bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Ventral Surface Chemoreceptors by the Central Respiratory Pattern Generator
Authors: Guyenet Patrice G. , Mulkey Daniel K. , Stornetta Ruth L. , Bayliss Douglas A. 
Published: September 2005

The rat retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) contains neurons described as central chemoreceptors in the adult and respiratory rhythm-generating pacemakers in neonates [parafacial respiratory group (pfRG)]. Here we test the hypothesis that both RTN and pfRG neurons are intrinsically chemosensitive and tonically firing neurons whose respiratory rhythmicity is caused by a synaptic feedback from the central respiratory pattern generator (CPG). In halothane-anesthetized adults, RTN neurons were silent below 4.5% end-expiratory (e-exp) CO2. Their activity increased linearly (3.2 Hz/1% CO2) up to 6.5% (CPG threshold) and then more slowly to peak ∼10 Hz at 10% CO2. Respiratory modulation of RTN neurons was absent below CPG threshold, gradually stronger beyond, and, like pfRG neurons, typically (42%) characterized by twin periods of reduced activity near phrenic inspiration. After CPG inactivation with kynurenate (KYN), RTN neurons discharged linearly as a function of e-exp CO2(slope, +1.7 Hz/1% CO2) and arterial pH (threshold, 7.48; slope, 39 Hz/pH unit). In coronal brain slices (postnatal days 7–12), RTN chemosensitive neurons were silent at pH 7.55. Their activity increased linearly with acidification up to pH 7.2 (17 Hz/pH unit at 35°C) and was always tonic.In conclusion, consistent with their postulated central chemoreceptor role, RTN/pfRG neurons encode pH linearly and discharge tonically when disconnected from the rest of the respiratory centersin vivo(KYN treatment) andin vitro.In vivo, RTN neurons receive respiratory synchronous inhibitory inputs that may serve as feedback and impart these neurons with their characteristic respiratory modulation.
Konzeption, Herstellung und funktionelle Prüfung eines neuartigen Kontaktrefraktometers (Planning, Construction and Functional Evaluation of a New-Type Contact Refractometer)
Authors: Zirk Kai , Pötzschke Harald 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Ein neueres Refraktometrieverfahren nutzt die Verschiebung der zeitlichen Phasenlage orthogonaler Feldstärkekomponenten, die ein polarisierter Lichtstrahl im Innern eines optisch dichteren Messkörpers bei einer Totalreflexion an der Grenzfläche zum optisch dünneren Messgut erfährt. Mit kleinstmöglichen Bauteilen traditioneller Herstelltechnik wurde ein entsprechendes Kontaktrefraktometer zur Bestimmung der Glukose in wässrigen Lösungen miniaturisiert gefertigt. Dessen Konzeption, Aufbau und Funktionsweise wird beschrieben, außerdem werden Messergebnisse von experimentellen Aufbauten und dem Refraktometer präsentiert.
Structural variations of Cr-doped (Y,REE)AlO3 perovskites
Authors: Cruciani Giuseppe , Matteucci Francesco , Dondi Michele , Baldi Giovanni , Barzanti Andrea 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The crystal structure of ten different Y, REE (REE: rare earth elements) perovskite-type aluminates, doped with chromium, has been investigated by means of synchrotron powder diffraction in order to assess the crystallographic modifications related to varying the lanthanide ions. The symmetry change from orthorhombic (Y, Yb—Sm) to rhombohedral (Nd and Pr) has been confirmed. The anomalous behaviour of the unit cell parameters (in the Pnma setting, b and c contract while a expands as a function of the ‘lanthanide contraction’) has been clarified on the basis of changes in coordination number of the site containing the Y and lanthanide ion: this varies from approximately eight-fold in Yb-, Er-, Ho-, Y-, and Dy-orthoaluminates to nine-fold (or larger) in Gd-, Eu-, and Sm-orthoaluminates to twelve-fold (as in the archetypal cubic structure) in rhombohedral perovskites (Nd and Pr). The coordination number appears about two units greater in orthoaluminates with respect to the corresponding orthoferrites and an inverse correlation between the average bond distance of the Y, REE site and that of the octahedral Al (and Cr) hosting site has been observed.
Cu2MnMIVS4 (MIV = Si, Ge, Sn) — analysis of crystal structures and tetrahedra volumes of normal tetrahedral compounds
Authors: Bernert Thomas , Pfitzner Arno 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The crystal structures of the normal tetrahedral compounds Cu2MnSiS4, Cu2MnGeS4, and Cu2MnSnS4 are presented. The structures were refined from single crystal X-ray data. Cu2MnSiS4 and Cu2MnGeS4 crystallize in the space group Pmn21 in a wurtzite type superstructure. The refinement of Cu2MnSiS4 converged to R = 0.0214 and wR2 = 0.0477. The redetermination of Cu2MnGeS4 converged to R = 0.0281, wR2 = 0.0739. The tetrahedra volumes of the coordination polyhedra of the cations in these compounds are calculated and compared with those of Cu2MnSnS4 (redetermination, spacegroup I-42m, sphalerite type superstructure, R = 0.0146, wR2 = 0.0425). In the wurtzite type structures the tetrahedra volumes differ significantly for different cations while they differ only in a small range in the sphalerite type structure.
Psychosocial and Environmental Correlates of Adolescent Sedentary Behaviors
Authors: Norman Gregory J. , Schmid Béatrice A. , Sallis James F. , Calfas Karen J. , Patrick Kevin 
Published: September 2005

