bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in West Greenland
Authors: Born Erik W. , Heide-Jørgensen Mads P. , Davis Rolph A. 
Published: January 2024

In the early part of the 20th century Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) occurred abundantly between approximately 66°N and 70°45'N in Central West Greenland from September until mid June. Between September and December several hundred walruses hauled out on small islands and promontories between the entrance to Nassuttooq (Nordre Strømfjord, approx. 67°30'N) and approximately 67°45'N, south of the settlement of Attu. From 1911, the hunt for walruses at terrestrial haul out sites was intensified, and by the late 1930s the walruses had abandoned the terrestrial haul outs in this area.
Between 1911 and the early 1940s, the catches of walruses in western Greenland (excluding the Avanersuaq/Thule area) increased rapidly, reaching a maximum of more than 600 animals reported for 1938 and 1940. Mainly reproductive females were caught and the proportion of unretrieved kills was high. Between the early 1940s and the mid 1960s catches decreased rapidly, apparently reflecting a decrease in the stock of walruses wintering off Central West Greenland. Between 1965 and 1987, the recorded annual catch in western Greenland south of 76°N averaged 56 walruses (SD = 19.7; range 19- 101 animals). It is estimated that during this period the total number of walruses removed by hunting was about 100 per year.
Comparisons of the results of systematic aerial surveys conducted in early spring of 1981, 1982, 1984, 1990 and 1991 over the walrus wintering grounds at Central West Greenland revealed no trend in abundance. The line transect methods used in the 1990 and 1991 surveys gave higher and more robust estimates of abundance than the strip censuses used in the previous surveys, and resulted in estimates of abundance of about 500 walruses (not corrected for submerged animals).
The stock structure of the total walrus population in the Baffin Bay and Davis Strait regions is obscure. However, this study has shown that the numbers of walruses in Central West Greenland are much lower than historical levels, and that walruses in this area are vulnerable.
Deposition of airborne metals around the lead-zinc mine in Maarmorilik monitored by lichens and mosses
Authors: Pilegaard K. 
Published: January 2024

The deposition of heavy metals around the Pb-Zn mine in Maarmorilik (Greenland) was monitored during the years 1979-1990 by analyses of concentrations in in situ lichens (Cetraria nivalis and Umbilicaria lyngei) and higher plants (Rhododendron lapponicum).
Concentrations of the metals Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb and Zn decreased with increasing distance from the mining and milling complex according to the model: y = axb + c where y = concentration, x = distance, c = background concentration, a and b = constants.
The spread was most pronounced west of Maarmorilik. Exposed Pb-Zn mineralizations in the area were found not to influence the overall deposition pattern. The transport of pollutants to higher altitudes was little.
Airborne pollution with Cd, Pb and Zn was monitored with suspended Sphagnum-bags during a period with ship-loading of concentrates and compared to a period without this activity. There was a strongly increased deposition of airborne Cd, Pb and Zn during periods of ship-loading. The primary sources of pollution were the concentrate conveyor and the ship-loader. Sphagnum-bags were also used to monitor the effects of remedial actions carried out in the mining town.
Analyses of the concentrations of Pb in Cetraria during the years 1979 to 1990 showed that pollution during the last years was only about half as large as during the early years.
This decrease is attributed to the pollution abatement carried out at the mining complex.
The vegetation types of Northeast Greenland. A phytosociological study based mainly on material left by Th. Sørensen from the 1931-35 expeditions
Authors: Fredskild Bent 
Published: January 2024

