bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shamans and Leaders: Parousial Movements Among the Inuit of Northeast Canada
Authors: Laugrand Frédéric , Oosten Jarich , Blaisel Xavier 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe existence of Parousial movements in Northeast Canada has remained largely unnoticed in the literature on messianic movements. Yet many Parousial movements flourished among the Inuit of Northeast Canada in the first half of this century. Recently, Inuit elders have shown themselves willing to discuss these movements with the authors. Their information sheds important light on the nature of these movements. On the basis of the existing literature, archival sources and oral information of the elders a new appraisal of these movements can be made. Eleven Parousial movements, some very poorly documented are discussed by the authors. They argue that the Parousial movements can be considered as attempts to integrate Christianity in existing Inuit beliefs and practices, notably shamanism. These movements developed in areas outside direct missionary control, and their development informs us about patterns of leadership and competition in Inuit society. Most of these movements were short-lived and ended by Inuit themselves. The negative assessment of these movements by missionaries and secular authorities often resulted in a distorted picture of these movements that can be corrected with the help of the information of Inuit elders. The Parousial movements constituted an important chapter in the history of Inuit religion and played an important part in the acceptance of Christianity as the combination of Christianity and shamanism turned out to be unsuccessful.
Wach, Religion, and "the Emancipation of Art"
Authors: Ziolkowski Eric 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDespite the abundance of lore about Joachim Wach's lifelong passion for literature, music, and other arts, the pertinence of his aesthetic reflections to his formation as historian of religions is often ignored or under-appreciated. Yet his involvement with the Kreis surrounding the poet Stefan George was perhaps one of the chief early factors that led Wach to liken the study of the history of religions to contemplation of literature and the arts. It is even possible that ideas of the literary historian Friedrich Gundolf about the relationship between the artist and the artist's work helped stimulate Wach's early thinking about the relationship between religious experience and the theoretical, practical, and institutional expressions of that experience. Indeed, throughout his own scholarly writings Wach displays an irrepressible tendency toward combining religionswissenschaflich theorizing with aesthetic reflection, and toward encompassing literary, musical, and other artistic examples within the scope of data to be considered by scholars of religion. This article analyzes the development of that tendency in Wach's scholarship, paying special attention finally to his notion of the modern Western "emancipation of art" from religious influence. This notion, while reflecting a general optimism that characterizes his view of the diversifying, developmental course of numerous other religious and cultural phenomena over time, may ultimately be too strong or reductive for describing what has actually occurred over the past several centuries in the relation between artistic and religious phenomena.
Factors Contributing to the Survival of The Bori Cult in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Danfulani Umar Habila Dadem 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe paper examines factors responsible for the survival of the bori cult as a way of immortalizing maguzanci, i.e. Hausa traditional religion in Northern Nigeria. The paper regards bori as a part of maguzanci which survives as an island within the ocean of Islam. The paper reconstructs the origin and history of the bori cult in Hausaland. It locates this within maguzanci — from its earliest belief in "pagan" spirits (babbaku) to the introduction of "Muslim" spirits (farfaru) when Islam was introduced in Hausaland. Soldier spirits reflect totem spirits, famous hunters and war lords, while Fulani spirits mirror the advent of Fulani contact with the Hausa. The presence of European spirits in the bori cult reflects the pre-colonial and colonial epochs, a time when Europeans were in contact with Hausaland. The introduction of spirits from other ethnic groups in Nigeria into the cult merely mirror the interaction between Hausa and other ethnic groups in Nigeria. Thus the history of the bori cult reveals layers and historical epochs of Maguzawa contact with other peoples and cultures within their environment. The paper attributes the survival of the bori cult to a number of factors, among them the feminine nature of the cult, its control and domination by women and its provision of freedom for women, unequalled by both Islam and Christianity. Furthermore, bori provides an avenue for socio-cultural performance, festivals, and other types of interaction, and offers traditional medical and health care services to the public, factors that have endeared the cult to both members and non-members. The firm belief of the Hausa in the existence of spirits even in contemporary times to aid to the growth of bori. In a nutshell, this paper establishes that the major factor for the survival of the bori cult in a predominant hostile Muslim environment is its flexible and dexterous nature, particularly in accomodating Islamic practices alongside "pagan" ones.
