bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing a Simulation of Peripheral Vision Using an Image Discrimination Task
Authors: Peli Eli , Geri George A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe appearance of images in peripheral vision is an important consideration in the design of both wide‐field and area‐of‐interest simulators, and can be simulated using vision models that account for the change in sensitivity as a function of retinal eccentricity. Simulations based on three different contrast sensitivity functions (CSFs), and a wide range of fundamental eccentricity constants (FECs) [cf., Peli et al., JOSA A, 8; 1762–1774, 1991] were tested here using an image discrimination task. Subjects were asked to discriminate an original image from a mirror image of the original processed at various FEC levels. It was found that a combination of the foveal CSF and an appropriate FEC was sufficient to characterize the discrimination of images with peripheral vision. The required FEC was found to be significantly larger for a higher‐sensitivity, detection CSF as compared to a lower‐sensitivity, orientation discrimination CSF. All FECs found here are larger than those computed from CSF measurements obtained across the retina. This difference may be due to masking by superimposed or adjacent image detail, which may result in a more rapid decline of detection performance as retinal eccentricity is increased (i.e., crowding or lateral masking effects).
A Small QVGA LCaD™ Panel for Portable Applications
Authors: Petera Michael G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe characteristics of a small sized, 1/4 VGA LCD display system are presented. This 320 by 240 pixel display, with a diagonal size of 2.5 inches, features 16 shades of gray individually addressable at each pixel site. Departing from the standard LCD panel architecture, this LCaD™‐based architecture provides a system‐level approach with an on‐board LCD controller, a two‐page display memory and an on‐board character memory. A high‐level software interface utilizes display commands which allow the on‐board LCD controller to perform a variety of tasks heretofore relegated only to the control processor.
Implementation of a Universal Controller for a‐Si TFT LCD of SXGA Class
Authors: Choi Chul‐Ho , Park Jin‐Sung , Kwon Byong‐Heon , Choi Myung‐Ryul 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe propose a universal LCD controller for a‐Si TFT LCD of SXGA class that can display full screen of a LCD panel. The proposed controller can be applied to the lower resolution of image sources such as NTSC, VGA, SVGA, and XGA. A new interpolation algorithm is proposed and a new interpolation filter has been implemented for the proposed display method.Currently, the timing simulation of the proposed controller has been successfully executed by using VHDL and the controller has been designed in a 0.6 μm CMOS technology.
Design on a Novel a‐Si PIN/OLED Image Sensor & Display Device
Authors: Wu Chunya , Zhao Ying , Xiong Shaozhen , Liu Enfeng , Xie Weiliang , Reng Liru , Cheng Hongjuan , Yu Gang 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA novel PIN/OLED image sensor & display device is proposed. Each pixel contains an a‐Si PIN diode and an OLED in serial connection but in opposite polarity. The a‐Si PIN diode acts as input sensor element and converts input light intensity into electric current strength. When the pixel is biased in the forward direction to that of the OLED, the electric current controls the output light intensity of the OLED. A theoretic simulation was carried out and compared with experimental results.
A High Luminous Efficiency V‐Shaped Electrode Structure with a High Xe Ratio Gas
Authors: Shin K. J. , Ryu J. H. , Park M. H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe simulation results of the V‐shaped sustain electrode structure, with high Xe ratio discharge gas, showed higher luminous efficiency and higher brightness than those of the conventional coplanar electrode structure. In the results of simulation, the discharge voltage of V‐shaped sustain electrode structure was lower by 20 volt and the luminous efficiency is 2.1 times higher and the brightness is about 5 times larger than that of conventional coplanar electrode structure.
Improving Colour Purity and Device Efficiency in Molecular Lanthanide TFEL Devices
Authors: Christou Victor , Salata Oleg V. , Ly Tuan Q. , Capecchi Simone , Renault Olivier , Etchells Mark 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOrganic EL devices with excellent red CIE colour coordinates, based upon the new lanthanide EL material Eu[Ph2P(O)NP(O)Ph2]3(Eupip3) are described. Several device structures are reported and the effects of charge transport layers on device structure critically assessed. Improved device performance from an unencapsulated device using an aluminum cathode is achieved in a three layer structure with TPD and TAZ as the charge transport layers. This device has an efficiency of 0.02 % at 20 cd/m2 at 25 V and 1 mA/cm2.
