bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of image analysis techniques as a tool to detect and quantify morphological changes in anaerobic sludge: II. Application to a granule deterioration process triggered by contact with oleic acid
Authors: Amaral A.L. , Pereira M.A. , da Motta M. , Pons M.‐N. , Mota M. , Ferreira E.C. , Alves M.M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractImage analysis techniques are applied to monitor the morphological changes in granular sludge present in an expanded granular sludge blanket (EGSB) reactor fed with oleic acid. Deterioration of granular sludge was monitored along the trial period by measuring the percentage of aggregates smaller than 1 mm (in terms of Feret diameter) either in terms of projected area or in terms of number of aggregates. A good correlation was obtained between these values and the percentage of aggregates smaller than 1 mm were physically sorted and quantified by the volatile suspended solid content. The ratio of total filaments length to cross‐sectional area of aggregates defined as LfA, was applied to quantify the dispersion level of the granular sludge, which increased until day 141 and remained almost invariant afterwards. LfA was sensitive to the sludge deterioration process and was able to indicate, with the anticipation of about 1 month, the most significant biomass washout episode that occurred in the trial period. A mechanism of filaments' release, detachment and selective washout was proposed to explain the action of LfA from this viewpoint. The equivalent diameter of the bottom aggregates larger than 1 mm increased with the increase on the amount of long chain fatty acids associated with the biomass by mechanisms of adsorption, precipitation, or entrapment. After a threshold value of about 200 mg COD‐LCFA gVSS (COD = chemical oxygen demand; LCFA = long chain fatty acids; VSS = volatile suspended solids), a migration of granular sludge from the bottom to a top‐floating layer was evident. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Crystal Structures of Ln2Pd2Pb (Ln: Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Lu) Compounds.
Authors: Melnyk G. , Kandpal H. C. , Gulay L. D. , Tremel W. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Field Emission of Electron Anions Clathrated in Subnanometer‐Sized Cages in [Ca24Al28O64]4+(4e‐).
Authors: Toda Yoshitake , Matsuishi Satoru , Hayashi Katsuro , Ueda Kazushige , Kamiya Toshio , Hirano Masahiro , Hosono Hideo 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Growth and Dielectric Properties of Ca3NbGa3Si2O14 Crystals.
Authors: Wang Zengmei , Yuan Duorong , Xu Dong , Lue Mengkai , Shi Xuzhong , Su Wenbin , Zhao Minglei , Wang Jinfeng , Pan Lihu 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hydrothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy, and Ionic Conductivity of Na5InSi4O12, a Silicate Containing a Single 12‐Membered Ring.
Authors: Hung Ling‐I , Wang Sue‐Lein , Szu Sung‐Ping , Hsieh Chan‐Yen , Kao Hsien‐Ming , Lii Kwang‐Hwa 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Noncentrosymmetric Cubic Thio‐ and Selenogermanates: A0.5M1.75GeQ4 (A: Ag, Cu, Na; M: Pb, Eu; Q: S, Se).
Authors: Iyer Ratnasabapathy G. , Aitken Jennifer A. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
XRD and HREM Studies of Epitaxially Stabilized Hexagonal Orthoferrites LnFeO3 (Ln: Eu—Lu).
Authors: Bossak Alexei A. , Graboy Igor E. , Gorbenko Oleg Yu. , Kaul Andrey R. , Kartavtseva Maria S. , Svetchnikov Vassily L. , Zandbergen Henny W. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Addition of Bromotrichloromethane and Tetrachloromethane to cis‐Cyclooctene, Cyclohexene, and Norbornadiene in the Presence of Palladium(II) Complexes.
Authors: Dneprovskii A. S. , Ermoshkin A. A. , Kasatochkin A. N. , Boyarskii V. P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hydrotalcite Catalysis in Ionic Liquid Medium: A Recyclable Reaction System for Heterogeneous Knoevenagel and Nitroaldol Condensation.
Authors: Khan Faiz Ahmed , Dash Jyotirmayee , Satapathy Rashmirekha , Upadhyay Sarasij K. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stevens Rearrangement of Ammonium Salts Containing 3‐Methyl‐3‐ethoxycarbonylbutanon‐2‐yl Group.
Authors: Babakhanyan A. V. , Ovsepyan V. S. , Kocharyan S. T. , Panosyan G. A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Carbon Chain Extension of Esters to α‐Chloroketones: A Safer Route Without Diazomethane.
