bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Justifying the Obligations of Neighbors and Citizens
Authors: Smith Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Liberal individualism was first the discovery and then the presumption of modern Western civilization. Countries and constitutions were founded or reformed by its ideas. Freedom is its watchword, and the recognition of human rights (at least to noninterference) its great achievement. Classical liberal theory focuses on the significance of every person as a unique, autonomous individual. Every person has moral worth according to this doctrine. Everyone counts.
Progression of Training
Authors: Paskevska Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tedency in this country is to program a child’s day with a variety of activities that leave little time for leisure and play. Admittedly, parents struggle with balancing careers and family and generally want to make sure that their children are engaged in worthwhile activities. I recently received a telephone inquiry about dance classes for a five-year-old. When I told the mother that this pre-ballet class met on Tuesdays, she answered, “I will have to see if I can reschedule my daughter’s tennis lesson.” The task of rescheduling was daunting because the child also studied piano, took swimming lessons, and participated in an acting workshop.
Beyond Secondary Education and a Dancing Career
Authors: Paskevska Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acomo:Ly held belief in dance is that younger is not only better: it is essential. According to some dance professionals, if one is intent on a dance career, the years spent attending college are dangerously detracting. Many young dancers feel compelled to enter professional dance schools or apprenticeship within a company often without even having finished high school. Some professionals hold that those who have not achieved the status of soloist by the age of twenty-one or twenty-two will, in all probability, never rise beyond the ranks of the corps de ballet. In order to become a soloist, one must be dancing professionally by the age of eighteen at the latest. ln other words, all energies, leading up to acceptance into a company, must be directed toward dancing; there can be no question of a college education interrupting the momentum. ‘bile the late teens are unquestionably essential formative years during which young dancers must be engaged in honing their skills, this denies a young dancer the chance to enjoy other, “normal” teenage experiences and ignores the many alternatives that are available for continuing an education. These alternatives include enrolling as a part-time student in a university while engaged in a professional company.
The Argument from Moral Error
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we begin to explore metaethical irrealism. The major philosophical complaint against this sort of view is that it is not able to accommodate adequately various commonsense features and assumptions of morality. Of the various features and assumptions in question (see §II in this chapter), the issue of plausibly accounting for the possibility of error in moral judgment and belief rep resents the most persistent and serious challenge to the form of moral irrealism that I shall defend. This chapter examines what I call the argument from moral error, leveled by realists against their irrealist opponents.
Contextual Moral Semantics
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I begin my articulation and defense of what I term ‘ethical con textualism,’ so called because the semantic and epistemological components that make up this view represent versions of general semantic and epistemological views that are appropriately classified as contextualist. Specifically, this chapter deals with semantic and related metaphysical issues-the backbone of my view. In the following chapter, I turn to matters of moral epistemology.
Dazed and Confused
Authors: Fast Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the performance of” Dazed and Confused” in Led Zeppelin’s documentary film, The Song Remains the Same, the camera cuts away from con cert footage to a film vignette constructed by Jimmy Page in which he is seen climbing a mountain in the dead of night, his way lit by a full moon, bare hands clutching at clumps of weed as he struggles to reach the summit. At the top of the mountain stands a hermit who carries a lamp that has lit Page’s way up the mountain.
Over the Hills and Far Away
Authors: Fast Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The comments in the epigraph, made by Plant on the occasion of the retrospective four-CD boxed set release of Led Zeppelin’s music in 1990, touch on many ideas pivotal to the band’s aesthetics.1 It is a critically important aspect of the music for band members and its reception by fans that not only were the influences diverse and multiple but also, as Plant puts it, they were “left and right of center;’ away from the mainstream-or at least that there was (and still is) the perception that some of these influences were on the margins.
Fundamental Reading and Performing Skills
Authors: Karpinski Gary S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Music-reading skills comprise the other broad component in most aural skills curricula. By far, the most ubiquitous means through which music-reading skills are developed and assessed is by sight singing. As Ottman (1956) noted, sight singing is broadly justified as a “musical aid in development of mental imagery of the symbols of printed music which in turn leads to higher levels of musicianship and artistic achievement” (p. 37). Therefore, a preponderance of the discussions of reading and performing in the rest of this book will focus on sight singing. This chapter examines the skills that are fundamental and beneficial to good sight singing, and good music reading in general, which are most efficiently learned before the introduction of music notation.
