bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mapping cyclic change of regional myocardial blood volume using steady‐state susceptibility effect of iron oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Wu Ed X. , Tang Haiying , Wong Kelvin K. , Wang Jie 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPurposeTo demonstrate an in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that maps the cyclic change of regional myocardial blood volume (MBV) during the cardiac cycle.Materials and MethodsThe method is based on the dominant T2* shortening effect of iron oxide nanoparticle‐induced magnetic susceptibility perturbation in myocardium in the steady state. The technique was demonstrated in vivo with normal mouse hearts at 9.4 T. The regional MBV maps in left ventricular myocardium were computed from the steady‐state pre‐ and post‐monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticle (MION) gradient echo (GE) cine images. Cyclic changes of MBV in normal mice were analyzed quantitatively in different transmural and angular locations.ResultsHigh‐resolution MBV maps at various cardiac points were obtained. The study showed a general regional MBV decrease from end‐diastole (ED) to end‐systole (ES). Percentage reductions were 18.2 ± 6.6%, P < 0.03 in the lateral wall and 24.7 ± 3.1%, P < 0.0002 in the interventricular septum. The heterogeneous characteristics of MBV transmural distribution were also reported.ConclusionThe steady‐state susceptibility effect of intravascular superparamagnetic contrast agent (CA) can be used to map the cyclic change of regional MBV. This imaging approach is relatively simple and may provide a new perspective for functional assessment of the microvasculature in myocardium. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:50–58. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of spiral and FLASH phase velocity mapping, with and without breath‐holding, for the assessment of left and right coronary artery blood flow velocity
Authors: Keegan Jennifer , Gatehouse Peter D. , Mohiaddin Raad H. , Yang Guang‐Zhong , Firmin David N. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPurposeTo develop high temporal resolution coronary artery spiral phase velocity mapping sequences and to compare the results obtained with those from FLASH sequences.Materials and MethodsVelocity curves were obtained in eight left and eight right coronary arteries using breath‐hold interleaved spiral (BH_SP), free‐breathing interleaved spiral (FB_SP), breath‐hold segmented FLASH (BH_FL), and free‐breathing FLASH (FB_FL) sequences. Spatial resolution, temporal resolution, and acquisition durations (cardiac cycles) were as follows—BH_SP: 0.9 mm × 0.9 mm, 30 msec, 20 cycles; FB_SP: 0.9 mm × 0.9 mm, 42 msec, 100 cycles; BH_FL: 0.9 mm × 1.8 mm, 70 msec (effective), 20 cycles; FB_FL: 0.9 mm × 1.8 mm, 30 msec, 480 cycles. Peak systolic, peak diastolic, and mean velocities were compared between sequences.ResultsFor left and right arteries, the FB_SP velocity profiles closely followed those from the FB_FL sequence. By comparison, the BH_FL sequence failed to resolve the sharp peaks in the temporal velocity profiles of the right coronary artery, significantly underestimating the peak systolic (88 mm/second vs. 252 mm/second, P < 0.001), peak diastolic (114 mm/second vs. 153 mm/second, P < 0.01), and mean (56 mm/second vs. 93 mm/second, P < 0.001) velocities. For the less mobile left artery, the peak systolic, peak diastolic, and mean velocities were also underestimated by the BH_FL sequence, although this only reached statistical significance for the systolic peak (80 mm/second vs. 135 mm/second, P < 0.01), 142 mm/second vs. 168 mm/second, (P = ns), and 87 mm/second vs. 101 mm/second, (P = ns) respectively.ConclusionWe have shown that the FB_SP sequence developed agrees well with the FB_FL sequence, while the study duration is reduced by a factor of 10 for the same spatial resolution. By comparison, the BH_FL sequence underestimates flow velocities, particularly in the more mobile right coronary artery. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:40–49. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Safety assessment of gadoversetamide (OptiMARK®) administered by power injector
Authors: Abdou Nancy , Napoli Alicia M. , Hynes Michael R. , Allen John C. , Wible James H. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the safety of OptiMARK® (gadoversetamide injection) administered via power injector.Materials and MethodsThe study population included 144 healthy volunteers aged 18 years or older randomly assigned to one of seven treatment groups (N = 20/group). The safety assessment was based on changes in physical examination, vital signs, electrocardiograms (ECGs), standard clinical laboratory tests, and adverse events (AEs) through a 24‐hour postinjection period.ResultsOptiMARK caused no serious AEs or unexpected changes in physical examinations or laboratory parameters. The changes observed in vital signs and ECG intervals did not vary with changes in injection rate and were not significantly (P < 0.05) different from those elicited by saline administration at the same rates.ConclusionThis study demonstrated the safety of OptiMARK when administered via a power injector at rates of 2, 4, and 6 mL/second. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:133–140. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
EPI‐BOLD fMRI of human motor cortex at 1.5 T and 3.0 T: Sensitivity dependence on echo time and acquisition bandwidth
Authors: Fera Francesco , Yongbi Martin N. , van Gelderen Peter , Frank Joseph A. , Mattay Venkata S. , Duyn Jeff H. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the sensitivity dependence of BOLD functional imaging on MRI acquisition parameters in motor stimulation experiments using a finger tapping paradigm.Materials and MethodsGradient‐echo echo‐planar fMRI experiments were performed at 1.5 T and 3.0 T with varying acquisition echo time and bandwidth, and with a 4 mm isotropic voxel size. To analyze the BOLD sensitivity, the relative contributions of BOLD signal amplitude and thermal and physiologic noise sources were evaluated, and statisticalt‐scores were compared in the motor area.ResultsAt 1.5 T, the number of activated pixels and the averaget‐score showed a relatively broad optimum over a TE range of 60–160 msec. At 3.0 T, an optimum range was observed between TEs of 30–130 msec. Averaged over nine subjects, maxima in the number of pixels andt‐score values were 59% and 18% higher at 3.0 T than at 1.5 T, respectively, an improvement that was lower than the observed 100% to 110% increase in signal‐to‐noise ratio at 3.0 T.ConclusionThe somewhat disappointing increase int‐scores at 3.0 T was attributed to the increased contribution of physiologic noise at the higher field strength under the given experimental conditions. At both field strengths, reducing the effective image acquisition bandwidth from 35 to 17 Hz per pixel did not affect or only marginally affect the BOLD sensitivity. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:19–26. Published 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A variational approach to boundary elements—two dimensional Helmholtz problems
