bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TURNOVER OF S35-SULFATE IN EPIPHYSES AND DIAPHYSES OF SUCKLING RATS
Authors: Dziewiatkowski Dominic D. , Di Ferrante N. , Bronner F. , Okinaka Gladys 
Published: June 2004

S35-sulfate was injected intraperitoneally- into 7-day-old rats and their long bones were removed after intervals of time. The epiphyses were separated from the diaphyses for analysis.
From the diaphyses freed of bone marrow about 82 per cent of the S35 which they contained was extracted with a 2.5 N solution of sodium hydroxide. More, about 91 per cent of the S35, was thus extracted from the epiphyses.
Dialysis of the extracts against water showed that the fraction of S35 which was dialyzable decreased rapidly with time. After 1 hour about 80 per cent and 50 per cent of the S35 in the extracts of diaphyses and epiphyses, respectively were found in the dialysates, after 24 hours about 20 per cent and 4 per cent, and after 120 hours 12 per cent and 1 per cent. Similar values for the S35 in inorganic sulfate were found when the extracts were chromatographed on an anion exchange resin, dowex-2.
The S35, other than inorganic sulfate, was in the form of bound sulfate, which was released by acid hydrolysis. Uronic acid and hexosamines, primarily galactosamine, were associated with the S35. Indeed, on paper electrophoretograms and paper chromatograms the major S35-labelled component which was seen resembled chondroitin sulfate in its mobility. On the paper chromatograms, also a second S35-labelled component with a mobility lower than that of chondroitin sulfate was found. It is unlikely that the latter is a breakdown product of chondroitin sulfate, produced in the course of extraction with the sodium hydroxide solution. In fact, both components were also found in sodium versenate homogenates which had been dialyzed extensively against water.
On the basis of these results it is suggested that the greatest part of the S35-labelled materials previously demonstrated by autoradiography to be progressively deposited in the metaphyses after 24 hours,—as the concentration of S35-sulfate concurrently decreased in the epiphyseal cartilage plates,—are akin to the chondroitin sulfate of the epiphyseal cartilage plates and are derived from the latter.
DIFFERENTIATION OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI WITH A COMMON R ANTIGEN INTO THREE SEROLOGICAL TYPES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE BACTERICIDAL TEST
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C. ,   With the Technical Assistance of William N. Everly
Published: June 2004

In further study of streptococci having the R antigen, the bactericidal test has been used instead of the mouse protection test in investigating the type-specific M antigens of these organisms. The results have been confirmed by M anti-M precipitin tests, and a correlation between the M and T antigens of the strains has been shown.
On the basis of a specific M antigen, type 28 has been shown to comprise Griffith's strain Small and four other R-containing strains.
A number of other strains previously thought to belong to type 28 on the basis of R antigen reactions have now been identified as belonging either to type 2 or to a new type, designated 48, which shows a one-way cross-relationship to type 13.
The bactericidal test is suggested as a useful method for assessing M antigen in group A streptococci and for establishing type-specificity by means of a biological test which is more widely applicable than the standard mouse protection test.
CROSS-IMMUNITY BETWEEN BRUCELLA MELITENSIS AND MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Elberg Sanford S. , Schneider Patricia , Fong Jacob ,   With the Technical Assistance of James Akiyama
Published: June 2004

A non-specific element has been demonstrated in the resistance of monocytes derived from immunized rabbits. Vaccination by BCG or by an effective anti-brucellosis reagent induces protection in either case against both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Brucella melitensis when studied by the monocyte culture method.
The activity of the antiserum required to demonstrate the resistance of the monocyte is not affected when the agglutinating action of the anti-Brucella rabbit serum is removed by absorption.
The ability of the monocytes from specifically immunized rabbits to retard the growth of virulent Brucella was demonstrated, not as an all-or-none phenomenon, but in the light of the unrestricted bacterial multiplication which occurs in monocytes from normal animals.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RED CELL AGGLUTININS IN ACQUIRED HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
Authors: Fudenberg H. H. , Kunkel H. G. 
Published: June 2004

