bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new active vitamin D analog, ED‐71, causes increase in bone mass with preferential effects on bone in osteoporotic patients
Authors: Kubodera N. , Tsuji N. , Uchiyama Y. , Endo K. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractAs a candidate for active vitamin D analogs that have selective effects on bone, 1α,25‐dihydroxy‐2β‐(3‐hydroxypropoxy)vitamin D3 (ED‐71) has been synthesized and is currently under clinical trials. In ovariectomized rat model for osteoporosis, ED‐71 caused an increase bone mass at the lumbar vertebra to a greater extent than 1α‐hydroxyvitamin D3 (alfacalcidol), while enhancing calcium absorption and decreasing serum parathyroid hormone levels to the same degree as alfacalcidol. ED‐71 lowered the biochemical and histological parameters of bone resorption more potently than alfacalcidol, while maintaining bone formation markers.An early phase II clinical trial was conducted with 109 primary osteoporotic patients. The results indicate that oral daily administration of ED‐71 (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 μg) for 6 months increased lumbar bone mineral density in a dose‐dependent manner without causing hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria. ED‐71 also exhibited a dose‐dependent suppression of urinary deoxypyridinoline with no significant reduction in serum osteocalcin. These results demonstrate that ED‐71 has preferential effects on bone with diminished effects on intestinal calcium absorption. ED‐71 offers potentially a new modality of therapy for osteoporosis with selective effects on bone. J. Cell. Biochem. 88: 286–289, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conventional and tissue‐specific inactivation of the 25‐hydroxyvitamin D‐1α‐hydroxylase (CYP27B1)
Authors: St‐Arnaud René , Dardenne Olivier , Prud'homme Josée , Hacking S. Adam , Glorieux Francis H. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractMutations in the human 25‐hydroxyvitamin‐D3‐1α‐hydroxylase (CYP27B1) gene cause pseudo vitamin D deficiency rickets (PDDR). The kidney is the main site of expression of the CYP27B1 gene, but expression has been documented in other cell types, including chondrocytes. We engineered a tissue‐specific and a conventional knockout of CYP27B1 in mice. The conventional knockout strain reproduced the PDDR phenotype. Homozygote mutant animals were treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 or fed a high‐calcium diet (2% calcium, 1.25% phosphate, 20% lactose) for 5 weeks post‐weaning. Blood biochemistry revealed that both rescue treatments corrected the hypocalcemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Bone histomorphometry confirmed that rickets were cured. The rescue regimen restored the biomechanical properties of the bone tissue. Mice carrying the loxP‐bearing allele were bred to transgenic animals expressing the Cre recombinase in chondrocytes under the control of the collagen type II promoter. Genotyping confirmed excision of exon 8 in chondrocytes. Serum biochemistry revealed that mineral ion homeostasis is normal in mutant animals. Preliminary observation of bone tissue from mutant mice did not reveal major changes to the growth plate. Precise histomorphometric analysis will be required to assess the impact of chondrocyte‐specific inactivation of CYP27B1 on the maturation and function of growth plate cells in vivo. J. Cell. Biochem. 88: 245–251, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphometry of macaca mulatta forelimb. III. moment arm of shoulder and elbow muscles
Authors: Graham Kirsten M. , Scott Stephen H. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe conversion of muscle activity into smooth, purposeful movement of the limb depends complexly on the morphometry of muscles and their mechanical action on the skeleton. Although nonhuman primates are common subjects in motor control experiments (Scott [2000] Can J Physiol Pharmacol 78:923–933), little information is available on the morphometric properties of their upper limbs. One key variable is muscle moment arm, or mechanical advantage, which defines how linear motion or force of a muscle is translated into angular motion or torque at a joint. This study reports moment arm values with respect to joint angle (flexion/extension) of 14 muscles spanning the shoulder and elbow in Macaca mulatta. The magnitude of moment arm values ranged widely across muscles. In some muscles mechanical advantage remained constant with joint angle, whereas the moment arm of others varied strongly. The angle (Θ) at which optimal fascicle length (L) occurred showed strong trends, where the elbow‐spanning muscles had Θ values clustered at mid‐flexion and the shoulder musculature Θ values tended to be grouped around the neutral joint angle of 0°. Estimates of peak muscle torque for flexor and extensor muscle groups at each joint were surprisingly similar in both magnitude and dependency on joint angle. The present study, along with the previous two in this series (Cheng and Scott [2000] J Morphol 245:206–224; Singh et al. [2002] J Morphol 251:323–332), provides a comprehensive description of the morphology of the proximal portion of the limb suitable for the development of a musculoskeletal model of the M. mulatta upper limb. J. Morphol. 255:301–314, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytological evaluation of spermatogenesis and organization of the germinal epithelium in the male slider turtle, trachemys scripta
