bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of aging and dietary protein intake on uninephrectomized geriatric dogs
Authors: Finco Delmar R. , Brawn Scott Alan , Crowell Wayne A. , Brown Cathy A. , Barsanti Jeanne A. , Carey Daniel P. , Hirakawa Diane A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Thirty-one clinically normal Cocker Spaniels, Miniature Schnauzers, and Doberman Pinschers (28 female, 3 male) 7 to 8 years old were uninephrectomized (month −2) to increase the risk of renal damage associated with reduction of renal mass. Two diets, differing principally in protein concentration, were used to test the hypothesis that high dietary protein intake causes renal damage in aging dogs.
For 2 months after uninephrectomy, all dogs were fed diet A (18% protein). After glomerular filtration rate (gfr) was measured (month 0), 16 dogs were assigned to group A and were fed diet A for an additional 48 months. The other 15 dogs were assigned to group B, and were fed diet B (34% protein) for the subsequent 48 months. At 6-month intervals, GFR and urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UP/C) were determined. At 48 months, terminal studies were done, survivors were euthanatized, and tissues were examined.
Of 16 dogs in group A, 10 survived, compared with 13 of 15 in group B. Among survivors, a significant difference in GFR was not found between groups A and B, and decrease in GFR was not evident with time in either group. At 48 months, oral administration of casein caused minor acute effects on GFR and renal plasma flow in dogs of groups A and B.
The UP/C values increased significantly (P = 0.001) from baseline values, but the increase was not progressive. The UP/C values were not affected by diet. Some dogs in both groups developed UP/C > 1.0.
Morphologic studies performed on kidneys removed at -2 months (nephrectomy) and at 48 months (necropsy) revealed increased kidney weight in both groups at month 48, compared with month −2 (P = 0.003); at month 48, kidney weight change was significantly (P = 0.004) greater in group-B than in group-A dogs. Increased glomerular area at month 48, compared with month −2, was significantly (P = 0.000) related to time, but not to diet.
Significant (P = 0.000) increase in glomerular mesangial matrix, interstitial fibrosis (P = 0.001), cell infiltration (P = 0.000), and lesions of the renal pelvis (P = 0.04) was observed between month −2 and month 48. Time, representing combined effects of uninephrectomy and aging, was the major factor responsible for the morphologic changes. Diet effects were significance (P = 0.008) for cell infiltration, but did not reach significance for mesangial matrix accumulation, fibrosis, or pelvic lesions. Kidney mineral analysis revealed no renal mineralization in either group between −2 and 48 months.
Results indicated that GFR did not decrease with time during the geriatric peroid studied, but severity of renal lesions was increased. Effects of time and uninephrectomy, although not separable, were more important than those of dietary protein intake on progression of renal lesions.
In vitro comparison of the effect of parallel and divergent transfixation pins on breaking strength of equine third metacarpal bones
Authors: McClure Scott R. , Watkins Jeffrey P. , Ashman Richard B. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Breaking strength (torque at failure) of equine third metacarpal bones, with transfixation pins placed parallel in the frontal plane and 30° divergent from the frontal plane, was determined in vitro. Two transfixation pins were placed through the distal metaphysis, using a jig designed to drill the holes in the assigned configuration. Paired metacarpal bones II through IV from 12 horses were tested in torsion. The torsional moment of the force applied through the transfixation pins at failure was compared for each limb. Metacarpal bones with divergent pins were significantly (P = 0.030) stronger, compared with those with parallel pins. Metacarpal bones with parallel pins failed with longitudinal oblique fractures through a proximal bone-pin interface, whereas those with divergent pins failed with more comminuted fractures through multiple bone-pin interfaces.
