bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Money Markets In Korea
Authors: Kang Moon-Soo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The money market is defined in this chapter to include all financial instruments easily convertible to cash that are used by government, financial, and commercial institutions for short-term funding and placements. The money market brings together economic agents who want to borrow large sums of money for short periods of time and those who want to lend them. The money market instruments created in this process are generally characterized by the safety of their principal. Maturities range from one day to one year. The money market encompasses the interbank market and a group of short-term credit market instruments and forms an integral part of the Korean financial system. The rates of return on money market instruments tend to fluctuate together because they are close substitutes for one another in many investment portfolios. The major participants are commercial banks, specialized banks, government, corporations, investment and finance companies, merchant banking corporations, other nonbank financial institutions, and the Bank of Korea. In particular, nonbank financial institutions, such as investment and finance companies and merchant banking corporations, have played an important role since the early 1970s in intermediating short-term funds. These institutions offer a number of high-yield short-term savings instruments to the public, thus promoting the flow of private funds from the unorganized financial market to the organized financial market. The money market has been strongly influenced and, in certain instances, controlled by two main monetary authorities, the Ministry of Finance and the Bank of Korea (the central bank).
Money Markets In Malaysia
Authors: See-Yan Lin , Fah Chung Tin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The money market is made up of intermediaries and instruments for short-term funds and forms an integral part of Malaysia’s financial sys­ tem. It provides a ready source of funds for market participants who require funding and investment outlets for those with temporary surplus funds. Operations in the money market can be divided into two broad categories: placing time or fixed deposits and borrowing against time, and purchasing and selling money market papers. This chapter examines the financial flows and instruments in the money market as well as the impact of policy on the performance of the money market so that resources can be effectively deployed to assist the development of the economy. Such an examination is both desirable and timely given that the financial markets in Malaysia have radically changed over time. In order to avoid any structural problems relating to the pre-1979 fixed interest rates, we will look at the period after the interest rate liberalization program of 1978, covering the decade from 1979 to the second quarter of 1989.
Money Markets In Singapore
Authors: Ariff M , Kapur B K , Tyabji A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principal markets in short-term (up to a year) funds in Singapore are the markets for bank deposits, overdrafts and commercial bills, interbank loans, and foreign exchange. These funds are issued by a variety of institutions: full, restricted, and offshore commercial banks; merchant banks; finance companies; the Post Office Savings Bank; money brokers; and others. These financial institutions can be grouped into, on the one hand, a national banking system, made up of institutions (or departments within institutions) whose transactions are mainly in Singapore dollar-denominated instruments or involve exchanges between such instruments and those denominated in other currencies, and, on the other hand, an offshore system, made up of institutions (or departments) whose transactions are mainly in and among foreign currency-denominated instruments. Much of the analysis in this chapter will be devoted to the national banking system, as our focus is on money markets operating directly under the regulatory and policy aegis of the monetary authorities.
Games Strategies And Managers
Authors: McMillan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This textbook provides a complete and accessible introduction to game theory and will prove especially valuable to business students and practising business-people. It covers all aspects of the subject: conflict and risk, negotiating, commitment as a bargaining technique, bidding, theoretical and empirical analysis of structuring incentives, trading risks, private information, and decisions about information acquisition. It ends with suggestions of how ideas from game theory might be used as an aid to reasoning through an actual strategic situation.
Designing Contracts
Authors: McMillan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WE ARRIVEO in the last chapter at a remarkably simple solution to the problem of creating incentives. By suitably designing the contract, you can induce your agent to do exactly what you want. You achieve this, as we saw, by allowing the agent to keep the full value of any incremental outputs produced, beyond some pre-set quota. By designing the contract in this way, you succeed in perfectly aligning the agent’s incentives with your own.
Bidding in Olympic Competition
Authors: McMillan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Chapter tells the story of one real-life, high-stakes bidding game. Three to four years before each Olympic Games begins, a contest takes place that is as fierce as any on the track, in the pool, or in the boxing ring: the U.S. television networks bid for broadcast rights. The creative use of competition, which we analyzed in the last chapter, is illustrated by the games played by the Olympic Games organizers and the television networks. The International Olympic Committee and the local organizing body play strategically against the networks; and the networks play strategically against each other and against the Games orgamzers.
