bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EXISTENCE OF TWO NON-TRIVIAL SOLUTIONS FOR A CLASS OF QUASILINEAR ELLIPTIC VARIATIONAL SYSTEMS ON STRIP-LIKE DOMAINS
Authors: Kristály Alexandru 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn this paper we study the multiplicity of solutions of the quasilinear elliptic system\begin{equation} \left. \begin{aligned} -\Delta_pu\amp=\lambda F_u(x,u,v)\amp\amp\text{in }\varOmega, \\ -\Delta_qv\amp=\lambda F_v(x,u,v)\amp\amp\text{in }\varOmega, \\ u=v\amp=0\amp\amp\text{on }\partial\varOmega, \end{aligned} \right\} \end{equation} \tag{S$_\lambda$}where $\varOmega$ is a strip-like domain and $\lambda>0$ is a parameter. Under some growth conditions on $F$, we guarantee the existence of an open interval $\varLambda\subset(0,\infty)$ such that for every $\lambda\in\varLambda$, the system (S$_\lambda$) has at least two distinct, non-trivial solutions. The proof is based on an abstract critical-point result of Ricceri and on the principle of symmetric criticality.
Incidence and distribution of first-episode mania by age: results from a 35-year study
Authors: KENNEDY N. , EVERITT B. , BOYDELL J. , VAN OS J. , JONES P. B. , MURRAY R. M. 
Published: May 2005

Background. Few epidemiological studies have investigated incidence by age or age at onset distributions for mania or bipolar disorder. The current study aimed to determine these in a defined area in south-east London, over a 35-year period.Method. All cases of first-episode mania presenting to psychiatric services in Camberwell, south-east London, between 1965 and 1999 were identified. Incidence rates by age, using 5-year age-at-onset bands, were estimated and the structure of the age-at-onset distribution for first-episode mania was investigated using finite mixture distributions (admixture analysis).Results. The incidence of DSM-IV bipolar I disorder (BP I), first manic episode peaked in early adult life (16·38/100000 population per year in the 21–25 years band) with a much smaller peak in mid-life. A two-component normal mixture distribution fitted age at onset better than either a single normal distribution or a three-component mixture, implying the existence of early and later onset subgroups. The early onset group had a stronger family history of bipolar disorder, and showed more acute, severe and atypical symptoms during their first manic episode.Conclusions. The incidence of mania peaks in early adult life but there is clear evidence of early and later onset subgroups which may represent different forms of disorder.
One size fits some: the impact of patient treatment attitudes on the cost-effectiveness of a depression primary-care intervention
Authors: PYNE JEFFREY M. , ROST KATHRYN M. , FARAHATI FARAH , TRIPATHI SHANTI P. , SMITH JEFFREY , KEITH WILLIAMS D. , FORTNEY JOHN , COYNE JAMES C. 
Published: May 2005

Background. Despite their impact on outcomes, the effect of patient treatment attitudes on the cost-effectiveness of health-care interventions is not widely studied. This study estimated the impact of patient receptivity to antidepressant medication on the cost-effectiveness of an evidence-based primary-care depression intervention.Method. Twelve community primary-care practices were stratified and then randomized to enhanced (intervention) or usual care. Subjects included 211 patients beginning a new treatment episode for major depression. At baseline, 111 (52·6%) and 145 (68·7%) reported receptivity to antidepressant medication and counseling respectively. The intervention trained the primary-care teams to assess, educate, and monitor depressed patients. Twelve-month incremental (enhanced minus usual care) total costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were calculated.Results. Among patients receptive to antidepressants, the mean incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $5864 per QALY (sensitivity analyses up to $14689 per QALY). For patients not receptive to antidepressants, the mean incremental QALY score was negative (for both main and sensitivity analyses), or the intervention was at least no more effective than usual care.Conclusions. These findings suggest a re-thinking of the ‘one size fits all’ depression intervention, given that half of depressed primary-care patients may be non-receptive to antidepressant medication treatment. A brief assessment of treatment receptivity should occur early in the treatment process to identify patients most likely to benefit from primary-care quality improvement efforts for depression treatment. Patient treatment preferences are also important for the development, design, and analysis of depression interventions.
Stopping and changing in adults with ADHD
Authors: BEKKER E. M. , OVERTOOM C. C. , KENEMANS J. L. , KOOIJ J. J. , DE NOORD I. , BUITELAAR J. K. , VERBATEN M. N. 
Published: May 2005

