bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying lectal structure and change
Authors: Geeraerts Dirk , Speelman Dirk , Heylen Kris , Montes Mariana , De Pascale Stefano , Franco Karlien , Lang Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Instead of treating polysemy or lexical variation as a variable dependent on lectal factors (as in the preceding chapters), this chapter switches the perspective: it treats variation in form-meaning pairings as an input variable for determining lectal structure. By focusing on formal onomasiological variation, lexical variation can be analysed as a sociolinguistic variable in the Labovian sense, and aggregating over such variables allows to find out how various lects relate to each other, both synchronically and diachronically. The chapter introduces various measures that flesh out such a lectometrical approach: measures of the uniformity between lects, measures of the internal homogeneity within a lect, and measures focusing on lexical diversity and success. An example shows how such measures can be used to analyse processes of standardization and informalization.
Lectometry step by step
Authors: Geeraerts Dirk , Speelman Dirk , Heylen Kris , Montes Mariana , De Pascale Stefano , Franco Karlien , Lang Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The approach to lexical variation research demonstrated in this book rests crucially on the concept of an ‘onomasiological profile’, the set of synonymous names for a concept, differentiated by their relative frequency. This chapter introduces a workflow for the identification of onomasiological profiles that capitalizes on what was shown in Chapter 6: when we analyse near-synonyms in the same vector space, we can identify the areas where their sense clusters overlap, that is, where they are interchangeable. The distributional workflow for determining onomasiological profiles consists of a number of steps, involving both type-based and token-based vector representations: selecting an initial set of near-synonyms, setting the parameters that demarcate the range of models to be considered, pruning the models by removing out-of-concept clusters, and potentially also selecting models.
Steam-Engine Economy and the Heat of the Mine in Early Nineteenth-Century Cornwall
Authors: Gillin Edward J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early nineteenth century, Cornwall was the centre of the world’s copper production. This extensive mining industry relied on powerful steam engines to keep the region’s deep mines pumped free of water. But Cornwall lacked its own coal reserves, which had to be imported at great cost. This problem of high energy cost sustained a rich engineering culture, focused on the pursuit of steam-engine economy. After the introduction of James Watt’s engines during the 1780s and 1790s, Cornish engineers experimented with new types of steam engine and recorded their performance through measures of ‘duty’. This chapter explores this activity and shows how, in this industrial context, local natural philosopher Robert Were Fox grew increasingly concerned with examining mines in terms of their heat. As miners dug ever deeper into the earth, they reported an increase in temperature, which Fox confirmed through a series of underground experiments. In this way, he likened the planet to a vast steam engine. Cornwall’s intense mining and steam-engine innovation shaped a rich scientific culture that was unmistakably industrial in its character.
Disquotation, Translation, and Context-Dependence
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been known for some time that context-dependence poses a problem for disquotationalism, but the problem has largely been regarded as one of detail: one that will be solved by the right sort of cleverness. This chapter argues that the problem is one of principle and that extant attempts to solve the problem (which are based upon the notion of translation) cannot succeed. Along the way, it suggests that there are other familiar disquotationalist theses that are plausible only if we ignore context-dependence. And I argue against another way that translation is sometimes deployed, and not just by disquotationalists, but as an alternative to semantics.
On Lying, “Strictly Speaking”
Authors: Raimer Marga 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is involved in lying? This chapter focuses on the defense of three claims. First, deceptive intent is not a necessary condition for lying in general, even though deceptive intent is a defining feature of prototypical lies. Second, while ordinary folk might regard (non-logical) implying as a potential vehicle for lying in a “loose” sense, saying is required for lying in a “strict” sense. Third, the aptness of the descriptor “liar” depends, in part, on whether deceptive intent was present during the presumptive lie. Additionally, the relevance of experimental studies to philosophical accounts of lying is discussed, as is the potential philosophical importance of how we (as ordinary speakers vs. philosophical theorists) think and speak about those who lie: about those whom we think of (and refer to) as “liars,” and those whom we don’t.
À Propos de Pierre, Does He … or Doesn’t He?
