bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Civil Liberties
Authors: Rosen Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since September 11, 2001, American and other Western democracies have debated the proper balance between liberty and security. A widespread assumption, in Europe and the United States, is that only courts can protect basic liberties—such as free speech and freedom from unlawful detention—against the encroachments of an overzealous executive. When the U.S. Supreme Court imposed slight restrictions on the president’s power to designate enemy combatants and to detain them indefinitely, for example, the justices were widely hailed for performing what many commentators assumed was a traditional function of the courts: defending liberty in the face of indifference or hostility from the president and Congress. When Congress at the end of 2005 overturned a related Supreme Court decision allowing suspected enemy combatants held at Guantanamo Bay to challenge their detention, the notion that judges defend liberty while legislatures eviscerate it became a form of conventional wisdom, even though, in the same law, Congress also was moved to ban torture over the president’s objections. And when the president insisted, with growing stridency, that unilateral executive authority should be essentially unchecked during wartime by the courts or Congress, civil libertarians focused their energies on persuading the courts, not Congress, to assert themselves.
Implementing Containment
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attempts to establish relationships between individuals, ideas, and events are hazardous in the best of circumstances—all the more so when the individual involved expresses himself eloquently but elliptically, when he resists any systematic exposition of his ideas, and when there is a vigorous debate over how those ideas affected the events associated with them. These problems all exist in attempting to evaluate Kennan’s influence on the foreign and military policies of the Truman administration. Kennan himself has underestimated his role: with a degree of modesty unusual in writers of memoirs, he has insisted that the views he put forward during the late 1940’s “made only a faint and wholly inadequate impression on official Washington.”* Others have overestimated his influence but have misunderstood his views, relying too heavily on the conspicuous but misleading “X” article.2 Still others have pointed out that Kennan was only one of several key advisers on international affairs during the Truman administration, and that it is easy to be beguiled by the gracefulness of his prose into an exaggerated impression of its actual influence.
Implementing Détente
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The extent to which Kissinger’s strategy succeeded had become the subject of sharp debate, though, by the time the Ford administration left office. Critics in the intellectual-academic community, never quite prepared to forgive Kissinger’s association with the distasteful Nixon, charged him with conceptual inconsistency, a proclivity for show over substance, and a tendency to view the world from a “Sovietocentric” perspective. Leading Democrats, eager to find an issue with which to regain the White House, accused Kissinger of having allowed American military strength to decline, on the one hand, and of insensitivity to human rights on the other. Rightwing Republicans echoed the same complaints, and even managed to in-corporate them into their 1976 platform, over the objections of their narrowly selected nominee, Gerald Ford.3 Détente was very much on the defensive, therefore, when Kissinger relinquished the direction of American foreign policy early in 1977. As had so often been the case in the past, criticisms developed during the campaign would become, in large part, the basis upon which the new administration of Jimmy Carter would define its approach to the world in the years that followed.
The Epidemiology of Human Cancer
Authors: Ruddon Raymond W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long-range trends in the incidence of various cancers in different populations provide clues to the causes of cancer. Because of the long latency period between the first exposure to carcinogenic agents and the appearance of clinically detectable cancer, which may be up to 20 or 30 years, current trends probably reflect carcinogen exposure that began decades earlier. Genetic predisposition plays a role here in that individuals carrying genetic susceptibility genes may develop cancer more rapidly or at an earlier age. Another major factor that affects the overall incidence of cancer is the change in the average age of the population. The average age at the time of diagnosis (averaged for all tumor sites) is 67, and as a higher proportion of the population reaches age 60 and above the incidence of cancer will go up as a result of this factor alone. Moreover, with the long-term downward trends in other causes of death, primarily infectious and cardiovascular diseases, more people live to an age when the risk of developing cancer becomes high.
Molecular Genetics of Cancer
Authors: Ruddon Raymond W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1914, Boveri formulated the somatic mutation hypothesis of the origin of cancer. He thought that the origin of the cancer cell was due to a “wrongly combined chromosome complex,” occurring in a somatic cell (rather than a germ cell) and that this caused abnormal cell proliferation. He believed further that this defect was passed on to all cellular descendants of the original cancer cell. He also thought that a single abnormal chromosome combination could account for the malignant character of a cancer cell. It is now well established that some human cancers have a familial distribution (see Chapter 3) and that certain chromosomal rearrangements are associated with human malignant neoplasia.
The Invention of Inflation-Indexed Bonds in Early America
Authors: Shiller Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world’s first known inflation-indexed bonds were issued by the Commonwealth of Massa chusetts in 1780 during the Revolutionary War. They were issued to U. S. soldiers as deferred compensation for their service, and were called depreciation notes or soldiers’ depreciation notes. While there are earlier examples of measures to compensate people for their money’s loss of purchasing power, this appears to be the first time that a debt contract specified payments formally linked to a price index, and in this historic bond it was a consumer price index.