Quantitative assessment of aerial ammonia toxicity to the nasal mucosa by use of the nasal lavage method in pigs
Authors: Urbain Bruno , Gustin Pascal , Prouvost Jean-François , Ansay Michel 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effects of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) on the nasal mucosa and somatic growth were investigated in pigs exposed to 4 NH3 concentrations (0; 25; 50; and 100 ppm) for 6 days in a specifically designed air-pollutant exposure chamber. Nasal lavage (nal) was applied to quantify the ammonia-induced inflammatory response by measuring the number of neutrophils and the albumin (porcine serum albumin) concentration in the nal liquid. In control pigs, these variables remained unchanged throughout the exposure period. In all other groups, an important ammonia concentration-related increase was recorded. The equation of the linear regression line established between the mean values of the number of neutrophils (× 103) per milliliter of nal liquid (y) recorded at the end of the exposure period and the ammonia concentrations (ppm) was: y = 69.7 + 3.3 [NH3] (r = 0.979; P < 0.020). The increase in the neutrophil count was significant (P< 0.05) at concentrations as low as 25 ppm. For albumin concentration nanograms per milliliter, the corresponding equation was: y = 574 + 14.3 [NH3] (r = 0.953; P < 0.045). However, the first significant change (P< 0.05) in this variable was only obtained for the higher concentration (100 ppm). In exposed pigs, a concentration-related depression of somatic growth was observed. The equation of the regression line plotted relating the individual values of the changes in body weight gain recorded over the exposure period expressed as percentage of the initial body weight (y) and the ammonia concentration was: y = 3.507 ? 0.203 [NH3] + 0.001 [NH3]2 (r = 0.55; P< 0.010). The decrease in the somatic growth was significant (P< 0.05) at concentrations as low as 25 ppm. We conclude that biochemical and cytologic analysis of nal fluid is a good tool for quantifying the effects of atmospheric pollutants in pigs, a 6-day exposure to ammonia induces nasal irritation and depression of somatic growth at concentrations as low as 25 ppm.
Ultrastructure and mineral composition of urinary calculi from horses
Authors: Neumann Rebecca D. , Ruby Annette L. , Ling Gerald V. , Schiffman Peter , Johnson Deedra L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Urinary calculi from 17 horses with urolithiasis were examined to study their mineral content and ultrastructure. Among the analytic methods used were X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and electron microprobe analysis.
The calculi initially were observed by use of a stereoscopic dissecting microscope and generally were found to have nodular surfaces surrounding a banded or granular-to-chalky interior. Observation by scanning electron microscopy revealed an intricate pattern of irregularly concentric, fine bands and spherules. These had a round, finely banded, globular texture formed by precipitation of ultrafine-grained radiating crystals. The original pore spaces (ie, between spherules, between bands and spherules, or between crystal generations) could be observed as primary porosity. Precipitation and dissolution of these urinary calculi were observed to be spontaneous processes, which can occur simultaneously within an individual calculus. Another prominent feature of the ultrastructure was secondary porosity (spontaneous dissolution) which, in its incipient stages, appeared to be site-selective (ie, some bands appeared to be more susceptible to development of pinpoint porosity). Textures indicative of dissolution were observed not only on the calculus surface, but within the calculus interior as well. Areas that had more advanced stages of dissolution, resulting in increased secondary porosity, also were observed.
All 17 samples of the study were found to be composed of calcium carbonate in the form of the mineral calcite, although minor quantities of 2 other polymorphs of calcium carbonate, minerals vaterite and aragonite, also were encountered. Vaterite was observed in 5 of the samples, whereas aragonite was found in 1 sample.
Strontium and sulfur were observed as trace elements in 3 of the calculi, whereas magnesium was present in all calculi. Magnesium was observed to substitute for calcium within the calcite crystal lattice in larger quantities than those of strontium or sulfur. Magnesium Kα X-ray dot maps generated by use of an electron microprobe analyzer indicated that the distribution pattern of magnesium appeared to closely follow layer-by-layer growth of the calculus. Magnesium distribution also appeared to be related to porosity development. In samples where preferential dissolution was observed, the more porous areas had higher magnesium content. Quantitative chemical analyses, using the electron microprobe analyzer, confirmed these observations.
Association of the magnesium distribution pattern to the primary growth texture of the calculus indicated that magnesium content of the calculus varied during the formation process. This also indicated that changes in urine chemical analytes may be reflected in composition of the calculi formed. High magnesium content in areas that had preferential dissolution further indicated that susceptibility to dissolution increases with increasing magnesium content.
Reduction of the prevalence of pseudorabies virus-infected breeding pigs by use of intensive regional vaccination
Authors: Stegeman Arjan , Van Oirschot Jan T. , Kimman Tjeerd G. , Helen Martin J. M. , Hunneman Wil A. , Bemdsen Frans W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The influence of an intensive vaccination program on prevalence of pseudorabies virus (prv)-infected breeding pigs was examined in a region where the disease was enzootic. In a 2-year period, significantly (P < 0.005) greater decrease in the prevalence of prv-infected breeding pigs was observed in herds participating in the regional vaccination program and in herds outside the trial region that intensified prv vaccination during the study than in herds that applied routine prv control measures. In the regional vaccination program, introduction of breeding stock from outside the area was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with higher prevalence of prv-infected pigs at the end of the study. These results indicate that transmission of prvcan be markedly reduced by use of an accurately applied intensive vaccination program.
