bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular classification of melanoma using real‐time quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Lewis Tracey B. , Robison John E. , Bastien Roy , Milash Brett , Boucher Ken , Samlowski Wolfram E. , Leachman Sancy A. , Dirk Noyes R. , Wittwer Carl T. , Perreard Laurent , Bernard Philip S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe early detection and characterization of metastatic melanoma are important for prognosis and management of the disease. Molecular methods are more sensitive in detecting occult lymph node metastases compared with standard histopathology and are reported to have utility in clinical diagnostics.METHODSUsing real‐time quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction ([q]RT‐PCR), the authors examined 36 samples (30 melanomas, 4 benign nevi, and 2 reactive lymph nodes) for the expression of 20 melanoma‐related genes that function in cell growth and differentiation (epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR], WNT5A, BRAF, FOS, JUN, MATP, and TMP1), cell proliferation (KI‐67, TOP2A, BUB1, BIRC5, and STK6), melanoma progression (CD63, MAGEA3, and GALGT), and melanin synthesis (TYR, MLANA, SILV, PAX3, and MITF). In addition, samples were tested for mutations in BRAF (exons 11 and 15) and NRAS (exons 2 and 3).RESULTSHierarchical clustering analysis of the expression data was able to distinguish between the melanoma and nonmelanoma samples and further stratified the melanoma samples into two groups differentiated by high expression of the genes involved in β‐catenin activation (EGFR and WNT5A) and the MAPK/ERK pathway (BRAF, FOS, and JUN). Eighteen of the 28 patients (64%) were found to have mutations in either exon 15 of BRAF (V599 substitution) or codon 61 of NRAS. The mutations were mutually exclusive and did not appear to be associated with the different expression subtypes.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current study demonstrate that real‐time qRT‐PCR can be analyzed using hierarchical clustering to identify expression patterns that differentiate between melanomas and other tissue types. Using a supervised analysis of the data, the authors found that the best discriminators for molecularly distinguishing between melanoma, benign nevi, and lymph nodes were MLANA, CD63, and BUB1. These markers could have diagnostic utility for the detection of melanoma micrometastasis in sentinel lymph nodes. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Development of short‐wavelength far‐infrared lasers and measurement of optical constants
Authors: Nakayama Kazuya , Tazawa Hisaki , Okajima Shigeki , Kawahata Kazuo , Tanaka Kenji , Tokuzawa Tokihiko , Ito Yasuhiko 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA powerful short‐wavelength far‐infrared (FIR) laser from 40µm to 100µm in wavelength is required for the optical source of diagnostics of high‐density and large‐volume plasmas, and a production of γ‐rays by inverse Compton scattering. In order to design the optical system, we have measured the optical constants (refractive index and absorption coefficient) of crystal quartz, CVD‐diamond, and silicon for the short‐wavelength FIR lasers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 153(3): 1–8, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20082
Method to estimate long‐term change of heat and electric power daily load curves in Japan
Authors: Oda Takuya , Akisawa Atsushi , Kashiwagi Takao 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe rapid spread of CHP systems will put pressure on the regional power system to require an examination of the power and heat output of CHP systems. When considering the countrywide potential of the CHP system, one should examine such a system in coordination with the grid power system. It is essential to calculate the heat and power demand at end‐use level. In this paper, annual heat and power demands of end‐use sectors are forecast to the year 2025 based on 20‐year data. Regression analysis is used. Estimated annual demands are divided into the seasonal hourly demands considering demand characteristics. Daily load curves of heat and power demands are determined for the Japanese end‐use sectors, and the annual changes of such demands are shown by duration curves of heat‐to‐power ratios. Moreover, the grid power daily load curves are computed numerically from the estimated heat and power demands for the manufacturing, residential, and commercial sectors. Such load curves also consider self‐generated power for the manufacturing industry and self‐consumption of the grid power. Estimating heat and power demands allows for a joint analysis between the power system and the future phasing in of CHP systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 153(3): 18–30, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20162
