bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron microscopic immunostaining of nerve growth factor: Secretagogue stimulated submandibular glands
Authors: Hazen‐Martin Debra J. , Simson J. A. V. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractImmunocytochemical localization of nerve growth factor (NGF) was assessed on thin sections of plastic‐embedded male mouse submandibular glands by electron microscopy. Both control and secretagogue‐stimulated glands were examined. NGF was localized in granules of both granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells and transition cells. The latter were intermediate in morphology between GCT cells and striated duct cells. Both large and small granules were immunostained in GCT cells; however, considerable variability in immunostaining intensity was observed in both sizes of granules but especially in the small granules of transition cells. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in both cell types exhibited NGF immunoreactivity. No Golgi‐associated immunostaining was observed.Following α‐adrenergic stimulation with phenylephrine, NGF‐containing granules were sharply reduced because of extensive degranulation. Pools of immunostained secretory material suggested intracellular fusion of NGF‐containing granules. Immunostaining was also observed on membrane fragments found within large vacuoles in GCT cells. Evidence of NGF secretion after β‐adrenergic or cholinergic stimulation was less dramatic. In isoproterenol‐stimulated GCT cells there was evidence of fusion of small, apical, NGF‐stained granules. These cells also possessed heavily immunostained apical membrane blebs. Pilocarpine‐stimulated cells exhibited pleomorphic immunostained apical granules but less apical membrane immunostaining. Abundant basal lysosomes appearing in GCT cells after pilocarpine stimulation did not stain for NGF.
The equine colonic mucosal granular cell: Identification and X‐ray microanalysis of apical granules and nuclear bodies
Authors: Pfeiffer Carl J. , Murray Michael J. , Fainter Lily 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe granular columnar epithelial cell of the equine dorsal large colon has been studied by transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray microanalysis. Particular attention was focused on nuclear bodies commonly observed as central clusters of spherical, electron‐dense inclusions within the nucleus. Ultrastructural morphology as well as X‐ray microanalysis spectra reveal great similarity between colonic nuclear bodies and the numerous small granules of the apical cytoplasm in these epithelial cells. X‐ray spectra of these cells were distinct from those of goblet cell mucous granules and mast cell granules. No evidence was found indicating transit of nuclear body granules through the nuclear envelope, or for morphologic association with the nucleoli. Of the diverse types of nuclear bodies previously reported in other species, equine colon nuclear bodies morphologically most closely resemble those seen in rabbit adenohypophysis. Colon epithelial cell nuclear bodies are likely identical to equine small intestine nuclear bodies, but their origin and role remain unknown.
Further observations on the sympathetic pathways to the pupil
Authors: Parkinson Dwight 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe clinical disturbance resulting from section of the sympathetic in the neck; miosis, decreased sweating, increased vascularity and narrowing of the palpebral fissure is universally recognized while the definitive sympathetic pathways remain unknown. Most current texts depict a plexus along the surface of the parasellar carotid as part of that pathway although a previous review leaves the large connection of the carotid sympathetic to the sixth and then to the first division of the fifth cranial nerve as a putative pathway. Recent reports of complete tears of the parasellar carotid without sympathetic changes tend to further discount a carotid plexus as a pathway and focus attention on the direct carotid sympathetic nerve connections to the sixth and fifth cranial nerves as probable but unproven pathways, the interruption of which, result in Bernard, Mitchell, Horner Syndrome. (Parkinson '79).
