bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Environmental stress” and reproductive success in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus)
Authors: Johnson Elizabeth O. , Kamilaris Themis C. , Carter Sue , Gold Philip W. , Chrousos George P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe present report documents the breeding success of a new colony of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus jacchus) and demonstrates a correlation between environmental stress and reproductive success. Environmental conditions ranged chronologically over 40 months, through four periods: I) the initial period, when the colony was formed; II) a phase of relative environmental stability; III) a stage of “environmental stress” (when the colony was disrupted by nearby construction); and IV) a return to a stable environment. Examination of reproductive status during each period indicated that the colony exhibited severe reproductive suppression during the time of the environmental disruption. Parity and the number of live births decreased and the number of spontaneous abortions increased during this period. Reproductive success remained low during period IV. More triplets than twins were born during the period of relative environmental stability.
Weight and age in wild olive baboons
Authors: Strum S. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData on weight, toothwear, cape length, testes size, canine size, and age from wild olive baboons are presented in order to consider the nature of the growth curve, the differences between males and females in a sexually dimorphic species, and the effect of nutrition on growth parameters. Longitudinal and cross‐sectional data on weight and age in three troops that lived under a variety of ecological circumstances showed a good fit to the von Bertalanffy growth equation. Male and female baboons have different growth constants (K) and different asymptotic weights and ages resulting in the observed baboon sexual dimorphism. Within sexes, growth constants and asymptotic weights varied between troops in the same year and for the same troop in different years. Improvements in nutrition increased growth rate and final weight and decreased age at asymptote in both naturally foraging and in food‐enhanced wild groups. Testes and cape length follow the same growth pattern and have the same asymptotic age as body mass among naturally foraging males. Canine growth is different with full size achieved nearly 2 years earlier. Toothwear is an accurate relative age indicator for immature and adult females and for immature males but not for adult males because of the role that large canines play in occlusion and wear. The data suggest that creating a dichotomy between captive and wild primates is overly simplistic since conditions for growth in the wild can overlap those of captivity, not just for food enhanced individuals but also among naturally foraging troops. The nutritional perspective on primate growth exposes inherent problems in our present system of primate age classification which have serious implications for the use of age classes in behavioral analyses.
Detection of nonhuman primate gonadotropins in polyacrylamide gels: An alternative to the western blot
Authors: Matteri Robert L. , Ziegler Toni E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe lack of appropriate antibodies restricts the use of western blots in studies of nonhuman primate gonadotropins. We now present the evaluation of an alternative method that can be applied in situations in which antibody is limiting or nonexistent. The use of nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) sample buffer (Swack et al., 1987) retains a significant degree of α‐β subunit association, as determined by the western blot analysis of human and rhesus luteinizing hormone (LH; 33 and 36 kD, respectively). This observation was confirmed when eluates of gel slices were analyzed by specific gonadotropin immuno‐ and bioassays. The molecular weight of rhesus LH in pituitary protein was found to be 36 kD by bioassay and immunoassay. Similarly, the molecular weight of rhesus follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) did not differ between assay systems (36 kD). The analysis of chorionic gonadotropin (CG)/LH activity in gel eluates of pregnant rhesus and tamarin urinary protein revealed major activity at 43 kD, with lesser bands between 34 and 39 kD. Guanidine‐induced dissociation of gonadotropin subunits in pregnant rhesus urinary protein resulted in the disappearance of dimer at 43 and 36 kD and the appearance of 25 and 16 kD subunit peaks. This alternative to the western blot is not limited to SDS‐PAGE. Native gel electrophoresis (no SDS) showed that rhesus FSH possesses a greater negative charge than rheus LH (Rf = 0.49 vs. 0.35). Isoelectric focusing PAGE resolved distinct isoforms of rhesus LH and FSH (pl range 5.2–7.2 and 4.0–5.8, respectively). The electrophoretic analysis of nonhuman primate gonadotropins in impure protein samples will provide fundamental data on the comparative biochemistry of these hormones. Applications will be found in biomedical and comparative studies.
The benefits of helpers: Effects of group and litter size on infant care in tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)
Authors: Price Eluned C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Callitrichidae (marmosets and tamarins) typically give birth to twins, and infant care is shared by all group members. The potential benefits to callitrichids of having helpers were investigated in a study of 21 captive cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) infants, living in groups with two to 12 older members. Time carried and suckled and amount of food received from other family members were recorded for each infant during the first 12 weeks of life. The results showed that infants in larger groups were carried more and received more food than those in smaller groups. Twin infants in larger families were less likely to be on the same carrier. Singleton infants were carried more than twins but did not receive more food. On average, individual caretakers in larger groups carried less and shared less food with infants than those in smaller groups. When parental contributions to care were analyzed, no effects of group size were found on mothers' contributions to carrying or food sharing, but fathers in larger groups both carried infants less and shared less food with them. There appear to be several benefits of a communal rearing system to cotton‐top tamarins. 1) Infants may receive more care in larger families, thus increasing their chances of survival. 2) The burden of care is spread over several animals, reducing the costs to a given individual. 3) The parents, particularly fathers, may benefit most from reducing the costs of investing in the present litter and increasing their ability to invest in future litters.
