bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Voices
Authors: Mullan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In one respect, speech in used to be closer to speech in drama that it now is. There is plentiful evidence of novels being read aloud to family and friends in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries; Jane Austen’s letters, for instance, are full of references to this habit. So still in the early decades of the twentieth century. To take one example, Evelyn Waugh’s Brideshead Revisited (1945) describes how it was the custom in Sebastian Flyte’s family to ask his mother, Lady Marchmain, to read aloud ‘on evenings of family tension’ (ch. 5, 128). Waugh’s narrator, Charles Ryder, tells us how she did so on the evening when Sebastian’s chronic drunkenness became embarrassingly apparent. ‘She had a beautiful voice and great humour of expression.
Structure
Authors: Mullan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Books of narratology often contain diagrams of the narratives they analyse. Though these do not convey the literary qualities of a work that make it memorable to any reader, they can be useful. They often display clearly how the telling of a story has been arranged by its author—how a given narrative might be thought of structurally. This does not only apply to novels. A diagram is a rather good way of showing how the narratives of, say, The Odyssey or Paradise Lost, with their elaborate patterns of retrospect and inset narration, are structured. These epic narratives begin in medias res, telling us only later what happened earlier.
Detail
Authors: Mullan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In David Lodge’s novel Small World (1984), two characters whom we have first met in his novel Changing Places (1975) encounter each other once again. The academics Philip Swallow and Morris Zapp are on a plane together and Philip is about to tell Morris the story of the one time in recent years that he has known ‘intensity of experience’ (67). Morris, a high-powered American literary professor, throws in comments on the logic of Philip’s narrative.
Style
Authors: Mullan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here we are at the heart of what makes a novel or a novelist distinctive. The way that a book is written is sometimes called a novelist’s ‘tone of voice’. An author’s particular tone can be what makes the telling of the story seem unmanufactured, inimitable—in Henry James’s highest term of praise, ‘sincere’. With some novelists, tone is all; it is the hardest thing to catch, yet what often matters most to readers. It is what makes you think that a Jane Austen sentence could not have been written by anyone else, as if, like stylistic DNA, the smallest element of a writer’s prose carried within it the essence of his or her singularity.
Devices
Authors: Mullan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Near the beginning of Daniel Defoe’s novel A Journal of the Plague Year (1722)—on the third page in modern editions—the narrator, H.F., introduces evidence of the arrival of the Plague in London. Late in 1664 rumours of deaths from the deadly disease had begun to spread, he recalls, and it was observed that, in four central parishes, ‘the ordinary Burials encreased in Number considerably’ (3). He then sets out on the page a Bill of Mortality: that is, a table with the numbers of deaths recorded in particular parishes, week by week. Several of these tables appear at different places in the Journal. They are provided as if they were real documents, diligently transcribed
Introduction: Understanding Jesus the Christ as Human and Divine
Authors: Evans C Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the earliest days of the Christian Church, the followers of Jesus of Nazareth have struggled to understand the special status of their founder. That Jesus was genuinely human-that he in fact died after being crucified by Pontius Pilate--was recognized from the beginning. But Jesus seemed to those early followers not to be merely human. Already in the writings of the New Testament this special status is affirmed: the author of the Fourth Gospel acclaims Jesus as the ‘Word’ who was not only ‘with God’ in the beginning but simply ‘was God’.
The affirmation of Jesus as both human and divine of course achieved its classical formulation at the Council of Chalcedon, which affirmed that Christ is ‘truly God and truly man’, because he possesses both a divine nature and a human nature. The two natures are distinct and not confused, but nevertheless the Christ who possesses those two natures is only ‘one person and subsistence 1 This formulation at Chalcedon does not attempt a theoretical understanding of what it means for Jesus of Nazareth to be God Incarnate; it simply lays down some boundaries for what is to count as an orthodox Christian understanding of Jesus’ status.
