bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Residual GEM Technique and Its Application to the Southwestern Japan/East Sea
Authors: Mitchell D. A. , Wimbush M. , Watts D. R. , Teague W. J. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
The standard gravest empirical mode (GEM) technique for utilizing hydrography in concert with integral ocean measurements performs poorly in the southwestern Japan/East Sea (JES) because of a spatially variable seasonal signal and a shallow thermocline. This paper presents a new method that combines the U.S. Navy's Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System (MODAS) static climatology (which implicitly contains the mean seasonal signal) with historical hydrography to construct a “residual GEM” from which profiles of such parameters as temperature (T) and specific volume anomaly (δ) can be estimated from measurements of an integral quantity such as geopotential height or acoustic echo time (τ). This is called the residual GEM technique. In a further refinement, sea surface temperature (SST) measurements are included in the profile determinations. In the southwestern JES, profiles determined by the standard GEM technique capture 70% of the T variance and 64% of the δ variance, while the residual GEM technique using SST captures 89% of the T variance and 84% of the δ variance. The residual GEM technique was applied to optimally interpolated τ measurements from a two-dimensional array of pressure-gauge-equipped inverted echo sounders moored from June 1999 to July 2001 in the southwestern JES, resulting in daily 3D estimated fields of T and δ throughout the region. These estimates are compared with those from direct measurements and good agreement is found between them.
An Axial-Flow Cyclone for Aircraft-Based Cloud Water Sampling
Authors: Straub Derek J. , Collett Jeffrey L. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
A new aircraft-based cloud water collection system has been developed to provide samples of cloud water for chemical analysis. The collection system makes use of centrifugal separation in an axial-flow cyclone to remove cloud drops from the airstream. An automated sample storage system allows up to seven independent samples to be obtained during a single research flight. The entire collection system is housed in a Particle Measurement Systems (PMS) canister to permit the collector to be used on a range of research aircraft without extensive modification to the collector or the aircraft structure. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was used extensively throughout the development of the new collector for component design and to predict internal flow dynamics. CFD-based cloud drop trajectory simulations provided an estimate of collection efficiency as a function of drop size. Based on the numerical modeling, the 50% cut diameter was predicted to be 8 μm. Through a quantitative laboratory calibration using fluorescein-tagged monodisperse drops, CFD predictions of drop deposition patterns in the interior of the axial-flow cyclone were verified. The numerical and experimental evaluations were performed to ensure that the population of collected cloud drops is well characterized. Initial flight testing of the system occurred during the Dynamics and Chemistry of Marine Stratocumulus, Phase II (DYCOMS-II) field project in July 2001. Although the major components of the prototype collection system operated as expected during flight testing, sample collection rates were lower than expected because of the inefficient removal and storage of cloud water collected in the axial-flow cyclone. Actual sample collection rates ranged between 0.1 and 1.2 mL min−1.
A Laterally Averaged Nonhydrostatic Ocean Model
Authors: Bourgault Daniel , Kelley Dan E. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
A laterally averaged nonhydrostatic model for stratified flow in dynamically narrow domains is presented. Averaging laterally yields the computational efficiency of a two-dimensional model, while retaining some effects associated with variable domain width, such as flow acceleration through contracting channels. The model may be run in both hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic modes, and in the latter case it converges rapidly if the flow is approximately hydrostatic. The model's strengths and weaknesses are illustrated with a series of test cases of increasing complexity. Side-by-side comparisons with laboratory observations show the ability of the model to simulate the structures of nonhydrostatic flows, including shear instabilities and overturning internal waves, with discrepancies becoming apparent mainly for transition to three-dimensional turbulence. Similar results are demonstrated in an application to the stratified sill flow in Knight Inlet, British Columbia. The model reproduces nonhydrostatic features thought to be dynamically important to this system, including the generation of large-amplitude lee waves and shear instabilities.
