bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nudity and Divine Symbols
Authors: Hallett Christopher H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The portraits of women in the guise of goddesses (Pls. 123–4) actually return us to a controversial issue which we have skirted a number of times already, but which now needs to be squarely faced. In the last chapter we attempted to explain why it was that Romans chose to have themselves represented in heroic costume (nude and carrying weapons). But a question of equal importance still remains to be asked. What did it mean when nude portraits were furnished—not with weapons— but with divine attributes (as in Pls. 96 and 99)? Once again the question can only be approached by drawing on, and taking account of, a wide array of different kinds of evidence. And in this case, before we can even begin our discussion, we must first address two widespread modern misconceptions: misconceptions about the general significance of nudity in Roman art, and the use of divine attributesin Hellenistic and Roman portraiture.
Introduction
Authors: Little Wood Roland 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While these lectures draw in part on my clinical work as a psychiatrist with patients from religious movements in the West, they are primarily based on earlier anthropological fieldwork with a new African Caribbean religion in Trinidad (which has provided the first detailed day-to-day account of the genesis of a new religious cosmology) and more recently with ethical transformations in the older Caribbean cults (shango, vodu), and among the ultra-Orthodox Jewish Hasidim. There is a close relationship between the explanations of misfortune (which are hardly arbitrary), reconciliation, and restitution in the historical-and other-religions and in therapeutics. I think that cosmological and redemptive assumptions exist in any type of healing, whether physical or psychological. Spiritual and healing conceptualizations interpenetrate in a number of surprising ways, and I examine the religious turn in systems of therapeutics as well as the appearance of healing practices within social institutions which are more generally regarded as religious.
In Defence of Euhemerus
Authors: Little Wood Roland 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The I was,, the Haitian gods who possess their initiates in vodu, comprise a number of different families. The benign and nurturant rada spirits came to Haiti from Dahomey with the slaves who served them; the kongo spirits from further east, again during the slave trade. Many of the characteristics of these deities can still be identified in their African cognates in their personality, sentiments, and physical comportment, ritual paraphernalia, and so on. One group of gods however, called creole, or petro, appeared only during the period of Caribbean slavery: in this pantheon we find French mermaids and sea captains, bibulous peasants and such historical figures as Jean-Jacques Dessalines, the first emperor of independent Haiti, and more recently Fran9ois (Papa Doc) Duvalier, the physician who ruled Haiti from 1957 until his death in 1971.
Satan and the Computer: The Euro-American Revival of Spirit Possession
Authors: wood Roland Little 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this lecture, I shall consider how a near-supernatural cosmology is generated out of radical personal experience in something many commentators have compared to the witch-finding hunts of early modern Europe, and, in its personal manifestation, to the anthropologists’ spirit mediumship. And in this I would suggest we have something approaching a ‘natural model’ for the phenomena I have been considering..
Editor’s Introduction
Authors: Haas Frans De , Mansfeld Jaap 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first book of Aristotle’s De generatione et corruptione is a difficult text which deals with a number of key notions in Aristotle’s physics, and does so at a high level of abstraction. These characteristics may serve to explain the choice of the Symposiasts for GC I: it is indispensable because it deals with key notions of Aristotle’s physics in a way they are not dealt with anywhere else in the Aristotelian corpus. Moreover, because it is notoriously difficult, there is room for improvement on existing scholarship.
Conclusions
Authors: Cavanagh Matt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is not the kind of concluding chapter that exhaustively recapitulates what has gone before. Readers who feel the need for recapitulation would be better served by returning to the arguments themselves. As for those who have picked up the book and turned straight to this point hoping for a summary of the main conclusions, they will be disappointed. But if there is a single message coming out of the book as a whole, it is that things are often more complicated than they first appear, and that any view which lends itself to simple summary is likely to be wrong. Indeed, theories such as equality or meritocracy, which purport to explain everything with a single idea, are not only wrong but also unhelpful: their influence makes us assume that even if they are wrong, the right answer will have the same basic shape. Whereas in fact, among the loose confederation of ideas that travel under the heading of’ equality of opportunity’, those that turn out to be worth defending-non-discrimination, and the idea that everyone should have some control over their lives are not complete theories in themselves, nor do they obviously fit together to create a complete theory.
Deletio nata atque mortua
Authors: Merchant Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews representative accounts of extant approaches to sluicing, and shows that each of them fails to deal either with the apparent island- insensitivity of sluicing or with the form-identity facts documented in Chapter 3.
This chapter uncovers a richer set of data than the more schematic data presented in the last chapter, and sets the stage for addressing a range of analytic questions that will be taken up in detail in the next chapter.
