bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Storied selves: A Critical Discourse Analysis of adult learners' literate lives
Authors: ROGERS REBECCA 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTSAdults bring with them a wealth of literate experiences into adult education classrooms. And yet, they and the programs they enter often do not see such experiences as significant to their learning. This is surprising because it is often in the out‐of‐school experiences where the adults demonstrate the greatest sense of agency and ability with literacy. To date, there are no systematic studies of the relationship between literate subjectivities and contexts in the adult education literature.An interview study was conducted with 15 adult literacy students enrolled in Adult Education and Literacy (Adult Basic Education [ABE] and General Education Degree [GED]) programs in a Midwestern city, to answer the question: What is the relationship between literate identity and contexts for adults enrolled in literacy programs? The interviews were divided into three domains: past and present school experiences, home and community literacy practices, and involvement with children's education. This article analyzes the interviews using Critical Discourse Analysis and documents the linguistic markers the adults used in each domain, the shifts across domains, and the relationships between and among adults.To foreshadow the conclusions, adults' ideas about learning and literacy shifted across the contexts. Further, their sense of self shifted with changes in the Discourses of learning and literacy. Three themes emerged from the interviews, and I describethe linguistic changes in literate self across the three domains. This research has implications for developing models of learning in adult education that take into account the learning and literacy experiences adults bring with them into their programs.
Susceptibility of SiO2, ZrO2, and HfO2dielectrics to moisture contamination
Authors: Raghu Prashant , Yim Chris , Shadman Farhang , Shero Eric 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMoisture contamination of HfO2and ZrO2ultrathin dielectric films, deposited by atomic layer chemical vapor deposition (ALCVD™), is investigated and compared to that of native SiO2. Results show that HfO2and ZrO2surfaces adsorb higher amounts of moisture and bind moisture more strongly than SiO2surfaces. A multilayer model is developed to represent the dynamics of moisture interaction with these three oxides. Using this model, the fundamental kinetic parameters are determined. The adsorption rate constants are of the same order of magnitude for all three surfaces. However, the desorption rate constants for ZrO2and HfO2are almost three orders of magnitude lower than that for SiO2. Activation energies for desorption of water molecules from the first two layers are 33, 27, and 19 kJ/mol, for ZrO2, HfO2, and SiO2, respectively. Results obtained in this study suggest that the HfO2and ZrO2, as the new dielectric materials, are more prone to moisture contamination than SiO2. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1881–1888, 2004
Extended robust model predictive control
Authors: Odloak D. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe model predictive control (MPC) of stable linear systems with model uncertainty is addressed. A strategy is proposed to extend existing robust controllers that were developed for the regulator problem, to the general case in which the system equilibrium point is unknown. Nominal stability is obtained with the consideration of an infinite output horizon. The method is based on a state‐space model formulation that allows a straightforward solution to the Lyapunov equation. The method is detailed for two particular controllers of the robust MPC literature. Simulation examples illustrate the performance of the proposed approach and demonstrate that it can be implemented in real applications. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1824–1836, 2004
Pulsed dielectric barrier discharge reactor for diesel particulate matter removal
Authors: Yao S. , Okumoto M. , Madokoro K. , Yashima T. , Suzuki E. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor, driven by a pulsed corona surface discharge (PCSD), was developed for the removal of particulate matter (PM) in an undiluted exhaust gas of a diesel engine. The DBD reactor consisted mainly of alumina (Al2O3) plates and metal meshes covered on the surfaces of Al2O3 plates. The PCSD was carried out with a pulse power supply at atmospheric pressure and the temperature of exhaust gases. The energy efficiency for PM removal was 26.5 μg/J at maximum and 1 μg/J with 42% PM removal. The construction of the DBD reactor that promoted PM deposition on Al2O3 surfaces improved energy efficiency. The constants in PM removal model were given. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1901–1907, 2004
Energy‐based targets for multiple‐feed distillation columns
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Santanu , Mishra Mayank , Shenoy Uday V. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractInvariant rectifying–stripping (IRS) curves are presented for energy analysis of distillation processes. The IRS curves are invariant to the column configuration (that is, feed location and total number of stages) and depend only on the separation problem and the operating pressure of the column. IRS curves are useful to set targets without performing multiple simulation studies. A novel method is proposed to extend the IRS curves, originally developed for simple distillation columns (with single feed and two end products), to complex multiple‐feed columns. In the proposed method, a column with n feeds is decomposed into n simple single‐feed columns. The IRS curves are generated for these simple columns and the order and location of the feeds are targeted. Then these IRS curves are added in distinct sections demarcated by the feed points to the column to obtain the composite IRS curves for the complex column. Various targets such as minimum energy requirements (that is, minimum condenser and reboiler loads), appropriate feed locations, proper order of feeds, and effect of premixing feeds can be targeted from the composite IRS curves. Thus, the composite IRS curves for complex columns retain all the advantages of the IRS curves established for the case of simple distillation columns. General guidelines are also proposed for appropriate feed preconditioning and side‐exchanger duties leading to the design of energy‐efficient complex distillation processes. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1837–1853, 2004
