bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural Explanation in Social Theory
Authors: Jackson Frank , Pettit Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social theory pursues the relatively abstract explanation of social facts. Thus it is distinguished on two fronts: by its subject-matter, social facts, and by its method of explanation, one that is relatively abstract. Social facts are easier to illustrate than define. They include facts, if they are facts, like the following: that the rich enjoy higher social status than the poor; that there has been a worldwide fall in the number of smokers; that the Soviet Union has withdrawn its troops from Afghanistan; that the crime-rate in Australia is lower than in the US; that every successful entrepreneur maximizes expected net revenue; and that the birth-rate in Western countries has fallen this century.
Reduction, Causality, and Normativity
Authors: Lennon Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is it possible to maintain a causal explanatory view of intentional explanation, hold some strong(ish) version of antireductionism with regard to intentional states and intentional laws, and be respectably materialist enough not to be accused of closet Cartesianism? The causal explanatory view I shall be considering is one in which the causal relation between our intentional states and intentional acts is supported by lawlike generalizations employing intentional vocabulary. The causal relations are predicated on the backs of the rationalizing links between intentional states. The intentional causal generalizations characterize empirical regularities between states as a consequence of these states having contents which bear rationalizing links to each other.
Exploring External Motivation for Change
Authors: Silva-Corvalan Carmen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I noted in Chapter I that the transfer of features from one language into another is one of the strategies used by bilinguals to cope with having to communicate in two different linguistic systems. Throughout this book, I have examined the possibility that a number of changes affecting Spanish in Los Angeles may be the result of(among others) specific processes of transfer of features from English, that is, processes that imply what Martinet (in his Preface to Weinreich’s Languages in Contact) calls ‘the permeability of linguistic cells’.
Foundational Problems in and Methodological Lessons from Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Cushing James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One can consider the developments in quantum field theory from the point of view of foundational problems posed about physical reality at both the epistemological and ontological levels, or as a ‘laboratory’ to study the actual methodology of the scientific enterprise. I shall address both of these issues in this paper. My contention is that at the foundational level there is essentially nothing new in quantum field theory that is not already present in non-relativistic quantum mechanics. This is quite different in emphasis from the view expressed by Redhead (1983a). Even in quantum mechanics most of the difficulties which arise are generated by the realist’s inclination to take the formalism too literally as representing physical reality, often in a modified or distorted classical view. More serious consideration of Bohr’s philosophical framework of complementarity may prove fruitful for coping with this problem, which is not new to quantum field theory, being already the central interpretative problem of quantum mechanics. On the other hand, as a source to illustrate how theories arc constructed and established in actual scientific practice, quantum field theory does provide a wide range of useful examples. Here too, although there are many technically fascinating topics (such as renormalization), quantum field theory is pretty much (meth odological) business as usual. Much more interesting, essentially new, methodological departures are seriously proposed (with varying degrees of credibility) by some rival or alternative developments in modern theoretical physics, such as the S-matrix programme, with its bootstrap conjecture, or cosmology, with various forms of the anthropic principle (Gale 1983) and with the inflationary universe scenario (Guth 1981 ).
The Negative-Energy Sea
Authors: Saunders Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Dirac hole theory was developed in response to a growing crisis over the Dirac theory of the electron. It predicts the existence of antiparticles in relativistic quantum theory; the antiparticle came into existence as a ‘hole’ in a sea of negative-energy particles. In 1972 Heisenberg said ‘I think that this discovery of antimatter was perhaps the biggest jump of all the big jumps in physics in our century.’ He was speaking of the phenomenology, of pair creation and annihilation processes, the basic mechanisms of relativistic dynamics.
Linguistic Consequences of Language Contact and Restriction
Authors: Mougeon Raymond , Beniak Édouard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The description of minority or threatened languages with a view to documenting the linguistic consequences of language contact and restriction has now emerged as a distinct area of investigation within sociolinguistics. In this book, Raymond Mougeon and Édouard Beniak present a series of analyses of the impact that contact with English on the one hand, and language-use restriction on the other, have had on the evolution of the French dialect spoken in the predominantly English-speaking province of Ontario, Canada. As a background to the analyses, the authors provide sociohistorical and sociolinguistic information on the Franco-Ontarian community, and make comparisons with other varieties of French both within and outside North America. They address fundamental theoretical issues such as the interplay between linguistic and extralinguistic causes of structural change and the mechanisms of linguistic change in bilingual as opposed to unilingual speech communities.
