bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Lithium Insertion/Extraction in Partially Reduced α-MoO3
Authors: Hashem A. M. , Abbas H. , Abdel-Ghany A. E. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
This work concerns with synthesis, structural, thermal and electrochemical characterization of molybdenum oxides (stoichiometric MoO3, sub-stoichiometric oxide MoO3−

x
(where x is a small fraction) with layered type structure. XRD investigations of the samples proved that the crystal structure of the layered α-MoO3) has been maintained after the reduction process.
The reduced samples exhibited a drastically improved charge/discharge cycling stability and capacity retention on cycling in 1 M LiClO4/propylene carbonate. At higher cycle numbers (approx. cycle 50) the discharge capacity of the reduced molybdenum oxides stabilizes at a level of approx. 50 mAh g−1, whereas the non-reduced MoO3 has retained only about 45 mAh g−1 after 20 cycles. This significant improvement of the rechargeability may be related to improvement in the electronic conductivity after reduction process.
Spectrophotometric Studies of Reactions of the Aquapentacyanoferrate(II) Ion with Ketones. Kinetics and Mechanism of the Substitution Reaction of the Aquapentacyanoferrate(II) Ion with 1-Benzoylethylpyridinium Chloride
Authors: Lovrić Jasna , Foretić Blaženka , Burger Nicoletta 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The carbonyl group of compounds of the phenacyl- and benzoylethyl-pyridinium type is recognized as a potential σ donor ligand which can produce complexes with the aquapentacyanoferrate(II) ion. Its reactive form is the ionized one i.e. the enolate ion. A detailed spectrophotometric investigation has been made for the reaction of the aquapentacyanoferrate(II) ion with 1-benzoylethylpyridinium chloride. The equilibrium constant of the produced complex was derived using two literatury available additional types of processing the molar ratio method’s experimental data which were not found to be applied to this type of complexes. The kinetics of this substitution reaction were studied in buffered solutions at pH = 8.0 and I = 0.05 M. The obtained results are consistent with a dissociative mechanism.
Effect of Electrolytes on the Aggregation of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate: the Interactions of Different Counterions with Formed Micelles
Authors: Jakubowska Anna 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The aggregation numbers (N) of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) micelles in solutions of different electrolytes have been determined by the fluorescence quenching method. The micropolarity of SDS micelles in the presence of the electrolytes has been obtained from the intensity ratio of the third to the first peak in the fluorescence spectrum of pyrene. The results have been discussed against the experimental data obtained from electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. As far as we know, this method has not been used hitherto for interpretation of micelle–ion interactions. So, the electrostatic interactions of SDS monomers with different cations have been studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). It has been found that in the presence of both NaCl and NH4ClO4, the ions mainly localised close to the surface of SDS micelles are the sodium ones, while in the presence of KCl or Mg(ClO4)2, the ions mainly accumulating at the surface of SDS micelles and influencing the micelle size are K+ or Mg2+, respectively. Moreover, in the presence of KCl, a large number of the sodium counterions is also present at the micelle surface.
Polyanionic Selenium Fragments and Vibrations in NaMSeNClusters
Authors: Schnell Melanie , Herwig C. , Becker J. A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractDensity functional calculations on the series of clusters NaMSeNpredict different polyanionic selenium fragments depending on the relative amount of sodium. Calculations for Na2SeNclusters givee.g.horseshoe shaped polyanionic selenium chains that are accompanied by two Na atoms. The geometries obtained for NaMSe6clusters are changing from chains to Se2and Se3units highly dependent on the number of Na atoms. These clusters can be investigated experimentally by adding sodium atoms to selenium clusters in the reaction zone of a dual laser vaporization source and depositing them in a nitrogen matrix where they are investigated by Raman spectroscopy. An intense low frequency band between 165 and 225 cm−1is observed that can be attributed by a simple model of dynamical charge to certain vibrational modes with considerable changes of Na–Se bond lengths. The model spectra allow a quite good description of the low frequency Raman band.
Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Care, and the Quality of Drug Therapy
Authors: Hepler Charles D. 