Authors: Gribbins Kevin M. , Gist Daniel H. , Congdon Justin D. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe germ cell development in the slider turtle (Trachemys scripta) testis was investigated by viewing the histology of the seminiferous epithelium in plastic sections with a light microscope. Germ cell morphologies in the slider turtle testis were similar to the morphologies of other vertebrate germ cell types. However, the slider turtle seminiferous epithelium contained germ cells that progress through spermatogenesis in a temporal rather than a spatial pattern, resulting in a single spermatogenic event that climaxed with one massive sperm release in November. Mature sperm then are stored within the epididymis until breeding commences in the following spring. The germ cell development strategy in the slider turtle is different from that of other amniotes and is more reminiscent of the developmental strategy found in the anamniotic testis. This temporal progression of germ cells through spermatogenesis within a tubular testis represents a transitional model that may be evolutionarily significant. J. Morphol. 255:337–346, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Orthogonal grids around convex bodies using foliations
Authors: Herrera B. , Grau F. X. , Giralt Francesc 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA new technique for the construction of orthogonal grids around convex bodies is presented. The method, which is analytical or numerical depending on how the body boundary is expressed, is based on the development of geometric foliations that follow a prescribed direction (for instance, the prevailing direction of flow) around convex bodies of arbitrary shape. The construction of these foliations is straightforward and does not require the solution of any system of algebraic or differential equations, nor the use of iterative procedures. The method is applicable both to two‐ and three‐dimensional domains since it is based solely on the concept of local curvature. The lines or surfaces given by the foliations of first and second order, together with the complementary orthogonal lines, respectively, define the orthogonal two‐ or three‐dimensional grids. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational form‐finding of tension membrane structures—Non‐finite element approaches: Part 1. Use of cubic splines in finding minimal surface membranes
Authors: Brew J. S. , Lewis W. J. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis paper, presented in three parts, discusses a computational methodology for form‐finding of tension membrane structures (TMS), or fabric structures, used as roofing forms. The term ‘form‐finding’ describes a process of finding the shape of a TMS under its initial tension. Such a shape is neither known a priori, nor can it be described by a simple mathematical function. The work is motivated by the need to provide an efficient numerical tool, which will allow a better integration of the design/analysis/manufacture of TMS. A particular category of structural forms is considered, known as minimal surface membranes (such as can be reproduced by soap films). The numerical method adopted throughout is dynamic relaxation (DR) with kinetic damping.Part 1 describes a new form‐finding approach, based on the Laplace–Young equation and cubic spline fitting to give a full, piecewise, analytical description of a minimal surface. The advantages arising from the approach, particularly with regard to manufacture of cutting patterns for a membrane, are highlighted.Part 2 describes an alternative and novel form‐finding approach, based on a constant tension field and faceted (triangular mesh) representation of the minimal surface. It presents techniques for controlling mesh distortion and discusses effects of mesh control on the accuracy and computational efficiency of the solution, as well as on the subsequent stages in design.Part 3 gives a comparison of the performance of the initial method (Part 1) and the faceted approximations (Part 2). Functional relations, which encapsulate the numerical efficiency of each method, are presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational form‐finding of tension membrane structures—Non‐finite element approaches: Part 2. Triangular mesh discretization and control of mesh distortion in modelling minimal surface membranes
Authors: Brew J. S. , Lewis W. J. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis paper, presented in three parts, discusses a computational methodology for form‐finding of tension membrane structures (TMS), or fabric structures, used as roofing forms. The term ‘form‐finding’ describes a process of finding the shape of a TMS under its initial tension. Such a shape is neither known a priori, nor can it be described by a simple mathematical function. The work is motivated by the need to provide an efficient numerical tool, which will allow a better integration of the design/analysis/manufacture of TMS. A particular category of structural forms is considered, known as minimal surface membranes (such as can be reproduced by soap films). The numerical method adopted throughout is dynamic relaxation (DR) with kinetic damping.Part 1 gave a background to the problem of TMS design, described the DR method, and presented a new form‐finding methodology, based on the Laplace–Young equation and cubic spline fitting to give a full, piecewise, analytical description of the surface.Part 2 describes an alternative and novel form‐finding method, based on a constant tension field and faceted (triangular mesh) representation of the minimal surface. Techniques for controlling mesh distortion are presented, and their effects on the accuracy and computational efficiency of the solution, as well as on the subsequent stages in design, are examined.Part 3 gives a comparison of the performance of the initial method (Part 1) and the faceted approximations (Part 2). Functional relations, which encapsulate the numerical efficiency of each method, are presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational form‐finding of tension membrane structures—Non‐finite element approaches: Part 3. Comparison of mesh constraint methods
