bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microevolutionary interpretations from the dentition
Authors: Turner Christy G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe qualities of the dentition (preservability, hereditability, evolutionary stability, behavioral correlations) make them eminently suited for long‐term evolutionary studies where only natural selection need be considered. Teeth, however, can be just as valuable for short‐term or microevolutionary studies but here consideration of additional processes and conditions is required.Admixture, one such source of microevolution common to many living human groups, often follows contact or discovery by external groups or displacement. Estimates of admixture have been made for several such living hybrid populations by several investigators and all were premised on assumed blood group allele frequencies for the ancestral population of the hybrid group as in this simple model:

Time 3
living hybrid groups

Time 2
+ foreign group

Time 1
prehistoric ancestral group

For any given living hybrid group, admixture estimates vary widely depending on which other living “unmixed” population is assumed to be most like the ancestral group.This paper presents admixture estimates (for three living North American native groups, Aleuts, Koniag Eskimos, and Pueblo Indians, known by pedigree studies to be admixed to varying degrees) based on allele frequencies calculated from dental phenotypes exhibited in prehistoric skeletal samples known to be ancestral to each of the living hybrid groups. These estimates are compared with estimates based on blood groups. It is uncertain at present whether the potential error resulting from possibly inexact modes of inheritance of these dental traits is less or greater than the potential error due to assuming a living group to be genetically identical with the ancestral group for the trait(s) in question. Widespread acceptance of this procedure utilizing skeletal samples obviously rests with the verification of existing models for dental trait inheritance.
Criteria for selection of osteometric dimensions
Authors: Howells W. W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMeasurements, especially of the cranium, which allows the location of larger numbers of anatomical points, have tended to become bound by tradition. Where simple description of a skull is required, the standard dimensions and indices are familiar and serviceable. For purposes of population comparison and of analysis of the variation of form, however, little thought has been given in the past to the actual importance of one measurement relative to another. Multivariate techniques, such as factor analysis and multiple discriminant functions, now allow much better possibilities of finding the significant aspects of cranial (or other) variation, and of developing further measurements most suitable for analyzing such variation. A study of the author's demonstrates that the greatest differences among modern populations actually lie in the breadths of the cranial base, and in protrusion of the subnasal region, as well as in the prominence of the interorbital region or of the orbital rim relative to the face as a whole. It is suggested that workers broaden their batteries of measurements in the search for more such information.
Recent developments in the identification of human skeletal material
Authors: Bass William M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA review of publications over the last fifteen years of methods in the field of physical anthropology for aging and sexing human skeletal material is presented. The approaches used by various authors have been summarized into six categories: (1) Visual examination of bones (2) Anthropometric measurements of bones (3) Anthropometric measurements with subsequent use of statistics in the form of discriminate function analyses (4) Time and sequence of eruption of the teeth (5) x‐ray examination of the internal structure of section bone (6) Microscopic examination of the internal structure of bone. A method to seasonally date prehistoric burials from the chitinous exuvia of fly pupae found with the burials is discussed.
Effects of alcohol and coca on foot temperature responses of highland Peruvians during α localized cold exposure
Authors: Little Michael A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTwo groups of highland Quechua Indian males were tested under conditions of local foot exposure to cold air (0°C). Foot temperatures were monitored throughout the hour cold test and for 16 minutes recovery at room temperature (24°C). In the first group (age range 14–20 years), 29 subjects were tested while chewing coca leaves and while under control conditions. The second group (age range 20–50 years) of 25 subjects was tested while consuming 1.1 gm of ethyl alcohol per kilogram of body weight and again under control conditions. Both drugs (coca and alcohol) are habitually consumed by members of the native population.The mastication of coca leaves had no effect on foot skin temperatures. Alcohol consumption, however, elevated foot temperatures to between 4 and 6°C higher than control values at the end of 60 minutes of cold exposure. It is suggested that alcohol consumption gives the Indian a slight thermal advantage and increases levels of comfort during natural cold exposure.
