bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drought management in the Río Guadalhorce region of Andalucía, southern Spain
Authors: Roberts C. R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Guadalhorce catchment is characterized by hydrological extremes, severe flooding which has intermittently devastated the coastal conurbation of Málaga and riparian settlements upstream and periodic droughts of several years' duration. The region is also affected locally by high levels of salinity in soils and water. Attempts to manage this situation to permit economic development through agriculture and industry over several centuries seemed to have ameliorated the worst excesses and during the 20th century a series of major dam projects offered the potential for sustainable future economic growth. However, rapid population growth and shifting patterns of agriculture have brought the question of sustainability back on to the agenda.This paper analyses the hydrological characteristics of the severe drought of the mid‐1990s, in terms of its impacts both on water quantity and water quality in the region. The strategies adopted to maintain domestic and tourist water supplies in the face of high demands from irrigation, particularly looking at the conjunctive use of groundwater, and the development of regional water grids are evaluated. The pressures on water quality, which developed in various parts of the Guadalhorce hydrological system, including in the main water supply network for the city, are also explored.The paper concludes that the demands on the water supply system are unlikely to be manageable through current strategies and that ecological and water quality issues will probably prove more critical than water volumes in determining approaches to management of future droughts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of 5‐aminolaevulinic acid and porphyrin photosensitization for photodynamic therapy of malignant bronchial stenosis: A clinical pilot study
Authors: Maier Alfred , Tomaselli Florian , Matzi V. , Woltsche M. , Anegg Udo , Fell B. , Rehak Peter , Pinter H. , Smolle‐Jüttner F.M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPhotosan®, a mixture of porphyrin oligomers as sensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT), carry the risk of prolonged photosensitivity of the skin. New sensitizer such as 5‐aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) with low rates of skin phototoxicity appear to be promising alternatives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ALA compared to Photosan for PDT in malignant tracheo‐bronchial stenosis. Reduction of tumor stenosis, increase in quality of life, and phototoxicity were considered as primary objectives. Improvement in clinical symptoms due to reduction of tumor stenosis, for example hemotysis, dyspnea, and poststenotic pneumonia were considered as secondary objectives.Patients and MethodsAfter diagnostic work‐up, photosensitization was done in 16 patients with ALA (60 mg/kg BW, oral, 6–8 hours prior to PDT) and in 24 patients with Phtosan (2 mg/kg BW, i.v., 48 hours before PDT). The light dose was calculated as 100 J/cm2 tumor length. Light at 630 nm was applied using a pumped dye laser. In both groups, additional hyperbaric oxygenation was applied at a level of 2 absolute atmospheric pressure.ResultsStenosis diameter and Karnofsky performance status showed a significant improvement in favor of the Photosan‐group, P = 0.00073 and 0.00015, respectively. In both groups no sunburn occurred due to phototoxicity of the sensitizer.ConclusionDespite the limitations of a non‐randomized study, photosensitization with Photosan seems to be more effective in PDT of malignant tracheo‐bronchial stenosis compared to ALA. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:12–17, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of laser irradiation on the spinal cord for the regeneration of crushed peripheral nerve in rats
Authors: Rochkind Semion , Nissan Moshe , Alon Malvina , Shamir Merav , Salame Khalil 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to examine the recovery of the crushed sciatic nerve of rats after low‐power laser irradiation applied to the corresponding segments of the spinal cord.Study Design/Materials and MethodsAfter a crush injury to the sciatic nerve in rats, low‐power laser irradiation was applied transcutaneously to corresponding segments of the spinal cord immediately after closing the wound by using 16 mW, 632 nm He‐Ne laser. The laser treatment was repeated 30 minutes daily for 21 consecutive days.ResultsThe electrophysiologic activity of the injured nerves (compound muscle action potentials—CMAPs) was found to be approximately 90% of the normal precrush value and remained so for up to a long period of time. In the control nonirradiated group, electrophysiologic activity dropped to 20% of the normal precrush value at day 21 and showed the first signs of slow recovery 30 days after surgery. The two groups were found to be significantly different during follow‐up period (P < 0.001).ConclusionThis study suggests that low‐power laser irradiation applied directly to the spinal cord can improve recovery of the corresponding insured peripheral nerve. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:216–219, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combination of dopamine transporter and D2 receptor SPECT in the diagnostic evaluation of PD, MSA, and PSP