Based on 347 vegetation analyses carried out in 1931-35 by Th. S0rensen in the 72°- 74°N area, supplemented by 136 recent analyses from 74½0N and field observations northwards to 79°N, the vegetation types of Northeast Greenland are described. Further to phanerogams, the mosses and a few lichens are determined in 274 of the 347 analyses.
The most characteristic vegetation types present in this middle-arctic area are: 1. Dwarfshrub heaths dominated by Cassiope tetragona, Salix arctica, Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. microphyllum or Betula arctica, depending on soil and duration of snow cover. 2. Grasslands, drying out during summer, characterised by Arctagrostis latifolia, Carex bigelowii, C. misandra, and Eriophorum triste. 3. Permanently wet fens with Carex stanus, Eriophorum scheuchzeri, and Arctagrostis latifolia. 4. Snowbeds, the late ones characterised by Phippsia algida, the moderately late by Salix herbacea, and the few early herb-slope like snowbeds by Trisetum spicatum and Erigeron humilis. 5. Open, graminoid Dryas-heaths and fell-fields on dry soil with Carex nardina, C. rupestris, and Kobresia myosuroides. 6. Fell-fields with Calamagrostis purpurascens and Carex supina ssp. spaniocarpa. 7. Species rich communities on wet ground, covered by organic crust, characterised by Koenigia islandica and Festuca hyperborea. 8. Halophytic vegetations with Puccinellia phryganodes and Carex subspathacea.
Soil samples have been analyzed for nine factors for the major part of the 347 analyses. The plant to soil relationship is illustrated for the 109 most frequent phanerogam species, for 40 of these lo all nine factors, for 69 only to pH and conductivity.
Sørensen arranged his analyses in 41 phytosociological groups according to his similarity coefficient - the "Sørensen index''. These groups form the basis of the phytosociological classification according to the Braun-Blanquet system. The vegetation units are grouped into 13 associations, of which 7 are new, subdivided into a number of new, lower phytosociological units. These are grouped in the alliances Saxifrago-Ranunculion nivalis, Caricion atrofusco-saxatilis, Dryadion integrifoliae, Veronico-Poion glaucae, and Puccincllion phryganodis. Two synoptical tables summarizes the frequency of 135 phanerogams and 99 cryptogams, mainly mosses, in 42 phytosociological units.
Arrhenia auriscalpium in arctic-alpine habitats: world distribution, ecology, new reports from the southern Rocky Mountains, USA
Authors: Cripps Cathy L. , Horak Egon 
Published: January 2024

During our investigations of alpine agarics in the central and southern Rocky Mountains, Arrhenia auriscalpium (Fr.) Fr. was collected several times on high mountain localities in Colorado at elevations of 3,350-3,670 m. Arrhenia auriscalpium is a well-known arcticalpine basidiomycete (Agaricales) with a circumpolar distribution, which has previously been reported only once from the USA (outside Alaska).
This is the first formal report of A. auriscalpium from Colorado, and is the highest elevation yet recorded for the fungus. This extends the distribution of A. auriscalpium deep into the North American cordillera to a latitude of 39° N, which is a southern-most extension for true northern alpine habitat. This new information is added to the global distribution of A. auriscalpium which is reported here along with notes on its ecology.
Vegetation and altitudinal zonation in continental West Greenland
Authors: Sieg Birgit , Drees Birgit , Daniëls Fred J. A. 
Published: January 2024

Following the principles of the Braun-Blanquet approach a detailed investigation of the vegetation types of mountains in continental West Greenland is presented. The vegetation types are analysed regarding their subdivision into subassociations, variants and elevation forms, as well as the prevailing environmental conditions of their habitats. Special attention is paid to bryophytes and lichens as these play an important role in arctic plant communities and ecosystems.
Based on 394 relevés the following communities are dealt with: Calamagrostio lapponicae-Salicetum glaucae ass. nov., Hylocomio splendentis-Cassiopetum tetragonae, Empetro hermaphroditi-Betuletum nanae, Ledo decumbentis-Betuletum nanae (all Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea), Carici nardinae-Dryadetum integrifoliae, Thuidio abietini-Kobresietum myosuroides ass. nov., Rhododendro lapponici-Vaccinietum microphylli, Tortello arcticae-Caricetum rupestris ass. nov., Saxifrago nathorstii-Kobresietum simpliciusculae (all Carici-Kobresietea), Plagiomnio elliptici-Salicetum glaucae ass. nov. (Salicetea purpureae), Cerastium arcticum-Poa community, Pediculari flammeae-Caricetum bigelowii ass. nov. (both Salicetea herbaceae), Caricetum saxatilis, Caricetum rariflorae (both Scheuchzerio-Caricetea) and Racomitrium lanuginosum community (Thlaspietea rotundifolii).
Moreover, the importance of all vegetation types in the study area (incl. Phippsietum algidae-concinnae, Cassiopetum hypnoidis, a.o.) regarding the characterization and delimitation of altitudinal vegetation belts is assessed. For this purpose, their altitudinal distribution, elevation forms, change in habitat-type preferences and the substitution of communities along the altitudinal gradient as well as altitudinal indicator values of selected species are discussed. It resulted that the existence of three altitudinal belts with boundaries at 400 and 800 m a.s.l. can be confirmed and that a variety of the considered criteria is necessary for a comprehensive distinction of these vegetation belts.
Furthermore, it was shown that differences between vegetation in mid and high altitudes are more pronounced than between low and mid altitudes. The lowlands and mid altitudes are dominated by erect dwarf-shrub heath vegetation. The associations Rhododendro-Vaccinietum and Ledo-Betuletum are mainly restricted to these altitudes. Mid altitudes are differentiated from the lowlands by elevation forms and change in habitat-type preferences of vegetation types as well as by occurrence of snowbed communities and absence of shrub vegetation.
High altitudes are dominated by graminoid and prostrate dwarf-shrub vegetation of the classes Salicetea herbaceae and Carici-Kobresietea. They are differentiated from mid altitudes not only by elevation forms and change in habitat-type preferences of plant communities, but also by substitution of vegetation types. Tortello-Caricetum, Pediculari-Caricetum and Racomitrium lanuginosum community are restricted to these altitudes.
Physical conditions, dynamics and model simulations during the ice-free period of the Young Sound/Tyrolerfjord system
Authors: Bendtsen Jørgen , Gustafsson Karin E. , Rysggard Søren , Vang Torben 
Published: January 2024