Published: October 2004

Background. Because of concerns about patient safety and the quality of health care in America, in particular about drug therapy, pharmacists have unprecedented opportunities to increase their value and significance. When defining clinical pharmacy and pharmaceutical care, pharmacists long ago recognized the need to improve the safety and effectiveness of drug therapy.Objective. To describe how clinical pharmacy and pharmaceutical care, closely related concepts, can contribute to a strategy for improving the quality of drug therapy.Design. Commentary and review of selected publications.Conclusion. Pharmacists can improve the quality of drug therapy by improving the organizational structures through which drug therapy is provided, specifically by creating medications use systems and by regularly evaluating their performance. As envisaged by the Institute of Medicine, these systems must be patient centered, cooperative, and interprofessional. To maximize pharmacists' participation in such systems, pharmaceutical education should include courses in medications use systems as necessary counterparts to courses in pharmacotherapeutics. Clinical functions must be organized around patient need and directed at outcomes. Clinical practice should constitute the mainstream practice of pharmacy rather than an “optional” specialty. Pharmaceutical care describes the original purpose of clinical pharmacy, when it was understood as a professional practice rather than a health science. It describes a way that clinical pharmacy, especially specialists and subspecialists, could coordinate their work more effectively. The concept of clinical pharmacy adds essential clarity about the process component of pharmacists' participation in, and strengthens the academic basis of, pharmaceutical care. The clinical, humanitarian, and economic case for preventing drug‐related morbidity is strong, and pharmacy has much to offer. It is, again, time to work together as a profession to plan our common future.
Bioavailability and Lack of Toxicity of S‐Adenosyl‐l‐Methionine (SAMe) in Humans
Authors: Gören Jessica L. , Stoll Andrew L. , Damico Karen E. , Sarmiento Ingrid A. , Cohen Bruce M. 
Published: October 2004

Study Objective. To determine if S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine (SAMe), a widely used dietary supplement with antidepressant properties, is significantly bioavailable, and whether toxic methylated compounds are produced with oral SAMe administration in humans. Serum homocysteine levels were also measured since alterations in these levels have been theorized in association with SAMe.Design. Unblinded pharmacokinetic trial.Subjects. Fifteen healthy volunteers.Setting. Clinical research unit in a psychiatric hospital.Intervention. Subjects received oral SAMe for 4 weeks; the dosage was titrated over 5 days to 1600 mg/day. Serum levels of SAMe, toxic methylated compounds (methanol, formaldehyde, and formic acid), and homocysteine were measured at baseline and at weeks 2 and 4. At baseline, a structured clinical interview for axis I disorders (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) was completed to assess for any undiagnosed psychiatric disorders. Mood was rated at baseline and at weeks 2 and 4 using the Zung Depression Rating Scale, Young Mania Rating Scale, Montgomery‐Asberg Depression Rating Scale, Clinical Global Impression Scale, and the Global Assessment of Function Scale.Measurements and Main Results. After oral administration, SAMe levels were significantly elevated. Slight, likely insignificant, elevations in serum formaldehyde levels were detected in three subjects. No subject exhibited elevated homocysteine levels during SAMe treatment. One subject developed a transient mixed manic state with suicidal ideation within 2 weeks of starting SAMe; she recovered fully within 3 days of discontinuing the compound.Conclusion. Oral dosages of 1600 mg/day of SAMe appear to be significantly bioavailable and nontoxic, at least regarding toxic methylated metabolites and homocysteine. However, the risk of mania in vulnerable individuals remains a serious concern.
Work‐Related Outcomes After a Myocardial Infarction
Authors: McBurney Christopher R. , Eagle Kim A. , Kline‐Rogers Eva M. , Cooper Jeanna V. , Smith Dean E. , Erickson Steven R. 
