bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CATALASE ACTIVITY OF LIVER AND KIDNEY IN FROGS WITH SPONTANEOUS RENAL CARCINOMA
Authors: Lucké Balduin , Berwick Mary 
Published: June 2004

The kidney carcinoma of the leopard frog has served for various studies on catalase activity, as a first step in gaining information on enzymatic properties of neoplasms in cold blooded animals.
It was found that the activity level of this tumor is reduced to approximately 13 per cent of that of the normal frog's kidney.
Systemic effects of the tumor on catalase activity of liver and kidney are evident. Liver catalase in tumor-bearing frogs is diminished to about 50 per cent of the normal, and kidney catalase to an even greater degree; i.e., to about 34 per cent. A positive correlation exists between levels of catalase in tumor and in liver.
Frogs kept at 3 different temperatures, 8, 18, and 26.5°C., for upward of 29 days exhibited no significant change in activity levels either of tumor or of livers from normal or from tumor-bearing animals. It is suggested that a seasonal variation may occur in catalase activity of the frog. During the winter months catalase activity of the tumors was found to be higher than during the summer, whereas liver catalase was below the level of normal frogs examined during the summer.
Intracoelomic injections of homogenates of tumors promptly lead to diminution of liver catalase lasting for several days. Injection of normal kidney has no such effect.
These results with a spontaneous tumor of a cold blooded animal are in essential agreement with the many observations made with transplanted tumors of warm blooded animals. They lend support to the view that neoplasia is a ubiquitous biological process with similar characteristics in all species or classes of vertebrates.
A STUDY OF THE ANTIGENICITY OF T3 AND T4 COLI-DYSENTERY BACTERIOPHAGES DURING THE VEGETATIVE STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Barry Guy T. 
Published: June 2004

The development of viral neutralizing antibodies in animals injected with T3 or T4 phage is considerably inhibited by the presence of bacterial antigens.
A new procedure has been described to liberate phage from infected E. coli B bacteria by inducing lysis with penicillin.
By immunological means it has been shown that T4-infected cultures of E. coli B, in which phage development has been inhibited with proflavine, contain the viral neutralizing antigen after lysis.
In contrast, it has not been possible to demonstrate by immunological means the appearance of viral neutralizing antigen in E. coli B infected with T3 prior to the appearance of intracellular phage.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND QUANTITATIVE COMPARISON BETWEEN INFECTIOUS AND NON-INFECTIOUS FORMS OF INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Werner Georges H. , Schlesinger R. Walter 
Published: June 2004

Electron microscopic study has revealed the morphological entity responsible for the rise in viral hemagglutinin observed in brains of mice after intracerebral inoculation of non-neurotropic strains of influenza virus. This rise in hemagglutinin, although dependent on inoculation of fully infectious virus, is not associated with an increase in infectious titer. The hemagglutinating principle is functionally similar to the "incomplete" influenza virus which can be obtained from chick embryos by serial egg-to-egg transfer of undiluted, infected allantoic fluid according to the method of von Magnus.
A method has been described which facilitates selective adsorption of viral particles recovered from organ extracts on saponine-lysed ghosts of fowl erythrocytes. This procedure has been utilized in studying the morphology of non-infectious, hemagglutinating virus from chorio-allantoic membranes or mouse brains and in comparing these two forms with each other and with ordinary, infectious (standard) influenza virus.
Standard virus isolated from allantoic fluids or membranes of infected eggs was found to contain uniform particles of predominantly spherical shape with smooth surface and even density, resembling those described by others. The appearance of such particles was not affected by the procedure of extraction and concentration used.
In contrast, non-infectious, hemagglutinating virus obtained either from allantoic sacs ("undiluted passages") or from mouse brain was pleomorphic and seemed to consist of disintegrating particles. The majority appeared flattened and bag-like and had a rough, granular surface and reduced, uneven density. 37 per cent of the non-infectious particles isolated from mouse brain infected with the non-neurotropic strain WS had diameters in excess of 170 mµ, as compared with only 2 per cent of the particles of the parent strain itself.
Regardless of whether or not the contrast in appearance of standard and of non-infectious particles was due to differing resistance to the preparatory treatment, it indicated the existence of basic structural differences between the two types of virus.
Correlation of particle counts with hemagglutinin titers has shown that the non-infectious virus obtained from mouse brain is, unit for unit, an equivalent counterpart of standard virus derived from infected eggs. The end-point of hemagglutination in a pattern test corresponds for both forms to that dilution at which the ratio virus particles/red cells approaches one. The quantitative data based on particle counts support the assumption that non-infectious virus arises in mouse brain as a product of viral multiplication.
CYTOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELEASE OF HISTAMINE BY MAST CELLS
Authors: Fawcett Don W. 
Published: June 2004