Instrumentation network design and upgrade for process monitoring and fault detection
Authors: Bagajewicz Miguel , Fuxman Adrian , Uribe Ariel 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA mixed‐integer linear programming formulation for the design of sensor networks for simultaneous process monitoring and fault detection/resolution is presented. The objective is to find a cost‐optimal sensor set for a chemical process that provides a good estimate of the state of the system and detects as well as locate a preestablished set of faults. A continuously stirred tank reactor example is provided and extensions are discussed. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1870–1880, 2004
Brain structure variation in great apes, with attention to the mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei)
Authors: Sherwood Chet C. , Cranfield Michael R. , Mehlman Patrick T. , Lilly Alecia A. , Garbe Jo Anne L. , Whittier Christopher A. , Nutter Felicia B. , Rein Thomas R. , Bruner Harlan J. , Holloway Ralph L. , Tang Cheuk. Y. , Naidich Thomas P. , Delman Bradley N. , Steklis H. Dieter , Erwin Joseph M. , Hof Patrick R. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis report presents data regarding the brain structure of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in comparison with other great apes. Magnetic resonance (MR) images of three mountain gorilla brains were obtained with a 3T scanner, and the volume of major neuroanatomical structures (neocortical gray matter, hippocampus, thalamus, striatum, and cerebellum) was measured. These data were included with our existing database that includes 23 chimpanzees, three western lowland gorillas, and six orang‐utans. We defined a multidimensional space by calculating the principal components (PCs) from the correlation matrix of brain structure fractions in the well‐represented sample of chimpanzees. We then plotted data from all of the taxa in this space to examine phyletic variation in neural organization. Most of the variance in mountain gorillas, as well as other great apes, was contained within the chimpanzee range along the first two PCs, which accounted for 61.73% of the total variance. Thus, the majority of interspecific variation in brain structure observed among these ape taxa was no greater than the within‐species variation seen in chimpanzees. The loadings on PCs indicated that the brain structure of great apes differs among taxa mostly in the relative sizes of the striatum, cerebellum, and hippocampus. These findings suggest possible functional differences among taxa in terms of neural adaptations for ecological and locomotor capacities. Importantly, these results fill a critical gap in current knowledge regarding great ape neuroanatomical diversity. Am. J. Primatol. 63:149–164, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seasonal variations in the activity budget of Japanese macaques in the coniferous forest of Yakushima: Effects of food and temperature
Authors: Hanya Goro 
Published: July 2004

AbstractSeasonal variations in the activity budget of Japanese macaques in the coniferous forest of Yakushima were studied over the course of 1 year. On an annual basis, they spent 38% of the daytime feeding, 16% traveling, 14% in social interactions, and 32% engaged in resting. The effects of temperature and food‐related factors (i.e., food distribution, feeding speed, and food abundance) on the seasonal variations of activity budget were examined by stepwise multiple regression analysis. When the temperature was low, the macaques decreased traveling and feeding time, in accordance with the prediction that endothermal animals save energy under severe thermoregulatory cost. When the feeding speed of available foods was slow, they spent more time feeding. When high‐quality foods were abundant, they decreased feeding time. These macaques did not respond to fluctuations in food distribution. The present results indicate the importance of temperature, in addition to food‐related factors, as a determinant of activity budgets. Am. J. Primatol. 63:165–177, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of magnetic resonance imaging within diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis
Authors: Miller D. H. , Filippi M. , Fazekas F. , Frederiksen J. L. , Matthews P. M. , Montalban X. , Polman C. H. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) has been improved in recent decades with the incorporation of paraclinical investigations in diagnostic workup. In the last 15 years, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an especially valuable tool for supporting MS diagnosis, and specific imaging criteria became fundamental to the guidelines for the diagnosis of MS published in 2001 by an international panel (IP). The new IP criteria include MRI evidence of dissemination in space and time, making it possible to diagnose MS after a single clinical episode. This review considers current evidence concerning the reliability of the new IP criteria for the diagnosis of relapsing‐onset MS, discusses strengths and weaknesses of the criteria, and outlines areas which may need modification or should be the focus of future research directed toward improving diagnostic accuracy. It also makes practical recommendations when using MRI and the IP criteria in MS diagnosis, especially in patients with clinically isolated syndromes or atypical presentations. The IP criteria are timely and concrete and introduce an important concept to MS diagnosis. Future modifications, based on emerging evidence, should further facilitate their implementation and improve their accuracy. Ann Neurol 2004.
