bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dual tachykinin NK1/NK2antagonist DNK333 inhibits neurokinin A‐induced bronchoconstriction in asthma patients
Authors: Joos G.F. , Vincken W. , Louis R. , Schelfhout V.J. , Wang J.H. , Shaw M.J. , Cioppa G.D. , Pauwels R.A. 
Published: January 2004

Inhalation of neurokinin A (NKA) causes bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma.In vitroboth tachykinin NK1and NK2receptors can mediate airway contraction. In this study the authors examined the effects of a single dose of the dual tachykinin NK1/NK2receptor antagonist, DNK333, on NKA‐induced bronchoconstriction in asthma.A total of 19 male adults with mild asthma completed a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Increasing concentrations of NKA (3.3×10−9to 1.0×10−6 mol·mL−1) were inhaled at 1 and 10 h intervals after a single oral dosing with either DNK333 (100 mg) or a placebo.It was observed that DNK333 did not affect baseline lung function but did protect against NKA‐induced bronchoconstriction in those patients. The mean log10provocative concentration causing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second for NKA was −5.6 log10mol·mL−1at 1 h after DNK333 treatment and −6.8 log10mol·mL−1after placebo. This was equivalent to a difference of 4.08 doubling doses, which decreased to a difference of 0.90 doubling doses 10 h after treatment.The results shown in this report indicate that DNK333 blocks neurokinin A‐induced bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma.
Theophylline and acetazolamide reduce sleep-disordered breathing at high altitude
Authors: Fischer R. , Lang S.M. , Leitl M. , Thiere M. , Steiner U. , Huber R.M. 
Published: January 2004

A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to evaluate the effects of theophylline and acetazolamide in the treatment of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) after fast ascent to high altitude (3,454 m).The study was conducted at a high-altitude research laboratory and included 30 healthy male volunteers. Study medication was either oral slow release theophylline (2×250 mg·day−1), oral acetazolamide (2×250 mg·day−1) or a matched placebo tablet. Polysomnographic measurements were performed during two consecutive nights, and acute mountain sickness, pulse rate, oxyhaemoglobin saturation and arterial blood gases were assessed three times a day.Without active medication, the apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) was highly pathological (median 16.2·h−1, range 2–92). Both theophylline and acetazolamide normalised SDB (median AHI 2.5·h−1, range 0–11; 4.2·h−1, range 0–19, respectively) and reduced oxyhaemoglobin desaturations during sleep (median desaturation index placebo 41.5·h−1, range 6–114; acetazolamide 6.5·h−1, range 3–28; theophylline 8.5·h−1, range 3–32). Compared with the high amount of central apnoeas or hypopnoeas, the number of obstructive events during sleep was very low in all groups (<4·h−1). In contrast to theophylline, acetazolamide significantly improved basal oxyhaemoglobin saturation during sleep (86.2±1.7%versus81.0±3.0%).The authors conclude that both oral slow release theophylline and acetazolamide are effective to normalise high-altitude sleep-disordered breathing.
Retinoic acid induces alveolar regeneration in the adult mouse lung
Authors: Hind M. , Maden M. 
Published: January 2004

