bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pursuit of Happiness: Contributions from a Social Psychology of Emotions
Authors: Franks David D , Heffernan Susan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every semester for ten years, the senior author of this chapter has asked students in his emotions classes to write down the purpose of life. By far the most common response-outnumbering various kinds of “success” and “serving God and others”-is to be happy. Probably most people entering therapy feel deprived of just this condition; to lack happiness is something we consider a malady. This is hardly surprising in the country whose founders forged “the pursuit of happiness” as an inalienable right in their Declaration of lndependence. The purpose, of course, of the classroom exercise is to have students realize that happiness is a core cultural value, and that in this society, we give the inner life of emotion a lofty status indeed. For the majority of them, this exercise is hardly needed-the message is a truism: What other ways are there to think, and if there are other ways, why bother with them? In this chapter, we will allude to some of the other ways there are to think, and use them to shed perspective on some dangers in an unreflective preoccupation with happiness, especially as construed in currently popular ways as a subjective “feeling way down deep inside,” and especially as something to acquire as we do commercial products. Without critique, beliefs such as these become the eye with which we see rather than the object seen. For example, as Gehlen (1980) points out, the priority placed on subjectivized, private states “screened away from action is a novelty of our own historical era; it is a component of the very air we breathe” (p. 76). We should mention at the outset that our intent is not in any way to devalue actual happiness; we do not toll a leper’s bell! Our effort is to take it from a particular pedestal on which it is often placed and minimize unnecessary disappointment, false goals and promises, and to be happy when we can.
Experiential Theory of Emotion Applied to Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Paivio Sandra C , Greenberg Leslie S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The experiential theory of emotion presented here summarizes views developed by Greenberg and associates (Greenberg, Elliott, & Foerster, 1990; Greenberg, Rice, & Elliott, 1993; Greenberg & Safran, 1987). It integrates traditional experiential concepts (Gendlin, 1981; Perls, Hefferline, & Goodman, 1957; Rogers, 1958) with recent developments in cognitive psychology and current emotion theory. Traditionally, the experiential/humanistic view of functioning is wholistic, positing an internal, tacit synthesizing process that guides the organism to adaptive action. In this view, emotion plays a central role and is intimately connected with cognitive, motivational, and physiological processes. Emotion is considered adaptive and a source of orienting information about self and the world. Perls and colleagues emphasized the role of emotion, particularly avoidance of painful emotion, in dysfunction. Other theorists (Gendlin, 1981; Rogers, 1958) have been concerned with the broader concept of experience, which consists of both emotion as sensorimotor response and the meaning of a feeling in context. The general assumption in this view is that being cut off from the adaptive information inherent in emotion impedes growth and healthy functioning.
Is Schizophrenia an Affective Disease?: The Hypothesis of Affect-Logic and Its Implications for Psychopathology
Authors: Ciampi Luc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the fundamental classificatory work of Emil Kraepelin at the end of the nineteenth century, major “functional” or “endogenous” psychoses are subdivided into mania and melancholia on the one hand, and dementia praecox—which after E. Bleuler (191 l) became schizophrenia-on the other hand. Classically, the former two are considered as affective diseases according to the prevailing psychopathologic picture, whereas the latter is supposed to be a predominantly cognitive disease, as thinking disorders are in fact in the foreground. There are, however, intermediate forms—the so-called schizo-affective psychoses-and important cognitive disturbances exist also in melancholia and mania, as there are affective disturbances in schizophrenia. Despite various attempts to replace this basic dichotomy by the perhaps more adequate notion of a unitary psychosis with variable phenomenological aspects (Kuhne, Morgner, & Koselowski, 1988), the Kraepelinian subdivision continues to form a cornerstone of current psychopathologic and diagnostic systems, such as the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-III and -IV) of the American Psychiatric Association.
Homogeneous Bubbly Flows
Authors: Brennen Christopher E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the concentration of bubbles in a flow exceeds some small value the bubbles will begin to have a substantial effect on the fluid dynamics of the suspending liquid. Analyses of the dynamics of this multiphase mixture then become significantly more complicated and important new phenomena may be manifest. In this chapter we discuss some of the analyses and phenomena that may occur in bubbly multiphase flow.
The Theoretical Evolution of International Political Economy
Authors: Crane George T , Amawi Abla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This collection of seminal readings in international political economy charts the historical and theoretical evolution of the field from the eighteenth century to the present day. Bringing together classic works and leading contemporary arguments, this book outlines the development of three schools of IPE thought -- Liberalism, Marxism, and Realism -- and also includes recent syntheses of these approaches to show how conventional theoretical categories are giving way to more eclectic conceptual schemes. The second edition features an added section on the “postmodern turn” and several new readings are included as well.