Published: October 2004

Study Objective. To evaluate work‐related outcomes of patients at 7 months after a myocardial infarction and to identify patient, disease, and intervention characteristics associated with these outcomes.Design. Cross‐sectional survey analysis.Setting. Large Midwestern academic health system.Patients. Eighty‐nine patients with the discharge diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction during a 1‐year index period.Intervention. Work performance questionnaire administered by telephone, and medical record review.Measurements and Main Results. Seven months after discharge, 232 patients were interviewed by telephone to determine work status before and after myocardial infarction, work‐related outcomes (absenteeism and perceived work performance, assessed by the Work Performance Scale [WPS] of the Functional Status Questionnaire), and health‐related quality of life. Univariate analyses were used to determine the association between individual characteristics and work‐related outcomes. Of the 89 patients who had worked before the index myocardial infarction, 21 (23.6%) did not return to work. Variables associated with the outcome of not returning to work were past myocardial infarction (before the index myocardial infarction), coronary artery bypass graft surgery, heart failure, positive stress test, and low score on the Physical Component Summary (PCS‐12) scale of the Short Form‐12. Patients who did not return to work also tended to have more comorbidities and take more prescribed drugs than those who returned to work. Median WPS scores were higher for patients who had higher ejection fractions at discharge, had not experienced a myocardial infarction before the index event, underwent a percutaneous revascularization intervention at the time of hospitalization, and had not recently been absent from work. Workers reporting absences had lower PCS‐12 scores than their counterparts or reported a rehospitalization before the survey.Conclusion. Preexisting cardiac disease and poorer physical functioning were consistently related to worse work‐related outcomes. This small study demonstrates the need for a larger, broader study that includes health beliefs, treatment, and other job and patient factors that may influence work‐related outcomes.
Bupropion May Support Psychosocial Treatment of Nicotine‐Dependent Adolescents: Preliminary Results
Authors: Niederhofer Helmut , Huber Markus 
Published: October 2004

Study Objective. To assess the efficacy and safety of long‐term bupropion therapy for nicotine dependence in adolescents.Design. Prospective, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial.Setting. Outpatient clinic in Innsbruck, Austria.Subjects. Twenty‐two adolescents, aged 16–19 years, with nicotine dependence.Intervention. Participants were randomly assigned to receive bupropion 150 mg/day or placebo for 90 days.Measurements and Main Results. Patients were classified as abstinent or relapsed on day 0 (when study drug was started) and again on days 30 and 90, according to their self‐reports. Treatment failure was defined as relapse or nonattendance. Time to first treatment failure was the primary outcome measure. Mean cumulative abstinence duration was significantly greater in the bupropion group than in the placebo group (78.4 ± 39.6 vs 30.2 ± 19.2 days. p=0.0042).Conclusion. Bupropion seems to be an effective and well‐tolerated pharmacologic adjunct to psychosocial and behavioral treatment programs for some adolescent nicotine‐dependent patients. However, experienced clinicians should continuously monitor patients for adverse effects.
Magnitude and Duration of Elevated Gastric pH in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus After Administration of Chewable, Dispersible, Buffered Didanosine Tablets
Authors: DePestel Daryl D. , Kazanjian Powel H. , Cinti Sandro K. , Kauffman Carol A. , Carver Peggy L. 
Published: October 2004

Study Objectives. To test the hypothesis that gastric pH would be elevated above pH 3.0 for at least 2 hours after administration of chewable, dispersible, buffered didanosine tablets. Doses tested were 200 mg (two 100‐mg tablets) and 400 mg (two 200‐mg tablets). We also sought to compare these doses with regard to maximum gastric pH (pHmax), time to pHmax (TpH‐max), time that gastric pH exceeds 3.0 (TpH>3), and area under the gastric pH versus time curve for pH greater than 3.0 (AUCT>pH 3).Design. Prospective, parallel‐group, dose‐comparison, gastric pH study.Setting. General Clinical Research Center, University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor, Michigan.Patients. Nineteen patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, aged 30–62 years, and receiving long‐term didanosine therapy.Intervention. Patients underwent continuous gastric pH monitoring, using the Heidelberg capsule radiotelemetric pH monitoring device. After documentation of a fasting baseline gastric pH below 3.0, patients were given 180 ml of water (control phase), and gastric pH was allowed to return to baseline. After administration of a single, oral dose of didanosine 200 mg or 400 mg with 180 ml of water, gastric pH was recorded until pH remained below 3.0 for 10 minutes.Measurements and Main Results. A mean pHmax of 8.6 (range 6.3–9.5) was achieved with a TpH‐max of 4.1 minutes (range 1–12.0 min). Mean TpH>3 was 24.9 minutes (range 15–55 min), with an AUCT>pH 3 of 2.6 pH•min−1 (range 1.2–6.9 pH•min−1). The two doses of didanosine tested did not differ significantly in mean gastric pH parameters.Conclusions. After administration of chewable, dispersible, buffered didanosine tablets, 200 or 400 mg, the mean duration of elevated gastric pH (TpH>3) was less than 30 minutes, with a range of 15–55 minutes. Characterization of the magnitude and duration of elevated gastric pH may allow for earlier administration of other pH‐sensitive drugs. The short duration of elevated gastric pH may help explain the wide variability in didanosine bioavailability observed clinically.
