bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Searching for the physiological role and therapeutic potential of vascular proteinase‐activated receptor‐2 (PAR2)
Authors: McGuire John J. , Triggle Chris R. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe intercellular interactions of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells are interesting to many scientists who seek to develop new drugs to treat cardiovascular diseases. Of particular interest is the regulation of blood flow by the paracrine actions of the endothelium on the underlying vascular smooth muscle cells of blood vessels. The development and further understanding of drugs that mimic or potentiate endothelial‐derived factors, in particular vasodilators such as nitric oxide (NO), have proved to be of therapeutic benefit (e.g., sildenafil, nitroglycerin). On the other hand, endothelial‐derived proinflammatory substances are released in response to tissue insult or during the progression of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Proteinase‐activated receptor 2 (PAR2) represents a novel target for vascular biology because of 1) its unique mechanism of activation by proteinases, 2) questions regarding the identity of the endogenous agonist(s), and 3) its apparent multiple activities in the vasculature. Whether it will be agonists or antagonists of PAR2 that will serve as the basis for a new class of therapeutic agents for the treatment of vascular diseases is an open question for further research and drug development. Drug Dev. Res. 60:14–19, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Upregulation of proteinase‐activated receptors (PARs) and cardiovascular function
Authors: Cirino Giuseppe , Cicala Carla 
Published: September 2003

AbstractProteinase activated receptors (PARs) have attracted particular attention for their possible role in cardiovascular physiology and disease. The aim of this article is to review what is known up to now about the upregulation of PARs that are targets for thrombin (PARs 1, 3, and 4) and PAR2, which is not activated by thrombin. Particular emphasis will be given to what is the “state of the art” on the upregulation of these receptors within the cardiovascular system and their relationship to those phenomena that can be encompassed under the term “cardiovascular inflammation.“ Drug Dev. Res. 60:20–23, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteinase‐activated receptors (PARs) and bronchial smooth muscle functions
Authors: Geppetti Pierangelo , Trevisani Marcello 
Published: September 2003

AbstractProteinase‐activated receptors (PARs) have been found to be present in the airway tissue of different mammal species. As for many other receptors, including the bradykinin or tachykinin receptors, their distribution is not restricted to one single cell type, and accordingly, their activation results in the production of diverse and often opposing responses. Remarkable variations have been found in different mammal species regarding the distribution and function of PARs. This first observation may explain the substantial differences observed occasionally in the role of various PARs and their agonists in the modulation of bronchomotor activity and in other airway functions. In addition, these considerations should result in caution in drawing conclusions from findings obtained in one single mammal species and applying them to human tissues and human diseases. The present article will focus on the distribution and function of PARs in the airway tissues from experimental animals and humans. Particular emphasis will be given to the distribution and function of PAR2 because this receptor type has been shown to produce a large variety of responses of potential interest for airway pathophysiology. Drug Dev. Res. 60:24–28, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteinase‐activated receptors and the pathophysiology of pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Chambers Rachel C. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractInterest in the role of proteinase‐activated receptors (PARs) in the pathogenesis of fibrotic lung disease was fuelled by two central observations: first, the recognition that the coagulation cascade is activated in a number of these disorders; and second, the long‐standing observation that thrombin, a principal regulator of coagulation, is a potent mitogen for fibroblasts, the key cell type responsible for the production of interstitial collagens in the fibrotic lung. This article will briefly review this evidence and focus on recent studies suggesting an important role for PAR1‐mediated cellular responses in the pathophysiology of lung fibrosis. Drug Dev. Res. 60:29–35, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteinase‐activated receptors (PARs) and the kidney
Authors: Hollenberg Morley D. , Wijesuriya Suranga J. , Gui Yu , Loutzenhiser Rodger 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIt has been discovered that the kidney is an organ that is particularly rich in proteinase‐activated receptor‐2 (PAR2) and that also expresses PARs 1 and 4. Notwithstanding this fact, the potential physiologic role that PARs play in regulating renal function is largely unknown. This article summarizes much about what is known in terms of the expression of mRNA for PARs 1, 2 and 4 in the kidney, the cellular distribution of PARs 1 and 2, and the renal vascular actions of PARs 1, 2, and 4. The ability of PARs 1 and 2 to exert a bidirectional action on renal perfusion flow and glomerular filtration rate and the wide distribution of PARs 1 and 2 in both vascular and epithelial elements of the kidney imply not only that the PARs may play an important pathophysiologic role in the kidney, but that the individual PARs may each play distinct roles in this regard. Drug Dev. Res. 60:36–42, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Signal transduction by serine proteinases in astrocytes: Regulation of proliferation, morphologic changes, and survival via proteinase‐activated receptors
