bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Frequency Whistles; Edge Tones and Resonance
Authors: Nyborg W. L. , Schilling H. K. 
Published: September 2005

A previous paper reported an experimental study of the dependence of the intensity and frequency of the output of ultrasonic whistles upon whistle dimensions and airflow, and suggested that the results could be explained qualitatively by assuming that the whistle is a system of two oscillators, the first being a cavity resonator and the second a jet-and-edge producing high frequency edge tones.
Since then the possibility of generating edge tones having frequencies exceeding 100 kc has been demonstrated. The resonance of small cavities has been studied, and it has been found that their first eigentones can be computed rather accurately on the basis of simple closed pipe theory. A “synthetic whistle” was constructed, consisting of a jet-and-edge and a small resonator, whose relative positions and orientations could be varied.
The properties of each of the two components of this whistle assembly were studied separately, as well as the results of their interaction upon each other. The findings for this synthetic whistle model are consistent with those for actual whistles and seem to verify the correctness of the assumption made earlier.
An Acoustic Screen for Making Underwater Noise Reduction Tests in Pearl Harbor
Authors: Loye Donald P. , Arndt William Fred 
Published: September 2005

When the German submarine menace had been largely overcome during World War II, the attention of our Navy and scientists turned toward reducing the noise of our submarines in order to make them less readily detectable. To accomplish this required improvements in the submarine noise-measuring techniques.
In Pearl Harbor, where there often were eight hundred ships of all kinds, the underwater noise level was high. There was no place found where noise measurements could be made satisfactorily, and therefore special methods had to be developed. After extensive study it was decided that the best arrangement would be to insulate Auxiliary Repair Docks, and measure the noise of submarines while they were in the docks. This was done by the development of a suitable air-bubble screen across the open end of the dock. Such an acoustic barrier was comparatively easy to install, did not interfere with submarines entering and leaving, kept ocean surface oil out of the dock, insulated against low as well as high frequency noises as was required, and, after extensive experimentation, the noise of the screen was reduced to a level that did not interfere with the noise measurements. The insulation of the screen upon the noise of a nearby submarine-charging batteries is illustrated by a phonograph recording.
Theoretical and Observed Absorption of Sound in Suspensions
Authors: Urick R. J. 
Published: September 2005

A theory is outlined which attributes the absorption of sound in suspensions of small, rigid, spherical particles to the viscous drag exerted by the fluid upon the particles. The absorption is found to depend on the magnitude of the drag coefficient and the velocity difference between particles and fluid in the sound field.
By use of a pulse reflection technique, the absorption of 15-megacycle sound has been measured in aqueous suspensions of finely divided silica and kaolin. The absorption is found to vary linearly with concentration, and in the range of particle size 1 to 10 microns is approximately proportional to the total area of particles in suspension. The observed variation of absorption with particle size, concentration, and viscosity of the suspending liquid is in agreement with the theory, although the computed values are larger than those observed.
The “OBS” chart: an evidence based approach to re-design of the patient observation chart in a district general hospital setting
Authors: Chatterjee M T , Moon J C , Murphy R , McCrea D 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

Objective
The primary role of the patient bedside observation chart is to make clinicians aware of the deteriorating patient. Despite this, its performance has not been scrutinised. Many versions exist with different styles of data entry but the optimal format remains elusive. This paper hypothesised that chart design measurably influences function and that redesign and standardisation would improve the detection of physiological decline by clinical staff.

Design
Objective evaluation of existing charts (n = 5), evidence based redesign, and re-evaluation of new chart.

Setting
250 bed district general hospital.

Results
Design of existing observation charts had a significant effect on the ability of clinical staff to detect patient deterioration, with detection rates of parameters indicating physiological decline ranging from 0% to 100%. Graphical plots portrayed information better than written values for all parameters being measured except tachypnoea. No single existing chart was best for all variables. A new chart was designed, implemented with training in its use, and re-evaluated. The new chart also incorporated an early warning scoring system. There were significant improvements in the average detection rates of parameters poorly identified on existing charts: detection rates of tachypnoea and hypoxia increased by 41% (p&lt;0.05) and 45% (p&lt;0.05) respectively. There were also significant improvements in detection rates of tachycardia and fever by 29% (p&lt;0.05) and 16% (p&lt;0.05) respectively.

