bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bench to Bedside: HMGB1—A Novel Proinflammatory Cytokine and Potential Therapeutic Target for Septic Patients in the Emergency Department
Authors: Sama Andrew E. , D'Amore Jason , Ward Mary F. , Chen Guoqian , Wang Haichao 
Published: August 2004

AbstractOverwhelming gram‐negative bacterial infection and life‐threatening systemic inflammation are widespread problems in critically ill emergency department patients. Currently, the treatment of these patients is largely supportive, focusing on antibiotics, fluids, hemodynamic and ventilatory support, and intensive monitoring. The only Food and Drug Administration‐approved pharmaceutical agent for the treatment of sepsis is activated protein C, with its use largely relegated to the intensive care unit. The subject thus remains an active area of exploration for emergency medicine research. During sepsis and inflammation, innate immune cells release excessive amounts of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin‐1β. If delivered early enough, anti‐TNF antibodies can be an effective therapy in experimental models of septic shock. Anti‐TNF antibodies have been developed for clinical use in rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. However, anti‐TNF treatment for sepsis has been difficult to achieve in the clinical setting, perhaps because TNF's early release and transient appearance in the serum create a narrow therapeutic window. An alternative strategy would be to identify “late” mediators that may be clinically more accessible. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a protein previously known only as a nuclear transcription factor, is now implicated as a late mediator of sepsis. Targeting late mediators of lethal systemic inflammation represents a novel approach that may widen the therapeutic window and lead to new strategies for inhibiting the deleterious effects of the inflammatory cascade. Here the authors review the studies that led to the discovery of HMGB1 as a late mediator of systemic inflammation and discuss the possibility of HMGB1 as a therapeutic target for septic patients in the emergency department.
A Novel Photosensitizer of Palladium(II) Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonate for Chlorophenol Oxidation under Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Hu Meiqin , Xu Yiming , Xiong Zhigang 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The title complex has been found to exhibit high quantum yield of singlet oxygen generation (0.87 in DMF), and is highly efficient and stable to initiate mineralization of cholorophenols in water under visible light irradiation.
Bis(tetrathiafulvaleno)octadehydro[20]annulene with Multi-functionality
Authors: Iyoda Masahiko , Enozawa Hideo , Miyake Yoshihiro 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Sulfur-bridged octadehydro[20]annulene 1c annelated with two TTF rings was synthesized and its multi-functional properties were ascertained. The annulene exhibits paratropicity, solvatochromism, electrochromism and multi-redox potentials in solution, and its cation radical in the solid state shows self-association and electric conductivity.
Bicontinuous Microemulsion-aided Synthesis of Mesoporous TiO2
Authors: Moriguchi Isamu , Katsuki Yasuko , Yamada Hirotoshi , Kudo Tetsuichi , Nishimi Taisei 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Mesoporous TiO2 with high surface area was synthesized via a sol–gel process in a bicontinuous microemulsion. The mesoporous structure was retained to some extent even if the anatase-TiO2 nanocrystallite produced in the mesophase with heating. The mesoporous anatase-TiO2 showed an effective Li-intercalation property.
Synthesis of Magnetic Composite Particles of γ-Fe2O3@SiO2 and the Control of the Structural Color of the Colloidal Crystal by Magnetic Fields
Authors: Kitajima Kazutoshi , Fujita Toma , Sogoshi Norihito , Nakabayashi Seiichiro 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Nearly monodisperse silica spheres with a diameter of ca. 140 nm containing magnetic cores of γ-Fe2O3 were synthesized following a similar method by Stöber1 and Philipse.2 Rendering a structural color was successfully achieved by thorough deionization of the aqueous suspension of the spheres. The magnetic tunability of the structural color of the colloidal crystal was demonstrated. The optical property was characterized by UV–vis reflection spectra.
