bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discrete epithelioid cells: Useful clue to Hodgkin's disease cytodiagnosis
Authors: Iyengar Krishnan R. , Mutha Sucheeta 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDiagnosis of Hodgkin's disease is made with more confidence than diagnosis of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma on cytology. This study was undertaken to describe the presence of granulomas and a new cytologic feature, discrete epithelioid cells (DECs), in smears from Hodgkin's disease. Fine‐needle aspiration smears from 39 cases of biopsy‐proven Hodgkin's disease, collected over a period of 43 months, were reviewed. Epithelioid granulomas were seen in 38.5% of the smears. DECs, which were noted in 70% of the cases, may be useful in raising the suspicion of Hodgkin's disease when other features are not evident; their presence should encourage the cytopathologist to obtain aspirations from other lymph nodes. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:142–144; DOI 10.1002/dc.10080 © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology and core biopsy of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the uterus: A case report
Authors: Molina Claudia P. , Putegnat B. Burton , Logroño Roberto 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMalignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is an uncommon mesenchymal neoplasm of neural origin. MPNST arising in the uterus is extremely rare. Its histologic appearance on this anatomical location has been only rarely reported. A 62‐yr‐old woman with a previous history of partial hysterectomy presented with a large pelvic mass in the uterine stump. Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) and core biopsy were obtained under ultrasonographic guidance, and the diagnosis of MPNST was established. The cytologic and histologic findings were consistent with a spindle‐cell neoplasm suggestive of MPNST. The tumor cells were focally positive for S‐100 protein immunostain, thus providing further support for the neoplasm's nerve sheath differentiation. The patient had no history of von Recklinghausen's disease. Resection of the mass confirmed the diagnosis of MPNST. To our knowledge, the FNA cytology of MPNST in this unusual location has not been previously reported. FNA cytology, along with core biopsy and immunochemistry, is a reliable tool in the diagnosis of MPNST. Diagn. Cytopathol. 24:347–351, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and evaluation of conformationally restricted pyridino N‐alkylated nicotine analogs as nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists
Authors: Xu Rui , Dwoskin Linda P. , Grinevich Vladimir , Sumithran Sangeetha P. , Crooks Peter A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrevious work has shown that quaternization of the pyridine‐N atom of S‐(–)‐nicotine (NIC) affords compounds such as N‐n‐octylnicotinium iodide (NONI) and N‐n‐decylnicotinium iodide (NDNI) that act as competitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonists at α3β2* and α4β2* subtypes, respectively. To ascertain the rotameric preference about the C3‐C2′ bond of NONI and NDNI for interaction with several nAChR subtypes, two classes of bridged analogs representing extreme rotameric conformations (syn and anti) of NONI and NDNI were synthesized. NIC‐evoked [3H]dopamine ([3H]DA) release from superfused rat striatal slices was used to determine the activity of the analogs at the α3β2* nAChR. [3H]NIC and [3H]methyllycaconitine ([3H]MLA) binding to rat brain membranes were used to determine affinity for α4β2* and α7* nAChRs, respectively. With the exception of BCDD (IC50 value = 1,580 nM), all analogs potently and selectively inhibited NIC‐evoked [3H]DA release (IC50 values = 30–660 nM), indicating antagonism of α3β2* nAChRs. None of the analogs inhibited either [3H]NIC or [3H]MLA binding, indicating a lack of interaction with α4β2* and α7* nAChR subtypes. Interestingly, the C10 N‐alkyl chain analogs, ACD and BCD, had negligible affinity for the α4β2* subtype compared to the high affinity exhibited by NDNI, suggesting that the α4β2* subtype does not recognize the unique stereochemistry of these conformationally restricted analogs. Thus, conformational restriction of N‐n‐alkylnicotinium iodides eliminated inhibitory activity at α4β2* nAChRs, but more importantly afforded high affinity and selectivity for α3β2* nAChRs. Conformational restriction of N‐n‐alkyl analogs of NIC appears to be a viable approach for the development of α3β2*‐selective nAChR antagonists. Drug Dev. Res. 55:172–186, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Actions of a series of PPADS analogs at P2X1 and P2X3 receptors
