bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of temperate and tropical rainforest tree species: growth responses to temperature
Authors: Cunningham S. , Read J. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Aim  To investigate whether the latitudinal distribution of rainforest trees in Australia can be explained by their growth responses to temperature.Methods  The rainforest canopy trees Acmena smithii (Poir.) Merrill & Perry, Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br., Castanospermum australe Cunn. & C. Fraser ex Hook., Eucryphia lucida (Labill.) Baill., Heritiera trifoliolata (F. Muell.) Kosterm., Nothofagus cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst., Sloanea woollsii F. Muell. and Tristaniopsis laurina (Sm.) Wilson & Waterhouse were selected to cover the latitudinal range of rainforests in eastern Australia. Seedlings of these species were grown under a range of day/night temperature regimes (14/6, 19/11, 22/14, 25/17, and 30/22 °C) in controlled‐environment cabinets. These seedlings were harvested after 16 weeks to determine differences in growth rate and biomass allocation among species and temperature regimes.Results  The temperate species showed maximum growth at lower temperatures than the tropical species. However, there was considerable overlap in the growth rates of the temperate and tropical rainforest types across the temperature range used. Maximum growth of the tropical rainforest types was associated with changes in biomass allocation whereas the temperate rainforest types showed no significant changes in biomass allocation across the temperature range.Main conclusions  All species showed temperatures for maximum growth that were considerably higher than those previously shown for maximum net photosynthesis. The growth responses to temperature of the rainforest species under these experimental conditions provided limited evidence for their restriction to certain latitudes. These growth responses to temperature showed that the physiological assumptions used in various types of vegetation‐climate models may not be true of Australian rainforest trees.
The diagnosis, transmission and prevention of HIV‐1 in the infant under 18 months of age: implications for nursing practice
Authors: Purssell Edward 
Published: March 2003

• Vertical transmission of HIV from mother‐to‐child is a significant problem around the world. This paper examines the main issues that confront those caring for pregnant women who may transmit HIV‐1 to their babies with reference to the impact upon clinical practice.• Nursing practice should accommodate research from a number of disciplines including medical and scientific researchers.• A number of risk factors for vertical transmission have been identified, including immunological status of the mother, premature birth, method of delivery and breast feeding.• The use of prophylactic zidovudine has also been shown to reduce the rate of transmission of the virus, although it is not clear at what point in pregnancy and delivery it exerts this protection.• Although this paper considers recent advances in the prevention of vertical transmission, this is a rapidly developing area and readers are provided with Internet addresses where the most up to date information may be found.
A theoretical model of compliance in young diabetics
Authors: KYNGÄS HELVI 
Published: March 2003

•The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical model of compliance in young diabetics.•According to the model, compliance is an active, intentional and responsible process in which young diabetics work to maintain their health in collaboration with the physician.•Factors which improved compliance were motivation, the results of care, a sense of normality and adequate energy and will‐power for care.•Motivation was improved by support and encouragement given by parents and was found to influence energy and will‐power for care.•Energy and will‐power for care were increased through the support of parents, encouragement and the results of care. Furthermore it was found that when young diabetics were not afraid of complications, their energy and will‐power for care were better.•Fear may, however, improve compliance, which is connected with the control of diabetes.•The results of the study can be used to plan and implement care in young diabetics. In addition to this, the model is a good starting‐point for further development and for developing an instrument to measure compliance and the factors related to it.
A qualitative analysis of the information needs of informal carers of terminally ill cancer patients
Authors: ROSE KARNE E 
Published: March 2003

• This article discusses issues relating to information arising from a qualitative study of the experiences of informal carers of terminally ill cancer patients.• Qualitative data analysis, drawing on methods of literary criticism, revealed that information was a key area in carers' experience.• The findings are presented in the context of needing to provide individualized care to every family and deal with information needs relating to the illness and prognosis.• The question of who is in possession of what information is raised, and the effect that this can have on couples is discussed, together with the issue of false information which carers may receive.• The discussion centres on the complexity of understanding carers' information needs and considers how these are affected by the context within which carers operate.• The work of Glaser and Strauss on awareness contexts is discussed in this respect.• Finally, the importance of the nurse's role as a sensitive mediator of information is considered.
Identifying older people in need using action research
Authors: MOYER ALWYN , CORISTINE MARJORIE , JAMAULT MYRIAM , ROBERGE GINETTE , O'HAGAN MARYAN 
Published: March 2003

