bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Industrial Hygiene Abroad: Occupational Hygiene
Authors: Hethmon Thomas A. , Muranko Henry J. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The industrial hygiene profession has grown and matured steadily. The scope of practice has been debated and expanded and new occupational and environmental hazards are recognized, evaluated and controlled. A broader diversity of practitioners have entered the profession and are enhancing the experience base established by the pioneers of the profession in the preceding decades and there is a greater recognition of the social and economic benefits of industrial hygiene. However, as the twentieth century draws to a close, it can be reasonably argued there has been no greater change in the profession during the 1990s than its recognition and growth outside the United States. This chapter describes the current status of the profession of industrial hygiene abroad.
Asbestos
Authors: Powell Charles H. , Cohrssen Barbara 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAsbestos is a generic name given to six fibrous minerals that have been used in commercial products. The six types of asbestos are: chrysotile, the most widely used; crocidolite; amosite; anthophyllite asbestos; tremolite asbestos; and actinolite asbestos. The properties that make asbestos so versatile and cost‐effective are high tensile strength, chemical and thermal stability, high flexibility, low electrical conductivity, and large surface area.Health hazards from exposure to asbestos depend on inhalation, so airborne concentrations provide an indication of exposure. Toxic effects and sampling methods of asbestos are detailed. Inhalation studies are discussed along with ingestion and injection studies. History of exposure and the various diseases associated with lung cancer are given. A list of standards from 1930 to 194 is included.
Alicyclic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Baxter C. Stuart 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe alicyclic hydrocarbons include the cycloalkanes, also calledcycloparaffins,cyclanes, andnaphthenes, and the cycloalkenes, also known ascycloolefinsandcyclenes, and their alkyl and alkenyl derivatives. Some of these derivatives occur naturally in plants and are commonly known asterpenes. Other compounds can be isolated from crude petroleum refinery distillates or catalytically cracked petroleum products. Cycloalkanes are extensively used to produce re‐formed aromatics and as solvents or synthesis intermediates. Some physical properties of the cycloalkanes are given.Cyclopropane and cyclobutane are gases and have been used as anesthetics. Cyclopentane and higher members are liquids with low acute and chronic toxicity overall, but still able to induce many toxic responses characteristic of lipophylic compounds, including central nervous system (CNS) depression, dizziness, and headache. For cyclohexane and higher analogs, the margin of safety between CNS depression and death is very narrow and symptomatically barely recognizable. Following ingestion or inhalation cycloalkanes are exhaled in unchanged form or rapidly metabolized into water‐soluble metabolites, usually glucuronides. Exposure of humans and laboratory animals to high concentrations may cause excitement, loss of equilibrium, stupor, and coma, but rarely death. Oral administration of high doses to animals has additionally resulted in severe diarrhea, vascular collapse, and heart, lung, liver, and brain degeneration. Cycloparaffins and cycloalkenes are also ocular and dermal irritants since, as lipophylic agents, they defat the skin. In many cases they are also skin sensitizers; their sensitizing activity increases with the number of double bonds. The liquid members up to cyclooctane, and to a lesser exent cyclododecane, are aspiration hazards.The cyclic olefins are more highly reactive than their paraffin counterparts. They contribute to photochemical smog by reacting with ozone and other small molecular or ionic species. Selected physical properties are given. In C4–C7 cycloalkenes, toxicity increases with molecular weight. Cycladienes and polyenes appear to possess increasingly irritant, toxic, and sensitizing properties, peaking somewhat higher for cycladienes than for monocyclic alkenes. The aspiration hazard also appears higher for the cycloalkenes than the cycloalkanes.
