bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of N‐linked oligosaccharides attached to recombinant human antithrombin expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris
Authors: Hirose Masaaki , Kameyama Shoju , Ohi Hideyuki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe studied the structures of four N‐linked oligosaccharide chains of the recombinant human antithrombin (rAT) expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. rAT was fully glycosylated at Asn 96 and Asn 155, whereas the glycosylation on Asn 135 and Asn 192 was partial. The glycosylation level on Asn 135 was only 12% and this reduction is assumed to be one of the reasons for a higher heparin‐binding affinity of rAT than plasma‐derived human antithrombin (pAT). In order to determine the sizes and electrostatic charges of the N‐linked oligosaccharides, rAT was treated with PNGase F, and the reduced ends were labelled by pyridylamination followed by analysis using anion exchange and amide adsorption columns. The N‐linked oligosaccharides were 78% neutral and 22% phosphomannosylated. The neutral oligosaccharides were thought to be Man9–12GlcNAc2 as their major components. The phosphomannosylated oligosaccharides were then subjected to mild acid hydrolysis and/or digestion with alkaline phosphatase, and their charge shifts were analysed by the affinity to an anion exchange column. Among phosphomannosylated oligosaccharides, monophosphate diester type was predominant, whereas negatively charged diphosphate diester and monophosphate monoester types were minor components. The mannose residues at the non‐reducing end(s) of Man9–12GlcNAc2 were phosphomannosylated or phosphorylated and these are the major components. Because rAT is less negatively charged than pAT, which has disialyl biantennary N‐glycans, it might be less repulsive to pentasaccharide‐bearing anticoagulantly active heparan sulphate proteoglycan molecules exposed on the surface of the damaged vascular vessels. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SHAM‐sensitive alternative respiration in the xylose‐metabolizing yeast Pichia stipitis
Authors: Shi Nian‐Qing , Cruz Jose , Sherman Fred , Jeffries Thomas W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSHAM‐sensitive (STO) alternative respiration is present in the xylose‐metabolizing, Crabtree‐negative yeast, Pichia stipitis, but its pathway components and physiological roles during xylose metabolism are poorly understood. We cloned PsSTO1, which encodes the SHAM‐sensitive terminal oxidase (PsSto1p), by genome walking from wild‐type CBS 6054 and subsequently deleted PsSTO1 by targeted gene disruption. The resulting sto1‐Δ deletion mutant, FPL‐Shi31, did not contain other isoforms of Sto protein that were detectable by Western blot analysis using an alternative oxidase monoclonal antibody raised against the Sto protein from Sauromatum guttatum. Levels of cytochromes b, c, c1 and a·a3 did not change in the sto1‐Δ mutant, which indicated that deleting PsSto1p did not alter the cytochrome pool. Interestingly, the sto1‐Δ deletion mutant stopped growing earlier than the parent and produced 20% more ethanol from xylose. Heterologous expression of PsSTO1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased its total oxygen consumption rate and imparted cyanide‐resistant oxygen uptake but did not enable growth on ethanol, indicating that PsSto1p is not coupled to ATP synthesis. We present evidence that the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase complex (Complex I) was present in wild‐type CBS 6054 but was bypassed in the cells during xylose metabolism. Unexpectedly, deleting PsSto1p led to the use of Complex I in the mutant cells when xylose was the carbon source. We propose that the non‐proton‐translocating NAD(P)H dehydrogenases are linked to PsSto1p in xylose‐metabolizing cells and that this non‐ATP‐generating route serves a regulatory function in the complex redox network of P. stipitis. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activation of the specific neurotrophin receptors TrkA, TrkB and TrkC influences the function of eosinophils
Authors: Noga O. , Englmann C. , Hanf G. , Grützkau A. , Guhl S. , Kunkel G. 
