bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seven protein tyrosine phosphatases are differentially expressed in the developing rat brain
Authors: Sahin Mustafa , Dowling James J. , Hockfield Susan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRegulation of protein function through tyrosine phosphorylation is critical in the control of many developmental processes, such as cellular proliferation and differentiation. Growing evidence suggests that tyrosine phosphorylation also regulates key events in neural development. Although a large body of data has demonstrated that protein tyrosine kinases play an important role in neural development, much less is known about their counterparts, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases). Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with degenerate primers and a neonatal rat cortex cDNA library, we have identified seven PTPases expressed in the developing rat brain. Four of these are transmembrane PTPases: LAR, LRP, RPTPγ, and CPTP1. Three are nonreceptor PTPases: PTP‐1, P19‐PTP, and SHP. Northern hybridization analysis demonstrates that only CPTP1 is preferentially expressed in neural tissues, whereas the others are found abundantly in nonneural tissues as well as in the brain.Within the embryonic and early postnatal brain, the seven PTPases have overlapping, yet unique, distributions. For example, LAR mRNA is highly expressed by both proliferating and postmitotic cells in the cerebral cortex at embryonic day 17 and in all layers of the cortex at postnatal day 4. In contrast, RPTPγ mRNA is expressed by postmitotic neurons in the embryo and predominantly by neurons in the superficial layers of the postnatal cortex.Several of the PTPases examined here are expressed at very high levels in the embryonic cortical plate and postnatal neocortex, including the subplate and subventricular zone. The spatial and temporal regulation of PTPase agene expression suggests that these PTPases have important roles in signal transduction during early neuronal differentiation and neural development. © 1995 Willy‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of spinal cord projections from the medullary subnucleus reticularis dorsalis and the adjacent cuneate nucleus: A phaseolus vulgaris‐ leucoagglutinin study in the rat
Authors: Villanueva Luis , Bernard Jean Franiçois , Le Bars Daniel 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution and organization of descending spinal projections from the dorsal part of the caudal medulla were studied in the rat following injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into small areas of the subnucleus reticularis dorsalis (SRD) and the adjacent cuneate nucleus (Cu). The caudal aspect of the Cu projected only to the dorsal horn of the ipsilateral cervical cord via the dorsal funiculus. These projections were mainly to laminae I, IV, and V. More ventrally located reticular structures projected to the full length of the cord. Fibers originating from the SRD travelled through the ipsilateral dorsolateral funiculus and terminated within the deep dorsal horn and upper layers of the ventral horn, mainly in laminae V–VII. Fibers originating from subnucleus reticularis ventralis (SRV) travelled ipsilaterally through the lateral and ventrolateral funiculi and bilaterally through the ventromedial funiculus. These fibers terminated within the ventral horn. The density of labeling within the gray matter varied at different levels of the cord was as follows: cervical > sacral > thoracic > lumbar. The reciprocal connections between the caudal medulla and the spinal cord suggest that the former is an important link in feedback loops that regulate spinal outflow. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cardiovascular responses to electrical stimulation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
Authors: Dunn J.D. , Williams T.J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo determine whether the influence of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) on cardiovascular function can be localized to specific cytoarchitectural areas within the BST, urethane (1.3 g/kg)‐anesthetized male Sprague‐Dawley rats were probed for cardiovascular reactive sites. Electrical stimuli (50 μa, 50 Hz, and a 0.5 ms pulse duration), delivered through stereotaxically placed glass semimicroelectrodes, were localized to the BST. Sham‐stimulated animals served as controls. Stimulation sites were correlated with cytoarchitecturally distinct areas within the BST, and changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) were subjected to statistical analysis.Systematically probing the BST for cardiovascular reactive sites showed a correlation between evoked responses and distinct cytoarchitectural areas. Stimulation of the me dial BST produced increases in MAP; stimulation of the lateral aspect of the BST produced decreases in MAP. Both pressor and depressor responses were evoked from the area ventral to the anterior commissure. Pressor responses were elicited from the area immediatley ventral to the anterior commissure, and depressor responses followed stimulation of an area more ventral. All subnuclei showed corroborating cardiovascular responses to 20–30 n1 microinjection of sodium glutamate. Taken together, these data provide substantial evidence to indicate that the BST, particularly at more rostral areas, consists of a medial pressor area, a lateral depressor area, and a ventral area with both pressor and depressor zone. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crayfish brain interneurons that converge with serotonin giant cells in accessory lobe glomeruli
