bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF LATHYROGENIC AGENTS ON CARTILAGE IN VIVO AND IN VITRO
Authors: Karnovsky Morris J. , Karnovsky Manfred L. 
Published: June 2004

The effects of lathyrogenic agents in vivo and in vitro are described, in respect to some biochemical indices of cartilage metabolism. Lathyrogenic agents in vivo inhibited the incorporation of radiosulfate into rat epiphyseal cartilage and the isolated chondroitin sulfate. No significant changes in hydroxyproline or hexosamine content of epiphyseal cartilage were found, but there was a marked increase in water content. The content of chondroitin sulfate, measured as uronic acid, was decreased. The importance of taking growth rate differences between control and experimental rats into account in assessing the effects of lathyrogenic agents in vivo is emphasized.
In an in vitro system, utilizing fresh calf costal cartilage slices, the presence of low concentrations of lathyrogenic agents markedly affected various metabolic events. The incorporation into cartilage slices of sulfate-S35, glucose-U-C14, and glycine-1-C14 was significantly depressed, as was the production of organic acids, including lactic acid. In general, these effects were more severe under anaerobic conditions. Glutamine restored the activities of the slices treated with lathyrogenic agents to control values obtained in the absence of either lathyrogen or glutamine.
THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MICE TO BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS
Authors: Schaedler Russell W. , Dubos Rene J. 
Published: June 2004

Albino mice (Rockefeller NCS strain) raised and maintained free of ordinary bacterial pathogens, as well as of intestinal Escherichia coli and of Proteus bacilli, were found to be highly resistant to the lethal effect of bacterial endotoxins.
When newborn mice of this NCS colony were nursed by foster mothers from another colony raised under ordinary conditions (SS colony from which the NCS colony was derived), they acquired the intestinal flora of the latter animals and became susceptible to the lethal effects of endotoxins.
NCS adult mice could be rendered susceptible to the lethal effect of endotoxins by vaccination with heat killed Gram-negative bacilli. The susceptibility thus induced exhibited a certain degree of specificity for the bacterial strain used in vaccination.
Although untreated NCS mice were resistant to the lethal effect of endotoxins, they proved exquisitively susceptible to the infection-enhancing effect of these materials. For example, 1 µg. or less of endotoxin was found sufficient to help establish a rapidly fatal septicemia with Staphylococcus aureus. Small amounts of endotoxin (1 µg. or less), administered alone, caused a marked but transient loss of weight.
Vaccination with heat-killed Gram-negative bacilli or with killed BCG increased the resistance of NCS mice to the infection-enhancing effect of small amounts of endotoxin. This protective effect exhibited a certain degree of specificity for the bacterial strain from which the toxin used in the infection-enhancing test was derived.
These various findings can be explained by assuming that the pathological effects of endotoxins involve at least two unrelated mechanisms; (a) a primary toxicity illustrated in this study by the loss of weight and enhancement of infection resulting from the injection of small doses of toxin; (b) an immunological reaction with lethal consequences which became manifest only in animals sensitized to the endotoxin by prior exposure to Gram-negative bacilli.
PLASMA FIBRINOLYSIS IN MAN: THE EFFECT OF CHYLOMICRONS DERIVED FROM DIFFERENT DIETARY FATS
Authors: Farquhar John W. , Merigan Thomas C. , Sokolow Maurice 
Published: June 2004

The plasma fibrinolytic activity, measured in vitro, of 17 healthy normal young males was consistently and equally inhibited by prior ingestion of equal amounts of either a relatively saturated animal fat (butterfat) or a highly unsaturated vegetable fat (safflower oil).
This effect was further studied by the addition of purified chylomicrons derived from ingestion of either butterfat, safflower oil, or egg yolk to an in vitro system. The inhibitory effect was quantitatively similar in all experiments despite wide variations in composition of the fed fat and pronounced differences in fatty acid composition of the lipids of the chylomicrons.
It seems reasonable to suggest from our data that the proteins and the nonfatty acid portions of the chylomicron phospholipids may be important determinants of the inhibitory effect of chylomicrons on fibrinolysis.
PREPARATION AND EFFECTS OF AN ANTI-MAST CELL SERUM
Authors: Smith Douglas E. , Lewis Yevette S. 
Published: June 2004

