bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ischaemic preconditioning improves microvascular perfusion and oxygenation following reperfusion injury of the intestine
Authors: Mallick I H , Yang W , Winslet M C , Seifalian A M 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
Ischaemia–reperfusion (IR) injury of the intestine occurs commonly during abdominal surgery. Ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) provides a way of protecting the organ from damage inflicted by IR. This study was designed to evaluate the beneficial effect of IPC, focusing on the intestinal microcirculation and oxygenation in intestinal IR injury.

Methods
Rats were allocated to three groups. Animals in the IR and IPC groups underwent 30 min of intestinal ischaemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion. In the IPC group this was preceded by 10 min of ischaemia and 10 min of reperfusion. Animals in the third group underwent laparotomy but no vascular occlusion. Intestinal microvascular perfusion, oxygenation and portal venous blood flow (PVF) were monitored continuously. At the end of the reperfusion period, blood samples were obtained for measurement of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and biopsies of ileum for histological evaluation.

Results
IPC improved intestinal microvascular perfusion and tissue oxygenation significantly at the end of the reperfusion period (P &lt; 0·001). PVF improved significantly in the IPC compared with the IR group (P = 0·005). The serum LDH concentration was significantly lower in the IPC than the IR group (mean(s.e.m.) 667·1(86·8) versus 1973·8(306·5) U/l; P &lt; 0·001) Histological examination showed that ileal mucosa was significantly less injured in the IPC group.

Conclusions
This study demonstrated that IPC improves intestinal microvascular perfusion and oxygenation.
Malignant transformation of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Scholefield J H , Castle M T , Watson N F S 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
The natural history of anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) is uncertain. This makes management problematic as treatment options to eradicate the condition carry morbidity. The authors report their 10-year experience with conservative management of this condition, highlighting the lessons learnt.

Methods
All patients were diagnosed with high-grade AIN (AIN III) between 1994 and 2003. Diagnosis was by full-thickness biopsy and histopathological examination. Excision of localized lesions was undertaken, and all patients underwent follow-up every 6 months. Prospective data were collected regarding recurrence, postoperative complications and progression to invasive carcinoma.

Results
Thirty-five patients were followed for a median of 63 (range 14–120) months. Excision of localized high-grade AIN was carried out in 28 patients with minimal morbidity. Six patients were systemically immunosuppressed at diagnosis, all of whom had multifocal perianal lesions. Three immunosuppressed patients developed invasive anal squamous carcinoma during follow-up. By contrast, no invasive carcinomas were identified among immunocompetent patients with either localized or multifocal perianal disease.

Conclusion
AIN III appears to have a relatively low potential for malignant transformation in the immunocompetent patient. However, immunosuppressed patients are more likely to have extensive AIN III and a greater risk of malignant change.
Evaluation of treatment and long-term follow-up in patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis
Authors: Kadry Z , Renner E C , Bachmann L M , Attigah N , Renner E L , Ammann R W , Clavien P-A 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
Alveolar echinococcosis is a rare disorder, which makes a comparison of different treatment modalities within a clinical trial difficult to perform. Data prospectively recorded over a period of 25 years were used to evaluate three therapeutic strategies: benzimidazole therapy alone, complete ‘curative’ resection followed by 2 years of adjuvant benzimidazole treatment, and partial debulking resection followed by continuous administration of a benzimidazole.

Methods
Details of 113 patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis treated between 1976 and 2003 were analysed. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were constructed and, using a Cox regression model, patient age, year of initial treatment and PNM stage were entered as co-variates in the analysis.

Results
Kaplan–Meier overall survival curves stratified for treatment strategy indicated an improved long-term survival in patients undergoing the debulking procedure (P = 0·061) or curative resection (P = 0·002) compared with benzimidazole therapy alone. However, when PNM stage, patient age and year of initial treatment were introduced into the analysis, there was a trend for survival advantage only with curative resection (P = 0·07 versus benzimidazole alone). Debulking resulted in a higher rate of progression of hepatic echinococcosis than curative surgery (P = 0·008). The incidence of parasite-related complications was similar for debulking resection and benzimidazole therapy alone (P = 0·706).

