bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol concentrations after corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation testing in cats administered methylprednisolone
Authors: Crager Cynthia Susan , Dillon Allen Ray , Kemppainen Robert James , Brewer William Grafton , Angarano Donna Walton 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (hpa) axis was studied in 8 healthy cats after administration of supraphysiologic doses of methylprednisolone (mp). Ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (oCHR) administration increased cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) concentrations. Significant (P < 0.05) suppression of cortisol and a trend toward suppression of acth was observed after 1 week of mp administration. The hpa axis quickly recovered from suppressive effects of mp 1 week after administration of the steroid was discontinued. Side effects of ocrh administration were minimal in 7 cats; however, 1 cat had a severe hypotensive reaction. Clinical abnormalities were not associated with mp administration.
The hpa axis was suppressed by supraphysiologic doses of mp in all treated cats that lacked clinical signs consistent with iatrogenic hpa axis suppression. Despite the relatively active pars intermedia in cats, compared with human beings and dogs, feedback of mp on the hpa axis resulted in similar trends in ocrh-stimulated acth and cortisol concentrations as observed in human beings and dogs. Lack of consistent correlation between acth and cortisol concentrations was observed in 3 cats and possibly was related to the active pars intermedia in the cat.
Use of hepatobiliary scintigraphy in clinically normal cats
Authors: Newell Susan M. , Selcer Barbara A. , Roberts Royce E. , Mahaffey Mary B. , Cornelius Larry M. , Mahaffey Edward , Brown John 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Hepatobiliary scintigraphy provides a noninvasive assessment of hepatobiliary structure and function, and has been used extensively in people. Hepatocellular measurements determined in the cats of this study include cardiac washout (≤ 2 minutes) and time of maximal hepatic activity (≤ 5 minutes) and hepatic washout (≤ 30 minutes). The gallbladder response to synthetic cholecystokinin was determined to be ≤ 3 minutes. Additional measurements also were identified. Potential use of hepatobiliary scintigraphy in feline medicine is discussed.
Inhibition of complement-mediated killing of Brucella abortus by fluid-phase immunoglobulins
Authors: Hoffmann Edward Marker , Kellogg William Lee , Houle Jeri Joan 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Bovine immunoglobulin preparations from normal serum and from sera containing antibodies against Brucella abortus interfered with the brucellacidal action of bovine serum, whereas unfractionated normal serum and antisera were not inhibitory. The inhibitory property of immunoglobulin appeared to be attributable to some anticomplementary property because it also interfered with serum-mediated hemolysis of antibody-coated erythrocytes. The supernatant phase obtained after ultracentrifugation of bovine anti-B abortus immunoglobulin did not inhibit brucellacidal activity of normal bovine serum. Results of this study indicate that bovine anti-B abortus immunoglobulin preparations contain microaggregates of protein that can inhibit the ability of bovine serum to kill B abortus. The most likely mechanism is nonspecific activation of complement by microaggregated immunoglobulin, which consumes complement and makes it unavailable for bactericidal activity.
Pharmacokinetics of single-dose administration of tinidazole in unweaned calves
Authors: Pyörälä Satu , Soback Stefan , Rainio Vesa , Silvennoinen Paula , Nokelainen Marja 
Published: January 2024

Summary
In a crossover trial, 7 healthy, 7- to 29-day-old, unweaned Finnish Ayrshire calves were given a single dose of 20 mg of tinidazole/kg of body weight, iv, and a single dose of 25 mg of tinidazole/kg orally. Blood samples were collected serially, and serum concentration of tinidazole was measured by use of high-performance liquid chromatography.
Serum concentration vs time data were analyzed by use of the statistical moment theory. Terminal half-life was 394 minutes after iv administration and 524 minutes (harmonic mean) after oral administration. The corresponding system moment mean residence times were 542 ± 61.8 minutes and 812 ± 117 minutes (arithmetic mean ± sd), respectively. Estimated volume of distribution at steady state and total body clearance were 0.74 ± 0.05 L/kg and 1.37 ± 0.13 ml/min/kg, respectively. Tinidazole was rapidly and totally absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Mean absorption time was 270 ± 160 minutes, and the observed peak serum concentration was detected at 240 minutes. Bioavailability was 99.5 ± 3.9%.
