bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fundraising for Nonprofits
Authors: Oster Sharon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charitable Contributions: Magnitude and Sources Table 8.1 is a time-series, from 1960 to 1990, of aggregate giving patterns in the United States. As the table indicates, in nominal terms charitable giving has increased substantially in the last twenty years from $11 billion in 1960 to $122.6 billion in 1990. When we correct for inflation, as in Figure 8.1, private contributions still exhibit growth over time as national income has risen. Indeed, growth in national income explains virtually all the year-to-year variation in real private charitable contributions.
Program Evaluation
Authors: Oster Sharon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nonprofit organization begins with a mission. We have spent considerable time in this book in discussing the way in which that mission is formulated and implemented, on the role of values, economics, organizational design, and accounting. The last task of a management system is to evaluate its programs to determine if those programs are being delivered effectively and serving the overall mission of the organization. This topic is the focus of this chapter.
National Security Spending Without Appropriation
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The constitutional analysis proposed in chapter 13 suggests that few restrictive national security appropriations unconstitutionally intrude on the president’s domain. But supposing that one does, what are a president’s alternatives? We first consider the examples furnished by the executive’s solicitation of unappropriated funds and use of diverted arms sales profits to support the Contras after the Boland amendment cut off appropriations in 1984 and Congress’s attempts in 1989 to limit third-party funding. We next consider whether, if an appropriation restriction violated presidents’ Article II national security powers, they could either ask a court to declare the restriction invalid and severable from the unrestricted appropriation or themselves “excise” the restriction and spend as if it were not there.
Feminism and Bioethics
Authors: Sherwin Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About Feminism
The class of people who consider themselves feminists is large and diverse, representing a broad range of different opinions and perspectives. Despite this rich multiplicity of views, it is possible to identify some common themes. Generally, feminists share a recognition that women are oppressed in our society and an understanding that their oppression takes many different forms, compounded often by other forms of oppression based on features such as race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and economic class. Because feminists believe that oppression is objectionable on both moral and political grounds, most are committed to transforming society in ways that will ensure the elimination of oppression in all its forms.
Much of the harm of sexism is obvious and thus can be readily challenged. For example, the evidence is overwhelming that women are disproportionately subjected to domestic violence and sexual assault, resulting in undeniable physical and psychological damage to many women and a sense of insecurity and vulnerability in all women. In addition, the economic disadvantage women experience in the work place, where their average earnings are less than two-thirds of the average wages paid to men, is widely condemned as unjust. Further, the predominance of men, especially white, middle-class men, in positions of influence in virtually all segments of society (legal, political, financial, cultural, and military) is inescapable.
Feminism, Bioethics, and Genetics
Authors: Asch Adrienne , Geller Gail 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biological and medical research is to a large extent now focusing on the influence of genetics on health and illness. People can learn whether they or their offspring are at risk for several hundred genetic disorders. Researchers attribute an ever-larger number of biological and behavioral characteristics to genetics. This focus on genetics will affect everyone and will have ramifications throughout society. Yet women face particular concerns. Genetic tests are being developed that can diagnose disease before symptoms appear. Many of the conditions for which tests are being developed are found exclusively or primarily in women. Moreover, prenatal tests are designed to provide information during pregnancy. Women are especially affected by this proliferation of information and by the way professionals interpret and communicate it.
This chapter considers what a feminist analysis contributes to a discussion of the social and ethical questions raised by expanding genetic knowledge. At first glance the search for knowledge of the role of genetics in human health and behavior might appear to pose no problems for feminism. However, we contend that both the philosophy of science driving the quest and the uses made of the knowledge give reason for concern and some skepticism.
Reading The Premature Infant
Authors: Als Heidelise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Such a perspective sees preterm infants as fetuses who develop in extrauterine settings at a time when their brains are growing more rapidly than at any other time in their life span (McLennan, Gilles, & Neff, 1983). As members of the human species, they require three secure environments to support their development: their mother’s womb, their parents’ bodies, and their family’s and com munity’s social group (Hofer, 1987). While they are organized with such bio and neurodevelopmental needs, preterm infants are removed from these environments at a highly vulnerable phase of brain development.
