bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overall versus socioeconomic health inequality: a measurement framework and two empirical illustrations
Authors: Wagstaff Adam , Doorslaer Eddy van 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis paper outlines a framework for comparing empirically overall health inequality and socioeconomic health inequality. The framework, which is developed for both individual‐level data and grouped data, is illustrated using data on malnutrition amongst Vietnamese children and on health utility amongst Canadian adults. In both cases, the degree of socioeconomic inequality is estimated at around 25% of overall inequality. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Empirical assessment of the economic behaviour of Dutch general hospitals
Authors: Blank J.L.T. , Merkies A.H.Q.M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWe study the cost structure and efficiency of Dutch general hospitals over the period 1985–1995. Several studies on the efficiency of hospitals now exist. Most of them start from the assumption that hospital management attempts to minimize cost. We went beyond this assumption by trying to collect empirical evidence on management behaviour with respect to patient selection. We did so by estimating both the direct cost function and the indirect cost function as proposed by Färe and Primont and compared the results. We found that acknowledging the possibility of output reallocation increases the validity of optimizing models in the hospital sector but a complete indirect optimizing model ignores that some output categories are less flexible especially in the short run. Endogenous shifts in the allocation of patients appear to be realized through time by increased specialization of hospitals. We suggest that a mixed direct–indirect cost model is probably preferable. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multi‐method approach to measuring health‐state valuations
Authors: Salomon Joshua A. , Murray Christopher J.L. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractExisting techniques for eliciting health‐state valuations incorporate both strength of preferences for health states and other values such as risk aversion or time preference. This paper presents a new methodological approach that allows estimation of a set of core underlying health‐state values based on responses elicited through multiple measurement techniques. A study was undertaken in which respondents completed the visual analogue (VAS) scale, time trade‐off (TTO), standard gamble (SG) and person trade‐off (PTO) for a range of states. By specifying flexible parametric functions to explain responses on each measurement technique, we estimated both the underlying strength of preference values for the health states in the study and the values for a set of auxiliary parameters characterising risk attitudes, discount rates, distributional concerns and scale distortion effects in the group of respondents. This study demonstrates that it is possible to understand responses on these four different measurement techniques based on a consistent set of core values. The approach presented here can provide insights into different sources of observed variation in VAS, TTO, SG and PTO responses and facilitate appropriate adjustment of valuations elicited through different methods for use in summary health measures and economic analyses. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Technological developments and applications in clinical psychology and psychotherapy: Introduction
Authors: Caspar Franz 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis article introduces a special issue on technological developments and applications in clinical psychology and psychotherapy. The question of why it is important to deal with such developments is raised. An overview of the individual topics and articles in the issue is given, and additional aspects are discussed. This is followed by an overview of possible advantages and disadvantages of technological developments as well as problems to be solved. Overall, the developments are still largely underresearched, but—if utilized—hold considerable promise in changing the field of clinical psychology and psychotherapy as well as training in the field. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Computer treatment for common mental health problems
Authors: Cavanagh Kate , Shapiro David A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractPerhaps the most complex and controversial role for the computer in clinical practice is as a treatment medium in which the computer effectively replaces the psychotherapist. This article outlines the historical development of computer treatment, from dialogue generators in the 1960s through to the interactive, multimedia programs of the 2000s. In evaluating the most recent developments in computer treatment, we present a small meta‐analytic study demonstrating large effect sizes in favor of computer treatments for anxiety and depression for pre/post outcomes and treatment as usual/waitlist comparators. Next, we review studies of the cost effectiveness of computer treatments. Finally, we outline the implications for research, policy, and practice of this new generation of treatment options. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Computer‐supported cognitive behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders
Authors: Anderson Page , Jacobs Carli , Rothbaum Barbara O. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis article reviews the empirical literature pertaining to the use of computer‐supported cognitive‐behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders, including palmtop computers, virtual reality exposure therapy, and personal computer software programs. The advantages and disadvantages unique to each type of technology are described. The review concludes with a discussion of ethical issues, barriers to the use of technology by clinicians, and suggestions for a process by which scientists and practitioners can conceptualize how technology can advance our understanding of anxiety and our dissemination of effective treatments. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Online therapy: Review of relevant definitions, debates, and current empirical support
Authors: Rochlen Aaron B. , Zack Jason S. , Speyer Cedric 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe current article reviews the most recent literature addressing the definitions, ethical considerations, and potential strengths and limitations of online therapy. In addition, a framework is provided for how to conceptualize and categorize different aspects of online therapy for research purposes. Relevant studies of both online and face‐to‐face therapy as well as suggestions for future research are outlined. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Computer‐supported monitoring of patient treatment response
Authors: Percevic Robert , Lambert Michael J. , Kordy Hans 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe use of information technology (IT) for the purpose of improving psychotherapy outcomes in the context of routine clinical practice is described. IT efforts from two research programs, one in Germany and the other in the United States, are based on evidence that not all patients who enter treatment have a positive outcome and that continuous monitoring of patient treatment response with immediate feedback to therapists can be used to increase the likelihood of success for the poorly responding client. Such monitoring and feedback can best be accomplished by IT methodologies. Suitable IT systems are described, and their strengths and limitations are highlighted. Evidence is presented that supports the positive value of such efforts for improving patient treatment response. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 60: 285–299, 2004.
