bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cancer Diagnosis
Authors: Ruddon Raymond W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As more is learned about the genotypic, phenotypic, and metabolomic differences between cancer tissue and non-cancer tissue and about the differences between indolent and aggressive tumors, there will be an increased medical need and patient demand for such discriminatory tests. In addition, individual patient variation in response to therapeutic agents will determine which drugs and other treatments they are given. Increasing knowledge of the hereditary background of individuals and the gene alterations that determine susceptibility to getting cancer will also drive this field of research and clinical care. Moreover, identification of biomarkers that lead to early detection of malignant changes in tissues will facilitate new strategies for earlier treatment and perhaps even for prevention of early malignant changes before they progress to full-blown invasive cancer. New drug targets will emerge from the increased learning about biomarkers that reflect the molecular biology of cancer.
Bonds and Government Debt in Italian City-States, 1250-1650
Authors: Pezzolo Luciano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On March 12, 1262, Venice was involved in a difficult war against her major rivals in the Mediterranean Sea, the Byzantine emperor Michael Palaeologus and his Genoese allies. The previous year the Venetians had lost important bases in Greece, and the new naval campaign, which would prove victorious, was being carried out resolutely. The military pressure, on the one hand, and the urgent need to create order in public finance, on the other, led the Great Council-the most important organism of the Venetian government-to issue a decree that has come to be regarded as a financial innovation. The decree permitted the government to spend for its ordinary needs up to 3,000 lire (ad grossos) a month; spending be yond that had to be used to pay 5 percent interest to those from whom the government had borrowed money. The interest had to be paid twice a year, and once paid, if additional money was available it would be used first to finance the current war and wars to come and second to pay off the loans. No one was allowed to revoke this statute.
John Law:Innovating Theorist and Policymaker
Authors: Murphy Antoin E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last decade of the seventeenth century and the first two decades of the eighteenth century was a period of profound financial innovation.
was an era that created lasting institutions such as the Bank of England and some of Britain’s major insurance companies, but it was also a time that would be long re membered due to the rise and collapse of the Mississippi Company in Paris and the South Sea Bubble in London. A great part of this financial innovation was due to someone who had been sentenced to death in the year of the creation of the Bank of England-1694-but who had become the equivalent of the prime minister of France (Controlleur General des Finances) in 1720. Furthermore, the person in question was not French but Scottish. Enter John Law, the man most Europeans would have liked to meet in early 1720. By the end of that year Law had to move quickly out of France and became the subject of vicious caricatures and lampoons by European engravers and writers. Sic transit gloria mundi.
The First “Eurobonds”:The Rothschilds and the Financing of the Holy Alliance, 1818-1822
Authors: Ferguson Niall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term “eurobond” entered financial parlance in the 1960s to describe the dollar-denominated bearer bonds that came to be not just traded but also issued in European financial markets, principally London. Siegmund Warburg is usually credited with the creation of this new market, which flourished during the 1960s and 1970s as restrictions on bond issuance by foreign corporations in New York were tightened. How ever, the idea of issuing bonds for a government or company in a market and a currency other than the issuing entity’s dates back much further than 1963, the year of the first eurobond issue arranged by Warburg for the Italian highway authority Autostrade. Consider one typical modern definition of a eurobond: “The bonds may or may not be denominated in the currency of the issuer’s domestic jurisdiction and the bonds are sold to investors located in different countries rather than to investors in the place ofissue.” In fact, that definition could perfectly well be applied to two major bond issues that took place nearly a century and a half before the Autostrade loan. Indeed, it is not far-fetched to describe the loans issued by the Rothschild brothers for Prussia and Russia in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars as the first true eurobonds.
Fifty Neurologic Cases From Mayo Clinic
Authors: Noseworthy John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This informative and entertaining compilation of 50 short neurological cases demonstrates important principles in clinical localization and differential diagnosis. Each case presents the key elements without revealing the diagnosis at first. A vivid clinical scenario provides enough information for the student to localize the site of the lesion and for the experienced neurological physician to reach a differential diagnosis. Each case description is followed by one or two illustrations, the diagnosis, and then a commentary by a Mayo Clinic consultant. The commentary highlights the issues in the differential diagnosis and provides an update on what is currently known about the specific diagnostic entity. The book will be of interest to physicians and surgeons caring for neurological patients at each stage of their career. It will be of particular help to medical students and to residents and fellows in neurology and neurosurgery. Internists, pediatricians, geriatricians, and psychiatrists will also find it useful.
