bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A guaranteed income for Europe’s children?
Authors: Levy Horacio , Lietz Christine , Sutherland Holly 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
EUROMOD relies on micro-data from twelve different sources for 15 countries. These are the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) User Data Base made available by Eurostat; the Austrian version of the ECHP made available by the Interdisciplinary Centre for Comparative Research in the Social Sciences; the Panel Survey on Belgian Households (PSBH) made available by the University of Liège and the University of Antwerp; the Income Distribution Survey made available by Statistics Finland; the Enqueête sur les Budgets Familiaux (EBF) made available by INSEE; the public use version of the German Socio Economic Panel Study (GSOEP) made available by the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), Berlin; the Living in Ireland Survey made available by the Economic and Social Research Institute; the Survey of Household Income and Wealth (SHIW95) made available by the Bank of Italy; the Socio-Economic Panel for Luxembourg (PSELL-2) made available by CEPS/INSTEAD; the Socio-Economic Panel Survey (SEP) made available by Statistics Netherlands through the mediation of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research—Scientific Statistical Agency; the Income Distribution Survey made available by Statistics Sweden; and the Family Expenditure Survey (FES), made available by the UK Office for National Statistics (ONS) through the Data Archive.
Scientization of Central Banking: The Politics of A-Politicization
Authors: Marcussen Martin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Central banks across the world are embedded in a variety of national contexts and histories. They are exposed to a multitude of challenges that require learning and adaptation in very specific situations. Globalization, regional integration processes, financial crises, wars, and terrorist attacks impact differently on central banks. In most cases, the central banks feel that flexibility and change are imperative because of these challenges. Seen in that light, we would not expect central banks across the globe to display isomorphic characteristics. Although central bankers model each other’s practices, structures, and ideologies, they do not copy these features one-to-one. Instead, they translate and convert institutional fashions from other contexts into a format that resonates with the existing domestic structures, relations, and ideas. Emulation does not necessarily imply institutional convergence.
The Void
Authors: Close Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What is ‘the void’? What remains when you take all the matter away? Can empty space - 'nothing' - exist? This little book explores the science and the history of the elusive void: from Aristotle who insisted that the vacuum was impossible, via the theories of Newton and Einstein, to our very latest discoveries and why they can tell us extraordinary things about the cosmos. Frank Close tells the story of how scientists have explored the elusive void, and the rich discoveries that they have made there. He takes the reader on a lively and accessible history through ancient ideas and cultural superstitions to the frontiers of current research. He describes how scientists discovered that the vacuum is filled with fields; how Newton, Mach, and Einstein grappled with the nature of space and time; and how the mysterious ‘aether’ that was long ago supposed to permeate the void may now be making a comeback with the latest research into the ‘Higgs field’.
The New Energy Paradigm
Authors: Helm* Dieter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thomas Kuhn famously described a paradigm as a coherent pattern of research organized around commonly shared theoretical propositions and models, and a paradigm shift or ‘revolution’ as the emergence of an alternative framework of common and shared analysis. A paradigm is, however, sufficiently open-ended ‘to leave all sorts of problems for the redefined group of practitioners to resolve’ (Kuhn, 1962, p. 10). As a philosopher of science, he had in mind the development of science and of intellectual ideas. But paradigm shifts happen in policy, too: events can conspire to change the historical context to a sufficient degree to make it increasingly hard to reconcile the existing mindset of policy-makers with the evidence, leading eventually to new objectives and new policy instruments.
Carbon Contracts and Energy Policy
Authors: Helm Dieter , Hepburn Cameron 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Addressing climate change requires a sustained replacement of the carbon-intensive energy system with a lower-intensity one. At the global level, the task is immense: over this century the world’s population may rise from the current 6 billion to 9 billion; and China and India are projected to grow rapidly, both in population and economic activity, reaching standards of living now enjoyed in the developed world, which itself is expected to triple its GDP by 2050. For the British electricity industry, this means replacing conventional coal (and eventually gas) power stations with low-carbon technologies, probably replacing the current nuclear capacity as it reaches the end of its economic life, and designing an energy policy which will facilitate this investment.
Interaction effects in the relationship Between growth and finance
Authors: Aghion Philippe 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Various attempts have been made recently at explaining why productivity difierences persist between rich and poor countries, and why some countries diverge from the world technology frontier in terms of their per capita GDP levels or growth rates, while other countries manage to catch up with the world frontier. In this chapter we explore the role of credit market imperfections in explaining cross-country growth performance and cross-country convergence and divergence, following Lucas’ (1990) observation that capital does not flow from rich to poor countries even though the marginal return to capital is higher in the latter.
