bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Doctors and Patients The Practice(s) of Nymphomania
Authors: Goldberg Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The peasant Margaretha D., noted the asylum log, “often suffers from hysterical attacks, with which she wants to be treated like a distinguished lady . . . She raises herself above her social position and demands great attention and care.”1 This patient, in other words, though considered mad by the Eberbach asylum, was not a true hysteric: she rather “played” the hysterical lady.2 Two important issues suggest themselves from this description of feigned illness. The first has to do with the connection between class, gender, and the rep resentation of illness. Madness, it seems, had its class and gender codes. Certain symptoms of hysteria-which in the eighteenth century had become a fashion able illness of privileged women, signifying the pathologies accompanying luxury, leisure, and “civilization”-appeared suspicious in a poor, peasant woman. Secondly, the “playing” of illness suggests (inadvertently) a subtext, normally buried and only implicit in the asylum notes: of illness as strategic behavior on the part of the patient within the social dynamics of the asylum. Mar garetha’s symptoms were at least in part the result of a self-presentation to her keepers, a communicative act, with its own aims-attention, better care, and so forth.3 Both of these issues-the link between class, gender, and illness, on the one hand, and the strategic nature of symptoms, on the other-are atthe core of the following analysis of nymphomania.
The Jewish Response to the Third Reich: Gender at the Grassroots
Authors: Kaplan Marion 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the sometimes vitriolic debates about gender and the Holocaust, both sides recite the litany that the Holocaust was about the destruction of the Jewish people. Why it is necessary to repeat something so obvious has everything to do with the attackers’ reproach: opponents of gender studies imply that gender analysis assigns co-responsibility for the catastrophe to Jewish men and Nazis, essentially pitting Jewish men against Jewish women. Women’s historians, historians of gender, and feminists, in turn, insist that the Nazis were solely to blame, but that gender nonetheless mattered. This attack on the “accusatory gaze” of gender studies is part of a conservative backlash against feminism. It lumps feminist historians with scholars who deny or relativize the Holocaust or with feminists interested solely in “consciousness raising”-or with both. Without entering into the (de)merits of these allegations, it is also important to realize that there is a more general discomfort with a gender analysis of the Holocaust, which is seen as “privileging” women-that is, as raising women’s suffering above that of men.
Jewish Women in Transition: A Comparative Sociodemographic Perspective
Authors: DellaPergola Sergio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over recent decades, extraordinary changes have occurred worldwide with respect to women’s role in society. This is true concerning actual transformations in demographic, socioeconomic, and cultural trends; and probably even truer regarding the nature of public discourse. The key issue at stake in the assessment of gender in society concerns the amount of equity, if not equality, achieved by women in comparison with men. In this regard, innovative and sometimes provocative feminist ideas, claims, and strategies that assertively stressed the issue of equality-which were once barely at the margins of acceptance-have become part of mainstream discourse. There is, for example, the establishment of academic programs of women’s studies, an intriguing symptom of this legitimacy, as it indicates that the position of women in society can be conceptually equated with that of regional cultures or minorities.
The Human Side Of M&A
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are thousands of mergers every year and, by some estimates, two-thirds of them either fail or fall far short of expectations. How can leaders keep their merger from becoming a head-on collision? In The Human Side of M&A, Dennis Carey and Dayton Ogden argue that most failed mergers looked good on paper--they made financial and strategic sense--but the crucial human element was neglected or overlooked. Consequently, corporate cultures often clash and wreck any chance that the companies will work harmoniously together. The authors, who have worked with many companies in the process of merging, draw on their unique experience to demonstrate how to address the human side of a merger, revealing pitfalls to avoid as well as best practices to pursue. They describe how to assess the quality of the people on both sides, aligned with the strategy, to determine whom to retain. They argue that the CEOs need to create a new vision for the combined company (one that differs from the visions of the two individual entities). And they stress that it is vitally important to move quickly once the merger is approved so that the new enterprise can hit the ground running on the first official day of operating as a combined company. The book concludes with a rigorous statistical appendix that analyzes some of the most successful mergers of the past ten years, validating the book's underlying theme and conclusions. While the volume of mergers may wax and wane depending on a host of economic factors, mergers will endure as a logical, efficient, and profitable strategy for many companies in a global economy. This book will help ensure the success of those who choose this path.
Create a New Vision
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Announced in January 2000—and approved by the FTC in December of the same year and by the FCC a month later—the AOL Time Warner deal had the distinction of being the biggest merger in U.S. history. Just three years later, the deal has been judged a disaster of mammoth proportions. Virtually the entire top management team has resigned; the company posted a nearly $wo billion loss in 2002; and it faces U.S. government investigations into its business dealings as well as institutional shareholder lawsuits alleging the company inflated its stock price by overstating revenues.
