bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth and cytochrome c oxidase activity in minute mutants of Drosophila
Authors: Farnsworth M. W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTotal soluble protein present in 48‐, 60‐ and 72‐hour larval stages of Drosophila melanogaster was determined for controls and for heterozygotes of the following Minute mutants: M(2)1, M(2)173, M(2)z, M(2)S‐10, M(3)w, M(3)124, M(3)B2, M(3)y and M(3)1. Cytochrome c oxidase activity was also assayed at these stages of development in mitochondria isolated from whole larvae of each genotype. The results indicate that all of these mutants possess a common retardation in the rate of growth throughout the larval period. The different Minutes, however, each had distinctive growth patterns, often characterized by particular lags occurring at specific stages. The concentration of cytochrome c oxidase was not necessarily lowered in conjunction with periods of especially retarded growth, but instead, activity higher than that of the control was frequently found. Only one mutant of those tested, M(2)z, showed a significantly lower concentration of this enzyme.
Developmental temperature tolerance of certain anuran species
Authors: Ballinger Royce E. , McKinney Charles O. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEggs of Bufo punctatus, B. cognatus, B. valliceps, B. luetkeni, a hybrid combination (male B. valliceps X female B. luetkeni), Scaphiopus couchi, Microhyla olivacea, Acris crepitans, Pseudacris clarki, and Hyla cinerea were exposed to a range of temperatures to determine the developmental temperature tolerance of each species.When comparing closely related species, the species with the most northern distribution has the lowest lethal minimum temperature, while the species with the most southern distribution has the highest lethal maximum temperature.Temperatures of water in which anurans breed are found to be within the temperature tolerance range of the particular species, and usually near that temperature most favorable for optimum development.
Assay of a proteinaceous growth factor required for maturation of the free‐living nematode, Caenorhabditis briggsae
Authors: Lower William R. , Hansen Eder , Yarwood Evangeline A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe time to maturation of a free‐living, protandrous, self‐fertilizing nematode, Caenorhabditis briggsae, was used to assay preparations of a proteinaceous growth factor and the effects of different treatments. Development was measured as time of the production of F1 offspring against concentration of growth factor. The data were transformed to the reciprocal of F1 time against logarithm of the dose and analyzed by regression analysis. Estimates were made of the dose of growth factor required for maturation in seven days, and relative potencies were determined for assays whose regression coefficients did not significantly differ from one another. The dose of growth factor required for maturation in seven days fell within the range from 8 μg/ml to 28 μg/ml. The methods of treatment for activation of growth factor studied were freezing overnight at —23°C, dialysis to low phosphate, and addition of the sucrose polymer, FICOLL. Reproducibility of results was shown for controls made for each experiment and for assays repeated at different times. Inocula of various numbers of larvae per tube, 1 through 30, were compared; significant increase in maturation time occurred when inocula were larger than 8.
Histochemical localization of neurohumors in a sponge
Authors: Lentz Thomas L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe histochemical localizations of acetylcholinesterase, monoamine oxidase, epinephrine, norepinephrine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine, and neurosecretory substance were investigated in Sycon. All reactions that were most intense and sensitive to inhibitors were localized in spindle‐shaped bipolar cells and multipolar cells situated in the mesenchyme. Some spindle‐shaped cells formed a ring around the osculum and others contained branching and interconnecting processes. Multipolar cells were situated singly and possessed up to ten short processes. Activity was most commonly localized to small granules, vesicles, or large droplets within the cells and their processes. These results demonstrate the presence of cells specialized for the secretion of neurohumors and neurosecretory substance in sponges.
Anomalous cardioregulator innervation in certain individuals of the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus
Authors: Florey Ernst 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSeveral individuals within a population of crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) were found to have within their cardio‐accelerator nerves not one but two accelerator axons and one inhibitory axon. The effects of stimulation of the new inhibitory axons are identical with those of the regular inhibitory axon present in the inhibitory nerves. Their action is blocked by picrotoxin. The new inhibitory axons are not branches of the regular cardio‐inhibitor neurons, but represent processes of separate nerve cells.
