bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Employment Relations after the Collapse of the Bubble Economy*
Authors: Michio Nitta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transformation, or disintegration, of Japanese employment practices has been the subject of intense debate. However, for as long as we fail to clarify the central issues, it is difficult to dismiss the impression that phrases like the ‘mobile labour market’ (rodo shijo no ryudoka or koyo no ryudoka) are being bandied about indiscriminately. One problem is that we often discuss this issue without establishing certain fundamentals, such as: (a) whether employment practices have really changed; (b) whether they may or may not change in the future; and (c) whether they should change. This chapter is limited to an exploration of the first of these questions. Based on a consideration of the evidence, we will consider how Japanese employment practices have or have not altered in the economic fluctuations that have occurred since the collapse of the so-called bubble.
Theoretical Perspectives
Authors: Davie Grace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How, then, can we begin to interpret the mass of data presented so far? I would like to offer three possibilities, the last of which becomes the springboard for subsequent chapters in that it offers an innovative approach to European specificity. All three represent relatively recent sociological writing, though they draw on the more familiar texts that deal with the secularization issue (notably Martin 1978, Dobbelaere 1981, and Wilson 1982). Each of the three takes note of the changing nature of European religion, but draws very different conclusions in terms of their explanations for such findings.
Aesthetic or Symbolic Memory: The Cultural Sphere
Authors: Davie Grace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A FULL discussion of pilgrimage has been held over until this chapter, which introduces a different set of elements into the understanding of memory. These include the significance of a particular place or building which in itself embodies something special; simply being there is important, quite apart from what you do or who you are. Pilgrimage, however, is only the starting point: from here the discussion moves outwards to a variety of aesthetic or cultural fields in which religious memory can find expression. In order to do this, the argument works at two levels. The initial step is institutional and focuses in particular on the connections between cathedrals and museums. Examining the links between these evidently overlapping institutions and the motives of the people who enter each or both of them is a fascinating area of enquiry.
Women’s Part-Time Employment and the Family Cycle: A Cross-National Comparison
Authors: Blossfeld Hans-Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the culmination of our investigation of the rise in women’s (part-time) employment in modern societies. It summarizes the major findings of the country reports from a cross-national comparative perspective, and it tries to illuminate the time-related interplay of the most important mechanisms that have been working in different countries and have generated the great variety of part-time work in modern societies. It also attempts to disentangle the common thread of the place of part-time work within women’s life-course. I first recapitulate the main hypotheses which have guided our long-term cross-national comparative case-study approach and then synthesize the findings and draw some major conclu¬sions.
Accountingon A Large Estate In Roman Egypt
Authors: Rathbone D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a slightly adapted version of the chapter on accounting in my study of the Heroninos archive and the Appianus estate. Apart from minor changes made for the sake of clarity, I hâve weeded out discussion of technical textual matters which does not contribute directly to an understanding of the accounts, and I hâve added an introduction and some Concluding Remarks to give some essential background information. I hope that these alterations will hâve made the piece comprehensible in itself, although anyone who wishes to understand better the nature and the System of management of the estate which produced these accounts will need to consult the book.
Fixed Asset Accounting in the Shipping Industry: P. & O.1840-1914
Authors: Napier C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although accounting historians have long recognized the significance of fixed asset accounting for the development of financial reporting, much of the existing literature is very general, being based on secondary sources such as professional accountancy journals and legal cases. For example, the pioneering contribution of Brief (1966) is of this nature. More recently historians have seen a need to investigate primary sources so as to ascertain the accounting policies actually adopted by companies, in order to provide an empirical basis for the generalizations of earlier researchers and, perhaps, to challenge conclusions drawn from inadequate evidence. Such primary investigations are inevitably dependent on the survival of original accounting records, whether published financial reports or the underlying books of account, and the vicissitudes of history have reduced substantially the amount of primary material available to the researcher. Useful studies have been made of a few businesses and industries (for example, the investigations reprinted in Edwards 1986), but additional evidence is still necessary, particularly in industries not yet studied in detail.
Markets
Authors: Walsh Kieron , Deakin Nicholas , Smith Paula , Spurgeon Peter , Thomas Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews our empirical evidence about the extent of and potential for competition in the markets with which we are concerned, taking into account the nature of the services themselves, the institutional rules which frame their operation, and the local contexts in which they are situated. Given the timing and gradual implementation of the reforms, it can only be an interim account, but it can at least explore aspects of market structure and of the strategies which significant actors have adopted or plan to implement.