Experimental solutions known to affect mast cells or to cause liberation of histamine from the tissue were introduced into the peritoneal cavity of rats. Samples of the peritoneal fluid were withdrawn at intervals afterward and assayed for histamine and the condition of the mast cells was subsequently ascertained by microscopic examination of stained spreads of the mesenteries.
Intraperitoneal injection of distilled water caused osmotic disruption of the mast cells and the appearance of an appreciable amount of histamine in the peritoneal fluid.
Injection of Tyrode solution alone was not particularly damaging to the mast cells and little or no histamine was released.
Injection of Tyrode solution containing compound 48/80 resulted in extensive release of granules from mast cells and the appearance of large amounts of histamine in the fluid. Solution of 48/80 failed however to cause histamine release when injected into rats whose subserosal mast cells had previously been destroyed.
A series of increasing doses of compound 48/80 had a graded morphological effect upon mast cells and resulted in a graded increase in the amount of histamine that appeared in the peritoneal fluid. It is unlikely therefore that this compound acts by simply lysing the plasma membrane.
It is concluded that mast cells in the rat are extraordinarily rich in histamine which is liberated under conditions which cause mast cells to release their granules. The histamine set free by the potent histamine liberator, compound 48/80, appears to come principally from the tissue mast cells.
STUDIES ON THE TRANSFER OF LYMPH NODE CELLS
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna , Beale Henry D. , Smith J. J. 
Published: June 2004

Cells of the popliteal lymph node were teased 3 days after the injection of Shigella paradysenteriae into the hind foot pads of rabbits. These cells were transferred to normal and x-irradiated recipients. It was noted that the serum titers of dysentery agglutinins in irradiated recipients were higher than in normal recipients. This was represented both in a higher peak: titer and a tendency to remain higher for a longer period than in normal animals.
Recipients were x-irradiated within 1 hour after receiving cells of the lymph node prepared as indicated above. The serum titers of these recipients were markedly reduced in comparison with those of non-irradiated control animals. If the irradiation of the recipients followed the transfer of cells by a day, however, this difference was much smaller and in the case of a 2 day interval after the transfer of the lymph node cells the irradiation appeared to have no effect on the resulting serum titer.
THE PERSISTENCE OF BOVINE γ-GLOBULIN INJECTED AS AN ANTIGEN INTO RABBITS
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Kruse Heinz , Sturm Ernest , Edwards Joshua L. 
Published: June 2004

