bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of gabapentin on postoperative morphine consumption and pain after abdominal hysterectomy: A randomized, double‐blind trial
Authors: Dierking G. , Duedahl T. H. , Rasmussen M. L. , Fomsgaard J. S. , MØiniche S. , RØmsing J. , Dahl J. B. 
Published: February 2004

Background:  Preliminary clinical studies have suggested that gabapentin may produce analgesia and reduce the need for opioids in postoperative patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the opioid‐sparing and analgesic effects of gabapentin administered during the first 24 h after abdominal hysterectomy.Methods:  In a randomized, double‐blind study, 80 patients received oral gabapentin 1200 mg or placebo 1 h before surgery, followed by oral gabapentin 600 mg or placebo 8, 16 and 24 h after the initial dose. Patients received patient‐controlled analgesia with morphine at doses of 2.5 mg with a lock‐out time of 10 min for 24 h postoperatively. Pain was assessed on a visual analogue scale (VAS) at rest and during mobilization, nausea, somnolence and dizziness on a four‐point verbal scale, and vomiting as present/not present at 2, 4, 22 and 24 h postoperatively.Results:  Thirty‐nine patients in the gabapentin group, and 32 patients in the placebo group completed the study. Gabapentin reduced total morphine consumption from median 63 (interquartile range 53–88) mg to 43 (28–60) mg (P < 0.001). We observed a significant inverse association between plasma levels of gabapentin at 2 h postoperatively, and morphine usage from 0 to 2 h, and from 0 to 4 h postoperatively (R2 = 0.30, P = 0.003 and R2 = 0.24 P = 0.008, respectively).No significant differences in pain at rest or during mobilization, or in side‐effects, were observed between groups.Conclusion:  Gabapentin in a total dose of 3000 mg, administered before and during the first 24 h after abdominal hysterectomy, reduced morphine consumption with 32%, without significant effects on pain scores. No significant differences in side‐effects were observed between study‐groups.
Inclusion of epinephrine to hyperbaric tetracaine and the supine position enhance the cephalad spread of spinal anaesthesia compared with hyperbaric teracaine alone in the lithotomy position
Authors: Inoue S. , Kawaraguchi Y. , Kitaguchi K. , Furuya H. 
Published: February 2004

Background:  Intrathecal epinephrine can produce prolongation of duration of spinal anaesthesia by reducing vascular absorption of the local anaesthetics. The patient's positioning can change the cephalad spread of hyperbaric local anaesthetics by affecting the lordosis of the vertebral canal. These factors combined are expected to affect the cephalad spread of sensory block levels. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether combined use of epinephrine with hyperbaric tetracaine in the supine position can enhance the cephalad spread of sensory block levels compared with hyperbaric tetracaine alone in the lithotomy position.Methods:  ASA physical status I or II 48 urological (lithotomy group) and 48 orthopaedic patients (supine group) scheduled to undergo elective surgical procedures in the lithotomy or supine position under spinal anaesthesia were enrolled. Patients in each group were randomly divided into two subgroups to receive intrathecal 10 mg of hyperbaric tetracaine with or without 0.2 mg of epinephrine (Groups L, LE, S, and SE). The extent of sensory blockade was assessed by loss of cold sensation. After achievement of sensory blockade up to T10, the patients in Groups L and LE were immediately placed in the lithotomy position. Patients in Groups S and SE were maintained in the supine position.Results:  The highest sensory blockade in the SE Group was on average statistically significantly higher than in the L Group. The mean time taken to the highest sensory blockade in the SE Group was statistically significantly longer than in Groups L and S. Atropine for bradycardia was used more frequently in the SE Group than in the other groups.Conclusions:  Combined use of epinephrine with hyperbaric tetracaine in the supine position can enhance the cephalad spread of sensory block levels compared with hyperbaric tetracaine alone in the lithotomy position.
Bilateral hypoglossal nerve injury following the use of the laryngeal mask without the use of nitrous oxide
Authors: Sommer M. , Schuldt M. , Runge U. , Gielen‐Wijffels S. , Marcus M. A. E. 
