bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges in Defining and Diagnosing MTBI
Authors: Mccrea Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now widely recognized that one of the great challenges facing clinicians in the diagnosis of MTBI is establishing a minimum threshold for injury and classifying the gradient of acute TBI injury severity along the traditional continuum from mild to moderate to severe. Ultimately, accurate diagnosis of injury severity would both drive injury management techniques during the acute postinjury phase and be predictive of recovery and outcome further out from injury. A growing body of literature, however, suggests that while these tenets may apply in moderate to severe forms of TBI, they do not map onto MTBI. In fact, the body of work on MTBI over the past decade suggests that MTBI may be a different animal all together from moderate and severe TBI (summarized in table 3.1). These important distinctions that place MTBI in a category by itself set the stage for reframing our understanding of MTBI and our approach to diagnosis and treatment of postconcussion syndrome (PCS), which are the driving forces behind this book.
Influence of Acute Injury Characteristics on Recovery
Authors: Mccrea Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As noted in part one, there has historically been great emphasis placed on acute injury characteristics in defining and grading the severity of TBI. The assumption that unconsciousness, for example, is an essential characteristic of MTBI has been perpetuated throughout the medical literature over the past several decades. Even today, modern-day medical textbooks still cite unconsciousness as a defining characteristic essential to the diagnosis of concussion or MTBI.
Personality Assessment in Treatment Planning
Authors: Butcher James N , Perry Julia N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The establishment of frank and honest communication is one of the most important early goals of psychotherapy. Indeed, the most prominent challenge in the early stages of treatment is to develop a comfortable relationship that allows disclosure. In this volume, the authors show that objectively interpreted personality measures can be applied in psychotherapeutic assessments to facilitate an understanding of the patient and a thriving treatment program. Successful psychotherapy depends upon an early understanding of the patient's problems and personality and the establishment of attainable treatment goals. The extensive accumulated base of knowledge about personality and its maladjustment has become crucial when making treatment decisions about individuals in psychotherapy, and the field of personality assessment provides both methods and substantive information to support treatment-oriented evaluation. The MMPI has a long tradition of providing personality information about clients in mental health settings since the 1940s. James Butcher participated in the creation of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) in 1989, which has continued to be one of the most commonly used personality tests in clinical evaluation. Over a thousand studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of the MMPI in treatment related assessments. Here, Butcher and co-author Julia Perry explore the MMPI-2 as well as a new assessment tool, the Butcher Treatment Planning Inventory (BTPI). In using psychological evaluation techniques for treatment planning, many clinicians incorporate information from a broad base of instruments-clinical interview, projective testing, behavioral data, and personal history-and do not rely on data from a single source. Therefore, while this volume focuses on the use of the MMPI-2 and the BTPI in treatment planning, it will provide a context not to the exclusion of other measures.
The Butcher Treatment Planning Inventory (BTPI)
Authors: Butcher James N , Perry Julia N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Butcher Treatment Planning Inventory or BTPI (Butcher, 2005) is an objective personality and symptom questionnaire that is considerably newer than the MMPI and MMPI-2. Another difference is that the BTPI was created specifically for use in psychological treatment planning, which sets it apart not only from the MMPI-2 but also from many of the assessment measures that are employed for this purpose. Its three sets of scales assess overall profile validity and degree of cooperation with the assessment process, interpersonal and related factors that affect treatment progress, and current psychological symptoms. It is intended to be used at several possible points during the course of therapy. At the outset of intervention, its data provide a means of assessing the therapy climate and gauging factors that are likely to facilitate and impede psychotherapy progress.
Providing the Client Feedback with the MMPI-2
Authors: Butcher James N , Perry Julia N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the interrelated topics of the client’s “need to know” and the therapist’s “need to provide” pertinent personality information to the client in the early stages of treatment. A number of topics are addressed, beginning with the client’s need to have objectively based information about himself or herself. Second, a viewpoint detailing the therapist’s duty to provide psychological test feedback to potential or ongoing therapy clients is covered. Next, a description and illustration of a method for conducting test feedback sessions using the MMPI-2 or BTPI with clients will be described. And, finally, some of the pitfalls and limitations in the feedback process of which the therapist-diagnostician needs to be aware will be detailed.
