bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Do We Now Know about Fertility Transition?
Authors: Caldwell John C , Caldwell Pat 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The fertility transition has a claim to be the most important happening of our time. It has changed the nature of the family and the relationships between old and young as well as guaranteeing that the advances against mortality can be maintained. It has altered whole societies. We have found that research in this area can be fulfilling over a lifetime. Research on the origins and nature of this phenomenon are of profound intellectual interest. But much of the recent research has been funded with more practical aims, such as the guiding of policies and programmes. This might be a fitting time to examine whether fundamental research in this area has given us the truth about ourselves, and also whether it has given adequate guidance for efficient programmes. We wish to concentrate on five themes about areas where we believe there are problems of interpretation.
The Proper Role of Culture in Demographic Explanation
Authors: Kertzer David I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The problem of culture—lamented by some demographers, championed by others, and until recently ignored by most—just will not go away. The issue of culture goes to the heart of the explanatory problems faced in demographic research. Indeed, the demographer’s quandary can serve as a model of the problem faced by all who attempt to explain social behaviour.
Underinvestment in Children: A Reorganization of the Evidence on the Determinants of Child Mortality
Authors: Basu Alaka Malwade 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The pace of the mortality transition in much of the contemporary developing world will be determined by the pace of improvements in child survival. Not only are levels of child mortality relative to adult mortality high in comparison with historical populations with similar life expectancies at birth, they are also affected by a much more complex set of factors than the traditional influences on adult survival. In particular, research seems to suggest that reductions in child mortality require strong will as much as material resources.
Poverty and AlDS The Vicious Circle
Authors: Basu Alaka Malwade 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The connection between poverty and HIV/AIDS is not, at first sight, as obvious as that between poverty and poor health in general. When the epidemic first hit the world, it seemed to be the case that the better-off groups in a population were more susceptible to getting the infection. In the industrialized world, for example, it was perceived as an illness of the rich and famous, as a number of individuals from the world of the arts and entertainment succumbed to it. In other regions, too, a similar pattern prevailed-the better-off seemed also better able to afford the lifestyle that first seemed to be the chief transmitter of the infection. For instance, among 5,900 male employees of a textile factory in Zaire, the seroprevalence rate rose with the status of the job from 2.8 per cent among workers to 4.5 per cent among foremen and 5.3 per cent among executives (Ainsworth and Over 1994).
Reconstructing Society: Liang Shuming and the Rural Reconstruction Movement in Shandong
Authors: Thøgersen Stig 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Rural Reconstruction Movement (RRM) initiated by Liang Shuming stands out as an ambitious and visionary alternative to more bureaucratic government-sponsored modernization drives, as well as to the Communist revolutionary mode) for social change. The RRM and its work in Zouping county, Shandong province, between 1931 and 1937 was just one expression of the growing attention paid to the villages by Chinese reformers and revolutionaries from the later half of the l920s. What makes Liang’s experiments particularly relevant for the discussion of the relationship between state and society in the modern transformation of China, however, is his firm belief in the potentials of rural society, and his articulate aversion to state intervention and coercive measures. Liang conceived of the drama of modernization and rural reconstruction as a triangular relationship between village communities. intellectuals, and the state. His aim was to reconstruct rural society through the establishment of village schools (cunxue) which should play the double role of administrative organs and community centres. The state should only accept and assist this process, not dominate it, while the intellectuals should contribute with new ideas and knowledge. The implementation of these ideas in Zouping was no unqualified success, however, and even before the Japanese invaded the area in 1937 Liang was forced to admit that village China resisted this remodelling more than he had imagined.
Ghana’s Management of a Temporary Windfall: The Cocoa Boom of 1976-77
Authors: Wetzel Deborah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The production and export of cocoa has been an integral part of the Ghanaian economy since the turn of the century. Until recently cocoa production accounted for about 10% of GDP and 60% of exports. The government has also relied on the cocoa export tax as a major source of revenue. With the exception of the early 1980s and very recent years, it has provided between 25% and 40% of total government revenues annually. For many years Ghana was the world’s largest producer and exporter of cocoa. During the 1970s, however, (official) cocoa production declined dramatically, despite a quadrupling of world prices from 1975 to 1977. During this period, the economy entered a downward economic spiral from which it did not begil, to recover until the mid-1980s.
The Diamond Boom, Expectations and Economic Management in Botswana
Authors: Hill Catharine , Knight John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Botswana has acquired a mineral economy over the last two decades. Mining and quarrying account for over half of GDP, and diamond exports for over two-thirds of total exports. Mineral revenues of one sort or another make up more than two-thirds of government recurrent revenue. Botswana is now the highest value producer of diamonds in the world. But diamonds are potentially a risky, uncertain commodity, and so this heavy dependence on diamonds poses macroeconomic management problems.
