bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduction and Emergence in the Physical Sciences: Some Lessons from the Particle Physics and Condensed Matter Debate
Authors: Howard Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The task that I set myself is a mundane philosophical one—getting clear about fundamental concepts, developing a taxonomy of viewpoints, assessing the validity of arguments for those views, and handicapping the odds for one or another of them to emerge triumphant. The arena is the much contested one of questions about reduction and emergence in the physical sciences, more specifically the relationship between particle physics and condensed matter physics. The main point that I wish to make is that we know so little about that relationship, and that what we do know strongly suggests that condensed matter phenomena are not emergent with respect to particle physics, that we should be wary of venturing hasty generalizations and of making premature extrapolations from physics to the biosciences, the neurosciences, and beyond.
The Emergence of Causally Efficacious Mental Function
Authors: Brown Warren S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One objective of this volume is to consider whether reductionism is a necessary outcome of physicalism. In this chapter, I will explore a physicalist, but non-reductive, understanding of human mental function that accounts for robust forms of human agency. I will be attempting to demonstrate how mental properties with causal roles might emerge from the physical activity of hyper-complex human brains.
Built by Animals
Authors: Hansell Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From termite mounds that in relative terms are three times as tall as a skyscraper, to the elaborate nests of social birds and the deadly traps of spiders, the constructions of the animal world can amaze and at times humble our own engineering and technology. But how do creatures with such small brains build these complex structures? What drives them to do it? Which skills are innate and which learned? Mike Hansell looks at the extraordinary structures that animals build - whether homes, traps, or courtship displays - and reveals the biology behind their behaviour. He shows how small-brained animals achieve complex feats in a small-brained way, by repeating many simple actions and using highly evolved self-secreted materials. On the other hand, the building feats or tool use of large-brained animals, such as humans or chimps, require significantly more complex and costly behaviour. We look at wasp’s nests, leaf-cutting ants, caddisflies and amoebae, and even the extraordinary bower bird, who seduces his mate with a decorated pile of twigs, baubles, feathers and berries. Hansell explores how animal structures evolved over time, how insect societies emerge, how animals can alter their wider habitat, and even whether some animals have an aesthetic sense.
The Solar System and life on Earth: II
Authors: Gale Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Comets and asteroids affect life mainly in a negative way-if and when they impact with Earth. Such catastrophic events are discussed later in relation to the evolution of life in an uncertain and constantly changing and challenging environment (Chapter 7). Asteroids are essentially rocks, either hard or a loose conglomeration of dust and stony material. Some 75% are rich in carbon and are known as ‘carbonaceous asteroids’, 17% are silicaceous (S-type asteroids), and 8% are metallic (L-type asteroids). Comets have been described as ‘dirty snowballs’ as they are composed mainly of water mixed with rocky material. Although comets are generally not good news for life on Earth (a belief of many ancient civilizations, extending to more recent times, at least as far as Shakespeare) one hypothesis suggested that comets were the source of Earth’s water. However, today, only a small part of Earth’s surface water is thought to have come from extraterrestrial sources (Chapter 5). Here we only briefly review the place of comets and asteroids in the Solar System as a prelude to understanding their effects on our biosphere.
In search of extraterrestrial life
Authors: Gale Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The search for extraterrestrial life, and especially intelligent life, is one of the most exciting scientific enterprises of our time, although in fact it is a very ancient quest. It is the central theme of astrobiology, of which the astrobiology of Earth is just one aspect. Only in the last few decades has technology attained a level which has enabled the commencement of a science-based search for the existence of conditions amenable to life outside Earth. This includes a search for signs of other intelligent civilizations, which may be using EM radiation or other means of communication. However, in relation to the size of the cosmos and the number of possibly promising sites for life, the present search is still in its infancy. Note that we are still looking for ‘conditions amenable’ to life. Clear evidence of life or an intelligent signal from an extraterrestrial source has not yet been obtained. We still do not know whether or not we are alone in the universe. Some of the subjects treated here were first discussed in Chapters 2 and 3, where the universe was reviewed from the point of view of biology. The initial search for extraterrestrial life is limited to ‘life as we know it’. This is a qualification of convenience. There is no way to be sure that life elsewhere would not be very different from that on Earth, having developed under vastly different environmental conditions.
