bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for the horizontal acquisition of murine AKR virogenes by recent horizontal infection of the germ line
Authors: O'Brien SJ , Moore JL , Martin MA , Womack JE 
Published: June 2004

Several recent reports (8, 10, 11, 13) have established the biological and molecular genetic similarity between the endogenous AKV virus of strain AKR, and an N-ecotropic endogenous virus found in the genome of feral Japanese mice, Mus musculus molossinus. The similarities are so striking as to suggest a common origin of these viruses, which are present in some, but not all, inbred mouse strains. The virogenes of AKR mice may have been acquired by either: (a) common descent of AKR (and other AKV(+) strains) from a common ancestor of AKR and molossinus animals, or (b) horizontal germ line infection of the AKR strains by molossinus virus at 1;he strain's inception followed by fixation through inbreeding. The sexual descent model carries with it a prediction of relative consanguinity of the AKR strain and molossinus, whereas the horizontal infection model does not. We have examined the polymorphic allozyme (allelic isozyme) genotype of 51 nonvirus-related loci in 17 strains of mice including AKR, C58, BALB/c, Swiss, and molossinus. By comparing the composite allozyme genotype of different inbred and outbred mouse strains, the "genetic distance" statistic was derived. Genetic distance measures the degree of allelic substitution between populations and increases proportionately with the amount of time the populations have been reproductively isolated. The genetic distance computed between molossinus and AKR is large, nearly 5-10 times the distance between known related populations and strains (e.g., C57L vs. C57BL/6). Molossinus had a similarly large distance from AKV negative strains (Swiss, C57L) as it did from AKV- positive strains.
Cellular DNA sequences that flank the integrated AKV provirus were analyzed by restriction enzyme digestion of liver DNA from molossinus, AKR, and additional inbred strains that express ecotropic murine leukemia virus. The integration flanks of three AKR provirus sequences, Akv-1, Akv-2, and a third uncharacterized sequence, were not evident in molossinus cell DNA, which contained at least six different proviral integration fragments. These data effectively exclude the interpretation of consanguinity of AKR and molossinus and support the notion of acquisition of the endogenous virus in AKR by horizontal infection of the molossinus virus.
Antigen-dependent IgM-mediated enhancement of the sheep erythrocyte response in mice. Evidence for induction of B cells with specificities other than that of the injected antibodies
Authors: Heyman B , Andrighetto G , Wigzell H 
Published: June 2004

Monoclonal or polyclonal IgM-anti-SRBC antibodies were used to enhance the anti-SRBC PFC response in mice. For potentiation to occur, the IgM antibodies must always be presented with the antigen for which they have specificity. No enhancement of anti-SRBC response above control levels was noted with either antibodies alone or with antibodies used together with non-cross-reacting antigens.
The degree of enhancement was independent of whether only one or several different monoclonal IgM antibodies were used. Likewise, the fine specificity variation among the antibody clones failed to influence the anti- SRBC potentiation, which was shown to vary only with the amount of IgM bound to SRBC measured by hemolytic titers.
The response against epitopes on the SRBC other than those the IgM recognized was also enhanced. This was determined by injecting SRBC and a monoclonal anti-SRBC IgM that did not crossreact with GRBC into mice, and measuring the response against both antigens. Normally SRBC and GRBC cross- react at the B cell level to approximately 30 percent, and in this experiment they did so both in the control group and in the IgM group.
Using antigens that only cross-react significantly at the T cell level (SRBC and HRBC), IgM-antibodies would only enhance the anti-HRBC response if SRBC and HRBC were inoculated together. No anti-HRBC potentiation was noted when antibodies were injected alone or together with either SRBC or HRBC.
The data indicate that the constant part of the IgM molecule is of major importance in determining its enhancing properties in acute IgM-mediated potentiation of the immune responses. No evidence was obtained for a decisive role of variable regions. Furthermore, no general B cell activating properties of either mono- or polyclonal IgM-anti-SRBC antibodies could be demonstrated.
"Anomalous" THY-1(+) killer cells in allogeneic and F1-anti-parental mixed leukocyte culture. Relation to natural killer cells and allospecific cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Authors: Karre K , Seeley JK , Eriksson E , Burton RC , Kiessling R 
Published: June 2004

