bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Total Value of Medical Interventions and the Trade-Off Between Quality of Life and Life Expectancy
Authors: Phelps Charles E , Lakdawalla Darius N. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Diminishing returns not only change ways to value health-related quality of life (QoL) gains but also change the proper way to combine QoL and life expectancy (LE) gains. With diminishing returns, people with lower QoL are more willing to trade gains in LE for gains in QoL than those with higher baseline QoL. This chapter introduces the total value of a medical intervention (TVMI), showing proper ways to combine QoL and LE gains using the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) between them and showing how the MRS changes with baseline QoL. Because the generalized risk-adjusted cost-effectiveness model, like standard cost-effectiveness analysis, assumes constant returns to gains in LE, this chapter demonstrates that the effects of diminishing returns to health apply only to QoL gains in the TVMI. It also provides intuitive understanding of how QoL versus LE trade-offs work and a number of actual medical and lifestyle decisions that make this QoL versus LE trade-off.
Consequences for Health Plans
Authors: Phelps Charles E , Lakdawalla Darius N. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The generalized risk-adjusted cost-effectiveness (GRACE) model measures the value of medical interventions, not “prices” that health plans pay to providers. The question arises as to the effects of a health plan switching from cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)-based to GRACE-based valuation as they implement “value-based pricing” plans. This chapter first explores some complications arising in the shift from “value” to “price.” It then proceeds with a series of sensitivity analyses showing the effect on a health plan’s aggregate budget (with the health plan’s own mix of treatments) using a variety of combinations of risk-preference parameters. These simulations show that health plans’ total estimated value (and hence budget, if using value-based pricing) can either rise or fall, depending on which combination of risk parameters are used. Because no estimates of these parameters currently exist, these simulations provide specific methods for estimating effects on total value of health care if shifting from CEA- to GRACE-based valuation systems.
Welfare and Equity Implications of GRACE
Authors: Phelps Charles E , Lakdawalla Darius N. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The generalized risk-adjusted cost-effectiveness (GRACE) model and cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) both flow from the decisions of utility-maximizing “representative consumers.” As such, they cannot inform discussions about such “externalities” as scientific spillover and improvement in equity along various dimensions. Nevertheless, some distinct differences between standard CEA and GRACE emerge when using formal models to estimate societal “social welfare functions.” Using Harsanyi’s 1955 proof, this chapter shows that standard CEA implies equal weighting of value of all consumers, no matter what their degree of illness severity or preexisting permanent disability. In sharp contrast, GRACE shows that there should be higher societal weights on those with disabilities and that the value of treating severely ill patients exceeds that of treating low-severity patients for the same magnitude of health gain. The chapter concludes with an analysis of non-neoclassical ways to quantify equity of health outcomes using Gini measures of inequality and shows when introducing a new technology improves Gini coefficient measures of equity.
‘The Quran Is Our Constitution’
Authors: Frampton Martyn 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 1, Martyn Frampton looks at the Muslim Brotherhood and their ideas of governance. Starting from the election of Mohammed Morsi in 2012, this chapter analyzes the Brotherhood’s transition to government, considering what the Morsi administration did; how the Brotherhood approached the question of governance; and what policies it sought to enact. It considers these questions through a historical examination of the group, beginning with an analysis of how the Brotherhood’s founder, Hasan al-Banna, conceived of politics and the state and the extent to which the Brotherhood evolved in the decades that followed, with a particular focus on the 1990s and early 2000s--a period identified by many scholars as an era of internal intellectual ferment, ending with a look at the Arab Spring.
Current Issues and Common Challenges for the Protection of Human Rights in Europe, the Americas, and Africa
Authors: Grote Rainer 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Until a decade ago, the trend toward an ever more expansive protection of human rights at the regional level seemed unstoppable in Europe, the Americas, and Africa. However, over the last decade, these positive dynamics have changed fundamentally as regional human rights protection has entered a new phase marked by the twin challenges of neo-sovereigntism and nationalism. This raises the question of how the resilience of regional human rights institutions can be strengthened in an increasingly adverse international environment. Any such discussion must take into account the similarities as well as the variations of the regional systems. While they have been shaped by shared ideas and practices that constituted a key aspect of the global liberal order which came into being in the 1990s, they present on the other hand important variations with regard to the speed and depth of institutionalization and legalization as well as to the geopolitical context in which they are operating and which are likely to influence the way in which they confront the new challenges.