Bank Regulation And Macroeconomic Fluctuations
Authors: Hofmann Charles Goodhart Boris , Segoviano Miguel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Macroeconomic cycles have been changing in recent decades, since the end of the Bretton Woods system, and now involve more asset price volatility (so-called boom–bust cycles) and financial fragility. In the face of more frequent banking crises, regulators have moved to reinforce individual bank capital adequacy ratios, for example through the Basel I and II Accords. But bank regulation is inherently procyclical; it bites in downturns, but fails to restrain in booms.
Insurance Law For The Construction Industry
Authors: Hogarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Insurance Law for the Construction Industry provides comprehensive coverage of the issues involving insurance encountered in the process of construction. It gives practical answers to all the problems likely to be encountered when negotiating construction contracts, insurance policies or insurance claims. This book is divided into four clear sections for ease of reference. It begins with a clear exposition of the principles of insurance law and then describes in detail the typical clauses found in insurance policies, the policies to be taken out by standard form construction contracts and how insurance is distributed and regulated. It draws together the many strands of insurance law providing an excellent point of reference for those working in this sector. Questions of insurance arise in virtually all cases and as such this book will be of practical everyday use to both the contentious and non-contentious lawyer. Written by an experienced team of practising solicitors from Reynolds Porter Chamberlain, this work combines both an overview of the relevant insurance law with the specific detail specialists will require.
Rural Reforms and Agricultural Growth in China
Authors: Lin Justin Yifu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
China’s agricultural growth in the socialist period prior to the reforms starting in the late 1970s was sluggish. Despite stress on self¬ sufficiency, grain production and agricultural output barely kept pace with population growth. This picture changed in 1978, when China began a series of fundamental reforms in the rural sector. Growth rates in all major sectors of agriculture were accelerated to levels several times higher than the long-term averages over the preceding period (see Table 1).
The Evolution of Legal Institutions and Economic Regime Change
Authors: Pistor Katharina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Economic reforms in the former socialist countries have produced what may be called the second major law and development movement in the past forty years. In an attempt to avoid the reinvention of the wheel, legal codes from developed market economies were transplanted to these countries, or prewar enactments---often the result of earlier transplants-were revived. It was hoped that, by putting this formal legal framework in place, a viable infrastructure would be created that would promote future growth and development. However, it is now becoming apparent that the transplantation of formal law does not necessarily alter behavior-a lesson that the first law and development movement had already learned (Trubek and GaJanter 1974).
Poverty and Inclusion from a World Perspective
Authors: Atkinson Anthony B , Bourguignon Fran&lt;Ois 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper adopts a world approach to the definition of economic poverty and exclusion, seeking to provide a framework that unifies the measurement of poverty in developing and developed countries. Defining poverty as inadequate command over resources, it relates the poverty standard to more fundamental concerns in terms of capabilities, which in tum are connected to inclusion in a particular society. Implementation of this approach means that we have to confront the tension between absolute definitions of poverty, such as SI a day, and the relativity adopted in many OECD countries. We consider two possible resolutions of this tension. The first sees a hierarchy of capabilities, with absolute poverty having lexicographic priority. The second consists of making relative and absolute poverty two dimensions of the capability space to be evaluated jointly through an aggregate index.
Employment Inequalities
Authors: Glyn Andrew , Salverda Wiemer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The deteriorating position ofless-qualified workers has been a growing cause for concern in many OECD countries in the 1980s and 1990s. As well as contributing directly to rising inequality, it compounds the difficulties faced by workers already disadvantaged in the labour market for reasons of age, gender, or race. This chapter documents the employment record of the less qualified and examines the factors that help to explain the variety of experience among OECD countries. The first section discusses some tricky but important problems about how to represent the impact of educational qualifications on employment. Cross-country patterns of differences in employment rates by education are then reported for the OECD countries. Section 2 discusses a range of factors that may bear on the extent of employment disadvantage suffered by the least qualified. These include the usual suspects, such as overall demand for labour, trade with the South, and aspects oflabour market flexibility, but we have also examined the dispersion of educational achievement in the labour force.
