bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The emergence of formulation engineering in emulsion making—transferring know‐how from research laboratory to plant
Authors: Salager Jean L , Antón Raquel E , Briceño María I , Choplin Lionel , Márquez Laura , Pizzino Aldo , Rodriguez María P 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAll variables capable of altering the physico‐chemical formulation, including temperature, are included in a generalized concept known as the hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD), which measures the departure from the reference state at which the surfactant–oil–water system exhibits Winsor III three‐phase behaviour. The general phenomenology representing the emulsion properties (type, stability, viscosity, drop size) can be qualitatively charted in a three‐dimensional map, where each region exhibits definite features. Travelling across the map from one region to another corresponds to modifications in formulation, composition and stirring along a path which can describe the protocol of change in an industrial process dealing with emulsion making, inversion or reworking. Six different path cases, labelled as unit operations, emerge from a systematic categorizing, and allow the interpretation of complex industrial processes such as crude oil dehydration, or the manufacturing of paint, cosmetics or heavy hydrocarbon emulsions.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Micro‐encapsulation by complex coacervation: influence of surfactant
Authors: Mayya K S , Bhattacharyya A , Argillier J‐F 
Published: March 2003

AbstractParaffin oil has been encapsulated using complex coacervation of gelatin and Arabic gum in the presence of a surfactant. Addition of an oppositely charged surfactant to a polyelectrolyte markedly increases the yield of the process. We report a two‐layer encapsulation of paraffin oil, based on a primary layer of interface active polyelectrolyte–surfactant complex, followed by a second layer of the conjugate polyelectrolyte–polyelectrolyte complex. Surfactant concentration has been found to be a crucial parameter to obtain good quality microcapsules and optimal yield. This confirms the importance of formulation aspects when looking for optimization of these techniques of micro‐encapsulation.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Monomolecular condensation of DNA by cationic detergents
Authors: Dauty Emmanuel , Behr Jean‐Paul 
Published: March 2003

AbstractControlling the size of condensed DNA particles is a key determinant for their diffusion in vivo as well as for gene delivery to target cells. Towards this goal, DNA molecules were compacted individually by cationic thiol‐detergents into discrete nanometric entities. These particles were then stabilized by air‐induced dimerization of the detergent into a disulfide lipid on the template DNA. Using a tetradecane–cysteine–ornithine (C14COrn) detergent, a solution of 5.5 Kb plasmid DNA was thus converted into a monodisperse population of 35‐nm particles. The stability of the complexes, as well as their size, morphology and transfection efficiencies were investigated. Surprisingly, the electrophoretic mobility of the quasi‐neutral condensed DNA was found higher than that of the extended DNA polyanion. The diameters of particles resulting from the condensation of DNA of various sizes was measured by dynamic light scattering and found to vary as the cubic root of the DNA size. In an attempt to extend their biodistribution and to target tumour cells, we have prepared folate–poly(ethylene oxide)‐coated particles that were shown to bind to the cell‐surface folate receptor. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Formulation of solid products: two‐component tablets with a disintegrating agent
Authors: Hutin S , Accart P , Oulahna D , Dodds JA 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe formulation of binary tablets containing an insoluble powder and a disintegrating agent is examined from the point of view of the particle packing theory in terms of the relative size and proportion of the two components. A relationship is found between the overall porosity and the crush resistance, and between the contacts between particles and the disintegration time. Tablets made with an industrial tablet press for three different systems, caffeine–starch, cocoa–ultrafine sugar and cocoa–icing sugar, were tested for crush resistance and disintegration time. The results followed the theoretical predictions. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Amphiphilic polyelectrolyte for stabilization of multiple emulsions