Authors: Salmón Nathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Frege’s Puzzle (1986), Nathan Salmón analyzed ‘a withholds believing p’ in terms of a ternary relation BEL of x believing a proposition p under a guise g. The analysis is the following: There is a proposition guise g such that a grasps p by means of g but a does not stand in BEL to p and g. Sean Crawford has made a proposal for Millians to evade propositional guises through second-order belief. Specifically, in effect, Crawford proposes to analyze the crucial notion of withheld belief instead as believing that one does not believe: a believes that a does not believe p. Crawford’s clever proposal thus avoids explicit quantification over guises. However, it is shown that the proposal is inadequate to avoid guises. The resulting notion is too weak to capture the relevant notion of withheld belief.
Jewish Soldiers in Nazi Captivity
Authors: Linenberg Yorai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book explores the extraordinary story of Jewish POWs in German captivity during the Second World War—extraordinary because of the contrast between Germany’s genocidal policy towards Jews on one hand, and its relatively non-discriminatory treatment of Jewish POWs from western countries on the other. The radicalization of Germany’s anti-Semitic policies entered its last phase in June 1941 with the invasion of the Soviet Union; during the following four years, nearly 6 million Jews were murdered. In parallel, Germany’s POW policies had gone through a radicalization process of their own, resulting in the murder of millions of Soviet POWs, of Allied commando soldiers, and of POW escapees, with Adolf Hitler eventually transferring in July 1944 the responsibility for POWs from the Wehrmacht to Heinrich Himmler, in his role as head of the Replacement Army. And yet, despite all that, Jewish POWs from western countries were usually not discriminated against and were treated, in most cases, according to the 1929 Geneva Convention. Focusing on the experience of American and British Jewish POWs, the book analyses their story from two points of view: bottom-up—from the Jewish POW’s personal experience; and top-down—from the German High Command and the German POW Office’s—and addresses the following questions: what was it like to be an American or British Jewish POW in Nazi captivity; how were these POWs treated by their captors; and why were they treated in that way? Its conclusions will help to reshape our understanding of the Holocaust and of Nazi Germany.
Conclusion
Authors: Linenberg Yorai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Summarizing the main findings of this book, this chapter suggests that when it came to non-Soviet Jewish POWs, the OKW’s POW Office, unlike most German government and non-government organizations, refused to ‘work towards the Führer’ by implementing Nazi policies even without direct instructions to do so; and that it did not suffer any consequences as a result. Furthermore, the POW Office was able to do so because there was never a direct order from Hitler to treat non-Soviet Jewish POWs in a different manner to that of their non-Jewish comrades. The chapter also discusses why the two main explanations found in literature for the treatment of the Jewish POWs—the concern about reciprocity and the ‘national conservative value system’ of the Wehrmacht—did not play a major role in the decision-making process of the German leadership. The significance of these conclusions is that they challenge the accepted perception of the Holocaust as being an indiscriminate attempt to completely eradicate a specific ethnic group by using all means available to the state.
Organizing Creativity
Authors: Schaefer Stephan M. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book systematically unpacks the complex interdependencies of contexts, processes, and practices of organizing creativity. It draws on abundant empirical examples, case illustrations, and seminal research from sociology, social psychology, and organization studies. Departing from a systematic overview of important theoretical perspectives, the book successively illuminates the implications of context, process, and practice for different dimensions of the creative process such as generating, evaluating, and organizing ideas. In addition to its thorough analysis of these dimensions, it contains a critical reflection on dominant notions of creativity in economy and society and suggests taking a radical transformative approach to organizing creativity which seeks to address social and ecological grand challenges. Overall it contributes a novel, multidimensional perspective and provides an interpretative and critical analysis of the complex interplay of the organizational, social, and cultural contexts, processes, and practices of organizing creativity.
IBM
Authors: Brooker Paul , Hayward Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lou Gerstner carried out the tech-company ‘comeback of the century’ through his 1990s redevelopment of the IBM (International Business Machines) corporation. This venerable and huge computer corporation was in decline by the time Gerstner became CEO in 1993. He launched a cost-cutting turnaround and, after the turnaround’s success, redeveloped IBM through a cultural and structural transformation. He continued the redevelopment through a prioritizing reorientation towards IT (information technology) services, such as consultancy and outsourcing. By the time Gerstner retired in 2002, IT services were the backbone of a remedially renewed IBM. However, Gerstner had not diversified into the cloud-computing services that were emerging by 2002: a point that is discussed in Appendix 2. The chapter’s final section provides some 2010s comparisons by looking at how Yahoo’s CEO, Marissa Mayer, tried to redevelop the relatively small Yahoo corporation, which had originated as a pioneering Internet-access start-up.
