bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of methyl 2‐oxocyclopentanecarboxylate as an iron(III) trap: food perspectives
Authors: Blanco Carlos , Rojas Antonio , Caballero Isabel , Alvarez Inmaculada , Armentia Alicia 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThe 1,3‐ketoesters have great potential in the food industry, as they are suitable for trapping flavours because of their chelating effects. The results obtained for tautomerization rate constants, as a function of temperature, have allowed us to establish a fourth order enthalpic analytical equation of temperature, suggesting an overall entropic control of tautomerization. Iron, which is present as a trace element in foods and drinks, is of critical importance for the normal early growth and development of infants. The nutritional status of iron may affect the metabolism of other nutrients. In fact, iron chelates have significant beneficial effects in increasing iron bioavailability in human diets. As a result the abilities of methyl 2‐oxocyclopentanecarboxylate to chelate iron(III) in aqueous solutions was investigated. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters associated with the double‐pathway mechanism of monochelate complexation have been determined and the advantages of kinetically and thermodynamically controlled processes are discussed.
The characteristics of a microwave extraction process used for saikosaponins from Bupleurum falcatum root
Authors: Kwon Joong‐Ho , Choi Young‐Hui , Chung Hyung‐Wook , Lee Gee‐Dong 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThe characteristics of a microwave‐assisted process (MAPTM) for extraction of saikosaponins from Bupleurum falcatum root were monitored, predicted and optimized through response surface methodology. The maximum yield of total extract was 27.3% when using 102.1 W of microwave power, 54.3% ethanol concentration and extraction for 8.34 min. The extraction patterns for the individual saikosaponins a, c and d showed apparent differences in their response surfaces depending on the process conditions. The maximized extractable contents of saikosaponins a, c and d were predicted, respectively, to be 4.54, 0.45 and 7.31 mg g−1 under the respective conditions of 46.4, 40.7 and 117.2 W of microwave power, 34.7, 47.1 and 67.9% ethanol concentration, and extraction times of 8.0, 7.9 and 3.4 min. A comparison between the predicted and observed values for optimizing the extraction conditions resulted in insignificant differences.
Have gastrointestinal nematodes outwitted the immune system?
Authors: ELSE K. J. 
Published: September 2005

SUMMARY Gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes are incredibly successful parasites. Choosing to live in an exposed extracellular niche, in confrontation with a potentially hostile environment, their persistent, chronic lifestyle is persuasive evidence in itself for their profound ability to modulate their hosts’ immune response. Modulation is essential to avoid their own destruction but also subtly balanced to avoid compromising host survival. This review describes the early circumstantial evidence that gave clues to the immunomodulatory capabilities of the GI nematodes, the roles that T regulatory cells and alternatively activated macrophages play in this immunomodulation and provides examples of the types of specific parasite‐derived factors that are known to modulate host immunity, potentiating parasite survival.
Educational attainments of former child welfare clients – a Swedish national cohort study
Authors: Vinnerljung Bo , Öman Maria , Gunnarson Thomas 
Published: September 2005

We used national register data for nearly 800,000 Swedish‐born young people in eight national birth cohorts to examine educational attainments of former child welfare clients. A total of 31,355 former child welfare clients were compared with 744,425 majority population peers. Logistic regression models were used to estimate risks of having only a basic education at time of follow‐up, and of chances of having a post‐secondary education. Odds ratios for core results were recalculated into relative risks.Compared with majority population peers with low educated mothers, children who experienced interventions before ado‐lescence, or had been in long‐term stable foster care, had a two‐ to threefold elevated relative risk of entering adult life with only a compulsory education. Youths who experienced intervention during adolescence had approximately a fourfold risk of having only basic education at the time of follow‐up. Majority population peers with low educated mothers were between two and six times more likely to have a post‐secondary degree when compared with former child welfare clients.
Metabolic syndrome in bipolar disorder: findings from the Bipolar Disorder Center for Pennsylvanians
Authors: Fagiolini Andrea , Frank Ellen , Scott John A , Turkin Scott , Kupfer David J 
Published: September 2005

