bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monetary policy rules in practice: evidence from Turkey
Authors: Berument Hakan , Taşçi Hakan 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis paper estimates a forward‐looking monetary policy reaction function of the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey by considering the period from 1990:01 to 2000:10. When the spread between the interbank rate and depreciation rate of the local currency is taken as a policy tool, the empirical evidence suggests that the Turkish Central Bank responds to its foreign exchange reserves, output and M2 growth not the forward, current or lagged inflation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protective effect of α‐lipoic acid against chloroquine‐induced hepatotoxicity in rats
Authors: Pari L. , Murugavel P. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractOral administration of a‐lipoic acid, a metavitamin, was investigated for its possible hepatoprotective effect in Wistar rats against chloroquine‐induced toxicity. Rats were treated orally with α‐lipoic acid (10, 30 and 100 mg kg−1 day−1) for 7 days before a single oral administration of chloroquine (970 mg kg−1 day−1) and α‐lipoic acid treatment was continued for three more days. The increased level of serum enzymes (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase), bilirubin, lipids and plasma thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) and hydroperoxides observed in rats treated with chloroquine were very much reduced in rats treated with α‐lipoic acid plus chloroquine. A signiﬁcant decrease in plasma antioxidants such as reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C and vitamin E were observed in chloroquine‐treated rats when compared with control rats. Administration of α‐lipoic acid signiﬁcantly improved the levels of plasma antioxidants GSH, vitamin C and vitamin E in chloroquine‐treated rats. In the case of 100 mg kg−1 day−1 the effect was highly signiﬁcant compared with the other doses (10 and 30 mg kg−1 day−1). The results of the study revealed that α‐lipoic acid could offer protection against chloroquine‐induced hepatotoxicity. α‐Lipoic acid had a better protective effect when compared with silymarin, a reference drug. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity in rats
Authors: Fadillioglu Ersin , Oztas Emin , Erdogan Hasan , Yagmurca Murat , Sogut Sadik , Ucar Muharrem , Irmak M. Kemal 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe prevention of doxorubicin (DXR)‐induced cardiotoxicity may be helpful to improve future DXR therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the cardio‐protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an antioxidant agent, on DXR‐induced cardiotoxicity. Rats were divided into three groups and treated with saline, DXR and DXR + CAPE. Rats were treated with CAPE (10 µmol kg−1 day−1 i.p.) or saline starting 2 days before a single dose of DXR (20 mg kg−1 i.p.). Ten days later, haemodynamic measurements were performed and the hearts were excised for biochemical analyses and microscopic examination. The heart rate and mean blood pressure were higher and the pulse pressure was lower in the DXR group than in the other two groups. The administration of DXR alone resulted in higher myeloperoxidase activity, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl content than in the other groups. The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were higher in DXR and DXR + CAPE groups than in the saline group. Rats in the DXR + CAPE group had increased catalase activity in comparison with the DXR group and high glutathione peroxidase activity in comparison with the other two groups. There was severe disruption of mitochondrial ﬁne structure in the electron microscopy of the DXR group. In contrast, myocardial microscopy appeared nearly normal in the DXR + CAPE group (as deﬁned at the electron microscopic level). In light of these in vivo haemodynamic, enzymatic and morphological results, we conclude that CAPE pretreatment signiﬁcantly attenuated DXR‐induced cardiac injury, possibly with its antioxidant effects. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adrenal toxicity in dogs and cats as a contributing cause of hormonal and immune destabilization
