bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Schizophrenia: Basic, release, reactive and defect processes
Authors: Healy David 
Published: May 2005

AbstractRecent development in the classification of schizophrenic psychopathology and research on the mechanism of action of neuroleptic drugs are reviewed in the light of a proposal by Chapman and McGhie in 1963 that schizophrenic morbidity might be significantly reduced by an appropriate cognitive management. It is concluded that current findings in cognitive psychology and neuropsychology support the Chapman and McGhie proposal, but that a clinical application of their proposal requires a recognition of the multidimensionality of positive and negative schizophrenic syndromes. These syndromes, it is suggested, are constituted by underlying basic, release, reactive and defect processes. Basic and release processes, it is postulated, stem from frontal lobe dysfunction. Reactive processes are composed of cognitive distortions of basic and release experiences and should be open to a cognitive management. Defect processes are constituted by coexisting minimal brain dysfunction. This proposal is at odds with the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia but is consistent with a dopamine hypothesis of neuroleptic action. The implications of the proposal for both the neuroleptic and non‐neuroleptic pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia are outlined. In particular the development of intermittent pharmacotherapy is noted and the likely significance of emerging cognitive managements for clinical problems for the future assessment of clinical trails of pharmacological agents in schizophrenia.
Effects of tranylcypromine on serotonin content and monoamine oxidase activitity of the human blood platelet
Authors: Oxenkrug Gregory F. , Balon Richard , McCauley Roy B. , McIntyre Iain M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractInhibition (>80 per cent) of platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO‐B type) and and an increase of platelet serotonin content were observed after tranylcypromine administration. It is suggested that the increase in platelet serotonin reflects MAO‐A inhibition, which may be correlated with antidepressant and hypotensive effects of MAO inhibitors.
Relationship between Tardive Dyskinesia and psychopathology in a group of schizophrenic patients attending a rehabilitation centre
Authors: Perenyi A. , Zador G. , Horvath S. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTwenty‐five of 76 patients suffering from chronic schizophrenia, treated in a rehabilitation centre, were found to have tardive dyskinesia (TD) according to the Tardive Dyskinesia Research Diagnostic Criteria (Schooler and Kane, 1982). Patients suffering from TD achieved significantly higher total scores on two subscales (affective flattening and blunting and avolition‐apathy, respectively) of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. On the other hand, positive symptoms assessed by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale did not distinguish the two groups. Our findings support the idea that patients suffering predominantly from negative symptoms of schizophrenia may have a higher vulnerability for the development of TD than schizophrenic patients showing mainly positive symptoms.
The influence of ageing on serum levels of tertiary tricyclic antidepressants
Authors: Leinonen E. , Ylitalo P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe influence of ageing on serum levels of tertiary tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) was studied in 385 psychiatric inpatients treated daily with one of three TCAs: 157 patients with amitriptyline (154 ± 47 mg, mean dose ± SD), 183 with doxepin (177 ± 59 mg) and 45 with clomipramine (153 ± 51 mg). The patients were divided into three age groups: 125 of them were aged < 35 years, 218 were 35–65 years and 42 were > 65 years. The numbers of blood samples for gas‐chromatographic monitoring of steady‐state concentrations of serum tertiary and secondary TCAs were 192 for amitriptyline, 240 for doxepin and 138 for clomipramine. The concentrations of serum amitriptyline and nortriptyline rose in an age‐related manner. The serum clomipramine and norclomipramine concentrations were higher in the middle‐aged than in the young patient groups, whereas serum doxepin and nordoxepin concentrations changed less markedly with advancing age. The variations of serum amitriptyline and nortriptyline concentrations were not greater in old patients than in middle‐aged ones. Neither were the variations in doxepin and nordoxepin concentrations enlarged with advancing age (but those in clomipramine and norclomipramine concentrations were wider in middle‐aged than in young patients). The number of too high (‘toxic’) TCA concentrations was inconsistently greater in the elderly than in the two younger age groups. The results suggest that the liability of old patients to the adverse effects of TCAs is not—at least with all TCA treatments—due to the enlarged variation in serum drug levels or to the increased frequency of ‘toxic’ serum TCA concentrations.
