bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DESIGN OF REDUNDANT FORMAL SPECIFICATIONS BY LOGIC PROGRAMMING: MERGING FORMAL TEXT AND GOOD COMMENTS
Authors: RENAULT SOPHIE , DERANSART PIERRE 
Published: November 2004

Among the various tasks involved in SE & KE, requirements engineering, specification, prototyping, and validation are regarded as crucial since they decide whether a software system fulfills the users’ expectations. Formal methods provide a rigorous framework to guaranteed. Logic Programming has been recently shown as a promising candidate support these tasks and some relevant features can be in that way captured and formally regarding these concerns. Nevertheless, formalism does need some explanation to let it be more readable and understandable. This paper focuses on a specification design method which mixes formal text (represented by a logic program) and comments (using either formal or informal assertions). By the design of a specification we refer to the intertwined tasks of describing the specification and improving it by the investigation of proofs. These proofs aim to verify the link between the specification and the comments, and are partly automated. Then we present our practical experience in the use of an interacti ve proof system. As an example, we show how this methodology is currently applied to the draft of standard Prolog.
APPLICATION OF IDENTIFICATION OF FUZZY MODEL IN STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
Authors: MENG HSIEN-KANG , CHIANG WEI-LING 
Published: November 2004

In the conventional analysis of structural mechanics, the structural behaviour are determined in mathematical functions and based on idealized assumptions. But structural members do not behaviour as the description of the mathematical functions if the system is too complicated. Consequently, we don't have an appropriate methodology and an convenient algorithm to utilize. If we identify the structural system with a fuzzy model, [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the fuzzy relation, the procedure of the system identification will be simplified and the model can be quickly constructed 110 matter the style of nonlinear form and the orders. In this paper, four composition operators (α, β, φ and t) will be used to derive fuzzy relations from given data and then applied to two interesting problems of structural mechanics for illustrating the reliability ty and efficiency of the theory of fuzzy model.
MATHEMATICAL VISUALIZATION AND ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP STUDIES: IMAGE PROCESSING IN THE UNITED STATES, EUROPE, JAPAN AND AUSTRALIA
Authors: ALONSO JOSE , BYGRAVE W , GILLIN L M 
Published: November 2004

Statistics and computer graphics, using linear and non-linear techniques, have been applied to entrepreneurial survey data in a study of the image analysis industry. Chief Executive Officers and Directors of Research have been interviewed in the United States, Europe, Japan and Australia. During the interview, a long questionnaire was completed. A mathematical model in terms of motivation, resources and performance measures has been developed to evaluate company positioning, and for future implementation as an expert system for high technology investment evaluation. A set of indices, derived using cluster and principal component analyses, describes groupings of variables which can be used to find the locus of a company position in an n-dimensional space. This position helps to establish whether the requisite technical, knowledge, marketing and financial infrastructures of the company are in keeping with the n-dimensional surfaces established by other companies in the field. These surfaces are then visualized using polynomial and Fourier parametric methods. Stratifications of the database by culture (as determined by geographical location), manufacturer-user-integrator classification, measures of innovation, and modes of deployment of financial resources are studied in terms of their taxonomic and performance characterisation abilities. Preliminary analyses reveal noticeable clustering of motivational variables by culture.
A trial design for evaluation of empiric programming of implantable cardioverter defibrillators to improve patient management
Authors: Morgan John M , Sterns Laurence D , Hanson Jodi L , Ousdigian Kevin T , Otterness Mary F , Wilkoff Bruce L 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe delivery of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy is sophisticated and requires the programming of over 100 settings. Physicians tailor these settings with the intention of optimizing ICD therapeutic efficacy, but the usefulness of this approach has not been studied and is unknown. Empiric programming of settings such as anti-tachycardia pacing (ATP) has been demonstrated to be effective, but an empiric approach to programming all VT/VF detection and therapy settings has not been studied. A single standardized empiric programming regimen was developed based on key strategies with the intention of restricting shock delivery to circumstances when it is the only effective and appropriate therapy. The EMPIRIC trial is a worldwide, multi-center, prospective, one-to-one randomized comparison of empiric to physician tailored programming for VT/VF detection and therapy in a broad group of about 900 dual chamber ICD patients. The trial will provide a better understanding of how particular programming strategies impact the quantity of shocks delivered and facilitate optimization of complex ICD programming.
