bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Augustine Reads Plotinus
Authors: Cary Phillip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Augustinian inwardness takes shape in the first third of Augustine’s career as a Christian writer, the period that begins with his earliest extant writings in the winter of 386 and culminates in the Confessions at about the turn of the century. For ease of reference I will call this whole time “Augustine’s early period”; bearing in mind that by the end of it he had written works of deep intellectual maturity and great brilliance. Yet for all that there is something preliminary about the entire period. Except for the Confessions and its contemporary, the treatise On Christian Doctrine, the works that were to make Augustine the most influential teacher of the Western church were all written in the latter two periods of his career, when he was establishing the conceptual basis of Western sacramental thinking (especially in the second period, which can conveniently be labeled “anti-Donatist,” after his primary ecclesiastical opponents at that time) and the Western theology of grace (in his last period, labeled “anti-Pelagian” after his main opponents at the end of his life). It is as ifin his early period he were forging tools for later inquiries and weapons for later polemics. Prominent among these tools and weapons, in fact, is the concept of the self as an inner space where God is present.
Inward Turn and Intellectual Vision
Authors: Cary Phillip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Augustine’s inward turn is first and foremost a way of directing the mind’s attention, and on that basis it is also a form of conversion and a project of philosophical inquiry. The language of conversion (Latin conversio, Greek epistrophē ) is based on verbs that mean “to turn one’s attention.”1 What conversion is about, for Augustine as well as for Plotinus and Plato, is turning one’s attention to look in a different direction from before, in order to find what is divine and ultimate. To turn inward, as Plotinus and Augustine do, means looking for the divine in the self (and of course specifically in the soul) and therefore requires a view of the soul and its relation to the divine that would make sense of directing one’s attention that way. Hence a commitment to turning inward generates a conception of inner space, a dimension of being within the soul where one can turn to look for God.
Leaving The Realm Of The Visualizable: Waves, Quanta, And The Rise Of Quantum Theory
Authors: Nadeau Robert , Kafatos Menas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toward the end of the nineteenth century Lord Kelvin, one of the best known and most respected physicists at that time, commented that “only two small clouds” remained on the horizon of knowledge in physics. In other words, there were, in Kelvin’s view, only two sources of confusion in our otherwise complete understanding of material reality. The two clouds were the results of the Michelson-Morley experiment, which failed to detect the existence of a hypothetical substance called the ether, and the inability of electromagnetic theory to predict the distribution of radiant energy at different frequencies emitted by an idealized “radiator” called the black body. These problems seemed so small that some established physicists were encouraging those contemplating graduate study in physics to select other fields of scientific study where there was more opportunity to make original contributions to knowledge. What Lord Kelvin could not have anticipated was that efforts to resolve these two anomalies would lead to relativity theory and quantum theory, or to what came to be called the new physics.
Over Any Distance In “No Time”: Bell’s Theorem And The Aspect And Gisin Experiments
Authors: Nadeau Robert , Kafatos Menas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The great debate between Bohr and Einstein began at the fifth Solvay Congress in 1927 and continued intermittently until Einstein’s death in 1955. The argument took the form of thought experiments in which Einstein would try to demonstrate that it was theoretically possible to measure, or at least determine precise values for, two complementary constructs in quantum physics, like position and momentum, simultaneously. Bohr would then respond with a careful analysis of the conditions and results in Einstein’s thought experiments and demonstrate that there were fundamental ambiguities he had failed to resolve. Although both men would have despised the use of the term, Bohr was the winner on all counts. Eventually, the dialogue revolved around the issue of realism, and it is this issue that Einstein felt would decide the correctness of quantum theory.
The Logic Of Nature: Complementarity And The New Biology
Authors: Nadeau Robert , Kafatos Menas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vitalism-mechanism controversy was a preoccupation of Niels Bohr’s father, a professor of physiology at the University of Copenhagen, and a frequent topic of discussion at the family residence. While the terms are now archaic, the distinction between a living organism, which must interact with its environment, and a detailed scientific description of that organism, which must treat the system as isolated or isolatable, remains ambiguous. Bohr dealt with fundamental ambiguities in biology in the same way that he dealt with fundamental ambiguities in quantum physics-by analyzing the conditions for observation required for unambiguous description and avoiding appeals to extra-scientific or metaphysical constructs.
