bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychological Distress in HIV-1 Disease in Relationship to Hypocholesterolemia
Authors: Shor-Posner Gail , Baldewicz Teri , Feaster Dan , Blaney Nancy T. , Miguez-Burbano Maria , Szapocznik Jose , Goodkin Karl , Eisdorfer Carl , Baum Marianna K. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Altered levels of serum cholesterol, which are prevalent in early HIV-1 infection, have been associated with disturbances in mood state and behavior. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of serum cholesterol status and psychological distress in HIV-1 seropositive and seronegative men. Method: The association between serum cholesterol level and psychological distress, measured with the Profile of Mood States (POMS), was examined in 169 individuals (117 HIV-1 seropositive and 52 seronegative homosexual men), controlling for negative life events, social support, coping style, and HIV-1 serostatus. Results: Individuals with hypocholesterolemia (serum cholesterol levels < 150 mg/dL), exhibited significantly higher levels of distress, relative to individuals with values of cholesterol > 150 mg/dL ( p = 0.01). HIV-1 seropositive men had significantly lower cholesterol levels ( p = 0.0001) and higher levels of distress than the seronegative men ( p = 0.03). A significant interaction between negative life events and cholesterol status was demonstrated as well ( p = 0.04). Conclusions: Hypocholesterolemia appears to be associated with increased psychological distress. Whereas the causal direction of the cholesterol-distress association cannot be specified, our results suggest that HIV-1 infected men with low cholesterol levels may benefit from being monitored for changes in distress level, so that appropriate psychosocial intervention can be instituted, as necessary.
Specialized Training and the Science Writer
Authors: Ryan Michael , Dunwoody Sharon L. 
Published: May 2005

The problem of specialization in news reporting is enormously complex and often confusing, with arguments centering around how much expertise the specialized reporter should have and how he should acquire it. In perhaps no other area is the complexity and confusion greater or more perplexing than in science writing. Strengths and weaknesses of specialized training for science writing were explored in a mail survey of 152 newspaper, magazine, and free lance science writers in the United States and Canada. Advantages and disadvantages of specialized training were identified through analysis of comments which many science writers made on the questionnaires they returned. Some recommendations for potential science writers are presented.
Teachers' Experiential Learning about Learning
Authors: Regan-Smith Martha G. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: An experiential model of learning suggests that changing a learner's understanding will lead to the learner choosing to change behavior. A workshop was designed for medical educators to examine their understanding of learning in order to change their behavior as teachers. This article describes that workshop which was presented as part of a conference on successful techniques for education of primary care practitioners. Method: Eighteen medical educators participated in the workshop. The educators were instructed to reflect on a recent personal learning experience. Group discussion led to production of a list of components of effective learning. These learning components were then applied in small groups to three hypothetical tasks related to mental health education. Results: Essential characteristics of three generic features of learning were identified: characteristics of the teacher, learner, and learning experience. When these characteristics were then applied to the hypothetical tasks, a major theme that emerged was a focus on the importance of learner motivation. Conclusions: The essential components of learning and their application demonstrate the importance of adult learning theory in which it is more important for the learner than for the teacher to determine what, when, and how to learn. This is in contrast to traditional medical education in which the teacher decides what to learn and if it has been learned. To improve education for practicing primary care providers, a shift from a teaching paradigm to a learning paradigm is indicated.
The Development and Evaluation of the Brief Depression Screen in Medically Ill Disability Claimants
Authors: Leon Andrew C. , Portera Laura , Walkup James T. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: There is literature demonstrating elevated prevalence of depression in primary care. Yet there remains a need for a brief depression screen designed and evaluated specifically for use among medically ill patients. Our objective was to develop and validate a brief, unobtrusive screen for depression among severely medically ill long-term disability claimants. Methods: The study sample consisted of 480 long-term disability claimants, less than 55 years of age, with one of the following illnesses: cancer, diabetes, myocardial infarction, rheumatoid arthritis, stroke, or multiple sclerosis. Each subject completed a questionnaire that included 26 potential screening items. A subset of subjects was administered the SCID, which served as the gold standard for the DSM-IV depression and dysthymia diagnoses. Results: The Brief Depression Screen, a three-item screen for major depressive disorder and dysthymia, was developed. About 34 percent of the sample met criteria for major depressive disorder or dysthymia. The Brief Depression Screen detected 75 percent of those subjects in this sample. Furthermore, nearly half of the subjects with positive screen results met criteria for depression or dysthymia. These results are comparable to those of the eight-item Burnam screen, but not as sensitive as the more widely used, twenty item CES-D. Conclusion: The Brief Depression Screen was developed and evaluated for use with severely ill long-term disability claimants. In practice, a positive screen for depression is to be followed with a comprehensive diagnostic assessment that could be conducted by a trained clinician. Further research is warranted to determine whether the identification and treatment of depression in disability claimants with non-psychiatric medical illnesses will facilitate return to work, even in the presence of comorbid medical illnesses.
Laparoscopic and Psychologic Evaluation of Women with Chronic Pelvic Pain
Authors: Richter Holly E. , Holley Robert L. , Chandraiah Shambhavi , Varner R. Edward 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Pelvic pain can account for up to 40 percent of laparoscopies performed by gynecologists. This report compares the psychological profiles and efficacy of laparoscopic surgery at long-term follow-up in a series of laparoscopy-positive and laparoscopy-negative patients with chronic pelvic pain. Method: A retrospective chart review was performed on patients diagnosed with chronic pelvic pain combined with postoperative written questionnaires and self-rating scales. These questionnaires were used to assess long-term post laparoscopy follow-up of the physical and psychological status of women with positive findings at laparoscopy compared to those women with negative findings. Results: There were no statistically significant demographic differences between respondents and nonrespondents. In the respondents, no statistically significant differences were noted even with long-term follow-up when comparing responses of the laparoscopy-positive and laparoscopy-negative groups on the above questionnaires. Conclusion: Though reporting modest improvement in pelvic pain since laparoscopy, both groups reported a high incidence of anxiety, depression, physical worries, and marital/sexual problems.
An Historical Introduction to Ideas about Voluntary Euthanasia: With a Bibliographic Survey and Guide for Interdisciplinary Studies
Authors: Gruman Gerald J. 
Published: May 2005

