bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance arthrography of the cubital joint in dogs affected with fragmented medial coronoid processes
Authors: Snaps F. R. , Park R. D. , Saunders J. H. , Balligand M. H. , Dondelinger R. F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate efficacy of intra-articular injection of gadolinium tetra-azacyclododecane tetra-acetic acid (gadolinium-DOTA) for delineating fragmented medial coronoid processes (FMCP) and lesions on the medial aspect of the humeral condyle (MAHC).

Sample Population
14 cubital joints in 9 dogs.

Procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed with and without intra-articular injection of a solution of 2 mmol of gadolinium-DOTA/L. Arthrographic images obtained after injection of contrast medium were compared with those obtained without contrast medium. Evidence of contrast medium around or in the medial coronoid process and infiltration of contrast medium in subchondral bone lesions was recorded. Twenty-four hours after imaging, arthroscopy was performed, and lesions detected were correlated with results of MRI.

Results
An abnormal coronoid process was diagnosed in 13 of 14 joints. A fragmented process (free) was seen in 7 of 14 joints; nondisplaced mineralized medial (in situ) coronoid processes were evident in 4 joints; and nondisplaced unmineralized medial coronoid processes were evident in 2 joints. Lesions on the MAHC were diagnosed in 4 of 12 joints. In 5 joints, a hyperintense signal resulted from contrast medium that infiltrated between the fragmented process and ulna. In 2 joints, contrast medium did not infiltrate completely around the process and was stopped by an isointense structure (ie, abnormal cartilage). Subchondral bone lesions were enhanced by use of contrast medium.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Use of arthrography enabled us to identify FMCP easily, but did not provide important additional information about changes on the medial coronoid process, compared with MRI performed without contrast medium. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:190–193)
Cardiovascular effects of epidurally administered oxymorphone and an oxymorphone-bupivacaine combination in halothane-anesthetized dogs
Authors: Torske Kristine E. , Dyson Doris H. , Conlon Peter D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate cardiovascular effects of epidurally administered oxymorphone (OXY) and an OXY-bupivacaine combination (O/B) in halothaneanesthetized dogs.

Animals
6 dogs.

Procedure
In a randomized crossover design study, dogs were anesthetized with halothane and given OXY, O/B, and saline solution (SAL). Eucapnia and end-tidal halothane concentration of 1.2% were established. Heart rate (HR), systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, central venous pressure (CVP), and cardiac output were measured at baseline and 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 minutes after treatment. At 90 minutes, glycopyrrolate was administered IV, and measurements were repeated at 95 minutes. Cardiac index (CI), stroke volume, stroke index, systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and left ventricular work were calculated. End-tidal halothane concentration was decreased to 0.8% from 17 to 45 minutes and to 0.5% from 47 to 95 minutes for OXY and O/B, where-as for SAL, it was maintained at 1.5 and 1.2%, respectively. Samples were obtained at 0, 2, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 95 minutes for measurement of serum opiate concentration and comparison with values after IM administration of OXY.

Results
HR decreased, but CVP and SVR increased in response to OXY and O/B. These changes were reversed after IV administration of glycopyrrolate, resulting in significant increase in CI, compared with that in response to SAL. Serum opiate concentration increased markedly and peaked within 15 minutes after OXY and O/B administration but did not differ from values after IM administration.

Conclusions
Epidural administration of OXY results in rapid systemic uptake and decreased HR. Glycopyrrolate administration improves HR, resulting in improved CI at equipotent halothane concentrations. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:194–200)
Evaluation of toxicosis of liposome-encapsulated cis-bis-neodecanoato-trans-R, R-1, 2-diaminocyclohexane platinum (II) in clinically normal cats
Authors: Fox Leslie E. , Toshach Katrina , Calderwood-Mays Maron , Khokhar Abdul R. , Kubilis Paul , Perez-Soler Roman , MacEwen E. Gregory 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine adverse effects of single and multiple doses of liposome-encapsulated cis-bis-neodecanoato-trans-R, R-1, 2-diaminocyclohexane platinum (II) (L-NDDP) administered IV to healthy adult cats.