Wearing Two Hats: The Conflicting Control And Management Roles Of Non-Executive Directors
Authors: Ezzamel Mahmoud , Watson Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central legal responsibilities of the UK ‘s ‘unitary ‘ boards of directors are fairly clear, namely to manage the business collectively in accordance with its constitution for the benefit of its shareholders and to comply with the financial reporting and other disclosure requirements stipulated by company law. For UK companies then, the ‘unitary ‘ board of directors fulfils two main, and apparently incompatible, functions. First, the board is the enterprise ‘s supreme executive body. It is legally responsible for formulating and implementing business strategy on behalf of shareholders and for ensuring that all business activities are conducted in a manner which complies with company law and other legal requirements. Second, the board has crucial governance functions to perform. The board is the primary institutional mechanism by which the shareholders render the executives appointed to manage the assets on their behalf accountable for their stewardship.
Traditionally, these two functions have been reconciled in company law by relying upon the system of ‘accountability through disclosure ‘.
Corporate Governance In The Public Sector: The Case Of The NHS
Authors: Lynn Ashburner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Good corporate governance is necessary if companies are to retain a competitive advantage, and essential if they are to survive. Within the public sector the issues faced by organizations differ significantly from those in the private sector in several ways. Competition and markets, where they exist in the public sector, are of a very different kind from those in the private sector, and the question of survival is often not an issue. The creation of quasi-markets and the introduction of competition since 1979 has brought many parts of the public sector closer to the private sector model, but key differences still remain.
The Impact Of Competition On The Behaviour Of National Health Service Trusts
Authors: Propper Carol , Bartlett Will 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the behaviour of providers, specifically NHS Trusts in the newly created quasi-market for health services. The quasi-market was set up with the intention that NHS providers would compete with each other and with the private sector to secure contracts from purchasers (district health authorities (DHAs) and general practice fundholders (GPFHs) ). At the time of the reforms it was argued that such supply-side competition would result in a more responsive and efficient service, while the maintenance of tax finance and the allocation of funds to purchasing agents on the basis of need would ensure that NHS equity goals would continue to be met (Department of Health 1990). In the new contract system financial incentives are given a key role in improving the quality and quantity of health service provision. However, these effects may vary depending on the competitive situation in which NHS Trusts are located, and on their internal organization and aims. In addition, while it was argued that market forces would help deliver more efficient services, NHS providers were also subject to direct regulation by the Department of Health. If regulation is sufficiently high the impact of market forces as an engine for change may be considerably limited.
Self-Interest, Ethics, and the Profit Motive
Authors: Hooker Brad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SOME people worry that business is powered by inherently non moral— or even immoral— motivation. Obviously, most business decisions are driven by the profit motive. But what is the relation between self-interest, ethical considerations, and the profit motive? I shall try to answer this question. In order to do so, however, I need first to elucidate the concepts of self-interest, selfishness, and moral requirement. Once I have sketched a picture of the relation between ethical considerations and the profit motive, I shall consider some complications that arise when the correct moral rules for regulating business practice are not the rules that have in fact been laid down by professions or companies.
One Philosopher’s Approach to Business Ethics
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I MUST start by explaining two things in my title. I say ‘ one philosopher’s approach’ because not all philosophers agree. There are a great many different ethical theories, nearly all of which have something to be said for them. One has to look at them all and see what truths they bring out, and also what mistakes they make, and try to find a theory which preserves the truths and avoids the mistakes; and that is what I have done. There has to be a theoretical basis for the rational discussion of moral problems in business, just as of anything else, and no one should think that we can do without it. That would leave us at the mercy of whatever prejudices we started with. My own theory is in the main a combination of the insights I find in Kant and in the utilitarians— two sorts of philosophy that are thought to be quite irreconcilable but which actually fit together very well if we understand what is going on in them (Hare, 1993).
The Responsibilities of a Businessman
Authors: Lucas J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MANY thinkers deny the possibility of businessmen having responsibilities or ethical obligations. A businessman has no alternative, in view of the competition of the market-place, to do anything other than buy at the cheapest and sell at the dearest price he can. In any case, it would be irrational—if, indeed, it were possible—not to do so. Admittedly, there is a framework of law within which he has to operate, but that is all, and so long as he keeps the law he is free to maximize his profits without being constrained by any moral or social considerations, or any further sense of responsibility for what he does.