4. I Ross (1969): Deletion and the Problem of Islands
Ross (1969) proposes a simple deletion account, where deletion of the sentential part of an embedded question is licensed by phrase-marker identity with a preceding sentence. The particular formulation he gives will not concern us (even at the time, Ross recognized its shortcomings), but rather its overall approach, translated into our current understanding of PF-deletion.
Deletio redux
Authors: Merchant Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are now in a position of apparent contradiction: how can the form- identity effects be reconciled with the island-insensitivity? In this chapter, I will propose a two-pronged approach to this conundrum: some islands are indeed PF-phenonema, with the deviancy repaired by PF-deletion, while other cases of apparent insensitivity to islands are illusory on closer inspection. At the core of my analysis rest two ideas: first, that the condition on identity that deletion is sensitive to is a fundamentally semantic one, not a structural one, as proposed in Chapter 1, and second, that ellipsis in sluicing is the result of PF-deletion. This combination of semantic conditions with deletion will strike some as odd: generally, the proponents of deletion have been identified with those who claim that the conditions on deletion are indeed structural, while the semantic theories of conditioning have tended to leave the syntactic side underinvestigated. But there is no inherent incompatibility in the claim that I am making here. Rather, it simply states that while ellipsis sites contain syntactic structure (unpronounced due to PF-operations of deletion, triggered by the E feature of Chapter 2), the fact that they are ellipsis sites is due to semantic considerations (ideally also implemented by means of E, as proposed in Chapter
Forty Years of Amazonian Anthropology: The Contribution of Peter Rivière
Authors: Rival Laura , Whitehead Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amazonian anthropology has always, from the time of the first European encroachments into the Americas, been a highly contested intellectual field. The ‘new’ world that was encountered in intellect and imagination by the first Europeans provoked fundamental debates about the nature of humanity—whether it was the formal disputation of Las Casas and Sepúlveda in Seville as to the intellectual capacities and spiritual origins of the peoples of America, or Jean de Lery and Antoine Thevet disputing the meaning of the Christian Eucharist within Protestant and Catholic liturgical tradition by reference to the anthropophagic rituals of the Tupinamba.
The Composition of Mbengokre (Kayapó) Households in Central Brazil
Authors: Lea Vanessa , Paulo Sao 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rivi ère (1984) in his synthesis of the social structure of the Guianas uses Central Brazil as a kind of interlocutor with which to reflect on the contrast between these two areas. His analysis of the significance of houses in the Guianas (199Sb) provides a striking contrast with my portrayal of Mebengokre houses in Central Brazil (Lea 1995), helping to highlight the wealth of social and cultural diversity which is gradually being appreciated in the ethnographies of lowland South America.
The Hierarchy Bias and the Equality Bias: Epistemological Considerations on the Analysis of Gender
Authors: Lorrain Claire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been argued that some analyses of Amazonian gender politics involve a hierarchy bias stemming from Western political philosophy (McCallum 1994; Overing 1986b: 138, 142; 1989b: 160; 1989a: 97). Interpretations of symbolic violence in myths and rituals as the pure and simple expression of ‘male dominance’ or a ‘battle of the sexes’ (Bamberger 1974; Gregor 1985; Nadelson 1981) would seem a clear example of such a bias (McCallum 1994), given that Amazonian gender symbolism has complex, multi-layered meanings which are clearly not reducible to any simple interpretation (S. Hugh-Jones 1996b: 8; Jackson 1992; Lorrain 1994, 1997, 2000; McCallum 1994).
Origins
Authors: Gentilcore David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our times their number and variety have grown like weeds, so that in every city, in every town, in every square, one sees nothing but charlatans and mountebanks. Before the word ciarlatano had become common currency in Italy, and before it occurred to anyone to license them, an itinerant herbalist had a notary formalize his business relationship with a ballad-singer. Notarized contracts were already a common way of sealing and recording business agreements in Italy. Giovanni di Giovanni, of Valencia, identified himself as a ‘herbalist and seller of a powder against worms in children ’.
Commercial Exchanges and Therapeutic Encounters
Authors: Gentilcore David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In February 1620 the Paduan Dionigio Alberti was in Rome, selling his Seme di ricino preparato (castor-bean preparation) from Piazza Navona. This was a powerful purgative. Such was the considered potency of this form of treatment, according to Galenic principles, that Alberti was able to claim its efficacy for a wide variety of ailments: ‘chill pains’ (rheums), dropsy, worms, colic, stomach ache, pains in the joints, ear ache, head ache, vertigo and other ‘defects of the head’, and scab.
Print
Authors: Gentilcore David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In making use of the forms of communication available to them, Italian charlatans relied just as much on writing and print as on performance, mixing literacy with orality, like the society around them. Italian society was intensely legalistic, so it comes as no surprise that an itinerant herbalist might have a notary draw up a formal contract between him and the ballad-singer accompanying him, as we saw in Chapter 3. Accompanying this was the spread of literature and its penetration into everyday life from the beginning in the fifteenth century. By the sixteenth, a limited ability to read and write may have been attained by a majority of the male urban working population.