A series‐connected hybrid triple converter system
Authors: Li Dongsheng , Fukuda Shoji , Kubo Yusuke 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper proposes a hybrid multiconverter system aiming at a large‐capacity high‐voltage high‐efficiency converter system free from harmonics in its input/output. The system consists of n (n: integer) GTO converters and a single neutral‐point‐clamped IGBT converter connected in series by n + 1 output transformers. The GTO converters operate in a square‐wave switching mode while the IGBT converter operates in a PWM switching mode. The former produces a base part of the resultant output voltage. The latter not only produces an additional part of the resultant output voltage, but offsets the voltage harmonics generated by the GTO converters. A basic voltage control strategy for the hybrid converter system is proposed, and its validity is verified by experimental results. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 153(3): 64–70, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20210
Role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in thymocyte emigration in vivo
Authors: Temchura Vladimir V. , Frericks Markus , Nacken Wolfgang , Esser Charlotte 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand‐dependent member of the PAS‐bHLH‐family of nuclear receptors. Anthropogenic ligands include environmental contaminants such as 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD). Over‐activation of the AHR causes thymus atrophy and immunosuppression. Signaling via the AHR changes the thymocyte differentiation program at several checkpoints, in particular within the CD4–CD8– double‐negative (DN) thymocyte subset. Here, we show that AHR over‐activation led to the preferential emigration of DN thymocytes to the periphery and accumulation in the spleen. Some of these recent thymic emigrants (RTE) had a novel “activated immature” phenotype (CD3–TCRβ–CD25+/intCD44–CD45RB+/intCD62L+CD69– cells). Gene expression profiling of DN RTE revealed 15 genes that were up‐regulated more than threefold by TCDD, including the S100A9 gene. Exposure of S100A9 null mice to TCDD showed a role for this protein in AHR‐mediated thymic egress.
Phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase is required for the transcriptional activation of cyclin D2 in BCR activated primary mouse B lymphocytes
Authors: Glassford Janet , Vigorito Elena , Soeiro Inês , Madureira Patricia A. , Zoumpoulidou Georgia , Brosens Jan J. , Turner Martin , Lam Eric W.‐F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractInduction of cyclin D2 is essential for mediating cell cycle entry in B cells activated by BCR cross‐linking. In the present study we show that, like B lymphocytes lacking cyclin D2, the p85α subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) or other components of the B cell signalosome, p110δ‐null B cells fail to induce cyclin D2 and enter early G1 but not S phase of the cell cycle. The inhibitors of PI3K activity, LY294002 and Wortmannin, also abrogate cyclin D2 induction by BCR cross‐linking, confirming that the class IA PI3K is necessary for cyclin D2 induction in response to BCR stimulation. Furthermore, using both p85α‐null and p110δ‐null B cells and inhibitors of PI3K, this study demonstrates for the first time, that BCR cross‐linking induces cyclin D2 mRNA expression via transcriptional activation of the cyclin D2 promoter and that this transcriptional activation of cyclin D2 requires PI3K activity. Moreover, we identify a region between nucleotides ‐1624 and ‐1303 of the cyclin D2 promoter containing elements responsive to anti‐IgM, which are PI3K dependent. Further characterisation of signalling intermediates downstream of the BCR revealed a perturbation of MAPK signalling pathways in p85α‐null and p110δ‐null B cells, and our data suggests that cross‐talk exists between the PI3K and JNK pathways.
