bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brahms: First Symphony
Authors: Schuller Gunther 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If Beethoven and the best composers of his time were remarkably precise and careful in the notation of their musical creations, Brahms was even more explicit, more detailed and exacting, if only for the reason that musical notation in general by the second half of the 19th century had become more explicit, more refined and sophisticated. This was inevitable as the increasingly complex demands of music required additional notational devices and terminology. Also, composers by and large had for some time felt the need to protect themselves against the vagaries and indulgences of their interpreters, and had invented notational techniques with which they expected to achieve that goal.
Brahms was not only a meticulous worker, constantly self-critical and self examining, but also at heart a strict classicist. For all the new complexity and modernity of his musical language, especially in his symphonies, Brahms’s music develops from the classical lineage and indeed more often than not adheres to a basically classical conception-precise, succinct, clear in form and continuity. The fact that we don’t often hear Brahms played that way is unfortunate and is, of course, not Brahms’s fault. The opinion held in many quarters that Brahms’s music is heavy and turgid, rather square, and even ‘academic,’ exists primarily because most performances of his music are ‘heavy’ and ‘turgid,’ emotionally overladen, indulgent in Romantic exaggerations and distortions which do severe damage to the music.
Ravel: Daphnis et Chloe Second Suite
Authors: Schuller Gunther 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is hard to name a composer who was more meticulous and detailed in his musical notation than Maurice Ravel. Debussy, Stravinsky, Prokofiev, Scriabin, Schonberg, Berg, and (especially) Webern are possible contenders, but I doubt that they surpassed Ravel in the exactitude with which he normally finalized and re fined his scores. The increasing complexity of music in the first decade of the 20th century-in the French school the subtle use of varied timbral mixtures, of multiple divisi in the strings, in the Viennese school the dramatically increased use of polyphony, a more fragmented continuity combined with a more instrumentally individualized chamber music approach, in the Russian school the greater use of massive harmonic and rhythmic structures, carefully differentiated orchestral/registral layerings-all this virtually compelled composers to scripturally ‘fix’ their musical conception more completely and precisely than had ever been necessary earlier. Composers such as Bach, Mozart, Beethoven-even Liszt and Wagner could rely on a high level of established performing traditions, in which their notation stood for a great deal more than actually appeared on the printed page. But with the ever more rapidly developing advances in musical conceptions and the emergence of highly differentiated nationalist styles, stylistic awareness on the part of orchestral musicians (and conductors) could no longer be taken for granted. Composers, virtually in self-defense, resorted to ever greater precision of notation, hoping to pin down as many minutiae and details of composition as notation per mitted. Ravel’s Daphnis et Chloe is a remarkable example of such notational raf fi.nement and precision, several major scriptural discrepancies not withstanding (more on these later). And yet, considering that the Second Suite from Ravel’s ballet is one of the most popular and most performed early 20th-century scores, it is staggering to discover that it is rarely played correctly, rarely played as it was writ ten, too often performed in considerable disregard of the hundreds of details of instrumentation, dynamics, tempo relationships Ravel lavished on this, one of his most brilliant, perfectly realized creations.
Schumann: Second Symphony
Authors: Schuller Gunther 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The performance and interpretational problems in Schumann’s symphonies or better said, alleged problems-have been a matter of discussion and controversy almost ever since the works were written in the 1840s, continuing well into our own day. Such discussions have generally centered on two aspects of Schumann’s symphonic oeuvre: his orchestration-mostly negative-and the in fluence of Beethoven’s symphonies-mostly positively.
Through the years many conductors (as well as critics and composers) have contended that the great flaw in Schumann’s orchestral music was his “poor,” “weak,” even “inept” orchestration, premised on primarily the notion that his music was intrinsically pianistic and in his symphonies was not translated into truly orchestral music. As a result of such thinking, Schumann’s symphonies have been instrumentally re-touched, re-written, re-orchestrated not only by major conductor-composers such as Mahler and Weingartner, but by virtually every significant late 19th- and early 20th-century conductor. Whether such alterations really constitute ‘improvements’ remains questionable, or at least arguable.
As for the question of Beethoven’s influence on Schumann’s symphonic works, although in general positively viewed, I feel it is on the one hand over stated-Bach’s and Schubert’s works had much greater impact on most of Schumann’s music-and, on the other hand, curiously disregarded in precisely such works where Beethoven’s influence was quite specific and profound.