This interdisciplinary study defines voluntary euthanasia re transcendent values, and uses a “self-death” concept linking ideas about suicide and euthanasia. Attitudes and beliefs are discussed in detail along an historical perspective, Gothic to present day, and a bibliography is provided for interdisciplinary studies. Since 1945, existentialism has defied death taboos to restate the tragic plight of the individual. Social and clinical changes that isolate and demoralize patients are challenging the biomedical revolution. Additionally, neoorthodox, Catholic humanist, New Left and counterculture ideologies are providing bases for current discussion of euthanasia reform.
Illness Behavior in Children of Chronic Pain Patients
Authors: Jamison Robert N. , Walker Lynn S. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Recent studies on pain behavior have pointed to a relationship between expression of illness in patients with chronic pain and reports of physical complaints in other family members. This article includes two related studies. The aim of the first study was to determine whether, among pain patient families, parents who exhibited higher levels of illness behavior and emotional distress were more likely to report that their children had frequent pain complaints. The aim of the second study was to assess whether children of patients with chronic pain were perceived by their parents to have more pain and illness behavior than children of non-pain parents. Method: In the first study, forty-two primary caregivers in families with a parent with chronic pain completed questionnaires regarding their children's pain and illness behavior. In the second study, report of somatic complaints in children of chronic pain parents was compared to complaints in fifty-five children of parents without chronic pain. Results: Results of the first study showed that frequently reported pain in the child was associated with significantly higher levels of parent disability, pain behavior and emotional distress. Results of the second study showed that children of patients with chronic pain were reported to have more frequent abdominal pain and to use more medication than children of parents without pain. Conclusions: The findings of these studies suggest that children of parents with chronic pain may be at risk for illness behavior, especially when the parents exhibit emotional reactions to their pain.
Work Requirements: Criteria for Scheduling Formal School Training
Authors: Goodgame Doug 
Published: May 2005

Procedures for designing instructional systems which use the job inventory method to collect occupational data from incumbent workers and job supervisors can, in the data analysis phase, provide the designer information for making decisions on cost effective scheduling of formal school training. Two situations substantiate this assertion. One situation describes correlational relationships between task factor ratings (measuring work requirements at the job site) which dictate that formal school training should be scheduled prior to job assignment. The second situation reveals relationships which allow formal school training to be delayed indefinitely. The results of three occupational studies are reviewed to demonstrate sample applications. The studies reveal that uniform relationships do not exist for work requirements in similar occupations and indicate that unique conditions in the work environment affect relationships among work requirements.
Response to 35% CO2 in Patients with Chest Pain and Angiographically Normal Coronary Arteries
Authors: Beitman Bernard D. , Logue Mary Beth , Thomas Ann Muir , Bartels Kim 
Published: May 2005

