bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RANCANG BANGUN ELEKTROSTIMULATOR BERBASIS ARDUINO MEGA 2560
Authors: Muslihun Muslihun , Ulin Nuha ABA Muhammad , Ringaama Kromen3 Yohanes 
Published: January 2024

Penggunaan peralatan medis dalam dunia kesehatan sangat dibutuhkan, salah satunya yaitu elektrostimulator yang dapat digunakan untuk membantu pemulihan pada pasien pasca stroke. Elektrostimulator dapat dibuat dengan beberapa syarat, yakni: controller, stimulator, dan elektroda. Selian itu, ada 4 parameter yang dibutuhkan pada elektrostimulator yakni 1) Pulse Amplitude, 2) Pulse Width, 3) Pulse Shape, 4) Pulse Frequency. Pada elektrostimulator ini, sangat disarankan penggunaan surface electrode, selain merupakan non-invasive electrode, elektroda ini juga memberikan kenyamanan dan mudah digunakan. Ditinjau dari hal tersebut maka dilakukan inovasi yaitu pembuatan elektrostimulator dengan pemilihan 2 mode yakni continu dan intermidi. Prosedur penelitian dilakukan beberapa tahap mulai dari penyiapan alat dan bahan, pengukuran dan uji fungsi. Hasil penelitian merupakan rancangan alat terapi elektrostimulator dengan power supply yang dihubungkan ke microkontroler dan ditampilkan pada lcd. Hasil pengujian didapatkan presentase kesalahan pada input power supply sebesar 5,9%, output power supply 3%, dan output buzzer 0%. Hasil pengujian dan analisa alat pada osiloskop didapatkan presentase kesalahan pada nilai frekuensi 2 Hz, 4 Hz, 5 Hz, 7 Hz, dan 8 Hz berturut-turut sebesar 0,05%, 0%, 2%, 4%, dan 8%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan alat sesuai yang diinginkan dan baik digunakan.
Kata Kunci : Elektrostimulator, Elektroda, Arduino Mega 2560, Frekuensi
Impact of smoking on Galectin-3 and GDF-15 among pregnant women
Authors: Al-Rweis Ahmad , Zakaraya Zainab , Al-Omari Laila , Abdul-Aziz Khaled 
Published: January 2024

In order to shed an understanding of the complicated mechanisms behind the health implications of tobacco use during pregnancy, this study examines the complex interplay between smoking and pregnancy on the levels of the biomarkers Galectin-3 and GDF-15, and to provide a comprehensive analysis, facilitating a deeper understanding and offering potential pathways for targeted interventions to mitigate health risks. Pregnant smokers had higher levels of hemoglobin and white blood cell counts, while both pregnant groups had lower platelet counts. Additionally, pregnant smokers had higher levels of total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, liver enzymes (ALT and AST), and C-reactive protein. These significant changes in hematological and metabolic parameters were found in a cross-sectional analysis involving 90 female participants who were divided into three groups: pregnant smokers, pregnant non-smokers, and non-pregnant non-smokers. Although there were slight variations in the levels of GDF-15 and Galectin-3 between the groups, they did not reach statistical significance. These results highlight the extensive and harmful metabolic alterations brought on by smoking during pregnancy, highlighting the need for focused actions to protect the health of both the mother and the fetus even in the face of largely stable biomarker levels.
Hálózatok a 20. századi katolikus egyházban
Authors: Bertalan Péter 
Published: January 2024

Csak a keresztény egyházak hálózati összefogásával lehetett elérni a trianoni politikai vasfüggöny áttörését, és lelki kapcsolatot teremteni a határon kívül rekedt magyarsággal. Ehhez is elsősorban a jelentős külföldi kapcsolatokkal rendelkező katolikus egyház erejére volt szükség. A hálózatkutatás feltérképezi azokat a rejtett kapcsolatokat, amelyek tértől és időtől függetlenek, és amelyek oly ellenállóvá tették a történelmi kataklizmákat át- és megélő egyházi közösségeket. A változásokat egyetlen intézmény vészeli át úgy, hogy átalakulása permanens, fokozatos. Ez az egyetemes katolikus egyház.
Vështrim stilistikor i leksikut të veprës Lahuta e Malcis
Authors: Baja Orjeta 
Published: January 2024

