bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human glomerular growth during childhood: A morphometric study
Authors: Akaoka K. , White R. H. R. , Raafat F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMorphometric measurements of glomerular size were made on renal biopsy specimens obtained from 16 children with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) and 16 with isolated recurrent haematuria (RH), whose ages ranged from 1.8 to 15.2 years. Glomeruli were normal on light and electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence was essentially negative. Tracings were made of the outlines of glomerular capsules, tufts, and individual capillary lumens; using computerized digitometry, the mean areas of each item were determined. The number of capillary lumens per glomerulus was counted automatically. From these data, the mean mesangial area was also calculated. Mesangial cells were counted in at least 100 distal mesangial areas per biopsy. The mean glomerular capsular area (GCA) correlated well with the mean glomerular tuft area (GTA) but frequent capsular artefacts rendered the former measurement less suitable for comparison with diseased glomeruli. The mean GTA correlated significantly with age and body surface area in both MCNS and RH, as did the number of capillary lumens per glomerulus, but the mean capillary lumina area showed no such correlations. The mean mesangial area increased with age in proportion to GTA, whereas mesangial cell counts remained normal. These findings indicate that glomerular growth during childhood is proportional to body growth, and are consistent with capillary subdivision as the mechanism of enlargement.
An in vitro model of urothelial regeneration: Effects of growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins
Authors: Rebel Johanna M. , de Boer Willem I. , Thijssen Cornelia D. , Vermey Marcel , Zwarthoff Ellen C. , Van der Kwast Theodorus H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAlthough the cellular turnover of resting urothelium is very low, its regenerative capacity is known to be outstanding. In organotypic mouse urothelial cultures closely mimicking the differentiation and multilayering of normal urothelium, we examined the cell biological mechanisms underlying urothelial regeneration and the specific role of growth factors and several extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Exposure to epidermal growth factor (EGF) and acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) and culture on laminin resulted in enhanced expansion of the urothelium. Microscopy and assessment of proliferative activity revealed that enhanced urothelial expansion due to EGF could be attributed to increased proliferative activity and an increase in cell numbers, whereas aFGF‐stimulated expansion must be considered the consequence of increased cellularity and migration. Laminin‐enhanced urothelial expansion was shown to be the result of spreading of the entire urothelial organotypic culture. This was associated with a considerable decrease in the number of cell layers. A synergistic effect of growth factors and laminin was not found. This organotypic urothelial cell culture model seems to be very useful in studying strategies to improve urothelial regeneration.
Alcoholic muscle disease: Features and mechanisms
Authors: Preedy Victor R. , Salisbury Jonathan R. , Peters Timothy J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractApproximately 50 per cent of all chronic alcohol misusers have alcoholic muscle disease. Chronic alcoholic skeletal muscle myopathy is characterized by a selective atrophy of type II fibres, so that up to 20 per cent of the entire skeletal musculature is lost. The pathogenetic mechanism for the myopathy is currently unknown but a model has been described in which various anatomically‐distinct skeletal muscles are employed to reflect type I and II fibres, i.e. the soleus and plantaris, respectively. In chronic studies, rats were fed nutritionally complete liquid diets containing either ethanol or glucose (controls) for up to 6 weeks. In acute studies, rats were given single boluses of ethanol and rates of protein synthesis were examined at 2.5 h. The results show that the myopathy is due to defective skeletal muscle protein synthesis. The information gained from these studies enhances our understanding of skeletal muscle diseases characterized by preferential effects on anaerobic fibres and should be applicable to disease processes in other toxic or metabolic myopathies.
