bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generic crystallizer model: I. A model framework for a well‐mixed compartment
Authors: Hounslow M. J. , Lewis A. E. , Sanders S. J. , Bondy R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA model framework is described for crystallization of a single solid species in a well‐mixed compartment at steady state. The model framework applies to both Type I (that is, nonhigh yield) crystallization and Type II (high yield) crystallization. The framework consists of population balances incorporating nucleation, growth, aggregation, breakage, classification, and dissolution, coupled with mass and energy balances. The model allows any number of product streams, any number of feed streams, one vapor product stream, nonrepresentative sampling, but only one solid species. The numerical strategy used to solve the resulting set of nonlinear integro‐differential equations transforms them into a matrix of algebraic equations. Two algorithms for the solution for Type I crystallization are proposed, both of which consist of solving the material and energy balances sequentially with the population balance and iterating around only one variable. Both algorithms use an existing material and energy balance solution package, which is linked to the population balance equations. The first solution algorithm solves the population balance equations using a Newton–Raphson solver with finite‐difference approximations for the derivatives, converging around a variable related to the crystal mass and the number density for each interval. The second algorithm solves the population balance equations using a successive substitution technique with root bracketing and iterates around the suspension density. The choice of algorithm depends on the nature of the system to be modeled. A similar framework is suggested for the solution for Type II crystallization, except that the iteration variable is the growth rate at a fixed supersaturation ratio. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Liquid‐Liquid Stratified Flow through Horizontal Conduits
Authors: Sunder Raj T. , Chakrabarti D. P. , Das G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe stratified configuration is one of the basic and most important distributions during two phase flow through horizontal pipes. A number of studies have been carried out to understand gas‐liquid stratified flows. However, not much is known regarding the simultaneous flow of two immiscible liquids. There is no guarantee that the information available for gas‐liquid cases can be extended to liquid‐liquid flows. Therefore, the present work attempts a detailed investigation of liquid‐liquid stratified flow through horizontal conduits. Gas‐liquid flow exhibits either smooth or wavy stratified orientations, while liquid‐liquid flow exhibits other distinct stratified patterns like three layer flow, oil dispersed in water, and water flow, etc. Due to this, regime maps and transition equations available for predicting the regimes in gas‐liquid flow cannot be extended for liquid‐liquid cases by merely substituting phase physical properties in the equations. Further efforts have been made to estimate the in‐situ liquid holdup from experiments and theory. The analysis considers the pronounced effect of surface tension, and attempts to modify the Taitel‐Dukler model to account for the curved interface observed in these cases. The curved interface model of Brauner has been validated with experimental data from the present work and those reported in literature. It gives a better prediction of liquid holdup in oil‐water flows and reduces to the Taitel‐Dukler model for air‐water systems.
Novel Carboxylated Oligothiophenes as Sensitizers in Photoelectric Conversion Systems
Authors: Tan Shuxin , Zhai Jin , Fang Hongjun , Jiu Tonggang , Ge Jun , Li Yuliang , Jiang Lei , Zhu Daoben 
Published: August 2005

AbstractNovel carboxylated oligothiophenes with different thiophene units were designed and synthesized as photosensitizers in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) for efficient opto‐electric materials. The introduction of COOH into thiophene molecules can lead to a red shift of UV‐visible absorption, increase light‐harvesting efficiency, and enhance photoinduced charge transport by forming efficient covalent bonds to the substrate surface. A red shift of the absorption spectrum of oligothiophene is also achieved by the increase in the number of thiophene units. The DSSCs based on the oligomers have excellent photovoltaic performances. Under 100 mW cm−2 irradiation a short‐circuit current of 10.57 mA cm−2 and an overall energy conversion efficiency of 3.36 % is achieved when pentathiophene dicarboxylated acid was used as a sensitizer. The incident photo‐to‐current conversion efficiency (IPCE) has a maximum as high as 80 %. In addition, photovoltage and photocurrent transients show that slow charge recombination in DSSCs is important for efficient charge separation and excellent photoelectric conversion properties of the oligomers. These initial and promising results suggest that carboxylated oligothiophenes are efficient photosensitizers.
Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with plasma cell neoplasia: Cytological features and review of the literature
Authors: Oliai Bahram R. , Zakowski Maureen F. , Lin Oscar 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHodgkin's lymphoma (HL) associated with plasma cell neoplasia is extremely rare. Here, we report one case diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and review the clinical features of 15 previously reported cases. Our specimen was obtained by FNAB of an enlarged right inguinal lymph node. Air‐dried Diff‐Quik (DQ)‐stained slides and alcohol‐fixed slides stained with hematoxylin‐eosin (H&E) and Papanicolaou stains were reviewed. The specimen was cellular, consisting of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Flow cytometric analysis revealed a monoclonal (M) plasma‐cell population. Admixed large atypical mono‐ and binucleated cells immunoreactive for CD30 were noted also. A diagnosis of plasma‐cell neoplasm associated with classic HL was confirmed histologically after surgical removal of the lymph node. The diagnosis of both HL and plasma‐cell neoplasia in the same patient is exceedingly rare. Adding another case to the 15 previously reported cases was unique because our case was diagnosed through FNAB. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;33:181–186. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chlamydia/gonorrhea combo and HR HPV DNA testing in liquid‐based pap
Authors: Hawthorne Clementine M. , Farber Phillip J. , Bibbo Marluce 
Published: August 2005

AbstractResidual material from liquid‐based pap (LBP) test has been used for molecular testing of Human Papilloma Virus (HR HPV) DNA. LBP test specimens (1,025) were evaluated to determine how often residual material was insufficient to perform microbiological testing. The specimens were tested for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea (CCGT) alone and in combination with HR HPV(CCGT + HR HPV), using PCR method and HYBRID CAPTURE 2, respectively. A minimum volume of 5 ml (CCGT: 0.5–1 ml, HPV: 4 ml) of residual material is required for both the tests. The residual material was measured at >5 ml, ≤5 ml, and 0.5 ml volumes and documented. Results were tabulated. The insufficient rate for cases submitted for CCGT was 0.2% and 7.6% for HR HPV, with a detection rate of 40.9% for HR HPV. Utilizing residual material from LBP test for microbiological testing, as well as DNA testing for HR HPV is a convenient, cost‐effective means to enhance patient care. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;33:177–180. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antigen‐dependent suppression of alloresponses by Foxp3‐induced regulatory T cells in transplantation
Authors: Albert Michael H. , Liu Yan , Anasetti Claudio , Yu Xue‐Zhong 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAdoptive transfer of polyclonal CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) can tolerize transplantation alloresponses. Treg are activated via their specific TCR, but the antigen specificity of wild‐type Treg remains elusive, and therefore controlling potency and duration of Treg activity in the transplantation setting is still not feasible. In this study, we used murine graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) as a model system to show that antigen‐specific Treg suppress the response of T effector cells to alloantigens in vitro and prevent GVHD in vivo. The suppressive potential of antigen‐specific Treg was much greater than that of polyclonal Treg. To acquire large numbers of antigen‐specific Treg, we transduced CD4+CD25– cells with foxp3, and found that these foxp3‐induced Treg suppress alloresponses in vitro and prevent GVHD in vivo as effectively as naturally derived CD4+CD25+ Treg. Furthermore, we used an antigen‐specific CD4 Th1 clone as a source of foxp3‐induced Treg after transduction with foxp3, and found those Treg to effectively prevent GVHD in an antigen‐dependent manner. The findings of this study provide a basis for the concept that the onset and potency of the suppression by Treg can be regulated, and suggest a novel approach to enhance the feasibility and effectiveness of inducing tolerance by Treg as an adoptive immunotherapy in transplantation.
