bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pride And Progress: Education, Literacy, and the Little Red Schoolhouse
Authors: Walbert David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On three muggy evenings in the early summer of 1929, thousands of Lancaster Countians packed Franklin and Marshall College’s football stadium to watch their history come alive. To mark the county’s bicentennial, several hundred of their neighbors had staged a “Pageant of Gratitude” for two centuries of God’s blessing. The figure of William Penn opened the pageant, establishing the colony of Pennsylvania as a haven for the oppressed of body and spirit and proclaiming it “destined to be blessed by God.” Hans Herr and his band of Mennonites followed close behind, fleeing the Old World’s persecution to find in Lancaster County “a land of plenty where peace and liberty shall be our portion.” From there the actors traced the county’s growth through the major events of the nation’s history: revolution, civil war, and world war. Modeled after the drama of ancient Greece, the pageant came complete with a narrative chorus of Lancaster’s townships and boroughs and climaxed with a procession of the Fruits of the Soil, of Civilization, and of the Spirit before an Altar of Gratitude.
Dutch Country: The Amish and Tourism
Authors: Walbert David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second was drawn in stark contrast by the Pennsylvania Dutch Folklore Cen-ter’s annual tourist guide. Inside, grinning cartoon Amishmen hawked bologna and “modern” diner food, while the Little Red School Gift and Gourmet Shop promised the authentic experience of a one-room schoolhouse recently converted into a gift shop. Articles by the Folklore Center’s staff taught tourists how to “cuss” in the Pennsylvania Dutch dialect and gave them advice on photographing the Amish:
Time Effects
Authors: Corso Phaedra S , Haddix AnneC 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Costs and benefits in prevention-effectiveness studies typically spread out over multiple years. Further, economic costs and benefits from published data are frequently available for years that are different from the study period under consideration. Because there are differences in the timing of costs and benefits or when information is available, they need to be converted to a common point in time to make them comparable. This chapter introduces the concept of differential timing of costs and benefits and the mechanics of discounting, inflation, and annuitization.
Delirium
Authors: Cohen Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Delirium is one of the most common psychiatric diagnoses and is perhaps the most lethal one. Despite often being iatrogenic in nature, clinicians frequently ignore or misdiagnose it. Delirium also provides us with an excellent example of a syndrome best discussed using the disease perspective. Given this, we first will consider the clinical syndrome of delirium—its bedside phenomenology, prevalence, and associated morbidity and mortality. Then, we will move one level “deeper,” to the pathology of delirium. As was discussed in the last chapter, a variety of pathologic insults can be responsible for causing the same final clinical picture. After this, we will move even deeper, examining some etiologies associated with these various forms of pathology. Lastly, we will move “upward” again to the bedside in order to discuss the various ways that delirium is treated. As will prove to be the case for all diseases, some treatment strategies are nonspecific and provide only symptomatic relief. For example, agitated or disorganized behavior and psychotic symptoms can be treated through appropriate monitoring, behavioral interventions, or the prescription of psychotropic medications. In contrast, other strategies are specific, designed to address the underlying etiology of the delirium. For example, delirium due to infection is best treated by prescribing an appropriate antibiotic.
Mood Disorders
Authors: Cohen Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mood disorders are common. For example, each year in the United States, 1.2 million people are diagnosed with major depressive disorder, an incidence of 5%–10%. Major depressive disorder affects at least 20% of women and 12% of men at some point in their lives. Mood disorders also are costly. For example, major depressive disorder not only is more prevalent than arthritis, diabetes, or heart disease; it also causes more emotional and physical impairment. Further, it affects patients’ health indirectly, by increasing the morbidity and mortality associated with coexisting medical conditions. A recent study of premature mortality and disability ranked major depressive disorder as the fourth leading cause of worldwide disease burden. Finally, mood disorders can be lethal; up to 15% of such patients die by suicide. Despite all of this (and despite the availability of effective treatments), mood disorders remain underrecognized and undertreated. Mood disorders resist reductionistic explanatory theories. Substantial evidence suggests that mood disorders are diseases. However, they are diseases that become intertwined with patients’ individual life stories and personalities. Adverse life events trigger or exacerbate mood disorders, and the illness may then become the major adverse event in a patient’s life. Furthermore, up to 85% of depressed patients experience multiple episodes of illness, such that it becomes increasing difficult to distinguish the “illness” from the “person.”
