bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinicopathological prognostic factors and scoring systems in malignant pleural mesothelioma
Authors: Burgers J A , Hegmans J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prediction of the future, whether it concerns economic welfare, the weather forecast, or health issues, has always fascinated mankind. In ancient Greece and Rome, major events in life were forecast by priests from the position of chicken bones that had been thrown in the air or the appearance of the liver of a goose that had been sacrificed, methods that we nowadays consider a ‘wild guess’. In our modern era the wild guess is replaced by a ‘calculated risk’, introduced by statisticians. Focusing on statistical studies on cancer, we can identify prognostic factors which provide a forecast or statement of probability on a certain clinical outcome [1]. This statement predominantly applies to a group of patients, but can also be used in daily practice to make predictions and clinical decisions on individual patients.
Opioid pharmacokinetics
Authors: Jackson II Kenneth C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The appropriate use of opioid analgesics requires clinicians to have knowledge of both the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of this class of medication. In simple terms, this means that clinicians must understand how these agents produce their pharmacological effects, i.e. pharmacodynamic activity, as well as understand what happens to the drug within the body from the time of administration to the point in time where the drug no longer resides in the body, i.e. pharmacokinetic activity. A basic understanding of the pharmacodynamics of opioid analgesics reveals three distinct classes of analgesics that maintain diversity in their pharmacological actions; full agonists, partial agonists and mixed agonist-antagonists.
Delirium
Authors: Friedlander Miriam , Kissane David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While sometimes associated with wild excitement or ecstasy, the term ‘delirium’ is derived from the Latin delirare, meaning ‘to become deranged, incoherent or raving mad’. In the setting of the medically ill, the diagnosis ‘delirium’ represents an acutely disordered state of mind involving disturbances of consciousness and either perception or cognition, including confusion, disorientation, and changes in attention, memory, psychomotor behaviour, emotion and the sleep–wake cycle.
Proof and Disproof in Formal Logic
Authors: Bornat Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Proof and Disproof in Formal Logic is a lively and entertaining introduction to formal logic providing an excellent insight into how a simple logic works. Formal logic allows you to check a logical claim without considering what the claim means. This highly abstracted idea is an essential and practical part of computer science. The idea of a formal system-a collection of rules and axioms, which define a universe of logical proofs-is what gives us programming languages and modern-day programming. This book concentrates on using logic as a tool: making and using formal proofs and disproofs of particular logical claims. The logic it uses-natural deduction-is very small and very simple; working with it helps you see how large mathematical universes can be built on small foundations. The book is divided into four parts: Part I “Basics” gives an introduction to formal logic with a short history of logic and explanations of some technical words. Part II “Formal Syntactic Proof” show you how to do calculations in a formal system where you are guided by shapes and never need to think about meaning. Your experiments are aided by Jape, which can operate as both inquisitor and oracle. Part III “Formal Semantic Disproof” shows you how to construct mathematical counterexamples to shoe that proof is impossible. Jape can check the counterexamples you build. Part IV “ Program Specification and Proof” describes how to apply your logical understanding to a real computer science problem, the accurate description and verification of programs. Jape helps, as far as arithmetic allows. Aimed at undergraduates and graduates in computer science, logic, mathematics and philosophy, the text includes reference to and exercises based on the computer software package Jape, an interactive teaching and research tool designed and hosted by the author that is freely available on the web.
Models of Peano Arithmetic
Authors: Kaye Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nonstandard models of arithmetic are of interest to mathematicians through the presence of infinite (or nonstandard) integers and the various properties they inherit from the finite integers. Since their introduction in the 1930s (by Skolem and Gödel ), they have come to play an important role in model theory, and in combinatorics through independence results such as the Paris-Harrington theorem. This book is an introduction to these developments, and stresses the interplay between the first-order theory, recursion-theoretic aspects, and the structural properties of these models. Prerequisites have been kept to a minimum. A basic grounding in elementary model theory and a familiarity with the notions of recursive, primitive recursive, and r.e. sets will be sufficient. Consequently, the book should be suitable for postgraduate students coming to the subject for the first time and a variety of exercises of varying degrees of difficulty will help to further the reader's understanding. Beginning with Gödel's incompleteness theorem, the book covers the prime models, cofinal extensions, end extensions, Gaifman's construction of a definable type, Tennenbaum's theorem, Friedman's theorem and subsequent work on indicators, and culminates in a chapter on recursive saturation and resplendency.