Breakdown and reformation of somatic muscle during the molt cycle of the land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis
Authors: Skinner Dorothy M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor intermolt (nongrowing) specimens of the land crab G. lateralis the amount of recoverable muscle per claw equals 0.095 ± 0.013 (propus length × propus width)3/2 gm/cm2. During the premolt period (approximately 50 days in large specimens of this animal) the quantity of muscle per chela decreases to approximately 60% the amount found in intermolt animals; during this time the fraction of protein per unit of wet weight of muscle remains constant. Therefore the decrease in wet weight represents extensive degradation of the tissue, not merely water loss.Immediately after ecdysis water moves into the tissue. Approximately two weeks later, muscle proteins are rapidly synthesized, and the animal enters a new intermolt period with both the amount of muscle per chela and the dimensions of the chela greater than in the previous intermolt period.
Tissue transplantation immunity in the adult newt, Diemictylus viridescens. II. The rejection phase: First‐ and second‐set allograft reactions and lack of sexual dimorphism
Authors: Cohen Nicholas 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRejection of first‐set allografts in field collected Diemictylus viridescens is manifested by: (1) secondary vessel dilation (about 17 days), (2) hemostasis (about 20 days), (3) hemorrhage (about 23 days), and (4) eventual melanophore death (from 28 to 40 days). All these events were somewhat variable with respect to the time of onset, intensity, and duration. Histologically, these changes that distinguished allografts from autografts were paralleled by: (1) an increasing infiltration of small lymphocytes without graft destruction (secondary vasodilation), and (2) a stronger infiltration of lymphocytes concomitant with glandular death (hemostasis, hemorrhaging, and melanophore death). Although this pattern of rejection was the norm, several examples of long‐term graft survival were encountered.When 28 days separated the transplantation of single first‐ and second‐set grafts, a clear anamnestic response was elicited although circulation was re‐established in 58% of the secondary transplants. Specificity of the second‐set response was demonstrated.Single second‐set transplants grafted ten days after single first‐set grafts were not rejected in an accelerated fashion; rather such grafts often survived for a few days longer than the first‐set grafts transplanted to the same host.The rejection of allografts from donors of different sexes transplanted to hosts of both sexes did not reveal any sexual dimorphic response. The site of transplantation (flank or throat) did not alter the timing or sequence of the rejection pattern.
Cell proliferation, migration, and specialization in the epithelium of the mouse tongue
Authors: Cameron Ivan L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe three dimensional structure of the filiform papilla of the mouse tongue is presented.Two distinctly different keratinized cell products are found in the region of the filiform papilla. Evidence for the existence of the two cell types is based on a series of histological, cytological, micro‐manipulative and cell migration studies.A study of the tongues of embryonic and adult mice shows no morphological evidence of heterogeneity in the cells of the basal layer of epithelium which supports the concept that the two different keratinized cell products derive from a homogeneous cell population.Tritiated thymidine autoradiographic studies reveal that the proliferative pool of epithelial cells is limited to the basal cell layer. The avergae cell renewal rate of this layer is presented for the various parts of the tongue. The progenitor cell cycle is also described.The studies indicate that the movement of a cell from the basal layer to the spinous layer is a random event in time and that the movement of a cell out of the basal layer precludes further cell proliferation by that cell.The results indicate that it is positional chance at the time of cell birth which determines whether a cell will specialize into one of two different alternate fates. The fate of the cell in this particular case is based on the particular micro‐environment the cell is forced to occupy. The force is provided by the growth of cellular mass and the subsequent crowding out of those cells not able to remain attached to the basement membrane.