Objective:  This study sought to evaluate the presence of the metabolic syndrome in a group of 171 patients with bipolar disorder who were consecutively recruited in the Bipolar Disorder Center for Pennsylvanians.Methods:  Data were collected from participants entering the Bipolar Disorder Center for Pennsylvanians protocol between 2003 and 2004. The study focused on the presence of the metabolic syndrome, as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (NCEP ATP III).Results:  Thirty percent of the sample met the NCEP ATP III criterion for the metabolic syndrome, 49% met the criterion for abdominal obesity, 41% met the criterion for hypertriglyceridemia, 48% met the criterion for hypertriglyceridemia or were on a cholesterol‐lowering medication, 23% met the criterion for low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, 39% met the criterion for hypertension and 8% met the criterion for high fasting glucose or antidiabetic medication use. Patients with the metabolic syndrome and patients endorsing the obesity criterion were more likely (p = 0.05 and p = 0.004, respectively) to report a lifetime history of suicide attempt/s.Conclusions:  The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with bipolar disorder is alarmingly high, as it is for the general population. The prevalence of obesity is even higher than the already very high prevalence that has been estimated for the US general population. Our findings are a reason for concern, considering the difficulty in implementing prevention and treatment programs in the bipolar population. We strongly support the development and testing of interventions specifically designed for preventing and treating the metabolic syndrome and its components in patients with bipolar disorder.
Rapid mood switching and suicidality in familial bipolar disorder
Authors: MacKinnon Dean F , Potash James B , McMahon Francis J , Simpson Sylvia G , Raymond DePaulo J ,   the National Institutes of Mental Health Bipolar Disorder Genetics Initiative, Zandi Peter P 
Published: September 2005

Objectives:  Rapidly alternating or mixed mood states in bipolar disorder are associated with a particularly high risk for suicidal behavior. Are individuals with these patterns of illness more likely to develop suicidal intentions, or are they less able to resist them? This analysis examines the specific contribution of rapid switching and other variables to the relative likelihood of having or acting on self‐reported suicidal thought and action, in a large group of individuals with bipolar disorder.Methods:  The analysis included 1574 family members with bipolar disorder interviewed for a multi‐site bipolar disorder genetic linkage study. Two models were tested, using the same set of demographic and clinical data points as independent variables. One model tested the influence of rapid switching and other variables on self‐reported suicidal thought or action (i.e., suicidality), while the other tested the influences on suicidal action only among those who reported a history of suicidality.Results:  Over 75% of subjects had contemplated suicide and 38% reported a history of suicidal behavior. A history of rapid switching was associated with higher likelihood of a history of suicidality, as was panic disorder. Familial suicidal behavior, as well as drug abuse, increased the likelihood of suicidal action among suicidal individuals, but did not increase the likelihood of becoming suicidal. Female sex, early age at onset, and several demographic factors were associated with both facets of suicidality.Conclusions:  Factors associated with high acuity of distress, such as panic attacks and unstable moods, appear to enhance the risk of suicidality in general. Factors that affected the threshold for action without increasing suicidality overall can also be seen as markers of impulsive decision‐making. Of the two distinct kinds of suicidal risk, the latter – the likelihood of action given intent – appears to be the more familial.
An interchangeable Mapleson A‐E breathing system is practical and cost effective
Authors: Robinson M. , Lighthall G. K. 
Published: September 2005

Background:  In locations where oxygen and anesthesia gas supplies are limited, and where circle systems are not practical, means to reduce fresh gas flow during maintenance of inhalational anesthesia are of potential value. We investigated whether a common transport breathing apparatus could be modified to allow interchange between Mapleson D (Map‐D) and Mapleson A (Map A) configurations.Methods:  A common Map‐D transport system was converted to a Map‐A system by switching positions of the exhaust valve and the elbow connector where fresh gas is delivered; these two breathing systems were compared in this study. The key question was whether rebreathing of CO2 could be eliminated at a lower fresh gas flow rate (FGF) with the Map‐A design. A structured protocol was followed.Results:  A mean decrease in FGF of 2.8 l/min was seen with the Map‐A apparatus when compared with the Map‐D (P = 0.003). With no significant differences in physiologic or anesthetic variables, FGF/VE was significantly lower with the Mapleson A configuration than with the Mapleson D system design (1.1 vs. 1.8; P = 0.007). The extent to which FGF could be lowered when switching between Mapleson D and A systems correlated strongly with the patients' respiratory rate while under anesthesia (r = 0.45, P < 0.01).Conclusions:  Cost and resource savings can be realized through the use of a breathing system modification that achieves appropriate ventilation at lower fresh gas flows.
Comparison of airway management with the intubating laryngeal mask, laryngeal tube and CobraPLA® by paramedical students in anaesthetized patients
Authors: Kurola J. , Pere P. , Niemi‐Murola L. , Silfvast T. , Kairaluoma P. , Rautoma P. , Castrén M. 
Published: September 2005

