bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Femmes dans la Ville Mamlūke
Authors: Chapoutot-Remadi Mounira 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMedieval Islamic jurists strictly regulated the comings and goings of women in the street, as well as their code of dress. But the historical sources show that the baths, markets, cementaries, and tombs of the saints were actively visited by women, who were equally present in the great popular assemblies originating in religious or secular festivities. Therefore, women's behaviour in the great cities of the Mamluk empire totally differed from the ideal put forth by the jurists.
Gender and China Studies
Authors: Hevia James 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA Review Article of CHRISTINA K. GILMARTIN, GAIL HERSHATTER, LISA ROFEL, TYRENE WHITE, eds., Engendering China: Women, Culture, and the State. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press [Harvard Contemporary China Series, 10, 1994, £ 18.25/$ 27.50 paperback/£ 39.95/$ 59.95 hardback]
Women and Economic Change: The Pepper Trade in Pre-Modern Southeast Asia
Authors: Watson Andaya Barbara 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWomen in Southeast Asia are traditionally said to have occupied a “high status”, especially in comparison with China and India. As yet, however, little research has been undertaken on the pre-modern period. This paper examines the development of the pepper trade in Sumatra during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and explores the manner in which this new cash crop affected the position of women. Prior to the introduction of pepper, females dominated horticulture and local marketing. Initially pepper was incorporated into household gardens, but increased production made its growing and marketing less easily allied with domestic tasks. The arrival of Europeans accelerated the process whereby control of pepper resources fell into male hands, both local and foreign. Declining prices meant pepper's popularity declined, but the Dutch and English East India Companies still tried to persuade local rulers to enforce cultivation. On the east coast of Sumatra the pepper areas were far from coastal centers of control, and compulsion proved impossible. On the west coast, however, the pepper districts were closer to English posts, and the changes brought about by forced cultivation were therefore more far reaching. Women were particularly affected, since Europeans saw plantation agriculture as a male preserve, with females occupying a secondary position. Growing local resistance to pepper growing is normally attributed to the low returns it offered from the mid seventeenth century onwards. As a case study, this paper suggests that another element was the cultural disruption that European policies introduced, and especially the effects on the traditional roles of women in the domestic economy.
The Cultivation of Female Talent
Authors: Wing-Chung Ho Clara 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis article reviews the attitudes of Qing commentators on several issues concerning women's literacy, education, and upbringing for the period 1650-1800. Although there is much evidence to demonstrate that not all male scholars wanted literate mothers, wives, or daughters, many women in this era did learn to read and write. But there was a strong emphasis on literary learning for moral refinement and the attainment of ‘virtue’ Female-authored poetry was regarded on the one hand, as indicative of a certain level of intellectual achievement, and on the other hand, as frivolous. In general, the Qing debate on women acquiring talent was part of a wider discussion on the interrelationship of female virtue, talent, and happiness.
Precious Metal Flows and Currency Circulation in the Mughal Empire
Authors: Haider Najaf 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFrom the late sixteenth century, the Mughal empire became, with the sole exception of Ming China, the biggest importer of foreign bullion outside Europe. In many modern publications, references to this phenomenon are confined to the context of studying the East-West trade in general, while there is some discussion of its relevance as a factor of change in the Mughal economy. An attempt has been made here to quantify precious metal flows to the Mughal empire and to put them in the perspective of its mint production and silver currency circulation. The significance of India's trade network with Iran and the Ottoman empire is highlighted together with the suggestion that the economic organisation of these regions had a greater influence on the transmission of precious metals to the former than is usually acknowledged. Also, as the level of money supply in medieval monetary economies was inextricably linked with the structure of the bullion market, mint organisation and fiscal measures of the state, the objective here is to point out the importance of this interface in any assessment of a precise relationship between trade and real economic changes.
Money in Mesopotamia
Authors: Powell Marvin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAlthough contemporary preconceptions about what money is or is not sometimes evoke doubt about the existence of money in ancient Mesopotamia, it seems clear that it did exist. Money was substance oriented, and coins, when they finally appear are weighed like any other valuable metal. The most common money substances were barley as cheap money and silver as the more expensive, but other substances were also used. As to the forms or shapes in which money circulated, a number of words in the ancient languages can be identified that probably refer to these forms, but their specific appearance remains, in most cases, unknown.
L'Économie-Monde Ottomane en Question
Authors: Panzac Daniel 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe contracts drawn up in the 18th century between European captains and Ottoman charterers state precisely the currency to be used for payment. The exploitation, on this point, of 1719 contracts, written in both Maghrib and Machrek Ottoman harbours, has concerned three periods, 1686-1707, 1754-1767 and 1791-1794. It reveals a secular evolution characterized by the simultaneous and successive circulation of numerous ottoman and european currencies and the persistency of two distinguished areas of use, the Maghrib and the Levant, which expresses the diversity and the upholding of these areas, long after they joined the Ottoman empire.
