bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Many Sources of Philosophic Reflection
Authors: Appiah Kwame Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Descended from two great clans—the Asante kings of (what is now) Ghana and the family of Sir Stafford Cripps—Kwame Anthony Appiah (1954–) was educated in Ghana and Cambridge. Having previously taught at Duke, Cornell, Yale and Harvard, he is presently a professor at Princeton University. Appiah has written numerous essays in the philosophy of language (Necessary Conditionals, 1985, For Truth in Semantics, 1986). Besides being a philosopher, Appiah is also an astute historian and anthropologist. Reflecting on the scope of his family— spanning Lebanon, Norway, Kenya, Thailand, Nigeria, and England—he argues against racial and cultural essentialism on the grounds that the history of marriages, trade, conquests, and migrations has thoroughly mixed and enriched races and cultures. His In My Father’s House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (1992) documents the complex varieties of African cultures and their histories. While recognizing the political utility of the rhetoric of identity, the book also analyzes its dangers. With Amy Guttman, Appiah is the author of Color Conscious: The Political Morality of Race (1996). With Henry Louis Gates Jr. he is the editor of Africana: Encyclopedia of the African and African-American Experience (1999). His novel Avenging Angel was published in 1990 and reissued in 1991.
A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought
Authors: Hansen Chad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book represents an ambitious attempt to remove the stumbling blocks that stand in the way of a dialogue between Chinese and world philosophy. Hansen’s main goal is to present a unified theory of Classical Chinese thought. What makes his attempt very different from innumerable previous efforts is that he uses Daoism, not Confucianism, as the central and unifying principle.
Sexual Selection and the Evolution of Signals
Authors: Greenfield Michael D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is nearly axiomatic that animal communication signals do not arise de novo. Wherever historical or comparative information exists and phylogenetic inferences are possible, descent and modification from some pre-existing behavior or structure, either a signal functioning in another context or manner or a simple inadvertent cue, is usually indicated (e.g., Kessel 1955). Such origins and modifications may indicate that signal evolution is an economical process. They may also serve as a reminder that signals seldom arise in vacuo but tend to form in the presence of, and in response to, a perceptual background. It is assumed that perception of an earlier signal was already well developed, and when signals descend from cues, they may usually evolve either in response to pre-existing perception of the cues or coevolve alongside it.
The Inalienable Right to Life: And Its Implications for Volutary Euthanasia
Authors: McConnell Terrance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whenever lists of putative inalienable rights are composed, the right to life usually is at the top. It was for Jefferson, and it is for most others. This chapter and the next will explore what it means to say that the right to life is inalienable and what the normative implications of such a claim are.
How Cancer Pain Undermines Health and Treatment
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To be struck with cancer, or to have a loved one afflicted with cancer, is one of the most frightening events imaginable. To endure the dehumanizing pain of cancer without relief is overwhelming. To helplessly witness that anguish in a loved one is heartbreaking. To discover later, however, that the suffering might have been prevented is perhaps the worst of all. Uppermost in the minds of many cancer victims are fears and anxiety about pain. We are now finally entering an era in which these fears may finally be put to rest. Today we are equipped with a modern arsenal of drugs and techniques capable of eradicating cancer pain in most cases. Around the country, in doctors’ offices and pain clinics, many patients are successfully being properly treated and relieved of most of the suffering from cancer and cancer treatment. Yet, tragically, many cancer patients are not appropriately treated for pain and side effects; too many people are unaware that modern approaches to treating pain are almost always successful.
Understanding How Adjuvant Drugs Relieve Pain and Suffering
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to the basic pain relievers, other medications are often prescribed to enhance patient comfort. Called adjuvant drugs or co-analgesics, these drugs are auxiliary medications, most of which were developed for conditions other than pain, but can play an important role in the relief of pain. Adjuvant simply means “helper”; these drugs may help counteract side effects of the primary pain reliever(s) or help relieve other distressing symptoms, such as nausea, constipation, or breathlessness. Adjuvant analgesics, however, actually relieve pain in their own right in specific circumstances. Unlike the opioids and anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs), which are all-purpose analgesics that relieve any type of pain to some extent, the adjuvants are mechanism-specific, meaning that they may help relieve a particular type of pain but aren’t effective for other types.
The Whore’s Story
Authors: Mudge Bradford K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This fresh and persuasively argued book examines the origins of pornography in Britain and presents a comprehensive overview of women's role in the evolution of obscene fiction. Carefully monitoring the complex interconnections between three related debates--that over the masquerade, that over the novel, and that over prostitution--Mudge contextualizes the growing literary need to separate good fiction from bad and argues that that process was of crucial importance to the emergence of a new, middle-class state. Looking closely at sermons, medical manuals, periodical essays, and political tracts as well as poetry, novels, and literary criticism, The Whore's Story tracks the shifting politics of pleasure in eighteenth-century Britain and charts the rise of modern, pornographic sensibilities.
