bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of a Borrelia burgdorferi bacterin in borreliosis-endemic areas
Authors: Levy Steven A. , Lissman Barry A. , Ficke Christopher M. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The safety and efficacy of a commercially available Borrelia burgdorferi bacterin were examined under field conditions in 1,969 dogs that received a total of 4,033 doses of bacterin during a 20-month period. For comparison, 4,498 dogs that were not vaccinated also were evaluated. All dogs were examined at 1 of 3 veterinary practices in borreliosis-endemic areas. Owners of all dogs were educated about the benefits of and methods for avoiding infected ticks.
Vaccination was found to be safe regardless of previous exposure to B burgdorferi or history of borreliosis. Thirty-eight (1.9%) of the 1,969 dogs had minor reactions; 1 of these dogs had a reaction after the first and second doses of B burgdorferi bacterin. Reactions resolved without complications immediately or within 72 hours after vaccination. Cumulative incidence of borreliosis was 1.0% (20/1,969) in vaccinated dogs and 4.7% (211/4,498) in nonvaccinated dogs. Preventable fraction, a measure of the reduction of incidence of disease in vaccinated dogs vs nonvaccinated dogs, was 78%. Preventable fraction in dogs that were seropositive prior to vaccination (ie, previously exposed to B burgdorferi) was 58% and in dogs that were seronegative prior to vaccination (ie, without evidence of prior exposure to B burgdorferi) was 86%. This suggested that, in borreliosis-endemic areas, dogs may be most effectively protected by vaccinating them when they are young and before they are exposed to infected ticks, and that in areas where borreliosis is not endemic, it may be useful to initiate vaccination programs so that dogs will be protected prior to exposure to infected ticks.
Effect of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole on thyroid function in dogs with pyoderma
Authors: Hall Iain A. , Campbell Karen L. , Chambers Mark D. , Davis Carol N. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The effect of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (t/smx, 30 mg/kg, po, q 12 h for 6 weeks) on thyroid function was evaluated in 21 dogs with pyoderma and normal baseline serum thyroxine concentrations. The population mean serum thyroxine concentration, but not the population mean serum triiodothyronine concentration, was significantly decreased at the end of treatment. After 6 weeks of treatment, the response in 3 dogs to thyrotropin administration was substantially reduced. Radionuclide thyroid imaging of 2 dogs after t/smx treatment revealed higher-than-normal thyroid technetium 99m pertechnetate uptake, suggestive of an interference with iodide metabolism.
Use of t/smx may cause hypothyroidism, and inadequate thyroid function may be incorrectly diagnosed in dogs treated with this antimicrobial.
Clearance of Shigella flexneri carriers in a zoologic collection of primates
Authors: Banish Linda D. , Sims Robert , Bush Mitchell , Sack David , Montali Richard J. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
In 1990, a high prevalence of Shigella flexneri was documented in the gibbon population at the National Zoological Park. The enzootic strain had been determined to be resistant to most antibiotics and had been responsible for animal deaths. Prevalence of Shigella spp was high in the entire primate population. To address the clinical problem, eradication was attempted by use of enrofloxacin. Facilities disinfection comprised a large part of Shigella clearance efforts. After the clearance protocol was completed gibbons, vs other primate species, were closely monitored for 16 months by subjecting their feces to bacteriologic culturing.
The program was successful, with eradication of the problematic strain of S flexneri. However, 10 to 12 months after completion of treatments, S sonnei was isolated from feces of 3 animals living in the same housing facility.
Assessment of corticosteroid-induced alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme as a screening test for hyperadrenocorticism in dogs
Authors: Solter Philip F. , Hoffmann Walter E. , Hungerford Laura L. , Peterson Mark E. , Dorner Joseph L. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Quantitative determination of the corticosteroid-induced isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (cap) was evaluated as a screening test for hyperadrenocorticism (hac) in dogs. A series of 40 dogs with hac (cap range, 96 to 14,872 U/L), 30 clinically normal dogs (cap range, 0 to 38 U/L), and 80 dogs with various diseases (non-hac) and without history of exogenous glucocorticoid exposure for a minimum of 60 days (cap range, 0 to 1163 U/L) were used to evaluate the test. Sensitivity and specificity of cap was calculated at various cutoff points for absolute cap activity and for cap activity expressed as a percentage of total alkaline phosphatase activity. A cutoff point of 90 U/L was selected as optimal for use of this assay as a