bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changing Concepts of Teacher Education
Authors: Nierman Glenn E , Zeichner Ken , Hobbel Nikola 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will discuss preservice teacher education in the United States today, both from a general perspective and in relationship to the particular situation of music education. Following a discussion of the nature of students, faculty, and programs in U.S. preservice programs, we will examine a few issues that are currently of major concern in debates and discussions about teacher education reform. Finally, we will examine the nature of teacher education programs in music education, and several current problems in the practice of music education in today’s standardsbased reform environment.
Research by Teachers on Teacher Education
Authors: Leglar Mary , Collay Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do teacher educators think about their craft? Historically, teacher education has been shaped by theoreticians rather than by practitioners. During the past two decades, teachers and teacher educators have begun to study their own work more closely, to apply research in the classroom, and to assume primary responsibility for expanding the knowledge of their craft. By examining and analyzing their craft, teachers and teacher educators create both new knowledge and new interpretations, and the long-cherished distinctions between practitioner and researcher begin to blur. In the view of contemporary scholars, knowing about and doing are inextricably linked. Cole and Knowles (2000) emphasize this important point: “First and foremost, we see teaching as inquiry. In other words, teaching is researching” (p. 1). Teachers theorize rather than just apply theory, and they do this from their earliest days of preservice study.
Professional Development
Authors: Hookey Mary Ross 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The professional development of inservice educators is a major concern for many educational stakeholders. The importance of professional development has been highlighted through a national award that recognizes the quality and results of professional development activities (Killion, 1999). In addition to this public recognition of the impact of professional development, a large body of research and scholarship in the general education literature has explored the nature of educators’ knowledge, the ways in which educators learn to understand and maneuver their way through educational settings, and the support that different contexts offer for learning and changing educational practice. While the volume of this research has generated several literature reviews, researchers have only begun to explore some of the issues related to the professional learning of inservice music educators. This review highlights what researchers can tell us now about the professional development of inservice music educators, the nature of the issues they faced or uncovered, and the questions that they have left for others to answer. Since the questions we ask and the ways in which we attempt to answer them are influenced by how we conceptualize professional development, this chapter begins by presenting alternate definitions of professional development, reviewing some of the factors that influence the development and use of teachers’ professional knowledge, and exploring the assumptions that underlie alternative definitions of professional growth.
Introduction: The Growing Impact of Partnerships A Reason for Research
Authors: Deasy Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jane Remer, in Beyond Enrichment: Building Effective Arts Partnerships with Schools and Your Community (1996), sketches both a history and a six-stage continuum to describe the maturation of arts education partnerships. More than events of short duration offered by an arts organization at a school or cultural site, strong partnerships involve “full-fledged institutional partners” that are engaged in joint planning; instructional designs integrated with school goals and programs; sustained engagement with students; professional development for artists and teachers; and evaluation and assessment for continuous improvement (pp. 113-115). While all the types of partnerships on Remer’s continuum are practiced with varying effects, the strongest form is particularly worthy of the attention of researchers. It results from and reflects political, educational, and cultural forces that have shaped public education and cultural institutions over recent decades. For schools, economic pressures that tightened school budgets in the early 1970s were an important factor. Many school boards and administrators responded to fiscal constraints by cutting staffing and programming in the arts.
The “Use and Abuse” of Arts Advocacy and Its Consequences for Music Education
Authors: Gee Constance Bumgarner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1973 Jacques Barzun, professor of history at Columbia University, gave a series of six lectures at the National Gallery of Art titled “The Use and Abuse of Art.” He explained the origin of the series title in his first lecture, “Why Art Must Be Challenged.” Barzun had paraphrased the title of an essay written by Nietzsche, “The Use and Abuse of History,” which translated more accurately would mean “The Advantages and Disadvantages or ‘Worth’ and ‘Un-worth’ of history in relation to life.” Nietzsche, Barzun noted, “came to the conclusion that the historical sense under certain conditions weakens the sense of life.” Barzun (1974) informed his audience that throughout the lecture series: we shall be asking ourselves whether there may not be unsuspected disadvantages in both our formal and our casual absorption of art-even in our habitual modes of talk about it-all this in order to reach a conclusion about its value and its drawbacks for life at the present time. (pp. 3-4) The primary question I will address in this essay is: In what ways might arts advocacy-what we proclaim art will do for the individual and society in return for investments of time, love, and money-weaken our sense and valuing of art in relation to life and of arts education in relation to learning? To paraphrase Barzun paraphrasing Nietzsche: Might there not be unsuspected disadvantages in our casual absorption, acceptance, and reiteration of promulgated “truths” about the public uses, purposes, and benefits of art? All this in order to reach a conclusion about the value and drawbacks of arts advocacy for music education at the present time!
