bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytologic examination of exfoliative specimens obtained during endoscopy for diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract disease in dogs and cats
Authors: Jergens Albert E. , Andreasen Claire B. , Hagemoser Wayne A. , Ridgway Julie , Campbell Karen L. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether cytologic examination of exfoliative specimens obtained during endoscopy was as useful as histologic examination of mucosal biopsy specimens for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract disease in dogs and cats and to compare the diagnostic accuracy of 2 techniques (brush or touch) in preparing specimens for cytologic examination.

Design
Prospective case series.

Animals
85 dogs and 23 cats.

Procedure
Specimens for cytologic and histologic examination were obtained during routine endoscopic examination of the stomach, small intestine, and colon. A diagnosis was made on the basis of cytologic findings (graded objectively) and compared with the diagnosis on the basis of histologic findings.

Results
The diagnostic accuracy of cytologic examination was high for all 3 organs. Sensitivities, specificities, and predictive values of positive and negative results were > 90% in most instances. The diagnostic accuracy of the brush technique was equal or superior to that of the touch technique for 84% of specimens. The brush technique was most useful in detecting cellular infiltrates in the lamina propria, whereas the touch technique was more likely to detect acute mucosal inflammation. Percentages of false-positive (3.2%) and false-negative (6.9%) cytologic interpretations were low.

Clinical Implications
Endoscopy is safe and requires little time to procure specimens for cytologic examination, which can be obtained concurrently with mucosal biopsy specimens. Cytologic examination of exfoliative specimens obtained during endoscopy is a useful and reliable adjunct to histologic examination of biopsy specimens in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract disease in dogs and cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:1755–1759)
Detection and effects of Helicobacters in healthy dogs and dogs with signs of gastritis
Authors: Happonen Irmeli , Linden Jere , Saari Seppo , Karjalainen Mari , Hänninen Marja-Liisa , Jalava Katri , Westermarck Elias 
Published: December 2023

Objectives
To determine prevalence, colonization density, and distribution of helicobacters and gastric histologic findings in healthy dogs and dogs with signs of gastritis; to evaluate association of colonization density and gastric inflammation; and to compare the number of Helicobacter spp with degree of inflammation.

Design
Cross-sectional prevalence survey.

Animals
25 healthy dogs and 21 dogs with signs of gastritis.

Procedure
During endoscopy, gastric mucosal biopsy specimens were obtained from healthy and affected client-owned dogs. Histologic and cytologic evaluation and results of a urease test were used for detecting helicobacters, which were identified definitively by use of transmission electron microscopy and bacterial culture.

Results
Helicobacters were detected in all 25 healthy and 20 of 21 affected dogs. Cytologic examination was a more sensitive method than histologic examination or the urease test. Helicobacters were found least frequently and in fewest number in the antrum in both groups of dogs. Gastric inflammation was evident in both groups of dogs and did not differ significantly between groups. A significant association was not detected between colonization density or the number of Helicobacter spp and degree of gastric inflammation. In both groups, H bizzozeronii, H felis, and H salomonis were cultured.

Clinical Implications
Histologically verified chronic gastritis is common in dogs with signs of gastritis as well as in healthy dogs. Colonization density of helicobacters was not associated with degree of gastric inflammation in the dogs of our study. It remains to be determined whether certain strains of Helicobacter spp can induce gastritis in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:1767–1774)
Evaluation of risk factors for fatal acute pancreatitis in dogs
Authors: Hess Rebecka S. , Kass Philip H. , Shofer Frances S. , Van Winkle Thomas J. , Washabau Robert J. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To identify risk factors associated with fatal acute pancreatitis in dogs.

Design
Case-control study.

Animals
70 case dogs with clinical evidence and histopathologic confirmation of fatal acute pancreatitis and 104 control dogs that had trauma, underwent necropsy, and did not have histologic evidence of acute pancreatitis.

Procedure
Information on signalment, weight, body condition, medical history, concurrent disease, and results of histopathologic examination was obtained by reviewing medical records. Logistic regression analysis included calculation of univariate and multivariate (adjusted) odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Results and Clinical Implications
Dogs with fatal acute pancreatitis were largely middle- to older-aged dogs. Risk of developing fatal acute pancreatitis was increased by overweight body condition, diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism, prior gastrointestinal tract disease, and epilepsy. Additionally, Yorkshire Terriers were at increased risk, and Labrador Retrievers and Miniature Poodles were at decreased risk, of developing fatal acute pancreatitis. Males and neutered females appeared to have an increased risk of developing fatal acute pancreatitis, compared with sexually intact females. Thrombus formation was more likely in dogs that developed fatal acute pancreatitis than in control dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:46–51)
Evaluation of methods to diagnose Clostridium perfringens-associated diarrhea in dogs
Authors: Marks Stanley L. , Melli Ann , Kass Philip H. , Jang Spencer S. , Barkhoodarian Alex , Hirsh Dwight C. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To assess the prevalence of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin in feces of dogs with and without diarrhea, and to compare the use of microbial cultures from fecal specimens and evaluation of stained fecal smears for endospores with the presence of enterotoxin as tools for diagnosing C perfringens-associated diarrhea.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
144 dogs representing hospitalized dogs with (n = 41) or without (50) diarrhea, and clinically normal dogs treated as outpatients (53).

