bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interovarian communication for the control of follicular growth and corpus luteum function in the cebus monkey
Authors: Nagle C. A. , Digiano L. , Paul N. , Terlato M. , Quiroga S. , Mendizabal A. F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe have investigated the role of the utero‐ovarian ligament (UOL) in the alternating ovulatory performance of the ovaries in the capuchin monkey. In intact animals, the ovulation rate was near 90%, with 67.5% of ovulations occurring in the left ovary. Sectioning the UOL in any phase of the cycle decreased the ovulation rate by 40%, and restricted ovulations to the ovary still connected to the uterus by the UOL. Estradiol and progesterone levels were significantly reduced throughout the following cycles in treated monkeys. Removal of the ovary that had been disconnected 18‐20 months previous, restored both the ovulation rate and normal steroid levels. Histological study of the UOL revealed the presence of arteries, veins, lymph vessels, and nerves. Electrical stimulation of the UOL was followed by an abrupt discharge of estradiol by the ovary bearing the follicle, advancing ovulation which was followed by a normal luteal development. Conversely, stimulation of the ovary bearing a corpus luteum did not modify either the ovarian or the peripheral levels of ovarian steroids. The UOL ligament appeared to be functional for products arising from the uterus. The distribution and effects of hCG injected intrauterinely depended upon the day of the luteal phase. In the early luteal phase, hCG was distributed symmetrically between both ovaries, and increased the progesterone secretion by the ovulatory ovary only. In the late luteal phase, hCG was preferentially distributed to the ovulatory ovary, and increased the progesterone secretion by both ovaries. The present findings provide evidence for a local mechanism, throughout the UOL, controlling both the alternation of ovulation and the transfer of substances originating in the uterus that regulate the ovarian function in primates. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diurnal urinary corticoid excretion in the human and gorilla
Authors: Czekala N. M. , Lance V. A. , Sutherland‐Smith M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUrinary corticoids were measured in humans (n = 9) in frequently collected urine samples taken during a 48 hr period, and in captive western lowland gorillas (n = 5) and free‐ranging mountain gorillas (n = 3) from samples taken from 0700 to 1800 hr. In each study, the highest concentrations occurred in the morning hours, then declined gradually, reaching the lowest levels in the afternoon to evening. These data show that a similar diurnal pattern of corticoid excretion does occur in these species. We suggest that if single‐sample urine collection for determination of hyperadrenal activity is to be used, urine is best collected during hours of low corticoid excretion. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infant mortality: The role of the macaque as a model for human disease
Authors: Hendrickx Andrew G. , Tarantal Alice F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFactors which have been identified as the leading causes of infant mortality include birth defects, hemoglobinopathies, prematurity, and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). In order to further our understanding of the specific causes of infant mortality and the mechanisms by which they occur, suitable animal models will be required. Studies with nonhuman primates (specifically the macaque) have addressed malformation/functional deficit syndromes such as those associated with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), nutritional deficiencies, and retinoid teratogenicity. These studies have provided critical information for further basic and preventive research. In addition, efforts to evaluate the safety of diagnostic ultrasound continue to aid in identifying safe methods for exposure. From a prenatal perspective, cellular transplantation has been shown to be a feasible method for treating individuals with inherited defects in utero, thereby avoiding postnatal transplantation and the associated risks. Longterm complications of prematurity have also been pursued with growth factors (i.e., epidermal growth factor) noted to play an important role in both pre‐ and postnatal development of the gastrointestinal tract and lung. As one of the most distressing causes of death in infancy, SIDS will require a concentrated effort to understand the basic mechanism(s) responsible for the characteristic respiratory complications. The nonhuman primate will continue to provide critical information as the model of choice for the human in determining the causes, mechanisms, and treatments for these significant causes of infant death. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of neotropical and Malagasy primate species in biomedical research
