bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Borkent Mike 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter briefly locates this book at the intersections of literary studies, cognitive linguistics, and multimodality studies, which befits a work of comics studies scholarship. It notes that the book further addresses the need for a cognitive poetic approach that combines form and meaning, and how this is the only way to properly address the complexity of comprehension and interpretation associated with multimodal texts. The chapter then gives an overview of the structure and key insights of subsequent chapters.
Conclusions and Extensions
Authors: Borkent Mike 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a brief conclusion of previous chapters. It then proceeds to show how key aspects of the previous chapters are challenged and extended by digital comics. This very common area of comics creation operates with many similar conventions that pay homage to print comics, but expand the multimodal possibilities for expression and readerly interaction with the text. This chapter briefly explores a range of these options to illustrate how the multimodal cognitive poetics developed in previous chapters can extend to analyses of more dynamical forms in digital comics. Extending the cognitive approach to the complexity of digital comics is a crucial next step in developing a completely dynamical multimodal cognitive poetics of comics that can only be gestured to here.
Program Team Building
Authors: Searcy Yan Dominic , Harden Troy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on the importance of selecting a leader for program development, including the characteristics that youth program managers should embody. Good leadership can inspire and poor leadership can damage. Leadership is critically important. Leadership is operationalized in this chapter as a dynamic process-driven activity that involves role, goals, and influence between a person and a group. Much has been written about management and leadership within the human service context. Briefly covering a definition of leadership, the chapter moves to explore the concept of authentic leadership and then moves to explore the characteristics and leadership traits of successful youth development leaders. Those traits include authenticity, inclusiveness, availability, care, and accountability.
Recruitment, Retention, and Participation
Authors: Searcy Yan Dominic , Harden Troy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 covers recruitment, retention, and participation. Considered as both art and science, the focus of the chapter is on recruitment. Recruitment is considered by the authors as the most overlooked but important aspect of youth work. The authors note that the adage, “If you build it, they will come,” does not readily apply. The chapter considers competition between programs as an element that impacts participation. Transportation, safety getting to programming sites, and the actual program sites are also considered key elements for improving retention and participation. Additionally, the chapter discusses the importance of considering youth personality attributes and affinities. The authors caution that at risk or high risk is not a personality trait and that participation is impacted when programming is not matched to reflect the diversity of personalities and affinities that exist among youth.
Retreats
Authors: Searcy Yan Dominic , Harden Troy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 establishes the importance of including retreats as part of youth programming. Retreats have their roots in cultural traditions that suggest that departing from daily practices allows for clarity, reawakening, new perspective, meditation, rest, self-reflection, and community reflection. Nearly every cultural tradition has some type of retreat. Stepping back or stepping away is a valued human tradition. It continues to be practiced because of its impact. The chapter focuses primarily on retreat planning and identifies and discusses ten elements to include when planning for youth retreats. Those elements range from goal setting to whom should contribute to retreat planning.
From the Atom to Living Systems
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola , Villani Giovanni 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book represents an original journey beginning from the simple and undifferentiated atom to differentiated atoms, molecules, macromolecules, and the thresholds of life. One of the most important aims of this book is to underline the philosophical function of the concept of molecule. The description of the material world permitted by the concept of structured entity has revolutionized the entire scientific worldview. Moreover, the concept of macromolecule has projected the molecular world toward the threshold of the biological world, and this analysis will also form an integral part of this book. The scientific and epistemological approach toward the molecular world will also serve to link chemistry with philosophy proper. Up to the 19th century, chemistry had enjoyed its own philosophical foundation, which was anchored in the concept of the atom, a concept with a rich philosophical heritage. The 20th-century appropriation of this concept by physicists deprived chemistry of its distinctive philosophical foundation, relegating it to being merely an applied branch of physics. In this regard, we consider the concept of molecular structure to be an exquisitely philosophical concept and the strong point permitting a solid differentiation of chemistry from physics. The recuperation of a fertile relationship between chemistry and philosophy can and must occur around the concept of structured and complex reality. Chemistry can be projected to the cultural vanguard but only if its practitioners once again attend to the conceptual and philosophical concerns within their discipline, albeit without abandoning the technical concerns that are essential to modern science.
