bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anil‐Synthese 22. Mitteilung über die Herstellung von Styryl‐und Distyryl‐Derivaten des Pyridins
Authors: Siegrist Adolf Emil , Meyer Hans Rudolf , Gassmann Peter , Moss Serge 
Published: December 2004

Preparation of Styryl and Distyryl Derivatives of Pyridine2,4‐, 2,5‐ and 2,6‐Dimethylpyridines react with anils of aromatic aldehydes in the presence of dimethylformamide and potassium hydroxide to yield the corresponding distyrylpyridines (‘anil synthesis’). Under the same reaction conditions (4‐methylstyryl)pyridines are converted to (stilbenylvinyl)pyridines. Similarly, the Schiff's base derived from pyridine‐3‐carbaldehyde and p‐chloroaniline on treatment with methyl‐ and p‐tolyl‐substituted aromatic heterocycles gives the corresponding (heteroaryl‐styryl)pyridines, whereas with the Schiff's bases derived from pyridine‐2‐ and ‐4‐carbaldehyde side reactions, such as dimerization followed by disproportionation predominate.
(+)‐(1S, 3S, 6S, 8S)‐und (−)‐(1R, 3R, 6R, 8R)‐4, 9‐Twistadien: Synthese und Bestimmung der absoluten Konfiguration
Authors: Capraro Hans‐Georg , Ganter Camille 
Published: December 2004

(+)‐(1S, 3S, 6S, 8S)‐and (−)‐(1R, 3R, 6R, 8R)‐4, 9‐Twistadiene: Synthesis and Absolute ConfigurationA synthesis and the determination of the absolute configuration of (+)‐(1S, 3S, 6S, 8S)‐ and (−)‐(1R, 3R, 6R, 8R)‐4, 9‐twistadiene ((+)‐ and (−)‐4, respectively) is described. Their chiroptical properties are compared with those of saturated twistane ((+)‐ and (−)‐5) as well as with those of the unsaturated and saturated 2, 7‐dioxatwistane analogs (+)‐ and (−)‐9, and (+)‐ and (−)‐10, respectively, which also are compounds of known absolute configurations.
Different patterns of blood flow response in the trapezius muscle following needle stimulation (acupuncture) between healthy subjects and patients with fibromyalgia and work‐related trapezius myalgia
Authors: Sandberg Margareta , Larsson Britt , Lindberg Lars‐Göran , Gerdle Björn 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNeedle stimulation (acupuncture) has recently been shown to increase blood flow in the tibialis anterior muscle and overlying skin in healthy subjects (HS) and patients with fibromyalgia (FM). The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of needle stimulation on local blood flow in the trapezius muscle and overlying skin in HS and two groups of patients suffering from chronic pain in the trapezius muscle, i.e., FM and work‐related trapezius myalgia (TM) patients. Two modes of needling, deep muscle stimulation (Deep) and subcutaneous needle insertion (SC), were performed at the upper part of the shoulder and blood flow was monitored for 60 min post‐stimulation. Blood flow changes were measured non‐invasively by using a new application of photoplethysmography. Increased blood flow in the trapezius muscle and overlying skin was found in all three groups following both Deep and SC. In HS, Deep was superior to SC in increasing skin and muscle blood flow, whereas in FM, SC was as effective as, or even more effective, than Deep. In the severely affected TM patients, no differences were found between the stimuli, and generally, a lesser blood flow response to the stimuli was found. At Deep, the muscle blood flow increase was significantly larger in HS, compared to the two patient groups. Positive correlations were found between muscle blood flow at Deep and pressure pain threshold in the trapezius muscle, neck movement and pain experienced at the stimulation, and negative correlations were found with spontaneous pain‐related variables, symptom duration and age, pointing to less favorable results with worsening of symptoms, and to the importance of nociceptor activation in blood flow increase. It was hypothesized that the different patterns of muscle blood flow response to the needling may mirror a state of increased sympathetic activity and a generalized hypersensitivity in the patients. The intensity of stimulation should be taken into consideration when applying local needle stimulation (acupuncture) in order to increase the trapezius muscle blood flow in chronic pain conditions.
Complex regional pain syndrome type‐I after rubella vaccine
Authors: Genc Hakan , Karagoz Aynur , Saracoglu Meryem , Sert Ebru , Erdem Hatice Rana 
Published: December 2004

