bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early postnatal alcohol exposure acutely and permanently reduces the number of granule cells and mitral cells in the rat olfactory bulb: A stereological study
Authors: Bonthius Daniel J. , Bonthius Nancy E. , Napper Ruth M. A. , West James R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis study demonstrates that exposure to alcohol during a period of rapid brain growth can lead to severe and permanent deficits in the number of granule cells and mitral cells in the main olfactory bulb. Sprague‐Dawley rat pups were reared artificially and were administered alcohol over postnatal days (PD) 4 through 9, a period of brain development comparable to part of the human third trimester. The daily alcohol dose of 6.6 g/kg was concentrated into two of the twelve daily feedings, producing high peak blood alcohol concentrations followed by near total clearance. Pups were either sacrificed on PD10 or were allowed to grow to adulthood and sacrificed on PD115. The total number of granule cells and mitral cells in the main olfactory bulb were estimated with the aid of unbiased stereological principles and systematic sampling techniques. Exposure to alcohol resulted in significant reductions in the number of both granule cells and mitral cells on PD10. Significant deficits in both neuronal populations remained on PD115. The results support the hypothesis that alcohol exposure can kill developing neurons and lead to permanent neuronal deficits.Substantial developmental changes also occurred in the total number of mitral cells and granule cells between PD10 and PD115 in the control groups. In untreated rats, the number of granule cells increased from 2.20 · 106on PD10 to 5.06 · 106on PD115, while the number of mitral cells decreased from 5.30 · 104to 4.33 · 104over the same time period. These results demonstrate that there is a natural loss of mitral cells during postnatal development at the same time that granule cell number is increasing.
Immunocytochemical identification of primary olfactory afferents in rainbow trout
Authors: Riddle David R. , Oakley Bruce 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWe have used a combination of techniques to analyze the primary olfactory projection in trout: anterograde tract tracing with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunocytochemistry with antisera to olfactory marker protein (OMP) and to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). HRP labeling and the OMP antiserum revealed a subset of ciliated receptor neurons with a wide dendrite that lacked the protruding knob found on other receptor neurons. The organization of the primary olfactory axons was clearly revealed by antisera to KLH, which reacted with no other neurons. When visualized with anti‐KLH, fascicles of olfactory axons penetrated the basal lamina of the olfactory rosette at scattered sites and converged to form the olfactory nerve. Fascicles within the olfactory nerve traveled parallel to the long axis of the nerve until resorted by extensive intermixing as they entered the olfactory bulb. Within the olfactory bulb, most axons terminated in nine discrete terminal fields in the glomerular layer; however, a few olfactory nerve axons projected into the ventral medial telencephalon. Fascicles supplying each terminal field in the glomerular layer followed distinctive trajectories within the olfactory nerve layer. Axons ending in two terminal fields made brush‐like terminations rather than the glomerular terminations characteristic of the remaining seven fields. After unilateral olfactory nerve transection, returning olfactory axons reestablished the normal pattern of terminal fields within 14 weeks. It is likely that the organization of afferents in the trout olfactory bulb is similarly well regulated during normal receptor cell replacement.
