bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prince William Sound
Authors: Vancouver George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George Vancouver (1758-1798) entered the British navy at thirteen as a common seaman on board Captain Cook’s Resolution on Cook’s second voyage. In 1780
Vancouver was promoted to lieutenant and in 1790 he was made a full commander. His 1790-1795 expedition explored regions of the North Pacific first reconnoitered by Cook. Vancouver successfully sailed around and mapped the sizeable island off the coast of British Columbia that is now named for him. He also conducted important surveys of the Canadian coast south to Puget Sound.
The Bering Straits
Authors: Chamisso Adelbert Von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adelbert Von Chamisso was the chief naturalist on Otto Von Kotzebue’s 1815-1818 “Voyage of Discovery” that explored the south and north Pacific. Von Chamisso reveals himself here to be as meticulous an observer as Georg Steller. He notes, for example, that as they sailed northward aboard the Rurick, terrestrial fauna and flora diminished as marine life increased (“the sea becomes more and more peopled”). The secret of human survival on the coasts of the circumpolar north is that, paradoxically, the seas offer a rich bounty of food resources that can sustain not only isolated settlements but also an entire widespread culture.
Notes on the Copper River
Authors: Wrangell Ferdinand Petrovich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Baron Ferdinand Petrovich von Wrangell (1796-1870) was one of the most important figures of Russian America. A German born in Estonia, he entered the Russian navy at an early age and sailed as a midshipman, lieutenant, and commander from Siberia to America. In 1828 he arrived in New Archan gel (known today as Sitka) as an officer of the Russian-American Company, and almost immediately changed the way the business was operated in several respects, including the cessation of over hunting furbearers and the modernization of relations with Alaskan natives. Later in life he traveled widely, returned to Russia, and was a founder of the Russian Geographic Society. In 1856Wrangell was promoted to admiral and he remained a trusted governmental aide whose advice was sought even after he retired in 1864.
The Rapids of the Yukon
Authors: Dall William Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Henry Dall (1845-1927) grew up in Boston and attended Harvard but never graduated. In 1866 he ac companied the historic Western Union Telegraphy Company expedition to Alaska, which sought to find an overland route for a transcontinental telegraph line to Europe. This objective proved impossible to achieve, but Dall later produced an important book as a result of his adventures in the north, Alaska and Its Resources (Lee and Shepard, 1870). From 1871-1884 Dall served in the U.
The Dominant Primordial Beast
Authors: London Jack 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jack London (1876-1916) arrived in the far north in 1897, eagerly sought his fortunes along with thousands of other prospectors, and then returned to his home town of San Francisco less than one year later, financially ruined and suffering from scurvy. In 1900 his collection of short stories The Son of Wolf (Houghton Mifflin) was published. The book met with immediate success, and several other volumes quickly followed, including his best selling masterpiece The Call of the Wild (Houghton Mifflin, 1903).
The Barren Grounds Grizzly Bear
Authors: Stefansson Vilhjalmur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vilhjalmur Stefansson (1879-1962) and Rudolph M. Anderson led one of the earliest expeditions into the high Arctic, studying the anthropology and biology of the northern Mackenzie and southern Franklin districts of the Canadian Northwest Territories from 1908 through 1912. Stefansson and Ander son returned and explored the western Canadian Arctic, including Herschel Island, from 1913 through 1918. Stefansson also actively explored the northern and western coasts of Alaska.
The North Fork of the Koyukuk
Authors: Marshall Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no figure more important to the history of conservation in the twentieth century than Robert Mar shall (1901-1939). Born to a wealthy New York family (his attorney father helped found Adirondack State Park), Marshall was educated at Syracuse, Harvard, and Johns Hopkins, where he received a Ph.D. in plant pathology. “As a boy,” Marshall once wrote, “I spent many hours in the heart of New York City, dreaming of Lewis and Clark and their glorious exploration into an unbroken wilderness. Occasionally, my reveries ended in a terrible depression, and I would imagine that I had been born a century too late for genuine excitement.”
On Building a Raft
Authors: Cooper David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Colorado, Boulder, undertook a solitary trek of nearly 300 miles through the Brooks Range, some of the most rugged and remote mountains in Alaska. Beginning at the Eskimo village of Anaktuvuk Pass, Cooper hiked 120 miles with a 100-pound backpack to the Arrigetch Peaks, where he built a log raft from spruce trees (he had never rafted before in his life) and floated 160 miles down the Alatna River to the Athabascan village of Allaket. Certainly one of the great solo wilderness feats of all time, Cooper’s perilous journey ranks with some of the folk epics of the American West.
