bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Informal Governance in the European Union
Authors: Schmidtke Oliver 
Published: July 2005

Informal Governance in the European Union, Christiansen, Thomas and
Simona Piattoni, eds., Celtenham (UK) and Northampton, MA (USA): Edward
Elgar, 2003, pp. viii, 274.The nature of governance in the European Union (EU), the production of
authoritative decisions through a plurality of actors and institutional
arrangements, has been at the centre of recent scholarly debates. While at
first sight many of its institutions resemble their national counterparts
the EU seems to have established a system of governance sui
generis with modes of decision-making that reflect the distinct
institutional distribution of power and the complex multi-level game of
accommodating interests in the regional, national and European arena.
Thomas Christiansen and Simona Piattoni have focused on one critical
aspect of this evolving mode of decision-making, namely, the role of
informal governance. It is defined as the operation of networks and actors
pursuing common goals through regular, though not codified and not
publicly sanctioned exchanges in the institutional context of the EU.
Comparative Constitutionalism and Good Governance in the
Commonwealth: An Eastern and Southern African Perspective
Authors: Shaw Timothy M 
Published: July 2005

Comparative Constitutionalism and Good Governance in the Commonwealth:
An Eastern and Southern African Perspective, John Hatchard, Muna Ndulo and
Peter Slinn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. xxv, 361This is a magisterial tome in both substance and style. It is
comprehensive, almost encyclopaedic; it also presents the perspective of
“constitutional lawyers” (4), at least until the
“retreat” towards the political science in the concluding,
thirteenth chapter (310). Reflective of their trade, the trio of authors
include lists of cases, constitutions, statutes and other instruments,
with page references, as well as a comprehensive index of almost 20 pages.
The volume presents the significant conceptual advances in comparative
constitutionalism in anglophone Africa since independence, including
democratic pressures towards “good governance” advanced
through the Commonwealth nexus (1); but it also comes to lament the
continuing existential constraints on “constitutional
governance” (308). It offers welcome comparative analysis of a dozen
countries and myriad regimes over four decades.
Qui sommes-nous ? Identité nationale et choc des
cultures.
Authors: Caron Jean-François 
Published: July 2005

Qui sommes-nous ? Identité nationale et choc des cultures.,
Samuel P. Huntington., Paris : Odile Jacob, 2004, 397 pages.La mondialisation a eu des retentissements importants sur les
identités nationales. En effet, les progrès des
communications et l'accélération des migrations ont
favorisé un élargissement des contacts entre individus de
cultures et de religions différentes et le développement
d'identités supranationales. À l'inverse, la
crainte de se noyer dans un monde global où les identités
éclatent et se fusionnent peut également susciter un
désir de se redéfinir à une échelle plus
intime. Autrement dit, la formulation classique de l'identité
nationale est présentement attaquée de toutes parts et est
devenue un problème mondial qui touche toutes les nations du
monde.
Representation and Democratic Theory
Authors: Fierlbeck Katherine 
Published: July 2005

Representation and Democratic Theory, David Laycock, ed., Vancouver:
UBC Press, 2004, pp. 224Debates over minority rights and identity theory are irreducibly
connected to issues of representation and citizenship. But while
discussions in the past decade have focused on the philosophical
justifications for a discrete set of rights for cultural minorities, there
have been fewer efforts made to understand the impact of this demand upon
conceptions of representation per se.
Mondialisation, économie sociale, développement local
et solidarité internationale.
Authors: Tremblay, Diane-Gabrielle 
Published: July 2005

Mondialisation, économie sociale, développement local et
solidarité internationale., Louis Favreau et Lucie
Fréchette., Sainte-Foy : Presses de l'Université du
Québec, 2002, 251 p.Sujet à la mode que celui de la mondialisation! Le voici
abordé sous un angle un peu différent, qui allie les
thèmes de l'économie sociale, du développement
local et de la solidarité internationale. Ce dernier thème
est plus souvent associé à la mondialisation, alors que les
deux autres le sont moins.
Private Power and Global Authority: Transnational Merchant Law in
the Global Political Economy
Authors: Harmes Adam 
Published: July 2005