Animals
10 healthy adult cats.

Procedure
8 cats were given a single dose of L-NDDP (at rates of 75, 100, 150, or 200 mg/m2), and 2 cats were given liposomal lipid (1,500 mg/m2). Six of the 10 cats were given doses of L-NDDP at the maximum tolerated dosage (100 mg/m2) or a lower dosage (75 mg of L-NDDP/m2) at 21-day intervals, for a total of 4 treatments. Hematologic and serum biochemical analyses, urinalyses, and physical examinations were used to monitor effects of L-NDDP.

Results
All cats had transient pyrexia, lethargy, vomiting (1 to 3 times/24 h), inappetence, and an acute species-specific infusion reaction that was prevented by administration of atropine-diphenhydramine. Dose-limiting toxicosis was evident as a 10- day course of lethargy, intermittent vomiting, and diarrhea. In cats given multiple doses, dose-related thrombocytopenia, cumulative myelosuppression, transient increased hepatic transaminase activity, and mild to moderate hepatic hydropic degeneration and proximal renal tubular lipidosis in excess of lipidosis expected for this species were detected. Bone marrow hypoplasia was detected in some cats that received higher doses (cumulative dosages of 300 or 400 mg of L-NDDP/m2).

Conclusion
Cats can safely be given L-NDDP at potentially therapeutic dosages without inducing renal or pulmonary toxicoses.

Clinical Relevance
Because L-NDDP has better tumoricidal activity than cisplatin (in vivo and in vitro) and is not cross resistant, it may be similarly or more efficacious than cisplatin in humans and dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:257–263)
Effect of dietary n-6-to-n-3 fatty acid ratio on complete blood and total white blood cell counts, and T-cell subpopulations in aged dogs
Authors: Hall Jean A. , Wander Rosemary C. , Gradin Joseph L. , Du Shi-Hua , Jewell Dennis E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine effect of diets with variable n-6-to-n-3 fatty acid (FA) ratio on CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte subpopulations, and on results of routine laboratory analyses (CBC and total WBC count, serum biochemical analyses, and urinalysis).

Animals
20 healthy, aged (9.5 to 11.5 years old) female Beagles.

Procedure
Dogs were fed 1 of 3 diets that contained 6% fat by weight but differed in amounts of n-6 and n-3 FA. For 11 weeks, 6 dogs were fed a low concentration of n-3 FA (ratio, 31:1), 7 were fed a medium concentration (5.4:1), and 7 were fed a high concentration (1.4:1). Preprandial blood and urine samples were collected before beginning the study and at 8 weeks for evaluation of laboratory variables. Before and at 3, 6, and 8 weeks during the study, blood was drawn for total WBC and lymphocyte counts and for characterization of T-cell subpopulations. At 8 and 10 weeks, dogs were vaccinated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin suspension. Blood was drawn 4 days after each vaccination, and lymphocytes were isolated for flow cytometry. Effects of diet and vaccination on each variable were determined.

Results
After vaccination, total lymphocyte count increased and CD4+ T lymphocyte count and the CD4+-to-CD8+ ratio decreased in dogs consuming the diet with n-6-to-n-3 FA ratio of 1.4:1.

Conclusion
Feeding a diet with n-6-to-n-3 FA ratio of 1.4:1 had significant effects on CD4+ T lymphocytes in healthy, aged Beagles after vaccination. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:319–327).
Effects of bovine serum albumin on function of cryopreserved stallion spermatozoa during medium culture and uterine tube epithelial cell coculture
Authors: Ellington Joanna E. , Samper Juan , Jones Allison , Oliver Sylvia A. , Burnett Katherine , Wright Ray W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare function of cultured cryopreserved stallion spermatozoa in a modified Tyrode’s medium (TM), with or without bovine serum albumin (BSA), or in uterine tube (oviduct) epithelial cell (OEC) coculture in TM, with or without BSA.