In vitro susceptibility of equine Salmonella strains to trimethoprim and sulfonamide alone or in combination
Authors: van Duijkeren Engeline , van Klingeren B. , Vulto A. G. , van Oldruiteriborgh-Oosterbaan Marianne M. Sloet , Breukink H. J. , van Miert A. S. J. P. A. M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The in vitro activity of trimethoprim (tmp) and 9 sulfonamides and their combinations in 6 concentration ratios was tested against 62 Salmonella strains isolated from horses over a 3-year period in the Netherlands, using the agar-dilution method. Most of the isolates were S typhimurium strains (n = 52); the others were S heidelberg (n = 3), S hadar (n = 2), S thompson (n = 2), S enteritidis (n = 1), S infantis (n = 1), and S derby (n = 1). The minimal TMP concentration at which 50% of the Salmonella strains were inhibited (mic50) was 0.12 |ig/ml. Sulfachlorpyridazine (scp; mic50, 16 fig/ml), sulfamethoxazole (smx; mic50, 32 μg/ml), and sulfadiazine (sdz; mic50; 32 μg/ ml) were the most potent of the sulfonamides tested. The antimicrobial effect of the sulfonamides, in combination with tmp (additive, synergistic, or antagonistic), was expressed by the fractional inhibitory concentration (fic) index. Concentrations of sdz and scp with tmp had marked synergism at all tested tmp-to-sulfonamide concentration ratios (1:1 to 1: 160; fic index, 0.10 to 0.50); smx had synergy with tmp at all ratios, except 1:1 (fic index, 0.10 to 0.27). Sulfamethazine, sulfamerazine, sulfadoxine (sdx), sulfatroxazole, sulfadimethoxine, and sulfacetamide had mic50 greater than their breakpoint mic value and are, therefore, less potent drugs. However, synergy with TMP was found for these less potent sulfonamides at certain concentration ratios, depending on the sulfonamide used. Sixteen Salmonella strains were resistant to tmp, all sulfonamides, and tmp-sulfonamide combinations; 14 of these strains were S typhimurium phage type 200, 1 was S typhimurium phage type 61, and 1 was S typhimurium phage type 10. Four additional Salmonella strains were resistant to the sulfonamides alone (1 S typhimurium phage type 171 and 3 S typhimurium strains that could not be biotyped). Results of this study indicate that sdz, scp, and smx are the best sulfonamides to combine with tmp for treatment of salmonellosis in equids, because they are the most potent sulfonamides and have strong synergism with tmp at a wide range of tmp-to-sulfonamide concentration ratios.
Neutrophil accumulation in the large colon of horses during low-flow ischemia and reperfusion
Authors: Moore Rustin M. , Bertone Alicia L. , Bailey Michael Q. , Muir William W. , Beard Warren L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Histomorphologic/morphometric evaluation, leukocyte scintigraphy, and myeloperoxidase activity were used to determine whether neutrophils accumulate in the large colon of horses during low-flow ischemia and reperfusion. Twenty-four adult horses were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: group 1, sham-operated (n = 6); group 2, 6 hours of ischemia (n = 9); and group 3, 3 hours of ischemia and 3 hours of reperfusion (n = 9). Low-flow ischemia of the large colon was induced in horses of groups 2 and 3 by reducing colonic arterial blood flow to 20% of baseline. Radiolabeled (99mTc) autogenous neutrophils were injected at 175 minutes, which corresponded to 5 minutes prior to reperfusion in group-3 horses. Full-thickness biopsy specimens of the left ventral colon were collected at baseline and at 30-minute intervals for 6 hours; a portion of the biopsy specimen was placed in formalin for histologic examination, and the remainder was used to measure mucosal radioactivity and myeloperoxidase activity. There were no differences in baseline mucosal neutrophil index, mucosal neutrophil numbers, submucosal venular neutrophil numbers, mucosal radioactivity, or mucosal myeloperoxidase activity among groups, or over time in group-1 horses. Neutrophils accumulated in the colonic mucosa during ischemia and further increased at reperfusion, as indicated by neutrophil index (morphology) and mucosal neutrophil numbers (morphometry); mucosal neutrophil index was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in group-3 horses during reperfusion than at the corresponding periods of ischemia in group-2 horses. Neutrophil numbers were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in submucosal venules at 10 minutes of reperfusion in group-3 horses and were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in group-3 than in group-2 horses during the interval from 3 to 6 hours. Mucosal radioactivity significantly (P < 0.05) increased at reperfusion in group-3 horses; there was a trend (P = 0.076) toward greater mucosal radioactivity in group-3, compared with group-2 horses, throughout the 3- to 6-hour interval. There were no differences in mucosal myeloperoxidase activity among or within any of the 3 groups over time.
