bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ENDURING POWER OF RACISM: A RECONSIDERATION OF WINTHROP JORDAN'S WHITE OVER BLACK
Authors: SHORE LAURENCE 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTAs a history of the origins and development of American racism, White over Black received great acclaim upon its publication in 1968. Deeply researched and covering some 650 pages, it eschewed professional jargon and offered a deft prose style and close attention to matters of sexuality in revealing the origins and lasting influence of racist attitudes arising from Englishmen's impressions of blacks before they became, preeminently, slaves in North America. Jordan's careful weighing of evidence and causation made readers appreciate what he believed his evidence repeatedly demonstrated about white Americans’ attitudes toward African‐Americans: “the power of irrationality in men.” Despite the initial acclaim and scholarly achievement, White over Black soon lost pace with the curve of politics and academic fashion. By the mid‐1970s, the post‐World War II liberal consensus on racial issues had disintegrated, and professional historians were writing principally for other professional historians. Within a decade after its publication, White over Black was relegated to the wasteland of the “suggested supplemental reading list.” However, the book's grasp of the fundamental historical issues requiring explanation has received recent affirmation from influential scholarly and political quarters. A dispassionate review of the literature leading up to and following White over Black's publication indicates that Jordan's emphasis on the causal contribution of racist attitudes to the rise of African slavery in British North America was on target. Moreover, Jordan's appreciation that academic historians should write for nonprofessionals is now widely held inside the academy. The historical accuracy and cogency of expression of Jordan's perspective on race and slavery make White over Black worth reexamining.
Cystatin‐C and beta trace protein as markers of renal function in pregnancy
Authors: Akbari Ayub , Lepage Nathalie , Keely Erin , Clark Heather D. , Jaffey James , MacKinnon Martin , Filler Guido 
Published: April 2005

Objective  To assess the validity of Cystatin‐C (Cys‐C) and beta trace protein (BTP) as clinical markers of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in pregnant women.Design  Prospective cross sectional study.Setting  Obstetric unit of a tertiary care hospital.Population  One hundred and thirty‐seven normal pregnant women and 13 women postpartum.Methods  Twenty‐four hour creatinine clearance (CrCl), serum creatinine, Cys‐C and BTP concentrations were measured on normal pregnant women in the first trimester (n= 5), second trimester (n= 68) and third trimester (n= 64) and in 13 women postpartum. Data are given as median (2.5th centile, 97.5th centile).Main outcome measures  Serum concentrations of Cys‐C and BTP compared with creatinine clearance and serum creatinine.Results  The median serum creatinine throughout gestation was 53 μmol/L (39, 71), and median CrCl was 143 mL/minute (91 to 216). Postpartum, creatinine rose to 74 μmol/L (58, 86) and CrCl decreased to 104 mL/minute (71, 159). For Cys‐C, the median concentration was 0.70 mg/L (0.46, 1.32), and 0.54 mg/L (0.36, 0.96) for BTP. Comparing the second and third trimesters, there was no significant difference between CrCl (median 145 vs 141 mL/minute) and BTP concentrations (median 0.51 vs 0.55 mg/L), while median Cys‐C was significantly higher in the third trimester (0.61 vs 0.88 mg/L; P < 0.001). Unlike creatinine and BTP, Cys‐C levels decreased to 0.72 mg/L (0.57, 0.95) postpartum. The only significant relationship of either of these markers to the standard used for GFR was between Cys‐C and CrCl in the third trimester, and the correlation was weak (r= 0.27 for 1/Cys‐C vs CrCl).Conclusion  These data demonstrate that despite claims to the contrary, Cys‐C is a poor marker of GFR during pregnancy. Similarly, BTP shows little promise.
DNA identification of fetal cells isolated from cervical mucus: potential for early non‐invasive prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Katz‐Jaffe Mandy G. , Mantzaris Debbie , Cram David S. 
Published: April 2005