Iodine‐Mediated Cyclization of (4R,5R)‐4,5‐Diamino‐N,N′‐bis[(1S)‐1‐phenylethyl]‐1,7‐octadiene – A Stereoselective Route to 2,5‐Diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes
Authors: Fiorelli Claudio , Marchioro Carla , Martelli Gianluca , Monari Magda , Savoia Diego 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTreatment of (4R,5R)‐4,5‐diamino‐N,N′‐bis[(1S)‐1‐phenylethyl]‐1,7‐octadiene with 2 equiv. of iodine in CH2Cl2/aq. NaHCO3 gave a mixture of two quaternary ammonium salts in 70:30 ratio and almost quantitative yield. The structure of the prevalent salt was determined by X‐ray analysis, which showed a bridged diazatricyclic skeleton, derived from two iodoamination steps, both involving the 5‐exo cyclization of two 5‐aminoalkene moieties, and an intramolecular substitution involving the amine and iodide functions. The minor salt is an isomer of the prevalent one, formed by a pathway involving the stereospecific isomerization of the diastereomeric (iodomethyl)pyrrolidine produced in the first step to an iodopiperidine via an aziridinium intermediate. Treatment of both products with different reagents, including iPrMgCl, nBuLi, Bu3SnH·Et3B, Cr(OAc)2 and Na2S2O4, invariably gave the bridged piperazine (1S,3R,4S)‐3‐allyl‐2,5‐bis[(1S)‐1‐phenylethyl]‐2,5‐diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane by a retro reaction, and hydrogenolysis of the N‐substituents and concomitant hydrogenation of the C=C bond were then achieved in the presence of Pd/C. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Application of Multiblock and Hierarchical PCA and PLS Models for Analysis of AC Voltammetric Data
Authors: Jaworski Aleksander , Wikiel Kazimierz , Wikiel Hanna 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSeveral multiblock and hierarchical calibration techniques have been applied to the determination of the brightener concentration in industrial copper electroplating baths. Hierarchical Principal Component Regression (HPCR), Hierarchical Partial Least Squares (HPLS), Consensus PCR (CPCR), and Multiblock PLS (MBPLS) were used to build and test calibration models based on AC voltammetric data. All of the hierarchical and multiblock techniques employed produce a reliable calibration model and provide information about its robustness.
Resonance behaviour of viscoelastic fluid in Poiseuille flow in the presence of a transversal magnetic field
Authors: Mohyuddin Muhammad R. , Götz T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe oscillatory flow of a viscoelastic fluid in a circular pipe under the influence of a transversal magnetic field is studied. Exact solutions for the axial velocity and flow rate are presented. The velocity enhancement and the resonance behaviour are analysed both numerically and asymptotically in the case of small pipe radii.Approximations for the resonance frequencies and the achievable velocity enhancements are derived. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular genetic evidence supporting a novel human hepatocellular carcinoma tumor suppressor locus at 13q12.11
Authors: Chen Chian‐Feng , Yeh Shiou‐Hwei , Chen Ding‐Shinn , Chen Pei‐Jer , Jou Yuh‐Shan 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA novel 1‐cM (1.8 Mb) homozygous deletion (HD) on 13q12.11 was identified in a human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line, SK‐Hep‐1, after high‐density genetic marker scan and Southern blotting analysis. A loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis indicated that LOH frequency of the HD region in 48 pairs of HCC tissues was 52%. Interestingly, the occurrence of LOH in the 13q12.11 HD region is significantly associated with early‐onset HCC, inferred from Fisher's exact test (P = 0.0047) and Mann‐Whitney test (P = 0.023). Since the novel 1‐cM (1.8 Mb) HD region is gene‐rich with more than 37 predicted transcripts, we used a candidate gene approach by examining down‐regulation of known tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), including LATS2, TG737, CRYL1, and GJB2, in HCC tissues. We detected only 14% down‐regulation of the LAST2 gene that flanks the outside of the HD, in HCC tissues, by quantitative RT‐PCR assays. However, we observed significant down‐regulation of the TG737, CRYL1, and GJB2 genes located within the HD in 59, 64, and 71% of HCC tissues, respectively. Together, our results indicated that the identified 13q12.11 HD region contained at least three significant down‐regulated TSGs, and preferential LOH in early‐onset HCC patients is a putative tumor suppressor locus in HCC. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Larval ectoderm, organizational homology, and the origins of evolutionary novelty