Cameroon
Authors: Shanta Devaraj 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During its first two decades of independence, Cameroon had the reputation of being a conservatively managed and moderately successful economy. Per capita income grew steadily at an annual rate of over 4%. The country avoided both high inflation and fiscal and current account deficits. The discovery of oil in 1975, and its production starting in 1978, stood to alter this pattern of development. On the one hand, the windfall oil revenues, if invested wisely, had the potential to propel the economy onto a more rapid growth path. On the other hand, if the experience of other oil exporters is a guide, these revenues could have turned out to be a mixed blessing, leaving the economy mired in debt and inflation and ill-prepared for the post-oil era.
Does the Labour Market Explain Lower Female Schooling? Evidence from Three African Countries
Authors: Appleton Simon , Hoddinott John , Krishnan, Pramila , Max Kerry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Human capital formation is rece1vmg increasing attention from both policy-makers and academics interested in promoting economic development. Models of endogenous growth stress the importance of investment in knowledge, including basic education and training, as critical factors in the expansion of GDP. Proponents of basic needs and capability approaches have long argued that education should form a principal component of development strategy. Many authors have stressed that investments in the education of women lead to better child health, lower fertility and reduced maternal mortality. Consequently, attention is increasingly focused on the means of achieving higher levels of human capital formation.
Keynes On Population
Authors: Toye John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The topic of population is treated only lightly in the major modern biographies of John Maynard Keynes, yet Keynes himself had strong - if varying - views on the subject. For many years he maintained a neo-Malthusian view of population, based on a postulated link between population growth and deteriorating terms of trade. This led him to take up a militant stance towards 'overpopulated' countries, notably India, China, and Egypt. Keynes on Population publishes two of John Maynard Keynes's manuscripts not published in the Collected Writings: his Cambridge lectures on population and 1914 Oxford lecture on 'Population'. It provides a detailed commentary on the text of 'Population' and discusses the extent of Keynes's engagement with the Social Darwinist doctrine of the 'rapid multiplication of the unfit' and with eugenics. It then traces the subsequent vicissitudes of his views on population and his interventions in the contemporary politics of population. These include his part in the 1920s campaign for birth control, the reversal of his neo-Malthusianism, and his eventual support for family allowances.
Introduction
Authors: Toye John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a book, one more book in the great torrent of books, about John Maynard Keynes, the world-famous economist and one of the most talented people of his generation. J. M. Keynes was born in Cambridge in 1883, the eldest child of John Neville Keynes, a Cambridge University Lecturer in economics and, later, its senior administrative officer, and his wife, Florence Ada Keynes, who herself became in middle life the Mayor of Cambridge. He was educated first at preparatory school in Cambridge and then at England’s most famous public school, Eton College, where he did well and was a popular pupil. In 1902, he entered King’s College, Cambridge as an undergraduate. He read Mathematics and took a first-class degree in 1905, although without being at the top of the list.
Introduction
Authors: Boeri Tito 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The economics of transition is no longer the topic. The transformation of formerly planned economies into market economies is a much less fashionable area of operation for ‘research commuters’ than it was just a few years ago. Some of the ‘gods’ (an expression used at the Ukrainian Ministry of Finance the day before a famous Western economist landed in Kiev), flying in daily to dispense policy advice to the new governments of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet republics, have since long abandoned the region. There are far fewer articles in the newspapers devoted to the issue, and fewer large conferences organized around the world with big names on the agendas. This is, no doubt, an ideal scenario to carry out serious research on transition.
Safety Nets, Earnings Inequalities and Reallocation
Authors: Boeri Tito 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter shed some light on the factors leading to the stagnancy of transitional unemployment, on the failure of the policy experiments carried out with the reforms of non-employment benefits, and hence on the appropriate timing of these reforms. An attempt was made to develop some theory framing (and possibly explaining) the time-series properties of job reallocation in each country under consideration, as well as the evolving borderline between unemployment and inactivity.
Theory and Reality in Asia and the Pacific
Authors: Massey Douglas S , Arango Joaquín , Hugo Graeme , Kouaouci Ali , Pellegrino Adela , Taylor J Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over the past two decades geographic mobility within the Asia Pacific region has grown dramatically and the outlines of a new system of international migration have emerged, one that is quite different from the systems prevailing in North America, Western Europe, and the Persian Gulf. Perhaps the most salient feature of the system is its newness. The Asia Pacific system only assumed form during the 1980s, and its structure is still very much evolving. Our description is thus tentative and subject to likely modification by rapidly changing social, economic, and demographic circumstances throughout the region.