QBism and the Subjective Stance
Authors: French Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phenomenology has also been brought to bear on QM in the context of recent discussions over the approach known as ‘QBism’. This takes the theoretical formalism to be simply a device for predicting an agent’s future experiences, rather than as representing the world. Such a first-person perspective has been widely taken to mesh with the phenomenological stance, as usually understood. However, although advocates of QBism maintain that any slide into solipsism can be resisted, they struggle to accommodate what has been called the ‘kicks from the world’. Here it is argued that in order do so while remaining within a phenomenological framework, the correlationist feature identified by London and Bauer should be incorporated. Interestingly, one of the phenomenologist philosophers who is often cited in this specific context, Merleau-Ponty, took classes with Gurwitsch and drew on London and Bauer’s ‘little book’ in his own analysis of quantum physics.
Interpretation or Reconstruction?
Authors: French Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both the ‘Many Worlds’ interpretation and Relational Quantum Mechanics are typically presented as interpretations of quantum theory, whereas QBism is understood as a reconstruction of it. The latter has been suggested as the appropriate approach for phenomenologists to adopt, particularly since this account adopts a first-person perspective. However, in Chapter 10 it is argued that such a dramatic move is not necessary as London and Bauer have already laid down the groundwork for an appropriately phenomenological understanding of the theory. This can then be supplemented with the relationist features emphasized by ‘Many Worlds’ and RQM. Husserl himself insisted that phenomenology does not require any such reshaping of scientific practice itself, theoretical or otherwise; rather it and its foundations need to be understood from the perspective afforded by the epoché. It is precisely this understanding that London and Bauer’s ‘little book’ presents, with the theory taken as not just a piece of physics but a theory of knowledge in itself. The chapter, and book, concludes with the suggestion that as a result, London and Bauer’s account sits somewhere between an interpretation and a reconstruction of the theory and by virtue of that, represents a novel advance in considerations of how we should conceive of our relationship to the world.
The British Slave Trade
Authors: Webster Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 opens with an overview of Britain’s part in the transatlantic slave trade between the first documented British slaving voyage in 1562 and 1807, when Britain’s slave trade was abolished. The primary slave trading ports on the coast of West Africa are then introduced, and the mechanics of slave trading at these sites are detailed. Archaeological work at key African sites is also briefly introduced here, as a preface to more detailed use of information from these projects later in the book. Finally, brief information is provided on the principal New World disembarkation points for captives carried on British ships.
Modern Quantum Theory
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on a series of courses taught by the authors, this theoretical-physics textbook takes the reader on a journey from the beginnings of quantum theory in the early twentieth century to the realm of quantum-information processing in the twenty-first. It provides an introductory text on quantum mechanics and quantum information theory for undergraduate students in physics and related subjects, but also serves as a resource for graduate students who want to engage with more advanced topics, while offering a collection of derivations, proofs, technical methods, and references for graduate students and more experienced readers engaged with teaching and active research.
Wave-Particle Duality
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines some crucial experiments and basic principles of quantum mechanics that have strongly influenced the development of quantum theory in its modern form: starting from Planck’s law of black-body radiation and its derivation using the quantization of energy; Einstein’s photon hypothesis for the puzzle presented by the photoelectric effect and its test via the Millikan experiment; the Compton effect; Bohr’s theses for the structure of the hydrogen atom and the complementarity of waves and particles i.e., the wave-particle duality, culminating in de Broglie’s ideas for matter waves and their confirmation in the Davisson-Germer experiment for electron diffraction from a crystal; Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle for position and momentum as well as for energy an time; the famous double-slit experiment and Born’s probability interpretation, and finally the provocative thought experiment of Schrödinger’s cat
The Time-Dependent Schrödinger Equation
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second chapter introduces the notion of wave functions and their equation of motion proposed by Erwin Schrödinger. The interpretation and normalization of the wave function are discussed, leading to the continuity equation. The chapter also introduces basic mathematical operations that can be carried out for wave functions and operators, describing e.g., how to calculate scalar products and commutators, as well as expectation values and variances of observables. With these tools at hand, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle is re-examined, focusing on the example of a Gaussian wave packet, which is studied both in position space and momentum space. We also discuss the time evolution of general states and of the exemplary wave packet. Finally, we will see how classical physics is recovered as a limiting case of the quantum-mechanical description
