bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Deteriorating Community
Authors: Velde Lea Vander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the ice cleared sufficiently on the rivers, the first steamboat arrived. Agent Taliaferro arrived alone this time, bringing only his large black dog, Nero. He did not intend to winter over. This was to be his last summer at the St. Peter’s Agency, his final hurrah. He was there simply to see that the treaty was carried out and that justice was done to the Indians who had sold their land by treaty. Mrs. Taliaferro remained in Bedford, and without a lady in the household, there was no need for him to bring servants.
While the Doctor Was Away: St. Louis, 1840–1843
Authors: Velde Lea Vander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
And so, harriet and her family returned to a slave state with the Emersons. No one needed to kidnap them or force them aboard the ship. All of the civilian housing in the immediate vicinity had been burned to the ground. There was nowhere else for them to go. The only settlements on the upper Mississippi were forts, like Fort Snelling, where Dred, at least, would have been regarded as the servant of another military officer. Chicago was little more than a settlement, and the other tiny river towns were hardly places for an African American family without money or farming experience. Reassigned to the Seminole War, Dr. Emerson traveled south along the river highway with the redeployment of almost the entire military contingent of the upper Mississippi Valley. He left the Scotts in St. Louis with his wife. By the end of June, he’d reached the fort at Tampa Bay. It is unlikely that either of the Scotts went to Florida during the three years the doctor served there. At first, Emerson listed Etheldred on his Florida pay slips, but he later named a different slave man. Dred’s name did not appear on the doctor’s pay slip again. Most likely, Emerson listed him in order to claim his allowance until he lined up another servant. After all, there were plenty of slaves available in Florida.
Missouri Changes Its Course
Authors: Velde Lea Vander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In march of 1852, a year after David Hall’s death, the Missouri Supreme Court decided the case and revoked the Scotts’ freedom, reversing its own precedent, which had endured almost half a century. The Scotts had believed themselves free for more than two years, relying on that longstanding precedent. Now the state high court changed the rules. It would no longer honor the Missouri Compromise in its courts, to recognize residence in free territory as grounds for freedom in Missouri.
Aftermath and Epilogue
Authors: Velde Lea Vander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like the comet that lit the skies of the Northern hemisphere that month, the decision riveted the nation’s attention. The Dred Scott case was the headline story in newspapers across the country, with reaction to it splitting the North and the South. But from the Scotts’ vantage point the St. Louis newspapers’ coverage of the story affected them most directly. The family’s newfound notoriety made them the subject of a public curiosity that they could have never imagined. A series of articles in the Missouri Republican asked the same perplexing question, “Who owned Dred Scott?” From Massachusetts, the extremely embarrassed Congressman Chaffee disclaimed having any knowledge of the matter. Even Dred wondered who his master was after the ruling. Frank Leslie’s Illustrated stated, “He is anxious to know who owns him, being ignorant whether he is the property of Mrs. Chaffee or Mr. Sanford.”
Introduction
Authors: Walton Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By spring 1793, as France edged toward the Terror, even Tom Paine’s patience with free speech began wearing thin. In a letter to Georges Danton, deputy to the French National Convention and founding member of the Committee of Public Safety, Paine expressed his alarm about the relentless insults and slander plaguing revolutionary politics. A deputy himself, Paine urged Danton to take repressive measures. “Calumny,” this champion of civil liberties insisted, “is a species of treachery that ought to be punished as well as any other kind of treachery.”
Policing the Moral Limits Public Spirit, Surveillance, and the Remaking of Mœurs
Authors: Walton Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the two and a half weeks between the time her father was fired and the time he was recalled and returned from Bâle, France, wrote Anne-Louise-Germaine Necker, fell apart. The future Madame de Staël, in her letter to the Emperor of Sweden of August 1789, recounted, “My father [Jacques Necker, First Minister of Finances] returned on July 27 to find authorities destroyed or confused with new ones . . . an old nation fallen into a state of infancy rather than youth, a corrupt people clamoring for American institutions, insisting on freedom before establishing public spirit.”
The Bother of Balance
Authors: Katz Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I hated writing this chapter. Some thoughts about balance between partners must be included in a book such as this, but since the performer cannot be in two places at once, helpful guidance can at best take the form of unscientific suggestions and intuitive guesswork. This text has attempted so far to be analytical and objective with its advice, but counsel about good balance can defy that goal so easily.