Performing Arts Medicine
Authors: Brandfonbrener Alice G , Lederman Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Evolution of Performing Arts Medicine in the United States Musicians have long recognized that music-making carries with it certain physical and psychological risks, the significance of which ranges from trivial annoyances to careerhalting injuries. Since the publication of the first Handbook, an increased number of medical professionals themselves have acknowledged the existence of occupational injuries, as a consequence of which there is now a medical subspecialty, Performing Arts Medicine, sometimes referred to as “music medicine.” This chapter will briefly review the recent history and current state of the field; its focus, limits, and potential. Most important, we will attempt to provide basic information for music educators so that they, together with medical practitioners and other researchers, can seek to limit the impact of these problems on musicians and especially attempt their prevention. A few preliminary disclaimers are in order. In spite of giant strides made in the past 15-20 years through clinical experience and accumulating epidemiologic data, much of the information about musicians’ medical problems remains anecdotal. The symptoms with which musicians present are often nonspecific, with few if any objective physical findings and often without confirmatory diagnostic tests. Thus, treatment is also often nonspecific, directed more toward relief of symptoms than on understanding or eradicating their causes and more pragmatic than based on scientifically proven data. In summary, one should not expect more from this chapter than it can honestly supply, despite the combined experience of its authors of in excess of 50 years of providing medical care for musicians. Performing arts medicine remains in the year 2001 part art and part science.
Conduct Unbecoming a Woman
Authors: Morantz-Sanchez Regina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1889, a burgeoning Brooklyn newspaper, the Daily Eagle, printed a series of articles that detailed a history of midnight hearses and botched operations performed by a scalpel-eager female surgeon named Dr. Mary Dixon-Jones. The ensuing avalanche of public outrage gave rise to two trials--one for manslaughter and one for libel--that became a late nineteenth-century sensation. Vividly recreating both trials, Regina Morantz-Sanchez provides a marvelous historical whodunit, inviting readers to sift through the evidence and evaluate the witnesses. “Conduct Unbecoming a Woman” is as mesmerizing as an intricately crafted suspense novel. Jars of specimens and surgical mannequins became common spectacles in the courtroom, and the roughly 300 witnesses that testified represented a fascinating social cross-section of the city’s inhabitants, from humble immigrant craftsmen and seamstresses to some of New York and Brooklyn’s most prestigious citizens and physicians. Like many legal extravaganzas of our own time, the Mary Dixon-Jones trials highlighted broader social issues in America. It unmasked apprehension about not only the medical and social implications of radical gynecological surgery, but also the rapidly changing role of women in society. Indeed, the courtroom provided a perfect forum for airing public doubts concerning the reputation of one “unruly” woman doctor whose life-threatening procedures offered an alternative to the chronic, debilitating pain of 19th-century women. Clearly a extraordinary event in 1892, the cases disappeared from the historical record only a few years later. “Conduct Unbecoming a Woman” brilliantly reconstructs both the Dixon-Jones trials and the historic panorama that was 1890s Brooklyn.
Becoming a Surgeon
Authors: Morantz-Sanchez Regina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mary Dixon Jones had much to lose when the Brooklyn Eagle undermined her credibility with its damning series of articles in 1889. She had painstakingly built an admirable reputation among the respectable middle class in Brooklyn and had gained membership in a very male world: an international group of elite surgeons currently in the process of creating gynecological surgery. Certainly she was one of the most ambitious female surgeons of her generation. Pioneering operative innovations, she demanded that male colleagues recognize her contributions. In addition, her published work on the cellular pathology of the female reproductive system took risks in countering prevailing medical theories of the female body. Dixon Jones attained a professional status unique to her sex at the time, but one that was bound to be challenged, particularly in a conservative city like Brooklyn, struggling not only with complex social changes but also with the various challenges to the medical status quo raised by her chosen specialty. No wonder her achievements were gained at high cost.
Is the Mind a Scientific Object of Study? Lessons from History
Authors: Dror Otniel E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries physiologists, psychologists, and clinicians transformed emotions into objects of scientific knowledge. They manipulated, isolated, replicated, standardized, quantified, and recorded emotions; invented new technologies for visualizing and representing emotions in curves and numeric tables; and propagated their practices and instruments beyond the narrow confines of the laboratory and clinic. Their travails redefined emotions in laboratory terms and repositioned issues of pragmatic implementation at the center of scientific efforts to study emotions and the mind. The successful realization of this new laboratory approach became the sine qua non for the scientific study of the mind and its operations.
