bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Promoting Responsiveness between Mothers with Depressive Symptoms and Their Infants
Authors: Horowitz June Andrews , Bell Margaret , Trybulski JoAnn , Munro Barbara Hazard , Moser Deborah , Hartz Shelley A. , McCordic Lisa , Sokol Elyse Shirley 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To test the efficacy of an interactive coaching intervention to promote responsiveness between mothers experiencing postpartum depressive symptoms (PPDS) and their infants.Design: An experimental design with 117 postpartum women in the Northeastern United States.Methods: Participants were randomly assigned either to the treatment or control group. Both groups had home visits at 4–8 weeks, 10–14 weeks, and 14–18 weeks postpartum and mother‐infant interaction was videotaped and coded for responsiveness. The treatment group also received a coached behavioral intervention designed to promote maternal‐infant responsiveness. Measures included the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory‐II, and the Dyadic Mutuality Code.Findings: The hypothesis, that the treatment group would show significantly higher maternal infant responsiveness after the intervention, was supported. No effect of the intervention on depression scores was found. A significant increase in responsiveness and a significant decrease in depression scores occurred over time for both treatment and control groups. No interaction between group and time was detected.Conclusions: The study showed that a coaching strategy had a positive effect on maternal infant interaction in this sample. Future research is needed to test coaching interventions in conjunction with other strategies targeted to promote maternal‐infant responsiveness and to reduce PPDS.
The Theory of Planned Behavior and Postpartum Smoking Relapse
Authors: Gantt Cynthia J. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To explore the applicability of Ajzen's theory of planned behavior to postpartum smoking relapse.Organizing Framework: The theory of planned behavior is proposed as an appropriate framework for the study of postpartum smoking relapse.Methods: The literature on smoking cessation, postnatal smoking, and the theory of planned behavior were reviewed. References included electronic database and manual search results.Conclusions: The theory of planned behavior provides a framework for explaining, predicting, and influencing human behaviors based on modifiable factors of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. The inclusion of instrument development guidelines significantly strengthens the usefulness of the framework. A theoretically based understanding of postpartum smoking relapses can guide and strengthen appropriate interventions directed toward significantly reducing postpartum smoking, thereby increasing the number of women who are able to remain smoke‐free for life.
Development of the Arabic Language Readiness to Stop Smoking Questionnaire A‐RSSQ
Authors: Haddad Linda G. , Hoeman Shirley P. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of an Arabic language version of the ‘Smoking and Women Questionnaire’ (SWQ) for men and women.Design: The core elements of the SWQ were translated into Arabic, back‐translated, and pilot tested to ascertain cultural sensitivity and appropriateness for both men and women in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). A convenience sample (N=260) of smoking and nonsmoking adults completed a demographic sheet and the Arabic Readiness to Stop Smoking Questionnaire (A‐RSSQ). Pre‐ and post tests were conducted on a smaller sample.Methods: Researchers used methods to assure accuracy of content and understanding of concepts across cultures. Cronbach's alpha and Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate instrument development.Findings: The scale showed internal consistency. Pre‐ and post test stability was supportive of respondents' consistent attitudes over 2 weeks at both the item and scale level. Construct validity was shown for both men and women in that scores for smokers were significantly lower than for nonsmokers. The alpha reliability coefficient was 0.78 for the total scale.Conclusions: The A‐RSSQ showed initial reliability and validity for men and women. It is useful as a cost‐effective means for identifying people in the EMR who are ready to stop smoking.
Correlates of Recent Suicide Attempts in a Triethnic Group of Adolescents
Authors: Rew Lynn , Thomas Nancy , Horner Sharon D. , Resnick Michael D. , Beuhring Trisha 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To describe recent self‐reported suicide attempts in a triethnic group of adolescents, to analyze differences in the correlates of attempts by ethnicity and gender, and to explore theoretical correlates of recent suicide attempts using a resilience framework.Methods: Quantitative data were collected from 10,059 students in 7th, 9th, and 11th grades in Connecticut in 1996. Secondary analysis was done to compare respondents of African American, Hispanic Latino, and Caucasian ethnicities. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate procedures. Logistic regression was used to identify the best set of explanatory variables for recent suicide attempts.Results: The percentage of suicide attempts was significantly higher among Hispanic Latina girls (19.3%) than in any other ethnic‐gender group. Significant relationships were found between recent suicide attempts and (a) family history of suicide attempt, (b) friend's history of suicide attempt, (c) history of sexual abuse, (d) history of physical abuse, and (e) environmental stress. The significant set of explanatory variables for recent suicide attempts for the three ethnic groups combined were stress, internalizing and externalizing behaviors, physical and sexual abuse, family and friend attempted suicide, social connectedness, and religious influence.Conclusions: Findings support use of a resilience model for suicide attempts among three ethnic groups. The finding of a significantly higher percentage of recent suicide attempts by Hispanic girls compared to girls in other ethnic‐gender groups warrants further investigation along with development and testing of culturally sensitive preventive interventions.
