bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusions
Authors: Holden Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until 1940, the limits of public violence were shaped with little or no substantive or sustained interference by groups or interests that could be identified as wholly external to Central America. Although some modest Spanish, German, and Chilean military collaboration aided the upward displacement of the agents of public violence into national armed forces, this too was largely an internal process. The exception was Nicaragua, where the United States created the Guardia Nacional in the late 1920s and early 1930s in order to put an end to the country’s chronic public violence. Unavailing in its objective, the U.S. effort in Nicaragua instead spawned a state much like that of its northern neighbors—one that succeeded in concentrating a good deal of public violence in the hands of its own agents, even as they continued to operate within the traditionally permissive limits of that violence. The process of concentration or upward displacement was scarcely a smooth one. Burdened by the legacy of factionalism and personalism, it was subject to frequent disruption and setbacks. Even under the best of political circumstances, the extreme resource limitations of the Central American states invariably undermined their capacity to reliably concentrate and control public violence. As a result, the isthmian states’ armed forces had only become weakly institutionalized by the start of World War II. The war heralded a startling acceleration in the pace and thoroughness of the concentration of the disparate sources of institutional public violence into national armies, air forces, and police forces.
Life and Music after the Band
Authors: Gushee Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An obsession symmetry might here demand an attempt to parallel the kind of detail found in the earlier biographies of Chapter1. Two reasons speak against this: first, while documentary sources for New Orleans are concentrated in a handful of archives and libraries in New Orleans itself, this no longer holds once the various members of the band settled down in California, Chicago, or Philadelphia; second, the available information in standard reference works is reasonably reliable. Nonetheless, one point in particular justifies some biographical explorations, namely, the sound recordings made during the 1920s by Johnson, Keppard, Noone, Baquet, and possibly Vincent, and the 1940s recordings by Louis Delille. They truly are the only extant audible evidence for any speculations we might have regarding the sound of the Creole Band. Strangely enough, for the most part they haven’t been taken seriously.
‘Winston is Back!’
Authors: Best Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hitler’s armed forces launched their assault on Poland at first light on Friday 1 September 1939. Through the next forty-eight hours the Prime Minister and his Foreign Secretary, Lord Halifax, prepared for the worst but retained some sparks of hope that it wouldn’t happen. Neville Chamberlain decided to form a small War Cabinet of non-departmental ministers and invited Churchill to be one of them, while Halifax juggled with a last-minute attempt to get Hitler to pull back, at the same time dealing with the French government’s prudent wish not to let it seem that Britain was dragging it into war. Through Saturday the 2nd the moods of Parliament and people hardened against further postponement of the inevitable. Chur-chill was restless and impatient. At last an ultimatum was sent to Berlin. It remained unanswered. At 11.15 on the morning of Sunday 3 September Chamberlain glumly broadcast his declaration that a state of war had come to exist between Britain and Germany. After the serio-comic interlude of a false air-raid alarm, Churchill went to the House to hear Chamberlain say much the same thing again. Labour’s Arthur Greenwood having affirmed his party’s support, Churchill made the short speech he had prepared for the occasion. (Had he taken it for granted that he would be called? Probably.) Then Chamberlain told him that the War Cabinet was to be enlarged to include the three services ministers, and asked whether Churchill would take the Admiralty. He would. He sent word to the Admiralty to be ready for him at 6 p.m. In the words of the signal flashed to the Royal Navy’s ships and stations worldwide, ‘Winston is Back!’
His Finest Hour
Authors: Best Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Churchill understood that the military situation was not good when he became Prime Minister, but no more than anyone else had he an inkling of how very bad it was going to become within six weeks, or how bad it was going to stay through the next twelve months. The title often and justly conferred on him as the Saviour of the Nation rests above all on how he managed the war and kept the country going and its people united through this period from May 1940 until June 1941. Britain had only ever once before been in as dangerous a situation, and that was in the spring of 1917 when German unrestricted submarine warfare brought the country to within a few weeks of starvation. The dangers that threatened now were invasion and, that failing to materialise, destruction of its cities and factories and demoralisation of its people. Looking back on the summer and autumn days of 1940, his daughter (who was closer to the centre of the storm than most) wrote that although later times were often anxious and painful, ‘never again, I think, did one feel one could scarcely breathe. We got through the days almost automatically, living from news bulletin to news bulletin, and dreading what each would bring’.1 Bad news came thick and fast. Three days after Hitler’s forces attacked the Netherlands and Belgium, they began to penetrate France by way of the Ardennes, which the French high command had assumed would be impassable for them; by 19 May their spearhead had reached the Channel near Abbeville. Sensing that all was not well in France, on 15 May Churchill made the first of five flying visits to find out what was going on. As did other like-purposed visitors in those darkening days, he got a gloomy impression. Even before the full extent of the danger to the BEF was clear, the possibility of its evacuation began to be quietly considered.
