bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychological essentialism and the differential attribution of uniquely human emotions to ingroups and outgroups
Authors: Leyens Jacques‐Philippe , Rodriguez‐Perez Armando , Rodriguez‐Torres Ramon , Gaunt Ruth , Paladino Maria‐Paola , Vaes Jeroen , Demoulin Stéphanie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAccording to the psychological essentialism perspective, people tend to explain differences between groups by attributing them different essences. Given a pervasive ethnocentrism, this tendency implies that the human essence will be restricted to the ingroup whereas outgroups will receive a lesser degree of humanity. Therefore, it is argued that people attribute more uniquely human characteristics to the ingroup than to the outgroup. The present article focuses on secondary emotions that constitute such characteristics. Study 1 showed that members of high‐ and low‐status groups attribute more positive secondary emotions to the ingroup than to the outgroup. Study 2 verified that the differential attribution extended also to negative secondary emotions. No exemplars of emotions were provided in Study 3. Instead, participants had to estimate the means of two distributions of numbers that supposedly represented characteristics of the ingroup and of the outgroup. The results of this third experiment illustrated the reluctance to attribute secondary emotions to the outgroup. The findings are discussed from the perspective of psychological essentialism. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of exposure to sexist humor on perceptions of normative tolerance of sexism
Authors: Ford Thomas E. , Wentzel Erin R. , Lorion Joli 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe results of an experiment supported the hypotheses that (1) for men high in hostile sexism, exposure to sexist humor creates a perceived social norm of tolerance of sexism relative to exposure to nonhumorous sexist communication or neutral humor, and (2) due to this ‘relaxed’ normative standard in the context of sexist humor, men high in hostile sexism anticipated feeling less self‐directed negative affect upon imagining that they had behaved in a sexist manner. Finally, exposure to sexist humor did not affect the evaluative content of men's stereotypes of women relative to exposure to neutral humor or nonhumorous sexist communication for participants high or low in hostile sexism. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New directions in social comparison research
Authors: Buunk Bram P. , Mussweiler Thomas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article notices that social comparison theory has developed from being a focused theoretical statement on the use of others for self‐evaluation into a lively and varied area of research encompassing many different paradigms, approaches and applications. A recent ‘renaissance’ in social comparison theory is described in which links were established with social comparison work from before Festinger's (1954) classic paper, and in which various new methods and theoretical models were developed. More recently, an ‘enlightment’ of social comparison theory seems to occur in which an integrative effort is made to link social comparison processes to more general principles that underlie our psychological functioning. Four trends in this enlightment are described: (1) the movement of social cognition to the centre stage of social comparison research; (2) the interest in more biological perspectives, including evolutionary theory; (3) the focus on the role of individual differences such as social comparison orientation (Gibbons & Buunk, 1999) in moderating the responses to social comparison; and (4) an emphasis on the social context of social comparisons, in particular the influence of social groups and social identity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epigenetics of breast cancer: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as risk factors
Authors: Jeffy Brandon D. , Chirnomas Ryan B. , Romagnolo Donato F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the absence of a causal relationship between the incidence of sporadic breast cancer and occurrence of mutations in breast cancer susceptibility genes, efforts directed to investigating the contribution of environmental xenobiotics in the etiology of sporadic mammary neoplasia are warranted. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants, which have been shown to induce DNA damage and disrupt cell cycle progression. In this report we discuss published data pointing to PAHs as a risk factor in carcinogenesis, and present findings generated in our laboratory suggesting that the mammary tumorigenicity of PAHs may be attributable, at least in part, to disruption of BRCA‐1 expression by reactive PAH‐metabolites. We report that benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), selected as a prototype PAH, disrupts BRCA‐1 transcription in estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive but not ER‐negative breast cancer cells. The reduced potential for BRCA‐1 expression in B[a]P‐treated cells coincides with disruption of cell cycle kinetics and accumulation of p53. These effects are counteracted by the AhR‐antagonist α‐naphthoflavone (ANF), and in breast cancer cells expressing mutant p53 or the E6 human papilloma virus protein. We suggest that exposure to PAHs may be a predisposing factor in the etiology of sporadic breast cancer by disrupting the expression of BRCA‐1. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:235–244, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Model selection: Full Bayesian approach
Authors: de Bragança Pereira Carlos Alberto , Stern Julio Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe show how the Full Bayesian Significance Test (FBST) can be used as a model selection criterion. The FBST was presented in Pereira and Stern as a coherent Bayesian significance test. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parameter identification of inelastic structures under dynamic loads