Authors: Brew J. S. , Lewis W. J. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis paper, presented in three parts, discusses a computational methodology for form‐finding of tension membrane structures (TMS), or fabric structures, used as roofing forms. The term ‘form‐finding’ describes a process of finding the shape of a TMS under its initial tension. Such a shape is neither known a priori, nor can it be described by a simple mathematical function. The work is motivated by the need to provide an efficient numerical tool, which will allow a better integration of the design/analysis/manufacture of TMS. A particular category of structural forms is considered, known as minimal surface membranes (such as can be reproduced by soap films). The numerical method adopted throughout is dynamic relaxation (DR) with kinetic damping.Part 1 gave a background to the problem of TMS design, described the DR method, and presented a new form‐finding methodology based on the Laplace–Young equation and the use of cubic splines to give a full, piecewise, analytical description of the surface.Part 2 described an alternative and novel approach to form‐finding, based on a constant tension field and faceted (triangular mesh) representation of the minimal surface. Techniques for controlling mesh distortion were presented, and the effects of mesh control on the accuracy and computational efficiency of the solution, as well as on the subsequent stages in design, were examined.Part 3 gives a comparison of the performance of the initial method (Part 1) and the faceted approximations (Part 2). Functional relations, which encapsulate the numerical efficiency of each method, are presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Filling domains with disks: an advancing front approach
Authors: Feng Y. T. , Han K. , Owen D. R. J. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractAn advancing front‐based algorithm is proposed to constructively generate a random initial packing for disks with different radii within a 2D domain, which is often required in discrete element methods (DEM). Depending on whether the domain boundary is included in the initial front and how the front is formed, two different versions of the algorithm, termed the closed and open form, respectively, are presented. The open form version has an inherent linear complexity. The closed form can achieve the same complexity under a relatively weak condition. The generated packing is not a globally optimal arrangement but achieves a locally highest density from the algorithmic point of view. The performance of the algorithm is illustrated in several examples. The major benefit of this development is the significant reduction of CPU time required for the preparation of an initial discrete object configuration in DEM simulations. It is demonstrated that it takes only 3.77 s for the proposed algorithm to generate one million disks on a PC with a one 1 GHz processor. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hierarchical finite element for geometrically non‐linear vibration of doubly curved, moderately thick isotropic shallow shells
Authors: Ribeiro Pedro 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA p‐version, hierarchical finite element for doubly curved, moderately thick, isotropic shallow shells is derived and geometrically non‐linear free vibrations of panels with rectangular planform are investigated. The geometrical non‐linearity is due to large displacements, and the effects of the rotatory inertia and transverse shear are considered. The time domain equations of motion are obtained by applying the principle of virtual work and the d'Alembert's principle. These equations are mapped to the frequency domain by the harmonic balance method, and are finally solved by a predictor–corrector method. The convergence properties of the element proposed and the influence of several parameters on the dynamic response are studied. These parameters are the shell's thickness, the width‐to‐length ratio, the curvature‐to‐width ratio and the ratio between curvature radii. The first and higher order modes are analysed. Some results are compared with results published or calculated using a commercial finite element package. It is demonstrated that with the proposed element low‐dimensional, accurate models are obtained. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An assessment of using the predictor–corrector technique to solve reactive transport equations
Authors: Cheng Hwai‐Ping , Li Ming‐Hsu , Cheng Jing‐Ru 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWe examined, through comparison among the full‐coupling (FC), operator‐splitting (OS), and predictor–corrector (PC) techniques, the effectiveness of using the PC technique to solve depth‐averaged reactive transport equations in the shallow water domain. Our investigation has led to three major conclusions. Firstly, both the OS and PC techniques can efficiently solve reactive transport equations because the advection–diffusion transport equations are solved outside the non‐linear iteration loop and the reaction equations are solved node by node. However, these two techniques may risk sacrificing computational accuracy. Secondly, the OS or PC technique incorporated with the Lagrangian–Eulerian (LE) approach can handle boundary sources more precisely than alternatively with the conventional Eulerian (CE) approach. Thirdly, with the LE approach incorporated, the numerical results from the three techniques agreed highly with one another except when diffusion became significant. In this case, the PC technique's result still matched well with the FC technique's result, but differences between the OS and FC techniques' results arose as diffusion increased. Based on this study, we recommend to apply as a first step the PC technique to solving reactive transport equations with respect to both computational efficiency and accuracy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinctive and fuzzy failure probability analysis of an anisotropic rock mass to explosion load
