bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Death and Resurrection of Jesus
Authors: Elliott J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The final week in Jesus ‘ life, from his triumphal entry into Jerusalem on Palm Sunday through to Easter Day (Holy Week or Passion Week in the church calendar), is given a disproportionate amount of space in the New Testament Gospels in comparison with the rest of his ministry. In many ways the events leading up to the crucifixion are described in a detail often lacking elsewhere in the Gospels. Such an emphasis is understandable as the early writers tried to explain the circumstances leading to the death and Resurrection of their saviour, because it was on these events that Christianity proclaimed its distinctive teaching and based its unique theological message. The canonical Gospels relate the plots against Jesus, his arrest in the Garden of Gethsemane through the treachery of his disciple, Judas, his subsequent trials (before the Jewish Sanhedrin, before King Herod (Antipas), and before Pilate, the Roman governor), and his condemnation to death. This narrative reaches its climax in Jesus ‘ crucifixion, death, and burial. These accounts are then followed by the Easter story, in which Jesus ‘ Resurrection from death is proclaimed and demonstrated in a negative way with the story of his empty tomb, and in a positive way with an increasing number of post-Resurrection appearances by the risen Christ. Elaborations and other versions of the week ‘s events are, not surprisingly, to be found in the later, non-canonical, Gospels. The main accounts of Jesus ‘ death in apocryphal texts occur in the Gospel of Peter and the Gospel of Nicodemus.
Veronica
Authors: Elliott J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Veronica in the Latin tradition, and Bernice or Berenice in the Greek, is the woman who is identified in apocryphal texts (such as the Acts of Pilate and the Book of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ by Bartholomew the Apostle) as the unnamed woman cured by Jesus of her issue of blood in Mark 5: 25. The later apocryphal tradition in the medieval text known as the Vindicta Salvatoris (or the Avenging of the Saviour) names Veronica as the woman who wiped Christ ‘s face with a cloth. According to the legend, the image of his face was preserved on the cloth. The story in the Vindicta Salvatoris, from which the extract below is taken, tells how Titus, a convert to Christianity, came with Vespasian in order to destroy the enemies of Christ by overthrowing Jerusalem. The Emperor, Tiberius, then sent his kinsman, Velosian, to Jerusalem to locate Veronica and her cloth, so that through it he (the Emperor) could be cured of an illness. The tone throughout much of this book is anti-Jewish. (The medieval Latin text known as the Mars Pilati also tells of Veronica and her wonder-working kerchief.) From the eighth century a ‘veil of Veronica ‘ has been preserved in Rome, from the end of the thirteenth century in St Peter ‘s. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries it was the object of much veneration, as it was believed to effect cures. But Veronica has been given a place of continuing devotion in Christian practice because of the Stations of the Cross.
Thomas
Authors: Elliott J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the New Testament Thomas is included among the twelve disciples in all four Gospels. In John ‘s Gospel the name Thomas is translated Didymus meaning ‘twin ‘, and it is because of this interpretation that his name is associated with several apocryphal works. For example, as the twin of Christ, Thomas is said to have been the author of the Gospel of Thomas. He is Doubting Thomas of John ‘s Gospel, but the apparent faithlessness in doubting the report of Jesus ‘ Resurrection is overtaken by his recognition of Jesus ‘ divinity in the confession ‘My Lord and my God ‘ of John 20: 28. His subsequent career as an apostle is not to be found in the New Testament. For legends about his later life we need to tum to the apocryphal tradition. The Acts of Thomas, which is likely to have originated in the second century like the other major Acts, has, unlike them, survived in its entirety. It is a Pilgrim ‘s Progress of 170 chapters divided into thirteen acts and the Martyrdom. The story tells of Thomas ‘ election to evangelize India, and his adventures there. The Malabar Christians of South India today claim Thomas as their founder, although there is nothing whatsoever of historical value in these Acts to justify the claim. The Indian setting for the stories is arbitrary. As with other apocryphal Acts, local colour is absent, names of characters of little importance, and events fictional.