SOD2-deficiency anemia: protein oxidation and altered protein expression reveal targets of damage, stress response, and antioxidant responsiveness
Authors: Friedman Jeffrey S. , Lopez Mary F. , Fleming Mark D. , Rivera Alicia , Martin Florent M. , Welsh Megan L. , Boyd Ashleigh , Doctrow Susan R. , Burakoff Steven J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSOD2 is an antioxidant protein that protects cells against mitochondrial superoxide. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) lacking SOD2 are capable of rescuing lethally irradiated hosts, but reconstituted animals display a persistent hemolytic anemia characterized by increased oxidative damage to red cells, with morphologic similarity to human “sideroblastic” anemia. We report further characterization of this novel SOD2-deficiency anemia. Electron micrographs of SOD2-deficient reticulocytes reveal striking mitochondrial proliferation and mitochondrial membrane thickening. Peripheral blood smears show abundant iron-stainable granules in mature red cells (siderocytes). Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis of cells labeled with oxidation-sensitive dyes demonstrates enhanced production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide by SOD2-deficient cells. Oxidative damage to proteins is increased in SOD2-deficient cells, with much of the damage affecting membrane/insoluble proteins. Red cell proteome analysis demonstrates that several proteins involved in folding/chaperone function, redox regulation, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, and red cell metabolism show altered expression in SOD2-deficient cells. This data, combined with information on how protein expression levels change upon antioxidant therapy, will aid in identification of proteins that are sensitive to oxidative damage in this model, and by extension, may have a role in the regulation of red cell lifespan in other hemolytic disorders.
Elevated serum-soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in patients with anaplastic large cell lymphoma
Authors: Janik John E. , Morris John C. , Pittaluga Stefania , McDonald Kristin , Raffeld Mark , Jaffe Elaine S. , Grant Nicole , Gutierrez Martin , Waldmann Thomas A. , Wilson Wyndham H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractLevels of serum soluble interleukin 2 receptor (sIL-2R) provide a reliable marker of disease activity in patients with hairy cell leukemia and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. The malignant cells in patients with anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) express CD30 and are usually positive for expression of CD25. We measured serum sIL-2R and soluble CD30 (sCD30) levels in patients with ALCL treated with EPOCH (etoposide, prednisone, Oncovin, Cytoxan, hydroxydaunorubicin) infusional chemotherapy. Serum sCD30 levels were elevated and decreased in response to therapy as previously reported. Serum sIL-2R levels were elevated in 7 of 9 patients with ALCL and decreased in response to treatment. Baseline serum sIL-2R levels varied but correlated well with serum sCD30 levels (r = 0.97). Patients positive for the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene showed elevated sIL-2R levels, whereas those negative for ALK had normal serum sIL-2R levels and their tumors lacked CD25 expression. Serum sIL-2R levels were elevated in both patients with recurrent disease. (Blood. 2004;104:3355-3357)
Responsiveness to G-CSF before leukopenia predicts defense to infection in high-dose chemotherapy recipients
Authors: Straka Christian , Oduncu Fuat , Hinke Axel , Einsele Hermann , Drexler Evi , Schnabel Brigitte , Arseniev Lubomir , Walther Jochem , König August , Emmerich Bertold 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAn active assessment of the host capacity to prevent infection during myelosuppression should be beneficial in patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy. A single dose of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) (5 μg/kg) was given to 57 patients with multiple myeloma early after the completion of 85 high-dose chemotherapy (melphalan 200 mg/m2) courses. This provoked a highly variable white blood cell (WBC) peak after 12 to 14 hours. The median WBC count was 21 000/μL (range, 6400-60 600/μL) after a first high-dose therapy (n = 50) and 13 500/μL (range, 4700-24 800/μL) after a second high-dose therapy (n = 35). The responsiveness to single G-CSF was associated with the risk of infection during subsequent cytopenia (P = .003). This association was significant after adjustment for neutropenia duration. Notably, the result of testing G-CSF responsiveness was opportunely available before the onset of leukopenia, and G-CSF responsiveness was more informative than neutropenia duration regarding the risk of infection. Furthermore, there was an association between the responsiveness to G-CSF and stem cell engraftment (P &lt; .005), which remained significant after adjustment for the number of transplanted CD34+ cells. Our results show for the first time that G-CSF potentially could be used for an early in vivo assessment of defense to infection in recipients of high-dose chemotherapy.