Multi‐Layer Stacked Electroluminescent Devices
Authors: Park W. , Jones T. C. , Wagner B. K. , Summers C. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA new device concept, the multi‐layer stacked electroluminescent device, is presented, which consists of a stack of double‐insulating‐layer electroluminescent devices, alternately biased in opposite directions. The unique design allows independent control of drive voltage and total phosphor thickness. The luminance enhancement was predicted by equivalent circuit analysis and demonstrated by prototype devices.
Polymer‐Dispersed Smectic a Liquid Crystals for Optical Device Application
Authors: Mitrokhin M. V. , Aristov V. L. , Sevostyanov V. P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOptical properties of liquid crystal (LC) composites in the electric field are investigated. Peculiarities of field controlled light scattering in “LC of smectic A mesophase — polymer” dispersed system are discussed. Obtained results may be used for the design both of flexible light modulators and optical shutters with controlled light eye protection.
4P‐54: A Reflective TFT‐LCD Using Twist PDLC Mode
Authors: Hiraki H. , Ueki S. , Mitui S. , Higashigaki Y. , Matsuura M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA novel scattering display mode was designed to implement the reflective color LCD with high brightness and high contrast. A twisted PDLC device with a single polarizer was found to show the brightness of <30% and the contrast of <20 at the limited viewing angles.
36.4: An Adaptive Brightness Control for AR Display
Authors: Sugihara T. , Miyasato T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a novel video‐overlay method for an Augmented Reality (AR) display device in order to make more legible images. The basic idea of our proposed method is the adaptive brightness control of two mixed images, one virtual and one real. A distinct brightness difference is made between the real‐world and the virtual‐world images by a control mechanism. We also describe a newly‐developed video‐mixing system for this purpose.
37.2: Development of a 4‐in. High‐Luminance Field‐Emission Display
Authors: Wang W.‐C. , Sheu C.‐Y. , Tsai C.‐H. , Fran Y.‐S. , Hseu L.‐K. , Jean R.‐E 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA 4‐inch, 180×60 pixels, high luminance (>1000 nits), high luminance efficiency (>7.5 lm/W), multi‐color field‐emission display (FED) was reported for applications requiring high brightness. The technical development, including design and fabrication of the anode plate, the emitter plate with low parasitic capacitance, and package processes of vacuum sealing were also described.
Reflective Single‐Polarizer Bistable Nematic Liquid Crystal Display with Optimum Twist
Authors: Kim Young Jin , Zhuang Zhizhong , Patel Jay S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA single polarizer reflective liquid crystal display in a bistable twisted nematic configuration is proposed and experimentally reported. In the two bistable states, the twist angles are 63.6° and 423.6° which produce the dark and bright states, respectively. Numerical optimization of the polarization states is performed by using Mueller matrix of the cell studied. Our results show that high contrast display is possible using this configuration without any use of an optical compensation film.
41.3: CCD‐Based Characterization of Granularity in CRT Phosphor Screens
Authors: Waite M. S. , Brass C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPhosphor screen granularity has been characterised using a 12 bit cooled CCD camera to acquire images from a flat field raster. Autocorrelation functions and noise power spectra were obtained by FFT analysis of the image datasets. Correlations with perceived or subjective “grain” and the effects of variable e‐beam spot size on the noise are discussed with specific application to film scanning CRTs.
Measurement of Ringing in CRT Deflection Yokes
Authors: Harberts D. W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA new Optical Frequency Response measurement method is presented to analyse ringing of deflection yokes and their interaction with the drive circuitry. Ringing is caused by high‐frequency electromagnetical oscillations. Various oscillation modes are identified and related to circuitry design. Experimental results show how the oscillations change in interaction with the drive circuit.