Islam and al-Dahr in the Khamriyya
Authors: Kennedy Philip F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hikma —an important category of poetry2 —is the poet’s wisdom and most commonly, though not exclusively, takes the form of an aphoristic statement about the fleeting nature of life and the unpredictable vagaries of Fate. al-Dahr is a prime mover in the j āhil ī vision of existence and has a dominant role in a limited but powerful philosophy.
Hilm and Tawba
Authors: Kennedy Philip F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whilst a tension existed in the rift between Islam and the hedonistic ethic of the khamriyya, this was consistently defused by either: (i) the contrived and literary or (ii) the apparently sincere abstinence/repentance (tawba) of the poet. The posturing of abstinence/ repentance provided balance within the bacchic tableau. Thus whilst wine and indulgence were eulogized, they were equally subject to a formal and conventional restraint; sometimes they were even unequivocally abandoned. Chapter 3 has shown that wine could be vehemently criticized in poetry and that the roots of this criticism are to be found in the pre-Islamic canon.
Primal Disclosures
Authors: Ward Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Comparative theology is an enquiry into ideas of God and revelation, of ultimate reality and its disclosures to human minds, as such ideas arise across the full spectrum of human history and experience. It is not, as the comparative study of religions might be, primarily a sociological or psychological enquiry, asking what various people actually believe or practise. Nor is it an attempt to correlate beliefs with social and temperamental circumstances. It is primarily an enquiry into truth and rationality, fundamentally concerned with what it means to say that there is a God and an authentic revelation and with whether there is one. Such a study is sometimes called ‘philosophy of religion’, and there is no need to invent an artificial distinction between the two disciplines. The term philosophy of religion is quite recent. It was used by Hegel in the development of his own view that the philosopher can express in conceptual thought what religions express less clearly in picture or symbolic form.
Religion after Enlightenment
Authors: Ward Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rise of the natural sciences radically changes our view of the physical universe. Nearly all the great Scriptures were written before the rise of modern scientific knowledge. This means that, not only are particular statements of physical fact in the Scriptures liable to be in error, but the whole view of the universe which they presuppose is almost certainly incorrect. It is not surprising that the sciences were sometimes seen as challenges to religious belief, and opposed by religious authorities with a stake in preserving the status quo. The best-known case of such a conflict between science and religion was the condemnation of Galileo by the Holy Inquisition for suggesting that the earth circled the sun instead of being at rest in the centre of the universe. The fact that Galileo was right and the Church authorities wrong at least establishes that revelation must be subject to correction by observation, and that it is certainly not inerrant with regard to physical facts. Scripture expresses the view of the world which was current at the time it was written; and that is, like all human views, partial and incomplete.
The Legal and Administrative Framework
Authors: Hutter Bridget M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the most basic level compliance means a desired state of conformity with the law, a regulation, or a demand. Defining compliance may therefore appear to be simply a matter of ‘measuring up’ whether or not a given state of affairs or an act accords with the demands encoded in law. In practice this ‘measuring up’ may not be so simple, since interpreting the meaning of rules and applying them to real-life situations is not always straightforward. Indeed, cynics might point out that it is the fact that the law is not always clear and unambiguously applied that keeps solicitors, barristers, and other members of the legal profession in a job. This is not simply a case of dealing with those who seek to evade the law, but also relates to the fact that what happens in the ‘real world’ does not, indeed cannot, be reduced to the classificatory scheme of the law. Hence there is necessarily scope for interpretation in the enforcement of the law.