Integrins: dynamic scaffolds for adhesion and signaling in platelets
Authors: Shattil Sanford J. , Newman Peter J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe major platelet integrin, αIIbβ3, is required for platelet interactions with proteins in plasma and the extracellular matrices (ECMs) that are essential for platelet adhesion and aggregation during hemo stasis and arterial thrombosis. Lig and binding to αIIbβ3 is controlled by inside-out signals that modulate receptor conformation and clustering. In turn, ligand binding triggers outside-in signals through αIIbβ3 that, when disrupted, can cause a bleeding diathesis. In the past 5 years there has been an explosion of knowledge about the structure and function ofαIIbβ3 and the related integrin, αVβ3. These developments are discussed here, and current models of bidirectional αIIbβ3 signaling are presented as frameworks for future investigations. An understanding that αIIbβ3 functions as a dynamic molecular scaffold for extracellular and intracellular proteins has translated into diagnostic and therapeutic insights relevant to hematology and cardiovascular medicine, and further advances can be anticipated. (Blood. 2004;104:1606-1615)
Maternal-Fetal Glucocorticoid Milieu Programs Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Function of Adult Offspring
Authors: Slone-Wilcoxon Jennifer , Redei Eva E. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
To assess the role of maternal glucocorticoid milieu on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid function of the offspring, we adrenalectomized (ADX) pregnant dams on gestation d 8 and implanted a placebo pellet or a continuous release 50- or 75-mg corticosterone (CORT) pellet. Maternal ADX led to realignment of the balance between maternal and fetal plasma CORT levels, resulting in an increase in CORT of fetal origin in the maternal compartment. Maternal ADX and low levels of CORT replacement had no discernable effect on maternal pituitary-thyroid measures. In contrast, the increase in fetal CORT, as a consequence of the absence of maternal glucocorticoids, decreased birth weight in neonates, decreased adult hypothalamic TRH mRNA levels, and increased plasma TSH levels in both male and female adult offspring, all of which were reversed by administration of basal levels of CORT to the pregnant ADX dam. Decreased plasma T3 concentrations in female offspring were reversed by administration of the higher levels of CORT to the ADX dams. Our data indicate that maternal glucocorticoids modulate the developing hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis.
Structural Determinants for High-Affinity Binding of Insulin-Like Growth Factor II to Insulin Receptor (IR)-A, the Exon 11 Minus Isoform of the IR
Authors: Denley Adam , Bonython Eric R. , Booker Grant W. , Cosgrove Leah J. , Forbes Briony E. , Ward Colin W. , Wallace John C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe insulin receptor (IR) lacking the alternatively spliced exon 11 (IR-A) is preferentially expressed in fetal and cancer cells. The IR-A has been identified as a high-affinity receptor for insulin and IGF-II but not IGF-I, which it binds with substantially lower affinity. Several cancer cell types that express the IR-A also overexpress IGF-II, suggesting a possible autocrine proliferative loop. To determine the regions of IGF-I and IGF-II responsible for this differential affinity, chimeras were made where the C and D domains were exchanged between IGF-I and IGF-II either singly or together. The abilities of these chimeras to bind to, and activate, the IR-A were investigated. We also investigated the ability of these chimeras to bind and activate the IR exon 11+ isoform (IR-B) and as a positive control, the IGF-I receptor (IGF-1R). We show that the C domain and, to a lesser extent, the D domains represent the principal determinants of the binding differences between IGF-I and IGF-II to IR-A. The C and D domains of IGF-II promote higher affinity binding to the IR-A than the equivalent domains of IGF-I, resulting in an affinity close to that of insulin for the IR-A. The C and D domains also regulate the IR-B binding specificity of the IGFs in a similar manner, although the level of binding for all IGF ligands to IR-B is lower than to IR-A. In contrast, the C and D domains of IGF-I allow higher affinity binding to the IGF-1R than the analogous domains of IGF-II. Activation of IGF-1R by the chimeras reflected their binding affinities whereas the phosphorylation of the two IR isoforms was more complex.