Action: Awareness, Ownership, and Knowledge
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tony Marcel’s chapter ‘The Sense of Agency: Ownership and Awareness of Action’ is a rich and original contribution to our philosophical and psychological understanding of awareness of action. Even experienced enthusiasts are likely to find Tony’s chapter to be very closely packed with ideas and proposals. So it will help to structure the discussion if we extract some of its main theses here: 1. There is a way of being aware of one’s own actions that is distinct from, and can exist in the absence of, both one’s own observation and proprioception of those actions. This special way of being aware of one’s own actions is naturally described as being aware of them ‘from the inside’, and it involves in normal cases a species of first-person awareness that one is doing something.
What is Justice?
Authors: Raphael D D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is justice? It cannot be captured in a simple formula like ‘the rendering to each person of what is his’. That traditional definition from Roman law gives the principle of justice for settling disputes in civil law, but it does not cover the justice of criminal law or claims made in the name of justice outside the sphere of law. The idea of justice has complex ramifications. Yet it would not be true to say that it lacks a unity binding its different elements together. The meaning of justice is pretty well captured in a more familiar term, ‘fairness’, which is not at all obscure and is readily grasped even by yow1g children. ‘Justice’ and ‘fairness’ are not in fact synonyms, and in Chapter 21 I examine the differences between them; nevertheless they are very close to each other, so that it is usually possible to substitute one for the other without serious change of meaning.
Justice in the Bible
Authors: Raphael D D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is often said that the ethics of the Old Testament concentrate upon justice while those of the New concentrate on love. This way of describing the difference between the two Testaments can be misleading to people who do not know that the two great commandments of the Christian Gospels, to love God and to love our neighbour, are quotations from the Pentateuch. The Old Testament in fact refers far more frequently to love than to justice. Still, it is true that the concept of justice has a prominence in the social ethics ofthe Old Testament which is not apparent in the New. I hope that this makes it reasonable to confine my discussion of justice in the Bible to passages from the Old Testament.
Plato’s Republic
Authors: Raphael D D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The full title of Plato’s Republic is ‘Politeia(Governance) or On Justice’. The main subject matter is indeed governance, the establishment of governed order in society—though in the course of the book Plato relates that topic to all other branches of philosophy or theory— but a central issue in the main subject is justice. The book begins with justice and ends with justice.
David Hume
Authors: Raphael D D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hume set out his ethical theory in Book III ofA Treatise of Human Nature,published in 1740, and then restated it less elaborately inAn Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals,first published in 1751. His account of justice has a vital role in his ethical theory, and his ethical theory as a whole is the most important example of empiricist moral philosophy. One would therefore expect his discussion of justice to make a signal contribution to elucidating the concept. In fact, however, it fails to do so. This is because Hume’s idea of justice is curiously narrow. It is largely confined to the rights of property and the obligation of promises. (In theTreatise,Hume treats the keeping of promises as an obligation closely allied to justice rather than included in it. In theEnquiry,however, he says that promise keeping ‘is itself one of the most considerable parts of justice’.) On these two matters Hume does indeed advance understanding with the kind of subtle thought and novel outlook that we find in his theory of knowledge. But although property rights are a major segment of the subject matter of justice and cover more than one might clunk at first sight, they certainly do not take up the whole ofit. And wlule the obligations and rights of promises and contracts form a network essential to social life, they are not normally thought of as part of the concept of justice. It is of course true that the rights of contract, like those of property, are protected by the civil law and so come under the aegis of the system of legal justice; but that does not make them part of the concept of justice proper.
Hume’s Critics: Kames and Reid
Authors: Raphael D D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hume’s view of justice was criticized by three other notable Scottish philosophers, all of whom nevertheless recognized his pre-eminence as a thinker. Lord Karnes and Thomas Reid both attacked Hume’s thesis that justice is artificial. Adam Smith said nothing about that but criticized the view that justice depends on utility, clearly having Hume in mind but without naming him.
Henry Home, Lord Karnes, a kinsman of Hume, reached distinction as a judge and jurist, and some reputation as a moral philosopher. HisEssays on the Principles of Morality and Natural Religion,first published in 1751 with a revised second edition in 1758, include a chapter (Essay II, ch. 7) on justice and injustice, designed to refute Hume’s view in theTreatisethat justice is an artificial virtue. Surprisingly for a judge, Karnes begins by defining justice almost as narrowly as Hume: ‘Justice is that virtue which guards property, and gives authority to covenants.’ But perhaps this is simply because his purpose in that chapter is to criticize Hume and so he can confine himself to those aspects of justice discussed by Hume. Earlier references to justiceen passantin chapter 3 suggest the wider, though vaguer, view that justice is ‘abstaining from injury’.