Complement Clitics in Medieval Romance: the Tobler-Mussafia Law*
Authors: Beninca Paola 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this paper is very restricted: I want to provide a generalization defining the precise context where complement clitics in Medieval Romance change their position relative to the inflected verb, becoming enclitics. The theoretical discussion will be limited to the interpretation of the structural contexts triggering the phenomenon, leaving aside for the moment any attempt to describe the process through which a proclitic pronoun becomes enclitic.1
Introduction: Woman ‘s Rights, Race, and Imperialism
Authors: Newman Louise Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If rethinking the historical contours of Western racial [and feminist) discourse matters as a political project, it is not as a manifestation of another truth that has previously been denied, but as a vehicle for shifting the frame of reference in such a way that the present can emerge as somehow less familiar, less natural in its categories, its political delineations and its epistemological foundations.
Coming of Age, but Not in Samoa: Reflections on Margaret Mead ‘s Legacy to Western Liberal Feminism
Authors: Newman Louise Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coming of Age in Samoa, one of the most famous and popular works ever published by an American anthropologist, first appeared in 1928, when its author Margaret Mead was twenty-seven years old.1 By the mid-l930s, Mead had gained a national reputation as an expert on “primitive cultures” and was recognized by the public, if not by her colleagues, as one of the leading anthropologists of her day. Prolific, outspoken, charismatic, unconventional, provocative, controversial, and brilliant, Mead achieved a widespread public renown that was remarkable for a woman who constructed herself as a scientist and intellectual. She recognized instantly that her audience extended far beyond the elite worlds of the university and museum, and she cultivated her public by publishing hundreds of articles in such venues as American Anthropologist, Natural History, Redhook, Vogue, Good Housekeeping, Seventeen, and the New York Times Magazine, to name just a few. Mead also gave numerous interviews on domestic issues and international politics. From the appearance of Coming of Age m Samou until her death fifty years later, Mead was sought after for her opinions on marriage, homemaking, childrearing, feminism., civil rights, and race relations.
How Control Systems Can Support Organization Flexibility
Authors: Ittner Christopher D , Kogut Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ronald Dore, a sociologist at Cambridge University, once posed the question of why Japan should evidence a paradox of “flexible rigidities.” Despite being a country marked by rigid restrictions on the lay off of workers and on the mobility of capital, the economic record of Japan shows a remarkable flexibility in coping with the major economic shocks of the 1970s. In comparison, the economic adjustment of the major Western countries progressed more slowly.
We are puzzled by the converse problem: why do firms find it so difficult to become more flexible? The advantages of flexibility are clear, ranging from the capability to tailor products and services for customers to the facility to expand rapidly when market opportunities suddenly open up. The creation of new information technologies and manufacturing systems has created the potential to achieve dramatically higher degrees of flexibility. The impact of these technologies is felt not only on the plant floor, but also in the way financial and retail services are provided and supply chains are managed.
The flexibility possible with current technologies is a qualitative change from past practice. Unfortunately, these technological investments, when implemented in isolation from organizational changes, have proven to be woefully inadequate. Here is the dilemma that makes flexiblity so difficult to achieve. Firms have long been described as designing mechanisms by which to buffer uncertainty in order to minimize risk.
Quality of Work Life and Its Products
Authors: Ackoff Russell L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The more that corporations think of themselves as social systems-even if they don’t use the term themselves-the less they focus on growth for its own sake, and the more they focus on development. The focus of their developmental efforts is on their employees. Of all their stakeholders, employees obviously have the most direct effect on corporate performance. The more corporations focus on the development of their employees, the more they must concern themselves with the quality of the work lives they provide, because their quality of work life is the best index of their work-related development.
Why Firms Succeed
Authors: Kay John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Applies modern economic theories to guide managers in creating successful corporate strategies. This is a book on corporate strategy that uses of the most modern theories in economics to show managers how to succeed in the markets in which they compete. The author takes the position that firms have unique strengths that they must understand and exploit. These strengths will be in four general areas: 1) Their reputation, 2) how well they create innovative new products or services, 3) what special strategic assets, or market position, they may have, and 4) how they are organized and how they operate, or what “architecture” they may have. The book has an international focus in that strategies are applied to firms doing business in different countries. The author’s UK book, Foundations of Corporate Success was very successful, and this book is derived from it. For the U.S. edition the author has substituted many American examples, such as Disney, Caterpillar, Walmart, and the Boston Celtics.
