bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing the composition of the weight lost by obese patients on a reducing diet
Authors: Durrant Merril L. , Garrow J. S. , Royston P. , Stalley Susan F. , Sunkin Shirley , Warwick Penelope M. 
Published: May 2005

1.Weight loss, resting metabolic rate and nitrogen loss were measured in forty obese inpatients on reducing diets.2. Five subjects ate 3·55 MJ/d for 6 weeks (Expt I). Twenty-one subjects ate 4.2 MJ/d for the first week, 2·0 MJ/d for the second week and 4 2 MJ/d for the third week (Expt 2). Fourteen subjects ate 3·4 MJ/d for the first week and then 0.87 MJ protein or carbohydrate for the second or third weeks, using a cross-over design for alternate patients (Expt 3).3. Patients in Expt I had highest weight loss and N loss in the first 2 weeks, but adapted to the energy restriction over the remaining weeks. On average subjects were in N balance at the end of the study.4. In Expt 2 patients eating 2·0 MJ/d in week 2 showed increased weight loss compared with week I.N loss was not raised but it failed to decrease as it had in Expt I. Weight loss and N loss were reduced on return to 4.2 MJ/d for a third week.5. In Expt 3 patients eating 0·87 MJ protein showed significantly more weight loss and less N loss than patients eating 0·87 MJ carbohydrate.6. Resting metabolic rate decreased with time on the low-energy diet, but the manipulations of energy or protein content did not significantly affect the pattern of decrease.7. Both weight loss and N loss were greater the lower the energy intake, and both decreased with time. Diets with a high protein:energy value give a favourable value for N:weight loss at each level of energy intake.
The appearance of re-cycled urea in the digestive tract of goats during the final third of a once daily feeding of a low-protein ration
Authors: Obara Y. , Shimbayashi K. 
Published: May 2005

1. An experiment was carried out with goats fed on a low-protein ration to clarify the importance of the rumen and significance of saliva in the appearance of re-cycled urea in the digestive tract during the final third of a once daily feeding regimen. The isotope-dilution method with [15N]urea and15NH4Cl was used.2. When the serum urea level was 58 mg N/l, the amount of urea transferred from the blood urea pool to the rumen ammonia pool was 48.6 mg N/l, which was estimated to be approximately 43% of the total amount of urea having appeared in the NH3pool of the digestive tract. When the serum urea level was 106 mg N/l, the corresponding amount of NH3was 77.7 mg N/h, which was estimated to be approximately 46% of this total amount.3. The amount of saliva secreted was measured directly by the oesophageal fistula method. Salivary secretion serves as a mode of transfer of blood urea to the rumen NH3pool. Then the ratio, salivary secretion:diffusion through the rumen wall during the final third of the cycle was calculated to be 1:4–1:6.4. In goats fed on a low-protein diet, the rumen is an important site of appearance of blood urea in the digestive tract. It was verified that the principal mode of transfer of blood urea to the rumen was the direct diffusion through the wall of the rumen.
Effect of protein on abomasal secretion of acid in sheep
Authors: Van Bruchem J. , Van 'T Klooster A. Th. 
Published: May 2005

1. The relationship between protein content of abomasal digesta and abomasal secretion of acid was studied in sheep fitted with re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum.2. A close relationship was found between the rate of passage of protein through the abomasum and acid secretion, both after varying the protein content of the rations supplied, and after direct introduction of proteins into the abomasum (infusion tube).3. It is concluded that proteins stimulate abomasal secretion of acid.
The effects of soya-bean oil and type of forage in the diet on the plasma lipid composition of sheep
Authors: Steele W. 
Published: May 2005

1. Sheep were given four different diets which contained two types of forage and two types of concentrate. The forage portion of the diet consisted of either hay or silage, while the low-oil concentrate had high levels of starch and in the high-oil concentrate this starch was replaced by an isoenergetic amount of soya-bean oil.2. The effects of these diets on various factors in the blood was measured.3. The erythrocytes were more fragile in hypotonic solutions (6.0–8.5 g sodium chloride/l) of saline when they were eating a diet of hay and high-oil concentrates.4. The levels of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate in the plasma were unaffected by dietary treatments.5. Substitution of silage for hay in the diet increased the intake of all fatty acids, especially that of C18:3.6. When the sheep had low intakes of oil, the change from hay to silage led to increases in the amounts of triglyceride (TG) and total lipid (TL) in their plasma, whereas with high intakes of oil this change of forage increased the plasma TG content by an even greater amount but did not alter the concentration of TL.7. Increasing the intake of dietary oil raised the levels of both TG and TL in the plasma, irrespective of the type of dietary forage.8. On silage diets the sheep had much greater amounts of 18:0 and 18:1 fatty acids but smaller quantities of 18:2 fatty acid in their plasma than on hay diets.9. Changing the dietary forage from hay to silage or the concentrate from low- to high-oil enhanced the levels of all the trans isomers of C18 fatty acids in the blood of the animals.10. These results imply that unsaturated fatty acids in silage-based diets are hydrogenated to a greater extent in the rumen than those in hay diets which results in an elevation in blood TG levels and that this in turn could profoundly alter such functions as milk fat synthesis and fat deposition in ruminants.
Preparation of an experimental low-fluoride diet from single-cell organisms for rats and mice
Authors: Khalawan S. A. , Elliott J. C. , Fearnhead R. W. 
Published: May 2005

