bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genre Under Stress
Authors: Brater Enoch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To speak of Beckett’s late style in the theater is to come to grips with the need for a new kind of critical vocabulary. Drama, narrative, and poetry, the conventional categories a literary tradition has imposed on chapter and verse, seem in this instance tangential and inconvenient. Genre is under stress. The theater event is reduced to a piece of monologue and the play is on the verge of becoming something else, some thing that looks suspiciously like a performance poem. All the while a story is being told, a fiction closely approximating the dramatic situation the audience encounters in the theater. It is no longer possible to separate the dancer from the dance. Theater technology, too, is called upon to strut and fret its hour upon the stage-more likely, in this case, limited to fifteen or twenty minutes. Lighting, ‘Faint, though by no means invisible,’ and especially mechanical recording devices, frame the action, advance the plot, and function more like dramatic principals than incidental side effects. Something is taking its course, but this particular course, in such efficient stage terms, is one that has not been taken before.
That Time on That Space
Authors: Brater Enoch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In That Time drama and poetry come together in the urgency of an image which matches the urgency of the subject matter. Time, that time we spend in Beckett’s theater, is rendered economically in terms of stage space. A severed head with ‘long flaring white hair as if seen from above outspread’ is simultaneously character, stage prop, and stage set. The rest-and in this play Beckett will show it to be the far greater part-is silence.
Footfalls to Infinity
Authors: Brater Enoch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the curtain rises in Footfalls we are relieved to find a human being onstage who is, as far as the eye can see, of ‘the same species as Pozzo,’ made ‘in God’s image.’ In this play Beckett discards abstrac tion for the simplicity of a surprisingly realistic image, the stark figure of an isolated woman treading a premeditated path from right to left, back and forth, like one of ‘Dante’s damned.’1 Rigid, bent, restless, tense, frightened, and pitiful, she is fated to a stage existence that makes us ‘hear the feet, however faint they fall.’ The seeming abandonment of physical fragmentation in this play, however, does not so much signal a retreat from the dramatic material of Not I and That Time as it does a further development of the minimalism central to the impact of Beckett’s late works in performance. Any trace of naturalism in the stage apparatus for Footfalls is quickly and quietly disposed of, and, as we have come to expect in Beckett’s theater, it is lighting which serves as realism’s principal agent of destruction. The atmo sphere of this play is established by light that ‘should be as weak as possible without becoming unbearably dark.
Shades for Film and Video
Authors: Brater Enoch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moving from one medium to another, Beckett extends his search for theatrical metaphors. In radio, television, and in one instance film, Beckett clarifies the sight-sound relationships which leave their mark on his late stage plays through their technical precision. The rigid pat terning of voices on tape and images in film and video brings to his work a stability and a measure of control normally absent from the arena of live performance. Recording pictures that are permanent and unearthly sounds that never change, technology establishes a truly ‘concrete’ poetry, one that not only imitates electricity, but also lasts forever.1 In radio, a medium of sound, Beckett makes us visualize a world made up of private time and public space.
The Human condition
Authors: Corballis Michael C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Previous Chapter, I Traced the evolution of hominids through time. In the 5 million or so years since we split from the apes, we have diverged from them in a number of ways. The most obvious of these are cultural and environmental; we live in a world very different from that of the apes, partly as a consequence of our ability to construct our own environments (and to destroy the natural one). Despite the remarkably close genetic similarity between ourselves and our nearest relatives, the chimpanzees, we have also diverged from them physically. This chapter reviews the main changes that took place in hominid evolution and that have made us what we are. Again, the focus is broad; more detailed questions about language, and how humans perceive and think, will be dealt with in later chapters.
Other Theories of the Earth
Authors: Drake Ellen Tan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fossils, or “figured stones,” posed a difficult problem to thinkers in the 17th century. To some, nature as created by God is perfect and therefore cannot change; how can perfection be anything different from itself? Yet some fossils. if they represent real animals or plants. are discernibly different from their corresponding living members, while others seem to have no living counterparts at all. Where fossils came from and what they represented were questions that stirred much debate. Many fossils are clearly hardened shells of marine animals, but they can be found on the highest mountains. If these figured stone represented once living animals, could the ocean have covered the Earth to such great heights? Had there been a different distribution of land and sea in the past? Or had these shells formed there through some trick of nature or been left behind by Noah’s flood? The Royal Society of London became a center for much of the discussion and debate regarding these questions. The issue of fossils became an essential clement in various theories about the Earth postulated to explain the distribution of continents and oceans and its superfici,1.l terrestrial features. Members of the Royal Society were scattered all over Britain, and even when they could not attend the weekly meetings. they often communicated their ideas through correspondence. They eagerly read books speculating about the Earth-in spite of the motto upon which the society was founded, Nullius in Verba, (nothing in words) expressing its dedication to the Baconian idea of collection and repeated observation.