“Violent Delights” in Children’s Literature
Authors: Tatar Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Children don’t read to find their identity. They don’t read to free them selves of guilt, to quench their thirst for rebellion, or to get rid of alienation. They have no use for psychology. They detest sociology” (Singer, 1994). These words reveal just how repellent the notion of bibliotherapy was to Isaac Bashevis Singer, who believed that children read because they love stories and are fascinated witnesses to what is enacted in them-especially when it takes the form of “violent delights,” to use Shakespeare’s oxymoronic formulation. Singer rightly stresses fascination over function, but his evident disdain for considering the sources and implications of that fascination speaks volumes about our cultural unwillingness to consider the degree to which that fascination is a product of adult calculation and has been instrumentalized by adults. The cultural stories to which we have exposed children over the centuries those that have real staying power-are more than pure entertainment devoid of psychological weight or social significance. The stakes are al ways high when words and images prove so riveting that a child remains wide-eyed at story time or is unable to put a book down.
The Belief-Acceptance Distinction
Authors: Kukla Andre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapters 8-u, I take up a final category of realist argumentation. These arguments try to show that scientific antirealism is an incoherent position. The main charge of this type is the claim that there’s no coherent way to distinguish between the theoretical and the empirical consequences of a theory. If this is so, then antirealism is obviously a nonstarter. The examination of this claim takes up all of chapters 9-u. In this chapter, I deal with an argument of Horwich’s (1991) to the effect that there can be no coherent distinction between believing in theories and the weaker attitude of “acceptance” recommended by constructive empiricists. Van Fraassen (1980) tells us that scientists’ acceptance of theories should not be construed as entailing that they believe those theories to be true. To be sure, the phenomenon of scientific acceptance involves the willingness to use the theory in deriving predictions about the future. But this use requires no more than a belief in the theory’s empirical adequacy. Nor do the other phenomena related to acceptance-for example, a commitment to relying on the theory to fill requests for explanations-require full belief. Horwich claims that this position is incoherent because there’s no difference between van Fraassian acceptance and belief. He considers four attempts to draw a belief-acceptance distinction and argues that they all fail. My point is going to be that, in the course of one of his arguments, Horwich concedes enough for constructive empiricists to formulate their position in a coherent manner. Given Horwich’s view of the matter, the worst charge that can be laid against van Fraassen is that he violates common linguistic usage. His substantive epistemic claims, however, can be reformulated in a way that defuses Horwich’s criticism.
The Process of Writing Cooking
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Growing is the overall larger process, the evolution of whole organisms. Cooking is the smaller process: bubbling, percolating, fermenting, chemical interaction, atomic fission. Cooking drives the engine that makes growing happen. It’s because of cooking that a piece of writing can start out X and end up Y, that a writer can start out after supper seeing, feeling, and knowing one set of things and end up at midnight seeing, feeling, and knowing things he hadn’t thought of before. Cooking is the smallest unit of generative action, the smallest piece of anti-entropy whereby a person spends his energy to buy new perceptions and insights from himself.
Thoughts on the Teacherless Writing Class
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE main idea behind the teacherless writing class is that you can’t trust theory, you can only trust facts. The only trouble is that you can’t get away from theory. Facts are always dirty with some theory: no one can ‘‘see a fact’’ or ‘‘say what really happened’’ without using an implicit model or theory. On top of everything else, I love theories and models so much that I wouldn’t leave them out if I could. As I tried to write about the teacherless writing class, I was constantly derailed by digressions into theory-making and model-building. I finally realized I should collect it all here.
The Direct Writing Process for Getting Words on Paper
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The direct writing process is most useful if you don’t have much time or if you have plenty to say about your topic. It’s a kind of let’s-get-this-thing-over-with writing process. I think of it for tasks like memos, reports, somewhat difficult letters, or essays where I don’t want to engage in much new thinking. It’s also a good approach if you are inexperienced or nervous about writing because it is simple and doesn’t make as much of a mess as the other ways of getting words on paper I describe in Section II.
Quick Revising
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The point of quick revising is to turn out a clean, clear, professional final draft without taking as much time as you would need for major rethinking and reorganizing. It is a clean-and-polish operation, not a growing-and-transforming one. You specifically refrain from meddling with any deeper problems of organization or reconceptualization. The best time to use quick revising is when the results don’t matter too much. Perhaps you are not preparing a final, finished product but rather a draft for friends. It has to be clear, easy to read-if possible even a pleasure to read. But it needn’t be your best work or your final thinking. Perhaps it’s a draft for discussion or perhaps just a chance for people to learn your thinking about some matter as though you were writing a letter to them. Or perhaps you are just writing for yourself but you want to clean up your draft so that it will be easier and more productive to read when you come back to it.