The Brothel Boy
Authors: Morris Norval 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I wonder-does any other Old Etonian roll his own cigarettes? I’m not sure why I do. They are cheaper, of course, but the taste is not very different, and bits and pieces of tobacco do drift into one’s mouth and require picking off the tongue or lips, which seems to disturb some who observe it. In the Club they make no secret of their disapproval-”A frightfully low-bred habit.” I had carefully rolled a cigarette and was about to moisten the paper, my tongue protruding, mouth agape, when a native boy burst into my office shouting, “Come, come, Sir. Hurry please. They are killing the brothel boy.” I knew, of course, of the local brothel, but not of any “brothel boy.” A homosexual prostitute seemed most unlikely in Burma, quite out of character with local values and prevailing behaviour-but I had mistaken his role. At all events, I hurried to where I was led to find several village men standing over the unconscious youth but desisting now from further violence. They were, it was immediately obvious, the remainder of a mob of assailants.
The Curve of Pearls
Authors: Morris Norval 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For five years as District Officer in Moulmein, in Southern Burma, I had been both policeman and magistrate, interrogator and judge, for nearly one hundred thousand Burmese, Indians, and Chinese, and a few hundred Europeans. It felt strange now to be the subject of an enquiry-to be interrogated and judged. I remember that I had often complained to Dr. Veraswami about the strain of interrogating and judging-I now knew which role I preferred.
Falling in Love Individualism and the Romantic Self
Authors: Lystra Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Recreation of past emotion requires special sensitivity to the changing style and content of emotional expression. Historical studies of the emotional expression known as romantic love, for example, have been plagued with difficulties of definition and context. Romantic love has been identified in male-female relationships at almost every historical time and place. But as definitions of the concept expand or contract, so too does the measure of its existence in the past.3 Perhaps what has been called by one name-romantic love-was actually a variety of emotional states within different historical situations. Recognizing that two people in any culture can fall in love under many circumstances, the widespread experience of romantic love cannot adequately be explained by luck, fate, or chemistry. The unique individual may have a unique experience, but collective patterns of behavior are constructed through cultural and social guidelines, limits, rules and the encouragement of the whole weight of the social fabric.
Blurring Separate Spheres Sex-Role Boundaries and Behavior
Authors: Lystra Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sex-Specific Character Traits and gender roles were matters of serious concern to nineteenth-century middle-class men and women. Nonetheless, male-female relationships had their lighter moments. William Nebeker held up a mirror, however unintentionally, to both the light and dark sides of nineteenth-century sex roles. Writing to his mother-in-law in 1880, Nebeker, still deeply anguished by his wife’s death one year earlier, felt a compelling need to unburden himself, which, he openly acknowledged, drove him to a confessional mode: “The house was cleaned shortly before I went to the city in March [the letter was written in July] and though I have tried to be very careful, there is much dirt on the floor nevertheless, which in appearance resembles dried mud, plastered on.
The Canadian System of Industrial Innovation
Authors: McFetridge Donald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to describe the set of institutions and institutional linkages that has evolved for the generation, diffusion, and application of knowledge in Canada. The building blocks of this innovation system are the knowledge-generating organizations including research and development performing firms, universities, other nonprofit organizations, and government laboratories. As important but less readily observed are the organizations that apply knowledge and the interactions among users and suppliers of knowledge. As Freeman (1988, p. 2) puts it: The national system of innovation is not just a set of laboratories but is a cumulative process of learning by producing, learning by using and learning by the interaction of producers and users.
Malign Neglect
Authors: Tonry Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this century, black Americans, especially men but increasingly also women, have been more likely than whites to commit violent and property crimes. They have also been more likely to be in jail or prison, on probation or parole. People of goodwill, from W. E. B. Du Bois at the turn of the century through Gunnar Myrdal in the 1940s, to most contemporary scholars of crime, agree that disproportionate black criminality is the product of social and economic disadvantage, much of it traceable to racial bias and discrimination, more overt in earlier times than today.
The Evolution of Evolution
Authors: March James G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the organizational research literature the word “evolution” is ordinarily used in a relatively narrow sense, referring to a set of ideas about change in a population through variation and selection of a particular sort. In the present essay, that usage is located in an older and larger context in order to explore some implications of the evolution of evolution that are not limited to Darwinian natural selection models but extend to a wide range of theories of organizational adaptation. The arguments are simple: As ideas about evolution have developed, they have moved from outcome conceptions of evolution to process conceptions. They have moved from conceptions of evolutionary processes as “efficient” instruments of adaptation to an appreciation of their “inefficiencies.” And they have moved from an emphasis on using evolutionary theories to predict history to an emphasis on the engineering of history.
