bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advances in the variations and biomedical applications of stimuli-responsive nanodrug delivery systems
Authors: Gong Zhongying , Peng Shan , Cao Juanjuan , Tan Haining , Zhao Hongxia , Bai Jingkun 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chemotherapy is an important cancer treatment modality, but the clinical utility of chemotherapeutics is limited by their toxic side effects, inadequate distribution and insufficient intracellular concentrations. Nanodrug delivery systems (NDDSs) have shown significant advantages in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Variable NDDSs that respond to endogenous and exogenous triggers have attracted much research interest. Here, we summarized nanomaterials commonly used for tumor therapy, such as peptides, liposomes, and carbon nanotubes, as well as the responses of NDDSs to pH, enzymes, magnetic fields, light, and multiple stimuli. Specifically, well-designed NDDSs can change in size or morphology or rupture when induced by one or more stimuli. The varying responses of NDDSs to stimulation contribute to the molecular design and development of novel NDDSs, providing new ideas for improving drug penetration and accumulation, inhibiting tumor resistance and metastasis, and enhancing immunotherapy.
In-situ temperature-dependent sheet resistance study of Cu films in oxygen ambient for heterogeneous integrations
Authors: Chavan Vijay D , Kim Honggyun , Choi Kyeong-Keun , Kim Sung-Kyu , Kim Deok-kee 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Controlling and preventing Cu oxidation is crucial for improving the performance and reliability of Cu–Cu bonding. Ni-B films were selectively deposited on Cu films to block the Cu oxidation. The resistivity changes of the Cu films in N2 and O2 ambient were measured by using a four-point probe in the in situ temperature-dependent resistance measurements at the temperature from room temperature to 400 °C. The resistivity changes of the 100 nm thick Cu films without Ni-B increased rapidly at a higher temperature (284 °C) in the O2 ambiance. The change of resistivity-increase of 100 nm thick Cu with ∼50 nm thick Ni-B (top) film was lower than the Cu films without Ni-B films due to the blocking diffusion of O2 atoms by the Ni-B films. The resistivity-change and oxidation barrier properties were studied using scanning electron microscopy, FIB, transmission electron microscopy, EDX, and secondary ion mass spectroscopy tools. The proposed article will be helpful for the upcoming advancement in Cu–Cu bonding using selected-area deposition.
Insight into the stacking effect on shifted patterns of bilayer phosphorene: a comprehensive first-principles study
Authors: Alhassan Aswad , Yu Ming 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
It is crucial to deeply understand how the interlayer interaction acts on controlling the structural and electronic properties of shifted patterns of bilayer phosphorene. A comprehensive first-principles study on the bilayer phosphorene through relative translation along different directions has revealed that there is a direct correlation between the potential energy surface and the interlayer equilibrium distance. The shorter the interlayer distance, the lower the potential energy surface. The shifted patterns with the most stable state, the metastable state, and the transition state (with energy barrier of ∼1.3 meV/atom) were found associated with the AB, the Aδ, and the TS stacking configurations, respectively. The high energy barriers, on the other hand, are ∼9.3 meV/atom at the AA stacking configuration along the zigzag pathway, ∼5.3 meV/atom at the AB′ stacking configuration along the armchair pathway, and ∼11.2 meV/atom at the AA′ stacking configuration along the diagonal pathway, respectively. The character of electronic bandgap with respect to the shifting shows an anisotropic behavior (with the value of 0.69–1.22 eV). A transition from the indirect to the direct bandgap occurs under the shifting, implying a tunable bandgap by stacking engineering. Furthermore, the orbital hybridization at the interfacial region induces a redistribution of the net charge (∼0.002–0.011 e) associated with the relative shifting between layers, leading to a strong polarization with stripe-like electron depletion near the lone pairs and accumulation in the middle of the interfacial region. It is expected that such interesting findings will provide a fundamental reference to deeply understand and analyze the complex local structural and electronic properties of twisted bilayer phosphorene and will make the shifted patterns of bilayer phosphorene promising for nanoelectronics as versatile shiftronics materials.
