bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMMUNITY IN MUMPS
Authors: Enders John F. , Kane Lewis W. , Maris Elizabeth P. , Stokes Joseph 
Published: June 2004

The results of skin tests read at 48 hours on several hundred adults and children in which heat-inactivated mumps virus was the antigen have been presented and discussed. They can be summarized as follows:—
Of 89 persons tested before the onset of mumps, 89 per cent exhibited erythematous reactions 10 mm. or less in diameter and 95 per cent, reactions 15 mm. or less in diameter.
Of 40 persons tested during the first 5 days of mumps, 95 per cent exhibited reactions 10 mm. or less and 98 per cent reactions 15 mm. or less.
Of 480 exposed persons the attack rate of mumps was 46 per cent among 340 with reactions 10 mm. or less and 10 per cent among 240 with reactions greater than 10 mm. The attack rate was only 2 per cent among 161 with reactions exceeding 15 mm.
The attack rates in 13 skin-tested groups which were exposed to mumps tended to be inversely proportional to the incidence of reactions exceeding 10 mm.
The incidence of reactions exceeding 10 mm. was approximately twice as high among 529 adults (persons 18 years or older) as it was among 306 children (persons under 18 years).
Of 179 adults giving positive histories of mumps, 82 per cent exhibited skin reactions exceeding 10 mm. In certain groups the correlation between history and positive skin test was as high as 0.9. Of 132 adults giving negative histories, 58 per cent exhibited skin reactions of this magnitude. The proportion of reactions exceeding 10 mm. in a small number of children giving positive histories was 75 per cent. The proportion of reactions less than 10 mm. was 15 per cent.
Of 167 adults with positive complement fixation tests, 87 per cent exhibited skin reactions exceeding 10 mm. Of 111 adults with negative complement fixation tests, 52 per cent exhibited reactions exceeding 10 mm. Of 43 children with positive complement fixation tests, the skin test reactions exceeded 10 mm. in 70 per cent. The skin reactions exceeded 10 mm. in 29 per cent of 105 children with negative complement fixation tests.
In 69 of 72 individuals in whom skin reactions exceeded 10 mm., complement-fixing antibody either appeared in the blood or increased in amount within about 2 weeks after the tests were done. Such antibody responses likewise were observed in 34 of 76 individuals in whom skin reactions were 10 mm. or less. The data summarized up to this point were obtained with virus derived from the infected parotid gland of monkeys.
The results of simultaneous tests in 82 individuals employing materials prepared from infected monkey parotid gland and amniotic membrane of chick embryos infected with mumps virus indicated in general that the same individual responded in a similar manner to both antigens. In many instances, however, the membrane material produced weaker reactions. Occasionally an individual failed to react at all to one of these materials but did respond to the other.
STUDIES ON HERPETIC INFECTION IN MICE
Authors: Evans Charles A. , Slavin Howard B. , Berry George Packer 
Published: June 2004

Two-week-old mice inoculated with herpes virus on the pad of a hind foot regularly developed paralysis of the infected limb followed by paraplegia and encephalitis terminating fatally 5 or 6 days after inoculation.
Hyperimmune rabbit serum given intraperitoneally at the time virus was inoculated on the foot pad prevented the formation of an herpetic lesion of the foot pad. When the antiserum was given 12 hours after inoculation of the virus, a typical infection of the epithelium of the foot pad developed, but the virus was prevented from causing obvious signs of infection of the nervous system in many of the animals.
Amputation of the foot 2 hours after the inoculation of the virus prevented the paralysis of the hind leg. Some of the mice died of a delayed encephalitis. Amputation of the foot at 24 hours neither prevented nor delayed the sequence of paralysis of the hind leg, encephalitis, and death.
In order to study immune serum therapy of an infection of the nervous system uncomplicated by a peripheral focus of infection or by traumatic disturbance of the central nervous system, 2-week-old mice were inoculated on the foot pad, the infected feet were amputated 24 hours later, and the immune serum was administered at varying intervals thereafter.
Using litter mate controls and statistically significant numbers of mice, it was shown that hyperimmune rabbit serum, administered during the first one-third of the incubation period, retards and, in some cases, arrests the progress of herpetic infection within the nervous system.
STUDIES ON THE TOXICITY OF INFLUENZA VIRUSES
Authors: Henle Gertrude , Henle Werner 
Published: June 2004

