bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Characterization of a Distinct Begomovirus Infecting Euphorbia pulcherrima in China
Authors: Ma X. Y. , Cai J. H. , Li G. X. , Qin B. X. , Zhou X. P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractVirus isolate G35 was obtained from Euphorbia pulcherrima showing leaf curl and vein thickening symptoms in Tianyang, Guangxi Province, China. The virus was transmitted by whiteflies to Nicotiana tabacum, Lycopersicon esculentum, Datura stramonium and E. pulcherrima. DNA‐A contains 2746 nucleotides, with two open reading frames (ORFs) in the virion‐sense DNA and four ORFs in the complementary‐sense DNA. When compared with the DNA‐A sequence of other begomoviruses, the total DNA‐A of isolate G35 was most closely related to that of Ageratum enation virus (79.9% sequence identity). However, the deduced coat protein of G35 is most like that of Pepper leaf curl virus from Bangladesh (94.9% amino acid sequence identity), and the AC1 of G35 is most like that of Cotton leaf curl Multan virus‐Okra (87.2% amino acid sequence identity). The molecular data showed that G35 is a distinct Begomovirus species, for which the name Euphorbia leaf curl virus (ELCV) is proposed.
Molecular Characterization of Cyst Nematode Species (Heterodera spp.) from the Mediterranean Basin using RFLPs and Sequences of ITS‐rDNA
Authors: Madani M. , Vovlas N. , Castillo P. , Subbotin S. A. , Moens M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFifteen populations of cyst‐forming nematodes belonging to 11 known and one unidentified species collected in countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea were studied using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS)‐rDNA sequences. RFLP profiles generated by the restriction enzymes AluI, AvaI, Bsh1236I, HaeIII, Hin6I, MvaI, PstI and RsaI are presented for Heterodera carotae, H. ciceri, H. fici, H. filipjevi, H. goettingiana, H. hordecalis, H. humuli, H. mediterranea, H. ripae and H. schachtii. Molecular data support the first detection of H. filipjevi from wheat in Italy and H. ripae from nettle in Greece. A relative high level of sequence divergence between populations of H. hordecalis was observed. This suggests that two species might presently be grouped under this taxon. The phylogenetic relationship between the Mediterranean cyst‐forming nematode species is analysed based on the ITS‐rDNA sequences.
Genetic Diversity of Phaeoisariopsis griseola in Kenya as Revealed by AFLP and Group‐specific Primers
Authors: Wagara I. N. , Mwang'ombe A. W. , Kimenju J. W. , Buruchara R. A. , Jamnadass R. , Majiwa P. A. O. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractGenetic diversity of 50 Phaeoisariopsis griseola isolates collected from different agroecological zones in Kenya was studied using group‐specific primers and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Group‐specific primers differentiated the isolates into Andean and Mesoamerican groups, corresponding to the two common‐bean gene pools. Significant polymorphisms were observed with all the AFLP primer combinations used, reflecting a wide genetic diversity in the P. griseola population. A total of 207 fingerprints was generated, of which 178 were polymorphic. Cluster analysis of the polymorphic bands also separated the isolates into the two groups defined by group‐specific primers. All the isolates examined were grouped into three virulence populations; Andean, Afro‐Andean and Mesoamerican, and their genetic diversity measured. On average, greater diversity (91%) was detected within populations than between populations (9%). The genetic distance between Andean and Mesoamerican populations was higher (D = 0.0269) than between Andean and Afro‐Andean (D = 0.0095). The wide genetic diversity reported here has significant implications in breeding for resistance to angular leaf spot and should be taken into consideration when screening and deploying resistant bean genotypes.
Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus carbonarius in Corinth Raisin and Wine‐Producing Vineyards in Greece: Population Composition, Ochratoxin A Production and Chemical Control
Authors: Tjamos S. E. , Antoniou P. P. , Kazantzidou A. , Antonopoulos D. F. , Papageorgiou I. , Tjamos E. C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractVineyard surveys of Corinth raisin cultivar carried out in the Peloponnese region of Greece during 2002 and of wine‐producing grape cultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache Rouge) on the island of Rhodes, Greece, during 2003, demonstrated the occurrence of various Aspergillus spp. in berries of bunches at harvest. Aspergillus niger and A. carbonarius were predominantly isolated from sampled berries. Although the prevailing Aspergillus spp. isolates belonged mainly to A. niger aggregate, isolates of A. carbonarius were by far the most efficient Ochratoxin A (OTA) producers as revealed by the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay test. This study provides the first evidence concerning the composition of Aspergillus populations in raisin and wine‐producing vineyards and offers convincing data for their ability to produce various levels of OTA in Corinth raisins and wine‐producing grapes in Greece. Furthermore, it demonstrates that chemical applications with the fungicide Switch, especially under low to intermediate Aspergillus infection of vineyards, could both significantly reduce the occurrence of OTA‐producing Aspergillus spp. and restrict sour rot severity. In contrast, vineyard applications with the fungicides Carbendazim or Chorus were ineffective in controlling the fungus in Corinth raisin cultivar.
Mozzarella cheese: 40 years of scientific advancement
Authors: Kindstedt Paul S 
Published: April 2004