Capacitation of rabbit spermatozoa delayed in vivo by double ligation of uterine horn
Authors: Soupart Pierre , Orgebin‐Crist Marie‐Claire 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn in vivo experimental design is described for the study of capacitation that permits simultaneous testing of both sperm capacitation and viability in two series of recipient does. In this system, superimposed capacitation is prevented in one of the series by performing tubal insemination 13 hours after HCG injection.Using this system it is possible to demonstrate that: the timing of tubal insemination is critical for the study of capacitation; there is no difference in terms of time required for capacitation between spermatozoa from the distal cauda epididymidis and from the ejaculate; in vitro capacitation does not result from sperm incubation with endometrium strips; ten hours incubation of sperm suspension in vivo in a double ligated and distended uterine horn delays capacitation without altering sperm fertilizing ability.
Separation and characterization of the lens proteins of the amphibian, Rana pipiens
Authors: McDevitt David S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe soluble lens proteins (α, β, and γ crystallins) of the adult American grass frog, R. pipiens, were investigated, using DEAE‐cellulose ion‐exchange chromatography and disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. Column chromatography of whole adult lens proteins, with a NaH2PO4‐Na2HPO4‐NaCl buffer elution program, revealed six fractions. The first to be eluted was identified as γ crystallin, the predominant lens protein of this organism; the second and third as β crystallins; and the fourth, fifth, and sixth as a crystallins. Disc electrophoresis of these fractions on polyacrylamide gels of appropriate porosity confirmed the identity of these proteins as separated by ion‐exchange chromatography. Rechromatography of the isolated γ crystallin fraction of whole lens protein, employing a tris‐HCl buffer elution system, resolved the γ crystallin into four distinct components. These individual γ crystallins exhibited different electrophoretic mobilities, as judged by their behavior in disc electrophoresis. This precludes the possibility that the fractions obtained are artifacts of the elution process, and confirms the existence of four γ crystallins in the lens of adult R. pipiens, as has been reported for mammalian (bovine) embryonic and adult γ crystallins. The phylogenetic and development implications of these findings are discussed.
Metabolic and endocrine differences between the mutation whirler and normal female mice
Authors: Sackler A. M. , Weltman A. S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study reports metabolic, body and endocrine organ weight differences between a recessive mutation whirler, and its normal heterozygote. The whirlers, a waltzing mice mutation, are extremely restless, nervous, and excitable. They show syndromes of rapid circling locomotor activity, head‐shaking and deafness. O2 consumption and metabolic rates of female mice were studied at ages up to 14 months. The two groups of homozygous and heterozygous whirlers were autopsied at three and one‐half, ten and eighteen months of age for body and organ weight analyses. At all age levels, either significant or marked decreases were noted in the body weights of the whirler mice compared to the normal heterozygotes. Significant increases were observed in the adrenal weights accompanied by significant decreases in the thymic weights. O2 consumption and metabolic rate analyses demonstrated significant or marked increases in whirler metabolic rates at all age periods. The whirler ovarian and uterine weight changes suggest delayed gonadal function. The data indicate consistently increased metabolic and adrenocortical activities during the life span of the whirlers. The thyroidal and gonadal weight alterations at the various time periods suggest age‐related changes which may also be a function of acute and chronic states of heightened adrenocortical activity.
Adipose tissue of Drosophila melanogaster. II. The effect of the adult internal environment on growth, protein deposition, and histolysis in the larval fat body
Authors: Butterworth F. M. , Bodenstein D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTransplantation experiments show that growth, protein deposition, and histolysis in the larval fat body of Drosophila melanogaster are controlled by a secretion of the larval ring gland. The internal environment of the normal adult female generally mimics the effect of the ring gland. However, the female environment induces more growth but less histolysis than the ring gland. The internal environment of the adult male stimulates only growth in the fat body. Transplantation studies with normal, castrated, and mutant adults indicate that the ovary is important in the stimulation of growth, protein deposition, and histolysis. The corpus allatum‐corpus cardiacum complex of adult D. virilis females will induce growth, protein deposition, and histolysis in the larval fat body of D. melanogaster.