Objectives To develop a reliable method to isolate fetal cells for genetic diagnosis.Design Aspiration of cervical mucus from pregnant women in the first trimester.Setting Pregnant women were recruited before an elective termination of pregnancy.Population Sixty pregnant women (7–10 weeks of gestation).Methods Fetal cells were isolated from aspirated cervical mucus of pregnant women using a combination of enzymatic digestion, fluorescent immunohistochemistry, micromanipulation and single‐cell DNA allelic profiling.Main outcome measures The isolation and identification of fetal cells.Results The transformation of the tenacious cervical mucus into a single‐cell suspension enabled the isolation and identification of fetal cells by fluorescent immunohistochemistry. Confirmation of fetal origin was accomplished by single‐cell DNA allelic profiling alongside known maternal cells.Conclusions This novel non‐invasive method is rapid and efficient with results attainable within 24 hours as early as seven weeks of gestation. The technique would offer earlier reassurance and the option of first trimester therapeutic abortions to both high and low risk pregnant women.
Tocolysis for repeat external cephalic version in breech presentation at term: a randomised, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Impey Lawrence , Pandit Meghana 
Published: April 2005

Background  External cephalic version (ECV) reduces the incidence of breech presentation at term and caesarean section for non‐cephalic births. Tocolytics may improve success rates, but are time consuming, may cause side effects and have not been proven to alter caesarean section rates. The aim of this trial was to determine whether tocolysis should be used if ECV is being re‐attempted after a failed attempt.Objective  To determine whether tocolysis should be used if ECV is being re‐attempted after a failed attempt.Design  Randomised, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial.Setting  UK teaching hospital.Population  One hundred and twenty‐four women with a breech presentation at term who had undergone an unsuccessful attempt at ECV.Methods  Relative risks with 95% confidence intervals for categorical variables and a t test for continuous variables. Analysis was by intention to treat.Main outcome measures  Incidence of cephalic presentation at delivery. Secondary outcomes were caesarean section and measures of neonatal and maternal morbidity.Results  The use of tocolysis for a repeat attempt at ECV significantly increases the incidence of cephalic presentation at delivery (RR 3.21; 95% CI 1.23–8.39) and reduces the incidence of caesarean section (RR 0.33; 95% CI 0.14–0.80). The effects were most marked in multiparous women (RR for cephalic presentation at delivery 9.38; 95% CI 1.64–53.62). Maternal and neonatal morbidity remain unchanged.Conclusions  The use of tocolysis increases the success rate of repeat ECV and reduces the incidence of caesarean section. A policy of only using tocolysis where an initial attempt has failed leads to a relatively high success rate with minimum usage of tocolysis.
Prenatal diagnosis and obstetric outcomes in triplet pregnancies in relation to chorionicity
Authors: Geipel Annegret , Berg Christoph , Katalinic Alexander , Plath Hanno , Hansmann Manfred , Germer Ute , Gembruch Ulrich 
Published: April 2005

Objective  This study describes the frequency, pregnancy complications and outcomes of non‐trichorionic triplet pregnancies.Design  A retrospective observational study.Setting  Two tertiary level referral centres of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Germany.Population  All women booked to receive targeted ultrasound screening between January 1998 and June 2003. The mixed low and high risk population included 36,430 women with ultrasound examinations between 11 and 24 weeks of gestation. Of those with available outcome, 176 were triplet pregnancies with three viable fetuses.Methods  Analysis of ultrasound data and perinatal outcome in triplet gestations who had first and second trimester targeted ultrasound examination. Pregnancies with monochorionic or dichorionic placentation were identified and pregnancy outcome was compared to trichorionic triplets.Main outcome measures  Intrauterine fetal death, fetal growth restriction (FGR), mean discordance and survival rate in non‐trichorionic versus trichorionic triplets.Results  Triplets were trichorionic in 81.8% and had a monochorionic or dichorionic placentation in the remaining 18.2%. The rate of monochorionicity and dichorionicity was significantly higher after spontaneous conception than after assisted reproductive technologies (44.8%vs 12.9%, P < 0.001). In non‐reduced monochorionic and dichorionic triplets compared with non‐reduced trichorionic triplets, there was a higher rate of intrauterine fetal death (8.8%vs 1.5%, P < 0.01), FGR (33.3%vs 25.5%), mean discordance (20.5%vs 12.7%, P < 0.01), discordance >30% (26.3%vs 2.9%, P < 0.01) and delivery <32 weeks of gestations (47.4%vs 32.2%). There was a lower survival rate in non‐trichorionic triplets (84.2%) than in trichorionic ones (91.7%).Conclusion  Triplet pregnancies with a monochorionic or dichorionic placentation are at significantly higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcome compared with trichorionic pregnancies. First trimester evaluation of chorionicity is strongly emphasised.
Erythrokeratodermia variabilis (EKV) – eine Störung der epidermalen Expression von Gap‐Junction‐Proteinen
Authors: Ständer Sonja , Stadelmann Antje , Traub Otto , Traupe Heiko , Metze Dieter 
Published: April 2005