Fatherhood In East And West Germany: Results Of The German Family And Fertility Survey
Authors: Pohl Katharina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper focuses on the aftermath of an event that captured the world’s attention for several months, beginning in November 1989. The Berlin Wall, built in August 1961, was suddenly opened for the first time in 28 years, and thousands of East Germans made ready, almost overnight, to leave their country and enter West Germany. Such an east-west exodus, of course, never actually came to pass, but what did occur were profound political, economic, and social changes, from the highest level of society down to the smallest demographic unit: changes that are continuing to unfold in the transition to a unified Germany. Among these changes are those involving family formation and reproduction.
Costa Rica: Mismanagement of the Coffee Boom
Authors: Gonzalez-Vega Claudio 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Costa Rica is a small economy. With a population of 3.2 million people, per capita GDP of US$2,050, and total GDP of about US$6.5 billion, by the early 1990s the country’s domestic market was still comparatively insignificant. Given a narrow resource base and a limiting domestic market, Costa Rica always perceived that trade must act as the economy’s engine of growth. Indeed, much of the impulse for growth during this century was provided by exports of agricultural commodities. The development for export of coffee, bananas, cacao, sugar, and beef raised the levels of domestic output and income, increased the country’s capacity to import, and yielded dynamic benefits from specialisation and competition.
Thailand: Trade Shocks and Domestic Responses
Authors: Warr Peter G , Chaiyindeepum Soonthorn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Like most developing countries, Thailand has experienced its share of internally and externally induced economic and political shocks. The internal shocks have included domestic political turmoil through out most of the past sixty years. Authoritarian military governments alternated with brief periods of democracy or semi-democracy, all combined with repeated coups, attempted coups, threatened coups, and general political unrest. The paradox is the stability of Thailand’s economic policies and performance despite its apparent political instability.
Women, Poverty, and Demographic Change: Some Possible Interrelationships over Time and Space
Authors: Basu Alaka Malwade 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter originally had a slightly different sub-title from the current one. This earlier sub-title was ‘Some Interrelationships over Time and Space’ and it was chosen to emphasize that this was going to be a general essay on a vast canvas; that is, it would not be a nit-picking description of the situation in one particular study situation. But as work on the chapter progressed, the sub-title took on an entirely new meaning. I discovered as I went through the literature that one cannot really talk about the interrelationships between poverty, the situation of women, and demographic change at any real level of generalization—one must always specify the study situation one is referring to in terms of both space and time. That is, not only do the nature of the interrelationships vary with the physical location of the characters involved, these interrelationships are also in a highly dynamic state of flux and can change, sometimes drastically, over time.
Daughters and Wives: Marital Status, Poverty, and Young Women’s Employment in Sri Lanka
Authors: Malhotra Anju , DeGraff Deborah S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Women’s labour force activity is regarded as one of the most important factors defining women’s lives: it influences not only their economic role, but also their power in the household, their fertility levels, and the nutrition and welfare of their families (Acharya and Bennett 1983; Bruce and Dwyer 1988; Desai and Jain 1994). Research on developing societies in the last two decades has highlighted the complexity in the patterns and determinants of female labour force participation (Blumberg 1991; King and Evenson 1983; Leslie and Paolisso 1989; Popkin 1983; Youssef 1976). A much-emphasized theme emerging from these works is that differences in socio-economic class, familial responsibilities, and labour force settings must be taken into account in examining which women work for pay and why.
Aims and Structure of the Book
Authors: Auty Richard M , Mikesell Raymond E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How do we justify another contribution to the prodigious literature on sustainable development? First, the mineral economies comprise around one-fifth of the developing countries and they face special problems in achieving sustainable development and they have as a whole been less successful than resource-poor countries. Second, there is a need for a better understanding of the problems faced by the mineral economies as a basis for policy decisions required to overcome them. The term ‘sustainable development’ is often used ambiguously to identify a particular social, economic, or ideological objective. We shall refrain from presenting yet another general concept of sustainable development (for the diversity of approaches compare, for example, Atkinson et al. (1997), Nordhaus (1992), Norgaard (1994), and WRI (1992) ), but use an interpretation that reflects the principal concern of this study, which is: How can a country’s mineral resources best be employed for achieving and maintaining the maximum rate of economic growth consistent with the country’s social objectives? The degree to which this objective is realized becomes our general measure of sustainability.