Positive selection of cytotoxic T lymphocyte escape variants during acute hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Guglietta Silvia , Garbuglia Anna Rosa , Pacciani Valentina , Scottà Cristiano , Perrone Maria Paola , Laurenti Luca , Spada Enea , Mele Alfonso , Capobianchi Maria Rosaria , Taliani Gloria , Folgori Antonella , Vitelli Alessandra , Ruggeri Lionello , Nicosia Alfredo , Piccolella Enza , Del Porto Paola 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCellular immune responses are induced during hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and acute‐phase CD8+ T cells are supposed to play an important role in controlling viral replication. In chimpanzees, failure of CD8+ T cells to control HCV replication has been associated with acquisition of mutations in MHC class I‐restricted epitopes. In humans, although selection of escape mutations in an immunodominant CTL epitope has been recently described, the overall impact of immune escape during acute HCV infection is unclear. Here, by performing an in depth analysis of the relationship between early cellular immune responses and viral evolution in a chronically evolving HCV acutely infected individual, we demonstrate: (i) the presence of a potent and focused CD8+ T cell response against a novel epitope in the NS3 protein, (ii) the elimination of the quasi‐species harboring the original amino acid sequence within this epitope, and (iii) the selection for a virus population bearing amino acid changes at a single residue within the cytotoxic T cell epitope that strongly diminished T cell recognition. These results support the view that acute‐phase CD8+ T cell responses exert a biologically relevant pressure on HCV replication and that viruses escaping this host response could have a significant survival advantage.
Regulation of γδ T cell survival by soluble HLA‐I: Involvement of CD8 and activating killer Ig‐like receptors
Authors: Poggi Alessandro , Contini Paola , Catellani Silvia , Setti Maurizio , Murdaca Giuseppe , Zocchi Maria Raffaella 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe show that human Vδ1 or Vδ2 T lymphocytes secrete FasL and undergo apoptosis upon incubation with soluble HLA (sHLA)‐I or after cross‐linking of CD8, with a kinetics different from that observed following ligation of TCR. sHLA‐I‐induced apoptosis was blocked by anti‐CD8 mAb; on the other hand, sHLA‐I was not effective in CD8– clones, while an HLA‐I mutated in the α3 domain, responsible for CD8 binding, was not functional on CD8+ clones. Purified sHLA‐Cw3 or ‐Cw4 alleles, isolated from the Cw3‐ or Cw4‐transfected 721.221 lymphoblastoid cell line, triggered γδ T cell apoptosis, interacting with the specific receptors CD158j/KIR2DS2 or CD158 h/KIR2DS1, respectively, also known as activating isoforms of killer Ig‐like receptors (KIR). Again, this effect was dependent on FasL secretion and it was blocked by specific mAb to KIR2DS2 or KIR2DS1. The engagement of CD8 or activating KIR also triggered the production of TNF‐α. Noteworthy, sHLA‐I molecules synergize with antigen‐mediated activation of Vδ2 T cells: Indeed, Vδ2 T lymphocytes produced TNF‐α when stimulated with isopentenyl pyrophosphate, and this effect was enhanced by sHLA‐I. These findings suggest that sHLA‐I can regulate γδ T cell survival and that activating KIR may amplify antigen‐specific Vδ2 T cell responses.
