bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of actual evapotranspiration from different ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau based on a generalized complementary evapotranspiration theory model
Authors: Dai Yanyu , Lu Fan , Liu Jintao , Ruan Benqing 
Published: February 2024

AbstractActual evapotranspiration constitutes a vital component of the exchange of energy and water vapour between the soil‐vegetation and atmospheric systems on terrestrial terrain. Nevertheless, the Tibetan Plateau, owing to its austere environmental conditions, harbours a scarcity of terrestrial monitoring stations. This circumstance presents a formidable challenge in attaining precise estimations of actual evapotranspiration. The complementary relationship method is a potential approach because it requires only routine meteorological data to estimate actual evapotranspiration on a regional or global scale. However, the suitability of the complementary relationship model across diverse ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau necessitates further investigation. In this study, we scrutinized the simulation of daily and monthly actual evapotranspiration across 18 observation sites spanning eight distinct land use categories on the Tibetan Plateau. We employed the polynomial generalized complementary function introduced by Brutsaert (B2015), alongside its enhanced rendition proposed by Szilagyi (S2017) and Crago (C2018). The outcomes reveal that all three models adeptly replicate the fluctuations in actual evapotranspiration, irrespective of land use category or temporal scale—whether daily or monthly. This is true regardless of whether original or calibrated parameter values are applied. However, there exist significant variations in the performance of these models. In general, the C2018 model demonstrates superior performance across most ecosystems when original parameters are employed. Following parameter calibration, the simulation efficacy of the models experienced marked enhancement. Post parameter calibration, the B2015 model outperforms the other two models notably in desert and wetland environments. Furthermore, the simulation outputs from all three models display heightened sensitivity to parameter α, particularly in the context of the C2018 and S2017 models. These findings suggest that accurate estimation of parameter values is critical to improving the accuracy of estimating actual evapotranspiration. Calibrated parameter values, contingent on a fusion of vegetation, meteorology and surface roughness, exhibit variability across diverse ecosystems.
Is there a basis for a weight cut‐off point? A large‐scale investigation of atypical anorexia and anorexia nervosa subtypes among patients at a residential treatment centre
Authors: Wong Valerie Z. , Lowe Michael R. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractObjectiveThere is debate surrounding how to differentiate between anorexia nervosa (AN) and atypical AN (atypAN) as diagnostic entities, and whether a distinction based on BMI is warranted. Better understanding eating disorder (ED) and emotional symptoms across atypAN and AN subtypes [AN‐restricting (AN‐R), AN‐binge/purge (AN‐BP)], with and without controlling for BMI, can elucidate how atypAN differs from AN subtypes and whether there is a basis for a BMI cut‐off.Methods1810 female patients at an ED treatment centre completed intake surveys. ANCOVAs assessed differences across AN‐R (n = 853), AN‐BP (n = 726), and atypAN (n = 231) groups on ED, depressive, and anxiety symptoms, anxiety sensitivity, experiential avoidance, and mindfulness, with and without controlling for BMI.ResultsRelative to AN‐R, atypAN and AN‐BP groups endorsed significantly higher ED and depressive symptoms, anxiety sensitivity, experiential avoidance, and significantly lower mindfulness (all p < 0.001), but atypAN and AN‐BP groups did not differ from one another. When controlling for BMI, all previously significant differences between atypAN and AN‐R did not remain significant.ConclusionIndividuals with atypAN who have a higher BMI experience more pronounced ED and emotional symptoms, suggesting that relying solely on BMI as a marker of illness severity may be problematic.