Follow‐up of Adverse Drug Reactions from Peginterferon alfa‐2b—Ribavirin Therapy
Authors: Bagheri Haleh , Fouladi Atoussa , Barange Karl , Lapeyre‐Mestre Maryse , Payen Jean‐Louis , Montastruc Jean Louis , Vinel Jean‐Pierre 
Published: October 2004

Study Objective. To investigate the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) from peginterferon alfa‐2b plus ribavirin in patients infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV).Design. Prospective, observational, pharmacovigilance study.Setting. Gastroenterology department of a French university hospital.Patients. A cohort of consecutive outpatients who were treated with peginterferon alfa‐2b plus ribavirin for viral hepatitis.Intervention. During the 1‐year period of HCV therapy visits, a medical staff member trained in pharmacovigilance interviewed the patients about all ADRs and their use of other drugs. The ADRs assessed as serious were confirmed from regular review of the medical records.Measurements and Main Results. A total of 87 patients were treated for HCV. Among these, peginterferon alfa‐2b plus ribavirin therapy was started in 51 patients; one patient was lost to follow‐up after 1 month. The ADRs were assessed as serious in 10 patients (20%): suicide (one patient), hospitalization (three patients), and definitive discontinuation of peginterferon alfa‐2b plus ribavirin (six patients). The ADRs contributed to or were the main reason for withdrawing HCV drugs in 8 patients (16%). Dosage reductions of ribavirin and/or peginterferon alfa‐2b were required in 10 patients (20%) and seemed less frequent than that needed in clinical trials. Compared with results of clinical trials, a similar frequency of hair loss, higher frequency of injection‐site reactions, lower frequency of depression or insomnia, and higher frequency of endocrine ADRs or blurred vision were detected.Conclusion. Results suggest some differences in the frequencies of ADRs compared with data from clinical trials. A longer period of monitoring is warranted to improve knowledge about ADRs of pegylated interferon. A medical staff member trained in pharmacovigilance is useful to collect quantitative and qualitative data about ADRs.
Interaction Between Nesiritide and a Heparin‐Coated Pulmonary Artery Line During an Infusion for Decompensated Heart Failure
Authors: Baroletti Steven A. , Wahlstrom Heather D. 
Published: October 2004

Study Objective. Because it is known that intravenous nesiritide is not compatible with unfractionated heparin, we sought to determine the effect that heparin coating on a pulmonary artery catheter may have on the efficacy of a nesiritide infusion.Methods. The efficacy of a nesiritide infusion given through a heparin‐coated pulmonary artery line was compared with that of a nesiritide infusion administered in the same patient through a heparin‐free peripheral line.Results. The rate of infusion was titrated to maintain consistent hemodynamic parameters. When nesiritide was administered through a heparin‐coated line, the infusion rate escalated from 0.01 μg/kg/minute to 0.07 μg/kg/minute. After the route of administration was switched to a heparin‐free line, the same hemodynamic parameters were maintained. The heparin‐free line made it possible to reduce the infusion rate by 57.1% over the next 24 hours to 0.03 μg/kg/minute.Conclusion. The interaction of nesiritide with heparin‐coated pulmonary artery lines has the potential to be clinically significant. Clinicians should be educated about this potential interaction. Nesiritide should be infused only through heparin‐free lines.