Dermal vascularity in lentigo maligna
Authors: Trotter Martin J. , Tron Victor A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLentigo maligna (LM) may represent a tumour arrested in an in situ phase, lacking the angiogenic capacity and underlying dermal neovascularization required for invasive growth. The acquisition of an angiogenic phenotype might be associated with the development of lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM). To investigate this thesis, sections of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue from 15 LMMs, and 11 LM excision specimens were stained with the vascular endothelial marker Ulex europaeus agglutinin I. Dermal vessels were counted and vascular morphometry was performed. In specimens in which LMM was present, dermal vascularity was significantly increased in LM compared with normal skin. The most significant increases were found for dermal vascular density (39 per cent increase, P=0.008) and for total vessel surface area (62 per cent increase, P=0.005). However, when no LMM was present, the vascular density underlying LM (79 ± 9 vessels/mm2) did not differ significantly from that of adjacent normal skin (67 + 6 vessels/mm2), although focal ‘hot spots’ of increased vascularity were present. We conclude that increased dermal vascularity is present beneath in situ LM and that this increased vascular density is closely associated with the presence of invasive LMM in the same specimen.
Production of two monoclonal antibodies (FB1 AND FB21) useful for the identification of human B lymphocytes in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues
Authors: Nozawa Yoshihiro , Abe Masafumi , Ohno Hitoshi , Fukuhara Shirou , Wakasa Haruki 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwo monoclonal antibodies (FBI and FB21) reactive in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue sections are reported in this paper. FB1 and FB21 recognize a cytoplasmic antigen and a surface antigen of B cells, respectively. FBI reacts with mantle zone (MZ) B cells, germinal centre (GC) cells, and marginal zone (MrZ) B cells, but not with T cells in lymphoid tissues. FB21 reacts with MZ B cells, GC cells in lymphoid tissues, and T cells of peripheral blood, but not with MrZ B cells in the spleen. Neither monoclonal antibody (MoAb) reacts with monocytes, granulocytes, or plasma cells. FB1 reacted with all the B‐cell lymphomas tested and with CD20‐positive Reed‐Sternberg cells in two of five cases of Hodgkin's disease, but not with multiple myelomas or T‐cell lymphomas. FB21 reacted with B‐cell lymphoma in 20 of 22 cases, but not with multiple myelomas, T‐cell lymphomas, or Reed‐Sternberg cells of Hodgkin's disease. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that FB1 recognizes the same two polypeptide chains that are recognized by L26 and is a member of the CD20 antibody cluster. FB21 was thought to recognize a sialic acid‐dependent carbohydrate epitope and this was confirmed at the Fifth International Conference on Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens (Boston, 1993) FB21 did not react with splenic MrZ B cells and was different from the pan B markers reported previously [CD20 (L26), CD45RA (MB1), and CD74 (LN‐2)]. FB21 recognizes a subset of B cells and appears to be closely related to CD75/76 antibodies. FB1 and FB21 are useful MoAbs for the diagnosis and analysis of B‐cell lymphomas.
Demonstration of URR‐duplication variants of human papillomavirus type 6 in paraffin‐embedded tissue sections of one condyloma acuminatum and one buschke‐loewenstein tumour
Authors: Albert Rüubben , Spelten Bettina , Albrecht Jörg , Grußendorf‐Conen Elke‐Ingrid 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHuman papillomavirus type 6 (HPV 6) induces condylomata acuminata and laryngeal papillomas. Occasionally, HPV 6 may also be found in low‐grade verrucous carcinomas. In some tumours, genetic analysis revealed the presence of HPV 6 variants with rearrangements, mostly DNA duplications, within the upstream regulatory region (URR). In this study, we analysed 98 formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded condylomata acuminata obtained from 54 patients for the presence of URR‐duplication variants of HPV 6. HPV 6 DNA could be amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from 40 samples. One condyloma acuminatum contained a HPV 6 genome with rearranged URR. Analysis using restriction enzyme cleavage suggested a DNA duplication within the URR of approximately 200 bp, spanning the Hpa II site at nt 7863 and the Dde I site at nt 7843 but not involving the Rsa I site at nt 7633. In addition, we analysed the distribution of the already characterized URR‐duplication variant HPV 6ACIB within different paraffin‐embedded tissue sections of a Buschke‐Loewenstein tumour. No correlation could be demonstrated between the presence of the rearranged genome and malignant histological changes. This result and the demonstration of an URR‐duplication variant in a typical condyloma acuminatum suggest that duplications within the URR of HPV 6 are not directly related to malignant progression of HPV 6‐induced tumours.
Mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in the human conjunctiva
Authors: Wotherspoon Andrew C. , Isaacson Peter G. , Hardman‐Lea Simon 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe recent description of conjunctival lymphomas with features of lymphomas that arise in mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) infers the presence of MALT in the human conjunctiva. Some authors suggest that organized MALT is found in the normal human conjunctiva, but others disagree. In order to resolve this problem, we have examined the conjunctival fornix from unselected autopsies with no prior history of conjunctival or ocular disease for the presence of organized MALT. In only 31 per cent of cases was organized lymphoid tissue found with the morphological and immunophenotypic features of MALT. This finding suggests that MALT is not found in the normal human conjunctiva but is acquired during life in a proportion of apparently asymptomatic individuals.
Splenic interleukin 1 gene expression is associated with accumulation of macrophages and oxygen radical production in Plasmodium vinckei malaria
Authors: Prada Javier , Neifer Stefan , Muller Simone , Rudolph Roland , Bienzle Ulrich , Kremsner Peter G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHigh levels of interleukin 1 alpha (IL‐1 alpha) were detected in vitro, in murine peritoneal macrophages stimulated with Plasmodium vinckei exogenous antigens, and in vivo, in sera of P. vinckei‐parasitized mice. Moreover, high production of IL‐1 alpha mRNA could be detected by in situ hybridization analysis in spleen sections of mice during the course of P. vinckei malaria. The observed IL‐1 alpha gene expression in the spleen was associated with the accumulation of F4/80+ macrophages in the red pulp and in the marginal zone of follicles, as well as with the relative proportions of Mac‐1+ cells in the spleen and the capacity of spleen cells to produce reactive oxygen intermediates during murine malaria.
Immunohistochemical localization of glutathione s‐transferases in sarcomas
Authors: McKay Judith A. , Murray Graeme I. , Ewen Stanley W. B. , Melvin William T. , Burke M. Danny 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) are a multi‐gene family of enzymes involved in detoxifying electrophilic compounds and the expression of these enzymes in tumours has been proposed as one important mechanism of anti‐cancer drug resistance. In this study, the localization of the major cytoplasmic forms of GST has been studied in soft tissue sarcomas by immunohistochemistry. The alpha, mu, and pi forms of GST were identified in 59, 68, and 51 per cent of tumours, respectively. In addition, GST pi immunoreactivity was consistently identified in fibroblasts in adjacent non‐neoplastic tissue. The presence of specific forms of GST in soft tissue sarcomas may contribute to the drug resistance frequently observed in these tumours.
Detection of T‐cell receptor β chain mRNA in frozen and paraffin‐embedded biopsy tissue using digoxigenin‐labelled oligonucleotide probes in situ
Authors: Hodges Elizabeth , Howell William M. , Tyacke Sean R. , Wong Raymond , Cawley Michael I. D. , Smith John L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn situ hybridization techniques using a cocktail of digoxigenin‐labelled T‐cell receptor (TcR) constant (C) region β oligonucleotide probes were used to detect TcRβ mRNA in frozen and paraffin‐embedded tissue sections. The specificity of the Cβ cocktail was confirmed by Northern blot analysis. The TcR Cβ cocktail successfully hybridized to T cells in frozen and paraffin‐embedded tissue obtained from patients with inflammatory arthropathies, B‐ and T‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), and reactive tonsillitis, and showed staining patterns comparable to those obtained by conventional immunohistological detection of T cells. This is the first report of in situ studies using labelled TcR Cβ oligonucleotide probes and may indicate the feasibility of investigating clonal T‐cell populations using digoxigenin‐labelled clonospecific probes in clinical samples in situ.