Eating Disorders
Authors: Cohen Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We could approach the eating disorders from any of the four psychiatric perspectives. For example, review the case presented at the outset of Chapter 3, which involves a patient who presents with anorexia nervosa. Note how, given the complexity of this presentation, no single perspective fully accounts for her illness. Clearly, anorexia and bulimia nervosa are associated with biological abnormalities and one therefore could treat them as “diseases.” They also tend to occur in people who have particular personality vulnerabilities and particular types of life stories. However, we might most fruitfully approach the eating disorder syndrome from the perspective of motivated behavior. In doing so, we place the emphasis squarely on the eating behavior itself; other elements of her presentation look different when viewed from this particular vantage point. In this case, in using the dimensional perspective we would have emphasized the patient’s obsessive–compulsive personality features; in using the life-story perspective we would have focused on the stress that she felt in the gifted student program or the pressure that she felt to lose weight in her ballet class; using the disease perspective, we would have noted how her current symptoms meet the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive disorder.
Why Does God Require Prayer?
Authors: Stump Eleonore 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ordinary Christian believers of every period have in general taken prayer to be fundamentally a request made of God for something specific believed to be good by the one praying. The technical name for such prayer is “impetration”; I am going to refer to it by the more familiar designation “petitionary prayer.” There are, of course, many important kinds of prayer which are not requests; for example, most of what is sometimes called “the higher sort of prayer”-praise, adoration, thanksgiving-does not consist in requests and is not included under petitionary prayer. But basic, common petitionary prayer poses problems that do not arise in connection with the more comtemplative varieties of prayer, and it is petitionary prayer with its special problems that I want to examine. The cases which concern me in this paper are those in which someone praying a petitionary prayer makes a specific request freely (at least in his own view) of an omniscient, omnipotent, perfectly good God, conceived of in the traditional orthodox way. I am specifying that the prayers are made freely because I want to discuss this problem on the assumption that man has free will and that not everything is predetermined.
Does God know the future?
Authors: Cahn Steven M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Book of Deuteronomy, God says to the people of Israel, “I have put before you life and death, blessing and curse. Choose life-if you and your offspring would live “ Did God know which option the people would choose? If so, how could their choice have been free? For if God knew they would choose life, then to have chosen death would have confuted God’s knowledge-which is impossible. If God knew they would choose death, then to have chosen life would also have confuted God’s knowledge. But God gave the people a genuine choice. So even God did not know how they would choose. I find this line of argument persuasive, but many notable thinkers have believed it unsound. In what follows I shall present briefly a sampling of their objections and my replies. Objection 1. “Just as your memory does not force the past to have happened, God’s foreknowledge does not force the future to happen.” So argued St. Augustine. Reply. Admittedly, my remembering that an event occurred does not cause the event’s occurrence. And God’s foreknowledge that an event will occur does not cause its occurrence.
The Howl of Oedipus, the Cry of Heloise: From Asceticism to Postmodern Ethics
Authors: Wyschogrod Edith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Asceticism is a complex of widely varying practices, beliefs and motives that have appeared in particular historical and cultural contexts. It is, to use the language of art criticism, site-specific. If the historical and phenomenological integrity of asceticism's many manifestations is to be preserved, it is beyond dispute that ascetic phenomena must be allowed to emerge in discrete material and psycho-social meaning constellations.
Women and Asceticism in Late Antiquity: The Refusal of Status and Gender
Authors: Clark Gillian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper takes one kind of historical approach to the question of origins and meanings: it seeks to consider late antique asceticism in relation to a social context which in recent years, thanks to some brilliant and persuasive writing, has become more clearly visible. It asks what ascetics were reacting against or refusing, what signals their lifestyles sent within a particular cultural range, whether late antique asceticism was an intensification of familiar practices, or a radical break from them. Christian ascetics in the fourth and fifth centuries were pioneers in working out what must be done by people who find the ordinary human concerns of household and city an intolerable distraction from their commitment to God. They experimented with styles and structures; tried out and competed with each other's techniques for strengthening the soul against harmful desires and demonic attack; and shared and analyzed their experience. Writers of the period—Athanasius, Jerome, Augustine, Basil—present the ascetic as hero or heroine, as the standard of true Christian commitment in an age when commitment was no longer tested by martyrdom. They suggest, and their writings also helped to create, an intense and widespread interest in ascetic practice.
Asceticism and Anthropology: Enkrateia and "Double Creation" in Early Christianity
Authors: Gasparro Giulia Sfameni Gasparro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The correspondence between Dionysius, the bishop of Corinth (166-175 CE), and Pinytus of Knossus, which was briefly but plainly referred to by Eusebius of Caesarea, 1 effectively presented a series of problems central to early Christian life during the first few centuries after Christ. Since these problems addressed the existential condition of humanity, they necessarily involved the ethical sphere of behavior and the theoretical realm of anthropology defined in light of Christian salvation.