Procedure
Fresh fecal specimens from all dogs were examined as Gram-stained fecal smears to determine numbers of Gram-positive spore-forming rods/100X objective field. Enterotoxin was assayed directly by use of a reverse passive latex agglutination assay. Fecal specimens were plated directly to prereduced egg yolk agar plates and incubated overnight at 37 C in an anaerobic chamber. At 24 hours, up to 3 lecithinase-positive colonies were subcultured to Brucella blood agar to evaluate for double zone hemolysis. Colonies with double zone hemolysis were tested for aerotolerance and Gram-stained.

Results
A significant difference was not detected among groups with respect to the presence of C perfringens as determined by culture, the presence of endospores, and the reaction patterns of fecal enterotoxin assays. An association was not found between number of endospores and the presence of fecal enterotoxin.

Clinical Implications
The presence of C perfringens enterotoxin in feces of dogs, as detected by the latex agglutination assay used in this study, correlates poorly with the number of fecal endospores, regardless of the dog's clinical status. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:357–360)
Characteristics and risk factors for failure of horses with acute diarrhea to survive: 122 cases (1990–1996)
Authors: Cohen Noah D. , Woods April M. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To characterize horses with acute diarrhea and determine risk factors for failure to survive.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
122 adult horses admitted for acute diarrhea at the teaching hospital between Jan 1, 1990 and Dec 31, 1996.

Procedure
Medical records of horses with acute diarrhea were reviewed to abstract information regarding signalment, history, physical examination, clinicopathologic testing, treatment, and outcome.

Results
91 of 122 (74.6%) horses lived and were discharged from the hospital. Horses with history of administration of antimicrobials for a problem preceding diarrhea were approximately 4.5 times less likely to survive. The following variables that had been determined at the time of admission were significantly associated with failure to survive: administration of antimicrobial drugs for another illness, serum creatinine concentration > 2.0 mg/dl, PCV > 45%, tachycardia (heart rate > 60 beats/min), and low serum total protein concentration. Prevalence of laminitis was 11.5%.

Clinical Implications
Diarrheic horses that are azotemic and have clinicopathologic findings consistent with hemoconcentration and hypoproteinemia have a poor prognosis for survival. Antimicrobial administration may induce diarrhea, and antimicrobial-associated diarrhea may have a worse prognosis than other types of acute diarrhea. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:382–390)
Within-farm variability in number of females mated per week during a one-year period and breeding herd productivity on swine farms
Authors: Koketsu Yuzo , Duangkaew Chalard , Dial Gary D. , Reeves David E. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine the effect of within-farm variability in the number of females mated per week during a 1-year period on annual breeding herd productivity in swine breeding herds and to apply statistical process control charts to measures of within-farm variability.

Design
Longitudinal study.

Sample population
84 swine farms with a female inventory of 390 to 1,491 sows and gilts (mean, 761 females).

Procedure
As a measure of within-farm variability in a breeding herd, SD for the number of females mated per week during a 1-year period was evaluated. Two types of production records for 84 farms were evaluated. One file contained within-farm variability (SD) in mated females for each farm, and the second included annual productivity 19 weeks after week of mating. We also defined forewarning limits as mean ± 2 SD, using a statistical process control chart.

Results
Larger within-farm variability in number of mated females was associated with lower annual measurements, such as fewer pigs weaned per mated female per year and lower farrowing rate. In addition, farms that did not have any weeks outside the forewarning limits for number of mated females produced more pigs weaned per mated female per year than those with 1 or more weeks of over- or underproduction. Furthermore, the number of weeks outside of forewarning limits was positively associated with within-farm variability in number of mated females.

Clinical Implications
We recommend that farm managers determine a target range for the number of females mated per week to prevent large week-to-week variations in breeding herd operations. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:520–524)
Development of a scale to evaluate postoperative pain in dogs
Authors: Firth Ava M. , Haldane Sarah L. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To design and evaluate a scale for measurement of postoperative pain in dogs.

Design
Randomized, blinded, prospective study, with positive- and negative-control groups.

Animals
36 dogs undergoing general anesthesia for ovariohysterectomy and 12 dogs undergoing general anesthesia without surgery.