Conclusion
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like other economic phenomena, M&A activity comes in clearly defined waves. The wave that peaked in 2000 has been well documented. And despite the retrenchment overall in the economy over the last few years—including in the merger and acquisition climate—we can expect to see M&A activity rebound in the coming years.
Crime Trends and the Effects of Crime Control Policies
Authors: Tonry Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prevailing sensibilities in the contemporary United States have produced, or at least allowed, drug and crime control policies of severity unprecedented in recent American history and unmatched in other Western countries today. There was a de facto moratorium on capital punishment in the United States in 1970 and belief was widespread that the Supreme Court would soon declare the death penalty unconstitutional. For eight years, from 1968 to 1977, no one was executed. In 2001, capital punishment was authorized in thirty-eight states and the federal system, sixty-six people were put to death, and at year’s end 3,625 were on death row (Death Penalty Information Center 2002). In June 2001 the execution of Timothy McVeigh, shown “live” on closed circuit television to more than 230 people, was the first execution by the federal government since 1963. By contrast, in 2001, no Western European country, or Australia, Canada, England, or New Zealand, allowed capital punishment. Courts in South Africa and Hungary had declared their countries’ capital punishment laws unconstitutional. The dozens of Eastern and Southern European countries joining the Council of Europe agreed to forego capital punishment as a condition of membership.
Synaptic function and biochemical neuroanatomy
Authors: Heckers Stephan , Konradi Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How are the 1011 neurons in the central nervous system arranged to process information? How do they communicate through their 103–104 connections with each other? Most importantly for psychiatrists; how can environmental influences, such as a pharmacological intervention or psychotherapy, influence the way in which the brain processes information? In this chapter we will focus on two basic principles of neurotransmission that may help to understand normal brain function on the one hand, and the current practice of clinical psychopharmacology on the other. First, the anatomic organization of neurotransmitter systems determines their behavioral affiliation. Second, neurotransmitter receptors modulate the electrical properties (via ion channels) or the biochemical properties (via second messenger systems) of neurons. We will then review these two basic principles for some of the neurotransmitter systems relevant to the practice of neuropsychopharmacology.
Mechanisms of signal transduction and adaptation to psychotropic drug action
Authors: et.al. Lara M Tolbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The predominant mechanism by which neurons communicate with and are modulated by one another in the central nervous system (CNS) is through chemical transmission. During this process, molecules released from a presynaptic neuron travel a short distance across the synaptic cleft and interact with receptor proteins located on the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron. The binding of these neurotransmitters, or chemical ligands, to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron initiates a chain of events by which the neuron produces a response to the stimulation. Typically, there are four mechanisms by which a ligand can trigger a response. Monoamine neurotransmitters, as well as amino acid and peptide neurotransmitters, bind to metabotropic receptors, or G protein–coupled receptors, so named because they produce their response via intermediary GTP-binding proteins. Some monoamine and amino acid neurotransmitters can also produce faster responses by directly binding to ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane, altering the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell by allowing specific ions to flow down their electrochemical gradient. Neurotrophins, growth factors, and some hormones act on membrane-bound receptors which either have intrinsic enzymatic (e.g., kinase) activity or which bind to intracellular proteins with such activity. Finally, lipophilic hormones, such as steroids, can diffuse through the neuronal membrane and activate intracellular receptors that bind to specific sequences on DNA to initiate transcription. This chapter will focus on the first three of these signal transduction mechanisms, which have the most relevance to the actions of currently available psychotropic drugs.
Molecular genetics
Authors: Paul Surojit , Lombroso Paul J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There have been remarkable advances over the last 20 years in our understanding of how genes contribute to both normal and abnormal development. The greatest progress has come from the fields of molecular biology and the neurosciences. Together, these disciplines have deepened our appreciation of the biological and environmental factors that contribute to mental illness. Genes have been implicated in an ever-increasing number of disorders. The sequencing of the human genome will allow researchers to investigate this area with greater ease than was possible before. As a better understanding emerges over the role these genes play, there will be an increasing need to find better techniques to discover psychotropic agents that are capable of interacting with these gene products and modify their actions when necessary. The field of pharmacology has been moving toward an examination of how drugs interact with brain proteins and the regulatory mechanisms that control the synthesis and function of these proteins. This chapter will review the basic concepts of molecular biology as well as summarize some of the most recent discoveries and technical advances.
