bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intracerebroventricular choline reverses hypotension induced by acute chemical sympathectomy
Authors: Gürün M. S. , Savci V. , Ulus I. H. 
Published: November 2003

1 The effect of centrally administered choline on blood pressure was investigated in rats made hypotensive by chemical sympathectomy. Chemical sympathectomy was produced by intravenous (i.v.) injection of 50 mg kg−1 of 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐‐OHDA). Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of choline (50–150 μg) 2 h after 6‐OHDA treatment increased blood pressure and reversed the hypotension in a dose‐dependent manner without affecting heart rate. The pressor response was associated with an increase in plasma vasopressin levels. 2 Pretreatment of rats with the nicotinic receptor antagonist, mecamylamine (50 μg, i.c.v.), but not the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine (10 μg, i.c.v.), blocked both the pressor and vasopressin responses to choline (150 μg). Pretreatment of rats with hemicholinium‐3 (HC‐3), a high affinity choline uptake inhibitor, greatly attenuated the pressor response to i.c.v. choline (150 μg). 3 The vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist, (β‐mercapto‐β,β‐cyclopentamethylenepropionyl‐O‐Me‐Try,Arg)‐vasopressin (10 μg kg−1; i.v.), given 5 min after i.c.v. choline, decreased the blood pressure but failed to return it to the pre‐choline levels. Prazosine (0.5 mg kg−1; i.p.), an antagonist of α‐adrenoceptors, also decreased blood pressure. Administration of both antagonists together eliminated the pressor response to choline, and the blood pressure was reduced further to below the pre‐choline levels. 4 It is concluded that i.c.v. choline can increase blood pressure in rats made hypotensive by acute chemical sympathectomy through the activation of central nicotinic receptors by presynaptic mechanisms. An elevation in plasma levels of both vasopressin and catecholamines (possibly released from the adrenal medulla) is involved in the pressor response to choline.
β3‐Adrenoceptors mediate smooth muscle relaxation in the rat lower oesophageal sphincter
Authors: Oriowo M. A. 
Published: November 2003

1 The role of β3‐adrenoceptors in isoprenaline‐induced relaxation of carbachol‐precontracted ring segments of the rat lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) was examined. 2 Isoprenaline (10−8m– 10−5m) relaxed ring segments of the LOS in a concentration‐dependent manner. Propranolol (10−7m) had very little antagonist effect on isoprenaline‐induced relaxation. 3 Dobutamine (10−7m– 10−4m), salbutamol (10−7m – 10−4m) and BRL 37344 (10−8– 10−5m) also all relaxed carbachol‐contracted ring segments of the LOS in a concentration‐dependent manner. The relaxant responses to these agonists were similarly not antagonized by propranolol (10−7m). 4 Cyanopindolol (10−6m), produced a parallel rightward displacement of isoprenaline, dobutamine, salbutamol and BRL 37344 concentration–response curves with similar potencies. The pKB values range from 7.3 ± 0.1 to 7.7 ± 0.2. 5 The relaxant effect of isoprenaline in the rat LOS was not inhibited by NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine (l‐NOARG; 3 × 10−5m), glibenclamide (10−5m) or tetraethylammonium (1 mm). 6 It was concluded that β3‐adrenoceptors mediate isoprenaline‐induced relaxation in rat lower oesophageal sphincter and that activation of these receptors was not linked to either ATPase‐, Ca2+‐dependent K+ channels or to NO release.
DMPP‐evoked increases in postganglionic sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure occurs by two mechanisms in the rat
Authors: Martin J. R. 
Published: November 2003

