bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Disorders of the Anti-Miillerian Hormone (AMH) and Its Receptor
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AMH, also known as miillerian inhibitory substance (MIS) or factor (MIF) is secreted by Sertoli cells from the eighth fetal week Gosso et al., 1993; Lee and Donahoe, 1993). It causes regression of the miillerian ducts (MD) in males. Failure of the MD to regress permits their development into the uterus and fallopian tubes. Persistence of MD derivatives among subjects with a male sexual phenotype occurs in three main clinical settings: a “pure” form in which the synthesis or action of AMH is defective; a complicated form, often unilateral, in which the primary problem is one or another type or degree of testicular dysgenesis; and, inauthentically, before proper diagnosis of female pseudohermaphroditism. Persistent miillerian duct derivatives have also been reported in syndromal association with nonreproductive anomalies (Urioste Syndrome in chapter 15).
Genetic Disorders of Steroidogenesis
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Steroid hormones are made or transformed in the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and in various “peripheral” organs (skin, fat, brain, placenta). Sex steroid hormones include androgens, estrogens, and progestins. The progestins can be considered intermediates in the biosynthetic pathways leading to the other steroid hormones. Specifically, in the gonads and the post-pubertal adrenal cortex, the 17,20-lyase activity of P450c17 preferentially transforms 17OH-pregnenolone to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and DHEA is converted to androstendione by the enzyme known as 3P-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/t:,.5 !}.4-ene isomerase (Fig. 13-1). Likewise, androgens can be considered precursors to estrogens by virtue of aromatase activity.
Autosomal Genomic and Chromosomal Disorders with Meiotic Abnormalities Causing Impaired Gametogenesis
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Changes in the number and configuration of the autosomes are well known to be associated more frequently with male infertility than with female infertility. This fact is well exemplified by the situation in Down syndrome: fertile, apparently nonmosaic males are so rare as to be reportable (Sheridan, et al., 1989); in contrast, women with Down syndrome have normal menstrual cycles (Goldstein, 1988), and a number of them have had pregnancies (Sheridan, et al., 1989). The same sex difference occurs in mice, where a number of chromosomal changes affecting male fertility but not female fertility are known (Searle, 1974). Basic differences in meiosis between the two sexes are reflected in their timing (prenatal in females and postpubertal in males) and in recombination frequencies (genome-wide average in females nearly twice that in males). A number of cytogenetic surveys on infertile males have documented a relatively high frequency of abnormalities of number or association of autosomes paired with male infertility (Table 20-1).
Mouse Models of Infertility
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many mutations are known to affect male fertility in inbred strains of mice and a number of these are presented in Table 21-1. They have been subdivided according to whether they affect germ cell migration, germ cell-Sertoli cell interaction, meiosis, or sperm differentiation. This is not a complete classification of the possibilities, for instance, hormonal influences on gonad function were discussed in Chapters 10-14. Nonetheless, several generalizations can be made. The first is that a number of mutations affect germ cell migration and, because of the deficiency of germ cells in the resultant gonad, cause decreased fertility or sterility. In the case of Steel and White-spotting, the molecular mechanism has been elucidated. White-spotting codes for the c-kit tyrosine kinase receptor on germ cells (Flanagan and Leder, 1990). Steel codes for the stem cell factor that is the ligand for this c-kit receptor (Zsebo et al., 1990). Thus, this pair of mutations forms a complementary pair defined by a receptor and its ligand.
An Overview of the Cariban Language Family
Authors: Gildea Spike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Cariban language family is made up of some 40 to 60 languages spoken in lowland South America in the Amazon, Orinoco, and Xingu river drainages (see figure 1.1, Lizarralde 1987). Until recently, so little linguistic work had been done that genetic subgroupings in the Cariban language family (and even the inclusion of some languages within the family) still could not be reliably determined. While the situation has improved dramatically in the last few years, and a reasonable at tempt at classification is not out of the question, much remains to be done to document the remaining languages. A great many Cariban languages have become ex tinct, several more are on the verge of extinction (more may have died out in the 1980s and 1990s), and several are spoken by groups of fewer than 500 people. Any discussion of the entire Cariban language family must begin with an urgent call for further field research. If many of these languages are not described soon, they will never be described. In this chapter I review previous attempts to subclassify languages in the Cariban family and then discuss the current status of linguistic research on each Cariban language for which I present data.
