bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What to say to a skeptical metaphysician: A defense manual for cognitive and behavioral scientists
Authors: Ross Don , Spurrett David 
Published: April 2005

A wave of recent work in metaphysics seeks to undermine the anti-reductionist, functionalist consensus of the past few decades in cognitive science and philosophy of mind. That consensus apparently legitimated a focus on what systems do, without necessarily and always requiring attention to the details of how systems are constituted. The new metaphysical challenge contends that many states and processes referred to by functionalist cognitive scientists are epiphenomenal. It further contends that the problem lies in functionalism itself, and that, to save the causal significance of mind, it is necessary to re-embrace reductionism.We argue that the prescribed return to reductionism would be disastrous for the cognitive and behavioral sciences, requiring the dismantling of most existing achievements and placing intolerable restrictions on further work. However, this argument fails to answer the metaphysical challenge on its own terms. We meet that challenge by going on to argue that the new metaphysical skepticism about functionalist cognitive science depends on reifying two distinct notions of causality (one primarily scientific, the other metaphysical), then equivocating between them. When the different notions of causality are properly distinguished, it is clear that functionalism is in no serious philosophical trouble, and that we need not choose between reducing minds or finding them causally impotent. The metaphysical challenge to functionalism relies, in particular, on a naïve and inaccurate conception of the practice of physics, and the relationship between physics and metaphysics.
We believe in freedom of the will so that we can learn
Authors: Glymour Clark 
Published: April 2005

The central theoretical issue of Wegner's book is: Why do we have the illusion of conscious will? I suggest that learning requires belief in the autonomy of action.You should believe in freedom of the will because if you have it you're right, and if you don't have it you couldn't have done otherwise anyway.—Sam Buss (Lecture at University of California, San Diego, 2000)
Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast – an overview of the randomized clinical trials
Authors: Meijnen Ph. , Rutgers E. J. Th. 
Published: April 2005

Since 1985, 5411 patients were randomized in four large randomized clinical trials assessing the role of adjuvant radiotherapy and/or tamoxifen in breast conserving surgery for patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).First the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) B-17 trial proved relevance of postoperative radiotherapy in breast conserving surgery in DCIS patients: an approximately 50% reduction of ipsilateral tumour recurrences. This is confirmed by longer time of follow-up and validated by data from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) 10853 and UK Coordinating Committee on Cancer Research (UKCCCR) DCIS trials. A subset of patients who do not benefit of adjuvant radiotherapy cannot be identified. Completeness of excision proved to be the most important treatment variable to reduce local recurrence.Both the NSABP B-24 and UKCCCR DCIS trials investigated the effect of tamoxifen resulting in contradictory findings. In addition a possible benefit seems to be restricted to oestrogen receptor-positive DCIS lesions nourishing the existent reserve in prescribing tamoxifen for all patients with DCIS.The failure to materialize a difference in survival by the effect of either adjuvant radiotherapy or tamoxifen endorses the favourable outcome of DCIS. Currently, four other randomized clinical trials investigate the role of radiotherapy, tamoxifen, anastrazole, or no further treatment for a selected group of patients.
Mental health status of clients from three HIV/AIDS palliative care projects
Authors: KARUS DANIEL , RAVEIS VICTORIA H. , MARCONI KATHERINE , SELWYN PETER , ALEXANDER CARLA , HANNA BARBARA , HIGGINSON IRENE J. 
Published: April 2005