1 Intravenous administration of the ganglionic nicotinic receptor agonist DMPP (1,1‐dimethyl‐4‐phenylpiperazinium iodide) into urethane‐anaesthetized rats evoked dose‐dependent increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). 2 The ganglionic nicotinic receptor antagonists pentolinium and hexamethonium either alone or combined did not inhibit the increase in RSNA and MAP evoked by 50 to 200 μg kg−1 doses of DMPP. The increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity evoked by DMPP occurred as a brief burst in firing. 3 The increase in MAP, but not RSNA, evoked by DMPP in the presence of pentolinium was inhibited by the selective α1‐adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin. 4 The non‐selective α‐adrenoceptor and NPY receptor antagonist benextramine also inhibited the increase in MAP without inhibiting the increase in RSNA. Surprisingly, the combination of benextramine and pentolinium, or benextramine and hexamethonium, completely blocked the DMPP‐evoked increase in RSNA and thus the increase in MAP. 5 The uptake1 antagonist desipramine combined with pentolinium did not affect the DMPP‐evoked increases in MAP or RSNA when compared to the responses evoked in the presence of pentolinium alone. 6 Adding the selective M1 muscarinic receptor antagonist telenzepine to pentolinium and prazosin did not inhibit the increase in RSNA evoked by a 100 μg kg−1 dose of DMPP. 7 While the DMPP‐evoked increase in MAP in the presence of ganglionic nicotinic receptor antagonists is primarily dependent upon activation of α1‐adrenoceptors, the increase in RSNA occurs via activation of ganglionic nicotinic receptors and activation of a mechanism susceptible to blockade by benextramine.
Use of [3H]‐clozapine as a ligand of the dopamine D4 receptor subtype in peripheral tissues
Authors: Ricci A. , Bronzetti E. , Rossodivita I. , Amenta F. 
Published: November 2003

1 Molecular biology studies have documented the presence of peripheral dopamine D4 receptors. This site has not been characterized yet with classical radioligand binding assay techniques because of the lack of selective radioligands. 2 The atypical neuroleptic clozapine labelled with tritium ([3H]‐clozapine) has been proposed and sold as a radioligand for brain dopamine D4 receptors. However, the selectivity of [3H]‐clozapine for D4 receptor subtypes, and its specificity for brain dopamine receptors, have been questioned. 3 In this study dopamine D4 receptors were assayed in peripheral organs known to express them, such as rat atria and kidney, by using a radioligand binding assay technique with [3H]‐clozapine as the radioligand. Parallel experiments were performed using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with the D4 receptor clone (variant D4.2). 4 [3H]‐Clozapine was bound to sections of rat atria and kidney. After appropriate blockade of sites other than dopamine receptors to which it can bind (i.e. muscarinic cholinergic, serotonergic and α‐adrenergic receptors), the radioligand was bound to a site displaying a pharmacological profile similar to that expressed by CHO cells transfected with the D4 receptor. 5 The above findings indicate that with appropriate protocols, [3H]‐clozapine may represent a radioligand for peripheral dopamine D4 receptors.
Autonomic components of the cardiovascular responses to an acoustic startle stimulus in rats
Authors: Baudrie V. , Tulen J. H. M. , Blanc J. , Elghozi J.‐L. 
Published: November 2003

1 A loud acoustic stimulus was administered to rats prior to and after treatment with autonomic blockers in order to unravel the autonomic mechanisms of the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) responses to startle. 2 Six rats, implanted with a BP telemetric system, were used in a randomized crossover saline‐controlled (saline vs. autonomic blocker) study with a washout period of 7 days between each active session. A first acoustic stimulus (110 dB, 0.7 s) was administered. An autonomic blocker i.e. atropine methylnitrate (15 mg. kg−1), atenolol (15 mg. kg−1) or prazosin HCl (1 mg. kg−1), or physiological saline was administered i.p. 40 min prior to a second identical acoustic stimulus. 3 The average BP rise following the first stimulus was +25 mmHg and the average HR change was +17 bpm. The responses after autonomic blockades were affected as follows: atropine increased the HR rise (+45.1 ± 1.7 bpm), atenolol reversed the HR changes to a bradycardic response (−21.4 ± 9.1 bpm), after prazosin treatment the BP rise was reversed into a BP decrease (−11.3 ± 3.2 mmHg) and the HR increase was amplified (+76.0 ± 10.0 bpm). Finally, the delay for obtaining the maximal BP change was increased from 1.9 to 2.6 s following prazosin pretreatment. 4 These results indicate that the BP rise resulting from an acute loud noise depends on a vascular sympathetic activation (prevented with prazosin), which is partly blunted by vasodilation (revealed with prazosin). The evoked HR changes combine a sympathetic activation (fully expressed following atropine) and a vagal activation (unmasked with atenolol). Further experiments are necessary to document the vasodilatory component unmasked with prazosin.
Pressure modulates the reactivity of isolated rabbit epicardial arteries
Authors: García‐Roldán J.L. , Alonso M.J. , Marín J. 
Published: November 2003

