bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Wind Forcing and Background Mean Currents on the Latitudinal Structure of Equatorial Rossby Waves
Authors: Perez Renellys C. , Chelton Dudley B. , Miller Robert N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe latitudinal structure of annual equatorial Rossby waves in the tropical Pacific Ocean based on sea surface height (SSH) and thermocline depth observations is equatorially asymmetric, which differs from the structure of the linear waves of classical theory that are often presumed to dominate the variability. The nature of this asymmetry is such that the northern SSH maximum (along 5.5°N) is roughly 2 times that of the southern maximum (along 6.5°S). In addition, the observed westward phase speeds are roughly 0.5 times the predicted speed of 90 cm s−1 and are also asymmetric with the northern phase speeds, about 25% faster than the southern phase speeds. One hypothesized mechanism for the observed annual equatorial Rossby wave amplitude asymmetry is modification of the meridional structure by the asymmetric meridional shears associated with the equatorial current system. Another hypothesis is the asymmetry of the annually varying wind forcing, which is stronger north of the equator. A reduced-gravity, nonlinear, β-plane model with rectangular basin geometry forced by idealized Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) wind stress is used to test these two mechanisms. The model with an asymmetric background mean current system perturbed with symmetric annually varying winds consistently produces asymmetric Rossby waves with a northern maximum (4.7°N) that is 1.6 times the southern maximum (5.2°S) and westward phase speeds of approximately 53 ± 13 cm s−1 along both latitudes. Simulations with a symmetric background mean current system perturbed by asymmetric annually varying winds fail to produce the observed Rossby wave structure unless the perturbation winds become strong enough for nonlinear interactions to produce asymmetry in the background mean current system. The observed latitudinal asymmetry of the phase speed is found to be critically dependent on the inclusion of realistic coastline boundaries.
Non-Normal Effects on Salt Finger Growth
Authors: Eisenman Ian 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Salt fingers, which occur because of the difference in diffusivities of salt and heat in water, may play an important role in ocean mixing and circulation. Previous studies have suggested the long-time dominance of initially fastest growing finger perturbations. Finger growth has been theoretically derived in terms of the normal modes of the idealized system, which include a growing mode and a pair of decaying internal wave modes. Because these normal modes are not orthogonal, however, transient effects can occur related to the interaction between the modes, as explained by the generalized stability theory of non-normal growth. Initial growth of a perturbation that is not along a normal mode can be faster than the leading normal mode. In this study, the effects of non-normal growth on salt finger formation are investigated. It is shown that some salt finger perturbations that are a superposition of the growing mode and the decaying modes initially grow faster than pure growing normal mode perturbations. These non-normal effects are found to be significant for up to 10 or more e-folding times of the growing normal mode. The generalization of the standard idealized salt finger growth dynamics to include non-normal effects is found to lead to fastest-growing fingers that agree less well with observed fully developed salt fingers than the fastest-growing normal mode previously investigated.
Baroclinic Instability of Frontal Geostrophic Currents over a Slope
Authors: Pavec Marc , Carton Xavier , Swaters Gordon 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The Phillips problem of baroclinic instability is generalized in a frontal geostrophic model. The configuration used here is a two-layer flow (with quasigeostrophic upper-layer current) over a sloping bottom. Baroclinic instability in the frontal model has a single unstable mode, corresponding to isobaths and isopycnals sloping in the same direction, contrary to the quasigeostrophic model, which has two unstable modes. In physical terms, this is explained by the absence of relative vorticity in the lower (frontal) layer. Indeed, the frontal geostrophic model can be related to the quasigeostrophic model in the limit of very small thickness of the lower layer, implying that potential vorticity reduces to vortex stretching in this layer. This stability study is then extended to unsteady flows. In the frontal geostrophic model, a mean flow oscillation can stabilize an unstable steady flow; it can destabilize a stable steady flow only for a discrete spectrum of low frequencies. In this case, the model equations reduce to the Mathieu equation, the properties of which are well known.
