bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Membranes Directly Prepared from Solutions of Unsubstituted Cellulose
Authors: Eckelt John , Wolf Bernhard A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSummary: Starting from 5 wt.‐% solutions of a prehydrolysis kraft pulp ($\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 135 kg · mol−1) in the mixed solvent (dimethylacetamide + 7 wt.‐% LiCl) we have prepared cellulose membranes on different supports according to the phase inversion process using above all acetone (AC) and 2‐propanol as precipitants. In this context we have studied the phase behavior of the quasiternary system (DMAc+LiCl)/AC/cellulose. The obtained membranes are mechanically stable and in their mechanical and separation properties on the whole comparable to membranes consisting of regenerated cellulose. With respect to gas separation the ideal selectivity of CO2 in combination with N2 and O2 turns out to be opposite for the present membranes as compared with that consisting of regenerated cellulose. Ultrafiltration experiments performed with aqueous solutions of polyethylene oxide differing widely in their molar mass resulted in cut‐off molecular weights ranging from 3 to 9 kg/mol.GPC analysis of the retentate and permeate for a membrane on a non‐woven fabric using AC as precipitant.magnified imageGPC analysis of the retentate and permeate for a membrane on a non‐woven fabric using AC as precipitant.
Front Cover: Macromol. Mater. Eng. 1/2005
Authors: Dong Xiaochen , Wang Li , Wang Wenqin , Jiang Guohua , Chen Ying , Zhao Zhenrong , Wang Jianjun 
Published: January 2005

Front Cover: The picture on the cover shows the nano‐polyethylene fibers with floccules prepared via ethylene extrusion polymerization in situ, using SBA‐15‐supported Cp2ZrCl2 catalytic system under atmospheric pressure.Further details can be found in the Full Paper by X. Dong, L. Wang,* W. Wang, G. Jiang, Y. Chen, Z. Zhao, and J. Wang on page 31.
Back Cover: Macromol. Mater. Eng. 1/2005
Authors: Houshyar Shadi , Shanks Robert A. , Hodzic Alma 
Published: January 2005

Back Cover: Flexural properties of a composite of poly(propylene) fibre and matrix, with different weave patterns. The underlying image shows an SEM image of the satin weave composite with the fibres still visible. The insert shows the satin fabric before compression moulding.Further details can be found in the Full Paper by S. Houshyar, R. A. Shanks,* and A. Hodzic on page 45.
Carbonyl 13C transverse relaxation measurements to sample protein backbone dynamics
Authors: Mulder Frans A. A. , Akke Mikael 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCarbonyl 13C relaxation experiments to study protein backbone dynamics have recently been developed. However, the effect of three‐bond 13C′–13C′ couplings on transverse relaxation measurements appears not to have been considered, and the potential to detect and quantify motions on the millisecond to microsecond time scale has not been fully explored. The present paper addresses these two issues. Simulations and experiments show that scalar couplings between adjacent backbone carbonyl carbon nuclei and between backbone and side‐chain carbonyl/carboxyl carbon atoms in Asp and Asn residues interfere with the accurate determination of transverse relaxation rates by Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill or on‐resonance spin‐lock measurements. The use of off‐resonance radio‐frequency fields avoids efficient cross‐polarization, and offers a route towards accurate R1ρ measurements. In addition, this approach yields dispersion in the transverse relaxation rate as a function of the effective field when conformational exchange is present. In the case of calcium‐bound calbindin D9k, 13C′ off‐resonance R1ρ measurements yielded uniform values of R2 along the polypeptide chain, indicating homogeneous chemical shift anisotropies and restricted dynamics on the picosecond to nanosecond time scale. Variation of R2 as a function of the effective spin‐lock field strength was not observed for any residue, indicating the absence of large‐scale conformational changes of the protein backbone in the millisecond to microsecond time window. The absence of relaxation induced by internal motions on these wide‐ranging time scales reinforces the view that calcium‐loaded calbindin D9k is extremely rigid. In contrast, for the C‐terminal tryptic fragment of calmodulin containing the E140Q mutation we observed widespread exchange broadening. From the carbonyl transverse relaxation dispersion profile of Asp129 the exchange rate was determined to be 28 000 s−1. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heteronuclear Overhauser experiments for symmetric molecules
Authors: Walker O. , Mutzenhardt P. , Canet D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) arises from dipolar interactions between magnetic moments associated with nuclear spins and it has become a powerful tool to extract relevant pieces of structural information about small molecules, as well as in molecules of biological interest. As a consequence, accurate NOE measurement is a very crucial issue. Here, we present a comparison between direct and a new inverse HOESY experiment aimed at the detection of heteronuclear NOE between 1H and 13C, which is particularly well suited for symmetric compounds. It transpires that directly detected data are more suitable for quantitative assessment even if they suffer from lower sensitivity, whereas inverse detection is quite appropriate for a quick and qualitative assessment. In the latter experiment, unwanted cross‐correlation effects may hide valuable NOE data (cross‐relaxation), this drawback can be circumvented by a slight modification of the pulse sequence. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The search for autism disease genes
Authors: Wassink Thomas H , Brzustowicz Linda M , Bartlett Christopher W , Szatmari Peter 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAutism is a heritable disorder characterized by phenotypic and genetic complexity. This review begins by surveying current linkage, gene association, and cytogenetic studies performed with the goal of identifying autism disease susceptibility variants. Though numerous linkages and associations have been identified, they tend to diminish upon closer examination or attempted replication. The review therefore explores challenges to current methodologies presented by the complexities of autism that might underlie some of the current difficulties, and finishes by describing emerging phenotypic, statistical, and molecular investigational approaches that offer hope of overcoming those challenges. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2004;10:272–283.
