bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dopaminergic innervation of the telencephalon of the pigeon (Columba livia): A study with antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine
Authors: Wynne Brigitte , Güntürkün Onur 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe dopaminergic structures in the telencephalon of the pigeon were investigated with antisera against glutaraldehyde‐conjugated dopamine (DA) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Our goal was to describe the morphological patterns of the labelled axons and to provide a detailed map of the density and regional distribution of the dopaminergic innervation in relation to cytoarchitectonic areas.DA‐ and TH‐like fibers reached their highest density in the paleostriatum augmentatum and the lobus parolfactorius of the basal ganglia. The paleostriatum primitivum was characterized by a dichotomous DA‐positive innervation with a diffuse fiber network contacting en passant granular cells and a more specific input that completely wrapped up large cells, which probably represent relay neurons. Two distinct DA‐positive pathways could be followed back from the forebrain leading to the dopaminergic cell groups of the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars lateralis and the area ventralis tegmentalis. The primary sensory areas of the visual, auditory, somatosensory, and trigeminal systems within the forebrain of the pigeon were virtually devoid of DA‐like fibers and demonstrated only TH‐positive axons, probably of a noradrenergic nature. Among the limbic structures, the neostriatum caudolaterale (a possible equivalent of the mammalian prefrontal cortex), the septum, the nucleus accumbens, and parts of the archistriatum were heavily labelled by DA‐like axons.A highly characteristic morphological feature of the catecholaminergic innervation was the presence of “baskets,” which are constituted by TH‐ and DA‐positive fibers coiled up around large perikarya, so that the surrounded somata were virtually visible by the presence of labelled axons. The density of basket and nonbasket type innervations seemed to be independently regulated, so that each forebrain structure could be characterized by a mixture consisting of the individual degrees of these two features.Our results demonstrate that the dopaminergic innervation of the forebrain of the pigeon is widespread but shows important regional variations. Similar to mammals, associative and motor structures are heavily innervated by dopaminergic fibers, whereas sensory areas are dominated by their noradrenergic input. The basket and nonbasket type innervations observed in virtually all of these subdivisions of the telencephalon may indicate the presence of two main classes of catecholaminergic afferents with different mechanisms of modulation of forebrain activity patterns. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Innervation of nonmystacial vibrissae in the adult rat
Authors: Fundin B. T. , Arvidsson J. , Rice F. L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractVibrissal follicle‐sinus complexes (F‐SCs) in the mystacial pad of rodents are heavily innervated by different types of sensory nerve endings. One site in mystacial F‐SCs, the inner conical body (ICB), is uniquely well innervated only in those species, such as the rat, that rhythmically whisk their mystacial vibrissae. In this study, we examined the innervation of rat nonmystacial F‐SCs, which are not whisked. Supraorbital, posteroorbital, lateral cervical, median cervical, submental, and carpal forelimb F‐SCs were cut on a cryostat and were either prepared for anti‐human protein gene product (PGP 9.5) immunofluorescence or stained using the Winkelmann silver technique. Much of the innervation of the nonmystacial F‐SCS is similar to that of mystacial F‐SCs. All are innervated by a large deep vibrissal nerve (DVN) and several smaller superficial vibrissal nerves (SVNs). As in the mystacial pad, the SVNs show a distribution of Merkel and free nerve endings qualitatively similar to the rete ridge collar of all the nonmystacial F‐SCs as well as provide circumferentially oriented endings to the ICBs to all but median‐cervical and carpal F‐SCs. Not only was the ICB innervation relatively sparse in median‐cervical and rpal F‐SCs, but a large portion of the carpal ICB innervation also ascended from the DVNs, which make only a small, ICB contribution in other locations. Similar to mystacial pad F‐SCs, the DVNs provided Merkel and lanceolate endings to the level of the ring sinus as well as reticular and irregular lanceolate‐like endings to the level of the cavernous sinus. However, all but the posteroorbital F‐SCs have relatively few lanceolate endings. Carpal F‐SCs