Immigrant Nurses' Experience of Racism
Authors: Hagey Rebecca , Choudhry Ushi , Guruge Sepali , Turrittin Jane , Collins Enid , Lee Ruth 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To document and describe the experiences of immigrant nurses of colour who have filed grievances concerning their employers' discriminatory practices; and to solicit their views of existing policies and recommendations for equity in professional life.Design and Methods: In this descriptive, exploratory study nine immigrant nurses of colour in Ontario, Canada, were interviewed between 1997 and 1998. Data were collected through face‐to‐face interviews and in focus groups. The discourse theory and methods of van Dijk and Essed were used to analyse the qualitative data.Findings: Recurring themes were: (a) being marginalized and acknowledging and naming the racist experiences; (b) experiencing physical stress and emotional pain; (c) strategizing to cope and survive; (d) recommending policy changes.Conclusions: All nurses interviewed had experienced reprisals as a result of complaining or filing grievances and unfairness was encountered in the redress process itself. Participants recommended policy initiatives to ensure equity and fair practices in the nursing profession.
Methodological Issues In Web‐based Research
Authors: Duffy Mary E. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To examine methodological issues associated with using the Internet and World Wide Web for scientific research, namely, issues related to the nature of the sample, the testing environment and environmental factors, privacy, and confidentiality, and response rates.Methods: Reviews of literature and personal observation and experience.Findings: Web‐based research provides many advantages such as access to specific, sometimes difficult‐to‐find populations, speed of data access, and decreased costs for data collection and data entry. Such benefits are likely to increase as more nurse scientists use the Web for research purposes.Conclusions: Nurse researchers who use this technology must consider the methodological problems associated with Web‐based methods. The research potential exists, but the methodological issues discussed in this paper are real and, if not addressed, they can seriously affect the validity of study findings.
A Concept Analysis of Uncertainty in Illness
Authors: McCormick Kim M. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose:To examine the concept of uncertainty in illness and to propose an alternate model of uncertainty in the illness experience.Organizing construct and methods:Following a review of the literature, Morse's description of concept analysis by critically appraising the literature was used as a guideline in examining the concept of uncertainty.Findings:Characteristics of the illness situation‐ambiguity, vagueness, unpredictability, unfamiliarity, inconsistency, and lack of information‐underlie the process of uncertainty. Three attributes of the concept of uncertainty were identified as probability, temporality, and perception. Loss of personal control is often erroneously equated with uncertainty.Conclusions:Uncertainty is a multidimensional concept that in its purest form is a neutral cognitive state and should not be mistaken for its emotional outcomes. To clarify the concept of uncertainty, further research is needed to determine the relationship of uncertainty to loss of control and psychosocial outcomes.
Leadership Research in Business and Health Care
Authors: Vance Connie , Larson Elaine 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To summarize research on leadership in the health care and business literature and to identify the outcomes of leadership on individuals, groups, and organizations.Methods: A computerized search and review of research studies was conducted in the health care and business literature from 1970–1999. Studies were categorized and analyzed according to participants, design, primary topic area, and effects or outcomes of leadership.Findings: Most of the health care and business literature on leadership consisted of anecdotal or theoretical discussion. Only 4.4% (n=290) of 6,628 articles reviewed were data‐based. Further, the largest proportion of the research (120/290, 41.4%) was purely descriptive of the demographic characteristics or personality traits of leaders. Other studies showed the influence of leadership on subordinates (27.9%). Only 15 (5.2%) of 290 research articles include correlations of qualities or styles of leadership with measurable outcomes on the recipients of services or positive changes in organizations.Conclusions: Research on leadership in the health care and business literature to date has been primarily descriptive. Although work in the social sciences indicates that leadership styles can have a major influence on performance and outcomes, minimal transfer of this work to the health care system is evident. Limited research on leadership and health care outcomes exists, such as changes in patient care or improvements in organizational outputs. In this era of evidence‐based practice, such research, although difficult to conduct, is urgently needed.