Racial variation in the O‐acetylation phenotype of human colonic mucosa
Authors: Campbell Fiona , Appleton Mark A. C. , Fuller Clare E. , Greeff Michael P. , Hallgrimsson Jonas , Katoh Ryohei , Ng O. L. Irene , Satir Ali , Williams Geraint T. , Williams E. Dillwyn 
Published: June 2005

AbstractO‐acetylated and non‐O‐acetylated sialoglycoproteins can be distinguished by the mPAS (mild periodic acid‐Schiff) histochemical technique. Individual adults show one of three different patterns of staining of large intestinal mucosa: uniformly mPAS‐positive, uniformly mPAS‐negative, or mPAS‐negative with scattered mPAS‐positive crypts. To test our hypothesis that these variations are the results of a single autosomal gene (oat) polymorphism, we have studied the frequency of the three patterns of staining in a total of 435 adult colon specimens from six geographically separate populations: British, South African blacks, Icelanders, Japanese, Hong Kong Chinese, and Bahrainis. The distribution of the three types of staining fell into two groups. In Japanese and Chinese, uniformly mPAS‐positive cases were much more frequent than uniformly mPAS‐negative cases; this distribution differed significantly (X2, P<0·001) from that in non‐Sino‐Japanese, where the uniformly mPAS‐positive phenotype was much less frequently found than the uniformly mPAS‐negative phenotype. In neither of the groups did the frequency of the three phenotypes differ significantly from that predicted for a single gene polymorphism by the Hardy‐Weinberg law. The variation in staining patterns between populations is consistent with variation in frequency of a single polymorphic autosomal gene (oat) controlling O‐acetylation of sialic acid, probably by an O‐acetyl transferase enzyme. Loss of function mutation in the high acetylator gene (oata) in a colonic crypt stem cell in heterozygous individuals would account for the scattered discordant crypts. Gene frequencies for a variety of enzymes differ between the Sino‐Japanese and non‐Sino‐Japanese races. This newly described gene polymorphism may be related to differential susceptibility to organisms binding specifically to either O‐acetylated or non‐O‐acetylated sialoglycoproteins, or to differential enteric colonization by bacterial flora that vary in their relative secretion of sialidases and sialate O‐acetyl esterase.
Human colonic stem cell mutation frequency with and without irradiation
Authors: Campbell Fiona , Fuller Clare E. , Williams Geraint T. , Williams E. Dillwyn 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMild periodic acid‐Schiff (mPAS) staining distinguishes O‐acetylated from non‐O‐acetylated sialoglycoproteins. In human colonic mucosa, individuals possess one of three phenotypes: uniformly mPAS‐positive (non‐O‐acetylated), uniformly mPAS‐negative (O‐acetylated), and negative with infrequent scattered positive crypts. This is due to a polymorphism in a single autosomal gene (oat). Discordant crypts have not been found in children's colons, suggesting that they result from somatic mutation in heterozygous individuals. We now present evidence to confirm this based on a study of radiation‐induced changes. Comparison of mPAS staining of large intestinal mucosa from patients given radiation 4 weeks before surgery for carcinoma of the rectum with matched controls receiving surgery alone showed a similar phenotype distribution, but informative irradiated patients showed an increased frequency of discordant crypts (irradiated vs. non‐irradiated 14·5 ± 8·2 × 10−4 vs. 6·1 ± 4·2 × 10−4). When these were classified as wholly or partially involved by the aberrant phenotype, the increase was most marked in partially involved crypts (7·5 ± 4·5 × 10−4 vs. 0·3 ± 0·5 × 10−4, Mann‐Whitney U, P<0·005). Two patients receiving radiotherapy many years before colectomy showed a very high total discordant crypt frequency but relatively few partially affected crypts. Studies of somatic mutation in colonic or small intestinal crypts following a single dose of mutagen in mice have shown early partial crypt involvement by the mutated phenotype and later complete crypt involvement. The demonstration in man that recent radiation greatly increases the frequency of partially involved discordant crypts while long‐term radiation greatly increases the frequency of wholly involved discordant crypts confirms that the discordant crypts result from stem cell mutation in individuals heterozygous for a polymorphic gene controlling O‐acetylation of sialoglycoproteins. They show that the mPAS technique can be used to identify and quantify colonic stem cell somatic mutation in man.
