bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
KINETIC STUDIES ON IMMUNE HEMOLYSIS
Authors: Bowman Walter M. , Mayer Manfred M. , Rapp Herbert J. 
Published: June 2004

The reversibility of the red cell-antibody combination has been demonstrated by means of experiments showing the transfer of antibody, either from red cell stromata to intact red cells, or from red cell to red cell.
The extent of reversibility is variable with respect to different antisera.
The transfer of antibody from stromata to intact red cells is not dependent upon the action of complement.
Transfer of antibody can also take place after interaction of the stromata-antibody complex with complement. As a result, antibody molecules can perform hemolytic work over and over again, provided complement is available, and this leads to kinetic behavior of a catalytic character.
STUDIES ON THE PSITTACOSIS-LYMPHOGRANULOMA GROUP
Authors: Sigel M. Michael , Girardi Anthony J. , Allen Emma G. 
Published: June 2004

Because of the peculiar properties of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group of viruses, the pattern of multiplication in the allantois of the chick embryo of one of their number, meningopneumonitis virus, was studied. This was done by determination of the changes in its infectivity for mice and chick embryos.
Titration of infectivity in embryos proved to be a more sensitive procedure than titration in mice; the latter procedure however, had the advantage of greater simplicity and gave more clear-cut results. The mouse titration method was used in most of the experiments.
Following inoculation of virus into the allantois, there was a slow decrease in infectivity in the allantoic fluids followed by an increase due to appearance of new virus between 24 and 48 hours.
The slope of declining infectivity in the allantoic fluids in ovo was similar if not identical with the slope of decreasing infectivity in allantoic fluids in vitro caused by thermal degradation of virus.
Multiplication of the virus in allantoic membranes was characterized by the following pattern: (a) Increase in infectivity in the first few hours (exact duration of increase depended on concentration of virus in inoculum) due to adsorption of virus. (b) Decrease in infectivity up to about 20 to 24 hours. (c) Increase in infectivity due to appearance of the new generation of virus.
The growth curve of meningopneumonitis is analyzed and the pattern of growth is discussed in the light of the present concepts of viral multiplication.
AN EPIDEMIC OF PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS CHARACTERIZED BY DUAL INFECTIONS WITH POLIOMYELITIS AND COXSACKIE VIRUSES
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. , Kaplan Albert S. , Zabin Eva , Contreras Guillermo , Larkum Newton W. 
Published: June 2004

The first known epidemic of poliomyelitis in Easton, Pennsylvania, occurred in 1949, and was unusual in the high proportion of paralytic to non-paralytic cases. Both poliomyelitis and Cosxackie, or C, viruses were isolated from more than half the patients studied during the acute stage of the disease. One month later C virus was only occasionally recovered. Classification of the 28 strains of C virus which were isolated revealed that 24 belonged to one antigenic type, Easton-2 (related to Albany type 1 virus).
Patients from whom C virus was isolated showed a rise during convalescence to the Easton-2 or homologous type antibody. Two patients with paralytic poliomyelitis were studied for the quantitative development of antibodies to the poliomyelitis virus and to the C virus found in their stools. Using the neutralization test in monkeys and in newborn mice, respectively, a simultaneous rise in antibodies to both agents was observed.
The situation at present can be summarized as follows:—Poliomyelitis virus or C virus may produce infection in man, with a specific antibody response. Both agents may be carried, particularly in the intestines, without causing any serious illness and healthy carrier states have been observed for each. Both viruses can be found in nature in flies and in sewage. However there has been no evidence to suggest that these two viruses bear a relationship to each other, even when isolated from the same patient. Thus, when both viruses are found in a patient with paralysis, it is not yet possible to say with any degree of accuracy to what extent each is responsible in the over-all pattern of the disease. How frequently dual infections of this nature may occur remains for future investigations to determine. Certainly all cases of poliomyelitis are not complicated by a superimposed infection with a C virus. However, this will have to be one more item to consider in epidemic poliomyelitis.
THE IN VITRO PREPARATION AND HISTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES RESEMBLING CEROID
Authors: Casselman W. G. Bruce 
Published: June 2004

