bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential for contact and mechanical vector transmission of vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey in pigs
Authors: Stallknecht D. E. , Howerth E. W. , Reeves C. L. , Seal B. S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether swine could be infected with vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey (VSV-NJ) by routes simulating mechanical vector and contact transmission, and to document clinical response and measure source, duration, and extent of associated viral shedding.

Animals
48 approximately 10-kg male pigs.

Procedure
7 inoculation routes were tested at 3 virus concentrations (106, 104, and 102 median tissue culture-infective doses [TCID50]). Inoculation routes included intradermal (snout), topical application of virus to a scarified area (ear or mucous membrane of the lip), mucosal (oral or conjunctiva) application, and nasal instillation (drop or aerosol). Swine were monitored daily for clinical disease, seroconversion, and virus isolation.

Results
Virus was isolated from swab specimens of nasal planum, nasal cavity, saliva, tonsil, and feces from 15 pigs infected by intradermal snout inoculation (106 and 104 TCID50), scarification of the lip (106 and 104 TCID50), and oral route (106 TCID50). Virus was not isolated from plasma. Vesicular lesions were restricted to pigs inoculated via intradermal snout and lip scarification routes. Seroconversion was detected in 23 pigs inoculated by all routes except intranasal aerosol and conjunctival. Frequency of virus isolation from these pigs was dependent on serologic status and presence of vesicular lesions.

Conclusions
Viral titers obtained from swab specimens and infective doses indicated that sufficient virus is shed from infected swine for contact or mechanical transmission to occur. Amount of virus is highest when lesions are present and before seroconversion. Pigs may represent an effective large-animal model for studying pathogenesis and transmission of VSV-NJ. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60: 43–48)
Influence of sex and age on serum total immunoglobulin E concentration in Beagles
Authors: Racine Brigitte P. , Marti Eliane , Busato André , Weilenmann Richard , Lazary Sandor , Griot-Wenk Monika E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To establish an ELISA for detection of serum total IgE concentration in dogs and to analyze IgE values in a dog colony.

Animals
147 healthy Beagles (31 males and 116 females).

Procedure
2 canine IgE-specific polyclonal antibodies elicited by 2 recombinant fragments of the epsilon chain in hens were used to develop a capture ELISA specific for serum total IgE concentration. The IgE values were calculated by comparing serum dose-response curves (1:50 to 1:6,400) with a reference serum pool assigned 100 relative ELISA units (REU).

Results
Mean IgE concentration in female Beagles was 51.2 REU (range, 0 to 337.8 REU; median, 31.4 REU), whereas mean IgE concentration in male dogs was only 7.5 REU (range, 0 to 32.6 REU; mean, 3.6 REU). Distribution of IgE values was skewed; approximately 80% of dogs had IgE values < 50 REU. Analysis of natural logarithmically transformed IgE values indicated that sex and age significantly (P < 0.05) influenced IgE values; mean serum IgE values increased until the age of 4 years. Heritability estimates of IgE concentration indicated a trend toward a genetic influence.

Conclusion
A reliable capture ELISA specific for canine IgE was developed. Serum total IgE values vary with age and sex in the sample population.

Clinical Relevance
Serum total IgE concentration can now be evaluated in various dog breeds and, subsequently, in dogs with IgE-mediated diseases provided that these significant influences are accounted for. Serum total IgE values may then prove to be of diagnostic value, similar to their use in human beings. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:93–97)
Pathologic changes in the lumbosacral vertebrae and pelvis in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Haussler Kevin K. , Stover Susan M. , Willits Neil H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To describe the prevalence, characteristics, and severity of soft-tissue and osseous lesions in the caudal portion of the thoracic and lumbosacral vertebral column and pelvis in Thoroughbred racehorses.

Animals
36 Thoroughbred racehorses that died or were euthanatized at California racetracks between October 1993 and July 1994.