Control and Restraint in National Health Service Contracting
Authors: Montgomery Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The introduction of market reforms into the NHS has attracted considerable ideologically driven comment in the political arena. For some, ‘markets’, ‘contracting’, and ‘competition’ are axiomatically positive mechanisms for driving up the quality of services and driving down the costs of providing them. For others, those very same ideas represent a betrayal of the values of public services in general and health care in particular. In this populist debate, little attention is paid to the nature of the market that has been established for health services. In fact, the key division of responsibility between planning health services and providing them became as much part of the Labour Party’s agenda as that of the Conservative government (Labour Party 1995). The Labour Party prefers to talk of agreements, rather than to use the language of contract, and to emphasize collaboration rather than competition. However, the degree of divergence may in fact be quite small when the operation of the existing system is considered. This chapter explores the nature of the current NHS market (in 1996) and considers the importance of contracts and competition within it.
Contract Law, Co-operation, and Good Faith: The Movement from Static to Dynamic Market-Individualism
Authors: Brownsword Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to Will Hutton, the long-term competitive strength of an economy depends, not upon the nostrums of the New Right, but upon the successful institutional promotion of trust, commitment, co-operation, and continuity (Hutton: 1995, esp. chs. 1 and 9). The law has a contributory role to play in promoting such conditions—for example, by attuning its competition policy to benign co-operative arrangements (see Chapters 13 and 15, this volume), by putting in place an appropriate regulatory framework for corporate responsibility and investment, by facilitating co-operative labour relations, by harnessing public law more directly to the needs of a modem inclusive democracy, and so on.
Quality Assurance in Subcontracting
Authors: Collins Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relation between assemblers and suppliers lies at the heart of industry. Most consumer goods are comprised of component parts supplied by a number of businesses, which are then assembled into a finished product. This is as true of a can of beans as of motor cars. The finished product is the joint work of assembler and supplier: ‘It is Ford and her suppliers who make cars’.1 Two fields of competition intersect in this production process: suppliers compete for the business with an assembler; and the assemblers compete between themselves for market share among consumers.
From Education to First Job: The French Case
Authors: Goux Dominique , Maurin Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In France, as in many other ·western countries, the educational system has been thoroughly transformed during the post-war decades. The 1950s and l 960s were years of rapid economic growth, and drastic shortages of qualified employees encouraged the French administration to open up the secondary school, and to encourage a broader diffusion of general education and qualifications. From a purely quantitative standpoint, this objec tive has undoubtedly been reached. Today, in each given birth cohort, the majority of French children pass their upper secondary examinations (51 per cent, as against 26 per cent in the 1960s), and France is no longer the lowest-ranking pupil in the classroom of industrialized countries (Table 4.1).
Investment in Education Educational Qualifications and Class of Entry in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: breen Richard , Whelan christopher t. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we investigate the relationship between educational qual ifications and class of entry in the Republic of Ireland, using data on entrants to the labour market in the period since 1967. Our goal is to show how macro-social and institutional factors condition the nature of the link between qualifications and entry class. \Ve begin, therefore, by outlining some salient institutional features of the Irish educational system and labour market.
Occupational Returns to Education 1n Contemporary Italy
Authors: Schizzerotto Antonio , Cobalti Antonio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the linkage between education qualifications and social position of first job and current employment status, respectively, in Italy from the mid-1950s to the mid-1980s. In no society are the work outcomes of individuals determined solely by intellectual ability and/ or professional skill, and even in post-industrial societies, with their high rates of social mobility and educational enrolment, social origin and gen der still condition the occupational position both directly, via occupational inheritance and the gender segmentation of the labour market, and indirectly, by differentiating among educational opportunities (Blau and Duncan 1967; Goldthorpe 1980; Halsey, Heath, and Ridge 1980; Schadee and Schizzerotto 1990; Erikson and Goldthorpe 1992; Muller and Karle 1993; Shavit et al. 1994; Cobalti and Schizzerotto 1994).
Qualifications and the Allocation Process of Young Men and Women in the Swedish Labour Market
Authors: Ultee wout c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social stratification is a phenomenon that relates to the allocation of people to positions in the class structure. If the rewards connected with different social positions are perceived as trophies, then the allocation process is the competition. One must not necessarily adhere to the view of life as a rat-race to acknowledge the crucial role that agencies which shape the allocation regime play for individuals in a given society. Individuals adjust to these agencies, often try to play the game according to what they perceive the rules to be, and sometimes seek, individually or collectively, to change those rules.
in Switzerland Do Characteristics of the Educational System and Class Barriers Matter?
