bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Letter of the Law
Authors: Skemp Sheila L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“No Governor ever stood better with the People in general than I do at present.”-William Franklin to Benjamin Franklin, October 3,1767. “Mens Minds are sour’d, a Sullen Discontent prevails, and, in my Opinion, no Force on Earth is sufficient to make the Assemblies acknowledge by any Act of theirs, that the Parliament has a Right to impose Taxes on America.
Removal: The First Crisis in Paternalism
Authors: Durrill Wayne K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In September 1861, after the fall to federal forces of Hatteras Island on North Carolina’s Outer Banks, Major General John Wool, commander of the island, reported that “negro slaves” were “almost daily arriving at this post from the interior.” They came in small groups, many traveling over one hundred miles from the counties bordering the Albemarle Sound. At Columbia, Tyrrell County, about eighty miles inland, a certain planter brought his slaves to town, presumably for safekeeping. The militia had mustered there, and the town had a jail if he needed it. But shortly after their arrival, thirteen of the man’s slaves quietly stole a boat and sailed for Hatteras, setting in motion a chain of events that quickly spread through counties all along the Albemarle Sound.
A Dispute, a Saying, and Some Theory
Authors: Dakubu M E Kropp 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ga, the language of Accra, arose in a multilingual context and has existed in one ever since. The split between Ga and its only close relative, Dangme, was undoubtedly triggered mainly by the influence of other languages, some of them spoken by much larger and more powerful groups, and many of whose speakers were assimilated into the Ga-speaking society. The way in which this occurred is explored in chapter 5. Such a situation of continual pressure from outside can be expected to provoke defensive reactions. Although Accra has been generally free of serious ethnic conflict, tensions naturally exist. These sometimes give rise to texts of various kinds that reveal much about their narrators’ views of their linguistic universe and of the salient linguistic others.
Multilingualism and the West African City
Authors: Dakubu M E Kropp 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
West African coastal cities are not often praised. Mary Kingsley ([1897] 1982: 30) said of colonial Accra in the early 1890s that it was attractive from the sea but other wise “a mass of rubbishy mud and palm-leaf huts.” In contrast, Klose (1899: 17) seems to have been impressed with the European-style buildings. Sanitation is a constant problem: lone Acquah ([1954] 1972: 20) mentions complaints about the cleaning of Accra dating from 1858, and they are still commonplace. Unlike the old cities of the Sahel, which are granted a certain originality of architectural style and romantic at mosphere, the coastal cities are considered by modem writers of all political stripes to be colonial creations, owing practically nothing, it would seem, to any indigenous creative drive. They are deprecated as bastions of neocolonialism, with their blatant display of social and economic inequalities and “alien” values—material, social, and spiritual. At the same time, they have been, it would seem, largely unsuccessful as centers for spreading the modernization and development that at least some forms of imperialism and almost all independent governments have sought to introduce, taking a disproportionate share of the national resources by demanding and obtaining for themselves expensive modem infrastructures and facilities that work uneconomically or not at all. The city as a whole and its residents as individuals are frequently accused of being economic parasites on the rest of the country.1 Yet, many city dwellers live in extremely deprived conditions, in surroundings that are generally perceived by locals and outsiders alike to be dirty, noisy, crowded, and unhealthy. In some cities, moreover, violent crime has become a serious problem. The list of their shortcomings seems endless.
Beyond the Sea: Exotic Languages
Authors: Dakubu M E Kropp 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we examine the other, more ambiguous source of language meaning, the sea, that is, overseas; the languages that came to Accra and, of course, the rest of the country with seaborne trade. If the lagoon drains a vast continental reservoir of linguistic resources toward Accra, the sea connects it literally with the ends of the earth. The languages that came to Ghana and West Africa with the seaborne gold trade, slave trade, and colonialism are still languages of international economic and political activity, and at least one of them, English, appears to be gaining strength worldwide.
Other Means of Escaping the Rule
Authors: Laycock Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The replace ability requirement is the most important doctrine for eliminating the irreparable injury rule as a significant obstacle to equitable relief. But other doctrines serve the same goal. There are several other important sources of irreparable injury. And sometimes courts simply ignore the rule, or hold it inapplicable. This chapter reviews these other means of escaping the irreparable injury rule.
Avoiding Over Enforcement
Authors: Laycock Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometimes courts refuse specific relief for fear of over enforcement. In the largest group of such cases, the specific remedy seems unduly expensive, and the argument is whether the remedy is worth the cost. In other cases, defendant relies on a countervailing substantive policy, such as freedom of speech or freedom to choose employment. Seeking remedies for plaintiffs that do not destroy the rights of defendants, courts are drawn to half measures.