Biosurfactant-capped CuO nanoparticles coated cotton/polypropylene fabrics toward antimicrobial textile applications
Authors: Haripriya P , Revathy M P , Kumar Megha S , Navaneeth P , Suneesh P V , T G Satheesh Babu , Darbha Venkata Ravi Kumar 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in the importance of implementing effective measures to prevent the spread of microorganisms. Consequently, there is a growing demand for antimicrobial materials, specifically antimicrobial textiles and face masks, because of the surge in diseases caused by bacteria and viruses like SARS-CoV-2. Face masks that possess built-in antibacterial properties can rapidly deactivate microorganisms, enabling reuse and reducing the incidence of illnesses. Among the numerous types of inorganic nanomaterials, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) have been identified as cost-effective and highly efficient antimicrobial agents for inactivating microbes. Furthermore, biosurfactants have recently been recognized for their potential antimicrobial effects, in addition to inorganic nanoparticles. Therefore, this research’s primary focus is synthesizing biosurfactant-mediated CuO NPs, integrating them into natural and synthetic fabrics such as cotton and polypropylene and evaluating the resulting fabrics’ antimicrobial activity. Using rhamnolipid (RL) as a biosurfactant and employing a hydrothermal method with a pH range of 9–11, RL-capped CuO NPs are synthesized (RL-CuO NPs). To assess their effectiveness against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) microorganisms, the RL-CuO NPs are subjected to antibacterial testing. The RL-capped CuO NPs exhibited antimicrobial activity at much lower concentrations than the individual RL, CuO. RL-CuO NPs have shown a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.2 mg ml−1 and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 1.6 mg ml−1 for E. coli and a MIC of 0.8 mg ml−1 and a MBC of 1.2 mg ml−1 for S. aureus, respectively. Furthermore, the developed RL-CuO NPs are incorporated into cotton and polypropylene fabrics using a screen-printing technique. Subsequently, the antimicrobial activity of the coated fabrics is evaluated, revealing that RL-CuO NPs coated fabrics exhibited remarkable antibacterial properties against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Post-annealing effect of low temperature atomic layer deposited Al2O3 on the top gate IGZO TFT
Authors: Zheng Shuaiying , Lv Shaocong , Wang Chengyuan , Li Zhijun , Dong Liwei , Xin Qian , Song Aimin , Zhang Jiawei , Li Yuxiang 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Electronical properties of top gate amorphous InGaZnO4 thin film transistors (TFTs) could be controlled by post-annealing treatment, which has a great impact on the Al2O3 insulator. To investigate the effect of post-annealing on Al2O3, Al/Al2O3/p-Si MOS capacitoras with Al2O3 films treated under various post-deposition annealing (PDA) temperature were employed to analysis the change of electrical properties, surface morphology, and chemical components by electrical voltage scanning, atomic force microscope (AFM), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technologies. After PDA treatment, the top gate TFTs had a mobility about 7 cm2 V−1 s−1 and the minimum subthreshold swing (SS) about 0.11 V/dec, and the threshold voltage (V
th) shifted from positive direction to negative direction as the post-annealing temperature increased. Electrical properties of MOS capacitors revealed the existence of positive fixed charges and the variation of trap state density with increasing PDA temperature, and further explained the change of negative bias stress (NBS) stability in TFT. AFM results clarified the increased leakage current, degraded SS, and NBS stability in MOS capacitors and TFTs, respectively. XPS results not only illuminated the origin of fixed charges and the trap density variation with PDA temperatures of Al2O3 films, but also showed the O and H diffusion from Al2O3 into IGZO during post-annealing process, which led to the deviation of V
th, the change of current density, and the negative V
th shift after positive bias stress in TFTs.