Introduction: A Systemic Chemistry
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola , Villani Giovanni 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This introduction clarifies the philosophical vision of the world and the consequent methodology behind this book. The perspective used is the systemic one, but since today this term has assumed a wide and diversified meaning in the literature, this introduction will clarify the specific meaning of our approach, starting from the meaning of the term system. Our idea of system is based on three key assertions that may seem contradictory but are necessary and complementary to its definition. In particular, we consider the usual idea that the system is more and less than the sum of its juxtaposed parts, highlighting the role of emergences and constraints. In our idea of a system, however, we must consider a third fundamental characteristic: its dynamism, the dual nature of the system as an entity and as a process, its role as a “dynamic entity.” Afterward, the holistic and reductionist approaches are analyzed in detail, and both the specific merits and the fact that these two opposing worldviews, considered individually, cannot give a complete and balanced description of reality, are taken into account. For us, only the systemic approach provides a balanced description of both the parts and the whole and must, therefore, be preferred. Finally, the differences between our approach and the approaches mentioned above are considered in detail.
Early Modern Mechanistic Atomism and the Concept of Structure
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola , Villani Giovanni 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the most significant developments that helped usher in early modern science was the mechanistic theory of matter or mechanicism, as it was advocated by natural philosophers such as René Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, and Robert Boyle. What distinguishes mechanicism from its Aristotelian and vitalistic predecessors is its attempt to explain natural phenomena by reducing all higher-level qualities of material bodies to the mechanistic properties of fundamental particles. A correlate of this reductionist perspective is the view that matter is an inert substance devoid of any “force,” inherent motion, or self-organization. In this view, all phenomena and interactions in nature are produced by the impact and collision of particles, which are themselves governed by the fundamental laws of mechanics. This conception of matter cannot account for the existence of chemical properties, since such properties do not exist at the level of fundamental particles. Yet, chemical properties have causal power and in addition govern how distinct substances react and interact with each other. In order to account for such higher-level properties, while still retaining a mechanistic theory of fundamental matter, several early modern natural philosophers posited that concretions of fundamental particles were the elementary chemical units that account for the existence of chemical properties. This chapter will focus on the ideas of Pierre Gassendi and Robert Boyle in this regard, since their conceptions of structure served to usher in complexity within the framework of the early modern particulate theory of matter.
Lavoisier and the Quantification of Chemistry
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola , Villani Giovanni 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dissatisfied with his predecessors’ metaphysical speculations regarding fundamental matter, the 18th-century chemist Antoine Lavoisier took chemistry in a different direction from that followed in the previous century. He did so by eschewing philosophical theorizations and by rendering chemistry an entirely empirical pursuit with quantifiable experimental results. According to Lavoisier, rather than speculating about the fundamental nature of matter, chemists should restrict themselves to identifying the final products of analysis and to regarding those products that could not be further analyzed as elementary substances. The reformed chemical nomenclature that Lavoisier proposed focused on reflecting the elementary composition of compound substances and, thus, on identifying the “simple substances” of which compound substances were composed. Lavoisier was thus able to codify a simple, coherent, and accurate compositional chemistry. His approach allowed him to identify 33 elements, thus taking the first and essential step in the direction of modern chemistry. In spite of the success of his approach, Lavoisier claimed that neither experience nor experimental observation could furnish proof that a substance was truly elementary. In fact, he regarded the analytical approach to identifying elements as provisional and his table of elements as open to revision, since he recognized that future and more sophisticated methods of analysis might succeed in further breaking down the substances on his list of elements. Lavoisier’s quantification of chemistry and his identification of chemical elements represented crucial turning points not only for chemistry but for the entire conceptual structure of science.
John Dalton and Chemical Atomism
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola , Villani Giovanni 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the 17th and 18th centuries, the relevance of atomism for chemistry remained unclear for both a practical and conceptual reason. From the practical point of view, atoms were not conceived as having properties that were experimentally quantifiable, and, from the conceptual point of view, classical atomism clashed with both the theory and practice of chemistry because it represented atoms as having uniform properties limited to shape, size, and motion. It was also unclear how the concept of atom could possibly be related to the concept of element, since these notions implied completely different ways of conceptualizing what it means for an entity or a substance to be fundamental. Although it was well known that chemical substances were qualitatively distinct from each other, it was not clear how qualitative differences could be explained by the microscopic properties of atoms. These questions were ultimately resolved by John Dalton, who discovered a way to measure indirectly the weight of atoms, thereby providing confirmation for the atomic hypothesis and transforming it into the atomic theory. Once Dalton discovered a way of differentiating microscopic substances, the atomic theory began to have a real effect on chemistry. Furthermore, although the definition of chemical element advanced by Lavoisier had deliberately separated the macroscopic plane from the experimentally inaccessible microscopic plane, Dalton eliminated this separation. In fact, the very co-presence of the microscopic and macroscopic planes of atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds has come to constitute the defining character of chemical explanation since Dalton.