Authors: Kim Yun J. , Ichise Masanori , Ballinger James R. , Vines Douglas , Erami Sean S. , Tatschida Tatsuro , Lang Anthony E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt is often difficult to differentiate clinically between Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP).The objective of this work was to investigate whether combined pre‐ and postsynaptic dopaminergic single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scanning can reliably demonstrate changes in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and help differentiate between normal controls, PD, MSA, and PSP patients. We performed SPECT evaluation of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and dopamine D2 receptors (D2). SPECT scans using [123I]β‐CIT (for DAT) and [123I]IBF (for D2) were performed in 18 patients with PD (12 dopa‐naïve and 6 on levodopa and/or dopamine agonists), 7 with MSA of the striatonigral degeneration type, 6 with PSP, and 29 normal controls. Antiparkinsonian drugs were withheld for at least 12 hours before the scans. DAT and D2 binding potentials (Rv = V3/V2) were measured for caudate, anterior, and posterior putamen on the sides ipsilateral and contralateral to the worst motor symptoms. DAT binding in the posterior putamen was markedly reduced in all patients. However, D2 binding in posterior putamen was significantly increased in dopa‐untreated PD, being greater than the normal range in 4 of 12 (33%), and it was significantly reduced in MSA, being below the normal range in 5 of 7 (71%). None of the patients with PD showed reduced D2 binding below the normal range in posterior putamen. The degree of DAT binding could not discriminate between the patient groups. The ratio of posterior putamen to caudate percentage D2 Rv compared with the controls showed an opposite pattern between PD or PSP and MSA; the caudate was greater in 16 of 18 with PD and 6 of 6 with PSP, whereas caudate was less in 5 of 7 with MSA. These findings suggest that DAT SPECT may be useful in differentiating parkinsonism from controls and D2 SPECT in further differentiating MSA from Parkinson's disease and possibly PSP. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society.
Plasticity of afferent fibers to striatal neurons bearing D1 dopamine receptors in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Muriel Marie‐Paule , Agid Yves , Hirsch Etienne 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra provokes a plasticity of corticostriatal synapses in Parkinson's disease (PD). The corticostriatal pathway nevertheless makes synapses with neurons bearing D1 dopamine receptors (D1R) and/or D2 dopamine receptors. At the ultrastructural level, we analyzed the morphological characteristics of synapses formed by afferent fibers making asymmetric contacts with the dendritic spines of neurons identified by D1R immunoreactivity, in the striatum of control subjects and PD patients. A quantitative analysis of the morphological characteristics of the synapses and of the number of perforated synapses (considered to be very active) was performed. In PD, a 50% increase in the number of perforated synapses making contact with D1R dendritic spines was observed, whereas no change in the number of perforated synapses on non‐D1R spines was observed. The change in the number of perforated synapses on D1R dendrites was associated with a slight but nonsignificant increase in the surface area of the corticostriatal afferent fibers and the surface of the mitochondria in these fibers (+29.0% and +34.6%, respectively). This suggests a hyperactivity of corticostriatal fibers in contact with D1R‐bearing neurons of the direct pathway in the basal ganglia circuitry. Since stimulation of the direct pathway is thought to alleviate the clinical symptoms of PD, this suggests that the differences observed may be involved in compensatory mechanisms. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Piribedil for restless legs syndrome: A pilot study
Authors: Evidente Virgilio Gerald H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThirteen consecutive patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS) were treated with piribedil and were rated using an RLS rating scale (0–10) and subjective response (0–100%); 11/13 (85%) had improvement of their mean RLS scores with subjective response ranging from 30% to 100% (mean 74.6%). This pilot study suggests that piribedil is effective for RLS.