Tchaikovsky: Sixth Symphony
Authors: Schuller Gunther 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are certain aspects of Tchaikovsky’s Sixth Symphony that are very special, if not unique, to this work and to this composer’s conception, that in turn re quire very special care and attention in performance, in ‘interpretation.’ These unusual interpretive problems come in addition to all the more conventional, general interpretational/notational issues at stake in any major orchestral symphonic work. That being the case, I will not reiterate all those fundamental and customary performance issues already extensively examined herein, but, rather, address only those which are peculiar to Tchaikovsky’s Sixth Symphony.
These performance and notational aspects are, once again, primarily in the realm of tempo and dynamics, the notation of which Tchaikovsky had by the end of his life refined and expanded to a remarkable degree, to my knowledge more than any other prior composer or composer of his generation. This may surprise many readers, because Tchaikovsky is generally regarded as a highly emotional, unreservedly expressive, even at times unsubtle composer, and not given to tidy, fastidious subtleties of thought, let alone to intellectual precision. It is common knowledge that many ‘intellectuals’ in music -historians, critics, theorists, and such-consider much of Tchaikovsky’s music inclined to vulgar emotionalism, thus irresistible to a mass a11dience, and therefore, almost by definition, a music devoid of any discipline, refinement, and discriminating intelligence. Indeed, most performances—interpretations-of Tchaikovsky tend in that direction, wallowing indulgently in every expressive effect, wearing their emotionalism ostentatiously on their sleeve, and disregarding those aspects of his music that reflect the workings of a brilliant, disciplined mind. In fact, many conductors have made entire careers of exploiting the more obvious superficial emotional effects of Tchaikovsky’s music, some (Bernstein, for example) through incredible exaggerations and distortions, finding new depths of vulgarity that are nothing more than an offense to the music and to Tchaikovsky’s genius.
The Unknown Compromise
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FIVE TIMES in the course of the nineteenth century there arose political crises of such gravity as to call forth all the celebrated American genius for compromise. Four of these crises involved the threat of disunion or violence, if not war. In only one of them did the customary way of compromise fail, the threats materialize, and the crisis end in tragedy. All the others were settled by compromises that form some of the most important chapters in American history.
The Rift in the Democratic Ranks
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
OTHER ARMIES than those of Hayes and Scott, to borrow Boynton’s phrase, “made juncture on the field of battle” during the last session of the Forty-fourth Congress. The combination between the Texas & Pacific and the Southern Pacific forces has already been explained. Another powerful combination was effected by an alliance between the Central Pacific men and the forces of the Union Pacific.
The End of the Crisis
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THEN at the very moment when Republican effusions over the loyalty, honour, and sterling patriotism of Southern Democrats had reached a climax, the applecart was suddenly upset by what appeared to be an embarrassing accident. It was merely the latest of a series of political gaucheries-of which Judge Davis’s sudden election to the Senate was an outstanding example-that beset the election crisis from beginning to end.
John Nelson Merchant Adventurer
Authors: Johnson Richard R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Nelson was an entrepreneur born in the mid 17th century, a man, in Johnson’s words, `operating ahead of the government and settled society from which he came’, one who responded to conventions and conditions derived from several different and often competing cultures’. In the case of Nelson, this meant operating in England and France in Europe and in French Canada and New England in America. In several major transactions, he acted as middleman between French Canada and New England. He led an uprising that forced out the Royal Governor of Massachusetts in 1689 and later led an expedition against the French at Port Royal, where he was captured and ultimately landed in the Bastille in Paris. When he was finally released in 1698, he returned to Boston and remained in international trade but no longer had a political role. John Nelson’s career exemplifies ways in which the expansion of European empires overwhelmed the local and proprietary rules in effect in colonial America. Johnson’s book also provides a way of looking at the continued strong conflict between New England and Acadia about fishing rights in the North Atlantic. In Johnson’s words, Nelson’s career directs attention beyond social life on the one hand and court politics on the other to individuals whose lives precipitated policy even if they themselves never put it into execution. [Figures like Nelson] were at once the unsung creators and among the numerous victims of Europe’s American empires’.
S e e k i n g ‘‘t o l i v e i n d i f f e r e n t’’
Authors: Johnson Richard R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fifteen years after his migration from England, John Nelson had emerged from his uncle’s eclipse to establish a position of his own in the commercial life of his adopted land. As if buoyed by the prospects before him, he began to put down social and domestic roots in Boston. In 1681, he joined the town’s Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, founded in 1638 and modelled on that of London. Ostensibly an association for military training, it served as the nearest thing in seventeenth-century Boston to a gentleman’s club, where the town’s social and political elite could come together on easy terms under the guise of civic purpose. Early in the following year, he bought land to build a house in the center of town on the “Long Back Street” (later Hanover Street) that led from the southeastern base of Beacon Hill to Boston’s North End. From that site, it was an easy walk of some two hundred paces to the Town Dock, the center of commercial life.