1 The magnitude of responses to prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and adenosine (ADO) in pressurized rabbit epicardial coronary arteries (367 ± 44 μm o.d.) with intact endothelium was assessed when they developed spontaneous tone. 2 The arteries were cannulated and changes in arterial diameter registered with an automated video perfusion system. The vessels, in the stabilization period at 60 mmHg, were divided into two groups, one exposed to a longitudinal stretch of +20% of unstretched initial length (Lo), and the other to +35% Lo, which developed spontaneous tone. In both cases, diameter–pressure curves were obtained by changing the intravascular pressure from 30 to 120 mmHg in aleatory steps of 30 mmHg (dp/dt = 15 mmHg s−1). 3 Diameter reduction of the arteries with stretch of +35% Lo in response to 1 μm PGF2α was greater than that with stretch of +20% Lo. Likewise, increase of the arteries that had +35% Lo in response to 1 μm ADO was greater than with +20% Lo. 4 Intravascular flow (40 μl min−1) increased the tone level of arteries. The addition of PGF2α enhanced this tone which was similar to that obtained with a stretch of +35% Lo and no flow, whereas the effect of ADO was increased. 5 These data indicate that the vasomotor responses of PGF2α and ADO are modulated by the degree of longitudinal stretch in epicardial arteries.
Audit: an exploration of two models from outside the health care environment
Authors: Earl‐Slater Alan , Wilcox Victoria 
Published: November 2003

Whilst there has been exponential growth in auditing health care services and a proliferation of the instruments involved, there seems to have been less cross‐fertilization of audit systems and instruments between health care environments and other environments. This paper identifies and explores two audit systems and instruments outside the health care environment. The objective is to seek to improve the level of common understanding, communication and collaboration amongst those who are interested or involved in audit in any sector of the economy. This exercise offers an opportunity and incentive for cross‐fertilization of ideas with respect to audit concepts, systems, instruments, results and experiences.Yet there is a more fundamental question to be considered: why bother with audit? This paper identifies core reasons for performing audit which, although they have been mentioned elsewhere, are worth recalling once again. The two non‐health care audit systems and instruments are then identified and explored. On the one hand it is seen that the two audit systems and instruments outside health care have common features with audits in health care. On the other hand, it is also suggested that there are some significant differences in the two audit systems and instruments when compared to health care audits. This paper identifies and discusses similarities and differences.Finally, if we fail to learn from the mixture of experiences and insights of various audit exercises, not only will be doing our professions and our customers a disservice but we will lower the chances of continuous improvement in knowledge and understanding.
Feeding problems in infants and young children with chronic lung disease
Authors: Martin M. , Shaw N. J. 
Published: November 2003

Aim: To determine the frequency and nature of feeding problems in infants with oxygen dependent chronic lung disease (CLD).Methods: A questionnaire regarding the feeding history of the infant was administered to parents of infants with CLD and a control group.Results: Forty‐seven infants with CLD and 35 control infants were studied. Fewer infants in the CLD group fed well once established on milk feeds compared to the control group (49% vs. 77%; P<0.05) and a greater number had significant vomiting under the age of 6 months when compared to controls (66% vs. 37%; P<0.05). The CLD group had a significantly higher incidence of feeding problems compared to the controls, including recurrent spitting out of food (34% vs. 3%), refusal of food (38% vs. 26%) or gagging on food (47% vs. 6%). Twenty‐three per cent of infants in the CLD group required enteral feeding beyond 3 months of age, and 19% had a second episode of enteral feeding.Conclusion:	The incidence of feeding problems in infants with CLD is high. Strategies aimed at reducing these problems need to be identified and evaluated.
Nutrition knowledge of clinic nurses in Lebowa, South Africa: implications for nutrition services delivery
Authors: Kgaphola M. S , Wodarski L. A , Garrison M. E. B 
Published: November 2003