Authors: Sandeman David , Beltz Barbara , Sandeman Renate 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFreshwater crayfish have well‐developed olfactory systems with an array of receptors that project exclusively to areas in the brain that are functionally specialized for the processing of odors. The accessory lobes are large bilateral areas of neuropil that are anatomically associated with the olfactory lobes. The accessory lobes receive no primary afferents and do not contain the endings of motor efferents; thus, their role in olfaction is still obscure. Intracellular dye filling of interneurons in the deutocerebral commissure in the crayfish brain has shown that they end bilaterally in glomeruli in the accessory lobes, have cell somata in a dorsal cluster medial to the olfactory lobes, and have unilateral projections to the deutocerebral commissure neuropil. Each deutocerebral commissure interneuron has only 6 to 15 output glomeruli in each accessory lobe and does not share glomeruli with other deutocerebral commissure interneurons. The deutocerebral commissure interneurons converge with the dorsal giant serotonin neurons in the accessory lobe glomeruli. Deutocerebral commissure interneurons can be separated into classes according to their projections to the protocerebrum, central body, and deutocerebrum. Physiological responses of the deutocerebral commissure interneurons following photic stimulation of the eyes and electrical stimulation of the second antennae lead to the conclusion that the deutocerebral commissure represents an input to the accessory lobes from the protocerebral neuropils and that visual and tactile inputs are included in the processing performed in the accessory lobes. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The annexins: Specific markers of midline structures and sensory neurons in the developing murine central nervous system
Authors: Hamre Kristin M. , Chepenik Kenneth P. , Goldowitz Dan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe annexins are a family of cytoplasmic proteins that have been shown to have numerous actions within a cell. Recent evidence suggests that at least one of these proteins plays a role in the development of the central nervous system (CNS). The present study examines the temporal expression and spatial distribution of annexins I, II, IV, V, and VI during development and at maturity in the murine CNS by immunocytochemical analysis. The results demonstrate that annexins I, II and IV exhibit clear immunolabeling in the murine CNS with distinct patterns of temporal and spatial expression. Annexin IV is the first annexin to be expressed on embryonic day (E) 9.5 while annexin I is the last to be expressed (Ell. 5). Annexins I, II and IV are found in the floor plate region, but to differing rostrocaudal extents. Annexin I has a very restricted distribution, only present in the midline raphe of the brainstem. Annexin II is present in the spinal cord, brainstem and mesencephalon. Annexin IV has the widest midline distribution, being observed in the floor and roof plates of the developing CNS. Additionally, antibodies against annexin II and IV immunolabel most dorsal root and sensory ganglion cells and their axons. During early postnatal development, immunolabeling with each antibody gradually disappears in many structures, and only first order sensory neurons and their fibers are immunopositive for annexins II and IV at weaning. Three functions of the annexins are suggested by the present findings: (1) to help establish the midline structures of the floor and roof plates, (2) to help direct the decussation of sensory fibers, and (3) to regulate some aspect of sensory neuron processing, such as signal transduction. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physiological regulation of peptide messenger RNA colocalization in rat hypothalamic paraventricular medial parvicellular neurons
Authors: Watts Alan G. , Sanchez‐Watts Graciela 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the present study, we used subcutaneous polyethylene glycol injections to show that a physiologically relevant stimulus, hypovolemia, will selectively increase the expression of neuropeptide genes in a restricted population of parvicellular corticotropin‐releasing hormonecontaining neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Our results show that a large reduction in extracellular fluid maintained over approximately 20 hours is associated with a significant increase in the level of corticotropin‐releasing hormone mRNA in the medial parvicellular division of the paraventricular nucleus. Additionally, there are concomitant increases in cellular levels of both neurotensin/neuromedin N and proenkephalin mRNAs. Our colocalization results show that the increases in neurotensin/neuromedin N and proenkephalin mRNAs after polyethylene glycol injection occur to a significant degree in cells that also contain corticotropin‐releasing hormone mRNA. Furthermore, significant numbers of cells containing proenkephalin mRNA also contain neurotensin/neuromedin N mRNA, raising the possibility that some neurons have increased levels of all three mRNAs. Finally, in the medial parvicellular division of the paraventricular nucleus, the number of identified corticotropin‐releasing hormone neurons also containing vasopressin mRNA is very low in control animals and is not increased by polyethylene glycol injections, suggesting that, within this period, activation of the vasopressin gene may not be a critical event in the neuroendocrine response of corticotropinreleasing hormone neurosecretory neurons to extracellular dehydration. Considered together with the effects of adrenalectomy on peptide colocalization, our results suggest the existence of several phenotypically distinct sets of neurons within the medial parvicellular division of the paraventricular nucleus, each characterized by its ability to regulate the expression of neuropeptide genes in a stimulus‐specific manner. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Afferent connections of the medial frontal cortex of the rat. II. Cortical and subcortical afferents
