bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction of the QF‐PCR analysis for the purposes of prenatal diagnosis in Bulgaria—estimation of applicability of 6 STR markers on chromosomes 21 and 18
Authors: Andonova Silvia , Vazharova Radoslava , Dimitrova Violeta , Mazneikova Valentina , Toncheva Draga , Kremensky Ivo 
Published: March 2004

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of our study was to estimate the observed heterozygosity and informativeness of 6 STR markers on chromosomes 18 and 21 in the Bulgarian population. We have evaluated the applicability of these markers used from other investigators for QF‐PCR prenatal diagnosis of the most common autosomal aneuploidies in Bulgaria.MethodsDNA samples (n = 486) were extracted from different fetal tissues (amniotic fluid cells, chorionic villus samples, and fetal tissue after abortions). PCR amplifications of 4 STR markers located on chromosome 21 (D21S11, D21S1411, D21S1270, and D21S1440) and 2 on chromosome 18 (D18S535 and D18S51) were performed. They were analysed on an automated sequencer, and the allele dosage ratios were calculated.ResultsThe results indicate the selected markers as highly informative for our population and suitable for QF‐PCR prenatal diagnosis in Bulgaria. All samples with trisomy 21 (n = 8), trisomy 18 (n = 4) and triploidy (n = 1) were correctly detected by our analysis. Thus, no false‐negative results were observed.ConclusionQF‐PCR analysis could be an applicable alternative in prenatal and postnatal diagnosis in cases with a strong suspicion for particular autosomal aneuploidies (including chromosomes 21, 18, and 13) in small countries with limited resources like Bulgaria. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of 47,XX,der(15)t(15;16)(q13;p13.2)
Authors: Santolaya‐Forgas Joaquin , De Leon Juan , Cameron Powell Wm. , Tonk Vijay 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA case of prenatally detected partial trisomy 15 and 16 is reported. Amniocentesis was performed at 14 weeks' gestation because a 6‐mm nuchal translucency was detected on a dating ultrasound evaluation. Karyotype from amniocytes was suspect of an aberration concerning a marker chromosome. FISH analysis demonstrated that this marker chromosome was a der(15). A maternal chromosomal rearrangement t(15;16)(q13;p13.2) was confirmed. At birth, the proband was severely hydropic and had dysmorphic features, which included hypertelorism, micrognathia, incomplete separation of the maxilla and mandible, hyperflexed hands with overlapping fingers, hyposegmented right lung, and a single umbilical artery. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Culture of endothelial cells isolated from maternal blood using anti‐CD105 and CD133
Authors: Elicha Gussin Hélène A. , Sharma Arun K. , Elias Sherman 
Published: March 2004

AbstractObjectivesWe hypothesized that fetal cells in maternal blood that do not respond to hematopoietic culture conditions represent endothelial cells. We investigated whether endothelial progenitor cells of fetal origin may be selected from maternal blood on the basis of their expression of CD133 or CD105 and expanded in culture.MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells from 16 pregnant women (gestational age: 11 to 24 weeks) were labeled with magnetic beads coupled to anti‐CD133 or anti‐CD105. Selection of labeled cells was performed using MACS. Resulting CD133+, CD105+, and CD133−/CD105− cell fractions were placed in culture in conditions favoring endothelial cells for 7 days (positive fractions) to 30 days (depleted fractions). Cells from women carrying male fetuses were analyzed by conventional PCR (SRY primers) for detection of male cells.ResultsExpansion of cells isolated from all subjects occurred in each of the cell fractions. No PCR products consistent with the presence of male cells were detected in women carrying male fetuses.ConclusionCD133+ and CD105+ cells isolated from maternal blood can be expanded in vitro under endothelial conditions. These cells appear to be of maternal, rather than fetal, origin. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of erucamide and silica loadings on COF behavior of POP multilayer films in repetitive testing
Authors: Janorkar Amol V. , Hirt Douglas E. , Wooster Jeffrey J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractErucamide is incorporated into polymer films to reduce their coefficient of friction (COF). Such COF reduction is important in packaging lines where the performance of the film in contact with rollers can be governed by the frictional characteristics of the film. This research explores the COF behavior of multilayer films with either polyolefin plastomer (POP) or linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) as the skin layer. Film‐on‐metal COF testing was performed repetitively with the same piece of film to investigate the extent of COF change with the number of runs for cast and blown films. Results showed that the COF of the film increased with the number of runs and plateaued at a higher steady state value. Complementary analysis conducted with atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that initially erucamide was removed from the film surface exposing the bare polymer film to the metal plate, but as more runs were performed the erucamide crystals were smeared over the film surface re‐covering the previously exposed film surface. Several combinations of slip and antiblock (AB) loadings were used to study their effects on the steady state COF obtained from repetitive testing on blown films. Results showed that the steady state COF decreased with the addition of both slip and AB, except for the lowest chosen loadings of 1250 ppm slip and 3000 ppm AB.