Evaluation of Wind Vectors Measured by a Bistatic Doppler Radar Network
Authors: Friedrich Katja , Hagen Martin 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
By installing and linking additional receivers to a monostatic Doppler radar, several wind components can be measured and combined into a wind vector field. Such a bistatic Doppler radar network was developed in 1993 by the National Center for Atmospheric Research and has been in operation at different research departments. Since then, the accuracy of wind vectors has been investigated mainly based on theoretical examinations. Observational analysis of the accuracy has been limited to comparisons of dual-Doppler-derived wind vectors always including the monostatic Doppler radar. Intercomparisons to independent wind measurements have not yet been accomplished. In order to become an alternative to monostatic multiple–Doppler applications, the reliability of wind vector fields has to be also proven by observational analysis. In this paper wind vectors measured by a bistatic Doppler radar network are evaluated by 1) internally comparing results of bistatic receivers; 2) comparing with independent wind measurements observed by a second Doppler radar; and 3) comparing with in situ flight measurements achieved with a research aircraft during stratiform precipitation events. Investigations show how reliable bistatically measured wind fields are and how they can contribute highly to research studies, weather surveillance, and forecasting. As a result of the intercomparison, the instrumentation error of the bistatic receivers can be assumed to be within 1 m s−1. Differences between bistatic Doppler radar and independent measurements range mainly between 2 and 3 m s−1.
Rap1GAP2 is a new GTPase-activating protein of Rap1 expressed in human platelets
Authors: Schultess Jan , Danielewski Oliver , Smolenski Albert P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe Ras-like guanine-nucleotide–binding protein Rap1 controls integrin αIIbβ3 activity and platelet aggregation. Recently, we have found that Rap1 activation can be blocked by the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO/cGMP) signaling pathway by type 1 cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGKI). In search of possible targets of NO/cGMP/cGKI, we studied the expression of Rap1-specific GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) in platelets. We could detect mRNAs for a new protein most closely related to Rap1GAP and for postsynaptic density-95 discs-large and zona occludens protein 1 (PDZ)–GEF1 and CalDAG-GEFs I and III. Using 5′–rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), we isolated the complete cDNA of the new GAP encoding a 715-amino acid protein, which we have termed Rap1GAP2. Rap1GAP2 is expressed in at least 3 splice variants, 2 of which are detectable in platelets. Endogenous Rap1GAP2 protein partially colocalizes with Rap1 in human platelets. In transfected cells, we show that Rap1GAP2 exhibits strong GTPase-stimulating activity toward Rap1. Rap1GAP2 is highly phosphorylated, and we have identified cGKI as a Rap1GAP2 kinase. cGKI phosphorylates Rap1GAP2 exclusively on serine 7, a residue present only in the platelet splice variants of Rap1GAP2. Phosphorylation of Rap1GAP2 by cGKI might mediate inhibitory effects of NO/cGMP on Rap1. Rap1GAP2 is the first GTPase-activating protein of Rap1 found in platelets and is likely to have an important regulatory role in platelet aggregation.
Rapid detection of intracellular SH2D1A protein in cytotoxic lymphocytes from patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease and their family members
Authors: Tabata Yasuhiro , Villanueva Joyce , Lee Susan Molleran , Zhang Kejian , Kanegane Hirokazu , Miyawaki Toshio , Sumegi Janos , Filipovich Alexandra H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMutations in the SH2D1A gene have been described in most patients with the clinical syndrome of X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP). The diagnosis of XLP is still difficult given its clinical heterogeneity and the lack of a readily available rapid diagnostic laboratory test, particularly in patients without a family history of XLP. XLP should always be a consideration in males with Epstein-Barr virus–associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH). Four-color flow cytometric analysis was used to establish normal patterns of SH2D1A protein expression in lymphocyte subsets for healthy subjects. Three of 4 patients with XLP, as confirmed by the detection of mutations in the SH2D1A gene, had minimal intracellular SH2D1A protein in all cytotoxic cell types. The remaining patient lacked intracellular SH2D1A protein in CD56+ natural killer (NK) and T lymphocytes and had an abnormal bimodal pattern in CD8+ T cells. Carriers of SH2D1A mutations had decreased SH2D1A protein staining patterns compared with healthy controls. Eleven males with clinical syndromes consistent with XLP, predominantly EBV-HLH, had patterns of SH2D1A protein expression similar to those of healthy controls. Four-color flow cytometry provides diagnostic information that may speed the identification of this fatal disease, differentiating it from other causes of EBV-HLH.
