bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transdifferentiation
Authors: Okada T S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is it possible that fully differential cells, cells that have acquired specialized functions and perhaps have lost some general properties can change their nature, becoming cells of another type? Professor Okada has studied this problem extensively and introduced the term "transdifferentiation" to describe the phenomenon. The concept of transdifferentiation is extremely controversial, since it challenges a number of biological orthodoxies. The problem is important because if transdifferentiation really does occur, the process of development and differentiation must be much more flexible than previously considered. In this book the author brings together a vast amount of experimental evidence and examines it critically. This discussion clearly establishes that there is a real phenomenon to be explained and that the explanation forces us to change our understanding of a number of basic biological processes. Much of the evidence examined is derived from studies of cell biology but increasingly it has become possible to examine the process at the molecular level. Studies of gene expression provide several promising perspectives on the process of transdifferentiation. Although this monograph focuses on some rather specialized experiments and discusses questions of definition, the phenomenon is so interesting and is of such fundamental importance that it should attract a wide readership.
Examples of transdifferentiation among single or related cell classes
Authors: Okada T S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The flexibility of cell phenotypes in the nervous system has already been mentioned in the previous chapter, based on in situ observations of intact Hydra. There has been a number of reports demonstrating that an interference in normal development, which occurs in transplantation, explantation into culture, or exposure to a pathological environment, can result in a change in subclasses of neurons.
Does transdifferentiation occur in regeneration?
Authors: Okada T S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of the flexibility in cell differentiation originally stemmed from two main sources, one from medical observations of metaplasia, and the other from zoological studies of regeneration in various animals. In early regeneration studies, it was taken for granted that the major cellular basis for the dramatic changes during regeneration should be metaplasia, or the conversion of pre-existing cell types. The introduction of labelling techniques to mark precursors of regenerating cells has shown that a switch of differentiation pathway, or transdifferentiation, of the precursors is not an universal occurrence. Nevertheless, unequivocal demonstrations of transdifferentiation have also been gained from observations of regeneration in some systems. The aim of this chapter is to critically review the occurrence of transdifferentiation in regeneration.
African–American relationships in the Acridians (Insecta, Orthoptera)
Authors: Amedegnato C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first fossils resembling insects, the Collembols, date back to the Devonian. The first fossils of well diversified true insects are from the Carboniferous. In this chapter we are mainly concerned with the Order Orthoptera, an ancient order which shows many primitive characters. It occurs as early as the Carboniferous, bearing the same morphological features as now. It is apparent from known fossils that the diversity of phyla, most of which survive to the present day, has been very great, the major extant groups having originated at the beginning of the Palaeozoic
Life history decisions during the breeding season
Authors: Ens Bruno J , Briggs Kevin B , Safriel Uriel N , Smit Car J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According ro current evolutionary insights, animals in a stable population should behave in such a way that they maximize the number of offspring they produce during their lifetime. Yet, field studies have revealed a remarkably high variation in lifetime reproductive success between individuals, with only a minority producing most of the young (CluttonBrock 1988; Newton 1989). This variability demands an explanation: what prevents the many unsuccessful individuals from raising more offspring? On the principle of individual optimization, each animal should make the choices during its development and later life which, in current conditions, are most likely to maximize its expected lifetime reproductive success. Instead of expecting each bird to show the same optimal behaviour (Lack 1968), it is now assumed that each individual will fine tune its behaviour to optimally exploit its own particular characteristics and circumstances under which it lives.
Summary, conclusions, and a glimpse into the future
Authors: Shoshani Jeheskel , Tassy Pascal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Skeletal remains of extinct proboscideans from all over the world have been the sine qua non for our understanding of this mammalian order. This prerequisite was noted by Simpson (1945, p. 244) when he wrote ‘Classification within the order [Proboscidea] is obviously a task for paleontology rather than neontology’. These fossil remains, together with features of the living species, provide us with the foundation upon which researchers have been constructing the phylogeny and classification of the Proboscidea.
