bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unconventional Collagens
Authors: Ricard-Blum Sylvie , Dublet * Bernard , der Rest Michel van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Protein Profile issue covers collagens VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XII, XIV, XVI, and, XIX. It contains information about constituent chains, biosynthesis and post-translational modifications, genes, molecular and supramolecular assemblies, interactions, tissue distribution, and degradation, genetic and acquired diseases. Also available are the EBI sequence data and alignments, and a full bibliography.
Bringing Chemistry to Life
Authors: Williams R J P , Silva J J R Fraústo Da 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book the authors describe the long journey from formless inanimate matter to man, while explaining the nature and the logic of the physical-chemical processes involved, and stressing the limitations of reductionist analyses of these processes as complexity increases and novel properties emerge. In particular the authors develop the idea that it was chemical change of the environment that allowed evolution of life to occur and that this evolution required successive addition of new message systems and information codes connected, compatible, and cooperative with previous extant systems. To do this the authors analyse the relationship between chemical element content and speciation both in inanimate and living systems in terms of fundamental units and variables, or composite (derived) units and variables. Through such analyses the authors conclude that chemical speciation is very much a matter of chemical cooperativity (order versus disorder) while biological speciation requires cooperative flow of chemicals and energy (organisation versus disorder). They argue that chance mutations of DNA are far too simple to provide a basis for evolution and biological diversity, though it is a representation of such diversity. It is the survival strength of systems of molecular machinery which separate and generate living species. In the final chapter they analyse the effect of man's activities on the present global and local ecosystems and speculate on the possible nature of the emergent properties to be expected from an ever-increasing complexity of information-based modern societies.
The convergence method of Greiter
Authors: Schweiger Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Greiter 1977 was able to prove convergence for several algorithms. Toussaint 1986 gives a modification of Greiter’s method. We will present a simplified version of these ideas here. Definition 32 Let U and V be compact convex subsets of ℝn. Fix 1 &lt; r. Then we write U and V if there is an x ∈ U such that x + r(y – x) ∈ V for all y ∈ U.
Some applications
Authors: Schweiger Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As outlined in the preface (regular) continued fractions have a number of remarkable properties. Therefore it is no surprise that continued fractions appear in various branches of mathematics. Up to now several generalizations of continued fractions exist but none of these generalizations really seem to fulfill the wanted properties. In fact it is very likely that in higher dimensions a split occurs. An algorithm which gives good Diophantine approximations, say, will not work as a characterization of algebraic numbers and so on (see Szekeres 1970, Cusick 1977; Lagarias 1982a, 1982b). On the other hand multidimensional continued fractions are not just an interesting research area within metric number theory and ergodic theory but they have been used in other branches of mathematics mainly as a tool for constructing simultaneous approximations. The Jacobi-Perron algorithm was used for local uniformization on algebraic varieties (Zariski 1940). The appearance of subtractive multidimensional continued fractions in a model of percolation theory has already been mentioned (Meester & Nowicki 1989). There are also connections to pseudo-Anosov maps (Bauer 1995).
Principles of green chemistry
Authors: Anastas Paul T , Warner John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Green chemistry has been defined concisely in Chapter 2, and while green chemistry has also been described as the Hippocratic Oath for the Chemist (‘First, do no harm.’), the true definition of a subdiscipline or an area of investigation comes from the research and the accomplishments that are conducted therein. It is this organically grown definition that not only answers the question ‘What is green chemistry?’, but also provides the scope and range for green chemistry so that we can view where green chemistry can and will go in the future.
The listing of the ‘Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry’ should be viewed as a reflection of the science that has been done within this nascent field in the recent past, as well as as a direction that has been set by some of the pioneering scientists who have laid the ground­ work for the future (Fig. 4.1).
Discrete data
Authors: Krzanowski W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the problems that have been discussed thus far have assumed the data presented for analysis are quantitative. In many multivariate data sets, however, some or all of the measured variables may be qualitative. For such variables, an assumption of multivariate normality is manifestly inappropriate, and methods of analysis that are radically different from those considered earlier must therefore be sought. Discrete quantitative variables having only a few possible values also come under the same umbrella, and currently popular usage is to term the collection of all such variables as discrete multivariate data. We first consider the case where all variables in a data set are discrete, and later turn to the treatment of a mixture of discrete and continuous data.
