bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legacies
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As in English law, there is no particular formula requisite for the making of a valid legacy. All that is required is that the legatee can be fully identified. Legatees unborn at the time of the execution of a will become identifiable if they are born or at least conceived at the time of the ouverture de la succession. In general, the Courts are liberal in their interpretation in doubtful cases. Thus, a legacy to ‘one or more charities’ with no further description was held to apply to charities functioning in the place in which the deceased lived and as such to be valid (Cass.25.5.60). Similarly, a legacy to ‘the charity in the city of Nice for the purposes of the education of deprived children abandoned by their parents’ was also held valid (Cass.18.2.86) but a gift to ‘a welfare association for the care of unfortunate orphans’ was not acceptable to the Court of Appeal in Paris on 29 June 1990.
European Immigration Policy and the Selection of Immigrants
Authors: Boeri Tito , Hanson Gordon , McCormick Barry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Immigration policy is about the selection of migrants, and whether intended or not, affects the costs and benefits from international migration. In Europe, many regulations concerning the influx of foreigners have been delegated to the authority of the European Union. These regulations fit uneasily with the free movement of EU citizens that is a fundamental feature of the ‘Single Market’ in the 15 member Union. Although a comprehensive set of regulations has evolved at the EU level, which aim to protect EU households against discrimination in other member states, the mobility of the population among the present EU members is low: no more than l.5 per cent of the EU’s population reside in other member countries. Most foreigners living in the EU countries—at around 3.2 per cent of the community’s population—stem from non-EU’ countries.
Immigration and Immigration Policy in the United States
Authors: Boeri Tito , Hanson Gordon , McCormick Barry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Any policy that restricts immigration must establish a criterion for the admission of foreign nationals. The US policy gives explicit preference to family members of US citizens, with some consideration for an individual’s occupational background. Whether desired or not, this policy appears to have contributed to rising immigration of individuals with relatively low levels of discernible skill. Given ample opportunities for illegal immigration, the US government does not exercise full control over which individuals gain entry to the country. By choosing to concentrate enforcement efforts at the border, rather than at the place of employment, the US implicitly gives preference to illegal immigrants who are able and willing to evade border authorities. This may have further contributed to immigration of the less skilled.1 In this chapter, we briefly review US immigration policy and then discuss recent developments in immigration patterns and the economic performance of immigrants.
Illegal Immigration
Authors: Boeri Tito , Hanson Gordon , McCormick Barry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, illegal aliens currently account for a large fraction (about one third) of new immigrants in the United States. This has not always been the case. Illegal immigration arose only after the US government began to restrict legal immigration in the 1920s. Except for a brief episode in the 1950s, it was small in scale until temporary immigration programmers ended in the 1960s (see Figs 11.1 and 11.2). While illegal immigrants come from many nations, Mexico is the single largest source country. From Table 9.4, in 1996 an estimated 54 per cent of US illegal immigrants were Mexican nationals. Over the period 1988–98, above 95 per cent of those apprehended by the Border Patrol attempting to enter the country illegally were individuals from Mexico (INS, 2000). Given large and persistent wage differences between the two countries, restrictive US legal immigration policies, and a long shared land border whose geography complicates enforcement, high levels of illegal immigration from Mexico are hardly surprising.
Long Memory in Continuous-time Stochastic Volatility Models
Authors: Comte Fabienne , Renault Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper studies a classical extension of the Black and Scholes model for option pricing, often known as the Hull and White model. Our specification is that the volatility process is assumed not only to be stochastic, but also to have long-memory features and properties. We study here the implications of this continuous-time long-memory model, both for the volatility process itself as well as for the global asset price process. We also compare our model with some discrete time approximations. Then the issue of option pricing is addressed by looking at theoretical formulas and properties of the implicit volatilities as well as statistical inference tractability. Lastly, we provide a few simulation experiments to illustrate our results. Keywords: continuous-time option pricing model, stochastic volatility, volatility smile, volatility persistence, long memory
Pricing Foreign Currency Options with Stochastic Volatility
Authors: Melino Angelo , Turnbull Stuart M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper investigates the consequences of stochastic volatility for pricing spot foreign currency options. A diffusion model for exchange rates with stochastic volatility is proposed and estimated. The parameter estimates are then used to price foreign currency options and the predictions are compared to observed market prices. We find that allowing volatility to be stochastic results in a much better fit to the empirical distribution of the Canada–U.S. exchange rate, and that this improvement in fit results in more accurate predictions of observed option prices. Recent attempts to use option models to price foreign currency options have been relatively disappointing. Although observed foreign currency option prices satisfy the boundary conditions that are implied by all option pricing models (Bodurtha and Courtadon (1986) ), attempts to specify models that lead to accurate point forecasts of option prices have not been very successful.