Marriage Love Or Care?
Authors: Tronto Joan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mary Shanley makes a convincing case for choosing a middle way between the exclusionary conceptions of marriage offered by traditionalists and the overly permissive (and potentially inegalitarian) conceptions offered by pure contractualists. Yet while Shanley may have steered clear of Scylla and Charybdis here, these comments are written with an eye on the shoals up ahead. After all, the aspect of marriage that interests the liberal state (or any state) is not the intimate relationship between two consenting individuals but the more complex relationships among the generations that result from marriages, whether in producing children or caring for the elderly. Love and care are not the same, yet both affect our individual and collective interests, in both the short and the long term, in marriage.
A Communitarian Position For Civil Unions
Authors: Etzioni Amitai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professor Shanley’s argument is compelling, powerful, and well grounded in communitarian arguments. However, when all is said and done she does not directly address the question of whether gay and lesbian unions should be accorded the same legal status as heterosexual ones. I could go on and on about why I so strongly agree with her analysis, as far as it goes. Marriages indeed are not private events; they are occasions in which a couple comes before a community to make a commitment that falls in line with the values of that community. They are also the coming together of two families, not just two individuals. Above all the commitment is not contractual but open ended. There is a world of difference between an agreement to exchange services—you will take out the garbage and I will cook, you will take care of the children on even days and I on odd days, you will care for me when I am sick and I for you when you are sick—and a commitment to be together through thick and thin. No one in her right (“rational”) mind would stick to a contract when the other partner has advanced cancer, AIDS, or dementia. There is no return to be expected, and the burden is overwhelming. If marriage were a contract and these circumstances arose, one would look for ways to wiggle out of the contract or accept the penalty and move on. However, most marriage partners stay put in such circumstances because the marriage “contract” (a very misleading term) contains a moral obligation that is much more binding than contracts. It is indeed a covenant.
Intractable partial epilepsy of left frontal lobe origin related to focal cortical dysplasia
Authors: Cascino Dr. Gregory D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pathologic examination of the epileptic brain tissue showed focal cortical dysplasia. The patient has been seizure-free and asymptomatic for more than 5 years after resection. There were no operative complications. The patient’s behavior and neurocognitive performance have improved markedly, and he is now employed and does not require supervision. Also, there has been a pronounced reduction in the adverse effects of antiepileptic drug medication. Partial or localization-related epilepsy is the most common seizure disorder. Approximately 90% of the adult incident cases of epilepsy have recurrent and unprovoked partial seizures. An estimated 20% of patients with epilepsy have an intractable seizure disorder, that is, pharmacoresistant seizures that are physically and socially disabling. Coexisting comorbid conditions associated with an intractable seizure disorder often include cognitive impairment, behavioral problems, psychosocial isolation, and the inability to operate a motor vehicle or to be gainfully employed. Patients with medically refractory seizures may also require a supervised living situation or caregiver. A prognostic indicator for an unfavorable response to antiepileptic drug therapy is the identification of a structural lesion as the cause of the seizure disorder. Potential alternative forms of therapy for patients with intractable epilepsy include the use of newer antiepileptic drug medications, surgical treatment, and vagus nerve stimulation.
Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (CPH)
Authors: Dodick Dr. David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CPH is an indomethacin-responsive short-lasting trigeminal-autonomic cephalgia. Although trigeminal-autonomic cephalgias share a clinical phenotype—pain in the distribution of the first (ophthalmic) division of the trigeminal nerve and cranial autonomic features—they differ in the frequency and duration of individual attacks and in the differential response to indomethacin. The dramatic response to indomethacin is the clinical hallmark of CPH and reliably distinguishes it from cluster headache.
Angelman’s syndrome
Authors: Mack Dr. Kenneth J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If a child presents with hypotonia, myoclonic seizures, and lactic acidosis, a mitochondrial disorder should be strongly considered. However, the results of laboratory tests that often confirm the diagnosis of a mitochondrial disorder, such as muscle biopsy, mitochondrial DNA studies, and magnetic resonance imaging, were normal in this patient. When these tests failed to confirm a diagnosis, additional testing for identifiable causes of autism was undertaken. Autism is a condition that is identified in infancy and consists of poor social interaction, abnormal language, and unusual behavior, as in the child presented here. Autism can be associated with a long list of causes, but in 94% of patients, the cause is not identifiable. Special chromosome studies are some of the most informative tests in seeking a cause for autism (Figure). As many as 3% of autistic children are fragile X-positive. Fragile X syndrome is a trinucleotide repeat disease caused by expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeat in the promoter region of the gene for the fragile X mental retardation protein. This X-linked syndrome can affect either boys or girls. This elongated repeat results in methylation of the gene promoter, and methylation results in a transcriptional silencing of the gene.