Introduction
Authors: Harrison Henrietta 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What does it mean to be Chinese? It is a paradox worth considering that much of what outsiders tend to think of as definitively ‘Chinese’ has been rejected by a great many Chinese people over the course of the twentieth century. The imperial system, the worship of Confucius, the braiding of the hair into a long plait or queue, the wearing of the long gown, the binding of women’s feet, the celebration of the lunar New Year, and traditional marriage and death rituals are all practices which have during the last two centuries been considered by outsiders to be distinctive markers of the Chinese people.
The Republican Citizen
Authors: Harrison Henrietta 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Sun Yatsen formally adopted the solar calendar in January 1912 it was an action that had the potential to affect the daily lives of the entire population. Over the years the Republic came to affect not only people’s perception of time, but also the clothes they wore, the way they greeted friends, even the way they moved and stood. From being conscious choices of the moment of revolution these were soon being inculcated in schoolchildren.
Sun Yatsen’s Burial and the Limits of Citizenship
Authors: Harrison Henrietta 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As dawn broke on I June 1929 Sun Yatsen’s embalmed body, shrunken and a shade darker than he had been in life, lay in state in the central headquarters of the Nationalist Party in the new capital, Nanjing. As the sun rose over the Purple Mountains the boom of guns announced to the thousands who had been for hours assembling on the newly built Zhongshan Road that the last rites of the leader had begun.
Financial Markets
Authors: Willer Dirk 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the features of the centrally planned economies was the conspicuous absence of (legal) financial markets. There were neither markets for foreign exchange nor for debt or equity. While the optimal timing of the introduction and liberalization of such markets is controversial, it is nearly universally accepted that the final outcome of the reform project had to provide for such markets. Consequently, one of the first steps of the Russian reformers was to create (or rather allow the creation of) financial markets. These markets have developed rapidly and were of constantly increasing sophistication up to the crash in August 1998. Since the domestic government debt market turned out to be the crucial link that translated worldwide emerging market pressures to Russia and caused the collapse, the authorities reacted to the crash by re-introducing controls over these markets, stopping the earlier process of increasing liberalization dead in its tracks. As the crash also led to significant changes in government, the strategy towards the creation of financial markets changed.
The Labour Market
Authors: Commander Simon , Tolstopiatenko Andrei 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A distinguishing feature of the transition in cast and central Europe (ECE) and Russia by comparison with the former Soviet Union (FSU) has been the behaviour of the labour market, especially unemployment. The contrast is particularly pronounced when using registrations data. Seven and more years into their respective transitions, unemployment in ECE averaged over 10 per cent of the labour force as against under 3 per cent in Russia. Part of this discrepancy is rightly attributed to measurement error. Some official estimates of unemployment based supposedly on labour force survey data suggest a far smaller gap; unemployment in Russia, for example, exceeded 11 per cent at cnd-1998, rather than the 2.5 per cent rate shown by registrations data. However, the first is more an estimate than a robust measure and even if correct, given the size of shocks to output and the speed at which privatization was carried out, Russian unemployment still remains low relative to east and central Europe (ECE), as can be observed in Figure 11.1.
The Reform of Agriculture
Authors: Leonard Carol Scott , Serova Eugenia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Russian agriculture made only limited progress towards the market economy in the 1990s. Roughly 1,000 farm enterprises out of 26,900 were restructured.1 Most farm managers were more concerned with state orders and volume of production rather than with economic efficiency and profits, a management style which was characterized by analysts as post-Communist ‘survival’ behaviour (Dolgopiatova and Evseeva Boeva 1995; Leonard 1996). ‘Survival’ strategies included the retention of labour, reliance on subsidies and debt write-offs, and long-term contracting. Lack of government effort to eliminate this ‘survival’ behaviour by deep restructuring was the main policy failure of the transition reform of agriculture in Russia.
Challenging the Liberal Nation State? Postnationalism, Multiculturalism, and the Collective Claims-making of Migrants and Ethnic Minorities in Britain and Germany*
Authors: Koopmans Ruud , Statham Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If we are to believe the current communisopinio in political philosophy and sociology, the liberal nation-state as we know it is rapidly becoming endangered. While not yet extinct, it is at least in decline or seriously challenged. Two broad processes have been identified as driving this development (Habermas 1996). First, the nation-state’s position as the predominant unit of social organization is being eroded from the outside by the forces of globalization, and the shift of the locus of power from the national to the supra- and transnational levels. Second, the nation-state’s legitimacy, authority, and integrative capacities are being weakened from within by the increasing pluralization of modern societies.