bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of open‐field behavior in mice: Effects of age and experience
Authors: Dixon Linda K. , Defries J. C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOffspring from each of two inbred strains of mice (BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J) and their reciprocal crosses were tested in an open‐field apparatus at 10 ages, from 15 to 120 days. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses were performed to assess separately the effects of age and prior test experience on open‐field activity and defecation. Increased activity was associated with increased age in both strains and their F1 reciprocal hybrids; however, the magnitude of this effect was a function of the genotype. Defecation also increased initially in all groups as a function of age; but, at later ages, different groups exhibited rather dissimilar defecation patterns. Prior experience was found to decrease activity in the open field in inbred strains and their reciprocal hybrids. The effect of prior experience on defecation was more complex: Within the two inbred strains, prior experience had relatively little effect on the pattern of defecation; for the F1 hybrids, however, prior experience led to a significant increase in defecation at most ages. It was suggested that the differential effect of test experience on open‐field activity and defecation represents a separation of two components of open‐field behavior, “exploration” and “emotionality.”
Development of abnormal setereotyped behaviors
Authors: Berkson Gershon 
Published: January 2005

AbstractGroups of five crabeating macaques were separated from their mothers at 0, 1, 2, 4, or 6 months of age and observed during their first year of life. Abnormal stereotyped behaviors developed in all groups, but the frequencies of different patterns were modified by age at isolation. Self‐sucking, crouching, and self‐grasping developed almost immediately after birth, while body rocking and repetitive locomotion began later. Animals separated at a later age were more active and aggressive in a novel environment than were those separated early. Social development in the first 6 months was similar to that of other macaques.
Effect of chronic undernutrition and/or visual deprivation upon the visual evoked potential from the developing rat brain
Authors: Callison David A. , Spencer John W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMaturation of the visual evoked potential and the response of the visual cortex to increasing frequencies of light stimulation were studied across seven ages (12, 13, 14, 16, 20, 30, and 45 days) in the albino rat. The age groups were further divided into four treatment groups: control (C), undernourished (U), visually deprived (VD), and visually deprived/undernourished (VD/U). The younger ages (12–16 days) differed from the older ones (20–45 days) as to latency time for the first positive, first negative, and second positive wave components. Control rats differed from U and VD/U through 16 days for the first negative wave and through 14 days for the first positive and second positive waves. No differences were seen after 20 days. All C animals responded to rapid frequency of flash stimulation by 30 days; VD responded by 45 days. No significant changes in the ECoG were seen in any environmental group after 20 days. Histology (dendrite, Nissl, and myelin) revealed little supportive evidence as to gross changes in the visual cortex, suggesting that subcortical visual structures were more affected by environmental manipulation. Results are discussed in the terms of various physiological defects.
Incubator rearing of infant rats without the mother: Effects on adult emotionality and learning
Authors: Thoman Evelyn B. , Arnold William J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractEight newborn rats, from 3 litters, were separated from the mother and reared during the usual 3‐week nursing period in an artificial environment which included an incubator, a warm, moist, pulsating surrogate mother, and special feeding procedures. The incubator animals showed some superiority over mother‐reared littermates in performance on the Hebb‐Williams test; and, on measures taken in the open field, the incubator animals showed a greater change over trials. Contrary to previous experimental results, our findings indicate that, at least in the rat, maternal deprivation may affect behavioral patterns but does not necessarily and inevitably result in a deficit in adult behavior.
Effect of age and condition‐test interval (days) on an audio‐conditioned convulsive response in CF#1 mice
Authors: Iturrian W. B. , Fink G. B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe initial exposure to sound provokes seizures in genetically audio‐sensitive mice. In a stock (e.g., CF#1) generally considered audio‐resistant, repeated sound exposure will under certain conditions induce seizure susceptibility. Susceptibility is dramatically influenced by age and interval (days) between initial and subsequent exposure to sound. Previous auditory stimulation is absolutely essential for the genesis of convulsions. Selection of age and condition‐test interval produced seizures of predictable incidence and severity. Incidence in 12‐ or 45‐day‐old mice was about 5% at any interval. However, 18‐day‐old mice subjected to brief auditory stimulation (60 sec at 95 db) and tested at intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 days resulted in a high incidence of convulsions. Clonic‐tonic convulsions characterized the seizures at the 2‐ or 3‐day interval; but at 5 days only clonus was seen. Without further sound stimulation mice show a transitory audio‐sensitivity lasting about 5 days. Sound‐induced convulsions or repeated auditory stimulation prolong sensitivity. Important characteristics of the genetically controlled audiogenic crisis in contrast with other sound‐induced convulsions include: the essential prior auditory stimulation, the brief duration of susceptibility, and the adaptation to chronic noise.
