bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skills and Low Pay: Upgrading or Overeducation?
Authors: Borghans Lex , De Grip Andries 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A significant development in labour markets has been the trend towards people with higher levels of education, notably college graduates, holding jobs previously held by people with lower levels of education, such as school-leavers. This chapter examines the principal explanations of the processes giving rise to this. The ‘overeducation’ view sees it as evidence of the underutilization of skills, which is socially wasteful. The ‘upgrading’ view, on the other hand, emphasizes the higher skills now required within occupations; although the job is formally the same, it now involves greater complexity. Both views, however, have pessimistic implications for the position of low-skill workers. On the overeducation view the increased supply of more educated workers pushes the low skilled into the least-favoured jobs, or even crowds them out altogether from the working population. The upgrading view sees low-skill workers as increasingly marginalized as their skill levels no longer meet the minimum requirements of the labour market. In the literature it is often assumed that this bumping-down process results from rigid markets in which so-called job competition regulates allocation. We will show, however, that even in a perfect market, with wage competition, bumping-down might result. Crucial for these processes are the elasticities of demand for each skill level and elasticities of substitution between skill levels. Interpretation of these developments is crucial for public policies towards education and training. In the case of bumping-down, additional investment in education is not effective. Upgrading, on the other hand, requires an increase in educational investment. However, training that increases educational levels below those where upgrading tendencies occur only further stimulates the process of bumping-down.
Japan’s Big Bang and the Transformation of Financial Markets
Authors: Ito Takatoshi , Melvin Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The “Big Bang” of Japanese financial markets was proposed in November 1996 by the Hashimoto government. This was the beginning of the end to the “convoy” system-no failure and regulatory protection-that had ruled the Japanese financial markets since the end of the Second World War. It is a bold idea to deregulate and liberalize the financial sectors, if not belatedly.
Regulatory Reform in Japan: The Road Ahead
Authors: Croix Sumner La , Mak James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the Second World War, Japan’s economy has been characterized by a high degree of formal and informal regulation in many important industries. National government ministries have regulated entry and exit, pricing, product specification, and aspects of research and development. Industry regulation was grounded in national legislation that vested broad, discretionary administrative powers in a highly educated bureaucracy that forged close ties between their ministries and regulated firms.
Japan as Number Three: Effects of European Integration
Authors: Kokko Ari , Lambert, Bruce Henry , Sjoholm Fredrik 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A couple of decades ago, Ezra Vogel’s book Japan as Number One attracted much attention and reflected the understanding that the US and Japan were the main players in the race for the top position in the world economy. In fact, the Japanese edition of Vogel’s book is Japan’s all-time, non-fiction bestseller by a Western author.
Fertility Transition In South Asia
Authors: Sathar Zeba Ayesa , Phillips James F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This compendium of nineteen chapters, written by South Asia scholars and international authorities in the field of population, provides an overview of a range of issues surrounding fertility change in South Asia over the past decade. In the first section of the book, the latest levels and trends in fertility in individual countries are covered. The quality of data is compared and discussed with the aim of clarifying fertility trends in the region as a whole. The section provides an authoritative data source for those interested in pursuing demographic analyses for South Asia as it enters the twenty-first century. The second section presents explanations for the contrasting onset, pace, and differentials in fertility declines experienced by countries in the region. Authors examine a range of alternative explanatory factors, emphasizing issues such as the causal role of gender systems, son preference, linguistic and regional boundaries, and development levels. The viewpoints presented here provide a range of competing theories on the South Asia fertility transition, which will be of particular value to sociologists, historians, and all those interested in comparative research for the region. The concluding section examines the role of policies in the South Asia fertility transition. Policies designed to reduce fertility were developed and launched in this region long before other regions in the world. In particular, family planning programmes were initiated in South Asia. In these final chapters, authors review the outcome of experiments conducted in settings where demand for family planning was constrained by pro-natalist social institutions, and where services were supplied to test the capacity of programmes to foster reproductive change. This section will be of particular interest to those managing reproductive health programmes, formulating population policy, or funding population programmes, as well as to those researching the role of politics and policies in population trends.