Authors: Plechner Alfred J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe adrenal cortex is regarded as the organ most vulnerable to toxicity within the endocrine system. The production of cortisol, among the many steroidal hormones produced by the cortex, may suffer as a result. In a veterinary clinical practice, household dogs and cats with a wide variety of diseases ranging from allergies to cancer commonly have a cortisol deﬁciency or defect that triggers endocrine imbalances and immune system destabilization. The causes of deﬁcient cortisol are linked primarily to genetics but also to acquired adrenal damage likely stemming from environmental toxins. An innovative blood test to determine relevant endocrine–immune imbalances in pets and a treatment method based on low‐dosage steroidal medication, as a form of cortisol replacement therapy, are described. Despite a prevailing reluctance to use steroidal medications long term because of the fear of side effects, extended and even life‐time usage of these medications at low, physiologic dosages has been applied successfully for decades and appears to be gaining wider acceptance. The validity of a combined testing and treatment method for humans based on the veterinary model deserves investigation as a tool with which to identify and correct toxic damage to adrenal function. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mouse strain differences in eosinophilic airway inﬂammation caused by intratracheal instillation of mite allergen and diesel exhaust particles
Authors: Ichinose Takamichi , Takano Hirohisa , Sadakane Kaori , Yanagisawa Rie , Yoshikawa Toshikazu , Sagai Masaru , Shibamoto Takayuki 
Published: January 2004

AbstractResponse differences by different strains of mice towards house dust mites (Dermatophagoides farinae) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP) were investigated. Mouse strains BALB/c, ICR and C3H/He received 1 µg of D. farinae or 1 µg of D. farinae + 50 µg of DEP intratracheally four times at 2‐week intervals. Dermatophagoides farinae treatment caused the recruitment of eosinophils and lymphocytes. The order of magnitude of the eosinophilic airway inﬂammation was BALB/c < ICR < C3H/He mice. The protein levels of eotaxin and IL‐5 in lung tissues correlated with the manifestations of eosinophilic airway inﬂammation by D. farinae administration. Diesel exhaust particles aggravated the manifestation of the eosinophilic inﬂammation through goblet cell proliferation in the airway and enhanced the local expression of eotaxin and IL‐5 in all three strains of mice. The levels of eotaxin and IL‐5 in lung tissues corresponded to the pathological changes caused by D. farinae + DEP. The increasing order of production levels of antigen‐speciﬁc IgG1 by D. farinae or D. farinae + DEP was BALB/c < ICR < C3H/He mice. The signiﬁcant adjuvant effect of DEP on IgG1 production was observed in the C3H/He mice (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the murine strain differences in the production of eosinophilic airway inﬂammation by D. farinae + DEP are related to differences in local expression of IL‐5 and eotaxin. The enhancing effects of DEP may be mediated by a cytokine increase in the local expression. Antigen‐speciﬁc IgG1 may be an important immunoglobulin in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma enhanced by DEP. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Signiﬁcance of the detection of esters of p‐hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens) in human breast tumours
Authors: Harvey Philip W. , Everett David J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis issue of Journal of Applied Toxicology publishes the paper Concentrations of Parabens in Human Breast Tumours by Darbre et al. (2004), which reports that esters of p‐hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens) can be detected in samples of tissue from human breast tumours. Breast tumour samples were supplied from 20 patients, in collaboration with the Edinburgh Breast Unit Research Group, and analysed by high‐pressure liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The parabens are used as antimicrobial preservatives in underarm deodorants and antiperspirants and in a wide range of other consumer products. The parabens also have inherent oestrogenic and other hormone related activity (increased progesterone receptor gene expression). As oestrogen is a major aetiological factor in the growth and development of the majority of human breast cancers, it has been previously suggested by Darbre that parabens and other chemicals in underarm cosmetics may contribute to the rising incidence of breast cancer. The signiﬁcance of the ﬁnding of parabens in tumour samples is discussed here in terms of 1) Darbre et al's study design, 2) what can be inferred from this type of data (and what can not, such as the cause of these tumours), 3) the toxicology of these compounds and 4) the limitations of the existing toxicology database and the need to consider data that is appropriate to human exposures. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the 3BD‐closed set B3({4,5,6})