Distribution of parvalbumin‐immunoreactive cells and fibers in the human amygdaloid complex
Authors: Sorvari Heikki , Soininen Hilkka , Paljärvi Leo , Karkola Kari , Pitkänen Asla 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe calcium‐binding protein, parvalbumin, was localized immunohistochemically in the human amygdaloid complex. Neuronal cell bodies and fibers that are immunoreactive to parvalbumin were observed in most of the amygdaloid nuclei and cortical areas. Three types of immunoreactive aspiny neurons, ranging from small spherical cells (type 1) to large multipolar cells (type 2) and fusiform cells (type 3), were observed. The densities of the types of neurons that were parvalbumin‐immunoreactive varied in the different regions of the amygdala. The highest densities of parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neurons were observed in the lateral nucleus, in the magnocellular and intermediate divisions of the basal nucleus, in the magnocellular division of the accessory basal nucleus and in the amygdalohippocampal area. The regions containing the lowest density of parvalbumin‐immunoreactive cells were the paralaminar nucleus, the parvicellular division of the basal nucleus, the central nucleus, the medial nucleus and the anterior cortical nucleus. In general, the distribution of immunoreactive fibers and terminals paralleled that of immunoreactive cells. Parvalbumin‐immunoreactive varicose fibers formed basket‐like plexi and cartridges around the unstained neurons, which suggests that parvalbumin is located in GABAergic basket cells and chandelier cells, respectively. The distribution of parvalbumin‐immunoreactive profiles in the human amygdaloid complex was similar to, rather than different from that previously reported in the monkey amygdala (Pitkänen and Amaral [1993] J. Comp. Neurol. 331:14–36). This study provides baseline information about the organization of GABAergic inhibitory circuitries in the human amygdaloid complex. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noradrenergic system in the chicken brain: Immunocytochemical study with antibodies to noradrenaline and dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase
Authors: Moons Lieve , D'Hondt Els , Pijcke Kristien , Vandesande Frans 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA light microscopic immunocytochemical study, using antisera against noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase (DBH), revealed the noradrenergic system in the brain of the chicken (Gallus domesticus). NA‐ and DBH‐immunoreactive (ir) elements showed a similar distribution throughout the whole brain. The neurons immunoreactive for the monoamine were confined to the lower brainstem, the pons, and the medulla. In the pons, a rather dense group of cells was found in the dorsal, most posterior part of the locus coeruleus and in the caudal nucleus subcoeruleus ventralis. A few labeled cells appeared in and around the nucleus olivaris superior in the most caudal part of the metencephalic tegmentum. In the medulla oblongata, noradrenergic cells could be visualized at the level of the nucleus of the solitary tract and in a ventrolateral complex. Virtually all regions of the brain contained a rather dense innervation by NA‐ and DBH‐immunopositive varicose fibers. Noradrenergic fibers and terminals were especially abundant in the ventral forebrain and in the periventricular hypothalamic regions. DBH‐ir and NA‐ir fibers, varicosities, and punctate structures could be observed in close association with immunonegative perikarya in several brain regions, more specifically in the ventral telencephalon, in the mid‐ and tuberal hypothalamic region, and in the dorsal rostral pons. Some perikarya in these brain areas were completely surrounded by noradrenergic structures that formed pericellular arrangements around the cells. The present study on the distribution of the noradrenergic system in the brain of the chicken combined with the results of a previous report on the distribution of L‐Dopa and dopamine in the same species (L. Moons, J. van Gils, E. Ghijsels, and F. Vandesande, 1994, J. Comp. Neurol. 346:97–118) offers the opportunity to differentiate between the various catecholamines in the brain of this vertebrate. The results are discussed in relation to catecholaminergic systems previously reported in avian species and in the mammalian brain. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neonatal sensory deprivation induces selective changes in the quantitative distribution of GABA‐immunoreactive neurons in the rat barrel field cortex
Authors: Micheva Kristina D. , Beaulieu Clermont 
Published: May 2005

