bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecological and community‐wide character displacement: the next generation
Authors: Dayan Tamar , Simberloff Daniel 
Published: July 2005

AbstractEcological character displacement, mostly seen as increased differences of size in sympatry between closely‐related or similar species, is a focal hypothesis assuming that species too similar to one another could not coexist without diverging, owing to interspecific competition. Thus, ecological character displacement and community‐wide character displacement (overdispersion in size of potential competitors within ecological guilds) were at the heart of the debate regarding the role of competition in structuring ecological communities. The debate has focused on the evidence presented in earlier studies and generated a new generation of rigorous, critical studies of communities. Character displacement research in the past two decades provides sound statistical support for the hypothesis in a wide variety of taxa, albeit with a phylogenetically skewed representation. A growing number of studies are strongly based in functional morphology, and some also demonstrate actual morphologically related resource partitioning. Phylogenetic models and experimental work have added to the scope and depth of earlier research, as have theoretical studies. However, many challenging ecological and evolutionary issues, regarding both selective forces (at the inter‐ and intraspecific level) and resultant patterns, remain to be addressed. Ecological character displacement and community‐wide character displacement are here to stay as the focus of much exciting research.
Vertical distribution of structure and function of the methanogenic archaeal community in Lake Dagow sediment
Authors: Chan On Chim , Claus Peter , Casper Peter , Ulrich Andreas , Lueders Tillmann , Conrad Ralf 
Published: July 2005

SummaryDetailed studies on the relation of structure and function of microbial communities in a sediment depth profile scarcely exist. We determined as functional aspect the vertical distribution of the acetotrophic and hydrogenotrophic CH4 production activity by measuring production rates and stable 13C/12C‐isotopic signatures of CH4 in the profundal sediment of Lake Dagow. The structural aspect was determined by the composition of the methanogenic community by quantifying the abundance of different archaeal groups using ‘real‐time’ polymerase chain reaction and analysis of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP). Methane production rates in the surface sediment (0–3 cm depth) were higher in August than in May, but strongly decreased with depth (down to 20 cm). The δ13C of the produced CH4 and CO2 indicated an increase in isotopic fractionation with sediment depth. The relative contribution of hydrogenotrophic to total methanogenesis, which was calculated from the isotopic signatures, increased with depth from about 22% to 38%. Total numbers of microorganisms were higher in August than in May, but strongly decreased with depth. The increase of microorganisms from May to August mainly resulted from Bacteria. The Archaea, on the other hand, exhibited a rather constant abundance, but also decreased with depth from about 1 × 108 copies of the archaeal 16S rRNA gene per gram of dry sediment  at  the  surface  to  4 × 107 copies  per  gram at 15–20 cm depth. T‐RFLP analysis combined with phylogenetic analysis of cloned sequences of the archaeal 16S rRNA genes showed that the methanogenic community consisted mainly of Methanomicrobiales and Methanosaetaceae. The relative abundance of Methanosaetaceae decreased with depth, whereas that of Methanomicrobiales slightly increased. Hence, the vertical distribution of the functional characteristics (CH4 production from acetate versus H2/CO2) was reflected in the structure of the community consisting of acetotrophic (Methanosaetaceae) versus hydrogenotrophic (Methanomicrobiales) phenotypes.
Adaptive responses to antimicrobial agents in biofilms
Authors: Szomolay Barbara , Klapper Isaac , Dockery Jack , Stewart Phil S. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryBacterial biofilms demonstrate adaptive resistance in response to antimicrobial stress more effectively than corresponding planktonic populations. We propose here that, in biofilms, reaction‐diffusion limited penetration may result in only low levels of antimicrobial exposure to deeper regions of the biofilm. Sheltered cells are then able to enter an adapted resistant state if the local time scale for adaptation is faster than that for disinfection. This mechanism is not available to a planktonic population. A mathematical model is presented to illustrate. Results indicate that, for a sufficiently thick biofilm, cells in the biofilm implement adaptive responses more effectively than do freely suspended cells. Effective disinfection requires applied biocide concentration that increases quadratically or exponentially with biofilm thickness.
Keratoconjunctival effects of diabetes mellitus in dogs
Authors: Cullen Cheryl L. , Ihle Sherri L. , Webb Aubrey A. , McCarville Carole 
Published: July 2005