Behavior, antioxidant, and metabolomics effects of Allium tuncelianum
Authors: Abbak Nigar , Nemutlu Emirhan , Reçber Tuba , Gul Asli San Dagli , Akkoyun H. Turan , Akkoyun Mahire Bayramoglu , Yilmaz Gulderen , Ekin Suat , Bakir Ahmet , Arihan Okan 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAllium species are consumed extensively as folkloric medicine and dietary elements, but limited studies have been conducted on them. In this study, the effects of an ethanol–water extract obtained from the underground bulb of Allium tuncelianum (Kollmann) Özhatay, B. Mathew & Şiraneci (AT) on the behavioral, antioxidant, and metabolite parameters in rats were evaluated. AT was administered orally once a day at doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg to male Wistar albino rats for 10 consecutive days. The elevated plus maze, rotarod, and hotplate tests were used to examine anxiety‐like behaviors, locomotor activities, and pain perception in the rats, respectively. Additionally, untargeted metabolomic analyses were performed on plasma samples and AT extracts using two orthogonal analytical platforms. The phenolic components, mainly fumaric acid, malic acid, vanillic acid, quercetin‐3‐arabinoside, hydrocinnamic acid, and gallocatechin, were determined in the extract. In addition, arbutin, salicylic acid, trehalose, and nicotinic acid were analyzed in the extract for the first time. The AT extract did not decrease the catalase, glutathione peroxidase, or superoxide dismutase levels; however, diazepam decreased some of those parameters significantly in the brain, liver, and kidney. Although both the AT and diazepam treatments resulted in an increase in anxiolytic‐like effects compared to the control group, no significant differences were observed (p > .05). In the metabolomic analysis, significant changes were observed in the rats treated with AT and diazepam, and they caused significant changes in some metabolic pathways, including amino acid and fatty acid metabolism, compared to the control.
Fatty Acid Composition of Human Milk in Spain
Authors: de la Presa‐Owens S. , López‐Sabater M. C. , Rivero‐Urgell M. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThe fatty acid composition of mature human milk obtained from 40 Spanish women was analyzed by capillary gas chromatography. The women were from two regions in Spain, Nevarre and Catalonia. Milk samples were collected between 20 and 30 days postpartum. The fatty acid composition was expressed as weight percentage (% wt/wt of all fatty acids detected with a C8 to C22 chain length). Monounsaturated fatty acids represent 41.97%, mostly 18:1 n‐9/n‐7 (38.39%). The second major fraction was formed by saturated fatty acids, 41.09%. Polyunsaturated fatty acid fraction (15.23%), included seven long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPs; 2.21%). Among LCPs, 1.6% accounted for the n‐6 series and 0.64% for the n‐3 series. LCPn‐6/LCPn‐3 ratio was 2.51. Mothers reporting a high fish consumption showed higher (p < 0.05) 22:6 n‐3 and 20:5 n‐3 content. The use of olive oil as the preferential fat source showed higher 18:1 n‐9/n‐7 and lower 18:2 n‐6 content (p < 0.0001), while the use of sunflower oil instead of olive oil significantly (p < 0.0001) increased 18:2 n‐6 and decreased 18:1 n‐9/n‐7. Regional differences (p < 0.05) were detected only for the n‐6 LCP and the total LCP content. The higher n‐6 LCP and total LCP content was found in Navarre. This could have been due to different diet habits, like higher egg consumption.
Endogenous Methemoglobinemia Associated with Diarrheal Disease in Infancy
Authors: Hanukoglu Aaron , Danon Pinhas N. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryInfantile diarrhea is sometimes associated with methemoglobinemia. To determine the significance of intestinal bacterial infection or overgrowth and other predisposing factors in this entity, we evaluated prospectively 45 consecutive patients who were admitted for gastroenteritis and methemoglobinemia between March 1980 and September 1992. All the patients were younger than 3 months of age. In 95% of them, methemoglobinemia occurred between the ages of 15 days to 2 months. The peak mean methemoglobin concentration was 9.4% (range, 2.4‐57%). Although stool cultures were positive in only 22% of the infants, the epidemiologic data strongly suggested a bacterial or viral etiology in our study population: for 12 years, there was a significant decrease in the annual incidence of methemoglobinemia associated with diarrhea in parallel to the decrease in infantile diarrhea due to known pathogens throughout the country in the same period. There was also a marked seasonal variation in the incidence of the disease, with two peaks in January and the summer months when viral and bacterial infections, respectively, are prevalent. Failure to thrive and low admission‐weight percentiles were associated with methemoglobinemia in most of the patients and diarrhea lasting ≥7 days in 22 (49%) patients. The blood pH and the degree of acidosis did not correlate with the severity of methemoglobinemia. All the patients were formula fed. In the etiology of methemoglobinemia in infants with enteritis, viral and bacterial pathogens appear to play an important role by altering intestinal flora. Breast feeding appears to protect against this entity.
