bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service studies on polyketide toxins of Fusarium oxysporum f sp vasinfectum: potential targets for disease control
Authors: Bell Alois A , Wheeler Michael H , Liu Jinggao , Stipanovic Robert D , Puckhaber Lorraine S , Orta Heather 
Published: May 2003

AbstractA group of 133 isolates of the cotton wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht f sp vasinfectum (Atk) Sny & Hans, representing five races and 20 vegetative compatibility groups within race 1 were used to determine the identity, biosynthetic regulation and taxonomic distribution of polyketide toxins produced by this pathogen. All isolates of F oxysporum f sp vasinfectum produced and secreted the nonaketide naphthazarin quinones, bikaverin and norbikaverin. Most isolates of race 1 (previously denoted as races 1, 2 and 6; and also called race A) also synthesized the heptaketide naphthoquinones, nectriafurone, anhydrofusarubin lactol and 5‐O‐methyljavanicin. Nine avirulent isolates of F oxysporum from Upland cotton roots, three isolates of race 3 of F oxysporum f sp vasinfectum, and four isolates of F oxysporum f sp vasinfectum from Australia, all of which previously failed to cause disease of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) in stem‐puncture assays, also failed to synthesize or secrete more than trace amounts of the heptaketide compounds. These results indicate that the heptaketides may have a unique role in the virulence of race 1 to Upland cotton. The synthesis of all polyketide toxins by ATCC isolate 24 908 of F oxysporum f sp vasinfectum was regulated by pH, carbon/nitrogen ratios, and availability of calcium in media. Synthesis was greatest below pH 7.0 and increased progressively as carbon/nitrogen ratios were increased by decreasing the amounts of nitrogen added to media. The nonaketides were the major polyketides accumulated in synthetic media at pH 4.5 and below, whereas the heptaketides were predominant at pH 5.0 and above. The heptaketides were the major polyketides formed when 10 F oxysporum f sp vasinfectum race 1 isolates were grown on sterilized stems of Fusarium wilt‐susceptible cotton cultivars, but these compounds were not produced on sorghum grain cultures. Both groups of polyketide toxins were apparently secreted by F oxysporum f sp vasinfectum, since half of the toxin in 2‐day‐old shake culture was present in the supernatant. Secretion was enhanced by calcium. Glutamine and glutamic acid inhibited both nonaketide and heptaketide syntheses, even at low nitrogen levels, indicating that glutamine may be a key regulator of the polyketide pathways. The implications of these findings for control of Fusarium wilt of cotton by new technologies are discussed. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service: advances in the molecular genetic analysis of insects and their application to pest management
Authors: Handler Alfred M , Beeman Richard W 
Published: May 2003

AbstractUSDA‐ARS scientists have made important contributions to the molecular genetic analysis of agriculturally important insects, and have been in the forefront of using this information for the development of new pest management strategies. Advances have been made in the identification and analysis of genetic systems involved in insect development, reproduction and behavior which enable the identification of new targets for control, as well as the development of highly specific insecticidal products. Other studies have been on the leading edge of developing gene transfer technology to better elucidate these biological processes though functional genomics and to develop new transgenic strains for biological control. Important contributions have also been made to the development and use of molecular markers and methodologies to identify and track insect populations. The use of molecular genetic technology and strategies will become increasingly important to pest management as genomic sequencing information becomes available from important pest insects, their targets and other associated organisms. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service research on understanding agrochemical fate and transport to prevent and mitigate adverse environmental impacts
Authors: Hapeman Cathleen J , McConnell Laura L , Rice Clifford P , Sadeghi Ali M , Schmidt Walter F , McCarty Gregory W , Starr James L , Rice Pamela J , Angier Jonathan T , Harman‐Fetcho JA 
Published: May 2003

