bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Man’s Traces: Axe, Train, Figure
Authors: Novak Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While Thoreau meditates on his use of the axe to make himself a dwelling place in nature, he also mourns lost trees, which he misses like human beings. National identity is both constructed and threatened by the doubleedged symbol of progress, the axe that destroys and builds, builds and destroys. The paradoxes of this relationship to nature are sharply revealed in the “civilizing” of the land. Progress toward America’s future literally undercut its past.
In chopping away at the forests, Americans were not only terminating the primordial age that made America unique. They were also leveling what William Cullen Bryant had called God’s first temples. Insofar as this involved an attack on America’s religion of God-in-nature, it was a profane act. But expediency strongly suggested that nature could be “humanized” without violating nature-as-God.
Copperheads
Authors: Weber Jennifer L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If Civil War battlefields saw vast carnage, the Northern home-front was itself far from tranquil. Fierce political debates set communities on edge, spurred secret plots against the Union, and triggered widespread violence, such as the New York City draft riots. And at the heart of all this turmoil stood Northern anti-war Democrats, nicknamed "Copperheads." Now, Jennifer L. Weber offers the first full-length portrait of this powerful faction to appear in almost half a century. Weber reveals how the Copperheads came perilously close to defeating Lincoln and ending the war in the South's favor. Indeed, by the summer of 1864, they had grown so strong that Lincoln himself thought his defeat was "exceedingly likely." Passionate defenders of civil liberties and states' rights--and often virulent racists--the Copperheads deplored Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus, his liberal interpretation of the Constitution, and, most vehemently, his moves toward emancipation. Weber reveals how the battle over these issues grew so heated, particularly in the Midwest, that Northerners feared their neighbors would destroy their livestock, burn their homes, even kill them. Indeed, some Copperheads went so far as to conspire with Confederate forces and plan armed insurrections, including an attempt to launch an uprising during the Democratic convention in Chicago. Finally, Weber illuminates the role of Union soldiers, who, furious at Copperhead attacks on the war effort, moved firmly behind Lincoln. The soldiers' support for the embattled president kept him alive politically in his darkest times, and their victories on the battlefield secured his re-election. Disgraced after the war, the Copperheads melted into the shadows of history. Here, Jennifer L. Weber illuminates their dramatic story. Packed with sharp observation and fresh interpretations, Copperheads is a gripping account of the fierce dissent that Lincoln called "the fire in the rear."
The Rise and Fall of the Copperheads
Authors: Weber Jennifer L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As july turned to august, tensions at home showed no sign of easing. The precarious summer of 1864 merely pressed on. The country was shrouded in gloom, which gave the Peace Democrats the greatest political might they had yet known. But in exercising that power, they laid the foundation for their own undoing. The difficult summer also boosted rebel hopes for fomenting a revolt that would finally prompt the Northwest to secede from the Union—only to learn that the Copperheads who had talked so brashly balked when it came to dying for their beliefs. In this desperate and unsettled environment, Lincoln had to make a decision that would define him and possibly ruin him politically; that decision was the bravest and boldest of his career. Then came September, which was the month of redemption for Lincoln and the Unionists. Sherman took Atlanta, and Sheridan started working his way through the Shenandoah Valley. Two weeks after Lincoln’s fateful decision, his opponent, George McClellan, was faced with his own moment of truth, when he had to decide how to stand up to his own party. Unlike Lincoln, though, McClellan was not up to the challenge. Union military successes turned the tide for Lincoln, doomed the Copperheads, and threatened the Democratic Party at large.
The Madness Within Us
Authors: Freedman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Schizophrenia is one of the most devastating and mysterious mental illnesses. People with schizophrenia have the unique sensation that their brain is being taken over by external entities and that their heads are filled with voices that are not their own. Although it is increasingly recognized as a biological illness of the brain, it also has profound psychological implications for how we perceive reality. The Madness Within Us: Schizophrenia as a Neuronal Process is an illuminating discussion of these two aspects of the illness. Dr. Robert Freedman, who is both a neuroscientist and a practicing clinical psychiatrist, outlines the emerging understanding of shizophrenia as a neurobiological illness and shows how these new insights can be used as a bridge to the psychological understanding of the delusions and hallucinations. He combines the findings of modern brain science with insights from the clinical practitioner’s empathic listening to patients as they describe their problems.