Procedure
Lumbosacral and pelvic specimens were collected and visually examined for soft-tissue and osseous lesions.

Results
Acute sacroiliac joint injury was observed in 2 specimens. Signs of chronic laxity or subluxation of the sacroiliac joint were not observed in any specimens. Impingement of the dorsal spinous processes and transverse processes was observed in 92 and 97% of specimens, respectively. Thoracolumbar articular processes had variable degrees of degenerative change in 97% of specimens. Degenerative changes were observed at lumbar intertransverse joints and sacroiliac articulations in all specimens. Some degenerative changes were widespread and severe.

Conclusions
Numerous degenerative changes affected vertebral processes, intervertebral articulations, and sacroiliac joints in these Thoroughbred racehorses.

Clinical Relevance
Various types of vertebral and pelvic lesions need to be considered during clinical evaluation of the back and pelvis in horses. Undiagnosed vertebral or pelvic lesions could be an important contributor to poor performance and lameness in athletic horses. (Am J Vet Res 1999:60:143-153).
In vitro response of large colon arterial and venous rings to vasodilating drugs in horses
Authors: Sedrish Steven A. , Venugopalan Changaram S. , Holmes Earnestine P. , Koch Catherine E. , Moore Rustin M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine in vitro vasomotor response of equine large colon arterial and venous rings with and without endothelium to vasodilator drugs, including dopamine (DOP), dopexamine (DPX), acepromazine (ACE), isoxsuprine (ISX), and nifedipine (NFP).

Animals
7 adult horses.

Procedure
Relaxation of large colon arteries and veins in response to vasodilating drugs was determined by measuring the change in tension of vessel rings when exposed to a cumulative concentration range (10−8 to 10−4 M) of each drug. Vessel rings, with and without endothelium, were mounted in organ baths, attached to a transducer, and contracted with norepinephrine (NE). Cumulative concentration-response relationships, percentage maximal relaxation, and EC50 (concentration of drug required to relax the NE-induced contracted tissue to 50% of its contracted state) values were calculated.

Results
There were significant differences among drugs for EC50 (ACE = ISX < NFP) and percentage maximal relaxation (ACE = ISX > NFP = DPX > DOP) values in veins. Endothelium removal from veins had no significant effect. There were no differences in EC50 values for arteries; however, percentage maximal relaxation was significantly different among drugs (ACE = ISX = NFP > DPX = DOP). Endothelial removal resulted in higher EC50 and lower percentage maximal relaxation values, compared with endothelium-intact arteries.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
ACE and ISX were the most potent and efficacious drugs evaluated and could potentially be used to improve blood flow after correction of large-colon volvulus. Dopamine cannot be recommended because of its biphasic response and potential to further decrease blood flow. Endothelium removal altered the vasodilatory responses of colonic arterial rings, but did not affect venous rings. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60: 204-210)
Role of platelet activating factor in development of thrombocytopenia and neutropenia in dogs with endotoxemia
Authors: Tsuchiya Ryo , Kyotani Kazumi , Scott Michael A. , Nishizono Kazuya , Ashida Yoshinori , Mochizuki Toshihiko , Kitao Satoshi , Yamada Takatsugu , Kobayashi Kousaku 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the role of platelet activating factor (PAF) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced thrombocytopenia and neutropenia in dogs.

Animals
42 dogs.

Procedures
Blood samples were obtained from dogs given LPS (40 µg/kg of body weight; n = 16), PAF (1 µg/kg; 6), PAF (5 µg/kg/h for 90 minutes; 4), or physiologic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (0.1 ml/kg/h for 90 minutes; 3) IV to monitor changes in blood cell counts, using automated counters and blood smears stained with Giemsa. Blood samples were also obtained from dogs given LPS (40 µg/kg) that had (n = 5) or had not (6) been treated beforehand with TCV-309, a potent PAF antagonist. Concentration of PAF in blood was determined by use of 125I-radioimmunoassay in dogs given LPS at 1 mg/kg (n = 3) and 40 µg/kg (9).

