bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
25.3: Concept of a Carbon‐Nanotube FED with a Normally on Driving Under‐Gate Structure
Authors: Zhong Xuefei , Fan Zhaowen , Tang Yongming , Yin Hanchun , Tu Yan , Wang Baoping , Tong Linsu 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe structure and working principle of a normally on driving under‐gate FED are presented in this paper. Different from traditional under‐gate driving scheme, field emission electrons are pulled out from cathode by anode voltage, and restrained by negative gate voltage. The electric field inside the emission region was calculated by finite element method. The emission property of the cathode was also studied by numerical calculation method. The results indicated that a uniform and large emission area could be obtained in this new under‐gate FED. The study may provide a powerful theoretic support for the feasibility of this new kind under‐gate FED. This normally on driving under‐gate FED achieves large emission area, notable emission uniformity, high luminance efficacy and high anode voltage.
27.1: MICC Poly‐Si TFTs for AMLCDs
Authors: Son Yong Duck , Kim Hyo Jun , Hur Ji Ho , Lee Jin Soo , Choi Jong Hyun , Kim Jin O. , Choo Byung Kwon , Park Kyu Chang , Choi Dong Kyu , Maghsoodi S. , Warner R. R. , Cerny G. A. , Jang Jin 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA novel LTPS method called MICC (metal‐induced crystallization using a cap) is introduced. The role of cap layer on a‐Si is the control of the nickel concentration for inducing crystallization as well as the passivation of the surface during thermal process for crystallization. Circular grain growth can be seen, due to lateral grain growth from a seed. Polycrystalline silicon with large grain and smooth surface can be achieved by MICC. We fabricated a AMLCD with high aperture ratio of 80 % using silicon‐based spin‐on low‐K dielectrics as a planarization layer.
42.4: A New Synthetic Route to ZnGa2O4:Mn2+ Phosphor Utilizing Oxalic Acid for Both Facile Synthesis and in Aiding to Ensure that Mn2+ is not Oxidized During the Firing Process
Authors: Silver J. , Lipman A. L. , Fern G. R. , Withnall R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA low voltage cathodoluminescent ZnGa2O4:Mn2+ phosphor has been prepared by a novel oxalate gel synthetic route. This phosphor has a higher brightness than ZnGa2O4:Mn2+ phosphors made by solid state reactions and its smaller, more regular particles can pack densely in high definition screens. This means that the new method has the potential not only to produce superior Zn1−xMn xGa2O4 phosphor, but because of the relatively low firing temperature (500 °C) it should in addition be a cheaper process.
Recent progress in device performance and picture quality of color plasma displays
Authors: Sato Yoichi , Amemiya Kimio , Uchidoi Masataka 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—This paper will describe the R&D history of color plasma displays (PDPs) at Pioneer. The goals of device performance for color PDPs compared to those of CRTs will be described. The device performance includes luminance, contrast ratio, resolution, gray scale, dynamic false contours, and image quality. In order to improve the device performance described above, the technologies developed by Pioneer will be described. These include T‐shaped electrode, WAFFLE rib structure, CLEAR driving method, and high‐quality video processing. Finally, the next generation of color PDPs will be described in terms of device performance and new technologies.
Photoalignment of LCoS LCDs
Authors: Seiberle H. , Muller O. , Marck G. , Schadt M. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—Because the pixel area of liquid‐crystal‐on‐silicon (LCoS) microdisplays is about 100 times smaller than that of direct‐view liquid‐crystal displays (LCDs), the limitations of the conventional alignment by brushing are obvious: Scratches and particle contamination caused by brushing become visible due to the strong optical magnification required for LCoS LCDs both in front or rear projection. As an alternative, photoalignment with the linear photo‐polymerization (LPP) technology avoids the generation of defects, thus increasing production yields considerably. For application in LCoS LCDs, alignment layer materials must match the high‐voltage holding ratio (VHR) specifications of TFT‐LCDs. The VHR performance of the newly developed second‐generation LPP materials is shown to be similar to standard TFT polyimides used for conventional brushed alignment. We report investigations of pretilt‐angle generation by photoalignment on reflective CMOS substrates. UV light reflected from the CMOS surface during LPP exposure affects the resulting pretilt angle. Compared to pretilt angles on transmissive substrates, the reflected UV light can induce lower, higher, or identical pretilt angles, depending on LPP material properties. In any case, the pretilt angles are well defined, which results in perfect LCD alignment.
