bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Stark Evan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the notion of coercive control of children. It cites how coercive control over children often goes hand in hand with coercive control of women. Cases of coercion vary from abused mothers harming their children to survive, or protect their children from worse, to weaponizing children. Global services for children are based on the assumption that children's fatal and serious nonaccidental harms are rooted in some combination of maternal deficits, behavioral problems, immaturity, poverty, and environmental stressors. The chapter considers a criminal cause of nonaccidental child fatality and child maltreatment while promoting a justice response rather than child welfare.
In the Beginning
Authors: Stark Evan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores cases of domestic violence. It acknowledges the common scenario of hurting, intimidating, and constraining the autonomy of children as a primary means to control mothers. In August 2013, UK media featured the narrative of Labour Member of the Scottish Parliament Bill Walker’s conviction for breach of peace and twenty-three assaults by his former wives and step-daughter. During the hearing, Sheriff Katherine Mackie’s sentencing statement indicated the core of how abstracting individual assaultive episodes from their historical context can lead to the mistaken conclusion that the abuse of women and children need not be taken seriously. The chapter notes the rise of the battered women’s movement that garnered recognition for abused women as legitimate claimants of public sympathy, services, and support.
Metaphysics of Nature in The World as Will and Representation
Authors: Segala Marco 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In the Second Book of The World as Will and Representation, Schopenhauer argued in support of his metaphysics of nature, demonstrating that the will is the thing in itself and the essence of the world, the Ideas objectify the will into natural forces and biological species, and nature reflects the inner conflict of the will with itself. The present chapter analyzes these arguments, assesses their consistency and cogency, and discusses the metaphysical content they provide. It also describes the importance of philosophy of nature as a conceptual space for the dialogue between science and metaphysics. Finally, it considers the difficulties of his metaphysics of nature in relation to some scientific concepts of the time, such as teleology and temporality.
A New Season
Authors: Segala Marco 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The version of The World as Will and Representation we read today includes a second volume of Supplements, which was added to the second edition of the work in 1844. This chapter provides a narrative that focuses on the period between the first edition of The World as Will and Representation and 1844—twenty-five years of study and investigation. It describes and assesses how the philosophical and scientific context interacted with Schopenhauer’s biography and his decisions regarding the development of his work. It defends the view that the Supplements altered the original system rather than merely expanding it. Moreover, it explains that Schopenhauer’s choices after 1819 were related to his assessment of the changing relationship between philosophy and the sciences, which at that time were beginning what historians call a “process of professionalisation.”
Essences, Emergence, and Ground
Authors: Segala Marco 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an analysis of the concepts that contributed to Schopenhauer’s metaphysics of nature—Ideas, teleology, and will—in the light of contemporary metaphysics and its investigations about essences, emergence, and grounding. These notions either recur or play an implicit role in Schopenhauer’s work, even if he never provided an adequate definition—and contemporary metaphysical inquiry is helpful precisely because its conceptualization applies to Schopenhauer’s metaphysical notions. This is a promising approach: by focusing on concepts and their definitions, it enlightens modifications and continuities in the two volumes of The World as Will and Representation. Moreover, it emphasizes that the intertwining of science and metaphysics of nature was crucial in Schopenhauer’s philosophy.
The Reciprocal Relationship Between Disease and Society
Authors: Miller Monica K. , Vleet Bryce Van , Shapiro Hugh 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Disease and society have historically had an uneasy relationship. Society’s developments (e.g., global travel, crowded cities, concerts and events with large attendance) shape whether a virus can take hold and spread. And, a virus can bring society to a halt, as it did in the early days of the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic. This reciprocal relationship between disease and society prompted the call to action that underlies this book. This chapter begins by outlining how COVID-19 compares to other historical pandemics and epidemics. In doing so, it provides a historical case study of how a past epidemic (severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS] of 2003) shaped one society (China) in one profound way (rise of the Internet). This historical example suggests ways that COVID-19 might also affect society. This introductory chapter outlines both the importance of studying the pandemic from a social science perspective and the challenges that await social scientists who have and will study how society and the pandemic influence each other.
U.S. Public Health Policy Responses to COVID-19
Authors: Bornstein Susan G. , Miller Monica K. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the various regulations (e.g., policies, government mandates, public health responses) that were adopted in the United States to protect public health during the COVID-19 pandemic. The roles of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health Organization, and the White House Task Force are discussed. Regulations addressed include mask mandates, stay-home orders, limits on gathering size, travel restrictions, school closings, and business shutdowns, as well as policies that emerged as vaccines became available. The federal response and a few state-level responses are offered as examples of each type of regulation. The changing nature of such regulations is highlighted, as is the contrasts between states (e.g., some states did not issue stay-home orders, while others did). This review provides a foundation for understanding the regulations discussed in the theory-based chapters further in this book.
