bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Models in field studies of temperature and moisture
Authors: Rowley Jodi J L , Alford Ross A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of understanding the temperature and moisture environments of amphibians In ectothermic organisms, variation in body temperature directly affects factors such as rates of energy acquisition, growth, and reproduction (Shoemaker and McClanahan 1975; McClanahan 1978). Temperature also exerts a strong influence on ecological interactions such as predator–prey and host–pathogen interactions, and changes in temperature can completely reverse the outcome of such interactions at both the individual and population levels (Elliot et al. 2002; Woodhams et al. 2003). Although the body temperature of terrestrial ectotherms is broadly correlated with environmental temperature, the actual body temperatures of many species can differ considerably from macro environmental temperatures due to species-specific behavior, physiology, morphology, and microenvironment use. As a result, ectotherms exposed to identical macro environmental conditions can experience very different body temperatures (Kennedy 1997).
Capture�mark�recapture, removal sampling, and occupancy models
Authors: Bailey Larissa L , Nichols James D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding the distribution and abundance of organisms is frequently stated as the objective of ecological investigations (Elton 1927; Krebs 1972). Similarly, distribution and abundance are primary criteria used to classify the status of species (e.g. threatened, endangered) for conservation purposes (Gardenfors et al. 2001). Thus, both scientific and conservation perspectives lead us to select abundance and occupancy as reasonable state variables for investigation. We define abundance as the number of organisms present in some area of interest and occupancy as the proportion of sample units or, more generally, of area, that is occupied by a species of interest. Estimation of these quantities is typically based on count statistics of some sort. For example, abundance estimation may be based on the number of animals caught in traps, detected by visual encounter surveys, or perhaps by auditory means. Estimation of occupancy is typically based on detection/non-detection data (frequently referred to as presence/absence data) representing counts of sample units at which the focal species is (or is not) detected. Use of count statistics to draw inferences about such quantities as abundance and occupancy requires attention to two important sources of variation in counts (Pollock et al. 2002; Williams et al. 2002; Lancia et al. 2005).
The Life-Course Persistent Pathway Of Antisocial Behaviour: Risks For Violence And Poor Physical Health
Authors: Odgers Candice L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Violence is one of the leading causes of death worldwide for individuals aged 15–44 years (World Health Organization, 2002). For example, in the United States, it is estimated that each year violence causes over 2.5 million injuries and approximately 50 000 deaths (Corso et al., 2007). In the end, the costs of violence, including interpersonal, self-inflicted, and collective forms of violence, translate into billions of dollars in health-care-related expenses (World Health Organization, 2007). The recognition that violence is one of the most important public health problems facing the international community has prompted researchers, clinicians, and policymakers alike to search for new strategies for reducing and preventing violence. One strategy for responding to serious and violent offending has been to focus on a subgroup of high-risk individuals who are believed to be responsible for a disproportionate amount crime and violence. This targeted approach has its origins in classic criminological observations that a small subgroup of individuals (e.g., 5-6%) are responsible for more than 50% of known crimes (Farrington et al., 1986), with more recent findings demonstrating that individuals following a life-course persistent (LCP) pathway of antisocial behaviour (ASB) are responsible for 50–70% of officially sanctioned violent crime (Hodgins, 1994; Moffitt et al., 2002; Odgers et al., 2007).
The Amygdala And Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex: Functional Contributions And Dysfunction In Psychopathy
Authors: Blair R James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychopathy is a developmental disorder (Lynam et al., 2007) marked by emotional dysfunction (reduced guilt and empathy) and antisocial behaviour (Harpur et al., 1988; Hare, 1991; Frick, 1995). The disorder is not equivalent to the psychiatric diagnoses of Conduct Disorder (CD) or Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) (DSM-IV) or Conduct Disorder and Dissocial Personality Disorder (ICD 10) (for full details on the assessment of psychopathy, see Patrick, 2006). These psychiatric diagnoses concentrate on the antisocial behaviour shown by the individual rather than any putative cause such as the emotion dysfunction seen in psychopathy. A distinctive feature of psychopathy is that it confers an increased risk of both reactive and instrumental aggression (Cornell et al., 1996; Frick et al., 2003). Reactive aggression is triggered by a frustrating or threatening event and involves unplanned, enraged attacks on the object perceived to be the source of the threat or frustration. This aggression type is often accompanied by anger and can be considered ‘hot’. Importantly, it is initiated without regard for any potential goal. This is in direct contrast with instrumental aggression, which is purposeful and goal directed (e.g., to obtain the victim’s possessions). Furthermore, instrumental aggression need not be accompanied by an emotional state, such as anger, and can be considered ‘cold’. Many emotional disorders (e.g., childhood bipolar disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) confer an increased risk of reactive aggression (Blair et al., 2005). However, psychopathy is the only psychiatric condition to also confer an increased risk of instrumental aggression.