Inside Putin’s Russia
Authors: Jack Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Written by Andrew Jack, the Moscow Bureau Chief of the Financial Times, here is a revealing look at the meteoric rise of Vladimir Putin and his first term as president of Russia. Drawing on interviews with Putin himself, and with a number of the country’s leading figures, as well as many ordinary Russians, Jack describes how the former KGB official emerged from the shadows of the Soviet secret police and lowly government jobs to become the most powerful man in Russia. The author shows how Putin has defied domestic and foreign expectations, presiding over a period of strong economic growth, significant restructuring, and rising international prestige. Yet Putin himself remains a man of mystery and contradictions. Personally, he is the opposite of Boris Yeltsin. A former judo champion, he is abstemious, healthy, and energetic, but also evasive, secretive, and cautious. Politically, he has pursued a predominantly pro-western foreign policy and liberal economic reforms, but has pursued a hardline war in Chechnya and introduced tighter controls over parliament and the media and his opponents, moves which are reminiscent of the Soviet era. Through it all, Putin has united Russian society and maintained extraordinarily high popularity. Jack concludes that Putin’s “liberal authoritarianism” may be unpalatable to the West, but is probably the best that Russia can do at this point in her history. Inside Putin’s Russia digs behind the rumors and speculation, illuminating Putin’s character and the changing nature of the Russia he rules. Andrew Jack sheds light on Putin’s thinking, style and effectiveness as president. With Putin’s second term just beginning, this invaluable book offers important insights for anyone interested in the past, present, and future of Russia.
Chamber Specification and Ventricular Septation
Authors: Kirby Margaret Loewy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As discussed in the previous chapter, the craniocaudal, right– left, and dorsoventral axes are all established for the body during gastrulation. However, except for the craniocaudal axis, the other axes are reinterpreted in the semiautonomous heart tube as it forms and the new axes are the ones that are important in looping, chamber specification, and septation. Based on axial information, many cardiac genes are broadly induced in the cardiogenic fields and early heart tube, and then become restricted to the atria or ventricles as development proceeds based on axis information contained within the heart tube. Chamber specification occurs through distinct transcriptional programs, which govern myocardial identity at various stages of specialization in the forming heart. These transcriptional programs are established based on the craniocaudal and dorsoventral polarity of the heart tube. An understanding of the morphological development of chambers and septation is a first step to appreciate the molecular intricacies of chamber specification and septation.
Corporate Social Responsibility in Scandinavia: A Turn Toward the Business Case?
Authors: Morsing Mette , Midttun Atle , Palmås Karl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scandinavian companies have a long history of integrating issues of ethics and social responsibility into corporate strategies, and today these issues seem to appear with a renewed urgency in the wake of globalization. While Scandinavian companies since the 1980s have been exposed to strong environmental regulation and so have integrated environmental concerns into their business strategies for a number of years, many Scandinavian managers also claim that ethics and social responsibilities always have been an inherent way of doing business.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Public Relations
Authors: Sriramesh Krishnamurthy , Ng Chew Wee , Ting Soh Ting , Wanyin Luo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long recognized as one of the “Asian Tigers,” Singapore (whose name means Lion City and thus the city’s Merlion mascot) is one of the leading economic centers in Asia. After becoming a Republic in 1965, the island-state developed rapidly within two generations and currently has the third highest per capita gross domestic product (after Japan and Hong Kong) in Asia.
Corporate Social Responsibility in Mexico
Authors: Chavarría Mariela Pérez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past few years, the topic of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has captured a great deal of interest, but its development and dissemination have varied from one country to another, taking on the cultural nuances typical of each nation or region. Research on these nuances would still appear to be exiguous, although some studies exist along these lines, such as that of Juholin (2003) in Finland and those of Sanborn (2004), Agüero (2002), and Sánchez (2000) in Latin America, among others, in which the main focus has been to identify the national characteristics presented by CSR.
The Case of the Subaltern Public
Authors: Munshi Debashish , Kurian Priya 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been, for the most part, a catch-all term that businesses use to trumpet concepts as wide ranging as ethical governance, sustainable development, environmental sensitivities, and profit generation with a conscience. Yet, the theory and practice of the term fall far short of its professed goals of equity and justice because of its glaring omissions: “corporate” overlooks the many proxies of corporations, including states and financial institutions; “social” ignores the political, including issues of gender and diversity; and “responsibility” glosses over accountability.
