bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body’s Montage; History’s Mise-En-Scène
Authors: Penn Arthur , Stone Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Firsts are difficult to find in film history. There are so many films and so many lost films that one is put in danger suggesting that one film or another is the first of anything. The problem is compounded when one searches for the first film that demonstrates a cinematic movement and a critical theory. Modernism is a theory, as well as an artistic practice, based as any other theory on the empirical evidence of a number of films read against the culture and ideologies of a historical period. The first films that demonstrated the self-consciousness and foregrounding of form that are an important part of the modernism occurred early in American film. We can turn to Buster Keaton’s Sherlock Jr. (1924), in which Buster plays a projectionist who walks into the film he is showing and gets caught in its montage. In the USSR, both Sergei Eisenstein and Dziga Vertov played against the already institutionalized classical form of film to bring the viewer into active participation with the meaning-making process.1 Both filmmakers took the Russian Revolution as their theme and structure, and both thought deeply about the language native to their art. Eisenstein concentrated on montage, the building of structure through the arrangement of shots. Vertov, especially in The Man with a Movie Camera (1929), gave a kind of anthropomorphic life to the movie camera as a cyborgian extension of the filmmaker.2
Of Dinosaurs and Ships
Authors: Spielberg Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to understand the movements and patterns of nineties cinema, we must understand the work of Steven Spielberg, who has established himself as the focus of filmmaking activity during the decade. At the same time, in order to understand Spielberg, we need to examine the flow of cinematic work around him. This chapter will play a bit of counterpoint, looking for some patterns in late twentieth-centuryfilm, finding Spielberg, comparing him with the work of other directors, and then moving to the center and examining his work for both form and content.
Green Island
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acanthaster planci was virtually unknown by coral—reef scientists when Jack Barnes published a short paper in Australian Natural History entitled “The Crown of Thorns Starfish as a Destroyer of Coral.” 1 Barnes told of how he had come to know it. A medical doctor and naturalist, he had an interest in poisonous marine animals and he was well—known for alerting the public to the dangers of the extremely venomous “sea wasp” or box jellyfish. In the late 1950s, he had become curious about reports of the existence of a large, spiny “stinging” starfish in Queensland waters. But sightings of it were infrequent and he had given up hope of ever seeing one. Even experienced divers considered the seastar a great rarity.
Crown-of-thorns Inquisition
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The crown—of—thorns Committee of Inquiry was announced to the press in April 1970 with the news that there would be three members elected by the Queensland government and three from the federal government.1 The federal nominees were: R. J. Walsh, Chairman, Professor of Human Genetics, University of New South Wales. He had chaired the ad hoc crown—of—thorns committee of the Academy of Science months before.
Oceans Apart
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of the Panama Canal is inexorably linked with international politics, economics, and military concerns.1 The Spaniards of the sixteenth century planned a canal and in the seventeenth century fairly large ships were moved across the isthmus on rollers. Not until the end of the nineteenth century was serious construction started in what was then the Colombian province of Panamá. In France, Campaigne Universelie du Canal de Panamd was formed. In 1878, it obtained rights from the Re public of Colombia to build a canal across the isthmus where the continental divide dips to one of its lowest points. It was led by the French engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps, who had been successful in building the Suez Canal, which opened nine years earlier. Digging the Panama Canal began in 1881, but the attempt failed. More than 22,000 workers died, mostly from yellow fever and malaria; the company went bankrupt, and the attempt was given up in 1889.
The Search for Cures
Authors: Musto David F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opium use was extensive before the modern era. By the Middle Ages opium was used in standard antidotes such as theriac, mithradatium, and philonium, which combined an elaborate array of sub­ stances with large amounts of opium. In the mid-sixteenth century opium was particularly associated with the Swiss firebrand Paracelsus, and it is likely that his followers began to use the word laudanum for the alcoholic tincture of opium. The laudanum that be­ mused DeQuincey and Coleridge, however, was the recipe of one of the greatest seventeenth-century English physicians, Thomas Sydenham: the opium was dissolved in sherry flavored with cinnamon, cloves, and saffron-an early cocktail. Sydenham considered opium “one of the most valued medicines in the world [which] does more honor to medicine than any remedy whatsoever.”
