bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reaching Out To The World
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amy Beach’s Second Commissioned Work was heard by an international audience at an event that climaxed the end of the century. The World’s Columbian Exposition, held in Chicago in 1893, celebrated the four hundredth anniversary of Columbus’s landfall in the New World and ushered in the American century. The commission to compose a festive piece for the dedication of the Woman’s Building at the fair was an honor that demonstrated how widespread was the reputation Beach had gained from the Mass.
“One of The Boys”
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Symphonies, Like Heroic Feats, are enacted in public. Composing a symphony means challenging the heights of art and taking a monumental risk. Beach had already taken one in the Mass in m and won. But with the Mass, she could take her cues from the text itself and from the accretion over the ages of musical treatments of that text, its divisions, its piety, pathos, and tragedy. She also drew on her skills in text setting that had been learned from her songs. A symphony, however, grows not out of words but out of musical ideas.
“A Veritable Autobiography”?: The Piano Concerto
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Last Years Of The nineteenth century, Amy Beach composed a piano con certo.1 The genre had changed since it was created by Mozart, evolving into a contentious form in which the soloist usually emerges victorious over the or chestra. Part of that evolution was the work of Liszt, whose persona as the virtuoso assoluto became the standard for those aspiring to heroic pianism. The other crucial change was the replacement of the piano’s wood frame with a steel one, creating a louder and more brilliant sound. The combination of extraordinary technique and ringing sound allowed the great pianists to dominate the orchestra, despite being one against many.
Europe And A New Life
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 5 September 1911’ Amy Beach sailed for Europe, beginning a new life on the very day she turned forty-four. After the early failed promise of study in Europe, after years of watching others leave for European study, after years of waiting for her turn, the trip was finally a reality. But instead of going to Eu rope as a student, she was going as an established composer with a national reputation-and even something of an international one. Now she must con vince European audiences, who were likely to reject Americans and women, to take her work seriously and to give it a fair hearing.
Caring
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Quite Made Over By The Joy Of returning to[creative] work after a long absence,” Beach went back to Hillsborough after her first month at the MacDow ell Colony to confront once again the sad reality of Aunt Franc’s physical de cline. Her aunt had urged her to fulfill her concert commitments; Beach, however, was reluctant to leave her. As a result, she remained in Hillsborough during the next four years, leaving only for a few short concert tours to the Midwest. For Beach, that constituted a sea-change in her performing career.
Reckonings
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beach’s Complex Life Required prodigies of organization. Every winter was spent in New York. At the end of April, she returned her piano to the Steinway Company and emptied her room of all her belongings in anticipation of giving it up for the next six months (thus saving on rent), and packed trunks to send variously to Hillsborough, the MacDowell Colony, and Centerville. Although she occasionally traveled by train, many moves were made in Ruth Shaffner’s or Lillian Buxbaum’s car-or sometimes those of others-all of which had to be arranged in advance. The early part of May she spent in a hotel in Boston seeing doctors and dentists, her investment advisers, her cousin Mabel Pierce who made and repaired her clothes, and her friends the Buxbaums, Amy Brigham, cousin Helen Gifford, and others. The Boston connection was important to her and Boston did not forget her either.
Love’s Knowledge
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Franςise brings him the news: “Mademoiselle Albertine has gone.” Only a moment before, he believed with confidence that he did not love her any longer. Now the news of her departure brings a reaction so powerful, an anguish so overwhelming, that this view of his condition simply vanishes, Marcel knows, and knows with certainty, without the least room for doubt, that he loves Albertine.
Transcending Humanity
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Odysseus tells Calypso, once again, that he is determined to leave her. Once again, she offers him a bargain that no human being, it seems, could refuse. Stay with me on this island, she says, and you will avoid all the troubles that await you. And best of all, living here, “in calm possession of this domain,” you will be “beyond the reach of death,” both immortal and ageless. The love Calypso offers and has offered is, itself, endless and ageless: no fatigue, no mourning, no cessation of calm pleasure. Odysseus replies, undeflected, choosing death: In this remarkable speech we see two elements of widely shared human belief, uneasily conjoined in Odysseus’ account of his own thinking, as they are in what he implies about popular thought more generally.