N-doped TiO2 Nanotube with Visible Light Activity
Authors: Tokudome Hiromasa , Miyauchi Masahiro 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanotubes were synthesized by a wet process. The nanotubes have an anatase crystal structure with nitrogen atoms substituted into oxygen sites of TiO2. These nanotubes exhibited photocatalytic oxidation activity of gaseous isopropanol into acetone and carbon dioxide when illuminating with visible light.
β-Hydride Elimination from α-Positioned Methyl Group of Bicyclic Zirconacyclopentanes Assisted by Aldehyde
Authors: Xi Zhenfeng , Guo Ruiyun , Zheng Weixin , Zheng Hegen , Zhong Zhenqi , Takahashi Tamotsu 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
β-Hydrogen elimination from α-methylated bicyclic zirconacyclopentanes was promoted by benzaldehyde at low temperature. Treatment of the resulting mixture with allyl bromide and benzoyl chloride in the presence of CuCl introduced new olefin or phenylcarbonyl moieties in the product.
Ion-exchangeable Layered Aminophenylsilica Prepared with Anionic Surfactant Templates
Authors: Yao Ken , Imai Yusuke , Shi LiYi , Abe Eiichi , Adachi Yoshio , Nishikubo Keiko , Tateyama Hiroshi 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The synthesis of a novel anion-exchangeable nanostructured aminophenylsilica with a well-ordered layer geometry was demonstrated by utilizing the sol-gel reaction of p-aminophenyltrimethoxysilane in the presence of an anionic surfactant micelle under acidic conditions
CdS Nanowire-encapsulated, CdS Nanocrystals-enrobed Carbon Nanotubes Composites, and Their UV–vis Properties
Authors: Jiang Linqin , Gao Lian 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The fabrication of CdS nanowire-encapsulated and CdS nanocrystal-enrobed multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNTs) heterostructures is reported; the enrobed hybrid nanocomposites exhibit blue-shift absorption in UV–vis spectrum and provide various routes to nanotube composites.
The Effect of Layered Sodium–Magadiite on the Photochromic Reversibility of Diarylethene Immobilized on Its Surfaces
Authors: Shindachi Itsuki , Hanaki Hiroshi , Sasai Ryo , Shichi Tetsuya , Yui Tatsuto , Takagi Katsuhiko 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Diarylethene covalently bonded to the silanol oxygen of the layered surfaces of magadiite was seen to undergo a more improved photochromic reversibility than a corresponding silylated analog in ethanol without fixation to the magadiite.
An Isothiouronium-derived Organized Monolayer at the Air–Water Interface: Design of Film-based Anion Sensor Systems for H2PO4−
Authors: Misawa Yoshihiro , Kubo Yuji , Tokita Sumio , Ohkuma Hirokazu , Nakahara Hiroo 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
We have prepared for the first time an organized monolayer with long-chain amphiphiles possessing an isothiouronium segment. Interactions between the monolayer and anions in aqueous subphase have been investigated and show a significant selectivity of H2PO4−. Also, by fabricating the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films under competitive conditions of the anions used and picrate as an indicator, we can read out H2PO4− recognition using UV–vis spectroscopy, providing a potential application for the design of film-based anion sensor systems.
Formation of Interconnected Macropores in Sm2+-doped Silicate Glasses through Phase Separation: Fabrication of Photosensitive and Dielectrically Disordered Materials
Authors: Fujita Koji , Murai Shunsuke , Ohashi Yoshihiro , Nakanishi Kazuki , Hirao Kazuyuki 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Fabrication of Sm2+-doped silicate glasses possessing interconnected macropores has been attempted via two different procedures utilizing a phase-separation phenomenon; one includes liquid–liquid phase separation of macroscopically uniform melt-quenched glasses under heat treatment, and the other polymerization-induced phase separation in alkoxy-derived sol-gel systems. Macroporous silicate glasses doped with Sm2+ can be successfully prepared via the sol-gel method.