An overview is presented of selected advances in the science of mozzarella cheese during the past 40 years. This is not intended to be a comprehensive review but rather to focus on several key milestones in the ongoing quest to understand the physicochemical basis for cheese structure and function. In keeping with the theme of this symposium, this paper highlights the pivotal role that Professor P. F. Fox had in shaping my understanding of mozzarella structure–function and the direction of my research during the past decade. The unfolding of mozzarella science has ebbed and flowed, with significant advances being made early on that were not fully recognized until much later.
Cheese technology
Authors: Farkye Nana Y 
Published: April 2004

Cheese is a highly nutritious food with many diverse flavours and textures. It can be used as a snack or as part of a dish or prepackaged convenience food. The diversity of cheese is due to an increasing knowledge of the technology of cheesemaking, and the biochemistry and microbiology of cheese ripening. Professor Pat Fox's research career over the past 40 years has contributed to our understanding of cheese technology, biochemistry and microbiology. This paper highlights Pat Fox's contributions in the area of cheese technology.
Inactivation of protozoan parasites in red blood cells using INACTINE PEN110 chemistry
Authors: Zavizion Boris , Pereira Mercio , De Melo Jorge Milena , Serebryanik Diana , Mather Thomas N. , Chapman John , Miller Nathan J. , Alford Bernadette , Bzik David J. , Purmal Andrei 
Published: April 2004

BACKGROUND:The transmission of parasites, includingBabesia, plasmodia, andTrypanosoma cruzi, via transfusions is an important public health concern. INACTINE technology is a pathogen‐reduction process that utilizes PEN110, an electrophilic agent that inac‐tivates a wide range of pathogens by disrupting nucleic acid replication. The present study investigated the effect of PEN110 treatment on the viability of protozoa in RBCs.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:B. microti‐parasitized RBCs from infected hamsters were treated with PEN110 and inoculated to naïve animals. Parasitemia was detected by blood smears and PCR. Human RBCs infected withP. falciparumwere treated with PEN110 and incubated with fresh RBCs.P. falciparummultiplication was detected by blood smears. Human RBCs spiked withT. cruziand treated with PEN110 were analyzed for the presence of live parasites using in‐vitro infectivity assay or by inoculating susceptible mice.RESULTS:Treatment of RBCs infected withB. microtiorP. falciparumwith 0.01 to 0.1 percent (vol/vol) PEN110 resulted in parasite inactivation to below the limit of detection during 24 hours.T. cruziinoculated into human RBCs was inactivated below the limit of detection by 0.1 percent PEN110 after 3 hours.CONCLUSION:The study demonstrates that treatment of blood with PEN110 is highly effective in eradicating transfusion‐transmitted protozoan parasites.
Better preservation of early hematopoietic progenitor cells when human peripheral blood progenitor cells are cryopreserved with 5 percent dimethylsulfoxide instead of 10 percent dimethylsulfoxide
Authors: Abrahamsen Jenny Foss , Rusten Leiv , Bakken Anne M. , Bruserud Øystein 
Published: April 2004

