bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of kittens fed queen's milk with those fed milk replacers
Authors: Remillard Rebecca L. , Pickett J. P. , Thatcher Craig D. , Davenport D. J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Fifteen 2-week-old kittens were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 milk treatment groups as the sole source of nutrition for 4 weeks: queen's milk, commercially available kitten milk replacer (cmr), and an experimental milk replacer (exp). Kittens fed queen's milk suckled ad libitum, whereas cmr- and exp-fed kittens were tube-fed every 6 hours. Kittens were weaned at 6 weeks of age and were fed a feline growth diet ad libitum for an additional 4 weeks. Kittens were examined at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks of age; the procedure included an ophthalmic examination and blood sample collection for cbc and serum biochemical and amino acid analyses. Kittens fed cmr and exp diets had weight gain greater than that for queen's milk-fed kittens. The kittens fed cmr, however, had diarrhea throughout most of the milk-feeding trial and developed diffuse anterior and posterior lens opacification and vacuolation at the posterior Y-sutures. The lens opacities noticed in the kittens during the milk treatments resolved to a residual perinuclear halo, and a few incipient cortical opacities were observed by the end of the growth diet-feeding period. Serum arginine concentration was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower in the cmr-fed kittens, but was not different during the growth diet-feeding period. We concluded that the exp diet supported normal growth in 2- to 6-week-old kittens; cmr supported normal kitten growth rate, but resulted in diarrhea and cataract formation; and serum amino acid data indicated that low arginine concentration may have been related to the cmr-induced cataract formation.
Use of survival analysis to compare cull rates between bovine leukemia virus seropositive and seronegative dairy cows
Authors: Pollari Franklin L. , DiGiacomo Ronald F. , Evermann James F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Bovine leukemia virus (blv) infection and culling of cows in a commercial dairy herd were evaluated to determine whether a relation existed between the 2 factors. Cattle from the study population, a Holstein dairy herd consisting of approximately 400 milking cows, were tested for antibodies to blv, using the agar gel immunodiffusion test, semiannually for 2 years, annually for 2 years, and when cattle were culled. Complete records of blv test results were available for 849 (79%) of the 1, 078 cattle that had at least 1 test during the study period. Using the Cox hazard model, the cull hazard rates (culls/cow-months) were greater for blv seropositive cows than for seronegative cows > 36 months old. Hence, among older dairy cows, blv-infected cows were culled prematurely, compared with uninfected cows.
Pharmacokinetics and effects of repeated administration of phenylbutazone in neonatal calves
Authors: Semrad Susan Diane , McClure J Trenton , Sams Richard Alvin , Kaminski Lucille Marie 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Age, species, and disease state may substantially alter the disposition and clearance of pharmacologic agents. This is particularly important when drugs with low therapeutic index are used in ill neonates. Pharmacokinetic variables for phenylbutazone were determined in 24- to 32-hour-old healthy and endotoxemic calves after iv administration of a single dose (5 mg/kg of body weight, iv). Elimination halflife was 207 and 168 hours, and clearance was 0.708 and 0.828 ml/kg/h in healthy and endotoxemic calves, respectively. Intravenous infusion of endotoxin at the dose (2 μg/kg over 4 hours) given did not significantly alter any of the calculated pharmacokinetic variables. Serum thromboxane B2 concentration was significantly (P = 0.05) suppressed for 3 hours after phenylbutazone administration in healthy calves and for 4 hours in endotoxin-challenged calves. Daily administration of phenylbutazone (10 mg/kg loading, then 5 mg/kg for 9 days) to healthy and endotoxemic calves failed to induce any lesions consistent with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicosis.