Dosimetry of ultra-high dose rate electron beams using thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence detectors
Authors: Motta S , Dal Bello R , Christensen J B , Bossin L , Yukihara E G 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective. The aim of this work is to investigate the dose rate dependence of thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence detectors (TLDs and OSLDs) in a wide uniform ultra-high dose rate electron beam and demonstrate the potential use of TLDs and OSLDs to correct the ion recombination in air-filled ionization chambers. This study avoids previously reported complications related to the field size and homogeneity. Approach. Two types of OSLDs (BeO and Al2O3:C) and three types of TLDs (LiF:Mg,Ti, LiF:Mg,Cu,P, CaF2:Tm) were irradiated simultaneously in a uniform 16 MeV electron beam generated by a clinically decommissioned C-Arm LINAC, modified to deliver doses per pulse between 8.3 × 10−4 Gy and 1.255 Gy, corresponding to instantaneous dose rates between 2 × 102Gy s−1 and 3 × 105 Gy s−1. A prototype ultra-thin parallel plate ionization chamber was employed as reference detector. Main results. Reproducible results were achieved both at conventional (standard deviation of the data <2%) and at the highest dose per pulse (standard deviation of the data <4%). No trend in the dose rate response of the TLDs and OSLDs was observed in the investigated dose per pulse range. The Al2O3:C OSLD was found to be the most precise detector, with a standard deviation of the data <2% at all investigated dose rates and dose levels. Significance. The dose rate independence of the investigated TLDs and OSLDs make them good candidates for dosimetry at ultra-high dose rates, at least up to 3 × 105 Gy s−1. A dose rate independent method to measure the dose per pulse is proposed, which can be applied to characterize ultra-high dose rate electron beams and correct for ion recombination in ionization chambers.
High-precision retinal blood vessel segmentation based on a multi-stage and dual-channel deep learning network
Authors: Guo Hui , Meng Jing , Zhao Yongfu , Zhang Hongdong , Dai Cuixia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective. The high-precision segmentation of retinal vessels in fundus images is important for the early diagnosis of ophthalmic diseases. However, the extraction for microvessels is challenging due to their characteristics of low contrast and high structural complexity. Although some works have been developed to improve the segmentation ability in thin vessels, they have only been successful in recognizing small vessels with relatively high contrast. Approach. Therefore, we develop a deep learning (DL) framework with a multi-stage and dual-channel network model (MSDC_NET) to further improve the thin-vessel segmentation with low contrast. Specifically, an adaptive image enhancement strategy combining multiple preprocessing and the DL method is firstly proposed to elevate the contrast of thin vessels; then, a two-channel model with multi-scale perception is developed to implement whole- and thin-vessel segmentation; and finally, a series of post-processing operations are designed to extract more small vessels in the predicted maps from thin-vessel channels. Main results. Experiments on DRIVE, STARE and CHASE_DB1 demonstrate the superiorities of the proposed MSDC_NET in extracting more thin vessels in fundus images, and quantitative evaluations on several parameters based on the advanced ground truth further verify the advantages of our proposed DL model. Compared with the previous multi-branch method, the specificity and F1 score are improved by about 2.18%, 0.68%, 1.73% and 2.91%, 0.24%, 8.38% on the three datasets, respectively. Significance. This work may provide richer information to ophthalmologists for the diagnosis and treatment of vascular-related ophthalmic diseases.
Experimental design and adaptive modulation of piezoelectric cantilever phononic crystals for vibration attenuation in vehicle subframes
Authors: Wu Xudong , Li Xu , Qi Pengxuan , Zhang Cong , Luo Jiaxing 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
To attenuate the vibrations in the vehicle subframe with changing target frequency, a piezoelectric cantilever phononic crystal (PC) and its adaptive modulation strategy are investigated in this paper. First, based on the cantilever-based PC structure, the bandgap characteristics are obtained by vibration transfer calculation and piezoelectric constitutive modeling. The experimental design of the piezoelectric cantilever PC is further conducted based on the parametric analysis results of structural dimensions and the targeted vibration frequency intervals required by the vehicle subframe. The modal experiments indicate that two local resonant bandgaps and one electromagnetic oscillation bandgap appear in the solved frequency interval, and both of them exhibit excellent consistency with the theoretical calculations. Finally, an adaptive bandgap modulation strategy is proposed by controlling the shunting circuit parameters, and the execution results demonstrate that the PCs employed in the vehicle subframe can effectively achieve vibration attenuation from the powertrain systems. Starting from the experimental design and adaptive modulation of cantilever PCs with piezoelectric materials, this research presents a novel framework for the application of acoustic metamaterials in the vibration mitigation of automotive structures.
