bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bioequivalence evaluation of two brands of cefuroxime 500 mg tablets (Cefuzime® and Zinnat®) in healthy human volunteers
Authors: Al‐Said Mansour S , Al‐Khamis Khalil I , Niazy Esmail M , El‐Sayed Yousry M , Al‐Rashood Khalid A , Al‐Bella Sulaiman , Al‐Yamani Mohd A , Al‐Najjar Tawfeeq A , Alam Syed M , Dham Ruwayda , Zaman Qumaruzaman Q 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA bioequivalence study of two oral formulations of 500 mg cefuroxime axetil was carried out in 24 healthy volunteers following a single dose, standard two‐treatment cross‐over design at the College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, working jointly with King Khalid University Hospital. The two formulations used were Cefuzime® (Julphar, United Arab Emirates) as the test and Zinnat® (Glaxo Wellcome, England) as the reference product. Both test and reference tablets were administered to each subject after an overnight fasting on two treatment days separated by a 1‐week washout period. After dosing, serial blood samples were collected for a period of 8 h. Plasma harvested from blood was analysed for cefuroxime by a sensitive, reproducible and accurate high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Various pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC0−t, AUC0−∝, Cmax, Tmax, T1/2 and Kel were determined from plasma concentrations of both formulations and found to be in good agreement with reported values. AUC0−t, AUC0−∝ and Cmax were tested for bioequivalence after log‐transformation of data. No significant difference was found based on an analysis of variance (ANOVA); 90% confidence interval for test/reference ratio of these parameters were found within bioequivalence acceptance range of 80–125%. Based on these statistical inferences, it was concluded that Cefuzime® is bioequivalent to Zinnat®. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth and death in the developing mammalian kidney: signals, receptors and conversations
Authors: Bard Jonathan B.L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBecause the kidney (metanephros) starts to function before completing development, its patterning and morphogenesis need to be closely integrated with its growth. This is achieved by blast cells at the kidney periphery generating new nephrons that link up to the extending collecting‐duct arborisation, while earlier‐formed and more internal nephrons are maturing and beginning to filter serum. This pattern of development requires that cell division and apoptosis be co‐ordinated in the various kidney compartments (collecting‐ducts, blast cells, metanephric mesenchyme, nephrons and vascular system). The underlying regulatory networks for cell proliferation are beginning to be unravelled, mainly through expression studies, mutation analysis and experimentation in vitro. This article summarises current knowledge of kidney growth and apoptosis, and analyses some of the 80 or so ligand–receptor pairings that seem to sustain development and growth. It also points to some unanswered questions, the most intriguing being what role does apoptosis play during normal kidney development? BioEssays 24:72–82, 2002. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Invasion of mammalian host cells by Plasmodium sporozoites
Authors: Mota Maria M. , Rodriguez Ana 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMalaria is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito, which introduces Plasmodium sporozoites into the mammalian host. Sporozoites rapidly reach the liver of the host where they are sequestered, a process probably mediated by circumsporozoite (CS) protein. Once in the liver, sporozoites migrate through several hepatocytes by breaching their plasma membranes before infecting a final hepatocyte with formation of a vacuole around the sporozoite, where development occurs into blood stage parasites. We propose that migration through several host cells activates sporozoites for ultimate productive invasion. This migration triggers sporozoite exocytosis, which is necessary for hepatocyte invasion, probably because it provides molecules, such as thrombospondin‐related anonymous protein (TRAP), likely required for sporozoite invasion with the formation of a vacuole. How sporozoites migrate from the skin to the liver and invade hepatocytes remains unclear. Understanding this initial stage of malaria is crucial for the development of new approaches against the disease. BioEssays 24:149–156, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mitochondrial mutations may drive Y chromosome evolution