Aromatic Hydrocarbons—Benzene and Other Alkylbenzenes
Authors: Henderson Rogene F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBenzene and its alkyl derivatives are monocyclic aromatic compounds (arenes). The compounds are of considerable economic importance as industrial raw materials, solvents, and components of innumerable commercial and consumer products. The aromatics differ vastly in chemical, physical, and biologic characteristics from the aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons. The aromatics are more toxic to humans and other mammals; of prime importance are (1) the hematopoietic toxicity of benzene resulting in aplastic anemia in humans and other mammalian species, (2) benzene‐induced leukemia in humans, and (3) the cerebellar lesions and loss of central nervous system (CNS) integrative functions in “glue sniffers” exposed to high levels of toluene.The simplest single‐ring aromatic hydrocarbon compound is benzene, the nonsubstituted ring system. When one methyl group is attached to the ring, toluene is formed, and with two attached methyl groups, xylene is formed. Xylene occurs in three isomeric forms. The hemimellitines and mesitylenes possess three methyl groups, durene four, and the penta‐ and hexamethylbenzenes, five and six methyl groups, respectively. Other industrially important compounds are ethylbenzene and isopropylbenzene or cumene.
Aromatic Nitro and Amino Compounds
Authors: Weisburger Elizabeth K. , Hudson Vera W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLogically, aromatic nitro and amino compounds should be discussed together because their toxic responses are often similar due to a common metabolic intermediate. Synthetically, amines are generally derived from nitro compounds, but in some cases nitro compounds can be prepared through amines when other methods fail to afford specific compounds. There are good and bad attributes to these types of compounds. Some act as sensitizers and contingent on physical properties, may be absorbed through the skin or mucous membranes. They may also cause methemoglobinemia, depending on such factors as the structure and the particular organism. Some members of this class are known as animal and human carcinogens; for humans the urinary bladder is the most prominent target organ. Nevertheless, these compounds and their derivatives have enlivened our world through their use as dyestuff intermediates or as photographic chemicals, they alleviate pain as components of widely used analgesics, and they cushion or insulate us through their use in flexible and rigid foams. Other important uses include production of pesticides, including herbicides and fungicides, as ingredients in adhesives, paints and coatings, antioxidants, explosives, optical brighteners, rubber ingredients, and as intermediates in many other products.
Aliphatic and Aromatic Nitrogen Compounds
Authors: Trochimowicz Henry J. , Kennedy Gerald L. , Krivanek Neil D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter covers both aliphatic and aromatic compounds that contain one or more nitrogen atoms in their structures. Only a small number of the nitrogen‐containing compounds that could be considered will be reviewed here based mainly on their uses in industry.Three‐membered rings discussed are ethyleneimine, propyleneimine, and one polyfunctional derivative, triethylenemelamine. Toxicologists, chemists, and biologists have always been interested in ethylenimine and its derivatives because they are reactive, are useful at relatively low doses, and are moderately to highly toxic. Ethylenimines are classic alkylating agents and have toxicological effects similar to nitrogen mustards. Monofunctional derivatives of ethylenimine are less potent in producing the characteristic toxicity of the group than the derivatives that have two or more ethylenimine groups. Finally, polymers of ethylenimine and its derivatives have shown a relatively low order of toxicity.Six simple nitrogen mustards (β‐chloroethylamines) are also covered in this chapter. They are all tertiary amines in which the halogen atom and the amine portion have reactivities similar to the alkyl halides and alkyl amines. They have no significant industrial uses in the United States, but they are used in medicine as “antineoplastic agents” and in treating some nonmalignant diseases.Representative nitrogen‐containing chemicals that have five‐membered rings (pyrrolidine, NMP) and six‐membered rings (piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, and HMTA) are also discussed in this chapter in some detail.