AbstractEnvironmentally and economically viable agriculture requires a variety of cultivation practices and pest management options as no one system will be appropriate for every situation. Agrochemicals are some of the many pest control tools used in an integrated approach to pest management. They are applied with the intent of maximizing efficacy while minimizing off‐site movement; however, their judicious use demands a practical knowledge of their fate and effects in agricultural and natural ecosystems. Agrochemical distribution into environmental compartments is influenced by the physical and chemical properties of the agrochemical and environmental conditions, ie soil type and structure, and meteorological conditions. Agricultural Research Service (ARS) researchers working in the area of agrochemical fate have focused on accurately describing those processes that govern the transport, degradation and bioavailability of these chemicals under conditions reflecting actual agronomic practices. Results from ARS research concerning the environmental fate and effects of agrochemicals have led to the development of science‐based management practices that will protect vulnerable areas of the ecosystem. The new challenge is to identify these vulnerable areas and the temporal and spatial variations prior to use of the chemical by predicting how it will behave in environmental matrices, and using that information, predict its transport and transformation within an air‐ or watershed. With the development of better predictive tools and GIS (Geographic Information System)‐based modeling, the risks of agricultural management systems can be assessed at the watershed and basin levels, and management strategies can be identified that minimize negative environmental impacts. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
United States Department of Agriculture—Agriculture Research Service research on targeted management of the Formosan subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Lax Alan R , Osbrink Weste LA 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki is currently one of the most destructive pests in the USA. It is estimated to cost consumers over US $1 billion annually for preventative and remedial treatment and to repair damage caused by this insect. The mission of the Formosan Subterranean Termite Research Unit of the Agricultural Research Service is to demonstrate the most effective existing termite management technologies, integrate them into effective management systems, and provide fundamental problem‐solving research for long‐term, safe, effective and environmentally friendly new technologies. This article describes the epidemiology of the pest and highlights the research accomplished by the Agricultural Research Service on area‐wide management of the termite and fundamental research on its biology that might provide the basis for future management technologies. Fundamental areas that are receiving attention are termite detection, termite colony development, nutrition and foraging, and the search for biological control agents. Other fertile areas include understanding termite symbionts that may provide an additional target for control. Area‐wide management of the termite by using population suppression rather than protection of individual structures has been successful; however, much remains to be done to provide long‐term sustainable population control. An educational component of the program has provided reliable information to homeowners and pest‐control operators that should help slow the spread of this organism and allow rapid intervention in those areas which it infests. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service research on pre‐harvest prevention of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in US crops
Authors: Cleveland Thomas E , Dowd Patrick F , Desjardins Anne E , Bhatnagar Deepak , Cotty Peter J 
Published: May 2003

AbstractMycotoxins (ie toxins produced by molds) are fungal metabolites that can contaminate foods and feeds and cause toxic effects in higher organisms that consume the contaminated commodities. Therefore, mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds results is a serious food safety issue and affects the competitiveness of US agriculture in both domestic and export markets. This article highlights research accomplished by Agricultural Research Service (ARS) laboratories on control of pre‐harvest toxin contamination by using biocontrol, host‐plant resistance enhancement and integrated management systems. Emphasis is placed on the most economically relevant mycotoxins, namely aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus, Link, trichothecenes produced by various Fusarium spp and fumonisins produced by F verticillioides. Significant inroads have been made in establishing various control strategies such as development of atoxigenic biocontrol fungi that can outcompete their closely related, toxigenic cousins in field environments, thus reducing levels of mycotoxins in the crops. Potential biochemical and genetic resistance markers have been identified in crops, particularly in corn, which are being utilized as selectable markers in breeding for resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Prototypes of genetically engineered crops have been developed which: (1) contain genes for resistance to the phytotoxic effects of certain trichothecenes, thereby helping reduce fungal virulence, or (2) contain genes encoding fungal growth inhibitors for reducing fungal infection. Gene clusters housing the genes governing formation of trichothecenes, fumonisins and aflatoxins have been elucidated and are being targeted in strategies to interrupt the biosynthesis of these mycotoxins. Ultimately, a combination of strategies using biocompetitive fungi and enhancement of host‐plant resistance may be needed to adequately prevent mycotoxin contamination in the field. To achieve this, plants may be developed that resist fungal infection and/or reduce the toxic effects of the mycotoxins themselves, or interrupt mycotoxin biosynthesis. This research effort could potentially save affected agricultural industries hundreds of millions of dollars during years of serious mycotoxin outbreaks. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of aquatic weed biology and management research conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service
Authors: Anderson Lars WJ 
Published: May 2003

AbstractEver‐increasing demand for water to irrigate crops, support aquaculture, provide domestic water needs and to protect natural aquatic and riparian habitats has necessitated research to reduce impacts from a parallel increase in invasive aquatic weeds. This paper reviews the past 4–5 years of research by USDA‐ARS covering such areas as weed biology, ecology, physiology and management strategies, including herbicides, biological control and potential for use of natural products. Research approaches range from field‐level studies to highly specific molecular and biochemical work, spanning several disciplines and encompassing the most problematic weeds in these systems. This research has led to new insights into plant competition, host‐specificity, and the fate of aquatic herbicides, their modes of action and effects on the environment. Another hallmark of USDA‐ARS research has been its many collaborations with other federal, state action and regulatory agencies and private industry to develop new solutions to aquatic weed problems that affect our public natural resources and commercial enterprises. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service research on alternatives to methyl bromide: pre‐plant and post‐harvest
Authors: Schneider Sally M , Rosskopf Erin N , Leesch James G , Chellemi Daniel O , Bull Carolee T , Mazzola Mark 
Published: May 2003