Other Procedural Reasons
Authors: Laycock Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Concerns for full and fair procedure explain the most important source of irreparable injury opinions, the preliminary relief cases examined in Chapter 5. Other procedural reasons for irreparable injury opinions are jury trial, ripeness, mootness, and practicality. Perhaps the most plausible defense of the irreparable injury rule is that it protects the right to jury trial. The federaI2 and most state constitutions guarantee the right to jury trial in criminal cases and in suits at common law. But only a handful of states use jury trials in equity.*
Sociolinguistic Variation and Language Change
Authors: Ramanujan A K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems probable that no language is as monolithic as our descriptive grammars sometimes suggest; wherever sufficient data are available, we find diversity within languages on all levels-phonological, grammatical, and lexical. Such diversity can be studied along three synchronic dimensions-geographical, social, and stylistic. The geographical dimension is, of course, the main one which has occupied the attention of dialectologists and which has been presented in dialect atlases.
The Dravidian Enunciative Vowel
Authors: Bright William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phonological accounts of modem Indian languages are currently entering what may be thought of as their third period. In this reckoning, the first period would be the ‘Pre-Structuralist ‘, in which the indigenous orthographies were taken as the basis for description; wellknown Dravidian examples are the ‘pronunciation ‘ sections of Arden (1934) for Tamil, or of Spencer (1950) for Kannada.
Archaeology, Linguistics, and Ancient Dravidian
Authors: Bright William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hypothesis that a Dravidian language was spoken by the Ancient Indus Valley civilization of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa has long been considered highly plausible, and on several grounds. First, the presence of a modem Dravidian language in the hills to the west of the Indus, namely Brahui, is most easily explained if the Brahui are seen as the linguistic descendants of the ancient Indus Valley people.
The Interview In Clinical Medicine
Authors: Enelow Allen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diagnosis and treatment in medicine begin with the interview. Skillful interviewing is the clinicians most powerful tool in establishing the diagnosis. It is essential to the patients following treatment recommendations, and is at the heart of the doctor-patient relationship. A study of the relative contributions of the history, physical examination, and laboratory investigations to establishing medical diagnoses concluded that in 76% of patients the interview led to the diagnosis.1 Other studies have shown that skilled interviewing results in more accurate and complete diagnoses. Clinicians are likely to regard the term “medical interview” as synonymous with what is called history-taking. But medical interviewing is more than just history-taking. It is the process whereby the interviewer seeks to understand all the factors-biological, psychological, and social-that play a role in the patients becoming ill and that will affect his getting well.
Interviewing Children
Authors: Brummel-Smith Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps nowhere in the practice of medicine is the physician required to be more flexible than in the care of children. When interviewing pediatric patients and their families, doctors must be prepared for the varied expectations that young patients bring to the medical encounter. Children may enter the doctor-patient relationship with fears and fantasies about what will be “done to them” during a visit to the doctor. The physician must get onto the childs level, both figuratively and often physically if trust with that patient is to be established. In addition, virtually every visit by a child requires addressing not only the child’s needs, but also the accompanying parents. As children grow older, their questions and concerns may diverge more from those of the parent. This chapter examines these unique aspects of the pediatric interview and provides information about how the doctor can successfully manage the needs and expectations of both children and their parents. Special attention is paid to interviewing the unusually shy or frightened child, assessing the abused child, and interviewing the adolescent patient.
Giving Bad News and Discussing Advance Directives
Authors: Gordon Geoffrey H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is divided into two sections. Each one addresses a communication dilemma commonly faced by physicians but rarely discussed in medical school or residency training. The first section deals with giving bad news to patients and families, and the second deals with discussing advance directives. In each section, the goals are to review pertinent background material, identify some common barriers to communication, suggest techniques to facilitate effective communication, and discuss some common problem areas. The goal of this section is to review some common issues in giving bad news. The focus is on the physicians role in giving the diagnosis of cancer, although the general principles apply to a variety of “bad news” situations. Despite these suggestions, there is rarely a single “right way” to give bad news, and it is never easy. Physicians in other eras and cultures have traditionally avoided giving patients bad news. In the United States, however, the percentage of physicians who tell cancer patients the diagnosis has risen from 3 to 10 percent to over 94 percent in the last three decades. 1 This increase represents desire for greater patient autonomy and self-determination, greater public awareness of advances in cancer diagnosis and treatment, and greater scrutiny of the physician-patient relationship by administrative and allied health professionals.
