bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Economic Bases of Islam
Authors: Sann Tamara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To say that Islam is merely a religious idea, that its triumph over Arab paganism, its rapid spread, and the widespread victories of the Rashi dun and Umayyad caliphs are all traceable to religious zeal or fanaticism, is considered ridiculous today. Such views have been disproven by historical and economic research by the likes of Professor Wellhausen, Prince Caetani, Professor H. Lammens, T. Noldeke, and V. V. Bartol’d, among others. For it has been well established that Islam, like all other great religions, is not only religious thought but a social and economic matter as well—0r, more precisely, more so than it is religious thought. Prince Caetani said, “Islam was not a religious movement except outwardly; its essence was political and economic.”Part of the genius of the founder of Islam was that he comprehended the source of the economic and social movement which appeared in his time in Mecca, capital of the Hijaz. And he knew how to turn it to profitable account for his lofty religious and social ideals.
Caetani says, “Islam is the last emigration of the Arabs and its incentive was the same as that which induced similar movements previously in the Arabian peninsula, i.e., the continuing dessication of the land and its consequent depression and poverty.” As the well-known Dutch orientalist M. deGoeje said, “The cause of the appearance of the Islamic movement was religion; however, the Arab tribes and the inhabitants of Mecca and Medina turned toward it and entered into it for reasons other than religion.
Quantum Transport, Anderson Localization
Authors: Imry Yoseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Bloch–Boltzmann quasiclassical theory of electronic transport in lightly disordered conductors has been quite successful in describing the impurity and temperature dependences of the conductivity in ordinary relatively pure conductors. Further transport properties such as magnetoconductivity, Hall effect, thermal conductivity, and thermopower can also be handled, often with success. However, when the amount of disorder (or impurity concentration) becomes very large, novel phenomena occur which are unexplainable within the weak-scattering theory. In particular, the temperature dependence of the resistivity, p, becomes much weaker and eventually changes direction for high enough disorder (Weismann et al. 1979). The Mathiessen rule, according to which the contributions to p due to disorder and temperature are additive, thus breaks down. An extremely interesting correlation was found by Mooij (1973), namely, that dp/dT becomes negative when p becomes larger than a value ranging around 80-180 μD cm in something like a hundred disordered dirty systems. This almost “universal” trend must have an explanation which is only weakly dependent on material properties, and we remember that dp/ dT &gt; 0 always in weak-scattering theory.
The Pressures to Restructure Employment
Authors: Cappelli Peter , Bassi Laurie , Katz Harry , Knoke David , Osterman Paul , Useem Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Relationships between employers and employees in the United States are undergoing a transformation that begins with the pressures on companies to restructure the way they operate. These pressures go beyond the desire to cut costs to more fundamental changes that increase companies’ flexibility as they respond to changing markets. Since the tum of the century, employers in the United States have sought to rationalize and control their labor supply by bringing the development of skills inside their organizations. Good employee management meant hiring raw talent at the entry level into an “internal labor market” that not only developed workers’ skills over time but also insulated jobs and employees from developments in the outside labor market. The challenge to these arrangements began in the mid-1980s and has accelerated in the 1990s. One might think of these challenges as a kind of “deregulation” of employment where at least some of the insulation that the internal labor markets provided is giving way. Under these new arrangements, employees share much more in the risks of doing business, take on more of the responsibility for managing their own careers, and find that their relationship with management is governed to a greater extent than in recent decades by market forces.
