bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How literacy in its fundamental sense is central to scientific literacy
Authors: Norris Stephen P. , Phillips Linda M. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis paper draws upon a distinction between fundamental and derived senses of literacy to show that conceptions of scientific literacy attend to the derived sense but tend to neglect the fundamental sense. In doing so, they fail to address a central component of scientific literacy. A notion of literacy in its fundamental sense is elaborated and contrasted to a simple view of reading and writing that still has much influence on literacy instruction in schools and, we believe, is widely assumed in science education. We make suggestions about how scientific literacy would be viewed differently if the fundamental sense of literacy were taken seriously and explore some educational implications of attending to literacy in its fundamental sense when teaching science. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 87:224–240, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10066
Perceived consequences of evolution: College students perceive negative personal and social impact in evolutionary theory
Authors: Brem Sarah K. , Ranney Michael , Schindel Jennifer 
Published: January 2003

AbstractEvolutionary science has consequences for individuals and society, ranging from the way we interpret human behavior to our notions of spirituality and the purpose of our existence. Popular portrayals of evolution depict a paradoxical theory, a source of knowledge and human connections, but also a threat to our humanity and freedom. Using quantitative and qualitative methodology, we examined how college‐educated adults (n= 135) from diverse ethnic and religious backgrounds perceive the impact of evolutionary theory on individuals and society. We identified a continuum of perspectives, ranging from strong creationist to strong evolutionist. Using the model of “knowledge as an ecology” (Demastes, Good, & Peebles, Science Education, 79, 637–666, 1995; Nardi & O'Day, Information ecologies: Using technology with heart, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1999), we examined the relationships among participants' beliefs, their perceptions regarding the social and personal impact of evolutionary theory, their prior exposure to and knowledge of evolutionary theory, and their opinions regarding the teaching of evolution. Evolutionists and creationists differed in their prior exposure to evolutionary theory, and their opinions about some aspects of teaching, but showed striking similarities regarding perceived impact. All groups viewed the consequences of accepting evolutionary principles in a way that might be considered undesirable: increased selfishness and racism, decreased spirituality, and a decreased sense of purpose and self‐determination. From a science education perspective, this one‐sided interpretation is troublesome because it runs counter to the available evidence and theories in evolutionary science, and we consider ways of fostering more balanced presentation and appraisal of evolutionary theory. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Sci Ed87:181–206, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10045
Ambulatory epidural anesthesia and the duration of labor
Authors: Karraz M.A. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjectives: Ambulatory epidural analgesia has become a common option for women in labor in France. We tested the hypothesis that a method of epidural analgesia that allowed women to walk had specific advantages regarding mode of delivery, consumption of local anesthetic, oxytocin requirement, and labor duration. Methods: Two hundred and twenty‐one women with uncomplicated pregnancies who presented in spontaneous labor between 36 and 42 weeks of gestation or who were scheduled for induced labor were randomly divided into two groups, ambulatory and non‐ambulatory. All were given intermittent epidural injections of 0.1% ropivacaine with 0.6 μg/ml sufentanil for analgesia during labor (P<0.05 was considered significant). None of the women had previous cesarean delivery. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups in mode of delivery, consumption of local anesthetic, or oxytocin requirement. However, a significant difference was noted in labor duration (173.4±109.9 min vs. 236.4±130.6 min; P=0.001). Conclusions: Walking with ambulatory labor analgesia shortens labor duration but has no other effect on the progress and outcome of labor.
The prevalence and timing of cervical cerclage placement in multiple gestations
Authors: Parilla B.V. , Haney E.I. , MacGregor S.N. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjectives: To investigate the prevalence and timing of cervical cerclage placement in multiple gestations. Methods: Our perinatal database was queried for all multiple gestations delivered at Evanston Hospital from 12/95 through 12/00. This list was then cross‐matched with billing and medical records for ‘incompetent cervix’ and ‘cerclage.’ The medical records of all deliveries ≤26 weeks were reviewed in order to ascertain if cervical incompetence was responsible for the preterm delivery. Results: There were 802 deliveries of multiple gestations ≥14 weeks over a 5‐year period. The number of patients that underwent cerclage placement was 29 or 3.6%. The mean gestational age at cerclage placement was 18.6±4.5 weeks (range 11–24.6). Twelve were elective or prophylactic while 17 were ‘urgent’ or ‘emergent.’ The mean gestational age for the 17 emergent cerclages was 21.4±2.2 weeks (range 16.6–24.6). When compared with those patients who did not undergo cerclage placement, there was no difference in maternal demographics including age, parity, or previous full‐term delivery. There was a significant difference in the gestational age at delivery for the cerclage vs. no cerclage group; 29.3±5.6 vs. 34.4±4.6 weeks, respectively, and in the frequency of losses at ≤26 weeks; 8/23 (38%) vs. 48/707 (6.8%), P<0.001. Ten of the losses in the no cerclage group appeared consistent with incompetent cervix for a total of 39/802 or 4.9% rate of cervical incompetence in our multiple gestation population. Conclusions: The relatively low prevalence of cervical incompetence in our multiple gestations does not justify prophylactic cervical cerclage placement. Expectant management with serial cervical examinations starting at 16–18 weeks appears more prudent.
The FIGO Save the Mothers Initiative: The Uganda–Canada collaboration
Authors: Lalonde A.B. , Okong P. , Mugasa A. , Perron L. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractIn 1998, the ob/gyn associations of Uganda and Canada launched, under the umbrella of the FIGO Save the Mothers Initiative, a district‐wide intervention which aimed to increase the availability and utilization of emergency obstetric care (EmOC) services in a rural district of Uganda. The article describes the experience of two professional ob/gyn associations in the development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the project. Preliminary results after 24 months of intervention indicate important gains in the capacity of health professionals to deliver EmOC, the availability of emergency transportation services and met need for EmOC.
Linear instability implies nonlinear instability for various types of viscous boundary layers
Authors: Desjardins B. , Grenier E. 
Published: February 2003