• An ageing population has implications for community‐based health promotion and disease prevention. There is concern about older people who do not fit into existing programmes and services yet need minimal support to maintain independence.• A study was designed to develop approaches to gain access to this hard to reach population, assess needs and design and test interventions to integrate them into the community.• The study, informed by theories of health promotion and social support, used action research methods. Participant observation documented in field notes, together with case notes and clinical assessments, provided a rich source of qualitative and quantitative data.• This article discusses the needs assessment. Over a 3‐year period, public health nurses linked with community groups in a predominantly francophone, urban community to identify the target group.• Key characteristics of the target group included limitations with instrumental activities of daily living and low levels of social support combined with stressful life situations that challenged adaptation.• Three patterns of inadequate support were identified.
The risk of pressure sores: a conceptual scheme
Authors: DEFLOOR TOM 
Published: March 2003

• Based on a review of the literature related to the prediction and prevention of pressure sores, a conceptual scheme on pressure sores is introduced.• The article highlights the four elements of the scheme: pressure, shearing force, tissue tolerance for pressure and tissue tolerance for oxygen. Factors influencing pressure and shearing forces, the pressure distribution capacity of tissue, the oxygen need of tissue and oxygen supply to tissue are discussed.
‘Going to the bathroom four or five times a night …’: seven men talk about their experiences of benign prostatic hyperplasia and the perioperative period
Authors: Kiviniemi Kirsi , Suominen Tarja 
Published: March 2003

• This study describes ageing men’s experiences of benign prostatic hyperplasia and transurethral resection.• The experiences of ageing men participating in this study vary in different periods of their treatment.• It is evident that experiences are attached to feelings, cognitive thinking and responses.
Patients’ experiences of having an underwater seal chest drain: a replication study
Authors: Fox Valerie , Gould Dinah , Davies Nigel , Owen Suzanne 
Published: March 2003

• The nursing management of patients who have a chest drain in situ has received little attention.• The findings of a single small‐scale study previously indicated that such patients’ needs for information are not always fully met and pain control is inadequate.• This small‐scale study was replicated to produce broadly similar findings in a second hospital 2 years later.• Despite some differences in the approach to management it was apparent that patients were still not well prepared pre‐operatively and there was scope for improving pain control.• All the patients reported considerable discomfort and pain of moderate to severe intensity. The type of pain described is typical of deep somatic/visceral pain.
Patients’ views on quality of care: age effects and identification of patient profiles
Authors: Wilde Larsson Bodil 
Published: March 2003

• Age differences among physically ill inpatients, regarding their evaluation of the subjective importance of various care conditions, as well as their actual evaluations of these conditions, were explored.• Subjective importance ratings were found to be unrelated to age. Patients’ perceptions of the care they actually received indicated increasingly more positive evaluations with increasing age.• Profiles of more and less satisfied patients were obtained using cluster analysis. Lowest satisfaction was reported by younger and well‐educated women with a lower sense of coherence (as measured by Antonovsky’s (1987) version of the Sense of Coherence Questionnaire) who stayed for a short period of time in hospital.• It was concluded that caregivers need to focus on individual patient characteristics when looking at quality of care from a patient perspective. Generalizations based on age alone tend to be misleading.
Women living with type II diabetes: the intrusion of illness
Authors: Koch Tina , Kralik Debbie , Sonnack Diana 
Published: March 2003

• This study is part of a larger research project which aimed to create an understanding of how people with type II diabetes incorporated chronic illness into their lives. We aimed to find wellness in the context of a chronic illness.• The participatory action‐orientated research (PAR) approach is consumer based and managed, and six women with diabetes and the research team met for eight two‐hour sessions in August and September 1998.• The objectives were to contribute to understanding of the health of adults who live with chronic illness by providing greater insight and understanding into the worlds of people who live with a chronic illness and allowing the voices of people with diabetes to be clearly heard in relation to their health.• There was a wellness theme around taking time out, but considering the other dominant negative experiences, this study can only be considered as an attempt to find wellness in the context of chronic illness.• The PAR process, built upon sharing, listening and reconstructing stories, worked toward the women being heard and having a voice for the first time.• Listening and acting upon the voices of the women has implications for the practice of health care professionals.
Determining older people’s need for registered nursing in continuing healthcare: the contribution of the Royal College of Nursing’s Older People Assessment Tool
Authors: Ford Pauline , McCormack Brendan 
Published: March 2003