The sera of 8 patients with acquired hemolytic anemia associated with elevated levels of cold agglutinins were studied by various procedures of zone electrophoresis. The agglutinating activity was found associated with proteins of variable mobility in the different cases. The majority represented "fast" γ-globulins. The 4 sera with the highest titers of cold agglutinins showed distinguishable abnormal electrophoretic components. The titers correlated with the height of the abnormal components.
Ultracentrifugal analysis of the electrophoretic fractions indicated that the cold agglutinins were associated with proteins having a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 19 S. The abnormal component from the serum with the highest biological activity showed almost no contamination with lower molecular weight proteins. The amount of 19 S material found correlated with the titer of agglutinating activity.
The high molecular weight character of the cold agglutinins was confirmed by procedures of density gradient zone centrifugation. The biological activity sedimented with proteins of the 19 S class in all the sera including those of relatively low titer with which no abnormal electrophoretic components were observed.
Dissociation of the abnormal high molecular weight components was possible by means of certain sulfhydryl compounds. This resulted in disappearance of cold agglutinin activity.
Some of the cases could be classified as macroglobulinemias because of the very large content of high molecular weight components. However, the same disease picture occurred without recognizable elevation of these components.
The sera of 3 patients with severe acquired hemolytic anemia of the warm type associated with warm incomplete antibodies failed to show similar abnormal electrophoretic components and the antibody activity sedimented with proteins of the 7 S class.
INFLUENCE OF DIETARY MAGNESIUM ON CARDIAC AND RENAL LESIONS OF YOUNG RATS FED AN ATHEROGENIC DIET
Authors: Hellerstein E. E. , Vitale J. J. , White P. L. , Hegsted D. M. , Zamcheck N. , Nakamura M. ,   With the Technical Assistance of T. Faherty
Published: June 2004

Young male rats fed an atherogenic diet for 24 to 26 days developed magnesium deficiency.
The renal lesions, calcium deposition in tubular lumens in the outer zona intermedia, are morphologically consistent with those seen in animals fed magnesium-free diets. It was necessary to feed 8 to 16 times the normal requirement of magnesium to prevent completely these lesions. The limitations in the pathogenesis of these renal lesions are discussed.
The addition of 2 mg. per cent of thyroxine to the diet markedly lowered or abolished deposition of calcium in the kidney; it also lowered atherogenesis to a minimum but did not abolish it.
Early lesions of atherosclerosis of the cardiac valves and of the aorta were observed. These were more prominent in animals on a 10 per cent than in those on a 20 per cent protein diet. The atherosclerosis was diminished but not abolished by exceedingly high dietary levels of magnesium in the 10 per cent protein group. Such a decrease was not noted in the 20 per cent protein group.
There did not appear to be significant variation in the morphology of the fatty livers in and between the various groups and subgroups as judged by staining with Sudan IV.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF HYPERSENSITIVITY PHENOMENA
Authors: Osler Abraham G. , Hawrisiak Mary M. , Ovary Zoltan , Siqueira Maria , Bier Otto G. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments are described indicating that the magnitude and sensitivity of the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) response in normal rats to a given level of immune reagents, may be enhanced by the addition of hemolytically active sera.
A similar enhancement in normal rats has been obtained with C' component reagents possessing properties associated with the third component of C'.
Parallelisms between in vitro fixation of C' and PCA induction by antigen and antibody are shown. The horse anti-pneumococcus system has low C'-fixing potencies and is also less efficient than the rabbit polysaccharide system in the induction of PCA.
Findings of a similar nature were observed in the reaction of rabbit anti-ribonuclease with ribonuclease, the acetylated and guanidinated derivatives of the enzyme.
The injection of hemolytically active serum into C'-deficient rats was accompanied by a partial restoration of PCA. Restorative effects were also noted with heated and ammonia-treated serum.
The return of hemolytic potency and responsiveness to PCA in C'-depleted rats, follow a similar time course.
The data presented indicate that the PCA reaction can be studied as a function of at least three variables, antigen, antibody, and a serum constituent resembling C'.
THE INFLUENCE OF CORTISONE ON EXPERIMENTAL VIRAL INFECTION
Authors: Kilbourne Edwin D. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Barbara Ann Pokorny
Published: June 2004