Levels and Trends in Fertility and Mortality in South Asia: A Review of Recent Evidence
Authors: Kantner Shi-Jenhe Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In recent years, there has been an emerging perception that the countries of South Asia are undergoing a process of rapid transition to conditions of low fertility and low mortality. The most spectacular decline in fertility appears to have occurred in Bangladesh, a country generally not considered to have experienced a socioeco nomic transformation of similar dimensions. However, substantial declines in birth and death rates have also been recorded in India and Nepal over the past 10-15 years, and some evidence of recent fertility decline has been noted in Pakistan. In addition, since the early 1980s, there have been reports of impressive reductions in infant and child mortality from the region. For example, current estimates indicate that infant mortality rates have now fallen to well below 100 infant deaths per 1,000 births in all South Asian countries.
Synthesizing Diverse Interpretations of Reproductive Change in India
Authors: Gupta Monica Das 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Within the span of a century and a half, monarchies have been replaced by popular governments through most of the world. Anyone reflecting on this fact would consider it meaningless to look in the specific local circumstances of a particular setting for the prime driving force behind these changes. For example, it would make little sense to explain the French Revolution in very different terms from the Communist Chinese Revolution or from the independence movements of colonized countries, simply because these settings differed substantially in their specific economic and other circumstances. It would seem to make more sense to seek the underlying explanation in terms of hypotheses that are more generalizable and can only be reached by a broad comparative approach.
Common Beginnings but Different Outcomes: The Family Planning Programmes of Pakistan and Bangladesh
Authors: Robinson Warren C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When the previously undivided union of British India achieved independence in 1947, Bangladesh and Pakistan began their national existence as two wings of the same country-East and West Pakistan. The two territories inherited an adminis trative and governance structure from the colonial period, but they quickly devel oped their own political and economic systems and began to shape their own development plans and programmes. The two wings were bound together by their common religion-Islam-but from the very outset, language and other cultural differences created internal tensions. Nonetheless, East and West Pakistan shared a common social and economic development until 1971, when a political dispute erupted into civil war, leading to the intervention of India and the creation of the new state of Bangladesh in what had been East Pakistan.
Aspects of the Belfast Agreement
Authors: Wilford Rick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 30 November 1999, in moving the Order to devolve powers to Northern Ireland, Peter Mandelson remarked: ‘After a quarter of a century the curtain is finally coming down on Direct Rule’. It was a suitably theatrical phrase for a moment of constitutional drama, both within and beyond Parliament, yet sub sequent events were to rob it of prophetic value. Three days earlier, the Ulster Unionist Council (UU C) had endorsed the decision of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) leader, David Trimble, to ‘jump first’ by participating in the creation of the power-sharing Executive—on the understanding that the process of decom missioning paramilitary weapons by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) would begin at the end of January 2000.
The Patten Report and Post-Sovereignty Policing in Northern Ireland
Authors: Walker Clive 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Policing in Northern Ireland has been hurtful and divisive. Hurt is felt by the police—302 Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) officers have been killed since 1969, and several thousands injured. Equally, many detainees and even com munities have suffered harassment, discrimination, abuse, assaults, and ill treatment at the hands of the RUC, who have also shot dead many suspects and are alleged to have colluded with Loyalist paramilitaries. Division arises because policing is a fundamental attribute of statehood—the police are ‘the locus of ultimate coercive power’ and inevitably show ‘partisanship in favour of a dominant order’. Put simply, if Northern Ireland is a political entity whose very existence and legitimacy is challenged, then it follows that all major attributes of the entity will also be challenged, and the police in Northern Ireland, the RUC, are prime candidates for this treatment:
The New Professionalism of Internal Warfare and Military Role Expansion
Authors: Stepan Alfred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since 1964 the Brazilian military establishment has steadily assumed control over a widening area of the country’s social and political life. Indeed, there exists the possibility that what we are witnessing in Brazil is the creation of a new political and economic model of authoritarian development. Other contributors to Authoritarian Brazil examine the internal workings, policy outputs, and institutionalization possibilities of this model. My focus is on how changing military ideology contributed to the events leading up to the military coup of 1964 and the emergence of the military-bureaucratic and authoritarian developmentalist components of the model.
State Power and the Strength of Civil Society in the Southern Cone of Latin America
Authors: Stepan Alfred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Society-centered views of political and economic transformation have never held the unchallenged sway in Latin America that they have in North America. The prevalence of “organic statist” models of society that assume a central and relatively autonomous role for the state has affected both policy makers and social scientists.1 Beginning in the late 1960s, focus on the state became particularly intense. The erosion of the intellectual credibility of the society centered “modernization” model of political and economic development coincided with the apparent exhaustion of both industrialization based on import substitution and the associated populist and parliamentary political regimes that were associated with it.2 The assumptions of modernization theory that liberal democratic regimes would be inexorably produced by the process of industrialization was replaced by a new preoccupation with the ways in which the state apparatus might become a central instrument for both the repression of subordinate classes and the reorientation of the process of industrial development.
