bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The structure of biodiversity – insights from molecular phylogeography
Authors: Hewitt Godfrey M 
Published: October 2004

AbstractDNA techniques, analytical methods and palaeoclimatic studies are greatly advancing our knowledge of the global distribution of genetic diversity, and how it evolved. Such phylogeographic studies are reviewed from Arctic, Temperate and Tropical regions, seeking commonalities of cause in the resulting genetic patterns. The genetic diversity is differently patterned within and among regions and biomes, and is related to their histories of climatic changes. This has major implications for conservation science.
Identification of a novel tumor necrosis factor α-responsive region in the NCF2 promoter
Authors: Gauss Katherine A , Bunger Peggy L , Larson Trina C , Young Catherine J , Nelson-Overton Laura K , Siemsen Daniel W , Quinn Mark T 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The phagocyte reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase is a multiprotein enzyme that catalyzes the production of microbicidal oxidants. Although oxidase assembly involves association of several membrane and cytosolic oxidase proteins, one of the cytosolic cofactors, p67phox, appears to play a more prominent role in final activation of the enzyme complex. Based on the importance of p67phox, we investigated transcriptional regulation of the p67phox gene [neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 (NCF2)] and demonstrated previously that activator protein-1 (AP-1) was essential for basal transcriptional activity. As p67phox can be up-regulated by tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), which activates AP-1, we hypothesized that TNF-α might regulate NCF2transcription via AP-1. In support of this hypothesis, we show here that NCF2 promoter-reporter constructs are up-regulated by TNF-α but only when AP-1 factors were coexpressed. Consistent with this observation, we also demonstrate that NCF2 mRNA and p67phox protein are up-regulated by TNF-α in various myeloid cell lines as well as in human monocytes. It was surprising that mutagenesis of the AP-1 site in NCF2 promoter constructs did not eliminate TNF-α induction, suggesting additional elements were involved in this response and that AP-1 might play a more indirect role. Indeed, we used NCF2 promoter-deletion constructs to map a novel TNF-α-responsive region (TRR) located between −56 and −16 bp upstream of the translational start site and demonstrated its importance in vivo using transcription factor decoy analysis. Furthermore, DNase footprinting verified specific binding of factor(s) to the TRR with AP-1 binding indirectly to this region. Thus, we have identified a novel NCF2 promoter/enhancer domain, which is essential for TNF-α-induced up-regulation of p67phox.
MUC1 (CD227) interacts with lck tyrosine kinase in Jurkat lymphoma cells and normal T cells
Authors: Mukherjee P , Tinder T L , Basu G D , Gendler S J 
Published: October 2004

AbstractMUC1 (CD227) is a large transmembrane epithelial mucin glycoprotein, which is aberrantly overexpressed in most adenocarcinomas and is a target for immune therapy for epithelial tumors. Recently, MUC1 has beendetected in a variety of hematopoietic cell malignancies including T and B cell lymphomas and myelomas; however, its function in these cells is not clearly defined. Using the Jurkat T cell lymphoma cell line and normal human T cells, we demonstrate that MUC1 is not only expressed in these cells but is also phosphorylated upon T cell receptor (TCR) ligation and associates with the Src-related T cell tyrosine kinase, p56lck. Upon TCR-mediated activation of Jurkat cells, MUC1 is found in the low-density membrane fractions, where linker of T cell activation is contained. Abrogation of MUC1 expression in Jurkat cells by MUC1-specific small interfering RNA resulted in defects in TCR-mediated downstream signaling events associated with T cell activation. These include reduction in Ca2+ influx and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation, leading to a decrease in CD69 expression, proliferation, and interleukin-2 production. These results suggest a regulatory role of MUC1 in modulating proximal signal transduction events through its interaction with proteins of the activation complex.
Proposed Treatment Strategy for Cavernous Sinus Meningiomas: A Prospective Study
Authors: Maruyama Keisuke , Shin Masahiro , Kurita Hiroki , Kawahara Nobutaka , Morita Akio , Kirino Takaaki 
Published: October 2004

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:
To establish a safe and effective treatment strategy for cavernous sinus (CS) meningiomas, we prospectively analyzed the outcome of a treatment protocol combining surgery and radiosurgery during the past 7 years.

