bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retrospective on the risk matrix, part 1
Authors: Moseman James A. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractA review of historic mathematical, risk, and engineering science information was conducted to find the roots of the risk matrix. The objective was to locate and evaluate information surrounding its use. A three‐tiered (low, medium, high) system is historical, if not biologically programmed into human physiology. The Risk Matrix is a Likert preference system that has migrated into engineering and science. No testing or mathematical foundation was found.
Nanoplatelet Superlattices by Tin‐Induced Transformation of FAPbI3 Nanocrystals
Authors: Hazra Vishwadeepa , Mondal Sudipta , Pattanayak Pradip , Bhattacharyya Sayan 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe transition from 3D to 2D lead halide perovskites is traditionally led by the lattice incorporation of bulky organic cations. However, the transformation into a coveted 2D superlattice‐like structure by cationic substitution at the Pb2+ site of 3D perovskite is unfamiliar. It is demonstrated that the gradual increment of [Sn2+] alters the FASnxPb1−xI3 nanocrystals into the Ruddlesden–Popper‐like nanoplatelets (NPLs), with surface‐absorbed oleic acid (OA) and oleylamine (OAm) spacer ligand at 80 °C (FA+: formamidinium cation). These NPLs are stacked either by a perfect alignment to form the superlattice or by offsetting the NPL edges because of their lateral displacements. The phase transition occurs from the Sn/Pb ratio ≥0.011, with 0.64 wt% of Sn2+ species. At and above Sn/Pb = 0.022, the NPL superlattice stacks start to grow along [00l] with a repeating length of 4.37(3) nm, comprising the organic bilayer and the inorganic block having two octahedral layers (n = 2). Besides, a photoluminescence quantum yield of 98.4% is obtained with Sn/Pb = 0.011 (n ≥ 4), after surface passivation by trioctylphosphine (TOP).
Upscaled Synthesis Protocol for Phase‐Pure, Colloidally Stable MXenes with Long Shelf Lives
Authors: Goossens Nick , Lambrinou Konstantina , Tunca Bensu , Kotasthane Vrushali , Rodríguez González Miriam C. , Bazylevska Anastasiia , Persson Per O. Å. , De Feyter Steven , Radovic Miladin , Molina‐Lopez Francisco , Vleugels Jozef 
Published: October 2023

AbstractMXenes are electrically conductive 2D transition metal carbides/nitrides obtained by the etching of nanolaminated MAX phase compounds, followed by exfoliation to single‐ or few‐layered nanosheets. The mainstream chemical etching processes have evolved from pure hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching into the innovative “minimally intensive layer delamination” (MILD) route. Despite their current popularity and remarkable application potential, the scalability of MILD‐produced MXenes remains unproven, excluding MXenes from industrial applications. This work proposes a “next‐generation MILD” (NGMILD) synthesis protocol for phase‐pure, colloidally stable MXenes that withstand long periods of dry storage. NGMILD incorporates the synergistic effects of a secondary salt, a richer lithium (Li) environment, and iterative alcohol‐based washing to achieve high‐purity MXenes, while improving etching efficiency, intercalation, and shelf life. Moreover, NGMILD comprises a sulfuric acid (H2SO4) post‐treatment for the selective removal of the Li3AlF6 impurity that commonly persists in MILD‐produced MXenes. This work demonstrates the upscaled NGMILD synthesis of (50 g) phase‐pure Ti3C2Tz MXene clays with high extraction yields (>22%) of supernatant dispersions. Finally, NGMILD‐produced MXene clays dry‐stored for six months under ambient conditions experience minimal degradation, while retaining excellent redispersibility. Overall, the NGMILD protocol is a leap forward toward the industrial production of MXenes and their subsequent market deployment.
Anomalous Impact of Mechanochemical Treatment on the Na‐ion Conductivity of Sodium Closo‐Carbadodecaborate Probed by X‐Ray Raman Scattering Spectroscopy
Authors: Gulino Valerio , Longo Alessandro , de Kort Laura M. , Rodenburg Hendrik P. , Murgia Fabrizio , Brighi Matteo , Černý Radovan , Sahle Christoph J. , Sundermann Martin , Gretarsson Hlynur , de Groot Frank , Ngene Peter 
Published: October 2023

AbstractSolid‐state sodium ion conductors are crucial for the next generation of all‐solid‐state sodium batteries with high capacity, low cost, and improved safety. Sodium closo‐carbadodecaborate (NaCB11H12) is an attractive Na‐ion conductor owing to its high thermal, electrochemical, and interfacial stability. Mechanical milling has recently been shown to increase conductivity by five orders of magnitude at room temperature, making it appealing for application in all‐solid‐state sodium batteries. Intriguingly, milling longer than 2 h led to a significant decrease in conductivity. In this study, X‐ray Raman scattering (XRS) spectroscopy is used to probe the origin of the anomalous impact of mechanical treatment on the ionic conductivity of NaCB11H12. The B, C, and Na K‐edge XRS spectra are successfully measured for the first time, and ab initio calculations are employed to interpret the results. The experimental and computational results reveal that the decrease in ionic conductivity upon prolonged milling is due to the increased proximity of Na to the CB11H12 cage, caused by severe distortion of the long‐range structure. Overall, this work demonstrates how the XRS technique, allowing investigation of low Z elements such as C and B in the bulk, can be used to acquire valuable information on the electronic structure of solid electrolytes and battery materials in general.