Discretely ordered rings
Authors: Kaye Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We start our study of models of arithmetic in earnest by writing down some simple axioms that are obviously true in ℕ. The resulting theory, PA− , is described in Section 2.1 and is our ‘base theory’ to which we shall later add induction axioms. PA- has some very nice features which we explore in this chapter. In particular we will show in Section 2.2 that any model of PA- may be regarded as an end-extension of the standard model, and we introduce the notion of a Σ1 sentence, and show that PA- is strong enough to prove all true Σ1 sentences.
Riemannian Geometry
Authors: Willmore T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Developments in this field have been so extensive since the author's work Introduction to Differential Geometry that a new book with particular emphasis on recent work in Riemannian geometry is clearly necessary. This new work includes an elementary account of twistor spaces which will interest both applied mathematicians and physicists as well as presenting recent developments in the theory of harmonic spaces, commutative spaces, and mean-value theorems previously only available in research papers. The final chapter provides the only account available in book form of manifolds known as `Willmore surfaces', illustrated by a series of computer-generated pictures.
Numbers and Shapes Revisited
Authors: Cofman Judita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mathematics is primarily concerned with problem solving, and there is no better way of gaining an understanding of mathematics than by developing the independent thinking and ability to solve problems (and to set them). The mathematics syllabuses in today's secondary schools contain a wide range of notions and basic facts from various mathematical disciplines. Pupils interested in mathematics should be encouraged to explore the connections between the different topics they encounter, and this book attempts to help in pointing out these connections. By focusing attention on the links between patterns of numbers and shapes, and on between algebraic relations and geometric and combinatorial configurations, the book aims to * motivate deeper study of the concepts related to elementary mathematics * emphasize the importance of the interrelations between mathematical phenomena * foster the interplay of ideas involved in problem solving The material is presented in the form of problems and will prove invaluable and enjoyable for pupils, their teachers, and those studying mathematics or its teaching at university.
Moving Finite Elements
Authors: Baines M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is mainly concerned with finite element methods for time-dependent partial differential equations when the grids are allowed to move in time, but also describes grid generation techniques which include grid adjustment. The mechanism for grid movement derives from a generalization of the residual minimization technique which is familiar from the Galerkin finite element method. The book brings together most of the work done over the last decade or so which has been stimulated by Miller's original idea, and discusses the interrelationships between the techniques of the method and the established ideas of the method of characteristics, Hamilton's equations, the Legendre transformation, and grid equidistribution. The book highlights the issues involved and should provide the reader with a clear view of the current state of the subject and prompt further research.
Congruence Theory
Authors: Rose H E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By universal agreement C. F. Gauss (1777-1855) was a mathematical genius of the highest order, to be considered alongside such giants as Newton and Einstein. He made many discoveries both inside and outside mathematics, but in his time he was probably best known as an astronomer—he was director of the Gottingen Observatory for many years. Number theory was one of his great passions he called it the ·Queen of Mathematics·. In 1801, at the age of 24. he published one of the classics of mathematical literature. Disquisitiones Arithmeticae, which contained a wealth of new ideas and theorems and which laid the foundation for modern number theory. A translation has been published (Gauss 1966) and the reader should try to study it. Many of the results presented below first appeared in Gauss’s classic, particularly those concerning quadratic reciprocity, primitive roots. and quadratic form theory.
A probabilistic round-off error propagation model. Application to the eigenvalue problem
Authors: Chatelin Francise , Brunet Marie Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is often assumed that round-off error propagation is a statistical phenomenon, but relatively few studies have been carried out to test the validity of this assumption, and, if proved valid, to extract quantified information for the control of this error propagation. We propose a probabilistic model for round-off propagation which relies on two basic assumptions. The main result is that if the solution depends analytically on a perturbation of the problem, then for a large class of stable algorithms one can compute a confidence interval around the computed solution which contains the exact solution up to a given probability.
Non-monotonic Learning
Authors: Bain M , Muggleton S H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper addresses methods of specializing first-order theories within the context of incremental learning systems. We demonstrate the short comings of existing first-order incremental learning systems with regard to their specialization mechanisms. We prove that these shortcomings are fundamental to the use of classical logic. In particular, minimal ‘correcting’ specializations are not always obtainable within this frame work. We propose instead the adoption of a specialization scheme based on an existing non-monotonic logic formalism.
