bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The policy preferences of the US Federal Reserve
Authors: Dennis Richard 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn this paper we model and explain US macroeconomic outcomes subject to the discipline that monetary policy is set optimally. Exploiting the restrictions that come from optimal policymaking, we estimate the parameters in the Federal Reserve's policy objective function together with the parameters in its optimization constraints. For the period following Volcker's appointment as chairman, we estimate the implicit inflation target to be around 1.4% and show that policymakers assigned a significant weight to interest rate smoothing. We show that the estimated optimal policy provides a good description of US data for the 1980s and 1990s. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced mineralized tissue adhesion to titanium over polystyrene assessed by the nano‐scratch test
Authors: Butz Frank , Aita Hideki , Takeuchi Kazuo , Ogawa Takahiro 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe critical load determined by the scratch test is regarded to be a representative measure of coating adhesion in the field of engineering. This study aimed to evaluate the method for its usefulness for assessing the mineralized tissue‐titanium interface strength. Osteoblastic cells derived from rat bone marrow were cultured on polystyrene, titanium‐coated polystyrene, and titanium disks with either a machined or dual‐acid etched surface. Nano‐scratch testing was performed on mineralized tissue specimens at culture day 28. The scratch path was monitored by light microscopy until complete delamination of mineralized tissue from the substrate occurred, and the required force was recorded as the critical load. Energy‐dispersive spectroscopic analysis was used to verify the delamination. The mean critical load values (± standard deviations) were as follows: polystyrene 31 mN (±1), titanium‐coated polystyrene 67 mN (±4), machined titanium 76 mN (±4), DAE titanium 107 mN (±3), with statistical differences (P < 0.05; ANOVA). No elemental calcium and phosphorous were observed in the delaminated areas. The nano‐scratch test applied to cultured mineralized tissue differentiated the critical load from various culture conditions: polystyrene vs. titanium; titanium with different surface topographies. Culturing mineralized tissue on titanium, especially on roughened surfaces, increased the tissue critical load. The nano‐scratch test may be useful to evaluate mineralized tissue adhesion properties in titanium cultures. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Role of granulocytes and monocytes in the polyvinyl chloride‐induced synthesis of interleukin 8, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and leukotriene B4
Authors: Lappegård Knut Tore , Bergseth Grethe , Riesenfeld Johan , Sexton Joe , Mollnes Tom Eirik 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn an in vitro whole blood model of artificial surface‐induced inflammation, we have studied the contribution of leukocyte populations in the synthesis of inflammatory mediators. This was done by depleting the blood of specific cell types using magnetic beads coated with monoclonal antibodies against leukocyte surface antigens. Synthesis of interleukin 8 (IL‐8) was highly dependent on CD15+ cells and was reduced by 80% when these cells were removed from the blood. Correspondingly, IL‐8 production showed a high correlation with the concentration of granulocytes (r = 0.77, p < 0.0001). Synthesis of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1) was dependent on CD14+ cells and was reduced by 35% when these cells were removed from the blood. Correspondingly, MCP‐1 production correlated with the concentration of monocytes (r = 0.39, p < 0.0001). Synthesis of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) was highly dependent on CD15+ cells and was reduced by 75% when these cells were removed from the blood. Correspondingly, LTB4 production correlated strongly with the granulocyte concentration (r = 0.54, p < 0.0001). As expected, complement activation was not affected by cell depletion and did not correlate with the concentration of any of the cell types. Thus, artificial surface‐induced IL‐8 and LTB4 synthesis was almost exclusively granulocyte dependent. However, MCP‐1 synthesis was mainly a product of monocytes, although granulocytes and other subpopulations may partly contribute. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Microtensile testing of collagen fibril for cardiovascular tissue engineering