Executive Functions Of Persistent Violent Offenders: A Critical Review Of The Literature
Authors: Brito Stéphane A De , Hodgins Sheilagh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction
A large body of research from diverse fields suggests that impaired neuropsychological functioning may play an important role in the aetiology of aggression and violent behaviour (Giancola, 1995; Bergvall et al., 2001; Brower & Price, 2001; Séguin et al., 2007). Most research has focused on the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the so-called executive functions (Morgan & Lilienfeld, 2000; Séguin & Zelazo, 2005). Executive functions are ‘a collection of varying abilities that involve regulatory control over thought and behaviour in the service of goal-directed or intentional action, problem solving, and flexible shifting of actions to meet task demands’ (Lesaca, 2001; p. 1). Understanding the contribution of executive functioning to violent behaviour may prove to have important implications for rehabilitation programmes.
Why Are Programmes For Offenders With Personality Disorder Not Informed By The Relevant Scientific Findings?
Authors: Duggan Conor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of my most striking memories from this meeting was the discontinuity between the sophistication of many of the scientific papers-especially those from a developmental perspective-and the failure to translate these findings into clinical practice. This was best illustrated by one of the speakers when, after a very erudite exposition on the developmental origins of psychopathy, seemed at a loss to explain how his findings might inform the management of a difficult, out of control, teenager when questioned by a clinician.
Reading the artifacts: gleaning language skills from the Middle Stone Age in southern Africa
Authors: Stuart Henshilwood Christopher , Benoit Dubreuil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Finding archeological evidence that hints at when people first used language, in the ‘‘modern’’ sense, has long fascinated archeologists. Most archeologists are not linguistic specialists, but speculating on the origins of language, or at least commenting on the topic, seems an innate component of many archeological publications, especially those relating to the origins of the behavior of our own species, Homo sapiens (e.g. Noble and Davidson 1996; Deacon and Wurz 1996; Ambrose 2001; Deacon 2001; Barham 2001; Wadley 2001; Henshilwood et al. 2002; Mellars 2006). The terminology used by archeologists to describe ‘‘modern’’ language varies and includes ‘‘syntactic’’ language (Barham 2002a), ‘‘symbolic’’ language (Wurz 2000), ‘‘modern, complex’’ language (Mellars 2006), and ‘‘phonemic’’ language (Klein and Edgar 2002). Broadly speaking, these terms are understood to mean the ideas or emotions that were communicated by means of symbolic elements, for example vocally, by gesture, or by marks, and that these elements can be recombined according to systematic, conventionalized criteria to create meaning. Members of society interact with one another in terms of their total culture through language,
Fossil cues to the evolution of speech
Authors: Fitch W Tecumseh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speech (complex, articulated vocalization) is the default linguistic signaling mode for all human cultures, except for small populations (e.g. the deaf) for whom the audiomotor modality is unavailable. However, signed languages of the deaf are full, complex, grammatical languages, independent of, but equivalent in all important respects to, spoken languages (Stokoe 1960; Klima and Bellugi 1979), demonstrating that speech is not the only signaling system adequate to convey language. Therefore, a crucial distinction in language evolution is that which exists between speech (a signaling system) and language (a system for expressing thoughts, which can incorporate any one of several signaling systems). Additionally, speech can be decoupled from meaning, in certain circumstances, and be treated as a signal, pure and simple (other examples of complex articulated vocalization include infant babbling or jazz scat singing). And of course, additional and more ancient non-linguistic (non-propositional) communication via facial expression and ‘‘body language’’ is also found in all human populations. Nonetheless, speech remains the default linguistic signaling system for all unimpaired human cultures, and there is no evidence that this has ever been otherwise, until the advent of writing. Thus, the vast majority of linguistic constructions were conveyed via a speech signal during human evolution. Language evolution may well have been influenced or constrained by its reliance on the auditory/vocal modality.
Evidence against a genetic-based revolution in language 50,000 years ago
Authors: Diller Karl C , Cann Rebecca L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Africa was more than just the ‘‘cradle’’ of language, a place of nurture for language and for the anatomically modern humans who have had full capacity for language for more than 200,000 years. From an evolutionary viewpoint we would think of Africa also as something of a ‘‘womb’’ for language, nurturing the embryonic beginnings of language as it emerged in archaic species of Homo, and fostering the gradual co-evolution of language and the complex brain structures necessary for speech and fully modern language. Form and function usually evolve together. We would expect the beginnings of speech and language to undergo positive natural selection. Brain structures which improved speech and language would thereby be selected for. Control of the vocal apparatus is highly complex, involving tongue, lips, vocal cords, breathing, etc.; gaining the neural ability to exercise conscious control of all this was not likely the result of a single mutation. But many people speculate or argue that there was a revolution in language, one important genetic mutation for language, about 50,000 years ago, that brought about a revolution in culture and allowed modern humans to leave Africa for Europe and the rest of the world.