Deriving the Learning Bias from Rule Properties
Authors: Ganascia J G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To guide learning, the ‘learning bias’ has to be defined with accuracy, even if it has to be modified when the results do not match expectations. This needs knowledge of the semantics of the various aspects of the learning bias: representation formalism, description language, and syntactico-semantical constraints applied to the learning assumptions. In this paper we try to show these various aspects and demonstrate how a new system Ch a r a de , provides some of these aspects with semantics, thanks to the introduction of the notion of ‘system of rules’.
Reacting, Planning, and Learning in an Autonomous Agent
Authors: Benson Scott , Nilsson Nils J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We present an autonomous agent architecture and its component subsystems that integrate important abilities needed for robust, flexible performance in dynamic environments. These abilities involve appropriate reaction to environmental situations given the agent’s goals; selective attention to multiple, competing goals; planning new action routines when innovation beyond designer-provided routines is necessary; and learning the effects of actions so that the planner can use them to build ever more reliable plans. The teleo-reactive format allows actions to be closely coupled to continuous environmental feedback and is also especially compatible with conventional AI planning and learning mechanisms. The workings of the proposed architecture and its subsystems are illustrated in a simulated robot domain. We conclude by noting areas where future work is needed.
Automated Deduction in Multiple-valued Logics
Authors: Hahnle Reiner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book constitutes a self-contained and unified approach to automated reasoning in multiple-valued logics (MVL) developed by the author. Moreover, it contains a virtually complete account of other approaches to automated reasoning in MVL. This is the first overview of this subfield of automated reasoning ever given. Finally, a variety of applications of automated reasoning in MVL including several short case studies are listed. Automated reasoning in non-classical logics is an essential subtask of many AI applications. Applications of MVL in particular include, for instance, hardware and software verification, reasoning with incomplete or inconsistent knowledge, and natural language processing. Therefore, efficient theorem proving methods in MVL are essential. In the historical part of the book it is demonstrated why existing approaches are inadequate. In the original part a simple, but powerful, concept called 'sets-as-signs' is introduced in the context of semantic tableaux, and subsequently is applied to a variety of calculi including resolution and dissolution. It is shown that 'sets-as-signs' yields a many-valued extension of the well-known relationship between classical logic and integer programming. As a consequence, automated reasoning in infinitely-valued logics can be done uniformly and efficiently for the first time.
Salp and pyrosomid blooms and their importance in biogeochemical cycles
Authors: Andersen V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of salps and pyrosomas in biogeochemical cycles is related to their well-known periodical occurrence in vast swarms and to the way that they feed on phytoplankton. During the last 30 years, a large effort has been devoted to understanding the nutritional ecology of salps, revealing their high grazing impact on phytoplankton populations and their role in the downward flux of matter. In contrast, little attention has been paid, until recently, to the nutritional ecology of pyrosomas. However, they also have an important grazing impact while swarming, and produce very large numbers of faecal pellets. Estimation of the ecological and biogeochemical importance of salps has given rise to different types of models. Salps and pyrosomas are found periodically in dense swarms in various areas of the world oceans. The nutritional ecology of salps is characterized by: (1) very high filtration rates; (2) removal of minute particles and microorganisms with high efficiency; (3) high defaecation rates; and (4) production of large faecal pellets which sink rapidly. Moreover, the faecal material is enriched in several elements (e.g. carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and aluminium) compared to the salp itself, and degradation of the faecal pellets of oceanic salps is very slow (Yoon, 1995; see Yoon et al., 1996).
The abundance, distribution, and ecologi,cal impact of doliolids
Authors: Deibel D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The doliolid life cycle is complex (Chapter 1), with obligatory alternation of sexual and polymorphic asexual generations; in different doliolids, there are varying degrees of multiplication at sexual and asexual stages, and in one species there is a special short cycle. In brief, as summarized in Fig. 11.1, sexual gonozooids liberate planktonic eggs (usually cross-fertilized) that develop via a short larval stage into asexual oozooids. From a ventral stolon in the oozooid, buds form which migrate around to a dorsal caudal cadophore. The buds are of two kinds, the trophozooids being devoted to nourishing the colony (by this stage, the old oozooid or old nurse has lost all internal organs except heart and brain), whilst the phorozooids bear buds that develop
Diversity within populations
Authors: Brakefield Paul M , Shreeve Tim G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within any butterfly population no two individuals are identical. This applies both to their genes or genotype and to their phenotype or set of individual characteristics resulting from interactions between the genes and the environment during development. The reproductive success or fitness of an individual depends on how well its phenotype is adapted or fitted to the environment which it experiences. Some species of butterfly exhibit discrete genetic forms which differ in wing pattern and which occur together within populations. Research on such poly¬morphisms has contributed much to our under¬ standing of the processes of adaptation to the environment. Having first introduced some basic concepts, this chapter describes work on poly¬morphisms in butterflies together with recent insights into how wing patterns are developed. Rare aberrations much beloved by butterfly collectors (see Russwurm 1978) are not considered in detail here since they are unlikely to be significant in evolution¬ ary terms even when they have a genetic basis (see Fig. 8.1).