Allele-Specific Change of Concentration and Functional Gene Dose for the Prediction of Steady-State Serum Concentrations of Amitriptyline and Nortriptyline in CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 Extensive and Intermediate Metabolizers
Authors: Steimer Werner , Zöpf Konstanze , von Amelunxen Silvia , Pfeiffer Herbert , Bachofer Julia , Popp Johannes , Messner Barbara , Kissling Werner , Leucht Stefan 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBackground: Recently, new polymorphisms were described in connection with intermediate and ultrarapid CYP2D6 metabolism. These may allow a much desired prediction of metabolic activity within the extensive metabolizer group. The functional consequences are still being discussed with few data available for clinical patients.Methods: We conducted a prospective, blinded two-center study seeking correlations between CYP2C19 (*2,*3, and *4; conventional PCR) and CYP2D6 genotypes (*1 to *10, *35, and *41; real-time and multiplex PCR) and drug concentrations (Emit® and HPLC) in 50 Caucasians receiving amitriptyline (AT; 75 mg twice a day).Results: Eighteen CYP2C19 heterozygotes (*1/*2) had higher AT (P = 0.033) and lower nortriptyline (NT; P = 0.059) concentrations than 30 homozygotes (*1/*1). For CYP2D6, we calculated two new indices, i.e., the allele-specific change of concentration on identical background (ASCOC) and a quantitative functional gene dose. The ASCOC describes the change in NT concentration attributable to a mutant allele compared with the wild type. We found significantly higher concentrations for alleles *4 (95.6%; P &lt;0.0001), *10 (63.3%; P &lt;0.001), and *41 (39.8%; P &lt;0.0001) but not for *2 and *35. Assigning of semiquantitative gene doses of 0, 0.5, or 1 to each allele instead of applying the current classification system (predicted phenotypes: 3 intermediate metabolizers, 46 extensive metabolizers, and 1 ultrarapid metabolizer) produced significant NT concentration differences: gene doses of 0.5 (n =3), 1 (n = 14), 1.5 (n = 11), 2 (n = 21) and 3 (n = 1; P &lt;0.00001).Conclusions: AT and NT concentrations can be predicted within the group of CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers. The ASCOC provides substantial advantages compared with current methods of analysis. CYP2D6 but not CYP2C19 correlates with the sum of both concentrations used to guide AT therapy.
Tissue Plasminogen Activator Inhibits Reactive Oxygen Species Production by Macrophages
Authors: Stringer Kathleen A. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To determine whether tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) alters macrophage reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.Intervention. Cultured macrophages were exposed to either phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or zymosan (ZMA) after a 1‐hour incubation with either tPA 100 μg/ml or l‐arginine 3.5 mg/ml, an excipient used in the formulation of tPA.Measurements and Main Results. Production of ROS was measured using chemiluminescence (CL). Tissue plasminogen activator reduced the mean peak CL of macrophages exposed to PMA or ZMA by 20% and 36%, respectively (p=0.0008 and p=0.028, analysis of variance). l‐arginine had no effect on either PMA‐ or ZMA‐induced macrophage CL.Conclusion. Our results suggest that tPA has broad inhibitory effects on inflammatory cell ROS production. In diseases such as atherosclerosis and acute respiratory distress syndrome, these data suggest the possible utility of exogenous tPA as an antiinflammatory agent and a physiologic role for endogenous tPA that goes beyond maintenance of homeostasis.