Sample Population
Cryopreserved spermatozoa from 6 proven stallions and OEC from bovine reproductive tracts in follicular phase.

Procedure
Thawed spermatozoa were cultured in TM, with or without BSA, or cocultured with OEC monolayers in TM, with or without BSA. Percentages of capacitated and acrosome-reacted spermatozoa were measured at 5 hours for TM cultures. Spermatozoal survival and motility characteristics were observed over time for all culture methods. Number of spermatozoa attaching to OEC were compared for cocultures.

Results
Use of TM without BSA altered spermatozoal function in cell-free medium culture and OEC coculture. A higher percentage of spermatozoa were acrosome reacted in TM with BSA, although percentages of capacitated spermatozoa did not differ. Spermatozoa survived longer and maintained superior motion in TM culture without BSA and in OEC cocultures. More spermatozoa were able to attach to OEC in TM without BSA.

Conclusions
Incubation of cryopreserved spermatozoa in media with BSA resulted in rapid decrease in percentage of intact, motile spermatozoa and limited their ability to interact with OEC.

Clinical Relevance
Current culture media used for assisted reproduction techniques in horses do not provide functionally capacitated spermatozoa. Removal of BSA from such media improves spermatozoal quality and survival. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60: 363–367)
Endotoxin induction of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in equine alveolar macrophages
Authors: Hammond R. A. , Hannon R. , Frean S. P. , Armstrong S. J. , Flower R. J. , Bryant C. E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the amount of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzymes induced in vitro in equine alveolar macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Sample Population
Alveolar macrophages obtained from 12 horses.

Procedure
Alveolar macrophages were collected by bronchoalveolar lavage from 12 horses and incubated for 6 hours with LPS (0.001 to 10 µg/ml) or vehicle. Total RNA was extracted and purified. After first-strand cDNA synthesis, mRNA induction was measured, using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for COX-2, iNOS, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. In a second study, cells were incubated with LPS or vehicle for 24 hours. Culture medium was assayed for COX-2 and iNOS activity by determining prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and total nitrite concentrations, respectively.

Results
Lipopolysaccharide induces COX-2 and iNOS mRNA in equine alveolar macrophages. Sequencing revealed that PCR products for COX-2 and iNOS had a high degree of nucleotide homology with the human sequences (91% COX-2, 93% iNOS). Production of mRNA for COX-2 and iNOS was accompanied by induction of enzyme activity. Comparing PCR fragment production, expression of mRNA for iNOS appeared to be less than that for COX-2. Induction of COX-2, but not iNOS, was LPS-concentration dependent.

Conclusion
Lipopolysaccharide induces COX-2 and iNOS in equine macrophages.

Clinical Relevance
The induction of iNOS and COX-2 by LPS in equine macrophages suggests these enzymes may be important in the pathophysiology of sepsis. Pharmacologic modulation of iNOS and COX-2 activity may represent a novel therapeutic target in the management of endotoxemia in horses. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:426-431)
Lipid peroxides and antioxidants in serum of neonatal calves
Authors: Inanami Osamu , Shiga Akio , Okada Keiji , Sato Reeko , Miyake Yoh-ich , Kuwabara Mikinori 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine the association between oxidative stress and antioxidants in neonatal calves after birth.

Sample Population
Sera from 6 healthy Holstein-Friesian cows and 7 of their newborn calves were obtained at various intervals after birth.

Procedure
Lipid peroxides in serum of cows and their newborn calves were estimated by measuring concentrations of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). The antioxidative activities of neonatal sera were evaluated by measuring their superoxide-scavenging activities, ferroxidase activities, and the concentration of bilirubin-associated albumin.

Results
Concentration of TBARS in neonatal sera within 1 day after birth was significantly higher than concentrations ≥ 2 days after birth and concentrations in serum of the dams. In contrast, antioxidative activities of neonatal sera, evaluated on the basis of superoxide-scavenging activities, ferroxidase activities, and concentration of bilirubin-associated albumin 3 hours after birth, were significantly lower than antioxidative activities in sera of the dams.

