bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blocking anti‐apoptosis as a strategy for cancer chemotherapy: NF‐κB as a target
Authors: Monks N.R. , Biswas D.K. , Pardee A.B. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractCritical processes underlying cancers must be better understood to develop strategies for treatment and prevention. A chemotherapeutic strategy is proposed that is based upon re‐establishment, with a drug, of nullified programmed cell death (apoptosis) in cancer cells, which to survive have mutated to block apoptosis. A chemotherapy that is specific against tumors implanted in mice demonstrated the feasibility of this principle. This therapy is specific because it affects a process unique to cancer cells. It also has the advantage of killing these cells, in contrast to reversibly blocking their proliferation. The anti‐apoptotic transcription factor NF‐κB provides a potential therapeutic target in estrogen receptor negative (ER−) breast cancers that over‐express the epidermal growth factor family of receptors (EGFR). Further investigations of the pathways utilize dominant negative protein inhibitory peptide, and small inhibitory RNAs (siRNAs) to block the production of relevant enzymes. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preventive effects of a water‐soluble derivative of chroman moiety of vitamin E on lipid hydroperoxide‐induced cell injuries and DNA cleavages through repressions of oxidative stress in the cytoplasm of human keratinocytes
Authors: Huang Zhe , Senoh Yuichiro , Katoh Shinya , Miwa Nobuhiko 
Published: May 2004

AbstractChrCrx (6‐hydroxy‐2, 5, 7, 8‐tetramethyl‐chroman‐2‐carboxylic acid) is a water‐soluble analog in which 4′, 8′, 12′‐trimethyltridecyl chain is deleted from an alpha‐tocopherol molecule known as a hydrophobic antioxidant. Cell viability of human skin epidermal keratinocytes HaCaT was lowered by treatment with tert‐butylhydroperoxide (t‐BuOOH) of 50 μM for 48 h, designated as a subacute cytotoxicity, which was prevented by previous administration with ChrCrx in a dose‐dependent manner as estimated by mitochondrial function‐based WST‐1 assay and cell morphological microscopy. In contrast an acute cytotoxicity due to treatment with t‐BuOOH as dense as 200 μM for a period as short as 2 h could be also prevented with ChrCrx that was administered before and after, but was eliminated during, treatment with t‐BuOOH. In contrast α‐tocopherol was not cytoprotective against t‐BuOOH. DNA strand cleavages were induced with t‐BuOOH in the keratinocytes, and could be prevented by ChrCrx more effectively than α‐tocopherol as assayed by TUNEL stain. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was accumulated in a manner dependent on periods of t‐BuOOH treatment in the cytoplasm more abundantly rather than the nucleus of keratinocytes, and was markedly diminished by ChrCrx as shown by fluorography using the redox indicator dye. Thus t‐BuOOH‐induced cell injuries and DNA cleavages of the keratinocytes can be prevented at least in part through efficient diminishment of ROS generated in the cytoplasm, to which the preferred distribution of ChrCrx may be advantageous over to the nucleus or membrane owing to its molecular hydrophilicity relative to α‐tocopherol. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zinc‐metallothionein genoprotective effect is independent of the glutathione depletion in HaCaT keratinocytes after solar light irradiation
Authors: Jourdan Eric , Marie Jeanne Richard , Régine Steiman , Pascale Guiraud 
Published: May 2004

AbstractUV radiations are the major environmental factors that induce DNA damage of skin cells either by direct absorption (UVB), or after inducing an oxidative stress (UVA and UVB). Cells maintain a reducing intracellular environment to avoid genomic damage. MTs have been expected not only to control metal homeostasis but also counteract the glutathione (GSH) depletion induced by oxidative stress because of their high thiol content. Induction and redistribution of MTs in cultured human keratinocytes (HaCaT) in response to SSL, is an important cellular defense mechanism against DNA damage. Reduced glutathione (GSH) is another way of cellular protection against UV‐induced oxidative stress. This study which extend our previous finding focused on the relation between intracellular GSH and Zn genoprotective effects after solar irradiation. HaCaT cells, depleted or not in GSH by a chemical treatment were used to compare MTs induction by Northern blot, expression by Western blot and localization using immunocytochemistry. Zn genoprotection experiments after SSL irradiation was carried out by the comet assay. We demonstrated that in absence of GSH, Zn‐MTs could protect DNA after SSL irradiation and that GSH depletion has no effect on MTs induction and localization. Nuclear Zn‐MTs could be responsible for this observed genoprotection in GSH depleted cells. So the GSH/Zn and the MT/Zn systems could be two independent but interacting mechanisms of cellular protection against SSL injury. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Teaching cancer cells to die
