bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geothermal Energy
Authors: Mink Roy 
Published: October 2004

AbstractHeat emanating from within the earth is one source of geothermal energy. This vast repository of energy is generated from the decay of natural radioisotopes and heat from the molten core of the earth.Natural sources of geothermal fluids for heating and bathing have been utilized since prehistoric times. The useful applications of hydrothermal resources depend on the temperature of the extracted fluid. Relatively low temperature fluids can be effectively applied for purposes such as greenhouse heating, fish farming, and especially space heating. Waters at higher temperatures can be used for a variety of industrial processes and the generation of electricity. Transportation of hot fluid over more than a few kilometers is often economically impractical. It is then possible to apply the power generated by hydrothermal energy in a variety of ways and at distant locations. The effeciency of electrical generation is directly related to the thermal quality of the resource. To successfully compete with the multitude of energy sources available, geothermal energy must be available and retrievable in both a convenient and an economical manner. Conditions have only been met using hydrothermal geothermal resources in the form of hot water and steam but these particular hydrothermal resources are limited. Most of the world's accessible geothermal energy is found in rock that is hot but contains limited fluid. Although research and development have demonstrated success in extracting thermal energy on a limited basis, the vast deeper hot rock resource has not yet been shown to be an economically feasible source of energy on a scale large enough for practical use.
Hazardous Waste Incinerators
Authors: Silcox Geoffrey D. , Lighty Joann S. , Keener Melvin E. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractMany of the hazardous wastes that are generated by industrial, municipal, and governmental facilities are safely destroyed by incineration. This article provides a summary of the amount of hazardous waste generated, the amount destroyed by incineration, an overview of the incineration process, the types of incinerators, air pollution control devices and emissions, challenges in operation of incinerators, and regulations. The incinerators that are considered include rotary kilns, fluidized beds, moving and fixed grates (hearths), liquid waste incinerators, cement kilns, light aggregate kilns, and halogen acid production furnaces.
Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC), Catalysts and Additives
Authors: Nee J.R.D. , Harding R.H. , Yaluris G. , Cheng W.C. , Zhao X. , Dougan T.J. , Riley J.R. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) unit remains the primary hydrocarbon conversion unit in the modern petroleum refinery. The ability to convert a variety of feed types (eg, gas oils, cracked gas oils, deasphalted gas oils, atmospheric/vacuum resids) into lighter, more valuable products makes the FCC process extremely versatile and more importantly, profitable.
The profitability of an FCC unit depends largely on the type of feed being processed and the FCC catalyst employed. Up until the early 1960s, amorphous silica/alumina catalysts were used to crack vacuum gas oils. As feedstocks have become heavier and the level of contaminant metals has increased, more sophisticated catalysts have been introduced that contain special metals trapping technologies. Zeolite and matrix technologies have evolved to maximize conversion of difficult feeds to valuable transportation fuels and light olefins.

Increasingly stringent environmental regulations have also changed the objective function of the modern refinery. In addition to the classical goals of optimizing FCC yields for high gasoline selectivity, minimum dry gas production, high octane number, or good bottoms cracking, today's refiner must also reduce gaseous pollutants that originate in the FCCU regenerator as well as produce gasoline with low levels of contaminants, notably sulfur. This has presented opportunities for catalyst manufacturers to develop additives that enable the refiner to reduce emissions of SO

x

and NO

x

from the FCCU regenerator and catalysts and additives that produce cleaner transportation fuels.