Designing Web portals in intergenerational teams: Two prototype portals for elementary school students
Authors: Large Andrew , Beheshti Jamshid , Nesset Valerie , Bowler Leanne 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis article describes and discusses the detailed procedures followed by two intergenerational teams comprising the researchers and a group of eight grade‐six elementary students (ages 11 to 12 years) and a group of six third‐grade elementary students (ages 8 to 9 years), respectively, in designing two prototype Web portals intended for use by elementary school students. These procedures were based on three design theories: Contextual Inquiry, Participatory Design, and Cooperative Inquiry. The article also presents and describes the two resulting Web portal prototypes and discusses the design criteria employed by the teams. Conclusions are elaborated on the basis of this research experience regarding how such a design process should be conducted in the context of an intergenerational team, and what characteristics young users expect to find in Web portals that they will use to support their informational needs in terms of elementary school projects and assignments.
Creativity and convergence in information science research: The roles of objectivity and subjectivity, constraint, and control
Authors: Ford Nigel 
Published: July 2004

AbstractObjectivity, in the form of the application of external scrutiny according to standards agreed within a research community, is an essential characteristic of information science research whether pursued from positivist, interpretative, or action research perspectives. Subjectivity may represent both a legitimate focus of research (e.g., people's perceptions and attitudes) and a legitimate component of methodology (e.g., enabling researchers to enter, experience, and share the perceived worlds of their subjects). However, subjectivity that both (a) is not open to external scrutiny and (b) gives rise to contingent dependencies is problematic for research. The issue of problematic types of subjectivity is considered, and the contributions to the debate concerning possible solutions of two key thinkers—the cybernetician Gordon Pask and the methodological philosopher Brenda Dervin—are discussed. The need identified by Dervin for researchers to be able to escape (expose and test) their own assumptions is explored in terms of a dynamic interplay between relatively subjective and objective forces, each requiring the liberating and constraining energies of the other. The extent to which meta‐methodological awareness—a prerequisite for any such escape—can be fostered, for example, by the quality of research environments, is explored along with implications for those responsible for managing and funding research.
Training for Web search: Will it get you in shape?
Authors: Lucas Wendy , Topi Heikki 
Published: July 2004

AbstractGiven that time is money, Web searching can be a very expensive proposition. Even with the best search technology, the usefulness of search results depends on the searcher's ability to use that technology effectively. In an effort to improve this ability, our research investigates the effects of logic training, interface training, and the type of search interface on the search process. In a study with 145 participants, we found that even limited training in basic Boolean logic improved performance with a simple search interface. Surprisingly, for users of an interface that assisted them in forming syntactically correct Boolean queries, performance was negatively affected by logic training and unaffected by interface training. Use of the assisted interface itself, however, resulted in strong improvements in performance over use of the simple interface. In addition to being useful for search engine providers, these findings are important for all companies that rely heavily on search for critical aspects of their operations, in that they demonstrate simple means by which the search experience can be improved for their employees and customers.
Innovative and sustainable energy technologies: the role of venture capital
Authors: Moore Bill , Wüstenhagen Rolf 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of a multi‐year research project being conducted at the University of St. Gallen, Switzerland. The objective of the research is to evaluate the role of financial structure in promoting the development of innovative and sustainable energy technologies and its current relationship to innovation and entrepreneurial activity in this important economic sector. In this paper, emphasis is placed on the venture capital segment of the capital market and the electricity segment of the energy industry. We first provide a short overview of the electricity sector. We then briefly discuss the concept of innovation and entrepreneurship and its relationship to our research effort. Finally, the bulk of the paper outlines the conceptual framework for the venture capital element of the research project. We conclude the paper with a summary of our preliminary observations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Eight types of product–service system: eight ways to sustainability? Experiences from SusProNet
Authors: Tukker Arnold 
Published: July 2004