Alkylpyridines and Miscellaneous Organic Nitrogen Compounds
Authors: Trochimowicz Henry J. , Kennedy Gerald L. , Krivanek Neil D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter covers additional aliphatic and aromatic compounds that contain one or more nitrogen atoms in their structures and follows those discussed in Chapter 59.Pyridine and its many modified structures are described because they serve as a backbone for many industrial compounds.Several pesticides and herbicides, as well as their precursors, are included: the pyridinethiones, the substituted uracils herbicides: bromacil, lenacil, terbacil; the quaternary herbicides: paraquat, diquat, and difenzoquat; thes‐triazines: atrazine and propazine and other triazine herbicides, such as ametryn, prometryne, and simazine.Simple nitrogen compounds such as azides, nitrosamines, and hydrazines are described because of important toxicological effects they can produce.Finally, two important industrial solvents, dimethylacetamide and dimethylformamide are included because they have a long history of use and have been well studied in the occupational environment.
Cyanides and Nitriles
Authors: Cohrssen Barbara 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCyanides are among the most acutely toxic of all industrial chemicals and are produced in large quantities and used in many different applications. However, they cause few serious accidents or deaths. This is partly because the wordcyanideis synonymous with a highly poisonous substance and a certain amount of care in handling is thereby ensured. The cyanides and nitriles are a disparate group of substances characterized by the presence of a cyanide (CN) group in their molecular structure. The cyanide group consists of a carbon bonded to a nitrogen. In those cases where the cyanide group is readily available, their toxicity is likely to have similarity to hydrogen cyanide (HCN). The chemical and physical characteristics of the compound will affect the potential availability of the cyanide group and therefore the hazards associated with different chemical species.For purposes of the toxicologist, cyanides and nitriles can be classified into the following groups: The inorganic cyanides include (Group1) hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen, simple salts of hydrogen cyanide that dissociate readily to release CN−1ions (such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and ammonium cyanide); (Group2) halogenated compounds such as cyanogen chloride or bromide; and (Group3) simple and complex salts of hydrogen cyanide that do not dissociate readily to release CN−1ions (such as cobalt cyanide trihydrate, cupric and cuprous cyanide, silver cyanide, and ferricyanide and ferrocyanide salts). The organic cyanides include (Group4) cyanide glycosides produced by plants (such as amygdalin and linamarin); and (Group5) nitriles [such as acetonitrile (methyl cyanide), acrylonitrile and isobutyronitrile].
Dibenzo‐p‐Dioxins: 2,3,7,8‐Tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐Dioxin
Authors: Reid Jon B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDibenzo‐p‐dioxins are a class of compounds of which there are 75 possible isomers as shown. A recent IARC Monograph summarizes much of the information on these compounds. By far, the majority of the information is for 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic of the isomers. Most of the material in this chapter relates to this compound.
Halogenated Benzenes
Authors: Leber Ph.D A. Philip , Bus James S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis group of chemicals is derived through substitutions of chlorine for hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring. The toxicological properties of chlorinated benzenes differ substantially from benzene in that they lack the hematological toxicity and leukemogenic activity that have been associated with benzene. The compounds have an aromatic odor with lower volatilities, higher densities, and lower flammabilities than the parent compound benzene. Some of the settings in which exposures may be encountered are in manufacturing sites, home and public areas where deodorants or disinfectants are present, and in the applications of the materials as fumigants, insecticides, lacquers, paints, and seed disinfection products.Because a substantial number of studies have focused on comparative evaluations of compounds in this chemical group, the results of these investigations are presented below prior to detailed discussions of individual compounds. In addition, a summary of various regulatory classifications of these compounds is provided.
Abnormal Pressures: Hyperbaric and Hypobaric
Authors: (Bill) Hamilton R. W. , Heimbach R. D. , Bove A. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter deals with the interrelated physiological effects of the continuum of altered ambient pressure. These pressures may be both higher and lower than the sea level pressure to which we are accustomed and in which we have evolved.The chapter first discusses what pressure is, and where and why alternative pressures are encountered by humans. It reviews the occupational, medical, and recreational incentives for forays into both environments, high and low. It points out the role of time in evaluating pressure exposures and the importance of transitions to and from higher and lower pressures. Then, it covers first the effects of elevated pressures, then the effects of lack of pressure, emphasizing the importance of breathing gases in most alternative pressures. Last, it pays particular attention to the main pressure‐related disorder, decompression sickness, and its treatment.This is a book on industrial hygiene and toxicology, so the chapter deals primarily with healthy individuals fit for the workplace, but does mention the special concerns about pressure needed for people who have various diseases.
