bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Paul Need to Be Saved?
Authors: Setzer Claudia 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWhile many liberal Jews have endorsed Jesus as one of their own for at least a century, Paul has often borne the blame for injecting anti-Judaism into early Christianity. The work of these scholars helps overturn these judgments against Paul. Several emphases of their work help us to better appreciate Paul as a pedagogue of multiple identities. 1) Being "in Christ" and being part of Israel are compatible, not contradictory identities for Paul. 2) Paul believes that Gentiles, by being "in Christ" come under the umbrella of Israel, even without circumcision or conversion. 3) Paul's mission as the teacher to the Gentiles shapes every aspect of his rhetoric and message. 4) Paul is animated by the question of Gentile inclusion in God's people, not the existential guilt of the individual. This article also poses four questions as we pursue this approach to Paul. 1) Why does Paul, the robust Jew who continues to believe in Israel's election, so virulently oppose Gentile circumcision or conversion, which was part of the Judaism of his time? 2) What is the role of the cross, which does not spring from the language and myths of Israel, in Paul's thought? 3) Does Paul think he is doing anything new, particularly since he uses the language of novelty? 4) How much does Paul need to be "saved," i.e. made to conform to our contemporary standards, for us to appreciate him as part of our experience and traditions?
The Impact of New Perspectives on Judaism and Improved Jewish–christian Relations on the Study of Paul
Authors: Gaston Lloyd 
Published: July 2005

AbstractI urge reversing order in the theme for our session to recognizing the major impact Jewish–Christian relations has had on recent Pauline studies. From a Christian perspective, more important than 'the New Perspective on Paul' has been 'the new perspective on early Judaism.' I will try to test these theses in reference to the work of two important contemporary Pauline scholars, Ed Sanders and Mark Nanos.
The Figure of Apion in Josephus' Contra Apionem
Authors: Jones Kenneth 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA comparison of Josephus' portrait of Apion with other ancient testimonia shows that the Jewish historian, in his effort to discredit the grammarian, focused on the same failing of character that other ancient authors had found. Josephus also aimed a deceptive attack at Apion's ethnicity wherein he blurs the line between the Alexandrian's Greek cultural identity and his Egyptian origin. Josephus took pains to construct an ideal opponent, one with whom the reader of Josephus' treatise—be he Jew, Greek, or Roman—would not sympathize. An analysis of Apion's "case" against the Jews shows that Josephus himself culled various Jewish items from Apion's Aegyptiaca and, after distorting the original intention of the excerpts, cobbled them together to form an easily refuted indictment of Jewish history and practices. An appendix examines the evidence for a supposed attributed to Apion.
Clinical Comparison of the Tutoplast Allograft and Autologous Patellar Tendon (Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone) for the Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Authors: Gorschewsky Ottmar , Klakow Andreas , Riechert Kathrin , Pitzl Martin , Becker Roland 
Published: July 2005

Background The use of an allograft as a suitable transplant is still open to debate, in terms of donor morbidity, implantation reaction, and long-term results, as well as the risk of disease transmission. Hypothesis The clinical results 2 and 6 years after implantation of a bone-patellar tendon-bone allograft (Tutoplast) and bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft show no significant difference in relation to stability, function, and rate of rupture. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Method Between 1995 and 1998, 268 patients with anterior cruciate ligament ruptures were surgically treated: 132 patients received a bone-patellar tendon-bone allograft implantation and 136 patients a bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft. The results were evaluated using the International Knee Documentation Committee, Noyes, and Lysholm scores. Results There were 201 patients assessable after 2 years and 186 patients after 6 years. Ruptures of the implants in the allo-graft group occurred in 20 patients (20.6%) within 2 years and in 38 patients (44.7%) after 6 years. In the autograft group, transplants ruptured in 5 patients (4.8%) after 2 years and in 6 patients (5.9%) after 6 years. Conclusion Based on the data, it would appear that the regular use of bone-patellar tendon-bone allografts, particularly for physically active patients, is unsuitable.
Ankle Joint Proprioception and Postural Control in Basketball Players with Bilateral Ankle Sprains
Authors: Fu Amy S. N. , Hui-Chan Christina W. Y. 
Published: July 2005

