bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hostility
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We use the term ‘hostility’ to encompass a range of behaviours that we might encounter whilst working in the community with people suffering severe mental illness. These behaviours are not exclusive to our patients; in daily life we might encounter passive aggression, intimidating behaviour, verbal aggression, and threats—especially whilst driving a car! Actual physical violence, however, remains rare both in our practice and in society. Homicides by people with mental illness are, mercifully, infrequent events and as such are statistically difficult to predict, despite increasingly sophisticated risk assessment procedures (Munro and Rumgay 2000).
Personality problems and disorders
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Personality is that which makes each of us different and unique. When we speak of someone’s personality we focus on those aspects of him or her which make them most memorable. We have an enormous range of terms to describe an individual’s personality—strong, fiery, passionate, phlegmatic, intellectual, cold, ruthless, conscientious, etc. If we are to work successfully with longterm relationships, we need to pay due attention to personality. Our patients’ personalities profoundly affect how they deal with their illnesses and undoubtedly have a major impact on their overall outcome.
Crisis intervention
Authors: Graham Cynthia , Bancroft John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the book’s third edition in 1996, several notable developments have occurred in ‘crisis intervention’ (CI). Professional (and public) interest in CI has grown substantially, as evidenced by new books (Aguilera 1998; Roberts 2000; James and Gilliland 2005) and journals (e.g. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, Crisis Intervention and Time-Limited Treatment). In North America, Europe, and Asia, many treatment programs have evolved. Crises are affecting an ever-increasing number of people. Lifetime prevalence for exposure to trauma is escalating (Kessler et al. 1995) to such a degree that mass disasters have been regarded as ‘virtually epidemic’ in nature (Everly et al. 2000, p. 77).
Group psychotherapy
Authors: Aveline Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goals of long-term individual therapy discussed in Chapter 5 can also be tackled in group therapy. In this chapter, an interpersonal model of small group therapy is described with special emphasis on therapeutic factors. Selection, group composition, preparation of members, group development, the mature group, and ethical issues are covered. The final section deals briefly with other applications of the group approach and with training. Human beings live, work, and play in diverse groups, and find and express their identity through social interaction. Not surprisingly, many of the psychological problems they experience stem from disturbed relationships within the groups in which they have learned to be the people they are.
Couple psychotherapy
Authors: Crowe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The institution of marriage, especially in Western societies, is in a state of flux. Pressures exist which both idealize and undermine couple relationships. There is increased public interest in exploring the nature of couple interaction and a parallel process which questions the basis of couple relationships and seeks more individual freedom and fulfilment. It is not surprising therefore that there is a high demand for couple therapy (Crowe and Ridley 2000). Marriage itself is becoming less popular, having reached a peak in the 1960s. Added to this, many forms of unofficial pairing exist, which often include cohabitation, and sometimes also involve the rearing of children.
Family therapy in the adult psychiatric setting
Authors: Harari Edwin , Bloch Sidney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘family therapy’ covers a variety of approaches. At one extreme it is a method drawn from one or more of a range of theoretically based schools that seek to help an individual patient who presents with a clinical syndrome. At the other extreme family therapy is a way of thinking about psychotherapy in general; the intervention may involve the individual alone, the nuclear family, or an extended network, but the focus is the relationships between people.
Theories of Organizational Stress
Authors: Cooper Cary L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past two decades, the nature of work has changed dramatically, as more and more organizations downsize, outsource and move toward short-term contracts, part-time working and teleworking. The costs of stress in the workplace in most of the developed and developing world have risen accordingly in terms of increased sickness absence, labour turnover, burnout, premature death and decreased productivity. This book, in one volume, provides all the major theories of organizational stress from the leading researchers and writers in the field. It is a guide to identifying the sources of pressures in jobs and the workplace so that we may be able to intervene to change and manage the growing problem of organizational stress.
Introduction
Authors: Cooper Cary L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
work, is, by its very nature, about violence-to the spirit as well as to the body. It is about ulcers as well as accidents, about shouting matches as well as fistfights, about nervous breakdowns as well as kicking the dog around. It is, above all (or beneath all), about daily humiliations. To survive the day is triumph enough for the walking wounded among the great many of us. To this day, the costs of occupational stress are still present and growing, as the very nature of work is dramatically changing. It has been estimated that the cost of stress to American organizations, assessed by absenteeism, reduced productivity, compensation claims, health insurance and direct medical expenses is in the region of$150 billion per year (Karasek and Theorell, 1990). In the UK, the Confederation of British Industry recently calculated that the costs of sickness absence to the UK economy was over £12 billion, of which around 50 percent has been estimated to be stress related, while the British Heart Foundation found that over 21 percent of all male absence and 45 percent of all premature deaths at work are due to heart and circulatory disease, in which stress plays a significant role.