Authors: Zhang Haochuan , Foliente Greg C. , Yang Yongmin , Ma Fai 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe generalized model of differential hysteresis contains 13 control parameters with which it can curve‐fit practically any hysteretic trace. Three identification algorithms are developed to estimate the control parameters of hysteresis for different classes of inelastic structures. These algorithms are based upon the simplex, extended Kalman filter, and generalized reduced gradient methods. Novel techniques such as global search and internal constraints are incorporated to facilitate convergence and stability. Effectiveness of the devised algorithms is demonstrated through simulations of two inelastic systems with both pinching and degradation characteristics in their hysteretic traces. Owing to very modest computing requirements, these identification algorithms may become acceptable as a design tool for mapping the hysteretic traces of inelastic structures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Key parameters governing the performance of soft tunnel coating for seismic isolation
Authors: Kim Dae‐Sang , Konagai Kazuo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA method to cover a tunnel lining with a soft and thin coating is discussed herein as a possible measure for mitigating seismic damage to tunnels. Long‐term earthquake observations at different tunnel sites within a variety of alluvial soil deposits have demonstrated that a circular tunnel is liable to deform in such a way that its two diagonal diameters crossing each other expand and contract alternately. Narrowing down vibration modes, in order to discuss this particular and the most important mode, any of the essential items of the soil–tunnel system, namely the soil, the coating and the tunnel lining, has only one degree of freedom, allowing the coating effect to be simply evaluated in terms of a limited number of key parameters. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feasibility of using impedance‐based damage assessment for pipeline structures
Authors: Park Gyuhae , Cudney Harley H. , Inman Daniel J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents the feasibility of using an impedance‐based health monitoring technique in monitoring a critical civil facility. The objective of this research is to utilize the capability of the impedance method in identifying structural damage in those areas where a very quick condition monitoring is urgently needed, such as in a post‐earthquake analysis of a pipeline system. The basic principle behind this technique is to utilize high‐frequency structural excitation (typically greater than 30 kHz) through surface‐bonded piezoelectric sensors/actuators to detect changes in structural point impedance due to the presence of damage. Real‐time damage detection in pipes connected by bolted joints was investigated, and the capability of the impedance method in tracking and monitoring the integrity of the typical civil facility has been demonstrated. Data collected from the tests illustrates the capability of this technology to detect imminent damage under normal operating conditions and immediately after a natural disaster. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling three‐dimensional flow structures and patterns of boundary shear stress in a natural pool–riffle sequence
Authors: Booker D. J. , Sear D. A. , Payne A. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFluid–sediment interactions control river channel forms and processes. Analysis of spatial hydraulic patterns and the resulting boundary shear stress are required to aid understanding of river system behaviour. In this paper, the hydraulic processes active in a natural pool–riffle sequence are simulated using a three‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Methods employed for the prescription of model boundary conditions are outlined. Model calculations are assessed using comparisons with field observations acquired over a range of flows. Simulations are then used to illustrate flow structures and patterns of boundary shear stress for a near‐bankfull and an intermediate flow event. Results are used to assess existing theories that seek to explain the development and maintenance of pool–riffle sequences. Simulated results suggest that near‐bed velocities and bed shear stresses decrease on riffles and increase in pools as discharge increases. Model simulations indicate that secondary flow acts to route near‐bed flow over the downstream side of riffles and into the pool‐head away from the centre of pools. Implications for sediment transport and pool maintenance are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subaerial river bank erosion processes and their interaction with other bank erosion mechanisms on the River Arrow, Warwickshire, UK
Authors: Couper Pauline R. , Maddock Ian P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRiver bank erosion occurs primarily through a combination of three mechanisms: mass failure, fluvial entrainment, and subaerial weakening and weathering. Subaerial processes are often viewed as ‘preparatory’ processes, weakening the bank face prior to fluvial erosion. Within a river basin downstream process ‘domains’ occur, with subaerial processes dominating the upper reaches, fluvial erosion the middle, and mass failure the lower reaches of a river. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that (a) subaerial processes may be underestimated as an erosive agent, and (b) process dominance has a temporal, as well as spatial, aspect.
Bank erosion on the River Arrow, Warwickshire, UK, was monitored for 16 months (December 1996 to March 1998) using erosion pins. Variations in the rate and aerial extent of erosion are considered with reference to meteorological data. Throughout the first 15 months all erosion recorded was subaerial, resulting in up to 181 mm a−1 of bank retreat, compared with 13 to 27 mm a−1 reported by previous researchers. While the role of subaerial processes as ‘preparatory’ is not contended, it is suggested that such processes can also be erosive.