EEG mapping central effects of multiple doses of linopirine—a cognitive enhancer—in healthy elderly male subjects
Authors: Saletu B. , Darragh A. , Breuel H. P. , Herrmann W. , Salmon P. , Coen R. , Anderer P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled parallel group study, the encephalatropic effects of multiple doses of linopirine (DUP 996), a novel phenylindolinone derivative enhancing the stimulated release of acetylcholine in cholinergic nerve terminals, but also increasing concentrations of dopamine and serotonin, were investigated in 30 elderly, healthy volunteers. Fifteen subjects were randomly assigned to receive 20 mg DUP 996 b.i.d. and 15 were assigned to receive placebo. The doses were given at 12‐h intervals for 10 days with an additional morning dose on day 11. Multi‐lead EEG recordings were obtained after an adaptation session on day −1, as well as on days 2, 5 and 10 prior to and in the second hour after the morning dose. Computer‐assisted spectral analysis of the EEG and subsequent topographic brain mapping of the drug‐induced EEG changes demonstrated significant central effects of DUP 996, characterized by an augmentation of total power, decrease of delta and theta activity, increase in alpha and beta activity and an acceleration of the centroid. These findings are opposite to those seen in dementias and indicative of an improvement in vigilance, and have also been described with other cognition‐enhancing drugs. Time‐course investigations demonstrated more CNS changes 2 hours after than before morning oral dosing on days 2 and 5. The pharmacodynamic peak was observed in the 2nd hour after dosing on day 2. Topographically, the drug‐induced changes over time were most pronounced over fronto‐temporal, temporo‐occipital, parietal and frontal regions, e.g. over brain areas afflicted most by Alzheimer's disease.
Nocturnal and next‐day effects of ethanol and basal level of sleepiness
Authors: Roehrs T. , Yoon J. , Roth T. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFive healthy young men (mean age 25.6 years) consumed ethanol (0.8 g/kg producing breath ethanol concentration (BEC) of 0.06 per cent on average 30 min post‐consumption) and placebo at 2200–2230 h after 4 and 8 h in bed (TIB) the previous night. Standard sleep recordings were collected from 2300 to 0700 h. The next‐day latency to sleep onset was tested at 1000, 1200, 1400 and 1600 h and divided attention performance and hangover symptoms were assessed 30 min after each latency test. The 4 h TIB increased sleep efficiency, but did not interact with the effects of ethanol. Ethanol altered sleep staging. In analyses of ethanol effects by halves of the night, ethanol increased percentage stage 3/4 sleep in the first half and increased percentage stage 1 sleep in the second half. The following day, mean daily sleep latency (MSLT) was reduced and mean divided attention tracking errors were increased with ethanol. Ethanol effects (mild) on the hangover questionnaire were detected only on the 0800 h assessment.
Topographic pharmaco‐EEG mapping of increasing doses of buspirone and its comparison with diazepam
Authors: Barbanoj M. J. , Anderer P. , Antonijoan R. M. , Torrent J. , Saletu B. , Jané F. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIt has been argued that representative drugs of the main psychopharmacological classes induce similar pharmaco‐EEG changes within groups but different changes between groups. The aim of this double‐blind, cross‐over, placebocontrolled study was to evaluate the effects of single oral doses of buspirone (BUS) 5, 15 and 30 mg in 15 healthy young subjects of both sexes on topographic maps of quantiative pharmaco‐EEG, using diazepam (DZP) 10 mg as reference compound. Sixteen lead recordings of three‐minute vigilance‐controlled EEG (V‐EEG) and four‐minute resting EEG (R‐EEG) were assessed at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after drug intake. EOG activity (vertical and horizontal) was also recorded in order to minimize ocular artifacts before applying an automatic artifact rejection method. MANOVA/Hotelling T2 maps (multivariate analysis) showed a highly significant differentiation of DZP from placebo from the 1 st until the 8th hour all over the brain. After BUS a clear dose‐response was observed with effects being greater and longer lasting with increasing doses, the highest showing a peak effect in the 2nd hour which lasted until the 4th hour, mostly in central regions. Maps of drug‐induced pharmaco‐EEG changes as compared to placebo‐induced alterations (univariate analysis) demonstrated typical ‘anxiolytic pharmaco‐EEG patterns’ after DZP, characterized by a decrease of total power, attenuation of alpha activity and augmentation of beta activity, as well as by an increase of the centroid and centroid deviation of the total activity. Furthermore, a decrease of the centroid of the combined delta‐theta activity and an increase of the centroid of alpha activity was seen. In contrast, BUS produced an increase of theta activity with an acceleration of the centroid of the combined delta‐theta activity, no modification of alpha activity but a slowing down of its centroid and a tendency to reduce beta activity. The centroid of the total activity was also decreased. Although both compounds have proven their ability to reduce anxiety in patients, their different neurophysiological profiles suggest different neurobiological mechanisms of action after acute administration.
