bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boys in Khaki, Girls in Print
Authors: Potter Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modernist texts and writings of protest have until now received most of the critical attention of literary scholars of the First World War. Popular literature with its penchant for predictable storylines, melodramatic prose, and patriotic rhetoric has been much-maligned or at the very least ignored. Boys in Khaki, Girls in Print: Women's Literary Responses to the Great War redresses the balance. It turns the spotlight on the novels and memoirs of women writers - many of whom are now virtually forgotten - that appealed to a British reading public hungry for amusement, news, and above all, encouragement in the face of uncertainty and grief. The writers of 1914-18 had powerful models for interpreting their war, as a consideration of texts from the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902 shows. They were also bolstered by wartime publishing practices that reinforced the sense that their books, whether fiction or non-fiction, were not simply 'light' entertainment but a powerful agents of propaganda. Generously illustrated, Boys in Khaki, Girls in Print is a scholarly yet accessible illumination of a hitherto untapped resource of women's writing and is an important new contribution to the study of the literature of the Great War.
Studying Bilinguals
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even though more than half the world's population is bilingual, the study of bilinguals has lagged behind that of monolinguals. With this book, which draws on twenty-five years of the author's research, François Grosjean contributes significantly to redressing the balance. The volume covers four areas of research: the definition and characterization of the bilingual person, the perception and production of spoken language by bilinguals, the sign-oral bilingualism of the Deaf, and methodological and conceptual issues in research on bilingualism. While the author takes a largely psycholinguistic approach, his acute linguistic and sociolinguistic awareness is evident throughout and especially so in his reflections on what it means to be bilingual and bicultural. The book also defends increased co-operation among researchers in connecting fields such as the language sciences and the neurosciences.
The Bicultural Person: A Short Introduction∗
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even though one sees the term “bicultural” almost as often as the word “bilingual”—in the title of educational programs, in state or federal laws, on the cover of books, etc.—one knows much less about biculturalism than about bilingualism. And yet many people are bicultural, although they are probably not as numerous as bilinguals, and many of the “advantages” or “disadvantages” of bilingualism are often linked to biculturalism and not to bilingualism.
A Nation of Provincials
Authors: Hanssen Jens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The successful Beiruti struggle to persuade the Ottoman government to make Beirut a provincial capital fundamentally altered the urban hierarchy and territorial imagination in Bilad al-Sham in Beirut’s favour. During the years of the province’s existence, Beirut’s scale of social organization expanded in terms of geographic, demographic, and administrative size. The relation between city, state, and society became more complex and diversified but also more formalized and standardized. The clue to understanding these changes is not to jump automatically to inquiries into nationalism or nation-states-in-the-making-essential though the context and effect of the late Ottoman organizational expansion for such analytical concepts are. Rather they need to be historicized in the context of internal politico-administrative units in which cities and inhabitants operated.
Provincial Classrooms: Intellectuals, Missionaries, and the State
Authors: Hanssen Jens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the second half of the nineteenth century, Beirut’s extramural quarter of Zuqaq al-Blat became home to intellectuals, converts, mavericks, exiles, and reformers-as well as the place where thousands of children went to school.2 As in no other quarter in Beirut, and arguably in any Ottoman provincial capital, urban development was linked to its mushrooming educational institutions.3 This chapter examines the schools, teachers, and literary societies that interacted to produce a vibrant intellectual atmosphere in fin de sieclè Beirut not because of but aside from the presence of the much-studied missionary schools. Whether local or foreign, Muslim or Christian, the cultural activists of the late Ottoman period shared a sense of optimism that hard work and education would bring salvation from the traumas of the recent past. There were, however, differences in cultural diagnosis and remedy. This chapter traces some of the major educational projects and debates in Beirut. In particular, questions of civilization and public morality affected urban discourses of modernity that the next and final part will examine.
Public Morality and Social Marginality
Authors: Hanssen Jens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This final part of the book examines physical places and mental spaces of the city: on the one hand the central places of commerce, literature, and bourgeois sociability such as theatres, coffeehouses, cabarets, early cinemas, and public squares, and on the other the marginal places of perceived lower class vice and bourgeois fear. A host of texts-newspaper editorials and medical publications, diaries and consular reports-invested all these spaces real-and-imagined with meaning. In the process, I argue, an elite discourse of morality and deviance emerged in post-1860 Beirut which attempted a geographical alignment of evolving class and gender notions. In other words, social activities were labelled as deviant precisely because they occurred in central places that were envisaged to represent more enlightened urban images for Beirut. Alcohol consumption, gambling, prostitution, or lewd shadow plays were dangerous nocturnal activities that took place too close for comfort to respectable citizens.
