bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypothalamic tissue stimulates hippocampal pyramidal neuron survival during development: Evidence from intraocular double transplants
Authors: Curtis M. , Bergman H. , Price M. L. , Srivastava N. , Granholm A.‐Ch. E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to evaluate innervation and possible growth promotion by posterior hypothalamic tissue on different areas that are, or are not, interactive with this brain region during development. Posterolateral hypothalamus was dissected from embryonic day 17 rat fetuses, and inserted into the anterior chamber of the eye of adult rat hosts. Two weeks postgrafting, a second transplant consisting of either fetal hippocampal, cerebellar, or lung tissue was placed adjacent to the first graft. Growth of the intraocular double transplants was monitored weekly by measurements through the cornea. Fetal hippocampal tissue grew significantly larger when placed together with a hypothalamic graft, as compared to single hippocampal transplants. Cerebellar or lung tissue growth was not stimulated by a hypothalamic cograft. Pyramidal neuron cell counts demonstrated a significantly higher final number of these neurons in growth‐stimulated hippocampal grafts, as compared to non‐stimulated single hippocampal grafts. Immunohistochemistry with antibodies directed against histamine or histidine decarboxylase revealed that hippocampal transplants received the most dense histaminergic innervation. Cerebellar transplants contained occasional histaminergic neurites, and lung tissue never exhibited any histaminergic innervation from the adjacent hypothalamic graft. Taken together, these results demonstrate a growth‐promoting effect of posterior hypothalamic tissue on developing hippocampal tissue, as well as target specificity of histaminergic innervation patterns. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive functioning in a hypnotic drug trial
Authors: Wheatley David 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn a 2 week comparative trial between lormetazepam (LMA) and temazepam (TEM) in 162 insomniac patients, Critical Flicker Fusion Threshhold (CFFT) and Digit Symbol Substitution (DSS) tests were performed, pre‐treatment and at days 7 and 14. With neither drug was there any difference in CFFT, but highly significant improvement in DSS (p < 0.001). Patients completed daily visual analogue scales concerned with various sleep parameters and daytime effects. Sleep was significantly improved with both drugs from day 1 onwards, as were daytime general wellbeing and alertness. There was significant improvement in daytime balance and coordination in the LMA group (p < 0·001 by day 14) but not in the TEM group. Daytime anxiety improved significantly in both groups, but on day 14 this improvement was still significant in the LMA group (p < 0·001) but not in the TEM group. The incidence of daytime fatigue (p < 0·001), drowsiness (p < 0·02) and headache (p < 0·001) were significantly reduced with LMA and daytime fatigue (p < 0·01) and headache (p < 0·001) with TEM, but with no significant between group differences. The severity of daytime fatigue was significantly less with LMA than with TEM (p < 0·05).
Lithium neurotoxicity—the reliability of serum lithium measurements
Authors: Amdisen A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSome of the case reports describing presumed lithium/neuroleptic interactions are considered. Lithium toxicity is proposed as a possible mechanism. The paucity of data provided on the 12‐hour serum lithium levels should be noted. Most case reports do not specify the time interval between the last lithium dose and the time of venesection. Also, inadequate consideration seems to have been given to individual pharmacokinetic variability and demonstrates an apparent lack of awareness of the physiological time‐course of sub‐acute lithium toxicity.
Is there a therapeutic window for plasma concentration of mianserin plus desmethylmianserin?
Authors: Otani Koichi , Kaneko Sunao , Sasa Hiroshi , Kondo Tsuyoshi , Fukushima Yutaka 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe relationship between clinical effects and plasma concentrations of mianserin and desmethylmianserin was studied in 29 cases of major depression during 3 weeks of mianserin treatment. The daily dose of mianserin was 30 mg in 27 cases and 20 mg in two cases. There was a significant U‐shaped relationship between the final Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score and the steady‐state plasma concentration of mianserin (p<0·05) or desmethylmianserin (p<0·05). A much stronger relationship was observed for mianserin plus desmethylmianserin (p<0·001). A theoretical therapeutic window (where a final MADRS score was expected to be 10 or less) was 71–128 nmol/1 for mianserin, 34–61 nmol/1 for desmethylmianserin, and 101–183 nmol/1 for mianserin plus desmethylmianserin. The proportion of responders was significantly higher inside than outside the window for mianserin plus desmethylmianserin (p=0·0033), but not for mianserin (p=0·063) or for desmethylmianserin (p=0·077). The occurrence of subjective side‐effects was not dependent on the plasma concentrations of these compounds. The present study suggests that desmethylmianserin contributes substantially to the overall antidepressant effects of mianserin treatment, and that the therapeutic response is most dependent on the combined plasma concentration of mianserin and desmethylmianserin, with an optimal therapeutic response occurring in the intermediate range.