Minimalism, Mutualism, and Maturity: The Evolution of the American Trade Association Population in the 20th Century
Authors: Aldrich Howard E , Zimmer Catherine R , Staber Udo H , Beggs Ohn J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American trade associations, as minimalist organizations, have grown into a mature population in an environment characterized by intrapopulation norms supporting mutualistic behavior, lack of significant interpopulation competition, and an institutional environment that was usually strongly supportive of capitalist structures. Research on two other evolving populations in the United States-state bar associations and national trade unions-illustrates two alternative fates that trade associations might have experienced. State bar associations, after decades of experimentation with alternatives, finally settled on an organizational form that gave them monopoly control over the admission of lawyers to the bar in all 50 states. The bar associations’ stunning achievement was solidified because they successfully mobilized to win state support. Trade unions, by contrast, struggled to achieve legitimacy against a hostile business community and a state that was antagonistic or indifferent until the 1930s. Even after achieving national legal standing, trade unions (like trade associations) stood outside the formal structure of the state and (unlike trade associations) have gradually seen their gains eroded over the past three decades. We bring together our research on the foundings, mergers, and transformations, and disbandings of American trade associations to tell the story of a population that escaped, at lease up to now, the unhappy fate of its companion population-trade unions-but that has never achieved the iron-clad legitimacy of another population with similar collective goals-state bar associations. As mimimalist organizations, these populations differ in some important respects from private, profit-oriented businesses that are the subject of most evolutionary analyses. As organizations with a political agenda, they also differ from many of the non-profit-oriented organizations that evolutionary researchers have studied.
The Evolution of Socially Contingent Rational Action: Effects of Labor Strikes on Change in Union Founding in the 1880s
Authors: Zucker Lynne G , Kreft Itag. G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economics is all about how people make choices; sociology is all about how they don’t have any choices to make. -J. DUESENBERRY Sometimes social context constrains or alters choices, sometimes not. Clearly, models in economics that are predicated on autonomous, rational action by individuals generally predict very well. Sociologists cannot afford to ignore the large body of empirical support. But there is also evidence that institutional pressures, and the social relations resulting from them, alter action (from an institutional perspective, Tolbert, 1985; Zucker, 1987; Dobbin et al., 1988; from a population ecology perspective, Singh, Tucker, and Meinhard, 1991; Baum and Oliver, 1992). Social scientists too often treat social process as if it is just there, a by-product of human activity, as ifno human agency is required to produce it. Even in the most recent treatments, social activity is as ubiquitous as air and just as costless (Granovetter, 1985). Economic activity is empirically as ubiquitous, but its production is seen as highly variable; when the incentives are not strong, as in the command economies, economic action will be depressed and economic structure will be poorly developed. We need to rethink institutional structure and social action in these terms.
Evolution and Organizational Science
Authors: Mckelvey Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My topic concerns the state of evolutionary thinking about organizational populations. While I do not refer specifically to any particular chapter in this book, you safely may assume that the papers presented at the conference contributed substantially to the thrust of my remarks about the general state of evolutionary thinking. After pointing out the diverse definitions of the term evolution, I have chosen to emphasize the following points: (J) The relevance of evolutionary thinking to the study of organizations, with particular reference to natural selection theory and the role of managers in organization change, and (2) the need for a closer link between population ecology and evolutionary theory in organizational research.
The Liability of Collective Action: Growth and Change Among Early American Telephone Companies
Authors: Barnett William P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary organization theories generally accept a basic premise of community ecology-that by operating collectively organizations share common fates (Hannan and Freeman, 1977; Carroll, 1984; Barnett and Carroll, 1987). Resource dependence and network researchers find that organizations often build cooperative ties that then mutually affect their performance (Pfeffer and Salancik, 1978; Burt, 1983; Powell, 1990). Institutional theories depict organizations as operating within “fields” or “sectors” of shared purposes and expectations (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983; Scott, 1987), where collective action is conditioned by broader social institutions (Streeck, 1985). Even organizational economists now allow for “hybrid” forms characterized by extramarket linkages among organizations (Williamson, 1991).