Authors: Wang Hong , Reiser Georg 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAstrocytes, in addition to their conventionally known function as supporting cells in the brain, have recently been revealed to play a much more pivotal role in maintaining the brain's vitality than has been previously assumed. Astrocytes, an intimate partner of neurons, coordinate neuronal activity across cellular networks in the central nervous system (CNS). Proteinases like thrombin can act on astrocytes via activation of plasma membrane proteinase‐activated receptors (PARs), thereby mediating cellular responses such as morphologic changes, proliferation, and survival. These astrocyte responses may have an important influence on neuronal development, plasticity, and repair after injury. These effects may be mediated either through distinct or overlapping signal transduction cascades, after activation of PARs. In this article, we summarize recent findings regarding the widespread distribution of PARs in the brain, as well as the underlying signaling events initiated by proteinases in astrocytes. Such studies provide a better understanding of the intracellular signaling machinery linking PARs to their potential physiologic and pathologic functions in the CNS. Drug Dev. Res. 60:43–50, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteinase‐activated receptor expression and function in the brain
Authors: Noorbakhsh Farshid , Power Christopher 
Published: September 2003

AbstractProteinase‐activated receptors (PARs) represent a novel family of G‐protein coupled receptors that mediate the diverse biologic effects of proteinases on target cells. Four different members of the PAR family have been identified so far: PAR1, PAR3, and PAR4 act as receptors for thrombin, and PAR2 is activated by trypsin/tryptase. It is now known that all four subtypes of PARs are widely expressed in the central nervous system, and there is increasing evidence to suggest roles for proteinases and PARs in development and pathogenesis in the nervous system. Harnessing different G proteins and a variety of signal transduction cascades, PARs can affect neural cell proliferation, morphology, and electrical activities. PARs have also been considered as major players in neuroinflammatory/degenerative processes in which they play both neuroprotective and neuropathogenic roles. The advent of PARs agonistic and antagonistic peptides, which selectively activate their cognate receptor and mediate a broad spectrum of PAR‐executed effects in the nervous system, makes these peptides attractive therapeutic possibilities. Herein we review different aspects of PARs activities in the normal development and function of the brain and address some evidence related to PARs roles in nervous system pathogenesis with a focus on neuroinflammatory/degenerative disorders. Drug Dev. Res. 60:51–57, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteinase‐activated receptors (PARs) in the nervous system: Roles in neuroplasticity and neurotrauma
Authors: Festoff Barry W. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA brief overview is presented of the rapidly evolving effects of thrombin, other serine proteinases, their proteinase‐activated receptors (PARs), and their downstream signaling pathways in the peripheral (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS). In other articles presented in this volume of Drug Development Research, emphasis on the role of thrombin and PARs in astrocyte and microglial function is emphasized and will only be touched upon herein. This overview focuses on the PAR family, principally PAR1, in neuronal dysfunction and what appears to be a differential vulnerability to thrombin in neuronal subsets. It also emphasizes upregulation of PARs in neurodegeneration and neurotrauma as part of a neuroplastic response, but which may be maladaptive as well as adaptive in effect. Finally, regulation of PAR signaling will be mentioned—through one or more G‐protein‐coupled receptor regulated protein kinases—as they relate to microglial responses. The role(s) of thrombin and PAR signaling in neuroplasticity is in keeping with emerging roles for these pathways in pathophysiologic responses, and demands a careful evaluation by the pharmacologic community in terms of drug development in the CNS. Drug Dev. Res. 60:58–64, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteinase‐activated receptors (PARs) and immune function
Authors: Fiorucci Stefano , Distrutti Eleonora 
Published: September 2003

AbstractProteinase‐activated receptors (PARs) function as cell sensors for proteinases. Expression of PARs in immune cells suggests a role in innate immunity. PAR1 mediates the cellular effects of thrombin and causes cytokine and chemokine production by endothelial cells and macrophages. Expression of PAR1 on fibroblasts mediates the profibrogenic activity of thrombin and triggers extracellular matrix protein deposition. PAR2 activation by trypsin, tryptase, and coagulation proteinases triggers both pro‐ and antiinflammatory activities by regulating monocyte recruitment/activation in inflamed tissues. Drug Dev. Res. 60:65–70, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detecting and tracing illegal access by using traffic pattern matching technique