The environmental impact of badgers (Meles meles) and their setts
Authors: Neal E G , Roper T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The setts of badgers Meles meles vary widely in size and complexity and in the way they are used. Some setts have many entrances, consist internally of a maze of tunnels and sleeping chambers, and constitute the permanent residence of an entire social group of badgers; others consist of a single tunnel with one entrance, and are used only occasionally by single animals. Intermediate levels of size and complexity are found between these extremes.
The Evolution of Insect Flight
Authors: Brodsky Andrei K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first book on this subject since J W S Pringle's classic Insect Flight was published in 1957. Much has been written since on applied and ecological aspects of flight, but consideration of the question of the origin of wings and flight has been largely confined to armchair speculation in a scattered literature. To make matters worse, much of the recent empirical work has only appeared in Russain. A,K. Brodsky is a leading Russian authority on insect flight, a pioneer in the use of empirical aerodynamic techniques to unravel the mechanisms which underlie insect flight and hence its origins. By uniting fossil, structural, and phylogenetic information with his empirical studies, he draws a coherent, well-substantialed picture of the evolution of insect flight. The text is illustrated by numerous fine line drawings. The first book on insect flight since J.W.S. Pringle's classic Insect Flight was published in 1957 Written by leading Russian authority in the field - provides Western world with access to much previously unpublished material Draws togther the diverse strands of fossil evidence, structure, phylogeny, aerodynamics, and behaviour to form a coherent picture Beautifully illustrated with numerous fine line drawings
Indian Flowers In European Gardens
Authors: Desmond Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tudor England grew plants mainly from Western and Central Europe, the Mediterranean region, and the colonies in North America; in the absence of reliable facilities for keeping plants alive during long sea voyages or the means for protecting them in northern winters, comparatively few came from the tropics. Such tender exotics that did arrive were consigned to wooden huts heated by coal pans or placed in a dung bed and covered by mats, cloth, or straw. Some miraculously survived this treatment long enough to flower briefly and be included in such works as Gerard’s Herball (1597). He was familiar with the ‘Tree of sorrow’ (Nyctanthes arbor-tristis) (Fig. 20.1), a very common Indian shrub: ‘most odoriferous and sweet smelling flowers, of the colour of Saffron, which flourish and shewe themselves only in the night time, and in the day time looke withered and with a mourning cheere’. Pierandrea Mattioli (1501-77) saw pepper growing in the gardens of Naples and Venice. When the Portuguese Viceroy of India, Joao de Castro returned home in 1548, he planted Indian trees and shrubs in his terraced garden at Pehna Verde near Sintra. Some of the Indian flowers painted by Pieter van der Borcht, the principal artist of the Antwerp printer, Christopher Plantin, may have been growing in the Leiden botanical gardens, supervised by Clusius.
Epidemiology of HPV and cervical cancer
Authors: Woodman Ciaran 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last 12 years a stream of imaginative and resourceful laboratory based research has established an impressive, almost overwhelming, set of oncogenic credentials for human papilloma virus (HPV). So well has HPV prospered at the bench that there is now considerable enthusiasm for a vaccine development programme. This chapter does not attempt to reprise these exciting developments, which are dealt with elsewhere in the book, but rather to chronicle the efforts of epidemiologists and others to more precisely define the role of this virus in the etiology of squamous neoplasia and to illustrate where scientific uncertainty still persists. In an attempt to improve communication between epidemiologists, clinicians, and molecular biologists, more reference has been made than is usual to the basic principles which underpin the design and analysis of epidemiological enquiries of cervical neoplasia.
The Proctotrupoid Families
Authors: Masner Lubomir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The superfamily Proctotrupoidea was traditionally a catch-all group for small non-chalcidoid Apocrita not readily assignable to other taxa. The Ceraphronidae and Megaspilidae have been removed to a separate superfamily (Masner Dessart, 1967), and the Loboscelidiidae were transferred to the Chrysididae (Day, 1978), thus leaving 12 families (Naumann and Masner, 1985, Kozlov, 1994).