The Young Sound/Tyrolerfjord system is a 90 km long and 2–7 km wide sill fjord in northeast Greenland, with a mean depth of 100 m. Observations of the bottom topography are presented from different sections of the fjord system, which has a total volume of 40 km3 and a surface area of 390 km2. Hydrographic observations from the summer period show the large influence from the freshwater discharge on the mixed layer depth in the fjord, which, during summer, is less than 5 m, with surface salinity increasing from values below 10 in the inner part of Young Sound to about 30 above the sill in the outer part of the fjord. The deep and intermediate water in the fjord is characterized by a temperature of -1.7 °C and a salinity of 33.1, corresponding to σt < 26.5.
The maximum tidal amplitude is 0.8 m and 0.4 m during flood and neap tide, respectively, and is dominated by the lunar semi-diurnal M2 tidal constituent. New model simulations show the evolution of the mixed layer during the summer season. A sensitivity study based on this model is presented, showing that the mixed layer thickness will decrease by about 20% if the runoff is increased by a factor of two, and the implications for the hydrographic conditions in relation to a global warming scenario are discussed.
Planktonic choanoflagellates from Disko Bugt, West Greenland, with a survey of the marine nanoplankton of the area
Authors: Thomsen Helge Abildhauge 
Published: January 2024

Light and electron microscopy of whole mounts prepared from water samples collected in July and August 1977 at thirteen stations in the vicinity of Godhavn (Disko Bugt, West Greenland), has led to the enumeration of approximately 100 nanoplanktonic taxa. A full account is given of field and laboratory methods. The most conspicuous algal class was the Prymnesiophyceae with more than 38 species. Among the heterotrophic organisms listed the Choanoflagellida was the most important single group, comprising 28 species. Two new choanoflagellate taxa are described on the basis of West Greenland material: Conion groenlandicum gen. et sp.nov. and Diaphanoeca undulata sp.nov.
In order to facilitate immediate comparison of closely related taxa Diaphanoeca sphaerica sp.nov. is described on the basis of Danish material.
Thirteen of the loricate choanoflagellate species listed are new recordings for West Greenland. A summary of previous findings of the choanoflagellate species encountered in the Disko Bugt samples show that three species (Conion groenlandicum, Pleurasiga caudata and Parvicorbicula serratula) are so far known from arctic and subarctic localities only. A pronounced vertical distribution pattern of choanoflagellate species was observed at one station southeast of Godhavn. Three distinct species associations occurred in this particular water column (0-300 m).
Lichens from Central East Greenland
Authors: Hansen Eric Steen 
Published: January 2024