Background:  Because of the importance of airway management in emergency care, alternative methods with shorter learning curves for inexperienced personnel have been looked for as a substitute for endotracheal intubation (ETI).Methods:  We compared the success of insertion, oxygenation and ventilation of the intubating laryngeal mask (ILMA), laryngeal tube (LT) and CobraPLA® (COB) in anaesthetized patients when used by paramedical students. After informed consent, 96 patients were monitored and anaesthetized for general surgery without the use of a muscle relaxant. After the induction of anaesthesia, 32 paramedical students inserted the ILMA, LT or COB in a random order and ventilated the patient for a 60‐s period. The number of insertion attempts, the time needed for insertion, and oxygenation and ventilation parameters were recorded. The students gave a subjective evaluation of the airway devices after the test.Results:  Twenty‐four of the 32 students (75%) successfully inserted ILMA at the first attempt, compared with 14 of 32 (44%) for LT and seven of 32 (22%) for COB (P < 0.001, ILMA vs. COB). One student failed to insert ILMA after all three attempts, compared with seven of 32 (21%) using LT and seven of 32 (21%) using COB (P = not significant). Oxygenation and ventilation parameters did not differ between the groups after successful insertion.Conclusion:  Clinically inexperienced paramedical students can successfully use ILMA in anaesthetized patients. Further investigations are warranted to study whether ILMA or LT can replace ETI in emergency airway management when used by inexperienced medical or paramedical staff.
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN EXTRACELLULAR PURINE DEGRADATION IN THE PROSTATIC AND EPIDIDYMAL PORTIONS OF THE RAT VAS DEFERENS
Authors: Diniz Carmen , Fresco Paula , Gonçalves Jorge 
Published: September 2005

SUMMARY1. The aim of the present study was to compare ecto‐nucleotidase activities in rat bisected vas deferens using 1,N6‐etheno(ε)‐nucleotides (ε‐ATP and ε‐AMP) as substrates. Degradation was estimated by measuring the disappearance of the substrate and the appearance of its metabolites using HPLC with fluorescence detection. Incubation of tissue preparations (prostatic or epididymal portions) with 300 nmol/L ε‐ATP at 37°C caused a partial disappearance of ε‐ATP and appearance of its metabolites (ε‐ADP, ε‐AMP and ε‐adenosine). Incubation at 25°C reduced ε‐ATP degradation more in the prostatic than in the epididymal portion.2. Incubation of tissue preparations with ε‐AMP at 37°C resulted in the disappearance of ε‐AMP and the appearance of ε‐adenosine, which was more pronounced in the epididymal than in the prostatic portion. Incubation at 25°C reduced ε‐AMP degradation more in the epididymal than in the prostatic portion.3. Decreasing pH from 7.4 to 6.5 enhanced ε‐AMP degradation only in the prostatic portion, whereas increasing pH from 7.4 to 8.5 enhanced ε‐AMP degradation in both portions, but more markedly in the epididymal portion. The alkaline phosphatase inhibitors levamisole (10 mmol/L) and β‐glycerophosphate (10 mmol/L) reduced ε‐AMP degradation only in the epididymal portion.4. In conclusion, the results of the present study are compatible with the presence, in the bisected rat vas deferens, of an ecto‐nucleotidase system that is involved in the degradation of extracellular purines, which may differ between the epididymal and prostatic portions, with the epididymal portion presenting a different and higher capacity to form adenosine.
ACUTE EFFECTS OF CANDESARTAN ON RAT RENAL HAEMODYNAMICS AND PROXIMAL TUBULAR REABSORPTION
Authors: Hiranyachattada Siriphun , Saetew Siriwan , Harris Peter J 
Published: September 2005

