bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STATISTICAL ANALYSTS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SECONDARY AMENORRHOEA AND GALACTORRHOEA
Authors: Shearman Rodney P. , Smith Ian D. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe association of secondary amenorrhoea with galactorrhoea and a history of oral contraceptive treatment in a series of 230 patients has been analyzed. Ninety‐six (4·17 per cent) developed their syndrome after treatment with oral contraceptives. Comparing these observations with the known usage of oral contraceptives in Australia, there is a highly significant (P<0.0l) relationship between the use of oral contraceptives and the subsequent development of amenorrhoea.Somewhat surprisingly, although amenorrhoea‐galactorrhoea is more commonly associated with a history of oral contraceptives than any other factor, such history had no effect upon the proportion of secondary amenorrhoea patients with concurrent galactorrhoea.
THE BRENNER TUMOUR OF THE OVARY
Authors: Fox H. , Agrawal K. , Langley F. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe clinical and pathological features of 54 cases of Brenner tumour of the ovary have been reviewed. One tumour was considered to be malignant and one to be of the “proliferative” type; the remainder showed the characteristic features of Brenner tumours and many were of microscopic size only. Cystic change, mucinous metaplasia, stromal calcification, stronial hyalinosis and thecosis were common histological features. Thirteen of the tumours were in combination with mucinous or serous tumours or with a benign cystic teratoma. Three were bilateral.A very high proportion of the tumours were asymptomatic and were incidental findings during the investigation or treatment of some other condition. Abdominal symptoms or abnormal vaginal bleeding occur as symptoms of a small proportion of cases of Brenner tumour and there is an association of this tumour with cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium; the degree of endometrial hyperplasia is usually mild and rarely produces symptoms. A small proportion of Brenner tumours are presumed to be oestrogenic but it has not proved possible to correlate any morphological features of the tumour with presumed hormonal activity.
HIGH‐DOSE INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF PROSTAGLANDIN E2 AND F2α FOR THE TERMINATION OF MIDTRIMESTER PREGNANCIES
Authors: Hillier Keith , Embrey M. P. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIntracenous prostaglandins E2 and F2α were administered for the induction of abortion in 20 patients. A steeply increasing high‐dose regime was employed. Side effects were closely monitored and blood and urine analyses carried out before, during and after infusion.Compared with a low‐dose regime proeviously reported the efficacy of the method was disappointing while the incidence of toxic effects was high. Leucocytosis and was necessitated by persistent vomiting and diarrhoea while in two patients receiving PGE2α a “phlebitic” type reaction prevented further infusion. In these five patients prostaglandin therapy was continued by the intrauterine route without disturbing side effects.
AMNIOTIC FLUID HEAT‐STABLE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN NORMAL PREGNANCY AND IN PRE‐ECLAMPSIA
Authors: Roopnarinesingh Syam , Morris David , Matadial Lennox 
Published: August 2005

SummaryEstimations of levels of heat‐stable alkaline phosphatase in amniotic fluid and maternal serum were performed in 78 normal and 27 pre‐eclamptic pregnant mothers. The concentration of this enzyme was greater in maternal serum than in amniotic fluid in both normal pregnancy and pre‐eclampsia, and the correlation between maternal serum HSAP and liquor HSAP in both groups was statistically significant. Mean values of liquor HSAP were higher in pre‐eclampsia than in normal pregnancy at corresponding periods of gestation, and in both groups there was an abrupt rise in levels after the 36th week of pregnancy
PLACENTA EXTRACHORIALIS
Authors: Fox H. , Sen D. K. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn a study of placentae from 3000 consecutive deliveries nearter were of the extrachorial type. All forms of placenta extrachorialis were associated with high maternal parity.The totally circumvallate placenta is accompanied by an unduly high incidence of threatened abortion, premature labour and fetal hypoxia, and an excessive proportion of infants with either partially or totally circumvallate placentae show intrauterine growth retardation. Circummarginate placentae are of no clinical significance.
A FACTOR IN PRE‐ECLAMPTIC SERUM AFFECTING SODIUM TRANSPORT ACROSS A MEMBRANE
Authors: Marton Istvan , Spearing Graham 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe serum from non‐pregnant and normotensive pregnant women and from women with pre‐eclampsia tested for its effect on the rate of sodium transport across a frogskin membrane. There is a factor in pre‐eclamptic serum which alters the rate of sodium transport.