In an attempt to obtain an antiserum that would bring about widespread destruction of mast cells in the rat, rabbits were immunized with mast cells isolated from the peritoneal cavities of rats. Striking evidence of anti-mast cell activity was indicated in vivo by mast cell disruption and in vitro by positive interfacial precipitin tests of the serum from rabbits so treated. The time course of the production of anti-mast cell activity in the rabbit serum was established. Normal rabbit serum was without effect on mast cells in the several tests. The same was true for rabbit anti-rat liver serum except when it was applied directly to tissues containing mast cells. In the latter case mast cell disruption ensued, but it appeared different from that evoked by anti-mast cell serum.
Intraperitoneal injection of anti-mast cell serum was followed by destruction of all of the mast cells of the mesentery and of the majority of mast cells in the ear, scrotum, and abdominal skin. The time course of this destruction, of the phagocytosis of the mast cell debris, and of the repopulation of the tissues with new mast cells was established. Attending the disruption of mast cells the levels of tissue histamine dropped sharply but returned toward normal as new mast cells appeared. In the scrotum and abdominal skin 5-hydroxytryptamine did not fall below normal and was markedly above normal at the time when histamine and mast cell content were lowest. Reddening and swelling of the muzzle, ears, feet, and scrotum were present during the first few days after injection of the anti-mast cell serum. Intraperitoneal injection of normal rabbit serum was without any of the above effects. Similarly injected rabbit anti-rat liver serum had no effect on the mast cells or upon the levels of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the ear, scrotum, or abdominal skin. It caused no reddening and swelling of the muzzle, ears, feet, and scrotum. It was attended, however, by destruction of the mast cells and by a sharp fall in the histamine content of the mesentery. Gross changes in the tissue of the peritoneal cavity following anti-mast cell and anti-liver serum were described.
The possible significance of the several findings were discussed.
THE LATHYROGENIC EFFECT OF ISONICOTINIC ACID HYDRAZIDE (INAH) ON THE CHICK EMBRYO AND ITS REVERSAL BY PYRIDOXAL
Authors: Levene C. I. 
Published: June 2004

When applied to the chorio-allantoic membrane of the chick embryo, isoniazid was shown to produce an increase in the fragility of the embryo and in the amount of collagen which was extractable from the bones with cold 1 M sodium chloride. The administration of pyridoxal reversed these phenomena almost completely.
The effect of isoniazid differed from that of ß-aminopropionitrile in that the latter was of greater magnitude, and was not affected by pyridoxal; whereas ß-aminopropionitrile caused skeletal deformities, isoniazid even at 12 times the concentration produced no deformities.
The aldehyde group of pyridoxal was shown to be necessary for its interaction with isoniazid.
THE EFFECT OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS ON THE WATER INTAKE AND BODY WEIGHT OF MICE
Authors: Dubos Rene J. , Schaedler Russell W. 
Published: June 2004

Injection of endotoxin of Gram-negative bacilli into NCS mice caused an immediate reduction or interruption of water intake by these animals, with a resultant loss of body weight.
Endotoxins prepared by three different techniques from four different cultures of Gram-negative bacilli yielded products having approximately the same activity in inhibiting water intake. The minimum effective dose was 0.1 µg. or less. With all toxin preparations tested, the duration of the effect was directly related to the dose injected.
The heat-killed cells of Esch. coli proved approximately as effective as the endotoxins prepared from Gram-negative bacilli. In contrast, heat-killed cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (BCG) were much less active, and heat-killed cells of Staphylococcus aureus were essentially inactive.
Mice previously treated with endotoxin exhibited a marked degree of tolerance to the inhibition of water intake caused in normal animals by a subsequent treatment with the same material. Tolerance could also be induced by vaccination with heat-killed Gram-negative bacilli. Tolerance overlapped from one bacterial species to another but was more pronounced toward the endotoxin prepared from the bacterial culture with which the animal was vaccinated.
The duration of the inhibitory effect of endotoxin on water intake was much shorter with mice fed a complete diet than with mice fed a deficient diet (corn).
It took approximately the same dose of endotoxin (0.1 µg.) to inhibit water intake, reduce the influx of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and enhance staphylococcal infection.
THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF RABBITS TOLERANT TO BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN TO THE INJECTION OF OTHER HETEROLOGOUS SERUM ALBUMINS
Authors: Weigle William O. 
Published: June 2004