Results
Thrombocytopenia and neutropenia were found in all dogs except those given saline solution. The LPS-induced thrombocytopenia was significantly suppressed by prior treatment with TCV-309. The PAF concentrations increased markedly 1 hour after injection of 1 mg/kg of LPS and increased slightly but significantly 10 minutes after injection of 40 µg/kg of LPS.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
PAF plays an important role in the development of LPS-induced thrombocytopenia and neutropenia in dogs. Control of PAF production, PAF-induced effects, or both may be important in the treatment of dogs with gram-negative bacterial infections and associated thrombocytopenia and neutropenia. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60; 216-221)
Effects of sample storage and delayed secondary enrichment on detection of Salmonella spp in swine feces
Authors: O'Carroll Julia M. , Davies Peter R. , Correa Maria T. , Slenning Barrett D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine effects of fecal sample storage and delayed secondary enrichment (DSE) on detection of Salmonella spp in swine feces.

Sample Population
Fecal samples obtained from 84 pigs in a commercial herd.

Procedure
Each fecal sample underwent 3 storage treatments: no storage (ie, processed on the day of collection), storage at 4 C for 6 days, and storage at −15 C for 14 days. After assigned storage treatments, all samples were enriched in Rappaport-Vassiladias (RV) broth (single enrichment) and plated on XLT4 agar. Delayed secondary enrichment was performed, using single enrichment broths that were stored for 4 days at room temperature.

Results
Of 504 cultures, 186 (36.9%) were Salmonella positive. A difference in proportions of samples with positive results was not found between same-day processing and storage at 4 C for 6 days. Compared with use of single enrichment for 24 hours (34% positive), use of DSE resulted in a greater proportion (40%; P < 0.001) of samples with positive results. Estimated relative sensitivities for the storage methods were 0.90, 0.85, and 0.71 for same-day processing, storage at 4 C for 6 days, and storage at −15 C for 14 days, respectively.

Conclusions
Where practical, processing of fecal samples on the day of collection is recommended, although storage at 4 C for several days does not result in marked loss of sensitivity. Improved detection associated with DSE warrants further investigation and optimization. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:359–362)
Changes in cortisol concentration in response to stress and postoperative pain in client-owned cats and correlation with objective clinical variables
Authors: Smith Julie D. , Allen Sheila W. , Quandt Jane E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To identify clinical variables that indicate postoperative pain in cats after ovariohysterectomy in a veterinary hospital setting.

Animals
40 cats.

Procedure
Cats were anesthetized and ovariohysterectomized by senior veterinary students. Butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg [n = 20] or 0.3 mg/kg [20] of body weight) was administered IM after surgery. Blood samples were obtained before, during, and after the anesthestic period for measurements of PCV and blood glucose and cortisol concentrations. Clinical variables measured included heart rate, systolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature. Data for these variables were compared with changes in cortisol concentrations and with similar data—which was used as historical control data— obtained from 20 cats in another study (10 that had been ovariohysterectomized but had not received butorphanol and 10 that had only been anesthetized).

Results
Surgical durations were longer in this study, and cats had higher cortisol concentrations, compared with historical control cats. Objective clinical variables did not consistently correlate with changes in cortisol concentration.

Conclusions
Cortisol concentration increased in response to surgical stress and pain. This response was greater in cats in which duration of surgery was longer.

Clinical Relevance
The objective clinical variables evaluated in this study were not consistent indicators of pain in an uncontrolled, clinical situation. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:432-436)
Glucose uptake in horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy
Authors: De La Corte Flavio D. , Valberg Stephanie J. , MacLeay Jennifer M. , Williamson Sarah E. , Mickelson James R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether excessive glycogen accumulation in skeletal muscle of Quarter Horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) is a result of enhanced cellular uptake of glucose.