School psychologist assessment practices in the evaluation of students referred for social/behavioral/emotional problems
Authors: Shapiro Edward S. , Heick Patrick F. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe current study examined the assessment strategies school psychologists used in their everyday assessment routine in the evaluation of students referred for social/behavioral/emotional problems. A stratified, random, national sample of 1,000 members of the National Association of School Psychologists were sent surveys; 667 completed surveys were returned, and 648 were included in the current study (64.8%). Findings indicated that, although measures of intelligence, achievement, and perceptual‐motor skills continue to remain a part of the assessment process, structured interviews, direct observation, and behavior rating scales and checklists also are frequently used methods of assessment. In addition, the majority of experienced practitioners indicated that their use of behavioral assessment had increased and that it was valuable in linking assessment to intervention. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 551–561, 2004.
Including fathers in school psychology literature: A review of four school psychology journals
Authors: Greif Jennifer L. , Greif Geoffrey L. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIt is well documented that fathers have a significant influence on their children's success in school. To examine the ways in which fathers have been represented in school psychology literature, the authors searched over 1,000 recent articles published in four leading U.S. school psychology journals (Psychology in the Schools, School Psychology Review, School Psychology Quarterly, and the Journal of School Psychology) for content on fathers. Fathers were included substantially in nine articles and were the primary focus of only one other article. Reasons for the lack of information on fathers and suggestions for increasing the focus on fathers in school psychology literature are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 575–580, 2004.
Polymerization of substituted phenylacetylenes with a novel, water‐soluble Rh–vinyl complex in water
Authors: Kanki Keiji , Nakazato Atsushi , Nomura Ryoji , Sanda Fumio , Masuda Toshio 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA novel, water‐soluble Rh complex, (nbd)Rh[PPh2(m‐NaOSO2C6H4)] [C(Ph)CPh2] (1) was synthesized by the reaction of [(nbd)RhCl]2, Ph2P(m‐NaOSO2C6H4) and Ph2CC(Ph)Li, whose structure was determined by NMR and IR spectroscopies. The Rh catalyst 1 induced the polymerization of phenylacetylene (PA) in water to give two kinds of polymers; one was soluble in organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) and CHCl3, and the other was insoluble in common organic solvents. The polymerization of sodium p‐ethynylbenzoate (p‐NaOCO‐PA) homogeneously proceeded with 1 in water at 60 °C to give the polymer in high yield. Poly(p‐NaOCO‐PA) was treated with 1 N HCl and then reacted with (CH3)3SiCHN2 to obtain poly(p‐MeOCO‐PA). The methyl‐esterified polymer was insoluble in THF and CHCl3, which suggests that the formed poly(p‐MeOCO‐PA) has cis–cisoidal structure. The polymer obtained from the polymerization of [p‐CH3(OCH2CH2)2O2CC6H4]CCH with 1 in water was soluble in methanol, ethanol, and THF, and partly soluble in water. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2100–2105, 2004
Synthesis of a water‐soluble diblock copolymer of polysulfonic diphenyl aniline and poly(ethylene oxide)
Authors: Hua Fengjun , Ruckenstein Eli 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe report the synthesis of a water‐soluble diblock copolymer composed of polysulfonic diphenyl aniline (PSDA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), which was prepared by reacting an amine‐terminated PSDA and tosylate PEO (PEO‐Tos). First, a HCl‐mediated polymerization of sulfonic diphenyl aniline monomer with the formation of HCl‐doped PSDA was carried out. After its neutralization and reduction, a secondary amine‐functionalized PSDA was obtained. Second, PEO‐Tos was synthesized via the tosylation of the monohydroxyl PEO methyl ether with tosylol chloride. Diblock copolymers with various PEO segment lengths (PSDA‐b‐PEO‐350 and PSDA‐b‐PEO‐2000) were obtained with PEO‐350 [number‐average molecular weight (Mn) = 350] and PEO‐2000 (Mn = 2000). The prepolymers and diblock copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, NMR, mass spectrometry, and ultraviolet–visible light. They had relatively