Cerebellar hypoplasia, zonular cataract, and peripheral neuropathy in trisomy 17 mosaicism
Authors: Terhal Paulien , Sakkers Ralph , Hochstenbach Ron , Madan Kamlesh , Rabelink Gwenda , Sinke Richard , Giltay Jacques 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTrisomy 17 mosaicism in liveborns is an extremely rare chromosomal abnormality, with only three cases reported in the literature. Here we describe a 7‐year‐old boy with trisomy 17 mosaicism. The chromosome abnormality was detected by amniocentesis and was confirmed postnatally in cultured skin fibroblasts. The main clinical features were mental retardation and growth reduction, peripheral motor and sensory neuropathy, hypoplastic cerebellar vermis, zonular cataract, and body asymmetry. In our patient, and in the three earlier described cases, the additional chromosome 17 was detected in skin fibroblasts, not in peripheral lymphocytes. Molecular investigations excluded uniparental disomy of chromosome 17 in our patient. The extra chromosome 17 probably originated from a postzygotic mitotic nondisjunction of the maternal chromosome 17. In most cases of trisomy 17 mosaicism detected in amniocytes the chromosome abnormality seems to be confined to extra‐embryonic tissues and clinically normal children are born. If, however, there are also ultrasound abnormalities, the possibility of fetal trisomy 17 mosaicism should certainly be considered. If postnatal karyotyping is limited to blood the diagnosis of trisomy 17 mosaicism could easily be missed. Therefore, we recommend chromosome analysis to be based on cultured skin fibroblasts in all cases where mental retardation is accompanied by postnatal growth retardation, body asymmetry, peripheral neuropathy, and cerebellar hypoplasia or zonular cataract. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is SHORT syndrome another phenotypic variation of PITX2?
Authors: Karadeniz Nadide Nilüfer , Kocak‐Midillioglu Inci , Erdogan Derya , Bökesoy Isık 
Published: October 2004

AbstractEven though responsible genetic loci and mode of inheritance for the Rieger syndrome have been well established, the mode of inheritance and the genetic basis for SHORT syndrome are still uncertain. The purpose of this paper is to document a familial translocation of t(1;4)(q31.2;q25), in a mother and her son manifesting Rieger syndrome with polycystic ovaries and SHORT syndrome, respectively. It is suggested that these two syndromes may be different expressions of the same gene, PITX2, localized at 4q25. Our patient is the second with the association of Rieger syndrome and polycystic ovaries, and thus this may not be coincidental, moreover insulin resistance‐related phenotypes, such as lipodystrophy and polycystic ovaries, can be major component of syndromes with Rieger eye malformation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three patients with 9p deletions including DMRT1 and DMRT2: A girl with XY complement, bilateral ovotestes, and extreme growth retardation, and two XX females with normal pubertal development
Authors: Õunap K. , Uibo O. , Zordania R. , Kiho L. , Ilus T. , Õiglane‐Shlik E. , Bartsch O. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIt is well documented that distal 9p monosomy can be associated with XY sex reversal. Recently, the possibility of DMRT1 and/or DMRT2 (the genes for doublesex and mab‐3 related transcription factor 1 and 2) being the sex determining genes(s) at 9p has been raised. DMRT1 and DMRT2 map near the 9p telomere, distal of marker D9S1779. We describe here three unrelated females with distal 9p monosomy, one with XY complement and two with XX complements. In each individual, fluorescent in situ hybridization predicted the loss of the DMRT genes. Patient 1, an XY individual with monosomy 9pter → p24.1 ∼ 24.2 and trisomy 7q32 → qter had normal female external genitalia, a blind ending vagina, no uterus, a Fallopian tube on the right, and bilateral ovotestes with primitive ovarian tissue. She also had extreme growth retardation. Around 80 cases of distal 9p monosomy have been reported previously, but there has been no report of ovotestes or gonads comprising ovarian tissue in a XY patient with 9p deletion. Findings in Patient 1 suggest that the phenotypic spectrum of the heterozygous DMRT deletion may include true hermaphroditism. Patients 2 and 3 were 12‐ and 14‐year‐old females with XX complements, normal external genitalia, and normal pubertal development. Patient 2 had pure monosomy 9pter → p23 and Patient 3 had monosomy 9pter → p22.3 ∼ 23 combined with trisomy 3pter → p23 ∼ 24. To date, detailed reports on the gonadal status of XX 9p‐females have been limited to prepubertal girls. Patients 2 and 3 are the first females reported to have distal 9p monosomy and a normal puberty. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apolipophorin‐III‐like protein expressed in the antenna of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Guntur Kalyani V.P. , Velasquez Daniel , Chadwell Linda , Carroll Christopher , Weintraub Susan , Cassill J. Aaron , Renthal Robert 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAntennal proteins of the male fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) were analyzed by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis, with the objective of identifying pheromone‐binding proteins, which have not previously been found in ant antennae. The major low‐molecular weight protein found in the male fire ant antenna was subjected to Edman degradation to determine the N‐terminal amino acid sequence. Degenerate PCR primers based on this sequence were used to obtain a cDNA sequence corresponding to the full‐length protein sequence. In‐gel trypsin digestion followed by MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry and HPLC‐ESI/MS/MS demonstrated that the protein gel spot contained only the protein corresponding to the cDNA sequence obtained by PCR. The sequence is similar to apolipophorin‐III, an exchangeable lipid‐binding protein. Fire ant apolipophorin‐III is expressed in the antenna as well as the head, thorax and abdomen. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 57:101–110, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril reduces oviposition and ecdysteroid levels in Lepidoptera
Authors: Vercruysse L. , Gelman D. , Raes E. , Hooghe B. , Vermeirssen V. , Van Camp J. , Smagghe G. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe role of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE, peptidyl dipeptidase A) in metamorphic‐ and reproductive‐related events in the Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) was studied by using the selective ACE inhibitor captopril. Although oral administration of captopril had no effect on larval growth, topical administration to new pupae resulted in a large decrease of successful adult formation. Oviposition and overall appearance of adults emerging from treated larvae did not differ significantly from those emerging from non‐treated larvae. In contrast, topical or oral administration of captopril to newly emerged adults caused a reduction in oviposition. By evaluating the effect of captopril on ecdysteroid titers and trypsin activity, we revealed an additional physiological role for ACE. Captopril exerted an inhibitory effect on ecdysteroid levels in female but not in male adults. Larvae fed a diet containing captopril exhibited increased trypsin activity. A similar captopril‐induced increase in trypsin activity was observed in female adults. In male adults, however, captopril elicited reduced levels of trypsin activity. Our results suggest that captopril downregulates oviposition by two independent pathways, one through ecdysteroid biosynthesis regulation, and the other through regulation of trypsin activity. Apparently, fecundity is influenced by a complex interaction of ACE, trypsin activity, and ecdysteroid levels. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 57:123–132, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Robotic Astronomy – Proceedings of the 3rd Potsdam Thinkshop on Robotic Astronomy
Authors: Strassmeier K. G. , Hessman F. V. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFrom July 12–15, 2004, the third Potsdam Thinkshop was held in the Hotel Dorint “Sanssouci” in Potsdam, Germany on the topic of ROBOTIC ASTRONOMY. Its aim was to bring together astronomers and technicians from any field in astronomy to review the current status of robotic telescope projects and to discuss the future science cases for such installations. Part of the “Thinkshop” concept of this meeting was to jointly think about new scientific projects tailored to the unique capabilities of modern robotic telescopes, small and large. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Radial velocities from automated telescopes