A Study Towards a Unified Approach to the Joint Estimation of Objective and Risk Neutral Measures for the Purpose of Options Valuation
Authors: Chernov Mikhail , Ghysels Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to bridge two strands of the literature, one pertaining to the objective or physical measure used to model an underlying asset and the other pertaining to the risk-neutral measure used to price derivatives. We propose a generic procedure using simultaneously the fundamental price, St, and a set of as an example, and appraise univariate and multivariate estimation of the model in terms of pricing and hedging performance. Our results, based on the S&P 500 index contract, show dominance of univariate approach, which relies solely on options data. A by-product of this finding is that we uncover a remarkably simple volatility extraction filter based on a polynomial lag structure of implied volatilities. The bivariate approach, involving both the fundamental security and an option contract, appears useful when the information from the cash market reflected in the conditional kurtosis provides support to price long term.
The Archaeological Economy
Authors: Woolf Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Much Of The discussion in the previous two chapters has turned on the activity of collection. Werner Muensterburger has proposed a plausible psychological explanation for the instinct to collect, linking it to a deeply felt wish to be able to use objects as substitutes for absent people, and sometimes to have the col lection of objects supplant human contact. Collectibles, he suggests, are ‘strictly speaking, implements that are meant to enhance or restore a narcissistically injured person’s sense of self’. The standard contemporary characterization of the early modern antiquary or the virtuoso lends support to this notion; the satires of Earle, Marmion, and Shadwell represent the seventeenth-century collector as an obsessive, disengaged from his own social world, and seeking refuge from an alienating present in rare or exotic man-made and natural objects.
The Working Self
Authors: Herbert W N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Images of the self exist in every memory. The analogy between memories and a hologram is a good one, although what is seen through the shards of mental glass that are memories is not only something from the past but also something from the present. The rememberer exists now and the memory is constructed from different fragments glued together by more abstract knowledge of one’s life, reflecting a self that is past and a self that you may or may not like to meet again. Discrepancies between what we were then, what we are now, and what we may become drive our use of memory, a use that often lies outside conscious control’ which is why a poem can surprise us with what it makes us feel and what memories those feelings may be based on. But poetry, other types of art, and, indeed, everyday experiences, can only be emotionally responded to and brought together with our past when memory and the self are not too discrepant. Consider a young man with the narcissistic delusion that he is a famous rock guitarist. A belief he holds even though he knows he cannot play a guitar.
The Organ Bath
Authors: Kinloch David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Having failed to think of an appropriate object that could safely be taken from my laboratory to lunch, I took along a sheet of images of blood vessel preparations labelled with fluorescent markers when I met with David Kinloch. The images were representative of my main research interest, which is the mechanisms controlling the diameter of blood vessels in the lung and thereby regulating pulmonary blood pressure. David had read my web page in advance of the meeting and had a number of questions about its content. In conjunction with the images, these questions led the initial discussion, mainly about the nature of my research. After lunch I gave David a brief tour of my laboratories, where he saw a range of technologies used to investigate various aspects of blood vessel function. It is interesting that he chose to write about the organ bath, which is a double-walled, glass chamber through which warm water circulates to maintain isolated, intact organs (e.g., blood vessels) in an environment close to that found in the body.
Afterword
Authors: Beer Gillian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How do we avoid collapsing the difference between science and poetry in our eagerness to explore their interactions? Questions of the diversity between such forms of experience, of the distance between them in approach, scope, and truth-telling, are mooted in the present collection; sometimes these questions are set aside, sometimes sides are taken. But the questions continue to come back, to be answered anew. Even the anxiety about kinship shows that all the contributors have moved a loxng way from the common assumption that science and poetry have little to say to each other, because their uses of language are inimical. That is a position that continues to be sustained even among the most radical thinkers about science.
A Treatise of Equivocation, c.1598
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
And we may say with the logicians that there be four kinds of propositions. The Wrst is a mental position, only conceived in the mind, and not uttered by any exterior signiWcation, as when I think with myself these words, ‘God is not unjust.’ The second is a vocal proposition, as when I utter those words with my mouth. The third is a written proposition, as if I should set the same down in writing. The last of all is a mixed proposition, when we mingle some of these positions (or parts of them) together, as in our purpose, when being demanded whether John at Style be in such a place, I, knowing that he is there indeed, do say nevertheless ‘I know not’—reserving or understanding within myself these other words ‘to th’ end for to tell you.