Authors: Wang Dengjin , Schwinden Mark D. , Radesca Lilian , Patel Bharat , Kronenthal David , Huang Ming‐Hsing , Nugent William A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective CrCl2‐Mediated Condensation of Aldehydes with Functionalized 1,1,1‐Trichlorides: Synthesis of Trisubstituted (Z)‐Chloroolefins.
Authors: Falck J. R. , Bandyopadhyay Anish , Barma D. K. , Shin Dong‐Soo , Kundu Abhijit , Kishore R. V. Krishna 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 1,2‐Divinyloxypropenes from Glycerol and Acetylene in the Superbasic System CsF—NaOH—DMSO.
Authors: Trofimov B. A. , Malysheva S. F. , Gusarova N. K. , Tatarinova A. A. , Henkelmann J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Tandem Semipinacol Rearrangement/Alkylation of α‐Epoxy Alcohols: An Efficient and Stereoselective Approach to Multifunctional 1,3‐Diols.
Authors: Hu Xiang‐Dong , Fan Chun‐An , Zhang Fu‐Min , Tu Yong Qiang 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel Azulene Synthesis from the Ramirez Ylide Involving Two Different Modes of Its Reaction with Activated Alkynes.
Authors: Higham Lee J. , Kelly P. Gabriel , Corr David M. , Mueller‐Bunz Helge , Walker Brian J. , Gilheany Declan G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structure and Properties of 2,2‐Dibromovinyl Trifluoromethyl Ketone.
Authors: Bozhenkov G. V. , Frolov Yu. L. , Toryashinova D. S.‐D. , Levkovskaya G. G. , Mirskova A. N. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Highly Enantioselective Addition of Enamides to Imines: The Use of Enamides as Nucleophiles in Asymmetric Catalysis.
Authors: Matsubara Ryosuke , Nakamura Yoshitaka , Kobayashi Shu 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pd(OAc)2‐Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling Reaction of Benzenes with Olefins in the Presence of Molybdovanadophosphoric Acid under Atmospheric Dioxygen and Air.
Authors: Tani Masayuki , Sakaguchi Satoshi , Ishii Yasutaka 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Development of a Novel Ionic Support and Its Application in the Ionic Liquid Phase Assisted Synthesis of a Potent Antithrombotic.
Authors: de Kort Martin , Tuin Adriaan W. , Kuiper Suzanne , Overkleeft Hermen S. , van der Marel Gijs A. , Buijsman Rogier C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Perfluoro‐ and 2‐Trifluoromethylpentafluorodihydrofurans and Their Epoxy Derivatives.
Authors: Filyakova T. I. , Kodess M. I. , Zapevalov A. Ya. , Saloutin V. I. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Cyclopropanation of Alkenes via (2‐Furyl)carbene Complexes from 1‐Benzoyl‐cis‐1‐buten‐3‐yne with Transition Metal Compounds.
Authors: Miki Koji , Yokoi Tomomi , Nishino Fumiaki , Kato Yumiko , Washitake Yosuke , Ohe Kouichi , Uemura Sakae 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Pot Synthesis of the Indole Derivative 4‐Chloro‐3‐sulfamoyl‐N‐(2,3‐dihydro‐2‐methyl‐1H‐indol‐1‐yl)benzamide (Indapamide).
Authors: Ziobro Barbara , Sienkiewicz Barbara , Kowalski Piotr 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective Cyclization Using Palladium(II) Catalyst via Hemiacetal Intermediates.
Authors: Miyazawa Masahiro , Hirose Yukari , Narantsetseg Magsarjav , Yokoyama Hajime , Yamaguchi Seiji , Hirai Yoshiro 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
(.+‐.)‐cis‐(6‐Ethyl‐tetrahydropyran‐2‐yl)‐formic Acid: A Novel Substance with Antinociceptive Properties.
Authors: Miranda L. S. M. , Marinho Bruno G. , Leitao Suzana G. , Matheus Maria Eline , Fernandes Patricia D. , Vasconcellos M. L. A. A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactions of 1‐Aryl‐2,2‐dibromobutan‐1‐ones with Zinc and Alkyl 6‐Bromo‐2‐oxo‐2‐H‐chromen‐3‐carboxylate.
Authors: Zhchepin V. V. , Kalyuzhnyi M. M. , Zhchepin R. V. , Vakhrin M. I. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cyclooligomerization of Acetylene with Acetonitrile to 2‐Amino‐3‐(1‐iminoethyl)‐6‐methylpyridine in the System KOH—CH3CN.
