bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public–private partnerships to reduce tobacco dependence
Authors: Anderson Peter 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTFour‐fifths of the estimated one billion deaths that will be caused by tobacco dependence over the next 100 years will occur in low‐income countries. Along with other tobacco control policy measures, the treatment for tobacco dependence is a cost‐effective policy measure in low‐income countries. In public health, public–private partnerships for drugs and vaccines and incentives for commercial private sector engagement are proposed to tackle the communicable diseases of the poor. This paper will argue that public–private partnerships are also an appropriate and important vehicle to reduce the harm caused by tobacco. For the pharmaceutical sector to engage in the marketing of tobacco dependence treatment products in low‐income countries the incentives must be aligned, and a self‐sustaining market must be developed. A rational market would be large, characterized by high volumes and low margins. The framework convention on tobacco control of the WHO provides a global infrastructure for taking public sector action to reduce the harm caused by tobacco. The convention could call for a proportion of tobacco tax from high‐income countries to be used to fund tax credits and other incentives for increasing the access to tobacco dependence treatment in low‐income countries.
A placebo‐controlled study of high dose buprenorphine in opiate dependents waiting for medication‐assisted rehabilitation in Oslo, Norway
Authors: Krook A. L. , Brørs O. , Dahlberg J. , Grouff K. , Magnus P. , Røysamb E. , Waal H. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAims To evaluate whether buprenorphine, even without additional control and psychosocial treatment and support, alleviates the problems faced by patients waiting for medication assisted rehabilitation (MAR).Design A randomized, double‐blind, 12‐week study of Subutex® versus placebo without additional support as an interim therapy.Participants One hundred and six patients, 70 males and 36 females, waiting for MAR in Oslo. The average age was 38 years with an average history of heroin use of 20 years. Fifty‐five patients were assigned to buprenorphine and 51 to a placebo.Intervention Subutex® or placebo sublingual tablets were given under supervision in a daily dose of 16 mg with the exception of a double dose on Saturday and no dose on Sunday.Measurement Retention, compliance, self‐reported drug‐abuse, wellbeing and mental health.Findings The average number of days of participation was significantly higher in the buprenorphine
group, 42 (median: 29) compared to 14 (median: 11) for the placebo group (P
< 0.001). The retention of patients after 12 weeks was 16 patients in the buprenorphine
group and one patient in the placebo group. The buprenorphine group had a larger
decrease in reported opioid use (p < 0.001) and in reported use of other
drugs, tablets and alcohol abuse (p < 0.01). The group also showed a stronger
increase in wellbeing (p < 0.01) and life satisfaction (p < 0.05). None of the participants died.Conclusion The patients waiting for MAR benefited significantly from the buprenorphine as an interim therapy according to retention, self‐reported use of drugs and wellbeing. However, the patients had difficulties in remaining in treatment over time without psychosocial support.
Adolescent part‐time work and heavy drinking in Finland
Authors: Kouvonen Anne , Lintonen Tomi 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAims To examine the relationship between part‐time work and heavy drinking among Finnish adolescents.Design, setting The cross‐sectional survey data (the School Health Promotion Survey, n = 47 568) were collected in classrooms in 2000.Participants Finnish lower‐level secondary school students from the 8th and 9th grades, aged 14–16 years. The response rate was 82%.Measurements Work intensity, work type and the frequency of heavy drinking obtained from self‐administered questionnaires. The relationship between work and heavy drinking was studied using polychotomous logistic regression models.Findings Compared with non‐workers, adolescents working more than 10 hours per week had an increased risk of heavy drinking, and also the frequency of heavy drinking was connected with this intensive working. When gender, grade level, parental education, the employment status of the parents, family structure, economic situation of the family, the degree of urbanisation, parental control, steady dating, GPA and disposable allowance were adjusted for, the odds of weekly drunkenness were almost three times the odds of not reporting drunkenness among intensive workers compared with non‐workers. When adjusted for other factors, some typical children’s jobs marginally decreased a likelihood of heavy drinking.Conclusions Work does seem not protect adolescents from heavy drinking. Although many relevant factors were controlled for the effect may, however, be mediated through factors not covered in the survey. Therefore, further clarification of the causal chains linking adolescent working and drinking is needed.
Cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in adolescence and young adulthood
Authors: Fergusson David M. , Horwood L. John , Swain‐Campbell Nicola 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAimTo examine the associations between frequency of cannabis use and psychosocial outcomes in adolescence/young adulthood.DesignA 21‐year longitudinal study of the health, development and adjustment of a birth cohort of 1265 New Zealand children.MeasurementsAnnual assessments of the frequency of cannabis use were obtained for the period from age 14–21 years, together with measures of psychosocial outcomes including property/violent crime, depression, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt and other illicit drug use.FindingsThe frequency of cannabis use was associated significantly with all outcomes, and particularly other illicit drug use. Statistical control for confounding by both fixed and time‐dynamic factors substantially reduced the strength of association between cannabis use and outcome measures. Nevertheless, cannabis use remained significantly (P < 0.05) associated with all outcomes and particularly other illicit drug use, after adjustment for confounding. For the measures of crime, suicidal behaviours and other illicit drug use there was evidence of age related variation in the strength of association with cannabis use, with younger (14–15 years old) users being more affected by regular cannabis use than older (20–21 years old) regular users. However, the association between cannabis use and depression did not vary with age.ConclusionsCannabis use, and particularly regular or heavy use, was associated with increased rates of a range of adjustment problems in adolescence/ young adulthood—other illicit drug use, crime, depression and suicidal behaviours—with these adverse effects being most evident for school‐aged regular users. The findings reinforce public health concerns about minimizing the use of cannabis among school‐aged populations.
What do citation counts count for in the field of addiction? An empirical evaluation of citation counts and their link with peer ratings of quality
Authors: West Robert , McIlwaine Ann 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAims This study investigated the value of citation counts as an index of quality in the field of addiction and examined factors that contribute to papers being cited more or less frequently.Design The number of times papers published by the journal Addiction in 1995–98 that had been cited up to May 2000 were counted using the Science and the Social Science Citation Indexes. Articles in nine of the monthly issues from 1997 were rated by two independent expert raters for quality. Factors related to citation counts were also examined including: country of origin of the paper, substance type, solicited versus unsolicited papers and methodology used.Findings A total of 417 unsolicited research reports were included in the citation analysis, of which 79 were also subjected to quality ratings. The experts showed a moderate level of agreement in their ratings (intraclass correlation = 0.39, p <
0.001). However, there was no correlation between number of citations and expert
ratings of article quality (R < 0.1). Papers from developing countries received significantly fewer citations than papers from other countries but substance type (e.g. nicotine, opiate, alcohol) and methodology (e.g. survey, treatment trial) were not related to number of citations.Conclusions This study involved just one journal but raised an important issue: the number of citations received by papers on addiction appears to reflect the geographical region of study rather than what experts would consider as ‘quality’. If these findings are found to generalize they call into question the use of citation‐related indices as measures of quality in this field and perhaps in others as well. To our knowledge our methodology has not been used before and could be adapted to study the value of citations more widely.
Cigarette smoking and attention to signals of reward and threat in the Stroop paradigm
Authors: Powell Jane , Tait Samantha , Lessiter Jane 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAimsTo test the prediction arising from the incentive–sensitization model of addiction that when tested immediately after smoking, smokers will show heightened attention to words with appetitive and aversive motivational significance compared with their performance during acute abstinence.DesignTwenty‐one smokers were each tested twice, once just after smoking and once after overnight abstinence, on three versions of the modified Stroop task which required colour naming of words with either neutral, appetitive or aversive connotations. Ten non‐smokers were tested once.SettingAll participants were tested in a quiet experimental cubicle within the psychology department.ParticipantsSmokers comprised nine men and 12 women who had smoked at least 10 cigarettes per day for the last 6 months; non‐smokers comprised five men and five women who had never smoked. All were aged between 18 and 35 years. Three smokers were excluded from the analyses because their breath CO levels suggested they had not complied with the instructions to abstain on one occasion.MeasurementsA card‐based, blocked, format was used for the modified Stroop task. Time to colour‐name the words of the three motivational types, the order of which was counterbalanced across participants, was recorded.FindingsSmoking was associated with greater interference from both threat and appetitive words than from neutral words; during abstinence there was no differential effect of word type. Non‐smokers performed more similarly to recent smokers.ConclusionsThis pattern suggests suppression of normal motivational responding during abstinence.
Social networks as mediators of the effect of Alcoholics Anonymous
Authors: Kaskutas Lee Ann , Bond Jason , Humphreys Keith 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAimsThis study tested the hypothesis that the relationship between Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) involvement and reduced substance use is partially explained (or ‘mediated’) by changes in social networks.DesignThis is a naturalistic longitudinal study of the course of alcohol problems.SettingStudy sites were the 10 largest public and private alcohol treatment programs in a northern California county.ParticipantsThree hundred and seventy‐seven men and 277 women were recruited upon seeking treatment at study sites.MeasurementsAt baseline and 1‐year follow‐up, we assessed alcohol consequences and dependence symptoms, consumption, social support for abstinence, pro‐drinking social influences and AA involvement.FindingsIn the structural equation model, AA involvement was a significant predictor of lower alcohol consumption and fewer related problems. The size of this effect decreased by 36% when network size and support for drinking were included as mediators. In logistic regression models predicting abstinence at follow‐up, AA remained highly significant after including social network variables but was again reduced in magnitude. Thirty‐day abstinence was predicted by AA involvement (OR = 2.9), not having pro‐drinking influences in one's network (OR = 0.7) and having support for reducing consumption from people met in AA (versus no support; OR = 3.4). In contrast, having support from non‐AA members was not a significant predictor of abstinence. For alcohol‐related outcomes other than abstinence, significant relationships were found for both AA‐based and non‐AA‐based support.ConclusionsThe type of social support specifically given by AA members, such as 24‐hour availability, role modeling and experientially based advice for staying sober, may help to explain AA's mechanism of action. Results highlight the value of focusing on outcomes reflective of AA's goals (such as abstinence) when studying how AA works.