Objectives: Several interview studies have suggested that panic disorder (PD) exists in patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries (NCA). Interview studies require corroboration by other studies in order to validate them. The purpose of this study is to test whether response to the inhalation of 35% CO2 reliably discriminates between PD and non-panic disorder patients in this population. Method: Three groups were studied: six with NCA and PD, five with NCA and no PD, and ten in the control group. All subjects breathed room air, then 35% CO2 in a single-blind fashion. Each completed the Acute Panic Inventory (API) before and during the procedure. Results: The NCA-panic group scored significantly higher than the other two groups on the Acute Panic Inventory from baseline to post- inhalation. Conclusion: Despite several methodological limitations including a relatively small number people in each cells, 35% CO2 was shown to trigger more intense responses in panic patients, thus helping to validate the interview findings.
Update on Factitious Disorders
Authors: Taylor Stuart , Hyler Steven E. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Since factitious disorders entered the official psychiatric nomenclature in DSM-III and DSM-III-R, there has been a proliferation of reports and commentary about this unusual disorder. We present an update of the recent literature. Method: The psychiatric and medical literature was searched. Clinical reports and critical/theoretical papers were reviewed; eighty-five are summarized here. Results: Available data is descriptive and anecdotal. Reports focus on the following four topics, which are discussed here: 1) diagnostic issues, 2) the newly proposed DSM-IV category of factitious disorder by proxy, 3) epidemiology and course, 4) new developments in treatment and management. Conclusions: Factitious disorders are uncommon but serious illnesses that present diagnostic and management dilemmas. Deriving systematic information about these illnesses is a major challenge.
Teaching Psychiatry to Medical Students: A Lesson for the Teacher
Authors: Lazerson Alan M. 
Published: May 2005

As in the clinical practice of medicine, crises are common events in the lives of those who teach. When these are viewed as episodes in the development and continuation of a teaching-learning situation, they serve to focus attention on the entire learning process. The refusal by a section of second year medical students to sign their psychiatry quiz papers is taken as such an event and is scrutinized to help define the task of a teacher of psychiatry in an era of confrontation. With a conceptual focus on the dyad of teacher and student, and a consideration of the collaborative definition of goals, content, methods and evaluation procedures, the author describes his delayed recognition of the full impact of the milieu on the students. Their perception of the evaluation process and the necessity to involve them in it is described. Such elements as work overload, a minimization of the relative importance of psychiatric learning, an understandable fear and mistrust of authority are considered, as are the students' wishes to be good physicians and to receive feedback. A solution to this problem which resolved the crisis and prevented its recurrence is outlined. Such post facto learning by the teacher fosters the activity of the intuitive and cognitive processes in him, and permits him to form new perceptions of the teaching process.
Capital Expenditures and the Availability of Funds
Authors: Muller Charlotte , Worthington Paul N. , Allen George 
Published: May 2005

Data on capital expenditures and the availability of funds assembled from the annual financial and service records of 42 short-term voluntary hospitals in New York City over two decades were used to analyze the behavior of annual capital expenditures on building and equipment assets. Desired expenditures on capital as a factor of production are viewed as being the result of changes in anticipated output and of the substitution of capital for labor. Actual capital expenditures in each year also reflect the availability of flows of nonoperating revenues and the completion of capital programs initiated in previous years. Nonoperating revenues include philanthropy and earnings on financial assets as principal sources. A monetary revenue series, adjusted for changes in hospital charges, was used to measure output and thus to separate the effects of demand for hospital services and supply of funds on investment behavior. The data were approached as annual aggregates for 42 hospitals over the years 1946–1966 and as annual hospital averages for teaching and nonteaching hospitals over the same period. In both approaches four causal factors-output, substitution, the flow of nonoperating revenues, and a distributed lag-explained about 95 per cent of the sample variance of capital expenditures. Allowing for available funds reduced the average time required for 95 per cent completion of a capital adjustment from 7 to 3 years. Responsiveness of hospitals to these economic variables suggests that socially desired investment can be attained by (a) “monetizing” needs of groups now underserved; (b) improving availability of funds if used for acceptable public purposes; and (c) including consumers in determining institutional and regional priorities.
Battered Women: A Medical Problem Requiring Detection
Authors: Rounsaville Bruce , Weissman Myrna M. 
Published: May 2005