Hooke’s System of the Earth
Authors: Drake Ellen Tan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In searching for the causes of the natural processes that produce changes to the terrestrial surface, Hooke hypothesized a number of extraordinary ideas that in hindsight seem almost clairvoyant. Over many years he spent much thought on celestial mechanics and the theory of gravitation, and their effects on Earth. In all his thinking about the Earth, Hooke always kept in mind that it is a planet 111 the solar system. Some of his ideas were freely borrowed by Newton, either without acknowledgment of debt or grudgingly mentioned with other names only after much urging by contemporarics.
Introduction
Authors: Drake Ellen Tan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These lectures on “earthquakes” arc here arranged according to the chronology worked out by Rhoda Rappaport (1986) through her careful research into the records of the Royal Society. They arc transcribed into modern type to facilitate reading for those who may have eyesight difficulties or young scholars who might be put off at first sight. Purists might look upon this practice with disdain who may feel a certain masochistic pride in being able to read 17th century texts in their original type and with all their creative font styles, spelling and punctuation. I have retained the spelling, punctuation, capitalization, font styles (i.e., whether italics or roman) of the 1705 Waller edition of the Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke. The original folios arc indicated in brackets throughout the text so that the reader can find the corresponding untranscribed passages with relative ease. I have eliminated most of Waller’s brief marginal comments and notes because I find them not very helpful, substituting, instead, my own, more extensive, annotations in the margins wherever I feel qualified to make comments in clarifying the text. Hooke expresses his most perceptive ideas about geology in the lectures that ended on September 15, 1668, and in the series of lectures between May 28th, 1684, and toward the end of 1687. After that, he launches into his study of the classics to find corroborative statements about some of his ideas such as cyclicity and islands grown from volcanic eruptions. They are nevertheless important in revealing a progressive change in the tone of his lectures toward a greater need to include the Mosaic account while he struggled to find the verisimilitude of legends. During the last few years of his life, Hooke waxed more philosophical; he seemed then to be more inclined to bring the biblical account into concordance with his scientific ideas. But a healthy skepticism seems always to be present underlying his words. As for Greek and Latin passages, Hooke himself usually makes their meanings rather clear, but a few notes arc supplied through the kindness of friends with classics degrees from the University of Oxford. Because only the Greek Symbol font was available to me for transcription, Greek scholars are urged to consult the original Greek passages in Waller’s Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke.
Verb Second Languages, Root-Embedded Asymmetries, Root Phenomena in Embedded Clauses, and Long Distance Reflexives
Authors: Holmberg Anders , Platzack Christer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter has two aims: firstly, we want to show how the verb second phenomenon is analyzed in terms of our general theory of sentence structure, finiteness, and nominative Case outlined in chapter two above, and secondly, we want to show the effect on subordinate clause word order of the presence of Agr in ISc. and its absence in MSc. According to our theory of sentence structure, verb second languages (V2 languages) are languages where the tense feature and the finiteness feature [+F] are in different functional heads: the tense feature is generated in 1°, whereas the finiteness feature is generated in C0• Since this description is assumed to hold for all V2 languages, differences within the group of V2 languages must be the result of differences in other parts of their grammars. This is the case, we claim, with regard to the different word orders of subordinate clauses found within the group of V2 languages: we find verb-last order in languages like Frisian, German, Dutch and Afrikaans (3.1a), verb second order in Icelandic and Yiddish (3.lb), and verb-third order in Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish (3.lc); as shown in (3.2), the corresponding main clauses are much more alike. In the examples given, the tensed verbs are in bold face:
Police Organization
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A command structure does not necessarily need an elaborate police organization. The possession of disciplinary powers by members of the apparatus and the political infrastructure, and by patriarchal heads of families, as well as by patrons over their clients, kept subordinates and individual members of communities on the path of obedience to authority and of respect for norms of behavior reflecting a consensus on the foundations of the political and social order. Only once such foundations are no longer taken for granted does it become necessary to define them explicitly and to defend their legitimacy with the help of police agencies, external to the social networks that had been adequate until then to enforce compliance on occasional dissenters.
The Political Police
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite widespread social acceptance, a command society had to place a premium on political policing—even of the ruling order. Its object was to check threats against the ruler as the source of power around which the ruling elite operated and prospered, to correct manifestations of social deviancy, and to keep intellectual life within bounds considered ideologically safe by the ruler and the political leadership at any given time.