Photopolymer Materials to Improve LCD Image Quality
Authors: Clabburn R. J. T. , Fairhurst A. M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNon‐birefringent photopolymer materials incorporated into Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) assemblies can improve performance characteristics such as angle of view (AOV), definition, and brightness. Such improvements can be made both to displays that incorporate permanent backlights, and also to those that rely in part on ambient lighting. This paper describes the optical characteristics of some non‐birefringent photopolymer materials, their incorporation into displays, and the consequent improvement in display performance.
School District Resources and Identification of Children With Autistic Disorder
Authors: Palmer Raymond F. , Blanchard Stephen , Jean Carlos R. , Mandell David S. 
Published: January 2005

Objectives. We estimated the effect of community and school district resources on the identification of children with autistic disorder. Methods. Latent growth curve regression models were applied to school district–level data from one large state. Results. The rate of identification of autistic disorder increased on average by 1.0 child per 10000 per year (P<.001), with statistically significant district variation. After adjustment for district and community characteristics, each increase in decile of school revenue was associated with an increase of 0.16 per 10000 children identified with autistic disorder. The proportion of economically disadvantaged children per district was inversely associated with autistic disorder cases. Conclusions. District revenue was associated with higher proportions of children identified with autistic disorder at baseline and increasing rates of identification when measured longitudinally. Economically disadvantaged communities may need assistance to identify children with autistic spectrum disorders and other developmental delays that require attention.
Community Involvement in Developing Policies for Genetic Testing: Assessing the Interests and Experiences of Individuals Affected by Genetic Conditions
Authors: Gollust Sarah E. , Apse Kira , Fuller Barbara P. , Miller Paul Steven , Biesecker Barbara B. 
Published: January 2005

Because the introduction of genetic testing into clinical medicine and public health creates concerns for the welfare of individuals affected with genetic conditions, those individuals should have a role in policy decisions about testing. Mechanisms for promoting participation range from membership on advisory committees to community dialogues to surveys that provide evidence for supporting practice guidelines. Surveys can assess the attitudes and the experiences of members of an affected group and thus inform discussions about that community’s concerns regarding the appropriate use of a genetic test. Results of a survey of individuals affected with inherited dwarfism show how data can be used in policy and clinical-practice contexts. Future research of affected communities’ interests should be pursued so that underrepresented voices can be heard.
Health Care Expenditures Associated With Overweight and Obesity Among US Adults: Importance of Age and Race
Authors: Wee Christina C. , Phillips Russell S. , Legedza Anna T. R. , Davis Roger B. , Soukup Jane R. , Colditz Graham A. , Hamel Mary Beth 
Published: January 2005

Objectives. We estimated health care expenditures associated with overweight and obesity and examined the influence of age, race, and gender. Methods. Using 1998 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data, we employed 2-stage modeling to estimate annual health care expenditures associated with high body mass index (BMI) and examine interactions between demographic factors and BMI. Results. Overall, the mean per capita annual health care expenditure (converted to December 2003 dollars) was $3338 before adjustment. While the adjusted expenditure was $2127 (90% confidence interval [CI]=$1927, $2362) for a typical normal-weight White woman aged 35 to 44 years, expenditures were $2358 (90% CI=$2128, $2604) for women with BMIs of 25 to 29.9 kg/m 2 , $2873 (90% CI=$2530, $3236) for women with BMIs of 30 to 34.9 kg/m 2 , $3058 (90% CI=$2529, $3630) for women with BMIs of 35 to 39.9 kg/m 2 , and $3506 (90% CI=$2912, $4228) for women with BMIs of 40 kg/m 2 or higher. Expenditures related to higher BMI rose dramatically among White and older adults but not among Blacks or those younger than 35 years. We found no interaction between BMI and gender. Conclusions. Health care costs associated with overweight and obesity are substantial and vary according to race and age.
Immigration Status and Health Insurance Coverage: Who Gains? Who Loses?
