bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning-by-doing in wind electricity production—who learns and why does it matter to differentiate? A case study of germany
Authors: Schumacher Katja , Kohlhaas Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In economic models of energy or climate policy, endogenous technological change is generally modelled as the result of investment in research and development (R&D) or of learning-by-doing. Both channels are based on the idea that there is a stock of ‘knowledge’, which accumulates in reaction to an economic activity such as production or R&D. This knowledge in?uences production possibilities (or sometimes also consumption). In the first case (R&D), a stock of knowledge or human capital is generated through investment into research and development activities. Model parameters, such as price changes induced by policy measures, may lead to increased investment into the stock of knowledge capital with its subsequent effects on production possibilities and productivity. In the second case (learning-by-doing), knowledge accumulation is based on experience in producing or using a specifi c technology or process. The application of specifi c technologies, which may be encouraged by policy measures or other model parameters, then results in a decline of production costs as experience with this technology accumulates.
Unilateral Versus Multilateral Climate Change Policy: A Quantitative Economic Analysis Of Competitiveness Implications
Authors: Alexeeva-Talebi Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 2000, the European Council launched the Lisbon process establishing the issue of competitiveness as a priority area for European Union (EU) policy. The impact of new environmental regulations on competitiveness has thereby become one of the major issues of concern to the European policy-makers. Not surprisingly, the European Council’s decision in March 2007 to take the leading role in international climate protection has in?amed controversial debates on potential adverse competitiveness impacts of more stringent environmental policy in the EU. In order to limit global climate change, the EU has endorsed to achieve unilaterally at least a 20 per cent reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 compared to the 1990 levels. Provided that other industrialized countries commit to comparable emission reduction targets, the European Council has supported an EU objective of a 30 per cent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020.
An Analysis Of Spain’s Legal Framework For The Promotion Of Electricity From Res And Energy Efficiency: Positive Effects Achieved So Far And Remaining Legal, Administrative, And Structural Barriers
Authors: Larragán FJ de Cendra de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emissions associated with the production and consumption of electricity account for the lion’s share of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Spain, and dampen its prospects of complying with its target under the Kyoto Protocol. Significant reductions in emissions can be achieved by increasing the share of renewable energy, encouraging energy substitution and energy efficiency, and reducing energy demand. However, the aim of reducing GHG emissions must be understood in the context of the other objectives of energy policy, namely ensuring that electricity prices remain as low as possible, guaranteeing security of supply, and fostering (or preventing?) competition in the market. Low electricity prices and security of supply remain dominant objectives in Spain’s current economic context, given high oil prices and the economic and fi nancial crises.
Public Choice Over Efficiency: The Case Of Road Traffic Management
Authors: Nash Jonathan Remy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I will consider the diagnoses that the two dominant competing economic explanations for the development of governance regimes—public choice and economic efficiency—offer for the problem of traffic congestion. Traffic congestion is a growing problem on the world’s roads. As land development continues to consume more previously unoccupied land, more people drive more vehicles greater distances. The resulting traffic has many deleterious effects for society, including time delays (for both people and freight), magnification of the environmental impact of driving, and increases in ‘road rage’.
Discussing Climate Change Policy Instruments For Energy-Intensive Sectors In The European Union
Authors: Soares Claudia Dias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In March 2000, European Union (EU) heads of states and governments agreed on making the EU ‘the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world, capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion’. To achieve this goal, an overall strategy should be applied, aimed at preparing the transition to a knowledge-based economy and society by better policies for the information society and research and development (R&D), as well as by stepping up the process of structural reform for competitiveness and innovation and by completing the internal market; modernizing the European social model, investing in people and combating social exclusion; and sustaining the healthy economic outlook and favourable growth prospects by applying an appropriate macro-economic policy mix.
Direct fiscal aid for renewable energy development: a positive cue from the commission?
Authors: Ni Ghiollarnáth Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Kyoto Protocol calls for the ‘development and increased use of new and renewable forms of energy’ and traditional fiscal policy is a tool pursued by the ratifying countries to this end. The majority of academic discourse addressing fiscal policy in the context of the Kyoto Protocol in Europe, however, concentrates on the implementation of energy taxes (indirect tax policy), and exemptions and reductions thereof, to the neglect of direct tax measures—and this is not due to the inexistence of direct tax policy. This chapter uncovers the direct corporate income tax incentives for the development of renewable energy in three case studies in the EU—the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Ireland, in an attempt to begin to address this lacuna in fiscal academic discourse in Europe.
