bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Success, Satisfaction, and Truth in the Logic of Speech Acts and Formal Semantics
Authors: Vanderveken Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been much controversy about the role and place of speech act theory in the study of language. Following Morris (1975), semiotics is traditionally divided into three branches: syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Syntax deals with relations that exist only between linguistic expressions (e.g., the rules of formation of sentences), semantics with relations that exist between linguistic expressions and their meanings (e.g., their senses or their denotations), and pragmatics with relations that exist between linguistic expressions and their meanings and uses in contexts of utterance. Because speakers use language to perform speech acts, most philosophers and linguists, following Carnap, have first tended to place speech act theory in pragmatics rather than in semantics.
Sensemaking, Knowledge Creation, and Decision Making: Organizational Knowing as Emergent Strategy
Authors: Choo Chun Wei 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the perspective of strategy as the outcome of organizational sensemaking, knowledge creating, and decision making. The first three sections examine the processes by which an organization constructs meaning, creates knowledge, and makes decisions that drive patterns of action. The ensuing sections show how the three processes are interconnected to form cycles of learning and adaptation. Through these cycles, the organization traces out a growth trajectory that defines its strategic position. An organization processes information to make sense of its environment, to create new knowledge, and to make decisions (Choo 1998). Sensemaking constructs the shared meanings that define the organization’s purpose and frame the perception of problems or opportunities that the organization needs to work on. Problems and opportunities become occasions for creating knowledge and making decisions. An organization possesses three types of knowledge: tacit knowledge in the experience and expertise of individuals; explicit knowledge codified as artifacts, rules, and routines; and cultural knowledge held as assumptions, beliefs, and values.
The Knowledge-Based View of the Firm
Authors: Grant Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the early part of the 1990s, a number of ideas and streams of research converged to produce what has come to be described as “the knowledge-based view of the firm.” These streams include the resource/ capability analysis of the firm (Barney 1986, 1991, Prahalad and Hamel 1990, Grant 1991), epistemology (including contributions from Polanyi 1962, 1966, Hayek 1945, Krogh et al. 1994), and organizational learning (Levitt and March 1988, Huber 1991). The outcome was not so much a new theory of the firm as a number of explorations into aspects of the firm and the organization of production that were unified by their focus on the role of knowledge as a factor of production. Among the key contributions to this literature have been Demsetz’s (1991) knowledge-based analysis of firm boundaries, Brown and Duguid’s (1991) examination of knowledge-based organization, Kogut and Zander’s (1992) view of the firm as a knowledge-processing institution, and Nonaka’s (1994) analysis of knowledge creation within the firm. In an earlier essay I attempted to reconcile and integrate some of these contributions (Grant 1996a).
Knowledge Management, Uncertainty, and an Emergent Theory of the Firm
Authors: Spender J -C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent attention to organizational knowledge has done much to reinvigorate theorizing about organizations and the way they operate. This is partly because organizational knowledge (K) is a broader concept than organizational rules and performance-the underpinning concepts of bureaucratic theory-and more precise than organizational climate-for those who remember that literature. But it is also because the Kdiscourse has provoked new cross-disciplinary thinking, most notably between developmental psychologists interested in human learning, economists interested in the nature of the firm and its evolution, institutional theorists interested in the nature and evolution of social cooperation, and organizational theorists grappling with the bounded rationality challenge thrown down by Simon (1957). A knowledge-based approach allows us to relax our assumption that firms compete with identical products and moves us through the notion of industry or strategic groupings (Porter 1980, Spender 1989) toward the notion of firms as uniquely evolved (Penrose 1959) and thus engaged in monopolistic competition (Chamberlin 1947, Triffin 1947). As soon as we take knowledge and information seriously, we recognize that information is neither free nor plentiful.
Knowledge Exploitation and Knowledge Exploration: Two Strategies for Knowledge Creating Companies
Authors: Ichijo Kazuo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To gain competitive advantage in a market, a company should innovate. Innovation could be achieved with a new concept of products and service by itself or with a way to bring about the concept, as well as a way to offer both. Likewise, corporate transformation is a result of innovation. This could be accomplished when a company innovates its organizational structure, business processes, management, and business models and could be achieved at various phases of the company’s activities. In other words, newly created knowledge is utilized for the concept of a new product, a new manufacturing system, a new distribution system, a new sales system, and a new marketing system, to name a few. The opportunity to create knowledge for gaining competitive advantage is spontaneous as well as deliberate. However, a company cannot innovate without knowledge, and consequently, it cannot gain competitive advantage in the market either. This means that a source of competitive advantage for a company should be knowledge. It is impossible to provide customers with new products and service with highly added value or to generate corporate innovation without knowledge.
