bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subjective Income Inequalities
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter presents a concept of subjective income inequality based on an extension of the objective income concept. Income satisfaction inequality differs from established measures of inequality using individual perceptions as the basis for making incomes comparable. Traditional measures of inequality introduce subjectivism via intuition by for instance, imposing family equivalence scales or by introspection in choosing concrete welfare function specification. The introduction of income satisfaction does not imply that the objective measurement should be replaced by subjective concepts, but only that each measure has a different role to play.
Epilogue
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter synthesises the findings presented in the book. It highlights the success in developing a methodology that can analyse satisfaction along the lines similar to those used by econometricians to analyse ‘objective’ variables. Future research should focus on developing methods that can estimate decision-utility functions for other domains, the relevance of the neoclassical equilibrium assumption, and the importance of collaborating with sister disciplines.
Gender Justice, Human Rights, and Neo‐Liberal Economic Policies
Authors: Elson Diane 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter analyses the links between neo-liberal economic policies and women’s substantive enjoyment of human rights. It examines the association between two different discourses: human rights and economic efficiency, and the experience of women, particularly poor women in the era of neo-liberal economic policies. Alternative approaches to economic policy that would promote social justice for poor women are considered.
Engendering the New Social Citizenship In Chile: NGOs and Social Provisioning Under Neo‐Liberalism
Authors: Schild Verónica 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter analyses NGO participation in social provisioning in Chile for the advancement of gender equality. It presents an overview of the social development strategy of the two Concertación governments since 1990, focusing on the social programmes involving partnerships between NGOs and government agencies. The gendered impact of global economic integration on people’s working lives and communities are discussed. It then outlines the implications of a gender equity agenda, which aims to integrate women as subjects of rights into the development process but does so by relying on the volunteer-like work of women, and which targets only the poorest of the poor.
Engendering Education: Prospects For a Rights‐Based Approach To Female Education Deprivation In India
Authors: Subrahmanian Ramya 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines two challenges to promoting the right of education in India: economic and education policies, and the gender perspective used to justify a focus on women’s education. The capabilities framework is used to distinguish rights-based approaches to social development from the more conventional policy debates in the education sector. The application of the capabilities approach to arguments for the right to education is discussed.
Income Inequality in the UK: Extent and Trends
Authors: Hills John 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDescribes the distribution of income and trends in it over time. Sets out what proportions of the population have incomes at different levels, and which groups are found towards its top and bottom. Describes how income inequality has changed in recent decades, and how these trends contrast with those in other comparable countries, most of which have not experienced as sharp an increase as Britain. Also gives information about the distribution of wealth, and the way it has also become more unequally distributed in the most recent years. Finally, looks at public views of inequality in the UK, and at how these match or contrast with those in other countries.
Why is there Not More Financial Intermediation in Developing Countries?
Authors: Conning Jonathan , Kevane Michael 
Published: March 2005

AbstractCertain factors can slow down financial integration in developing countries. These include problems of information asymmetry, lack of intermediary capital, and crowding-out. Individuals already involved in existing financial networks may have few incentives to deal with an intermediary. Village norms against cooperation and outsiders may also be strong.
Can Food-for-Work Programmes Reduce Vulnerability?
Authors: Barrett Christopher B. , Holden Stein , Clay Daniel C. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines the efficacy of food-for-work (FFW) programmes, drawing on empirical evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. FFW programmes perform effectively under a set of conditions: when these are carefully planned and implemented, when they provide short-term insurance against shocks, and when private market demand for labour fails to provide a vent for surplus labour released by those who suffer shocks. FFW is also effective in reaching vulnerable persons in areas with low rates of chronic illness or injury.
A comparison of 20 laryngoscope blades using an intubating manikin: visual analogue scores and forces exerted during laryngoscopy*
Authors: Rassam S. , Wilkes A. R. , Hall J. E. , Mecklenburgh J. S. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryFifty anaesthetists were recruited to use 20 different laryngoscope blades (one metal re‐usable blade, five metal single‐use blades and 14 plastic single‐use blades, of which eight were bulb‐type and 12 were fibreoptic‐type) in a manikin to achieve a grade I Cormack and Lehane view. The anaesthetists were asked to provide visual analogue scores (VAS) for: ease of attachment of the blade to the handle; illumination; view of the larynx; and satisfaction for clinical use. The peak force applied and time to achieve the grade I Cormack and Lehane view were also measured. A cluster analysis method was used to group together blades with similar scores or measures.Ease of attachment, illumination, view, clinical use, force and duration were all significantly affected by the blade used (p < 0.0001 for all six). The mean peak force applied and mean duration for the 20 blades were 32–39 N and 4.4–9.5 s, respectively. All five metal single‐use and four plastic single‐use blades were always placed in the ‘best’ group in the cluster analysis. Two plastic blades provided a poor view and increased the duration of laryngoscopy.