Lake Dwarves and Giant Rat
Authors: Harry Anna Nelson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like so many vanished peoples of this world, the Eyaks, historically residing along the Gulf of Alaska coast between Yakutat and Cordova, are no more. Anna Nelson Harry (1906-1982), the author of this story, was one of the last Eyak, a tribe that apparently never exceeded five hundred in number. Scholar Michael Kraus has written of these two stories that “One can not help comparing this pair of stories with another pair of stories, justly among the most famous, in Gulliver’s Travels, published in 1726, by Irishman Jonathan Swift, specifically of course Gulliver’s Voyage to Lilliput and Voyage to Brobdingnag.
Gather at the River
Authors: Abbey Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Edward Abbey (1927-19B9) authored eighteen books of fiction and non-fiction, and was one of the most influential environmental writers of his time. Although he considered himself chiefly a novelist-his second novel The Brave Cowboy was made into the critically acclaimed film Lonely Are the Brave with actor Kirk Douglas-it is perhaps for his wilderness classic Desert Solitaire and his nature and political essays that he will be remembered. Abbey adopted as his twin maxims “Question Authority” and “Growth is the enemy of progress” and steadfastly resisted the loss of civilization to the forces of development. When Edward Abbey died in March 19B9, his body was, according to his instructions, taken into a desert wilderness outside Tucson, Arizona, where it was buried under a pile of rocks known only to a few close friends. There is already a movement to establish a desert wilderness area in his name.
Interchangeability of Punishments in Principle
Authors: Morris Norval , Tonry Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of interchangeability raises serious jurisprudential concerns. In advance and independently of specific cases, can equivalences be set out between different types of punishments so as to satisfy multiple legitimate ends of sentencing policy-including social utility and moral justification? Are there “exchange rates” between punishments that can be expressed or encapsulated in a system of comprehensive sentencing standards? Can a sentencing system fairly and justly impose a prison sentence on one offender and a community-based sentence on his in-all-respects like-situated brother?
Introduction
Authors: Lindemann Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of business in Hamburg and the variety of things connected with it are so great that one could profitably spend an entire year here and learn something new each day. There are few European seaports which Hamburg’s ships do not enter, and there is no seafaring people in this part of the world which does not traffic with Hamburg. Its superb location has made the city the emporium of all Germany…. The Elbe and the canals ... are almost blanketed over with ships. The assembly on the Stock Exchange is one of the largest [in Europe] and the place teems with negotiants. In a word, one finds here a perpetual motion of all nations and peoples caught up in the business of money-making.
Politics and Poverty
Authors: Lindemann Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the middle of the eighteenth century, poor relief in Hamburg was approaching a crisis. Until then the patchwork of institutions inherited from the preceding three centuries had fulfilled satisfactorily (if not altogether flawlessly) the heterogeneous tasks of social welfare assigned to them. The parish distributed alms, bread, and clothing to the poor at the door of the chruch. The Zuchthaus provided shelter to the destitute, indiscriminately crowding children, adults, delinquents, and drunkards together within its vast halls. The Pesthof served as a Hotel-Dieu, domiciling the invalid, the insane, and the aged alike.
The General Poor Relief, 1788–1799: Triumphs and Enthusiasms
Authors: Lindemann Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1790s were the most exciting and the most disquieting years in Hamburg’s history. If for some it was bliss to be alive, for others the decade brought with it an economic activity that opened doors to stunning successes and equally outstanding failures. Explosive political circumstances threatened to engulf the city and draw it into a European-wide conflagration. While the city prospered as never before, that prosperity was clouded by hovering specters of impending doom. While the economy undoubtedly thrived, it grew in a fevered and undirected manner that encouraged hasty investments and reckless speculation.
The Symphony
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the agile beauty of Mozart's `Jupiter' and the fierce power of Beethoven's Fifth to the celebration of heroism in Shostakovich's `Leningrad,' the symphony has long held a prime place in the Western musical pantheon. Now, in The Symphony, renowned teacher and critic Michael Steinberg offers music lovers a monumental guide to this most celebrated of musical forms, with perceptive commentaries on some 118 works by 36 major composers. Tracing the ways in which composers have dealt with the extraordinary musical challenges that have engaged them throughout the centuries, Steinberg takes us through the revolutions of expression, sound, and form that have shaped the symphony's remarkable history.
Ludwig van Beethoven
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amass of images, remembrances, and ideals comes instantly to mind when we hear the word symphony. This mass, our idea of “symphony, “ has been shaped for us overwhelmingly by the nine symphonies that Beethoven composed across a quarter of a century-eight of them in thirteen years. Beethoven ‘s grandfather and father were musicians at the Electoral Court at Bonn, the former being the more accomplished by far. Like many a musical child in his generation, young Ludwig suffered because Mozart, his senior by fifteen years, had set alarming standards for prodigies. Beethoven was not that kind of child: he lacked the quickness, the pliability, the seductive charm. In a house that jangled with the tensions between a domineering grandfather whom he idolized, an alcoholic father, and an embittered mother, himself subjected to a brutal and uncomprehending education, he was a withdrawn, uncommunicative boy desperately hungry for love.