SUMMARY1. The effects of the specific angiotensin II receptor type I (AT1) antagonist candesartan on renal proximal tubular sodium transport were studied using lithium clearance. The effects of candesartan on mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), renal plasma flow (RPF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and sodium and potassium excretion were also investigated.2. Male Wistar rats were anaesthetized with Inactin (thiobutabarbital sodium; Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA). Clearance markers (8% polyfructosan, 1% para‐aminohippuric acid and 4 mmol/l lithium chloride) were given into a jugular vein at the rate of 1.6 mL/h per 100 g bodyweight. Candesartan was given as bolus injection (0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) followed by 60 min continuous infusion at a rate of 0.5, 5, 10, 25 and 50 µg/min per kg, respectively.3. The non‐depressor dose of candesartan (0.01 mg/kg) did not alter RPF or GFR, whereas diuresis, natriuresis and kaliuresis were observed. The higher doses of candesartan reduced MABP, RPF and GFR, although diuresis, natriuresis and kaliuresis were still observed.4. Renal tubular sodium and water reabsorption were inhibited after intravenous administration of candesartan independently of an alteration in arterial pressure. Lithium clearance data indicate that the site of inhibition was in the proximal nephron segment.
EFFECTS OF ECONAZOLE ON Ca2+ LEVELS IN AND THE GROWTH OF HUMAN PROSTATE CANCER PC3 CELLS
Authors: Huang Jong‐Khing , Liu Chung‐Shin , Chou Chiang‐Ting , Liu Shiuh‐Inn , Hsu Shu‐Shong , Chang Hong‐Tai , Hsieh Ching‐Hong , Chang Chih‐Hung , Chen Wei‐Chuan , Jan Chung‐Ren 
Published: September 2005

SUMMARY1. Econazole is used clinically as an antifungal drug with many different in vitro effects. However, the effects of econazole on prostate cancer cells are unknown. The effects of econazole on intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) in and the proliferation of human PC3 prostate cancer cells was explored in the present study using fura‐2 and tetrazolium as fluorescent dyes.2. At a concentration of 0.1 µmol/L, econazole started to increase [Ca2+]i in a concentration‐dependent manner. The econazole‐induced increase in [Ca2+]i was reduced by 48% by removal of extracellular Ca2+, suggesting that the econazole‐induced increase in [Ca2+]i was composed of extracellular Ca2+ influx and intracellular Ca2+.3. This econazole‐induced Ca2+ influx was via an L‐type Ca2+ channel‐like pathway. In Ca2+‐free medium, 1 µmol/L thapsigargin, an inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase, caused a monophasic increase in [Ca2+]i, after which the effect of econazole to increase [Ca2+]i was substantially inhibited. Conversely, pretreatment with 5 µmol/L econazole to deplete intracellular Ca2+ stores totally prevented thapsigargin from releasing more Ca2+.4. The phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122 (2 µmol/L) abolished the increase in [Ca2+]i induced by 10 µmol/L ATP (a Ca2+ mobilizer that needs inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate).5. Overnight incubation with 1–30 µmol/L econazole inhibited proliferation of PC3 cells in a concentration‐dependent manner.6. These findings suggest that, in PC3 cells, econazole increases [Ca2+]i by stimulating Ca2+ influx into cells and Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum via a PLC‐independent mechanism. Econazole is cytotoxic at submicromolar concentrations.
IN VITRO INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF ATORVASTATIN ON CARDIAC FIBROBLASTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR VENTRICULAR REMODELLING
Authors: Martin Jennifer , Denver Rachel , Bailey Michael , Krum Henry 
Published: September 2005

SUMMARY1. Hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) reduce mortality after myocardial infarction (MI). Although this may be predominantly due to their known anti‐ischaemic actions, these drugs are known to have other beneficial effects.2. Because pathological deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) material is a key component of remodelling after MI, we sought to determine whether atorvastatin could inhibit ECM production in vitro.3. The addition of atorvastatin to rat cardiac fibroblasts stimulated with either transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 (TGF‐β1) or angiotensin (Ang) II reduced collagen synthesis in a dose‐dependent manner (3.7‐fold reduction (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8–15; P < 0.01) and 5.3‐fold reduction (95% CI 1.8–7.7; P < 0.01), respectively, compared with stimulant alone). Similar observations were made in human cardiac fibroblast cell culture. Atorvastatin also dose‐dependently reduced TGF‐β1 and AngII‐induced increases in α(I)‐procollagen mRNA (P < 0.01 for both), as well as gene expression of the profibrotic peptide connective tissue growth factor.4. Atorvastatin appears to directly inhibit collagen production by cardiac fibroblasts. This antifibrotic action may contribute to the antiremodelling effect of statins.
CARDIOVASCULAR ACTIONS OF THE VENOM FROM THE IRUKANDJI (CARUKIA BARNESI) JELLYFISH: EFFECTS IN HUMAN, RAT AND GUINEA‐PIG TISSUES IN VITRO AND IN PIGS IN VITRO
Authors: Winkel Kenneth D , Tibballs James , Molenaar Peter , Lambert Gavin , Coles Peter , Ross‐Smith Mark , Wiltshire Carolyn , Fenner Peter J , Gershwin Lisa‐Ann , Hawdon Gabrielle M , Wright Christine E , Angus James A 
Published: September 2005