Authors: Zawel Leigh 
Published: May 2004

AbstractTumor cells have evolved numerous mechanisms to thwart apoptosis. As our understanding of the machinery which regulates cell‐death evolves, these apoptotic defects have fallen into the crosshairs of cancer drug developers. The issues raised in exploiting these alterations for therapeutic benefit are discussed. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cluster distance geometry of polypeptide chains
Authors: Crippen Gordon M. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractDistance geometry has been a broadly useful tool for dealing with conformational calculations. Customarily each atom is represented as a point, constraints on the distances between some atoms are obtained from experimental or theoretical sources, and then a random sampling of conformations can be calculated that are consistent with the constraints. Although these methods can be applied to small proteins having on the order of 1000 atoms, for some purposes it is advantageous to view the problem at lower resolution. Here distance geometry is generalized to deal with distances between sets of points. In the end, much of the same techniques produce a sampling of different configurations of these sets of points subject to distance constraints, but now the radii of gyration of the different sets play an important role. A simple example is given of how the packing constraints for polypeptide chains combine with loose distance constraints to give good calculated protein conformers at a very low resolution. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 1305–1312, 2004
An algorithm for computing nucleic acid base‐pairing probabilities including pseudoknots
Authors: Dirks Robert M. , Pierce Niles A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractGiven a nucleic acid sequence, a recent algorithm allows the calculation of the partition function over secondary structure space including a class of physically relevant pseudoknots. Here, we present a method for computing base‐pairing probabilities starting from the output of this partition function algorithm. The approach relies on the calculation of recursion probabilities that are computed by backtracking through the partition function algorithm, applying a particular transformation at each step. This transformation is applicable to any partition function algorithm that follows the same basic dynamic programming paradigm. Base‐pairing probabilities are useful for analyzing the equilibrium ensemble properties of natural and engineered nucleic acids, as demonstrated for a human telomerase RNA and a synthetic DNA nanostructure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 1295–1304, 2004
Volatile fatty acid production during anaerobic mesophilic digestion of solid potato waste
Authors: Parawira Wilson , Murto Marika , Read John S , Mattiasson Bo 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe production of volatile fatty acids by anaerobic digestion of solid potato waste was investigated using a batch solid waste reactor with a working capacity of 2 dm−3 at 37°C. Solid potato waste was packed into the digester and the organic content of the waste was released by microbial activity by circulating water over the bed, using batch loads of 500 g or 1000 g potato waste. The sequence of appearance of the volatile fatty acids was (acetic, propionic); (n‐butyric); (n‐valeric, iso‐valeric, caproic); (iso‐butyric). After 300 h digestion of potato waste on a small scale, the fermentation products were chiefly (mg g−1 total VFAs): acetic acid (420), butyric acid (310), propionic acid (140) and caproic acid (90), with insignificant amounts of iso‐butyric acid, n‐valeric and iso‐valeric acids. When the load of potato solids was increased, the volatile fatty acid content was similar, but butyric acid constituted 110 mg g−1 and lactic acid 400 mg g−1 of the total volatile fatty acids. The maximum soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) achieved under the experimental conditions used was 27 and 37 g COD dm−3 at low and high loadings of potato solids, respectively. The total volatile fatty acids reached 19 g dm−3 of leachate at both loads of potato solid waste. Gas production was negligible, indicating that methanogenic activity was effectively inhibited. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of ZSM‐5 from diatomite: a case of zeolite synthesis from a natural material
Authors: Sanhueza Vilma , Kelm Ursula , Cid Ruby , López‐Escobar Leopoldo 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA highly crystalline ZSM‐5 product was obtained from diatomite, a natural raw material, both with and without the presence of diethanolamine. The synthesis process took 40 h, and was carried out under hydrothermal conditions, at autogenic pressure, and at a temperature of 180 °C. The resulting crystals were identified as ZSM‐5 by X‐ray diffraction and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetry and differential thermal analysis. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Investigation of the specific interfacial area of a palm oil–water system
