bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multivariate Statistical Strategies for Construct Validation in Positive Psychology
Authors: Bryant Fred B , King, Scott P , Smart Colette M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After framing issues of measurement validity within the area of positive psychology, we review traditional statistical approaches and more recent multivariate strategies for assessing content, criterion, and construct validity. We then consider various multivariate statistical strategies positive psychologists can use to (a) discriminate subscales from one another within multidimensional measurement instruments and (b) relate measurement instruments to convergent and discriminant measures in construct validation. We conclude with an integrative empirical example that uses these multivariate statistical strategies to assess the construct validity of hope and optimism as distinct concepts in positive psychology.
Methodological Issues in Positive Psychology and the Assessment of Character Strengths
Authors: Park Nansook , Peterson Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Positive psychology has three pillars: positive experiences and emotions; positive traits like talents, passions, and strengths of character; and positive institutions that enable the psychological good life (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). For the past several years, our work has addressed the second of these pillars and specifically such character strengths as curiosity, perseverance, kindness, teamwork, and hope. The intent has been to create a consensual classification of widely valued positive traits (Peterson & Seligman, 2004) and ways of measuring these as individual differences (Peterson, Park, & Seligman, 2005). This project, the Values in Action (VIA) Classification, has been the most ambitious undertaking to date deliberately guided by the perspective of positive psychology. Its goals-a conceptual framework and an associated assessment strategy-represent necessary steps for an empirical science of positive psychology that goes beyond armchair speculations or scattered investigations.
Dynamical Modeling for Studying Self-Regulatory Processes: An Example From the Study of Religious Development Over the Life Span
Authors: McCullough Michael E , Boker Steven M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of religious faith and practice over the life course has been a topic of interest to psychological theorists for over a century (Fowler, 1981; Hall, 1904). In recent years, social scientists have applied quantitative methods from modern developmental science to questions regarding the development of religious feeling, belief, and behavior over the adult life course (Argue, Johnson, & White, 1999; McCullough, Enders, Brion, & Jain, 2005; Sasaki & Suzuki, 1987). Many of the models that have been proposed by theorists such as Hall and Fowler, and the empirical tests of developmental hypotheses, have relied upon the assumption that a person’s religiousness may change (or not) as a function of how old he or she is. In other words, these models and tests have assumed that it is something about getting older per se that controls religious development.
Positive Processes in Close Relationships Across Time, Partners, and Context: A Multilevel Approach
Authors: Gable Shelly L , Guardia Jennifer G La 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clearly, humans operate in a social world. Our close relationships are those in which we derive some of our deepest gratifications as well as our most profound sufferings. It is no wonder that scientists have studied the importance of close relationships to human functioning across the life span (see Reis, Collins, & Berscheid, 2000, for review). Indeed, theoretical and empirical accounts of psychological well-being assert that strong and stable social ties with others are central components of psychological health (e.g., Deci & Ryan, 1985; Ryff, 1995). Further, research has also clearly shown that close relationships are crucial for physical health, so much so that the lack of close bonds is a risk factor for health on par with other risks such as cigarette smoking, high blood pressure, and obesity (House, Landis, & Umberson, 1988).
Tacking on Dangerous Psychological Waters
Authors: Wicks Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Secondary stress represents the stress caused by the pressures placed on professionals who care for others in need. To understand its various causes, symptoms, and methods of prevention and ways to limit it, it is helpful to break down secondary stress into three components: Chronic secondary stress—also known as “burnout” and “compassion fatigue” Acute secondary stress—sometimes referred to as “vicarious posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)”Unique unhealthy aspects of the medical health care culture With an appreciation of these three components, we begin to realize the many systemic stresses in medicine and nursing that must be faced. We also realize that there are inner resources and personal growing edges that will come to the forefront in the process of meeting them.
Forces and Flow Classification
Authors: Dingman S Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The forces involved in open-channel flow are introduced in section 4.2.2.1. The goals of this chapter are 1) to develop expressions to evaluate the magnitudes of those forces at the macroscopic scale, 2) to examine the relative magnitudes of the various forces in natural channels and show how they change with the flow scale, and 3) to show that the Reynolds number (introduced in section 3.4.2) and the Froude number (introduced in section 6.2.2.2) can be interpreted in terms of force ratios. Understanding the relative magnitudes of forces provides a helpful perspective for developing quantitative solutions to practical problems.
