bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
B-lymphocyte Fc receptor-associated non-H-2 antigens are determined by a single polymorphic locus which is linked of the Mls locus
Authors: Dickler HB , Ahmed A , Sachs DH 
Published: June 2004

Certain non-H-2 alloantigens are associated with murine B-lymphocyte Fc receptors in that pretreatment of spleen cells with alloantibodies against these antigens inhibited binding of Ig complexes to B-cell Fc receptors. This inhibition was specific in that: (a) as has been shown previously, the Fc portion of the alloantibody was not required to produce inhibition; and (b) antibodies against some non-H-2 antigens but not antibodies against others (including some that were expressed on B cells) caused such inhibition.
Backcross experiments revealed that the B-cell Fc receptor-associated non-H-2 antigens were determined by the gene(s) of a single background locus in each of the three strains tested (A/J, B10, and CBA/J). This locus was poly-morphic in that at least four different B-cell Fc receptor:associated non-H-2 antigens were identified (one each in the A/J, B10, and CBAJJ and one antigen shared or crossreactive between the B10 and CBA/J). These antigens were primarily but not exclusively expressed on B lymphocytes as determined by immunofluorescence studies, and on the basis of capping experiments they did not appear to be identical to B-cell Fc receptors.
Linkage studies revealed that the locus which determined these antigens was not linked to the albino locus nor the heavy chain allotype locus and expression was neither sex-limited nor an X-linked recessive trait. However, this locus was closely linked but not identical to the Mls locus (apparent recombination frequency 6.8 percent).
Thus, two closely linked non-H-2 loci both determine the expression of antigens which have characteristics similar to Ia antigens. One locus is polymorphic and determines the expression of antigens which are primarily expressed on B cells and are specifically associated with the Fc receptors of these cells. The other (Mls locus) determines antigens which are stimulatory in mixed lymphocyte cultures. These observations suggest that there may be a second gene complex which is the analogue of the I region of the H-2 complex.
Allotype-specific analysis of anti-(TYR,GLU)-ALA-LYS antibodies produced by Ir-1A high and low responder chimeric mice
Authors: Press JL , McDevitt HO 
Published: June 2004

Katz et al. (1) have demonstrated a restriction in lymphoid cell interaction when the antigen used is under immune response (Ir) gene control. T cells from (low responder x high responder) F(1) mice primed to the terpolymer L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-tyrosine (GLT) can collaborate with 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-primed B cells from the Ir-GLT high responder but not low responder strain in response to DNP-GLT (1). In contrast are the studies of Bechtol et al. and Bechtol and McDevitt (2,3), who examined the antibody responses of tetraparental mice immunized with the synthetic polypeptide poly-L(Tyr,Glu)-poly D,L-Ala- poly-L-Lys ((T,G)-A-L), an antigen under Ir-1A genetic control. Several tetraparental mice produced anti(T-,G)-A-L antibody of low responder strain immunoglobulin (Ig) allotype (2,3). These results indicated that he Ir-1A gene was not expressed in B cells and implied that interactions among genetically dissimilar cell populations could occur when tolerance existed to H-2 antigenic differences. Recent studies with bone marrow cell chimeric mice have shown that chimeric T cells can interact with H-2 histoincompatible B cells in response to antigens not under Ir gene control (4-6).
To clarify whether lymphoid cell chimerism, with presumed tolerance to H-2 incompatibility, would permit effective cell interactions in response to antigens under Ir gene control, bone marrow cell chimeric mice were prepared by using strains differing both for Ig allotype and for high versus low responsiveness to (T,G)-A-L. An antigen-specific and allotype- specific antibody assay was used to discriminate the responses produced by high and low responder strain B cells in these chimeras. The results suggest that lymphoid cell chimerism per se is not sufficient to obviate Ir gene-mediated restriction in cell interaction.
Differential expression of an equivalent clonotype among BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Cancro MP , Sigal NH , Klinman NR 
Published: June 2004