Cardiopulmonary bypass temperature and brain function
Authors: Shaaban Ali M. , Harmer M. , Kirkham F. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryA debate has emerged in recently published studies about the optimum cardiopulmonary bypass temperature for good neurological outcome – warm vs. cold, i.e. normothermic vs. hypothermic. Although many comparative studies have been performed, the results of these studies are inconclusive and are difficult to interpret. Brain function has been studied in terms of neurological and neuropsychological outcome, protein S100β levels as a marker of brain damage, and cerebral oxygenation using jugular bulb oximetry and near‐infrared spectroscopy. The studies produce no conclusive proof of the superiority of warm or cold cardiopulmonary bypass. However, it appears that any degree of bypass hypothermia (< 35 °C) may protect the brain. On the other hand, even a slight increase in bypass temperature to > 37 °C may cause marked brain injury.
Randomised, crossover comparison of the single‐use SoftSeal™ and the LMA Unique™ laryngeal mask airways
Authors: Paech M. J. , Tweedie O. , Stannard K. , Hepp M. , Dodd P. , Daly H. , Bennett E.‐J. , Millard A. , Doherty D. A. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryWe performed a randomised, crossover, single‐blind trial among 168 patients, to compare the single‐use SoftSeal™ and LMA Unique™ laryngeal mask airways in spontaneously breathing adults. Size‐3 and ‐4 laryngeal mask airways, inserted by experienced anaesthetists, performed equivalently for successful first‐time placement (148 (91%) vs 155 (96%) for the SoftSeal™ and LMA Unique™, respectively). The SoftSeal™ was more often rated as difficult to insert (27 (17%) vs 4 (3%); p < 0.001) and was more likely to show evidence of mucosal trauma after the first insertion (14 (10%) vs 5 (4%); OR 1.3 (95% CI 1.3–11.3); p < 0.05). The fibreoptic view of the larynx was better through the SoftSeal™ (vocal cords not visible in 27 (17%) vs 44 (27%); p < 0.05) and it more frequently provided a ventilation seal at 20 cmH2O (93 (59%) vs 62 (39%); OR 2.15 (CI 1.44–3.21); p < 0.001). In contrast to the LMA Unique™, its cuff pressure did not increase during nitrous oxide anaesthesia (median (IQR [range]) decrease 3 (− 20–23 [‐40–94]) cmH2O vs increase of 16 (−2–39 [−54–112]) cmH2O; p < 0.01). Both devices were equivalent for the success of first‐time insertion and performed satisfactorily clinically. There were some performance differences, but either appears suitable for airway management in spontaneously breathing patients.
Read, Think, Do!: a method for fitting research evidence into practice
Authors: Winch Sarah , Henderson Amanda , Creedy Debra 
Published: March 2005

Aim.  This paper discusses a process for research utilization that overcomes well‐known barriers in order to influence clinical decision‐making and practice change. Read, Think, Do! is a problem‐solving approach to research utilization and practice development which has the potential to overcome barriers to research utilization.Background.  Any process for research utilization at the practice level needs to overcome numerous barriers in order to influence clinical decision‐making and practice change. Access to research‐based knowledge is an obvious first step in the evidence‐based approach to care delivery, but is clearly inadequate alone in influencing the improvement of practice.Discussion.  Read, Think, Do! acknowledges the complexity of problem‐solving processes from the outset by looking for (1) the evidence, (2) assessing the value to practice, and (3) addressing the social and cultural milieu of the practice setting to ascertain the best strategies for initiating and sustaining practice change. This approach draws distal forms of empirical knowledge that have the capacity to improve patient outcomes into the proximal knowledge base of the clinical nurse. This is achieved by collaboration, planning and evaluation involving all levels of staff and a specialist facilitator, the Clinical Nurse Consultant in evidence‐based practice.Conclusion.  Read, Think, Do! is a method of research utilization and practice development that has the potential to overcome barriers to research utilization and avoid the ‘misplaced concreteness’ that can occur when trying to fit empiricism into practice. By addressing the breadth and diversity of issues surrounding research utilization in a systematic manner it presents a sustainable method for practice change informed by evidence.