Procedure
A pain assessment scale was developed for dogs, which incorporated physiologic data (heart and respiratory rates) and behavioral responses (response to palpation, activity, mental status, posture, and vocalization). This pain scale was then applied to a study in which dogs were allocated to 2 groups, depending on the type of medication administered (acepromazine maleate only or acepromazine and butorphanol) before induction of general anesthesia. The 36 dogs that had ovariohysterectomy were allocated to 3 groups, members of which received butorphanol, carprofen, or no analgesic after surgery. Dogs were scored for signs of pain and videotaped at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 18 hours after surgery by an assessor who was blinded to the groups. Results were analyzed for significant differences in pain scores for single categories and total pain scores among groups. Video segments were scrambled and then scored by a second external assessor to test the repeatability of the results, using the pain assessment scale.

Results
Mean total pain scores were significantly different between the group of dogs that underwent general anesthesia only and each group of dogs that underwent general anesthesia and surgery. Pain scores for the analgesic-treatment groups reflected the known onset and duration of action of the analgesic used. Agreement between the internal and external assessors was excellent and indicated high precision between the 2 assessors for the population of dogs as a whole.

Clinical Implications
Behavioral and physiologic measurements can be used reliably to evaluate degree of pain in dogs during the postoperative period and their response to analgesics. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:651–659)
Herd-level economic analysis of the impact of paratuberculosis on dairy herds
Authors: Johnson-Ifearulundu Yvette , Kaneene John B. , Lloyd James W. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To perform a herd-level analysis of economic losses associated with paratuberculosis in dairy herds.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Sample Population
A multistage stratified random sample of 121 dairy herds in Michigan.

Procedure
A 2-part questionnaire was used to gather data on management practices, herd productivity, labor use, and expenditures. Blood samples were collected from a random sample of cows ≥ 2 years old in each herd and tested for antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. A herd was considered negative for paratuberculosis if results for all cows tested were negative. Multivariable linear regression was used to evaluate the data.

Results
A 10% increase in proportion of cows positive for paratuberculosis was associated with a 33.4 kg (73.5 Ib) decrease in mean weight of culled cows. Mortality rate among herds positive for paratuberculosis was 3% higher than rate among herds negative for paratuberculosis. Herds positive for paratuberculosis did not have a significantly higher annual number of hours of labor per cow than did herds negative for paratuberculosis.

Clinical Implications
For a herd of average size and cull rate, the reduction in mean weight of culled cows attributable to paratuberculosis represented a loss of approximately $1,150 annually for each 10% increase in herd prevalence of paratuberculosis. The increased mortality rate attributable to paratuberculosis represented a loss of between $1,607 and $4,400 on the basis of lost slaughter value and cost of replacement heifers. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:822–825)
Hepatic lipidosis in llamas and alpacas: 31 cases (1991-1997)
Authors: Tornquist Susan J. , Van Saun Robert J. , Smith Bradford B. , Cebra Christopher K. , Snyder Stanley P. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To identify factors associated with hepatic lipidosis (HL) in llamas and alpacas.

Design
Retrospective case series.

Animals
30 llamas and 1 alpaca.

Procedures
Medical records were searched to identify llamas or alpacas in which a histologic diagnosis of HL was made. Information was retrieved on signalment, history, clinical and laboratory findings, and results of necropsy or examination of biopsy specimens. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and χ2 analyses.

Results
Females were affected more often than males; however, the sex distribution was not different from that of the camelid population in the diagnostic laboratory's database. Fifty-four percent of the females were pregnant, and 46% were lactating. Most affected camelids were 6 to 10 years old. Anorexia and recent weight loss were common (51.6% of camelids). An infective agent was found in only one llama, and toxins and mineral deficiencies were not identified. The most common abnormalities on serum biochemical analysis were a high concentration of bile acids, high activities of γ-glutamyltrans-ferase (GGT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and hypoproteinemia. Concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) were high in those camelids in which these compounds were assayed. Twenty-nine camelids did not survive.

Clinical Implications
Sick camelids should be considered at risk for developing HL, especially those with anorexia or the metabolic demands of pregnancy and lactation. Other stresses also appear to contribute. High concentrations of NEFA, γ-HB, and bile acids; high activities of GGT and AST; and hypoproteinemia may indicate that HL has developed. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1368–1372)
Risk factors for nosocomial Salmonella infection among hospitalized horses
Authors: House John K. , Mainar-Jaime Raúl C. , Smith Bradford P. , House Ann-Marie , Kamiya Darin Y. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To identify risk factors for nosocomial Salmonella infections among hospitalized horses.

Design
Longitudinal study.

Animals
1,583 horses hospitalized in an intensive care unit between January 1992 and June 1996.

Procedure
Survivor functions were used to estimate time to shedding salmonellae for various Salmonella serotypes. Survival analysis was then used to determine how variables associated with patient management, environmental conditions, hospital conditions, and other disease processes affected the risk of nosocomial Salmonella infection.