Authors: Pepe F. , Mayor M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractDuring the past years, precise radial‐velocity measurements have been the fundamental tool for the discovery and characterization of almost all the presently known extra‐solar planets. The increasing precision and efficiency of this technique has also opened new possibilities for the follow‐up of planetary transit candidates, as well as for other fields of astronomy, such as asteroseismology and stellar physics. The example of extra‐solar planets illustrates quite clearly the strong need for large observational surveys: 1) In order to get a complete view of the planet “zoo”, many stars of various types must be measured and followed up. 2) The detection efficiency increases enormously with the quality and the quantity of data points. Time sampling is a critical parameter. 3) The great diversity of known planetary systems requires covering observation time‐scales from one night to several years and even decades. A direct consequence of these factors is that survey programmes require a large amount of telescope time and a continuous follow‐up of the observations. In a context of limited resources and large amounts of data, automated telescopes will be of great help, or even required, to carry out these programmes. Based on our experience with CORALIE and HARPS, we shall try to define a series of “requirements” towards automated telescopes for precise radial‐velocity measurements. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Robotic telescopes and the public
Authors: Baruch J. E. F. , Hedges D. G. , Machell J. , Tallon C. J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe development of robotic telescopes for access by the public is discussed. The importance of astronomy in providing easily accessible science and stimulating young minds with the beauty and mysteries of the cosmos is outlined in the light of the continuing need to inspire young people with science and make possible careers in science and engineering. The growing problems of seeing the stars in our cities due to light pollution and the increasing attraction of TV, computer games and the Internet are all reducing the levels of familiarity of young people with the night sky and their potential interest in astronomy. The ways in which robotic telescopes can reintroduce young people to the heritage of the night sky are outlined and various initiatives discussed around the returns that can be gained in bringing astronomy to the public. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stellar activity and the long‐term use of robotic telescopes
Authors: Rodonò M. , Messina S. , Lanza A. F. , Cutispoto G. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA number of automated and robotic telescopes are nowadays devoted to the systematic monitoring of magnetically active stars and binary systems at several astronomical institutions, all over the world, and their number is steadily increasing. Standard equipments include wide– and narrow–band photometers and, more recently, spectroscopic capabilities. The long‐term time series that those telescopes are providing turn out to be of paramount importance in order to significantly progress in our understanding of solar‐like stellar activity of magnetic origin, that seemingly affect most of late‐type dwarfs and subgiants. Our principal aim is to illustrate which key parameters, that can be derived from such long‐term time series, determine the appearance and evolution of stellar activity phenomena in different astrophysical environments other than solar, and their role in determining the physical characteristics of starspots, their surface distribution, filling factor, migration in latitude and longitude, and evolution in time. By using spots as tracers of stellar rotation, reliable data on stellar differential rotation, the prime motor of magnetic activity, can be derived. Moreover, the activity cycle is the additional fundamental parameter that can be provided by long‐term time series. In order to properly address the study of stellar activity, an internationally coordinated network of 1‐2 m class robotic telescopes dedicated to multi‐wavelength systematic observations should be established. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Unsolved problems in observational astronomy. I. Focus on stellar spectroscopy
Authors: Pallavicini R. , Randich S. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe present the highlights of current observational programs in stellar optical spectroscopy carried out with 8‐10 m class telescopes as well as with smaller telescopes. Topics discussed include: 1. light elements abundances and their cosmological implications; 2. search for Population III stars and spectroscopy of extremely metal deficient stars; 3. abundances of different stellar populations in the Galaxy; 4. spectroscopy of resolved stars in Local Group galaxies; 5. Li and Be abundances and internal mixing in stars; 6. spectroscopy of very‐low mass stars and brown dwarfs; 7. radial velocity search of extrasolar planets; 8. stellar oscillations and asteroseismology; 9. stellar magnetic activity and Doppler imaging of stellar surface features. We also highlight the role that dedicated 1‐2 m automatic telescopes with spectroscopic capabilities can play in several fields of stellar optical spectroscopy. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
What makes an automated telescope robotic?