OESTROGEN EXCRETION AND CORPUS LUTEUM FUNCTION IN EARLY NORMAL AND INDUCED PREGNANCIES
Authors: Biggs J. S. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryUrinary total oestrogen excretion in thye first 40 days of one normal and three induced pregnancies showed a temporary fall, beginning about 20 days after ovulation and lasting for 7–16 days. This fall may represent a change in thesite of hormone production from the corpus luteum to the placenta.
URINARY EXCRETION OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE IN GIRLS AND NORMAL MENSTRUATING WOMEN
Authors: Sciarra N. , Maijnelli M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe 24‐hour urinary excretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) was determinded in 24 girls, aged 4 to 11 years, and in 15 normal menstruating women, aged 18 to 44 years, by an immunological method using the haemagglutination inhibition reaction after a tannic acid extraction. LH was detected in every subject investigated. The mean value for urinary LH excretion in girls was equivalent to 3.8 i.u. (2nd IRP‐HMG) per 24 hours (range 1.2–8.0) and was 29.8 i.u. per 24 hours (range 24.0 to 38.0) in adult women. In girls the LH output increased significantly with age. In normally menstruating adult women, the LH output increased slightly but not significantly with age.
PLASMA RENIN ACTIVITY IN PERIPHERAL AND UTERINE VEIN BLOOD IN PREGNANT AND NON‐PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors: Kokot Franciszek , Cekánski Adam 
Published: August 2005

SummaryPlasma renin activity (PRA) was estimated in cubital and uterine venous blood of 29 non‐pregnant, 15 healthy, and 18 moderately or severely pre‐eclamptic women. In some of the pregnant and non‐pregnant patients, significantly higher or lower values of uterine PRA were obtained compared to those in peripheral blood. The most consistent results were found in pre‐eclamptic patients, in whom significantly higher mean PRA in uterine venous blood was found. It was concluded that the uterus influences peripheral PRA in some non‐pregnant as well as in healthy and pre‐eclamptic women, causing higher or lower PRA in uterine venous blood than in cubital blood.
RADIUM MENOPAUSE: A LONG‐TERM FOLLOW‐UP
Authors: Bamford D. S. , Wagman H. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryNinety‐three patients have been traced out of 110 who were treated by induction of a radium meniopause in 1950 and 1951. The method was very successful: were no seruous postoperative complications and patients suffered neither recurrence of dysfunctional bleedign nor distressing menopausal symptoms. However seven women subsequently developed malignant tumours and six of these involved the genital ract. The fact that two of these were pelvic sarcomas may support the view that pelvic irradiation promotes the development of sarcoma. This, together with the knowledge that women with abnormal bleeding in the 5th and 6th decades already have an increased risk of uterine malignancy, supports the view that redium menopause should be considered only in the treatment of women who are poor surgical risks.
LUMBAR EPIDURAL ANALGESIA GIVEN BY OBSTETRICIANS
Authors: Cooper Kenneth , Vella Paul , Browning David 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe benefits of lumbar epidural analgesia may be made available more easiy in peripheral hospitals if obstetricians give the injections themselves, instead of being dependent on anesthetic colleagues to do so. The technique used is described in detail and the results given in a series of 100 patients.
FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY AND CONGENITAL MALFORMATION
Authors: Hall Marion H. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn a prospective study of 2949 singleton pregnancies the maternal serum folate level was assayed at booking in early pregnancy. No association was found between a low serum folate level and congenital malformation of the fetus either in the index pregnancy or in previous pregnancies. It is concluded that folic acid deficiency is not a cause of congenital fetal malformation.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ANAEMIA IN AN OBSTETRIC POPULATION IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Ratten G. J. , Beischer N. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn a series of 15 321 consecutive patients 568 (3.7 per cent) had haemoglobin values below 9.2 g. per 100 ml. before delivery. The commonest causes of amaemia were iron deficiency (49 per cent) and β‐thalassaemia minor (28 per cent), the latter being explained by a high proportion of patients of Mediterranean origin. The most important cause of anaemia, in terms of maternal morbidity and perinatal mortality, was chronic renal disease which had an incidence of 7 per cent (39 of 568). Maternal age and parity were significantly higher in the anaemia series than in a control series of non‐anaemic patients. The incidence of twin pregnancy was 5.2 per cent or five times that of whole obstetric population.Maternal oestriol excretion was low in 24 per cent of anaemic patients tested (55 of 225), including 12 of 13 patients tested whose infants died. The association between maternal anaemia and placental hypertrophy was confirmed.In the whole anaemia series the perinatal mortality rate was 3.8 per cent, and it was 6.4 per cent (13 of 202) in patients with haemoglobin values below 8.2 per 100 ml. Patients with anaemia who were most likely to have perinatal deaths were those with associated chronic renal disease. Renal function tests should be performed during pregnancy when anaemia is severe of fails to respond to treatment.