Published: October 2002

SummaryBackground Recent studies have shown that nerve growth factor (NGF) can act on several immune cells as well as residential cells. But little is known about their role in modulating eosinophil function via activation of high‐affinity receptors.Objectives The aim of this study was to assess whether eosinophils express functional receptors and if their function is influenced by NGF, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3).Methods Eosinophils were purified by negative immunoselection (purity > 96%). High‐affinity neurotrophin receptors were demonstrated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and flow‐cytometry analysis. Functionality of receptors was demonstrated by receptor phosphorylation after ligand binding. Eosinophils were incubated with NGF, BDNF and NT‐3, and cells and supernatants were collected for measurement of the mediators IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐8, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil protein X (EPX) as well as eosinophil viability.Results Eosinophils expressed mRNA for neurotrophin receptors. Proteins were detectable by western blot and fluorescent‐activated cell sorter analysis. The receptors were phosphorylated after stimulation with neurotrophins. After NGF stimulation, a significant increase in IL‐4 was detectable. BDNF and NT‐3 stimulation led to a significant increase in EPX. Eosinophil viability was not influenced.Conclusions Eosinophils express the functionally active receptors TrkA, TrkB and TrkC. Receptor activation stimulates eosinophils. This might be an additional pathway regulating inflammatory responses in allergic reactions.
Role of environmental exposure to spider mites in the sensitization and the clinical manifestation of asthma and rhinitis in children and adolescents living in rural and urban areas
Authors: Kim Y.‐K. , Chang Y.‐S. , Lee M.‐H. , Hong S.‐C. , Bae J.‐M. , Jee Y.‐K. , Chun B.‐R. , Cho S.‐H. , Min K.‐U. , Kim Y.‐Y. 
Published: October 2002

SummaryBackgroundSpider mites such as the citrus red mite and the two‐spotted spider mite have been demonstrated to be important allergens for fruit cultivating farmers.ObjectiveTo evaluate the role of environmental exposure to spider mites in the sensitization and the clinical manifestations of asthma and rhinitis in children and adolescents living in urban and rural areas.MethodsA total of 16 624 subjects (aged 7 to 18 years) living in urban (metropolitan and non‐metropolitan) and rural areas (apple orchards and citrus orchards) in Korea were evaluated by questionnaire and skin prick test for 11 common aeroallergens, including citrus red mite (CRM) and two‐spotted spider mite (TSM).ResultsThe positive skin response rates to TSM were 4.2% of 1563 metropolitan subjects, 3.8% of 5568 non‐metropolitan subjects and 6.5% of 1464 subjects living nearby apple farms, and that to CRM 15.6% of 8029 living nearby citrus farms. The prevalence of current wheeze and rhinitis as reported on a questionnaire was higher among those with a history of visiting fruit farms once or more per year than among those without it (10% vs. 7.1%, 32.8% vs. 26.7%, for wheezing and rhinitis, respectively). Among those with wheezing or rhinitis, the positive skin responses to TSM or CRM were also higher among those with a history of visiting fruit farms than among those without one (11.2% vs. 6.6%, 13.0% vs. 6.6%, respectively), although the positive skin responses to house dust mites were similar in the both groups.ConclusionSpider mites are common sensitizing allergens in children and adolescents exposed to them, and environmental exposure to these mites may represent an important risk factor in the sensitization and the clinical manifestations of asthma and rhinitis in children and adolescents living in rural and urban areas.
Duplication of unique optical effects of ancient Egyptian lenses from the IV/V Dynasties: lenses fabricated ca 2620–2400 BC or roughly 4600 years ago
Authors: Enoch Jay M. , Lakshminarayanan Vasudevan 
Published: October 2002

SummaryAncient (in fact, first known) lenses (ca. 4600 years ago) mainly from the IVth and Vth Dynasties of Egypt had truly remarkable and unique optical properties. These were parts of equally fascinating eye structures. These structures were fabricated as separate assemblies for insertion into funerary statues during certain brief windows of time (roughly from 2620–2400 BC, and 1750–1700 BC). These “eyes” appear to follow the observer as he/she rotated in any direction about these statues. In this paper, by simple means, we have recreated the optical properties of these unique lenses in the laboratory in order to help understand their special properties.