Thorough Revising
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where the leverage in quick revising comes from stepping out of your skin and being someone else, the leverage in thorough revising comes from time. Not just work time, but putting-it-away-andforgetting-about-it time. What you can accomplish in three hours of wrestling with your draft can be accomplished in one hour-and a much less frustrating hour, too-if you first set it aside for a day or two. Indeed, there are some improvements you can never achieve through wrestling alone, such as a fresh conception of your material. Often you can only find a new shape for your piece if you take a vacation-a time for forgetting, for preconscious work, for letting it get bumped out of shape by an experience from an entirely different part of your life. So make sure that at least on two occasions during the thorough revising process you put your writing aside long enough to forget about it-a couple of days or better yet a couple of weeks: once during the first half when you are hammering out and organizing the thing as a whole and once during the second half when you are cleaning up and polishing and paying more attention to details of language.
Three Tricky Relationships to on Audience
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps you’ve noticed there are two distinct kinds of difficulty in writing. One kind feels as though you are straining to lift a heavy load of bricks onto your shoulder or struggling to carry something unwieldy across a stream with only slippery stepping-stones to walk on or trying to thread a needle whose eye is almost invisibly small. Taxing or scary or frustrating but also clean, hard work. But there’s that other kind. You are trying to fight your way out from under a huge deflated silk balloon-layers and layers of light gauzy material which you can bat away, but they always just flop back again and no movement or exertion gets you any closer to the open air. Or you are lost in a dense fog with no sense of direction-or rather just enough sense of direction to realize you are going in circles. Or you are sinking slowly into swamp mud and every effort to crawl or swim gets you in deeper. Or you are trying to saw through a thick plank and the harder you try the tighter your saw gets stuck in the cut. It’s this kind of difficulty that makes you feel helpless and angry and finally stops you.
Hughes’s Shakespeare in Harlem and the Rise of a Popular Neomodernism
Authors: Smethurst James Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Langston Hughes is seldom mentioned as one of the authors who are part of the self-consciously “modernist”or “neomodernist”turn in African-American poetry during the 1940s and early 1950s. When Hughes’s Montage of a Dream Deferred appeared in 1951, it was characterized as a rehash of earlier work or even old-fashioned.T his critique, which implicitly or explicitly compared Hughes’s work unfavorably to that of other African-American writers considered incontestably “modern,”such as Brooks, Tolson, and Hayden, was largely turned on its head during the cultural nationalist era of the 1960s and 1970s. In the “Black Arts”era, Hughes’s. proto Aesthetic”was praised and the “whiteness”and integrationist irrelevance of the “high”neomodernists were attacked. However, contrary to the claims by such critics as Saunders Redding and Ralph Ellison that Hughes’s art essentially remained the same throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Hughes attempted to create a “usable”AfricanAmerican “neomodernist”poetry derived from popular African-American expressive culture, popular “literary”poetry, and “high”modernism.
Techniques of Psychosocial Genetic Counseling
Authors: Weil Jon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapters address the complex psychosocial context in which genetic counseling takes place. This chapter begins a discussion of methods for identifying, evoking, assessing, and addressing the relevant issues. The genetic counselor has the crucial task of presenting complicated information of great importance to counselees’ lives in a manner that actively assists the counselee to understand its significance, cope with its implications, and integrate it into a set of critical decisions. Viewed alternatively, the genetic counselor is an intermediary, sometimes the only intermediary, between the vast and growing body of knowledge and techniques of clinical genetics and the in dividual counselees, many of whom never anticipated that they would be called on to confront these issues. Thus, the genetic counselor must take an active role in the psychosocial as well as the informational aspects of genetic counseling (Kessler, 1997b).
Collection of Soil Solution
Authors: Lajtha Kate , Jarrell Wesley M , Johnson Dale W , Sollins Phillip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The collection and analysis of the in situ soil solution is important for studies of pedological processes, environmental quality monitoring, and nutrient cycling (Zabowski and Ugolini 1990). Soil solution measurements are relevant for plant uptake and nutrient availability concerns, and estimates of solution fluxes from ecosystems are needed to balance ecosystem nutrient budgets and for research questions addressing losses of elements via leaching. Although laboratory soil extracts using chemical extractants or resin bags may measure an index of time-integrated nutrient availability, such extracts cannot measure fluxes within or between ecosystems.