Disposition of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol plasma levels after single dose haloperidol decanoate administration
Authors: Chang Wen‐Ho , Juang Dong‐Juiing , Lin Shih‐Ku , Huang Jin‐Ding , Lam Yw Francis , Jann Michael W. , Chien Ching‐Piao 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA single dose of haloperidol decanoate 100 mg was administered to 15 schizophrenic patients. Blood samples were obtained prior to injection, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 8 h, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, one week, two weeks, three weeks and four weeks post‐injection. Haloperidol and its reduced metabolite, reduced haloperidol, plasma levels were assayed by HPLC with electrochemical detection. The pharmacokinetic parameters of haloperidol were determined. The mean time of maximal (Tmax) plasma levels for haloperidol was 5·73 ± 0·80 days. The haloperidol plasma levels showed a biexponential decline with an elimination half‐life of 15·78 ± 5·90 days. Reduced haloperidol was rapidly formed from the haloperidol. The Tmax of reduced haloperidol was 7·00 ± 2·35 days. The mean ratio reduced haloperidol/haloperidol was 0·155 ± 0·111. Since the Tmax occurs at approximately six days, a weekly loading dose of haloperidol decanoate is feasible during the transition from oral to depot therapy.
Cerebral ventricular enlargement and neuroleptic response in chronic schizophrenia: Preliminary findings with risperidone
Authors: Bersani Giuseppe , Venturi Piero , Tanfani Giuseppe , Pancheri Paolo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn this pilot clinical study the aim was to investigate whether the clinical response to a chronic treatment with risperidone was related to brain morphology. We evaluated the relationship between Ventricular–Brain Ratio (VBR), and clinical response to risperidone, as assessed through the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Eighteen chronic schizophrenics (DSM III‐R diagnostic criteria) were subjected to a computerized tomographic scan. For the total PANSS and each PANSS subscale (Positive, Negative and General Psychopathology) the percentage change between baseline rating and the score measured at 28, 56 days and 1 year of treatment was calculated. VBR was positively related to the percentage decrement of the total PANSS score, the Negative subscale score and the General Psychopathology subscale score as measured at one year of continuous treatment with risperidone. There was no significant differences between completers (subjects who complete the therapy with risperidone) (N = 8) and noncompleters (N = 10) when baseline clinical characteristcs were compared. VBR was not significantly different in the two subgroups.
Diet and gender moderate clozapine‐related weight gain
Authors: Heimberg Carolyn , Gallacher Fiona , Gur Ruben C. , Gur Raquel E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study examined patients with schizophrenic disorders treated with clozapine in a state hospital setting. Gender and diet affected weight gain over a six‐month period. Pre‐treatment weight status also related to eventual weight gain. There were no significant effects of dosage. Weight gain was most pronounced in non‐dieting women. This has implications for management of patients on clozapine.
The effect of trimethadione on brain energy metabolism and EEG activity of the conscious rat exposed to HPO
Authors: Mayevsky Avraham 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe use of trimethadione (TMO) as a protector in hyperbaric oxygen toxicity in the conscious rat has been examined in detail. The oxidation‐reduction state of pyridine nucleotides was measured simultaneously with the EEG activity from the surface of the brain cortex. From the data obtained, a few parameters were calculated. The results show that in TMO‐treated animals the time to the onset of convulsions, the time to the onset of NADH oxidation‐reduction cycles, and the survival time were significantly longer than in the control group. The effect of TMO on the EEG shows that the tonic phase of the convulsive activity was almost completely abolished.