Quantification of In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry
Authors: Chesselet Marie-Francoise , Weiss-Wunder Linda T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The measurement of mRNA levels in tissue homogenates has revealed that marked differences in the level of expression of specific mRNAs can occur not only during development, but also in response to a large variety of experimental manipulations. Quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry offers the opportunity to measure these changes with a much greater degree of anatomical resolution. Film autoradiography can resolve defined brain areas and even sub regions within these brain areas. Emulsion autoradiography allows for quantification of relative levels of mRNAs in individual cells. This is particularly useful when the number of labeled cells is very small, as during development or for a subpopulation of cells within a given structure (Salin et al., 1990). It is also extremely valuable when the same mRNA is expressed by intermingled cell populations that can be distinguished on the basis of their morphology or level of expression for the mRNA (Soghomonian et al., 1992; Weiss-Wunder and Chesselet, 1991).
Comparing the Danish and Swedish Systems of Innovation
Authors: Edquist Charles , Lundvall Bengt-Åke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Similarities And Differences Between Denmark And Sweden Most comparative work on national systems supporting technical change has focused on the differences between the United States and Japan. Such comparisons may be very useful as first approximations; they demonstrate, lucidly, how differences in national economic structures and institutional setups are reflected in differences in the rate and direction of technical change. In this chapter Sweden and Denmark, i.e., countries that are much more similar, are compared.
James Weldon Johnson on Anglo-Saxon Superiority
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is the Negro dangerous to white culture and to the white race? Is it true that “Anglo-Saxon culture” is threatened by aliens? Is it true that “Anglo-Saxons” are the only group fit for leadership, cultural and political, in America? Yes, seems to be the answer to these questions by the “Anglo-Saxon Clubs” of which Mr. John Powell of Virginia wrote in the World of December 2. To the specific questions raised by Mr. Powell and the “Anglo-Saxon Clubs,” I am glad, in response to the request of the Editor of the World, to make reply, as Secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, as a Negro and, primarily, as an American. The attitude exemplified by Mr. Powell is a common one. At its extreme it results in the Ku Klux Klan and its alleged protection of Anglo-Saxondom. At its mildest it issues in such a program as the one Mr. Powell outlines, maintaining virtually the same creed as the Klan, minus the violence. This attitude is grounded on assumptions about what makes an American, what is dangerous to an American, what American culture is and who created it.
Lynching-America’s National Disgrace
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The standard book on lynching, J. E. Cutler’s “Lynch-Law,” speaks of it as “a criminal practice which is peculiar to the United States.” This definition was true when Cutler’s book was published, not quite twenty years ago, and it still is true. The origin of the term is doubtful. To various Colonels and civilians named Lynch is ascribed the doubtful honor of establishing this form of crime in our country, in Revolutionary times, when the absence of courts of justice in country districts and the turmoil of American political upheaval caused men to band together for the maintenance of order, or for purposes of vengeance. Something not far from lynching occurred during the early wars with the Indians on the American Continent, and it may be said that this form of mob action is truly characteristic of uncivilized communities. Where society is still in the frontier stage, the settlement of disputes is left to individuals or groups of individuals. Thus in early days the bands of “regulators” notified undesirable characters to leave the community, prosecuted horse thieves and, in Revolutionary days especially, flogged Tories and tarred and feathered “informers,” viz., persons accused of reporting American smuggling to the British authorities.
A Negro Looks at Politics
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was once asked if the Negro in the South had accomplished anything in politics. I answered that he had at least furnished the South with its chief political issue. The fact is that he himself is that chief political issue. Southern statesmen may make a pretense of talking national and world politics, but it is only a pretense, for the thoughts and actions of every politician in the Southern States are inexorably limited, circumscribed, interdicted, shackled, handcuffed and muzzled by the omnipresent Negro question.
More than Murder
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the chief difficulties in the way of passing a federal anti-lynching law is the attitude of many members of Congress on the constitutionality of such a measure. These Congressmen either hold or hide behind the opinion that lynching is murder and, therefore, the Federal Government has no more constitutional right to step into a state and punish lynching than it has to do likewise and punish murder.
Communism and the Negro
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The launching of the New Deal was followed by high hopes for a new day and these high hopes were based on a new faith of the American people, faith in the ability of the brain trust by means of mathematical formulae and with mathematical formulae and with mathematical certainty, quickly to exit the depression and bring in an era of prosperity of a new kind. It appears that the country is gradually rising out of the depression. But it also appears that there is an increasing realization that economic formulas do not work out infallibly when applied to human affairs. And this means that the United States is discovering what certain European countries learned some time ago that economics is an important branch of learning but is not an exact science. Contrary to the rather widespread notion, there are no laws in the realm of economics that are fixed and inevitable as are, say, the laws of physics or chemistry. The chemist knows that a combination of certain chemical elements in certain proportions will produce a certain reaction, and he will wager his life on the result, wager that he will get the same reaction not only once but every time the experiment is made. When an economist is confronted with a combination of human elements he is subjected to definite limitations in predicting what the reaction will be; even when he has as a precedent what looks like an identical combination. The plain reason is that in these combinations of human elements the variable and unknown quantities are next to infinite and defy the fomulation of laws that will positively govern or foretell the course of affairs.