Development of the notochord in human embryos: Ultrastructural, histochemical, and immunohistochemical studies
Authors: Shinohara Haruo , Tanaka Osamu 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn the present study of the notochord, the specimens were 54 externally‐normal human embryos ranging between Carnegie stages 13 and 23. The following staining procedures were used: periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS), modified method of PAS, alcian blue, colloidal iron, and toluidine blue. Routine electron microscopic techniques were used. Immunoreactivity of the notochord to α‐enolase was also examined. The notochord cells were undifferentiated in stage 13 with few intracellular organelles. The microfibrils and deposition of acid mucopolysaccharides appeared in the notochordal sheath in stage 14. The characteristic relation of mitochondria with rough endoplasmic reticulum was observed. Golgi complexes increased in the perinuclear region in stage 15. The layer of microfibrils in the notochordal sheath initially separated from the notochord in stage 16. Glycogen, mucoprotein, neutral mucopolysaccharides, and glycolipids began to increase in the mesenchymal cells around the notochord, starting at stage 16. Acid mucopolysaccharides increased in the notochordal sheath and in the matrix of the precartilage area around the notochord as this embryonic stage advanced. It was also revealed that the immunoreactivity of the notochord to α‐enolase remained constant during the embryonic period. The results show that the notochord is transformed from an apparently undifferentiated organ into an organ with secretory activity in stage 14, producing microfibrils and depositing acid mucoplysaccharides in the notochordal sheath. The immunoreactivity of the notochord to α‐ and γ‐enolase isoenzymes and the development of the notochord are discussed. This study was undertaken to provide additional information on the development of tumors of notochordal origin.
Effects of unilateral ovariectomy before and after mating on fetal and placental growth in rats
Authors: Rahima Ali , Bruce Neville W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractUnilateral ovariectomy was carried out on rats either 8 days after mating (ULO‐A) or 4–6 weeks before mating (ULO‐B) and the effects on fetal and placental weights were examined at days 13, 16, and 22 of gestation. ULO‐A caused initial fetal and placental hypotrophy at day 13, but thereafter placental weights increased to 123% and 132% of control values at days 16 and 22, respectively. Fetal weights were also 9% heavier in the ULO‐A rats at day 22. The ULO‐B stimulus resulted in placental but not fetal hypotrophy at day 13 and placental hypertrophy at days 16 and 22. Although the results of the two stimuli were generally similar, it is argued that the mechanisms underlying the ULO‐A results were primarily endocrinological whereas those for the ULO‐B results were due to crowding of conceptuses in one uterine horn and the subsequent compensatory responses.
Membrane domains in guinea pig sperm and their role in the membrane fusion events of the acrosome reaction
Authors: Flaherty Sean P. , Olson Gary E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn this study, we have examined the structure of domains of the periacrosomal plasma membrane (PM) and outer acrosomal membrane (OAM) of guinea pig sperm and defined their fate during the membrane fusion events of the acrosome reaction. Cauda epididymal sperm were arranged in rouleaux, joined by periacrosomal PM “junctional” zones; in these zones, the PMs were linked by cross bridges formed from a paracrystalline glycocalyx. Bridging elements linked the PM to the OAM on the ventral (concave) but not dorsal (convex) aspect of the apical segment. Parallel filaments were associated with the luminal face of the OAM overlying the dorsal surface of the apical segment. Sperm were induced to undergo a “synchronous” acrosome reaction after preincubation in Ca2+‐free medium containing lysolecithin, by the addition of Ca2+. Fusion between the OAM and PM occurred at the boundaries but not within the PM “junctional” zones over the apical segment. In nonjunctional regions on the dorsal surface of the apical segment, sheets of unfenestrated hybrid membranes and parallel arrays of hybrid membrane tubules formed, while branching arrays of hybrid membrane tubules and vesicles were observed on the ventral surface. In the principal segment, networks of branching hybrid membrane tubules initially formed but later transformed into vesicles. Hence, the lysolecithin‐mediated guinea pig sperm acrosome reaction involves a complex sequence of membrane fusions, which differs in domains of the periacrosomal PM and OAM. Stable nonfusigenic domains are present in both the PM and OAM of the apical segment; membrane‐associated assemblies may maintain these domains and may also provide direction to some of the membrane fusion events of the acrosome reaction.