Conclusion
Debulking hepatic resections do not appear to offer any advantage in the treatment of patients with alveolar echinococcosis.
Comparison of the effects of nitric oxide donors and calcium channel blockers on the intrinsic myogenic tone of sheep isolated internal anal sphincter
Authors: Jonas-Obichere M , Scholefield J H , Acheson A , Mundey M , Tyler H , Wilson V G 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
Chronic anal fissure is associated with considerable pain and anal hypertonia. Numerous clinical studies attest to the effectiveness of individual nitro-containing drugs and organic calcium channel blockers in this condition but there are few comparative studies.

Methods
Isolated segments of sheep internal anal sphincter were prepared for isometric tension recording. The effect of various drugs on myogenic tone was examined in the absence or presence of sodium orthovanadate (SOV), an agent used to mimic anal hypertonia by increasing myogenic tone.

Results
All the drugs tested produced concentration-dependent inhibition of myogenic tone, with the maximum effect ranging from 66·4 per cent (verapamil) to 100 per cent (sodium nitroprusside). Sodium nitroprusside and diltiazem were the most potent, followed by glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), nifedipine and verapamil, which had similar potency, and finally nicorandil. The potency of GTN and diltiazem was reduced threefold in the presence of 1 mmol/l SOV. The combined effect of GTN and diltiazem was greater than the effect of either agent alone, even in the presence of 3 mmol/l SOV.

Conclusion
Nitro-containing drugs and organic calcium channel blockers are potent inhibitors of anal sphincter myogenic tone that may be used in combination to treat chronic anal fissure.
Percutaneous thermal ablation for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy
Authors: Lu M-D , Yin X-Y , Xie X-Y , Xu H-X , Xu Z-F , Liu G-J , Kuang M , Zheng Y-L 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
Tumour ablation using a thermal energy source has shown promising results, and is particularly suitable for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The present study evaluated long-term outcomes after percutaneous thermal ablation for recurrent HCC following liver resection.

Methods
Radiofrequency ablation or microwave ablation was used to treat a total of 124 tumour nodules (0·9–7·0 cm in diameter) in 72 patients with recurrent HCC.

Results
Complete ablation of 119 (96·0 per cent) of 124 tumour nodules was achieved. There was no treatment-related death and the major complication rate was 4 per cent. During a mean(s.d.) follow-up of 27·9(17·8) months, local recurrence developed in 16 (13·6 per cent) of 118 successfully treated tumour nodules. Distant recurrence developed in 60 (85 per cent) of 71 patients, of whom 26 had repeat metachronous distant recurrence. With repeated ablation for both local and distant recurrence, the 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival rates after initial ablation were 75, 43 and 18 per cent respectively. Patients with a serum α-fetoprotein level greater than 200 ng/ml before treatment had significantly poorer survival than those with a lower level (P = 0·034) and multivariate analysis identified preablation AFP level as an independent prognostic factor (P = 0·054).

Conclusion
With their advantages of preservation of non-tumorous liver tissue and easy repetition, percutaneous thermal ablative therapies were particularly suitable for recurrent HCC and improved long-term survival.
Meta-analysis of the value of somatostatin and its analogues in reducing complications associated with pancreatic surgery
Authors: Connor S , Alexakis N , Garden O J , Leandros E , Bramis J , Wigmore S J 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBackgroundThe role of somatostatin and its analogues in reducing complications after pancreatic resection is controversial. This is a meta-analysis of the evidence of benefit.MethodsA literature search using Medline and ISI Proceedings with exploration of the references identified 22 studies. Of these, ten met the inclusion criteria for data extraction. Estimates of effectiveness were performed using fixed- and random-effects models. The effect was calculated as an odds ratio (OR) with 95 per cent confidence intervals (c.i.) using the Mantel–Haenszel method. Level of significance was set at P &lt; 0·050.ResultsOutcomes for 1918 patients were compared. Somatostatin and its analogues did not reduce the mortality rate after pancreatic surgery (OR 1·17 (0·70 to 1·94); P = 0·545) but did reduce both the total morbidity (OR 0·62 (0·46 to 0·85); P = 0·003) and pancreas-specific complications (OR 0·56 (0·39 to 0·81); P = 0·002). Somatostatin and its analogues reduced the rate of biochemical fistula (OR 0·45 (0·33 to 0·62); P &lt; 0·001) but not the incidence of clinical anastomotic disruption (OR 0·80 (0·44 to 1·45); P = 0·459).ConclusionSomatostatin and its analogues reduce the incidence of complications after surgery.
Sacral nerve stimulation reduces corticoanal excitability in patients with faecal incontinence
Authors: Sheldon R , Kiff E S , Clarke A , Harris M L , Hamdy S 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) can produce symptomatic relief in patients with faecal incontinence. Moreover, peripheral nerve stimulation has been shown to affect brain function. The aim of this study was to determine whether SNS might produce important changes in cortical activity linked to improved continence.