Intracerebral injection of preparations of influenza viruses into mice led to tonic and clonic convulsions and death in tetanus, usually within 24 to 72 hours. Histological examination revealed the destruction of the ependymal lining of the ventricles as the dominant finding.
These reactions were obtained in four different strains of mice as well as in rats, guinea pigs, and hamsters. They were observed in mice after injection of mouse and egg-adapted virus, and all strains of virus tested gave these responses as long as sufficient quantities of the agents were injected. Control materials, such as normal allantoic fluids, particulate components of normal chorio-allantoic membranes, and suspensions of normal murine lungs, gave uniformly negative results. Activation of a latent virus as well as the inadvertent admixture of a neurotropic agent to the influenza cultures was excluded.
Propagation of the influenza viruses in the central nervous system could not be demonstrated and, in fact, the agents were no longer demonstrable in 4 days. It was concluded that the observed neurological reactions were the result of toxic activities rather than of virus propagation.
Comparison between the infectivity, hemagglutinating capacity, and the toxic activity showed that preparations with the higher titers of virus and hemagglutinin were also the more toxic ones.
The toxic agents could not be separated from the infectious particles by the use of such technics as differential high speed centrifugation, adsorption onto and elution from chicken red cells, and precipitation by protamine.
The toxic effect of influenza A virus preparations was specifically neutralized by anti-influenza A and not by anti-influenza B serum, and conversely. In addition, antigenic differences were noted between two strains of influenza A virus by this method of testing.
STUDIES ON THE TOXICITY OF INFLUENZA VIRUSES
Authors: Henle Werner , Henle Gertrude 
Published: June 2004

Upon intra-abdominal or intravenous injection of allantoic fluids infected with influenza viruses, mice frequently died within 8 to 96 hours. Similar results were observed upon injection of rabbits, rats, and guinea pigs.
Autopsy of the mice revealed widespread necrosis of liver and spleen, hemorrhages into the intestines, pleural exudation, and other occasional findings. Survivors frequently developed pulmonary consolidation or jaundice. The dominant type of lesion depended on the strain of virus used.
All attempts to demonstrate propagation of the influenza viruses outside of the respiratory tract failed. It was concluded that the early lesions were the result of toxic activities of the virus and not of virus multiplication in the affected tissues.
Injection into chick embryos of highly diluted inocula produced higher titers of virus, hemagglutmin, and toxicity in the allantoic fluids than the use of more concentrated seed culture. Serial passage of various strains in high dilution frequently increased the toxic activity.
The infectivity often reached its peak in 24 hours when tests for toxicity were still negative. Maximal toxicity was usually not attained before 48 hours.
The toxic activity could not be separated from the infective property by such means as differential centrifugation and adsorption onto and elution from chicken red cells. However, upon heating, formalinization, and irradiation with ultraviolet light, the ability of the agents to propagate was lost at a faster rate than the toxic property.
The toxic property remained stable for 2 to 3 months at 4°C. This stability was comparable to that of the infectivity for chick embryos.
Specific immune sera neutralized in high dilution the toxic activity of the homologous virus. Non-specific neutralization occurred in low dilutions of normal and heterologous immune sera. Strain differences were indicated by this method of testing.
Vaccination of mice by the subcutaneous or intra-abdominal routes protected mice specifically against the toxic effects of intra-abdominally or intravenously injected preparations of virus.
THE RAPID PRODUCTION OF ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN RHESUS MONKEYS BY INJECTION OF HETEROLOGOUS AND HOMOLOGOUS BRAIN TISSUE WITH ADJUVANTS
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Wolf Abner , Bezer Ada E. 
Published: June 2004