Influence of alkyldiacrylate side‐chains on electro‐optical properties in liquid crystal/composite films
Authors: Fujisawa T. , Nakata H. , Hayashi M. , Tani Y. , Maruyama K. , Aizawa M. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—In order to realize a paper‐like display using polymer‐network liquid‐crystal (PNLC) films, an increase in backscattering intensity is required. The morphology of the films, and the molecular interactions between the liquid crystals and polymers forming the polymer network, both play an important role in determining film electro‐optical properties such as the driving voltage and the reflectance. We have analyzed several factors related to the morphology of the films. Aiming at a reduction in the driving voltage, the effects of alkyl side‐chains in diacrylates have been investigated. Based on the results, we successfully produced a prototype paper‐like display.
UHP lamps for projection
Authors: Moench Holger , Derra Guenther , Fischer Ernst , Riederer Xaver 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—UHP lamps are now standard equipment in highly efficient projection systems. These systems are moving toward smaller displays, brighter screens, and ultra‐compactness. Consequently, a range of UHP lamps has been developed to fulfil these ever‐increasing demands. This paper describes the basic principles of UHP lamps and reviews the major achievements made over the last several years, which include reduction in arc size, arc stabilization, and ignition voltage reduction.
Flexible ferroelectric liquid‐crystal devices containing fine polymer fibers
Authors: Fujikake Hideo , Murashige Takeshi , Sato Hiroto , Iino Yoshiki , Kawakita Masahiro , Kikuchi Hiroshi 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—A new flexible ferroelectric liquid‐crystal‐display device with gray‐scale capability has been created by using submicrometer‐diameter polymer fibers. The polymer fibers, which are formed by photopolymerization of aligned monomer molecules in liquid crystal, align the ferroelectric liquid crystal and mechanically support two flexible thin plastic substrates. The composite film made of liquid crystal and polymer with a thickness of 2 μm was formed between the plastic substrates by using a fabrication method consisting of coating, lamination, and ultraviolet irradiation processes without the conventional gap‐forming and injection processes. The fabricated flexible device revealed gray‐scale capability due to the change in spatial distribution of micrometer‐sized binary‐switching liquid‐crystal domains. From the polarizing microscope observation, it was found that the switching domains are generated and expanded from the areas with poor polymer density. The experimental results indicated that the polymer fibers spatially modulate the threshold voltage for molecular switching. Our device exhibits great potential for flexible large‐sized light‐weight motion‐image displays.
Ultra‐FFS TFT‐LCD with super image quality, fast response time, and strong pressure‐resistant characteristics
Authors: Lee Seung Hee , Kim Hyang Yul , Lee Seung Min , Hong Seung Ho , Kim Jin Mahn , Koh Jai Wan , Lee Jung Yeal , Park Hae Sung 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—Fringe‐field‐switching (FFS) devices using liquid‐crystal (LC) with a negative dielectric anisotropy exhibit high transmittance and wide viewing angle simultaneously. Recently, we have developed an “Ultra‐FFS” thin‐film‐transistor (TFT) LCD using LC with a positive dielectric anisotropy that exhibits high transmittance, is color‐shift free, has a high‐contrast ratio in a wide range, experiences no crosstalk and has a fast response time of 25 msec. In this paper, the device concept is discussed, and, in addition, the pressure‐resistant characteristics of the devices compared with that of the twisted‐nematic (TN) LCD is discussed.
Low‐power‐consumption TFT‐LCD with dynamic memory embedded in the pixels
Authors: Tokioka H. , Agari M. , Inoue M. , Yamamoto T. , Murai H. , Nagata H. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—A low‐power‐consumption thin‐film‐transistor liquid‐crystal display (TFT‐LCD) with dynamic memory cells embedded in each pixel using low‐temperature poly‐Si technology has been developed. By holding data in the memory, the operating rate of the data driver can be dramatically reduced to 4 Hz. Eight levels of gray scale with low power consumption can be achieved by using the area‐ratio gray‐scale method. This TFT‐LCD can be used for displaying fine still images, with low power consumption.