Authors: Granzer T. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractRobotic telescopes are more and more commonly used in today's astronomical research. To optimize the scientific return the automation must not stop at a level, where a single observation can be performed by the robot. In fact it is necessary that target selection reflects the scientific needs of the different science programs, involving long‐term planing as well as shorttime optimization. In this paper, the approach pursued to solve this scheduling problem at the STELLA robotic observatory is reported. Hints for adopting the software package on other robotic facilities are outlined. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Liverpool telescope
Authors: Steele I. A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe Liverpool Telescope is a 2.0 metre robotic telescope on La Palma. It achieved first light in July 2003, and began science operations in January 2004, with (supervised) robotic operation from April 2004. Unmanned operation is planned for October 2004. As a national, common‐user facility, the telescope must support over 50 science programmes and is equipped both with common user and experiment specific instruments. As an example, the SupIRCam instrument has been designed to obtain infrared light curves of Type Ia supernovae. This instrument achieved first light in July 2004. From August 2004 the telescope participates in the ROBONET‐1.0 network of 2.0 metre telescopes with the Faulkes Telescopes located in Hawaii and Australia, executing coordinated observations of GRB and exoplanet microlensing events. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The MONET project and beyond
Authors: Hessman F. V. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe “MOnitoring NEtwork of Telescopes” (MONET) consists of two 1.2‐m imaging telescopes funded by the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation and the Georg‐August‐Universität Göttingen and will be operated by the McDonald Observatory in West Texas and the South African Astronomical Observatory at Sutherland. Scheduled to go into full operation in 2005, it will be used to perform a variety of monitoring and survey observations over the whole sky, to aid observations by satellites and 10m‐class telescopes like the VLT, HET and SALT telescopes, and will be available to participating school classes all over the world. Through our development and use of Remote Telescope Markup Language (RTML), MONET should be one of the kernels of a growing international network of heterogeneous telescopes. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
MASTER: The Mobile Astronomical System of Telescope‐Robots
Authors: Lipunov V.M. , Krylov A. V. , Kornilov V. G. , Borisov G. V. , Kuvshinov D. A. , Belinsky A. A. , Kuznetsov M. V. , Potanin S. A. , Antipov G. A. , Tyurina N. V. , Gorbovskoy E. S. , Chilingaryan I. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe present the first Russian robot‐telescope designed to make prompt observations of gamma‐ray bursts (http://observ.pereplet.ru). The telescopes are near Moscow. The system of telescopes with prompt pointing rates connects to the internet. The main parameters are the following: Richter‐Slefogt system telescope (355 mm, f/d = 2.4); Richter‐Slefogt system telescope (200 mm, f/d = 2.4); Flugge system telescope (280 mm, f/d = 2.5); TV‐camera with 20 × 40 degree objective; two CCD cameras (Pictor 416); one CCD Apogee Camera AP16E. The type of mount is German with 8 grad/sec slew rate. MASTER images stars down to 19 magnitude in a 1 min exposure covering 6 square degrees. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
SDSS data management and photometric quality assessment
Authors: Ivezić Ž. , Lupton R. H. , Schlegel D. , Boroski B. , Adelman‐McCarthy J. , Yanny B. , Kent S. , Stoughton C. , Finkbeiner D. , Padmanabhan N. , Rockosi C. M. , Gunn J. E. , Knapp G. R. , Strauss M. A. , Richards G. T. , Eisenstein D. , Nicinski T. , Kleinman S. J. , Krzesinski J. , Newman P. R. , Snedden S. , Thakar A. R. , Szalay A. , Munn J. A. , Smith J. A. , Tucker D. , Lee B. C. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe summarize the Sloan Digital Sky Survey data acquisition and processing steps, and describerunQA, a pipeline designed for automated data quality assessment. In particular, we show how the position of the stellar locus in color‐color diagrams can be used to estimate the accuracy of photometric zeropoint calibration to better than 0.01 mag in 0.03 deg2patches. Using this method, we estimate that typical photometric zeropoint calibration errors for SDSS imaging data are not larger than ∼0.01 mag in theg,r, andibands, 0.02 mag in thezband, and 0.03 mag in theuband (root‐mean‐scatter for zeropoint offsets). (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Automatic data reduction and archiving for STELLA
Authors: Weber M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe data is collected at the observatory, each data product is registered and a queue is set up to transfer the highest priority observations first. Optionally, lossy compression (e.g. White 1994) can be used to boost transfer speeds for time critical observations. Once the data has been transferred, the reduction process is started at the control‐center in Potsdam. The type of reduction steps required can be specified by the user or a default pipeline setup can be used. The users can be notified about the status of their observations in any desired detail. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)