bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Authorization and Policing the Perimeter
Authors: McMeel Gerard , Virgo John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under the new regime, the need (where it arises) for Financial Services Authority 23.01 (‘FSA’) authorization lawfully to carry on or purport to carry on a regulated activity in the United Kingdom1 is defined by reference to specified activities or functions and in reference to specified investments.The statutory scope of the regime is set out at section 22(1), which provides that 23.02 ‘an activity is a regulated activity for the purposes of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (‘FSMA’ or ‘2000 Act’) if it is an activity of a specified kind (a) relates to an investment of a specified kind or (b) in the case of an activity of a kind which is also specified for the purposes of this paragraph is carried on in relation to property of any kind’.
Some Aspects of Civil Procedure
Authors: McMeel Gerard , Virgo John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In claims against professional advisers the observance of pre-action protocols is now (effectively) mandatory. These were introduced as part of the Woolf Reforms to the civil justice system. Their intention is to promote the early identification of issues between claimant and defendant, facilitate an early exchange of information and thus encourage settlement or resolution of dispute without recourse to litigation. These objectives are now set out in paragraph 1.4 of the Protocol’s Practice Direction. This provides that the court will expect all parties to have complied in substance with the terms of an approved protocol, or if the case is not covered by an approved protocol to have acted in accordance with the overriding objective of the Rules. In essence, this will oblige the parties to take appropriate steps to reach agreement without recourse to litigation by complying with the spirit of the pre-action protocol procedure.
Some Aspects of Insurance Law
Authors: McMeel Gerard , Virgo John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A key area of protection to professional advisers is the availability of professional indemnity insurance cover in respect of negligent or non-compliant advice. The scope of the protection afforded by such policies in reality was thrown into sharp focus by a series of claims for cover arising out of the Pensions Review. The principles which emerged are of general application and fall properly to be considered here. By way of specific background to these issues it may be noted that the Pensions Review highlighted the difficulties experienced by the insured as to what is a ‘notifiable event’. During the initial stages of the Pensions Review it was generally accepted practice that once an investor had returned an investor questionnaire stating that he/she was dissatisfied with the advice previously given, the insured would be on notice that a claim may arise and in such circumstances should notify the insurer at once. However, there was some confusion as to whether or not a mere request for a review (but with no complaint) would come within the definition of a ‘notifiable event’.
Directives in EC Law
Authors: Prechal Sacha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This fully revised and updated new edition offers a detailed exposition of EC Directives, individual rights, and the protection of those rights in national courts. Three central themes are investigated: the characteristics of EC Directives; the role played by national courts in protecting the rights which individuals derive from Directives; and the 'devices' and means by which the courts may implement this protection. Focussing initially upon clear examples from the ECJ case law, the author then moves on to discuss specific 'lines' within that case law, and to examine how these 'lines' complement or contradict each other. Throughout the text, the author's empirical argument is enriched by discussion of doctrine and theory. Less orthodox ideas are also incorporated through selective use of a comparative approach which illuminates the workings of EC directives from the broader perspective of the EC as a whole. In an updated conclusion, the prospects of Directives in the future and in the light of the nascent European Constitution are discussed. The result is an extensive and in-depth analysis of Directives, the case-law of the ECJ, and legal writing on the topic, which also engages with the more practical issues of implementation and enforcement in the courts.
Direct effect of directives
Authors: Prechal Sacha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soon after the case law of the Court of Justice on direct effect of Treaty provisions started to develop, the question was raised as to the possible direct effect of directives. As is often the case in any doctrinal controversy, there were opponents of direct effect of directives, as well as advocates thereof and those taking an intermediate position, allowing some sort of ‘restricted direct effect’ (particularly in order to maintain the distinction between regulations and directives) or, at least, not excluding such an effect a priori . Nowadays, it is often forgotten that the case law of the Court on direct effect of directives was preceded by an intensive controversy in academic writing which more or less ‘prepared the ground’ for the Court’s decisions.
Human Rights
Authors: Ulph Janet , Tugendhat Sir Michael , Glister James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For laypeople, moods are background feelings that last for a time and that often have no particular cause. Usually a mood is identified simply as “good” or “bad.” Sometimes moods are invoked as explanations for someone else ‘s unusual behavior. They may account for the fact that the individual is acting differently than expected in a given situation. Moods are so much a part of everyday life that much of the time little thought is given to them, and yet most people consider them to be important. From time to time, powerful moods appear to be more significant in controlling one ‘s life than events. At these times it seems that they not only influence feelings but most thoughts as well.