The cynipoid families
Authors: Fergusson Nigel D M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Cynipoidea share many similarities (parallelisms-especially reduction states) with the other ‘microhymenoptera ‘ (Chalcidoidea and Proctotrupoidea s.l.). However, the structure of the cynipoid mesosoma is most similar to that of the Proctotrupoidea s.s. (Gibson, 1985, 1986a). Lilrnwise the cynipoid wing is similar to that of certain proctotrupoid families. This similarity in venation has been emphasized by the recent discovery of fossil cynipoids, the Archaeocynipidae, from very early Cretaceous strata (Rasnitsyn & Kovalev, 1988). The small and linear pterostigma of these fossils is similar to that of Austroserphus and Acanthoserphus (Proctotrupoidea s.s.) and suggests that the cynipoids lost their (possibly linear) pterostigma by gradual reduction. The closed discal cell of the Archaeo cynipidae is particularly reminiscent of the venation of the proctotrupoid families Proctotrupidae, Heloridae, Roproniidae and Vanhorniidae. Thus it is suggested that the Cynipoidea plus at least some of the was often subdivided into six families, the Cynipidae, Ibaliidae, Liopteridae, Figitidae, Charipidae and Eucoilidae (e.g. Quinlan, 19 79), but previous classifications have tended to upgrade all taxa without adequate justification. Fergusson (1990) has recently undertaken a phylogenetic reconstruction, which provides a very different classification that is robustly supported by morphological, palaeontological, biogeo-graphical and biological evidence.
Taxa described by J. E. Collin
Authors: Verrall G H , Collin J E , Pont Adrian C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ACARTEROPTERA Collin, 1933a: 8 (key) and 32. Type-species: Acarteroptera recta Collin, 1933, by original designation. HYBOTIDAE.
ACLONEMPIS Collin, 1926d: 216 (subgenus of Rhamphomyia Meigen). Type-species: Rhamphomyia albohirta Collin, 19 26, by original designation. EMPIDIDAE. ALLOCHROTUS Collin, 1933a: 9 (key) and 192. Type-species: Empis poecila Philippi, 1865, by original designation. EMPIDIDAE.
AMYDRONEURA Collin, 1926d: 216 (subgenus of Rhamphomyia Meigen). Type-species: Rhamphomyia erythrophthalma Meigen, 1830, by original designation. EMPIDIDAE.
Fecundity and fertility
Authors: Leslie Paul W , Campbell Kenneth L , Campbell Benjamin C , Kigondu Christine S , Kirumbi Leah W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary goals of this chapter are to describe the level and pattern of fertility in Turkana and to identify the most important determinants of fertility. We concentrate on the physiological and environmental influences on reproduction. Consideration of more specifically cultural influences on fertility, such as polygyny, and of the relationship between fertility and other demographic processes (nuptiality, mortality, migration) are deferred to the following chapter. The consequences of sedentism for fertility are taken up in Chapter 17.
Population replacement and persistence
Authors: Leslie Paul W , Dyson-Hudson Rada , Fry Peggy H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Persistence of a population involves both replacement of people, a biodemographic process, and of domestic units, a socio-demographic process. In the preceding chapter we considered Turkana fertility in some detail, with an emphasis on the biological side. Here we consider other demographic and life-history phenomena, primarily nuptiality and mortality, that influence fertility but more generally are important for understanding population replacement and persistence. The other major influence on population replacement is migration into or out of the pastoral sector. Aspects of this process are treated in Chapters 15 (Migration) and 17 (Settled Turkana).