low conductivities, ranging from 10−6 to 10−3 S/cm, because of the withdrawing effect of the sulfonic group as well as the steric effects of the bulky aromatic substitutuents at the N sites of the polyaniline backbone and of the PEO block. These polymers were self‐doped, and an intermolecular self‐doping was suggested. The external doping was, however, more effective. The self‐doping induced aggregation in water among the PSDA backbones, which was also stimulated by the presence of hydrophilic PEO blocks. Furthermore, the electrical conductivities of the diblock copolymers were strongly temperature‐dependent. PSDA‐b‐PEO‐2000 exhibited about one order of magnitude increase in conductivity upon heating from 32 to 57 °C. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2179–2191, 2004
Luminescent poly(phenylene vinylene) derivatives with m‐terphenyl or 2,6‐diphenylpyridine kinked segments along the main chain: Synthesis, characterization, and stimulated emission
Authors: Karastatiris Panayiotis , Mikroyannidis John A. , Spiliopoulos Ioakim K. , Fakis Mihalis , Persephonis Peter 
Published: March 2004

AbstractTwo new poly(phenylene vinylene)s containing m‐terphenyl or 2,6‐diphenylpyridine kinked units along the main chain were synthesized and were used as luminescent and laser materials. They were prepared from Heck coupling of 2,5‐didodecyloxy‐1,4‐divinylbenzene with 4,4″‐dibromo‐3′‐phenyl‐m‐terphenyl or 2,6‐di(4‐bromophenyl)‐4‐phenylpyridine. The kinked units along the main chain caused a partial interruption of the conjugation leading to emission at a shorter wavelength as compared with poly(p‐phenylene vinylene). The polymers presented blue‐green emission in solution and green‐yellow emission in the solid state with photoluminescence maxima at 465–497 and 546–550 nm, respectively. Polymer containing 2,6‐diphenylpyridine segments emitted at a longer wavelength than that containing m‐terphenyl and displayed higher quantum yields in solution (0.61 and 0.40, respectively). The influence of the solvent and polymer concentration on the photoluminescence characteristics was investigated. The photoluminescence properties of protonated polymer containing 2,6‐diphenylpyridine segments were investigated both in solution and in film. Amplified spontaneous emission and tunable laser action were also obtained from the two polymers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2214–2224, 2004
Load and depth sensing indentation as a tool to monitor a gradient in the mechanical properties across a polymer coating: A study of physical and chemical aging effects
Authors: Boersma A. , Soloukhin V. A. , Brokken‐Zijp J. C. M. , de With G. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractLoad and depth sensing indentation has been used to characterize the elastic modulus and hardness of various polycarbonate films. This analytical technique is shown to be extremely suitable for the determination of gradients in these mechanical properties. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that such a gradient exists over a length of micrometers in chemically aged polycarbonate, but it is virtually absent in physically aged polycarbonate. From these results, it is concluded that, although the first 100 nm cannot be probed, physical aging occurs homogeneously throughout the bulk of the sample. However, chemical aging starts at the surface and moves progressively into the bulk of the material. From the study of these films, it appears that for the interpretation of these measurements, knowledge about the amount of creep occurring during the measurements and about the mechanical properties of the substrate on which these films are applied is needed. Creep can be measured with the same indenter through the application of a constant load for a period of time. Load and depth sensing indentation appears to be a powerful method for studying the physical and chemical aging of polymers. It is especially valuable for coatings and films for which conventional tensile testing is problematic. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 1628–1639, 2004
Mutual influence of the morphology and capillary rheological properties in nylon/glass‐fiber/liquid‐crystalline‐polymer blends
Authors: Zheng Xuejing , Zhang Jun , He Jiasong 
Published: March 2004