The Feminization of the Novel
Authors: Mudg Bradford K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most we can do, with respect to those numerous novels, that issue continually from the press, is to give rather a character than an account of each. To do even this, however, we find no easy task; since we might say of them, as Pope, with less justice, says of the ladies, “Most Novels have no character at all.” —The Monthly Review, March 1759 In the crowd of Novels, which swarm in this country from a thousand circulating libraries, and which too frequently tend to debauch and deprave the tender mind, by throwing hues of false gloom or luxuriance over life, it gives us great pleasure to find, now and then, a work of moral tendency.
The Neurologic Background
Authors: Filley Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of this book brings together two terms seldom linked in the vocabulary of neuroscience. White matter has not traditionally been emphasized in behavioral neurology, and the higher functions of human beings are generally viewed as implicating the gray matter of the brain, particularly the cerebral cortex. Indeed, the assumption that the singular phenomena of human behavior predominantly re¬ quire the activities of the cortical gray matter is one of the most pervasive in all of neuroscience. Whereas there is an impressive body of evidence in support of this belief, it is worth recalling that the cerebral cortex consists of only the outermost 3 millimeters of the brain. Moreover, a wealth of clinical experience suggests that disorders affecting structures below the cortex, many of which are white matter tracts, reliably and significantly alter mental functions. Thus, the notion that men¬ tal life is exclusively represented in the cortical gray matter should be considered an oversimplification.
Vascular Diseases
Authors: Filley Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vascular disease is one of the major concerns of clinical neuroscience and medicine. Stroke continues to be the third leading cause of death in the United States, and represents an enormous source of disability from neurologic and neurobehavioral dysfunction. Many controversies persist in the area of vascular disease, but one that has captured much recent attention concerns the importance of the white matter. A lively debate in neurology has centered on the origin and significance of white matter changes that are frequently seen on the neuroimaging scans of older individuals. These findings have prompted a renewed examination of the concept of vascular dementia, which continues to undergo revision. In this chapter, a number of clinical entities in which white matter vascular disease occurs are reviewed, with particular attention to the neurobehavioral implications of these lesions.
Traumatic Disorders
Authors: Filley Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trauma to the brain can occur because of accidents, assaults, sporting contests, or intentional therapeutic maneuvers. This problem is one of the most urgent in neurology and medicine, as traumatic brain injury (TBI) from motor vehicle accidents and other events constitutes one of the most prevalent and tragic neurologic disorders. The neuropathology changes in the brain caused by trauma are complex, and understanding their clinical consequences is a formidable task. Nevertheless, the white matter of the brain is significantly damaged in TBI, and considering this category of injury from a neurobehavioral perspective is instructive.
Neuropsychiatric Syndromes
Authors: Filley Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neurobehavioral manifestations of white matter disorders are not limited to cognitive syndromes. Emotional dysfunction can also be seen, often arising earlier in the course of the disorder and in some cases proving more problematic than cognitive impairment. In this respect, white matter disorders resemble the subcortical gray matter diseases, which also feature prominent neuropsychiatric manifestations (Salloway and Cummings, 1994). The most comprehensive information on this kind of neuropsychiatric disturbance comes from study of multiple sclerosis (MS), but observations of other white matter disorders have also contributed to this topic. In this chapter, neuropsychiatric syndromes in selected white matter disorders are reviewed in view of their putative relationship to cerebral neuropathology.
Homer’s Sign and Medial Ann Numbness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 39-year-old man was involved in an automobile accident (collision with a car in front) 5 months earlier. He noted proximal left arm pain that subsided in 1 week. Several weeks later, numbness developed along the medial right forearm and hyperpathia of the fourth and fifth digits. His right hand was slowly becoming weak. His medical history revealed that some years ago he injured his right wrist, which required surgery, leaving his thumb “paralyzed.” He smoked heavily.
Radiating Foot Pain
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Four weeks prior to examination, a 35-year-old man developed low back pain that radiated to the right lateral thigh, calf, and dorsum of the foot. There was no exacerbation on Valsalva’s maneuver and no weakness or bladder symptoms. Medical history was negative. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION. Cranial nerves were normal. There was no weakness or sensory deficit. DTRs were active and symmetric. Plantar responses were flexor. There was no Lasègue’s sign.
