bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation, characterization, and distribution of a novel neuropeptide, Rana RFamide (R‐RFa), in the brain of the European green frog Rana esculenta
Authors: Chartrel Nicolas , Dujardin Cynthia , Leprince Jérôme , Desrues Laurence , Tonon Marie‐Christine , Cellier Eric , Cosette Pascal , Jouenne Thierry , Simonnet Guy , Vaudry Hubert 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA novel neuropeptide of the RFamide peptide family was isolated in pure form from a frog (Rana esculenta) brain extract by using reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatography in combination with a radioimmunoassay for mammalian neuropeptide FF (NPFF). The primary structure of the peptide was established as Ser‐Leu‐Lys‐ Pro‐Ala‐Ala‐Asn‐Leu‐Pro‐Leu‐ Arg‐Phe‐NH2. The sequence of this neuropeptide, designated Rana RFamide (R‐RFa), exhibits substantial similarities with those of avian LPLRFamide, gonadotropin‐inhibitory hormone, and human RFRP‐1. The distribution of R‐RFa was investigated in the frog central nervous system by using an antiserum directed against bovine NPFF. In the brain, immunoreactive cell bodies were primarily located in the hypothalamus, i.e., the anterior preoptic area, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the dorsal and ventral hypothalamic nuclei. The most abundant population of R‐RFa–containing neurons was found in the periependymal region of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. R‐RFa– containing fibers were widely distributed throughout the brain from the olfactory bulb to the brainstem, and were particularly abundant in the external layer of the median eminence. In the spinal cord, scattered immunoreactive neurons were found in the gray matter. R‐RFa–positive processes were found in all regions of the spinal cord, but they were more abundant in the dorsal horn. This study provides the first characterization of a member of the RFamide peptide family in amphibians. The occurrence of this novel neuropeptide in the hypothalamus and median eminence and in the dorsal region of the spinal cord suggests that, in frog, R‐RFa may exert neuroendocrine activities and/or may be involved in the transmission of nociceptive stimuli. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:111–127, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Red nucleus projections to distinct motor neuron pools in the rat spinal cord
Authors: Küchler Martin , Fouad Karim , Weinmann Oliver , Schwab Martin E. , Raineteau Olivier 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDespite being one of the more extensively investigated descending pathways of the rat spinal cord, the termination pattern and postsynaptic targets of the rubrospinal tract (RST) still present some unresolved issues. In addition to locomotor functions, the RST is implicated in the control of limb movements such as reaching and grasping. Although a strong RST projection onto interneurons of intermediate Rexed's laminae V and VI have been described through the entire length of the rat spinal cord, the existence of direct rubro‐motoneuronal connections have not been demonstrated. In the present study, anterograde tracing of the rat RST with biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was combined with injections of cholera toxin β‐subunit (CTβ) into selected groups of forelimb muscles to analyze in detail the rubral projections to the forelimb areas of the cervical spinal cord. The double‐staining procedure suggested a direct projection from the RST to specific populations of motoneurons. Three populations of forelimb muscles were distinguished, i.e., paw, “distal” muscles; forearm, “intermediate” muscles; and upper arm, “proximal” muscles. A somatotopic distribution of the corresponding motor neuron pools was present in the spinal cord segments C4‐Th1. Rubrospinal axons were seen in close apposition to the distal and intermediate muscle motoneurons, but were consistently absent in the most ventrally situated motor column projecting to proximal muscles. Microstimulation of the red nucleus resulted in electromyographic responses with shorter latency in the distal forelimb muscles than in proximal muscles. These experiments support a specific, preferential role of the RST in distal forelimb muscle control. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:349–359, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunocytochemical localization of a Manduca sexta γ‐aminobutyric acid transporter
Authors: Umesh Anita , Gill Sarjeet S. 