Authors: Ji L. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractLet B3(K) = {v:∃ an S(3,K,v)}. For K = {4} or {4,6}, B3(K) has been determined by Hanani, and for K = {4, 5} by a previous paper of the author. In this paper, we investigate the case of K = {4,5,6}. It is easy to see that if v ∈ B3 ({4, 5, 6}), then v ≡ 0, 1, 2 (mod 4). It is known that B3{4, 6}) = {v > 0: v ≡ 0 (mod 2)} ⊂ B3({4,5,6}) by Hanani and that B3({4, 5}) = {v > 0: v ≡ 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10 (mod 12) and v ≠ 13} ⊂ B3({4, 5, 6}). We shall focus on the case of v ≡ 9 (mod 12). It is proved that B3({4,5,6}) = {v > 0: v ≡ 0, 1, 2 (mod 4) and v ≠ 9, 13}. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Concerning seven and eight mutually orthogonal Latin squares
Authors: R. Abel R. Julian , Colbourn Charles J. , Wojtas Mieczyslaw 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIn this paper, three new direct Mutually Orthogonal Latin Squares (MOLS) constructions are presented for 7 MOLS(24), 7 MOLS(75) and 8 MOLS(36); then using recursive methods, several new constructions for 7 and 8 MOLS are obtained. These reduce the largest value for which 7 MOLS are unknown from 780 to 570, and the largest odd value for which 8 MOLS are unknown from 1935 to 419. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Magnetic resonance portography using contrast‐enhanced fat‐saturated three‐dimensional steady‐state free precession imaging
Authors: Amano Yasuo , Takahama Katsuya , Nozaki Atsushi , Amano Maki , Kumazaki Tatsuo 
Published: January 2004

AbstractPurposeTo assess the feasibility of contrast‐enhanced fat‐saturated three‐dimensional steady‐state free precession (FIESTA) imaging for contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) portography.Materials and MethodsContrast‐enhanced fat‐saturated three‐dimensional fast spoiled gradient‐echo (SPGR) and FIESTA were performed as MR portography. In 10 cases, fat‐saturated three‐dimensional FIESTA was first performed and followed by fast SPGR, and the order of post‐contrast imaging was reversed in the other 10 cases. Signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNRs) and contrast‐to‐noise ratios (CNRs) were estimated for portal and visceral veins on the source images. The visualization of portal vein was scored on three‐dimensional MR portography. Portal venous system disorders were assessed using three‐dimensional MR portography.ResultsThe SNRs, CNRs, and visual assessment of portal and visceral veins were significantly higher in contrast‐enhanced fat‐saturated three‐dimensional FIESTA than contrast‐enhanced fat‐saturated three‐dimensional fast SPGR (P < 0.05). The contrast‐enhanced fat‐saturated three‐dimensional FIESTA provided high venous signals even at 8 minutes after gadolinium injection. The abnormalities of portal venous system were well visualized with MR portography using contrast‐enhanced fat‐saturated three‐dimensional FIESTA.ConclusionContrast‐enhanced fat‐saturated three‐dimensional FIESTA was valuable for MR portography, with flexible time window and high vascular signals. This imaging may allow for other post‐contrast imaging options before portography and release patients from consecutive breath‐holds. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:238–244. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Blood oxygenation level‐dependent MRI of cerebral gliomas during breath holding
Authors: Hsu Yuan‐Yu , Chang Chen‐Nen , Jung Shih‐Ming , Lim Kun‐Eng , Huang Ju‐Chuan , Fang Shin‐Yi , Liu Ho‐Ling 
Published: January 2004

AbstractPurposeTo assess the cerebrovascular responses to short breath holding of cerebral gliomas using blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Materials and MethodsSix patients with a low‐grade glioma and one patient with a high‐grade glioma were studied using T2*‐weighted echo planar imaging (EPI) during repeated periods of 15‐second or 20‐second breath‐holding. Tumor vascularity was evaluated using dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion MRI.ResultsIncreases in BOLD signal intensity during repeated breath‐holding were consistently identified in patients' normal appearing gray matter, comparable with those in healthy adults. Absence of significant BOLD signal enhancement was noted both in low‐grade and high‐grade gliomas, which is either due to overwhelming hypoxia in a tumor, inadequacy or absence of hypercapnia‐induced vasodilatation of tumor vessels, or both. Breath‐hold regulated decreases in BOLD signals occurred only in the high‐grade glioma, which is most likely due to the hypercapnia‐induced steal effect that redistributes blood flow from tumor regions with unresponsive neovasculature to surrounding normal tissue.ConclusionBOLD MRI during short breath holding can disclose differential cerebrovascular response between normal tissue and cerebral glioma. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:160–167. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MR flow mapping of dobutamine‐induced changes in diastolic heart function
Authors: Paelinck Bernard P. , Lamb Hildo J. , Bax Jeroen J. , van der Wall Ernst E. , de Roos Albert 
