bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organische Photochromie
Authors: Dürr Heinz 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDieser technische Bericht ist eine allgemeine Einführung in die Photochromie organischer Verbindungen. Die Definition der Photochromie wird gemeinsam mit der anderer Fachtermini mit gleicher Endung, wie Thermo‐, Elektro‐, Piezo‐ und Tribochromie, gegeben. Wichtige Konzepte, z. B. Zwei‐Photonen‐Prozesse, gated und Dualmodus‐Photochromie sowie Chirochromie, werden behandelt. Das Konzept der Ermüdung (des chemischen Abbaus), die Ermittlung der wichtigsten Photochromieparameter (Zyklenzahl, Z50‐Wert, Halbwertszeit) sowie die spektrokinetischen und mechanistischen Aspekte werden diskutiert. Die wichtigsten Familien photochromer Moleküle (organische Verbindungen und biologische Rezeptoren) werden mit chemischen Formeln vorgestellt, und die verschiedenen Reaktionstypen, auf denen die photochromen Prozesse basieren (pericyclische Reaktionen, E/Z‐Isomerisierungen, Gruppentransfer etc.), werden zusammengefasst. Einige typische Anwendungsbeispiele dieser Prozesse werden anhand von Substanzen zur Begrenzung der Lichtstärke sowie lichtgesteuerten und photoschaltbaren Biomaterialien beschrieben.
Stable Cyclopentynes—Made by Metals!?
Authors: Rosenthal Uwe 
Published: June 2004

AbstractStructural limitations in small cyclic hydrocarbons are a longstanding challenge to chemistry, leading to molecules with unusual geometric parameters and reactivity. For example, incorporation of CCCC or CCCC arrangements, which are normally linear in open‐chain compounds, into small carbocyclic rings results in enormous ring strain as a result of the angle deformation. Nevertheless, such uncommon structures have been realized by complexation of zirconocene fragments with butadiynes and butatrienes, giving five‐membered metallacyclocumulenes and metallacyclopentynes. The metal atom is essential for these molecules but complicates the simplified description because of internal interactions of the metals with the multiple bonds.
Changes in the biochemical composition of fat body stores during adult development of female crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus
Authors: Lorenz Matthias W. , Anand Anurag N. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAge‐dependent changes in the fat body composition and aspects of lipogenesis in the free abdominal fat body of female crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus, were studied. Lipid, protein, glycogen, and free carbohydrate content of the fat body, and fat body wet weight increased simultaneously and sharply from day 0 onwards and were doubled/almost doubled by day 2 after adult emergence. Lipogenic activity of the fat body, fat body weight, and the energy stores in the fat body peaked on day 2, except for free carbohydrate, which peaked on day 3. On day 2, the fat body was mainly comprised of lipid (53.8%) and protein (6.6%), while glycogen and free carbohydrate together contributed less than 1% of the fat body wet weight. After peaking, both lipogenesis and energy stores decreased in a synchronous manner. The depletion of the fat body energy stores and the consequent decrease in the fat body weight were concomitant with a fast and massive gain in ovary weight (day 2: 19.5 ± 1.5 mg; day 4: 332.8 ± 31.5 mg) due to the vitellogenic oocyte growth that started on day 2. Our data clearly underline the importance of the free abdominal fat body as a source of energy for reproduction in the cricket. Fat body fatty acid synthase activity coincided with lipogenic activity. Adipokinetic hormone inhibits lipid synthesis in the fat body, but treatment of the fat body with adipokinetic hormone in vitro showed no consistent effect on fatty acid synthase activity. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 56:110–119, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Type‐A allatostatins from the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda: Molecular cloning, expression and tissue‐specific localization
Authors: Abdel‐Latief Mohatmed , Meyering‐Vos Martina , Hoffmann Klaus H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe gene encoding the Spodoptera frugiperda allatostatin type‐A peptide family (Y/FXFGL‐amides) was isolated from S. frugiperda brain cDNA. The gene encodes a precursor of 231 amino acids containing nine (or ten) Y/FXFGL‐a peptides that are tandemly arranged in three blocks. The comparison of the Spofr‐AST A precursor with the respective precursor genes from two other lepidopteran species, Helicoverpa armigera and Bombyx mori, shows high homology in size, sequence (84 and 57%, respectively), and organisation of the allatostatins. One‐step RT‐PCR analysis using a Spofr‐AST A‐6 to A‐9 probe shows that the gene is not only expressed as one transcript in the brain and midgut of larvae and adults in a time‐ and tissue‐specific manner, but also in the reproductive tissues of adult S. frugiperda. Data confirm the nature of the allatostatin type‐A peptides as brain/gut myoregulatory hormones, whereas their function(s) in ovaries, oviduct, and testes still have to be resolved. The cell‐specific localization of the preprohormone expression, as demonstrated by whole mount in situ hybridization, confirms the overall distribution of the Spofr‐AST A preprohormone as shown by RT‐PCR and supports the pleiotropic functions of the peptides. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 56:120–132, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cloning, characterization, and developmental expression of the ribosomal protein S21 gene of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata
Authors: Verras Meletis , Theodoraki Maria A. , Mintzas Anastassios C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractRibosomal protein S21 (RpS21) belongs to a small group of ribosomal or ribosome‐associated proteins. Mutations in the RpS21 gene cause dominant Minute and recessive lethal tumorous phenotypes in Drosophila melanogaster. Studies in several organisms suggest that RpS21 is involved in the regulation of protein synthesis and cell growth. In this report, we used an RT‐PCR fragment of D. melanogaster RpS21 mRNA to clone a RpS21 cDNA from the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. The isolated cDNA contained both 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions, and encoded a polypeptide of 83 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 9.1 kDa. The deduced protein sequence showed 91% amino acid identity to D. melanogaster RpS21 and strong homology with all known ribosomal S21 proteins. DNA blot hybridization indicated the existence of a single RpS21 gene in the Ceratitis capitata genome. Analysis of the 5′ untranslated region revealed the occurrence of a major oligopyrimidine tract at the 5′ end, which characterizes most mRNAs undergoing a growth‐dependent translational control. Study of the mRNA patterns during development suggested that the expression of Ceratitis RpS21 is temporally regulated at the level of transcription. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 56:133–142, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serial murder and the case of Aileen Wuornos: attachment theory, psychopathy, and predatory aggression
Authors: Arrigo Bruce A. , Griffin Ayanna 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe extant research on female homicide has yet to offer any systematic assessment of why women murder serially. Part of the explanation is attributed to existing literature focusing on justifiable and excusable homicide, or women who kill their abusive partners because they have been battered, fear that their lives are in danger, or are otherwise victimized. Thus, predatory homicide perpetrated by women has not received extensive attention in the relevant literature. This article aims to address this deficiency by providing a detailed case study analysis of Aileen Wuornos, a convicted serial murderer executed at Broward Correctional Institution in Pembroke Pines, FL, on October 9, 2002. By linking the literature on attachment theory with the research on psychopathy and predatory aggression, this article argues that Aileen Wuornos was a cold blooded and calculated killer: a serial offender responsible for her delinquent and criminal behavior. Generalizing from the case of Aileen Wuornos, several tentative recommendations are proposed as linked to clinical and forensic prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as future research on women, psychopathy, and predatory serial homicide. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rorschach Oral Dependency in psychopaths, sexual homicide perpetrators, and nonviolent pedophiles
Authors: Huprich Steven K. , Gacono Carl B. , Schneider Robert B. , Bridges Michael R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractRorschach Oral Dependency scores (Masling, Rabie, & Blondheim, 1967) were compared among nonsexually offending psychopaths (NSOPs, n = 32), sexual homicide perpetrators (SHPs, n = 38), and non‐violent pedophiles (NVPs, n = 39) as initially reported by Gacono, Meloy, and Bridges (2000). The aggressive special scores of Gacono and Meloy (1994; Gacono, unpublished doctoral dissertation, 1998) were also scored and compared with ROD scores. Consistent with theory and predictions, NVPs were found to have significantly higher levels of oral dependency scores than NSOPs or SHPs. Additionally, there was a high degree of association between oral dependency and aggression in the SHP and NSOP groups. These Rorschach differences support the validity of the ROD as an implicit measure of dependency and add to the understanding of the dynamics that fuel sexually deviant violence. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative analysis of North American adolescent and adult mass murderers