• This paper presents an overview of the work of the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) in developing an assessment tool to determine the need for registered nursing by older people in continuing care.• In the past, healthcare has been provided free and social care ‘means‐tested’.• The erosion of the NHS’s responsibility for continuing care provision through the development of eligibility criteria has resulted in the majority of older people having their care services means‐tested, including their nursing care.• The RCN has argued that older people have inter‐related health and social care needs, that nursing care is an integral component of healthcare provision and that therefore older people should not have to pay for nursing care.• This paper describes the work undertaken by the RCN to develop a tool for use in assessing older people’s need for registered nursing –‘The RCN Nursing Older People Assessment Tool’.• The underpinning theoretical framework is outlined and the process of constructing the tool is described.• In addition, the stages of assessment using the tool are outlined.• A pilot study in seven nursing homes managed by three different companies was undertaken to test the reliability and acceptability of the tool. 178 paired assessments were completed (89% of the intended sample).• The results of the pilot study demonstrated that the tool has a high degree of reliability and acceptability.• Further testing of the tool is recommended using a larger sample of nursing home residents.
Conceptual analysis of compliance
Authors: Kyngäs Helvi , Duffy Mary E. , Kroll Thilo 
Published: March 2003

• Compliance has been studied from a wide range of scientific perspectives including medicine, nursing, psychology and health economics.• There is no agreement regarding a commonly accepted definition. Lack of consistency in the definition and measurement of compliance is a major problem in research which becomes more complicated in an international study.• The response to the confusion over the term compliance has been to suggest and use alternative terms such as adherence, co‐operation, mutuality and therapeutic alliance. These terms are ill‐defined and often are used as synonyms.• The purpose of this paper is to analyse definitions of the concept of compliance. Abstracts from MEDLINE have been analysed in order to identify the types of compliance research that have been carried out.
Infection control in wound care: a study of fatalism in community nursing
Authors: Hallett Christine E. 
Published: March 2003

• As part of a study of community nurses’ perceptions of quality in nursing care, the author conducted in‐depth qualitative interviews with seven community‐based nurses.• As part of the study, nurses were asked to describe episodes of wound care and to discuss the factors which could affect the quality of such care.• One of the most interesting themes to emerge from the data was the apparent ambivalence of the nurses’ attitudes towards infection control in wound care.• Nurses discussed the concept of ‘aseptic technique’ in fatalistic terms and seemed uncertain about what could be achieved in terms of infection control.• Although their policy guidelines referred to ‘aseptic technique’, their educational experience appeared to have made them feel uncertain about the implementation of the measures involved.• With the proviso that this was a small scale qualitative study, the author concludes by suggesting that there is a need for greater clarity, both in what is taught and in what is included in practice policy with regard to infection control in wound care.
The image of the children’s nurse: a study of the qualities required by families of children’s nurses’ uniform
Authors: Campbell Steve , O’Malley Christine , Watson Don , Charlwood Jan , Lowson Susan M. 
Published: March 2003

• Traditional views of the nurse see ‘her’ in a nurse’s uniform, whether she be a ‘sex symbol’, ‘angel of mercy’ or ‘battle axe’. Children’s nursing has, over recent years, moved away from the idea of the uniform into more child friendly clothes, though the traditional uniform is still presented to the public by the media.• The staff members of a Children’s Outpatients Department (COPD) of a large acute hospital requested knowledge of the qualities families required from the uniform of nurses caring for them, prior to any change in uniform. This study aimed to develop an understanding of these qualities via the use of a survey presented to those attending the COPD.• The findings indicate that there is a complex relationship between the qualities that families wish the uniform to present. A balance is needed between presenting a professional authority figure, providing security for families and suggesting an approachable figure, to allow effective communication between staff and families.
Discharge planning: an exploratory study
Authors: McKenna Hugh , Keeney Sinead , Glenn Anita , Gordon Pauline 
Published: March 2003

• The desire to reduce the length of waiting lists in the modern health service means that strategies for decreasing the length of hospital stay are exercising the minds of service planners.• This has led to renewed emphasis on well planned discharge policies and procedures.• The aim of this study was to analyse all discharge policies and procedures currently in use in one large integrated NHS trust in Northern Ireland and formulate a Corporate Discharge Policy for general use in NHS trusts.• Objectives of the study included examining the current process of discharge, reviewing the interface between ward staff and district nursing services and examining the quality and standard of documentation in use.• Findings indicate the need for standardization of the discharge planning process and sufficient notice of discharge, and for clarification and education regarding staff roles, the importance of multidisciplinary working, and the lack of quality communication between acute and community services.
Investigating recovery from stroke: a qualitative study
Authors: Dowswell George , Lawler John , Dowswell Therese , Young John , Forster Anne , Hearn Jeff 
Published: March 2003