Methods for Ecological Studies of Mycorrhizae
Authors: Johnson Nancy C , O’Dell Thomas E , Bledsoe Caroline S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mycorrhizae are generally mutualistic associations in which plant hosts receive soil resources (mineral nutrients and water), while fungal endophytes receive photosynthetically derived carbon compounds (Harley 1989; Allen 1991). Mycorrhizae are inseparable components of soil ecosystems and are important in plant nutrition, nutrient cycling, food webs, and the development of soil structure. The mycorrhizal condition has evolved independently many times. Four distinct types of mycorrhizae are traditionally recognized: arbuscular mycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae, orchid mycorrhizae, and mycorrhizae in the Ericales (Smith and Read 1997). These mycorrhizal types differ greatly in their plant and fungal associates, morphology, and ecological distributions (Tab. 18.1). Arbuscular mycorrhizae usually predominate in grasslands, agricultural systems, arid and semiarid biomes, certain temperate hardwood forests (including orchards), and many tropical forests (Brundrett 1991; Allen et al. 1995). Ectomycorrhizae tend to occur in forest trees and shrubs in areas where plant growth is seasonal or intermittent. Orchid mycorrhizae are most common in tropical systems where orchids are abundant and diverse. Ericales mycorrhizae are common in habitats suited for ericaceous plants, such as bogs and heathlands in temperate and boreal ecosystems.
The Hermeneutic Matrix
Authors: Chafe Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
J.S. Bach’s interaction with tradition, embodied in countless aspects of his oeuvr—his settings of the modal chorale melodies of the Lutheran church, to name but one—is one of the most interesting sides of his work. Bach’s capacity to evoke and revitalize past musical styles often involves specific religious contexts for which a sense of temporal distinctions is central. Thus, many cantatas become the meeting ground for archaic and modern styles whose relationship, were it not for closely parallel textual qualities, might be judged inexplicable. In such works heterogeneity of style often mirrors the variegated layers of the verbal texts and their diverse origins (Old Testament, New Testament, chorale, and “madrigal” poetry). The various organizing principles provided both by those texts and by certain large-scale musical devices such as tonality reflect the ways in which Lutheran hermeneutics, sometimes very learnedly, sometimes very simply, articulated the essential unity of theological meaning. Within such a belief system, stylistic heterogeneity is secondary to the overarching unity of scripture and its spiritual working on the believer.
Two Chorale Cantatas
Authors: Chafe Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of how the mode of a chorale melody may affect the musicotheological design of an entire cantata of several movements has seldom been addressed in the Bach literature, one of the main reasons for that being the generally tenuous connections between the theological content of most chorale verses and the modes of their melodies. There are, nevertheless, cases where such connections do exist and others where, even if they do not, Bach’s treatment of the melodies indicates that he either perceived them to exist or introduced them by various means. Such is the case with the chorales that form the basis of the two cantatas to be examined in this chapter, “Christum wir sollen loben schon” (Cantata 121) and “Es ist das Heil uns kommen hier” (Cantata 9). In them Bach seized on details in the melodies that proved to be of enormous potential in his articulating a bond between music and theology over the course of their multimovement sequences.
Can Anybody In A Post-Christian Culture Rationally Believe The Nicene Creed?
Authors: Donagan Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phrase ‘‘the Christian religion’’ stands for so many things that the question whether educated people in the western world today can rationally believe it is too vague to be worth answering. It is otherwise with the question whether they can rationally believe the Nicene creed. Many who call themselves Christians would reject it. Yet it is part of the liturgy of many Christian bodies, in particular of the largest of all, the Roman Catholic Church, the central rite of which, the mass, requires both priest and people to profess it together. A century ago, virtually all Christians would have been willing to profess it, whether or not the liturgy of their branch of the church required it, although there is one phrase in it, ‘‘one holy Catholic and Apostolic Church,’’ which not all would have understood in the same sense.
St. Thomas Aquinas On The Analysis Of Human Action
Authors: Donagan Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At least two distinct purposes may be discerned in Aquinas’s various writings on human action. One is to complete and correct Aristotle’s treatment of it in the Nichomachean Ethics and elsewhere, to which he of course pays close and respectful attention. A second springs from his primary commitment to theology. Reflecting on what is said in the Scriptures and the writings of the Fathers about such topics as the fall of Adam, sin, conversion, and the operation of grace, theologians produced a body of doctrine about various aspects of human acts. It is unsystematic, but it has been tested in the pastoral and missionary work of the Church, especially in the discipline of confession and penance; and to Aquinas’s mind, it settles certain questions authoritatively: as when it declares that voluntary human acts are commanded by their agents freely, and not by necessity. In addition it introduces certain concepts into the theory of action, for example, those of enjoyment and consent, in ways that have virtually no counterpart in the philosophical tradition. Aquinas undertakes to incorporate these contributions of theology, where sound, into a revised Aristotelian theory.