Vengeance: Effects of gender, age, and religious background
Authors: Cota‐McKinley Amy L. , Woody William Douglas , Bell Paul A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractVengeance can be commonly defined as the infliction of harm in return for perceived injury or insult or as simply getting back at another person. Three hundred fifty‐three participants responded to eight hypothetical scenarios that may elicit vengeful behavior in which the offending party was either a romantic partner, a friend, a coworker, or a stranger. Participants also completed a vengeance scale and a measure of biblical literalism. Participants were most vengeful toward coworkers and least vengeful toward romantic partners. Age, religious conservatism, and gender were significant predictors of attitudes toward vengeance. Although men were more likely than women to be accepting of vengeful attitudes as measured by the vengeance scale, only age was a significant predictor of behavior in the vengeance scenarios. The current research provides a basis for a systematic investigation of vengeance within the structure of human relationships and interactions. Aggr. Behav. 27:343–350, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of aggression by progesterone and its metabolites in female Syrian hamsters
Authors: Kohlert Jess G. , Meisel Robert L. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe sequence of estradiol and progesterone is known to inhibit the expression of aggression in female hamsters. Despite the key importance of progesterone in the inhibition of aggression, little is known of the mechanisms through which progesterone may exert this effect. Three experiments were performed to assess the degree to which metabolites of progesterone can affect aggression in female Syrian hamsters. Systemic estradiol treatment followed by injections of either progesterone (300 μg IP) or 4‐pregnen‐21‐ol‐3,20‐dione (DOC, 300 μg IP) reliably inhibited aggression. Systemic injection (75, 150, or 300 μg IP) of either 5α‐pregnan‐3α,21‐diol‐20‐one (THDOC) or 5α‐pregnan‐3α‐ol‐20‐one (3α,5α‐THP) did not affect aggression. Intracerebroventricular infusion of 3α,5α‐THP following systemic estradiol treatment also did not affect aggression. In a third experiment, female hamsters were given systemic treatments with estradiol and progesterone that were subthreshold with respect to inhibition of aggression. In these females, intracerebroventricular infusion of THDOC inhibited aggression. These results indicate that metabolites of progesterone can inhibit aggression, most notably in synergy with progesterone itself. Aggr. Behav. 27:372–381, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Personal and participatory socializers of the perceived legitimacy of aggressive behavior in sport
Authors: Conroy David E. , Silva John M. , Newcomer R. Renee , Walker Brent W. , Johnson Matthew S. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractRecent international attention from the media and professional organizations has focused increasingly on violent incidents in sport. The present study developed and used the Sport Behavior Inventory (SBI) to examine personal and participatory variables that influence the socialization of the perceived legitimacy of aggressive sport behavior in children and adolescents ages 8–19 enrolled in public schools. In phase I of this study, the psychometric properties of the SBI as a measure of perceived legitimacy were evaluated in terms of content validity, structural validity, internal consistency, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. A multiple regression analysis in phase II indicated that increases in athletes’ perceptions of the legitimacy of aggressive sport behavior were positively related to age, being male, and contact sport participation. Results were discussed in relation to the social factors that contribute to the development of perceptions of legitimacy for aggressive sport behavior, and future research uses for the SBI. Aggr. Behav. 27:405–418, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mixtures of Ionic Liquids and Water as a Medium for Efficient Enantioselective Hydrogenation and Catalyst Recycling
Authors: Pugin B. , Studer M. , Kuesters E. , Sedelmeier G. , Feng X. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn a screening of ligands, ionic liquids and reaction conditions in the Rh‐catalyzed hydrogenation of enamides, a novel multi‐phase reaction system consisting of an ionic liquid (IL) and water (wet ILs) was found to give the most promising results. In many cases such IL/water combinations were superior compared to conventional organic solvents and biphasic ILs/organic co‐solvents media with respect to catalytic performance as well as to catalyst separation and recycling. So far, the best results were obtained with Rh‐ferrocenyl‐diphosphine catalysts (>99% ee). Generally, somewhat lower ees were observed at higher pressure. However, this effect was less pronounced with wet ILs than with conventional solvents. It is shown that IL/water combination allow repeated catalyst recycling without significant loss of activity and that industrially relevant turnover numbers of >10,000 can be obtained.
A Highly Regioselective Preparation of 4‐Chloromethyl‐5‐methyl‐2‐aryl‐1,3‐oxazoles
Authors: Lee George T. , Jiang Xinglong , Vedananda T. R. , Prasad Kapa , Repič Oljan 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA facile highly regioselective process is described for the formation of 4‐chloromethyl‐1,3‐oxazoles from 1,3‐oxazole N‐oxide/HCl salts. An explanation is presented for the high regioselectivity in deoxygenation‐chlorination using POCl3 with HCl salts compared to the corresponding free N‐oxides. The method is quite general and the products are isolated by direct precipitation in all cases studied.