AbstractComplex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS‐I) is a complex disorder characterised by pain, autonomic dysfunction, and decreased range of motion. The syndrome was believed as a well‐recognized disorder in adults but, less commonly recognized in children. CRPS‐I after vaccination has been rarely reported. We reported an 11‐year‐old young girl with CRPS‐I due to rubella vaccine.
Opioid tolerance and dependence — do they matter?
Authors: Jage Jürgen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe use of opioids has long been accepted as the standard of care in patients with cancer and acute pain. Opioids can further be used effectively in specific subgroups of patients with chronic nonmalignant pain states. While the development of tolerance and physical dependence are known effects of opioids in cancer and noncancer pain populations, these patients can not be regarded as addicted. However, long‐term therapy with short‐acting opioids predisposes to tolerance and addiction.Recent research has confirmed the important role of psychopathologic and psychosocial conditions as predictors of failed opioid effectiveness in a significant number of noncancer pain subgroups. The clinical picture of failed therapy may be complicated by noncompliance, concealed consumption of psychotropic substances, and diversion of prescribed opioids for various purposes as, e.g., selling for profit, or sharing excess opioids with others.This article discusses the effects of opioid therapy, including tolerance, physical dependence, drug‐aberrant behavior, drug history, psychopathology, and somatization.
Seasonal shifts in nest temperature can modify the phenotypes of hatchling lizards, regardless of overall mean incubation temperature
Authors: Shine R. 
Published: December 2004

Summary

The thermal regimes experienced by a reptilian egg can influence phenotypic traits (size, sex, shape, locomotor performance, etc.) of the hatchling that emerges from that egg. Natural nests of the oviparous scincid lizard Bassiana duperreyi in the Brindabella Range of south‐eastern Australia show strong seasonal shifts in temperature: first and last weeks of incubation often differ by >5 °C.
Eggs of B. duperreyi were incubated under thermal regimes with identical overall mean values for average temperature and diel range, but differing in the sequence of temperatures. Some eggs were kept at 18 ± 5 °C throughout incubation; others went gradually from cool (16 ± 5 °C) to warm (20 ± 5 °C); and others from warm (20 ± 5 °C) to cool (16 ± 5 °C).
These treatments significantly modified not only incubation periods (stable mean temperatures delayed hatching), but also hatchling traits: progressively decreasing temperatures yielded hatchlings with a higher incidence of deformities, smaller body size, relatively longer tails, and reduced locomotor performance than siblings from increasing temperatures.
Seasonal shifts in incubation temperatures are widespread, and may generate important variation in hatchling phenotypes. Sensitivity to such shifts may influence phenomena such as nest‐site selection, the seasonal timing of nesting, and the evolution of viviparity.
Lamotrigine kidney distribution in male rats following a single intraperitoneal dose
Authors: Castel‐Branco M.M. , Falcão A.C. , Figueiredo I.V. , Macedo T.R.A. , Caramona M.M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAs it has been previously shown that lamotrigine (LTG) accumulates in the kidney of male rats, the purpose of the present investigation was to characterize the kidney profiles of LTG and its kidney distribution pattern in male rats, in order to confirm if a preferential distribution exists and to analyse if it does or does not affect the LTG systemic pharmacokinetics. Adult male Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg of LTG. The concentration–time profiles of LTG in plasma and whole kidney were determined over 120 h postdose. The distribution of LTG in the rat kidney was investigated in another group of rats by measuring LTG levels in the renal cortex and medulla. The LTG plasma concentration–time profiles revealed a linear relationship with dose. However, a slight increase in the LTG elimination half‐life with dose was observed. In contrast, a nonlinear relationship was established between LTG kidney levels and the dose administered. Consequently, nonparallel patterns were observed between LTG plasma and kidney profiles. The LTG kidney distribution pattern revealed an accumulation of LTG in the renal cortex. The present study demonstrated that LTG distributes preferentially to the kidneys of the male rat in a dose‐dependent manner and suggests that such distribution may slightly affect the systemic kinetics of the drug.
Effect of tempol (4‐hydroxy tempo) on gentamicin‐induced nephrotoxicity in rats
Authors: Karataş Yusuf , Seçilmiş M. Ata , Karayaylalı İbrahim , Doran Figen , Büyükafşar Kansu , Şingirik Ergin , Saglıker Yahya , Dikmen Atilla 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe investigated the effects of tempol (4‐hydroxy tempo), a membrane‐permeable radical scavenger, on gentamicin‐induced renal failure in rats. The rats were given gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day, i.p., once a day); and gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day, i.p.) and tempol (3.5, 7 or 14 mg/kg/day, i.p., once a day). At the end of 7 days, the gentamicin group produced the remarkable nephrotoxicity, characterized by a significantly decreased creatinine clearance and increased serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and daily urine volume when compared with controls. In control the BUN value was 21.2 ± 0.07 (mg/100 mL); in comparison, it was 96.9 ± 6.03 in gentamicin group (P < 0.05). Renal histopathologic examination confirmed acute tubular necrosis in this group. In rats treated with gentamicin and tempol a partial improvement in biochemical and histologic parameters was observed. BUN values were 96.9 ± 6.03 and 36.3 ± 2.39 in gentamicin, and gentamicin plus tempol (14 mg/kg) treated groups, respectively (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the administration of tempol may have a protective effect on gentamicin‐induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
Src‐dependent phosphorylation of the EGF receptor Tyr‐845 mediates Stat‐p21waf1 pathway in A431 cells
Authors: Sato Ken‐ichi , Nagao Tomomi , Iwasaki Tetsushi , Nishihira Yusuke , Fukami Yasuo 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground:  Cell surface receptor for the epidermal growth factor (EGFR) and cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase c‐Src co‐operate in several cellular functions such as proliferation and apoptosis. Our previous studies have shown that ectopic expression of the adaptor protein p52shc or p66shc, but not p46shc, and EGF stimulation lead to the activation of c‐Src that is accompanied by phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat) in A431 cells.Results:  Here, we show that by using A431 cells as a model system, expression of p52shc, or cell stimulation with EGF or H2O2 leads to phosphorylation of EGFR on Tyr 845 that is located to the activation segment of the catalytic domain. The phosphorylation of Tyr 845 can be inhibited by PP2, but not by AG1478, and is associated with Src activation and Stat 3/5 phosphorylation, but not with MAP (mitogen‐activated protein) kinase phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of Stat 3/5 in response to p52shc expression, EGF or H2O2 could also be inhibited by introduction into cells of phospho‐Tyr 845‐specific antibody or by expression of dominant‐negative version of c‐Src. Co‐incubation of purified c‐Src and EGFR results in phosphorylation of Tyr 845 in vitro, indicating that c‐Src can directly phosphorylate EGFR on Tyr 845.Conclusion:  These results indicate that multiple signals for c‐Src activation can promote Stat 3/5 phosphorylations through Src‐dependent phosphorylation of EGFR on Tyr 845.
Reach‐ and catchment‐scale determinants of the distribution of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in south‐eastern Michigan, U.S.A.
Authors: McRae S. E. , D. Allan J. , Burch J. B. 
Published: December 2004