Authors: Love Alan C. , Raff Rudolf A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractComprehending the origin of marine invertebrate larvae remains a key domain of research for evolutionary biologists, including the repeated origin of direct developmental modes in echinoids. In order to address the latter question, we surveyed existing evidence on relationships of homology between the ectoderm territories of two closely related sea urchin species in the genus Heliocidaris that differ in their developmental mode. Additionally, we explored a recently articulated idea about homology called ‘organizational homology’ (Müller 2003. In: Müller GB, Newman SA, editors. Origination of organismal form: beyond the gene in developmental and evolutionary biology. Cambridge, MA: A Bradford Book, The MIT Press. p 51–69. ) in the context of this specific empirical case study. Applying the perspective of organizational homology to our experimental system of congeneric echinoids has led us to a new hypothesis concerning the ectoderm evolution in these species. The extravestibular ectoderm of the direct developer Heliocidaris erythrogramma is a novel developmental territory that arose as a fusion of the oral and aboral ectoderm territories found in indirect developing echinoids such as Heliocidaris tuberculata. This hypothesis instantiates a theoretical principle concerning the origin of developmental modules, ‘integration’, which has been neglected because the opposite theoretical principle, ‘parcellation’, is more readily observable in events such as gene duplication and divergence (Wagner 1996. Am Zool 36:36–43). J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 304B, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of land management on runoff and soil losses from two small watersheds in St Lucia
Authors: Cox C. A. , Sarangi A. , Madramootoo C. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe influence of land use on runoff and soil loss was assessed on two small watersheds in the Eastern Caribbean island of St Lucia, under contrasting land management regimes. The data generated from these watersheds revealed that the soil losses from an intensively cultivated agricultural watershed were 20‐times higher in magnitude than that of a forested watershed both for peak rainfall event and for total duration of analysis. This was due to higher surface runoff rates and exposure of soil to direct raindrop impact within cultivated areas. Whereas the forest canopy cover in combination with higher infiltration capacities of the forested land reduced the erosive runoff from the forest watershed and thus the soil loss. Moreover, the energy intensities of large storms in excess of 40 mm were estimated and found to range between 400 MJ mm ha−1 h−1 and 1834 MJ mm ha−1 h−1.1Megajoules‐millimeters per hectare‐hour.
Soil loss from the agricultural watershed was strongly correlated (R2 = 0·85) to storm energy‐intensity (EI30). However, the correlation of soil loss with the EI30 (R2 = 0·71) was poor for the forest watershed due to the effect of canopy vegetation, which significantly reduced the energy of raindrop impact. Over the study period, cumulative soil losses were 10·0 t ha−1 for the agricultural site and 0·5 t ha−1 for the forest site.2Metric tons per hectare.
The largest storm observed during the study period resulted in erosion losses of 3·78 t ha−1 and 0·2 t ha−1 from the agricultural and forest sites respectively. The regression models were developed using the measured data for prediction of runoff and soil loss over the watersheds of St Lucia under similar conditions. This study contributed towards efficient watershed management planning and implementation of suitable water conservation measures in St Lucia. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of soil redistribution in a sloping landscape on carbon sequestration in Northeast China
Authors: Fang H. J. , Cheng S. L. , Zhang X. P. , Liang A. Z. , Yang X. M. , Drury C. F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSoil organic carbon (SOC) in eroded soil can be redistributed from upper slope positions and deposited and sequestered in depressional areas. However, the SOC lost from soil erosion is normally not considered when soil carbon budgets are derived and this could result in an overestimation of SOC loss from the agricultural areas. The impact of soil redistribution on the SOC budget of a sloping landscape in the Black soil region in Northeast China was studied using the presence of the 137Cs tracer which has been deposited since 1954 and the fly‐ash tracer, which was deposited in 1903. Five landscape positions (summit, shoulder‐, back‐, foot‐ and toe‐slope) were selected and included in this study. The depths of 137Cs and fly ash and the SOC content of the deposition layers were used to calculate the change in C content of the soil in the various landscape positions over the last century. We found that the most severe soil erosion occurred in soils in the shoulder‐slope position followed by the back‐slope and the summit positions. Soil deposition occurred in the toe‐slope position followed by the foot‐slope position. A total of 683 kg C was eroded from the summit, shoulder‐ and back‐slopes (in a 1 m wide strip) over the past 100 years and 418 kg C (about 61·2 per cent) was deposited in the low‐lying areas (foot‐ and toe‐slopes). Over half (61·5 per cent) of the deposition (257 kg SOC) occurred over the past 50 years. Most of the previously reported loss of C from the upper slope positions in the Black soils was in fact sequestered in the deposition areas in the landscape. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermostability of Lyocell Dopes Modified with Surface‐Active Additives
