bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Malaysia
Authors: Onn Fong Chan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rapid industrialization since 1970 has led to creation of a relatively advanced telecommunications system to address the complex needs of businesses for instantaneous information transmittal to and retrieval from points around the globe. The development of telecommunications in Malaysia is traced and analyzed in this chapter, including its contributions to accelerated economic development. Some background is offered on Malaysia followed by discussion of telecommunications development during three time periods: preindependence, 1957- 1970, and post 1970. Because privatization has become an important objective of the Malaysian government, this issue is analyzed at length, including the government’ s rationale and strategy for privatization.
The Philippines
Authors: Aquino Thomas G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Philippines is one of the world’ s few major archipelagic nations. As such, the ability of a government to wield influence throughout the islands has depended to a large extent on its communications network. There were thriving commercial centers long before Ferdinand Magellan arrived in 1521, but precolonial political units were small. There are still some eighty-five indigenous languages and dialects. The Spanish brought macropolitical unification of the islands and Roman Catholicism-and stopped the spread of Islam, pushing it back to the southern islands. In 1898 the Philippines declared independence, but the United States assumed control from 1900, following the Spanish-American War, until 1942. A second republic was founded in 1946.
Thailand
Authors: Charmonman Srisakdi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thailand, in the late twentieth century, is one of the third wave of Asian countries (after Japan and the “four dragons”) to engage in widespread industrialization. Even before this time, Bangkok had become an important world city, home to the regional offices of many international organizations. This has created tremendous demands on the country’ s infrastructure, including telecommunications. Unfortunately, Bangkok has an inadequate telephone system for a city of such size and importance. The situation is such that poor service nationwide has been considered a major impediment to investment-particularly by foreigners-and a major stumbling block in trying to encourage development outside the Bangkok area.
Singapore
Authors: Kuo Eddie C Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Singapore is a compact city-state of not quite 3 million people and limited natural resources. The economy has long depended on the city’s natural harbor and location at the intersection of major trade routes, which helped it develop as a center of trade, shipping, and finance. Due to its small size, the economy is very internationally oriented; its external markets are larger than its domestic markets. (Good brief studies of Singapore are in Krause et al, 1987.)
South Korea: Telecommunications Policies into the 1990s
Authors: Sung Keuk Je 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until the late 1970s the Korean telecom sector had problems typical of developing countries. A backlog of unfilled orders persisted and financial resources were allocated inefficiently. Entering the 1980s, however, the Korean government made major investments in telecommunications, financed mainly through price increases and foreign borrowing. By 1987 the waiting list for telephone installation had disappeared, and a nationwide subscriber dialing system had been implemented. As the investment in facilities stabilized, the Ministry of Communications (MOC) proposed a qualitative policy that included flat-rate calling for telephone service (i.e., distance-insensitive rates) and implementation of universal information services. In a sense, these are the ultimate form of universal service.
Canada
Authors: Janisch Hudson n. , Romaniuk bohdan s. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By almost any conventional measure, be it ownership, regulation, internal organization, or industry structure, the Canadian telecommunications industry must appear puzzling if not utterly enigmatic to the foreign observer. If it is any consolation, it is no less confusing to many a Canadian observer as well. What other country in the industrial, and perhaps the entire, world can “boast”-if that is the word-of as tangled and complex a patchwork of foreign and domestic, public, private, and mixed ownership of its telecommunications infrastructure? In how many other countries did the regulatory regime consist (until the 1990s) of three different levels of government acting for the most part entirely independently of each other, yet collectively still leaving large gaps and with no single level of authority responsible for the industry as a whole? Still, Canada’ s eclectic mix works and has produced one of the finest telecommunications systems in the world.
New Zealand: Testing the Limits of Nonregulation
Authors: Dordick Herbert S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The origins of reform in New Zealand are diverse. First, the monopoly services provider was perceived, in time, to be unsuitable and inappropriate for the domestic economy and international dynamics New Zealand has found itself dealing with in the last decades of the twentieth century. Second, these dynamics had become highly competitive. Third, strong challenges to the state monopoly were mounted by important interest groups and stakeholders-including the computer and information industries, innovative industrialists and financiers willing to break down the walls of protectionism and take competitive risks in world markets, and economists who believe a freewheeling competitive economy less burdened by social goals is best.