screening test for hac. A prevalence survey then was done of all canine serum samples submitted to our diagnostic laboratory over a 3-month period, to calculate the predictive values of a positive and a negative test result in a clinical population and to determine the relative frequency and magnitude of cap activity in dogs that had received glucocorticoids. The predictive values of a positive and a negative test result at the 90 U/L cutoff value were 21.43% (95% confidence limits, 8.3 to 40.95%) and 100% (95% confidence limit > 96%), respectively. It was concluded that cap isoenzyme activity, determined by routine biochemical analysis by an automated levamisole-inhibition assay, could function as a screening test for hac, however, (the predictive value of a positive test result was too low to recommend the assay as a diagnostic test. The cap activity was > 90 U/L in 52% of dogs receiving glucocorticoids, emphasizing the importance of treatment history in the use of this test. To help eliminate possible workup bias, an additional set of serum samples from 30 dogs diagnosed as having hac at a second institution also were analyzed. Sensitivity of the assay in this sample group, using the 90 U/L cutoff value, was 83.3% (95% confidence limits, 65.3 to 94.4%), suggesting that test sensitivity may vary, depending on the institution in which the assay is used and the selection of cases for diagnostic workup.
Concentration of α1-acid glycoprotein in dogs with malignant neoplasia
Authors: Ogilvie Gregory K. , Walters Lisa M. , Greeley Shannon G. , Henkel Susan E. , Salman Mowafak D. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Serum α1-acid glycoprotein (α1ag) concentrations were determined in 55 dogs with previously untreated, histologically confirmed, high-grade lymphoblastic lymphoma, and in 34 dogs with histologically confirmed nonhematopoietic malignancies (13 dogs with carcinomas and 21 dogs with sarcomas). Serum concentrations were again determined in 32 dogs with lymphoma that were in complete remission 3 weeks after 1 dose of doxorubicin (30 mg/m2 of body surface, iv) and in 22 dogs that were still in complete remission 3 weeks after a fourth dose of doxorubicin. For comparison, serum α1ag concentrations were measured in 19 clinically normal (control) dogs of similar weight and age. Eight of the control dogs were given 1 dose of doxorubicin (30 mg/m2, iv), and serum α1ag concentrations were measured 3 weeks later.
In control dogs, mean serum α1ag concentration after treatment with doxorubicin was not significantly different from mean concentration before treatment. Mean α1ag concentrations in untreated dogs with lymphoma, in dogs with sarcomas, and in dogs with carcinomas were all significantly higher than mean concentration for untreated control dogs. In addition, the mean concentration for dogs with osteosarcomas was significantly higher than mean concentration for untreated control dogs. There were no significant differences in mean serum α1ag concentrations among dogs with different clinical stages of lymphoma (stage IIIa, stage IVa, stage Va). However, mean serum α1ag concentrations were were significantly increased for dogs with stages IIIa,, IVa, and Va lymphoma, compared with mean concentration for untreated control dogs. Mean serum α1ag concentrations were significantly decreased in dogs with lymphoma that were in complete remission after either 1 or 4 doses of doxorubicin, compared with mean concentration in dogs with lymphoma that had not been treated.
Evaluation of a feline leukemia virus vaccine in a controlled natural transmission study
Authors: Lafrado Louis J. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Twenty-six 8-week-old specific-pathogen-free cats were vaccinated subcutaneously with 2 doses of a commercially available FeLV vaccine, and 26 age-matched specific-pathogen-free cats were similarly vaccinated with a placebo vaccine containing the same adjuvant as the FeLV vaccine. Cats then were randomly assigned to 2 groups of 26 cats (13 FeLV-vaccinated cats and 13 control cats), and each group was housed with 5 cats previously inoculated with FeLV. AU cats were tested biweekly for the next 26 weeks for evidence of FeLV antigenemia. Five of the 26 control cats developed antigenemia. However, 4 of these cats were only transiently antigénémie (positive results for 3 consecutive biweekly samples) and only 1 was persistently antigénémie. None of the FeLV-vaccinated cats developed antigenemia. Preventable fraction was calculated to be 100%.
Milk production in cows with endotoxin-induced mastitis treated with isotonic or hypertonic sodium chloride solution
Authors: Tyler Jeff W. , DeGraves Fred J. , Erskine Ronald J. , Riddell M. Gatz , Lin Hui-Chu , Kirk John H. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Milk production was monitored in 16 cows for 6 milkings after intramammary infusion of 1 mg of endotoxin in a single forequarter. The cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups; 8 cows were treated with isotonic saline solution and 8 cows were treated with hypertonic saline solution. Saline solutions were administered IV (5 ml/kg of body weight) 4 hours after infusion of endotoxin. Mean cumulative change in milk yield and interval change in milk yield were greater in cows treated with isotonic saline solution than in cows treated with hypertonic saline solution. Significant differences between treatment groups were not detected.