Jane Owen
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Jane Owen of Oxfordshire (d. c.1625) published posthumously An Antidote against Purgatory (1634), which includes partial translation of Cardinal Bellarmine’s De gemitu columbae (1617). The Council of Trent (Session 25, 1563) deWned purgatory as the place or state of purgation where souls after death render the temporal satisfaction due to sin. The Council also aYrmed that the living too can make purgatorial satisfaction for their sins or the sins of others through good works. Dante’s Commedia bequeathed to the world the fullest, most evocative depiction of purgatory (see Fig. 5). Protestants uniformly and vehemently rejected the doctrine of purgatory.
Alexander Rawlins and Henry Walpole
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Reprinted below is an anonymous letter from the archives of the Venerable English College, Rome, an important seminary since 1579. The letter describes the execution of two priests, Alexander Rawlins (1555?–95) and Henry Walpole, SJ (1558–95). Rawlins worked as an English missionary, suVered imprisonment, and consoled himself and others with the thought of God’s justice and mercy, ‘Deus iustusest, iudex, patiens, Master King said, ‘Master Walpole, will you accept of the prince’s laws and you may have favour.
Toby Matthew
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Son of the archbishop of York, a Protestant divine noted for severe anti-Catholicism, Toby Matthew (1577–1655) deWed his father’s wishes and travelled to Italy in 1604, where he converted to Catholicism. Upon returning home, he endured interrogation, disputation, and imprisonment in 1607. Matthew gained release from prison through the intercession of Francis Bacon and Robert Cecil, and eventually took orders in 1614. After several years of exile (1619–22), Matthew found himself in favour with James I, who employed him to promote the marriage of Prince Charles and the Spanish Infanta. After being knighted by James, Matthew attained a position of respect in the court of Charles I as well, where he worked for the Catholic cause until the civil war of 1640.
A Lament and Some Ballads
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
These poems are of uncertain origin and authorship but express popular Catholic sentiments in the Tudor and Stuart periods. The ‘Lament ‘ mourns the 1538 destruction of the priory at Walsingham in Norfolk, site of a beloved shrine of Mary for generations of pilgrims. (Compare the contrary, cynical account of Erasmus, fiction). ‘Winter Cold into Summer Hot ‘ humorously and indignantly chronicles the deterioration of religious life in England under Protestantism.
Francis Tregian
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For sheltering Cuthbert Mayne, future martyr, and for his Catholicism, Francis Tregian (1548–1608) was the Wrst Catholic under Elizabeth to lose all his lands and goods for his faith; he also lost his freedom, suVering over twenty years in prison. In 1625 English Catholics in Lisbon exhumed Tregian’s body and reburied it standing up in honour of his long resistance to Elizabeth and her government. While in prison from 1579 to 1601 Tregian composed verses with a pin and candle snuV. The ‘Letter from Prison ‘ voices his anguish and his hope for salvation.
Henry Constable
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Born into a noble family and educated at Cambridge, Henry Constable (1562–1613) served the government in Europe, numbering among his acquaintances kings, statesmen, and intellectuals. A committed Protestant early on, he wrote against Cardinal William Allen, defended Protestant doctrine, attacked papal authority, and condemned rebellion. In 1589 Constable’s Examen paciWque de la Doctrine des Huguenots defended French Protestants but adopted the viewpoint of a moderate Catholic.
Anthony Copley
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Born into a Catholic family, Robert Southwell’s kinsman, Anthony Copley (1567–1609?), studied at the English College in Rome (1584–6) and then entered the service of the king of Spain. After returning to England in 1590, he suVered several imprisonments. Later protesting the appointment of pro-Jesuit George Blackwell as Archpriest of England, he published letters (1601, 1602) supporting the seminary priests against the Jesuits, whom he considered to be dangerous and immoral interlopers. Upon the accession of James I, Copley became involved in the Bye plot to seize King James and force him to grant toleration to Catholics. After making a full confession and giving damning evidence against other conspirators, Copley received a full pardon.
Richard Verstegan
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Educated at Oxford, Richard Verstegan (1548–1636) had a varied career in England and on the Continent as a Catholic writer, translator, and publisher. His Wrst important work, Theatrum crudelitatum, haereticorum nostri temporis (1587), depicted the martyrdoms of English Catholics in graphic copperplate engravings (see Figs. 6, 9). From Antwerp Verstegan served as writer, publisher, and coordinator of news for Catholics in England. He published the principal Catholic prayer-book for the next century, The Primer, or OYce of the Blessed Virgin Mary (1599), and wrote a pioneering historical work, A Restitution of Decayed Intelligence in Antiquities (1605) (see instructions and devotions and histories).