Nicotine‐induced reflex depression of α motoneuron activity in the absence of fusimotor‐spindle feedback
Authors: Ginzel K. H. , Estavillo J. , Eldred E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of nicotine on the stretch reflex and on electrically induced monosynaptic and cutaneous polysynaptic reflex responses at a lumbosacral level were studied in lightly anesthetized (chloralose‐urethane) cats in which the regional fusimotor‐spindle loops had been interrupted by ventral rhizotomy. Doses of 15–40 μg/kg injected into the superior vena cava or the right atrium produced depression of the reflex responses in extensor and flexor α motoneurons after latent periods of 1–3 sec, while γ activity was initially accelerated. The early phase of this α depression was abolished by bilateral vagotomy. Sebacylcholine (a nicotinic agent) and acetylcholine also caused depression of evoked α activity in the absence of spindle feedback. It is concluded that nicotine activates a viscerosomatic reflex by exciting sensory receptors in the cardiopulmonary region and that α motor depression results independent of the changes in γ activity. However, α depression with delayed onset can still be elicited by nicotine after vagotomy and Renshaw blockade, and this effect is also duplicated by sebacylcholine and aboilshed by hexamethonium. In the doses used, spindle or skin afferents were not excited by nicotine. Thus, two more mechanisms are described by which nicotine can depress α activity. Both are reflex in nature, one implicating vagal, the other nonvagal peripheral receptors.
Tryptophan metabolism and the occurrence of amino acids and serotonin in the leech (Hirudo medicinalis) nervous system
Authors: Stenzel Karin , Neuhoff Volker 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe occurrence and distribution of serotonin (5‐HT) and amino acids along the central nerve chain of the leech, Hirudo medicinalis, was analyzed using dansylchloride in order to obtain information on the functional roles of amines and amino acids. There was no statistical variation in the occurrence of most of the amino acids or serotonin in the different parts of the dorsal nerve chain of the leech. A variation in the serotonin content was found during the year with the highest level occurring in winter. Leech ganglia also accumulated 3H‐tryptophan and metabolized part of it to form 5‐HTP, 5‐HT, and 5‐HIAA. The resutls are discussed from the point of view of 5‐HT being a transmitter substance.
The chronic and acute effects of ethanol on adenosine triphosphatase activity in cultured astroblast and neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Syapin P. J. , Stefanovic V. , Mandel P. , Noble E. P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMg2+ATPase and (Na+K+)ATPase activities were measured in clonal line NN hamster astroblasts and in clonal lines M1 and N1E‐115 mouse neuroblastoma cells after the cells had been subjected to the acute and chronic actions of 100 mM ethanol. Exposure of the astroblasts to ethanol for periods as long as 68 days produced an increase in total cellular Mg2+ ATPase activity, as measured in cell homogenates; however, activity reverted to control levels upon withdrawal of ethanol. Chronic exposure of clonal line N1E‐115 neuroblastoma cells to ethanol produced an increase in Mg2+ATPase and (Na+K+)ATPase activities. In contrast, the activities of both ATPases of clonal line M1 neuroblasts were unaffected by chronic exposure to ethanol. Acute exposure of cell homogenates to 100 mM ethanol inhibited Mg2+ ATPase and (Na+K+)ATPase of astroblasts but not that of neuroblastoma cells. These findings suggest that neural cells in culture may serve as useful models for studying the effects of ethanol on specific cell types.
Production of the weanling rat dorsomedial hypothalamic syndrome by cathodal electrolytic lesion current
Authors: Bernardis Lee L. , Goldman Jack K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWeanling male Sprague‐Dawley rats received bilateral electrolytic lesions in the dorsomedial hypothalamic area by means of a direct cathodal current. Sham‐operated rats served as controls. Ponderal and linear growth, obesity index, food intake, and several indices of intermediary metabolims of adipose tissue and muscle were measured. Cathodal lesions, as did anodal lesions reported on previously, resulted in retardation of body weight, length, and food intake, while the obesity index remained in the normal range. Similarly, the metabolic data in adipose tissue and muscle are comparable to those from experiments in which dorsomedial lesions were placed by anodal current: incorporation of glucose into CO2, lipid, and glycogen of muscle tissue (diaphragm) were similar in DMN‐lesioned rats and controls. The difference between anodal and cathodal lesions in this hypothalamic syndrome is a delay in the onset of hypophagia until about 30 days after the hypothalamic operation. The data support the concept that lesions in the hypothalamus, in general, exert their effect by destruction of neuronal assemblies, i.e., nerve cells and/or fiber tracts passing through the lesioned area.