A Kenotic Christological Method for Understanding the Divine Attributes
Authors: Feenstra Ronald J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although kenotic Christology comes in many forms, the versions that seem most promising attempt to articulate an orthodox (Chalcedonian) view of Jesus Christ: that he is one person, truly divine and truly human. This chapter will outline elements of orthodox Christology and then develop a version of kenotic Christology that attempts to adhere to Christological orthodoxy, arguing that such a kenotic Christology can account for perplexing biblical claims such as that the Word humbled himself or emptied himself in the Incarnation (Phil. 2:7), that he grew in wisdom (Luke 2:52), and that the Incarnate Son did not know the time of the end of the world (Mark 13:32). Against this background, the chapter will take note of some recent criticisms of kenotic approaches to Christology and consider the important methodological point these criticisms raise about how our understanding of the divine attributes should be formed. The chapter will conclude with observations about how the method employed by kenotic Christology can help to correct or supplement our view of the attributes of God. In sum, this chapter argues that an orthodox kenotic Christology not only can account for some perplexing biblical claims about Jesus Christ but also offers a fruitful method for deepening our understanding of the divine attributes.
Does Kenosis Rest on a Mistake? Three Kenotic Models in Patristic Exegesis
Authors: Coakley Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction And Outline Of Thesis It is a feature of contemporary philosophical analysis of ‘kenotic’ Christology (as witnessed by the contributions of C. Stephen Evans and Stephen Davis to this volume), to emphasize the particular problems of coherence caused by the notion of divine ‘self-emptying’. ‘Orthodox’ or ‘Chalcedonian’ Incarnationalism is taken (not unreasonably, given the normative interpretation of Chalcedon from the time of Constantinople IJl) to imply an assumption that the subject of such ‘Incarnation’simply is the divine, pre-existent Logos, who had an existence in some sense ‘prior’ to the taking of humanity, but who, in becoming human must-according to this reading ofkenosi5--have undergone some modification, or ‘retraction’, of divine characteristics such as impassibility, omniscience, and omnipotence.
Robert Bellarmine, Christian Hebraist and Censor
Authors: Boxel Piet van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A list of Christian hebraists compiled by Raphael Loewe1 includes the name of Robert Bellarmine (1542–1621). At first glance, the inclusion of Bellarmine seems puzzling. After all, it is usually not with Hebrew studies, but rather with the Counter-Reformation that Bellarmine is associated. Indeed, he is regarded as the architect of controversy theology. A chair was already established in 1561 at the Collegio Romano, the most prestigious college of the Jesuits founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1551. But a coherent theological system as an adequate tool in the controversies with the heretics was not produced until Bellarmine was appointed professor at the College, holding the chair from 1576 until 1586.
Pierre Des Maizeaux: History, Toleration, and Scholarship
Authors: Mandelbrote Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pierre Des Maizeaux was born in 1673 at Paillat in Auvergne, the only child of Louis Des Maizeaux and Marie Dumonteil. By the time of his death in London, in 1745, the world in which he had grown up, as the son of a poor Huguenot pastor in the French countryside, had been swept away, and the world in which he had made his career, the cosmopolitan republic of letters of the Refuge, was facing profound change. The life of Pierre Des Maizeaux allows us to consider several aspects of the experience of the late seventeenth- or early eighteenth-century Huguenot diaspora that may be relevant to the themes of toleration and scholarship. It encourages us to evaluate the extent to which persecution, and the disillusionment which it brought, may have acted as solvents to break down extreme religious conviction and to promote particular kinds of intellectual endeavour.
The Pre-adamites: An Abortive Attempt to Invent Pre-history in the Seventeenth Century?