Knowledge Creation of Global Companies
Authors: Kulkki Seija 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the beginning of the 1990s, we have witnessed a new global phenomenon: competition through rapid successive or even parallel innovation cycles that bring about a global spread of new technologies, products, and services, even on many continents at the same time.1 The views of sequential entering into one international market after another, based on product or technology life cycles, experience-based learning curves, or cost and quality considerations of international transactions, do not fully explain this behavior. One may argue that the competitive advantages of global companies may not be based on superior technologies, products, and services only-these may even become neutralized as a competitive advantage as soon as they enter the global marketplace-but on the organizational potential to innovate continuously (Nonaka, Toyama, and Konno 2000, p. 5). This chapter argues that global companies2 have learned to compete with innovation efficiency, derived from a global scale of knowledge creation and experimentation, as much as they compete with exploitation and implementation efficiency, derived from a global scale of branding, marketing, leveraging, or manufacturing.
Managing Public and Private Firm Knowledge Within the Context of Flexible Firm Boundaries
Authors: Matusik Sharon F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The continued growth of interfirm partnering, from strategic alliances to contingent work use in core value-creation activities to networkbased competition, presents a host of complex issues surrounding how these arrangements affect firm knowledge and, ultimately, firm competitiveness. On the one hand, more porous boundaries present the firm with easier access to public knowledge resident outside of its boundaries. This may facilitate the absorption of external public knowledge and the fusion of this public knowledge with existing private firm knowledge. On the other hand, more porous boundaries may also make it easier for proprietary private firm knowledge to seep out into the external environment. This dissemination may have negative consequences particularly for firms that seek to appropriate supernormal returns from this private knowledge. This chapter focuses on partnering for the purpose of knowledge. Although there are many other kinds of partnering arrangements-such as those dedicated only to marketing or distribution-a limited focus allows for a more detailed analysis of the partnering issues that affect core value-creation activities of the firm. This study aims to provide a navigational chart through the large bodies of research on knowledge and on partnering to outline the issues that inform the competitive implications of knowledge-focused partnering.
Intellectual Capital: An Exploratory Study That Develops Measures and Models
Authors: Bontis Nick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intellectual capital has been considered by many, defined by some, understood by a select few, and formally valued by practically no one (Stewart 1997, Sveiby 1997). Therein lies one of the greatest challenges facing business leaders and academic researchers today and tomorrow. Recently, the job title of chief knowledge officer (CKO) has been creeping up on annual reports and job advertisements with ever-increasing frequency. These pathfinding individuals have been given the enviable task of channeling their organizations’ intellectual capital as an essential source of competitive advantage. Knowledge officers are responsible for justifying the value of knowledge that is constantly being developed in their organizations (Nonaka and Takeuchi 1995). This elusive intangible may never be evaluated in the financial terms that we are currently accustomed to. However, its strategic impact is never in question. From the capture, codification, and dissemination of information, through to the acquisition of new competencies via training and development, and on to the reengineering of business processes, present and future success in competition will be based less on the strategic allocation of physical and financial resources and more on the strategic management of knowledge.
Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage
Authors: Nahapiet Janine , Ghoshal Sumantra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kogut and Zander (1996) have proposed “that a firm be understood as a social community specializing in the speed and efficiency in the creation and transfer of knowledge” (p. 503). This is an important and relatively new perspective on the theory of the firm currently being formalized through the ongoing work of these authors (Kogut and Zander 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, Zander and Kogut 1995) and several others (Boisot 1995, Conner and Prahalad 1996, Loasby 1991, Nonaka and Takeuchi 1995, Spender 1996). Standing in stark contrast to the more established transaction cost theory that is grounded in the assumption of human opportunism and the resulting conditions of market failure (e.g., Williamson 1975), those with this new perspective essentially argue that organizations have some particular capabilities for creating and sharing knowledge that give them their distinctive advantage over other institutional arrangements, such as markets. For strategy theory, the implications of this emerging perspective lie in a shift of focus from the historically dominant theme of value appropriation to one of value creation (Moran and Ghoshal 1996).
