at the Earth Summit in 1992. Since then, the political will has seeped away and responsibility to find workable solutions has been shunted back to the professionals.
Germany: Federalism under Strain
Authors: Bullrnann Udo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under the terms of its constitution (Grundgesetz or Basic Law), the Federal Republic of Germany is a democratic and social federal state (Art. 20 I). Its constitutional order at federal as well as at the Lander (state) level must conform to the principles of a republican, democratic, and social state governed by the rule of law (Art. 28 I). The Rechtsstaatsprinzip (or state-of-law principle) reflects the rejection—already established in nineteenth-century German constitutional thinking—of the absolutist administrative state. In its place is a liberal constitutional order that only permits the exercise of democratically legitimized political power, a pnwer itself limited by civil rights such as the right to religious freedom, freedom of expression and assembly, freedom of the press, and freedom of movement. Interpretation of the Basic Law’s Sozialstaatsprinzip (principle of the ‘social state’) is not without controversy. Conservative constitutionalists tend to view it as a non-binding declaration, subordinate to the rule-of-law principle, since, in contrast to the former Weimar constitution, there is no guarantee of social rights in the Basic Law. The left, on the other hand, considers the Sozialstaatsprinzip, in the absence of more detailed regulations, to mean that public life in general, including its social and economic aspects, should be organized along democratic and socially responsible lines.
Italy: The Crisis of the Second Republic
Authors: Loughlin John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Italy was a relative latecomer to the dub of nation-states in the nineteenth century, being created only between 1860 and 1870 as a union of many ‘Italies’: the economically developed North with its great cities and political traditions close to those of northern Europe; the backward South characterized by a feudal-type system of large-scale landowners and non-politicized peasants with traditions of patronage and clientelism; and the Centre, once dominated by the Papal States and, like the South, with little experience of liberal constitutional democracy. The Piedmontese elites who created the new state saw their primary task as being to weld these very different territories and societies into a single territorial unit. Only a very small percentage of the population of Italy spoke the Italian language while the majority spoke dialects that were mutually incomprehensible (Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanetti 1993: 18).
Belgium: Federalisn1 and Subnational Democracy in a Divided Country
Authors: Hendriks Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From its birth in 1830 until the first state reform of 1970, Belgium was a decentralized unitary state, similar to the Netherlands, with a subnational government divided into provinces and municipalities. The four state reforms that have been enacted since 1970 (in 1970, 1980, 1988, and 1993) have altered the relationships between the various tiers of government, transforming the country from a unitary state into a federation (Ministerie van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap 1993; Veldkamp 1993; Alen 1995; Gouvernement Wallon 1998). The first article in the most recent version of the Belgium Constitution reads ‘Belgium is a federation, consisting of communities and regions’.
Sweden: The End of the ‘Swedish Model’?
Authors: Lidstrom Anders 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The economic, social, and political development of Sweden was slow at the end of the nineteenth century compared with the rest of Europe. Sweden was still a poor country with a population overly dependent on subsistence farming. Industrialization and urbanization lagged behind and political rights were restricted. However, the first decades of the twentieth century witnessed the beginning of a complete transformation of Swedish society. Industries developed rapidly based on the natural resources of timber and ore, rural poverty was eliminated by emigration and urbanization, social problems were gradually reduced, and the Swedes gained new political rights. Democracy emerged via a number of successive steps, but universal suffrage was finally established in 1921.
Economic Restructuring and Urban Segregation in Sao Paulo
Authors: Schiffer Sueli Ramos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The spatial changes in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area can be assessed in tems of its economic development from the late 1800s, when coffee production spurred the city’s emergence as Brazil’s economic centre. through the 1990s, when the nation had to restructure the whole of its economy to fit into todays patterns of economic globalization.
Liberalism and Anti-Semitism in Germany: The Case of Gustav Stresemann
Authors: Wright Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peter Pulzer has described the legal process of emancipation of the Jews in Germany as a kind of bargain: the Jews would be emancipated and, in return, become assimilated. However, as he points out, it was left unclear what Jews would have to do, or to give up, in order to be accepted. ‘As a consequence, there ensued a dialogue of the deaf: as long as Jews were not prepared to abandon all forms of separate culture, said some, they could not demand complete acceptance. As long as they were not offered complete acceptance, said others, they could scarcely be expected to renounce their traditions.’
