bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jazz and American Literature
Authors: Early Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Doubtless, the most farnous American novel about a jazz musician, and arguably the most seminal, in part, because it was the first and most commercially and critically successful novel about jazz, is Dorothy Baker’s Young Man With a Horn, published in 1938. It certainly established or intensified a number of conventions about jazz
musicians as they have come to be portrayed in popular and literary culture, two most especially. First, the novel gives us the highly romantic image of the jazz musician as brooding, self-destructive, antidomestic genius, without formal training, dedicated only to the sound that he hears in his head. Second, Young Man With a Hom gives us the charismatic white jazz musician as a kind of political and moral innocent-combining Billy Budd and Huckleberry Finn-drawn to blacks, the authentic source of jazz, in a quest for artistic purity as only blacks can embody as against the white world’s superficiality, bourgeois respectability, and commercialism.
Recorded Jazz
Authors: Morgenstern Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jazz and the phonograph were made for each other. Without the medium of recording, a music so defined by spontaneity of invention, individuality of instrumental sound, and rhythmic complexity that defies musical notation could not have been so rapidly or widely disseminated, nor lent itself so readily to rehearing, studying, and copying. Without recordings, jazz might have remained a temporary regional phenomenon.
Yet the ideal union between two near-contemporaneous artistic and technical inventions took time to be consummated. The fledgling record industry saw jazz as strictly a salable new kind of dance music and had not the slightest awareness of or interest in its potential as art. (Nor, admittedly, did all but a handful of its practitioners.)
The first genuine jazz captured by a recording device was played by the Original Dixieland Jazz Band in the New York studio of Columbia Records on January 30, 1917. Just two weeks earlier, these five young white New Orleans musicians had opened at a midtown Manhattan spot for dining and dancing, creating more of a stir than during an entire previous year in Chicago. But when Columbia’s managers heard the sounds they had recorded, they cried “cacophony” and shelved the masters.
Introduction
Authors: Rothery David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Galileo made a remarkable discovery during the winter of 1610 when he turned one of the earliest telescopes on to the planet Jupiter and saw that four smaller bodies were moving round it. Many philosophers of the time refused to accept the truth of this observation, because it undermined the long-held belief that Earth was at the center of the universe and that all the heavenly bodies (the Sun included) must go around it.
Manners Over Minors
Authors: Hemphill C Dallett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It would be Samuel Sewall’s last visit to his father, for Henry Sewall, at eighty-six, was failing fast. On this May evening, Samuel brought his friend Wait Winthrop along. The two visitors shared social status as well as friendship. Both had attained high positions in middle age (Sewall was forty-eight): they were colleagues on the Massachusetts Superior Court bench and the Governor’s Council. Henry Sewall must have been proud of his son. The visitors arrived “a little before sunset,” and found the old man in bed. Samuel entered and called Winthrop into the room. Henry greeted them by taking and kissing Winthrop’s hand, and then his son’s. Winthrop did not return the gesture of deference. Samuel did. The next day, when Samuel entered the room to pray with his father, the latter attempted to rise from his chair. But “I persuaded him to sit still,” Samuel recorded in his diary. Henry Sewall died the following day.1
Youth Rising
Authors: Hemphill C Dallett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When your Children comes to about the age of twelve or fourteen . . . now is the time to lead them out to See the variety of necessary temporal! affairs like the bees that Lead their young out to the fields. . . . [N]ow take them amongst your friends and Relations or other ways where your business may call you. . . . [I]t emboldens them and makes them more familiar with Strangers and Different branches of business and much improves their Carridg and behaviour.
Spanning The World
Authors: Kimmel Michael S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biological models assume that sex determines gender, that innate biological differences lead to behavioral differences which lead to social arrangements. By this account, social inequalities are encoded into our physiological composition. Biological anomalies alone should account for variation. But the evidence suggests otherwise. When children like the Dominican pseudohermaphrodites are raised as the other gender they can easily make the transition to the other sex. And how do we account for the dramatic differences in the definitions of masculinity and femininity around the world? And how come some societies have much wider levels of gender inequality than others? On these questions, the biological record is mute.