Authors: Gemmell Neil J. , Sin Frank Y. T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe human Y chromosome contains very low levels of nucleotide variation. It has been variously hypothesized that this invariance reflects historic reductions in the human male population, a very recent common ancestry, a slow rate of molecular evolution, an inability to evolve adaptively, or frequent selective sweeps acting on genes borne on the Y chromosome. We propose an alternative theory in which human Y chromosome evolution is driven by mutations in the maternally inherited mitochondrial genome, which impair male fertility and ultimately lead to a reduction in the effective population size (Ne) and consequently the variability of the Y chromosome. BioEssays 24:275–279, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.; DOI 10.1002/bies.10062
Multifunctional regulatory proteins that control gene expression in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm
Authors: Wilkinson Miles F. , Shyu Ann‐Bin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe multistep pathway of eukaryotic gene expression involves a series of highly regulated events in the nucleus and cytoplasm. In the nucleus, genes are transcribed into pre‐messenger RNAs which undergo a series of nuclear processing steps. Mature mRNAs are then transported to the cytoplasm, where they are translated into protein and degraded at a rate dictated by transcript‐ and cell‐type‐specific cues. Until recently, these individual nuclear and cytoplasmic events were thought to be primarily regulated by different RNA‐ and DNA‐binding proteins that are localized either only in the nucleus or only the cytoplasm. Here, we describe multifunctional proteins that control both nuclear and cytoplasmic steps of gene expression. One such class of multifunctional proteins (e.g., Bicoid and Y‐box proteins) regulates both transcription and translation whereas another class (e.g., Sex‐lethal) regulates both nuclear RNA processing and translation. Other events controlled by multifunctional proteins include assembly of spliceosome components, spliceosome recycling, RNA editing, cytoplasmic mRNA localization, and cytoplasmic RNA stability. The existence of multifunctional proteins may explain the paradoxical involvement of the nucleus in an RNA surveillance pathway (nonsense‐mediated decay) that detects cytoplasmic signals (premature termination codons). We speculate that shuttling multifunctional proteins serve to efficiently link RNA metabolism in the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments. BioEssays 23:775–787, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
IR spectra and IR spectral maps of individual normal and cancerous cells
Authors: Diem Max , Chiriboga Luis , Lasch Peter , Pacifico Anthony 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe IR microspectra for individual normal and cancerous cells are reported at a spatial resolution that permits a distinction between the nuclear and cytoplasmic regions. The observed spectra reveal large differences in the spectral contributions of RNA, DNA, and phospholipids: metabolically inactive cells show spectral patterns of proteins only, whereas actively dividing cells also show spectral signatures of nucleic acids and phospholipids. These spectral variations are independent of the state of health of a cell. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 67: 349–353, 2002
In vitro degradation of a polymeric dye (Poly R‐478) by manganese peroxidase
Authors: Moreira M. T. , Palma C. , Mielgo I. , Feijoo G. , Lema J. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aim of this study is the evaluation of the enzymatic action of the ligninolytic enzyme manganese peroxidase (MnP), through a suitable addition of H2O2, as a feasible system for the in vitro degradation of complex structures. For this purpose, a highly recalcitrant polymeric dye (Poly R‐478) was selected as a model compound. An amperometric technique was used to determine the H2O2 requirement in the decolorization by nonpurified MnP. Two H2O2 supply strategies—fed‐batch (every hour) or semicontinuous (every 5 min)—were applied. The addition of H2O2 in pulses led to a limited decolorization after the pulses and the instantaneous consumption or decomposition of H2O2. Therefore, this way of addition may limit the actual H2O2 concentration in the reaction mixture. In contrast, the semicontinuous strategy maintained lower and prolonged concentrations of H2O2, which allowed a clearly greater decolorization (48% after 2 h). In addition, the effect of Mn+2 concentration on the decolorization efficiency was investigated to establish the optimal application of the MnP‐oxidative system. The enzymatic treatment provoked not only the destruction of the chromophoric groups but also a noticeable breakdown of the chemical structure of the dye. In experiments with pure enzyme, MnP proved to be the main factor responsible for the dye decolorization. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 362–368, 2001.