Objective:To describe mental health status and its correlates among clients of three palliative care programs targeting underserved populations.Methods:Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5) scores of clients from programs in Alabama (n= 39), Baltimore (n= 57), and New York City (n= 84) were compared.Results:Mean MHI-5 scores did not differ among sites and were indicative of poor mental health. Significant differences were noted among sites with regard to client sociodemographics, physical functioning, and perceptions of interpersonal relations. Results of multivariate regression models estimated for each site suggest variation in the relative importance of potential predictors among sites. Whereas poorer mental health was primarily associated with history of drug dependence at Baltimore and more physical symptomatology at New York, better mental health was most strongly correlated with more positive perceptions of interpersonal relationships at Baltimore and increasing age and more positive perceptions of meaning and purpose in life at New York.Significance of results:The data presented suggest the importance of assessing clients' history of and current need for mental health services. Evidence of a relationship between positive perceptions of meaning and purpose and better psychological function underscores the importance of existential issues for the overall well-being of those who are seriously ill.
Humor and laughter in palliative care: An ethnographic
investigation
Authors: DEAN RUTH ANNE KINSMAN , GREGORY DAVID M. 
Published: April 2005

Objective: Humor and laughter are present in most of human
interaction. Interactions in health care settings are no exception.
Palliative care practitioners know from experience that humor and laughter
are common in palliative care despite the seriousness of the care context.
Research establishing the significance of humor in care of the dying is
limited.Methods: Clinical ethnography conducted in a 30-bed inpatient
palliative care unit served as the means of exploring the functions of
humor in care of the dying. Clinical ethnography is intended for
examination of the human experience of illness or of caregiving in an
interpersonal context (Kleinman, 1992). The
method emphasizes the subjective experience and the realm of communication
and interaction for both patients and caregivers. Data were collected
through participant observation, informal interviews with patients and
families, and semistructured interviews with members of the health care
team.Results: Humor and laughter were widespread and important in
the research setting. An overall attitude of good humor prevailed. Within
that atmosphere, humor served myriad functions. Functions were identified
in three overarching themes; building relationships, contending with
circumstances, and expressing sensibility. Humor among patients, families,
and staff most commonly served to build therapeutic relationships, relieve
tension, and protect dignity and a sense of worth. Humor was particularly
significant in maintaining collegial relationships, managing stressful
situations, and maintaining a sense of perspective.Significance of results: Findings established the
significance of humor and laughter as humanizing dimensions of care of the
dying and contributes to the volume of research supporting evidence-based
practice.
The true costs of scholarly journal publishing
Authors: Morris Sally 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTThere has been much debate recently about whether publishers' prices are too high, and what publishing a journal article really costs. Publication of the article in a journal is only one part of the cost of research communication; first of all there are the costs of research and writing, then the costs of peer review, editing and publication, and finally the costs of acquisition by the library, management, storage, reading by the end user and long‐term preservation. Several studies have been conducted of these different costs; the results are summarized and the potential impact, both on costs and on sources of funds, of moving to an alternative, ‘author‐funded’ open access model is considered.
Open access — the impact of legislative developments
Authors: Waltham Mary 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTAn account is given of the development of the idea of open access for the results of STM research over the period 1999–2005 with particular attention to PubMed Central and to the initiatives of the legislatures in the US and UK in 2004. Stakeholder responses to open access are briefly reviewed and possible future developments are outlined.
The impact of altered precipitation on spatial stratification and activity‐densities of springtails (Collembola) and spiders (Araneae)