Effects of atropine on the arrhythmogenic dose of dobutamine in xylazine-thiamylal-halothane-anesthetized horses
Authors: Light Gwendolyn S. , Hellyer Peter W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
We investigated the influence of parasympathetic tone on the arrhythmogenic dose of dobutamine in horses premedicated with xylazine, anesthetized with guaifenesin and thiamylal, and maintained on halothane in oxygen. Six horses were used in 12 randomized trials. In each trial, after end-tidal halothane concentration was stabilized at 1.1% (1.25 times minimum alveolar concentration [mac]) in oxygen, either saline solution (0.02 ml/kg of body weight) or atropine (0.04 mg/kg) was administered iv. Five minutes later, dobutamine infusion was started at dosage of 2.5 μg/kg/min, iv. The dobutamine infusion was continued for 10 minutes, or until 4 or more premature ventricular complexes occurred within 15 seconds, or sustained narrow-complex tachyarrhythmia clearly not sinus in nature occurred. If the criteria for termination were not met, dobutamine infusion was increased by 2.5 μg/kg/min, after the hemodynamic variables had returned to baseline. The horses were allowed to recover, and were rested for at least 1 week before the second trial. The arrhythmogenic dose of dobutamine was calculated by multiplying the infusion rate by the elapsed time into infusion when arrhythmia occurred. There was significant difference between the arrhythmogenic dose of dobutamine (add) in saline-treated horses (mean ± sem, add = 105.6 ± 16.3 μg/kg) and atropimzed horses (add = 36.2 ± 8.7 μg/kg). There were no differences in the prearrhythmia or immediate postarrhythmia ventricular heart rate (hr) or systolic (sap), diastolic (dap), or mean (map) arterial pressures between treated and control groups. The change in hemodynamic variables from prearrhythmia to immediate postarrhythmia formation was not different between the 2 groups. Ventricular beats were clearly evident in 8 of the 12 arrhythmias meeting the criteria for establishing the add. These results indicate that atropine may lower the arrhythmogenic threshold for dobutamine in halothane-anesthetized horses.
Evaluation of occlusive dressings for management of full-thickness excisional wounds on the distal portion of the limbs of horses
Authors: Howard R. D. , Stasbak T. S. , Baxter G. M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Two 2.5-cm2 full-thickness skin wounds were created surgically over the lateral aspect of the cannon bone of each limb of 6 horses (n = 48 wounds). Dressings evaluated were a nonadherent gauze pad (group 1); a synthetic semiocclusive dressing, (group 2); equine amnion (group 3); and a synthetic fully occlusive dressing (group 4). Wounds were assessed subjectively at each dressing change, and total wound area, area of granulation tissue, and area of epithelium in each wound were determined by computerized digital analysis of photographs of the wounds. Complete healing time (wound covered by epithelium) also was determined for each wound. Statistical comparisons were made, using Kruskal-Wallis analysis and a Mann-Whitney U test.
Median time to complete healing was: group 1, 53 days; group 2, 71 days; group 3, 63 days; and group 4, 113 days. Time to complete healing was significantly longer for wounds of group-4 horses than all other groups, and wounds of group-1 horses healed faster than did those of group-2 horses (P < 0.05). Wounds in group-4 horses required significantly (P ≤ 0.05) more excisions of granulation tissue (median, 11.5 times) than did those in group-1 (median, 3 5), group-2 (median, 5.5) or group-3 (median, 2.5) horses. Epithelial tissue was detected later in wounds of group-4 horses (median, 27 days) than in wounds of horses in groups 1, 2 or 3 (median, 17 days); however, this difference was not statistically significant. Significant differences were not found for percentage of healing attributable to wound contraction or epithelialization. Use of synthetic semiocclusive and fully occlusive dressings resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) prolonged healing and production of excess wound exudate, compared with control wounds. In this model, occlusion of wounds was not beneficial for healing of full-thickness skin wounds of the distal portion of the limbs of horses.
Effect of medetomidine on the pharmacokinetics of propofol in dogs
Authors: Hall Leslie W. , Lagerweij Evert , Nolan Andrea M. , Sear John W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Pharmacokinetic variables of propofol were investigated in 6 mixed-breed dogs, and the effect of medetomidine (10 μg/kg of body weight) on these kinetics was investigated using a two-way crossover design. On 2 occasions, dogs received either a bolus dose of propofol sufficient to allow endotracheal intubation, followed by an infusion of propofol (0.4 mg/kg/min) for 120 minutes, or medetomidine (10 μg/kg, im), 15 minutes prior to induction of anesthesia as described, followed by infusion of propofol (0.2 mg/kg/min). Dogs given medetomidine received atipamezole (50 μg/kg, im) at the end of the 120-minute propofol infusion. Blood propofol concentration was measured, using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Mean elimination half-life, blood clearance, mean residence time, and mean volume of distribution at steady state, were 486.2 minutes, 34.4 ml/kg/min, 301.8 minutes, and 6.04 L/kg, respectively, in the absence of medetomidine, and 136.9 minutes, 36.2 ml/ kg/min, 215.1 minutes, and 3.38 L/kg, respectively, in the presence of medetomidine. Mean time to walking without ataxia was 174 minutes in the nonpremedicated dogs (with a median blood propofol concentration of 2.2 μg/ml) and was 160 minutes in the premedicated dogs in which median blood propofol concentration was 1.03 μg/ml.