Legal Actions and Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Everett Pamela M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The pandemic impacted almost every facet of American life, causing waves of human and economic damage as it spread. Soon after COVID-19 was confirmed here, state and local government officials issued stay-home orders and closed or restricted business operations to contain the virus. Legal actions soon followed, with a variety of lawsuits and actions, with plaintiffs disputing, for example, the constitutionality of government restrictions, including lockdowns, mask mandates, bans on in-person worship, the limits of contract force majeure clauses, and the rights of inmates in our jails and prisons to be protected from the virus. This chapter provides a sample of the thousands of pandemic-related legal actions, the changes they may bring to the legal landscape for years to come, and topics for further observation and research.
Could Gender-Related Norms Predict Compliance With COVID-19 Prevention Behaviors?
Authors: Uysal Mete Sefa , Üzümçeker Emir , Vestergren Sara 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Current reports, in almost all countries, highlight that men of all ages are more likely than women to contract and die from COVID-19. This gender pattern was also apparent in the previous pandemics of sever acute respiratory disease (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Moreover, men engage in fewer preventive health behaviors, which in turn increases their risk of disease and death. These observations suggest that the factors that increase men’s adoption of preventive measures against the COVID-19 pandemic should be investigated. One of the most important factors influencing people’s willingness to comply with COVID-19 guidelines is shared norms. In this respect, the chapter suggests that masculine norms and patriarchal values affect risk-avoidant health behaviors among men. In doing so, it utilizes the focus theory of normative conduct, social identity approach, and social role theory to explain how masculine norms and values influence health behaviors. Lessons learned and future research needed are discussed.
Inequality and the COVID-19 Experience
Authors: Willis-Esqueda Cynthia , Estrada-Reynolds Victoria 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Structural and systemic inequality disadvantages people of color and low socioeconomic status—even during a pandemic. For instance, minorities have higher unemployment, are less likely to be able to work from home, and are more likely to have high-risk occupations (e.g., grocery store worker). Minority students are less likely to have technology or space to continue to do well in at-home schooling and might experience food insecurities without access to school lunch programs. Minorities often have a distrust of authority because of both historical and contemporary experiences. Disparities in nearly all aspects of social life have left Native Americans, Latinos, and Blacks more vulnerable to the effects of a pandemic. This chapter addresses the structural and systemic disadvantages that minorities face during the pandemic, citing statistics, qualitative information, and related research where available. These macrolevel factors become disadvantages that can dramatically affect one’s experiences during the pandemic. Lessons learned and future research ideas are offered.
Past Victimization and Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Bilewicz and Michał , Babińska Maria 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Experiences of historical victimization affect dominant responses to threat. Nations and ethnic groups that suffered from forms of collective violence such as genocides, cleansing, wars, violent conflicts, and occupations generate a specific mindset that guides their behavior, emotions, and cognitions. Ultimately, mistrust and conspiracy theories that are common among victimized groups could be considered a paradoxical form of adaptation to adverse life conditions. In the situation of a global pandemic, such as the COVID-19 epidemic, this mindset becomes clearly maladaptive. It leads to lower trust in authorities and institutions, disobedience regarding health restrictions, irrational behavior, stockpiling supplies, and belief in conspiracy theories and pseudoscience. This chapter presents evidence from studies conducted in historically victimized countries and minority groups that showed how the focus on the ingroup’s past victimization leads to maladaptive responses to COVID-19. These findings are discussed using the framework of victimization as an adaptive process. Future research is suggested to include societal-level factors in the analyses of peoples’ responses to pandemic threat.
Looking Back on the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Blank Hartmut 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is dynamically unfolding, and outcomes are still uncertain (despite many prediction models). Yet, in hindsight, people might find such outcomes foreseeable and/or inevitable (e.g., death rates, economic damage)—an effect called hindsight bias. Moreover, with outcome bias, how people or institutions dealt with the crisis is evaluated by outcomes that materialized only later. These two related phenomena can lead people to judge political leaders and health authorities’ current performance based on the ultimate outcome of the pandemic, rather than basing it on the knowledge available at the time. Importantly, however, these biases are not uniformly shown by everyone but manifest themselves in different ways depending on one’s political leanings and personal involvement in the COVID-19 crisis. Intriguingly, they are even instrumentalized within the political discourse along party lines (e.g., government critics being accused of showing hindsight), making it necessary to reflect on ways of distinguishing objective performance from biased perception and political spin. The two biases can affect the ultimate outcomes of the pandemic (who is blamed, whether changes are made to prevent future disasters, etc.). Finally, some lessons learned (e.g., for policymakers and healthcare providers) and future direction are offered.