Japan: Creating the Domestic and International Network
Authors: Ito Youichi , Iwata Atsushi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Making a unified nation of islands that for over 200 years had intentionally restricted contact not only with the outside world but internally among its constituent parts was a daunting task confronting mid-nineteenth-century Japan. Communications has always been a key element of state building. It is thus not surprising that the telegraph was introduced into Japan in 1869, just a year after the Meiji Restoration, which is conventionally considered the beginning of the country’ s modern era. This chapter traces the development of the telecommunications industry in Japan from these beginnings, concluding with a discussion of factors affecting policy change, including changes and goals and the means available to achieve them. The next chapter will cover the domestic deregulation process that began in the late 1970s as well as the data processing services that were part of the technological impetus for deregulation.
The Framing and Ratification of the Power of the Purse in National Security Affairs
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nowhere does our focus on the power of the purse in national security affairs run a greater risk of rendering an incomplete picture than when we trace the framing and ratification of this power in the Constitution. Contemporary discussion of the power was sparse. Except insofar as it authorized creation of a standing army, the power appeared relatively uncontroversial, The war powers provisions of the Constitution add little to the picture, because these provisions also received relatively little discussion. What does emerge quite clearly from the constitutional history is the widely shared assumption that the people could risk vesting war powers and the command of a standing army in the president because Congress retained control of the means of war, an assumption consistent with a broad-scoped power of the purse.
Restrictive Appropriations
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The paradigm of what we call restrictive appropriations-appropriations which restrict national security activities by the executive-are the Boland amendments from 1982 to 1986. We have already described the legislative process by which they were enacted. In this chapter, we use them as examples to discuss the substantive scope of restrictive appropriations. We begin by applying the analysis set out in chapter 11 to determine their force and effect as law. We then consider the general objection that restrictive national security appropriations violate the separation of powers by impermissibly intruding on the inherent constitutional authority of the president. Finally, we consider this objection to the most restrictive Boland amendment and to restrictive appropriations during the Vietnam War.
Summing Up the Power of the Purse in National Security
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Deep Throat, the anonymous source who helped Washington Post reporters Woodward and Bernstein expose the Watergate scandal, reportedly advised them that the best way to uncover an inside-the-Beltway scandal is to “follow the money.” And so we have, generically, by tracing the early history, mechanics, procedural constitutional limits, and substantive scope of the power of the purse in national security. It remains to summarize what we have uncovered.
What Bioethics Can Learn from the Women’s Health Movement
Authors: Dresser Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After advising me on when to put in my diaphragm (“Dinner, dishes, diaphragm,” he said), my ob/gyn went on to speak about the fairly serious postpartum depression I was experiencing. “I like to tell my new mothers to get out to the library once in a while to keep their minds alive, but basically to find their happiness in the fact that they are taking care of their husbands and raising a new generation.”
Communicative Ethics in Medicine: The Physician–Patient Relationship
Authors: Smith Janet Farrell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What distinctive concepts from a communicative or discourse ethics could illuminate ethical issues in health and medicine? Such a viewpoint has much to contribute by taking speech or discourse as a kind of action and applying a philosophy of communicative action to the physician-patient relationship. A communicative ethics approach goes beyond the often-heard call for better communication, and more of it, between patients and physicians. It argues for a transformed view of medical interaction and the source of governing norms, drawing on insights from philosopher Jurgen Habermas, leader of the school of critical theory, and further shaped in key ways by feminist philosophers.
A Conceptual Framework For Interventions With Low Birthweight Premature Children And Their Families
Authors: Shearer Craig T Ramey Darlene L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many years the immediate major challenges to care of preterm infants concerned resuscitation and survival. During the past decade as the number of surviving infants with lower gestational age has increased, the prevention of biomedical and psychological problems associated with increased prematurity has received growing research attention, including the provision of developmental interventions in the NICU and after discharge.
The Politics of Patriarchal Protection: Debates over Coeducation and Special Labor Legislation for Women
Authors: Newman Louise Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the postbellum period, the woman ‘s movement fashioned a politics out of protection that eventually made it possible for white middle-class women to become political actors and agents of the state, despite dominant cultural assumptions about sexual differences that characterized women as unsuited for these roles. Yet protection-which encompassed white men offering white women financial support, supervision, polite courtesies, and a general solicitousness that was not extended to other groups of women-was conceived as a “privilege” to be granted only so far as (white) women lived in conformity with patriarchal norms of middle-class domesticity. White women sensed that these kinds of protections would be withdrawn if they did not conform to their primary roles as homemakers and childrearers. Freeing themselves from the category of the protected and becoming protectors themselves was a difficult maneuver, yet it became, as I shall show, one of the most effective ways that white, middle-class women began to assume political power without transgressing culturally prescribed notions of womanhood and civilized gender relations.