Hyperbata Varia
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we survey a whole range of other types of phrasal discontinuity: Y2 hyperbaton, genitive hyperbaton, conjunct hyperbaton, ditic hyperbaton, specifier hyperbaton, non-head X hyperbaton, double hyperbaton, attribute YP hyperbaton, and hyperbaton in non-finite clauses. We also discuss the important difference between Y1 hyperbaton in verse and Y1 hyperbaton in prose. Anyone who tends to develop allergic reactions from sustained exposure to even fairly coarse-grained philological classification and analysis can perhaps read lightly in this chapter; but not too lightly, since much of theoretical significance emerges even at this preliminary stage in the argument.
The Syntax of Y1 Hyperbaton
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of the status of hyperbaton in classical Greek is quite different from the problem of the origin of hyperbaton. Hyperbaton starts out in a relatively nonconfigurational typology, but what sort of structures does it pre-suppose in the classical language? Consider the case of a tragic actor, say the notorious Hegelochus. His everyday speech has configurational noun phrases, and his use of Y1 hyperbaton is restricted to cases with focused modifiers. On the other hand, the poetic language he declaims in the theatre has an earlier, less constrained type of hyperbaton without these restrictions. So there are two questions, one involving the representation of hyperbaton in a language which has systematically configurational noun phrases, the other relating to the coexistence of earlier and later syntactic typologies associated with the spoken and the poetic language respectively. This chapter is concerned with the first of these questions.
Who Killed Whom?
Authors: McKenzie Steven L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just before halftime during the broadcast of Superbowl XXIX in 1995, an adolescent with shoulder-length hair and a simple white smock appeared on the TV screen. A leather sling dangled from his left hand and he was leaning on a shepherds crook. Facing him was a line of burly men with thick beards, clad in bronze armor with crested helmets and clutching swords and spears. The men were all mocking and ridiculing the boy. The tallest among them began to threaten him.
Holy Terrorist
Authors: McKenzie Steven L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1985, Paramount Studios released King David. In the film, Richard Gere played a politically correct and ultramodern David who believed that the one true God accepted people of all nations. This David defied the prophets and the law, refusing to attack foreigners within the land of Israel. He advocated following the feelings of one’s heart instead of the principles of the law or the instructions of some “holy man:’ It was through the heart, he said, that God really speaks to people. This portrayal of David was ahistorical in many ways (David is essentially non-violent!). But the movie was right about one thing. On his way to be king David treated people of all ethnic backgrounds the same. He had a common goal for everyone—subjugation.
Finished Portrait
Authors: McKenzie Steven L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have likened this biography throughout to the task of painting a portrait. The artist begins with pigments. Ours have been the sources of information about Davids life, especially the Bible. But the paints are useless without the tools to apply them; brushes and canvas are needed. So for us the question is how to use the Bible to extract biographical information about David.
Edwards’s War Against Enlightenment Religion
Authors: McDermott Gerald R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Deism was the religion of the Enlightenment. Of course it was not the only religion of the Enlightenment. Both Locke and Newton, for example, departed from orthodox Christology without discarding what deism rejected—the inspiration of the Bible. But deism was the religion that took the Enlightenment presuppositionof intellectual autonomy most seriously. And it was deism that most effectively transmitted Enlightenment religious sensibilities to later generations.
Jonathan Edwards recognized, perhaps more acutely than any other American thinker in the eighteenth century, that if Christian thinking seriously entertained the most elemental deist presumptions, the Reformed faith would collapse. To him deism epitomized the most pernicious philosophical and theological trends of his day. He also believed, rightly or wrongly, that it was actually tempting the minds of his colonial compatriots. As a result he dedicated his career to its destruction. In his philosophical treatises he set out to explode the arguments of the deists.
Signatures of Divine Majesty
Authors: McDermott Gerald R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than anything else, it was its rejection of revelation that distinguished Enlightenment religion from all of its adversaries. Before the rise of deism, there were plenty of factions within what could be called orthodoxy that fought over the true form of orthodoxy and what the Bible really meant. But it was not until the rise of deism in the seventeenth century that substantial numbers of the intellectual elite openly denied the notion that God had spoken through the Bible. Soon “natural religion,” which contended that God speaks only through nature and reason, became the most distinctive religious product of the Enlightenment.
Jonathan Edwards joined a host of orthodox thinkers who tried to defend the notion of revelation from its Enlightenment detractors. Edwards’s arguments were not wholly dissimilar from those of his allies, but they showed greater subtlety and sensitivity to deist reasoning. He began his defense of revelation with a series of arguments for its necessity. Since he believed that reason was prevented by sin from leading human beings to the true God, he was convinced that revelation was necessary to supply what fallen reason could not.
