bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beginnings
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Employment for jazz musicians developed wherever there was a demand for festive music. In the early 1900s the black and creole neighborhoods in New Orleans were especially fertile places since music was an important part of community activity there. Sidney Bechet contradicts the myth of Storyville as the cradle of jazz. People have got an idea that the music started in whorehouses. Well, there was a district there, you know, and the houses in it, they’d all have someone playing a guitar or a mandolin, or a piano someone singing, maybe; but they didn’t have orchestras, and the musicianers never played regular there. The musicianers would go to those houses just whenever they didn’t have a regular engagement, when there was no party or picnic or ball to play at. But in those days there was always some party going, some fish fry, and there was always some picnic around the lakes.
Managers, Agents, and Bosses
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The business people of the music world are necessary to jazz musicians who want to make a living. Unless a musician is good at marketing his own skills, he needs the assistance of bandleaders, agents, managers, promoters, publicists, club owners, and record producers. He may not deal with them all directly, but they all affect his life and his music. He tries to find those who value his work and want to see him prosper. Some bands managed themselves on the commonwealth system. When money came in, expenses were taken off the top and the remainder was divided evenly into as many shares as there were musicians. There were many commonwealth bands in the Midwest. Buster Smith played with one in Kansas City, the Blue Devils: A commonwealth band was what the trouble was. That’s where I found out that anything commonwealth could never amount to nothing. The thing is, there’s thirteen of us, whenever we wanted to do something, accept a job, we have to sit down and have a discussion, and we’d always have voting on it and seven would vote for it and six would vote against it. Or vice versa. It looked like everywhere we’d get a chance to get a good job somewhere, that seven would vote against; they’d want a little more money.
The Well-dressed Jazz Musician
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most early jazzmen were very conscious of the way they dressed. Sharp clothes represented maturity and success. A good portion of a jazzman’s income might go into improving his wardrobe. Some musicians dressed so distinctively that they influenced men’s fashions. Jelly Roll Morton, a flashy dresser whose teeth were encrusted with diamonds during his peak earning years, often boasted of his extensive wardrobe. He would tell other musicians scornfully, “I’ve got more suits than you got handkerchiefs!” Morton told Alan Lomax about the sartorial styles prevalent in early New Orleans among the “tough babies” he associated with: They frequented the corners at Jackson and Locust and nobody fooled with them. They all strived to have at least one Sunday suit, because, without that Sunday suit, you didn’t have anything. It wasn’t the kind of Sunday suit you’d wear today. You was considered way out of line if your coat and pants matched. Many a time they would kid me, “Boy, you must be from the country. Here you got trousers on the same as your suit.”
Bix Beiderbecke
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bix Beiderbecke played the cornet with a lovely vibrant sound. Eddie Condon described it as “like a girl saying yes.” Bix taught himself the instrument by playing along with records, and he developed an original conception of tone and phrasing at a time when nearly every other jazz musician was under the spell of Louis Armstrong. Bix lived in Chicago while Armstrong was playing there, heard Louis and loved his playing, but he went his own way and took a number of young admirers along with him. Max Kaminsky was one of the younger generation of brass players who fell in love with Bix’s music. He tells of the passion that possessed him: A few months after I first heard Bix play, I was working down at the Cape for the summer, and one Sunday night on the train going back to the Cape, I met Howie Freeman, a drummer from Boston, who immediately showed me a brand new recording he had just bought of Bix’s “Singing the Blues” and “Clarinet Marmalade.”
Joe Venuti
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aside from being one of the best jazz violinists to ever pass our way, Joe Venuti was the jazz world’s most famous prankster. His fondness for jokes and his habit of acting on impulse made him a legendary figure. Joe became the talk of 52nd Street for the way he dealt with an annoying drunk who was bending his ear at the bar of the Onyx Club. While standing there feigning interest in the conversation, Joe urinated on the drunk’s leg. Joe preferred more elaborate jokes. On Paul Whiteman’s band a fellow musician like to take a hot bath after the job every night. Joe filled the unsuspecting victim’s hotel room bathtub with hot water and a case of Jell-O powder. The gelatin set quite satisfactorily, and everyone had a good laugh.