Gradually Varied Flow and Water-Surface Profiles
Authors: Dingman S Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gradually varied flow is flow in which 1) downstream changes in velocity and depth are gradual enough that the flow can be considered to be uniform, and 2) the temporal changes in velocity and depth are gradual enough that the flow can be considered to be steady. Under gradually varied flow conditions, we can assume that 1) the pressure distribution is hydrostatic, 2) the one-dimensional energy equation (equation 8.8b) applies, and 3) a uniform-flow resistance equation (i.e., Chézy equation 6.19 or Manning equation 6.40c) applies.
Introduction: Aging, Once Over Lightly
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we have been lucky to stay alive long enough, all of us age. Although there can be important gains, the most troubling feature of aging has to do with the physical, social, and psychological losses and deflcits it commonly brings, as well as our increasing nearness to death. And this gets us to the classic sardonic joke of the elderly, which goes something like this: “They say these are the golden years. To believe this, all we have to do is consider the alternative.”
James Fenimore Cooper, 1789–1851
Authors: Franklin Wayne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On September 15, 1789, a New Jersey couple ushered a new son into their crowded quarters in the old Quaker city of Burlington. Wheelwright William Cooper had been an energetic but impoverished nineteen-year-old when, on the eve of the American Revolution in 1774, he convinced Elizabeth Fenimore, three years his senior, to run off and marry him. In the topsyturvy conditions produced by the war, such a man was not to be kept down. As fighting raged on in the Delaware Valley and else-where, he threw up a store on a piece of vacant land outside Burlington and soon coaxed into existence there a hamlet of a dozen or so buildings that he called “Coopertown.” His ambition whetted by this experience, he began looking farther afleld. With a Burlington partner in 1785, he wrested control of forty thousand frontier acres in New York from the heirs and creditors of the colorful trader and Indian agent George Croghan.
“More Than A Woman’s Enterprise”
Authors: McWilliams John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Russell Lowell’s smarty couplet with its three flashy puns (“sappy,” “flat,” and “prairie”) has had a very long reach. From Lowell’s era to ours, Cooper has been regarded as a particularly male novelist, whether as the creator of the sea tale, as a fabricator of adventure plots suitable for dime novels, Classic Comics and bloody B movies, as a mythic romancer of male bonding (according to D. H. Lawrence and Leslie Fiedler), or as a keen observer of Republican and Jacksonian political persuasions. Harvey Birch, Leatherstocking, Judge Temple, Indian John, and Uncas still retain their resonance, not only in Cooper criticism, but also in ever-changing reconstructions of American literary traditions, such as the recent interest in the social construction of manhood.
The Portuguese Community: Steady, Long Established, and Partially Integrated
Authors: Coll Cynthia García , Marks Amy Kerivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Portuguese immigrants and their children in this study represent the tail-end and the slowing down of a long migrant stream that spans several centuries (see Bailey, 2000b, for a comprehensive view of this community). As part of massive migrations into the United Sates, there was a large-scale Portuguese migration during the 1880–1920 period and then another period of significant migration from 1960 to 1980. Overall, immigration from Portugal to the United States during the early 1990s was less than one-fourth of its late-1960s peak, and the local community reflects this in terms of its relative integration with English speakers and the non-Portuguese community. In contrast to other western European countries, a much larger percentage of Portuguese immigrants entered into this country post-1957; yet in contrast to other post-1965 newcomers who are considered people of color, their racial features (e.g., skin color) are white.
A majority of the families in our study are actually from the Azores, where half of the Portuguese population in the Rhode Island and southern Massachusetts region originated. Newcomers from the Azores were first attracted by the whaling industries in the 1800s and later on by the developing textiles industries in the area. Testimonials from the families in our study talk about family members and acquaintances from their towns of origins that were living here as providing major incentives to migrate into this area.
Benefits of Emotional Intelligence
Authors: Salovey Daisy D Grewal Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If living a good life is living a life in which one learns and evolves, it is necessary to feel both the joy that accompanies hard-won successes and the unpleasant sting of regret that often follows bad decisions. Emotions are therefore an invaluable source of information and feedback (Frijda, 1996; Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1998). How can we best utilize the emotions that we notice in ourselves and in others in order to reap the maximum benefits? This is a primary question of interest to researchers who study the concept of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is not a panacea for all of life’s problems, but growing evidence does suggest that the ability to interpret and handle emotions effectively may play an important role in many of life’s most important endeavors.