Transient improvement induced by motor fatigue in focal occupational dystonia: The handgrip test
Authors: Pesenti Alessandra , Priori Alberto , Scarlato Guglielmo , Barbieri Sergio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMuscle fatigue induced by a previous sustained contraction temporarily decreases the motor output, transiently worsening motor performance. Whether muscle fatigue alters motor performance also in dystonia—a disorder whose main pathophysiological abnormality is motor overflow—remains unknown. To assess the effects of muscle fatigue in patients with focal occupational upper limb dystonia, we studied the effect of a previous maximum fatiguing voluntary contraction on motor performance in 10 musicians with focal occupational dystonia, in 3 musicians with hand motor impairment due to non‐dystonic disorders, and in 5 normal musicians. The fatiguing task consisted of grasping a spring handgrip as long as possible until the task failed. In dystonic musicians, a fatiguing contraction significantly improved motor performance. The improvement lasted less than 5 minutes and appeared only after fatigue of the affected upper limb. In contrast, in musicians with non‐dystonic motor impairment, motor performance remained unchanged or worsened, and normal musician performance consistently worsened. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Therapeutic ultrasound: Its application in drug delivery
Authors: Ng Ka‐yun , Liu Yang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUltrasound is best known for its imaging capability in diagnostic medicine. However, there have been considerable efforts recently to develop therapeutic uses for it. The purpose of this review is to summarize some of the recent advances made in the area of therapeutic ultrasound as they relate to drug delivery. In particular, this review will focus on the applications of ultrasound to enhance the delivery and effect of three distinctive therapeutic drug classes: chemotherapeutic, thrombolytic, and gene‐based drugs. In addition, ultrasound contrast agents have been recently developed for diagnostic ultrasound. New experimental evidence suggests that these contrast agents can be used as exogenous cavitation nuclei for enhancement of drug and gene delivery. Thus, brief review of this new class of agents and their roles in drug delivery will also be provided. By comparison to diagnostic ultrasound, progress in therapeutic use of ultrasound has been somewhat limited. The recent successes in ultrasound‐related drug delivery research positions ultrasound as therapeutic tool for drug delivery in the future. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Med Res Rev, 22, No. 2, 204–223, 2002; DOI 10.1002/med.10004
Scaling limits for the Ruijgrok–Wu model of the Boltzmann equation
Authors: Gabetta Ester , Perthame Benoît 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Ruijgrok–Wu model of the kinetic theory of rarefied gases is investigated both in the fluid‐dynamic and hydro‐dynamic scalings. It is shown that the first limit equation is a first order quasilinear conservation law, whereas the limit equation in the diffusive scaling is the viscous Burgers equation. The main difficulties came from initial layers that we handle here. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiation resistance of coax‐fed rectangular microstrip patch antenna with the use of artificial neural networks
Authors: Pattnaik Shyam S. , Panda Dhruba C. , Devi S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA novel method of using artificial neural networks (ANNS) for the calculation of the radiation resistance of a coax‐fed rectangular microstrip antenna is presented in this Letter. The network is trained with the results of three different antennas and tested for the fourth antenna. The tested results are in very good agreement. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 51–53, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10370
13C PHIP NMR spectra and polarization transfer during the homogeneous hydrogenation of alkynes with parahydrogen
Authors: Stephan Matthias , Kohlmann Olaf , Niessen Heiko G. , Eichhorn Andreas , Bargon Joachim 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHomogeneously catalyzed hydrogenations of unsaturated substrates with parahydrogen not only lead to strong polarization signals in 1H NMR spectra, but also can give rise to strong heteronuclear polarization, especially if the hydrogenations are carried out in low magnetic fields. As a typical example, the polarization transfer from protons to carbon nuclei during the hydrogenation of alkynes is outlined for several substrates. In systems containing easily accessible triple bonds, e.g. phenylethyne or 3,3‐dimethyl‐1‐butyne, polarization transfer occurs to all carbon nuclei in the molecule. Accordingly, in NMR spectra recorded in situ all 13C resonances can be observed with good to excellent signal‐to‐noise ratios using only a single transient. The qualitative influence of symmetry and electronic aspects of the substrate and its hydrogenation product on the efficiency of the transfer of polarization to the 13C‐nuclei are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oral antioxidants counteract the negative effects of female aging on oocyte quantity and quality in the mouse