Guidelines for Teaching Artistry
Authors: Booth Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pedagogy. It’s a terrible word, isn’t it? Sounds vaguely illegal, probably immoral. Etymologically, it comes from the name for the slave in ancient Rome who led the citizens’ children (only the males, of course) to and from school and kept an eye on their learning in general. I wasn’t thrilled to learn our beloved teaching practice derived from slavery, but I have come to think of our lineage as the nameless thousands who have served to lead people to and from learning encounters, and kept a general eye on their learning welfare. We must always remember that they, the learners, do the learning; we are the guides, and we watch over their learning health and progress.
What Does “Better” Look Like?
Authors: Booth Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How did you learn to ride a bike? You may not recall your learning process, but here are a few things you probably didn’t do along the way. You didn’t get on, ride a few yards, get off, and then have an adult give you a long verbal analysis of how you had performed. You didn’t read an instruction booklet on bike riding. You didn’t even talk with your friends and figure it out in the tree house or your friend’s bedroom. You certainly didn’t do it at school to please the teacher.
Art for Art’s Sake or for the School’s Sake?
Authors: Booth Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Music and art were not officially recognized as legitimate subjects of study in American public schools until about 1900. The decision to include the arts in the curriculum was supported by two main lines of reasoning. One might be called the inherent, or intrinsic, argument (art for art’s sake), and the other the instrumental argument (art for the sake of some other value, like workplace preparedness or improved test scores).
The Information Portal
Authors: Klingberg Torkel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us return to Linda. There she is, sitting at her desk in her open-plan office, surrounded by chatting colleagues and ringing phones. Her desk is littered with reports, articles, and brochures. On her computer screen is a Web page displaying an inventory of hard disks from which she has to select one for purchase. To the right are small animated advertisements for bargain trips to the West Indies. A little icon along the bottom edge of the screen reminds her that she has not yet emptied her inbox, and her cell phone announces with a happy pling that she has just received a text message. What choice should she make? Where should she even direct her gaze, and what elements of her visual field should she take in, process, understand, and think about? Where should she direct her attention? Attention is the portal through which the information flood reaches the brain. Directing your attention at something is analogous to selecting information, as you give priority to only a small part of all the information available.
The Everyday Exercising of Our Mental Muscles
Authors: Klingberg Torkel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When you wake up in the morning and start to plan your day with its meetings, lunch, travel, and chores, you are doing a mental jigsaw puzzle, the various pieces of which have to be kept in your working memory. You then use your working memory to keep a mental list of the items you need to pack and to remember each one as you look for it. A little while later, as you read the paper on the subway, you are using your working memory to retain information from the first word of each sentence to the last—a task that is particularly demanding on working memory if you have ended up beside a group of teenagers having an animated discussion about yesterday’s soccer game or last Saturday’s party. And so we go, using our working memory throughout the day. Should we not therefore be constantly exercising our working memory so that it progressively improves from one day to the next? The human brain is nature’s most complex organ.
Posture, Breathing, and Support
Authors: Schuring Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of this information will seem obvious (and probably should seem obvious to anyone who has studied the oboe for some time)— “Oh, I knew that. “ But when oboe playing sounds bad or feels bad, the remedy is rarely found in the examination of detail or in the acquisition of tricks. Instead, some basic fundamental technique of playing either is defective or has been forgotten. There are no tricks. My teacher, John de Lancie, used to say, “You really don’t need to know very many things to play the oboe. “ (Left unsaid was just how long and difficult the road to this little bit of knowledge would be.) Improvement on the oboe depends on a thorough and constant effort to master the very basics of playing the instrument—the “simple “ things you were meant to learn from your first teacher in your first few lessons. Over time, oboe playing can become so automatic, so habitual, that a periodic selfexamination is worthwhile. Often you aren’t doing what you think you are. In a moment of frustration, after trying for weeks to improve the matter, I once asked a very tense and contorted student, “Doesn’t that feel awful? “ “No, “ came the reply. “It feels like playing the oboe. “ So do look at yourself and your students and make sure that what seems normal and familiar is also efficient. Efficiency and ease are the key words in this discussion. But they do not mean that oboe playing should be lazy. Playing the oboe can actually be quite strenuous, and oboe players should work hard, but every morsel of energy expended should be audible in the musical result.
Embouchure and Other Matters of Tone Production
Authors: Schuring Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three factors regulate the quality (dynamic, tone color, etc.) and/or the pitch of the tone: air, reed placement, and embouchure formation. The basic ground rules are: the air should be energetic; as little of the reed as is practical should be placed in the mouth; and the embouchure tension should be minimal. After reading the preceding chapter to make sure that the air production is healthy, adjusting the rest of the toneproduction chain should be much more effective.