Shkrimtarët janë ata që mund ta zbulojnë thellësisht pasurinë e një gjuhe a një dialekti. Në këtë drejtim, Gjergj Fishta është një shembull i tillë. Si një ndër njohësit e mirë dhe lëvruesit e zellshëm të fjalës shqipe, ai zbuloi mjete e mundësi të shumta shprehjeje në truallin e pasur të shqipes. Kësaj pasurie gjuhësore, ai i bëri përpunim të vetëdijshëm mjeshtëror, duke shfrytëzuar me një ndjeshmëri të thellë gjuhësore burimet e gjalla të gjuhës shqipe. Fishta rrëmon në gjuhën e shkruar e të folur, në pasurinë e shqipes dialektore, në shqipen e pararendësve të tij dhe të autorëve të vjetër, me qëllim që të gjejë ato fjalë që e shprehin mendimin më bukur, më saktë, në mënyrë më mbresëlënëse, duke evokuar tek lexuesi dallueshëm mjedise historike, gjeografike e shoqërore.
Në këtë trajtesë, po i referohemi kryeveprës së këtij shkrimtari, “Lahuta e Malcís”.
Konferencë ndërkombëtare për 100-vjetorin e pavarësisë së Shqipërisë
Authors: Topalli Kolec 
Published: January 2024

Me rastin e 100-vjetorit të shpalljes së Pavarësisë së Shqipërisë, më datën 22. XI. 2012 në Universitetin “La Sapienza” të Romës u zhvillua konferenca ndërkombëtare “L’Albania indipendente e le relazioni italo-albanesi” (“Shqipëria e pavarur dhe marrëdhëniet italo-shqiptare”). Merrnin pjesë studiues italianë, arbëreshë dhe shqiptarë. Ishin të pranishëm Ministri i Jashtëm i Shqipërisë, z. Edmond Panariti, ambasadori i Shqipërisë në Itali, z. Llesh Kola dhe personalitete të lartë të shtetit italian e të Universitetit. Kumtesat e paraqitura trajtonin çështje të ndryshme që lidhen me periudhën e krijimit të shtetit shqiptar, me marrëdhëniet e Shqipërisë me Italinë etj. Nga pala shqiptare referuan: Neritan Ceka me kumtesën “Il contributo italiano alle ricerche archeologiche in Albania”
(“Ndihmesa italiane në kërkimet arkeologjike në Shqipëri”), Rando Devole me kumtesën “L’immigrazione albanese in Italia. Un ponte tra i due paesi” (“Emigrimi shqiptar në Itali. Një urë ndërmet dy popujve”); Sokol Paçuka me kumtesën “Lo sviluppo del sentimento nazionale albanese” (“Zhvillimi i ndjenjës kombëtare shqiptare”); Ilir Kulla me kumtesën “Il ripristino della vita religiosa in Albania (1991-2012)” (“Rivendosja e jetës fetare në Shqipëri (1991-2012)”; Kolec Topalli me kumtesën “Le relazioni storiche e linguistiche fra i popoli delle due coste dell’Adriatico” (Marrëdhëniet historike e gjuhësore ndërmjet popujve të dy brigjeve të Adriatikut”. Gjatë konferencës pati pyetje e diskutime për probleme të ndryshme.
Biology of the peregrine and gyrfalcon in Greenland
Authors: Burnham William A. , Mattox William G. 
Published: January 2024

A ten year study began in 1972 in West Greenland to investigate the breeding biology of the peregrine falcon. Data on nesting gyrfalcons were also collected. Thirty-four peregrine nesting sites were examined in the 6050 km2 inland study area near Søndre Strømfjord. Limited research also centered in Disko Bugt and Frederikshåb. Peregrines were found nesting predominantly on high, south-facing cliffs which overlooked large areas. The mean minimum distance between peregrine eyries was 7.7 km for the inland area (1972 and 1973) and 55 km for the coast (1974). Approximately 60 percent of the inland nesting sites were occupied each year. A ten-year average production of 1.90 young per occupied site and 2.78 young per successful site was determined. Lapland longspurs, snow buntings, wheatears, and redpolls comprised 90 percent of the peregrine's diet. Raven nests and prey availability may affect gyrfalcon nesting. Gyrfalcons and peregrines did not breed successfully on the same cliffs as they do in Alaska where prey species number and density is greater.
Competition for nest sites probably occurs, but prey availability may be the most significant factor affecting falcon density. Addled peregrine eggs, eggshell fragments, and peregrine prey species were collected. Whole eggs averaged 14.3 ppm wet weight (305 ppm lipid weight) DDE, while eggshell measurements showed a 16 percent thinning compared with pre-1940 eggs from Greenland. Prey species carried low levels of DDE. The peregrine population appears to be at a near critical con­tamination level, and a small increase in DDE level could contribute to a population decline. No indication of a decline has been observed during the study, and the population appears stable. The project banded 185 peregrines, from which 8 recoveries occurred. The recoveries suggest peregrines migrate south to winter in South America.
The Coleoptera of Greenland
Authors: Böcher Jens 
Published: January 2024

