bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SELECTIVE SUPPRESSION OF DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY BY THE INDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGIC TOLERANCE
Authors: Borel Yves , Fauconnet Marthe , Miescher Peter A. 
Published: June 2004

Administration of DNP-BGG to newborn guinea pigs resulted, in more than half of the animals, in the specific suppression of delayed hypersensitivity to DNP-BGG and BGG, as shown after immunization with DNP-BGG in complete Freund's adjuvant.
In contrast, all animals formed antibodies to DNP-BGG, whether or not delayed hypersensitivity to this antigen was present. No difference in antibody titers was found between pretreated and control animals. All animals had antibodies reacting specifically to the hapten DNP, and most of them to the carrier protein BGG, whether or not delayed hypersensitivity to the carrier protein was present. Furthermore, some animals with and without positive 24 hr skin test to DNP-BGG had antibodies with a combined hapten-carrier protein specificity to this antigen, i.e., a specificity which is similar to that of delayed hypersensitivity. Thus, delayed hypersensitivity and antibody formation to similar antigenic determinant were differently affected by injection of antigen in the neonatal period.
The finding that delayed hypersensitivity and antibody formation could be dissociated by the induction of immunologic tolerance supports the assumption that delayed hypersensitivity and antibody formation are different immune processes which are not necessarily linked together.
SPLEEN CELL PROLIFERATION IN RESPONSE TO HOMOLOGOUS ANTIGENS STUDIED IN CONGENIC RESISTANT STRAINS OF MICE
Authors: Dutton Richard W. 
Published: June 2004

The proliferative responses obtained when spleen cell suspensions from two different inbred strains of mice were mixed were investigated further using congenic resistant strain pairs.
Strong responses were obtained in 9 cases out of 12 where the two strains differed at a single gene locus controlling an H-2 histocompatibility antigen. No responses were obtained where the difference occurred at loci controlling weak histocompatibility antigens.
These findings have been taken to provide additional circumstantial evidence that the response represents an in vitro homograft reaction to homologous tissue antigens.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN ISOANTIGENS (ALLOTYPES) IN THE MOUSE
Authors: Warner Noel L. , Herzenberg Leonard A. , Goldstein Gideon 
Published: June 2004

Further analysis of the isoantigens (allotypes) of 2 classes of normal mouse immunoglobulins, γG2a and γG2b, has shown a minimum of 10 specificities for the Ig-1 locus (controlling γG2a-antigens) and 3 specificities for the Ig-3 locus (controlling γG2b-antigens).
Three γG2-myeloma proteins of plasma cell tumors induced in (NZB x BALB/c)F1 mice have been analyzed for the isoantigens they carry. NZB mice are genotypically Ig-1e Ig-3e, while BALB/c are Ig-1a Ig-3a. Two of the myeloma proteins are γG2a-globulins. One of these, GPC-7, carries all the isoantigenic specificities of the Ig-1e allele while the other, GPC-8, carries all the isoantigenic specificities of the Ig-1a allele. Thus only one of the parental alleles of the mouse in which the tumor arose is expressed in each of these myeloma proteins.
The third myeloma protein GPC-5, also carries the antigens of only one parental strain (NZB). However GPC-5, a γG2b-globulin, carries only one of the Ig-3 specificities normally associated with γG2b-globulins of NZB. Most remarkably it also carries one Ig-1 specificity normally associated with γG2a-globulins of NZB. This is the first analyzed mouse myeloma shown (a) to express some but not all the antigenic specificities normally associated with an allele and (b) to carry antigenic specificities controlled by two distinct immunoglobulin loci. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the genetic control of immunoglobulins.
THE ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS OF THE PROTEIN-POLYSACCHARIDES OF CARTILAGE
Authors: Sandson John , Rosenberg Lawrence , White David 
Published: June 2004

1. Protein-polysaccharides isolated from bovine, human, and porcine cartilage are antigenic in the rabbit.
2. PP-L from each of these species contains a minimum of two antigenic determinants; one is species specific, and one is common to all three species. Human PP-H also contains these two determinants.
3. Both antigenic determinants are in, or closely associated with, the protein moiety of the compound. Chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate were not demonstrated to be antigenic in these studies.
RABBIT ANAPHYLACTIC ANTIBODY
Authors: Zvaifler Nathan J. , Becker Elmer L. 
Published: June 2004