Authors: Brown Sean G. , Kim Yong‐Chul , Kim Soon‐Ai , Jacobson Kenneth A. , Burnstock Geoffrey , King Brian F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSeven PPADS (Pyridoxal‐5′‐Phosphate 6‐Azophenyl 2′,4′‐DiSulfonate) analogs were investigated at Group 1 P2X receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. All seven analogs potently inhibited P2X1 (IC50 range, 5–32 nM) and P2X3 (IC50 range, 22–345 nM), the two Group I P2X receptor subtypes. Analogs showed greater inhibitory activity where the pyridoxal moiety of PPADS contained a 5′‐phosphonate group, rather than a 5′‐phosphate group. Analogs also showed greater potency where disulfonate groups were removed from, or substituted at, the azophenyl moiety. The most active analog was MRS 2257 (pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphonate 6‐azophenyl 3′,5′‐bismethylenephosphonate) at P2X1 (IC50, 5 nM) and P2X3 (IC50, 22 nM) receptors, being 14‐fold and 10‐fold more potent than PPADS itself. MRS 2257 produced a nonsurmountable inhibition when tested against a range of ATP concentrations, although blockade was reversed by about 85% after 20 minutes of washout. TNP‐ATP and Ip5I were equipotent with MRS 2257 at P2X1 receptors, whereas TNP‐ATP was 64‐fold more potent than MRS 2257 at P2X3 receptors. In conclusion, the PPADS template can be altered at the pyridoxal and phenyl moieties to produce P2X1 and P2X3 receptor antagonists showing higher potency and greater degree of reversibility than the parent compound at these Group I P2X receptors. Drug Dev. Res. 53:281–291, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measuring infant memory: Does the ruler matter?
Authors: Gross Julien , Hayne Harlene , Herbert Jane , Sowerby Paula 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough the mobile conjugate reinforcement, deferred imitation, and visual attention paradigms are commonly used to test memory processing by infants, there is often debate about the comparability of memory measured by these three procedures. In a series of experiments, we systematically compared 6‐month‐old infants' performance across all three procedures. Contrary to current claims, measures of memory obtained using the mobile conjugate reinforcement and deferred imitation paradigms were more similar than those obtained using the deferred imitation and visual attention paradigms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 183–192, 2002. DOI 10.1002/dev.10020
What does fetal movement predict about behavior during the first two years of life?
Authors: DiPietro Janet A. , Bornstein Marc H. , Costigan Kathleen A. , Pressman Eva K. , Hahn Chun‐Shin , Painter Kathleen , Smith Barbara A. , Yi Linda J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study evaluated whether motor activity prior to birth is predictive of motor behavior and temperament in neonates, infants, and toddlers. Three measures of fetal motor activity (activity level, amplitude, and number of movements) were collected at 24, 30, and 36 weeks of gestation in 52 healthy fetuses using Doppler‐based actography. Postnatal data collection included a neurobehavioral assessment at 2‐weeks postpartum (n = 41), and laboratory‐based behavioral observations at 1 and 2 years of age (ns = 35). Individual stability in motor activity was present during gestation. Predictive relations between fetal movement and neonatal behavior were inconsistent; significant but small positive associations were detected between motor behavior at 36 weeks and neonatal irritability and motor development. Fetal activity level at 36 weeks was positively associated with observed 1‐year activity level for boys (but inversely related for girls) and maternal report of activity level at 2 years. Fetal movement was consistently and negatively predictive of distress to limitations at 1 year and behavioral inhibition at 2 years, accounting for 21 to 43% of the variance in these measures. Intrafetal variability in motor behavior makes this a relatively unstable metric for prediction to neonatal maturational outcomes, which are relatively constrained, but fetal motor activity appears to predict temperament attributes related to regulatory behaviors in early childhood. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 358–371, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10025
Expression of differentially expressed nucleolar transforming growth factor‐β1 target (DENTT) in adult mouse tissues