Topical use of 5-fluorouracil for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the external genitalia of horses: 11 cases (1988–1992)
Authors: Fortier Lisa A. , Mac Harg Margaret A. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Ten horses with histologically confirmed squamous cell carcinoma (scc) and 1 horse with presumptive scc of the external genitalia were treated with a combination of surgical debridement and topical administration of 5-fluorouracil, or with topical treatment alone. Tumor remission was obtained in all horses except 1 in which owner compliance was deficient, and no recurrences have been reported. Topical use of 5-fluorouracil as a chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of genital lesions of scc in horses should be considered as a viable alternative to radical surgical excision.
Efficacy of, and toxicoses associated with, oral idarubicin administration in cats with neoplasia
Authors: Moore Antony S. , Ruslander David , Cotter Susan M. , Rand William M. , L'Heureux Deborah A. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Idarubicin, a new synthetic anthracycline analogue, was administered orally to 34 cats with spontaneous tumors. The maximum tolerated dosage was determined to be 2 mg/cat/d given for 3 consecutive days every 3 weeks. Anorexia and leukopenia were found to be dose limiting in cats receiving the drug at a higher dosage. The most common toxicoses seen at the maximum tolerated dosage were leukopenia, anorexia, and vomiting; however, development of toxicoses was not found to be associated with sex, FeLV test result, tumor type, dosage, age, or weight.
Idarubicin (2 mg/cat/d for 3 days, q 3 wks) was used to treat 18 cats with lymphoma in which complete remission had been achieved by administration of other chemotherapeutic agents. Median remission duration for these cats was comparable to that reported for cats treated with other protocols. We concluded that orally administered idarubicin would be useful in the treatment of cats with lymphoma.
Adrenalectomy for treatment of hyperadrenocorticism in cats: 10 cases (1988-1992)
Authors: Duesberg Cindy A. , Nelson Richard W. , Feldman Edward C. , Vaden Shelly L. , Scott-Moncrieff J. Catharine R. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Outcome of and complications associated with bilateral adrenalectomy in 8 cats with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia and outcome of and complications associated with unilateral adrenalectomy in 2 cats with adrenocortical tumor (adrenocortical adenoma, 1 cat; adrenocortical carcinoma, 1 cat) and unilateral adrenomegaly were determined. Glucocorticoids were administered to all cats at the time of surgery, and mineralocorticoids were administered to the 8 cats that underwent bilateral adrenalectomy. A ventral midline celiotomy was performed in all cats.
Intraoperative complications did not develop in any cat. Postoperative complications developed in all cats and included abnormal serum electrolyte concentrations (n = 8), skin lacerations (n = 5), pancreatitis (n = 3), hypoglycemia (n = 2), pneumonia (n = 1), and venous thrombosis (n = 1). Three cats died within 5 weeks after surgery of complications associated with sepsis (n = 2) or thromboembolism (n = 1). Clinical signs and physical abnormalities caused by hyperadrenocorticism resolved in the remaining 7 cats 2 to 4 months after adrenalectomy. Insulin treatment was discontinued in 4 of 6 cats with diabetes mellitus. Median survival time for these 7 cats was 12 months (range, 3 to > 30 months). Two cats died of acute adrenocortical insufficiency 3 and 6 months after bilateral adrenalectomy, 2 cats were euthanatized because of chronic renal failure 3 and 12 months after bilateral (n = 1) or unilateral (n = 1) adrenalectomy, and 2 cats were alive 9 and 14 months after bilateral adrenalectomy. In the remaining cat, clinical signs recurred 10 months after the cat had undergone unilateral adrenalectomy. The remaining adrenal gland was found to contain an adrenocortical adenoma and was removed. The cat was doing well when it was lost to follow-up 15 months after the second surgery.
Use of performance ratios to calculate the economic impact of thin cows in a beef cattle herd
Authors: Wikse Steven E. , Herd Dennis B. , Field Robert W. , Holland Patricia S. , McGrann James Μ. , Thompson James A. , White Charles , Angerstein Rob 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine gross income lost that was attributable to thin cows in a beef cattle herd, to estimate the cost of added nutrition necessary to prevent thin cows in the herd, and to determine the financial outcome of the improved nutritional practices.