• A recent randomized controlled trial evaluated the effects of specialist nurses providing information, advice and support to caregivers and patients at home during the first year after a stroke.• Reported here are the results of a complementary study which used qualitative methods to examine the experience of patients and caregivers during the year of recovery after a stroke.• We used semi‐structured interviews with a purposively selected sample of 30 patients and 15 caregivers at the end of a randomized controlled trial (13–16 months post‐stroke).• Patients and caregivers provided vivid descriptions of the recovery process. Recovery was perceived in terms of the degree of congruence patients identified between their lives before, and after, stroke. Patients therefore had individual and personal yardsticks for measuring their recovery.• In conclusion, further research and interventions must consider the diverse, complex, dynamic and highly personal character of stroke recovery. Traditional outcome measures are too simplistic to capture patients’ and caregivers’ experiences. There do not appear to be single or simple solutions to the problems of facilitating psycho‐social adjustment.
Professionals’ perceptions of children’s participation in decision making in healthcare
Authors: Runeson Ingrid , Enskär Karin , Elander Gunnel , Hermerén Göran 
Published: March 2003

•  The purpose of this study was to identify factors of importance for children’s participation in medical and nursing care.•  A method close to the critical incident technique was used.•  A total of 92 stories told by staff and containing different levels of children’s participation in decision making were analysed.•  The factors affecting children’s participation in decision making were grouped into six categories: the child’s protest, the child’s age and maturity, the role of parents, attitudes of staff, the time factor and alternative solutions to the problem.•  This study shows that in certain cases children can affect their situation, but also that violating actions are performed on children.
Nurse–doctor interactions during critical care ward rounds
Authors: Manias Elizabeth , Street Annette 
Published: March 2003

• This paper describes the participation of critical care nurses in ward rounds, and explores the power relations associated with the ways in which nurses interact with doctors during this oral forum of communication.• The study comprised a critical ethnographic study of six registered nurses working in a critical care unit.• Data collection methods involved professional journalling, participant observation, and individual and focus group interviews with the six participating nurses.• Findings demonstrated that doctors used nurses to supplement information and provide extra detail about patient assessment during ward rounds. Nurses experienced enormous barriers to participating in decision‐making activities during ward round discussions.• By challenging the different points of view that doctors and nurses might hold about the ward round process, the opportunity exists for enhanced participation by nurses.
Caring for dying infants: experiences of neonatal intensive care nurses in Hong Kong
Authors: Yam Bernard M. C. , Rossiter Joh Chin , Cheung Karen Y. S. 
Published: March 2003

• Ten registered nurses working in a neonatal intensive care unit in Hong Kong were interviewed to explore their experiences of caring for infants whose disease is not responsive to curative treatment, their perceptions of palliative care, and factors influencing their care.• Eight categories emerged from the content analysis of the interviews: disbelieving; feeling ambivalent and helpless; protecting emotional self; providing optimal physical care to the infant; providing emotional support to the family; expressing empathy; lack of knowledge and counselling skills; and conflicting values in care.• The subtle cultural upbringing and socialization in nurse training and workplace environment also contributed to their moral distress.• Hospital and nurse administrators should consider different ways of facilitating palliative care in their acute care settings. For example, by culture‐specific death education, peer support groups, bereavement teams, modification of departmental policies, and a supportive work environment.• Future research could include the identification of family needs and coping as well as ethical decision‐making among nurses.
Spiritual support for terminally ill patients: nursing staff assessments
Authors: Kuuppelomäki Merja 
Published: March 2003

• This study is part of a larger questionnaire survey concerned with the views of nursing staff on physical, emotional and spiritual support for terminally ill patients and decision making on the transition to the terminal phase of treatment.• This article discusses the results concerning the spiritual support offered to terminally ill patients. The results describe the readiness and willingness of nursing staff to provide spiritual support, the expression of spiritual needs by patients, the provision of spiritual support, and problems occurring in providing this support.• A total of 328 nurses working on the in‐patient wards of 32 community health centres took part. Data were collected with a questionnaire including both multiple choice items and open‐ended questions. The data were processed with SPSS software and the responses to the open‐ended questions were interpreted using content analysis.• The results revealed shortcomings in nurses’ readiness and willingness to provide spiritual support and clearly highlighted the need for further training. Half of the nurses said they only rarely offered spiritual support to their patients.• The nurses drew attention to problems within themselves, their patients and with the availability of the chaplain’s services. The results also pointed to factors related to the health centre and nursing staff.
Ovarian cancer patients: are their informational and emotional needs being met?
Authors: JEFFERIES HILARY 
Published: March 2003

• A study was undertaken to assess if the informational and emotional needs of ovarian cancer patients were being met according to their individual requirements.• In the study, a gynaecology oncology specialist nurse provided hospital nursing support through individual care and a patients' support group.• A questionnaire was completed by 24 patients using an integrated qualitative and quantitative data collection.• This study showed that respondents evaluated positively the care provided in these two ways.• Further research into the needs of gynaecological cancer patients should be undertaken.