The primary anti-phosphorylcholine (PC) response in BALB/c, C57BL/6, and congenic and recombinant inbred strains of these parental types has been examined in the splenic focus system. The frequencies of PC-specific precursors were shown to vary among these strains from 2 to 20 precursors per 10(6) splenic B cells. The distribution of these frequencies suggests that elements closely linked to or within the major histocompatibility complex may play a role in the determination of this parameter, although additional experiments are necessary to adequately assess this possibility. Moreover, all strains tested, regardless of immunoglobulin allotype, expressed monoclonal antibodies indistinguishable from the TEPC 15 myeloma protein (T15) clonotype. Further, the frequency of this clonotype in a given strain did not appear related to allotype, since both high and low T15 frequencies were found among strains of either the BALB/c (a(1)) or C57BL/6 (a(2)) allotype. The examination of normal serum for the T15 idiotype, however, revealed that only mice of the BALB/c allotype (a(1)) expressed the T15 idiotype in detectable quantities. After immunization with Diplococcus pneumoniae, sera from mice of the a(1) allotype consistently contained large quantities of the T15 idiotype, whereas sera from mice of the a(2) allotype exhibited various degrees of cross-reactivity with anti-T15 antibody.
These results suggest that: (a) the allotype of an individual, although closely related to serum levels of an idiotype, is unrelated to the proportion of the precursor population which expresses that idiotype and; (b) the serum expression of a given idiotype may reflect regulatory processes, which act either during or before antigenic stimulation, rather than the actual clonotype representation in the repertoire. These findings indicate that distinctions must be made between the expression of idiotypic determinants within precursor B-cell populations and elements which regulate the subsequent appearance of those idiotypes in serum antibodies.
Mouse spleen lymphoblasts generated in vitro. Their replication and differentiation in vitro
Authors: Steinman RM , Machtinger BG , Fried J , Cohn ZA 
Published: June 2004

Mouse spleen lymphoblasts induced with lipopolysaccharide and fetal calf serum were obtained in high yield and purity in their first proliferative cell cycle by floatation in dense bovine plasma albumin columns (3). The blasts were maintained in vitro for 3 more days. The cultures were examined in bulk on each day, and in addition, those cells in S phase initially were tagged with [(3)H]thymidine and followed continuously in vitro.
Grain count dilution data indicated that most blasts divided but twice over a 2- to 3-day interval in vitro. [(3)H]Thymidine pulse radiolabeling and flow microfluorometry suggested that at least 50-70 percent of the proliferating blasts withdrew from proliferative activity after 2-3 days of culture.
Morphologic studies demonstrated that lymphoblasts persisted as such for 1-2 days in vitro and then matured into typical plasma cells. Many of the blastprogeny had small nuclei and considerable basophilic cytoplasm on Giemsa-stained cell smears; abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum by electron microscopy; and readily detectable cytoplasmic Ig by immunocytochemistry. Reversion of blasts to small lymphocytes could not be detected; however, some blasts persisted even after 3 days of culture.
The viability of the cultured lymphoblast was followed by initially tagging the cells with [(3)H]thymidine as well as several other techniques. Little cell death was documented during the first day of culture. The number of labeled progeny increased twofold whereas the grain count halved. But 40- 50 percent of the cell-associated label was lost during each of the second and third days, and fewer labeled progeny than predicted by grain count dilution were identified. The culture medium could not be implicated in this loss of lymphoblast progeny, and we suggest that the maturation of the lymphoblast to a short-lived plasma cell was responsible.
Therefore mitogen-stimulated B blasts seem to mature into typical plasma cells after just two cycles of cell division. The plasma cells resemble those produced in situ during an immune response in their cytologic features, withdrawal from active proliferative activity, and short life-span.
cell surface glycoproteins of murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes. I. T 145, a new cell surface glycoprotein selectively expressed on Ly 1-2(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Authors: Kimura AK , Wigzell H 
Published: June 2004

