bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain metabolite composition during early human brain development as measured by quantitative in vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Kreis R. , Hofmann L. , Kuhlmann B. , Boesch C. , Bossi E. , Hüppi P.S. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBiochemical maturation of the brain can be studied noninvasively by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in human infants. Detailed time courses of cerebral tissue contents are known for the most abundant metabolites only, and whether or not premature birth affects biochemical maturation of the brain is disputed. Hence, the last trimester of gestation was observed in infants born prematurely, and their cerebral metabolite contents at birth and at expected term were compared with those of fullterm infants. Successful quantitative short‐TE 1H MRS was performed in three cerebral locations in 21 infants in 28 sessions (gestational age 32–43 weeks). The spectra were analyzed with linear combination model fitting, considerably extending the range of observable metabolites to include acetate, alanine, aspartate, cholines, creatines, γ‐aminobutyrate, glucose, glutamine, glutamate, glutathione, glycine, lactate, myo‐inositol, macromolecular contributions, N‐acetylaspartate, N‐acetylaspartylglutamate, o‐phosphoethanolamine, scyllo‐inositol, taurine, and threonine. Significant effects of age and location were found for many metabolites, including the previously observed neuronal maturation reflected by an increase in N‐acetylaspartate. Absolute brain metabolite content in premature infants at term was not considerably different from that in fullterm infants, indicating that prematurity did not affect biochemical brain maturation substantially in the studied population, which did not include infants of extremely low birthweight. Magn Reson Med 48:949–958, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Water ADC, extracellular space volume, and tortuosity in the rat cortex after traumatic injury
Authors: Voříšek I. , Hájek M. , Tintěra J. , Nicolay K. , Syková E. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe diffusion parameters in rat cortex were studied 3–35 days following a cortical stab wound, using diffusion‐weighted MR to determine the apparent diffusion coefficient of water (ADCW) in the tissue, and the real‐time iontophoretic tetramethylammonium (TMA) method to measure the extracellular space (ECS) diffusion parameters: ECS volume fraction α and the ADC of TMA+ (ADCTMA). Severe astrogliosis was found close to the wound, and mild astrogliosis was found in the ipsilateral but not the contralateral cortex. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) expression was increased throughout the ipsilateral cortex. In the hemisphere contralateral to the wound, α, ADCTMA, and ADCW were not significantly different from control values. ECS volume fraction was increased only in the vicinity of the wound, in the region of cell death and severe astrogliosis, at 3 and 7 days after injury. However, both ADCTMA and ADCW were significantly decreased after lesion in the vicinity of the wound as well as in the rest of the ipsilateral hemisphere distant from the wound. Thus, both ADCW and ADCTMA decreased in regions wherein α did not change but CSPG increased. An increase in extracellular matrix expression may therefore impose diffusion barriers for water as well as for TMA molecules. Magn Reson Med 48:994–1003, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of image registration to measurement of intervertebral rotation in the lumbar spine
Authors: Rogers Baxter P. , Haughton Victor M. , Arfanakis Konstantinos , Meyerand M. Elizabeth 
Published: December 2002

AbstractIn this study, the precision and accuracy of a new method for measuring axial rotations of the lumbar vertebrae, which are thought to be increased in patients with degenerative spinal instability, were estimated. A standard image registration algorithm involving a user‐selected center of rotation was adapted for this purpose. Accuracy was tested on a phantom containing a rotating lumbar vertebra. Calculated rotations were compared to the known values. Images were also obtained in subjects, using a tilting table that provided rotation between thorax and hips. For these measurements precision was estimated by varying the center of rotation. In the phantom the method had an accuracy of 0.2°. In the human subject measurements the precision was 0.60–1.5°. The method measured rotations of lumbar vertebrae with sufficient accuracy and precision to detect clinically significant differences in patients with back pain. Magn Reson Med 48:1072–1075, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Remote control of catheter tip deflection: An opportunity for interventional MRI
