bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virological differences between patients infected with subtypes Ba and Bj of hepatitis B virus genotype B
Authors: KOBAYASHI MARIKO , SUZUKI FUMITAKA , AKUTA NORIO , TSUBOTA AKIHITO , IKEDA KENJI , ARASE YASUJI , SUZUKI YOSHIYUKI , SAITOH SATOSHI , KOBAYASHI MASAHIRO , HOSAKA TETSUYA , SOMEYA TAKASHI , MATSUDA MARIE , SATO JUNKO , MIYAKAWA YUZO , KUMADA HIROMITSU 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackground:  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype B is classified into subtype Ba with the recombination with genotype C in the precore region plus core gene and subtype Bj without recombination. Virological and clinical differences between infections with subtypes Ba and Bj, however, are yet to be determined.Methods:  During 1976 through 2001, 224 patients visited Toranomon Hospital in Tokyo, Japan who were infected with HBV genotype B. Subtypes of genotype B were determined by sequencing HBV‐DNA recovered from sera for detecting recombination with genotype C.Results:  Subtype Ba was detected in 53 patients (24%) and Bj in 167 (75%); subtypes were not able to be determined in the remaining four (1%). The only virological difference was that detection of hepatitis B e antigen at the presentation was more frequent in the patients infected with subtype Ba than those with Bj (63% vs 33%, P = 0.016). There were no differences in the distribution of liver disease of various forms between the patients infected with subtypes Ba and Bj at presentation. No differences were noted, either, in the development of liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma, or the loss of hepatitis B surface antigen from serum, between the patients infected with subtypes Ba and Bj during follow up of up to 26 years.Conclusions:  Although there were some virological differences between the patients infected with subtypes Ba and Bj of HBV genotype B, they do not seem to influence the long‐term clinical outcome.
Ranitidine bismuth citrate‐based triple therapies as a second‐line therapy for Helicobacter pylori in Turkish patients
Authors: KÖKSAL AYDIN Ş , PARLAK ERKAN , FILIK LEVENT , YOLCU ÖMER F , ÖDEMIŞ BÜLENT , ÜLKER AYSEL , ŞAŞMAZ NURGÜL , ÖZDEN ALI , ŞAHIN BURHAN 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackground: Quadruple therapy with a proton pump inhibitor, bismuth, metronidazole and tetracycline is recommended as the optimal second‐line therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection in the Maastricht Consensus Report. The aim of the present paper was to evaluate the efficacy of ranitidine bismuth citrate (RBC)‐based regimens as second‐line therapies after failure of the standard Maastricht triple therapy.Materials and Methods: One hundred and sixteen H. pylori‐positive patients were given omeprazole 20 mg b.d., clarithromycin 500 mg b.d., and amoxicillin 1 g b.d for 10 days. Patients remaining H. pylori‐positive (n = 29) were combined with 27 patients enrolled after an initial eradication failure from proton‐pump inhibitor (PPI), amoxicillin and clarithromycin therapy for at least 7 days and were randomly given one of the following second‐line 10‐day treatments: RBC 400 mg b.d., amoxicillin 1 g b.d and clarithromycin 500 mg b.d. (RAC group, n = 28) and RBC 400 mg b.d., metronidazole 500 mg b.d and tetracycline 500 mg b.d. (RMT group, n = 28). Eradication was assessed by either histology and rapid urease test or 13C urea breath test 8 weeks after therapy.Results: The eradication rate of first‐line Maastricht therapy was 67% for intention‐to‐treat analysis (95% confidence interval [CI]: 58–75). Per‐protocol and intention‐to‐treat eradication was achieved in 60.7% of patients (95%CI: 42–79) in the RAC group and in 85.7% of patients (95%CI: 73–98) in the RMT group (P = 0.03). Fifty‐three percent of patients in the RAC and 50% of patients in the RMT group experienced at least one slight side‐effect (P = 0.6).Conclusions: RMT is an effective and well‐tolerated second‐line therapy after H. pylori eradication failure from PPI, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin.