An Historical Review of the Mental Health Services in the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Yip Kam-Shing 
Published: June 2005

Background: This paper is an attempt to describe the historical development of the mental health services in the PRC.Research Methods: An archive of related literatureFindings: The development of the mental health services in the PRC could be divided into several stages: the introduction of mental asylums by western missionaries before 1949; indigenization of the treatment model after the establishment of the PRC (1949-1963). Strong political control governed diagnosis and treatment as well as detention and discharge of mental patients during the Cultural Revolution (1964-1976). Later, because of modernization and reform advocated by Deng Xiao-ping, western models of treatment and rehabilitation were gradually introduced by psychiatrists in the PRC. Nevertheless, dilemmas such as human rights versus political control, community integration versus community control, diversity versus centrality, huge demand but inadequate services seemed to challenge the further development of the mental health service in the PRC.
Social Services Day Care and Health Services Day Care in Mental Health: Do they Differ?
Authors: Catty Jocelyn , Goddard Kim , Burns Tom 
Published: June 2005

Background: The difference between the services provided by day hospitals and day centres is far from clear. The supposition that day hospitals would provide an acute service, while day centres would offer social support for a more chronic population has been contentious and there is little evidence of how they are currently used. Aims: We aimed to ascertain the differences between day hospitals (partial hospitalisation) and social service day centres in functions and roles, as perceived by staff, service users and referrers. Methods: The views of service users and staff at two day hospitals and four day centres were ascertained through questionnaires and interviews, along with those of staff of eight Community Mental Health Teams, who constitute the sole pathway to the two services. Results: Day hospitals were perceived by both referrers and clients to offer short-term, more intensive ‘treatment’ to more acutely ill people in need of mental health monitoring. Day centres were perceived to offer longer-term support, particularly social support, to people more likely to have longer-term and psychotic illnesses. Conclusion: There is currently a clear distinction between day centres and day hospitals, in key features of their services and client groups. It would be unwise to treat them as interchangeable.
A Study of the Reaction Kinetics of Polyisocyanurate Foam Formulations using Real-time FTIR
Authors: Romero Richard R. , Grigsby Robert A. , Rister Ernest L. , Pratt Jennifer K. , Ridgway Don 
Published: June 2005

The use of alternative blowing agents for the production of polyisocyanurate (PIR) rigid foam has created a need to better understand how various catalysts participate in isocyanurate formation. The improvement of isocyanate conversion to isocyanurate is one approach to overcome the greater flammability inherent with the use of hydrocarbons. In situ Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) has been used to follow the reaction kinetics of PIR development during foam preparation. The activity of amine catalysts for isocyanate conversion is characterized through the use of in situ FTIR. Identification of the reaction products formed from the blowing, gelling, and trimerization reactions provides the opportunity to profile the catalytic effects as the reaction proceeds. Several traditional amine catalysts used by PIR foam manufacturers have been evaluated. The design of catalyst blends in PIR formulation can now be based upon the results of the catalytic activity characterization. In this article, the focus is on understanding the synergies between catalysts used in PIR formulations. Real-time in situ FTIR is the technique of choice for the evaluation of catalysts blends for optimal performance and processing properties.
The Trial of László Bárdossy. The Second World War and Factional Politics in Contemporary Hungary
Authors: Benziger Karl P. 