Authors: Trofimov B. A. , Mal'kina A. G. , Afonin A. V. , Ushakov I. A. , Nosyreva V. V. , Bel'skii V. K. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New α‐(N)‐Heterocyclichydrazones: Evaluation of Anticancer, anti‐HIV, and Antimicrobial Activity.
Authors: Savini Luisa , Chiasserini Luisa , Travagli Valter , Pellerano Cesare , Novellino Ettore , Cosentino Sofia , Pisano M. Barbara 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Facile One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Substituted‐3‐aminoquinolines: Preparation of Benzo[b]naphthyridine‐3‐carbonitriles.
Authors: Wang Yanong D. , Boschelli Diane H. , Johnson Steven , Honores Erick 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2‐(1H)‐ones by Aluminum Hydrogensulfate.
Authors: Khodaei M. M. , Salehi P. , Zolfigol M. A. , Sirouszadeh S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Properties of Novel Sulfonamides Containing 1,3‐Dimethyl‐1H‐quinazoline‐2,4‐dione Fragment.
Authors: Khakhina M. Yu. , Korsakov M. K. , Balakin K. V. , Skorenko A. V. , Kravchenko D. V. , Solov'ev M. Yu. , Proskurina I. K. , Dorogov M. V. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Rapid and Convenient Synthesis of Novel 1‐Imino‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazino[2,1‐b]quinazolin‐5‐ones.
Authors: Pereira Maria de Fatima , Alexandre Francois Rene , Thiery Valerie , Besson Thierry 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heterocyclizations of Functionalized Heterocumulenes with C,N‐ and C,O‐Dinucleophiles. Part 3. Cyclization of N‐(1‐Aryl‐1‐chloro‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl)‐N′‐arylcarbodiimides with 3‐Substituted 1‐Phenylpyrazol‐5‐ones.
Authors: Bol'but A. V. , Dorokhov V. I. , Sukach V. A. , Tolmachev A. A. , Vovk M. V. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Interconversion Between syn and anti Conformations of 1,3‐Bis(O‐cyanomethyl)‐p‐tert‐butylthiacalix[4]arene.
Authors: Bhalla Vandana , Kumar Manoj , Kabuto Chizuko , Hattori Tetsutaro , Miyano Sotaro 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 1,6‐Dihydro‐ and 4‐(4‐Nitrophenyl)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidine, 1H‐ and 1‐Phenyl‐1H‐pyrazole, and Isoxazole Derivatives on the Basis of Cyclopentanonopimaric Acid.
Authors: Tret'yakova E. V. , Flekhter O. B. , Galin F. Z. , Spirikhin L. V. , Baikova I. P. , Tolstikov G. A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective Addition of Pyridyl Lithium to 22‐Aldehyde Steroid. Synthesis of 22‐Piperidin‐yl‐pregnan‐3β, 22(S)‐Diol.
Authors: Visbal Gonzalo , Alvarez‐Aular Alvaro 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of a Ring Fragment of 9α,11α‐Thiathromboxane A2. Procedure for Bond C1—C2 Cleavage in Monosaccharides by an Example of D‐Glucose 2‐Deoxy‐3‐mesyl Derivative.
Authors: Bikbulatov R. V. , Akhmetvallev R. R. , Akbutina F. A. , Spirikhin L. V. , Miftakhov M. S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cyclopentane Ring Fusion to α‐Iodo and α‐Bromo Levoglucosenone Derivatives with 2,2‐Dimethyl‐1,3‐dinitropropane.
Authors: Tsypysheva I. P. , Valeev F. A. , Kalimullina L. Kh. , Spirikhin L. V. , Safarov M. G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Syntheses of (‐)‐Funebrine (I) and (‐)‐Funebral (II), Using Sequential Transesterification and Intramolecular Cycloaddition of a Chiral Nitrone.
Authors: Tamura Osamu , Iyama Nobutaka , Ishibashi Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 5‐Methoxymethyl, 5‐(2‐Methoxyethyl), and 5‐Allyl Thebaine, Codeinone, and Morphinone Derivatives.
Authors: Lotfy H. R. , Schultz A. G. , Metwally M. A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective Construction of the Pyrrolizidine Bridgehead Stereochemistry by the Adjacent Hydroxyl Group in the Synthesis of (+)‐Heliotridine and (‐)‐Retronecine.
Authors: Huang Jie‐Ming , Hong Sea‐Chuan , Wu Kun‐Liang , Tsai Yeun‐Min 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Prostanoids. Part 85. Synthesis 9‐Oxo Derivatives of 9‐LO Thromboxans.