T lymphocytes at various stages of maturation and differentiation have been isolated by cellular fractionation procedures and characterized by cell surface markers and functional assays, The cell surface glycoproteins of the various T-cell preparations have been selectively radiolabeled by the galactose oxidase-tritiated sodium borohydride technique and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography.
Details are presented on the appearance of a new cell surface glycoprotein (T 145), present on immunocompetent T lymphocytes after activation by either major histocompatibility complex alloantigens or by concanavalin A. The intensity of T 145 expression on T lymphoblasts is shown to be directly correlated in time and extent to the levels of cytotoxicity generated in a variety of T-cell activations.
Specific enrichment procedures of purified populations of mixed leukocyte culture blasts have shown Ly 1(+)2(-) blasts to be T 145(-) and Ly 1(-)2(+) blasts to be strongly T 145(+). Similar enrichment procedures on normal peripheral T cells have failed to reveal any significant expression of T 145 on a highly enriched population of Ly 1(-)2(+) T cells, Further studies on the stability of T 145 expression after induction have shown it to be a more permanent-type differentiation structure whose expression is clearly not linked to the blast stage of activation.
T 145 would thus appear to represent a membrane glycoprotein whose exclusive expression on T lymphoblasts is further restricted to a defined group of cells endowed with cytolytic activity and bearing the Ly phenotype Ly 1(-)2(+).
The immune response of allophenic mice to 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-bovine gamma globulin. I. Allotype analysis of anti-DNP antibody
Authors: Warner CM , Berntson TJ , Eakley L , McIvor JL , Newton RC 
Published: June 2004

The question of whether or not lymphoid cells can cooperate across a histocompatibility difference barrier has been studied in several laboratories. Using an adoptive transfer system, Katz et al. (1) first showed that T cells from (low responder × high responder) F(1) mice, primed to the terpolymer L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-tyrosine (GLT), could collaborate with 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-primed B cells from a high responder, but not a low responder strain, in response to DNP-GLT. The response to GLT is under H- 2-1inked Ir gene control. In contrast, studies with mouse bone marrow chimeras have shown that T cells can interact with H-2-histoincompatible B cells in response to antigens not under Ir gene control (2-4). Another type of chimera, the allophenic mouse, has been used to study possible histoincompatible cell interactions to a number of antigens, including DNP-L- glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-alanine; L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, L-tyrosine; L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine; and poly-L (Tyr, Glu)-poly D,L- Ala-poly-L-Lys[T,G)-A-L] (5-9). The response to each of these antigens is under H-2-1inked Ir gene control.
It was initially reported (8, 9) that in allophenic mice containing both high and low responder cells, the antibody to (T,G)-A-L was of both the high and low responder allotype. This was interpreted to mean that high responder T cells had cooperated with low responder B cells across a histocompatibility difference barrier in the environment of the allophenic mice. However, Press and McDevitt (10) have recently reported that additional and more accurate analyses of these allophenic mouse sera failed to detect any anti-(T,G)-A-L antibody of the low responder allotype. Moreover, in an experiment using bone marrow chimeras, there was no low responder allotype antibody produced in response to (T,G)-A- L(10).
The present study was undertaken to test the immune response of allophonic mice to an antigen, DNP-bovine gamma globulin (DNP(56)BGG), known to be controlled by genes both inside and outside the H-2 complex (11, 12).(1) When high and low responder cells to DNP(56)BGG are present in allophenic mice, only antibody of the high responder allotype is produced. The results suggest that cell cooperation in allophenic mice cannot occur across a histocompatibility difference barrier in response to an antigen whose genetic control is at least partially within the H-2 complex.
Simultaneous complementary idiotypic responses: absence of reciprocal regulation
Authors: Rowley DA , Miller GW , Lorbach I 
Published: June 2004