Postscript: Objective Personality in Psychological Treatment
Authors: Butcher James N , Perry Julia N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients in psychological treatment usually expect a high level of expertise and understanding from their therapist, not simply a sympathetic listener. They anticipate that the therapist will be competent to evaluate their problems in a nonjudgmental way and will employ objective, scientific means of helping them resolve their problems. Furthermore, when people go to a psychotherapist, they anticipate that the therapist will provide them with more information and insight into their problems than they can get from a friend or relative.
A Farewell to Geopolitics
Authors: Van Evera Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What grand strategy should the United States adopt in the post-9/11 era? The balance-of-power concerns that shaped U.S. grand strategy from 1917 to 1991 have faded sharply. The nuclear revolution has made conquest among great powers impossible. As a result, other great powers now pose far less threat to U.S. national security than they did in the past. At the same time a grave new threat to the security of all major powers has arisen: terrorism with weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). This threat stems from two phenomena: the spread of WMD materials and technology and the rise of terrorist groups that aspire to mass killing. Threats to the global commons, especially global warming and threats to global public health, also seem increasingly serious.
End of Dreams, Return of History
Authors: Kagan Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world has become normal again. The years immediately following the end of the cold war offered a tantalizing glimpse at the possibility of a new kind of international order, with nations growing together or disappearing altogether, ideological conflicts melting away, cultures intermingling, and increasingly free commerce and communications. But that was a mirage, the hopeful anticipation of a liberal, democratic world that wanted to believe the end of the cold war did not just end one strategic and ideological conflict but all strategic and ideological conflict. People and their leaders longed for “a world transformed.” Today the nations of the West still cling to that vision. Evidence to the contrary—the turn toward autocracy in Russia or the growing military ambitions of China—is either dismissed as temporary aberrations or denied entirely.
A Shackled Hegemon
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , Irwin Douglas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many areas of foreign policy, the Bush doctrine marks a break with the approaches of earlier administrations. At first glance this seems true of the Bush administration’s foreign economic policy, as well. President Bush and his advisers brought to Washington a powerful ideology, that of limited government, to inform and shape policy decisions. This noninterventionist, free-market approach had led candidate Bush to campaign as a supporter of free trade. It led his inner circle to conclude that intervening in the foreign exchange market, however acceptable for Europe or Japan, was inappropriate for the United States. Bush and his advisers opposed using government influence and taxpayer money to intervene in emerging markets suffering financial crises. They were skeptical that government largesse could be an agent of change in less developed countries.
Neural Coding of Pleasure: “Rose-tinted Glasses” of the Ventral Pallidum
Authors: Aldridge J Wayne , Berridge Kent C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pleasure is not a sensation. What is it then? Nico Frijda’s answer in the “pleasure questions” section of this book (which he suggested a number of years ago) epitomizes an emerging consensus among many psychologists and neuroscientists (Frijda, Chapter 6, this book). He notes that pleasure “is a ‘pleasantness gloss’ added to whatever is pleasant.
A Homomorphism
Authors: Bloch William Goldbloom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The time has come to return to the first person singular voice. I’ve done my best, up to this chapter, to restrict myself to excavating, extending, enlarging, and explaining mathematical ideas which naturally arise from the story. But now, after scanning critical reviews and interpretations of coded meanings of the story, I find I have another reading to add to the existing constellation: a homomorphism between the structures of two different ideas.
Basic methods
Authors: Ghergu Marius , Rădulescu Vicenţiu D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main purpose of nonlinear analysis is to study and describe various material systems arising in mathematical physics and other applied sciences. The language of nonlinear analysis is very close to that of functional analysis and partial differential equations. This chapter deals with some general features about the qualitative analysis of nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations. The main issues we raise in what follows concern the existence and uniqueness of the solution. The existence of solutions is essential for a prescribed model to make sense. The uniqueness of the solution is a natural requirement for many problems. In some cases, uniqueness becomes a difficult question, but related interesting questions concern multiplicity of solutions, as well as the existence of maximal or minimal solutions. That is why monotonicity properties, described by means of comparison principles, play a central role in this chapter and throughout the book.
How To Use This Book
Authors: Reid Fiona A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This guide includes all living species of native mammals south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico, through the Mexican states of Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Yucatán, and all Central American countries: Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Plate 50). This region comprises most of the Neotropical Zoogeographic Realm of Middle America, which also extends northward up both coasts of Mexico and southward into South America along the Pacific Slope of northern Colombia and northwest Ecuador. Marine mammals found in the waters surrounding Central America and southeastern Mexico and most islands associated with these countries are also included. Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, is not included. Non-native mammals that may form feral populations are not included, with the exception of three widespread introduced rodents: the house rats and house mouse.