Animals
6 horses with PSSM and 10 healthy (control) horses.

Procedure
Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT), oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT), and modified insulin tolerance tests (MITT) were performed. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were measured in blood samples collected before and for up to 8 hours after glucose or insulin administration.

Results
Peak glucose concentrations during IVGTT were similar for both groups of horses, but rate of glucose clearance was 1.5 times faster in horses with PSSM than in controls. Moreover, circulating concentrations of insulin before and after glucose injection were lower in the PSSM group. Blood glucose concentrations from minute 90 to minute 300 of the OGTT were lower in horses with PSSM than in controls. The MITT resulted in acute decreases in blood glucose concentrations in both groups of horses; however, horses with PSSM sustained low blood glucose concentrations for more than 3 hours after insulin injection, whereas blood glucose concentrations in controls returned to baseline values within 2 hours.

Conclusions
Quarter Horses with PSSM have enhanced cellular uptake of glucose that may be, in part, caused by an increased sensitivity to insulin.

Clinical Relevance
Horses with PSSM have an increased rate of glucose clearance in response to insulin secretion. Thus, diets low in soluble carbohydrate may be the most effective way to decrease glycogen accumulation in skeletal muscle of these horses. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:458-462)
Morphologic, cytochemical staining, and ultrastructural characteristics of blood cells from eastern diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus adamanteus)
Authors: Alleman A. Rick , Jacobson Elliot R. , Raskin Rose E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate light microscopic, cytochemical, and ultrastructural characteristics of blood cells from eastern diamondback rattlesnakes.

Animals
10 healthy snakes.

Procedure
Various stains, including Wright-Giemsa, benzidine peroxidase, Sudan black B, chloroacetate esterase, α-naphthyl butyrate esterase, acid phosphatase, leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, periodic acid-Schiff with diastase, and toluidine blue, were used to stain leukocytes differentially on multiple blood smears. Electron microscopy also was performed.

Results
Lymphocytes were the most commonly observed leukocyte and could be distinguished from thrombocytes, using periodic acid-Schiff stain with diastase. Azurophils also were commonly observed; their granules stained with peroxidase. Eosinophils were not identified; however, 2 morphologic variations of heterophils were seen in the blood of all snakes and were considered the same cell type at different stages of cytoplasmic granule development. Heterophil granules were better preserved, using a one-step Wright-Giemsa method that did not require alcohol fixation prior to staining. Degranulated heterophils were observed in all preparations.

Conclusions
Most leukocytes of eastern diamond-back rattlesnakes can be identified easily on Wright-Giemsa-stained preparations. However, hematologic stains that do not require alcohol fixing prior to staining may be preferred for leukocyte evaluation in certain reptiles. A limited degree of heterophil maturation may continue in the blood of healthy snakes. This, along with degranulation of heterophils, may result in a variable staining pattern in this cell type, regardless of the stain used.

Clinical Relevance
Results provide baseline data for use in hematologic testing in diagnosis of disease and monitoring of treatment of sick or injured snakes. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:507-514)
Effects of the α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose on postprandial serum glucose and insulin concentrations in healthy dogs
Authors: Robertson Jane , Nelson Richard , Kass Philip , Neal Larry 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine effects of acarbose on baseline and postprandial serum glucose and insulin concentrations in healthy dogs, if effects of acarbose were dosage related, and if acarbose caused any short-term adverse effects.

Animals
5 healthy dogs fed a high-fiber diet.

Procedure
A Latin-square design was used. During each 1-week treatment period, dogs were given a placebo or 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg of acarbose, PO, twice daily immediately prior to feeding. There was a 1-week interval between periods. At the end of each treatment period, serum glucose and insulin concentrations were measured prior to feeding and at 30- to 60-minute intervals for 6 hours after feeding.