Myeloneuropathy due to copper deficiency (caused by chronic excessive oral intake of zinc)
Authors: Kumar Dr. Neeraj 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For more than two decades, the patient ingested 15 to 30 times the recommended daily allowance of zinc (recommended daily allowance, 15 mg). Neurologic examination was remarkable for spastic myelopathy and peripheral neuropathy. He stopped taking zinc and started receiving oral copper supplementation (copper, 2 mg/d). Six weeks later, the paresthesias had resolved and gait had improved markedly. The serum level of ceruloplasmin normalized to 32.5 mg/dL, as did serum copper (1.08 μg/mL). The serum level of zinc returned to normal at 0.95 μg/mL. The 24-hour copper excretion was again normal, and although 24-hour zinc excretion decreased markedly, it was still slightly elevated at 971 μg. The median somatosensory evoked potentials improved, and tibial evoked potentials were obtainable, albeit abnormal.
Intermittent angle-closure glaucoma
Authors: Swanson Dr. Jerry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although transient monocular visual loss lasting minutes has several causes, including ischemia of the retina or optic nerve, related to different processes and intraocular conditions, the diagnosis of acute intermittent angle-closure glaucoma can be suspected on the basis of the history and confirmed on examination (Figure). On slit-lamp examination, the patient was found to have shallow anterior chambers. Baseline intraocular pressure was normal (16 mm Hg) but increased in the left eye to 32 mm Hg after dilatation with tropicamide 0.5%.
Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy
Authors: Renaud Dr. Deborah L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The differential diagnosis of optic neuropathy is broad. Ischemic vascular forms of optic neuropathy are more common in older patients. Pain generally accompanies the visual loss in cases of inflammatory optic neuritis. Compressive or infiltrative lesions that affect the optic nerve, such as optic glioma or optic nerve sheath meningioma, may present with painless unilateral visual loss. Neoplastic and non-neoplastic causes of compression of the intracranial optic nerve and optic chiasm frequently present with visual field defects. Slowly progressive, symmetric, central visual loss suggests a possible toxic or nutritional cause. Hereditary optic neuropathies generally are classified by their mode of inheritance: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or mitochondrial (maternal) inheritance. Symptoms may be confined to the visual system or be accompanied by other neurologic or systemic signs and symptoms. Optic neuropathy can also be a manifestation of inherited metabolic and degenerative diseases.
Posterior sacral meningocele
Authors: Mokri Dr. Bahram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In adults, a posterior lumbosacral meningocele is typically a posttraumatic or postsurgical development. They rarely occur spontaneously. They are meningeal herniations through defects in the posterior vertebral compartments that may or may not contain neural elements. They can be small or large and symptomatic or asymptomatic. Additional anatomic or pathologic abnormalities may sometimes be associated with lumbosacral meningoceles. The patient reported here had a large posterior sacral meningocele, likely traumatic in origin, and an asymptomatic, associated tethered cord. The stereotypical mode of provocation of symptoms (lying supine, leaning back with pressure against the dorsal lumbosacral area) strongly suggests that the symptoms were related directly to quick displacement of CSF from the meningocele sac into the thecal sac, with a subsequent increase in intracranial pressure. This would lead to a secondary increase in cerebral venous pressure, which in turn could result in decreased cerebral blood flow. Decreased cerebral blood flow would explain the episodes of loss of consciousness. Increased cerebral venous pressure was likely responsible for the retinal hemorrhages.
Schwannoma originating from cranial nerve X or XII, suggesting a high-grade glioma or metastasis
Authors: Uhm Dr. Joon H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Histopathologic examination demonstrated that the tumor was a schwannoma. Although these tumors are associated more commonly with peripheral nerves, they account for approximately 8% of intracranial tumors. The cranial nerve classically associated with schwannomas is VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve), with bilateral involvement being pathognomonic for neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). In contrast, schwannomas affecting the lower cranial nerves (IX, X, XI) in the absence of NF2 are rare, constituting less than 3% of all intracranial schwannomas (less than 0.24% of all primary intracranial neoplasms). Moreover, even in rare instances in which lower cranial nerves are affected, most of the tumors involve the jugular foramen. In our patient, the tumor was located more proximally along cranial nerve X in the cerebellomedullary cistern. This is an extremely rare location for schwannomas, and fewer than 15 such cases in the absence of NF2 have been reported.
Prisoner Of The Caucasus
Authors: Jack Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Actors In 19405 Aviators’ Uniforms began the second act of the cult musical Nord-Ost with a tap dance, the real combatants moved into action. A minibus drew up at the Theatrical Centre on Dubrovka, close to the heart of Moscow, and within minutes, Chechen fighters in modern camouflage armed with kalashnikovs were on the stage. Women in black with explosives strapped to their bodies filled the aisles. The world’s attention had been shifting to Iraq, but the audacious siege on the evening of 23 October 2002 was soon dominating international bulletins and headlines, bringing to Russia a rare and unwelcome spotlight not seen since the Kursk submarine tragedy more than two years before.