Conclusions
Susceptibility of calves to oxidative stress during the neonatal period may be explained by the immature defense system against superoxide radicals. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:452-457)
In vitro efficacy of N-duopropenide, a recently developed disinfectant containing quaternary ammonium compounds, against selected gram-positive and gram-negative organisms
Authors: Gutiérrez C. B. , Álvarez D. , Rodríguez-Barbosa J. I. , Tascón R. I. , de la Puente V. A. , Rodríguez-Ferri E. F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To study the efficacy of N-duopropenide against various gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.

Sample Population
One field strain each of Pasteurella multocida subsp multocida, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and L ivanovii, and 2 field strains of Escherichia coli.

Procedure
Strains were tested with and without serum as organic matter, using quantitative suspension and carrier tests. Six concentrations of active ingredient (0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.11, 0.27, and 0.55%) and 6 contact times (15 and 30 seconds and 1, 3, 5, and 10 minutes) were studied for each.

Results
Globally, N-duopropenide was more effective in suspension tests than in carrier tests, and when organisms were suspended in saline solution rather than serum. Under the most disadvantageous conditions (carrier test with serum), a concentration of 0.55% N-duopropenide acting for only 15 seconds was effective in inactivating P multocida subsp multocida and was even more effective against the 2 Listeria species tested. For E coli strains, the same concentration also was effective, but after 10 minutes of contact. On the other hand, N-duopropenide was unable to inactivate the S aureus strain in the carrier test with serum, a concentration of 0.55% for 10 minutes was necessary to inactivate it without organic matter; however, N-duopropenide was highly effective against this organism in the suspension test, even with serum.

Conclusion
N-duopropenide was highly effective in vitro against 5 of the most commonly encountered organisms in clinical veterinary medicine and, consequently, might be a good choice in control measures against common pathogenic organisms in modern production systems. (Am J Vet Res 999:60:481-484)
Effect of sampling site, repeated sampling, pH, and Pco2 on plasma lactate concentration in healthy dogs
Authors: Hughes Dez , Rozanski Elizabeth R. , Shofer Frances S. , Laster Larry L. , Drobatz Kenneth J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To characterize the variation in plasma lactate concentration among samples from commonly used blood sampling sites in conscious, healthy dogs.

Animals
60 healthy dogs.

Procedure
Cross-sectional study using a replicated Latin square design. Each dog was assigned to 1 of 6 groups (n = 10) representing all possible orders for 3 sites (cephalic vein, jugular vein, and femoral artery) used to obtain blood. Samples were analyzed immediately, by use of direct amperometry for pH, Po2, Pco2, glucose, and lactate concentration.

Results
Significant differences in plasma lactate concentrations were detected among blood samples from the cephalic vein (highest), femoral artery, and jugular vein (lowest). Mean plasma lactate concentration in the first sample obtained, irrespective of sampling site, was lower than in subsequent samples. Covariation was identified among plasma lactate concentration, pH, and Pco2, but correlation coefficients were low.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Plasma lactate concentrations differed among blood samples from various sites. A reference range for plasma lactate concentration was 0.3 to 2.5 mmol/L. Differences in plasma lactate concentrations among samples from various sites and with repeated sampling, in healthy dogs, are small. Use of the reference range may facilitate the clinical use of plasma lactate concentration in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1999; 60:521-524)
Effect of acute gastric dilatation on gastric myoelectric and motor activity in dogs
Authors: Hall Jean A. , Solie Thomas N. , Seim Howard B. , Twedt David C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the effects of experimentally induced acute gastric dilatation on electrical and mechanical activities of the stomach in dogs.

Animals
7 healthy dogs.