Authors: Meloy J. Reid , Hempel Anthony G. , Gray B. Thomas , Mohandie Kris , Shiva Andrew , Richards Thomas C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThirty adult mass murderers and 34 adolescent mass murderers in North America are compared on both offender and offense variables to delineate similarities and differences. Findings indicate a plethora of psychiatric disturbances and odd/reclusive and acting‐out personality traits. Predisposing factors include a fascination with weapons and war among many of the adolescents and the development of a “warrior mentality” in most of the adults. Precipitating factors indicate a major rejection or loss in the hours or days preceding the mass murder. Results are interpreted through the lens of threat assessment for targeted violence (Borum, Fein, Vossekuil, & Bergland1999), recognizing that a fact‐based, dynamic behavioral approach is most useful for mitigating risk of such an extremely low‐base‐rate violent crime. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association of serotonin transporter promoter gene polymorphism with violence: relation with personality disorders, impulsivity, and childhood ADHD psychopathology
Authors: Retz Wolfgang , Retz‐Junginger Petra , Supprian Tillmann , Thome Johannes , Rösler Michael 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThere is evidence that disturbances in central serotonin (5‐HT) function have a role in impulsive aggression, violence, and criminality. A deletion/insertion polymorphism within the 5‐HT transporter (5‐HTT) promoter gene (5‐HTT gene‐linked polymorphic region, 5‐HTTLPR) is thought to be associated with several psychopathological phenotypes related to disturbed impulse control, anxiety and depression. This study examined the association of the 5‐HTTLPR with violent behavior in a sample of 153 male Caucasians referred for a forensic psychiatric examination. We found a significant excess of the short (s) allele and the s/s genotype in patients characterized by recurrent and overt physical violent behavior. This genetic variance explained 5% of the variance of violent behavior. When controlled for the impact of several psychopathologies related to violent behavior, this association was observed in individuals with a history of childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)‐related symptoms, but not presenting with personality disorder or increased impulsiveness. In conclusion, the results (i) suggest an association between serotonergic dysfunction and violent behavior, (ii) provide evidence for an—at least partial—genetic regulation of violent behavior in a subgroup of male offenders, and (iii) suggest a significant role for 5‐HT transporter functionality for violent behavior. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serial murder in America: case studies of seven offenders
Authors: Beasley James O. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis article summarizes and compares information on seven interviewed serial killers in an ongoing project designed to study similarities and differences among these individuals. The aim of this article is to increase our collective knowledge of the dynamics of serial murder by examining the perpetrators' backgrounds, as well as the unique ways in which they view themselves and the world around them. Although qualitative interview research alone is not sufficient to fully understand such behavior, it is useful in many ways. Some of the information discussed based on the seven offenders interviewed is compared with broader epidemiological studies, and the strengths and limitations of each type of research are discussed. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma xanthine oxidase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and uric acid levels in severe and mild pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Yildirim Abdulkadir , Altinkaynak Konca , Aksoy Hulya , Sahin Y. Nuri , Akcay Fatih 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to measure plasma uric acid (UA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities and to evaluate the relationship between these parameters and the severity of pre‐eclampsia. Twenty‐five pre‐eclamptic, 15 healthy pregnant and 15 non‐pregnant women were enrolled in this study. Increased mean plasma XO activity was found to be higher in both pre‐eclampsia groups than in the healthy pregnant group. Plasma UA levels were the highest in the severe pre‐eclampsia group among the study groups. SOD and GSH‐Px activities were significantly lower in both pre‐eclampsia groups than in the healthy pregnant group (p < 0.005 and p < 0.001, respectively). Increased XO and decreased SOD and GSH‐Px activities may contribute to the pathophysiological mechanisms of pre‐eclampsia and increased UA may serve a protective role responding to superoxide radicals arising from increased XO activity or other sources in pre‐eclampsia. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AP‐1 complexes mediate oxidized LDL‐induced overproduction of TGF‐β1 in rat mesangial cells
Authors: Wu Zhaolong , Zhou Qin , Lan Yang , Wang Yuancheng , Xu Xunhui , Jin Huiming 
Published: June 2004