Psychometric aspects of antihistamines: A review
Authors: Rombaut N. E. I. , Hindmarch I. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn extensive review of the literature was performed in order to identify those psychometric variables and conditions which have proved to be sensitive to the CNS effects of antihistamines. It is hoped that the result of this review will allow the formulation of a series of guidelines which would be useful both to researchers, when deciding on the methodology of future trials, and to readers when assessing the validity of a particular volunteer study with a antihistamine.
Cholinergic and adrenergic function in depressed and healthy subjects: A neuroendocrine test battery using the growth hormone axis
Authors: O'Keane Veronica , Dinan Timothy G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe two neurotransmitters noradrenaline (NA) and acetylcholine (ACh), both important modulators of GH secretion, have been hypothesised to be reciprocally dysfunctional in depressive illness. This study tested the Adrenergic/Cholinergic Imbalance Hypothesis by comparing GH responses to (a) the cholinesterase inhibitor pyridostigmine and (b) the indirect noradrenergic agonist desipramine in a depressed group (n = 9) and a matched control group. The depressed patients fulfilled criteria for DSM‐111‐R diagnosis of Major Depression: Melancholic Subtype. Three GH challenge tests were administered in each subject: desipramine, pyridostigmine and GH‐releasing hormone (GHRH). The latter was performed to determine pituitary reserve. Each subject also had a dexamethasone suppression test. GH responses (as measured by peak minus baseline values) to GHRH were significantly blunted in the depressed (26·1 ± 4·9 mU/L) compared to the control group (48·4 ± 4·9 m U/L: t = 2·2, df = 16, p < 0·05); and were positively correlated to desipramine/GH responses in both the depressed and control groups (p < 0·001). Peak GH responses to pyridostigmine were relatively increased in the depressed sample (12·2 ± 1·8 m U/L Vs 6·9 ± 1·5 m U/L; t 2·5, df = 16, p < 0·05). Within the depressed group, dexamethasone non‐suppressors had blunted GH responses to desipramine compared to those who cortisol suppressed (p < 0·05). These findings (a) lend some support to the ‘Cholinergic/Adrenergic Imbalance Hypothesis’, (b) suggest that desipramine may bring about the release of GH via the GHRH pathway and (c) blunting of the desipramine/GH response is associated with hypercortisolaemia.
The effect of salbutamol on mood in normal subjects
Authors: Menkes David B. , Fawcett J. Paul , Nunn Megan R. , Boothman‐Burrell David 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe beta‐2‐adrenoceptor agonist salbutamol, widely used in the treatment of asthma, is thought to have antidepressant activity and possibly an abuse liability. In order to examine the mood‐altering potential of this drug, a placebocontrolled, double‐blind crossover trial was conducted in 21 psychiatrically normal subjects. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) was used to assess mood at baseline, after six weeks of placebo and salbutamol treatment (in either order), and after a four‐week washout period in between treatments. The results showed little difference between treatments, apart from a tendency for salbutamol to worsen subjective mood relative to placebo during the first treatment phase only. In conclusion, the blinded, placebo‐controlled administration of salbutamol gives no evidence of mood‐elevating or addictive properties in psychiatrically normal individuals.