Why Latin-America Dislikes the United States
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several years ago the writer was in one of the Latin-American capitals while the first blow struck against Spain for national independence was being celebrated. After a torchlight procession speeches were made in the plaza to an immense crowd. There were the usual rhetorical allusions to the dead heroes and their struggle for freedom, but the crowd was not stirred to its greatest outburst of approval until one of the speakers made some remarks antagonistic to the United States. This incident occurred in a country which did not then have and never had had any serious national grievance against this country. I was not very much surprised, for it is common knowledge among Americans who have lived for any length of time in the countries of Central or South America that there exists among the natives there a smouldering dislike for the United States, which upon the slightest sort of provocation is likely to flare up and show itself. These Americans also know that, despite official protestations of friendship, the United States stands lower in the affections of the Latin-American people than Spain, France, Italy, Germany or England. This feeling of special dislike is curious when it is considered that the attitude of the United States has always been that of friend and protector, and that the independence, the very entity of these southern republics, has depended upon that attitude. On the other hand, various ones of these same republics have been threatened and coerced and even have had ports bombarded by European powers.
Negro Authors and White Publishers
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Negro writers, like all writing folks, have many things to complain about. Writers have always felt and many of them have plainly said that the world did not fully appreciate their work. This attitude has seldom been justified. The great or good writers who have not been acknowledged as such by the generation in which they lived are rare. And where such acknowledgement has not been accorded by the generations which touched an author’s life, posterity has hardly ever revoked the unfavorable judgment. Nevertheless, writers have many good reasons for complaining; for their lot is a hard one. And it may be that Negro writers have some special good reasons for complaining; I am not sure that at the present time this is so. However that may be, there is one complaint that some younger Negro writers are uttering with greater and greater insistence which I do not think is based on the facts and which reacts to the injury of the writers uttering it. This complaint is: that the leading white publishers have set a standard which Negro writers must conform to or go unpublished; that the standard calls only for books depicting the Negro in a manner which tends to degrade him in the eyes of the world; that only books about the so-called lower types of Negroes and lower phases of Negro life find consideration and acceptance.
Mary Shelley’s Sympathy and Irony: The Editor and Her Corpus
Authors: Favret Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1838, Mary Shelley wrote to publisher Edward Moxon to arrange payment and negotiate copy rights for the forthcoming edition of Percy Shelley’s Poetical Works. Her letter emphasizes the difficult task of editing and her crucial involvement in the production. Indeed, Mary Shelley had taken on a formidable project. Not only does she piece together and transcribe Percy’s poetry, which she calls, elsewhere, “so confused a mass, interlined and broken into fragments,” that “the wonder would be how any eyes or patience were capable of extracting [a volume]” from these scattered remains. This chore she had begun earlier, with the rather flawed collection of Percy’s Posthumous Poems (1824). But the 1839 edition is considerably more ambitious. In addition to the poems themselves, Mary Shelley presents nearly fifty pages of commentary upon the poems, in many cases providing the first published critical assessment of Percy’s works. Most significantly, she “animates” this body of work. The woman who wrote Frankenstein now constructs a life that holds together these scattered pieces; these “component parts [are] … endued with vital warmth.” She circumvents Sir Timothy Shelley’s prohibiton against a biography of his son by inserting instead “the history of those productions, as they sprang, living and warm, from [the poet’s] heart and brain” (Notes, iii). She gives the poems a story.
Beatrice in Valperga: A New Cassandra
Authors: O’Sullivan Barbara Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With these words, Beatrice of Ferrara, a heroine in Mary Shelley’s second novel, utters a blasphemous condemnation of the Romantic celebration of the imagination.1 Written in Italy between the years 1818 and 1821, Valperga is as much a synthesis of literary derivation and creative vitaiity as Frankenstein. In it Mary Shelley turns again to the dark side of the imaginations—showing that a vivid imagination can be more a curse than a gift. The vehicle for this statement, Beatrice, is a religious prophetess who is hunted, haunted, raped, imprisoned, and deceived until she is utterly destroyed. Beatrice is an extraordinary character, whose very talents alienate her from the society in which she lives. Her isolation from normal discourse puts into question the very social strictures which discredit her. That Mary Shelley created such a complex heroine is remarkable. That she knew no way to set her heroine free is tragic.
