bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Problematics of American Indian Ethnicity
Authors: Nagel Joane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Red Power period of American Indian activism was an important force in the renewal of American Indian ethnicity, inspiring a resurgence in American Indian self-identification, kindling a renaissance of native culture, and speeding a reform of federal Indian policy. By spotlighting Indian grievances, empowering Indian groups and individuals, and challenging prevailing definitions and evaluations of Indian rights and efficacy, Red Power redefined and revitalized Indianness. The road to self-renewal was an exhilarating journey, one marked by celebration and by tragedy as well. Like all great transformations, the legacy of Red Power for American Indian ethnicity involved much that was constructive, inspirational, and empowering for native individuals and communities.
The Dilemmas of Domesticity: Possession and Devotional Experience Among Urban Smarta Women
Authors: Hancock Mary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The introductory essay to this volume suggests that by tracing marriage’s margins or boundaries we are enabled to better discern what is central to marriage and, taking this notion a step further, to see that inversions of and resistance to normative versions of marriage may be read as “diagnostic indicators” of the complex relations of knowledge and power that support claims about the meaning of Hindu marriage.1 In this essay I engage the center periphery dynamic, and its ambiguities, through a discussion of the interpenetrations of bhakti(religious devotion) and spirit possession in several Smarta Brahman households. Bhakti,an umbrella term for a variety of ecstatic devotional forms dating from the seventh century c.E., has often been viewed as a critique “from below” of the formalism of Hindu orthodoxy and the accompanying structural inequalities of caste.2 I would like to argue here for a more complicated and nuanced approach to the “resistance” often attributed to bhakti.
Abandoning Shame: Mira and the Margins of Marriage
Authors: Harlan Lindsey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mira Bai is undoubtedly the most famous woman saint in the history of north Indian devotionalism (bhakti).Mira’s story-or, rather, some version of it-is known to people of all ages and from all tiers of society. It has been passed down through generations orally and recently in small religious pamphlets, in schoolbooks, and even in the colorful comic books of which children and Indologists are so fond. My interest in Mira has been limited to the narrative tradition familiar to Rajasthani Rajput women, particularly aristocratic women, among whom I have done extensive fieldwork. Many of the women I interviewed mentioned Mira as one of the women they most admired. Their admiration made sense to me: Mira was a Rajput princess in Mewar, the area in which I based my research. Moreover, she is an illustrious ancestor in a culture that venerates ancestors. Mira, however, has little in common with the other women frequently mentioned as admirable: while the others behaved in a manner consistent with Rajput normative codes, Mira did not. Thus while many Rajput women are quick to claim her as a member of their community and to celebrate her character, they also tend to believe she really was on rather bad behavior. Their commentary on Mira’s story reveals ambivalence about a great woman who acted shamelessly.
Blake; or, the Huts of America by Martin Delany
Authors: Takaki Ronald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On one of those exciting occasions, during a contest for the Presidency of the United States, a number of gentlemen met in the city of Baltimore. They were few in number, and appeared little concerned about the affairs of the general government. Though men of intelligence, their time and attention appeared to be entirely absorbed in an adventure of self interest. They met for the purpose of completing arrangements for refitting the old ship ‘Merchantman,’ which then lay in the harbor near Fell’s Point. Colonel Stephen Franks, Major James Armsted, Captain Richard Paul and Captain George Royer, composed those who represented the American side-Captain Juan Garcia and Captain Jose Castello, those of Cuban interest. Here a conversation ensued upon what seemed a point of vital importance to the company; it related to the place best suited for the completion of their arrangements.
Violence in Fantasy: The Fiction of William Wells Brown
Authors: Takaki Ronald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Men do not love those who remind them of their sins-unless they have a mind to repent-and the mulatto child’s face is a standing accusation against him who is master and father to the child. What is still worse, perhaps, such a child is a constant offense to the wife. She hates its very presence, and when a slaveholding woman hates, she wants not means to give that hate telling effect. As I see it, it is through the process of making artistic forms-plays, poems, novels-out of one’s experiences that one becomes a writer, and it is through this process, this struggle, that the writer helps give meaning to the experience of the group. ART as William Wells Brown defined it for himself had little or no significance unless it was related to life and the struggle for black liberation. As he created his plays, short stories, and novels, Brown drew heavily from his experiences as a slave, protesting against the injustices and barbarities of the peculiar institution. Like Frederick Douglass’ The Heroic Slave and Martin Delany’s Blake, Brown’s fiction had a definite political purpose. His abolitionism was quite obvious in his art. Commenting on Brown’s novel Clotel; or the President’s Daughter (1853), the Boston Liberator pointed out that there was much in it “calculated to intensify the moral indignation of the world Violence in the Black Imagination against slavery.” In a review of Brown’s play The Escape, or a Leap for Freedom (1858), the Auburn (New York) Daily Advertiser praised the drama as “a masterly refutation of all apologies for slavery. “2 But Brown’s creative expressions represented more than abolitionist tracts. In a crucial sense, his fiction was profoundly personal: It offered him a way to deal with the painful and vexing dilemmas he had experienced in his past and could not forget after his escape to the North. Thus his life and his fantasy graded into each other in his fiction, and this fusion served a need Brown deeply felt. In his imagination he was able to act out his rage and frustration as well as the violence he wished to bring down on his oppressors.