also have relativiely few ring‐sinus Merkel endings, which are diffusely distributed, are limited to the superficial portion of the outer root sheath. They also lack reticular and irregular lanceolate‐like endings in the cavernous sinus. However, carpal F‐SCs have a unique set of corpuscular endings in the ICB, ring sinus, and cavernous sinus that are rrely seen in other F‐SCs. PGP 9.5 immunofluorescence also revealed two sets of fine‐caliber profiles at the level of the ICB and ring sinus that were not previously seen in mystacial F‐SCs. Athough there was no correlation between ICB innervation and whisking, the regional variations in F‐SC innervation suggest that functional differences may exist between vibrissae at different locations in the body. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projection of jaw‐muscle spindle afferents to the caudal brainstem in rats demonstrated using intracellular biotinamide
Authors: Luo Pifu , Wong Richard , Dessem Dean 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntracellular staining with biotinamide was used to study the axonal projection and synaptic morphology of rat jaw‐muscle spindle afferents. Intracellular recordings in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Vme) were identified as spindle afferent responses by their increased firing during stretching of the jaw‐elevator muscles. Biotinamide‐stained axon collaterals with boutons were found in the trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmo), Vme, the region dorsal to Vmo including the supratrigeminal region, the dorsomedial portion of the trigeminal principal sensory nucleus, and the dorsomedial part of the rostral spinal trigeminal subnucleus oralis. Additional, previously undescribed projections of jaw‐muscle spindle afferents were found to the dorsomedial portiori of the caudal spinal trigeminal subnucleus oralis (Vodm), the dorsomedial part of the spinal trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris (Vidm), the caudal parvicellular reticular formation, laminae IV and V of the spinal trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc), and the dorsal division of the medullary reticular field. Labeled spindle boutons in Vodm formed predominately axodendritic synapses. Some of these boutons received presynaptic inputs from unlabeled P‐type boutons containing clear, spherical, or flattened vesicles. In Vidm, labeled collaterals and boutons were densely clustered into glomerular‐like structures. Labeled boutons in Vidm made axodendritic, axosomatic, and axoaxonic synapses and received synaptic contacts from unlabeled boutons containng clear, spherical, or flat and pleomorphic vesicles. Unlabeled presynaptic boutons in Vidrn occasionally contained dense core vesicles. Labeled boutons in Vc mainly formed synaptic contacts with large diameter dendrites. This projection of jaw‐muscle spindle afferents to caudal brainstem regions may play a significant role in masticatory‐muscle stretch reflexes and in the integration of trigeminal proprioceptive information and its transmission to higher centers. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical demonstration of vagal input to nicotinamide acetamide dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase‐positive (nitrergic) neurons in rat fundic stomach
Authors: Berthoud Hans‐Rudolf 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRecent pharmacological evidence suggests that the nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) vagal inhibitory input responsible for receptive relaxation of the fundic stomach is mediated by nitric oxide‐synthesizing enteric neurons. To demonstrate anatomically such direct vagal inputs to neurochemically identified enteric neurons, we utilized the nicotinamide acetamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)‐diaphorase histochemical reaction in conjunction with selective anterograde labeling of vagal efferents or afferents.Approximately 30% of all myenteric neurons of the fundic myenteric plexus stained positive for NADPH diaphorase, and the principal recipient of axonal projections from NADPH diaphorase‐positive neurons was the circular muscle layer. In a group of animals showing the most complete labeling of vagal efferent preganglionics with the carbocyanine dye DiA, quantitative analysis of the half of the ventral fundic wall closer to the greater curvature revealed that 46.8% ± 4.4% of all myenteric neurons received some degree of vagal contacts and that 30.5% ± 6.6% of such vagally contacted neurons were also NADPH diaphorase positive. In another group of rats with the most successful selective labeling of vagal afferents through DiI injections into the left nodose ganglion, analysis of select ganglia throughout the ventral fundic wall revealed that, of a total of 454 neurons with vagal afferent contacts, 34.8% ± 2.8% were NADPH diaphorase positive.These findings support the view that, in the fundic stomach, some vagal preganglionic efferents terminate on nitric oxide‐synthesizing neurons that, in turn, project to and relax the external smooth muscle layers. Furthermore, vagal afferent endings also contact NADPH diaphorase‐positive neurons, suggesting the possibility of local axon reflexes originating from smooth muscular in‐series tension receptors and terminating on nitrergic neurons of the myenteric plexus. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ascending projections of the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus: PHA‐L analysis in the rat
Authors: Vertes Robert P. , Crane Alison M. , Colom Luis V. , Bland Brian H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWith the exception of a report by R. B. Veazey, D. G. Amaral, and W. M. Cowan (1982, J. Comp. Neurol. 207:135–156) that examined the projections of the posterior hypothalamic area in the monkey by using the autoradiographic technique, the ascending projections of the posterior nucleus (PH) of the hypothalamus have not been systematically examined in any species. The present report describes the ascending projections of PH in the rat by using the anterograde anatomical tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris ‐leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L). The major ascending route for PH fibers is the medial forebrain bundle. PH fibers project densely to several subcortical and cortical sites. The subcortical sites are the subthalamus/hypothalamus (zona incerta, the supramammillary nucleus, lateral, perifornical, dorsal, and anterior nuclei/areas), the thalamus (lateroposterior, laterodorsal, parafascicular, reuniens, paraventricular, central medial, paracentral, central lateral and intermediodorsal nuclei), the amygdala (central, lateral, and medial nuclei), the septal area (bed nucleus of atria terminalis, medial and lateral septum), and the basal forebrain (horizontal/vertical limbs of diagonal band nuclei and lateral preoptic area). The cortical sites are the perirhinal, insular, frontal (lateral agranular), prelimbic, and infralimbic cortices.The diversity of PH projections to subcortical and cortical “limbic‐related” sites and to several structures with direct input to the hippocampus (supramammillary nucleus, reuniens, paraventricular and laterodorsal nuclei of the thalamus, medial and lateral septum, and perirhinal cortex) suggest that the PH may serve a critical role in various components of emotional behavior, including mnemonic processes associated with significant emotional events. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Visual areas in the dorsal and medial extrastriate cortices of the marmoset
Authors: Rosa Marcello G. P. , Schmid Leisa M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo define the number and limits of the visual areas in the primate extrastriate cortex, the visuotopy of the dorsal convexity and medial wall was studied by electrophysiological recordings in five marmosets anaesthetised with sufentanil and nitrous oxide and paralysed with pancuronium bromide. We identified five visuotopic representations in and around the densely myelinated zone between visual area 2 (V2) and the posterior parietal cortex. Most of the densely myelinated zone is formed by the homologue of the owl monkey's dorsomedial area (DM); thus, we also termed this area DM in the marmoset. Within DM, the lower quadrant representation is continuous, with central vision represented laterally, peripheral vision medially, the horizontal meridian caudally, and the vertical meridian rostrally. In contrast, the upper quadrant representation is split, with the central portion represented at the lateral edge of DM on the dorsal surface, and the periphery along the midline. Two other visual field representations, corresponding to the dorsointermediate area (DI) and to a new subdivision termed the dorsoanterior area (DA), are also densely myelinated but can be distinguished from DM based on the separation of the bands of Baillerger and visual topography. In addition, a homologue of the medial visual area (M) was identified. Our results reveal a highly complex visuotopy in primate cortex, with local discontinuities in representation and borders between areas that are often not coincident with either the horizontal or the vertical meridian. The topography of the dorsal extrastriate cortex in the marmoset strongly suggests that both visual area 3 (V3) and the parieiooccipital area (PO) of other primates are portions of a single visuotopic representation, DM, and calls into question the, existence of visual areas with partial or quadrantic representations of the visual field. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vitronectin receptor expression and distribution at the photoreceptor‐retinal pigment epithelial interface