Authors: Lensing Janet R. , Todd Sara , Wise David H. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract. 1. A field experiment was conducted to determine how short‐term changes in moisture can alter activity‐densities of spiders and springtails.2. In a Kentucky forest 10 unfenced 4‐m2plots were divided into two rainfall treatments. A clear roof over five plots excluded rainfall to simulate severe drought conditions (droughttreatment). Water was sprayed on the five uncovered plots at a rate equal to two times the long‐term mean in order to establish thehigh‐rainfalltreatment. Activity‐densities of Collembola and spiders were measured using pitfall traps designed to sample the top, middle, and bottom layers of leaf litter. The experiment ran from 20 July to 23 September 2001.3. Overall (i.e. litter layers pooled) activity‐density (mean number trapped each sampling date) of Collembola was ≈ 60% lower in drought plots than in plots receiving increased precipitation. Surprisingly, overall spider activity‐density was ≈ 1.6 times greater in the drought plots.4. Differences in rainfall affected the spatial stratification of Collembola and spiders in strikingly different ways. Activity‐densities of neither group differed between drought and high‐rainfall treatments in the bottom litter layer. Collembola activity‐density was three times greater in the top and middle litter layers in high‐rainfall plots than in drought plots. In contrast, spider activity‐density did not differ between treatments in the top layer, but activity‐density was decreased by 50% in the middle layer of high‐rainfall plots compared with drought plots.5. Three Collembola families (Sminthuridae, Tomoceridae, and Entomobryidae) accounted for most of the Collembola pattern. The spider response was due to altered activity‐density of one family of wandering spider, the Gnaphosidae.
Asymmetrical competition between Neotropical dung beetles and its consequences for assemblage structure
Authors: Horgan Finbarr G. , Fuentes René C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract.  1. This study combines the results of laboratory experiments using representative assemblage components and pitfall trapping over a large geographical area to examine the hypothesis that ongoing interspecific competition structures Neotropical dung beetle assemblages.2. From Guatemala to Panama assemblages of large to medium‐sized, fast‐tunnelling dung beetles include a single large, nocturnal dichotomiine species, Dichotomius annae (Kohlmann & Solís, 1997). In competition experiments, this species out‐competed the medium‐sized coprine species, Copris lugubris Boheman and Phanaeus demon Laporte‐Castelnau, for dung and nesting space, in spite of earlier colonisation by the diurnal species, P. demon.3. Differences in the abundance of D. annae at Central American sites did not affect total fast‐tunnelling dung beetle assemblage richness over the rainy season. However, D. annae rank order was directly related to the probability of interspecific encounters (Hurlbert's Δ1) among species. These trends were also observed when species lists from published and unpublished studies of other large allopatric dichotomiine species, with a more northerly distribution, were included in the analyses.4. The results obtained suggest that where large dichotomiine species are abundant, their efficient pre‐emption of a considerable proportion of available resources drives all, or most, other fast‐tunnelling species to a lower population density, thereby decreasing assemblage diversity.
The effect of food supply and larval cannibalism on adult size and biomass of the grazing caddis‐flyMelampophylax mucoreus(Limnephilidae)
Authors: Spänhoff Bernd , Kock Christian , Meyer Alexander , Meyer Elisabeth I. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract. 1. Larvae of the grazing caddis‐flyMelampophylax mucoreuswere reared in a laboratory experiment investigating the effect of food availability on different substrates and cannibalism on the size and biomass of emergent adults. All experiments were performed in stream‐water filled, aerated aquaria under controlled temperature and light conditions. Larvae (fourth and fifth instar) were reared in aquaria (50 larvae in each) with three substrate scenarios: (i) limestone (LS), (ii) limestone and leaf litter (LS + L), and (iii) silicate stone (SS).2. Cannibalism among the larvae in the LS scenario led to the highest adult dry masses (male = 5.13 ± 0.25 mg, female = 7.64 ± 0.63 mg) and to the highest mortality rate (88.7%). The SS scenario displayed the most unfavourable condition for larval growth indicated by the lowest adult dry masses (males = 3.12 ± 0.15 mg, females = 4.69 ± 0.25 mg) and a high mortality rate (81.7%). The limestone supplemented with leaf litter (ii) offered the most balanced nutrients to complete larval development and enough shelter to avoid excessive encounter rates of larvae within the aquaria, indicated by the lowest mortality rate (43.6%). Adults from the LS + L scenario showed biomasses (male = 3.94 ± 0.12 mg, female = 6.48 ± 0.24 mg) intermediate between the two other scenarios.3. The results implied that cannibalism among larvae can lead to higher adult biomasses and therefore to increased fitness, if cannibalism supplements larval feeding requirements. Larvae developing under insufficient food availability can not compensate for this by cannibalism. Additionally, leaf litter not only provided a complementary food source for developing larvae, but also provided shelter, which reduced encounter rates.4. Increased stress induced by high larval encounter rates (resulting in enhanced cannibalism) in the LS scenario and low food availability in the SS scenario could be indicated by premature emergence times compared with the LS + L scenario.
Computer‐generated null models as an approach to detect perceptual range in mark–re‐sight studies – an example with grasshoppers
Authors: Hein Silke , Poethke Hans‐Joachim , Hovestadt Thomas 
Published: April 2005

