bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preserving biodiversity under current and future climates: a case study
Authors: W. Coulston John , Riitters Kurt H. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTAim  The conservation of biological and genetic diversity is a major goal of reserve systems at local, regional, and national levels. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources suggests a 12% threshold (area basis) for adequate protection of biological and genetic diversity of a plant community. However, thresholds based on area may protect only a small portion of the total diversity if the locations are chosen without regard to the variation within the community. The objectives of this study were to demonstrate methods to apply a coarse‐filter approach for identifying gaps in the current reserve system of the Psuedotsuga menziesii (Douglas‐fir) forest type group based on current climatic conditions and a global climate change scenario.Location  Western United States.Method  We used an ecological envelope approach that was based on seven bioclimatic factors, two topographic factors, and two edaphic factors. Multivariate factor analysis was then used to reduce the envelope to two dimensions. The relative density of habitat and protected areas were identified in each part of the envelope based on the current climate and potential future climate. We used this information to identify gaps in the reserve system.Results  Although the protected areas occurred in all parts of the envelope, most existed in colder and drier areas. This was true for both the current climate and potential future climate.Main conclusion  To protect more of the ecological envelope, future conservation efforts would be most effective in western Oregon, north‐western Washington, and north‐western California.
Dimensions of quality upgrading
Authors: Dulleck Uwe , Foster Neil , Stehrer Robert , Woerz Julia 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe impact of the Central and Eastern European (CEE) economies’ trade integration with European markets on CEE trade structures has been studied extensively. These studies frequently observe a quality upgrading of CEE exports. In this paper we consider three dimensions of quality upgrading: upgrading across industries, upgrading across different quality segments within industries and, finally, product upgrading within quality segments inside industries. For the analysis we partition industries into quality segments based on EU‐15 import unit values. The results for ten CEE countries (comprising the CEE‐5, the Baltics and South East Europe) and thirteen industries suggest fundamental differences, both across country groups and across the three different notions of quality upgrading. The CEE‐5 show no evidence of entering a ‘low‐quality trap’ in all three dimensions. By contrast, while there is a general catching‐up process across industries and inside quality segments, the second notion of low‐quality specialization may be applicable within the high‐tech industries to the performance for the Baltics and South East Europe as a group.
Poverty and informal economy participation
Authors: Kim Byung‐Yeon 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper uses a household survey of the Romanian informal economy to analyse the effects of poverty on informal economy participation. We begin by developing a simple theoretical model, which shows that the participation is driven by low income and the gap between desired and actual income level. We then estimate the determinants of households’ participation in the informal economy. Empirical findings are consistent with the theoretical prediction. In addition, a positive association between husbands and wives working in the informal economy implies the deep poverty faced by a family whose head participates in the informal economy.
Genome conflict in the gramineae
Authors: Jones Neil , Pašakinskienė Izolda 
Published: January 2005

SummaryThe genomes of grasses and cereals include a diverse and large collection of selfish genetic elements, many of which are fossil relics of ancient origin. Some of these elements are active and, because of their selfish nature and the way in which they exist to perpetuate themselves, they cause a conflict for genomes both within and between species in hybrids and allopolyploids. The conflict arises from how the various elements may undergo ‘drive’, through transposition, centromere and neocentromere drive, and in mitotic and meiotic drive processes in supernumerary B chromosomes. Experimental and newly formed hybrids and polyploids, where new combinations of genomes are brought together for the first time, find themselves sharing a common nuclear and cytoplasmic environment, and they can respond with varying degrees of instability to adjust to their new partnerships. B chromosomes are harmful to fertility and to the physiology of the cells and plants that carry them. In this review we take a broad view of genome conflict, drawing together aspects arising from a range of genetic elements that have not hitherto been considered in their entirety, and we find some common themes linking these various elements in their activities.

