bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Decision-Making Framework for Sediment Contamination
Authors: Chapman Peter M. , Anderson Janette 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A decision-making framework for determining whether or not contaminated sediments are polluted is described. This framework is intended to be sufficiently prescriptive to standardize the decision-making process but without using “cook book” assessments. It emphasizes 4 guidance “rules”: (1) sediment chemistry data are only to be used alone for remediation decisions when the costs of further investigation outweigh the costs of remediation and there is agreement among all stakeholders to act; (2) remediation decisions are based primarily on biology; (3) lines of evidence (LOE), such as laboratory toxicity tests and models that contradict the results of properly conducted field surveys, are assumed incorrect; and (4) if the impacts of a remedial alternative will cause more environmental harm than good, then it should not be implemented. Sediments with contaminant concentrations below sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) that predict toxicity to less than 5% of sediment-dwelling infauna and that contain no quantifiable concentrations of substances capable of biomagnifying are excluded from further consideration, as are sediments that do not meet these criteria but have contaminant concentrations equal to or below reference concentrations. Biomagnification potential is initially addressed by conservative (worst case) modeling based on benthos and sediments and, subsequently, by additional food chain data and more realistic assumptions. Toxicity (acute and chronic) and alterations to resident communities are addressed by, respectively, laboratory studies and field observations. The integrative decision point for sediments is a weight of evidence (WOE) matrix combining up to 4 main LOE: chemistry, toxicity, community alteration, and biomagnification potential. Of 16 possible WOE scenarios, 6 result in definite decisions, and 10 require additional assessment. Typically, this framework will be applied to surficial sediments. The possibility that deeper sediments may be uncovered as a result of natural or other processes must also be investigated and may require similar assessment.
Flavor and Sensory Aspects
Authors: Malcolmson Linda J. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Sensory evaluation is a scientific discipline that uses humans to measure the acceptability and sensory properties of food and other materials. Sensory properties important in food products include attributes of appearance, odor, taste, and texture. The use of humans as measuring devices is necessary because only humans can define what is “acceptable,” and in many cases, no instrumental or chemical method can adequately measure or replicate the human response. For this reason, sensory evaluation is a vital component in any quality assessment program. In such programs, sensory evaluation can be used to monitor product quality; determine effects of alternative processing, ingredients, or formulations; evaluate packaging; and determine product shelf life.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Oils
Authors: Kapoor Rakesh , Reaney Martin , Westcott Neil D. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractConjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a name given to a mixture of geometric and positional isomers of linoleic acid having conjugated double bonds. Depending on the position and cis‐trans‐configuration of conjugated double bonds, 54 isomers are possible, of which 14 isomers have been identified in commercial products. CLA was first produced in 1935 via alkali treatment of polyunsaturated fatty acid rich oils. The early research used CLA mainly as a marker for the study of fat metabolism because of its high UV absorbency compared with nonconjugated fat. From the 1980's, the research interest has increased in its biological properties, particularly its role in cancer, diabetes, and fat metabolism regulation. The present chapter discusses the metabolism, uses, method of production, and analysis of CLA.
Storage, Handling, and Transport of Oils and Fats
Authors: List Gary R. , Wang Tong , Shukla Vijai K.S. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis chapter deals with problems involved in treating the vegetable oils at every aspect of production and highlights the sources of errors and how to rectify these with proper management. All attempts should be made to produce the final product with extremely limited destruction, thus keeping the active ingredients and still providing the freshness of the product to be used as ingredient in the food chain. Modern processing technologies provide foods with consistent quality and hygiene. Newer technologies will help to create much cleaner raw materials, thus avoiding the application of complicated processing methods. Thus, foods should be manufactured with simple, greener technologies rather than the complicated chemical technologies as used in the early days.
