bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detoxification of organophosphorus compounds by recombinant carboxylesterase from an insecticide‐resistant mosquito and oxime‐induced amplification of enzyme activity
Authors: Zhang Jian Liang , Qiao Chuan‐Ling , Lan Wen Sheng 
Published: March 2004

AbstractCurrently, bioremediation is a promising approach to the degradation of environmental pollutants. Here we describe the application of the recombinant insecticide‐resistant mosquito carboxylesterase B1 to detoxify organophosphorous compounds. However, this approach has a major limitation: 1:1 stoichiometry of the enzyme detoxification of those organophosphorous compounds containing no carboxyl ester bonds, such as paraoxon, chlorpyrifos etc. To improve the effectiveness of the enzymatic detoxification of organophosphorous compounds, we used a combination of carboxylesterase B1 with the uncharged oxime diacetylmonoxime. It was demonstrated that the repeated addition of 20 times the molar concentration of paraoxon to carboxylesterase B1 every 2 h in the presence of 4 mM diacetylmonoxime did not result in significant inhibition of the enzyme. The stoichiometry of enzyme detoxification was higher than 45:1 and 20:1 for paraoxon and chlorpyrifos, respectively. The kinetic experiments on reactivation of organophosphorus compound–inhibited carboxylesterase B1 showed that the half‐life for paraoxon‐ and chlorpyrifos‐inhibited carboxylesterase reactivation is 0.75 and 0.88 h, respectively. Using the recombinant insecticide‐resistant mosquito carboxylesterase with oxime is an effective approach for detoxification of organophosphorous compounds. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 154–159, 2004.
Quality of service challenges for wireless mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: Chakrabarti Satyabrata , Mishra Amitabh 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWireless mobile ad hoc networks consist of mobile nodes interconnected by wireless multi‐hop communication paths. Unlike conventional wireless networks, ad hoc networks have no fixed network infrastructure or administrative support. The topology of such networks changes dynamically as mobile nodes join or depart the network or radio links between nodes become unusable. Supporting appropriate quality of service for mobile ad hoc networks is a complex and difficult issue because of the dynamic nature of the network topology and generally imprecise network state information, and has become an intensely active area of research in the last few years. This paperThis article, except for some minor changes, is essentially the same as one that appears in103. The latter is a revised and updated version of51presents the basic concepts of quality of service support in ad hoc networks forunicastcommunication, reviews the major areas of current research and results, and addresses some new issues. The principal focus is on routing and security issues associated with quality of service support. The paper concludes with some observations on the open areas for further investigation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Average probability of packet error with diversity reception over arbitrarily correlated fading channels
Authors: Digham Fadel F. , Alouini Mohamed‐Slim 
Published: March 2004