A Novel Synthetic Route to Layered Double Hydroxides Using Hexamethylenetetramine
Authors: Iyi Nobuo , Matsumoto Taki , Kaneko Yoshiro , Kitamura Kenji 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
For the homogeneous precipitation of hydrotalcite-like compounds (layered double hydroxides; LDHs), HMT (hexamethylenetetramine) was used and the conditions for obtaining the LDHs were investigated. The well-crystallized 1–5 μm LDHs were obtained in a pressure vessel after a 1-day treatment at 140 °C. The resulting LDHs contained a carbonate anion, which was successfully deintercalated using an NaCl–HCl mixed solution without any morphological change.
Training opportunities for Specialist Registrars post-Calmanization: audit of trainees' exposure to repair of the tympanic membrane
Authors: Hilmi O. J. , Bolton P. , Ahsan F. , Nunez D. A. 
Published: July 2004

Specialist training at the registrar grade in the United Kingdom has undergone significant change in the recent past. One of the effects has been a reduction in the length of time spent in training. This and the application of the European working time directive have the potential to reduce trainees’ surgical exposure. The proportion of tympanic membrane procedures performed by reconstructive otolaryngology registrars in the Grampian University hospitals was audited to monitor the impact of these changes.Case notes of all patients who underwent myringoplasty or tympanoplasty between July 1998 and June 1999 were analysed retrospectively. Details of the surgeons’ grade were recorded. The proportion of myringoplasties performed by registrars as determined by the Royal College of Surgeons of England National Comparative Audit survey, carried out in 1995 before the widespread implementation of recommended changes in otolaryngology registrar training, was set as the gold standard.In the period July 1998–1999 registrars had performed fewer myringoplasties than the standard, 17 per cent versus 34.2 per cent respectively (p = 0.035). A strategy to increase registrar exposure to myringoplasty surgery was then adopted by the department and the proportion of myringoplasties performed by registrars re-audited prospectively. The proportion of myringoplasties undertaken by registrars increased in the period January 2001 to July 2001 compared to July 1998–1999, 53 per cent versus 17 per cent respectively (p < 0.0007).Changes in working practice can address shortfalls in registrars' exposure to surgical procedures.
Spontaneous cervical haematoma resulting from intrathoracic pathology
Authors: Todd Adelson Robert , Vories Andrew 
Published: July 2004

Spontaneous cervical haematomas are rare occurrences for which a wide variety of aetiologies have been reported. Although the pathogenesis of this condition can be quite diverse, all known cases have emanated from a cervical source. The authors report the first case of a spontaneous cervical haematoma arising from an intrathoracic source. A case review and Medline search from 1962–2003 was carried out.No prior experience with intrathoracic sources for cervical haematomas has previously been reported. Transcervical haematoma evacuation confirmed the intrathoracic origin and a median sternotomy was required to gain control of this haemorrhage.Thoracic sources should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a spontaneous cervical haematoma. Preparations for a combined procedure with a thoracic surgeon can be predicted pre-operatively based on imaging studies.
Possible Interaction Between Sevoflurane and Aloe vera
Authors: Lee Anna , Chui Po Tong , Aun Cindy ST , Gin Tony , Lau Angel SC 
Published: August 2004

OBJECTIVE To describe a patient with massive intraoperative bleeding after oral consumption of Aloe vera tablets. Case Summary A 35-year-old woman lost 5 L of blood during surgery as a result of a possible herb—drug interaction between Aloe vera and sevoflurane. DISCUSSION Aloe vera is a common herb used for antiinflammatory and antiarthritic activity, as well as antibacterial, hypoglycemic, and lipid-lowering effects. Compounds contained within Aloe vera can cause a reduction in prostaglandin synthesis, which may inhibit secondary aggregation of platelets. Sevoflurane inhibits thromboxane A2 formation by suppression of cyclooxygenase activity, impairs platelet aggregation, and prolongs bleeding. Although the vascularity and size of the hemangioma were the most important factors for the massive intraoperative blood loss, concomitant use of sevoflurane and Aloe vera played a contributory role. An objective causality assessment revealed that this adverse event was possible as a result of the sevoflurane and Aloe vera interaction. CONCLUSIONS There is a potential herb—drug interaction between Aloe vera and sevoflurane based on the antiplatelet effects of these 2 agents. Herbal medications with antiplatelet potential should be discontinued before anesthesia and surgery.