Immunological tolerance produced in rabbits by neonatal injections of BSA can be terminated by a series of injections of certain heterologous serum albumins which cross-react with BSA. Injections of albumins distantly related to BSA were more effective in terminating the tolerant state than injections of albumins closely related to BSA. It was concluded from results obtained with several heterologous albumins that immunological tolerance to BSA is directed to both the over-all antigenic or physical-chemical composition of the protein and the individual determinant groups present on the protein. Several possible mechanisms were given to explain the ability of cross-reacting albumins to terminate the tolerant state of BSA-tolerant rabbits.
A possible relationship between the termination of tolerance in BSA-tolerant rabbits injected with cross-reacting albumins and autoimmunily was discussed. It was also suggested that the relative ease with which tolerance could be established to heterologous serum proteins in comparison to bacterial antigens is the result of the close serological and physical-chemical relationship of the heterologous serum proteins to the serum proteins of the rabbit.
Rabbits injected with 500 mg of BSA during the first 5 days of life failed to form antibody capable of either eliciting an immune elimination of an injection of I* BSA given 3 to 4 months later or complexing with the circulating I* BSA.
IMMUNOCYTOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF VARIED INOCULA OF INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Watson Barbara K. 
Published: June 2004

Variation in the amount and quality of influenza virus injected into the amniotic sac of the chick embryo led to differences not only in the yield of virus but also in the immunofluorescent cytology of the infection.
The production of infectious virus was associated with a predominance of cells in which the virus antigens were first detected along the cell surface in contact with the amniotic fluid, later deeper in the cytoplasm, and finally, though to a lesser extent, in the nucleus.
When the virus yield was primarily non-infectious hemagglutinin the virus antigens appeared in reverse sequence; i.e., nucleus first, then adjacent cytoplasm, and ultimately throughout the entire cell.
Under conditions of "autointerference," the immunofluorescence seen in some of the cells failed to progress beyond the nuclear or early cytoplasmic stage, while many other cells remained unreactive throughout the experimental period.
With the largest dose used a pale intranuclear reaction was localized 1 hour after injection but the embryo died shortly thereafter.
STUDY OF THE ADSORPTION ON AND DESORPTION FROM POLYSTYRENE-HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN CONJUGATES OF RABBIT ANTI-HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN ANTIBODIES HAVING DIFFERENT SPECIFICITIES
Authors: Webb Tom , Lapresle Claude 
Published: June 2004

An insoluble specific adsorbent for anti-human serum albumin antibodies was prepared by coupling human serum albumin (H.S.A.) to polystyrene by azo bonds. Rabbit anti-H.S.A. immune serum was passed through a column of the adsorbent. It was shown that different volumes of the immune serum were required for the saturation of the different determinant groups of H.S.A. by their corresponding antibodies.
The elution of the anti-H.S.A. antibodies adsorbed on the column was achieved by passing successively through the column an acetate buffer pH 3.0 and a solution of 0.1 N HCl in 0.15 M NaCl. The antibodies were eluted in three different fractions, each of which was composed of γ-globulins only. These three fractions contained different proportions of antibodies of different specificities.
THE INFLUENCE OF INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION ON EXOGENOUS STAPHYLOCOCCAL AND ENDOGENOUS MURINE BACTERIAL INFECTION OF THE BRONCHOPULMONARY TISSUES OF MICE
Authors: Sellers Thomas F. , Schulman Jerome , Bouvier Claude , McCune Robert , Kilbourne Edwin D. 
Published: June 2004

Mice infected with a non-mouse-adapted Asian strain of influenza A virus suffered an impaired capacity to destroy or remove staphylococci introduced by the respiratory route. This temporary inhibition of local defense mechanisms was of 7 to 10 days' duration.
The persistence of staphylococci in the lung following influenza did not appear to alter the nature of the pathologic reaction to influenza virus.
The presence of influenza virus infection in the respiratory tract of the mouse did not alter the fate of intravenous staphylococci in the lung or other organs.
In 40 to 50 per cent of mice with influenza, purulent bronchopneumonia and infection with Pasteurella and Hemophilus of murine origin were noted. A minority of control animals evidenced such infection.
The administration of antimicrobials to which the murine bacteria were susceptible prevented both the appearance of the endogenous infection with Pasteurella or Hemophilus and the purulent sequelae to influenza virus infection. The true picture of uncomplicated bronchopulmonary influenza virus infection was thus separated from the combined virus-bacteria effect otherwise encountered.
CHANGES PRODUCED IN MOUSE PLASMA PROTEINS BY ACUTE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Williams Curtis A. , Wemyss Courtney T. 
Published: June 2004