1. A method for producing a standard low-fluoride diet from a green alga and yeast is described.Chlorella pyrenoidosawas grown in a culture medium prepared with distilled water and analytical grade chemical salts. The spent culture medium from the alga culture was reclaimed and replenished with salts and sucrose for the production of yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae.2. The single-cell organisms were separated by centrifugation from their culture media and the dried cells were blended with sucrose, maize oil, cellulose and a salt mix to produce diet pellets for rats and mice.3. The diet was readily accepted as food by rats and mice and it was found to contain 100–300 μg fluoride/kg dry weight. Two generations of rats and four generations of mice were bred on this diet.4. The use of hydroxyapatite to reduce the fluoride content of the chemicals used in the production of the alga and yeast biomass was investigated. Diet pellets prepared with this biomass contained 45–60 μg fluoride/kg dry weight.
Discovering patterns to extract protein–protein interactions from the literature: Part II
Authors: Hao Yu , Zhu Xiaoyan , Huang Minlie , Li Ming 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMotivation: An enormous number of protein–protein interaction relationships are buried in millions of research articles published over the years, and the number is growing. Rediscovering them automatically is a challenging bioinformatics task. Solutions to this problem also reach far beyond bioinformatics.Results: We study a new approach that involves automatically discovering English expression patterns, optimizing them and using them to extract protein–protein interactions. In a sister paper, we described how to generate English expression patterns related to protein–protein interactions, and this approach alone has already achieved precision and recall rates significantly higher than those of other automatic systems. This paper continues to present our theory, focusing on how to improve the patterns. A minimum description length (MDL)-based pattern-optimization algorithm is designed to reduce and merge patterns. This has significantly increased generalization power, and hence the recall and precision rates, as confirmed by ourexperiments.Availability: http://spies.cs.tsinghua.edu.cnContact: zxy-dcs@tsinghua.edu.cn
Life history and production of Agapetus quadratus (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) in a temporary, spring‐fed stream
Authors: ÁLVAREZ MARUXA , PARDO ISABEL 
Published: May 2005

Summary1. The life history and trophic basis of production of the caddisfly grazer Agapetus quadratus were studied in the torrent Gorg Blau, a spring‐fed stream on the island of Majorca that dries annually during summer.2. Quantitative random samples were taken every 2–3 weeks during an annual surficial flow period, from November 2000 to mid‐July 2001. Instars of field‐collected larvae were determined by measurements of head width and pronotum length, and the sex of all pupae was determined to study sexual dimorphism and sex ratio.3. Stage‐frequency histograms suggested a trivoltine population, with an average cohort time of 4 months. Larval development was asynchronous, with continuous growth and overlapping generations. Recruitment peaks were identified in mid‐November, early March and late June, indicative of winter, spring and summer generations. On average, females were larger than males and the mean sex ratio was 2 : 3 (females : males). Population densities and biomasses derived from the field data were used to calculate production and turnover rate.4. Annual production of A. quadratus in the torrent Gorg Blau (4.80 g dry mass m−2 year−1) was the highest ever reported for the genus, being comparable with that estimated for some insects with rapid development and multiple cohorts.5. Estimates of production of A. quadratus were combined with foregut content analysis to estimate the fraction of total production derived from the principal food sources: algae and organic detritus. Algae supported a major proportion of the production of this grazer.6. The low density of predators characteristic of many temporary streams, and the small amplitudes in discharge and temperature during most of the wet period that characterise the spring habitats might allow high levels of grazer production in this particular Mediterranean stream.
Hot spots of leaf breakdown within a headwater stream reach: comparing breakdown rates among litter patch types with different macroinvertebrate assemblages
Authors: KOBAYASHI SOHEI , KAGAYA TAKASHI 
Published: May 2005