The interference with viral synthesis which is induced by large quantities of non-infective influenza B virus is inhibited or negated with small quantities of cortisone and other C-21 steroids. The specificity of this effect is attested by the inactivity of 11-alpha hydroxy epimers of highly active compounds. Maximal activity in negation of interference is associated with the presence of oxygen at the C-11 position of the steroid molecule.
In view of the demonstration that negation of interference can occur, it is concluded that the phenomenon of multiplicity reactivation of non-infective virus is not primarily influenced by cortisone. Rather, it is suggested that the reactivation phenomenon is unmasked by cortisone through its inhibiting effect on the autointerference intrinsic in multiplicity infection.
If it is accepted that influenza virus infections in ovo are self-limited in part by viral autointerference, present evidence is consistent with the view that negation of this autointerference is the mechanism by which cortisone induces definitively increased yields of virus.
EFFECTS OF 3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE ON THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND METABOLISM OF THE RAT AND ITS INFLUENCE TO RETARD GROWTH OF MAMMARY TUMORS HITHERTO REFRACTORY
Authors: Huggins Charles , Pollice Lucio 
Published: June 2004

The repeated administration of 3-methylcholanthrene to adolescent rats resulted in (a) a profound, incomplete, and selective depression of certain hypophyseal functions; (b) decreased growth of transplanted mammary tumors; and (c) a retardation of body growth. Only the last mentioned effect was reversed by forced feeding.
The retarded rate of body growth induced by 3-methylcholanthrene was prevented by the concurrent administration of dihydrotestosterone or progesterone, or by ovariectomy; rats so treated became overweight despite the injection of 3-methylcholanthrene. Phenolic estrogens intensified the retardation of body growth induced by 3-methylcholanthrene and emaciation resulted.
The administration of 3-methylcholanthrene resulted in decreased gonadotrophin production by the pituitary and the ovaries were more drastically affected by the depression of pituitary activity than the adrenals were. The compound exerted differential effects on the pituitary glands of males and females respectively. Hormonal functions of both ovary and testis were decreased in rats treated with 3-methylcholanthrene but, whilst ovarian weight was much reduced, the size of the testis was not decreased and the germinal epithelium of the male was little affected by the treatment in most instances. There was a considerable reduction of the content of alkaline phosphatase in the breast of intact rats treated with 3-methylcholanthrene but atrophy of the mammary epithelium did not occur and hyperplasia of the mammary tree was often observed.
The administration of 3-methylcholanthrene considerably slowed the growth of transplanted mammary tumors characterized by high dependence on hormones and the concurrent administration of gonadotrophin restored the growth rate of the tumors.
The administration of 3-methylcholanthrene or androstan-17ß-ol-3-one was only moderately effective in controlling the growth of transplanted mammary tumors characterized by low hormonal dependence; the combined administration of these compounds was highly efficacious in retarding the growth of these refractory tumors.
3-Methylcholanthrene partially retarded the growth of mammary fibroadenomas in hypophysectomized rats.
DEMONSTRATION IN VITRO OF ANAPHYLACTOID RESPONSE OF THE UTERUS AND ILEUM OF GUINEA PIGS INJECTED WITH TESTIS OR SPERM
Authors: Katsh Seymour 
Published: June 2004

Female guinea pigs were injected with the following materials: homogenates of guinea pig testis in saline or in adjuvant; suspensions of washed guinea pig sperm in saline or in adjuvant; homogenates of rabbit testis in adjuvant; guinea pig sperm and rabbit sperm in adjuvant. Control animals were not injected or were injected with adjuvant alone.
At various times between 15 and 39 days after injection, the animals were sacrificed. Their ilea and uterine horns were removed and tested in vitro for reaction to washed epididymal sperm of the guinea pig, rabbit, or bull.
It was found that the animals which were injected with homologous testis or sperm in adjuvant possessed organs which responded strongly to the challenge with homologous sperm. The response was a contracture which began 10 to 30 seconds after the sperm were injected into the bath and lasted for 5 minutes to 4 hours, the longest period of observation. Responses which lasted for periods of 5 minutes to 30 minutes were obtained with the uteri of the animals injected with guinea pig testis in saline or with guinea pig sperm in saline. Animals which were injected with rabbit testis and adjuvant responded to rabbit sperm, and animals injected with guinea pig sperm and rabbit sperm in adjuvant reacted to both gametes.
A large proportion of the control animals possessed organs which reacted weakly to the challenge with homologous sperm. Retesting the organ which had contracted following exposure to sperm indicated that desensitization had occurred. Testing with heterologous sperm indicated a species selectivity.
The evidence is interpreted to mean that injections of sperm or testis induce a hypersensitivity which is similar in some respects but differs from true anaphylaxis.
The findings are discussed from the point of view of the nature of the response and the implications regarding natural immunity to sperm.
THYROID FUNCTION IN EXPERIMENTAL STREPTOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA IN THE RAT
Authors: Reichlin Seymour , Glaser Robert J. ,   With the Technical Assistance Of Barbara B. Pesch And Christa Kinderman
Published: June 2004