Authors: Al‐Zuhair Sulaiman , Ramachandran Kadathur B , Hasan Masitah 
Published: May 2004

AbstractOil–water dispersions have many important applications in the chemical and oleochemical industries. A measure of the specific interfacial area of the dispersed phase provides a direct indication of the quality of the dispersion. In this study, the specific interfacial area for the palm oil–water system was determined using a microscopic technique. The effects of oil volume fraction, agitation speed and temperature on the specific interfacial area have been determined experimentally and an empirical correlation to predict the total specific interfacial area under different operating conditions is proposed. This correlation can be used in the design of reaction and non‐reaction systems using palm oil–water dispersions. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Fighting governmental corruption: the New World Bank programme evaluated
Authors: Klein Haarhuis Carolien M. , Leeuw Frans L. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractOver the past decade, the international donor community has come up with a range of initiatives to curb governmental corruption in developing countries. Top‐down approaches devise administrative and judicial reforms, whereas bottom‐up approaches deal with the process of awareness—raising in civil society. The World Bank currently integrates these top‐down and bottom‐up approaches in a combined anti‐corruption programme. In this paper, the most recent version of this World Bank's training programme is reconstructed and assessed. Several core approaches in the programme, such as the strengthening of civil society and the privatisation of parastatals, turn out to have unintended consequences. The empirical support is largely case‐specific and turns out to be highly conditional. It is concluded that indicators need to be developed to assess the relevance of national anti‐corruption policies to country‐specific governance and anti‐corruption conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International inequality in well‐being
Authors: McGillivray Mark , Pillarisetti J. Ram 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis paper examines inter‐country inequality in indicators of human well‐being. It is primarily concerned with inequality in two gender‐related, composite indicators of development levels proposed: the Gender‐related Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM). A number of inequality indices are calculated using data for the period 1992 to 1998. A special interest of the paper is whether the GDI and GEM tell different stories with respect to inequality than the Human Development Index (HDI) and PPP GDP per capita. Results indicate that the answer to this question with respect to PPP GDP per capita is a qualified yes, being dependent on how this variable is measured. Other results indicate that the GEM and GDI exhibit slightly higher inequality than the HDI. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International trade and economic growth in a global environment
Authors: De Matteis Alessandro 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe present analysis focuses on one of the central aspects of the current process of globalization, that is the liberalization of trade policy aimed at maximizing the favourable effects that an export expansion can generate on economic growth. It has been considered how the relationship between exports and economic growth changes according to income levels as well as during the various phases of economic growth.It has been found out that integration with the international economy does not seem to constitute a necessary condition in support of the role that an export expansion can play over growth. On the contrary, it has been found out that an increasing international exposure seems to have some negative effects on economic growth. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chronic morphine induces premature mitosis of proliferating cells in the adult mouse subgranular zone