The aim of this paper is to give a simple proof to the fact that linear instability implies nonlinear instability for two classes of boundary layers: Ekman layers, mixed Ekman Hartmann layers. In the case of rotating fluids, we prove that linear instability of Ekman boundary layers (as studied in Lilly’s work [14]) implies nonlinear instability in

L^∞

norm. This result describes the onset of turbulence at high enough Reynolds numbers. Application of these techniques to MHD models is also given.

Résumé

L’objectif de cet article est de donner une preuve simple du fait que l’instabilité linéaire entraine l’instabilité non linéaire pour deux classes de couches limites : couches limites d’Ekman, couches limites mixtes Ekman Hartmann. Dans le cas de fluides tournants, on montre que l’instabilité linéaire des couches d’Ekman (étudiée par Lilly dans [14]) implique l’instabilité non linéaire en norme

L^∞

. Ce résultat décrit l’apparition de la turbulence pour des Reynolds suffisament grands. Des applications de ces techniques à des modèles de MHD sont aussi données.
Mitogens are increased in the systemic circulation during bone callus healing
Authors: Kaspar Daniela , Neidlinger‐Wilke Cornelia , Holbein Oliver , Claes Lutz , Ignatius Anita 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe influence of mechanical tissue strain caused by flexible fracture fixation on the systemic occurrence of systemic mitogens during callus healing was investigated. For this purpose the mitogenic capacity and growth factor concentration of sera from patients undergoing fracture treatment were determined. Sera from 9 patients whose fractures had been stabilized by external fixation were collected before and during fracture treatment. The sera were added to cell culture media of the osteoblastic cell line SaOS‐2. After 5‐6 days cell proliferation was measured. Transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) and insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) concentrations were analyzed in serum samples from different healing stages. Statistics: paired Wilcoxon‐test. Sera from fracture patients decreased SaOS‐2 proliferation in the first week after surgery (p<0.05) compared to sera obtained prior to surgery. In the fourth or fifth week proliferation increased significantly (p<0.03). The increased proliferation of the SaOS‐2 cells was associated with elevated levels of TGF‐β and IGF‐I (p<0.05). The higher mitogenic activity of sera suggests an increased level of circulating mitogens. In a previous study this increase had also been observed in patients during distraction osteogenesis treatment but not in patients with primary bone healing by a stable fixated plate. It is therefore assumed that their release from the fracture site is a consequence of mechanical stimulation by interfragmentary movement of fracture ends.© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The effect of selected growth factors on human anterior cruciate ligament cell interactions with a three‐dimensional collagen‐GAG scaffold
Authors: Murray M. Meaney , Rice K. , Wright R. J. , Spector M. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractOur work focuses on development of a collagen‐glycosamimoglycan (CG) scaffold to facilitate ligament healing in the gap between the ruptured ends of the human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). In the present investigation, we evaluated the effects of selected growth factors on human ACL cell responses important in tissue regeneration, namely cell migration, proliferation, collagen production, and expression of α‐smooth muscle actin (SMA).Methods: Explants from six human ACLs were cultured on top of a CG scaffold. Culture conditions were with either 2% FBS (control), or 2% FBS supplemented with TGF‐β1, PDGF‐AB, EGF, or FGF‐2. Histologic cell distribution, total DNA content, proliferation rate, rate of collagen synthesis, scaffold diameter and percentage of SMA positive cells were determined at two, three and four weeks.Results: The addition of TGF‐β1 to the culture medium resulted in increased cell number, increased collagen production and increased expression of SMA within the scaffold. Supplementation with PDGF‐AB resulted in increased cell proliferation rates within the scaffold and increased collagen production. The addition of FGF‐2 resulted in increased cell proliferation rates and slowed rates of scaffold shrinkage when compared with the control group.Discussion: This work suggests that certain growth factors can alter the biologic functions of human ACL cells in a CG scaffold implanted as a bridge at the site of an ACL rupture. Based on these findings, the addition of selected growth factors to an implantable CG scaffold may facilitate ligament healing in the gap between the ruptured ends of the human ACL.© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Evaluation of femoral perfusion in a non‐traumatic rabbit osteonecrosis model with T2*‐weighted dynamic MRI
Authors: Tsuji Takashi , Sugano Nobuhiko , Sakai Takashi , Yoshikawa Hideki 
Published: February 2003