Treating the core features of autism: Are we there yet?
Authors: Bodfish James W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA wide variety of nonestablished treatments have been proposed as “cures” for the core features of autism and are used frequently despite having largely escaped scientific scrutiny. In contrast, a growing body of empirical evidence supports the use of a few forms of theory‐based and empirically validated treatment for some aspects of the core features of autism. These include behavioral/psychoeducational interventions and specific forms of medication treatment, which can produce significant improvements in communication, social interaction, and problem behaviors that both maintain over time and generalize across settings. While there is no doubt that treatment and educational services for persons with autism have improved over the past 6 decades, it also appears that significant issues remain with respect to (1) the routine application of validated treatments for the majority of cases with autism, (2) the resistance to even validated forms of treatment for a substantial minority of cases with autism, and (3) the extent to which validated treatments effectively treat the specific core features of autism that are most disabling for persons with autism and their families. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2004;10:318–326.
Facially amphiphilic phenylene ethynylenes
Authors: Arnt Lachelle , Breitenkamp Rebecca B. , Tew Gregory N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFacially amphiphilic poly(phenylene ethynylenes) were synthesized with various non‐polar alkyl and polar amine side chains by Sonogashira‐Hagihara coupling conditions. para‐Phenylene ethynylene derivatives with pentoxy and tertiary amine side chains were dissolved in organic solvent, such as toluene or 1,2,4‐trichlorobenzene, and introduced into an acidic, aqueous environment. The polymer molecules were found to self‐assemble and stabilize these oil‐water interfaces as visualized by confocal scanning laser microscopy. meta Derivatives containing dodecyl and primary amine side chains were also prepared and found to be active at the air‐water interface. When analyzed by Langmuir trough experiments, this polymer was found to have an area of approximately 45 Å2 per repeat unit, which correlates to an edge‐on orientation at the air‐water interface where the polar groups are immersed in the water sub‐phase and both the hydrocarbon backbone and dodecyl chains extend away from the interface. Due to the facially amphiphilic architecture and large hydrocarbon side chains, these polymers were found to self‐assemble from aqueous solutions into large aggregates with some order. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoprocessing of polymers: applications in medicine, sensors, catalysis, photonics
Authors: Dersch R. , Steinhart M. , Boudriot U. , Greiner A. , Wendorff J. H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNanofibers and nanotubes based on polymers offer a broad range of applications in areas such as photonics, sensorics, catalysis or medicine and pharmacy. A set of preparation techniques which allow to introduce simultaneous specific functions into such nanoobjects has been developed recently. These include electrospinning and co‐electrospinning of nanofibers as well as template methods utilizing eletrospun nanofibers or porous substrates. These techniques yield infinitively long nanofibers and nanotubes with well defined aspect ratios respectively with diameters down to a few ten nanometers. These nanofibers and nanotubes can be functionalised, among others by using biodegradable materials or via the incorporation of nanoparticles or precursor molecules, in such a way that applications for tissue engineering, for catalysis, photonics and sensorics become available. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polycarbonate/SiC nanocomposites—influence of nanoparticle dispersion on molecular mobility and gas transport
Authors: Böhning Martin , Goering Harald , Hao Ning , Mach Reinhard , Schönhals Andreas 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPlasma synthesized silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles were dispersed in dichloromethane/poly(bisphenol‐A‐carbonate) (PC) solutions by high power ultrasonification. Samples were then prepared by film casting under well adapted preparation conditions.The influence of the SiC nanoparticles on the molecular mobility of the PC is studied by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. No effect on the cooperative segmental mobility (glass transition) was detected. But the relaxation region corresponding to localized fluctuations is strongly broadened and the activation energy is reduced with increasing nanoparticle concentration. The most significant change was observed in the relaxation region between α‐ and β‐process. The gas transport properties of these nanocomposite films are characterized in terms of permeability, diffusivity and solubility. Results can be interpreted based on an altered local free volume distribution and a change of molecular mobility of the polymer matrix near the nanoparticle surface which is in agreement with the dielectric results. Concentration dependent CO2 permeation experiments reveal a significant reduction of plasticization effects in the nanocomposites compared to the pure PC. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Processing‐interphase‐property relationship in fiber‐reinforced thermosetting‐matrix composites