Rituximab Plus Short-Duration Chemotherapy As First-Line Treatment for Follicular Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: A Phase II Trial of the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network
Authors: Hainsworth John D. , Litchy Sharlene , Morrissey Lisa H. , Andrews Michael B. , Grimaldi Manuel , McCarty Matthew , Greco F. Anthony 
Published: January 2005

Purpose To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of rituximab with short-duration chemotherapy in the first-line treatment of patients with follicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Patients and Methods Patients with previously untreated stage II-IV follicular NHL, grade 1 or 2, were eligible for this multicenter phase II trial. All patients received four weekly doses of rituximab (375 mg/m2 intravenous), followed by three courses of combination chemotherapy (either cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone [CHOP], or cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone [CVP]) plus rituximab. Patients were evaluated for response after completing treatment, and were then followed up at 3-month intervals. Results Between January 2000 and July 2001, 86 patients were treated. Eight-two patients (95%) completed treatment; no patient was withdrawn due to toxicity. The overall response rate was 93%, with 55% complete responses. After a median follow-up of 42 months, the 3- and 4-year actuarial progression-free survivals were 71% and 62%, respectively. Five patients (6%) died from lymphoma; the overall actuarial survival at 3 years was 95%. Grade 3/4 leukopenia occurred in 53% of patients, but only six patients (7%) had neutropenia or fever. Grade 3/4 nonhematologic toxicities were uncommon. Conclusion Rituximab plus short-course chemotherapy is well tolerated as first-line treatment for patients with follicular NHL. The overall and complete response rates are similar to those reported with chemotherapy/rituximab combinations of longer duration. The actuarial progression-free survival of 62% at 4 years is encouraging, but further follow-up is necessary. Rituximab plus short-course chemotherapy may prove to be as effective as longer-duration chemotherapy and currently provides an attractive option for first-line treatment of elderly patients and others who tolerate chemotherapy poorly.
Contribution of the forelimbs and hindlimbs of the horse to mechanical energy changes in jumping
Authors: Bobbert Maarten F. , Santamaría Susana 
Published: January 2005

SUMMARYThe purpose of the present study was to gain more insight into the contribution of the forelimbs and hindlimbs of the horse to energy changes during the push-off for a jump. For this purpose, we collected kinematic data at 240 Hz from 23 5-year-old Warmbloods (average mass: 595 kg) performing free jumps over a 1.15 m high fence. From these data, we calculated the changes in mechanical energy and the changes in limb length and joint angles. The force carried by the forelimbs and the amount of energy stored was estimated from the distance between elbow and hoof, assuming that this part of the leg behaved as a linear spring. During the forelimb push, the total energy first decreased by 3.2 J kg-1 and then increased again by 4.2 J kg-1 to the end of the forelimb push. At the end of the forelimb push, the kinetic energy due to horizontal velocity of the centre of mass was 1.6 J kg-1 less than at the start, while the effective energy(energy contributing to jump height) was 2.3 J kg-1 greater. It was investigated to what extent these changes could involve passive spring-like behaviour of the forelimbs. The amount of energy stored and re-utilized in the distal tendons during the forelimb push was estimated to be on average 0.4 J kg-1 in the trailing forelimb and 0.23 J kg-1 in the leading forelimb. This means that a considerable amount of energy was first dissipated and subsequently regenerated by muscles, with triceps brachii probably being the most important contributor. During the hindlimb push, the muscles of the leg were primarily producing energy. The total increase in energy was 2.5 J kg-1 and the peak power output amounted to 71 W kg-1.
Vocal tract filtering and sound radiation in a songbird
Authors: Nelson Brian S. , Beckers Gabriël J. L. , Suthers Roderick A. 