Doing the sums
Authors: Budd C J , Sangwin C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 7 we looked at ways of writing whole numbers. The Hindu system of number bases, which we still use, turned out to be ideal and negative number bases are an interesting modem development. In this chapter we will introduce the logarithm. The discovery of the logarithm, by John Napier, was perhaps the most important advance in practical calculation methods after the introduction of the Hindu, decimal number system. The logarithm, like many things in mathematics, turns out to have a much deeper significance and greater use than simply helping us calculate. In the second half of this chapter we go on to describe a practical implementation of logarithms: the slide rule. The slide rule is also an example of what is known as an analogue computer. Most modem computers are digital and they store and manipulate information as strings of ones and zeros. We saw binary arithmetic in Chapter 7. Some computers, in particular early computers, were not digital and used other technologies, such as flowing liquids or mechanical links. The importance of these things are now becoming forgotten, particularly with the rise of the electronic calculator. We ask you to do as many of the exercises as you can with only paper and pencil. Of course, your calculator is useful to help you to check your answers.
Epidemiolog
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As its name suggests, the field of epidemiology arose from the study of epidemics. However, this discipline now has a much wider coverage, looking at public health in all its aspects, not just those involving infectious diseases. It uses a number of special techniques and some rather specific terminology.
Epidemiological research aims to study phenomena related to health in natural populations. It attempts to detect nonstandard events and to determine the reasons, called risk factors, behind them.
The principles of the uptake and chemical speciation of the elements in biology
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essential features of the study of the chemistry of a compound or system containing any number of elements involve (1) isolation of the compound, (2) analysis of its composition, (3) description of its structure, and (4) examination of properties, including stability, spectral features, and kinetic activities.
Formation of the savannah
Authors: Ulfstrand Staffan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Africa has not always existed, at least not as a separate continent in the shape we recognize today. During the Mesozoic era the Earth’s land masses were joined in two enormous blocks: a northern landmass called Laurasia, and a southern land-mass called Gondwanaland which included Antarctica, Australia, Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and South America.
Lion prides—nursery schools and death patrols
Authors: Ulfstrand Staffan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is early afternoon in the Masai Mara. The view is fantastic. Because of the severe drought on the short grass plains, a large portion of the Serengeti’s herbivore herds are gathered here. The grass is lush in the Masai Mara and rivers and waterholes provide abundant water. There are grazing herds of wildebeest in all directions and the zebra’s bark can be heard all around. As usual, the zebras look plump, healthy, spirited, and trim.
Bonobos: ‘make love, not war’
Authors: Ulfstrand Staffan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1930s it was realized that Africa was home to two species of chimpanzee. Pan troglodytesis distributed from Guinea in the west to Uganda and Tanzania in the east and was discussed in Chapter 11. In a considerably more limited area south of the Congo River lives another species—the bonobo, Pan paniscus, previously called pygmy chimpanzee. Since this species is not much smaller than the ‘regular’ chimpanzee its name was changed to bonobo. Bonobos are more slender and have slightly longer arms than chimpanzees and, in addition, have distinctive cranial characteristics. Young chimpanzees have pink faces at birth whereas young bonobos have black faces. One clear feature that differentiates these two species is the pitch of their voices: bonobo calls are much higher in pitch, and sound ‘childish’ compared to chimpanzee voices. The most recent common ancestor of chimpanzees and bonobos lived 2–2.5 million years ago, which is half the time that the human lineage has been separated from the combined chimpanzee–bonobo lineage.
Small steps, long journey
Authors: Ulfstrand Staffan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern evolutionary biology has shown that humans are characterized by a history much older than our own species—the result of millions of years of accumulated adaptations to a precarious, savage, and dangerous world. Unlike the universe, we didn’t come into being via a dramatic Big Bang, but rather—to quote the British evolutionary anthropologist Robert Foley—via a long series of hiccups. Our physical and psychological qualities show repeated cycles of variation and rejection. The remarkable adaptations in all living creatures, including the human brain, have arisen and evolved through differences in individual reproductive success. Biology originated from the bowels of physics and chemistry via this simple mechanism. From each generation, some survive and go on to influence future generations, while most disappear without a trace. Each being alive today can proudly state: all my ancestral mothers and fathers lived long enough to pass on their genes to the next generation.
Compatibility of characters
Authors: Semple Charles , Steel Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In biology, ‘characters’ describe attributes of the species under consideration and are the data that biologists typically use to reconstruct phylogenetic trees. Mathematically, characters are functions. A natural biological constraint is that the reconstructed phylogenetic trees have the property that each of the characters could have ‘evolved’ without ‘reverse’ or ‘convergent transitions’. In this chapter, we formalize this notion and explore the underlying mathematical properties of characters that allow us to construct such phylogenetic trees.