Transfusion transmission of HCV infection before anti‐HCV testing of blood donations in England: results of the national HCV lookback program
Authors: The English National Blood Service HCV Lookback Collation Co  
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND : An HCV lookback program started in England in 1995. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : Data from all English blood centers were collated to describe the outcomes of the HCV lookback program in England and to create a retrospective cohort for study. Numbers of recipients identified, numbers that were tested, and numbers that were found to be HCV infected were summarized. The data set created was used to describe the outcomes of the lookback and the HCV infections detected. RESULTS : A total of 4424 recipients of 9222 blood components made before donation testing for anti‐HCV from the donations of 1286 donors found, on subsequent testing, to be anti‐HCV positive or indeterminate were identified. Of these, 1351 blood recipients were reported as having been traced for testing. Fifty percent of tested recipients were found to be HCV infected. Factors positively associated with HCV infection in tested recipients were more recent year of transfusion and PCR positivity of the donor at the time of their testing. CONCLUSION S: The majority of components entering lookback did not result in a tested recipient. However, this lookback has identified a large group of HCV‐ infected individuals. Follow‐up of this group for disease progression will inform the natural history of HCV infection.
A historical cohort study of the effect of lowering body iron through blood donation on incident cardiac events
Authors: Meyers David G. , Jensen Kelly C. , Menitove Jay E. 
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND
:
Low body iron may protect against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease through limiting oxidation of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Observational studies suggest that donation of whole blood might be associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular events. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : In this retrospective cohort study, a total of 1508 adults who donated more than 1 unit of whole blood each year between 1988 and 1990 (frequent donors) and 1508 age‐ and sex‐matched adults who donated only a single unit in that 3‐year period (casual donors) were studied. A standardized questionnaire ascertained participant characteristics and occurrence of incident acute myocardial infarction, coronary angioplasty, coronary bypass surgery, and deaths between 1990 and 2000. Hospital records confirmed events. Cause of death was determined from death certificates. RESULTS : A total of 643 subjects were lost, 113 declined, 156 were deceased but were included in the analysis, and 2104 were surveyed a median of 10 years after the index donation. Frequent donors weighed less and were less likely to be currently taking antihypertensive and lipid‐modifying drugs. Events occurred in 6.3 percent of frequent and 10.5 percent of casual donors. After adjustment for group differences, the OR was D.60 (85% CIs 0.43, 0.83; p < 0.001). Events were less frequent in female donors than in male donors and less frequent in subjects who had donated before 1988 than in those who had not donated before 1988. CONCLUSION : Frequent and long‐term whole blood donation is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular events.
The composition of leukapheresis products impacts on the hematopoietic recovery after autologous transplantation independently of the mobilization regimen
Authors: Menéndez Pablo , Caballero Maria D. , Prosper Felipe , Del Cañizo Maria C. , Pérez‐Simón Jose A. , Mateos Maria V. , Nieto Maria J. , Corral Mercedes , Romero Mercedes , García‐Conde Javier , Montalbán Maria A. , Miguel Jesus F. San , Orfao Alberto 
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND : Effects of mobilization regimen on the composition of leukapheresis products (LPs) and on hematopoietic reconstitution after autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation (PBPCT) are not well known. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : The effects of three different mobilization regimens—stem cell factor (SCF) plus granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G–CSF) plus cyclophosphamide (CCP), G–CSF alone, and G–CSF plus CCP—on the composition of LPs from patients with nonhematologic PBPC malignancies compared to LPs from G–CSF‐mobilized healthy donors and normal marrow (BM) samples were analyzed. The impact of LP composition on both short‐ and long‐term engraftment after autologous PBPCT was also evaluated. RESULTS : The most effective regimen for mobilization of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) into peripheral blood was SCF, G–CSF, and CCP, providing the highest numbers of all CD34+ HPCs subsets analyzed. Patients mobilized with SCF plus G–CSF plus CCP showed the highest numbers of neutrophils and monocytes, whereas the highest numbers of lymphocytes and NK cells were observed in LPs from G–CSF‐mobilized patients. The overall number of CD34+ HPCs was the strongest factor for predicting recovery of platelets, whereas the number of myelomonocytic‐committed CD34+ precursors was the most powerful independent prognostic factor for WBC and neutrophil recovery. The overall number of CD4+ T cells returned showed an independent prognostic value for predicting the occurrence of infections, during the first year after transplant. CONCLUSIONS : The use of different mobilization regimens modifies the overall number of CD34+ HPCs obtained during leukapheresis procedures, and also affects both the absolute and the relative composition of the LPs in different CD34+ and CD34– cell subsets.
Durable response to combination therapy including staphylococcal protein A immunoadsorption in life‐threatening refractory autoimmune hemolysis
Authors: Javeed Mansoor , Nifong Thomas P. , Domen Ronald E. , Rybka Witold B. 