New guide wire technique for stent placement through an occluded self‐expandable metal stent: The hairpin technique
Authors: YAMAGUCHI YASUHARU , MOROZUMI KATSUROU , YAMATO TARO , KATSUMI NAOYA , ABE NOBUTSUGU , SUGIYAMA MASANORI , ISHIDA HITOSHI , TAKAHASHI SHIN‐ICHI 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackground and Aims:  Self‐expandable metal stents (SEMS) for malignant biliary strictures sometimes occlude, requiring the insertion of another stent. When a guide wire is advanced conventionally through the proximal portion of an occluded SEMS, the guide wire sometimes penetrates the stent mesh. The present study reports a new guide wire insertion technique that prevents this problem from occurring.Methods:  In this new method of advancing a guide wire, the tip is not straight but bent into a curve. Because the advancing end of the guidewire is rounded like a hairpin, it cannot penetrate the stent mesh. Before cannulation, the flexible tip of the guide wire is extended out of the tip of the cannula in the descending duodenum and then cannulation is carried out as the flexible tip makes a hairpin curve. The guide wire with a maintained hairpin curve is advanced through the proximal end of the SEMS. The hairpin curve pops open and the guide wire straightens out when the guide wire has passed through the SEMS. After that, a second stent can be inserted over the guide wire. This technique has been utilized 14 times for occluded SEMS in 10 patients between June 2001 and September 2003.Results:  In all patients the technique served to ensure access to the biliary tree and successful placement of a second stent.Conclusions:  This new hairpin guide wire technique was effective in preventing the guide wire from penetrating the stent mesh and, therefore contributed to successful stent placement within occluded SEMS.
Diazoxide‐mediated insulin suppression in obese men: a dose‐response study*
Authors: Schreuder T. , Karreman M. , Rennings A. , Ruinemans‐Koerts J. , Jansen M. , De Boer H. 
Published: April 2005

Background:  It has been suggested that diazoxide (DZX)‐mediated insulin suppression may be useful to promote weight loss in obese subjects.Aim:  To assess the DZX‐dose range that is safe to use in obese hyperinsulinaemic men.Methods:  Assessment of DZX efficacy and safety was based on plasma glucose and insulin responses to a standardized 500‐kcal breakfast, taken on the sixth day of treatment. Basic information regarding the potential efficacy of DZX treatment was first evaluated in an open‐label study in five non‐obese men. Subsequently, a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study was performed in 12 obese but otherwise healthy men, comparing placebo treatment with DZX in doses of 50, 75 and 100 mg three times daily for 6 days.Results:  In non‐obese subjects, DZX 50 mg decreased peak insulin levels by ±28% and raised peak glucose concentration from 7.1 ± 0.6 to 7.8 ± 0.6 mmol/l (p < 0.05). DZX 100 mg reduced peak insulin levels by 45% and caused a rise in peak glucose levels from 7.1 ± 0.6 to 9.0 ± 0.9 mmol/l (p < 0.05). In obese men, the 50 and 75 mg doses had no significant effects on glucose or insulin levels. DZX 100 mg reduced the peak insulin levels and insulin area under the curve by ±20% (p < 0.05) but did not affect fasting or postprandial glucose levels. The relatively limited insulin‐suppressive effects in obese subjects were attributed to the low plasma DZX levels that were achieved in this group. For comparable doses, plasma DZX levels were about 30% lower in obese than in non‐obese men. Plasma DZX levels were highly dependent on dose (p < 0.001) and body weight (p < 0.001). Ninety‐two percent of the total variability in DZX levels was explained by these two parameters.Conclusion:  DZX‐mediated insulin suppression is dose dependent in normal and in obese men. However, the efficacy of DZX is much less in obese than in non‐obese subjects. This is attributed to weight‐dependent differences in distribution volume that lead to markedly lower plasma DZX levels in obese subjects. Weight‐adjusted doses will be needed to achieve biologically effective plasma DZX levels. Extrapolation of the data suggests that effective insulin suppression in obese men will at least require a daily dose of 3.2–4.2 mg/kg.