Substances possessing the same histochemical properties as the ceroid in cirrhotic livers of rats fed choline-deficient diets have been prepared from various unsaturated fats, fatty acids and their esters by autoxidation but could not be obtained from hydrocarbons or saturated fats or fatty acids.
The formation of ceroid-like substances occurred first on surfaces or at interfaces in the reaction mixtures. It was inhibited by antioxidants and was accelerated by the addition of tissues, blood cells, erythrocytic stroma, or hemoglobin, by emulsification, by increasing the surface exposed to the air, and by increasing the temperature.
Histochemical studies provided much evidence that the following properties of ceroid might be attributed to the products of the autoxidation of unsaturated lipids: insolubility in organic solvents, sudanophilia, yellowing by concentrated nitric acid, positive periodic acid-Schiff's reaction, basophilia, acid fastness, positive hernofuscin reaction, and reduction of diammine silver carbonate and alkaline potassium permanganate.
The normal reactivity of cells or tissues embedded in ceroid was effectively masked by the pigment, apparently, initially at least, by preventing the reagents' gaining access to them. It is suggested that the iron sometimes demonstrated in ceroid may be that of blood cells or tissue fragments incompletely masked by the ceroid.
It is concluded that whenever conditions are such that unsaturated fats accumulate in tissues to such an extent that a relative lack of biological anti-oxidants results, autoxidation of the fats and their conversion to ceroid pigment are favored, and that ceroid and the lipofuscin pigment of vitamin E deficiency may be fundamentally similar.
STUDIES ON OPSONINS IN Q FEVER
Authors: Victor Joseph , Raymond Ruth , Valliant Jeanne , Wagner John C. , Pollack Abou D. 
Published: June 2004

A method was developed for the quantitative determination of opsonins for C. burnetii.
An opsonin unit for C. burnetii was defined as that quantity of opsonin which, under standardized conditions, causes phagocytosis of elementary bodies of C. burnetii by 94 to 100 per cent of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. The opsonin titer represents the number of opsonin units in 0.1 ml. of serum or heparinized plasma.
A plasma opsonin titer of 1 occurred in 1 per cent of the people tested at Camp Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, with no known contact with C. burnetii; in 30 per cent of the immunized people of Camp Detrick treated by subcutaneous injection of phenol-inactivated C. burnetii in chick embryo yolk sac; and in 31 per cent of the people tested at Los Angeles, with no clinical evidence of Q fever.
On a statistical basis, about 42 per cent of the vaccinated people of Camp Detrick and of "normal" Los Angeles people had evidence of increased opsonins in their blood.
Vaccinated individuals of Camp Detrick showed no relation between opsonin and complement fixation titers, but individuals living in Los Angeles, an area endemic for Q fever, revealed positive complement fixation tests only in one-seventh of individuals with opsonin titers of 1. The significance of these differences is discussed.
The opsonin titer of patients with Q fever may increase many million fold, and much more than the complement fixation titer. The opsonin titers of serum and heparinized plasma were identical, and both decreased with storage at 5°C.
The opsonin titer for elementary bodies of C. burnetii grown in chick embryo yolk sac may be used as an epidemiological and diagnostic indicator for the distribution of the agent causing Q fever.
THE GROWTH CURVE OF THE LANSING STRAIN OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN MICE: THE EFFECT OF SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE AND METHIONINE SULFOXIMINE ON THE EARLY PHASE OF GROWTH OF THE VIRUS
Authors: Ainslie John D. 
Published: June 2004