Keeping in Time With Your Body Clock
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why am I always tired? Why can't I sleep at night? Why do I suffer from jetlag? We all have a body clock, a biological structure that controls how we feel, our mental and physical performance, and whether we are active or asleep. This is nature's response to our rhythmic environment, dominated by day and night. Though the body clock normally adjusts us to daytime activity and night time sleep, it can go wrong or be tricked by lifestyle changes. This can result in jetlag, some forms of insomnia and even depression. Keeping in time with your body clock provides clear and accessible advice on how to live with, and not against, your body clock. In a clear and accessible style, it explains how the body clock works, how and why it can work against you, and the measures you can take to optimise your feeling of health and wellbeing. It also explains the role of the body clock in illness, and how an understanding of this can increase your feeling of health. An essential book for anyone who wants to better understand their body and optimise their feeling of health and wellbeing.
Operator Theory Basics
Authors: Evans David E , Kawahigashi Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the most basic functional analysis of operators on Hilbert spaces. To avoid unnecessary complication, we try to minimize complexity in only proving what is absolutely essential to the general aims. Thus we restrict attention to separable Hilbert spaces and their operators—and not prove the more traditional aspects of an introductory functional analysis course such as a more general Banach space theory including the Hahn-Banach theorem, open mapping theorem, principle of uniform boundedness etc. In order to make much of the earlier chapters accessible to an undergraduate audience, we also avoid as much as possible measure theoretic considerations. Indeed the contents of the first three chapters are based on final year undergraduate courses.
Axiomatization of Paragroups
Authors: Evans David E , Kawahigashi Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Section 10.2, we express the higher relative commutants of subfactors in terms of bimodules with the techniques of Chapter 9. Section 10.3 deals with the rather easy axiom of unitarity of connections. We will study the renormalization axiom in Section 10.4. This expresses a certain type of symmetry of the system, and will play an important role in the following chapters. Section 10.5 studies the flatness axiom. In actual computations and applications, this is the most important axiom. The abstract definition of a paragroup is completed in this section. The most fundamental examples of paragroups are presented in Section 10.6. These really are finite groups, and we will show how to regard them as paragroups.
String Algebras And Flat Connections
Authors: Evans David E , Kawahigashi Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We introduced a notion of commuting squares in Section 9.6, and will now characterize finite dimensional commuting squares in Section 11.2. In Section 11.3, we give a construction of subfactors from certain commuting squares. This is in the converse direction of the construction of a paragroup from a subfactor in Chapter 10, but the construction of a subfactor in this section starts with properties weaker than the full set of axioms of paragroups. (The paragroup of the subfactor may not then be the data that we started with.)
The science of musical sound
Authors: Taylor Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sound of any kind involves changes of pressure in the air around us; for example, in ordinary speech the pressure just outside the mouth increases and decreases by not more than a few parts in a million. But to be detected by our ears and brains as sound, these changes have to be made fairly rapidly. This can be demonstrated easily by inflating a balloon and then gently squeezing it between thumb and finger. This creates quite large pressure changes without any attendant sound; but inserting a pin creates a change that can very readily be heard.
Faggot’s fretful fiasco
Authors: Stewart Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you look at a guitar, mandolin, or lute—any stringed instrument with frets—you’ll see that the frets get closer and closer together as the note gets higher. This is a nuisance for the player, because there’s less room to fit the fingers in and because the distances you move your finger to get higher notes is not proportional to that for lower ones. But there’s a good reason why the frets have to be spaced the way they are: the notes won’t sound right otherwise. This is a consequence of the physics of vibrating strings.
Microtones and projective planes
Authors: Gamer Carlton , Wilson Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For hundreds of years mathematicians and musicians have been intrigued by the musical systems obtained when an octave is divided up, not into the usual twelve tones with which we are all familiar, but into a smaller or larger number of tones. Certain of these systems, such as the 19-tone, 31-tone and 53-tone equal-tempered systems, have been much investigated, since they give rise to tunings that more closely approximate particular intervals in the harmonic series (‘just’ tunings) than does the 12-tone equally tempered system; a table comparing these tunings is given below.