Private Power and Global Authority: Transnational Merchant Law in the
Global Political Economy, A. Claire Cutler, Cambridge Studies in
International Relations; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp.
xiv, 306In Private Power and Global Authority, Claire Cutler presents
a theoretically rich and historically detailed account of the
interrelationship between transnational merchant law and broader patterns
of restructuring in the global political economy. More specifically, she
draws upon an historical materialist framework to demonstrate how
“fundamental transformations in global power and authority are
enhancing the significance of the private sphere in both the creation and
enforcement of international commercial law” (1). In doing so,
Cutler reveals the power relations and political implications inherent to
this seemingly functional realm. At the same time, she looks through the
other end of the telescope to show the broadly constitutive role that
transnational merchant law has played in the transformation and
legitimation of the emerging neoliberal order. In this sense, the changes
that Cutler identifies in transnational merchant law both reflect, and
help to constitute, broader changes in the global political economy.
The inguinal macroglands of the frog Physalaemus nattereri (Leptodactylidae): structure, toxic secretion and relationship with deimatic behaviour
Authors: Lenzi‐Mattos R. , Antoniazzi M. M. , Haddad C. F. B. , Tambourgi D. V. , Rodrigues M. T. , Jared C. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAmphibian skin is characterized by the presence of mucous glands, related to cutaneous breathing, reproduction and water balance, and granular glands, related to the production of toxins used in defence. In some species the granular glands can form accumulations in certain regions of the body. This is the case for inguinal macroglands of the leptodactylid frog Physalaemus nattereri, where these structures form a pair of black discs associated with deimatic behaviour. The morphology of the inguinal macroglands and their secretion were studied in this species and correlated to deimatic behaviour. The inguinal macroglands are formed from elongated granular glands that, in contrast with the granular glands of the rest of the skin, have small spherical granules with a proteinic content. In the dermis of the whole body, except for the inguinal macroglands and the inguinal region, a well‐developed calcified dermal layer is observed. During deimatic behaviour these macroglands discourage a potential predator from attacking, but if visual cues are insufficient and the predator persists in the attack, a toxic secretion is eliminated in its mouth. This elimination is favoured by the absence of a calcified dermal layer in the macroglands, which makes the dermal region softer than the rest of the dorsal skin.
HTHquery: a method for detecting DNA-binding proteins with a helix-turn-helix structural motif
Authors: Ferrer-Costa C. , Shanahan H. P. , Jones S. , Thornton J. M. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Summary: HTHquery is a web-based service to determine if a protein structure has a helix-turn-helix structural motif which could bind to DNA. It is based on a similarity with a set of structural templates, the accessibility of a putative structural motif and a positive electrostatic potential in the neighbourhood of the putative motif. A set of scores are computed, based on each template, using a linear predictor. From the training set used, the predictor has a true positive rate of 83.5% and a false positive rate of 0.8%. The emphasis for the website is on providing a straightforward interface which can be easily used by a bench-based scientist.
Availability: HTHquery is implemented using a set of Perl scripts and C program and can be accessed freely on the website http://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/HTHquery
Contact: Hugh.Shanahan@physics.org
GeneCruiser: a web service for the annotation of microarray data
Authors: Liefeld Ted , Reich Michael , Gould Joshua , Zhang Peili , Tamayo Pablo , Mesirov Jill P. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Summary: GeneCruiser is a web service allowing users to annotate their genomic data by mapping microarray feature identifiers to gene identifiers from databases, such as UniGene, while providing links to web resources, such as the UCSC Genome Browser. It relies on a regularly updated database that retrieves and indexes the mappings between microarray probes and genomic databases. Genes are identified using the Life Sciences Identifier standard.
Availability: GeneCruiser is freely available in the following forms: Web service and Web application, http://www.genecruiser.org; GenePattern, GeneCruiser access has been integrated into our microarray analysis platform, GenePattern. http://www.genepattern.org
Contact: liefeld@broad.mit.edu
Ovarian dynamics in relation to host quality in the Walnut‐infesting Fly, Rhagoletis juglandis
Authors: PAPAJ D. R. 
Published: July 2005