Estimation of glomerular filtration rate and evaluation of renal function in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)
Authors: Esteves Maria I. , Marini Robert P. , Ryden Eva B. , Murphy James C. , Fox James G. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Three methods of determining glomerular filtration rate (gfr) were performed in adult ferrets, 9 months to 7 years old. Endogenous creatinine clearance was determined, using serum and urine creatinine values obtained during 24- and 48-hour collection periods from 27 ferrets housed in metabolic cages. Creatinine and radiolabeled inulin were administered to 12 female ferrets by constant iv infusion during isoflurane-induced anesthesia. Serial 20-minute urine collections, together with serum samples obtained at the midpoint of urine collection, provided measures for clearance calculations of these substances. Mean ± sd endogenous creatinine clearance in ferrets for metabolic cage collections was 2.50 ± 0.93 ml/min/ kg of body weight. There were no significant differences between the 24- and 48-hour clearance rates. Mean inulin clearance was 3.02 ± 1.78, and mean exogenous creatinine clearance was 3.32 ± 2.16 ml/ min/kg. Analysis of variance, using least-squared means adjustment, did not yield any significant differences between inulin and exogenous creatinine clearance rates. Exogenous creatinine clearance-to-inulin clearance ratio was 0.99 ± 0.46, and there was significant correlation between the 2 methods (r = 0.82, P = 0.0001). Significant body temperature effects on inulin or exogenous creatinine clearance were not found. Infused inulin clearance, the generally preferred method for gfr calculation in mammalian species, was significantly (P = 0.0069) higher in younger (3.65 ml/min/kg) vs older ferrets (2.29 ml/min/kg). Results of this study indicate that inulin clearance is an adequate measure of gfr in ferrets as it is in other species. Compared with inulin clearance, exogenous creatinine clearance also provides a reliable estimate of gfr in ferrets.
Analysis of physeal growth in dogs, using biplanar radiography
Authors: Conzemius Michael G. , Smith Gail K. , Brighton Carl T. , Marion Michael J. , Gregor Thomas P. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Biplanar radiography was used to study normal growth of the left and right radius in 5 Beagles and growth of the left radius alone in 15 additional Beagles. We explored the applicability of this radiographic method in veterinary medicine by measuring the contribution to total radius length from each growth plate. Spherical tantalum markers (0.5 mm) were embedded in the proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, and distal epiphysis of each dog's radius at 10 weeks of age. Simultaneous biplanar radiographic views were obtained every 4 weeks until skeletal maturity was documented. A three-dimensional coordinate system was constructed allowing for measurement of growth (in millimeters). Resolution of the measuring system was 0.074 mm. Mean ± sem length of the skeletally mature Beagle's radius, as measured from proximal epiphyseal bead to distal epiphyseal bead, was 95.33 ± 1.07 mm. The percentage of contribution to the total radius length from the proximal and distal growth plates was 36.76 and 64.73%, respectively, with 95% confidence interval of 2.29%. The percentage of contribution to radius length from the distal radial growth plate increased for each consecutive time segment, with the distal radial physis contributing 61.75% from 10 to 14 weeks of age and increasing to 70.22% from 22 to 26 weeks of age. Significant growth was not observed after 26 weeks of age. The period of most rapid growth was between 10 and 14 weeks of age.
Biplanar radiography was accurate and precise in quantifying the relative contribution of the proximal and distal growth plate to radius length in Beagles. The method is applicable in veterinary research or clinical medicine for monitoring of axial and angular growth: physiologic, iatrogenic, or pathologic.