Neutrophils accumulated in the large colon of horses during low-flow ischemia and reperfusion. Neutrophil infiltration was detected by histologic examination and leukocyte scintigraphy, but not by measurement of myeloperoxidase activity. The accumulation of neutrophils during ischemia and the further neutrophil infiltration during reperfusion indicate that neutrophils may contribute to reperfusion injury of the large colon.
Consideration of anatomic and radiographic features of the caudal pouches of the femorotibial joints of horses for the purpose of arthroscopy
Authors: Trumble Troy N. , Stick John A. , Arnoczky Steven P. , Rosenstein Diana 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Development of an arthroscopic approach to the caudal pouches of the equine stifle has been necessary because cranial approaches do not allow access to articular lesions in the caudal aspect of the joint. Therefore, the anatomy of the caudal region was examined in 52 cadaver limbs by use of gross dissection (29), x-ray-computed tomography (6), fluoroscopy (8), or arthroscopy (9). Additionally, using arthroscopic techniques developed in equine cadaver limbs, 3 stifles from 2 anesthetized horses were arthroscopically explored. Fluoroscopy was used to verify needle placement for joint injection and filling patterns of each femorotibial joint. The medial femorotibial joint sac (n = 4) held a mean ± sd 41.67 ± 5.77 ml of injection fluid, and the lateral femorotibial joint sac (n = 4) held a mean 61.67 ± 2.89 ml of injection fluid. Vital structures that inadvertently could be damaged during arthroscopy of the caudal pouches of the stifle included the peroneal nerve (located approx 7 cm caudal to the lateral collateral ligament), the popliteal artery and vein (situated directly between the medial and lateral femoral condyles), and the lateral femoral condyle (most often traumatized during arthroscopy). The tendon of the popliteus muscle, which is contiguous with the joint capsule of the caudal pouch of the lateral femorotibial joint, made arthroscopic exploration of this pouch particularly difficult.
Administration of ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin to growing swine
Authors: Harvey Roger B. , Kubena Leon F. , Elissalde Marcel H. , Rottinghaus George E. , Corrier Donald E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effects of dietary ochratoxin A (oa) and T-2 toxin, fed singly and in combination, were evaluated in growing crossbred pigs. Thirty-six barrows (3 replicates of 3 for each of 4 treatment groups, mean body weight, 18.0 kg) were fed: 0 mg of oa and 0 mg of T-2/kg of feed (control); 2.5 mg of oa/kg of feed; 8.0 mg of T-2/kg of feed; or 2.5 mg of oa plus 8.0 mg of T-2/kg of feed for 30 days. Production performance, serum biochemical, hematologic, immunologic, and pathologic evaluations were made. Body weight and body weight gain were decreased by all toxin treatments, but the combination toxin treatment reduced weight gain more than did either of the toxins administered singly and could be considered additive. Liver weight was decreased by combination treatment, whereas kidney weight was increased by oa treatment. Ochratoxin decreased serum cholesterol, inorganic phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase values; reduced mean cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, and macrophage phagocytosis; and increased creatinine and total protein values. Consumption of T-2 toxin reduced hemoglobin and serum alkaline phosphatase values. The combination treatment decreased serum cholesterol, γ-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, mean cell volume, hematocrit, and hemoglobin values, as well as lymphoblastogenesis and phagocytosis, and increased serum creatinine concentration. We concluded that oa and T-2, singly or in combination, can affect clinical performance, serum biochemical, hematologic, and immunologic values, and organ weights of growing barrows. Although some analytes were affected more by the combination than by either toxin alone, the interactions could best be described as additive, not synergistic.