John Beaumont
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Born to a Catholic family at Grace-Dieu, a former priory, John Beaumont (1584–1627), brother of the more famous playwright Francis Beaumont, married Elizabeth Fortescue, also a Catholic, and suVered Wnancial penalties for recusancy. Beaumont wrote a clever mock-epic panegyric, The Metamorphosis of Tobacco (1602), a court entertainment, The Theatre of Apollo (1625), and poetry. In 1629 his son published a collection of Beaumont’s poetry, Bosworth Field (1629), which shows a Xair for drama and metaphysical conceit as well as a facility with rhyming couplets. The verses below on the Assumption and on the accident in Blackfriars, censored from all extant copies of Bosworth Field, display Beaumont respectively as Catholic lyricist and apologist. Beaumont’s greatest work, The Crown of Thorns (wr. 1620–5), is extant only in manuscript.
Henry VIII, 1613
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
queen Sir, I desire you do me right and justice, And to bestow your pity on me; for I am a most poor woman, and a stranger Born out of your dominions, having here No judge indiVerent, nor no more assurance 5 Of equal friendship and proceeding. Alas, sir, In what have I oVended you? What cause Hath my behaviour given to your displeasure That thus you should proceed to put me oV And take your good grace from me? Heaven witness 10 I have been to you a true and humble wife, At all times to your will conformable, Ever in fear to kindle your dislike, Yea, subject to your countenance—glad or sorry As I saw it inclined. When was the hour 15 I ever contradicted your desire, Or made it not mine too? Or which of your friends Have I not strove to love, although I knew He were mine enemy? What friend of mine That had to him derived your anger did I 20 Continue in my liking, nay, gave notice He was from thence discharged? Sir, call to mind That I have been your wife in this obedience Upward of twenty years, and have been blessed With many children by you.
Philip Massinger
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Successor to William Shakespeare and John Fletcher as principal dramatist of the King’s Men, Philip Massinger (1583–1640) wrote or collaborated on some Wfty-Wve plays. Massinger may or may not have been a Catholic but at times he wrote like one. The Maid of Honour presents in the title-role Camiola, who climactically rejects her unworthy but hard-won paramour, Bertoldo, and chooses instead to enter a convent. The Renegado, excerpted below, defends the importance of good works as Satisfaction in Penance, the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist, and the validity of lay baptism. Moreover, after decades of Werce anti-Jesuit legislation and polemic, as well as recent satires such as Donne’s Ignatius his Conclave (1611) and John Barclay’s Argenis (1621, see fiction), Massinger remarkably presents a Jesuit as his hero, Father Francisco, who kindly reclaims the sinners and devises a plot to rescue Christian captives from the cruel Turk.
The Inquisition (Ille humani generis), 1231
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Gregory, bishop, servant of the servants of God, to his beloved sons . . . Prior Burchard and Theoderic, brothers of the Order of Preachers in Regensburg, greetings and apostolic benediction. That inveterate enemy of the human race, the instigator of all evils, whom his own pride drew down from the highest to the lowest state, not content that by his wicked 5 deceptions he led mankind to the Fall and to the labours of wretchedness, craftily tries to ensnare mankind in his pestilential nets, artfully contriving against them that they may not reascend to obtain once again that height from which they once fell. In these recent times, perWdiously attempting to deprave the faith by his ministers, the workers of iniquity, he has spread deadly poison, scheming seditiously that enemies who appeared 10 familiar might be eYcacious at doing mankind injury. Exuding pleasant appearances, these sting with their tails like scorpions, and they would infuse their pestilential poison even into the golden chalice of Babylon.
A Brief History of Finance Theory
Authors: Milne Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The history of finance theory is an interesting example of the interaction between abstract theorizing and practical application. Many of the original contributions in finance theory began as theoretical abstractions that appeared to be of limited or no practical use. But with additional assumptions and restrictions, these same theories have become commonplace in the major financial markets as standard frames of reference in analysing financial decisions and the functioning of markets. In addition, what had once been seen as a group of related theories, can now be unified within a general framework. These developments have taken place in a relatively short space of time: the original ideas were developed in the 1950s and 1960s, and culminated in the general theoretical structures published in the 1980s and 1990s.
Diversification and Asset Pricing
Authors: Milne Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
So far, we have concentrated on two major methods for asset pricing: arbitrage and consumer aggregation. In both discussions we have not mentioned one of the important traditional topics in finance theory-diversification. In this chapter, we will explore the idea of portfolio diversification and its implications for asset pricing. The analysis will be at a fairly abstract level; but it will become apparent that traditional arguments can be included as special cases of the more general framework. The abstract discussion focuses on the essential issues without the distracting clutter of more restrictive assumptions, that hide the simple logic that drives the central results. (For a more detailed discussion, see Milne, 1988.)