From The Quebec To Bastille
Authors: Johnson Richard R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the years before the events of 1689, John Nelson’s captivity would have been brief. Prisoners were costly to keep, and, if not kept securely, likely to escape and thereby lose their value as bargaining chips in diplomatic negotiation. Kept too long, they would return with valuable information about their captors upon their release. Moreover, the laws of war-grounded in a mutual recognition of the wisdom of refraining from doing unto others what you would not wish, if captured, done unto you-had provided since medieval times for a regular system of exchange. Prisoners could derive a certain pride as well as a sense of their precise status from finding out who and how many of the enemy were deemed their equivalent. Nelson was certainly not seen as lacking such status or as one whose past activities required his being surrenderedas North American captives occasionally were-to personal or tribal vengeance. “He is,” wrote Governor Frontenac’s secretary back to France, “a gentleman of merit and intelligence; possessing influence in Boston where his friends have always been opposed to those of Sir William Phips. He has ever distinguished himself by kind treatment of the French, as well in peace as during the War and to him M. de Monneval, Governor of Port Royal, is indebted for his liberty.
At King William’s Whitehall
Authors: Johnson Richard R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nelson arrived in London at the beginning of 1696 to find English gov¬ernment and society at its lowest ebb since the triumphant days of James Stuart’s expulsion. A vast outpouring of men and money into Continental warfare seemed to have done no more than delay the advance of Louis XIVe’s armies in Flanders. At sea, a well orchestrated French campaign of commerce-raiding was playing havoc with foreign trade and London insurance rates: the ton of sugar that cost £5 to import from Jamaica in 1688 now cost four times that amount.1 In England, a succession of poor harvests, a debased currency, and the government’s desperate expedients to shore up public credit all meant popular hardship and economic depression. On the throne, “Dutch William” inspired respect but little affection in his subjects, and the death of his wife and consort Mary, James II’s daughter, had weakened his hold on the succession. Even some of William’s own ministers still kept a cautious foot in the French camp of the exiled James, and the plot exposed in February 1696 to assassinate the king was followed by a serious invasion scare as French troops and transports massed along the Channel to await ex¬pected uprisings in England.
The Experience of Politics
Authors: King Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If any single event touched off the activist phase of the civil rights movement, it was the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955-56. Trig gered by the refusal of a black seamstress, Mrs. Rosa Parks, to take her place at the back of a city bus when the driver demanded it, this grass-roots movement led by the young Martin Luther King lasted for just over a year, from late in 1955 to late the next year. For the first time since the Depression, political initiative shifted from Washing ton back out into the country itself, in this case to the courts, schools, lunch counters, courthouses, streets, and jails of the South. The civil rights movement would grow by fits and starts, shift strategies and tactics, until the political and legal order that deprived black South erners of their civil and political rights had been substantially dis mantled by the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbade segregation in public accommodations, and a Voting Rights Act in 1965, providing for federal protection in the form of voter registrars for those who wanted to register to vote in several of the Southern states (or parts of them) where obvious patterns of disfranchisement existed.
"Keep the Song Going": Folk-Song Arrangements
Authors: Tick Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the 1940s Ruth Crawford Seeger channeled much of her com positional gift into her anthologies, publishing about 200 arrangements of folk tunes for solo voice and piano. Despite the disclaimers in her books that folk songs do not need any instrumental support, she took pride in her craftsmanship. She had a definite sense of their value, as her family and colleagues knew. Her daughter Peggy would later state that “her accompaniments of folk music, to me anyway, mean more to me than her work as a composer.’’
The Crisis of Liberalism and the Emergence of Cultural Science, 1848-1862
Authors: Smith Woodruff D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A host of factors converged in the third quarter of the nineteenth century to shake the dominance of the liberal theoretical pattern over German social science and to shape the evolution of the cultural sciences. This chapter and chapter 4 will show that the conjuncture of these factors-intellectual as well as economic, political and social–was stimulated to a large extent by the crisis of political liberalism that started around the time of the 1848 revolution and continued, in cycles, well into the period of the Bismarckian Reich. Although significant continuities linked the phases of the liberal crisis, it is convenient to divide the phenomenon into two periods: one that encompasses the revolution itself, the subsequent liberal eclipse and renaissance in the 1850s, and the first stages of the Prussian constitutional conflict; the other that lasts from the early 1860s until about 1885, including the unification of Germany, Bismarck’s attempt to co-opt the liberals and their division over the appropriate response, the erosion of their voting base, and their further division over such issues as tariffs, social policy and imperialism. The present chapter deals with the first period; chapter 4 with the second period.