METHODS:
Tumors confined to the CS and distant from the optic apparatus and the brainstem were treated with radiosurgery alone. Tumors attached to or compressing the optic apparatus and brainstem and that were larger than 3 cm in mean diameter, extended into the multiple cranial fossae, and were suspected of being malignant were treated with combined nonradical microsurgery and radiosurgery.

RESULTS:
In accordance with this treatment protocol, 40 patients aged 26 to 72 years (median, 51 yr) with primary (n = 27) or recurrent (n = 13) CS meningiomas (volume range, 0.9–39.3 cm3; median volume, 5.4 cm3) were treated with combined surgery and radiosurgery (n = 23) or radiosurgery alone (n = 17). During radiosurgery, 12 to 18 Gy (median, 16 Gy) was delivered to the tumor margin. The follow-up period ranged from 14 to 79 months (median, 47 mo). The actuarial tumor control rate was 94.1% at 5 years. The improvement of cranial nerve function was significantly frequent in patients with primary CS meningiomas (P&lt; 0.05). Permanent cranial nerve dysfunction was significantly frequent in patients with tumors compressing the brainstem or smaller than 10 cm3 (P&lt; 0.05). All 36 patients with a pretreatment Karnofsky Performance Scale score of 90 or more maintained the same range after treatment.

CONCLUSION:
Proper combination of microsurgery and radiosurgery for CS meningiomas provides excellent growth control with favorable functional state. Outcomes were better when this protocol was adopted at the initial diagnosis for patients with smaller tumors that did not compress the brainstem.
Spastic Equinus Foot: Multicenter Study of the Long-term Results of Tibial Neurotomy
Authors: Buffenoir Kevin , Roujeau Thomas , Lapierre Françoise , Menei Philippe , Menegalli-Boggelli Dominique , Mertens Patrick , Decq Philippe 
Published: October 2004

AbstractOBJECTIVE:Tibial neurotomy is a surgical technique widely used for the treatment of spastic equinus foot, but it has rarely been evaluated. The primary objective of this prospective study was to provide an objective quantification of the long-term results of tibial neurotomy.METHODS:This multicenter prospective study was conducted from 1999 to 2003. Fifty-five patients with spastic equinus foot were treated in five neurosurgical centers. Preoperative and postoperative clinical evaluation comprised description of the foot deformity, study of stretch reflexes, evaluation of the repercussions of the deformity, and gait analysis. Selective neurotomy was performed in all patients.RESULTS:No postoperative complications were observed. The mean postoperative follow-up was 10 months. Tibial neurotomy improved the appearance of the foot (equinus and varus deformities, claw toes); the equinus score decreased from 1.54 to 0.273 after the operation. Stretch reflex scores were decreased significantly and for a long term after surgery; the mean triceps surae stretch reflex score decreased from 2.46 to 0.47. The angle of passive dorsiflexion of the ankle increased significantly (from −0.56 degrees to +6.85 degrees). Gait analysis demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the speed of the patient's gait after surgical treatment; the time taken by the patient to walk 10 m at a normal speed in shoes decreased from a mean of 55 seconds to 35.16 seconds. Postoperatively, 92.7% of preoperative objectives had been achieved.CONCLUSION:Tibial neurotomy ensures long-term functional improvement of patients with spastic equinus foot. It provides a lasting response for these patients compared with other, more transient treatments.
Ulnar Nerve Entrapment Neuropathy at the Elbow: Simple Decompression
Authors: Huang Jason H. , Samadani Uzma , Zager Eric L. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractULNAR NERVE ENTRAPMENT neuropathy at the elbow, or the cubital tunnel syndrome, is frequently encountered in neurosurgical practice as the second most common peripheral nerve entrapment after carpal tunnel syndrome. Patients typically present with weakness or atrophy of the hand as well as paresthesias in the ulnar nerve distribution. The diagnosis can be confirmed with a careful clinical examination and electrophysiological studies. Patients who have failed conservative therapy are considered for surgery. Although a number of surgical options are available, simple decompression of the ulnar nerve can achieve satisfactory results with appropriate patient selection. We describe the relevant anatomy and surgical techniques for simple in situ decompression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow.
Progressive Growth of a Giant Dolichoectatic Vertebrobasilar Artery Aneurysm after Complete Hunterian Occlusion of the Posterior Circulation: Case Report
Authors: O'shaughnessy Brian A. , Getch Christopher C. , Bendok Bernard R. , Parkinson Richard J. , Batjer H Hunt 
Published: October 2004