Published: February 2004

Hypoglossal nerve injury is a rare complication of anaesthesia airway management in adults. Until now the use of nitrous oxide for anaesthesia supposedly contributed to this complication. We present a case of bilateral hypoglossal nerve injury following the use of a laryngeal mask airway without the use of nitrous oxide.At the conclusion of 3 h of surgery in extreme side rotation, a 15‐year‐old boy of 88 kg could not extend his tongue beyond his teeth. An MRI confirmed the absence of pharyngeal haematoma and the absence of thrombosis of the basilar artery.We conclude that even when patients have no medical history and nitrous oxide is not being used, prolongation of the operation in an extreme position might increase the risk of major complications with a laryngeal mask.
Anaesthesiological airway management in Denmark: Assessment, equipment and documentation
Authors: Mellado P. F. , Thunedborg L. P. , Swiatek F. , Kristensen M. S. 
Published: February 2004

Background:  Failed intubation remains one cause of anaesthesia‐related morbidity and mortality. In a recent survey in Denmark, 20% of respondents reported preventable mishaps in airway management.Methods:  Assessment of the airway, and its documentation, as well as the availability of various equipment to manage a difficult airway, and the existence of a failed intubation plan were surveyed by mailing a questionnaire to the clinical directors of all 69 anaesthesia departments in Denmark.Results:  Fifty‐six departments (81%) returned the questionnaire. Pre‐operative airway evaluation is performed in 90% of the departments. The tests included the mouth‐opening test (77%), Mallampati score (48%), lower jaw protrusion (34%), neck mobility (63%), the measurement of the thyromental (11%) and sternomental distance (4%). The result of the tests are documented by 38% of the departments in the anaesthetic chart (96%), in the record (54%), on a card given to the patient (23%), in a letter sent to the patient's general practitioner (2%) or in a database (13%). The patients are personally informed in 82% of the departments. Only 54% of the departments have a failed intubation plan readily available.Conclusion:  The preoperative assessment of the airways and its documentation is still unsatisfactory, as is communicating with the patient after a case of a difficult/impossible intubation. The adoption of internationally recognized recommendations might improve airway management and teaching to the best standard possible in the already well‐equipped Danish anaesthetic departments.
Renal transcription of high‐affinity type‐2 cationic amino acid transporter is up‐regulated in LPS‐stimulated rodents
Authors: Yang S. , Huang C.‐J. , Tsai P.‐S. , Cheng C.‐R. , Stevens B. R. , Skimming J. W. 
Published: February 2004

Objective:  Sepsis stimulates renal nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis through up‐regulation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression. Type‐2 cationic amino acid transporter (CAT‐2) mediation of trans‐membrane L‐arginine (L‐Arg) transportation has been identified as one of the crucial regulatory mechanisms involved in the formation of NO by iNOS. We had previously shown that CAT‐2B, a high‐affinity alternative‐spliced transcript of the CAT‐2, is involved in induced NO biosynthesis by iNOS (Nitric Oxide, 2002). In this present study, we sought to assess the effects of sepsis on the expression of CAT‐2B in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated rat kidney.Methods:  Forty rats were randomized to either a normal saline (N/S)‐treated group or a LPS‐treated group. Renal NO production was determined using chemiluminescence. Semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR was used to determine the mRNA concentrations of iNOS and L‐Arg transporters (CAT‐1, CAT‐2 and CAT‐2B) in kidney.Results:  Lipopolysaccharide‐coinduced iNOS, CAT‐2 and CAT‐2B mRNA expression in kidney and caused renal NO overproduction. A significant linear regression relationship was defined between renal NO concentrations and iNOS, CAT‐2 and CAT‐2B, respectively. On the contrary, CAT‐1 expression was not affected by LPS‐stimulation.Conclusions:  We provide the first evidence to illustrate that sepsis/septic shock induces the transcription of high‐affinity CAT‐2B in renal tissues. Transcription of iNOS, CAT‐2 and CAT‐2B correlates well with renal NO biosynthesis. Regulation of L‐Arg uptake by modulating the expression regulation of induced CAT‐2 and CAT‐2B might be a potential target for therapies against renal pathologic conditions related to NO overproduction.