Objective. To determine correlates of sedentary behaviors in adolescents through the examination of psychosocial and environmental variables.Method. The study used a cross-sectional design to evaluate an ethnically diverse clinic-based sample of 878 adolescents who were 11 to 15 years old. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were stratified by gender to assess correlates of sedentary behaviors occurring on the most recent nonschool day (television viewing, computer video games, sitting listening to music, and talking on the phone).Results. For girls, age, family support, television/video rules, and hills in the neighborhood were associated with sedentary behaviors. Furthermore, psychological constructs such as self-efficacy, enjoyment, change strategies, and pros and cons of change emerged as correlates of sedentary behaviors. A moderator effect revealed that the proportion of girls in the low-BMI group decreased with increased self-efficacy, whereas the proportion of girls in the high-BMI group did not vary significantly by self-efficacy. For boys, age, ethnicity, BMI, cons of change, and self-efficacy were associated with sedentary behaviors.Conclusions. This study provides evidence of factors associated and not associated with adolescent sedentary behaviors. Similar to physical activity, measures of specific psychosocial constructs of sedentary behavior demonstrated important associations. The results highlight the need for additional examination of the correlates of sedentary behavior to determine which correlates are mechanisms of behavior change.
Association of Consumption of Fried Food Away From Home With Body Mass Index and Diet Quality in Older Children and Adolescents
Authors: Taveras Elsie M. , Berkey Catherine S. , Rifas-Shiman Sheryl L. , Ludwig David S. , Rockett Helaine R.H. , Field Alison E. , Colditz Graham A. , Gillman Matthew W. 
Published: September 2005

Objectives. Rates of overweight have increased dramatically among children in the United States. Although an increase in consumption of food prepared away from home has paralleled overweight trends, few data exist relating food prepared away from home to change in BMI in children. The goals of this study were to (1) examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between consumption of fried foods away from home (FFA) and BMI and (2) examine the cross-sectional associations between intake of FFA and several measures of diet quality.
Methods. We studied a cohort of 7745 girls and 6610 boys, aged 9 to 14 years, at baseline in 1996. We obtained BMI from self-reported height and weight, measures of diet quality from a food frequency questionnaire, and weekly servings of FFA during the previous year. We performed linear regression analyses to assess the longitudinal associations between change in consumption of FFA on change in BMI, using data from three 1-year periods from 1996 through 1999. We also related consumption of FFA with intake of selected foods and nutrients at baseline.
Results. In cross-sectional analyses, adjusting for potential confounders, mean (SE) BMI was 19.1 (0.13) among children who ate FFA “never or &lt;1/week,” 19.2 (0.13) among those who responded “1 to 3 times/week,” and 19.3 (0.18) among those who responded “4 to 7 times/week.” In longitudinal multivariate models, increasing (over 1 year) consumption of FFA “never or &lt;1/week” to “4 to 7/week” was associated with increasing BMI (β = 0.21 kg/m2; 95% confidence interval: 0.03–0.39) compared with those with low consumption of FFA at baseline and 1 year later. At baseline, frequency of eating FFA was associated with greater intakes of total energy, sugar-sweetened beverages, and trans fat, as well as lower consumption of low-fat dairy foods and fruits and vegetables.
Conclusions. These data suggest that older children who consume greater quantities of FFA are heavier, have greater total energy intakes, and have poorer diet quality. Furthermore, increasing consumption of FFA over time may lead to excess weight gain.
Antibiotic Prescribing for Children With Nasopharyngitis (Common Colds), Upper Respiratory Infections, and Bronchitis Who Have Health-Professional Parents
Authors: Huang Nicole , Morlock Laura , Lee Cheng-Hua , Chen Long-Shen , Chou Yiing-Jenq 
Published: September 2005