Marihuana and the Federal Bureau of Narcotics
Authors: Musto David F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anslinger became the first Commissioner of Narcotics in 1930, although he had had only sporadic contact with narcotic control.1 Nonetheless, his more than ten years of government experience affected his attitude toward law enforcement and addicts. Anslinger was born in 1892 in Altoona, Pennsylvania. His father worked for the Pennsylvania Railroad, and while Anslinger went to high school and then to Pennsylvania State College, he also worked for the railroad during the summers, doing maintenance and landscaping and occasionally investigating suspicious incidents for the railroad’s captain of police. Later, when the police captain became the state fire marshal, he offered Anslinger a job compiling statistics and investigating instances of suspected arson. In 1917, after the United States declared war on Germany, Anslinger was employed in Washington in the Ordinance Division of the War Department, where his chief task was to oversee government contracts. Ordinance officers were unpopular in Washington; the public expected young men to fight abroad and, when the opportunity came, Anslinger volunteered to the State Department which was looking for reliable German-speaking employees to work in Holland. He recalls being assigned to “check up on ... and straighten out” the indirect American contacts with the Kaiser in order to let the German ruler know that President Wilson wanted him to stay on after the war, but Anslinger failed, obtaining from the whole episode only the Kaiser’s field utility kit which he later gave to the Smithsonian. In 1921 he took the necessary examinations and was appointed to the rank of vice-consul.
Determinants of Bacterial Response to Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The formal definition of an antibiotic restricts the use of the term to chemicals that are produced by microorganisms and that have the capacity to inhibit the growth of, or to kill, bacteria and other microorganisms. This definition distinguishes between chemicals produced by microorganisms and antimicrobial compounds synthesized by chemists (e.g., sulfonamides, trimethoprim, isoniazid). The distinction is rather academic, and one finds that the word antibiotic is now often used to include both these groups of antimicrobial agents.
The Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis, I: Mechanism of Action of the Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Vancomycin, and Other Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discovery of penicillin is a now classic story of serendipity in scientific investigation. In 1928, Fleming noted that bacteria growing in culture in the vicinity of a con taminating mold were lysed. He followed up this observation by culturing the mold in broth and demonstrating that filtrates of the broth were bactericidal in vitro. Almost a decade later, a group at Oxford led by H. W. Florey isolated a crude preparation of the bactericidal agent from cultures of Pen icillium notatum. These investigators subsequently demonstrated the usefulness of this antibiotic in the treatment of bacterial infections in humans.
Bacteriostatic Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis: Chloramphenicol, Macrolides, Clindamycin, Spectinomycin, Tetracyclines and Streptogramins
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like the aminoglycosides, the antibiotics presented in this chapter were originally isolated from soil actinomycetes discovered in large programs that screened extracts of plants and fungi for antibacterial properties. All of the drugs alter bacterial growth by inhibiting protein synthesis. But in contrast to the aminoglycosides, their effect at clinically achieved drug concentrations is bacteriostatic against most sensitive organisms. There is no preferred order for classifying these drugs.
Antifungal Drugs: The Polyene Antibiotics, Flucytosine, Azoles, Iodide, Griseofulvin, and Topical Agents
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The treatment of fungal disease can be divided into two quite different problems ac cording to the location of the infection. The most common fungal infections are superficial and are either treated with one of several topical drugs or with oral drugs, such as ketoconazole, terbinafine, orgriseofulvin. The systemic mycoses constitute quite a different therapeutic problem. These infections are of ten very difficult to treat and long-term, par enteral therapy with potentially toxic drugs may be required. The systemic mycoses are sometimes considered in two groups according to the infecting organism.
Chemotherapy of Malaria
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malaria is one of the major health concerns of the world. Many researchers consider malaria to be the most important infectious dis ease, with an estimated 2.1 billion people living in areas where malaria is transmitted. Every year, there are 100 to 300 million new cases of malaria, and 1 to 2 million people die, mostly in Africa. In endemic malarial areas young children are at greatest risk be cause their natural immunity to the disease is weakest. In recent years the severity of the malaria problem has worsened in many parts of the world because of resistance of the parasites to antimalarial drugs, resistance of the mosquito vectors to insecticides; socioeconomic declines that have led to a de creased capacity to combat the disease, and movement of non immune populations into areas where malaria is transmitted.
Following Through with One’s Plans: Reply to David Gauthier
Authors: Bratman Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are planning agents. Planning helps us to realize ends that we value or desire, in part by helping us achieve important kinds of coordination, both intra-personal and social. A theory of practical rationality for agents like us should include a theory of rational planning (Bratman 1987). At least part of such a theory, and the focus of this discussion, will be a theory of instrumentally rational planning agency, planning agency that is rational in the pursuit of basic desires, ends, and values taken as given. A theory of instrumentally rational planning agency puts to one side important questions about the possibility of rational criticism of basic desires and ends. My discussion here of rational planning will be limited in this way throughout, though I will usually take the liberty of speaking simply of rational planning and action to avoid circumlocution.
