bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responses to natural and synthetic phee calls by common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Norcross J. L. , Newman J. D. , Fitch W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCaptive adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) produce whistlelike “phee” calls in two contexts: in the home cage, where phee calls may function as part of territorial marking behavior, and when separated from social companions, where phee calls may function to reunite conspecifics. Natural and synthesized calls representing the acoustic structure of male and female calls in each context were presented to adult marmosets in a playback paradigm. Marmosets demonstrated discriminative abilities according to the context of the call and the caller's sex. Vocal and behavioral responses indicated increased vigilance and territorial behavior, following playbacks of naturally produced calls as well as synthetic calls. All animals scanned more frequently following produced calls as well as synthetic calls. All animals scanned more frequently following natural home cage as well as isolation calls, but only increased contact behavior (trills) in response to home cage calls. The responses were dimorphic according to the sex of the caller, where adult males scanned more following male calls, and adult females were more aggressive following male and female calls. The differential behavioral responses to playbacks of marmoset phee calls suggest a biological relevance to subtle differences found in the acoustic parameters of the phee call. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, in the public domain in the United States of America.
Infanticide among ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at Berenty Reserve, Madagascar
Authors: Hood Laura C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDuring an intertroop encounter, an infanticide was observed in a population of ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. The killer was a male that had not been previously observed to mate with any females in the infant's troop. This observation, combined with other observations of infanticidal behavior by males at Berenty Reserve and the Duke University Primate Center, is consistent with the hypothesis that infanticide is a reproductive tactic for some male ringtailed lemurs. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of pregnancy and monitoring patterns of uterine and fetal growth in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) by real‐time ultrasonography
Authors: Oerke A.‐K. , Einspanier A. , Hodges J. K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of real‐time ultrasonography for detecting and monitoring pregnancy in the common marmoset. Ultrasound was performed transabdominally on unsedated females using a 7.5 MHz linear or intraoperative sector probe. Pregnancies were timed using progesterone measurements in twice weekly blood samples to determine the day of ovulation. Eight pregnancies were examined three times a week until day 30, twice a week until day 80, and once a week until birth. Detection of pregnancy was possible on day 15, on average, by the appearance of a double endometrial echo indicating fluid accumulation in the uterus. The uterine lumen thus formed was first measurable on day 21 on average. Diameter of the pregnant uterus was significantly greater than that of the nonpregnant organ by day 38. Thereafter, the dimensions of uterus and uterine lumen showed a similar pattern of growth until day 75, when measurements became inaccurate due to increasing uterine pliability. Embryonic development was characterized by the initial expansion of the gestation sacs and the appearance of individual embryos by day 33. Detection of heart beat at approximately day 54 allowed confirmation of number and viability of the embryos. With the visualization of the skulls by day 82, it was possible to determine fetal position and to monitor fetal growth by measurement of the biparietal diameter. All pregnancies were of normal length (140–145 days) resulting in viable offspring. It can be concluded that ultrasonography is suitable for detecting and monitoring pregnancy in the marmoset monkey and as a non‐invasive method, has the potential for being routinely used in this and other species of Callitrichidae. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ontogeny and the evolution of adult body size dimorphism in apes
Authors: Leigh Steven R. , Shea Brian T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis analysis investigates the ontogeny of body size dimorphism in apes. The processes that lead to adult body size dimorphism are illustrated and described. Potential covariation between ontogenetic processes and socioecological variables is evaluated. Mixed‐longitudinal growth data from 395 captive individuals (representing Hylobates lar [gibbon], Hylobates syndactylus [siamang], Pongo pygmaeus [orangutan], Gorilla gorilla [gorilla], Pan paniscus [pygmy chimpanzee], and Pan troglodytes [“common” chimpanzee]) form the basis of this study.Results illustrate heterogeneity in the growth processes that produce ape dimorphism. Hylobatids show no sexual differentiation in body weight growth. Adult body size dimorphism in Pongo can be largely attributed to indeterminate male growth. Dimorphism in African apes is produced by two different ontogenetic processes. Both pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) become dimorphic primarily through bimaturism (sex differences in duration of growth). In contrast, sex differences in rate of growth account for the majority of dimorphism in common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).Diversity in the ontogenetic pathways that produce adult body size dimorphism may be related to multiple evolutionary causes of dimorphism. The lack of sex differences in hylobatid growth is consistent with a monogamous social organization. Adult dimorphism in Pongo can be attributed to sexual selection for indeterminate male growth. Interpretation of dimorphism in African apes is complicated because factors that influence female ontogeny have a substantial effect on the resultant adult dimorphism. Sexual selection for prolonged male growth in gorillas may also increase bimaturism relative to common chimpanzees. Variation in female growth is hypothesized to covary with foraging adaptations and with differences in female competition that result from these foraging adaptations. Variation in male growth probably corresponds to variation in level of sexual selection. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The archeology of modern human origins
Authors: Klein Richard G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwo competing hypotheses have long dominated specialist thinking on modern human origins. The first posits that modern people emerged in a limited area and spread from there to replace archaic people elsewhere. Proponents of this view currently favor Africa as the modern human birthplace.1–5 The second suggests that the evolution of modern humans was not geographically restricted, but invlved substantial continuity between archaic and modern populations in all major regions of the occupied world.6–7 Based solely on the fossil record, both hypotheses are equally defensible, but the spread‐and‐replationships scenario is far more strongly supported by burgeoning data on the genetic relationships and diversity of living humans.8–16 These data impy that there was a common ancestor for all living humans in Africa between 280,000 and 140,000 year ago, and that Neanderthals and other archaic humans who inhabited Eurasia during the same interval contributed few, if any, genes to living peiple. I argue here that the spread‐and‐replacement hypothesis is also more compatible with a third line of evidence: the spread‐and‐replacement hypothesis is also more compatible with a third line of evidence: the archeological record for human behavioral evolution.