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND : Few therapeutic options are available for severe, life‐threatening, refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia. CASE REPORT : A 53‐year‐old 110‐kg man was seen with acute onset of symptomatic severe anemia with syncope, unstable angina, and jaundice. His nadir Hct was 8.3 percent with a peak total bilirubin of 44 mg per dL. The DAT was positive but the IAT was negative. Elution studies demonstrated an IgG pan‐agglutinin antibody reactive at 37°C. Treatment with high‐dose corticosteroids and IVIG was instituted. An accessory spleen measuring 2 cm was identified and surgically removed, but the patient continued to have intense hemolysis. Cyclophosphamide at 200 mg per day was started. Apheresis with a staphylococcal protein A immunoadsorption column (Prosorba, Cypress Bioscience, Inc.) was initiated on Day 18 and was performed twice weekly for a total of six treatments. Cyclophosphamide was continued for a total of 14 days. His transfusion requirement ceased by the third immunoadsorption treatment. Forty units of RBCs were required over 23 days in an attempt to maintain a Hct greater than or equal to 15 percent. CONCLUSION : Refractory autoimmune hemolysis can be a life‐threatening event. The patient did not achieve a response until after several different therapeutic modalities were instituted, including plasmapheresis with a staphylococcal protein A column (Prosorba). A complete response continues to be durable for more than 1 year after therapy.
Effect of St John's wort on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine
Authors: Wang Zaiqi , Hamman Mitchell A. , Huang Shiew‐Mei , Lesko Lawrence J. , Hall Stephen D. 
Published: October 2002

BackgroundSt John's wort is a popular over‐the‐counter dietary supplement and herbal remedy that has been implicated in drug interactions with several substrates of P‐glycoprotein. The effect of St John's wort on P‐glycoprotein activity in vivo was examined with use of fexofenadine as selective probe drug.MethodsA 3‐period, open‐label, fixed‐schedule study design was used. Fexofenadine, 60 mg, was administered orally before administration of St John's wort, with a single dose of St John's wort (900 mg), and after 2 weeks of treatment with St John's wort (300 mg 3 times a day) to determine P‐glycoprotein activity.ResultsA single dose of St John's wort significantly (P < .05) increased the maximum plasma concentration of fexofenadine by 45% and significantly (P < .05) decreased the oral clearance by 20%, with no change in half‐life or renal clearance. Long‐term administration of St John's wort did not cause a significant change in fexofenadine disposition relative to the untreated phase. Compared with the single‐dose treatment phase, long‐term St John's wort caused a significant 35% decrease (P < .05) in maximum plasma concentration and a significant 47% increase (P < .05) in fexofenadine oral clearance.ConclusionsA single dose of St John's wort resulted in a significant inhibition of intestinal P‐glycoprotein. Long‐term treatment with St John's wort reversed the changes in fexofenadine disposition observed with single‐dose administration.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 414–420; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.124080
Effect of interferon α‐ribavirin bitherapy on cytochrome P450 1A2 and 2D6 and N‐acetyltransferase‐2 activities in patients with chronic active hepatitis C
Authors: Becquemont Laurent , Chazouilleres Olivier , Serfaty Lawrence , Poirier Jean Marie , Broly Franck , Jaillon Patrice , Poupon Raoul , Funck‐Brentano Christian 
Published: October 2002

BackgroundInterferon α (IFN‐α) is thought to be responsible for cytochrome P450 (CYP)‐dependent drug interactions mediated by a decrease in CYP activities.ObjectivesThe objectives are to determine whether IFN‐α and ribavirin can alter pretreatment CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP3A4 and N‐acetyltransferase‐2 activities after 1 month of treatment.MethodsEnzymatic activities were determined among 14 patients with chronic active hepatitis C before IFN‐α (3 · 106 U, 3 times a week) and ribavirin introduction and after 1 month of treatment. During both study periods, subjects received 80 mg dextromethorphan and 140 mg caffeine (1,3,7‐trimethylxanthine [137X]). CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and NAT2 activities were assessed by use of urinary metabolic ratios of 3‐methoxymorphinan/dextromethorphan, dextrorphan/dextromethorphan, and 5‐acetylamino‐6‐formylamino‐3‐methyluracil (AFMU)/1‐methylxanthine(1X). The plasma paraxanthine/caffeine ratio was used to measure CYP1A2 activity.ResultsCYP3A4 and CYP2D6 activities tended to increase after 1 month of antiviral therapy, but the change did not reach statistical significance. CYP1A2 and NAT2 activities were not significantly modified after 1 month of antiviral treatment. Pretreatment activities were significantly lower than those previously observed in healthy volunteers for CYP2D6 (mean ± SD, 148 ± 139 versus 759 ± 692; P = .0008) and CYP3A4 (0.18 ± 0.06 versus 0.52 ± 0.72; P = .0006). This difference was no longer statistically significant after 1 month of treatment, because CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 activities improved in 7 patients.ConclusionIn patients with chronic hepatitis C, pretreatment CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 activities were significantly lower than those observed in healthy volunteers. These differences disappeared after 1 month of antiviral treatment because of the restoration of these CYP activities in about half of the patients.