AbstractNylon‐6/glass‐fiber (GF)/liquid‐crystalline‐polymer (LCP) ternary blends with different viscosity ratios were prepared with three kinds of nylon‐6 with different viscosities as matrices. The rheological behaviors of these blends were characterized with capillary rheometry. The morphology was observed with scanning electron microscopy and polarizing optical microscopy. This study showed that although LCP did not fibrillate in binary nylon‐6/LCP blends, LCP fibrillated to a large aspect ratio in some ternary blends after GF was added. The addition of 5 wt % LCP significantly reduced the melt viscosity of nylon‐6/GF blends to such an extent that some nylon‐6/GF/LCP blends had quite low viscosities, not only lower than those of neat resins and nylon‐6/GF blends but also lower than those of corresponding nylon‐6/LCP blends. The mutual influence of the morphology and rheological properties was examined. The great reduction of the melt viscosity was considered the result of LCP fibrillation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 1619–1627, 2004
On what terms and why the thermodynamic properties of polymer solutions depend on chain length up to the melt
Authors: Schneider A. , Schuld N. , Bercea M. , Wolf B. A. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractTheoretical considerations based on chain connectivity and conformational variability of polymers have led to an uncomplicated relation for the dependence of the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter (χ) on the volume fraction of the polymer (ϕ) and on its number of segments (N). The validity of this expression was tested extensively with vapor‐pressure measurements and inverse gas chromatography (complemented by osmotic and light scattering data from the literature) for solutions of poly(dimethylsiloxane) in thermodynamically vastly different solvents such as n‐octane (n‐C8), toluene (TL), and methylethylketone (MEK) over the entire range of composition for at least six different molecular masses of the polymer. The new approach is capable of modeling the measured χ (ϕ, N), regardless of the thermodynamic quality of the solvent, in contrast to traditional expressions, which are often restricted to good solvents but fail for bad mixtures and vice versa. At constant polymer concentration, the χ values were lowest for n‐C8 (best solvent) and highest for MEK (Θ solvent); the data for TL fell between them. The influences of N depended strongly on the thermodynamic quality of the solvent and were not restricted to dilute solutions. For good solvents, χ increased with rising N. The effect was most pronounced for n‐C8, where the different curves for χ (ϕ) fanned out considerably. The influences of N were less distinct for TL, and for MEK they vanished at the (endothermal) θ temperature. For worse than θ conditions, the χ values of the long chains were less than that of the short ones. This change in the sign of N agreed with this concept of conformational relaxation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 1601–1609, 2004
Electrochemical, spectroscopic, and thermal studies on interactions of linear poly(acrylic acid) with uranyl ions in aqueous solutions
Authors: Dubolazov Artem V. , Güven Olgun , Pekel Nursel , Azhgozhinova Galiya S. , Mun Grigoriy A. , Nurkeeva Zauresh S. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe formation of complexes between linear poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and uranyl ions in aqueous solutions was studied with conductometry, potentiometry, thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared, and luminescence spectroscopy methods. The stoichiometry of the PAA/UO complex on repeating units of a PAA basis was determined to be 2:1. IR spectroscopy studies made on solid complexes showed that the carbonyl stretching absorption band of PAA was shifted to a higher wave number, and a new band at 1749 cm−1 in the polycomplex spectrum was observed, confirming the existence of specific interactions between the carboxylate groups of PAA and metal ions. Luminescence spectroscopy studies showed an increase in the intensity of the uranyl‐ion emission spectra and new band formation at 483 nm, further confirming the interaction of UO ions with PAA in aqueous solutions. The thermal behavior of PAA/UO complexes further proved strong interactions in the complex structure. The thermal degradation of the polycomplexes included the main stages of destruction of both PAA and uranyl nitrate. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 1610–1618, 2004
The use of sodium carbonate to improve curing treatments against green and blue moulds on citrus fruits