Eye movement during sleep and waking in infant monkeys (Macaca mulatta) deprived of patterned vision
Authors: Berger Ralph J. , Meier Gilbert W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFive newborn rhesus monkeys deprived of patterned vision and 4 normal‐sighted controls were reared until 18 months of age. There was a significant decrease in frequency of rapid eye movement (REM) in both groups with increasing age. Frequency of REM tended to be lower in experimental monkeys than in controls. Asymmetries in velocity of waking, horizontal eye movement were evident in experimental monkeys, and the velocity of REMs was less in pattern‐deprived monkeys than in controls. Nonsequential interval histograms between REMs at 18 months of age differed significantly from a random exponential distribution in both groups. Pattern‐deprived monkeys had significantly fewer short intervals between REMs than controls. Visual tests showed the pattern‐deprived monkeys to be behaviorally blind on removal of their eye occluders at 18 months of age.
Primiparous and multiparous monkey mothers in a mildly stressful social situation: First three months
Authors: Mitchell G. , Stevens C. W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractEight primiparous rhesus monkey mothers were matched with 8 multiparous rhesus monkey mothers with regard to date of delivery and sex of infant. Each mother was housed and tested individually with her infant to preclude the compensating effects of peer experience. The test situation involved transporting each mother‐infant pair from the home cage to a test cage of similar size where the pair was visually exposed to a strange mother‐infant pair and human observers. The primiparous mothers looked at, threatened, fear grimaced, and lip‐smacked to these social stimuli significantly more frequently than did the multiparous females. In addition, the inexperienced mothers stroked or petted their infants significantly more frequently than the experienced mothers. The results support the idea that primiparous mothers are more “anxious” or concerned for their infants' welfare than are multiparous mothers.
The orb web during the life of Argiope aurantia (lucas)
Authors: Reed Charles F. , Witt Peter N. , Scarboro Mabel B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractChanges in size, quantity, and regularity of detail were followed in the orb webs of Argiope aurantia Lucas for 8 laboratory‐born females reared under controlled environmental conditions. Mesh width and the number of radii decreased steadily from the 3rd month of life to death. Thread length and area of web reached peaks around the time of the last molt and sexual maturation, and decreased thereafter. Leg length, weight, and molt, while related to web characteristics, do not account entirely for changes in dimensions. Furthermore, after several months under similarly controlled conditions, 6 females that had been caught outdoors built unusually large webs. The characteristic changes of Argiope aurantia webs in the laboratory appear to reflect not only physiological maturation and declinc, but may be related to early experience with the efficiency of the web as a trap.
An entropy model of the developing brain
Authors: Bergström R. M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFrom experimental work on fetal development of neural processes, a qualitative entropy model of the brain is derived. The developing brain is structurally organized in a primitive core with a random geometry, surrounded by more highly developed shells with increasing structural order in the connections between neuronal units. Paralleling this development, the sensory‐motor transfer function of the brain changes from a transfer of low‐grade to high‐grade energy. In proportion to the entropy content of their input and output energies, the core and shells exhibit in their signalling functions different degrees of randomness, with negative entropy of the neural process increasing from the core to the peripheral shells. This implies that the genetic span in the brain is represented as a nonstable domain, which extends structurally from the reticular core to the cerebral cortex, and functionally from the maximum entropy to the maximum negentropy of the system. The nonstable domain, measurable as the difference between the maximum equilibrium and non‐equilibrium of the system, represents the information capacity of the brain and increases with the developmental stage of the system.
Effects of psychotropic drugs on the sleep—wakefulness cycle of the developing kitten
Authors: Shimizu Akira , Himwich Harold E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of psychotropic drugs on the sleep‐wakefulness cycle were studied in 70 kittens during their growth period from 1 to 28 days of age. Recordings of EEG, EMG of posterior neck muscles, and respiration were made as well as observations of behavior. Neither imipramine nor chlorpromazine decreased percent time of wakefulness in kittens until they were 16 to 18 days of age when decreases first occurred as in mature cats. These two drugs also depressed the percent time of activated sleep and increased that of slow‐wave sleep, both actions being least prominent in newborn kittens 1 to 3 days old and becoming more marked thereafter. Propericiazine diminished activated sleep time and increased slow‐wave sleep time, these changes being least marked in newborn kittens. This is the only drug that did not decrease the percent time of wakefulness. Haloperidol is the only drug that did not diminish activated sleep time; slow‐wave sleep time, however, was increased and the percent time of wakefulness decreased. These effects were not observed until 16 to 18 days of age. In general, for all drugs studied, the effects were less marked in the younger subjects. Moreover, the drug effects on activated sleep were established earlier than those on wakefulness.