Authors: Prentice Julia C. , Pebley Anne R. , Sastry Narayan 
Published: January 2005

Objectives. We compared health insurance status transitions of nonimmigrants and immigrants. Methods. We used multivariate survival analysis to examine gaining and losing insurance by citizenship and legal status among adults with the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey. Results. We found significant differences by citizenship and legal status in health insurance transitions. Undocumented immigrants were less likely to gain and more likely to lose insurance compared with native-born citizens. Legal residents were less likely to gain and were slightly more likely to lose insurance compared with native-born citizens. Naturalized citizens did not differ from native-born citizens. Conclusions. Previous studies have not examined health insurance transitions by citizenship and legal status. Policies to increase coverage should consider the experiences of different immigrant groups.
Life-Course Socioeconomic Position, Area Deprivation, and Coronary Heart Disease: Findings From the British Women’s Heart and Health Study
Authors: Lawlor Debbie A. , Davey Smith George , Patel Rita , Ebrahim Shah 
Published: January 2005

Objectives. We sought to determine whether residential area deprivation, over and above the effect of life-course socioeconomic status or position (SEP), is associated with coronary heart disease. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 4286 women aged 60 to 79 years from 457 British electoral wards. Results. After adjustment for age and 10 indicators of individual life-course SEP, the odds of coronary heart disease was 27% greater among those living in wards with a deprivation score above the median compared with those living in a ward with a deprivation score equal to or below the median (odds ratio=1.27; 95% confidence interval=1.02, 1.57). Conclusions. Adverse area-level socioeconomic characteristics, over and above individual life-course SEP, are associated with increased coronary heart disease.
The Changing Role of the WORLD BANK in Global Health
Authors: Ruger Jennifer Prah 
Published: January 2005

The World Bank began operations on June 25, 1946. Although it was established to finance European reconstruction after World War II, the bank today is a considerable force in the health, nutrition, and population (HNP) sector in developing countries. Indeed, it has evolved from having virtually no presence in global health to being the world’s largest financial contributor to health-related projects, now committing more than $1 billion annually for new HNP projects. It is also one of the world’s largest supporters in the fight against HIV/AIDS, with commitments of more than $1.6 billion over the past several years. I have mapped this transformation in the World Bank’s role in global health, illustrating shifts in the bank’s mission and financial orientation, as well as the broader changes in development theory and practice. Through a deepened understanding of the complexities of development, the World Bank now regards investments in HNP programs as fundamental to its role in the global economy.
Derived demand for disaggregated cheese products imported into Japan
Authors: Christou Andreas P. , Kilmer Richard L. , Sterns James A. , Feleke Shiferaw T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe objective of this article is to estimate the derived demand for imported cheese products into Japan when cheese import data are disaggregated by specific cheese group and by source country of production. We provide empirical measures of the sensitivity of demand to changes in total imports, own‐price, and cross‐prices among exporting countries for four market segments of the cheese category. Derived demands for U.S. fresh, grated, and processed cheese products are perfectly inelastic, and it is thus suggested that competition in these segments be based upon differences in product characteristics. However, the derived demand for “other” cheese is elastic, and competition can be price driven. Hence, an advantage of this paper's approach is that disaggregating import data for a product category helps identify specific marketing strategies for market segments within the category. [EconLit citations: Q110, Q130, Q170.] © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 21: 1–16, 2005.
The effects of industry and firm resources on profitability in the food economy
Authors: Schumacher Sara , Boland Michael 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe source of the variance in profitability among firms is an important issue in the field of food and agribusiness economics. The objective of this study is to analyze firm profitability in the food economy and determine the source of variance of firm profitability. The results indicate that firm effects account for the largest variance in business‐segment performance within the food economy. Firm specific factors are less important for the vast majority of firms that are not the industry high or low performers. These results provide support that industry structure matters more for firms that are not high or low performers, which is characteristic of the majority of firms in an industry. [EconLit citations: Q130, L100.] © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 21: 97–108, 2005.