Autumn Of The Oligarchs
Authors: Jack Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leaning Forward Earnestly As he spoke, Boris Berezovsky lamented the state of Russia under Vladimir Putin: freedom of speech had been crushed, political opposition all but eliminated, the country was returning to totalitarianism. An excitable man with a trophy wife half his age in tow, he made an unlikely dissident. It was July 2001 and we were sitting in Berezovsky’s own Challenger jet, in deep white leather armchairs, en route to Paris before he headed on to Tokyo for a weekend trip. His chauffeur had driven us to Nice airport in a Mercedes from his luxurious estate which dominated the tip of the Cap d’Antibes in southern France. His three portable telephones lay on the table in front of us. For once cut off from a ground signal, they were not all ringing simultaneously. He hinted that his wealth came to several billion dollars - not bad for someone who little more than a decade earlier had been an obscure, impoverished academic sharing a rusting Zhiguli car with a colleague.
The Price Of Reform
Authors: Jack Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As The Moscow Winter Headed towards its frosty depths in late December 2002, Vladimir Putin summoned a group of key officials to his dacha for a crisis meeting. The harsh climate was a powerful warning of the need for urgent reform of Russia’s crumbling energy infrastructure. In the weeks ahead, hundreds of people would die and thousands more would be left shivering as power blackouts triggered heating failures in several regions. Pipes and radiators burst, making the problems still worse. But an ambitious restructuring plan for the electricity sector proposed two years earlier - designed to attract new investment into power stations some of which pre­ dated the Bolshevik Revolution - was still awaiting parliamentary approval.
Towards Liberal Authoritarianism
Authors: Jack Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In September 1973, Stig Fredrikson received a curious early morning call in his apartment on Kutuzovsky Prospekt. The Swedish journalist lived in a Moscow block allocated by the Soviet authorities to foreigners, where they could be kept under close observation. The phone rang before his secretary, who doubled as a KGB informant, had arrived for work. To those who were eavesdropping, the brief conversation sounded like a banal wrong number. But the voice was unmistakable to the 27-year-old, who had developed an elaborate system for secret meetings with Alexander Solzhenitsyn, the dissident writer. ‘We carried everything in our heads, never wrote anything down, never communicated by phone and never met in apartments,’ he recalled thirty years later, sitting in his office at Swedish Television’s headquarters in Stockholm.
Myocardial Stem Cells
Authors: Kirby Margaret Loewy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adult cardiomyocytes are considered to be postmitotic, and the heart is thought to possess a relatively constant number of myocytes from just after birth to adulthood and into senescence. It has been proposed that cardiomyocytes can be replenished endogenously by proliferation of a small population of adult myocytes or regeneration by differentiation of stem cell progenitors endogenous to the heart. Because neither acute insult, such as that caused by ischemia, nor chronic disease, represented by cardiomyopathy, is associated with significant cardiomyocyte regeneration, these processes are most likely relatively inefficient. On the other hand, during the last 10 years it has been recognized that myocytes might be recruited from several extracardiac stem cell populations. However, these processes are insufficient to overcome cardiomyocyte death in the acutely or chronically damaged heart. Thus, current stem cell research is directed toward repopulating myocardium from engineered stem cell populations introduced into damaged heart muscle. The most promising stem cells are embryonic stem (ES) cells because of their multipotentiality; however, because of political controversy over the production and use of human stem cells, the complication of rejection, and the potential for formation of teratomas by ES cells, a great deal of attention is focused on autologous or hostderived adult stem cells.
Why Corporate Social Responsibility?: Why Now? How?
Authors: Mcmillan Jill J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There may have been a time when “social responsibility” meant truly caring in both symbolic and material ways for one’s fellow human beings—across the backyard fence, at the community center, in church, or at the bowling ally—but a realistic review of history suggests that those communal ties have been uneven and unstable now, and in fact, we may simply be witnessing what Bellah, Madsen, Sullivan, Swidler, and Tipton (1985) describe as the “latest phase of that process of separation and individuation that modernity seems to entail” (p. 275). Certainly, America was colonized by those who had “come loose” from the old European structures, and yet the colonists brought with them notions of social obligation and group formation that served to ground communal life in the new land.
How to Read Milton Friedman
Authors: Aune James Arnt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scholars of rhetoric and organizational communication (Aune, 2001; Cheney, Christensen, Conrad, & Lair, 2004) have drawn our attention to the role of communication in constituting a range of economic discourses that enable or constrain organizational actions. The dominant economic discourse in Western democracies since the mid-1970s emphasizes the power of unregulated markets to deliver prosperity.