Antibody capable of sensitizing rabbit skin for passive cutaneous anaphylaxis is produced in the rabbit as early as 6 to 7 days following antigenic stimulation. It reaches peak activity around the 9th day and is gone by the 3rd wk. The antibody is heat labile, sensitive to treatment with mercaptoethanol, non-precipitating and does not fix complement. In order to demonstrate PCA activity a latent period is required of from 48 to 72 hr after introduction of the antibody into the rabbit's skin; the activity can persist for at least 17 days. It has a faster electrophoretic mobility than rabbit γG-globulin, and is eluted somewhat earlier than γG-globulin from Sephadex G-200, although distinctly after γM-globulin.
No relationship was demonstrated between the rabbit PCA activity and the hemagglutinating activity found in the same sera. The rabbit anaphylactic antibody differs in almost all properties studies from the rabbit 7S antibody capable of sensitizing guinea pigs for PCA which arises at the same time. This latter antibody found early in immunization had properties which were indistinguishable from those described for the rabbit 7S antibody giving PCA in the guinea pig found in late hyperimmune sera.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF THE ADOPTIVE IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY IN MICE
Authors: Celada Franco 
Published: June 2004

Antibody-forming cells suspended from a mouse spleen and transferred to intact animals of the same genotype face a barrier which severely affects their capacity to implant and/or to function.
This phenomenon was quantitatively studied in a model system which, utilizing the immunogenic properties of human serum albumin in mice, allows the secondary response of the transferred cells to be followed without interference from the host's own reactivity. The barrier to syngeneic transplantation was found (a) to be radiosensitive (500 R X-rays to the recipient abolishes it and insures optimal functional conditions to the donor cells) in the same order of magnitude of other mammalian systems involving rapidly dividing cell populations, and (b) to depend upon the age of the recipient: its linear rise is documented from birth time (when ∼50% of the maximal immune capacity of the transfer is expressed) to the age of 2 months (∼ 1 %). The significance of these findings to the immune response and to cell growth and differentiation is discussed.
RECOMBINATION OF HEAVY AND LIGHT CHAINS OF HUMAN γA-MYELOMA PROTEINS: FORMATION OF HYBRID MOLECULES AND CONFIGURATIONAL SPECIFICITY
Authors: Prendergast Robert A. , Grey Howard M. , Kunkel Henry G. 
Published: June 2004

The present studies demonstrate that the conditions necessary for reductive cleavage, isolation, and recombination of L and H polypeptide chains of human γA-myeloma globulins parallel those required for similar manipulation of the component chains of γG-globulin. Specificity of recombination was shown for chains derived from the same protein. In contrast, no intradass preferential recombination was demonstrable.
Hybrid molecules, formed by reassociation of noncovalent bonds, could be synthesized from isolated chains of two immunoglobulin classes resulting in the formation of molecules of the type γA-H-γG-L and γG-H-γA-L.
Several sera containing both γA- and γG-"monoclonal" peaks were studied, one of which demonstrated the L chains associated with both peaks to be identical both by electrophoretic mobility in acid-urea gel and antigenic analysis. The possibility is considered that this case represents a naturally occurring analogue of the artificially produced hybrid molecules described in this study.
Configurational antigenic specificity of γA-myeloma proteins, imposed by the presence of kappa L chains in native and appropriately recombined molecules, provides a further indication of the importance of noncovalent bonds in the establishment of the quaternary structure of these proteins.
THE EFFECT OF CRUDE PREPARATIONS OF VACCINIA ON MITOSIS AND DNA SYNTHESIS OF KB CELLS
Authors: Koziorowska Jadwiga , Włodarski Krzysztof 
Published: June 2004

A morphologic study has been made on KB cells infected with various doses of vaccinia as to DNA synthesis and mitosis. Determination of mitotic indices revealed that the mitotic cell pool depended on the proportion of infected cells and the time after infection. By cytologic examination neither mitotic lesions were found nor an accumulation of mitotic cells at any one stage of mitosis was demonstrated. Radioautographs of infected cultures have shown that the frequency of cells labeled over nuclei was significantly increased as compared with control cultures.
Following the greatest dose of virus (multiplicity of 20 PFU/cell) the ratio of cells synthesizing DNA to mitotic cells increased from 45:5 at 5 hr to 50:0 at 50 hr. Concommittant with the appearance of this disparity between the DNA-synthesizing cell pool and mitotic cell pool the nuclei of cells became "lightly" labeled.
Following the lowest dose of virus (multiplicity of 0.0002 PFU/cell) the increase of the fraction of mitotic cells was proportional to the increase of the fraction of cells which were labeled over nuclei.
THE RENAL LESIONS OF ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
Authors: Oliver J. , MacDowell M. , Whang R. , Welt L. G. 
Published: June 2004