Authors: Wang Xinnan , Li Xiaodong , Yost Michael J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAs a candidate scaffold material for cardiac tissue engineering, Type I collagen material shows different mechanical properties due to the differences in the structural features such as orientation of fibril alignment and the environmental factors such as ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. In this article one‐dimensional tensile stress tests were performed with the use of a nanoscale tensile tester on four groups of Type I collagen samples that were differentiated in terms of fibril orientation and/or UV irradiation. The collagen surface structure was studied with the use of an atomic force microscope (AFM). Effects of fibril orientation and UV irradiation on their mechanical properties were investigated. The mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms are discussed in conjunction with collagen structure, fibril orientation, and dispersion of the generated crosslinking by UV irradiation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Influence of deposition parameters on chemical properties of calcium phosphate coatings prepared by using electrostatic spray deposition
Authors: Leeuwenburgh S. , Wolke J. , Schoonman J. , Jansen J. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) technique offers the possibility of depositing calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings onto various substrate materials with defined chemical and morphological properties. The relationship between physical, apparatus‐related deposition parameters, and the chemical characteristics of ESD coatings was investigated by means of X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy to be able to deposit CaP coatings with tailored chemical properties. The results showed that the chemical characteristics of CaP coatings, deposited with use of the ESD technique, were strongly dependent on the deposition temperature, the nozzle‐to‐substrate distance, the liquid flow rate, and the geometry of the spraying nozzle. By investigating the influence of the deposition temperature, information could be obtained on the formation mechanism of CaP coatings—and specifically the biologically interesting carbonate apatite phase—using the ESD technique. CaP coatings were not formed merely because of solvent evaporation; a chemical reaction was needed to synthesize the coatings. This reaction involved thermal decomposition of the organic solvent butyl carbitol into carbonate ions via formation of intermediate oxalate ions. The amount of carbonate incorporation, and consequently, the Ca/P ratios of the deposited coatings, was shown 1) to decrease with increasing nozzle‐to‐substrate distance, 2) to decrease with increasing liquid flow rate, and 3) to decrease by making use of a novel two‐component nozzle geometry. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Characterisation of the transcription factor, SIX5, using a new panel of monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Pham Y Chan N. , Man Nguyen thi , Holt Ian , Sewry Caroline A. , Pall Gurman , Johnson Keith , Morris Glenn E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSIX5 is a member of the human SIX family of transcription factors, many of which are involved in eye development. However, SIX5 transcripts are known to be present at very low levels in cells and no study has yet convincingly demonstrated detection of endogenous SIX5 protein by Western blotting or immunolocalisation. We have produced a new panel of 18 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that recognise at least four different epitopes in order to identify authentic human SIX5 protein in cells and tissues. Phage‐displayed peptide libraries were used to identify individual amino‐acids important for antibody binding within each epitope. Endogenous SIX5 migrated in SDS–PAGE with an apparent Mr of 100 kDa and was present at similar levels in all foetal tissues and cell lines tested. In HeLa cells, it was located in the nucleoplasm with a granular distribution. An mRNA for a shorter splicing isoform of SIX5, with an altered carboxy‐terminus, has been described, but further mAbs specific for this isoform did not detect any endogenous protein. We conclude that the full‐length isoform is the major functional protein in vivo while the putative shorter protein is undetectable and may not be expressed at all. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wnt‐mediated regulation of chondrocyte maturation: Modulation by TGF‐β