Results
78 horses shed Salmonella organisms: 35 shed Salmonella krefeld, 26 shed S typhimurium, and 17 shed other Salmonella serotypes. Mean time from admission to shedding was significantly longer for horses shedding S krefeld or S typhimurium than for horses shedding other Salmonella serotypes. Therefore, infection with S krefeld or S typhimurium was considered nosocomial. Seven variables were found to be significantly associated with risk of nosocomial Salmonella infection: mean number of horses in the hospital shedding S krefeld during the 4 days prior to and the day of admission, mean number of horses shedding S typhimurium during this period, a diagnosis of large colon impaction, withholding feed, number of days fed bran mash, duration of treatment with potassium penicillin G, and mean daily ambient temperature.

Clinical Implications
Results suggest that risk of nosocomial Salmomella infections is greater for horses with large colon impactions. In addition to implementing hospital protocols that minimize cross contamination between patients, strategies to reduce the risk of nosocomial Salmonella infection should include minimizing use of potassium penicillin G and regulation of environmental temperature in the hospital. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1511-1516)
Wound contamination and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria cultured during total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy in dogs
Authors: Vogel Peter L. , Komtebedde Jan , Hirsh Dwight C. , Kass Phillip H. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To detect contamination of wound sites from surgical handling of excised tissues during total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy in dogs, and to compare susceptibility of bacterial isolates to cefazolin with susceptibility to other antimicrobial agents.

Design
Prospective clinical study.

Animals
13 dogs

Procedure
Dogs were treated surgically for otitis externa and media via total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy. Specimens for aerobic bacterial culture were obtained from SC tissue immediately following skin incision, tissues excised from the osseous bulla (after transection of the horizontal ear canal and lateral bulla osteotomy), and from SC tissue prior to skin closure. Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates to various antibiotics was determined by use of a broth dilution assay.

Results
There was a significant association between isolation of Streptococcus canis and Escherichia coli from specimens from the osseous bulla and specimens from the SC tissues prior to skin closure, indicating contamination of the SC tissues during surgery. Seventy percent of bacterial isolates were susceptible to cefazolin.

Clinical Implications
Measures to limit bacterial contamination resulting from tissue handling during total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy are necessary. Bactériologic culture of tissue of the osseous bulla and determination of antimicrobial susceptibility are recommended. Administration of cefazolin alone may not be efficacious for antimicrobial prophylaxis. (J Am Vet Med Asooc 1999;214:1641-1643)
Sino-orbital aspergillosis in a dog
Authors: Willis A. Michelle , Martin Charles L. , Stiles Jean 
Published: December 2023

Fungal rhinitis-sinusitis is common in dogs and can be a primary infection or secondary to nasal trauma, foreign bodies, or neoplasia.
Invasion of bone is usually restricted to the nasal turbinates, but infection may extend through the cribriform plate, palatine bones, or the orbit.
Topical treatment may be successful, providing all affected cavities are effectively saturated with antifungal medication.
Plasma lactate concentration as a predictor of gastric necrosis and survival among dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus: 102 cases (1995-1998)
Authors: de Papp Erika , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Hughes Dez 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine relationships between plasma lactate concentration and gastric necrosis and between plasma lactate concentration and outcome for dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
102 dogs.

Procedure
Information on signalment, history, plasma lactate concentration, medical and surgical treatment, cost of hospitalization, and outcome was retrieved from medical records.

Results
69 of 70 (99%) dogs with plasma lactate concentration < 6.0 mmol/L survived, compared with 18 of 31 (58%) dogs with plasma lactate concentration > 6.0 mmol/L (1 dog euthanatized for economic reasons was not included). Gastric necrosis was identified in 38 (37%) dogs. Median plasma lactate concentration in dogs with gastric necrosis (6.6 mmol/L) was significantly higher than concentration in dogs without gastric necrosis (3.3 mmol/L). Specificity and sensitivity of using plasma lactate concentration (with a cutoff of 6.0 mmol/L) to predict which dogs had gastric necrosis were 88 and 61%, respectively. Sixtytwo of 63 (98%) dogs without gastric necrosis survived, compared with 25 of 38 (66%) dogs with gastric necrosis.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Preoperative plasma lactate concentration was a good predictor of gastric necrosis and outcome for dogs with GDV. Preoperative measurement of plasma lactate concentration may assist in determining prognosis of dogs with GDV. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:49-52)
Calcium oxalate crystalluria in a goat
Authors: Clark Phillip , Swenson Cheryl L. , Osborne Carl A. , Ulrich Lisa K. 
Published: December 2023

Recognition of the diverse shapes of various urine crystals is necessary for their accurate identification.
Calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals most commonly have an octahedral or envelope shape.
Calcium ions and oxalic acid may form calcium oxalate crystals in urine.
Calcium oxalate dihydrate crystalluria is a risk factor for urolith formation.