THE ROLE OF THE FETUS IN THE FORMATION OF AMNIOTIC FLUID
Authors: Lind T. , Kendall Anne , Hytten F. E. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryOne hundred and thirty‐one conceptuses obtained at hysterotomy between 12 and 22 weeks were examined to establish the relation between amniotic fluid volume and fetal weight, and between the sodium and urea content of amniotic fluid and that of maternal and fetal plasma. In 37 of the fetuses bladder urine was obtained for the estimation of sodium and urea. In 44, samples of abdominal skin were obtained and the movement of sodium and water through it was studied in an Ussing‐type cell; ion movement across the amnion and chorion was also measured. Up to mid‐pregnancy amniotic fluid volume was closely related to fetal weight, and the sodium and urea content of amniotic fluid volume was closely related to fetal weight, and the sodium and urea content of amniotic fluid was more closely related to that in fetal plasma than to that in maternal plasma.Data showing that the fetal kidney is capable of reabsorbing sodium and concentrating urea even before mid‐pregnancy is presented. Intermittent addition of fetal urine may explain why the sodium content of amniotic fluid is slightly below that of plasma.Fetal skin was shown to be freely permeable to sodium and water in early pregnancy but the rate of diffusion slowed as mid‐pregnancy was reached with evidence of a block at the external skin surface. No electrical potentials were detected and neither vasopressin nor angiotensin affected the rate of diffusion. Fetal membranes, at least in the experimental conditions used, were also freely permeable to sodium and water.The evidence supports the hypothesis that, in the first half of pregnancy, amniotic fluid may be an extension of the fetal extracellular fluid space.
PROTEINURIA IN TOXAEMIA AND ABRUPTIO PLACENTAE
Authors: MacLean PamelaR. , Paterson W. G. , Smart G. E. , Petrie J. J. B. , Robson J. S. , Thomson D. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryDifferential protein clearances were carried out in 31 patients with toxaemia of pregnancy and in 21 non‐toxaemic patients with abruptio placentae. In 6 patients with toxaemia and in 7 with abruptio placentae, dextran clearance determinations were also performed. Results were expressed in terms of selectivity indices relating the clearances of these macromolecules to their molecular weights. In toxaemia, protein and dextran selectivity results were in the intermediate range, dextran values being slightly higher than the values obtained for protein. In abruptio placentae, however, the values obtained for protein selectivity were very low, while those obtained for dextran selectivity were very high.The results suggest than in toxaemia the proteinuria is of glomerular origin, but that in abruptio placentae the urinary protein is post‐glomecular and is derived from plasma protein passing through damaged renal tubular epithelium.
SERUM SEROMUCOID AND THE MATERNO‐PATERNAL MIXED LEUCOCYTE REACTION FOLLOWING PREVIOUS SEVERE PRE‐ECLAMPSIA
Authors: Jenkins D. M. , Good W. , Good Sheila M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA group of 12 parous women was investigated following severe pre‐eclampsia or eclampsia to see if there was any relationship between serum seromucoid levels, known to be elevated in some of these patients, and cell mediated immune reactions in mixed cultures of their leucocytes and those of their husbands. Statistically significant linear correlations were demonstrated. High levels of maternal serum seromucoid are apparently immunosuppressive in materno‐paternal mixed leucocyte reactions. The possible significance of these findings in relation to the aetiology of pre‐eclampsia or eclampsia is discussed.
INTRAVENOUS INFUSION OF SALBUTAMOL IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PREMATURE LABOUR
Authors: Liggins G. C. , Vaughan G. S. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySalbutamol, a ß‐adrenergic stimulant, was administered to 88 women in premature labour in an attempt to delay delivery by 24 hours while corticosteroid was administered to prevent respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn. Treatment by continuous intravenous infusion of salbutamol varied in duration from 6 to 72 hours and the dose ranged from 1.8–43 μg. per minute. Delivery was postponed for more than 24 hours in 85 per cent of patients. The presence of ruptured membranes did not influence the outcome of treatment but dilatation of the cervix beyond 4 cm. was associated with successful treatment in only 58 per cent. No serious side effects were noted but tachycardia up to 140 per minute occurred frequently. It is concluded that salbutamol is a safe, well tolerated and effective uterine relaxant.