Actors and Zombies
Authors: Stoljar Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of contemporary philosophy of mind is dominated by the intersection of three topics: physicalism, the conceivability argument, and the necessary a posteriori. I will be concerned here (i) to describe (what I take to be) the consensus view of how these topics intersect; (ii) to explain why I think this account is mistaken; and (iii) to briefly sketch an alternative.
Idiolects
Authors: Heck Richard G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Students of language should presumably study language, but there is room for disagreement about how the ordinary notion of a language should be refined for the not so ordinary purposes of scientific or philosophical inquiry. One central question is to what extent, or in what ways, the appropriate object of study is socially or communally constituted. And one answer, of course, is that it isn’t. On this view, the primary objects of study are idiolects. An idiolect, in this sense, belongs to a single individual, in the sense that one’s idiolect reflects one’s own linguistic capabilities and, in that sense, is fully determined by facts about oneself. An alternative is to hold that the primary objects of study should be common languages, so called because they are the common property of a community of individuals.
Rhetoric and Action
Authors: Davies Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen, again and again, how much the form and language of the record conditions our interpretation of northern Spain in the tenth century. This is precisely what we would expect as historians, although the particularities of some of the recording practice have sometimes had a quite disproportionate impact upon the historiography: the favourite phrase of this or that monastic house (like trado corpus et animam or incommuniation) have taken on a life as distinctive institutions;1 the words have seemed to indicate distinctive practice, when they have simply been a mode of reference.
From Nizhni-Novgorod to Moabit: The Genesis and Première of Die Mutter, 1931– 2
Authors: Bradley Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The genesis and première of Die Mutterprovide significant insights into Brecht’s authorial and theatrical practice in the Weimar Republic, engagement with Communist ideas, and responses to contemporary events. He and his co-workers addressed topical, far left-wing debates, using dramatic, musical and aesthetic techniques that were strongly influenced both by more widely practised recent experiments and by his own ideas on epic theatre. In turn, the production and its reception helped Brecht to develop and articulate his aesthetic theories still further. In political and aesthetic terms, Die Mutteris more complex than Brecht’s presentation of it in 1932 suggests. Although he conceived the play as a contribution to the political struggle of the German Communist Party (KPD), certain aspects contravened the Party line and offended Communist commentators. These differences indicate the limits of Brecht’s political grasp in 1932 and explain the Party’s ambivalence towards him. In the programme, meanwhile, his polemical claims for epic theatre obscured the substantial interplay between the epic and the dramatic techniques in the text and its staging. In addition to exploring the political and aesthetic complexities of Die Mutter, my contextual analysis of the première provides a central point of comparison with Brecht’s postwar practice at the BE and productions in other historical and cultural contexts.
Model or Museum Exhibit? Die Mutter at the Berliner Ensemble, 1951– 71
Authors: Bradley Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1951 production of Die Mutterreveals Brecht’s willingness to re-invent his work in the early GDR, even at the cost of sacrificing some of his principles. He made significant textual and aesthetic changes in order to transform his agitational play into a deceptively innocuous piece of family history. In the short term, these strategic concessions, both to official cultural policy and to the audience, helped Brecht to propagate his anti-war argument successfully. In the longer term, however, they had major consequences for the East German reception of Die Mutter. This was because Brecht encouraged subsequent directors to study and copy the 1951 production, even though he had tailored it to a unique and delicate situation. In 1951, Brecht was strongly committed to the overall political goals of the Socialist project but was under pressure to conform to the cultural policy of the SED (Socialist Unity Party). During his years in exile, the conservatives had gained the ascendancy in the long-running debate on left-wing aesthetics, and after the War the new East German authorities had endorsed Socialist Realism as the orthodox aesthetic. Art was required to adhere to nineteenth-century standards of realism and to project a positive view of society’s progress towards Socialism.