An Ecological Perspective of Breastfeeding in an Indigenous Community
Authors: Dodgson Joan E. , Duckett Laura , Garwick Ann , Graham Barbara L. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To describe the sociocultural patterns that promote breastfeeding or weaning in the Ojibwe community, which has very low breastfeeding rates compared to the general population.Design: A focused ethnographic approach with an ecological framework provided community level data. Semi‐structured interviews (N=52) were conducted in an urban Ojibwe community and with three groups of women: health or social service providers, women currently breastfeeding, or people who acted as resources.Methods: Data were analyzed using an ethnographic approach. Group summaries were compiled and community‐level patterns were identified.Findings: Four patterns were identified that encompassed the influences of (a) Ojibwe and mainstream cultures (traditions), (b) communication‐related barriers from a variety of sources (mixed messages), (c) socioeconomic issues (life circumstances) and (d) social support (nurturing and supporting).Conclusions: The values and practices of the studied group were not always congruent with those of the larger mainstream culture. Successful breastfeeding promotion and intervention programs based on culturally relevant perspectives are needed.
A New Foundation for Methodological Triangulation
Authors: Risjord Mark W. , Dunbar Sandra B. , Moloney Margaret F. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To show how triangulation with qualitative and quantitative methods can help confirm a theory to a greater degree than can either method alone.Construct: Coherence view of theory structure and confirmation. Evidence helps confirm a theory if the theory is the most coherent way of accounting for the evidence, and one theory is more coherent than another insofar as it leaves fewer unanswered questions (and fewer unquestioned answers).Methods: The method of this theoretical essay is analytic. Analysis of the debate over methodological triangulation reveals presuppositions about theory structure and confirmation. Well‐known arguments in the philosophy of science are presented to show that the presuppositions are false. The arguments provide evidence for the construction of an alternative, coherence model of theory structure and confirmation.Findings: Three consequences of the analysis are: (a) qualitative and quantitative methods do not produce theories with different structures; (b) qualitative and quantitative methods help to confirm theory in the same ways; and (c) used together, qualitative and quantitative methods can confirm a theory to a greater degree than the use of either method alone.Conclusions and implications: A coherence of model of theory structure and confirmation supports a version of the blending view of methodological triangulation. Triangulation can provide completeness, abductive inspiration, and confirmation. This version of blending provides principles for resolving issues of methodological dominance and order, and it indicates how different methods can disconfirm theory.
The Experience of Italians Caring for Family Members with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Vellone Ercole , Sansoni Julita , Cohen Marlene Zichi 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To obtain a more complete understanding of the experience of Italian caregivers of people with Alzheimer's Disease (AD).Design and Methods: In this phenomenological study of AD Italian caregivers, the participants were 26 family caregivers (6 men and 20 women, of whom 19 were spouses and 7 were children).Findings: Six themes were identified in this analysis: changes in relationships, changes in lifestyle, difficulties in caring, hopes and fears for the future, family duty, and respectful treatment. Caregivers experienced profound changes in their lives, including changes in their relationships with patients, in their lifestyles, and in their relationships with other family members. Caregivers experienced difficulties in caring because of their lack of knowledge about the illness and the lack of support from the National Health System. Participants hoped to not see their loved ones' conditions worsen and hoped to see positive results from prescription medications. Moreover, they hoped that God would help them go on. Some caregivers feared that the illness was hereditary and that they would not be able to cope with it. The Italian caregivers' respectful treatment of the patients demonstrated their profound sense of family duty, which included encouraging the patients to do self‐care and occupational activities.Conclusions: Similarities and differences among Italian caregivers and those in other countries are discussed, and implications for Italian health professionals and directions for future research are addressed.
The Efficacy of Tailored Interventions
Authors: Ryan Polly , Lauver Diane Ruth 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of Tailored Informational Interventions (TIs) compared to Standard Informational Interventions (SIs) and to determine whether efficacy varies by type of behavior, use of feedback, type of delivery channel, dose of the intervention, or time.Methods: Cooper's method of literature integration (Cooper, 1989; Cooper & Hedges, 1994) was used. Eighty‐five articles were located that contained the word tailoring in the title or abstract; 20 met criteria for inclusion.Findings: Participants preferred TIs to SIs, perceived that the TIs were personal, and read and remembered more of the TI information. TIs were more effective than were SIs in 50% of studies. The effects of tailored and standard interventions were equivocal in the remaining 50% of studies. TIs had small increases in effect sizes compared to SIs. The efficacy of TIs differed by type of behavior. TIs had greater efficacy when ipsative feedback (comparing current to past behavior) was included as part of the intervention than when the intervention did not include such feedback. Repeated versus single administration of TIs did not affect health behaviors. The efficacy of TIs changed over time in some studies, but the pattern of change was not consistent.Conclusions: Tailored interventions could be improved by (a) identifying the most salient characteristics to be tailored, (b) further delineating essential components of TIs, (c) determining the efficacy of different delivery channels, (d) determining factors that moderate effects of TIs, and (e) clarifying whether the efficacy of TIs changes over time.