Androgen receptor‐deficient Tfm cells in the mosaic epididymis of sex‐reversed mice heterozygous for Tfm: An autoradiographic study with [3H]‐dihydrotestosterone and [3H]‐estradiol
Authors: Drews Ulrich , Schleicher Gunter , Stumpf Walter E. , Thiedemann Klaus‐Ulrich 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTesticular feminization (Tfm) in the mouse is characterized by androgen insensitivity of the target cells. We describe the presence of androgen‐insensitive Tfm cells in the epididymis of mosaic mice produced by converting female carriers of the Tfm mutation (XTfm/X+) to males via the sex reversal factor (Sxr). The mosaic arises by random X‐inactivation. In the epididymal duct, flat undifferentiated Tfm cells are interspersed between high columnar wild‐type cells.By thaw‐mount autoradiography we show that after injection of [3H]dihydrotestosterone, radioactivity is concentrated in the nuclei of high columnar wild‐type cells, whereas the nuclei of the low cuboid Tfm cells remain free of nuclear radioactivity. After injection of [3H]estradiol, both Tfm and wild‐type cells show nuclear labeling. Our observations demonstrate that Tfm cells in the mosaic epididymis selectively lack nuclear dihydrotestosterone‐binding sites, whereas estradiol‐binding sites are intact.
The leptomenix in normal baboon brain contain receptors for dihydrotestosterone but not estradiol
Authors: Sheridan Peter J. , Fujimoto Masahito 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThere exists a sexual dimorphism in the occurrence of meningiomas. Biochemical binding assays conducted on samples of meningiomas have indicated a high incidence of progesterone and androgen receptors in these tumors. However, similar studies have been very controversial as to the existence of estrogen receptors in these tumors. The present study was conducted to determine whether the normal leptomenix contains estrogen and androgen receptors in a primate model, namely the baboon. Three male and three female baboons were injected with either 3H‐dihydrotestosterone (3H‐DHT) or 3H‐estradiol. One animal from each group received 3H‐steroid + 100‐fold unlabeled corresponding steroid to serve as control. One hour after injection of the 3H‐steroids the animals were sacrificed. Their brains were removed and processed for autoradiography. Nuclear uptake and retention of 3H‐DHT and/or one of its metabolites was found in 25‐50% of the cells in pieces of the arachnoid adhering to the brain, cells of the glial membrane, cells in large fiber bundles, presumably oligodendroglia, and cells lining the Virchow‐Robins spaces. No such localization was found with 3H‐estradiol. This study provides the first anatomical evidence for the presence of androgen receptors in the normal leptomenix and glial cells of the baboon. These findings are discussed in relation to the possible clinical significance of the use of steroids to modulat the growth of meningiomas.
Distribution of myofiber types in the hip and thigh musculature of sheep
Authors: Suzuki Atushi , Tamate Hideo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe composition of muscles by myofiber type is associated with their locomotory or postural functions. In the present study the composition of the hip and thigh musculature of sheep by myofiber types and the differences in their distribution were examined. Myofibers were classified into type I, IIA, and IIB myofibers by differences in myosin ATPase and NADH tetrazolium reductase (NADH‐TR) activity. The vastus intermedius muscle consisted only of type I myofibers, which exhibit weak alkali‐stable myosin ATPase and strong NADH‐TR activity. The gluteus accessorius and profundus muscles had more than 50% type I myofibers. The other muscles had less than 50% type I myofibers as a whole. Type I myofibers were concentrated in the deep portions of the gluteus and quadriceps femoris muscles, which extend the hip and stifle joints, and of the pectineus muscle. They were scattered evenly in the caudally situated locomotory muscles in the thigh. Type IIA myofibers, characterized by strong alkali‐stable myosin ATPase and NADH‐TR activity, showed little difference in distribution in the hip and thigh muscles. Type IIB myofibers, characterized by strong alkali‐stable myosin ATPase and weak NADH‐TR activity, were distributed more in the cranial, caudolateral, and caudomedial portions than in the middle portions of the thigh. The distribution to type IIB myofibers is suited to powerful flexion and extension of the thigh and leg. In the hip and thigh musculature, it appears that type I myofibers are effectively distributed to maintain a standing posture without diminishing the propulsive force of the hindlimb.