Summary

Reproductive behaviour is routinely studied with a view towards characterizing how an animal responds to variation in resource abundance and quality. This characterization is less commonly made with respect to reproductive physiology.
In the Walnut‐infesting Fly, Rhagoletis juglandis, ovarian development is cued by the presence of the host fruit resource. In this study, I examined how ovarian development was affected by two host characteristics that relate to competition in the juvenile stages: fruit size and presence of conspecific larvae.
Large fruit promoted egg maturation more than small fruit, and uninfested fruit promoted maturation more than larval‐infested fruit. Both effects were reproduced with artificial models of fruit.
The functional significance of these effects and ramifications for individual‐level dynamics in oviposition behaviour are discussed.
Female‐biased mortality in experimentally parasitized Alpine SwiftApus melbanestlings
Authors: BIZE P. , ROULIN A. , TELLA J. L. , RICHNER H. 
Published: July 2005

SummarySex‐biased mortality in adult vertebrates is often attributed to lower immunocompetence and higher parasite susceptibility of males. Although sex‐specific mortality has also been reported during growth, the importance of sex‐specific immunocompetence and parasite susceptibility in explaining male‐biased mortality remains ambiguous in growing individuals because of potentially confounding sources of mortality such as sexual dimorphism.Here, we investigated sex‐specific susceptibility to the blood‐sucking louse flyCrataerina melbaeand sex differences in cell‐mediated immunity in a bird species that is sexually monomorphic both in size and plumage coloration at the nestling stage, the Alpine Swift,Apus melba.For this purpose, we manipulated ectoparasite loads by adding or removing flies to randomly chosen nests in two years, and injected nestlings with mitogenic phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in another year.There were no significant differences between male and female offspring in immune response towards PHA, parasite load, and parasite‐induced decrease in growth rate. Secondary sex ratios were however biased toward males in parasitized broods, and this was explained by a greater mortality of females in parasitized than deparasitized broods.Our findings are in contrast to the widely accepted hypothesis that males suffer a greater cost of parasitism. We discuss alternative hypotheses accounting for female‐specific mortality.
Ex vitro composite plants: an inexpensive, rapid method for root biology
Authors: Collier Ray , Fuchs Beth , Walter Nathalie , Kevin Lutke William , Taylor Christopher G. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryPlant transformation technology is frequently the rate‐limiting step in gene function analysis in non‐model plants. An important tool for root biologists is the Agrobacterium rhizogenes‐derived composite plant, which has made possible genetic analyses in a wide variety of transformation recalcitrant dicotyledonous plants. The novel, rapid and inexpensive ex vitro method for producing composite plants described in this report represents a significant advance over existing composite plant induction protocols, which rely on expensive and time‐consuming in vitro conditions. The utility of the new system is validated by expression and RNAi silencing of GFP in transgenic roots of composite plants, and is bolstered further by experimental disruption, via RNAi silencing, of endogenous plant resistance to the plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita in transgenic roots of Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Motelle composite plants. Critical parameters of the method are described and discussed herein.
Molecular tailoring of farnesylation for plant drought tolerance and yield protection
Authors: Wang Yang , Ying Jifeng , Kuzma Monika , Chalifoux Maryse , Sample Angela , McArthur Charlene , Uchacz Tina , Sarvas Carlene , Wan Jiangxin , Dennis David T. , McCourt Peter , Huang Yafan 
Published: July 2005