Authors: Schnapp Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In February 1656 a Calvinist érudit in the service of the Prince de Condé was arrested in Brussels. He had just published in Amsterdam an explosive book: Praeadamitae, sive exercitatio super versibus duodecimo, decimotertio & decimoquarto, capitis quinti Epistolae D. Pauli ad Romanos, quibus inducuntur primi homines ante Adamum conditi.1 The author, Isaac Lapeyrére,2 moved in érudit and libertin circles. He was in his sixties and had lobbied statesmen and scholars, promoting a scandalous hypothesis: that human beings had existed before Adam. Lapeyrére was not the first in a long line of free and adventurous spirits to concern himself with the question, but the enthusiasm with which he expounded his theory, and the interest and curiosity it aroused among Calvinist ministers, Anglican pastors, and Catholic bishops and monks, brought him to the attention of the learned, the powerful—and the Inquisition.
Hamann and the History of Philosophy
Authors: Thouard Denis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As is well known, it is a trip to London that determined the course of Hamann’s life.1 Leaving Königsberg at the age of 26 after a period of desultory study, he arrived in London, having on the way visited Holland, in the late evening of 17 April 1757. He was under instructions from the Berens brothers to negotiate a business deal, an unlikely role for him, so much so that his opening moves provoked barely concealed amusement, while his taskmasters were pitied for having chosen so inept an emissary. One can also imagine Hamann’s bewilderment at his initial experiences. Still a ‘good-for-nothing’ (but will he not deliberately remain one for the rest of his life?), he engaged the services of an Islington market-crier to improve his English, paying high fees for a doubtful return.2 Realizing his lack of commercial talent, he spent the rest of the year feeling depressed and guilty. He was spending his German friends’ money without achieving any results.
Theory and Methodology of History from Chladenius to Droysen: A Historiographical Essay
Authors: Escudier Alexandre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present essay is more in the nature of a survey than an exhaustive study (even though the literature it is based on can lay claim to a fairly extensive coverage).1 It will attempt to outline developments in the theory and methodology of history2 in Germany3 between 1750 and 1860, beginning with Johann Martin Chladenius (1710–59) and concluding with Johann Gustav Droysen (1808–84).
C. Hatakeyama and W.E.
Authors: Robinson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the facsimile edition of The Waste Land drafts was published in 1971, William Empson remarked in his review that ‘The poem is inherently a mystery; I would never have believed that the Symbolist programme could be made to work at all, if it had not scored a few resounding triumphs, such as this’ ( UB 189). His problem of belief about French poetic theories from the later nineteenth century was fed by other beliefs about justifying critical or satirical views in literature. He explained: ‘Being thus dubious about symbolism, I was one of the mugs who hoped that the story of the poem would be unveiled when the lost bits were restored; and I do find that the Introduction to this edition of the bits lets the story peep out’ (189). Why the occluded story should be of importance to Empson is clarified later when, commenting on ‘What are the roots that clutch, what branches grow ¦ Out of this stony rubblish?’,1he notes: a touch of the craving to scoldmay be observed in the poem here, with its assumption that the poet is nobler and purer than anything he contemplates.
Empson’s Pregnancy
Authors: Wolfson Susan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘I am going on steadily with Intraverbal Structure but keep running into puzzles, in fact I am only inventing the theory after tidying up the literary evidence for it, so I don’t know how long I shall still take,’ confessed William Empson to his Cambridge friend Ian Parsons ( SL 153). In the book gestating, The Structure of Complex Words , he kept faith with the genetic priority of literary evidence: ‘I find it hard to choose between theories at all in this field,’ he admitted (or boasted), ‘except by coming across examples in which one theory works better than another’ ( SCW 368). For Empson, literary evidence is the proof of theory, not the other way around. ‘Pregnancy’, a chapter-title in Structure of Complex Words , concerns one model for how words play across structures, setting various possibilities vibrating as the syntax labors to deliver: as we listen to a sentence, we often cannot fix the required shade of meaning on the words near the beginning till we have heard the end; we are regularly exercised in the partial process, therefore, even when the final meaning appears single and definite, and this is why the alternative meanings are often less fully cut out at the end than we think.