Recent data suggests that exogenous retinoic acid (RA) can induce alveolar regeneration in a mouse and a rat model of experimental emphysema and disrupted alveolar development. This may be because RA is required during normal alveolar development and the subsequent provision of RA reawakens the gene cascades used during development.Here, additional evidence that RA is required during alveologenesis in the mouse is provided by showing that disulphiram disrupts this process. A further model of disrupted alveolar development using dexamethasone administered postnatally is then described, and it is further shown that RA administered to these adult mice restores the lung architecture to normal.Alveolar regeneration with retinoic acid may therefore be an important novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of respiratory diseases characterised by a reduced gas-exchanging surface area, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia and emphysema.
Travel Broadens the Mind
Authors: Campos Joseph J. , Anderson David I. , Barbu‐Roth Marianne A. , Hubbard Edward M. , Hertenstein Matthew J. , Witherington David 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe onset of locomotion heralds one of the major life transitions in early development and involves a pervasive set of changes in perception, spatial cognition, and social and emotional development. Through a synthesis of published and hitherto unpublished findings, gathered from a number of converging research designs and methods, this article provides a comprehensive review and reanalysis of the consequences of self‐produced locomotor experience. Specifically, we focus on the role of locomotor experience in changes in social and emotional development, referential gestural communication, wariness of heights, the perception of self‐motion, distance perception, spatial search, and spatial coding strategies. Our analysis reveals new insights into the specific processes by which locomotor experience brings about psychological changes. We elaborate these processes and provide new predictions about previously unsuspected links between locomotor experience and psychological function. The research we describe is relevant to our broad understanding of the developmental process, particularly as it pertains to developmental transitions. Although acknowledging the role of genetically mediated developmental changes, our viewpoint is a transactional one in which a single acquisition, in this case the onset of locomotion, sets in motion a family of experiences and processes that in turn mobilize both broad‐based and context‐specific psychological reorganizations. We conclude that, in infancy, the onset of locomotor experience brings about widespread consequences, and after infancy, can be responsible for an enduring role in development by maintaining and updating existing skills.
Task‐to‐Task Vagal Regulation: Relations With Language and Play in 20‐Month‐Old Children
Authors: Suess Patricia E. , Bornstein Marc H. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIn this article we report patterns of task‐to‐task vagal tone change across multiple language and play tasks as well as associations between these patterns of task‐to‐task vagal tone change and language and play performance in 20‐month‐old girls and boys. Although initially different in vagal tone suppression during solitary play, girls and boys exhibited similar group patterns of vagal reengagement during successive language and play tasks with their mothers and with an experimenter. In terms of individual differences, vagal suppression during solitary play and vagal reengagement during social interactive tasks predicted language and play performance. Gender differences emerged in patterns of predictive relations: Task‐to‐task vagal changes predicted primarily play performance in girls and language performance in boys. These findings expose the effects of social context on directional changes in task‐to‐task vagal tone and speak to the functional role of appropriate vagal regulation in young children's language and play performance.
Cortical Indexes of Saccade Planning in Infants
Authors: Richards John E. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis article briefly reviews the development of cortical involvement in saccadic eye movement in young infants. A distinction between reflexive and voluntary saccadic eye movements is made, and developmental changes in the neural systems controlling these eye movements are discussed. Cortical indexes of saccade planning in adults have been measured using scalp‐recorded, event‐related potential (ERP). The ERP may be useful in distinguishing reflexive and voluntary saccadic eye movements in infants. In the remainder of this Thematic Collection, 3 studies are introduced that used ERP measures to infer saccade planning in young infants, and 2 short articles comment on these studies.
Using Object Knowledge in Visual Tracking and Reaching
Authors: Berthier Neil E. , Bertenthal Bennett I. , Seaks Jill D. , Sylvia Monica R. , Johnson Renee L. , Clifton Rachel K. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractNine‐month‐old infants were presented with an engaging and challenging task of visually tracking and reaching for a rolling ball that disappeared and reappeared from behind an occluder. On some trials, the infant observed the experimenter place a barrier on the ball's track; the barrier remained partially visible above the occluder throughout the remainder of the trial. When the task involved only predictive tracking, infants' anticipatory gaze shifts were faster when no barrier was present. When the task involved both tracking and reaching, there were more reaches when no barrier was present. If the infant reached, the timing and extension of the reach and the accompanying gaze shift did not differ with regard to the barrier. Because catching the ball was quite difficult for these infants, task demands interfered with the integration of visual information and visuospatial reasoning about the barrier with the reaching action.
Individual Differences in Infants' Recognition of Briefly Presented Visual Stimuli
Authors: Frick Janet E. , Richards John E. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractInfants' recognition memory has been shown to be related to individual differences in look duration and level of heart period variability. This study examined the effect of individual differences in these 2 measures on infants' recognition of briefly presented visual stimuli using a paired‐comparison recognition‐memory paradigm. A sample of 35 full‐term infants was studied longitudinally at 14, 20, and 26 weeks of age. Recognition memory for briefly presented stimuli was tested in 6 experimental conditions, with delays corresponding to different heart‐rate‐defined phases of attention. The 20‐and 26‐week‐old infants, and infants with high levels of heart period variability, generally showed more evidence of recognition memory for briefly presented visual stimuli. Greater evidence of recognition memory was observed when stimuli were presented during sustained attention. Infants with more mature baseline physiological responses show greater evidence of recognition memory, and stimulus and procedural factors may be more important for the study of individual differences in infant visual attention than has previously been suggested.
