bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Battle for Northwest Europe
Authors: Kennedy David m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As spring began to unroll its green carpet across the south of England in 1944, American Gls drilled on the softly undulating fields, staged mock attacks on the shingle beaches and in the leafing copses, rumbled in trucks and tanks along stone-hedged roads, snickered at the quaint ways of the tea- and warm-beer-drinking British, and oiled and sighted their gleaming new weapons. Occasionally they relieved their boredom by setting fire to haystacks with tracer bullets. The teeming Yanks, ar riving at a rate of 150,000 per month since late 1943, were “overpaid, oversexed, and over here,” the British quipped. (To which the Yanks replied that their British comrades-in-arms were underpaid, undersexed, and under Eisenhower.) Yanks and Britons alike joked that only the thousands of barrage balloons tethered to southern England kept the island afioat under the stupendous weight of materiel stockpiled for the invasion: some five million tons of munitions and supplies, including more than a hundred thousand vehicles. Offshore, an armada of more than six thousand ships was assembling to move that horde of apprehensive men and those mountains of weapons, food, and equipment across the Channel.
Questions Of Possibility
Authors: Caplan David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Questions of Possibility examines the particular forms that contemporary American poets favor and those they neglect. The poets’ choices reveal both their ambitions and their limitations, the new possibilities they discover and the traditions they find unimaginable. By means of close attention to the sestina, ghazal, love sonnet, ballad, and heroic couplet, this study advances a new understanding of contemporary American poetry. Rather than pitting “closed” verse against “open” and “traditional” poetry against “experimental,” Questions of Possibility explores how poets associated with different movements inspire and inform each other’s work. Discussing a range of authors, from Charles Bernstein, Derek Walcott, and Marilyn Hacker to Agha Shahid Ali, David Caplan treats these poets as contemporaries who share the language, not as partisans assigned to rival camps. The most interesting contemporary poetry crosses the boundaries that literary criticism draws, synthesizing diverse influences and establishing surprising affinities. In a series of lively readings, Caplan charts the diverse characteristics and accomplishments of modern poetry, from the gay and lesbian love sonnet to the currently popular sestina.
The Evolution of Municipal Functions
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opinions differ considerably about the effect of the change in the financial and social status of city officials on the character of city offices. Some think that under the Romans the character of Greek city offices was totally different from that in the preceding period, while others speak in favor of a marked continuity . The amount of corresponding evidence from Roman times is much larger than what we have seen in the preceding period.
Narrator and His Greek Predecessors
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we take a fresh look at the Narrationes against this context, some puzzling features may no longer seem so puzzling. For example, (I) the naming of characters left unnamed by Ovid, a conspicuous feature of both the Callimachean Diegeseis and (especially) the tragic hypotheseis. It is the raison d’etre of MH and PsEratosthenes to give a full version of stories only hinted at in Homer and Aratus, respectively. (2) In a number of his summaries Narrator introduces a story with the formula refert or docet, evidently meaning “Ovid tells.” The Callimachean Diegetes does exactly the same, introducing a dozen or more episodes with &lt;pTJCTL, evidently meaning “Callimachus says” (or perhaps “the poem says”). The more literary and self-conscious Libanius invariably supplies a subject for his thirdperson verbs, “Demosthenes” or (more allusively) 6 f)TJTWp. (3) The form of the citations of Greek sources follows the format of the Callimachean Diegeseis and the mythographers exactly, not least in the way the citation sometimes refers to a detail rather than the story as a whole (Ch. V).
Historiae and Source References
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is time to take a closer look at what is at once one of the most characteristic and yet most puzzling features of Greek mythographical texts of the early empire: the learned citations. We have seen how regularly the mythographers and paradoxographers cite authorities-so regularly that Ps-Plutarch and Ptolemy the Quail invented them to give their fictions some color of authenticity. Even so drastically abbreviated a text as the Michigan dictionary of transformations offers a classical citation for every entry, however brief. Here is one by now familiar entry in full.
Cutaneous Manifestations of Abuse
Authors: Moore Joyce K , Smith Jean C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cutaneous manifestations of abuse are injuries such as bruises and abrasions located on the skin. Recognizing and interpreting their significance is one of the most frequently utilized skills of the CPS worker. Remember, however, that the worker is not alone in determining the nature of these injuries. The medical provider will play a crucial role in helping distinguish abuse from differential skin conditions, diseases, or accidental trauma. Child abuse is considered a diagnosis of exclusion, which means that while the safety of the child is protected, all other possible causes of the injury must be excluded. Another explanation of an accidental cause is the differential diagnosis. All children sustain some bruises and scratches in their normal, everyday play. In the attempt to distinguish these play injuries from abusive ones, it is crucial that the worker obtain a detailed and concise history. In relating this history to the doctor, be sure to include details such as how long ago the incident occurred and the exact details of the accident. For example, how tall the table was from which he fell, or what game he was playing when he bruised his legs or buttocks. In determining the etiology of cutaneous injuries, the medical provider must consider several aspects, such as the age and developmental status of the child and the specific location, shape, and size of the injuries.