Deducing Drop Size and Impact Velocity from Circular Bloodstains
Authors: Hulse-Smith L , Mehdizadeh NZ , Chandra S 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
An experimental study was done to determine the diameter and velocity of blood drops falling on a surface by measuring the size of bloodstains they produced and counting the number of radial spines projecting from them. Bloodstains were formed by releasing drops of pig blood with a range of diameters (3.0–4.3 mm) and impact velocities (2.4–4.9 m/s), onto four different flat surfaces (glass, steel, plastic, paper) with varying roughness (0.03–2.9 µm). High-speed photography was used to record drop impact dynamics. Bloodstain diameters and the number of spines formed around the rim of stains increased with impact velocity and drop diameter. Increasing surface roughness reduced stain diameter and promoted merging of spines, diminishing their number. Equations are presented that explicitly relate drop diameter and impact velocity to measurements of stain diameter and number of spines.
Individuality of Handwritten Arabic Numerals in Local Population
Authors: Li C , Poon N , Fung W , Yang C 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
This paper reports the statistical study of writing habits for Arabic Numerals of 187 subjects in Hong Kong. A classification system of writing habits for Arabic numerals based on assigned codes of characteristic features such as slant, writing direction, relative position of strokes, angularity of turnings, shape of initial and ending strokes, etc. was developed. A set of characteristic codes representing the profile of writing habits pertaining to Arabic numerals was assigned to each writer. Apart from the distribution of characteristic features, statistical analysis of the assigned codes demonstrated homogeneity of individual hand-writing patterns. It has been shown that irrespective of the structural simplicity of Arabic numerals, no two individuals exhibited the same set of characteristic codes. The findings support the hypothesis of individuality in handwriting.
Review of: Forensic Pathology Reviews: Volume 1
Authors: Weedn VW 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Forensic Pathology Reviews is a new (April 2004) and ambitious series published by Humana Press and edited by Michael Tsokos, MD of the Institute of Legal Medicine at the University of Hamburg. It is a part of an explosive growth in forensic publications that is difficult not to link to the recent interest from the spate of television shows or forensics. However, the introduction to the series correctly refers to a significant expansion of scientific progress in the forensic sciences and states: “The Forensics Pathology Reviews knowledge on special topics in the field, focusing closely on the dynamic and rapidly growing evolution of medical science and law.” The introduction further states that the series is intended to take a problem-oriented approach and provide comprehensive and well documented reviews of the international literature with insights into new diagnostic techniques.
