bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cirrhotic rats with bacterial translocation have higher incidence and severity of hepatopulmonary syndrome
Authors: SZTRYMF BENJAMIN , LIBERT JEAN‐MARIE , MOUGEOT CHRISTINE , LEBREC DIDIER , MAZMANIAN MICHEL , HUMBERT MARC , HERVE PHILIPPE 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackground:  Bacterial translocation, that is, extra‐intestinal dissemination of gut bacteria, occurs in approximately 50% of humans and rats with cirrhosis and plays a significant role in enhanced tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) production. The authors’ previous studies have indicated that prevention of bacterial translocation with norfloxacine or inhibition of TNF‐α with pentoxifylline treatment decreased both the incidence and severity of hepatopulmonary syndrome by attenuating the induction of pulmonary intravascular macrophages in cirrhotic rats. In the present study the hypothesis was tested that the cirrhotic rats with bacterial translocation had higher TNF‐α production, higher level of sequestration of macrophages in pulmonary vessels, and increased incidence and severity of hepatopulmonary syndrome.Methods:  Rats were studied 5 weeks after common bile duct ligation or sham operation. Bacterial translocation was defined by positive mesenteric lymph node cultures. Hepatopulmonary syndrome was assessed by measurements of alveoloarterial oxygen difference (AaPO2) and intrapulmonary shunt. The TNF‐α concentration in plasma was measured by ELISA. Pulmonary intravascular macrophage sequestration was assessed by lung morphometric analysis.Results:  Bacterial translocation occurred in 48% of cirrhotic rats. Plasma concentrations of TNF‐α and the percentage of vessels with pulmonary intravascular macrophages were higher in the cirrhotic rats with bacterial translocation. Rats with bacterial translocation also had a higher incidence (9% vs 63%, P < 0.01) and severity of hepatopulmonary syndrome, as indicated by higher levels of both AaPO2 and intrapulmonary shunt.Conclusions:  These results suggest that bacterial translocation may play a role in the pathogenesis of hepatopulmonary syndrome by inducing pulmonary intravascular macrophages through TNF‐α upregulation.
Antiviral therapy after non‐surgical tumor ablation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis C virus
Authors: HUNG CHAO‐HUNG , LEE CHUAN‐MO , WANG JING‐HOUNG , TUNG HUNG‐DA , CHEN CHIEN‐HUNG , LU SHENG‐NAN 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackground:  Antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has led to a reduction in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The purpose of the present paper was to assess whether antiviral therapy might suppress tumor recurrence and influence overall survival in patients with HCV‐related HCC who had complete ablation of nodules by non‐surgical treatments.Methods:  Twenty patients with three or fewer nodules of HCV‐related HCC who were treated with percutaneous tumor ablation and/or transcatheter arterial embolization received combined interferon (IFN; 3 or 5 million units of IFN α‐2b thrice weekly) plus ribavirin (1000–1200 mg per day) therapy for 24–48 weeks after complete ablation of lesions. During the same period, an additional 40 age‐ and sex‐matched control patients with similar characteristics of tumors (sizes, numbers and treatment modalities) and severity of liver disease were recruited from the HCC database. Both recurrence‐free survival and actuarial survival were evaluated.Results:  Of the 20 patients, 16 completed therapy and 10 showed a sustained response with normalization of alanine aminotransferase and negative HCV‐RNA at 6 months after therapy completion. Due to severe side‐effects experienced by Child B patients, who mostly discontinued antiviral therapy, clinical outcome was analyzed in the Child A treated (n = 16) and control (n = 33) patients. There was no significant difference in the incidence of local recurrence in sustained responders compared with non‐responders or control patients (P = 0.174, 0.1284, respectively); but the second recurrence‐free interval in the sustained responders was significantly longer than that of non‐responders and the control group (P = 0.0141, 0.0243, respectively). Survival in sustained responders was better than in non‐responders and control patients (P = 0.0691, 0.0554, respectively).Conclusions:  These results indicate that successful antiviral therapy after non‐surgical tumor ablation for HCV‐related HCC may lower tumor recurrence rate and prolong survival.© 2005 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Distribution and prevalence of colorectal hyperplastic polyps using magnifying pan‐mucosal chromoendoscopy and its relationship with synchronous colorectal cancer: Prospective study
Authors: YANO TOMONORI , SANO YASUSHI , IWASAKI JUNKO , FU KUANG‐I , YOSHINO TAKAYUKI , KATO SHIGEHARU , MERA KIYOMI , OCHIAI ATSUSHI , FUJII TAKAHIRO , YOSHIDA SHIGEAKI 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Patients with multiple (hyperplastic polyposis) or large hyperplastic polyps (HPs) predominantly in the right‐sided colon, have been reported to have an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). This prospective study was conducted to clarify the distribution of various sized HPs using magnifying pan‐mucosal chromoendoscopy and its relationship with synchronous CRC.Methods:  Patients eligible for this study had an initial total colonoscopy. Indigo carmine dye was sprayed throughout the whole colon and rectum, and diagnoses were made using magnifying colonoscopy.Results:  A total of 263 patients were enrolled, and a total of 3060 HPs were observed in 226 (86%) patients. The prevalence of patients with intermediate size (≥ 6 mm) HPs was 8.7% (n = 23) and that of patients with large HPs (≥ 10 mm) was 0.8% (n = 2). Of 3060 HPs, the numbers of diminutive (< 6 mm), intermediate size and large HPs were 3020, 38 and two, respectively, and 5.0%, 42.1% and 100% of these were located in the right‐sided colon, respectively. Synchronous CRC was observed in 64 (24%) of 263 patients. Compared to patients without HPs, patients with intermediate size HPs showed a significant increase in odds ratio (OR) for synchronous CRC (OR = 4.9: 95% CI [1.3–18.2]), but there was no significant association between synchronous CRC and patients with diminutive or large HPs.Conclusions:  Compared to diminutive HPs, intermediate size and large HPs were predominantly located in the right‐side colon. Moreover, intermediate size HPs were significantly correlated with synchronous CRC.© 2005 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Impact of aging on penile hemodynamics in men responding normally to prostaglandin injection: A power Doppler study
Authors: SAKAMOTO HIDEO , KUROSAWA KAZUHIRO , SUDOU NAOKI , ISHIKAWA KIMIYASU , OGAWA YOSHIO , YOSHIDA HIDEKI 
Published: September 2005