Prognostic Factors in Hospitalized Children with Persistent Diarrhea: Implications for Diet Therapy
Authors: Bhatnagar Shinjini , Bhan Maharaj K. , Singh Kiran Deep , Shrivastav Ranjana 
Published: February 2024

SummaryA dietary algorithm for management of persistent diarrhea in developing countries, using locally available foods, is yet to be standardized. We identified factors related to poor outcome among 75 malnourished hospitalized male patients aged 3‐48 months with persistent diarrhea (≥14 days) treated on soy and cereal‐based diet (Diet 1). The 28 patients with stool output >60 g/k body weight on the sixth or the seventh treatment day were considered diarrhea treatment failures on Diet I. In the univariate analysis, breast feeding (p < 0.001), carbohydrate malabsorption based on low stool pH or reducing substances >0.5% (p = 0.03), initial 24‐h purge rate (p = 0.001), pneumonia (p = 0.003), or probable septicemia (p = 0.03) were associated with diarrhea treatment failures. Although 16 of these 28 patients responded to systemic antibiotics without dietary modification, all but one of the remaining recovered on a chicken puree, glucose, and oil formulation. Twenty‐six children had weight loss after 7 days on Diet I as compared with the postrehydration weight. These children had lower mean age (p = 0.05), lower food intake in the first 24 h (p = 0.05) and during the initial 7 days (p < 0.01), and a higher initial excretion of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (32 vs. 8%; p = 0.01). In the logistic regression model, significant risk factors for diarrhea treatment failures were initial purge rates, carbohydrate malabsorption, and intercurrent systemic infection; only low food intake was associated with significant risk for weight loss. The significant association of diarrhea treatment failures with carbohydrate malabsorption suggests that in the initial diet itself, part of polysaccharide be substituted with sucrose or glucose to obtain the right balance between osmolarity and energy density. Our data suggest that prompt identification and treatment of systemic infection is critical, as its eradication achieved recovery in more than half of the treatment failures without a dietary change.
Management and Ultrasonographic Appearance of Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis with Intravenous Atropine Sulfate
Authors: Nagita Akira , Yamaguchi Jun , Amemoto Kanji , Yoden Atsushi , Yamazaki Takeshi , Mino Makoto 
Published: February 2024

SummarySome infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) have responded to oral atropine treatment. To achieve sufficient effect of atropine, it must be administered intravenously (i.v.). Therefore, with ultrasonography, we studied the changes in the pyloric muscle in HPS during and after intravenous administration of atropine. Twenty‐three infants were studied. Atropine sulfate was initially administered at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg day i.v., and the dose was increased by 0.01 mg/kg/day until vomiting ceased. When vomiting ceased after administration of intravenous atropine sulfate, the infants received oral atropine sulfate at twice the effective intravenous dose; this was continued for 2 weeks. Ultrasonography was repeated until pyloric muscles normalized. Twenty‐two infants were free from vomiting after 1‐8 days of intravenous atropine sulfate (dosages of 0.04‐0.11 mg/kg/day). In 21 infants, weight gain continued after atropine treatment even though no change in thickness of the pyloric muscles was demonstrated ultrasonographically. Only 2 infants required pyloromyotomy because of prolonged treatment or a mistake in underdosing of oral atropine. All of the 21 infants who recovered after intravenous atropine without surgery had normalization of pyloric muscle caliber, as shown by ultrasonography 4‐12 months after treatment. Atropine is an effective medicine for HPS. Regression of pyloric thickening after vomiting has been controlled implies that pyloric muscle hypertrophy could be worsened by the spasm that occurs in HPS.