Authors: Yang F. , Pitchumani R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFabrication of thermosetting‐matrix composites is based on a critical step of cure, which involves applying a predefined temperature cycle to a fiber‐resin mixture. Several temperature‐dependent mass transport processes occur in the vicinity of the reinforcement fiber, leading to the formation of an interphase region with different chemical and physical properties from the bulk resin. The cure cycles applied on the macroscopic boundaries of the composite govern the microscopic cure kinetics near the fiber surface, which in turn determines the interphase and composite properties. A predictive approach to directly linking the cure cycles and final composite properties is not presently available and is established for the first time in this paper. A multiscale thermochemical model is developed to predict the concentration profile evolution with time near fiber surfaces at various locations across the composite thickness. The concentration profiles at the gelation time are mapped to modulus profiles within the interphase region, and a finite element analysis is used to determine the overall composite modulus in terms of the constituent interphase, fiber, and matrix properties. Relevant numerical results are presented for the first time where the composite modulus is directly linked to the cure cycle and interphase formation parameters without assumed structures or properties of the interphase. The results provide useful information for selecting material components and cure cycles parameters to achieve desired interphase and composite properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 26:193–208, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
Regression‐based model for elastic constants of 2D braided/woven open mesh angle‐ply composites
Authors: Carey J. , Munro M. , Fahim A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe elastic constants of closed mesh braided/woven fabrics are generally obtained from finite element analysis, fabric geometry model, and modified classical laminate plate theory. These models are complex and often impractical for industrial design purposes and do not address the cases of open mesh braided/woven fabrics. This paper proposes an alternative to existing models and software packages. Simple regression‐based empirical equations were developed to obtain Ex, Ey, Gxy, and νxy of braided/woven fabrics at any angle‐ply angle using the braid/weave unit cell volume fraction (Vf0), the fiber volume fraction (Vf), and the elastic constants of an equivalent angle‐ply laminate (E, E, G, ν). Design equation predictions were verified by comparing them to a previously validated modified classical laminate plate theory (CLPT) model using various fiber/resin combinations. Excellent agreement was found for each set of results. POLYM. COMPOS., 26:152–164, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
Improving services for people with diabetes: lessons from setting up the DREAM trial
Authors: Whitty P , Eccles MP , Hawthorne G , Steen N , Vanoli A , Grimshaw JM , Wood L , Speed C , McDowell D 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe DREAM trial (a randomised, controlled trial of a patient‐based Diabetes REcall And Management system) was designed to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of an area‐wide ‘extended’ computerised diabetes register. This comprised a structured recall and management system, actively involving patients, and incorporating clinical management prompts to primary care clinicians based on locally‐adapted, evidence‐based guidelines. This paper presents the findings from the process of setting up and running the trial; important lessons have been learnt from producing the guidelines, introducing the new software into the diabetes register, and the early months of running the system. These points have implications for diabetes registers in general, and are of particular relevance to the implementation of the National Service Framework for Diabetes in England. In particular, most diabetes registers have not been used as recall systems, usually functioning as little more than data recording mechanisms. However, it is possible to develop diabetes register software that not only functions as a recall system, but also generates clinical management prompts based on guidelines, in response to a wide range of clinical variables entered onto the system. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of the rapid acting insulin analogue lispro and its protamine retarded form (Humalog Mix 25) in a clinical setting
Authors: Thaware P , Howe J , Lawrence IG , McNally PG , Davies MJ 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe conducted a retrospective clinical audit of clinical outcomes (effect on glycaemic control, weight and rates of hypoglycaemia) in patients who were switched from premixed conventional insulin therapy to a premixed, biphasic preparation of a rapid acting insulin analogue (viz Humalog Mix 25 [HM25]) for one of the following reasons: poor long‐term glycaemic control/occurrence of hypoglycaemic episodes/complaints of weight gain. Our aim was to analyse clinical outcomes in these patients after 12 months of such therapy.In total, 56 patients were identified over a 16‐month period. Clinical indications for the switch to HM25 were poor glycaemic control in 30, documented hypoglycaemic episodes in 19, and excessive weight gain while on insulin in two of these patients (the reason was not documented in the remaining five patients). The follow up was for 12‐months with outcomes compared at baseline (i.e. prior to the switch), at two to seven months and at eight to 12 months.After eight to 12 months of therapy, there was an improvement of 0.98% in the overall mean HbA1c levels and of 1.2% in patients with poor glycaemic control (10.3% vs 9.1%; p=0.03). In those switched for occurrence of hypoglycaemia, the proportion still experiencing episodes fell from 100% at baseline to 36% at the end of eight to 12 months with only four of the initial 19 (21.05%) continuing to report any related symptoms.When used in patients for certain specific problems, HM25 can improve long‐term glycaemic control and reduce the risk of hypoglycaemic episodes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transfer to a patient centred, carbohydrate counting and insulin matching programme in a shortened time frame