Published: June 2005

On New Year’s Day 2000, the Crown of St Steven, the symbol most central to the founding legends of the Hungarian kingdom c.1000 AD, was moved from the National Museum of Hungary to the parliament at the behest of the centre-right coalition government of Victor Orbán, prime minister of Hungary 1998-2002. Proponents of the crown’s move looked back to the medieval kingdom and its former glory as a major power on the European continent as a source of national inspiration. Those opposed to the crown’s move worried that the political symbolism of the crown would vivify memory of Hungary’s alliance with the Axis powers during the second world war and the accompanying history of repression and genocide. The opposition’s fears seemed to be realized with the Hungarian Justice and Life Party’s (MIEP) decision to call for a re-examination of the trial of László Bárdossy, Hungary’s prime minister from 1941 to 1942. Bárdossy had been tried by the Hungarian People’s Court for war crimes and crimes against humanity in November 1945 and executed on 9 January 1946. Immediately after 1989 factional debates in Hungary tended to centre on each party’s association with neo-liberal ideology set in contrast to the various post-second world war regimes. Always in the background, however, were factional issues centred on collaboration with Hungary’s two second world war regimes. What seems at first glance to be a matter of recidivist politics is actually a much more complicated matter; in fact, it lies at the heart of transition politics in Hungary. Histories of this period raise questions about the former prime minister’s role in the politics that led Hungary into the second world war and about the legitimacy of the war crimes trials that were held in Hungary following the armistice on 20 January 1945. This article investigates the various factional interpretations of Hungary’s role in the second world war under the regime of Miklós Horthy, using the trial of László Bárdossy as an exemplar and further, it examines its broader significance in the development of civil society in the twenty-first century.
Use of a dynamic bubble trap in the arterial line reduces microbubbles during cardiopulmonary bypass and microembolic signals in the middle cerebral artery
Authors: Perthel Mathias , Kseibi Samer , Bendisch Andreas , Laas Joachim 
Published: June 2005

Neurological complications remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality of patients following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Microemboli, as well as cerebral hypoperfusion, are the main postulated mechanisms. This study demonstrates that the insertion of a dynamic bubble trap (DBT) into the curcuit reduces microbubbles in the arterial line and microembolic signals (MES) in the middle cerebral arteries (MCAs). We investigated 12 patients during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The DBT was inserted between the arterial filter and the arterial cannula. For detection of microemboli before and after the DBT, a special ultrasound Doppler device was used. MES were detected by transcranial Doppler monitoring in both MCAs of the patients. Microbubbles and MES were counted during bypass. These data were compared to 12 patients who were operated in a previous period without the use of a DBT. There were no significant differences in both groups with respect to gender, age, crossclamp and bypass time and number of anastomoses. In the group without a DBT in the circuit, a mean of 6311 microbubbles per operation could be observed distal to the arterial filter, corresponding to 282 MES. After inclusion of a DBT, we could register, in the second group, 8496 microemboli proximal and 2915 distal of the DBT, corresponding to 89 MES per operation. The reduction rate of microbubbles in the tubing was 65.7%, corresponding to a reduction in MES of about 86.2%. We conclude that the insertion of a DBT in the arterial line of CPB circuit protects the cerebrovascular system from microembolic events, as demonstrated by lower MES counts.
Formation of the Dianion and the Dimer of 9,10-Distannaanthracene
Authors: Saito Masaichi , Henzan Natsumi , Yoshioka Michikazu 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The reaction of 9,10-diiodo-9,10-dihydro-9,10-distannaanthracene with lithium naphthalenide (2.5 equiv.) or excess lithium gave the 9,10-distannaanthracene dimer or the 9,10-distannaanthracene dianion. The formation of the latter was evidenced by NMR spectral analysis and a trapping experiment.
Tetrathiafulvalene Derivatives Recognition of Copper with High Selectivity
Authors: Fu Yanyan , Li Hongxiang , Liu Caiming , Hu Wenping , Zhu Daoben 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
New sensors based on D–A type tetrathiafulvalene derivatives are reported. These sensors can detect Cu2+ with high selectivity in the presence of other metal ions, including Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ etc., which usually interfere the detection of Cu2+.
A Selective Synthesis of 3,6-Dihydro-7H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-7-ones
Authors: Zhao Jun-Feng , Xie Chang , Ding Ming-Wu , He Hong-Wu 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The carbodiimides 2, obtained from aza-Wittig reactions of iminophosphorane 1 with aromatic isocyanates, reacted with primary amine RNH2 (R ≠ H, Me) to produce isolable guanidine intermediates 3, which were further treated with sodium ethoxide in a mixed solvent to give selectivly one of the regioisomer 4 via a base catalytic cyclization mechanism. However, another regioisomers 5 were obtained directly as RNH2 (R = H, Me) were used in the absence of sodium ethoxide, via a direct cyclization mechanism.