Summary1. We investigated the diversity and distribution of freshwater mussels at 40 sites in an agricultural catchment, the River Raisin in south‐eastern Michigan, to relate mussel assemblages and individual taxa to reach and catchment‐scale variables. Unionids were surveyed by timed searches in 100‐m reaches, and in‐stream and riparian habitat were quantified as well as flow, water chemistry and channel morphology. Land use/cover and surficial geology were determined for site subcatchments and riparian buffers.2. Some 21 mussel species were found overall; richness ranged from 0 to 12 living species per site. From the upper to middle to lower catchment, the number of individuals, number of species, Shannon–Weaver diversity and relative abundance of intolerant unionids all declined significantly.3. Four groupings based on overall mussel diversity and abundance were significantly related to reach‐scale habitat variables. The richest mussel assemblages were associated with sites with higher overall habitat quality, greater flow stability, less fine substratum, and lower specific conductance.4. Stepwise multiple regressions revealed that the distribution and abundance of the total mussel assemblage, as well as the most common species, could be predicted from a combination of reach‐ and catchment‐scale variables (R2 = 0.63 for total mussels, R2 = 0.51–0.86 for individual species).5. Flow stability, substratum composition and overall reach habitat quality were the most commonly identified reach‐scale variables, and measures of surficial geology were the most effective catchment‐scale variables. The spatial pattern of geology is likely to be responsible for the diversity gradient from the upper to the lower catchment.6. Prior studies, attempting to explain mussel distributions from local habitat features alone, have found relatively weak relationships. By employing a combination of reach‐ and catchment‐scale habitat variables, this study was able to account for a substantial amount of the spatial variability in mussel distributions.
Virioplankton and microbial communities in aquatic systems: a seasonal study in two lakes of differing trophy
Authors: Bettarel Yvan , Sime‐Ngando Telesphore , Amblard Christian , Carrias Jean‐François , Portelli Christophe 
Published: December 2004