Detection of the c‐met proto‐oncogene product in normal skin and tumours of melanocytic origin
Authors: Saitoh Kazuya , Takahashi Hiroyuki , Sawada Norimasa , Parsons Peter G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe proto‐oncogene c‐met product (c‐MET) is a receptor tyrosine kinase and functions as a receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Although the function of c‐MET has yet to be fully clarified, HGF stimulates the phosphorylation of tyrosyl residues on c‐MET and triggers the signal transduction pathways, resulting in a contribution to the malignant progression of melanonocytes with synergic factors such as basic fibroblast growth factor and mast cell growth factor. Using immunohistochemical methods, we have studied the localization of c‐MET in normal skin and various melanocytic tumours, c‐MET was detected in keratinocytes, melanocytes, sebaceous cells, and other cells of the skin. In particular, basal melanocytes almost always showed nuclear labelling. Melanocytic naevi generally revealed predominantly nuclear staining of cells in the epidermis, whereas only a few cases showed a distinct cytoplasmic localization of c‐MET in dermal naevus cells. The distribution pattern of c‐MET in melanoma cells was basically similar to that of benign lesions, although the numbers tested were small. Cultured human melanoma cells also showed predominantly nuclear labelling, but were unresponsive to exogenous c‐MET ligand HGF. Treatment with the glucosidase inhibitor castanospermine caused accumulation of protein at 220 kD, without diminishing the amount of normally‐processed 190‐kD c‐MET. Although there was no significant difference in c‐MET distribution between benign and malignant melanocytic lesions, it is suggested that malignant transformation of melanocytes may be associated with loss of response to HGF or other growth‐regulating factors.
Wet autoclave pretreatment for antigen retrieval in diagnostic immunohistochemistry
Authors: Bankfalvi Agnes , Navabi Hossein , Bier Bert , Böcker Werner , Jasani Bharat , Schmid Kurt W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractInterest has recently been shown in adapting the microwave oven heating technique for antigen retrieval to routine diagnostic immunocytochemical practice. Although it has proved effective as a specialist method for individual antigen localization in many laboratories, it has certain drawbacks which have hampered its wider routine application. These include the need to monitor the sections during the microwave treatment to prevent damage or drying, the limited number of sections that can be accommodated in the microwave oven, and the inevitable alteration in nuclear morphology induced by the microwaves. In order to obviate these difficulties, we have modified the wet autoclave method of Shin et al. (Lab Invest 1991; 64: 693–702) as a routine technique for retrieval of a variety of cell surface, cytoplasmic, and nuclear antigens in formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissue. The technique produces even enhancement of several refractory antigens in anatomically different sites and has the potential to handle reliably up to 200 sections at a time without significant damage to the section or to nuclear morphology.
Loss of membranous E‐cadherin expression in pancreatic cancer: Correlation with lymph node metastasis, high grade, and advanced stage
Authors: Pignatelli Massimo , Ansari Tareq W. , Gunter Pat , Liu Dan , Hirano Shinji , Takeichi Masatoshi , Klöppel Günter , Lemoine Nicholas R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEpithelial cadherin (E‐cadherin) is a Ca2+‐dependent cell‐cell adhesion molecule that connects cells via homotypic interactions. Its function is critical in the induction and maintenance of cell polarity and differentiation, and its loss of downregulation is associated with an invasive and poorly differentiated phenotype in colon and other tumours. We have used an avidin‐biotin immunoperoxidase technique to localize E‐cadherin in microwave‐treated, paraffin‐embedded sections from 36 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinomas. E‐cadherin was expressed by normal ductal and acinar cells with typical membranous staining at the intercellular junctions. Loss of normal surface E‐cadherin expression was found in 19/36 (53 per cent) tumours compared to the adjacent normal ductal cells. Abnormal E‐cadherin expression was found more frequently in poorly differentiated (grade III) (6/7, 86 per cent) than in well‐differentiated tumours (grade I) (4/14, 28 per cent) (P=0·012). Membranous E‐cadherin expression was also lost more frequently in primary tumours with lymph node (stage III) (14/23, 61 per cent) and distant metastasis (stage IV) (2/2, 100 per cent) compared with 3/11 (27 per cent) lymph node‐negative tumours (stage I) (P=0·043). In conclusions, our data indicate that loss of membranous E‐cadherin expression is associated with high grade and advanced stage in pancreatic cancer.