Multi-Party Suits and Accessory Liability
Authors: Ulph Janet , Tugendhat Sir Michael , Glister James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accessories to fraud may appear to be “small fry” compared to the main actors but there are strong policy reasons for viewing them as equally culpable in civil cases: major frauds could not be carried out without the assistance of accessories. The chief actors will rely upon accessories not only to carry out functions delegated to them but also, in the case of professionals, for advice. Solicitors, accountants, and others may provide a veneer of respectability in relation to fraudulent dealings.
Following Misappropriated Property and Tracing into Substitute Property
Authors: Ulph Janet , Tugendhat Sir Michael , Glister James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the identification and recovery of property which belonged to the claimant. The rogue may have kept the property, destroyed it, sold it, or given it away. Where the claimant and a recipient claim equal but inconsistent legal rights to goods, this will involve a title conflict. Where the claims are unequal, it is a matter of determining priority of interest: so, for example, if a claimant has merely an equitable interest in property, he cannot follow the property and recover it from a good faith purchaser of the legal title.
Title Conflicts: Defences to the Action in Conversion
Authors: Ulph Janet , Tugendhat Sir Michael , Glister James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with situations where owners are deprived of their goods by theft or deception. There is no register for chattels established by the Government, although some private schemes exist. In 1938, seven finance companies established Hire Purchase Information Ltd: it is a private scheme which registers members” interests in vehicles let on hire purchase or credit sale so that those involved in the motor trade can check whether a vehicle is subject to a finance agreement before purchasing it.
Fragmentation in the Party and Political Systems
Authors: Mitchell Jeremy , Seyd Ben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In few areas will the Government’s constitutional programme have as significant an impact as on the UK’s party and political systems. Political parties are essential institutions in any democratic machine. At the most obvious level, they provide the link between voters’ preferences and the forming of governments. The nature of that link is largely determined by the political system, including the electoral formula. This chapter examines what changes we can expect in the party and political systems, and what the implications of these will be. The changes are sometimes the direct result of government actions (e.g. the likely stricter legal regime governing the funding of the parties), and sometimes a more indirect product of constitutional measures (e.g. the possible fragmentation of the Westminster parties following devolution). There is also a close relationship between the party and political systems, most evident in this Chapter in the discussion of electoral reform, which highlights the link between the nature of the voting system and that of the party system.
Constitutional Practice
Authors: Brazier Rodney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This new third edition has been fully revised and updated to include the constitutional changes that are being implemented by the labour government. The book provides a comprehensive analysis of the current British Constitution and evaluates the law and practice of British central government, this includes: an overview of the constitution of the United Kingdom in the light of devolution; choosing a Prime Minister and government; the transfer of power; the Prime Minister and the cabinet; Ministers and government departments; the Opposition; the Monarchy, and the constitutional position of the judges.
The Cabinet
Authors: Brazier Rodney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No one writing a book about the practice of British central government today would entitle it (as Sir Ivor Jennings did his work) Cabinet Government. Although opinions are not unanimous about the nature of the modern Cabinet, all agree that the Cabinet as a body is not what it once was. The two principal reasons behind the change in its position are the enhanced powers of the Prime Minister,1 and the increased decision-making outside Cabinet meetings which has taken place at least since the Second World War (whether by the Prime Minister consulting a few ministerial colleagues, or by Cabinet committees, or by informal ministerial groups). It is that second aspect to which particular attention will be paid in this chapter.
The Selection Of The Identity Of The Monopolist And Article 43 (Formerly Article 52) Of The Ec Treaty
Authors: Buendia Sierra Jose Luis , Read Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theoretical debate concerning the law relating to exclusive rights in 9.01 Community law is focused almost exclusively on the question of the legality of such rights, and indeed the majority of this book is concerned with this essential question. Nevertheless, the law affecting exclusive rights in Community law is not limited 9.02 to the question whether the existence of such rights is or is not justified. Thus, on the one hand, the exercise of exclusive rights is subject to certain limits. On the other hand, even if an exclusive right is justified under Community law it is also necessary to examine whether Community law has any impact on the selection of the undertaking which receives and operates the exclusive right.