We Can Still Learn About Probability by Rolling Dice and Tossing Coins
Authors: Dunn Peter K. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryRolling dice and tossing coins can still be used to teach probability even if students know (or think they know) what happens in these experiments. This article considers many simple variations of these experiments which are interesting, potentially enjoyable and challenging. Using these variations can cause students (and teachers) to think again about the statistical issues involved – and learn in the process.
Consumer motivations and concerns in online auctions: an exploratory study
Authors: Cameron Dylan D. , Galloway Alison 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis investigates the reasons behind the dramatic growth of Internet auction companies such as eBay, exploring into why so many consumers have been motivated to turn to online auctions to purchase and sell goods. It is found that the ability to purchase items at lower prices than from retail stores is the primary motivation, along with having access to previously unobtainable items. Concerns mainly relate to potential fraudulent transactions, although the negative feedback system is found to be vital in the reduction of fears over fraud. Interaction with other auction users is found to be important for practical reasons such as information seeking, rather than for enjoyment. The main conclusion is that the benefits of using Internet auctions far outweigh the risks involved.
The Emerging Literature of the Peruvian Educated Underclass
Authors: VILANOVA NÚRIA 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis article attempts to explore the relationship between social change and literature in present‐day Peru. It argues that the emergence of new fiction‐writers and poets from large social sectors historically marginalised from Peruvian public life is part of a dramatic process of social change by which these sectors are gaining an important role in the transformation of their society. The article concludes that the work of these new writers reflects their search for a distinctive independent expression which mirrors their origins and their attitude towards their surrounding world.
The Peruvian press under recent authoritarian regimes, with special reference to theautogolpeof President Fujimori
Authors: Wood David 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAmong the many controversial actions of President Fujimori theautogolpeof April 1992 is one of the most widely known, appearing for a time to provide other beleaguered South American presidents with an alternative model as to a possible course of action. By means of textual analysis and interviews with the editors of newspapers and news magazines this paper examines the military and economic pressures exerted on the Peruvian printed media during Alberto Fujimori's first term in office, and relates them to the historical situation of the press in the country.
La Marcha Violenta? Railroads and Land in 19th‐century Mexico
Authors: Van Hoy Teresa M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe impact of railroad development on land tenure and use in 19th‐century Mexico has long been central to interpretations of Mexico's rural history, in particular of the grievances culminating in the Revolution (1910–20). The prevailing interpretation, that railroads displaced Mexican peasants and smallholders from the land, has intuitive appeal but lacks empirical support. This article treats the question of the railroads' impact by studying the terms of the railroads' acquisition of land in southern Mexico. It argues that railroads failed to displace owners and occupants of the land, despite the governments's new laws and handpicked agents intended to oust recalcitrant residents with minimal delay and expense.
On the political consequences of privatisation: the case of Teléfonos de México
Authors: Clifton Judith 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis article examines the political consequences of the most important single privatisation in Mexico, that of the national telecommunications company, Telmex. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, diverse observers of Mexico claimed that, as the government pursued a dramatic privatisation programme as part of a broader plan to liberalise the economy, democratic growth would be encouraged. This argument is challenged in the case of the Telmex privatisation. It is shown how privatisation generated new resources that were channelled to lubricate corporatist relations and that the so‐called new unionism emerging from the telephone workers’union did not represent a departure from, but a culmination of, traditional state‐labour relations in Mexico.
The resurgence of populism in Latin America
Authors: Cammack Paul 
Published: April 2005

AbstractContemporary manifestations of “neopopulism” are situated in an analysis of the role of political institutions in capitalist societies, and the idea of structural and institutional crisis. It is argued that “populist” and “neopopulist” discourse alike must be understood in terms of their relationship to specific conjunctural projects for the reorientation of capitalist reproduction. This approach directs attention back to the contrasting conjunctures in which classical populist and contemporary neopopulist political projects were launched. It also provides a basis on which contemporary projects which adopt elements of populist strategy and discourse can be compared and evaluated.