Stimulating The Use Of Renewable Energy In The Canadian Residential Sector With Economic Instruments
Authors: Chalifour Nathalie , Taylor Amy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Renewable energy offers the promise of electricity and heat with significantly reduced environmental impacts compared to conventional energy sources. Efforts by the Canadian federal and provincial governments have played an important role in helping to establish a market for large-scale renewable projects, but markets for mediumand small-scale projects, such as those that would be used by homeowners, have not developed as quickly.
Existing homeowners and new home buyers today are increasingly interested in considering ‘green’ forms of energy for their nest, whether through renovations or new construction. They are motivated by a variety of factors, including the potential for long-term savings and reducing their energy footprint. Renewable energy technologies can help to meet household energy needs with reduced greenhouse gas emissions and local air pollution. Increasing distributed power sources also boosts the robustness of the country’s energy networks, not only reducing demand for centralized supply, but also reducing losses and costs associated with shipping or transmitting energy from its source to its end use. The possibility of realizing these benefi ts through increased deployment of renewable technologies, however, depends largely on where people live. While production and use of renewable energy is on the increase around the world, the availability and cost of technologies varies widely.
Successes And Failures Of Bio-Fuels Promotion In The Czech Republic
Authors: Bruhová-Foltýnová Hana , Máca Vojtěch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bio-fuels are increasingly gaining attention, both positive and negative, in various respects. In the European Union (EU) context, three main benefits of biofuel promotion are usually mentioned: contribution to CO2 emission reduction, increased security of supply, and promotion of the European agricultural sector (non-food production). Moreover, it is often emphasized that bio-fuels are one of the few options available for substituting fossil-originating transport fuels. On the other hand, there is a growing concern about impacts of bio-fuel production on availability of food mainly in less developed countries, threats to indigenous natural ecosystems and overall environmental performance in terms of carbon dioxide emissions avoided.
Energy tax: how far is it from idea to practice? Lessons learned from the experience in china
Authors: Qin Tianbao 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Energy is the material basis of the development of human society and a major theme of sustainable development. Furthermore, energy is limited, while demand on energy is unlimited. Today, the increasing demand for energy has led to the progressive emergence of an international energy crisis. How to solve the energy crisis has become a common concern among all nations of the world. One viable option that has been considered as part of this solution is the levying of an energy tax to effectively limit the overuse of limited energy resources.
The introduction of an energy tax has been discussed for many years in China. The benefi ts of an energy tax (and a fuel tax, in particular) include: increasing energy effi ciency, facilitating clean energy resources, protecting the environment, and promoting the development of a new type of alternative energy automobile industry. As early as 1994, China had considered implementing such an energy tax in the form of a ‘fuel tax’ in place of the existing toll charge. At that time, relevant departments brought a formal motion to levy the fuel tax. In 1997, the National People’s Congress (NPC) enacted the Highway Law, which proposed to impose a ‘fuel surcharge’ in place of a ‘toll charge’. On 31 October 1999, the NPC passed the fi rst amendment of the Highway Law, which revised the ‘fuel surcharge’ to the ‘fuel tax’, and the NPC authorized the State Council to promulgate the implementing rules of the fuel tax. This means that the fuel tax has been recognized formally as a legal term rather than as an academic concept.
Marlborough, Wiltshire—Roots
Authors: Loadman John , James Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pre-history of the Hancock dynasty of artists, craftsmen, and scientists in London in the nineteenth century began in the wake of a local disaster in a small market town in Wiltshire—the Great Fire of Marlborough of 28 April 1653. It was probably this disaster that brought the family to that town to take part in its rebuilding.
The Eros Strand in Wisdom
Authors: Kingsmill Slg Edmée 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ascription following the title to Solomonic authorship: ’ăšer lišlōmō = ‘which belongs to Solomon’, or ‘eby/to/for Solomon’, is now generally, and probably correctly, taken to be an editorial addition on the basis of its use of the relative particle ’ăšer in contrast to the rest of the book in which only the proclitic form, še, is found. But, unlike two other evident additions of the form lišlōmō to the headings of Psalms 72 and 127, which are lacking in a number of manuscripts and old translations, there is no external evidence that the superscription to the Song was ever lacking, which suggests that the addition was made at an early stage of the Song’fs transmission.