Authors: Buchmann Marus , Sacchi Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the effects of social origin and educational attain ment on occupational outcomes at the time of labour-market entry in Switzerland. This country constitutes an interesting case because the transition from school to work is largely unexplored. Given the strong occupational orientation of the Swiss educational system, which is, with the notable exceptions of Germany and Austria, unique in the industrial ized world, the investigation of the extent to which, and the ways in which, occupation-specific credentials condition the allocation of persons to jobs will shed light on the significance of institutional factors in this process.
Making Toyota in America: Evidence from the Kentucky Transplant, 1986-1994
Authors: Mishina Kazuhiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toyota is a mysterious company. On the one hand, it is praised internationally for its outstanding manufacturing performance, and there is little doubt that Toyota was the model of ‘lean production’ when the term was coined by Womack et al. (1990). A lean producer, the book claimed, uses less of everything compared with mass producers—less labour, less time, less space, less inventory, less rework, and less defects. It seems that Toyota has realized manufacturing Utopia.
Stability and Change at NUMMI
Authors: Adler Paul s. , Goldoftas Barbara , Levine David I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Japanese automobile manufacturers achieved great success in world export markets during the 1970s. This success led to trade conflicts with the USA, and in an attempt to defuse these conflicts, many Japanese automobile firms decided to build North American plants. The Japanese companies’ export success was often attributed to their highly effective production system-later it would be labelled ‘lean’. Two questions were thus posed. First, could this Japanese lean production system be effective in US ‘transplants’, or did its effectiveness depend on a Japanese context? Secondly, to what extent would firms implement this sys tem, or would they adapt it to the very different social context of the USA? The transplants thus constitute an unusual natural experiment for organizational theory.
Hybridization of the Japanese Production System in North America, Newly Industrializing Economies, South-East Asia, and Europe: Contrasted Configurations
Authors: Abo Tetsuo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with ‘hybridizations’ of the Japanese production system, that is, the different mixes of Japanese and local elements in Japanese transplants in North America, Europe, Newly Industrializing Economies (NIEs), and South-East Asia (ASEAN). The study arises from a research programme carried out since the early 1980s on the inter-regional comparative analysis of the international transfer of Japanese management and production technologies in the automobile and consumer electronics industries.
Conclusion: Transplants, Hybridization, and Globalization: What Lessons for the Future?
Authors: Boyer Robert , Charron Elsie , Jürgens Ulrich , Tolliday Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ten years ago managers and industry experts were preoccupied with the question, ‘Can Japanese production methods be effectively transplanted outside Japan?’ In the subsequent decade it became clear that it was indeed possible to transfer such methods, and influential commentators began to argue that all productive systems would now have to converge on the Japanese model as a single ‘one best way’. What are the implications of this book (along with its companion GERPISA studies)1 for these issues? First, this book shows that Japanese trans plants are just one instance of a wider phenomenon of the transfer of productive models to other economic and social spaces.
Social Change and Innovation in the Labour Market
Authors: Hakim Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the mid-1990s the Census Office released for the first time 1% and 2% Samples of Anonymised Records (SARs) from the 1991 British Census. This pathbreaking study presents the results of the first analysis of labour market data from the new SARs, drawing comparisons with research results for the USA and other Western European countries. The author describes a distinctive, new category of integrated occupations, employing men and women equally in highly qualified work; the diversification of part-time work; the emergence of a new category of marginal jobs; and the expansion of student jobs. Fresh insight is offered into the pay gap, social stratification, occupational differences in labour mobility, current trends in homework, travel to work patterns, self-employment and small firm creation, and the impact of housing choice on female workrates. The book presents a case-study of pharmacists to illustrate these developments as well as an excellent introductory guide for future SAR users - warning them of pitfalls in the data, as well as pointing out advantages to be exploited.
Profiles of Integrated and Segregated Occupations
Authors: Hakim Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All modern societies have a high degree of role differentiation and specialization and have conventions for allocating roles and tasks to members on the basis of sex and age, at the minimum, along with a variety of other criteria. The sexual division of labour is sometimes reinforced by formal rules or laws permitting and restricting access to particular occupations, social and political roles. But informal rules and conventions can be equally powerful, and they have persisted long after the introduction of sex and race discrimination legislation in Europe, North America, and other modern industrialized societies in the 1960s and 1970s. Studies of occupational segregation are concerned with the degree of separation between work done mainly by men and work done mainly by women.