AbstractObjectives To compare Schirmer tear test (STT) values, corneal sensitivity, tear film break up times (TFBUTs), and tear glucose concentrations in relation to conjunctival microflora, and conjunctival cytologic and histologic findings among diabetic cataractous, nondiabetic cataractous, and nondiabetic noncataractous dogs.Procedures Fifteen dogs in each category underwent neuro‐ophthalmic examination; aerobic, anaerobic and fungal conjunctival cultures; assessment of corneal touch threshold (CTT), STT, tear glucose, TFBUT; and conjunctival cytology and histology (in certain cases only). Degree of cataract and uveitis were critically graded. Glycemic control was estimated using serum fructosamine and glycosylated hemoglobin.Results STT values were significantly lower in diabetic cataractous than nondiabetic noncataractous dogs. CTT of diabetic cataractous dogs was significantly lower than that of nondiabetic noncataractous dogs. Mean TFBUTs were significantly less in diabetic cataractous dogs than nondiabetic cataractous and nondiabetic noncataractous dogs.Tear glucose concentrations were significantly higher in diabetic cataractous dogs than nondiabetic cataractous and nondiabetic noncataractous dogs. Conjunctival microbial isolates did not differ among groups. There were no significant differences in degree of cataract or uveitis between diabetic cataractous and nondiabetic cataractous groups. There was mild submucosal inflammatory infiltrate in conjunctival specimens from diabetic dogs. Conjunctival epithelial dysplasia and/or squamous metaplasia was/were detected in conjunctival biopsies of 5/7 diabetic dogs. Reductions in conjunctival goblet cell (GC) densities were noted in 4/7 diabetic dogs; there were no significant differences in mean GC densities among the three groups.Conclusions Diabetic cataractous dogs have significantly altered keratoconjunctival characteristics compared to nondiabetic cataractous and nondiabetic noncataractous dogs.
Effect of topical 0.02% tacrolimus aqueous suspension on tear production in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Authors: Berdoulay Andrew , English Robert V. , Nadelstein Brad 
Published: July 2005