Mega-Cities, Urbanization, And Public Transport: A Perspective On Developing Countries
Authors: Majocchi Alberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To a great extent, economic growth in recent years has been supported by a process of urbanization. People move from rural to urban areas in pursuit of higher wages and new employment opportunities, hoping to improve their financial situation. But this does not always mean an improvement in their living conditions since in large cities the cost of living is higher, many newcomers have to live in peripheral slums, the poor and congested road networks make it difficult to reach the city centres where most of the jobs are located, and the level of pollution is high, endangering the health of old people and infants in particular.
Environmentally Related Taxes In The Context Of High Energy Prices: Challenges And Prospects For The Developing And Emerging Ecoonomies of Asia
Authors: Ashiabor Hope 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Environmentally related taxes (ERTs) are one of the suite of instruments designed to correct environmental externalities generated by market failures.2 Their environmental impact stems primarily from the effect they have on relative consumer and producer prices of environmentally related goods and services, in conjunction with the relevant price elasticities.
Traffic and congestion management in italian urban areas: is pricing manoeuvring?
Authors: Panella Giorgio , Zatti Andrea 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transport sector represents one of the main driving forces at the origin of notable pressures on local and global environment. Road transport, in particular, accounts for more than 90 per cent of total external costs imposed by transport on society and shows, with respect to other sectoral dynamics, a continuously growing trend, which is hardly consistent with sustainable development patterns. If recent trends are not modified in the medium–long run, this could be the cause, above all, of great problems associated with binding targets on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on the one hand, and with more local diseconomies like congestion, accidents, air pollution, noise, land-take, fragmentation, and visual intrusion on the other.
Rising To The Occasion: How Transportation Green Taxes Could Yield Double Dividends For Montreal And The Province Of Quebec
Authors: Lefebvre Jean-François , Tanguay Georges A , Junca-Adenot Florence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although transport pricing strategies were proposed almost a century ago, successful implementation of urban road pricing is relatively recent, with the exception of Singapore in 1975. Such strategies are now in place in several Norwegian cities, London, Milan, and Stockholm. The New York scheme, which was aborted because of the refusal of the New York State Legislative Assembly (Democrat majority) to make legislative amendments to allow it, in spite of complete support from the New York mayor (Republican) and some 150 organizations, demonstrated that the idea had crossed from Europe to North America.
Transport Choice, Elasticity, And Distributional Effects Of Fuel Taxes In Kenya
Authors: Mutua John M , Börjesson Martin , Sterner Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Energy is a key to economic growth and development as well as improvement of quality of life, and the world energy demand increases tremendously. The major source of energy is currently fossil fuels, which account for about 81 per cent of the world’s total primary energy supply, but also hydroelectricity, nuclear, and biomass are significant sources. Oil use accounted for 43.1 per cent of fuel shares of total final consumption.4 Most of the oil was used in the transport sector. In order to limit the environmental damage of the transport sector, as well as generate income to state budgets, fuel taxation is a widely used measure. Which level of fuel taxation is appropriate is, however, a debatable issue and the taxes vary dramatically across countries. The gasoline tax in Great Britain of £0.50/ litre in 2000 (about US$2.80/US gallon) is the highest amongst industrial countries while the tax level in the United States of about US$0.40/gallon is the lowest.
Sustainable Housing In Australia: Fiscal Incentives And Regulatory Regimes—Current Developments And Policies For The Future
Authors: Blazey Patricia , Gillies Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sustainable housing policies are potentially significant in minimizing carbon emissions and other environmental costs. Their fundamental objectives are to reduce energy and water consumption. The technologies for reducing the environmental footprint of domestic housing are well established and are being progressively refined. Established technologies include insulation, on-site power generation through solar and other devices, energy efficiency (such as through low-energy lighting and appliances), minimizing water usage (such as through on-site water storage and the use of dual grey-water systems), the use of renewable and recycled building materials and materials with reduced embedded energy, and waste-water systems.