Background. A lack of inhibitory control has been suggested to be the core deficit in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This means that a primary deficit in behavioral inhibition mediates a cascade of secondary deficits in other executive functions, such as arousal regulation. Clinical observations have revealed that with increasing age symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity decline at a higher rate than those of inattention. This might imply that a deficit in attention rather than a lack of inhibitory control is the major feature in adult ADHD.Method. To study whether an attentional or inhibitory deficit predominates, the stop-signal task and the stop-change task were presented to 24 adults with ADHD combined subtype and 24 controls.Results. Relative to controls, the stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) was significantly more prolonged than the go-stimulus reaction time (RT) in patients with ADHD. This disproportionate elongation of the SSRT was comparable across tasks, even though the stop-change task exerted more complex (or at least different) demands on the inhibitory system than the stop-signal task. ADHD patients had a higher proportion of choice errors, possibly reflecting more premature responses. Specifically in the stop-change task, patients had more variable choice responses and made more inappropriate change responses, which may also reflect enhanced impulsivity.Conclusions. The results support a core deficit in behavioral inhibition in adults with ADHD. We further suggest that there is more evidence for a critical role of deficient inhibitory control in adults than in children with ADHD.
Biphasic neurogenic vasodilatation in the bovine intraocular long posterior ciliary artery: involvement of nitric oxide and an additional unidentified neurotransmitter
Authors: Overend Jill , Wilson William S , Martin William 
Published: May 2005

We have investigated the neurogenic factors inducing relaxation in the intraocular segment of the bovine long posterior ciliary artery.
In precontracted vessels, electrical field stimulation (EFS, 0.5–128 Hz, 10 s trains) in the presence of guanethidine (30 μM) evoked biphasic relaxation: optimal relaxation for the first and second components occurred at 10 and 50 s, respectively. The first component, but not the second, was abolished by L‐NAME (100 μM) or ODQ (3 μM).
Relaxation to exogenous CGRP (0.1–300 nM) was inhibited by the CGRP antagonist, CGRP8–37 (1–5 μM), but neither component of neurogenic relaxation was affected. Preincubation with the sensory nerve excitotoxin, capsaicin (1 μM), had no effect on either the first or second components of neurogenic relaxation.
Substance P (0.1 nM–0.1 μM) induced relaxation, but rapid and complete desensitisation occurred within minutes. Neither desensitisation to substance P (0.1 μM) nor incubation with the NK1 antagonist, L‐733,060 (0.3 μM), had any effect on the first or second components of neurogenic relaxation.
VIP (0.1 nM–0.3 μM) induced relaxation and this was followed by substantial desensitisation. Neither desensitisation to VIP (0.6 μM) nor treatment with the protease, α‐chymotrypsin (10 U ml−1), had any effect on the first or second components of neurogenic relaxation.
The results indicate that nitric oxide mediates the first component of neurogenic relaxation in the bovine intraocular ciliary artery. The neurotransmitter mediating the second component remains to be determined but is unlikely to be CGRP, substance P or VIP.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 1001–1008. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706264
Mast cell involvement in the adenosine mediated airway hyper‐reactivity in a murine model of ovalbumin‐induced lung inflammation
Authors: Wyss Daniel , Bonneau Olivier , Trifilieff Alexandre 
Published: May 2005

Airway hyper‐reactivity to inhaled adenosine, mediated via mast cell activation, is a cardinal feature of asthma. Animal models have been developed in several species to mimic this phenomenon, but only in the rat has a mast cell involvement been clearly defined. In this study, a model of ovalbumin‐induced adenosine hyper‐reactivity was developed in BALB/c mice to determine whether mast cells are involved in this phenomenon.
Sensitised mice were challenged one, two or three times, on a daily basis, and airway responses to the stable adenosine analogue NECA (5′‐N‐ethylcarboxamido adenosine) determined 4 and 24 h after each challenge. Airway hyper‐reactivity was observed in ovalbumin‐challenged mice 4 h after a single challenge and to a minor extent 24 h after a single challenge and 4 h after two challenges.
Cromolyn (20 mg ml−1), given by aerosol an hour before the NECA provocation, fully inhibited the airway hyper‐reactivity observed 4 h after a single allergen challenge, suggesting a role for mast cells in this response. The airway space cellular inflammation was not affected by cromolyn.
As observed in human asthma, an acute treatment with steroid (budesonide 3 mg kg−1, given an hour before the allergen challenge) inhibited the NECA airway hyper‐reactivity and significantly inhibited the airway space cellular inflammation.
These data suggest that the ovalbumin‐challenged BALB/c mice can be considered as a suitable model to study the adenosine‐induced airway hyper‐reactivity phenomenon observed in human asthma.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 845–852. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706271
Digestion of carbohydrates of hay in small ruminants
Authors: Porter P. , Singleton A. G. 
Published: May 2005

