bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interfacial depth profiling of superconducting high‐Tc mono‐ and multilayer structures by Auger electron spectroscopy
Authors: Seibt E. W. , Zalar A. , Panjan P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSuperconducting YBa2Cu3O7 − x based multilayer structures with insulating NiO buffer layers have been prepared for application in microelectronic devices. For this, the reactive dc magnetron sputter technique has been used which enables YBaCuO/NiO/YBaCuO/SrTiO3 composite systems with relatively sharp interface transitions and small degradation effects in superconductivity to be produced. The interfacial diffusion effects and the changes in elemental composition of such multilayer systems and their metallic (Cu, Ag, and Au) overlayered cuprate–substrate components have been investigated by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) depth profiling measurements before and after thermal annealing at temperatures between 100 and 700 °C. The experimental results presented here demonstrate that YBaCuO/NiO/YBaCuO multilayer structures are useful systems in superconducting devices where less interfacial reactions take place in a post‐annealing temperature range of around 250 °C. The diffusion coefficients and the activation energies of contact metals like copper, silver, and gold on YBaCuO layers have been determined from an Arrhenius plot. Transition temperature, Tc, measurements of post‐annealed metal overlayered YBa2Cu3O7 − x samples revealed only small degradation effects in Tc for all types of samples, especially for Cu and Au contacted superconductors.In addition, AES measurements have been performed on YBaCuO films, deposited by pulsed‐laser on buffered silicon substrates, with intermediate yttrium stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) buffer layers of different thicknesses used as barriers against silicon diffusion, in order to obtain information about the efficiency of YSZ layers applied in superconducting microswitching elements.
Tribological behaviour of heat‐treated thin films of electropolymerized polyacrylonitrile
Authors: Noël S. , Newton P. , Bodin C. , Houzé F. , Boyer L. , Viel P. , Valin F. , Lécayon G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThin films of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) grafted on nickel have been studied as a substitute for gold coating of low‐level semi‐permanent electric contacts. Various heat treatments were performed to diminish the electrical resistivity of the layer. In this paper we describe the tribological properties of the treated films submitted to reciprocal wear tests. These tests are performed with ball/plane contacts with the PAN film deposited on the plane. XPS analysis of the heat‐treated layers shows the evolution of the composition with both temperature and duration of the treatment. Auger analysis is then used as a tool to analyse the failure mode of the layer. The results show that a first stage of wear can be described as a slow decrease of the PAN thickness. Metal/metal junctions are then initiated and lead to the onset of failure. Heat treatment is shown to improve the mechanical behaviour of the layer up to a limiting value imposed by the brass substrate.
Database of correction parameters for the elastic scattering effects in XPS
Authors: Jablonski Aleksander 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe common formalism of quantitative XPS can be easily modified, with two additional correction factors βeff and Qx, to account for the elastic scattering effects. These corrections, for a given solid, depend on photolectron line, the radiation used and the XPS configuration. The database compiled in the present work contains parameters describing the dependence of the correction factors on experimental geometry. These dependences are listed for 496 photoelectron lines emitted by the Mg Kα and Al Kα radiations. The database makes it possible to predict the photoelectron intensity in a geometry in which the direction of x‐rays, the direction towards the analyser, and the surface normal are situated in one plane. This intensity corresponds to a theoretical model taking into account the elastic photoelectron collisions. Examples of applications of the database are briefly demonstrated.
Effective dead time in pulse counting systems
Authors: Seah M. P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDead time corrections in particle counting systems are important for quantitative analysis. It is often not appreciated, however, that these corrections depend on the experiment performed. For surface analysis systems using a stationary beam and a steady counting rate from a spectrometer with single particle detecting electronics, the dead time corrections lead to the simple equations discussed in our earlier work. These concepts translate very directly into SIMS and AES systems with rastered beams and SIMS, XPS and AES systems with multidetectors, to use the same equations, but with area average and multidetector dead times, respectively. The relations of these dead times to the original electronic dead time are presented here.