Australia’S Proposed Emissions Trading Scheme: Aligning Tax Policy With The Goals Of The Cprs
Authors: Black Celeste M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main feature of the Australian government’s response to the challenge of climate change is the proposed establishment of a national emissions trading scheme, to be operational by 2010. The Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (‘CPRS’), as described in the recently released discussion paper (the Green Paper), is an emissions-permit scheme based on the cap-and-trade model with additional measures to assist households and businesses to transition to a lowcarbon economy. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the taxation law implications of the CPRS as currently proposed. Given the relatively recent release of the discussion paper, the comments provided here are of a preliminary, though considered, nature and, as government policy is refined and further details of the scheme are released, additional taxation issues may later arise which are not currently apparent.
Symmetry-adapted functions for the point groups
Authors: Bradley C J , Cracknell A P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to derive the linear combinations of spherical harmonics that belong to the various rows of the matrix representations of the crystallographic point groups, and to give tables of these functions. Such functions as these have been given the name, by Melvin (1956), of symmetry-adaptedfunctions because they have the correct properties required by the representations under transformation by the group elements. Work on the determination of symmetry-adapted functions has been done by Altmann (1956, I 957), Bell (1954), Bethe (1929), Betts (1959), Callen and Callen (1963), Cohan (1958), Cornwell (1969), Flodmark (1963), Flower, March, and Murray (1960), McIntosh (1960a, 1963), Melvin (1956), Meyer (1954), Nesbet (1961), Schiff (1955, 1956), and von der Lage and Bethe (1947). This chapter follows quite closely the treatment given by Altmann (1957), Altmann and Bradley (1963a, b, 1965), and Altmann and Cracknell (1965). Given a particular matrix representation of a group the problem is to find all possible bases that are symmetry-adapted to that representation. Then any function that can be expanded in terms of spherical harmonics and is to have the transformation properties of a given row of that representation, will include only those linear combinations of spherical harmonics that are symmetry-adapted to have the same transformation properties. We use the term surface harmonic for such a linear combination of spherical harmonics that is symmetry-adapted to one row of a point-group representation.
The representations of a group in terms of the representations of an invariant subgroup
Authors: Bradley C J , Cracknell A P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last two sections of Chapter 3 we gave only a partially complete account of the representation theory of space groups. A number of arguments were presented only in outline, while some statements were left unproved. There were several reasons for presenting the work in this way. First, it was felt that for some readers the account given in Chapter 3 would be sufficient. Indeed, the details of an entirely rigorous account may often distract a reader from a central theme and thereby lose for him in obscurity as much as it gains for him in accuracy. Secondly, the completely rigorous scheme will be found to be valid in a wider group-theoretical context and is of use not only for the classical space groups but in other applications also. It seemed sensible, therefore, to present the complete group theory in a general notation that is not restricted to space groups and is set apart from those particular considerations involved in the last chapter.
Demands for Justice and Demands on Justice: Can Human Rights Practice Survive?
Authors: Polizzi Marc S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How has the work of human rights organizations affected global politics? Do these practices achieve justice for those affected by human rights violations? Demands of Justice by Ann Marie Clark explores these questions using novel data from two prominent international nongovernmental organizations: Amnesty International and Oxfam. Her work expounds three effects of these organizations' work in infusing justice into the international system. First, this practice has expanded care and concern from a local level issue into a global neighborhood. Second, increasingly, human rights organizations appeal to growing international law and legal norms in their appeals, which aims to remedy injustice within the confines of practical limitations. Finally, those suffering from human rights violations place demands on nongovernmental organizations, which has changed the conceptualization of human rights beyond civil and political rights and toward broader questions of social justice. My review explores the impact of Clark's work on the field of human rights and recent concerns that human rights are under attack.
America before 1787: A Review Article
Authors: Novak Stéphanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
America before 1787: The Unraveling of a Colonial Regime, is the second volume in Jon Elster's trilogy analyzing the processes leading up to the American (1787) and French constitutions (1791). This article explores the toolbox the book provides for social scientists. Based on a study of the American case, the book examines the mental tendencies, mechanisms, and strategies useful for investigating other cases, such as interstate relations within federations or collective mobilization. Among the book's many themes, this article focuses on the tension between freedom of choice, fear, and constraint and the mechanisms by which such tension can be analyzed. Generally speaking, the book reflects a desire to unite history and psychology and is characterized by an original epistemology in the field of contemporary social sciences that cautions social scientists against the temptation to see intentions and strategies where there are none and to formulate predictions despite the indeterminate nature of social behavior. Additionally, in line with Elster's earlier work, the book emphasizes the role of emotions in beliefs and choices and offers tools for examining emotions.