Social origins: sharing, exchange, kinship
Authors: Barnard Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers three social aspects of the emergence of language: sharing, exchange, and kinship. I shall argue that the earliest full language coincided with the development of other forms of communication, including human kinship—with sharing practices and rules, marital alliance, kin classification, and ultimately kin category extension to the limits of social systems. Virtually all human hunter-gatherer societies retain completely universal systems of kin category extension (where in relation to any given individual, everyone is classified as some kind of “kin”), and the classification of kin among contemporary hunter-gatherers can provide clues to early human social structures. In both language and society, dispositions became rules. Social systems, like languages, evolved into extremely complex yet enabling structures.
Sexual selection models for the emergence of symbolic communication: why they should be reversed
Authors: Power Camilla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a model for the emergence of symbolic culture, focusing on costly performance in symbolism—ritual, body art, ornament, dance—rather than less costly aspects such as language. Following Knight (1998, 1999) and concurring with Watts (this volume), I argue that ritual and language necessarily co-evolved. Evidence for the presence of one can be regarded as evidence for the presence of the other. The argument in a nutshell is that language cannot evolve without cooperation between strangers; the only medium for securing such cooperation within and between groups is costly ritual (cf. Durkheim 1947 [1915]; Knight et al. 1995; Irons 2001; Sosis 2003).
Introduction
Authors: Crubellier Michel , Laks André 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is like looking into the cabin of a locomotive. We see handles all looking more or less alike. (Naturally, since they are all supposed to be handled.) But one is the handle of a crank which can be moved continuously (it regulates the opening of a valve); another is the handle of a switch, which has only two effective positions, it is either off or on.
Aporiai 1–2
Authors: Crubellier Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
B1, 995b4–6: The first problem concerns the subject which we discussed in our prefatory remarks. It is this—whether the investigation of causes belongs to one or to more sciences. B2, 996a18–20: First then with regard to what we mentioned first, does it belong to one or to more sciences to investigate all the kinds of causes? K1, 1059a18–21: That wisdom is a science of first principles is evident from the introductory chapters, in which we have raised objections to the statements of others about the first principles; but one might ask the question whether wisdom is to be conceived as one science or as several.
Aporiai 3–5
Authors: De Haas Frans A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our editions aporiai 3—5 complete the second chapter of Book B of Aristotle’s Metaphysics, which contains a more elaborate discussion of the first five aporiai that were briefly introduced in B 1, 995b 4—27. This was probably the reason why the organizers of the Symposium decided to have these aporiai discussed together. Unlike the ancient editor, however, commentators have tended to set aporiai 1—4 apart as dealing with the tension between the universal scope of first philosophy on the one hand, and the Aristotelian requirement of the unity of the subject matter of a science on the other. These commentators consider the remaining aporiai, starting with 5, to deal with ‘more substantive metaphysical issues’.
Aporiai 6–7
Authors: Berti Enrico 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aporiai 6 and 7 of Metaph. B open the series dedicated to the discussion of the nature of principles (arkhai). This discussion continues until the end of the book and reference is made to it in chapter 6 with the statement: ‘These are the questions that it is necessary to raise about the principles’ (1003a5–6).1 The principles have been indicated in book Alpha—to which Beta is closely connected2—as the object of ‘the science we are searching for’, namely wisdom (sophia) or first philosophy. At times they have been identified with the ‘first causes’ (which are, as we know, of four types) and occasionally with the ‘elements’ (stoikheia). This latter term—always in Metaph. A —designates the material elements admitted by Empedocles (earth, water, air, and fire) or those proposed by Leucippus and Democritus (the full and the empty) or the elements of numbers acknowledged by the Pythagoreans (the odd and the even), as well as the elements of the Ideas and of the ideal numbers acknowledged by Plato (the One, the great and the small).
Ultrasound Guidance for Nerve Blocks: Principles and Practical Implementation
Authors: Marhofer Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ultrasonographic guidance for regional anaesthetic blocks is an innovative technique that allows for the direct visualization of nerves, adjacent structures and the position of the needle, as well as for the precise observation of the spread of local anaesthetic. The advantages of the technique allow for the exact administration of moderate volumes of local anaesthetic and for the avoidance of complications. Ultrasound guidance potentially represents a significant step forward in the field of regional anaesthesia, and is certain to become the "gold standard" technique for the administration of regional blocks in future. Written by Professor Peter Marhofer and other members of the Austrian Regional Anaesthesia Group, who have been instrumental in pioneering ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia techniques and introducing them into clinical practice over the past 15 years, this handbook summarizes the basics of ultrasound technology and provides an overview of the most recent techniques in blocking peripheral nerve structures. The book will focus on the use of ultrasonography for adult peripheral regional anaesthesia in daily clinical practice and will become required reading for anaesthesiologists and pain specialists with an interest in regional anaesthesia.