Authors: Dong Yufeng , Drissi Hicham , Chen Mo , Chen Di , Zuscik Michael J. , Schwarz Edward M. , O'Keefe Regis J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWnt proteins are expressed during limb morphogenesis, yet their role and mechanism of action remains unclear during long bone growth. Wnt expression, effects and modulation of signaling events by BMP and transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) were evaluated in chick embryonic chondrocytes. Chondrocyte cell cultures underwent spontaneous maturation with increased expression of colX and this was associated with an increase in the expression of multiple Wnts, including Wnt 4, 5a, 8c, and 9a. Both parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTHrP) and TGF‐β inhibited colX, but had disparate effects on Wnt expression. While TGF‐β strongly inhibited all Wnts, PTHrP did not inhibit either Wnt8c or Wnt9a and had lesser effects on the expression of the other Wnts. BMP‐2 induced colX expression, and also markedly increased Wnt8c expression. Overexpression of β‐catenin and/or T cell factor (TCF)‐4 also induced the type X collagen promoter. Overexpression of Wnt8c induced maturation, as did overexpression of β‐catenin. The Wnt8c/β‐catenin maturational effects were enhanced by BMP‐2 and inhibited by TGF‐β. TGF‐β also inhibited activation of the Topflash reporter by β‐catenin, suggesting a direct inhibitory effect since the Topflash reporter contains only β‐catenin binding sequences. In turn β‐catenin inhibited activation of the p3TP‐Luc reporter by TGF‐β, although the effect was partial. Thus, Wnt/β‐catenin signaling is a critical regulator of the rate of chondrocyte differentiation. Moreover, this pathway is modulated by members of the TGF‐β family and demonstrates the highly integrated nature of signals controlling endochondral ossification. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nicotine inhibits myofibroblast differentiation in human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Fang Yiyu , Svoboda Kathy K.H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCigarette smoking has been suggested as a risk factor for several periodontal diseases. It has also been found that smokers respond less favorably than non‐smokers to periodontal therapy. Previous work in our lab has shown that nicotine inhibits human gingival cell migration. Since myofibroblasts play an important role in wound closure, we asked if nicotine affects gingival wound healing process by regulating myofibroblast differentiation. Human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) from two patients were cultured in 10% fetal bovine serum cell culture medium. Cells were pretreated with different doses of nicotine (0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mM) for 2 h, and then incubated with transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β1) (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 ng/ml) with or without nicotine for 30 h. The expression level of α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), a specific marker for myofibroblasts, was analyzed by Western blots, immunocytochemistry, and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (real‐time PCR). Phosphorylated p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (Phospho‐p38 MAPK) activity was analyzed by Western blots. TGF‐β1 induced an increase of α‐SMA protein and mRNA expression, while nicotine (1 mM) inhibited the TGF‐β1‐induced expression of α‐SMA but not β‐actin. Nicotine treatment down‐regulated TGF‐β1‐induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Our results demonstrated for the first time that nicotine inhibits myofibroblast differentiation in human gingival fibroblasts in vitro; supporting the hypothesis that delayed wound healing in smokers may be due to decreased wound contraction by myofibroblasts. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of the von Hippel‐Lindau tumor suppressor gene by late hypoxia limits HIF‐1 expression
Authors: Karhausen Jörn , Kong Tianqing , Narravula Sailaja , Colgan Sean P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHypoxia–inducible factor (HIF) remains the central focus of oxygen sensing during hypoxia. HIF is a heterodimeric transcription factor consisting of an oxygen‐regulated alpha‐ and a constitutively expressed beta subunit. The von Hippel‐Lindau tumor suppressor (pVHL) is a component of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and targets HIF‐α to proteasomal degradation, but also is known to exert a significant control on HIF transactivation activity. However, the understanding of the full interaction between HIF and pVHL has been hindered by a lack in the understanding of pVHL regulation. Here, we report that pVHL itself is induced in prolonged hypoxia in a kinetic that parallels the observed downregulation of HIF‐1α protein under such conditions. In addition, we document direct HIF‐1α binding to the VHL promoter and identify a functional hypoxia response element (HRE) within the VHL promoter. Such induction of pVHL in hypoxia furthermore has functional implications for the HIF dependent hypoxic response, implicating a physiologically relevant feedback mechanism. These results provide an intriguing model, whereby HIF self‐regulates expression through VHL and highlight the role of pVHL as a unifying mechanism of HIF regulation. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Topoisomerase inhibitor induced dephosphorylation of H1 and H3 histones as a consequence of cell cycle arrest