Hemophagocytosis exacerbated by G‐CSF/GM‐CSF treatment in a patient with myelodysplasia
Authors: Wang Sa , Degar Barbara A. , Zieske Arthur , Shafi Nelofar Q. , Rose Michal G. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe describe a 75‐year‐old man with neutropenia in whom bone marrow aspirate and biopsy demonstrated hemophagocytosis associated with myelodysplasia (MDS). Therapy with granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) and granulocyte‐monocyte‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) caused splenomegaly and severe thrombocytopenia, which recurred upon rechallenge. We propose that myeloid growth factors may be detrimental in patients with MDS‐associated hemophagocytosis. Am. J. Hematol. 77:391–396, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plasma kinetics of a cholesterol‐rich microemulsion in subjects with heterozygous β‐thalassemia
Authors: Naoum Flávio A. , Gualandro Sandra F.M. , Latrilha Maria da Conceição M. , Maranhão Raul C. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPatients with β‐thalassemia trait have been reported to present lower plasma concentrations of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) and lower frequencies of acute myocardial infarction than normal subjects. In this study, the metabolism of LDL was tested in 12 patients with heterozygous β‐thalassemia trait (HBT) and 13 healthy subjects without the disease by determining the plasma kinetics of an artificially made cholesterol‐rich microemulsion (LDE) that mimics the LDL metabolism and binds to LDL receptors. The emulsion was labeled with 14C‐cholesterol ester and injected intravenously into the subjects. Blood samples were drawn at regular intervals over 24 hr to determine the plasma decay curve of the emulsion radioactive label and to estimate its plasma fractional clearance rate (FCR, in hr−1). FCR of the 14C‐cholesterol ester was greater in HBT compared to controls (0.0631 ± 0.0178 hr−1 and 0.0501 ± 0.0094 hr−1, respectively; mean ± SD, P = 0.022). No differences were found regarding LDL cholesterol plasma concentration between the two groups, but apolipoprotein B concentration was lower in HBT than in control subjects (80 ± 44 and 96 ± 14, respectively; mean ± SD, P = 0.026). Our results show that LDE FCR is increased in HBT, indicating that LDL clearance is increased in patients with β‐thalassemia trait possibly due to the increased proliferation in the bone marrow of erythroid precursors. Am. J. Hematol. 77:340–345, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thrombosis associated with l‐asparaginase therapy and low fibrinogen levels in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Beinart Garth , Damon Lloyd 
Published: November 2004

Abstractl‐Asparaginase is a chemotherapeutic agent commonly used in the treatment of both adult and pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). A major complication is thrombosis, resulting from reduced synthesis of proteins such as antithrombin III. Hypofibrinogenemia, also a side effect, may be a marker of thrombosis and decreased protein synthesis. A retrospective chart review of identically treated patients revealed 9 thrombotic events among 93 patients (10%), 6 (7%) occurring during treatment cycles including l‐asparaginase. Twelve (13%) patients had fibrinogen levels <50 mg/dL. Of these, 3 (25%) suffered a thrombotic event. This results in a specificity of 90% and a relative risk of 10 (P = 0.014). Therefore, a fibrinogen <50 mg/dL may serve as a marker for a hypercoagulable state in ALL patients receiving l‐asparaginase. Am. J. Hematol. 77:331–335, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physical workload, ergonomic problems, and incidence of low back injury: A 7.5‐year prospective study of San Francisco transit operators
Authors: Krause Niklas , Rugulies Reiner , Ragland David R. , Syme S. Leonard 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackgroundThe etiologic role of biomechanical factors for low back injury (LBI) needs to be confirmed in prospective studies that control for psychosocial factors.MethodsComplete baseline information on 1,233 vehicle operators was gathered during medical examinations and by questionnaire. First LBI during 7.5 years of follow‐up was ascertained from insurance records. Hazard ratios and etiologic fractions were analyzed with Cox regression models stratified by injury severity and controlling for age, sex, height, weight, ethnicity, and biomechanical and psychosocial job factors. Severe LBI was defined as medically diagnosed postlaminectomy syndrome, spinal stenosis, herniated lumbar disc, sciatica, or spinal instability.ResultsAn exponential dose–response relationship was found between weekly driving hours and incidence of first LBI. Indicators of physical workload were more strongly associated with more severe low back injuries compared to less severe injuries. Rates of severe LBI increased 39% for every 10‐hr increase in weekly driving (hazard ratio 1.39, 95% confidence interval 1.15–1.68). Higher risks of severe LBI were also found among operators performing heavy physical labor on cable cars (hazard ratio 2.76, 95% confidence intervals 1.24–6.14) or reporting more ergonomic problems at baseline (HR for upper quartile 1.65 (95% confidence interval 1.08–2.50). Estimates of etiologic fractions suggest that reduction of ergonomic problems to the low level currently experienced by 25% of drivers would result in a 19% reduction of severe LBI among all drivers. A change from full‐ (more than 30 hr) to part‐time driving (20–30 hr) could reduce the number of severe LBI by 59%, although this gain would be reduced to 28% at the company level if injuries expected among additional employees, hired to maintain full service are included.ConclusionsDuration of professional driving and ergonomic problems are independent and preventable risk factors for LBI even after adjustment for psychosocial factors. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:570–585, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Field evaluation of a portable blood lead analyzer in workers living at a high altitude: A follow‐up investigation