Abstract

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE:
Dolichoectatic vertebrobasilar artery aneurysms are often extremely difficult, if not impossible, to treat with microneurosurgical clip reconstruction. As such, a Hunterian strategy via vertebral or basilar artery sacrifice is often used. We have encountered a patient in whom deliberate bilateral vertebral artery sacrifice was insufficient to avoid progressive expansion of a giant dolichoectatic vertebrobasilar artery aneurysm. On the basis of a review of the literature, we are unaware of another reported case.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION:
A 60-year-old man presented with signs and symptoms of brainstem compression from a large fusiform aneurysm involving the distal dominant vertebral and proximal basilar arteries. Results of angiographic evaluation were highly characteristic of underlying dolichoectasia.

INTERVENTION:
The patient was treated initially with staged bilateral vertebral artery occlusion and adjunctive posterior circulation revascularization. After this therapy failed, he underwent a trapping procedure and aneurysm deflation.

CONCLUSION:
Unclippable aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar system are formidable lesions. They are not uniformly treatable by direct surgical reconstruction, and their growth is not consistently stabilized by the implementation of a complete Hunterian strategy. Future developments related to the use of endovascular stent technology may offer a more successful treatment approach for patients with these complex cerebrovascular lesions.
Three-dimensionally Reconstructed Magnetic Source Imaging and Neuronavigation in Pediatric Epilepsy: Technical Note
Authors: Holowka Stephanie A. , Otsubo Hiroshi , Iida Koji , Pang Elizabeth , Sharma Rohit , Hunjan Amrita , Xiang Jiang , Snead O Carter , Chuang Nathaniel A. , Chuang Sylvester H. , Rutka James T. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the role of reconstructing three-dimensional magnetic source imaging (MSI) data on cortical resections for children undergoing epilepsy surgery using neuronavigation.

METHODS:
Magnetoencephalographic recordings were analyzed in 16 children under 18 years of age with intractable epilepsy. The data were transferred to the neuronavigation workstation for intraoperative localization of MSI spike sources in selected patients. With the aid of neuronavigation, the MSI spike sources were resected. Intraoperative electrocorticography was then used to survey the surrounding field for residual epileptiform activity.

RESULTS:
MSI spike sources were obtained in 13 of 16 patients. MSI spike sources localized the cortical and subcortical discharges before intraoperative electrocorticography in nine patients and before extraoperative subdural grid electroencephalographic monitoring in four patients. The localization of MSI spikes sources was characterized by clustered spike sources in 10 patients. By use of neuronavigation, the clustered spike sources were correlated to the interictal zone indicated by intraoperative electrocorticography in six patients and to the ictal onset zone shown on extraoperative subdural grid electroencephalography in three patients. Cortical excision of the spike cluster focus was then performed in these six patients. The technique used here to resect MSI spike source clusters that correlate with the ictal onset zone by invasive subdural grid monitoring is illustrated in one patient who underwent cortical resection for epilepsy surgery.

CONCLUSION:
Three-dimensional reconstruction of MSI data linked to neuronavigation is a promising technique to facilitate resections around eloquent cortex in children with epilepsy.
An Anthropomorphic Phantom Study of the Accuracy of CyberKnife Spinal Radiosurgery
Authors: Yu Cheng , Main William , Taylor David , Kuduvalli Gopinath , Apuzzo Michael L.J. , Adler John R. , Wang Michael Y. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:
Stereotactic radiosurgery requires the highest degree of accuracy in target identification and localization. When targeting paraspinal lesions, the CyberKnife radiosurgical system (Accuray, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) uses implanted stainless steel fiducials. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the total system for clinically relevant accuracy of this approach.

METHODS:
The clinically relevant accuracy of the CyberKnife depends on 1) the accuracy of beam delivery, which in turn represents a compilation of robot and camera image-tracking errors, and 2) the inherent accuracy of target localization that stems from computed tomographic imaging and treatment planning. The clinically relevant accuracy was measured at three different CyberKnife facilities using head and torso phantoms loaded with packs of radiochromic film and expressed as a displacement of the dose contours from the treatment planning.