The Politics of Performance: Die Mutter in West and East Berlin, 1970 and 1974
Authors: Bradley Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1970s, Die Mutterwas staged by two of the divided Germany’s most prominent theatres: the Schaubühne am Halleschen Ufer in West Berlin (1970) and the BE in East Berlin (1974). These productions differed profoundly in almost every respect: their textual interpretations, their aesthetic approaches, and the responses of the audience and critics. These differences were rooted in the divergent politico-cultural contexts and the contrasting priorities of the principal directors, Peter Stein and Ruth Berghaus, who selectively developed Brecht’s methods in accordance with their own distinctive political and artistic programmes. These two productions stand out because of the talent of Stein and Berghaus, their innovative interpretations of Die Mutter, and their theatrical approaches. This was the first time that theatres in both German states had entered into a productive new dialogue with the text: previous GDR stagings had simply copied Brecht’s model, while the FRG had boycotted the play entirely until it was staged by the Westfälisches Landestheater in Castrop-Rauxel (1969). Even though Stein and Berghaus still envisaged a relatively broad audience, they adopted the risky strategy of moving ahead of their spectators’ expectations: Stein politically, Berghaus aesthetically. Their approach thus raises the question of how far, without the kinds of concessions that Brecht had made in 1951, Die Muttercould appeal to a wide audience. Furthermore, since the productions occurred at pivotal points in each company’s history, they also illuminate their institutional development.
Spiking the Field-Artillery
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Deflationism about truth centres upon the idea that, in some sense, there is no more (or less) to the claim that A is true than there is to A itself. (Angle brackets indicate some appropriate name-forming device here.) Clearly, it is diffcult to hear this view in a way that does not endorse Tarski’s T-schema in full generality. But if one does this, then, in the natural course of events, contradiction arises in the form of the Liar and similar paradoxes.
Nelson’s Surgeon
Authors: Brockliss Laurence , Cardwell John , Moss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the lead-up to the bicentenary of Trafalgar a number of important new studies have been published about the life of Nelson and his defeat of the Combined Fleet in 1805. Despite the significant role played by the health and fitness of the British crews in securing the victory, little has been written hitherto about the naval surgeon in the era of the long war against France. This book is intended to fill the gap. Sir William Beatty (1773-1842) was surgeon of the Victory at Trafalgar. An Ulsterman from Londonderry, he had joined the navy in 1791. Before being warranted to Nelson’s flagship, Beatty had served upon ten other warships, and survived a yellow fever epidemic, court martial, and shipwreck to share in the capture of a Spanish treasure ship. After Trafalgar, he became Physician of the Channel Fleet, based at Plymouth, and eventually Physician to Greenwich Hospital, where he served until his retirement in 1838. As the book makes clear in drawing upon an extensive prosopographical database, Beatty’s career until 1805 was representative of the experience of the approximately 2,000 naval surgeons who joined the navy in the course of the war. The first part of the biography provides a detailed and scholarly introduction to the professional education, training, and work of the naval surgeon. But after 1805 Beatty became a member of the service elite, and his career becomes interesting for other reasons. In the final decades of his life, Beatty was far more than a senior naval physician. As a Fellow of the Royal Society, director of the Clerical and Medical Insurance Company, and director of the London to Greenwich Railway, he was a prominent figure in London’s business and scientific community, who used his growing wealth to build a large collection of books and manuscripts. His later life is testimony to the much wider contribution that some naval and army medical officers made to the development of the new Britain of the nineteenth century. In Beatty’s case, too, the contribution was original. By publishing in 1807 his carefully crafted Authentic Narrative of the Death of Lord Nelson, he was instrumental in forging the myth of the hero’s last hours, which has become a part of the national consciousness and has helped to define for generations the concept of Britishness.
Civilian Immunity in War: Legal Aspects
Authors: Kretzmer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The duty to distinguish between combatants and civilians is the most fundamental principle of the law of armed conflict, or international humanitarian law (IHL), as it is now generally called. Under this principle, parties to an armed conflict must distinguish between combatants and civilians, and between military and civilian targets. Combatants and military objects may be the object of an attack; civilians and civilian objects may not. Parties in an armed conflict are also duty-bound to take measures of precaution to spare the civilian population, civilians, and civilian objects.
A Catholic Novelist?
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1948 Greene published The Heart of the Matter. It was his first novel for five years, and quickly became a best-seller on both sides of the Atlantic, placing him among the leading English novelists of his generation. It was of particular interest to Catholic readers and provoked much debate among them; following Brighton Rock and The Power and the Glory, Greene came to be regarded as a prominent Catholic novelist, though it was a description he disliked and resisted, preferring to think of himself as a Catholic who happened to write novels. Evident themes relate The Heart of the Matter to the two previous ‘Catholic’ novels, so much so that some critics have seen it as the conclusion of a kind of trilogy.