Set I as the Proto-Carib Main Clause Verbal System
Authors: Gildea Spike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a comparison of modern Cariban languages, cognates to most parts of the Set I system are found only within the Set I system in independent clauses. Since these cognate forms are part of a complete Set I system in each modern language where they are found and since there is no evidence of any external sources for these forms, I reconstruct the entire Set I system back to Proto-Carib independent clauses. This chapter presents the comparative evidence that leads to these conclusions. Each section begins with a characterization of the part of the Set I system in question, followed by illustration of that part of the system with examples from as many languages as possible. Because the paradigmatic oppositions are virtually identical in all the Cariban languages, the tables of comparative prefix sets include all synchronic forms that instantiate the oppositions (including some apparent noncognate forms). However, since the Set I TAM suffixes show very little paradigmatic similarity, I restrict the tables of comparative suffixes to apparent cognate forms.
The Progressive Verbal System (Nominative)
Authors: Gildea Spike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many languages worldwide, locative constructions of the type “Peter is at home” have been used to express verbal aspects (“Peter is at/in/on working” &gt; “Peter is working”). In such cases, a verb in some nominalized form, such as a participle, a gerundial, or an infinitive (‘working’), takes the place of the noun phrase (‘at home’) The use of the locative construction for a verbal aspect creates a form meaning asymmetry, at least for some time; since the form “Peter is at/in/on working” is ambigu us, it may mean something like ‘Peter is at his place of work’ or else ‘Peter is working.
The *t-V-ce Verbal System (Ergative)
Authors: Gildea Spike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The *t- V-ce ergative verbal system represents yet another case study of a now classic grammaticalization chain: the verbal adjective becomes the passive/perfect participle becomes the ergative part of a tense-aspect-based split-ergativesystem.1 The source stative participle has already been reconstructed in section 8.3, so in this chapter I focus on the reanalysis itself. The source construction is simply the stative participle as the attributive predicate in a copular clause (figure 13.1). The order participle copula is consistent in almost every language at every stage of the evolution, but beyond the agentless passive stage, the order of the two arguments vis-a-vis the participle and each other seems to be completely free (see Gildea to appear). I take this lack of constraints on the order to indicate a lack of hierarchical syntactic relationships between the arguments and the auxiliary-erstwhile participle unit (and hence no constituency trees or brackets occur below the source in figure 13.1).
Lian as a Form of Face
Authors: Earley P Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hu described lian as “the respect of the group for a man with a good moral character, the loss of which makes it impossible for him to function properly within the community. Lien is both a social sanction for enforcing moral standards and an internalized sanction” (1944:45) Further, he referred to mianzi as “the kind of prestige that is emphasized in this country; a reputation achieved through getting on in life, through success and ostentation. This is prestige that is accumulated by means of personal effort or clever maneuvering” (5).
Introduction: Crime and Punishment in America
Authors: Tonry Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary policies concerning crime and punishment are the harshest in American history and of any Western country. No other Western country still uses the death penalty except the United States: 3300 prisoners were on death row in 1997 and more people were executed-76-than in any year since 1955. No other Western country routinely sentences offenders to prison terms longer than two years except the United States: 39 percent of state prisoners in 1991 had been sentenced to ten years or longer. No other Western country on an average day holds more than 125 per 100,000 of its residents in jail or prison except the United States: in 1998 nearly 700 per 100,000 Americans were behind bars on a typical day. And, most importantly, in no other Western country except the United States are crime and punishment central issues in partisan politics.
Deterrence and Incapacitation
Authors: Nagin Daniel S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The criminal justice system dispenses justice by apprehending, prosecuting, and punishing lawbreakers. These activities also prevent crime by two mechanisms, deterrence and incapacitation. Would-be lawbreakers may be deterred from committing crimes by the knowledge that their crime may result in their arrest, prosecution, and sentencing. Thus, deterrence depends on some would-be lawbreakers concluding that the price of crime is prohibitive. The criminal justice system may also avert crime by a nonbehavioral mechanism: the incapacitation of convicted offenders who are incarcerated in jail or prison. During their period of incarceration they are physically restrained from committing crimes against the society at large.
American Policing
Authors: Sherman Lawrence W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American policing is a volatile institution. Late-twentiethcentury police have generally enjoyed great respect and public trust, yet their conduct has repeatedly ignited explosions of public outrage. Praised for reducing crime and arresting notorious criminals, police have been vilified for their lapses into brutality and corruption. Lavishly supported by more tax dollars than any other agents of criminal justice, they have also had their budgets cut-with thousands of police laid off. Few other institutions, including education and medicine, have received such intense scrutiny, praise, and criticism. No other institution of justice has changed so much in the past half century. None seems more likely to change in the next.