Chemical and Physical Agent Interaction
Authors: Nylén Per , Johnson Ann-Christin , Englund Anders 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter, concerning interactions at simultaneous or successive exposure to both physical and chemical factors, focuses on the industrial environment. Examples of this kind of interaction can probably be found in a large variety of totally different and unrelated areas, and the present text is not intended to be a complete review but to present illustrative examples of studies and occupational areas in which such interactions are included. Reported findings are of both physicochemical and biological nature, most often descriptive observations, and referred papers rarely include mechanistic information or hypotheses. Exposure levels are often higher than those found at today's work sites, and the possibility of using data for making reasonable, adequate extrapolations often remains unknown. Despite these limitations, it is the main intentions of the present text to inform and alert occupational health practitioners and other interested readers about what attempts have been made so far to gain knowledge about the situation in the vast majority of work sites, specifically, combined exposure to both at least one physical agent and one chemical agent.The presentation is ordered using the respective physical factors as subtitles under which published data concerning the particular factor's interaction with different chemicals are presented. Physical factors presented are mechanical factors such as sound waves (most often referred to as “noise”) and vibrations; the thermal factors heat and cold, electrostatic fields; and electromagnetic radiation from low frequency fields, radio frequencies, visible light, ultraviolet light, to ionizing radiation. Since many of these physical factors most naturally interacts with sensory functions, the text often focuses on interactions seen as sensory and nervous system alterations in both animals and humans.Exposures to physical factors and chemicals that are not primarily related to occupational exposure, for example, the multitude of drugs that can interact with sunlight, are considered as being a general toxicological problem rather than a specific occupational toxicological issue. Readers interested in such interactions are therefore referred to the pharmacological literature.
SAR by ILOEs: An NMR‐Based Approach to Reverse Chemical Genetics
Authors: Becattini Barbara , Pellecchia Maurizio 
Published: August 2005

AbstractReverse chemical genetics is an emerging technique that makes use of small molecule inhibitors to characterize how a protein functions. In this regard, we have developed an NMR‐based approach (SAR by ILOEs) that enables the identification of high affinity ligands for a given protein target without the need of a specific assay. Our approach is of general applicability and could result very powerful in reverse chemical‐genetics studies, target validation, and lead discovery. We report a recent application on the design and synthesis of compounds that inhibit protein‐membrane interactions.
Well differentiated thyroid carcinoma is associated with human lymphocyte antigen D‐related 11 in Eastern Hungarians
Authors: Juhasz Ferenz , Kozma Laszlo , Stenszky Valeria , Gyory Ferenc , Luckas Geza , Farid Nadir R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDUsing serologic human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) typing, the authors previously described a strong association between well differentiated thyroid carcinoma and HLA D‐related 1 (HLA‐DR1) in a population of unselected patients from Eastern Hungary.METHODSIn the current study, the authors used polymerase chain reaction‐single strand conformational polymorphism to determine the HLA‐DR type in 75 patients with well differentiated thyroid carcinoma from the same area as their previous population, and they compared the current results with the results from a group of 170 healthy controls.RESULTSA significant increase in HLA‐DR11, rather than HLA‐DR1, was observed in patients with well differentiated thyroid carcinoma among a population of patients from the same area that was studied previously. After excluding technical reasons to account for differences in disease association, they postulated that interim environmental factors, possibly radiation fall‐out, may have resulted in differences in genetic susceptibility to thyroid carcinoma. Consideration of the potential antigenic peptides that may be restricted by the two HLA‐DR alleles may have allowed for the binding of similar peptides to initiate an immune response, likely leading to progressive immunomodulation of the tumor. Discriminat function analysis indicated a significant relation between tumor size and metastases and less lymphocytic infiltration of the tumor, but this was not related to HLA‐DR phenotypes.CONCLUSIONSThe authors found that the study of major histocompatability complex alleles holds promise for understanding the events that initiate and maintain tumor immunomodulation. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Comprehensive expression atlas of fibroblast growth factors and their receptors generated by a novel robotic in situ hybridization platform