Effects of smoking abstinence and nicotine abstinence on heart rate, activity and cigarette craving under field conditions
Authors: Baldinger Beatrice , Hasenfratz Markus , Bättig Karl 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn a field study heart rate, activity, cigarette consumption, craving for cigarettes, saliva cotinine and subjective ratings were assessed in 12 female subjects, smoking medium tar/medium nicotine cigarettes (TN). The habituated cigarettes were compared with a nearly nicotine‐free/medium tar (0·08 mg/9·3 mg) cigarette (Tn) and with abstinence. Two recording periods of 3 days each were conducted in two consecutive weeks. Heart rate was highest with the Tn cigarettes, 8 bpm lower on abstinence days and in between with the Tn cigarettes. A characteristic increase in heart rate and activity before cigarette lighting appeared with the TN and the Tn cigarettes and with button pressing indicating smoking desire on abstinence days. This response is attributed to an anticipative activation preceding lighting a cigarette. Subjective ratings assessing the craving to smoke differed between abstinence and the smoking condition but not between the two cigarette types, whereas saliva cotinine was significantly higher with the TN than with the Tn cigarettes or abstinence. Cigarette consumption was similar with both cigarette types, but taste and strength were rated better for the TN than the Tn cigarettes.It is concluded that heart rate and saliva cotinine depend on the amount of nicotine absorbed, whereas subjective craving is reduced by smoking independently of the actual nicotine yield of the cigarette.
Zopiclone in elderly patients: Efficacy and safety
Authors: Kerr J. S. , Dawe R. A. , Parkin C. , Hindmarch I. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractZopiclone is an hypnotic medication belonging to the cyclopyrrolone family of drugs. It is chemically unrelated to the benzodiazepines and binds to a specific site of the GABAA receptor complex. Zopiclone has been found to be effective as an hypnotic for the elderly: single doses of 7.5 mg have been found to decrease sleep onset Latency and the number of nocturnal awakenings: to improve sleep duration and sleep quality, and to cause minimal impairment of psychomotor performance and mental alertness the morning after a normal bed‐time dose. Importantly, the drug has been shown to have little or no effect on short‐term memory, a function that is often impaired by earlier hypnotic drugs particularly in elderly patients. Furthermore, there is little evidence of dependency or rebound insomnia on withdrawal of the medication after continued use. The drug is well tolerated by patients of all ages, and adverse effects are infrequently reported, the majority of side‐effects being taste disturbance (3.6 per cent in the largest trial to date) and dry mouth (1.6 per cent). Zopiclone is now a well‐established alternative to the benzodiazepine hypnotics.
The effect of lithium on cholinergically mediated GH responses in healthy volunteers
Authors: Cooney J. M. , Dinan T. G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe phosphoinositide (PI) cycle second messenger system mediates the effect of muscarinic receptor binding. Inositol, which is an essential substrate for phosphoinositide synthesis penetrates the blood‐brain barrier poorly, and is vulnerable to depletion. Lithium uncompetitively inhibits inositol‐1‐monophosphatase, a key enzyme in the recycling of inositol for the PI messanger system. There is evidence for cholinergic overactivity in depression from clinical and experimental observations. Among these, pyridostigmine (PYD) stimulated growth hormone (GH) release is found to be elevated relative to healthy controls. PYD/GH responses were examined in six healthy male volunteers before and after 10 days of lithium administration. GH responses did not differ significantly after lithium from those observed at baseline. These results suggest that lithium does not significantly inhibit cholinergically mediated GH secretion in healthy volunteers and provide further support for the selective action of lithium on upregulated cholinergic tracts, consistent with uncompetitive inhibition of the phosphoinositide cycle.
Exacerbation of migraine with paroxetine: Case report
Authors: Currie Alan , Ryman Ann , McAllister‐Williams R. Hamish 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThere has been one case reported in the literature (Medline search December 1994) of a serotonin selective re‐uptake inhibitor (SSRI), fluoxetine, being associated with the development of classic migrainous symptoms (Larson, 1993). We now report a case of severe exacerbation of migraine with another SSRI, paroxetine.