The Woman Who Married the Bear
Authors: Mann Barbara Alice , Kailo Kaarina 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe Woman Who Married the Bear surveys Indigenous traditions across the global North, including North America and Eurasia, with matriarchal traditions of Women marrying the Bear in both, sporting caves as wombs, water as earth’s amniotic fluid, and birth-renewal as the point of thanksgiving. In North America, traditions stretch back to the Bölling−Allerød warming, 15,000 BP and come forward into historical times. In Eurasia, starting with the earliest “Venus” figurines of bear-headed women, 35,000 BP, traditions connect fire, water, earth, forest, and “Bear-Women” spirits to matriarchy. In both instances, women and bears originally collaborate through time-keeping star configurations and winter cave-dwelling, as symbolized by the spring awakening from hibernation followed by the birth of “cubs.” The woman–bear interface bifurcates coming out of the Little Ice Age, with the authors exploring both the before and the after storylines, noting that their mutation from woman-honoring to woman-blaming apparently began with the Firestone comet swarm of 12,900 BP followed by the eight-hundred-year nuclear winter of the Younger Dryas. Before this event, women were the timekeepers and honored creators of life; after it, their story of Bear marriage turned to one of male rescue, hunting, and danger—especially from “Grizzly Wives.” The authors reinstate the progenitive equity to The Woman Who Married the Bear.
Original Instructions
Authors: Kailo Kaarina 
Published: December 2023

AbstractAs gained through the medium of the Bear in ancient Finno-Ugric, Celtic Irish, Russian, and Korean traditions, the Bear woman, Bera, transmits the “Original Instructions” to her people. Surviving oral stories show the close, cognitive links among the bear’s den, the sauna, the womb, the moon, and menstruation. A biocosmic sense of time in the rebirth- and fertility-oriented spring festivals are elements of both mother and bear worship. Still extant bear rituals in Europe contain traces of the old ecospirituality of the Bear’s spouse. Excavating through the debris imposed by Western scholarship exposes the distinction between overlapping myths of women marrying bears and male hunting rituals in the principles of life and death, the gift economy, and sacrificial slaying. Ancient egalitarianism and interdependency exist in the rituals of women that sacralized Bronze Age male hunting to make it sustainable.
First Beings
Authors: Kailo Kaarina 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe old traditions were devalued as patriarchal patterns overlay the “Original Instructions” of the Bear. The hierarchical patriarchal categories in gender, species, and ethnicities disturbed the prior shamanic balance of ancient Europe and Asia. Mastery over nature, animals, women, and Indigenous populations replaced the worldview of yore. The value system of the Woman Who Married the Bear, with its gifting, egalitarian principles, gave way to those of life and death in economies of sacrifice, destabilizing Bear’s meaning to serve patriarchal colonization. Although an attitude of respect in the sacralization of hunting served to make the new system sustainable, predatory colonial approaches to the “Other” concomitantly destroyed ecosystems by weakening women’s balancing rituals. Furthermore, the gender of deities, forebears, and great mothers was changed, so that matriarchal history became buried under Christian writings. The environmental distress of the natural world now exposes the need to revive the ancient values of balance.
Introduction
Authors: Beaudoin Richard 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The introduction begins by examining the role of a non-notated breath in Chopin recordings by Slenczynska and Ax. Classical music is identified as the genre where the acceptability of non-notated sounds is least resolved. A definition of unwritten music is then set forth. The six forthcoming chapters are summarized: (1) The Aesthetics and Ethics of Unwritten Music; (2) Sounds of Breath; (3) Sounds of Touch; (4) Sounds of Effort; (5) Surface Noise; and (6) Inclusive Track Analysis. Five preparatory notes explain the chronological boundaries of the studied repertoire, the audio formats used to create the book’s analytical spectrograms, the distinction between live and studio recordings, the use of the term “classical,” and the need for the field of music theory to recognize the totality of audible events on audio recordings.