Summary1. Detecting hot spots of litter decomposition will promote understanding of litter processing in a heterogeneous system. To identify hot spots of leaf breakdown within a headwater stream reach, we examined the difference in leaf breakdown rate among four types of litter patches, one that formed in riffles and three that formed in pools (middle, alcove, edge), in different seasons.2. Middle patches showed the highest breakdown rate in some seasons; the rate in middle patches was 1.5–4 times higher than in the other patches. Thus middle patches can be regarded as hot spots of leaf breakdown in the study reach. This result contrasted with other studies showing higher breakdown rate in riffles than in pools.3. Significant relationships between abundance of caddisfly shredders and breakdown rate were observed in seasons when the rate differed among patch types. Greater abundance of Lepidostoma seems to be responsible for middle patches being hot spots of leaf breakdown.4. It is expected that when the proportion of leaves retained in middle patches within a reach is higher, the breakdown rate of the entire reach will be increased. Clarifying how the proportion of leaves retained on middle patches within a reach varies temporally and spatially would improve our understanding of leaf breakdown in headwater streams.
Timing of predation by rainbow trout controls Daphnia demography and the trophic status of a Minnesota lake
Authors: HEMBRE LEIF K. , MEGARD ROBERT O. 
Published: May 2005

Summary1. Stocking of lakes with rainbow trout is a common practice that presents a potential conflict for lake managers who must balance the interests of anglers with those concerned that zooplanktivory by trout may trigger a trophic cascade and result in decreased water clarity.2. This study examined how the timing of trout stocking (autumn versus spring) in a Minnesota (U.S.A.) lake affected (i) the population dynamics of their zooplankton food supply (Daphnia pulicaria), (ii) phytoplankton biomass and water clarity and (iii) trout survival. Sizes of both Daphnia and trout populations were estimated acoustically with high‐frequency (192 kHz) sonar.3. Daphnia were nearly eliminated from the lake during winters after trout were stocked in autumn. In both of these years (1996 and 1997), the Daphnia population was small in the spring, and grew during the summer and into the autumn as the trout population diminished.4. The lake was then stocked in spring for 2 years (1998 and 1999). This fisheries manipulation alleviated predation over the winter, but increased predation on D. pulicaria during the spring, summer and autumn. However, the high mortality caused by the spring‐stocked trout was offset by even higher rates of reproduction by the relatively large populations of fecund Daphnia that survived the winter in 1998 and 1999.5. Grazing by these dense populations of Daphnia produced clear‐water phases during May and June that were inhibited in autumn stocking years. In addition, the large Daphnia populations present during the spring and early summer of 1998 and 1999 provided abundant forage for trout.6. This fisheries manipulation achieved seemingly mutually exclusive management objectives: a robust planktivorous sport fishery, and clear water for other forms of recreation.
The long‐term effect of artificial destratification on phytoplankton species composition in a subtropical reservoir
Authors: ANTENUCCI JASON P. , GHADOUANI ANAS , BURFORD MICHELE A. , ROMERO JOSÉ R. 
Published: May 2005

Summary1. The response of phytoplankton to the installation of an artificial destratification system in North Pine Dam, Brisbane (Australia) was investigated over an 18 year period (1984–2002); 11 years before and 7 years after installation.2. An overall increase in phytoplankton abundance was revealed for some groups (in particular, diatoms, cyanobacteria and chlorophytes), but not for others (chlorophytes). Changes in the abundance of chlorophyte functional groups was attributed to eutrophication.3. A strong spatial gradient in phytoplankton abundance and chlorophyllawas observed, with low abundance in the downstream regions affected by the destratification system which was likely because of light limitation induced by vertical mixing. The upstream region acted as a surrogate for the unaltered state of the reservoir, particularly as an indicator of eutrophication without direct influence from the destratification system. Despite the continuous trend in eutrophication of the reservoir, there has been a definite decrease in the rate of eutrophication (approximately 30%) since the installation of the destratification system at the downstream locations.4. Correlations of the dominant cyanobacteriaCylindrospermopsis raciborskiiwith other genera changed after destratification, indicating that prior to destratification the dominance ofCylindrospermopsiswas because of its ability to compete for phosphorus, whereas after destratification its dominance was because of its ability to compete for light.
Nitrate availability and hydrophyte species richness in shallow lakes
Authors: JAMES CASSANDRA , FISHER JANE , RUSSELL VICTORIA , COLLINGS SALLY , MOSS BRIAN 
Published: May 2005

Summary1. Submerged plant richness is a key element in determining the ecological quality of freshwater systems; it has often been reduced or completely lost.2. The submerged and floating‐leaved macrophyte communities of 60 shallow lakes in Poland and the U.K. have been surveyed and species richness related to environmental factors by general linearised models.3. Nitrogen, and more specifically winter nitrate, concentrations were most important in explaining species richness with which they were inversely correlated. Phosphorus was subsidiary. Such an inverse relationship is consistent with findings in terrestrial communities. Polish lakes, with less intensively farmed catchments, had greater richness than the U.K. lakes.4. The richest U.K. communities were associated with winter nitrate‐N concentrations of up to about 1–2 mg L−1 and may correspond with ‘good’ ecological quality under the terms of the European Water Framework Directive. Current concentrations in European lowlands are often much higher.
A method for measuring the comparability of different sampling methods used in biological surveys: implications for data integration and synthesis
Authors: CAO YONG , HAWKINS CHARLES P. , STOREY ANDREW W. 
Published: May 2005