Authors: Anderson Don H. , Johnson Lincoln V. , Hageman Gregory S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLaser scanning confocal microscopy was employed to map the distribution of integrin immunoreactivity at the photoreceptor‐retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) interface of the primate retina, and to determine its relationship to the actin cytoskeleton. Immunolabeling using a polyclonal antibody to the human vitronectin receptor (VnR), a heterodimer containing the αv subunit in combination with either the β3 or β5 subunits, is detected primarily on the apical surface of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in vivo and in vitro. It is also associated with the photoreceptor inner and outer segment cell surfaces. In contrast, immunolabeling using a polyclonal antibody to the human fibronectin receptor (FnR), a heterodimer containing the α5 and β1 subunits, is detected principally on the basolateral surface of the RPE and is virtually absent in photoreceptors. A partial three‐dimensional reconstruction of the anti‐VnR labeling pattern in cone photoreceptors reveals cell surface labeling that originates at the level of the myoid just distal to the outer limiting membrane. It extends distally toward the ellipsoid and terminates at the level of the cone outer segment. Approximately 20–22 immunoreactive foci are distributed evenly around the perimeter of the cone ellipsoid. These foci correspond in number and location to the calycal processes that protrude from the distal portion of the ellipsoid. A double‐labeling procedure, employing VnR antibody and a fluorescently labeled phallotoxin (phalloidin), was used to identify regions of VnR co‐distribution with filamentous actin (F‐actin). One such region includes the VnR‐immunoreactive foci at the margins of the cone inner segments and the actin cables that course through the photoreceptor ellipsoid and terminate within the calycal processes. A second zone of co‐distribution coincides with the actin‐containing, circumferential bundle at the lateral borders of the RPE cells, and a third zone is associated with the apical microvilli of the RPE that ensheath cone outer segments. In order to help identify the specific subunits underlying VnR (αvβ3/5) immunoreactivity, Northern blots of retinal‐RPE RNA were probed with α32P‐cDNAs to the human αv, β3, and β5 subunits and additional immunolocalization studies were performed using integrin human α or β subunit‐specific antisera. The results from these studies strongly suggest that one or more integrins, containing the αv and/or β5 subunits, are expressed by the photoreceptors and RPE. It thus appears likely that an integrin(s) from the cytoadhesin family located on the plasma membranes of these cells participates in some adhesion‐related event(s) at the interface between the neurol retina and the RPE. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variability and partial synchrony of the cell cycle in the germinal zone of the early embryonic cerebral cortex
Authors: Reznikov Kyrill , Van Der Kooy Derek 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCell cycle parameters were estimated using the cumulative 3H‐thymidine S‐phase labeling and percentage of labeled mitoses methods in the embryonic day 14 and 15 germinal zone of the rat cerebral cortex. The shortest cell cycle time was seen in the dorsal neocortex and the longest in the lateral neocortex and fimbria (the latter also had a low growth fraction). No differences were observed in cell cycle times between the cells in the ventricular and subventricular zone in the same neocortical region. The results suggest gradients of lengthening cell cycle times extending ventrolaterally and ventromedially from the dorsomedial neocortex. Although a majority of proliferating cells in individual cortical regions seem to belong to one population in terms of cell kinetics, several pieces of evidence suggest some heterogeneity: the asymmetric shapes of the percentages of labeled mitoses curves, the small population of cells that become pyknotic. Groups of DNA‐synthesizing nuclei that were ectopically located in the inner half of the ventricular zone also indicate the existence of different subpopulations of neuroepithelial cells. In addition, after a pulse injection of 3H‐thymidine the germinal zone is characterized by alternating clusters of heavily and lightly labeled cell nuclei that may reflect the simultaneous passage of a clusters of clel through the same portion of S‐phase. We suggest that partial cell cycle synchrony within groups of ventricular cells may explain the presence of these iterative cell kinetic patterns in the developing cortex. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Auditory thalamocortical pathways defined in monkeys by calcium‐binding protein immunoreactivity