Accessory limb production by nerve‐induced cell proliferation
Authors: Egar Margaret W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe deviation of large limb nerves to a more proximal skin wound yielded a high proportion of accessory limb respones in different age groups of Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotls). In some instances the deviated nerve was positioned on skin previously grafted from an animal of different age and pigmentation from that of the host. Grafts were found not to be a necessary prerequiste for accessory limb induction, but the presence of wound epithelium was required. The rule of distal morphogenesis was expressed in reference to the level at which the nerve was cut, not in reference to the wound site where the accessory actually developed.The upper arm proved to be a more favorable site for accessory limb production than the flank or the leg under the conditions of the present experiments, in which little or no damage was done to the underlying muscles. The orientation of the accessory limb was extremely varied despite the uniformity of the surgical procedure.
Three‐dimensional presentation of cell migration in the periodontal ligament of the rat incisor
Authors: Michaeli Yael , Steigman Shulamit , Barad Amir , Weinreb Miron 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe progenitor compartments and cell migration were examined in the tooth‐related periodontal ligament (t‐PDL) of rat incisors. A pulse injection of 3H‐Tdr was administered to 15 rats (200 gm each) and the animals were killed in groups of five, at 1 hr and at 1 and 2 weeks after injection. Three‐dimensional analysis of cell counts and labeling index demonstrated the existence of two progenitor compartments (PC). The apical PC (responsible for 70% of synthesizing cells) was concentrated in the apical 5 mm of the t‐PDL. The paracemental PC (30% of synthesizing cells) was located along and around the cementum, occupying 24 μm of the t‐PDL. The cells from the apical PC migrated incisally at a rate of 6 mm/week, which is a rate similar to that of tooth eruption. The cells from the paracemental PC moved in a transverse direction toward either bone or cementum at the much slower rate of 16 μm/week.
Ultrastructure of the olfactory system of three newborn marsupial species
Authors: Gemmell R. T. , Nelson J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe ultrastructure of the olfactory apparatus of three newborn marsupial species, the northern native cat, the brushtail possum, and the northern brown bandicoot, were examined. The olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulbs were at a similar stage of development in all three species. Receptor cells with cilia were observed, and although the olfactory system undergoes further differentiation during pouch life and although the olfactory epithelium and bulb of the newborn differs from that of the adult, these facts do not preclude the ability of the newborn to detect smell. The presence of touch receptors around the mouth region and of sensory cells within the olfactory epithelium would suggest that touch and smell are two of the senses allowing the newborn marsupial to reach the pouch.
Ultrastructural immunocytochemical studies of the localization and distribution of somatostatin, calcitonin, calcitonin gene‐related peptide, and substance p in the bat thyroid follicle
Authors: Nunez Eladio A. , Payette Robert F. , Tamir Hadassah , Gershon Michael D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractElectron microscope immunocytochemistry was used to determine the intracellular localization and distribution among follicular elements of four peptides: calcitonin, somatostatin, calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), and substance P in the thyroid glands of bats captured in the prehibernation phase of their annual life cycle. Previous studies have shown that this period of the hibernation—activity cycle is characterized by the accumulation and storage of secretory granules in parafollicular cells. Sites of binding of primary antisera to each of the four peptides were identified by means of affinity‐purified secondary antisera directly coupled to colloidal gold particles. Calcitonin and somatostatin immunoreactivities were found in all parafollicular cells examined and in every secretory granule within these cells. CGRP was also found in all parafollicular cells examined (n = 75) but only in about half of their secretory granules. In contrast to these peptides, substance P immunoreactivity was not found in any parafollicular cells, but was localized exclusively in nerve endings within the basement membrane of the follicle.
Intra and juxtavagal paraganglia: A topographical, histochemical, and ultrastructural study in the human
Authors: Plenat F. , Leroux P. , Floquet J. , Floquet A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe topographical, ultrastructural, and histochemical features of 23 human vagal paraganglia were analyzed. Nineteen of the 23 paraganglia were found in previously unreported sites; 18 of the 19 were in the cervical part of the nerve, between the carotid bifurcation and the superior thoraco‐cervical inlet, and one paraganglion was located in the retrothyroidal part of the left inferior laryngeal nerve. The results of ultrastructural studies (2 cases), the histochemical and formaldehyde‐induced‐fluorescence studies (3 cases), and specific acetylcholinesterase activity (one case) demonstrate that these structures fulfill many of the modern criteria for paraganglionic tissue. In addition to paraganglia, single, isolated neurons or true microganglia were always found along the trunk and branches of the vagus nerve when multiple sections were examined.
