bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in the sacrum of phytosaurs: New evidence from a partial skeleton of Machaeroprosopus mccauleyi
Authors: LePore Caleb N. , McLain Matthew A. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractPhytosaurs are a group of Upper Triassic semi‐aquatic archosauriform reptiles. Their variable skull morphology forms the foundation of our understanding of their relationships and paleoecology, while only a few studies have focused on demonstrating the existence of postcranial variation. The numbers of vertebrae in the sacrum are thought to vary from two, the plesiomorphic condition for archosauriforms, to three, with the addition of a sacralized dorsal (i.e., dorsosacral) vertebra. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of a sacralized first caudal (i.e., caudosacral) vertebra in a sacrum belonging to Machaeroprosopus mccauleyi. We rule out taphonomic distortion or pathology as explanations for the inclusion of this element in the sacrum, suggesting instead that it occurred through modifications of the same developmental processes that likely produced dorsosacral vertebrae in phytosaurs. Additionally, we show that a dorsosacral vertebra is common in phytosaur specimens from the Chinle Formation and Dockum Group of the southwestern United States and suggest that it may be widespread among phytosaurs. The addition of sacral vertebrae potentially aided adaptation to larger body sizes or more terrestrial lifestyles in certain taxa.
Trait–growth relationships in Colombian tropical dry forests: Incorporating intraspecific variation and trait interactions
Authors: Rodríguez‐Alarcón Slendy , González‐M Roy , Carmona Carlos P. , Tordoni Enrico 
Published: January 2024