Since the appearance of the latest published list of Greenlandic insects (Henriksen 1939), 27 species of Coleoptera have been added, including 7 indigenous, 15 introduced, and 5 exclusively known as subfossils. Totally 71 species are treated.
A special section presents information on each species: taxonomical position, variation and dynamics, general distribution, Greenlandic distribution, habitat, and life cycle (mainly indirectly deduced from the collections).
A general section treats and discusses the same subjects on a comparative basis: the taxonomical composition of the beetle fauna, the zoogeographical position of the fauna, the distribution types within Greenland, the disposition of the species in relation to biotopes, and the variation in life cycles. Major conclusions concerning the indigenous fauna include: 1) the zoogeographical situation is peculiar, with equal importance of circumpolar and palaearctic species, and only one purely nearctic species; 2) the fauna has a pronounced southern character, with only one species having a southern limit in Greenland and thus deserving the designation "arctic"; 3) the majority of species are associated with benign microclimates and fairly lush vegetation, but a number of widespread species are highly eurytopic; 4) most species appear to overwinter as adults, four species are undoubtedly biennial with both larval and adult hibernation, and four seem to possess indefinite, opportunistic life cycles with extended larval life. Exclusively larval hibernation is suspected in only one species.
A final chapter reviews and discusses the origin of the Greenlandic Coleoptera. It is concluded that 1) a survival from the Tertiary in Greenland of any beetle species is highly improbable; 2) at most a few, hardy species might have existed in refugia from the Eem Interglacial during the last glaciation; 3) only two species, one purely nearctic, one "western" holarctic, undoubtedly have come to Greenland from North
America during the Holocene, and the same may be true for two more Holarctic species, absent from Europe; 4) the remainder of the indigenous species most likely are Lateglacial invaders from Europe; 5) the Norsemen were responsible for a number of introductions, of which only very few, partly synanthropic species, have survived to the present day.
Carbon cycling and climate change: Predictions for a High Arctic marine ecosystem (Young Sound, NE Greenland)
Authors: Rysgaard Søren , Glud Ronnie N. 
Published: January 2024

This chapter reviews current predictions of future changes in the High Arctic marine ecosystem Young Sound, NE Greenland. A high-resolution regional atmosphere-ocean model predicts an increase in atmospheric temperature of 6–8°C and in precipitation of 20–30% by the end of this century (2071–2100), leading to increased freshwater runoff, thinning of sea ice, and an increase in open-water period from 2.5 months to 4.7–5.3 months. Evaluation of the consequences of enhanced freshwater runoff to the fjord revealed that the mixed layer thickness of the water column will change only marginally, whereas the transport of saltwater from the Greenland Sea to Young Sound below the halocline is predicted to increase considerably due to stimulated estuarine circulation.
The thinning of sea ice and the increase in the open-water period is expected to enhance primary productivity in the area due to a c. 50% increase in light availability. The phytoplankton bloom will continue to occur in a sub-surface layer, but as the exchange between the fjord and the Greenland Sea increases, production will benefit from increased import of nutrients. We estimate that primary productivity in the area will have tripled by the end of the century compared with present-day levels. The longer ice-free period will induce a shift in the pelagic food web structure, from a copepod-dominated grazer community to a situation with growing influence of protozooplankton.
The increased pelagic production will enhance sedimentation and thus intensify bacterial mineralization at the sea floor along with carbon burial. This will reduce oxygen availability in the sediment and the relative importance of anaerobic degradation will increase. The rise in sedimentation will also improve food availability for the benthic animals and thus stimulate growth and production until a certain threshold, where sulphide released from anaerobic sulphate reduction may become inhibitory. Finally, an increase in the ice-free period will prolong the period in which birds and marine mammals – e.g. walruses – have access to the food-rich coastal area, and thus improve their foraging conditions. All in all, conditions in Young Sound in 2071–2100 are predicted to resemble present-day conditions c. 450 km further south, e.g. Scoresby Sound.
Volumetric comparison of mandibular condyles and mandibles in the different skeletal classes in the Saudi population
Authors: Marghalani Hussain Y. A. 
Published: January 2024

Background
Assessing the relationship between the condyle and mandible volume and the various skeletal classes is essential in orthodontic diagnosis. The current study evaluated this relationship using volumetric cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), cephalometric methods, and the correlations between them.