A dietary depletion of magnesium in rats leads to the production in the thin limb of Henle's loop of the nephrons of spherical microliths composed of a matrix of PAS-positive substances and calcium phosphate (3).
These microliths grow by accretion to form intranephronic calculi.
The classical pathological syndrome of clinical nephrolithiasis is thus reproduced within the nephron; to wit, the origin of the calculus at a certain level, local traumatic damage at the site of its origin, passage with the fluid flow down the urinary passages, lodgment of the calculus at some restricting point, obstruction of fluid flow and the usual consequent localized intrarenal "hydronephrotic" alterations of regressive atrophic cellular dysplasias within the nephron. To the classical description of the two forms of urinary lithiases occurring in the bladder and in the renal pelvis must therefore be added a third form, intranephronic calculosis.
From the first origin of a microlith to its ultimate form as a calculus its organized structure is characterized by its matrix (PAS-positive materials) in which the periodic precipitation of crystalline mineral (Ca++, PO3---) occurs in a pattern simulating Liesegang rings.
DISQUISITIONS ON ORIGINAL ANTIGENIC SIN
Authors: de St.Groth S. Fazekas , Webster R. G. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments in rabbits were designed to test the two unproven assumptions of the hypothesis proposed in the companion paper (1): that Original Antigenic Sin is fundamentally a restricted anamnestic response, and that there exists a trapping mechanism capable of deflecting antigen from one kind of cell and guiding it to another.
It is shown that whole-body X-irradiation, sufficient to abolish primary but not secondary production of antibodies, leaves all manifestations of the Original Antigenic Sin untouched. This proves the first assumption.
Primary immune animals challenged with very large doses of a related antigen produce an immediate response of cross-reactive antibodies, followed by a standard primary response to the challenging antigen. When boosted with an appropriate mixture of both antigens, the response is of standard secondary type to the homologous antigen, followed by a standard primary response to the crossreacting antigen. When animals are primarily vaccinated with a mixture of two related antigens, small booster doses of either will stimulate a standard secondary response only. When such animals are given very large booster doses of either antigen, the response is a compound of a homologous secondary and of an Original Antigenic Sin-type against the related antigen. Each of these findings demonstrates a corollary of the second assumption.
The results are discussed in terms of the limitations they impose on theories concerned with the production of antibodies.
THE REGULATION OF PINOCYTOSIS IN MOUSE MACROPHAGES
Authors: Cohn Zanvil A. 
Published: June 2004

A method is described to study the formation of pinocytic vesicles in cultivated mouse macrophages. Vesicles which arise in the peripheral cytoplasm and are in transit to the centrosphere region are enumerated by the phase-contrast microscopy of glutaraldehyde-fixed cells. Under these conditions there is a prompt reversible response of vesicle formation to calf serum factors in the external environment. The reduction of pinosome formation by a variety of metabolic inhibitors was then studied in a medium containing 50% newborn calf serum.
Inhibitors of both glycolysis and respiration reduced vesicle formation to low levels. This influence was most striking with cyanide, antimycin A, and anaerobiosis. This indicates an important contribution of an intact respiratory pathway in pinocytosis.
Both 2,4-dinitrophenol and oligomycin inhibited vesicle formation at low concentrations. These data suggest a central role of ATP as an energy source for vesicle formation.
Inhibitors of protein synthesis, such as puromycin and p-fluorophenylalanine, produced a prompt reduction in vesicle formation. The action of p-fluorophenylalanine was effectively reversed with L-phenylalanine.
Actinomycin D depressed pinocytosis to low levels at concentrations of 0.1 to 0.003 µg/ml. This effect was observed only after a 120 min lag phase.
A 10°C reduction in ambient temperature lowered vesicle counts to 30% of control preparations at 37°C.
THE EFFECTS OF ANTIGENS AND OF PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININ ON RABBIT SPLEEN CELL SUSPENSIONS
Authors: Harris G. , Littleton R. J. 
Published: June 2004

Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated the rate of DNA synthesis in rabbit spleen cell suspensions. Unlike antigens, previous immunization to PHA was not necessary and the specific response could not be transferred by macrophages, although lymphocytes primed by incubation in PHA were able to stimulate other spleen cells not directly exposed to PHA. When rabbits were stimulated by in vivo immunization with antigens, spleen cells proliferating in response to antigen were stimulated to divide by in vitro contact with PHA.
Using the technique of specific hemolytic plaque formation by individual cells synthesizing γM-antibody to sheep red cells (plaque-forming cells), no evidence was obtained that stimulation of cell division by PHA resulted in specific antibody formation, although the presence of antigen resulted both in stimulation of cell proliferation and the production of plaque-forming cells. The presence of both sheep red cells and PHA in the medium of the same cell suspensions did not enhance the production of plaque-forming cells although there was a summative effect on DNA synthesis.
THE EOSINOPHILIC LEUKOCYTE
Authors: Ross Russell , Klebanoff Seymour J. 
Published: June 2004

This study has presented the fine structure changes in the eosinophilic leukocyte in the rat uterus during the estrous cycle. Eosinophils were seen to emigrate into the uterine connective tissues from the blood stream. Just prior to, during estrus, and 1 day postestrus, eosinophilic leukocytes underwent lysis releasing their contents into the extracellular spaces and both whole eosinophils and individual granules from lysed cells were ingested by resident macrophages. No phagocytic activity by eosinophils was observed.
The possible relationship of the turnover of eosinophils to the profound morphologic and chemical changes in the uterus during the estrous cycle was discussed.
ANTIBODY FORMATION BY SINGLE CELLS FROM LYMPH NODES AND EFFERENT LYMPH OF SHEEP
Authors: Cunningham A. J. , Smith J. B. , Mercer E. H. 
Published: June 2004

The antibody-forming cells which appear in the popliteal lymph node and efferent lymph of the sheep following immunization with boiled Salmonella have been studied by light and electron microscopy. Cells were incubated in monolayers with target erythrocytes sensitized with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Three types of interaction between a proportion of the lymph cells and the erythrocytes surrounding them have been shown to indicate antibody formation: plaque-formation, immuno-cyto-adherence, and localized agglutination.
At the peak of the response, 4 days after antigenic stimulation approximately 1 cell in every 200 from lymph node suspensions produces detectable specific antibody, while up to 1 cell in 20 in the lymph is active.
For light microscope examination, individual antibody-forming cells were smeared in serum and stained with Leishman's stain. For electron microscopy, a number of active cells were clumped with antiserum to form a specimen of convenient size, then sectioned. Most of the active cells from efferent lymph are large and basophilic, while a small proportion are blastlike. These cells contain abundant free ribosomes and very little endoplasmic reticulum. In the node only, an additional class of antibody-forming plasma cells is found which have considerable amounts of endoplasmic reticulum in their cytoplasm.
MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION IN LEUKOCYTE LYSOSOMES
Authors: Seegers Winnifred , Janoff Aaron 
Published: June 2004

The mast cell-rupturing component present in the lysosomes of rabbit exudate PMN neutrophil leukocytes has been identified and some of its physical and chemical properties have been described.
The active agent is a low molecular weight (1200 to 2400) polypeptide containing a relatively large proportion of the basic amino acid, arginine. It is thermostable and dialyzable, and does not cause contraction of the isolated guinea pig ileum. The mast cell-rupturing activity of the agent is destroyed by trypsin.
A second permeability factor with a larger molecular weight is present in crude extracts of PMN granules. Although this substance does not lyse mast cells, it is capable of evoking delayed permeability responses in rabbit skin.
PHYLOGENETIC ORIGINS OF ANTIBODY STRUCTURE
Authors: Marchalonis J. , Edelman G. M. 
Published: June 2004