Comparison of light‐microscopic methods for visualizing horseradish peroxidase granules in stained and unstained tissue
Authors: Anderson Kenneth V. , Rosing Howard S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study was directed toward a comparison of the effectiveness of three different light‐microscopical methods for identifying and studying the features of cells that contain horseradish peroxidase (HRP) granules. The cells studied were located in the trigeminal ganglia and were labeled after the injection of HRP solutions into single, maxillary, canine teeth. The tissue was examined with light field, dark field, and differential interference optics systems. The results indicated that differential interference optics were especially useful in revealing the presence of intracellular HRP granules in both unstained and stained tissue, particularly when cells only contained small amounts of HRP. It was also noted that a wide variety of quantitative analyses could be performed with differential interference optics, even when using unstained tissue.
Biochemical markers of ethanol effects on brain
Authors: Klemm W. R. , Engen R. L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBecause sialic acid is a potential biochemical marker of membrane development or alteration, we compared acute and chronic ethanol effects on sialic acid. Experiments were conducted with 50 adult male Wistar rats (∽400 gm), housed in groups of five. Rats drank ad libitum a vitamin‐fortified diet (Nutrament) that was adulterated with ethanol; ethanol intake averaged for each rat 10–18 gm/kg/day. Controls were fed an equal total volume, made isocaloric with sucrose. Rats were sacrificed weekly for four weeks, and an acute challenge dose of ethanol (2 gm/kg, intraperitoneally) was given 45 minutes before sacrifice of both control and ethanol‐consuming rats. Some controls were challenged only with saline. We replicated our earlier findings of regional differences in sialic acid and in cerebellar deoxyribose (measured as a necessary adjunct in the autoanalyzer modification of the Warren‐Delmotte methods).In the saline‐challenged controls, levels of both compounds were higher at four weeks than after one week. Similar increases occurred also in the chronic ethanol‐consuming group, but not in the ethanol‐challenged controls, which had significantly lower values. Results in saline‐challenged controls suggest that the chronic treatment either 1) created a tolerance which protected cells from damage by the challenge dose of ethanol, or 2) killed neurons, thus promoting proliferation of glial cells.
Acutely administered ethanol decreases whole‐brain sialic acid and cerebellar 2‐deoxyribose
Authors: Klemm W. R. , Engen R. L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAs a follow‐up to a previous study that suggested that acutely administered ethanol could decrease steady‐state brain levels of sialic acid (SA), we evaluated the time course of the ethanol effect and tested the influence of route of administration and sex.Compared to the control treatments, ethanol (2 gm/kg) significantly decreased brain SA in each of the four brain regions that were tested. The decrease was evident by 30 minutes after ethanol administration, but peak effect was reached at about 1–2 hours. The decrease occurred with either injection or self‐administration, but the greatest decrease occurred in the self‐administration group. The SA‐induced decrease was greatest in females.An ancillary part of the study included measurement of brain levels of 2‐deoxyribose (DR). Ethanol given by either route of administration caused a preferential decrease in DR levels in the cerebellum.Lesser, but statistically significant, decreases in SA and DR occurred in controls, suggesting that these chemicals are sensitive to subtle environmental contingencies associated with the experimental procedures.
Glycerol oxidation in rat brain: Subcellular localization and kinetic characteristics
Authors: Tildon J. Tyson , Roeder Lois M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe oxidation of [1,3‐14C]glycerol to 14CO was measured in slices, whole homogenates, and subcellular fractions of rat brain. In all of these tissue preparations, the Lineweaver‐Burk plots of glycerol oxidation were biphasic, yielding two apparent Km and V values. Similar kinetic characteristics were obtained with brain homogenates from guinea pig, mouse, rabbit, monkey, and pig. In other tissues of the rat, including heart, kidney, liver, and skeletal muscle, the Lineweaver‐Burk plots for glycerol oxidation were not biphasic but were linear. Heating the brain homogenates for five minutes at 5°C caused a 50% decrease in the rate of oxidation of glycerol without a change in the biphasic double reciprocal plot. The addition of purified glycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.30) to the homogenate caused an increase in the rate of oxidation and resulted in a linear Lineweaver‐Burk plot. Brain mitochondria were prepared by two different methods, both of which yielded an enrichment of glycerol oxidation. In contrast, the rate of glucose oxidation was higher in homogenates than in mitochondria, and glucose competed with glycerol as substrate only extramitochondrially. The effects of various metabolic inhibitors suggested the participation of intact, coupled mitochondria, of glycolytic enzymes, and of electron transport in the oxidation of glycerol. The data support the primary localization of glycerol oxidation in nonsynaptic mitochondria in brain and the presence in that organelle of enzymes of the Embden‐Meyerhoff pathway or an as yet unidentified system for oxidizing this compound.