SummaryProtecting crop yield under drought stress is a major challenge for modern agriculture. One biotechnological target for improving plant drought tolerance is the genetic manipulation of the stress response to the hormone abscisic acid (ABA). Previous genetic studies have implicated the involvement of the β‐subunit of Arabidopsis farnesyltransferase (ERA1) in the regulation of ABA sensing and drought tolerance. Here we show that molecular manipulation of protein farnesylation in Arabidopsis, through downregulation of either the α‐ or β‐subunit of farnesyltransferase enhances the plant's response to ABA and drought tolerance. To test the effectiveness of tailoring farnesylation in a crop plant, transgenic Brassica napus carrying an ERA1 antisense construct driven by a drought‐inducible rd29A promoter was examined. In comparison with the non‐transgenic control, transgenic canola showed enhanced ABA sensitivity, as well as significant reduction in stomatal conductance and water transpiration under drought stress conditions. The antisense downregulation of canola farnesyltransferase for drought tolerance is a conditional and reversible process, which depends on the amount of available water in the soil. Furthermore, transgenic plants were more resistant to water deficit‐induced seed abortion during flowering. Results from three consecutive years of field trial studies suggest that with adequate water, transgenic canola plants produced the same amount of seed as the parental control. However, under moderate drought stress conditions at flowering, the seed yields of transgenic canola were significantly higher than the control. Using protein farnesyltransferase as an effective target, these results represent a successful demonstration of engineered drought tolerance and yield protection in a crop plant under laboratory and field conditions.
Arabidopsis CUL3A and CUL3B genes are essential for normal embryogenesis
Authors: Thomann Alexis , Brukhin Vladimir , Dieterle Monika , Gheyeselinck Jacqueline , Vantard Marylin , Grossniklaus Ueli , Genschik Pascal 
Published: July 2005

SummaryCullin (CUL)‐dependent ubiquitin ligases form a class of structurally related multisubunit enzymes that control the rapid and selective degradation of important regulatory proteins involved in cell cycle progression and development, among others. The CUL3‐BTB ligases belong to this class of enzymes and despite recent findings on their molecular composition, our knowledge on their functions and substrates remains still very limited. In contrast to budding and fission yeast, CUL3 is an essential gene in metazoans. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana encodes two related CUL3 genes, called CUL3A and CUL3B. We recently reported that cul3a loss‐of‐function mutants are viable but exhibit a mild flowering and light sensitivity phenotype. We investigated the spatial and temporal expression of the two CUL3 genes in reproductive tissues and found that their expression patterns are largely overlapping suggesting possible functional redundancy. Thus, we investigated the consequences on plant development of combined Arabidopsis cul3a cul3b loss‐of‐function mutations. Homozygous cul3b mutant plants developed normally and were fully fertile. However, the disruption of both the CUL3A and CUL3B genes reduced gametophytic transmission and caused embryo lethality. The observed embryo abortion was found to be under maternal control. Arrest of embryogenesis occurred at multiple stages of embryo development, but predominantly at the heart stage. At the cytological level, CUL3 loss‐of‐function mutations affected both embryo pattern formation and endosperm development.
Unilateral macular oedema secondary to retinal venous congestion without occlusion in patients with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Larsen Michael 
Published: July 2005

