Between but Not Within-Species Variation in the Distribution of Fitness Effects
Authors: James Jennifer , Kastally Chedly , Budde Katharina B , González-Martínez Santiago C , Milesi Pascal , Pyhäjärvi Tanja , Lascoux Martin ,   GenTree Consortium, Alizoti Paraskevi , Alía Ricardo , Ambrosio Olivier , Aravanopoulos Filippos A , von Arx Georg , Audrey Albet , Auñón Francisco , Avanzi Camilla , Avramidou Evangelia , Bagnoli Francesca , Bajc Marko , Ballesteros Eduardo , Barbas Evangelos , del Barrio José M García , Bastias Cristina C , Bastien Catherine , Beffa Giorgia , Benavides Raquel , Benoit Vanina , Bernier Frédéric , Bignalet Henri , Bodineau Guillaume , Bouic Damien , Brodbeck Sabine , Brunetto William , Buchovska Jurata , Buret Corinne , Buy Melanie , Cabanillas-Saldaña Ana M , Carvalho Bárbara , Cavers Stephen , Del Caño Fernando , Cervantes Sandra , Cheval Nicolas , Climent José M , Correard Marianne , Cremer Eva , Danusevičius Darius , Dauphin Benjamin , Denou Jean-Luc , Dokhelar Bernard , Ducousso Alexis , Fady Bruno , Faivre-Rampant Patricia , Farsakoglou Anna-Maria , Fonti Patrick , Ganopoulos Ioannis , Gilg Olivier , De Girardi Nicolas , Graf René , Gray Alan , Grivet Delphine , Gugerli Felix , Hartleitner Christoph , Heer Katrin , Hollenbach Enja , Hurel Agathe , Issenhuth Bernard , Jean Florence , Jorge Véronique , Jouineau Arnaud , Kappner Jan-Philipp , Kesälahti Robert , Knutzen Florian , Kujala Sonja T , Kumpula Timo A , Kärkkäinen Katri , Labriola Mariaceleste , Lalanne Celine , Lambertz Johannes , Le-Provost Gregoire , Lejeune Vincent , Lesur-Kupin Isabelle , Levillain Joseph , Liesebach Mirko , López-Quiroga David , Malliarou Ermioni , Marchon Jérémy , Mariotte Nicolas , Mas Antonio , Matesanz Silvia , Meier Benjamin , Meischner Helge , Michotey Célia , Morganti Sandro , Myking Tor , Nievergelt Daniel , Eskild Nilsen Anne , Notivol Eduardo , Ojeda Dario I , Olsson Sanna , Opgenoorth Lars , Ostreng Geir , Pakull Birte , Perry Annika , Pinosio Sara , Piotti Andrea , Plomion Christophe , Poinot Nicolas , Pringarbe Mehdi , Puzos Luc , Raffin Annie , Ramírez-Valiente José A , Rellstab Christian , Remi Dourthe , Reutimann Oliver , Richter Sebastian , Robledo-Arnuncio Juan J , Rogier Odile , Sancho Elisabet Martínez , Savolainen Outi , Scalabrin Simone , Schneck Volker , Schueler Silvio , Scotti Ivan , Segundo Sergio San , Semerikov Vladimir , Slámová Lenka , Spanu Ilaria , Sønstebø Jørn Henrik , Thevenet Jean , Tollefsrud Mari Mette , Turion Norbert , Valladares Fernando , Vendramin Giovanni G , Villar Marc , Westergren Marjana , Westin Johan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
New mutations provide the raw material for evolution and adaptation. The distribution of fitness effects (DFE) describes the spectrum of effects of new mutations that can occur along a genome, and is, therefore, of vital interest in evolutionary biology. Recent work has uncovered striking similarities in the DFE between closely related species, prompting us to ask whether there is variation in the DFE among populations of the same species, or among species with different degrees of divergence, that is whether there is variation in the DFE at different levels of evolution. Using exome capture data from six tree species sampled across Europe we characterized the DFE for multiple species, and for each species, multiple populations, and investigated the factors potentially influencing the DFE, such as demography, population divergence, and genetic background. We find statistical support for the presence of variation in the DFE at the species level, even among relatively closely related species. However, we find very little difference at the population level, suggesting that differences in the DFE are primarily driven by deep features of species biology, and those evolutionarily recent events, such as demographic changes and local adaptation, have little impact.