Prisons
Authors: King Royd. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The massive growth in the use of imprisonment during the last two decades has not been confined to the United States, although some of the most remarkable features of this phenomenon can be observed there, or happened there first. I try to convey the extent of the changes in the United States through periodic snapshots, for two reasons. First, as an intermittent visitor from the United Kingdom, this is very much how I have seen things develop. Second, as the steady drip of daily “news” in any country turns imperceptibly into its “history” without much sense of any particular moment as being “historic,” there may be some advantage in looking at the state of things at some of those moments-even ones that have been arbitrarily determined by the exigent rules of study leave by wandering scholars.
Landmarks as Contextual Props
Authors: O’Dowd Elizabeth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last chapter claimed that prepositions perform the orientation subfunction of linking discourse elements to contextual information. If this claim is true, then we would expect prepositional objects in general to display properties that identify them as “contexts” for discourse purposes. This chapter provides empirical evidence for the orientation function of prepositional phrases by showing that prepositional objects (or landmarks) differ semantically and informationally from NP referents in other syntactic positions.
Prepositions, Particles, and Pragmatic Focus
Authors: O’Dowd Elizabeth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last two chapters explained how particles situate and prepositions link to contextual props. Chapter 5 also explained that adpreps combine both situating and linking functions in the same element. But we have not yet established why alternation takes place-that is, what motivates speakers to situate without linking or to use P-forms as intransitive particles. In this chapter, I argue that the motivation is a conversationally strategic one and that the transitivity of P-forms is ultimately determined by considerations of pragmatic focus. Empirical evidence for this argument is provided once again by the findings from the conversational corpus. Theoretical support comes from current models of pragmatic assertion and focus.
Derivational Sisterhood
Authors: Kawashima Samuel David Epstein Erich M Groat Ruriko , Kitahara Hisatsugu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters we examined the naturalness of C-command in a derivational approach to structure building and explored the consequences of a derivational approach to reconstruction, scope, and binding. To the extent that semantic interpretation relies on the C-command relation, as in the case of an interpretive approach to binding theory, the LF representation is at best superfluous; the derivational approach to semantic interpretation also has distinct empirical advantages, resolving certain cases of apparently conflicting C-command requirements that cannot be met simultaneously in a single level of representation, such as the level of LF (which is the only “level” of syntactic representation under minimalist assumptions). With respect to the phonological component, we saw as well that countercyclic Merge creates a set of Ccommand relations that is different from the set determined under a representational definition of C-command; from this difference follows the general impossibility of countercyclic Merge/Move to the extent that the PF branch of the grammar relies on C-command relations in the determination of linear order.
Minimize Sisters and Constraints on Structure Building
Authors: Kawashima Samuel David Epstein Erich M Groat Ruriko , Kitahara Hisatsugu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops a theory of local economy of the kind motivated in Chomsky and Lasnik (1993), Chomsky (1994, 1995), and others, to explain Relativized Minimality effects as analyzed by Rizzi (1990). We again take as central the derivational construal of C-command, and argue that Derivational Sisterhood is atthe core of syntactic relations that are quantified. Through this approach we hope to show that both Shortest Move metrics and binary merger are the result of this single, natural economy constraint on derivational operations. We conclude with a discussion of the status of intermediate-level categories, suggesting that they can be eliminated by allowing nary branching structures while preserving both binary Merge and the desired asymmetric C-command relation between specifier and complement.
Information and Its Discontents: An Introduction
Authors: Davenport Thomas H , Prusak Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to every pundit and computer company sales force, we are in the midst of a new “Information Age,” one that will revolutionize how workers work, how companies compete, perhaps even how thinkers think. Few managers will admit to technophobia; with all the money spent on new equipment, no one wants to lag behind. But why is it that most of us, deep down, feel frustrated by information technology? Why do most workers-even CEOsfind it so hard to adjust to new systems and the information skills they require? Why isn’t this revolution all it’s cracked up to be?
Our fascination with technology has made us forget the key purpose of information: to inform people. All the computers in the world won’t help if users aren’t interested in the information generated. All the telecommunications bandwidth won’t add a dime of value if employees don’t share the information they have with others. Expert systems won’t provide useful knowledge if the knowledge changes too fast to maintain-or if system designers can’t even find experts willing to surrender what they know. Information and knowledge are quintessentially human creations, and we will never be good at managing them unless we give people a primary role.
