bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New measuring system for locating firearm projectiles in the human body based on eddy currents and GMI sensors
Authors: Seixas V , Hall Barbosa C , Costa Monteiro E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Noninvasive magnetic mapping for locating non-ferromagnetic metallic foreign bodies, such as firearm projectiles, has a promising application for guiding accurate surgical removals. The strategy consists of inducing eddy currents in the metallic object by applying an external alternating magnetic field. A secondary magnetic field generated by the induced currents in the foreign body can be detected by a high-sensitivity transducer. Previously proposed systems presented constraints to the measurement capability of the transducer imposed by the primary magnetic field interference on their sensing elements. Overcoming these limitations, this work proposes a new configuration of the system that decouples the excitation and measuring stages, arranging their elements symmetrically to generate a spatial distribution of the field lines in such a way that adequate magnetic flux density levels are produced in the region of the foreign body, with values nearly not-detectable at the sensor location. Thereby, the secondary field generated by the induced eddy currents can be amplified, allowing the detection of smaller fragments located at greater depth distances from the skin. The measuring system concept, the spatial distribution of the primary and secondary magnetic fields, and the new approach’s performance to localize foreign bodies are presented.
Metrological perspective on the use of ultrasound physiotherapy equipment in Brazil
Authors: Silva J G D , Alvarenga A V , Costa-Félix R P B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite several scientific proofs about the success of using therapeutic ultrasound for different therapies, there are also reports of failures and ineffectiveness in applied treatments. Much of this failure is due to the poor working conditions of the ETUS equipment used, which causes the reduction or absence of therapeutic effects. This survey asked professionals about the methods they use and the methods they know and are available on the market to test their equipment through a questionnaire. This study aimed to discuss, for the metrological perspective, the use of ultrasound physiotherapy equipment in Brazil. A problem for the metrological reliability of ETUS is related to the lack of metrological culture among users, who do not adopt procedures to assess their equipment, often because they are unaware of its importance and need. Periodic checks on equipment would give physiotherapists a resource with greater reliability and possibly more efficient therapies.
Polymer blocks homogeneity concerning the speed of sound for in vitro studies in implant dentistry
Authors: Morais G C , Mayworm R C , Giosa D T , Fontão F N G K , Granjeiro J M , Costa-Felix R P B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dentistry implants methods are recursively enhancing the image localisation approach to improve patient point of intercession accuracy. Previous planning of the surgical act is on the cut edge of the technology. Materials that mimic the implant house, i.e., the maxillary bone, have been developed and improved material technology. Standard non-invasive and non-ionising radiation technologies are relevant tools to that approach. Ultrasound imaging techniques play a prominent role in that matter. Nevertheless, recent polymer materials specially developed to help the pre-implant studies had not been evaluated about their homogeneity of ultrasound parameters. Two specially developed polymer materials have their speed of sound analysed in a metrologically based methodology. At 1 MHz, a set of 10 blocks were considered statistically equivalent, unless one specimen. The speed of sound was 1020 m s−1 (expanded uncertainty for p = 0.95 equals 22 m s−1) and 1676 m s−1 (U0.95 = 10 m s−1). The ultrasound homogeneity is a vital outcome of the reliability of those materials used in dentistry implant pre-clinical studies.
Detection of Microbiological Contamination in Cell Cultures and their Raw Materials: a 6 years report of this activity.