Schizophrenia as a Philosopher’s Concern
Authors: Freedman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During a visit to my office, a young man hesitantly reveals his belief that snakes are living behind the mirror in his college dormitory room and that they are forcing their thoughts into his head. His terror was hidden in the privacy of his own mind for a year, until his failure in his classes led to a confession to his mother and a referral to me. His belief about the snakes is a delusion, a symptom of schizophrenia, and it leads me to prescribe a medication and a course of psychotherapy—and to suggest to him and his parents that he is not ready to return to college. I also tell his parents that this young man, Paul, is at significant risk for suicide and that his cigarette smoking and marijuana use, which they find especially offensive because of their religious beliefs, are part of his illness.
Insight from Genetic Studies of Schizophrenia
Authors: Freedman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a miracle in human medical research that is unlike any other that preceded it. It is possible with modern tools of molecular genetics to discover a previously unknown biological basis for an illness simply by following its inheritance through a series of families. Then, by mapping how each person’s chromosomes are inherited using the human genome map, the location of the gene variant responsible for transmission of the illness from parent to offspring can be identified. Finally, the DNA sequence of that chromosomal location can be examined to identify the variant that causes the illness. Using what we know about the DNA code, the variant’s biological role can be accurately predicted and then verified. It is an entirely new strategy for medical research with enormous power, because it is independent of any previous biological hypotheses.
“Taking” Mabo Socioesthetic Detail
Authors: Kisliuk Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the height of the 1989 dry season near Bagandou, BaAka from Kenga came to our camp to be initiated into Mabo. Elanga had arranged this event. He had been working for a few days down the road in Kenga at the home of his milo’s daughter and, while there, had persuaded Kenga BaAka they could upgrade their level of Mabo by learning from Djolo and others in our Bagandou camp. Elanga probably intended to use the initiation fees against his debt so that he and the others could head back to Ndanga as soon as possible. But my friends from Kenga were inclined toward such a project anyway; since a year earlier they had begun their initiation into Mabo with instructors from another clan (chapter 2). At that time my illness had prevented me from following the events, but now I was not only healthy but better prepared to understand. I also happened to know personally both the host group and the guest group.
The delegation from Kenga arrived at our camp in the late afternoon of the designated day. On their way they had avoided the main dirt road through Bagandou so as not to be waylaid by villagers demanding favors, instead detouring via back paths that weave through the many temporary camps set among the village plantations. Yekayeka, Epoko, and Mabambo were among the self-selected group of roughly fifteen BaAka from Kenga. As they entered our camp single file from the path, they were wearing new clothing they had earned by working for Kenga villagers, evidence they viewed this event as special. Yeka-yeka was clad in shorts and a brown turtleneck (with a few holes), Mabambo in a big red sweater and a loin cloth. Their wives, Epoko and Makanda, wore bright cloth wraps, and Epoko was wearing a new white blouse. I had often noted that when attending dances BaAka not only wear loin cloths, raffia skirts, and/or decorative mandudu leaves, but also adorn themselves with any other clothing they have, including stained and torn pieces. Most BaAka do not hesitate to use an item until it falls apart, and clothing keeps its social identity and value until it is so ragged it won’t stay on anymore. Even then someone might use the remnant creatively; I once saw Ndanga solemnly sporting an old bra as a headband. Another man adorned his bare foot with only the ankle part of a bright orange sock. Men especially regard clothing and other commodities (such as nonfunctioning watches) as indications-primarily to each other-that they are hip to the modern world. Big dances near the village are fitting opportunities for such expression.
William Harnett: Every Object Rightly Seen
Authors: Novak Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The respect for the fact, whether object or place, that characterizes so much American art might easily be mistaken for the famous—or infamous— American materialism. But Emerson, like the medieval thinkers, saw the fact as the “end or last issue of spirit,” and one may speculate, therefore, on the reasons why conceptual realism in America should resemble the late Gothic painting of Jan van Eyck. Originating with Copley, this conceptual mode was inherited by the luminist landscape painters and by a still-life tradition extending almost without interruption or change from Raphaelle Peale (1774–1825) at the beginning of the century to William Michael Harnett (1848–92) at the end. Much American art of the late eighteenth century and of the nineteenth century can in fact be seen as still life, whether a portrait by Copley or a landscape by Lane.