The three bank erosion mechanisms operate at different levels of magnitude and frequency, and the River Arrow data demonstrate this. Thus the concept of process dominance has a temporal, as well as spatial aspect, particularly over the short time‐periods often used for studying processes in the field. Perception of the relative efficacy of each erosive mechanism will therefore be influenced by the temporal scale at which the bank is considered. With the advent of global climate change, both these magnitude–frequency characteristics and the consequent interaction of bank erosion mechanisms may alter. It is therefore likely that recognition of this temporal aspect of process dominance will become increasingly important to studies of bank erosion processes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A quantitative evaluation of Playfair's law and its use in testing long‐term stream erosion models
Authors: Niemann Jeffrey D. , Gasparini Nicole M. , Tucker Gregory E. , Bras Rafael L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPlayfair's law (J. Playfair, illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth, 1802) requires any two tributaries in a river network to lower at the same rate near their junction. Although this law holds exactly at the junction, it is unclear how well it holds in the vicinity of the junction. This issue has practical importance because Playfair's law has been used to estimate parameters for detachment‐limited models of erosion. If the incision rate of a stream is modelled as βAmSn, where β is an erodibility parameter, A is the area drained by the stream, and S is the local gradient of the channel, then the ratio of the parameters m/n can be estimated from junctions by assuming that Playfair's law holds over the distance used to determine S for each tributary. In this paper, Playfair's law and associated m/n estimates are evaluated for simulated basins with constant and temporally varying uplift rates (or baselevel lowering rates). The results demonstrate that estimates of m/n may be biased for basins with upward‐concave stream profiles because the local slope must be approximated with an average upstream slope. In addition, when uplift rate varies temporally, knickpoints are shown to travel through the basins with constant vertical velocity. Because incision rates vary within the basin, Playfair's law only holds exactly at the junctions. These effects are more important when slopes are measured over longer distances. Finally, measurement techniques are presented which address these potential biases. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of survey frequency on estimates of scour and fill in a braided river model
Authors: Lindsay John B. , Ashmore Peter E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn erratum has been published for this article in Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27(7) 2002, 795.Estimates of scour and fill in rivers that are derived by differencing topographic surfaces are known to be negatively biased by local compensation of scour and fill between surveys but the magnitude of bias is not well known. This study examines the effect of survey frequency on volumes of scour and fill over a period of active channel braiding in a small‐scale river model. A 100 min, high temporal resolution time series of digital elevation models is artificially coarsened by selectively removing models. The resulting four overlapping time series have survey intervals of 10 min, 20 min, 50 min and 100 min. Cumulative scour and fill volumes for the 100 min period are compared between the four series. It is concluded that the decay in measured volumes of scour and fill with increased survey interval can be described using inverse functions. Cumulative scour–fill volumes are approximately 420 per cent greater over the study period for 10 min survey intervals than for a 100 min interval. After the 100 min period of competent flow, nearly 65 per cent of the channel area experienced significant compensation of scour and fill. Several compensation mechanisms were identified in association with braided channel kinetics, including lateral channel migration, the migration of bed forms, and channel avulsion. It is demonstrated that by negatively biasing scour, fill and net estimates, this error significantly affects morphological approaches to the estimation of bed load sediment transport. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mediated equilibrium: the influence of riparian vegetation and wood on the long‐term evolution and behaviour of a near‐pristine river
Authors: Brooks Andrew P. , Brierley Gary J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAnalysis of the contemporary geomorphology, vegetation and in‐channel wood within the relatively pristine Thurra River in southeastern Australia provides insight into river behaviour prior to European disturbance. This sand‐bed river has an extremely low channel capacity with a pronounced pool–riffle morphology. Lateral migration rates are low (11–24 mm a−1), as are floodplain aggradation rates (average = 0·27 mm a−1). Sedimentological evidence is used to place contemporary channel dynamics within a 16 ka evolutionary framework. The floodplain has continuously aggraded over this interval, despite a number of avulsions and numerous meander cutoffs. Avulsions occur on a timeframe of once in 5 ka or more, while cutoffs occur around once in 1 ka. The morphology and evolution of the Thurra River are appraised in terms of a mediated equilibrium condition, in which channel capacity, hydraulics, bedload transport rates, bank erosion rates and in‐channel deposition are substantially influenced by vegetation and wood within the channel and on the floodplain. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. oils from Sardinia and Corsica
Authors: Pintore Giorgio , Usai Marianna , Bradesi Pascale , Juliano Claudia , Boatto Gianpiero , Tomi Félix , Chessa Mario , Cerri Riccardo , Casanova Joseph 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA detailed analysis of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil from Sardinia and Corsica (α‐pinene/verbenone/bornyl acetate chemotype) was carried out using GC–RI, GC–MS and 13C‐NMR, on the bulk sample or after repeated chromatography. Fifty‐eight compounds were identified. The antimicrobial activity of two Sardinian samples was investigated and both exhibited a moderate antibacterial activity. Gram‐positive bacteria were more sensitive (MIC 2.5–4 mg/ml) than Gram‐negative bacteria. Killing time experiments demonstrated that prolonged times (60 min) are needed to completely inactivate the bacterial inoculum. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A verticillane‐type diterpene fromBoswellia carteriiessential oil