Authors: Michaut Fanny , Hébraud Pascal , Perrin Patrick 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMultiple emulsions are complex thermodynamically unstable systems where both types of emulsion coexist. We investigated the stability behaviour of water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (W/O/W) emulsions formulated with a hydrophobically modified poly(sodium acrylate) emulsifier at the outer interface and a monomeric surfactant (span 80) at the inner interface. Their stability was tested through release kinetics of a marker (NaCl) initially encapsulated in the aqueous droplets, and by rheology. Slow release rates and remarkably long shelf‐life were obtained compared to typical multiple emulsions stabilized by two commonly used surfactants (span 80 and tween 20). In addition, we prepared stable highly concentrated multiple emulsions. Their rheological behaviour indicated that the internal interface was essentially covered with span 80. Thus, transportation of the polymer across the oil phase is limited, which in turn explains, at least partially, the stability improvement in the presence of the polymeric emulsifier. Finally, the long lifetime of the emulsions allowed study by diffusing wave spectroscopy of the interactions between the droplets and the globule surface which are important for understanding the destruction mechanisms of multiple emulsions.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
New regioselective synthesis of metalinked aromatic polyketones from metasubstituted bis(arylsilane)s and aromatic dicarboxylic acid chlorides
Authors: Takeuchi Hisashi , Kakimoto Masa‐Aki , Imai Yoshio 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA new regioselective synthesis of metalinked aromatic polyketones was achieved for the first time. New metaconnected aromatic polyketones with inherent viscosities of up to 0.49 dL/g were regioselectively synthesized by the solution polycondensation of metasubstituted bis(arylsilane)s with aromatic dicarboxylic acid chlorides in the presence of aluminum chloride in 1,2‐dichloroethane along with the elimination of chlorotrimethylsilane. The polycondensation proceeded through aromatic electrophilic ipso‐substitution. The metalinked aromatic polyketones had considerably lower glass‐transition temperatures and 10% weight‐loss temperatures than those of their counterpart paracatenated aromatic polyketones. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1428–1434, 2003
Synthesis and characterization of novel poly(ester‐carbonate)s by copolymerization of trans‐4‐hydroxy‐L‐proline with cyclic carbonate
Authors: Lee Ren‐Shen , Lin Tz‐Feng , Yang Jen‐Ming 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe melt ring‐opening/condensation reaction of trans‐4‐hydroxy‐N‐benzyloxycarbonyl‐L‐proline (N‐CBz‐Hpr) with cyclic carbonate [trimethylene carbonate (tri‐MC) or tetramethylene carbonate (tetra‐MC)] at a wide range of molar fractions in the feed produced new degradable poly(ester‐carbonate)s. The influence of reaction conditions such as polymerization time and temperature on the yield and inherent viscosity of the copolymers was investigated. The polymerizations were carried out in bulk at 140 °C with 1.5 wt % stannous octoate as a catalyst for 30 h. The poly(ester‐carbonate)s obtained were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, gel permeation chromatography, and Ubbelohde viscometry. The copolymers synthesized exhibited moderate molecular weights with rather narrow molecular weight distributions. The values of the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) of the copolymers depend on the molar fractions of cyclic carbonate. For the poly(N‐CBz‐Hpr‐co‐tri‐MC) system, with a decreased tri‐MC content from 93 to 16 mol %, the Tg increased from −10 to 60 °C. Similarly, for the poly(N‐CBz‐Hpr‐co‐tetra‐MC) system, when the tetra‐MC content decreased from 80 to 8 mol %, the Tg increased from −18 to 52 °C. The relationship between the poly(N‐CBz‐Hpr‐co‐tri‐MC) Tg and the compositions was in approximation with the Fox equation. In vitro degradation of these poly(N‐CBz‐Hpr‐co‐tri‐MC)s was evaluated from weight‐loss measurements. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1435–1443, 2003
Polymerization of 1,3‐dienes with functional groups. II. Free‐radical polymerization of N‐(2‐methylene‐3‐butenoyl)piperidine