Assessment of vertebral canal diameter and bony malformations of the cervical part of the spine in horses with cervical stenotic myelopathy
Authors: Moore Bonnie Rush , Reed Stephen M. , Biller David S. , Kohn Catherine W. , Weisbrode Steven E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Magnification of cervical radiographs prevents accurate interpretation of vertebral canal absolute minimum sagittal diameter (msd) values and application of the established msd values for diagnosis of cervical stenotic myelopathy (csm). Variability in msd determination in human beings, owing to radiographic magnification, is minimized by assessing a ratio of the vertebral canal diameter to the sagittal width of the vertebral body. This relative measurement technique improves the accuracy of diagnosis of cervical spinal stenosis in human beings. The msd of the vertebral canal was determined in 50 horses with csm and 50 control horses, using a radiopaque marker method for correction of magnification. In addition, a ratio of the absolute msd to the sagittal width of the vertebral body and a ratio of the absolute msd to the length of the vertebral body were determined in 100 csm-affected and 100 control horses. Response operating characteristic curve analysis of each method determined that the sagittal ratio method of canal diameter assessment provided the most accurate interpretation of cervical radiographs for diagnosis of csm, with sensitivity and specificity of ≥ 89% at each vertebral site. The accuracy of the ratio method, without consideration of bony malformation, supports the importance, and perhaps prerequisite, of generalized vertebral canal stenosis in the pathogenesis of csm. Subjective evaluation of bony malformations from cervical radiographs of 100 csm-affected horses and 100 control horses indicated that csm-affected horses have more severe bony malformation than do control horses. However, moderate to marked degenerative joint disease of the articular processes was frequently observed in control horses. Subjective evaluation of bony malformation does not distinguish between csm-affected and unaffected horses.
Determination of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium values in rib bones from clinically normal cattle
Authors: Beighle D. E. , Boyazoglu P. A , Hemken R. W. , Serumaga-Zake P. A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Mean phosphorus (P) content in bovine rib bone was 102.9, 108.3, and 182.7 mg/g of bone on fresh, dry, and ash weight bases, respectively. Values for calcium (Ca) were 194.3, 203.7, and 344.6 mg/g, respectively, and for magnesium (Mg) were 5.3, 5.5, and 9.4 mg/g, respectively. Mean percentage of ash in rib bone was 59.12%. Expected concentrations of Ca, P, and Mg were determined on fresh, dry, and ash weight bases and for 3 age groups, 3 breeds, and bulls, females, and steers. On an ash weight basis, cattle 6 to 18 months old had 185.74 mg of P/g, 372.52 mg of Ca/g, and 12.37 mg of Mg/g. Those 19 to 36 months old had 182.02 mg of P/g, 322.35 mg of P/g, and 8.09 mg of Mg/g. Those > 36 months old had 174.80 mg of P/g, 340.36 mg of Ca/g, and 6.62 mg of Mg/g. Steers had 183.93 mg of P/g, 352.73 mg of Ca/g, and 10.15 mg of Mg/g. Females had 178.47 mg of P/g, 320.28 mg of Ca/g, and 6.5 mg of Mg/g. Males had 176.15 mg of P/g, all on an ash weight basis. Dairy breeds were found to have 186.08 mg of P/g, 351.25 mg of Ca/g, and 10.47 mg of Mg/g. Cattle of mixed breeding had 177.42 mg of P/g, 341.28 mg of Ca/g, and 6.54 mg of Mg/g. The Africander breed of beef cattle had 167.07 mg of P/g, all on an ash weight basis.
Plasma concentrations of immunoreactive proopiomelanocortin peptides and cortisol in clinically normal cats
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Kemppainen Robert J. , Orth David N. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
We measured immunoreactive (ir) plasma concentrations of the proopiomelanocortin (pomc)-derived peptides (adrenocorticotropic hormone [actch]; β-endorphin/β-lipotropin [βend/βlph]; and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone [αmsh]) and of cortisol in 100 clinically normal cats. Median plasma concentration of ir-acth was 2.7 pmol/L (range, ≤ 1.1 to 22 pmol/L), of βend/βlph was 28 pmol/L (range, 3.8 to 130 pmol/L), of αmsh was 36 pmol/L (range, ≤ 3.6 to 200 pmol/L), and of cortisol was 35 nmol/L (range, 5 to 140 nmol/L). Plasma concentrations of IR-ACTH, αmsh, and βend/βlph were at or below the assay sensitivity in 34, 3, and 0% of the cats, respectively. We did not detect a correlation between plasma concentrations of ir-acth and βend/βlph (r = 0.23) or between plasma concentrations of ir-acth and αmsh (r = 0.19). However, there was a significant (P < 0.001) correlation between plasma concentrations of ir-βend/βlph and αmsh (r = 0.81). There was not a significant correlation between plasma concentration of cortisol and plasma concentration of any of the ir-pomc peptides. High plasma concentrations of ir-αmsh and βend, pomc peptides secreted predominantly by melanotrophs in other species, indicate that clinically normal cats have an actively secreting pars intermedia. Although the βend/βlph assay used in this study measures the pars distalis-derived peptide β-lph, as well as βend itself, over 95% of the ir-βend/βlph activity in feline plasma containing high concentrations of αmsh, but low concentrations of ir-acth, was found to coelute with human βend on gel filtration chromatography. In contrast to the high plasma concentrations of ir-αmsh and βend/βlph, many cats had low to undetectable concentrations of ir-acth, a peptide secreted predominantly by pars distalis corticotrophs. The pattern of plasma pomc peptide concentrations found in cats is similar to that reported in rats, but is markedly different from that reported in dogs, in which the secretion of pars intermedia pomc peptides is normally low.