AbstractClosed form expressions for the average probability of packet error (PPE) are presented for no diversity, maximum ratio combining (MRC), selection combining (SC) and switch and stay combining (SSC) diversity schemes. The average PPE for the no diversity case is obtained in two alternative expressions assuming arbitrarily correlated Nakagami and Rician fading channels. For the MRC case,Ldiversity branches are considered and the channel samples are assumed to follow Nakagami distribution and to be arbitrarily correlated in both time and space. For the SC diversity scheme withLdiversity branches, two bounds on the average PPE are derived for both slow and fast fading channels. The average PPE in this case is obtained in an infinite integral form for Nakagami channels while it is reduced to a closed form expression for the Rayleigh case. The average PPE is also derived in the case of SSC diversity with dual branches for both slow and fast Rayleigh fading channels. The new formulas are applicable for all modulation schemes where the conditional probability of error has an exponential dependence on the signal‐to‐noise ratio. The average PPE is then used to obtain a modified expression for the throughput for network protocols. In general, the diversity gain exhibits a little diminishing effect as the number of diversity branches increases. In addition, the system is found to be more sensitive to the space correlation than to the time correlation. The effects of different system parameters and diversity schemes are studied and discussed. Specific figures about the system performance are also provided. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An inconsistency in the actuator disc momentum theory
Authors: van Kuik Gijs A. M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe classical momentum theory for actuator discs with a constant normal load Δp addresses only the axial momentum balance. Now the radial balance is also derived, which, in the absence of a radial disc load, leads to the requirement that the integral of the static pressure along the disc centre line must be zero. The axial and radial balances appear to be mutually inconsistent: the axial balance provides the well‐known results, but the radial balance cannot be satisfied. The inconsistency can be removed by assuming that the actuator disc force field is composed of more than the constant normal load Δp. It is shown that the modelling by Lee and Greenberg (Journal of Fluid Mechanics 1984; 145: 287) of the load and flow of an actuator strip in hover implies the existence of a singular suction force at the edge. Their results deviate, without explanation so far, from the predictions of classical momentum theory. Addition of this edge force to the radial and axial momentum balances provides consistent results. A more general explanation or solution for the inconsistency is not yet are cable. Comparison the present inviscid analysis with a Navier–Stokes calculation by Mikkelsen et al. (Wind Energy 2001; 4: 121) shows that the integrated pressure along the disc centre line is indeed non‐zero, but that the radial balance is still satisfied. It is not clear why this deviates from the analysis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probabilistic wind power forecasts using local quantile regression
Authors: Bremnes John Bjørnar 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWind power forecasts are in various ways valuable for users in decision‐making processes. However, most forecasts are deterministic, and hence possibly important information about uncertainty is not available. Complete information about future production can be obtained by using probabilistic forecasts, and this article demonstrates how such forecasts can be created by means of local quantile regression. The approach has several advantages, such as no distributional assumptions and flexible inclusion of predictive information. In addition, it can be shown that, for some purposes, forecasts in terms of quantiles provide the type of information required to make optimal economic decisions. The methodology is applied to data from a wind farm in Norway. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectral analysis of coupled Euler‐Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam model
Authors: Balakrishnan A.V. , Shubov M.A. , Peterson C.A. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe present paper is devoted to the asymptotic and spectral analysis of a system of coupled Euler‐Bernoulli and Timoshenko beams. The model is governed by a system of two coupled differential equations and a two parameter family of boundary conditions modelling the action of the self‐straining actuators. The above equations of motion form a coupled linear hyperbolic system, which is equivalent to a single operator evolution equation in the energy space. That equation defines a semigroup of bounded operators. This is a dynamics generator of the semigroup which is our main object of interest in the present paper. We prove that for each set of boundary parameters, the dynamics generator has a compact inverse and this inverse operator belongs to class \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\usepackage{amsfonts}\begin{document}$\mathfrak{S}_p$\end{document} of compact operators with p > 1. We also show that if both boundary parameters are not purely imaginary numbers, then the dynamics generator is a nonselfadjoint operator in the energy space. However, its inverse operator is a finite‐rank perturbation of a selfadjoint operator. The latter fact is crucial for the proof of the fact that the root vectors of the dynamics generator form a complete and minimal set in the energy space. We will use the spectral results in our forthcoming papers to prove that the dynamics generator of the system is a Riesz spectral operator in the sense of Dunford and to use the latter fact for the solution of several boundary and distributed controllability problems via the spectral decomposition method.
Fundamental matrices of homogeneous hyperbolic systems. Applications to crystal optics, elastodynamics, and piezoelectromagnetism
Authors: Ortner N. , Wagner P. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractModifying L. Gårding's derivation in the scalar case we deduce Herglotz‐Petrovsky formulae for fundamental matrices (“Green's tensors”) for real homogeneous hyperbolic systems of partial differential operators. As an application, we calculate the fundamental matrix for elastodynamic systems of hexagonal symmetry with reducible determinant (Props. 1, 2). A special case thereof is the fundamental matrix of the system of uniaxial optics (Prop. 3). The calculations are based on integrals of the type $\int_C ([\xi,p]/[\xi,q]) \delta([\xi,x]) \hbox{d}o(\xi)$ where the 1904. conic section C in \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}$\mathbb{R}^4$\end{document} is defined as the intersection of [ξ,ξ] = 0 with [ξ,N] = 1.
A Refinement Strategy for
Circus
Authors: Cavalcanti Ana , Sampaio Augusto , Woodcock Jim 
Published: March 2004