America and Roosevelt
Authors: Best Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Momentous decisions about strategy and foreign relations had to be made within a few weeks of Churchill’s assumption of the national leadership. Britain’s military situation quickly became as unfavourable as could have been imagined. Germany’s swift defeat of France, close on the heels of the occupation of Denmark, Norway and the Low Countries, meant more than the loss of Britain’s only major ally; an ally moreover who had been relied on to provide the greater part of the land forces with which Germany was to be fought. It meant that the German armed forces were also far better placed for operations against the British Isles. U-boats could sail straight into the high seas from bases on the Atlantic coast of France instead of having to creep through the Straits of Dover or go the long way round between Scotland and Iceland. Bombers operating from bases in France, Belgium and Norway could reach every desirable British target and bring heavier loads of bombs with them. Warships and commerce raiders had the whole Norwegian coastline to operate from, and the French ports too if they could get there. Germany’s war-making potential was increased by control of the economies of the occupied countries (Czechoslovakia’s of course was already in the bag), and the traditional British idea of blockading a continental foe into submission was gone forever. All that was catastrophic enough, yet there was even worse to come. Italy entered the war on 10 June 1940. Its incursion into south-eastern France was of little significance, but it mattered much that British security in East Africa, Egypt and the Middle East generally was now threatened. It mattered also that the Mediterranean had suddenly changed from being a safe sea into a perilous one. One of the nightmares of the pre-war imperial security planners had become a reality: the Royal Navy had to fight in the Mediterranean, on its own, as well as in the Atlantic and everywhere else.
The Iron Curtain
Authors: Best Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When several years later Churchill got to writing the final volume of his war memoirs, the volume running from D-Day, 6 June 1944, to the Potsdam summit in July 1945, he set out its theme thus: ‘How the Great Democracies Triumphed, and so were able to Resume the Follies which had so nearly Cost them their Life.’ By the early 1950s it was all too clear to everyone that the Second World War had no more brought about a safer world than had the First. Cold War had succeeded to hot, Europe was once again divided between two hostile groups of states, and hot war itself was soon to be back in several other parts of the globe. From 1944 the great matter with which Churchill’s mind most constructively concerned itself was how to create an international order that would prove disaster proof; one that would prove itself more effective, one might add, than the United Nations Organization, whose principles and standards he admired while realistically reckoning that Great Power disharmony would restrict its usefulness. The greatest barrier to begin with was his listeners’ reluctance to believe that disaster might happen. Communists and fellow travellers were not the only elements of western European public opinion that found it difficult to think ill of Stalin and the Soviet Union. It was unnatural and distasteful to most people, it was a sort of affront to human nature, to be asked to view yesterday’s acclaimed friends as tomorrow’s probable foes.
The CPS Experience Working with a Family from Beginning to End
Authors: Brittain Charmaine , Murphy Kimberlee C , Wilmot Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This handbook covers the various practices and procedures used in child protective services (CPS) work. If you are new to CPS work, you may find it somewhat difficult to understand how all aspects of the work fit together for the life of a case. This case diary, written from the perspective of the workers assigned to the case, will show you how a family moves through the CPS system and how the various players in the CPS system handle their portions of the case. For educational purposes, these notes reflect some of the workers’ thought processes, and they include more detail than would notes for an actual case. The names and scenario are fictitious; any resemblance to actual people or situations is purely coincidental.
The History of Child Protective Services
Authors: Lescher Nancy McDaniel Nita C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the United States, the child protection movement was tied to and gained momentum from other social justice reform movements that occurred throughout the country in the mid-to late 1800s. In addition to championing suffrage, the women’s rights movement confronted and drew public attention to issues of family violence (Costin, Karger, & Stoesz, 1996). The animal welfare movement was particularly influential, as was the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) that supported and aided early efforts to legislate state authority to protect children. With the assistance of the ASPCA, in 1874 New York passed the Protective Services Act and the Cruelty to Children Act, thereby becoming the first state to enact legislation intended to safeguard the rights of children.