The Concept of Ecological Validity: What Are Its Limitations and Is It Bad to Be Invalid?
Authors: Lewkowicz David J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe concept of ecological validity has played an important role in research on perceptual development. The limitations of this concept are discussed and illustrated with examples from research on the development of intersensory perception. By itself the concept of ecological validity fails to provide objective criteria for experimental design, but together with more traditional bottom‐up methodological approaches it can be used in a convergent operations manner to enrich our understanding of perceptual development.
Emotion Regulation Via Maternal Touch
Authors: Hertenstein Matthew J. , Campos Joseph J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe study of emotion elicitation in the caregiver‐infant dyad has focused almost exclusively on the facial and vocal channels, whereas little attention has been given to the contribution of the tactile channel. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of touch on infants' emotions. During the time that objects were presented to the dyad, mothers provided tactile stimulation to their 12‐month‐old infants by either (a) tensing their fingers around the infants' abdomen while abruptly inhaling, (b) relaxing their grip around the infants' abdomen, or (c) not providing additional tactile stimulation (control condition). The results revealed that infants in the first condition (a) touched the objects less and waited longer to touch the objects while displaying more negative emotional displays compared to infants in the control condition. However, no apparent differences were found between infants in the second condition (b) and the control condition. The results suggest that infants' emotions may be elicited by specific parameters of touch.
Mother‐Child Coregulation During Delay of Gratification at 30 Months
Authors: Putnam Samuel P. , Spritz Becky L. , Stifter Cynthia A. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractFifty‐eight 30‐month‐old children and their mothers were observed during a task in which the child was asked to refrain from touching an attractive toy. Child and maternal regulatory strategies were independently coded in 5‐sec intervals. Consistent with past research, the ability to refrain from touching the toy was associated with less time orienting to the forbidden object and more time focusing on other stimuli. Mothers of children who refrained from touching the toy were more likely to use distraction as a technique to assist in their children's regulation than were mothers of touchers, whereas mothers of children who transgressed used more nondistracting strategies than did mothers of nontouchers. Analysis of contingent behaviors suggested that mothers and children effectively coregulated behavior during this challenging situation, as children and mothers followed one another's lead in the allocation of attention away from the toy. These findings indicate the benefits of proactive, rather than reactive, parental strategies for assisting child delay of gratification.
Four‐Month Attentional Regulation and Its Prediction of Three‐Year Compliance
Authors: Hill Ashley L. , Braungart‐Rieker Julia M. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe extent to which 4‐month attentional regulation during an infant‐mother still‐face situation and 12‐month attachment security during the Strange Situation predicted rates of compliance and noncompliance during a cleanup task at 36 months was examined longitudinally in 70 infant‐mother dyads. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that infants who showed more attentional regulation during the still‐face situation with mothers later showed a higher rate of committed compliance and a lower rate of situational compliance during cleanup with mothers. Furthermore, lower levels of attentional regulation were later associated with higher rates of assertive behavior, but only for infants in an insecure attachment relationship.
Infants' Listening Preferences: Baby Talk or Happy Talk?
Authors: Singh Leher , Morgan James L. , Best Catherine T. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe most robust finding on infants' listening preferences has been widely characterized as a preference for baby talk (BT) over adult‐directed speech (ADS). Although prosodic modifications characteristic of BT also convey positive affect, differences in affect across BT and ADS speech registers have not been controlled in previous studies. This set of experiments sought to elucidate the basis for 6‐month‐olds' listening preference by independently manipulating affect and speech register. When affect was held constant, no preference for any speech register was observed. Moreover, when ADS stimuli presented more positive affect than BT stimuli, infants' preferences followed the positive affect. Higher and more variable pitch was neither necessary nor sufficient for determining infants' preferences, although pitch characteristics may modulate affect‐based preferences. The BT preference is thus attributable to a more general preference for speech that imparts relatively positive affect, a preference perhaps ascribable to a preexisting general‐purpose mechanism opportunistically exploited by language.
Emotion Regulation in Context: Situational Effects on Infant and Caregiver Behavior
Authors: Miller Alison L. , McDonough Susan C. , Rosenblum Katherine L. , Sameroff Arnold J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractEmotion regulation is an important developmental task of the early years of life. However, situational effects are rarely examined. In this study, we evaluated situational effects on 7‐month‐olds' and their mothers' emotional expression and interactive regulation behavior, individual differences across situations, and intercorrelations within situations. Mother‐infant dyads (N = 225) were observed interacting during episodes from play, teaching, and still‐face situations that varied along 2 developmentally salient dimensions: emotional challenge (low vs. high), and attentional focus (face‐to‐face vs. object). Attentional focus affected mothers' behavior, whereas both challenge and attentional focus affected infants. Associations between mother and infant behaviors varied in each situation. High‐challenge situations provided more consistent individual differences in infants and more negative behavior from mothers. Findings have implications for appropriate assessment of emotion regulation in infancy.
An Influence of Positive Affect on Decision Making in Complex Situations: Theoretical Issues With Practical Implications
Authors: Isen Alice M. 
Published: January 2004