Tommy Dorsey
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tommy Dorsey was a tough man to work for, but his high musical standards and good salaries always attracted excellent musicians and arrangers. Dorsey had a formidable temper and a ready pair of fists. He frequently fought with his brother Jimmy, especially when they were coleaders of the Dorsey Brothers Orchestra. When Tommy broke up the partnership and set out on his own, part of his drive to succeed reportedly came from his desire to have a better band than Jimmy’s. Tommy’s primary concern was musicianship. Once, when he needed a trumpet player, he asked his band for suggestions. A musician said, “How about so-and-so? He’s a nice guy.” “Nice guys are a dime a dozen!” snapped Tommy. “Get me a prick that can play!” When Tommy found a musician he wanted, money was secondary. Willie Smith was leading Jimmy Lunceford’s saxophone section, and Dorsey decided to woo him onto his band. He drove out to the Larchmont, New York, casino that Lunceford had built and gave Smith a lift back to New York City after the job. When they stopped at Smith’s address, Dorsey pulled out a checkbook and signed his name to a check.
Clinical skills
Authors: Magaziner Jeffrey L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The way to learn physical signs is at the bedside, with guidance from an experienced colleague. This chapter is not intended as a substitute for this process: It is simply an aid. We ask questions to get information to help with differential diagnosis. But we also ask questions to find out about the inner life and past exploits of our patients so that we can respect them as individuals and understand them as a whole. The patient is likely to notice and reciprocate this respect, and this reciprocation is the foundation of most of our therapeutic endeavors. The message is not that special people should get special services: Rather that it is easy to like, and hence promote the interests of, patients with whom you can identify. The challenge is to identify with as broad a range of humanity as possible, without getting exhausted by this task.
Cardiovascular medicine
Authors: Russell Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ischemic heart disease (IHD), even though | in incidence, is still the most common cause of death worldwide. Encouraging cardiovascular health is not only about preventing IHD. The activities that are associated with improving cardiovascular health have many beneficial side effects as well. Exercise will improve cardiovascular health (BP|, HDL) but can also pre- vent osteoporosis and improve glucose tolerance. People who improve and maintain their fitness live longer: Age-adjusted mortality from all causes is reduced by &gt;40%. Avoiding obesity helps too, but there is no evidence that losing weight will lengthen life. However, the risk of diabetes will diminish if weight loss can be achieved.
Maintaining Quality in Research and Reporting
Authors: Heller Jack J , O’Connor Edward J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to evaluate competence in research, the evaluator must first have a clear conception of what constitutes research as opposed to other scholarly activities. There are many scholarly pursuits that may in a broad sense fall under the category “research.” The word research (from the French rechercher, which means to travel through or survey) implies a going back to search for something. With respect to research in music education, however, that concept is too broad. We are concerned primarily with the systematic search for solutions to problems based on empirical observation. This is not meant to disparage scholarly endeavors that fall outside our more restricted definition. Of course, research searches for something. But that something should be very specific and it should be stated at the outset of any research report. The researcher must have a very clear idea of what the question is that will be investigated. The techniques and methodology used to search for an answer to a question should be appropriate to the question posed. Good research is that which provides as unbiased an answer as possible to a question supported by empirical evidence. “Empirical” here is meant to be viewed as “observations.”
Transforming Research in Music Education History
Authors: Cox Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question “What is history?” is the subject of fierce debate: History is a science that discovers; it is an art that creates; historical narratives are constructions governed by the same rules and constraints as literature; “history with purpose” can realize some grand metaphysical theme; history has ended. Historians today are being forced to rethink, in the light of postmodernist criticism, the categories and assumptions that have underpinned their work (see Evans, 1997; Munslow, 2000). Research in music education history cannot remain immune from this debate (see McCarthy, 2003). Indeed, I base this chapter on the premise that music education history is, like the history of education, “a contested and changing terrain” (Aldrich, 2000, p. 63). The challenge of facing up to contest and change was acknowledged by Heller and Wilson (1992) in their chapter in the first Handbook of Research on Music Teaching and Learning. They called for “new interpretations of old subjects” (p. 102). More specifically, they detailed the following research needs: revision of existing studies, application of new techniques, and cooperation with fields outside music education. Heller and Wilson’s suggestions comprise the kernel of this chapter. However, while they focused on the detail of researching music education history in the American context, I shall present a critical review of historical accounts with a general emphasis on Anglo-American literature, but including an international dimension.
Surgical Perspective
Authors: Cohen M Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Operative correction of the facial skeleton can be divided into two technical subspecial fields: maxillofacial surgery and craniofacial surgery. The arbitrary division is an imaginary line at the level of the cranial base. Although the distinction between the two is useful, some procedures involve both areas simultaneously. The field of maxillofacial surgery developed before craniofacial surgery. The history of surgery involving the facial skeleton is complex and has been particularly well discussed by Wolfe (112).