Abstract.Objective:  To identify fundus characteristics associated with intraocular and intra‐individual variations in the distribution of macular oedema in patients with diabetes. Methods:  A review was carried out of fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms from 226 diabetes patients who received photocoagulation treatment for macular oedema. Cases with strictly unilateral clinically significant macular oedema were identified. Results:  Strictly unilateral macular oedema was identified in five patients with non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy, three of whom demonstrated angiographic leakage confined to a single venous drainage unit, and two of whom demonstrated leakage confined to two adjacent venous drainage units opposing one another on either side of the temporal circulatory watershed. Involved drainage units were delimited by arteriovenous crossings displaying signs of venous compression. Affected eyes had more frequent and more severe crossing signs involving macular drainage than fellow eyes. Although all patients had been examined regularly, no patient had had branch retinal vein occlusion and no patient developed such occlusion during 5 years of follow‐up. Conclusion:  In the present study, unilateral macular oedema in patients with diabetes was associated with angiographic leakage from venous drainage units where compression signs indicated a higher than normal likelihood of upstream congestion being present. Presumably, a modest increase in venous pressure induced macular oedema because of an underlying abnormal vascular vulnerability induced by diabetes.
Scaling the structure−function relationship for clinical perimetry
Authors: Harwerth Ronald S. , Carter‐Dawson Louvenia , Smith Earl L. , Crawford Morris L. J. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract.Purpose:  The full ranges of glaucomatous visual field defects and retinal ganglion cell losses extend over several orders of magnitude and therefore an interpretation of the structure−function relationship for clinical perimetry requires scaling of both variables. However, the most appropriate scale has not been determined. The present study was undertaken to compare linear and logarithmic transformations, which have been proposed for correlating the perimetric defects and neural losses of glaucoma. Methods:  Perimetry, by behavioural testing, and retinal histology data were obtained from rhesus monkeys with significant visual field defects caused by experimental glaucoma. Ganglion cell densities were measured in histologic sections of retina that corresponded to specific perimetry test locations for the treated and control eyes. The linear (percentage) and logarithmic (decibel) relationships for sensitivity loss as a function of ganglion cell loss were analysed. Results:  With decibel scaling, visual sensitivity losses and ganglion cell densities were linearly correlated with high coefficients of determination (r2), although the parameters of the functions varied with eccentricity. The structure−function relationships expressed as linear percentage‐loss functions were less systematic in two respects. Firstly, the relationship exhibited considerable scatter in the data for small losses in visual sensitivity and, secondly, visual sensitivity losses became saturated with larger losses in ganglion cell density. The parameters of the percentage‐loss functions also varied with eccentricity, but the variation was less than for the decibel‐loss functions. Conclusions:  Linear scaling of perimetric defects and ganglion cell losses might potentially improve the structure−function relationship for visual defects associated with small amounts of cell loss, but the usefulness of the relationship is limited because of the high variability in that range. With log−log co‐ordinates, the structure−function relationship for clinical perimetry is relatively more accurate and precise for cell losses greater than about 3 dB. The comparatively greater accuracy and precision of decibel loss functions are a likely consequence of the logarithmic scale of stimulus intensities for perimetry measurements and because the relationship between visual sensitivity and the number of neural detectors is a form of probability summation.
Colour contrast sensitivity with different intraocular lens materials in the right and left eyes in same day surgery
Authors: Friström Björn , Lundh Björn L. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract.Purpose:  To study possible differences in colour contrast sensitivity between different intraocular lens (IOL) materials with consecutive same day cataract surgery performed in the right and left eyes. Methods:  Central colour contrast sensitivity was measured with a computer graphics system along the protan, deutan and tritan axes. Thirty‐four patients with cataract were studied. The patients were randomized to one of three groups: group 1 received a Clariflex (silicone) lens in one eye and an Akreos Fit (hydrophilic acrylic) lens in the other; group 2 received an Akreos lens in one eye and a Sensar AR40e (hydrophobic acrylic) lens in the other, and group 3 received a Clariflex lens in one eye and an AR40e lens in the other. Surgery was performed in both eyes on the same day. A postoperative questionnaire was distributed, asking the patients to describe any differences experienced between their two eyes. Results:  There were no significant differences between the three different IOLs in any colour axis. There were no complications of importance during surgery. Thirty‐two of the 34 patients answered the questionnaire. Twenty‐one patients experienced some difference between their two eyes in distance vision and 23 noticed differences in near vision. For distance vision, nine reported better vision in the eye with the Akreos IOL, eight in the eye with the Clariflex IOL lens and four in the eye with the AR40e IOL. For near vision, 12 preferred the Akreos lens, eight the Clariflex lens and three the AR40e lens. Conclusion:  There were no significant differences between the three different IOLs in any colour axis.