Published: January 2004

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the ability of MR flow mapping to measure changes in left ventricular filling during β‐adrenergic stimulation.Materials and MethodsMitral flow was measured in 10 healthy volunteers using conventional free breathing fast‐field echo (FFE) with a spatial resolution of 2.7 × 2.2 mm and a temporal resolution of 22 msec. The sequence was repeated during dobutamine infusion (20 μg/kg/minute).ResultsStroke volume increased from a median of 99 mL (range: 68–142 mL) (Note: values as presented are medians and ranges, throughout) to 114 mL (87–180 mL) (P < 0.05). Both early (E) peak filling rate (554 mL/second [433–497 mL] to 651 mL/second [496–1096 mL/second]) (P < 0.05) and atrial (A) peak filling rate (238 mL/second [183–352 mL/second] to 341 mL/second [230–538 mL/second]) (P < 0.05) increased. These changes, together with the increase in E acceleration peak and A deceleration peak, were consistent with facilitated myocardial relaxation.ConclusionConventional free breathing FFE has the ability to measure the effects of β‐adrenergic stimulation on left ventricular filling. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:176–181. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A method for preamplifier‐decoupling improvement in quadrature phased‐array coils
Authors: Guclu Ceylan Celil , Boskamp Ed , Zheng Tsinghua , Becerra Ricardo , Blawat LeRoy 
Published: January 2004

AbstractPurposeTo improve preamplifier decoupling in a quadrature phased‐array coil using a new quadrature combiner configuration.Materials and MethodsA commercial six‐element quadrature cervical‐thoracic‐lumbar (CTL) coil was used on a 1.5 T GE Signa Lx Scanner. The new combiner configuration is designed based on the fact that when one compares the amount of flux linkage of two loops with butterfly elements separated by the same distance, the loop elements have much higher coupling than the butterfly elements.ResultsThe results are demonstrated using an imaging‐based element coupling measurement method. The new quadrature combiner configuration has introduced an approximately −8dB improvement in preamplifier decoupling.ConclusionOne‐dimensional quadrature phased arrays can be built even if the preamplifier is not integrated in the coil. If the combiner is placed between the coil and the preamplifiers, the butterflies should be on the high impedance side of the quadrature combiner. The loops should see the low input impedance of the preamplifiers. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:255–258. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automatic model‐based evaluation of magnetic resonance‐guided radio frequency ablation lesions with histological correlation
Authors: Lazebnik Roee S. , Breen Michael S. , Lewin Jonathan S. , Wilson David L. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractPurposeTo develop a model‐based method for automatic evaluation of radio frequency (RF) ablation treatment using magnetic resonance (MR) images.Materials and MethodsRF current lesions were generated in a rabbit thigh model using MR imaging (MRI) guidance. We created a 12‐parameter, three‐dimensional, globally deformable model with quadric surfaces that delineates lesion boundaries and is automatically fitted to MR grayscale data. We applied this method to in vivo T2‐ and contrast‐enhanced (CE) T1‐weighted MR images acquired immediately post‐ablation and four days later. We then compared results to manually segmented MR and three‐dimensional registered corresponding histological boundaries of cellular damage.ResultsResulting lesions featured a two‐boundary appearance with an inner region and an outer hyperintense margin on MR images. For automated vs. manual MR boundaries, the mean errors over all specimens were 0.19 ± 0.51 mm and 0.27 ± 0.52 mm for the inner surface, and −0.29 ± 0.40 mm and −0.12 ± 0.17 mm for the outer surface, for T2‐ and CE T1‐weighted images, respectively. For automated vs. histological boundaries, mean errors over all specimens were 0.07 ± 0.64 mm and 0.33 ± 0.71 mm for the inner surface, and −0.27 ± 0.69 mm and 0.02 ± 0.43 mm for the outer surface, for T2‐ and CE T1‐weighted images, respectively. All boundary errors compared favorably to MR voxel dimensions, which were 0.7 mm in‐plane and 3.0 mm thick.ConclusionThe method is accurate both in describing MR‐apparent boundaries and in predicting histological response and has applications in lesion visualization, volume estimation, and treatment evaluation. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:245–254. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
K‐space in the clinic
Authors: Paschal Cynthia B. , Morris H. Douglas 
Published: January 2004