Abuse by Burns
Authors: Moore Joyce K , Smith Jean C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although burns are common causes of unintentional (accidental) injury, approximately 10% of pediatric burn cases are the result of child abuse. Boys are more commonly victims of both burn accidents and abuse, with a peak age of 2 to 3 years. Although abusive burns can occur in any shape or form, there are some particular patterns that occur more frequently, such as immersion burns, splash burns, and contact burns. Others include chemical, electrical, and microwave burns. It is important to know what to look for in the medical provider’s diagnosis and treatment of the burn, as well as some common indicators of abuse. In assessing a burn, the medical provider will usually make note of its severity, the extent of the body covered, and its exact location. Each of these determinations is documented in a customary way. It is useful for the worker to understand the significance of these findings. The severity of burn injuries is categorized according to the number of layers of skin injured. l
The History of Animals
Authors: Eernisse Douglas J , Peterson Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is an exciting time for zoologists. A dramatic upsurge in interest in the interrelationships among animals has occurred across the biological subdisciplines; before the last decade, the topic of high-level animal relationships was one largely confined to zoological texts and older monographs. Revolutionary advances in the fields of phylogenetic analysis, paleontology, developmental biology, and microscopic anatomy, combined with a new wealth of relevant data such as DNA and protein sequences, have led to new insights into animal genealogy. These insights are crucial in this era of “omics”: a deeper understanding of any process, including molecular processes, requires an understanding of the underlying pattern, particularly the phylogenetic topology of the systems under consideration. One of the most significant changes to occur with our understanding of animal evolution is the recognition that animals should be arranged on a phylogenetic tree, and ancestors inferred from character states, rather than the ladderlike progression from protozoans to mammals with ancestors inferred from “archetypes.”
Toward a Tree of Life for Annelida
Authors: Siddall Mark E , Borda Elizabeth , Rouse Gregory W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic characteristics of Annelida, the quintessential “worms,” are immediately recognizable to most people, if only from having seen countless earthworms creeping over grass or braving the streets after a hard summer rain. The most recognizable feature of annelids, besides their shape and propensity for exuding mucus when disturbed, is the segmented nature of their bodies. This segmentation, or “somatic metamerism,” has been central in the history of ideas about their relationships, although it is thought now to have been somewhat misleading. From the iceworms living deep in the Gulf of Mexico to the Pompeii worm that can withstand water temperatures that approach boiling, it is clear that annelids are a remarkably diverse group with a range of morphologies, life history strategies, and habitat preferences that rivals any other group of organisms considered in this volume. Although clearly the oligochaetes (which includes the earthworms) would probably be the most readily recognized as belonging to this group, there are also the much more numerous, principally marine, bristleworms (or polychaetes) and, of course, the much-maligned leeches (fig. 15.1). Additional, less known groups belong to the phylum Annelida, and whether or not others have evolved from annelid ancestors remains a matter of debate and intense scientific scrutiny.
Arachnida
Authors: Coddington Jonathan A , Giribet Gonzalo , Harvey Mark S , Prendini Lorenzo , Walter David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the earliest arachnids were apparently marine, arachnid diversity has been dominated by terrestrial forms from at least the Devonian. Even though arachnid fossils are scarce (perhaps only 100 pre-Cenozoic taxa), representatives of all major arachnid clades are known or cladistically implied from the Devonian or earlier, suggesting very early origins (Selden and Dunlop 1998). The more recent great radiation of insects, in contrast, seems to be Permian (Kukalová-Peck 1991, Labandeira 1999). Taxonomically, arachnids today are composed of approximately 640 families, 9000 genera, and 93,000 described species (table 18.1), but untold hundreds of thousands of new mites and spiders, and several thousand species in the remaining orders, are still undescribed. Arachnida include 11 classically recognized recent clades, ranked as “orders,” although some acarologists regard Acari as a subclass with three superorders. Acari (ticks and mites) are by far the most diverse, with Araneae (spiders) second, and the remaining orders much less diverse. Discounting secondarily freshwater and marine mites, and a few semiaquatic spiders and one palpigrade, all extant arachnid taxa are terrestrial. Arachnids evidently arose in the marine habitat (Dunlop and Selden 1998, Selden and Dunlop 1998, Dunlop and Webster 1999), invaded land independently of other terrestrial arthropod groups such as myriapods, crustaceans, and hexapods (Labandeira 1999), and solved the problems of terrestrialization (skeleton, respiration, nitrogenous waste, locomotion, reproduction, etc.) in different ways.