A total of 600 samples of 167 species of macro- and microlichens were collected mainly by Pauline Topham and Geoffrey Halliday on botanical expeditions to Central East Greenland in the years 1961, 1962, 1968, 1971, 1974 and 1980. Three of the species, viz., Caloplaca tornoensis Magnusson, Rhizocarpon pusillum Runem, and Verrucaria thalassina (Zahlbr.) Zsch. are additions to the known lichen flora of Greenland. The following eleven species have not previously been reported from East Greenland: Catillaria philippea (Mont.) Massal., Cladonia luteoalba A. Wilson & Wheldon, C. macroceras (Delise) Ahti, Coelocaulon divergens (Ach.) R.H. Howe, Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.) R. Sant., Leprocaulon subalbicans (Lamb) Lamb & Ward, Peltigera kristinssonii Vitik., Pertusaria octomela (Norman) Erichsen, Rhizocarpon intermediellum Räsänen, Solorina saccata (L.) Ach. and Thelidium papulare (Fr.) Arnold.
Information is provided on climatic conditions at two meteorological stations situated in the area investigated. Thirtyeight collecting localities are listed, together with brief notes on their geology. The localities are situated between the southernmost part of Liverpool Land and Jameson Land, c. 70°N, and the middle of Lyell Land and Traill Ø, c. 73°N.
A survey is given of some important ecological, phytosociological and distributional characteristics for the lichen species, together with information on the presence of perithecia or apothecia.
Lichens of particular interest are discussed in the special part of the paper.
A number of commonly used synonyms are listed in the Appendix.
Vertical distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon and vegetation types under different elevation gradients in Cangshan, Dali
Authors: Yang Xue , Xu Jianhong , Wang Huifang , Quan Hong , Yu Huijuan , Luan Junda , Wang Dishan , Li Yuancheng , Lv Dongpeng 
Published: January 2024

Background
The Cangshan National Nature Reserve of Dali City was adopted as the research object to clarify the vertical distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC) and vegetation types at different elevations in western Yunnan.

Methods
The contents of SOC, light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), heavy fraction organic carbon (HFOC), and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in the 0–30 cm soil layer at different elevations (2,400, 2,600, 2,800, 3,000, 3,200, 3,400, and 3,600 m) were determined, and the above-ground vegetation types at different elevations were investigated.

Results
Results showed that the SOC content was the highest in 0–20 cm surface soil and gradually decreased with the deepening of the soil layer. It increased then decreased with the increase in elevation, and it peaked at 3,000 m. The LFOC content was between 1.28 and 7.3515 g kg−1. It exhibited a decreasing trend and little change in profile distribution. The HFOC content ranged between 12.9727 and 23.3708 g kg−1; it increased then decreased with the increase in profile depth. The WSOC content was between 235.5783 and 392.3925 mg kg−1, and the response sensitivity to elevation change was weak. With the increase in elevation, WSOC/SOC and LFOC/SOC showed a similar trend, whereas HFOC presented an opposite trend. This observation indicates that the active organic carbon content at 3,600 m was lower than that at 2,400 m, and the middle elevation was conducive to the storage of active organic carbon. Meanwhile, the physical and chemical properties of soil affected the distribution of organic carbon to a certain extent. The vegetation type survey showed that the above-ground dominant species within 2,400–2,800 m were Pinus yunnanensis and Pinus armandii. Many evergreen and mixed coniferous broadleaf forests were distributed from 3,000 m to 3,200 m. Species of Abies delavayi were mainly distributed from 3,400 m to 3,600 m. This research serves as a reference for the study of forest soil carbon stability in high-elevation areas and plays an important role in formulating reasonable land use management policies, protecting forest soil, reducing organic carbon loss, and investigating the carbon sequestration stability of forest ecosystems.
Acute effects of muscle mechanical properties after 2000-m rowing in young male rowers
Authors: Chang Chun-Hao , Ho Chin-Shan , Li Fang , Chen Chao-Yuan , Yeh Hung-Chih , Ho Chia-An 
Published: January 2024

Background
The mechanical properties of muscles, such as changes in muscle tone and stiffness, are related to sports performance and injuries. Rowers are at increased risk of muscle fatigue and injury during high-repetition and heavy-load cyclic muscle actions. In view of this, the aim of the present study was to investigate the acute effect on muscle tone and stiffness, as well as bilateral muscle asymmetry, in high school rowers after a 2000-meter rowing ergometer test.

Methods
Twelve young male rowers (age = 17.1 ± 0.9 years, body weight = 73.5 ± 9.7 kg) were included in the study. The data of muscle tone (frequency) and stiffness of the posterior deltoids (PD), latissimus dorsi (LD), and rectus femoris (RF) (dominant and non-dominant side) before and after a 2000-m rowing ergometer test were collected using a handheld MyotonPRO device.

Results
After the rowing ergometer test, the muscle tone of dominant side PD, LD, and RF were significantly increased (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the muscle stiffness of the non-dominant side LD and RF, as well as the dominant side PD, LD, and RF were significantly increased after the rowing ergometer test (p < 0.05). The muscle tone and stiffness results showed that the dominant side PD, LD, and RF were all significantly higher than the non-dominant side after the rowing ergometer test (p < 0.05), where bilateral PD and RF exhibits moderate asymmetry (5% < symmetry index < 10%).