Contents

Summary
391

I.
Introduction
391

II.
Intragenomic conflict
393

III.
Intergenomic conflict
401

IV.
Conclusions
405

Dedication
406

References
406
In touch: plant responses to mechanical stimuli
Authors: Braam Janet 
Published: January 2005

SummaryPerception and response to mechanical stimuli are likely essential at the cellular and organismal levels. Elaborate and impressive touch responses of plants capture the imagination as such behaviors are unexpected in otherwise often quiescent creatures. Touch responses can turn plants into aggressors against animals, trapping and devouring them, and enable flowers to be active in ensuring crosspollination and shoots to climb to sunlit heights. Morphogenesis is also influenced by mechanical perturbations, including both dynamic environmental stimuli, such as wind, and constant forces, such as gravity. Even individual cells must sense turgor and wall integrity, and subcellular organelles can translocate in response to mechanical perturbations. Signaling molecules and hormones, including intracellular calcium, reactive oxygen species, octadecanoids and ethylene, have been implicated in touch responses. Remarkably, touch‐induced gene expression is widespread; more than 2.5% of Arabidopsis genes are rapidly up‐regulated in touch‐stimulated plants. Many of these genes encode calcium‐binding, cell wall modifying, defense, transcription factor and kinase proteins. With these genes as tools, molecular genetic methods may enable elucidation of mechanisms of touch perception, signal transduction and response regulation.