The Sound of Broadway Music
Authors: Steven Suskin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philip J. Lang, Jonathan Tunick - are names well known to musical theatre fans, but few people understand precisely what the orchestrator does. The Sound of Broadway Music is the first book ever written about these unsung stars of the Broadway musical whose work is so vital to each show's success. The book examines the careers of Broadway's major orchestrators and follows the song as it travels from the composer's piano to the orchestra pit. Steven Suskin has meticulously tracked down thousands of original orchestral scores, piecing together enigmatic notes and notations with long-forgotten documents and current interviews with dozens of composers, producers, conductors and arrangers. The information is separated into three main parts: a biographical section which gives a sense of the life and world of twelve major theatre orchestrators, as well as incorporating briefer sections on another thirty arrangers and conductors; a lively discussion of the art of orchestration, written for musical theatre enthusiasts (including those who do not read music); a biographical section which gives a sense of the life and world of twelve major theatre orchestrators, as well as incorporating briefer sections on another thirty arrangers and conductors; and an impressive show-by-show listing of more than six hundred musicals, in many cases including a song-by-song listing of precisely who orchestrated what along with relevant comments from people involved with the productions. Stocked with intriguing facts and juicy anecdotes, many of which have never before appeared in print, The Sound of Broadway Music brings fascinating and often surprising new insight into the world of musical theatre.
Vocal Color, Technique, and Arrangement
Authors: Everett Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sound of the sound is often centered on a force not yet reckoned with—that of the human voice. Each singer has such a distinctive tonal quality, range, and method of articulation, and his and her work is so usually at the core of a recording’s means of expression, that they are identified far more easily by even the most casual listener than are most of the instruments—let alone instrumentalists—that accompany them. Each singer should be thought of as an instrument—the primary source of vibration is a column of air, and one that is not at all regular in shape, creating an individual set of ratios of harmonic overtones for any singer. But the resonating body includes more than just the column of air, because all of the bones and tissues in that column’s proximity—particularly the relationships of the tongue and soft palate—affect the tone color. The singer can support their breath with a taut diaphragm muscle squeezing the lungs uniformly for a larger-than-life tone (try singing along with the well-supported “hey! . . . hup!” backing vocals in the introductory backbeats in the Vogues’ “Five O’ Clock World”), or can vocalize with more of a natural speaking mechanism, yielding much more variety of less-controlled breathing patterns (and often a resulting lack of control over precision in pitch, dynamics, and other tonal factors).
Melody: Materials and Patterns
Authors: Everett Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Melody, that setting of pitch to rhythm that is hummable, sung to words, playable on a flute, or the basis of a transfigurative guitar solo, is the essence of music. For many, the tune is synonymous with the song. It works integrally with the chords that accompany it, because it evolves out of the play of harmony and voice leading. Its structure, its points of cadence, are key in determining phrase lengths and formal relations. The colorings of the scales and modes that provide it with substance, sometimes including exotic alterations of scale degrees, along with the large variety of repeating, sequencing, and contrasting patterns that mold those raw materials into its various contours, go a long way in determining a song’s atmosphere and providing a singer with means of expression. This chapter will cover the pitch relations basic to melody, and will set the stage in many ways for the following four chapters on harmony’s many colors and purposes.
Diatonic Harmonic Function
Authors: Everett Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One speaks of chord progressions, and these typically involve strongly harmonic relationships between the roots of the chords involved. But sometimes different chords appear in succession that have little or nothing to do with harmonic root relationships—sometimes, melodic concerns predominate, as when chords are fixed against a given melody, or when chords are chosen because some buried line can be heard moving through one chord tone into another as chords change, without regard to how any roots relate or even how the main melody moves. Sometimes this moving line occurs in the bass, and sometimes it is confined to inner parts, as in tones within chords on the guitar, piano, or backing vocals. (Listen to Web audio example 9.01.) These moving inner parts can be supported by what are called passing or neighboring chords, which connect more stable surrounding chords that may themselves have progressive root function whereas the chords between them have only a contrapuntal essence, existing only to provide a sonorous textural context for moving melodic lines. In our continuing investigation of harmony, we will take up in this chapter the issue of functional root motions, the progress of one chord to or through another, and the sorts of contrapuntal melodic relationships that can exist between and among chords. In chapters 10 and 11, we shall focus on the implications that nonmajor contexts may have for these basic relationships, and how mode mixture and chromatic harmony can color them further. Just as the more innocent and perhaps naïve quality of the major mode gradually became somewhat supplanted by modal systems in the rock music of the later ‘60s, our discussion will turn in due time from the harmonic implications of diatonic, major-mode functions to those of more revolutionary alternatives.
The New Grove Guide to Verdi and His Operas
Authors: Parker Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each entry in the New Grove Guides series of composers and their operas is based on articles in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, that feature information on the lives of individual composers, their works, their librettists and interpreters, and the places where they performed. These unique books compile the meticulously researched articles into organized narratives, designed to make finding information as easy as possible without sacrificing readability. Each volume is completely up-to-date, and includes a suggested listening guide and an eight-page glossy insert containing relevant illustrations. Each volume is a must-own for lovers of opera and classical music. Giuseppe Verdi is the most famous Italian composer of opera. While he was sometimes criticized for writing music considered too “simple,” his works have endured, and are still performed throughout the world today. This concise volume is a handy guide to the Verdi’s life and operas, revising the original New Grove articles and adding a new introduction, a new section on modern Verdi productions, and an updated bibliography.