1. An analytical scheme for the separation and identification of carbohydrates in food, duodenal contents and faeces of sheep is described.2. This scheme was applied to three sheep and one goat given hay diets, and the quantities of carbohydrates disappearing from the rumen and intestine respectively were assessed by reference to faecal lignin. Results indicated that 95–100% of digestible cellulose and 96–99% of digestible pentosan disappeared from the rumen.3. In an investigation of the microbial fraction of duodenal contents in the goat it was estimated that approximately 6 g carbohydrate passed to the duodenum per 24 h. Glucose accounted for a little over half of this amount.
The content of vitamin E in British diets
Authors: Smith C. L. , Kelleher J. , Losowsky M. S. , Morrish Nora 
Published: May 2005

1. Analysis of whole daily diets of normal subjects and of diets prepared in hospital to resemble the home diets of ambulant hospital patients showed that the majority of diets in Britain have a vitamin E content less than the lowest recommended intake of 5 mg/d, despite being generally satisfactory in calorie, protein and fat contents.2. Comparison of measured intake of vitamin E with the intake calculated from food tables showed that the use of such tables may be unreliable.3. Analyses of selected representative foods and of duplicate whole diets showed that the variations between measured vitamin E content of diets and those calculated from tables may be largely due to the great variability of tocopherol concentration in apparently similar samples of food.
Fatty acid composition of liver lipids of young lambs
Authors: Noble R. C. , Steele W. , Moore J. H. 
Published: May 2005

1. The changes in the lipid compositon of livers from lambs receiving either ewe's milk or a reconstituted low-fat milk powder have been studies during the first 8 d after birth.2. At birth the phospholipid and unesterified fatty acid fractions constituted the major proportion of the liver lipids. In the lambs on the artificial diet the relative concentration of the phospholipid fraction increased and there were corresponding decreases in the relative concentrations of all the other fractions, whereas in the naturally fed lambs the relative concentration of the phospholipids remained similar to that found in the livers at birth.3. In the liver lipids at birth there were only low concentration of the C18polyunsaturated fatty acids, althoughts there were appreciable concentrations of the higher C20and C22polyunsaturated fatty acids.4. After birth there was a large increase in the concentration of the C18polyunsaturated fatty acids in the livers of the lambs on the natural diet and a decrease in the 20:3ω9:20:4ω6 (triene:tetraene) ratio. In the lambs receiving the artificial diet the concentration of the C18polyunsaturated fatty acids and the trience:tetraene ration remained similar to that observed at birth.5. These changes are discussed in relationship to the metabolism of the essential fatty acid in monogastric animals.
Relative palatability to sheep of straw, hay and dried grass
Authors: Greenhalgh J. F. D. , Reid G. W. 
Published: May 2005

1. In the first of two experiments four sheep were fed on dried grass and oat straw in the following combination: (1)straw eaten to appetite and an equal quantity given via a rumen fistula, (2)straw eaten and grass by fistula, (3)grass eaten and straw by fistula, (4)grass eaten and grass by fistula. Mean daily dry-matter intakes (g/kg metabolic live weight, W0·75) for the four treatments respectively were: 13·3, 23·2, 47·8 and 59·4. Dry-matter digestibility coefficients (%) were 37·2, 53·1, 53·3 and 71·3. Changing the digestibility of the diet without changing the component eaten (1 v.2; 3v.4) had a large effect on intake, but changing the component eaten without changing digestibility (2v. 3) caused a twofold change in intake. The latter result implied a difference in palatability between the feeds.2. The quantities of digesta in the rumen, determined by removal before and after feeding, were generally twice as great for treatments 3 and 4 as for 1 and 2. There were corresponding differences between treatments in the rates of passage of stained particles of feed and of chromic oxide.3. In the second experiment the treatments were the same except that meadow hay replaced oat straw. Mean daily dry-matter intakes (g/kg W0·75) were 41·7, 55·1, 59·9 and 68·7 for treatment 1 to 4 respectively, and digestibility coefficient were 54·0, 61·3, 62·3 and 72·0. In this experiment there appeared to be only a small difference in the palatability of the feed.
The effect of the absence of rumen ciliate protozoa on growing lambs fed on a roughage–concentrate diet
Authors: Eadie J. Margaret , Gill J. C. 
Published: May 2005