Contents

Summary
373

I.
Introduction
374

II.
Fast and fascinating – thigmonasty and thigmotropism
374

III.
Subcellular touch‐induced movements
382

IV.
Thigmomorphogenesis
382

V.
Discovery of the Arabidopsis TCH genes
384

VI.
Microarray identification of touch‐inducible genes
384

VII.
Regulation of TCH gene expression
385

Acknowledgements
386

References
386
Development of a macroscopic model on recent fashion trends on the basis of consumer emotion
Authors: Cho Hyun‐Seung , Lee Joohyeon 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the fashion industry, one of the most important things is to accurately analyse the consumers’ emotional response to current fashion trends and to forecast trends for the forthcoming season based on the analysed results. In this study, it  was  assumed  that  a  more  accurate  trend‐forecasting  for a market would be possible, if the fluctuation of consumer emotion could be represented on a kind of macroscopic model of recent fashion trends. For an exploratory attempt to acquire such macroscopic information on trends, this research aimed to (1) propose a systematic method to derive a macroscopic model on trends on the basis of consumer emotion; and (2) develop a macroscopic model on recent fashion trends, applying the method. This research was based on three assumptions: (1) Fashion trend is a representation of change in consumers’ emotions; (2) A linguistic representation can be a useful medium to access consumers’ emotions; and (3) Consumers’ emotions can be represented as a concrete model. As a method of developing the macroscopic model, a five‐step procedure was proposed and executed in this research. According to the five‐step procedure, a total of four surveys were serially conducted and the data sets were analysed quantitatively or qualitatively. As a result, a two‐dimensional macroscopic model on recent fashion trend was developed, in which 79 major emotion descriptors were positioned and categorized into 14 subgroups. ‘artificial‐natural’ (for the first dimension) and ‘simple‐complicated’ (for the second dimension) appeared as the two‐dimensional axes passing through the macroscopic model on recent fashion trends. The 14 subgroups in the model corresponded to the main themes of recent fashion trends reported in the literature on fashion.
Nutrient composition of selected fresh and processed fish species from lake Malawi: a nutritional possibility for people living with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Mumba Peter P. , Jose McDonald 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNutrition is important for both healthy and sick people. Unfortunately for sick people, especially those living with HIV/AIDS, the emphasis has mostly been on drugs at the expense of nutritional aspects. People living with HIV/AIDS and related diseases need a lot of protein and energy‐rich foods together with vitamins and minerals. Fish are particularly rich in these nutrients. In Malawi, fish are harvested in large numbers and to avoid deterioration, some are smoked, sun dried or partially boiled and then sun dried. Since the nutrient contents of the fresh and processed fish may differ, a study was carried out on four different fresh and processed fish species (Copadichromis inornatus, Rhamphochromis ferox, Engraulicypris sardella and Oreochromis lidole) in order to determine which species was the more nutritive. The results showed that E. sardella and C. inornatus species, fresh or processed, had relatively higher (P < 0.001) protein content (58.22 ± 0.6% and 57.78 ± 0.7% respectively), fat (25.2 ± 1.2 and 22.08 ± 0.4% respectively), energy (24086.7 ± 151.7 J/g and 22204.9 ± 84.7 J/g respectively) than either R. ferox or O. lidole. Although the R. ferox species had lower protein, fat and energy than E. sardella or C. inornatus, this species had higher available lysine content. Calcium and magnesium contents of E. sardella and C. inornatus were however, slightly lower (P < 0.001) than those of the other two species. There were variations between and within the species for all parameters analysed. The results obtained in this work suggest that people living with HIV/AIDS in Malawi can best build their muscle and get more energy and minerals from the E. sardella and C. inornatus fish species. It would therefore be recommended that appropriate technologies for improving the availability and productivity of such fish should be developed and tested for people living with HIV/AIDS or affected households. However, it is suggested that a larger group of the commonly available fish species should be analysed so as to offer a wider choice to consumers.
Consumer empowerment: public policy and insurance regulation
Authors: Goldsmith Elizabeth B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper explores consumer advocacy as it applies to insurance regulation based on the literature and on the author's experience as a consumer representative and member of the Board of Trustees for the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC). The NAIC, founded in 1871, is a non‐profit voluntary organization of the chief insurance regulatory officials of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. One of its key objectives is to facilitate the fair and equitable treatment of consumers. Each year 13–16 consumer representatives are selected to speak for consumers at national meetings in addition to serving as year‐round resources to consumers, attorneys representing consumers, regulators, and other groups. Readers of the paper are encouraged to participate more fully in the public policy process. Although the focus of this paper is on insurance and regulation in the USA, the guiding principles apply to other nations, organizations, and consumer causes.
Insider Trading Restrictions and Analysts' Incentives to Follow Firms
Authors: BUSHMAN ROBERT M. , PIOTROSKI JOSEPH D. , SMITH ABBIE J. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTMotivated by extant finance theory predicting that insider trading crowds out private information acquisition by outsiders, we use data for 100 countries for the years 1987–2000 to study whether analyst following in a country increases following restriction of insider trading activities. We document that analyst following increases after initial enforcement of insider trading laws. This increase is concentrated in emerging market countries, but is smaller if the country has previously liberalized its capital market. We also find that analyst following responds less intensely to initial enforcement when a country has a preexisting portfolio of strong investor protections.
Does the Failure of the Expectations Hypothesis Matter for Long‐Term Investors?
Authors: SANGVINATSOS ANTONIOS , WACHTER JESSICA A. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTWe solve the portfolio problem of a long‐run investor when the term structure is Gaussian and when the investor has access to nominal bonds and stock. We apply our method to a three‐factor model that captures the failure of the expectations hypothesis. We extend this model to account for time‐varying expected inflation, and estimate the model with both inflation and term structure data. The estimates imply that the bond portfolio of a long‐run investor looks very different from the portfolio of a mean‐variance optimizer. In particular, time‐varying term premia generate large hedging demands for long‐term bonds.
Distance, Lending Relationships, and Competition
Authors: DEGRYSE HANS , ONGENA STEVEN 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTWe study the effect on loan conditions of geographical distance between firms, the lending bank, and all other banks in the vicinity. For our study, we employ detailed contract information from more than 15,000 bank loans to small firms comprising the entire loan portfolio of a large Belgian bank. We report the first comprehensive evidence on the occurrence of spatial price discrimination in bank lending. Loan rates decrease with the distance between the firm and the lending bank and increase with the distance between the firm and competing banks. Transportation costs cause the spatial price discrimination we observe.
Monitoring and Controlling Bank Risk: Does Risky Debt Help?
Authors: KRISHNAN C. N. V. , RITCHKEN P. H. , THOMSON J. B. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTWe examine whether mandating banks to issue subordinated debt would enhance market monitoring and control risk taking. To evaluate whether subordinated debt enhances risk monitoring, we extract the credit‐spread curve for each banking firm in our sample and examine whether changes in credit spreads reflect changes in bank risk variables, after controlling for changes in market and liquidity variables. We do not find strong and consistent evidence that they do. To evaluate whether subordinated debt controls risk taking, we examine whether the first issue of subordinated debt changes the risk‐taking behavior of a bank. We find that it does not.
Asymmetric Price Movements and Borrowing Constraints: A Rational Expectations Equilibrium Model of Crises, Contagion, and Confusion
Authors: YUAN KATHY 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTThis study proposes a rational expectations equilibrium model of crises and contagion in an economy with information asymmetry and borrowing constraints. Consistent with empirical observations, the model finds: (1) Crises can be caused by small shocks to fundamentals; (2) market return distributions are asymmetric; and (3) correlations among asset returns tend to increase during crashes. The model also predicts: (1) Crises and contagion are likely to occur after small shocks in the intermediate price region; (2) the skewness of asset price distributions increases with information asymmetry and borrowing constraints; and (3) crises can spread through investor borrowing constraints.
Do Professional Traders Exhibit Myopic Loss Aversion? An Experimental Analysis
Authors: HAIGH MICHAEL S. , LIST JOHN A. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTTwo behavioral concepts, loss aversion and mental accounting, have been combined to provide a theoretical explanation of the equity premium puzzle. Recent experimental evidence supports the theory, as students' behavior has been found to be consistent with myopic loss aversion (MLA). Yet, much like certain anomalies in the realm of riskless decision‐making, these behavioral tendencies may be attenuated among professionals. Using traders recruited from the CBOT, we do indeed find behavioral differences between professionals and students, but rather than discovering that the anomaly is muted, we find that traders exhibit behavior consistent with MLA to a greater extent than students.
Occurrence of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque and saliva of dyspeptic patients
Authors: Kignel S , de Almeida Pina F , André EA , Alves Mayer MP , Birman EG 
Published: January 2005