AbstractWe evaluated femoral perfusion in a non‐traumatic rabbit serum sickness osteonecrosis (ON) model, using serial repetitive T2*‐weighted (T2*W) dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and investigated prediction of ON occurrence in early stages, comparing T2*W dynamic MRI with non‐enhanced (T2‐, T1‐ and fat suppression T1‐weighted) and contrast‐enhanced MRI. Early microcirculatory injury or necrotic lesion was detected in 0% of femora (extravasation, 0/6) at 72 h, 33% (necrotic, 4/12) at 1 week and 100% (necrotic, 14/14) at 3 weeks using non‐enhanced MRI, and in 67% of femora (extravasation, 4/6) at 72 h, 58% (necrotic, 7/12) at 1 week and 100% (necrotic, 14/14) at 3 weeks using contrast‐enhanced MRI. In contrast, microcirculatory injury or necrotic lesion was detected in 83% of femora (extravasation, 5/6) at 72 h, 92% (necrotic, 11/12) at 1 week and 100% (necrotic, 14/14) at 3 weeks using T2*W dynamic MRI as no transient decrease or less marked transient decrease in signal intensity of regions of interest (ROIs), compared to normal femora, which showed a clear transient decrease in signal intensity of ROIs. These results indicate that T2*W dynamic MRI with optimal imaging parameters and a dose of contrast agent is the most sensitive of these three MRI methods and may be clinically useful for evaluating femoral perfusion in artery phase and predicting ON occurrence.© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PMMA particles and pressure—a study of the osteolytic properties of two agents proposed to cause prosthetic loosening
Authors: Skoglund Björn , Aspenberg Per 
Published: February 2003

AbstractAmongst the wear debris particles implicated in the particle hypothesis for prosthetic loosening are polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and particularly PMMA with barium sulphate contrast agent. Another suggested cause for loosening is hydrostatic pressure. PMMA particles were combined with hydrostatic pressure in a study to investigate whether there could be a synergistic or additive effect between these two factors. Titanium plates were fastened onto tibiae of 59 rats. After osseointegration, PMMA particles with barium sulphate were administered to the bone‐implant interface. Further, PMMA particles were introduced into a previously published model for hydrostatic pressure induced osteolysis. There was measurable resorption in response to the PMMA particles but no additive or synergistic effect from introducing particles to the pressure model, and the effect of pressure was far greater than that of particles. These results suggest that, whereas particles can be shown to elicit an osteolytic response, the much less studied osteolytic effects of pressure could be far more important.© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Four‐year study of cobalt and chromium blood levels in patients managed with two different metal‐on‐metal total hip replacements
Authors: Lhotka Christian , Szekeres Thomas , Steffan Ilse , Zhuber Klaus , Zweymüller Karl 
Published: February 2003