“Christianizing The South” - Sketching A Synthesis
Authors: Mathews Donald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The American South Was and is asacntic once observed“haunted by God.” Because of this, wrote another observer, the South became “more homogeneous ... than any other section”: more orthodox, more racist, more traditionalist, and less rationalist than the rest of the country. Southern religion was expressed, he believed, in a “haunting ardor” resulting from African Americans’ sharing their spirituality with whites, an insight, derived from experience filtered through his racial romanticism and a commitment to interracial cooperation. Edwin McNeill Poteat had grown up in a culture eloquently articulated in the cadences and with the assurance of an evangelical Protestantism that had waxed in confidence and influence especially since the Civil War. Then, defeat and theodicy had fused Southern identity and Christianity in such a way as to make them, to celebrants of the Lost Cause at least, impossible to separate. The Protestant experience in the South, however, was more complex than Poteat, a white minister, conceded because of the various ways in which religion allowed Southerners to exercise, sustain, and resist power; to purge, create, and recreate identity; and to initiate, justify, and withstand change.
Public Responses to Antisemitism and Right-Wing Extremism
Authors: Erb Rainer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antisemitic propaganda in the ultraright-wing press,1 the increasing number of militant attacks on Jews and Jewish institutions since 1991 committed mainly by right-wing extremists (Erb 1994), motivational analyses of ultraright-wing voters, and attitude surveys (Bergmann and Erb 1991b, 1996) all serve to demonstrate the extent to which right-wing extremism and antisemitism are intertwined. The concentration of the splintered right-wing spectrum into two political parties has given antisemitism a new organizational base; a further increase in aggressive, antisemitic demonstrations can thus be expected. Furthermore, collective offenders cannot hide their opinions as well as individuals can; indeed, political parties need to express themselves publicly in fulfilling their function of shaping public opinion. This is why the long-term presence on the political stage of ultraright-wing parties is expected to bring with it an increase in the number of antisemitic scandals, especially since, as in the case of the “Republikaner” Party, their supporters exhibit the greatest density of antisemitic and right-wing extremist attitudes (Stoss 1993b, Falter 1994).
Berlin’s Jews after Unification Challenges to Community
Authors: Merritt Anna J , Merritt Richard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Something there is,” Robert Frost told us, “that doesn’t love a wall.” Westerners were quick to cite this image when in August 1961 East Germans built walls that split their country and its capital city, Berlin, between East and West. It was cited again almost three decades later when the socialist German Democratic Republic (GDR) broke these walls open. The image was apt. However, to the surprise of many Germans and non-Germans alike, the removal of cinder blocks and barbed wire did not lead back immediately and easily to a prewall existence. Indeed, the end of the Berlin Wall exacerbated a number of problems facing Germany and even led to new and problematic divisions. Berliners in particular quickly realized that a new integration of East and West Germany would be difficult to achieve after Germans had lived for four decades in separate, hostile political systems.
The Image of Germany in the News and U.S. Public Opinion after Unification
Authors: Semetko Holli A , Gibowski Wolfgang G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The November 1992 presidential election in the United States signaled important changes. The year-long campaign focused on domestic problems and issues, which candidate Bill Clinton promised to make his priorities. The election result signaled the public’s preference for a shift away from foreign affairs, President George Bush’s forte, to more pressing problems at home. The last Cold War president left office and a new generation entered the White House in January 1993. The climate of opinion in the United States when President Clinton took office was largely one of looking inward, one preoccupied with events and problems at home, with little interest in developments abroad. Just four years earlier, in November 1989, U.S. news was saturated with information about events abroad. For at least a week, NBC, ABC, and CBS news anchors broadcast their main evening bulletins live from Berlin. The fall of the Berlin Wall, the bloodless revolutions in Eastern Europe, and the consequences of these events for a new world order captured public attention that was usually reserved for domestic news. During this time of dramatic change in Europe, U.S. television news was an especially important conveyor of images and information because it influenced public perceptions of many foreign countries (Semetko et al. 1992).