Objective. Antibiotic resistance might be reduced if patients could be better informed regarding the lack of benefits of antibiotics for children with viral infections and avoid antibiotic prescriptions in these circumstances. This study investigated whether children having health professionals as parents, a group whose parents are expected to have more medical knowledge and expertise, are less likely than other children to receive antibiotics for nasopharyngitis (common colds), upper respiratory tract infections (URIs), and acute bronchitis.Methods. Retrospective analyses were conducted by using National Health Insurance data for children of physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and non–health personnel, who had visited hospital outpatient departments or physician clinics for common colds, URIs, and acute bronchitis in Taiwan in 2000. A total of 53733 episodes of care for common colds, URIs, and acute bronchitis in a nationally representative sample of children (aged ≤18 years) living in nonremote areas were analyzed.Results. The study found that, after adjusting for characteristics of the children (demographic, socioeconomic, and health status) and the treating physicians (demographic, practice style, and setting), children with a physician (odds ratio [OR]: 0.50; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.36–0.68) or a pharmacist (OR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.52–0.91) as a parent were significantly less likely than other children to receive antibiotic prescriptions. The likelihood of receiving an antibiotic for the children of nurses (OR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.77–1.09) was similar to that for children in the comparison group.Conclusions. This finding supports our hypothesis that better parental education does help to reduce the frequency of injudicious antibiotic prescribing. Medical knowledge alone, however, may not fully reduce the overuse of antibiotics. Physician-parents, the expected medically savvy parents, can serve as a benchmark for the improvement potentially achievable in Taiwan through a combination of educational, regulatory, communication, and policy efforts targeted at more appropriate antibiotic prescribing in ambulatory settings.
Newborn Hearing Screening in the NICU: Profile of Failed Auditory Brainstem Response/Passed Otoacoustic Emission
Authors: Berg Abbey L. , Spitzer Jaclyn B. , Towers Helen M. , Bartosiewicz Christine , Diamond Beverly E. 
Published: September 2005

Objective. Incidence of a specific pattern of auditory responses, absent auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and present otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), in newborn hearing screening in a regional perinatal center neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is described. This profile, labeled auditory neuropathy or auditory dyssynchrony (AN/AD), is a dysfunction in neural/brainstem transmission that occurs in individuals whose outer hairs cells are functioning normally. Although the AN/AD profile has been associated with various risk factors, incidence and prediction are unknown.
Method. Analysis of electrophysiologic measures and medical record reviews of the first 22 months of the universal newborn hearing–screening program was conducted. Association of the AN/AD profile was evaluated with the following factors: gender, gestational age, ototoxic drug regimen, low birth weight, hyperbilirubinemia, hydrocephalus, low Apgar score, anoxia, respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, intraventricular hemorrhage, multiple birth, seizure activity, and family history.
Results. One hundred fifteen (24.1%) of the 477 infants failed the ABR in 1 or both ears and passed OAEs bilaterally. Comparisons of infants fitting the AN/AD profile with those not fitting the AN/AD profile were negative with 3 exceptions: those with hyperbilirubinemia and those who were administered vancomycin or furosemide. A logistic-regression analysis model failed to predict which infants would be at risk for the AN/AD profile either unilaterally or bilaterally.
Conclusions. Screening of NICU infants should be conducted with ABR first, followed by OAE after failure on ABR. Because the incidence of the AN/AD profile was found to be 24% in this at-risk population, additional study is warranted.
Does Lidocaine Gel Alleviate the Pain of Bladder Catheterization in Young Children? A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Vaughan Maureen , Paton Elizabeth A. , Bush Andrew , Pershad Jay 
Published: September 2005

Objective. Bladder catheterization (BC) is a commonly performed, painful procedure in the pediatric emergency department (ED). A survey demonstrated that analgesia is infrequently used for several brief painful procedures, including BC, in pediatric patients. In this study, we evaluated the use of 2% lidocaine gel to alleviate the pain associated with BC in young children (&lt;2 years) in the ED.Methods. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comparing pain scores during bladder catheterization with 2% lidocaine gel versus nonanesthetic lubricant. We used a previously validated scale for measuring brief procedure-related pain in preverbal children (Face Legs Arms Cry Consolability Pain Scale [FLACC]). A total of 115 patients were recruited; 56 patients were randomized to the control group, and 59 were randomized to the lidocaine group. Lubricant was applied to both the genital mucosa and the catheter. Pain measurements were recorded at 3 time intervals: before insertion of the catheter, during catheterization, and after catheterization. Interobserver reliability had been previously established in an observational pilot study.Results. The difference in mean FLACC scores between the control (7.55 ± 2.56) and study groups (7.37 ± 2.87) during catheterization was not statistically significant. The change in FLACC from time 1 (preprocedure) to time 2 (during procedure) was statistically significant in both groups, suggesting that bladder catheterization is a painful procedure.Conclusions. Altering the standard practice of use of nonanesthetic lubricant with 2% lidocaine gel as lubricant during bladder catheterization in young children may not be helpful in alleviating the pain associated with the procedure.
Influence of Photoperiod and Feed Delivery on Growth and Survival of First-Feeding Arctic Char
Authors: Burke M G , Kirk M R , MacBeth N A , Bevan D J , Moccia R D 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
First-feeding Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus were subjected to two different photoperiods (light conditions at latitude 43°28′N [normal] and 24 h of continuous light) and two different feeding schedules (fed only during the natural photoperiod [normal] and 24-h continuous feeding) for 12 weeks. Arctic char subjected to 24 h of continuous light and continuous feed availability had a significantly lower cumulative mortality (P &lt; 0.05) and higher mean final weights (P &lt; 0.05) without an accompanying increase in within-treatment variability compared with fish raised in either ambient photoperiods or under restricted feeding regimens. These results indicate potential commercial benefits associated with extended photoperiod and feeding regimens for the culture of juvenile Arctic char.
Response of Brazos River Oxbow Fish Assemblages to Patterns of Hydrologic Connectivity and Environmental Variability
Authors: Zeug Steven C. , Winemiller Kirk O. , Tarim Soner 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThree oxbow lakes with different connection frequencies and an adjacent reach of the middle Brazos River, Texas, were surveyed quarterly from summer 1993 to summer 1996 to examine the effects of hydrology and physicochemical attributes on fish assemblage structure. During flood events, oxbows usually were colonized by about 20 fish species from the river channel, and several fluvial specialists were rarely or never sampled from oxbows. Multivariate analyses of seine samples revealed divergent patterns of assemblage structure during periods of isolation that also were associated with a gradient of maximum water depth, temperature, and conductivity. In contrast, analysis of gill‐net samples that targeted large fishes revealed low between‐site and temporal variation in assemblage structure among oxbow lakes but significant differences in the structure of oxbow versus channel assemblages. The shallowest oxbow (which dried out with greatest frequency) had the most variable fish assemblage across seasons and was dominated by small colonizing species, whereas deeper oxbows and the river channel tended to have higher species richness and more stable assemblages. Despite large differences in connection frequency and distance from the river channel, the deepest oxbows had the most similar fish assemblage structure across all seasons. Multiple regression analysis suggested that the timing and frequency of flood events (yielding colonization) in the most frequently connected oxbow interact with predator abundance (yielding mortality) to influence the abundance of common lotic‐adapted minnows (red shiner Cyprinella lutrensis and bullhead minnow Pimephales vigilax) that periodically dominated the species assemblage of that oxbow after floods. Our results suggest that current hydrologic and geomorphologic dynamics in the middle Brazos River produce oxbow lakes with a range of physical characteristics yielding different disturbance and colonization regimes that strongly influence fish species assemblages.
Stringent Regulation of DNA Repair During Human Hematopoietic Differentiation: A Gene Expression and Functional Analysis
Authors: Bracker Tomke U. , Giebel Bernd , Spanholtz Jan , Sorg Ursula R. , Klein-Hitpass Ludger , Moritz Thomas , Thomale Jürgen 
Published: September 2005