1. A picture resembling acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in the human being has been regularly and rapidly produced in rhesus monkeys by injection of emulsions of adult rabbit and monkey brain administered with adjuvants.
2. No lesions of the central nervous system resulted from injection of similar emulsions of fetal rabbit brain or adult rabbit lung.
3. A description of the gross and histological findings in the central nervous system is given and compared with features of human demyelinating disease.
4. The experimental findings are in accord with the hypothesis that antibody to the injected brain emulsion reacts with the tissues of the nervous system of the animal to produce the pathological changes.
DISINFECTION OF CLOUDS OF MENINGOPNEUMONITIS AND PSITTACOSIS VIRUSES WITH TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL VAPOR
Authors: Rosebury Theodor , Meiklejohn Gordon , Kingsland Lawrence C. , Boldt Martin H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Triethylene glycol in excess of saturation, introduced as a vapor into a cloud chamber in which a dynamic cloud of either meningopneumonitis virus or psittacosis virus was developed simultaneously with, or in most instances subsequently to, the glycol cloud, induced distinct reduction in concentration of air-home virus, as measured both by cloud sampling in capillary impingers and by exposure of mice to the cloud. The relative humidity in the chamber was held between 35 and about 60 per cent.
2. Reduction of virus concentration in samplers, in glycol runs as compared with controls, ranged from 0 to 93 per cent (average, 62 per cent).
3. Reduction of infective response in mice, based on counts of focal lesions on lung surfaces, ranged from 55 to 98 per cent (average 73 per cent).
THE EFFECT OF LIPIDS AND SERUM ALBUMIN ON BACTERIAL GROWTH
Authors: Dubos René J. 
Published: June 2004

Long chain fatty acids have been found to exhibit both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on the growth of tubercle bacilli and of a certain unidentified micrococcus culture.
The toxicity of the fatty acids was much reduced or abolished by (a) esterification, even when the resulting product was a water-soluble ester, and (b) addition of crystalline serum albumin to the culture medium; other proteins tested were inactive in this respect.
Marked growth stimulation of the microorganisms studied was obtained when certain long chain fatty acids were added to the culture medium in the form of their water-soluble esters, or in admixture with adequate amounts of serum albumin.
Abundant growth of the micrococcus resulted from the addition of oleic, linoleic, linolenic, or arachidonic acid (0.0001 to 0.001 per cent) to a mineral medium containing glucose as sole source of carbon; in the case of this microbial species, none of the other substances tested could substitute for these unsaturated fatty acids.
Enhancement of growth of tubercle bacilli was obtained by adding to the medium 0.001 to 0.01 per cent of a variety of fatty acids (saturated or unsaturated) even in the absence of glucose or of any other readily available carbon compound.
These results suggest that long chain fatty acids can affect the growth of different microbial species through different metabolic channels and that, in order to study the mechanism of these metabolic and growth reactions, it is essential to use the fatty acids under conditions where they cannot manifest their toxic properties.
REACTIONS OF MONKEYS TO EXPERIMENTAL MIXED INFLUENZA AND STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTIONS
Authors: Wilson H. E. , Saslaw Samuel , Doan Charles A. , Woolpert O. C. , Schwab J. L. 
Published: June 2004