Authors: Tarín Juan J. , Pérez‐Albalá Sonia , Cano Antonio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study aims to compare the effect of early and late onset administration of oral antioxidants on number and quality of oocytes retrieved from aged mice after exogenous ovarian stimulation. Control hybrid females were fed a standard diet supplemented or not supplemented with pharmacological doses of vitamins C and E either from the first day of weaning or from the age of 32 weeks until they were autopsied at the age 40–42, 50–52, or 57–62 weeks after exogenous ovarian stimulation. Analysis of chromosomal distribution, DNA organization and cellular morphology was performed in ovulated cumulus‐enclosed and ‐free oocytes, ovarian non‐germinal vesicle oocytes enclosed by or free of mucous cumulus cells and in vitro‐matured ovarian germinal–vesicle oocytes. Both early and late onset administration of oral antioxidants counteracted the negative effects of female aging on number of ovarian oocytes and total percentage of oocytes retrieved from oviducts and ovaries exhibiting a normal distribution of chromosomes in the metaphase‐II plate and/or morphological traits of apoptosis. Although both early and late onset administration of oral antioxidants can counteract the negative effects of female aging on number and quality of oocytes, transference of these results to human beings should be made with caution because of the potential side effects of high doses of vitamins on reproductive function as well as many other undesirable systemic disorders. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 61: 385–397, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protection against reactive oxygen species during mouse preimplantation embryo development: Role of EDTA, oxygen tension, catalase, superoxide dismutase and pyruvate
Authors: Orsi Nicolas M. , Leese Henry J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOxidative damage due to the production of reactive oxygen species &lpar;ROS&rpar; is one of a number of culture&hyphen;induced stresses which may compromise preimplantation embryo development in vitro. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid &lpar;EDTA&rpar;, reduced oxygen tension, superoxide dismutase &lpar;SOD&rpar; and catalase &lpar;CAT&rpar; offer protection against oxidative stress, but few attempts have been made to determine which of these agents, or which combination, is the most effective. In particular, no systematic investigation of their actions and interactions has been made using a multifactorial experimental design. Murine zygotes were cultured in the presence or absence of 10 &mu;M EDTA, SOD &lpar;100&ndash;7,000 U&sol;ml&rpar; and CAT &lpar;50&ndash;100 U&sol;ml&rpar; at atmospheric &lpar;20&percnt;&rpar; and reduced &lpar;5&percnt;&rpar; oxygen tensions. Blastocyst formation and hatching rates &lpar;at various time points&rpar;, and cell numbers were recorded, whilst parallel groups of embryos had their consumption of pyruvate, a hydrogen peroxide scavenger, measured. All parameters interacted significantly and affected blastocyst formation, hatching rate and cell numbers but the effect of EDTA was the most pronounced. There were beneficial effects of 5&percnt; O2, CAT and SOD, while 20&percnt; O2 had a deleterious effect on development. EDTA improved blastocyst formation and hatching rates but paradoxically led to a reduction in cell number. 5&percnt; O2 was the next most significant parameter to enhance embryo development and also increased cell numbers. No differences in pyruvate uptake were apparent between the various treatment groups. The results suggest that embryo culture in EDTA&hyphen;free medium under 5&percnt; O2 provides the most practical and physiological conditions for in vitro murine embryo culture. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 59:44&ndash;53, 2001. &copy; 2001 Wiley&hyphen;Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the Stag3 gene and the synaptonemal complex in a rat model (as/as) for male infertility