Authors: Ramos-Junior J L P , Monteiro O S , dos Santos N C , Correa R , Cavalcanti D P , Martins J , Boldrini L , Granjeiro J M , Folgueras-Flatschart A V 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Contaminations in cell cultures are a source of concern for biotechnology laboratories, bio products manufacturers and cell banks as they involve economical loss, time loss and non-valid results. The main issues are fungi, bacteria (including mycoplasmas) and viruses. In this study, we present a retrospective of cell cultures quality control and their raw materials carried out at INMETRO throughout 6 years. From 2014 to 2019, different cell lines and raw materials derived from LABIO, from partner institutions of research projects, or from cooperation agreements were assessed. The detection of mycoplasmas were made using the biochemical method MycoAlert Plus. Contamination by bacteria and fungi were detected by a microbiological culturing according to the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. Among the 944 assays carried out to detect bacteria and fungi; 5.6% presented contamination. Among 1143 assays of mycoplasmas detection; 10.8% presented contamination. Regarding raw materials assessment, 0.7% and 7.7% were contaminated with mycoplasmas and bacteria/fungi, respectively. In total, 8% of all samples presented contamination: 5.6% by mycoplasmas, 2.4% by bacteria/fungi and 0.1% by both. The dissemination of Good Practices on Cells Culture, the availability of these assays and the support of the implementation given to laboratories which are interested have been our contribution to improve control quality in the activity of cell cultures.
Convolutional Neural Network for non-invasive magnetic foreign body localization in the human body
Authors: Rogozinski M , Barbosa C R H , Costa Monteiro E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ferromagnetic foreign bodies accidentally inserted in patients usually need to be surgically removed. Their location can be estimated by measuring the magnetic field generated by the object and solving the magnetic inverse problem to locate the source based on the magnetic field maps configuration. Considering ferromagnetic straight needles (hypodermic or sewing, for example) and a computer simulation of the magnetic flux density based on Biot-Savart’s Law, this paper presents an algorithm based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to find the depth, the angles of inclination and rotation and the center of the needle inside the human body. The proposed model presents low RMSE values and type A measurement uncertainty for the depth, the inclination angle, the rotation angle, and for the displacement Δ between the midpoint of the distance connecting the magnetic field extreme values and the foreign body center, all of which adequate for use in therapeutic procedures.
Characterization of an OCT probe for use in the diagnosis of precancerous lesions of the cervix
Authors: Cordes A H , Couceiro I B , Alvarenga A D , Malinovski I , de Andrade C V , Russomano F B , von der Weid J P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The development of an auxiliary diagnostic tool (OCT probe) for application in the assessment of cervical cancer is being carried out and may have an impact on the diagnostic process and, consequently, on the reduction of the incidence of female mortality from cervical cancer, by allowing a more accurate assessment of the extent of the lesion and by enabling the expansion of this assessment within the endocervical canal. In addition to the scientific result, the use of available equipment will boost the quality of clinical care currently available for diagnosis. Combining technical development with a precise methodology and clinical application, the probe developed will have a scientific impact of socio-economic relevance for society. As it is an optical measurement, it is necessary to evaluate the optical characteristics of the developed probes and the choice of one of them was made taking into account the measurements carried out and the application of metrological concepts.
A simple Kibble balance approach for principle demonstration at Inmetro
Authors: Cacais F L , Loayza V M , Beatrici A , Quintão D , Rebelo A S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This work shows the results obtained by Inmetro’s mass lab implementation of a simple Kibble balance approach for demonstration of its mass measurement principle based on the Planck’s constant. It is based on some modifications of Mimimal Watt Balance work reducing the required electrical measurements by using two loudspeakers mechanically coupled so that one of them acts as a linear actuator in order to perform BL measurements in the moving phase. The mean BL value obtained in weighing phase was 2.66 N/A and in moving phase 2.67 N/A. The maximum error of mass values measured for standard weights in the range from 5 g to 50 g was lower than 5%.