Authors: Roberts T.P.L. , Hassenzahl W.V. , Hetts S.W. , Arenson R.L. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis study seeks to exploit the high magnetic field environment of a clinical MRI scanner and demonstrate the technical feasibility of developing a catheter whose tip can be remotely oriented within the magnetic field by applying a DC current to a coil wound around the catheter tip to generate a magnetic moment and consequent deflection. To achieve arbitrary three‐dimensional deflections, a three‐axis coil was wound on a 1.5 Fr cylindrical catheter. By applying DC currents in the 100 mA range, this catheter was successfully guided through a 3D phantom maze, mimicking the vasculature, under MR imaging guidance. Feasibility was demonstrated that the strong ambient magnetic field of the MR scanner offers a special opportunity to develop simple devices that can be remotely steered to sites of clinical interest. Magn Reson Med 48:1091–1095, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of raw garlic on physical performance and learning behaviour in rats
Authors: Sookvanichsilp Nongluck , Tiangda Chongkol , Yuennan Pirin 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) on physical performance and learning behaviour were evaluated in male rats (7–8 months old, weighing 250–400 g) by comparison with the effects of pentoxifylline, a haemorheological agent with antiplatelet activity. The tests were designated as experiment A and experiment B, both conducted in two consecutive 4‐week sessions. In experiment A, the rats performed in a learning maze model during the first 4 weeks then followed by moving along the rope model for another 4 weeks. In experiment B, the rats were first tested in a rotarod treadmill for 4 weeks and then a step down test model for another 4 weeks. Each experiment consisted of four groups with 6–8 rats per group. Aqueous garlic homogenate at doses of 1 and 2 g (of raw garlic)/kg/day were given orally to group 1 and group 2, respectively, while pentoxifylline dispersion at a dose of 200 mg/kg/day was given to group 3. Group 4 served as the control group and was given water. All tests (maze model, rope model, rotarod model and step down model) were performed three times a week. The number of successful tasks and the acquisition time in 1 week intervals were used for the statistical analysis. The present results demonstrated that neither aqueous garlic homogenate at both doses nor pentoxifylline exhibited any benefit in the maze model or the rotarod model. Garlic only at the lower dose and pentoxifylline however, showed benefit in the rope model and step down model. These findings may provide some evidence to support the beneficial effect of long‐term garlic consumption on physical performance and learning behaviour in normal subjects. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age and severity of nigrostriatal damage at onset of Parkinson's disease
Authors: de la Fuente‐Fernández Raúl , Lim Andrew S. , Sossi Vesna , Adam Michael J. , Ruth Thomas J. , Calne Donald B. , Stoessl A. Jon , Lee Chong S. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe clinical evolution of Parkinson's disease (PD) is known to be partly dependent on the age of onset. For example, motor complications associated with chronic dopaminomimetic treatment occur more often in younger patients. However, few attempts have been made to characterize the functional pathological differences underlying this age effect. We investigated the relationship between age and severity of nigrostriatal damage at onset of PD. Twenty patients with early PD (symptom duration ≤5 years) with onset before age 50 (n = 10) and with onset after age 50 (n = 10) were studied. The two groups were compared with respect to severity of nigrostriatal damage as evaluated by positron emission tomography (PET) scanning with 6‐[18F]fluoro‐L‐dopa ([18F]‐dopa), (±)‐α‐[11C]dihydrotetrabenazine ([11C]DTBZ), and d‐threo‐[11C]methylphenidate ([11C]MP). We found no significant differences between younger‐ and older‐onset PD patients with regard to any of the three presynaptic markers. For putamen, the P‐values corresponding to the different PET measurements ranged from P = 0.34 ([18F]‐dopa) to P = 0.79 ([11C]DTBZ). However, after adjusting for treatment and PD duration, regression analysis showed that [18F]‐dopa uptake correlated positively with age of onset (r = 0.59; P = 0.010). No correlation was found between [11C]DTBZ and [11C]MP binding potentials and age of onset (P = 0.26 and P = 0.90, respectively). These data suggest that age‐of‐onset‐dependent differences in clinical evolution are not likely to reflect early differences in nigrostriatal pathology in PD. Age‐related differences in [18F]‐dopa uptake may be related to changes in dopamine turnover. Synapse 47:152–158, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The immunological synapse: the more you look the less you know…