Light‐emitting polymers for full‐color display applications
Authors: Heeks S. K. , Burroughes J. H. , Towns C. , Cina S. , Baynes N. , Athanassopoulou N. , Carter J. C. , Miyashita S. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—The latest developments in light‐emitting‐polymer (LEP) technology at CDT continue to show steady progress. Device performance for blue, green, and red systems as well as a high‐performance yellow system in terms of device efficiency and stability will be described. Some of the issues associated with the commercialization of LEP technology including the development of direct‐patterning techniques enabling full‐color passive‐ and active‐matrix display will be discussed.
Development of a high‐definition 32‐in. PDP
Authors: Kosaka T. , Iwase N. , Fujimoto S. , Masuda T. , Ohira K. , Amatsu M. , Namiki F. , Ishigaki M. , Ohtaka H. , Kimura Y. , Okayasu J. , Matsui N. , Umehara K. , Kishi T. , Kariya K. , Ohki H. , Irie K. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—We developed the world's smallest‐profile 32‐in. HDTV PDP. By improving the luminous efficiency, a luminance of 650 cd/m2 and power consumption (discharge and driving circuit) of 200 W or less was achieved. Moreover, incorporating an advanced color compensating (ACC) filter improved the PDP's color‐reproduction capability, better than that of CRTs.
Optimized LCD backlight for outdoor and high‐brightness applications
Authors: Blanchard Randall 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—A high‐intensity backlight for use with large LCD panels has been developed. It supports the performance and environmental requirements of a display intended for outdoor applications. This backlight technology uses an inductively coupled electrodeless fluorescent lamp with a lifetime of 100,000 hours, instant starting at −40°C and a stable light output over a temperature span of 70°C. The backlight design has been optimized for luminance uniformity and efficiency within a display depth of 6 in. A 21.3‐in. LCD monitor, using this backlight technology, provides an image brightness of 2000 cd/m2 from a single 150‐W lamp.
Polymer‐based transistors used as pixel switches in active‐matrix displays
Authors: Huitema Edzer , Gelinck Gerwin , van der Putten Bas , Cantatore Eugenio , Kuijk Karel , Hart Kees , De Leeuw Dago 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—A 2‐in. active‐matrix display was demonstrated, containing 4096 solution‐processed polymer‐based transistors. By using the polymer‐dispersed liquid‐crystal display (LCD) effect, this results in a reflective, low‐power display with paper‐like contrast. The influence of the transistor parameters on the display performance is analyzed by use of a model for charging and discharging of the pixel capacitors. Good agreement was obtained between the model and the experimental data. Scaling behavior allows estimation of the performance required for transistors in a quarter‐VGA display. These requirements are met by solution‐processed pentacene transistors.
High‐deflection‐sensitivity CRTs with filled yoke
Authors: Vissenberg M. C. J. M. , Tuyls P. , Harberts D. W. , van den Berg H. D. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—The trend towards slim CRTs requires deflection yokes (DYs) with an improved deflection sensitivity. We present a new method to improve the deflection sensitivity by 15–25% by filling the space between the ferrite core and deflection coils with a soft magnetic material. The effect was analyzed in terms of a simplified two‐dimensional model. These model calculations were confirmed by three‐dimensional simulations and by experiments on a DY design for the Philips 29‐in. Real Flat CRT.
A new perspective for the thermal degradation mechanism of blue BAM
Authors: Kwon Tae Hyun , Kang Min Soo , Kim Jin Pok , Kim Gyun Joog 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—A new thermal degradation mechanism for blue BAM (BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+) under thermal treatment in the presence of water is proposed. The water can be originated either from the thermal treatment steps, such as organic binder baking steps, or from the atmosphere under which blue BAM is being heated. Under such thermal treatment conditions, water molecules can be easily intercalated into the conduction layers of blue BAM, resulting in not only the depreciation of luminance but also in the emission color change toward green. The intercalated water molecules in the conduction layer, where Eu2+ ions are located along with Ba2+ ions, are strongly associated with Eu2+ ions, creating different coordination environments around Eu2+ ions. In this paper, the details of changes in emission behaviors along with water content in the water intercalated blue BAMs are discussed.
A virtual pixel technique for doubling the PDP resolution of moving images
Authors: Shiga T. , Mikoshiba S. , Kariya K. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—A virtual pixel technique increases the resolution of spatially discrete pixilated display devices when the eye moves relative to the screen. By using this technique, an effective PDP resolution can be doubled for moving images. For instance, 1280‐horizontal‐pixel data can be displayed on a VGA PDP having only 640 horizontal pixels. The positions and sizes of the virtual pixels are controlled by choosing light‐emission timings and durations of the actual pixels as their images move across the retina.