Authors: Mittermeier Russell A. , Konstant William R. , Mast Roderic B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThere are 16 genera with 87 species of Neotropical primates, of which 18 (20.7%) are endangered. Only a handful of Neotropical species are utilized in biomedical research, and, of these, none are currently endangered. The few species utilized in biomedicine that are threatened in the wild are now bred largely from captive colonies. In Madagascar, there are 14 genera and 32 species, none of which are utilized widely in biomedical research. The current position should not induce complacency, as it presents an opportunity. Where knowledge is being gained, in laboratories and zoos, concerning the reproduction, genetics, social organization, behavior, and diseases of primates, it is vital that the relevant knowledge be transferred as far as possible to improve management of the same or related species in the field. Challenges for the future will require action plans for species and for habitats. There is a need for sound scientific knowledge on which to base such plans. In addition, the technological advances developed in laboratories, such as non‐invasive assays, assisted reproduction, genetic profiles, and vaccines, are likely to play a growing part in future conservation programs. Finally, knowledge gained from field studies can greatly improve the care and management of species in captivity. Greater cooperation and more efficient mechanisms of communication between laboratory and field, zoos and the wild, and the many scientific disciplines involved are vital to ensure that global primate diversity is maintained. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imports: Current trends and usage
Authors: Held J. R. , Wolfle T. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNonhuman primates are essential to the advancement of some areas of biomedical research and testing. Some populations of these species in the wild may be threatened with extinction because of habitat destruction; therefore, the biomedical community has been monitoring trends in their importation and use, and supporting various conservation activities. During the past 25 years, there has been a marked decrease in importations into the United States, a large proportion of which is the result of a 1975 ban on their importation for the pet trade. During the same period, the need for biomedical purposes has remained fairly constant. Nonetheless, the reductions in imports have been augmented by the biomedical community through reducing losses during quarantine and conditioning, ensuring a more judicious use of these animals, and by increasing the availability of animals from breeding programs both in source countries and the United States. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seasonal variation in reproduction, juvenile growth, and adult body mass in golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia)
Authors: Dietz James M. , Baker Andrew J. , Miglioretti Diana 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData on the ecology, demography, and morphology of 465 golden lion tamarins in 22 wild groups suggest that avoidance of reproduction and weaning of infants during the dry season shaped the pattern of female reproduction. Post‐partum estrus may have evolved to allow females to produce and wean two successive litters during the 7‐month season of abundant food resources. Support for these hypotheses includes observations that nearly all births, lactation, and weaning of infants occurred during the wet season, a period of relatively abundant trophic resources. Litter sizes in the wild were smaller than for the captive population. Evidence that food limitation may have a greater negative impact on young juveniles than lactating females includes observations that female weight did not decrease with lactation, and that many births occurred during the transition between dry and wet seasons. Juveniles gained less weight during the dry season than during the wet season; however, there was no significant difference between weights of adults born early vs. late in the wet season. For females producing two litters/year, litter size and infant mortality did not differ for litters born early and late in the wet season. Adult males gained weight before and lost weight during the month of highest probability of female estrus, suggesting that competition for mates is energetically expensive for males. Although resources were abundant, adult males did not gain weight during months when most infant carrying took place, suggesting that this activity is also energetically expensive. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sodium, potassium, and protein concentrations and 2D‐SDS‐page of epididymal luminal and ejaculated seminal fluids of the adult chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Young L. G. , Hinton B. T. , Smithwick E. B. , Gould K. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe concentration of soluble protein and of sodium and potassium ions was estimated in chimpanzee caput epididymal luminal fluid, cauda epididymal luminal fluid, and ejaculated seminal fluid. Protein concentration was 48.5 ± 1.5 μg/μl in caput fluid, 26.8 ± 2.0 μg/μl in cauda fluid, and 53.0 ± 7.9 μg/μl in seminal fluid. Sodium concentration was 127.0 ± 7.0 mM in caput fluid, 34.5 ± 1.8 mM in cauda fluid, and 18.8 ± 1.8 mM in seminal fluid. Potassium concentration was 58.0 ± 0.0 mM in caput fluid, 56.8 ± 5.2 mM in cauda fluid, and 77.0 ± 1.7 mM in seminal fluid. Proteins in caput epididymal, cauda epididymal, and ejaculated seminal fluids, with approximate molecular weights (kDa) between <14.4 and 45.0 kDa and apparent isoelectric points (pIs) between 4.5 and 7.5, were resolved by two‐dimensional SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D‐SDS‐PAGE) and silver stained. In caput fluid, the most intensely stained polypeptides resolved between 14.4 and 21.5 kDa (pI 5.4–7.4). In cauda fluid, the number and intensity of stained components increased markedly, and the most intensely stained polypeptides resolved between 21.5 and 31.0 kDa (pI 5.7–7.3). In seminal fluid, polypeptides between <14.4 and 45.0 kDa (pI 5.7–7.4) appeared characteristically diffuse and distributed. These results demonstrate that the ions and the polypeptides in the luminal microenvironment change significantly along the epididymal duct of the male chimpanzee. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Environmental variation and developmental rate among free ranging yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus)
Authors: Wasser Lauren M. , Wasser Samuel K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBehavioral development was observed for the first 3 months of life on 18 infants from three troops of yellow balloons (Papio cynocephalus) in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Developmental rates were determined for each subject on six major behaviors using the slope from regression equations performed on developmental functions changes in behavior with age. These slopes were examined statistically for associations with social and physical variables that were hypothesized to influence developmental rates. Results showed that faster rates of development were significantly associated with certain environmental and social conditions. Infants born late in their cohort, infants born in a more physically immature state, infants living in a large troop, and female infants of low ranking mothers all had significantly faster rates of development than infants at the other extreme in these categories. These results are interpreted as evidence for developmental processes that compensate for environmental or physical conditions that negatively influence survivorship. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endocrine monitoring of the ovarian cycle and pregnancy in the saddle‐back tamarin (Saguinus fuscicollis) by measurement of steroid conjugates in urine
Authors: Heistermann M. , Hodges J. K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDirect measurements of urinary immunoreactive estrone conjugates (E1C) and pregnanediol glucuronide (PdG), were applied to monitoring the ovarian cycle (n = 9) and pregnancy (3 full term pregnancies, 2 mid‐term abortions) in Saguinus fuscicollis. During the ovarian cycle, urinary E1C concentrations revealed a high degree of day‐to‐day variability and appeared to be uninformative in reflecting cyclic ovarian function. In contrast, PdG was a reliable indicator of ovarian cyclicity with excretion patterns corresponding well with plasma progesterone profiles. Luteal phase PdG concentrations were on average 4–7–fold higher than corresponding follicular phase values. On the basis of changes in circulating progesterone, a mean cycle length of 25.7 ±1.0 days with an average follicular phase of 7.1 ± 0.6 days and a mean luteal phase of 18.6 ± 0.7 days, was found (n = 14 cycles). Following conception, both urinary steroid conjugate concentrations increased and elevated levels were maintained beyond the normal luteal phase length, allowing pregnancy to be determined at around day 25–30. During mid‐ to late pregnancy, PdG levels declined while E1C concentrations continued to be elevated until approximately 6 weeks before parturition when a decrease occurred. Both hormones showed a clear and rapid fall to follicular phase values following termination of pregnancy at either parturition or mid‐term abortion. Post partum ovulations (n = 5) occurred on average 17–18 days following birth with four ovulations leading to conceptions. The results demonstrate the potential of urinary steroid conjugate analysis as a practical and reliable method for non‐invasive monitoring of reproductive status in the female saddle‐back tamarin. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Feeding sites for extractive foraging by the aye‐aye, Daubentonia madagascariensis