Money and its Uses in the Javanese States of the Ninth to Fifteenth Centuries A.D.
Authors: Christie Jan Wisseman 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCoins appeared relatively late in the history of maritime Southeast Asia. No indigenous coins have so far been dated to before the very end of the eighth or the beginning of the ninth century A.D. These early gold and silver (or silver alloy) coins, which seem to be unique to the region, have so far been found on the Malay peninsula, on the Indonesian islands of Sumatra, Java and Bali, and in the Philippines. The prototypes for these coins were almost certainly first minted in the Javanese state of Mataram, and the spread of their use was apparently linked to the expansion of this state's influence in the maritime trade networks. As the early Asian sea trade boom began to affect the domestic marketing patterns of Java, after the beginning of the tenth century, the need for large numbers of smaller denomination coins grew more pressing. Chinese copper cash were first imported, and then copied, in order to meet this demand.
Women and Wage Labour in the Medieval Islamic West: Legal Issues in an Economic Context
Authors: Shatzmiller Maya 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe evidence of the late medieval period, 11th-15th centuries, indicates that women's participation in the labour market was both considerable and diversified. This paper studies whether and how women's wage labour was affected, controlled and regulated by laws, courts and judges, by using an array of the Mālikī legal sources from Muslim Spain and North Africa. It shows the existence of a legal approach straddling a strict application of the law of the ijāra, with adjustments to family law and admission of customary law, but more importantly, an approach inspired and adapted to the framework of women's property rights and therefore beneficial to them.
Gender, Loyalty, and the Reproduction of the Wang Zhaojun Legend: Some Social Ramifications of Drama in the Late Ming
Authors: Besio Kimberly 
Published: June 2005

AbstractScholars have long noted a heightened concern over female virtue in late Ming literati society; more recently, this social trend has been connected with the boom in print production of drama, and many other types of popular and elite texts, which occurred during the Jiajing through Wanli periods. Ming print circulation of the legend of Wang Zhaojun, a palace woman of the Han dynasty who was given in marriage to a northern leader, further illuminates these connections. Through detailed analysis of the text, and its reproduction during the late Ming, and through comparison with other versions of the story also in circulation during this period, this essay argues that the zaju play, Autumn in the Han Palace, was at the center of a significant reconfiguration of the Wang Zhaojun legend — one in which both the exquisitely tragic beauty of her departure across the Han border, and her loyalty to the emperor are foregrounded. Further, this reconfiguration was conditioned by, and in turn conditioned, late Ming social constructions of woman as both cultural and commercial commodity.
Man Versus Woman
Authors: Toivari Jaana 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis essay discusses various male-female disputes which are recorded in texts originating from the workmen's community of Deir el-Medina. The material is considered within a frame of reference adapted from legal anthropology. Thus both legal as well as other systems of social control are taken into account in the examination of the different means by which interpersonal conflicts were settled.
A Woman Timar Holder in Ankara Province During the Second Half of the 16th Century
Authors: Reindl-Kiel Hedda 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis article, in essence a microscopic study of an area around Ankara deals with a long lasting family quarrel about a Timar property (associated with military service during wartime) focusing on the question of hereditary rights for women. The family involved can be traced back almost two hundred and fifty years: in the sixteenth century they were modest Timar holders, but had once belonged to the wealthy ahi-patricians of Ankara. The remarkably rich archival material also allows us to track the different structures of the Timar in course of time. The development of the court proceedings reveals that the legal position was not unequivocal, especially concerning the succession rights of women during this period. The final decision in favour of Şakire, the heroine of the story, is primarily examined in the article in the context of social changes during the 16th century, when succession rights of women in rural as well as in urban strata of society underwent alterations. The picture which emerges is that of continuous change in the social status of Muslim-Turkish women, a status which too often has been regarded as static and unchangeable.
Islamic Revival and Modernity: the Contemporary Movements and the Historical Paradigms
Authors: Lapidus Ira 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe contemporary Islamic movements are both a response to the conditions of modernity — to the centralization of state power and the development of capitalist economies — and a cultural expression of modernity. The emphasis upon Islamic values is not intended as a return to some past era but represents an effort to cope with contemporary problems by renewed commitment to the basic principles, though not the historical details, of Islam. Contemporary movements have predecessors in a similar wave of 18th and 19th century Islamic revival responding to the breakdown of Muslim empires and the economic and colonial intrusions of Europe. Behind these movements lie earlier reformist teachings and the example of the Prophet Muhammad himself, a lasting paradigm for how Muslims cope with changing worldly realities.