Theorem 1
Authors: Burkholder Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a typical single-iteration prisoner’s dilemma (PD) game, each player has available two choices or actions, co-operate and defect. Each player gets a better pay-off by defecting, no matter what the other players do. But when all defect, each gets less than when all co-operate. A singleiteration PD might stand on its own. Agents or players might encounter each other only during a single play of the game, never before and never again. Or a single-iteration PD game might be part of a sequence of games involving the same players. In particular, it might be the last or terminating game or stage in a finite sequence of games. More particularly still, and the details will be gone into later in this paper, a PD game might be the last or terminating game in a sequence of games all but the last of which have no pay-offs or benefits or losses to any of the players but acquiring information or providing disinformation about how the players will act in the terminating PD game.
Akrasia And The Principle Of Continence or What the Tortoise Would Say to Achilles
Authors: Lazar Ariela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At a party, you offer me a cigarette and I consider your offer. On one hand, I reckon that smoking a cigarette now would be very enjoyable. On the other hand, I believe that smoking is detrimental to my health. Not only would smoking this cigarette be harmful in itself, I think, but it would also increase the probability of my picking up an abandoned habit of smoking. In short, accepting your offer for a cigarette decreases my chances of leading a long and healthy life. I consider this goal superior to that of enjoying the short-term pleasure from of smoking. Given my own values and goals, as well as the extent to which I believe accepting your offer would interfere with or satisfy them, I judge that I ought to decline your offer.
Relationships And Responsibilities
Authors: Jler Samuel Schef 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do we come to have responsibilities to some people that we do not have to others? In our everyday lives, many different kinds of considerations are invoked to explain these “special” responsibilities. Often we cite some kind of interaction that we have had with the person to whom we bear the responsibility. Perhaps we made this person a promise, or entered into an agreement with him. Or perhaps we feel indebted to him because of something heonce did for us. Or, again, perhaps we once harmed him in some way, and as a result we feel a responsibility to make reparation to him. In all of these cases, there is either something we have done or some thing the “beneficiary” of the responsibility has done that is cited as the source of that responsibility.
Practical Reason And Moral Certainty The Case of Discrimination
Authors: Richards Janet Radcliffe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The trouble with practical reasoning is that although it is something everybody has to do all the time, doing it well is often appallingly difficult. It is difficult enough even when it concerns only the practicalities of how to achieve some already deter mined goal, and the problem lies in trying to work out how to reach that goal with out disrupting too much else on the way. But when moral problems join the empirical ones, practical reasoning can seem impossible. It is all very well for philosophers to say that if you are a utilitarian you do this and if you are a Kantian you do that, but harassed doctors and politicians and directors of social services cannot get far on the basis of conditionals, and they cannot suspend all action until the fundamental truths of ethics have been finally settled. If moral philosophers are to be of any practical use, they must address the problems of making pressing decisions against a background of moral uncertainty and disagreement.
Origins of the Earth
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everything in our universe, including the Earth and its living creatures, obeys the laws of physics, laws that became manifest in the first moments of time. Much of what we know to be true about the physical universe, like the curvature of spacetime and the fact that electrons are both particles and waves, is very difficult to visualize, even for people who spend their lives thinking about such topics. Moreover, as physicists and mathemeticians probe ever more deeply, they present us with ever more mind-boggling concepts, like the idea that subatomic particles may in fact be minute, vibrating “superstrings” of space, that our four-dimensional universe may actually be ten-dimensional, that the observable universe may be much smaller than the true universe, and that there may be many other universes besides our own.
How an organism Works
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Mozart metaphor began with our delight in the sonata. We then acknowledged that the music was the consequence of notes and hammers. Invoking the concept of emergence, we can say that the music emerges from the notes. But there’s an intermediate level of emergence as well. From the notes emerge chords and phrases and tempos and melodies, and from these emerge the sonata as a whole. In the middle there are musical patterns.
Johann Sebastian Bach
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach, Thuringia, on 21 March 1685 and died in Leipzig, Saxony, on 28 July 1750. The BWV numbers refer to Wolfgang Schmieder’s catalogue of Bach’s works, published in 1950. Schmieder was as retiring as one imagines librarians and archivists to be, and he did not want the items in the catalogue he spent years making referred to by S-numbers, comparable to the K-numbers associated with Ludwig Köchel’s Mozart catalogue; he recommended instead the use of BWV for Bach Werke Verzeichnis (Catalogue of Bach’s Works). Schmieder’s catalogue is arranged by categories rather than chronologically; thus his numbers tell us nothing about when a given work was composed. This is just as well, given the extensive revisions in Bach chronology that were made not long after the publication of the catalogue.