Armadillos Order Cingulata, Family Dasypodidae
Authors: Reid Fiona A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Armadillos were included in the same order with anteaters and sloths, but are now treated as a separate order (Gardner, 2005). There are 9 genera and about 21 species of armadillos, most of which are restricted to South America. Two species occur in Central America and SE Mexico. Armadillos are covered on the upper surface by bony armor. The shell, or carapace, covers the body and has moveable plates in the middle that allow the animal to bend. Scales, or scutes, also cover the top of the head, legs, and in some species, the tail. The shape of the scutes is characteristic for each genus. The soft, pink belly may be nearly naked or lightly furred. The feet are equipped with long, broad claws for digging. There are 7–10 undifferentiated, peglike teeth on each side of the upper and lower jaws.
Bats Order Chiroptera
Authors: Reid Fiona A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With about 1,100 species worldwide, the diversity of bats is second only to that of ro- dents. Bats are more diverse in tropical than in temperate zones, and the Neotropics con- tain more species of bats than equivalent areas in the Paleotropics. There are 9 families, 67 genera, and about 144 species of bats in SE Mexico and Central America. More than 100 species of bats are known from Costa Rica, which has a land mass of 50,700 km2. In this small country, one can encounter about 10% of all the species of bats in the world. Bats are divided into two suborders, Megachiroptera, the Old World fruit bats or flying foxes, and the cosmopolitan Microchiroptera. Names of the suborders are misleading because there is considerable overlap in size between them, although the largest bat spe- cies are megachiropterans and the smallest are microchiropterans. In the New World, all bats belong to the Microchiroptera.
Manatees And Dugongs Order Sirenia, Family Trichechidae
Authors: Reid Fiona A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are 2 families of sirenians: the Trichechidae, with 3 species, one of which oc- curs in Central America, and the Dugongidae, with a single species found only in the Old World. These aquatic mammals are rotund, with bulbous, bristly noses, forelimbs modified into flippers, and horizontally flattened tails. They are placid herbivores that methodically browse on aquatic vegetation in shallow waters of rivers, estuaries, and coasts.
James Baldwin as Religious Writer
Authors: Hardy III Clarence E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just a few years before his death, in an essay that introduced his most important nonfiction in The Price of the Ticket (1985), James Baldwin remembered how he “got started” as a writer. His three years in Harlem’s Pentecostal churches and his brief career as a teenage preacher had indelibly shaped his memories of a tumultuous adolescence and defined his first steps into adulthood as he struggled to launch his writing career. “Indeed, my departure from the pulpit,” Baldwin recalled, “and my leaving home were almost simultaneous” (xvi).
James Baldwin and Sexuality
Authors: Joyce Justin A , McBride Dwight A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first epigraph above, culled from James Baldwin’s essay “Here be Dragons,” Baldwin’s prophetic force comes through not only in his satirical description of an omitted American past, but also in his critical dismantling of a national mythology of masculinity. Baldwin provides more than just a trenchant criticism of the violence done in the name of the American ideal of masculinity, he analyzes the dichotomies that have had to be erected in order to preserve such a “flaccid” conception. His brief listing of the antithetical roles necessary to play out the drama of American masculinity captures the force and history of the ideal: cowboy ≠ Indian, good guys ≠ bad guys, punks ≠ studs, tough guys ≠ softies, butch ≠ faggot, and finally black ≠ white. Such formulas, for Baldwin, can only stifle growth; these limited positions and oppositional roles can only result in the continual infantilization of national character.