Background Deficiencies in ankle proprioception and standing balance in basketball players with multiple ankle sprains have been reported in separate studies. However, the question of how ankle proprioceptive inputs and postural control in stance are related is still unclear. Hypothesis Ankle repositioning errors and the amount of postural sway in stance are increased in basketball players with multiple ankle sprains. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Twenty healthy male basketball players and 19 male basketball players who had suffered bilateral ankle sprains within the past 2 years were examined. Both groups were similar in age. Passive ankle joint repositioning errors at 5° of plantar flexion were used to test for ankle joint proprioception. The Sensory Organization Test was applied with dynamic posturography to assess postural sway angle under 6 sensory conditions. Results A significant increase in ankle repositioning errors was demonstrated in basketball players with bilateral ankle sprains (P < .05). The mean errors in the right and left ankles were increased from 1.0° (standard deviation, 0.4°) and 0.8° (standard deviation, 0.2°), respectively, in the healthy players to 1.4° (standard deviation, 0.7°) and 1.1° (standard deviation, 0.5°) in the injured group. A significant increase in the amount of postural sway in the injured subjects was also found in conditions 1, 2, and 5 of the Sensory Organization Test (P < .05). Furthermore, there were positive associations between averaged errors in repositioning both ankles and postural sway angles in conditions 1, 2, and 3 of the Sensory Organization Test (r = 0.39-0.54, P < .05). Conclusions Ankle repositioning errors and postural sway in stance increased in basketball players with multiple ankle sprains. A positive relationship was found between these 2 variables. Clinical Relevance Such findings highlight the need for the rehabilitation of patients with multiple ankle sprains to include proprioceptive and balance training.
Endoscopic Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament using Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Grafts Fixed with Bioabsorbable or Metal Interference Screws
Authors: Drogset Jon Olav , Grøntvedt Torbjørn , Tegnander Agnar 
Published: July 2005

Background During the past decade, bioabsorbable interference screws have become increasingly popular in endoscopic reconstructions of the anterior cruciate ligament. With these screws, there is no need for a second operation for removal and no complicating factor if later revision surgery is necessary. Several pullout studies have found similar results between metal and bioabsorbable interference screws; however, few studies have investigated the clinical outcome. Hypothesis There is no difference in the clinical outcome of bioabsorbable interference screws compared with metal screws. Study Design Randomized controlled clinical trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods Forty-one patients were randomized for the use of either metal interference screws (20 patients) or bioabsorbable poly-L-lactic acid screws (21 patients). The patients were followed with clinical examinations at 6, 12, and 24 weeks and at 1 and 2 years postoperatively. Results Subjective knee function was better in the patients in the metal screw group; they had less pain at rest, a higher Tegner score, a higher Lysholm score, and better subjective knee function at 2 years compared to the bioabsorbable screw group. However, there was no difference in stability between the groups. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Because of the inferior results in the bioabsorbable screw group in our study, and until larger studies show otherwise, we do not find the advantages of using bioabsorbable screws sufficient to warrant the routine use of poly-L-lactic acid screws in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions.
The Kim Test
Authors: Kim Seung-Ho , Park Jun-Sic , Jeong Woong-Kyo , Shin Seong-Kee 
Published: July 2005

Background Detection of a posteroinferior labral lesion by physical examination is often difficult. Purpose To introduce a novel diagnostic test for detecting a posteroinferior labral lesion of the shoulder. Hypothesis The Kim test can detect a posteroinferior labral lesion of the shoulder. Study Design Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 1. Methods In 172 painful shoulders, the Kim test was compared with the jerk test and was verified by arthroscopic examination. A sudden onset of posterior shoulder pain and click with or without clunk indicated a positive test result. Results Thirty-three shoulders had a positive Kim test result, in which 24 had a posteroinferior labral lesion and 9 had a normal posteroinferior labrum. Of 139 shoulders with a negative Kim test result, 6 had a posteroinferior labral tear and 133 had a normal posteroinferior labrum. The sensitivity of the Kim test was 80%, specificity was 94%, positive predictive value was 0.73, and negative predictive value was 0.96. The interexaminer reliability between 2 examiners was 0.91. The accuracy of the jerk test in detecting a posteroinferior labral lesion was the following: sensitivity, 73%; specificity, 98%; positive predictive value, 0.88; and negative predictive value, 0.95. The location of the posterior labral lesion was predominantly posterior in 19 shoulders and predominantly inferior in 11 shoulders. The Kim test was more sensitive in detecting a predominantly inferior labral lesion, whereas the jerk test was more sensitive in detecting a predominantly posterior labral lesion. The sensitivity in detecting a posteroinferior labral lesion increased to 97% when the 2 tests were combined. Conclusion The Kim test is a reliable diagnostic test for detection of a posteroinferior labral lesion.
Epidemiology of Lacrosse Injuries in High School-Aged Girls and Boys
Authors: Hinton Richard Y. , Lincoln Andrew E. , Almquist Jon L. , Douoguih Wiemi A. , Sharma Krishn M. 
Published: July 2005