Authors: Yaegashi Takayuki , Takeshita Hiroki , Takenaka Katsuhiko , Shiomi Tomoo 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe free‐radical homopolymerization and copolymerization behavior of N‐(2‐methylene‐3‐butenoyl)piperidine was investigated. When the monomer was heated in bulk at 60 °C for 25 h without an initiator, about 30% of the monomer was consumed by the thermal polymerization and the Diels–Alder reaction. No such side reaction was observed when the polymerization was carried out in a benzene solution with 1 mol % 2,2′‐azobisisobutylonitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. The polymerization rate equation was found to be Rp ∝ [AIBN]0.507[M]1.04, and the overall activation energy of polymerization was calculated to be 89.5 kJ/mol. The microstructure of the resulting polymer was exclusively a 1,4‐structure that included both 1,4‐E and 1,4‐Z configurations. The copolymerizations of this monomer with styrene and/or chloroprene as comonomers were carried out in benzene solutions at 60 °C with AIBN as an initiator. In the copolymerization with styrene, the monomer reactivity ratios were r1 = 6.10 and r2 = 0.03, and the Q and e values were calculated to be 10.8 and 0.45, respectively. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1545–1552, 2003
Synthesis and characterization of mesogen‐jacketed liquid‐crystal polymers based on 2,5‐bis(4′‐alkoxyphenyl)styrene
Authors: Yu Zhenning , Tu Huilin , Wan Xinhua , Chen Xiaofang , Zhou Qi‐Feng 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA series of novel mesogen‐jacketed liquid‐crystal polymers, poly[2,5‐bis(4′‐alkoxyphenyl)‐styrene] (P‐n, n = 1–11), were prepared via free‐radical polymerization of newly synthesized monomers, 2,5‐bis(4′‐alkoxyphenyl)styrene (M‐n, n = 1–11). The influence of the alkoxy tail length on the liquid‐crystalline behaviors of the monomers and the polymers was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry, polarized optical microscopy (POM), and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). The monomers with n = 1–4, 9, and 11 were monotropic nematic liquid crystals. All other monomers exhibited enantiotropic nematic properties. Their melting points (Tm's) decreased first as n increased to 6, after which Tm increased slightly at longer spacer lengths. The isotropic–nematic transition temperatures decreased regularly with increasing n values in an odd–even way. The glass‐transition temperatures (Tg's) of the polymers first decreased as the tail lengths increased and then leveled off when n ≥ 7. All polymers were thermally stable and entered the mesophase at a temperature above Tg. Upon further heating, no mesophase‐to‐isotropic melt transition was observed before the polymers decomposed. WAXD studies indicated that an irreversible order–order transition for the polymers with short tails (n ≤ 5) and a reversible order–order transition for those with elongated tails (n ≥ 6) occurred at a temperature much higher than Tg. However, such a transition could not be identified by POM and could be detected by DSC only on heating scans for the polymers with long tails (n ≥ 7). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1454–1464, 2003
Dimeric liquid‐crystalline epoxyimine monomers: Influence of dipolar moments on mesomorphic behavior and the formation of liquid‐crystalline thermosets
Authors: Ribera David , Serra Angels , Mantecón Ana 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe examine some of the structural aspects that influence the mesomorphic behavior of liquid‐crystalline dimeric epoxy resins with imine groups in the mesogens. We synthesized two new series of monomers and compared them with previously synthesized monomers. Compared with previously studied series, the imine group in the new monomers is oriented differently with respect to the ether and ester groups linked to the end of the mesogenic unit. Our results confirmed the importance of polarization of the mesogenic groups and the presence of an ester group in the inner position in the formation of smectic mesophases. By curing with primary and tertiary amines, we demonstrate that these two requirements are necessary if liquid‐crystalline thermosets are to be obtained with different degrees of order. These studies were carried out with differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1465–1477, 2003
Polypropylene fractions produced by binary metallocene catalysts
Authors: Marques Maria de Fátima V. , Chaves Érica Gervasoni 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBecause of the great economic interest in propylene‐based polymers and the possibility of designing materials with desired properties with metallocene catalyst mixtures, we investigated the characteristics of polypropylenes produced by mixtures of SiMe2Ind2ZrCl2: dimethylsilane‐bis(indenyl) zirconocene (1) and Et(Flu)(Cp)ZrCl2: ethylidene (fluorenyl cyclopentadienyl) zirconocene (2) in different proportions. The polymers were fractionated with solvents, and the fractions were characterized. We observed that the polymers produced by the different mixed systems showed lower weight‐average molecular weights and only slightly broader molecular weight distributions than polypropylenes synthesized by the individual catalysts. We concluded that catalyst 1 acted independently of catalyst 2, producing polymers with the same isotacticity. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1478–1485, 2003
