bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Engineering of the Processing and Secretory Pathway of an Inflammatory Cytokine in Mammalian Cells: a Case Study
Authors: Kriegler Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction In addition to the induction of tumour regression, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) has been implicated as the causative agent in a number of pathologies, including cachexia, septic shock, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmunity, and induction of HIV expression. Our early studies of TNF led us to propose that this complex physiology might be manifest by different forms of TNF: the 17 kDa secretory form and a precursor 26 kDa transmembrane form we first identified and characterized (1). It was shown that TNF is first synthesized as a transmembrane molecule that is cleaved by a specialized ‘TNF convertase’ to the 17 kDa form prior to its release from the cell. In an attempt to separate the biological activities of the 17 kDa and 26 kDa forms, we genetically engineered the molecule and thus generated both an uncleavable 26 kDa mutant form and a solely secretable 17 kDa mutant form of the wild-type molecule and studied their biological activities. In these studies we found that an uncleavable mutant of TNF kills tumour cells by cell-to-cell contact, and that TNF need not be internalized by its target cell to kill (2). Thus, the 26 kDa integral transmembrane form of TNF may function in vivo to kill tumour cells and other targets locally, in contrast to the systemic bioactivity of the secretory component.
Urinalysis: review of methods
Authors: Shuker David E G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Changes in the pysical appearance of urine have long been used by the medical profession to detect some diseases of the body for which there were no other external manifestations. The subsequent development of techniques in chemical and biochemical analysis permitted the routine determination of ‘invisible’ parameters as density, pH, protein concentration, urea, etc., and these are now routinely carried out in hospital laboratories all over the world . Changes in the levels of such urinary markers outside certain normal values often accompany diseases. However, each single marker may be affected by many different diseases and it is often necessary to consider such changes in the context of other parameters. Thus, the technique of ‘urinalysis’-that is, the measurement of urinary parameters-has hada long and respectable history in medical practice.
Mass spectrometric analysis of proteincarcinogen adducts
Authors: Skipper Paul L , Naylor Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mass spectrometry is a relatively mature technology encompassing a broad range of techniques and applications. It is not static, though, and the recent introduction of so-called ‘soft’ ionization techniques such as fast atom bombardment (FAB) has revolutionized our ability to investigate protein and DNA adducts of chemical carcinogens. One focus of this paper is thus the use of FAB-MS to characterize protein adducts. A second focus is on the use of more conventional techniques such as electron ionization (EI) and chemical ionization (Cl) mass spectrometry to aid in structure elucidation and confirmation of identity. The application of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to quantitative analysis is also addressed with particular reference to the issues of sample preparation.
Genetic toxicology of the human: the current status of somatic gene mutation
Authors: Mendelsohn Mortimer L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability to measure human somatic gene mutation in vivo is a relatively recent development. The precursors of the HPRT, HLA-A, and haemoglobin S assays are roughly a decade old, and the first application of the glycophorin A assay was in 1986. Today, while somatic mutational data are still sparse, they are accumulating briskly, and one can begin to make reasonable generalizations about the phenomenon. It is clear already that the study of human somatic mutation offers great promise: for biological dosimetry of mutagen exposure; for identification of repair defectives; for prediction of late effects, particularly carcinogenesis; and eventually as a tool for evaluating human environmental exposure and risk.
Polymer-linked guanine for the in vivo detection of carcinogens
Authors: Ashwell Mark , Bleasdale Christine , Golding Bernard T , O’Neill Ian K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A derivative of guanine, suitable for attachment to polyvinyl alcohol within magnetic microcapsules, has been synthesized. The polymer-linked guanine is to be used for the in vivo trapping and recovery of carcinogens. The linkage between the guanine and polymer contains a 1,2-diol unit, thus enabling the cleavage of modified guanine residues from the polymer, and their ultimate spectroscopic characterisation.
Ethylene/ethylene oxide and propylene/ propylene oxide: an evaluation of human biomonitoring and cancer risk
Authors: Bolt H M , Foest U , Marczynski B , Golka K , Hallier E , Peter H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inhaled ethylene and propylene are both metabolized by rats to their epoxides ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. On the basis of pharmacokinetic data for metabolically formed ethylene oxide in rats, a first carcinogenic risk estimation for ethylene was published. Data for humans have been calculated from inhalation experiments with rats. Whereas ethylene is produced endogenously in rats and men, propylene and its reactive metabolite are only observed as anthropogenic air pollutants. For the endogenous production of ethylene, two sources are discussed.