Summary1. Numerous methods have been developed to sample the biota occurring in different ecosystems. However, the comparability of data derived from different sampling methods is generally unknown and is a major concern when integrating data from different studies.2. Examination of assemblage‐level attributes such as taxa richness and biotic index scores is generally inappropriate for evaluating the degree to which different sampling methods produce comparable descriptions of entire assemblages, because these measures provide no information regarding taxonomic composition. Multivariate methods are generally more appropriate for this purpose, but some of the methods previously used are not satisfactory and others have not been tested. A useful measure of sampling‐method comparability (SMC) should be independent of sampling effort, independent of the sites sampled and have an explicit biological interpretation.3. We used simulated data to compare two potential methods of assessing SMC, the R‐value produced by anosim and a modified version of classification strength (CS‐SMC) derived from Van Sickle's Mean Similarity Analysis. Analyses were based on similarities between the assemblages captured by two different sampling methods (electrofishing and seining) employed at the same sites. Similarities were calculated two different ways: the Bray–Curtis index and the Jaccard coefficient.4. Based on simulated data, anosimR‐values were strongly affected by sampling effort, highly variable across sites and difficult to interpret biologically. In contrast, CS‐SMC values were highly stable over a range of sampling effort, across sites and easy to interpret biologically.5. Application of CS‐SMC to field data showed that seining and electrofishing produced highly comparable samples of fish in small streams: 97% comparable on average for species lists and 94% comparable for relative abundances. Kicknet and Surber samples of benthic invertebrates were also comparable after being standardised to a fixed count, but to a lesser extent than fish samples: 77% comparable on average for the taxa lists and 93% comparable for relative abundances. CS‐SMC should be of general use when integrating and synthesising assemblage data from a variety of assemblages.
Dietary effects on life history traits of riverine Bosmina
Authors: ACHARYA KUMUD , JACK JEFFREY D. , BUKAVECKAS PAUL A. 
Published: May 2005

Summary1. We compared growth, reproduction and life history characteristics of Bosmina raised on Ohio River seston versus a unialgal culture (Scenedesmus acutus), to assess potential nutritional constraints experienced by riverine populations.2. Bosmina grew well in both treatments during their juvenile stage. Analysis of variance showed that Bosmina growth prior to the start of reproduction did not differ significantly between the treatments. After the onset of reproduction Bosmina fed on Scenedesmus grew faster and exhibited higher fecundity than their counterparts fed river seston.3. Significant quantities of triacylglycerol (visible lipid droplets) were gradually accumulated in Bosmina fed on Scenedesmus. Visual lipid ovary indices were positively correlated with adult growth rate and fecundity and negatively correlated with longevity.4. Biochemical analysis showed that Scenedesmus had significantly greater total ω3, ω6 and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) whereas river seston had more eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Thus, in contrast to Daphnia, EPA and DHA do not appear to influence Bosmina growth or reproductive performance, but linolenic acid or total PUFA may be important.5. Comparatively weak performance by Bosmina feeding on river seston suggest that nutritional constraints may be important despite high particulate organic carbon and low C : N and C : P of river seston.
Indirect effects of metal contamination on energetics of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) resulting from food web simplification
Authors: ILES ALISON C. , RASMUSSEN JOSEPH B. 
Published: May 2005

Summary1. Benthic invertebrate community composition and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) diet, growth and activity levels from lakes along a metal‐contamination gradient were used to assess the importance of a naturally diverse prey base for maintaining energy transfer to growing fish, and how this transfer is disrupted by metal contamination.2. Zoobenthic communities had lower diversity in metal‐contaminated lakes, with a notable absence of large bodied invertebrate taxa.3. The average mass of non‐zooplankton prey items was significantly greater for 2+ and 3+ perch from the reference lake, and increased significantly with age in all except the most contaminated lakes where prey choice was limited.4. Benthivorous perch from all contaminated lakes exhibited slowed growth. Perch from one of the contaminated lakes exhibited faster growth during piscivory, indicating slowed growth only while benthivorous.5. Estimates of fish activity, using the activity of the glycolytic enzyme Lactate dehydrogenase in perch white muscle tissue as a proxy, suggested that shifts in diet to larger prey (in reference and intermediately contaminated lakes) lowered activity costs, which may explain how diet shifts maintain growth efficiency as perch grow larger.