Valence, Chemical Bonds, and the Theory of Elements
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola , Villani Giovanni 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although Dalton’s theory was based on simple assumptions, what made it particularly difficult to accept was that it required the existence of about fifty distinct types of atoms. Many chemists at the time found it impossible to believe that God would have used so many types of substances to construct the world. There was also skepticism regarding whether Lavoisier had successfully identified elementary substances. Consequently, many 19th-century chemists avoided use of the term element and instead favored the term undecomposed bodies. This attitude stimulated the work of William Prout, who noticed that the atomic weights of many elements were almost exactly the multiple of the atomic weight of hydrogen. He thus proposed that heavier atoms were formed by the additive aggregation of hydrogen atoms. Furthermore, during this time, several electrochemical theories were advanced regarding chemical affinity, but the question remained open as to what enabled atoms to combine according to well-determined numerical relations. In other words, the nature of atomic valence was not yet understood. Although organic chemistry eventually concluded that each element has a constant valence, the evidence from inorganic chemistry demonstrated that valence is not a constant property, nor is it found in isolated atoms. It depends, instead, on the nature of bonded atoms and the physicochemical conditions in which such atoms interact. Furthermore, although valence theories like that of Kekulé-Couper claimed that all interatomic bonds were the same within molecules, the question of whether such bonds were indeed equal remained open.
The Relationship between Chemistry and Biology in the 19th Century
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola , Villani Giovanni 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we will develop the relationship between chemistry and biology in the 19th century along three lines: matter, energy, and entropy. The philosophical problem of vitalism falls within the first line. Justus von Liebig’s description of the animals as “walking stoves” and the concept of milieu interiéur by Claude Bernard will be part of the line of development of energy. Finally, the entropic guideline will include the general problem of reconciling the increase of disorder, linked to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, with the evidence that the living world is organized/ordered and evolution moves toward increasing species complexity. With regard to the philosophical problem of vitalism, we will be mainly concerned with three historical moments: (1) the artificial synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler, (2) the dispute between Pierre-Eugène-Marcellin Berthelot and Louis Pasteur, and (3) Eduard Buchner’s discovery of cell-free fermentation. In addition, the birth of thermodynamics and its influence on the relationship between chemistry and biology will also be discussed. Also considered is the general problem of reconciling the increase of entropy (and of “disorder”) that is linked to the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
Scripting Revolution
Authors: Rosenberg William G. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Taking up the months preceding the February revolution, chapter 6 contrasts the liberals’ story of urgently needed political reform to the widespread narrative of “literally facing starvation.” Discussion shows how the confiscatory program of Minister of Agriculture Rittikh to force grain deliveries, supported by liberals, was complemented with an extension of compulsory labor and the unexpected onslaught of civil war as this obligation was extended to exempt Muslim communities. Among other effects, subsistence protests and a new wave of industrial strikes augured badly for the possibility of social peace and political liberalization. The chapter suggests that taking account of all this as well as the unabated anxieties and material losses of war, the convictions of democratic liberals and democratic socialists about how Russia should go forward became increasingly firm. In effect, figurative scripts were being written to guide an anticipated change of regimes through what many now widely regarded as Russia’s “revolutionary situation.”
Violence, Loss, and the Collapse of War Communism
Authors: Rosenberg William G. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The violence rampant throughout 1920 is examined here in terms of its origins and consequences, as “life in catastrophe” brought hunger and death to new peaks of anxiety and fear. Desertion from every army testified to the weaknesses of competing regimes and ideologies. The extension of Cheka powers, the Bolsheviks’ “labor armies,” the “Tsektran” controversy, and the ultimate impossibility of meeting workers’ or peasants’ needs are all discussed here, along with the meanings of labor protests in January 1921 and the Kronstadt sailors’ rebellion during the Tenth Party Congress. Lenin’s New Economic Policy promising material betterment and a relaxation of confiscation was ironically prelude to the massive peasant uprising in Tambov, the worst famine in modern Russian history, and the consolidation soon of Stalinist confiscations and losses as a still rebellious countryside and a restless intelligentsia remained unsecured.