Novel Separation Techniques for Isolation and Purification of Fatty Acids and Oil By‐Products
Authors: Wanasundara Udaya N. , Wanasundara P. K. J. P. D. , Shahidi Fereidoon 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAlthough TAGs are the predominant molecular form of edible fats and oils, it might be necessary to subject them to separation according to their chemical composition or to modify them in different ways.Principles of separating fatty acids are based on specific properties of each acid or acid group. Two major properties (vapor pressure and melting point difference) are used in developing separation techniques. The vapor pressure of a mixture of fatty acids varies significantly with the chain length of fatty acids involved, which is used in fractional distillation as a means of separating short‐ and long‐chain fatty acids. However, vapor pressure does not change much with the degree of unsaturation. In the other method, the melting point of fatty acids changes considerably with the degree of unsaturation, which could be used to separate a mixture of fatty acids into saturated and unsaturated components. By changing the temperature of the mixture, fatty acids can be separated according to the degree of unsaturation at their respective crystallization temperature.
Diacylglycerols
Authors: Flickinger Brent D. , Matsuo Noburo 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDiacylglycerols (DAG) are natural components of various edible oils. Typically, the level of DAG in edible oils is below 5% of total oil; however, several edible oils have levels above 5%. Also, DAG have been used as emulsifiers for use in food systems, particularly baked goods, and are approved as such. Human consumption of DAG has been estimated at 3 g per day.The following review focuses on experimental data supporting different metabolic characteristics of 1,3‐DAG or DAG oil containing 1,3‐DAG. Relevant areas of observed differences between 1,3‐DAG/DAG oil and TAG/TAG oil metabolism include postprandial lipid metabolism and use of macronutrient fuels. Observations from animal and human experimental data are included.
Fats and Oils in Feedstuffs and Pet Foods
Authors: Lusas Edmund E. , Riaz Mian N. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFats and oils are used for many purposes in animal feeds and pet foods, including the following:Increasing caloric density of feeds (by about 2.25 times that of similar dry weights of proteins or carbohydrates).Improving feed palatability and appearance.Reducing total feed intake, increasing feed efficiency, and minimizing feed costs.Increasing blood glycogen levels and endurance in working animals like horses and sled dogs.Lowering the heat of reaction during digestion and metabolism—important for comfort and productivity of large animals in hot weather.Delaying digestion of feedstuffs beyond the rumen by use of inert forms of fats and coatings.Providing needed molecular structures through dietary essential fatty acids (EFA) and phospholipids.Improving appearance of skin and hair, and prevention of dermatitis.Modifying fatty acid profiles in “designer food” animal products.Carrying fat‐soluble vitamins and color compounds.Binding heat‐sensitive flavorings, vitamins, medications, and “instant gravy” mixes to pet foods and feeds after extrusion or drying.Improving dispersion of dry mixes, e.g., lecithin in calf milk replacers.Preventing segregation of mixed feeds.Reducing dustiness of feeds and feeding operations and of grain elevator dust.Lubricating feed processing machinery.
Edible Films and Coatings from Soybean and Other Protein Sources
Authors: Hettiarachchy Navam S. , Eswaranandam S. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Biobased materials, which are diverse in nature, chemistry, and properties, expand the possibilities to tailor‐made edible films for food industries. Film formation is a result of polymerization of unfolded proteins by disulfide and hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Plasticizers can increase chain mobility and are necessary to produce protein or polysaccharide‐based films to have flexibility and mechanical strength for handling. Low‐molecular‐weight organic acids with one or more OH group also have a plasticizing effect on films. Edible films are produced by dry processing by extrusion and by wet processing by casting film‐forming solution. Homogenous thin films with uniform thickness can be cast with a Drawdown instrument. Viscosity can be used to optimize the film‐forming solution. Color characteristics of the film can be affected by addition of chemicals, heat curing, and ultraviolet (UV) treatment. Mechanical strength of the film can be improved by cross‐linking of the polymers by means of UV/γ radiation. Edible films should have adequate mechanical strength and extensibility to maintain integrity and withstand physical stress. Protein films are excellent gas barriers but poor moisture barriers because of their hydrophilic nature. Edible film can be tailored to incorporate antimicrobials, antioxidants, phytonutrients, nutraceuticals, nutrients, flavors, colors, and food additives. These areas need extensive research.