Pygmy chimpanzee social organization: Variation with party size and between study sites
Authors: White Frances J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDescriptions of social organization based on interactions are difficult for fission‐fusion primates, such as pygmy chimpanzees, as interactions may depend on association in parties. Frequencies of male‐male and male‐female affiliative and female‐male and female‐female aggressive interactions among Lomako pygmy chimpanzees occurred in proportion to the presence of each sex in parties. Male‐male aggression and female‐male affiliation, however, were more frequent than expected on the basis of party membership. Females with small swellings received more grooming and less mating than expected. Patterns of interactions at Lomako also varied with party size. Female‐female affiliation predominated in small parties, while male‐female affiliation predominated in larger parties. This trend parallels observed differences between the Lomako and Wamba study sites. Male‐female affiliation is more frequent at Wamba where party sizes are larger. Differences between study sites may also reflect provisioning, habituation, predator threat, and habitat. Provisioning at Wamba may result in higher frequencies of aggression among males and lower levels of aggression among females. Comparison between earlier and later Lomako studies suggests that increased habituation is associated with greater differences from, rather than more similarity to, results from Wamba. Differences between Lomako and Wamba in habitat, provisioning, and human (but not non‐human) predation, by affecting party size and composition, most likely account for the observed differences in social organization between the two sites.
Activity Budgets, feeding behavior, and habitat use of pygmy chimpanzees at Lomako, Zaire
Authors: White Frances J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData from 250 hours of focal animal sampling in the Lomako Forest of central Zaire show pygmy chimpanzees spent 70% of feeding time on fruit and 25% on young leaves. Feeding and resting each accounted for about 40% and traveling less than 20% of the time. Sitting was the most frequent feeding posture. Locomotion was predominantly quadrupedal walking and quadrumanous climbing. Most feeding and resting occurred above 30 m. Pygmy chimpanzees spent most time in primary forest. Activity budgets varied with forest type. Most levels were used in each forest type. Pygmy chimpanzees spent most time in the canopy when in primary and slope (Bolafa) forests, and on the ground in secondary forest. These results show pygmy chimpanzees as arboreal, but habituation may have influenced the results. Pygmy chimpanzees at Lomako and Wamba have similar diets, despite differences in methods of data collection. At Wamba and Lomako, pygmy chimpanzees use secondary forest more and swamp forest less than expected given the abundance of each forest type at both sites.
Genetic structure of three populations of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): Implications for genetic management
Authors: Gill P. S. , Blangero J. , Manis G. S. , Scheffler J. , Keeling M. E. , Stone W. H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOne of the prime concerns at zoos and at primate breeding facilities is to maintain genetic variability. This can be accomplished by avoiding inbreeding. It is relatively easy to assess genetic variability and the level of inbreeding by using pedigree information and genetic markers. In this study we used genetic markers controlled by 6 independent polymorphic loci (GPI, PGD, CA2, MPI, DIA1, Tf) to ascertain genetic variation in two captive and one wild population of rhesus monkeys. Two other loci ADA and NP were also examined and found to be monomorphic in the three populations. F‐statistics and contingency chi‐square analyses indicated that there was significant genetic differentiation among the populations. We also found that the mean heterozygosities were very similar in the three populations, in spite of the diverse breeding strategies. These data are important because rhesus monkeys are frequently used for biomedical research; and the genetic markers provide useful information for genetic management of captive colonies of nonhuman primates. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Uncertain paternity in primate quantitative genetic studies
Authors: Konigsberg Lyle W. , Cheverud James M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractQuantitative genetic studies in primates have generally been based on varying amounts of genealogical information. We consider the case where maternal relationships are known, but paternal relationships are only probabilistic (i.e., a limited number of males can be enumerated as equally likely sires for a given offspring). Using Henderson's [1988] average numerator relationship matrix method, we show for craniometric data from the Cayo Santiago macaque colony that heritability estimates are not greatly affected by the addition of incomplete paternal information. We then show through simulation studies that in order for there to be a substantial increase in power to detect significant heritabilities, the number of possible sires per offspring must be quite small. Given this restriction, we conclude that the current method of ignoring paternal relationships is probably adequate and that considerable effort would have to be expended in performing paternal exclusions before there would be a substantial increase in the precision of heritability estimates. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential patterns in flower feeding by Eulemur fulvus rufus and Eulemur rubriventer in Madagascar