Persistence of immunity to toxoplasmosis in pigs vaccinated with a nonpersistent strain of Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Baker D. G. , Davis S. W. , Urban J. F. , Shen S. K. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Persistence of the vaccine RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii was studied by bioassay and histologically in 14 pigs. Pigs were euthanatized 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, 15, 21, 29, 36, 42, 52, 57, and 76 days after im inoculation with 100,000 T gondii tachyzoites. Viable T gondii tachyzoites derived from the RH strain were isolated by bioassay in mice inoculated with tissues of pigs euthanatized up to 14 days after vaccination. Except for fever, pigs vaccinated im with the RH strain remained clinically normal. Two other pigs inoculated iv with 100,000 T gondii tachyzoites of the RH strain became ill, and 1 pig was comatose by 4 days after inoculation. These findings indicate that route of inoculation may influence the response of pigs to T gondii. To evaluate protective immunity in pigs vaccinated with the RH strain, 16 age-matched pigs were allotted to 4 groups (A-D) of 4 pigs each. Eight pigs (groups A and C) were vaccinated im with 100,000 RH strain tachyzoites and 8 pigs (groups B and D) were nonvaccinated controls. Pigs of groups A and C were challenge-inoculated orally with a lethal dose of T gondii oocysts (100,000 oocysts) 81 days after vaccination, pigs of groups B and D were inoculated similarly 220 days after vaccination. The concentration of T gondii at 3 days after challenge inoculationl of pigs vaccinated 81 days earlier was reduced 100,000-fold in mesenteric lymph nodes, compared with that in a nonvaccinated pig euthanatized at 3 days after challenge inoculation. Another nonvaccinated pig became comatose and had to be euthanatized at 7 days after challenge inoculation; numerous tachyzoites were in its mesenteric lymph nodes, intestines, and liver. The vaccinated pigs generally remained clinically normal after challenge inoculation with oocysts. Toxoplasma gondii was not isolated by bioassays from tissues of 5 of 8 vaccinated pigs, but was recovered from all nonvaccinated pigs. Results indicate that protective immunity persisted in pigs for at least 7 months after vaccination with the nonpersistent RH strain of T gondii.
Efficacy of fenbendazole against giardiasis in dogs
Authors: Barr Stephen C. , Bowman Dwight D. , Heller Ruth L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Efficacy of fenbendazole at 2 dosages for treating naturally acquired giardiasis in dogs was assessed. Giardia cysts were not detected in the feces of 6 of 6 group-1 dogs (as determined by use of the zinc sulfate concentration technique) after fenbendazole treatment (50 mg/kg of body weight, po, q 24 h, for 3 doses). Cysts were not detected in the feces of 6 of 6 group-2 dogs after fenbendazole treatment (50 mg/ kg of body weight, po, q 8 h, for 3 days). However, cysts were not detected in the feces of only 1 of 6 group-3 (nontreated control) dogs. Signs of toxicosis were not observed in any dog. These results indicate that the current label dosage (for the treatment of Toxocara canis, Toxascarisleonina, Ancylostoma canmum, Uncinaria stenocephala, Trichuris vulpis, and Taenia pisiformis, but not Giardia spp) of fenbendazole (50 mg/kg, po, q 24 h, for 3 doses) is also effective for treating giardiasis in dogs.
Toxoplasma gondii-specific antibodies in the aqueous humor of cats with toxoplasmosis
Authors: Chavkin M. J. , Lappin M. R. , Powell C. C. , Cooper C. M. , Muñana K. R. , Howard L. H. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
We decided to determine whether Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgM or IgG is produced locally or is deposited in the aqueous humor of T gondii-naive cats after primary or secondary inoculation with T gondii. Cats were orally inoculated with T gondii tissue cysts during weeks 0 and 36. Aqueous humor and serum Tgondii-specific IgM and IgG were measured, using ELISA, during weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 26, 34, 38, 40, 42, 44, 48, 56, 62, 66, and 72 after primary oral inoculation. Total immunoglobulin-based Goldmann-Witmer coefficients were calculated to verify intraocular antibody production.
Toxoplasmagondii-specific IgM was not detected in the aqueous humor of any cat. Data indicate that cats have transient local production of T gondii-specific IgG in the aqueous humor after primary and secondary oral inoculations with T gondii tissue cysts.
The intraocular immune response to systemic T gondii infection may signal ocular recruitment of antigen-specific lymphocytes that function independently from the general humoral response to T gondii infection. Cautious interpretation of results that suggest intraocular production of Tgondii-specific IgG in cats with uveitis is warranted.