The Regulatory And Administrative State
Authors: Heinzerling Lisa , Tushnet Mark V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The casebook introduces students to the reasons for regulation, the ways in which regulation can go awry, the choice of legal institutions, the choice of regulatory instruments, and the art of statutory interpretation. The book uses several substantive subject areas as recurring themes, all involving the regulation of risk. The primary market for this casebook are law students taking a course on the Regulatory State; a secondary market may be found in schools of public policy.
What Are Angel Groups?
Authors: Shane Scott A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines a recent development in angel investing: the emergence of organized angel groups (efforts that combine the start-up investment activities of multiple accredited investors in a coordinated way). The oldest of these angel groups is believed to be the Band of Angels in Silicon Valley, which began in 1994 with twelve members and, in 2006, had 105 members and $7.2 million invested in twelve companies. The newness of angel groups means that they are essentially unexplored in other books on angel investing, even though they are a unique form of investing in private companies. As this chapter will show, angel groups are very different from individual angels. All members of angel groups are accredited investors, making group members wealthier than the unaccredited investors who make up 79 percent of all business angels. Moreover, angels in groups differ from individual angels on a variety of dimensions, including their demographics, the amounts of money they provide, the industries they favor, their preference for debt and equity instruments, the terms of their contracts, their tendency to get follow-on investment from venture capitalists, their expected and actual rates of return, and so on. In fact, angel groups may be more like venture capital ﬁrms than like individual angels. These differences make angel groups important for entrepreneurs, angels, and policy makers to understand.
War, Commerce, and International Law
Authors: Gathii James Thuo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent wars and conflicts, the ‘blood diamond’ wars in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as asset freezing and blocking in the so called war against terrorism have more than ever before raised questions about the status of private property and contract rights after the outbreak of war. Do invading and occupying powers have the right to destroy and confiscate private property and ignore contract rights? Are residents of a war-torn countries and foreign investors alike protected by international laws that uphold commercial freedom? Who, and on what legal authority, decides cases over contested resources during or after war? As globalization and armed conflicts continue to grow and co-exist, these questions are increasingly in the international spotlight. War, Commerce, and International Law authoritatively explores these questions in the context of the relationship between war and commerce, on one hand, and international law, on the other. This book also places these questions in a historical context. Professor Gathii argues that there are continuities and discontinuities in the ways in which these rules were applied in colonial acquisitions of territory and in the protection of the rights of bond holders in the period before the twentieth century, and the manner in which private property and contract rights are being treated under occupation and during wartime in the contemporary period. This book also offers an original and authoritative framework for appreciating relations between powerful and less powerful States and entities and between public and private power, as well as between peoples from vastly different cultural and racial backgrounds, in the context of war and commerce. It presents authoritative comparisons and contrasts between the protection of rights of foreign and domestic investors under international law in the context of war. In so doing, it debunks the story that commerce has prevailed over wartime deprivations and destructions of private property and contract rights. It shows how wartime effects on private property are a constitutive component of war rather than an aberration of it. Professor Gathii demonstrates that while international legal prohibitions against destruction and confiscation of private property during wartime are important, they have often been disregarded or sacrificed at the alter of claims of liberty and freedom historically as well as in the contemporary period. Most importantly, War, Commerce, and International Law shows that although the doctrines and rules of international law relating to war and commerce guarantee fairness between all states, their application, interpretation, and adjudication in a variety of contexts nevertheless simultaneously carry forward within them the legacy of imperialism and colonial conquest. However, while international law carries within it this legacy, its guarantees of the equality of all states and of the human rights of all individuals, continue to offer hope for poor and weak states and individuals everywhere.
Antiepileptic Drugs in Pregnancy
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Due to the potential for teratogenesis and other impairments, the risks and beneﬁts of antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy should be weighed carefully in pregnant women or in women of childbearing potential. Pregnancy should be planned in a patient receiving AEDs, so that appropriate measures can be taken in advance. The question should be raised whether anticonvulsant medication is still required, which drug is needed, and what dose should be prescribed. Consideration must be given both to maintaining seizure control and minimizing fetal risk.