Addition of a single chemical functional group to a polymer surface with a mass‐separated low‐energy ion beam
Authors: Nowak P. , McIntyre N. S. , Hunter D. H. , Bello I. , Lau W. M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA mass‐separated low‐energy ion beam system was used to deliver pure OH+ and NH+ to 15nm thick polystyrene films on silicon in ultrahigh vacuum. This was done in an effort to produce specific surface chemical functional groups. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that when the bombardment energy of OH+ exceeded 10 eV, or the dose was higher than 1 × 1016 ions cm−2, a mixture of COH, CCO and CCOOH groups was produced, along with severe damage to the aromatic rings. However, for bombardment at 10 eV with a dose of 1 × 1016 ions cm−2, only COH (or COR) groups were found. Similarly, bombardment with NH+ at 10 eV and a dose 1 × 1016 ions cm−2 induced incorporation of a single nitrogen‐containing functionality. The C 1s data indicated that the major chemical functionality on such surfaces in a CNH2 (or CNHR) group with a minor component of C(NH2)2. Hence, surface functionality can indeed be controlled by altering the molecular nature, energy and dose of the bombarding species.
A model for the diffusion of vinyl chloride monomer from PVC under various conditions of storage
Authors: Crider Linwood B. , O'Mara Michael M. , Bowles Robert L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis example of employee safety activity in the vinyl resin industry is illustrative of the efforts put forth by many to achieve acceptable VCM levels in work areas during all conditions of handling. Since use conditions differ greatly at temperatures above Tg temperatures and are nonstatic, it was deemed necessary to develop a model embracing many variables to allow prediction of atmospheric vinyl chloride monomer levels for any combination of the variables.
Value‐added blends and composites from recycled plastic fishing gear
Authors: Dagli S. S. , Dey S. , Tupil R. , Xanthos M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAmong the various marine plastic debris, abandoned or lost fishing gear is a major pollutant, adversely affecting marine life and disturbing the ecological equilibrium. In an attempt to find a technological solution to recycling of the plastic fishing gear, two routes are evaluated. The first is melt reprocessing. Here, compatibilized blends and composites are prepared using various polymers—HDPE, nylon 6 (N6), nylon 66 (N66), etc.—obtained from melt reprocessing of fishnets. This approach involves cleaning, size reduction, melt extrusion and filtering, modification, and injection molding. Mechanical properties of blends and composites thus made are compared with commercial materials. The second approach uses these nets as organic fibrous reinforcements in polymeric matrices. N6 and N66 fibers obtained from fishnets are compounded with a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix at temperatures below the melting point of nylons. Good adhesion between the fibers and the matrix is obtained because of the interaction between nylons and TPU. Addition of nylon fibers to the TPU matrix result in improved stiffness. Shore hardness, abrasion resistance, etc.
Mechanisms and performance of hydrotalcite acid neutralizers in thermoplastics
Authors: Patel S. H. , Xanthos M. , Grenci J. , Klepak P. B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe mechanism of color development during processing of polyolefin formulations containing phenolic antioxidant/hydrotalcite acid neutralizers was investigated in the absence and presence of polymer with residual acidity. IR spectroscopy was used to follow antioxidant/hydrotalcite interactions and thermal analysis to evaluate differences between commercial hydrotalcites from two different sources. Performance characteristics in terms of yellowness index and melt flow were evaluated by multiple extrusion of fully formulated PP and HDPE resins.
Maleation of ethylene‐polar monomer copolymers by reactive processing with maleic anhydride‐peroxide
Authors: Gaylord Norman G. , Mehta Mahendra , Mehta Rajendra 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe reaction of maleic anhydride (MAH) with molten copolymers of ethylene with methyl acrylate and vinyl acetate in the presence of a peroxide catalyst yields soluble, maleated copolymers containing appended units of MAH, accompanied by insoluble, crosslinked copolymers. The amount of crosslinking that occurs in the presence of the peroxide alone is increased in the presence of MAH‐peroxide. The crosslinking is suppressed in the presence of stearamide and caprolactam.