Authors: Mandyam Chitra D. , Norris Rebekah D. , Eisch Amelia J. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe birth of cells with neurogenic potential in the adult brain is assessed commonly by detection of exogenous S phase markers, such as bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Analysis of other phases of the cell cycle, however, can provide insight into how external factors, such as opiates, influence the cycling of newly born cells. To this end, we examined the expression of two endogenous cell cycle markers in relation to BrdU: proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and phosphorylated histone H3 (pHisH3). Two hours after one intraperitoneal BrdU injection, BrdU‐, PCNA‐, and pHisH3‐immunoreactive (IR) cells exhibited similar distribution in the adult mouse subgranular zone (SGZ). Quantitative analysis within the SGZ revealed a relative abundance of cells labeled for PCNA > BrdU >> pHisH3. Similar to our reports in rat SGZ, chronic morphine treatment decreased BrdU‐ and PCNA‐IR cells in mouse SGZ by 28 and 38%, respectively. We also show that pHisH3‐IR cells are influenced by chronic morphine to a greater extent (58% decrease) than are BrdU‐ or PCNA‐IR cells. Cell cycle phase analysis of SGZ BrdU‐IR cells using triple labeling for BrdU, PCNA, and pHisH3 revealed premature mitosis in chronic morphine‐treated mice. These results suggest that morphine‐treated mice have a shorter Gap2/mitosis (G2/M) phase when compared to sham‐treated mice. These findings demonstrate the power of using a combination of exogenous and endogenous cell cycle markers and nuclear morphology to track proliferating cells through different phases of the cell cycle and to reveal the regulation of cell cycle phase by chronic morphine. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical localization of phosphorylated protein kinase R and phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor‐2α in the central nervous system of SJL mice with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
Authors: Chakrabarty Anuradha , Danley Marsha M. , LeVine Steven M. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractInflammatory cells enter the CNS and target myelin in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of MS, and inflammation is thought to induce stress responses in the CNS. Protein kinase R (PKR) and eukaryotic initiation factor‐2α (eIF2α) undergo phosphorylation in response to stress, and the phosphorylated forms of these proteins play a key role in regulating protein synthesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression profile of phospho‐PKR and phospho‐eIF2α during the course of EAE in order to advance the understanding of the stress response in this disease. In control animals (no encephalitogen with no emulsion; no encephalitogen with emulsion) and in preclinical EAE animals, phospho‐PKR immunoreactivity was present in oligodendrocytes and some neurons, whereas, in EAE animals with active disease there was widespread labeling of inflammatory cells, and these cells were present during the recovery period of EAE, albeit to a lesser extent. Double‐labeling studies revealed that T cells and a few macrophages were phospho‐PKR+. Phospho‐eIF2α immunoreactivity was detected in some oligodendrocytes in hindbrain sections of control animals. In EAE animals with active disease, the number of labeled oligodendrocytes increased, and inflammatory T cells also were labeled. Insofar as phospho‐PKR activates nuclear factor‐κB, it may facilitate cytokines expression by T cells. Alternatively, phospho‐PKR and phospho‐eIF2α may promote apoptosis as a way to regulate T‐cell number in the CNS. The expression of phospho‐eIF2α in oligodendrocytes during EAE likely is involved with inhibition of protein translation, which is a protective mechanism used to promote cell survival in response to inflammation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of retinal ganglion cell phospholipids is under control of an endogenous circadian clock: Daily variations in phospholipid‐synthesizing enzyme activities
Authors: Garbarino‐Pico E. , Carpentieri A.R. , Castagnet P.I. , Pasquaré S.J. , Giusto N.M. , Caputto B.L. , Guido M.E. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractRetinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are major components of the vertebrate circadian system. They send information to the brain, synchronizing the entire organism to the light‐dark cycles. We recently reported that chicken RGCs display daily variations in the biosynthesis of glycerophospholipids in constant darkness (DD). It was unclear whether this rhythmicity was driven by this population itself or by other retinal cells. Here we show that RGCs present circadian oscillations in the labeling of [32P]phospholipids both in vivo in constant light (LL) and in cultures of immunopurified embryonic cells. In vivo, there was greater [32P]orthophosphate incorporation into total phospholipids during the subjective day. Phosphatidylinositol (PI) was the most 32P‐labeled lipid at all times examined, displaying maximal levels during the subjective day and dusk. In addition, a significant daily variation was found in the activity of distinct enzymes of the pathway of phospholipid biosynthesis and degradation, such as lysophospholipid acyltransferases (AT II), phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (PAP), and diacylglycerol lipase (DGL) in cell preparations obtained in DD, exhibiting differential but coordinated temporal profiles. Furthermore, cultures of immunopurified RGCs synchronized by medium exchange displayed a circadian fluctuation in the phospholipid labeling. The results demonstrate that chicken RGCs contain circadian oscillators capable of generating metabolic oscillations in the biosynthesis of phospholipids autonomously. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptosomal glutamate and GABA transport in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Hoogland G. , Spierenburg H.A. , van Veelen C.W.M. , van Rijen P.C. , van Huffelen A.C. , de Graan P.N.E. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractHigh‐affinity glutamate and GABA transporters found in the plasma membrane of neurons and glial cells terminate neurotransmission by rapidly removing extracellular transmitter. Impairment of transporter function has been implicated in the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis. We characterized glutamate and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) transport in synaptosomes, isolated from neocortical and hippocampal biopsies of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). We analyzed K+‐evoked release in the presence and absence of Ca2+ to determine vesicular and transporter‐mediated release, respectively. We also analyzed 3H‐glutamate and 3H‐GABA uptake, the effect of glutamate uptake inhibitors L‐trans‐pyrrolidine‐2,4‐dicarboxylic acid (tPDC) and DL‐threo‐β‐benzyloxyaspartate (TBOA), and GABA uptake inhibitor N‐(4,4‐diphenyl‐3‐butenyl)‐3‐piperidinecarboxylic acid (SK&F 89976‐A). Neocortical synaptosomes from TLE patients did not show vesicular glutamate release, strongly reduced transporter‐mediated release, and an increased basal release compared to that in rat synaptosomes. Furthermore, basal release was less sensitive to tPDC, and 3H‐glutamate uptake was reduced compared to that in rat synaptosomes. Vesicular GABA release from neocortical synaptosomes of TLE patients was reduced compared to that in rat synaptosomes, whereas transporter‐mediated release was hardly affected. Furthermore, basal GABA release was more than doubled, but neither basal nor stimulated release were increased by SK&F 89976‐A, which did significantly increase both types of GABA release in rat synaptosomes. Finally, 3H‐GABA uptake by synaptosomes from TLE patients was reduced significantly in hippocampus (0.19 ± 0.04%), compared to that in neocortex (0.32 ± 0.04%). Control experiments with human peritumoral cortical tissue suggest that impaired uptake of glutamate, but not of GABA, was caused in part by the hypoxic state of the biopsy. Our findings provide evidence for impaired function of glutamate and GABA transporters in human TLE. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peroxidase‐Catalyzed Oxidative Polymerization of Phenol with a Nonionic Polymer Surfactant Template in Water
Authors: Kim Young‐Jin , Uyama Hiroshi , Kobayashi Shiro 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSummary: Peroxidase‐catalyzed oxidative polymerization of phenol has been examined using the template, poly(ethylene glycol) monododecyl ether (PEGMDE), in water. The role of this template, which forms a complex with phenol in the polymerization, was verified by UV measurements. During the reaction, a complex of the resulting polymer and PEGMDE was precipitated in high yields. The amount and the PEG chain length of PEGMDE strongly affected the polyphenol yield. The unit molar ratio of polyphenol and PEG of the template was about 1:0.9. The presence of the PEGMDE template in the aqueous medium greatly improved the regioselectivity of the polymerization, yielding polyphenol with a phenylene unit content close to 90%. FT‐IR, DSC, and XRD analyses confirmed the formation of the miscible complex of polyphenol and PEGMDE by hydrogen‐bonding interactions.image
Polyelectrolyte Complex Films Derived from Polyethyleneoxide‐Maleic Acid Copolymer and Chitosan: Preparation and Characterization
Authors: Shin‐Ya Yoshitsune , Tsurushima Hideo , Tsurumi Taro , Kajiuchi Toshio , Leong Kam W. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSummary: Polyelectrolyte complex films were prepared with polyethyleneoxide‐maleic acid copolymer and chitosan using a casting/solvent evaporation method. The films were examined in terms of their IR spectra, surface and cross‐section morphologies, cytotoxicity, and swelling behavior at different pH levels. To assess the potential of these films as a biomedical device, the profiles of the release of model drug from the CS/PEOMA films were examined at pH 4.8. The surface morphology of the films was quite smooth and uniform, and the cross‐sectional morphology was dense and homogeneous. The swelling behaviors of CS/PEOMA films were found to depend on the pH of the solution as well as on the CS/PEOMA composition. Drug release from different CS/PEOMA films at pH 4.8 was found to be dependent on film composition. The results showed the potential applicability of CS/PEOMA film as a drug delivery vehicle.image