Adverse Health Effects of Effort-Reward Imbalance at Work: Theory, Empirical Support, and Implications for Prevention
Authors: Siegrist Johannes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it is now widely recognized that ‘stress’ is the result of an interaction between environmental constraints or threats and individual coping resources the notion of’ organizational stress’ seems to imply a causal role of specific environments such as organizations in the stress process. This notion may be too simplistic, bringing us back to the tradition of’black box’ approaches towards studying human behaviour. In fact, there is now clear evidence of individual differences in coping with organizational stressors as well as in a person’s susceptibility for the health consequences of stressful experience (Cooper and Payne, 1991; Parkes, 1991; Weiner, 1992). On the other hand, stress-related health effects are more pronounced in individuals who participate in specific organizations, e.g. in particular work environments (see below). Therefore, a theoretical approach is needed which adequately addresses this person-environment interaction in the stress process.
Key aspects of decision modelling for economic evaluation
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Claxton Karl , Sculpher Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the basic elements of decision modelling for economic evaluation. It considers the key stages in developing a decision analytic model and describes the cohort model, the main type of decision model used in the field. The decision tree and Markov model are described in detail and examples provided of their use in economic evaluation. It is possible to identify a series of stages in developing a decision model for economic evaluation. In part, this will involve some general choices concerning the nature of the evaluation. This will include the measure of effect and the time horizon, but also the perspective of the analysis; that is, whose costs and effects we are interested in? Below is a list of the stages in the development process which relate specifically to the decision modelling.
The Role And Use Of Differential Item Functioning (Dif) Analysis Of Quality Of Life Data From Clinical Trials
Authors: Groenvold Mogens , Petersen Morten Aagaard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When using a multi-item scale as an end point in a clinical trial we assume that the scale provides a correct description of the level of the construct (e.g. pain) it is supposed to assess. However, in some cases the use of a multi-item scale may lead to incorrect conclusions. Differential item functioning (DIF) analysis (previously called item bias analysis) investigates how a multi-item scale performs in specific analytic situations. For example, when used to compare groups in a trial, does the score from a multi-item scale yield a correct representation of the information in its items?
Self-Rated Health
Authors: Bjorner Jakob B , Fayers Peter , Idler Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many health-related quality of life questionnaires and health surveys contain questions of the type: ‘In general, would you say your health is: excellent, very good, good, poor or fair? ‘ or ‘What do you think of your own health condition compared to that of other men of your age? ‘ Such global questions concerning the general perception of a respondent ‘s own health have been focus of increasing interest in public health research during the past decades – for four reasons: Answers to such questions have been shown to be surprisingly strong predictors of subsequent mortality, morbidity, discharge from the labour force, and use of medical services. The associations generally persist even after controlling for numerous other risk factors.
Apologies in clinical medicine
Authors: O’Donovan Carmel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is always hard to admit fault and an apology requires courage and insight. When this exchange is in the face of a clinical incident with ongoing sequelae there can be many additional valid concerns with regard to issues such as liability, i.e. ‘Who will pay?’ if things have gone wrong and a patient has been harmed. This chapter seeks to demystify the area of apology and to offer strategies that will minimize problems for both the health-care provider and the patient. It deals with the fundamentals of legal liability and looks at the ways in which clinical risk management and governance underpin patient protection mechanisms.
The Extended Warranty
Authors: Kraus Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of this book is intended to reflect the reality of work with bereaved children and families. Professionals and volunteers in the field are aware that for many bereaved families, a brief intervention will be the only one possible. The reasons are varied; for example, they can arise from the difficulties that bereaved families encounter in juggling the practical requirements of their everyday lives with their need to allow space and time to grieve, or from the limitations imposed by professional or volunteer bereavement workers who have to ration scarce resources. The Candle project followed the pattern of short-term intervention in bereavement that had worked well in a bereavement service already offered by St Christopher’s Hospice. This service had con- firmed our belief that, provided the service is delivered swiftly when requested, so that help is available when families are most receptive, short-term work is appropriate for the majority of bereaved children and families. Bereavement is a normal process of adjustment to a major life event, and attending counselling sessions long term can reduce a family’s coping skills by creating a dependency on the bereavement counsellor or agency. Children form close relationships very quickly, and the ending of a long-term counselling relationship can give them another loss to cope with.