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that cryopreservation of PBPCs in 5 percent DMSO is superior to 10 percent DMSO with regard to CD34+ cell viability and preservation of mature clonogenic cells. Nevertheless, preservation with 5 percent DMSO of primitive progenitors responsible for long‐term post‐transplant reconstitution must be characterized before this decreased concentration is further evaluated in clinical studies of autotransplantation in cancer patients.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: PBPCs from 15 patients with malignant diseases were cryopreserved in 5 and 10 percent DMSO and stored in liquid nitrogen for at least 14 months before the preservation of long‐term culture‐initiating cells (LTC‐ICs) was evaluated.RESULTS: LTC‐IC survival was significantly better after PBPC cryopreservation with 5 percent DMSO instead of 10 percent DMSO (median, 43 colonies vs. 7 colonies, p = 0.003) The frequency of 5‐week LTC colony‐forming cells showed a significant correlation with the percent‐age and number of viable CD34+ cells but not to the number of mature colony‐forming cells in cryopreserved PBPCs.CONCLUSION: Primitive progenitor cells in PBPC autografts from patients with malignant disorders can be cryopreserved with 5 percent DMSO, and the number of viable CD34+ cells can be used as a marker for the number of primitive progenitors in the graft.
ABO and Rh(D) phenotype frequencies of different racial/ ethnic groups in the United States
Authors: Garratty George , Glynn Simone A. , McEntire Robin ,   Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study
Published: April 2004

BACKGROUND: Commonly quoted ABO/Rh(D) frequencies in the US are usually from relatively small studies with racial or ethnic categories often judged by name or appearance.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A 10‐year demo‐graphic database that contained racial or ethnic and ABO/Rh(D) phenotype data on 3.1 million allogeneic and autologous donors giving blood at five blood centers in the US was used to compute ABO and Rh(D) phenotypes in various racial/ethnic groups. The racial or ethnic category was designated by the donor.RESULTS: The highest percentage of Group O was found in Hispanic (56.5%), North American Indian (54.6%), and black non‐Hispanic (50.2%) donors. Hispanic and black non‐Hispanic donors had a much lower percentage (7.3 and 7.1%, respectively) of Rh– compared to white non‐Hispanic donors (17.3%). Group O Rh– and Group B Rh– were found more commonly (8.0 and 1.8%, respectively) in white non‐Hispanic donors than in Hispanic (3.9 and 0.7%), black non‐Hispanic (3.6 and 1.3%), and Asian (0.7 and 0.4%) donors.CONCLUSIONS: These data confirmed that the highest percentages of ORh+, BRh+/ABRh+, and Rh– are present in Hispanic, Asian, and white non‐Hispanic donors, respectively. These are the largest and most accurate data of ABO/Rh(D) phenotype frequencies for the major racial/ethnic donor groups in the US.
Preoperative acute normovolemic hemodilution: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Segal Jodi B. , Blasco‐Colmenares Elena , Norris Edward J. , Guallar Eliseo 
Published: April 2004

BACKGROUND: Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) involves withdrawal of whole blood with concurrent infusion of fluids to maintain normovolemia. The aim of this study was to quantify the efficacy and safety of preoperative ANH with a systematic review and meta‐analysis.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Randomized controlled trials were identified through MEDLINE (1966‐2002) and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Database and with hand searching of journals. All trials of preoperative ANH reporting on allogeneic transfusion, bleeding, or adverse outcomes were included. Paired reviewers independently abstracted data. Outcomes were pooled using random‐effects models.RESULTS: A total of 42 trials compared hemodilution to usual care or to another blood conservation method. The risk of allogeneic transfusion was similar among patients receiving ANH and those receiving usual care (relative risk [RR], 0.96; 95% CI, 0.90‐1.01), or another blood conservation method (RR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.96‐1.28). Hemodiluted patients, however, were transfused from 1 to 2 fewer units of allogeneic blood. They had less total bleeding than patients receiving usual care (91 mL; 95% CI, 25‐158 mL), although more intraoperative bleeding. Only one‐third of studies reported on adverse events.CONCLUSIONS: The literature supports only modest benefits from preoperative ANH. The safety of the procedure is unproven. Widespread adoption of ANH cannot be encouraged.
Goal planning: a retrospective audit of rehabilitation process and outcome
Authors: Duff Jane , Evans Matthew J , Kennedy Paul 
Published: April 2004