Design—
Prospective, observational study.

Animals—
Four hundred twenty-two Santa Gertrudis cows and their calves.

Procedure—
At pregnancy examination in the fall of 1992, cows were assigned a body condition score (BCS), using a scale of 1 (emaciated) to 9 (obese), and the ratio of the productivity of BCS-3 and BCS-4 cow groups (thin cows), compared with the mean productivity of BCS-5 and BCS-6 cows (cows in good condition), was determined. Measures of productivity evaluated included pregnancy rates, weaning weights, and prices per hundredweight of calves. The performance ratios of BCS-3 and BCS-4 cows were multiplied by the mean gross income of BCS-5 and BCS-6 cows to calculate their gross income. This was then subtracted from the mean income of BCS-5 and BCS-6 cows to estimate the amount of lost gross income per thin cow. The cost of a nutritional program that would prevent thin cows in the herd was subtracted from the lost gross income of the thin cows to yield the amount of increased net income that could be generated from a nutritional program that would maintain cows in the herd at a BCS of 5 or 6.

Results—
Cows with a BCS of 3 were 0.48 as productive, and cows with a BCS of 4 were 0.74 as productive as the average of the BCS-5 and BCS-6 cows combined. Each BCS-3 cow generated $215.06 less, and each BCS-4 cow generated $107.53 less gross income than the average gross income of BCS-5 and BCS-6 cows. The added cost of nutrition that would have reconditioned BCS-3 and BCS-4 cows to a BCS of 5.5 was $91.48/BCS-3 cow and $43.67/ BCS-4 cow. Implementation of the reconditioning nutrition program the previous fall would have resulted in an extra net income of $123.58/BCS-3 cow and $63.86/BCS-4 cow, received over a 2-year period. The 262 thin cows in the herd accounted for a total net income loss of $19,897.

Clinical Implications—
The time of pregnancy examination is a strategic intervention point to estimate the past negative economic impact of thin cows and to implement a plan to prevent these losses in the future.
Ivermectin for treatment of generalized demodicosis in dogs
Authors: Ristic Zorana , Medleau Linda , Paradis Manon , White-Weithers Norma E. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To evaluate the efficacy of daily administration of ivermectin in the treatment of dogs with amitraz-resistant generalized demodicosis.

Design—
Prospective, clinical trial.

Animals—
Twelve privately owned dogs with juvenileonset or adult-onset generalized demodicosis that had failed to respond to biweekly or weekly applications of 0.025% amitraz solution.

Procedure—
All dogs were treated with undiluted ivermectin at a dosage of 0.6 mg/kg of body weight,
po, every 24 hours. There was no other parasiticidal agent given topically or systemically. A physical examination and multiple skin scrapings were performed every 2 to 4 weeks while dogs were receiving ivermectin. Skin scrapings were performed at approximately the same sites at every examination. After no mites were seen, treatment was continued for at least 2 more weeks and then stopped. Dogs were reexamined, and skin scrapings were repeated if any skin lesions developed. For dogs that remained clinically normal, follow-up information was obtained by telephone. Dogs that were free of clinical signs of demodicosis 12 months after ivermectin administration was discontinued were considered cured.

Results—
Ten of 12 dogs were cured. Median duration of treatment for these dogs was 10 weeks (range, 6 weeks to 5 months). Two dogs were failures, relapsing 10 months and 11.5 months after treatment was stopped. One of these dogs was successfully treated with a second course of ivermectin. Mild ivermectin toxicosis developed in 1 dog after 6 weeks of treatment; side effects resolved shortly after the treatment was stopped.

