bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fault diagnosis of a computer interlocking system for railway signal control
Authors: Zhou Fang , Li Fengying 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The signal control of the railway transportation system is crucial for operational safety. This paper briefly introduces the computer interlocking system for railway signal control, describes the tree-structured neural network used for fault diagnosis of the interlocking system, and introduces the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for improvement. Finally, a simulation experiment was conducted on a railway station to compare the traditional back-propagation neural network (BPNN), the support vector machine, the traditional tree-structured neural network, and the improved tree-structured neural network for fault diagnosis. It was found that the topological structure of the device distribution in the railway station could be transformed into a tree structure, and with the introduction of hidden nodes, it could become a binary tree structure where each leaf node represents a device; the improved tree-structured neural network had the highest recognition performance for both two-class tasks (determining system failure or not) and multi-class tasks (identifying fault type).
Iterative multitask learning and inference from seismic images
Authors: Gao Kai 
Published: October 2023

SUMMARY
Seismic interpretation aims to extract quantitative and interpretable attributes from a seismic image produced using some migration method to inform characteristics of a subsurface reservoir or target of interest. Current paradigms for computing seismic attributes mostly rely on single-task algorithms. We develop an iterative, multitask machine learning method to learn and infer multiple attributes from a seismic image. This method is composed of two stages: a multitask inference stage and a multimodal, multitask refinement stage. The basic mechanism of this method is that we train a multitask inference neural network to estimate a set of attributes, including a relative geological time volume, a denoised higher-resolution seismic image and multiple fault attributes (including probability, dip and strike), from a low-resolution, noisy seismic image; then we input the inferred attributes to a multitask refinement NN to enhance the raw inference results iteratively. The two multitask neural networks are trained separately based on synthetic seismic images and associated labels generated by geological modelling. Applications of this multitask learning and inference method to synthetic and field seismic images show that our method can improve the structural consistency among output seismic attributes compared with single-task neural networks, leading to more reliable automatic interpretation and subsurface characterization.
Magnification bias estimators for realistic surveys: an application to the BOSS survey
Authors: Wenzl Lukas , Chen Shi-Fan , Bean Rachel 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
In addition to the intrinsic clustering of galaxies themselves, the spatial distribution of galaxies observed in surveys is modulated by the presence of weak lensing due to matter in the foreground. This effect, known as magnification bias, is a significant contaminant to analyses of galaxy-lensing cross-correlations and must be carefully modelled. We present a method to estimate the magnification bias in spectroscopically confirmed galaxy samples based on finite differences of galaxy catalogues while marginalizing over errors due to finite step size. We use our estimator to measure the magnification biases of the CMASS and LOWZ samples in the SDSS BOSS galaxy survey, analytically taking into account the dependence on galaxy shape for fibre and PSF magnitudes, finding αCMASS = 2.71 ± 0.02 and αLOWZ = 2.45 ± 0.02 and quantify modelling uncertainties in these measurements. Finally, we quantify the redshift evolution of the magnification bias within the CMASS and LOWZ samples, finding a difference of up to a factor of three between the lower and upper redshift bounds for the former. We discuss how to account for this evolution in modelling and its interaction with commonly applied redshift-dependent weights. Our method should be readily applicable to upcoming surveys and we make our code publicly available as part of this work.
GLIOMA-14 ELUCIDATING THE CELL-CELL INTERACTIONS AND GEO-SPATIAL ORIENTATION OF M2 POLARIZED MACROPHAGES/MICROGLIA WITHIN GBM'S TME AND INVESTIGATING THEIR IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE EFFECT ON DENDRITIC CELLS
Authors: Reid Alexandra , Jin Dan , Dean Bayli DiVita , Falceto-Font Laura , Francis Connor , Flores Catherine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an incredibly aggressive and prevalent primary CNS tumor with dismal survival outcomes. GBM’s intra-tumor heterogeneity and lack of anti-tumor immune cell infiltration have proved to be formidable challenges to developing effective therapies. To overcome these hurdles, it is vital that we garner a better understanding of the cell-cell interactions occurring within the tumor microenvironment (TME) in situ. Accounting for the complexity and the spatial orientation of the components within the TME may offer insight into the multitiered layers of immunosuppression capitalized on by GBM tumors, thus elucidating the factors responsible for poor response to therapy and uncovering potential therapeutic targets that may offer more favorable therapeutic results for immunotherapies. Current in vitro and in vivo models, however, sorely limit our ability to probe these distinct attributes while preserving the intricate nature of the TME. To bridge this gap, we have devised a novel organotypic brain slice culture (BSC) model using tumor-bearing C57BL/6J mice, allowing us to characterize the tumor milieu in situ. We have identified a large infiltration of macrophages and microglia polarized to the M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype within the TME. Leveraging this platform, we sought to define further the factors contributing to the dynamic impacts of GBM immunosuppression, such as the tolerogenic response in dendritic cells (DC) upon interaction with the TME. We have demonstrated outcomes similar to those seen in vivo following the introduction of DCs to tumor-bearing BSCs, further supporting the physiological relevancy of this model, and have since worked to unravel elements responsible for this response.