AbstractOxidized Low Density Lipoprotein (Ox‐LDL)‐induced overproduction of the prosclerotic cytokine transforming growth factor‐beta1 (TGF‐β1) has been implicated in the pathogensis of renal fibrosis and sclerosis. Because Ox‐LDL increases TGF‐β1 mRNA levels in rat mesangial cells, our investigation was designed to characterize these effects on the rat TGF‐β1 promoter activity. We transfected luciferase reporter gene constructs containing TGF‐β1 5′‐flanking sequence (from −1550 to +57 bp) into mesangial cells. By assaying progressively deleted mutations in the promoter, we found two regions that were responsible for the induction. One is a negative regulatory region (−422 to −629) which represses the transcription of the TGF‐β1 gene, the other is a positive regulatory region (−845 to −1550) which enhances the transcription unit efficiently. There is an activating protein‐1(AP‐1) binding site in the latter region. Mutagenesis in the AP‐1 binding sites abolished the Ox‐LDL effect. Furthermore, addition of the AP‐1 inhibitor curcumin obliterated the Ox‐LDL response. The Ox‐LDL‐induced TGF‐β1 promoter activation was also prevented by inhibitors of protein kinase C, but not by p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays with oligonucleotides containing AP‐1 binding sites showed that Ox‐LDL treatment significantly enhanced the binding activity of nuclear proteins of mesangial cells. Supershift assays demonstrated that c‐Jun was present in the protein–DNA complexes under stimulation of Ox‐LDL. The functional and structural results show that Ox‐LDL regulates rat TGF‐β1 gene expression through AP‐1 binding sites and gives rise to the involvement of protein kinase C in Ox‐LDL‐induced TGF‐β1 gene expression. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitric oxide levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in jaundices of premature infants
Authors: Kilic Mehmet , Turgut Mehmet , Taskin Erdal , Cekmen Mustafa , Aygun A. Denizmen 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFree radicals are effective in the genesis of several diseases in the neonatal period. This study aimed to show the relationship between serum bilirubin levels and plasma nitric oxide and the activity of enzymes in the erythrocyte such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), and catalase (CAT) in premature infants. In the study, 20 premature infants with newborn jaundice were included and the control group was formed by 15 premature infants without jaundice. Venous blood samples were taken from all neonates in the study and control groups on the first day of hospitalization. Plasma nitric oxide levels and activities of SOD, GSH‐Px and CAT enzymes in the erythrocytes were investigated in these samples. Plasma nitric oxide and serum bilirubin levels were found to be significantly higher in the study group (47.4 ± 7.25 μmol l−1, 18.41 ± 3.28 mg dl−1, respectively) than those in the control group (33.46 ± 6.43 μmol l−1, 4.35 ±  0.60 mg dl−1, respectively; p < 0.001). In addition, erythrocyte SOD, GSH‐Px and CAT enzyme activities (724 ± 78.61, 673 ± 90.5, 63 ± 12.8 U g−1 Hb, respectively) were found to be significantly lower in the study group than those in the control group (1208 ± 129.04, 1097.6 ± 75.8, 99.06 ± 12.4 U g−1 Hb, respectively, p < 0.001). It was concluded that in the aetiology of hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal erythrocytes and nitric oxide reactions are affected differently and that erythrocyte haemolysis caused as a result of these effects may play a role in the aetiopathogenesis of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Haemolysis may also be seen because of the inadequacy of the protection by erythrocytes against the cytotoxic effects of free radicals resulting from the lack of antioxidant enzymes in these cells. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Partial Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene by Nanoscale Ruthenium Catalysts in Imidazolium Ionic Liquids
Authors: Silveira Edson T. , Umpierre Alexandre P. , Rossi Liane M. , Machado Giovanna , Morais Jonder , Soares Gabriel V. , Baumvol Israel J. R. , Teixeira Sergio R. , Fichtner Paulo F. P. , Dupont Jairton 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe controlled decomposition of an Ru0 organometallic precursor dispersed in 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMI⋅PF6), tetrafluoroborate (BMI⋅BF4) or trifluoromethane sulfonate (BMI⋅CF3SO3) ionic liquids with H2 represents a simple and efficient method for the generation of Ru0 nanoparticles. TEM analysis of these nanoparticles shows the formation of superstructures with diameters of ≈57 nm that contain dispersed Ru0 nanoparticles with diameters of 2.6±0.4 nm. These nanoparticles dispersed in the ionic liquids are efficient multiphase catalysts for the hydrogenation of alkenes and benzene under mild reaction conditions (4 atm, 75 °C). The ternary diagram (benzene/cyclohexene/BMI⋅PF6) indicated a maximum of 1 % cyclohexene concentration in BMI⋅PF6, which is attained with 4 % benzene in the ionic phase. This solubility difference in the ionic liquid can be used for the extraction of cyclohexene during benzene hydrogenation by Ru catalysts suspended in BMI⋅PF6. Selectivities of up to 39 % in cyclohexene can be attained at very low benzene conversion. Although the maximum yield of 2 % in cyclohexene is too low for technical applications, it represents a rare example of partial hydrogenation of benzene by soluble transition‐metal nanoparticles.