Methods
In an experimental study, ten women with intractable faecal incontinence (mean age 51·3 years) were serially mapped with transcranial magnetic stimulation before and immediately after 14 days of temporary SNS (15 Hz, pulse width 210 µs), and then 2 weeks later. Anal sphincter electromyographic responses were recorded to cortical stimulation of multiple points over a scalp grid covering the bilateral medial cortex. Continence scores, anorectal manometry and rectal sensitivity data were also collected.

Results
SNS improved global symptom scores in the majority of patients; mean(s.e.m.) continence scores fell from 16·9(1·6) to 10·6(1·8) (P = 0·042). Cortical mapping showed a consistent decrease in corticoanal representation and overall excitability immediately after SNS compared with baseline (mean(s.e.m.) 38 083(13 669) versus 42 507(13 297) µV s; P = 0·017), which was reversed 2 weeks after SNS wire removal.

Conclusion
SNS produces symptom benefit in patients with faecal incontinence that is associated with a reversible reduction in corticoanal excitability. SNS therefore drives dynamic brain changes that may play a functional role in influencing anal continence.
Low‐Spin State Structure of [Fe(chloroethyltetrazole)6](BF4)2 Obtained from Synchrotron Powder Diffraction Data
Authors: Dova Eva , Peschar René , Takata Masaki , Nishibori Eiji , Schenk Henk , Stassen Arno F. , Haasnoot Jaap G. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe complex [Fe(teec)6](BF4)2 (teec=chloroethyltetrazole) shows a two‐step complete spin‐crossover transition in the temperature range 300–90 K. Time‐resolved synchrotron powder diffraction experiments have been carried out in this temperature range, and crystal structure models have been obtained from the powder patterns by using the parallel tempering technique. Of these models, the low‐spin state structure at 90 K has been refined completely with Rietveld refinement. Its structural characteristics are discussed in relation to the high‐spin state model and other spin‐crossover compounds. The complex shows a remarkable anisotropic unit‐cell parameter contraction that is dependent on the applied cooling rate. In addition, the possible important implications for the interpretation of spin‐crossover behavior in terms of structural changes are discussed.
Homo‐/Heterotrinuclear Mixed‐Valent Oxo‐Centered Iron/Nickel Clusters—Mössbauer Studies on Internal Electron‐Exchange Processes
Authors: Saalfrank Rolf W. , Scheurer Andreas , Reimann Uwe , Hampel Frank , Trieflinger Christian , Büschel Michael , Daub Jörg , Trautwein Alfred X. , Schünemann Volker , Coropceanu Veaceslav 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn a one‐pot reaction of N‐(5‐methylthiazole‐2‐yl)‐thiazole‐2‐carboxamide HL2 (3) with iron(II) acetate in air, the homotrinuclear heteroleptic mixed‐valent oxo‐centered iron cluster [FeII${{\rm Fe}{{{\rm III}\hfill \atop 2\hfill}}}$O(L2)3(OAc)3] (4) was formed. Exchange of iron(II) in 4 by nickel(II) afforded the heteronuclear cluster [NiII${{\rm Fe}{{{\rm III}\hfill \atop 2\hfill}}}$O(L2)3(OAc)3] (6). To obtain crystals suitable for X‐ray structure analyses, in 4 and 6, the OAc− co‐ligands were exchanged by OBz− ligands to give [FeII${{\rm Fe}{{{\rm III}\hfill \atop 2\hfill}}}$O(L2)3(OBz)3] (5) and [NiII${{\rm Fe}{{{\rm III}\hfill \atop 2\hfill}}}$O(L2)3(OBz)3] (7). The complexes 5 and 7 are isostructural and made up of three ditopic, tridentate ligands (L2)− and three bridging benzoate co‐ligands, which fix the three metal ions in the corners of a triangle with an μ3‐O2− ion in the center. The mixed‐valent character of 4–7, their intramolecular electron‐exchange processes, and their redox properties were studied by variable‐temperature Mössbauer spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry.
A Small Cavity with Reactive Internal Shell Atoms Spanned by Four {As(W/V)9}‐Type Building Blocks Allows Host–Guest Chemistry under Confined Conditions
Authors: Müller Achim , Pope Michael T. , Merca Alice , Bögge Hartmut , Schmidtmann Marc , van Slageren Joris , Dressel Martin , Kurth Dirk G. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe reaction of [H2AsIIIW18O60]7− with VO2+ and SO42− ions in aqueous solution leads to a VIV/VV mixed‐valence cluster anion containing the {As4M40O140}‐type cryptand which has a high formation tendency. An important result is that it exhibits a new type of reactive internal cavity shell. The correspondingly obtained compound Na(NH4)20[{(VIVO(H2O))(VIVO)2(SO4)2}{(AsIIIW9O33)2(AsIIIW7.5VV1.5O31)2(WO2)4}]⋅40 H2O (1), which can also be synthesized from a precursor with the preorganized cryptand, was characterized by elemental and thermogravimetric analyses (determination of crystal water content), redox titrations (determination of the number of VIV centers), electronic absorption as well as vibrational spectra, single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis (including bond valence sum calculations), and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The relatively small central cavity—formed by the linking of four {AsM9}‐type lacunary units (M=W/V) by four WO6 octahedra—allows positioning of a variety of cationic as well as anionic “guests” under confined conditions according to a new approach: replacement of some of the W by V atoms leads to high reactivity of the internal cavity shell as a result of relatively weak VO bonds compared to the WO bonds. This allows an interesting “encapsulation chemistry” with new options. In the present case the cavity contains besides an arrangement of three VIV centers, two sulfate groups that replace O atoms of the {AsM9} units as well as an interesting hydrogen bond situation.
Correlation between annual volume of cystectomy, professional staffing, and outcomes
Authors: Elting Linda S. , Pettaway Curtis , Bekele B. Nebiyou , Grossman H. Barton , Cooksley Catherine , Avritscher Elenir B. C. , Saldin Kamaldeen , Dinney Colin P. N. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe association between high procedure volume and lower perioperative mortality is well established among cancer patients who undergo cystectomy. However, to the authors' knowledge, the association between volume and perioperative complications has not been studied to date and hospital characteristics contributing to the volume‐outcome correlation are unknown. In the current study, the authors studied these associations, emphasizing hospital factors that contribute to the volume‐outcome correlation.METHODSMultiple‐variable models of inpatient mortality and complications were developed among all 1302 bladder carcinoma patients who underwent cystectomy between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2001 in all Texas hospitals. General estimating equations were used to adjust for clustering within the 133 hospitals. Data were obtained from hospital claims, the 2000 U.S. Census, and databases from the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the American Hospital Association.RESULTSComplications were reported to occur in 12% of patients, 2.2% of whom died. Mortality was higher in low‐volume hospitals compared with high‐volume hospitals (3.1% vs. 0.7%; P < 0.001); mortality in moderate‐volume hospitals was reported to be intermediate (2.9%). After adjustment for advanced age and comorbid conditions, treatment in high‐volume hospitals was associated with lower risks of mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 0.35; P = 0.02) and complications (OR = 0.53; P = 0.01). Hospitals with a high registered nurse‐to‐patient ratio also had a lower mortality risk (OR = 0.43; P = 0.04).CONCLUSIONSMortality after cystectomy was found to be significantly lower in high‐volume hospitals, regardless of patient age. Referral to a hospital performing greater than 10 cystectomies annually is indicated for all patients. However, patients with poor access to a high‐volume hospital may derive similar benefit from treatment at a hospital with a high‐registered nurse‐to‐patient ratio. This finding requires further confirmation. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Colon cancer screening practices in New York City, 2003
Authors: Thorpe Lorna E. , Mostashari Farzad , Hajat Anjum , Nash Denis , Karpati Adam , Weber Thomas , Winawer Sidney , Neugut Alfred I. , Awad Amir , Zevallos Mabel , Remy Prospere , Frieden Thomas 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDNew York City (NYC) has one of the highest concentrations of gastroenterologists in the country, yet only 33% of colorectal cancers in NYC are diagnosed early, and approximately 1500 New Yorkers die from colorectal cancer each year.METHODSUsing data from a large, local, random‐digit dialed telephone survey (n = 9802), the authors of the current study described types of colorectal cancer screening modalities and characteristics of adults undergoing screening within a recommended timeframe. Multivariate analyses were used to examine demographic, behavioral, socioeconomic, and neighborhood‐level predictors of screening participation, with particular attention to factors associated with colonoscopy, the recommended screening modality in NYC.RESULTSFifty‐five percent of NYC adults aged ≥ 50 years reported a recent colorectal cancer screening test, and 42% reported a colonoscopy within the past 10 years. After multiple statistical adjustments, groups with the lowest likelihood of screening were the poor (odds ratio [OR], 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53–0.83) and uninsured (OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.20–0.48), as well as Asians (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.29–0. 