Quantitation of tobacco-specific nitrosamineglobin adducts in humans
Authors: Hecht Stephen S , Kagan Mark , Kagan Shashi S , Carmella Steven G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper describes the results of our initial studies on the quantitation of tobacco-specific nitrosamine globin adducts in humans. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines are formed from nicotine and other tobacco alkaloids and are among the most important carcinogens in tobacco and tobacco smoke. 4-(Methyl-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N’ -nitrosonor-nicotine (NNN) are the strongest carcinogens in this group.
Haemoglobin adducts of aromatic amines as a dosimeter for exposure control and risk assessment
Authors: Neumann Hans-Günter , Birner Gerhard , Sabbioni Gabriele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
N-substituted aryl compounds comprise a large family of industrial and environmental chemicals. This includes not only arylamines as such but also those chemicals which are convertible into arylamines (or reactive Noxidation products) such as nitroso-arenes and azo-compounds. Many of them are established or suspected carcinogens and their uptake increases the risk of developing tumours in humans. Exposure, therefore, should be controlled in order to identify major sources of hazard and to take preventive measures. Biochemical effect monitoring represents an improved procedure of exposure control, and we have proposed the analysis of a specific type of haemoglobin adducts of N-substituted aryl compounds as a specific dosimeter (cf. reviews in refs 1 and 2). This chapter summarizes more recent results indicating the general applicability of this method for exposure control and provides material indicating the difficulties in the use of this kind of information for risk assessment.
The separation and analysis of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions
Authors: Skinner E Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plasma HDL performs a wide variety of functions. In addition to its central role in lipoprotein metabolism (1) in which it provides a reservoir for small apoproteins and is implicated in the removal of surface material during the lipolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, HDL is intimately associated with the process of reverse cholesterol transport (2). In this pathway, it provides an acceptor for cholesterol effluxed from peripheral cells and serves as a carrier of this material to other lipoproteins for hepatic uptake and excretion. HDL provides steroidogenic and other tissues with a source of cholesterol by means of specific receptors (3). It is also reported to promote endothelial cell proliferation (4), to protect LDL against oxidation (5), and reduce the rate of post-prandial lipaemia (6). With such a diversity of functions, it is not surprising that HDL is highly speciated. The similarity in the composition of the various subspecies, however, has made their separation a task that has, until recently, largely eluded the attempts of most investigators; the current belief that the interactions of subspecies is likely to account for the protective effect of HDL against atherosclerosis (7) has provided a considerable stimulus for further analytical studies.
Lipoprotein - receptor interactions
Authors: Arnold Kay S , Innerarity Thomas L , Pitas Robert E , Mahley Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The interaction of lipoproteins with their receptors is the first step of a homeostatic mechanism that controls plasma cholesterol levels, intracellular cholesterol metabolism, and lipoprotein catabolism. The classic studies of
M. S. Brown and J. L. Goldstein (Univ. of Texas, Dallas) have demonstrated the significance of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors in supplying cells and tissues with cholesterol and in removing plasma lipoproteins via the liver (1). Other less well-defined lipoprotein receptors are the chylomicron remnant receptor (apolipoprotein E receptor), the high density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor, the acetyl LDL receptor (scavenger receptor), and the immunoregulatory receptor. While each of these receptors is unique, many of the procedures developed for the characterization of the LDL receptor can be applied to study other receptors (2-4).
Isolation and characterization of proteoglycan core protein
Authors: Hascall Vincent C , Yanagishita Masaki , Calabro Anthony , Midura Ronald , Rada Jody A , Chakravarti, Shukti , Hassell John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Proteoglycans have one or more glycosaminoglycan chains covalently bound to a core protein or glycoprotein. Normally, the glycosaminoglycans, with the exception of hyaluronic acid, contain numerous sulfate ester groups (see Chapter 9). This makes proteoglycans highly polyanionic and confers upon them distinct properties, such as large hydrodynamic volumes and, frequently, high buoyant densities. These properties can be used to advantage in purification and characterization steps. The isolation of proteoglycans first requires effective extraction from cells or tissue and then separation from other extracted macromolecules. Because of the wide diversity of core proteins, there is no universally applicable set of procedures that will be satisfactory for every proteoglycan. Thus the protocols described below, while generally useful, may require modification to adapt them for use in any particular problem. They are chosen to illustrate general principles which can help investigators choose optimal combinations for their particular needs.