Between Mutual Support and Misunderstanding: The British Labour Party and the SPD
Authors: Paterson William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A first impression of Peter Pulzer might be of a classic Oxford don, atypically successful but with a talent for bons mots that places him securely in an established tradition. Closer acquaintance would soon reveal that this apparently most English of academics was born in Vienna and that some of the attributes we take to be typically Oxford would be seen by others as Viennese. Peter Pulzer’s measured academic persona does not immediately suggest a past as a political activist, but one of the less well-known aspects of his spectacular career is the contrast between his distinction as an academic and his lack of success as a political activist when in the 1960s and 1970s he failed on a number of occasions to be elected to Oxford City Council in the Labour interest.
A New Government-a New Democracy? The Red-Green Coalition in Germany
Authors: Kaase Max 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the 1989 eclipse of communist ideology and power in Central and Eastern Europe, the political order of democracy has proved to be the preferred way of organizing society, resting on the principle that in politics the pluralist interests of the people can be articulated and represented without fear of repression and that through the operation of market mechanisms citizens are furnished with economic conditions sufficient to conduct their everyday lives. On the other hand, however, liberal democracy has been subjected to ever closer internal scrutiny, and with this, alternate conceptions of how to organize a democratic polity are now more a matter of debate and controversy than ever before.
The Layered State of Vietnam
Authors: Tønnesson Stein 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A ‘state’ consists of all those public institutions (central, provincial and local administration, army, banks and enterprises) which are—at least on paper—controlled by the government. The term ‘capacity’ can be defined as ‘maximum output’. In this chapter, the term ‘state capacity’ shall be understood as the ability of public institutions to produce the output expected by their leaders. The task is thus to assess the extent to which Vietnamese public institutions are able to meet the expectations of the Vietnamese Communist Party. Before starting to characterize the Vietnamese state, a few words must be said about the general relationship between state and society.
China and Vietnam: Viable Socialism in a Market Economy
Authors: Apter David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a difficult time for the few remaining socialist countries. Whatever other concrete problems they confront, they also have been forced to recognize that history is not linear, any more than Marxism is unilinear, and that irreversible change toward socialism is no less a myth than the dictatorship of the proletariat was for a transition to communism. Perhaps this last they knew all along—hence the coercive character of all socialist states. There may be a few people left who believe that in the end communism will triumph. But one does not hear much from them now. In any case, the evidence against that possibility is plain, even among those who, forced by circumstances to be more receptive to market principles, still reject capitalism as a preferred system. Clearly, neither China nor Vietnam has any alternative to the pursuit of market reforms if productivity is to continue to increase. Even a quick glance at the condition of countries like North Korea, or Cuba (countries whose socialism is at the highest stage of sclerosis) would show the futility of resisting the reversibility of irreversible change. Trying to do so would only ensure disaster. Not only does virtually everyone in both countries now recognize that residual Stalinism is a terminal political disease. They can hardly avoid comparisons with the remarkable transformation elsewhere in East Asia, where, despite recent setbacks, growth has been little short of dazzling. Nevertheless, while liberalization has proceeded apace in both China and Vietnam, it has been more in economic terms than political.
Migration Outcomes of Guest Worker and Free Trade Regimes: The Case of Mexico-US Migration
Authors: Martin Philip , Lowell B Lindsay , Taylor Edward]. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most regional and international regimes-systems in which national govern ments yield at least some power to a supranational authority that grants member nations rights and impose obligations on them-emerge from crisis, as with security regimes in which nations pledge mutual support, trade regimes in which members agree to lower barriers to the goods from other member nations to promote economic growth, and financial regimes to establish rules for protecting investments and disclosing financial data in order to encourage citizens of one country to invest in another. This chapter is part of a project that aims to think about a global migration regime before a crisis occurs, so that the advantages and disadvantages of various options and structures can be considered without constant reference to the crisis at hand.
Forced Migration in the Post-Cold War Era: The Need for a Comprehensive Approach
Authors: Loescher Gil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The post-Cold War era has confronted the international refugee regime with ever-increasing numbers of forcibly displaced people. In recent years, the problem of forced displacement has become larger, more complex, and geographically more widespread. Forcibly displaced people include refugees in the legal sense of the word, namely people who have fled from and are unable to return to their own country because of persecution and violence as well as internally displaced people, namely people who have been uprooted because of persecution or violence but who remain in their own countries and do not or cannot seek refuge across borders.