AbstractObjective To investigate the effect of 0.02% tacrolimus in aqueous suspension on tear production in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS).Animals studied One hundred five dogs diagnosed with KCS [Schirmer tear test (STT) ≤ 10 mm/min and clinical signs of dry eye]. Eyes with marginally decreased STT (11 ≤ 15 mm/min) and clinical signs of dry eye were also evaluated.Procedure The investigation was conducted in two parts: an initial efficacy study and a subsequent double blinded controlled study. In the efficacy study, the effect of topical tacrolimus (formerly FK‐506) on tear production in dogs with primary KCS was evaluated. Dogs were divided into four categories: 1) 59 eyes (38 dogs) naïve to tear stimulation therapy with initial STT ≤ 10 mm/min; 2) 28 eyes (21 dogs) naïve to tear stimulation therapy with initial STT 11 ≤ 15 mm/min; 3) 30 eyes (15 dogs) maintained successfully on CsA therapy; 4) 47 eyes (24 dogs) unresponsive to CsA therapy. STT and clinical signs were evaluated prior to and after 6 to 8 weeks of twice daily tacrolimus administration. Tacrolimus was substituted for CsA therapy in categories 3 and 4. The controlled study compared the effect of topical tacrolimus in aqueous suspension to administration of the aqueous carrier alone on tear production in 20 dogs with primary KCS.Results In the efficacy study, STT increased by 5 mm/min in 84.7%, 25.0%, 26.7% and 51.1% of eyes in categories 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively after tacrolimus administration. Eighty‐three percent of eyes with extremely low initial STT (≤ 2 mm/min), increased 5 mm/min after tacrolimus. In the controlled study, STT increased by 5 mm/min in 7/10 dogs (14/20 eyes) that received tacrolimus and in none of the 10 dogs that received aqueous carrier alone. Dogs receiving just the aqueous carrier were subsequently treated with tacrolimus, and STT increased 5 mm/min in 9 dogs (18/20 eyes) after administration.Conclusions Twice daily administration of 0.02% tacrolimus in aqueous suspension effectively increased tear production in dogs with KCS. Topical tacrolimus is a promising alternative to topical CsA for treatment of KCS and may be beneficial in patients with less than optimal response to topical CsA.
Immunohistochemical identification of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in phacoclastic uveitis in four rabbits
Authors: Giordano C. , Weigt A. , Vercelli A. , Rondena M. , Grilli G. , Giudice C. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPurpose  Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a microsporidium with a wide range of mammalian hosts. In rabbits it can be responsible for cataract and lens‐induced uveitis (LIU). The aim of this study was to provide specific immunohistochemical demonstration and localization of E. cuniculi within the eye, in rabbits with LIU.Material and methods  Four rabbits were presented with a white mass in the eye and iris discoloration. Complete ophthalmic examinations were performed and a presumptive diagnosis of LIU was made in all cases. Initial therapy with a topical steroid, atropine and systemic enrofloxacin was instituted while serologic (IFA or ICA tests) and cytologic lab results were pending. The final outcome in all cases was enucleation. Routine histology and immunohistochemistry (ABC method) with an antiserum anti‐Encephalitozoon cuniculi were performed.Results  Indirect immunofluorescence performed on one rabbit serum expressed a titer of 1 : 32; carbon immunoassay on the serum of the other three rabbits expressed a titer of 1 : 5120 in one, and a titer of 1 : 2560 in the other two cases. Histologically, an intraocular, locally extensive pyogranulomatous infiltration that partially filled the posterior chamber, encasing a wide anterior lens capsule break, was detected in all cases. Immunohistochemically, spores reacting with anti‐Encephalitozoon cuniculi antiserum were present in all specimens, occasionally within macrophages and lens epithelial cells.Conclusion  Detection of E. cuniculi in rabbits with phacoclastic uveitis has been investigated in the past with different methods. Based on our results, we suggest that immunohistochemistry should be regarded as a useful tool both for specific demonstration of E. cuniculi and for its localization within tissues.
Malignant B‐cell lymphoma of the Harder's gland in a rabbit
Authors: Volopich Sabine , Gruber Andrea , Hassan Jasmin , Hittmair Katharina M. , Schwendenwein Ilse , Nell Barbara 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA 22‐month‐old, female rabbit was presented with a 1‐day history of acute unilateral exophthalmos. Ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) of the orbit revealed an orbital mass. Retrobulbar lymphoma was diagnosed following fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). Thoracic radiographs were normal, and ultrasonography of the abdomen showed focal hypoechoic thickening of the bowel wall and hypoechoic enlarged lymph nodes. The rabbit was euthanized and histopathology identified the retrobulbar mass as B‐cell malignant lymphoma of the Harder's gland. Mesenteric lymph nodes, caecum, and both kidneys were also affected. This is the first documented case of malignant lymphoma of the Harder's gland in a rabbit.
Diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder using fluorescence endoscopy
Authors: Zaak Dirk , Karl Alexander , Knüchel Ruth , Stepp Herbert , Hartmann Arndt , Reich Oliver , Bachmann Alexander , Siebels Michael , Popken Gralf , Stief Christian 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARYBladder cancer is a frequent disease and represents the second most common genitourinary neoplasm. Although many aspects of the management of superficial bladder cancer are now well established, significant challenges remain, which influences patient outcome. Early detection and treatment of recurrent disease is required to optimize bladder preservation, reduce patient morbidity, and increase quality of life and survival. Fluorescence endoscopy, often referred to as ‘photodynamic diagnosis’ (PDD), with intravesical application of photosensitizing agents, has been developed to enhance the early detection of bladder cancer. There is growing evidence that PDD using 5‐aminolaevulinic acid (ALA), hexyl‐ALA ester or hypericin enhances the detection of bladder cancer, particularly of high‐grade flat lesions. Furthermore, transurethral resection of bladder tumour under fluorescence guidance reduces the risk of recurrent tumours. However, the impact on the progression of disease remains unclear and must be investigated in prospective randomized trials.
The course of neuropsychological functions in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder from late childhood to early adolescence
Authors: Drechsler Renate , Brandeis Daniel , Földényi Monika , Imhof Katrin , Steinhausen Hans‐Christoph 
Published: July 2005