Objective To report the types, mechanisms, and circumstances of lacrosse injuries incurred by high school-aged girls and boys during organized interscholastic and summer camp games. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods For 3 years, the authors gathered data on girls’ and boys’ lacrosse injuries for 359 040 high school and 28 318 summer camp athletic exposures using a lacrosse-specific computerized injury surveillance system. The most prevalent injuries were organized into multifactorial injury scenarios. Results In high school play, the injury rate for adolescent boys (2.89 per 1000 athletic exposures) was slightly higher than that for girls (2.54 per 1000 athletic exposures) (incidence rate ratio = 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.30). The most prevalent injuries for adolescent girls and boys were knee and ankle sprains resulting from noncontact mechanisms. Male players had significantly higher rates of shoulder, neck, trunk, and back injuries and higher game-to-practice injury ratios. In addition, they had higher rates of concussive events from player-to-player contact. Female players had higher rates of overall head injuries, many involving contusions and abrasions from stick and ball contact. Conclusions The overall injury rates for boys’ and girls’ high school lacrosse were significantly lower than those for collegiate play. Significant differences existed between adolescent boys and girls with respect to injury mechanisms, body parts injured, and player and team activity at the time of injury.
A phase 1/2 trial of high-dose yttrium-90-ibritumomab tiuxetan in combination with high-dose etoposide and cyclophosphamide followed by autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with poor-risk or relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Nademanee Auayporn , Forman Stephen , Molina Arturo , Fung Henry , Smith David , Dagis Andy , Kwok Cheuk , Yamauchi Dave , Anderson Anne-Line , Falk Peter , Krishnan Amrita , Kirschbaum Mark , Kogut Neil , Nakamura Ryotaro , O'Donnell Margaret , Parker Pablo , Popplewell Leslie , Pullarkat Vinod , Rodriguez Roberto , Sahebi Firoozeh , Smith Eileen , Snyder David , Stein Anthony , Spielberger Ricardo , Zain Jasmine , White Christine , Raubitschek Andrew 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
We conducted a phase 1/2 trial of high-dose 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan in combination with high-dose etoposide (VP-16) 40 to 60 mg/kg (day -4) and cyclophosphamide 100 mg/kg (day -2) followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in 31 patients with CD20+ non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Patients underwent dosimetry (day -21) with 5 mCi (185 MBq) 111In-ibritumomab tiuxetan following 250 mg/m2 rituximab, followed a week later by 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan to deliver a target dose of 1000 cGy to highest normal organ. Bone marrow biopsy was done on day -7 to estimate radiation dose and stem cells were reinfused when the radiation dose was estimated to be less than 5 cGy. The median 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan dose was 71.6 mCi (2649.2 MBq; range, 36.6-105 mCi; range, 1354.2-3885 MBq). Histology included follicular lymphoma (n = 12), diffuse large B-cell (n = 14), and mantle cell (n = 5). The median number of prior chemo-therapy treatments was 2. The treatment was well tolerated. The median times to reach an absolute neutrophil count greater than 500/μL and platelet count more than 20 000/μL were 10 days and 12 days, respectively. There were 2 deaths and 5 relapses. At a median follow-up of 22 months, the 2-year estimated overall survival and relapse-free survival rates are 92% and 78%, respectively. We conclude that high-dose 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan can be combined safely with high-dose etoposide and cyclophosphamide without an increase in transplant-related toxicity or delayed engraftment. (Blood. 2005;106:2896-2902)
Subclinical iron deficiency is a strong predictor of bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy
Authors: Verstraelen Hans , Delanghe Joris , Roelens Kristien , Blot Stijn , Claeys Geert , Temmerman Marleen 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the single most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age and associated with a sizeable infectious disease burden among both non-pregnant and pregnant women, including a significantly elevated risk of adverse pregnancy outcome. Overall, little progress has been made in identifying causal factors involved in BV acquisition and persistence. We sought to evaluate maternal iron status in early pregnancy as a putative risk factor for BV, considering that micronutrients, and iron deficiency in particular, affect the host response against bacterial colonization, even in the setting of mild micronutrient deficiencies.