Populisms old and new: the Peruvian case⋆
Authors: Crabtree John 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPresident Fujimori is often seen as exemplary of the Latin American “neopopulist”. Having inherited a country in crisis, he managed to engineer profound changes in the economic sphere, legitimising his government through a direct rapport with the mass of the population that marginalised representative institutions. This article seeks to place this “neopopulism” in an historical context by focusing on the socio‐economic and political characteristics that have sustained a tradition of populism in Peru. It argues that “top‐down” styles of political mobilisation have long had a debilitating effect on the development of a representative party system, and that populist traits can be traced through regimes of widely differing ideological orientations.
Neopopulism and its limits in Collor's Brazil
Authors: Panizza Francisco 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe election of Fernando Collor de Mello as President of Brazil in 1989 was regarded as part of a new wave of neopopulist leaders in contemporary Latin America. The article explores the conditions of emergence of Collor's neopopulist project, the nature of his appeal and the causes of his downfall. The article argues that the emergence of Collor's neopopulist challenge was the result of a crisis of representation in Brazil's edging democratic order. The article concludes that Collor's demise from power in 1992 had to do with the precarious nature of his appeal and his failure to ground his project in a new set of political institutions.
Populist possibilities and political constraints in Mexico
Authors: Philip George 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis article defines populism (in Latin American context) as a form of politics that is based mainly upon a personalist appeal, attracts significant popular support and, if successful, significantly redesigns social or political institutions. Neopopulism is defined as a form of populism which begins outside the state as opposed to classic populism which originates within the state. The main theoretical argument is that the study of populism can be made significant for comparative politics if we emphasise the issue of institutional redesign and then conceptualise it in structure vs agency terms. The comparative question then becomes whether a particular set of political institutions is robust enough to withstand the challenge of a charismatic individual. The empirical background is that Latin America has seen a significant number of populist movements that have indeed fundamentally altered institutional structures. By the same token, there have been an even larger number of populist attempts which ultimately failed. Having made this point, the discussion then focuses on Mexico. It seeks to understand the different sets of conditions which allowed Lázaro Cárdenas to succeed as classic populist in the 1930s, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas to come close to success as a neopopulist in the 1980s and which greatly reduce the likelihood of successful neopopulism in the near future.
Book reviews
Authors: Lewis Colin M. 
Published: April 2005

Adelman, Jeremy (1999), Republic of Capital: Buenos Aires and the Legal Transformation of the Atlantic World.Walker, Charles F. (1999), Smoldering Ashes: Cuzco and the Creation of Republican Peru, 1780–1840.Schmidt‐Nowara, Christopher (1999), Empire and Antislavery: Spain, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, 1833+1874.Lauria‐Santiago, Aldo (1999), An Agrarian Republic: Commercial Agriculture and the Politics of Peasant Communities in El Salvador, 1823–1914.Austin‐Broos Diane J. (1997), Jamaica Genesis: Religion and The Politics of Moral Orders.V. Montecinos (Ed.) (1998), Economists, Politics and the State: Chile 1958–1994, vol. viii.A. Hira (ed.) (1998); Ideas and Economic Policy in Latin America: Regional, National and Organizational Case Studies.Cullather, Nick (1999), Secret History: The CIA's Classified Account Of Its Operations in Guatemala 1952+1954.Wilson Samuel (ed.) (1999), The Indigenous People of the Caribbean.Gary H. Gossen (1999), Telling Maya Tales. Tzotzil Identities in Modern Mexico.Lievesley, Geraldine, Democracy in Latin America: Mobilisation, Power and the search for a New Politics.Gould Jeffrey (1998), To Die in This Way. Nicaraguan Indians and the Myth of Mestizaje, 1880–1965.Torres, Carlos Alberto and Puiggrós, Adriana (1998), Latin American Education. Comparative Perspectives.Archetti, Edwardo (1999), Masculinities, Football, Polo and the Tango in Argentina.Outtes Joel (ed.) (1997), O Recife: gênese do urbanismo, 1927+1943.