Human behavioral ecology: I
Authors: Smith Eric Alden 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNew fields of inquiry rarely spring fully grown from the forehead of a single genius, and in addition, it is often difficult to decide when a related set of inquiries has coalesced sufficiently to define a field. As measured by the solicitation and publication of review articles, human behavioral ecology has recently become a self‐conscious field, for this is the third essay to review it1,2 and a book‐length survey will appear later this year.3 In this two‐part article, I will try to give readers a sense of the field by outlining its theoretical and methodological principles and key issues and by summarizing representative studies and unresolved questions in three main topical areas: subsistence strategies (Part I) and reproductive strategies and social interactions (Part II).
A method to detect excess risk of disease in structured data: Cancer in relatives of retinoblastoma patients
Authors: Chakraborty Ranajit , Weiss Kenneth M. , Majumder Partha P. , Strong Louise C. , Herson Jay , Rao D. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIt is often of interest to know whether there is increased occurrence of a trait in a pedigree or other structured set of epidemiological data. In answering such questions most current methods use aggregate measures, such as relative risk, that may not relate the outcome for each individual to that individual's risk. In this paper we present a simple method, and its computational algorithm, to overcome this limitation. This new method also permits one to identify high‐risk families or subsets of a collection of data, which is not always possible using other approaches.In a study of cancer risk among relatives of retinoblastoma patients, by applying this new method it was found that 11 of 33 families each obtained through a unilateral retinoblastoma patient are at statistically high risk of cancer at all sites combined, while there are 15 of 47 such families obtained through a bilaterally affected proband. These results are unlikely to have occured by chance, indicating an overall excess risk in the ancestors of these retinoblastoma cases.The proposed test procedure does not specify the cause of elevated risk; however, a method is proposed that provides some indication regarding possible causal mechanisms under some circumstances.
Nonrandom sampling in human genetics: Skewness and kurtosis
Authors: Chakraborty Ranajit , Hanis Craig L. , Rao D. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWhen a multivariate normal sample is chosen from a truncated space of one of its components one can no longer make use of the normality assumption for the sample observations or for the estimates derived from them. In this paper, skewness and kurtosis for each component are derived analytically under a broad class of nonrandom sampling. It is shown that the distortions in skewness and kurtosis produced by nonrandomness are negligible, except those for the component with respect to which the selection of sampling regions is based. The ususal tests of normality from sample values of skewness and kurtosis measures remain valid under nonrandom sampling, except for the selection variable. The implications of these analytical results in the context of commingling analysis in genetic epidemiology are discussed. It is recommended that when samples of families are obtained through nonrandomly ascertained probands, a commingling analysis should treat each relative class separately, since such analyses based on the pooled sample of individuals may involve unspecified bias in the levels of the test procedure.
Estimation of genetic model parameters: Variables correlated with a quantitative phenotype exhibiting major locus inheritance
Authors: Hasstedt Sandra J. , Moll Patricia P. , Rao D. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA major locus that is detected through its effect on one phenotype (a primary trait) may also affect other quantitative phenotypes or qualitative disease endpoints (secondary traits). The pattern of effects for the mutant allele. The effects are directly estimable when “measured genotypes” or a tightly linked marker allow unambiguous assignment of major locus genotypes. When genotype assignments are ambiguous for a major locus detected through its effect on a quantitative primary trait, we propose estimators using genotypic probabilities. Making certain reasonable assumptions, we demonstrate asymptotic unbiasedness of these genotypic probability estimators of the genotypic means and variances for either the quantitative primary or secondary traits, of the covariances between quantitative primary and secondary traits, and of prevalences for the secondary qualitative traits. An important application of genotypic probability estimators is to define an effect of a major locus that cannot be detected upon analysis of the variable; for example, major locus effects may be defined for hypertension or blood pressure as secondary traits, but not detected as primary traits.