Authors: Blanchard Nicolas , Hivroz Claire 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBefore T cells of the immune system can recognize pathogens, antigen presenting cells (APCs) must process pathogen‐derived peptides and present them together with major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC) to T lymphocytes. T lymphocytes then scan the surface of APCs and antigen‐specific activation of the T cell will happen after interaction of T cell antigen receptor (TCR) with MHC—peptide complexes expressed at the membrane of APCs. This interaction takes place in a nanometer scale gap between the two cells, referred to as an immunological synapse. Recent three‐dimensional fluorescence analysis of this synapse revealed a dynamic spatial organization of membrane receptors, cytoskeleton and intracellular signaling complexes on the T cell side showing specific patterns, which depend on the nature of the T cell: APC pair. Although it is obvious that establishment of an intimate contact between T cells and APCs will facilitate cell:cell communication it is not clear what is the role, if any, of this receptors patterning. This molecular reorganization has long been thought to enhance and/or sustain TCR signaling and thus T cell activation, but this is now a matter of controversy. Moreover, mechanisms controlling immunological synapse formation are still unraveled. Segregation of proteins may occur spontaneously as proposed by mathematical modeling taking into account membrane fluidity, protein size and receptor/ligand affinity. Alternatively patterning of the molecules at the cell:cell interface could be driven by active processes involving T cell signaling and/or specific features of the APC. These different questions will be discussed herein.
Poly(A)‐binding protein and eRF3 are associated in vivo in human and Xenopus cells
Authors: Cosson Bertrand , Berkova Nadia , Couturier Anne , Chabelskaya Svetlana , Philippe Michel , Zhouravleva Galina 
Published: December 2002

AbstractAn interaction between human poly(A)‐binding protein (PABP) et human eRF3 has been demonstrated using a double‐hybrid approach and in vitro assays. Here, we show that the binding of both proteins is conserved through evolution. We also demonstrate that the last 39 C‐terminal amino acids of PABP contain the interface that interacts with eRF3. This region includes helix 5, identified by RMN, which is conserved in all known PABPs. Lastly, we demonstrate that eRF3 et PABP molecules interact in vivo.
Impact of a drop onto a wetted wall: description
of crown formation and propagation
Authors: ROISMAN I. V. , TROPEA C. 
Published: December 2002

The impact of a drop onto a liquid film with a relatively high impact velocity, leading
to the formation of a crown-like ejection, is studied theoretically. The motion of a
kinematic discontinuity in the liquid film on the wall due to the drop impact, the
formation of the upward jet at this kinematic discontinuity and its elevation are
analysed. Four main regions of the drop and film are considered: the perturbed liquid
film on the wall inside the crown, the unperturbed liquid film on the wall outside
the crown, the upward jet forming a crown, and the free rim bounding this jet. The
theory of Yarin & Weiss (1995) for the propagation of the kinematic discontinuity is
generalized here for the case of arbitrary velocity vectors in the inner and outer liquid
films on the wall. Next, the mass, momentum balance and Bernoulli equations at the
base of the crown are considered in order to obtain the velocity and the thickness
of the jet on the wall. Furthermore, the dynamic equations of motion of the crown
are developed in the Lagrangian form. An analytical solution for the crown shape is
obtained in the asymptotic case of such high impact velocities that the surface tension
and the viscosity effects can be neglected in comparison to inertial effects. The edge
of the crown is described by the motion of a rim, formed due to the surface tension.Three different cases of impact are considered: normal axisymmetric impact of a
single drop, oblique impact of a single drop, and impact and interaction of two drops.
The theoretical predictions of the height of the crown in the axisymmetric case are
compared with experiments. The agreement is quite good in spite of the fact that no
adjustable parameters are used.