Multif actorial inheritance
Authors: Young Ian d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many disorders show familial clustering which does not conform to any obvious pattern of Mendelian inheritance, as the incidence figures in close relatives are usually considerably less than would be anticipated if the conditions in question were caused by single genes, recessively or dominantly inherited. Examples are found in all age groups and include many relatively common congenital malformations such as spina bifida and cleft lip/palate plus disorders of adult life such as schizophrenia and epilepsy. For want of a better term these conditions are said to show multifactorial inheritance. Multifactorial inheritance is thought to involve the interaction of adverse environmental factors with an innate susceptibility determined by the additive effects of many genes. If only genetic factors are involved then the term polygenic inheritance is applied. Several ingenious hypotheses and models have been proposed to explain the likely underlying genesis of these disorders. These models are usually based on the assumption that the disorder represents the ‘visible’ tail end or extreme of an underlying characteristic believed to show a normal distribution curve in the general population. Discontinuity of the phenotype (i.e. affected or unaffected) is explained by superimposition of a threshold beyond which morphogenesis or homeostasis goes awry. The concept of multifactorial inheritance and its limitations have been discussed in a lucid and amusing review by Fraser.1
Oligoribonucleotide Synthesis
Authors: Gait Michael J , Pritchard Clare , Slim George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is remarkable to note that, compared with a 2’-deoxyribonucleoside, the presence of a single extra hydroxyl group at the 2’-position of a ribonucleoside has given rise in recent years to so many headaches for chemists attempting to assemble oligoribonucleotide chains. For example, whereas machine-aided assembly of oligodeoxyribonucleotides has been established for some years (Chapter 1), only very recently has it been possible to assemble oligoribonucleotides satisfactorily using mechanized solid phase procedures. Part of the difficulty here has been the need to find a combination of compatible protecting groups for the ribonucleoside 2’- and 5’-hydroxyl groups. Thus in solid phase synthesis with chain assembly proceeding in a conventional 3’-to 5’-direction, 5’-terminal protecting groups must be selectively removed at every cycle of ribonucleotide addition, whereas 2’-protecting groups must remain intact throughout all steps of oligoribonucleotide assembly and must be removed specifically at the end of the synthesis without leading to chain migration or internucleotidic cleavage. Further problems stem from the less facile coupling reactions and hence slightly poorer coupling efficiences obtained hitherto in oligoribonucleotide synthesis. In addition, oligoribonucleotides are highly susceptible to degradation by ribonucleases, which are ubiquitous and difficult to remove, and therefore the utmost care must be taken during all purification steps.
Die psychologische Wirkung der Farben und Formen und der Einfluss des Label-Design auf das Marken-Image und auf die Geschmacksempfindung
Authors: Lüscher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diese Erkenntnisse werden beniitzt, urn das Corporate-Design und Label-Design farblich und formal zu definieren und zu gestalten, urn das beabsichtigte Image zu erzeugen. Jede Zielgruppe soil mit den ihr entsprechenden Farben und Formen angesprochen werden.
Plants after next: Brewing in the next century
Authors: MacLeay Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Technical opportunities concern changed understanding of raw materials and their inter-relationship with processing plants; the ability to process raw materials off line and add brewing characters post fermentation; new approaches to product development; new opportunities in barley and yeast genetics; new brewing unit operations and packaging innovation. All create the background to economic benefit and greater flexibility in an increasingly volatile market place.
Novel gushing promoters derived from hops
Authors: Moir M , Dobson G , Seaton J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bien que 1’utilisation d’extrait de houblon isomerise soit plus economique que celle du houblon ou de pellets, de nombreux brasseurs craignent 1’introduction dans la biere en bouteilles ou en boites, de promoteurs de surmoussage.
The influence of cell wall composition of a brewer’s flocculent lager yeast on sedimentation during successive industrial fermentations
Authors: Teixeira J M , Teixeira J A , Mota M , Manuela M , Guerra B , Cruz J M Machado , Almeida A M Sa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cell wall biochemical composition of a Saccharomvces uvarum flocculent strain before and after flocculation expression was analysed. No difference in total carbohydrate and protein content and on PAGE patterns of cell wall proteins was measured. Anyway, enzymatic treatment demonstrated that a protein must be envolved in the flocculation mechanism.
Konstruktion und Anwendung glucanolytischer Hefen
Authors: Kunze G , Schulz R , Biittner R , Barner A , Bode R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to transfer β-glucanase activity the bglM, bglA and bglHl genes of B. macerans, B. amvloliquefaciens and a hybrid gene containing sequences from both species were transfered into yeasts on a multicopy plasmid and also integrated into the yeast genome.
Mash filtration difficulties caused by split barley kernels: a microbiological problem
Authors: Haikara A , Home S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The occurrence of split barley kernels is well known in different countries and leads to mash filtration problems. These are currently solved by rejecting barley lots containing too high counts of split kernels. In our studies on split barley kernels lactic acid bacteria, pseudomonads and enterobacteria multiplied heavily during pilot malting. The Tepral filtration method revealed a strong dependence of filtration difficulties on the percentage of split barley kernels in the sample. Addition of bacterial mass to the mashing and artificial contamination of squeezed barley kernels with different bacteria retarded mash filtration depending on the strain.