The Territorial Reach of Mareva Injunctions
Authors: Collins Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article explored the ramifications of those important decisions in 1988 on the extraterritorial effect of Mareva injunctions. Since the decisions in Babanaft International Co. SA v. Bassatne [1990) Ch. 13 (CA), Derby & Co. Ltd. v. Weldon (No. 1) [1990) Ch. 48 (CA), (Nos. 3 & 4) [1990) Ch. 65 (CA), and Republic of Haiti
v. Duvalier [1990) 1 QB 202 (CA), many worldwide Mareva injunctions have been granted. In Derby & Co. Ltd. v. Weldon (No. 6) [1990) 1 WLR 1139 (CA), discussed ante, p. 89, the Court of Appeal decided that the in personam jurisdiction could be exercised not only to restrain the transfer of foreign assets, but also to order the transfer of assets from one country to another, or to order the return to England of assets held in a foreign country.
Harris v. Taylor Revived
Authors: Collins Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The decision in Henry v. Geoprosco International Ltd. [1976] QB 726 (CA) revived the long-discredited decision in Harris v. Taylor [1915] 2 KB 580 (CA). The criticism which followed led to considerable pressure for reversal of the effect of these decisions, and this was effected by section 33 of the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982. Section 33 provides that a judgment debtor shall not be regarded as having submitted by reason only of the fact that he appeared (conditionally or otherwise) in the foreign proceedings (a) to contest the jurisdiction of the court; (b) to ask the court to dismiss or stay the proceedings on the ground that the dispute in question should be submitted to arbitration or to the determination of the courts of another country; or (c) to protect, or obtain the release of, property seized or threatened with seizure in the proceedings. In Case 150/80 Elefanten Schuh GmbH v. Jacqmain [1981] ECR 1671 the European Court held, in the context of Article 18 of the 1968 Convention, that pleading to the merits as an alternative to an objection to the jurisdiction would not be a submission.
Blocking and Clawback Statutes: The United Kingdom Approach
Authors: Collins Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The extraterritorial effect of United States legislation still continues to disturb UK¬ US relations. The principal areas of controversy relate to anti-trust, securities regulation and export control. In the field of anti-trust, the United States courts have moderated the ‘effects’ doctrine by devising an ad hoc interest-balancing test to determine whether jurisdiction should be exercised, based on whether the interests of, and links to, the United States are sufficiently strong vis-a-vis those of other nations to justify an assertion of extraterritorial authority: Timberlane Lumber Co. v. Bank of America, 549 F. 2d 597 (9th Cir. 1976) and 749 F. 2d 1378 (9th Cir. 1984). But it is notorious that the balance almost always tips in favour of the United States. Most recently in Re Insurance Antitrust Litigation, 938 F. 2d 919 (9th Cir. 1991) the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that the balance was in favour of the United States in relation to an alleged conspiracy between British reinsurers and US insurance companies, because the effects were felt largely in the United States and the defendants foreseeably intended that their conduct would have effect there, even though it was lawful under English law.
Contractual Obligations-The EEC Preliminary Draft Convention on Private International Law
Authors: Collins Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On I April 1991 the Contracts (Applicable Law) Act 1990 came into force and gave effect to the Rome Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations. This article considered the 1972 draft, which was concerned not only with contractual obligations, but also with non-contractual obligations. In part because of the uncertainty over the continued membership of the United Kingdom in the European Communities (which was resolved by the 1975 referendum), little progress was made on the Covention until 1978, when it was decided (at the request of the United Kingdom delegation) to limit the Convention to contractual obligations, and to return to non-contractual obligations at a later stage. In 1979 a draft Convention was completed, and the Convention was finalised at a special meeting in Rome of the Council of the European Communities in June 1980, and opened for signature on 19 June 1980, when it was signed by the six original Member States and Ireland. It did not come into force until 1991 because of the need to make arrangements for the European Court to have jurisdiction to give rulings on its interpretation.