Putting the Pieces Together
Authors: Earley P Christopher , Erez Miriam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Armed with your new understanding of self-knowledge and cultural values, you are ready to investigate and determine the best way for you to manage others. Without question, the next step is to examine how self-knowledge and cultural values fit together and to determine the profiles of your subordinates so that a match (or mis match) can be identified. In addition, these profiles will help you understand whether or not a particular management technique (e.g., management by objectives, job redesign) will be consistent with the orientation of employees. If it is not, you must take steps to change the profile of the subordinates (perhaps through special job training) or choose a different management style.
Did You Understand What I Said?
Authors: Earley P Christopher , Erez Miriam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last two decades witnessed for a telecommunication systems revolution. An increasing number of people rely on electronic mail, fax, cellular phones, and teleconference equipment to communicate inside and across corporate and national borders. Some of the most recent technological developments are the information superhigh way, wireless communication (including cellular phones), and digital cellular and personal communication networks (PCNs). This new technology is building “anytime, anywhere” communication, creating the wireless world, as illustrated in Figure 4.1.
Motivating Employees in Different Cultures
Authors: Earley P Christopher , Erez Miriam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern organizations attempt to select the most talented, capable, and knowledgeable people available. Organizations compete heavily for high-caliber employees. In exchange for offering an attractive employment package, they expect that these employees will work to the full extent of their abilities and exert all their effort and mental resources in their workplace. Very often this assumption is proven wrong, and employees fail to reach their potential. Although they may have the talent, they may lack motivation and drive. Motivated employees have three major characteristics: they have a sense of direction; they know where they want to go and what they want to accomplish. They have a willingness to try hard and to exert effort. Finally, they do not give up even when they face obstacles that thwart goal achievement. In contrast, those who are not motivated lack commitment to their work and don’t pay attention to what is required of them. As a result, they do not gain a sense of accomplishment, do not receive rewards and recognition, and become unsatisfied and withdrawn.
Leading in Different Cultures
Authors: Earley P Christopher , Erez Miriam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps no topic within the field of management excites more than that of leadership. It is a subject that has long captured the imagination of theologians, historians, and philosophers. Much of history concerns vivid descriptions of great military figures such as Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Joseph Stalin, and George Pat ton, as well as more modern corporate visionaries-Bill Gates, Lee Iacocca, and Jack Welch, Jr. We ask ourselves how these people built their empires and led their people.
Military Intelligence: Unmasking Those Fearsome Apparitions
Authors: Maslowski Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Frank Rowlett did not know what the word meant. A country boy from Rose Hill, Virginia, Rowlett had shown an aptitude for science and mathematics almost as soon as he began making the mile-and-a-half trek to the local one-room schoolhouse. After graduating from high school he attended a small college nearby, where he tutored students in algebra and geometry. By the time he was a junior, he was teaching a regular college math class, as well as serving as a laboratory assistant in physics and chemistry. Rowlett intended to do graduate work in math, but during his senior year he saw an announcement for a U.S. Civil Service examination for a mathematician. Shortly after taking the exam a telegram arrived offering Rowlett a job: $2000 a year as a “cryptanalyst.”
Some Thoughts and Evidence on Industrial Policy: Industrialization in South Korea and Mexico
Authors: Sokoloff Kenneth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the growing concern about the recent slow growth of the U.S. economy, it is perhaps no surprise that whether or not to have an “industrial policy” has become a hotly debated and familiar issue over the last decade. For better or worse, the American instinct has always been to take action when events are not to taste. Influenced by the economic successes of Japan and other countries, who have both undercut American dominance in previous industry strongholds like consumer electronics, automobiles, and steel and narrowed its lead in per capita income, many observers suspect that our economy is being placed in jeopardy by the aid targeted by the foreign governments to such industries-support of a level and nature that the United States has traditionally been reluctant to provide. So dramatic has the contrast in economic performance been, that the political coalition in favor of resisting government intrusions into the economy has developed cracks and threatened to crumble completely. Indeed, some academic economists, the most devout believers in free trade, have questioned the faith and flirted with the endorsement of various forms of industrial policy.