Johannes Brahms
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Using an idea from 1854 for its second movement, Brahms began work on his German Requiem early in 1865 and completed all but what is now the fifth movement in August 1866. Johannes Herbeck conducted the first three movements in Vienna on 1 December 1867. The first performance of the six movements then extant was given in the Bremen cathedral on Good Friday 1868, with the composer conducting and Julius Stockhausen as baritone soloist. Brahms added the fifth movement, “Ihr habt nun Traurigkeit,” in May 1868; that was first sung in Zurich on 17 September that same year by Ida Suter-Weber, with Friedrich Hegar conducting the Zurich Tonhalle Orchestra. The work was first given in its final seven-movement version in Leipzig on 18 February 1869 with Carl Reinecke, conducting the Gewandhaus Orchestra and Chorus, and soloists Emilie Bellingrath-Wagner and Franz Krückl.
Luigi Dallapiccola
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dallapiccola composed the first section of the Canti, Preghiera di Maria Stuarda (Prayer of Mary Stuart), as an independent piece in 1938; it was first performed under the direction of Léonce Gras in Brussels on 10 April 1940. After that performance, the composer added the Invocazione di Boezio (Invocation of Boethius), completing it on 14 July, and also the Congedo di Girolamo Savonarola (Girolamo Savonarola’s Farewell), which he finished on 13 October 1941. The complete Canti had their first performance in Rome on 11 December 1941, Fernando Previtali conducting. Preghiera di Maria Stuarda is dedicated to Paul Collaer, music director of the Belgian Radio and a strong supporter of new music. Invocazione di Boezio is inscribed to the conductor Ernest Ansermet, and Congedo di Girolamo Savonarola to Sandro and Luisa Materassi, Sandro, a violinist, being Dallapiccola’s recital partner from 1930 into the 1970s.
Arthur Honegger
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are three versions of King David. Version I consists of twenty-seven numbers of incidental music for the eponymous play by René Morax. Honegger composed this between 25 February and 28 April 1921, completing the orchestration on 20 May. Marcelle Cheridjian-Charrey, accompanied by her husband, sang six of the solo movements with piano at a Paris concert on 2 June 1921, and Georges Hubbard sang three more at a concert on 7 June. The original King David was a spectacle that took more than four hours, about one hour of it being given over to music. Beginning on 11 June 1921, this was presented ten times that month and in July at the Thétre du Jorat at Mézières in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, with the composer conducting. The percussionist at these performances was the eighteen-year-old Maurice de Abravanel, who in his long career (without the “de”) as conductor would be one of Honegger’s most prominent interpreters.
Wolfgang Amadè Mozart
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The K numbers refer to the chronological catalogue of Mozart’s works published in 1862 by Ludwig, Ritter von Köchel, an Austrian botanist, mineralogist, and music bibliographer. His catalogue has several times been revised in the light of new knowledge, and when a K number appears with a second number in parentheses next to it, for example, K. 427(417a), the first is Köchel’s original, the other is the one in the most recent editions of the catalogue.
Boas’s Methodological Insights
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter we found Boas warning that faulty cultural comparisons may result from mistaking similar features of several cultures for the same feature. I have cited several of his examples, all of which involved an anthropologist comparing several cultures, none of which is his own. But Boas was also concerned with mistakes that are made in cases of another sort, those in which someone misunderstands another culture because it superficially resembles his own in some respect.
Our Relation to Other Cultures
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principle concern of moral relativists has been to dissuade the peoples of the world from thinking themselves superior to others where they do not see eye-to-eye on moral matters. What now becomes of that concern if, as I have argued, relativism must be abandoned? Does my argument have the consequence of giving encouragement to moral busybodies who think they know best how everyone should conduct theirs lives? No, for although my position does away with the relativist’s all-purpose argument against moral busybodies, there is nothing in it that opens the door to indiscriminate interference in the lives of other peoples.
Kant: Subjectivity and Apperception
Authors: Carr David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is Kant’s philosophy a metaphysics of the subject? Certainly not, if we take him at his word in the Critique of Pure Reason. That work is indeed about metaphysics, but it is not itself a work of metaphysics. In fact, its central question is whether metaphysics, as conceived by the philosophical tradition, is even possible as a science; and Kant concludes that it is not. And since traditional metaphysics, according to Kant, addresses itself to the problems of God, freedom, and immortality, (A3B7), and since at least two of these problems involve meta physical claims about the nature of the self, a metaphysics of the self in this sense seems to be ruled out. And indeed, as we know, important sections of the Critique are devoted to showing how metaphysical claims about the immortality and the freedom of the human subject cannot be supported. Far from offering us a metaphysics of the subject, then, Kant seems not merely to exempt himself from such a project, but even to declare it impossible for anyone else.