Starting salaries for agribusiness graduates from an AASCARR institution: The case of Southern Illinois University
Authors: Harris Kim , Sanders Dwight R. , Gress Shaun , Kuhns Nick 
Published: January 2005

AbstractStarting salaries for agribusiness economics graduates from a non‐land grant (AASCARR) institution, Southern Illinois University Carbondale (SIUC), are examined and compared to those documented for land grant agriculture programs. Factors such as advanced degrees, grade point average, gender, rural backgrounds, and community college transfers are found to significantly influence earnings. SIUC graduates' starting salary and its determining factors are found to be comparable to those of land grant universities. The results suggest that non‐land grant agribusiness graduates are competitive in the national labor market. Furthermore, the results are consistent with previous findings that show increasing students' grade point averages can increase marketability and starting salary. This is important information for students, their advisors, and agribusiness hiring mangers bidding for their services. [EconLit citations: J310, J430.] © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 21: 65–80, 2005.
Serotonin transporter intron 2 polymorphism associated with rigid‐compulsive behaviors in Dutch individuals with pervasive developmental disorder
Authors: Mulder Erik J. , Anderson George M. , Kema Ido P. , Brugman Astrid M. , Ketelaars Cees E.J. , de Bildt Annelies , van Lang Natasja D.J. , den Boer Johan A. , Minderaa Ruud B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo putatively functional polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter gene (HTT, SLC6A4) were examined for associations with risk for pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) and specific autism phenotypes. Dutch patients diagnosed with PDD (N = 125, age range 5–20 years, DSM‐IV‐TR based criteria, ADI‐R and ADOS behavioral assessments) and their parents (N = 230) were genotyped for promoter ins/del (5‐HTTLPR) and intron 2 variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) alleles. Using the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), no disorder‐specific preferential transmission of promoter (long and short) or intron 2 (10‐ and 12‐repeat) alleles was observed. However, multivariate analysis of continuous autism‐related behavioral measures revealed that subjects with intron 2 12/12 genotype were significantly more impaired in the rigid‐compulsive domain (P = 0.008). Quantitative TDT (QTDT) analysis also showed significant association of the intron 2 VNTR 12‐repeat allele with rigid‐compulsive behavior (P = 0.015). These results suggest that intron 2 VNTR alleles or nearby polymorphisms in linkage disequilibrium may play a role in specific aspects of the behavioral phenotype of autism. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification and characterization of human NR4A2 polymorphisms in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Smith Karen Müller , Bauer Lorri , Fischer Mariellen , Barkley Russell , Navia Bradford A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable and common disorder thought to arise, in part, from alterations in dopamine function. NR4A2, or Nurr1, is an orphan nuclear receptor implicated in the development of dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the substantia nigra (SN). Dopaminergic cells of the VTA provide innervation to the prefrontal cortex, believed to be of major importance in the etiology of ADHD, suggesting that NR4A2 is a potential candidate gene for ADHD susceptibility. This study aimed to identify polymorphisms in NR4A2 and test their association to ADHD. Database analysis revealed a CA repeat polymorphism in the 3′ UTR of NR4A2 that was confirmed by PCR. SSCP screening revealed a common ΔC polymorphism, 254 bp 5′ to the transcriptional start site. These polymorphisms were tested for an association with ADHD in both a case control study of individuals from the Milwaukee Longitudinal Study of ADHD (103 cases and 66 controls), and in 35 families composed of trios or affected sib pairs (ASP) with ADHD. Functional effects of the promoter polymorphism were tested in vitro. The non‐deleted allele was significantly more active in undifferentiated SK‐N‐MC cells compared to differentiated SK‐N‐MC and HeLa cells while a trend for increased activity for the ΔC allele was observed in undifferentiated SK‐N‐MC cells. Identification of these polymorphisms may aid future candidate gene studies in disorders with altered dopamine signaling, such as schizophrenia Parkinson's disease and ADHD. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.