Mergers
Authors: Kay John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mergers and acquisitions are the most common means of entering new markets and play a central role in all discussions and formulations of corporate strategy. In this chapter I argue that this role is frequently overstated. Mergers can, and do, add value, when they enable distinctive capabilities to be exploited more widely or more effectively, and I describe how this can be done. Yet a review of studies of merger performance suggests that the effect on performance is more often negative than beneficial. Frequently the reason is that corporate activity is not based on a clear view of the firms distinctive capability and an identification of the markets to which that capability can be most effectively applied but is the result of financial objectives—the pursuit of a balanced or diversified business portfolio—or simply the thrill of the chase.
Inflecting Postpositions in Indic and Kashmiri
Authors: Payne John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An interesting form of Suffixaufnahme involving inflecting postpositions can be found in the majority of the modern Indic languages and dialects, including varieties of Sindhi, Lahnda, Punjabi, Gujarati, Marathi, Konkani, Rajasthani (Marwari and Jaipuri), Hindi (standard Hindi, Braj, Awadhi, Bundeli), Central Pahari (Kumauni, Garhwali), Western Pahari (Jaunsari, Sirmauri, Baghati, Kiunthali, Kului, Mandeali, Chameali, Bhadrawahi), Parya, and Romany. It is also found in Kashmiri, genetically a Dardic language but bordering on the Indic area.
Economic Progress And The Environment
Authors: Southgate Douglas , Whitaker Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book explores the causes of environmental degradation in the developing world, drawing out the common themes and principles from a close analysis of the natural resource issues in Ecador, as a microcosm for much of the developing world. The authors draw their general conclusions from the intensive case studies of tropical deforestation, farm land degradation, waste and misallocation of irrigation water, petroleum development in the Amazon, mariculture and costal ecosystems, ecotourism in the Galapagos. The book demonstrates the pressures and trends which lead much of the developing world to an excessive reliance on mining renewable resources.
Environmental Crisis in the Latin American Countryside
Authors: Southgate Douglas , Whitaker Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Latin America is richly endowed with natural resources. Major deposits of oil and bauxite, copper, and other minerals are scattered from the Rio Grande to the Tierra del Fuego. At Carajas, in northern Brazil, there is enough iron ore to supply the entire world for centuries. Gold and other precious metals are mined in a number of places. The region’s renewable resources are similarly abundant. Many highland valleys in Central America and the Andes are blessed with volcanic soils and ample precipitation. Nowhere on the face of the earth are conditions better for agriculture than in the Argentine Pampas, a region that combines a Mediterranean climate with the soils of the midwestern United States. Drawing on rich natural ecosystems, many countries produce and export large quantities of timber and fish.
Resolving the Policy Crisis
Authors: Southgate Douglas , Whitaker Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As developed and practiced in North America, Europe, and other affluent parts of the world, natural resource economics focuses mainly on market failure. A typical subject of analysis is the inefficiencies that arise when a competitive and unregulated group of firms or households fails to internalize all the environmental costs of production or consumption. Analysis of externality problems often leads to recommendations for remedial intervention by the government, in the form of effluent taxes, emissions guidelines, and the like.
Food Intolerances And Food Allergies
Authors: Janowitz Henry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, we looked at the role that dietary in tolerances may play in the cause and treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome, and it offers a convenient point of departure for a discussion of the whole area of food intolerances and food allergies. No area of gastrointestinal symptoms and gastrointestinal dietary advice is as difficult to present as the area of food intolerance and food allergies. All of us at some time or another have experienced some form of digestive discomfort after eating. “I am allergic to such-and-such” or “It must have been something I ate” are our frequent attempts to pinpoint these offenders.
Diarrhea And Constipation
Authors: Janowitz Henry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My definitions are quite simple. By diarrhea I mean bowel movements that occur too often and that are too loose. By constipation I mean difficulty in moving one’s bowels (although some people think they are constipated if their bowel movements are dry and hard; these are not necessarily signs of constipation). Again, difficulty in moving one’s bowels is the important symptom.
Can Diet Make A Difference?
Authors: Janowitz Henry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What we eat can and does affect our health. Investigations into the relationship of nutrition and human disease have a long-standing history stretching back to Lind, who discovered that lime juice could prevent and cure scurvy, and even before. But it is in the twentieth century that nutrition came of age and its biochemical pathways became science. It is the vitamin C in lime juice that is important, and we are just beginning to isolate other substances in our diet that can help us combat other dis eases.