Metalation and Derivatization of All Six Dichlorobenzotrifluorides:Site Selectivities
Authors: Masson Eric , Marzi Elena , Cottet Fabrice , Bobbio Carla , Schlosser Manfred 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe metalation of 2,3‐, 2,6‐, 2,4‐ and 3,5‐dichlorobenzotrifluorides can be readily effected with standard reagents such as lithium diisopropylamide, lithium 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidide, and butyllithium at the chlorine‐adjacent 4‐ and 3‐positions and the chlorine‐flanked 3‐ and 4‐positions, respectively. However, regioselectivity was secured with 2,6‐dichlorobenzotrifluoride only under equilibrating conditions as the initial deprotonation occurs simultaneously at the 3‐ and 4‐positions. 3,4‐Dichlorobenzotrifluoride requires methyllithium in the presence of potassium tert‐butoxide (“LIM‐KOR” mixture) to undergo regioselective metalation at the 2‐position. All the organometallic intermediates were converted into the corresponding benzoic acids by trapping with carbon dioxide, arguably the most popular electrophile for the characterization of organometallic intermediates. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Patterns of autobiographical memory loss in dementia
Authors: Hou Craig E. , Miller Bruce L. , Kramer Joel H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackgroundSeveral studies have found impaired recall of remote autobiographical memories relative to recent memories in semantic dementia (SD), a pattern opposite to that in Alzheimer's disease (AD).ObjectiveTo document dissociation of memory for autobiographical incidents and personal semantic information in individuals with AD, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and SD.MethodsThe authors administered the Autobiographical Memory Interview to eight individuals with AD, 11 with FTD, eight with SD, and eight normal controls . Autobiographical incidents and personal semantic memory was assessed from three time periods: childhood, early adulthood, and recent life.ResultsIndividuals with SD recalled more details of autobiographical incidents from the most recent 5 years than from childhood and early adulthood (childhood vs recent life: t(7) = −3.59, p = 0.009; early adulthood vs recent life: t(7) = −4.33, p = 0.003). No difference was found between childhood and early adulthood (t(7) = 1.11, p = 0.305). Recall of personal semantic information was related to the age of the memory with less remembered from earlier time periods (childhood vs recent life: t(7) = −6.52, p < 0.001; childhood vs early adulthood: t(7) = −2.61, p = 0.035; early adulthood vs recent life: t(7) = −9.15, p < 0.001).ConclusionsSD is a compelling model in which to study the anatomy of episodic memory. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A SPECT study of wandering behavior in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Rolland Yves , Payoux Pierre , Lauwers‐Cances Valérie , Voisin Thierry , Esquerré Jean Paul , Vellas Bruno 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackgroundAmong behavior disturbance during Alzheimer's disease (AD), wandering is one of the most common. Different psychological processes have been suggested to explain the wandering behavior. The aim of this study was to examine whether wandering during AD was associated with cerebral perfusion patterns measured by (99 m)Tc‐labeled bicisate (ECD) brain SPECT.MethodsWe compared SPECT scans of 13 AD subjects with wandering behavior (sex ratio M/F, 4/9; age, 73.1 years, SD 7.4; Mini Mental Status Examination score, median 20 interquartile range [16–23]), 13 AD subjects without wandering behavior (matched for age [ ± 2 years], sex and MMSE score [ ± 2 points]) and 13 healthy controls (matched for age [ ± 2 years] and sex) without cognitive impairment. Wandering was defined on the Neuro‐Psychiatric Inventory. Score of leukoaraiosis, assessed with the scale of Blennow and number of lacuna infarction were compared on CT scan. SPECT imaging was compared using statistical parametric mapping (SPM 2).ResultsThere were no significant differences between the groups in term of educational level and CT scan analysis. SPECT imaging was consistent with the diagnosis of AD in both wanderers and AD subjects without wandering behavior. Despite similar clinical dementia severity, wanderers had more severely reduced regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the left parietal‐temporal lobe than AD subjects without wandering behavior.ConclusionWandering behavior could be facilitated by a specific patterns of cerebral blood flow. Wandering, as a physical activity, could also enhance the recruitment of the cortical network. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The health status of family caregivers in Taiwan: an analysis of gender differences