Authors: Akhmetvaleev R. R. , Bikbulatov R. V. , Belogaeva T. A. , Akbutina F. A. , Miftakhov M. S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Facile and Efficient Synthesis of 2,2‐Bis(3′/2′‐indolyl)ethylamines and Three Bisindolic Natural Products.
Authors: Chakrabarty Manas , Ghosh Nandita , Basak Ramkrishna , Harigaya Yoshihiro 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of rac‐ and meso‐1,2‐Bis(tert‐butylchlorophosphino)‐1,2‐ Dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane(12) and Transition‐Metal Complexes Thereof
Authors: Sterzik A. , Maulana I. , Blaurock S. , Loennecke P. , Rys E. , Kalinin V. N. , Hey‐Hawkins E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Natural and Synthetic closo‐ Monocarbon Carborane‐Substituted Porphyrins
Authors: Ol'shevskaya V. A. , Zaitsev A. V. , Gyul'malieva M. A. , Kalinin V. N. , Evstigneeva R. P. , Luzgina V. N. , Morris J. H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Observational Tests for Grain Chemistry: Posterior Isotopic Labelling
Authors: Charnley S. B. , Ehrenfreund P. , Millar T. J. , Boogert A. C. A. , Markwick A. J. , Butner H. M. , Ruiterkamp R. , Rodgers S. D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis, enantiomeric resolution, and selective C‐11 methylation of a highly selective radioligand for imaging the norepinephrine transporter with positron emission tomography
Authors: Lin Kuo‐Shyan , Ding Yu‐Shin 
Published: June 2004

AbstractReboxetine, 2‐[α‐(2‐ethoxyphenoxy)benzyl]morpholine, is a highly selective norepinephrine transporter (NET) blocker that has been used for the treatment of depression. Its methyl analogue, 2‐[α‐(2‐methoxyphenoxy)benzyl]morpholine (MRB), has been radiolabeled with C‐11 for studies of the NET system with positron emission tomography (PET). The normethyl precursor, 2‐[α‐(2‐hydroxyphenoxy)benzyl]morpholine (desethylreboxetine), was synthesized in 6% overall yield via a multi‐step regio‐ and stereo‐specific synthesis, starting from a mono‐O‐protected catechol. The resulting racemic mixture of desethylreboxetine was resolved by chiral HPLC to provide the (2S,3S) and (2R,3R) enantiomers in >98% enantiomeric excess. These enantiomers were then used as precursors for radiosynthesis to prepare enantiomerically pure individual 11C‐labeled MRB enantiomers for comparative PET studies in baboons. Selective C‐11 methylation at the phenolic oxygen with [11C]CH3I was achieved in the presence of excess base. After HPLC purification, racemic ((2S,3S)/(2R,3R)) or enantiomerically pure ((2S,3S) or (2R,3R)) [11C]MRB was obtained in 61–74% decay‐corrected radiochemical yields from [11C]CH3I in a synthesis time of 40 min with a radiochemical purity of >96% and a specific activity of 1.7–2.3 Ci/μmol (63–85 GBq/μmol) corrected from the end of bombardment (EOB). Chirality 16:475–481, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
VCD configuration of enantiopure/‐enriched tetrasubstituted α‐fluoro cyclohexanones and their use for epoxidation of trans‐olefins
Authors: Freedman T.B. , Cao X. , Nafie L.A. , Solladié‐Cavallo A. , Jierry L. , Bouerat L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe configurations of three enantiopure tetrasubstituted α‐fluoro cyclohexanones (–)‐5Ia, (–)‐5IIa and (–)‐6a were determined by VCD and proved to be (–)‐(2S,5R)‐5Ia, (–)‐(2R,5R)‐5IIa, and (–)‐(2R,5R)‐6a. The VCD study also identified the conformers populated in CDCl3 solution, including higher‐energy gas‐phase conformers with equatorial fluorine for 5Ia and 5IIa that are stabilized in CDCl3 solution. Used as catalysts for epoxidation of trans olefins (β‐methylstyrene, stilbene, methyl p‐methoxy cinnamate) by oxone, it was found that (–)‐5Ia is the most efficient for all trans olefins (providing, respectively, 62%, 90% and 66% ee) but that all three ketones provide high ee% with stilbene (78–90% ee). Moreover, the configurations predicted from the stereo outcome of the epoxidation reaction are identical to those determined by VCD. Chirality 16:467–474, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early eyelid opening enhances spontaneous alternation and accelerates the development of perforant path synaptic strength in the hippocampus of juvenile rats
Authors: Dumas Theodore C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDevelopment of the hippocampus is not entirely preprogrammed; its structure and function are sensitive to postnatal experience. For instance, neonatal handling/exposure to novelty and peripubertal environmental enrichment enhance hippocampal function and related memory abilities. However, these complex environmental manipulations make it difficult to deduce the primary stimuli that drive more rapid hippocampal maturation, and few experiments have studied the neural mechanisms that support the behavioral modifications. To address these issues, I performed early eyelid opening in rat pups and examined developmental alterations in exploration of a Y‐maze and in synaptic transmission measured in hippocampal slices. Early eyelid opening accelerated development of spontaneous alternation. Additionally, early eyelid opening promoted more rapid remodeling of afferent input to the dentate gyrus and area CA1 as well as earlier maturation of perforant path synaptic physiology. These findings implicate visual input as an extrinsic factor that drives hippocampal development and the emergence of hippocampal‐dependent behavior. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 45: 1–9, 2004.