Lexical Semantics without Thematic Roles
Authors: Ravin Yael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the central issues in modern linguistics has been the relationship between syntax and semantics. Within the framework of generative grammar, established by Chomsky in the early 1960s, it has been assumed that syntax is distinct from, and independent of, semantics. This premise has been challenged recently by Chomsky himself; he now proposes semantics, and in particular thematic roles, as the basis for generating syntactic structures. Yael Ravin argues that thematic roles are not valid semantic entities, and that syntax and semantics are indeed autonomous and independent of one another. She advocates a Decompositional approach to lexical semantics, in the spirit of Katz's semantic theory. In the course of her argument she discusses theoretical issues such as indeterminacy and ambiguity, lexical configuration rules, and lexical projection, and analyses the semantic content of event concepts such as causation, action, and change.
Science and Moral Philosophy in the Scottish Enlightenment
Authors: Emerson Roger L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any educated Scot at the end of the seventeenth century would have come to a consideration of moral philosophy from a prior understanding of his duties as they were taught by the ministers of the Kirk. As a child, he would have learned from The shorter catechism, Answer 41, that “The moral law is summarily comprehended in the ten commandments”, which the Lord spoke to Moses from burning Mount Sinai, where He also wrote them on two stone tablets.
Professors of Virtue: The Social History of the Edinburgh Moral Philosophy Chair in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Sher Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas de Quincey once observed, with the professorial practice at Edinburgh particularly in mind, that “Moral Philosophy, in the large and popular use of that term by the Scotch, offers so immeasurable an expanse, that two people might easily wander there for a whole life and never happen to meet”. Those who have tried to make sense of eighteenth-century academic moral philosophy will be inclined to agree. Elements of what would now be called psychology, religion, epistemo logy, metaphysics, logic, ethics, jurisprudence, sociology, history, economics, political science, philosophy of history, rhetoric, literary criticism, and more, all found their way into Scottish moral philosophy i:Iasses during the age of the Enlightenment.
Biological Explanation and Intentional Behaviour
Authors: Noble Denis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem that I want to address in this paper is one that is encountered in many different fields of science. It sometimes appears as an argument between reductionist and non-reductionist modes of explanation. In that form the argument can occur at the boundaries between, for example, chemistry and biology. Claude Bernard, the French nineteenth-century physiologist, employed the argument in his attempts, via the concept of milieu interieur and of its feedback control, to define the nature of physiology against the reductionist attempts of the organic chemists.
The Final Form of Kant’s Practical Philosophy
Authors: Wood Allen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the year 1768, Kant claimed to be at work on a system of ethics, under the title ‘metaphysics of morals’ (Ak. 10:74).1 During the so-called silent decade of the 1770s, when Kant was working on the Critique of Pure Reason, he promised repeatedly not only that he would soon finish that work but also that he would soon publish a metaphysics of morals (Ak. 10:97, 132, 144).2Yet it was not until four years after the first Critique that Kant finally wrote a work on ethics, and even then he merely laid the ground for a metaphysics of morals by identifying and establishing the supreme principle on which a system of duties would be based (G. 4:392). Three years later, in the Critique of Practical Reason, Kant once again dealt entirely with foundational questions in moral philosophy. Kantian ethics is primarily known, especially among English-speaking philosophers, through these two ethical works of the 1780s, neither of which contains anything like a ‘metaphysics of morals’.
Kant’s Deductions of the Principles of Right
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Doctrine of Right, Part I of his 1797 Metaphysics of Morals, Kant appears to derive his ‘universal principle of right’ —’Any action is right if it can coexist with everyone’s freedom in accordance with a universal law, or if on its maxim the freedom of choice of each can coexist with everyone’s freedom in accordance with a universal law’ (RL, Introduction, §C, 6:230) —from the fundamental principle of morality, which presents itself to us in the form of the Categorical Imperative. He appears simply to apply that fundamental principle’s requirement that we use our power of free choice and of action upon our choice in accordance with the condition that the maxims upon which we choose to act be universalizable (e.g. G. 4:402, 421) to the external use of our freedom—that is, to our physical actions in so far as they can affect other persons, in order to derive the rule that we act only in ways that leave others a freedom of action equal to our own, regardless of our purposes in and our motives for so acting, those being subjects for ethical but not legal rules.
Whence Public Right? The Role of Theoretical and Practical Reasoning in Kant’s Doctrine of Right
Authors: Ludwig Bernd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For every reader familiar with Kant’s Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, the second paragraph of the ‘Universal Principle of Right’ in Kant’s Metaphysical First Principles of the Doctrine of Right is, I think, a surprising one when encountered for the first time: reason says … that my freedom is in its idea restricted to those conditions and may also forcefully [thätlich] be so restricted by others’ (MS, §C, 6:230).