RESULTS:
The mean clinically relevant error, as measured at three different CyberKnife facilities, was determined to be 0.7 ± 0.3 mm, which did not vary with computed tomographic slice thickness in a range of 0.625 to 1.5 mm. The average treatment delivery precision was 0.3 ± 0.1 mm. Fiducial tracking error was less than 0.3 mm for radial translations up to 14 mm and less than 0.7 mm for rotations up to 4.5 degrees.

CONCLUSION:
For the treatment of relatively stationary spinal lesions targeted with fiducial tracking, the CyberKnife system is capable of submillimeter accuracy.
Pseudotumor Cerebri Patients with Shunts from the Cisterna Magna: Clinical Course and Telemetric Intracranial Pressure Data
Authors: Lee Max C. , Yamini Bakhtiar , Frim David M. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:
Shunting of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to an extracranial site is the mainstay of treatment of absorptive hydrocephalus and pseudotumor cerebri. On occasion, both lateral ventricles and the lumbar space become unsuitable for placement of a functioning CSF drainage catheter. We have encountered several such patients and describe our strategy of shunting from the cisterna magna to the pleural space or cardiac atrium.

METHODS:
We report a retrospective review of the clinical course of five patients with cisternal shunts and intracranial pressure telemonitoring devices.

RESULTS:
Cisternal shunting was able to successfully drain CSF to a normal pressure in all five patients. CSF pressure data collected from those patients indicate that the CSF pressure dynamics in cisternal shunts is similar to that of ventricular shunts. However, the cisternal shunting and subsequent high revision rate did result in a significant number of complications and two shunt infections.

CONCLUSION:
Shunting CSF from the cisterna magna in the absence of another suitable drainage site does result in acceptable reduction of elevated intracranial pressure. However, the technique is associated with a high complication rate that may reflect the population of patients in whom this technique is required.
Missile-caused Ulnar Nerve Injuries: Outcomes of 128 Repairs
Authors: Roganovic Zoran 
Published: October 2004