The Language of Pain and Addiction
Authors: Savage Seddon R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Language is a prism through which we understand—and communicate our understanding of—the world. Although it is currently common to depreciate the power of words by labeling thoughtful word selection as political correctness, the resonance of words in shaping perceptions at both cognitive and affective levels is clear. Care in the use of language is particularly important in communication related to issues about which there is pervasive misunderstanding, significant controversy, and in which rapid change is occurring. Understanding in such contexts is best served by language that is unambiguous, accurate, and free of emotional resonance or stigma.
Opioids for Chronic Pain: Historical Notes
Authors: Portenoy Russell K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The opioids comprise a very diverse set of compounds that share interaction with an array of opioid receptors throughout the body (Hammer, 1993; Stein, 1998). Endogenous opioids influence numerous physiological domains, including modulation of noxious input (antinociception), mood, immunity, motor control, and other processes. Exogenous opioids, which include alkaloids derived from the poppy and both semisynthetic and synthetic substances, produce similarly varied effects, among the most important of which is the potential to relieve pain. It is axiomatic among experts in pain management that there is no group of drugs that, overall, offer a broader and more effective means to reduce severe pain. Indeed, if not for the potential to cause serious adverse events, it is very likely that opioids would be first-line treatment for virtually all patients with moderate or greater pain.
Pain Managementand the Medical Profession What Is Our Responsibility?
Authors: Payne Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The quotations above, from the moral philosopher Kant and the New and Old Testaments of the Bible, speak to our obligations to be caring individuals to our neighbors and fellow citizens. I argue that our secular and religious traditions also must influence our behaviors and responsibilities as health-care professionals, and seem particularly relevant to understanding our obligations to relieve pain and suffering. The question posed in the book of Luke (New Testament Bible), ‘‘Who is my neighbor?,’’ is a prelude to the parable of the Good Samaritan. This chapter deals with the professional and ethical responsibilities of physicians in the contemporary society, and pleads for reclaiming an ethic of ‘‘Good Samaritanism’’ in 21st-century medicine.
Reward and Addiction
Authors: E. Best Susan , Adinoff Bryon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opiates have been used for the relief of pain and suffering for thousands of years. For almost as long, it has been known that the therapeutic use of opiates for analgesia is complicated by their abuse liability. The writings of the Homer and Virgil indicate that they knew of both the beneficial and addicting properties of opium (Booth, 1996). In the 18th and 19th centuries, addiction to mor-phine-containing tincture, laudanum, was common (Ballantyne and Mao, 2003). Over the past 10 to 15 years, a gradual increase in the prescription of opiate analgesics has occurred in response to a heightened awareness of the importance of treating pain. Unfortunately, this has been paralleled by a rise in the numbers of individuals addicted to opiate analgesics. Neuroscience seeks to develop synthetic opiates with excellent analgesic qualities but a minimal risk of addiction. Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the rewarding and addicting properties of opiates may further this research.
The Regulation of Cellular Mechanisms in Antinociception and Dependency
Authors: Talbot Jeffery N , Traynor John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opioid drugs such as morphine and its derivatives are essential clinical tools for the treatment of pain yet are often accompanied by undesirable effects greatly limiting their use in pain management. In addition, the euphoric and dependent properties of these compounds have resulted in widespread abuse of illicit and prescription opioid drugs. More effective treatments for addiction as well as improved therapy for pain depend on increased understanding of the mechanisms regulating opioid signaling. Several important proteins have recently been characterized that regulate opioid signaling in vitro and in vivo, including regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins and arrestins. Together with other interacting/scaffolding proteins, this group of regulatory factors presents new and potentially powerful targets for manipulating specific opioid effects.
Buprenorphine in Pain and Addiction
Authors: Heit Howard A , Gourlay Douglas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to provide health-care professionals with information regarding the appropriate therapeutic uses of buprenorphine in the context of pain and addiction medicine. Like methadone, buprenorphine can be used both for opioid agonist therapy (OAT) for the disease of opioid addiction as well as the treatment of anticipated or unanticipated acute pain and chronic pain.
Pain and Chemical Dependency in the Emergency Department
Authors: Todd Knox H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pain is the single most common reason patients seek care in the emergency department (Cordell et al., 2002). Given the prevalence of pain as a presenting complaint, one might expect emergency physicians to assign its treatment a high priority; however, pain is often seemingly invisible to the emergency physician. Multiple research studies have documented that the undertreatment of pain, or oligoanalgesia, is a frequent occurrence (Rupp & Delaney, 2004). Pain that is not acknowledged and managed appropriately causes dissatisfaction with medical care, hostility toward the physician, unscheduled returns to the emergency department, delayed return to full function, and potentially, an increased risk of litigation. Failure to recognize and treat pain may result in anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, increased oxygen demands with the potential for end-organ ischemia, and decreased movement with an increased risk of venous thrombosis.