Genetic relatedness and its components in polygynous colonies of social insects
Authors: Queller David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polygyny presents an obvious problem for the evolution and maintenance of insect societies. If many queens are laying eggs in a colony, there will be many matrilines among the progeny, and genetic relatedness among the progeny should therefore be low. This has serious consequences for the maintenance of worker behaviour. Hamilton (1964a ,b) showed that genetic relatedness is what fuels the engine of eusociality. Workers can evolve to give up their own reproduction only if they receive some genetic benefit through aiding other relatives.
The maintenance of high genetic relatedness in multi-queen colonies of social wasps
Authors: Hughes Colin R , Queller David C , Strassmann Joan E , Solís Carlos R , NegrónSotomayor Jorge A , Gastreich Karin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Hamilton (1964a,ft) presented his theory of inclusive fitness, accounts of the evolution of insect societies have had to concern themselves with genetic relatedness. In the eusocial insects, workers forgo most or all of their own reproduction and instead help to rear the progeny of their colonys queens. Genes promoting such worker behaviour would inevitably be eliminated if workers were unrelated to the queens progeny. But genes promoting worker behaviour can make up for the lack of direct reproduction by workers because copies of the genes are present in the relatives being aided.
Distribution and ecology of queen number in ants of the genus myrmica
Authors: Elmes Graham W , Keller Laurent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of ecological factors in regulating queen number in social insects has recently been the subject of considerable interest (e.g. Hölldobler and Wilson 1977; Nonacs 1988; Reeve 1991). For instance, it has been postulated that polygyny is favoured under certain ecological conditions such as stable long-lived habitats; or alternatively, in circumstances of frequent colony moves in which the probability of workers losing contact with their queens is relatively high (Holldobler and Wilson 1977; Herbers 1986, this volume; Nonacs 1988; Rosengren et al. this volume).
Selective pressures on pleometrosis and secondary polygyny: a comparison of termites and ants
Authors: Roisin Yves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Highly organized and ecologically successful societies have evolved convergently in both termites and ants. These societies are characterized by large numbers of individuals and a great complexity with respect to social polymorphism, constructions, communications, foraging behaviour, etc. Perhaps the most important feature of these societies, from an evolutionary viewpoint, is the reproductive division of labour. In many ant and termite colonies, the egg-laying function is restricted to one or a few reproductive female(s), the queen(s). Polygyny, i.e. the coexistence of several functional queens in a colony, has considerable effects on intra-nest relatedness. Moreover, it generates conflicts of interests among these queens, in addition to possible conflicts between queens and non-reproductive individuals (workers, soldiers). Polygynous colonies are therefore of high interest for testing predictions derived from kin-selection theory.
The Snow Geese Of La Pérouse Bay
Authors: Cooke Fred , Lank David B , Rockwell Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book brings together the results from one of the most significant long-term studies of birds in the late twentieth century, testing our understanding of evolution in natural populations. Combining genetics, behavior, ecology, and a landmark data set, it will be essential reading for everyone with an interest in evolutionary ecology. The Lesser Snow Goose is a migratory Arctic breeder which occurs in two genetically distinct forms. Most have white plumage, but some are dark, allowing rapid scoring and study of a highly visible heritable trait. Initial chapters describe the natural history, recent evolutionary history, and current patterns of gene flow in the species. A subsequent chapter presents a detailed demographic model integrating both fecundity and survival components of fitness, which is used as an analytical framework throughout later chapters. Two chapters detail the effects of annual and age-specific variation in fitness components. The authors then focus on the micro evolutionary status of the population, using data gathered over 26 years on 40,000 individually marked adult geese, 45,000 nests, and 110,000 goslings at one colony in northern Manitoba. The heart of the book analyses the working of natural selection on plumage color, seasonal timing of breeding, clutch size, egg size, and body size, using the components of fitness approach to quantifying selection in stages throughout the animal life cycle. The results are an important advance in understanding the evolutionary process in vertebrates.