The Synthesis of Spin Traps
Authors: Rosen Gerald M , Britigan Bradley E , Halpern Howard J , Pou Sovitj 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many examples of scientific endeavors, useful discoveries are often not directly associated with the original intent of the research. In the case of cyclic nitrones, the initial design of these compounds was to address fundamental questions unrelated to spin trapping free radicals. Early studies investigating the planar quadridentate ligands of vitamin B12, for example, led to the development of a family of pyrroline I-oxides, including 5,5-dimethyl-l-pyrroline-N-oxide (5), as models in the exploration of the physical structure of this unique ringed system (Bonnett, et al., 1959b). More than a decade would elapse, however, until this 1).1-pyrroline 1- oxide would be found to react with free radicals (Iwamura and Inamoto, 1967, 1970a, 1970b; Janzen and Liu, 1973), and several additional years before nitrone (5) would surface as the spin trap of choice for02- and HO. (Habour, et al., 1974; Harbour and Bolton, 1975; Buettner and Oberley, 1978; Buettner, et al., 1978; Sealy, et al., 1978; Finkelstein, et al., 1979).
Regional Approaches to Conservation Biology: RFLPs, DNA Sequence, and Caribbean Birds
Authors: Bermingham Eldredge , Seutin Gilles , Ricklefs Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The assessment of conservation pnonttes on a regional basis depends on an understanding of the genetic uniqueness and genetic diversity of local populations. Genetic surveys of regional biotas have become a practical goal only recently with the development of rapid, molecular methods of genetic evaluation. Because mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is homologous across animals, analysis ofmtDNA variation permits objective, quantitative comparisons across independently evolving taxa and provides a particularly useful tool for regional biotic surveys. Although mtDNA has some unique attributes-maternal inheritance and rapid nucleotide substitution rates, to name two-insights obtained from mtDNA into phylogenetic relationship and genetic diversity are representative of a taxon’s history and population biology, if not of the evolution of the nuclear genome. Thus, mtDNA-based assessments of regional faunas can provide information on genetic diversity that can inform conservation programs.
The Use of PCR-Based Single-Stranded Conformation Polymorphism Analysis (PCR-SSCP) in Conservation Genetics
Authors: Girman Derek J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of molecular markers to investigate the population structure of endangered or threatened species has become a key component in the genetic management of endangered species (see chapter 1). The identification of variable genetic loci has allowed the analysis of DNA sequence data to become one of the most useful measures of genetic differentiation, genetic variability, and evolutionary related¬ ness for conservation-oriented analysis at or below the species level (Wayne and Jenks, 1991; Wenink et al. 1993; Gottelli et al., 1994; Rosel et al., 1994; Taberlet and Bouvet, 1994; Taylor et al., 1994). In addition, the development of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) has allowed specific regions of the genome to be quickly isolated and amplified, so that the products of this relatively simple procedure can be readily sequenced (Saiki et al., 1988). The use of PCR technology is also advantageous because it provides a way to access DNA from a wide variety of sample sources including skin, hair, and feces which allows researchers to use noninvasive sampling methods (Karesh et al., 1987; Hoss et al., 1992; see chapter 18). With increased use of remote sampling, researchers can greatly increase the sample size of their studies, thereby increasing the strength of their analyses. However, with increased sample sizes (often hundreds of individuals), the task of generating DNA sequences from every individual in the study becomes labor-intensive, time-consuming, and costly. To facilitate the identifica¬ tion of DNA sequence genotypes in a more efficient manner, a number of DNA screening techniques have been developed that allow one to distinguish sequence differences among individuals without having to sequence each individual directly. Among the range of techniques that are available, PCR-SSCP (polymerase chain reaction combined with the analysis of single-stranded conformation poly¬ morphisms) has emerged as a favored technique for screening DNA sequences in a wide variety of applications in molecular biology (Desgeorges et al., 1993; Hunter et al., 1993; Pietravalle et al., 1994).