Revelation, Scripture, and Tradition
Authors: Rowland Tracey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the Second Vatican Council the theme of the relationships between Revelation, Scripture, and Tradition (which were topicsin the jettisoned section of Ratzinger’s habilitationsshrift) reappeared as the central issue of the Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation, otherwise known as Deiverbum. The preparatory schema for this Constitution initially reXected the Suárezian approach to Revelation which had been promoted by Michael Schmaus at the young Ratzin-ger’s oral defence, in opposition to the approach of Gottlieb Söhngen and Ratzinger himself. In the post-Tridentine era Francisco Suárez (I548–I6I7) had underscored the propositional character of Revelation—a statement of faith became an occasion on which some aspect of Revelation is made clear. The study of these theological propositions then formed the sub-discipline of dogmatic theology. Just as Cajetan’s account of nature and grace came to be regarded as a baroque deviation from classical Thomism, at least according to de Lubac and those who followed him, Suárez’s account of Revelation came to be seen as similarly distortive of the classical Thomist position. Whereas Aquinas looked at faith from the ‘inside’ and focused on the change that faith brings about in the human being, Suárez looked at faith ‘from the outside’ and described the way we can see it working. Gerard O’Shea has presented the difference between the two in the following paragraph:
The Structure of the Communion
Authors: Rowland Tracey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conciliar document on the Church, Lumen gentium, was mainly the work of Belgian theologians who belonged to the circle of Leo Joseph Cardinal Suenens (1904–1996). They wanted to get away from the emphasis on the Church’s juridical nature and the clericalism this had fostered. In theological language they wanted to emphasize that the Church is determined by Pnuematological as well as Christological elements. As such it is ‘neither a parliamentary nor monarchical super-State, but rather a fabric of worshiping congregations whose unity consists in the essential unity of divine worship and the faith witnessed to in that worship’. In Germany there had been a movement in this direction in the theology of Romano Guardini who was similarly concerned that Catholics tended to think of the Church as something external to themselves, like a club or college to which they were aYliated. The fact that individual Catholics themselves are a part of the mystical body of Christ was often overlooked. In Ratzinger’s words, ‘the Church grows from within and moves outwards, not viceversa’. Similarly, in France Henri de Lubac’s ecclesiology centred on the relationship between the Eucharist and the understanding of the Church as the mystical body of Christ.
Human Life History
Authors: Brüne Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life history theory deals with species-typical solutions for problems associated with survival and reproduction that change over an individual’s lifespan. There is considerable variation between species in the organization and timing of characteristic life courses. K-selection and r-selection are opposite strategies reflecting diametrically opposite solutions to survival and reproductive problems. K-selected species develop slowly, they reproduce repetitively (iteroparity), the number of offspring per litter is small with long-lasting intensive parental investment including a long gestation period, and death rates in infancy and childhood are low. The onset of reproductive activity is delayed, and K-selected species enjoy long lives. Typically, K-selected species grow large bodies, and competition between adults of K-selected species is high, because—due to prolonged lifespans—competition determines survival and reproductive success. K-selected species usually live in conditions with little random environmental variation. Conversely, r-selection involves the opposite pattern; r-selected species develop quickly, they often reproduce only once in their lifetime (semelparity), the number of offspring is large (to vast), but only a small fraction live to reach adult stages. Parental investment after birth (or hatching) is low or absent in r-selected species, sexual maturity sets in early, and individuals die at an early age. r-selected species usually grow small bodies, and random environmental variation is high in r-selected species. Offspring of K-selected species is relatively mature at birth (precocial), whereas in r-selected species offspring is often much more immature (altricial).
Psychiatric Assessment
Authors: Brüne Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For clinicians, assessing patients is perhaps much more demanding in psychiatry than in to other medical disciplines. The psychiatric interview serves several purposes: to understand the symptoms in terms of their maladaptive meaning; to ascertain a (preliminary) diagnosis, that includes differential diagnostic considerations; and to initiate therapy. For example, a depressed patient who avoids eye contact and presents with an overall reduction of psychomotor activity may signal that he or she feels entrapped in a situation with seemingly no escape, perhaps after loss of job or marital discord. However, a similar clinical picture may in rare cases occur in patients with encephalitis or brain tumour, because the inflammatory process or heightened intracranial pressure may affect the same brain systems that are involved in depression. Therefore, the examiner must pick up all subtle signs and symptoms that help make the correct diagnosis (which includes a careful medical and neurological examination after the initial interview). In addition to careful observation, the clinical psychiatrist must be able to establish rapport by empathetically listening to the patient’s complaints. In other words, the patient should feel accepted in his needs, secure and trust that help is provided.
Autism and other Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Authors: Brüne Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Autism and autistic spectrum disorders are clinically characterized by a symptom triad comprising communication deficits, impaired social interaction, and restricted and stereotyped behaviours and interests, with onset in early infancy. Social and communicative impairments include a lack of exploration of faces and appreciation of other communicative signals, avoidance of eye contact, inability to monitor other people’s gaze direction or to form joint attention with others, as well as a profound deficit or developmental delay of the ability to appreciate other communicative signals, avoidance of eye contact, inability to monitor other people gaze direction or to form joint attention with others, as well as a profound deficit or developmental delay of the ability to appreciate other persons❜ mental states in terms of beliefs, desires, knowledge, intentions, and dispositions.