Authors: Happel Nicole , Sommer Arne , Hänecke Kristina , Albig Werner , Doenecke Detlef 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPosttranslational modifications of histones have an integral function in the structural and functional organization of chromatin. Several changes in the modification state of histones could be observed after induction of apoptosis with topoisomerase inhibitors and other inducers. Most of these studies include the analysis of the state of phosphorylation of histones, and the results are to some extent controversial, depending on cell lines and agents used. In the present study we compared the kinetics of the dephosphorylation of H1 and H3 histones with apoptosis markers after treatment of leukemic cell lines with topoisomerase inhibitors. In parallel, we determined cell cycle parameters in detail. Dephosphorylation of both histone classes started within 1 h of induction, and no direct correlation with timing and intensity of the investigated apoptotic features could be observed. In contrast, we show that the effect of topoisomerase inhibitors on the state of H1 and H3 phosphorylation is not directly related to apoptosis, but reflects the changes in the cell cycle distribution of cells treated with these inducers. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
EAST interacts with Megator and localizes to the putative spindle matrix during mitosis in Drosophila
Authors: Qi Hongying , Rath Uttama , Ding Yun , Ji Yun , Blacketer Melissa J. , Girton Jack , Johansen Jørgen , Johansen Kristen M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe have used immunocytochemistry to demonstrate that the EAST protein in Drosophila, which forms an expandable nuclear endoskeleton at interphase, redistributes during mitosis to colocalize with the spindle matrix proteins, Megator and Skeletor. EAST and Megator also colocalize to the intranuclear space surrounding the chromosomes at interphase. EAST is a novel protein that does not have any previously characterized motifs or functional domains. However, we show by immunoprecipitation experiments that EAST is likely to molecularly interact with Megator which has a large NH2‐terminal coiled‐coil domain with the capacity for self assembly. On the basis of these findings, we propose that Megator and EAST interact to form a nuclear endoskeleton and as well are important components of the putative spindle matrix complex during mitosis. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
β‐cryptoxanthin stimulates cell differentiation and mineralization in osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells
Authors: Uchiyama Satoshi , Yamaguchi Masayoshi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effect of β‐cryptoxanthin, a kind of carotenoid, on cell differentiation and mineralization in osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells was investigated. Cells were cultured for 72 h in a minimum essential medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and the cells with subconfluency were changed to a medium containing either vehicle or β‐cryptoxanthin (10−8 to 10−6 M) without FBS. Cells were cultured for 3 to 21 days. Gene expression in osteoblastic cells was determined using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Culture with β‐cryptoxanthin (10−7 or 10−6 M) for 3 days caused a significant increase in Runx2 type 1, Runx2 type 2, α1 (I) collagen, and alkaline phosphatase mRNA levels in osteoblastic cells. These increases were completely blocked in the presence of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, or 5,6‐dichloro‐1‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB), an inhibitor of transcriptional activity. Meanwhile, vitamin A (10−6 M) did not have a significant effect on Runx2 type 1 mRNA expression in the cells. The effect of β‐cryptoxanthin (10−6 M) in stimulating Runx2 type 1 and α1 (I) collagen mRNA levels, protein content, and alkaline phosphatase activity in the cells was also seen in the presence of vitamin A (10−6 M), suggesting that the mode of β‐cryptoxanthin action differs from that of vitamin A. Prolonged culture with β‐cryptoxanthin (10−6 M) for 3 to 21 days caused a significant increase in cell number, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content, protein content, and alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblastic cells, suggesting that β‐cryptoxanthin stimulates cell proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, culture with β‐cryptoxanthin (10−7 or 10−6 M) for 5 to 21 days caused a remarkable increase in mineralization. This study demonstrates that β‐cryptoxanthin has a stimulatory effect on cell differentiation and mineralization due to enhancing gene expression of proteins, which involve in bone formation in osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Osteoblast calcium‐sensing receptor has characteristics of ANF/7TM receptors