An Infinity of Things
Authors: Larson Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An Infinity of Things tells the story of one of the largest private collections ever created, and the life of the man behind it. Welcome planned a great museum filled with treasures from all corners of the globe, charting the history of human health from prehistory to the present day. The breadth of his vision was matched only by the depth of his pockets. During the opening decades of the twentieth century he acquired a collection so large that later generations of staff took to describing its contents by the ton. But Welcome's museum was never finished, and his collection was still stored in vast warehouses when he died, unseen and incomplete. Today, after decades of work by his successors, artefacts from the collection can be seen in museums and libraries throughout the world. Demonstrating what can happen when a collector's aspirations are left unconstrained by wealth, Frances Larson explores Welcome's life through his possessions, revealing the many tensions in his character: between his talents as a businessman and his desire for scholarly recognition; his curiosity and his perfectionism; and his philanthropic aspirations and his drive for personal glory.
A very full and complete volume
Authors: Larson Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Burroughs Wellcome had steadily expanded their range of products. During the 1890s their price lists filled more than thirty pages. Clients could choose from a variety of photographic chemicals, cosmetic creams and soaps, sweeteners and compressed tea, as well as bandages and gauzes, medical preparations like chloroform and ether, hypodermic needles, sanitary towels, menthol snuff, and an extensive series of remedial solutions, tablets, and powders. Silas Burroughs and Henry Wellcome had created strong brands, most notably their ‘Soloid’ and ‘Tabloid’ ranges, which they defended fiercely. The firm now manufactured its own products at a large factory site at Dartford in Kent, which housed patented machines capable of producing 600 tablets a minute. Lucrative government contracts for supplying medicines and equipment to the armed services and some colonial offices guaranteed profits, and, ever innovative, Wellcome and Burroughs had established a tradition of experimental work for the development of new drugs. By 1893, they could boast a laboratory for product testing that ‘would do credit to a university’. But success had come at a price. Their personal relationship was in tatters.
An historical Exhibition of rare and curious objects
Authors: Larson Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1903, Wellcome and his closest colleagues discussed an idea that was to change the course of his collection forever. It was the idea of an exhibition. Wellcome was fifty years old, and Burroughs Wellcome and Company was established as a leading pharmaceuticals firm with the profits to match. He was increasingly freed from the daily decision-making that the business had demanded of him in the early years. He spent more time travelling with his wife. His thoughts had already turned towards more altruistic projects, like researching history books and supporting charitable ventures abroad, and a lifetime of collecting meant that he now possessed many hundreds of rare manuscripts and artefacts, which were scattered throughout his home and decorated the hallways of his business premises. He owned so many things that a considerable number of his prized pieces were already confined to storage. An exhibition would allow him to bring these dislocated treasures together for the first time, and display them to a wider audience.
When the whole is complete, it will be an exact facsimile of the original
Authors: Larson Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the Hope heirlooms were offered for sale by Christie’s in 1917, The Times reported that ‘No such sale has been held in this country for several generations, and it is not likely that another collection of equal importance will be offered to the public in the time of anyone living.’ The Hope collection, first assembled by Thomas Hope at the turn of the nineteenth century and now to be sold by his descendant, Lord Francis Hope, the 8th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyme, was one of the best known private collections of antiquities in the country. It was particularly admired for its exquisite Greek statues and vases; never before had so many ancient sculptures been offered in a single sale. Thompson and Wellcome were interested in two of the Hope statues. Both were more than six feet high and depicted Greek gods of medicine and healing: one was a statue of Hygeia with a snake coiled round her left shoulder, described as ‘surpassing merit’, which had been found at Ostia in 1797; the other, a figure of Aesculapius, with a serpent twined round his staff, had been found in Hadrian’s villa at Tivoli. The statues were exceptional and bound to raise enormous prices. Realizing this, Wellcome gave Thompson permission to bid up to £700 for each.
We need very complete collections of all their fabrications
Authors: Larson Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite his difficulties, Malcolm’s efforts to associate the Historical Medical Museum with the ‘practical side of anthropology’ did bring some successes. During his tenure, Wellcome began to support anthropologists working in the field. Wellcome offered them money to fund their travels, and they, in return, gave him objects they collected during the course of their research. Sponsoring anthropologists had two potential rewards: it would bring Wellcome recognition as a patron of cutting-edge research, and it would satisfy his desire for new acquisitions.