Emergence of the exploratory motive in rats
Authors: Goodwin Gregory A. , Yacko Holly 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAs infant rats approach weaning, they must overcome their infantile attraction to the home nest and prepare to leave its safety to forage for food. Although nutritive needs may help to motivate pups to make this bold move, a newly emerging exploratory motive also may play a role. Three experiments are reported here which examine age‐related changes in the exploratory motive. In the first experiment, preferences for a novel side over a familiar side of a two‐sided testing chamber were examined in postnatal Days 15 (P15), 17 (P17), 19 (P19), and 21 (P21) rat pups. Subjects did not prefer to explore the novel side until P19. In the same test, no preference for a novel object was observed at any of the ages tested, suggesting that this preference, which is expressed in adulthood, does not emerge until a later age; however, additional studies are needed to verify this. In the second experiment, P15 subjects demonstrated their ability to discriminate the two sides of the testing chamber in a novelty‐induced locomotion test. In the third experiment, the presence of a home‐nest‐associated object was shown to inhibit exploration of novel context in P15, but not P21, subjects. These data suggest that home nest egression may be more the consequence of the declining attractiveness of the home nest than of a growing exploratory motive. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 45: 34–48, 2004.
‘Irrational’ stated preferences: a quantitative and qualitative investigation
Authors: Miguel Fernando San , Ryan Mandy , Amaya‐Amaya Mabelle 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIndividuals' rationality has been a key issue long debated in Economics. While normative theories establish the way ‘rational’ consumers should behave, many empirical studies have documented numerous systematic violations of normative principles. This has led some to question the validity of classic economic models as an adequate approximation of individuals' real decision‐making. This paper aims to shed more light on this debate. A stated preference choice experiment was set up to test rational choice properties. Attention was given to the extent to which satisfaction of such tests is related to both the complexity of the design, and subject characteristics. Quantitative and qualitative methods are applied. The majority of respondents passed the rationality tests. Satisfaction of the tests was sensitive to normatively irrelevant factors such as the complexity of the task and demographic characteristics. A significant proportion of those individuals who ‘failed’ seem to have reformulated the experiment in some way in their mental process. Implications for the design and analyses of future DCEs are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Explaining the differences in income‐related health inequalities across European countries
Authors: Doorslaer Eddy van , Koolman Xander 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper provides new evidence on the sources of differences in the degree of income‐related inequalities in self‐assessed health in 13 European Union member states. It goes beyond earlier work by measuring health using an interval regression approach to compute concentration indices and by decomposing inequality into its determining factors. New and more comparable data were used, taken from the 1996 wave of the European Community Household Panel. Significant inequalities in health (utility) favouring the higher income groups emerge in all countries, but are particularly high in Portugal and — to a lesser extent — in the UK and in Denmark. By contrast, relatively low health inequality is observed in the Netherlands and Germany, and also in Italy, Belgium, Spain Austria and Ireland. There is a positive correlation with income inequality per se but the relationship is weaker than in previous research. Health inequality is not merely a reflection of income inequality. A decomposition analysis shows that the (partial) income elasticities of the explanatory variables are generally more important than their unequal distribution by income in explaining the cross‐country differences in income‐related health inequality. Especially the relative health and income position of non‐working Europeans like the retired and disabled explains a great deal of ‘excess inequality’. We also find a substantial contribution of regional health disparities to socio‐economic inequalities, primarily in the Southern European countries. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.