Adam Smith
Authors: Raphael D D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adam Smith’s thoughts on the actual concept of justice are given in his book on moral philosophy,The Theory of Moral Sentiments,first published in1759. The main discussion comes in Part II, which is concerned with the notions of merit and demerit, reward and punishment. Smith relates justice to desert and pays special attention to criminal justice. There is also a brief review of the different senses of the term ‘justice’ in the last part of the book (VI in editions 1 – 5, VII in edition 6). The sixth edition, published in 1790, contains a substantial new Part VI on the character of virtue. There Smith specifies four cardinal virtues, one of them being justice, on which he adds just a little to what he had written before.
J. S. Mill
Authors: Raphael D D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adam Smith perceived that the concept of justice raises a difficulty for a utilitarian theory of ethics. The difficulty was recognized and tackled by leading utilitarians of the nineteenth century, but not by the initial standard-bearer of the doctrine, Jeremy Bentham. His various accounts of utilitarianism as a theory say little about the concept of justice.An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation(1789) refers briefly to justice in a footnote about the notion of ‘the votaries of religion’ that the dictates of justice ‘modify’ (meaning ‘oppose’, says Bentham) the dictates of benevolence. He dismisses this notion as a fiction and simply declares that the dictates of justice are a part of the dictates of benevolence, ‘which, on certain occasions, are applied to certain subjects’. Deontology(composed 1814 – 19) is more explicit. Its first reference to justice recalls the note in thePrincipleswith similar brevity but less vagueness: ‘Considered as exercised w1der particular circumstances, beneficence assumes the name of “justice’’. … “Justice” is the name given to beneficence, in so far as the exercise of it is regarded as matter of obligation.’ This statement is taken up in a subsequent short section that is specifically about justice but does not add much of substance. There Bentham distinguishes the legal and the moral senses of the term and then repeats his view that justice is ‘but a modification of benevolence’ connected with obligation: ‘the dictates of justice may have place in respect of any act in so far as it is considered as being the subject of obligation.’
ChaïM Perelman
Authors: Raphael D D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most substantial and the most important of Chaïm Perelman’s writings on justice is a long essay,De la justice,first published in 1945. It is a powerful piece of work which has had a wide influence, and for these reasons it calls for critical examination even though Perelman himself might have thought that some aspects of it were superseded by his later publications. For example, the English translation that appeared in 1963 w1der the title ‘Concerning Justice’ includes a footnote implying that Perelman had modified his view that values are ‘logically arbitrary’. The footnote says that, since writing those remarks about values in the essay on justice, ‘the author has tried to present, through his theory of argumentation, a way of reasoning about values’, indicating that his later theory of argumentation (developed particularly in a book calledTraité de Pargumentation: La Nouvelle Rhétorique)qualifies the earlier bare statement that values are arbitrary. I shall take account of this in what I have to say. Even in the original form of the essay on justice there is a clear link with Perelman’s views on logic and rhetoric, for his distinction between formal and concrete justice illustrates the difference that he saw between the reasoning of formal logic and the kind of debate that goes on in the area of rhetoric. He uses the term ‘rhetoric’ in the wide sense given to it by Aristotle, meaning not just the devices of persuasive language but the general character of reasoning, other than that of formal logic, which is used to support a case.
Robert Nozick
Authors: Raphael D D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robert Nozick’s theory of justice is to be found in his bookAnarchy, State and Utopia, the main purpose of which is to advocate a minimal state in the spirit of John Locke, that is to say, a state whose functions are confined to the protection of rights. Nozick therefore opposes the idea of a welfare state that expands its functions into redistributing income and wealth so as to provide for the needs of citizens who cannot easily provide for themselves. He devotes a large part of his book to the concept of distributive justice because that is commonly taken to be the ground for the welfare state.
Brian Barry
Authors: Raphael D D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Jolm Rawls’sTheory of Justiceappeared, Brian Barry was its most resolute critic. While others wrote articles or reviews concentrating on two or three main issues, Barry wrote a sizeable book,The Liberal TheoryofJustice,that went through the whole of Rawls’s work with a fine toothcomb. Yet, although his comments were largely critical, he also paid tribute to the value and importance of Rawls’s novel treatment of the topic of justice. Since that time Barry has been thinking hard about the subject for himself and has been engaged in recent years upon a large-scaleTreatise on Social Justice.In it he repeats his praise of Rawls, if anything more warmly than before, and thinks of himself as following in Rawls’s footsteps’ because he accepts the idea that the content of justice is what would receive the agreement of all participants in a hypothetical contract.