Abstract Aim: Hemodynamic changes with aging in the penile arterial circulation, including the helicine arteries, were evaluated with power Doppler imaging in erectile dysfunction patients with a normal response to prostaglandin injection. Methods: In 36 patients with erectile dysfunction and no definite vascular risk factors, 72 corpora were examined using power Doppler imaging. Patients were classified by age: younger than 40 years, from 40 to 49, or 50 and older. Hemodynamic variables in the cavernous arteries, helicine arteries and dorsal arteries were measured after intracavernous injection of prostaglandin E1 (20 µg). Results: All cavernous arteries had a maximum peak systolic velocity of greater than 35 cm/s and a minimum end‐diastolic velocity of less than 0 cm/s. Mean peak systolic velocity in the cavernous artery differed between groups (P = 0.016), especially between the younger than 40 age group and the 40–49 age group. Peak systolic velocity correlated negatively with age (P = 0.0048). In the helicine arteries and dorsal arteries, peak systolic velocity did not differ between groups and showed no correlation with age. End‐diastolic velocity, resistance index and acceleration time did not differ between groups, or correlate with age for any artery. Conclusions: Hemodynamic change with aging occurs predominantly in the cavernous arteries, where peak systolic velocity decreases. The arterial circulation beyond the cavernous arteries, including the helicine arteries, as well as veno‐occlusive mechanisms, may have an important role in maintaining erectile function in aging.
Structural diversity of bacterial communities in a heavy metal mineralized granite outcrop
Authors: Gleeson Deirdre , McDermott Frank , Clipson Nicholas 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThis laboratory study of a variably mineralized and hydrothermally altered granite outcrop investigated the influences of rock‐surface chemistry and heavy metal content on resident bacterial populations. Results indicated that elevated heavy metal concentrations had a profound impact on bacterial community structure, with strong relationships found between certain ribotypes and particular chemical/heavy metal elements. Automated ribosomal intergenic sequence analysis (ARISA) was used to assess the nature and extent of bacterial diversity, and this was combined with chemical analysis and multivariate statistics to identify the main geochemical factors influencing bacterial community structure. A randomization test revealed significant changes in bacterial structure between samples, while canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) related each individual ARISA profile to linear combinations of the chemical variables (mineralogy, major element and heavy metal concentrations) revealing the geochemical factors that correlated with changes in the ARISA data. anova was performed to further explore interactions between individual ribotypes and chemical/heavy metal composition, and revealed that a high proportion of ribotypes correlated significantly with heavy metals.
Multiparameter Evidence Synthesis in Epidemiology and Medical Decision-Making: Current Approaches
Authors: Ades A. E. , Sutton A. J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryAlongside the development of meta-analysis as a tool for summarizing research literature, there is renewed interest in broader forms of quantitative synthesis that are aimed at combining evidence from different study designs or evidence on multiple parameters. These have been proposed under various headings: the confidence profile method, cross-design synthesis, hierarchical models and generalized evidence synthesis. Models that are used in health technology assessment are also referred to as representing a synthesis of evidence in a mathematical structure. Here we review alternative approaches to statistical evidence synthesis, and their implications for epidemiology and medical decision-making. The methods include hierarchical models, models informed by evidence on different functions of several parameters and models incorporating both of these features. The need to check for consistency of evidence when using these powerful methods is emphasized. We develop a rationale for evidence synthesis that is based on Bayesian decision modelling and expected value of information theory, which stresses not only the need for a lack of bias in estimates of treatment effects but also a lack of bias in assessments of uncertainty. The increasing reliance of governmental bodies like the UK National Institute for Clinical Excellence on complex evidence synthesis in decision modelling is discussed.
Comparing Clinical Data with Administrative Data for Producing Acute Myocardial Infarction Report Cards
Authors: Austin Peter C. , Tu Jack V. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryWe compared measures of hospital performance by using both administrative and clinical data sources. Hospital-specific mortality outcomes on 10086 patients who had been admitted to 102 hospitals with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in Ontario, Canada, were used as a test-case. Four and six hospitals were identified as having mortality that was statistically significantly higher than expected by using administrative and clinical data respectively, when model-based indirect standardization was used. When using random-effects models, zero and two hospitals were identified as having significantly higher mortality by using administrative and clinical data respectively. Approximately one in four hospitals changed at least two decile rankings when clinical data were used compared with when administrative data were used.
Antiretroviral therapy in HIV‐positive men is associated with increased apolipoprotein CIII in triglyceride‐rich lipoproteins
Authors: Rimland D , Guest JL , Hernández I , Del Rio C , Le NA , Brown WV 
Published: September 2005