Organization-Environment Coevolution
Authors: Baum Joel A C , Singh Jitendra V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his influential treatment of organizational theory, Scott (1987) distinguishes among organizations as natural, rational, and open systems. This last view of organizations as open systems, which emerged over roughly the last three decades as a counterpoint to earlier closed systems thinking, has been a dominant theme in theories of organization. Thus, structural contingency theory (Lawrence and Lorsch, 1967), strategic contingency theory (Hickson et al., 1971), institutionalization theory (Meyer and Rowan, 1977; Meyer and Scott, 1983), resource dependence theory (Pfeffer and Salancik, 1978), and population ecology theory (Hannan and Freeman, 1977, 1989) have all emphasized the relationships between organizations and their external environments, although specific treatments differ by theory. In most approaches organizations tend to become isomorphic with their environments through processes of either adaptation or selection (or combination of the two). In large part, most theories have studied organizational change in relation to exogenous environmental change.1 Examined less frequently is how organizations (and populations) systematically influence their environments, and how organizational environments, fundamentally comprised of other organizations and populations (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983), in turn influence those organizations. The essence of feedback is a circle of interactions; the patterns of behavior of any two variables in a feedback loop are linked, each influencing the other and in tum being influenced by the behavior of the other. The concept of feedback is intimately linked with the concepts of interdependence and mutual or circular causality (Richardson, 1991). In a feedback perspective, the unidirectional view of cause-and-effect relationships gives way to a circular, looplike view of mutual causality. In this chapter we attempt to study the simultaneous evolution, or coevolution, of organizations and their environments. The chapters by Rosenkopf and Tushman and Van de Ven and Garud in this volume also adopt broadly similar coevolutionary approaches.
Accounting Aspects of Globalizing American Firms
Authors: Elnathan Dan , Arnold Jerry L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When American firms consider a strategic plan for globalization, the accounting issues are all too frequently addressed as an afterthought. An approach that integrates accounting from the beginning, however, enhances the likelihood of success and minimizes the chance of a suboptimal accounting system. In most instances, American firms must adapt to the environment in the host country; effecting change in another country’s accounting system is likely to be politically sensitive and to take a long time, if it happens at all.
The Transfer of Production Planning and Control Systems from Plants in the United States to Other Parts of the World
Authors: Plenert Gerhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
United States managers frequently assume that if they have a production planning and control system that works well in a domestic plant, then this same systems technology will be optimal in a similar plant located in another country. This assumption is the first of several that must be discarded by American companies thinking about overseas expansion.
Restructuring and the Unrelated Strategy
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assuming managers generally seek to enhance firm value in acquisitions, unrelated acquisitions should not regularly occur. Logically, related acquirers should generally outbid unrelated acquirers in competition for target firms (because they have more to gain, in the form of synergy). Still, unrelated diversification remains a popular corporate diversification strategy. As the evidence presented in chapter 8 suggests, many firms that underwent multiple divestitures to initiate restructuring nonetheless remained unrelated diversifiers. In fact, intermediate diversified firms moved away from their strategy and toward becoming related diversifiers, while unrelated diversifiers often stayed with their strategy. This finding was confirmed by a sampling of firms that was biased in favor of downscoping because the sample firms were overdiversified. Research has also suggested that under some circumstances unrelated acquisitions can produce gains for shareholders, or at least not generate losses. Furthermore, the continued prevalence of unrelated diversification suggests that this strategy is supported by firm stakeholders.1
The Whigs and Their Age
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A cold and blustery March wind chilled the ceremonies for the presidential inauguration of 1841. But the old soldier at the center of attention spoke for an hour and a half. In an era when people took oratory seriously, William Henry Harrison delivered the longest inaugural address of any president ever, full of learned classical allusions. In implied but clear reproach to the Democrats, he promised to exercise executive restraint, serve but one term, and use the veto sparingly—the last not too risky a commitment since his party controlled both houses of Congress. He condemned hard money, the spoils system, and “the spirit of party.” He warned of the dangers of demagogues claiming to speak “in the name of democracy,” who perverted the commonwealth and stripped the people of their liberties. He cited Caesar and Cromwell as his examples, but all understood these as coded references to Andrew Jackson. The Whig victory had averted, just in time, the corruption of American republican institutions—”a calamity so awful, not only to our country, but to the world.”