AbstractBackground: Metal‐on‐metal total hip prostheses will produce a certain amount of wear debris. This results in increased whole‐blood metal levels, which may cause adverse effects. It is not known to what extent the problem has been overcome by advances in alloy technology.Methods: In 259 patients who with total hip replacement, blood cobalt and chromium concentrations were measured with atomic absorption spectrophotometry over a period of four years after arthroplasty. Of the patients enrolled in the study, 131 had been managed with a METASUL® cobalt‐chromium alloy metal‐on‐metal bearing combination, while 128 had been given a SIKOMET®‐SM21® cobalt‐chromium alloy metal‐on‐metal combination. The control group consisted of 31 age‐ and gender‐matched subjects.Results: Compared with the controls, all the patients had higher cobalt and chromium levels. Cobalt concentrations were up to 50 times higher, while chromium concentrations were up to 100 times higher.Conclusions: Both systems showed evidence, in the whole‐blood samples, of wear debris production by the implants. Therefore, patients managed with metal‐on‐metal bearing combinations should be carefully monitored in order to ensure that any local or systemic complications are detected early on.© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The use of intra‐articular Na‐hyaluronate as a potential chondroprotective device in experimentally induced acute articular cartilage injury and repair in rabbits
Authors: Williams James M. , Rayan Vineeta , Sumner D. Rick , Thonar Eugene J.‐M. A. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective: This study examined if viscosupplementation from intra‐articular administration of a commercially available form of hyaluronan (HA) could promote the restoration of proteoglycan (PG) depletion induced by chymopapain and then if the repair could be maintained once HA treatment was discontinued.Methods: Animals received cartilage injury with intra‐articular chymopapain (2.0 mg) followed by weekly treatment with intra‐articular HA. HA treated animals were compared to injured animals with no treatment, contralateral untreated joints and joints from normal controls. The effect of intra‐articular HA alone on articular cartilage was also examined.Results: Serum keratan sulfate levels confirmed degradation of the cartilage PGs in the chymopapain‐injected knees. Intra‐articular chymopapain resulted in marked loss of PGs. There were no significant differences among the control groups (untreated control, HA/800 treatment only). HA treatment did not affect the loss of PGs caused by chymopapain after 42 days. However, in animals receiving chymopapain injury followed by weekly HA treatment for 42 days and then 42 days of free cage activity without HA, cartilage PG contents were significantly increased. Intra‐articular HA alone had no effect on the articular cartilage.Conclusion: The results in the present study suggest a potential protective effect of HA on chymopapain‐induced acute articular cartilage injury in rabbits that, in time, permits damaged cartilage to resynthesize matrix PGs after the HA treatment is discontinued.© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Mesencephalic innervation of the vibrissal follicle–sinus complex in the mouse embryo
Authors: Croydon Andrew T. , Millar Brian J. , Linden Roger W.A. , Maden Malcolm 
Published: February 2003

AbstractPeripheral projections of neurones whose cell bodies lie in the mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth cranial nerve, situated between the central grey and mesencephalic reticular formation, were studied in mouse embryos aged between day 9 and 15 and in postnatal day 1 mice. Nonspecific neural antibody staining allowed visualisation of the developing cranial nerves, in particular the descending mesencephalic tract. This facilitated successful dissection of the descending mesencephalic tract and trigeminal ganglion in the heads of fresh mouse embryos and postnatal mice. The fluorescent dye, 1,1′‐dioctadecyl‐3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), was injected into the descending mesencephalic tract in mouse embryos aged 12.5, 13.5 and 15 days of gestation and also into postnatal day 1 mice. Following a period of incubation, 100 μm sections were viewed under visible light and episcopic fluorescence. Mesencephalic neurones were observed to pass superiorly over the trigeminal ganglion and enter the maxillary division to innervate vibrissal follicle–sinus complexes, whilst none was observed innervating mandibular and maxillary intraoral structures. There was no fluorescent labelling in non‐DiI injected control specimens.Using a highly specific neuronal tracer, this study shows that mesencephalic neurones in the periphery project exclusively to follicle–sinus complexes in the developing mouse embryo and remain at least until postnatal day 1. These observations, contrary to those made in other animals, indicate a species specificity of mesencephalic peripheral projections.
Differential effects of prepubertal chronic oestrogen treatment on the synthesis of noradrenaline in uterine myometrial and perivascular sympathetic nerves
Authors: Brauer M.M. , Llodrá J. , Scorza M.C. , Chávez R. , Burnstock G. , Thrasivoulu C. , Cowen T. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that chronic administration of oestrogen to prepubertal rats reduces the total content of noradrenaline in the uterine horn, abolishes myometrial noradrenergic innervation and reduces noradrenaline‐fluorescence intensity of intrauterine perivascular nerve fibres. The mechanisms underlying these changes are not known. In the present study we have analysed the effects of prepubertal chronic oestrogen treatment on the synthesis of noradrenaline in the rat uterine sympathetic nerves using biochemical and immunohistochemical approaches. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity was evaluated biochemically, by measuring the in vivo accumulation of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) in the presence of a DOPA‐decarboxylase inhibitor. In addition, nerve fibres were visualised immunohistochemically using antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase (DβH) and the general marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5). After chronic oestrogen treatment, the total content of noradrenaline of the uterine horn was reduced, whereas the total content of DOPA was increased. In controls, TH‐immunoreactive, DβH‐immunoreactive and PGP 9.5‐immunoreactive nerve fibres were distributed in both the circular and longitudinal myometrial layers and in the blood vessels of the intra‐myometrial region. After chronic oestrogen treatment the only fibres recognised by the three antibodies were those associated with the blood vessels, but no myometrial‐associated fibres could be recognised. These results suggest that noradrenaline synthesis is selectively reduced in myometrial‐associated uterine sympathetic nerves, but is preserved in perivascular sympathetic nerves. The increased DOPA levels measured after chronic exposure to oestrogen was interpreted as the consequence of the substantial increase in size and number of blood vessels observed in the uterus of oestrogen‐treated animals. A possible neurodegenerative effect of oestrogen on myometrial sympathetic fibres is discussed.