AbstractQuestionTrait‐based ecology is built on the notion that traits impact individual performance, but trait–growth relationships have rarely been tested considering the intraspecific variation, trait interactions, and potential nonlinearity in these relationships.LocationSeven tropical dry forests throughout Colombia.MethodsWe examined trait–growth relationships in 263 woody species of tropical dry forests in Colombia, including trait and growth information measured in the same individuals. We measured height, stem, and leaf traits related to growth and hydraulic safety–efficiency in 967 individuals in seven permanent plots (1 ha). We assessed trait–growth relationships using random forest models for each plot with different trait resolutions (individual, plot, area) and complexity of trait interactions (low, medium, high).ResultsTrait–growth relationships were generally weak without significant differences among trait resolutions or levels of interactions between traits. However, when considering leaf phenology, the proportion of growth variation explained in deciduous species was almost three times higher than in evergreen species. Finally, we found that the effect of traits on growth was consistent across plots and phenological strategies, with both stem (vessel area and pit diameter aperture) and leaf (leaf area and specific leaf area) traits ranked as important predictors, the relevance of which depended on the species’ leaf phenology.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that growth is probably limited by different factors depending on the species’ physiology according to the leaf habit considered. However, other factors not included in the analysis, such as microenvironmental variability, might influence trait–growth relationships in tropical dry forests. Overall, our results suggest that a trait coordination approach at the whole‐plant level is needed to better understand plants’ performance and demographic rates in this ecosystem. Further studies on the traits of regional flora and consideration of longer growth periods would help to elucidate the dynamics governing trait composition in these forests, which is essential for the design of adequate forest restoration and conservation practices.
Prospective study of nasal growth in bilateral cleft lip and palate patients after naso‐alveolar moulding and primary columella lengthening compared to controls at 5, 10 and 20 years
Authors: Meazzini Maria Costanza , Demonte Leonardo Paolo , Parravicini Francesca , Biglioli Federico , Autelitano Luca , Balbo Nicoletta 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIntroductionA short columella, wide nostrils and a flat nasal tip are common features in patients with bilateral complete cleft lip and palate (BCLP). The objective of this study was to evaluate nasal morphology during growth in patients treated with naso‐alveolar moulding (NAM) and primary surgical columella lengthening (PCL) compared with matched non‐cleft individuals.Study DesignProspective longitudinal case‐control study.Participants and MethodsThirty‐four consecutively treated BCLP patients at 5 and 10 years and at the end of growth (19.7 ± 2.0 years) were compared through normalized photogrammetry to a control of 34 age and sex‐matched non‐cleft individuals. Regression Models for Panel Data assessed how nasal measurements were influenced by surgery, age and gender.ResultsNasal protrusion was equal to non‐cleft controls at all ages. Length of the columella was also comparable to controls at 5 and 10 years, but significantly shorter at the end of growth. Inter‐alar and nasal tip width and nasolabial angle were significantly wider than controls at all ages: More than 60% of the patients have asked for correction of the nasal width, but no early surgery for columella lengthening was needed.ConclusionsNAM and PCL have provided a nasal projection close to that of non‐cleft individuals until adulthood, while length of the columella was physiological at 5 and 10, but shorter than controls at age 20. Width of the nasal tip and width of the alar bases were significantly wider than the controls and eventually required secondary nasal width correction in over two thirds of the sample.
‘I felt like I'd lost control of everything’: An exploration of metacognition and masculinity in men experiencing suicidality
Authors: Orson Jonothan , Pearson Lydia , Parker Sophie 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBackgroundSeventy‐five per cent of UK suicides are completed by men, and associated masculinity beliefs are well researched. The self‐regulatory executive functioning (S‐REF) model of distress is governed by metacognitive beliefs about mental processes, such as worry and rumination. Little is known about metacognition in male suicidality and how these processes interact with masculinity beliefs, suicidal ideation and behaviour.AimsTo identify which aspects of the S‐REF model were present in a sample of men experiencing suicidality, and to consider how these processes interact with masculinity beliefs, suicidal ideation and behaviour.MethodFifteen men experiencing suicidal ideation or behaviour were recruited from a home‐based treatment team. Semi‐structured interviews and self‐report measures were administered to identify metacognitive processes and masculinity beliefs. Interviews were analysed using the framework approach.ResultsThe S‐REF model was identified across three super‐ordinate themes; ‘the cognitive attentional syndrome (CAS) and maladaptive coping’, ‘metacognitive beliefs about worry, uncontrollability and danger’ and ‘consequences’. Thirteen sub‐ordinate themes included processes such as ‘worry’ and ‘rumination’, metacognitive beliefs such as ‘worrying helps me avoid problems’ and ‘worry is dangerous for me’ and emotional consequences such as ‘overwhelm’, ‘emasculation’ and ‘escape’.ConclusionPerseverative thinking and erroneous metacognitive beliefs were associated with reduced functioning, which was incompatible with masculinity beliefs about leadership and strength, and suicide was considered as re‐establishing control. Further research into metacognitive processes in male suicidality would enhance theoretical understanding.
Income inequality among peers in China: Does internet penetration have a role?
Authors: Liu Yulin , Li Xiaomei , Fang Xin 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIn the Internet age, income inequality within peer groups has raised attention. We examine the effect of Internet penetration on peer income inequality and investigate whether the Internet penetration and peer income inequality relationship can be reinforced by human capital. Using a combination of macro and microdatabases of China over the period 2010–2018, we find that peer income inequality in China generally follows a downward trend from 2010. In addition, we show that Internet penetration significantly reduces peer income inequality. Internet penetration has a negative effect on peer income inequality among those under 40 years old, while the effect is reversed among those aged 40–60. Furthermore, human capital can reinforce the links between Internet penetration and peer income inequality. Our results confirm that a mixed indicator of Internet penetration and human capital investment should be part of an active economic policy aimed at reducing peer income inequality.
Interaction of T‐cell‐specific adapter protein with Src‐ and Tec‐family kinases
Authors: Huszenicza Zsuzsa , Gilmour Brian C. , Koll Lise , Kjelstrup Hanna , Chan Hanna , Sundvold Vibeke , Granum Stine , Spurkland Anne 
Published: January 2024

AbstractAdapter proteins are flexible and dynamic modulators of cellular signalling that are important for immune cell function. One of these, the T‐cell‐specific adapter protein (TSAd), interacts with the non‐receptor tyrosine kinases Src and Lck of the Src family kinases (SFKs) and Itk of the Tec family kinases (TFKs). Three tyrosine residues in the TSAd C‐terminus are phosphorylated by Lck and serve as docking sites for the Src homology 2 (SH2) domains of Src and Lck. The TSAd proline‐rich region (PRR) binds to the Src homology 3 (SH3) domains found in Lck, Src and Itk. Despite known interactors, the role TSAd plays in cellular signalling remains largely unknown. TSAd's ability to bind both SFKs and TFKs may point to its function as a general scaffold for both kinase families. Using GST‐pulldown as well as peptide array experiments, we found that both the SH2 and SH3 domains of the SFKs Fyn and Hck, as well as the TFKs Tec and Txk, interact with TSAd. This contrasts with Itk, which interacts with TSAd only through its SH3 domain. Although our analysis showed that TSAd is both co‐expressed and may interact with Fyn, we were unable to co‐precipitate Fyn with TSAd from Jurkat cells, as detected by Western blotting and affinity purification mass spectrometry. This may suggest that TSAd‐Fyn interaction in intact cells may be limited by other factors, such as the subcellular localization of the two molecules or the co‐expression of competing binding partners.
Per‐step and cumulative load at three common running injury locations: The effect of speed, surface gradient, and cadence
Authors: Van Hooren Bas , van Rengs Lars , Meijer Kenneth 
Published: January 2024