Mary Shelley in Transit
Authors: Schor Esther H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a recent symposium, two contemporary writers give us opposing views that, taken together, suggest an ambiguity at the heart of travel writing. According to Banks, travel writing is a search for the self; “observation of the Other,” merely an occasion for exploring and mapping out the inner life. In this autobiographical mode, the voyage out, in the end, is a voyage in. For Morris, however, travel writing is a type of accurate, disinterested reportage; beneath the artfulness of accomplished journalism lurks the guidebook’s commercial usefulness. Not surprisingly, travel writing commands a dual readership, link ing ever-increasing numbers of travelers with chairbound readers seeking reassurance that in our shrinking world there are yet places difficult of access. Perhaps travel writing endures because its generic ambiguitys—one part self portrait, one part portrait of the others—allows us to be two readers-at once: active tourist and contemplative philosopher.
Inequality in Complex Situations
Authors: Temkin Larry S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 2 I considered how the simple, split-level worlds of the Sequence compare regarding inequality. In this chapter, I shall examine situations involving four groups rather than two. In doing this, I shall consider how our egalitarian judgments would be affected by simple increases or decreases in different group levels, and by various transfers between groups. Examining these more complex situations both corroborates some of our earlier results and helps safeguard us from drawing mistaken or misleading conclusions based on those results. In addition, it provides fresh insights into the nature of inequality and new slants on some of the insights already gained.
Mind—World Identity Theory and the Anti-Realist Challenge
Authors: Haldane John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most, and perhaps even all, philosophical problems have a history, and upon examination it usually turns out that the history involved is a long one. It is a familiar feature of philosophy, as contrasted with empirical studies, that often a contemporary problem can be better understood by looking at what earlier writers have had to say about it or about a related issue. In this discussion, then, I wish to offer an example of ‘philosophizing historically’ which I hope may be of interest for the light it sheds upon a little known and rarely discussed aspect of the work of Thomas Aquinas and upon a now familiar and much discussed family of theses in contemporary philosophy of language and epistemology.
Cognitivism, Naturalism, and Normativity: A Reply to Peter Railton
Authors: Wiggins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peter Railton is concerned with the normative character of moral judgements and the challenge that they present to naturalistic and/or cognitivist accounts or reconstructions of ethics. I shall begin my reply by saying a word or two about what naturalism is, then try to say something about what normativeness/ normativity amounts to in moral judgements, then touch on the difficulty that normativity may be thought to make for naturalism as such and for cognitivism as such.
What is naturalism, and what is its relation to cognitivism (which I take to be the idea that judgements of morality are susceptible of truth and knowledge)? Often Railton writes as if he thinks that naturalism in ethics coincides with cognitivism in ethics. He disjoins and conjoins the labels freely. I think myself that this is a mistake. But even if it were not a mistake it would still be a pity to proceed in this way. For our best chance of making anything stick in this area of controversy is surely to have a careful inventory of the theoretical possibilities and then refrain from foreclosing upon questions of their mutual coincidence.
Can There Be a Logic of Attitudes?
Authors: Hale Bob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Can we be non-revisionist about morals without embracing moral realism? Can we see our moral talk and thought as philosophically quite in order, but devoid of commitment to any realm of distinctively moral facts or states of affairs. One way to pursue that goal is to argue that moral utterances are not, as their surface form invites us to suppose, genuine assertions, in the market for truth, but have some other role or function, such as to express attitudes of approval and disapproval and to encourage their formation in others. The epistemological and ontological attractions1 of an expressive theory-no distinctively moral facts, and so no problem of explaining our epistemic access to such facts—are too obvious to require elaboration. Its advantage over naturalism-the reductionist option here—and crude subjectivism (construing moral utterances as self-ascriptions of pro- or con-attitudes) may seem scarcely less so; where each of these positions has trouble making room for moral disagreement, the expressive theorist locates it in clashes of attitude. The general approach is familiar enough, but has never won widespread acceptance. Lately, however, it has received a fresh lease oflife as one component in the programme Simon Blackburn has labelled quasi-realism.2 Briefly and somewhat pro visionally, the q-realist sees us, when we moralize, as engaged in a projection of natural features of ourselves on to the world. We talk as if there were moral facts and falsehoods—we make free use of evaluative predicates, we embed sentences formed with them in contexts which seem to call for completion by items capable of truth-value, etc. Q-realism seeks to rehabilitate an expressive theory of such talk, whilst at the same time, and in contrast with error theories, aiming to make out that our continued employment of truth-idioms is perfectly respectable, and need not be seen as in any sort of tension with its projective origin.