Military Politics In Three Polity Arenas: Civil Society, Political Society, And The State
Authors: Stepan Alfred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The title of this chapter is certainly ponderous, possibly pompous, but unfortunately necessary. The focus throughout this work is on military politics in the polity. I use the word “polity” to call attention to the classic Aristotelian concern with how people organize themselves for collective life in the polis. For a modern polity in the midst of a democratization effort, it is conceptually and politically useful to distinguish three important arenas of the polity: civil society, political society, and the state. Obviously, in any given polity these three arenas expand and shrink at different rates, interpenetrate or even dominate each other, and constantly change.
The French Fifth Republic: A Model for Import? Reflections on Poland and Brazil
Authors: Stepan Alfred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Do institutional imports work? Under what conditions do they succeed or fail? Why did the British model of parliamentary government succeed in India, but not in Ghana or Uganda? These are critical questions, in part because they have enormous practical significance for numerous countries seeking to adopt workable constitutional arrangements, and in part because if we believe that institutions influence or even determine political outcomes, then it becomes incumbent upon us to assess the extent or limits of this influence.
Foreign Equity Investment Restrictions, Capital Flight, and Shareholder Wealth Maximization: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Stulz René M , Wasserfallen Walter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In many countries, foreign investors face restrictions on owning domestic shares.1 In some countries, such as Japan, these restrictions are imposed by law; in others, such as Switzerland, they are chosen by individual companies. In the United States and a number of other countries, foreign ownership restrictions which are binding only in rare cases in which a control contest is initiated by a foreign bidder exist in some industries. In other countries, such as Switzerland, Finland, or Thailand, ownership restrictions are almost always binding for the firms affected.
Toeholds and Takeovers
Authors: Bulow Jeremy , Huang Ming , Klemperer Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Buying a stake or ‘toehold’ in a takeover target is a common and profitable strategy.1 The potential acquirer can gain either as a buyer that needs to pay a premium for fewer shares or as a losing bidder that sells out at a profit. A bidder that owns a toehold has an incentive to bid aggressively since every price it quotes represents not just a bid for the remaining shares but also an ask for its own holdings.
Endogenous Communication among Lenders and Entrepreneurial Incentives
Authors: Jorge Padilla A , Pagano Marco 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One often observes that lenders communicate to each other information about the creditworthiness of their customers. Sometimes this informational exchange is so intense and frequent as to be intermediated by information brokers, such as credit bureaus and credit rating agencies. Typically these information brokers gather information about past defaults or delays in payment (‘black information’) or about the current debt exposure, performance, and riskiness of the borrower (‘white information’). These data are mainly provided by banks, finance companies, and suppliers, and are consolidated in a file for each company or individual.
Survival of the Fittest or the Fattest? Exit and Financing in the Trucking Industry
Authors: Zingales Luigi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most economic theories are either implicitly or explicitly based on an evolutionary argument: Competition and exit assure that only the most efficient firms survive. This argument implicitly relies on the existence of perfect capital markets. In the presence of capital market imperfections, efficient firms may be forced to exit due to lack of funds. Although this argument is well understood in theory (Telser (1966) and Bolton and Scharfstein (1990)), its empirical relevance is much less clear.
Fragmentation across Cones
Authors: Deardorff Alan V 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The subject is still fragmentation, as it was in an earlier paper motivated by the previous conference in this series. This time I want to explore further how fragmentation may matter for the prices of factors. This question is most interesting in the context of a Heckscher-Ohlin trade model in which factor prices are not equalized by trade, especially if this is due to the countries having sufficiently different factor endowments to make factor price equalization (FPE) impossible.2 In such a world, with a large number of both goods and countries (but only two factors, to keep things manageable), goods and countries fall into two or more cones of specialization.3 Within these cones, countries share identical factor prices, but between cones they do not. Fragmentation either will not occur, or is not particularly interesting, within these cones. Therefore I will look primarily at fragmentation across cones.