GABA uptake in astrocytes in primary cultures: Coupling with two sodium ions
Authors: Larsson O. M. , Hertz L. , Schousboe A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe influence of sodium ions on GABA uptake into astrocytes in primary cultures has been investigated performing kinetic analysis of GABA uptake at different sodium concentrations in the range 16 to 151 mM. These investigations reveal that sodium affects both the Km and the Vmax of the saturable component of the astroglial GABA uptake. Uptake rates as a function of the sodium concentration at high GABA concentrations (≥ 50 μM) were clearly sigmoid whereas at lower GABA concentrations this sigmoid shape was not obvious. Accordingly, Hill plots of the sodium dependency at high GABA concentrations exhibited straight lines with slopes of 2.0 to 2.5, suggesting that the coupling ratio between sodium and GABA is at least two. Corresponding Hill plots at lower GABA concentrations exhibited slopes of 1.6 to 1.8. Moreover, plots of 1/v versus 1/Na2 gave better fits to straight lines than plots of 1/v versus 1/Na which were curvilinear upward. Again, this curvilinearity was more pronounced at high GABA concentrations than at low GABA concentrations. From these results it is concluded that GABA uptake into astrocytes in primary cultures requires the binding of at least two sodium ions per GABA molecule transported.
A difference in the in vivo cerebral production of [1‐14C] lactate from D‐[3‐14C] glucose in chronic mental patients
Authors: Sacks William , Schechter David C. , Sacks Shirley 
Published: January 2005

AbstractData from a study in which 12 chronic mental patients and 12 control subjects were given D‐[3‐14C] glucose intravenously in our arterio‐venous technique for determining cerebral metabolism in vivo were reexamined. Previously unpublished whole‐blood lactate determinations in these experiments indicated a cerebral production of much higher specific activity of [1‐14C]‐lactate from the D‐[3‐14C] glucose by mental patients. Of several possible explanations offered for this difference, the most likely was that involving a small lactate compartments(s) in some specific region(s) in which decarboxylation of the endogenously formed cerebral lactate was partially inhibited. Two other experiments with mental patients (one given [U‐14C] glucose and the other, [1‐14C] glucose) whose extraordinary results were described, in part, in a previous report, were interpreted as more extreme examples of the production of higher specific activity 14C‐lactate from 14C‐glucose by mental patients' brains upon their very unusual whole blood lactate data.
Protective effect of taurine on the light‐induced disruption of isolated frog rod outer segments
Authors: Pasantes‐Morales H. , Ademe R. M. , Quesada O. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIsolated frog rod outer segments (ROS) incubated in a Krebs‐bicarbonate medium, and illuminated for 2 h, show a profound alteration in their structure. This is characterized by distention of discs, vesiculation, and a marked swelling. The light‐induced ROS disruption requires the presence of bicarbonate and sodium chloride. Replacement of bicarbonate by TRIS or HEPES protects ROS structure. Also, substitution of sodium chloride by sucrose or choline chloride maintains unaltered the ROS structure. Deletion of calcium, magnesium, or phosphate does not modify the effect produced by illumination. An increased accumulation of labeled bicarbonate and tritiated water is observed in illuminated ROS, as compared with controls in the dark. The presence of taurine, GABA, or glycine, at concentrations of 5–25 mM, effectively counteracts the light‐induced ROS disruption. Taurine (25 mM) reduces labeled bicarbonate and tritiated water levels to those observed in the dark incubated ROS.