The Poverty of Theory in the Classroom
Authors: Mccutcheon Russell T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In spite of some significant theoretical developments since European scholars first attempted the dispassionate analysis of “other people’s” religions, many contemporary comparative religions textbooks continue to presume that the fundamental issue to be addressed in the classroom is the problem of religious plurality. This assumption is constitutive of the discourse on sui generis religion insomuch as an ahistorical religious essence, presumed to define human beings as fundamentally Homo religiosus is presumed to be shared by all human beings, whether religious insider or scholarly outsider. Despite the fact that since, and even before, F. Max Muller first proposed a comparative study of religions, a number of naturalistic theories have been developed, these various theoretical perspectives are largely absent from the introductory course. Through their almost exclusive use of a sympathetic hermeneutical and phenomenological approach to the data that prioritizes the insider’s perspective, intuitivism, and the sociopolitical autonomy of religious phenomena, such introductory textbooks constitute further evidence of the ways in which the discourse on sui generis religion dominates the modern study of religion. This chapter applies some of the criticisms generated in the previous chapters from narrower discursive analyses of other aspects of the modern field to a wider analysis of the genre of textbooks de-· signed for introductory courses in world religions.
Syllable-Dependent Approaches
Authors: Woodard Roger D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The various attempts to uncover a minimal principle (or set of principles) for the representation of consonant clusters and word-final consonants in the Mycenaean and Cypriot syllabic scripts are essentially of two basic types: (A) analyses constructed on the premise that such representation is dependent upon syllable structure; and (B) analyses which hold that such representation is not dependent upon syllable structure but is instead sensitive to a set of hierarchical relations. In this chapter we will consider approaches of the syllable-dependent type and tum our attention to the hierarchical approaches in chapter 4.
The Alphabet
Authors: Woodard Roger D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters I have sought to demonstrate by careful and detailed argumentation that the spelling of consonant clusters in the two prealphabetic, syllabic scripts of ancient Greek was carried out by utilizing strategies based upon a hierarchy of orthographic strength. Consequent upon the use of this strategy, a difficulty arises in representing sequences of the type stop + fricative + stop in the syllabic Cypriot writing system. In order to resolve this difficulty, the Cypriot scribes devised a series of symbols having the value ksV. These observations bring us at last to what is the centerpiece of our inquiry: namely, the origin of the Greek alphabet.
Our Lady of the Exile
Authors: Tweed Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our Lady of the Exile is a study of Cuban-American popular Catholicism, focusing on the shrine of Our Lady Charity in Miami. Drawing on a wide range of sources and using both historical and ethnographic methods, the book examines the religious life of the Cuban exiles who visit the shrine. Those pilgrims are diverse, and so are the motives that bring them. At the same time, author Thomas A. Tweed argues, Cuban devotees of the national patroness share a great deal. Most come to pray for their homeland and to recreate bonds with other Cubans, on the island and in the diaspora. The shrine is a place where they come to make sense of themselves as an exiled people. The religious symbols there link the past and present and bridge the homeland and the new land. Through rituals and artifacts at the shrine, Tweed suggests, the Cuban diaspora "imaginatively constructs its collective identity and transports itself to the Cuba of memory and desire." While the book focuses on Cuban exiles in Miami, it moves beyond case study as it explores larger issues concerning religion, identity, and place. How do migrants relate to heir homeland? How do they understand themselves after they have been displaced? What role does religion play among these diasporic groups? Building on this study of one exiled group, Tweed proposes a theory of diasporic religion that promises to illuminate the experiences of other groups that have been displaced from their native land. As the first book-length analysis of Cuban-American Catholicism, Tweed's book will be an invaluable resource to scholars and students of not only Religious Studies, American Studies, and Ethnic Studies, but also those who study cultural anthropology, human geography, and Latin American history.