Objective: To consider the effectiveness of a goal planning programme for people with spinal cord injury (SCI) and address some of the current evidence gaps in goal setting. Design: Retrospective audit. Subjects: Consecutive series of 65 newly injured SCI patients. Main outcome measures: The Needs Assessment Checklist (NAC) has been specifically developed for the SCI population, and is used to assess patient attainment in core rehabilitation areas. A ‘Goal Planning Progress’ form was also used to specifically detail the goal planning process. Results: Across the 65 patients, 396 goal planning meetings were held with 6176 goals set in total. Seventy-two per cent of the goals set at the first goal planning meeting were achieved by the second meeting. The rate of achievement at subsequent meetings was 68%. Significant differences in the number of planned rehabilitation days, number of goal planning meetings, and goals set were identified between injury categories. Significant positive correlations were found between the number of goals set and achievement, as measured by the NAC, in certain rehabilitation domains. Conclusions: The findings of this study demonstrate that the Needs Assessment and Goal Planning framework is effective in planning SCI rehabilitation. The capacity of this goal planning system to reflect individual need has also been established. Further systematic analyses of this process could potentially lead to more efficient rehabilitation and the identification of care pathways within clinical areas.
Development and preliminary assessment of the measurement properties of the Seating Identification Tool (SIT)1
Authors: Miller William C , Miller Francine , Trenholm Karen , Grant Desiree , Goodman Kristen 
Published: April 2004

Objective: To present and discuss the development and measurement properties of the Seating Identification Tool (SIT), a screening tool designed to identify the need for formal seating and wheelchair intervention among institutionalized elderly. Specifically, investigation of the inter-rater and test–retest reliability, sensitivity, specificity, the positive and negative predictive values of the SIT was conducted. Design: A two-week retest design. Setting: A long-term care facility in London, Ontario, Canada. Subjects: Forty-two randomly selected residents with an average age of 83 years who had a disability and required the use of a wheelchair as their main mode of mobility. Intervention: Two health care assistants from a long-term facility collected data using the SIT. One rater assessed all subjects two weeks later to evaluate test–retest reliability. Diagnostic properties (validity) were determined by having all subjects assessed by a seating therapist. Main measurement: The SIT and formal evaluation by a therapist experienced in seating. Results: The ICC for both test–retest and inter-rater reliability was 0.83. A cut-off score of 2 maximized the sensitivity (100%) and specificity (64% and 57% for raters 1 and 2 respectively) and the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (0.855 and 0.862 for raters 1 and 2). The positive and negative predictive values ranged from 82 to 100%. Conclusion: The SIT is a quick, easy to use, reliable and valid screening tool that can be used to facilitate clinical referral for formal intervention. Other potential uses include population-based surveys to estimate the need for including seating intervention in strategic planning for the institutionalized elderly.
Quality of general movements and the development of minor neurological dysfunction at toddler and school age
Authors: Hadders-Algra Mijna , Mavinkurve-Groothuis Annelies MC , Groen Sabina E , Stremmelaar Elisabeth F , Martijn Albert , Butcher Phillipa R 
Published: April 2004