Authors: Takei Yohsuke , Ohta Kohei , Kato Nei , Nemoto Yoshiaki 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIllegal access on the Internet has become a problem in recent years. Since illegal access aimed at the network significantly affects the entire network, there has been an urgent need to establish countermeasures. Observing network traffic is considered an effective means for detecting this type of illegal access. However, problems presented by the kinds of illegal access represented by a DoS (Denial of Service) attack are that the attacker can alter the packet source address. Acquiring and analyzing packet information is also difficult due to the increased network speed. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish a reliable and low‐impact observation technique and a technique that enables attackers to be traced in future high‐speed network environments. In this paper, the authors propose an algorithm for detecting illegal access by extracting and comparing changes in traffic patterns and show that illegal access can be detected and traced by applying this algorithm. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(1): 61–71, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10014
Consideration of the local SAR and radiation characteristics of a helical antenna using a cylindroid whole body phantom at 150 MHz
Authors: Koyanagi Yoshio , Kawai Hiroki , Ogawa Koichi , Ito Koichi 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA cylindroid whole body phantom is proposed to evaluate the local specific absorption rate (SAR) and radiation characteristics when a small normal‐mode helical antenna (NHA) of a 150‐MHz wireless terminal is in the vicinity of the abdomen of a human body. For their investigations, the distance between the NHA and phantom was set to the value in actual usage conditions. The thermography method is employed to evaluate the local SAR. It was confirmed that the local SAR of a wireless terminal with a transmission output of 5 W did not exceed 5 W/kg even in impedance‐matched conditions. In addition, to check the interrelationship between the local SAR and radiation characteristics in actual usage conditions, an analysis that considered impedance mismatch loss was employed. The results show that the rise of the local SAR decreased by deterioration of the radiated power due to mismatch loss when accompanying a phantom approach. Although the local SAR for a mismatch condition did not exceed 1.2 W/kg regardless of the distance, the maximum gain deteriorated at least 10 dB compared with the matching condition. The authors show that by setting the target value of the local SAR to at most 2 W/kg and controlling the matching condition or available power of the power supply, the gain can be improved 5 dB or more. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(1): 48–60, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10084
Environment‐adaptive personal communications realizing ubiquitous computing networks
Authors: Kamioka Eiji , Yamada Shigeki 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the realization of a ubiquitous computing network designed to improve the reachability of communications and to eliminate complex setup and manipulation related to communications. The new communication system EAPEC (environment‐adaptive personal communications) is proposed. The communications context of the user, which changes from time to time, is automatically acquired. Based on that information, the communications terminal and the communications service/medium that are optimal for the receiver to receive the message are automatically selected. Then, according to the selection, the communications service or the communications medium is automatically converted. It is shown in this paper that EAPEC can be realized under the 3GPP (third‐generation partnership project) IP network architecture. Placement of five functional modules in the network and the automatic acquisition procedure for communications context are described. As a means of performance evaluation, the call setup delay is evaluated by simulation, and guidelines for network design are obtained. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(1): 34–47, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10087
Frequency stability measuring technique using digital signal processing
Authors: Uchino Masaharu , Mochizuki Ken 
Published: September 2003

AbstractTo measure the frequency stability of an atomic oscillator having high‐frequency stability, a technique using a pair of mixers and a time interval counter is widely used. This technique shares the signals of a local oscillator, uses a pair of mixers to convert the signals of the reference oscillator and the signals of the test oscillator to beat signals, and then uses a time interval counter to measure the phase difference between the beat signals. In this paper, the authors propose a frequency stability measuring technique that uses a two‐channel audio band digitizer in place of the time interval counter. This technique uses the local oscillator and pair of mixers to convert the test signals and reference signals to audio‐band beat signals, and then performs an analog‐to‐digital conversion on the beat signals. When the phase difference between two beat signals is numerically calculated, not only the effect of the local oscillator's phase noise can be eliminated, but the DC offset voltage generated from the mixers is not a critical problem for frequency stability measurements. The authors developed a prototype frequency stability analyzer based on this technique and obtained an Allan deviation (square root of the Allan variance) of σy(τ) = 5 × 10−17at τ = 1000 seconds as a result of measuring its residual noise at a frequency of 100 MHz. This technique can be used to analyze a wide range of properties such as the clock quality of digital devices that operate at high speed, as well as the frequency stability of atomic oscillators at arbitrary nominal frequencies. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(1): 21–33, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10097
Use of optical orthogonal codes with 2‐PPM and BCH codes for time‐hopping optical CDMA system