The immunoelectrophoretic patterns of plasma proteins from mice are altered significantly by acute infections. Some proteins are dissociated into two or more components, some showed striking increase in plasma concentration, others are depleted, and certain ones appear which are undetectable in normal samples.
ß1-C dissociated into two electrophoretic components under a variety of conditions in addition to infections. Endotoxins and killed organisms in vivo, and specific precipitate absorption, heat and aging in vitro produced this change. Endotoxins injected into mice also induced a rise in haptoglobin though not as sharply or predictably as acute infection.
Preliminary results with samples from hospital patients with acute diseases are discussed. It was concluded that study of experimental diseases in laboratory animals by these techniques could provide a fruitful basis for the investigation of the plasma protein changes in similar human diseases.
THE INFLUENCE OF HYDROCORTISONE ON THE ACTION OF EXCESS VITAMIN A ON LIMB BONE RUDIMENTS IN CULTURE
Authors: Fell Honor B. , Thomas Lewis 
Published: June 2004

The effect of hydrocortisone has been studied in organ cultures of the cartilaginous long bone rudiments from 7-day chick embryos and of the well ossified limb bones from late fetal mice. In the chick rudiments, which grow rapidly in culture, the growth rate was much reduced by hydrocortisone, less intercellular material was formed, and the hypertrophic cells of the shaft were much smaller than in the controls in normal medium. In the late fetal mouse bones, which grow very little in culture, hydrocortisone had no obvious effect on growth but arrested resorption of the cartilage. These effects resemble those described by others in the skeleton of animals treated with cortisone or hydrocortisone.
The influence of hydrocortisone on the response of the chick and mouse explants to excess vitamin A was investigated. In the presence of excess vitamin A, cartilage (chick, mouse) and bone (mouse) rapidly disintegrated, but when hydrocortisone also was added to the medium, this dissolution of the intercellular material was much retarded, though not suppressed.
The retardative action of hydrocortisone on the changes produced by excess vitamin A in skeletal tissue in culture, contrasts sharply with the strongly additive effect of the two agents on the skeleton in the intact animal (Selye, 1958). It is suggested that this discrepancy between the results obtained in vitro and in vivo is probably due to systemic factors that operate in the body but are eliminated in organ cultures.
INDICATIONS OF HEREDITARY, SPATIAL REARRANGEMENT OF ANTIGEN COMPLEXES, IN THE INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Magill Thomas P. 
Published: June 2004

During passage in mice which had been vaccinated with the homologous, and with closely related strains of influenza virus, the passage strain developed a lessened susceptibility to the deleterious effects of the "immune" environment, concommittant with which was a developed capacity to evoke antibodies which reacted with earlier strains of virus—a capacity which was inapparent in the parent strain. However, the parent strain exhibited a relatively broad range of surface reactivity which was not apparent in the derived strain.
The data are interpreted to mean that the hereditary change resulted from spatial rearrangement and quantitative redistribution of antigens in the virus particle (in which the surface is viewed as being distinct from the inner bulk), and are viewed as enhancing the idea that influenza virus variation (i.e., "mutation") may result from a rearrangement of existing hereditary elements.
ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN IMMUNE GLOBULINS AND CERTAIN RELATED PARAPROTEINS IN MAN
Authors: Franklin Edward C. , Stanworth Denis R. 
Published: June 2004