Radiating Shoulder Pain
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 66-year-old man had recurrent neck pain radiating to the left arm for several years. Two months ago, numbness developed over the shoulder with weakness in shoulder elevation. This was not exacerbated at night or by Valsalva’s maneuver. His medical history was negative. Physical Examination. Cranial nerve and cerebellar function were normal. There was no motor or sensory deficit. DTRs were hypoactive and symmetric with no pathologic reflexes. There was no Phalen’s, Homer’s, or Tinel’s sign.
“Split” Finger Findings
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One month earlier, a 41-year-old man developed numbness of his medial finger and half of the adjacent finger on the right. He did not note any weakness. Four years earlier, he experienced neck pain radiating into both arms and numbness of the left hand. This was treated with cervical traction and subsided. Physical Examination. Slight weakness was restricted to ulnar-innervated intrinsic hand muscles. There was hyperpathia of the fifth and the medial half of the fourth digit extending to the wrist. No Homer’s or Froment’s sign was present. DTRs were hypoactive and symmetric. Plantar responses were flexor. The ulnar nerve was normal to palpation in the cubital fossa.
Foot Drop
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nine days previously, while running, an athletic 20-year-old male severely damaged his right knee in a fall. Subsequently, he developed foot drop and numbness from the lateral midcalf to the dorsum of his foot, sparing only his fifth digit. There was no back pain or effect from Valsalva’s maneuver. Medical history of sickle cell trait and low back injury several years ago.Physical Examination. Cranial nerves and cerebellar function were intact. He was unable to dorsiflex or evert the right ankle or to dorsiflex the toes. Ankle inversion was intact. Sensation was decreased over the dorsum of the foot, extending laterally to the midcalf. DTRs were active and symmetric (although the right knee jerk could not be tested). There were no pathologic responses. There was no Lasègue’s sign.
Abnormal Pinch
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patient was a 17-year-old girl who, 5 months previously, noted pain in the right volar forearm, worsened by elbow extension. One month later, she was unable to pinch small items and developed a numbness of the dorsal forearm to the first interspace. She recalled a period of increased exercise preceding this. Her medical history was negative. Physical Examination. Patient could not form a “ring sign” with her thumb and index finger. In addition, pronation weakness was detected when her elbow was in a flexed position. She had decreased sensation over the dorsum of the right first and second digits, extending almost to the wrist. DTRs were active and symmetric, with flexor plantar responses.
Caveat Again!
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For 6 years, a 73-year-old woman experienced low back pain radiating into her right leg. She denied numbness, weakness, and bladder problems. Symptoms were not increased by Valsalva’s maneuver. Medical history included insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and removal of a benign colon tumor 4 years ago. Physical Examination. Cranial nerves and cerebellar function were normal. No weakness or sensory deficit was found. DTRs were absent and plantar responses flexor. There was no Lasègue’s sign.
Foot Drop After Arthroplasty
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two years previously, the left hip of a 41-year-old woman was replaced surgically. Four days later, her cast was removed and she noted a foot drop. In addition, numbness was present over the lateral leg to the dorsum of her foot. There was no change since then. Medical history was negative except for contralateral hip pathology. Physical Examination. Weakness was evident in the left tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, and extensor digitorum brevis. There was decreased touch and pain sensation involving the anterior thigh to the dorsolateral aspect of her foot. DTRs were active and symmetric. Plantar responses were flexor. There was no Lasègue’s sign.
Tunnel and More
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Five weeks previously, a 64-year-old right-handed man developed left elbow pain extending to the medial two digits. This was accompanied by hand weakness. Paresthesias of the entire other hand dated back 3 months. He denied neck or shoulder symptoms or exacerbation by Valsalva’s maneuver. Medical history revealed severe scoliosis. Physical Examination. Focal findings were confined to the left hand-atrophy of the first dorsal interosseous and hypothenar muscles, loss of sensation over the medial two digits extending slightly proximal to the wrist. Tinel’s sign was present behind the medial humeral epicondyle. Cranial nerves and cerebellar function were intact. No Homer’s sign was apparent. DTRs were active and symmetric, and plantar responses were flexor.
Recurrent Weakness and Numbness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three years previously, a 68-year-old man experienced bilateral calf pain and weakness progressing to complete paraplegia within 24 hours. Several days later, his upper extremities became severely weak. There was no respiratory involvement. Spinal tap revealed high CSF protein with no abnormal cells. He was treated with steroids, and within 4 weeks all his motor symptoms resolved. He was left, however, with persistent distal paresthesias of hands and feet and a corset-like tightness around his ribs. Prior to that episode he had been treated with antibiotics for a respiratory infection. Several weeks before this present examination, he again received antibiotics experiencing exacerbation of his paresthesias. Medical history revealed that he had suffered a fractured right elbow at the age of 7, with subsequent anterior transportation of the ulnar nerve.
