bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of potassium and magnesium infusion on plasma Mg concentration and Mg balance in ewes
Authors: McLean A. F. , Buchan W. , Scott D. 
Published: September 2005

1. Concentrations of magnesium in plasma, the ionic concentration in rumen digesta supernatant fractions, Mg balance and electropotential differences were measured in three ewes which were fed on grass and suppleyented with potassium and Mg by intraruminal infusion.2. Mean plasma Mg concentrations were unaltered by combined K and Mg treatments, but fell (P < 0.001) when K alone was infused.3. The mean concentrations, in rumen digesta, of sodium and K varied reciprocally (P < 0.001) with each other when K was infused, but were unaffected by Mg infusion. The mean Mg concentrations in rumen digesta fell (P < 0.01) with K infusion but rose (P < 0.001) with Mg infusion.4. Absorption and excretion of Mg rose (P < 0.001) when Mg intake was increased but was unaffected by K intake.
The effect of provision of the first-limiting amino acid, gastrointestinal microbial activity and the level of nitrogen intake on protein utilization and energy digestibility in rats
Authors: Eggum B. O. , Beames R. M. , Bach Knudsen K. E. 
Published: September 2005

1. The present work with growing rats was undertaken to study the effect of protein quality, gastrointestinal microbial activity and the level of nitrogen intake on protein utilization and energy digestibiiity. The experiment involved a total of thirty-six dietary treatments in a 9 x 4 factorial design, with five rats per treatment. The thirty-six diets resulted from nine protein sources. Each diet was composed of a basal N-free mixture plus minerals and vitamins, with N sources added at the expense of the N-free mixture to provide 15.0 gN/kg dry matter (DM) in the first three protein-addition treatments and 30.0 gN/kg DM in the fourth protein-addition treatment. The nine protein sources were soya-bean meal, casein, wheat gluten, skim-milk powder, meat-and-bone meal, wheat bran, barley, wheat and cooked brown beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). The four formulations for each protein source incorporated the protein unsupplemented at 15.0 gN/kg DM, unsupplemented at 30.0 gN/kg DM, or supplemented at 15.0 gN/kg DM with the estimated first-limiting amino acid or the antibiotic Nebacitin.2. With all protein sources, the inclusion of the first-limiting amino acid had no effect on either protein or energy digestibility.3. The microbial activity in the digestive tract affected protein utilization and energy digestibility to a different degree depending primarily on the level and type of dietary fibre. True protein digestibility (TD) of skim-milk powder and brown beans, both rich in easily-fermentable energy, increased from 0.959 to 1.000 and from 0.680 to 0.777 respectively by the addition of Nebacitin. TD of the other protein sources was only marginally affected by the antibiotic treatment. Only with brown beans was the biological value (BV) markedly affected by Nebacitin with an increase from 0.482 to 0.557 by the treatment. Energy digestibility was significantly lower in rats given antibiotic with soya-bean meal, wheat bran, barley, wheat and brown beans.4. The effect of level of N intake on protein utilization was dependent on both protein quality and the fibre concentration of the diet. Protein sources with high BV were more affected than proteins of lower BV. It was concluded that TD is not always independent of dietary protein concentration.
Comparative effects of wheat bran and barley husk on nutrient utilization in rats
Authors: Donangelo Carmen M. , Eggum B. O. 
Published: September 2005

I. The present work with growing rats was undertaken to compare the effect of wheat bran and barley husk on nutrient bioavailability. The experiment involved a total of nine dietary treatments consisting of a control group, without wheat bran or barley husk, and two series of four groups with increasing amounts of fibre from 50 to 117 g/kg dry matter (DM) from the two fibre sources. Dietary nitrogen concentration was kept constant at 15 gN/kg DM by adjusting the diets with an N-free mixture. Protein sources were casein, fortified with methionine and white wheat flour. True protein digestibility (TD), biological value (BV), net protein utilization (NPU) and digestible energy (DE) were estimated.2. TD decreased when total dietary fibre (TDF) increased, the effect being greater in the case of wheat bran. The difference in response can be explained by the larger N contribution from bran than from barley husk. N from barley husk was actually digested less than N from wheat bran.3. Changes in TD due to fibre were small, both for wheat and barley husk. It was concluded that decreased TD with fibre at moderate levels was due to poor digestibility of the N associated with the fibre source rather than decreased digestibility of N from other dietary components.4. BV was only marginally affected by the fibre levels, indicating that the relatively high lysine content in both wheat bran and barley husk had a low availability.5. Wheat bran and barley husk showed almost the same negative effect on DE and DM digestibility (DMD). DMD correlated significantly with DE, demonstrating that DMD is a simple and convenient means of monitoring DE.
The digestion of fresh perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. cv. Melle) and white clover (Trifolium repensL. cv. Blanca) by growing cattle fed indoors
Authors: Beever D. E. , Thomson D. J. , Ulyatt M. J. , Cammell S. B. , Spooner M. C. 
Published: September 2005