Interstitial deletion in 3q in a patient with blepharophimosis‐ptosis‐epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) and microcephaly, mild mental retardation and growth delay: Clinical report and review of the literature
Authors: de Ru M.H. , Gille J.J.P. , Nieuwint A.W.M. , Bijlsma J.B. , van der Blij J.F. , van Hagen J.M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe present a boy with blepharophimosis, ptosis, epicanthus inversus, microcephaly, mild mental retardation, and growth delay. Chromosomal analysis revealed a male karyotype with an interstitial deletion in the long arm of chromosome 3. DNA‐analysis showed that the deletion is of maternal origin and encompasses the region between markers D3S1535 and D3S1593. The deletion contains not only theFOXL2gene, but also the gene encoding ataxia‐telangiectasia and Rad3‐related protein (ATR). Mutations inFOXL2have been shown to cause blepharophimosis‐ptosis‐epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES).ATRhas been identified as a candidate gene for Seckel syndrome, an autosomal recessive syndrome that comprises growth retardation, microcephaly, and mental retardation. We hypothesize that our patient has a contiguous gene syndrome and that the non‐BPES‐associated abnormalities (microcephaly, mild mental retardation, and growth delay) are the result of the deletion of the maternalATRgene. However, it has not yet been excluded that haploinsufficiency of some other gene in this region plays a role. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of arthritis characteristics in lowland Gorilla gorilla and mountain Gorilla beringei
Authors: Rothschild Bruce M. , Rühli Frank J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractGorilla gorilla and the less‐studied G. beringei occupy very different, geographically separate habitats. We studied the occurrence of various forms of arthritis to examine possible nature/nurture causality. The macerated skeletons of 38 G. beringei and 99 G. gorilla individuals were examined macroscopically for the presence of articular and osseous pathologies. Contrasting with only isolated osteoarthritis and infectious arthritis was the frequent occurrence of a form of erosive arthritis associated with joint fusion. Twenty‐one percent of the G. beringei and 20% of G. gorilla specimens were afflicted, which are statistically indistinguishable frequencies. While both had prominent axial disease, they differed in patterns of peripheral arthritis. Whereas G. beringei showed a pauciarticular pattern, the pattern in G. gorilla was more often polyarticular. Susceptibility to spondyloarthropathy was apparently genetically imprinted before Gorilla separated into G. gorilla and G. beringei. However, the different patterns of peripheral joint involvement suggest a causality resulting from lifestyle (e.g., the presence/absence or extent of knuckle walking) or a habitat‐related infectious agent. Am. J. Primatol. 66:205–218, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maternal care and development of stress responses in baboons
Authors: Bardi Massimo , Bode Anne E. , Ramirez Stephanie M. , Brent Linda Y. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe ability to mount a successful response to threats is critical for an organism's survival. A key element of the stress response is its nonspecificity toward the stress source, with similar endocrine and behavioral changes expected under a variety of stressors. In this project we utilized an experimental design that accounts for multiple sources of variation to further understand the nature of stress responsivity and its relationship to the early rearing environment. A sample of baboons (n=73) was observed during the early phase of life in their social group, and then tested as juveniles in a challenging situation. Maternal cortisol levels were measured during the peripartum period. The challenging situation (individuals were isolated for a few minutes in a single cage) was designed to be a moderate source of psychological stress. Patterns in individual differences during the stress test were “mapped” by means of multidimensional scaling (MDS). After the observation was made, the subject was sedated and a blood sample was taken to measure cortisol levels. Our results indicate that when juvenile baboons are confronted with a source of psychological stress, they show a multidimensional behavioral response, probably mediated by the activation and synergic interaction among different neurohormonal systems that, ultimately, act on the hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis. Different components of the multidimensional, or nonspecific, behavioral response are associated with the quality and quantity of interactions with their mothers during early life. Juveniles whose mothers displayed higher levels of positive interaction were characterized by vigilant but less active reactions to the stress test, whereas juveniles of mothers that displayed high levels of stress‐related behaviors had higher cortisol and locomotion levels. Am. J. Primatol. 66:263–278, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of a novel perfluorooctylated polyacrylate and its application on cotton fabrics