Authors: Basar Simla , Koch Angelika , König Wilfried A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe essential oil ofBoswellia carteriiresinoid (olibanum) was investigated by GC–MS. In addition to known compounds, a new verticillane‐type diterpene was isolated and identified by NMR investigations as verticilla‐4(20),7,11‐triene. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Higher‐order finite element discretizations in a benchmark problem for incompressible flows
Authors: John Volker , Matthies Gunar 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present a numerical study of several finite element discretizations applied to a benchmark problem for the two‐dimensional steady state incompressible Navier–Stokes equations defined in Schäfer and Turek (The benchmark problem ‘Flow around a cylinder’. In Flow Simulation with High‐Performance Computers II. Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics, vol. 52, Hirschel EH (ed.). Vieweg: Wiesbaden, 1996; 547–566). The discretizations are compared with respect to the accuracy of the computed benchmark parameters. Higher‐order isoparametric finite element discretizations turned out to be by far the most accurate. The discrete systems obtained with higher‐order discretizations are solved with a modified coupled multigrid method whose behaviour within the benchmark problem is also studied numerically. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analysis and comparison of the time accuracy of fractional‐step methods for the Navier–Stokes equations on staggered grids
Authors: Armfield S. , Street R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFractional‐step methods solve the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations in a segregated manner, and can be implemented with only a single solution of the momentum/pressure equations being obtained at each time step, or with the momentum/pressure system being iterated until a convergence criterion is attained.The time accuracy of such methods can be determined by the accuracy of the momentum/pressure coupling, irrespective of the accuracy to which the momentum equations are solved. It is shown that the time accuracy of the basic projection method is first‐order as a result of the momentum/pressure coupling, but that by modifying the coupling directly, or by modifying the intermediate velocity boundary conditions, it is possible to recover second‐order behaviour. It is also shown that pressure correction methods, implemented in non‐iterative or iterative form and without special boundary conditions, are second‐order in time, and that a form of the non‐iterative pressure correction method is the most efficient for the problems considered. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Term premia and the maturity composition of the Federal debt: new evidence from the term structure of interest rates
Authors: Bekdache Basma 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper models bond term premia empirically in terms of the maturity composition of the federal debt and other observable economic variables in a time‐varying framework with potential regime shifts. We present regression and out‐of sample forecasting results demonstrating that information on the age composition of the Federal debt is useful for forecasting term premia. We show that the multiprocess mixture model, a multi‐state time‐varying parameter model, outperforms the commonly used GARCH model in out‐of‐sample forecasts of term premia. The results underscore the importance of modelling term premia, as a function of economic variables rather than just as a function of asset covariances as in the conditional heteroscedasticity models. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The homogeneity restriction and forecasting performance of VAR‐type demand systems: an empirical examination of US meat consumption
Authors: Wang Zijun , Bessler David A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper compares the forecast performance of vector‐autoregression‐type (VAR) demand systems with and without imposing the homogeneity restriction in the cointegration space. US meat consumption (beef, poultry and pork) data are studied. One up to four‐steps‐ahead forecasts are generated from both the theoretically restricted and unrestricted models. A modified Diebold–Mariano test of the equality of mean squared forecast errors (MSFE) and a forecast encompassing test are applied in forecast evaluation. Our findings suggest that the imposition of the homogeneity restriction tends to improve the forecast accuracy when the restriction is not rejected. The evidence is mixed when the restriction is rejected. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The data measurement process for UK GNP: stochastic trends, long memory, and unit roots
Authors: Patterson Kerry 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMuch published data is subject to a process of revision due, for example, to additional source data, which generates multiple vintages of data on the same generic variable, a process termed the data measurement process or DMP. This article is concerned with several interrelated aspects of the DMP for UK Gross National Product. Relevant questions include the following. Is the DMP well behaved in the sense of providing a single stochastic trend in the vector time series of vintages? Is one of the vintages of data, for example the ‘final’, the sole vintage generating the long‐memory component? Does the multivariate framework proposed here add to the debate on the existence of a unit root in GNP? The likely implicit assumptions of users (that the DMP is well behaved and the final vintage is ‘best’) can be cast in terms of testable hypotheses; and we show that these ‘standard’ assumptions have not always been empirically founded. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.