Authors: Kagawa Y. , Sun Y. , Chai L. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe boundary element method is a discretized version of the boundary integral equation method. The variational formulation is presented for the boundary element approach to Helmholtz problems. The numerical calculation of the eigenvalues in association with hollow waveguides demonstrates that the variational approach provides the upper and lower bounds of the eigenvalues.The drawback of the discretized system equation must be solved by a trial and error approach, which is shown to be removed by the introduction of the dual reciprocity method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution in TLM models for diffusion (Part II: multi‐dimensional treatment)
Authors: Chardaire P. , de Cogan D. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe signals obtained at each time step of a transmission line matrix (TLM) simulation of Gaussian diffusion are analysed for two‐ and three‐dimensional cases. A combinatorial formula is derived to provide the signal magnitude at any spatial position and any time step after a single‐shot excitation in the two‐dimensional link‐line model. Formulae for the expectation and variance of the axial positions of a particle are determined for two‐ and three‐dimensional link‐line and link‐resistor models. A generalization of these formulae is proposed for higher dimensions, and an entirely numerical proving scheme is devised. Finally, we briefly compare the resulting variances and that of the underlying diffusion process. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expectations of organizational mobility, workplace social inclusion, and employee job performance
Authors: Pearce Jone L. , Randel Amy E. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractTwo new concepts, employees' Expectations of Organizational Mobility (EOM) and Workplace Social Inclusion (WSI), were developed in part from the burgeoning literature on social capital. Two independent tests of the hypotheses in two different organizations found that the greater employees' EOM, the lower their WSI, which in turn was associated with lower employee job performance ratings. Further, the mediating role of WSI was confirmed. Our findings support the arguments of those who have warned that employees' EOM, and implicitly the human resources philosophy of ‘employability’ that encourages such expectations, is associated with comparatively worse individual job performance via lower levels of employee WSI. The value of these concepts for current employability debates, for the use of subjective supervisory judgments in performance appraisal ratings and for researchers interested in organization‐based communal social capital, is discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Workplace deviance, organizational citizenship behavior, and business unit performance: the bad apples do spoil the whole barrel
Authors: Dunlop Patrick D. , Lee Kibeom 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe influences of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and workplace deviant behavior (WDB) on business unit performance were investigated using data from branches of a fast food organization. Data included measures of WDB and OCB obtained from staff, ratings of performance provided by supervisors, and objective measures of performance. It was found that WDB was negatively and significantly associated with business unit performance measured both subjectively and objectively. OCB, however, failed to contribute to the prediction of business unit performance beyond the level that was achieved by WDB. It appeared, therefore, that the presence of deviant employees among business units impinges upon the performance of the business unit as a whole, whereas OCBs had comparatively little effect. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transition to self‐directed work teams: implications of transition time and self‐monitoring for managers' use of influence tactics
Authors: Douglas Ceasar , Gardner William L. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIn the face of heightened competitive pressures, elevated quality expectations, and calls for worker empowerment, more and more organizations have turned to self‐directed work teams (SDWTs). A review of the literature devoted to SDWTs suggests that managers often struggle with the transition to SDWTs because of the required shift in control to SDWT members. To promote the development of work teams, managers must modify their use of influence tactics in direct response to the control shift.In this study, we explore changes in managers' usage of influence tactics during the transition to SDWTs within a large aluminum manufacturing plant. Analyses of longitudinal data show that despite the new team environment, managers' use of influence tactics was focused at the individual level. We also found that transition time accounts for variance in managers' choices of influence tactics. Finally, an exploratory analysis suggests that high as opposed to low self‐monitoring managers may be more prone to increase their usage of soft influence tactics and decrease their usage of hard influence tactics over the course of the transition; the influence behavior of low self‐monitoring managers remained unchanged. Implications for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An empirical investigation of interviewer‐related factors that discourage the use of high structure interviews
Authors: Lievens Filip , de Paepe Anneleen 
Published: December 2003