Neurobiology of early-onset anxiety disorders
Authors: et.al. Vivian Koda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The past two decades of research on both the longitudinal course and familial distribution of anxiety disorders suggests that many forms of adult anxiety disorders can be conceptualized as developmental conditions. Family studies demonstrate strong associations between anxiety in parents and children (Weissman et al., 1997; Battaglia et al., 1998). Similarly, prospective epidemiological studies find strong associations between anxiety during adolescence and both anxiety as well as major depression during adulthood (Pine et al., 1998). Given this developmental perspective, the expanding knowledge base on the neurobiology of adult anxiety disorder may provide opportunities for enhancing knowledge of childhood anxiety disorders.
Neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: et.al. Tanya K Murphy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As defined in the Diagnonstic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th (DSM-IV), obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder, characterized by obsessions—recurrent, unwanted, and distressing thoughts, images, or impulses—and/or compulsions—complex, repetitive, rule-governed behaviors that the patient feels driven to perform. Patients usually try to actively dismiss obsessions or neutralize them by seeking reassurance, avoiding situational triggers, or by engaging in compulsions. Although compulsions generally serve to alleviate anxiety, they can also engender anxiety if they become too arduous or time-consuming. The proposed lifetime prevalence of OCD is 2%–3% in adolescents and adults. Approximately half of all OCD patients first present in childhood, before age 15 (Karno et al., 1988). Peak symptom changes often occur around age 10 years (Leonard et al., 1992) and the symptom profile in children can be quite variable. A child with only OCD or tics may develop additional symptoms months or years later. Although there are many similarities between childhood and adult onset OCD, Geller et al. (1998a) propose that there are enough differences between childhoodand adult-onset OCD to view childhood-onset OCD as a developmental subtype of the disorder. The major difference between childhoodand adult-onset OCD is that in children compulsions often precede obsessions and they may lack insight about their symptoms. Childhood-onset OCD is also associated with a poorer treatment response, higher familial risk, and a high rate of comorbid tic, disruptive, and developmental disorders.
Neurobiology of tic disorders, including Tourette’s syndrome
Authors: et.al. James F Leckman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tic disorders are chronic conditions that are frequently associated with difficulties in self-esteem, family life, social acceptance, or school or job performance that are directly related to the presence of motor and/or phonic tics. Although tic symptoms have been reported since antiquity, systematic study of individuals with tic disorders dates from the nineteenth century. In addition to tics, individuals with tic disorders may present with a broad array of behavioral difficulties including disinhibited speech or conduct, impulsivity, distractibility, motoric hyperactivity, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (Leckman and Cohen, 1998). Alternatively, a sizable portion of children and adolescents with tics will be free of coexisting developmental or emotional difficulties. Scientific opinion has been divided on how broadly to conceive the spectrum of maladaptive behaviors associated with Tourette’s syndrome (TS) (Comings, 1988; Shapiro et al., 1988).
Neurobiology of affiliation: implications for autism spectrum disorders
Authors: et.al. Sherie Novotny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In human beings and most mammals, affiliation is an essential part of the life process, as it is necessary for both reproduction and survival. There are nonetheless instances in nature of profound lack of affiliative behavior. For example, children with autism spectrum disorders have significant difficulties in social skills, including lack of positive reinforcement from social interaction, poor eye gaze, impairment in social interactions, difficulties in attachment, and difficulties in nonverbal and, often, verbal communication. Deficits of this kind have led us to the study of the neurobiology underlying attachment and affiliation.
Neurobiology of substance abuse and dependence disorders
Authors: Jacobsen Leslie K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Substance abuse and dependence disorders occurring during childhood or adolescence, just as other psychiatric disorders that develop during this period, are associated with significant functional impairment and, in some cases, mortality. However, a critical difference between these and other psychiatric disorders is that the existence of substance abuse and dependence disorders requires an external agent that is available and potent, and a host who is willing to self-administer the agent. This key difference shapes both the neurobiologic and the psychosocial underpinning of this class of disorders.
Antidepressants II: tricyclic agents
Authors: Gundersen Karl , Geller Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) were first synthesized in the 1940s by chemists looking for drugs to act as sedatives, antihistamines, and anti-parkinsonian drugs (Baldessarini, 1996). Use in depression was first reported in the late 1950s, and hundreds of studies have confirmed their effectiveness in adult populations. In the mid-1960s, TCAs were first studied as an alternative to stimulant medication in the treatment of childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, (ADHD). To date, TCAs have been used in multiple psychiatric disorders in children, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety, and enuresis. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved TCAs only for use in the treatment of OCD (clomipramine) and enuresis (imipramine).