Results
Baseline serum glucose and insulin concentrations, insulin peak response, and total glucose absorption were not significantly different following treatment with placebo and treatment with acarbose; however, total insulin secretion was significantly decreased when dogs were treated with 100 or 200 mg of acarbose. Four dogs developed soft to watery stools when treated with 200 mg of acarbose, and 2 dogs lost weight during the study. Results of CBC and serum biochemical analyses were within reference ranges throughout the study.

Conclusions
Acarbose did not induce any serious adverse effects and was effective in healthy dogs in reducing total postprandial insulin secretion when administered immediately prior to meals.

Clinical Relevance
Results suggest that acarbose may help control hyperglycemia in dogs with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Additional studies designed to evaluate the effect of acarbose on postprandial blood glucose concentrations in dogs with diabetes mellitus are indicated. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:541–545)
Validation of a finite element model of the Kirschner-Ehmer external skeletal fixation system
Authors: Cross Alan R. , Aron Dennis N. , Budsberg Steven C. , Foutz Timothy L. , Pearman Brent T. , Evans Mark D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the validity of finite element analysis (FEA) as a means of examining biomechanical properties of the Kirschner-Ehmer external skeletal fixation system.

Sample Population
10 paired tibiae harvested from skeletally mature dogs weighing between 30 and 38 kg immediately following euthanasia for reasons unrelated to musculoskeletal disease.

Procedure
A gap fracture was created in each bone; fragments were stabilized with 3 frame configurations (type I, type II, and type III), using enhanced-profile threaded pins. Each bone-frame construct was tested, using a materials testing machine in 3 modes of testing: axial compression (AC), mediolateral (ML) bending, and craniocaudal (CC) bending, for a total of 9 tests/bone. The elastic limit of the constructs was not exceeded during testing. Mean stiffness values were determined from load-displacement curves. A finite element model of each construct was created, using three-dimensional elastic beam elements, and stiffness values were calculated, using FEA. Correlations between experimental and FEA data then were determined.

Results
Significant differences in stiffness were seen among all 3 constructs in CC bending and AC, with stiffness increasing with construct complexity. No significant difference in ML bending stiffness was seen between type-II and type-III constructs; however, both were significantly stiffer than the type-I constructs. The experimental and FEA stiffness data were strongly correlated (AC, r = 0.994; ML bending, r = 0.998; CC bending, r = 0.985).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Strong correlations among experimental and FEA data indicate that FEA is a valid method of comparing stiffness of Kirschner-Ehmer external skeletal fixation constructs. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:615–620)
Influence of sotalol on the time constant of isovolumic left ventricular relaxation in anesthetized dogs
Authors: Seidler Randolph W. , Mueller Klaus , Nakayama Tomohiro , Hamlin Robert L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effects of various doses of sotalol on myocardial relaxation in healthy dogs.

Animals
12 healthy adult mixed-breed dogs anesthetized with thiopental and α-chloralose.

Procedures
Left ventricular pressure (LVP), aortic pressure, and aortic flow velocity were measured. The time constant of isovolumic relaxation (τ) was determined by means of linear regression of the natural logarithm of LVP and by means of direct measurement from the LVP-versus-time curve. Sotalol was administered IV at cumulative doses of 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg to 6 dogs; the other 6 were used as controls. Mean systolic aortic pressure was used to assess afterload, and maximal rate of increase in LVP versus time (dP/dt) was used as an index of contractility.

Results
After administration of the first dose of sotalol, τ was increased significantly, and maximum dP/dt was decreased significantly, compared with baseline values. Administration of additional doses of sotalol did not result in any additional change in τ, but maximum dP/dt increased, and maximum dP/dt after administration of the final dose of sotalol was significantly higher than maximum dP/dt after administration of the first dose. There were no significant changes in mean systolic aortic pressure.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
In healthy dogs, sotalol did not have any negative effect on myocardial relaxation beyond those attributable to its β-blocking properties, despite an increase in intracellular ionized calcium concentration, as suggested by an increase in maximum dP/dt after an initial decrease. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:717-721)