Syndromes with Orofacial Clefting
Authors: Cohen M Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate is etiologically distinct from isolated cleft palate. In a patient with cleft lip with or without cleft palate, if another family member is affected, he or she will have either isolated cleft lip or cleft lip together with cleft palate but not isolated cleft palate alone. Similarly, if a patient has isolated cleft palate, another affected family member can have only isolated cleft palate. There are three exceptions. First, in genetic isolates that are inbred, both types may concur by chance (Cohen, 1978, 2000). Second, cleft lip and palate and cleft palate alone but not cleft lip alone have been associated with MSX1 (J. C. Murray, personal communication, 2000). Third, in many genetic syndromes with orofacial clefting, both types may be found. For example, in the autosomal dominantly inherited Van der Woude syndrome, in which orofacial clefting is found together with lip pits, patients may have cleft lip, cleft lip and palate, or isolated cleft palate (Cohen, 1978, 2000). When cleft data are broken down by subtype, isolated cleft palate (13%-50%) is associated more frequently with congenital malformations than cleft lip (7%-13%) or cleft lip and palate (2%-11% ). Some studies have suggested that associated anomalies occur with a frequency of 44% to 64% in patients with clefts. In general, the more malformations that occur together with orofacial clefting, the lower the birth weight (Cohen, 1978, 2000; Cohen and Bankier, 1991; Hagberg et al., 1997; Kallen et al., 1996).
Experimental Models for the Study of Oral Clefts
Authors: Abbott Barbara D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toxicology and teratology studies routinely utilize animal models to determine the potential for chemical and physical agents to produce reproductive and developmental toxicity, including birth defects such as cleft palate (CP). The standardized teratology screen typically tests compounds in two species, one of which is a nonrodent. The laboratory rat and rabbit are often the species of choice for such screens. However, research examining the mechanisms through which agents induce their teratogenic effects has been conducted in a variety of mammalian species, including mice, rats, and hamsters, as well as in nonmammalian species, including birds, fish, and frogs. A variety of in vitro models are also available to researchers interested in the study of palatogenesis. The literature presenting palatal research is extensive, and many outstanding studies could be cited in which a wide range of models were developed and applied; however, it is beyond the scope of this chapter to present more than a brief overview of some of these models and an example of their application in the study of environmental contaminants. An overview of in vivo and in vitro models is presented and the specialized requirements for research addressing the etiology of clefting are discussed. The final section of the chapter provides examples of these models, testing the environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).
Mode of Inheritance of Oral Clefts
Authors: Mitchell Laura E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oral clefts (OCs), including cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLIP) and isolated cleft palate (CP), comprise one of the most commonly occurring groups of human malformations. These malformations have a profound influence on the basic human condition, affecting appearance, nutrition, and communication, and require long-term, multidisciplinary treatment. Given the prevalence, severity, and economic consequences of OCs, it is not surprising that there has been extensive research into their etiology and inheritance. It is generally recognized that CLIP and CP are, with rare exceptions (e.g., Van der Woude’s syndrome), etiologically distinct conditions (Fogh-Andersen, 1942). Further, even within these two groups, there is causal heterogeneity; i.e., identical cleft malformations may occur as the result of different underlying factors. Over 300 recognized causes of OCs have been identified (Godin et al., 1990), including teratogenic exposures (e.g., antiepileptic medications), chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., deletion of chromosome 22qll), and single-gene disorders (e.g., Van der Woude’s syndrome). However, such factors tend to be individually rare and are estimated to account for only 30% of CLIP and 50% of CP cases (Jones, 1988; Godin et al., 1990; Saal, 1998).
Mapping Studies in Animal Models
Authors: Juriloff Diana M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Orofacial clefting has been observed sporadically in a variety of vertebrates, including monkeys (Stills and Bullock, 1981), gorillas (Siebert et al., 1998), cattle (Swartz et al., 1982), cats (Loevy and Feynes, 1968), dogs (Dreyer and Preston, 1974), and chickens (Juriloff and Roberts, 1975), but genetic studies have usually been limited. The most advanced animal models for genetic analysis and linkage mapping of orofacial defects are laboratory mice, where the extensive resources of specialized strains and crosses, spontaneous and targeted mutations, polymorphic markers, and welldeveloped linkage and physical maps can be used to identify genes and their effects on orofacial development. Conservation of genes and linkage relationships between mice and humans is well documented, and the chromosomal location of a gene in humans can often be predicted from its genetic map position in mice. Development of the orofacial complex is very similar between mouse and human embryos, and much of the understanding of developmental mechanisms in humans has been inferred from mice (Diewert and Wang, 1992). Highly penetrant Mendelian defects of craniofacial development are relatively easily mapped in both mice and humans. The most common orofacial clefting in humans does not follow Mendelian transmission ratios, however, and is clearly genetically complex and not well understood (Mitchell and Risch, 1992; Schutte and Murray, 1999). Mapping and identification of mouse genes that participate in genetically complex (“multifactorial”) causes of orofacial clefting will lead to knowledge of the gene-regulatory pathways important to nonsyndromic orofacial clefting and will identify candidate pathways, as well as candidate genes, for examination in studies of human genetic risk factors.