Pupils' perceptions of self and of labels: Moderate learning difficulties in mainstream and special schools
Authors: Kelly Narcie , Norwich Brahm 
Published: August 2004

Background: The study is set in the context of international moves towards more inclusion of children with disabilities into mainstream schools and the greater importance attached to the child's voice in decision making in education.Aims: To examine how children with moderate learning difficulties (MLD) in mainstream and special schools see themselves; to investigate their positive, negative and mixed self‐perceptions; to explore their evaluations of the terms and labels used by others to describe them; and to examine whether their perceptions vary according to special educational placement, age or gender.Sample: One hundred and one children; 50 in special and 51 in mainstream schools, of whom 51 were age 10–12 and 50 13–14 years; within each age group half were boys and half were girls.Method: Semi‐structured in‐depth interviews based on a common framework derived from the research questions.Results: Most pupils were aware of their learning difficulties and felt mainly negative about their difficulties. Pupils in special schools had more positive self‐perceptions of educational abilities than those in mainstream schools. Self‐perceptions of general characteristics were mainly a mixture of positive and negative with no differences by placement. ‘Stupid’ and ‘thick’ were perceived as the most negative labels, while ‘has help’ was the most positive label. The SEN term was infrequently recognized.Conclusions: The findings are discussed within the context of a multi‐dimensional, complex and contrary framework of self‐perceptions, and reference groups as the bases for self‐perceptions and as an active and interpretive process in the formation of self‐perceptions.
Peer‐assessed behavioural characteristics and sociometric rejection: Differences between pupils who have moderate learning difficulties and their mainstream peers
Authors: Frederickson Norah L. , Furnham Adrian F. 
Published: August 2004

Background: The outcomes of social inclusion and skills training programmes for pupils with special educational needs have been mixed. Programmes are generally based on research with mainstream samples yet it has been suggested that the social skills important for sociometric acceptance may be different for children who have special educational needs.Aims: The study aims to compare peer‐assessed behavioural characteristics associated with sociometric status for included children who have moderate learning difficulties and their mainstream classmates.Sample: Mainstream classmates (N=867) of all the children ascertained as having Moderate Learning Difficulties (MLD) and included in mainstream middle schools (8–12 years) in one English county. Subgroups of rejected mainstream (n=38) and pupils with MLD (n=32) were further investigated.Method: Discriminant function analysis was carried out with peer assessment items as predictors of sociometric status group membership in the mainstream sample and contrasted with previously reported data from pupils with MLD in the same classes. Cluster analysis was used to identify behavioural subtypes within the rejected groups drawn from each sample. For pupils with MLD subtypes were validated using teacher assessments of social behaviour.Results: Systematic differences were identified across different analyses between the peer‐assessed behavioural characteristics associated with rejected sociometric status for pupils with MLD and for mainstream pupils.Conclusions: The appropriateness of generic social skills training programmes for promoting the social inclusion of pupils with MLD should be questioned and consideration given to rejected pupil subtypes.
The role of different types of instrumentality in motivation, study strategies, and performance: Know why you learn, so you'll know what you learn!