Blends of rigid and rubbery engineering thermoplastics
Authors: Deanin Rudolph D. , Lee S. Thomas 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPolyblends of three engineering thermoplastics with three engineering thermoplastic elastomers and three compatibilizers produced four examples of synergistic improvement of impact strength and, in one case, surprisingly, increase of modulus. Blending 10% of polyetheramide with polysulfone increased impact strength up to 5×. Blending 10% of polyurethane with polysulfone increased impact strength up to 4×. Blending 10% of polyetheramide plus 1–5% of phenoxy resin with polyarylate increased impact strength up to 2×. Blending 25% of polyetherester plus 2–4% of compatibilizers (phenoxy resin, polybutylene terephthalate, or styrene/maleic anhydride) with polyarylate surprisingly increased tensile modulus up to 31%. Blending 10% of polyetherester with polybutylene terephthalate increased impact strength 58%.
Panel 1: PVC Resins—past, present and future
Authors: Thacker George , Cocco Dennis , Park Russ , Sorenson Wayne , Summers James , Korney Arthur , Perry Norman 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPVC Resin behavior vs VCM control; processing differences pre‐ and early control vs current VCM standards. Differences in fusion, bulk density, output rates—lot to lot variations; differences in plasticizer absorption and response; nature of resin particles surface; drift in K value; static charge; viscosity differences in dispersion resins; S‐PVC vs M‐PVC; quality control, ASTM D 1755 resin classification.
Panel 2: Economics of the PVC industry, present and future
Authors: Weinberg Elliott , Stern Kenneth , Cunningham Philip , Kadykowski Robert , Wickson Edward , Flammer Richard , Magram Avron 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSupply/demand/cost of monomer, PVC resin and of other critical additives; effect of money supply vs cost of construction; which economic indicators have most direct influence on PVC industry; volume consideration for in‐housing compounding; filler usage to lower compounding costs; automation in processing and handling; competitive segments within the PVC industry vs profitability vs other materials.
Panel 3: PVC extrusion: Single vs multi‐screw
Authors: Prejean Glenn , Eigruber Horst , Kruder George , Hawkins Thomas , Zaparanick Robert , Weaver Leonard , Hambley Richard 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPros and cons—single or twin screw for pipe, profile, siding, foamed PVC, compounding flexibles; profile and film; capital investment for equivalent output; formulation cost differences; dimensional control, sizing flow and hot strength; power consumption; screw and barrel wear; replacement costs and frequency; differences in end product physical properties; effect of newer, longer L/D single screw extruders; differences in maintenance costs; future developments extrusion technology.
Panel 4: Stabilizer/lubricant developments
Authors: Lutz John , Jennings Thomas , Casey William , Brecker Lawrence , Freshman Edward , Augustyn Edward , Lindner Robert 
Published: May 2005

Abstract“One‐packs” vs separate stabilizer/lubricant; lower cost vs high‐efficiency tins for profiles, siding, etc; antimony vs tin in pipe; multifunctional lubricants vs separates; Ba/Cd and lead stabilization—geographical considerations; future for rigid and flexible PVC stabilization—geographical considerations; future for rigid and flexible PVC stabilization and lubrication; cost effectiveness Cd‐free Ba/Zn vs Ba/Cd/Zn; new developments in non‐toxic Ca/Zn systems.
Relating chemical structure to poly(vinyl chloride) thermal stability
Authors: Minsker K. S. , Lisitsky V. V. , Zaikov G. E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis paper deals with the main concepts of the modern theory of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) degradation, which embrace the key problems concerning the chemical structure and the content of anomalous groups in PVC, their influence on the thermal stability of polymer products, the kinetics of HCL elimination. In contrast to the universally recognized ∼‐chloroallyl activation of the process of PVC degradation, a conception of the prime role of oxygen‐containing chloroallyl groups of type ∼C(O)CHCHCHCl∼ (CAG) has been developed. It has been shown that PVC real macromolecules contain approximately 10−4 mole/PVC mole oxygen‐containing ∼C(O)CHCHCHCl∼ groups determining PVC low thermal stability. It has been found that the monomer purity, the presence of oxygen in the reaction area, the temperature of vinyl chloride polymerization, etc., considerably affect CAG content in PVC macromolecules.