Religious Artifacts and Diasporic Identity
Authors: Tweed Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than 10,000 Cuban exiles gathered on a chilly Sunday afternoon in 1973 to dedicate the new shrine of Our Lady of Charity in Miami—waving flags, singing songs, and chanting petitions to the national patroness. After six years of work, the committee of laity and clergy that had assumed responsibility for planning and constructing the building had managed to raise $420,000, mostly in small donations from recent exiles who could not afford it. The conical-shaped concrete structure, which they had toiled so hard to build, rose ninety feet above the crowd (see figure 11). Over the portal was a tiled image of Our Lady of Charity; perched on the rear were busts of two influential nineteenth-century Cubans. The focus inside was the pedestaled fifteen-inch statue of the patroness, the one that had been smuggled out of Cuba in 1961. In front of her stood the marble altar and the steps that led down to the circular interior. There only 290 chairs (replicas of los taburetes, traditional Cuban stools made of wood and leather) awaited the Virgin’s devotees in the small shrine. No one knew then that on many nights 400 or 500 Cubans, with more spilling out down the steps, would crowd into that small space, pressing close to the patroness. Only the throng outside for the dedication that day signaled how important this shrine would become for Cubans in the diaspora.
Religious Rituals and Diasporic Identity
Authors: Tweed Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At 8:30 on a Wednesday night in 1993 several Cuban-born men from the confraternity, dressed in traditional white guayabera shirts, carried the statue of Our Lady of Charity into an auditorium in Miami for her annual feast-day mass. Recently arrived by boat from her short journey from the shrine, the Virgin was welcomed by thousands of devotees. She made her way through a sea of fluttering white, red, and blue as followers waved white handkerchiefs and Cuban flags. Fathers lifted children onto their shoulders for a better view. Flashbulbs ignited. Some in the crowd pushed toward her. From my vantage point a few rows from the altar I noticed that some elderly women and men nearby were weeping. One woman sobbed aloud, “May she save Cuba. We need her to save Cuba;’ Many others smiled widely as they waved to their national patroness. As the Virgin weaved her way down the aisles of folding chairs toward the temporary altar, a local Cuban priest led the crowd in a series of chants. “jViva la Virgen de Caridad!” he boomed into a microphone to be heard above the shouting and singing. “Salva a Cuba” (Save Cuba), the crowd responded again and again. The men from the confraternity lifted her onto the left side of the stage, where she stood in front of a twelve-foot triangular background. Arched across the top a prediction was inscribed in yellow flowers: “Libre ‘94,” signaling the people’s hopes that the homeland would be “liberated” from communism during the coming year (figure 28). Finally, Our Lady of Charity rested triumphantly on the altar, where she would preside over the rest of the ceremony, as the clergy positioned themselves on the altar to begin the mass and the crowd boisterously sang the Cuban national anthem.
Postscript
Authors: Tweed Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book I have analyzed how Cuban devotees of the national patroness—especially but not exclusively mature, middle-class whites—have appealed to the Virgin at her shrine in Miami to make sense of themselves as an exiled nation. They have done so by, in the words of the shrine’s director, painting the image of Our Lady of Charity “in the colors of the Cuban flag.” Despite important differences among them, most visitors to the Virgin’s Miami shrine turn to that shared national symbol to create collective identity, return to a time before displacement, and transport themselves to the homeland. And many of them, especially those born in Cuba, are preoccupied with that homeland. The experience of exile dominates their lives. However hospitable the United States has been in some ways, it never can be their native land, no matter how much they have managed to transform the urban landscape of Miami into the image of their island home.
The case for non-computability in mathematical thought
Authors: Penrose Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2, I have tried to demonstrate for the reader the power and the rigorous nature of the underlying case for the assertion (denoted by 𝒢) that mathematical understanding cannot be the result of some consciously appreciated and totally believed algorithm (or, equivalently, algorithms; cf. Ql ). These arguments do not address the more serious possibility—in accordance with 𝒢-that mathematical belief might be the result of an unknown unconscious algorithm, or possibly of a knowable algorithm that cannot be known to be—or firmly believed to be—one that underlies mathematical belief. It is my purpose, in this chapter, to demonstrate that, although such are logical possibilities, they are not at all plausible ones.
