bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of silybin and its glycosides on the expression of cytochromes P450 1A2 and 3A4 in primary cultures of human hepatocytes
Authors: Kosina Pavel , Maurel Patrick , Ulrichová Jitka , Dvořák Zdeněk 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFour β‐glycosides of flavonoligan silybin, i.e. silybin β‐galactoside, silybin β‐glucoside, silybin β‐maltoside, silybin β‐lactoside were synthesized in order to improve silybin water solubility and bioavailability (Křen et al., J Chem Soc, Perkin Trans 1, 2467–2474, 1997). The presented paper deals with the effect of silybin and its synthetic β‐glycosides on the expression of two major cytochrome P450 isoforms, CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. Primary cultures of human hepatocytes were the model of choice. mRNAs were analyzed using Northern blot and P‐radiolabelled probes. CYP protein content was determined by immunoblotting using specific antibodies. Silybin and its β‐glycosides do not induce expression of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. Tested compounds did not affect inducible expression of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 by dioxin and rifampicin, respectively, as evaluated at the level of mRNAs and proteins. Silybin and its β‐glycosides do not interfere with the expression of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4, are not likely to produce drug–drug interactions in terms of the inducibility of two important cytochromes P450. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:149–153, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20066
Endogenous antioxidant defence system in rat liver following mercury chloride oral intoxication
Authors: Bando Inmaculada , Reus María Isabel Sánchez , Andrés David , Cascales María 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMercury is a highly toxic metal which induces oxidative stress. Superoxide dismutases, catalase, and glutathion peroxidase are proteins involved in the endogenous antioxidant defence system. In the present study rats were administered orally, by gavage, a single daily dose of HgCl2 for three consecutive days. In order to find a relation between the proteins involved in the antioxidant defence and mercury intoxication, parameters of liver injury, redox state of the cells, as well as intracellular protein levels and enzyme activities of Mn‐dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), Cu‐Zn‐dependent superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were assayed both in blood and in liver homogenates.HgCl2 at the doses of 0.1 mg/kg produced liver damage which that was detected by a slight increase in serum alanine aminotransferase and gamma glutamyl transferase. Hepatic GSH/GSSG ratio was assayed as a parameter of oxidative stress and a significant decrease was detected, as well as significant increases in enzyme activities and protein levels of hepatic antioxidant defence systems. Changes in both MnSOD and CuZnSOD were parallel to those of liver injury and oxidative stress, while the changes detected in catalase and GPx activities were progressively increased along with the mercury intoxication. Other enzyme activities related to the glutathione redox cycle, such as glutathione reductase (GR) and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), also increased progressively.We conclude that against low doses of mercury that produce a slight oxidative stress and liver injury, the response of the liver was to induce the synthesis and activity of the enzymes involved in the endogenous antioxidant system. The activities of all the enzymes assayed showed a rapidly induced coordinated response. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:154–161, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20067
Effect of subchronic acrylamide exposure on the expression of neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat brain
Authors: Kim Kisok 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAcrylamide (ACR) is a known industrial neurotoxic chemical. Evidence suggests that ACR neurotoxic effect is related to brain neurotransmission disturbances. Since nitric oxide (NO) acts as a neurotransmission modulator and is produced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the neuronal NOS (nNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) expression pattern were determined in rat cerebral cortex and striatum after subchronic exposure to ACR. Using immunocytochemistry, the neuronal count of nNOS or optical density of iNOS from sections at three coronal levels, bregma 1.0, −0.4, and −2.3 mm, were compared between ACR‐treated and control rats. At all three levels, nNOS expressions were uniformly decreased in most of the neocortical subregions following the treatment of ACR. At bregma level 1.0 mm, total numbers of nNOS expressing neurons were significantly decreased to 58.7% and 64.7% of the control in the cortex and striatum of ACR‐treated rats, respectively. However, at the bregma level −2.3 mm, ACR treatment did not produce a significant difference in the numbers of nNOS expressing neurons both in the cortex and striatum. Contrary to nNOS, iNOS expressions were consistently increased to approximately 32% in the neocortex and 25% in the striatum, following the subchronic ACR treatment. These data suggest that subchronic ACR exposure involves compensatory mechanism on nNOS and iNOS expression to maintain the homeostasis of NO at the rostral part of the neocortex and the striatum. However, in the caudal brain, increased iNOS expression did not suppress nNOS expression. Therefore, the present study is consistent with the hypothesis that ACR toxicity is mediated through the disturbance to the NO signaling pathway and exhibits a rostrocaudal difference through the differential expressions of nNOS and iNOS in the neocortex and the striatum. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:162–168, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20069