Published: January 2005

SUMMARYBird vocalizations resonate as they propagate through a relatively long trachea and radiate out from the oral cavity. Several studies have described the dynamics with which birds actively vary beak gape while singing and it has been hypothesized that birds vary beak gape as a mechanism for varying vocal tract resonances. Nevertheless, few studies have attempted to quantify the effects of beak gape on vocal tract resonances. We replaced eastern towhee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus L., syringes with a small speaker and obtained recordings of frequency sweeps while rotating each subject in a horizontal plane aligned with either the maxilla or mandible. We describe vocal tract resonances as well as how sound radiates as a function of beak gape. Results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that songbirds vary beak gape as a mechanism for `tracking' fundamental frequencies in vocalizations. Instead, decreases in beak gape seem to attenuate resonances that occur between ∼4 and 7.5 kHz. We propose that songbirds vary beak gape as a mechanism for excluding and/or concentrating energy within at least two distinct sound frequency channels.
Sodium-sensitive and -insensitive copper accumulation by isolated intestinal cells of rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Burke J. , Handy R. D. 
Published: January 2005

SUMMARYThe pathway for copper (Cu) uptake across the mucosal membrane into intestinal cells has not been elucidated in fish. Copper accumulation in freshly isolated intestinal cells from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was measured after exposure to 0–800 μmol l–1 CuSO4 for 15 min. With external Cu concentration (Cuo) of 800 μmol l–1, the rate of Cu accumulation by cells was 1.88±0.52 nmol Cu mg–1cell protein h–1 compared to 0.05±0.01 nmol Cu mg–1 cell protein h–1 with no added Cuo (means ± s.e.m., N=6). Deduction of a rapid Cu accumulation measured on/in cells at time zero (about 12% of the total Cu uptake when Cuo was 800 μmol l–1)revealed a saturable uptake curve, which reached a plateau at 400 μmol l–1 Cuo (Km=216 μmol l–1 Cuo; Vmax=1.09 nmol Cu mg–1 cell protein h–1; 140 mmol l–1 NaCl throughout). Incubation of cells at 4°C did not prevent Cu accumulation. Lowering external [Na+] to 11 mmol l–1 (low Na+o) generally did not alter the rate of Cu accumulation into the cells over a 15 min period. Under low Na+o conditions Cu accumulation was exponential(non-saturable). Na+-insensitive Cu accumulation dominated (59% of total Cu accumulation) when Cuo was 400 μmol l–1 or less. At high Cuo (800 μmol l–1), removal of Na+ caused a 45% increase in Cu accumulation. Pre-incubation of cells with blocking agents of epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) for 15 min (normal [NaCl] throughout) caused Cu accumulation rates to increase by 40-fold (100 μmol l–1phenamil), 21-fold (10 μmol l–1 CDPC) or 12-fold (2 mmol l–1 amiloride) when Cuo was 800 μmol l–1 compared to those in drug-free controls. Lowering the external chloride concentration [Cl–]o from 131.6 to 6.6 mmol l–1 (replaced by sodium gluconate) caused the rate of Cu accumulation to increase 11-fold when Cuo was 800μmol l–1. Application of 0.1 mmol l–1DIDS (normal Cl–o) caused a similar effect. Lowering external pH from 7.4 to pH 5.5 produced a 17-fold, saturable,increase in Cu accumulation rate, which was not explained by increased instantaneous Cu accumulation on/in cells at low pH. We conclude that Cu accumulation by intestinal cells is mainly Na+-insensitive and more characteristic of a pH- and K+-sensitive Ctr1-like pathway than Cu uptake through ENaCs.
The pupillary response of cephalopods
Authors: Douglas R. H. , Williamson R. , Wagner H.-J. 
Published: January 2005

SUMMARYThis paper provides the first detailed description of the time courses of light-evoked pupillary constriction for two species of cephalopods, Sepia officinalis (a cuttlefish) and Eledone cirrhosa (an octopus). The responses are much faster than hitherto reported, full contraction in Sepia taking less than 1 s, indicating it is among the most rapid pupillary responses in the animal kingdom. We also describe the dependence of the degree of pupil constriction on the level of ambient illumination and show considerable variability between animals. Furthermore, both Sepia and Eledone lack a consensual light-evoked pupil response. Pupil dilation following darkness in Sepia is shown to be very variable, often occurring within a second but at other times taking considerably longer. This may be the result of extensive light-independent variations in pupil diameter in low levels of illumination.