Methods
In a nested case-control study, we compared maternal iron status at entry to prenatal care (mean gestational age 9.2 ± 2.6 weeks) between eighty women with healthy vaginal microflora and eighteen women with vaginosis-like microflora. Vaginal microflora status was assessed by assigning a modified Nugent score to a Gram-stained vaginal smear. Maternal iron status was assayed by an array of conventional erythrocyte and serum indicators for iron status assessment, but also by more sensitive and more specific indicators of iron deficiency, including soluble transferrin receptors (sTfR) as an accurate measure of cellular and tissue iron deficiency and the iron deficiency log10[sTfR/ferritin] index as the presently most accurate measure of body storage iron available.

Results
We found no statistically significant correlation between vaginal microflora status and routinely assessed iron parameters. In contrast, a highly significant difference between the healthy and vaginosis-like microflora groups of women was shown in mean values of sTfR concentrations (1.15 ± 0.30 mg/L versus 1.37 ± 0.38 mg/L, p = 0.008) and in mean iron deficiency log10[sTfR/ferritin] index values (1.57 ± 0.30 versus 1.08 ± 0.56, p = 0.003), indicating a strong association between iron deficiency and vaginosis-like microflora. An sTfR concentration >1.45 mg/L was associated with a 3-fold increased risk (95%CI: 1.4–6.7) of vaginosis-like microflora and after controlling for maternal age, gestational length, body mass, parity, and smoking habits with an adjusted odds ratio of 4.5 (95%CI: 1.4–14.2).