A one month study of the surgical and psychiatric service of a university hospital emergency room identified thirty-seven women coming for treatment as a result of physical abuse. Thirty-three of the thirty-seven women presented at the surgical services and represented 3.8 per cent of surgical admissions in the emergency room. These women came from all ages, social and ethnic groups. They usually presented with contusions or other injuries to the head and neck. The majority would not accept psychiatric treatment but were willing to discuss the problem with the emergency room physician if encouraged. The preventive implications of these findings for the nonpsychiatric physician are discussed.
Depression following Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Forrester Alfred W. , Lipsey John R. , Teitelbaum Mark L. , Depaulo J. Raymond , Andrzejewski Paula L. , Robinson Robert G. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Although many investigators have studied mood disorders following myocardial infarction, the prevalence, severity, and persistence of depression have been disputed, and standard rating scales and criteria for depressive disorders have infrequently been utilized. The authors' goal was to determine how frequently depressive disorders occur after myocardial infarction, and to investigate predisposing factors for such disorders. Method: Structured clinical interviews were administered to 129 inpatients within ten days of myocardial infarction. Patients were also evaluated using standardized rating scales for depression, social function, cognition, and physical impairment. DSM-III diagnoses were derived from the structured interview. Results: Major depressive syndromes were present in 19 percent ( n = 25) of the patients and were associated with prior history of mood disorder, female sex, large infarcts, and functional physical impairment. Conclusion: Major depression is common in the acute post-myocardial infarction period. Such disorders confer significant psychiatric morbidity and, if sustained, require psychiatric intervention.
Acute Stress Reactions to Recent Life Events among Women and Men Living with Hiv/Aids
Authors: Koopman Cheryl , Gore-Felton Cheryl , Azimi Negar , O'shea Kristen , Ashton Eric , Power Rachel , De Maria Shannon , Israelski Dennis , Spiegel David 
Published: May 2005

Objective: This study examined the prevalence of acute stress reactions to recent life events among persons living with HIV/AIDS. A second aim was to investigate the relationship of acute stress reactions among HIV-infected men and women to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms to previous traumatic life events. Method: Participants included 64 HIV-seropositive persons (33 men and 31 women) drawn from a larger study examining the effects of group therapy on quality of life and health behavior. These individuals were assessed at baseline on demographic and medical status characteristics and (PTSD) symptoms and then randomly assigned to either receive group therapy plus education or education alone. Three months later they were assessed for acute stress reactions to recent life events. Results: Nearly a third (31.3 percent) of the participants reported levels of acute stress reactions to recent life events that met all symptom criteria for the diagnosis of acute stress disorder. However, only 9.4 percent of the respondents described a recent stressful life event that was threatening to the life or physical integrity of themselves or others. Acute stress reactions to recent life events were significantly and positively related to experiencing PTSD symptoms to prior traumatic life events. Acute stress did not differ significantly by gender, AIDS status, or whether or not participants had received 12 weeks of group therapy. Conclusions: A subset of individuals with HIV/AIDS experience high levels of acute stress reactivity to life events considered non-traumatic. HIV-infected individuals who react strongly to ongoing life stressors are more likely to have developed PTSD symptoms in response to previous traumatic life events.
Depression following a Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Boekamp John R. , Overholser James C. , Schubert Daniel S. P. 
Published: May 2005

Object: Depression is a common problem following a spinal cord injury (SCI) and can greatly interfere with the rehabilitation process because of reduced energy, negative expectations, and social withdrawal. Understanding various factors which influence a vulnerability to depression may improve the diagnosis and treatment of depressive disorders and can improve rehabilitation outcome. Method: A thorough literature search was conducted using Medline, PsychLit, PyschInfo, and Social Science Citation Index to identify relevant articles published between 1967 and 1995. Results: A diathesis-stress model is proposed to explain the increased risk of depressive symptoms after a SCI. Biological changes associated with SCI and pre-existing cognitive biases may influence the individual's vulnerability to stressful life events following the injury. The nature and frequency of stressful life events following the injury can tax the individual's coping resources. Furthermore, the perceived quality of social support and the severity of conflict within the family can influence the individual's adaptation. Conclusions: Social support and recent stressors should be assessed to identify patients at high risk for depression. Patients are less likely to become depressed if their independence is fostered and they are encouraged to develop new sources of self-esteem. Relatives can be counseled to help maintain supportive relationships within the family.