Taxation
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A discussion of taxation in eighteenth-century Russia must consider three essential questions: Who bore the burden of taxation? What was the relationship between direct and indirect taxes? What was the role of taxation in kind? We shall see that taxation was the means by which an infinitesimal ruling class extracted enormous sums from the dependent population; that the share of direct taxes declined between 1725 and 1825 while that of indirect taxes grew, largely as a result of a systematic policy of extending alcohol consumption; and that compulsory labor and services constituted a substantial second economy not affected by the growth of a money economy until the reign of Alexander I. Direct taxes are those paid by the taxable individual or communities directly to agents of the treasury, indirect taxes those, like sales taxes, paid to a third party in return for a service, then paid by that party to the treasury.
Book I
Authors: Lawrence T E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By now the other warriors, those that had escaped head long ruin by sea or in battle, were safely home. Only Odysseus tarried, shut up by Lady Calypso, a nymph and very Goddess, in her hewn-out caves. She craved him for her bed-mate : while he was longing for his house and his wife. Of a truth the rolling seasons had at last brought up the year marked by the Gods for his return to Ithaca ; but not even there among his loved things would he escape further conflict. Yet had all the Gods with lapse of time grown compassionate towards Odysseus - all but Poseidon, whose enmity flamed ever against him till he had reached his home.
Book III
Authors: Lawrence T E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Forth from the lovely waters sprang the sun into its firmament of brass, thence to shine upon the Immortals, as also upon mortal men walking amid the corn-fields of earth ; while the ship drew into Pylos, the stately citadel of Neleus. There upon the fore-shore were gathered the inhabitants, doing sacrifice to the Earth-shaker, Poseidon, the dark-tressed God. Nine congregations they made, each five hundred strong: and every congregation had offered nine victims, jet-black bulls free from any fleck of colour, to the God: in whose honour the leg-bones were now burning with fire while the assembly ate of the entrails and organs.
Book V
Authors: Lawrence T E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dawn rose from her marriage-bed beside high-born Ti thonus to bring her daylight to both gods and men. The immortals, with Zeus the high-thundering, their mightiest one, sat down in council: and to them Athene spoke thus, designing to remind them of the many misfortunes of Odysseus, whose long sojourn in the nymph’s house lay heavy on.
Book VII
Authors: Lawrence T E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wherefore proud Odysseus waited in his place and prayed, all the time that her two strong mules were drawing the girl into the city as far as the palace of her illustrious father. Before its door she halted: her brothers, men like gods, came out and clustered round her. They freed the mules from the wagon and carried the washed clothes into the house : but she went up to her room, where a fire had been lit for her by the old woman of Aperaea, her chamber maid, whose name was Eurymedusa and who had been captured from Aperaea during a raid over-sea. Afterwards she had been set aside as prize of honour for Alcinous, because he was supreme ruler among the Phaeacians, obeyed by the common people as if he were a god.
Book XI
Authors: Lawrence T E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A length we were at the shore where lay the ship. Promptly we launched her into the divine sea, stepped the mast, made sail and went: not forgetting the sheep, though our hearts were very low and big tears rained down from our eyes. Behind the dark-prowed vessel came a favourable wind, our welcomed way-fellow, whom we owed to Circe, the kind-spoken yet awesome Goddess: so when each man had done his duty by the ship we could sit and watch the wind and the helmsman lead us forward, daylong going steadily across the deep, our sails cracking full, till sundown and its darkness covered the sea’s illimitable ways.
Book XV
Authors: Lawrence T E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Meanwhile Pallas Athene had gone to Lacedaemon of the broad acres to prompt the son of Odysseus to a quick return. She found him and Nestor’s noble son asleep in the porch of great .Menelaus’ house-or rather Nestor’s son lay in gentle slumber while Telemachus stirred with anxious thoughts about his father all through the divine night.
Book XVIII
Authors: Lawrence T E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Then arrived on the scene a vulgar tout who used to cadge his living everywhere round Ithaca and had the champion gluttonous belly of the world, that put no bounds to his eating or drinking : yet he got no muscle and no vigour by it, for all his bulky look. Arnaeus, his respectable mother had called him at birth ; but all the lads nicknamed him Irus, because there was never an errand he would not run. His coming now was to pick a quarrel with Odysseus and expel him from his own house.
Book XIX
Authors: Lawrence T E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Odysseus lingered where he was in the hall, nursing his schemes to kill the suitors with Athene’s help. Suddenly he spoke out to his son: “My Telemachus, let us now stow away all the serviceable weapons ;. and for reasoned excuse, when the suitors ask you why, say, ‘To save them from the fire-reek: for they have become so tarnished by smoke as not to look like the same weapons Odysseus left here when he sailed for Troy.