A Central Issue for Health Professionals
Authors: Fave Antonella Delle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Researchers and practitioners are devoting increasing attention to the role of subjectivity in the evaluation of well-being. The issue has been traditionally investigated in term of objective indicators, such as income, health, and housing conditions. However, there is evidence that economic indicators do not provide an adequate evaluation of the developmental resources and goal attainment of a person, or of the success of a nation (Biswas-Diener & Diener, 2001; Marmot & Wilkinson, 1999). As several studies show, it is also important to identify and measure subjective indicators of well-being, referring to individuals’ judgments about their own state, satisfaction with life, social relationships, work and health, future goals, and personal achievements (Diener, 2000; Diener & Suh, 1997; Veenhoven, 2002).
Getting Older, Getting Better? Recent Psychological Evidence
Authors: Sheldon Kennon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before I begin with my primary topic, I would like to start with some broader comments about positive psychology, for the benefits of general readers who may be unfamiliar with the potential controversies regarding positive psychology. I would like to consider a question: “Does the positive psychology movement have legs?” This is the title of a skeptical recent article published by Richard Lazarus in Psychological Inquiry (2003). Lazarus suggested that positive psychology is just a fad, one that will fade like many other fads in psychology over the years. And indeed, this could well happen.
Introduction
Authors: Hart Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Grand strategy has to do with the application of power and resources to achieve large national purposes. In the case of the United States in the twenty-first century, its powers are economic, political, and military. In each category these traditional powers are orders of magnitude greater than those of any other nation—friend or rival—and, in the case of military power, greater than those of most of the next several strongest nations combined. America also possesses a fourth power, the power of principle, which may well be one of its greatest strategic assets in the twenty-first century. Much depends on whether and how this asset is employed.
Strategy in an Age of Revolution
Authors: Hart Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It matters a great deal to the strategic project whether the times are quiescent or turbulent. Terrorism, failed states, and market gyrations have already made the early twenty-first century turbulent, and more surprises await. Two massive and historic economic revolutions, globalization and information, are simultaneously opening new markets, breaking down trade and regulatory barriers, and creating new opportunities. And they are, especially in the case of the information revolution, altering social life as well. But these revolutions are also further dividing haves from have-nots. Societies that have resources, finished products, or services to trade and those with widespread access to information technologies are benefiting substantially from these revolutions. Those with little to trade, and with little access to information technologies (the downside of the “digital divide”), are being left further behind to struggle against mounting tides of instability and disintegration.
Our Principles as an Element of Strategy
Authors: Hart Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American democracy, as noted, is characterized by certain principles embodied in our founding documents, especially the Constitution, and in our history and political culture. According to scholarly consensus, these principles were largely the product of Enlightenment humanism, and they represented the most advanced evolution in political thought. A number of these principles are shared among all democracies, Western and otherwise, but some are more closely identified with the United States than with any other nation. Over its almost 225-year life, America has applied its principles to its foreign policy in any consistent manner only periodically. Though many Americans choose to believe that we are unfailingly faithful to our highest ideals, periodic cycles of principle and pragmatism characterize our complex history. Therefore, any account of America’s principles, particularly one emphasizing principle as a component of strategy, must acknowledge inconsistency and imperfection in application throughout our nation’s life.
Restoring the Republic . . . and Its Principles
Authors: Hart Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
America as a republic, and a principled one at that, is central to our grand strategy and to the arguments presented in this essay. America’s founders were united in the cause of creating a new republic. They debated fiercely what kind of republic it should be. Throughout much of our history Americans have seen our country as a land of constitutional rights and economic opportunities. In the eighteenth century we fought a war for independence and liberty. In the nineteenth century we occupied the West and industrialized the nation. In the twentieth century we achieved material prosperity, at least for the middle and upper classes, and dismantled many gender and racial barriers. The cultural emphasis throughout this history was on the rugged individualism of the cowboy or the autonomy and independence of the entrepreneur. More often than not the national government was seen as the protector of powerful interests and the status quo by those left behind or as a barrier to individual initiative by those resistant to regulation.
Apparent Spatial Arrangement And Perceived Brightness
Authors: Hochberg Julian E , Beck Jacob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problems of brightness constancy (e.g., the constancy of perceived object color under different illumination conditions) and of the perceptual constancies in general arise from the fact that changed sensory stimuli frequently elicit unchanged responses (and vice versa) which follow more closely the variations of distal stimuli (objects) than of the sensory-surface stimulus distributions. This raises difficulties for any formulation of a one-to one correspondence between stimulus and experience (confusingly called the ‘‘constancy hypothesis’’ [5, p. 86]), which at first sight would seem essential to psychological prediction.