A PCR Approach to Detection of Malaria in Hawaiian Birds
Authors: Cann Rebecca L , Feldman Robert A , Agullana Leila , Freed Leonard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organisms that cause disease are recognized as having an influential role in the population dynamics of host species and in the communities to which host species belong (Dobson and Hudson, 1986). Within host species, individuals may vary in tolerance or resistance to disease, with consequences for survival and reproductive competition (van Riper et al., 1986). Within communities, species may vary in the extent to which individuals tolerate or resist disease, with consequences for interspecific competition and community structure (Scott, 1988). Disease is of special concern for endangered species, and the journal Conservation Biology highlighted this concern (May, 1988). Unfortunately, our recognition of the potential importance of disease often exceeds our ability to accurately document its role in natural populations and communities and assess the significance it has for the maintenance of intraspecific genetic variation. While prevalence is a notoriously oversimplified index (Ewald, 1994), part of the larger problem is the methodological difficulty in accurately estimating prevalence of disease as a first step Molecular genetics may provide an approach to a more comprehensive study of disease by increasing the sensitivity of diagnosis and defining the pool of susceptibles. Here we illustrate this approach using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based test that can detect the DNA of an avian malarial blood parasite (Plasmodium) in part of the total DNA extracted from a blood sample from the host bird. Traditional approaches for studying malaria are reviewed to point out the need for more sensitive diagnoses. Then the basis of the PCR test for Plasmodium, which can be generalized to other blood pathogens, is presented. Results are presented of the operational use of the test with Hawaiian birds, many of which are highly susceptible to Plasmodium (van Riper et al., 1986). Diverse issues that can be addressed with the PCR test, especially those germaine to conservation biology, are discussed.
Calendars and Time Reckoning
Authors: Evans James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One may regulate a calendar by means of the Sun alone, by means of the Moon alone, or by means of the Sun and Moon together. Thus, there are three principal types of calendar: solar, lunar, and luni-solar. At various times and in various cultures, all three types of calendars have been used. Indeed, all three types are still in use today. A good example of a lunar calendar is the Muslim calendar, which is still used in some countries of the Middle East, and which is used worldwide in Muslim religious practice. The most important luni solar calendar still in use is the Jewish calendar. But the ancient Greek and Babylonian calendars were also of this type. The most familiar example of a solar calendar is the Gregorian calendar, which is used nearly worldwide today. However, to reckon time reliably in astronomical and historical work, one must also understand its relation to the Julian calendar that preceded it.
Emotional Operating Systems and Subjectivity Methodological Problems and a Conceptual Framework for the Neurobiological Analysis of Affect
Authors: Panksepp Jaak 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ultimately the emotional systems of the brain create mixtures of innate and learned action tendencies in humans, as well as in the other creatures we must study in order to fully understand the neural substrates of affective processes. As we now know, there are no credible, routine ways to unambiguously separate the influences of nature and nurture in the control of behavior that will apply across different environments. To understand the aspects of behavior that derive their organizational essence mainly from nature, we must first identify how instinctual behaviors emerge from the intrinsic potentials of the nervous system. For instance, animals do not learn to search their environment for items needed for survival, although they surely need to learn exactly when and how precisely to search. In other words, the “seeking potential” is built into the brain, but each animal must learn to direct its behaviors toward the opportunities that are available in the environment. In addition, animals do not need to learn to experience and express fear, anger, pain, pleasure, and joy, nor to play in simple rough-and-tumble ways, even though all of these processes come to modify and be modified by learning. Evidence suggests that evolution has imprinted many spontaneous psychobehavioral potentials within the inherited neurodynamics of the mammalian brain; these systems help generate internally experienced emotional feelings. Indeed, affective experience appears to be closely linked to brain programs that generate emotional behaviors, as well as the incoming sensory experiences that result from emotive behaviors. The function of subjectively experienced feeling states may be to sustain ongoing behavior patterns and to augment simple and effective learning strategies. Accordingly, in order to understand the neural nature of emotional feelings in humans, we must first seek to decode how brain circuits control the basic, genetically encoded emotional behavioral tendencies we share with other mammals. Then we must try to determine how subjective experience emerges from or is linked to those brain systems. Progress on these issues has been meager. In general, both psychology and modern neuro-science have failed to give sufficient credence to the fact that organisms are born with a variety of innate affective tendencies that emerge from the ancient organizational structure of the mammalian brain.
Sleep, Arousal, and Mythmaking in the Brain
Authors: Panksepp Jaak 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shakespeare proposed one possible function of sleep when he suggested that it “knits up the raveled sleeve of care.” A great number of functions have now been attributed to sleep and dreaming, but few have been definitively demonstrated with the tools of science. One thing is certain, though. Each day our lives cycle through the master routines of sleeping, dreaming, and waking. All our activities are guided by the age-old rhythms of nature, and many neural mechanisms assure that we remain in tune with the cycling of days and nights across the seasons. Our brains contain endogenous daily rhythm generators and also, perhaps, calendar mechanisms that respond to monthly lunar cycles, as well as the transit of the seasons. Brain scientists have been especially eager to study the mechanisms that control these processes, and our various states of vigilance have been pursued vigorously thanks to highly objective electroencephalographic (EEG) procedures to monitor the brain in action. During waking, the EEG is typically full of low-amplitude, high-frequency beta waves, which indicate that the brain is processing information.