A sensitive biological test has been used to detect the persistence of minute traces of a foreign protein, bovine γ-globulin, in the blood and livers of rabbits intravenously injected with it, as an antigen. At various intervals after injecting these rabbits (donors) serum or liver tissue was transferred from them to the peritoneal cavities of normal or unilaterally adrenalectomized mice (recipients) with the aim of rendering the latter hypersensitive to the antigen that might be persisting in the transferred materials; a state of affairs detectable, 2 days later, by the appearance of signs of reversed passive anaphylaxis when the recipient mice were intravenously challenged with a strong anti-bovine γ-globulin rabbit serum.
The protein persisted in the blood of the donor rabbits, in readily demonstrable amounts for 1 month, and in the blood of one animal, in minute traces, or as long as 6 weeks. It was detectable in the livers for 8 weeks.
The persistence of bovine γ-globulin in rabbits, which form circulating antibodies to it well, is not as long as that in mice, which form antibodies to it poorly, since in previous work with the mouse the antigen was found (1) in the blood after 8 weeks and in the liver for 14 weeks. Nevertheless the antigen persists in the rabbit much longer than is generally supposed. Indeed it can be found in the liver all through the period in which circulating antibody is demonstrable in the blood. Explanations for the phenomenon have been suggested. Its significance in relation to the mechanisms of antibody formation is obvious.
THE EFFECT OF ALLOXAN DIABETES ON EXPERIMENTAL CHOLESTEROL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Duff G. Lyman , Brechin Doris J. H. , Finkelstein W. E. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments were undertaken to ascertain whether the previously demonstrated inhibition of the development of experimental aortic atherosclerosis in alloxan-diabetic rabbits fed cholesterol was due to the injection of alloxan per se or to the existence of the diabetic state produced by alloxan.
It was established that, by treating the diabetic state with insulin, the diabetic state could be ameliorated and the inhibitory effect obviated. It was therefore concluded that the inhibitory phenomenon was not due to the injection of alloxan per se but that it was associated with one or more factors that characterize the alloxan diabetic state in the rabbit and that are reversible by insulin therapy.
In the course of the experiment it was demonstrated that the inhibitory effect was apparent in cholesterol-fed diabetic rabbits whether or not their diet was supplemented with vegetable oil. The previously reported metabolic abnormalities of the diabetic animals were confirmed. It was established that suitable treatment of the cholesterol-fed diabetic animals with insulin would bring all the metabolic aberrations, including those of the serum lipids, into reasonably close correspondence with those observed in non-diabetic rabbits fed cholesterol.
THE EFFECT OF EGG YOLK IN DIETS ON ANAPHYLACTIC ARTHRITIS (PASSIVE ARTHUS PHENOMENON) IN THE GUINEA PIG
Authors: Coburn Alvin F. , Graham Claire E. , Haninger Joan 
Published: June 2004

Whole egg yolk incorporated as a supplement in the diet of baby guinea pigs afforded protection against anaphylactic arthritis as determined: (a) by measurement of joint swelling; (b) by the rise in serum level of some substance which reacts with diphenylamine; (c) by histologic examination.
The active material in egg yolk was shown to be in the alcohol-soluble fraction. Attempts to identify the active material with any known lipid have to date been unsuccessful.
In the screening of lipid substances for protection against anaphylactic arthritis, it is shown that the weanling guinea pig is suitable, that a 3 week period is adequate, and that the test substance can be administered satisfactorily in the diet.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE INTRACELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF THE VIRUS OF HERPES SIMPLEX IN THE CHICK EMBRYO LIVER
Authors: Gray Alan , Scott T. F. McNair 
Published: June 2004

The growth cycle of the virus of herpes simplex in chick embryo liver has been shown to follow the same pattern as in the chorioallantoic membrane and the rabbit's corneal cells. However, there is considerable variability in the time taken for the yolk sac-inoculated virus to get from the yolk sac into the liver.
A brief description has been given of various fractionation procedures employed for obtaining isolated nuclei. It has been shown that free virus is not selectively adsorbed to isolated nuclei. Evidence has been presented to show that in the herpes-infected chick embryo liver, large proportions of the total virus can at times be found associated with the nuclear fraction. The percentage of the total virus in the nuclear fraction varies inversely with the titer of virus in the whole liver, and the number of hours after inoculation of the virus; only a negligible amount (as compared with that in the total) being associated with the nuclear fraction when a period of over 12 hours has elapsed after reappearance of virus. Furthermore, demonstration of virus in the isolated nuclei following extraction with hypertonic NaCl provides additional evidence that this virus is intimately associated with the nuclei.
THE NATURE OF PROPHAGE IN LYSOGENIC BACILLUS MEGATHERIUM
Authors: Miller Elizabeth M. , Goebel Walther F. 
Published: June 2004

1. By complement-fixation tests it has been shown that the lysogenic and sensitive strains of B. megatherium share one or more antigenic components which are serologically related but not identical.
2. Bacilli of the lysogenic strain of B. megatherium, when grown under conditions such that little extracellular phage is produced, fail to evoke antibodies in rabbits which react either in complement-fixation or neutralization tests with purified megatherium T phage. From this it must be concluded either that prophage is not antigenic or that any antibody which it might elicit does not react with the antigens of the mature virus.
The observations reported in this communication accord with the hypothesis that prophage is a genetic structure.
INFLUENZA VIRUS MULTIPLICATION IN THE CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANE IN VITRO: KINETIC ASPECTS OF INHIBITION BY 5, 6-DICHLORO-1-ß-D-RIBOFURANOSYLBENZIMIDAZOLE
Authors: Tamm Igor , Tyrrell David A. J. 
Published: June 2004