The sacred Scripture is our just Confines: The Scripture
Authors: Underwood T L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Quakers Ballad: or, An Hymn of Triumph and Exultation for their Victories, at the two late great Disputes by them held with the Baptists ... To an excellent new Tune, called The Zealous Atheist was an anonymous broadsheet published in 1674. With humorous rhyme, it referred to portions of the most extensive public dispute between Baptists and Quakers that occurred in London in a series of four major meetings in 1672-74, drawing up to three thousand persons for sessions that, at least once, went as long as five or six hours. Among those involved were William Penn, George Whitehead, Isaac Pennington, George Keith, and Thomas Ellwood; and on the Baptist side, Thomas Hicks, Jeremiah Ives, Thomas Plant, William Coffin, and Handed Knells.
Christ was in them, else were they Reprobates: The Person of Christ
Authors: Underwood T L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As has been shown, Quakers claimed as their own the divine authority enjoyed by the primitive Christians before the New Testament was written, and their disputes over the Scripture revealed a fundamental difference between them and Baptists—the extent to which they identified themselves with the primitive church. Friends were driven to enter the “Great Time” of the Christian “beginnings” by their zeal to experience Christ as the earliest Christians had. But this New Testament experience also produced obvious historical difficulties. Unlike the disciples, Friends had not literally heard the words of Christ or witnessed his crucifixion, burial, resurrection, or ascension, for example. However, this problem was mitigated by the Quakers’ internalization and spiritualization of such outward, physical, historical events.
If there’s salvation by the light within: Soteriology and Eschatology
Authors: Underwood T L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Bunyan, best known for The Pilgrim’s Progress and three other major works, was also the author of more than fifty additional publications, the earliest of which were tracts of controversy directed against the Quakers. A number of face-to-face disputes took place between Bunyan and unnamed Quakers, including one at “Putnam” (now Pave ham) on 12 April 1656, and a second at “Paul’s steeple-house” in Bedford on 23 May 1656, which also involved John Burton (Bunyan’s pastor) and Richard Spindly, another member of the Bedford congregation. Two additional members, John Finn and John Child, were engaged with Bunyan in a dispute with Friends on 23 October 1656, and Bunyan participated in yet another debate on 30 January 1657. Such encounters launched Bunyan into print. In 1656, the first of his many works, Some Gospel-truths Opened, was published. It was answered by Edward Burroughs’s The True Faith of the Gospel of Peace Contended For, 1656, to which Bunyan replied with A Vindication of the Book Called, Some Gospel-Truths Opened, 1657. To this Borough responded with Truth (the Strongest of All) Witnessed Forth, 1657. George Fox also replied to Bunyan’s two tracts in his collection of polemical pieces, The Great Mist cry of the Great Whore Unfolded, 1659.
Fleshly forms we utterly deny: Baptism and the Lord’s Supper
Authors: Underwood T L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The temporary relaxation of restrictions on Nonconformist activity resulting from Charles Il’s Declaration of Indulgence in 1672 freed many Nonconformists from prison and also provided opportunity for further disputes between Quakers and Baptists. Even in more repressive times, imprisonment could not always inhibit such controversy. In 1664 Fox and the Baptist John Wigan, who had disputed in London six years earlier, found themselves in Lancaster prison with Margaret Fell and others. A vigorous debate ensued in the prison hall. Wigan first contended with Margaret Fell, who later denounced his “blasphemies” and “lye’s,” then turned to Fox, who got “up to a seat with one foot, and to the table with the other, whereas I and others were standing on the ground about the Table.” But the Quaker report maintained that Wigan did “stand upon the Table before George Fox, and was so unruly not as to be gotten off the Table,” and that he “cost up thy Hat, more like a Ranted and a Player in a Tavern, then one implored in the service of God.” Fox also recounted that in addition to debating, Wigan had a collection taken up in the area for prisoner relief, which many donors thought was to include the Quakers, but that Wigan intended it only for himself and “another drunken preacher of his, that would be so drunk that he lost his breeches.” Finally, Fox reported that the following year in London Wigan and his wife were “cut off by the plague.