Authors: Jiang Wan‐Chao , Meng Wei‐Dong , Qing Feng‐Ling 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA perfluorooctylated acrylate monomer (FAC) containing a urethane linkage was synthesized, and fluorinated polymers [perfluorooctylated polyacrylate (PFAC)] were obtained from the copolymerization of FAC with other acrylate monomers by emulsion polymerization. The size of the emulsion particles was about 40–60 nm. PFAC was applied to cotton fabrics by a pad–dry–cure process. The treated fabrics that were dried at 100°C after being washed showed good water and oil repellency: the water repellency rating and the oil repellency rating were 100 and 5, respectively. Those dried at room temperature also showed water and oil repellency: the water repellency rating was 70 and the oil repellency rating was 3. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 222–226, 2005
Perfluoroalkyl‐terminated star polymer electrolyte
Authors: Jiajia Shao , Xiaohui Yang , Yunhang Liu , Xinling Wang 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA perfluoroalkyl‐terminated multiarm star polymer (perfluoroalkyl‐terminated hyperbranched polyglycerol) was synthesized and characterized on the basis of perfluorooctanoyl chloride grafting on hyperbranched polyglycerol. The conductivity of a blend of the perfluoroalkyl‐terminated star polymer and linear poly(ether urethane) was studied. The results indicated that this blend had better solvating capability in salt and higher ionic conductivity. The conductivity of the blend was 2.5 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 60°C when the concentration of the perfluoroalkyl‐terminated hyperbranched polyglycerol was 30 wt % and the ethylene oxide (EO)/Li ratio was 4 in the blend. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 238–242, 2005
Polyvinyl alcohol/polysulfone (PVA/PSF) hollow fiber composite membranes for pervaporation separation of ethanol/water solution
Authors: Wei Yong‐Ming , Xu Zhen‐Liang , Qusay F. Alsalhy , Wu Kai 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPolysulfone (PSF) hollow fiber membranes were spun by phase‐inversion method from 29 wt % solids of 29 : 65 : 6 PSF/NMP/glycerol and 29 : 64 : 7 PSF/DMAc/glycol using 93.5 : 6.5 NMP/water and 94.5 : 5.5 DMAc/water as bore fluids, respectively, while the external coagulant was water. Polyvinyl alcohol/polysulfone (PVA/PSF) hollow fiber composite membranes were prepared after PSF hollow fiber membranes were coated using different PVA aqueous solutions, which were composed of PVA, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AEO9), maleic acid (MAC), and water. Two coating methods (dip coating and vacuum coating) and different heat treatments were discussed. The effects of hollow fiber membrane treatment methods, membrane structures, ethanol solution temperatures, and MAC/PVA ratios on the pervaporation performance of 95 wt % ethanol/water solution were studied. Using the vacuum‐coating method, the suitable MAC/PVA ratio was 0.3 for the preparation of PVA/PSF hollow fiber composite membrane with the sponge‐like membrane structure. Its pervaporation performance was as follows: separation factor (α) was 185 while permeation flux (J) was 30g/m2·h at 50°C. Based on the experimental results, it was found that separation factor (α) of PVA/PSF composite membrane with single finger‐void membrane structure was higher than that with the sponge‐like membrane structure. Therefore, single finger‐void membrane structure as the supported membrane was more suitable than sponge‐like membrane structure for the preparation of PVA/PSF hollow fiber composite membrane. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 247–254, 2005
Qualifizierte Korrosionsuntersuchungen an Stahlbetonbauwerken
Authors: Schneck Ulrich 
Published: July 2005

AbstractKorrosionsprobleme an Stahlbetonbauwerken verursachen jährlich hohe Instandhaltungskosten – besonders, da sie mit herkömmlichen Untersuchungen erst zu erkennen sind, wenn bereits starke Folgeschäden am Beton eingetreten sind. Durch den Einsatz elektrochemischer Meßverfahren und in Kombination mit weiteren Untersuchungen wird Korrosion bereits frühzeitig erkannt. Korrosionsgefährdete Bereiche können klar von korrosionsfreien Flächen abgegrenzt werden. Mit darauf angepaßten, optimierten und dauerhaften Instandhaltungskonzepten lassen sich nicht nur Auswirkungen behandeln, sondern auch die Ursachen von Korrosion gezielt bekämpfen. Nicht zuletzt werden dadurch die Kosten der Bauwerksunterhaltung reduziert.