Enhancement of flavour in beers with reduced alcohol contents
Authors: Muller R E , Barrett J , Baxter E D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
High gravity brewing is frequently accompanied by a disproportionately high synthesis of ester compounds during fermentation. Such disproportionate ester synthesis can be utilized to allow the production of beers with reduced alcohol contents while maintaining flavour active ester levels within target specifications for full strength beers. The manipulation of other fermentation parameters, including temperature, wort aeration and carbon to nitrogen ratios can be used to adjust the fusel oil content of the final beer. Manipulation of each parameter results in different changes in the fusel oil profile, and can be exploited to achieve desired flavour characteristics.
Technik und Technologic eines stromungstechnisch optimierten Würzekochers
Authors: Esslinger H M , Michel R , Salzgeber B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By increasing the turbulences in the fluid flow, the heat flux also rises. The increase of the total heat transfer coefficient is leading to a decrease of heat exchanger area for a given rate of heating up the wort or a given rate of evaporation. The smaller heating area results in lower costs of investment and a smaller local want for installing the apparatus. But the smaller volume of the apparatus leads to a smaller need of cleaning liquid, too.
Organischer Kohlenstoff im Brauereibriiden als Prozess- und Emissionskontrollparameter
Authors: Müller Dr.-Ing. Klaus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The carbon compounds in mash and wort vapours have been measured using a special flame ionisation detector. The time course of emission during brewing gives an insight into the stripping of aroma substances in various mash and wort boiling procedures.
Correlating instrumental measurement and non-oral sensory evaluation of texture mixed gels
Authors: Damasio H M , Costell M , Izquierdo L , Duran L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This work deals with the study of the relationships between instrumental measurements and non-oral texture of Kappa carrageenan (C)locust bean gum (LBG) gels and C-LBG-guar gum (GG) gels. The study was performed in two series of 7 samples of 0.5 and 0.75% total hydrocolloids concentration, the proportion of gum varying from O to 60%. Instrumental ( 8 parameters) and sensory ( 10 parameters) data were examined by multidimensional scaling and two similar bi dimensional maps were obtained. Good correlations were obtained by multiple linear regression between each of the t n sensory parameters and two or more instrumental parameters ( R ) 0. 90). Good correlations were also found by simple linear regression between seven sensory and seven instrumental parameters (0.65 r 0.92).
The rheology of thin liquids
Authors: Schenz Timothy W , Fugitt Mitchel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The instrumental measurement of the rheology of low viscosity liquids has been a difficult task. With the advent of controlled stress rheometers, however, it is now possible to characterize the rheology of fluids with viscosities as low as 1 mPa · s. This sensitivity is especially useful in applications in the food and beverage industry. This paper will discuss a few such applications to low viscosity food systems stabilized with hydrocolloids and proteins. The effect of these stabilizers on the structure of low viscosity food will be explored not only in terms of its viscosity but also in terms of its viscoelastic properties.
Rheology of iota-carrageenan gels containing small amounts of kappa-carrageenan
Authors: Piculell Lennart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Measurements of the temperature-dependent rheology of the sodium and potassium forms of native and kappa-carrageen’s treated iota-carrageenan, with or without small additions of kappa-carrageenan, were performed. In the presence of potassium, which promotes gelation of kappa-carrageenan, samples containing a sufficient concentration of kappa-carrageenan (either added or present as impurities) show a substantial enhancement of the elasticity, whereas no ion specificity was seen for pure iota-carrageenan.
The functional properties of food proteins
Authors: Tolstoguzov Vladimir B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effect of the thermodynamic incompatibility of proteins and polysaccharides on protein functional properties such as solubility and protein behaviuor at the water oil interface has been discussed. Incompatibility of chemically or structurally dissimilar biopolymers leads to an increase in their thermodynamic activity in mixed solutions. The influence of the addition of polysaccharides on the stability of protein-stabilized emulsions can not be only attributed to an increase in the continuous phase viscosity. The incompatibility of biopolymers in the aqueous continuous phase of emulsions manifests itself in an increased density of the monolayer coverage of dispersed particles and in a decreased critical protein concentration required for the formation of multilayer coverage of dispersed particles, it also has a strong impact on emulsion flocculation.
Gelling temperature of model gels and industrially produced fruit jellies made with HM- and LM-pectin
Authors: Soderberg Jorgen R , Krag-Andersen Sven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A new method for determining the gelling temperature, based on the change in thermal conductivity when gelation starts, was used to characterize HMand LM pectin gels. The basic model gel system was the socalled IPPA gel, i. e. an imitation of fruit juice gel with pH 3.1, soluble solids 65%. The system was modified regarding soluble solids and calcium-ion concentration. Comparison is made between gelling temperatures determined in model systems and in industrially produced jellies.