From Toleration to Freedom
Authors: Cohen Naomi W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until the French Revolution the identity and status of European Jews remained fixed within a medieval context. The workings of a society where religion mixed freely with the secular and where the primacy of the group eclipsed the individual still underlay both Christian and Jewish perceptions of the Jews. Those notions were part of the cultural baggage of the Jews who landed in the British colonies before 1776. To the Jews, a pre Enlightenment people, the concepts of the individual’s right to freedom of religion and the separation of church and state were at direct variance with their personal experience.
The Christian Agenda
Authors: Cohen Naomi W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the outbreak of the Civil War geography dictated loyalty: Jews, like their countrymen, fought for the Union or the Confederacy in the field and on the home front. During the war years, however, a wave of Ju daeophobia swept both the North and South. An upsurge in religious passion accompanying the national crisis reinforced the age-old negative stereotypes of the Jews-Christ killers, accursed and stiff-necked people, unscrupulous money changers, aliens, and traitors.
Sabbaths and Symbols
Authors: Cohen Naomi W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes once remarked: “Sunday laws, no doubt, would be sustained by a bench of judges, even if every one of them thought it superstitious to make any day holy.” The great jurist could have included legislators as well. Until the mid-1950s, the age-old pattern of state laws and municipal ordinances that forbade certain activities on Sunday remained virtually unchanged. The overwhelming number of states retained some form of Sunday laws. Very few had repealed their Sunday laws, and only three had adopted a one-in-seven rest day. Patterns of enforcement were erratic and inconsistent, and the regulations themselves often defied the canons of logic. Why, Leo Pfeffer asked about New York’s laws, permission to sell bread but not meat, gasoline but not antifreeze, beer but not butter? A few states provided full exemptions for Sabbatarians; others allowed only partial exemptions (e.g., exemption for servile labor but not retailing).
Warrants for Screening Programs: Public Health, Legal, and Ethical Frameworks
Authors: Faden Ruth R , Kass Nancy E , Powers Madison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to examine the legal, ethical, and public health warrants for compulsory and voluntary public health programs, thereby laying a common groundwork for the rest of the chapters. The chapter is divided into two parts. First, we examine the traditional distinction between compulsory and voluntary programs and argue for expanded distinctions concerning the levels of compulsoriness in public health programs. We then sketch the structure of the public health, legal, and ethical frameworks against which the justification for each of these types of programs can be evaluated.
A History of Prenatal and Newborn Screening Programs: Lessons for the Future
Authors: Acuff Katherine L , Faden Ruth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The screening of all pregnant women and newborns for the presence of HIV infection has been advocated as a means of controlling the spread of AIDS. As noted throughout this volume, however, such screening is not without a great deal of medical, legal, and ethical controversy. HIV screening of pregnant women and newborns is also not without precedent. The purpose of this chapter is to place present policy controversies surrounding HIV screening in the context of the histories of other prominent prenatal and neonatal screening programs.
Footnotes to a History of Cantonese: Accounting for the Phonological Irregularities
Authors: Newman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is only natural that one’s first priority in writing a phonological history of a language, or a language family, should be an account of the major developments which have taken place. Rules which affect hundreds of words in a language are attended to before minor rules affecting small numbers of words; changes which can be described as rule-governed are given more attention than those which appear to be idiosyncratic. I think this is only natural. One likes to have the larger picture in focus before one tries to understand the detail. This is true of the way in which history in general is approached. A person coming to learn about the history of, say, England typically learns, first of all, a few key dates, the names of the kings and queens, the dates of wars, and so on. But one can learn much (possibly more) about human nature from studying local history as well, where the players are not necessarily grand figures with power over thousands of lives and where events are of a far more mundane nature. In the same way, I believe one can learn much from the study of the minor rules and the occasional exceptions to rules in studying the phonological history of language.
Regularity of Change in What ?
Authors: Grace George W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two of the fundamental assumptions of historical linguistics, I believe, have been (1)what one might call the “once a language boundary, always a language boundary” assumption (that is, the assumption that language boundaries, and hence languages, maintain their integrity over time) and (2) an assumption that the changes (at least phonological changes) which these long-persisting languages undergo are regular.