Cold adaptation and the human face
Authors: Steegmann A. T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA framework is suggested within which the evolutionary biology of the human head and face can be explored; it includes several channels of natural and behavioral selection as well as modes of “plasticity” change.One aspect of the model is then examined by means of physiological and anthropometric experimentation. A cold room study of 33 Japanese and 25 whites, all born and raised in the tropics, was conducted at Hawaii's Pacific Biomedical Research Center. Thermal response during 70 minutes of exposure (face and hand) to moving 0°C air was electrically recorded. Assuming skin and body temperature is partially dependent upon morphology, detailed anthropometric measurements were taken and employed in thermal‐morphological correlation analysis.Though results are not yet thoroughly analyzed, it appears that head surface temperatures relate to sub‐cutaneous fat thickness, but not clearly to other form factors; the oriental face, supposedly a product of selection by cold, seems to respond little differently than any other.
Behavior and disease: A possible approach
Authors: Mazzur Scott 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper presents one possible approach to the study of the mutual adaptation between acute infectious diseases and the human host. The dynamic interaction between the German measles virus and human populations has been used to illustrate the three main phases of this approach. The first phase is a delineation of the existing disease pattern based on clinical and laboratory data. The second part is a consideration of possible evolutionary, biological and behavioral factors leading to the formation of such a pattern, and the third part is a description of significant behavioral responses to the disease.
The influence of cultural factors on the demography and pattern of gene flow from the Makiritare to the Yanomama Indians
Authors: Chagnon Napoleon A. , Neel James V. , Weitkamp Lowell , Gershowitz Henry , Ayres Manuel 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA single village of Yanomama Indians was found to have frequencies of Dia of 0.06 and of Apa of 0.08, in contrast to 40 other villages whereDia was absent and Apa quite rare. The source of these genes was identified as a village of Makiritare Indians, but the two allele frequencies were approximately the same or even higher in the Yanomama than in the Makiritare village. Demographic, social and cultural parameters affecting marriage and reproduction in the two tribes explain this. Genealogical relationships and informants' accounts collected in the field, when viewed against the traditional marriage practices, reproductive advantages of headmen, and differential treatment of captured women, indicate that the mating and reproduction parameters inherent in tribal social organization of this kind constitute an essential part of the explanation of the genetic findings. It is argued that mating systems of this sort are such that the probability of a new gene introduced by a captive surviving in the recipient population is a function of the sex of the initial carrier. The implications for tribalization and potentially radical changes in allele frequencies are briefly explored by considering aspects of settlement pattern and population fissioning known to characterize the tribes in question. Finally, it is shown that genetic sampling from a single location can and does result in unrepresentative allele frequencies when this single sample is taken to characterize the tribe as a whole.
Dental and periodontal diseases and abnormalities in wild‐caught marmosets (primates — callithricidae)
Authors: Hershkovitz Philip 
Published: August 2005

AbstractExamination of 904 skulls of wild caught marmosets revealed 92 with diseased teeth and alveolar infections. The number of affected teeth and alveoli was 259 or 0.9% of the total number of teeth including alveoli. Dental abnormalities such as super‐numeraries, congenital assymetries, and postpartum injuries were noted in 14 skulls. The diseased individuals appeared in 83 of the 207 collecting localities, and constitute nearly 22% of the 488 specimens from those sites. Difference between the proportion of diseased upper teeth (9.4%), and lower teeth (8.3%) of all teeth examined, is insignificant. There is indication, however, that the lower the proportion of diseased antepremolar teeth, the higher the proportion of diseased postcanine teeth, and vice versa. Incidence of diseases is practically nil in juveniles and sub‐adults, but rises rapidly in late maturity and old age. Fine line cracking or crazing of the enamel in marmoset teeth is briefly described and compared with same phenomenon in other mammals including man. Crazing is attributed to the cumulative effects of bite impact. It is absent in deciduous and unworn permanent primate teeth and absent or uncommon in mammalian teeth adapted to an insectivorous diet.