Persons, Rights, and the Moral Community
Authors: Lomasky Loren E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents the foundations of a liberal individualistic theory of rights, and explains what rights we have and do not have, why we have them, who is and who is not a holder of rights, and the place of rights within the overall structure of morality. The author argues for the moral importance of individual commitments to 'projects', and demonstrates the implications of this for a variety of problems and issues.
The Role of the CEO in the Management of Change: The Case of Information Technology
Authors: Schein Edgar H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few people would question the assumption that CEOs have a major impact on the changes that occur in their organizations. Yet there is surprisingly little analysis of just what the nature of this impact is likely to be, whether it will vary by industry, company, or CEO attitude and style, and what empirical data can be gathered to begin to shed some light on these issues (Hambrick, 1988; Thomas, 1988).
Integrating Technology and Human Resources for High-Performance Manufacturing: Evidence from the International Auto Industry
Authors: Krafcik John Paul Macduffie ,John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For much of the last decade, technology has held the spotlight as a powerful force that has both promoted dramatic economic restructuring and offered individual firms new strategic opportunities for responding to changing competitive conditions. But the enthusiastic predictions of the early 1980s about the cost-saving and quality-enhancing capabilities of advanced microprocessor-based technologies were matched late in the decade by a chorus of concern about the failure of many technology investments to yield expected performance results (Dertouzos, Lester, and Solow, 1989; Loveman, 1988; Roach, 1987).
The Effects of Information Technology on Management and Organizations
Authors: Scott Morton Michael S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Management in the l 990s Research Program was created in 1984 to examine the profound impact that information technology (IT) is having on organizations of all kinds. Its mission was to explore how IT will affect the way organizations will be able to survive and prosper in the competitive environment of the 1990s and beyond. This chapter summarizes the program.
Turbulence in the business environment puts pressure on organizations to be sure they can effectively meet the fundamental changes that are occurring. The program identified four kinds of changes with which organizations must contend.
William Dorsey’s Philadelphia and Ours
Authors: Lane Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the fifty years after the Civil War, Philadelphia was the archetypical city for American blacks. Not only did it have the largest black population in actual numbers, but it was also the preferred destination in the North for blacks migrating from the South after the Civil War. The focus of the book is the scrapbooks and other material collected by William Henry Dorsey, black Philadelphia's first historian. Lane uses this collection to present a brilliant portrait of America's most important black community in a time of transition - the two generations following the Civil War when blacks began fleeing the South for a new life under emancipation.
Education and Educators
Authors: Lane Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The progress made in education at every level is the leading Afro-American success story of the late 19th century, in Philadelphia as throughout the country. It was a limited success, not easily won, and there was much confusion at the end of the period, as at the beginning, about where to go and how. But by 1900 the most obvious results, in terms of mass literacy, cannot be denied: in the North and the cities, even in the South and in the countryside, the majority of younger black citizens could read and write.
Recreation, Entertainment, and Postscriptum to William Henry Dorsey
Authors: Lane Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Henry Dorsey’s collection is full of evidence of every kind about the most exciting period in Afro-American history. In 1860 thousands of his fellow Philadelphians had once been slaves; almost all of them, slave or free, found the Civil War a liberating experience. By the end of the century even more had witnessed the ups and downs of southern Reconstruction, where early hopes for genuine political and economic inclusion were largely defeated by white southern intransigence. Historians of the South have often told the story of how the systematic denial of the vote and the spread of an officially sanctioned segregation eroded many of the gains of the late 1860s and 1870s, with help from the quasi-sanctioned practice of lynching. But the more paradoxical and in the long run equally significant history experienced by Dorsey’s own community in the same era is less familiar. The urban North already represented the future, marked by less dramatic but more complicated developments than those to the south. There were in Philadelphia few absolute triumphs, in an era in which pseudo-scientific racism infected the whole of the country, and many small victories for civility were matched or followed by defeats. But Afro-American contemporaries were more inclined to emphasize progress than pain. A major gain in personal security from white violence helped to balance the dangerous rise in vice and crime which blighted economic and personal life in growing black neighborhoods. Desegregation, however incomplete, advanced on several fronts, and there were undeniable advances in education and the professions to set against the systematic discrimination which shut the majority out of the industrial revolution. However shadowed by a subservient and even criminal politics the right to vote brought dignity to many and jobs for some, adding an important new layer to the black leadership class.