Insights into CO/Styrene Copolymerization by Using PdII Catalysts Containing Modular Pyridine–Imidazoline Ligands
Authors: Bastero Amaia , Claver Carmen , Ruiz Aurora , Castillón Sergio , Daura Elias , Bo Carles , Zangrando Ennio 
Published: June 2004

AbstractContinuing our studies into the effect that NN′ ligands have on CO/styrene copolymerization, we prepared new C1‐symmetrical pyridine–imidazoline ligands with 4′,5′‐cis stereochemistry in the imidazoline ring (5) and 4′,5′‐trans stereochemistry (6–10) and compared them with our previously reported ligands (1–4). Their coordination to neutral methylpalladium(II) (5 a–10 a) and cationic complexes (5 b–10 b), investigated in solution by NMR spectroscopy, indicates that both the electronic and steric properties of the imidazolines determine the stereochemistry of the palladium complexes. The crystal structures of two neutral palladium precursors [Pd(Me)2−nCln(NN′)] (n=1 for 8 a; n=2 for 9 a′) show that the PdN coordination distances and the geometrical distortions in the imidazoline ring depend on the electronic nature of the substituents in the imidazoline fragment. Density functional calculations performed on selected neutral and cationic palladium complexes compare well with NMR and X‐ray data. The calculations also account for the formation of only one or two stereoisomers of the cationic complexes. The performance of the cationic complexes as catalyst precursors in CO/4‐tert‐butylstyrene copolymerization under mild pressures and temperatures was analyzed in terms of the productivity and degree of stereoregularity of the polyketones obtained. Insertion of CO into the PdMe bond, which was monitored by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, shows that the N ligand influences the stereochemistry of the acyl species formed.
De Novo Design, Synthesis, and Function of Semiartificial Myoglobin Conjugated with Coiled‐Coil Two‐α‐Helix Peptides
Authors: Sakamoto Seiji , Ito Atsushi , Kudo Kazuaki , Yoshikawa Susumu 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe introduction of a flavin chromophore on the myoglobin (Mb) surface and an effective electron‐transfer (ET) reaction through the flavin were successfully achieved by utilizing the self‐assembly of heterostranded coiled‐coil peptides. We have prepared a semiartificial Mb, named Mb‐1αK, in which an amphiphilic and cationic α‐helix peptide is conjugated at the heme propionate (Heme‐1αK). Heme‐1αK has a covalently bound iron–protoporphyrin IX (heme) at the N terminus of a 1αK peptide sequence. This sequence was designed to form a heterostranded coiled‐coil in the presence of a counterpart amphiphilic and anionic 1αE peptide sequence in a parallel orientation. Two peptides, Fla1‐1αE and Fla31‐1αE, both incorporating a 10‐methylisoalloxazine moiety as an artificial flavin molecule, were also prepared (Fla=2‐[7‐(10‐methyl)isoalloxazinyl]‐2‐oxoethyl). Heme‐1αK was successfully inserted into apomyoglobin to give Mb‐1αK. Mb‐1αK recognized the flavin‐modified peptides and a two‐α‐helix structure was formed. In addition, an efficient ET from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to the heme center through the flavin unit was observed. The ET rate was faster in the presence of Fla1‐1αE than in the presence of Fla31‐1αE or the equivalent molecule that has no peptide chain. These results demonstrate that the introduction of a functional chromophore on the Mb surface can be achieved by using specific peptide–peptide interactions. Moreover, the dependence of the ET rate on the position of the flavin indicated that the distance between the heme active site and the flavin chromophore was regulated by the three‐dimensional structure of the designed polypeptide.