Theoretische Untersuchung zur Ortsbruststabilität
Authors: Kirsch Ansgar , Kolymbas Dimitrios 
Published: July 2005

AbstractEine wichtige Aufgabe beim Tunnelbau in Lockergestein ist die Bestimmung des erforderlichen Stützdrucks der Ortsbrust. Dazu wurden diverse Berechnungsmodelle entwickelt, einige davon erst im Laufe der letzten Jahre.In diesem Beitrag wird zunächst ein mechanischer Ansatz analytisch hergeleitet und dann auf Unterschiede zu bestehenden Modellen untersucht. Anhand eines Rechenbeispiels wird aufgezeigt, wie sich diese Unterschiede auf die Berechnungsergebnisse einer fiktiven Problemstellung auswirken. Die große Schwankungsbreite der Resultate verdeutlicht, daß auf diesem Gebiet immer noch ein Forschungsbedarf besteht.
Isotope‐labeled vibrational circular dichroism studies of calmodulin and its interactions with ligands
Authors: Pandyra Aleksandra A. , Yamniuk Aaron P. , Andrushchenko Valery V. , Wieser Helmut , Vogel Hans J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn this work we have studied ligand‐induced secondary structure changes in the small calcium regulatory protein calmodulin (CaM) using vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy. We find that, due to its chiral sensitivity, VCD spectroscopy has increased ability over IR spectroscopy to detect changes in the structure and flexibility of secondary structure elements upon ligand binding. Moreover, we demonstrate that the uniform isotope labeling of CaM with 13C shifts its amide I′ VCD band by about ∼43 cm–1 to lower wavenumbers, which opens up a spectral window to simultaneously visualize a bound target protein. Therefore this study also provides the first example of how isotope labeling enables protein–protein interactions to be studied by VCD with good separation of the signals for both isotope‐labeled and unlabeled proteins. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 79: 231–237, 2005This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Investigation on Mass Spectral Fragmentation Mechanism of C2‐Symmetric Chiral Bis(oxazoline) and Bis(thiazoline)
Authors: Hui Chen , Da‐Ming Du , Bin Fu , Mei‐Yu He 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe electron impact mass spectra of ten new C2‐symmetric chiral bis(oxazoline) and bis(thiazoline) have been studied. Bis(thiazoline) and bis(oxazoline) possess the same fragmentation mechanism under EI conditions. An unusual fragmentation pathway has been found in the compounds studied. Due to the presence of phenyl group, compounds 6 and 10 undergo a new fragmentation pathway except for the common way as the other eight compounds. Mass analyzed ion kinetic energy spectra experiments and high resolution accurate mass measurement were conducted to confirm the proposed fragmentation pathways.
An Efficient and Green Procedure for the Knoevenagel Condensation Catalyzed by Urea
Authors: Qi Sun , Lan‐Xiang Shi , Ze‐Mei Ge , Tie‐Ming Cheng , Run‐Tao Li 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAn efficient and green procedure for the urea catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation was developed. In the presence of a catalytic ammount of urea, stoichiometric aldehyde and active methylene compound reacted under solvent‐free conditions at 100 °C for 5‐60 min to give nearly quantitative yield of product.
An Environmentally Friendly Process for the Preparation of 16‐Dehydropregnenolone Acetate
Authors: Yan Zhang , Yong‐Yong Liu , Xue‐Xin Cheng , Xue‐Song Wang , Bao‐Wen Zhang 
Published: July 2005

AbstractInstead of environmentally toxic chromium oxidant, singlet oxygen generated photochemically was used as environmentally friendly and benign oxidizing agent to accomplish the transformation of pseudodiosgenin diacetate to diosone efficiently in a low toxic and less expensive solvent acetone. Accordingly 16‐dehydropregnenolone acetate (16‐DPA), an important intermediate for preparation of steroidal drugs, was prepared in good yield (75%) when photoreaction was run in acetone/acetic anhydride/pyridine system. The mild reaction condition as well as simple and environmentally friendly process made the method commercially viable and important for production of 16‐DPA in industrial scale.