Inhibiting apoptosis in mammalian cell culture using the caspase inhibitor XIAP and deletion mutants
Authors: Sauerwald Tina M. , Betenbaugh Michael J. , Oyler George A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLower yields and poorer quality of biopharmaceutical products result from cell death in bioreactors. Such cell death may occur from necrosis but is more commonly associated with apoptosis. During the process of programmed cell death or apoptosis, caspases become activated and cause a cascade of events that eventually destroy the cell. XIAP is the most potent caspase inhibitor encoded in the mammalian genome. The effectiveness of XIAP and its deletion mutants was examined in two cell lines commonly utilized in commercial bioreactors: Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and 293 human embryonic kidney (293 HEK) cells. CHO cells undergo apoptosis as a result of various insults, including Sindbis virus infection and serum deprivation. In this study, we demonstrate that 293 HEK cells undergo apoptosis during Sindbis virus infection and exposure to the toxins, etoposide and cisplatin. Two deletion mutants of XIAP were created; one containing three tandem baculovirus iaprepeat (BIR) domains and the other containing only the C‐terminal RING domain, lacking the BIRs. Viability studies were performed for cells expressing each mutant and the wild‐type protein on transiently transfected cells, as stable pools, or as stable clonal cell populations after induction of apoptosis by serum deprivation, Sindbis virus infection, etoposide, and cisplatin treatment. Expression of the wild‐type XIAP inhibited apoptosis significantly; however, the XIAP mutant containing the three BIRs provided equivalent or improved levels of apoptosis inhibition in all cases. Expression of the RING domain offered no protection and was pro‐apoptotic in transient expression experiments. With the aid of an N‐terminal YFP fusion to each protein, distribution within the cell was visualized, and the wild‐type and mutants showed differing intracellular accumulation patterns. While the wild‐type XIAP protein accumulated primarily in aggregates in the cytosol, the RING mutant was enriched in the nucleus. In contrast, the deletion mutant containing the three BIRs was distributed evenly throughout the cytosol. Thus, protein engineering of the XIAP protein can be used to alter the intracellular distribution pattern and improve the ability of this caspase inhibitor to protect against apoptosis for two mammalian cell lines. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 704–716, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10154
Metabolic control of recombinant protein N‐glycan processing in NS0 and CHO cells
Authors: Baker Kym N. , Rendall Mark H. , Hills Anna E. , Hoare Michael , Freedman Robert B. , James David C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractChinese hamster ovary and murine myeloma NS0 cells are currently favored host cell types for the production of therapeutic recombinant proteins. In this study, we compared N‐glycan processing in GS‐NS0 and GS‐CHO cells producing the same model recombinant glycoprotein, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1. By manipulation of intracellular nucleotide‐sugar content, we examined the feasibility of implementing metabolic control strategies aimed at reducing the occurrence of murine‐specific glycan motifs on NS0‐derived recombinant proteins, such as Galα1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAc. Although both CHO and NS0‐derived oligosaccharides were predominantly of the standard complex type with variable sialylation, 30% of N‐glycan antennae associated with NS0‐derived TIMP‐1 terminated in α1,3‐linked galactose residues. Furthermore, NS0 cells conferred a greater proportion of terminal N‐glycolylneuraminic (sialic) acid residues as compared with the N‐acetylneuraminic acid variant. Inclusion of the nucleotide‐sugar precursors, glucosamine (10 mM, plus 2 mM uridine) and N‐acetylmannosamine (20 mM), in culture media were shown to significantly increase the intracellular pools of UDP‐N‐acetylhexosamine and CMP‐sialic acid, respectively, in both NS0 and CHO cells. The elevated UDP‐N‐acetylhexosamine content induced by the glucosamine/uridine treatment was associated with an increase in the antennarity of N‐glycans associated with TIMP‐1 produced in CHO cells but not N‐glycans associated with TIMP‐1 from NS0 cells. In addition, elevated UDP‐N‐acetylhexosamine content was associated with a slight decrease in sialylation in both cell lines. The elevated CMP‐sialic acid content induced by N‐acetylmannosamine had no effect on the overall level of sialylation of TIMP‐1 produced by both CHO and NS0 cells, although the ratio of N‐glycolylneuraminic acid:N‐acetylneuraminic acid associated with NS0‐derived TIMP‐1 changed from 1:1 to 1:2. These data suggest that manipulation of nucleotide‐sugar metabolism can promote changes in N‐glycan processing that are either conserved between NS0 and CHO cells or specific to either NS0 cells or CHO cells. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 73: 188–202, 2001