Active sweat gland distribution in Caingang Indians
Authors: Roberts D. F. , Salzano F. M. , Willson J. O. C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOn a small sample of male Caingang Indians in Southern Brazil was counted the number of sweat glands active under thermal stimulation. The results at nine sites over the body are compared with those from samples of other races, the factors affecting the findings are discussed, and it is concluded that the Caingang results show no racial difference in the number of active glands, or in the gradient of their distribution over the body.
Developmental responses to high altitude hypoxia
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFrom a review of published literature on developmental responses to high altitude, three major conclusions are derived. First, the small birth weight of high altitude native populations are adaptive responses to reduce the oxygen requirements, while the relative increase in the placental weight is a compromise mechanism to increase the volume and surface area for a better oxygenation. Second, the small stature of the high altitude native is due to slow prenatal and postnatal growth. Third, the enlarged chest size, increased lung volumes and predominance of the right ventricle of the heart are due to accelerated development during childhood and adolescence. However, there is not adequate information to determine whether or not the developmental responses of the high altitude native are population‐specific, based on a genetic structure different from that of sea level populations. Hence, the need for further study of developmental factors is emphasized.
Statistical assessment of commingled skeletal remains
Authors: Snow Clyde C. , Folk Earl D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCommingling in mixed burials is generally detected through the discovery of duplicate elements or bony evidence of sex, age, or statural differences in the recovered bones. In cases where the suspected commingling involves closely similar individuals and the total skeletal parts total less than one individual, it is important to consider the possibility that the recovered assemblage, through chance, may consist of non‐duplicated elements. A method of statistically assessing the probability of such an event is presented.
The dermatoglyphics of the 18q– syndrome
Authors: Mavalwala Jamshed , Wilson Miriam G. , Parker Charles E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe dermatoglyphics of three patients with an 18q – karyotype are reported. Considering the total of 20 cases now known, this deletion definitely affects the dermatoglyphic phenotype of the distal part of the palm resulting in complex configurations in this area. The fingers of these cases display a high frequency of large composite patterns.
Skinfold thickness, body measurements and age changes in Trio and Wajana Indians of Surinam
Authors: Glanville E. V. , Geerdink R. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe nutritional status of Trio and Wajana is representative of a group living under primitive conditions in a favourable environment. In adults, skinfold thickness remains constant throughout life. The folds of females are thicker than those of males, the difference being most marked over the triceps and least at the subscapular. In children, skinfold thickness at the subscapular and suprailiac sites decreases from the 3–4 to the 5–6 age group, after which there is a rapid increase towards adult values. Age changes over the triceps are less marked, especially in males. Other measurements included arm and calf circumference, bone dimensions at the wrist, elbow, ankle and knee, weight, stature, leg and arm length and biacromial breadth. The two tribes differ significantly in several measurements. The Wajana are heavier but they tend to be shorter in stature, with shorter legs but broader elbows and wrists. Shoulder breadth and the circumference of the upper arm are greater in Wajana males but females do not show these differences. The Wajana have longer and broader heads, but the cephalic index is similar. The tribes also differ in hair texture.
Blood typing studies in American Indians: Misclassification of Rz phenotypes
Authors: Layrisse Z. , Layrisse M. , Gershowitz H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe detection of exceptional Rh phenotypes (apparently (– –DE–)) among Venezuelan Yanomamo Indians initiated investigation of the reactions of anti‐C (rh′) sera with bloods of the Rz phenotypes (CCDEE, CcDEE and CCDEe). It was concluded that since anti‐C reagents may contain differing amounts of two antibodies, anti‐C (rh′) and anti‐Ce (rhi), the choice of reagent is critical for the detection of Rz bloods, such that with an anti‐C serum containing large amounts of anti‐Ce relative to anti‐C, RzR2 (CcDEE) will be mistyped as R2R2 (ccDEE) and Rzr (R1R2‐CcDEe) may be mistyped as R2r (ccDEe). The error will have its greatest relative effect in populations characterized by substantial Rz frequencies and the consequences of such an error (depressed Rz gene frequency and elevated R2 gene frequency) are therefore illustrated from published Indian studies.