OTHER-02 BRAIN TUMORS: CLINICAL PRESENTATION AT THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES IN KHARTOUM 2019-2022
Authors: Nasr Arwa , Ahmed Nidaa , Mohamoud Mai , Mosaad Montasir , Amara Zainab , Khalil Reem , Hamid Safa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Brain tumors are intracranial neoplastic proliferation of cells. They are implicated in high patient morbidity and mortality. Malignant brain tumors are less common in relevance to other types of malignancies, yet they are enumerated as the tenth leading cause of death worldwide. Diagnosis of these tumors mainly depends on clinical features and imaging. This study aims to describe the clinical presentation and associated factors of brain tumors and has been conducted as a retrospective cross-sectional 4-year facility-based study at the National Center for Neurological Sciences (NCNS), a center in Khartoum state that receives all neurological patients from all over Sudan. Data were collected from records of patients of all ages who have been diagnosed with brain tumors from 2019 to 2022. The data included demographic information, clinical presentation, and the anatomical site of tumors. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 22 and ethical approval was obtained from the institutional review board. The total number of patients with brain tumors was 182. Female to male ratio was 1.3:1 and most of the patients were adults in 131. Headache was found to be the most frequent symptom and motor deficit was the most frequent sign. The commonest anatomical site was supratentorial. Brain tumors despite being more common in adults, share the same most frequent clinical presentation, and with the anatomical site came in consistence with the worldwide population, apart from the gender distribution as females are more affected than males.
PAEDIATRIC-01 SURGICAL OUTCOME OF MEDULLOBLASTOMA IN ETHIOPIA
Authors: Akililu Yemisirach Bizuneh , Woldemariam Mersha Abebe 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
Medulloblastoma is one of the commonest CNS[1] tumors in pediatric patients. This study tries to assess surgical treatment outcome and prognostic factors in patients diagnosed with medulloblastoma in Ethiopia, a LIC[2].

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Retrospective study involving twenty-seven patients (21 pediatrics & 6 adults) who underwent surgery for medulloblastoma (January 1, 2010-April 30, 2018), at two neurosurgical centers. Structured questionnaire was used to collect patients’ data & surgical treatment outcome variables were assessed by suitable statistical tests.

RESULTS
1-year and 6-month survival probability were 29% and 41 % respectively with a median survival of 107 days (95% CI: 49,166). Median survival was 66 days (95% CI: 27,105), with 6 months and one-year survival rate of 24 % (p=0.031) for pediatric patients. Majority (61.90%) of pediatric deaths were in the first two months of surgery. Six months & one-year PFS[3] were around 83% and 44% respectively with median PFS of 9 months (95%CI: 7, 12). Younger age at presentation, postoperative open EVD[4], longer SICU[5] stay, lack of radiation treatment & postoperative complications were negative outcome predictors.

CONCLUSION
Overall median and PFS of operated patients &lt;15 years old is poor. Patients with negative outcome predictors have higher mortality& poor postoperative functional status. Standardization of treatment with surgery & CSI[6] ± chemotherapy yields longer survival rates in both pediatric and adult patients.
[1] Central Nervous System
[2] Low Income Country
[3] Progression Free Survival
[4] External Ventricular Drainage
[5] Surgical Intensive Care Unit
[6] Craniospinal Irradiation
PAEDIATRIC-06 PEDIATRIC RECURRENT PRIMARY OCCIPITAL SYNOVIAL SARCOMA: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Bergene Eyerusalem , Equar Dr Samuel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Synovial sarcoma is one of the malignant soft tissue sarcomas with an unknown histological origin. It has a unique t(X;18) (p11.2; q11.2) chromosomal translocation, resulting in the SYT-SSX fusion protein. The intracranial occurrence is mainly metastatic, and primary intracranial synovial sarcoma is extremely rare, with few case reports and case series in the literature.Surgical resection of the tumor followed by adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, regardless of the extent of tumor resection, has been shown to have a significant benefit.

CASE PRESENTATION
Here we report the case of an eleven-year-old male patient who presented with a four-month history of swelling at the occipital area and intermittent headache. Imaging showed a destructive skull vault lesion with infiltration of the ipsilateral cerebellum. A subtotal resection of the tumor was achieved, and histopathology examination revealed a biphasic variant of synovial sarcoma. The patient disappeared from follow-up without receiving adjuvant radiotherapy and presented two years later with a swelling at the previous surgical site. After imaging was done, a recurrence was diagnosed, and he was reoperated with near total excision.