Background: Nutrition‐related health problems are prevalent in South Africa, particularly in the black communities in the Homelands and black rural areas. Lebowa, one of the Homelands in the Northern Transvaal province, has inadequate nutrition services, without qualified nutrition professionals. The responsibility of nutrition care in Lebowa rests with clinic or community health nurses, who have limited nutrition training. Aim: To determine the current nutrition knowledge of clinic nurses in Lebowa. Method: Clinic nurses (n=99) in Lebowa answered a 40‐item nutrition knowledge test (NKT) and five demographic questions. Results: The general performance of the clinic nurses on the NKT was poor, 14±3.8 (35%) answers correct, with scores ranging from 4 to 25 (10% to 63%) answers correct. Conclusion: Considering the responsibility the nurses are entrusted with regarding nutrition care, the current nutrition knowledge of clinic nurses is a cause for concern. The results of this study provide a basis for nutrition education efforts directed at community health nurses.
Nasogastric tube audit: standard setting and review of specifications
Authors: Dewar H 
Published: November 2003

This paper describes the procedure and outcome of an audit exercise designed to identify the equipment of choice from among the nasogastric (NG) tubes available on the UK market. In order to assess some of these in a systematic way, a working party of dietitians and nurses was established. Standards expected from a NG tube were set and agreed. These were then used to evaluate seven tubes to see which reached the agreed standard. This was not an exhaustive survey of all available tubes on the market, but a selection of those commonly available.Among the seven tubes investigated, the Corslo®Merck tube was found to be the NG tube of choice in Oxfordshire. Future reassessments will be required as new NG tubes become available.
The social and community involvement of older Australians with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Ashman A. F. , Suttie J. N. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis paper describes the involvement of older people with intellectual disabilities in residential‐and community–based activities and programmes. The 446 participants v/ere selected from a national database of people of 55 years of age and over with intellectual disabilities in Australia. The data indicate that participants made infrequent use of public amenities and social and recreational facilities. With the exception of those living with relatives, most had limited contact with family and friends. The discussion draws attention to the need for independence training which will enable the current generation of middle‐aged people with an intellectual disability to make decisions and choices about social and community activities.
Composite versus multiple‐rating scales in the assessment of psychopathology in people with mental retardation
Authors: Havercamp S. M. , Reiss S. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis study tested the hypothesis that separate ratings of frequency and duration add significant information to ratings of problem severity in the assessment of psycho‐pathology In people with mental retardation. The Reiss Screen was modified to require ratings of problem severity, frequency and duration for each of 38 maladaptive behaviours. The 171 adolescents and adults were rated by caretakers and supervisory staff on the modified Reiss Screen. The three ratings were found to be very highly intercorrelated. Moreover, multiple linear regression analyses revealed that the ratings of frequency and duration did not add significant information to that provided by ratings of problem severity in the prediction of psychiatric diagnosis in the person's case file. The results support the use of composite scaling over multiple‐ratings in the assessment of psycho‐pathology in persons with mental retardation.
The relevance of Vygotsky's theory of the ‘zone of proximal development’ to the assessment of children with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Rutland A. F. , Campbell R. N. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis paper reports a study which investigated the relevance of Vygotsky's concept of the ‘zone of proximal development’(ZPD) to the assessment of children with intellectual disabilities. The ZPD is the difference between a child's actual level of development shown by unassisted performance, and his or her potential level as indicated by assisted performance. This study aimed to test the validity of measuring the ZPD both among children with intellectual disabilities and In the area of map use. The results are discussed in terms of their bearing on the issues of assessment, instruction and the concept of intellectual disability.
Maladaptive behaviour in Prader‐Willi syndrome in adult life