In‐situ investigation of grain boundary and triple junction kinetics in aluminium – 10 p.p.m. magnesium
Authors: Mattissen D. , Wærø A. , Molodov D. A. , Shvindlerman L. S. , Gottstein G. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryA special technique for in‐situ observation and recording of triple junction motion is introduced. The described method makes it possible to study the motion of connected grain boundaries, i.e. triple junctions and their geometry. The results of an investigation of the steady‐state motion of grain boundary systems with triple junctions in aluminium–magnesium are presented. The analysed triple junctions show a distinctive deviation of contact angle from the equilibrium value 120° as assumed for the deviation of the Von Neumann–Mullins relation. The type of triple junction can have an essential influence on grain boundary motion and thus on grain growth.
Quantifying recrystallization by electron backscatter diffraction
Authors: Jazaeri H. , Humphreys F. J. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryThe use of high‐resolution electron backscatter diffraction in the scanning electron microscope to quantify the volume fraction of recrystallization and the recrystallization kinetics is discussed. Monitoring the changes of high‐angle grain boundary (HAGB) content during annealing is shown to be a reliable method of determining the volume fraction of recrystallization during discontinuous recrystallization, where a large increase in the percentage of high‐angle boundaries occurs during annealing. The results are shown to be consistent with the standard methods of studying recrystallization, such as quantitative metallography and hardness testing. Application of the method to a highly deformed material has shown that it can be used to identify the transition from discontinuous to continuous recrystallization during which there is no significant change in the percentage of HAGB during annealing.
Reconstruction of grains and subgrains from electron backscatter diffraction maps
Authors: Humphreys F. J. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryElectron backscatter diffraction maps are capable of yielding a substantial amount of quantitative information about grains, subgrains and boundaries, and the amount and quality of the data may be substantially increased if the pixels of the map are re‐analysed so as to ‘reconstruct’ complete grains or subgrains. The paper discusses the various methods of grain reconstruction and the use of such methods to obtain microstructural information correlating the parameters of dimension, position, orientation and misorientation, which cannot usually be obtained by other means. Grain reconstruction also reveals the nature, location and contacts of all the triple junctions in the microstructure, and the paper discusses two important examples of how these data may be further analysed using automated routines. Boundary connectivity and the length and direction of likely paths along which grain boundary events such as creep fracture or stress corrosion may occur can readily be determined. The overall alignment of boundaries in deformed metals, with respect to the crystallography and the deformation geometry, may be determined as a function of the length and misorientation of the boundary segments.
Phase differentiation via combined EBSD and XEDS
Authors: Nowell M. M. , Wright S. I. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryElectron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and orientation imaging microscopy have become established techniques for analysing the crystallographic microstructure of single and multiphase materials. In certain instances, however, it can be difficult and/or time intensive to differentiate phases within a material by crystallography alone. Traditionally a list of candidate phases is specified prior to data collection. The crystallographic information extracted from the diffraction patterns is then compared with the crystallographic information from these candidate phases, and a best‐fit match is determined. Problems may arise when two phases have similar crystal structures. The phase differentiation process can be improved by collecting chemical information through X‐ray energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (XEDS) simultaneously with the crystallographic information through EBSD and then using the chemical information to pre‐filter the crystallographic phase candidates. This technique improves both the overall speed of the data collection and the accuracy of the final characterization. Examples of this process and the limitations involved will be presented and discussed.
A study of recrystallization in single‐phase aluminium using in‐situ annealing in the scanning electron microscope
Authors: Hurley P. J. , Humphreys F. J. 