In order to study the effects of a severe bacterial infection on thyroid function rats were subjected to group A streptococcal pneumonia, and thyroid activity determined by measurement of the rate of discharge of I131 from the thyroid gland.
Decreased thyroid activity of moderate to marked degree was observed in the majority of infected animals. Infected animals ate less than normal animals. Since fasting leads to decreased thyroid function, I131 release rates were measured in control animals pair-fed with infected animals and in control and infected animals force-fed a normal intake. The reduction in thyroid activity seen in acute infection was found to be partly but not entirely due to the associated voluntary food restriction.
Although the adrenal glands of rats dying of pneumonia were very large, the thyroid inhibition occurring during the course of experimental pneumonia was not secondary to increased adrenocortical function since infected, adrenalectomized animals, receiving injections of cortisone, showed thyroid inhibition comparable to that observed in intact infected animals.
The possible influence of the level of thyroid activity on resistance was evaluated. In two experiments a total of 80 rats in 3 groups was pretreated with propylthiouracil and injected daily with 3 dosage levels of 7-thyroxine for 3 weeks prior to inoculation. Under these conditions mortality rates in infected animals fell with decreasing levels of thyroid function. However, induced hypothyroidism was found to afford no protective effect in comparison with untreated infected animals.
STUDIES ON THE FORMATION OF COLLAGEN
Authors: Gross Jerome 
Published: June 2004

Some properties of cold neutral salt extracts of fresh guinea pig dermis have been described in terms of viscosity, electrophoresis and sedimentation patterns, partial composition, the collagen content, conditions for extraction of collagen, and the effect of certain enzymes.
Viscosity of the extracts depended on the collagen in solution as demonstrated by removal of this protein by precipitation or enzymatic degradation. The intrinsic viscosity of the crude 0.45 M extract, as well as that of the isolated collagen was 14.5, identical with that for collagen dissolved by dilute acid, indicating the same high asymmetry ratio for both.
Electrophoresis of the skin extracts revealed a slow moving, high, sharp, poorly diffusing boundary in addition to a pattern superficially resembling that of serum. The ultracentrifuge pattern revealed a slowly sedimenting, hypersharp boundary following a large rapidly diffusing peak. The slow moving boundaries in both patterns were abolished by collagenase or heat precipitation of the collagen fraction. Hyaluronidase had no effect on either pattern.
Neutral sulfate, chloride, and phosphate extracted more collagen than did thiocyanate. Very little collagen was extracted at 37°C. as compared with that removed at 3°C.
A two stage fractionation procedure employing dilute trichloroacetic acid and ethanol is described for the isolation and purification of soluble collagen from crude extracts.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF FEVER
Authors: King M. Kenton , Wood W. Barry 
Published: June 2004

An endogenous pyrogen, which is indistinguishable from leucocytic pyrogen, has been demonstrated in the blood streams of rabbits with fevers caused by experimental pneumococcal and streptococcal infections. Like the endogenous pyrogen previously detected in the serum of animals with fever produced by the intravenous injection of typhoid vaccine, the newly discovered circulating factor acts directly upon the thermoregulatory centers of the brain. Its origin from polymorphonuclear leucocytes at the site of infection appears to have been established.
The possible relationship of this circulating endogenous pyrogen to the pathogenesis of other forms of fever is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF FEVER WITH INFLUENZAL VIRUSES
Authors: Atkins Elisha , Huang Wei Cheng 
Published: June 2004