Complementary antibodies, i.e. antibodies having combining site structures which are at least partially directed against each other, were induced in A/He mice by immunization with phosphorylcholine (Pc) coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin or with the Pc-binding IgA myeloma protein, HOPC-8 (H8). Both responses were monitored by enumerating plaque-forming cells and assaying serum antibody levels to Pc and H8. Prior immunization with H8 markedly suppressed subsequent immunization with Pc and vice versa; neither plaque-forming cell response was diminished, however, when mice were immunized simultaneously with Pc and H8.
Experiments were designed to determine if the absence of reciprocal regulation was due to change in idiotypes. This was determined by measuring inhibition of plaque formation using complementary antibody. Plaque formation by cells was equally inhibited by high dilutions of the appropriate complementary antibody whether cells were from mice immunized with one, the other, or both antigens. Thus, the absence of regulation could not be accounted for by emergence of different idiotypes. Interestingly, sera from mice immunized to have high responses to both antigens were relatively ineffective in inhibiting plaque formation or suppressing immunization to Pc. However, such sera contained complexes of the complementary antibodies; apparently antibody to Pc in such sera quenches or neutralizes the activity of anti-H8 antibody. But the formation of complexes, at least measurable levels of circulating complexes, must be a result rather than the cause for the absence of reciprocal regulation, since regulation was also absent when immunization to Pc was manipulated so that responses were too low to result in detectable levels of circulating antibody to Pc. It is proposed that simultaneous complementary responses may occur in nature to other antigens and antibodies, and that such simultaneous responses may cause pathologic changes.
Source and hormone-dependence of GLx-gp70 in mouse serum
Authors: Obata Y , Stockert E , Yamaguchi M , Boyse EA 
Published: June 2004

The gp70 family of glycoproteins is distinguished by the role of these molecules as constituents of C-type viral envelopes and also as Mendelian cellular constituents expressed independently of virus production.
The source of G(IX)-gp70 in the serum of 129 strain mice, which are not overt producers of virus, could not be traced to any organ or tissue that is known to be G(IX)-positive by serological tests. Hematopoietic tissues were excluded as source of serum G(IX)-gp70 by tests with reciprocal radiation chimeras made from 129 and 129-G(IX)(-) donors and recipients. Thymus and spleen were excluded because excision of these organs did not affect levels of G(IX)-gp70 in the serum.
The serum of young adult 129 males contains roughly four times as much G(IX)-gp70 as adult 129 females and the levels rise in both sexes with increasing age. Castration of 129 males reduced the level of serum G(IX)-gp70 to that of females, and the level was fully restored by testosterone. Thus the epididymis and seminal fluid, though rich in G(IX)-gp70, do not contribute significant amounts of G(IX)-gp70 to the serum.
The level of G(IX)-gp70 in the serum of testosterone-treated females, though more than double that of untreated females, did not reach the level of normal males, under the conditions tested. This may signify that G(IX)-gp70 production by males is subject to imprinting by testosterone in early life.
Evidently the main source of serum G(IX)-gp70 is a tissue or organ that is common to males and females, is directly or indirectly responsive to testosterone, and has not so far been identified serologically as G(IX)- positive.
Purification of functional, determinant-specific, idiotype-bearing murine T cells
Authors: Lewis GK , Goodman JW 
Published: June 2004