Routine administration of Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and needs assessment instruments to improve psychological outcome – a systematic review
Authors: GILBODY S. M. , HOUSE A. O. , SHELDON T. 
Published: December 2002

Background. Routine administration of Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and needs assessment instruments has been advocated as part of clinical care to aid the recognition of psychosocial problems, to inform clinical decision making, to monitor therapeutic response and to facilitate patient–doctor communication. However, their adoption is not without cost and the benefit of their use is unclear.Method. A systematic review was conducted. We sought experimental studies that examined the addition of routinely administered measures of HRQoL to care in both psychiatric and non-psychiatric settings. We searched the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycLIT and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (to 2000). Data were extracted independently and a narrative synthesis of results was presented.Results. Nine randomized and quasi-randomized studies conducted in non-psychiatric settings were found. All the instruments used included an assessment of mental well-being, with specific questions relating to depression and anxiety. The routine feedback of these instruments had little impact on the recognition of mental disorders or on longer term psychosocial functioning. While clinicians welcomed the information these instruments imparted, their results were rarely incorporated into routine clinical decision making. No studies were found that examined the value of routine assessment and feedback of HRQoL or patient needs in specialist psychiatric care settings.Conclusions. Routine HRQoL measurement is a costly exercise and there is no robust evidence to suggest that it is of benefit in improving psychosocial outcomes of patients managed in non-psychiatric settings. Major policy initiatives to increase the routine collection and use of outcome measures in psychiatric settings are unevaluated.
Bipolar depression: relationship between episode length and antidepressant treatment
Authors: FRANKLE W. G. , PERLIS R. H. , DECKERSBACH T. , GRANDIN L. D. , GRAY S. M. , SACHS G. S. , NIERENBERG A. A. 
Published: December 2002

Background. The role of antidepressant medications in bipolar depression remains controversial, mainly due to a lack of research in this area. In this study the authors examined the episode length in bipolar depression and the relationship between antidepressant therapy and episode length.Method. A retrospective chart review of 165 subjects identified 50 (30%) with bipolar illness who experienced a major depressive episode between 1 January 1998 and 15 December 2000. Data gathered utilized a structured instrument completed by the clinician at each visit. This instrument includes modified SCID mood modules as well as continuous ratings for each associated symptom of depression and mood elevation. Survival analysis was employed to calculate the median length of the depressive episodes for the entire group. Further survival analysis compared the episode length for subjects treated with antidepressants during the depression (N = 33) with those who did not receive antidepressants (N = 17). The rate of switch into elevated mood states was compared for the two groups.Results. The survival analysis for the entire sample demonstrated 25%, 50% and 75% probability of recovery at 33 (S.E. 8.7), 66 (S.E. 17.9) and 215 (S.E. 109.9) days, respectively. Comparing those who received (N = 33) and those who did not receive (N = 17) antidepressants during the episode did not reveal any difference in the length of the depressive episode. Switch rates were not significantly different between those receiving antidepressants and those not taking these medications (15.2% v. 17.6%, respectively).Conclusions. Over the past 20 years little progress has been made in reducing the length of depressive episodes in those with bipolar illness. This is despite increasing pharmacological options available for treating depression. Clinicians treating bipolar depression should discuss with their patients the likelihood that the episode will last between 2–3 months. Our results also suggest that antidepressant treatment may not reduce the length of depressive episodes, neither did it appear to contribute to affective switch in our sample.
Psychiatric and somatic disorders and multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) in 264 ‘environmental patients’
Authors: BORNSCHEIN S. , HAUSTEINER C. , ZILKER T. , FÖRSTL H. 