Knowledge elicitation methodology for evaluation of Internet of Things privacy characteristics in smart cities
Authors: Kilicay‐Ergin Nil , Barb Adrian , Chaudhary Namrata 
Published: October 2023

AbstractOne of the impediments to transforming urban cities into smart cities is the security and privacy concerns that arise due to use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in various smart city applications. While IoT device vendors publish their security and privacy policies, manual evaluation of these policies is tedious and prone to misinterpretation as there is a lot of variability in the language used across IoT vendors. Local administrations and policy analysts are faced with understanding the implications of integrating IoT devices with differing security and privacy characteristics but lack methods that support them in analysis of privacy characteristics from a holistic perspective. In this paper, a methodology for knowledge elicitation from textual information is outlined to evaluate privacy characteristics of IoT devices. The methodology includes natural language processing and deep learning techniques to evaluate the relevance of IoT privacy policies to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) security and privacy framework 5. Based on the analysis, text similarity scores are calculated for each IoT privacy policy document and each section of the policy document is labeled to NIST categories and functions. Analysis of these resulting labels and scores helps analysts to gain insights on each privacy policy as well as provide a holistic perspective of the privacy characteristics of IoT devices used in smart city applications. For example, all the policy documents used in the study talk about Protect domain and half of the documents cover Detect domain. However, most of the policies contain gaps regarding the Identify, Respond, and Recover domains. The study has implications for policy analysts, IoT vendors, and smart city administrators in terms of understanding the privacy gaps in IoT devices with respect to the NIST framework which can ultimately support policy alignment to address privacy concerns for smart cities.
Placental growth factor and fetoplacental Doppler indices in combination predict preterm birth reliably in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction
Authors: Hong J. , Crawford K. , Cavanagh E. , da Silva Costa F. , Kumar S. 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo assess the association between placental biomarkers (placental growth factor (PlGF) and soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 (sFlt‐1)/PlGF ratio) and fetoplacental Doppler indices (umbilical artery (UA) pulsatility index (PI) and uterine artery (UtA) PI) in various combinations for predicting preterm birth (PTB) in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction (FGR).MethodsThis was a prospective observational cohort study, performed at Mater Mother's Hospital in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, from May 2022 to June 2023, of pregnancies complicated by FGR and appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age (AGA) pregnancies. Maternal serum PlGF levels, sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio, UA‐PI and UtA‐PI were measured at 2–4‐weekly intervals from recruitment until delivery. Harrell's concordance statistic (Harrell's C) was used to evaluate multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models featuring various combinations of placental biomarkers and fetoplacental Doppler indices to ascertain the best combination to predict PTB (< 37 weeks). Multivariable Cox regression models were used with biomarkers as time‐varying covariates.ResultsThe study cohort included 320 singleton pregnancies, comprising 179 (55.9%) affected by FGR, defined according to a Delphi consensus, and 141 (44.1%) with an AGA fetus. In the FGR cohort, both low PlGF levels and elevated sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio were associated with significantly shorter time to PTB. Low PlGF was a better predictor of PTB than was either sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio or a combination of PlGF and sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio (Harrell's C, 0.81, 0.78 and 0.79, respectively). Although both Doppler indices were significantly associated with time to PTB, in combination they were better predictors of PTB than was either UA‐PI > 95th centile or UtA‐PI > 95th centile alone (Harrell's C, 0.82, 0.75 and 0.76, respectively). Predictive utility for PTB was best when PlGF < 100 ng/L, UA‐PI > 95th centile and UtA‐PI > 95th centile were combined (Harrell's C, 0.88) (hazard ratio, 32.99; 95% CI, 10.74–101.32).ConclusionsLow maternal serum PlGF level (< 100 ng/L) and abnormal fetoplacental Doppler indices (UA‐PI > 95th centile and UtA‐PI > 95th centile) in combination have the greatest predictive utility for PTB in pregnancies complicated by FGR. Their assessment may help guide clinical management of these complex pregnancies. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Rainbows in searchlight beams
Authors: Clark Thomas Alan , Dyer Alan 
Published: October 2023

AbstractTwo independent sections of rainbows produced by the illumination of intense rain by separate shipboard searchlights have been photographed and analysed to compare their characteristics to those measured in normal rainbows produced by sunlight and in garden sprays, and to rainbow theory. Two specific features distinguish these rainbows from normal solar rainbows, the wider spacing of primary and secondary intensity peaks and the broadness of these peaks. The most likely cause of these differences is the angular width of the searchlight beams compared to that of sunlight.