Authors: Taylor Lauralynn , Ashley Kevin , Jones Robert L. , Deddens James A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackgroundField‐portable instruments can offer expeditious analytical results to health professionals in field settings and in areas lacking laboratory infrastructure. This study further evaluated an electroanalytical field‐portable instrument, which rapidly analyzes blood lead concentrations.MethodsA portable anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) instrument was evaluated utilizing paired samples from 243 employees working at an elevation of approximately 3,800 meters in Peru. Each worker donated two venous blood samples, one of which was analyzed by the ASV device and the other by a reference analytical method, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS).ResultsAccording to the GFAAS results, the mean blood lead concentration measured was 46(±16) μg/dl; this was significantly greater than the mean ASV measurement of 32(±11) μg/dl (paired t‐test; P < 0.0001). The accuracy of the ASV estimation decreased as the measured blood lead concentration increased.ConclusionsThe results from this investigation were significantly different from the previous study, which was conducted near sea level. The exact causes for the discrepancies between the portable ASV results from the two studies are unclear, but are thought to be related to differences in blood chemistry between the Midwestern United States and Peruvian Andes worker cohorts. Portable ASV blood lead measurements from populations living at high altitudes should be viewed with caution. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:656–662, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the size and type of free particulates collected from unused asbestos‐containing brake components as related to potential for respirability
Authors: Atkinson Mark A.L. , O'Sullivan Michael , Zuber Sylvia , Dodson Ronald F. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackgroundChrysotile asbestos has found multiple applications in the production of friction products. At one point it comprised 40–50% of the composition of brake linings thus generating the potential for the development of asbestos related diseases in millions of workers involved in vehicle repairs. While some attention has been given to the health status of workers involved in the handling of worn components, little has been given to the potential for exposure during the handling and fitting of new (unused) components as replacement parts.MethodsUnused brake linings or brake shoes with attached linings from four different sources were gently rinsed with prefiltered water that was then collected on filters for analysis by Analytical Transmission Electron Microscope.ResultsLarge numbers of chrysotile asbestos containing structures, the majority of respirable size, were present in each sample.ConclusionsWe conclude that any manipulation of new asbestos containing brake components would be expected to yield free dust containing chrysotile asbestos of respirable size. That the vast majority of these fibers and particulates would not be counted as regulated fibers rendering assessment of potential exposures in the work place, based on data of Permissible Exposure Limits or Regulated Fibers, questionable. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:545–553, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Work‐related upper limb amputations in Taiwan, 1999–2001
Authors: Liang Huey‐Wen , Chen Ssu‐Yuan , Hsu Jin‐Huei , Chang Chein‐Wei 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackgroundWork‐related upper limb amputations account for a significant number of occupational injuries. This study analyzes the nationwide incidence of work‐related amputations of upper limbs in Taiwan by using the workers' compensation database.MethodsA total of 2,950 cases were retrieved and analyzed from the database of workers' compensatory disability claims between the years 1999 and 2001.ResultsThe cases were workers with an average age of 39.1 years, of whom 23.0% were female, the highest percentage of cases was in the 30–49 age group, but the incidence based on insured population was the highest for those under 20 years old. About 96% of the cases involved finger amputation, and 85% of all amputations were related to common powered machines. The average annual incidence of disability claims due to occupational amputation of upper extremities was 12.5 per 100,000 workers. Claims were most prevalent among manufacturing workers and male workers. The male to female risk ratios ranged from 2.62 for manufacturing workers to 9.05 for transport, storage and communication workers by the Poisson regression analysis.ConclusionsYoung male manufacturing workers were at high risk of occupational amputation of upper extremities in Taiwan. These results provide an epidemiological base for developing a prevention strategy. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:649–655, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship of work schedules to gastrointestinal diagnoses, symptoms, and medication use in auto factory workers