Taurodontism: A biometric study
Authors: Blumberg Joseph E. , Hylander William L. , Goepp Robert A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis study has been carried out in order to clarify various aspects of the phenomenon known as taurodontism. Samples of both taurodont and non‐taurodont teeth were measured and statistical analyses were performed on the resultant data from which various conclusions may be drawn. The most important conclusion is that this phenomenon may be defined metrically. The distributions have shown that the taurodont trait grades into the normal and it is quite difficult to make a subjective judgment at the low end of the taurodont range. It is for this reason that an accurate mathematical means for performing this task is so invaluable. The question of the nature of cuneiform single rooted molars was also investigated, and they were found not to be true taurodonts although the statistical procedure classed them as such. It was demonstrated that through the construction of simple plots these teeth could be eliminated from any group classed by analysis as taurodonts. Various metrical attributes were evaluated with respect to their ability to distinguish taurodonts, and two were found to be satisfactory for this purpose in most cases. Certain changes in molar morphology regarding caries and age were also investigated.
Trabecular involution in femoral heads of a prehistoric (X‐Group) population from Sudanese Nubia
Authors: Mielke James H. , Armelagos George J. , Van Gerven Dennis P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn analysis of trabecular bone in the head of the femur of 33 males and 40 females from a prehistoric X‐Group population from Sudanese Nubia indicates that as age increases from 17 to 50+ years loss of trabecular bone in males (16.01%) is greater than loss in females (13.47%). These results differ from previous studies of cortical bone and ash density of femoral head trabeculae which demonstrate a greater loss in females. An analysis of the differential reaction in the two trabecular systems reveals that principal tensile group trabeculae decrease in thickness with age while principal compressive group trabeculae show an increase with age.
Osteological features characterizing the wrists of monkeys and apes, with a reconsideration of this region in Dryopithecus(Proconsul)africanus
Authors: Lewis O. J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA description is given of the contrasting features which serve to distinguish the meniscus‐containing wrist joints of hominoids from those of monkeys. The form and relationships of the hominoid ulnar styloid process, triquetral and pisiform are strikingly modified. Correlated changes, clearly adaptive to suspensory locomotion, occur in the midcarpal joint: the apposed articular heads of the hamate and capitate are remodelled into a globular projection about which the proximal carpal row locks during extension, with its accompanying conjunct rotation. There is little doubt that Dryopithecus (Proconsul) africanus possessed a meniscus‐containing wrist joint, with associated midcarpal modifications, and was thus well adapted for suspensory locomotion. The structural grade achieved by D.africanus was considerably in advance of that shown by Hylobates and marginally superior to that of Pongo, indicating an earlier derivation of the lines leading to these Asiatic apes. The lineages of the African great apes and man might have diverged from the D.africanus grade, but there is some evidence favoring a later separation.
Cranial morphology of the early tertiary Phenacolemur and its bearing on primate phylogeny
Authors: Szalay Frederick S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn early Eocene skull of the paromomyid Phenacolemur, a plesiadapoid primate, is described with particular emphasis on the ear region. The auditory bulla is composed of the petrosal and of a large ectotympanic plate which is outside of the bulla. The preserved morphology of the middle ear is distinctly more primitive than that of the older Plesiadapis. It cannot be determined with certainty whether Phenacolemur had the carotid circulation enclosed in bony tubes or not.The auditory bulla of early primates and relevant living ones is discussed and it is suggested that an extrabullar ectotympanic, as seen in all non‐lemuriform fossil and extant primates, was probably the primitive ordinal condition, rather than the intrabullar ring‐like ectotympanic in the Lemuriformes.Aspects of the carotid circulation are discussed as they pertain to the relationship of early Tertiary primates, living Tarsiiformes, Lemuriformes and Lorisiformes.