Costs of Cleft Lip and Palate: Personal and Societal Implications
Authors: Berk Nancy W , Marazita Mary L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most common congenital anomalies, cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLIP) is also one of the most common visible birth defects, occurring in 1 of every 500 to 1000 live births worldwide (Murray, 1995). While the severity of this condition varies, multidisciplinary treatment is often warranted. This may include craniofacial surgery, specialized dental and orthognathic treatment, speech and hearing intervention, and educational, psychological, and social assessment and intervention. The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (2000) estimates that in the United States the annual health cost for craniofacial anomalies approaches $1 billion and reflects the “comprehensive and time-consuming habilitation required to enable each child born with such birth defects the opportunity to pursue a productive life.” The preceding statement recognizes the inherent right of each individual to pursue a life that is free from the debilitating physical and social effects of a birth defect. The economic cost of CUP is multidimensional. It is felt by the patient, his or her family, and society. It is highlighted by fiscal burden for the patient and family and can represent lost potential and productivity at the individual, family, and societal levels, which is often forgotten by those focused on dollars, budgets, and reimbursement.
Taxing Tobacco: The Impact of Tobacco Taxes on Cigarette Smoking and Other Tobacco Use
Authors: Chaloupka Frank J , Wakefield Melanie , Czart Christina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For centuries, governments at all levels have taxed tobacco and tobacco products. Historically, these taxes have been used because of their relatively low administrative costs and their substantial revenue-generating potential. This potential was based, in large part, on the perception that tobacco use was insensitive to price. However, over the past several decades, numerous studies using a wide variety of data and statistical methods have found that tobacco use is no exception to the basic principles of economics. These studies clearly show that increases in the prices of tobacco products, including those that result from increased taxation, lead to significant reductions in cigarette smoking and other tobacco use. With this evidence, more recent increases in tobacco taxes have been motivated, at least in part, by their potential to reduce tobacco use and its health consequences. Critics of these taxes, however, argue that increases in taxes are inappropriate and will have harmful economic effects, including increased smuggling and significant job losses.
Reducing the Supply of Tobacco to Youths
Authors: Rigotti Nancy A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Preventing tobacco use by young people emerged as a major, if not the major, theme of tobacco control public policy in the 1990s for several reasons. From the public health perspective, prevention is more appealing than treatment as a remedy for harmful exposure. Conceptually, the simplest way to stop the harm of tobacco use is to prevent it from starting in the first place. This inevitably leads to a focus on youths because nearly 90% of smokers in the United States smoke their first cigarette before the age of 18 (USDHHS 1994). A youth-focused approach also has great political appeal. Protecting children from harm is a popular theme in American culture and electoral politics (Cismoski 1994). Because minors are supposedly too young to make rational decisions for themselves, American political tradition opens up additional policy options for tobacco control and permits government to regulate minors’ behavior in ways that would not be acceptable if applied to adults. A youth-focused approach is also difficult for the tobacco industry to oppose because it is politically unacceptable for tobacco manufacturers to admit that they market to youths or that they want youths to use their products, even though previously secret tobacco industry documents provide ample evidence that they have done so.
Leadership and innovation: A Longitudinal Process View
Authors: Manz Charles C , Bastien David T , Hostager Todd J , Shapiro George L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are countless perspectives on leadership in the literature. It is one of the most discussed topics in all of the social sciences. The definitions, perspectives, and boundaries of conceptualizations and investigative approaches have changed both over time and across cultures without necessarily disproving the previous views (Bass 1981; Yukl 1981). Rather, each perspective has tended to add a new viewpoint, situation, or set of concrete experiences, while changing the definition of the term leadership.
A Unified Theory of Verbal and Nominal Projections
Authors: Ogawa Yoshiki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Syntactically speaking, it has long been known that noun phrases are parallel to clauses in many respects. While most syntactic theories incorporate this principle, nouns have generally been regarded as inferior to verbs in terms of their licensing abilities, and nominal projections have been regarded as less complex than verbal projections in terms of the number of functional categories that they contain. Ogawa, however, argues that clauses and noun phrases are perfectly parallel. This book provides a unified theory of clauses and noun phrases, ultimately helping to simplify numerous thorny issues in the syntax/morphology interface.