The Gendered Workplace
Authors: Kimmel Michael S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Freud once wrote that the two great tasks for all human beings were “to work and to love.” And it is certainly true that people have always worked—to satisfy their basic material needs for food, clothing, and shelter, to provide for children and loved ones, to participate in community life, as well as to satisfy more culturally and historically specific desires to leave a mark on the world and to move up the social ladder. So it shouldn’t surprise us that virtually every society has developed a division of labor, a way of dividing the tasks that must be done in order for the society as a whole to survive. And since gender, as we have seen, is a system of classification and identity as well as a structure of power relations, it shouldn’t surprise us that virtually every society has a gendered division of labor. There are very few tasks, in very few societies, that are not allocated by gender. This doesn’t necessarily imply that the tasks assigned to one gender are less or more significant to the life of the community than the other’s. One might use a variety of criteria to assign tasks, and one might determine the relative values of each in a variety of ways. Valuing women’s work over men’s work, or vice versa, is not inevitable; it is an artifact of cultural relationships.
Aging, Senescence, and Lifespan
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are all aware of aging in humans from our earliest years, through normal, daily contacts with family members, neighbors, and others who have reached an advanced age. Perhaps because aging seems such an intuitively obvious phenomenon, it was quite late in becoming an object of formal study. Magical cures and restorative waters aside, the first serious scientific studies of aging did not get under way until the early part of the present century. The initial pace of research in the entire field of aging was slow; respectable scientists and physicians were doubtless deterred by the unsavory history of quack remedies and practices aimed at increasing human lifespan that had characterized the previous several centuries, as well as the first part of the twentieth century.
Aesthetic Perspectivism
Authors: Higgins Kathleen Marie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Section 1 of The Gay Science functions as an overture. Like Wagner’s overture to Tristan und Isolde, it defies tradition by offering not a firm point of reference, but a vertiginous lunge into the body of the book. Again like the overture, it avoids any stable cadence, precluding any sense of the direction of the book as a whole.
Fred Lerdahl
Authors: McCutchan Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fred Lerdahl grew up in Wisconsin, learned the piano as a child, and played the oboe in his high school band and orchestra. He studied composition with James Ming at Lawrence University, Earl Kim at Princeton, and Arthur Berger and Roger Sessions at Tanglewood. He has been commissioned by the Spoleto Festival, the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra, the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, and others. His works have been performed by the New York Philharmonic, the Pittsburgh Symphony, the San Francisco Symphony, the Boston Symphony Chamber Players, and the Juilliard Quartet.
Shulamit Ran
Authors: McCutchan Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shulamit Ran was born in Tel Aviv, Israel, and came to the United States at the age of fourteen, having received scholarships from the Mannes College of Music in New York and the America Israel Cultural Founder. Her composition teachers in Israel and in the United States included A. U. Boskovich, Paul Ben Haim, Norman Delio Joio, and Ralph Shapey.
John Zorn
Authors: McCutchan Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drawing on his experience in a variety of genres, including jazz, rock, hard-core punk, classical, klezmer, film, cartoon, popular, and improvised music, John Zorn is creating a body of work that defies academic categories. Zorn says he feels most connected to the tradition of the avant-garde; he most admires the maverick musicians, theoreticians, film-makers, painters, and writers of the past and present who have consistently questioned given boundaries, “creating a universe all their own:’
Michael Daugherty
Authors: McCutchan Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michael Daugherty finds much of his inspiration in American pop culture; one has only to glance at the titles in his catalogue to see the “connections. Metropolis Symphony (based on Superman) and Elvis Everywhere (for string quartet and tape) are prime examples, as is Daugherty’s opera Jackie 0, commissioned by the Houston Grand Opera and described at its1997 premiere as “a window on American celebrity culture of the 1960s, ‘70s, and ‘sos:’ Daugherty was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. As a boy he studied classical piano, played percussion in a drum and bugle corps, and formed a funk band with his four younger brothers. He attended North Texas State University and the Manhattan School of Music and spent a year in Paris studying at IRCAM (Institut de Recherche et de Coordination Acoustique/Musique, France’s institute for musical research). He also studied with jazz arranger and composer Gil Evans, with Gyorgy Ligeti, and with Earle Brown, Jacob Druckman, Bernard Rands, and Roger Reynolds at Yale, where he earned a doctorate.
Bruce Adolphe
Authors: McCutchan Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bruce Adolphe enjoys a triple career as composer, author, and educator. Since 1992 he has been education director of the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, a position that draws on his talent to communicate in a lively, authoritative way with music lovers. He has composed pieces for Itzhak Perlman, the Beaux Arts Trio, and the National Symphony Orchestra, among others, and has been composer-in-residence at Chamber Music Northwest, the Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival, and Music from Angel Fire. Adolphe is a native of West Hempstead, Long Island. A number of his pieces have been inspired by memories of his parents, who both died before Adolphe finished college. Indeed, memory is one of Adolphe’s passions. As a “fanatic reader” of cognitive neuroscience, he often discovers ideas for pieces in descriptions of the ways the brain works.