Effects of an adaptation training programme for patients with end‐stage renal disease
Authors: Tsay Shiow‐Luan , Lee Yuh‐Chain , Lee Yueh‐Ching 
Published: March 2005

Aims.  This paper reports a study investigating the effectiveness of an adaptation training programme (ATP) to help patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) to cope with illness‐related stresses and, thus, to alleviate depression and improve quality of life.Background.  Patients with ESRD who receive dialysis must confront the burdens of long‐term illness and numerous treatment‐associated stressors. The ability of these patients to cope with and adapt to these stresses, whether related to their medical regimen or to the demands of daily life, has an important influence on physical and psychological well‐being.Methods.  The study was a randomized controlled trial using a convenience sample of 57 eligible, fully informed and consenting patients with ESRD who were assigned to experimental (ATP plus usual care) or control (usual care) groups. Participants in the ATP took part in weekly small group sessions over an 8‐week period and monthly follow‐up to help them to cope with stressors. A clinical nurse specialist and an experienced psychotherapist led them in three small groups (8–10 per group). Participants in the usual care group received routine care. Instruments comprised the Haemodialysis Stressor Scale, Beck Depression Inventory and Medical Outcomes Study SF‐36. Data were collected at baseline and at three months following the intervention.Results.  The major stressors for these patients were limitations on time and place related to employment, limitations on fluid intake, transport difficulties, loss of bodily function, length of dialysis treatment, and limitation of physical activities. The ATP had a beneficial effect on perceived stress (P = 0·005), depression (P = 0·001) and quality of life (P = 0·02) 3 months after the intervention.Conclusions.  This study supports the effectiveness of an ATP to decrease stress and depression levels, and to improve the quality of life of ATP patients receiving haemodialysis.
Countertransference and self‐injury: a cognitive behavioural cycle
Authors: Rayner Gillian C. , Allen Shelly L. , Johnson Martin 
Published: March 2005

Aim.  This paper discusses the emotional, cognitive and behavioural effects of self‐injury on nurses as helpers, and shows the usefulness of a cycle that can affect care provision for this group of people.Background.  People self‐injure for many different reasons, such as feeling angry, sad, guilty or frightened and these emotions are often linked to feeling helpless, powerless or out of control. Self‐injury has often been reported as a coping strategy to gain control. Psychoanalytic and cognitive behavioural concepts have been used to understand why people self‐injure and also inform intervention strategies. Unfortunately, negative emotional responses in professionals may interfere with the effectiveness of any therapeutic relationship.Discussion.  Negative emotional responses from nurses can affect the way they think about and behave towards clients who self‐injure. During clinical supervision or education, nurses’ thoughts can be challenged to become less negative, so that their resulting behaviour can also become less punitive. Non‐punitive or more positive behaviour can in turn challenge some of the negative self‐beliefs of clients.Conclusions.  Knowledge about countertransference when working with people who self‐injure may reduce nurses’ negative thoughts and behaviours, which may result in improved client care.
Towards rehabilitative handling in caring for patients following stroke: a participatory action research project
Authors: Mitchell Elizabeth A. , Conlon Ann‐Marie , Armstrong Margaret , Ryan Assumpta A. 
Published: March 2005

Aim of the study.  This study aimed to facilitate nurses to take ownership of their moving and handling practice.Objectives.  To (i) facilitate nurses in sharing their insights in moving and handling patients following stroke, (ii) enable nurses to identify facilitators of safer moving and handling practice, and (iii) empower nurses in collaboration with physiotherapists to direct changes in their practice.Background.  Traditional top down moving and handling training has had variable impact on nursing practice. A moving and handling incident in a stroke unit demonstrated that there were professional development needs for staff in the stroke unit in relation to their moving and handling practice in the care of patients following stroke.Methods.  An insider participatory action research approach was utilized. Data were analysed from focus group meetings, brainstorming sessions, observational studies, and from written reflective accounts.Findings.  Peer pressure, communication, rehabilitative handling awareness, teamwork between nurses and physiotherapists, equipment and environmental issues were affecting moving and handling practice. Nurses identified that equipment, environment, communication and teamwork strategies would facilitate them in using rehabilitative moving and handling practice. Nurses in collaboration with physiotherapists directed changes in their practice. Participant staff members felt involved and valued, and reported changes in understanding, in their handling practice, and enhanced teamwork.Conclusion.  Participatory action research creates a supportive environment, where those directly involved in moving and handling patients can investigate and direct changes in their practice. Thus it is a significant vehicle for delivering professional development in moving and handling practice.Relevance to clinical practice.  Professional development initiatives in moving and handling practice must incorporate processes that enhance inter‐disciplinary teamwork and value and utilize the views and experiences of the staff who move and handle patients.