Strain A/J mice immunized with azobenzenearsonate (ABA)-mouse IgG conjugates develop suppression for anti-trinitrophenyl(TNP) responses to doubly conjugated (ABA,TNP) proteins. This suppression is specific for the ABA epitope and is mediated by T cells in cell transfer experiments. ABA-binding T cells from suppressed animals were purified by a two-stage procedure in which B cells were removed from spleen cell populations by adherence to plastic surfaces coated with anti-mouse Ig antibody, followed by binding the nonadherent population (more 95 percent Thy-1-positive) to surfaces coated with ABA-protein conjugates. Approximately 90 percent of the cells recovered by temperature-dependent elution from the ABA plates (similar to 2 percent of the spleen cells) bound antigen immediately afterward, and up to 50 percent of the cells bound anti-cross-reactive idiotype antibody. On the other hand, the nonadherent T-cell population was completely negative in the antigen- binding and idiotype assays. Another distinguishing feature of the two T-cell populations was that 78 percent of the adherent cells, but only 2 percent of the nonadherent cells, were Ia positive, although the specific I-region marker(s) expressed on the cells was not identified. The biological function of the antigen-binding T cells was investigated using a standard cell transfer protocol. Suppressor cells were enriched in the adherent population by a factor of at least 25, establishing that functional, epitope-specific, idiotype-bearing T cells can be significantly purified by this procedure.
Note Added in Proof. We have recently isolated two types of ABA-binding molecules biosynthetically labeled with (35)S-methionine from NP-40 lysates of purified antigen-specific T cells. The molecules were purified by adsorption onto an ABA-Sepharose immunoadsorbent followed by elution with 9 M urea. Autoradiograms of SDS-PAGE of the eluates revealed components with tool wt of approximately 60,000 and 33,000 dahons. These molecules were not present in eluates from a bovine IgG-Sepharose control immunoadsorbent and thus represent specific ABA-binding products synthesized by T cells.
Ultrastructure of mononuclear phagocytes developing in liquid bone marrow cultures. A study on peroxidatic activity
Authors: Van Der Meer JWM , Beelen RHJ , Fluitsma DM , Van Furth R 
Published: June 2004

Monoblasts, promonocytes, and macrophages in in vitro cultures of murine bone marrow were studied ultrastructurally, with special attention to peroxidatic activity. Monoblasts show peroxidatic activity in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope as well as in the granules. The presence of peroxidatic activity in the Golgi apparatus could not be determined. Promonocytes have peroxidase-positive rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, nuclear envelope, and granules, as previously reported.
During culture, cells are formed with peroxidatic activity similar to that of monocytes or exudate macrophages (positive granules; negative Golgi apparatus, RER, and nuclear envelope); we call these cells early macrophages. In addition, transitional macrophages with both positive granules and positive RER, nuclear envelope, negative Golgi apparatus (as in exudate- resident macrophages in vivo), and mature macrophages with peroxidatic activity only in the RER and nuclear envelope (as in resident macrophages in vivo) were found. A considerable number of cells without detectable peroxidatic activity were also encountered.
Our finding that macrophages with the peroxidatic pattern of monocytes (early macrophages), exudate-resident macrophages (transitional macrophages), and resident macrophages (mature macrophages), develop in vitro from proliferating precursor cells deriving from the bone marrow, demonstrates once again that resident macrophages in tissues originate from precursor cells in the bone marrow. Therefore, this conclusion can no longer be challenged on the basis of a cytochemical difference between monocytes and exudate macrophages on the one hand and resident macrophages on the other.
Basal lamina heterogeneity in the glomerular capillary tufts of human kidneys
Authors: Huang TW 
Published: June 2004

Two classes of glomerular basal laminas are identified with a newly developed guanidine technique. The electron-opaque epithelial basal lamina is the most prominent element of the glomerular basal lamina scaffold. It is a continuous layer within each glomerulus, folding into capillary tufts and loops, but never completely encircling the entire circumference of each capillary, similar to the serosa covering the intestinal loop and mesentery. The vascular space so defined is further partitioned into individual capillary lumen by an electron-lucent mesangial basal lamina, that forms a meshwork continuous with the vascular pole of the glomerulus and extends peripherally to surround capillary lumens. The latter, designated endothelial basal lamina, is extremely attenuated and appears as a vestigial structure in glomerular capillary loops. Changes in juxtamesangial epithelial basal lamina indicate that it may be the site of the bulk removal and renewal of the epithelial basal lamina.
The unique epithelial origin of glomerular capillary basal lamina and its organization provide a structural basis for understanding the glomerular physiology gained by various tracer studies. The results also suggest that the guanidine technique may be a useful new approach to the analysis of basal lamina alterations in various glomerular diseases.