Design and optimization of WS2 based high performance double absorber solar cell
Authors: Mahmud Jubair Al , Rahman Md Ferdous , Haque Md Dulal , Benami Abdellah , Kuddus Abdul , Irfan Ahmad 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Ultra-thin flexible photovoltaic materials for solar cells, like transition metal di-chalcogenides (TMDCs), hold significant promise due to their advantageous properties in photon absorption and electronic transport, being composed of atomically thin 2D layered semiconductor materials. An essential 2D-layered substance, tungsten Disulfide (WS2), classified as a TMDC, has garnered substantial attention due to its notable chemical and physical characteristics. This work presents a novel method for getting good photovoltaic results using WS2 solar cells. The suggested configuration ‘Al/FTO/SnS2/WS2/CuO/Ni’ comprises two absorber layers, which involves incorporating CuO as a supplementary absorber layer and SnS2 as the buffer layer. Several metals with varying work functions were investigated one at a time, therefore, Al and Ni were chosen for the front as well as back contact in order to produce a low resistance metal-semiconductor (M-S) interface. Additionally, aluminum (Al) and nickel (Ni), are commonly used due to their well-understood properties such as conductivity and thermal stability. Subsequently, an analysis was conducted to determine the effects of important influencing factors, such as operating temperature, layer thickness, defects density, and doping density of the absorber and buffer layers. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) was achieved approximately 30%, accompanied by an open circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.02 V, a short circuit current (JSC) of 34.35 mA cm−2, and a fill factor (FF) of 87.27%. This improvement was achieved by utilizing an Al/FTO/SnS2/WS2/CuO/Ni heterostructure. In comparison, the reference cell without CuO (single absorber) had a PCE of 21.74%, VOC of 0.88 V, JSC of 28.6 mA cm−2, and FF of 86.23%. The results obtained from an extensive numerical analysis and demonstrate the immense potential of the SnS2/WS2/CuO heterostructure, indicating a promising direction for the manufacturing of photovoltaic and photonic devices based on WS2-TMDCs. This study provides a systematic roadmap for the fabrication process as well as realization of low-cost high efficiency solar cell.
Machine Learning-Based Approach for bandwidth and frequency Prediction for N77 band 5G Antenna
Authors: Ashraful Haque Md , Afzalur Rahman Md , Salem Al-Bawri Samir , Aljaloud Khaled , Singh Sawaran Singh Narinderjit , Saha Dipon , Eiyda Hussin Eryana , Abdulkawi Wazie M , Zakariya M A 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Yagi antennas are useful for wireless communications because of the directional gain they provide, allowing the antenna to concentrate the signal in either the transmission or reception direction. It is built on a substrate made of FR-4, this antenna has a return loss of −46.85 dB at 3.6 GHz and a bandwidth of 3.3–4.2 GHz within a −10 dB range, making it ideal for use in the n77 bands. Not only is it small, with a size of 0.642λ
0 × 0.583λ
0, but it also has a maximum gain of 7.95 dB and a maximum directivity of 8.58 dB. This study investigates several approaches to estimating the performance of an antenna. These approaches include simulation with a variety of software tools, including as CST, HFSS, and Altair Feko; curve fitting technology; and the RLC equivalent circuit model. After that, simulation with CST MWS is used to collect a large amount of data samples, and then supervised regression machine learning (ML) methods are used to determine the resonance frequency and bandwidth of the antenna. When it comes to predicting bandwidth and frequency, Random Forest Regression demonstrates an exceptional level of performance, particularly when comparing with the results produced by curve-fitting tools, neural networks, and regression machine learning models. When all of these considerations are taken into account, it is clear that the antenna is an outstanding option for the n77 band of a 5G communication system.