AbstractFunction‐oriented business models or product–service systems (PSSs) are often seen as an excellent means for achieving ‘factor 4’. SusProNet, an EU network on PSSs, showed a more complicated reality. At least eight different types of PSS exist, with quite diverging economic and environmental characteristics. The economic potential of each type was evaluated in terms of (i) tangible and intangible value for the user, (ii) tangible costs and risk premium for the provider, (iii) capital/investment needs and (iv) issues such as the providers' position in the value chain and client relations. The environmental potential was evaluated by checking the relevance of certain impact reduction mechanisms (e.g. more intensive use of capital goods, inherent incentives for sustainable user and provider behaviour etc.). Most PSS types will result in marginal environmental improvements at best. The exception is the PSS type known as functional results, but here liability and risk premium issues, amongst others, need a solution. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Synthesis of Tailor‐Made Glycoconjugate Mimetics of Heparan Sulfate That Bind IFN‐γ in the Nanomolar Range
Authors: Lubineau André , Lortat‐Jacob Hugues , Gavard Ollivier , Sarrazin Stéphane , Bonnaffé David 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe have recently described the preparation of three building blocks for the combinatorial synthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) fragments. Herein we show that one of these building blocks (disaccharide 4) allows the preparation, in high yields and with total α stereoselectivity, of tetra‐, hexa‐ and octasaccharides from the heparin (HP) regular region, by using 2+2, 2+4 and 4+4 glycosylation strategies, respectively. These oligosaccharides were processed into sulfated derivatives bearing an allyl moiety in the anomeric position. The UV‐promoted conjugation of these compounds with α,ω‐bis(thio)poly(ethylene glycol) spacers of three different lengths allowed us to prepare nine benzylated glycoconjugates. After final deprotection, the glycoconjugates 1 a–c, 2 a–c and 3 a–c were obtained and their ability to inhibit the interaction between IFN‐γ and HP was tested by using surface plasmon resonance detection. Compound 3 b, containing two HP octasaccharides linked by a 50‐Å linker was able to inhibit the IFN‐γ/HP interaction with an IC50 value of approximately 35 nM. In addition, the nine glycoconjugates were perfect tools in the study to ascertain the topology of the IFN‐γ binding site on HS. Compounds 1 a–c, 2 a–c and 3 a–c, by mimicking the alternating sulfated and nonsulfated regions found in HS, thus comprise the first example of a library of synthetic HS mimetics giving access to the “second level of molecular diversity” found in HS.
Adrenaline Recognition in Water
Authors: Molt Oliver , Rübeling Daniel , Schäfer Gerhard , Schrader Thomas 
Published: July 2004

AbstractHost molecule 1 displays a high affinity in water towards catecholamines and especially related structures such as β‐blockers with extended aromatic π‐faces (up to 7×103 M−1 for each single complexation step or 5×107 M−2 for both steps). The amphiphilic structural design leads to an extensive self‐association of host molecules through their aromatic flanks. Above a cmc (critical micelle concentration) of 3×10−4 M, host 1 forms micelles that produce a favorable microenvironment for hydrophobic interactions with the included guest molecules. Electrostatic attraction of the ammonium alcohol by the phosphonate anions is thus combined with hydrophobic contributions between the aromatic moieties. Ionic hydrogen bonds with polar OH or NH groups of the guest enforce the non‐covalent interactions, and finally lead to increased specificity. Both its affinity and its selectivity towards adrenergic receptor substrates are greatly enhanced if the receptor molecule 1 is transferred from water into a lipid monolayer. Catecholamines and β‐blockers lead to drastically different effects at concentrations approaching the micromolar regime. Especially β‐blockers with minute structural changes can be easily distinguished from each other. In both cases, extensive hydrophobic interactions with a self‐associated and/or self‐organized microenvironment are largely responsible for the observed high efficiency and specificity.
Synthesis of a Polymer‐Bound Galactosylamine and Its Application as an Immobilized Chiral Auxiliary in Stereoselective Syntheses of Piperidine and Amino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Zech Gernot , Kunz Horst 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA 2,3,4‐tri‐O‐pivaloylated β‐D‐galactopyranosyl azide bearing a hydroxy‐functionalized spacer unit at the C‐6 position of the galactose was synthesized and immobilized on the solid phase by using a polymer‐bound chlorosilane. The azide was reduced to the corresponding galactopyranosylamine, which served as a versatile chiral auxiliary in highly diastereoselective Ugi four‐component condensation reactions at ambient temperature. Fluoride‐induced cleavage from the polymeric support furnished N‐glycosylated N‐acylated α‐amino acid amides. The reaction of the immobilized galactosylamine with aldehydes gave rise to the corresponding aldimines, which underwent a domino Mannich–Michael condensation reaction with Danishefsky's diene at ambient temperature to yield 2‐substituted 5,6‐didehydropiperidin‐4‐ones on the solid phase. Subsequent cleavage with tetra‐n‐butylammonium fluoride delivered the N‐glycosylated products in high yields, purities, and diastereoselectivities. A chemoselective 1,4‐hydride addition to the polymer‐bound dehydropiperidinones was achieved in the presence of the bulky oxygenophilic Lewis acid methylaluminum [bis(2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenoxide)]. The conjugate addition of cyano‐modified Gilman reagents to the immobilized dehydropiperidinones furnished 2,6‐cis‐substituted piperidine derivatives as the major diastereomers that were isolated after cleavage from the support.