Professional Behavior and Deportment
Authors: Schuring Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Music is a difficult business. Many players compete for a small number of positions. Yet, this circumstance does not and should not deter legions of young people every year from applying to music schools for study. Each of these young people has a dream—usually to play in a professional symphony orchestra—that will probably not be realized. But it is not such an unlikely dream—it is not like dreaming of walking on the moon; it is like wanting to play major league baseball or to sing on Broadway. These are ambitious goals, but hundreds of people do sing on Broadway and hundreds do play in the major leagues. So the difference between the music profession and many other professions is that the music profession really only has room for good people. The student’s job is to become one of those good people.
Introduction
Authors: Shapiro Alan , Burian Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tragedy, as everyone knows, tells “sad stories of the death of kings,” but among surviving Greek tragedies only Euripides’ Trojan Women shows us the extinction of a whole city, an entire people. Despite its grim theme, or more likely because of the way that theme resonates with the deepest fears of our own age, this is one of the relatively few Greek tragedies that regularly finds its way to the stage. The power of Euripides’ theatrical and moral imagination speaks clearly across the twenty-five centuries that separate our world from his. The theme is really a double one: the suffering of the victims of war, exemplified by the women who survive the fall of Troy, and the degradation of the victors, shown by the Greeks’ reckless and ultimately self-destructive behavior. Trojan Women gains special relevance, of course, in times of war. Today, we seem to need this play more than ever.
Let us begin, however, by considering this extraordinary document of human suffering and resilience in the context of its own times. We know that Euripides competed at the City Dionysia of 415 with a trilogy of Trojan tragedies and won second prize—almost tantamount to losing, because only three playwrights competed in the tragic competition.
. . . And Occasional Visitors from Outer Space
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All it takes is a pair of binoculars to see that the Moon is a pretty inhospitable place, but a quick survey also suggests that it was even more inhospitable in the past. Its surface, and in particular its highlands, is pocked by craters great and small. There are craters within craters, bespeaking devastating events about which astronomers still argue. Clavius, for example, the largest crater visible to us, is 140 miles in diameter and is itself pocked by more than a half-dozen good-sized craters. Some of these craters were probably the result of major volcanic eruptions, but some are surely the result of a titanic battering by the debris that was zipping around in the Solar System when it was forming. Since there never was any water or any atmosphere to speak of on the Moon, probably not much plate tectonic movement, and little erosion, all of these giant pockmarks remain. It would seem unreasonable to imagine that the Earth—the larger of this two-planet system—was not subject to the same disturbances in its youth as the Moon. Of course, the Moon still is struck by debris, but far less so than formerly, now that the Sun’s gravity (among other physical forces) has swept up the neighborhood, so to speak, and imposed a more orderly pattern on this tiny region of the universe.
. . . And on Rare Occasions There Are Changes in Its Community of Living Things
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When European settlers arrived on the east coast of North America, they were confronted by vast stretches of virgin forest made up largely of enormous old trees—the stuff of picture postcards. Today we rhapsodize over such places and seek to protect them, but to the early settlers fresh from the domesticated landscapes of Europe, this forest was a dark place, a savage wilderness that needed taming. And, practically speaking, none of it is left. Attitudes about “nature” change. Indeed, one scholar found that the very word “nature” has more than 100 separate meanings. To a geologist, nature is every thing and every process, and life is merely one phenomenon that has come about in nature. And life is dangerous. The existence of (1) the immune system and (2) the fossil record attests to this obvious but often overlooked fact of life. Immune systems, which all higher animals and most plants possess in one form or another, are in a nearly constant battle against other forms of life. The fossil record makes it clear that far more species have vanished than now live on the planet.
Newcomers, New Revolutionaries, and New Spaces
Authors: Sides Josh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Back to the wasteland, that abandoned patch of Golden Gate Park at the foot of John F. Kennedy Drive, where the park meets the Pacific Ocean: preservationists had tried to revive it, bless their hearts. They quixotically restored one of the park’s oldest windmills in 1980, but the propeller proved too heavy to spin, so it never did. A few paces to the south, a dark tunnel opened to a small clearing behind the Beach Chalet where the foliage was dense enough to provide shelter for the homeless and the public sex hunters. In 1981, the last of the Beach Chalet’s long list of disreputable tenants—in this case a rough-and-tumble motorcycle bar—closed its doors, and the building was abandoned for almost two decades. The subsequent isolation of the area further enhanced its appeal as a public sex venue, even at the height of the AIDS epidemic in the early 1990s.