Manic Interludes
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Ways of Escape Greene wrote, ‘If A Burnt Out Case in 1961 represented the depressive side of a manic-depressive writer, Travels with my Aunt eight years later surely represented the manic at its height or depth.’ I would extend this comment to say that all the appearances of the Greene Man enacted the depressive side, with occasional incursions of the manic, as in the farcical episodes in The Comedians. The manic vein was already evident in some of Greene’s writings of the 1950s, such as the light-hearted novella Loser Takes All, where an English accountant on his honeymoon in Monte Carlo finds a way of winning large sums at the gaming tables. Greene wrote it as a satirical but affectionate tribute to his friend Alexander Korda. This vein was then triumphantly expressed in a comic novel, Our Man in Havana. Greene called it an ‘entertainment’; in the everyday sense of that word it is much more entertaining than The Ministry of Fear, his previous book in that subsequently abandoned category. The novel is set in Havana, in the final years of the Batista dictatorship; Greene later acknowledged that he had played down the violence and corruption of that playground for Western tourists.
Last Words
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1980s Greene published two short novels in a fabular vein, Doctor Fischer of Geneva or the Bomb Party and Monsignor Quixote, which led his fiction in new directions. After a long immersion in anomic tropical regions, we are transported in Doctor Fischer to the cold clean air, civic amenity, and Protestant austerity of Switzerland: Greeneland’s icy mountains, in short. The narrator, Alfred Jones, has a very common English surname, previously borne by one of the central trio in The Comedians. At the start of the novel he is a lonely middle-aged widower whose wife has died in childbirth, together with their baby daughter. He lives in Switzerland, using his linguistic skills in a humble job translating foreign correspondence for a manufacturer of chocolate. He lost his left hand when fighting fires in the London Blitz, and is self-conscious about this deformity. He finds unexpected happiness after a casual meeting with Anna Luise, the young daughter of the eponymous Doctor Fischer, a toothpaste tycoon; despite the difference in their ages, she and Jones fall in love and marry.
A Foundation for Egalitarianism
Authors: Christiano Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My aim in this chapter is to provide an argument for the claim that egalitarianism is the fundamental principle of distributive justice. I do not argue here that it is the only such principle but I do argue that if there are other principles of distributive justice, they must be secondary to the principle of egalitarian justice. The point of giving a fundamental argument for equality is twofold. One, it is an attempt to show that the principle of equality can be defended on the basis of relatively uncontentious premises. Hence the argument is meant to show that we have good reason to give our allegiance to the principle of equality. Two, the argument is designed to show how one of the most serious objections to equality can be defeated. I argue that the leveling down objection to the principle of equality can be defeated. This is shown by the fact that equality does not require leveling down.
Egalitarianism and the Difference Between Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Judgments
Authors: McKerlie Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Egalitarianism came into its own as a moral theory during the 1970s. The most important factor was the publication of John Rawls’s A Theory of Justice (1971), but writers like Thomas Nagel (1970, 1979), Ronald Dworkin (1977), and Thomas Scanlon (1976, 1982) also made valuable contributions. This school of writers produced worked-out egalitarian moral theories, theories that sometimes differed significantly in their content. But apart from the differences, these writers tended to share certain ideas about the source or the starting point of egalitarianism. At the deepest level, they tended to say the same things about egalitarian distributional constraints.
Desert and Equality
Authors: Arneson Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Does justice require, at least in part, that people get what they deserve? The question is whether ideals of desert play a substantial and nonderivative role in establishing the content of social justice principles. Of course, even if the correct answer to this question were negative, once one has determined the requirements of justice independently of substantive considerations of desert, one could always add that the treatment of individuals that justice demands is to be identified with the treatment that they deserve. However, on this way of proceeding, ideals of desert do no real work and could be dropped from the account without any loss.
The ‘What’ and the ‘How’ of Distributive Justice and Health
Authors: Hurley Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How does health figure into distributive justice? Is health special among the goods relevant to justice? Does it have a special status or require special treatment, or should it be factored into a general theory of distributive justice in the same way as many other goods? Are differences between people with respect to health and access to health care on a par with differences in other goods? Do the same distributive requirements apply to health and health care as to other goods? Theories of distributive justice tell us what goods justice is concerned with the distribution of, and how justice requires them to be distributed. On the ‘what’ question, we can distinguish concern with distribution of welfare (or utility) from concern with distribution of resources (such as income).