AbstractUnderstanding how loading and damage on common running injury locations changes across speeds, surface gradients, and step frequencies may inform training programs and help guide progression/rehabilitation after injuries. However, research investigating tissue loading and damage in running is limited and fragmented across different studies, thereby impairing comparison between conditions and injury locations. This study examined per‐step peak load and impulse, cumulative impulse, and cumulative weighted impulse (hereafter referred to as cumulative damage) on three common injury locations (patellofemoral joint, tibia, and Achilles tendon) across different speeds, surface gradients, and cadences. We also explored how cumulative damage in the different tissues changed across conditions relative to each other. Nineteen runners ran at five speeds (2.78, 3.0, 3.33, 4.0, 5.0 m s−1), and four gradients (−6, −3, +3, +6°), and three cadences (preferred, ±10 steps min−1) each at one speed. Patellofemoral, tibial, and Achilles tendon loading and damage were estimated from kinematic and kinetic data and compared between conditions using a linear mixed model. Increases in running speed increased patellofemoral cumulative damage, with nonsignificant increases for the tibia and Achilles tendon. Increases in cadence reduced damage to all tissues. Uphill running increased tibial and Achilles tendon, but decreased patellofemoral damage, while downhill running showed the reverse pattern. Per‐step and cumulative loading, and cumulative loading and cumulative damage indices diverged across conditions. Moreover, changes in running speed, surface gradient, and step frequency lead to disproportional changes in relative cumulative damage on different structures. Methodological and practical implications for researchers and practitioners are discussed.
Tanshinone IIA, a component of the self‐made Xiao‐Yin decoction, ameliorates psoriasis by inhibiting IL‐17/IL‐23 and PTGS2/NF‐κB/AP‐1 pathways
Authors: Fu Lei , Li Meijiao , Wang Peng , Chen Lang , Huang Jianqiu , Zhang Hui 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBackgroundPsoriasis is a persistent inflammatory dermatological disorder. Tanshinone IIA (tan‐IIA) is a biologically active compound in the self‐made Xiao‐Yin decoction (SMXYD) and exhibits diverse biological properties, such as anti‐proliferative and anti‐inflammatory effects. The objective of this investigation was to assess the potential of tan‐IIA as a therapeutic agent against psoriasis.MethodsNetwork pharmacology was employed to ascertain the active constituents and potential pathways associated with SMXYD and psoriasis. We conducted CCK‐8, qRT‐PCR, and western blotting to assess the proliferation of HaCaT keratinocytes and the expression of IL‐17/IL‐23 and PTGS2/NF‐κB/AP‐1 pathways. Additionally, we used H&E staining, western blotting, and ELISA to evaluate the therapeutic effects and signaling pathways of tan‐IIA in psoriasis‐like mice induced by imiquimod (IMQ).ResultsNetwork pharmacology analysis identified eight hub compounds. The Th17/IL‐17 signaling was found to be a potential therapeutic pathway of SMXYD against psoriasis, with JUN (AP‐1) as the core molecule. Next, PTGS2 was selected as the target of tan‐IIA against psoriasis using network pharmacology analysis. Molecular docking showed a high affinity between PTGS2 and tan‐IIA. Tan‐IIA treatment attenuated M‐5‐induced hyperproliferation and inflammation in HaCaT keratinocytes. Additionally, Tan‐IIA downregulated the PTGS2/NF‐κB/AP‐1 pathway in HaCaT keratinocytes. In the IMQ‐induced psoriasis‐like mouse, tan‐IIA significantly reduced the severity of skin lesions and downregulated the PTGS2/NF‐κB/AP‐1 pathway. Moreover, the combination of methotrexate (MTX) and tan‐IIA further inhibited the IL‐17/IL‐23 and PTGS2/NF‐κB/AP‐1 pathways.ConclusionThe administration of tan‐IIA has shown a positive effect on psoriasis by inhibiting the IL‐17/IL‐23 and PTGS2/NF‐κB/AP‐1 pathways. The findings suggest that it has promising qualities that make it a potential candidate for the development of future anti‐psoriatic agents.
Comparative effectiveness of GLP-1 receptor agonists on glycaemic control, body weight, and lipid profile for type 2 diabetes: systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Yao Haiqiang , Zhang Anqi , Li Delong , Wu Yuqi , Wang Chong-Zhi , Wan Jin-Yi , Yuan Chun-Su 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the comparative efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) on glycaemic control, body weight, and lipid profile in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Design
Systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Data sources
PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Embase from database inception to 19 August 2023.

