bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A statistical test for differences in sexual dimorphism between populations
Authors: Relethford John H. , Hodges Denise C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMany studies involve comparison of measures of sexual dimorphism between two samples. This comparison is used to test a variety of hypotheses, such as changing environmental conditions. Methods for testing the significance of the difference between two populations tend to be complex, and/or require access to complete original data. We offer a simplified approach which is based on a linear regression model using dummy variables. Our method is computationally simple and can be used with summary statistics (sample size, means, standard deviations) instead of raw data. We present three examples of the application of our method to problems in physical anthropology. We also note that our method has a broader range of applications apart from that of sexual dimorphism.
Deciduous enamel defects in prehistoric Americans from Dickson Mounds: Prenatal and postnatal stress
Authors: Blakey Michael L. , Armelagos George J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe month of onset, duration, and incidence of dental enamel hypoplasia and hypocalcification was determined in sub‐adults from the Dickson Mounds (Illinois) skeletal series (A.D. 950–1300). The onset of enamel defects occurred predominantly during the intrauterine period, suggesting maternal stress. There are marked differences in survivorship and the duration of enamel disruption in those affected prenatally and postnatally. The relationship between these data and studies of adult dentition is examined.
Longitudinal study of growth status and airport noise exposure
Authors: Schell Lawrence M. , Hodges Denise C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA study of children living adjacent to an international airport was conducted to learn whether noise exposure affected physical growth. Prenatal and postnatal noise exposures were estimated for each subject based on noise levels at their residences during jetplane takeoffs. Subjects' birthweights were standardized for sex and parity, and their postnatal heights and weights were standardized for sex and age (range 6–11 years). The difference between standardized birthweight score and postnatal height score, and between birthweight score and postnatal weight score, represent a change in growth status of a more or less permanent nature, respectively. After adjusting for confounding factors, children from the exposed community (n = 103) had a significantly smaller mean of status change by height (p < 0.05), and a somewhat smaller mean of status change by weight (0.10 < p < 0.05) in comparison to children from an unexposed community (n = 94). A dose‐response curve was then expected in the exposed community. However, in multiple regression analyses of the exposed children, noise exposure was not related to either change in growth status variable. This second result is inconsistent with the differences between communities and suggests that they are a result of factors other than noise exposure. We conclude that the moderate to severe noise levels of the areas surrounding most subjects' homes did not adversely affect postnatal growth. Further studies of noise and growth should concentrate observations on people exposed to even more severe noise levels than those experienced by most subjects in this study.
A reappraisal of variation in hominid mandibular corpus dimensions
Authors: Chamberlain A. T. , Wood B. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe relationship between breadth and height of the mandibular corpus has been investigated in a sample of 77 hominid mandibles. An interspecific allometric increase in robusticity with size occurs between four taxonomic subgroups of Australopithecus, but subgroups of Homo vary in robusticity while differing little in size. Within taxonomic subgroups, variation in breadth is not significantly related to variation in height among the “gracile” australapithecines; however, it is isometrically related to height in the “robust” australopithecines and bears an allometric relationship to height in Homo. Thus, robusticity, in conjunction with size, may provide a useful indicator of the taxonomic affinities of hominid mandibles.
Ecological factors in skin color variation among Papua New Guineans
Authors: Harvey Robin G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn EEL reflectance spectrophotometer was used to measure the skin color of the inner upper arm and the forearm of 913 Karkar Islanders (Madang District) and 684 Lufa villagers (Eastern Highlands District). The samples were subdivided to study sex, age, and population variation against a background of ecological observations, including sunlight exposure, clothing, and erythemally effective wavelengths of ultraviolet light (Robertson, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 1974). Population differences in sex and age variation in upper arm skin color may largely be attributable to the effects of culturally associated clothing differences. Not only do the Lufa villagers wear substantially less clothing than the Karkars, but also their arms are exposed more frequently to ultraviolet light during heavy manual work in unshaded gardens. For the melanin content of the forearm skin there are similar patterns of age variation in both populations; however, the populations differ in mean percentage of reflectance throughout most of the age span. These between‐population differences are interpreted as a consequence of greater average daily exposure to sunlight and the higher intensity of ultraviolet light in the highland environment. On the forearm the percentage of reflectance at 685 nm decreases more rapidly with age in the prepubertal and adult age groups, a result attributed to endocrine changes superimposed on cumulative changes in the melanin pigmentary mechanism.
Monkey locomotion during gait transitions: How do interlimb time intervals, step sequences, and kinematics change?
