bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blueprints For Reform
Authors:   Aaas
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What would it cost the education system to adopt policies that emphasize science literacy for all students? How can we ensure that tests measure what educators, parents, and others want them to? How can universities set admissions policies that motivate K-12 institutions to produce science literate graduates? Project 2061 of the American Association for the Advancement of Science believes that serious efforts to reform the K-12 curriculum in this country require an understanding of the whole of education. To gain this kind of perspective, Project 2061 commissioned experts to prepare reports on a dozen areas of the education system that would have implications for the implementation of the reforms defined in their earlier volumes Science for All Americans and Benchmarks for Science Literacy. Blueprints for Reform is a summation of those reports offering teachers, parents, policymakers, business leaders, and others a starting point for their exploration of the education system and its response to reform. Blueprints for Reform includes discussions of equity, assessment, teacher education, policy, finance, school organization, curriculum connections, family and community, research, materials and technology, and business and industry. A chapter is devoted to each of these topics providing an overview of the issue and some recommendations on how to move forward. The idea behind this strategy is to bring current research together in one place so anyone working in the area of science education and reform can have complete access to the latest information, methods, and debates. To spark the kind of thoughtful debate that can lead to meaningful change, Blueprints for Reform also has an on-line component providing summaries of the chapters in the book, as well as a database of bibliographies and science- and education-related topics. Through Blueprints On-Line, anyone with a stake in improving science education can share experiences with peers, find information on interrelated facets of the education system, or air their views on how best to go about systemic change. Blueprints for Reform offers a bold new examination of the current system to determine what changes are desirable and possible in science education, and how best to ensure our children are prepared for life in the twenty-first century.
The Turning
Authors: Ayers Edward L , Mittendorf Bradley C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
World War II changed the South more deeply than any event since the Civil War. Whether serving in the military or entering the industrial workplace for the first time, many Southerners encountered challenges to long-held assumptions concerning race, religion, work, and regional identity. An infusion of government spending and outside investment brought a prosperity to the South of the 1950s and 1960s that the region had not seen for a century. The landscape changed with remark­ able speed, as interstate highways, suburbs, and fast-food franchises sprouted up in fields. Television introduced Southerners to styles of life earlier generations had only glimpsed during brief visits to the cities of the North.
Introduction: A History of Oppression and Maltreatment
Authors: Lewy Guenter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The persecution of the Gypsies by the Nazi regime represents but a chapter in a long history replete with abuse and cruel oppression. Ever since the Gypsies appeared in central Europe in the early fifteenth century, they have been expelled, branded, hanged and subjected to various other kinds of mal treatment. Indeed, in some parts of Europe the vicious tribulations experienced by this minority continue unabated to the present day. As a result of this history, many Gypsies are reluctant to acknowledge their ethnic identity, and statistics about the number of Gypsies in the world are therefore notoriously unreliable.
The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution 1770-1823
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The author explores the international impact and social significance of antislavery thought in a critical era of political and industrial revolution. He examines the implications and historical consequences of challenging the long-accepted institution of slavery. The study not only provides a comparative account of early antislavery movements, but also uses the controversies over slavery to analyse shifting attitudes towards labour, social order, political representation, and the authority of law and religion. The focus is on the Anglo-American experience, but Davis makes illuminating comparisons with the history of slavery in France and Latin America. The book also offers portraits of important historical figures, including Thomas Jefferson, Granville Sharp, Bryan Edward, and Moreau de Saint-Mery, and accounts of key groups, movements, and bodies of literature. Through the history of slavery, Davis explores many areas of the social and intellectual history of the revolutionary era, creating a new reading of the entire age.
A Methodology For Determining An International Legal Rule
Authors: Arend Anthony Clark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter examined the basic ways in which states create international legal rules. While there is general agreement about the primary means that states use to develop these rules, it is not always easy to determine when states have truly expressed their consent. Indeed, one of the most difficult and time-consuming tasks for contemporary scholars and government officials is to determine when a rule of international law exists. As Professor Weil explains, “the acts accomplished by subjects of international law are so diverse in character that it is no simple matter for a jurist to determine what may be called the normativity threshold: i.e., the line of transition between the nonlegal and the legal, between what does not constitute a norm and what does.” Customary international law has always been quite elusive. When is there sufficient state practice? And when is there sufficient opinio Juris? Similarly, general principles of law can be quite difficult to identify-especially since there is no common understanding of pre­cisely what a general principle is. How do we know when the principle is truly “general”?