SUMMARY1. The seasonal and vertical distribution of the abundance of virus‐like particles (VLPs), together with the abundances of other microbial organisms (bacteria, unpigmented and pigmented nanoflagellates and ciliates), were determined in an oligomesotrophic lake (Pavin, France) and in a eutrophic lake (Aydat, France) between March and December 2000.2. The abundance of the viral plankton and those of other microbial taxa were significantly higher in the more productive system. The same was for the virus‐to‐bacteria quotient (VBQ), which averaged seven in Lake Pavin and nine in Lake Aydat.3. The abundance of viruses increased during the period of thermal stratification in both lakes, with the highest values being recorded at the end of summer/early autumn in the epi‐ and the metalimnion. The seasonal pattern of abundance of viruses in both lakes in the surface layer was similar, indicating that the dynamics of viruses may be controlled by environmental factors such as light conditions.4. There was no correlation between the abundance of viruses and protists. We found correlations between viruses and heterotrophic bacteria in the whole water column in Lake Pavin, but only in the dark bottom waters in Lake Aydat.5. Overall, the empirical findings in this study lead us to speculate that the weaker correlation between bacteria and viruses in Lake Aydat than in Lake Pavin, as well as the higher VBQ in the former, is a consequence of the increasing relative abundance of non‐bacteriophage VLPs along the trophic gradient of aquatic systems.
Differential role of symbiotic fungi in lignin degradation and food provision for fungus‐growing termites (Macrotermitinae: Isoptera)
Authors: Hyodo F. , Tayasu I. , Inoue T. , Azuma J.‐I. , Kudo T. , Abe T. 
Published: December 2004