Authors: Hurov Jack R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCine film documenting unrestrained locomotion of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) ranging in age from 6 to greater than 48 months was analyzed to provide information on gait transitions from walking to loping. Changes in the duration of time between reciprocal footfalls were measured to determine how alternate limb movements, which occurred during walking, were converted to synchronous limb coordination characteristic of loping. Footfall pattern changes were also determined, and walk‐lope transition speeds were plotted on logarithmic coordinates, as a function of body mass.Conversion from alternate to synchronous limb movement during vervet walk‐lope transitions was effected by systematic decreases in the duration of time between successive footfalls. These decreases primarily affected contralateral limb pairs, RH‐LH and RF‐LF. Synchronous contralateral limb movement was considered to be mechanically advantageous because, when coupled with increased ranges of back motion, it provided a mechanism for increasing hindlimb step length.Intraspecific scaling of walk‐lope transition speed in vervets provided support for McMahon's (1975) elastic similarity principle.
Markers of genetic variation among the Waorani Indians of the Ecuadorian Amazon headwaters
Authors: Larrick James W. , Yost James , Gourley C. , Buckley C. E. , Plato C. C. , Pandey J. P. , Burck K. B. , Kaplan Jon 
Published: August 2005

AbstractUntil recently, the Waorani Indians of Ecuador's Amazon headwaters maintained a fierce resistance to all intruders into their territory, and as a result of their actions and reputations a population of 600 people controlled a very large territory (about 8,000 square miles). The isolation of the Waorani has resulted in a large linguistic and genetic distance from their neighbors. Our survey of red cell enzymes, immunoglobulin allotypes, and dermatoglyphics demonstrates that the Waorani are a highly inbred and homogenous population. Of 18 red cell enzymes studied, the Waorani have a limited polymorphism, for only 6. Only two Gm haplotypes (Gm1,2,17,21, Gm1,17,21) were found and 60% of those tested were homozygous for the Gm1,17,21 haplotype. All individuals were A2m (1) and 95% of these were homozygous. The Waorani's dermatoglyphic traits fell within the wide range found among other South American Indians with close affinity to the Ecuadorian Jivaro group. Despite the limitations of these genetic systems, they demonstrate that the Waorani share limited genetic traits with the neighboring Jivaro Indians and are isolated from other tribal populations in South America.
Simian crease incidence and the correlation with thenar and hypothenar pattern types in Swedish patients with trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome)
Authors: Rignell Anders 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn the present study the frequency of the simian crease among 57 Down patients is compared to the corresponding figures of related and unrelated individuals. A study of the correlation with the dermatoglyphic patterns of the thenar and hypothenar areas is presented, the palm print classification being carried out according to a Swedish method.
Loading patterns and jaw movements during mastication inMacaca fascicularis: A bone‐strain, electromyographic, and cineradiographic analysis
Authors: Hylander William L. , Johnson Kirk R. , Crompton A. W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRosette strain gage, electromyography (EMG), and cineradiographic techniques were used to analyze loading patterns and jaw movements during mastication inMacaca fascicularis.The cineradiographic data indicate that macaques generally swallow frequently throughout a chewing sequence, and these swallows are intercalated into a chewing cycle towards the end of a power stroke. The bone strain and jaw movement data indicate that during vigorous mastication the transition between fast close and the power stroke is correlated with a sharp increase in masticatory force, and they also show that in most instances the jaws of macaques are maximally loaded prior to maximum intercuspation, i.e. during phase I (buccal phase) occlusal movements. Moreover, these data indicate that loads during phase II (lingual phase) occlusal movements are ordinarily relatively small. The bone strain data also suggest that the duration of unloading of the jaw during the power stroke of mastication is largely a function of the relaxation time of the jaw adductors. This interpretation is based on the finding that the duration from 100% peak strain to 50% peak strain during unloading closely approximates the halfrelaxation time of whole adductor jaw muscles of macaques.The EMG data of the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles have important implications for understanding both the biomechanics of the power stroke and the external forces responsible for the “wishboning” effect that takes place along the mandibular symphysis and corpus during the power stroke of mastication. Although both medial pterygoid muscles reach maximum EMG activity during the power stroke, the activity of the working‐side medial pterygoid peaksafterthe balancing‐side medial pterygoid. Associated with the simultaneous increase of force of the working‐side medial pterygoid and decrease of force of the balancing‐side medial pterygoid is the persistently high level of EMG activity of the balancing‐side deep masseter (posterior portion). This pattern is of considerable significance because the direction of force of both the working‐side medial pterygoid and the balancing‐side deep masseter is well aligned to aid in driving the workingside lower molars across the upper molars in the medial direction during unilateral mastication. Moreover, the persistent activity of the balancing‐side deep masseter associated with the gradual relaxation of the remaining balancing‐side muscles indicates that although vertical force along the balancing side is decreasing, there is a relative increase in laterally directed force, and this results in relatively high strains and an increase in lateral transverse bending of the balancingside mandibular corpus (and symphysis) throughout the power stroke.