Anomalous killer cells are Thy-1(+) blasts that are cytolytic to the natural killer (NK)-sensitive lymphoma YAC-1, and that can be detected early (day 3-4) in the period preceeding the allospecific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response in (CBA x A)F1 {arrow} C57B1 mixed leukocyte culture (MLC). We have investigated the origin and nature of anomalous killing (AK), with special emphasis on its relation to NK-and allospecific CTL-activity. AK was shown to be distinct from the previously described "NK(c)-cells" induced by cultivation in fetal calf serum (FCS)-supplemented medium when these two reactivities were examined in parallel. AK was detected in either FCS- or normal mouse serum (NMS)-supplemented allogeneic MLC, indicating that the response was not dependent on mitogenic or antigenic properties of heterologous serum. In addition to several H-2-incompatible combinations, AK was also observed in an Mls-incompatible (but H-2 compatible) and two F(1)- antiparental MLC responder/stimulator combinations. AK cells showed a similar selectivity pattern to NK cells, as demonstrated in cold target inhibition and direct cytotoxicity assays using variant or interferon-modulated YAC-1 cells with low expression of NK target structures. The AK-cells were NK- 1.2(-/weak). Thy-l.2(+), although they seem to be derived from non-adherent radiosensitive cells which are closely related, if not identical, to NK-cells (NK-1.2(+). Thy-l.2(-/weak)), as they could not be readily induced in responder populations with low NK-activity but normal allospecific CTL potential. Conversely, an in vivo thymectomy protocol or treatment of normal spleen cells with monoclonal anti-Thy-1.2 + C reduced the allospecific CTL response drastically but did not affect the AK response. Anomalous killers were not observed when MLC were prepared with responder as well as stimulator cells devoid of mature T cells. In such a combination, the AK response could be partially restored by the addition of irradiated +/nu (but not nu/nu) responder cells to the cultures. When normal (non-nude) spleen cells were used as responders, induction of AK did not require the presence of T cells in the stimulator population, whereas the removal of adherent and phagocytic cells from stimulators abrogated the response.
Taken together, the results suggest that AK represents activation, blast transformation, and surface marker modulation of NK cells induced by alloantigen-stimulated T cells, resulting in Thy-1(+) cytolytic cells with similar properties to those described for NK lines, Although AK cells may be regarded as a more T cell-like NK phenotype, their induction is neither necessary, nor sufficient for generation of specific CTL in MLC.
SEROLOGICAL REACTIONS WITH A VIRUS CAUSING RABBIT PAPILLOMAS WHICH BECOME CANCEROUS
Authors: Kidd John G. , Beard J. W. , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

The serum of a rabbit with large cancers resulting from the transplantation of a squamous cell carcinoma that had arisen from a virusinduced papilloma, possessed the power to neutralize the virus, and so too in less degree did that of an animal of the same transplantation series in which a small nodule had developed. The sera of rabbits carrying tar papillomas or the Brown-Pearce carcinoma proved wholly devoid of effect on the virus. The implantation of Brown-Pearce tumor material mixed with virus did not lead to an enduring establishment of the latter in the resulting growths, nor to any immediate changes in their morphological character.
The significance of the facts is discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL NEPHRITIS IN RATS INDUCED BY INJECTION OF ANTI-KIDNEY SERUM
Authors: Smadel Joseph E. , Farr Lee E. 
Published: June 2004

