bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introductory note to 1972a
Authors: Gudel Kurt , Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The item to which this note serves as introduction consists of three remarks (indicated in the following as Remarks 1, 2 and 3) on the un decidability results, and was found appended to the galley proofs for 1972. As explained in the introductory note to the latter, Gudel apparently worked on 1972 off and on during the period 1965-1972. We do not know at what point he considered adding these three remarks, but internal evidence suggests that it was later in the period rather than earlier. The remarks deal with preoccupations that Gudel had with both the generality and significance of his incompleteness results ever since the publication of his famous 1931 paper.
Introductory note to 1974
Authors: Gudel Kurt , Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“In this test, however, the infinitely small has completely failed.”a The test was the foundation of the differential and integral calculus; the author was Abraham Fraenkel (1928, page 116); the view expressed was the canonical one at the time. But infinitesimals refused to go away; by a rather circuitous route they have re-emerged as a part of a viable foundation for mathematical analysis. This was achieved by Abraham Robinson, using the construc tion of non-standard models by logical means that had originally been introduced by Skolem (1933a, 1934).
The Book In The New Republic
Authors: Davidson Cathy N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is a book? Is it a commodity, like toothpaste, to be consumed by anyone who can be persuaded (the function of advertising) to buy one particular product instead of another? Or is a book a unique sign-system in which the reader necessarily participates as a producer of meanings, the locus of which is that one particular text? These two books—the book as manufactured artifact and the book as conveyor of meaning—are not the same, and during the course of this study I will discuss each in terms of the other. But I wish to begin more simply: with one book, the book as material fact and economic entity.
Commodity And Communication: The First American Novel
Authors: Davidson Cathy N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That italicized last word, property, accords to “products of the mind” a rather different status than that which criticism generally acknowledges and allows. Mind, post-Romantic thinkers like to believe, is free, and its expression even more so. Discounting a few exceptional cases such as Edward Taylor or Emily Dickinson, which by their very rarity prove the larger rule, literature is written to communicate and the means of communications is publication. The goal of writing, then, is not just meaning but, in Robert Escarpit’s telling phrase, “the multiplication of meaning,” the whole process by which meaning is transmitted to a multitude of readers. Although the entity of the published book is a necessary part of that grand process, it is by no means its end. Once the product of the author’s mind passes from idea to artifact and takes its form in the printed page, it necessarily becomes somebody’s property and, as such, is subject to the same kinds of market conditions that govern the distribution of hogs or hog shares, patent medicines or blue-chip stocks, or any other commodity.
Privileging The Feme Covert: The Sociology Of Sentimental Fiction
Authors: Davidson Cathy N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In centering his Active universe on both seduction and female education, William Hill Brown dramatized one of the chief issues of his time and place— the status of women in the Republic. Seduction, of course, served as both metaphor and metonymy in summing up the society’s contradictory views of women. The huge social interest vested in women’s sexuality, which was fetishized into a necessary moral as well as a social and biological commodity, meant that women themselves had little voice in the matter. Female education was, then, in a number of the first sentimental novels, an education in the value of playing the proper sexual roles available to women who were thereby seduced by the sentimental plot as well as in it. Wife or mistress, woman’s function was to be socially possessed or dispossessed. Taken either way, she constituted mostly one more proof of male prerogatives and privilege. In other words, it is no surprise that The Power of Sympathy posits the very premise, the essential powerlessness of the female, that any real problematics of seduction might be expected to question.
Deities, Themes, and Concepts
Authors: Read Kay Almere , González Jason J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lord Acamapichtli (A-ka-ma-peecht’-lee) was the first Chief Speaker of the Mexica or Aztecs (Nahua; ruled ca. 1369-1403), and mythically represents the origins of Mexica greatness. He and his reign symbolize the official beginning of the Mexica as an independent political entity, for without its own royal lineage, a city could not aspire to any real power. Acamapichtli’s father was a Colhua nobleman, his mother the daughter of a Mexica ruler, and he married a Colhua noblewoman.
Is there Martyrdom in the Hebrew Bible?
Authors: Brettler Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We can find almost anything in the Hebrew Bible, especially if we define the phenomenon we are seeking in a suitable fashion. For this reason, the definition we choose for martyrdom is of more than academic interest—it will determine whether or not martyrdom actually existed in ancient Israel. It is well known that the English word “martyr” ultimately derives from the Greek paptu”, “witness,” which passed into Latin and from there to the Romance languages.
The Revaluation of Martyrdom in Early Islam
Authors: Lewinstein Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Small philological observations can sometimes introduce us to larger historical problems. No one familiar with Christian martyrdom will be surprised to learn that the Arabic words which Muslims use for “martyr” and “witness” are identical. The terminology is unmistakably Christian. By the fourth century, the Greek martys (witness) had acquired a technical sense and had come to denote one whose suffering and death bore witness to the truth of Jesus’ passion and resurrection. Witnessing, suffering, death, and heavenly reward have since been intimately connected in Christian life and thought.