AbstractMethyl bromide is a widely used fumigant for both pre‐plant and post‐harvest pest and pathogen control. The Montreal Protocol and the US Clean Air Act mandate a phase‐out of the import and manufacture of methyl bromide, beginning in 2001 and culminating with a complete ban, except for quarantine and certain pre‐shipment uses and exempted critical uses, in January 2005. In 1995, ARS built on its existing programs in soil‐borne plant pathology and post‐harvest entomology and plant pathology to initiate a national research program to develop alternatives to methyl bromide. The focus has been on strawberry, pepper, tomato, perennial and nursery cropping systems for pre‐plant methyl bromide use and fresh and durable commodities for post‐harvest use. Recently the program has been expanded to include research on alternatives for the ornamental and cut flower cropping systems. An overview of the national research program is presented. Results from four specific research trials are presented, ranging from organic to conventional systems. Good progress on short‐term alternatives is being made. These will be used as the foundation of integrated management systems which begin with pre‐plant management decisions and continue through post‐harvest processing. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The progression of anterior translation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a caprine model
Authors: Cummings J. F. , Grood E. S. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractLarge post‐operative anterior–posterior translations are frequently reported after quadruped anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions. To determine when the translation increases occur and the mechanism responsible, we followed the anterior and posterior translation limits in 18 goat knees for six months. Reconstructions were performed using grafts 4 or 7 mm wide placed in initially tight or lax positions. The anterior and posterior translation limits at 50 N were monitored using Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis. Graft bone block stability and soft tissue segment lengths were also assessed. Large (>2 mm) increases in anterior translation were noted in 71% of the subjects at two weeks, and in 88% at eight weeks. The translations in the lax and tight groups were indistinguishable after two weeks. Joints with wide grafts had less anterior translation compared to narrow grafts at all time periods, but were significant different only at 26 weeks. The posterior translation limit moved anteriorly over the 26 weeks. Eight of nine joints had stable graft bone markers and/or increases in graft soft tissue lengths. In conclusion, increased anterior translation occurred soon after ACL reconstruction, was associated with graft soft tissue changes, and appeared to be reduced by larger grafts. A post‐surgical decrease in posterior translation limit was also observed.© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Gender differences in the histamine and serotonin content of blood, peritoneal and thymic cells: a comparison with mast cells
Authors: Csaba György , Kovács Péter , Pállinger Éva 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe serotonin and histamine content of mast cells and white blood cells in adult male and female rats was compared, using a flow cytometric immunological method. Serotonin was significantly higher in female peritoneal mast cells, peritoneal monocyte—ganulocyte—macrophage cells, blood lymphocytes and blood thymocytes. Histamine was significantly higher in female peritoneal monocyte—granulocyte—macrophage cells, and blood lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes, but was significantly less in thymocytes. Peritoneal lymphocytes and the monocyte—granulocyte—macrophage group contained significantly more histamine than mast cells. These experiments call attention to gender differences in the levels of biogenic amines in cells participating in defence reactions, and to the possible non‐unique role of mast cells in serotonin and histamine supply.
Lifetime prevalence of sexual abuse in a Swedish pregnant population
Authors: Stenson Kristina , Heimer Gun , Lundh Christina , Nordström Marie‐Louise , Saarinen Hilkka , Wenker Anita 
Published: May 2003

Background.  Our primary purpose was to determine the prevalence of sexual abuse in a non‐selected pregnant population. We also endeavored to establish the age at which the abuse had occurred and the identity of the perpetrator and to analyze in sexually abused vis‐à‐vis non‐abused women, various socio‐economic and clinical variables.Methods.  Over a period of 6 months, all women registered at antenatal clinics in Uppsala, Sweden, were questioned by their midwives regarding exposure to sexual abuse. Data from antenatal records were used to compare abused with non‐abused women concerning socio‐economic characteristics, previous ill health, reproductive history, pregnancy complications, and pregnancy outcome. Continuous variables were compared using the Student's t‐test or the Mann–Whitney U‐test and categorical variables using the chi‐square test or Fisher's exact test.Results.  Of 1038 women assessed, 84 (8.1%) reported that at some time in their life they had been forced to participate in or subjected to sexual activity against their will. In most cases the perpetrator was someone the woman knew. When compared with non‐victims, those abused were more likely to report general health problems, especially gynecologic ill health and surgery, pulmonary disease/asthma, and/or psychiatric care. However, no differences were found regarding pregnancy outcome.Conclusions.  It was found that one pregnant woman in 12 had reported sexual abuse at some time in their life. To midwives and obstetricians who work closely both physically and emotionally with pregnant women, an awareness of the extent of the problem and of possible sequelae is essential.
Deliveries, mothers and newborn infants in Sweden, 1973–2000
Authors: Odlind Viveca , Haglund Bengt , Pakkanen Milla , Olausson Petra Otterblad 
Published: May 2003