Quality of Life in Children with Crohn's Disease
Authors: Rabbett H. , Elbadri A. , Thwaites R. , Northover H. , Dady I. , Firth D. , Hillier V. F. , Miller V. , Thomas A. G. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryIn a 10‐week randomised cross‐sectional study we used an 88‐item questionnaire to assess the quality of life in 16 children (ages 8‐17 years) with Crohn's disease and their families. The questionnaire covered six domains of health‐related quality of life, including disease and its treatment, social, emotional, family, education, and future aspects. Crohn's disease affected education, with absenteeism in 12 and distraction during school work in six. Three children had had a home tutor, and five stated their need for one. Engaging in sports was a problem for eight children, mainly because of a lack of energy in five and the presence of a stoma in three children. Three children had missed every PE lesson in 1 year. Five children cited the social problem of being unable to stay over at friends' houses. Bullying concerned parents more than the children. Holiday difficulties included long distance traveling or lack of toilet facilities during school trips. Elemental diet was the preferred treatment, although the majority complained about the taste. Surgery was the most effective method of symptom control, though the resulting stoma was upsetting and restricted sports activities. Children on steroids had more depressive symptoms. Using the Rutter A Questionnaire, five children were designated “neurotic.” Parents' views of the severity of symptoms significantly correlated with their children's views regarding rectal bleeding, poor growth, lack of energy, and poor appetite (p < 0.01). The main parental concerns were the side effects of medications and issues concerning their children's future, including schooling, job prospects, and marriage. The parents of 11 children cited problems with children's behaviour. The parents of seven cited disruption of work, and those of six named taking holidays. Crohn's disease in children, in addition to being a symptomatically disabling condition, has a great impact on the health‐related quality of life of both sufferers and their parents. The questionnaire was a useful instrument, and with some adjustment it can be used again in large group studies.
Neonatal and Infantile Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Using a New Small Diameter Fibreoptic Gastroscope
Authors: Ruuska Tarja , Fell John M. E. , Bisset William M. , Milla Peter J. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryUsing a new prototype (Olympus XPGIF 5.2/ N30) gastroscope, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was safely performed under sedation on 99 infants (weights 0.9 to 10.1 kg). No complications occurred. Macroscopic and microscopic abnormalities were found in 60%, including abnormal duodenal biopsies in 47% of cases with protracted diarrhoea. Duodenal biopsy material was, however, of suboptimal standard for histologic assessment in 25% of the cases. In 52% of those under 3.5 kg diagnoses were made that would not have otherwise been possible and, in 75% of those in the Intensive Care Unit, abnormalities were found. The use of this new endoscope represents a significant advance in clinical practice.
Indirect Parameters of Pancreatic Function in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) During a Controlled Double‐Blind Trial of Pancreatic Supplementation
Authors: Regele S. , Henker J. , Münch R. , Barbier Y. , Stern M. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryDuring two treatment periods (4 weeks each), serum immunoreactive trypsin (IRT), immunoreactive human lipase in stool (IRL), and chymotrypsin (CT) activity in stool were determined in 16 cystic fibrosis patients and compared with fecal fat excretion (72‐h sampling). Fecal fat estimation revealed mild to severe steatorrhea in all 16 patients (X = 13.7 ± 9.0 g/24 h) in at least one study period. Stool fat excretion was highest in underweight adolescents and adults. Comparison of IRT and IRL with stool fat values showed no significant statistical correlation. IRT values revealed an inverse exponential correlation with age, with a steep decline at the age of 5 years. CT levels were very high in 14 of our 16 patients during supplementation therapy, whereas 2 patients showed subnormal CT values. We conclude that since indirect parameters of pancreatic function do not correlate with stool fat excretion, stool fat remains the best indirect parameter for the assessment of pancreatic insufficiency in cystic fibrosis. Leaving pancreatic enzyme supplementation in cystic fibrosis patients on the basis of normal serum trypsin or fecal lipase values does not appear to be adequate.