Published: February 2004

Summary In‐situ annealing experiments were performed in the scanning electron microscope on a single‐phase Al−0.13Mg alloy cold rolled to different strain levels. Once the validity of the technique had been verified by comparison of the recrystallization kinetics and final grain size with bulk annealed samples, the method was used in combination with electron back‐scattered diffraction (EBSD) to study the potential mechanisms for recrystallization in this alloy. During annealing of material rolled to moderate strains (ɛt < 0.7), the primary mechanism was strain‐induced boundary migration (SIBM). In material rolled to higher true strains (ɛt > 1.4), recrystallization occurred extensively along pre‐existing cube bands and EBSD measurements showed that the mean size of cells within the cube bands was larger than for all other orientations measured, suggesting a size advantage was responsible for the strengthening of cube texture during recrystallization. SIBM was shown to occur concurrently with the nucleation along cube bands but this contributed a lower proportion of nucleation sites during recrystallization.
The role of misorientation and phosphorus content on grain growth and intergranular fracture in iron–carbon–phosphorus alloys
Authors: Williams G. O. , Randle V. , Cowan J. R. , Spellward P. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryThe relationship between the crystallography of intergranular fracture and phosphorus segregation has been investigated in a Fe−0.06wt%P−0.002wt%C alloy aged for 1 h at temperatures between 600 °C and 1000 °C. Two novel techniques were devised for the investigation: first, electron back‐scatter diffraction (EBSD) across the reconstructed fracture surface and, second, a combination of Auger electron spectroscopy, stereophotogrammetry and microscopy to measure phosphorus and carbon on fracture facets combined with EBSD measurements direct from the fracture surface. In total, 700 misorientations were measured from across the reconstructed fracture surface and in ‘control’ areas away from the fracture. It was found that Σ 3s were in general more resistant to brittle fracture than were random boundaries, and it was suggested that alloys of this type could be grain boundary engineered to improve fracture resistance by a short anneal in the austenite region to increase the final proportion of Σ 3s. Sixteen fracture facets yielded combined Auger/EBSD data. The combined Auger/EBSD methodology to acquire joint crystallographic and segregation information from facets was shown to be feasible, although laborious. There were significantly more {110} planes than any other type in the sample population of facets from which combined segregation/crystallography data had been collected. The data suggested that there was on average lower phosphorus segregation on fracture facets that were near {110} than on other intergranular fracture facets.
The integration of experimental in‐situ EBSD observations and numerical simulations: a novel technique of microstructural process analysis
Authors: Piazolo S. , Jessell M. W. , Prior D. J. , Bons P. D. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryThe combination of subgrain‐ and grain‐scale microstructural data collected during in‐situ heating experiments and numerical simulations of equivalent microstructural development offers an innovative and powerful tool in the advancement of the understanding of microstructural processes. We present a system that fully integrates subgrain‐ to grain‐scale crystallographic data obtained during in‐situ observations during heating experiments in a scanning electron microscope and the two‐dimensional hybrid numerical modelling system Elle. Such a system offers the unique opportunity to test and verify theories for microstructural development, as predictions made by numerical simulations can be directly coupled to appropriate physical experiments and, conversely, theoretical explanations of experimental observations should be testable with numerical simulations. Discrepancies between data obtained with both techniques suggest the need for an in‐depth investigation and thus open up new avenues of theory development, modification and verification. In addition, because in numerical models it is possible to select the processes modelled, the effect of individual processes on the microstructural development of a specific material can be quantified. To illustrate the potential and methodology of the so‐called EBSD2Elle system, two in‐situ experiments and their equivalent numerical experiments are presented. These are static heating experiments of (a) an annealed Ni‐foil coupled with a front tracking model for grain growth and (b) a cold deformed rock salt with kinetic Monte Carlo simulations for subgrain growth.