AbstractModified activity of the rat vibrissae from birth to adulthood induces profound alterations of the responsiveness and selectivity of neurons in the contralateral somatosensory barrel field cortex of adult rate. Because these functional properties are under the control of the intracortical inhibitory mechanisms, we investigated the effects of unilateral removal of face pad vibrissae on the quantitative distribution of intracortical γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐immunoreactive neurons in the rat contralateral and ipsilateral barrel field cortices. This distribution was then compared to a population of control animals.For the entire cortical depth, no significant changes in the density (7,700/mm3 vs. 7,400/mm3), proportion (13.6% vs. 14.4%), or size (11.7 μm vs. 12.5 μm) of GABA‐immunoreactive neurons were found in the left contralateral vs. the right ipsilateral barrel field cortex. However, in cortical layer IV, contralateral to the deprivation, the density and proportion of GABA‐immunoreactive neurons were lower (6,300/mm3 vs. 13,900/mm3, 6.0% vs. 13.6%; P < 0.01), and these neurons were larger (mean projected height of 15.1 μm vs. 10.8 μm; P < 0.01) than in the ipsilateral barrel field cortex, suggesting a specific loss of GABA expression in a subpopulation of small intracortical neurons.In addition to changes in the contralateral layer IV, GABA‐immunoreactive neurons located in the ipsilateral granular layer were also affected. Indeed, their numerical density (13,900/mm3) and proportion (13.6%) were higher (P < 0.01) than in both hemispheres of control animals (average of 10,050/mm3 and 9.4%). On the other hand, GABA‐immunoreactive neurons in the ipsilateral layer V were less numerous (5,600/mm3, 15.0%) than in both sides of the controls (average of 10,300/mm3, 22.0%; P < 0.01).Thus, our results show that a unilateral sensory deprivation induces highly selective changes in the intracortical GABA inhibitory circuitry of both hemispheres. These changes are located directly at the input of thalamic afferents and at an output layer of corticofugal and commissural axons and could result in a profound reorganization of the excitatory and inhibitory drives of both sides of the sensory‐deprived barrel field cortex. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Type 1 interleukin‐1 receptor in the rat brain: Distribution, regulation, and relationship to sites of IL‐1–induced cellular activation
Authors: Ericsson A. , Liu C. , Hart R. P. , Sawchenko P. E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSystemic interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) activates the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis, an effect exerted through increased synthesis and secretion of corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) by parvicellular neurosecretory neurons. The site(s) and mechanism(s) through which circulat ing IL‐1 may access central systems governing HPA axis output remain obscure. To identify potential cellular targets for blood‐borne IL‐1, we analyzed the distribution of mRNA encoding the rat type 1 IL‐1 receptor (IL‐1R1) in rat brain. Regional ribonuclease protection assays detected a single protected fragment corresponding to the membrane‐bound form of the IL‐1R1 mRNA in all areas analyzed. In situ hybridization revealed labeling predominantly over barrier‐related cells, including the leptomeninges, non‐tanycytic portions of the ependyma, the choroid plexus, and vascular endothelium. Low to moderate levels of the IL‐1111 mRNA were detected in just a few neuronal cell groups, including the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, the trigeminal and hypoglossal motor nuclei, and the area postrema. No specific labeling for IL‐1R1 mRNA was detected over neurons that respond to intravenous IL‐1β; by induction of transcription factor Fos, including hypophysiotropic CRF cells and brainstem catecholamine neurons. Injection of IL‐1β did, however, provoke induction of mRNA encoding the immediate‐early gene, NGFI‐B, but notc‐fos, in two major loci of IL‐1R1 expression, vascular endothelial cells, and the area postrema. Intravenous inection of IL‐1β acutely down‐regulated IL‐1R1 mRNA in perivascular cells, but not in neuronal cell groups. These results suggest the parenchymal sites of IL‐1R1 expression in rat to be distinct from those reported previously in mouse. The common expression in both species of an IL‐1R in non‐neuronal elements highlights the possibility that IL‐1‐mediated activation of CRF neurons may result from cytokine‐receptor interaction at vascular, and/or other barrier‐related, sites to trigger release of secondary signalling molecules in a position to interact with components of HPA control circuitry. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dopamine in the lobster Homarus gammarus: II. Dopamine‐immunoreactive neurons and development of the nervous system