A reference system to calibrate low-current meters in the range of picoamperes to microamperes
Authors: Pinto M V V , Ventura R V F , Landim R P , David R P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The calibration of low current meters in the range of picoamperes up to microamperes is important for the electronics industry, for the photometry area, and especially for the ionizing radiation area. In Brazil, traceability is limited to ten microamperes. In this paper, a reference system using Ohm’s law method is presented. It was possible to calibrate an electrometer between 2 picoamperes and 20 microamperes, with uncertainties between 0.70 % and 0.000060 %, respectively, as well as to validate the developed system and Ohm’s law method by comparing it with the method used to calibrate values above 10 microamperes, in an intralaboratory comparison.
Identification and evaluation of uncertainty contributions to optical current sensor measurement uncertainty
Authors: Costa M M , Costa J C W A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Optical current sensors can replace traditional current sensor due to their several advantages, as electromagnetic immunity, low dimensions, low cost and others. One of the current main challenges is to develop optical current sensors with good accuracy and stability. This paper presents identification and evaluation of uncertainty contributions to measurement uncertainty evaluation of optical current sensors based on Faraday effect.
Quality infrastructure for energy efficiency of household appliances in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Kyriazis G A , Göthner K-C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The main activities and results of the energy efficiency component of the regional project ‘Quality Infrastructure for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean’ are presented. This project was implemented by the Organization of American States (OAS), the Inter-American System of Metrology (SIM), the Pan American Standards Commission (COPANT), the Inter-American Accreditation Cooperation (IAAC), and the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesantalt (PTB). The main objective of its energy efficiency component consisted in improving the regional quality infrastructure for energy efficiency of household appliances.
Uncertainty assessment of a resistive voltage divider for binary step-up method implementation in HVDC applications
Authors: Vitorio P C de O , de Souza L A A , Landim R P , do Prado C B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The most used methods for determining the ratio of High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) standard resistive dividers are described in this paper. The binary step-up method was chosen to metrologically characterize a HVDC resistive divider, in order to achieve local traceability to the SI from Josephson Voltage Standards. A Monte Carlo-based simulation was performed to estimate the uncertainty levels of each step from 1.25 kV up to 10 kV, considering that the main components are the uncertainty of the digital multimeter and the voltage source. It was found a variation up to 64-fold in the standard deviation of the voltage output, for a uniform distribution, when the voltage source uncertainty was increased up to 10-fold.
Paving the road towards ITER relevant long deuterium pulses at ELISE by investigating improved operational scenarios
Authors: Wünderlich D. , Yordanov D. , Riedl R. , Heinemann B. , Fantz U. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hydrogen plasma pulses of 1000 s with an extracted current density of over 90 % of the ITER target value (while also fulfilling the requirements for the electron-ion ratio and the global top/bottom beam homogeneity) were demonstrated at the ELISE test facility with its half ITER-size negative hydrogen ion source in pulsed extraction mode, i.e. short beam extraction phases of ≈10 s each ≈150 s, and using the so-called potential rods. In deuterium roughly 67 % of the ITER target for the extracted current density has been achieved for pulses longer than 45 minutes, limited by a pronounced vertical asymmetry and increase with time
in
the co-extracted electron current.