The early phase of growth of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in the mouse brain and cord was suppressed, or delayed, by the intraperitoneal administration of sodium monofluoroacetate in doses of 6 mg./kg. but not of 3 mg./kg. 1 hour before the intracerebral inoculation of virus. There was also a delay in the time at which the first signs of illness appeared in the treated mice. Similar effects, but to a lesser degree, were observed after the administration of DL-methionine sulfoximine in doses of 150 mg./kg. and 75 mg./kg. Sodium fluoroacetate in very high concentration had no direct effect in vitro on the infectivity of poliomyelitis virus. It was found that in each instance in which the growth of virus was delayed, the time at which the first obvious signs of illness appeared was also delayed in a proportionate manner.
The significance of these findings is discussed, as well as the use of the growth curve of poliomyelitis virus in mice in studying the relation of cellular metabolism to viral synthesis and the search for effective chemical agents.
ALBUMIN AND GLOBULIN CIRCULATION IN EXPERIMENTAL ASCITES
Authors: McKee F. W. , Yuile C. L. , Lamson B. G. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Plasma containing carbon14-labeled albumin and globulin, obtained by feeding ϵ-C14 D,L.-lysine to a donor dog, has been injected intravenously and intraperitoneally into recipient dogs with experimental ascites.
The circulation and interchange of total plasma protein between circulating blood and ascitic fluid have been confirmed and the participation of both albumin and globulin in this interchange has been demonstrated.
Labeled albumin tends to reach equilibrium in plasma and ascitic fluid in a shorter period of time (1 to 2 days) than does globulin (2 or more days), after administration of labeled plasma by either route.
Evidence is presented that the rate of transfer of albumin across the peritoneal membrane is at least three times faster than that of globulin in terms of weight.
EFFECT OF INFLUENZA VIRUS ON CILIA AND EPITHELIAL CELLS IN THE BRONCHI OF MICE
Authors: Harford Carl G. , Hamlin Alice 
Published: June 2004

In order to determine the effect of infection with influenza virus on bronchial cilia of the mouse, ciliary beat has been visualized directly by microscopic examination of the bronchi in slices of fresh lung. Cilia have been shown also in sections of fixed tissue by the use of special silver staining methods. The results have shown persistence of the cilia in spite of severe viral infection and indicate that the lowered resistance to secondary pneumococcal infection which occurs in influenzal pneumonia of the mouse is not due to interference with the ciliary mechanism. By a process of exclusion, the findings give further support to the theory that lowered resistance to pneumococcal infection in influenzal pneumonia is due to edema fluid in the viral lesion furnishing a culture medium for inhaled pneumococci.
A widely used method for evaluation of ciliary activity on respiratory epithelia has been the microscopic observation of wave-like movements in reflected light. This activity was observed readily in the bronchi of mice but evidence was obtained showing that at this site it was due to something other than ciliary beat.
Further histopathologic observations were made in order to define the lesion of the bronchial epithelium that would permit sparing of ciliated cells. In addition to usual techniques, mice were injected with colchicine for estimation of the rate of cellular proliferation and were exposed to a large dose of roentgen rays to eliminate polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Stains for mucous and for mitochondria were done also. The evidence obtained favors the theory that the viral infection does not destroy any of the cells of the bronchial epithelium. Inclusion bodies were found in the cytoplasm, making it seem likely instead that viral particles grow in colony-like aggregations and that liberation of virus into the lumen takes place not only by simple extrusion of inclusions but also by detachment of inclusion-laden globular portions of the cytoplasm.
THE SURVIVAL OF STAPHYLOCOCCI WITHIN HUMAN LEUKOCYTES
Authors: Rogers David E. , Tompsett Ralph 
Published: June 2004