1. The vital importance of the cellular defense forces in the resistance of the monkey to combined streptococcus and influenza virus infections has been demonstrated.
2. Some of the conditions prejudicial to the maintenance of an optimum cellular reserve in the infected animal have been revealed; viz., undernutrition, physical cold, intratracheal route of infection.
3. The potential threat exerted by latent foci of streptococci, and the importance, in relation to the combined infection with virus, of cellular and humoral immunity, together or separately, have been demonstrated. The essential rôle of optimum nutrition (notably as concerns the vitamin B complex, and folic acid specifically) in the prevention of disastrous illness from these infectious agents, individually or in combination, would seem to have been proven.
4. Signs of glomerular nephritis appeared in a significant number of monkeys receiving Streptococcus hemolyticus and influenza virus in sequence, followed by reinoculation or spontaneous reappearance of the streptococci.
5. Reinoculation of Streptococcus hemolyticus, group C, resulted in a prompt "booster" increase in the opsonic index. Virus instillation was followed by just as sudden a depression in this index.
6. Reinoculation failed to evoke either the granulocytosis or the leucopenia in monkeys which are characteristic effects of the streptococcus and the virus respectively when these agents are introduced for the first time by way of the nasal mucous membrane.
7. Simultaneous intranasal inoculation of influenza virus, type A, and Streptococcus hemolyticus, group C, in nutritionally normal Macaca mulatta failed to produce obvious signs of disease. In most of the animals, however, a streptococcus-induced leucocytosis followed by a delayed virus-induced granulopenia developed.
8. Inoculation of influenza virus followed in 4 to 17 days by streptococci produced obvious signs of disease in five of eleven animals which had become leucopenic as result of the action of the virus, and fatal streptococcal septicemia in two monkeys.
9. The development of signs of infection in previously healthy monkeys exposed to virus followed by streptococci confirms both the clinical and laboratory experience of other observers, that virus infection may predispose to secondary bacterial invasion, and, that at times, under unfavorable circumstances, the infection may become overwhelming. Although the complete mechanism of resistance is as yet not wholly clear, the depressant or inhibitory effect of the virus on both its cellular and humoral elements has been established.
PLASMA PROTEIN AND HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION
Authors: Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Miller L. L. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Given healthy dogs fed abundant iron and protein-free or low protein diets with sustained anemia and hypoproteinemia, we can study the capacity of these animals to produce simultaneously new hemoglobin and plasma protein.
Reserve stores of blood protein-building materials are measurably depleted and levels of 6 to 8 gm. per cent for hemoglobin and 4 to 5 gm. per cent for plasma protein can be maintained for weeks or months depending upon the intake of food proteins or amino acid mixtures. These dogs are very susceptible to infection and various poisons. Dogs tire of these diets and loss of appetite terminates many experiments.
Under these conditions (double depletion) standard growth mixtures of essential amino acids are tested to show the response in blood protein output and urinary nitrogen balance. As a part of each tabulated experiment one of the essential amino acids is deleted from the complete growth mixture to compare such response with that of the whole mixture.
Methionine, threonine, phenylalanine, and tryptophane when singly eliminated from the complete amino acid mixture do effect a sharp rise in urinary nitrogen. This loss of urinary nitrogen is corrected when the individual amino acid is replaced in the mixture.
Histidine, lysine, and valine have a moderate influence upon urinary nitrogen balance toward nitrogen conservation.
Leucine, isoleucine, and arginine have minimal or no effect upon urinary nitrogen balance when these individual amino acids are deleted from the complete growth mixture of amino acids during 3 to 4 week periods.
Tryptophane and to a less extent phenylalanine and threonine when returned to the amino acid mixture are associated with a conspicuous preponderance of plasma protein output over the hemoglobin output (Table 4).
Arginine, lysine, and histidine when returned to the amino acid mixture are associated with a large preponderance of hemoglobin output.
Various amino acid mixtures under these conditions may give a positive urinary nitrogen balance and a liberal output of blood proteins but there is always weight loss, however we may choose to explain this loss.
These experiments touch on the complex problems of parenteral nutrition, experimental and clinical.
RAIDING OF BODY TISSUE PROTEIN TO FORM PLASMA PROTEIN AND HEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Whipple G. H. , Miller L. L. , Robscheit-Robbins F. S. 
Published: June 2004

Dogs with sustained anemia and hypoproteinemia due to bleeding and a continuing low protein or protein-free diet with abundant iron will continue to produce much new hemoglobin and plasma protein for many weeks.
The stimulus of double depletion (anemia and hypoproteinemia) leads to raiding of body and tissue protein to fill the demand for new hemoglobin and plasma protein. The blood proteins in these experiments take priority over the organ and tissue proteins. This is another illustration of the "ebb and flow" or dynamic equilibrium between organ or tissue protein and blood proteins.
The average dog cannot tolerate this drain of double depletion for more than 7 to 11 weeks and during this time may lose 30 to 40 per cent of body weight. Some dogs are much more resistant to this raiding than others. Some dogs show a high blood protein output during every week up to the danger point. With the largest blood protein output one usually observes the most rapid weight loss.
For every kilogram of weight loss we observe 50 to 140 gm. blood protein output. The weekly blood protein production ranges from 40 to 66 gm.
These experiments make heavy demands on the body protein and we expected to record a "premortal rise" in urinary nitrogen. No such observations are noted, rather a most frugal use of all protein and minimum figures for urinary nitrogen.
We suspect that "premortal rise" in many experiments means a terminal infection with the related catabolism of tissue protein and high urinary nitrogen.
ACTIVE IMMUNITY TO POLIOMYELITIS IN CHIMPANZEES FOLLOWING SUBCLINICAL INFECTION
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. , Horstmann Dorothy M. 
Published: June 2004