Authors: Bayés Mònica , Prieto I. , Noguchi J. , Barbero J.L. , Jurado L.A. Pérez 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAffected males (as/as) from the mutant TT rat strain are sterile due to spermatogenesis impairment with meiotic arrest at the pachytene stage. The as locus is on rat chromosome 12, in a region that shows conserved synteny to cM 74–94 on mouse chromosome 5. Stag3, a new member of the stromalin protein family, is expressed specifically in testis and associates to the synaptonemal complex. Mouse Stag3 gene has been assigned to cM 78 on chromosome 5. In this study, we have characterized the rat Stag3 gene and examined it as a candidate for male infertility in as/as rats. The rat Stag3 cDNA is 4181 nucleotides long, contains a highly polymorphic hexanucleotide repeat in the coding region, and encodes a 1256 amino acid protein with 93 and 77% sequence identity to mouse and human Stag3 proteins, respectively. No mutations or differences in size or abundance of Stag3 mRNA were detected between as/as and control rats, suggesting that Stag3 is not responsible for the aspermic phenotype. In addition, immunohistochemistry with antibodies against SCP1 and SPC3 proteins suggest that the synaptonemal complex structures are not primarily affected in these rats. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60:414‐417, © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imaging cortical association tracts in the human brain using diffusion‐tensor‐based axonal tracking
Authors: Mori Susumu , Kaufmann Walter E. , Davatzikos Christos , Stieltjes Bram , Amodei Laura , Fredericksen Kim , Pearlson Godfrey D. , Melhem Elias R. , Solaiyappan Meiyappan , Raymond Gerald V. , Moser Hugo W. , van Zijl Peter C.M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDiffusion‐tensor fiber tracking was used to identify the cores of several long‐association fibers, including the anterior (ATR) and posterior (PTR) thalamic radiations, and the uncinate (UNC), superior longitudinal (SLF), inferior longitudinal (ILF), and inferior fronto‐occipital (IFO) fasciculi. Tracking results were compared to existing anatomical knowledge, and showed good qualitative agreement. Guidelines were developed to reproducibly track these fibers in vivo. The interindividual variability of these reconstructions was assessed in a common spatial reference frame (Talairach space) using probabilistic mapping. As a first illustration of this technical capability, a reduction in brain connectivity in a patient with a childhood neurodegenerative disease (X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy) was demonstrated. Magn Reson Med 47:215–223, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative MRI assessment of leukoencephalopathy
Authors: Reddick Wilburn E. , Glass John O. , Langston James W. , Helton Kathleen J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractQuantitative MRI assessment of leukoencephalopathy is difficult because the MRI properties of leukoencephalopathy significantly overlap those of normal tissue. This report describes the use of an automated procedure for longitudinal measurement of tissue volume and relaxation times to quantify leukoencephalopathy. Images derived by using this procedure in patients undergoing therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are presented. Five examinations from each of five volunteers (25 examinations) were used to test the reproducibility of quantitated baseline and subsequent, normal‐appearing images; the coefficients of variation were less than 2% for gray and white matter. Regions of leukoencephalopathy in patients were assessed by comparison with manual segmentation. Two radiologists manually segmented images from 15 randomly chosen MRI examinations that exhibited leukoencephalopathy. Kappa analyses showed that the two radiologists' interpretations were concordant (κ = 0.70) and that each radiologist's interpretations agreed with the results of the automated procedure (κ = 0.57 and 0.55).The clinical application of this method was illustrated by analysis of images from sequential MR examinations of two patients who developed leukoencephalopathy during treatment for ALL. The ultimate goal is to use these quantitative MR imaging measures to better understand therapy‐induced neurotoxicity, which can be limited or even reversed with some combination of therapy adjustments and pharmacological and neurobehavioral interventions. Magn Reson Med 47:912–920, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Steady‐state preparation for spoiled gradient echo imaging
Authors: Busse Reed F. , Riederer Stephen J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhile spoiled gradient echo sequences provide a rapid means of acquiring T1‐weighted images, it is often desirable that the magnetization be in the steady state to avoid artifacts. For some applications, this requires many “dummy” repetitions of the pulse sequence prior to data collection, delaying image acquisition. A method is presented in which a saturation pulse, followed by a prescribed recovery period, places longitudinal magnetization levels of all materials near steady state, ready for data acquisition much sooner than when employing only dummy repetitions to achieve steady state. Effects of transverse coherences are studied using configuration theory. The method is shown to be effective in both phantom studies and in vivo applications, including real‐time imaging, multiphase cardiac imaging, and triggered contrast‐enhanced angiography. Magn Reson Med 45:653–661, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.