Introduction.  The aim of this report is to present descriptive data from the Swedish Medical Birth Register (MBR) reflecting trends in obstetric and neonatal practices over three decades.Material.  Since 1973 the MBR at the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare receives information on all pregnancies in Sweden – around 95,000 annually – that have lead to delivery regarding the pregnancy, delivery and the newborn infant. In this study selected data from the MBR are presented as they have developed between 1973 and 2000.Results.  There was a shift in age distribution of childbearing women towards older women. Cigarette smoking in early pregnancy decreased from 30% to 12%. In‐hospital time after both vaginal and cesarean (CS) delivery decreased and more than 50% of all women with a vaginal singleton delivery left hospital within 48 hours in 2000. The proportion of CS increased from 5 to 15% at singleton deliveries. The CS rate for breech deliveries increased and was nearly 80% in 2000. The mean birth weight increased, particularly the proportion of heavy infants. The proportion of early neonatal deaths decreased continuously, both for term infants and infants born after short gestational length, whereas no such downward trends was found for stillbirth during the last 10–15 years.Conclusion.  Although several of the changes regarding pregnancy and delivery that occurred between 1973 and 2000 could be expected to influence pregnancy outcome negatively, the trends described here generally suggest improvement in maternal and child health.
Postpartum urinary incontinence
Authors: Hvidman Lone , Foldspang Anders , Mommsen SØren , Nielsen John Bugge 
Published: May 2003

Background.  The aim of the present study was to identify prepregnancy, pregnancy and delivery correlates of urinary incontinence postpartum (PP UI) as reported by women in a cross‐sectional population sample.Methods.  A questionnaire‐based cross‐sectional survey was carried out in 1998 in a random population sample of 3900 20‐ to 59‐year‐old women. The present study includes 376 women who had their last delivery during 1993–96.Results.  UI immediately after childbirth and 6 months thereafter was reported by 23.4% and 2.7%, respectively. PP UI was strongly associated with UI both before and during the present pregnancy, explaining 37.5% and 51.7% of postpartum UI, respectively. Eight percent experienced their first UI episode ever immediately after the delivery. Among women undergoing a cesarean section 8.8% reported postpartum UI, as contrasted with 24.9% in other women. Postpartum UI was positively associated with perineal suturing but un‐associated with labor augmentation, episiotomy, birth weight, and breast‐feeding.Conclusion.  In the present study, which included a comprehensive causal model, postpartum UI could be explained first of all as the decline of pregnancy UI, secondly as a manifestation of a pre‐existing tendency to react by UI, and finally as a consequence of the birth process itself.
Selective iron supplementation based on serum ferritin values early in pregnancy: are the Norwegian recommendations satisfactory?
Authors: Sandstad Berit , Borch‐Iohnsen Berit , Andersen Grete Maria , Dahl‐JØrgensen Birgit , FrØysa Ingrid , Leslie Cecilia , Hanneborg Aas Marianne , Eig TØrris Rolf , Sandem Svend Øyvind 
Published: May 2003

Background.  The aims of the present study were to evaluate the recommendations by comparing compliance and adequacy of iron status at 6 weeks postpartum between one group given advice only and one group given advice plus iron supplement. In the latter group the efficacies of two iron preparations of different strengths and types were compared.Methods.  Ninety‐three women had been given advice only (Group I) and were enrolled in the project at 6 weeks postpartum. Two hundred and thirty‐three women enrolled at their second antenatal visit and were given advice plus iron supplement; those with s‐ferritin <60 µg/L were randomized to a daily dose of 1) 60 mg Fe2+ (Ferromax®) or 2) 3.6 mg heme iron plus 24 mg Fe2+ (Hemofer®), and started taking the supplement at once if s‐ferritin <20 µg/L or at 20 weeks if 20–60 µg/L. In addition to hemoglobin as routine, s‐ferritin was measured in all the women at 6 weeks postpartum.Results.  At 6 weeks postpartum median s‐ferritin was 28 and 34 µg/L in Groups I and II, respectively, and a significantly higher mean s‐ferritin (46.5 vs. 37.3 µg/L; p < 0.05) was found in women taking the highest dose. There were no correlations between s‐ferritin in early pregnancy and at 6 weeks postpartum. Peripartum blood loss was the main indicator for iron status at 6 weeks postpartum.Conclusion.  Iron supplementation based on iron status early in pregnancy, with 60 mg ferrous iron or 27 mg iron containing heme, resulted in adequate iron stores at 6 weeks postpartum among 75% or 70% of the women, respectively. However, 6 weeks were not sufficient to rebuild iron stores in women with large peripartum blood loss.