Conclusion
Evidence based redesign of the patient bedside observation chart coupled with specific training in its use significantly improves the detection of patient physiological deterioration.
Ground Heat Flux Determination according to Land Skin Temperature Observations from In Situ Stations and Satellites
Authors: Tsuang Ben-Jei 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Due to rapid progress in the development of remote sensing techniques, skin temperature can now be observed with global coverage from satellites. This study derives an equation for utilizing skin temperature measurements to determine ground heat flux. This equation is verified at the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment (FIFE) campaign site and four Fluxnet sites. A preliminary monthly global dataset of ground heat flux with 1° resolution, covering the years 1984–95, is derived based on skin temperature observations obtained via satellite. It shows that the seasonal variation of ground heat flux over land can be determined at 1.5 months ahead by observing the increasing rate of skin temperature, and that the variation increases from ±2 W m−2 at the equator to ±20 W m−2 at the poles. Over land, the resulting ground heat flux can be compared with that of the ERA-15 reanalysis, showing rms differences of about 4 W m−2.
Evaluation of Soil Moisture in the NCEP–NCAR and NCEP–DOE Global Reanalyses
Authors: Lu Cheng-Hsuan , Kanamitsu Masao , Roads John O. , Ebisuzaki Wesley , Mitchell Kenneth E. , Lohmann Dag 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
This study compares soil moisture analyses from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) global reanalysis (R-1) and the later NCEP– Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) global reanalysis (R-2). The R-1 soil moisture is strongly controlled by nudging it to a prescribed climatology, whereas the R-2 soil moisture is adjusted according to differences between model-generated and observed precipitation. While mean soil moisture fields from R-1 and R-2 show many geographic similarities, there are some major differences. This study uses in situ observations from the Global Soil Moisture Data Bank to evaluate the two global reanalysis products. In general, R-2 does a better job of simulating interannual variations, the mean seasonal cycle, and the persistence of soil moisture, when compared to observations. However, the R-2 reanalysis does not necessarily represent observed soil moisture characteristics well in all aspects. Sometimes R-1 provides a better soil moisture analysis on monthly time scales, which is likely a consequence of the deficiencies in the R-2 surface water balance.
Transport of Atmospheric Moisture during Three Extreme Rainfall Events over the Mackenzie River Basin
Authors: Brimelow Julian C. , Reuter Gerhard W. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Lagrangian trajectories were computed for three extreme summer rainfall events (with rainfall exceeding 100 mm) over the southern Mackenzie River basin to test the hypothesis that the low-level moisture feeding these rainstorms can be traced back to the Gulf of Mexico. The three-dimensional trajectories were computed using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model (HYSPLIT).
For all three events, parcel trajectories were identified that originated near the Gulf of Mexico and terminated over the southern Mackenzie River basin. Specifically, the transport of low-level moisture was found to occur along either quasi-continuous or stepwise trajectories. The time required to complete the journey varied between 6 and 10 days.
Closer examination of the data suggests that, for the three cases in question, the transport of modified Gulf of Mexico moisture to high latitudes was realized when the northward extension of the Great Plains low-level jet to the Dakotas occurred in synch with rapid cyclogenesis over Alberta, Canada. In this way, modified low-level moisture from the Gulf of Mexico arrived over the northern Great Plains at the same time as a strong southerly flow developed over the Dakotas and Saskatchewan, Canada, in advance of the deepening cutoff low over Alberta. This moist air was then transported northward over Saskatchewan and finally westward over the southern Mackenzie River basin, where strong ascent occurred.
Seasonal Variations of Precipitation Properties Associated with the Monsoon over Palau in the Western Pacific
Authors: Kubota Hisayuki , Shirooka Ryuichi , Ushiyama Tomoki , Chuda Takashi , Iwasaki Suginori , Takeuchi Kensuke 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
In this study, the authors focused on the seasonal variations of precipitation properties over the western Pacific, particularly those associated with the wind direction of the monsoon. An observational project over Peleliu Island in the Republic of Palau was carried out, and data on precipitation, equivalent cloud amount, and precipitable water were collected from 28 June 2001 to 30 April 2002. First, the monsoon season over Palau was defined as a period with 850-hPa zonal-wind sounding data with sustained winds exceeding 5 m s−1. The westerly wind regime continued until 25 November 2001, and the next westerly wind regime began on 18 May 2002. The equivalent cloud amount increased during the period when the westerly wind intensified. The precipitation had a diurnal variation in the active phase of the westerly wind regime, increasing from nighttime to early morning and decreasing in the afternoon. The diurnal variation was weak in the inactive phase and had a lesser afternoon maximum. Precipitation intensity was high and its duration was short during the westerly wind regime.
The precipitable water decreased during the easterly wind regime when a dry period appeared, and precipitation was also suppressed during those days. However, there was little difference between the precipitation amounts of the westerly and easterly wind regimes. The equivalent cloud amount did not decrease as the zonal-wind direction changed to easterlies during the easterly wind regime. The authors noticed no diurnal variation of precipitation during the easterly wind regime. These differences in the precipitation properties during westerlies and easterlies may be related to the seasonal variation of humidity in the environment.
Hydrological Validation of a Radar-Based Nowcasting Technique
Authors: Berenguer Marc , Corral Carles , Sánchez-Diezma Rafael , Sempere-Torres Daniel 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Nowcasting precipitation is a key element in the anticipation of floods in warning systems. In this framework, weather radars are very useful because of the high resolution of their measurements both in time and space. The aim of this study is to assess the performance of a recently proposed nowcasting technique (S-PROG) from a hydrological point of view in a Mediterranean environment. S-PROG is based on the advection of weather radar fields according to the motion field derived with an algorithm based on tracking radar echoes by correlation (TREC), and it has the ability of filtering out the most unpredictable scales of these fields as the forecasting time increases. Validation of this nowcasting technique was done from two different perspectives: (i) comparing forecasted precipitation fields against radar measurements, and (ii) by means of a distributed rainfall runoff model, comparing hydrographs simulated with a hydrological model using rainfall fields forecasted by S-PROG against hydrographs generated with the model using the entire series of radar measurements. In both cases, results obtained by a simpler nowcasting technique are used as a reference to evaluate improvements. Validation showed that precipitation fields forecasted with S-PROG seem to be better than fields forecasted using simpler techniques. Additionally, hydrological validation led the authors to point out that the use of radar-based nowcasting techniques allows the anticipation window in which flow estimates are forecasted with enough quality to be sensibly extended.
General John Shalikashvili and the Civil-Military Relations of Peacekeeping
Authors: Goldstein Lyle J. 
Published: October 2005