ObjectivesDyslipidaemia has become a common problem in HIV disease, especially in patients on current antiretroviral therapy. However, the pathogenic mechanisms involved are not well understood or documented using conventional lipid measurements.MethodsUsing a cross‐sectional design, the prevalence of abnormal standard lipid measurements and novel biomarkers for abnormal lipid metabolism was determined in 271 HIV‐positive men from two HIV clinics in Atlanta, GA, USA.ResultsA total of 147 men were treated with protease inhibitors (PIs) for >3 months (54%), 84 were treated with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) for >3 months (31%) and 40 had not received antiretroviral therapy in the past 3 months (15%). Patients being treated with a PI had higher total cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) levels than patients on no therapy (P<0.05 for each). Patients in the NNRTI group had higher TG, lower high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, and higher low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) levels than patients on no therapy (P<0.05 for each). Patients treated with either PIs or NNRTIs were more likely to have higher apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII) levels (P<0.05 for each) than patients on no therapy. Elevated TG was associated with disproportionably elevated apoCIII levels in both treatment groups.ConclusionsIn this cross‐sectional study of HIV‐infected men, either PI or NNRTI therapy elevated levels of TG and apoCIII. Higher concentrations of apoCIII in apoB‐containing lipoproteins [very low‐density lipoproteins (VLDLs), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) and LDLs] have been predictive of an increased incidence of coronary events in clinical trials and more rapid progression of coronary lesions measured by angiography. These findings, on a background of an older population with additional risk factors of smoking and diabetes, portend future atherosclerotic events in these patients.
The development of siblings of children with autism at 4 and 14 months: social engagement, communication, and cognition
Authors: Yirmiya Nurit , Gamliel Ifat , Pilowsky Tammy , Feldman Ruth , Baron‐Cohen Simon , Sigman Marian 
Published: August 2005