Authors: Martínez Alfredo , Ozbun Laurent L. , Angdisen Jerry , Jakowlew Sonia B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDifferentially expressed nucleolar TGF‐β1 target (DENTT) is a novel member of the TSPY/TSPY‐L/SET/NAP‐1 (TTSN) superfamily that we have previously identified in human lung cancer cells. Here, we have investigated the expression of this protein in the adult mouse. By Western analysis, DENTT is highly expressed in the pituitary gland and moderately in the adrenals, brain, testis, and ovary. Immunohistochemical staining analysis for DENTT showed differential cytoplasmic and nuclear staining patterns in several cell types. The pituitary gland showed the highest level of immunostaining for DENTT, with strong cytoplasmic immunoreactivity in the anterior lobe, moderate levels in the posterior lobe, and a few cells showing nuclear staining in the intermediate lobe. In contrast, the intermediate lobe of the pituitary showed intense cytoplasmic staining for TGF‐β1. Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining for DENTT was present in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Cytoplasmic staining for DENTT was particularly intense in the cortex of the adrenal gland, whereas the medulla showed weak nuclear staining. In the nervous system, the choroid plexus showed the highest immunoreactivity, with cortical motoneurons and Purkinje cells having relatively high levels of staining for DENTT as well. DENTT immunoreactivity was found in Leydig interstitial cells, Sertoli cells, and primary spermatocytes in the testis. In the female reproductive system, DENTT immunoreactivity was present in oocytes, thecal cells, and corpora lutea. The bronchial epithelium of the lung showed moderate levels of staining for DENTT localized to the cell nucleus. Additionally, three rodent pituitary cell lines (AtT20, GH3, and αT3‐1, representing corticotropes, lactotropes, and gonadotropes, respectively) showed expression of DENTT. Addition of TGF‐β1 or serum to AtT20 cells increased DENTT protein production by 4 hr and, after reaching maximal levels at 2.4‐fold above basal level by 8 hr, decreased, whereas no more than a 1.5‐fold increase in DENTT protein occurred in GH3 or αT3‐1 cells. Transient transfection studies showed that ectopic DENTT expression significantly increased the level of p3TP‐Lux reporter transcription in AtT20 cells, but not in GH3 or αT3‐1 cells. Interestingly, addition of TGF‐β1 had no significant effect on the ability of DENTT expression to influence p3TP‐Lux reporter transcription in AtT20 cells. This report is the first detailed immunohistochemical examination of a member of the TTSN superfamily in the adult mouse. Expression of DENTT in endocrine tissues, nervous system, lung, oocytes, and thecal cells, in addition to the testis, suggests new roles for the TTSN superfamily. The differential patterns of expression of DENTT and TGF‐β1 in some tissues, including the pituitary, suggest that other factors are likely to be regulators of DENTT besides TGF‐β1. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axon guidance at the midline choice point
Authors: Kaprielian Zaven , Runko Erik , Imondi Ralph 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe central nervous system (CNS) of higher organisms is bilaterally‐symmetric. The transfer of information between the two sides of the nervous system occurs through commissures formed by neurons that project axons across the midline to the contralateral side of the CNS. Interestingly, these axons cross the midline only once. Other neurons extend axons that never cross the midline; they project exclusively on their own (ipsilateral) side of the CNS. Thus, the midline is an important choice point for several classes of pathfinding axons. Recent studies demonstrate that specialized midline cells play critical roles in regulating the guidance of both crossing and non‐crossing axons at the ventral midline of the developing vertebrate spinal cord and the Drosophila ventral nerve cord. For example, these cells secrete attractive cues that guide commissural axons over long distances to the midline of the CNS. Furthermore, short‐range interactions between guidance cues present on the surfaces of midline cells, and their receptors expressed on the surfaces of pathfinding axons, allow commissural axons to cross the midline only once and prevent ipsilaterally‐projecting axons from entering the midline. Remarkably, the molecular composition of commissural axon surfaces is dynamically‐altered as they cross the midline. Consequently, commissural axons become responsive to repulsive midline guidance cues that they had previously ignored on the ipsilateral side of the midline. Concomitantly, commissural axons lose responsiveness to attractive guidance cues that had initially attracted them to the midline. Thus, these exquisitely regulated guidance systems prevent commissural axons from lingering within the confines of the midline and allow them to pioneer an appropriate pathway on the contralateral side of the CNS. Many aspects of midline guidance are controlled by mechanistically and evolutionarily‐conserved ligand‐receptor systems. Strikingly, recent studies demonstrate that these receptors are modular; the ectodomains determine ligand recognition and the cytoplasmic domains specify the response of an axon to a given guidance cue. Despite rapid and dramatic progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms that control midline guidance, many questions remain. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Abnormal neural crest cell migration after the in vivo knockdown of tenascin‐C expression with morpholino antisense oligonucleotides