The Casework Process
Authors: McDaniel Anne Comstock. Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The casework process is the approach to practice used in child protective services. It involves integrating the legal mandates for CPS, as well as the values of social work practice, in working together with families on resolving the issues that precipitated their involvement with CPS. In this chapter we first explore the philosophical foundation for CPS practice, and then we discuss the casework process, from the thinking behind it to the tasks within it. When conducting casework, you will have multiple roles, and you must be comfortable moving among all of them. You will also have to balance your use of authority with your engagement with and provision of help to the family. Your self-awareness can help to facilitate this balance. Finally, in this chapter we present the factors that make CPS a challenging experience and strategies for overcoming them to make the casework process a better experience for everyone involved.
Interviewing Children and Families
Authors: Nowak Edward , Schamber Ingo , Brittain Charmaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Effective interviewing is a composite of knowledge, skills, preparation, experience, attitude, and your own inherent competence, as well as your ability to build a relationship with the family. Some of your skills will develop naturally as you try various approaches. However, in learning to interview parents or caregivers successfully, it is important that you be aware that practice is indispensable and that competency will be achieved only if you are conscious of certain effective approaches and techniques in dealing with families involved with CPS. As you develop your capacity to interview, your confidence as a practitioner will increase and you will find that you are more likely to help parents or caregivers make positive changes as parents and individuals. The quality of the relationships you develop with parents or caregivers and their responsiveness to your help will depend to a great extent on your interviewing skills.
Medical Evaluation of Abuse and Neglect
Authors: Wells Kathryn M , Sirotnak Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The medical evaluation of a suspected child abuse or neglect victim may be of great assistance in establishing the presence and nature of the maltreatment. The medical provider’s primary goals are the identification of trauma or illness in need of treatment and assisting in the restoration of health. Secondarily, the medical provider can assist in establishing the presence or absence of additional injury as well as other relevant medical conditions. This evaluation may help determine a course of action and the need for placement of the involved child or other children. Clear communication between the worker and the medical provider is essential as you share a mutual goal of enhancing the child’s health. Throughout this chapter, the term medical provider is inclusive of any medical professional, including pediatricians, general practitioners, family physicians, nurse practitioners, physician’s assistants, and child health associates. Because interaction with medical professionals can be an intimidating process, this chapter will increase your professional knowledge base so that you can effectively work with medical professionals to assist your clients.
Accountability in Child Protective Services
Authors: Klein-Rothschild Susan , Brittain Charmaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the passage of child abuse and neglect reporting laws in the early 1970s, the scope, size, and complexity of child protective services has increased tremendously. The rapid growth in the field and the significant effects of interventions have created an environment in which fellow practitioners, funding sources (government and private), and the general public are demanding accountability for decisions made and actions taken. Being accountable means accepting responsibility for performance, such as being able to show measurable ways in which CPS interventions make a difference, what works to assure safety for children, how permanency is achieved, or how we improve the well-being of children and families. Increasingly, we must pay attention to the consistency of decisions, to service availability, to cost justification, and to achieving results. Our ability to help children and families depends on our effectiveness as CPS professionals who recognize that part of doing a good job is being accountable.
“Damned in Time & in Eternity”
Authors: Pinsker Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By Late July 1864, Jubal Early Had Become A More Serious Headache For President Lincoln. At first, the raid on Washington had been a fleeting embarrassment for the Union high command. Then it turned out that Early had other plans for making excursions into northern territory. On Tuesday, July 26, 1864, when Gideon and Mary Ann Welles paid a social call on the president and first lady at the Soldiers’ Home, the men could talk about little else besides reports suggesting that the former Virginia state legislator turned Confederate general was now moving on southern Pennsylvania. “I told the President I trusted there would be some energy and decision in getting behind them, cut- ting them off, and not permitting them to go back,” Welles noted in his diary, “instead of a scare and getting forces to drive them back with their plunder.” The president said he agreed with those views “precisely” and told Secretary of Navy Welles that he had been urging General Halleck to guarantee that it would finally happen this time.
“Whatever is, is right”
Authors: Pinsker Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fears About Possible Attempts To Harm Or Kidnap Abraham Lincoln Increased Throughout 1864. In March, the New York Tribune first reported on an alleged Rebel conspiracy to abduct the president. The same month, Willard Cutter noted that a man went “crazy” inside the White House, ranting about how “he would be the next President” before guards managed to arrest him. By May, Senator James Lane of Kansas made a special trip to the White House to warn John Hay that the president “must now chiefly guard against assassination.” The aide “poohpoohed” the concerns, in his words, arguing calmly that “every prominent man was more or less exposed to the attacks of maniacs.” A reported incident near the Soldiers’. Home in mid-August 1864 added to the sense of rising anxiety. About eleven o ‘clock one night, Private John W. Nichols of Company K was on guard duty at the large gate on the edge of the institution’s grounds when he heard a rifle shot and then witnessed the “bareheaded” president riding quickly on horseback toward his cottage. Private Nichols asked the president about his missing hat and was told that “somebody had fired a gun off at the foot of the hill” which frightened Lincoln’s horse and then led to a struggle to regain control that had “jerked his hat off.”