Differential reinforcement of latency (DRL) in phenylketonuric monkeys
Authors: Chamove Arnold S. , Davenport John W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFifteen rhesus monkeys with induced phenylketonuria (PKU) were compared with 12 controls in a 6‐sec DRL task that was preceded by continuously reinforced (CRF) training in half of each group and followed by reward magnitude variations. No differences were found in the acquisition of the CRF or DRL behavior in the subgroups having no prior training, but PKUs that were shifted from CRF to DRL conditions persisted in making incorrect short‐latency responses on the early trials of DRL sessions. This effect and a subsequent finding of inferior DRL performance by PKUs when reward magnitude was reduced were interpreted in terms of current frustration theory.
Early behaviors in hand‐reared, squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: King James E. , King Priscilla A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe development of behaviors during the first 50 days of life was observed in four squirrel monkeys who had been separated from their mothers shortly after birth. Behaviors observed included those related to nursing and maternal contact as well as sensory development, locomotion, and eating. Those behaviors closely related to maternal contact and nursing were particularly strong and persistent as compared to similar behaviors in rhesus monkeys, a result consistent with the differences in the maternal behaviors of these two species. Two of the monkeys who survived to adulthood developed a stereotyped thumb sucking and resultant malocclusions of the front deciduous teeth, whereas the third surviving monkey displayed stereotyped in‐place rocking.
Development of responsiveness to a social releaser in the dog: Effects of age and hunger
Authors: Fox M. W. , Weisman R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe reaction of dogs toward a monochrome painting of an adult conspecific were evaluated developmentally at 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 weeks of age. Highest frequencies of interaction toward the head and inguinal regions of the model occurred at 6 and 8 wk and increased at these ages following food deprivation. These findings are discussed in relation to the development of social behavior in the dog.
Maternal behavior: Differences between mother and virgin mice as a function of the testing procedure
Authors: Gandelman R. , Zarrow M. X. , Denenberg Victor H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRetrieval by lactating and virgin mice was compared in a straight alley and a T‐maze. In both test situations the retrieval performance of the lactating mouse was superior to that of the virgin animal. No discrimination was seen between a live pup and a dead pup; a rubber toy, however, was retrieved least by both the lactating and virgin mice. Contrary to previous results, these experiments demonstrate a significant difference in maternal behavior between lactating and virgin mice.
Simply produced closed‐head, focal lesions for study of repair in immature rat cerebral cortex
Authors: Geller Lester M. , Cowen David , Wolf Abner 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMultiple electroconvulsive shocks consistently and rapidly produce uniform, bilaterally symmetrical lesions in the immature rat's cerebral cortex, without the incidental damage that accompanies other experimental injuries to the central nervous system. The terminal lesion, devoid of nerve cells, is a narrow, laminar band of numerous myelinated axons, unaccompanied by a glial scar. Insofar as the initially damaged area becomes occupied by nerve fibers, the healing process may be thought of as involving a regeneration. A variety of studies for which the electroshock lesions might be used is suggested.
Early nutrition and the activity and feeding of rats in an artificial environment
Authors: Barnett S. A. , Smart J. L. , Widdowson E. M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMale hooded rats were divided into 3 equal groups: (1) controls were given a complete diet ad libitum at all times; (2) for 8 weeks from the age of 28 days, undernourished (UN) rats received the complete diet in restricted amounts; (3) low protein (LP) rats received a low‐protein, high‐carbohydrate diet for the same period. From 12 weeks all rats were given the complete diet ad libitum, until tested at 35 weeks. Each rat was then put alone, for 12 days, in a residential “plus‐maze” with a central nest box and 4 arms radiating from it; food was supplied at the end of one arm, water in the nest box. On Days 4 to 9 each rat had access to the arms for only 1 hr daily. Entries into the arms, and duration of stay, were recorded automatically. All arms were regularly visited by rats of all classes, even when access was only for 1 hr. Visits per day to the 3 nonfood arms combined were usually higher than visits to the food arm, but duration of stay in the food arm was higher than the total duration in the other 3 arms. LP rats made most visits to the arms and were especially active after the 6 days of restriction; but they were less adaptable than the control and UN rats in adjusting food intake during the period of restricted access. In contrast, the UN rats spent most time in the arms.