Evolution of the lumbosacral angle
Authors: Maurice Abitbol M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe lumbosacral angle (LSA) was studied in 131 chidren ranging in age from birth to 5 years. This angle increases form an average of 20 degrees at birth to an average of 70 degrees at the age of 5 years; it remains at that level thereafter. This study demonstrates that the formation of the LSA is not related to increasing age, height, of weight. Nor do obstetrical requirements seem to play any major role in the formation of the lumbosacral angle. Rather, it appears that the development of the LSA is related to the progressive acquisition of erect posture and the ontogeny of bipedal locomotion. This angle is almost nil in the nonprimate mammals (who only infrequently stand erect). It is minimal in monkeys who occasionally assume bipedal postures and increases somewhat in living apes who engage in facultative bipedal positional behavior. In the early australopithecines, the LSA is increased over that in apes, and it reaches its maximum in Homo sapiens. Deviations from normal and healthy erect posture in Homo sapiens result in corresponding changes in the lumbosacral angle.Lumbar and sacral angles (both forming the lumbosacral angle) are almost equal in all mammalian species. Since the sacral angle of Australopithecus afarensis is approximately 15 degrees, it can be implied that its lumbosacral angle was small, thus attestiong to its “imperfect” erect posture and “primitive” form of bipedal locomotion.
Bone breakage in the Krapina hominid collection
Authors: Russell Mary D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe fragmentary condition of the Krapina Neandertal remains has been offered as one line of evidence for the hypothesis that these hominids were the victims of cannibals seeking marrow and brains. Two other hypotheses regarding the causes of the framentation have been raised: 1) a substantial portion of the breakage in the Krapina collection is attributable to excavation damage; and 2) the rest of the breakage is attributable to sedimentary pressure and to natural rock falls that occurred during the site's prehistory. The purpose of this paper is report on tests of these three hypotheses concerning the cause of breakage in the Krapina material. Microscopic inspection of all Krapina hominid specimens showed that 23% of the material was inadvertantly broken during excavation or during quarrying that took place at the end of the last century. The morphology of the prehistoric breakage is inconsistent with the cannibalism hypothesis and supports the hypothesis that prehistoric breakage was caused by sedimentary pressure and/or roof falls.
Lack of secular change in male adult stature in rural Mali (West Africa)
Authors: Prazuck T. , Fisch A. , Pichard E. , Sidibe Y. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA study has been carried out on a sample of 2,158 male subjects between 20 and 50 years old representative of the rural Malian population (West Africa), and the results are compared with historic data obtained since 1885. This comparison suggests that there has been no modification in stature during this century. The analysis of each ethnic group does not show any disparity. Our results are in agreement with the theory that certain factors lead to the secular increase of stature in developed countries. These etiologic factors are not found in our West African population.
Social policy, economics, and demographic change in Nanticoke‐Moor ethnohistory
Authors: Blakey Michael L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe Nanticoke‐Moors of Delaware are an ethnic group of Native American, Afro‐American, and Euro‐American descent. Their physiognomic and ethnic marginality has subjected them to a limited range of social and economic options under the influence of American racial policies. This article concerns their ethnic formation in the colonial period and the demographic effects (changes in fertility, mortality, and structure) of their 19th‐ and 20th‐century social history.The demographic sample consists of 406 headstones from three community cemeteries. Each cemetery represents a socially and economically distinct unit, including a group that identifies with its traditional Indian heritage, an Afro‐American acculturated group, and a migrant community of marginal ethnic affiliation. Variation and change in life expectancy is shown. Relationships between the political and economic processes affecting Nanticoke‐Moor social affiliation, and those affecting color caste‐class formation among mainstream Afro‐Americans, are discussed.
Calcaneus secundarius: Description and frequency in six skeletal samples
Authors: Mann Robert W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe calcaneus secundarius (CS) is a small accessory ossicle of the anterior calcaneal facet. A sample of 1,367 calcanei including early 20th century U.S. blacks and whites, XIIth Dynasty Egyptians, Islamic Period Bahrainis, and protohistoric American Indians from two states were examined to determine the frequency of this nonmetric trait. Statistical testing of the correlation of the trait with sex could only be performed on the blacks and whites, a documented cadaver collection. Tests of χ2indicated that, although sex differences were insignificant, significant group (not necessarily racial or geographical) differences existed at the .05 level. There was no correlation of side dominance in the overall sample, although significant population differences existed. The trait frequencies of the black and white samples were more similar to one another than to the nonindustrial groups who, in turn, were more similar to each other than to the Terry sample. The findings suggest that a CS is of genetic or congenital origin resulting in a secondary center of ossification in the anterior calcaneal facet.