Martyrdom in sunni revivalist thought
Authors: Brown Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sunni Islam is not where the primary action is when it comes to Muslim ideas about martyrdom. Our attention, with regard to martyrdom, should more naturally be drawn toward Shi’ite Islam. It is Shi’ite Muslims whose willingness to die has left an enduring mark on the world during the last two decades—in the Iranian Revolution; in the Iran-Iraq war; in the bitterness of the Lebanese civil war. Moreover, modern Shi’ite ideologues—Taliqani, Shari’ati, Mutahhari—have created out of the Shi’ite doctrine of martyrdom a sophisticated ideology of social and political activism and revolution.
The Portrait in Perspective
Authors: Kenner Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man was some ten years in the writing. A thousand-page first draft was written around 1904–1906, about the same time as the bulk of Dublrners. This was scrapped and a more compressed version undertaken in 1908; the third and final text was being composed in 1911, and was finished early in 1914. About one third of the first draft (the Stephen Hero fragment) survives to show us what was going on during the gestation of this book, the only one which it cost Joyce far more trouble to focus than to execute.
A Portrait of the Artist
Authors: Parrinder Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Text of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is dated “Dublin 1904 / Trieste 1914.” 1904 was the year in which Stephen Hero was written and Joyce left Dublin with Nora Barnacle to become a language teacher on the Adriatic. Ten years later, after some vicissitudes, he was still there. His life was about to be transformed, thanks to the First World War (which would force him to move to neutral Switzerland) and to a chance letter from Ezra Pound in December 1913, which marked the beginnings of his literary celebrity. Pound arranged for serial publication of the Portrait to begin in the Egoist, a small avant-garde literary and political magazine, in February 1914; in June of the same year the London publisher Grant Richards at last brought out Dubliners.
The Challenge: “ignotas animum” (An Old-fashioned Close Guessing at a Borrowed Structure)
Authors: Senn Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It Is Strange that a quaint device which Joyce used once, and only once—the selection of an epigraph—should have gone unnoticed all this time. The following remarks propose that “Et ignotas animum dimittit in artes,” coming right before A Portrait itself, is of import and worthy to be subjected to some minute epi graphic hieroglyphing (with deference to U 689.14).
The motto, to be sure, has been glossed—but not noticed. What commentators generally offer is the summary meta morphosis into myth and hasty symbolism, for which, naturally, there is excellent reason. But glossing over is not reading, the reading of a phrase in such a privileged pre-position, a phrase which itself exemplifies the auspicious hazards and retrospective comforts of the act of reading.
Portrait of an Aesthete
Authors: Nolan Emer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Yeats’s Embrance of an exotic orientalism in his Celtic Twilight phase proved very attractive to the young Joyce. Yeats’s characters Ahern and Robartes, heroes of The Tables of the Law and The Adoration of the Masi (1897), provide suitable heretic precursors for the Daedalus of Stephen Hero, who desires to cast off every social constraint, and to seek for himself another, secret lineage. Stephen enthuses about Yeats’s stories:
Their speeches were like the enigmas of a disdainful Jesus; their morality was infrahuman or superhuman: the ritual they laid such store by was so incoherent and heterogeneous, so strange a mixture of trivialities and sacred practices that it could be recognized as the ritual of men who had received from the hands of high priests, [who had been] anciently guilty of some arrogance of the spirit, a confused and dehumanized tradition, a mysterious ordination. . . . These inhabit a church apart; they lift their thuribles wearily before their deserted altars; they live beyond the region of mortality, having chosen to fulfil the law of their being.
The Woman of the Ballyhoura Hills
Authors: Eide Marian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Irish Revival was in its ascendancy when James Joyce embarked on his career as a writer. And while there is increasing evidence that he had sympathy with the movement’s expression of revolutionary Irish politics and its attempt to re create an Irish national culture, his differences with specific positions and attitudes represented by proponents of Irish nationalism are dramatized throughout his writings. In A Portrait of the Artist as a YounB Man, Joyce addresses the nationalist personification of Ireland as either an idealized woman (Mother Ireland or the beautiful queen) or a degraded seductress (the woman who invites a stranger into her bed) by creating his own, resistant personification of Ireland in the woman of the Ballyhoura hills.
Between Stephen and Jim
Authors: Wollaeger Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stanislaus Joyce James Joyce’s younger brother and “whetstone” (Ulysses 9.977), recalls in his published remembrance of James that his older brother’s personality descended from their paternal grandfather, whose
serenity of temper, skipping a generation as often happens, descended to his grandson, who was named after him and who in boyhood and youth was of such a cheerful and amiable disposition that in the family circle he was given the nickname (borrowed from an advertisement for some patent food) of “Sunny Jim.” (My Brother’s Keeper 23)
Always fascinated by popular culture, Joyce must have been amused by a nickname borrowed from advertising copy, but the sunny side of the street is not where most readers of A Portrait of the Artist as a Youns Man are inclined to imagine that novel’s gloomy adolescent, Stephen Dedalus, who feels that his childhood is “dead or lost and with it his soul capable of simple joys” (Portrait 96).