In order to stabilize the co-extracted electron current during long pulses, particularly in deuterium, improved operational scenarios have to be developed. At ELISE, it was investigated the possibility to remove the potential rods and instead to set the bias plate to a positive voltage with respect to the source vessel. In this operational scenario short pulses in deuterium can be achieved with an extracted negative ion current density of up to 90 % of the ITER target value.

In order to improve the physics insight, a 2D fluid code is applied. The first general result is that the modified potentials of surfaces close to the extraction system strongly affect the fluxes of charged particles towards different surfaces and consequently can result in a reduction of the co-extracted electron current.

The temporal behaviour during long pulses with pulsed extraction, in particular of the co-extracted electrons, demonstrates a significant impact of the beam extraction on the caesium dynamics. Thus, CW extraction is mandatory for developing fully ITER relevant operational scenarios. After an extensive upgrade, ELISE is now capable of performing CW pulses, i.e. long-pulse beam extraction.
The latest developments of microwave diagnostics for high temperature plasma in ELVA-1 company
Authors: Korneev D. , Petrov S. , Markov S. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For nearly 30 years, we have been designing and supplying instruments for microwave diagnostics of high temperature plasma. This report provides a description of the mm-wave components we utilize to make diagnostics within the frequency range of 26–330 GHz. While most of these components are standard and readily available on the market, we have also developed a few specific devices that simplify the architecture of our instruments. The article includes descriptions of these devices: Backward Wave Oscillators (BWO), Impact Ionization Avalanche Transit-Time diode (IMPATT) sources, IMPATT Active Frequency Multipliers (AFM), Noise Sources, and Electronically Controlled Attenuators. Furthermore, we offer an overview of the microwave plasma diagnostics we have supplied, including ECE radiometers operating at 50–220 GHz, as well as heterodyne interferometers operating at fixed frequency 94 GHz, 140 GHz, or 300 GHz. We also discuss methods employed to ensure measurement stability and present the achieved results. The advent of the new era of modern Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) based devices has brought forth exciting possibilities. As an example, we discuss the upgrade of the low noise receiver for the Collective Thomson Scattering (CTS) diagnostic at Wendelstein 7-X, which enables ion temperature measurements in the plasma core [1]. Lastly, we provide a list of MMIC-based devices that are currently available and have garnered the attention of the plasma diagnostics community.
Solid-state Marx generator based on saturable pulse transformer and fast recovery diodes
Authors: Zhuang Longyu , Zhu Kai , Rao Junfeng , Zhuang Jie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Solid-state compact Marx generator using saturable pulse
transformer (SPT) and fast recovery diodes has been proposed. The
primary circuit is switched by three MOSFETs connected in
parallel. The SPT functions as a step-up transformer to increase the
voltage amplitude and as a closing switch for the secondary
circuit. Meanwhile, all the SPTs share the same magnetic core to
achieve a compact structure and ensure good synchronization. The
energy storage capacitors on the secondary sides are charged through
the unsaturated SPT. When the SPT saturates, the capacitors firstly
transfer a little energy to the saturated inductors through the
diodes reversely during their reverse recovery process. Currents
rise quickly in these inductors until diodes totally recover to
reverse blocking state. Then capacitors discharge in series to the
load and high-voltage pulses are generated over the load. With the
currents in the saturated inductors, the front edges of pulses are
no longer affected by them but are dominated the turn-off speed of
the diodes, which makes high-voltage and high-current pulses with
short front edges possible. The regular and cheap fast recovery
diodes in the generator act as semiconductor opening switch to
sharpen the pulse front edges. Experiments were carried out with a
4-stage Marx generator prototype, 10.8-kV high-voltage pulses with a
front edge of 11 ns, a pulse width of 190 ns, were obtained over a
100-Ω resistive load. The total energy efficiency is
49.8%. The proposed Marx generator using regular fast recovery
diodes is compact, cheap, and efficient to generate high-voltage
pulses with short front edges.
Fast spacecraft charging induced by a high-power electron beam emission and its mitigation through a plasma contactor