Authors: Iwata Ayako , Sawagashira Hiroshi , Sonoda Toshio , Kamakura Koji , Sasase Iwao 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn this paper, we propose the use of 2‐PPM for time‐hopping optical code division multiple access (CDMA) where the transmission bits are embedded in the weighted positions of signature sequences. To use 2‐PPM, each chip is composed of two slots, and an optical pulse is transmitted in either slot, according to a bit transmitted in the corresponding weighted position. In the receiver, threshold detection is used, which makes bits that have suffered multiple access interference (MAI) erasure bits. By using codeword bits of the BCH codes for the transmitted bits, the effect of MAI is removed in the decoding of BCH codes. Since the effect of MAI is treated as erasure bits, the proposed method reduces the effect of MAI more than the decoding procedures treating them as error bits. In addition, the use of extended BCH (eBCH) codes allows us to reduce the effect of MAI more efficiently. We analyze the bit error rate (BER) of the proposed system, assuming that the photodetector outputs follow the Poisson distribution. The numerical results show that the proposed system achieves better BER performance than the system without Manchester signaling. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(1): 11–20, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10123
OFDM transmission characteristics in multipath environment where the delay spreading exceeds the guard interval analyzed based on the ETP model
Authors: Gejoh Noriyuki , Karasawa Yoshio 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBy establishing a guard interval, the OFDM method shows excellent characteristics in a multipath environment. However, if the delay spreading exceeds that guard interval, intersymbol interference occurs. In this paper, we propose a method of extending the “equivalent transmission path model” to analyze the OFDM transmission characteristics in this kind of multipath environment in which the delay spreading exceeds the guard interval and show that the results obtained by using this method match the exact simulation results to a sufficient approximation precision. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(1): 1–10, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10131
Estimation of a Brillouin power spectrum distribution based on an iterative weighted least mean square method
Authors: Yamada Takayuki , Naruse Hiroshi 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA fiberoptic strain sensor is being developed that exploits the fact that the difference between the central frequency of Brillouin scattering, which is a type of back scattering that occurs in optical fibers, and the incident light frequency depends on the strain of the optical fiber. The measurement of the central frequency of the Brillouin scattering requires an estimation of the power spectrum distribution of the Brillouin scattering. An improvement in distribution estimation accuracy can potentially improve both the accuracy of central frequency measurements and the precision of strain measurements. Focusing on the problem of the power spectrum distribution of the Brillouin scattering, this paper proposes a weighted repetition least mean square algorithm. The paper also examines the stability of the proposed repetition algorithm and demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach through simulations. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(1): 72–80, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1183
Modeling of CNR characteristics under bandwidth limitation on transmission systems employing optical super wide‐band FM technique
Authors: Fuse Masaru , Kudo Yoshiharu , Ishii Yoshikazu , Nojima Kazuhiro , Morikura Susumu 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWith regards to an optical transmission system employing the optical super wide‐band FM technique, which realizes multichannel video distribution on existing optical access networks, this paper examines the bandwidth limitation on the wide‐band FM signal as a factor of CNR degradation theoretically and experimentally. The required bandwidth for an FM signal has been estimated by the Komai‐Carson law, but there have been few studies of the quantitative relationship between that bandwidth and the amount of CNR degradation. To analyze such CNR degradation, we proposed a model for bandwidth limitation on the wide‐band FM signal with the “equivalent noise pulse.” The CNR theory on our proposed model can explain the actual CNR characteristics with bandwidth limitation. The results show that the bandwidth required is more than four times the standard deviation of the FM spectrum in order to maintain the CNR degradation of less than 1 dB. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(1): 81–89, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1184
Approximate derivation of average bit error rate in DS‐CDMA systems in a frequency‐selective Rayleigh fading environment
Authors: Sasamori Fumihito , Maehara Fumiaki , Takahata Fumio 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe transmission quality of mobile radio communications is strongly affected by fading with rapid fluctuations in the envelope and phase of the received signal, in addition to the effect of thermal noise. This paper considers a multiple access system (DS‐CDMA system) using the spread spectrum technique with direct spread, and presents a method of deriving the approximate average bit error rate in a frequency‐selective fading environment (the n‐ray Rayleigh fading model), with the maximum Doppler frequency, the delay time of the delayed wave, and the number of stations simultaneously utilizing the channel as parameters. The two‐wave model and the IMT2000 model are considered as examples, and the validity of the proposed method is demonstrated by the fact that the results obtained by the approximate formula agree well with the simulation results even if the parameters are varied. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(1): 90–100, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1185