CONCLUSION
Primary intracranial synovial sarcoma is an extremely rare malignant tumor. Surgical resection with adjuvant radiation should be the standard of care to prevent recurrence. In low-income countries, patients disappear from follow-up, making post-operative management difficult. Furthermore, radiation services should be made widely available to address issues with compliance.
Planning and implementation II
Authors: Jelliffe Derrick B , Jelliffe E F Patrice , Zerfas Alfred , Neumann Charlotte G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are two major considerations in sampling: sample design and sample size. Sample design involves the method of sampling and carrying it out. The need for a random sample with acceptable coverage and response rate is essential for cross-sectional surveys. Errors related to this are often difficult to estimate and may cause serious doubts concerning the acceptance of the sample data as reflecting the population of concern. Sample size, on the other hand, is concerned with the ‘precision’ of results, (i.e. how the results vary from that which would be obtained if the entire population were surveyed.) Hence, results from samples include as estimate and a range of statistical confidence (‘confidence interval’) (Appendix 4) around the estimate.
Introduction
Authors: Boué A Bou 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Recent developments in ultrasound have improved the clinical assessment of the fetus. Not only can the external anatomy be examined in search of malformations such as anencephaly or limb defects, but the internal morphology can also be examined for malformations of the brain, heart, kidney, gut, and spine. Real-time ultrasound permits the examination of fetal movement and an assessment of the development of the central nervous system. Finally, ultrasound guidance techniques permit fetal sampling, thus opening the door to prenatal diagnosis.
The cranial nerves
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Before concluding that anosmia, or loss of the sense of smell, is due to a nervous lesion it is necessary to exclude disorders of the nose itself. There are patients who say that they lost their sense of smell many years previously and cannot account for it. In neurological practice there are only two important causes of anosmia. Bilateral loss of smell is sometimes seen after a head injury. This is usually not associated with a fracture of the skull, and if improvement does not occur within a few weeks of the injury it is likely to be permanent. Unilateral loss of the sense of smell may be an early sign of a tumour, especially a meningioma of the olfactory groove, pressing upon the tract. Such a tumour may eventually lead to bilateral anosmia.
Injuries to the brain
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In civil life most head injuries are due to direct violence resulting from motor and industrial accidents. It is estimated that 100 000 cases of head injury are admitted to hospitals in Britain each year, and of these some 400 injuries cause unconsciousness lasting more than a month. Of the survivors with permanent brain damage, half are not able to work again. Less frequently head injuries are produced by indirect violence after falls. Penetrating wounds are comparatively rare. The brain may be extensively damaged without the skull’s having been fractured, and on the other hand fracture of the skull may occur without severe brain injury. Compound fractures of the skull, especially those involving the base, are liable to lead to infection of the intracranial contents and thus to cause meningitis or intracranial abscess.
Disorders of nerve roots and peripheral nerves
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As elsewhere in the nervous system, accurate diagnosis rests upon anatomy and physiology, for the symptoms of a lesion depend upon the distribution of the motor and sensory fibres which happen to be grouped together in the nervous pathway at the site of which the lesion occurs. In the case of lesions of the nerve roots and peripheral nerves, however, the pathological nature of the lesion is particularly important, since it may influence both the character and the extent of the symptoms (see Fig. 19.1).
Disorders of muscle
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A voluntary muscle is composed of muscle fibres, each of which is a multinucleated cell, consisting of contractile substance with a sarcolemma and its nuclei, and a· motor end-plate in which the nerve fibre terminates. The lower motor neuron ends in relation with a bundle of 150 or more muscle fibres. Skeletal muscle fibres are not homogeneous and contain two distinct types of fibre. The type I fibre is smaller and has a high concentration of enzymes which are concerned with aerobic metabolism. The type II fibre is large with coarse myofibrils and has a higher concentration of glycogen and of enzymes which are concerned with anaerobic metabolism.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and retrovirus infections
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Retroviruses are RN A viruses which are capable of using an enzyme reverse transcriptase to make DNA copies of themselves. This copy becomes incorporated into the host cell DNA, so creating latent and essentially life long infection. Viral proteins are manufactured by infected cells and infectious virions are released from the cell surface by budding. Not all retroviruses are pathogenic. They were first recognized to cause disease in animals-’leukaemias· or lymphomas and slow virus infections such as visna. In 19 80 a human leukaemia (adult T-cell leukaemia) was discovered which was associated with human T cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). In 1981 pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma were found in previously well, young, homosexual men, associated with a profound impairment of cell-mediated immunity.