Authors: Caruso Claire C. , Lusk Sally L. , Gillespie Brenda W. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackgroundGastrointestinal (GI) complaints are common in shift workers. This study examines the relationship between work schedules and GI symptoms, medications, and diagnoses.MethodsIn a cross‐sectional survey of 343 US auto factory workers, four work schedule variables were examined: assigned shift, number of hours worked, number of night hours, and schedule variability. Multiple regression tested the relationship between GI outcomes and work schedule variables while controlling for covariates.ResultsThe evening shift was associated with more GI symptoms and GI diagnoses. Unexpectedly, more consistent work times were associated with having a GI diagnosis. As schedule variability increased the probability of GI medication use increased in low noise exposure.ConclusionFindings suggest that evening shift and widely varying work start and end times may increase risks for GI disturbances. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:586–598, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solvent‐related health effects among construction painters with decreasing exposure
Authors: Kaukiainen Ari , Riala Riitta , Martikainen Rami , Akila Ritva , Reijula Kari , Sainio Markku 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of solvent‐related symptoms among construction painters is unclear due to their declining exposure.MethodsA questionnaire study was conducted on 1000 male Finnish construction painters and 1000 carpenters. Symptom questions were combined with exposure parameters, medical history, and health behavior.ResultsHighly significant associations were found between cumulative intensity of long‐term solvent exposure (CE‐LT) and symptoms of memory and concentration, and mood. CE‐LT was a better measure of solvent exposure than the number of years as a painter. Exposure was also associated with diagnosed psychiatric disorders, hypertension and arrhythmia. Recent exposure in the 1990s had no major effect on symptoms.ConclusionsThe results strengthen the dose‐response relationship of exposure and long‐term neurotoxic effects. No clear association was found between recent exposure and symptoms. Cardiovascular effects in solvent‐exposed construction painters is further suggested. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:627–636, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Shared components of protein complexes—versatile building blocks or biochemical artefacts?
Authors: Krause Roland , von Mering Christian , Bork Peer , Dandekar Thomas 
Published: November 2004

AbstractProtein complexes perform many important functions in the cell. Large‐scale studies of protein–protein interactions have not only revealed new complexes but have also placed many proteins into multiple complexes. Whilst the advocates of hypothesis‐free research touted the discovery of these shared components as new links between diverse cellular processes, critical commentators denounced many of the findings as artefacts, thus questioning the usefulness of large‐scale approaches. Here, we survey proteins known to be shared between complexes, as established in the literature, and compare them to shared components found in high‐throughput screens. We discuss the various challenges to the identification and functional interpretation of bona fide shared components, namely contaminants, variant and megacomplexes, and transient interactions, and suggest that many of the novel shared components found in high‐throughput screens are neither the results of contamination nor central components, but appear to be primarily regulatory links in cellular processes. BioEssays 26:1333–1343, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A panorama of lineage‐specific transcription in hematopoiesis
Authors: Kluger Yuval , Lian Zheng , Zhang Xueqing , Newburger Peter E. , Weissman Sherman M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe hematopoietic system consists of more than ten differentiated cell types, all of which are derived from a single type of hematopoietic stem cell. The accessibility and interest of this system have made it a model for understanding normal and abnormal differentiation of mammalian cells. Newer techniques have generated a mass of data that requires integrative approaches for analysis and interpretation. The traditional view of the differentiation program holds that a small number of regulators are involved in each stage of cell specification. However, this may not be the case. Recent analyses have shown that almost all substantial subsets of genes, including the set of broadly expressed transcription factors, are expressed in patterns that are unique for each lineage. Further, much of this difference between lineages can be captured in two‐dimensional graphs. Understanding the biologic significance, mechanisms and constraints underlying these differences is a challenge for experimentalists and computational biologists alike. BioEssays 26:1276–1287, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.