Detours to Modernity: Long-Term Trends of Parliamentary Recruitment in Republican France 1848–1999
Authors: Best Heinrich , Gaxie Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Looking at the political history of modern France since 1789, the most obvious, and to some extent stereotypical, characteristics are discontinuity and division: popular upheavals and frequent changes of constitutional settings, extended periods of governmental instability and fierce conflict between opposing political currents dominate the historical record. However, underneath this choppy surface, we find more steady undercurrents which manifest themselves in astonishingly stable substructures of political processes. One of these continuous elements is the practice of representative government, which for a long time held its own against challengers from the top and bottom of the political order, or at least offered a fall-back position when the holders of supreme power were troubled and the institutions of government dissolved. For long periods after 1830, 1871, and again after 1945, this regime was formally institutionalized as a Parliamentary Monarchy or a Parliamentary Republic.
Parliamentary Elite Transformations along the Discontinuous Road of Democratization: Italy 1861–1999
Authors: Cotta Maurizio , Mastropaolo Alfio , Verzichelli Luca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The beginnings of Italian parliamentary history must be traced, as in a number of other European countries, to the fateful year of 1848, that is to say, thirteen years before the creation of the kingdom of Italy. In that year, the constitution granted by the King of Sardinia to the north-western regional states covering Piedmont, Savoy, Genoa, and the island of Sardinia established the first durable elected parliament on the Italian peninsula. In 1861, as a consequence of the process of Italian unification, which had been successfully engineered under the leadership of the Piedmontese state, this constitution and this Parliament became the constitution and parliament of the new Italian state and were extended in the following decades to the other regions as they were integrated.
Algorithms in Tomography
Authors: Natterer Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic problem in computerized tomography (CT) is the reconstruction of a function from its line or plane integrals. Applications come from diagnostic radiology, astronomy, electron microscopy, seismology, radar, plasma physics, nuclear medicine and many other fields. More recent kinds of tomography replace the straight line model by an inverse problem for a partial differential equation. The outline of this paper is as follows. In Section 2 we survey the mathematical models used in tomography. In Section 3 we give a fairly detailed survey of 2D reconstruction algorithms, which are still the work horse of tomography. In Section 4 we describe recent developments in 3D reconstruction. In Section 5 we make a few remarks on the beginning development of algorithms for nonstraight-line tomography.
Function spaces and operators
Authors: Partington Jonathan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall develop the background material on Banach spaces of analytic functions and their associated operators. We shall begin by reviewing the classical theory of Fourier series and transforms (including Laplace transforms), highlighting the roles of the Fejér and Poisson kernel functions. This will be drawn upon in later chapters, as well as here, where it forms the basis of our discussion of the Hardy spaces of the disc and the half-plane, including the disc algebra. Little interpolation theory will be introduced here, although we shall include a section on Blaschke products and zero sets at this stage.
Convolution operators
Authors: Partington Jonathan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is, like Chapter 3, slanted towards practical applications in systems identiflcation—this time using input/output measurements rather than transfer function measurements. The question of input design is an important one in this problem and its solution draws heavily upon ideas from Galois theory and classical complex analysis. Finally, we shall consider some tuned identification methods, using the ideas from information-based complexity theory which were presented in Chapter 4. This includes some questions of model validation, and here the classical Carathéodory–Fejér interpolation results are shown to have a practical application.
Approach Spaces
Authors: Lowen R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we introduce the basic structures which determine what we will call an approach space. One of the powerful features of approach spaces is that they can be determined by conceptually very different but nevertheless equivalent structures. This is not unlike the situation in topology, where the structure of a topological space can be determined by a number of equivalent concepts, such as, for example, open sets, closed sets, closure operator, neighborhood system, and convergence structure. In the next two chapters where we discuss the relation between approach spaces, topological spaces, and metric spaces, the parallelism will become quite apparent.
Compactification
Authors: Lowen R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well known that compactifications do not often preserve metrizability. Thus for instance a nontrivial Čech-Stone compactification is never metrizable. And even if a compactification is metrizable, then it need not be metrizable by an extension of the given metric. This is the case for instance with the Alexandroff compactification of ℝ. In UAP the situation is better. We will construct a compactification which is the AP-counterpart for the Cech-Stone compactification in TOP. We will prove, moreover, that, in TOP, our compactification coincides with the Čech-Stone compactification, and that in general the TOP-coreflection of our compactification is the Smimov compactification of an associated proximity.