ZusammenfassungDie Erythrokeratodermia variabilis (EKV) ist eine seltene autosomal‐dominant vererbte Genodermatose mit einer epidermalen Verhornungsstörung. Das klinische Bild der EKV wird von zwei Morphen geprägt: transiente, schnell wandernde Erytheme und persistierende braune Hyperkeratosen. Vor kurzem wurde der zugrunde liegende Gendefekt der EKV auf dem kurzen Arm von Chromosom 1 lokalisiert, der für das Gap‐Junction‐Protein Connexin 31 kodiert. Wir stellen einen 48jährigen Patienten vor, bei dem seit dem dreißigsten Lebensjahr großflächige, scharf begrenzte, randständig schuppende Erytheme an den Extremitäten, Gesäß und Rumpf auftreten. Histologisch fand sich eine orthokeratotische Hyperkeratose mit fokaler Parakeratose bei Akanthose der Epidermis. Immunhistochemisch konnte eine vermindert Expression des Gap‐Junction‐Proteins Connexin 31 sowie vermehrte Expression von Connexin 43 dargestellt werden. Ultrastrukturell zeigten sich erweiterte Interzellularräume in der oberen Epidermis mit unauffälligen Desmosomen, Adherensjunktionen und regulären Gap Junctions.In der Epidermis wird u. a. die Zellproliferation und ‐differenzierung über die Gap Junctions reguliert. Die Mutation im Connexin 31 wird daher als ursächlich für das klinische Bild der EKV angesehen. Die Überexpression von Connexin 43, die hier erstmals beschrieben wird, entsteht möglicherweise reaktiv als Folge der CX31‐Mutation und kompensiert vorübergehend den Defekt.
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis Cln8 gene expression is developmentally regulated in mouse brain and up-regulated in the hippocampal kindling model of epilepsy
Authors: Lonka Liina , Aalto Antti , Kopra Outi , Kuronen Mervi , Kokaia Zaal , Saarma Mart , Lehesjoki Anna-Elina 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Background
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders characterized by accumulation of autofluorescent material in many tissues, especially in neurons. Mutations in the CLN8 gene, encoding an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transmembrane protein of unknown function, underlie NCL phenotypes in humans and mice. The human phenotype is characterized by epilepsy, progressive psychomotor deterioration and visual loss, while motor neuron degeneration (mnd) mice with a Cln8 mutation show progressive motor neuron dysfunction and retinal degeneration.

Results
We investigated spatial and temporal expression of Cln8 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) using in situ hybridization, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and northern blotting. Cln8 is ubiquitously expressed at low levels in embryonic and adult tissues. In prenatal embryos Cln8 is most prominently expressed in the developing gastrointestinal tract, dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and brain. In postnatal brain the highest expression is in the cortex and hippocampus. Expression of Cln8 mRNA in the central nervous system (CNS) was also analyzed in the hippocampal electrical kindling model of epilepsy, in which Cln8 expression was rapidly up-regulated in hippocampal pyramidal and granular neurons.