Book XXI
Authors: Lawrence T E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Athene chose this moment to introduce the means of bloody death, by prompting wise Penelope to ordain bow and pallid iron as gages of prowess for her suitors in Odys seus’ halls. With her throng of escorting women the queen stepped from her room by the tall stairway firmly carrying the curved key (a noble key, bronze forged, with ivory shank) as far as the store chamber in the depths of the house, where the treasures of her king were laid up, his bronze, his gold, his patiently-wrought iron.
Book XXII
Authors: Lawrence T E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Therewith the wily Odysseus shed his rags, grasped the bow with its filled quiver and made one leap to the door sill, where he tumbled out the swift shafts at his feet before calling in a great voice to the suitors, “ At last, at last the ending of this fearful strain! Before me, by favour of Apollo if my luck holds, stands a virgin target never yet hit.” He levelled the bitter arrow at Antinous whose two hands were raising the splendid golden wine-cup to his lips, without suspicion of death in his heart-for who, at a thronged banquet, could conceive of any single man being bold enough to dare compass his violent death and bloody destruction? However Odysseus shot, and took him with the shaft full in the throat.
Aging and Blood Pressure
Authors: James Gary D , Pecker Mark S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On average, the blood pressure of individuals in industrialized societies increases with age (Lew, 1990). In these people, mean systolic pressure increases until the seventh decade of life, while mean diastolic pressure increases until the sixth decade of life and thereafter levels off or even declines slightly (Lew, 1990; see Figure 12-1). These findings are consistent among industrialized societies and raise the question: is this increase in blood pressure part of the natural aging process? Since the level of blood pressure considered to constitute hypertension is fixed [140/90 mm of mercury (mmHg)] and independent of age, a further question arises: is the development of hypertension, in part, simply a facet of the normal aging process? Over the past several decades, surveys of casual blood-pressure measurements in a variety of non-Westernized people with traditional lifestyles suggest that the answer to these questions may be no. These populations, living in a diversity of environments and climates, with different diets and customs, have been reported to show no blood pressure increase with age in adults (Waldron et al,. 1982; Henry, 1988; James and Baker, 1990).
Morphological Indicators of Skeletal Aging: Implications for Paleodemography and Paleogerontology
Authors: Loth Susan R , Işcan Mehmet Yaşar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paleogerontology, simply stated, is the scientific study of aging ancients. One of the most pressing of many questions paleogerontologists face is determining if, indeed, there is anything to study at the senescent phase of the life span. Moreover, if only a few extinct forms did reach extreme old age, will any be found? If no fetal or infant skeletons were ever recovered, we can still safely assume that this stage of life existed in all hominids, but we cannot make the same assumption at the other end of the life cycle, let alone precisely delineate its absolute maximum for pre-modern humans. Finally, assuming elderly specimens are excavated, will scientists be able to recognize and interpret senescence in the remains? That is where skeletal biologists must provide paleodemographers with the knowledge they need.
Larynx Cancer Incidence among Workers Exposed to Acid Mists
Authors: Steenland Kyle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the mid-1980s, at the time this study began, three reports in the literature indicated that exposure to acid mists (mainly sulfuric acid) was associated with an increase of larynx cancer (Soskolne et al., 1984; Forastiere et al., 1988; Ahlborg et al., 1981). However, these reports were inconclusive for several reasons: they were based on very small numbers, they lacked control over smoking, or they included people whose exposure to acid mists was uncertain. Hence, further study was warranted. The hypothesis that acid mists led to larynx cancer of the upper respiratory tract was biologically plausible. Acid mists irritate the epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract and conceivably could be carcinogens. No animal studies had been done.
Kidney Dysfunction in Cadmium Workers
Authors: Thun Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In May 1985, workers at a cadmium production plant in Denver, Colorado, requested that the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) further evaluate health effects due to cadmium at their plant. The plant had produced cadmium since 1925. Airborne exposures to cadmium dust and fume were extremely high in the past, but had decreased because of engineering controls and required use of respirators. The main function of the plant was to recover cadmium from “bag house” dust, a waste by-product of zinc smelters. Cadmium metal, oxide, and sulfide were sold for use in electroplating, pigments, plastics, nickel-cadmium batteries, and brazing. Small amounts of other metals (copper, selenium, thallium, arsenic, indium, and lead) had also been processed in localized areas of the plant, but the predominant exposure was to cadmium.
Moral Reflections on the Columbian Legacy
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Impetus Given By Outside Invitations To Put one’s thoughts on paper cannot be overvalued. Although invitations often arrive at inopportune moments (during final exams, the extraction of wisdom teeth, the arrival of a new baby), they almost always allow enough lead time to research, outline, and write the masterwork while ignoring only two other commitments and a trio of best laid plans. Occasionally, the results seem worth all the angst and you silently thank your persistent benefactors for providing both a text and a pretext for exercising your latent literary inclinations.