From Comparative Sociology to Global History: Britain and India in the Pre-History of Modernity
Authors: Washbrook David 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe concept of Modernity is presently very problematic in the social sciences. Included in those problems is a tendency to hypostasise ‘the West’ as possessed of an originary and authentic culture and history, which distinguished it absolutely from all Other and Traditional cultures and histories. These distinctive qualities laid a unique pathway to Modernity, which subsequently became ‘universally’ available to the rest of the world. This paper explores historical conditions in Britain and India at one of the key moments of Modernity's ‘emergence’: the mechanisation of cotton textile manufacturing. It argues that Britain's modernisation is inconceivable except in a broader global context of which India already comprised a vital part. And, reciprocally, that India's role in the construction of Britain's Modernity, so far from opening up possibilities of it following the same course itself, conveyed imperatives which took its society towards a reverse process of ‘Traditionalisation.’
Peasants and “Modern” Leasing Strategies in Ancient Egypt
Authors: Eyre Christopher 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper argues that continuity in the socio-economic history of Egypt from the pharaonic period to modern times is more than an ideological construct, and that the reality of that continuity provides a valuable caution against approaches which compartmentalise periods and stress history as a process of linear development. The paper focuses on issues of land tenure as evidence of the relationship between farmers, agricultural production and the market, and of the degree of political penetration of the rural economy. Data from the Graeco-Roman period, the Ottoman period, and modern Egypt are used as a basis for the assessment of the meagre relevant data from the pharaonic period.
Historicising “Modernity” in Southeast Asia
Authors: Watson Andaya Barbara 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe term “modernity” implies Western influence and the weakening of beliefs and practices associated with traditional culture. Although it is increasingly used in reference to contemporary Southeast Asia because of the region's current economic growth, there seems little room for historical perspectives. This paper takes up the idea that if we broaden our understanding of modernity in Southeast Asia so that it is not restricted to recent history, we may see evidence of a modern spirit in earlier times. Although being modern became increasingly linked to Europe, Southeast Asians never rejected their own past. However the eclectic nature of “modernity” in Southeast Asia was undermined as “modern” ideas and practices came increasingly from Europe, to be inevitably associated with Europe's political and economic control.
China and “Modernity”: the Uses of the Study of Chinese History in the Past and the Present
Authors: Zurndorfer Harriet 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe central focus of this paper is the lack of impact Euro-centric theories of development have made on twentieth century historical writing by leading Chinese and Japanese scholars. The author reviews publications by three important historians, Naitō Konan, Liang Ch'i-ch'ao, and Yü Ying-shih, all of whom attempt to locate China's first experience with “modernity” prior to nineteenth or twentieth century encounters with the West. Although all three historians differ in their interpretation of the concept “modernity,” they find Chinese culture a central feature in the identification of this concept. Furthermore, all three writers rely upon historical evidence, in particular economic and social data, to counter claims of China's history as a process of linear development.
“Modern” Features in Old Assyrian Trade
Authors: Veenhof Klaas 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis contribution presents evidence for “modern” features in Old Assyrian trade (ca. 19th century B.C.), i.e. features not attested in earlier commercial records from ancient Mesopotamia or elsewhere and/or usually considered innovations of classical or early medieval times. It focuses on contractual and legal rules for long-term partnerships (a first step towards company law) and for coping with insolvent, absent or unwilling debtors. It also analyses the implications of bonds in the name of “the (anonymous) creditor,” occasionally designated as “the bearer of the bond,” the earliest evidence of and the first step towards the creation of commercial “bearerâ–™s cheques.”
Fear of Gynarchy in an Age of Chaos: Kong Qi's Reflections on Life in South China under Mongol Rule
Authors: Smith Paul 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOver the long term, the Mongol conquest of the Southern Song in 1276 was less destructive to members of the local South Chinese elite than was the failure of the Yuan regime to establish strong and durable institutions of dynastic rule. For not long after the elite survivors of the Sino-Mongol wars had returned to a comfortable prosperity under Yuan rule, their children were buffetted by the instability and civil wars that engulfed Yuan society from the late 1330s to the collapse of the dynasty in 1368. The Kongs of Liyang typify many of the most salient features of elite life in South China under the compressed Yuan dynastic cycle: the orphaned son of a minor Song official who immediately capitulated to the Mongols, by the 1320s Kong Wensheng had translated talent, pedigree, and his position as a respected clerk in provincial government into such accoutrements of elite Yuan life as a library, sojourning literati guests, and a steady flow of slaves and bondservants thrown onto the market by penury and natural disaster. The prosperity built up by men like Kong Wensheng unravelled in the last tumultuous decades of the Yuan, an era of chaos that is captured by Wensheng's son Kong Qi in his Frank Recollections of the Zhizheng Era of ca. 1365. Even as it exemplifies many aspects of the compressed Yuan dynastic cycle, this collection of cautionary anecdotes and observations is also colored by Kong Qi's special circumstances as a minor son and a uxorilocal husband, circumstances that incline Kong Qi to blame the perils of his family, his society, and ultimately his dynasty on women's usurpation of male-centered institutions of public authority to create their own private gynarchies. Kong's jeremiads against usurpatious women in turn raise the possibility that during the Yuan, if not at all times, women exercised far more power and autonomy than normative prescriptions would suggest.