Authors: Erickson Carl J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe aye‐aye, Daubentonia madagascariensis, uses its middle digit to tap on woody sources in search of subsurface cavities containing prey. The acoustical properties of these cavities are thought to be important to this percussive foraging, but the contributions of cavity size, configuration, and contents to efficient prey capture are not known. The purpose of this study was to characterize these cavities and their residents. An analysis of foraged trees at two sites in Madagascar revealed that many of the foraged cavities are mines bored by large cerambycid beetle larvae. Apparently cerambycids, as well as inquiline residents of their mines, are major targets of aye‐aye foraging behavior. The larvae bore extended mines that course approximately parallel to the long axes of the trees in which they reside. The orientation and large size of the mines offer an acoustical trail that the aye‐aye may follow to its prey. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Supra‐annual variation in the influence of Myrica rubra fruit on the behavior of a troop of Japanese macaques in Yakushima
Authors: Hill David A. , Agetsuma Naoki 
Published: June 2005

AbstractObservations were made on a well‐habituated natural troop of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui), living in warm‐temperate, lowland forest in Yakushima. Between mid‐May and the end of June the macaques feed on the fruit of the evergreen tree Myrica rubra (Myricaceae). The fruit of this species are abundant in some years and scarce in others. Data were compared for two heavy‐fruiting years (1988 and 1990) and one poor‐fruiting year (1991) to examine the influence of fruit availability on patterns of foraging, ranging, and the frequency of inter‐troop encounters. In both heavy‐fruiting years M. rubra fruit accounted for a maximum of over 70% of foraging time, compared with a maximum of <5% in the poor‐fruiting year. Heavy fruiting was also associated with a marked decrease in the overall time spent foraging. In early May of all three years troop movements were largely confined to northern parts of the home range. By early June of both heavy‐fruiting years ranging had shifted to the south‐west, and included an area with a high concentration of M. rubra trees. This area was rarely visited at other times, and was not visited during the study period in the poor‐fruiting year. The overlap in range‐use between the two heavy‐fruiting years was significantly greater than that between the heavy‐fruiting years and the poor‐fruiting year. Heavy fruiting was also associated with an increase in the frequency of inter‐troop encounters. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of masticatory morphology between Rhinopithecus bieti and R. roxellana
Authors: Pan Ruliang , Yanzhang Peng , Zhizhang Ye , Hong Wang , Fahong Yu 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe masticatory apparatus for two endemic species of golden monkey in China, Rhinopithecus bieti and Rhinopithecus roxellana, were compared with those of macaques, Macaca and leaf monkeys, Presbytis. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that the two golden monkey species are distinct. Interspecies allometric analyses revealed that golden monkeys differ in their masticatory apparatus from both macaques and leaf monkeys. The prominent symphysial fusion, corpus, and sagittal condylar dimension of R. roxellana may produce efficient biting force on the incisal and posterior canine teeth, with the heavy reaction force born on the temporomandibular joint. However, the well‐developed bizygamatic width and mandibular height in R. bieti suggest that posterior canine function is similarly prominent in R. roxellana, while incisal function is not. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diurnal and annual variation of adrenocortical activity in the squirrel monkey
Authors: Coe Christopher L. , Levine Seymour 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDiurnal changes in basal cortisol levels and stress reactivity were assessed in male and female squirrel monkeys. Blood samples were collected at four‐hour intervals throughout the day and night in the mating and nonmating seasons. Basal cortisol levels in females were similar in both seasons, but males tended to have higher cortisol levels during the mating season, especially at night. For both sexes, cortisol secretion was highest between 0400 and 0800 preceding the onset of the diurnal activity period. Assessment of cortisol responses following brief handling and anesthesia indicated that stress responses were relatively stable across the year, but cortisol increments were slightly higher in the nonmating season. Cortisol levels post‐stress were generally related to prior baseline values. Thus, a knowledge of biorhythmic changes in basal hormone levels was important for predicting hormone levels after acute stressors. Males also underwent marked seasonal variation in their basal testosterone levels, which markedly altered the nature of their testosterone responses 30‐minutes poststress. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characteristics of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) ejaculates collected by rectal probe electrostimulation and by artificial vagina