Invitation to an Orgy
Authors: Eagleton Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
LIKE many a supposedly antique phenomenon, terrorism is in fact a modern invention. As a political idea, it first emerged with the French Revolution—which is to say, in effect, that terrorism and the modern democratic state were twinned at birth. In the era of Danton and Robespierre, terrorism began life as state terrorism. It was a violence visited by the state on its enemies, not a strike against sovereignty by its faceless foes.
Fear and Freedom
Authors: Eagleton Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FOR the modern age, the most sublime phenomenon of all is freedom, which like the god Dionysus is both angel and demon, beauty and terror. If there is something sacred about liberty it is not only because it is precious, but because it can destroy as well as create. In answer to the query ‘Where does freedom come from?’ modernity has tended to reply: ‘From itself’. If freedom is to be an absolute value, then it must go all the way down and be founded in nothing but its own ifinite plenitude.
Childhood
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Milton was born at 6.30 a.m. on Friday 9 December 1608 in the house at the sign of the Spread Eagle, Bread Street, London, and on 20 December was baptized in nearby All Hallows Church. He was the second surviving child (after a sister called Anne) of a scrivener and composer also called John Milton, and his wife Sara. The future poet’s paternal roots lay in Oxfordshire. His paternal great-grandfather, Henry Milton (d. 1559), had lived in the village of Stanton St John with his wife Agnes.
Cambridge: The Undergraduate Years
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In December 1624 Milton turned 16, and this may have been the month in which he finished his education at St Paul’s School. Milton’s friend Charles Diodati had gone to Oxford two years earlier (aged 11 or 12), but the time when students would choose universities on the basis of friendships or other personal preferences lay centuries ahead. In the seventeenth century choice lay with the father rather than the son, and the most important choice was not that of university or college, but rather of tutor.
Hammersmith
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For centuries it was assumed that in the course of Milton’s final year at Cambridge his father retired and the family moved in 1632 to the village of Horton, a few miles from Windsor, where Milton was said to have lived until he left for Italy in 1638. Two discoveries have obliged biographers to reconfigure this period. In 1949 the discovery of four Chancery dispositions in the Public Record Office made it clear that from 14 September 1632 (and perhaps earlier) to 8 January 1635 (and perhaps later), the Miltons lived not at Horton, but at Hammersmith.
Horton
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 12 May 1636 Milton’s father was discharged at his own request as Assistant to the Company of Scriveners because of his ‘removal to inhabit in the country’. A few months earlier, the family had moved to the village of Horton, which is now in Berkshire (near Heathrow Airport) but was until 1974 in Buckinghamshire. The motive for the move is not known, but it may be related to a lawsuit that had been lodged against Milton’s father, and may have been prompted by plague in Hammersmith.
Surviving the Restoration
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ronald Hutton has argued persuasively that two separate Restoration settlements are to be distinguished, ‘of different character and produced by different groups of men working in different circumstances’: the first, during which a relatively irenic policy was developed under the Convention Parliament; the second, a regime of more extensive persecution under the Cavalier Parliament. The distinction helps in understanding Milton’s conduct and experiences from May 1660 to the end of 1662. The sequence broadly accords with Nedham’s speculation in Newes from Brussels, that cavaliers would deal first with the kitlings and then with their dam.
Touching Forms: Tennyson and Aestheticism
Authors: Leighton Angela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Art for Art’s sake! Hail, truest Lord of Hell!’ (III. 12. 1)1 Tennyson’s uninspired squib is a rare outburst on a subject which engrossed many of his contemporaries. Between Victorian aestheticism and Victoria’s Laureate there is a marked stand-off, a silence broken only here and there by skirmishes on both sides. Tennyson never refers to Pater in his letters, owned none of his books, though he certainly read and marked some of his essays in journals.2 Pater, for his part, is oddly circumspect about Tennyson.