Ferroics
Authors: Rao C N R , Rao K J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ferromagnetism is a well-known phenomenon wherein solids exhibit spontaneous magnetization even in the absence of an external magnetic field. An important characteristic of ferromagnetic materials is the hysteresis loop found in the relationship between magnetization and magnetic field. The electrical analogue of ferromagnetic materials are ferroelectric materials1 which show a hysteresis loop in the relationship between polarization and electric field, and exhibit spontaneous polarization in the absence of an external electric field. These materials therefore possess permanent dipole moments, the dipoles arising from the absence of a centre of symmetry. A wide variety of compounds are known to exhibit ferroelectricity.7 These include oxides of perovskite structure (e.g. BaTi03), hydrogen bonded solids (e.g. Rochelle salt, KH2P04), tungsten bronze type structures, pyrochlores, simple salts (e.g. (NH4)2S04, NaN02, KN03), alums, organic compounds (e.g. thiourea, glycine sulphate) and binary compounds as simple as HCl, FeS, GeTe, and V3Si.
The Mechanics Of An Atom In A Molecule
Authors: Bader Richard F W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Schrodinger’s belief in the ability of his ‘wave mechanics’ to provide a description of the properties of matter as demonstrated in the opening quotation was well founded and his mechanics has been used to understand phenomena unknown in 1926. The roles of the charge and current densities in quantum mechanics go beyond their use in the description of the electrical and magnetic properties of matter. The charge density provides a description of the distribution of charge throughout real space and is the bridge between the concept of state functions in Hilbert space and the physical model of matter in real space. Schrodinger subscribed to this same view, pointing out in his fourth paper wherein he defines the electric density at a point in real space, ‘that the Ψ function itself cannot be and may not be directly interpreted in terms of three-dimensional space—because it is in general a function in configuration space, and not real space.’ The zero-flux boundary condition, as stated in terms of the gradient vector field of the charge density, defines a single atom and objects made from collections of atoms. As demonstrated in this chapter, the form and ultimately the properties of an object, microscopic or macroscopic, are determined by its distribution of charge.
Van der Waals and Molecular Science
Authors: Kipnis A Ya. , Yavelov B E , Rowlinson J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of molecular physics and physical chemistry cannot be understood without a knowledge of the work of Dutch physicist Johannes Diderik van der Waals. His doctoral thesis of 1873 was the first theory of liquids and gases in which the essential differences and similarities of these two phases were interpreted in terms of the properties of the constituent molecules. This view contradicted the work of Mach, Ostwald, Duhem and other "energeticists" and provides the foundation for our current understanding of fluids. In the years since the end of World War II, there has been a re-appraisal of van der Waals's work, which has established his historic place as one of the founders of molecular science. This is the only biography of Johannes van der Waals and should be read by anyone with an interest in the history of physics and chemistry, and its most important innovator.
An assessment
Authors: Kipnis A Ya , Yavelov B E , Rowlinson J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The middle of the 1890s marks a new period in van der Waals’s life. He was approaching his sixtieth birthday, his main scientific work was behind him, and so one might have expected him to rest on his laurels. This was not the case, however; it seemed rather as if he had got his second wind. The publication of the Molecular Theory and then of Capillarity marked his return to the international scientific community. His election as General Secretary of the Academy brought about a further change in his life and made it hard for him to carry out properly his University duties at a time when the number of students was growing steadily. He sought and obtained the establishment of a second (extraordinary) professor to take over the lectures in experimental physics. In 1897 a student of Kamerlingh Onnes’s, Remmelt Sissingh (1858—1927) was appointed to this post. He specialized in optics and later revised part of Bosscha’s textbook into a two-volume treatise called simply Light (1902-7). He was quickly followed by another student of Kamerlingh Onnes’s who joined van der Waals as a lector. This was Pieter Zeeman (1865—1943), who was appointed the year after he discovered the remarkable splitting of spectral lines in a magnetic field. Zeeman soon took over the supervision of the practical classes although at first, as he recalled later [205, p. 110], van der Waals had merely wanted him to assist in the classes that van der Waals himself was conducting. Zeeman also lectured on certain topics, for example the optics of crystals, and continued his research with better equipment than had been available to him in Leiden. In 1902 he and Lorentz, who had developed the theory of the Zeeman effect, were the first Dutch physicists to receive Nobel Prizes.