The Promises of Exiles
Authors: Zoloth Laurie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a critical review of the scholarly literature about religion and climate change. It then turns to sources in the tradition of Jewish thought to describe a larger issue: our existential state of exile itself. This chapter argues that this theme of exile is both ontological and theological. As such, because human beings do not possess the Earth, but only traverse it, we can move to a different relationship to the planet. The chapter reviews the structure of Jewish ethics, focusing on the way that discourse and argumentation operate in the logic of rabbinic ethics. The chapter introduces the centrality of the Sha’ma liturgy, which connects human moral behavior to the functioning of the seasons and the regularity of rain and sun, linking all of human productive activity to human moral choices. The chapter concludes with the prophetic voice we encounter in the text of Jeremiah, which makes this link strongly.
Quantum Information Science
Authors: Manenti Riccardo , Motta Mario 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis comprehensive and self-consistent textbook presents quantum information science, a rapidly evolving interdisciplinary scientific field that will change modern computer science. The book is divided into four parts. The first part starts with a gentle introduction to some important mathematical concepts, followed by a discussion of computational models, linear algebra, and quantum mechanics. The second part explains more advanced topics of quantum mechanics, which are necessary to describe the decoherence of quantum states. The third part includes a presentation of entanglement, early quantum algorithms and quantum simulation, focussing on computational problems that quantum computers can solve faster than classical machines. The last part presents superconducting devices, a promising architecture for the implementation of quantum computers. With more than 200 figures and 100 exercises (with solutions), this book is ideal for a master’s course on quantum information processing. Readers starting a master’s program or a graduate course in physics, computer science, mathematics or quantum engineering will develop a good understanding of the fundamental concepts of the field.
Quantum mechanics
Authors: Manenti Riccardo , Motta Mario 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, we present the theoretical foundations of quantum mechanics. Our presentation follows the von Neumann postulates. We discuss them stepping through the parts of a typical quantum experiment: the preparation of the system, the subsequent time evolution, and the final measurement. Specifically, we present normalized vectors in a Hilbert space, that describe preparations; projection-valued measures and Hermitian operators, that describe measurable observables; and the Schrodinger equation governing time evolution. In the last part of the chapter, we present two examples of quantum systems: the qubit and the quantum harmonic oscillator. We study the interaction between them in two different regimes
The First World War and the Arrival of Jazz
Authors: Bonsaver Guido 
Published: October 2023

AbstractChapter 5 looks at the cultural impact of the arrival of US personnel in Italy when both countries entered the war against Austria and Germany. It also looks at the role of President Thomas Woodrow Wilson in shaping the policies and image of the USA abroad. On the one hand, Italians were impressed by Wilson’s communicative strategies and by the efficient propaganda and morale-boosting policies of the US contingent. The latter contained a small number of Italian Americans, one of whom, Fiorello La Guardia, was later to become mayor of New York City in the 1930s. On the other hand, in 1919 Italians were sorely disappointed by Wilson’s opposition to the fulfilment of the promised territorial gains following the secret Treaty of London. This ignited a strong anti-American sentiment among Italy’s educated elite, while the semi-illiterate masses continued to see America as a ‘land of plenty’. The second part of the chapter looks at the earliest Italian encounters with the syncopated rhythms of jazz music through the presence of US Army bands and individual musicians stationed in Italy.
America as a Mirror of Modernity
Authors: Bonsaver Guido 
Published: October 2023

AbstractChapter 6 begins the study of American culture during the Fascist period. By the 1920s, American films had become a powerful platform through which Italians acquired a vivid image of contemporary America. In the world of music, too, America rose to a new prominence. Ragtime and foxtrot rhythms were popular on the radio and in dancing halls. That all this should happen at a time when Italy fell into the hands of a nationalistic leader who made ‘autarky’ a buzzword of his policies adds further distinctive colour to the Italian perception of America during the interwar years. Benito Mussolini approached America with the ideological flexibility that characterized his leadership more broadly: America was a friend and a model of modernity to be praised, but at the same time could be pictured as a degenerate, materialistic country. The chapter also looks at the perception in Italy of the growing presence and importance of the Italian American community. By the 1920s, millions of first- and second-generation Italians were slowly climbing the social ladder, some very successfully so. The six sections of this chapter build towards a comprehensive understanding of these complex issues. Section 6.1 looks at the development of the pro- and anti-American stance; 6.2 focuses on the Italian national press and popular illustrated magazines; 6.3 focuses on Mussolini’s views on America and on those of influential individuals close to the regime. The final three sections are devoted, respectively, to three recurrent themes in the public debate: technology, women, and Italian Americans.