Authors: Young L. G. , Smithwick E. B. , Gould K. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study compares characteristics of ejaculates collected from 16 adult male chimpanzees using rectal probe electrostimulation (RPE) and from 10 adult male chimpanzees trained to use an artificial vagina (AV). Ejaculate weight, semen volume, and sperm number were significantly lower (P < 0.01) and percentage liquefaction was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in ejaculates collected by RPE. Percentages of motile sperm and of live sperm in semen did not differ significantly between the two collection methods. Total amounts of protein and of α‐glucosidase activity were significantly lower (P < 0.01) in seminal fluid from RPE samples. For ejaculates collected by RPE, semen volume correlated positively with protein (r = 0.8640, P < 0.001), fructose (r = 0.6976, P < 0.001), and citrate (r = 0.6976, P < 0.001); sperm number correlated positively with α‐glucosidase activity (r = 0.6547, P < 0.001); and protein correlated positively with fructose (r = 0.5906, P < 0.002), citrate (r = 0.5926, P < 0.002) and α‐glucosidase activity (r = 0.6006, P < 0.001). For ejaculates collected by AV, semen volume correlated positively with percentage liquefaction (r = 0.6058, P < 0.001), protein (r = 0.8055, P < 0.001), fructose (r = 0.6606, P < 0.001), and citrate (r = 0.8272, P < 0.001); sperm number correlated positively with percentage of motile sperm (r = 0.4196, P 0.004); percentage of motile sperm correlated positively with percentage of live sperm (r = 0.4388, P < 0.002); and, protein correlated positively with fructose (r = 0.6947, P < 0.002) and with citrate (r = 0.5926, P < 0.002). These data show that there is a significant difference in semen parameters and in biochemical parameters of ejaculates obtained by RPE and by AV. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantifying synchrony among reproductive or other states
Authors: Rhine Ramon J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSynchrony among reproductive or other states is a widespread phenomenon of significance in evolutionary theory. A model is presented for use in the measurement of the degree of synchrony in any set of behavioral or biological states, such as menstrual cycling, pregnancy, or lactation. At a given time, maximum group synchrony occurs when all members of a group are in a single state, minimum synchrony occurs when equal numbers are in all states, and intermediate values of synchrony occur for other proportional representations of the states. The model yields group synchrony scores ranging from 0 to 100 by standardizing the average of the absolute deviations among frequencies of occurrence in pairs of states. In addition, individual synchrony is characterized by the proportion of others who share an individual's state at a specified set of times. Properties of the model are discussed, simplified calculation procedures are presented, and the method's usefulness for comparative purposes is illustrated. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of fecal steroid techniques to the reproductive endocrinology of female verreaux's Sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi)
Authors: Brockman Diane K. , Whitten Patricia L. , Russell Elizabeth , Richard Alison F. , Izard M. Kay 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSolid phase extraction, high performance liquid chromatography, and radioimmunoassay were used to test the validity of fecal steroid analysis for assessing ovarian function in sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi). Daily fecal samples were collected over a 4 month period from two cycling female sifaka, and single samples were collected from females during normal gestation and males while housed at the Duke University Primate Center. Tests of radioimmunoassay validity indicated that solid phase extraction and microradioimmunoassay techniques were reliable and accurate methods for quantifying ovarian steroids in sifaka feces. The progesterone (P4) antibody specifically quantitated only P4, while several estrogen metabolites made small contributions to immunoreactive measures of estradiol (E2). A 1:10 dilution reduced these contributions to 3–15% of the estimated E2 concentration. Although the spectral data suggested that E2 was not the major metabolite present, it accounted for the majority of the immunoreactivity at normal assay dilutions. Fecal profiles of immunoreactive E2 and P4 in the conceptive female resembled serum profiles of other strepsirhines. E2 and P4 were elevated at the end of the conceptive cycle and were more markedly increased in late pregnancy in the two pregnant females. Mating behavior and indices of sexual interest were observed in conjunction with E2 peaks, although not all peaks were accompanied by observations of sexual behavior. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.