Objective:  The aim of this follow‐up study was to investigate the course of performance in attentional tasks in children with ADHD and normal controls in late childhood and preadolescence over short periods of time. The development of two dimensions of attention was compared: alertness/arousal and inhibitory control.Method:  Children with ADHD (N = 28) and normal controls (N = 25) were examined at three times: at baseline (age mean = 10.8 years, SD = 1.5), after one year (age mean = 12.0 years, SD = 1.6), and after 2.6 years (age mean = 13.3 years, SD = 1.6). They performed two tasks of a computerized battery for attentional performance: Alertness – a test of simple reaction time to visual stimuli contrasting a condition with and without auditory warning signal, and Incompatibility – a test of spatial interference/inhibitory control. Clinical diagnosis according to DSM‐III‐R criteria was established at time 1 and time 3 by structured diagnostic interviews.Results:  In the Alertness task significant group differences regarding increased reaction time variability in ADHD, but not for reaction time itself, were found at time 1 and more pronounced at time 2. At time 3 group differences had disappeared. In the Incompatibility task group differences in number of errors were not observed at time 1, whereas children with ADHD made significantly more errors at time 2 and less pronounced at time 3. The degree of clinical symptom remission after 2.6 years was not related to changes in neuropsychological performance.Conclusion:  When measuring attentional functions, the selection of an appropriate time window seems to be essential for the detection of group differences between ADHD children and controls, because group differences are most pronounced before adolescence. The different developmental course of selective components of attention should be taken into account.
Empathy in boys with disruptive behavior disorders
Authors: de Wied Minet , Goudena Paul P. , Matthys Walter 
Published: July 2005

Background:  The present study examined empathy in 8‐ to 12‐year‐old clinically referred boys with disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) (n = 25) and age‐matched normal controls (n = 24).Method:  Situational empathy was assessed by children's emotional and cognitive responses to six empathy‐inducing vignettes (displaying sadness, anger or happiness). Dispositional affective empathy was measured by a self‐report questionnaire for children.Results:  In line with predictions, results revealed deficits in dispositional and situational empathy among DBD boys, and inverse relationships between both empathy measures and parent‐reports of aggressive/disruptive behavior among all children. The study also explored whether DBD boys are less responsive to just any emotion, or to specific emotions. Compared to normal controls, DBD boys responded less empathically to sadness and anger, but equally empathically to happiness. In addition, while DBD boys responded less empathically than the normal controls to each and every sadness vignette, they did not show equally low levels of empathic responses to all sadness vignettes.Conclusions:  These findings suggest that situational factors may be involved in DBD boys’ reduced responsiveness to another person's sadness.
An application of integer programming to playoff elimination in football championships
Authors: Ribeiro Celso C. , Urrutia Sebastián 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFootball is the most followed and practiced sport in Brazil, with a major economic importance. Thousands of jobs depend directly on the activity of the football teams. The Brazilian national football championship is followed by millions of people, who attend the games in the stadiums, follow radio and TV transmissions, and check newspapers, radio, TV, and, more recently, the Internet in search of information about the performance and chances of their favorite teams. Teams which do not qualify for the playoffs lose a lot of money and are even forced to dismantle their structure. We comment and compare the complexity of playoff elimination in football and baseball championships. We present two integer‐programming models which are able to detect in advance when a team has already qualified for or been eliminated from the playoffs. Results from these models can be used not only to guide teams and fans, but are also very useful to identify and correct wrong statements made by the press and team administrators. The application and the use of both models in the context of the 2002 edition of the Brazilian national football championship are discussed.
The use of minor setups within production cycles to improve product quality and yield
Authors: Khouja Moutaz 
Published: July 2005