Mood stabilizers: lithium and anticonvulsants
Authors: Davanzo Pablo , McCracken James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the process of studying the toxicity of uric acid from patients with manic–depressive illness in guinea pigs, the Australian physician John Cade noted in 1949 that animals became lethargic after injection with lithium carbonate, a monovalent cation (Cade, 1978). This led to the administration of lithium citrate to a manic adult patient who had a marked clinical improvement (Cade, 1978). Twenty years later, lithium was approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of mania in adults. Since then, it has traditionally been used as the preferred treatment of mania in adults (Post et al., 1997) and adolescents (Strober et al., 1990) with bipolar disorder (BD). One double-blind, placebocontrolled study of adolescent mania showing a 43% response efficacy (Geller et al., 1998a) suggests that adolescents with BD may have a similar or even lower response efficacy to lithium compared with adults.
Miscellaneous compounds: beta-blockers and opiate antagonists
Authors: Buitelaar Jan K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beta-blockers are medications that block β-adrenergic receptors and thereby influence the activation of centrally located systems that use norepinephrine and epinephrine as a neurotransmitter, as well as that of the adrenergic sympathetic nervous system. Beta-blockers have long been used in general medicine. For example, by blocking β-receptors in the heart, heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure are decreased. This has led to clinical applications in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmias. In psychiatry, beta-blockers have been used on the basis of the hypothesis that “overarousal,” i.e., overactivation of adrenergic systems, may underlie various psychiatric symptoms. Clinical indications in adult psychiatry for treatment with beta-blockers are mainly anxiety disorders with somatic manifestations such as palpitations and tremor (Neppe, 1989; Lader, 1988); prophylactic treatment of migraine (Evers, 1999), various forms of aggression and rage outbursts (Haspel, 1995; Silver et al., 1999); akathisia (Wells et al., 1991; Kurzthaler et al., 1997), and simple or drug-induced tremor (Henderson et al., 1995). A recent meta-analysis found insufficient support to recommend beta-blockers as an add-on to neuroleptics in the treatment of schizophrenia (Cheine et al., 2000). A small but controlled study in three adolescents and two adults found propranolol to be ineffective in Tourette’s syndrome (Sverd et al., 1983). There are limited data on the efficacy and safety of beta-blockers in children and adolescents. Possible psychiatric indications for the use of beta-blockers in pediatric populations, namely aggression, rage outbursts, and anxiety, will be discussed here.
Complementary and alternative medicine in pediatric psychopharmacology
Authors: Rey Joseph M , Walter Garry , Horrigan Joseph P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alternative medicine refers to a group of treatments that exist largely outside the institutions where mainstream health care is provided (Zolman and Vickers, 1999). The boundary between these practices and traditional medicine has become progressively blurred because of some physicians using alternative treatments in their practice and to their inclusion in health insurance packages. Many universities now offer courses on alternative medicine and scientific methods (e.g., randomized, placebo-controlled trials) are beginning to be used to test the efficacy of these treatments. Alternative medicine is increasingly seen as complementing mainstream practices and is often referred to as complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). For example, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States include the National Center for Complimentary and Alternative Medicine, which conducts and supports basic and applied research in this field. Complementary and alternative medicine comprises a wide range of treatments as disparate as acupuncture, yoga, herbal medicine, homoeopathy, and reflexology. This chapter will focus on the herbal remedies or “dietary supplements,” particularly St. John’s wort, that are more relevant to clinical practice and research.
Clinical instruments and scales in pediatric psychopharmacology
Authors: Arnold L Eugene , Aman Michael G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This review of instruments for assessing psychopathology in toddlers, children, and adolescents is not intended to be comprehensive. For readers seeking more details, we recommend an extensive textbook, the Handbook of Psychiatric Measures, (Rush et al., 2000), a detailed chapter (Aman and Pearson, 1999), and the disorder-specific chapters in Part III-B of this volume. Before describing specific instrument options, we summarize some basic principles that are applicable in clinical practice and in research on psychoactive medication. Although we use attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a frequent example, the principles are generally applicable to assessment of most disorders.
Thinking about prescribing: the psychology of psychopharmacology
Authors: Pruett Kyle D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our patients have myriad thoughts, feelings, and wishes about the substances we prescribe for them, and about the processes we go through when prescribing them. As clinicians, we too are no less psychologically involved in these very concerns. Indeed, we often share their preoccupations and “magic bullet” fantasies of finding the perfect potion for just their problem. For all our increasing sophistication in understanding pharmacokinetics, drug–environment interaction, and symptoms as targets, we (rightly) remain as intrigued as ever by the way a particular agent works, or doesn’t, in a particular patient, at any given moment in time.