In a study of the phagocytosis of staphylococci by human leukocytes it has been observed that strains of staphylococci producing human infection were phagocytized by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro under conditions in which virulent pneumococci, streptococci, or Klebsiella were rarely engulfed.
In the presence of human leukocytes in plasma there was a rapid fall in the numbers of viable staphylococci of both pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains, the beginning of which was detectable in 10 to 15 minutes. The fall in culturable pathogenic microorganisms was considerably less marked, however, and a rapid resurgence of growth occurred in 4 to 8 hours, whereas the number of culturable non-pathogenic microorganisms remained low for 18 to 24 hours.
These differences appear to be explained by the observation that a significant number of microorganisms of pathogenic strains were able to survive within human leukocytes. Such intracellular survival was found to be associated with evidence of destruction of the leukocytes. In contrast, non-pathogenic strains of staphylococci failed to survive within human polymorphonuclear leukocytes following ingestion.
OBSERVATIONS WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE ON CELLS OF THE CHICK CHORIO-ALLANTOIC MEMBRANE INFECTED WITH INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Murphy J. S. , Bang F. B. 
Published: June 2004

Preparations of influenza-infected chick chorio-allantoic membrane made by two types of tissue culture and by sectioning, have been studied in the electron microscope. Comparisons have been made of influenza A' (FM1), influenza A (PR8), and swine influenza (V15), three strains which produce different relative numbers of filaments.
Normal surface projections which may be confused with influenza filaments are described. Extruded products of degenerating cells, usually bleb-shaped, may also be found both in uninfected allantoic fluid and tissue cultures.
It appears that the filaments and spheres of influenza virus, concurrently projecting from the free cell surface, represent the only visible change in the cells until late in the infection,—how late the present work does not tell. No definite evidence of a generalized infection throughout the cytoplasm or of inclusions was found. Additional evidence is presented for the assumption that the filaments have a significant role in the final development of the free virus.
THE USE OF ADJUVANTS IN STUDIES ON INFLUENZA IMMUNIZATION
Authors: Salk Jonas E. , Laurent Angela M. 
Published: June 2004

Untoward reactions at the site of inoculation were not observed in monkeys vaccinated with influenza virus incorporated in a water-in-oil emulsion without acid-fast bacilli.
Studies were then made to measure some of the dimensions of antigenicity of these emulsions to evaluate the extent of the immunologic adjuvant effect. This included measurements of height and persistence of the antibody response to inoculation and measurements of the extent to which the vaccine could be diluted and still induce antibody formation; i.e., antigenic extinction. In addition, comparisons were made of the rates of development of hemagglutination-inhibiting, virus-neutralizing, and complement-fixing antibody activities to determine the relationship among these three properties of the serum of immunized animals.
It was found that levels of antibody many fold higher were induced by the virus-adjuvant mixtures as compared with virus in an aqueous menstruum, and that the level of antibody induced was related to the quantity of antigen incorporated in the emulsion. The stock vaccine when emulsified could be diluted 100,000-fold and was still active in antibody formation whereas a 100-fold dilution of the antigen without emulsification was essentially ineffective. Equivalent quantities of virus in 0.1 ml. or 1.0 ml. of emulsion induced antibody responses that were indistinguishable with respect to level or persistence.
In comparing the course of antibody development it was found that hemagglutination-inhibiting, virus-neutralizing, and complement-fixing antibodies develop at different rates; careful analysis of the data derived from the present study together with other observations warrant the conclusion that these antibody activities are not present in constant proportion and are independent of one another. The implications of this observation and of the others mentioned above are discussed.
THE LYSIS IN RABBITS OF INTRAVASCULAR BLOOD CLOTS BY THE STREPTOCOCCAL FIBRINOLYTIC SYSTEM (STREPTOKINASE)
Authors: Johnson Alan J. , Tillett William S. 
Published: June 2004