Energetics of a long-distance migrant shorebird (Philomachus pugnax) during cold exposure and running
Authors: Vaillancourt Eric , Prud'Homme Sophie , Haman François , Guglielmo Christopher G. , Weber Jean-Michel 
Published: January 2005

SUMMARYThe metabolic consequences of cold exposure and exercise are not well characterized in birds. Ruff sandpipers Philomachus pugnax are migrant shorebirds traveling between Africa and Siberia for up to 30 000 km annually. Our goal was to quantify the fuel selection pattern of these remarkable athletes during shivering and terrestrial locomotion. We used indirect calorimetry and nitrogen excretion analysis to measure their rates of lipid, carbohydrate and protein oxidation at different temperatures (22, 15,10 or 5°C) and different treadmill speeds (15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 40 m min–1). Results show that lipid oxidation supplies nearly all the energy necessary to support shivering and running, and that the pattern of oxidative fuel selection is independent of shivering or running intensity. During shivering, total ATP production is unequally shared between lipids(82%), carbohydrates (12%) and proteins (6%). During running, lipids remain the dominant substrate (66%), with carbohydrates (29%) and proteins (5%)playing more minor roles. The prevailing use of lipids during intense shivering and high-speed running is not consistent with the fuel selection pattern observed in exercising and cold-exposed mammals. The exact mechanisms allowing birds to use lipids at extremely high rates are still largely unexplored, and quantifying the relative importance of different fuels during long-distance flight remains a major challenge for future research.
Highly Efficient Ni–Ce–O Mixed Oxide Catalysts via Gel-coprecipitation of Oxalate Precursors for Catalytic Combustion of Methane
Authors: Yi Nan , Cao Yong , Liu Yong-Mei , Dai Wei-Lin , He He-Yong , Fan Kang-Nian 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
The Ni–Ce–O mixed oxide catalysts prepared by oxalate gel-coprecipitation were found to be highly efficient for the catalytic combustion of methane. Particularly, the relationship between the microstrain of NiO lattice due to the formation of CexNi1−xOy solid solutions and the catalytic performance of Ni–Ce–O mixed oxides has been investigated as a function of the Ni/Ce ratio, showing that the lattice strain of the NiO crystals plays a significant role in the methane combustion reaction.
Schizophyllan Can Act as a One-dimensional Host to Construct Poly(diacetylene) Nanofibers
Authors: Hasegawa Teruaki , Haraguchi Shuichi , Numata Munenori , Fujisawa Tomohisa , Li Chun , Kaneko Kenji , Sakurai Kazuo , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Schizophyllan binds 1,4-bis(p-amidophenyl)butadiyne and acts as a one-dimensional host to produce fibrous polydiacetylene assemblies through UV-irradiation.
Effectiveness of Interventions by Community Pharmacists to Improve Patient Adherence to Chronic Medication: A Systematic Review
Authors: Van Wijk Boris LG , Klungel Olaf H , Heerdink Eibert R , de Boer Anthonius 
Published: January 2005

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the impact of interventions by community pharmacists on patients' adherence with chronic medication. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search (1966–November 30, 2003) and a review of reference sections were done to identify all pertinent English- and German-language journal articles. Search terms included compliance, adherence, persistence, discontinuation, pharmacist, and intervention. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: From each relevant study, the following data were extracted: study design, country, disease, number of patients, patients' age and gender, type of intervention, duration of follow-up, method of measurement of adherence and adherence rate, and data concerning the quality of the included studies. DATA SYNTHESIS: A total of 162 studies were identified, of which 18 matched our inclusion criteria. Twelve were randomized controlled trials and 6 were non-crossover single-group trials. Eight studies showed significant improvement of adherence at one or more time points. Eight studies did not show any effect, 7 of which were randomized controlled trials. In most studies, adherence rates at baseline were high compared with rates reported in the general population. Counseling, monitoring, and education during weekly or monthly appointments showed some effect. However, these same types of interventions showed no effect in other studies. The overall quality of the included studies was low. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, it is impossible to identify an overall successful adherence-improving strategy performed by pharmacists. More well-designed and well-conducted studies on the effectiveness of interventions by a community pharmacist to improve patient adherence to chronic medication need to be performed.