Every Cell is Sacred: Logical Consequences of the Argument from Potential in the Age of Cloning
Authors: Alta Charo R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Monty Python’s The Meaning of Life there is a song that pokes fun at the Catholic Church’s opposition to contraception and, by extension, at the classic argument from potential that any entity which has the potential to become a baby must be treated as sacredly as babies.
Spine Trauma, Spinal Cord Injury, and Spinal Stability
Authors: Byrne Thomas N , Benzel Edward C , Waxman Stephen G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most spinal cord injuries (SCI) are caused by closed trauma (nonpenetrating injuries, usually via spinal column failure); some arise from missile, or less commonly, impalement (penetrating injuries). The presence and extent of spinal cord injuries depend on how much kinetic energy is imparted to the spine, the extent of spinal column failure, the extent of neural compression, the presence of persistent neural compression or neural element transection, and the resilience of the spinal cordand nerve roots in the face of injury. Each of these factors must be considered separately. Many have a variable effect that is dependent upon the region of the spine injured. Therefore, region-specific anatomical and biomechanical factors must be understood and repetitively assessed.
Conclusion
Authors: Herlihy Patricia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is clear that in one foreign observer’s eyes the 1914 ban on alcohol could be directly attributed to the power of the Russian people. Whether the people persuaded Nicholas to announce prohibition or whether he had made the decision independently remains moot until historians find evidence to support one view or the other decisively. Also moot is the issue of whether or not the massive efforts of temperance activists reduced alcoholism in the Russian Empire. But it is significant that Russia was the first country to adopt prohibition.
There are other significant observations to be made about the mass temperance movement, however. Contemporaries themselves recognized that the temperance movement, in all its variety, was nearly unique in the Russian experience. It originated and grew without the tutelage of the state and even, in large part, in opposition to its policies. Most private societies, whether religious or lay in character, were highly critical of the state’s liquor monopoly and implicitly critical of the regime that sponsored it. The state in turn remained suspicious and ambivalent toward private societies, but the magnitude of the alcoholism issue won for them a grudging toleration.
Rita Dove’s Micro-Poetics of Space
Authors: Stephen Therese 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The macro-poetics of space approaches Rita Dove’s oeuvre as a whole. It examines the sequence of sections within a single work, as well as the development of themes and strategies of space throughout her work, rather than individual units dealt with in the micro-poetics of Chapter 2.
In the present study of a poetic representation and revision of space and time, Immanuel Kant’s concepts outlined in his “Transcendental Aesthetic” are of continuing interest: Space, Kant maintains, is in no sense a property of things in themselves, nor in relation to one another. It is pure perception and presents itself to our consciousness as an infinite, undivided magnitude. The seeming plurality of spaces stems but from limitations of the whole. Time, to Kant, is neither an empirical, objective conception, nor an independent substance but a form of inner sense. How we perceive ourselves and our inward state determines the way we define time. In itself, or apart from the time-conscious subject, time is nothing at all (22–35).
Transcultural Space, Place, and Movement In The Buildings- and Künstlerroman
Authors: Stephen Therese 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dove’s collection of eight short stories, titled Fifth Sunday (1985), lays the foundation for her first novel, Through the Ivory Gate (1992). The topics of FS that rare fifth Sunday in a month—are autobiographically colored like many of the poems and passages in this novel. They address growing up in middle America and coming to terms with a range of life’s twists and tests, first loves and betrayals, forgiveness, dark memories of marginalization, and exposure to as well as gleeful encounters with the arts. In short, FS is a journey from Valerie’s loss of innocence in the first story to Aunt Carrie’s intense level of experience in the final piece. Included and expanded in IG are FS’s “Second-Hand Man” (IG chapter 4) and “Aunt Carrie” (IG chapter 13). In the former, a wife of six months dis­ covers that her husband has been married before and grimly waits three days for him to fall asleep so that she can shoot him. In the latter, Aunt Carrie entrusts her life’s secret, an incestuous teenage liaison between siblings, to her maturing niece.