The teacher and his school
Authors: Kipnis A Ya , Yavelov B E , Rowlinson J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘However great he is as a scientist, he is, perhaps, no less great as a teacher,’ wrote Kohnstamm [206, p. 3]. ‘In him, wrote Zeeman in the first lines of his obituary, ‘the Netherlands has lost perhaps the best of its teachers’ [205]. Van der Waals was first and foremost a teacher in the eyes of his countrymen. Formally this was so throughout his whole career, from being a teacher in a primary school through to becoming a university professor. He maintained a vivid interest in secondary education in the natural sciences all his life and used his official positions to ensure a high standard of teaching, especially in the HBS. When in The Hague he was for many years a member of the examination committee for secondary education [186, p. 133], and in Amsterdam he was chairman of a supervisory committee. A former student recalled [224] that van der Waals thus stayed true to his ideals, making heavy demands on both the teachers and their pupils. He opposed the simplification of lessons, or making them easier so that they were more palatable, believing that it was the role of the middle schools to select their best pupils for entry to the higher schools. He tried to help gifted young men to enter a university, but did not want to open the way for mediocrities who would subvert the high standards he sought to maintain.
Molecular physics
Authors: Kipnis A Ya , Yavelov B E , Rowlinson J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clausius was careful to add that Hirn, his long-standing opponent who had never accepted the kinetic theory, meant m to be the ‘sum of the atomic volumes’ and l to be the ‘sum of the internal actions’ or an ‘internal pressure’. He scrupulously recorded that the Munich physicist Georg Recknagel had also made a more accurate analysis of the problem in 1872, that is, in the year before the publication of van der Waals’s thesis. (His paper [2] is dated October 1872, although it was not published until 1874.) Like van der Waals, he used the virial theorem in the derivation of his equation, although Clausius rather surprisingly makes no mention of this.
Conclusion
Authors: Kipnis A Ya , Yavelov B E , Rowlinson J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three points of view have been implicit in this presentation of van der Waals’s life and work. There is nothing new in the assertion that science has both a national and an international aspect and he was right to emphasize the particular character of Dutch science while recognizing always its place in the wider world. To these two aspects of his work we must add a third, the personal point of view that arises from the circumstances of his life and character. His whole work is a shining example of the fruitful synthesis of these three aspects. His single-mindedness left its stamp on his work with its particular emphasis on its continuity. There are few if any other cases in the history of science where the whole of a scientist’s life work has flowed so smoothly from his first piece of research. The idea of continuity carries with it, however, its opposite, that of discreteness, and both formed significant themes in his work. We recall Poincare’s saying that ‘science is always doomed to periodic transitions from atomism to continuity and back again.’
Inclusion by acetylenic alcohols and some other novel host compounds
Authors: Toda Fumio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Host compounds can be assigned to either the monomolecular class, members of which are cyclodextrins and crown ethers, or to another class, polymolecular, exemplified by urea and deoxycholic acid, for which the host molecule possesses no central void. Hosts of the latter type can be further classified as those which form crystalline host lattices which include guest compounds in a stoichiometric ratio, as opposed to those for which non-stoichiometric host-guest ratios are found. Our work has centred around stoichiometric guest inclusion within crystalline polymolecular host systems. Guest inclusion in the majority of our hosts, which almost invariably have hydroxy or amide groups, involves the formation of hydrogen bonds. We have, however, also been studying some hydrocarbon hosts, for which the only intermolecular forces promoting inclusion are of the van der Waals type. In this chapter, we describe inclusion experiments using host compounds studied by our research group.