Authors: Wu Chengqing , Hao Hong , Zhou Yingxin 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis paper estimates failure probability of an anisotropic rock mass with random initial damage and random critical tensile strain to explosion loads. The initial random damage and critical tensile strain of the rock mass are estimated by approximate statistical methods. They are incorporated into the constitutive law of the anisotropic damage model. The statistical estimation of the rock‐mass response to underground explosion is evaluated by the Rosenblueth's point estimate method. A statistical anisotropic continuum damage model considering both the anisotropic initial damage and cumulative damage dependent on tensile strain is suggested. A beta distribution is proposed to represent the probabilistic distribution of the damage variable of the rock mass under blasting loads. Using the theory of reliability, failure probabilities are calculated according to different levels of failure criteria of the rock mass. A fuzzy definition is also proposed to describe the fuzzy nature of failure phenomenon of the rock mass. Based on the fuzzy random probabilistic theory, a model including both the effects of randomness of the rock‐mass properties and fuzziness of its failure criterion is proposed for the failure analysis of the rock mass. The suggested models are coded and linked with an available computer programe Autodyn3D as its user's subroutines. Using the Autodyn3D together with the suggested model, a series of field blasting tests are simulated. Numerical results of stress wave propagation are compared with field‐recorded data. The failure probabilities of the rock mass around the charge hole are estimated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stages in learning to pronounce Chinese characters
Authors: Chen Xi , Shu Hua , Wu Ningning , Anderson Richard C. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis article reviews research examining whether children can use information in the Chinese writing system to pronounce characters. The studies reviewed suggest that children making good progress in learning to read are attending to the cues to pronunciation in fully regular characters, semiregular characters, and phonetic families. Fully regular characters provide complete information about pronunciation. Semiregular characters contain partial information about pronunciation. Phonetic families consist of characters sharing the same phonetic that are usually related in pronunciation. Based on the findings, we argue that the overarching graphophonological insight in reading Chinese characters is “the phonetic principle”—the principle that the phonetic components of compound characters provide information about character pronunciation. Children's use of the principle appears to develop in stages. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 115–124, 2003.
Is the atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation and collisionally induced methanol loss from protonated dehydroamino acids a retrosynthetic process?
Authors: Tubaro Michela , Fedrigo Maria Anna , Cativiela Carlos , Jiménez Ana Isabel , Traldi Pietro 
Published: January 2003

AbstractUnsaturated 5(4H)‐oxazolones lead, by methanolysis, to the corresponding dehydroamino acid derivatives. Interestingly, under atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) conditions, the latter give rise, aside from abundant [M+H]+ ions, to [MHCH3OH]+ species, formally corresponding to the protonated oxazolones employed for their synthesis. Retrosynthetic processes have often been described as energetically favoured decompositions of odd‐electron molecular ions but never invoked in APCI‐activated fragmentations. To investigate this possible retrosynthetic process, occurring also under collisional conditions, some experiments on the deuterated analogues have been undertaken. The breakdown curves of [M+H]+ of oxazolones and [MHCH3OH]+ of the dehydroamino acid derivatives are superimposable, proving their structural identity and giving experimental evidence of the occurrence of a real retrosynthetic process from even‐electron protonated molecules. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metal ion complexes in the structural analysis of phospholipids by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Ho Yen‐Peng , Huang Ping‐Chen , Deng Kuang‐Hao 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe effects of metal cationization on collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) of phospholipids were investigated by electrospray ionization with quadrupole ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. The metal ions include Li+, Na+, K+, Sr2+, Ba2+, and the first transition series. CAD of the transition metal ion‐bound lipid complexes gave significant yields of product ions that identify the positions of the two fatty acyl substituents on the glycerophospholipid backbone. The cobalt(II) ion, which has a single naturally occurring isotope, was expected to be a better cationization reagent as it produces simpler mass spectra than other transition metal ions. CAD of the cobalt(II) ion complexes of glycerophosphoethanolamines, glycerophosphoglycerols and glycerophosphoserines yielded product ions that revealed information regarding both the lipid classes and the regiospecific positions of the two fatty acyl substituents. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of the attachment of Na+ on glucose and on some of its methylated derivatives
Authors: Antonopoulos A. , Bonnet P. , Botek E. , Debrun J. L. , Hakim B. , Herbreteau B. , Morin‐Allory L. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe mechanism of attachment of Na+ on glucose, methyl‐α‐D‐glucose, methyl‐β‐D‐glucose, 3‐O‐methylglucose, tetra‐O‐methylglucose, and also on galactose and methyl‐β‐D‐galactose, was studied. For this we measured the ion yields for the complex [sugar–Na+] formed by ionisation by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) and ionspray. These data were compared with the relative volatilities and hydrophobicities of the sugars, measured by evaporative light scattering and reversed‐phase liquid chromatography, respectively. Some formation enthalpies for the complexes [sugar–Na+], starting from the sugar and the cation, were obtained by ab initio calculations. No simple correlations could be observed between the ion yields and the parameters studied, so that the cationisation mechanism of the sugars remains unclear. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.