The American officer corps has adopted the post-Cold War peacekeeping mission with considerable reluctance. This reluctance was clearly manifested in the person of General Colin Powell, who overstepped traditional American civil-military norms in leveraging his extensive political clout against U.S. involvement in peacekeeping efforts. This and other factors led many observers to conclude that American civil-military relations were in crisis. Powell's successor, General John Shalikashvili, who retired in September 1997, did much to restore a working balance to American civil-military relations. He understood that Powell's sweeping skepticism about peacekeeping exceeded the profesional competence of the military officer. Shalikashvili did not take the position that peacekeeping was either wholly worthy or wholly worthless, but examined each case from Rwanda to Bosnia on its own merits. No yes-man for the Clinton administration, he frequently injected caution into deliberations. His professional demeanor helped make American foreign policy more effective by improving the quality of military advice given to the president.
Nationalism, National Security, and Amazônia: Military Perceptions and Attitudes in Contemporary Brazil
Authors: Filho João R. Martins , Zirker Daniel 
Published: October 2005

The end of the Cold War had profoundly affected Brazilian military thought, and, consequently, military planning and development, by the late 1990s. Recent evidence suggests that the Brazilian military is increasingly concerned with threats to national sovereignty putatively posed by international organizations, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and the most industrialized countries. Moreover, the Brazilian military sees such threats as likely to be clothed in the guise of "idealistic" concerns, including the protection of aboriginal (and other human) rights, and the protection of the environment. The traditional military preoccupation with the Brazilian Amaz6nia has clearly been intensified by these perceptions. While low-intensity conflict with traffickers in contraband and with guerrillas remains a central concern in military planning for the region, there is increasing discussion by key military officers of larger threats. Reinforced by NATO's attack on Yugoslavia, a new, post-Cold War era in Brazilian military thought appears to be taking shape, one in which defense against direct threats to national sovereignty, principally in the vast Amazon region, has become a central tenet. Brazil's new "Policy for National Defense," and its creation of a civilian-led Ministry of Defense, should be seen in this new context.
The Eighth Army's Combat Readiness Before Korea: A New Appraisal
Authors: Hanson Thomas E. 
Published: October 2005