Summary

To investigate whether the role of symbiotic fungi in lignin degradation and food provision differs among fungus‐growing termites (four species of Macrotermes, three species of Odontotermes, Hypotermes makhamensis, Ancistrotermes pakistanicus and Pseudacanthotermes militaris), the chemical composition of fungus combs of different ages and the chitinolytic activity in the gut of termites were analysed. In addition, the carbon stable isotope ratios (δ13C) in old combs, worker termite tissues and fungal nodules (aggregated conidia) were compared.
In Macrotermes spp., the carbohydrate : lignin ratio of the combs increased with increased comb age, but it decreased or remained the same in Odontotermes spp., H. makhamensis, A. pakistanicus and P. militaris. In contrast, the chitin : carbohydrate ratio and ash content increased more over time in the combs of Odontotermes spp., H. makhamensis, A. pakistanicus and P. militaris than in the combs of Macrotermes spp.
Chitinolytic activity in the gut of workers was higher in O. takensis, H. makhamensis and A. pakistanicus than in M. annandalei.
In all species examined, the δ13C value increased in the sequence: old combs < termites < fungal nodules. Based on a two‐source model of δ13C, the contribution of fungi to termite nutrition was considered higher in Odontotermes spp., H. makhamensis, A. pakistanicus and P. militaris than in Macrotermes spp.
These results suggest that symbiotic fungi play different roles among fungus‐growing termites. In Macrotermes spp., the main role of symbiotic fungi is to degrade lignin, so that the termites can utilize cellulose more efficiently, whereas in Odontotermes spp., H. makhamensis, A. pakistanicus and P. militaris, it is to serve as a food source.
The second phase activation of protein kinase C δ at late G1 is required for DNA synthesis in serum‐induced cell cycle progression
Authors: Kitamura Koichi , Mizuno Keiko , Etoh Akiko , Akita Yoshiko , Miyamoto Akitomo , Nakayama Kei‐Ichi , Ohno Shigeo 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground: Cell lines that stably over‐express protein kinase C (PKC) δ frequently show a decrease in growth rate and saturation density, leading to the hypothesis that PKCδ has a negative effect on cell proliferation. However, the mode of PKCδ activation, the cell cycle stage requiring PKCδ activity, and the exact role of PKCδ at that stage remains unknown.Results: Here we show that the treatment of quiescent fibroblasts with serum activates PKCδ at two distinct time points, within 10 min after serum treatment, and for a longer duration between 6 and 10 h. This biphasic activation correlates with the phosphorylation of Thr‐505 at the activation loop of PKCδ. Importantly, an inhibitor of PKCδ, rottlerin, suppresses the biphasic activation of PKCδ, and suppression of the second phase of PKCδ activation is sufficient for the suppression of DNA synthesis. Consistent with this, the transient over‐expression of PKCδ mutant molecules lacking kinase activity suppresses serum‐induced DNA synthesis. These results imply that PKCδ plays a positive role in cell cycle progression. While the over‐expression of PKCδ enhances serum‐induced DNA synthesis, this was not observed for PKCɛ. Similar experiments using a series of PKCδ/ɛ chimeras showed that the carboxyl‐terminal 51 amino acids of PKCδ are responsible for the stimulatory effect. On the other hand, the over‐expression of PKCδ suppresses cell entry into M‐phase, being consistent with the previous studies based on stable over‐expressors.Conclusions: We conclude that PKCδ plays a role in the late‐G1 phase through the positive regulation of cell‐cycle progression, in addition to negative regulation of the entry into M‐phase.
The receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 is involved in non‐canonical Wnt5a/JNK signalling pathway
Authors: Oishi Isao , Suzuki Hiroaki , Onishi Nobuyuki , Takada Ritsuko , Kani Shuichi , Ohkawara Bisei , Koshida Ikue , Suzuki Kentaro , Yamada General , Schwabe Georg C. , Mundlos Stefan , Shibuya Hiroshi , Takada Shinji , Minami Yasuhiro 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground: Ror2 is an orphan receptor, belonging to the Ror family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Although Ror2 has been shown to play crucial roles in developmental morphogenesis, the precise signalling events that Ror2 mediates remain elusive. Since Ror2 possesses an extracellular cysteine‐rich domain (CRD) that resembles the Wnt‐binding sites of the Frizzled (Fz) proteins, it is conceivable that Ror2 interacts with members of the Wnt family.Results: Both Ror2−/− and Wnt5a−/− mice exhibit dwarfism, facial abnormalities, short limbs and tails, dysplasia of lungs and genitals, and ventricular septal defects. In vitro binding assay revealed that Wnt5a binds to the CRD of Ror2. Furthermore, Ror2 associates via its CRD with rFz2, a putative receptor for Wnt5a. Interestingly, Wnt5a and Ror2 activate the non‐canonical Wnt pathway, as assessed by activation of JNK in cultured cells and inhibition of convergent extension movements in Xenopus.Conclusions: Our findings indicate that Wnt5a and Ror2 interact physically and functionally. Ror2 may thus act as a receptor for Wnt5a to activate non‐canonical Wnt signalling.
Carbon emissions from fires in tropical and subtropical ecosystems
Authors: VAN DER WERF GUIDO R. , RANDERSON JAMES T. , COLLATZ G. JAMES , GIGLIO LOUIS 
Published: December 2004

AbstractGlobal carbon emissions from fires are difficult to quantify and have the potential to influence interannual variability and long‐term trends in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. We used 4 years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) satellite data and a biogeochemical model to assess spatial and temporal variability of carbon emissions from tropical fires. The TRMM satellite data extended between 38°N and 38°S and covered the period from 1998 to 2001. A relationship between TRMM fire counts and burned area was derived using estimates of burned area from other satellite fire products in Africa and Australia and reported burned areas from the United States. We modified the Carnegie‐Ames‐Stanford‐Approach (CASA) biogeochemical model to account for both direct combustion losses and the decomposition from fire‐induced mortality, using both TRMM and Sea‐viewing Wide Field of view Sensor (SeaWiFS) satellite data as model drivers. Over the 1998–2001 period, we estimated that the sum of carbon emissions from tropical fires and fuel wood use was 2.6 Pg C yr−1. An additional flux of 1.2 Pg C yr−1 was released indirectly, as a result of decomposition of vegetation killed by fire but not combusted. The sum of direct and indirect carbon losses from fires represented 9% of tropical and subtropical net primary production (NPP). We found that including fire processes in the tropics substantially alters the seasonal cycle of net biome production by shifting carbon losses to months with low soil moisture and low rates of soil microbial respiration. Consequently, accounting for fires increases growing season net flux by ∼12% between 38°N and 38°S, with the greatest effect occurring in highly productive savanna regions.