Abstract. 1. Dispersal and habitat detection are key factors for the colonisation of habitat fragments in heterogeneous landscapes. The ability to recognise a habitat from a certain distance should increase the survival chances of a dispersing individual; however, due to methodological problems there is little information on the perceptual range of most species.2. In a field experiment, 44 individually marked grasshoppers of the speciesOedipoda caerulescens(Orthoptera: Acrididae: Locustinae) were released into an unfamiliar, hostile environment at various distances from a patch of preferred habitat.3. Whether individuals reached the habitat or not was measured, as well as the daily movement distances. The number of individuals that reached the habitat was tested against computer‐generated predictions based on different underlying rules for the movement behaviour of individuals but not accounting for the ability to detect habitat from distance.4. On the first day a significantly higher proportion of grasshoppers arrived in the habitat than predicted by any of the null models.5. It was concluded that individuals ofO. caerulescensare able to detect their preferred habitat from a distance.6. Edge permeability was very low as none of the individuals left the habitat once they had reached it.7. Additional analyses showed that individuals changed movement behaviour from a directed walk with great daily distances in unsuitable habitat to a walk with significantly shorter daily distances within the preferred habitat.8. The problems that arose in the field experiment are discussed and recommendations are given for further studies.
Geographic differences in flash intervals and pre‐mating isolation between populations of the Genji firefly, Luciola cruciata
Authors: Tamura Masayoshi , Yokoyama Jun , Ohba Nobuyoshi , Kawata Masakado 
Published: April 2005

Abstract.  1. Two types of Genji firefly, Luciola cruciata, have been recognised on the basis of the inter‐flash interval.2. The fast‐flash and slow‐flash type fireflies, distributed in the western and eastern parts of Japan, exhibit a 2‐ and 4‐s interval of bioluminescence flash, respectively. In addition, an intermediate‐flash type is found on the boundary between these two regions.3. The differences in the responses of the males of four field populations to different intervals of artificial flashes were examined.4. The results revealed that in the Aomori and Sendai populations (slow‐flash type), a significantly larger number of males approached the 4‐ and 5‐s flash intervals than approached the 2‐ and 3‐s intervals of artificial flashes. On the other hand, in the Ohtsu population (fast‐flash type), a significantly larger number of males approached the 2‐ and 3‐s flash intervals than the 4‐ and 5‐s intervals of artificial flashes. The Inuyama population (intermediate‐flash type) did not show any particular preferences to flash intervals.5. This study shows that in firefly populations, geographic variation in flash pattern can cause some degree of pre‐mating isolation between populations.
Foraging behaviour influences the outcome of predator–predator interactions
Authors: Björkman Christer , Liman Anna‐Sara 
Published: April 2005

Abstract.  1. Interactions among predators may influence the total efficiency of a predator complex. The effect of intra‐ and interspecific interactions of the generalist predators Orthotylus marginalis (Heteroptera: Miridae) and Anthocoris nemorum (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) was investigated in a laboratory experiment. Outcomes of the interactions were determined by comparing predation rates on eggs and larvae of the blue willow beetle Phratora vulgatissima of single individuals with those of two individuals of the same or different species.2. A non‐additive, antagonistic effect on predation rates due to intraspecific interactions was found between individuals of A. nemorum. No such effect was found in O. marginalis. These results are as expected as a consequence of differences in behaviour of the two predator species: A. nemorum is a much more active and mobile predator than O. marginalis.3. Contrary to expectation, interspecific interactions between A. nemorum and O. marginalis did not affect the total predation rate.4. An observation from the field corroborated the results obtained in the laboratory study; there was no negative relationship between the densities of the two predator species, indicating that the two species do not interact negatively in the field at their natural densities.5. It is concluded that the additive effect of multiple predator species is of potential value in biological control.
Larval interspecific competition in two flea species parasitic on the same rodent host
Authors: Krasnov Boris R. , Burdelova Nadezhda V. , Khokhlova Irina S. , Shenbrot Geogry I. , Degen Allan 
Published: April 2005