Antiepileptic Drugs in Lactating Women
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Breastfeeding is generally encouraged for a variety of health and psychological reasons. However, the breast milk of women who take antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) contains these drugs, which are delivered to the baby with each feeding. The obvious consequences of AED ingestion in infants include drowsiness and other adverse effects of AEDs. However, some effects may not be readily apparent. There is evidence in animals that brain development is adversely affected in newborn animals subjected to AED treatment after birth. Phenytoin and valproate may cause reduced brain weight and reduced incorporation of amino acids in myelin and nuclear proteins (Patsalos and Wiggins, 1982). Phenytoin may affect the posttranslational phosphorylation of actin and other cytoskeletal proteins, thereby altering dendritic patterns (Ruiz et al., 1987).
Antiepileptic Drugs in the Elderly
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While similar principles of drug selection apply to elderly individuals and to younger patients, certain factors carry greater weight in the elderly. Selection of the appropriate therapy should be guided by the recognition that older patients often have comorbidity including neurological disease, receive multiple medications that can affect and be affected by AEDs, and have age-related changes in physiology (e.g., decreased gastrointestinal absorption and renal function). Moreover, elderly individuals may be more sensitive to the adverse effects of AEDs (Perucca et al., 2006; Perucca, 2007). In this age group, monotherapy with an AED is desirable, and lifelong therapy may be required.
Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients With Hyperlipidemia
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several reports have already shown that chronic treatment with some antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) inﬂuences serum lipid proﬁle. There have been reports of high total cholesterol concentrations in patients receiving carbamazepine, phenytoin, or phenobarbital, high levels of HDL cholesterol in normal subjects receiving phenobarbital and in patients treated with carbamazepine or phenytoin, and high levels of LDL cholesterol in patients treated with carbamazepine and phenobarbital as well as high triglyceride levels in patients receiving carbamazepine, phenobarbital, or phenytoin. Inﬂuence of valproic acid on serum lipid proﬁles is controversial (Nikolaos et al., 2004; Sommez et al., 2006).
Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients With Stroke
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stroke and cerebrovascular lesions are the main cause of epilepsy in the elderly. The risk for development of epilepsy is 17-fold higher after stroke than in the age-matched general population; it is estimated that 10–15% of stroke patients develop epilepsy (Ferro and Pinto, 2004). Seizures can be a presenting feature of acute stroke or may be a late complication. Many similarities exist between cerebral ischemia and epilepsy regarding brain damage and autoprotective mechanisms that are activated following the injurious insult. Therefore, drugs that are effective in minimizing seizureinduced brain damage may also be useful in minimizing ischemic injury.
Antiepileptic Drugs and Cognition
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Treating a patient with epilepsy involves more than just treating seizures. Many patients have associated learning and behavioral disorders, leading to signiﬁcant difﬁculties at school or work. Educational underachievement is considered to be the greatest academic complication in a child with epilepsy. Children with epilepsy, even those with normal intelligence, often experience educational difficulties more often than unaffected children. These educational problems tend to persist into adulthood and can manifest as underemployment (Vinayan, 2006).
Antiepileptic Drugs and Skin Photosensitivity
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Photosensitivity describes either a phototoxic response or a less frequent photoallergic reaction. A phototoxic reaction is immediate and resembles exaggerated sunburn. In comparison, a photoallergic reaction has an immunological basis and requires previous exposure to the photosensitizing agent. Patients who experience photoallergic responses typically present 1−14 days after exposure to sunlight with a papulovesicular eruption, pruritus, and eczematous dermatitis (Dubakiene and Kupriene, 2006). Photosensitivity reactions are not predictable and can occur at any age. Many medications, including antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), are associated with photosensitivity reactions (Moore, 2002; Dubakiene and Kupriene, 2006; Drug Facts and Comparisons, 2007).
Antiepileptic Drugs and Weight Change
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many patients experience weight change after starting an antiepileptic drug (AED). Some AEDs are associated with weight loss, some with weight gain, and others have no effect. Depending on comorbid conditions, chieﬂy obesity, diabetes, and, at times, poor appetite, one might consider choosing an AED that may inﬂuence weight in a positive way. For example, an obese patient, particularly one who is diabetic, might secondarily beneﬁt by taking an AED that causes weight loss. A patient with poor appetite who is underweight might proﬁt by taking an AED that causes weight gain.