Myths’ Remakes
Authors: Stephen Therese 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Myth begins in anecdote—telling a story in order to entertain-but it also constructs a narrative as a way of explaining our place and our progress in the world . . . A myth or a legend becomes indispensable through the retelling. Why do we still repeat these tales and listen to them with such pleasure? Be­ cause they touch the yearning inside us; they explain our impulses on a level deeper than logic but do not require blind faith, because they are allegorical. They explain some of the mysteries of our own existence and our relationships with each other. For me, to work with myths is a way of getting at the ineffable. (1995: 20f)
The Oedipal conflict of incest and patricide in the context of slavery and miscegenation in DF, and the Demeter-Persephone cycle of death and renewal in ML, indeed prove their perpetuity in a contemporary setting. While ML centers on mothers and daughters, DF focuses on mother-son relations, yet in both cases a promising young African American faces the controversies of white worlds.
Knowledge, Press, and the Popularization of Islamism
Authors: Karpat Kemal H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After the 1860s, the burgeoning press and the proliferation of published books helped disseminate knowledge, they also played a crucial role in both the rapid spread of Islamism and in its internalization by the middle and lower classes. Direct access to and a near monopoly of new and more diverse sources of knowledge allowed the intellectual strata of the middle classes to carve out a uniquely effective position of power and influence.1 Students of Muslim intellectual history agree that the bulk of knowledge in traditional Islamic society, being religious, was mastered by the religious establishment, and that “struck right at the heart of person-to-person transmission of [Islamic] knowledge.”2 According to this theory, then, use of the printed word and the spread of secular knowledge broke the monopoly of the ulema.
“We Come Here to Remember”: Creating the Memorial in Oklahoma City
Authors: Linenthal Edward T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, intense interest in a memorial to those killed in the bombing was evident within a few days after the bombing as suggestions from around the world poured into the mayor’s and governor’s offices. There was widespread concern, however, that an influential person or group would successfully make a case for a memorial that would represent the triumph of personal taste over community conviction.
“God Named This Land to Us”
Authors: West Elliott 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The measles epidemic that led to the killings at the Waiilatpu mission might seem a twist of historical chance. That it came when it did was happenstance, but in the history of conquest, diseases have played a recurring, ghastly, and enormously important role. They helped shape how empires fell out across the globe, including America’s roll into Nez Perce country.
Leaving Home
Authors: West Elliott 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Lolo trail ran about a hundred miles north and east from Weippe Prairie over the Bitterroot Mountains. It began at three thousand feet above sea level and rose in places to well above twice that. Sherman later wrote later that it was “universally admitted. [to be] one of the worst trails for man and beast on this continent.” On both sides of the divide, it was no straight incline but a series of peaks and troughs that sometimes dipped or rose more than two thousand feet in a mile. Parts of the twisting path were rocky and barren, parts muddy and slick in wet weather. Thick timber closed in for much of the way, and in places it was scarcely a footpath along the rims of canyons hundreds of feet deep. During the summer, it was bisected by dozens of freshets. A dependable road was not built over the pass until 1962.
War in Wonderland
Authors: West Elliott 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Almost exactly five and half years earlier, on March 1, 1872, President Grant had signed the Yellowstone Act. It withdrew more than two million acres from the public domain, most of it in northwest Wyoming, with a bit lapping into Idaho and Montana. As the rest of the West was being sold, homesteaded, or devoted to some other developmental pur- pose, this corner was to be saved as “a pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people.” Yellowstone was the world’s first national park.
Eeikish Pah and Return
Authors: West Elliott 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Indian Territory wasn’t so bad, commissioner of Indian affairs E. A. Hayt wrote. The temperature there differed only slightly from that in Idaho. While maybe true according to an annual mean, on the basis of human experience the claim was astounding. The summer heat in what is today eastern Oklahoma is relentless, and the low altitude, about eight hundred feet, and high humidity keep the nights close and uncomfortable. For people acclimated to the high, dry air of the Wallowa valley and the Salmon River country, it must have seemed like living compressed in a warm, wet sponge. Winters, too, can be brutal there. Arctic fronts barrel down with snow, sleet, and freezing rain, and as on all the Great Plains, there is little to slow down the punch, certainly nothing like the mountain walls and protective canyons of the Nez Perces’ homeland.
The Enabling Index
Authors: Angel Shlomo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most governments, both at the central and metropolitan level, do notyet approach housing policy in an integral fashion, nor do they coordinate housing policy with macroeconomic policies, social welfare policies, or urban development policies. They can be said to have some housing policies, but not a housing policy. Several European countries have adopted more comprehensive housing policies, moving toward managing the housing sector as a whole. This move has been gradual, and it has been easier in some countries than in others. Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Germany, countries that had “less social divisiveness, and more coherence in managing the economy as a whole” stand out as having made more progress on this front [Pugh,1980, 191], but on the whole the policy environment of the housing sector is still largely fragmented. Interestingly, in a number of countries, important elements of housing policy are already in place, but they are still not recognized as critical components of a comprehensive housing policy regime.