Authors: Clarke D. J. , Boer H. , Chung M. C. , Sturmey P. , Webb T. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThirty adults with Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS) were compared with 30 adults with non‐specifrc learning disability matched for age, sex and severity of mental retardation. Maladaptive behaviors was assessed with the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC), a 58‐item structured Interview which rates behaviors from 0 (not a problem) to 3 (severe problem) and which yields five factors (I) irritability, agitation; (II) lethargy, withdrawal; (III) stereotypic behavior; (IV) hyperactivity, non–compliance; and (V) inappropriate speech). The PWS sample had significantly higher factor I (P < 0.001) and factor V (P < 0.05) scores. The PWS sample had mean scores above 1 for 17 ABC items; the contrast subjects had no mean scores above I. The factor I scores for the PWS sample were similar to those of inpatients in hospital facilities for adults with mental retardation and mental illness or severely challenging behaviors. The results support previous work, and extend it by suggesting that temper tantrums, self‐injury, impulsiveness, lability of mood, inactivity and repetitive speech are characteristic behaviours in PWS in adult life. Studies of the reasons for heterogeneity in behaviors are now needed.
Population prevalence of psychopathology in children and adolescents with intellectual disability: I rationale and methods
Authors: Einfeld S. L. , Tonge B. J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractOur knowledge of the epidemiology of psychopathology in children and adolescents with intellectual disability (ID) is hampered by a number of factors. These include the relative scarcity of studies of children rather than adults, the study of non‐epidemiological samples such as those in institutions or those attending psychiatric clinics, a lack of standardized methods of assessment of psychopathology, studies with numbers too small to provide adequate confidence intervals around identified prevalence rates, insufficient detail concerning symptoms or syndromes as well as disorder, and a lack of consistent data concerning the effects of basic demographic variables such as age, sex and IQ. Despite these limitations, it is clear that psychopathology is several times more prevalent in children and adolescents with ID than in those without this disability. This paper reviews findings from previous studies and describes the methodology of a new study using the Developmental Behaviour Checklist.
Population prevalence of psychopathology in children and adolescents with intellectual disability: II epidemiological findings
Authors: Einfeld S. L. , Tonge B. J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis paper reports findings from an epidemiologically derived population in a multicentre study in NSW, Australia. The design of this study is described in the accompanying paper. Those with mild intellectual disability (ID) were likely to have been underascertained, but identification and participation rates for those with more severe ID were high. The study found that in the regions surveyed 40.7% of those with ID and aged between 4 and 18 could be classified as having severe emotional and behaviour disorder or as being psychiatrically disordered. The profoundly intellectually handicapped had lower levels of disturbance overall compared with those with mild, moderate and severe ID. The level of ID affected scores on a number of behavioural dimensions, with disruptive and antisocial behaviours more prominent in the mild ID group, and ‘self–absorbed’ and ‘autistic’ behaviours more prominent in those with severe ID. Age and sex did not affect prevalence, a finding that is in contrast to that found in general child psychopathology. The study found that fewer than 10% of children with intellectual disability and major psychiatric disorder had received specialist assistance.
Prevalence of intellectual disability in northern Sydney adults
Authors: Beange H. , Taplin J. E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe prevalence of intellectual disability, defined as IQ 70, was determined in a population of adults aged 20–50 years who lived in the northern suburbs of Sydney, Australia. Case finding was carried out in the community, and all those ascertained were interviewed and psychometrically assessed. The overall prevalence was 3.31 per thousand with severe intellectual disability (IQ < 55) 2.19 per thousand and mild (IQ 56–70) M. 12 per thousand. Down's syndrome had a frequency of 0.96 per thousand. Thirty‐eight per cent of the total group were living in institutional care.
Community care for adults with learning disability and their carers: needs and outcomes from the Leicestershire register
Authors: McGrother C W. , Hauck A. , Bhaumik S. , Thorp C. , Taub N. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA cross‐sectional study, based on an epidemiological register, was carried out to describe the prevalence of disabilities, felt needs and use of services for adults with learning disability and to compare outcomes of reported morbidity, stress and satisfaction among their informal carers. Subjects included 2117 adults and 982 carers known to specialist services in Leicestershire. Behavioural and psychological problems and epilepsy were the main disabilities in adults. The leading unmet needs reported by residential carers were for daycare and other forms of residence, and those reported by informal carers were for financial help, long‐term social support, respite care and housing adaptations. Informal carers reported 40% more limiting health disorders compared to the general population, with depression almost four times more common among female carers. Divisions between health and social care are causing inequality and hardship. Lifelong informal carers need options for independence. The increase over time in the prevalence of adults with severe learning disabilities adds to the evidence that more resources for care are needed. Epidemiological registers and methods should be developed to aid purchasing and provision for this client group.