Ascetic Closure and the End of Antiquity
Authors: Cameron Avenl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I wish to explore in this paper the idea of an "ascetic closure"—in historical terms, the notion of a closing in of possibilities, a contraction of horizons, somehow to be connected with the predominance of asceticism. Four recent books, in all of which early Christian asceticism plays a large role, have each emphasized this notion of closing in, of a narrowing of the horizons of society at large. Thus, the complex of ideas and practices labeled "asceticism" can be transferred to considerations of broader historical change.1 The language used is instructive: "silence"; "icy overtones"; "frailty"; "bizarre, postclassical shapes." Ascetic thought and practice is, it seems, identified as dominating the movement from antiquity to the Middle Ages, from an open society to a closed one.
Deconstruction of the Body in Indian Asceticism
Authors: Olwelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Asceticism, modern scholarship has often argued, is a cornerstone of Indian religions. It was fashionable not too long ago to contrast Indian religions, with their life-and-world-negating tendencies, to the life-affirming religions of the West.1 Louis Dumont's (1960) seminal study, "World Renunciation in Indian Religions," pointed out the inadequacy of that generalization by showing what Heesterman (1985) has called "the inner conflict of the tradition," that is, the conflict between world-renouncing and world-affirming ideologies within the history of Indian religious traditions. Dumont's own emphasis on world renunciation as the dominant and creative force within Indian religious history has been recently subjected to review and correction (Madan 1987). Indeed, Dumont's structural dichotomy between the renouncer and the man in the world is tenable only at the level of ideal types: the lived reality of both the ascetics and people living in society was much more complex and much less tidy.
Asceticism in the Church of Syria: The Hermeneutics of Early Syrian Monasticism
Authors: Griffith Sidney H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many commentators on the history of asceticism in the Syrian Orient in the early Christian period have highlighted what they often call its encratic features. They cite the harsh and seemingly bizarre forms of ascetic life that flourished there. And everyone who knows anything at all about asceticism in Syria knows that it was home to that peculiar ascetical institution, the stylite—the holy man or woman who passed his or her life elevated above the cares of contemporaries, dwelling on a platform secured to the top of a pillar, and served by a monastic community gathered below. One might borrow a phrase from Peter Brown to say that in the popular scholarly imagination the Syrian tradition of asceticism "admitted more vivid gestures than it did in the Greek world.
The Founding of the New Laura
Authors: Hirschfeld Yizhar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have various written accounts of disagreements that broke out in the monastic communities in the Judean desert. One example is the dispute between Gerasimus and members of the laura he had founded near the Jordan River.2 According to the anonymous author of the biography of Gerasimus, some of the cell dwellers of the laura requested an improvement in their quality of life (permission to cook food in their cells and to light a lamp during night prayers), but Gerasimus rejected these requests outright.
Simeon the New Theologian: An Ascetical Theology for Middle-Byzantine Monks
Authors: Collins Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the life and teaching of Simeon the New Theologian (949-1022), Byzantine ascetical and mystical theology achieved its most intense penetration of the Christian Mystery. Simeon wrote at a time when the Byzantine church was relatively free of dogmatic disputes and doctrinal conflicts. The great Trinitarian and Christological debates of the late patristic era, although a constant source of interest in Byzantine religious life, had long since ceased to divide the "Great Church." Belief had crystallized and hardened into dogmatic definitions and conciliar formulations and an identifiable "Orthodox" identity had emerged in the Byzantine church. In dogmatic theology, the Cappadocian model of the Trinity reigned supreme; in Christology, the Chalcedonian dyophysite understanding of Christ, interpreted in an Alexandrian way, stressed the unity of the two natures in the person of the Incarnate Word.
Maximus the Confessor on the Affections in Historical Perspective
Authors: Wilken Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jonathan Edwards begins his treatise The Religious Affections with a citation from 1 Peter 1.8: "Whom having not seen, ye love; in whom, though now ye see him not, yet believing, ye rejoice with joy unspeakable and full of glory." What drew Edwards to this passage were the phrases "ye love" and "ye rejoice with joy unspeakable." For Edwards, love and joy were affections, and his book was a defense of the view that true religion consisted not only in actings of the inclination and will of the soul but also in the fervent exercises of the heart. The religion that God requires has nothing to do with a state of indifference, he writes, but with ardor, with a fervent spirit and a burning heart, in short with passions of the soul. "The holy Scriptures do everywhere place religion very much in the affections; such as fear, hope, love, hatred, desire, joy, sorrow, gratitude, compassion, and zeal.