Materials and Methods
The study examined 37 full-head CBCTs (74 condyles) from adults in the Saudi population. The condyle and mandible were separated from within the CBCT images. The volume of each segment was compared to measurements from multiple cephalometric analyses.

Results
The combined total condylar volume has a moderate correlation with the maxillomandibular differential in each of the genders and in the total sample. Mandibular volume has a significant correlation with the Wits appraisal (sagittal classification) in males. It was also significantly correlated with the vertical classification using gonial angles in females and in the total sample.

Conclusion
The relationship between mandible and condyle volume and cephalometric measurements is both dimensional and within the maxillomandibular complex rather than positional or related to the cranial base. Also, the correlation between the condylar and mandibular volumes and the sagittal and vertical dimensions in the orthodontic skeletal classes provides better insight into the mandibular complex.
Assessing the Effects of Biostimulant on Tomato Growth, Yield and Quality in Open Field Condition
Authors: Kundu Sourav , Karak Subhadeep , Hansda Narendra Nath , Thapa Umesh , Rahaman Abujafar Oliyar 
Published: January 2024

Aim: This study, conducted at "C" Block Farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, during the period of 2022–23, explores the impact of biostimulants on the growth, yield, and quality of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). The primary objectives include investigating the significant effects of biostimulants and determining the optimal stage for their application, given the current emphasis on sustainable farming practices.
Study Design: The experimental design employed Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and eight treatments. Results indicate that biostimulant application, particularly as a foliar spray, significantly enhances crop growth and stimulates reproductive growth in later stages compared to control plants. Notably, the application of Biostimulant (Kazuki Gold)topically at 500 ml/acre during pre-flowering stage and during fruit development stage (T5) significantly registered the highest yield of 751.89 q/ha.
Place and Duration of Study: The farm, situated near the Tropic of Cancer, exhibits coordinates of approximately 22.89°N latitude and 88.45°E longitude, with an altitude of around 9.75 m above sea level.
Results: The highest lycopene content of 5.08 mg/100gm, which was significantly superior over all the treatments was obtained with the application of Kazuki gold during the two stages of application (i.e. at pre- flowering stages and during fruit development stage). The study also observed substantial impacts on other quality parameters with the application of seaweed extracts, protein hydrolysates, and N-fixing growth promoters during various stages of plant growth.
Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that Applying KAZUKI GOLD/YOSHI GOLD through foliar spray at a rate of 500ml per acre during the pre-flowering and fruit development stages has demonstrated profitability and advantages, leading to increased yields of high-quality tomato fruits.
Phytonutrient Screening and In vitro Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties of Polar and Nonpolar Extracts of Albizia gummifera, Prunus africana, and Combretum molle from Mount Elgon Region, Kenya
Authors: Nguimbous Simone Pierrette , Maingi John Muthini , Wanyonyi Alphonse Wafula , Mutuiri Shem Peter Mutua 
Published: January 2024

Background: Globally, and particularly in less-developed countries, one of the principal factors associated with morbidity and mortality is infectious diseases. Over the years, the abuse and misuse of pharmaceutical products have caused an increase in resistant microbes, and consequently, today, the rate of infectious disease cases continues to increase to dangerously high levels as most medications have lost their efficacy. This indicates that there’s a need for new effective medications and calls for active research in drug discovery to curb this dangerous trend.
Results: Obtained data demonstrated the presence of different bioactive compounds in the tested plant extracts such as glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and phenols. Using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, P. africana methanol and ethyl acetate extracts showed significantly bigger inhibition zones compared to the rest against S. aureus (excluding controls). None of the tested extracts, however, were able to inhibit C. albicans and E. coli. The P. africana methanolic extract and the A. gummifera hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanolic extracts all inhibited the growth of S. aureus at the same minimum concentration of 31.25 mg/ml. The methanolic extract of C. molle exhibited the least activity against S. aureus, with an MIC of 250 mg/ml and mean zones of inhibition of 9.33±0.33 mm.
Conclusions: This study revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents in crude extracts of the selected medicinal plants, but also highlighted the resistance of E. coli and C. albicans to these phytochemicals. The P. africana methanolic extract showed strongest inhibitory effect against S. aureus compared to the other plant extracts. The highest susceptibility was demonstrated by S. aureus, while E. coli and C. albicans were resistant to all the extracts. These findings support the usage of A. gummifera, P. africana, and C. molle in folk medicine against infections caused by S. aureus and highlight them as potential sources of phytonutrients for the development of new drugs.
Economic Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency of Turmeric in Erode District of Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Kiruthika N. , Karthick V. , Senthilnathan S. , Arivelarasan T. 
Published: January 2024