Abstract

We present a refinement strategy for
Circus
, which is the combination of Z, CSP, and the refinement calculus in the setting of Hoare and He’s unifying theories of programming. The strategy unifies the theories of refinement for processes and their constituent actions, and provides a coherent technique for the stepwise refinement of concurrent and distributed programs involving rich data structures. This kind of development is carried out using
Circus
’s refinement calculus, and we describe some of its laws for the simultaneous refinement of state and control behaviour, including the splitting of a process into parallel subcomponents. We illustrate the strategy and the laws using a case study that shows the complete development of a small distributed program.
Mutation Testing in the Refinement Calculus
Authors: Aichernig Bernhard K. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
This article discusses mutation testing strategies in the context of refinement. Here, a novel generalisation of mutation testing techniques is presented to be applied to contracts ranging from formal specifications to programs. It is demonstrated that refinement and its dual abstraction are the key notions leading to a precise and yet simple theory of mutation testing. The refinement calculus of Back and von Wright is used to express concepts like contracts, useful mutations, test cases and test coverage.
Cancer of the Nasopharynx: Functional Surgical Salvage
Authors: Wei William Ignace 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe primary treatment modality for nasopharyngeal carcinoma is radiotherapy (RT). When tumor persists or recurs at the nasopharynx or in the neck after irradiation, then further courses of radiotherapy are associated with recognized morbidities. The swallowing, speech abilities as well as the cervical musculoskeletal functions of the patient may be significantly affected. Surgical salvage of neck disease with radical neck dissection contributes to better tumor control with acceptable morbidity. For localized tumor in the nasopharynx, adequate extirpation of the disease together with the removal of paranasopharyngeal tissue is possible with the anterolateral approach. The operation is not difficult and the associated morbidity is minimal. After a median follow up of 3 years, the 82 patients who underwent this operation demonstrate that with adequate exposure and surgical salvage, satisfactory tumor control rate with good functional outcome is possible.
Definition and Classification of Chronic Pancreatitis
Authors: Keith Roger G. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractChronic pancreatitis has been defined by features that are clinical and etiologic in origin. From such definitions a number of classifications have been developed, starting with the Marseille Classification in 1963. Defining features of chronic pancreatitis must consider the etiology of the disease, which then presents characteristic clinical evidence through symptomatic sequelae of organ pathology, including complications of the disease. Advancing technology has improved the imaging capabilities available to document derangements of the pancreas. The main purpose of international classifications of disease states is to provide a common language for purposes of clinical, research, and health outcomes studies. Modification of the 10th World Health Organization I.C.D. classification may provide this tool.
Nerve Blocks and Neuroablative Surgery for Chronic Pancreatitis
Authors: Bradley Edward L. , Bem Jiri 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSurgical decompressive procedures for “large‐duct” chronic pancreatitis have been notably successful in relieving pain. However, management of patients with intractable pain from “small‐duct” chronic pancreatitis has been difficult, often resulting in narcotic addiction and/or malnutrition from major pancreatic resection. In view of the disappointing results from extensive pancreatic resections in these cases, denervation of pancreatic sympathetic pain afferents has been suggested as an alternative. Although denervation procedures have been attempted at multiple anatomical levels, results have unfortunately been mixed. The observed variability in results has been attributed to poor patient selection, incomplete understanding of neurophysiology of pancreatic pain, and perhaps inadequate knowledge of pancreatic neuroanatomy. At present, the preferred form of neural ablation is splanchnicectomy. However, a consistent and reliable method for identifying candidates for splanchnicectomy is critical, as it is clinically difficult to distinguish true pancreatic pain from other nociceptive conditions masquerading as pancreatic pain. Differential epidural anesthesia (DEA) is a promising, safe test for initial evaluation and patient selection, although it is not as precise as sometimes claimed. Patients responding to sympathetic block during DEA seem to be the best candidates for operative sympathetic ablation. At the moment, the optimal surgical approach to splanchnic ablation, which offers the least morbid technique, most favorable results, and an attractive risk–benefit ratio, is bilateral thoracoscopic splanchnicectomy. More experience and longer follow‐up will be necessary to evaluate this approach.
Carcinoma of the Head of the Pancreas versus Chronic Pancreatitis: Diagnostic Dilemma with Significant Consequences
Authors: Taylor Bryce 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAlthough carcinoma of the head of the pancreas and chronic pancreatitis are usually easy to distinguish on clinical presentation and subsequent investigation, there can be enough overlap in the presenting features and on imaging studies that differentiation is sometimes extremely difficult. As this confusion may lead to either major pancreatic resection for benign disease, or rejection of surgery for a potentially curable lesion, all attempts to arrive at a correct diagnosis should be pursued. This article provides an update of investigative techniques in pancreatic disease, and offers an algorithm for the clinical approach to the patient who appears to present with this diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma.
Mechanical properties of the scapholunate ligament correlate with bone mineral density measurements of the hand
Authors: Johnston James D. , Small Carolyn F. , Bouxsein Mary L. , Pichora David R. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe mechanical properties of the scapholunate ligament have been previously examined in small sample sizes, with ultimate load and occasionally stiffness reported. The present study examined 16 scapholunate ligaments in uniaxial extension at two rates and determined stiffness, ultimate load, and stress relaxation properties. Mean stiffness values of 66.4 ± 28.6 N/mm at an elongation rate of 50 mm/min and 94.5 ± 44.4 N/mm at an elongation rate of 100 mm/min were found. Relaxation behavior, determined by the percent load remaining after 100 s, was found to be 68.1 ± 12%. Mean ligament ultimate loads were 357 ± 110 N (n = 8). In eight specimens, failure occurred in bone. Positive correlations were observed between bone mineral density of the hand and ligament stiffness, ligament ultimate load, and bone ultimate load. No correlation was observed between bone mineral density and ligament load relaxation behavior. The results provide a comprehensive understanding of scapholunate ligament biomechanics and demonstrate a relationship between bone and ligament properties. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The use of a non‐ionic surfactant (P188) to save chondrocytes from necrosis following impact loading of chondral explants
Authors: Phillips Daniel M. , Haut Roger C. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWhile current injury criteria for the automotive industry are based on bone fracture, the majority of knee injuries suffered in collisions each year do not involve fracture of bone. Instead, clinical studies of traumatic joint injury often document early pain and development of chronic diseases, such as osteoarthritis. Previous studies suggest chronic disease can be initiated by cell death that occurs in articular cartilage during mechanical trauma to the joint. In the current investigation early necrosis of chondrocytes was investigated after blunt trauma to chondral explants. A non‐ionic surfactant (P188) was explored as a potential tool for early intervention into the disease process, as this surfactant has been shown to repair damaged membranes in other cell lines. Three groups of adult bovine chondral explants were equilibrated for 48 h in culture media. Two groups were then loaded to 25 MPa in unconfined compression. Half the specimens in each group were incubated in media supplemented with 8 mg/ml P188 immediately after loading, while the other half was returned to standard media. At 1 and 24 h the percentages of live and dead cells in compressed and control groups were determined with a cell viability stain. At 1 h post‐trauma, P188 incubated specimens had a significantly increased percentage of live cells in the superficial zone versus the no‐P188 group. At 24 h the percentages of live cells in all three zones of the P188‐treated explants were significantly greater than in the no treatment group. This study showed that P188 surfactant could help restore the integrity of cell membranes in cartilage damaged by blunt mechanical trauma. With the ability of P188 to “save” chondrocytes from early necrotic death using in vitro chondral explants, its role in prevention of a post‐traumatic osteo‐arthritis in a diarthrodial joint should be further explored using in vivo animal models. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Nonsurgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Llovet Josep M. , Sala Margarita , Bruix Jordi 
Published: March 2004