Instituting Principles: Between Duty and Action
Authors: O’Neill Onora 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much discussion of the practicality—or conversely of the formalism—of Kant’s ethics has concentrated on the capacity of the Categorical Imperative to discriminate principles of duty from other practical principles. Yet, even supposing that principles of duty can be identified, they will still not fully answer the question ‘What ought I to do?’ Any principle can be enacted or embodied or instituted in many different ways, among which agents have to decide.
Introduction
Authors: Clapin Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two mysteries continue to frame debate in contemporary philosophy of mind. The first is the nature of consciousness. In particular, how can our conscious experience fit into the growing body of scientific knowledge about the mind and the brain? The second mystery is intentionality. How can our thoughts be about other things? For some time intentionality has appeared the easier of these two problems, and it seems that significant progress has been made. The invention of automatic computing devices in the middle of the century, following important theoretical work by Alan Turing, showed that a machine could manipulate and make use of internal representational states, thus providing an example of how the mind’s internal representations might operate. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s much work has been done on the questions of how material states of mind could bear content.
Ideology, Projection, and Cognition
Authors: Price A W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Human love is a subjective thing … it is joy accompanied by an idea which we project against any suitable object in the line of our vision, just as the rainbow iris is projected against an oak, ash, or elm tree indifferently. So that if any other young lady had appeared instead of the one who did appear, I should have felt just the same interest in her, and have quoted precisely the same lines from Shelley about her, as about this one I saw. Such miserable creatures of circumstance are we all!’
Self-Bracketing Pyrrhonism
Authors: Castagnoli Luca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘One of the few brands of skepticism in the history of philosophy to … accept—and even embrace—the charge of self-refutation is Pyrrhonism, especially as it is represented to us by our most extensive source for Pyrrhonist “doctrine”, Sextus Empiricus.’’ Starting from this remark, in his ‘Skeptical Homeopathy and Selfrefutation’ Mark McPherran tries to provide a detailed account of the way in which the Sceptical ϕϕναι and λóγoι, although selfrefuting, can nevertheless ‘work’. As the similes of purgatives, of fire, and of a ladder attempt to explain-McPherran suggests the Sceptical formulae (e.g. oνδϵν μαλλον) and arguments (the proof against proof) are supposed to refute themselves, but only after having obtained their expected effect on the dogmatic tenets, and having thus left the dogmatist in the beneficial condition of ϵποχη and αταραξια.
Movements and ‘Movements’
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pun of my title will tell you a good deal about what the topic of this chapter will be. Sonatas, symphonies, concertos, string quartets are composed of ‘movements.’ That is the word we use to describe the individual, self-contained parts of which they are constituted. We do not use that word usually to describe the separate, self-contained parts of an opera, oratorio, song cycle, cantata, in short, the various forms of classical music with text. The word ‘movement5 seems to be reserved for what the nineteenth century came to call ‘absolute music’: pure instrumental music without text or title.
lntuitions and Moral Theorizing
Authors: Hooker Brad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘moral intuitionism’ gets attached to arange of different views. Some of these views are more widely held than others are. Here is a list of views often referred to as intuitionism, and a ranking of them in terms of popularity:
Reflective equilibrium method. Moral theories are better to the extent that they accord with moral claims that are attractive in their own right-i.e. apart from any inferential support they receive from other moral claims. Most philosophers currently accept this theory.
Phraseology as a Language of Culture: Its Role in the Representation of a Collective Mentality
Authors: Teliya Veronika , Bragina Natalya , Oparina Elena , Sandomirskaya Irina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phraseology is a domain of linguistic study which to a high degree illustrates the correlation between language and culture. In a typological approach, it is necessary to define and classify the types of cultural information which are illuminated by lexical collocations. Clearly, the recent development of cognitive linguistics and conceptual analysis in the 1980s and 1990s can provide a reliable foundation for this kind of investigation. A further important reason why cultural information should be included in an account of linguistic meanings concerns the needs of lexicography today. For the practical purposes of compiling a dictionary oflexical collocations, a number of theoretical points must be elucidated concerning the general problem of cultural markedness.
Tone in Mituku: How a Floating Tone Nailed down an Intermediate Level
Authors: Goldsmith john 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents some straightforward facts from the tonal system of a Bantu language, Mituku, described by Stappers (1973). The interest of the facts lies in the way they help clarify notions about constraints and certain kinds of representation-based generalizations. As we shall see, there is a simple principle at work to which we can appeal in order to explain why in a small number of cases-and only in these cases-a contour tone can appear on a single vowel. The contour-toned vowels in question are among those where the vowel can be shown to be the surface manifestation of two distinct vowels at deeper level (indeed, the two vowels are from distinct morphemes). Mituku, we will say, displays the no more than one tone per vowel (I TperV) restriction. It is, of course, an utter banality in the world of tonal systems to find a restriction on tone to the effect that no more than one tone may appear per mora (or short vowel), and indeed it is that banality that reassures us that we have the right generalization here.