Working with Volunteers to Provide Bereavement Support to Children
Authors: Pentland Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The anxiety in the room is palpable. The nine people who are gathered look as if they are anticipating a visit to the dentist, probably without anaesthetic. The challenge for us is clear; we have forty hours to replace anxiety with confidence, to bring knowledge, to enable the personal growth and reflective learning which will enable these individuals to become SeeSaw Support Workers. SeeSaw is a grief support service for children in Oxfordshire, England. We aim to offer a flexible, bespoke support service to children up to the age of eighteen who have been bereaved of a parent or sibling.
Metals and oxygen: respiration, oxidation, and oxygen toxicity
Authors: Gutteridge John M C , Halliwell Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aerobic respiration is the process by whichO2 is used to oxidize foodstuffs (fats, carbohydrates, proteins) and produce heat and other forms of energy such as ATP. Because O2 is poorly soluble in water, the major constituent of the human body † we have evolved a transport protein to carry it, haemoglobin in the red blood cells (Figure 1). Haemoglobin has four protein subunits. To each is bound a complex chemical structure (haem), at the centre of which is an iron ion, in the ferrous (Fe2+) state. Oxygen reversibly binds to this iron, giving a Fe2+— O2 complex (causing the bright red colour of oxygenated blood).
Antioxidants: elixirs of life or media hype?
Authors: Gutteridge John M C , Halliwell Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first organisms to evolve on the Earth were anaerobes: there was initially little or no O2 intheatmosphere. As the O2 content rose, some organisms adapted by evolving antioxidant defence systems to protect themselves against the toxic effects of O2 (see Chapter 1). The term ‘ antioxidant’ is widely used in newspapers, magazines, and the scientific literature, but it is rarely defined. Often it is used to refer only to antioxidants than can scavenge radicals, such as superoxide dismutase, vitamin E, and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Let us explore this further.
Antioxidant vitamins and nutrients
Authors: Gutteridge John M C , Halliwell Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antioxidant defences rely heavily on vitamins and minerals from the diet (see Table 1). Indeed, research in Jamaica has shown that the problems suffered by children with kwashiorkor, a disease caused by lack of suitable dietary protein, arise not only from the deficiency in protein itself, but also from inadequate levels of antioxidants (including caeruloplasmin, tocopherols, and GSH) and from failure to make enough albumin, or sufficient transferrin to ensure safe binding of iron in the plasma.
Would people in ‘ advanced’ countries gain any benefit from consuming ‘supplements’ of these nutrients, in addition to those absorbed from the diet? The companies that manufacture ‘ vitamin E’, ‘vitamin C’, ‘fl-carotene’, ‘selenium’, ‘multivitamin tablets’, and SOD capsules (with or without added catalase) would like us to think so. This is a multi-million dollar business in the USA and is growing to a similar size in other parts of the world. Some claims are unlikely to be true. SOD and catalase are proteins— in the gut, they will be digested by enzymes into amino acids and peptides. Little, if any, will be absorbed intact. No more will be absorbed from SOD/ catalase tablets than from uncooked foodstuffs (most of which contain these enzymes). Some of the other claims deserve careful attention, however.
Confidentiality
Authors: Green Stephen A , Bloch Sidney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Preserving the secrets of patients has its provenance in Ancient Greece. The Oath of Hippocrates makes this duty explicit What I may see or hear in the course of the treatment or even outside of the treatment in regard to the life of men which on no account one must spread abroad, I will keep to myself holding such things shameful to be spoken about In modern times, the psychiatrist’s assurance to his patients that whatever transpires between them will remain confidential, is a hallmark of the therapeutic relationship.
Preoperative assessment: language
Authors: Rutten Geert–Jan , Roux Franck–Emmanuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brain surgery aims at optimal treatment of a lesion with minimal damage to healthy brain tissue, in order to spare the patient from any (new) neurological deficit. This not only requires a priori knowledge about the nature, location, and extent of the lesion and neighbouring anatomical structures (e.g. the vascular architecture) but also about the location of functionally important brain structures (i.e. the (sub)cortical areas that are indispensable or ‘critical’ for normal sensorimotor or cognitive function). Despite the importance of both these structural and functional aspects in resective brain surgery, routine and easily applicable clinical techniques only exist for identification and localization of the structural lesion. Nowadays, information from structural neuroimaging techniques such as CT or MRI is a prerequisite for any brain surgical intervention. In clear contrast, in the majority of these procedures, localization of function still relies on models that were developed over a century ago. These models are predominantly based on the results of post-mortem studies of brainlesioned patients with neurological deficits, and strongly link specific functions to specific anatomical landmarks and cortical topography. For language, this resulted in the formulation of the classical model that describes the language system as composed primarily of two cortical regions in the left hemisphere: the areas of Broca and Wernicke. Although no clear anatomical definition of these areas exists, they are usually defined, as respectively, the posterior part of the left inferior frontal gyrus and the posterior part of the left perisylvian region. However, over the years, it has been recognized that potential language cortex is much larger than previously thought, whereas language areas themselves can be much smaller and highly variable in both extent and location. Clinicians and researchers have gradually come to realize that, for individual patients, the classical language model has little predictive value. Contrary to the general clinical assumption that is formulated in the Broca–Wernicke model, there seems no simple one-to-one relationship between structure and function. This holds true, in particular, for neurosurgical patients, where brain lesions may have changed structural or functional brain topography. A better understanding of the cerebral representation of language function is clearly needed in order to predict and explain the effects of brain surgery more accurately.