Authors: Overdorff Deborah J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn this paper, I describe the differential patterns of flower feeding observed in rufous lemurs (Eulemur fulvus rufus) and red‐bellied lemurs (E. rubriventer) in the Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Red‐bellied lemurs licked nectar from flowers while rufous lemurs ate all flower parts from the same flower species. Several hypotheses are examined to explain the significance of flower feeding in these two species. In many primate species, flower feeding functions as a keystone resource and/or primates act as pollinators while feeding on flowers. Although peak flower feeding occurred during a decline in food availability, fruit was always (the preferred food item so that flowers did not function as a keystone resource. Second, red‐bellied lemurs appear to be potentially better pollinators compared to the rufous lemurs because 1) they left flower reproductive parts intact while feeding, 2) they visited more than one tree or liana of the same plant species in the same day, 3) pollen was observed on the faces of individuals as they traveled from plant to plant, and 4) they have a feathered, brush‐like tip on their tongue which rufous lemurs lack. Finally, the difference in flower feeding styles between the lemur species also affected three aspects of diet: 1) feeding bout duration, 2) the size of feeding subgroups, and 3) return visits to flowering sources. These subtle differences in diet within food categories can allow these two otherwise similar lemur species to coexist. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chromosome studies in Chiropotes satanas utahicki hershkovitz, 1985 (cebidae, platyrrhini): A comparison with Chiropotes satanas chiropotes
Authors: Seuánez H. N. , Alves G. , Lima M. M. C. , Barros R. de Souza , Barros C. M. L. , Muniz J. A. P. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractKaryological characterizations of C. s. utahicki (2n = 54) and C. s. chiropotes (2n = 54) showed that these two subspecies are chromosomally very similar. In a single, isolated specimen of C s. utahicki, however, a derived, biarmed, chromosome 14 was found in the heterozygous condition. This variant chromosome was identical with pair 10 in C. s. chiropotes in which this chromosome type was apparently fixed. Chromosome differences between these subspecies might be transitional, leading to the establishment of two different karyomorphic populations derived from a once uniform karyotypic group that split into separate allopatric subspecies. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predation by jaguar on howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in Venezuela
Authors: Peetz Angela , Norconk Marilyn A. , Kinzey Warren G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe document the loss of all but the youngest member of a troop of six howler monkeys due to probable jaguar predation during a 7‐month period in 1988. The formation of Guri Lake resulted in forest fragmentation which forced monkeys into new and unfamiliar areas and altered the balance of predator and prey populations, and may thus have contributed indirectly to the success of the jaguar. The selection of defoliated (dead) trees for sleeping sites by the howlers may have directly increased the risk of predation. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seasonal changes in body weight of Macaca thibetana at Mt. Emei, China
Authors: Zhao Qi‐Kun 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis 1991–1992 study was designed to expand previous research on body weight (BW) in Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Mt. Emei. Data on BW were collected in late autumn (LA) and late winter (LW) in groups ranging above 1,200 m. Over the winter, the BW fell significantly from a mean of 16.8 to 11.4 kg in females and from 19.5 to 17.0 kg in males. The previously reported BW means of 12.8 kg for females and 18.3 kg for males, measured in late spring, are near the center of the annual BW range for this species. In addition, with the sharper decline of female BW (−32% vs. −13% seen in males), the sexual dimorphism (M/F) in BW increased from 1.16 in LA to 1.49 in LW. This finding may be related to differential parental investment by two sexes. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Craniodental allometry and heterochrony in two howler monkeys: Alouatta seniculus and A. palliata
Authors: Ravosa Matthew J. , Ross Callum F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCranial dimensions were collected from growth series for two sexually dimorphic congeners: Alouatta seniculus, the red howler monkey, and Alouatta palliata, the mantled howler monkey. In both A. seniculus and A. palliata, ontogenetic series for males and females were compared to evaluate if sexual dimorphism in skull form results from the differential extension of common patterns of relative growth. Subsequently, growth series for both species were compared to investigate whether morphological differences between species also result from the ontogenetic scaling of cranial proportions.Analyses indicate that cranial proportions for both sexes of Alouatta palliata are ontogenetically scaled. In mantled howlers, males apparently reach larger terminal size by growing for a longer duration and, to a lesser extent, at a faster rate than females. Data for both sexes of Alouatta seniculus indicate that cranial proportions are also ontogenetically scaled. In particular, male red howlers apparently reach larger adult size by growing at a faster rate and, perhaps, to an equivalent or longer duration than females. The Alouatta seniculus data underscore apparent differences in the rate and timing components of sex dimorphism, possibly due to sexual differences among dental eruption patterns, cranial development, somatic growth, and socioecological factors. Results for both species indicate that intrasexual selection for size differentiation has a minimal effect on brain size and postcanine tooth size dimorphism. Lastly, comparisons of allometric trajectories for both species further demonstrate a strong pattern of ontogenetic scaling of cranial proportions. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimal conditions for blastogenic response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to T and B cell mitogens in cynomolgus monkeys