Key Points
1. Outcome from nonsurgical treatment is directly related to stage of hepatocellular cancer (HCC) and degree of liver function impairment.
2. Ablative percutaneous procedures, such as alcohol injection or radiofrequency thermal therapy, are most effective in the destruction of solitary tumors of 3 cm or less.
3. In most cases, nonsurgical treatments are not curative, but may slow tumor progression and can provide palliation.
4. Arterial embolization or chemoembolization has an antitumor effect, but it has not been shown to affect patient outcome.
5. Radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal manipulation, and interferon have not been consistently effective in HCC.
6. Ablative procedures, embolization, and systemic chemotherapy should be avoided in patients with advanced cirrhosis.
Posttransplantation prevention and treatment of recurrent hepatitis B
Authors: Rizzetto Mario , Marzano Alfredo 
Published: March 2004

Key Points

Prophylaxis of Recurrent Hepatitis B

1. Although standard prophylaxis with antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen immunoglobulins (HBIG) is effective, it is difficult to administer and must be administered indefinitely.
2. Preemptive therapy with lamivudine reduces the early risk for recurrence after transplantation, but maintenance with either famciclovir or lamivudine has been ineffective in sustaining remission.
3. The combination of preemptive lamivudine with HBIG prophylaxis may be the most effective treatment to prevent hepatitis B virus reinfection.

Treatment of Recurrent Hepatitis B

1. Interferon-α, ganciclovir, and famciclovir have not been helpful.
2. Lamivudine appears promising, but its long-term efficacy is unproven; in immunosuppressed transplant recipients, the rate of emergence of YMDD mutants is high and accelerated, and their emergence is aggravated by consistent liver morbidity.
Non-linear conversion between genetic and physical chromosomal distances
Authors: Voigt Claudia , Möller Steffen , Ibrahim Saleh M. , Serrano-Fernández Pablo 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Summary: A supervised nonlinear interpolation significantly improves the reliability of conversions from genetic distances to physical distances as compared with the linear ones. A webaccessible application was created that addresses this question with a graphical presentation that may be wrapped by local installations.
Motivation: Genetic linkage maps and radiation hybrid (RH) maps are based on the rate of uncoupling between linked genetic markers. These are usually measured in centiMorgan (cM) when uncoupling is originated by natural recombination or in centiRay (cR) for chromosomes that are irradiated artificially to separate the markers. Physical maps arise from genome-wide DNA sequencing and are measured in bp.
This work was originally motivated as an extension of the software application Expressionview (Fischer et al., 2003), exploring its spectrum of appliance combining different mapping systems. The relationship between physical and genetic maps is known to be not always linear (Yu et al., 2001). The shift from the linear model seems to depend on local idiosyncrasies of the chromosomes and the kind of genetic map used. The present application addresses this problem for the first time.
Availability: http://qtl.pzr.uni-rostock.de/cartographer.php