A Particularly Compelling Refutation of Eliminative Materialism
Authors: Lycan William G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1960s saw heated discussion of eliminative materialism in regard to sensations and their phenomenal features. Thus directed, eliminative materialism is materialism or physicalism plus the distinctive and truly radical thesis that there have never occurred any sensations; no one has ever experienced a sensation. This view attracted few adherents, though to this day some philosophers are eliminativists with respect to various alleged phenomenal features of sensations.
All in the Interest of Time: On the Problem of Speed and Cognition
Authors: Ingvar Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The brain has, with its weight of less than 1.5 kilograms, some 100 billion nerve cells. These cells have a surface area with a size somewhere on the order of a football field. The potential for handling and storing of ordered information in the brain is related to its architecture. The selective and energy-consuming processes by which cellular ionic gradients are upheld underlie most of the known mechanisms in the brain’s information processing. The basic speed for transfer of information is below two hundred meters per second. The synaptic mechanisms also introduce a loss of time in the information processing. The need for synchronicity is limited as long as the need for inner representation is limited. In such primitive systems, many seemingly complicated behaviors can be elicited without the need of formally representing them in a neuronal system. Rather, sequences may be stored simply based on the local neural properties (figure 14.1). In the course of development, reactive processing becomes a problem for two reasons. Both the increased demands of more elaborate responses and the consequential size increase of the brain reduce the speed of processing. The biological hardware is just too sluggish for sequential processing of fast events like human thought processing (Rumelhart and McClelland, 1986).
Can There Be a Cognitive Neuroscience of Central Cognitive Systems?
Authors: Goel Vinod 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neuropsychology has been an active field of study for at least 150 years. During this period it has been concerned with clinical diagnosis, rehabilitation, and research. In terms of research, its primary objective has been to induce the functional architecture of the normal mind by examining the behavioral consequences of neurological pathologies. The primary strategies used are localization and dissociation of function. During the course of the past century researchers have described and cataloged a number of behavioral deficits and in some cases have successfully mapped them onto localized cortical regions. Some notable areas of success include disorders of language, memory, and visual perception. Boller and Grafman (1988, 1989a, 1989b, 1990, 1991, 1992a, 1992b) offer an extensive review of much of this literature.
Gall’s Legacy Revisited: Decomposition and Localization in Cognitive Neuroscience
Authors: Zawidzki Tadeusz , Bechtel William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The standard philosophical account of explanation-the deductive nomological model in which a phenomenon is explained when a description of it is derived from statements of laws and initial conditions-does not do justice to the explanations generally offered in the life sciences. There, instead, explanations often take the form of specifications of mechanisms, wherein an overall activity of a system is decomposed into subfunctions, and these are then localized to components of the system (Bechtel and Richardson, 1993; Machamer, Darden, and Craver, 2000). Mental activities have been no exception. The brain (including the central nervous system) has long been taken to be the bodily organ responsible for mental activities, and the task has been to decompose mental functions and identify the resulting component functions with parts of the brain. In many respects, this effort embodies the vision of Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828).
The Mind as an Object of Scientific Study
Authors: Hattiangadi Jagdish 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is an attempt to study qualia and to show that some factual issues arising in biology are relevant to it. This very claim gives the project an unhealthy air of paradox. After all, one may say, the word quale and its plural qualia were introduced into philosophy as technical terms precisely in order to capture that aspect of an experience that escapes the scrutiny of any natural science. A quale picks out a first-person aspect of an experience whereas any natural science deals with third-person descriptions of its objects of study.
I Object: Mind and Brain asDarwinian Things
Authors: Lumsden Charles J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There have, roughly speaking, been four great watersheds or turning points in the biological history of life on our planet, a history that spans more than four billion years, or some 20 percent of the history of our universe itself. Edward 0. Wilson and I have termed these the megaevolutionary steps behind the emergence of our conscious mind in order to distinguish their ecological scope and historical impact from the more familiar, but no less remarkable, events and mechanisms of microevolution (within species) and macroevolution (creating species) (Lumsden and Wilson, 1983). Although the recent outcome of these great turning points, each occurring about a billion years apart, is us, it would be a complete mistake to see them, on the basis of our current understanding, as in any way predestined or ordained to cause our appearance. That we are here seems indisputable, at least since Descartes: an upstart primate species taking its self-reflective tum gazing at the stars. Why we are here remains a subject of lively debate, at least among academics and parents of postmodern adolescents.