Does marijuana use have residual adverse effects on self‐reported health measures, socio‐demographics and quality of life? A monozygotic co‐twin control study in men
Authors: Eisen Seth A. , Chantarujikapong Sunanta , Xian Hong , Lyons Michael J. , Toomey Rosemary , True William R. , Scherrer Jeffrey F. , Goldberg Jack , Tsuang Ming T. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAimsTo assess the effects of former heavy marijuana use on selected aspects of health.DesignA monozygotic co‐twin control design was used to compare the health of former heavy marijuana using male monozygotic twins to that of their co‐twins who never used marijuana significantly.SettingIn‐person survey and questionnaires.ParticipantsFifty‐six marijuana use discordant monozygotic twin pair members of the Vietnam Era Twin (VET) Registry.MeasurementsCurrent socio‐demographic characteristics; current nicotine and alcohol use; life‐time nicotine and alcohol abuse/dependence; past 5‐year physical and mental health services utilization; and health‐related quality of life.FindingsThe mean number of days on which the marijuana user twin used marijuana in his life‐time was 1085, while the non‐marijuana user used marijuana a maximum of 5 days. Marijuana was last used a mean of 20 years previously. No significant differences were found between the former marijuana user twins and their siblings for current socio‐demographic characteristics; current nicotine or alcohol use; life‐time nicotine or alcohol abuse/dependence; past 5‐year out‐patient or emergency room visits, hospitalizations or medication use for medical problems; past 5‐year mental health out‐patient use or hospitalizations; or health‐related quality of life.ConclusionsPrevious heavy marijuana use a mean of 20 years earlier by a group of men who reported no other significant illicit drug use does not appear to be associated with adverse socio‐demographic, physical or mental health adverse effects. The conclusions of the study are limited by possible participation and recall biases, relatively small sample size and the absence of a physical health examination.
Over a decade of syringe exchange: results from 1997 UK survey
Authors: Parsons James , Hickman Matthew , Turnbull Paul J. , McSweeney Tim , Stimson Gerry V. , Judd Ali , Roberts Kay 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAimsTo describe syringe exchange provision in the United Kingdom .DesignTwo‐phase cross‐sectional survey: phase I, establishing a sampling frame of syringe exchange coordinators (n = 420); phase II, surveying the coordinators seeking data on the number of syringe exchange outlets, visits and syringes distributed during April 1997 (68% response rate).SettingUnited Kingdom.FindingsIn 1997, nearly all Health Authorities in the United Kingdom (96%) operated some form of syringe exchange service, except Northern Ireland. In April 1997, 1 707 000 syringes were reported as being distributed. Assuming that non‐responders coordinated the median number of outlets and distributed the median number of syringes as responders, we estimate that 27 million syringes were distributed annually from over 2000 outlets in the United Kingdom. The number distributed in Scotland was 3–4 times less than in England when measured as a number per adult (15–44), drug user in treatment, or estimated injecting drug user.ConclusionsOverall, there has been a 6.5‐fold increase in syringe distribution in England since 1991. The number of syringes distributed in the United Kingdom may be higher than the United States. However, there appears to be unequal distribution of syringes within the United Kingdom, which may be associated with higher levels of HCV among injectors in Scotland compared to England.
Blood alcohol content (BAC)‐negative victims in alcohol‐involved injury incidents
Authors: Levy David T. , Miller Ted R. , Mallonee Sue , Spicer Rebecca S. , Romano Eduardo O. , Fisher Deborah A. , Smith Gordon S. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAimsTo understand better how often BAC‐negative victims suffer fatal and non‐fatal alcohol‐involved injuries.DesignWe analyzed 1988–1993 data from Oklahoma surveillance systems that track all people killed or hospitalized due to burns, submersions and spinal cord injuries (SCIs) and investigate alcohol use by victims and any others who contributed to their injuries.MeasurementsPercentage of victims BAC‐positive and percentage of victims BAC‐negative in alcohol‐involved incidents.FindingsOf 5107 cases studied, alcohol involvement was known for 4773 (93%), 1882 fire burns (93%), 1560 scald and other burns (97%), 698 submersions (92%) and 967 spinal cord injuries (89%). By type of injuries, BAC‐negative victims were 4%, 13%, 6% and 8% of alcohol‐involved cases, respectively.ConclusionA sizeable number of BAC‐negative victims suffer alcohol‐involved injuries. Although alcohol is not the cause of some of these injuries, alcohol policy changes probably could avert others.