AbstractOBJECTIVE:This prospective study presents repair results after missile-caused ulnar nerve ruptures as well as factors influencing the outcomes.METHODS:Between 1991 and 1994, 128 casualties with missile-caused complete ulnar nerve injury were managed surgically in the Neurosurgical Department of the Belgrade Military Medical Academy. At least 4 years after surgery, we scored sensorimotor recovery, neurophysiological recovery, and patient judgment of the outcome. On the basis of the total score, we defined the final outcome as poor, insufficient, good, or excellent. The last two outcomes were considered to be successful.RESULTS:A successful outcome was obtained in 0% of high-level, 33.8% of intermediate-level, and 77.3% of low-level repairs (P&lt; 0.001). On average, the nerve defect, preoperative interval, and patient age were lower for patients with a successful outcome than for those with an unsuccessful outcome (P= 0.004, P= 0.032, and P= 0.003, respectively). Worsening of the outcome was related to nerve defect longer than 4.5 cm, preoperative interval longer than 5.5 months, and age older than 23 years (P= 0.002, P= 0.034, and P= 0.023, respectively). A successful outcome occurred in 48.8% of patients repaired with direct suture and in 41.2% of patients repaired with a nerve graft (P&gt; 0.05). A successful outcome also occurred 22.2% of combined ulnar-median nerve repairs and in 49.5% of isolated ulnar nerve repairs (P= 0.011). Repair level (P&lt; 0.001), preoperative interval (P= 0.001), length of the nerve defect (P&lt; 0.001), and associated median nerve rupture (P= 0.028) were independent predictors of a successful outcome.CONCLUSION:The outcome of ulnar nerve repair depends significantly on the repair level, preoperative interval, associated median nerve injury, length of the nerve defect, and age of the patient. High-level ulnar nerve repair is probably useless if performed in the classic manner.
Plasma F2-Isoprostanes and Coronary Artery Calcification: The CARDIA Study
Authors: Gross Myron , Steffes Michael , Jacobs David R , Yu Xinhua , Lewis Linda , Lewis Cora E , Loria Catherine M 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground: Oxidation of lipids in lipoproteins and cells may initiate and enhance the early development of cardiovascular disease.Method and Results: We assayed F2-isoprostanes, oxidation products of arachidonic acid, by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in a biracial cohort of 2850 young healthy adult men and women. Coronary artery calcification (CAC), a component of coronary artery atherosclerosis, was detectable in 10% of the cohort and appeared to be in its initial stages (Agatston scores &lt;20 in 47% and &lt;100 in 83% of CAC-positive participants). After adjusting for sex, clinical site, age, and race, the presence of any CAC was 24% more likely among those with high vs low concentrations of F2-isoprostanes [odds ratio (OR) = 1.24 per 92.2 pmol/L (32.7 ng/L; 1 SD of F2-isoprostanes); 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.09–1.41]. The OR was only slightly attenuated [1.18 per 92.2 pmol/L (32.7 ng/L); CI, 1.02–1.38] after further adjustment for body mass index, smoking, serum lipids, C-reactive protein, antioxidant supplementation use, diabetes, and blood pressure. As a continuous variable, the Agatston score increased by 6.9% per 92.2 pmol/L (32.7 ng/L) of F2-isoprostane concentration (P &lt;0.01). Whereas CAC prevalence was lower in women than men, mean (SD), F2-isoprostanes were higher in women {190 (108.9) pmol/L [67.4 (38.6) ng/L]} than in men {140.4 (55.6) pmol/L [49.8 (19.7) ng/L]}. Nevertheless, F2-isoprostanes were associated with an increased risk of CAC in both sexes.Conclusion: This association between increased concentrations of circulating F2-isoprostanes and CAC in young healthy adults supports the hypothesis that oxidative damage is involved in the early development of atherosclerosis.
Liver Dysfunction and Steatosis in Familial Hypobetalipoproteinemia
Authors: Whitfield Amanda J , Barrett P Hugh R , Robertson Ken , Havlat Marek F , van Bockxmeer Frank M , Burnett John R 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA 32-year-old man presented with increases in serum alanine aminotransferase activity, iron concentration, and transferrin saturation, suggestive of hepatic dysfunction and iron overload. In addition, he had unusually low plasma concentrations of LDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein (apo) B. Hepatic ultrasonography was consistent with fatty liver. On liver biopsy, marked steatosis and moderate to marked iron deposition were observed. The patient was found to carry the HFE C282Y and H63D mutations, which are associated with hereditary hemochromatosis, and the α1-antitrypsin PiZ variant. An immunoblot of plasma for apoB showed the presence of a truncated apoB species, indicative of familial hypobetalipoproteinemia. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the patient was heterozygous for the apoB-80.5 (c.11040T&gt;G) mutation. This unique case shows an unusual combination of underlying disorders that could all be contributing to liver dysfunction and fatty liver.
Panel of Genes Transcriptionally Up-regulated in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix Identified by Representational Difference Analysis, Confirmed by Macroarray, and Validated by Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR
Authors: Sgarlato Gregory D , Eastman Catharine L , Sussman Howard H 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground: The Pap smear is currently the most widely used method of screening for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix (SCCC). Because it is based on cell morphology, it is subject to variability in interpretation. Sensitive molecular markers capable of differentiating cancerous samples from noncancerous ones would be beneficial in this regard.Methods: We performed representational difference analysis (RDA) using paired, noncancerous (normal) and cancerous (disease) tissues taken from the same specimen obtained from a single patient with a confirmed diagnosis of SCCC. Linearly amplified cDNA from normal and diseased tissues of the original patient and seven others were hybridized to DNA macroarrays containing the candidate gene transcript fragments. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR was used to validate the macroarray results.Results: RDA identified a candidate pool of 65 transcript fragments up-regulated in diseased tissue compared with normal tissue. Forty-one transcripts were found to be up-regulated in diseased compared with normal tissue in at least one half the patients by macroarray hybridization. Eleven of those genes were selected for real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis, and all were confirmed as transcriptionally up-regulated in cancer compared with normal tissue in at least one half the patients.Conclusions: RDA using tissues from a single patient identified gene fragments confirmed to be transcriptionally up-regulated in SCCC both in the original patient and in seven others. The confirmed genes have a variety of functions and also have the potential to serve as diagnostic or prognostic markers.