A Possibility of Reconciliation
Authors: McDermott Gerald R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most students of early New England remember the Robert Breck affair as a bizarre episode in which western Massachusetts ministers in 1735 arranged to have a young preacher from Harvard arrested and carried off to jail on charges of heresy. Students of Edwards also know that the Northampton theologian agreed that Breck was preaching dangerous heresy and publicly defended the ministers’ actions. What most historians have overlooked, however, is that one of the three Breck doctrines deemed to be heretical concerned the eschatological destiny of the “heathen,” and that it was this doctrine that seemed to bother Edwards the most.
According to his accusers, Robert Breck (1713–84) had told his Windham County (Connecticut) auditors that some portions of the Scriptures were not inspired, that predestination gave “no Encouragement to Duty,” and that “the heathen doing what they could would entitle’ em to salvation.” It was this last accusation to which Edwards devoted the majority of his attention in his published account of the heresies.
Islam
Authors: McDermott Gerald R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toward the end of his life Jonathan Edwards launched a series of diatribes against Islam. This was not the first time, of course, that a Christian thinker had regarded Muslims with dismay. Edwards was continuing a long tradition of anti-Islamic sentiment that combined fear and loathing with curious fascination. Yet Edwards’s hostility toward Islam evinced a new fervor and a new motive. His denunciations of the followers of Muhammad were unusually vitriolic because he considered Islam to be a foil for Reformed Christianity’s most dangerous enemy: deism.
Greece and Rome
Authors: McDermott Gerald R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century polemics waged over the origin of true religion, Greece and Rome were weapons of choice. Both orthodox and deists used the classical writings of the Greeks and Romans to defend their positions and to attack their adversaries’ accounts of how the ancients came to know God. The classics were ubiquitous in the literate society of the period. Original language editions and competent translations were widely available for the works of Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch, Tacitus, and Cicero. All of these writers had written about religion, both its nature and origin, and they were used by most of those who joined the modem debate.
For centuries the Christian church had dismissed Greek and Roman religion as largely inspired by demons, while at the same time drawing upon Greek philosophy not only to confirm but also to construct Christian theology. Augustine, for example, regarded Neoplatonism as capable of serving as a preparation for Christianity, while Aquinas’s theology was based partly on Aristotelian metaphysics.
The Chinese Philosophers
Authors: McDermott Gerald R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the eighteenth century China became the focus of an international religious and philosophical debate over the origins of true religion. Did God reveal morals and salvation through historical revelation or innate reason? Both sides in the debate appealed to Chinese culture. Deists claimed that China was a living prototype of deist ethics, while traditionalists pointed to traces of orthodox theology in the Chinese Classics, which supposedly evidenced revelation passed down to Chinese patriarchs from the sons of Noah. Jonathan Edwards followed this debate from his frontier outpost in New England and used China to support his own attacks on deist claims.
Theories and Descriptions
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wittgenstein repeatedly said that philosophy must be “purely descriptive” (BB, pp. 18, 125; PI, §124), and he undoubtedly thought that he conducted his own philosophizing in that way, by giving descriptions. But what did he regard as a philosophically relevant description? He meant something so different from what is commonly assumed that others who came along afterward, hoping to emulate his practice, not only misunderstood him but attributed to him a style of philosophy that he genuinely abhorred.
What Criteria Cannot Be
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 3 I pointed out that one of the ways in which Wittgenstein has been misunderstood is the naive way in which philosophers have understood his claim that his method is “purely descriptive” (BB, pp. 18 and 125) and that philosophy “can only describe” the use of words (PI, §124). The mistake was to think that Wittgenstein aimed at giving descriptions that had no metaphysical ideas or assumptions built into them. This mistake extends to Wittgenstein’s concept of criteria: it is generally taken to be a genuinely descriptive term, one that carries no metaphysical baggage. This misconception about Wittgenstein has, I believe, caused more mischief than any other.
What Is Missing from Religious Approaches to War and Peace
Authors: Gopin Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
War has been the subject of centuries-old discussions in both Judaism and Islam, and there have also been separate discussions in each tradition regarding peacemaking and the ethical relationships between human beings, both between fellow believers and between believers and Others. Rarely, however, are these discussions integrated in a way that illuminates the question of warmaking and peacemaking as a whole. It is as if war is a separate category of human experience, having nothing whatever to do with the full spectrum of ethical challenges of human intercourse, and as if these phenomena have no causal interconnections at all. Furthermore, there is a tendency to engage in these discussions in an ahistorical fashion, as if there has been no fundamental movement over time in attitudes toward these phenomena.