Fundamentalism and the Control of Women
Authors: Brown Karen Mccarthy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Religious fundamentalism is very difficult to define; yet many of us—scholars and journalists in particular—think we know it when we see it. For those attuned to gender as a category of analysis, a stab of recognition is often occasioned by the presence of high degrees of religiously sanctioned control of women. In conservative religious movements around the world, women are veiled or otherwise covered; confined to the home or in some other way strictly limited in their access to the public sphere; prohibited from testifying in a court of law, owning property, or initiating divorce; and they are very often denied the authority to make their own reproductive choices.
Uncovering Lives
Authors: Elms Alan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychobiography is often attacked by critics who feel that it trivialises complex adult personalities, `explaining the large deeds of great individuals,’ as George Will wrote, `by some slight the individual suffered at a tender age - say, 7, when his mother took away a lollipop.’ Yet, as Alan Elms argues in Uncovering Lives, in the hands of a skilled practictioner, psychobiography can rival the very best traditional biography in the insights it offers. In presenting his case Elms offers his own vivid psychological portraits of prominent personality theorists (Freud, Jung, Allport, Skinner), imaginative writers (including Isaac Asimov, Jack Williamson, L. Frank Baum, and Vladimir Nabokov), and political figures (such as George Bush, Jimmy Carter, and Saddam Hussein).
The Psychologist as Biographer
Authors: Elms Alan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Homo sapiens is the biographical animal. Humans differ from other creatures not only in anticipating their group and individual future but in reviewing and recounting their personal past-and in being fascinated by the personal pasts of other humans. Even in cultures where formal biography has remained undeveloped, details of individual life history are shared and spread by gossip, rumor, and personal confession. In our culture, the biographical impulse still operates much of the time at this informal level. But a tradition of formal biography has evolved as well, beginning with Plutarch’s Parallel Lives. In this tradition, the biographer studies an individual’s life and prepares an orderly account of it.
L. Frank Baum
Authors: Elms Alan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At An Age when my daughters were old enough for “chapter books” but still young enough to enjoy being read to, I read them the first Oz book: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, by L. Frank Baum. They loved it, so I read them the second Oz book, The Marvelous Land of Oz. After that they went on to read Baum’s other twelve Oz books by themselves. I had read The Wonderful Wizard of Oz once before, when I was ten. Rereading it as an adult, I found its menaces and delights both fresh and familiar. Though my memories were heavily overlaid with repeated viewings of the film version, the book was still back there somewhere in my brain. The 1939 Wizard of Oz with Judy Garland is one of the best movies ever made from a book, but I was pleased to encounter again all the details of character and place and plot that the movie left out.
God of Abraham
Authors: Goodman L E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This cogently argued and richly illustrated book rejects the dichotomy between the God of Abraham and the God of the philosophers to argue that the two are one. In God of Abraham, one of our leading philosophers of religion shows how human values can illuminate our idea of God and how the monotheistic idea of God in turn illuminates our moral, social, cultural, aesthetic, and even ritual understanding. Throughout Goodman draws on a wealth of traditional, philosophical, historical, and anthropological materials, and particularly on a wide range of Jewish sources. He demonstrates how an adequate understanding of the interplay of values with monotheism dissolves many of the longstanding problems of natural theology and ethics and guides us toward a genuinely humanistic moral and social philosophy.
The Logic of Monotheism
Authors: Goodman L E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In common usage the name of God, like most philosophically interesting words, bears a variety of senses, some contradictory to others, some incoherent in themselves. But a Socratic process, threshing these usages against one another, can winnow out a coherent idea of divinity. Elementally, what is meant is something extraordinary, in which strong feelings and powerful energies are vested—powerful values. For energies here are values. Gods are the creators of nature or culture, the manifest or hidden causes, sources, essences, or identities of events. They are the authors of our traits, the springs of human motives and intentions, governing powers of the interests that direct the salient happenings in our lives.