The CAFE computer program for nutritional analysis of the EPIC‐Norfolk food frequency questionnaire and identification of extreme nutrient values
Authors: Welch A. A. , Luben R. , Khaw K. T. , Bingham S. A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackground  Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are widely used in nutritional epidemiology but no papers detail the development of the supporting programs and nutritional databases. The principles involved in data collection, processing and treatment of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer Study (EPIC)‐Norfolk Study FFQ and development of the structure and content of the Compositional Analyses from Frequency Estimates (CAFE) program for calculating nutrient intakes are described. Extreme nutrient values and derivation of cut‐points for data exclusion are also discussed.Methods  The FFQ was sent to 25 637 participants. To exclude extreme (nonphysiological) outliers of nutrient intakes, the extreme top and bottom 0.5% of the ratio of energy intake to estimated basal metabolic rate was used.Results  The CAFE computer program modifies nutrient intake according to specific fats used in food preparation and the amount of visible fat on meat. It incorporates different breakfast cereals and distinguishes between text for brands and types. After exclusion of outliers of nutrient intake some extreme values remained for energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat and alcohol, because of high reported frequencies of certain foods.Conclusions  The features of CAFE include flexible, updateable, databases and a novel method for matching text. The effect of extreme nutrient values on the accuracy of the FFQ in estimating diet in nutritional epidemiology should be investigated further.
Food habits and appetite of elderly women at the time of a femoral neck fracture and after nutritional and anabolic support
Authors: Carlsson P. , Tidermark J. , Ponzer S. , Söderqvist A. , Cederholm T. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractObjective  To study appetite and food choices in lean elderly women at the time of a femoral neck fracture and after 6 months of nutritional and anabolic intervention.Subjects and methods  Forty‐five nondemented women >70 years of age (mean ± SD: 83 ± 5 years) with a recent hip fracture and body mass index <24 kg/m2 (mean: 20.5 ± 2.3) were interviewed about their appetite and dietary habits prior to fracture. The patients were randomized to treatment with a protein‐rich liquid supplement (PR; 200 kcal and 20 g protein day−1) alone or in combination with nandrolone decanoate injections (PR/N) 25 mg i.m. every third week or to a control group (C). A second interview was conducted 6 months later.Results  Reduced appetite before the fracture was reported by 60%. Half of the patients did not have dessert with any of their daily meals, one‐third used low‐fat margarines and one‐third drank water with their meals. The estimated mean daily energy intake was 6.4 ± 1.2 MJ (1541 ± 304 kcal) indicating that three of four subjects did not meet their energy needs. At 6 months, 40% reported reduced appetite. There was no difference in the change of appetite between the three randomized groups. Still, half of the subjects appeared to not meet their energy needs. Protein intake increased in the PR and PR/N groups, in contrast to the controls (P = 0.002).Conclusion  Reduced appetite and insufficient energy intake was recorded in lean elderly women with a femoral neck fracture. Nutritional supplementation alone or in combination with an anabolic steroid increased protein intake without adversely affecting appetite.
Dietary strategies and uptake of reduced fat foods
Authors: Stewart‐Knox B. , Hamilton J. , Parr H. , Bunting B. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAim  This research has sought to identify factors determining consumer uptake and rejection of reduced fat foods. Initial qualitative research implied that use of reduced fat products could be dependent upon which dietary health strategies people adopt. This analysis therefore explores the degree to which various dietary strategies predict uptake of reduced fat products.Method  Items were derived from prior qualitative findings and responses to relevant issues surveyed by interview (n = 1004) within selected retail outlets throughout Northern Ireland and England.Results  Logistic regression analysis indicated that concern over health, drive to reduce calorie consumption, to increase intake of fish and poultry and fruit and vegetables consistently predicted consumption across a range of reduced fat products. These dietary strategies appeared to predict uptake of reduced fat foods to a greater degree than perceived taste or price.Conclusion  The findings imply that for reduced fat foods to achieve universal acceptance promotional messages need to be translated into commonly adopted dietary health strategies.
Testing the Regulatory Model: The Expansion of Stansted Airport
Authors: STARKIE DAVID 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis paper examines the application of price‐cap regulation to the UK airport industry, with particular reference to the expansion of London‐Stansted. This expansion is relevant to the debate concerning investment incentives inherent in the RPI–X approach and whether the UK style of regulation encourages the ‘sweating of assets’ at the expense of new investment. Stansted's expansion also suggests a willingness of the authorities to accept the leveraging of market power in pursuit of perceived public‐interest goals; it provides an insight into the behaviour of economic agents when capital market disciplines are mute; and it illustrates some unintended consequences that can follow from market intervention.
Measuring the Impact of Lotteries on State per Pupil Expenditures for Education: Assessing the National Evidence
Authors: Moon Sangho , Stanley Rodney E. , Shin Jaeun 
Published: March 2005

AbstractState‐operated lotteries have recently been asserted by public administrators and academicians as panaceas for eradicating revenue disparities existing across public school districts in the American states. The purpose of this research project is to empirically test the hypothesis that lottery revenues raise the state expenditures for public education. A state‐level national dataset, which includes fifty American states over the period 1977–1997, was used for the analysis. Pooled time‐series cross‐sectional and ARIMA modeling was employed to test the hypothesis. This study finds that lottery revenues had a positive influence on state per pupil expenditures for education. The evidence for the impact of lotteries on state per pupil expenditures for education was robust and statistically significant.