Hector Berlioz
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Berlioz composed his Fantastic Symphony in 1830, though some of the material goes back as far perhaps as 1819. Frarncois-Antoine Habeneck conducted the first performance on 5 December 1830 in Paris. Again with Habeneck on the podium (and with Berlioz as one of the drummers), a considerably revised version was presented in Paris on 9 December 1832, together with a newly composed sequel, the lyric monodrama Lelio, ou Le Retour a la vie (The Return to Life).
Aaron Copland
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 11 January 1925, when the sixty-three-year-old German-born Walter Damrosch had finished conducting the New York Symphony in the premiere of Aaron Copland ‘s Symphony for Organ and Orchestra, he turned to his Carnegie Hall audience and said, “If a young man at the age of twenty-three can write a symphony like that, in five years he ‘ll be ready to commit murder. “ Damrosch lived until 1950, but no further utterance of his about Copland is recorded. Very likely he would have regarded the Piano Variations, composed about five years after the symphony, as a reasonable fulfillment of his prophecy. Next to the Variations, the Organ Symphony is rather sweet.
Antonin Dvořák
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the Oxford University Press published Volume 2 of Donald Francis Tovey ‘s Essays in Musical Analysis in 1935, very few of Tovey ‘s readers and browsers would have ever heard three of the four Dvorak symphonies discussed in that book, the three then known as Nos. 1, 2, and 3, and now more accurately as Nos. 6, 5, and 7. (The other one that Tovey included was the super-familiar From the New World.) And how startling to come across this sentence: “I have no hesitation in setting Dvorak ‘s [Seventh] Symphony along with the C major Symphony of Schubert and the four symphonies of Brahms, as among the greatest and purest examples of this art-form since Beethoven. “1
John Harbison
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The San Francisco Symphony commissioned Harbison ‘s Symphony No. 2 in celebration of the orchestra ‘s seventy-fifth anniversary season. Harbison began the composition in the summer of 1985 and completed it the following summer, but then completely rewrote the end, which took until 8 September 1986. He reached what he calls “the legitimate double bar, “ finishing his last revisions, on 23 January 1987. Herbert Blomstedt conducted the San Francisco Symphony in the first performance on 13 May 1987. The work is “dedicated, in friendship, to Michael Steinberg.
Karl Amadeus Hartmann
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hartmann is one of those composers-Roger Sessions and Luigi Dal-lapiccola are others who come to mind-with whom the distance between achievement and reputation is absurd. He first worked with Joseph Haas, a student of Max Reger, but he always maintained that his real musical education began when he met Hermann Scherchen in 1927. Scherchen is chiefly remembered as a penetratingly intelligent, individual conductor who made many recordings in the early LP years, but, theorist, writer, editor, passionate advocate of new music, and free spirit generally, he was an amazingly multifaceted musician. He taught analysis and composition as well as conducting, and Bruno Madema and Luigi Nono were also among his students.
Paul Hindemith
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hindemith began preliminary studies for his opera Mathis der Mal.er in 1933, but, in response to a request from Wilhelm Furtwangler for a new piece for the Berlin Philharmonic, wrote the eponymous symphony first. He completed the first movement in November 1933, the second in February 1934, and the third just in time for the premiere on 12 March 1934. It was of course Furtwangler who introduced the Mathis symphony with the Berlin Philharmonic. The opera was completed in July 1935. Furtwangler had also hoped to conduct that premiere in Berlin, but this was verboten; the first performance therefore took place in Zurich, Switzerland, and only in May 1938.
Bohuslav Martinů
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the fall of 1948, Martinů, then in his eighth year of uneasy American exile, began a three-year stint on the faculty at Princeton. I was a senior and excited at the prospect of meeting a composer whose music I liked so much and who, moreover, was at the height of his then considerable fame. Tall, thin, gray-haired, blue-eyed, he had a narrow face of distinctly Slavic cast, a face that explored from time to time the risk of a smile which, when it blossomed, delightfully combined warmth and skepticism. His speech, pianissimo and con sordino, was strongly accented (I still sometimes catch myself thinking of “slow, “ a frequent complaint of his about performances, as rhyming with “now “) and, as we discovered, it was odd in various ways: fifths and fourths, for example, were “quints “ and “quarts. “ We knew that he was partially deaf as the result of a bad fall, since stories about him in newspapers and magazines were plentiful. Listening (with the t pronounced) or speaking, he was infinitely more comfortable in French, but really he was shy in any language.