Conclusion
Expression of Cln8 in the developing and mature brain suggests roles for Cln8 in maturation, differentiation and supporting the survival of different neuronal populations. The relevance of Cln8 up-regulation in hippocampal neurons of kindled mice should be further explored.
Risk factors for delirium in acutely admitted elderly patients: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Korevaar Johanna C , van Munster Barbara C , de Rooij Sophia E 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Background
Delirium is a neuropsychiatric syndrome frequently observed in elderly hospitalised patients and can be found in any medical condition. Due to the severe consequences, early recognition of delirium is important in order to start treatment in time. Despite the high incidence rate, the occurrence of delirium is not always identified as such. Knowledge of potential risk factors is important. The aim of the current study is to determine factors associated with the occurrence of a prevalent delirium among elderly patients acutely admitted to an internal medicine ward.

Methods
All consecutive patients of 65 years and over acutely admitted to the Department of Internal Medicine of the Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, a university hospital, were asked to participate. The presence of delirium was determined within 48 hrs after admission by an experienced geriatrician.

Results
In total, 126 patients were included, 29% had a prevalent delirium after acute admission. Compared to patients without delirium, patients with delirium were older, more often were cognitively and physically impaired, more often were admitted due to water and electrolyte disturbances, and were less often admitted due to malignancy or gastrointestinal bleeding. Independent risk factors for having a prevalent delirium after acute admission were premorbid cognitive impairment, functional impairment, an elevated urea nitrogen level, and the number of leucocytes.

Conclusions
In this study, the most important independent risk factors for a prevalent delirium after acute admission were cognitive and physical impairment, and a high serum urea nitrogen concentration. These observations might contribute to an earlier identification and treatment of delirium in acutely admitted elderly patients.
Difficulties in assessing cytomegalovirus-associated gastric perforation in an HIV-infected patient
Authors: Mégarbane Bruno , Résière Dabor , Ferrand Jacqueline , Raskine Laurent , Vahedi Kouroche , Baud Frédéric J 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Background
Active Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a common complication in advanced symptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. CMV-induced intestinal perforations are hard to diagnose and may be observed throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Isolated stomach perforation is exceptional.

Case presentation
A 47-year-old man was admitted to our intensive care unit with multiorgan failure. Gastrointestinal endoscopic examination showed erythematous gastritis but normal duodenum and colon. CMV blood culture was positive. Histologic examination of a gastric biopsy showed inflammatory infiltrate and immunostaining typical intranuclear CMV inclusion bodies. Concomitant abdominal CT scan disclosed large peripancreatic hypodensities without pneumoperitoneum. The patient died despite supportive therapies and ganciclovir infusion. Postmortem examination showed a 4-cm gastric perforation adhering to the transverse colon and liver, with a thick necrotic inflammatory coating around the pancreas. The whole GI tract, except the stomach, was normal. As other causes, especially Helicobacter pylori infection could be ruled out, a causal relationship between CMV and gastric disease was assumed.

Conclusion
CMV may be responsible for gastric perforations, with difficulties in assessing the diagnosis. Early diagnosis based on cautious endoscopy and histopathologic examination is needed to make a favorable outcome possible.
Validation of multi-stage telephone-based identification of cognitive impairment and dementia
Authors: Crooks Valerie C , Clark Linda , Petitti Diana B , Chui Helena , Chiu Vicki 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Background
Many types of research on dementia and cognitive impairment require large sample sizes. Detailed in-person assessment using batteries of neuropyschologic testing is expensive. This study evaluates whether a brief telephone cognitive assessment strategy can reliably classify cognitive status when compared to an in-person "gold-standard" clinical assessment.

Methods
The gold standard assessment of cognitive status was conducted at the University of Southern California Alzheimer Disease Research Center (USC ADRC). It involved an examination of patients with a memory complaint by a neurologist or psychiatrist specializing in cognitive disorders and administration of a battery of neuropsychologic tests. The method being evaluated was a multi-staged assessment using the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status-modified (TICSm) with patients and the Telephone Dementia Questionnaire (TDQ) with a proxy. Elderly male and female patients who had received the gold standard in-person assessment were asked to also undergo the telephone assessment. The unweighted kappa statistic was calculated to compare the gold standard and the multistage telephone assessment methods. Sensitivity for classification with dementia and specificity for classification as normal were also calculated.