The Text of the Mind
Authors: Brockmeier Jens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his 1980 essay “Blurred Genres: The Refiguration of Social Thought,” Clifford Geertz (1983) set out to give an account of a series of new developments in the human sciences. Viewed in the light of today’s debates on the relations between mind, language, and culture, Geertz’s account proves to have been amazingly predictive. Geertz understood the genre blurring of academic and literary discourses as part of the advent of a new postpositivist orientation. In outlining the beginning of an intellectual culture shift, he drew attention to the rise of a new attitude, a new outlook on the study of human nature. More and more human (or behavioral or social or cultural) scientists had become free, both epistemologically and sociologically, to shape their work in terms of its necessities rather than according to established borderlines and disciplinary constraints.
Workshop Rationality, Dogmatism, and Models of the Mind
Authors: Jarvie I C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Current philosophy of mind polarizes around a choice between naturalistic reduction, on the one hand (mind equals brain), and conventionalist construction of mind (mind equals a site or node in culture), on the other. If we deny that the choice between nature and convention is exclusive and exhaustive, then a mixed metaphysic of the mind becomes possible. Karl Popper decisively criticized the exclusive dichotomy between provable truth by nature, episteme, and arbitrary truth by convention, doxa. His critique is sufficient to show that scientific truth in general and in the social sciences in particular is situated between truth by nature and truth by convention in nontrivial ways: Scientific truths are neither proven nor arbitrary. Traditionally, rationality is closely connected to truth by nature. If he was to account for the rationality of science, Popper had to break with tradition. This he did by identifying rationality with criticism aimed at getting closer to truth about nature.
“Great Balls of Fire”
Authors: Altschuler Glenn C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the ’50s, rock ’n’ roll became the focal point for anxiety that cultural life in the United States had become sexualized and teenagers addicted to the pleasures of the body. An ideology of abstinence, strenuously and sometimes stridently asserted, and the banishing of bedrooms from television underscored the depth and pervasiveness of that concern. Many adults feared that the weakening of traditional morality, diminished authority of parents, clergymen, and teachers, and availability of condoms and penicillin were making promiscuity safe, accepted, and universal to the post–World War II generation. Over the course of the decade, for example, all but two states dropped laws prohibiting the dissemination of contraceptive information or devices.
Remembering Rodgers and Hart
Authors: Block Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
he Rodgers and Hart Song Book appeared in 1951, eight years after the death of Rodgers’s first lyricist. By this time Hammerstein had known Rodgers for more than thirty years. Hammerstein recalls their first meeting, in which his future collaborator on Oklahoma!, Carousel, and South Pacific, at least as Hammerstein remembered the occasion, was wearing short pants (see “Words by Rodgers” in Part IV for Rodgers’s public refutation of this crucial detail). In this fond and thoughtful tribute to Rodgers’s work with Hart, Hammerstein castigates himself for possessing neither “the perception nor the courage to predict their professional success:’ Hammerstein singles out for special praise Rodgers’s work for invariably adapting “to the situation for which it was written and the character required to sing it,” a trait more commonly attributed to Rodgers’s work with Hammerstein. Similarly, in an assessment that predates Joseph Kerman’s influential thesis that “the dramatist is the composer;’ Hammerstein asserts that Rodgers composes “music to depict story and character and is, therefore, himself a dramatist.”*
“Not a Few of His Songs Were Left on the Cutting Room Floor”
Authors: Block Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stanley Green (1923-1990) was one of the leading Broadway historians of his (and Rodgers’s) generation. His work on Rodgers ranges from the brief Rodgers and Hammerstein Story {New York: Da Capo, 1963) to the monumental, encyclopedic, and indispensable Rodgers and Hammerstein Fact Book: A Record of Their Works Together and with Other Collaborators (New York: The Lynn Farnol Group, 1980). Green was also probably the leading researcher in the preparation of Rodgers’s autobiography, Musical Stages, and appeared with Rodgers in a videotaped program for the Theatre Collection of the Lincoln Center Public Library. In the somewhat obscure selection that follows Green offers a reliable and comprehensive survey of Rodgers’s Broadway shows before 19 57 that were adapted into film musicals or originally composed for film. In addition to providing encapsulated plot synopses, production information, and a brief explanation of such idiosyncratic features as the “rhythmic dialogue” in Hallelujah, I’m a Bum, Green also documents those Rodgers and Hart songs not left on the cutting room floor. Of Green’s final predictions and suggestions of future film possibilities, two came to fruition. South Pacific appeared the next year, and Jumbo, the last Rodgers and Hart filmed adaptation, was