Experimental induction of hepatic lipidosis in cats
Authors: Biourge Vincent C. , Groff Joseph M. , Munn Robert J. , Kirk Claudia A. , Nyland Thomas G. , Madeiros Victoria A. , Morris James G. , Rogers Quinton R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The effect of long-term voluntary fasting on hematologic variables, biochemical profiles, and liver histologic findings was assessed in 15 obese cats (> 40% overweight). Clinical signs and laboratory results consistent with hepatic lipidosis were observed in 12 of 15 cats after 5 to 7 weeks of fasting, and were associated with 30 to 35% reduction of initial body weight. Histologic examination of successive liver biopsy specimens revealed that obesity was not associated with liver parenchymal lipid accumulation, but that fasting resulted in lipidosis in all 15 cats. The long-term fast was associated with an early (after 2 to 4 weeks of fasting) and significant (P< 0.05) reduction in serum urea, glucose, and albumin concentrations, and RBC mass. Fasting for 5 to 7 weeks was associated with a significant (P< 0.05) increase in hepatic-associated enzyme activities and in total and direct serum bilirubin concentrations. Significant (P< 0.05) changes in serum alkaline phosphatase developed as early as 3 weeks before the onset of hyper-bilirubinemia. Except for development of hepatic lipidosis, cats appeared to tolerate the fast without other adverse effect. This study confirmed that longterm fasting may induce clinical hepatic lipidosis in obese cats. Fasting appears to induce a syndrome of hepatic lipidosis that is indistinguishable from feline idiopathic hepatic lipidosis and may be an appropriate model to study the pathophysiologic features and treatment of hepatic lipidosis.
Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Borrelia coriaceae, putative agent of epizootic bovine abortion
Authors: Zingg Barbara C. , LeFebvre Rance B. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The nucleotide sequence of a chromosomally encoded antigen-expressing gene of Borrelia coriaceae was determined and used as a target for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two primer sets were designed specifying the amplification of 269- and 701-bp dna fragments. Primer set I, producing the short amplicon, was tenfold more sensitive than primer set II. As little as 10 fg of purified B coriaceae dna could consistently be detected. The pcr assays, containing controlled numbers of whole spirochetes, allowed detectable amplification of 2 to 10 organisms. An internal, nonradioactively labeled gene-specific probe verified specificity of the pcr amplicons. Neither primer set cross-reacted with other related spirochetes. This pcr assay was adapted and found suitable for identification of B coriaceae in biological samples, such as blood and thymus. Evidence for presence of B coriaceae in biological samples was not found in tissue samples obtained from experimentally infected cows and their fetuses. These data failed to establish a definite association between B coriaceae and epizootic bovine abortion.
Comparison of in vivo and in vitro corticotropinreleasing hormone-stimulated release of proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides in cats
Authors: Willemse Ton , Mol Jan A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
In 6 cats, the effect of iv administration of various concentrations of ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (ocrh) on plasma concentrations of cortisol, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-msh), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) was measured. After administration of 1.0 μg of ocrh/kg of body weight, significant (P < 0.05) increases in plasma cortisol, α-msh, and acth concentrations were observed. After administration of 0.1 μg of ocrh/kg, significant increases were found only for cortisol and acth concentrations.
In vitro release of acth from dispersed feline pars distalis cells in primary culture stimulated by ocrh and arginine vasopressin (avp) was dose-dependent. Maximal stimulation was achieved by 1 nM ocrh or 100 nM avp. The ocrh-stimulated acth release was partially inhibited by dexamethasone, and avp-induced release was completely inhibited. Pars intermedia cells released 20 times as much α-msh as acth. A dose-dependent inhibition of α-msh release was induced by the dopamine agonist, bromocriptine. This inhibition could be partially abolished by coincubation with haloperidol. Bromocriptine had no effect on release of acth.
In conclusion, ocrh stimulates the pars distalis and pars intermedia of the pituitary gland of cats. Release of acth is stimulated by a direct effect on the pars distalis. In addition, in cats, ocrh is a more potent secretagogue than is avp. The msh release from the pars intermedia is sensitive to dopaminergic inhibition, indicating that dopamine may have a central role in regulation of msh secretion in cats.