1. Pure swards of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. cv. Melle) or white clover (Trifolium repensL.cv. Blanca) were harvested daily at three and two stages of growth respectively, and offered to housed cattle. The grass diets comprised primary growth (May) and two later regrowths of contrasting morphology (i.e. leaf: stem values of 1.54 and 2.84 respectively), and were characterized by high contents of water-soluble carbohydrate and neutral- detergent fibre and comparable in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibilities (mean 0.80). Total nitrogen content was higher on primary growth grass (34 g/kg DM) than on regrowths (23 g/kg DM) but lower than values obtained for the two clover diets (38 and 43 g/kg DM, respectively). The clover diets had lower water-soluble carbohydrate contents than the grasses, comparable cellulose, but lower neutral-detergent fibre contents and in vitro DM digestibilities of 0.70 and 0.77 respectively.2. The experiment lasted from May until August, during which time a total of twenty-one young Friesian steers (initial average live weight 130 kg) were used to determine both nutrient supply to the small intestine (twelve animals) and apparent digestibility (nine animals). Each diet was offered at three levels of DM intake (i.e. 18, 22 and 26 g/kg live weight). A further six steers, all fed at the rate of 22 g DM/kg live weight, were used to determine the metabolizable energy contents of the five diets by means of open-circuit calorimetry.3. The three grass diets and the later-cut clover had, as intended, quite similar in vivo organic matter digestibilities, but that of the earlier-cut clover was lower, and this was associated with a large number of flower heads in this crop at the time of feeding.4. On the clover diets, proportionately less of the ingested organic matter appeared to be digested in the rumen (0.40) compared with the grass diets (0.58) (P < 0.001). On the high-N primary grass and the clover diets, substantial rumen losses of N were detected (P < 0.01) compared with regrowth grasses.5. The metabolizable energy content of the primary growth of grass was 12.2 MJ/kg DM, whilst the values for the other two grass diets were lower (11.6 MJ/kg DM), despite no marked decline in overall energy digestibility. Values for the two clover diets (mean 10.5 MJ/kg DM) were considerably lower than all values noted for the grasses.6. The amount of absorbed non-ammonia-N expressed per MJ metabolizable energy averaged 1.24 g/MJ on the grass diets, with no apparent seasonal effects, compared with 1.79 g/MJ on the two clover diets.7. Reasons for variations in nutrient supply and the consequence of considerable rumen losses of ingested N on the high-N diets are discussed, and the contribution that white clover can make to overall protein supply in grazing ruminants is established.
Nutritional availability to rats of selenium in four seafoods: crab (Callinectes sapidus), oyster (Crassostrea virginica), shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) and Baltic herring (Clupea harengus)
Authors: Mutanen Marja , Koivistoinen Pekka , Morris Virginia C. , Levander Orville A. 
Published: September 2005