This article reviews evidence indicating that, in most circumstances, positive affect enhances problem solving and decision making, leading to cognitive processing that is not only flexible, innovative, and creative, but also thorough and efficient. These results have implications regarding consumers’ potential reactions to affect generated by ads, products, consumption situations, and service encounters.These cognitive effects of positive affect are considered in the context of effects on social interaction that show that positive affect leads to helping, generosity, and interpersonal understanding. Together, these findings suggest implications especially for customer satisfaction, and particularly for a role for employee positive affect, or employee satisfaction, in generating customer satisfaction.Moreover, studies specifically in the domain of medical decision making and problem solving indicate that these implications would apply to the specific areas of doctor–patient interaction, medical decision making, and medical consumer satisfaction. Finally, it is suggested that the benefits of positive affect be considered when formulating healthcare policy and be included in economic models and policy decisions more generally as well.
Exploring the Role of Alternative Perceived Performance Measures and Needs‐Congruency in the Consumer Satisfaction Process
Authors: Wirtz Jochen , Mattila Anna 
Published: January 2004

Prior research suggests that perceived performance of a product or a service is directly linked to postpurchase satisfaction. We argue that this causal relationship might be a measurement artifact and/or insufficient modeling of the satisfaction process rather than an accurate assessment of how consumers form satisfaction judgments.To test our hypotheses, a 2 x 2 x 2 (Performance x Expectations x Needs) factorial design was used with 2 types of perceived performance measures (value‐laden and objective). The findings demonstrate that the observed direct link from perceived performance to overall satisfaction diminishes when more objective perceived performance indicators replace the commonly used value‐laden measures. Furthermore, desire‐congruency was found to contribute independently to satisfaction over and above a disconfirmation‐of‐expectations standard. In fact, desire‐congruency was found to be a better predictor of satisfaction than disconfirmation‐of‐expectations. Finally, our results suggest that the direct performance–satisfaction link becomes insignificant when the modeling of the satisfaction process is improved. Taken together, these findings support the view that the frequently observed high correlations between perceived performance and satisfaction might be a reflection of the type of measures used and/or insufficient capturing of the evaluative process leading to satisfaction, rather than support for a direct causal link.
Narrative, Believed-In Imaginings, and Psychology's Methods: An Interview with Theodore R. Sarbin
Authors: Hevern Vincent W. 
Published: January 2004

Vincent W. Hevern is an Associate Professor and Chair of the Psychology Department at Le Moyne College. His teaching interests are in abnormal psychology, psychological measurement, and psychotherapy. His research has included the Adolescent Form of the MMPI and field experience coursework for undergraduate psychology students. He currently serves as the Web master for “OTRP Online, ” which distributes teaching resources on behalf of the Society for the Teaching of Psychology, and edits the Web site, “Narrative Psychology: Internet and Resource Guide.” Theodore R. Sarbin, Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of California, Santa Cruz, has also taught at the University of California, Berkeley and the Naval Postgraduate School. His research interests include role theory, hypnosis, delinquency, narrative psychology, and the social psychology of deviant conduct. His first journal article appeared 62 years ago, and his most recent book, Believed-In Imaginings: The Narrative Construction of Reality, edited with Joseph de Rivera, was published by the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1998. Division 24 gave him the Award for Distinguished Theoretical and Philosophical Contributions to Psychology at the 1999 APA Convention in Boston.
Measurement of Concentration of Singlet Molecular Oxygen in the Gas Phase by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
Authors: Yagi Mikio , Takemoto Syougo , Sasase Ryouji 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
The concentration of the lowest excited state of molecular oxygen, O2(1Δg), generated by gas-phase photosensitization with octafluoronaphthalene has been determined by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The ground-state oxygen molecule, O2(3Σg−), was used as a quantitative standard. At low pressures, ≈0.12 Torr, about 30% of O2(3Σg−) was converted to O2(1Δg) under steady-state conditions.
Mechanochemical Michael Reactions of Chalcones and Azachalcones with Ethyl Acetoacetate Catalyzed by K2CO3 under Solvent-Free Conditions
Authors: Zhang Ze , Dong Ya-Wei , Wang Guan-Wu , Komatsu Koichi 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
Michael addition reactions of chalcones and azachalcones with ethyl acetoacetate have been successfully performed in the presence of catalytic amount of K2CO3 (10 mol %) and under the high-speed vibration milling conditions. The reactions take place at ambient temperature without any solvent and full completion can be achieved in very short time (20–40 min). In most cases, conventional side reactions were avoided and thus high chemoselectivity and quantitative yields were achieved. The desired Michael adducts were exclusively obtained consisting of two diastereoisomers anti and syn, which were determined and assigned by 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Diffusion-weighted MRI and ADC mapping in FK506 neurotoxicity
Authors: Ahn K J , Lee J W , Hahn S T , Yang D W , Kim P S , Kim H J , Kim C C 
Published: January 2004

FK506 is a newly developed potent immunosuppressant for preventing rejection after organ transplantation. However, FK506 can induce central nervous system toxicity. Until now the pathogenic mechanism of FK506 neurotoxicity was unclear. We report the findings of diffusion-weighted MRI and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping of a FK506 neurotoxicity patient who showed increased signal intensities in both parieto-occipital lobes on T 2 weighted images, diffusion-weighted images and ADC maps. These findings suggest that a vasogenic oedema rather than a cytotoxic oedema may play a pivotal role in FK506 neurotoxicity pathogenesis.