1. Lambs were removed form their dams at 2 d of age, and at 5 weeks of age eitht of one group were incoulated with a mixed rumen ciliate and seven in a second group were maintained ciliate-free throughout the 61 weeks of the experiment. Performance of the groups was compared when given a 2:1 roughage:concentrate diet as a set ration and withad lib.roughage.2. Mixed ciliate populations developed in all faunated lambs and average-sized populations were maintained. Large numbers of flagellate protozoa developed in the ciliate-free animals after flagellates had been introduced into the building with the ciliate-free animals after flagellates had been introduced into the building with the ciliate inoculum.3. Higher numbers of rumen bacteria were found in the ciliate-free group.4. Only between the 14th and 21st weeks was there a significant different between groups in weight gain and this was infavour of the faunated group. The only significant different in body measurements was greater girth in the ciliate-free lambs.5. Only minor differences were found between the groups in calorimetric trials, digestibility and nitrogen balanes. There were no differences between groups in concentration of total protein N and soluble sugar in the rumen. The ammonis concentration was significantly higher in the faunated group.6. The concentrations of total rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) were higher in the faunated group. Differences, between groups, in proportions of VFA were attributed to the activity of the rumen bacteria rather than the ciliatesper se.7. No differences between groups were found in the concentrations of blood sugar and haemoglobin.8. It was concluded that the changes due to the presence of rumen ciliates were not great enough to be reflected in animal performance under the conditions of this experiment.
An assessment of the nutritive value of a maize-soya mixture, ‘Soy-Ogi’, as a weaning food in Nigeria
Authors: Akinrele I. A. , Edwards Charity C. A. 
Published: May 2005

1. Sour maize pap fortified with soya (Soy-Ogi), developed at the Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, Nigeria has been evaluated chemically for its nutrient composition, biologically for protein quality and toxicity, and therapeutically on patients with kwashiorkor.2. The indications are that it is a complete protein food suitable for feeding to children after weaning, and it compares favourably and economically with milk foods.3. It was successfully used to restore normal health to children suffering from kwashiorkor.
Individual variation in fructose metabolism in man
Authors: Cook G. C. , Jacobson Janice 
Published: May 2005

1. Constant intravenous (3 h) infusions of a fructose solution were given on a rate for body-weight basis (0·6 g/kg per h) to thirty patients who had no evidence of diabetes mellitus or liver disease. Concentrations of blood fructose, pyruvate and lactate formed a plateau during the last 1–1·5 h of the infusion period.2. Although the numbers were small, the individual pyruvate and lactate concentrations at plateau varied greatly and assumed a bi-modal distribution, suggesting two distinct groups. The group to show a lower pyruvate and lactate rise (group A) contained more males of a lower age and more patients who had ischaemic cardiac disease than the other group (B); none of these differences was, however, statistically significant. The fructose concentrations at plateau were not significantly different between the groups. Serum triglyceride glycerol concentration during the infusions rose markedly in three patients in group A but in none in group B. Minor changes in concentration of blood glucose, insulin, inorganic phosphate and uric acid during the infusions were not significantly different between the groups and did not fall into a bi-modal pattern.3. Constant intravenous (3 h) infusions of 0.15M-sodiurn lactate at the same infusion rate in eight of the patients (four from group A and four from group B) did not produce a significant difference in the blood lactate concentrations at plateau between patients from the two groups.4. These results reflect qualitative differences in fructose metabolism in the patients studied. The difference in pyruvate and lactate production may be associated with total carbohydrate intake. However, the bi-modal distribution strongly suggests a genetically determined difference in metabolism between the two groups.
Hardness of human nail as an index of nutritional status: a preliminary communication
Authors: Robson J. R. K. , El-Tahawi H. D. 
Published: May 2005