Us Initiatives To Protect Works Of Low Authorship
Authors: Ginsburg* Jane c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the US Supreme Court swept away ‘sweat copyright’ in its 1991 Feist decision, 1 producers and consumers of works of low authorship, primarily compilations of information and, particularly, digital databases, have debated whether US law still affords these works effective protection.2 For the first 200 years of US copyright law, Congress, courts, and compilers seem to have concurred that copyright supplied a needed incentive to gather and publish useful information, and courts condemned competitors who copied even scantily (if at all) original compilations.3 Today, ‘thin’ copyright protec tion remains available, but it covers only those original contributions (if any) that the compiler brings to the public domain information.
Setting compatibility standards: cooperation or collusion?
Authors: shapiro* Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We live in a world built on product standards. You can make sense of these words because we share a common language. I can fax you this chapter because our fax machines obey a common protocol. I can (probably) share computer files with you because our computers employ various standardized hardware and software formats. And I can e-mail you the file containing this chapter because of an intricate web of standardized Internet protocols. A great deal of the information economy is driven by standards.
Who decides the extent of rights in intellectual property?
Authors: Easterbrook* Frank h. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Who decides whether intellectual property claims are sound? Making claims is easy, but how should we resolve them? Frightened by the idea of a patent on the human genome and drugs developed from it? Should we just declare that all such knowledge and products are in the public domain,1 or require scientists and drug developers to license their discoveries and products at ‘rea sonable’ (ie, low) prices? Unsettled by the prospect that books and articles distributed over the Internet will be tagged or encrypted so that the authors or publishers can collect payment each time they are read or redistributed? Should we just forbid the newfangled devices (or contracts that consent to them), declaring that authors can’t be allowed to violate the rules for ‘fair use’ or to profit from information that ‘ought’ to be available to everyone for free?2 Frustrated by a software license that forbids the disassembly of object code in search of the source code, which could help other programmers write competing or complementary products? Should we just tell the author that in the public interest the law won’t enforce onerous terms which conflict with the public’s presumptive right to engage in reverse engineering-and leave it to the judiciary to determine which terms are too onerous?3 I am a skeptic about the proposition that new developments in technology imply the need for new laws or rules.4 I am skeptical for two fundamental reasons.
Custody Of Investments: Law And Practice
Authors: Austen-Peters A O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book focuses on the legal implications of how assets are held on behalf of investors by other parties (such as brokers, investment managers, specialist custodians and central depositaries) and in particular how the chosen method affects the legal rights of the investor over the assets in question. The impact of immobilisation, dematerialisation, fungible holdings and settlement practices are all considered. The book also covers the effect of the use of custody assets for security, the duties of custodians, the remedies of investors, cross-border custody and the regulatory response to custody business. An authoritative work for practitioners, academics and reference libraries specializing in financial services, banking and investment law, both in the UK and internationally, it provides one of the clearest and most up to date analyses of these subjects available.
Properties of the ATP-Regulated K+ channel in pancreatic β-cells
Authors: Dunne M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The maintenance of a constant blood glucose concentration is a challenging, highly complex, integrated process and one that is principally controlled by the hormone insulin. When the concentration of glucose in the plasma is elevated, insulin is released by the process of exocytosis from the β-cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans.
Excitatory synaptic transmission in hippocampus: modulation by purinoceptors via ca2+ channels
Authors: Krishtal O , Klishin A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Existing paradigm indicates adenosine as being a major modulator of both metabolic and electrical events in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Its major action is inhibitory: in the presence of a sufficiently high concentration of Ado, the brain is predominantly silent. In micromolar concentration range, this substance is so effective that some investigators use it in the search for natural pacemakers - presuming that in the presence of sufficiently high adenosine concentration only those neurones that are supplied with intrinsic generator produce nerve impulses.
Architecture, Neurocytology and Comparative Organization of Monkey and Human Cingulate Cortices
Authors: Vogt Brent A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the main challenges presented by the human cingulate cortex has been its extreme variation between an individual’s hemispheres and among individuals. Since it presents such a wide variety of cytological features and is engaged in so many functions, the difficulty of comparing the cingulate and external cingulate gyri between two primate species is even greater. Nevertheless, this task is important for two reasons. The first is anatomical as it requires exact criteria for all areas and a precise definition of the topographical distribution for each area. The process of defining comparisons tightens the structural precision of identifying borders between regions and areas and enhances the validity of such information. The second reason for this undertaking is to provide the basis for evaluating animal models of human diseases. Little progress has been made to date in using monkeys to model human neuronal diseases, although such models have been very successful in infectious disease work. Investigators concerned with curing human diseases need precise scientific rationale to explore the neural mechanisms of cingulate-mediated neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, and dementia with Lewy bodies to name but a few examples. Comparative neurocytology is a critical link in devising such models and provides essential information for drawing parallels between monkey models and human disease.