PVC battery jar material evaluation
Authors: Ryan James T. , Shroff Jayant R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractLead‐acid batteries are a basic source of Bell System telephone standby power. A molding plastic suitable for battery jars must meet requirements for processing ease and stability, clarity, impact resistance and electrochemical compatibility. Numerous PVC formulations have been evaluated as replacements for the discontinued propylene‐vinyl chloride copolymer originally selected for this use. Based on laboratory results and extensive product testing of molded battery jars, material choice has been narrowed to three compounds which best meet the essential requirements.
Heat stabilizers for poly (vinyl chloride) II. Improvement of non‐toxic systems
Authors: Abbas Kent B. , Sörvik Erling M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSeveral non‐toxic stabilizing systems for PVC were tested. Most of them were based on Ca/Zn carboxylates. The dynamic stability was measured by a Brabender plastograph at 160°C and the static stability was determined by the means of oven aging at 170°C. The static as well as the dynamic stability increased substantially with an increase in potassium stearate content, but at the same time a deterioration of the initial color was observed. The addition of certain polyols or α‐phenyl indole brought about a significant color improvement. Potassium stearate was very effective in prolonging the thermal stability of Ca/Zn octoate‐containing systems. Formulations with mixtures of Ca/Zn stearate and Ca/Zn octoate exhibited excellent initial color, high transparency, and improved static stability. However, the addition of Ca/Zn octoate resulted in a decrease in dynamic stability. This was caused by the lower lubricating effect of octoates compared to stearates. α‐Phenyl indole was little effective in octoate‐containing formulations. Carboxylated pentaerythritols as well as a zinc‐polyol complex exhibited stabilizing properties similar to those of trimethylol propane. The zinc‐polyol complex exhibited better initial color, transparency, dynamic and static stability than zinc stearate, when it was employed as a primary stabilizer in a 50:50 mixture with calcium stearate.
The effect of molecular weight blending on PVC melt rheology
Authors: Park I. K. , Riley D. W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe effect of molecular weight blending on melt flow characteristics has been studied with a 50/50 mixture of suspension PVC resins with the respective Mw of 56,300 and 123,000. The dynamic shear measurements were made with the Rheometrics Visco‐Elastic Tester at angular frequencies of 0.1 to 40 radians/s. In the temperature range of 160 to 215° C, all samples showed three distinct flow regions marked by three different values of the activation energy. The high molecular weight fraction introduced a relatively strong influence on the melt flow characteristics of the blend due to the effect of its relatively high crystalline content. These samples also failed to show a Newtonian flow behavior at 190°C at an extremely low shear rate corresponding to 10−4 radians/s., possibly reflecting the effect of the remnant crystallinity of the material.
Mass polymerized PVC in wire and cable applications
Authors: Georgiana Joseph M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMass (bulk) polymerized PVC is used extensively in rigid extrusion applications on a worldwide scale. However, relatively small quantities are used in flexible products such as wire and cable. This is surprising considering the uniformity of the resin, its highly accessible porosity, and its consistency batch‐to‐batch. There was concern that mass polymerized PVC would not meet existing specifications. A study was undertaken to determine if mass resin could be used in various wire and cable applications. The results show mass resin compounds may have slightly lower electrical properties but still within specification. Selected physical and aging properties are also satisfactory. Independent testing has confirmed our results. Based on this study, major wire and cable producers are now routinely using mass resin with excellent results.
Vinyl chloride formation from the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Wakeman I. B. , Johnson H. R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe volatile products from the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) resins and compounds are shown to contain trace amounts of vinyl chloride. Data presented show the effect of temperature and resin type on the amount of vinyl chloride formed. At the maximum temperatures involved in PVC processing which may reach 210°C, vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) evolution amounts to less than 1 ppm (resin basis). A technique employing a thermogravimetric balance and charcoal adsorption of volatiles is described for studying thermal degradation of PVC. The volatiles are analyzed for vinyl chloride by gas chromatography. Peak identity was confirmed by mass spectrometry.