Tuning of electrical and optical properties of organic LEDs using combinatorial device fabrication
Authors: Beierlein T. A. , Riel H. , Ruhstaller B. , Hofmann H. , Crone B. K. , Karg S. , Riess W. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—The capabilities of combinatorial methods are presented in order to get a detailed understanding of the electrical and optical properties of organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs), to optimize their performance, and to provide reliable data for device modeling. We show results on multilayer OLEDs ranging from the conventional copper‐phthalocyanine (CuPc)/N,N′di‐(naphtalene‐1‐yl)‐N,N′‐diphenyl‐benzidine (NPB) and tris‐(8‐hydroxy‐quinolinato)aluminum (Alq) tri‐layer device to double‐doped deep‐red‐emitting OLEDs.
Active‐matrix technology for high‐efficiency OLED displays
Authors: Hack M. , Kwong R. , Weaver M. S. , Lu M. , Brown J. J. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—Organic light‐emitting device (OLED) technology has recently been shown to demonstrate excellent performance and cost characteristics for use in numerous flat‐panel‐display (FPD) applications. Universal Display Corp. (UDC), together with its academic partners at Princeton University and the University of Southern California, are developing high‐efficiency electrophosphorescent OLEDs, based on triplet emission. These material systems show good lifetimes, and are well suited for the commercialization of low‐power‐consumption full‐color active‐matrix OLED displays. Their very high conversion efficiencies may even allow them to be driven by amorphous‐silicon backplanes, and in this paper we consider design guidelines for an amorphous‐silicon pixel to minimize display non‐uniformities due to threshold voltage variations.
LED backlighting for LCD HDTV
Authors: Harbers Gerard , Timmers Wim , Sillevis‐Smitt Willem 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—Light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) are used today for backlighting of small displays such as PDAs and mobile phones. We show in this paper that a new LED technology can be used for high‐demanding display‐backlighting applications such as LCD HDTV. Using this new type of emitter, called a Luxeon™ Power Light Source, a brightness higher than an edge‐lit CCFL backlight can be achieved, while compared to a direct‐lit CCFL backlight the thickness is lower and the uniformity is better. With on‐going improvements in LED performance over the coming years, LED backlights will reach and even outperform the brightness performance of direct‐lit backlights while maintaining the benefits of edge‐lit solutions at even higher brightness levels.
Driving passive‐matrix LCDs with low hardware complexity and reduced supply voltage
Authors: Panikumar K. G. , Ruckmongathan T. N. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—In passive‐matrix liquid‐crystal displays (LCDs), multiplexing is achieved by using the intrinsic non‐linear characteristics of the liquid‐crystal material. If the electro‐optic characteristic is steeper than necessary for the matrix display, the selection ratio need not be maximized. Instead, the selection ratio can be reduced to match the electro‐optic characteristics of the display. This leads to a reduction in the supply voltage of the drive electronics. We have considered the possibility of using addressing techniques with low hardware complexity along with displays having steep electro‐optic characteristics. Supply voltages for these techniques are compared with that of multi‐line addressing (MLA). The supply voltages of the Hybrid Addressing Technique (HAT), Improved Hybrid Addressing Technique‐S3 (IHAT‐S3), and Improved Hybrid Addressing Technique‐S4 (IHAT‐S4) are lower than that of MLA for the lower range ofN. These hybrid addressing techniques with lower hardware complexity are a better choice for driving passive‐matrix LCDs, especially in portable equipment.