Freedom and form: The language and literacy practices of two Mexican schools
Authors: JIMÉNEZ ROBERT T. , SMITH PATRICK H. , MARTÍNEZ‐LEÓN NATALIA 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACTSThis study examined the language and literacy practices in two Mexican schools over a period of approximately six months. Our project was guided by the theoretical notion that these practices reflect both societal influences and some of the ways that a given society itself is shaped. We applied this idea to the linguistic interactions that we recorded in four classrooms, two beginning primary classrooms and two grade 4 classrooms. Classroom observations, teacher and administrator interviews, school‐produced documents, and publicly displayed texts constituted the data corpus. Findings indicated that students were provided with considerable freedom in terms of their spoken language which contrasted greatly with the emphasis on form in the production of written language. Reading constituted a middle ground depending on whether students were directed to read silently or aloud. We concluded that these practices shaped a particular type of literate habitus, one that positioned both teachers and students to accept as natural the idea that, at best, schooling could provide only partial access to the kinds of linguistic capital valued by dominant interests. On the basis of our findings, we recommend a retheorization of these language and literacy practices in terms of how they might be reformulated to challenge the dominance of particular literacies. Retheorizing these practices requires deeper understanding of the types of literate capital available to students in specific locations, and also that asymmetries between these types are not merely questions of knowledge or technical mastery, but also questions of power and access to power.
Closing the gap: Addressing the vocabulary needs of English‐language learners in bilingual and mainstream classrooms
Authors: CARLO MARÍA S. , AUGUST DIANE , MCLAUGHLIN BARRY , SNOW CATHERINE E. , DRESSLER CHERYL , LIPPMAN DAVID N. , LIVELY TERESA J. , WHITE CLAIRE E. 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACTSGaps in reading performance between Anglo and Latino children are associated with gaps in vocabulary knowledge. An intervention was designed to enhance fifth graders' academic vocabulary. The meanings of academically useful words were taught together with strategies for using information from context, from morphology, from knowledge about multiple meanings, and from cognates to infer word meaning. Among the principles underlying the intervention were that new words should be encountered in meaningful text, that native Spanish speakers should have access to the text's meaning through Spanish, that words should be encountered in varying contexts, and that word knowledge involves spelling, pronunciation, morphology, and syntax as well as depth of meaning. Fifth graders in the intervention group showed greater growth than the comparison group on knowledge of the words taught, on depth of vocabulary knowledge, on understanding multiple meanings, and on reading comprehension. The intervention effects were as large for the English‐language learners (ELLs) as for the English‐only speakers (EOs), though the ELLs scored lower on all pre‐ and posttest measures. The results show the feasibility of improving comprehension outcomes for students in mixed ELL‐EO classes, by teaching word analysis and vocabulary learning strategies.
Characterization of leukocyte subtypes in chicken inner ear sensory epithelia
Authors: O'Halloran Elizabeth K. , Oesterle Eliazabeth C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractHuman hearing and balance require intact inner ear sensory hair cells, which transduce mechanical stimuli into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain. Loss of hair cells after birth in mammals is irreversible, whereas birds are able to regenerate hair cells after insult and demonstrate ongoing hair cell production in the vestibular epithelia. Leukocytes reside in undamaged sensory epithelia of the avian inner ear and increase in number after trauma, prior to the proliferation of hair cell progenitors. It has been hypothesized that leukocyte‐produced growth factors or cytokines may be involved in triggering hair cell regeneration. Little is known about the specific leukocyte subtypes present in avian ear. Immunohistochemistry with a panel of monoclonal antibodies to chicken leukocytes was used to identify leukocyte subtypes in normal posthatch chicken ear sensory epithelia. The responsiveness of the leukocytes to aminoglycoside‐induced damage was also observed. Based on immunocytochemical and morphological criteria, we quantified leukocyte subtypes in normal and drug‐damaged auditory and vestibular sensory epithelia. Data indicate that lymphocytes (B and T cells) do not reside in normal or drug‐damaged ear sensory epithelia at 1–3 days post insult but are present in adjacent nonsensory tissues. The most common leukocytes in inner ear sensory epithelia are ramified cells of the myeloid lineage. Many of these are MHC class II positive, and a small percentage are mature tissue macrophages. An absence of leukocytes in lesioned areas of the auditory sensory epithelium suggests they may not play a critical role in triggering hair cell regeneration. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:340–360, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.