Temazepam impairs effortful but not automatic processing of stimulus elements
Authors: Joyce Eileen M. , File Sandra E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe experiment investigated the effects in healthy volunteers of a single dose of temazepam (30 mg, oral) on effortful and automatic processing, by measuring memory for information and its context. Effortful processing was impaired, as shown by significant impairments in free recall of an 18‐item list, but automatic processing was spared, as evidenced by no impairments in recall of the frequency of presentation, the colour, size or form of the items. In a second task, temazepam significantly impaired both recognition and recency memory of 30 items, although these scores were not correlated. Temazepam caused significant sedation, measured by an objective test and by subjective ratings, but this did not correlate with the memory impairments. The pattern of results is discussed with reference to the hypothesis that the memory impairments resulting from benzodiazepines are due to a reduction in information processing resources and thus affect effortful processing more than automatic processing.
Responsiveness to environmental stimuli after destruction of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system: A review
Authors: Zagrodzka Jolanta 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe functional significance of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system (LCNA) is still not fully understood. The aim of our work reviewed below, was to investigate the effects of the selective noradrenergic neurotoxin DSP‐4 on behaviours displayed during inter‐ and intraspecies encounters and in response to stressogenic stimuli on cats and rats. It has been found that the destruction of LC NA did not affect prey killing in either cats or rats. Also, well established dominance‐submissive order displayed during predatory competition remained unchaged, except for the situation when the stressful stimulus was presented to a pair of cats. In the presence of such a stimulus the DSP‐4‐treated cats attacked mice in front of their dominant partners, although they never did so before.In rats treated with DSP‐4 a marked decrease in defensive episodes and an increase in offensive episodes was observed during social encounters in resident‐intruder paradigm. It was found that these rats spent more time in the stressogenic highly illuminated centre of the open field than did the controls. Biochemical analysis showed a significant reduction of noradrenaline content in the forebrain structures and some changes in serotonin and dopamine levels; the latter are considered as an effect secondary to noradrenaline depletion.In light of other authors' data concerning the role of LC NA in brain and behavioural activity, three possible interpretations of our results are considered: (1) an increase in aggression; (2) fear reduction; (3) inadequate responsiveness to environmental cues.
Crossover reaction between mianserin and trazodone for restless legs syndrome
Authors: Otani Koichi , Kaneko Sunao 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA 58‐year‐old woman with a past history of mianserin‐induced restless legs syndrome (RLS) developed the same syndrome on subtherapeutic doses of trazodone. However, neither nortriptyline nor imipramine at therapeutic doses caused RLS. The present report suggests that hyposerotonergic states are involved in the pathophysiology of RLS.
Development and application of modern devices in vascular surgery including comment on modern antithrombotic and lytic drug therapy
Authors: Sawyer Philip N. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSince modern vascular surgery started with the discovery of heparin and the development of modern vascular grafts including autogenous saphenous vein, the speciality has been technologically driven. At the outset, vascular surgery depended almost entirely on the development of specialized clamps, instruments, and tools to permit decisive attack on the problems of occlusion.No less important was the development of insight into the basis of atherosclerosis, the discovery that atherogenesis with thrombosis is electrochemically identical to corrosion in pipes and therefore subject to chemical forces, which have not yet been delineated, as well as mechanical forces which have been delineated and permit one to attack the atheroma directly.Thus, classic replumbing techniques including bypass and endarterectomy have long been a part of the fundamental firmament of vascular surgery.Most recently, modern techniques in cleaning out blood vessels, removing occlusive processes, and modern thrombus‐dissolving enzymes have all come to the forefront. Frequently multiple techniques are used simultaneously. This article is an attempt to summarize various aspects of this activity and describe several of the patents which have been seminal in the ultimate application of the techniques in both experimental animals and man. This should be the first of a series of efforts to summarize this area. The process of change has never been more kinetic than now.