Forensic Aspects of Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Brüne Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Forensic psychiatry is the branch of psychiatry that deals with questions pertaining to the interface of law and psychiatry. In its broader meaning, forensic psychiatry embraces problems relating to patients’ involuntary hospitalization, or confidentiality psychiatrists may sometimes be obliged to breach, especially in cases of suspected child abuse or intended homicide by clients. More narrowly defined, forensic psychiatry involves the role of the psychiatrist as witness of fact or expert witness, and court-mandated evaluations of patients or witnesses’ credibility. Court-mandated evaluations include patients’ competency to stand trial, and patients’ mental state at the time of the offence. Practitioners of forensic psychiatry have usually received special training in this area, but regulations differ from country to country.
The Demography of the Greek City-State Culture
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The abundant information about the sizes of walled poleis is the best evidence we possess if we want to assess the total number of Greeks in the age of Alexander the Great, both the Greeks settled in the homeland and those settled in all the colonies and Hellenised communities. The total area enclosed by all 232 walls comes to 15,628 ha, and that is a minimum. On the assumption that the 232 walled cities are representative of all the c.1,000 poleis in existence in the fourth century, the grand total of walled urban space in the late Classical Hellenic world is 67,360 ha. But is it legitimate just to add up the urban space of all the 232 walled poleis and to presume that they are representative of the c.1,000 poleis? Cities with walls enclosing more than 100 ha seem to be better represented among the 232 poleis than small cities with an urban centre covering less than 10 ha.
Imagining Sex
Authors: Toulalan Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagining Sex is a study of pornographic writing in seventeenth-century England. It explores a wide variety of written material from the period to argue that, unlike today, pornography was not a discrete genre, nor was it one that was usually subject at this time to suppression. Pornographic writing was a widespread feature of a range of texts, including both popular literature (ballads, news-sheets, court reports, small books, and pamphlets) as well as poetry, drama and more specialised medical books. The book analyses representations of sex, sexuality and eroticism in historical context to explore contemporary thinking about these issues, but also about broader cultural concerns and shifts in attitudes. It questions both modern feminist and psychoanalytical interpretations of pornography, arguing that these approaches are neither appropriate nor helpful to an understanding of seventeenth-century material. Through discussions of sex and reproduction, homosexuality, flagellation, voyeurism, and humour, the book explores the nature of early modern sexual desire and arousal and explores their relationship to contemporary understandings about how the body worked. Imagining Sex presents a radically new interpretation of pornography in this period, arguing that concerns about fertility were at the heart of representations of bodies and sex, so that images of pleasure were entwined with ideas about conception and reproduction. It also shows that these texts legitimized the (sexual) pleasure of the reader by highlighting the pleasure of looking and the incitement to sexual action that it provided.
Simone Weil’s Apologetic Use of Literature
Authors: Meaney Marie Cabaud 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marie Cabaud Meaney looks at Simone Weil's Christological interpretations of the Sophoclean Antigone and Electra, the Iliad and Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound. Apart from her article on the Iliad, Weil's interpretations are not widely known, probably because they are fragmentary and boldly twist the classics, sometimes even contradicting their literal meaning. Meaney argues that Weil had an apologetic purpose in mind: to the spiritual ills of ideology and fanaticism in World War II she wanted to give a spiritual answer, namely the re-Christianization of Europe to which she (though not baptized herself) wished to contribute in some way. To the intellectual agnostics of her day she intended to show through her interpretations that the texts they cherished so much could only be fully understood in light of Christ; to the Catholics she sought to reveal that Catholicism was much more universal than generally believed, since Greek culture already embodied the Christian spirit - perhaps to a greater extent than the Catholic Church ever had. Despite or perhaps because of this apologetic slant, Weil's readings uncover new layers of these familiar texts: Antigone is a Christological figure, combating Creon's ideology of the State by a folly of love that leads her to a Passion in which she experiences an abandonment similar to that of Christ on the Cross. The Iliad depicts a world as yet unredeemed, but which traces objectively the reign of force to which both oppressors and oppressed are subject. Prometheus Bound becomes the vehicle of her theodicy, in which she shows that suffering only makes sense in light of the Cross. But the pinnacle of the spiritual life is described in Electra which, she believes, reflects a mystical experience - something Weil herself had experienced unexpectedly when 'Christ himself came down and took her' in November 1938. In order to do justice to Weil's readings, Meaney not only traces her apologetic intentions and explains the manner in which she recasts familiar Christian concepts (thereby letting them come alive - something every good apologist should be able to do), but also situates them among standard approaches used by classicists today, thereby showing that her interpretations truly contribute something new.