This case study of the 27th Infantry Regiment demonstrates the fallacy of many generalizations surrounding interpretations of the U.S. Army's performance in the opening weeks of the Korean War. It describes the training of a typical infantry regiment in the Eighth U.S. Army from April 1949, until the outbreak of the Korean War on 25 June 1950. The evolution of readiness from individual training to regimental combat team maneuvers in the 27th Infantry Regiment proves that: * Occupation duties interfered very little with the conduct of training after June 1949; * The nature of the training cycle afforded maximum time for the creation of cohesive and proficient squads, platoons, and companies; * Soldiers recognized the importance of the training program and strove to execute it well; * Physical fitness was an integral part of the training program; * Technical training occupied a significant part of nonmaneuver training time. Acknowledgement of the Eighth Army's accomplishments in 1949 and early 1950 should facilitate a shift in the debate away from the lack of preparedness of "occupation troops" and onto a discussion of the strategic assumptions and operational decisions that placed single battalions into tactically and logistically unsupportable positions. Only by doing that can we begin to bury what Douglas MacArthur called the "pernicious myth" of professional, physical, and moral ineffectiveness that obscures the actual readiness of the Eighth Army.
The U.S. Decision to Launch Operation Desert Storm: A Bureaucratic Politics Analysis
Authors: Holland Lauren 
Published: October 2005

This article attempts to assess the explanatory value of the bureaucratic politics model in the case of Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Drawing upon Graham T. Allison's germinal book, Essence of Decision, and the critiques that have followed, the argument of bureaucratic politics is summarized and the insights used to explain more fully President Bush's actions in the Persian Gulf. The objective is not to show that the bureaucratic politics model explains "the" government's decisions. Rather, an examination of bureaucratic and political forces uncovers otherwise unrecognized features of the policy decisions of the Bush Administration and coalition member nations, offering a more comprehensive understanding of how foreign policy is crafted. Second, the model directs attention to the series of ancillary decisions that made the Persian Gulf crisis possible, as it challenges the idea of the war's inevitability. Rather, with a different set of American policies toward Iraq during the 1980s, war might have been avoided or preempted. Third, by broadening our conceptual lens, the model helps find answers to many questions or puzzles that cannot be otherwise explained. The study concludes with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of a foreign policy-making process operated by bureaucratic and political forces.
The Desert Fax: A Research Note on Calling Home from Somalia
Authors: Bell D. Bruce , Schumm Walter R , Knott Benjamin , Ender Morten G. 
Published: October 2005

Survey data from near 500 civilian wives of soldiers from who deployed to Somalia for Operation Restore Hope were analyzed to determine how the mechanics of soldier-family communications affected spouse adaptation to the stresses of the deployment. Difficulty communicating with the soldier (particularly "connecting for the first time") was one of the most frequent problems that spouses experienced. This difficulty was more strongly related to the characteristics of the soldiers' units (i.e., type and location within Somalia) than to the characteristics of the soldiers themselves. Problems communicating during the deployment not only predicted the level of spouse stress during the deployment, but also affected either directly or through "spouse stress" several outcomes that are important to Army planners. Those outcomes included: (1) spouse support for the soldier remaining in the Army, (2) the soldiers reenlistment intention, (3) spouse support for peacekeeping missions, and (4) family adaptation to Army life.
The intra-rater reliability of the Balance Performance Monitor when measuring sitting symmetry and weight-shift activity after stroke in a community setting
Authors: Sackley Cath M , Hill Helen J , Pound Kate , Foxall Andy 
Published: September 2005

Objective: To examine the intra-rater reliability of sitting symmetry and weight-shift activity measurements in poststroke adults. Design: An intra-rater reliability study. Setting: A community setting. Subjects: Adult stroke survivors attending stroke support groups within the community of Nottingham (UK). Main measures: The Balance Performance Monitor used to measure sitting symmetry and weight-shift activity. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. The Bland-Altman method for assessing agreement is also presented. Results: We tested 49 participants (median age 73 years; interquartile range 68-81 years). Between-test reliability for sitting symmetry was high: ICC (1,1) = 0.93 (95% CI 0.87 ≤ ICC5 ≤ 0.96). The mean difference between the measures (d̄) was-0.08 (95% CI-0.48 ≤ d̄ ≤ 0.31); the standard deviation of the differences (SDdiff) was 1.383. The coefficient of repeatability was 2.76; the 95% limits of agreement were -2.850 and 2.682. Between-test reliability for weight-shift activity was also high: ICC (1,1) = 0.86 (95% CI 0.775 ≤; ICC5 ≤; 0.92). Bland-Altman d̄= - 0.08 (95%CI-0.19 ≤ d̄ ≤ 0.35), SDdiff = 0.936. The coefficient of repeatability was 1.87; the 95% limits of agreement were-1.792 and 1.952. Conclusions: The 95% CI for d for both parameters crossed zero, indicating that between-test bias is unlikely. Sitting symmetry and weight-shift activity measures demonstrated acceptable levels of reliability.