Mathematical Formalism of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we present the mathematical framework of describing wave functions as vectors in a Hilbert space and observables as Hermitian operators on such a vector space. We describe the mathematical formulation of these ideas for finite and infinite-dimensional cases via the Dirac notation, and discuss the example of the Hilbert space of photon polarization. Important classes of linear operators on Hilbert spaces are discussed, including projectors, Hermitian and self-adjoint operators, as well as unitary operators. As an important centre piece for the mathematical language of quantum mechanics we present the spectral theorem. We discuss the subtleties of this framework in infinite dimensions, giving a brief overview of the distributional aspects of quantum mechanics and the conceptually important problem of finding self-adjoint extensions via the Weyl-von Neumann theorem
The Quantum Harmonic Oscillator
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We consider the time-independent Schrödinger equation for the harmonic oscillator potential and determine its bound states and energy levels in one spatial dimension using two approaches: the algebraic and the analytic method. Using the former, we introduce ladder operators: the annihilation and creation operators, as well as the occupation-number operator, and determine the ground state of the harmonic oscillator to be a Gaussian wave packet, while the latter method yields the general bound state solutions in terms of the Hermite polynomials. We further discuss the zero-point energy and uncertainty relation for the quantum harmonic oscillator and make a comparison to the classical harmonic oscillator. Finally, we examine the three-dimensional harmonic oscillator, which leads us to the description of systems with multiple degrees of freedom via the tensor product
Orbital Angular Momentum
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we introduce the concept of orbital angular momentum into the mathematical language of quantum mechanics. We discuss the commutation relations of the corresponding operators and their roles as generators of rotations in the context of the theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras, focusing on the three-dimensional rotation group SO(3). We further examine how scalar and vector-valued operators transform under spatial rotations. We then turn to the derivation of the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the angular-momentum operators, for which we follow a dual approach in analogy to that employed for the harmonic oscillator in Chapter 5. Using both the algebraic ladder-operator method and an analytical method using spherical polar coordinates we discover the relevant azimuthal and magnetic quantum numbers and their relation to the spherical harmonics and the Legendre polynomials
The Three-Dimensional Schrödinger Equation
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider the time-independent Schrödinger equation for three spatial dimensions. Making use of the orbital angular momentum observables, including the Laplacian in spherical polar coordinates, and introducing an effective potential, we recast the three-dimensional Schrödinger as a one-dimensional differential equation for the reduced radial wave function. In this context we discuss conditions for the existence of bound states and an upper bound on the ground-state energy obtained from the Rayleigh-Ritz variational principle. As an example we then consider the bound-state solutions for the spherical potential well and discuss the conditions for it admitting a ground state. We then turn to the Coulomb potential representing the hydrogen atom and discuss methods for obtaining upper and lower bounds on the ground-state energy to explain the stability of matter. Finally, obtain the Laguerre-polynomial solutions of the radial Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen atom, determine their energies and discuss their properties
Perturbative Methods in Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we review time-independent and time-dependent perturbation theory in quantum mechanics. We begin with Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation theory for small corrections to the Hamiltonian for non-degenerate and degenerate spectra, which leads us to a discussion of avoided crossings. We then apply these methods to calculate the fine-structure corrections for the energy levels of the hydrogen atom, including the relativistic correction to the kinetic energy, the spin-orbit correction, and the Darwin term. We then turn to the effect of weak constant magnetic fields: for the resulting Zeeman effect we distinguish between the anomalous Zeeman effect and the Paschen-Back effect. In the context of the corresponding Stark effect for electric fields we introduce the Wigner-Eckart theorem and calculate perturbations to first and second order. We then turn to time-independent problems and discuss the Born-von Neumann series for the propagator, time-ordered integrals, the interaction picture, before explaining Fermi’s golden rule.
Density Matrices
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss statistical mixtures of pure quantum states, resulting in so-called mixed states, and their representation using density operators. The properties of density operators for pure and mixed states are analysed and we examine their time evolution governed by the Liouville-von Neumann equation. As particular examples of interest we consider the density operators for thermal states, focusing on harmonic oscillators and the application of this model to calculate the average photon number for the modes of the electromagnetic field at thermal equilibrium. We then turn to two-level systems, or qubits, which are of particular relevance in quantum information theory and we inspect the geometry of the state space of density operators as a convex subspace of the Hilbert-Schmidt space. Finally, we take a closer look at density operators for bipartite systems which forms the mathematical basis for considering entanglement in later chapters.