The glomerulonephritis induced in rats by nephrotoxin was characterized clinically during its initial phase by severe albuminuria, cylindruria, and anasarca, but not by hematuria.
Rapidly fatal nephritis was produced by injecting relatively large amounts of anti-kidney serum at frequent intervals. In such cases the blood urea mounted rapidly; the urea clearance fell; and death occurred within about 2 weeks.
A milder nephritis of the chronic type was induced by giving smaller quantities of anti-kidney serum in either single or divided doses. In these instances there was no immediate alteration of the urea clearance. Lipemia and plasma protein deficit appeared with the development of anasarca. The majority of rats which survived the initial stage of this experimental nephritis continued to show marked albuminuria with casts until they died or were sacrificed months later. Some of these animals showed retardation of growth and a progressive fall of the urea clearance. Terminally there developed marked retention of urea, plasma protein deficit, anemia, and hypertension.
EXPERIMENTAL NEPHRITIS IN RATS INDUCED BY INJECTION OF ANTI-KIDNEY SERUM
Authors: Swift Homer F. , Smadel Joseph E. 
Published: June 2004

A saline extract of perfused rat kidney administered intravenously to rats immediately before injecting an anti-rat-kidney serum, by the same route, prevents renal damage. A preliminary injection of physiological salt solution or of an extract of perfused rat liver has no preventive effect.
These findings are a further indication that the nephrotoxic effect induced by anti-kidney serum is dependent upon a relatively organ specific antibody, nephrotoxin.
VIRUSES OF POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Trask James D. , Paul John R. , Beebe Agnes R. , German William J. 
Published: June 2004

Qualitative immunological differences exist between early passage strains or so called human strains of the virus of poliomyelitis.
These differences show a relationship to the epidemic source of the virus and are exemplified in this study by 4 strains isolated in different years during an eastern and western epidemic of poliomyelitis.
INFLUENCE OF HOST FACTORS ON NEUROINVASIVENESS OF VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS
Authors: Sabin Albert B. , Olitsky Peter K. 
Published: June 2004

1. Injection of vesicular stomatitis virus into the leg muscles of young mice gives rise to flaccid paralysis of the inoculated extremity as the first clinical sign of a disease which is invariably fatal; old mice similarly injected with the largest doses of virus survive without exhibiting any signs of illness.
2. In young mice the virus was shown to multiply at the site of inoculation and to invade the sciatic nerve and spinal cord; there was no evidence of multiplication of virus in the blood or viscera.
3. In old mice, after intramuscular injection of as much as 10 million M.C.L.D., there was no evidence of either local or systemic multiplication; in spite of the persistence of thousands of M.C.L.D. of virus at the site of inoculation for at least 4 days, there was no detectable invasion of the sciatic nerve or the central nervous system.
4. Injection of the virus directly into the sciatic nerve of old mice led to the typical paralytic disease in half the number of animals.
5. For 3 days after intrasciatic injection the virus could be demonstrated in the nerve but not in the spinal cord or brain. At the onset of paralysis (6th day) virus was detectable in the spinal cord but no longer in the inoculated nerve.
6. The capacity of the virus to invade the central nervous system from the nerve but not from the muscle suggested the existence of a barrier in the muscle or myoneural junction.
7. Injection of the virus into the vitreous humor of the eye is followed by a fatal encephalitis in 15 day old mice, but 1 year old mice, with few exceptions, survive without showing signs of disease.
8. The spread of virus in the brains of intraocularly injected, 15 day old mice was too rapid to indicate the pathways which were pursued, but in 21 day old mice there was evidence that the primary pathway was probably along the axons of the optic nerve with decussation to the contralateral diencephalon and mesencephalon, and subsequent early spread to the corresponding occipital cortex. In resistant, old mice, however, no virus was found in any part of the brain.
EXPERIMENTAL LOCAL BLADDER EDEMA CAUSING URINE REFLUX INTO URETER AND KIDNEY
Authors: Auer John , Seager Lloyd D. 
Published: June 2004