1. The Knoop test of hardness of materials has been used to test the hardness of human nail.2. The range of hardness of nails was found to be small in healthy persons and large in malnourished children.3. Nails from malnourished children were in general much harder than those from healthy persons. The nails of a small group of three children became softer while they were recovering from malnutrition.
Determination of the energy expenditure of penned and grazing sheep from estimates of carbon dioxide entry rate
Authors: Corbett J. L. , Farrell D. J. , Leng R. A. , McClymont G. L. , Young B. A. 
Published: May 2005

1. NaH14CO3, was infused at a constant rate either subcutaneously or intraperitoneally into sheep kept in a uniform environment and consuming a standard amount of food each hour. After 3 h of infusion the specific radioactivity (SR) of COe obtained by acidification of samples of blood taken from the right atrium showed no significant change with time until after 22 h when the infusions were stopped.2. Entry rates of COa (I/h) in sheep were estimated from the ratio of rate of infusion of14CO2, as NaH14C08(µCi/h) to the SR of CO2(µCi/l) in samples of jugular venous blood, urine and exhaled gas taken after infusions had been in progress for at least 3 h. Concurrently, rates of energy expenditure were calculated from the gaseous exchanges over periods of 60–90 min which were determined for grazing sheep by use of re-entrant tracheal cannulation and meter-ing and analysis of exhaled gas, or for housed sheep by measurement in respiration chambers.3. Significant positive relationships were found between entry rate, the independent variable, and the contemporary energy expenditure. Equations obtained for grazing sheep were not significantly different from those obtained for other, housed, sheep when both groups were infused subcutaneously and COz for assay of radioactivity was obtained in all instances from blood, or in all instances from urine.4. With subcutaneous infusion the equation relating energy expenditure to entry rate estimated from the SR of urinary COa differed significantly from that where entry rate was derived from radioactivity assays of blood or exhaled CO2. There was also a significant differ-ence between two equations where entry rates were determined from the SR of blood CO2but route of infusion was in the one instance intravenous and in the other was sub-cutaneous. Reasons for the differences between equations are discussed.5. Changes in the rates of energy expenditure of sheep effected by intermittent exercise on a treadmill were reflected in changes in CO2entry rates. Values for the energy cost of hori-zontal locomotion by the sheep were derived from the entry rates and were similar in magni-tude to those reported by other workers.6. I t is suggested that the method of determining energy expenditure from COz entry rate may be adapted for use on many species of animal in a variety of environments.
Nutritive value of the winged bean (Psophocarpus palustrisDesv.)
Authors: Černý K. , Kordylas Maud , Pospíšil F. , Švábenský O. , Zajíc B. 
Published: May 2005

1. The winged bean (Psophocarpus palustris Desv.) has been grown successfully for several seasons, on an experimental basis, in the forest belt of Ghana, where earlier attempts to grow the soya bean had proved unsatisfactory.2. Although botanically different, the composition of the dry seeds was found to be very similar to that of the soya bean, containing 37·3% protein, 18·1% fat, 13·9 ppm thiamin and 1·8 ppm riboflavin. The oil of the seeds contained 125·9 mg tocopherol (γ + β) per 100 g. The amino acid composition of the protein was very similar to that of the soya bean, with methionine as the first-limiting amino acid. The content of unsaturated fatty acids and that of poly-unsaturated essential fatty acids were satisfactory.Active trypsin inhibitor found in the raw seeds could be destroyed satisfactorily by moist heat. No urease activity was detected.The protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein utilization (NPU) of the beans determined with rats, were superior to those of groundnuts. The supplementary value of the protein was shown by mixing two parts of the winged bean and three parts of maize flour. When adjusted to either 10% or 16% protein, the PER values of these mixtures were similar to those of skim milk. At the 16% protein level, addition of skim milk or 0·3% DL-methionine to this mixture produced only an insignificant improvement in PER value.The pleasant, sweet taste even when in the raw state is one of the advantages of the winged bean. Although, it is a climber, and should be staked, its cultivation on a small scale in selected areas of Ghana is recommended.