Background:  Helicobacter pylori infection in the stomach is associated with gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastric cancers and gastric lymphoma. The organism is transmitted by ingestion, but the oral–oral route and the fecal–oral route are also suggested. The prevalence of infection with H. pylori in developing countries, including Brazil, is higher than in developed countries.Purpose:  This study aimed to evaluate the role of the oral cavity as a reservoir of this species, by evaluating the occurrence of H. pylori in supragingival dental plaque and in saliva of Brazilian dyspeptic patients, whether harboring the organism or not in the stomach.Material and methods:  Forty‐nine patients reporting dyspeptic symptoms were subjected to oral clinical examination and collection of saliva and supragingival dental plaque samples prior to the endoscopic examination. The detection of H. pylori in oral samples was performed by PCR using 16S rRNA primers. The bacteria were detected in stomach by means of the rapid urease test.Results:  Helicobacter pylori was detected in the stomach of 20 of 49 subjects reporting dyspeptic symptoms. The organism was detected in only one supragingival plaque sample, obtained from a patient positive for the urease test in the stomach and in none of the salivary samples.Conclusion:  Supragingival dental plaque and saliva may not be relevant reservoirs of H. pylori.
Utility of three dimension fast asymmetric spin‐echo (3D‐FASE) sequences in MR sialographic sequences: model and volunteer studies
Authors: Morimoto Y , Tanaka T , Kito S , Tominaga K , Yoshioka I , Yamashita Y , Shibuya T , Matsufuji Y , Kodama M , Takahashi T , Fukuda J , Ohba T 
Published: January 2005