Experimental infiltration of the intravesical ureter of the normal bladder in the living, anesthetized animal with magnesium sulfate or physiological salt solution caused a reflux of urine into the ureter in 6 out of 18 guinea pigs (33 per cent); in 22 out of 27 rabbits (81 per cent), and in 14 out of 17 dogs (82 per cent).
The vesical pressure necessary to produce this experimental reflux is low and ranges between 2 and 12 mm. of Hg; hydrostatic pressure of the bladder contents often sufficed to drive urine into the kidney pelvis.
After an experimental reflux had occurred, increased vesical pressure often failed to raise the level of the regurgitant column in the ureters of rabbit and dog: these higher pressures had rendered an incompetent valve competent.
Control pressures ranging between 8 and 40 mm. of Hg without a preceding infiltration, caused no reflux in the great majority of dogs.
The amount of infiltrated fluid necessary to produce reflux varied from 0.2 cc. in the guinea pig to 0.5 to 2 cc. in dog.
Spontaneous regurgitation, that is regurgitation without a preceding infiltration, was seen in 4 guinea pigs, 4 rabbits and 2 dogs.
Antiperistalsis of the ureters, that is a wave of contraction passing from the bladder to the kidney, was never seen in our animals with experimental reflux.
Biopsy of the bladder in rabbit and dog showed edema of the ureterovesical valves after infiltration in most of our animals. Hemorrhages into the submucosa in the neighborhood of the ureteral valves were observed in some. The bladders of 3 rabbits, exhibiting spontaneous reflux without infiltration showed pouting, edematous lips of the ureterovesical orifices.
The cause of experimental regurgitation is a non-obstructive edema of the vesical valve; this edema renders the valve flap more rigid and therefore incompetent at relatively low intravesical pressures. Higher intravesical pressures may again render the incompetent valve competent.
The experimental results are applied to the human subject because the urinary bladder of dog and of man are quite similar in structure and function. Reasons are presented suggesting that the described type of reflux may cause pyelitis and pyelonephritis.
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION
Authors: Menkin Valy 
Published: June 2004

There is present in inflammatory exudates a factor which induces a prompt increase in the permeability of normal capillaries. Its liberation and presence in exudates offers a reasonable explanation for the mechanism of increased permeability of small vessels in injured tissue.
A method for the isolation and purification of this permeability factor has been described. In its essential features, this consists of treating the exudate with pyridine followed by acetone. After separation of the protein fractions further purification can be obtained by prolonged extraction with butyl alcohol or by subjecting the acetone supernatant fraction to low temperature (–20°C.). The latter favors spontaneous separation of the active principle. The purified material is a crystalline doubly refractive nitrogenous substance.
The factor is evidently not a protein, yet it contains amino and carboxyl groups. It gives a positive test for the presence of an indole nucleus in its structure (Adamkiewicz test). The active material is dialyzable; and it is precipitated by concentrated ammonium sulfate. The present evidence indicates that it is an intermediary breakdown product of protein metabolism, probably belonging to the group of relatively simple polypeptides. Further studies are being conducted in an endeavor to determine its precise chemical structure.
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION
Authors: Menkin Valy 
Published: June 2004

Blood serum digested by trypsin yields split products which, when injected into the skin of normal rabbits, rapidly increase the permeability of small cutaneous vessels. This is likewise followed in the affected tissue by prompt local migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
The tryptic digest of blood serum can be purified by methods previously described (3). The resulting crystalline substance alters the permeability of the capillary wall and favors local migration of leukocytes in a manner similar to leukotaxine proper. The present observations indicate that leukotaxine, or a substance having at least identical biological properties, appears to have been formed by proteolytic enzymatic action on an otherwise relatively inactive blood serum. This finding serves as additional evidence in support of the view that leukotaxine, recovered from inflammatory exudates, is probably an intermediary product of protein catabolism.
HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION IN ANEMIA AS INFLUENCED BY THE BILE FISTULA
Authors: Hawkins W. B. , Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

The presence of a renal bile fistula with escape of all bile into the urinary tract seriously impairs the capacity of an anemic dog to form new hemoglobin on standard diets.
These bile fistula dogs will produce about one-half as much hemoglobin in anemia on standard diets as during earlier control periods without a bile fistula.
Iron given by mouth to an anemic bile fistula dog will effect the production of about one-half the amount of new hemoglobin as in control periods.
Iron given by vein to an anemic bile fistula dog will approximate the theoretical 100 per cent return of new hemoglobin. Obviously absorption is a very important factor in the utilization of iron by these dogs.
The reaction to liver feeding is much like the reaction to iron feeding but we have no proof of inadequate protein digestion and absorption in these bile fistula dogs.
In fact the uniform body weight and normal clinical state over periods of years speak for adequate absorption of protein digestion products. Evidence cited above supports our belief that inadequate hemoglobin production (protein formation) noted in these bile fistula dogs may be related to a disturbed liver function.
HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION IN EXUDATES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION
Authors: Kelley William H. , Scadron E. N. , Shinners B. M. 
Published: June 2004