Conditions in the Residential Construction Sector
Authors: Angel Shlomo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A second set of housing market conditions—the conditions in the residential construction sector-requires a deeper understanding of house-building as seen from the perspective of the builders themselves. Ample and affordable housing relies heavily on the builders’ ability to produce it inexpensively and quickly, as well as to respond creatively to changes in the context and the policy environment governing the sector. Whether or not conditions in the house-building industry allow it to do so is of fundamental concern to housing policy. An enabling housing policy should create conditions for that industry that, at the very least, lower construction costs for a given level of quality. In this chapter we introduce the perspective of builders. We then discuss monitoring and measurement in the residential construction sector, and finally, we investigate what accounts for the variations in conditions in the sector.
What ethics can contribute to health policy
Authors: Churchill Larry R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Why bring ethics to health policy? Of course, in one sense it is already there. There are ethical assumptions and implications for all health policies and ethical aspects to every process of policy making. For example, issues of who receives the burdens and benefits under various policies are irreducibly moral issues, and Eli Ginsberg’s essay in this volume describes some of these issues for U.S. policy in the last century. Likewise, policy-making rules and procedures can be fair or morally arbitrary, and the essay by Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson presents a deliberative model they believe satisfies the requirements for fairness. These ethical dimensions are so pervasive that it is hard to imagine a health policy or policy-making procedure without them. But while these ethical dimensions are easy to identify, they are rarely given systematic scrutiny. Aside from a handful of scholars working on issues of justice in allocation or on the social goals and priorities in health care, policy questions are not a routine part of the work of most bioethicists.
Electrophysiological Properties of Intrinsic Cardiac Neurons
Authors: Adams David j. , Cuevas Javier 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cardiac performance is determined by the rate and strength of contraction of the heart. There is increasing evidence indicating that intrinsic cardiac neurons interact with extracardiac intrathoracic ganglia and the central nervous system to control the heart and are capable of independently monitoring and influencing cardiac function. Aspects of cardiac function that are subject to control by intracardiac neurons include chronotropic actions (changes in heart rate), dromotropic actions (changes in conduction of excitation) mediated by pacemaker and conducting cells, and inotropic actions (changes in contractile force) mediated by atrial and ventricular myocytes. In addition, the coronary circulation and aspects of cardiac valve function are likely to be influenced. Evidence obtained from histochemical, electrophysiological, and pharmacological studies both in vivo and in vitro strongly suggest that neurons form functional afferent, efferent, and local circuits within the cardiac nerve plexus. This plexus acts as a complex site for the integration and modification of sensory in­ put and cardiac output. Indeed, rather than being a simple relay station, the cardiac nerve plexus seems to share many similarities with the complex neural network of the enteric nervous system.
Psychological Aspects of Heart Disease
Authors: Gagnon Christine , Ramachandruni Srikanth , Bragdon, Edith E , Ships David S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Partery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in the United States and other developed countries. Along with a number of other factors thought to contribute to the high prevalence of CAD in developed societies (longer life expectancy, obesity, sedentary lifestyles), various psychological and social factors seem to influence cardiac function in ways that promote heart disease. Several such psychological, social, and behavioral factors will be discussed in this chapter, including type A behavior pattern, hostility, anger, depression, vital exhaustion, anxiety, mental stress, low social support, and lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise.
Denver Meets the Automobile
Authors: Gutfreund Owen D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Background At the end of the nineteenth century, Denver was an important regional center. It had grown from a mining town of less than five thousand residents in 1870 to a railroad hub with more than thirty-five thousand inhabitants in 1880, making it the largest settlement between Kansas City and the West Coast. Nine different railroads served the city, with lines extending eastward to Chicago, southward to Texas and New Mexico, and westward to the Pacific. Over the next decade Denver’s population tripled, surpassing one hundred thousand by 1890. Boosters and local politicians knew that Denver’s success would be short-lived if they failed to invest in the future. The cycle of boom and bust was all too familiar in nineteenth-century America, as Denver experienced firsthand when President Grover Cleveland repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1893. In the resulting Silver Crash, 400 nearby mines closed, twelve local banks went under, and 50,000 Denver-area workers were unemployed.