72), and current smokers (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.50–0.78). Colonoscopy was less frequently reported by non‐Hispanic Black New Yorkers and by women; both groups reported higher use of fecal occult blood tests. Less than 10% of adult New Yorkers reported a sigmoidoscopy in the past 5 years.CONCLUSIONSLow screening uptake in NYC leaves nearly 1 million New Yorkers, particularly poor and uninsured adults, at risk for undetected colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy screening programs in NYC should address health care and socioeconomic barriers and target racial and ethnic minorities and women. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
The polygenetically inherited metabolic syndrome of WOKW rats is associated with insulin resistance and altered gene expression in adipose tissue
Authors: Klöting Nora , Blüher Matthias , Klöting Ingrid 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBackgroundWistar Ottawa Karlsburg W (RT1u) rats (WOKW) develop a complete metabolic syndrome closely resembling the human disease. The aim of this study was to characterize the phenotype of adipose tissue in WOKW rats with regard to adipocyte metabolism, insulin resistance, and gene expression and thus to define the phenotype more precisely.MethodsGlucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and gene expression of key adipocyte genes, including adiponectin, interleukin 6 (Il6), 11 beta‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β Hsd), peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (Pparγ), forkhead box O1 (Foxo1), glucose transporter 4 (Glut4), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/ebpα), and fatty acid synthase (Fasn) were characterized in adipocytes from epididymal and subcutaneous fat depots of 28‐week‐old male WOKW rats and Dark Agouti (DA) controls.ResultsWOKW rats display decreased insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake and decreased insulin sensitivity during lipogenesis and lipolysis in isolated adipocytes. The severe insulin resistance predominantly in epididymal adipose tissue of WOKW rats is associated with a 10‐fold decrease in adipocyte adiponectin gene expression, decreased Pparγ, but increased Foxo1 gene expression compared to DA rats.ConclusionsInsulin resistance in adipose tissue is associated with altered adipocyte gene expression in WOKW rats, additionally completing the picture of the metabolic syndrome in this animal model. This fact not only qualifies the WOKW rat for further detailed analysis of genetic determinants of metabolic syndrome but also highlights its suitability for pharmacological research. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency: A New Paradigm for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Genetic Liver Disease *
Authors: Rudnick David A. , Perlmutter David H. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Liver disease in alpha-1-antitrypsin (α1AT) deficiency is caused by a gain-of-toxic function mechanism engendered by the accumulation of a mutant glycoprotein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The extraordinary degree of variation in phenotypical expression of this liver disease is believed to be determined by genetic modifiers and/or environmental factors that influence the intracellular disposal of the mutant glycoprotein or the signal transduction pathways that are activated. Recent investigations suggest that a specific repertoire of signaling pathways are involved, including the autophagic response, mitochondrial- and ER-caspase activation, and nuclear factor kappaB (NFκB) activation. Whether activation of these signaling pathways, presumably to protect the cell, inadvertently contributes to liver injury or perhaps protects the cell from one injury and, in so doing, predisposes it to another type of injury, such as hepatocarcinogenesis, is not yet known. Recent studies also suggest that hepatocytes with marked accumulation of α1ATZ, globule-containing hepatocytes, engender a cancer-prone state by surviving with intrinsic damage and by chronically stimulating in ‘trans’ adjacent relatively undamaged hepatocytes that have a selective proliferative advantage. Further, this paradigm may apply to other genetic and infectious liver diseases that are predisposed to hepatocellular carcinoma. (Hepatology 2005.)