The Burger Court Surprises
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rarely in American history has the membership of the Supreme Court changed as rapidly as it did in the next three years to the end of 1971. Presidem Johnson, a lame duck in the summer of 1968, resolved to replace Earl Warren by elevating his friend and dose adviser, Justice Abe Fortas, to the position of Chief Republicans, however, anticipated victory in the angrily contested presidential election of 1968. Nixon, their candidate, had angrily denounced the Court for “coddling criminals’’ and was eager if elected to nan1e a conservative Chief His yearning to do so exposed a lasting legacy of the Warren years: appointments to the Court, which had come to play a key role in American life during Warren’s tenure, were becoming ever more contested. A host of controversial constitutional issues-involving the Vieman1 War, the death penalty, affirmative action, busing, abortion, and welfare rights, among others—might reach the Court in the near future. If Nixon could name a conservative, he might begin to banish the curse, as he saw it, of liberal judicial accivism.
Legacies and Lessons
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anyone who reads this far will be aware of the many disappointments and triumphs surrounding Brown. A few examples still stand out in the twenty-first century. One involves race and legal education. Thurgood Marshall had celebrated in 1950 when the Supreme Court ordered the all-white Texas Law School to admit Heman Sweatt, a black mail carrier. By the 1980s, the University of Texas (UT) was educating more minorities than any law school in the United States. In March 1996, however, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals prohibited the UT Law School from enforcing affirmative action guidelines that had reserved places for African Americans and other minorities. Enrollment of blacks plummeted from thirty-one in 1996 to four in 1997.
The Impact of Chronic Illness on the Self System
Authors: Leventhal Howard , Idler Ellen L , Leventhal Elaine A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we integrate a model of illness cognition with self and identity concepts to develop hypotheses about the interactions between the self and chronic illness. By chronic illness, we refer to conditions that typically are multiply determined, slowly developing, incurable, and degenerative, such as cardiovascular disorders, many cancers, and diabetes. We begin by describing the central features of our model of illness cognition, the common-sense model of illness representation. Our discussion of the common-sense model characterizes the content of people ‘s mental representations of acute and chronic illness and presents hypotheses and data describing how these representations are constructed. The common-sense model is also used to show how representations of illness and its treatment interact with representations of personal and social resources for combating illness threats. These include the individual ‘s evaluation of his or her own skills and knowledge and of the tangible, emotional, and other supports available from friends, family, community, and systems for health care. In sum, the common-sense model provides a framework for understanding how representations of illness threat, treatment options, and coping resources are integrated to define goals and to generate coping procedures for managing and living with chronic illness.
Conflict of Interest in Engineering
Authors: Luebke Neil R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the basis of several sorts of evidence. conflict of interest is an important topic of professional ethics for engineers. The codes of ethics of major U.S. engineering professional societies include provisions dealing with conflicts of interest. although the wording and the amount of specificity vary. Conflict of interest is the largest category of ethical problems to be addressed between 1958 and 1998 by the National Society of Professional Engineers’ Board of Ethical Review. Then, too, virtually every major corporation that employs engineers has policies governing conflicts of interest, and engineers in military or government service usually work under statutes or administrative rules that apply to conflicts of interest.
Conflict of Interest and Physical Therapy
Authors: Martin Mike W , Gabard Donald L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most philosophical attention to health care ethics has focused on physicians and nurses, neglecting the moral issues faced by physical therapists and other members of allied health care fields. The neglect is compounded by misperceptions that physical therapists are technicians rather than professionals, that they do not have fiduciary relationships with patients, and that they lack all discretion in allocation matters. In fact, physical therapists possess discretionary power in treatment selection, advising, and duration and intensity of therapy-all areas in which trust and trustworthiness are paramount. In addition, their work tends to make possible longer time spent with patients. And their contributions to health care are distinctive in terms of the techniques used in restoring persons to a more functional, pain-free, independent life, as well as in preventing injury and pain. For all these reasons, the neglect of physical therapy ethics fosters a lack of vigilance that sometimes masks abuses, such as those arising from conflicts of interest. The definition of conflicts of interest is itself contested, quite apart from physical therapy ethics. We begin by proposing a definition and providing a rationale for it, using examples from several professions. Then we make a few general comments about evaluating conflicts of interest.
An Analysis of Meaning-Making
Authors: Kellogg Ronald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Appearing in collections of interviews with well-known writers (e.g., Cowley, 1959; Plimpton, 1984, 1989) is a motif of active construction. The process of making meaning is not typically a neat and tidy matter of retrieving prefabricated personal symbols from long-term memory and then translating these into the consensual symbols of written text. Instead, more often the process is a struggle to generate and shape ideas, with the translation from the personal realm of thought to the public realm of text spurring further invention and insight on the part of the writer (Murray, 1982). As E. M. Forster wrote through a character in a novel: ‘‘How do I know what I think until I see what I say?’’