Authors: Pi Min , Quarles L. Darryl 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThere is evidence for a functionally important extracelluar calcium‐sensing receptor in osteoblasts, but there is disagreement regarding its identity. Candidates are CASR and a putative novel calcium‐sensing receptor, called Ob.CASR. To further characterize Ob.CASR and to distinguish it from CASR, we examined the extracellular cation‐sensing response in MC3T3‐E1 osteoblasts and in osteoblasts derived from CASR null mice. We found that extracellular cations activate ERK and serum response element (SRE)‐luciferase reporter activity in osteoblasts lacking CASR. Amino acids, but not the calcimimetic NPS‐R568, an allosteric modulator of CASR, also stimulate Ob.CASR‐dependent SRE‐luciferase activation in MC3T3‐E1 osteoblasts. In addition, we found that the dominant negative Gαq(305–359) construct inhibited cation‐stimulated ERK activation, consistent with Ob.CASR coupling to Gαq‐dependent pathways. Ob.CASR is also a target for classical GPCR desensitization mechanisms, since β‐arrestins, which bind to and uncouple GRK phosphorylated GPCRs, attenuated cation‐stimulated SRE‐luciferase activity in CASR deficient osteoblasts. Finally, we found that Ob.CASR and CASR couple to SRE through distinct signaling pathways. Ob.CASR does not activate RhoA and C3 toxin fails to block Ob.CASR‐induced SRE‐luciferase activity. Mutational analysis of the serum response factor (SRF) and ternary complex factor (TCF) elements in SRE demonstrates that Ob.CASR predominantly activates TCF‐dependent mechanisms, whereas CASR activates SRE‐luciferase mainly through a RhoA and SRF‐dependent mechanism. The ability of Ob.CASR to sense cations and amino acids and function like a G‐protein coupled receptor suggests that it may belong to the family of receptors characterized by an evolutionarily conserved amino acid sensing motif (ANF) linked to an intramembranous 7 transmembrane loop region (7TM). © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermo‐Raman spectroscopic study of the uranium mineral sabugalite
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Weier Matt L. , Martens Wayde N. , Kloprogge J. Theo , Kristóf János 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe changes in the structure of sabugalite were investigated using thermo‐Raman and infrared spectroscopy based on the results of thermogravimetric analysis. Two Raman bands are observed at 835 and 830 cm−1 assigned to the (UO2)2+ stretching vibrations resulting from the non‐equivalence of the uranyl bonds (UO2)2+. These bands give calculated UO bond lengths of 1.773 and 1.780 Å. A low‐intensity band is observed at 895 cm−1 assigned to the ν3 antisymmetric stretching vibration of (UO2)2+ units. Five bands are observed in the 950–1050 cm−1 region in the Raman spectrum of sabugalite and are assigned to the ν3 antisymmetric stretching vibration of (PO4)3− units. Changes in the Raman spectra reflect changes in the structure of sabugalite as dehydration occurs. No (PO4)3− symmetric stretching mode is observed. This result is attributed to the non‐equivalence of the PO bonds in the PO4 units. The PO4 vibrations were not affected by dehydration. Thermo‐Raman spectroscopy proved to be a very powerful technique for the study of the changes in the structure of sabugalite during dehydration. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ex situ and in situ SERS analyses of polybithiophene using roughened Ag and Cu electrodes and multilayer SERS‐active systems
Authors: Bazzaoui E. A. , Aubard J. , Félidj N. , Laurent G. , Lévi G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractElectrochemical deposition of polybithiophene (PbT) films on suitably roughened silver and copper electrodes enabled us to record surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of oxidized and reduced species showing the important changes in the spectral features of the different oxidation states of the polymer film. The comparison between SERS spectra and Raman spectra of PbT electrosynthesized on platinum allowed the identification of vibrational modes which are the most sensitive to the surface enhancement effect. The orientation and the anchorage mode of the polymer rings, during the first stages of electropolymerization, were estimated according to the SERS selection rules. In situ SERS analyses revealed that the spectral changes observed during the doping process are due to a transition from aromatic to quinoid structure and to an increase in structural defects along the polymer chain. Ex situ and in situ SERS studies were also carried out using various multilayer SERS‐active systems in which the polymer is either electrodeposited on a thin layer of a SERS‐active metal coating an iron electrode or sandwiched between the thin SERS‐active layer and the iron support. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.