The response of GS‐NS0 myeloma cells to pH shifts and pH perturbations
Authors: Osman Jason J. , Birch John , Varley Julie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe perceived sensitivity of animal cells to hydrodynamic shear has limited agitation and aeration at large‐scale. This makes it difficult to ensure adequate mixing of the vessel contents and may lead to inhomogeneities in operational parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, and especially pH. The effect of pH shifts and pH perturbations on the cellular responses, in batch culture, of a GS‐NS0 mouse myeloma cell line, expressing a recombinant antibody, was investigated. In addition, the effect of extreme pH on the structure of the purified antibody product was studied using isoelectric focusing. The fermentation pH value was shifted abruptly from pH 7.3 to pH values ranging from 6.5 to 9.0. Culture pH was maintained at this new value for the remainder of the fermentation. All pH shifts of above 0.2 units caused a transient increase in apoptosis. However, cultures shifted to pH values between 7.0 and 8.0 continued to grow and the apoptotic fraction returned to initial levels. Cultures shifted to pH values above pH 8.0 and below pH 7.0 did not recover resulting in culture death. For example, a shift to pH 8.5 caused accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle followed by apoptotic death. After the pH shift, maximum specific growth rate was observed over the range pH 7.3 to 7.5 and maximum viable cell number was seen at pH 7.3. Maximum volumetric antibody production, resulting from increased culture longevity, was seen at pH 7.0. It was also observed that glucose consumption increased with increasing pH. In a separate set of experiments cells were subjected to a single pH perturbation ranging in duration from 0 to 600 minutes. Exposure of cells to a pH value greater than 8.5 for more than 10 minutes caused a decrease in the proportion of viable cells and induced a lag in cell growth. At very low pH (6.5) similar effects were seen, but only for extended perturbations (600 min). However, after recovery from the pH perturbation, growth, product secretion and metabolism all returned to original levels. Incubation of the antibody, at the range of pH values investigated, indicated no alterations in the structure of the antibody as determined by the isoelectric focusing pattern. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 63–73, 2001.
Importance of dissection in learning anatomy: Personal dissection versus peer teaching
Authors: Johnson James H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo studies or approaches to time savings in teaching gross anatomy were implemented and tested. Personal dissection vs. peer teaching of the upper and lower extremities revealed subtle effects of dissection on examination performance. Although peer teaching was generally successful, students preferred to dissect for themselves, lacking confidence in being taught by other students. ANOVA and multiple range tests carried out on the examination means indicated no difference between each student's scores on upper and lower extremity questions. However, subtle effects were reflected in significant differences (P < 0.05) in both ratio (upper%/lower%) and difference (upper%–lower%) between each student's percent scores on upper extremity and lower extremity questions, indicating enhanced performance on the extremity dissected. Students dissecting both extremities were intermediate in both ratio and difference, and not significantly different from either the “upper” or “lower” extremity groups. A questionnaire indicated that students who dissected only one extremity would have preferred to have dissected both extremities, and, contrary to overall examination performance, disagreed that they had learned both extremities at a satisfactory level. Although documenting adequate learning with time savings, the results are consistent with the contention that hands‐on dissection enhances learning and confidence in the subject matter, because examination performance as well as personal satisfaction was enhanced on the extremity that was dissected. Clin. Anat. 15:38–44, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of calcitonin treatment on plasma nitric oxide levels in post‐menopausal osteoporotic patients