The Doable Good: The Individual and the Community
Authors: Goodman L E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our last chapter examined some of the characteristics we might expect in prescriptions deserving to be thought of as God’s, although we made no pretense of deducing such imperatives a priori but made constant reference to the Torah’s articulation of the commands we are urged to hold constantly before our eyes. Now I want to reverse the fields and work somewhat more inductively, surveying the tradition to discover what it contains that we can think of as expressing God’s will. This takes us out of the realm of theory and into the domain of what Aristotle called the doable good, where principles are concretized in practice. Our work here is not simply descriptive. For the canon as we receive it accommodates the ideal of Perfection to a wide variety of circumstances and preserves the resultant crystallizations not merely archivally, as insects in the amber of time, but by subtly reworking them into the living fabric of normative practice.
Ethical Monism and Ethical Pluralism
Authors: Goodman L E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Monotheism demands an integration of our ethical values and is itself sustained by that integration. But does it make us ethical monists, reducing all goods to a single aim? Or does it tolerate a plurality of aims in each of us and a diversity of styles in us all? Does it set up a competition between all our activities and some single highest good? Or does it foster an integration, in which activities retain their intrinsic value? In this chapter I want to consider two models of ethical integration—the pluralism of Saadiah and the ethical monism of Maimonides—and to argue that the apparent disparity between the two is overdrawn and the idea that they cannot be reconciled is illusory: the integration called for by monotheism does not immolate but preserves and presupposes the intrinsic worth of the activities that the good life integrates.
A Historical Framework for Social Epidemiology
Authors: Berkman Lisa F , Kawachi Ichiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of states of health in populations (Susser 1973). Ever since John Graunt (1662) counted deaths in county parishes in England in the seventeenth century, social variations in morbidity and mortality have been observed. Early studies often centered on the ill effects of poverty, poor housing conditions, and work environments. By the nineteenth century, physicians such as Villerme (1830) and Virchow (1848) refined observations identifying social class and work conditions as crucial determinants of health and disease (Rosen 1963). Durkheim wrote eloquently about another profound social experience, that of social integration and how it was related to patterns of mortality, especially suicide (1897). So, in many ways, the idea that social conditions influence health is not new. Social epidemiology, however, is.
Socioeconomic Position
Authors: Lynch John , Kaplan George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between the socioeconomic position of individuals and populations and their health is well established—the socioeconomically better-off doing better on most measures of health status. Indeed, this direct association between socioeconomic position, measured in various ways, and health status has been recognized for centuries (Antonovsky 1967). In medieval Europe, for example, Paracelsus noted unusually high rates of disease in miners (1567). By the 19th century, systematic investigations were being conducted by Villermé into the relationship between rent levels of areas and mortality in Paris (Susser et al. 1985).
Depression and Medical Illness
Authors: Carney Robert M , Freedland Kenneth E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Depression is an ambiguous term that can refer to an individual symptom (dysphoric mood), a syndrome, or any of several disorders. Dysphoric mood is a normal response to loss and other adverse circumstances. Thus, it is usually not regarded as clinically significant unless other depressive symptoms are also present. Syndromal depression is an unpleasant mood state involving multiple depressive symptoms are also present.
Health and Social Policy
Authors: Heymann S Jody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evidentiary base for social determinants of health has grown increasingly strong. The evidence shows that people living in poverty have poorer health, even when controlling for exposure to other known risk factors for disease (VanLoon et al. 1995; Fiscella and Franks 1997; Montgomery et al. 1996; Issler et al. 1996; Starfield 1992; Wise and Meyers 1988).
Greek Reflexive Pronouns
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The usual G reflexive pronouns are combinations of the personal pronouns with the intensive cxiJT{x; ‘same, self’ (itself of obscure and disputed origin). In Hom. they are still uncompounded, as eµo’i cxvrwi, ao’i cxvrwi, eo’i cxvrwi. The later Ionic forms in Hdt., such as eµEwvrov, started with the dat.sg. ewvrwi from “eocxvrwi from fo’i cxvrwi. The Att. forms, eµcxvrov, 11€CXVTOV or IJCXVTOV, ECXVTOV or CXVTOV, would seem to be most simply explained as starting from the acc. sg. forms eµ’cxv­ rov, 11€ CXVTOV, E CXVTOV. But if instead they are properly eµetVTOV and so on, to which some late forms like ef:trov point, they will rather have started with the dat.sg. fo’i cxvrwi like the Ion. forms, corresponding to the latter in the same phonetic relation as Att.· f:tv p to Ion. wv p (both from o ow p).