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 488–495; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.124468
Citalopram in pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Heikkinen Tuija , Ekblad Ulla , Kero Pentti , Ekblad Satu , Laine Kari 
Published: October 2002

BackgroundAlthough citalopram has gained wide acceptance in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders, its use during pregnancy and lactation has been poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of citalopram in relation to concentrations of citalopram and its metabolites during pregnancy and lactation.MethodsEleven mothers taking citalopram and their infants were enrolled in the study, and a control group of 10 women who were not taking medication were prospectively matched for confounding obstetric characteristics at the time of delivery. Plasma and breast milk samples were collected from mother/infant pairs during pregnancy, at delivery, and for up to 2 months after delivery. Trough plasma and breast milk concentrations of citalopram, desmethylcitalopram, and didesmethylcitalopram were measured by HPLC. The pregnancy outcome was recorded, and the neurodevelopment of children was monitored for up to 1year.ResultsAlthough the citalopram dose of 20 mg to 40 mg once daily resulted in low maternal trough plasma concentrations (range, 46‐214 nmol/L) and metabolites during pregnancy, only one subject required an increase of daily dose. The mean didesmethylcitalopram‐desmethylcitalopram metabolic ratio was significantly higher during pregnancy (54%, P < .001) than at 2 months after delivery, indicating induction of cytochromeP450 (CYP) 2D6 during pregnancy. At delivery, the trough plasma citalopram, desmethylcitalopram, and didesmethylcitalopram concentrations in the infants were 64%, 66%, and 68% ofthe maternal concentrations, respectively. The citalopram and metabolite concentrations in the milk were 2‐ to 3‐fold higher compared with maternal plasma concentrations, but theinfant citalopram and metabolite plasma concentrations were very low or undetectable. Thedelivery outcome and the neurodevelopment of all infants up to the age of 1 year were normal.ConclusionEven though the sample size was limited, results from this prospective clinical trial suggest uncomplicated pregnancy outcome in mothers using citalopram during pregnancy and minimal exposure of the infants to citalopram during lactation. However, maternal therapeutic drug monitoring of citalopram should be recommended to minimize fetal exposure.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 72, 184–191; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.126181
Use of Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Model to Counsel People With AIDS
Authors: Gauthier Paul-André 
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND: Although faced with serious concerns that need to be addressed, clients are often left alone as they cope with AIDS. Nurses are sometimes unsure of their ability to help persons who have termi nal illnesses. OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this research were to provide an example of the development of a nursing approach by the use of Peplau's interpersonal relations model and to gain a greater understanding of life-and-death issues raised by men and women with HIV and AIDS. STUDY DESIGN: A qualitative analysis of a man with AIDS was completed by use of Peplau's model. RESULTS: A question, such as "What are your concerns regarding your situation or your disease?" can greatly encourage clients facing a terminal illness to discuss their concerns. Nurses can assist clients in discussing their concerns regarding death. Nurses can create trusting relationships with clients and understand various issues facing the clients and the interaction process involved. Greater knowledge and understanding of these issues are gained when looking at three categories of concern: care and dis ease, life and death, and stereotypes and prejudices. CONCLUSION: Nurses can make a qualitative difference in the lives of clients with AIDS when they accom pany these persons on their journey. Nurses can minimize loneliness and provide professional support to clients dealing with HIV and AIDS. (J Am Psycbiatr Nurses Assoc [2000]. 6 119-125.)