Authors: Cournil Isabelle , Casasnovas Beatrice , Helluy Simone M. , Beltz Barbara S. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDopamine‐immunoreactive neurons were revealed in lobster embryos, larvae, and postlarvae, and staining patterns were compared to neuronal labeling in the juvenile lobster nervous system (Cournil et al. [1994] J. Comp. Neurol. 344:455–469). Dopamine immunoreactivity is first detected by midembryonic life in 35–40 neuroi somata located anteriorly in brain and subesophageal ganglion. When the lobsters assume a benthic life during the first postlarval stage, an average of 58 cell bodies are labeled. The acquisition of dopamine in lobster neurons is a protracted event spanning embryonic, larval, and postlarval life and finally reaching the full complement of roughly 100 neurons in juvenile stages.Some of the dopaminergic neurons previously identified in the mature nervous system, such as the paired Br cells, L cells, and mandibular cells, are labeled in embryos and persist throughout development. In contrast, other neurons stain transiently for dopamine during the developmental period, but, by the adult stage, these neurons are no longer immunoreactive. Such transiently labeled neurons project to the foregut, the thoracic dorsal muscles, the neurohormonal pericardial plexus, and the pericardial pouches. It is proposed that these neurons are alive and functioning in adult lobster but that dopamine levels have been abolished, proving that neurotransmitter status is a dynamic, changing process. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A quantitative analysis of the dendritic organization of pyramidal cells in the rat hippocampus
Authors: Ishizuka Norio , Cowan W. Maxwell , Amaral David G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe three dimensional organization of the dendritic trees of pyramidal cells in the rat hippocampus was investigated using intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase in the in vitro hippocampal slice preparation and computer‐aided reconstruction. The total dendritic length, dendritic length in each of the hippocampal laminae, and the number of dendritic branches were measured in 20 CAl pyramidal cells, 7 neurons in CA2 and 20 CA3 pyramidal cells. The total dendritic length of CA3 pyramidal cells varied in a consistent fashion depending on their position within the field. Cells located close to the dentate gyrus had the smallest dendritic trees which averaged 9,300 μm in total length. Cells in the distal part of CA3 (near CA2) had the largest dendritic trees, averaging 15,800 μm. The CA2 field contained cells which resembled CA3 pyramidal cells in most respects except for the absence of thorny excrescences on their proximal dendrites. There were also smaller pyramidal cells that resembled CAl neurons. CAl pyramidal cells tended to be more homogeneous. Pyramidal neurons throughout the transverse extent of CAl had a total dendritic length on the order of 13,500 μm. The quantitative analysis of the laminar distribution of dendrites demonstrated that the stratum oriens and stratum radiatum contained significant portions of the pyramidal cell dendritic trees. In CA3, for example, 42–51% of the total dendritic length was located in stratum oriens; about 34% of the dendritic tree was located in stratum radiatum. The amount of dendritic length in stratum lacunosum‐moleculare of CA3 varied depending on the location of the cell. Many CA3 cells located within the limbs of the dentate gyrus, for example, had no dendrites extending into stratum lacunosum‐moleculare whereas those located distally in CA3 had about the same percentage of their dendritic tree in stratum lacunosum‐moleculare as in stratum radiatum. In CAl, nearly half of the dendritic length was located in stratum radiatum, 34% was in stratum oriens and 18% was in stratum lacunosum‐moleculare. These studies identified distinctive dendritic branching patterns, in the stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum moleculare, which clearly distinguished CA3 from CAl neurons. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurochemical phenotype of corticocortical connections in the macaque monkey: Quantitative analysis of a subset of neurofilament protein‐immunoreactive projection neurons in frontal, parietal, temporal, and cingulate cortices
Authors: Hof Patrick R. , Nimchinsky Esther A. , Morrison John H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe neurochemical characteristics of the neuronal subsets that furnish different types of corticocortical connections have been only partially determined. In recent years, several cytoskeletal proteins have emerged as reliable markers to distinguish subsets of pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex of primates. In particular, previous studies using an antibody to nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein (SMI‐32) have revealed a consistent degree of regional and laminar specificity in the distribution of a subpopulation of pyramidal cells in the primate cerebral cortex. The density of neurofilament protein‐immunoreactive neurons was shown to vary across corticocortical pathways in macaque monkeys. In the present study, we have used the antibody SMI‐32 to examine further and to quantify the distribution of a subset of corticocortically projecting neurons in a series of long ipsilateral corticocortical pathways in comparison to short corticocortical, commissural, and limbic connections. The results demonstrate that the long