Quantified Structures: Polish and Other Puzzles
Authors: Franks Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
NPs obligatorily raise to IP-specifier position in order to receive nominative case; QPs do not. These oppositions extend proposals due to Babby (1987) and Pesetsky (1982), thereby accounting for a range of differences between the two languages. The parametric approach thus provides support for their original analyses of Russian. The discussion in chapter 4 was fairly self-contained, however, and a variety of potentially problematic issues were ignored. For one thing, the important question of whether the parameterization in (1) can accommodate quantified phrases in the other Slavic languages remains unexplored. Strong support for the analysis of the differences between East Slavic Russian and South Slavic Serbo-Croatian might be drawn from these languages, provided they can be treated as variations on the above theme. In this chapter the analysis is extended to West Slavic, and several striking inconsistencies are resolved by invoking a third option that cuts across the parameters in (1). Next, I treat three residual types of constructions that are formally related to numeric quantification in Slavic and that raise a host of new problems.
Two Functional Heads in English DP
Authors: Lobeck Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, the phrase structure of DP in English was taken to be (1), in which [+Poss] or [+Plural] in DET were potential strong agreement features. An empty, non-arbitrary pronominal must be properly head-governed, and governed by an X-0 specified for strong agreement. This analysis accounts for certain ellipsis patterns in DP, but as I demonstrate in this chapter, it fails to explain why more than one determiner element can apparently precede a nominal projection, as we see in (3).
The Setting
Authors: Halpern Ben , Reinharz Jehuda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After an early period of conquest and expansion, the history of Ottoman rule in Palestine was one of protracted political disorganization and economic decline. Well into the nineteenth century, the territory was minimally populated by (in modern terms) a nonproductive, preindustrial society of some 200,000 to 300,000 inhabitants. However, there were sharp fluctuations in detail, some areas and some groups rising while others retreated in the scale of growth. The Jewish Yishuv and its major component sections experienced relatively large and rapid shifts in fortune.
The Hegemony of Labor
Authors: Halpern Ben , Reinharz Jehuda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How labor rose to dominance in the Yishuv (Palestine Jewish community), in the Zionist movement, and finally in Israel is a subject that has been thoroughly studied. The growth of the working population and the more effective political organization of labor compared with other parts of the Yishuv after World War I have been noted. But these were no more than relative advantages. The workers long remained a minority and, however well organized in comparison with others, they too were divided by numerous, bitterly factional differences.
Literacy in a Hunting-Gathering Society: The Case of the Diyari
Authors: Ferguson Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, beginning with the often-cited article of Goody and Watt (1963), a renewed and growing interest has developed in the study of literacy as a phenomenon of human societies, and strong claims have been made about the cognitive effects of the shift from oral to literate culture (see, e.g., Goody 1977; Ong 1982; but cf. Frake 1983). Although many of the recent literacy studies are ethnographic in perspective (e.g., papers in Goody 1968; Schieffelin and Gilmore 1986), we still have very few descriptive studies of the introduction of literacy into particular nonliterate societies. One such study (Ransom 1945) appeared in the first volume of this journal. In it the anthropologist author attempted to reconstruct and interpret the sequence of events as vernacular literacy was introduced among the Alaskan Aleut by Russian Orthodox missionaries early in the nineteenth century; a valuable follow-up article appeared thirty years later (Black 1977). The present paper attempts a similar reconstruction of the nineteenth century introduction of vernacular literacy among an Australian Aboriginal group by German Lutheran missionaries. It is intended to be sufficiently detailed to suggest useful comparisons with other cases and thus to contribute to the formulation of a better theoretical framework for the study of this kind of cultural change and its implications.
The Structure and Use of Politeness Formulas
Authors: Ferguson Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to examine with some care the little snippets of ritual used in everyday encounters between people, expressions like good morning, or thank you, or God bless you said when someone sneezes, or bye-bye said to an infant by a departing guest. All human speech communities have such formulas, although their character and the incidence of their use may vary enormously from one society to another. Strangely enough this universal phenomenon has been very little studied by linguists or anthropologists or other students of human behaviour. These politeness formulas (as I call them) are, in the word of Erving Goffman, ‘among the most conventionalized and perfunctory doings we engage in and traditionally have been treated by students of modem society as part of the dust of social activity, empty and trivial’ (Goffman 1971: 90). Goffman, in his intentionally irritating way, seems to attribute our failure to study these interpersonal rituals to the general decline of religion in modem times. He says, ‘Only our secular view of society prevents us from appreciating the ubiquitousness and strategy of their location, and, in tum, their role in social organization’ (89). Without in any way accepting his explanation for the dearth of systematic study of politeness formulas, I join him in bewailing it, and find in his works some of the most insightful treatments of them.