Cingulate Cortex as ganizing Principle in sychiatric Disease
Authors: Holtzheimer Paul E , Mayberg Helen S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans have a behavioral repertoire that far exceeds that of even our closest animal relatives. Humans are unsurpassed in their ability to monitor, adapt to, and modify their environment which includes not only the natural world but also the complex social structures that characterize the human species. Thus, while every animal can adapt to changes in the environment (and many animals operate in social systems), humans are unique in the degree to which they can problemsolve and engage in multiple complex goal-oriented behaviors in an ever-changing natural (and man-made) environment. These unique behavioral and adaptive qualities have been traditionally associated with the much larger frontal lobe of the human brain, which includes greatly expanded prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices. These regions have extensive connections throughout the brain that implicate them in nearly all neurological systems (motor, sensory, cognitive, emotional, autonomic, and homeostatic/drive processes). While its role in each of these systems is not completely understood, the prefrontal cortex appears to be important for the integration of multiple streams of information about the internal and external environment. Selection among internally represented “goals” in the process of determining a course of action appears to result from decisions made in cingulate cortex based on information flow between these connected structures.
Neurophysiology of Cingulate Pain Responses and Neurosurgical Pain Interventions
Authors: Lawson H Chris , Ohara S , Greenspan Joel D , Coghill Robert C , Lenz Frederick A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pain is generally considered to consist of at least two distinct dimensions, the sensory-discriminative component and the motivational-affective component (Melzack & Casey, 1968). The sensory-discriminative component encompasses qualities such as the intensity, location, and descriptive qualities of pain. The motivational-affective component may be characterized as “unpleasantness,” representing the negative valence which motivates the behavior evoked by pain, and generating pain’s affective tone (LeDoux, 1996; Price, 2000). Evidence suggesting the presence of a discrete motivational-affective component of pain were derived from the early observations of analgesia after cingulotomy. Specifically, after lesions involving the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC – anterior to the marginal branch of the cingulate sulcus which includes midcingulate cortex – MCC –) patients with chronic pain reported that they continued to have pain, but that it was “not particularly bothersome” (Foltz & White, 1962). This observation led to the conclusion that the ACC is involved in the motivational affective component of pain. Many observations since that time have demonstrated that the cingulate gyrus has a role in pain unpleasantness, attention, and cognition.The mechanisms of corticocortical processing are poorly understood; particularly in terms of parietal lobe interactions and it has not been clear to what extent pain activation and attention mechanisms drive similar parts of the cingulate gyrus. Attention-related tasks such as verbal fluency or Stroop (Lezak, 1995) activate MCC based on group analysis and direct comparisons indicate separate regions within the ACC for attention versus pain-related activation (Davis et al., 1997; Derbyshire et al., 1998).
Fertility And Reproductive Biology In Papua New Guinea
Authors: Wood James W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human fertility is the end-product of a complex interaction between biological and behavioural variables. In Papua New Guinea (PNG) this inherent complexity is further obscured by tremendous diversity in traditional culture (see Gardner and Weiner, Chapter 5) and by a complicated, uneven process of economic change (see Allen, Chapter 2) which has masked some differentials in fertility while inducing others. In these circumstances it is probably impossible, perhaps meaningless, to review what is known about fertility in PNG as a whole, which is precisely what I shall attempt in this chapter.
Social Anthropology In Papua New Guinea
Authors: Gardner Donald S , Weiner James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If nation-states and their peoples were in the habit of suing publishers and broadcasters for the statements made about them, no country on earth would be involved in more litigation than Papua New Guinea (PNG). There seems to be no end to the lurid stories served up for credulous readers of popular newspapers, magazines, and books about ‘Stone Age’ New Guinea and its wild, belligerent inhabitants. The occidental fascination for a mythic primitive ‘other’ has found much to occupy it in PNG.
Papua New Guinea’S Human Past: The Evidence Of Archaeology
Authors: Lilley Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter sketches the course of Papua New Guinea’s prehistory and considers the bearing of archaeological findings on questions of human biology and ecology. At present only the sparest outline of the nation’s human past can be drawn. This is because professional archaeologists did not turn their attention to the country until 1959 and fewer than 50, including graduate students, have worked there since then.