The agricultural health study biomarker workshop on cancer etiology
Authors: Bonner Matthew R. , Alavanja Michael C. R. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:169–171, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20070
A study on immunological responses to exposures encountered in corn farming
Authors: Vermeulen R. , Roos A. J. De , Bakke B. , Blair A. , Hildesheim A. , Pinto L. , Gillette P. P. , Lynch C. F. , Allen R. H. , Alavanja M. C. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:172, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20071
Biomarkers of thyroid function, genotoxicity and agricultural fungicide use
Authors: Garry Vincent F. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:175, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20073
Identification of biomarkers of arsenic exposure and metabolism in urine using SELDI technology
Authors: Moore L. E. , Pfeiffer R. , Warner M. , Clark M. , Skibola C. , Steinmous C. , Alguacil J. , Rothman N. , Smith M. T. , Smith A. H. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:176–176, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20074
Biomarkers of effects: The immune system
Authors: Selgrade MaryJane K. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:177–179, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20075
Toxicology of AHS important chemicals
Authors: Hodgson Ernest , Rose Randy L. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:180–181, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20076
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) status and risk of insecticide exposure
Authors: Furlong Clement E. , Cole Toby B. , Walter Betsy J. , Shih Diana M. , Tward Aaron , Lusis Aldons J. , Timchalk Charles , Richter Rebecca J. , Costa Lucio G. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:182–183, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20079
Role of host susceptibility to toxicity and cancer caused by pesticides: Cytochromes P450
Authors: Nebert Daniel W. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:184–186, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20080
Glutathione S‐transferases as putative host susceptibility genes for cancer risk in agricultural workers
Authors: Eaton David L. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:187–189, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20081
Discussion and conclusions
Authors: Alavanja Michael C. R. , Bonner Matthew R. , Furlong Clement E. , Allen Ruth , Hodgson Ernest 
Published: June 2005

Abstract© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:192–193, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20083
Introduction: is it possible to create pro‐poor agriculture‐related biotechnology?
Authors: Chataway Joanna 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBiotechnology represents hope for those who believe that new technology can contribute to overcoming a range of pressing productivity and environmental constraints facing poor farmers. Pouring money into the science and technology however without recognizing institutional and systemic complexities associated with creating ‘pro‐poor’ technologies is unlikely to deliver much for those farmers. Moreover, there are a range of economic and political contextual factors which further complicate efforts to put the technology to use for poorer farmers. This article outlines some of the issues and possible new approaches which are discussed in more detail in later articles in this special issue. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capacity development for agricultural biotechnology in developing countries: an innovation systems view of what it is and how to develop it
Authors: Hall Andy 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThere are divergent views on what capacity development might mean in relation to agricultural biotechnology. The core of this debate is whether this should involve the development of human capital and research infrastructure, or whether it should encompass a wider range of activities which also include developing the capacity to use knowledge productively. This paper uses the innovation systems concept to shed light on this discussion, arguing that it is innovation capacity rather than science and technology capacity that has to be developed. It then presents six examples of different capacity development approaches. It concludes by suggesting that policy needs to take a multidimensional approach to capacity development in line with innovation systems perspective. But it also argues that policy needs to recognise the need to develop the capacity of diversity of innovation systems and that a key part of the capacity development task is to bring about the integration of these different systems at strategic points in time. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Science and technology capacity building and partnership in African agriculture: perspectives on Mali and Egypt
Authors: Ayele Seife , Wield David 
Published: June 2005