An introduction to the immune system and cancer
Authors: Midgley Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immunology as a science celebrated its bicentenary just before the dawn of the new millennium. In 1796 Jenner reported his finding that inoculation of a young man, James Phipps, with pus obtained from a cowpox lesion (or vaccinia from the latin term ‘vacca’ meaning cow) resulted in protection against human smallpox, a frequently fatal disease. This was the first documented evidence for the effectiveness of ‘vaccination’. Despite Jenner’s firm evidence, the resistance of the Church to his methods meant that smallpox vaccination did not become routine until the twentieth century.
The clinical development of biologic therapies
Authors: Kerr David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to what you will read elsewhere in this book, I do not want to say here that cancer is a disease of cells: it is not. For our purposes, cancer is a disease of people. It is the potential to extend and save human lives that drives our interest in cancer and at some point in our research we are bound to attempt to translate interesting developments in our biological understanding into real therapies for people with cancer.
Proteins, peptides, and DNA vaccines for cancer
Authors: Choudhury Aniruddha , Mellstedt Håkan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of vaccinating patients against their cancers has advanced over time (as outlined in Chapter 2). What started out as hypotheses, was succeeded with empirical studies and observations in the laboratory and dinic, and currently represents an established scientific discipline with constantly expanding frontiers. Approaches to cancer vaccination can be broadly grouped into two categories:(1) approaches that rely on the whole tumour ceJl or fractions derived from it as the source of immunogen; and(2) approaches that utilise a synthetic immunogen that immunologically mimics a molecule associated with the tumour cell. Such a molecule is called a tumour-associated antigen(s) (TAA).
Acquired brain injury
Authors: McGrath Joanna Collicutt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about the rehabilitation of people who have acquired brain injury (ABI) in adulthood. It is therefore important to begin by clarifying the specific health conditions that are included within this broad term. As noted in the last chapter, the focus of the book is on acute onset, non-progressive, cerebral events that arise in the context of previously normal brain function. The major associated health conditions are closed head injury, stroke, subarachnoid haemorrhage, cerebral hypoxia, and cerebral infections. These health conditions can be of varying degrees of severity, but the most significant ethical problems are associated with severe conditions.
The Dynamical Perspective
Authors: Culicover Peter W , Nowak Andrzej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central problem addressed by this book is how a mind/brain can come to incorporate knowledge of a system as complex as a human language in a relatively brief period of time through exposure to the sounds of a language paired with contexts of their utterance. This problem has been the concern of much of modern linguistics. Our particular focus is to consider it from the perspective of the language learner, taking as our guide Occam’s Razor. We will ask, what is the minimal formal machinery and prior knowledge that a mind/brain must have access to in order to learn a lan guage? Our approach situates us within the general rubric of ‘minimalism’, although many of our basic assumptions distinguish us from a number of other minimalist proposals (see Chapter 7).
Language Acquisition and Linguistic Theory
Authors: Culicover Peter W , Nowak Andrzej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 touched upon the notion that there is an intimate relationship between linguistic theory and the theory of language acquisition. Here we explore a number of facets of this idea that will play a central role in the account of language acquisition that we develop in this book. The central thesis of this chapter is that current formal grammatical descriptions of adult language do not offer the proper vocabulary for describing the course of language acquisition. If this is so it leaves us with a problem; either there is a discontinuity between the mechanism that accounts for language acquisition and the representation of language in the adult, or the formal grammatical descriptions offered by current theory are only indirectly associated with the language acquisition mechanism. We chose the latter option, preserving the widely accepted view (and the minimalist view) that there is a strong continuity between what is going on in the language learner and what ends up in the mind of the adult speaker.