Efficacy of 4-methylpyrazole for treatment of ethylene glycol intoxication in dogs
Authors: Dial Sharon M. , Thrall Mary Anna Hull , Hamar Dwayne W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
4-Methylpyrazole (4-mp), an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, was administered to dogs to treat ethylene glycol (eg) intoxication. Eleven dogs were given 10.6 g of eg/kg of body weight; 5 dogs were treated with 4-mp 5 hours after eg ingestion and 6 dogs were treated with 4-mp 8 hours after eg ingestion. 4-Methylpyrazole was administered iv as a 50-mg/dl solution in 50% polyethylene glycol: initial dose, 20 mg/kg; at 12 hours after initial dose, 15 mg/kg; at 24 hours after initial dose, 10 mg/kg; and at 30 hours after initial dose, 5 mg/kg. Physical, biochemical, hematologic, blood gas, serum and urine eg concentrations, and urinalysis findings were evaluated at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours, and at 1 week and 2 weeks after eg ingestion.
Dogs of both groups developed clinicopathologic signs associated with eg intoxication, including cns depression, hyperosmolality, high anion gap metabolic acidosis, polydipsia, polyuria, calcium oxalate monohydrate and dihydrate crystalluria, and isosthenuria. Fractional excretion of sodium was increased in all dogs between 1 and 9 hours after eg ingestion, but remained increased beyond 24 hours only in the 2 dogs treated at 8 hours after eg ingestion that developed acute renal failure. All dogs treated 5 hours after eg ingestion recovered without morphologic, biochemical, or clinical evidence of renal impairment. Of the 6 dogs treated 8 hours after eg ingestion, 2 developed acute renal failure. One of the dogs treated 8 hours after eg ingestion remained isosthenuric for 2 months, but did not manifest any other signs of renal impairment. Of the dogs treated 8 hours after eg ingestion, 3 recovered without morphologic, biochemical, or clinical evidence of renal impairment. Serum half-life of eg was prolonged in the dogs treated 8 hours after eg ingestion. Percentage of eg excreted unchanged was 84 ± 2% in the dogs treated 5 hours after eg ingestion, and was 40 ± 10% in the dogs treated 8 hours after eg ingestion. 4-Methylpyrazole was effective in preventing renal failure in all dogs given 10.6 g of eg/kg when treatment was initiated by 5 hours after eg ingestion, and in 4 of 6 dogs when treatment was initiated by 8 hours after eg ingestion.
Effect of food deprivation on baseline iodothyronine and cortisol concentrations in healthy, adult horses
Authors: Messer Nathaniel T. , Johnson Philip J. , Refsal Kent R. , Nachreiner R F. , Ganjam V. K. , Krause G. F. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Six healthy, adult horses, with normal (mean ± sem) baseline serum concentrations of total triiodothyronine (T3,1.02 ± 0.16 nmol/L), free T3 (FT3,2.05 ± 0.33 pmol/L), total thyroxine (T4, 19.87 ± 1.74 nmol/L), free T4 (FT4, 11.55 ± 0.70 pmol/L), total reverse T3 (rT3, 0.68 ± 0.06 nmol/L), and cortisol (152.75 ± 17.50 nmol/L), were judged to be euthyroid on the basis of response to a standardized thyroid-stimulating hormone response test. Serum concentrations of T3, FT3, T4, FT4, rT3, and cortisol were determined immediately before and every 24 hours during a 4-day period of food deprivation, when water was available ad libitum. Similar variables were measured 72 hours after refeeding.
Decreases (to percentage of baseline, prefood deprivation value) in circulating T3 (42%), T4 (38%), FT3 (30%), and FT4 (24%) concentrations were maximal after 2, 4, 2, and 4 days of food deprivation, respectively (P < 0.05). Increases (compared with baseline, prefood deprivation value) in rT3 (31%) and cortisol (41%) concentrations were maximal after 1 and 2 days of food deprivation, respectively (P < 0.05). Refeeding resulted in increase in serum T4 and FT4, and decrease in rT3 and cortisol concentrations toward baseline values, after 72 hours (P < 0.05). Re-feeding did not effect a return of T3 or FT3 concentration to baseline values after 72 hours (P < 0.05).
Food deprivation appears to cause changes in serum concentrations of T3, FT3, T4, FT4, rT3, and cortisol in horses that are similar to those in human beings. This effect of food deprivation should be considered when results of serum thyroid hormone and cortisol assays are interpreted in the face of clinical disease. These results further emphasize the invalidity of making a clinical diagnosis of hypothyroidism on the basis of baseline, serum thyroid hormone concentrations in horses, especially if the horses have been anorectic or inappetent.