Authors: Wendler Frank , Kolbe Axel , Meister Frank , Heinze Thomas 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSummary: Cellulose/N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide monohydrate (NMMO) spinning solutions were modified with surface‐active additives to yield Lyocell fibers with functional properties. Based on cellulose fibers, a new class of materials with tailored adsorption characteristics are produced. Activated charcoal and carbon black used as additives significantly affect the thermostability of the spinning solutions. Considering the degree of filling three general tendencies become evident. It is most obvious that the onset temperature of dope decomposition is shifted towards lower values accompanied by viscosity reduction after annealing at elevated temperatures and an enhanced formation of degradations products. Morpholine, N‐methylmorpholine and formaldehyde as the main degradation products were detected in aqueous distillates by means of HPLC. To study the rate of by‐product formation during preparation of the solution kinetic measurements were carried out. Thermal instabilities are not only initiated by heavy metal ions, especially Fe(II), but also by the particle size and porosity of the charcoal. The nano‐scaled carbon black used causes autocatalytic reactions as revealed by calorimetric measurements.Relationships between amount of Acc versus onset temperature (Ton) and concentration of N‐methylmorpholine.magnified imageRelationships between amount of Acc versus onset temperature (Ton) and concentration of N‐methylmorpholine.
John Adams' essential tremor
Authors: Louis Elan D. , Kavanagh Patricia 
Published: August 2005

AbstractJohn Adams (1735–1826), one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, was the second President of the United States. Adams had tremor for many years, about which little has been written. We examined John Adams' penmanship over a 62‐year period and studied his correspondence and diaries. It is not clear when Adams' tremor began, although in a diary entry dated 6 December 1760, when Adams was 25 years old, there is evidence of low‐amplitude kinetic tremor. The tremor continued in his written correspondence, becoming more persistent over time. Later in life, the clarity of his written correspondence diminished, with greater decomposition of characters and a reduction in the size of individual characters. This finding raises some speculation as to whether Adams could have been developing some parkinsonism, although the evidence in favor of this is not compelling. The most likely diagnosis was essential tremor. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
A comparison of full non‐linear and reduced order aerodynamic models in control law design using a two‐dimensional aerofoil model
Authors: Allen C. B. , Taylor N. V. , Fenwick C. L. , Gaitonde A. L. , Jones D. P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe prediction of the flutter boundary of an aircraft is a necessary but time consuming process, particularly as for the most realistic results a time accurate simulation of the interaction between the non‐linear aerodynamic and structural forces is required. Extension of the flight envelope by the design of active control laws to suppress flutter further increases the demands on computational time, to presently unrealistic levels. Use of a reduced order model (ROM) derived from, and in place of, the full non‐linear aerodynamics greatly reduces the time required for calculation of aerodynamic forces. However, this is necessarily accompanied by some loss in accuracy, and hence the method must be verified by comparison with results obtained by the full aerodynamic model before it may be used with confidence.Such a comparison is presented here, using a two‐dimensional aerofoil and control surface combination as a test case. Active control of the deflectable surface is used to attempt to increase the flutter speed across the complete Mach range, feedback control being achieved by gains acting on heave and pitch proportional and differential signals, interpreted as a hinge moment demand. Full non‐linear and reduced order aerodynamic models are then used to obtain optimum control law gain for flutter suppression. The results demonstrate that the ROM accurately predicts the open loop flutter boundary, gives a good approximation to the increase in flutter speed that may be produced by gain optimization, and produces a similar response given the identical gain values in each system for a significantly reduced cost. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.