Highly stable rigid main‐chain nonlinear optical polymers with nematic phase: Effect of liquid‐crystalline phase on nonlinear optical response
Authors: Sandhya K. Y. , Pillai C. K. S. , Sato Masataka , Tsutsumi Naoto 
Published: March 2003

AbstractNonlinear optical (NLO) rigid main‐chain polyesters containing azobenzene mesogens with high thermal and temporal stabilities were synthesized from derivatives of hydroxyphenylazobenzoic acid. The NLO properties of the homopolymer, poly[4‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl phenyl)azo]benzoic acid, and copolymers of 4‐[(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methylphenyl)azo]benzoic acid, 4‐[(4‐hydroxy‐2‐methylphenyl)azo]benzoic acid, and 4‐[(4‐hydroxy‐2‐pentadecyl phenyl)azo]benzoic acid (PSCpHBA) with p‐HBA were measured by the Maker fringe technique. The thermal and liquid‐crystalline (LC) phase behaviors of the polymers were examined by differential scanning calorimetry, a thermal‐stimulated polarization current, and polarized light microscopy. The polymers except PSCpHBA exhibited nematic‐threaded and Schlieren textures. The LC orientations give rise to an enhanced NLO response. The polymers had high thermal and temporal stabilities for second‐harmonic generation activity because of their rigid aromatic backbone. This study suggests that the rigid aromatic main chain exhibiting an LC phase is a promising simple method to synthesize highly stable NLO polymers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1527–1535, 2003
New liquid‐crystalline thermosets from liquid‐crystalline bisazomethynic epoxy resins with naphthylene disruptors in the central core
Authors: Castell P. , Serra A. , Galià M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe synthesized novel epoxy‐terminated monomers on the basis of imine groups with spacers of different lengths between mesogens and reactive groups and examined their mesogenic properties. Their reaction with primary aromatic diamines and tertiary amines was carried out to investigate the formation of liquid‐crystalline thermosets. We explored how the curing conditions and the structures of the monomers and amines affected the formation of ordered networks. The special symmetry of a 1,5‐disubstituted naphthalene unit in the central core led to nematic mesophases in the pure liquid‐crystalline epoxy resins, and thermosets with locked nematic textures were obtained in all cases, regardless of the length of the spacer. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1536–1544, 2003
Educational achievement, employment and living situation in long‐term young adult survivors of childhood cancer in the Netherlands
Authors: Langeveld N.E. , Ubbink M.C. , Last B.F. , Grootenhuis M.A. , VoÛte P.A. , de Haan R.J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper investigated educational achievement, employment status, living situation, marital status and offspring in 500 Dutch long‐term young adults survivors of childhood cancer (age range, 16–49 years, 47% female). The results were compared with a reference group of 1092 persons with no history of cancer (age range, 15–33 years, 55% female). The impact of demographic and medical characteristics on psychosocial adjustment was studied. All participants completed a self–report questionnaire. The results showed that, although many survivors are functioning well and leading normal lives, a subgroup of survivors were less likely to complete high‐school, to attain an advanced graduate degree, to follow normal elementary or secondary school and had to be enrolled more often on learning disabled programs. The percentage of employed survivors was lower than the percentage of employed controls in the comparison group, but more survivors were student or homemaker. Survivors had lower rates of marriage and parenthood, and worried more about their fertility and the risk of their children having cancer. Survivors, especially males, lived more often with their parents. Cranial irradiation dose ≤25 Gy was an important independent prognostic factor of lower educational achievement. Survivors with a history of brain/CNS tumours had a higher risk of being single than survivors with a diagnosis of leukaemia/non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. These results indicate that important aspects of life are affected in a substantial number of persons who have been diagnosed with cancer during childhood or adolescence. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caregiver and patient marital satisfaction and affect following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a prospective, longitudinal investigation