Conclusion
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here I want to address two different tasks. First, some additional topics belong, in my opinion, on the “future” list, and yet for various reasons did not lend themselves to chapter-length expansion. I want now to list briefy some of those additional topics. Second, I have been arguing all along for a bioethics that attends more carefully to disparities in power. I do this not merely so that we can be intellectually stimulated—even though we have seen all along how interesting theoretical developments follow as a result of the new focus I suggest. I propose that we should, as a general rule, do more to speak up on behalf of those who lack power, especially when we can ind ways to assist them to speak for themselves. This in turn suggests, as we move from theory to practice, that bioethics ought to adopt a more activist sense of its mission. I will conclude the volume by discussing what such an activist bioethics might entail.
Boston City Hospital: Cradle of Modern Neurology in the United States
Authors: Rowland Lewis P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine was the first and only medical school in the 13 American colonies when, in the fall of 1765, students enrolled for “anatomical lectures” and a course on “the theory and practice of physick.” They enrolled at the College of Philadelphia, which was the name of the University of Pennsylvania in pre-Revolutionary times. King’s College organized a medical faculty in 1767 and was the first institution in the North American colonies to confer the degree of doctor of medicine. The first graduates in medicine from the college were Robert Tucker and Samuel Kissarn, who received the degree of bachelor of medicine in May 1769 and that of doctor of medicine in May 1770 and May 1771, respectively. Instruction in medicine was given until interrupted by the Revolution and the occupation of New York by the British, which lasted until November 25, 1783. In 1784 instruction was resumed in the academic departments, and in December of the same year the medical faculty was reestablished. In 1814 the medical faculty of Columbia College was merged with the College of Physicians and Surgeons.
The Beginning of the Bielski Otriad
Authors: Tec Nechama 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From March 1942 Asael with thirteen followers continued to elude the Germans by staying in the forests, close to the town of Nowogródek. When collecting provisions, they made an effort not to rob poor peasants but instead took from those they thought had extra food. Familiarity with the area and with local farmers helped them decide who was an appropriate target. Bowing to tradition, the men handled the acquisition of food while the women prepared the meals. All ingredients were cooked together. With potatoes most plentiful and with meat and fat at a premium, the mainstay of each dish was potatoes with very little fat or meat. Depending on availability, different kinds of vegetables, cereals, and flour also found their way into the same pot. How a dish tasted depended on what the men were able to collect rather than on personal preferences or the cook’ s skills. Even a basic item such as salt was a problem. The peasants themselves were often forced to do without it.
Self-Made Men: Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass
Authors: Edwards Jonathan , Lincoln Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few expressions in our language have shriveled as badly as the term “self-made man.” Today, it would rarely be applied to anyone other than a successful entrepreneur. Among intellectuals, at least, it is widely regarded as the platitudinous expression of an obsolete individualism. Once upon a time, however, the self-made man represented a heroic ideal, with significance to millions as an expression of the meaning of life, an ideal in which making money was incidental to self-fulfillment. Henry Clay has been credited with inventing the term, and it was often applied to him by others. As Clay and his contemporaries used the expression, a self-made man was one who had attained eminence by his own efforts in any walk of life, not necessarily in business and not just in monetary terms. The process of becoming self-made was understood as the development of human potential broadly conceived. Finally, what distinguished the self-made man was that his identity was a voluntarily chosen, conscious construction, not something that had to be achieved by an individual in isolation.
The Constructed Self Against the State
Authors: Edwards Jonathan , Lincoln Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the news came to Concord of Margaret Fuller’s death, Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862) hastened to Fire Island, New York, to comb the beach in hopes of finding her body or her effects, especially the manuscript of her book on the revolution in Rome. His efforts, like those of others, were in vain; the book and its author were lost forever. Margaret and David (as his family called him) had been friends and fellow Transcendentalists. The two provided each other with intellectual stimulation and mutual criticism; they reinforced each other’s dedication to self-construction and self-culture.
Injustice, Evil, and Oppression
Authors: Card Claudia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Iris Young’s Justice and the Politics of Difference (1990a; hereafter JPD) quickly became one of the most frequently cited sources in feminist philosophy on the nature of oppression. In this book, Young rejects what she calls a distributive paradigm of justice. She presents an alternative to approaches inffuenced by John Rawls’s idea of justice as fairness in distributing benefits and burdens of social cooperation. Rawlsian approaches tend to begin from and become fixated on economic and political conffict resolution under ideal conditions. Young does not take justice’s primary concern to be adjudicating confficts of interest regarding the distribution of such goods as income and wealth. On her view, the primary concern is to work toward a society that would be free of oppression and domination. This approach centers on human development and power relationships, not on external benefits and burdens. And it begins from a set of very nonideal conditions. We might call it an agency or human development paradigm.