Deciduous enamel defects and caries susceptibility in a prehistoric ohio population
Authors: Duray Stephen M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractClinical studies of the relationship between developmental enamel defects and caries susceptibility have often produced conflicting results. This has been due in part to a failure to distinguish between different types of defects. Studies of this association in prehistoric populations have been rare. The complete deciduous dentitions of 57 subadults from the Libben site, a large Late Woodland cemetery in Ottawa County, Ohio, were selected for analysis. Defects were classified as either hypoplasias (deficiencies in matrix apposition) or hypocalcifications (deficiencies in mineralization) and were graded for severity. The presence or absence of carious lesions was recorded for each tooth. Result indicate a strong positive relationship between hypocalcifications and caries susceptibility. The elevated caries susceptibility of hypocalcified teeth may be related to high levels of magnesium or altered enamel microcrystallite orientation within these teeth. Variations in the frequency of hypocalcification may partially explain defferences in caries rates that have been observed in different prehistoric populations.
Size, space, and adaptation in some subfossil lemurs from Madagascar
Authors: Godfrey Laurie R. , Sutherland Michael R. , Petto Andrew J. , Boy Donald S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe examine several explanations for the geographic pattern of body size variation exhibited by the subfossil lemur Archaeolemur. Part and partial correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis are applied in a stepwise, hierarchical fashion to help to determine variables interdependencies. Variance in site menas for body size is best explained by the richness of the plant community and by several correlated climatic variables (bioclimatic zone and mean annual rainfall). Body size differentiation in Archaeolemur roughly mirrors patterns observed among many other Malagasy lemur species and subspecies groups. This consistency alone suggests that common ecological factor have strongly affected size differentiation in lemurs, most probably (as suggested by our correlation analyses) by uniformly influencing the productivity of their niches. Smaller individuals tend to inhabit arid regions, and larger individuals tend to inhabit wetter regions. The interplay between selective differentiation and allopatric speciation appears to have yielded the concordant pattern of size variation observed in Malagasy lemurs.
Inbreeding Effects on Bilateral Asymmetry of Dermatoglyphic Patterns
Authors: Mukherjee Arindam 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBilateral correlations are higher and bilateral variances within indiciduals smaller in the samples of inbred individuals than in matched control groups of the same sex for pattern intensities on fingers in four series of data and also for pattern intensities on palms, toes, and soles and the palmer main line indices in the data collected from a Muslim population of West Bengal. This trend is not apparent in two series of data from the Yanadi tribe, in which the inbred and noninbred samples are not controlled for random variation of genes and environment. Increased variances between individuals and changes in means and distributions of the traits in the inbred samples of the matched data indicate some influence of homozygosity of genes for the traits on their asymmetry. The reduced variability of asymmetry of the traits in the inbred cannot be explained by homozygosity of genes for either directional or absolute asymmetry. One possible explanation is that heterozygotes for these dermatoglyphic traits are more responsive to environmental stress than homozygotes and/or increased selection in the homozygotes against genetic disorders associated with dermatoglyphic asymmetry may reduce the variability of such asymmetry.
Prehistoric eye disease (trachoma?) in Australian Aborigines
Authors: Webb Stephen G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper discusses an as yet undescribed lesion of the orbit in Australian Aboriginal skeletal populations. The rather high frequency and geographical distribution of the lesion suggests an association with a common, chronic eye infection. Using differential diagnosis to eleminate a variety of ophthalmic conditions, it is proposed that chronic trachoma may be a possible causative agent. Distribution of the lesion follows that of trachoma among contemporary Aboriginal people, with the highest frequencies occurring in the hotter, arid portions of the Australian continent. It is positively correlated with age, with higher frequencies in older people; it is almost completely absent among sub‐adults. The antiquity of the lesion is demonstrated by its appearance among late Pleistocene human remains.
The Solomon Islands Project: An introduction
Authors: Friedlaender Jonathan S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe twin themes of the Solomon Islands Biomedical Project remain 1) the remarkable genetic heterogeneity of the groups in the Solomons; and 2) the differential responses to these groups to rapid modernization/acculturation over the past two decades of this long term study. This introduction summarizes the historical and ethnic relationships of the survey groups, their established genetic distances and their rankings with regard to acculturation at the times of their first survey, and changes occurring up to 1985–86. Relevant features of diet, life style, and epidemiology are described.
Prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance in six Solomon Islands populations
Authors: Beizer Ruth A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA survey of blood glucose levels in six Solomon Islands populations may support the hypothesis that susceptibility to diabetes is almost absent among non‐Austronesian‐speaking Melanesians regardless of their level of modernization. Among Austronesian‐speaking Melanesians, however, diabetes is emerging. Differences in prevalence rates of diabetes between Austronesians and non‐Austronesian speakers in this survey are significant (P < .0001).