The New Grove Guide To Mozart and His Operas
Authors: Rushton Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each entry in the New Grove Guides series of composers and their operas is based on articles in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, that feature information on the lives of individual composers, their works, their librettists and interpreters, and the places where they performed. These unique books compile the meticulously researched articles into organized narratives, designed to make finding information as easy as possible without sacrificing readability. Each volume is completely up-to-date, and includes a suggested listening guide and an eight-page glossy insert containing relevant illustrations. Each volume is a must-own for lovers of opera and classical music. One of the best known and most admired figures in European music was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. His short but colourful life is of enduring interest, and his works remain central to the repertories of classical music. This book gives a concise and scholarly account of Mozart’s activities as a composer of operas. It includes a concise biography, orientated towards the operas; an essay on Mozart’s operatic contribution and style, and the antecedents to his operas; a separate synopsis and historical account of each opera; and three essays which bind into narrative form the dictionary entries on librettists, interpreters, and venues. There is a new introduction, a glossary of relevant terms, a list of operatic roles, and a guide to listening.
The Librettists
Authors: Rushton Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The librettists of Mozart’s earliest operas include the Salzburg worthies Rufinus Widl (Apollo et Hyacinthus) and Johann Andreas Schachtner. Widl (1731–98) was a Benedictine monk who taught syntax and philosophy at the Salzburg Gymnasium (high school) and university. Schachtner (1731–95) is known as a court trumpeter and violinist, and an intimate of the Mozart household who provided many of the known anecdotes about the prodigy’s early childhood. Besides adapting the librettos for a possible Salzburg production of Bastien und Bastienne, he contributed new text for Zaide and additional text for Mozart’s incidental music to Gebler’s Thamos, König in Aegypten. He also translated Idomeneo for the bilingual published libretto. [J.R.] Bastien und Bastienne originated as a parody of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Le Devin du village by, or by close associates of, Charles-Simon Favart (1710–92), perhaps the most important literary figure in the rapid development of Opéra Comique.
Introduction
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
courtiers in the time of Bach or Mozart artfully modulated all their social behaviors—their every gesture, word, glance, step, tone, inflection, posture—to optimize their success in the moment-to-moment interactions of society. The Earl of Chesterfield (1694–1773) gave the following advice to his son, who in the spring of 1749 had just arrived in that musical country Italy:
The Fonte
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Joseph Repel (1709–1782), surely one of the most colorful, prolix, and revealing eighteenth-century writers on music, was chapel master to the wealthy Prince of Thorn and Taxis at Regensburg.1 For Repel, certain galant schemata had so palpable a presence as to have their own names. In his fictional student-teacher dialogues (1752–65), Repel has the teacher introduce three schemata—the Fonte, the Monte, and the Ponte—that are so important he implores the student to “keep this threefold example in mind as long as you live and stay healthy!”2 In this chapter I will explain what he meant by the Italian word font, leaving the Monte for chapter 7 and the more perplexing Ponte for
A Theme and Variations by Joseph Haydn
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
as chapel m aster to the Prince of Esterhazy in western Hungary, Haydn served a provincial court where the gallant style of music was clearly preferred. Some of his instrumental music was intended to be performed by the amateur musicians among the local aristocrats, the most important of whom was Haydn’s patron, the prince. The necessity of keeping this music within the technical grasp of amateurs sometimes prevented Haydn from exploiting the full potential of each instrument. He did not, for example, match Pocatello’s amazing passagework for the violin, or Scarlatti’s for the harpsichord. But Haydn still managed to impress and delight with a combination of impeccable craftsman ship (which he credited to his Neapolitan teacher Purport) and the seemingly inexhaustible ability to arrange conventional schemata in novel configurations.
An Andante by Christoph Willibald Gluck
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A nearly set of trio sonatas by Gluck (171 4 – 1787 ) , written perhaps in Milan but published in London, gives a good account of his excellent training in the Italian gallant. In the Andante from the fifth sonata, presented below, little happens harmonically beyond a single use of the hermaphrodite font. But the smooth succession of schemata, the good-natured exchange of the melody between first and second violins, and the subtle use of small clausulae of varying strengths all show a composer of refined technique and musical sensibility. When compared with Gluck’s later operas, which achieved grand success in Paris and Vienna, this Andante may seem almost trifling. Yet many of the famous arias from those later works retain the same gallant discourse.