Abstract.  1. The fleas Xenopsylla conformis and Xenopsylla ramesis exploit the same rodent host, Meriones crassus, and replace each other between two different habitats situated at the opposite sides of a steep precipitation gradient. It was hypothesised that the reason for this paratopic distribution is competition between larvae of the two species for food resources.2. This hypothesis was tested by studying the performance of larvae of the two species in terms of their developmental success in mixed‐species and single‐species treatments under different air temperatures, relative humidities, substrate textures, and food abundance.3. The number of individuals of X. conformis that survived until emergence depended significantly on the presence of competing species, being, in general, lower in mixed‐species compared with single‐species treatments. The decrease in developmental success of X. conformis in mixed‐species treatments was found mainly during food shortage. In contrast, presence of the competitor did not affect the number of X. ramesis that survived until emergence. No effect of the presence of the competitor on duration of development or sex ratio was found in either species.4. The results of this study, together with the results of our previous studies, provide an explanation for the paratopic distribution of X. conformis and X. ramesis that exploit the same host species.
Factors influencing the seasonal life history of the pitcher‐plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii
Authors: Bergland Alan O. , Agotsch Marci , Mathias Derrick , Bradshaw William E. , Holzapfel Christina M. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract.  1. The effects of resource levels, thermal microclimate, and seasonal oviposition patterns on fecundity and survivorship in the pitcher‐plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii (Coq.), were examined at a northern Wisconsin bog over the course of 2 years. Wyeomyia smithii are bivoltine at this locality, thereby enabling the study of summer and overwintering generations separately.2. Nutrient resources of W. smithii were not limiting and there was no indication of density‐dependent survivorship or fecundity.3. Oviposition rates were highest in young, large pitchers and individual mosquitoes appeared to allocate only a few eggs to any one leaf.4. Winter was the harsh season, and the principal manifestation of seasonal harshness was reduced survivorship.5. Overwintering W. smithii that had been oviposited later in the summer had a higher odds of survival than those oviposited earlier in the summer.6. It was concluded that dispersal of eggs among many pitchers serves to spread the risk of encountering lethal winter temperatures among spatially unpredictable patches.
Dropping behaviour of larvae of aphidophagous ladybirds and its effects on incidence of intraguild predation: interactions between the intraguild prey, Adalia bipunctata (L.) and Coccinella septempunctata (L.), and the intraguild predator, Harmonia axyridis Pallas
Authors: Sato Satoru , Yasuda Hironori , Evans Edward W. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract.  1. Two experiments were performed in the laboratory to assess the behaviour of dropping from a host plant as a defence against intraguild predation in aphidophagous ladybird larvae.2. In the first experiment, encounters were observed on bean plants between fourth instars of the intraguild predator species, Harmonia axyridis, and first instars of two other ladybird species, Adalia bipunctata (L.) and Coccinella septempunctata (L.). The percentages of first instars of the latter two species that dropped from the plant in response to attack differed dramatically, with 47.5% of C. septempunctata first instars dropping vs. 0% of A. bipunctata.3. In the second experiment, first instars of A. bipunctata or C. septempunctata and a fourth instar of H. axyridis were allowed to forage together on bean plants for 3 h. During this time, 44.3% of C. septempunctata larvae dropped from the plant, but less than 2% of A. bipunctata larvae did so. In contrast, 95.0% of A. bipunctata larvae fell victim to intraguild predation by H. axyridis vs. only 54.5% of C. septempunctata larvae.4. The significance of dropping behaviour of ladybird larvae as a defence against intraguild predation, and the relationship of dropping behaviour to species‐specific habitat affinity of ladybirds, is discussed.