Conclusions
After a high-intensity and high-load 2000-m rowing ergometer test, PD, LD, and RF showed increases in muscle tone and stiffness, as well as changes in the symmetry of bilateral muscle mechanical properties.
Exploring the Intricacies and Functionalities of Galactose Oxidase: Structural Nuances, Catalytic Behaviors, and Prospects in Bio-electrocatalysis
Authors: Ajayi Nneka Damola , Ajayi Samson Abidemi , Olaniyi Oluwaseun Oladeji 
Published: January 2024

Galactose Oxidase, also known as GOase, is an enzyme found mostly in Fusarium graminearum, Dactylium dendroides, and Gibberella fujikuroi. GOase, containing copper, serves catalytic functions in oxidizing substrates and primary alcohols such as d-galactose, benzyl alcohol derivatives, and dihydroxyacetone. The catalytic property of galactose oxidase that differentiates it from other enzymes is its cofactor consisting of a Cu (II)-bound Cys-Tyr* radical. The cofactor is vital for enabling regioselective oxidation. The application of galactose oxidase (GOase) covers several fields such as enzymatic synthesis, biosensors development, and processes of diagnosis.
Galactose oxidase (GOase) was discovered to have a crystallographic structure by X-ray diffraction, which revealed an active site containing copper ions displaying relatively square pyramidal geometry. There are three unique structural and functional domains of the enzyme GOase. The domains include Tyr495 and a covalent bond between Cys228 and Tyr272 serving as equatorial and axial ligands, respectively. The mechanism of catalysis covers three different oxidation states, which include the active state containing Cu (II)-radical, the intermediate state containing Cu (II)-tyrosine, and the Cu(I)-tyrosine state. The cycle of catalysis that has been posited comprises several phases which are: (i) substrate binding, (ii) the transfer of proton (iii) the transfer of hydrogen atom, and (iv) subsequent oxidation steps. These phases eventually yield the synthesis of aldehyde and hydrogen peroxide.
Galactose oxidase’s (GOase) mechanism of catalysis has been studied thoroughly via extensive research focusing on explaining the ping-pong mechanism that occurs in both oxidative and reductive half-reactions. The processes of activating and reactivating galactose (GOase) involve the transfer of electrons in which horseradish peroxidase (HRP) serves as an activator. The electrochemical investigations provide evidence of the electrochemical activation and reactivation of GOase in the presence of mediators.
This comprehensive review enhances the comprehension of the structural complexities, catalytic mechanisms, and bio-electrocatalytic potential of GOase, thereby establishing a basis for future investigations and developments in technology.
Evaluation the in vitro Anti-Sickle Cell Potential of Two Medicinal Plant Species, Rhynchospora corymbosa and Olax subscorpioïdea on the Inhibition of Falciformation of SS Genotype Erythrocytes
Authors: M’Befehè Soro , Bognan Ackah Jacques Auguste Alfred , Guillaume Yaye Yapi , Joel Akakpo-Akue , François Sibiri Jean- , Mireille Kple Tatiana Kangah , Maxime Guehi Bingo , Joseph Djaman Allico 
Published: January 2024

Aims: Sickle cell disease is one of the world's leading genetic disorders. It is characterized by the presence of an abnormal hemoglobin HbS in the blood. The anomaly affects the primary structure of hemoglobin, through the substitution of valine for glutamic acid. In traditional medicine, two plant species, Rhynchospora corymbosa and Olax subscorpioïdea, are used to treat this condition.
Place and Duration of Study: Agro-valuation Laboratory, Hematology Clinic laboratory of Cocody Hospital University (CHU), between June-Aout 2021 and June-July 2022.
Methodology: Following a triphytochemical test, the effect of each species on the in vitro inhibition of SS erythrocyte falciformation was evaluated.
Results: Thus an abundance of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, polyterpenes and sterols were found in the families of molecules identified in Rhynchospora corymbosa. As for the decocted Olax subscorpioïdea, in addition to the families of molecules identified in Rhynchospora corymbosa the polyphenols, leuco-anthocyanins and flavonoids were found. In addition, at an equal concentration of 0.312 mg/mL, decoctions of Rhynchospora corymbosa and Olax subscorpioïdea gave an inhibition rates of 80 and 84 % respectively. Both extracts showed activity on in vitro falciformation inhibition. This activity is thought to be due to the presence of chemical groups with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Conclusion: The use of Rhynchospora corymbosa and Olax subscorpioïdea in the treatment of sickle cell disease in Côte d'Ivoire would be justified.