1. Based upon quantitative estimations of the factors that promote or retard the development and activity of the streptococcal fibrinolytic phenomenon, an active lytic system was developed within the circulating blood stream of rabbits following the intravenous infusion of streptokinase. During the infusion of adequate doses of SK, an active lytic system was observed to be present within 30 minutes following the beginning of the experiment and remained present for periods of time ranging from 1 to 20 hours depending primarily upon the concentration of SK and the duration of the infusion. Some of the biochemical changes accompanying the lytic system in vivo were: (a) a striking fall in the plasminogen; (b) a moderate fall in the serum inhibitor and the fibrinogen; and, (c) a rise in the acid-soluble nitrogen. These changes were usually self-terminating within 24 hours following the infusion of SK. In earlier studies similar trends were observed in the chest fluid of patients with hemothorax and empyema treated locally with streptokinase (22).
2. Intravascular clots, induced artificially by local applications of sodium morrhuate within the ear vein of the rabbits, were observed to liquefy and disappear in 23 of 25 rabbits during the intravenous infusion of SK into the opposite ear.
The average quantity of SK necessary to effect an active lytic system was found to be about 40,000 units per kilo per hour.
The clot in the ear vein was observed to be lysed completely in periods of time ranging from 3 to 7 hours after the infusion of SK was begun. Maintenance of an active lytic system for 3 to 4 additional hours was required to prevent re-formation of the clots at the original site. In 3 of 4 rabbits in which clots did reform, ACTH had been given to combat the toxic effects of the streptococcal concentrates.
3. The toxicity of the unusually large dose of the streptococcal concentrates, containing measured amounts of SK, along with other identifiable and unknown substances, was considerable, inasmuch as 8 animals eventually died. No evidence of pulmonary infarction was observed at autopsy. The administration of ACTH appeared to prevent a fatal outcome in at least 3 of the rabbits. Further studies of toxicity are in progress.
THE PATTERN OF TISSUE REACTIONS TO AUTOLOGOUS AND HOMOLOGOUS MUSCULOFASCIAL TRANSPLANTS
Authors: Andresen Richard H. , Monroe Clarence W. , Hass George M. 
Published: June 2004

Simultaneous autologous and homologous musculofascial transplants were made in New Zealand white rabbits. The basic pattern of degeneration and granulation tissue organization of both types of transplant was essentially identical. The superposition of two reactions in the framework of organizing granulation tissue served to distinguish homologous from autologous transplants. One reaction to homologous transplants was predominantly characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and the other by angeitis. The principal locus of these reactions was in the musculofascial zone of the transplant, and from this zone the reactions spread to a variable degree through the fascia into the overlying pannus of granulation tissue. When single homologous transplants were made, the lymphocytic and mild angeitic forms of reaction predominated, becoming conspicuous at the end of 2 weeks. When multiple successive homologous transplants were made from the same donor to the same recipient, acute angeitis with thrombosis supervened and the lymphocytic reaction failed to develop or persist. Multiple successive autologous transplants, on the other hand, did not influence the type or degree of reaction to autologous transplants in the same animal. There was no evidence that autologous transplants had any influence upon the sequence of reactions to homologous transplants or that the presence of homologous transplants influenced the nature of the reaction to autologous transplants in the same animal.
Until better methods are developed, methods of bio-assay of the type described, though lacking in quantitative precision, offer the best means for further analysis of factors which govern the incompatibility of tissues of one animal for those of another animal of the same species.
EXPERIMENTAL GLOBULIN GLOMERULONEPHRITIS IN RABBITS
Authors: Waugh Douglas , More Robert H. 
Published: June 2004

Diffuse glomerulonephritis was induced in unilaterally nephrectomized albino rabbits by giving them two massive intravenous injections of purified bovine serum gamma globulin. Morphologically, these renal lesions were similar to those of human acute and subacute glomenilonephritis. Globulin nephritis in rabbits also closely resembles experimental nephritis induced by injection of other foreign proteins.
The course of this experimental disease was characterized by abrupt onset of proteinuria, hematuria, elevation of serum globulin, and reduction of albumin. Uremia developed in some animals. The manifestations of nephritis during life coincided with the development of demonstrable antibodies to the injected globulin.
In view of the similarities between experimental globulin nephritis in rabbits and human nephritis, together with common features with other experimental nephritis, it is suggested that all may have a common pathogenetic mechanism. It is concluded that quantitative antibody response may be of greater importance in the pathogenesis of nephritis than antigen specificity.