Conclusion
We conclude that subclinical iron deficiency, presumably resulting from inadequate preconceptional iron supplies, is strongly and independently associated with vaginosis-like microflora during early pregnancy.
Seroprevalence of hepatitis A infection in a low endemicity country: a systematic review
Authors: Pham Ba' , Duval Bernard , De Serres Gaston , Gilca Vladimir , Tricco Andrea C , Ochnio Jan , Scheifele David W 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBackgroundIn Canada – a low endemicity country, vaccines for hepatitis A virus (HAV) are currently recommended to individuals at increased risk for infection or its complications. Applying these recommendations is difficult because the epidemiology of HAV infection is poorly defined, complex, and changing. This systematic review aimed to 1) estimate age-specific prevalence of HAV antibody in Canada and 2) evaluate infection-associated risk factors.MethodsMEDLINE (1966–2005) and EMBASE (1980–2005) were searched to identify relevant studies for the systematic review. Archives for the Canada Diseases Weekly Report (1975–1991) and Canada Communicable Disease Report (1992–2005) were searched for relevant public health reports. Data were abstracted for study and participants' characteristics, age-specific prevalence, and risk factors.ResultsA total of 36 reports describing 34 unique studies were included.The seroprevalence in Canadian-born children was approximately 1% in ages 8–13, 1–6% in 20–24, 10% in 25–29, 17% in 30–39, and increased subsequently. In age groups below 20 and 20–29, age-specific seroprevalence generally remained constant for studies conducted across geographic areas and over time.Compared to Canadian-born individuals, subjects born outside Canada were approximately 6 times more likely to be seropositive (relative risk: 5.7 [95% CI 3.6, 9.0]). Travel to high risk areas in individuals aged 20–39 was associated with a significant increase in anti-HAV seropositivity (RR 2.8 [1.4, 5.5]). Compared to heterosexuals, men having sex with men were only at a marginally higher risk (adjusted odds ratio 2.4 [0.9, 6.1]). High risk for seropositivity was also observed for Canadian First Nations and Inuit populations.ConclusionResults from the current systematic review show that in this low endemicity country, disease acquisition occurs in adulthood rather than childhood. The burden of disease is high; approximately 1 in 10 Canadians had been infected by ages 24–29. The increase in prevalence in young adults coincides with disease importation and increasing frequency of risk factors, most likely behavioral-related ones.Gaps in seroprevalence data were identified rendering the application of current immunization recommendations difficult. A nationwide prevalence survey for all Canadians is needed. This is essential to quantify the effectiveness of current recommendations and conduct cost-effectiveness evaluations of alternative immunization programs, if necessary.
HLA-A2 down-regulation on primary human macrophages infected with an M-tropic EGFP-tagged HIV-1 reporter virus
Authors: Brown Amanda , Gartner Suzanne , Kawano Thomas , Benoit Nicole , Cheng-Mayer Cecilia 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMultiple mechanisms are used by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to interfere with host-cell immune effector functions. The 27-kD Nef protein has been shown to down-modulate specific genes of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) on the surface of infected pimary T cells, facilitating their escape from lysis by cytolytic T lymphocytes. Macrophages, as the other major immune cell type targeted by the virus, also contribute to the transmission, persistence, and pathogenesis of HIV-1. Yet, whether Nef modulates MHC-I expression on HIV-infected primary macrophages remains unclear. Currently available infectious HIV-1 molecular clones, which express a reporter gene, only infect T cells and/or do not express Nef. To overcome these limitations, we generated macrophage-tropic green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged HIV-1 viruses, which express the complete viral genome, and used these to assess the expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2 on the surface of productively infected macrophages. The reporter viral genomes were replication-competent and stable, as Nef, p24 antigen, and GFP expression could be detected by immunostaining of infected, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) after more than 2 months postinfection. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analyses of infected macrophages and T cells revealed that although wild-type reporter virus infection induced a statistically significant decrease in the density of surface HLA-A2, down-regulation of HLA-A2 was not seen in cells infected with reporter viruses encoding a frameshift or a single point mutation in Nef at prolines 74P and P80. The impact of Nef on HLA-A2 surface expression in MDM was also confirmed by confocal microscopy. These results suggest that the mechanisms of HLA-A2 down-modulation are similar in primary T cells and macrophages.
The Science of Infancy: Academic, Social, and Political Agendas
Authors: Sameroff Arnold J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe effectiveness of researchers in infancy is conditioned by their participation in 3 agendas. The academic agenda is devoted to the question of understanding infants, the social agenda is devoted to the question of how to improve the life of infants, and the political agenda is devoted to finding the resources for both understanding and improvement. Amplification is provided for each agenda with attention to the evolution of theoretical frameworks used by infancy researchers.
Retrieval Protracts Deferred Imitation by 6‐Month‐Olds
Authors: Barr Rachel , Rovee‐Collier Carolyn , Campanella Jennifer 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPast research using a deferred imitation task has shown that 6‐month‐olds remember a 3‐part action sequence for only 1 day. The concept of a time window suggests that there is a limited period within which additional information can be integrated with a prior memory. Its width tracks the forgetting function of the memory. This study asked if retrieving the memory of the modeled actions at the end of the time window protracts its retention, if the type of retrieval (active or passive) differentially influences retention, and if the retrieval delay influences its specificity. In Experiment 1, 6‐month‐olds either imitated the modeled actions (active retrieval group) or merely watched them modeled again (passive retrieval group) 1 day after the original demonstration. Both groups showed deferred imitation after 10 days. In Experiment 2, 6‐month‐olds who repeatedly retrieved the memory at or near the end of the time window deferred imitation for 2.5 months. In Experiment 3,6‐month‐olds spontaneously generalized imitation late in the time window after 1 prior retrieval, whether it was active or passive. These studies reveal that the retention benefit of multiple retrievals late in the time window is huge. Because most retrievals are undoubtedly latent, the contribution of repeated events to the growth of the knowledge base early in infancy has been greatly underestimated.