Authors: Molinari M. , Dell'Anna M. E. , Rausell E. , Leggio M. G. , Hashikawa T. , Jones E. G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study investigated differentiation of Macaca fuscata auditory thalamus into chemically defined nuclei forming relays to auditory cortical areas. The thalamus was stained immunocytochemically for parvalbumin and 28 kDa calbindin in normals and in brains in which retrogradely transported tracers were injected into middle layers of auditory cortical areas or applied to the cortical surface.Parvalbumin‐ and calbindin‐immunoreactive cells show a complementary distribution in ventral, anterodorsal, post and magriocellular medial geniculate nuclei. The ventral nucleus has a high density of parvalbumin cells and few calbindin cells, and the anterodorsal nucleus has a high density of parvalbumin cells and moderate numbers of calbindin cells. Both nuclei have a dense parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neuropil formed by terminations of fibers ascending in the brachium of the inferior colliculus. The posterodorsal nucleus has approxi mately equal proportions of parvalbumin and calbindin cells; neuropil staining is weak but contains terminations of calbindin‐immunoreactive fibers ascending in the midbrain tegmenturn. The magnocellular nucleus contains domains of parvalbumin and calbindin cells.Parvalbumin cells in the ventral nucleus project to a central core of auditory cortex with densest parvalbumin immunoreactivity. Those in anterodorsal and posterodorsal nuclei project to surrounding auditory fields with less dense parvalbumin immunoreactivity; those in the magnocellular nucleus project widely to auditory and other fields.Injections of middle cortical layers label a large majority of parvalbumin cells in the ventral, anterodorsal, or posterodorsal nuclei and in the magnocellular nucleus. Superficial deposits label calbindin cells only, usually in more than one nucleus, implying a widespread projection system. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factors influencing mossy fiber collateral sprouting in organotypic slice cultures of neonatal mouse hippocampus
Authors: Coltman B. W. , Earley E. M. , Shahar A. , Dudek F. E. , Ide C. F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCollateral sprouting of dentate granule cell axons, the mossy fibers, occurs in response to denervation, kindling, or excitotoxic damage to the hippocampus. Organotypic slice culture of rodent hippocampal tissue is a model system for the controlled study of collateral sprouting in vitro. Organotypic roller‐tube cultures were prepared from hippocampal slices derived from postnatal day 7 mice. The Timm heavy metal stain and densitometry were used to assay the degree of mossy fiber collateral sprouting in the molecular layer of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Factors influencing mossy fiber collateral sprouting were time in culture, positional origin of the slice culture along the septotemporal axis of the hippocampus, and presence of attached subicular‐entorhinal cortical tissues. Collateral sprouting in the molecular layer was first detected after 6 days in culture and increased steadily thereafter. By 2 weeks considerable sprouting was apparent, and at 3 weeks intense sprouting was observed within the molecular layer. An intrinsic septal‐to‐temporal gradient of collateral sprouting was apparent at 14 days in culture. To determine whether differential damage to the mossy fibers was the basis for the differences in collateral sprouting along the septotemporal axis, we made complete transections of the mossy fiber projection as it exited the dentate hilus at various levels along the septotemporal axis; no differences were found on subsequent collateral sprouting in the dentate molecular layer. Timm‐stained hippocampal cultures with an attached entorhinal cortex, a major source of afferent innervation to the dentate granule cells, displayed significantly less collateral sprouting at 10 days in culture compared to that in cultures from adjacent sections without attached subicular‐entorhinal tissues present. Thus, time in culture, position along the septotemporal axis, and presence of afferent cortical tissues influence aberrant neurite collateral sprouting in organotypic slice cultures of neonatal mouse hippocampus. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.