Published: December 2002

Background. An increasing number of individuals with diverse health complaints are currently seeking help in the field of environmental medicine. Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) or idiopathic environmental intolerances (IEI) is defined as an acquired disorder with multiple recurrent symptoms associated with environmental chemicals in low concentrations that are well tolerated by the majority of people. Their symptoms are not explained by any known psychiatric or somatic disorder.Method. Within a 2-year period we examined 264 of 267 consecutive patients prospectively presenting to a university based out-patient department for environmental medicine. Patients underwent routine medical examination, toxicological analysis and the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV psychiatric disorders (SCID).Results. Seventy-five per cent of the patients met DSM-IV criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder and 35% of all patients suffered from somatoform disorders. Other frequent diagnoses were affective and anxiety disorders, and dependence or substance abuse. In 39% a psychiatric disorder, in 23% a somatic condition and in 19% a combination of the two were considered to provide sufficient explanation of the symptoms. Toxic chemicals were regarded as the most probable cause in only five cases. The suspected diagnosis of MCS/IEI could not be sustained in the vast majority of cases.Conclusion. This investigation confirms previous findings that psychiatric morbidity is high in patients presenting to specialized centres for environmental medicine. Somatoform disorders are the leading diagnostic category, and there is reason to believe that certain ‘environmental’ or MCS patients form a special subgroup of somatoform disorders. In most cases, symptoms can be explained by well-defined psychiatric and medical conditions other than MCS, which need specific treatment. Further studies should focus on provocation testing in order to find positive criteria for MCS and on therapeutic approaches that consider psychiatric aspects.
General practitioners' attitudes to patients who have learning disabilities
Authors: GILL F. , KROESE B. STENFERT , ROSE J. 
Published: December 2002

Background. Previous research suggests that the inadequate primary health care received by people with learning disabilities may be the result of general practitioners' (GPs) negative attitudes. Few studies have investigated the evidence for this assumption. This study uses psychological theory to inform an investigation of the attitudes and emotions experienced by GPs when working with learning disabled patients, as assessed by reliable and valid measures.Method. A questionnaire comprising an attitude measure and emotion measure was developed and tested for reliability and validity. This was mailed out to a total of 613 GPs registered with three Health Authorities, 310 questionnaires (51%) were returned.Results. GP respondents held positive attitudes to working with patients who have learning disabilities. However, they were less positive about adapting their behaviour. Attitudes varied according to respondents' age and frequency of professional contact with this patient group. There was a strong association between attitudes and emotional experience. Attitudes were unaffected by learning disability training and non-professional contact.Conclusions. Negative perceptions about working with patients with learning disabilities do not fully explain the inadequate healthcare provided to this group. Other factors may include insufficient awareness of the benefits of adapting the format of a consultation, and the quality of the interface between the GP and the carer accompanying the patient.
The nature and timing of seasonal affective symptoms and the influence of self-esteem and social support: a longitudinal prospective study
Authors: McCARTHY E. , TARRIER N. , GREGG L. 
Published: December 2002

Background. Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is characterized by recurrent episodes of depression occurring regularly with the onset of winter.Method. The study was a prospective naturalistic follow-up of the emergence of symptoms of seasonal depression with the passage of time and change in seasons. Participants were screened during summer for SAD. Participants were excluded if they were depressed (BDI >14) during the summer recruitment. Eligible participants prospectively monitored their mood and anxiety by completing the BDI and BAI every 2 weeks from 1 September through to the 31 March.Results. Forty-five participants met criterion for SAD were included in the final data analyses. Depression scores rose gradually over the 30 week period reaching a peak median score around weeks 22 to 24 (January–February). The ‘hallmark’ physiological symptoms (changes in sleep, appetite and fatigue) emerged earlier in the winter period than cognitive symptoms. The emergence of anxiety symptoms was highly correlated with depressive symptoms, although the median anxiety scores did not reach a clinically significant level. Low self-esteem and poor perceived social support were significantly related to an earlier onset in the emergence of depressive symptoms. Both these factors together resulted in the speediest onset of depression. Poor perceived social support, but not low self-esteem, was associated with earlier emergence of anxiety symptoms.Conclusions. Physiological symptoms may activate negative cognitions in individuals with risk factors of low self-esteem and poor social support so that the disorder is precipitated earlier and is of longer duration.