Observations have been made on the fever-inducing properties of an endogenous pyrogen found in the circulation of rabbits after the intravenous inoculation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV).
When endogenous pyrogen was given to a normal recipient, a biphasic fever was produced which simulated that seen with bacterial endotoxins. With the use of a technique of serial passive transfer, it has been shown that the "double-humped" response results from two separate actions of the injected pyrogen. The first of these appears to be a direct stimulation of the thermoregulatory centers. The second involves the release of further endogenous pyrogen in the normal recipient to cause, in turn, the second fever peak. Since the injection of endogenous pyrogen did not produce a significant change in the number of circulating leukocytes, it is inferred that this substance is different from either bacterial or tissue polysaccharides.
In rabbits rendered tolerant by a previous injection of virus the second fever peak failed to appear and the response to endogenous pyrogen was monophasic. Evidence indicates that the absence of a second fever peak in the tolerant recipient was not due to rise in temperature on the preceding day of virus injection or to the development of either serum inhibitors or tolerance to virus itself.
It is postulated that prior mobilization of endogenous pyrogen by virus may have modified the ability of the tolerant recipient to liberate further amounts of this substance in response to an injection of endogenous pyrogen.
STUDIES ON ANTIBODY SYNTHESIS INITIATED IN VITRO
Authors: Stevens Kingsley M. , McKenna John M. 
Published: June 2004

Ten µg. of the lipopolysaccharide endotoxin of Salmonella typhosa was given to rabbits intravenously to enhance the subsequent antibody response to an unrelated substance. The spleens were removed 24 hours later, diced, and incubated 1 hour with the antigen, bovine-γ-globulin (BGG), in a protein-free medium. After washing, the tissues either were extracted at once or planted and the fluids and tissues harvested 1 to 3 days later. Antibody was determined by a modification of the Boyden hemagglutination technique.
Small amounts of antibody were synthesized as early as 1 hour after the addition of antigen. The antibody formed could be specifically inhibited with BGG, was not dialyzable, and did not sediment at 105,000 g for 2 hours.
Dose-response studies revealed no antibody formation when the BGG concentration was 0.005 or 0.05 mg./ml. The best responses were obtained at concentrations of 0.5 to 5.0 mg./ml. These results were found irrespective of whether the animal had previously received BGG in vivo.
Forty per cent autologous serum increased antibody formation about 9-fold over that secured with protein-free medium or with 40 per cent homologous serum. Antibody formed with this system could be detected by 50 per cent complement fixation test, although at much lower titer than found by hemagglutination.
While spleens from rabbits previously given BGG did not produce more antibody than spleens from normal rabbits, they differed in that they produced antibody without the involvement of endotoxin.
Under appropriate circumstances, endotoxin was effective in vitro in enabling spleen fragments to produce antibody to BGG.
Cortisone acetate administered to rabbits prior to the removal of the spleen severely inhibited antibody production in vitro. Sodium prednisolone phosphate added in vitro showed a similar irreversible effect at concentrations as low as 2 x 10–5 M. Nitrogen mustard inhibited antibody formation at concentrations as low as 10–4 M.
THE AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF MONKEY KIDNEY CELLS IN FIRST CULTURE PASSAGE
Authors: Eagle Harry , Freeman A. E. , Levy M. 
Published: June 2004

Monkey kidney cells tested in their first culture passage, 24 hours after their isolation from the animal host, required the same 13 amino acids for survival and growth as cell lines serially propagated in culture for years. Under the conditions of the present experiments, arginine, cystine, glutamine, histidine, and tyrosine proved necessary, over and above the 8 amino acids required for nitrogen balance in man.
With the serially propagated lines, glutamic acid substituted for glutamine only at extremely high and non-physiological levels. In the monkey kidney cell cultures, however, glutamic acid and glutamine were interchangeable, mole for mole; and aspartic acid and asparagine were also effective as glutamine substitutes.
Glycine was growth-stimulatory for monkey kidney cells in primary culture, and the cells grown in a glycine-deficient medium usually failed to survive subculture.