Environmentally induced changes in the dimensions of the rat cerebrum
Authors: Walsh Roger N. , Budtz‐Olsen Otto E. , Torok Amelia , Cummins Robert A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo groups of rats were reared under conditions of environmental complexity while their littermates were reared in isolation. Cerebral length and width were measured following 30 and 80 days of differential rearing. In the 30‐day group differences in neither cerebral length nor width reached significant levels but the product of the 2 parameters was 2.1 % (p < .02) greater in the stimulated animals. In the 80‐day group cerebral length was significantly greater (p < .001) in the stimulated animals than in their isolated littermates, but no significant differences in cerebral width were detected.
Reactions by differentially raised rhesus monkeys to noxious stimulation
Authors: Lichstein Lawrence , Sackett Gene P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAdult monkeys reared in social‐sensory isolation were compared with socially raised controls in 2 studies assessing aversive reactions to electric shock. In Experiment 1, the procedure involved competition between self‐paced thirst and shock avoidance, presenting the monkey with a situation in which it had to absorb 2‐sec of mouth‐shock on a drinking tube to obtain water. When the monkey went through a response cycle by overcoming a given shock level, taking a variable number of unshocked drinks, and going 3 min without touching the drinking tube, the current was increased one step in a range from 0.1–2.5 mA. On measures of fluid intake and time per response cycle isolate monkeys did not differ from controls, suggesting that thirst motivation did not differ between groups. On shock trials isolates tolerated higher levels of shock than controls, even though they were initially more reactive to very low current levels. Isolates also showed more negative generalized effects of shock on nonshocked drinking tube contacts at a time when controls showed almost no generalized effects. In Experiment 2, neither isolates nor controls preferred to drink from a shocked over a nonshocked tube in a 2‐choice free drinking situation, indicating that shock was a noxious stimulus for both groups. Thus, as in rats and dogs, stimulus deprivation during rearing produced anomalous reactions to noxious stimulation in monkeys.
The effect of imprinting training on hyperstriatal EEG in young domestic chicks, (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Schulman Allan H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDuration of low amplitude (< 50 μV) hyperstriatal EEG activity is both a treatment and stimulus‐specific indicator of imprinting training in domestic chicks. Trained birds exhibited sustained EEG arousal in the presence of the imprinted stimulus whereas both they and control birds evinced temporary desynchronization when presented with a strange stimulus. The EEG pattern observed in the chicks was virtually identical to that obtained in domestic turkeys tested under similar conditions.
Social preferences of mother and infant squirrel monkeys following different rearing experiences
Authors: Kaplan Joel , Schusterman Ronald J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMother and infant squirrel monkeys that were previously housed together in either a social or restricted environment were given the opportunity to select each other, an unfamiliar female, an unfamiliar infant, or an empty cage, in a free‐choice situation. The time spent with the different choices was used as an index of the animal's preference. Five of the six socially reared infants clearly preferred their mother to the other choices, whereas only one (the youngest) of the six infants reared alone with its mother showed a preference for her. Most of the mothers in both groups did not show any preference among the four choices, although two mothers from the social group and two from the restricted group did spend considerably more time with their own infant. The differences between the two groups of infants is discussed in terms of differences in the environmental characteristics and mother‐infant relationship of the two rearing environments.
An experimental investigation of the possible role of tactile and proprioceptive stimulation in certain aspects of embryonic behavior in the chick
Authors: Oppenheim Ronald W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTactile and proprioceptive stimulation designed to approximate natural sources of stimulation was administered to chick embryos from the 5th to the 16th day of incubation in the first 3 of 5 separate experiments. Such stimulation produced few modifications in the frequency, periodicity or qualitative aspects of embryos' movements at any age. In experiment IV, stimulation, considered to be atypical with regard to the frequency and intensity of administration, was found to modify the periodic but not the frequency aspects of embryonic behavior on Day 10 of incubation. The final experiment (V) provided partial support for the hypothesis that the general lack of effect of tactile‐proprioceptive stimulation in undisturbed chick embryos is due to a rather rapid cessation of responding. It was concluded that these 5 experiments support the contention that spontaneous activity is an important aspect of the normal embryonic behavior of the chick.
Strain, sex, and environment effects on appetitively and aversively motivated learning tasks
Authors: Freeman Betty Jo , Ray Oakley S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo strains of rats (Zivic‐Millers and F‐344s) were reared in either an enriched or isolated environment for 60 days (experiment I) or 27 days (experiment II). At maturity, independent groups of subjects were tested on both appetitively and aversively motivated learning tasks. The results indicated that the effects of early rearing conditions on later behavior were both task and strain specific. Passive avoidance and appetitively motivated tasks were more sensitive to the early experience variable whereas active avoidance tasks were more sensitive to the genetic variable.