THE EFFECT OF INTRA‐AMNIOTIC OESTRIOL SULPHATE ON ABORTION INDUCED BY HYPERTONIC SALINE
Authors: Dennis K. John , Farr Valerie , Klopper Arnold 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA double‐blind trial of the effect of oestriol sulphate on myometrial activity was performed on 20 women undergoing termination of pregnancy by hypertonic saline at 15 to 18 weeks. Intrauterine instillation of oestriol sulphate did not cause a significant increase in myometrial activity; nor did prior treatment with oestriol sulphate cause a stronger myometrial response to the hypertonic saline. On the average there were non‐significant improvements in myometrial activity and the inductiondelivery interval was shorter in the treated group. None of the women given oestriol sulphate required an oxytocin drip while four of the placebo treated patients did so. It is concluded that such oestrogen treatment marginally improves the response of the uterus to intra‐amniotic saline.
INTRA‐AMNIOTIC PROSTAGLANDIN E2 AND F2α FOR INDUCTION OF ABORTION : A DOSE‐RESPONSE STUDY
Authors: Craft Ian 
Published: August 2005

SummaryAn attempt was made to establish whether a single intra‐amniotic injection of the naturally occurring prostaglandins could effectively induce mid‐trimester abortion. Initially doses previously reported to be effective (5 mg. of prostaglandin E2 or 25 mg of prostaglandin and F2α) were evaluated, but because of limited success a dose‐response study was undertaken. Abortion occurred within 24 hours in 31 of 35 patients given 20 mg. of prostaglandin E2 and in all 8 patients given 100 mg. of prostaglandin F2α by intra‐amniotic injection.
SCREENING FOR GONORRHOEA, TRICHOMONIASIS, MONILIASIS AND SYPHILIS IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Cassie Ralph , Stevenson Archibald 
Published: August 2005

SummaryOne thousand unselected antenatal patients were investigated for evidence of gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis, moniliasis and serological evidence of syphilis. Two cases of gonorrhoea were found–one in the group screened at the initial booking visit while a second case was detected on repeat screening after the emergence of suspicious symptoms. The incidence of trichomoniasis was 8.9 per cent and moniliasis 22.3 per cent. Trichomonal infection was best detected by routine cytology smears whereas culture on Sabouraud's medium proved the more efficient method of diagnosing monilial infection.
HETEROKARYOTYPIC MONOZYGOTIC TWINS AND THE ACARDIAC MONSTER
Authors: Scott Jean M. , Ferguson‐Smith M. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryTwo acardiac monsters occurring in monozygous diamniotic monochorionic twin pregnancies are described. In one case chromosome analysis of the acardius failed. In the other case fibroblast cultures showed that the acardius had G‐trisomy whereas its twin had normal chromosomes. The demonstration of heterokaryotypic monozygosity supports the concept that the acardiac monster is a monozygous twin with a lethal primary defect whose survival in utero is permitted solely by placental anastomoses which allow its normal twin to provide a circulation.
THE ORIGIN AND EFFECTS OF PROTEINURIA IN PREGNANCY*
Authors: Studd John 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe proteinuria of nephrotic syndrome in pregnancy and pre‐eclampsia was investigated by immunochemical techniques that enabled identification of individual proteins and estimated the renal clearance of proteins, and hence the selectivity of the proteinuria. It has been shown that the proteinuria of pre‐eclampsia is a result of a leak through a damaged glomerular basement membrane with no apparent tubular cause for protein loss.The differential protein clearance in pre‐eclampsia does not suggest that this will be a promising method for distinguishing pre‐eclamptic nephropathy from most cases of chronic glomerulonephritis, but the proteinuria of pre‐eclampsia does show some similarities to that in renal vein thrombosis. This suggests that the deposition of fibrinoid material in the glomerular basement membrane is the probable cause of proteinuria in pre‐eclampsia.The heavy urinary protein loss in pre‐eclampsia produces hypogammaglobulin‐aemia in the fetus. A fall in serum albumin, transferrin and IgG, with an elevation of alpha2‐macroglobulin and β‐lipoprotein is found in the mother. These maternal protein changes are identical to those occurring in nephrotic syndrome and are a result of “molecular sieving” of proteins of intermediate molecular weight through the damaged basement membrane.It is postulated that these serum protein changes are in part responsible for some of the clinical complications of both conditions, and that a rise in the level of the two macroglobulins may, by their antiplasmin activity, exacerbate disseminated intervascular coagulation and deposition of fibrin within the kidneys of a patient with pre‐eclampsia.