Gender differences in the psychological determinants of cigarette smoking
Authors: Etter Jean‐François , Prokhorov Alexander V. , Perneger Thomas V. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAimsTo compare the distributions of smoking‐related variables and the size of associations between these variables in men and women.Design and participantsMail survey in 2934 daily smokers (1533 women and 1401 men) who volunteered for a smoking cessation trial. Follow‐up after 7 months in 2456 people (84%).SettingCommunity setting (French‐speaking part of Switzerland, 1998).FindingsWomen smoked less than men (18 versus 22 cigarettes per day,p< 0.001), had lower confidence in their ability to refrain from smoking, used more frequently the strategy defined as ‘coping with the temptation to smoke’ and reported more drawbacks of smoking (gender differences ranged between 0.1 and 0.3 standard deviation units on these scales). There was no gender difference in the distribution of smokers by stage of change. At follow‐up, smoking cessation rates were similar in men and women (6% versus 5%,p= 0.3). Intention to quit, quit attempts in the previous year and a more frequent use of self‐change strategies predicted smoking cessation and were associated with tobacco dependence in both sexes. A more frequent use by women of coping strategies suggests that some women are ‘self‐restrained’ smokers who control their smoking permanently. This could explain lower smoking rates in women. The size of associations between smoking‐related variables was similar in men and women.ConclusionsEven though there were gender differences in the distributions of some smoking‐related variables, associations between these variables were similar in men and women. This suggests that smoking behaviour is regulated by similar psychological mechanisms in men and women.
Whose drinking does the liberalization of alcohol policy increase? Change in alcohol consumption by the initial level in the Finnish panel survey in 1968 and 1969
Authors: Mäkelä Pia 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAims To study how the annual volume of alcohol consumed changed among population groups in different categories of initial consumption in a situation where per capita consumption strongly increased due to a new alcohol law.Design A post‐hoc quasi‐experiment with a two‐wave panel study. The regression to the mean effect was accounted for by using reference data from two auxiliary panel studies.Setting Finland in 1968 and 1969, when per capita consumption increased by 46% in a year. Reference data come from Norway in 1975 and 1976, and the United States in 1993 and 1994.Participants General population sample of 1720 (1292 men) aged 15–69 (response rate 91.4%).Reference dataGeneral population surveys in a Norwegian town (n = 254) and in the United
States (n = 658).Measurements Annual volume of alcohol consumed.Findings In Finland, the greatest change in observed consumption levels occurred among those with moderate consumption levels, but the same phenomenon was observed in the reference data. A comparison between the Finnish and the reference data indicated that in Finland consumption increased at all levels, and the higher the initial consumption level, the greater the increase.Conclusions A best estimate for the differential impact of future increases in alcohol consumption is that moderate and particularly heavy drinkers will be affected to a greater extent than will light drinkers or abstainers.
Effects of concurrent use of alcohol and cocaine
Authors: Pennings Ed J. M. , Leccese Arthur P. , Wolff Frederik A. de 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe combination of alcohol and cocaine is popular among drug users, perhaps because of more intense feelings of ‘high’ beyond that perceived with either drug alone, less intense feelings of alcohol‐induced inebriation and tempering of discomfort when coming down from a cocaine ‘high’. A review is presented of the medical literature on psychological and somatic effects and consequences of combined use of alcohol and cocaine in man. The search was carried out with Medline, the Science Citation Index/Web of Science and Toxline. Exclusion and inclusion criteria for this search are identified. There is generally no evidence that the combination of the two drugs does more than enhance additively the already strong tendency of each drug to induce a variety of physical and psychological disorders. A few exceptions must be noted. Cocaine consistently antagonizes the learning deficits, psychomotor performance deficits and driving deficits induced by alcohol. The combination of alcohol and cocaine tends to have greater‐than‐additive effects on heart rate, concomitant with up to 30% increased blood cocaine levels. Both prospective and retrospective data further reveal that co‐use leads to the formation of cocaethylene, which may potentiate the cardiotoxic effects of cocaine or alcohol alone. More importantly, retrospective data suggest that the combination can potentiate the tendency towards violent thoughts and threats, which may lead to an increase of violent behaviours.