The Verb Always Leaves IP in V2 Clauses
Authors: Schwartz Bonnie D , Vikner Sten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The verb-second (V2) phenomenon, as it is found in the Germanic languages, has been the focus of much attention within recent syntactic research. In most of the literature on V2 (e.g., den Besten 1977, 1989; Thiersch 1978; Koopman 1984; Holmberg 1986; Platzack 1986a, 1986b, 1987; Taraldsen 1986a; Schwartz and Vikner 1989; Tomaselli 1990a, 1990b; Roberts 1993; and Vikner 1994c), it is assumed that the verb in all V2 clauses has moved to a head position outside IP, e.g., C°.
The Transplanted Executive
Authors: Earley P Christopher , Erez Miriam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the passage of NAFTA and GATT, the steady integration of the European Community, and the emergence of promising new markets in Eastern Europe and the Pacific Rim, businesses around the world are globalizing their operations with unprecedented speed. But as executives working in foreign countries have discovered, organizational cultures can differ dramatically from country to country, and management practices effective back home can fail miserably abroad. The Transplanted Executive provides a comprehensive resource for managers of any nationality striving to understand the diversity of workplace values and traditions—and how they can be used to maximize employee efficiency, morale, and the bottom line. Offering sensible solutions to everyday problems, this informative volume shows how employees with different cultural, religious, and ethnic backgrounds respond to specific managerial techniques. The authors demonstrate, for example, why effective incentive systems in Japan might decrease productivity in United States, and why successful efforts to create team-based cooperation in Russia could alienate rather than motivate workers in England. Each chapter focuses on a different management problem—effective communication, motivation of workers, turning groups into teams, leadership skills, and quality management production—and following each chapter are quick reference charts that neatly summarize the text. The authors also include a table which provides cultural profiles of nearly 50 countries from major business centres around the world. Now more than ever, multinational managers need to be in touch with the range of cultural issues that can affect their overseas operations. With The Transplanted Executive in hand, managers the world over will have a user-friendly guide to understanding and mastering the subject.
Introduction: Managing the Global Enterprise
Authors: Earley P Christopher , Erez Miriam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A seemingly simple question has led us to examine the management practices of numerous successful companies for their key to success: why are many managerial and motivational techniques useful in one country but often not in others? Numerous examples bring home this basic dilemma facing the modern manager. For example, quality control circles resoundingly successful in Japan ese companies, have proved to be only somewhat effective when implemented in U.S. companies. One-on-one performance appraisals, though widely used throughout the United States, are rarely employed in other countries; when they are used, they often create more management confusion than success. Individual job-enrichment programs like job rotation, job enlargement, and empowerment have been the focus of managerial change in the United States but have taken a very different form in the Scandinavian countries. The focus of enrichment in the United States places responsibility on the individual, whereas enrichment in socialist countries such as Sweden concentrates on the work team. The individual motivation underlying pay-for-performance reward systems, emphasized in companies such as Xerox Corporation, General Motors, and Intel Corporation in the United States, are unacceptable in group and team-oriented cultures such as those found in central European nations like the Czech Republic and Hungary, where more egalitarian approaches are used.1
The Complete Global Manager
Authors: Earley P Christopher , Erez Miriam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although tradition and inertia inhibit the development of fresh perspectives on how people think and act, we have attempted to over come this inertia by rethinking what “being ourselves” really means to an employee. We have done so because the globalization of companies has shown us that managerial practices and motivational techniques common in one country often work poorly in another. Thus the differences between nations and cultures has become as important for understanding work actions as the differences between individuals. What is the final stage? Watching man agers implement these ideas to successfully manage in their companies. We now return to the lessons provided in this book, followed by an action plan for using it to become a more effective manager.
Blacks, Jews, and Gender: The History, Politics, and Cultural Anthropology of a Women’s Dialogue Group
Authors: Pogrebin Letty Cottin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is the story of a Black/Jewish dialogue group that talked a blue streak for more than a decade and then went silent. I don’t mean to suggest that a precipitating crisis contributed to the dissolution of this once vibrant group. More accurately, we just petered out. I think I understand why this happened and how other Black/Jewish dialogues might learn from our mistakes. But I’m getting ahead of my story.