Fractionalized Estates in a Centralized Regime: the Holdings of Al-Ashraf Qāytbāy and Qānṣūh Al-Ghawrī According to Their Waqf Deeds
Authors: Petry Carl 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe article examines two cases of estate management from the late Mamlūk period in Egypt: shares in rural properties appropriated from former state lands by Sultans al-Ashraf Qāytbāy (872-901/1468-96) and Qānṣūh al-Ghawrī (906-22/1501-16) as indicated in their charitable endowment (waqf) deeds. Its objectives are: first, to plot the location of these property shares and thereby to determine whether any clustering or other geographic patterns are discernible. What does the location of sites suggest about the concept of property accumulation, the security of rural landholdings in the Delta and Nile Valley, and a proprietor's sense of his holdings as a coherent entity? Second, what are the implications of fractionalized shares for the operations of Egypt's fiscal and land administrative bureaus under the Mamlūk regime? The phenomenon of estate holding by shares facilitated the sultans' attempts to create private sources of revenues they could exploit to ward off bankruptcy in the face of their troops' fiscal demands.
The Co-Operative Temper: A Third Dramatic Role in Sophoclean Tragedy
Authors:   Carter
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis article identifies and defines a recurrent figure in Sophoclean tragedy, which I call the co-operator, distinct from the more familiar hero and adviser figures. This figure is distinguished primarily by his role (sic: the figure is typically male), which is to be someone on whom the hero must depend. He acts without obligation and frequently against expectation. This behaviour can therefore only be explained in terms of the character of the co-operator: a propensity to respect and sympathise with the hero. I use the term 'role' to mean the dramatic function assumed by a figure within the plot. A character can assume a role, or discard it, at various stages in a play. Hence, not all the co-operators begin as co-operators. An extreme example of a drama in which roles can be fluid is Antigone, which I discuss towards the end of the article. Significant variation on the theme of the co-operator is also found in the role of Hyllus in the exodos of Trachiniae.
The Drinking Theatre: Staged Symposia in Greek Comedy
Authors: Konstantakos Ioannis 
Published: June 2005

AbstractStaged symposia, like those found in some comedies of Plautus (As., Mos., Per., St.), were presented also in Greek comedy: this is indicated by a large number of fragments which present characters drinking and performing sympotic rituals on stage. Sympotic scenes formed a favourite comic spectacle in the 4th century and apparently occurred already in Old Comedy (e.g. Pherekrates' Korianno). Plautus' staged banquets may well have been inspired by Greek scenes of this sort. The lunch-party of the women at the beginning of Menander's Synaristosai can be seen as a variation of the traditional comic banquet-scene; so also certain scenes of Aristophanes (the slaves' drinking-scene in Eq. 85 ff.; the imaginary symposium in V. 120848). The comic symposia must have been acted either on the ekkyklema or simply 'on stage', i.e. on the regular performance area for the actors, in front of the scenic façade; by convention, events which would normally take place indoors could be set outside the house in the theatre. An appendix discusses the number of actors in 4th-century comedy: a fourth speaking performer was most probably available for the largest part of the 4th century.
ARGUMENTS BY WOMEN IN EARLY CHINESE TEXTS
Authors: Raphals Lisa 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA corpus of ethical and political arguments specifically attributed to women in Warring States and Han texts are philosophically comparable to the arguments of the Masters texts, but are not associated with teaching lineages. These hierarchical persuasions and instructive arguments cannot be attributed to ministers. They suggest new perspectives on contemporary discussions of the nature of philosophical debate, adversariality, and authority in Warring States China.
NAMING THE FIRST NEW WOMAN
Authors: Ying Hu 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHailed as the first female medical doctor of China, the exemplary new citizen of the burgeoning Chinese nation, and a model of Christian conversion, Kang Aide is a figure to whom others attributed tremendous representational power as well as different meanings. Comparing three versions of her story, one by late Qing reformers represented by Liang Qichao (1873-1929), one by American missionaries, and one by herself, this paper traces the enactment of modernity at a particular historical moment, an enactment fraught with ambiguity and contested at the very moment of its conception.