Particle/plasticizer relationship during dry blending
Authors: Wheeler Maurice E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe time for a PVC resin to dry blend or to become a free flowing mix, when blended with a plasticizer in an elevated processing mode, is a common concern for manufacturers of flexible PVC products. The limiting factor in some processes is the dry blending cycle time. Longer dry blending times increase manpower and energy cost per mixer batch. Each flexible PVC compounder has some type of quality control test he uses to assess a resin's dry‐up properties. This paper examines the relationship of resin particles and plasticizer during dry‐up testing of intermediate to high molecular weight PVC resins. Through this examination, a better understanding of the factors that control dry‐up times was achieved. Also included is a comparison of quality control dry‐up times and mix cycle times in production size mixers.
An improved method for increasing pseudoplasticity in vinyl plastisols
Authors: Cohen Michael A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIt has been established that the addition of very fine particles in a vinyl plastisol will increase viscosity. These particles may range from 100 to 5,000 angstroms. High viscosity would also be the result of lowering plasticizer levels but with the consequence of increasing product hardness and plastisol dilatancy. Another effect of fine particle addition is an increase in pseudoplastic behavior. This pseudoplasticity is vital for knife coating open weave fabrics or other processes in which the plastisol must be thick enough so as not to run or strike through. But at high shear (under the knife), it must spread easily. A common fine substance currently used for these purposes is fumed silica (70–140Å). There have also been some specialty dispersion resins for add‐in pseudoplasticity. A new method utilizes the high efficiency and low cost of vinyl latex. Such small amounts are generally required that the water and surfactant content do not impair surface quality of the product. Preplasticized latex is particularly effective. As little as three parts (dry basis) per hundred dispersion resin increases Brookfield viscosity by 25 to 40 thousand centipoises. Pseudoplastic behavior is increased by over 100 percent. Its usefulness has been demonstrated at higher and lower plasticizer levels.
Vinyl stabilizer efficiency as determined by iso‐thermalgravimetric analysis
Authors: Mauter Warren E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIso‐thermalgravimetric analysis has been used by many authors in studying the degradation mechanism of PVC. For the PVC compounder though this same method provides a reliable means of determining the efficiency and cost effectiveness of commercial PVC stabilizers. Thermal stability of PVC resins stabilized with organotin, antimony, and ester stabilizers are presented and compared with data obtained by conventional Brabender Plasticorder and post extrusion oven aging tests. In addition a method is presented to establish the relative stability and cost effectiveness of a stabilizer at given concentrations currently familiar to the rigid PVC compounder.
Rheology of poly(vinyl chloride) dry blends. II. Mathematical modeling for physical changes in processing
Authors: Wingrave James A. , Peden Montgomery C. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe effects of physical processing changes on Plasticorder behavior of a typical PVC dry blend are mathematically quantified using the random particulate transition model developed in Part I. The physical processing changes studied are Plasticorder bowl temperature, dry blend charge mass, rotor rpm and resin molecular weight. By quantifying the amount of change observed in the transition parameters (mean time for transition for i to occur, ti and standard deviation of the time required for transition i to occur, ti) as a result of the physical process changes, a two‐fold benefit results. First, a mathematical means of altering only desired fusion characteristics by a precisely predetermined amount is now possible. Second, the sensitivity of different changes, provides insights into the more fundamental aspects of the fusion process itself. The extension of this technique to chemical changes in the dry blend formulation, which is the subject of Part III, is briefly discussed.
Practical principles of die design—a simplified procedure, in table form, for rigid PVC
Authors: Summers J. W. , Brown R. J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn approach to simplifying die design for rigid PVC is proposed. Previous work, in this area, has been considered too complicated to be of use to the average die designer. It is hoped that the provided information, simplified equations and tabular format can make it easier to achieve good dies for this important processing technique.