Population Policy Implications of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD)
Authors: Jain Anrudh 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With greater or lesser clarity and emphasis, two major themes, or rationales-the individual’s right to control his/her fertility, and a nation’s interest in regulating its rate of population growth-have guided the evolution of population policies and family planning programmes in developing countries (see Dixon-Mueller (1993) for a detailed discussion and historical account of these two themes). The dilemma posed by the conjunction of these two themes is that the means adopted to reduce the rate of population growth are not always consistent with individual well-being, while, obversely, there is scepticism that efforts guided by concern for the well being of individuals may not solve the aggregate problem of rapid population growth.1 Indeed, the conflict in some cases has appeared to become more explicit, even while, paradoxically, an increasing proportion of individuals are seeking to regulate their fertility voluntarily.
Capital Structure and Imperfect Competition in Product Markets
Authors: Allen Franklin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is often acknowledged that the question of how firms choose their capital structure has not been satisfactorily answered yet: current theories seem to be unable to explain the financing decisions firms actually make. The debate has mainly centred around two apparent empirical regularities. First, many firms paying corporate taxes use only a small amount of debt. Debt ratios are typically of the order of 20 to 30 per cent (see e.g. Wald 1999). Second, similar firms in the same industry often have significantly different capital structures (see e.g. Myers 1984).
Competing against Bundles
Authors: Nalebuff Barry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the distinguishing features of our modern economy is the competitive success achieved by product bundles, Microsoft Office being the case in point. It has achieved a commanding market share over previously dominant firms selling individual software applications, such as WordPerfect, Quattro or Lotus, Adobe PageMill, and Harvard Graphics. While no one single factor explains Microsoft’s success, one part of the explanation can be found in the writings of Cournot (1838).
The Assembly and the Executive
Authors: Wilford Rick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The adoption of the consociational (plus) template to pattern the Agreement’s architecture structured the logic of choice in the design of both the Assembly and its Executive arm—see O’Leary, in Chapter 4 of this volume. In this chapter the focus turns to these institutions and the means by which they were intended to interact. To gain further insight, we examine the process of implementing the infrastructure of the Assembly, including its committee system, and the ways in which a number of features of the consociational model—power sharing, proportionality, and the unanimity rule—were effected in mobilizing Strand One of the Agreement. A subtext of the chapter is the extent to which the application of those features provides for the realization of joined-up government, a principle that underpins not only Strand One but also the wider Agreement given the mutual interdependence of its political structures.
Learning from ‘The Leopard’
Authors: Aughey Arthur 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Steve Bruce once described the political views of Ulster unionists as a ‘dismal vision’. He noted that they ‘fell easily into a self-pitying assumption that the world was against them’. This observation has been repeated by others. Paul Bew, in a memorable phrase, once described the reaction of unionists to the politics of the peace process as ‘an orgy of self-pity’. Why should this particular characteristic be so frequently noted? Self-pity, it may be argued, is one of the consequences of a culture of political fatalism. The fatalist view is that any given situation can have only one outcome. In these circumstances ‘fatalism is incompatible with deliberation, in that its truth would make deliberation over one’s future actions not impossible but at any rate pointless’. Traditional unionist suspicion of political ‘initiatives’ is partly explained by that disposition.
Arguing Comparative Politic
Authors: Stepan Alfred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This volume brings together articles by the one of the leading scholars in comparative politics written over the last thirty years in the field of comparative politics and in particular, the topic of the nature of contemporary democracy and its prospects. The volume begins with a personal analysis of the intellectual, and often political, reasons as to why and how Stepan chose to engage in certain critical arguments over the last thirty years. The volume is then divided into three sections each with a distinctive theme: state and society; constructing polities; and varieties of democracies. The introduction and articles ask whether, both for intellectual and political reasons, there are strong grounds for questioning both Rawls and Huntington on religion and democracy, Riker on federalism, and Gellner on multi nationalism. The volume contains articles on civil society, political society, economic society, and a usable state. The possibility of multiple and complementary political identities is argued for. The incentive systems and political practices of the three macro constitutional frameworks for democratic government - parliamentarianism, presidentialism, and semi-presidentialism - are compared and contrasted.
Introduction; Reflections on “Problem Selection” in Comparative Politics
Authors: Stepan Alfred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Scholars in comparative politics, correctly, are increasingly explicit about the methodologies they employ and the quality of the evidence they use. However, as a group we have not written much about how we select the problems we choose to study. This maybe because “problem selection” has a personal as well as a professional dimension. The professional dimension is reproducible; the personal dimension is not.