Effectiveness of International Courts
Authors: Navarro Gabriela C.B. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The impact of international litigation in domestic politics increases and diversifies each day. Such alteration brings the question of how the effectiveness of international courts should be defined and assessed. The question is even more singular in the Latin American context, considering the persistent marginalization of vulnerable groups, the transformative constitutionalism, and the rising influence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. This chapter enumerates and compares different theoretical approaches on effectiveness of international courts. Focusing on the Inter-American Court, it analyzes how the studies on effectiveness moved from a focus on compliance to include very distinct functions, for example, lawmaking, promoting democracy, and empowering domestic social movements. In order to exemplify the different approaches, the chapter describes the impacts of the inter-American jurisprudence on the territorial rights of Indigenous and ethnic peoples. Even though compliance remains an indisputable proxy for analysis of international litigation, particular attention should be paid to implementation processes and to the lapse of time until final compliance. Furthermore, effectiveness cannot be restricted to compliance assessment since new-style courts have exercised unprecedented impact in domestic politics. The impact reaches distinct fields of rights and involves multiple actors, both domestic and international.
Transformative Impact
Authors: Ortiz Ocaña Mayra , Pérez-Liñán Aníbal 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The contributions to this book show that the Inter-American Human Rights System (IAHRS) has a powerful, transformative impact despite its compliance problems. However, a clear definition of impact seems to be missing in the specialized literature. This void creates an important challenge when researchers seek to assess the system’s transformative impact in a systematic way. This chapter advances a framework to conceptualize and measure the effects of the IAHRS. The chapter identifies a “transformative sequence” with three causal stages. The organs of the System activate the sequence when they employ their instruments to (re)frame human rights issues. Actors in the IAHRS’s community of practice constitute the first stage, as they appropriate the new frames and employ them to gain leverage in legal and political disputes. As domestic institutions respond to the community of practice, the second stage in the sequence produces legal reforms or changes in jurisprudence. In the most successful cases, institutional changes produce substantive transformations in human rights on the ground during a third stage. The analytical periodization allows us to identify the relevant actors and outcomes to evaluate the effects of the IAHRS at each stage. The final section illustrates some strategies to document impact and shows how empirical research can analyze the transformations fostered by the IAHRS.
The Transformative Impact of the Artavia Murillo Case on In Vitro Fertilization
Authors: Guzmán Silvia Serrano 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Artavia Murillo judgment of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights is paradigmatic for several reasons. This chapter examines those reasons and analyzes the transformative impact of the case at three levels. First, considering the judgment itself, it was the first opportunity to develop the case law of the Inter-American System in various directions, including the recognition of a right to reproductive autonomy and the proper interpretation of the scope of the protection of the right to life in the American Convention on Human Rights. The interpretation of the Court has been used by a number of domestic tribunals of other States as the basis for the recognition of reproductive rights, including the progressive decriminalization of abortion. Second, although the case was presented by eighteen individualized victims, it had a nationwide impact in Costa Rica in favor of all infertile couples whose only option to have biological children was in vitro fertilization (IVF). Moreover, the case allowed for IVF to make its way into the public health system of Costa Rica. Third, during the process of supervision of compliance, the Court had an unprecedented role in safeguarding the effectiveness of its decision. This chapter describes and comments each component of the widespread and multilevel impact of the case.
The Riffo-Salinas Case
Authors: Díaz-Tendero Aída 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Social and legal constructions about older persons are changing, as the absolute and relative number of older persons increases, not only in the regions most advanced in the demographic transition but also in Latin America and the Caribbean. This chapter assesses whether the Riffo-Salinas case of the Plurinational Constitutional Court of Bolivia constitutes a good practice for the Inter-American System based on: the kind of legal constructions on older persons; the integration of the ad hoc instrument available to the Inter-American System for the protection of the human rights of older persons, namely, the Inter-American Convention on the Protection of the Human Rights of Older Persons; the inclusion or exclusion of the inter-American standards established by the Court and the Commission; and the degree to which it manages to be a multilegal system, converging national and inter-American norms.
Transformative Impact of the Inter-American Human Rights System
Authors: Krsticevic Viviana , Urueña René 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents a methodology to analyze the transformative impact of the Inter-American Human Rights System (IAHRS) on the protection of victims’ rights, accountability, and the rule of law in Latin America. Against the view that compliance is a monolithically defined analytical category, this chapter argues that compliance with international norms can be fostered with an institutional design and practice that considers their wider impact. There is, ultimately, an intimate link between the wider impact of an international order, and compliance with it: compliance with international orders is in fact facilitated by the wider impact of such decision, which feeds into its compliance processes. Thus, this chapter makes a distinct contribution to the existing analysis between the studies of compliance and impact complementing other qualitative and quantitative approaches. Building on novel research, it proposes a methodology to analyze the impact of the IAHRS in the search for accountability. In doing so, it provides a better understanding of the relation between the different factors that can influence progress, stagnation, and setbacks at the national level.