Eligibility criteria for selecting studies
Eligible randomised controlled trials enrolled adults with type 2 diabetes who received GLP-1RA treatments and compared effects with placebo or any GLP-1RA drug, with a follow-up duration of at least 12 weeks. Trials with a crossover design, non-inferiority studies comparing GLP-1RA and other drug classes without a placebo group, using withdrawn drugs, and non-English studies were deemed ineligible.

Results

76 eligible trials involving 15 GLP-1RA drugs and 39 246 participants were included in this network meta-analysis; all subsequent estimates refer to the comparison with placebo. All 15 GLP-1RAs effectively lowered haemoglobin A
1c
and fasting plasma glucose concentrations. Tirzepatide induced the largest reduction of haemoglobin A
1c
concentrations (mean difference −2.10% (95% confidence interval −2.47% to −1.74%), surface under the cumulative ranking curve 94.2%; high confidence of evidence), and fasting plasma glucose concentrations (−3.12 mmol/L (−3.59 to −2.66), 97.2%; high confidence), and proved the most effective GLP-1RA drug for glycaemic control. Furthermore, GLP-1RAs were shown to have strong benefits to weight management for patients with type 2 diabetes. CagriSema (semaglutide with cagrilintide) resulted in the highest weight loss (mean difference −14.03 kg (95% confidence interval −17.05 to −11.00); high confidence of evidence), followed by tirzepatide (−8.47 kg (−9.68 to −7.26); high confidence). Semaglutide was effective in lowering the concentration of low density lipoprotein (−0.16 mmol/L (−0.30 to −0.02)) and total cholesterol (−0.48 mmol/L (−0.84 to −0.11)). Moreover, this study also raises awareness of gastrointestinal adverse events induced by GLP-1RAs, and concerns about safety are especially warranted for high dose administration.

Conclusions

GLP-1RAs are efficacious in treating adults with type 2 diabetes. Compared with the placebo, tirzepatide was the most effective GLP-1RA drug for glycaemic control by reducing haemoglobin A
1c
and fasting plasma glucose concentrations. GLP-1RAs also significantly improved weight management for type 2 diabetes, with CagriSema performing the best for weight loss. The results prompt safety concerns for GLP-1RAs, especially with high dose administration, regarding gastrointestinal adverse events.

Systematic review registration
PROSPERO CRD42022342845.
Origin of a glacially influenced shallow marine chromite placer, Port au Port Bay, western Newfoundland, Canada
Authors: Duyan Mehmet , Eyles Nick 
Published: January 2024