Authors: Chiou Chii‐Jun , Chen I.‐Pin , Wang Hsiu‐Hung 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackgroundMany studies have assessed the impact of caregivers' work activities on the caregiver. There is growing concern about the ever‐increasing problems, both physical and physiological, faced by health care workers who provide care for the ill and incapacitated.AimThe aim of the study was to examine what, if any, differences exist between male and female caregivers. This study primarily focused on caregivers who were taking care of a family member.MethodThree hundred and eighty‐eight caregivers (280 females and 108 males) were recruited from 16 randomly selected home‐care agencies in Southern Taiwan. The participants completed the Chinese Health Questionnaire‐12 and the Self‐Rated Health Scale. They also completed questionnaires drawn up specifically for the purpose of this study.ResultsCompared to the male caregivers, the female caregivers more often reported they suffered from symptoms of lack of well being, a decrease in psychosocial health and overall self‐rated health.ConclusionThe results reiterate the importance of considering gender differentiation in the caregiving role. Major differences were found in the extent to which negative health consequences were experienced by the male and female caregivers. The results suggest that caregivers, especially female caregivers, urgently require adequate professional health care assistance in order to reduce the negative physical and physiological effects of caregiving on the health caregiver. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychotropic drug use in older people with mental illness with particular reference to antipsychotics: a systematic study of tolerability and use in different diagnostic groups
Authors: Curran Stephen , Turner Debbie , Musa Shabir , Wattis John 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of the study was to provide observational clinical data on psychotropic drugs used in older people with mental illness.MethodsThis was an observational, single‐centre, one‐week prevalence study of psychiatric symptoms, disorders and psychotropic drug use in older with mental illness cared for by the South West people Yorkshire Mental Health NHS Trust (Wakefield Locality), UK. The clinical assessment included completion of the Psychosis Evaluation Tool for Common use by Caregivers.ResultsA total of 593/660 older patients with mental illness (mean ± SD age, 76 ± 8.1 years were assessed. 44.5% had dementia (excluding vascular dementia) and 33.7% had a mood disorder. Of the total, 20.4% did not receive CNS active medication. Of those receiving CNS active medication approximately half (51.3%) took antipsychotics and 46.2% antidepressants. Of 304 patients taking antipsychotics, 87% took only one medication. However, patients with schizophrenia and related disorders were significantly more likely to be prescribed two or more antipsychotics (p < 0.001). Risperidone was the most frequently prescribed antipsychotic (n = 136, 44.7%). Risperidone doses were significantly lower for patients with dementia and mood disorders than with schizophrenia (p < 0.002). Side‐effects from antipsychotics were significantly greater in patients with schizophrenia, suggesting a dose‐related effect. Risperidone appeared to be well tolerated in all patients with no evidence of cerebrovascular side‐effects in patients taking it.ConclusionsPsychotropic drugs were commonly used by older people in contact with mental health services. The doses of antipsychotics used in dementia and affective disorders were significantly lower than in schizophrenia. Risperidone was the most commonly used drug in all diagnostic groups including dementia. Despite a relatively large numbers of patients receiving risperidone in this naturalistic study, no serious side‐effects were reported or identified. In this paper we focus our findings on antipsychotics in the light of recent advice from the Committee on Safety of Medicines (UK). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comorbid anxiety disorder in late life depression: association with memory decline over four years
Authors: DeLuca Alison K. , Lenze Eric J. , Mulsant Benoit H. , Butters Meryl A. , Karp Jordan F. , Dew Mary Amanda , Pollock Bruce G. , Shear M. Katherine , Houck Patricia R. , Reynolds Charles F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObjectiveIn elderly persons with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), coexisting Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) or Panic Disorder (PD) is associated with more severe symptoms and poorer short‐term treatment outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether comorbid GAD or PD was associated with poorer long‐term outcomes of late‐life MDD, in terms of symptoms, functional disability, and cognitive status.MethodsSeventy‐nine older subjects with major depressive disorder who had responded to initial treatment in clinical trials were followed at yearly intervals for up to four years with assessment of their symptoms, cognitive status, and functional disability. For this analysis, subjects were divided into two groups, anxious and non‐anxious, based on presence (n = 37) or absence (n = 42) of a lifetime diagnosis of GAD and/or PD.ResultsThe anxious group showed a greater decline in memory, but not in other cognitive measures or measures of functional status. Depression recurrence was similar in the anxious and non‐anxious groups. Among those in the anxious group, a later age of onset (> 55) of the anxiety disorder was associated with worse overall cognition at baseline, but a similar rate of decline in cognition over time, compared with early‐onset anxiety disorder.ConclusionWe found evidence that comorbid GAD or PD is associated with a greater decline in memory in late‐life MDD. The data also suggest that anxiety disorders with an onset later in life may be associated with cognitive impairment, although further study is needed to confirm this finding. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.