Objective: To evaluate the reliability of assessing infants' general movements (GMs) using a new classification and its validity in predicting complex minor neurological dysfunction (MND) at toddler and at school age. Design: Prospective study of two groups of infants, each consisting of a mix of low-risk and high-risk infants. Setting: University Hospital Groningen, the Netherlands. Subjects: Group A consisted of 16 low-risk and 21 high-risk infants; group B of 28 low-risk and 24 high-risk infants. Main outcome measures: Between term age and four months post term: multiple assessments of neurological condition by means of (a) assessment of GMs, and (b) a traditional neurological examination. GMs were classified into four classes using a standardized qualitative description: two classes of normal movements (normal-optimal and normal-suboptimal) and two classes of abnormal movements (mildly and definitely abnormal movements). Follow-up neurological examination with special attention to presence of MND was carried out in group A at 1% years, in group B at 4-9 years. Results: GMs could be assessed reliably. They were stable over age in about 60% of the infants. Both the condition of the GMs and the infant neurological condition were significantly related to neurological condition at follow-up. Best prediction of complex MND was achieved when both types of infant assessment at the age of 2-4 months post term were combined. Conclusions: The assessment of GMs is a valuable tool, in particular when combined with the traditional neurological examination, to predict at early age the development of complex MND.
Is a day hospital rehabilitation programme associated with reduction of handicap in stroke patients?
Authors: Hershkovitz Avital , Beloosesky Yichayaou , Brill Shai , Gottlieb Daniel 
Published: April 2004

Objective: (1) To assess whether a rehabilitation day hospital programme is associated with a reduced handicap level of stroke patients. (2) To estimate the relationship between the London Handicap Scale (LHS) and other outcome measures. (3) To examine the effect of demographic parameters (age, gender, family status, education) on LHS scores. Design: A prospective longitudinal survey. Setting: An urban geriatric rehabilitation day hospital. Subjects: Two hundred and seven elderly stroke patients admitted between December 1999 and February 2001. Main outcome measures: London Handicap Scale (LHS), Functional Independent Measure (FIM), Nottingham Extended ADL Index, timed get up and go test. Results: LHS scores at discharge changed significantly (p < 0.008) for mobility, physical independence and occupation. The overall change in LHS score was 2.3 points (20%); effect size 0.43. A significant relationship was found between discharge score of LHS and admission score of FIM, Nottingham Index, timed get up and go and age. Multiple linear regressions did not identify a good predictor for the discharge score of LHS. Higher education was associated with higher LHS scores on admission (p= 0.016) but with less success in correcting handicap (p= 0.046). Conclusions: A day hospital programme is associated with reduced level of handicap in stroke patients. The LHS is a useful and simple scale for measuring change in these patients. LHS in stroke patients correlates with other outcome measures, yet they cannot be used interchangeably. A significant relationship between education and level of handicap exists.
Long-term mobility monitoring of older adults using accelerometers in a clinical environment
Authors: Culhane K M , Lyons G M , Hilton D , Grace P A , Lyons D 
Published: April 2004

Objective: To assess the accuracy of accelerometer-based mobility monitoring during extended measurements on older adults in a clinical setting and to evaluate two different approaches to thresholding. Design: The monitoring device consisted of two Analog Devices ADXL202 accelerometers, an ambulatory data-logger and associated cabling. The monitoring system used custom-designed analysis software to detect activities of daily living, namely duration of sitting, standing, lying and moving during the period monitored. An investigator shadowed the subjects throughout the recording period. Subjects and setting: This study monitored five older adults, with varying degrees of mobility, resident in a rehabilitation clinic, over four days. Interventions: The accelerometer data were analysed using a MATLABÒ program that allowed trunk and thigh threshold angles to be set to distinguish between sitting, standing, lying and moving. Two different approaches to setting these thresholds were investigated: (1) using a midpoint tolerance value of 458 and (2) using a `best estimate' tolerance value. The analysis program generates a summary of activities, which is then compared line-by-line with the manual summary created by the observer. The result was a hit/miss ratio representative of the system's accuracy. Results: The detection accuracies for sitting and lying using a mid-point tolerance value were poor, with an average detection accuracy of 75% obtained. The `best estimate' approach improved the detection accuracies for sitting and lying by approximately 18% to an average value of 93%. Conclusion: In a population of older adults, the static activities of sitting, standing and lying and dynamic activities can be distinguished using the technique and threshold values outlined here to a degree of accuracy of 92% and higher.