AbstractHigh structure interviews appear to be less frequently used in personnel management practice than might be expected given their good reliability and validity. Although several authors have speculated on the factors of resistance to high structure interviews, empirical research is very scarce. Two studies are conducted among experienced human resources representatives who frequently conduct employment interviews. The first study provides a fine‐grained description of the degree of structure used in interviews, showing that in most interviews constraints are placed only on the topical areas to be covered and that scoring is done only on multiple criteria. The second study tests various hypotheses regarding interviewer‐related factors, which may lead to lower levels of structure in interviews. Results show that when interviewers are concerned about establishing an informal contact with interviewees, want to have discretion over interview questions, and want to develop interviews efficiently, they are less inclined to use higher levels of structure in interviews. Conversely, people who participated in interviewing workshops and Conventional types report using significantly higher levels of structure. Implications for improving interviewer motivation to use higher levels of structure in interviews are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Go and Chess as prognosis instruments for understanding competitive positions
Authors: Hoffjan Andreas 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
Asians play Go and Europeans play Chess. These two games reflect the strategic thinking which is often typical of the Asian and the European manager. Whoever understands and masters the games will be better able to understand the competitive behaviour of their international competitors and secure competitive advantage.
This paper deals primarily with the explanatory power of both board games for international business strategies of Japanese and European companies.
While a strategy of sequential market entry is typical for many Japanese companies, European firms often prefer quick market entry by company takeovers.
Many elements of strategy in the game of Go can be found again in Japanese firms: the strong position on the domestic market, the strategy of exercising restraint, the readiness to make strategic sacrifices, the development of a sense for the direction as well as strategic flexibility.
In contrast, European firms often court market entry by acquisition. This strategy is also reflected in the game of Chess: the objective of destruction of the opponent requires an offensive strategy in the opposing sphere of influence, tactical skills and distinctive analytical skills.
Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The apparent dependence of the diffusion coefficient of N‐acetylaspartate upon magnetic field strength: evidence of an interaction with NMR methodology
Authors: Guilfoyle David N. , Suckow Raymond F. , Baslow Morris H. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAn inverse relationship between applied magnetic field strength and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of several important brain metabolites including N‐acetyl‐l‐aspartate (NAA), choline and creatine, measured in vivo using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), has been reported. In this investigation, using phantom studies of NAA at magnetic field strengths of 3 and 7 T, these observations have been verified under controlled MRS conditions in vitro, and the ADC of NAA has been found to vary inversely with magnetic field strength, decreasing at a rate of 2.5%/T at 20°C. We have also assessed whether the effect is a function of a systemic bias in methodology, or if the effect is actually on the rate of molecular diffusion. This was done using an MRS‐independent method for measurement of molecular diffusion in NAA phantoms at 0, 0.025 and 7 T applied magnetic field strengths. As a result, it has been demonstrated that the observed apparent magnetic field dependence of the ADC of NAA is a consequence of the NMR measurement and is apparently not a real effect on molecular diffusion. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MRCP in the diagnosis of iatrogenic bile duct injury
Authors: Bujanda Luis , Calvo Mari M. , Cabriada José L. , Orive Victor , Capelastegui Angel 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPostoperative biliary tract lesions are becoming increasingly common. The diagnosis is made by direct cholangiography via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC). The present comparative study evaluates the diagnostic efficacy of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in application to iatrogenic bile duct injury. A prospective blind study was performed, contrasting MRCP and ERCP in 10 patients with suspected postoperative biliary tract lesions. MRCP was performed less than 72 h before ERCP. Final diagnosis was made on the basis of findings at surgery and ERCP. The presence of biliary dilatation, excision injury, stricture, fluid collection and free fluid was analyzed. The mean patient age was 66.5 years. There were three males and seven females. The type of postoperative lesion (Bergman classification) are five patients type C, three type D, one type B and one type A. Diagnostic failure was recorded in two cases with ERCP, while in five patients it was unable to define a therapeutic approach. In contrast, MRCP correctly diagnosed all patients. MRCP is effective in diagnosing postoperative biliary tract lesions, and can help decide the best therapeutic approach. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In‐vivo high resolution three‐dimensional MRI studies of rat joints at 7 T
Authors: Faure P. , Doan B.‐T. , Beloeil J.‐C. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIt is important to obtain high resolution images of joints for the study of disease, especially in rodent experimental models. We optimized 1H magnetic resonance imaging three‐dimensional sequences at 7 T, with lipid signal suppression, and T1 and T2 measurements for in‐vivo experiments on rat joints, in order to assess the effectiveness of high‐field MRI. The method was validated by applying it to the early diagnosis of arthritis. We studied the progress of rheumatoid arthritis in an arthritic rat model. We observed the rats' knees for 21 days after inducing arthritis. The images acquired over one hour had a high resolution of 1.75 × 10−3 mm3, (105 × 105 × 145 μm3) which allowed us to spot the early stages of joint degeneration, such as bone erosion, and to observe an apparent ‘MRI’ loss of cartilage thickness, attributed to dehydration of the cartilage tissue. The MR images obtained during the early stages of rheumatoid arthritis enabled us to study joint changes accurately before any histological signs of attack were visible. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diabetes self‐management: how are we doing?