Modern Jewish Orthodox Theologies of Interreligious Coexistence
Authors: Gopin Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The level of contact between people of many faiths in the last hundred years has led to some unprecedented developments in religious belief and practice. It is true that an approach to faith and practice that acknowledges the existence of other religions has been a staple of human religious experience since the dawn of civilization. But after many centuries of extremely intolerant monotheistic religious warfare, there is a decidedly important group of monotheists who have embraced multifaith contacts and exchanges. This, in turn, has led to some interesting shifts in religious consciousness. From the Parliament of World Religions in the late nineteenth century right up to our own time there is more and more conversation both on what makes us all different in the scores of world religions and on what binds us together. It is the latter that has led to a distinctive form of religious humanitarianism that suggests an important hermeneutic evolution of religion, at least for those who have come to subscribe to this kind of humanitarianism.
Healing Religious/ Secular Conflict
Authors: Gopin Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We turn now to a contemporary civilization in which organized religion has been a major factor in conflict and violence. There is a great deal to be worried about in terms of Israel’[s future, particularly in terms of the unraveling of its domestic relations. One major reason that Israel is polarizing and is in some danger of disintegrating is the war over its identity, especially as that identity has been deeply called into question by the “terrifying” prospect of peace. Some careful analysis is required to understand the reason why this identity war between religious and secular, between liberal and nationalist, along with the slow convergence of these polar sets, is so decisive—and destructive—and why something as normally hopeful as a peace process has become the major trigger. It is true that the Hamas bombs prior to Benjamin Netanyahu’[s electoral victory in May of 1996 did the most to disintegrate a broad consensus for peacemaking. The threat of bombs continues to frighten Israelis in ways that one can see clearly in everyday activity but that are not readily admitted. Recently, the Palestinian Authority public television aired a program that featured Palestinian children making speeches in which they aspired to be suicide bombers, with their teacher looking on and applauding.
New Paradigms of Religion and Coriflict Resolution
Authors: Gopin Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of conflict resolution theory has emerged in recent years with a vital and timely analysis of the deep roots of persistent conflicts in addition to theoretical constructs and practical strategies for resolving conflicts. As a field, it addresses a variety of conflicts, including straightforward disputes of a limited sort as well as deep-seated violence that encompasses the fates of millions of people. It examines the roots of conflict that stem from issues of communication, psychology, power, and a variety of other human needs.’[ The field has been mostly developed in Western, industrialized, secular contexts. As such it has been harder to integrate the results with a variety of cultures and religious contexts that have their roots in premodern categories of thinking and feeling. As noted earlier, this has led to a relative impasse in dealing constructively with those global and domestic conflicts today that have some roots in issues of religious identity.
Systematic Recommendations for Intervention in Contemporary Conflicts
Authors: Gopin Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Religion has a dual legacy in human history regarding peace and violence. Both its contribution to violence and its contribution to prosocial values and peacemaking need to be studied by scholars both inside and outside the individual faiths with an eye to sharing this information as widely as possible. This can then form the basis of theologies of peacemaking ,md, more pragmatically, of creative strategies of conflict prevention and conflict resolution.
Why Are We So Hooked on Leaders Anyway?:The Psychological and Existential Foundations of Leadership
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although connective leadership still lacks a significant legion of constituents, other forms of leadership have had a strong hold on us for centuries. In particular, what I characterized in the first chapter as Stage 2 leaders describes what many people define as leadership. Before we can fully appreciate the new possibilities offered by connective leadership, we need to probe our images of leaders: where these images come from, why we have them, and in what ways they may be constraining our vision of what leaders can be.
Mapping Leadership Styles:Direct, Relational, and Instrumental
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters, we have explored the foundations of our images of leadership and demonstrated why radically new forms of leadership are a must in Stage 3, the Connective Era. We have also seen examples of early connective leaders, prophetic figures whose leadership strategies outstripped their followers’ readiness to accept them. To advance to a more complete understanding of connective leadership, we need a conceptual tool, one that enables us to describe leadership behavior in greater detail.
The Instrumental Road Less Traveled:The Personal, Social, and Entrusting Styles
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Daring and discreet, or devious and dependent? Americans view the third set of achieving styles, the instrumental styles, through a multifocal lens. The reactions to the images they see range from attraction to skepticism and outright distrust. Because these styles conjure up Machiavellian manipulation, they leave many Americans quite ambivalent.
Women Leaders:An Oxymoron? Or Does Gender Make a Difference?
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Part One of this book, I talked about the American leadership images that represent our ego ideal, that is, an ideal construct of what we all would be if only we could. That ego ideal, I have suggested, draws on a very limited set of behaviors that we now recognize as the direct achieving styles.