Authors: Condé Françoise , Maire‐lepoivre Evelyne , Audinat Etienne , Crépel Francis 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn order to compare the frontal cortex of rat and macaque monkey, cortical and subcortical afferents to subdivisions of the medial frontal cortex (MFC) in the rat were analyzed with fluorescent retrograde tracers. In addition to afferent inputs common to the whole MFC, each subdivision of the MFC has a specific pattern of afferent connections. The dorsally situated precentral medial area (PrCm) was the only area to receive inputs from the somatosensory cortex. The specific pattern of afferents common to the ventrally situated prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) areas included projections from the agranular insular cortex, the entorhinal and piriform cortices, the CA1–CA2 fields of the hippocampus, the subiculum, the endopiriform nucleus, the amygdalopiriform transition, the amygdalohippocampal area, the lateral tegmentum, and the parabrachial nucleus. In all these structures, the number of retrogradely labeled cells was larger when the injection site was located in area IL. The dorsal part of the anterior cingulate area (ACd) seemed to be connectionally intermediate between the adjacent areas PrCm and PL; it receives neither the somatosensory inputs characteristic of area PrCm nor the afferents characteristic of areas PL and IL, with the exception of the afferents from the caudal part of the retrosplenial cortex.A comparison of the pattern of afferent and efferent connections of the rat MFC with the pattern of macaque prefrontal cortex suggests that PrCm and ACd areas share some properties with the macaque premotor cortex, whereas PL and IL areas may have characteristics in common with the cingulate or with medial areas 24, 25, and 32 and with orbital areas 12, 13, and 14 of macaques. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Topography of projections to posterior cortical areas from the macaque frontal eye fields
Authors: Stanton G. B. , Bruce C. J. , Goldberg M. E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFrontal eye field (FEF) projections to posterior cortical areas were mapped by autoradiography of tritiated amino acids (Leu, Pro) in six macaque monkeys. In three monkeys, the large saccade part of the FEF (IFEF) was identified by microstimulation and injected with tracers. In a fourth monkey, the small saccade part of the FEF (sFEF) was identified by microstimulation and injected with tracer. Tracer injections were placed into the sFEF region of two other monkeys using anatomical landmarks. The IFEF and sFEF generally had distinct and largely segregated projections to posterior cortical areas, and the overall pattern of labeling in visual areas with established topology indicates that IFEF neurons preferentially project to areas having large and eccentric receptive fields, whereas sFEF neurons project to areas having smaller, more centrally located fields. The terminal fields from the sFEF were more widespread than those from IFEF. Projections from sFEF terminated in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP), the ventral intraparietal area (VIP), and the parietal part of visual area V3A, in the fundus of the superior temporal visual area (TST), the middle temporal area (MT), the medial superior temporal area (MST), the temporal part of visual area V4, the inferior temporal area (IT), and the temporal‐occipital area (TEO) and in occipital visual areas V2, V3, and V4. Projections from IFEF terminated in parietal areas 7a, LIP, and VIP and the medial part of parietal area PE; in temporal areas MST and the superior temporal polysensory area (STP); and in occipital area V2 and posterior cingulate area 23b. Projections from IFEF and sFEF appeared to terminate in different parts of common target areas in MST, LIP, and V2. The topography of IFEF and sFEF projections to LIP suggests that this posterior eye field may also be organized by saccade amplitude. Most terminal labeling from FEF injections was bilaminar to layers I and V/VI, but labeling in area LIP, area MT, the medial part of area PE, and area 23b was columnar‐form to all layers. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transient expression of NADPH‐diaphorase in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the ferret during early postnatal development
Authors: Cramer Karina S. , Moore Christopher I. , Sur Mriganka 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRetinogeniculate projections in the ferret are refined during postnatal development so that inputs from the two eyes become segregated into eye‐specific laminae, and each eye‐specific lamina is further divided into sublaminae containing inputs from on‐center or off‐center afferents. Segregation into eye‐specific laminae and on/off sublaminae is dependent on neuronal activity; sublamination depends on activation of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors. By analogy with the suggested role of nitric oxide in NMDA‐mediated long‐term potentiation in the hippocampus, we investigated a possible role for nitric oxide in ferret retinogeniculate development. The expression of NADPH‐diaphorase, a nitric oxide synthase, was examined histologically in the lateral geniculate nucleus of ferrets at several postnatal ages. At birth, neuropil is labeled in the nucleus, although no cell bodies are visible. After the first postnatal week, some labeled cells appear, predominantly in the C laminae. By three postnatal weeks, cell bodies are clearly labeled in all geniculate laminae. Staining reaches a peak in density at about four postnatal weeks, then declines such that by six postnatal weeks labeled cells are no longer visible. This transient expression of NADPH‐diaphorase activity is consistent with a role for nitric oxide in the development of mature connections within the ferret lateral geniculate nucleus. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization of serotonin in taste buds: A comparative study in four vertebrates