The Psychophysics Of Pictorial Perception
Authors: Hochberg Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of pictures, and psychology as a scientific inquiry, have been intertwined since Leonardo da Vinci’s analysis of the techniques for portraying space. As we learn more about perception and learning, we must revise our interpretation of how pictorial communication takes place. Reciprocally, what we have learned about pictorial communication has altered some of our conceptions about the underlying sensory structures and perceptual processes.
Reading As An Intentional Behavior
Authors: Hochberg Julian , Brooks Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the perception psychologist, reading is not an isolated behavior that can be understood adequately by itself. Depending as heavily as it does on the language skills and on directed visual search, reading text, as a perceptuomotor activity, has certain characteristics in common with listening to speech and with viewing scenes. The first characteristic shared by these three activities, which is more obvious in the case of reading than in the other two, is that these behaviors do not consist of automatic responses to the array or sequence of patterned stimulation that confronts the subject. The reader does not merely regard a block of text and immediately realize its message. He must intend to read the display, must ‘‘pay attention’’ to its meaning, if he is to be able to respond to its contents. What a phrase like ‘‘pay attenton to’’ might mean in this context has not received much thought or experimental research, but it would seem to be of fundamental importance to any understanding of what the reading process is all about.
How Big Is A Stimulus?
Authors: Hochberg Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last few years have seen a great increase in the popularity of organizational approaches to the study of perception, more or less explicitly indebted to Gestalt theory, and of direct or stimulus-informational approaches, explicitly indebted to the work of Gibson (1950, 1979). The mere fact that the appearance of a pattern cannot in general be completely predicted from the appearances of its parts presented in isolation does not by itself provide a basis for reviving anything like Gestalt theory. And the mere fact that what has been called higher-order stimulus information about distal (object) properties are normally provided by the environment, and that such information is sometimes used by the normal viewer, by itself implies nothing whatsoever about the processes of perception. Helmholtz discussed quite explicitly what later was taken by the Gestaltists as the law of good continuation; he discussed at length the importance of motion-produced stimulation and of active exploration in vision and in touch as providing what was later to be called the invariant information in the stimulus transformations (Cassirer, 1944; Gibson, 1950, 1979). Moreover, Helmholtz stressed that as far as our perceptions are concerned, the distal properties are usually directly perceived (i.e., we are not aware of the activities of the individual receptors, nor of the processes by which the percepts are constructed). If one is to go beyond (or oppose) Helmholtz in these respects, therefore, it will have to be in terms of evidence about the ways in which larger spans of stimulus information are used, not merely by showing that they are present in stimulation, or that they are used.
Form Perception Experience and Explanations
Authors: Hochberg Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My concern in this chapter is the perception or experience of visual form, and with the kinds of proposals that have been offered to explain the phenomena of form perception. Such explanations fall in two general classes: one which involves (unconscious) inference-like or computational processes, based on premises about the world (i.e., mental structure), and one in which our perceptions of form and other object properties are direct responses to the stimulation received by the visual system. Depending on how they are fleshed out, the two alternative approaches may in fact be indistinguishable, or they may be very different in their psychological and physiological implications.
The Perception Of Pictorial Representations
Authors: Hochberg Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pictures are flat pigmented objects, very different from the objects and spaces they represent. Nevertheless, pictures must in some sense be like the things they depict, else they could not represent them. This is what has made pictorial representation of interest to generations of philosophers, psychologists, and art theorists. The ways in which a picture can be like its object are not fully understood. We consider first the most direct way in which a picture and object might be alike: They might present the eye with the same pattern of light, or optic array.
The Resurrection Of Simplicity In Vision
Authors: Helm Peter A van der 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With ups and downs since the early 20th century, simplicity has been considered a relevant factor in visual form and object perception. Since the 1990s, other sciences also have shown an interest in simplicity as a driving modeling factor. This recent interest has been triggered by intriguing findings in a mathematical research line called algorithmic information theory (AIT), which started in the mid-1960s. As I argue here, these AIT findings support but cannot replace the independent perceptual research line that started in the early 1950s with Hochberg and McAlister’s (1953) information-theoretic simplicity idea.In the aftermath of Shannon’s (1948) ground-breaking work in classical information theory, Hochberg and McAlister (1953) proposed modeling the visual system as selecting the most simple interpretation of a proximal stimulus. More precisely, they proposed: ‘‘[T]he less the amount of information needed to define a given organization as compared to the other alternatives, the more likely that the figure will be so perceived’’ (p. 361). This proposal is nowadays known as the simplicity principle, and it marks the beginning of a paradigm shift from probabilistic to descriptive information.