AbstractFor the lymphohematopoietic system, maturation-dependent alterations in DNA repair function have been demonstrated. Because little information is available on the regulatory mechanisms underlying these changes, we have correlated the expression of DNA damage response genes and the functional repair capacity of cells at distinct stages of human hematopoietic differentiation. Comparing fractions of mature (CD34−), progenitor (CD34+38+), and stem cells (CD34+38−) isolated from umbilical cord blood, we observed: 1) stringently regulated differentiation-dependent shifts in both the cellular processing of DNA lesions and the expression profiles of related genes and 2) considerable interindividual variability of DNA repair at transcriptional and functional levels. The respective repair phenotype was found to be constitutively regulated and not dominated by adaptive response to acute DNA damage. During blood cell development, the removal of DNA adducts, the resealing of repair gaps, the resistance to DNA-reactive drugs clearly increased in stem or mature compared with progenitor cells of the same individual. On the other hand, the vast majority of differentially expressed repair genes was consistently upregulated in the progenitor fraction. A positive correlation of repair function and transcript levels was found for a small number of genes such as RAD23 or ATM, which may serve as key regulators for DNA damage processing via specific pathways. These data indicate that the organism might aim to protect the small number of valuable slow dividing stem cells by extensive DNA repair, whereas fast-proliferating progenitor cells, once damaged, are rather eliminated by apoptosis.
Newborn Screening for Developmental Disabilities: Reframing Presumptive Benefit
Authors: Bailey Donald B. , Skinner Debra , Warren Steven F. 
Published: September 2005

A fundamental tenet of newborn screening is that screening should lead to a proven benefit for the infant. The standard is usually construed as medical benefit that significantly improves a child’s health. Screening for many conditions that cause developmental disabilities does not currently meet this standard. We argue for expanding concepts of presumptive benefit. Newborn screening provides access to early intervention programs that are shown to positively influence child development and support families. Consumers want information about their children’s health and their own reproductive risk, and they have a broader view than policymakers of what constitutes a treatable disorder. Newborn screening provides other societal benefits that, in the absence of data showing harm and with appropriate attention to ethical and legal issues, warrant consideration of an expansion of targets for newborn screening.
Disability and Preventive Cancer Screening: Results from the 2001 California Health Interview Survey
Authors: Ramirez Anthony , Farmer Gail C. , Grant David , Papachristou Theodora 
Published: September 2005

Objective. We sought to evaluate preventive cancer screening compliance among adults with disability in California. Methods. We used data from the 2001 California Health Interview Survey to compare disabled and nondisabled adults for differences in preventive cancer screening behaviors. Compliance rates for cancer screening tests (mammography, Papanicolaou test, prostate-specific antigen, sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy, and fecal occult blood test) between the 2 subpopulations were evaluated. Results. Women with disabilities were 17% (Papanicolaou tests) and 13% (mammograms) more likely than women without disabilities to report noncompliance with cancer screening guidelines. Interactions between disability and reports of a doctor recommendation on cervical cancer screening were significant; women with disabilities had a lower likelihood of receiving a recommendation. Men with disabilities were 19% less likely than men without disabilities to report a prostate-specific antigen test within the last 3 years. Conclusions.secondary to structural and/or clinical factors underpinning the differences found.