Function projective Mittag-Leffler synchronization of non-identical fractional-order neural networks
Authors: Baluni Sapna , Yadav Vijay K , Das Subir , Cao Jinde 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This article investigates the function projective Mittag-Leffler synchronization (FPMLS) between non-identical fractional-order neural networks (FONNs). The stability analysis is carried out using an existing lemma for the Lyapunov function in the FONN systems. Based on the stability theorem of FONN, a non-linear controller is designed to achieve FPMLS. Moreover, global Mittag-Leffler synchronization (GMLS) is investigated in the context of other synchronization techniques, such as projective synchronization (PS), anti-synchronization (AS) and complete synchonization (CS). Using the definition of the Caputo derivative, the Mittag-Leffler function and the Lyapunov stability theory, some stability results for the FPMLS scheme for FONN are discussed. Finally, the proposed technique is applied to a numerical example to validate its efficiency and the unwavering quality of the several applied synchronization conditions.
Energy momentum localization in quantum gravity
Authors: Marongwe Stuart 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We introduce quantum spatio-temporal dynamics (QSD) as modeled by the Nexus Paradigm (NP) of quantum gravity to resolve the problem of energy- momentum localization in a gravitational field. Currently, the gravitational field as described using the language of geometry modeled under General Relativity (GR) fails to provide a generally accepted definition of energy-momentum. Attempts at resolving this problem using geometric methods have resulted in various energy-momentum complexes whose physical meaning remain dubious since the resulting complexes are non-tensorial under a general coordinate transformation. In QSD, the tangential manifold is the affine connection field in which energy-momentum localization is readily defined. We also discover that the positive mass condition is a natural consequence of quantization and that dark energy is a Higgs like field with negative energy density everywhere. Finally, energy-momentum localization in quantum gravity shows that a free falling object will experience larger vacuum fluctuations (uncertainties in location) in strong gravity than in weak gravity and that the amplitudes of these oscillations define the energy of the free falling object.
Dreicer Electric Field Definition and Runaway Electrons in Solar Flares
Authors: Tsap Yu. T. , Stepanov A. V. , Kopylova Yu. G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We analyze electron acceleration by a large-scale electric field E in a collisional hydrogen plasma under the solar flare coronal conditions based on approaches proposed by Dreicer and Spitzer for the dynamic friction force of electrons. The Dreicer electric field E
Dr is determined as a critical electric field at which the entire electron population runs away. Two regimes of strong (E ≲ E
Dr) and weak (E ≪ E
Dr) electric field are discussed. It is shown that the commonly used formal definition of the Dreicer field leads to an overestimation of its value by about five times. The critical velocity at which the electrons of the “tail” of the Maxwell distribution become runaway under the action of the sub-Dreiser electric fields turns out to be underestimated by

3

times in some works because the Coulomb collisions between runaway and thermal electrons are not taken into account. The electron acceleration by sub-Dreicer electric fields generated in the solar corona faces difficulties.
Electromagnetic Ion Beam Instability in the Solar Corona
Authors: Liu Wen , Zhao Jin-Song , Wu De-Jin , Jia Huan-Yu , Liu Si-Ming 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Remote-sensing measurements indicate that heavy ions in the corona undergo an anisotropic and mass-charge dependent energization. A popular explanation to this phenomenon is the damping of the Alfvén/ion cyclotron waves. In this paper, we propose that the ion beam instability can be an important source of the Alfvén/ion cyclotron waves, and we study the excitation of the ion beam instability in the corona at the heliocentric distance ∼3R
⊙ and the corresponding energy transfer process therein based on plasma kinetic theory. The results indicate that the existence of the motionless heavy ions inhibits the ion beam instability. However, the anisotropic beams of heavy ions promote the excitation of the ion beam instability. Besides, the existence of α beams can provide a second energy source for exciting beam instability. However, when both the proton beam and the α beam reach the instability excitation threshold, the proton beam driven instability excites preferentially. Moreover, the excitation threshold of the Alfvén/ion cyclotron instability driven by ion beam is of the local Alfvén speed or even less in the corona.