Age-related changes in ocular distances in normal eyes of Samoyeds
Authors: Ehesten Björn , Torrång Ingrid 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Ocular biometry, using A-scan ultrasonography and ultrasonographic pachymetry, was performed in 52 Samoyeds, 2 months to 13 years old, without intraocular or systemic diseases. Furthermore, the relative depth of the opening of the ciliary cleft was estimated from goniophotographs. The values were analyzed, and statistical models of changes in ocular distances with increasing age were identified. It was found that the changes in corneal thickness, axial anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, relative lens position, length of the vitreous body, and axial length could best be described by 1 of the 2 nonlinear models f(x) = α + β/x + γx + ε and f(x) = α + β/x + γlog x+ε. The course began with a period of rapid increase, after which the ocular distance either increased at a progressively slower rate toward infinity (comeal and lens thickness) or to a finite limit (relative lens position and axial length), or ceased to grow and finally started to decrease toward minus infinity (axial anterior chamber depth and length of the vitreous body). However, suitable model for determining relative depth of the opening of the ciliary cleft could not be established. Results indicated that age-related changes, mainly in lens thickness, cause a shallow anterior chamber, and it was suggested that this may be of importance for development of a relative pupillary block and, thus, primary angle-closure glaucoma, at least in preconditioned eyes of Samoyeds.
Evaluation of lymphocyte stimulation tests for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in elk (Cervus elaphus)
Authors: Hutchings Donna L. , Wilson Susan H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Lymphocyte stimulation tests (lst), performed using 6 antigen preparations, were compared individually and in pairs. The tests were performed on 433 blood samples collected from elk in Mycobacterium bovis-infected herds. These elk were killed as part of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's bovine tuberculosis eradication policy, and mycobacterial culture results were obtained from tissues of each animal. The lst, which had the highest total sum of sensitivity and specificity, was a comparative test that used M bovis purified protein derivative (ppd) and M paratuberculosis (johnin) ppd. This test had a sensitivity of 76%, with confidence limits (cl) of 63 to 85% for this estimate, and specificity of 77% (cl, 72 to 81%). The lst, using only M bovis ppd antigen, had a sensitivity of 70% (cl, 57 to 80%) and specificity of 74% (cl, 69 to 79%); when it was compared with culture results, using the kappa statistic, agreement was only 32%. This indicated that the lst identified different elk than did M bovis isolation tests.
Comparison of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions by counting and image analysis in canine mammary tumors
Authors: Destexhe Eric , Vanmanshoven Pascal , Coignoul Freddy 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Two techniques for evaluating argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR) were compared on 74 canine mammary tumors to discriminate between benign and malignant lesions. For each lesion, direct counting of AgNOR on at least 100 cell nuclei was compared with area, perimeter, and integrated optical density AgNOR dot values determined by image analysis. Significant differences between benign and malignant tumors were observed with both methods; however, lesions determined as aggressive or proliferative by histologic evaluation were only singled out by image analysis measurements. Image analysis, in our hands, was a reliable, precise, and convenient technique to characterize malignancy in canine mammary tumors.
Equine herpesvirus 2 in pulmonary macrophages of horses
Authors: Schlocker Nicole , Gerber-Bretscher Rosmarie , von Fellenberg Roland 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
In a search of viral agents in pulmonary macrophages of horses with chronic pulmonary disease, equine herpesvirus 2 was found to be unique. In 8 of 9 horses with chronic pulmonary disease, antigens of equine herpesvirus 2 were detected by indirect immunofluorescence staining of scattered foamy macrophages immediately after harvesting by bronchoalveolar lavage and fractionation on metrizamide gradients. In a healthy horse, antigens were not found. After 1 week of cultivation of bronchoalveolar lavage cells from a second group of 9 horses with chronic pulmonary disease, viral antigens were detected in 90% of the adherent pulmonary macrophages. In 2 of 3 healthy horses, viral antigens also were found in 90% of the adherent pulmonary macrophages. Antigens of equine herpesvirus 1, equine herpesvirus 4, parainfluenza virus 3, or adenovirus were not detected. Antigens of the 5 investigated viruses also were not detected in lung tissue slices from a third group of 14 horses: 4 healthy; 7 with varying degrees of bronchiolitis, 2 of which also had chronic intestitial pneumonia; 2 with eosinophilic bronchitis; and 1 with pulmonary hemorrhage.