Idea Processors
Authors: Kellogg Ronald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Word processors may best be thought of as the ultimate tool for a typist. But what might be the ultimate tool for a writer, the one who must discover ideas in the realm of personal symbols and express them through consensual symbols? The knowledgeusage framework suggests the potential value of computer aids that help a writer to retrieve and apply content and discourse knowledge effectively. Theoretically, tools that attempt to help writers make meaning, to use their knowledge to create text, may amplify writing performance as well as restructure the process of writing.
The Never-Ending Story? The Political and Legal Controversies over HIV and the Blood Supply in Denmark
Authors: Albrek Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On October 3, 1996, the Danish Supreme Court pronounced its judgment in a case brought by three Danish hemophiliacs against the Ministry of Health, the National Board of Health, and a Danish pharmaceutical company. The court’s judgment was the conclusion of what had become a never-ending story about the struggle of Danish hemophiliacs to protect themselves from HIV and to place the responsibility for their becoming infected. It was a struggle that became publicly known as the blood scandal. This scandal had the most extensive and protracted judicial sequel in Danish political-administrative history. Although the many judicial tribunals that reviewed claims of the aggrieved found grounds for criticizing Danish blood policy and its implementation, they did not sustain the hemophiliacs’ central charge. Politicians, civil servants, and blood product manufacturers had not endangered lives by acting negligently when they had postponed the introduction of heat treatment of blood products and HIV antibody testing of blood donations. Indeed, the conclusion to be drawn from the many judicial interpretations of the Danish hemophiliac case is that despite the widespread perception in the Danish population, there was in legal terms never a “blood scandal”.
Brunswikian Research on Social Perception, Interpersonal Learning and Conflict, and Negotiation
Authors: Mumpower Jeryl L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brunswik emphasized the critical importance of the relationship between environment and organ ism in social as well as physical domains. Bruns wik’s insistence on the central role of the interaction between organism and environment for a functional psychology has now inspired more than four decades of productive research on social and interpersonal processes. Some of this re search follows directly along lines that Brunswik himself initiated. In other instances, Brunswikian ideas have been extended in fruitful ways that his own work never explicitly anticipated.
Greensboro, North Carolina A Window on Race in the American South
Authors: Chafe William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I remember with warmth how much I looked forward, as a child in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to going to the local Woolworth’s with my mother and eating egg salad sandwiches. I also recall my experience growing up in a Baptist church in Central Square. There, I had gleaned the idea that the gospel of Jesus had something to say about social relations in my own time. So at age 15 I dismayed the deacons at my church by asking why we did not have black members, especially in a church that was located within four blocks of thousands of black residents. It was a naive question for many reasons (not the least of which was the strength of the black Baptist church a few thousand yards away), but it led to an abiding personal as well as academic interest in understanding why race has been so pivotal to the way America is organized, socially, economically, and politically. In graduate school, I had focused on another central (and very related) issue-the experience of womenand now, with my book on that subject about to come out, I decided to return to my earlier locus of concern.
The Americanized Mannheim Of 1945-1946
Authors: Davis David Brow 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past century of wars and disasters, the American occupation of much of western Germany, reinforced by the Marshall Plan, stands out as one of the few undeniable examples of historical success. Overcoming more than twelve years of Nazi indoctrination, we helped build the foundations for a prosperous democracy at the center of Europe, reversing a pattern of instability and conflict that had led to two world wars. But the early years of American occupation were also a microcosm of the racial and civil rights struggles that would dominate America in the 1950s and 1960s and finally succeed in eradicating much of the evil of a Jim Crow South.
A Fan’s Homage To Fenway(Or, Why We Love It When They Always Break Our Hearts)
Authors: Demos John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ctober I, 1978. Final day of the regular season. The Red Sox comfortably ahead, at home. The Yankees losing badly, in New York, If these results hold, there tvill be a playoff game tomorrow, in Boston. After an entire season of back-and-forth struggle, the ttvo best teams in baseball will be tied-and will play one more to decide it all. In the eighth inning I go upstam to put on sweats. With ttvo out in the ninth, I am poised halfivay bettveen the television set and the front do01; As soon as it ends, I am out that door and onto the street in full stride. Fans by the thousands, I am sure, are at this moment piling into cars, buses, and subways, in a mad dash to the box office. The best way, the most certain approach, to playoff tickets ts to avoid all that-by running.