Grand Rounds
Authors: Milees Steven H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rising faith in the promise of health-care technology and declining trust in the health-care system—such is the paradox of health care as the twenty-first century opens. Smallpox is extinct; polio is almost so. Lives are saved with seemingly miraculous transplants and chemotherapy. The ability to control high blood pressure is one of the many ways that modem health care prevents premature death or disability. Rehabilitation, prosthetics, and assistive devices enable persons with disabilities to live much better lives than they have in the past. In much of the world, infant mortality is falling and longevity is increasing.
In the shadow of Milton
Authors: Bloom Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers brief readings of four poems: Wordsworth’s Intimations Ode, Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind, Keats’s Ode to Psyche, and Tennyson’s Ulysses. Wordsworth’s poem is written directly in the shadow of Milton, and may be called a misprision or powerful misreading of Lycidas. Shelley’s poem is a strong misreading of Wordsworth’s, while Keats’s can be called a persuasive misinterpretation of several texts by both Milton and Wordsworth. Tennyson’s dramatic monologue struggles with all four precursors, and marvelously achieves itself by one of the most complex misprisions in the language. All can be charted usefully and clearly on my map of misreading, and none has lost its disturbing power to affect the poetry of our own time.
From Donor to Recipient: The Pathway and Business of Donated Tissues
Authors: Anderson Martha W , Schapiro Renie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The procurement and distribution of skin and musculoskeletal tissues (bone, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage) follows its own pathway, one quite different from that of solid organs or other tissues such as corneas, heart valves, or veins. This chapter introduces the reader to the many steps and parties involved in that process, from the death of a potential donor to the distribution of the donated tissue (allograft) for implantation into a patient. The chapter also offers a primer on some of the business aspects of that process-where money changes hands and why the industry has become so attractive to for-profit companies. Subsequent chapters expand and build on the material presented here; this chapter is intended to introduce the reader to the basic system as a framework for the more expansive discussion that follows.
Clinical Aspects of Allograft Tissue
Authors: Makley John T , Nicholas Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As clinicians who implant allograft tissues, our purpose in this chapter is to familiarize the reader with the potential benefits and the practical applications of human tissue transplantation. We will provide a brief overview and clinical examples illustrating the use of allograft tissue. Allograft tissue is often necessary when adequate amounts of autograft are not available. Some surgical techniques require modifications of allograft tissues before they can be implanted into the recipient. Bone, for example, can be shaped, processed, or combined with other materials and then used as pins, screws, pastes, or putties in skeletal reconstruction. Intricate machining of bone yields tissue forms that are essential for certain types of spinal reconstruction.
Andy’s Gift: A Donor Family’s Perspective
Authors: Moyer John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing this has caused me to revisit a very painful incident that occurred in our family in 1992. We lost our older son in a skiing accident. On a bright sunny Colorado day in December 1992, Andy was skiing with four of his closest friends when he fell and struck his head. Another skier found him, alerted the patrol, and life-saving measures were initiated. He was flown to a nearby trauma center where he was determined to be brain dead 24 hours later, despite expert and caring neurosurgery and intensive care. At that point we became a donor family. My profession in medicine from 1962 to the present has brought me close to the field of transplantation on many occasions. As a first-year medical student I witnessed the performance of one of the nation’s first renal trans plants. As a pediatric resident, I worked closely with liver transplantation, which in the mid-to late sixties was very experimental.
The Gift of Tissue: A Donor Mom’s Perspective
Authors: Kulik Ellen Gottmann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is an outpouring of a conflict that arose within me as I began to analyze informed consent and related issues on an intellectual level. On one side, I am an attorney by training; my legal mind tells me that there must be a defmitive standard for obtaining consent for donation from families. But I am also a donor mother and a member of the Executive Committee of the National Donor Family Council; my heart calls for compassion and sensitivity to the family’s grief. The crux of the issue is striking a deli cate balance between informing families about the donation process and providing appropriate bereavement care to families. I do not claim to know the answers. I only know that resolving the issue is not as cut-and-dried as my legal mind wants it to be.