The exclusive presence of equine herpesvirus 2 in pulmonary macrophages was confirmed qualitatively by isolation of infective virus by cocultivation. In a fourth group of 12 horses with chronic pulmonary disease, infective virus could be isolated from pulmonary macrophages of 3 horses and from mixed- blood leukocytes of 5 horses. Virus isolations from 2 healthy horses were not successful from pulmonary macrophages, whereas 1 isolation was obtained from mixed-blood leukocytes. Other viruses were not detected by cocultivation.
Influence of a mu- and kappa-opioid agonist on isoflurane minimal anesthetic concentration in chickens
Authors: Concannon Kevin T. , Dodam John R. , Hellyer Peter W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Chickens (n = 18), ranging in age from 30 to 50 weeks and in body weight from 1.1 to 2.1 kg, were anesthetized with isoflurane. Ventilation was controlled, and temperature was maintained at 40.1 ± 1.0 C. The minimal anesthetic concentration (mac) of isoflurane was determined by use of a bracketing technique based on purposeful movement in response to a toe clamp. After determining isoflurane mac in triplicate, birds were given a mu-opioid agonist (morphine, n = 9) or a kappa-opioid agonist (U50488H, n = 9). Determination of mac was repeated after each IV administration of agonist in progressive doses of 0.1, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/kg of body weight. Heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were recorded immediately before and after each injection. Control mac (mean ± SEM) was 1.24 ± 0.05% and 1.05 ± 0.03% for the mu- and kappaopioid agonist groups, respectively. Morphine and U50488H caused a dose-dependent decrease in isoflurane mac in all birds. Reduction of mac from control (mean ± SEM) was 15.1 ± 2.7, 39.7 ± 3.1, and 52.4 ± 4.0% after the 3 successive doses of morphine and was 13.3 ± 3.0, 27.6 ± 3.3, and 40.8 ± 3.8% after U50488H was given. Each opioid injection resulted in significant (P ≤ 0.05, repeated measures anova) lowering of mac. Heart rate and MAP did not change significantly (P ≤ 0.05, paired Student’s t- test) after any dose of opioid. In conclusion, morphine or U50488H decreased isoflurane mac in dose-dependent manner without significant effect on heart rate and MAP.
Persistent anthelmintic activity of ivermectin against gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle
Authors: Williams J. C. , Broussard S. D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Two experiments were conducted to determine persistence of ivermectin (ivm) anthelmintic activity. In the first experiment, the injectable (inj) formulation at a dosage of 200 μg/kg of body weight and pour-on (po) formulation at a dosage of 500 μg/kg were compared in 5 groups of calves (n = 6/group). Calves were treated at 14 and 7 days prior to experimentally induced infection. Experimental groups were: 1-untreated, infected controls; 2-ivm po, day -14; 3-ivm po, day -7; 4-ivm inj, day -14; and 5-ivm inj, day -7. Calves were necropsied on days 28 and 29 after infection. Results of this experiment indicated a high degree of efficacy of ivm po product (93.8%) for all nematodes up to 14 days, in contrast to poor activity for ivm inj (26.3%) for all nematodes. Seven-day persistence was excellent for both ivm formulations against Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia spp, but a lower degree of efficacy (77.0% for PO and 88.5% for inj) was observed against Haemonchus placei.
In the second experiment, persistent efficacy of ivm po in preventing establishment of O ostertagi inhibited larvae was observed. In 3 trials, groups of 4 treated and 4 untreated control calves were exposed to natural pasture infection at 0 to 7, 10 to 17, and 20 to 27 days after treatment. Calves were necropsied 15 to 16 days after removal from pasture. After the day 0 to day 7 infection exposure, ivm po efficacy was 100% for all stages of O ostertagi, 3 adult male Cooperia spp, and Oesophagostomum radiatum; 94.9% for H placei; and 98.2% for Cooperia spp adult females. Efficacy values remained high through the day 10 to day 17 infection exposure, ranging from 93.6 to 95.6% for O ostertagi stages, 84.9% for H placei, and 100% for Oes radiatum. However, overall values for Cooperia spp decreased to 69.7%. Efficacy values for the day 20 to day 27 exposure period were 84.5% for O ostertagi adults and 80.7% for H placei. Efficacy against O ostertagi inhibited larvae was 66.4%. With the exception of C pectinata adult males, efficacy against Cooperia spp was zero.