Floating Charges, Receivers and Managers and the Conflict of Laws
Authors: Collins Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interest in the topics dealt with in this article was stimulated by professional involvement in the insolvency of the Rolls-Royce aero-engine company in 1971, the forerunner of many modern international insolvencies. The analysis and conclusions in this article have been generally adopted: see Wood, Law and Practice of International Finance (1980), Chap. 15; Picarda, Law Relating to Receivers, Managers and Administrative Receivers (2nd ed., 1990), Chap. 40. Since it was written, the Insolvency Act 1986 has established the mutual recognition of receivers appointed in different parts of the United Kingdom. An important development was the introduction by the same legislation of the ‘administrative receiver’. The administrative receiver is a receiver or manager of a company’s property appointed by or on behalf of debenture holders under a charge. This status expands the powers of a purely contractual receiver, for example to obtain information about the affairs of the company from third parties.
Supereditor or Translator: Comments on Coleman
Authors: Calabresi Guido 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These are comments on Jules Coleman, but for two reasons I have trouble even making comments. First, in more than forty years since I came to Yale Law School, I have never written a comment or a book review or anything on someone else’s work. I think I don’t do it because it’s hard-it may also be because I’m egocentric, which is probably the same thing. But either way, what I am doing today is for me very new.
A Definition of Verbal Aspect
Authors: Fanning Buist M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is twofold: (1) to discuss basic issues of the meaning of aspect and formulate a general theory of aspect as a foundation for more specific discussion in later chapters; and (2) to provide a survey of aspectology over the last century to give perspective for the discussion of problems of aspect-usage in the NT. The history of aspect studies has shown that the major problem in understanding verbal aspect involves two interrelated issues: first, to distinguish aspect from other features of meaning with which it is commonly intertwined (e.g. tense, procedural character of verbs, structural contrasts between aspects, and discourse functions), and second, to note the variable function of aspect in connection with these other fratures. This chapter will discuss these distinctions and interconnections with other categories of meaning and propose a preliminary definition of verbal aspect.
The Aspects In Commands and Prohibitions
Authors: Fanning Buist M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to describe the meanings which the aspects display in commands and prohibitions in the NT. This includes usage in the imperative, as well as in parallel idioms using the subjunctive (hortatory and prohibitory uses). A section at the end of the chapter will treat aspect usage in indirect commands (i.e. infinitive or iva clause with subjunctive after a verb of commanding) and in other constructions which express commands (participles and infinitives used independently).
Stages in Human Action
Authors: Westberg Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the prima secundae of the Summa Theologiae, St Thomas deals with the process of human action as the foundation of a discussion of the morality of actions and of virtues. The account is Aristotelian in its general structure, beginning with man’s desire for the good, going on to a general account of volition and of the distinction between the voluntary and involuntary, and moving to a more specific description of deliberation, choice, and action. The reader familiar with the Nicomachean Ethics will notice, however, the addition of several other stages in Thomas’s account; the Summa includes new features in the process: intentio (q. 12), consensus (q. 15), usus (q. 16), and imperium (q. I7).
Prudence and Love
Authors: Westberg Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Thomistic philosophy it is the object which activates the powers of the mind. The object as something true (verum) is the object of the intellect, while the object as good (bonum) draws the will. The priority of cognition is a metaphysical one, since apprehension of form precedes inclination to it. In the process of free choice (liberum arbitrium) which is the principle of action, both intellect and will are active, with their functions designated as specification and exercise respectively.
Divine Action and Hebrew Wisdom
Authors: Barr James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At an early stage in his Bampton Lectures, Cod’s Action in the World, Maurice Wiles mentioned the familiar emphasis of the Old Testament on the ‘acts of God’ and the way in which this was exploited in the ‘Biblical Theology Movement’ earlier this century (Wiles 1986: 8). He recognized this, and rightly, as a primary feature of the biblical writings. He then went on to mention two qualifications. The first was that this feature was by no means as distinctive a characteristic as had often been supposed: and with the passage of time this qualification has come to be stronger and more widely recognized. ‘Docs he [God], like Zeus, send out thunderbolts in his displeasure;,’, Wiles asks (Wiles 1986: I), hinting at an awareness that the ‘God who acts’ in this drastic sense belongs to the pagan, mythological world rather than to the biblical and Christian. The second qualification was that, even in recognizing the importance of the ‘mighty acts of God’ for the Old Testament, he added, in his own words, ‘even if one finds it a little difficult to know what to do with the Wisdom literature’. The Wisdom literature, he thus suggested, was sparing or restrained in its mention of the mighty acts of God, and difficult to fit into any scheme dominated by ‘acts’ of that kind.