Saddle Numbness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three months previously, a 31-year-old man injured his back. Since then, he has had leg weakness, numbness of the saddle region, and the lateral aspect of his legs exacerbated on Valsalva’s maneuver. He denied bladder or sexual dysfunction. Thirteen years earlier, his lower spine was fused because of spondylolisthesis, discovered after an accident. The patient remained asymptomatic until the present episode. Physical Examination. Bilateral weakness was present in tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and gastrocnemius muscles. There was decreased sensation of the posterior thigh and perineum, with no sacral sparing. DTRs were absent, with extensor plantar responses. Roentgenograms revealed spondylolisthesis with anterior overriding of L5 over the sacrum.
Thumb Numbness and Distal Weakness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One month previously, a 49-year-old man slipped, hitting his elbow. An hour later he developed numbness of the lateral three right digits and difficulty flexing them. His symptoms were worse at night. He denied cervical pain. His medical history was negative. Physical Examination. Weakness was isolated to abduction of his right thumb and flexion of its distal phalanx. Pronation was intact. Decreased touch sensation involved the lateral three digits and tip of the fourth, extending to the wrist and including the thenar region. There was no Tinel’s or Phelan’s sign. DTRs were active and symmetric with no pathologic reflexes.
Difficulty Relaxing Grip and Ptosis
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 26-year-old woman was referred for evaluation because of a family history of neuromuscular abnormalities. Patient’s perinatal and developmental history was normal. She had no symptoms until she noted right knee weakness at the age of 15 years. She admitted to difficulty relaxing her grip, especially in cold weather. Her family history revealed that her 4-year-old son had hypotonia and delay in language and motor milestones; biopsy was interpreted as central core myopathy. A diagnosis of myopathy was recently made in her 40-year-old paternal half brother. A 34-year-old paternal half-sister (from a third marriage) had clawed hands since adolescence.
Arm Symptoms Aggravated by Valsalva
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two months previously, a 21-year-old man collided with an object during a baseball game. Since then, he complained of increasing global soreness and weakness of his left arm. Valsalva’s maneuver increased the pain. Wearing a cervical collar did not help. Medical history included the fact that 9 years earlier he had lumbar spinal fusion to treat a “cracked vertebra” caused by injury in a helicopter crash.
Cramps and Fasciculations
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 29-year-old man had a chronic history of muscle fasciculations and painful muscle contractions triggered suddenly after extreme exertion. His symptoms were exacerbated in the wintertime but were not related to meals or sleep. He denied excessive sweating, sensory abnormalities, difficulty with facial or bulbar muscles, and episodes of dark urine. Medical and family history was negative. Cramps and contractures may be identical clinically. The former is more common in neurogenic disease, whereas in myopathies they are more likely to be contractures or myotonia. True cramps occur without provocation. If they are exercise induced (in which the pain has a quasistoichiometric relation to muscle work), they are more suggestive of contractures and suggest abnormal muscle metabolism. Other features of cramps are explosive onset, occurrence in parts of one muscle, occurrence at rest (especially in a muscle in a contracted position) or after triggering movement (either minor or forceful), and relief by passive stretch.
Antecubital Shunt and Hand Weakness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patient was a 74-year-old woman with chronic renal disease and left nephrectomy. Because of the need for chronic dialysis, an arteriovenous fistula was implanted twice, more recently on the left, 1 month earlier. Subsequently, she developed left-handed weakness and distal tingling. The other extremities were normal. Her medical history included arteriosclerotic heart disease.
Weakness, Dry Mouth, Areflexia
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 69-year-old woman became progressively weaker over a 3-month period. Her symptoms fluctuated diurnally, being worse when she awoke. Although her greatest difficulty was climbing stairs, she also had difficulty raising her arms. Patient denied pain, numbness, diplopia, difficulty swallowing, bladder abnormalities, and dark urine. She noted dryness of her mouth. Medical history included vascular insufficiency of her legs and diabetes mellitus treated orally. She had been a heavy smoker for years. Physical Examination. There were no abnormalities of cranial nerve, cerebellar, or sensory function. Her weakness was diffuse and mild, with strength increasing with exertion. DTRs were absent, but after quadriceps exertion, knee jerk became obtainable. Plantar responses were flexor. Nerves were normal to palpation. There was no plantar hyperpathia and no calf tenderness.
Focal Fasciculations in a Physician
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 53-year-old physician became aware of a focus of fasciculations in his left leg. He referred himself for electrodiagnosis because of suspicion of MND. The only other symptom was a change in his left knee jerk when he crossed his leg. Past medical history revealed no related condition. Physical Examination. Cranial nerves, cerebellar, and sensory and motor function were normal. DTRs were active and symmetric with no pathologic reflexes. Occasional fasciculations occurred in muscles of his left leg.