Before Sudoku
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sudoku has become a vastly popular and even addictive game. But fans may not know that Sudoku is a recent offshoot of the venerable Magic Square, which dates back over 4,000 years to ancient China, where it was literally considered magical. Indeed, Magic Squares have fascinated centuries of mystics, astrologers, and some of the world’s most brilliant thinkers, including Ben Franklin. In Sudoku and Magic Squares, Seymour Block and Santiago Tavares offer a crystal clear and engaging tour tour of Magic Squares, tracing their footsteps through through ancient and medieval history and illuminating their uses in art and design, statistics and electronics. The book provides a delightful account of a mind-boggling variety of magical squares, ranging from simple 3 x 3 and squares, to magic cubes, magic circles, magic pyramids, and even “the Beastly Magical Square,” whose magic sum is 666. Of course, the authors also cover Sudoku, describing how the game became a world-wide phenomenon and revealing various strategies for solving the puzzles. And along the way, the book offers readers many fascinating facts--for instance, Sudoku was invented in 1979 by an American architect living in Indianapolis and was originally called Number Place. Oddly enough, though the puzzle is known around the world by its Japanese name (which means “single numbers”), many Japanese still call it Number Place. We also learn that in a 4 x 4 magic square, there are 880 different solutions that will yield the magic sum of 34--a surprisingly large number until you remember that there are over 2.6 trillion possible combinations. Filled with lots of original puzzles for gamers to solve, Sudoku and Magic Squares is an entertaining book that will delight anyone who loves a challenge, including all fans of Sudoku.
The Case for Cost-Benefit Analysis
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Domestic issues are back on the table. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the nation’s attention was focused almost entirely overseas—to issues of terrorism, war, and foreign policy. The administration of President George W. Bush has aggressively argued that the nation is engaged in a “war on terror.” The Iraq war and ensuing occupation and civil conflict further relegated domestic issues to the back burner. Security was on people’s minds in the 2004 presidential election, and opposition to the Iraq war helped propel Democratic majorities to the House of Representatives and the Senate in 2006. However, domestic issues can remain dormant for only so long, and there has been a resurgence of concern over traditional bread-and-butter domestic issues like health care, job creation, education, and environmental protection.
Missed Opportunities
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the hostility of proregulatory groups toward cost-benefit analysis is understandable, it has led to some extremely negative consequences. Chief among these is the failure of these groups to develop a positive vision of cost-benefit analysis, so that when they regained access to the White House, they had little to contribute to the reform of cost-benefit analysis that was needed. The result is that an important opportunity to counter the antiregulatory point of view was lost and many of the antiregulatory biases adopted during the Reagan and Bush administrations were left in place. Meanwhile, conservative antiregulatory thinkers did not suffer the same paralysis. They continued to produce a steady stream of theoretical and empirical work about cost-benefit analysis and federal regulation. They also took advantage of the alternative power base that came into Congress in the 1994 elections and were well positioned to immediately move forward with their agenda when George W. Bush walked into the White House in 2001.
Fallacy 3: Older People Are Less Valuable
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Regulations save lives. When decisionmakers ask whether a particular regulation is justified, they are often swayed by the number of lives it saves. How they measure the benefit of a saved life, then, is critical. The standard way to measure the benefit of a saved life is to look at people’s willingness to pay to avoid health and safety risks, which is then used to estimate the value of a statistical life. Recently there have been efforts to substitute the value of life-years for the value of statistical life. Use of life-years, however, leads to the third fallacy in cost-benefit analysis—that older people are less valuable than younger people, in proportion to their life expectancies. Under the life-years methodology, because younger people will on average lose more life years when they die, their lives are assigned a much greater value—the life of a 40-year-old is seven times more valuable than that of a 70-year-old. This outcome is both inconsistent with economic theory and flatly contradicted by empirical data on how people value risk.
Regulatory Hurdles
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part II, “Eight Fallacies of Cost-Benefit Analysis,” detailed fallacies of cost-benefit analysis that have become prominent, in part, because for the past three decades the conversation about how cost-benefit analysis should be conducted has been dominated by antiregulatory interest groups. These fallacies bias cost-benefit analysis against regulation. In order for cost-benefit analysis to serve as a neutral tool of policy analysis, and accurately identify wealth-maximizing regulations, these fallacies need to be eliminated. Proregulatory interest groups, as well as informed citizens, can use these chapters as the foundation of an agenda for reforming the methodology of cost-benefit analysis, in order to reclaim it for the benefit of the general public rather than for the narrow purposes of antiregulatory interests.
Rethinking OIRA
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The current institutions of regulatory review were constructed based on a flawed theory of the systematically overregulating agency. A new system, which reflects the reality that agencies will both over- and underregulate, is needed. To start, the idea of central review of regulations need not be scrapped. Although the current system is biased against regulation, there are ways to reform it so that it can lead to a more rational system of regulation, without unfairly and unwisely hindering agencies.