Robust methods for the detection of genetic linkage for quantitative data from pedigrees
Authors: Amos C. I. , Elston R. C. , Rao D. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe robust method for detecting linkage developed by Haseman and Elston [The investigation of linkage between a quantitative trait and a marker locus. Behav Genet 2:3‐19, 1972] for data from sib pairs is extended to any type of noninbred relative pair. The regression of the squared relative‐pair trait difference on the estimated proportion of genes identical by descent (i.b.d.) at a marker locus is shown to depend upon the recombination fraction between the two loci; the regression coefficient is negative if the trait and marker loci are linked. A test for linkage based on data from any informative type of relative pair can thus be obtained by testing that this regression coefficient is less than zero. Formulae for the asymptotic power of such tests for linkage based upon independent relative pairs are developed. Results are also given for the special case in which the proportion of genes shared i.b.d. for relative pairs is known. Finally, a general algorithm is described that will incorporate all available pedigree data to calculate an estimate of the proportion of genes that a relative pair shares i.b.d. at a marker locus.
A variance components/major locus likelihood approximation on quantitative data
Authors: Hasstedt Sandra J. , Vogler G. P. , Rao D. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe variance components/major locus model encompasses a major locus, a polygenic component, and shared environmental effects. The model attributes familial correlations to polygenic and shared environmental effects when testing for major locus inheritance or accounts for the major locus when estimating variance components.Because exact computation of the likelihood of the variance components/major locus model on quantitative data requires excessive computer time, I developed an approximation. The approximation retained the general shape of the likelihood surface. Accuracy of the approximation did not vary consistently with allele frequency or the size of the major locus effect.
Effect of cohort differences in smoking prevalence on models of lung cancer susceptibility
Authors: Sellers Thomas A. , Bailey‐wilson Joan E. , Potter John D. , Rich Stephen S. , Rothschild Henry , Elston Robert C. , Mulvihill John J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData on 337 lung cancer families were analyzed to determine if known cohort differences in parental cigarette consumption influence parameters from a segregation analysis. Previous results suggested that, after allowing for an individual's pack‐years of tobacco exposure, Mendelian codominant inheritance of an allele that produced an earlier age of onset provided a good fit to the data. In the present study, the data were split into two groups of families: probands age 60 and over (born before WWI) and probands younger than age 60. This partition of the data by age of the proband was done to separate families in which there were parents who were less likely to smoke from those with parents more likely to smoke—predicated on the known increase of smoking prevalence after World War I. For the younger proband families (those with parents more likely to smoke), only Mendelian codominant inheritance adequately fit the data. The hypotheses of no major type, environmental transmission, and Mendelian dominant or recessive inheritance were rejected. In contrast to our earlier findings, the estimate of population susceptibility increased from 28% in the total data to 60% in this subset. In the older proband families (those with parents less likely to smoke), the no major type and environmental hypotheses were rejected; further, none of the Mendelian models could be distinguished. Our results demonstrate that cohort differences, probably in exposure to tobacco, can confound parameters of a segregation analysis, and suggest that the genetic component of lung cancer may be greater than previously estimated. It further suggests that susceptibility to lung cancer occurs as a function of susceptibility to the effects of tobacco smoking. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two common polymorphisms in the APO A‐IV coding gene: Their evolution and linkage disequilibrium
Authors: Ilyas kamboh M. , Hamman Richard F. , Ferrell Robert E. , Mulvihill John J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHuman apolipoprotein A‐IV (APO A‐IV) exhibits a common protein polymorphism detectable by isoelectric focusing (IEF) due to a single base substitution at codon 360 which replaces the frequently occurring glutamine residue (allele 1) with histidine (allele 2). Recently, sequence analysis of the APO A‐IV coding region has revealed another common nucleotide substitution at codon 347 which converts the commonly present threonine residue (allele A) into serine (allele T). In order to investigate the extent of genetic variation at codon 347, we screened DNA samples from 192 unrelated individuals using a polymerase chain reaction based assay. The frequencies of the two alleles, A‐IV*A and A‐IV*T, were 0.81 and 0.19, respectively, with average heterozygosity 0.31. Genetic screening of the corresponding 192 plasma samples by IEF gave frequencies of 0.922 and 0.078 for the A‐IV*1 and A‐IV*2 alleles, respectively, at codon 360 with average heterozygosity 0.14. Genotype data at the two polymorphic sites were used to assign unequivocal haplotypes to all the 384 chromosomes. Of the expected four haplotypes (A1, T1, A2, and T2) only three were observed and their frequencies were 0.732 for A1, 0.190 for T1 and 0.078 for A2, with average heterozygosity 0.42. Although our data indicate significant linkage disequilibrium between the two sites (χ = 7.65, P>0.006, standardized disequilibrium constant ψ = −0.14) the degree of nonrandom association varied between alleles at the two sites. Based upon allele frequency data and variable linkage disequilibrium between alleles, we propose that the A2 and T1 haplotypes may have evolved from the parental A1 haplotype by two independent mutations. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Segregation analysis of height‐adjusted weight with generation‐ and age‐dependent effects: The Nancy family study