Molecular Aggregation Structure of Poly(fluoroalkyl acrylate) Thin Films Evaluated by Synchrotron-sourced Grazing-incidence X-ray Diffraction
Authors: Honda Koji , Yakabe Hirohiko , Koga Tomoyuki , Sasaki Sono , Sakata Osami , Otsuka Hideyuki , Takahara Atsushi 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Molecular aggregation structure of poly(fluoroalkyl acrylate) [PFA-Cy, where y is the fluoromethylene number of the fluoroalkyl (Rf) groups] thin films was characterized by grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD). In-plane diffractions corresponding to the hexagonal packing of the Rf groups were measured for PFA-Cy with y ≥ 8 in the surface and bulk regions. This result indicated that the Rf groups were oriented almost perpendicular to the film surface.
Reversible 1,2-Migration of Aryl Groups on Silyl Ligands: Formation and Properties of Silylenetungsten Complexes Stabilized by an External Base
Authors: Suzuki Eiji , Okazaki Masaaki , Tobita Hiromi 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Irradiation of Cp*(CO)3WMe and HSiMe2Ar (Cp* = η5-C5Me5, Ar = Ph, pTol) in the presence of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) led to the formation of base-stabilized silylene complex Cp*(CO)2W(Ar)(=SiMe2·DMAP) (1). On gentle heating, 1 was converted to the corresponding silyl complex Cp*(CO)2(DMAP)WSiMe2Ar (2) through the 1,2-migration of the aryl ligand to the silylene silicon. Irradiation of 2 reproduced the silylene complex 1.
Adsorptive Removal of Bisphenol A by Calix[4]crown Derivatives: Significant Contribution of Hydrogen Bonding Interaction to the Control of Adsorption Behavior
Authors: Tsue Hirohito , Takimoto Tatsuya , Kikuchi Chieko , Yanase Haruna , Takahashi Hiroki , Amezawa Koji , Ishibashi Koichi , Tanaka Shunitz , Tamura Rui 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Adsorptive removal of bisphenol A by finely powdered calix[4]crown derivatives has been investigated. Adsorption ability was strongly dependent on the molecular structures of the calix[4]crowns examined. Batch adsorption experiments and X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed that the present adsorption behavior was controlled not only by hydrophobic interaction but also by hydrogen-bonding interaction on the solid surface.
Preparation and Characterization of Ca2+-free Methanol Dehydrogenase from Hyphomicrobium denitrificans A3151
Authors: Nojiri Masaki , Hira Daisuke , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Okajima Toshihide , Tanizawa Katsuyuki , Suzuki Shinnichiro 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Ca2+-free Methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) has been prepared from Hyphomicrobium denitrificans A3151 and spectroscopically characterized. Ca2+-free MDH had full-oxidized pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ). Incubation of Ca2+-free MDH with Ca2+ ion led to reconstituted MDH containing full-reduced PQQ, which was tightly bound with Ca2+ ion and had the enzyme activity.
Highly Efficient Surface-enhanced Fluorescence on Ag Island Film of Large Pseudotabular Nanoparticles
Authors: Kawasaki Mitsuo , Mine Shuki 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
A highly reflective thick Ag island film, consisting of unique large pseudotabular nanoparticles, could be sputter-grown on mica. The film spin-coated with rhodamine B with a thin molecular spacer in between exhibited an unusually strong surface-enhanced fluorescence maximized at much shorter distance from the metallic surface than hitherto known.
Solvothermal Synthesis of Single-crystalline BaTiO3 Nanocubes in a Mixed Solution
Authors: Hou Bo , Li Zhijie , Xu Yao , Wu Dong , Sun Yuhan 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The preparation of single-crystalline cubic perovskite BaTiO3 nanocubes with edge length of 40–90 nm via a solvothermal method without surfactant was reported, and the formation mechanism of the BaTiO3 nanocubes was discussed.