On the growth of the mandible
Authors: Walker Geoffrey F. , Kowalski Charles J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn a cross‐sectional cephalometric study of over 800 normal white American children we show that the average ANB angle is roughly twice as large as the currently employed norms for that variable. The angle is relatively the same in females from 6 to 20 years of age, but there is a definite tendency for older males to exhibit a smaller ANB angle. The dynamics of this decrease is essentially the fact that, in the male, the mandible continues to grow steadily (relative to the maxilla and nasion) throughout much of the postpuberal stage, whereas this tendency is not exhibited in the female.
Human biology in Tlaxcala, Mexico: Demography
Authors: Halberstein Robert A. , Crawford Michael H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA demographic survey was conducted as part of an ongoing population study of large Mestizo and Indian communities in Tlaxcala, Mexico. Comparative data on population structure and movement, mate selection, age at marriage, differential fertility, and mortality were collected through the administration of a standardized demographic proforma, and then cross‐tabulated by computer analysis. The resulting differences between the Indian and Mestizo populations are interpreted in terms of the relative importance of hybridization, natural selection, and genetic drift. Sizeable variance in achieved reproduction and the high neonatal mortality suggest the operation of natural selection in these two populations. Observed patterns of population movement and mate selection indicate that the Mestizo population of the city of Tlaxcala is highly hybridized, in contrast to the endogamous Indian community of San Pablo del Monte.
Metatarsal robusticity in bipedal rats
Authors: Riesenfeld Alphonse 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAll metatarsals have a significantly greater robusticity in the male than in the female rat. The robusticity formula of the rat's foot is 1 > 5 > 2 > 3 > 4. In bipedal rats that formula remains unchanged, but the robusticity of the metatarsals is increased especially in females. The tripod arrangement of the human foot with its particular robustness of the marginal metatarsals 1 and 5 and a strong calcaneum has been related to upright posture. The similar robusticity pattern in the rat's marginal metatarsals 1 and 5 raises the question of whether that part of the formula might not represent a more general plantigrade pattern.
New australopithecines from East Rudolf, Kenya (II)
Authors: Leakey R. E. F. , Mungai J. M. , Walker A. C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEleven new specimens of fossil hominids from the Plio‐Pleistocene sediments of Lake Rudolf, Kenya, are described. They include the following: two left mandibular bodies; parts of two right mandibular bodies; a massive mandible with partially preserved dentition and an almost complete right ascending ramus; a partial cranium with most of the right and parts of the left facial skeleton, the frontoparietal part of the calvaria, the right temporal bone, and some smaller fragments; the shaft of a massive left femur and parts of another left femur; fragments of a left humerus; and an almost complete right humerus. Detailed comparative descriptions will be published in due course.
Brachymesophalangia‐5 without cone‐epiphysis mid‐5 in Down's syndrome
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Gall John C. , Nagy Jerrold M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBrachymesophalangia‐5 proved to be far more frequent in 212 cases of Down's syndrome karyotype (i.e., 21%) than in 14,197 survey volunteers of European ancestry (1.4%). However, none of 28 juvenile Down's syndrome patients with brachymesophalangia‐5 exhibited a cone‐epiphysis on mid‐5, as against the 47% that would be expected. Apparently the manifestation of brachymesophalangia‐5 in the 47,G + karyotype is not simply a dosage effect associated with trisomy of chromosome 21.
Distribution of the blood groups of the Norwegian Lapps
Authors: Kornstad Leif 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBlood groups have been determined in samples from 423 Norwegian Lapps. The findings in the ABO, MNSs, P, Rh, Lewis, Duffy and Kidd systems are presented and compared with previous observations in various Lapp populations. Rather marked differences were observed between Lapps living in different geographical locations.