Simone Weil and Apologetics
Authors: Meaney Marie Cabaud 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One does not think of Simone Weil as an apologist. How could someone who was probably never baptized be an apologist for Christianity? Nor did she proselytize for Judaism, of which she was very critical. Yet for someone such as Weil whose personal and intellectual life were always tightly linked, her encounter with Christ left an indelible impact, and changed the nature of her writings. She wrote to Perrin that: ‘Depuis cet instant [de l’expérience mystique] le nom de Dieu et celui du Christ se sont mêlés de plus en plus irrésistiblement à mes pensées’ (PSO 81). God became the centre of her writings, explicitly and implicitly. Furthermore as a Platonist Weil could not be satisfied with contemplating the Good outside the cave, but was going to return to proclaim its existence. What else could one expect from someone who wrote that ‘Dieu seul vaut qu’on s’intéresse à lui, et absolument rien d’autre’ (CS 74)
Antigone and the Moral Law: Glimpses of the Supernatural
Authors: Meaney Marie Cabaud 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Dans tous les problèmes poignants de l’existence humaine, il y a le choix seulement entre le bien surnaturel et le mal’, Weil writes in ‘La Personne et le sacré’ (Human Personality) (EL 29). Thus when she says four pages earlier that Antigone follows a supernatural law whilst Creon sees things from a purely natural perspective, it is clear what she is driving at. In applying a purely natural justice by punishing his nephew Polynices even beyond death for being a traitor, Creon is ultimately committing evil. Antigone, on the other hand, dies because she obeys the divine law by burying her brother. What Weil wrote for the Free French Government, applies to everyone. As the Antigone indicates, Weil believes there is no compromise possible.
Language-Games and Language: Rules, Normality Conditions and Conversation
Authors: Mulhall Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The analogy between speaking and playing a game, embedded in Wittgenstein ‘s pervasive talk of language-games, has always been central to Peter Hacker ‘s deservedly influential interpretations of Wittgenstein ‘s later philosophy. Here is how he summarizes the matter in the second edition of the first volume of the commentary he began writing with Gordon Baker thirty years ago, at the conclusion of his essay ‘The Language-Game Method ‘: A primary factor that made the idea of a language-game appealing is its stark contrast with the calculus model that dominated the Tractatus. It provided a powerful analogy which offered a normative (i.e. rule-governed) activity to compare with language and its use, but without the falsification that is involved in the idea of a calculus governed by rigid and closed rules. Moreover, the game analogy encourages us to abandon a preoccupation with the geometry of calculi and to focus instead upon the activities into which our symbolism of language is woven. It can therefore be used, as Wittgenstein used it, to emphasize the logical diversity and multiplicity of our speech activities. It highlights the ways in which the variety of speech-acts which we perform by the use of sentences are part of the tapestry of our lives, conditioned in many different ways by the world around us and by our perceptual abilities, our powers of recall and of surveying data, our natural interests and shared responses. For the language-games we play are moulded by the nature of the world we live in and by our nature, and they are partly constitutive of our forms of life.
The Lessons of Life: Wittgenstein, Religion and Analytic Philosophy
Authors: Cottingham John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophy is as fashion-prone as any other human enterprise, and it is perhaps no surprise that Wittgenstein ‘s influence has recently suffered something of an eclipse in the anglophone philosophical world. This may well be a natural ‘rebound ‘ reaction against the climate of that substantial chunk of the twentieth century when much of philosophy was dominated by his approach to the subject. It may also be a result of a certain cautious, academic tidy-mindedness, which is wary of work that is sweeping enough to resist neat dissection within the burgeoning technical specialisms of current ‘mainstream ‘ philosophy. Or, thirdly, it may be due to the rise of a scientistic vision of philosophy — the view that philosophers should ‘either adopt and emulate the method of successful sciences, or operate in tandem with the sciences, as their abstract and reflective branch ‘. Sigmund Freud, who has a good claim to rank alongside Ludwig Wittgenstein as the most original philosophical (in the broad sense) thinker of the twentieth century, certainly seems to have suffered as much as Wittgenstein from all three of the damaging trends just noted: his methods are not such as to appeal to the devotees of modern experimental science as the model for human cognitive endeav-our; his insights are wide enough in scope to resist narrow disciplinary boundaries; and his ideas have succeeded in infusing our intellectual culture for long enough to make many people want to turn the page and move on.
Introduction
Authors: Rosenberg Jay F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the Anglophone philosophers whose work helped to set and decisively shaped the philosophical agenda in the English-speaking world during the second half of the twentieth century, Wilfrid Sellars bids fair to leave the deepest and most lasting impact. The central theses of his acknowledged masterwork, “Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind”, published fifty years ago and now engaging the attention of a third generation of readers, are still very much the focus of spirited debate.