A procedure is described for kinetic studies on the multiplication of Lee virus in the chorioallantoic membrane in vitro employing the hemagglutination technique for measurement of virus concentration. A linear relationship was found between the logarithm of virus adsorbed and the amount of membrane used. Of the virus adsorbed less than 10 per cent could be recovered from the membrane. Of the recoverable virus 90 per cent was eliminated by specific immune serum. Lee virus was adsorbed by the allantoic and chorionic layers of the membrane to a similar degree. Multiplication occurred in both layers and to a similar extent. When 107.66 EID50 of Lee virus was inoculated per 2.9 cm.2 of chorioallantoic membrane, the ratio of infectivity to hemagglutination titer in the yield was low, although the rate of appearance of virus particles was not diminished despite the large inocula.
Virus produced in membranes was liberated rapidly and continually into the medium. 5,6-Dichloro-1-ß-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB), 0.000055 M, prolonged the latent period by more than 100 per cent. The rate of increase during the period of rapid rise was similar in the presence or absence of DRB, but the yield was markedly reduced at the end of this period in the presence of DRB. The amount of the virus in the membranes continued to rise in the presence of DRB and eventually approached the maximal levels reached much earlier in the controls. Measurement of the amount of virus in the media indicated a greater degree of inhibition than did measurement in the membranes. Comparative studies with two benzimidazole derivatives on the dependence of the inhibitory effect on the time of addition of the compound showed that processes which could be inhibited by DRB were of shorter duration than those inhibited by 2,5-dimethylbenzimidazole (MB). With MB the relationship between the time of addition and the inhibitory effect was similar both for virus and for soluble complement-fixing antigen; with DRB the inhibitable processes were of shorter duration for the complement-fixing antigen than for virus particles. DRB was not only 35 times more active on a molar basis but also was more selective in its action than MB. DRB interfered with processes which preceded the emergence of either soluble complement-fixing antigen or virus particles. Some of the implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the mechanism of inhibition of influenza virus multiplication by benzimidazole derivatives.
RELATION OF CERTAIN ENDOCRINE DISTURBANCES TO SUSCEPTIBILITY OF GOLDEN SYRIAN HAMSTER TO EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Teodoru Constantin V. , Shwartzman Gregory 
Published: June 2004

Alterations in susceptibility of the Syrian hamster to poliomyelitis virus (MEF1) inoculated intracerebrally appeared closely related to seasonal changes and experimental disturbances in the adreno-testes equilibrium. Enhanced susceptibility coincided with seasonal enlargement of adrenals, followed cortisone and DOCA treatment and appeared during the initial postorchiectomy period. Increased resistance occurred incidentally to adrenalectomy, seasonal diminution in adrenal weight, testosterone overdosage, and testicular hypertrophy induced by treatment with GTH or chorionic gonadotrophin.
The effect of certain hormonal interactions, the interference of conditioning factors and the role of compensatory reactions are discussed.
STUDIES ON THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Authors: Palade George E. , Porter Keith R. 
Published: June 2004

A series of representative cell types including avian fibroblasts, and macrophages; rabbit mesothelia, endothelia, and nephron epithelia; and rat glandular epithelia (parotid) were studied comparatively in vitro and in situ with the electron microscope. Cells in vitro were examined in whole mounts and in sections whereas cells in situ were observed exclusively in sections.
It was found that an endoplasmic reticulum similar to that previously described in cultured material is present in situ in all cell types examined.
Modifications in its appearance introduced by the sectioning technique were discussed and explained. The observations showed in addition that the endoplasmic reticulum is a network of cavities which may enlarge into relatively vast, flattened vesicles here described as cisternae.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ANTITOXIN PRODUCED IN NORMAL AND ALLERGIC INDIVIDUALS HYPERIMMUNIZED WITH DIPHTHERIA TOXOID
Authors: Kuhns William J. 
Published: June 2004