association pathways interconnecting the frontal, parietal, and temporal neocortex have a high representation of neurofilament protein‐enriched pyramidal neurons (45–90%), whereas short corticocortical, callosal, and limbic pathways are characterized by much lower numbers of such neurons (4–35%). These data suggest that different types of corticocortical connections have differential representation of highly specific neuronal subsets that share common neurochemical characteristics, thereby determining regional and laminar cortical patterns of morphological and molecular heterogeneity. These differences in neuronal neurochernical phenotype among corticocortical circuits may have considerable influence on cortical processing and may be directly related to the type of integrative function subserved by each cortical pathway. Finally, it is worth noting that neurofilainent protein‐immunoreactive neurons are dramatically affected in the course of Alzheimer's disease. The present results support the hypothesis that neurofilament protein may be crucially linked to the development of selective neuronal vulnerability and subsequent disruption of corticocortical pathways that lead to the severe impairment of cognitive function commonly observed in age‐related dementing disorders. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The HCR‐20 in personality disordered female offenders: a comparison with a matched sample of males
Authors: de Vogel Vivienne , de Ruiter Corine 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis study examines the predictive validity of the HCR‐20 in a sample of 42 female patients admitted to a Dutch forensic psychiatric hospital. The findings are compared with those for a matched sample of 42 male forensic psychiatric patients. The inter‐rater reliability of the HCR‐20 was good for both female and male patients. There were significant differences between female and male patients in mean HCR‐20 item scores, but the mean H, C and R‐subscale scores and total score were comparable. The base rate for inpatient violence was similar for female (30%) and male patients (29%), but the base rate for violent recidivism after discharge was significantly higher for the male sample (43%) compared with the female sample (13%). For male patients, the HCR‐20 demonstrated good to excellent predictive validity for violent outcome (violent recidivism and inpatient violence); however, predictive accuracy for female patients was much lower. In females, only the HCR‐20 final risk judgment, and not the HCR‐20 total score, demonstrated significant predictive validity for violent outcome. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and structural characterization of, and chemical vapor deposition studies with, certain yttrium tris(β‐diketonate) compounds
Authors: Luten Henry A. , Rees William S. , Goedken Virgil L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe preparation of [Y(tmhd)3 · H2O]2, Y(tmhd)3 and [Y(tmhd)3]2 (tmhd = 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylheptane‐3,5‐dionate; tmod = 2,2,7‐trimethyloctane‐3,5‐dionate) are described. These compounds have been characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, IR, UV/vis, TGA and GC/MS techniques. Crystal data include: [Y(tmhd)3 · H2O]2, Space Group P1, a = 11.6 Å, b = 14.6 Å, c = 14.9 Å, α = 60.5°, β = 63.1°, γ = 73.3°, V = 1937 Å3, z = 2, dc = 1.095, refcoll = 7165, refind = 7165, refsig = 4923, R = 7.0 %, Rw = 8.8 %; [Y(tmod)3]2, Space Group P21/n, a = 13.0 Å, b = 15.4 Å, c = 18.3 Å, β = 91.5°, V = 3670 Å3, z = 4, dc = 1.156, refcoll = 6642, refind = 6642, refsig = 2649, R = 10.6 %, Rw = 10.3 %. The vapor pressures of the compounds are discussed in the light of ligand symmetry concerns. Chemical vapor deposition experiments with these compounds produced films which were characterized by XRD, SEM, ESCA and surface profilometry. Film deposit composition and morphology are related to deposition ambient.
Heterogeneity in DNA damage using the comet assay
Authors: Olive Peggy L. , Durand Ralph E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe single‐cell gel electrophoresis or “comet” assay was developed many years ago to analyze DNA damage in individual cells. It is a powerful and versatile technique that relies on microscopic visualization or imaging of DNA after single cells are embedded in agarose, lysed, and electrophoresed. In addition, the basic methodology has been extended to permit the detection of a variety of classes of DNA damage with good sensitivity in virtually any single‐cell type. A unique but understudied property of the comet assay is its ability to detect and quantify cellular heterogeneity in response to DNA‐damaging agents. This review outlines the considerations in producing and analyzing comet data when heterogeneity in induction of or cellular response to DNA damage is the major consideration. Examples are presented to emphasize the heterogeneity of tumor response to ionizing radiation and cytotoxic drugs. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.