PLASMA VOLUME IN NORMAL FIRST PREGNANCY
Authors: Pirani B. B. K. , Campbell D. M. , MacGillivray I. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySerial measurements of plasma volume were made in 56 normal, healthy primigravidae at 12, 16, 20, 25, 30, 34 and 38 weeks' gestation using the Evans Blue (T‐1824) dye dilution technique with the women lying on their sides. Measurements were also made on 19 of these patients six weeks post partum. There was a progressive plasma volume expansion to a maximum between 30 to 34 weeks, with a terminal plateau. The expansion between the mean non‐pregnant volume and the mean maximum measured volume during pregnancy was 1246 ml. There was a significant relationship between plasma volume at 38 weeks' gestation and the birthweight of the baby.
UTERINE ACTIVITY AND PLASMA BUPIVACAINE LEVELS AFTER CAUDAL EPIDURAL ANALGESIA
Authors: Tyack A. J. , Parsons R. J. , Millar D. R. , Nicholas A. D. G. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryUterine activity was measured in ten normal women in the active phase of labour before and after caudal epidural analgesia had been effected with bupivacaine. There was a small, statistically non‐significant, fall in uterine activity immediately following the induction of anaesthesia, but activity rose to or above pre‐anaesthetic levels within about 20 minutes; no correlation with plasma bupivacaine concentrations was observed.
THE AMNIOTIC FLUID LECITHIN : SPHINGOMYELIN AREA RATIO (LSAR) IN PREGNANCIES COMPLICATED BY DIABETES
Authors: Whitfield C. R. , Sproule W. B. , Brudenell M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe lecithin : sphingomyelin area ratio (LSAR) was measured in 108 samples of amniotic fluid obtained after 32 weeks' gestation from 66 pregnant diabetics and in 34 samples from 27 women with latent diabetes during pregnancy. A previously reported finding that the normal terminal rise in the ratio did not occur in approximately one‐third of such patients was confirmed. The clinical value of this test, in timing delivery to minimize the risk of neonatal respiratory distress, is discussed; its routine use in pregnancies complicated by established or latent diabetes is advocated.
THE SURVIVAL OF ERYTHROCYTES IN AUTOTRANSFUSED BLOOD
Authors: Mati J. K. G. , Dunlop W. , Wanguru S. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe survival of autotransfused red cells was studied using radioactive chromium. In five patients with ruptured ectopic pregnancy who had peritoneal blood labelled, the percentage survival of the cells on the fifth day was 67.0 ± 9.8 (standard deviation) as compared to 96.0 ± 4.6 in the case of labelled venous blood in four control patients. The difference between the means was statistically significant (P<0.05). By extrapolation the half‐life of peritoneal blood cells was approximately 8 days while the half‐life for venous blood red cells was approximately 60 days. The implication of these findings is discussed.
CONGENITAL CYSTIC MALFORMATION OF THE LUNG AND ITS RELATION TO HYDRAMNIOS
Authors: Kohler H. G. , Rymer Barbara A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe clinical histories and postmortem findings of two infants with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung (CCAML) are reported. One, liveborn though hydropic, died within one hour; the other was stillborn, but not hydropic. In both cases there had been maternal hydramnios. The association of hydramnios with this condition is probably due to impaired absorption of amniotic fluid by both the cystic tumour and the remaining lung tissue which is displaced and compressed.
THE TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY BY INTRAVENOUS INFUSION OF A SYNTHETIC PROSTAGLANDIN F2α ANALOGUE
Authors: Sharp D. S. , Burslem R. W. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2α was successfully used to induce abortion in six patients, five of whom were in the second trimester of pregnancy. Five of the patients had a complete abortion and in one the abortion was incomplete. The mean induction‐abortion interval was 25 hours 15 minutes, ranging from 7 hours 45 minutes to 49 hours 30 minutes. The side‐effects were similar to those reported with natural prostaglandin F2α.