AbstractInventory models linking lot size and product quality assume that the proportion of defectives per lot increases as the lot size increases. Such models give optimal lot sizes smaller than those obtained when quality is ignored. These models do not consider the possibility of adjusting the process within a production cycle. This adjustment does not involve performing all activities of a full setup and incurs only a fraction of a full setup cost and time. In this paper, we reformulate some inventory models which take into account the negative relationship between lot size and quality and the possibility of performing minor setups, which may or may not require stopping the process, during a production cycle. We derive closed‐form expressions for the optimal lot sizes and number of minor setups within each cycle. The analysis is performed for both zero operating time cost and non‐zero operating time cost. The models show that using minor setups to improve yield leads to larger lot sizes between major setups. We illustrate the models with numerical examples.
A valuation model for cut diamonds
Authors: Cardoso Margarida G. M. S. , Chambel Luis 
Published: July 2005

AbstractCut diamonds are hard to value given the number and type of properties used in price construction. This project aims to develop a valuation model for cut diamonds based on data published on the Internet. Regression trees (Classification and Regression Trees and Chi‐Square Automatic Interaction Detection) and neural networks (using backpropagation) are used for this purpose. The proposed approaches have a complementary role in the application. Neural networks have a better performance in prediction, accounting for around 96% of cut diamond unit prices variation. The role of regression trees is fundamental in interpretability, helping to understand the contribution of predictors in pricing. The models' results may prove to have some advantages over the Rapaport price lists (an industry‐wide adopted price indicator).
A Thermochromic Dispersive Electrode Can Measure the Underlying Skin Temperature and Prevent Burns During Radiofrequency Ablation
Authors: THIAGALINGAM ARAVINDA , POULIOPOULOS JIM , BARRY MICHAEL ANTHONY (TONY) , SALISBURY ELIZABETH , PATHMANATHAN NIRMALA , BOYD ANITA , ROSS DAVID L. , KOVOOR PRAMESH 
Published: July 2005

Introduction: Burns at the dispersive electrode are serious complications of diathermy and radiofrequency (RF) ablation procedures. We aimed to create a new methodology to reduce the incidence of dispersive electrode related skin burns. We hypothesized that a dispersive electrode incorporating a thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) layer could accurately measure underlying skin temperatures and help prevent burns. Methods and Results: The TLC electrode was compared with a standard dispersive electrode in 12 male sheep. RF current was delivered with the dispersive electrode fully applied or partially detached to simulate different clinical scenarios. The temperature of the TLC layer, calculated from the hue (color) every 15 seconds, was compared with fluoroptic skin temperature probes. TLC electrodes with a temperature range of 45–58°C were used in six sheep to assess the correlation of TLC temperature distribution with skin temperature and burns. TLC electrodes with a temperature range of 40–50°C were used in another 6 sheep to simulate clinical conditions in which the ablation was stopped if the TLC temperature was >42°C.The TLC measured temperatures correlated well with fluoroptic probes at the skin surface (r = 0.94 ± 0.05, mean of the absolute difference in temperature difference 0.9 ± 0.58°C). Ablations with partial application of standard dispersive electrodes consistently caused skin burns. There were no burns under the TLC electrode when ablations were ceased for temperatures >42°C. Conclusions: TLC‐equipped dispersive electrodes were able to accurately measure skin temperature under the electrode. This technology is likely to prevent dispersive electrode related burns.