Lactose Maldigestion in Breast‐Feeding Gambian Infants
Authors: Northrop‐Clewes C. A. , Lunn P. G. , Downes R. M. 
Published: February 2024

Background:The ability of breast‐feeding infants to utilize lactose, the major carbohydrate in breast‐milk, is dependent on the presence of the enzyme lactase (E.C.3.2.1.108). Lactase is located in the brush border of the small intestine and because of its exposed position it is extremely vulnerable to pathogenic damage. Breast‐fed Gambian infants have poor growth associated with intestinal damage beyond 3‐4 months. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of Gambian infants aged 2‐15 months (N = 113) to digest lactose and to see how this varied with age, intestinal permeability, and growth performance.Methods:Lactose maldigestion was estimated by monthly measurements of urinary lactose and lactulose following an oral dose of the latter.Results:Both urinary lactose excretion and lactulose maldigestion increased with age (p < 0.0001 ANOVA). Up to 6 months the mean urinary lactose: lactulose excretion ratio was within the quoted normal range (< 0.4). Beyond this age, mean values were hypolactasic. Lactose maldigestion was related to poor growth in both weight and length (r =‐0.04, p < 0.0001, after age correction). Althogh a major part of this relationship was a reflection of the previously reported correlation between intestinal permeability and growth, more than 30% of the association was in addition to the permeability effect. Possible explanations are discussed.Conclusions:Moderate‐to‐severe hypolactasia does occur in breast‐fed Gambian infants and is related to poorer‐than‐expected growth. However, this does not mean that breast milk intake should be reduced as the nutritional and immunological benefits of breast milk continue to outweigh any disadvantages.
Alterations in Bone Metabolism in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Hyams Jeffrey S. , Wyzga Nancy , Kreutzer Donald L. , Justinich Christopher J. , Gronowicz Gloria A. 
Published: February 2024

Background:In patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), accelerated bone loss and osteopenia have been found. Potential etiologies of these bone abnormalities have included malnutrition, poor calcium intake or absorption, and the use of corticosteroids. Recent studies have suggested that circulating pro‐inflammatory cytokines, which are produced in inflamed bowel, can have a profound effect on bone metabolism, particularly bone resorption. Our aim was to characterize the effects of serum from subjects with IBD on bone metabolism in an in vitro bone culture system.Methods:Organ cultures of fetal rat parietal bones were treated with sera from 9 subjects with Crohn's disease, 7 with ulcerative colitis, and 10 controls with functional bowel disease (age range of all subjects 7‐16 years). Patients were also classified by disease activity, serum albumin level, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and serum interleukin (IL) 6 levels. The effects of sera on bone formation and resorption were quantified.Results:Compared with control serum, serum from patients with Crohn's disease significantly decreased bone dry weight (p < 0.01) and calcium content (p < 0.001) during 96 h of culture, while serum from ulcerative colitis patients had no effect. While no difference in collagen synthesis was noted between any of the three experimental groups, noncollagen protein synthesis was lower in the ulcerative colitis group than in the control group or those with Crohn's disease (p < 0.05). DNA content was similar in all groups. There was no significant effect of serum from any experimental group on bone resorption. There was no demonstrable relationship between clinical disease activity, ESR, or serum IL‐6 levels and measures of bone metabolism. Histologic evaluation of cultured bone showed marked differences between control subjects and Crohn's disease patients, with the latter being characterized by disorganization of mineral and osteoid and morphologically abnormal osteoblasts.Conclusions:Serum from children with IBD has a significantly different effect than control serum on an in vitro model of bone metabolism. Our data suggest that circulating factors may affect osteoblasts and bone formation, leading to bone loss. Further work will be required to further characterize the nature of these factors and develop treatment strategies to minimize their effects.