Computer‐based technological applications in psychotherapy training
Authors: Berger Thomas 
Published: February 2004

AbstractDespite obvious and documented advantages of technological applications in education, psychotherapy training based on information technology is either still rare or limited to technical innovations such as videotape recordings. This article outlines opportunities new computer‐based learning technology create for psychotherapy training. First, approaches that include computer‐mediated communication between trainees and teachers/supervisors are presented. Then, computer‐based learning technology for self‐study purposes is discussed in the context of educational approaches to learning. Computer‐based tools that have been developed and evaluated in the context of psychotherapy training are described. Evaluations of the tools are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Virtual reality in psychotherapy training
Authors: Beutler Larry E. , Harwood T. Mark 
Published: February 2004

AbstractVirtual reality (VR) has myriad applications to psychotherapy training and has manifold adjunctive or primary applications to psychotherapeutic treatments. Unfortunately, VR technology has not yet advanced to a point where many of these applications are readily available or even affordable; however, alternatives are available, and the creative investigator may build upon existing, available, and affordable technology to develop simple VR systems. Eventually, more sophisticated equipment and design features that increasingly approximate the VR three‐dimensional emersion environments may be added in a stepwise fashion to create more realistic iterations of the VR psychotherapeutic environment. In our initial VR training endeavor, elements of the empirically supported and multifaceted Systematic Treatment Selection model (STS, Beutler & Clarkin, 1990; Beutler, Clarkin, & Bongar, 2000; Beutler & Harwood, 2000) were chosen as training criteria and incorporated into our VR training system to demonstrate both its feasibility and practicality. This article outlines our initial endeavor in the development of a VR system for training in psychotherapy and summarizes STS training‐relevant research findings. Future directions for the applications of VR technology to both training and treatment are provided. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Computers in clinical assessment: Historical developments, present status, and future challenges
Authors: Butcher James N. , Perry Julia , Hahn Jungwon 
Published: February 2004

AbstractComputerized testing methods have long been regarded as a potentially powerful asset for providing psychological assessment services. Ever since computers were first introduced and adapted to the field of assessment psychology in the 1950s, they have been a valuable aid for scoring, data processing, and even interpretation of test results. The history and status of computer‐based personality and neuropsychological tests are discussed in this article. Several pertinent issues involved in providing test interpretation by computer are highlighted. Advances in computer‐based test use, such as computerized adaptive testing, are described and problems noted. Today, there is great interest in expanding the availability of psychological assessment applications on the Internet. Although these applications show great promise, there are a number of problems associated with providing psychological tests on the Internet that need to be addressed by psychologists before the Internet can become a major medium for psychological service delivery. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Technological developments and applications in clinical psychology and psychotherapy: Summary and outlook
Authors: Caspar Franz 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe current state as described in the articles in this special issue is summarized. Fascinating possibilities exist, and technical applications have a potential for making a contrbution back to underlying concepts, but a critical overview also reveals gaps, not only from a scientific perspective. We are warned of a use of “empty technology.” An outlook for great possible developments comes with a postulate of keeping the cost‐benefit ratio in mind. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Testicular morphological changes during the seasonal reproductive cycle in the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana
Authors: Sasso‐Cerri Estela , De Faria Flávio P. , Freymüller Edna , Miraglia Sandra M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractSpermatogenesis and steroidogenesis undergo seasonal variations during the reproductive cycle in amphibians. Testicular morphological and morphometric seasonal variations as well as interstitial lipidic inclusions and intralobular glycoconjugates were evaluated during seasonal cycle of Rana catesbeiana. Testes of frogs collected during the annual seasons were weighed for calculation of GSI (Gonadosomatic index). Seminiferous lobule diameters (DSL) and volume densities of seminiferous lobules (VvSL), excretory ducts (VvED), and interstitial tissue (VvIT) were analyzed. Semithin sections were submitted to Periodic Acid‐Schiff (PAS) and Alcian Blue (AB) methods for detection of glycoconjugates, while lipidic inclusions were detected by Sudan Black B. GSI showed no significant variations during the year. Since VvED and VvIT increased significantly during summer and were inversely proportional to VvSL, a compensatory effect between the testicular compartments may be related to the maintenance of GSI. During autumn/winter, larger lobular diameters were observed in comparison to spring/summer when spermiogenesis and spermiation were commonly observed. The increased VvIT and the numerous lipidic inclusions in the interstitial cells during summer suggest a relationship between spermiogenesis and steroidogenesis. Besides the structural stability variations occurring in the IT and SL, a possible paracrine interaction between ED and IT should be also involved in the IT development during summer. The presence of PAS and AB‐positive globular structures were observed in the seminiferous lobules and excretory ducts. These structures containing acid glycoconjugates appear to be Sertoli cell apical portions, which are accumulated in the lumen of the seminiferous lobules mainly during spermiation. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:249–260, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genome resource for the indonesian coelacanth, Latimeria menadoensis
Authors: Danke Joshua , Miyake Tsutomu , Powers Thomas , Schein Jacqueline , Shin Heesun , Bosdet Ian , Erdmann Mark , Caldwell Roy , Amemiya Chris T. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWe have generated a BAC library from the Indonesian coelacanth, Latimeria menadoensis. This library was generated using genomic DNA of nuclei isolated from heart tissue, and has an average insert size of 171 kb. There are a total of 288 384‐well microtiter dishes in the library (110,592 clones) and its genomic representation is estimated to encompass ≥7X coverage based on the amount of DNA presumably cloned in the library as well as via hybridization with probes to a small set of single copy genes. This genomic resource has been made available to the public and should prove useful to the scientific community for many applications, including comparative genomics, molecular evolution and conservation genetics. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:228–234, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gravitational effects on apoptosis of presumptive ectodermal cells of amphibian embryo
Authors: Komazaki Shinji 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe effects of simulated microgravity (clinostat rotation at 6 rpm) on the presumptive ectodermal cells of amphibian embryos were examined. When morulae of Cynops pyrrhogaster developed under the influence of simulated microgravity, the thickness of the presumptive ectoderm was greater significantly. Embryonic cells isolated from the presumptive ectoderm of morulae were cultured for one day under the influence of simulated microgravity. The number of cells was greater after such clinostat rotation than in the control culture. TUNEL staining and electron microscopy revealed apoptotic cells both in embryos and among cultured cells, but the number of apoptotic cells was smaller in clinostat‐treated embryos and cultured cells than in their controls. These results suggest that simulated microgravity suppresses apoptosis in the amphibian embryo, and as a result, affects the thickness of the presumptive ectoderm. J Exp Zool 301A:204‐211, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatopancreas gluconeogenesis during anoxia and post‐anoxia recovery in Chasmagnathus granulata crabs maintained on high‐protein or carbohydrate‐rich diets
Authors: Oliveira Guendalina T. , Eichler Paula , Rossi Isabel Cristina , Da Silva Roselis S. M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractC. granulata is a semiterrestrial crab that lives in the mesolittoral and the supralittoral zones of estuaries and faces hypoxia and anoxia when exposed to atmospheric air. The carbohydrate or protein content of the diets administered to the crabs induced different metabolic adjustments during anoxia and post‐anoxia recovery period. During the first hour in anoxia a marked increase in L‐lactate concentration in hemolymph was induced, followed by a reduction in its levels accompanied by two peaks in hepatopancreas gluconeogenic capacity. Anoxia exposure did not induce a reduction in the hepatopancreas phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity in either dietary group. Our results suggest that in anaerobiosis this crab uses the conversion of lactate to glucose in hepatopancreas to maintain the acid‐base balance and the glucose supply. In post‐anoxia recovery, the fate of L‐lactate is the hepatopancreas gluconeogenesis in high protein maintained crabs. On the other hand, in the crabs maintained on carbohydrate‐rich diet the L‐lactate levels decreased gradually in the hemolymph during the post‐anoxia recovery; however, the hepatopancreas gluconeogenesis did not increase. In both dietary groups, an increase in the gluconeogenic capacity of hepatopancreas occurred at 30 h of post‐anoxia recovery. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:240‐248, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of Aromatase mRNA and effects of aromatase inhibitor during ovarian development in the medaka, Oryzias latipes