This report is concerned with the production of subclinical poliomyelitis in the chimpanzee, and immunity to such infection. Subclinical infection was produced in eight chimpanzees by the administration of virus orally or intracutaneously, and was measured by the production of a virus carrier state and the development of neutralizing antibodies. Immunity was tested by attempting to induce the carrier state again by a challenge dose of virus by the same routes.
With an homologous strain as the challenge virus, immunity as defined here was produced in each of four chimpanzees tested. Neutralizing antibodies to the homologous strain were present about 1 month following the first exposure to virus by either the oral or cutaneous route.
In another group of two chimpanzees, one developed neutralizing antibodies and immunity to heterologous strains, and one did not.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SHOCK WAVES RESULTING FROM THE IMPACT OF HIGH VELOCITY MISSILES ON ANIMAL TISSUES
Authors: Harvey E. Newton , McMillen J. Howard 
Published: June 2004

The spark shadowgram method of studying shock waves is described. It has been used to investigate the properties of such waves produced by the impact of a high velocity missile on the surface of water.
The method can be adapted for study of behavior of shock waves in tissue by placing the tissue on a water surface or immersing it in water. Spark shadowgrams then reveal waves passing from tissue to water or reflected from tissue surfaces.
Reflection and transmission of shock waves from muscle, liver, stomach, and intestinal wall are compared with reflection from non-living surfaces such as gelatin gel, steel, plexiglas, cork, and air. Because of its heterogeneous structure, waves transmitted by tissue are dispersed and appear as a series of wavelets.
When the accoustical impedance (density x wave velocity) of a medium is less than that in which the wave is moving, reflection will occur with inversion of the wave; i.e., a high pressure wave will become a low pressure wave. This inversion occurs at an air surface and is illustrated by shadowgrams of reflection from stomach wall, from a segment of colon filled with gas, and from air-filled rubber balloons.
Bone (human skull and beef ribs) shows good reflection and some transmission of shock waves.
When steel is directly hit by a missile, clearly visible elastic waves pass from metal to water, but a similar direct hit on bone does not result in elastic waves strong enough to be detected by a spark shadowgram.
MODE OF ACTION OF STREPTOMYCIN ON TYPE b H. INFLUENZAE
Authors: Alexander Hattie E. , Leidy Grace 
Published: June 2004

1. Of fourteen patients with type b H. influenzae infections treated with streptomycin alone ten recovered promptly; in three of the four remaining cases failure was proved to be due to emergence of resistance of the organisms to streptomycin.
2. The rapid development of resistance to 1000 units of streptomycin per cc. during treatment argues against metabolic adaptation of the bacteria.
3. Careful study of large samples of initial bacterial populations shows resistant members in all ten strains examined. The incidence varies from 1 in 1.1 billion to 1 in 13.8 billion organisms.
4. The proportion of resistant members is not significantly higher, before treatment, in patients who do poorly than in those who respond promptly.
5. The results indicate that emergence of resistance is the result of a selective process; after elimination of sensitive members the very few resistant ones, apparently present in all strains, make up most or all of the population in the cultures taken after commencement of treatment.
6. The survival of organisms which can grow in high concentrations of streptomycin, either in patients or in vitro, is influenced more by the size of the bacterial population than by any other known factor.
7. Since the bacterial population is relatively small in those patients with mild or moderately severe infections the likelihood of a significant number of very resistant members being present is remote.
8. The traits responsible for resistance of the organisms are apparently inherited: (a) The resistant state of one strain has been transmitted in vitro without change in degree through over one hundred subcultures in the absence of streptomycin, (b) Persistence of resistant organisms in the nasopharynx of one patient during a one year period raises an important public health problem.