Turmeric, a golden spice obtained from the rhizome of the plant Curcuma longa, has been used to give color and taste to food preparations since ancient times. to increase the productivity of turmeric it’s essential to know the resource use efficiency of turmeric. Hence, the present study has taken up with the objective of to analyze the factors affecting yield of turmeric and study the factor use efficiency in turmeric. The study is based on the primary data collected from Erode district of Tamil Nadu. The primary data required for the study were collected through personal interview with the help of a comprehensive interview schedule. Results showed that 96 per cent of the variation in the dependent variable was explained by the independent variables selected for the study. The variables labour and irrigation were significant at one per cent level of probability. The variables quantity of rhizome, quantity of organic manure and quantity of inorganic fertilizer were significant at five per cent level of probability.
Immunotherapy Initiation at the End of Life in Patients With Metastatic Cancer in the US
Authors: Kerekes Daniel M. , Frey Alexander E. , Prsic Elizabeth H. , Tran Thuy T. , Clune James E. , Sznol Mario , Kluger Harriet M. , Forman Howard P. , Becher Robert D. , Olino Kelly L. , Khan Sajid A. 
Published: January 2024

ImportanceWhile immunotherapy is being used in an expanding range of clinical scenarios, the incidence of immunotherapy initiation at the end of life (EOL) is unknown.ObjectiveTo describe patient characteristics, practice patterns, and risk factors concerning EOL-initiated (EOL-I) immunotherapy over time.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsRetrospective cohort study using a US national clinical database of patients with metastatic melanoma, non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), or kidney cell carcinoma (KCC) diagnosed after US Food and Drug Administration approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of each disease through December 2019. Mean follow-up was 13.7 months. Data analysis was performed from December 2022 to May 2023.ExposuresAge, sex, race and ethnicity, insurance, location, facility type, hospital volume, Charlson-Deyo Comorbidity Index, and location of metastases.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMain outcomes were EOL-I immunotherapy, defined as immunotherapy initiated within 1 month of death, and characteristics of the cohort receiving EOL-I immunotherapy and factors associated with its use.ResultsOverall, data for 242 371 patients were analyzed. The study included 20 415 patients with stage IV melanoma, 197 331 patients with stage IV NSCLC, and 24 625 patients with stage IV KCC. Mean (SD) age was 67.9 (11.4) years, 42.5% were older than 70 years, 56.0% were male, and 29.3% received immunotherapy. The percentage of patients who received EOL-I immunotherapy increased over time for all cancers. More than 1 in 14 immunotherapy treatments in 2019 were initiated within 1 month of death. Risk-adjusted patients with 3 or more organs involved in metastatic disease were 3.8-fold more likely (95% CI, 3.1-4.7; P &amp;lt; .001) to die within 1 month of immunotherapy initiation than those with lymph node involvement only. Treatment at an academic or high-volume center rather than a nonacademic or very low-volume center was associated with a 31% (odds ratio, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.65-0.74; P &amp;lt; .001) and 30% (odds ratio, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.65-0.76; P &amp;lt; .001) decrease in odds of death within a month of initiating immunotherapy, respectively.Conclusions and RelevanceFindings of this cohort study show that the initiation of immunotherapy at the EOL is increasing over time. Patients with higher metastatic burden and who were treated at nonacademic or low-volume facilities had higher odds of receiving EOL-I immunotherapy. Tracking EOL-I immunotherapy can offer insights into national prescribing patterns and serve as a harbinger for shifts in the clinical approach to patients with advanced cancer.