Emotional Distress and Prenatal Attachment in Pregnancy After Perinatal Loss
Authors: Armstrong Deborah Smith 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To evaluate the association of previous perinatal loss with parents' levels of depressive symptoms, pregnancy‐specific anxiety, and prenatal attachment in a subsequent pregnancy, and to determine whether higher levels of depressive symptoms and pregnancy‐specific anxiety were associated with prenatal attachment.Design: A three‐group comparative design was used to collect cross‐sectional survey data. The sample consisted of 103 couples who were in the second trimester of pregnancy: 40 couples who had a perinatal loss in a previous pregnancy, 33 couples were pregnant for the first time, and 30 couples had a history of prior successful pregnancies.Methods: Structured questionnaires via in‐person or telephone interviews were used to measure depressive symptoms, pregnancy‐specific anxiety, and prenatal attachment.Findings: Couples with a history of perinatal loss had higher levels of depressive symptoms and pregnancy‐specific anxiety than did couples with past successful pregnancies and no losses; mothers had higher levels of symptoms than did fathers in all groups. Couples with and without a history of perinatal loss did not differ in their level of prenatal attachment in the current pregnancy.Conclusions: These findings do not support the theory that depressive symptoms and pregnancy‐specific anxiety affect subsequent parent‐infant attachment in a pregnancy after perinatal loss. However, they do provide insight into the continuing influence of parents' previous loss experience on their depressive symptoms and pregnancy‐specific anxiety in subsequent pregnancies. Families should be assessed to examine the potential long‐term influence of emotional distress as a result of prior perinatal loss.
Hydrotherapy in Labor
Authors: Benfield Rebecca D. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To review the literature on hydrotherapy in labor to direct prescription of the intervention and design studies to test its effectiveness.Methods: Studies of hydrotherapy were identified via searching literature and electronic databases.Findings: A primary effect of immersion is a central blood volume bolus, which occurs almost immediately after bathing begins. Subjective maternal responses to bathing in labor have been favorable. No maternal or infant infections have been attributed to bathing by parturients with either intact or ruptured membranes. Maternal bathing in labor does not appear to affect infant Apgar scores or stress hormones at birth. No clear evidence exists to indicate that hydrotherapy increases cervical dilation, increases fetal descent, reduces uterine dyskinesia, shortens labor, decreases use of epidurals or analgesia, or decreases rates of operative delivery or hemorrhage.Conclusions: Study findings indicate support for using hydrotherapy for relief of rapid pain and anxiety in labor. A methodical approach must be taken to determine for whom and under what circumstances intervention with hydrotherapy in labor is efficacious. Studies of the maternal and fetal effects of hydrotherapy in labor, including mechanisms of action, as well as large, prospective, randomized clinical outcome trials with control for intervening variables, are needed to help practitioners decide whether to prescribe hydrotherapy.
Decision‐Making Process for Living Kidney Donors
Authors: Yi Myungsun 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To explore what people experienced when deciding to donate a kidney and to explore associated issues and concerns when they made their decisions.Design: Grounded theory.Methods: The data were collected in Korea through semi‐structured individual interviews in 1998–1999. A purposeful sample of 14 living kidney donors participated. All interviews were audiotaped and were transcribed verbatim. Constant comparative analysis was done using the NUD*IST4.0 software program.Findings: “Wishing to give (a kidney)” was the core category integrating the six subcategories: motives, intervening conditions, inhibiting factors, facilitating factors, donor characteristics, and consequences. Two phases in the decision‐making were the deliberation phase and the execution phase. Three decision‐making types related to the intensity of “wishing to give” are: high intensity as voluntary type, medium as compromising type, and low as passive type.Conclusions: The decision to donate a kidney was described as a highly complicated process involving not only the medical but also psychological, interpersonal, familial, and financial concerns.
A Call for Replication
Authors: Fahs Pamela Stewart , Morgan Lindsay Lake , Kalman Melanie 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To promote the use of replication as a means for strengthening knowledge for nursing practice.Methods: Examination of two clinical examples of how replication could strengthen nursing practice.Findings: The first example had no research evidence to support the practice and the other was based on the findings of a single medical study. Both led to nursing practices that were not effective or efficient, although not harmful. Replication can be used to overcome design limitations, increase validity of findings, and bring about correction of error. In addition, potential barriers and solutions to increase replication were identified.Conclusions: Replication is a critical step in validating research to build evidence and to promote use of findings in practice.