Law, lies, and videotape: malingering as a legal phenomenon
Authors: Jones Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the context of the civil law, although malingering may not be uncommon, it is rarely necessary for a court to reach a positive finding that an individual is malingering, given the manner in which the forensic process deals with the evidence when making findings of ‘fact’. A conclusion that a claimant is malingering effectively involves an allegation of fraud, which could have potentially serious consequences for the claimant beyond failing in the immediate claim. It is not simply a question of resolving a dispute between medical experts as to whether the claimant’s symptoms are genuine or feigned. In many instances, it may be almost impossible for a court or tribunal to conclude that the claimant is malingering without wholly convincing evidence, such as video observation of the claimant over a period of time.
Ethnicity, Health, and Primary Care
Authors: Kai Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is increasing ethnic diversity in our society posing challenges for health professionals and health care. Existing texts on ethnicity and health are often esoteric and academic in focus, accessible to researchers and policy analysts rather than health practitioners. Other texts consider a single health topic or cultural group. Ethnicity, Health and Primary Care is a new book, intended as a broad but concise and practical introduction to ethnicity and health care for a wide range of health professionals – general practitioners, GP registrars, practice and community nurses, bilingual workers, medical students and other health practitioners in training. Although focusing on primary care, the book's general principles and its clinical coverage will be highly relevant to other health and social care practitioners, in addition to those developing and commissioning health services. Chapters have been written to enable busy practitioners and students to grasp the essentials quickly and easily. The book aims to stimulate readers to learn about and develop an effective approach to ethnic diversity in health care. Rather than be an encyclopaedia of different ethnic groups and cultural practices, this book emphasises the need for practitioners to respond to people as individuals within a broader understanding of the diverse needs of communities. It thus promotes generic principles for good practice wherever diversity has an impact. Having underlined these principles the book considers major clinical topics and groups arguably of particular concern for the health of diverse ethnic communities.
Transaction cost economics and principal–agent theory: insights into investigations of outbreaks of infectious diseases
Authors: Jamasji-Pavri Azarmeen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Outbreaks of infectious disease occur when the incidence rises above the normal endemic level (Barker and Rose 1990) or when there are two or more linked cases of the same disease. The purpose of investigating these outbreaks is to identify the cause of the outbreak so that control measures can be implemented. Systematic, routine procedures exist for the investigation process. The plethora of instructional literature regarding these procedures (Goodman et al. 1990; Palmer 1990; Palmer 1995; Mackenzie and Goodman 1996; Reingold 1998) indicates their acceptance by the public health community. Despite the existence of technical literature on the subject, the situation-specific nature of outbreaks makes it impossible for a ‘gold standard’ to exist.
A Brief History of л
Authors: Acheson David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we first meet the number 1r = 3.14159 . . . it is all about circles. In particular, if we have a circle of radius r, then circumference = 2лr, and area = лr 2. The first of these formulae is more or less what we mean by the number 1r. For if we regard it as ‘obvious’ that the circumference of a circle is proportional to its diameter, then the ratio.
The Spirit of Copenhagen
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his letter with New Year’s wishes for 1926, Bohr wrote to Rutherford: ‘We have had a very busy time all the autumn with the enlargement of the institute, but now I hope that we shall have more quiet working conditions for some time.’ The renovation took longer than he had expected, however. In May he wrote: ‘The work on the reconstruction is now almost completed.’ That project may again have taxed his strength. In any event, during June and July Bohr was out with a serious influenza followed by some weeks of complete rest.
Some non-linear time series models
Authors: Tong Howell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, quite a few non-linear time series models have been proposed. We list some of these in this chapter and, whenever appropriate, include a brief description of the background. Detailed analyses of a selection of these models will be given in later chapters. In many cases, results are still incomplete and much research is going on at present. Possibly the single most important class of non-linear time series models which are directly motivated by dynamical systems is the class of non-linear autoregression.
Statistical aspects
Authors: Tong Howell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have been looking at the ensemble properties, that is properties pertaining to the collection of all realizations/sample paths. Under ergodicity /stationarity, these properties will tell us about the long-run behaviour of each realization. Now, we are going to study the ‘inverse problem’ of inferring something about the ensemble properties from one, or more precisely part of one, single realization. This falls within the domain of statistical inference. Before performing any formal statistical procedure, it is always good practice to examine the data graphically. A number of graphical methods have been in routine use in time series modelling. For example, time series data plots, sample autocorrelation function plots, sample partial autocorrelation function plots, sample spectral density functions, histograms, plots of differenced data, plots of instantaneously transformed data, etc., have been used as standard practice.