Subjectivity in the Opera Films of Jean-Pierre Ponnelle
Authors: CITRON MARCIA J. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACT
A leading director of stage opera in the late 20th century, Jean-Pierre Ponnelle is also important as a director of opera film for television. Unlike full-length opera films that stress ideology (for example those of Losey, Rosi, or Syberberg), Ponnelle's opera films are striking in their emphasis on subjectivity. Examples from Ponnelle's most cinematic opera films—Madama Butterfly (1974), Le nozze di Figaro (1976), and Rigoletto (1982)—demonstrate key elements of his subjective emphasis: camera work that highlights the individual, including point-ofview technique, zoom shots, and low-angled shots; doubling, where mirrored or duplicated elements tell us more about a character; interior singing, where the viewer hears the soundtrack but sees no moving lips on screen; and manipulations of time, especially structural flashback, circularity, and quick flashes of past and future. Although Ponnelle's devices are cinematic, we see how his approach is more suited to television than to cinema. His emphasis on music and subjectivity would seem to preclude the term auteur, which usually describes a highly individual approach that minimizes handed-down elements. Yet the marriage of innovation and tradition witnessed in his work suggests that he may indeed be considered a major auteur of screen opera.
John Lennon, “Revolution,” and the Politics of Musical Reception
Authors: PLATOFF JOHN 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACT
The Beatles recorded two starkly different musical settings of John Lennon's controversial 1968 song “Revolution”: One was released as a single, the other appeared on the White Album (as “Revolution 1”). Lennon's lyrics express deep skepticism about political radicalism, and the single, with its lines “But when you talk about destruction/… you can count me out,” incited rage among critics and activists on the Left. Lennon appears less opposed to violent protest in “Revolution 1”—recorded first, though released later—where he sang “you can count me out—in.”
The reception of “Revolution” reflected a focus on the words and their apparent political meanings, largely ignoring the musical differences between the two recordings of the song. Moreover, the response to “Revolution” had much to do with public perceptions of the Beatles. Their rivals the Rolling Stones, seen as a more radical alternative voice, released the equally political “Street Fighting Man” at virtually the same moment in 1968. The much more favorable public reaction to the latter had at least as much to do with the way the bands themselves were perceived as with differences between the songs.
FDA Drug Approval Summary: Pemetrexed for Injection (Alimta®) for the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Cohen Martin H. , Johnson John R. , Wang Yong-Cheng , Sridhara Rajeshwari , Pazdur Richard 
Published: June 2005

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Add pemetrexed to the chemotherapy armamentarium.Interpret the results of non-inferiority survival analyses.Define accelerated approval of new drugs for new indications.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
On August 19, 2004, pemetrexed for injection (Alimta®; Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, http://www.lilly.com) received accelerated approval as monotherapy for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who had received prior chemotherapy.
Approval was primarily based on a single, controlled, unblinded trial. Five hundred seventy-one protocol-eligible patients were randomized to receive either pemetrexed or docetaxel (Taxotere®; Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Bridgewater, NJ, http://www.aventispharmaus.com). The primary efficacy end point was overall survival. The median survival times were 8.3 months in the pemetrexed arm and 7.9 months in the docetaxel arm. Neither superiority nor noninferiority for overall survival could be demonstrated, the latter because a reliable and consistent survival effect of docetaxel could not be estimated and because of significant crossover of pemetrexed-treated patients to docetaxel after tumor progression. Comparable response rates, 9.1% for pemetrexed and 8.8% for docetaxel, times to progressive disease, and progression-free survival times supported the conclusion that an effect of pemetrexed on survival was reasonably likely, however.
In addition, pemetrexed was felt to have a more favorable safety profile than docetaxel. Of greatest importance, pemetrexed caused significantly less neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, neutropenic infections, and need for granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factors.