Dual Off ice Holding and the Constitution: A View from Hayburn’s Case
Authors: Tushnet Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In January 1989, the Supreme Court rejected a constitutional challenge to the manner in which the United States Sentencing Com mission is composed.1 The decision was squarely within the tradition established by the drafters of the Judiciary Act of 1789. The Supreme Court, like the First Congress, adopted a pragmatic approach to questions of constitutionality. We thus continue to work out issues regarding the constitutionally acceptable methods of organizing the federal judiciary.
Determining User Needs for Novel Information-based Products and Services
Authors: Hippel Eric Von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the information age, needs for information-based products and services change and evolve more and more quickly. This represents a major problem for firms trying to serve those needs because, as I shall show, marketing research methods are not currently designed to function in environments marked by rapid change. I begin by reviewing the general problem facing marketing research in such environments. Then, I spell out a “lead user” marketing research methodology that can, I propose, help firms understand user needs for new products and services under the prevailing conditions in the field of information-based products and services. Finally, I review a successful case study using the method that I conducted with my colleague Glen Urban.
Innovative Cultures and Organizations
Authors: Schein Edgar H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both students of organizations and managers are today increasingly concerned about the capacity of organizations to adapt to rapidly changing environmental conditions. The rate of change in the technological, economic, political, and sociocultural environments is picking up speed, and organizations are, therefore, finding it more and more important to figure out how to adapt. Adaptation in turbulent environments requires more than minor adjustments to the present way of doing things. It often requires genuinely innovative ideas-new missions, new goals, new products and services, new ways of getting things done, and even new values and assumptions. Most important, adaptation means the developing of the capacity to manage “perpetual change.” Organizations must “learn how to learn” (Argyrols & Scion, 1978; Schein, 1980) and must become “self-designing” (Weick, 1977).
Strategic Alignment: A Model for Organizational Transformation via Information Technology
Authors: Henderson John C , Venkatraman N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As organizational transformation emerges as an important theme among both management scholars and practitioners, it is perhaps a truism that the organizations of the 1990s will be significantly different from those of the last few decades. Although several factors are thought to influence and propel the organizational transformation process, as the chapters in this volume demonstrate, a major force lies in the recent developments and capabilities offered by information technologies (IT) namely, computers and communication technologies. This is mainly due to the acceleration in recent years of the power and capabilities of these technologies, with a corresponding improvement in the cost-performance ratio (Scott Morton, 1991). Over the last few years, several different arguments have been offered to highlight the potential of IT to influence competitive characteristics (see, e.g., Keen, 1986; McFarlan, 1984; Parsons, 1983; Porter & Millar, 1985; Rockart & Scott Morton, 1984; Wiseman, 1985) as well as to enable and shape business transformations, but there is a glaring lack of systematic frameworks to conceptualize the logic, scope, and patterns of organizational transformation enabled by information technology (IT). To help address this deficiency, this chapter develops and presents a conceptual model with a set of propositions and management implications.
How Expectations About Microcomputers Influence Their Organizational Consequences
Authors: Carroll Johns. , Perin Constance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the six years since the introduction of the IBM personal computer (PC), the ways that many people work have changed rapidly. By current estimates, there is one computer workstation for every 20 workers in the United States, and by 1990 some predicted that there would be one for every two or three in most industries (Keen, 1985). As their price has come down, managers find it easy to purchase PCs as discretionary office equipment or furniture. That simple transaction can put on an employee’s desk a stand-alone workstation of power comparable to that of the typical large mainframe computer of the 1960s. Although we might view this technological change as representing progress, anyone familiar with the uses of microcomputers in organizations readily encounters some paradoxes. In 1987, during a presentation to 50 graduates of the Senior Executive Program of the Sloan School on this subject, one person raised his hand and interjected, “We know that microcomputers are increasing in numbers, but how do we stop them?” About one-half of this group thought that although the investment in small systems was getting to be enormous, companies had little to show for it.
End User Computing in the Internal Revenue Service
Authors: Pentland Brian T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phase 1 of the automated examination system (AES) constituted a major shift in the technology of field audits in the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Until 1986, all field audits had been conducted essentially by hand on 14-column ledger pads and hand calculators. Reports were handwritten, as clerical help for typing was a scarce resource reserved for other uses. In 1986, the IRS began issuing laptop personal computers to revenue agents, the accounting professionals who conduct field audits of corporate and individual tax returns. With more than 14,000 revenue agents participating in the process, AES is certainly among the largest end user computing implementations in history and provides a unique opportunity to study how variations in management policy and training can influence the ability of employees to integrate new technology into their work.