Globalization and Fragmentation: Evidence for the Electronics Industry in Ireland
Authors: Ruane Frances , Gorg Holger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at fragmentation and globalization in the context of the electronics sector in Ireland. We focus on the electronics sector for several reasons. First, it is a sector which is expanding rapidly and whose effects are permeating the production structures of virtually every activity in the manufacturing and service sectors. Recent data for the sector in Table 8.1 showthatitsgrowthrate in the period 1995 to 1997 continues to exceed the growth in real GDP worldwide and in the United States and Europe. Secondly, electronics is a sector where there are increasing returns to scale at the firm level, as has been found by Pratten (1988) for the EU and O’Malley (1992) for Ireland. This implies that firms may be able to exploit significant scale effects by the increased level of specialization brought about by fragmentation. Thirdly, electronics appears to be a sector in which the process of fragmentation has been quite dramatic, especially over the past twenty years-as evidenced by the ‘downsizing’ and increasing specialization of the world’s largest electronics producers, such as IBM.
Bulgaria
Authors: Arabadjiev Alexander 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (‘ECHR’ or ‘the Convention’) was signed by the Republic of Bulgaria on 7 May 1992, ratified, together with Protocol No. 1 thereof by the National Assembly (Parliament) on 31 July 1992, and entered into force with respect to the Republic of Bulgaria on 7 September 1992 (date of deposit of the instrument of ratification—Article 66, § 3 of the Convention).
Cyprus
Authors: Loizou Andreas Nicolas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean. It lies in its north-eastern corner, where three continents—Europe, Asia, and Africa—meet. Its strategic position has through the centuries attracted many conquerors. It was under Ottoman rule from 1571 to 1878 when it was ceded to Britain in return for help in the event of an attack by Russia on certain bordering provinces. At the outbreak of the First World War, Cyprus was annexed to the British Empire and in 1925, by virtue of the Treaty of Lausanne, was formally declared a British Colony and remained so until 16 August 1960, when it was proclaimed an independent Republic.
Romania
Authors: Weber Renate 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Throughout the period from the end of World War II until December 1989 Romania was governed by a tough Communist regime. In fact, the country was absent from the great moments which marked the evolution of international human rights law. The Romanian government signed the two International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (UN) in 1974, and became a party to the 1975 Helsinki Final Act (CSCE), but the purpose of such gestures was only to show the Western world an openness which did not apply to Romanian society: respect for human rights within the country was non-existent. Moreover, the concept of human rights itself was absent from the study of international law: merely referring to it was considered to be a means of undermining the power of the Communist state.
Russia
Authors: Ferschtman Maxim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An examination of the impact of the European Convention on Human Rights’ within the legal order of Russia two years after ratification inevitably has an exploratory character, leading to tentative suggestions rather than decisive conclusions. Prior to ratification, many questions had been raised about both its consequences for Russia and the future role and status of the Convention itself. Two viewpoints need to be considered with regard to this. On one hand, it was suggested that if Russia became a party to the Convention, this would mean that the legal standards developed by the European Commission and Court of Human Rights would have to be watered down. Another view is that although Russia may not be fully ready to become a party to the Convention, it would do better to join anyway and use the Convention to improve its system of human rights protection.
Slovakia
Authors: Blaško Milan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Velvet Revolution, which started in November 1989 and which led to the fall of the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia, brought about substantial political, economic, and social changes. One of the repercussions was the need to adjust the constitutional system in order to eliminate the shortcomings of the Czecho-Slovak Federation which had been established on 1 January 1969 and to redistribute the powers between the federal State and the two national republics by which Czechoslovakia was constituted. Lengthy political talks on these issues were fruitless and, after the 1992 parliamentary elections, the leaders of the political parties in power concluded an agreement that the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic would be constitutionally dissolved.
Slovenia
Authors: Mavčič Arne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The 1991 Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia guarantees wide protection against all forms of inequality and discrimination, much wider than international documents, including the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (hereinafter ‘the Convention’).1 In addition, the other rights guaranteed by provisions of the 1991 Constitution (eg the freedom to profess one’s national affiliation, the right to use a minority language and script, the special rights of the Italian and Hungarian ethnic communities in Slovenia, as well as the status and special rights of Romany communities in Slovenia) are wider than the generally very narrow provisions concerning such rights in international instruments. The above-mentioned provisions of the 1991 Constitution exceed the Convention, which is silent on those matters.