Authors: Kim Dae‐Joong , Roper Stephen D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo investigate monoaminergic synaptic mechanisms in taste buds, we examined taste buds of mice, rats, rabbits, and mudpuppies for the presence of the neurotransmitter candidate, serotonin. Immunocytochemistry revealed serotonin‐like immunostaining in cells in mammalian taste buds and Merkel‐like basal cells in taste buds of mudpuppies. In untreated mudpuppies and in mammals injected with the precursor to serotonin, L‐tryptophan, certain taste cells showed serotonin‐like immunoreactivity, although in mammalian taste buds the immunostaining was relatively weak. After pretreating mammals with 5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP), the intermediate precursor between L‐tryptophan and serotonin, several taste cells showed strong immunoreactivity for serotonin. These findings indicate that mammalian taste cells normally contain serotonin and that taste cells can take up 5‐HTP and convert it to serotonin. Immunocytochemistry on wholemount preparations demonstrated that serotonergic cells of mudpuppies (i.e., Merkel‐like basal cells) were disposed in a ring at the periphery of taste buds. Similarly, serotonergic cells in mammalian taste buds tended to be located at the periphery of taste buds. Based on the position of serotonergic cells in the taste bud and on recent physiological studies on the actions of serotonin in taste buds, we postulate that serotonin functions as a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter in vertebrate taste buds. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Topographical organization of the rat suprachiasmatic‐paraventriocular projection
Authors: Vrang Niels , Larsen Philip J. , Moller Morten , Mikkelsen Jens D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a dominant pacemaker involved in the generation of circadian rhythms in mammals. Surprisingly, the expression of the many rhythms appears to be mediated via a limited efferent projection system of the pacemaker, of which the largest pathway terminates in the subparaventricular area and in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. In order to investigate a possible topographical organization of this major outflow pathway of the SCN, microiontophoretic injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L) or the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B (ChB) were centered in distinct subparts of the SCN (PHA‐L) or in the subparaventricular areaparaventricular nucleus (ChB), respectively. PHA‐L injections involving the entire SCN revealed not only a major projection to the subparaventricular area, but also one directed towards the medial and dorsal parvicellular subnuclei of the paraventricular nucleus. As opposed to injections involving the entire nucleus, injections of PHA‐L centered in the dorsomedial subdivision of the SCN resulted in a relatively larger number of PHA‐Limmunoreactive fibers in the parvicellular subdivisions of the PVN, whereas the terminal field in the subparaventricular area was less substantial. A topography of the SCN efferent output system was also revealed by the retrograde tracing with ChB. Injections of ChB in the dorsal part of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, not involving the underlying subparaventricular area, gave rise to a population of retrogradely labeled cells in the dorsomedial part of the SCN. In contrast, ChB injections in the subparaventricular area resulted in labeling of neurons clustered in a more ventrolateral aspect of the SCN. The present data provide evidence for a topography in the major efferent, projection system from the SCN, implying that different subparts of the rat SCN, presumably containing partly different potential neurotransmitter substances, may regulate different circadian rhythms. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the primary afferent projection in human spinal cord
Authors: Konstantinidou Aphrodite D. , Silos‐Santiago Inmaculada , Flaris Nicolaos , Snider William D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe development of spinal cord circuitry in humans is poorly characterized, primarily because standard anatomical tracers must be actively transported, which requires living tissue. Intensely fluorescent lipid‐soluble tracers have largely eliminated this problem, at least for circuits that can be traced over short distances. We have, therefore, used the carbocyanine dye DiI (1, 1‐dioctadecyl‐3, 3, 3, 3‐tetramethyl‐indocarbocyanine perchlorate) to study the development of the dorsal root afferent projection to fetal human spinal cord between 8 and 19 weeks of gestation.We show here that the dorsal root afferents enter the gray matter of the spinal cord very early in gestation. By 8 weeks, a few axons have already reached the motor pools. These axons, presumably spindle afferents, traverse the length of the spinal gray matter in fascicles to reach different groups of motor neurons. As development progresses, these axons project to the ventral horn and branch in a restricted area in the intermediate zone as well as in the motor pools. Between 11 and 19 weeks of gestation, axons in the ventral horn elaborate boutons that appear to be in proximity to the motor neuron somata and their proximal dendrites.Other groups of axons penetrate the gray matter of the spinal cord all along the mediolateral extent of the dorsal horn. These axons descend to lamina IV, and then turn upward to terminate in laminae III and IV, arborizing primarily rostrocaudally. The time course of the development of these axons parallels that of the axons projecting to the ventral horn. On the basis of their laminar termination and patterns of distribution, we suggest that these are the central axons from dorsal root ganglion neurons that innervate low‐threshold mechanoreceptors in the periphery. Axon arborizations in laminae I and II were sparse, even at the latest developmental stages examined. It is unclear whether their specific connections have not yet developed or whether DiI does not diffuse well along these small‐caliber axons.This characterization of the development of the laminar specific projections of dorsal root ganglion neurons provides a foundation for studies of the expression of genes that may be implicated in dorsal root axon growth and branching in humans. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.