Take It or Leave It American
Authors: Spiro Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What difference does citizenship make? Previous chapters have implicitly challenged the premise of a public vocabulary in which the citizenry is taken to comprise a meaningfully bounded community. When a national public official appeals to his fellow Americans, he is no longer talking to a coherent audience. This chapter takes on another mainstay of the political discourse, “the rights and obligations of citizenship.” As used in public and social policy debates, the unstated premise here is that citizenship is consequential in the relationship of the individual to the state; in short, that citizenship makes a difference.
Recent Critical Scholarship and the Teaching of Islam
Authors: Lewinstein Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Islam Has Become A Larger Presence in Religious Studies departments, the resources for teaching it have likewise expanded. We now have undergraduate textbooks and anthologies which were unavailable to our own teachers, and this simplifies matters considerably both for specialists and the many nonspecialists who offer survey courses in the Islamic religious tradition. At least for those who take a historical approach to the tradition, the material has been neatly arranged in any number of textbooks published in the last fifteen years, reflecting a growing consensus about what an introductory course taught in a Religious Studies department should look like.
Islamicate Civilization
Authors: Lawrence Bruce B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In fall of 1998, the recent winner of the Nobel Prize for Economics came to Duke University to address the notion of cultural complexity or multiculturalism. Amartya Sen was—and is—a Cambridge don. He is also Bengali. As a Bengali, he closely identifies with the cultural history of the Asian subcontinent, and so it was no surprise that in his talk at Duke, Amartya Sen gave a tip of his hat to an earlier Bengali Nobel laureate, the poet, Rabindranath Tagore. Yet Sen also noted two other figures, who projected multicultural and cosmopolitan thinking in South Asia. One was the eleventh-century Ghaznavid polymath, al-Biruni, the other the sixteenth-century Mughal emperor, Akbar.
Disparity and Context
Authors: Mcauliffe Jane Dammen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To begin with a clarification: I speak of “teaching Quranic Studies” rather than of “teaching the Quran” in order to emphasize the range and complexity of this subject field. The Quran, like the New Testament, is not a big book, but Quranic Studies, like Biblical Studies, is a vast, multilayered discipline, one which no single scholar can hope to master in all its intricacy and diversity Within the field of Religious Studies, the status and scope of Biblical Studies are readily manifest. In North America, the Society for Biblical Literature (SBL), with a membership of nearly 7,000, almost equals the size of the American Academy of Religion (AAR), a professional organization that purports to represent scholars of all other scriptural and religious traditions combined.
Between Orientalism and Fundamentalism
Authors: Ernst Carl W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In late twentieth-century America, teaching or writing about Islamic religion is inescapably caught up in political controversy. Everyone who has taught a class on Islam has had to deal with the powerful stereotypes of terrorist violence and gender inequality that pervade media representations of Islamic societies. In the academy, it has long appeared that a conveniently nonpolitical alternative subject could be framed in terms of the study of Sufism or Islamic mysticism.
Teaching Religion in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Kassam Tazim R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What drew me into the study of religions? Chantings of the Rig Veda; the Buddha’s smile in serene meditation; the smoke and smell of incense at shrines; the muezzin’s piercing call to prayer at the crack of dawn; flickering candles and quiet gestures offered before the altar; shining black bodies leaping in wild dance to the beat of pounding drums; funeral processions of mourners crying, “Allahu Akbar” and “Rama Rama.”
The Esse/Essentia Argument in Aquinas’s De ente et essentia
Authors: MacDonald Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite all of the attention which has been paid to the issues which Aquinas raises in an important argument in Chapter 4 of De ente et essentia’ (I shall call it the Esse/Essentia [E/EJ Argument), no one has offered a detailed account of exactly what the argument is. There have been discussions of its general character, of the interpretation of certain of its segments and conclusions, and of the argument’s place in the broad context of Aquinas’s thought.
The Five Ways
Authors: Wippel John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As anyone with even a casual acquaintance with Aquinas’s writings is aware, it is in the Summa theologiae (ST) I, q. 2, a. 3 that he presents his best-known formulation of argumentation for God’s existence. A number of the arguments from his earlier writings foreshadow most, if not all, of the “five ways” of the Summa theologiae. These points of similarity notwithstanding, Thomas gives a personal and particular touch to each of the five ways themselves. Because of the relatively later date of this treatment (ca. 1266-1268), because of the apparently wider readership at which the Summa theologiae is aimed, and because of the comprehensive way in which the five ways are fitted together, these arguments for God’s existence have received more attention from Thomas’s students than any of his other efforts to establish this point.