Expression of intermediate filaments and desmoplakin in vertebrate olfactory mucosa
Authors: Ophir Dov , Lancet Doron 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe expression of intermediate filaments (IF) and desmoplakin was investigated in frog, bovine, and human (fetal) olfactory mucosa. IF are tissue‐specific molecular cytoskeletal markers; desmoplakin is the major desmosomal protein. Positive immunoreactivity was observed in the epithelium and in the subepithelial Bowman's glands to keratin and to desmoplakin, indicating the epithelial nature of this tissue. Desmin, neurofilaments, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were not detected in the mucosa. The absence of neurofilaments and GFAP in the tissue containing sensory neurons and glia‐like supporting cells is a unique feature and may be related to the fact that the chemosensory neurons are situated in a bonafide epithelium and are known to undergo continuous turnover. In view of the controversy regarding the expression of vimentin were used; weak or no labeling was found in the epithelium, whereas mesenchymal cells in the lamina propia were labeled with all three antibodies. Olfactory nerve fascicles in the lamina propia were heterogenously labeled: VIM 13.2 gave very weak labeling; aVimAS showed mild labeling and SBV‐21 showed intensive labeling in the nerve fascicle. This heterogenous labeling pattern may suggest that olfactory vimentin is distinct in reacting only with some of the antivimentin antibodies.
Scanning electron microscope study of elastic fibers of the loose connective tissue (superficial fascia) in the rat
Authors: Imayama Shuhei , Braverman Irwin M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA combination of intravascular resin injection and formic acid incubation was utilized to study the three‐dimensional arrangement of the elastic fibers in the loose connective tisue (superficial fascia) of the rat limb by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cast of the microvasculature served as a scaffolding for the otherwise collapsible connective tissue.SEM study demonstrated that the elastic fibers did not form an anastomosing network but were arranged in multiple layers. The fibers in each layer lay parallel to each other but were oriented differently from the fibers in the layers on either side, thereby producing a meshwork. Each individual fiber was composed of a small bundle of discrete fibrils. Some of these component fibrils separated from the parent fiber and united with other fibers, thus producing branching. The elastic fiber either decreased or grew in size by the respective sharing or joining of these component fibrils with neighboring fibers in their respective layers. Interconnections between elastic fibers of different layers were rare.These findings may provide a morphological explanation for the characteristic function of the superficial fascia, which allows the skin and underlying muscles to have a rapid and extensive alteration in their relative positions.
Morphology of the mandibulo‐stylohyoid ligament in human adults
Authors: Shimada Kazuyuki , Gasser Raymond F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe mandibulo‐stylohyoid ligament is a consistently occurring connective tissue band or sheet that courses between the angle of the mandible and the stylohyoid ligament. Previously, in a few instances it has been variously named and described as a thickening of deep cervical fascia. Recently, Shimada et al. (1986) described the connective tissue thickening and named it the mandibulo‐stylohyoid ligament because of its arrangement and attachments. In the present study the ligament was dissected in 99 adult cadavers (both white and black, 98 right sides, 95 left sides). It was present in all of the specimens examined and has been classified into three types according to refinements in its morphology. Type 1: The ligament was a thick, separate band that coursed from the region of the angle of the mandible to the stylohyoid ligament. Type 2: The ligament had the same attachments as Type 1 but was more extensive, being continuous with the stylomandibular ligament. Type 3: The ligament had the same attachments as Type 1 but was thin and less well developed. The Type 1 arrangement occurred 41% of the time, Type 2, 37% of the time, and Type 3, 22% of the time. The consistency and arrangement of the ligament suggests an important role of additional structural support in the region of the angle of the mandible and hyoid bone.