SUMMARY1. We have investigated the cardiovascular pharmacology of the crude venom extract (CVE) from the potentially lethal, very small carybdeid jellyfish Carukia barnesi, in rat, guinea‐pig and human isolated tissues and anaesthetized piglets.2. In rat and guinea‐pig isolated right atria, CVE (0.1–10 µg/mL) caused tachycardia in the presence of atropine (1 µmol/L), a response almost completely abolished by pretreatment with tetrodotoxin (TTX; 0.1 µmol/L). In paced left atria from guinea‐pig or rat, CVE (0.1–3 µg/mL) caused a positive inotropic response in the presence of atropine (1 µmol/L).3. In rat mesenteric small arteries, CVE (0.1–30 µg/mL) caused concentration‐dependent contractions that were unaffected by 0.1 µmol/L TTX, 0.3 µmol/L prazosin or 0.1 µmol/L ω‐conotoxin GVIA.4. Neither the rat right atria tachycardic response nor the contraction of rat mesenteric arteries to CVE were affected by the presence of box jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri) antivenom (92.6 units/mL).5. In human isolated driven right atrial trabeculae muscle strips, CVE (10 µg/mL) tended to cause an initial fall, followed by a more sustained increase, in contractile force. In the presence of atropine (1 µmol/L), CVE only caused a positive inotropic response. In separate experiments in the presence of propranolol (0.2 µmol/L), the negative inotropic effect of CVE was enhanced, whereas the positive inotropic response was markedly decreased.6. In anaesthetized piglets, CVE (67 µg/kg, i.v.) caused sustained tachycardia and systemic and pulmonary hypertension. Venous blood samples demonstrated a marked elevation in circulating levels of noradrenaline and adrenaline.7. We conclude that C. barnesi venom may contain a neural sodium channel activator (blocked by TTX) that, in isolated atrial tissue (and in vivo), causes the release of transmitter (and circulating) catecholamines. The venom may also contain a ‘direct’ vasoconstrictor component. These observations explain, at least in part, the clinical features of the potentially deadly Irukandji syndrome.
GLYCOGEN CONTENT AND CONTRACTILE RESPONSIVENESS TO T‐SYSTEM DEPOLARIZATION IN SKINNED MUSCLE FIBRES OF THE RAT
Authors: Goodman Craig , Blazev Ronnie , Stephenson Gabriela 
Published: September 2005

SUMMARY1. Glycogen content (determined microfluorometrically), response capacity to transverse tubular (T) system depolarization and the relationship between these two parameters were examined in single, mechanically skinned fibres from rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle in the presence of high and constant concentrations of ATP and creatine phosphate.2. The mean total glycogen content (tGlyc) in freshly dissected fibres was 58.1 ± 4.2 mmol glucosyl units/L fibre (n = 53).3. A large proportion of tGlyc was retained in the skinned fibres (SFGlyc) after 2 and 30 min exposure to an aqueous relaxing solution (73.1 ± 2.8 and 64 ± 12.3%, respectively).4. When fibres were incubated for 30 min in a high (30 µmol/L)‐Ca2+ solution, the proportion of SFGlyc was markedly lower (approximately 28%), which suggests that rat skinned fibres contain a Ca2+_sensitive glycogenolytic system.5. In rat skinned fibres, T‐system depolarization‐induced Ca2+ release was not accompanied by a detectable loss of fibre glycogen and there was no correlation between response capacity and initial SFGlyc, indicating that other factors, unrelated to glycogen depletion, ultimately limited the capacity of rat skinned fibres to respond to T‐system depolarization.6. It is concluded that rat mechanically skinned fibre preparations are well suited for studies of glycogenolysis at a cellular level and that, with further refinement of the depolarization protocol, they may be suitable for studies of the non‐metabolic role of glycogen in mammalian skeletal muscle contractility.