Liberal-Pluralist, Classic Marxist, and “Organic-Statist” Approaches to the State
Authors: Stepan Alfred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A major, nearly worldwide trend since the 1930s has been the steady growth of the role of the state in political life. In the industrialized world, the emergence of the managerial state to combat the crisis of capitalism during the depression, the widened scope of executive power in World War II, and growing state regulative and welfare functions since the war, have all contributed to the expansion of the state. In the Third World it is even clearer that most development plans call for the state to play a major role in structuring economic and social systems.
Modern Multinational Democracies: Transcending a Gellnerian Oxymoron
Authors: Stepan Alfred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By 1986, three years before the walls came down, two new important bodies of literature were in place that should have helped us to think carefully about the difficult relationship between democratization and nationalism. Ernest Gellner published his magisterial Nations and Nationalism in 1983, the same year that saw the publication of another modern classic on nationalism, Benedict Anderson’s Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism.
Political Identities and Electoral Sequences: Spain, the Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia
Authors: Stepan Alfred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When thinking about transitions to democracy we tend to assume that what is challenged is the nondemocratic regime and that with democracy a new legitimate system is established. However, in many countries the crisis of the non democratic regime is also intermixed with profound differences about what should actually constitute the “state.” Some political activists simultaneously challenge the old nondemocratic regime and the existing territorial state itself. A II stateness” problem may be said to exist when a significant proportion of the population does not accept the boundaries of the territorial state (whether constituted democratically or not) as a legitimate political unit to which they owe obedience.
Foreign Direct Investment and International Fragmentation of Production
Authors: Cheng Leonard K , Qiu, Larry D , Tan Guofu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Recently, increasing attention has been given to the phenomenon of international fragmentation of production and its impact on international trade, wage, employment, and welfare. International fragmentation arises when the multiple stages of a good’s production take place in two or more countries. It is similar in meaning to globalization, outsourcing, and intra-product specialization. The high costs of international coordination, communication, and transportation were crucial obstacles to international fragmentation in the past, and technological improvements in these areas are widely recognized as an important reason for the recent surge in fragmentation.
Mortality Trends and the Health Transition
Authors: Visaria Leela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
India is experiencing interrelated demographic and epidemiological transitions. These processes are transforming the country’s mortality and health profile; they will have major implications for prevailing disease patterns and the composition of the population in the years ahead. It is worth noting that while the materials available to study mortality are reasonably robust, the data pertaining to causes of death are both more limited and less precise. Nevertheless, if considered in conjunction with other data sources, the cause of death material can still be helpful in gauging likely future developments.
Migration and Urbanization Retrospect and Prospects
Authors: Dyson Tim , Visaria Pravin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews what is known about migration and urbanization and assesses how these processes will unfold. It argues that the future of both phenomena will be one of increasing dynamism and complexity. The Indian census includes questions on people’s place of last residence and their duration of residence at the place of enumeration. In the resulting tabulations, a migrant is someone with a place of previous residence which differs from their place of enumeration. In fact, the data miss many movements— for example, within the same town (Skeldon 1986). But they do capture the broad features of migration.
Cooperation between Energy Regulators in the European Union
Authors: Vasconcelos Jorge 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ten years ago, these questions would have been nonsensical, for the simple reason that energy regulators did not exist in Europe. Therefore, it seems appropriate to start by explaining why they have been created, what they do, and how they function in institutional terms. To explain the role of energy regulators, however, it is necessary first to describe briefly the structure and development of the energy sector in the European Union.
The Economics of Technological Communication in Technological Districts
Authors: Antonelli Cristiano 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The institutional context of regional economic systems in terms of communication conditions plays a major part in assessing the innovation capabilities of co-localized firms. Access to external tacit and codified knowledge depends on the extent to which effective communication among innovators takes place through the innovation system. In this context, the properties of regional economic systems, conceived as communication networks into which information flows, matter in explaining the capability to generate new technological knowledge.
A General View of Lombard Street (excerpts)
Authors: Bagehot Walter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Such a reserve as we have seen is kept to meet sudden and unexpected demands. If the bankers of a country are asked for much more than is commonly wanted, then this reserve must be resorted to. What then are these extra demands? and how is this extra reserve to be used? Speaking broadly, these extra demands are of two kinds—one from abroad to meet foreign payments requisite to pay large and unusual foreign debts, and the other from at home to meet sudden apprehension or panic arising in any manner, rational or irrational.