Wall Street Polices Itself
Authors: Mccaffrey David P , Hart David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book explains how the self regulatory system for U.S. securities firms works with three tiers of supervision. Overseeing the whole system is the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, which directly supervises the self-regulatory organizations such as the New York Stock Exchange and the National Association of Securities Dealers. In turn, these self-regulatory organizations oversee the broker-dealers who conduct the daily business of buying and selling securities. The system relies heavily on the firms’ internal supervisory systems to prevent violations of securities laws, since they are in the best position to track their own internal activities. Firms may be fined, or subject to even more stringent penalties, if their supervisory systems fail. This book is an in-depth examination of how this regulatory system works, the types of regulatory problems with which broker-dealer firms must deal, why some firms have more problems than others, and what the experience with the system suggests about ways of improving self regulatory systems generally.
The Social Benefits and Risks of Entrepreneurs and Free Agents
Authors: Mccaffrey David P , Hart David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How effectively the securities industry operates affects economic well­ being in the United States. Corporations rely on the industry to raise much of the capital allowing them to survive and expand, although, since the early 1980s, securities markets have been more important as centers for trading and sources of short-term financing than as sources for new long-term capital (Advisory Committee on the Capital Formation and Regulatory Processes, 1996: Appendix A, Figure 1). Customers are willing to invest in manufacturing and other industries because they are not locked in to decisions; they can liquidate their investments using the secondary markets such as stock exchanges and the over-the-counter (OTC) market. Governments could not operate without a market for governmental debt, and elected officials are sensitive to what financial markets’ vitality implies for national welfare. Certain defining episodes in U.S. history involved the securities markets, such as the frantic market speculation and manipulations in the 1920s, the Depression in the 1930s, and most recently (and probably less lastingly) the “greedy” 1980s. Today, technological changes play out vividly in these markets. We exaggerate only moderately when speaking of a “borderless” world economy in which financial transactions reflect economic changes in multiple nations in ways governments find difficult to regulate.
Controls at Self-Regulatory Organizations and Broker-Dealer Firms
Authors: Mccaffrey David P , Hart David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Self-regulatory organizations and member firms conduct most regulatory operations and the largest number of the disciplinary actions. However, the Securities and Exchange Commission has great leverage over them. The SEC’s cases cue the SROs and member firms about matters to which they should attend, whether or not they have been named as respondents. Indeed, SROs and member firms likely could overwhelm the SEC if they did not follow the cues and instead routinely fought the agency. But this would change securities regulation into serial battles in public rulemaking and SEC enforcement-something the industry wants to avoid as much as the agency. This chapter examines the SROs’ and member firms’ regulatory operations and how the tense but stable coexistence between the agency and the industry persists.
Private Litigation and Arbitration
Authors: Mccaffrey David P , Hart David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Broker-dealer firms present themselves as trustworthy, skilled advisers unless they compete exclusively on the basis of price. As noted in Chapter 2, their advertising stresses uniformly that “XYZ Securities’ brokers are trustworthy and experienced; they put their relationships with clients ahead of all else; they are fully equipped to develop an individualized investment program that’s just right for you, and so on” (Pratt, 1993: 26). Investment bankers portray themselves as working hard to earn a special place with their clients through good advice and generous service.
Positioned Knowledge: Constructing Asymmetrical Epistemologies
Authors: Keating Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Introduction, I described the salient domains for honorific speech forms as bodily location in space, possession, food, and the mental predicates “know” (with “see” as a metaphorical construct for “know”) and “say.” In previous chapters I discussed Pohnpeian locative verbs as well as possessive constructions. In this chapter I discuss how Pohnpeians status-mark knowledge in honorific speech as well as references to acts of speaking.
The Romantic Legend of the Hearsts
Authors: Procter Ben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On April 13, 1919, Phoebe Apperson Hearst died quietly at La Hacienda del Pozo de Verona, her luxurious estate on the east side of the mountains at Pleasanton, thirty miles south of San Francisco. Although well known for her philanthropies to education-kindergarten programs, libraries, girls’ training schools, and the University of California at Berkeley-she also contributed generously to orphanages, havens for unwed mothers, and hospitals, mainly in California but in other areas of the United States as well. In addition, she was the wife of the late George Hearst, an extremely wealthy miner and businessman who had been a U.S. senator from California. But more than anything else, she was the mother of newspaper mogul William Randolph Hearst.’