Authors: Langer Shelby , Abrams Janet , Syrjala Karen 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe process of stem cell transplantation (SCT) is both intra and inter dependent; like patients, spousal caregivers (CGs) are affected by the experience. Few empirical investigations have focused on the needs of CGs or dyadic differences over the course of adaptation—the foci of the present study. SCT recipients and spousal CGs (n=131 dyads) completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale at three time points: pre‐transplant, 6 months post‐transplant and 1 year post‐transplant. A separate, non‐medical group completed the POMS as a normative sample. CGs reported higher levels of depression and anxiety as compared to patients and non‐medical norms. With respect to marital satisfaction, couples were matched in their perceptions of the relationship prior to transplantation but grew mismatched over time. Six months and 1 year post‐transplant, CGs reported lower levels of marital satisfaction relative to their patient counterparts. Counter to prediction, change in CG marital satisfaction (from pre‐transplant to 1 year post‐transplant) was predicted only by CG gender, not patient physical, nor psychosocial characteristics. Findings offer implications for person‐specific and relationship‐protective interventions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Induction and characterization of a novel amine oxidase from the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus
Authors: Corpillo Davide , Valetti Francesca , Giuffrida Maria Gabriella , Conti Amedeo , Rossi Antonello , Finazzi‐Agrò Alessandro , Giunta Carlo 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAn amine oxidase from the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus was induced, purified and completely characterized; it was shown to belong to the class of copper‐containing amine oxidases (E.C. 1.4.3.6). The enzyme was induced by putrescine and, very strongly, by copper(II); structural–functional characterization of the enzyme was performed, including determination of molecular weight, glycosylation, copper and TPQ content, isoelectric point, KM and kCAT (with benzylamine as substrate), pH, temperature and ionic strength effect on catalysis, substrate and inhibitor specificity. A 700 bp clone was isolated containing the cDNA that encodes for the C‐terminus of the enzyme; the amino acid sequence deduced (the first available for a benzylamine oxidase from yeast) was compared to that of other copper amine oxidases from microorganisms and higher organisms. From the results obtained, the putrescine/benzylamine oxidase from Kluyveromyces marxianus was found to have a good homology with other enzymes of this class from microorganisms, and particularly with AO I from Aspergillus niger. Nonetheless, some features resulted closer to those of animal amine oxidases and histaminases. Some potential biotechnological applications are proposed. The cDNA Accession No. is AJ320485. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Escherichia coli RecA protein complements recombination defective phenotype of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae rad52 mutant cells
Authors: Dudáš Andrej , Marková Eva , Vlasáková Danuša , Kolman Ada , Bartošová Zdena , Brozmanová Jela , Chovanec Miroslav 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe Saccharomyces cerevisiae rad52 mutants are sensitive to many DNA damaging agents, mainly to those that induce DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs). In the yeast, DSBs are repaired primarily by homologous recombination (HR). Since almost all HR events are significantly reduced in the rad52 mutant cells, the Rad52 protein is believed to be a key component of HR in S. cerevisiae. Similarly to the S. cerevisiae Rad52 protein, RecA is the main HR protein in Escherichia coli. To address the question of whether the E. coli RecA protein can rescue HR defective phenotype of the rad52 mutants of S. cerevisiae, the recA gene was introduced into the wild‐type and rad52 mutant cells. Cell survival and DSBs induction and repair were studied in the RecA‐expressing wild‐type and rad52 mutant cells after exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) and methyl methanesulphonate (MMS). Here, we show that expression of the E. coli RecA protein partially complemented sensitivity and fully complemented DSB repair defect of the rad52 mutant cells after exposure to IR and MMS. We suggest that in the absence of Rad52, when all endogenous HR mechanisms are knocked out in S. cerevisiae, the heterologous E. coli RecA protein itself presumably takes over the broken DNA. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.