Authors: Tucker Richard P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA key feature of vertebrate development is the formation of the neural crest. In the trunk, neural crest cells delaminate from the neural tube shortly after the fusion of the neural folds and migrate ventrally along specific pathways to form the neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system. As neural crest cells leave the neural tube during the initial stages of their migration, they express the extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin‐C, which is also found in the stroma of many tumors. We have studied the possible role for tenascin‐C during neural crest morphogenesis in vivo by microinjecting tenascin‐C morpholino antisense oligonucleotides into the lumen of the avian neural tube in ovo and electroporating the morpholino antisense oligonucleotides into the precursors of the neural crest. After 24 hr, tenascin‐C immunostaining is reduced around the dorsal neural tube in the experimental microinjected embryos (12 of 13) but not in embryos microinjected with control morpholino antisense oligonucleotides (n = 3) or subjected to electroporation only (n = 2). In each of the 12 tenascin‐C knockdown embryos neural crest cells are seen ectopically in the lumen of the neural tube and in the neuroepithelium; cells that do leave the neural tube after the microinjection fail to disperse laterally from the surface of the neural tube into the somites. The observation that neural crest cells must express tenascin‐C to migrate normally is consistent with a role for this glycoprotein in contributing to the invasive behavior of neural crest cells. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Auditory perceptual processing in people with reading and oral language impairments: current issues and recommendations
Authors: McArthur G.M. , Bishop D.V.M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA popular hypothesis holds that specific reading disability (SRD) and specific language impairment (SLI) result from an impaired ability to process rapid and brief sounds. However, the results of experiments that have tested this hypothesis are incongruous. A number of factors could explain these contradictory findings, including the questionable reliability and validity of rapid auditory processing tasks, individual differences in the auditory processing abilities of SRD and SLI populations, the age of listeners, the quality of control groups, and the relationship between verbal and non‐verbal auditory processing abilities. These issues highlight the need for future studies to (1) establish the reliability and validity of psychophysical tasks used to assess rapid auditory processing; (2) report the rapid auditory processing scores of individuals rather than just group means; (3) include a wide range of reading and spoken language tests to determine the literacy and oral language profile of people who demonstrate an auditory processing deficit; (4) include clinical comparison groups to determine whether a rapid auditory processing deficit is related specifically to written and spoken language impairments; and (5) examine the relationship between low‐level non‐verbal, verbal, and phonological processing abilities. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anorexia nervosa with comorbid psychosis and borderline mental retardation: A case report
Authors: Dymek Maureen , le Grange Daniel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAnorexia nervosa (AN) is often associated with comorbid depression or anxiety, but rarely with mental retardation or psychosis.MethodsThe present report describes the case of a 22 year‐old woman who met diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa, borderline mental retardation, and schizoaffective disorder.Results and DiscussionThe case highlights the difficulties in differential diagnosis with these seemingly incompatible disorders. It also provides some insights into the unclear relationship between anorexia nervosa and these comorbid conditions. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 478–482, 2002.