The hydrogen ion concentration in the lesions of experimental pneumococcus infection has been estimated directly by pH determinations on exudates from living animals. For indirect evidence of an increase in hydrogen ion concentration within the lesions, the difference in sugar content between exudate and blood from animals with pneumococcus infection has been measured.
With sanguinous exudate from the consolidated lungs of dogs with experimental pneumococcus pneumonia, the findings were not always consistent, but usually there was either direct or indirect evidence of increased hydrogen ion concentration. The physicochemical changes in exudate from animals treated with artificial pneumothorax showed no important differences from those in other specimens. In concurrence with Lord's (1, 2) observation of increased acidity in pneumonia exudate obtained at autopsy, sugar concentrations, which are low in the blood, were markedly reduced in exudates from animals which had died of the infection.
Serous exudates from dermal pneumococcus infection in rabbits uniformly showed definite acidity by both direct and indirect methods of estimation. The hydrogen ion concentrations in exudate from dermal pneumococcus infection in rabbits varied between pH 6.87 and 6.66 but were not always proportional to the difference in sugar concentrations between the exudate and blood. While these hydrogen ion concentrations are similar to those attained in the pneumonic exudate from dogs, they are of lesser magnitude than those which Takahashi (3) has described in the pus of secondary empyema due to the pneumococcus.
THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION REACTION IN MONKEY MALARIA
Authors: Coggeshall Lowell T. , Eaton Monroe D. 
Published: June 2004

1. A specific complement fixation reaction test for Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in rhesus monkeys is reported with details involved in the preparation of the antigen and procedures employed in setting up the test.
2. It was found that specific complement-fixing antibodies appeared early in the course of the experimental disease and persisted during the course of the chronic infection.
3. The first appearance of complement-fixing antibodies was generally followed by a temporary fall in titer. During the first 2 months of infection there was no apparent relationship between the number of circulating parasites and the changes in complement fixation titer.
4. During the stage of chronic infection there was a fall in the titer of complement-fixing antibodies preceding each parasitic relapse, and after the relapse had terminated, there was an elevation of the complement-fixing titer.
THE FATE OF VACCINIA VIRUS ON CULTIVATION IN VITRO WITH KUPFFER CELLS (RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL CELLS)
Authors: Beard Joseph W. , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

The pathogenic activity of vaccinia virus is in large part suppressed when it is mixed with living Kupffer cells or clasmatocytes in the test-tube and injected intradermally.
Vaccinia increases in quantity when introduced into cultures of Kupffer cells in vitro, and survives in immediate association with these elements. No antiviral principle is elaborated by them under such conditions.
THE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMMUNE SERUM AND INFECTIVE DOSE OF PARASITES AS DEMONSTRATED BY THE PROTECTION TEST IN MONKEY MALARIA
Authors: Coggeshall Lowell T. , Eaton Monroe D. 
Published: June 2004

The minimal infective dose of Plasmodium knowlesi for rhesus monkeys was found in this study to be between 1 and 10 parasites when injected intraperitoneally. As the dose of parasites is increased, the length of time prior to the appearance of circulating parasites is decreased. However, the severity of the infection once it is established is independent of the initial dose of parasites.
In passive protection experiments a quantitative relationship was demonstrated between the number of parasites in the inoculum and the effective amount of immune serum given at the time of infection and in equal doses daily for 9 days thereafter. The smaller the inoculum, the less the quantity of immune serum required to prevent the death of the animal.
When relatively large amounts of immune sera and small numbers of parasites were used in the protection experiment, infection was prevented.