Nature of induced persistent vaginal cornification in mice. I. Effect of neonatal treatment with various doses of steroids
Authors: Kimura T. , Basu S. L. , Nandi S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractVarious doses of estradiol, testosterone, progesterone, or cholesterol were injected daily for five days, beginning within 24 hours after birth, into female RIII and BALB/c mice. Daily examination of vaginal smears of these animals revealed that neonatal administration of estradiol or testosterone, but not of progesterone or cholesterol, was effective in inducing persistent vaginal cornification. Mice of the RIII strain appeared to be more sensitive than BALB/c animals to the induction of persistent vaginal estrus by steroids. The existence of both ovary‐dependent and ovary‐independent types of persistent vaginal cornification was demonstrated. Ovariectomy completely eliminated vaginal estrus in most animals which had been treated neonatally with low doses of steroids. In contrast, neither ovariectomy nor combined ovariectomy + adrenalectomy + hypophysectomy had this effect in the majority of mice which had received higher dose levels of the same steroids neonatally. A single high dose of estradiol did not restore ovary‐dependent vaginal cornification in ovariectomized mice, and the administration of a high dose of progesterone for 15 days failed to block completely ovary‐independent vaginal cornification in mice of the BALB/c strain.
Embryological development of the A2cl‐antigen of pigeon erythrocytes
Authors: Hierholzer J. C. , Scheinberg S. L. , Hansen P. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe “A” antigen of pigeon erythrocytes detectable by Phaseolus lunatus lectin was given the nomenclature “A2cl” to designate it as the agglutinogen of Columba livia which is apparently identical to the A2 of man.This antigen appeared at day 10 in ovo and increased linearly to day 17. (The average incubation time of pigeon embryos was 17.4 days.) At the time of hatching 2% of the expected, parental titer was reached. After another linear increase from one to seven days post‐hatching, the titer of the squab bloods exceeded the parental titer, arriving at a maximum of 160% at one month post‐hatching. The level then slowly decreased to 110% of the average parental titer at three months post‐hatching and remained stable thereafter.The ratio of human cells to pigeon cells involved in mixed agglutination was used to show that high‐titer bloods (older eggs) contain an abundance of cells with multiple active sites and a few cells lacking active sites, whereas low‐titer bloods (younger eggs) contain mostly inactive cells or cells with proportionately fewer sites.Hemagglutination inhibition tests performed on plasma from eggs and neonatal squabs failed to detect the presence of a soluble A2cl antigen. These results, together with the in ovo development of the antigen and the detection of the antigen in embryonic bone marrow cells, indicate that the agglutinogen may develop in the early stem cells and then be carried over onto the maturing red cells.
Proprioceptor distribution and properties in Limulus walking legs
Authors: Hayes Wilbur F. , Barber Saul B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe third walking leg of Limulus has approximately 350 proprioceptor neurons found in 12 distinct organs. They are categorized as articular membrane receptors (9 organs), nerve receptors (2 organs) and tendon receptors (one organ). The articular membrane organs are present in one or more of the soft articular membranes of each walking leg joint except the tarsoclaw joint. These proprioceptors, as exemplified by the coxotrochanteral units, are large multipolar neurons with long, multiple branching dendrites ending among epidermal cells. The nerve proprioceptors are located near the femoropatellar and tarsoclaw articular membranes and appear as cell bodies in ganglion‐like swellings of branches of the small leg nerve. The cells resemble the articular‐membrane type in size and shape, but they may be bipolar and their peripheral endings are unknown. The tendon receptor organ is composed of a group of multipolar neurons embedded in a tendon with fixed ends. In addition the organ has two accessory muscles connected to the tendon close to the region where the sensory cells are located. This organ monitors movements and position of the trochanter and femur segments by means of unidirectional extension movement units and position units which differ by predominance of phasic or tonic response. Flexion inhibits the tonic response and is followed by recovery of the response at a lower frequency. All of these responses are probably mediated by the effects of the joint movements on tension changes in the accessory muscles. The presence of efferent innervation to the accessory muscles implies its function for efferent control of the receptor response.