Aims:  To compare siblings of children with autism (SIBS‐A) and siblings of children with typical development (SIBS‐TD) at 4 and 14 months of age.Methods:  At 4 months, mother–infant interactional synchrony during free play, infant gaze and affect during the still‐face paradigm, and infant responsiveness to a name‐calling paradigm were examined (n = 21 in each group). At 14 months, verbal and nonverbal communication skills were examined as well as cognition (30 SIBS‐A and 31 SIBS‐TD).Results:  Most SIBS‐A were functioning as well as the SIBS‐TD at 4 and 14 months of age. However, some differences in early social engagement and later communicative and cognitive skills emerged. Synchrony was weaker in the SIBS‐A dyads, but only for infant‐led interactions. Infant SIBS‐A revealed more neutral affect during the still‐face procedure and were less upset by it than was true for the SIBS‐TD. A surprising result was that significantly more SIBS‐A responded to their name being called by their mothers compared to SIBS‐TD. At 14 months, SIBS‐A made fewer nonverbal requesting gestures and achieved lower language scores on the Bayley Scale. Six SIBS‐A revealed a language delay of 5 months and were responsible for some of the significant differences between SIBS‐A and SIBS‐TD. Furthermore, infant SIBS‐A who showed more neutral affect to the still face and were less able to respond to their name being called by their mothers initiated fewer nonverbal joint attention and requesting behaviors at 14 months, respectively.Discussion:  Focused on the genetic liability for the broad phenotype of autism as well as the possible influence of having a sibling with autism.
The control of stomata by water balance
Authors: Buckley Thomas N. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIt is clear that stomata play a critical role in regulating water loss from terrestrial vegetation. What is not clear is how this regulation is achieved. Stomata appear to respond to perturbations of many aspects of the soil–plant–atmosphere hydraulic continuum, but there is little agreement regarding the mechanism (or mechanisms) by which stomata sense such perturbations. This review discusses feedback and feedforward mechanisms by which hydraulic perturbations are putatively transduced into stomatal movements, in relation to generic empirical features of those responses. It is argued that a metabolically mediated feedback response of stomatal guard cells to the water status in their immediate vicinity (‘hydro‐active local feedback’) remains the best explanation for many well‐known features of hydraulically related stomatal behaviour, such as transient ‘wrong‐way’ responses and the equivalence of hydraulic supply and demand as stomatal effectors. Furthermore, many curious phenomena that appear inconsistent with feedback, such as ‘apparent feedforward’ humidity responses and ‘isohydric’ behaviour (water potential homeostasis), are in fact expected to emerge from the juxtaposition of hydro‐active local feedback and the well‐known hysteretic and threshold‐like effect of water potential on xylem hydraulic resistance.ContentsSummary1I.Introduction2II.Background: stomatal hydromechanics2III.The parsimony of hydro‐active local feedback4IV.Feedforward, or feedback plus? Emergent properties of marginally stable feedback control8V.Conclusions14Acknowledgements14References14Appendix17
DNA repair mechanisms in plants: crucial sensors and effectors for the maintenance of genome integrity
Authors: Bray Clifford M. , West Christopher E. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryAs obligate phototrophs, plants harness energy from sunlight to split water, producing oxygen and reducing power. This lifestyle exposes plants to particularly high levels of genotoxic stress that threatens genomic integrity, leading to mutation, developmental arrest and cell death. Plants, which with algae are the only photosynthetic eukaryotes, have evolved very effective pathways for DNA damage signalling and repair, and this review summarises our current understanding of these processes in the responses of plants to genotoxic stress. We also identify how the use of new and emerging technologies can complement established physiological and ecological studies to progress the application of this knowledge in biotechnology.