Published: October 2002

Abstractγ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in insect central and peripheral nervous systems. Although much work has focused on the downstream targets of GABA, signal termination at insect GABAergic synapses has received very little attention. One of the major mechanisms of terminating synaptic transmission involves transport of the neurotransmitter molecules into presynaptic neurons or surrounding glia. Here we report the immunolocalization of a GABA transporter in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (MasGAT), using an affinity‐purified antibody developed to the C‐terminus. This is the first demonstration of an insect neurotransmitter transporter immunolocalization study. Results showed strong staining in the neuropil regions of embryonic, larval, and pharate adult central nervous system. Expression pattern in the pharate adult brain mostly mimicked that observed for GABA, with staining in parts of the optic and antennal lobes, mushroom body, lateral protocerebrum, and central complex. Certain longitudinal and lateral connectives of ganglia were observed to have immunostained fibers representing axons. These data support the view that GABA is involved in visual and olfactory processing in the insect brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:388–398, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional mapping of the rat olfactory bulb using diverse odorants reveals modular responses to functional groups and hydrocarbon structural features
Authors: Johnson Brett A. , Ho Sabrina L. , Xu Zhe , Yihan Joanne S. , Yip Sallis , Hingco Edna E. , Leon Michael 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn an effort to understand the olfactory code of rats, we collected more than 1,500,000 measurements of glomerular activity in response to 54 odorants selected to provide differences in functional groups and hydrocarbon structure. Each odorant evoked a unique response pattern by differentially stimulating clusters of glomeruli, called modules. Odorants sharing specific aspects of their structure activated the same modules, allowing us to relate responses to structure across approximately 80% of the glomerular layer. The most obvious relationship was between the presence of particular oxygen‐containing functional groups and the activity of glomeruli within dorsal modules. Functional group‐specific responses were observed for odorants possessing a wide range of hydrocarbon structure, including aliphatic, cyclic, and aromatic features. Even formic acid and acetone, the simplest odorants possessing acid or ketone functional groups, respectively, stimulated modules specific for these functional groups. At the same time, quantitative analysis of pattern similarities revealed relationships in activation patterns between odorants of similar hydrocarbon structure. The odorant responses were reliable enough to allow us to predict accurately specific aspects of odorant molecular structure from the evoked glomerular activity pattern, as well as predicting the location of glomerular activity evoked by novel odorants. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:180–194, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serotonin inputs to inspiratory laryngeal motoneurons in the rat
Authors: Sun Qi‐Jian , Berkowitz Robert G. , Goodchild Ann K. , Pilowsky Paul M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSerotonergic neurons are distributed widely throughout the central nervous system and exert a tonic influence on a range of activities in relation to the sleep–wake cycle. Previous morphologic and functional studies have indicated a role for serotonin in control of laryngeal motoneurons. In the present study, we used a combination of intracellular recording, dye‐filling, and immunocytochemistry in rats to demonstrate close appositions between serotonin immunoreactive boutons and posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) and cricothyroid (CT) motoneurons, both of which are located in the nucleus ambiguus and exhibit phasic inspiratory activity. PCA motoneurons received 29 ± 5 close appositions/neuron (mean ± SD, n = 6), with the close appositions distributed more frequently on the distal dendrites, less frequently on the proximal dendrites, and sparsely on the axons and somata. CT motoneurons received 56 ± 15 (n = 6), with close appositions found on both the somata and dendrites, especially proximal dendrites. Close appositions on the axons were only seen on one CT motoneuron. These results demonstrate a significant serotonin input to inspiratory laryngeal motoneurons, which is more prominent on CT compared with PCA motoneurons, and may reflect the different functional role of the muscles that they innervate during the sleep–wake cycle. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:91–98, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in expression of fibroblast growth factor receptors during development of the mouse retinofugal pathway
Authors: Lin Ling , Taylor Jeremy S.H. , Chan Sun‐On 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRetinal axons undergo several changes in organization as they pass through the region of the optic chiasm and optic tract. We used immunocytochemistry to examine the possible involvement of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) in these changes in retinal axon growth. In the retina, at all ages examined, prominent staining for FGFR was seen in the optic fiber layer and at the optic disk. At embryonic day 15 (E15), FGFR immunoreactivity was also detected in the ganglion cell layer, as defined by immunoreactivity for islet‐1. At later developmental stages (E16 to postnatal day 0), FGFR were found in the optic fiber layer and the inner plexiform layer. In the ventral diencephalon, immunostaining for FGFR was first detected at E13 in a group of cells posterior to the chiasm. These cells appeared to match the neurons that are immunopositive for the stage‐specific embryonic antigen‐1 (SSEA‐1). FGFR staining was also found on the retinal axons at E13. At E14–E16, when most axons are growing across the chiasm and the tract, a dynamic pattern of FGFR immunoreactivity was observed on the retinal axons. The staining was reduced when axons reached the midline but was increased when axons reached the threshold of the optic tract. These results suggest that axon growth and fiber patterning in distinct regions of the retinofugal pathway are in part controlled by a regulated expression of FGFR. Furthermore, the axons with elevated FGFR expression in the optic tract have a posterior border of rich FGFR expression in the lateral part of the diencephalon. This region overlaps with a lateral extension of the SSEA‐1‐positive cells, suggesting a possible relation of these cells to the elevated expression of FGFR. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:22–32, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Light and electron microscopic study of corticorubral synapses in adult cat: Evidence for extensive synaptic remodeling during postnatal development