Effects of low and high fractions of inspired oxygen on ventilation in ducks anesthetized with isoflurane
Authors: Seaman Grant C. , Ludders John W. , Erb Hollis N. , Gleed Robin D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
High fractions of inspired oxygen are commonly used during general anesthesia in birds. Observations in ducks anesthetized with halothane or pentobarbital indicated that high fractions of inspired oxygen depress ventilation. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that ducks hypoventilate when breathing high fractions of inspired oxygen, compared with the same ducks breathing low fractions of inspired oxygen.
Respiratory variables were recorded in 7 ducks anesthetized with 1.4% isoflurane in oxygen. Four concentrations of oxygen (21, 40, 70, and > 90%) were used for each duck. Respiratory rate decreased as the fraction of inspired oxygen increased, but not significantly. There was a significant decrease in tidal volume as Paco2 increased. Hyperoxia was observed to contribute to hypoventilation in ducks anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen.
Identification of subspecies- and serotype 1-specific epitopes on the 80- to 90-kilodalton protein region of Chlamydia psittaci that may be useful for diagnosis of Chlamydial induced abortion
Authors: Souriau Armel , Salinas Jesus , De Sa Carlos , Layachi Khalid , Rodolakis Annie 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Genus-, subspecies-, and serotype 1-specific antigens of Chlamydia psittaci were characterized by immunoblot analysis, using monoclonal antibodies that recognize 2 C psittaci strains: AB7 isolated from an ewe that had aborted, and iBl isolated from feces of a healthy ewe. Genus-specific epitopes were detected on lipopolysaccharide, on a 47-kd protein, and on a 27- to 30-kd doublet. Subspecies-specific epitopes were located on a 30-kd protein, and a 80- to 90-kd protein region was identified, which bore subspecies- and serotype l-specific epitopes. These 80- to 90-kd proteins were highly reactive with serum from ewes that had aborted and could be a useful antigen for diagnosis of Chlamydial induced abortion of ruminants.
Effects of experimentally induced hypothyroidism on the eye and ocular adnexa of dogs
Authors: Miller Paul E. , Paneiera David L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Schirmer tear test (stt), intraocular pressure (iop) measurement, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and indirect ophthalmoscopy were performed on 8 dogs with 131I-induced hypothyroidism and 4 euthyroid control dogs at weeks 0, 9, 13, 17, immediately prior to treatment with levothyroxine, after 5 weeks of levothyroxine administration (0.022 mg/kg of body weight, po, q 12 h), and at euthanasia 7 weeks after discontinuation of replacement therapy. Although the control group had higher baseline stt values than the hypothyroid group after randomization of dogs into the 2 groups (P < 0.01), stt values remained unchanged from their respective baseline values at all time intervals for both groups. Hypothyroid and control dogs had significant (P < 0.05) reduction in iop from baseline values at all subsequent time points, but differences were not observed when hypothroid dogs were compared with controls. Goblet cell indices determined from biopsy samples of the inferiornasal conjunctival fornix obtained before induction of hypothyroidism (baseline), immediately prior to and at conclusion of levothyroxine therapy, and at euthanasia were not significantly different when values for hypothyroid dogs were compared with their own baseline values or with values for control dogs. Histologic examination of the globes and adnexa at euthanasia also failed to indicate consistent qualitative differences between hypothyroid and control dogs. Marked reduction in serum thyroid hormone concentrations had little effect on the eye and ocular adnexa over the course of the study.