The anuran amphibian, Rana catesbiana, has been found to possess at least two kinds of immunoglobulins corresponding to γG- and γM-classes. These classes have the same chain structures as those of their counterparts in higher animal species. Light chains of both immunoglobulins had molecular weights of 20,000. Heavy chains of the γM-class had molecular weights of 72,100; those of the γG-class had molecular weights of 53,600. The carbohydrate content of the γG-immunoglobulin was 2.1%, and that of the γM-protein was 10.8%. The amino acid compositions of the immunoglobulins were generally similar to those of mammalian immunoglobulins.
After a single injection of phage antigen (f2), the order of appearance of phage-neutralizing activity in the frog immunoglobulin classes was (a) γM-antibodies, and (b) γG-antibodies.
The results of this and previous studies suggest that the γG-immunoglobulins emerged at some point in evolution between the elasmobranchs and the anuran amphibians.
EFFECTS OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXIN ON RABBIT PLATELETS
Authors: Des Prez Roger M. , Bryant Richard E. 
Published: June 2004

The divalent ion requirements of rabbit platelet injury by endotoxin have been defined by the use of various anticoagulant solutions and have been compared to the divalent ion requirements of platelet injury produced by addition of antigen to immune platelet-rich plasma. The endotoxin-platelet interaction takes place in citrated blood. Platelet damage by antigen is inhibited by citrate, but preincubation of antigen and immune platelet-poor plasma in the absence of citrate results in a substance, presumably antigen-antibody complement complex, which then does injure platelets in the presence of citrate. Neither endotoxin nor preincubated antigen injures platelets in the presence of sodium EDTA in concentrations sufficient to interact with all divalent cations present in plasma.
These observations have been interpreted by viewing the platelet-endotoxin interaction as a consequence of platelet phagocytosis of endotoxin, a reaction not requiring complement but requiring definite small concentrations of divalent cations. The interaction of antigen and platelets is regarded as a two phase reaction, the first requiring the participation of complement and concentrations of divalent cation larger than those provided in citrated plasma, the second requiring smaller concentrations of divalent cation, no further participation of complement, and active in citrated plasma. This second phase is regarded as representing platelet phagocytosis of immune complexes.
MECHANISMS OF ENDOTOXIN TOLERANCE
Authors: Greisman Sheldon E. , Young Edward J. , Woodward William E. 
Published: June 2004

The mechanisms underlying the pyrogenic refractory state which develops rapidly during a continuous intravenous infusion of bacterial endotoxin have been further explored. The findings demonstrate that: (a) rabbits rendered refractory to a continuous intravenous infusion of E. coli endotoxin at a standard rate (18 x 10–4 µg/min) become highly refractory to a single intravenous test bolus of endotoxin, but remain fully responsive to preformed endogenous pyrogen and to substances known to release endogenous pyrogen, i.e. influenza virus, old tuberculin in specifically sensitized rabbits, and staphylococcal enterotoxin; (b) administration of fresh whole blood from normal donors containing an average of 1.6 – 108 granulocytes fails to restore febrile responsiveness to the continuing E. coli endotoxin infusion; (c) refractory phase plasma and liver homogenates exhibit no enhanced capacity to inactivate E. coli endotoxin pyrogenicity; (d) splenectomized animals readily develop the pyrogenic refractory state during E. coli endotoxin infusions and exhibit diminished, rather than the increased inflammatory responses to intradermal endotoxin seen in sham-operated controls; (e) continuous intravenous infusions of gelatin-stabilized, heat-killed pneumococci produce sustained fevers; and (f) continuous intravenous infusions of old tuberculin into specifically sensitized animals rapidly elicit a pyrogenic refractory state.
The present observations, considered together with those of other investigators, support the hypothesis that pyrogenic unresponsiveness to endotoxin involves two distinct immunologic mechanisms. In terms of this hypothesis, the rapid reduction in febrile responsiveness to endotoxin is mediated by desensitization at the cellular level. With small doses of endotoxin, such as those employed in the present studies, this desensitization is primarily specific; with larger doses, nonspecific mechanisms are superimposed. So long as the subsequent doses of endotoxin are closely spaced or continuously infused, optimal conditions are provided for cellular desensitization and pyrogenic unresponsiveness to a given quantity of endotoxin can be induced rapidly and maintained without the requirement for antibody. However, as the interval between endotoxin challenge is lengthened, cellular desensitization wanes and tolerance becomes increasingly dependent upon those antibodies directed against the common toxophore groupings responsible for endotoxin pyrogenicity which assist the reticuloendothelial system in the clearance and destruction of this molecule.