Contents

Summary
1

I.
Introduction
1

II.
Photoreactivation
4

III.
Excision repair pathways: BER, NER, mismatch repair
7

IV.
DNA double‐strand break repair
10

V.
Molecular responses to genotoxic stress
13

VI.
Conclusions and future prospects
14

Acknowledgements
15

References
15
CERVICAL CANCER AND CYTOLOGY SCREENING IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Green G. H. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryCytology screening, used in New Zealand since 1955 at an intensity comparable to that in Canada generally, has not favourably affected incidence and mortality rates for cervical cancer; these have actually risen significantly in 20 to 34‐year‐old New Zealand women. Canadian claims that mortality falls are related to intensity of cytological screening are not justifiable, so that the significance of the‘pre‐cancers’revealed by cytology and the value ofpopulation screening would seem to be doubtful.
THE PATTERN OF PRESENTATION OF CARCINOMA OF THE UTERINE CERVIX IN EAST ANGLIA 1960 TO 1975
Authors: de Bono Anne M. , Kingsley Pillers E. M. , Kirk N. M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryChanges in the pattern of presentation of carcinoma of the uterine cervix between 1960 and 1975 were studied using the records of 3193 patients registered with the East Anglian Cancer Registration Bureau. Between 1963 and 1968, an increased registration rate for invasive tumours was largely attributable to increased registrations of Stage I and I1 lesions in the 35 to 49 age group. After 1970 the registration rate for lesions of all stages in this age group declined. Over the same period the 50 to 64 age group showed a tendency for an increased proportion of registrations to be of Stage I or I1 lesions. There was little change in pattern in the over‐65 age group. The possible relation of these changes to the introduction of a cervical cytology screening programme and the implications for future screening policies are discussed.
DISTINCTION OF BENIGN FROM MALIGNANT OVARIAN CYSTS BY ULTRASOUND
Authors: Meire H. B. , Farrant Pat , Guha T. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe ultrasonic characteristics of benign and malignant cystic ovarian tumours have been reviewed. The value of each of eight different ultrasonic features has been assessed and the specificity of each for confirmation or exclusion of malignancy is indicated. In combination they permit correct differentiation in 91 per cent of cases.
SECRETION PATTERNS OF PLASMA‐PROGESTERONE, 17‐HYDROXYPROGESTERONE AND 20 α HYDROXYPREGN‐4‐EN‐3‐ONE IN EARLY NORMAL PREGNANCY
Authors: Harrison R. F. , Youssefnejadian E. , Brodovcky Hilary , Johnson M. , Dewhurst Sir John 
Published: August 2005

SummaryPlasma levels of progesterone, 17‐hydroxyprogesterone and 20 α hydroxypregn‐4‐en‐3‐one were established from 4 to 16 weeks gestation by sampling 15 normal patients twice weekly. Apart from a peak at week 5, the mean levels of progesterone remained constant at about 24 ng/ml until week 10 and then rose progressively to 40 ng/ml at week 16.20 α hydroxypregn‐4‐en‐3‐one remained within the 7 to 9 ng/ml range apart from a peak at week 5. A significant decrease in mean levels of 17‐hydroxy‐progresterone was noted from week 5 to a nadir of 3 ng/ml at week 11. It would appear that the main hormone production of progesterones in pregnancy has been taken over by the placental unit by the 10th week.
MATERNAL HAEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION, HAEMATOCRIT AND RENAL HANDLING OF URATE IN PREGNANCIES ENDING IN THE BIRTHS OF SMALL‐FOR‐DATES INFANTS
Authors: Dunlop W. , Furness C. , Hill L. M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn nine patients who gave birth to babies below the fifth centile in weight, serum urate concentration and fractional reabsorption of urate were significantly higher than in 25 control patients whose babies were of normal birth weight. Haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit were also significantly increased in the small‐for‐dates group. All of these changes may reflect depletion of extracellular fluid volume.