1. The present study was conducted to determine the biological availability to rats of the selenium in four high-Se seafoods: crab (CuZlinectes supidus), oyster (Crassostrea virginica), shrimp (Penueus duorarum) and Baltic herring (Clupea harengus).2. Weanling male rats were fed on a Se-deficient Torula yeast diet for 4 weeks followed by either continued depletion or repletion for 4 weeks with 0.05, 0.1 or 0.2 μg Se as selenite/g, or 0.1 or 0.2 μg Se as freeze-dried cooked test food/g. Plasma and liver Se levels or glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9; GSH-Px) activities were used as indicators of body Se status.3. Except for oysters, the biological availability of Se in all these seafoods was close to that of selenite (selenite 100%) when the criterion used was either plasma Se level or plasma GSH-Px activity.4. By the criterion of increased liver Se level of restored hepatic GSH-Px activity, only herringSe had a biological availability comparable to that of selenite-Se under all conditions tested, whereas crab-Se and oyster-Se were distinctly inferior in this regard.5. Increasing the amount of crab-Se, oyster-Se or shrimp-Se supplied in the diet from 0.1 to 0.2 μg/g changed the apparent availability (%) of Se for hepatic GSH-Px restoration from 38 to 78, 22 to 53 and 57 to 90 respectively.6. The present study demonstrates that the availability of Se in certain foods is a function of the criterion chosen, the level of Se supplied in the diet, and possibly other unknown interacting dietary factors.
Selenium status in patients with liver cirrhosis and alcoholism
Authors: Johansson U. , Johnsson F. , Joelsson B. , Berglund M. , Åkesson B. 
Published: September 2005

1. Selenium status and blood levels of other nutrients related to lipid peroxidation were studied in patients with advanced alcoholic liver cirrhosis, in male alcoholics who had been abstinent for at least 1 month and in healthy control subjects.2. Plasma Se was decreased in alcoholic cirrhosis but not among alcoholics in abstinence. Platelet glutathione peroxidase (EC 1. 11. 1.9; GSH-Px) activity was decreased in cirrhotic patients, whereas GSH-Px in blood and plasma was the same as in controls for both groups of patients.3. Plasma retinol and plasma α-tocopherol were decreased in alcoholic cirrhosis, whereas plasma ascorbic acid was the same in all groups.4. The decreases in platelet GSH-Px, plasma Se and α-tocopherol indicate a deranged antioxidant defence in patients with advanced alcoholic cirrhosis, but the levels of these and other nutrients were generally not correlated to common clinical chemical indicators of liver disease.
The distribution of nutrient intake within families
Authors: Nelson Michel 
Published: September 2005

1. During 1978 and 1979, the 343 members of seventy-nine families representative of households with two adults and two or three children living in Cambridge, England, completed 7-d records of food consumption using the semi-weighed technique. Nutrient intakes were calculated using food composition tables.2. Amongst males, the average intakes of energy and most nutrients were highest in men and boys aged 11–17 years, and lowest in boys under 5 years. Amongst females, intakes were highest in girls aged 11–17 years, and lowest in those under 5 years. At each age, intakes in males were generally higher than those in females.3. Nutrient distribution within families was described using the ratio, intake of each subject: intake of the male head of the household. The problems inherent in using this ratio are discussed.4. The distribution of nutrient intakes within the families was not in accordance with the recommended daily amounts (RDA). Men and young boys received more than their fair share of the family diet, while women and girls aged 5–17 years received less.5. Estimates of dietary adequacy based on the averages of family consumption and requirements (RDA) concealed up to twofold variations in the adequacy of diet of different age-sex-groups.6. The interpretation of dietary adequacy in household food surveys should take into account the distribution of nutrient intakes within the household, as the distribution may be substantially different from that predicted by the RDA.
Some effects of selenium deficiency on glutathione peroxidase (EC1.11.1.9) activity and tissue pathology in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Bell J. G. , Pirie B. J. S. , Adron J. W. , Cowey C. B. 
Published: September 2005

1. Two duplicate groups of rainbow trout (Sulmo gairdneri; mean weight 27 g) were given diets of differing selenium content (deficient 0, 025 mg Se/kg; supplemented 1.022 mg Se/kg) for 30 weeks.2. There were no significant differences between treatments in weight gain but packed cell volume, liver vitamin E and liver and plasma Se concentrations were all significantly lower in the Se-deficient trout.3. Ataxia occurred in about 10% of the Se-deficient trout and histopathologies were evident in nerve cord (damage to axon sheath) and liver (loss of integrity in endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria with appearance of increased vesiculation).4. Glutathione peroxidase (EC1.11.1.9) activity was significantly reduced in liver and plasma of Se-deficient fish but there was no indication, from differential assay, of any non-Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity. Glutathione transferase (EC2.5. I.18) activity was significantly increased in Se-deficient trout.
Effects of short- and long-term feeding of zinc oxide-supplemented diets on the mature, female domestic fowl with special reference to tissue mineral content
Authors: Jackson N. , Gibson S. W. , Stevenson M. H. 
Published: September 2005

1. In Expt 1, the effects on laying hens of diets supplemented with zinc oxide providing up to 20 gadded zinc/kg were compared. In Expt 2 the diets contained up to 6 g added Zn/kg.2. In both experiments, food intake, body-weight, egg number, and liver, oviduct and ovary weights/kg body-weight were significantly reduced by added ZnO; gizzard weight/kg body-weight was significantly increased. In Expt 2, pancreas weight was significantly reduced by added ZnO.3. Liver, kidney and pancreatic Zn and iron concentrations were significantly elevated in both experiments.4. In both experiments, liver, kidneys and pancreatic copper concentrations gave quadratic responses to added ZnO.
The alleviation of chronic copper toxicity in sheep by ciliate protozoa
Authors: Ivan M. , Veira D. M. , Kelleher C. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. Rams, fauna-free from birth and initially of 48–65 kg live weight, were allocated to two groups of ten each and given a diet containing 14 μg copper/g dry matter; five additional rams were killed and their livers were analysed for Cu.2. One group (faunated) was inoculated with a mixed population of ciliate protozoa, and contained between 60x105and 195 x 105protozoa/ml rumen fluid throughout the 184 d experiment. The other group remained fauna-free. Following blood sampling, three rams in each group were killed on day 63, two on day 125 and four on day 184. One sheep in each group died during the experiment.3. Faunated rams showed higher weight gains and feed consumption than fauna-free rams.4. Plasma Cu concentration (μg/ml) increased from an initial 0.82to a final 1.00 in faunated and 1.36 in fauna-free rams. Liver Cu concentration (μg/g dry matter) increased from an initial 745 to a final 962 and 1684 in faunated and in fauna-free sheep respectively, representing a 4.3-fold greater increase in the fauna-free than in the faunated group. The absorption and retention of Cu was 38–50% higher in the fauna-free than in the faunated rams.5. It was suggested that rumen ciliate protozoa increased rumen production of sulphide (through increased breakdown of soluble proteins) which complexed part of the Cu, making it unavailable for absorption and utilization. Therefore, ciliate protozoa could determine susceptibility to chronic Cu toxicity in sheep.
Rumen degradation and fractional outflow rates of nitrogen supplements given to cattle eating sodium hydroxide-treated straw
Authors: Amaning-Kwarteng K. , Kellaway R. C. , Leibholz Jane , Kirby A. C. 
Published: September 2005

1. Six rumen and abomasal cannulated heifers were used to study the effects of intake on the fractional outflow rates (FOR) of chromium-mordanted cotton-seed meal (Cr-CSM) and meat meal (Cr-MM), CrEDTA, ytterbium and lignin from the rumen. Values of FOR of Cr-CSM and Cr-MM were combined with values of nitrogen disappearance from the protein supplements, placed in porous synthetic (nylon) bags and incubated within the rumen (P), to calculate effective degradation (D)of CSM and MM when fed to heifers eating sodium hydroxide-treated straw. Also, N degradation in vivo (V) was measured as the difference between abomasal N flow and the sum of flows of microbial and endogenous N.2. FOR were positively related to intake and differences between supplements were significant (p<0.01). FOR pertaining to high and low intakes respectively were 0.073 and 0.052 for Cr-CSM, 0.082 and 0.071 for Cr-MM, 0.030 and 0.023 for lignin, 0.082 and 0.073 for CrEDTA and 0, 044 and 0.035 for Yb.3. A rise of 28.8 and 13.4% in FOR of Cr-CSM and Cr-MM respectively, associated with an increase in intake from maintenance to 1.5 times maintenance, resulted in 10.7 and 2.2% reductions inD, 24 h after feeding, for CSM and MM respectively.4. With the exception of CSM at the high intake, estimates ofVwere underestimated byDand were 8.6–25.0% greater than theDvalues when time of incubation (t)= ∞. The two techniques, however, ranked the degradation of the two supplements in the same order at both levels of intake.5. Underestimation ofVbyDmay be attributable to underestimation ofP, overestimation of FOR (both resulting in underestimation ofD) or overestimation ofVdue to biases associated with the estimation of this part of the comparison. The relative importance of these factors remains to be determined.
Pigeon (Columba L.) meat iron solubility and availability for absorption in rats
Authors: Latunde-Dada G. O. , Neale R. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. The distribution of iron in 59Fe-labelled pigeon (Columba L.) leg and breast muscle and liver were determined by gel filtration. While the insoluble Fe was between 14 and 25% of the total Fe from the tissues, the haem-Fe represented 79.1% (breast) to 45% (liver) of the total Fe and ferritin was between 5.5% (breast) and 26.5% (liver) of the total Fe.2. The tissue haem-Fe concentration was found to be lower than that determined by gel filtration using the method of Schricker et al. (1982) for non-haem-Fe and obtaining haem-Fe by difference.3. A simulated in vitro digestion procedure showed significantly (P < 0.01) reduced 59Fe solubility from 59Fe-labelled pigeon meat after cooking at 90° for 30 min.4. 59Fe absorption from whole pigeon meat and soluble extract was significantly reduced by cooking when given to Fe-replete rats. Cooking liver, however, slightly improved 59Fe absorption in Fe-replete rats.5.59Fe absorption from the separated pigeon-meat fractions (haemoproteins, ferritin and haemosiderin) was variable but considerably lower than that from whole meat.6. The relative distribution of Fe compounds in meat, the processing conditions they are subjected to and the protein content and composition may all influence the absorption of meat-Fe to some degree.
An experimental design to study colonic fibre fermentation in the rat: the duration of feeding
Authors: Walter Deborah J. , Eastwood M. A. , Brydon W. G. , Elton R. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. The time-course of metabolic adaptation by rats to diets containing either wheat bran or gum arabic was studied during a 12-week period.2. Stool weight was increased with wheat bran but not with gum arabic, and had stabilized after 4 weeks.3. Bacterial mass as measured by diaminopimelic acid content had stabilized by week 4. Bacterial mass increased on feeding gum arabic but was unchanged with wheat bran.4. There was increased caecal short-chain fatty acid, hydrogen and methane production with gum arabic but not with wheat bran. The change in caecal metabolic activity was slow to stabilize (8–12 weeks at least).5. The faecal excretion of bile acids increased twofold with the wheat-bran-supplemented diet compared with the gum-arabic-supplemented and unsupplemented diets. Relatively greater amounts of muricholic acids were present in the caeca and faeces of gum-arabic-fed rats compared with the other groups.
Fermentation of dietary fibre in the intestinal tract: comparison between man and rat
Authors: Nyman Margareta , Asp Nils-Georg , Cummings John , Wiggins Hugh 
Published: September 2005

1. The breakdown and faecal bulking capacity of dietary fibre preparations from wheat bran, apple, cabbage, carrot, and guar gum were compared in man and rat.2. The degradation of the fibre showed good correlation between man and rat (r 0.99, regression coefficient 0.86). Wheat bran was the least well-digested, 66 and 59% of the neutral sugars being excreted in faeces of man and rat respectively. The breakdown of the fibre in apple, cabbage, carrot and guar gum was more complete and 4–29% of the neutral sugars were recovered in faeces.3. The main dietary fibre constituents in each preparation were degraded to a similar extent in man and rat. The main dietary fibre constituents of apple, carrot, cabbage and guar gum were almost completely degraded. Of the xylose in wheat bran 45% (man) and 48% (rat) were recovered in faeces. However, the percentage excretion of glucose and arabinose from bran was higher in man.4. A faecal glucan other than cellulose was identified in human faeces after guar gum, and has been provisionally identified as starch. No such glucan occurred in rat faeces.5. A good correlation between the faecal bulking capacity in man and rat was seen (r 0.97, regression coefficient 0.56). Wheat bran had the best bulking capacity, while that of apple, cabbage, carrot and guar gum was less pronounced. Faecal bulking was inversely related to the amount of fibre which was water-soluble in each preparation.6. It is concluded that this rat experimental model is useful for the prediction of fermentative breakdown and bulking capacity of dietary fibre in man. However, more comparative studies are needed to evaluate animal experiments regarding other physiological effects of dietary fibre.