The Palliative Care Patient
Authors: Nabati Lida , Abrahm Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dame Cicely Saunders, founder of the modern hospice movement in the 1960s, coined the term ‘‘total pain,’’ which embodied the notion that pain, endured by those facing a life-limiting illness, was multifaceted and could include psychological, physical, spiritual, and social elements (Saunders, 1981). From this concept, a new subspecialty, palliative medicine, emerged. In 2007, the American Board of Medical Specialties is expected to recognize palliative medicine as a medical subspecialty.
Opioids and the Treatment of Chronic Pain
Authors: Brookoff Daniel S , Squire Pamela , Brookoff Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I need my Percocets doc, that’s the only medication that works for me. And it has to be brand-name. I’ve been given the generics before and they really don’t seem to work .. . and, anyway, they tear up my stomach. And it has to be now because I ran out last Tuesday and I plan to be leaving town soon ...
Screening for the Risk of Substance Abuse in Pain Management
Authors: Webster Lynn R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opioids are a safe, effective treatment for many chronic pain conditions. However, a certain segment of the pain population will end up abusing opioids in defiance of medical direction. Whether due to addiction, uncontrolled pain, a comorbid psychiatric condition, or some other cause, opioid misuse poses a threat to the intended benefits of pain relief and improved function. Although misuse of medication is, unfortunately, a common clinical occurrence, it is manageable in most cases. The vital first step is the appropriate assessment of the patient prior to the start of opioid therapy. By gaining insight into the patient’s individual risk for abuse, the clinician is able to set and maintain the corresponding level of monitoring, thus optimizing chances for a good clinical outcome.
Prebiotic Chemistry on the Primitive Earth
Authors: Miller Stanley L , Cleaves H James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The origin of life remains one of the humankind’s last great unanswered questions, as well as one of the most experimentally challenging research areas. It also raises fundamental cultural issues that fuel at times divisive debate. Modern scientific thinking on the topic traces its history across millennia of controversy, although current models are perhaps no older than 150 years. Much has been written regarding pre-nineteenth-century thought regarding the origin of life. Early views were wide-ranging and often surprisingly prescient; however, since this chapter deals primarily with modern thinking and experimentation regarding the synthesis of organic compounds on the primitive Earth, the interested reader is referred to several excellent resources [1–3].
Prebiotic Evolution and the Origin of Life: Is a System-Level Understanding Feasible?
Authors: Lazcano Antonio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Systems biology attempts to explain the structure and operation of complex biological processes beyond the mere description of their individual components and their interplay. This rapidly evolving field, which endeavors to overcome the limitations inherent in the reductionist approaches found in many areas of biological research, involves multidisciplinary programs that attempt to develop predictive computer models of mathematically based descriptions of biological network components and their integrated interactions at a higher level [1]. Although still in its infancy, a systems biology approach based on the combined efforts of computational science with other developing areas such as genomics, proteomics, and other fields may provide important insights into the inner workings and robustness of biological systems, including cell signaling and regulatory networks, with foreseeable practical applications [2].
Noncoding RNA and RNA Regulatory Networks in the Systems Biology of Animals
Authors: Mattick John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DNA is best regarded as biological software. It encodes the analog components of cells (proteins, RNAs, and their derived products) as well as the regulatory architecture that controls their division and assembly into multicellular organisms. The human genome contains about 3 billion base pairs of a quaternary code [1,2] that programs the growth and development of a complex organism of around 1014 cells, with a wide variety of bones, muscles, and specialized organs, such as the brain, lung, liver, and kidneys, all with very specific anatomical features and often asymmetric shapes. These structures are not just field approximations, but reflect in their detail the particular genomic program and its polymorphic idiosyncrasies that we inherit from our parents and their ancestors, as evidenced by the individual contours of our faces and bodies. The cellular ontogeny of the nematode wormC. elegans is precise and largely invariant [3], and it is likely that the same generally holds for all animals, with the possible exception of the clonal expansion of some cell types under different physiological or immunological conditions. Controlling the growth patterns, positional identity, organization, and differentiation of cells in the assembly of a complex organism is the major challenge of genomic programming.
Path to the Podium
Authors: Wittry Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I said before, there is no “one path” to success as a conductor. Each person somehow finds their own way to achieve their goals. I spoke with leading Amer-ican conductors and discovered a variety of successes and frustrations that they experienced on their way to their current positions. Here are examples of their career paths and their words of advice.