Conjugation - Eventive Verbs
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Non-Finite Forms. The parent speech formed active and middle participles to eventive STEMS. Thus, since they are built to the same stem, the present and imperfect tenses do not form separate participles; but every primary and secondary stem-causative, desiderative, and the rest-might have its own participle: 1. Active participles, formed with the suffix “-ont-/-tJt-, whose formation is discussed in detail in 554-6. This is very widely attested in IE languages, including Hitt.; its absence from Celtic, where it is attested only in non-verbal forms (for example car(a)eH /kape/ ‘friend’), is striking. 2. Middle participles, formed with the suffixes “-meno-, “-mno- (560), simple thematics. They are much less widely attested than the active participles, being wholly absent in Celtic, Slavic, and Germanic, and the formation is found in Italic and Anatolian only in fugitive and disputed remnants. a. Infinitives (551-3) did not exist as such in PIE, nor gerunds. Nominactionis based on roots belonging to a number of different stems could enter into a variety of relationships with other nouns (as in NE his departure for France or the expectation of arrival and so on). But as in the case of English nominaactionis, as exemplified by reject, rejection; expect, expectation; respect, respect; conflict, conflict, and so on, there was to begin with no paradigmatic system.
The Present Classes in Latin The Latin Conjugations
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The familiar classification of L verbs in four conjugations is based on the infinitive only. Except for most of the verbs in the first conjugation there is no uniformity in the perfect stem or the participle within a given conjugation. Perfects in -vf or -uf, reduplicated perfects (with and without the reduplication intact), and root aorists occur in all four conjugations; and perfect stems based on the saorists occur in all but the first. Verbs of the first, second, and fourth conj. reflect “-ye/o- stems (456, 460), often added to some earlier stem. Those of the third conjugation represent the thematic presents, both simple and formed with other thematic suffixes, including some (the capio subvariety) in “-f/o- (479.6; 481). The peculiarities of the ‘irregular verbs’ (482-96) are mostly relics of athematic inflection.
Non-Finite Forms Infinitives
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The infinitive is in origin a case form of a verbal noun which has become a fixture of the verb system, substituting under certain circumstances for a finite (person-marked) verb. While the use of verbal nouns as absolutes in this way may have begun in the parent speech, no particular set of forms was standard. By contrast, in most attested IE languages, including Sanskrit (from the Epic period on), G, and L, the range of infinitive forms and the formal relationships they bear to finite stems are to a large extent predictable. But the systems seen in these languages are only the end points of an evolution which is no more than well underway in the Rigveda, which therefore provides a window on history. In the absence of the Vedic information we would simply have said that the regular Skt. infin. in -tum (as seen in gantum ‘to go’ and janitum ‘to beget’) and the L supine in -tum continued a PIE form of absolute verbal noun. More or less simple statements could be made about all other infinitive forms, the only hint of a more complex story being the lack of agreement from group to group. The evidence provided by the Rigveda makes it unnecessary to speculate on why this is: its 700-odd forms that may be confidently taken as infinitives are made from a variety of noun stems and cases, amounting to thirty-five different types in all.
Introduction: The Convergence of Productivity, Its Significance, and Its Varied Connotations
Authors: Baumol William J , Nelson Richard R , Wolff Edward N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This collection of essays reviews the current state of knowledge of the convergence hypothesis, which asserts that at least a fairly restricted set of countries, the members of the “convergence club,” are undergoing a process that brings their levels of productivity and living standards increasingly close to one another. The book summarizes the available empirical information and contributes a considerable amount of new evidence. It examines the patterns exhibited by individual industries in particular countries as well as the behavior of the aggregate economies of those countries and their manufacturing sectors. It reports evidence, old and new, on the influences underlying the degree of convergence that appears in fact to have occurred. It studies the role that convergence has played and promises to play in the future of the newly industrialized countries and the less developed countries. There are separate investigations of performance in earlier periods, notably that of the United States, and analytic comparisons with the record after World War II. The chapters are about equally divided in focusing on two different convergence concepts to which we will refer, respectively, as homogenization and catch-up. The first refers to a state ofaffairs in which most of the countries in some specified group constantly grow closer to one another in terms of per-capita incomes and other pertinent variables. The second concept refers to the case in which laggard countries narrow the distance separating them from the leading economy. More will be said shortly about the distinction between the two orientations.
Explaining the Economic Performance of Nations, 1820–1989
Authors: Maddison Angus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to establish how Western countries became rich and to understand why the rest of the world is poorer. I first measure the extent ofreal-income disparities to see how they have changed since 1820. I examine the causal role of quantifiable factors—natural resources, raw labor, human capital, and physical capital—and speculate on their interaction with demographic change, the growth and diffusion of technology, the growth of international trade and capital flows, and changes in economic structure. There are also deeper and less tangible layers of causality related to the character of basic institutions, the degree of social conflict, the international order, ideology, and the nature of economic policy. These underlie, interact with, and complement the “proximate” causality.