Authors: Taş Nihal , Aricioglu Aysel , Erbas Deniz , Özcan Serpil 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSeveral recent studies have revealed a wide role for nitric oxide (NO) in bone metabolism. Low doses of NO cause bone resorption, but higher doses of NO inhibit bone resorbing activity. Cytokines are potent stimulators of NO production. NO is a very short‐lived molecules. It exists for only 6–10 s only before it is converted by oxygen and water into the end‐products nitrates and nitrites. Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease, characterized by a decreased amount of bone and increased susceptibility to fracture. NO may be involved as a mediator of bone disease such as post‐menopausal osteoporosis. Calcitonin is a peptide hormone that inhibits bone resorption. The function of calcitonin in some cells is often unclear. In this study 30 post‐menopausal osteoporotic women of ages ranging between 55 and 59 years without systemic diseases and free of any drug therapy were included. Twenty of them, randomly chosen, were treated with calcium (500 mg day−1)+calcitonin (nasal spray 100 U day−1) and the other 10 women (control group) were treated with calcium only. This treatment was applied for 6 months and NO values were measured in each of the two groups before and after treatment. Our findings demonstrate that NO regulates osteoclastic bone resorption activity in association with calcitonin. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Percutaneous repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms using the AneuRx stent graft and the percutaneous vascular surgery device
Authors: Howell Marcus , Doughtery Kathy , Strickman Neil , Krajcer Zvonimir 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEndovascular exclusion of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) was developed in an effort to treat patients who were at high risk for complications following standard surgical repair. Stent grafts used for endovascular repair of AAAs require the use of large‐bore sheaths and surgical exposure of the common femoral arteries (CFAs). To decrease the invasiveness of AAA repair, we attempted to perform the procedure percutaneously utilizing the Prostar XL Percutaneous Vascular Surgery Device and the preclose technique. Thirty patients underwent an attempted percutaneous AAA repair. These patients were followed prospectively to assess the success of the procedure. Twenty‐eight patients (93%) had successful percutaneous repair of both CFA access sites. One patient had inadequate hemostasis of the 22 Fr CFA entry site and one patient had inadequate hemostasis of the 16 Fr CFA entry site. Both of these CFA sites underwent open surgical repair. The rate of successful repair of the 22 Fr CFA access site was 29 of 30 (96%); for the 16 Fr CFA access site, 29 of 30 (96%). No in‐hospital groin complications were seen. The procedure time was 105 ± 21 min. The estimated blood loss was 90.6 ± 50 cc. The hemoglobin loss was 1.54 ± 0.89 mg/dL and the hematocrit loss was 5.04% ± 2.8%. Complete percutaneous endoluminal AAA repair is feasible using the preclose technique. CFAs with sheaths up to 22 Fr can be safely and successfully accessed and repaired percutaneously using this technique. This method provides secure hemostasis and reduces the invasiveness of procedures requiring large‐bore sheaths. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:281–287. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Plant Ontology™ Consortium and Plant Ontologies
Authors:   The Plant Ontology™ Consortium
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe goal of the Plant Ontology™ Consortium is to produce structured
controlled vocabularies, arranged in ontologies, that can be applied to plant‐based
database information even as knowledge of the biology of the relevant plant
taxa (e.g. development, anatomy, morphology, genomics, proteomics) is accumulating
and changing. The collaborators of the Plant Ontology™ Consortium (POC)
represent a number of core participant database groups. The Plant Ontology™
Consortium is expanding the paradigm of the Gene Ontology™ Consortium
(http://www.geneontology.org).
Various trait ontologies (agronomic traits, mutant phenotypes, phenotypes,
traits, and QTL) and plant ontologies (plant development, anatomy [incl. morphology])
for several taxa (Arabidopsis, maize/corn/Zea mays and rice/Oryza)
are under development. The products of the Plant Ontology™ Consortium
will be open‐source. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.