Authors: Tiret Laurence , André Jean‐Luc , Ducimetière Pierre , Herbeth Bernard , Rakotovao Roger , Guegen René , Spyckerelle Yves , Cambien François 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA segregation analysis using a regressive model with generation‐ and age‐dependent effects was applied to familial data of height‐adjusted weight to investigate the major gene hypothesis. The sample included 629 nuclear families with 2,534 members volunteering for a free health check‐up in the Preventive Medicine Center of Vandoeuvre‐lès‐Nancy, France. The familial correlations were 0.094 ± 0.040 between spouses, 0.198 ± 0.023 between parent and offspring, and 0.327 ± 0.034 between siblings. The variability of the trait was higher in parents than in offspring. The most parsimonious genetic model indicated a codominant major effect increasing with age in childhood, then stabilizing in adulthood. The same data were analyzed using the classical mixed model, assuming equality of variances between parents and offspring, no resemblance between spouses, similar parent–offspring and sib–sib correlations, and identical effects in parents and offspring. This analysis indicated a recessive solution. In both analyses, mendelian transmission was rejected. However, the mixture of two distributions in the recessive model, instead of three in the codominant one, was less constraining with respect to the test of transmission probabilities, and the rejection of mendelian transmission was due to a single family in the recessive case, instead of several families in the codominant one. This could possibly explain why previous studies, all using the mixed model, found evidence for a recessive major gene. Although the major gene hypothesis cannot be definitely ruled out from our results, the mechanism appears more complex than the effect of one single gene. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apo E allele frequencies in younger (age 42–50) vs older (age 65–90) women
Authors: Cauley Jane A. , Eichner June E. , Ilyas Kamboh M. , Ferrell Robert E. , Kuller Lewis H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAllelic variation at the apolipoprotien E (Apo E) structural locus has been shown to influence concentrations of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C). Apo E has six phenotypes resulting from three common alleles at this locus. The ϵ2 allele is associated with lower LDL‐C and the ϵ4 allele with higher LDL‐C. In the current study, we compared the ϵ allele distribution in two cohorts of white women recruited from population based listing of southwestern Pennsylvania. The “younger” cohort consisted of 473 women, age 42–50; the “older” cohort, 870 women, age 65–90. A comparison of the overall distribution of allele frequencies in the two cohorts was significantly different. The allele frequency of ϵ4 was lower in the older cohort (0.98 vs. 0.122, P = 1.08) and the ϵ2 allele frequency was higher (0.084 vs. 0.059, P = 0.05) in the older cohort. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that there may be a selection against individuals with the ϵ4 allele. However, future research is needed to confirm this observation and to compare survival in individuals by their ϵ allele. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss. Inc.
Linkage between quantitative trait and marker loci: Methods using all relative pairs
Authors: Olson Jane M. , Wijsman Ellen M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRelative‐pair methods for detection of linkage between a quantitative trait and a marker locus have been proposed by a number of authors [e.g., Haseman and Elston, Behav Genet 3–19, 1972; Amos and Elston, Genet Epidemiol 349–360, 1989]. However, development of tests of significance that combine information from different types of relative pairs has been hampered by the presence of correlations between relative pairs from the same pedigree. In this paper, the methodology of generalized estimating equations is used to provide an estimate of the robust covariance matrix of the estimates of the set of relative‐pair‐type‐specific regression parameters. Using this matrix, an asymptotically most powerful test of linkage which optimally combines the information contained in the different types of relative pairs is constructed. This test requires optimal weights that depend on unknown values of heritability and recombination fraction to be chosen a priori. However, simulations show that, in the regions of recombination fraction and heritability of practical interest, the power of the test does not depend strongly on the assumptions made when chosing the optimal weights; as a result, weights that depend only on the number of each type of relative pair and the variability of the marker identity‐by‐descent probabilities work well in practice. In addition, an approximation to the regression model leads to a simple approach to testing linkage in which only a single regression parameter is estimated from data containing different types of relative pairs. The resulting test is slightly less powerful than the test described above, but its computational simplicity and lack of dependence on a priori weighting schemes suggest potential usefulness in large linkage studies. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss. Inc.