Authors: Al‐Kurdi‐Norimine Wafa , Ochikubo Fumiko , Ami Yasushi , Yamanouchi Kazuya , Kai Chieko 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOptimal conditions for the mitogen‐induced proliferation of T and B lymphocytes of cynomolgus monkeys were determined. The T cell mitogens concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin, at concentrations of 1.25–10 μg/ml and 1.25–10 μg/ml, respectively, and the T and B cell mitogen pokeweed mitogen, at concentrations of 0.2–10 μg/ml, induced high lymphoproliferative responses, the average stimulation index (SI) being 34–93. Since suitable mitogens have not been reported for monkey B cells, we tested three types of lipopolysaccharide (LPS): two derived from Escherichia coli—one extracted with phenol and one extracted with trichloroacetic acid (TCA); and one derived from Salmonella typhimurium, extracted with phenol. All three LPS had a high mitogenic effect for monkey lymphocytes, with SI of 2.3–6.4. The highest response was observed for 25 μg/ml of Salmonella LPS, and the addition of trypsin to the culture augmented the proliferative response of low or non‐responder lymphocytes. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Karyotype of Callithrix mauesi (Callitrichidae, Primates) and its relations with those of C. emiliae and C. jacchus
Authors: Nagamachi Cleusa Y. , Pieczarka Julio Cesar , Schwarz Marco , Paiva Cristiane M. C. , Barros Regina M. S. , Mattevi Margarete S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA study was conducted on the most recently described marmoset species, Callithrix mauesi, and the results obtained were compared to those previously reported for the karyotypes of C. jacchus and C. emiliae. No mechanism of chromosome rearrangement differentiates the karyotypes of C. mauesi (2n = 44) and C. emiliae (2n = 44), which diverge from C. jacchus (2n = 46) by a Robertsonian translocation and a paracentric inversion. C. mauesi, like C. emiliae, presents telomeric constitutive heterochromatin in various chromosomes, forming large heterochromatic blocks in some. This does not occur in C. jacchus, which basically presents centromeric constitutive heterochromatin. The karyotype of C. mauesi differs from that of C. emiliae only by the amount and distribution of this telomeric constitutive heterochromatin. One of the chromosomes presenting a heterochromatic block in C. mauesi is chromosome X, a fact not previously reported in the Order Primates. The present chromosome data show that C. mauesi is closer to C. emiliae than to C. jacchus, in agreement with its inclusion in the C. argentata group. In the present paper, we describe for the first time, at the chromosome level, chimerism between fraternal twins of the same sex (XY/XY), with the heterochromatic block of pair 2 being the marker. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study of spontaneous infectious diseases of primates: Contributions of the regional primate research centers program to conservation and new scientific opportunities
Authors: Hunt Ronald D. , Desrosiers Ronald C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCareful investigation of spontaneous diseases of nonhuman primates is critical to maintaining the health of captive breeding colonies and, therefore, conservation. Without an understanding of those infectious agents to which nonhuman primates are susceptible and their sources, all colonies are at risk of catastrophic illness. Such studies also regularly generate new opportunities for improved studies of the causes and nature of diseases of human beings. Inquiries into an epizootic in owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) led to the identification of fatal herpes virus infections transmitted by squirrel monkeys (Herpesvirus T) and human beings (H. simplex), and to mechanisms for their prevention. This also paved the way for the discovery of a new virus, H. saimiri, which has provided a unique opportunity to study mechanisms of viral oncogenesis. Research on spontaneous immunodeficiency disease of macaques led to uncovering a new group of viral diseases (type D retrovirus) of major importance to colony health, and subsequently to the identification of another new virus (simian immunodeficiency virus) which has provided an exquisite system in which to investigate AIDS of human beings. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New world primates for research in human reproductive health
Authors: Hearn John P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe New World primates are relatively new to studies in reproductive health. The essential factors in their reproductive physiology and endocrinology are now established for the three species considered here: Saimiri sciureus, Cebus apella, and Callithrix jacchus. Our studies to date in C. jacchus have concentrated on developmental biology (gametogenesis, fertilization, implantation, neonatal growth) and on strategic studies of new pharmacological agents for the regulation of fertility (vaccines, steroids, lactation). There are also species‐specific mechanisms evident, such as reproductive suppression in female marmosets, that give insights to the evolution of reproductive mechanisms in the primates. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.