Procedure
Electrodes and strain-gauge force transducers were implanted on the serosal surface of the antrum and pylorus. Eight days later, baseline gastric electrical and contractile activities were recorded. The dogs were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated to maintain normocapnia while the stomach was distended (intragastric pressure, 30 mm Hg) for 180 minutes, using a thin compliant bag. Gastric electrical and contractile activities were recorded again on days 1 and 10 after dilatation. Recordings were analyzed to determine gastric slow-wave frequency, slow-wave dysrhythmia, propagation velocity of slow-waves, coupling of contractions to slow waves, motility index on the basis of relative contractile amplitudes, and onset of contractions after a standardized meal.

Results
Electrical or contractile activities were not significantly different 18 hours after acute gastric dilatation (day 1). Arrhythmias were evident before and after gastric dilatation in dogs from which food was withheld and in dogs after consumption of a meal.

Conclusions
Variables for assessing gastric electrical and contractile activities were unaffected 18 hours after acute gastric dilatation.

Clinical Relevance
Analysis of results of this study indicated that altered electrical and contractile activities in dogs with short-term gastric dilatation are not likely to be secondary to the process of acute gastric dilatation. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:597–602)
Experimental infection of calves with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus
Authors: Abdy Mark J. , Howerth Elizabeth E. , Stallknecht David E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether experimental inoculation with a field strain of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype-2 (EHDV-2) suspected of causing clinical disease in naturally infected cattle would cause clinical disease in calves.

Animals
8 calves.

Procedure
A strain of EHDV-2 isolated from a white-tailed deer that died of hemorrhagic disease was passaged twice in deer and used to inoculate 6 calves SC and ID; the other 2 calves were used as controls. Physical examinations, CBC, lymphocyte blastogenesis assays, and coagulation assays were performed; rectal temperature, interferon production, and serum neutralizing antibody responses were measured; and virus isolation was attempted every other day for 21 days after inoculation and then every fourth day for another 30 days. Calves were euthanatized on postinoculation day 51, and necropsy was performed.

Results
Calves inoculated with EHDV-2 became infected, as evidenced by development of viremia and seroconversion. However, the virus did not cause detectable clinical disease, clinicopathologic abnormalities, or gross lesions. Viremia was prolonged despite development of a serum neutralizing antibody response. A white-tailed deer inoculated with the same EHDV-2 strain developed clinical signs of epizootic hemorrhagic disease, demonstrating that the inoculum was virulent.

Conclusion
Calves experimentally infected with EHDV-2 developed viremia and seroconverted but did not develop detectable clinical disease. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:621–626)
Superoxide production in phagocytes obtained from Mycobacterium marinum-stimulated goldfish (Carassius auratus) that were exposed to copper
Authors: Jacobson Susanne V. , Trucksis Michele , Kane Andrew S. , Reimschuessel Renate 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the effects of copper exposure and recovery from copper toxicosis on the nonspecific immune response in Mycobacterium marinum-inoculated goldfish.

Animals
Goldfish (Carassius auratus) with a mean weight of 33.5 g.

Procedure
Superoxide (O2-) production was measured in fish 2 to 6 weeks after injection with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution or M marinum (102 to 107 colony-forming units [CFU]/fish). Then, paired groups of fish were injected with PBS solution or 104 CFU of M marinum and exposed to copper (100 µg/L) for 7 days or for 4 days with 3 days of recovery. One paired group not exposed 14 days later to copper served as control fish. Phagocyte production of O2-was measured by use of the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction assay. Inflammation and bacterial colony counts were determined by use of routine histologic and microbiologic procedures.

Results
Superoxide production achieved a maximal response 2 to 4 weeks after M marinum inoculation. Compared with control fish, O2- production increased in the groups exposed to copper but then decreased in the exposed groups that were allowed to recover. Superoxide response and peritoneal inflammation were greater in M marinum-inoculated groups than in non-inoculated groups.

Conclusions
Copper exposure and inoculation with M marinum increased O2- production, whereas recovery after exposure decreased O2- production, even in fish that were immunostimulated by M marinum.

Clinical Relevance
When the antimicrobial oxidative response is suppressed after copper exposure, steps should be taken to avoid imposing additional stress and minimize the possibility of resurgent or secondary pathogenic infections. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:669–675)