Learning Word-to-meaning Mappings
Authors: Mark Siskind Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When acquiring their native language, children learn a lexicon that maps words to their meanings. On one hand, this task must be easy. Most children within the same linguistic community learn the same lexicon, despite the fact that each child hears widely different sets of utterances in widely different situations. On the other hand, we have difficulty explaining how children accomplish this task. A natural assumption is that children learn the lexicon by associating their linguistic and nonlinguistic experience. This intuition, however, leaves many questions unanswered.
Single- and Dual-route Models of Inflectional Morphology
Authors: Nakisa Ramin , Plunkett Kim , Hahn Ulrike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rather than reduplicate every item in the lexicon for number and gender, human languages have regular systems of phonological changes that systematically mark changes in these attributes. Various theories have been put forward to define how these systems operate and how they are acquired. Here we will concentrate on just one aspect of inflectional morphology—whether the system is best described as a single-route or a dual-route mechanism. In contrast to connectionist models of inflectional morphology that have argued for a singleroute mechanism (Rumelhart and McClelland 1986, Plunkett and Marchman 1991), Pinker (1991) states that inflectional morphology in all human languages is computed by a dual-route mechanism consisting of a pattern associator and a rule. During the course of acquisition, one type of inflection is identified as a ‘default’ and this form is produced by the rule-route whenever the pattern associator memory fails. If a word is similar to a known irregular, however, the pattern associator produces the appropriate irregular form and blocks action of the rule. For example, when producing the plural of the regular word dog, the rule route produces the plural dogs and the pattern associator has no irregular entry for the singular form, and so does not block production of dogs. For the irregular word sheep, the pattern associator produces the irregular plural sheep and the rule, which erroneously produces the form sheeps, is blocked (see Figure 10.1).
An Output-as-input Hypothesis in Language Acquisition
Authors: Elbers Loekie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to acquire knowledge of language, children have to analyse language, at least to a certain extent. Where does the input for this analysis come from? In the following it is argued that the input for children’s linguistic analysis comes primarily from their own production, rather than from their comprehension. The theoretical arguments for this output-as-input hypothesis are largely based on what is known about the processes of planning and delivering speech (Levelt 1989). A three-phase, inductive acquisition model (the output-as-input model) is proposed, which takes the child’s own productions as primary input for analysis. Crucial features of the model are pointed out, its three phases are elaborated, and empirical evidence from three different case studies is discussed.
Role of dead reckoning in navigation
Authors: Etienne Ariane S , Berlie Joëlle , Georgakopoulos Joséphine , Maurer Roland 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late fifteenth century, early transoceanic navigators, such as Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus for the first time lost sight of land for a long period. They then had to make their way through a no man’s land or rather through a no man’s sea. Possibly, they had to overcome greater navigational and psychological barriers than our first present day space travellers. who could always see the globe from where they started their mission and maintained constant contact with their base. To avoid getting lost, there was only one thing our early explorers could do: keep track of their own position relative to their point of departure.
Spatial representations and homing pigeon navigation
Authors: Bingman Verner P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many years racing pigeon hobbyists from Toledo, Ohio would gather together for a summer weekend and send their birds to Houston, Texas for the big 1300 mile race. What would occur on that weekend in Toledo and Houston would be repeated in a similar fashion in many different places, at different times of year and attests to the remarkable navigational ability of the racing pigeon, Columba livia. The winning pigeon would return home in about 2 days, and even a middle of the pack bird would return in 3-4 days. It is this remarkable navigational ability that motivated European ethologists of the 1950s to ask the question: How do they do it? However, as simple a question as this is, it is remarkable how different scientific cultures have interpreted the same question in very different ways.
An Experimental Investigation of the Entrainment into a Buoyant Jet in a Weak Cross flow
Authors: Gaskin* S J , Wood** I R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The entrainment into buoyant jets in a weak cross flow is investigated using a particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique to obtain a detailed picture of the entrainment velocities. The experiments show that the entrainment velocities can be superimposed in the irrotational region. This implies that, given the entrainment velocity for a buoyant jet in a still medium, the entrainment velocity in a moving medium can be calculated by adding the cross flow velocity to the entrainment velocity in a still medium. The implications of this lead to an additional term in the integral momentum equations and show how the normal entrainment assumption changes naturally into the forced entrainment formulation at higher cross flows.