Results
Of 50 patients who underwent the gold standard assessment and were referred for telephone assessment, 38 (76%) completed the TICS. The mean age was 78.1 years and 26 (68%) were female. When comparing the gold standard assessment and the telephone method for classifying subjects as having dementia or no dementia, the sensitivity of the telephone method was 0.83 (95% confidence interval 0.36, 1.00), the specificity was 1.00 (95% confidence interval 0.89,1.00). Kappa was 0.89 (95% confidence interval 0.69, 1.000). Considering a gold-standard assessment of age-associated memory impairment as cognitive impairment, the sensitivity of the telephone approach is 0.38 (95% confidence interval 0.09, 0.76) specificity 0.96 (CI 0.45, 0.89) and kappa 0.61 (CI 0.37, 0.85).

Conclusion
Use of a telephone interview to identify people with dementia or cognitive impairment is a promising and relatively inexpensive strategy for identifying potential participants in intervention and clinical research studies and for classifying subjects in epidemiologic studies.
Acquisition of anoikis resistance in human osteosarcoma cells does not alter sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents
Authors: Díaz-Montero C Marcela , McIntyre Bradley W 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Background
Chemotherapy-induced cell death can involve the induction of apoptosis. Thus, aberrant function of the pathways involved might result in chemoresistance. Since cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix acts as a survival factor that homeostatically maintains normal tissue architecture, it was tested whether acquisition of resistance to deadhesion-induced apoptosis (anoikis) in human osteosarcoma would result in resistance to chemotherapy.

Methods
Osteosarcoma cell lines (SAOS-2 and TE-85) obtained from ATCC and were maintained in complete Eagle's MEM medium. Suspension culture was established by placing cells in tissue culture wells coated with poly-HEMA. Cell cytotoxicity was determined using a live/dead cytotoxicity assay. Cell cycle/apoptosis analyses were performed using propidium iodide (PI) staining with subsequent FACS analysis. Apoptosis was also assayed by Annexin-FITC/PI staining.

Results
Etoposide, adriamycin, vinblastine, cisplatin and paclitaxel were able to induce apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells SAOS-2 regardless of their anoikis resistance phenotype or the culture conditions (adhered vs. suspended). Moreover, suspended anoikis resistant TE-85 cells (TE-85ar) retained their sensitivity to chemotherapy as well.

Conclusion
Acquisition of anoikis resistance in human osteosarcoma cells does not result in a generalized resistance to all apoptotic stimuli, including chemotherapy. Moreover, our results suggest that the pathways regulating anoikis resistance and chemotherapy resistance might involve the action of different mediators.
Ultrasound image attributes of human ovarian dominant follicles during natural and oral contraceptive cycles
Authors: Birtch Rebecca L , Baerwald Angela R , Olatunbosun Olufemi A , Pierson Roger A 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Background
Computer-assisted analyses were used to examine ultrasound image attributes of human dominant ovarian follicles that developed during natural and oral contraceptive (OC) cycles. We hypothesized that image attributes of natural cycle follicles would quantitatively differ from those in OC cycles and that OC cycle follicles would possess image attributes indicative of atresia.

Methods
Dominant ovarian follicles of 18 clinically normal women were compared using transvaginal ultrasonography for the 7 days before ovulation during a natural cycle (n = 9) or the 7 days before peak estradiol in women using OC (n = 11). Follicles were analyzed using region and line techniques designed to compare the image attributes numerical pixel value (NPV), pixel heterogeneity (PH) and area under the curve (AUC).

Results
NPV was higher in OC cycle follicles with region analysis and tended to be higher with line analysis (p = 0.005 and p = 0.06, respectively). No differences were observed in two other image attributes (AUC and PH), measured with either technique, between natural and OC cycle follicles.

Conclusion
The increased NPV value of OC cycle follicles and lack of differences in PH and AUC values between natural cycle and OC cycle follicles did not support the hypothesis that OC cycle follicles would show ultrasonographically detectable signs of atresia. Image attributes observed in OC cycle follicles were not clearly indicative of atresia nor were they large enough to preclude preovulatory physiologic status in OC cycle follicles.