Authors: Suzuki Aya , Tanaka Minoru , Shibata Naoki 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn teleost fish, several studies have implicated estrogens in the process of ovarian development, but the exact role of endogenous estrogen is still unclear. We examined the expression of aromatase mRNA with in situ hybridization, and the effects of Fadrozole, a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor (AI), during ovarian development in medaka Oryzias latipes. Medaka aromatase was first detected on the ventral side of ovaries from four to 10 days after hatching (dah), after occurrence of oogenesis. AI treatment after hatching suppressed the ovarian cavity formation from 30 dah but did not affect early oogenesis and folliculogenesis during ovarian development. These results suggest that endogenous estrogen is specifically required for formation of the ovarian cavity, but is not essential for early oogenesis and folliculogenesis in medaka. J. Exp. Zool 301A:266–273, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lactation under induced five‐month delay reproduction in Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus)
Authors: Landete‐Castillejos T. , Garcia A. , Gómez J. A. , Berruga M. I. , Gallego L. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn Iberian deer, calf birth date affects both milk production and composition, as well as the weight change of hind during lactation and calf growth. This study examines a five‐month induced delay in calving (autumn group) in a group of 19 Iberian hinds compared to a group of 13 standard calving hinds (spring group). Fertility in the autumn group was half that of the spring one. From the former, a further two calves out of six died before or soon after birth. Successfully lactating hinds showed a greater concentration in protein, fat and lactose (P < 0.001), but did not differ from spring group in total milk yield, calf gain or weight change of hinds during lactation. However, after correcting for the greater calf or hind body weight at calving of the autumn group, this group showed lower values for these variables than the spring group. Results show that at least in Iberian deer, counter‐season reproduction is possible, and that the effects on lactation variables are similar to those of a natural delay in calving. J Exp Zool 301A:261‐‐265, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ionic strength and the polyvalent cation receptor of shark rectal gland and artery
Authors: Fellner Susan K. , Parker Laurel 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe dogfish shark Squalus acanthias regulates plasma osmolality and extracellular volume by secreting a fluid from its rectal gland which has a higher NaCl and lower urea concentration than plasma. We have previously identified the presence of a calcium‐sensing receptor or polyvalent cation sensing receptor (CaSR) on vascular smooth muscle of the rectal gland artery (RGA) and rectal gland tubules (RGT). Activity of the CaSR is influenced by changes in ionic strength. This led us to speculate that the ingestion of invertebrate sea animals increased plasma ionic strength, resulting in inhibition of the receptor, relaxation of RGA, and reversal of inhibition of chloride secretion by the RGT. In contrast, ingestion of fish could diminish ionic strength and have the opposite effect. To study the effect of changes in extracellular ionic strength, shark Ringers solutions were adjusted to three different ionic strengths with NaCl, but the osmolarities were kept constant by varying the concentration of urea. High ionic strength inhibited and low ionic strength enhanced the response to increasing external Ca2+ from 2.5 to 4.7 mM in RGT. The increase in cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) of cells in low, normal, and high ionic strength Ringers solution was 344 ± 60, 201 ± 26, and 114 ± 15 nmol/L, respectively. The [Ca2+]i responses of RGA to external Ca2+ in Ringers of three different ionic strengths were 323 ± 43, 231 ± 14, and 56 ± 11 nmol/L, respectively. Activation of the CaSR by spermine was reduced by more than 50% by high ionic strength in both RGT and RGA. Whether the small changes in shark plasma ionic strength that occur after a shark ingests marine animals with lower and higher ionic strength modulates salt secretion by the rectal gland is not yet known. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:235–239, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.