Are the Crustaceans Monophyletic?
Authors: Schram Frederick R , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In these times of rampant Tree of Life cultivation, it is perhaps hard to realize that up until 20 years ago the “phylogenetic lawn” of figure 19.1 entailed everything we as carcinologists knew about crustacean relationships. This poorly resolved “twig” was, and to some people still is, a widely excepted consensus that dates back to the 1962 conference on the Phylogeny and Evolution of Crustacea held at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard (Dahl 1963). Moreover, this was considered state of the art for the field during that period! The situation within the major groups of crustaceans was little better. Like the deer frozen in the middle of a roadway by oncoming headlights on its way to becoming a venison pancake, crustacean workers were overawed by the multiplicity of body plans all too evident in their animals. Somehow, they thought, one could not make sense of such diversity. Other arthropod groups exhibited greater uniformity of body plans. An insect is an insect: a head, three sets of legs, two sets of wings, and gonopores at the end of the abdomen.
Resolving Reptile Relationships: Molecular and Morphological Markers
Authors: Lee Michael S Y , Reeder Tod W , Slowinski Joseph B , Lawson Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the origin of tetrapods is often synonymized with the radiation of vertebrates into terrestrial habitats, most early tetrapods and many extant representatives (“amphibians”) remained partly aquatic. They possessed permeable skin and (primitively) a breeding biology requiring free water, with external fertilization and aquatic eggs hatching into gilled larvae. Many tetrapod lineages (including some living amphibians) partly circumvented this dependence on water by acquiring internal fertilization and direct development. However, only one lineage, Amniota, evolved additional adaptations permitting full terrestriality, including a waterproof epidermis and the amniotic egg (Sumida and Martin 1997). The amniotic egg is one of the most significant vertebrate innovations, consisting of a tough eggshell, outer and inner protective membranes (chorion and amnion), a yolk sac for nourishing the developing embryo, and an allantois for storage of waste products and respiration. It allows the embryo to develop terrestrially in its own private “pond,” bypassing the aquatic larval stage and hatching into a fully formed neonate. Amphibian-grade tetrapods breathe through their permeable skin, supplemented by rather inefficient buccal (throat-based) lung ventilation. The evolution of highly efficient costal (rib-based) lung ventilation has been proposed to be another critical amniote innovation, permitting them to abandon cutaneous respiration and thus waterproof their skin (Janis and Keller 2001).
Human Origins: Life at the Top of the Tree
Authors: Wood Bernard , Constantino Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the relationships and recent evolutionary history of Homo sapiens, or modern humans. By relationships, we mean the details of how modern humans are related to the other great apes, the living animals closest to modern humans. By recent, we mean the part of our evolutionary history that postdates our most recent common ancestor with one of the other living great apes. Modern humans are singular in some important ways, yet in others we closely resemble the other great apes. Three of our singularities are noteworthy. First, our habitat is more extensive and varied than that of any other contemporary vertebrate, let alone any other large-bodied primate. Second, the size of the modern human population exceeds that of any other large undomesticated mammal, and we outnumber all the other great apes by many, many orders of magnitude. With respect to behavior, we are not unique in possessing culture (Whiten et al. 1999), but we are unique in terms of the complexity of that culture. As for our commonalties with higher primates and with other mammals, one of the triumphs of molecular biology has been the ways it is helping us document the details of our relatedness to the rest of the living world.
A Tree Grows in Manhattan
Authors: Wake David B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the first full genome for a microbe was published, I was teaching an evolution course, and as I read the article I was first surprised and then thrilled to learn that the discovery had such profound evolutionary significance. Along with many others, I realized that we were entering a new world, one in which evolutionary biologists such as I had new responsibility. We now could, and therefore must, build a Tree of Life. It has long been a dream of comparative biology to explain how life has evolved and what evolutionary relationships mean. It has been a personal dream to make evolutionary biology predictive. Because evolution seems to run in grooves, following avenues of least resistance, knowing something about one taxon gives one a very good sense of what a closely related taxon will be like. Why should this be so? Evidently there are rules to be discovered, generalities to be established. Genetics, especially as it relates to development, provides some inspiration. But imagine what we might learn if we knew the true Tree of Life! Such a tree would include vastly more than what I now have the courage to identify as “only” full genomic information, but even that would be a great start.