AbstractScience and technology (S&T) have long been seen as key for development. This paper considers the issue of capacity building in the light of recent reconceptualization of the role of science and technology in development. Reconceptualization suggests that science and technology are better seen as key elements of innovation systems, which are themselves the means of gaining value from knowledge creation; and, that innovation, knowledge and development are tightly knit elements of a system of organisations and institutions that must function coherently for improved knowledge and innovation systems to emerge. Developing such systems requires linkages of many types. The paper describes and discusses the conceptual basis for capacity building interventions, using partnership‐based capacity building initiatives in new agricultural technologies from Mali and Egypt. The empirical analysis from both countries shows evidence of research capacity building in the form of recruitment, training of scientific staff and provision of research infrastructure. Unsurprisingly, given the S&T knowledge base, the Malian case illustrates the difficulty of moving beyond basic forms of research capacity building. In Egypt, with significant S&T capacity, there is evidence of organizational and institutional innovation towards broader knowledge, and innovation system development in agri‐biotechnology. The role of partnerships, and government as ‘systems‐builder’, are shown to be important. Lessons are drawn from these (and other) cases about the relationship between partnerships, S&T and innovation capacity building. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Context‐bound knowledge production, capacity building and new product networks
Authors: Smith James 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper seeks to analyse a partnership‐led veterinary vaccine initiative, the East Coast Fever Project, as a potentially new model of institutionally disembedded research and development partnership that functions in a developing country context. The paper is theoretically informed by work on knowledge and power within development studies, and partnerships and information within studies of innovation systems. This dual approach raises interesting questions and insights for understanding how research institutions function in a developing country context. The case study itself provides an example of a more ‘complete’ approach to innovation, understanding the need to both identify needs and priorities, and to engage with ways to market the vaccine. This new product network unconsciously speaks to many of the issues raised by studies of development and innovation and as a result is quite successful in navigating through complex institutional relationships and in building research capacity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formal and informal governance of agricultural biotechnology in Kenya: participation and accountability in controversy surrounding the draft biosafety bill
Authors: Harsh Matthew 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFormal governance of agricultural biotechnology in Kenya—i.e. national institutional and policy developments—has been loosely co‐ordinated and largely reactive, both in terms of bio‐safety and in terms of setting national priorities. At the same time, modern biotechnology developments have been occurring for over a decade, mainly driven by public‐private partnerships. Governance of biotechnology has thus been largely informal with strategic decisions being made mainly outside state mechanisms. The distinction between formal and informal governance sheds light on the current draft biosafety bill of Kenya and how it is pivotal for tipping biotechnology developments more towards increased accountability and open participation of farmers and publics. The government of Kenya, non‐governmental actors and donors must all make actions to shape a more productive interaction between formal and informal governance to avoid immediate and long‐term repercussions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Science and governance of modern biotechnology in Sub‐Saharan Africa—the case of Uganda
Authors: Wafula David , Clark Norman 
Published: June 2005

AbstractScience policy, particularly as it applies to biotechnology and biosafety, has no single ‘correct’ approach to follow. An objective approach to biotechnology policy however requires three essential components: scientific advice, the engagement of a range of stakeholders in policy dialogue, and effective governance at a systemic level, in an ‘innovation systems’ sense, forming closer interaction between organizations and personnel to ensure that knowledge flows are maintained at all times. The article discusses the governance of modern biotechnology in Uganda. It shows that some progress is being made on interactivity among scientific organizations—many of whom are on the threshold of a capacity to become involved in gene transfer with potential application to the national needs. Interactivity, however, does not appear to be strong amongst governance bodies. Similarly the development of national policy, while strong in inspirational terms, seems in practice to be rather ad hoc and piecemeal, with uncertainty about who makes decisions and how these are to be implemented, monitored and evaluated. So, from an ‘innovation systems’ standpoint the governance of modern biotechnology in Uganda still has some way to go. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of development in the evolution of the scapula of the giant sthenurine kangaroos (Macropodidae: Sthenurinae)