Surface Noise
Authors: Beaudoin Richard 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 analyzes the cyclic surface noise patterns heard on early recording formats including wax cylinders and gramophone discs. The sound of recording and playback machines is theorized alongside the composition being recording, treating the resultant totality as one music. An analogy is made between surface noise and a Renaissance illustration of a sighting grid by Fludd. Six modes of interaction are defined between perceived meter and the pulse patterns of surface noise: (1) performance-centricity; (2) narrative asynchrony; (3) ekphrastic (non)coincidence; (4) expressive synchrony; (5) metaphoric development; and (6) surface noise-centricity. The modes are illustrated in recordings by Simpson singing Bonds, Caruso singing Donizetti, Granados and Arensky recording their own music, Krushelnytska singing Lysenko, and a re-recording of the historic Brahms cylinder. The deterioration of the cylinder is related to a letter in which Rilke voiced his concerns about a tarnished daguerreotype of his father.
Introduction
Authors: Whiting Jennifer 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Essays grounded in Aristotle’s conception of an organism’s soul as standing to its body as form (morphê) to matter (hulê). The early ones present Aristotle as embracing “individual” forms, each unique to the body it animates, as part of his solution to the problem of distinguishing generation and destruction simpliciter from accidental changes (including locomotion). The later ones focus on the movements of animals, especially rational ones. They describe asymmetries between “normative” cases (where form is fully actualized) and “defective” cases (where material factors interfere, as in Aristotle’s account of akrasia). In rational animals, phronêsis is the proper form of the desiring part of soul, and prohairesis unifies desire and thought in ways that yield the Socratic conception of virtue featured in Living Together. Aristotle’s conception of prohairesis is also connected, together form as principle of individuation, to Locke’s account of personal identity, featured in First, Second, and Other Selves.
The Lockeanism of Aristotle
Authors: Whiting Jennifer 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The chapter argues against common view that Aristotle lacked the “modern” and ultimately Cartesian conception of “self” found in Locke’s account of personal identity. Locke’s conception of consciousness is not, as usually assumed, Cartesian, but a version of the explicitly anti-Cartesian conception found in the work of Ralph Cudworth, who employs the conception of sunaisthêsis (Locke’s ‘consciousness’) found in the stoicized Aristotelianism of Plotinus. But Locke was Professor of Greek at Oxford and would of course have read the original sources. So it is not implausible to trace his views back to Aristotle’s conception of rational agency via Epictetus’ conception of prohairesis and Stoic accounts of oikeiôsis (from which Locke’s notion of “appropriation” is almost certainly derived: see Seneca’s letter 121). This makes it plausible to see in Aristotle’s identification of a person with her practical intellect the seeds of Locke’s irreducibly first-personal (but not therefore Cartesian) conception of consciousness.
Threatening Force in Cyberspace
Authors: Hollis Duncan B. , van Benthem Tsvetelina 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Threats have long been endemic in inter-State relations with diverse goals, communicative values, and means of signaling. Yet, international law explicitly focuses on just one type of threat—threats of force. Under the jus ad bellum, States must refrain from threats of force in their international relations. As we explain, existing doctrine establishes that States can violate it by threatening force implicitly as well as explicitly, with the legal threshold measured via an objective methodology. This chapter aims to specify and extend the international legal prohibition on threats of force to cyberspace. The idiosyncrasies of information and communications technologies provide fertile ground for cyber-specific threatening behavior. The ubiquity of unauthorized access means that a compromise for one purpose—for example, espionage—could, under the right circumstances, simultaneously (and implicitly) threaten a future use of force. Our chapter aims to offer an initial analytical frame for identifying when this may (or may not) be a credible possibility. In particular, we highlight the potential of “Big Data” to change the nature of cyber threats of force as well as its capacity to improve States’ ability to identify them. We argue that advancements in digital technologies are likely to put the viability and sufficiency of existing legal standards and methodologies to the test.
Big Data
Authors: Schmitt Michael N. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter builds on the scenario and analysis set forth in Chapter 1. In this part of the scenario, an armed conflict between Newtropia and Outlandia breaks out. Accordingly, I will discuss the complex legal questions the scenario presents under international humanitarian law (IHL). I will begin by examining whether an armed conflict exists and, if so, whether that conflict is international or non-international in character. The discussion then moves on to a subject unique to cyber operations, the meaning of the IHL term “attack” as applied to cyber operations. Should a cyber operation qualify as an attack, it may only be directed at military objectives, the third subject considered. Finally, my analysis concludes with a capita selecta examination of other issues the scenario raises. I would note that while the scenario involves international armed conflict, much of the analysis applies mutatis mutandis to non-international armed conflict. As will become apparent, the role of data in modern conflict has significant IHL implications. However, the fact of Big Data does not, at least not directly. It enables operations that might not otherwise be possible, but their nature and consequences drive legal analysis, not the fact that Big Data enabled them.