Body Politic among the Brides of Christ: Paul and the Origins of Christian Sexual Renunciation
Authors: Boyarm Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What was notably lacking, in Paul's letter, was the warm faith shown by contemporary pagans and Jews that the sexual urge, although disorderly, was capable of socialization and of ordered, even warm, expression within marriage. The dangers of porneia, of potential immorality brought about by sexual frustration, were allowed to hold the center of the stage. By this essentially negative, even alarmist, strategy, Paul left a fatal legacy to future ages. An argument against abandoning sexual intercourse within marriage and in favor of allowing the younger generation to continue to have children slid imperceptibly into an attitude that viewed marriage itself as no more than a defense against desire. In the future, a sense of the presence of "Satan," in the form of a constant and ill-defined risk of lust, lay like a heavy shadow in the corner of every Christian church.
The Battle for the Body in Manichaean Asceticism
Authors: Beduhn Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As distinct from most other religious movements, which contain ascetic traditions as one option of expression, Manichaeism is ascetic at its very core, and to be a Manichaean is, by definition, to be an ascetic. Unfortunately, there are none of these fascinating people around anymore, and it is the task of historians to reconstruct, as best they can, the discourse and practices of the Manichaean faith. This historical enterprise of recovery has been hampered by two related obstacles. The first is the diverse and fragmentary character of Manichaean literary remains. The second obstacle is the great liberty modern academics have taken with this material in synthesizing an artificial Manichaeism to match their own preconceptions. The quest for a unified Manichaean tradition, if such existed, must be based on careful comparison of distinct lines of tradition, with due regard for regional variation, in search of those elements that, by their ubiquity in the sources, reveal themselves to be fundamental to Manichaeism as a whole. The practice of asceticism is one such fundamental element of Manichaeism, and this paper examines the Manichaean literary tradition that authorized and interpreted the Manichaean ascetic life.
Psychophysiological and Comparative Analysis of Ascetico-Meditational Discipline: Toward a New Theory of Asceticism
Authors: Bushell William C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper I describe a number of the major psychophysiological enhancements that accompany the practice, particularly the long-term practice, of asceticism and meditation (including prayer, contemplation, etc.), with special reference to contemporary Ethiopian Orthodox Christian asceticism and to the desert Christian movement of the early centuries CE. The present description and explanation of ascetic and meditational practice (the ascetico-meditational regimen) constitutes a new theory of the functions of asceticism and altered states of consciousness (ASCs), a theory that is developed in greater depth elsewhere.
Human Artistry and Divine Jealousy
Authors: Fantham Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ovid has already made clear the egotism and vindictiveness of the Olympian gods, who cannot endure a human rival. But their jealousy is not confined to sexual matters, and the poet will demonstrate repeatedly how human artists are punished, or simply victimized, for challenging a god’s professional expertise. In this context, it does not matter whether their performance succeeds or fails: to compete with a god on any terms brings loss of human identity. Among the five tales of divinely imposed metamorphosis in books 5-6, three are of formal contests and illustrate how human musicians and artists compete with divine beings and suffer for it.
After Ovid
Authors: Fantham Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ovid was famous and successful before he began the Metamorphoses, but it is probable that in the two millennia after his death his epic of transformation not only transformed epic but exercised a greater influence over the shaping of art and literature than any other Latin work. Anyone attempting to convey the breadth and variety of this influence can only pick a small sample of works that have themselves been the subject of many books. To provide some perspective this chapter will begin and end with popular art forms from the last decade.
Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Menopause
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conceiving a baby, growing it in the womb, giving birth, and raising a child can be some of the most fulfilling experiences life has to offer a woman whether she has RA or not. There’s no doubt that you’ll face challenges as a woman with RA, but moms who live with the disease and experts agree: If you want to have children, the rewards far outweigh the difficulties you may face. Your chances of becoming pregnant are normal, pregnancy will not make your disease worse, and your arthritis will not harm your baby, although there is a small possibility that RA will be passed along to your child through your genes and affect him or her later in life. Before and during pregnancy, you and your rheumatologist may face tough decisions about medications, and 90 percent of women experience a flare in the three months after the baby is born (more on these topics later). But, all in all, pregnancy and childbirth are safe for both moms with RA, and their precious cargo.
for the End
Authors: Stein Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sketch of William Miller that appeared in the New York Herald in 1842 depicts him in a scholarly pose, a man with a broad head and high brow, his hand on an open Bible-an appropriate image for the Baptist lay preacher born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, who predicted the end of the world would occur in 1843. Miller based his calculations on the biblical books of Daniel and Revelation. His startling pro-nouncement, first made public in 1831, created a major stir in the 1830s and 1840s. This kind of prediction gets attention in every age. Miller was the founder of a distinctive apocalyptic tradition in American religion.