‘Paz, progreso, justicia y honradez’: law and citizenship in Alta Verapaz during the regime of Jorge Ubico⋆
Authors: Sieder Rachel 
Published: April 2005

AbstractProspects for the ‘rule of law’ in the present are shaped by historical experiences of law by elite and non‐elite groups in the past. In this article I explore changing conceptions and practices of‘rights’and‘justice’as expressed in the legal and administrative encounters between indigenous people and state officials during the regime of Jorge Ubico (1931–1944). The extension of the state's coercive and administrative apparatus to remote rural areas, new legislation and changes in public administration transformed relations between working people, coffee fmqueros and the state in Guatemala. This implied new obligations and exactions for Mayans, but also provided them with new opportunities to contest and negotiate their conditions. Indigenous people strategically engaged with the law to contest the terms of their domination by elite actors and to mediate conflicts between themselves. As state ideologies of‘moral behaviour’led to increasing regulation of the private sphere, this was particularly important in the case of conflicts over gendered rights and obligations. Although formally excluded from the category of citizens, indigenous people used the official language and discourse of citizenship to further their claims, in turn reshaping Guatemalan nation‐state.
Everyday forms of state decomposition: Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, 1954⋆
Authors: Grandin Greg 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis essay explores how Guatemala's 1952 agrarian reform played out among Quetzalteco K'iche's. Much of the academic writing on the revolution is concerned with the way the agrarian reform affected indigenous communities. These studies either view the reform as creating bitter political conflicts within the community, thereby weakening or destroying local institutions of communal politics and identification, or else they understand the reform as deepening incipient class divisions. In all of these studies,‘conflict’is understood to be something antithetical to‘community’. Yet conflict is as essential to communal formation as are more visible identity markers, suggesting an intriguing correlation: the greater the degree of communal conflict, the greater the level of communal identification.
Indians are drunks and drunks are Indians: alcohol and indigenismo in Guatemala, 1890–1940
Authors: Garrard‐Burnett Virginia 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis article explores the ways in which the use of alcohol articulated with the discourse of indigenismo in Guatemala between the late 1890s and the late 1930s. In the first decades of the twentieth century, the public language of alcoholism merged with that of indigenismo. By the early 1930s, during presidency of Jorge Ubico (1931–1944), the theoretical conflation of alcoholism and indigenismo was fully evolved, providing a seamless paradigm for those who would place the credited Guatemala's‘drunken’and‘racially degenerate’indigenous majority with the nation's underdevelopment. The article utilises indigenista literature, newspapers, contemporary legislation and judicial records on the alcohol contraband trade and drunkenness to construct this argument.
The origins of APRA in Cajamarca, 1928–1935⋆
Authors: Taylor Lewis 
Published: April 2005

AbstractFrom its foundation in 1930 until the late 1980s, the Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (APRA) comprised the largest and best organised political party in Peru, but surprisingly few studies exist on how the organisation was established and built up a mass following at the provincial level. This article examines the birth of APRA in the Andean department of Cajamarca. It highlights the support the organisation obtained among key middle–class groups (i.e. lawyers, schoolteachers, cattle dealers, etc.), and the links they forged with the rural and urban poor. APRA's efforts to mobilise “new” social actors, such as women and students, are also described.
The politics of indigenous land rights Brazil
Authors: Carvalho Georgia O. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBrazilian indigenous rights policy has been exclusionary. As a result indigenous people and their supporters have mobilised and politicised indigenous issues. Politicisation led to inclusion of indigenous rights in the 1988 Constitution. Nevertheless, evidence suggests that this process led to a retrenchment of interests opposed to indigenous rights. This analysis compares the asymmetric access to the policy‐formation process granted to political and economic interests and indigenous people. The argument is that democratisation has yet to open the policy‐making process to disenfranchised groups such as indigenous people. To illustrate the argument evidence of setbacks to indigenous land rights is examined.
Is Brazil becoming a “boring” country?
Authors: Panizza Francisco 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe article looks at the condition of Brazil's political system in light of the 1998 electoral results. It critically examines arguments that electoral volatility, political fragmentation and weak institutionalisation have produced a highly unstable political system unsuitable for sound policy‐making and processing change. While not underestimating the influence of electoral rules, it argues that given the combination of political, institutional and economic turmoil of the 1980s, it is not surprising that electoral volatility over the period was amongst the highest in the world. Arguably, however, these factors are now having a diminished impact on the political system, lessening volatility and allowing the emergence of a more institutionalised party system.