Robert Schumann
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1839, Clara Wieck, soon to become Clara Schumann, noted in her diary that “it would be best if [Robert] composed for orchestra; his imagination cannot find sufficient scope on the piano. His compositions are all orchestral in feeling. “ Clara, already a celebrated pianist for more than half her twenty years, was in love with success and with the tools of success ( to borrow a phrase from the philosopher Ernst Bloch) and aware that her glittery recital pieces by Herz and Hunten, Kalkbrenner and Moscheles, produced more applause than her moody and poetic fiancé‘s Carnaval. In other words, her remark, which seems at first blush an odd one about the composer of the Davidsbündler, Carnaval, Phantasiestücke, Symphonic Etudes, Scenes from Childhood, Kreisleriana, the C-major Fantasy, and the Humoresque, may mean little more than that she was not yet convinced by, converted to, Robert ‘s piano style. It makes, in any event, ironic reading in view of the hard-dying notion that Schumann did not understand the orchestra and that his symphonies are “inflated piano music “ (as the late Gerald Abraham wrote not only in the fifth edition of Grove ‘s Dictionary of Music and Musicians [1954] but again in The New Grove of 1980).
Poisoning
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Poisoning results from either brief or long-term exposure to a chemical agent. In general, this book addresses only acute poisonings. The mechanism of injury depends on the chemical agent itself and on whether it is injected, ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Basic preventive approaches, comparable to those for preventing other injuries, include eliminating or reducing the manufacture or sale of an agent, reducing the length of exposure or the concentration of the poison to noninjurious doses, preventing access to the substance, changing its chemical formulation, and providing appropriate emergency and therapeutic measures.
Introduction to Motor Vehicle Crashes
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapters 8 through 15 highlighted information on many of the major causes of injury death. As important as these are, they are overshadowed by the large numbers of deaths resulting from motor vehicle use. Crashes1 of motor vehicles are the leading cause of death in the United States for people aged 1-34 (Karpf and Williams 1983). From age 5 to 29, more than one-fifth of deaths from all causes are caused by motor vehicles. Motor vehicle crashes account for more than 40 percent of all mortality among people in their late teens. They cause more deaths of people aged 1-75 than any other injury producing event.
Large Trucks
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Crashes and crash injuries involving large trucks (those weighing more than 10,000 pounds when empty) are of special interest for three reasons. First, crash involvement rates for large trucks exceed those for passenger vehicles when mileage and type of road are controlled for (Figure 18-1; Preusser and Stein 1987). Second, more than 5,000 deaths occur each year in crashes involving large trucks (Table 18-1). In such crashes, other road users have especially high fatality rates; 84 percent of the deaths involve persons who were sharing the road with the large truck.
Pedestrians
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pedestrian deaths, the second largest category of motor vehicle deaths, include almost half of the traffic deaths for ages 3-9 and more than one fourth for ages 75 or older. In 1988, almost 7,000 people were killed as pedestrians, representing about one-seventh of all traffic-related deaths.
Motorcyclists
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Motorcyclist deaths, numbering almost 3,500 in 1988, comprise 7 percent of all traffic deaths. For males in their twenties, one out of every seven motor vehicle fatalities is a motorcycle driver or passenger. Analyses of FARS and NASS data indicate that for every death there are 50 injuries reported to the police. In addition, many injuries are not reported to the police (Kraus et al. 1975a). This is especially likely when no other motor vehicle is involved.
Bicyclists
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About 900 bicyclists were killed in 1988, comprising 2 percent of all traffic deaths. Forty percent of bicyclist deaths occur in the 5-14-year-old age group. For this age group, injuries to bicyclists cause about 15 percent of all traffic deaths and 20 percent of all brain injuries (Kraus et al. 1987). About 90 percent of all bicyclist deaths involve collisions with motor vehicles. Nonfatal injuries, however, generally are caused by falls from bicycles, which are rarely reported to the police (Waller 1971). U.S. emergency rooms treat more than 500,000 bicyclists each year, of whom about 15 percent have been struck by vehicles (CDC 1987).
Modern Theories of the Subordinate Tenses
Authors: Binnick Robert I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As complicated as the meanings and uses of the tenses considered so far may seem, we have principally been examining only a narrow range of phenomena, namely those in which the tense forms have their “normal,” nominal values. In the Indo-European languages this actually occurs only under certain special conditions-generally when the verb is the main verb of an independent clause and is in the indicative mood.
Explanation in Aspectology
Authors: Binnick Robert I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen in the previous chapter how two different categorizations were long confused which Goedsche (1940) and Garey (1957) were to distinguish as “aspect” and “Aktionsarten,” though these occasionally are still confounded. Both may be marked by differences in verb stems, and both have to do with the internal structures of events or situations, rather than with the sort of temporal relations involved in tense.