Seeking Systems and Anticipatory States of the Nervous System
Authors: Panksepp Jaak 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The desires and aspirations of the human heart are endless. It is foolish to attribute them all to a single brain system. But they all come to a standstill if certain brain systems, such as the dopamine (DA) circuits arising from midbrain nuclei, are destroyed. Such was the tragedy that overtook Leonard L. in his childhood, and it was not until he was a grown man that he was able to partake again of worldly delights. What allowed him to achieve the feelings of success described by Sacks was L-DOPA, the precursor of DA. This medicine had already alleviated the psychomotor problems of ordinary parkinsonian patients, who had weaker forms of deterioration in their ascending DA systems. In such individuals L-DOPA can dramatically alleviate the inability to initiate movements, allowing them to enjoy everyday pleasures. Now we know that ascending DA tracts lie at the heart of powerful, affectively valenced neural systems that allow people and animals to operate smoothly and efficiently in all of their day-to-day pursuits. These circuits appear to be major contributors to our feelings of engagement and excitement as we seek the material resources needed for bodily survival, and also when we pursue the cognitive interests that bring positive existential meanings into our lives. Higher areas of the motor cortex are also energized into action by the presence of DA. Without the synaptic “energy” of DA, these potentials remain dormant and still. Without DA, human aspirations remain frozen, as it were, in an endless winter of discontent. DA synapses resemble gatekeepers rather than couriers that convey detailed messages. When they are not active at their posts, many potentials of the brain cannot readily be manifested in thought or action. Without DA, only the strongest emotional messages instigate behavior. When DA synapses are active in abundance, a person feels as if he or she can do anything. Is it any wonder that humans and animals eagerly work to artificially activate this system whether via electrical or chemical means? Cocaine and amphetamines are psychologically addicting because they facilitate activity in brain DA systems. When the activities of these synapses are excessive, however, in ways that we do not fully understand, people may be in the florid early phases of schizophrenia, seeking spiritual heights and philosophical insights that may not even exist. Many schizophrenics eventually become consumed by an emotional chaos that the rest of us can only imagine. Are we justified in labeling the functions and dysfunctions of brain DA systems in unitary psychological terms? I think so, if we wish to communicate effectively. But what word or phrase shall we use? Here I will call this emotional circuitry the SEEKING system of the brain, as opposed to the expectancy or behavioral activation system as originally proposed.
Love and the Social Bond The Sources of Nurturance and Maternal Behavior
Authors: Panksepp Jaak 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although there are many bad forms of parenting, there are also good and nurturant forms. An age-old concern of pregnant women is the doubt they feel about their ability to nurture and love their first baby. However, nature tends to spontaneously take care of such concerns, at least in lower animals, as the sequence of biological events leading up to the delivery of the baby unfolds. The ongoing physiological changes that prepare the body for birth also prepare the mother’s brain for nurturance. In most animals this includes her role as the primary caregiver. Males can be trained to exhibit a high level of nurturance, but their care is rarely as natural or as intense a motive as it is for the mother. Only in species where male participation is absolutely essential for offspring survival, as in some birds and perhaps in humans, where the child is helpless for longer than any other animal, can nurturant behavior be as vigorous in males as it is in females. On the other hand, in many species of fish where external fertilization is the norm, the fathers typically remain to tend and protect the eggs while females depart to entice another receptive male. Nurturance may have emerged independently several times in the evolution of different species, but in mammals the basic urge probably comes from homologous brain circuits, even though the specific behaviors that constitute parenting can vary markedly from species to species. Humans obviously exhibit more behavioral complexity in child care endeavors than other species, but our behavior is still motivated, in part, by primitive emotional systems we share with the other mammals.
Anatomical and Functional Aspects of the Cochlear Nucleus
Authors: Romand Raymond , Avan Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cochlear nucleus (CN) is the first brain center of the ascending auditory pathway. By the complexity of its structure and function that is evident in the heterogeneity of cell populations, the high number of descending fibers from central areas, the variety of intranuclear circuits and the diversity of response types of neurons, we know that it is far more than a relay station for acoustic information transfer. In light of recent observations, we can see that the CN has the important task of reencoding the rather homogeneous auditory nerve activity into various functionally different channels that transmit portions of this information to many other brain centers.