Authors: Yaylaoglu Murat Burak , Titmus Andrew , Visel Axel , Alvarez‐Bolado Gonzalo , Thaller Christina , Eichele Gregor 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA recently developed robotic platform termed “Genepaint” can carry out large‐scale nonradioactive in situ hybridization (ISH) on tissue sections. We report a series of experiments that validate this novel platform. Signal‐to‐noise ratio and mRNA detection limits were comparable to traditional ISH procedures, and hybridization was transcript‐specific, even in cases in which probes could have hybridized to several transcripts of a multigene family. We established an atlas of expression patterns of fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs) and their receptors (Fgfrs) for the embryonic day 14.5 mouse embryo. This atlas provides a comprehensive overview of previously known as well as novel sites of expression for this important family of signaling molecules. The Fgf/Fgfr atlas was integrated into the transcriptome database (www.genepaint.org), where individual Fgf and Fgfr expression patterns can be interactively viewed at cellular resolution and where sites of expressions can be retrieved using an anatomy‐based search. Developmental Dynamics 234:371–386, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Faithful expression of living color reporter genes in transgenic medaka under two tissue‐specific zebrafish promoters
Authors: Zeng Zhiqiang , Liu Xingjun , Seebah Shalin , Gong Zhiyuan 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTo test tissue specificity of zebrafish gene promoters in a heterologous fish species, two transgenic medaka lines under two zebrafish promoters were generated. Under the zebrafish skeletal muscle‐specific mylz2 promoter, transgenic medaka expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP) exclusively in skeletal muscles, mimicking the endogenous medaka mylz2 mRNA expression and also identical to GFP expression in mylz2:gfp transgenic zebrafish. A madaka mylz2 promoter was also capable of directing skeletal muscle‐specific GFP expression in transient transgenic zebrafish embryos. In the krt8:rfp transgenic medaka line with the zebrafish epithelial krt8 promoter, red fluorescent protein was specifically expressed in the skin epithelia as well as the epithelial lining cells of the anterior digestive tract, which was also identical to GFP expression in krt8:gfp transgenic zebrafish. Therefore, the two zebrafish promoters faithfully function in a heterologous fish species, and it is likely that the mechanisms of tissue‐specific expression are largely conserved among fish species. Developmental Dynamics 234:387–392, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gender effects on cortical thickness and the influence of scaling
Authors: Luders E. , Narr K.L. , Thompson P.M. , Rex D.E. , Woods R.P. , DeLuca H. , Jancke L. , Toga A.W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractUsing magnetic resonance imaging and well‐validated computational cortical pattern matching methods in a large and well‐matched sample of healthy subjects (n = 60), we analyzed the regional specificity of gender‐related cortical thickness differences across the lateral and medial cortices at submillimeter resolution. To establish the influences of brain size correction on gender effects, comparisons were performed with and without applying affine transformations to scale each image volume to a template. We revealed significantly greater cortical thickness in women compared to men, after correcting for individual differences in brain size, while no significant regional thickness increases were observed in males. The pattern and direction of the results were similar without brain size correction, although effects were less pronounced and a small cortical region in the lateral temporal lobes showed greater thickness in males. Our gender‐specific findings support a dimorphic organization in male and female brains that appears to involve the architecture of the cortical mantle and that manifests as increased thickness in female brains. This sexual dimorphism favoring women, even without correcting for brain size, may have functional significance and possibly account for gender‐specific abilities and/or behavioral differences between sexes. Hum Brain Mapp, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.