EBSD and TEM investigation of the hot deformation substructure characteristics of a type 316L austenitic stainless steel
Authors: Cizek P. , Whiteman J. A. , Rainforth W. M. , Beynon J. H. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryThe evolution of crystallographic texture and deformation substructure was studied in a type 316L austenitic stainless steel, deformed in rolling at 900 °C to true strain levels of about 0.3 and 0.7. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used in the investigation and a comparison of the substructural characteristics obtained by these techniques was made. At the lower strain level, the deformation substructure observed by EBSD appeared to be rather poorly developed. There was considerable evidence of a rotation of the pre‐existing twin boundaries from their original orientation relationship, as well as the formation of highly distorted grain boundary regions. In TEM, at this strain level, the substructure was more clearly revealed, although it appeared rather inhomogeneously developed from grain to grain. The subgrains were frequently elongated and their boundaries often approximated to traces of {111} slip planes. The corresponding misorientations were small and largely displayed a non‐cumulative character. At the larger strain, the substructure within most grains became well developed and the corresponding misorientations increased. This resulted in better detection of sub‐boundaries by EBSD, although the percentage of indexing slightly decreased. TEM revealed splitting of some sub‐boundaries to form fine microbands, as well as the localized formation of microshear bands. The substructural characteristics observed by EBSD, in particular at the larger strain, generally appeared to compare well with those obtained using TEM. With increased strain level, the mean subgrain size became finer, the corresponding mean misorientation angle increased and both these characteristics became less dependent on a particular grain orientation. The statistically representative data obtained will assist in the development of physically based models of microstructural evolution during thermomechanical processing of austenitic stainless steels.
Application of the EBSD technique to describe the initiation and growth behaviour of microstructurally short fatigue cracks in a duplex steel
Authors: Krupp U. , Düber O. , Christ H.‐J. , Künkler B. , Schick A. , Fritzen C.‐P. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryUp to 90% of the fatigue life of engineering alloys results from the initiation and propagation of microstructurally short cracks. Owing to their strong interactions with microstructural features, e.g. grain and phase boundaries, they exhibit substantially non‐uniform propagation kinetics as compared with the growth rate of long cracks, which can be well described using a power‐law function of the range of the stress‐intensity factor ΔK. In the present paper interactions between the crystallographic misorientation of grain and phase boundaries and microcracks in an austenitic/ferritic stainless steel are discussed and quantified by means of fatigue experiments in combination with the electron backscattered diffraction technique. In the second part a numerical model for the simulation of microcracks is introduced, which is capable of taking real microstructural arrangements into consideration.
Investigation of the microstructure and mesotexture formed during thermomechanical controlled rolling in microalloyed steels
Authors: Wu S. J. , Davis C. L. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryThermomechanical controlled rolling (TMCR) has been widely used as an effective method to improve the properties of steels. In the present paper, two commercial TMCR microalloyed steels were investigated. The grain size distributions and grain boundary misorientation angles were measured using electron backscattered diffraction patterns obtained using orientation imaging microscopy (OIM). The equivalent grain diameters were also measured using optical microscopy. Mixed coarse‐ and fine‐grained regions were observed and the microhardness values were measured for both areas. Grain boundary misorientation angle distributions showed that the magnitude of mesotexture developed in the steel is dependent upon the rolling passes, the reduction ratio and the rolling temperatures including the finish rolling temperature. The surface layer, up to 2 mm depth, in Com‐A steel had about 55% of grain boundaries with a misorientation angle below 12°, much higher than in the central area (∼30%), whereas Com‐B steel showed similar distributions from the rolling surface to the centre. Misorientation results obtained from laboratory rolled steel plates with various TMCR procedures are also discussed as are OIM results from Charpy impact brittle fracture surfaces examining the effect of misorientation on crack propagation.
EBSD characterization of carbide–carbide boundaries in WC–Co composites
Authors: Farooq M. U. , Klement U. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryA sample of WC‐6wt%Co was investigated for grain boundary character distribution and occurrence of coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundaries on a statistical basis. For this purpose orientation measurements of the grains were carried out using electron back‐scattered diffraction (EBSD). The dominant misorientation relationships were determined by complementary EBSD data representation tools such as orientation maps, misorientation angle distribution histograms and the sectioned three‐dimensional misorientation space. It was found that the grain boundary character distribution of the material is nearly random and the CSL boundaries are not present in statistically significant amounts. It was also found that the amount of binder phase does not play a role in the formation of special boundaries. The paper focuses on the methodology of characterizing grain boundaries in a hexagonal material using EBSD.