Authors: Simons Joke , Dewitte Siegfried , Lens Willy 
Published: August 2004

Background: Two theories in the field of motivation and achievement, namely the future time perspective theory and goal theory, result in conflicting recommendations for enhancing students' motivation, because of their differential emphasis on the task at hand and on the future consequences of a task.Aims: We will present a framework consisting of four types of instrumentality that combines both perspectives. The implications of those different types for goal orientation, motivation, cognitive strategies, study habits and performance are investigated.Samples: Participants were a group of 184 first‐year nurse students with ages ranging from 18 to 45 years.Methods: Questionnaires were administered that measured instrumentality, goal orientation, motivation, deep and surface level learning strategies, study habits, and a manipulation check. At the end of the year, exam scores were collected.Results: The results showed that different types of instrumentality are related differently to the motivational, cognitive and achievement measures. Being internally regulated and perceiving the utility of the courses resulted both in a more adaptive goal orientation and higher intrinsic motivation, which led to the use of more adaptive cognitive strategies and to better study habits, which ultimately enhanced performance. Linking performance to extrinsic rewards and not seeing the utility of the course for the future yielded the opposite pattern.Conclusions: Type of instrumentality has indeed a differential influence on motivational, cognitive, and behavioural variables.
Predictors of writing competence in 4‐ to 7‐year‐old children
Authors: Dunsmuir Sandra , Blatchford Peter 
Published: August 2004

Background: This longitudinal study sought to improve understanding of the factors at home and school that influence children's attainment and progress in writing between the ages of 4 and 7 years.Aims: (i) To investigate the relationship between home variables and writing development in preschool children; (ii) to determine associations between child characteristics and writing development (iii) to conduct an analysis of the areas of continuity and discontinuity between variables at home and at school, and influences on subsequent writing development.Sample: Sixty children attending four urban primary schools participated in this study.Method: Semi‐structured interviews, questionnaires, observation schedules and standardized assessments were used. Writing samples were collected each term. Associations between measures and continuity over time were assessed using multiple regression analysis.Results: Preschool variables that were found to be significantly associated with writing proficiency at school entry included mother's educational level, family size, parental assessment of writing and a measure of home writing. Child characteristics, skills and competencies were measured at school entry and those found to be significantly associated with writing at 7 years included season of birth, vocabulary score, pre‐reading skills, handwriting and proficiency in writing name. The only preschool variable that maintained its significant relationship to writing at 7 years was home writing. Teacher assessments of pupil attitudes to writing were consistently found to be significantly associated with writing competence.Conclusions: This comprehensive study explored the complex interaction of cognitive, affective and contextual processes involved in learning to write, and identified specific features of successful writers. Results are discussed in relation to educational policy and practice issues.
Further Evidence to Show Population Specificity of Discriminant Function Equations for Sex Determination Using the Talus of South African Blacks
Authors: Bidmos M A , Dayal M R 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Several studies have shown that osteometric differences exist between different population groups. Thus, discriminant function equations derived for the determination of sex from skeletal elements are population specific. In a previous study, the authors derived such equations from nine measurements of the talus of South African whites with high levels of average accuracies. The validity of some of the equations was tested on data collected from a South African black sample that consisted of 120 tali, equally distributed by sex, derived from the Raymond A. Dart Collection of Human Skeletons. The average accuracies dropped significantly. This necessitated the derivation of new equations for the South African black population and the average accuracies obtained ranged between 80% and 89%. The validity of the equations derived from the present study was tested using the leave-one-out classification and two independent samples (1 and 2). The applicability of the equations with very high classification rate from the present study was tested on Independent sample 1 of 10 white tali with poor results. The result of the validity of these equations on an Independent sample 2 of 10 black tali revealed acceptably high average accuracies in correct classification thereby supporting earlier observations on population specificity of discriminant function equations.
Rapid Screening of Selected Organic Explosives by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Using Reversed-Phase Monolithic Columns
Authors: Paull B , Roux C , Dawson M , Doble P 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis study presents the rapid screening of various high grade explosives by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with monolithic stationary phases. Two gradient methods were developed, the first for quantitative analysis of eleven explosives: HMX; RDX; Tetryl; TNT; 2,3-DNT; 2,6-DNT; 3,4-DNT; 2-NT; 3-NT; 4-NT; and PETN in under 14 min. The second method separated seven explosives in under two min and is suitable for rapid screening to determine the presence of specific and/or class of explosive. The rapid screening methods were successfully applied to soils spiked with known amounts of target explosives. This technology showed excellent potential for forensic explosives detection and analysis.