Studies were carried out on sera from eight subjects hyperimmunized with toxoid who developed marked immediate skin reactivity to toxoid associated with circulating non-precipitating antitoxin. With the use of the rabbit skin test, the agar diffusion technique, and three different methods for passive transfer of skin sensitivity, it was possible to obtain detailed qualitative and quantitative data relating to the antitoxin in these sera. It was found that specimens from six individuals contained only skin-sensitizing antitoxin. Two sera showed a lack of parallelism between antitoxin titers as obtained by rabbit skin test and titers as demonstrated by tests in human skin. It was presumed that these sera contained two different varieties of non-precipitating antitoxins, and that only one of them was skin-sensitizing antitoxin.
A new technique is described for measurement of skin-sensitizing antitoxin. Its specificity is based upon the ability of this antitoxin to remain at skin sites and later neutralize the delayed specific toxic effects of intradermal Schick test reagent.
INTRACELLULAR CHANGES DUE TO NEUTRAL RED AS REVEALED IN THE PANCREAS AND KIDNEY OF THE MOUSE BY THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Authors: Weiss Jules M. 
Published: June 2004

The effects of sublethal amounts of the cationic dye, neutral red, upon the structure of pancreatic exocrine cells, and upon the mitochondria of renal distal tubule cells, have been studied with the electron microscope. It was found that neutral red is a cytoplasmic toxin which causes reproducible and characteristic changes in the ergastoplasm, the zymogen granules, the mitochondria, and possibly in the Golgi complex. Ergastoplasmic membranes and granules and zymogen granules lose definition and become continuous with the cytoplasmic matrix. Mitochondria lose their internal folds, develop vacuoles which contain a solution of neutral red in high concentration, and form the nidus for the development of sudanophilic, argyrophilic, osmiophilic inclusions which appear in the cytoplasm after neutral red administration. Golgi granules, one of the three elements of the Golgi complex, appear to increase in number and to be scattered more widely through the cytoplasm than is normal. No consistent changes were found in the cell membrane or nucleus.
The ability of the mitochondria to concentrate the cation, neutral red, taken with its well known ability to concentrate the cationic Janus dyes and methylene blue, and its probable role in concentrating those cationic dyes which have been used to demonstrate the "vacuome," is interpreted to signify that one of the functions of mitochondria may be to concentrate intracellar cations.
A FRACTION OF TUBERCLE BACILLI POSSESSING PRIMARY TOXICITY
Authors: Spitznagel John K. , Dubos René J. 
Published: June 2004

Tubercle bacilli separated from young cultures were thoroughly extracted with monochlorobenzene at temperatures never exceeding 50°C. From the soluble material, a fraction corresponding to approximately 1 per cent of the total bacillary weight was separated by fractional precipitation with petrolic ether at temperatures of 0° or 4°C.—depending upon the strain of bacilli.
The monochlorobenzene-soluble-ether-insoluble material (fraction 7) prepared from BCG-P was found to contain 0.14 per cent nitrogen and 0.4 per cent phosphorus. Some of its other chemical characteristics are described.
Fraction 7 proved unable to elicit tuberculin allergy in guinea pigs, but injection of 5 µg. of it into the skin produced severe local reactions.
In albino mice, a single intraperitoneal injection of 20 µg. caused loss of muscular tone and of weight followed by death within 9 days. The only tissue reaction observed was a slight degree of peritonitis. In mice of the C57 BL strain, a single injection of 40 µg. also caused death in the same time, but with pulmonary hemorrhages—usually massive.
Material similar to fraction 7 was obtained from one virulent, two attenuated, and one avirulent strain of mammalian tubercle bacilli (bovine and human). The fractions obtained from the various strains differed somewhat in solubility and toxicity. The more virulent the culture, the more toxic was the fraction obtained from it; but it is possible that this relation was the result of differences in the effectiveness of the extraction procedures, rather than of characteristics inherent to the cultures.
Evidence is presented that the toxicity of fraction 7 accounts for much of the primary toxicity of tubercle bacilli.