Encore
Authors: Egeler Matthias 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Starting from the lighthouse at Gjögur, the Encore looks back over the discussions presented in the preceding chapters and draws their results together into a more general conclusion. In its first part, it summarizes some of the main arguments and highlights the most prominent themes of the book, covering both themes whose importance for the construction of a supernatural landscape was an object of dedicated sections and aspects that were pervasive but never formed the focus of a chapter of their own. Its second part then concludes the book by moving toward a more abstract synthesis. It presents an analysis of the different forms and elements of the supernatural landscape in order to propose a heuristic pair of ideal types: “being-in-a-place” versus “looking-at-a-place.” This complementary pair of concepts serves to highlight some crucial differences between respectively the countryside view of the landscape and its urban perception.
Protests, Participation and Representation in an Improvisational Polity1
Authors: Keshavarzian Arang 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Protests in Iran are not a sign of a decline of the state or a break with the past, but of dynamic change emanating from a foundational duality woven into the postrevolutionary polity, or the structured relationships between rulers and the ruled that render state and society as interdependent and interpenetrating. These negotiated relationships constitute Iran as a single contested polity, rather than a binary of the people versus the regime or a state detached from its society. Since 1979, Iran’s polity has been anchored by mass participation and elite factionalism. These twin features situate the multi-sided struggles unfolding in Iran in recent years within historical processes shaping both rulers and the ruled. Participation and factionalism along with the strategies to constrain them are the immediate ingredients for the improvisational nature of Iran’s polity.
The Islamic Republic’s Judiciary in Transition
Authors: Dorzadeh Hamideh 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Under the Islamic Republic, the judiciary has undergone an Islamization process, which primarily centered on institutionalizing the shari’ah and amending many of the laws, particularly criminal and family laws. While the judiciary is described as an independent institution in the constitution, the current structure of the judiciary suggests that Iran’s legal institution is not independent of the Supreme Leader. In fact, it is the Supreme Leader who appoints the Judiciary Head for a period of five years. The clerics chosen to head the judiciary do not advocate for limiting the Supreme Leader’s influence on the judiciary. Instead, in addition to ensuring the overall Islamization of the law, the judiciary head seeks to ensure the independence of the judiciary from the elected institutions, namely the presidency and the Majles. Moreover, all heads of the judiciary have been insider clerics, and sometimes they have had no formal judicial training, as was the case with Larijani. The judiciary has been used as a political tool to repress dissent, whether institutional or individual, and the judiciary has consistently worked to strengthen the position of the Supreme Leader instead of safeguarding the rights of the Iranian public.
The Evolution of the Revolutionary Guards
Authors: Eshraghi Ali Reza , Mahdavi Amir Hossein 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Islamic Republic’s Revolutionary Guards, Sepah-e Pasdaran or Sepah for short, has become an indispensable player in two major areas, politics, and economy, during the four decades since its inception. The Sepah’s history is inextricably linked to the evolution of the Islamic Republic. It has persisted in spite of several political and economic crises, including the longest conventional war of the twentieth century and a series of regional proxy wars as well as a robust regime of international sanctions. It has also taken an ascending trajectory of growth expanding from a small taskforce to a gigantic organization whose footsteps are visible in every aspect of government. The Sepah has become a highly influential force in national politics and the economy through its interaction with circumstantial factors outside the organization. The institution has greatly grown in size and in the scope of its activities. These developments have led to a myriad of challenges and opportunities that go beyond any deliberate state agenda, and they have generated the space for Sepah’s further involvement in the dynamics of power brokership.
Conclusion
Authors: Pillai Sohini Sarah 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Along with summarizing the main arguments and insights of the comparative project in this book, the concluding chapter of Krishna’s Mahabharatas also discusses an intriguing display of bhakti to Krishna in a Hindi Mahabharata television show from 2016 and the reactions that this episode has elicited from modern viewers. While this book primarily focuses on devotional retellings in regional languages that were composed in premodern South Asia, new incarnations of the epic that draw attention to Krishna continue to be produced in India today. The conclusion briefly explores some of these new bhakti Mahabharata retellings that elevate Krishna and his deeds.