Authors: Sears Karen E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractExtinct giant sthenurine kangaroos possessed scapulae morphologically distinct from those of all other extant and extinct adult macropodids, but qualitatively resembling those of newborn macropodids. The similarity between adult sthenurine and neonatal macropodid scapulae suggests that a developmental process, such as heterochrony, might have been behind the evolution of the unique sthenurine scapular morphology. By incorporating adult and ontogenetic data, this study examines the evolution and development of the sthenurine scapula. This study quantitatively upholds the previous qualitative morphological observations of macropodid scapulae and finds that ontogenetic and evolutionary morphological changes are correlated in macropodids. The similarity of scapula morphology in sthenurines and newborn macropodids, the correlation between ontogenetic and evolutionary morphological change, and information from other sources (i.e., sthenurine evolutionary history) suggests that pedomorphic shifts in morphology, most likely due to neotenic processes, occurred within the development of the scapula of giant sthenurines. J. Morphol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis C virus infection in 2,744 hemodialysis patients followed regularly at nine centers in Hiroshima during November 1999 through February 2003
Authors: Kumagai Junko , Komiya Yutaka , Tanaka Junko , Katayama Keiko , Tatsukawa Yorimitsu , Yorioka Noriaki , Miyakawa Yuzo , Yoshizawa Hiroshi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPatients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD) are at increased risk of infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV). A prospective follow‐up study on HCV infection from November 1999 to February 2003 was conducted in nine hemodialysis (HD) units in Hiroshima. A total of 2,744 HD patients were surveyed regularly for HCV RNA in serum. The prevalence of HCV RNA decreased from 15.7% (262/1,664) on the first survey to 12.9% (242/1,882) in the last one (P < 0.05). This decrease may be attributed to the inclusion of patients with a lower prevalence of HCV RNA compared to patients leaving dialysis centers (111/1,080 [10.3%] vs. 132/862 [15.3%], P < 0.01). During the 40 months of this study, 16 de novo HCV infections were documented in the nine HD units corresponding to an incidence of 0.33% per year. These cases included eight new HCV infections, three re‐infections, and five infections that presumably occured in the window period when tested during the first survey. Our study shows that the annual incidence of de novo HCV infection during HD was 0.33%, and emphasizes the need for frequent serum HCV RNA testing and for stringent disinfection procedures in order to prevent the transmission of HCV in these settings. J. Med. Virol. 76:498–502, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection and genotyping of GBV‐C virus in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Abu Odeh Raed O. , Al‐Moslih Moslih I. , Al‐Jokhdar Mohammed Wafi , Ezzeddine Sinda A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGB virus‐C/Hepatitis G virus (GBV‐C/HGV), collectively known as GBV‐C, is spread widely and has been reported to be associated with non A‐E hepatitis. The aim of the current project was to determine the rate of infection and genotypic characteristics of GBV‐C in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A total of 379 plasma/serum samples representing different populations in the UAE and comprising healthy as well as patients positive for HBV and HCV were screened using RT‐PCR/nested PCR of the 5′‐untranslated region (UTR). National subjects (n = 168) and non‐nationals residing in the UAE (n = 211) were tested. The results obtained showed that the rate of GBV‐C infection in healthy nationals, and those positive for HCV or HBV were 11.1%, 14.3%, and 5.7%, respectively, compared to 8.3%, 33.3%, and 8.6%, respectively, in non‐nationals. No statistically significant correlation between infection with GBV‐C and HCV or HBV (P > 0.05) was found. Sequence analysis of the 5′‐UTR using 37 and 46 clones from 8 and 6 healthy nationals and non‐nationals, respectively, revealed the prevalence of the European/North American genotype 2 when compared to the five reference genotypes in GenBank. J. Med. Virol. 76:534–540, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unexpected occasional persistence of high levels of HHV‐6 DNA in sera: Detection of variants A and B
Authors: Ward Katherine N. , Thiruchelvam Anton D. , Couto‐Parada Xosé 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPreviously it was thought that in the immunocompetent human herpesvirus‐6 [HHV‐6] DNA was present transiently in serum during early primary infection but not thereafter. In this study, HHV‐6 serum IgG avidity was detected by immunofluorescence and HHV‐6 variants A/B [HHV‐6A/B] serum DNA by semi‐quantitative PCR [titre—log10 copies/ml] in: (a) young children <3 years old from an encephalitis Survey, and a control Anonymised Serum Bank and (b) children/adults referred for diagnosis. The results showed that 11 out of 15 children [all <2 years] with primary infection proven by seroconversion had transient low levels of serum HHV‐6B DNA [mean titre 2.6]. However, 3.3% (6/184) of Survey Children had significantly higher levels [mean titre 5.3; 2 HHV‐6A; 4 HHV‐6B; P < 0.001]. Similarly high level serum DNA [mean titre 4.0; 4 HHV‐6A; 6 HHV‐6B] was found in 1.5% (10/653) of the Serum Bank Children. Moreover, seven young children <3 years old [four Survey Children and three referred for diagnosis] had high titre serum HHV‐6 DNA [mean 4.8] persisting i.e., in all available samples [median 186 days]. Three older children >3 years old and 4 adults [3 of whom were the mothers of 3 of the young children with persisting HHV‐6] also had persisting high titre viral DNA [mean 4.2; median 108 days]. Thus in contrast to acute primary infection, where only HHV‐6B DNA is found transiently, both HHV‐6A and B DNA persist in serum at high titre in occasional individuals of all ages. The significance of this newly described phenomenon in relation to diagnosis, clinical consequences and congenital infection are discussed. J. Med. Virol. 76:563–570, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.