Overview Of The Religious Specialists Covered
Authors: Rüpke Jörg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This post, held for life and in the Republican Period by patricians—the wife assumed the role of ‘queen’ was the subject of historical speculation as to the religious role of the old Roman kings, and in Festus’ lexicon was established as taking first place in the protocol of the pontifical college. In the Imperial Period the office is also attested in other Italian cities; this makes attribution in individual cases problematic.
Literature and the academy
Authors: Baldick Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early twentieth century was an exceptionally fertile period for the generation of new literary-critical ideas and debates, as the chapters that follow in this part and the next show. The same period also witnessed a momentous transformation in criticism, one that proceeded more or less silently behind the scenes of intellectual controversy. This development was the steady and, from the 1930s, irresistible incorporation of criticism into the formal structures of academic education, and of critics into the professional obligations of university teaching. This chapter will offer a brief account of how and why such a transformation occurred, and what its impact has meant for the purposes, methods, languages, and audiences of modern criticism.
F. R. Leavis: criticism and culture
Authors: Day Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why include F. R. Leavis in a history of criticism and theory? Because he was the most influential critic of his day. It is no exaggeration to say that, in a career spanning more than forty years, from the late 1920s to the mid-1970s, Leavis changed the perception of English literature and professionalized its study. Following T. S. Eliot’s lead, he redefined English poetry in terms of the seventeenth-century metaphysical tradition of John Donne rather than the nineteenth-century Romantic one of Wordsworth. In typically robust fashion, Leavis also proposed a ‘great tradition’ of novelists—Jane Austen, George Eliot, Henry James, and Joseph Conrad—that critics have often used as evidence for their claim that Leavis was a dogmatic figure with only a limited view of literature.
Marxist aesthetics
Authors: Davies Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Karl Marx’s world-wide reputation and influence rest principally on the Communist Manifesto of 1848, probably the most eloquent and undoubtedly the most influential political pamphlet ever published, and on his writings on what the nineteenth century called ‘political economy’: the investigation of the structure and nature of contemporary society, and of the role of economic and productive processes within it. In particular, he is remembered as the author of an unfinished but still monumental analysis of nineteenth-century capitalism, Das Kapital (1867) and its satellite texts, such as the Critique of Political Economy (1859) and the posthumously published Theories of Surplus Value.
The intentional fallacy
Authors: Lamarque Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The expression ‘The Intentional Fallacy’ was coined by the literary critic William K. Wimsatt and the philosopher Monroe C. Beardsley in a jointly authored article with that title, published in 1946. A fallacy is an invalid mode of reasoning, and Wimsatt and Beardsley claimed that it is fallacious to base a critical judgement about the meaning or value of a literary work on ‘external evidence’ concerning the author’s intentions. In another paper, they described the fallacy as ‘a confusion between the poem and its origins, a special case of . . . the Genetic Fallacy’. Their own position, in contrast, held that ‘the design or intention of the author is neither available nor desirable as a standard for judging the success of a work of literary art’.
Bakhtin and the dialogic principle
Authors: Pearce Lynne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Bakhtin’s writings originate in Russia in the 1920s, it was the 1980s before his work became popular in the West; this was largely due to the new translations of Katerina Clark, Michael Holquist, Caryl Emerson, and others who had seized upon his contemporary relevance. Looking back over this period of his ‘canonization’ by Western scholars, it is fascinating to see just how much has changed, and just how much survives, from that moment of first reception. What survives most indisputably is that set of key concepts—polyphony, heteroglossia, carnival, and, of course, dialogism itself—that Bakthin brought into the world via his classic texts, Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics (1929), The Dialogic Imagination (1934–5), and Rabelais and His World (1965). What has changed is how scholars now regard the meaning and status of those concepts, the authorship and ‘mission’ of Bakhtin’s work more generally, and—in particular—which disciplines/scholarly approaches best do justice to ‘the soul and legacy of Bakhtin’.