Syphilis of the nervous system
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Neurosyphilis was becoming an uncommon disease after the introduction of penicillin but recently there has been an increased incidence in parts of the United States and possibly other countries as a result of promiscuity in urban societies, in particular among male homosexuals. Only a small proportion perhaps 10 per cent —of persons infected with the Treponema pallidum subsequently show evidence that the organism has invaded the nervous system. However, 30 per cent of patients with secondary syphilis have an abnormal cerebrospinal fluid. This may occur as early as during the secondary stage. Early invasion of the nervous system may be followed by an asymptomatic period of several years while the infection remains dormant.
Multiple sclerosis and demyelinating diseases
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the commonest nervous diseases. It is characterized by the widespread occurrence of patches of demyelination followed by gliosis in the white matter of the nervous system (Fig. 26.1). A striking feature is the tendency to remissions and relapses, so that the course of the disease may be prolonged for many years. The early symptoms are those of focal lesions of the nervous system, while the later clinical picture is one of progressive dissemination. The cause of the disorder is not known.
Motor neuron disease
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Motor neuron disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is so called because it is characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neuron involving both the corticospinal pathways and those which originate in the motor nuclei of the brainstem and the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord, though in some patients only spinal motor neurons appear to be involved, at any rate until the late stages of the disease.
The neurobiology of CFS
Authors: Wessely Professor Simon , Hotopf Dr Matthew , Sharpe Dr Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Clinicians dealing with neurasthenia had no doubt that the illness affected not only the subject’s physical performance, but also the mental performance. Beard wrote that ‘memory is often temporarily weakened, and consecutive thought and sustained mental activity frequently impossible’1• When Janet singled out psychasthenia from the overburdened concept of neurasthenia, he drew attention to the psychological deficits that were at the core of the illness. ‘Tiredness and a horrible sense of fatigue is caused in psychasthenics by the least physical or psychological effort ... fatigue rapidly affects sensations and perceptions, intellect and movemenf2. Edward Cowles defined an early symptom of the disease as the inability to sustain ‘prolonged effort at attention’3• All the authorities recognized that mental effort exacerbated symptoms, and that various mental processes were affected.
Conclusions
Authors: Wessely Professor Simon , Hotopf Dr Matthew , Sharpe Dr Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We all recognize fatigue when we experience it, but establishing a satisfactory definition has not proven easy. We consider ‘fatigue’ to be a general term covering a range of phenomena that are often, but not necessarily, associated with exertion. The meaning of the term is therefore both intuitively obvious, based on one’s own experience, but also elusive. We propose that this ambiguity is inevitable and irreducible - instead it must simply be acknowledged. We can retain the concept, but must operationalize our definitions. In particular we must first distinguish between fatigue in performance and the feeling of fatigue.
Osteoporosis
Authors: Cooper Cyrus 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Osteoporosis is a disorder characterized by low bone density, microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, and a consequent increase in fracture risk (Consensus Development Conference, 1991). Criteria for osteoporosis can be considered both in terms of bone density and fracture, both of which are epidemiologically relevant (Melton et al. 1992).
Introduction: a thematic overview
Authors: Stevenson, David K , Young Ernle W D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I swear by Apollo, by Asclepius, by Health, by Panacea and by all the gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will carry out, according to my ability and judgment, this oath and this indenture. To hold my teacher in this art equal to my own parents; to make him partner in my livelihood; when he is in need of money to share mine with him; to consider his family as my own brothers, and to teach them this art, if they want to learn it, without fee or indenture; to impart precept, oral instruction, and all other instruction to my own sons, the sons of my teacher, and to indentured pupils who have taken the physician’s oath, but to nobody else. I will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment, but never with a view to injury or wrong-doing. Neither will I administer a poison to anybody when asked to do so, nor will I suggest such a course. Similarly, I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion. But I will keep pure and holy both my life and my art. I will not use the knife, not even, verily, on sufferers from stone, but I will give place to such as are craftsmen therein. Into whatsoever houses I enter, I will enter to help the sick, and I will abstain from all intentional wrong-doing and harm, especially from abusing the bodies of man or woman, bond or free. And whatsoever I shall see or hear in the course of my profession, as well as outside my profession in my intercourse with men, if it be what should not be published abroad, I will never divulge, holding such things to be holy secrets. Now if I carry out this oath, and break it not, may I gain for ever reputation among all men for my life and for my art; but if I transgress it and forswear myself, may the opposite befall me.
Medical futility: decision-making in the context of probability and uncertainty
Authors: Jecker Nancy S , Pagon Roberta A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As soon as the baby was delivered, a large, whole-thickness piece of skin sloughed from one leg, leaving a large denuded area in which muscles and tendons could be viewed. Now six days old, the tiny girl has been diagnosed with epidermolysis bullosa, a recessive genetic condition which causes blistering of the skin. She is unable to take fluids by mouth because of blistering of her mucous membranes. Third-degree burn-like erosions over her skin cause fluid and electrolyte imbalance problems and unremitting pain. Her condition is a lifelong disorder, for which there is no cure and no treatment to ameliorate the blistering and its effects.