Overview of WHO- and UNEP-Coordinated Human Milk Studies and Their Link to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
Authors: Malisch Rainer , Malisch Karin , van Leeuwen F. X. Rolaf , Moy Gerald , Tritscher Angelika , Witt Ana , Alvarez Jacqueline 
Published: October 2023

AbstractBuilding on the two rounds of human exposures studies coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the mid-1980s and 1990s to determine the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in human milk, five further studies were performed between 2000 and 2019. Following the entering into force of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in 2004, WHO and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) agreed to collaborate in joint studies. The collaboration aimed at supporting the Convention’s implementation by assessing its effectiveness as required under Article 16. It expanded the number of analytes in the studies to include the initial 12 POPs targeted by the Convention for elimination or reduction and subsequently to the 30 POPs covered under the Stockholm Convention as of 2019, furthermore two POPs proposed for listing.The implementation of the studies has followed three basic steps: (1) collection of a large number of individual samples from mothers based on the standardized WHO/UNEP protocol; (2) from equal amounts of the individual samples, preparation of pooled samples that are considered to represent the average levels of POPs in human milk for a country or subpopulation of that country at the time of sampling; and (3) analysis of POPs in the pooled samples by the Reference Laboratories for the WHO/UNEP-coordinated exposure studies 2000–2019 (for chlorinated and brominated POPs in the period 2000–2019 at CVUA Freiburg, Germany, and for perfluoroalkane substances in the period 2009–2019 at Örebro University, Sweden).In studies between 2000 and 2019, 82 countries from all United Nations regions participated, with 50 countries participating in more than one study. Repeated participation of countries permits the assessment of temporal trends, which can be used for risk management purposes as well as the evaluation of the effectiveness of the Convention in eliminating or reducing emissions of POPs.
The Stockholm Convention, Global Monitoring Plan and its Implementation in Regional and Global Monitoring Reports
Authors: Šebková Kateřina 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) is a global legally binding agreement focusing on the protection of health and the environment from negative impact of listed manmade chemicals, persistent organic pollutants. The Convention required the development and regular update of National Implementation Plans, periodic national reporting (Art. 15), and the establishment of other expert frameworks for the assessment of candidate chemicals (Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee [POPRC]). For the evaluation of the effectiveness (Art. 16) it was required to develop a mechanism to identify and compile and/or a mechanism capable of generating coordinated, harmonized, and validated information on changes in levels of its target chemicals over time. The Global Monitoring Plan (GMP) is the mechanism put in place in 2007 that so far produced three sets of regional monitoring reports containing current findings on POPs concentrations in individual UN regions and subsequently, three global reports synthesizing the available information on the global scale. POPs data reported by the Regional Organization Groups (ROGs) in these reports are key pillars and inputs into the effectiveness evaluation that periodically assesses outputs of measures adopted in the Stockholm Convention.Activities under the GMP are governed by its implementation plan, supported by the technical Guidance on the Global Monitoring Plan and overseen by experts organized in the Regional Organization Groups and in the Global Coordination Group. As the Stockholm Convention expands its scope over time, it is necessary to continuously update the technical knowledge and guidance but also to ensure sustainability of POPs monitoring activities. Availability and continuity of long-term POPs monitoring programmes and their data is decisive for global decision-making.
Analysis and Quality Control of WHO- and UNEP-Coordinated Human Milk Studies 2000–2019: Organochlorine Pesticides and Industrial Contaminants
Authors: Hardebusch Björn , Polley Julia , Dambacher Benjamin , Kypke Karin , Lippold Ralf 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe analytical method for determination of nonpolar organochlorine pesticides and industrial contaminants in human milk comprises extraction of lipids, the use of three internal standards, two chromatographic separation steps for clean-up and gas chromatography on various columns of different polarity and different detectors (GC-ECD, GC-MS/MS). The more polar analytes were determined applying the QuEChERS method and HPLC-MS/MS measurement.As accredited laboratory since 1998, a comprehensive quality control programme was applied to prove the long-term reliability of results of the WHO/UNEP-coordinated surveys on human milk performed between 2000 and 2019. The concept comprised numerous quality control samples (spiked samples for quality control charts and left-over samples from proficiency tests as in-house reference material) and participation in 53 proficiency tests covering test samples of food of animal origin, plant oils and standard solutions. Trueness calculated from the spiked quality control samples and expressed as median recovery for 29 analytes was 99% (range 86%–110%), and the precision expressed as the median of the coefficient of variation (CV) was 12% (range 0.7%–31%). Trueness calculated from in-house reference material (375 results for 41 consensus values) was on average 96% with a precision expressed as CV of 7.6%. Finally, the results of 53 proficiency tests were used to derive trueness for 23 analytes as deviation from the assigned value; this deviation was on average 14% (range 6%–27%). As conclusion of various approaches of analytical quality control, for the 2000–2019 period the long-term trueness was on average in the range 85%–95% with a precision on average better than 15%.The general criteria for the operation of testing laboratories as laid down in EN ISO/IEC 17025, the analytical criteria for analyses of organochlorine pesticides and industrial contaminants in feed and food required by EU legislation and the criteria for monitoring information for the Parties to the Stockholm Convention were met.