Detrital chromite is currently accumulating in the wave-influenced gravel-dominated shoreface of eastern Port au Port Bay of western Newfoundland adjacent to the mouth of Fox Island River. Chromium (Cr) concentrations of up to 7485 ppm occur in modern cross-bedded shallow marine gravel and pebbly sand facies sourced from rapidly eroding coastal cliffs cut in a lateglacial and early postglacial fan delta and raised beach facies. These sediments fill a broad coastal embayment and were deposited by a glacially influenced Fox Island River during a phase of low relative sea level following final deglaciation of the Newfoundland Ice Cap between approximately 13 700 years B.P. (ybp) and 9500 ybp. Since then, coastal outcrops of these raised sediments have undergone rapid erosion in response to ongoing postglacial sea level rise outpacing the rate of crustal recovery. Geochemical analysis of 1149 sediment samples across the entire Fox Island River watershed identifies relatively low Cr concentrations (maximum 1860 ppm) in glacial and fluvial sediments, including those areas adjacent to chromite-bearing rocks of the Bay of Islands Ophiolite Complex. Conversely, uplifted lateglacial shallow marine gravels and associated raised beach/nearshore deposits along the coast show elevated Cr concentrations up to 5400 ppm, highlighting the importance of marine concentration of glacially derived sediment during deglaciation. At the present day, chromite-bearing lateglacial sediment is being reworked and transported southwards by shore-parallel littoral currents resulting in reconcentration of Cr within a nearshore placer about 8 km long and 2 km wide, though the deposit may be more extensive offshore where it is likely covered by transgressive marine muds. The glacial and postglacial history of the Port au Port Bay area was widely replicated in other areas of ultrabasic rock along the western coast of Newfoundland and the results of this investigation may aid the search for other nearshore glacially influenced marine placers.
Investigation of the $$\mathbf {\Sigma ^{0}}$$ Production Mechanism in p(3.5 GeV)+p Collisions
Authors: Yassine R. Abou , Arnold O. , Becker M. , Bergmann P. , Blanco A. , Blume C. , Böhmer M. , Carolino N. , Chlad L. , Chudoba P. , Ciepał I. , Dreyer J. , Esmail W. , Fabbietti L. , Fonte P. , Friese J. , Fröhlich I. , Galatyuk T. , Garzón J. A. , Grunwald M. , Gumberidze M. , Harabasz S. , Höhne C. , Hojeij F. , Holzmann R. , Huck H. , Idzik M. , Kämpfer B. , Kardan B. , Kedych V. , Koenig I. , Koenig W. , Kohls M. , Kolas J. , Korcyl G. , Kornakov G. , Kotte R. , Krueger W. , Kugler A. , Kunz T. , Lalik R. , Linz F. , Lopes L. , Lorenz M. , Malige A. , Markert J. , Metag V. , Michel J. , Molenda A. , Müntz C. , Nabroth M. , Naumann L. , Nowakowski K. , Orliński J.  , Otto J. -H. , Parpottas Y. , Parschau M. , Pechenov V. , Pechenova O. , Piasecki K. , Pietraszko J. , Prozorov A. , Przygoda W. , Ramstein B. , Rathod N. , Ritman J. , Rost A. , Rustamov A. , Salabura P. , Schild N. , Schwab E. , Seck F. , Singh U. , Spies S. , Stefaniak M. , Ströbele H. , Stroth J. , Sturm C. , Sumara K. , Svoboda O. , Szala M. , Tlusty P. , Traxler M. , Tsertos H. , Wagner V. , Weber A. A. , Wendisch C. , Zbroszczyk H. P. , Zherebtsova E. , Zielinski M. , Zumbruch P. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe production of $$\Sigma ^{0}$$

Σ
0

hyperons in proton proton collisions at a beam kinetic energy of 3.5 GeV impinging on a liquid hydrogen target was investigated using data collected with the HADES setup. The total production cross section is found to be $${\sigma (pK^{+}\Sigma ^{0}) = 17.7 \pm 1.7 (stat) \pm 1.6 (syst)}$$

σ

(
p

K
+

Σ
0

)

=
17.7
±
1.7

(
s
t
a
t
)

±
1.6

(
s
y
s
t
)

µb. Differential cross section distributions of the exclusive channel $${pp \rightarrow pK^{+}\Sigma ^{0}}$$

p
p
→
p

K
+

Σ
0

were analyzed in the center-of-mass, Gottfried–Jackson and helicity reference frames for the first time at the excess energy of 556 MeV. The data support the interplay between pion and kaon exchange mechanisms and clearly demonstrate the contribution of interfering nucleon resonances decaying to $$\textrm{K}^{+}\Sigma ^{0}$$

K
+

Σ
0

. The Bonn–Gatchina partial wave analysis was employed to analyse the data. Due to the limited statistics, it was not possible to obtain an unambiguous determination of the relative contribution of intermediate nucleon resonances to the final state. However nucleon resonances with masses around 1.710 $${\textrm{GeV}/\textrm{c}^{2}}$$

GeV
/

c
2

($${\textrm{N}^{*}(1710)}$$

N

∗

(
1710
)

) and 1.900 $${\textrm{GeV}/\textrm{c}^{2}}$$

GeV
/

c
2

($${\textrm{N}^{*}(1900)}$$

N

∗

(
1900
)

or $${\Delta ^{*}(1900)}$$

Δ

∗

(
1900
)

) are preferred by the fit.