The antigenic properties of normal 19S γ-globulin, pathologic macroglobulins, ß2A-myeloma proteins, and Bence Jones proteins have been compared with 7S γ-globulin and the small 3.5S units derived from it by gel diffusion precipitin techniques.
These studies demonstrate that the determinant groups on the 7S γ-globulin molecule responsible for the cross-reaction with each of the other proteins are associated with the two fragments of 7S γ-globulin which have the antibody-combining sites.
The antigenic specificity of the 7S γ-globulin which distinguishes it from each of these proteins is associated primarily with the fragment that is richest in hexose and can not combine with antigen. However when compared with certain of the paraproteins additional antigenic specificity was also found to reside in the fragments with antibody-combining activity.
The finding of similar antigenic relationships in rabbit γ-globulins suggests that some of the biological properties associated only with the 7S γ-globulins and not with the other immune globulins may reside in the fragment which also carries the antigenic specificity of the protein.
THE BEHAVIOR OF THREE DIFFERENT KINDS OF ANTIBODIES IN TUBERCULOSIS: ANTIPROTEIN, ANTIPOLYSACCHARIDE, AND ANTIPHOSPHATIDE
Authors: Takahashi Yoshio , Mochizuki Koji , Nagayama Yoshitame 
Published: June 2004

In human tuberculosis as in experimental tuberculosis, there exist in the serum of tuberculous patients three different kinds of antibodies completely distinct from each other, antipolysaccharide, antiprotein, and antiphosphatide. The two former antibodies are produced whenever tuberculous infection takes place or exists and they persist for a long period, even though tuberculous disease be arrested. On the contrary, the production of the antiphosphatide seems to be mainly conditioned by the outbreak of tuberculous disease following infection, because none of the tuberculin-positive healthy persons tested gave a positive phosphatide hemagglutination test. The antiphosphatide hemagglutination test furnishes useful information about the extent or the activity of tuberculous disease.
No correlation was noticed between the degree of tuberculin skin hypersensitivity and the amount of any of the three antibodies.
The usefulness of the phosphatide hemagglutination test in the diagnosis of tuberculosis is discussed.
BIOCHEMICAL BASIS FOR ALTERATIONS IN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF HELA CELLS INFECTED WITH NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS
Authors: Wheelock E. Frederick , Tamm Igor 
Published: June 2004

The ability of NDV-infected HeLa cells to synthesize DNA, protein, and RNA was investigated by measuring the incorporation of tritiated precursors into these substances at intervals after infection of cells with a virus/cell multiplicity of 500:1. A significant decrease in incorporation of precursors into DNA and protein was first observed at 3¼ hours after infection. By 4½ hours, an 80 to 90 per cent decrease had occurred, and by 5¼ hours, incorporation of precursors into DNA and protein was almost completely inhibited. Incorporation of precursor into RNA decreased gradually following infection; by the 10th hour, a 40 per cent decrease had occurred.
These results, integrated with earlier observations on biological aspects of infection, suggest the following causal relationships among events in NDV-infected cells: (a) The cessation of virus production is probably caused by inhibition of protein or RNA synthesis, and is not due to inhibition of DNA synthesis or to interferon. (b) The production of infective virus does not per se interfere with the ability of an infected cell to divide, nor is inhibition of mitosis caused by either inhibition of DNA synthesis or development of marked degenerative changes in infected cells. Inhibition of mitosis may be the result of inhibition of protein or RNA synthesis, (c) Marked cell damage could have been caused by inhibition of protein, DNA, or RNA synthesis, (d) Interference by NDV with the multiplication of influenza virus was probably due to the inhibitory effects of NDV on cellular biosynthetic activities.
THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SERUM COMPLEMENT ACTIVITY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIC LESIONS IN RABBITS
Authors: Rhyne Marie Britt , Germuth Frederick G. 
Published: June 2004

Total serum hemolytic complement activity is consistently reduced in animals undergoing accelerated "serum sickness". The time of maximum reduction in complement titer invariably coincides with the time of complete antigen disappearance. This temporal relationship supports the belief that the reduction in complement titer is brought about by in vivo antigen-antibody combination.
The intravenous administration of a single daily large dose of BGG-precipitated complexes produces a marked but temporary reduction in total complement hemolytic activity. On the other hand, multiple injections of soluble BGG immune complexes prepared in antigen excess failed to even temporarily alter complement titers. Animals undergoing the development of accelerated "serum sickness" treated by either type immune complex showed a significantly reduced incidence of arterial lesions. Apparently, this inhibiting effect on the development of arterial lesions was independent of variations in total complement hemolytic activity.