Authors: Reed JA , Ashton H , Lawrence JM , Hollinghurst S , Higgs ER 
Published: December 2003

AbstractModern management of diabetes places a high burden on patients. New insulin delivery devices and blood glucose monitoring equipment may aid self‐care, but only if they are used appropriately and do not malfunction. This study of 130 insulin treated patients aimed to assess their skills in using, their knowledge of and the functioning integrity of their diabetes equipment.Each patient had a one‐hour appointment with a diabetes nurse specialist. Patients were interviewed using a structured questionnaire assessing knowledge of self‐care and were asked to demonstrate use of their meter and their insulin injection technique.In total, 80% of patients felt confident with the condition of their equipment and ability to use it appropriately. This contrasted with the assessment of the diabetes nurse specialist. Only 8/130 patients did not demonstrate any problems with blood glucose testing, meter use or insulin administration. In all, 19% carried no form of identification to say they have diabetes and up to 40% were inadequately prepared to manage episodes of hypoglycaemia. Disposal of sharps is another area for concern, with 50% of patients disposing of sharps directly into the household waste.Empowering patients to manage their diabetes relies on providing effective education. Our study demonstrates that despite patient perceptions there is a significant shortfall in self‐management skills and understanding. Addressing this shortfall remains a challenge for the future. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transepidermal elimination in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Rajeswaran C 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe incidence of diabetes mellitus and its complications is on the increase. The skin lesions associated with diabetes mellitus are varied. In this article, acquired perforating dermatosis characterised by transepidermal elimination is reported in a 61‐year‐old male with diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure. The incidence of skin lesions is increasing, especially among diabetic patients with renal failure. A high index of suspicion is required for early detection and management. The pathogenesis and natural history of this group of skin disorders are not clear. Correction of glycaemic control and stabilisation of renal failure are known to cause remission of these lesions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atypical antipsychotic drugs and diabetes
Authors: Livingstone C , Rampes H 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe atypical antipsychotic drugs have enhanced the quality of life in many patients with schizophrenia. Their main advantage over conventional antipsychotic drugs is their propensity to cause fewer extrapyramidal adverse effects. However, there is increasing evidence that atypical antipsychotic drugs are associated with metabolic adverse effects including weight gain, new onset diabetes (both type 2 diabetes and diabetic ketoacidosis) and hypertriglyceridaemia. These problems are most common with clozapine. We discuss the mechanism of the association and recommendations for screening and monitoring in order that metabolic problems can be detected and treated early. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diabetes and coronary heart disease NSFs: what comparisons can we make and what lessons can we learn?
Authors: Begg A 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIn England both diabetes and coronary heart disease are now covered for a 10‐year period by national service frameworks. National directors have been appointed to provide high profile leadership with responsibility for achieving overall success. Significant progress to date is claimed for the improvement in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of patients with coronary heart disease. Systematic care increases workload, requires more staff and additional financial resources. Implementation of the frameworks is dependent on funding from the general National Health Service allocation with specific money only being available for certain components.A significant opportunity is provided to prevent the development of diabetes in those most at risk and to enhance the role of the user in ongoing diabetic care. Fewer national targets have been set for diabetes and locally agreed targets need to be achievable and realistic.Meeting the proposed quality indicators for both conditions, with a financial incentive, is likely to become the main priority within general practice. A variation in approach within the devolved countries of the United Kingdom may in time lead to a recordable difference in clinical outcomes. For both frameworks to remain relevant for the full 10 years a mechanism is required for regular updating.This review compares the two national service frameworks and looks at the lessons that can be learned in order to ensure successful implementation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.