Clinical Implications—
Daily use of ivermectin, at a dosage of 0.6 mg/kg, PO, was found to be effective in the treatment of generalized demodicosis in dogs.
Radiographic findings in cats with intranasal neoplasia or chronic rhinitis: 29 cases (1982-1988)
Authors: O'Brien Robert T. , Evans Sydney M. , Wortman Jeffrey A. , Hendrick Mattie J. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To compare radiographic findings and determine useful criteria to differentiate between intranasal neoplasia and chronic rhinitis in cats.

Design—
Retrospective study.

Animals—
Cats with chronic nasal disease caused by neoplasia (n = 18) or by chronic rhinitis (n = 11).

Procedure—
Radiographs were reviewed by 3 radiologists, followed by group review. Diagnosis was determined by intranasal biopsy or necropsy, and specimens were reviewed by a pathologist to confirm cause and histologic diagnosis.

Results—
Lymphosarcoma was the most common (n = 5) of the 6 histopathologic types in the neoplasia group. Cats in the neoplasia and chronic rhinitis groups had a high prevalence of aggressive radiographic lesions. Prevalence of a facial mass in cats with neoplasia (8/18) versus in those with chronic rhinitis (4/11) and of deviation (9/18 vs 6/11, respectively) or lysis (12/18 vs 7/11 ) of the nasal septum was similar. However, significantly (P = 0.02) more cats with neoplasia than with chronic rhinitis (13/16 vs 3/7, respectively) had unilateral turbinate destruction/lysis. Additionally, unilateral lateral bone erosion and loss of teeth associated with adjacent intranasal disease were more prevalent in cats with neoplasia (7/8 and 5/18, respectively) than in cats with chronic rhinitis (1/3 and 0/11, respectively).

Clinical Implications—
Features that may assist in radiographic diagnosis of neoplasia include the appearance of unilateral aggressive lesions, such as lysis of lateral bones, nasal turbinate destruction, and loss of teeth. Bilaterally symmetric lesions are more suggestive of chronic rhinitis than of neoplasia. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:385-389)
Clinical and clinicopathologic findings in dogs with acute respiratory distress syndrome: 19 cases (1985-1993)
Authors: Parent Chantal , King Lesley G. , Walker Lynn M. , Van Winkle Thomas J. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To describe clinical and clinicopathologic findings from dogs with histologic pulmonary lesions consistent with human adult respiratory distress syndrome and to identify potential risk factors.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
19 dogs with acute respiratory distress.

Procedure
Medical records of dogs were reviewed. Signalment, physical examination and clinicopathologic findings at admission, and thoracic radiographic and necropsy findings were recorded.

Results
The most common clinical sign was dyspnea. Respiratory rate ranged from 36 to 140 breaths/min, and abnormal breathing patterns were detected. Crackles were auscultated in 7 dogs. Severe diffuse interstitial and alveolar infiltrates were observed on thoracic radiography in 9 dogs shortly after arrival and developed later in 4 dogs. Four dogs were leukopenic and neutropenic. Disseminated intravascular coagulation was diagnosed in 2 dogs, and hypoalbuminemia was found in 8 dogs. Respiratory status deteriorated rapidly in all dogs, and 10 dogs were mechanically ventilated. Death was attributed solely to respiratory failure in 8 dogs. In the other 11 dogs, severe lesions in nonpulmonary organs, sepsis, or both may have contributed to death. The most common associated conditions that may have contributed to acute respiratory failure were microbial pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration pneumonia, and shock, with more than 1 factor found in 11 of 19 dogs.

Clinical Implications
The index of suspicion for acute respiratory distress syndrome should be high in dogs with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and acute respiratory distress that rapidly progresses to failure. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:1419-1427)
Serum α1-antitrypsin concentration in dogs with panniculitis
Authors: Hughes Dez , Goldschmidt Michael H. , Washabau Robert J. , Kueppers Friedrich 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To measure serum α1-antitrypsin (α1AT) concentration in dogs with histologically confirmed panniculitis to determine whether serum deficiency could cause or exacerbate panniculitis in dogs.

Design
Cross-sectional, descriptive study.

Animals
9 dogs (5 with multiple lesions and 4 with solitary lesions).

Procedure
Serum samples were obtained by means of cephalic or jugular venipuncture and frozen at −20 C until assayed. Serum α1AT concentration was measured by means of radial gel immunodiffusion.

Results
In all dogs, serum α1AT concentration was within the previously established reference range.

Clinical Implications
In the small number of dogs studied, panniculitis was not associated with serum α1AT deficiency. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1582–1584)