Novel photoinduced alignment phenomenon of liquid crystals on aromatic polyamide films
Authors: Akiyama Eiichi , Miyama Yukihiro , Nagase Yu , Nemoto Nobukatsu , Endo Hideyuki , Nihira Takayasu , Fukuro Hiroyoshi , Kohtoh Noriaki 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—The liquid‐crystal (LC) alignment properties of polyamide films exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light were investigated. It was found that the uniform and stable alignment of LC molecules was achieved on films of aromatic polyamides exposed to linearly polarized UV light, even though these polymers contained no common photoreactive group such as cinnamoyl, coumarin, or azo chromophore. The alignment was induced in the same direction, which was perpendicular to the electric‐field vector of the linearly polarized light. The change in the UV‐visible absorption spectra before and after UV exposure suggested that the photoreaction of aromatic polyamide occurred only on the film surface, and that even such a small change in the film was enough to induce uniform alignment of the LC molecules. Furthermore, it was suggested that the photoreaction of this system was accelerated in the presence of oxygen. This paper also deals with the effect of the chemical structure of polymers on their LC photoalignment characteristics, i.e., the sensitivity of the photoinduced LC alignment. As a result, polymer materials with excellent LC photoalignment sensitivity have been determined, which could induce the uniform and unidirectional LC alignment by irradiation of 0.2–0.5 J‐cm−2 of linearly polarized 313‐nm light. In addition, the alignment of the LC cell was found to be thermally and optically stable.
Recent studies on multiplex driving of BTN‐LCDs
Authors: Nomura H. , Obikawa T. , Ozawa Y. , Tanaka T. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—The main parameters of driving waveforms for BTN‐LCDs were investigated, and the effects on the display operation and dependence on temperature were measured. Based on experimental results, we have determined the most useful driving waveforms for practical operation, and also proposed a new driving method.
Electro‐optical characteristics and optimization of vertically aligned STN‐LCDs
Authors: Iwamoto Y. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—A new LCD for high‐duty passive‐matrix driving, referred to as a vertically aligned (VA) STN‐LCD, characterized by high transmittance and a high contrast ratio, has been developed. This LCD can display black‐and‐white images by using crossed polarizers without the use of a color compensator because the LCD has almost zero retardation at the initial alignment state. A fabricated black‐and‐white VA‐STN‐LCD without a black matrix shows high transmittance (>15%) and contrast (CR > 100) under 1/240‐duty direct‐multiplex driving.
Arc perturbation theory of magnetic deflection
Authors: Škorí B. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—A perturbation theory is presented for deflection angles larger than 45°. Several parameters that previously had to be treated perturbatively are handled exactly. The theory can be used for a systematic study of front‐of‐screen errors in slim CRTs. First‐order results are presented and applied to a field configuration with a strongly varying dipole strength.
Dependency of PDP efficacy on gas pressure
Authors: Oversluizen G. , De Zwart S. , van Heusden S. , Dekker T. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—The dependency of the efficacy of an alternating‐current surface‐discharge plasma‐display panel (PDP) on the gas pressure was investigated for several Xe‐Ne gas mixtures. Also, the sustain voltage was varied. Monochrome 4‐in. test panels, with a design which resembles the one used in mainstream commercial products, were used. The experimental panel efficacy and emission characteristics were compared to the results of a numerical discharge model. A strong increase in the efficacy for increasing voltage was found in high‐gas‐pressure mixtures with a high Xe concentration. An increase in the electron‐heating efficiency and of the Xe‐excitation efficiency contribute, about equally, to the increase in efficacy. The increase in the Xe‐excitation efficiency is due to an increase in the excitation in the lower Xe levels induced by a lowering of the electron temperature. The contribution of the increasing Xe‐dimer radiation fraction to the efficacy improvement is relatively small. These results imply an efficient panel design comprised of the combination of a high Xe concentration, a high gas pressure, and a high sustain voltage. A high luminance and a high efficacy are concurrent for such a design. A 4‐in. test panel containing a mixture of 13.5% Xe in Ne at 800 hPa has been realized, demonstrating a white luminance of 2600 cd/m2 and an efficacy of 3.1 lm/Wfor continuous operation at 50 kHz and 230 V.
Comparison of reflective PNLCDs and reflective single‐polarizer Heilmeier guest‐host displays
Authors: Bruyneel Filip , De Smet Herbert , van Calster André , Egelhaaf Jan 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—In this paper, the applicability of a zero‐polarizer reflective display (PNLC) and a single‐polarizer reflective display (Heilmeier guest host) for direct‐view applications is analyzed. A measurement set‐up is designed to analyze the applicability of all types of reflective displays. Simulation of the different types of illumination caused by the environmental light is essential for this set‐up. The measurements indicate that the contrast ratio and reflectance greatly depend on the type of illumination. It is demonstrated that the worst‐case illumination for one display technology may be the best‐case illumination for another one and vice versa.