Lex orandi: Heresy, Orthodoxy, and Popular Religion
Authors: Lyman Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout his works on ancient and modern theology, Maurice Wiles has eloquently defended the unity between religious experience and critical theological enquiry. Thus, his studies of Arius, Asterius, and Eunomius include attempts to recover the possible spiritual concerns of those theologies traditionally understood as heretical (Wiles 1962, 1985, 1989). On the other hand this has also led him to ask critical questions about the necessary unity of certain spiritual and theological principles in orthodox soteriology or Christology (Wiles 1968, 1970). This less comfortable move is of course critical to any living theological enterprise: can there be essential or self-evident principles of Christian experience which anchor theological doctrines? As might be expected changes in religious experience and reasoned reflection go together, though exactly how remains a controversial and ambiguous question (Wiles 1986: 13). The affirmation of the unity of faith and doctrine is often expressed in the formula lex orandi, lex credenda. However, this formula is understood rather differently by theologians, historians, and liturgists. Ironically, if we take seriously the unity between prayer and belief, we may find less certainty than traditionally ascribed to the development of doctrine.
The Apocalyptic Character of Paul’s Theology
Authors: Way David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the apocalyptic character of Kasemann’s interpretation of Paul can be examined it is necessary to deal with some introductory issues concerning the nature of Kasemann’s Pauline publications after 1960, his change of mind on a fundamental history-of-religions question, and his understanding of the terms, ‘eschatology’ and ‘apocalyptic’.
Extradition to European States
Authors: Stanbrook Ivor , Qc Clive Stanbrook 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Extradition from the United Kingdom to most European countries is governed by the Extradition Act 1989 and the 1957 European Convention on Extradition, to which the United Kingdom acceded in 1991. It was the twenty-first country to ratify the Convention. It applies to the Islands (the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man) as well as to the United Kingdom itself. It also applies to Gibraltar and other British colonies for the following State parties: Finland, Hungary, Israel, Liechtenstein, Norway, Poland, and Switzerland.
Extradition to the Commonwealth
Authors: Stanbrook Ivor , Qc Clive Stanbrook 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Extradition arrangements between the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth are based, with three exceptions, on reciprocal legislation. A model scheme was devised by representatives of the governments concerned in 1966 and has been revised at intervals since then. In general, the United Kingdom’s arrangements with the countries and colonies making up the Commonwealth are regulated by the Extradition Act 1989, subject to any relevant Order in Council. In the case of India the arrangements are supplemented by a bilateral treaty. Two members of the Commonwealth, Cyprus and Malta, are a party to the 1957 European Convention on Extradition, and are treated by the United Kingdom as such, and not as a Commonwealth country for the purpose of extradition. Otherwise, the United Kingdom has no extradition treaties with the countries of the Commonwealth.
Extradition to Other Countries, Including the USA
Authors: Stanbrook Ivor , Qc Clive Stanbrook 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United Kingdom is a party to extradition arrangements, of some kind, with most countries of the world. It has: a bilateral arrangement with the Irish Republic contained in broadly reciprocal legislation based on a backing of warrants system; general extradition arrangements based on the Extradition Act 1989 with
Extradition from Other European States
Authors: Stanbrook Ivor , Qc Clive Stanbrook 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 11 of this work was devoted to the law applicable to outward extradition from the United Kingdom to the countries, in most cases those of Continental Europe, which are parties to the 1957 European Convention on Extradition. That law comprises the bulk of the Extradition Act 1989; the European Convention itself, subject to the United Kingdom’s formal reservations; and those multilateral conventions to which the 1989 Act has been applied for the purpose of extradition.