WHO- and UNEP-Coordinated Exposure Studies 2000–2019: Findings of Organochlorine Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals
Authors: Malisch Rainer , Kypke Karin , Dambacher Benjamin , Hardebusch Björn , Lippold Ralf , van Leeuwen F. X. Rolaf , Moy Gerald , Tritscher Angelika 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe concentrations of a number of organochlorine pesticides and related chemicals and two organochlorine industrial chemicals were determined in 163 pooled human milk samples from 82 countries from all United Nations regions. These countries participated in one or more of the five exposure studies on persistent organic pollutants coordinated by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme between 2000 and 2019. The compounds included were aldrin, chlordane, chlordecone, DDT, dicofol, dieldrin, endosulfan, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorobutadiene, hexachlorocyclohexanes, mirex, pentachlorobenzene, pentachlorophenol/pentachloroanisole, and toxaphene.Large differences were found for DDT with the highest concentrations found in Africa. However, the median levels of the DDT concentrations of all samples show a decrease of 72% from the 2000–2003 period to the 2016–2019 period, with considerable differences between regions. Due to metabolization of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) in humans, the concentrations of alpha-HCH and gamma-HCH were below the limit of quantification in most human milk samples. The ranges of beta-HCH found in the five periods varied considerably among UN regions, with a maximum found in 2002 in the Asia subgroup of the Asia-Pacific region. A decrease of the median concentrations of all samples of 91% was found from the 2000–2003 period to the 2016–2019 period. In comparison with DDT and beta-HCH, the ranges for hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were much lower with a maximum found in the samples from Eastern Europe. Other organochlorine pesticides and contaminants and their metabolites were found mostly in ranges of low background contamination; some were below the limits of quantification.
On Eigenmeasures Under Fourier Transform
Authors: Baake Michael , Spindeler Timo , Strungaru Nicolae 
Published: October 2023

AbstractSeveral classes of tempered measures are characterised that are eigenmeasures of the Fourier transform, the latter viewed as a linear operator on (generally unbounded) Radon measures on$$\mathbb {R}\hspace{0.5pt}^d$$Rd. In particular, we classify all periodic eigenmeasures on$$\mathbb {R}\hspace{0.5pt}$$R, which gives an interesting connection with the discrete Fourier transform and its eigenvectors, as well as all eigenmeasures on$$\mathbb {R}\hspace{0.5pt}$$Rwith uniformly discrete support. An interesting subclass of the latter emerges from the classic cut and project method for aperiodic Meyer sets. Finally, we construct a large class of eigenmeasures with locally finite support that is not uniformly discrete and has large gaps around 0.
Evaluation of NMR-based strategies to differentiate fresh from frozen-thawed fish supported by multivariate data analysis
Authors: Kaltenbach Katja H. , Kuballa Thomas , Schröder Ute , Fritsche Jan , Bunzel Mirko , Haase Ilka 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe differentiation of fresh and frozen-thawed fish is a relevant authenticity aspect as in the European Union fish holds a high statistical risk of being adulterated. Here, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) in combination with principal components analysis followed by linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) was used for a non-targeted based differentiation of fresh from frozen-thawed fish. To identify the most promising NMR approach(es), six different approaches were applied to 96 fish samples (mackerel, trout, cod). These approaches included different sample preparation procedures and different NMR methods to investigate both the lipid fraction and the polar fraction of the fish samples. After cross-validation embedded in a Monte Carlo resampling design, six independent classification models were obtained. Evaluation of the multivariate data analysis revealed that the most promising approaches were the 1H NMR analysis of the lipid fraction (correct prediction of about 90.0%) and the 1H NMR based screening of minor components of the lipid fraction with a correct prediction of about 91.9%. 1H NMR analysis of the water extract of the fish samples showed a correct prediction of about 82.6%. Hence, a general differentiation of fresh from frozen-thawed fish via non-targeted NMR is feasible, even though the underlying sample batch contained different fish species. Additional fish samples need to be analyzed with the three most promising NMR approaches to further improve the developed classification models.