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences are characterized by both radio frequency (RF) pulses and time‐varying gradient magnetic fields. The RF pulses manipulate the alignment of the resonant nuclei and thereby generate a measurable signal. The gradient fields spatially encode the signals so that those arising from one location in an excited slice of tissue may be distinguished from those arising in another location. These signals are collected and mapped into an array called k‐space that represents the spatial frequency content of the imaged object. Spatial frequencies indicate how rapidly an image feature changes over a given distance. It is the action of the gradient fields that determines where in the k‐space array each data point is located, with the order in which k‐space points are acquired being described by the k‐space trajectory. How signals are mapped into k‐space determines much of the spatial, temporal, and contrast resolution of the resulting images and scan duration. The objective of this article is to provide an understanding of k‐space as is needed to better understand basic research in MRI and to make well‐informed decisions about clinical protocols. Four major classes of trajectories—echo planar imaging (EPI), standard (non‐EPI) rectilinear, radial, and spiral—are explained. Parallel imaging techniques SMASH (simultaneous acquisition of spatial harmonics) and SENSE (sensitivity encoding) are also described. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:145–159. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bone marrow diffusion in osteoporosis: Evaluation with quantitative MR diffusion imaging
Authors: Yeung David K. W. , Wong Samuel Y.S. , Griffith James F. , Lau Edith M.C. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractPurposeTo determine the diffusion of vertebral body marrow with quantitative MR diffusion imaging and to examine whether differences exist between subjects with postmenopausal osteoporosis and premenopausal control subjects.Materials and MethodsA total of 44 consecutive women (mean age, 70 years) with documented bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry (T‐score) and 20 normal subjects (mean age, 28 years) were examined with echo‐planar diffusion imaging at 1.5 T using b values of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 seconds/mm2. Extravascular diffusion (D) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were calculated and results from both groups compared.ResultsBoth D and ADC values tended to decrease with decreasing BMD. Mean D values were significantly lower in postmenopausal women with reduced BMD (0.42 ± 0.12 × 10–3 mm2/second) than normal premenopausal women (0.50 ± 0.09 × 10–3 mm2/second). Mean ADC values were significantly lower both in subjects with reduced BMD (0.41 ± 0.10 × 10–3 mm2/second) and normal BMD (0.43 ± 0.08 × 10–3 mm2/second) compared to normal controls (0.49 ± 0.07 × 10–3 mm2/second).ConclusionAccumulation of fatty bone marrow associated with osteoporosis is reflected by a decrease in D and ADC. Diffusion imaging may prove useful in the study of osteoporosis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:222–228. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of motion gating strategies for mouse magnetic resonance at high magnetic fields
Authors: Cassidy Paul J. , Schneider Jürgen E. , Grieve Stuart M. , Lygate Craig , Neubauer Stefan , Clarke Kieran 
Published: January 2004

AbstractPurposeTo assess the performance of motion gating strategies for mouse cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) at high magnetic fields by quantifying the levels of motion artifact observed in images and spectra in vivo.Materials and MethodsMR imaging (MRI) of the heart, diaphragm, and liver; MR angiography of the aortic arch; and slice‐selective 1H‐spectroscopy of the heart were performed on anesthetized C57Bl/6 mice at 11.75 T. Gating signals were derived using a custom‐built physiological motion gating device, and the gating strategies considered were no gating, cardiac gating, conventional gating (i.e., blanking during respiration), automatic gating, and user‐defined gating. Both automatic and user‐defined modes used cardiac and respiratory gating with steady‐state maintenance during respiration. Gating performance was assessed by quantifying the levels of motion artifact observed in images and the degree of amplitude and phase stability in spectra.ResultsUser‐defined gating with steady‐state maintenance during respiration gave the best performance for mouse cardiac imaging, angiography, and spectroscopy, with a threefold increase in signal intensity and a sixfold reduction in noise intensity compared to cardiac gating only.ConclusionPhysiological gating with steady‐state maintenance during respiration is essential for mouse cardiac MR at high magnetic fields. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:229–237. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.