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies on the non-Watson-Crick base associations of mismatches, modified bases, and non duplex oligonucleotide structures
Authors: Hu.nter William N , Brown Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The replication of DNA must occur with a high degree of precision in order for genetic information to be faithfully transmitted from one generation to the next. Watson and Crick recognized that a complementary base pairing scheme in duplex DNA could contribute to such a mechanism (1). In this way, purines interact with pyrimidines so that guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C) and adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) to form what are termed Watson-Crick base pairs (Fig. 10.1).
DNA higher-order structures
Authors: Olson Wilma K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The packaging of DNA within the close confines of the cell imposes a higher order structure on the long, thread-like molecule. The chain must fold within a highly crowded environment as well as adopt arrangements that allow for correct recognition and processing of the genetic message. This organizational structure, which is too unwieldy for direct molecular characterization, can only be inferred from the physical properties of relevant model systems. Isolated DNA supercoils with intertwined double helical strands constitute one such useful model. The well-known interplay between long-range structure and local twisting of the supercoil can be used to drive the folding of DNA around proteins and other packaging agents. The long-range association between interwound strands is relevant to the close packing of DNA, while the local structural changes provide insight into the transient opening of the double helix during biological processes.
Transfer RNA
Authors: G John , Moras Dino 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the key intermediate in the process of protein synthesis. It is a link between genetic information contained in nucleic acids and its expression in the protein world. The molecule possesses two important ends; one interacts with the codon of the messenger RNA (mRNA) through three specific nucleotides called the anticodon, while the other end serves as the attachment point for the amino acid and is subseqently linked to a growing polypeptide chain during protein synthesis on the ribosome. Thus, the molecule adapts the amino acids to the genetic code.
On Four-Dimensional Einstein Manifolds
Authors: LeBrun Claude 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In dimensions ≥4, equation (1.1) no longer determines the geometry in a local manner, and this vastly increases both the interest and the difficulty of understanding Einstein manifolds in higher dimensions. In dimensions ≥5, our knowledge of general Einstein manifolds is quite scant, although an impressive array of methods has been developed for producing and classifying Einstein manifolds with special holonomy or isometry groups, Aubin (1976), Besse (1987), Boyer et al. (1994), Joyce (1996), Yau (1977).
Loss of Information in Black Holes
Authors: Hawking Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a pleasure to be here to celebrate Roger’s birthday. Like many people, I find it difficult to believe he is about to be 65. I just hope I am in such good form when I reach that age. When I began research in the early 1960s, general relativity was at a low ebb. Many of you will have read Feynman’s comments, on a conference on general relativity that he attended. I believe it was at Chapel Hill. At that time, there was no contact with observations. Most people in the field spent their time doing messy calculations of Christoffel symbols. They were so pleased if they found a solution that they did not care what physical significance it had, if any.
The Penrose Transform and Real Integral Geometry
Authors: Bailey Toby N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I remember, some years ago, Roger Penrose drawing a picture of twistor theory as a tree, which he was trying to train mainly towards fundamental physics, but which was always sending off vigorous shoots in the direction of pure mathematics. Twistor theory has certainly been a source of an astonishing amount of mathematics. One example is what we now call the Penrose transform, and in this note I want to report on some joint research with Michael Eastwood (Bailey and Eastwood 1997), whereby methods involving holomorphic geometry inspired by the Penrose transform are used to obtain results on transforms in real integral geometry. (This follows on from joint work with Eastwood, Rod Gover and Lionel Mason (1997). It was Mason’s idea originally that one ought to be able to obtain results of this sort.) A full account of our results appears in (Bailey and Eastwood 1997), and here I want just to outline the methods and make more precise the connection with the Penrose transform which is largely suppressed in (Bailey and Eastwood 1997).
Pythagorean Spinors and Penrose Twistors
Authors: Trautman Andrzej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Originally, Roger Penrose intended twistor spaces to be associated with, or serve as replacements for, the 4-dimensional, Lorentzian space-times. His belief in the privileged and exceptional role of four dimensions, apparent in twistor theory, was strikingly confirmed by the discoveries of exotic differential structures on JR4, and of the Donaldson and Seiberg-Witten invariants. There are, however, interesting generalizations of twistor ideas to other dimensions and signatures; especially to proper Riemannian 3- and 4-manifolds. As is often the case with important ideas, the original notion of twistor has been generalized in many ways; only some of them are briefly presented below.
Measurable sets
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the notion of the length, or measure, of a subset S of ℝ. Many texts on integration take the notion of measure as fundamental, and develop the theory of integrals from a theory of measure. We do quite the opposite, using what we have already learnt about intervals and integrals to give a meaningful concept of length for as wide a class of sets as possible.