Authors: Plaza Pilar , Usall Josep , Torres Rosario , Abadias Maribel , Smilanick Joseph L , Viñas Immaculada 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe effectiveness of curing oranges and lemons at 33 °C for 65 h followed by storage under ambient and cold‐storage conditions was investigated. This treatment effectively reduced the incidence of Penicillium digitatum (Pers) Sacc and P italicum Wehmer decay on inoculated and naturally infected oranges and lemons stored at 20 °C for 7 days. However, it failed to control green and blue mould infections on fruits placed in long‐term cold storage, except green mould on oranges, which was effectively controlled. Dipping fruits in a sodium carbonate solution (20 g litre−1) for 2.5 min following a curing treatment at 33 °C for 65 h satisfactorily reduced green and blue mould incidence during subsequent long‐term storage at 4 °C on oranges and at 10 °C on lemons. The efficacy was greater on injured fruits inoculated after the combination of treatments was applied, achieving a 60–80% reduction in decay in comparison with the curing treatment alone in all cases. A significant reduction of blue mould was also observed on fruits inoculated both before the treatments and on those re‐inoculated after the treatments, demonstrating both protectant and eradicant activity. Thus, combining curing at 33 °C for 65 h with sodium carbonate treatment effectively controlled these post‐harvest diseases on artificially inoculated citrus fruits and protected against re‐infection. With naturally inoculated lemons, curing followed by sodium carbonate significantly reduced both green and blue mould incidence, but was not superior to curing alone. With naturally infected oranges, curing significantly reduced blue mould, but decay was not reduced further when followed by sodium carbonate treatment. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Selection and heritability of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp kurstaki and transgenic cotton in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Lu Mei‐guang , Rui Chang‐hui , Zhao Jian‐zhou , Jian Gui‐liang , Fan Xian‐lin , Gao Xi‐wu 
Published: March 2004

AbstractCompared with an unselected susceptible population, a cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), population selected for 22 generations with transgenic cotton leaves (modified Cry1A) in the laboratory developed 11.0‐fold resistance to Cry1Ac (one single‐protein product MVPII). Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp kurstaki (Btk) was selected for 22 generations with a 5.2‐fold increase in LC50. The estimated realized heritabilities (h2) of resistance for transgenic‐cotton‐ and Btk‐selected populations were 0.1008 and 0.2341, respectively. This reflects the higher phenotypic variation in response to Cry1Ac in the transgenic‐cotton‐selected population. This variation may have been caused by differences in protein toxin levels expressed in different growth stages of the transgenic cotton. Because of the different slopes of the probit regression lines between Cry1Ac and Btk, the estimated realized h2 cannot be used visually to compare resistance development to Cry1Ac and Btk in H armigera. Thus, the response quotient (Q) of resistance was also estimated. The Q values of resistance for transgenic‐cotton‐ and Btk‐selected populations were 0.0763 and 0.0836, respectively. This showed that the rate of resistance development would be similar in both selection populations. This result indicates that the selection of resistance using transgenic cotton is different from that selected using the single toxin. Resistance risk to transgenic cotton and Btk in field populations was assessed assuming different pressures of selection by using the estimated h2. Assuming the h2 of resistance in a field population was half of the estimated h2, and the population received prolonged and uniform exposure to transgenic cotton or Btk causing >70% mortality in each generation, we predicted that resistance would increase 10‐fold after <23 generations for Cry1Ac in transgenic cotton‐selected‐populations and after <21 generations for Btk in Btk‐selected populations. Cross‐resistance would be expected after <48 generations for Btk in transgenic‐cotton‐selected populations and after <21 generations for Cry1Ac in Btk‐selected population. The results show that the potential to evolve resistance is similar in both transgenic‐cotton‐ and Btk‐selected populations, but that cross‐resistance development to Btk is slower in transgenic‐cotton‐selected populations than cross‐resistance development to Cry1Ac in Btk‐selected populations. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry