bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential regulation of GAD67, enkephalin and dynorphin mRNAs by chronic‐intermittent L‐dopa and A2A receptor blockade plus L‐Dopa in dopamine‐denervated rats
Authors: Carta Anna R. , Pinna Annalisa , Cauli Omar , Morelli Micaela 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAdenosine A2A receptor antagonists have been proposed as an effective therapy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In the present study, we compared the modifications on striatal glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67), enkephalin, and dynorphin mRNA levels produced by a chronic‐intermittent administration of L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl‐alanine (L‐dopa) (6 mg/kg) with those produced by the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist SCH 58261 (5 mg/kg) plus L‐dopa (3 mg/kg) in unilaterally 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA)‐lesioned rats. As previously reported, L‐dopa (6 mg/kg) and SCH 58261 (5 mg/kg) plus L‐dopa (3 mg/kg) produced the same degree of turning behavior after the first administration. However, while L‐dopa (6 mg/kg) induced a sensitized turning behavior response during the course of the treatment, which indicated a dyskinetic potential, SCH 58261 (5 mg/kg) plus L‐dopa (3 mg/kg) produced a stable turning behavior response, which was predictive of absence of dyskinetic side effects. Unilateral 6‐OHDA lesion produced an elevation in striatal GAD67 and enkephalin mRNA levels and to a decrease in dynorphin mRNA levels. Chronic‐intermittent L‐dopa (6 mg/kg) treatment increased the striatal levels of GAD67, dynorphin, and enkephalin mRNA in the lesioned side as compared to the vehicle treatment. Chronic‐intermittent SCH 58261 (5 mg/kg) plus L‐dopa (3 mg/kg) as well as L‐dopa (3 mg/kg) or SCH 58261 (5 mg/kg) alone did not produce any significant modification in GAD67, dynorphin, or enkephalin mRNA levels in the lesioned striatum as compared to the striatum of vehicle‐treated rats. The results show that combined SCH 58261 plus L‐dopa did not produce long‐term changes in markers of striatal efferent neurons activity and suggest that the lack of modifications in GAD67 and dynorphin mRNA after SCH 58261 plus L‐dopa might correlate with the lack of turning behavior sensitization which predicts drug dyskinetic potential. Synapse 44:166–174, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conditioned‐fear stress increases Fos expression in monoaminergic and GABAergic neurons of the locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe nuclei
Authors: Ishida Yasushi , Hashiguchi Hiroyuki , Takeda Ryuichiro , Ishizuka Yuta , Mitsuyama Yoshio , Kannan Hiroshi , Nishimori Toshikazu , Nakahara Daiichiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMany studies have demonstrated that physical or psychological stress can increase Fos expression in brainstem monoaminergic nuclei. Little is known, however, about the extent to which stress increases the expression of Fos in monoaminergic and nonmonoaminergic neurons in the brainstem. We examined the effects of conditioned‐fear (CF) stress following mild footshock (FS) as unconditioned stress on Fos expression in the monoaminergic and GABAergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), locus coeruleus (LC), and dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) in rats. The CF stress significantly increased the number of Fos‐positive (Fos+) cells in both the LC and DR, whereas it did not increase the number in the VTA. Using a double‐labeling technique, we combined Fos immunostaining with that for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), serotonin (5‐HT), or GABA for histochemical identification of the CF stress‐induced Fos+ neurons. The percentage of TH/Fos double‐labeled cells resulting from CF stress was 63% of the Fos+ cells in the LC, whereas 52% of the Fos+ cells contained 5‐HT in the DR. We also found that approximately 60% of the CF stress‐induced Fos+ cells were GABAergic neurons in these brain regions. These results indicate that CF stress induces intense Fos expression in the noradrenergic LC and serotonergic DR neurons, but not in the dopaminergic VTA neurons. They also indicate that not only monoaminergic neurons but also GABAergic neurons within the LC and DR are activated by the stress. Synapse 45:46–51, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the evaluation of systemic science education reform: Searching for instructional sensitivity
Authors: Ruiz‐Primo Maria Araceli , Shavelson Richard J. , Hamilton Laura , Klein Steve 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe propose a multilevel‐multifaceted approach to evaluating the impact of education reform on student achievement that would be sensitive to context and small treatment effects. The approach uses different assessments based on their proximity to the enacted curriculum. Immediate assessments are artifacts (students' products) from the enactment of the curriculum; close assessments parallel the content and activities of the unit/curriculum; proximal assessments tap knowledge and skills relevant to the curriculum, but topics can be different; and distal assessments reflect state/national standards in a particular knowledge domain. To provide evidence about the sensitivity of the multilevel approach in ascertaining outcomes of hands‐on science programs we administered close, proximal, and distal performance assessments to evaluate the impact of instruction based on two Full Option Science System units—Variables, and Mixtures and Solutions—in a Bay Area school district. Results indicated that close assessments were more sensitive to the changes in students' pre‐ to post‐test performance than proximal assessments. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 369–393, 2002
Offshore fatigue design turbulence
Authors: Larsen Gunner C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFatigue damage on wind turbines is mainly caused by stochastic loading originating from turbulence. While onshore sites display large differences in terrain topology, and thereby also in turbulence conditions, offshore sites are far more homogeneous, as the majority of them are likely to be associated with shallow water areas. However, despite this fact, specific recommendations on offshore turbulence intensities, applicable for fatigue design purposes, are lacking in the present IEC code. This article presents specific guidelines for such loading. These guidelines are based on the statistical analysis of a large number of wind data originating from two Danish shallow water offshore sites. The turbulence standard deviation depends on the mean wind speed, upstream conditions, measuring height and thermal convection. Defining a population of turbulence standard deviations, at a given measuring position, uniquely by the mean wind speed, variations in upstream conditions and atmospheric stability will appear as variability of the turbulence standard deviation. Distributions of such turbulence standard deviations, conditioned on the mean wind speed, are quantified by fitting the measured data to logarithmic Gaussian distributions. By combining a simple heuristic load model with the parametrized conditional probability density functions of the turbulence standard deviations, an empirical offshore design turbulence intensity is determined. For pure stochastic loading (as associated with standstill situations), the design turbulence intensity yields a fatigue damage equal to the average fatigue damage caused by the distributed turbulence intensity. If the stochastic loading is combined with a periodic deterministic loading (as in the normal operating situation), the proposed design turbulence intensity is shown to be conservative. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intact carcasses as enrichment for large felids: Effects on on‐ and off‐exhibit behaviors
Authors: Mcphee M. Elsbeth 
Published: August 2002

AbstractReducing stereotypic behaviors in captive animals is a goal for zoological institutions worldwide, and environmental enrichment is one tool commonly used to meet that end. Behavioral needs associated with feeding, however, are often neglected in large carnivores. To address these needs, I tested the effects of calf carcasses as enrichment for large felids. Over 14 weeks, I provided nine animals with up to seven intact carcasses. The cats were housed at Toledo Zoo, Potawatomi Zoo, and Binder Park Zoo. Animals were observed off and on exhibit for changes in feeding, natural, stereotypic, active, and inactive behaviors. I compared treatment behaviors with behaviors observed during a baseline period in which the animals were fed traditional processed diets. For these nine cats, carcass provision decreased off‐exhibit stereotypic behaviors but had little impact on on‐exhibit behaviors. Zoo Biol 21:37–47, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bone bruise in the acutely injured knee
Authors: Bretlau Thomas , Tuxøe Jon , Larsen Lone , Jørgensen Uffe , Thomsen Henrik S. , Lausten Gunnar 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe used MRI to study the lesions in a consecutive group of 64 patients with an acute trauma of the knee and normal plain radiography during the winter season. Bone bruise was present in 35 of the patients, and these were referred to subsequent MRI 4 and 12 months later. After 4 months bone bruise was still present in 69% of the patients and after 12 months in 12%. Soft tissue lesions, for example, lesion in the meniscus, ACL rupture, or MCL lesion was present in 94% of the patients with bone bruise. Interobserver agreement varied from good to excellent. Soft tissue lesions are found in almost all patients with bone bruise, and these generally resolve 4–12 months after the injury. In the patients with no bone bruise the number of ligament injuries was lower.
Surgical Treatment for Lung Hydatid Disease
Authors: Safioleas Michael , Misiakos Evangelos P. , Dosios Theodosios , Manti Christine , Lambrou Panagiota , Skalkeas Gregory 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.Lung is the second most common site for hydatid disease after the liver. The aim of this study is to present the clinical symptomatology, diagnostic evaluation, and surgical techniques for the treatment of lung hydatid disease. During the last 25 years, 42 patients with lung hydatid cysts were treated surgically in our department. In four patients there were cysts in the liver and in one case in the spleen. The cysts were located in the right lung in 16 patients (38%), in the left lung in 23 patients (54.8%), and in both lungs in 3 patients (7.14%). Eighteen patients (42.9%) presented with complications: suppuration in one patient (2.4%), rupture to the bronchial tree in 16 patients (38%), and pneumothorax in one patient (2.4%). Diagnosis was established preoperatively in all cases; chest radiography and computed tomography were most helpful for diagnosis. Forty‐six operations were performed in 42 patients; three patients with bilateral cysts underwent staged thoracotomies, and one patient was reoperated for recurrent disease. All cases were managed surgically, with several types of radical (34 cases) or conservative (12 cases) procedures. Radical procedures were lobectomy and rarely pneumonectomy, which were used more often during the first half of the study period. Cystectomy with capitonnage, the most commonly performed conservative procedure, was mainly used during the second half of the study period. Postoperative morbidity was 15.2% and the 30‐day mortality rate was 0%. In one case there was postoperative hemorrhage that required reexploration. The median hospital stay for uncomplicated cases was 12 days and for complicated cases 21 days. In conclusion, pulmonary hydatidosis often presents with complications requiring emergency surgery. A lung‐conserving operation is the treatment of choice for lung hydatid disease and offers a good surgical outcome with a minimal recurrence rate.
Outcome after Surgery for Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Ten‐year Prospective Follow‐up Study
Authors: Walgenbach Siegfried , Hommel Gerhard , Junginger Theo 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.Clinical outcome after surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism was evaluated in a prospective long‐term, follow‐up study. From August 1, 1987 to August 31, 1998 a total of 360 patients were prospectively investigated and included in a follow‐up study. All patients underwent follow‐up examinations at regular surveillance intervals. The postoperative course is known for 94.5% of all patients. Follow‐up was 1 month to 10 years (median 24 months; mean 34.5 ± 29.8 months). Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism was rare (6%), and its true frequency could be confirmed only postoperatively because some of the patients were unaware of mild symptoms of hypercalcemic syndrome prior to surgery. Surgical cure was obtained in 97.7% of patients after initial cervical exploration; and successful parathyroidectomy provided long‐term relief of symptoms. Within 2 years postoperatively, 84% of the patients recovered fully from hypercalcemic syndrome; in 58% of these patients recovery occurred within the first month after surgery. Skeletal symptoms persisted in 24% of patients 2 years postoperatively. To date no patient has developed recurrence of primary hyperparathyroidism. During follow‐up in our study population mortality was significantly higher than the expected mortality risk for the German population as a whole (p= 0.00024). The present prospective follow‐up study yielded conclusive outcome research data after operative therapy for primary hyperparathyroidism. The high cure rate and low morbidity, as well as the increased mortality, in our study population during follow‐up after successful operative therapy for the disease emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and early surgical treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism, even in the absence of manifest symptoms.
Hypomagnesemia and Hypocalcemia after Thyroidectomy: Prospective Study
Authors: Wilson Robert B. , Erskine Catherine , Crowe Philip J. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.Hypomagnesemia after total thyroidectomy has not been studied extensively. Our anecdotal experience suggests that it may be important in some patients after thyroid excision. The hypomagnesemic hypocalcemic syndrome has been described in other disease states in which a state of functional hypoparathyroidism exists. This study was designed to determine the incidence of hypomagnesemia after total thyroidectomy and relate it to hypocalcemia and symptoms during the postoperative period. A prospective study of all patients undergoing total thyroidectomy between September 1994 and July 1996 was performed. Patient data, thyroid function, retrosternal extension, initial versus reoperative surgery, operative details, parathyroid resection, and pathology were recorded. Calcium, magnesium, electrolytes, blood count, liver function tests, and albumin were measured prior to surgery and twice daily during the postoperative period. Fifty patients underwent total thyroidectomy: 68% were hypocalcemic, 72% were hypomagnesemic, and 36% were symptomatic during the postoperative period. Hypomagnesemia and gender were associated with hypocalcemia. Volume of fluid and neck dissection were associated with low magnesium levels. Hypomagnesemia and parathyroid resection were risk factors for symptoms after thyroidectomy. No patients developed permanent hypoparathyroidism. Transient hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia occur frequently after total thyroidectomy. The etiology of this phenomenon is probably multifactorial. Patients are more likely to be symptomatic when both cations are low, and attempting to correct only hypocalcemia may prolong symptoms. It is important to monitor both calcium and magnesium levels after total thyroidectomy and to correct deficiencies to facilitate prompt resolution of symptoms.
Oropharyngeal Penetrating Injuries in 50 Dogs: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Griffiths Leigh G. , Tiruneh Romaine , Sullivan Martin , Reid Stuart W.J. 
Published: August 2002

Objectives— To summarize the presenting complaints and clinical signs associated with traumatic penetrating injuries to the canine oropharynx. To determine how the site of injury, causative agent, and duration of disease affect the presentation and clinical outcome of treatment.Study Design— Retrospective study.Sample Population— 50 client‐owned dogs.Methods— The medical records of 50 dogs with oropharyngeal penetrating injuries referred to Glasgow University Veterinary Hospital (GUVH) between 1979–1999 were reviewed. Data regarding signalment, owners' presenting complaint, history, physical examination, radiographic and endoscopic findings, surgical findings, and outcome were recorded and compared with the GUVH population. Estimates of individual breed‐specific odds ratios were calculated. Outcome was evaluated by reexamination 6 weeks after surgery with recurrence of disease recorded as failure.Results— Oropharyngeal injuries occurred most often in medium to large breed dogs. The majority of dogs presented with chronic disease (82%). The common findings on clinical examination were discharging sinus (72%) and swelling (70%). Acute cases typically presented with dysphagia and oral pain. The original site of injury was evident in only 34% of dogs, with the sublingual area the most frequently traumatized. The apparent cause of injury to the oropharynx was most commonly a piece of wood (72%). Other causes were metallic foreign bodies (3 dogs) and bones (2 dogs). In the remaining 9 dogs, the cause was not determined. The clinical signs resolved in all dogs that presented acutely compared with only 62% in dogs with chronic signs.Conclusion— Medium to large breed dogs appear to be prone to oropharyngeal injuries caused mainly by wooden foreign bodies. This may be attributable to stick chewing or retrieving behavior in these animals.Clinical Relevance— History of trauma, stick retrieval, submandibular/cervical swelling, and discharging sinus are commonly encountered in the presentation of this condition. The sublingual area was the most frequent portal of entry recorded, although in chronic cases the initial site of injury was often unclear. Radiography and endoscopy, while offering definitive diagnosis with positive findings, often provide false negative findings. Aggressive surgical debridement of all sinus tracts is essential in obtaining a successful result, but recovery of a foreign body is not necessarily a determinant of success.
Nasal Dermoid Sinus Cysts in the Dog
Authors: Anderson Davina M. , White Richard A.S. 
Published: August 2002

Objective— To describe the clinical and morphologic characteristics of nasal dermoid sinus cysts in the dog.Study design— Retrospective clinical study.Animals— Six client‐owned dogs.Methods— Medical records (1995 to 1999) of 6 dogs that had a discharging sinus in the midline of the nose removed surgically were reviewed for signalment, physical examination, surgical and histopathologic findings, and outcome.Results— Three golden retrievers, 1 springer spaniel, 1 cocker spaniel, and 1 Brittany spaniel with a history of intermittent discharge from a small opening in the midline on the bridge of the nose at the junction between the nasal planum and the skin were identified. The condition was unresponsive to antibiotic therapy, and previous surgical excision had been unsuccessful in 3 dogs. None of the dogs had any other congenital defects, and all dogs responded to complete surgical excision of the tract and cyst. On histopathologic examination of excised tissue, there were adnexal structures along a tract lined with stratified squamous epithelium, consistent with a developmental abnormality of ectodermal tissue.Conclusions— The lesions were diagnosed as nasal dermoid sinus cysts, similar to the congenital condition described in humans. Nasal dermoid sinus cysts are rare developmental defects related to abnormal development of the pre‐nasal space and may extend into the cranial vault causing cerebral abscesses or recurrent meningitis. Complete surgical excision has a good prognosis.Clinical relevance— This is a new condition that should be added to the surgical differential diagnosis for a discharging sinus over the external nares in dogs.
The Mitochondrial Complex I: Progress in Understanding of Catalytic Properties
Authors: Vinogradov Andrei D. , Grivennikova Vera G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough the mitochondrial Complex I has been extensively studied for over 4 decades, its catalytic properties in mitochondria are poorly understood. This review summarizes the data on standard and nonstandard kinetic parameters of the enzyme. The slow interconversion between active and deactivated forms of the mammalian Complex I (A/D transition) is described. We discuss the potential relevance of this transition for the regulation of NADH oxidation by the respiratory chain under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Memory awareness and schematization: learning in the university context
Authors: Herbert Debra M. B. , Burt Jennifer S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFollowing the application of the remember/know paradigm to student learning by Conway et al. (1997), this study examined changes in learning and memory awareness of university students in a lecture course and a research methods course. The proposed shift from a dominance of ‘remember’ awareness in early learning to a dominance of ‘know’ awareness as learning progresses and schematization occurs was evident for the methods course but not for the lecture course. The patterns of remember and know awareness and proposed associated levels of schematization were supported by a separate measure of the quality of student learning using the SOLO (Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes) Taxonomy. As found by previous research, the remember‐to‐know shift and schematization of knowledge is dependent upon type of course and level of achievement. Findings are discussed in terms of the utility of the methodology used, the theoretical implications and the applications to educational practice. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coagulation changes in individuals with sickle cell trait
Authors: Westerman M.P. , Green D. , Gilman‐Sachs A. , Beaman K. , Freels S. , Boggio L. , Allen S. , Schlegel R. , Williamson P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSickle cell disorders, such as Hb SS and Hb SC, are associated with a hypercoagulable state that may contribute to the vaso‐occlusive episodes observed in the disorders. To what extent increased coagulation activity occurs in individuals with sickle cell trait has had limited study. Because such information may help clarify clinical and pathologic findings that may occur in these individuals and may be useful in clarifying the hypercoagulable state in sickle cell disease, we have examined individuals with Hb AS to determine the extent that increased coagulation activity does occur. We measured d‐dimers, thrombin–antithrombin (TAT) complexes, prothrombin fragment 1.2 (F1.2), absolute blood monocyte levels, proteins C and S, and isotypes of antiphospholipid antibodies in individuals with Hb AS and in matched controls (Hb AA). Results showed that d‐dimers, TAT, and F1.2 were increased significantly above normal levels. Absolute blood monocyte levels were increased. The d‐dimers, TAT, F1.2, and monocyte counts showed significant increasing trends through groups of increasing severity (Hb AA, Hb AS, Hb SC, and Hb SS). Our study shows that individuals with Hb AS have increased coagulation activity, with d‐dimers, TAT, and F1.2 being consistent indicators. The measures of coagulation activity in Hb AS are lower than in patients with Hb SC and Hb SS disease. These results extend our previous observation that the degree of coagulation activation parallels the degree of disease severity among sickle cell genotypes. The findings suggest that monocytosis, with the possible expression of monocyte‐derived tissue factor, and the associated hypercoagulable state are driven by disease severity. Am. J. Hematol. 69:89–94, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.