Aquinas on What God Is Not
Authors: Davies Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Aquinas was very concerned with the question “What is God?”. And he thought that he had answers to this question. God, he says, is the beginning and end of all things, the Creator of a world which depends on him for its existence. Among other things, Aquinas also holds that God is alive, perfect, good, eternal, omnipresent, omnipotent, and omniscient, that God is three persons sharing one nature, and that God became a human being so that humans might share in the life of God. Yet in the writings of Aquinas we also find him holding that God is deeply mysterious.
Beginnings: Funeral Ritual in Ancient Tibet
Authors: Cuevas Bryan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tibetan Buddhism has for centuries maintained that crucial moments of transition are charged with great transformative potential, particulary the intervening moments between death and rebirth. The Tibetan expression for this postmortem interval is “bardo.” This Tibetan word and the concept to which it refers are by now quite familiar to western readers. In Tibetan the term has come to refer to any state of suspended reality in which a being-in-transition confronts the nature of “reality-as-such” (chos-nyid). In the specific case of passage after death, it is proclaimed that the dead are presented with a series of opportunities for recognizing the actual “truth” (de-bzhin-nyid) of that moment. Accordingly, in some circles it is held that if the deceased at certain times is capable of perceiving correctly the confusing and often terrifying bardo visions as simply mental projections reflective of the previous life’s thoughts and deeds, then it is said that buddhahood will be attained. Failure to recognize these visions, however, leads eventually to rebirth and further suffering in the cycle of existence (sal’{lsiira). Traditionally, to help the de ceased travelers (re)gain insight into their ambiguous situation, a monk or skilled layperson will recite guiding instructions and inspirational prayers from special funeral texts, the so-called Tibetan Books of the Dead.
The Gampodar Treasures
Authors: Cuevas Bryan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As noted in the previous chapter, in the second half of the fourteenth century the treasure revealer Karma Lingpa is said to have excavated treasures from a location on Gampodar Mountain in the southeastern region of Oak.po. These discoveries comprised two major textual collections, the Self Liberated Wisdom of the Peaceful and Wrathful Deities and the Great Com passionate One, the Peaceful and Wrathful Lotus. The latter work has not yet been traced, and so its precise content is unknown. Nevertheless, both col lections supposedly included instructions for practice on the six types of bardo (bar-do rnams-drug). The specific set of texts that we know as the Great Liberation upon Hearing in the Bardo, however, seems to have been derived solely from the Self-Liberated Wisdom of the Peaceful and Wrathful Deities, with a few possible exceptions.
Rikzin Nyima Drakpa, Sorcerer from Kham
Authors: Cuevas Bryan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I mentioned briefly in the preceding chapter that the arrangement of the texts of the Great Liberation upon Hearing in the Bardo, in the form that is most accessible to us today, was the work of a controversial treasure revealer from Kham named Rikzin Nyima Drakpa. The various western-language transla tions of the Liberation upon Hearing, immortalized as the Tibetan Book of the Dead, were and continue to be based on Nyima Drakpa’s standard redac tion. Hence this rather unfamiliar figure is of great significance to our under standing the Tibetan history of the Liberation upon Hearing from the late seventeenth century onward. In this chapter, therefore, I will focus on the life and work of Rikzin Nyima Drakpa and inquire into how his compilation of the Karling texts came to be the standard arrangement for almost all subse quent editions of the cycle within and beyond the borders of Tibet.
The New Anti-Catholicism
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anti-Catholicism has a long history in America. And as Philip Jenkins argues in The New Anti-Catholicism, this virulent strain of hatred--once thought dead--is alive and well in our nation, but few people seem to notice, or care. A statement that is seen as racist, misogynistic, anti-Semitic, or homophobic can haunt a speaker for years, writes Jenkins, but it is still possible to make hostile and vituperative public statements about Roman Catholicism without fear of serious repercussions. Jenkins shines a light on anti-Catholic sentiment in American society and illuminates its causes, looking closely at gay and feminist anti-Catholicism, anti-Catholic rhetoric and imagery in the media, and the anti-Catholicism of the academic world. For newspapers and newsmagazines, for television news and in movies, for major book publishers, the Catholic Church has come to provide a grossly stereotyped public villain. Catholic opinions, doctrines, and individual leaders are frequently the butt of harsh satire. Indeed, the notion that the church is a deadly enemy of women, the idea of Catholic misogyny, is commonly accepted in the news media and in popular culture, says Jenkins. And the recent pedophile priest scandal, he shows, has revived many ancient anti-Catholic stereotypes. It was said that with the election of John F. Kennedy, anti-Catholicism in America was dead. This provocative new book corrects that illusion, drawing attention to this important issue.