Authors: Xue Bixi , Zhao Qiang , Zhang Fang , Dong Zhiwei , Hao Jianhong , Fan Jieqing , Cao Xiangchun 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Active sounding experiments, including tracing magnetic field lines and magnetospheric sounding, may be accomplished in the GEO environment by the active emission of high-power electron beams. The continual emission of electron beam pulses during such experiments may result in the accumulation of positive charges on the spacecraft surface and a rise in the spacecraft potential, which might prohibit the normal emission of succeeding pulses. The plasma contactor has been shown to be a reliable method for neutralizing the spacecraft potential. But as the active charging effect brought on by the high-current electron beam manifests itself more quickly, it is still unknown whether the plasma contactor can reliably control the spacecraft potential in this circumstance. In this study, a two-dimensional PIC model is used to examine the active charging effect brought on by high-power electron beam emission. Findings indicate that the potential neutralization process may be affected by the ion sheath that forms close to the emitting surface of the plasma contactor, which cuts the electrical connection between the spacecraft and plasma in space. By evaluating the quantities and growth speeds of different particles during active charging, we discover that lowering the particle density or pre-emission time of the plasma contactor may bring the spacecraft potential to the equilibrium state. Additionally, the high-current electron beam raises the peak potential, making it more difficult to launch the electron beam properly before the spacecraft potential reaches equilibrium. In contrast, the high-energy electron beam is less susceptible to the active charging effect.
Improvement of miniaturized 2.45 GHz ECR plasma flood gun at PKU
Authors: Cui Bujian , Peng Shixiang , Wu Wenbin , Ma Tenghao , Jiang Yaoxiang , Guo Zhiyu , Chen Jiaer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In an ion implanter, plasma flood gun (PFG) is used to
provide electrons to neutralize the accumulated charge on the wafer
surface to avoid breakdown damage. With the development of ion
implantation technology, four key requirements have been put forward
for PFG. They are simple structure, plasma with high density and low
electron temperature, no metal contamination and long life. The
existing PFG, such as the filament type PFG, can hardly meet the
above requirements at the same time. 2.45 GHz ECR ion source with
the advantages of high beam density, high stability, long life time
and no filament metal contamination, has shown great potential to
work as PFG. Recently, a miniaturized 2.45 GHz permanent magnet
electron cyclotron resonance PFG (PMECR-PFG) has been developed at
Peking University (PKU). In our previous test, 8.8 mA electron
extraction current was obtained with argon gas. In this work, by
optimizing the magnetic field configuration to a resonant
configuration, the performance of this ECR-PFG was greatly
improved. With 100 W microwave power, an 80 mA electron current
load was obtained under the extraction voltage of 0.1 kV. To
minimize the metal contamination, a three-slit graphite plasma
electrode was fabricated and a 50 mA load was generated at only
30 W RF power. During all tests, the gas consumption rate is lower
than 0.6 sccm, which is beneficial to maintain the vacuum of
implanter beamline.
Direct Poisson neural networks: learning non-symplectic mechanical systems
Authors: Šípka Martin , Pavelka Michal , Esen Oğul , Grmela Miroslav 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this paper, we present neural networks learning mechanical systems that are both symplectic (for instance particle mechanics) and non-symplectic (for instance rotating rigid body). Mechanical systems have Hamiltonian evolution, which consists of two building blocks: a Poisson bracket and an energy functional. We feed a set of snapshots of a Hamiltonian system to our neural network models which then find both the two building blocks. In particular, the models distinguish between symplectic systems (with non-degenerate Poisson brackets) and non-symplectic systems (degenerate brackets). In contrast with earlier works, our approach does not assume any further a priori information about the dynamics except its Hamiltonianity, and it returns Poisson brackets that satisfy Jacobi identity. Finally, the models indicate whether a system of equations is Hamiltonian or not.
Coagulation equations with source leading to anomalous self-similarity
Authors: Ferreira M A , Franco E , Lukkarinen J , Nota A , Velázquez J J L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We study the long-time behaviour of the solutions to Smoluchowski coagulation equations with a source term of small clusters. The source drives the system out-of-equilibrium, leading to a rich range of different possible long-time behaviours, including anomalous self-similarity. The coagulation kernel is non-gelling, homogeneous, with homogeneity

γ
⩽
−
1

, and behaves like

x

γ
+
λ

y

−
λ

when

y
≪
x

with

γ
+
2
λ
>
1

. Our analysis shows that the long-time behaviour of the solutions depends on the parameters γ and λ. More precisely, we argue that the long-time behaviour is self-similar, although the scaling of the self-similar solutions depends on the sign of

γ
+
λ

and on whether

γ
=
−
1

or

γ
<
−
1

. In all these cases, the scaling differs from the usual one that has been previously obtained when

γ
+
2
λ
<
1

or

γ
+
2
λ
⩾
1
,
γ
>
−
1

. In the last part of the paper, we present some conjectures supporting the self-similar ansatz also for the critical case

γ
+
2
λ
=
1
,
γ
⩽
−
1

.