Objectives:  To evaluate the utility of 3D‐FASE for the visualization of salivary gland ducts for use in MR sialographic sequences.Methods:  We compared MR sialographic images and virtual endoscopic views from 3D‐FASE with those from three kinds of sequences described by previous reports in a 3D parotid gland duct model and volunteer. The four sequences were two‐dimension fast spin‐echo (2D‐FSE), three‐dimension fast spin‐echo (3D‐FSE), two‐dimension fast asymmetric spin‐echo (2D‐FASE), and three‐dimension fast asymmetric spin‐echo (3D‐FASE).Results:  In the 3D parotid gland duct model, image visibility on visual score was clearest with 3D‐FSE, followed by 3D‐FASE (P = 0.028). In the volunteers, the visualization of images improved in the following order: 3D‐FASE > 3D‐FSE > 2D‐FSE > 2D‐FASE.Conclusions:  The technique of 3D‐FASE sequencing is more suitable and useful for MR sialography with an appropriate acquisition time.
Salivary gland and temporomandibular joint involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: relation to disease activity
Authors: Moen K , Bertelsen LT , Hellem S , Jonsson R , Brun JG 
Published: January 2005

Objectives:  To study temporomandibular joint (TMJ) involvement, salivary gland dysfunction and oral mucosal lesions in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to investigate the relationship to general disease activity.Subjects and methods:  The TMJ dysfunction index (Di), mean salivary flow and disease activity score (DAS28), were calculated for 50 RA‐patients, and 23 non‐RA patients (controls).Results:  Median Di was 5.5 (range: 0–21) for the RA‐patients compared with 2.0 (range: 0–9) for the controls (P < 0.0001). Pain on movement of the TMJ (P = 0.015), muscular pain (P = 0.006), TMJ pain (P = 0.019) and Di as a total (P = 0.009), significantly correlated with DAS28. Mean resting whole saliva (RWS) flow was 2.6 (s.d. 2.4) ml per 15 min for the RA‐patients and 4.5 (s.d. 3.0) for the controls (P = 0.003). RWS correlated positively with haemoglobin (P = 0.021) and negatively with Westergren erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (P = 0.029). No major differences in frequency of oral mucosal lesions were seen between RA‐patients and controls.Conclusions:  Higher frequency of TMJ and salivary gland dysfunction in RA‐patients compared with controls has been demonstrated. RA disease activity is associated with hyposalivation and TMJ dysfunction.
Pathophysiology of Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: De Tejada Iñigo Sáenz , Angulo Javier , Cellek Selim , González-Cadavid Nestor , Heaton Jeremy , Pickard Robert , Simonsen Ulf 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Multiple regulatory systems are involved in normal erectile function. Disruption of psychological, neurological, hormonal, vascular, and cavernosal factors, individually, or in combination, can induced erectile dysfunction (ED). The contribution of neurogenic, vascular, and cavernosal factors was thoroughly reviewed by our committee, while psychological and hormonal factors contributing to ED were evaluated by other committees.

Aim
To provide state of the art knowledge on the physiology of ED.

Methods
An international consultation in collaboration with the major urology and sexual medicine associations assembled over 200 multidisciplinary experts from 60 countries into 17 committees. Committee members established specific objectives and scopes for various male and female sexual medicine topics. The recommendations concerning state-of-the-art knowledge in the respective sexual medicine topic represent the opinion of experts from five different continents developed in a process over a 2-year period. Concerning the pathophysiology of ED committee, there were seven experts from five different countries.

Main Outcome Measure
Expert opinion was based on the grading of evidence-based medical literature, widespread internal committee discussion, public presentation, and debate.

Results
The epidemiology and classification of neurogenic ED was reviewed. The evidence for the association between vascular ED and atherosclerosis/hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and diabetes was evaluated. In addition, the pathophysiological mechanisms implicated in vascular ED were defined, including: arterial remodeling, increased vasoconstriction, impaired neurogenic vasodilatation, and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. The possible mechanisms underlying the association between chronic renal failure and ED were also evaluated as well as the evidence supporting the association of ED with various classes of medications.

Conclusions
A better understanding of how diseases interfere with the physiological mechanisms that regulate penile erection has been achieved over the last few years, which helps establish a strategy for the prevention and treatment of ED.