Authors: Saito Yasuhiko , Katsumaru Hironobu , Wilson Charles J. , Murakami Fujio 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSpine‐like dendritic protrusions (SLDPs) emanating from developing dendrites have been proposed to play an important role in early synaptogenesis. We previously analyzed synaptic termination sites on soma‐dendritic membrane of newborn cats and found that corticorubral (CR) axons form synapses preferentially on SLDPs (Saito et al., 1997). In the present study, we examined CR synapses in adult cats to elucidate the maturation process of CR synapses in relation to SLDPs. Electron microscopic observation of serial thin sections of Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin–labeled axons revealed that approximately 60% of CR terminals in adult cats formed synapses on dendritic spines. We also found that CR axons terminate on dendritic spines originating from the intermediate or distal dendrites of rubrospinal cells (more than 200 μm apart from the soma), in contrast to kittens in which CR fibers terminate on SLDPs originating from the proximal dendrites (less than 100 μm apart from the soma) of rubrospinal cells (Saito et al. [1997] J. Neurosci. 17:8792–8803). These results suggest that CR synapses undergo remarkable remodeling after initial termination on SLDP during postnatal development. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:236–244, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parallel multilevel iterative linear solvers with unstructured adaptive grids for simulations in earth science
Authors: Nakajima Kengo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA new multigrid‐preconditioned conjugate gradient (MGCG) iterative method for parallel computers is presented. Iterative solvers with preconditioning, such as the incomplete Cholesky or incomplete LU factorization methods, represent some of the most powerful tools for large‐scale scientific computation. However, the number of iterations required for convergence by these methods increases with the size of the problem. In multigrid solvers, the rate of convergence is independent of problem size, and the number of iterations remains fairly constant. Multigrid is also a good preconditioning algorithm for Krylov iterative solvers. In this study, the MGCG method is applied to Poisson equations in the region between two spherical surfaces on semi‐unstructured, adaptively generated prismatic grids, and to grids with local refinement. Computations using this method on a Hitachi SR2201 with up to 128 processors demonstrated good scalability. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive ethical therapy? The role of moral judgements in cognitive therapy
Authors: Callender John S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCognitive therapy was originally formulated as a way of helping clients by applying rational thinking to the appraisal of their realities. The expectation was that this would undo ways of thinking that cause distress and maladaptive behaviours. However this model has been called into question by recent experimental data. This paper argues from a philosophical perspective that empirical rationality has significant shortcomings as a method of promoting self‐understanding in the therapeutic situation. However, rational thinking forms the basis of one of the major schools of moral theory, formulated by the philosopher Immanuel Kant. The present paper argues that his ideas have important applications to cognitive therapy. It suggests that therapy might use rationality not only to appraise reality more accurately but also to generate precepts for personal behaviour. This idea is illustrated using an example of a client receiving cognitive therapy. The paper concludes with a discussion of the applicability of moral theory to clinical practice and a suggestion that cognitive therapy might be viewed as a form of applied ethics. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of empirically‐derived and rationally‐derived methods for identifying patients at risk for treatment failure
Authors: Lambert Michael J. , Whipple Jason L. , Bishop Matthew J. , Vermeersch David A. , Gray Geoffrey V. , Finch Arthur E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSeveral systems have been developed to monitor and feedback information about a patient's responses to psychotherapy as a method of enhancing patient outcome. Feedback is generated from decision rules based on a patient's expected level of progress. Those patients who do not make expected levels of progress or whose progress in therapy is less than adequate are referred to as signal–alarm cases. Research has shown that feedback based on rationally‐derived identification procedures increased the duration of treatment and improved outcomes for patients identified as potential treatment failures (signal–alarms). This paper compared two identification methods: a rationally‐derived method based on clinical judgments about poor progress, and an empirical method based on statistically‐derived expected recovery curves. The concordance of these two methods was examined with regards to detecting signal–alarm cases. Results suggested that the empirically‐derived method was more accurate in identifying patients who actually deteriorated. It was able to identify 100% of the cases that had deteriorated at termination, with 85% being identified by the time they had had three treatment sessions. However, the rationally‐derived method was faster at identifying signal cases and more likely to identify the most seriously disturbed cases as potential treatment failures. Future directions for research in quality management were identified. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychological assessment in clinical practice in Britain
Authors: Bekhit Nawal S. , Thomas Glyn V. , Lalonde Simon , Jolley Richard 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOne hundred and fifty‐eight clinical psychologists practising in Britain completed a questionnaire concerning their use of and views about psychological assessment. The respondents reported spending on average slightly more than 50% of their working day on face‐to‐face clinical work and 13% of their time with clients on individual assessment. The results were compared to those of a similar survey conducted in the United States. Compared to their American counterparts, British clinical psychologists used formal psychometric and projective tests infrequently. Clinical interviews were the most frequently mentioned form of assessment in both countries. Notwithstanding their infrequent use of formal assessment procedures, the majority of the British clinical psychologists stated that trainees should learn about some psychological tests, primarily in order to facilitate the therapeutic process. The comparison of North American and British practice illuminates factors influencing assessment choices, and poses questions about the validity and reliability of current assessment practices. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of age and isolation period on two phases of behavioral response to foot shock in isolation‐reared rats