Assembling the Tree of Life: Where We Stand at the Beginning of the 21st Century
Authors: Cracraft Joel , Donoghue Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few endeavors in biology, or in all the sciences, can match our quest to understand the course of life’s history on Earth, which stretches across billions of years and captures the descent of untold millions of species. The notion that scientific inquiry might achieve that goal is little more than a century and a half old, and yet surprisingly, most of the species that have appeared on the twigs of the Tree of Life (TOL) have been put there only in the last decade. The systematists who have contributed to the chapters in this volume have collectively contributed a significant step toward a grand vision of systematic biology: achieving a comprehensive picture of the TOL is finally within our grasp. Darwin, Haeckel, Huxley, and the other giants who convinced the world of life’s long history of change, and built the first scaffold of that history, might very well say “finally . . . it’s about time”! al. (1996), Fortey and Thomas (1998), Littlewood and Bray (2001), and Judd et al. (2002) are but five examples that have been published in recent years—as well as to the numerous journals publishing phylogenetic results in every issue.
Introduction
Authors: Sommers Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As it is with any activity that involves strong personalities, golf is full of bizarre tales. It can be a perverse game; millions love it and can’t play often enough, but others despise it. The American critic H. L. Mencken claimed that anyone who played golf should be barred from holding public office. Mark Twain called it a good walk spoiled, and Winston Churchill claimed it was like chasing a quinine pill around a pasture.
The Age of the Gutty Ball
Authors: Sommers Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although a new feather ball could be driven great distances, it had flaws. Feather balls were expensive, costing about half a crown apiece. They were fragile; they broke apart easily. Even if they held together they lost their flight characteristics under constant pounding, and they lost their shape as well. The feather ball’s shortcomings tended to limit the game’s appeal.
Some Notes on Land, Money and Power in Medieval Islam
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between the advent of Islam in the 7th century and the coming of the Mongols in the 13th—that is to say, in the period of Middle Eastern history delimited by two major invasions, conquests and dominations—a political, social and economic order emerged in these lands which it is customary to designate as Islamic. A feature of this order was a series of legal, fiscal and administrative arrangements, based on certain linkages between land-tenure, taxes and rents, service and recompense, authority and allegiance. In recent years it has become common practice among historians to describe these arrangements as “feudal.” The term feudalism, strictly speaking, relates to the west European context from which it emerged. Any use of the word feudalism and other terms associated with it (fief and enfeoffment, vassal, etc.) of other times and places is at best an analogy and can be seriously misleading.
An Interpretation of Fatimid History
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story is told that when the Fatimid Caliph al-Mu’ izz came to Egypt, and was questioned by the representatives of the ashraf concerning his pedigree and his proofs, he half-drew his sword from his scabbard and said: “This is my pedigree,” and then scattered gold among them and added: “And these are my proofs.”1 The story is dramatic and amusing, but is self-evidently false. Its purpose is to depict al-Mu’ izz as an adventurer—an unscrupulous upstart who had gained power by force and maintained it by corruption. But this is precisely what al-Mu’ izz was not, and nothing is less likely than that he would, in this brazen way, have declared himself an impostor.
Propaganda in the Pre-Modern Middle East
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word propaganda has gone through many changes of meaning. It apparently dates from 1622, when a committee of cardinals was appointed by the Roman Catholic Church, with responsibility for the care and oversight of foreign missions engaged in the propagation of the faith; by the nineteenth century it had acquired the more general meaning of efforts made to promote a particular doctrine or practice, religious or other.
A Taxonomy of Group Hatred
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let me begin with a disclaimer. I am neither a psychologist nor a sociologist and cannot therefore offer the insights, very appropriate to our topic of today, provided by these disciplines. I am by profession an historian, and it is only in historical prospective that I can look at our topic. In extenuation, however, I might plead that my area of specialization is the Middle East—a region rich in relevant examples.
The Middle East in World Affairs
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Middle East today consists of a series of sovereign national states, almost none of which, in their present form, have any roots in the past. Some, like Turkey and Persia, are the metropolitan remnants of bygone empires, in which the former ruling peoples are feeling their way toward a national instead of an imperial identity and existence. Others are new creations, fashioned from the debris of empires, with frontiers drawn not by history and geography, but by statesmen on maps. These new political entities were for long irrelevant and unreal to the peoples who lived under them. The territorial and linguistic nation and the nation-state are both alien to the Muslim Middle East, where men’s basic loyalties were determined not by language or fatherland, but by religion. Loyalty to a place was known, but it was to a village or a quarter, not a country; loyalty to one’s kin was ancient and potent, but it was to the family or the tribe, not to the ethnic nation. The ultimate loyalty, the measure by which a man distinguished between brother and stranger, was religion, and political allegiance belonged to the dynastic sovereign of the Islamic state.