Pattern of birth in anorexia nervosa I: early‐onset cases in the United Kingdom
Authors: Watkins Beth , Willoughby Kate , Waller Glenn , Serpell Lucy , Lask Bryan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectivesPrevious studies suggest that adults with anorexia nervosa are more likely to be born in spring and early summer. This study examines whether this pattern of birth is true of early‐onset anorexia nervosa, and whether there is a relationship between environmental temperature at assumed time of conception and a later diagnosis of anorexia nervosa.MethodThe population were children and adolescents with diagnoses of anorexia nervosa (N = 259) or “other eating disorders” (N = 149). Distribution of births across the year was compared between groups and relative to standard population norms. Temperature at assumed time of conception was taken from meteorological records.ResultsThere was a significant preponderance of births among those with anorexia nervosa between April and June, compared with the other months of the year and with the “other eating disorders” group. Anorexia nervosa was also associated with higher environmental temperature at assumed time of conception.ConclusionsAmong early‐onset cases in the United Kingdom, patients with anorexia nervosa are more likely to be born between April and June, and to be conceived during warmer months. A tentative “temperature at conception” hypothesis is advanced to explain these findings and to generate further research. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 11–17, 2002.
Pretreatment motivational enhancement therapy for eating disorders: A pilot study
Authors: Feld Rachel , Woodside D. Blake , Kaplan Allan S. , Olmsted Marion P. , Carter Jacqueline C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEating disorder patients are notoriously ambivalent about treatment and often lack motivation to change. These characteristics may decrease the number of patients entering treatment and increase the number of patients dropping out of treatment prematurely.ObjectiveThe aim of this pilot study was to develop and evaluate a motivational enhancement therapy (MET) group program for eating disorder patients. The goal of the MET intervention was to increase participants' motivation to change, which might be expected to increase the success of future treatment of patients with eating disorders.MethodNineteen individuals who were referred for specialized treatment took part in the study. The intervention was based on existing literature in the field of addictions and modified for eating disorders.ResultsThe motivational measures suggested that the participants' motivation to change increased following the intervention. A decrease in depressive symptoms and an increase in self‐esteem were also found.DiscussionThe results of this study suggest that MET could be valuable for the treatment of eating disorder patients and provide a rationale to conduct further research in this area. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29:393–400, 2001.
Environmental temperature during pregnancy and eating attitudes during teenage years: A replication and extension study
Authors: van Hanswijck de Jonge Laurence , Meyer Caroline , Smith Kelly , Waller Glenn 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveAmong nonclinical adolescents, restrictive eating attitudes are more likely to occur among females born during warmer months. The present study aimed to replicate this finding and to extend it, considering whether such an effect is found in males and across the teenage years. In addition, the influence of temperature across the intrauterine period was considered.MethodThe participants consisted of younger and older teenagers, all born in England. Each completed the relevant scales of the Eating Disorders Inventory and provided demographic information. Temperature across fetal development was determined using national meteorological records.ResultsThere was a positive link between restrictive attitudes and temperature at birth among the older female group, although this replication effect did not reach significance. The same association among the older males was highly significant. The range of temperatures during fetal development also predicted later restrictive attitudes. In contrast, these effects were not replicated among the younger group, where a different pattern of effect was found (among the females only).ConclusionEnvironmental temperature seems to have an important influence on later eating attitudes, but the pattern of influence appears to vary across development. Therefore, studies of the mechanisms behind this effect need to consider the role of gender and development, as well as the role of temperature across the period of intrauterine development. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 413–420, 2001.