Abortion, Partisan Entrenchment, and the Republican Party
Authors: Balkin Jack M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The 2022 decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization secured a long-sought victory of the Republican Party and the conservative legal movement. The entrenchment in the courts of a majority of movement-identified legal conservatives, and not just Republicans, was the key to overturning Roe v. Wade. Once the conservative legal movement has achieved most of its central goals, however, it may lose cohesion as new issues split the movement. Roe v. Wade made the modern Republican Party possible because it allowed staunchly pro-life voters to form a coalition with people who voted Republican for other reasons and assumed that complete prohibition of abortion was off the table. Dobbs made abortion prohibition possible and highly salient; hence it placed different parts of the Republican coalition in tension with each other. Together, Roe and Dobbs show how Supreme Court decisions can make or break political coalitions.
Dobbs and the Travails of Due Process Traditionalism
Authors: Sunstein Cass R. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Court’s opinion in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization embraces a form of due process traditionalism. With Burkean and Thayerian arguments at work, the Court offers an understanding of the Due Process Clause which allows substantive protection of rights only if they are vindicated by tradition and essential to “ordered liberty.” Within the opinion’s logic, the major challenge is to accept due process traditionalism without simultaneously throwing a variety of nontraditional or antitraditionalist substantive due process cases into doubt. There are uneasy relationships between the traditionalist thrust of the Court’s opinion and the Court’s nontraditional or antitraditionalist jurisprudence in other areas of constitutional law. A central reason must be that the Court believes in some forms of moral progress. The central weakness of the Dobbs opinion is its rejection of the idea that moral progress can and should play a role in the understanding of constitutional rights.
From Public Duty to Private Pleasures
Authors: Van der Laan Sarah 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Torquato Tasso’s Gerusalemme liberata contains both an Iliad and an Odyssey—integrated not sequentially, as in the Aeneid, but concurrently, into a poem whose unity thereby encompasses and surpasses the achievements of both Homer and Virgil. This chapter re-examines the Odyssey’s role in defining epic and romance in sixteenth-century genre criticism and shows that Tasso’s practice extends readings of the Odyssey as a viable, vibrant epic code model. The Odyssey provides the narrative and ethical spine of Rinaldo’s journey throughout the Liberata, and the ethics that it promotes supersede those of the Virgilian epic settlement. Rinaldo’s reunion with Armida not only resolves the Odyssean strand woven into the Iliadic narrative of the crusade but successfully integrates that strand into the Liberata, not as an isolated episode or digressive romance but as an integral part of the epic. Tasso explores the possibility that the Odyssey can provide a model for the subordination—not the sacrifice—of private desire to public duty and thus enable a successful, though not easy, return to private life after public service. This Odyssean model allows Tasso to integrate homecoming and reconciliation into the epic telos of the Liberata and so to offer an alternative to a Virgilian ethics of conquest and of individual submission to imperial demands. Tasso proposes nothing less than a double overgoing of Virgil, at once ethical and poetic: a new and more complex way of weaving Iliad and Odyssey into a single epic poem.
Milton’s Odyssean Ethics
Authors: Van der Laan Sarah 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Odyssey underpins both Milton’s story of cosmic struggle and his story of human ethics throughout Paradise Lost. The divine council of Paradise Lost 3, the framing device that explains both the poem’s action and its larger ethical consequences, is modelled closely on the divine council of Odyssey 1, which performs a similar function. Further Odyssean allusions inform Adam and Eve’s fall and prepare the ground for their journey towards reconciliation with the Father. These allusions participate in contemporary practices of reading the Odyssey as a legitimate interlocutor of major ethical and theological questions. Biblical and Homeric commentaries and Milton’s own prose writings drew on the Odyssey to explore the essential questions of Christian salvation central to the seventeenth-century Protestant doctrinal controversy between orthodox Calvinists and Arminians. As Milton transforms Homer’s pagan epic into the stuff of divine revelation, he draws upon the full range of registers in which his contemporaries allowed the Odyssey to speak. Turning to the Odyssey for its model of the interaction of divine grace with the freely willed faith and moral struggle of humanity, Paradise Lost reinterprets Odysseus’ active fortitude and his struggle to forge an alliance with the gods as heroic virtues for a Christian readership. Homer’s poem becomes the subtext for Milton’s initial and most explicit articulations of his theodicy, his vision of the relationship between the divine presence and fallen humanity, and his model for the struggle to live a heroic life in a postlapsarian world.