Authors: Arakawa Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractUsing rats as subjects, the effects of a period of isolation and the subjects' age during isolation on the response to foot shock were systematically examined in three experiments. Both the thresholds of shock that evoked a jumping response and that evoked a thrashing response were measured. The results suggest that the threshold for jumping response decreased when rats were isolated during the postweaning stage of development. On the other hand, the threshold for thrashing response decreased when the subjects were isolated for more than 39 days, independently of their age during isolation. Possible causes of the differential effects of these two factors are discussed in relation to the developmental process of these two behavioral indices. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 15–24, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10040
Mutual influence of the maternal hen's food calling and feeding behavior on the behavior of her chicks
Authors: Wauters A. M. , Richard‐Yris M. A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIt is widely accepted that brooding hens attract their chicks to food by food calling, but until now, the concurrent behavior of hens and chicks has never been investigated in depth. This study provides a detailed analysis of both the behavior of brooded chicks and the distance to their mother in relation to her feeding sequences, and whether they contained food calling. Our results revealed that brooding hens utter food calls while pecking, especially when their chicks are not feeding and/or have been at some distance for several seconds. Chicks' response to their mother's feeding activities was more pronounced in the presence than in the absence of food call. Chicks responded to this call by approaching their mother and increasing their pecking; their response became more efficient as they grew older. We thus consider food calls as an arousal vocalization that directs the chicks' attention to a food item chosen by a hen. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 25–36, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10042
Physiological arousal in females with fragile X or Turner syndrome
Authors: Keysor Cynthia S. , Mazzocco Michèle M. M. , McLeod Daniel R. , Hoehn‐Saric Rudolf 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPhysiological arousal was measured in 12‐ to 22‐year‐old females with either fragile X, Turner syndrome, or neither disorder to explore potential differences in the manifestation of arousal and anxiety in adolescents and young women. Physiological arousal was measured at baseline and during performance on mental arithmetic, divided attention, and risk‐taking tasks. Contrary to prediction, females with fragile X rarely exhibited higher arousal than females in either the Turner syndrome or comparison groups. On the Divided Attention Task, both the fragile X and Turner syndrome groups exhibited higher arousal relative to one another based on different physiological indices. Relative to the comparison group, the fragile X group presented with a heightened state of arousal at baseline, based on mean skin conductance range, which may account for little increase in arousal on the cognitive tasks for females with fragile X. Females with Turner syndrome exhibited higher arousal relative to the comparison group on all cognitive tasks, but not for all physiological measures. Factors potentially associated with heightened arousal in fragile X and Turner syndrome are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 133–146, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10060
Was Willis right? Thoughts on the interaction of depression and diabetes
Authors: Rubin Richard R. , Peyrot Mark 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRecent studies suggest that depression may be an independent risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes. At a time when this disease is an epidemic, identifying interventions that could prevent or delay the onset of diabetes is a high priority, and treating depression in people predisposed to diabetes could be an effective approach. Future studies should establish a causal relationship between depression and the occurrence of type 2 diabetes, as well as possible mechanisms to explain the relationship, should one be observed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution of the titf2/foxe1 gene product is consistent with an important role in the development of foregut endoderm, palate, and hair
Authors: Dathan Nina , Parlato Rosanna , Rosica Annamaria , De Felice Mario , Di Lauro Roberto 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTitf2/foxe1 is a forkhead domain‐containing gene expressed in the foregut, in the thyroid, and in the cranial ectoderm of the developing mouse. Titf2 null mice exhibit cleft palate and either a sublingual or completely absent thyroid gland. In humans, mutations of the gene encoding for thyroid transcription factor‐2 (TTF‐2) result in the Bamforth syndrome, characterized by thyroid agenesis, cleft palate, spiky hair, and choanal atresia. Here, we report a detailed expression pattern of TTF‐2 protein during mouse embryogenesis and show its presence in structures where it has not been described yet. At embryonic day (E) 10.5, TTF‐2 is expressed in Rathke's pouch, in thyroid, and in the epithelium of the pharyngeal wall and arches, whereas it is absent in the epithelium of the pharyngeal pouches. According to this expression, at E13.5, TTF‐2 is present in endoderm derivatives, such as tongue, palate, epiglottis, pharynx, and oesophagus. Later in embryogenesis, we detect TTF‐2 in the choanae and whiskers. This pattern of expression helps to define the complex phenotype displayed by human patients. Finally, we show that TTF‐2 is a phosphorylated protein. These results help to characterize the domains of TTF‐2 expression, from early embryogenesis throughout organogenesis, providing more detail on the potential role of TTF‐2 in the development of endoderm and ectoderm derived structures. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.