The central nervous organization underlying control of antagonistic muscles in the crayfish. I. types of command fibers
Authors: Evoy William H. , Kennedy Donald 
Published: June 2005

Abstract1. A limited number of “command” interneurons mediate the release of coordinated ganglionic output to antagonistic postural muscles in the crayfish abdomen. Graded contractions of these muscles are regulated by the frequency of discharge in several motoneurons, whose own discharge is in turn controlled by the level of activity in command fibers.2. Different command fibers having a similar effect (i.e., flexion or extension) vary in the relative effectiveness with which they excite specific motoneurons. This selectivity is responsible for different rates of tension development.3. Command fibers connect with the postural motor system in each segment in a bilaterally symmetrical fashion. Many of the same command elements also have unilateral or reciprocal effects on other motor systems, especially on those which control the swimmerets and uropods.4. The reciprocity between flexors and extensors is inherent in the ganglionic organization. Activation or modulation of this ganglionic center is accomplished by the command interneurons, which in turn are activated by appropriate combinations of sensory inputs. A wide variety of postural adjustments may thus be controlled by a limited number of central neurons that make complex but specific output connections.
Electrophysiological observations on hearing and sound production in the fish, Porichthys notatus
Authors: Cohen Melvin J. , Winn Howard E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMales of the northern midshipman, Porichthys notatus emit sounds that can be characterized as irregular grunts, trains of regularly spaced grunts and buzzes. The grunts contain their maximum amplitude in a band from 85‐600 cps with a possible fundamental just below 85 cps. The buzzes contain frequencies from 85 cps to 1 kc. Some buzzes have a well defined fundamental at approximately 85 cps. In others, the fundamental varies between 150 and 250 cps. Microphonics were recorded from the sacculus and appear to originate primarily from the posterior region of the saccular macula. Two microphonic potentials are produced for each cycle of sound. A hearing frequency curve based on a 20 microvolt microphonic response indicates that the ear can detect sounds from 30 to at least 210 cps. There is a low threshold at 30 and at 150 cps. Electromyograms from the pair of muscles attached to the air bladder indicate that they contract simultaneously at frequencies from 93‐227 per second during sound production. Each contraction is associated with a pulse of sound. The variety of sounds produced in any given behavioral situation indicates that there is no clear association between a given type of activity and the sound produced. The low threshold of the ear at 150 cps corresponds to a fundamental frequency commonly found in the sounds produced by the fish. This indicates that the fish could use these sounds for communication between individuals.
The effect of 5‐fluorouracil on the development of the adult eye in Ephestia kühniella
Authors: Imberski Richard B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects of the nucleic acid base analog, 5‐fluorouracil (5FU), on the development of the imaginal eye of the moth, Ephestia kühniella, were studied. Crystals of 5FU were implanted into the abdomina of pupae of known ages, and the extent of ommatidial differentiation occurring after this treatment was observed.In the study of normal development, it is observed that several early differentiation processes occur in a spreading fashion, i.e., a specific differentiation begins in the dorsoposterior region of the eye and spreads across the eye disc in a ventroanterior direction. All spreading processes are completed by 126–132 hours following pupation and all further differentiation occurs in all parts of the eye simultaneously. By 246–252 hours, all differentiation processes are essentially completed.Differentiation processes can be characterized by critical periods during which their occurrence can be completely inhibited by 5FU treatment. Those differentiations which are spreading processes can be further characterized by a period when 5FU treatment inhibits the progress of their spreading. Treatment at 78–84 hours no longer affects any spreading processes and, at 150–156 hours, it is no longer inhibitory toward complete ommatidial differntiation.