Authors: Oswald G , Kinch A , Ruddy E 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPatients wishing to transfer to intensified insulin therapy through a shortened skills‐based learning programme were offered both an insulin matching carbohydrate counting programme (ICT) and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). In total 70 patients transferred to ICT following a median of 90 minutes of professional input. In a prospective audit, improved glycaemic control was maintained for one year on ICT (initial HbA1c 9.3±1.5%, 6/12 HbA1c 8.3±1.4%, n = 67, p<0.001; one year 8.3±1.4%, n=64, p<0.001). In 12 patients who switched to CSII after a period on ICT, a significant improvement in HbA1c was seen following ICT (pre‐ICT HbA1c 9.6±1.5%, post‐ICT HbA1c 8.3±1.4%, t = 2.9, p<0.02), but no further improvement was seen after a further year of CSII (HbA1c 8.4±0.8%, n = 9).CSII does not appear to offer significant glycaemic control advantages over ICT in this programme. Patient satisfaction with both therapies is high, but the ease of transfer and success of ICT make this our preferred option. Copyright ©2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acromegaly presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis
Authors: Ogundpipe OA , Balaji HN , Blandford RL 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe case of a 30‐year‐old woman presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis as a first manifestation of acromegaly is reported. This is an extremely rare and unusual presentation. The case illustrates the importance of insulin resistance due to growth hormone excess in the presence of relative insulin deficiency as a cause of diabetic ketoacidosis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are our insulins more or less predictable than our patients?
Authors: Barnett AH , Clarke Pat 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPatients with insulin‐treated diabetes often report day‐to‐day variability in blood glucose levels. Suboptimal patient self‐management may often be considered the most likely cause, but studies have not consistently demonstrated a relationship between adherence and control. Patient behaviours such as insulin resuspension and dose setting technique will contribute to erratic glycaemic control, but because many patients who appear to adhere faithfully to their insulin regimens still report erratic, unpredictable blood glucose, it seems likely that limitations in the prescribed therapy itself might be at least partly causal. Indeed, studies investigating repeat doses of exogenous insulins have shown that the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles that follow each individual insulin injection can vary considerably from the overall mean profiles, both within and between patients. For traditional basal insulin preparations (such as NPH), this variability, combined with a peak in absorption, may contribute to nocturnal hypoglycaemia, which will limit the attainment of glycaemic targets. Recent biotechnological advances have, however, allowed insulin analogues with modified pharmacokinetic properties to be designed with the intent of improving post‐prandial or basal glycaemic control. For example, two analogue preparations (insulin glargine and insulin detemir) have recently been marketed and offer a protracted profile of action that is well suited to basal insulin substitution. Insulin detemir, for example, has been shown to offer greater within‐person predictability in duration of action and maximal effect than other basal insulins. Such improvements offer the potential to provide better and more predictable glucose control through modification of the insulin regimen as well as through the encouragement of improved patient self‐management techniques. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ionic liquids as reaction media for polymerization processes: atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of acrylates in ionic liquids
Authors: Biedroń Tadeusz , Kubisa Przemyslaw 
Published: January 2005

AbstractApplication of ionic liquids (organic salts that are liquid at ambient temperatures) as solvents for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of acrylic monomers is described. Ionic liquids dissolve several inorganic and organic compounds, are highly polar and non‐volatile. It has been shown that their application as solvents in ATRP of acrylates allows the reduction of side‐reactions when compared against bulk polymerizations. When chiral ionic liquid was used as a solvent a small but clear effect on polymer tacticity was observed. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of novel poly(vinyl methyl ether) copolymers by alkylation of poly(vinyl acetate) and poly(vinyl alcohol)
Authors: Markova Dilyana , Christova Darinka , Velichkova Rumiana 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPoly[(vinyl methyl ether)‐co‐(vinyl alcohol)]s were synthesized from poly(vinyl acetate) and poly(vinyl alcohol) by a new simple method based on the well‐known Williamson reaction. The influence of the type of the alkylating agent and the reaction conditions on the efficiency of the methylation was investigated. A series of copolymers with different molecular weight and degree of alkylation were prepared and the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behaviour of their aqueous solutions was evaluated by measuring the cloud‐point temperatures (Tcp). Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry