bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REVERSIBLE COLLAPSE OF RABBIT EARS AFTER INTRAVENOUS PAPAIN, AND PREVENTION OF RECOVERY BY CORTISONE
Authors: Thomas Lewis 
Published: June 2004

A substance has been demonstrated in solutions of crude papain, which, when injected intravenously into 1 kilo rabbits, in amounts less than 5 mg., results in complete collapse of both ears. The phenomenon becomes visible 4 hours after injection, and is complete within 24 hours. 3 or 4 days after papain, the ears gradually reassume their normal form.
Ear collapse is associated with depletion of the ear cartilage matrix, and the disappearance of basophilia from the matrix. Similar changes occur in all other cartilage tissues, including bones, joints, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. At the time when the ears are restored to normal shape, the basophilic matrix reappears in cartilage.
Repeated injections of papain, over a period of 2 or 3 weeks, bring about immunity to the phenomenon of ear collapse.
When the arterial circulation to one ear is occluded for 15 minutes at the time of injection of papain, this ear is protected against collapse.
The effect of crude papain could not be reproduced by crystalline papain protease or crystalline papain lysozyme, which together comprise a considerable portion of the dry weight of papain. The nature of the responsible factor has not been determined, and the possibility that chymopapain may be implicated is currently under study.
Cortisone prevents the return of papain-collapsed ears to their normal shape and rigidity. Possibly this reflects a capacity of cortisone to impede the synthesis or deposition of sulfated mucopolysaccharides in tissues.
STUDIES ON TUBERCLE BACILLUS-MONOCYTE RELATIONSHIP
Authors: Fong Jacob , Schneider Patricia , Elberg Sanford S. 
Published: June 2004

Studies of the conditions necessary for maintenance of constant cell populations in vitro in the Mackaness type of culture chamber have indicated the importance of preliminary trypsinization of cells and the beneficial effect of 40 per cent rabbit serum in Tyrode's solution. Under these optimal conditions, uninfected suspensions of monocytes exhibited little change in cell numbers over a period of 40 to 72 hours.
Infection of monocytes with the virulent H37Rv strain of tubercle bacillus resulted in an early degeneration of a certain proportion of the cells cultivated in the presence of normal rabbit serum. This degeneration was apparent not only for cells of tuberculin-negative animals but also for those derived from tuberculin-positive animals.
The serum of animals vaccinated with BCG exerted a favorable effect upon the survival of monocytes infected with virulent tubercle bacilli. Treatment with this serum caused a delay in degeneration of infected normal cells (cells of tuberculin-negative rabbits) and a complete inhibition of degeneration of infected immune cells (cells of rabbits vaccinated with BCG).
COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON NORMAL AND ON POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS-INFECTED TISSUE CULTURES
Authors: Kovacs Ernest 
Published: June 2004

Experimental evidence is presented for drastic changes in phosphomonoesterase activities of tissue cultures, brought about by infection with poliomyelitis viruses. Acid phosphatase activity went through a maximum before decreasing almost to zero level. Alkaline phosphatase activity diminished progressively to zero, then with disruption of the cells attamed normal levels. Various aspects of the kinetics were investigated and illustrated. The initial increase of acid phosphatase, in contrast with the alkaline, may mean that the reactions catalyzed by this enzyme continue during the early phase. This period is the time of intense virus production and therefore it was supposed that this enzyme may play some role in virus synthesis. It was assumed that the virus acts as a particle of molecular size and becomes associated with the enzyme complex physicochemically or chemically. This association ends with the disintegration of the host cells. During the cell-virus interaction a toxin may develop which is a strong and general enzyme inhibitor. Various enzyme systems differ in sensitivity toward these virus effects; for instance, acid phosphatase is irreversibly inhibited or may be destroyed. The visible CPE of virus is preceded by a drastic reduction of enzyme activities in whole TC and in its various fractions, which may suggest causal relationship in the mechanism of cell destruction. In arrested or latent infection these processes are operative, but on a smaller scale. The drop in activities cannot be explained by the reduction of tissue mass, which is the consequence, rather than the cause, of enzyme changes. Besides the theoretical significance of these observations the following practical points can be summarized:
1. Changes in phosphatase activities are most strikingly demonstrated in whole tissue cultures inoculated with poliomyelitis virus.
2. There is causal relationship among infection, enzyme changes, and transformation of cell physiology.
3. The biochemical approach provides a quantitative measure of the extent of cell damage, before visible CPE is detectible.
4. Unapparent and active infections with poliomyelitis virus could be differentiated from normal controls by this method.
5. By various manipulations (freezing, long incubation) the difference between normal and infected TC can be enhanced. Suitable technical methods were proposed for various types of investigations.
STUDIES ON THE TRANSFER OF LYMPH NODE CELLS
Authors: Harris Susanna , Harris T. N. , Ogburn Clifton A. , Farber Miriam B. 
Published: June 2004

Shigella paradysenteriae organisms were incubated in a solution of trypsin and then removed from the suspension by Seitz filtration. Serologic tests with anti whole Shigella serum indicated that the filtrate contained antigenic material derived from the organisms. When lymph node cells from rabbits not previously injected with Shigella were incubated in vitro with such filtrates and then transferred to irradiated recipients, agglutinins to Shigella appeared in the sera of the latter. The transfer of heated suspensions of cells was not followed by the appearance of agglutinins in irradiated recipient rabbits. Non-irradiated recipients of lymph node cells incubated with the filtrate also developed agglutinin titers, to a lower level than irradiated animals. Agglutinins did not appear in the sera of the majority of non-irradiated recipients of heated cells.
The addition of excess antiserum to either the filtrate or the cell suspension before the incubation of these two materials resulted in a marked reduction in the subsequent agglutinin titers of recipient animals. However, if antiserum was added at the conclusion of the usual 30 minute incubation of cells and filtrate, or even after 5 minutes of incubation, there was no reduction in the agglutinin titers of the recipients.
Cytologic examination of aliquots of a number of the suspensions of cells prepared for transfer revealed that approximately 98 to 99 per cent of the cells belonged to the lymphocytic series.
THE EFFECT OF MALNUTRITION ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE HOST TO VIRAL INFECTION
Authors: Sprunt Douglas H. , Flanigan Clyde C. 
Published: June 2004

The effect of progressive long term dietary protein depletion on viral susceptibility was investigated in 2 host-virus systems: (1) swine influenza in the male CF1 mouse, and (2) Rous sarcoma virus in the New Hampshire red chicken. Data are presented demonstrating a relationship between host protein nutrition and susceptibility to virus infection. This relationship is shown to be cyclic in character, involving phases of increased and decreased viral susceptibility. The relative resistance of the host on low protein intake is a function of the duration on incomplete diet administration before virus inoculation, and consequently a function of the host's state of depletion. As illustrated in Fig. 6, the cyclic susceptibility change demonstrated by these animals on low protein diet was characterized by an initial phase of increased susceptibility, a secondary phase of increased resistance, and a final phase of increased susceptibility. It is proposed that these alterations in relative viral susceptibility result from metabolic changes occurring within the host during the process of dietary protein depletion. The resistance changes are roughly correlated to periods of depot fat utilization (increased susceptibility), reserve protein utilization (decreased susceptibility), and tissue breakdown subsequent to protein starvation (increased susceptibility).
Many previously published concepts of the interplay of viral susceptibility and host nutrition maintained that host malnourishment led to increased host resistance. The cyclic change in resistance, reported herein, is given as evidence that the effect of host deficiency cannot be explained simply on the basis of an inhibition of virus growth due to retarded cellular metabolism in the host. Protein deficiency is shown not to produce an "all-or-none" effect, but a series of reproducible phases of increased and decreased resistance.
From the aforementioned results it is proposed that the phases of viral susceptibility seen in the protein-deficient host are demonstrative of the dynamic interrelationship between the physiologic state and the resistance of the host. Dietary influences in the normal host, by producing similar metabolic changes, could have analogous implications on innate resistance. It is believed that the foregoing leads to a more clear and dynamic concept of viral resistance in the normal individual.
THE ROLE OF EPINEPHRINE IN THE REACTIONS PRODUCED BY THE ENDOTOXINS OF GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
Authors: Thomas Lewis 
Published: June 2004

Extensive lesions of dermal hemorrhagic necrosis occurred in rabbits when epinephrine (or norepinephrine) was injected into the skin within 4 hours after an intravenous injection of endotoxin. As little as 5 µg. of intradermal epinephrine, and 1 µg. of intravenous endotoxin, were sufficient to produce lesions.
Similar lesions, but smaller in size and surrounded by a zone of acute inflammation, were produced by intradermal injection of a mixture of comparable amounts of endotoxin and epinephrine.
No lesions were produced by combinations of endotoxin with serotonin, pitressin, or ephedrine.
Both types of epinephrine-endotoxin lesion were prevented by pretreatment with cortisone, dibenzyline, and chlorpromazine. They were not prevented by heparin or nitrogen mustard. The lesions produced by intradermal mixtures of epinephrine and endotoxin were greatly enhanced in size and severity in animals treated with nitrogen mustard.
Both types of lesion were prevented in rabbits rendered "tolerant" by repeated injections of sublethal amounts of endotoxin.
It is concluded that endotoxin has the property of altering the reactivity of blood vessels to epinephrine in such a way that this hormone becomes a potent necrotizing agent. The possibility that this effect may represent a basic mechanism in the various intoxicating actions of endotoxin, and certain implications of this hypothesis, are discussed.
THE ENDOTOXIC PROPERTIES OF LYSATES OF GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Stetson Chandler A. 
Published: June 2004

Suspensions of group A streptococci were subjected to mechanical disruption by shaking with glass beads. The supernatant solutions produced severe delayed inflammatory reactions on intradermal injection into normal rabbits. Intravenous injections caused systemic reactions characterized by fever, leucopenia, and peripheral vasomotor phenomena. These effects were more pronounced in rabbits which had previously been infected with group A streptococci.
The local and generalized Shwartzman phenomena were reproduced with these crude streptococcal lysates, and the data suggest that streptococci possess an endotoxin similar to those of Gram-negative bacterial species.
EXPERIMENTAL COMBINED VIRAL AND BACTERIAL INFECTION (INFLUENZA C AND HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE, TYPE B) IN EMBRYONATED EGGS
Authors: Buddingh G. John 
Published: June 2004

Influenza C virus, J.J. strain, is readily propagated following intra-amniotic inoculation of embryonated eggs on the 14th day of incubation. The resulting infection is inapparent in that there is no obvious interference with normal embryonic development and no evidences of injury can be detected by the light microscope.
Hemophilus influenzae, type b thrives luxuriantly in the amniotic fluid of embryonated eggs inoculated by the intra-amniotic route on the 15th day of incubation. The effects of the establishment of the bacterial infection in the embryo are noted by the occurrence of death, bacteriemia or characteristic inflammatory lesions in the form of purulent sinusitis, pharyngitis, tracheo-bronchitis and meningo-encephalitis. These lesions may occur singly or in various combinations. The incidence and severity of disease manifestations in infected embryos depends on the proportion of encapsulated and virulent bacilli in the inoculum, the number of infectious doses and the growth rate of the bacteria in the surrounding amniotic fluid.
Combined viral and bacterial infection established by intra-amniotic inoculation with influenza C virus on the 14th followed by Hemophilus influenzae, type b on the 15th incubation day brings about a significant increase in the incidence and severity of disease manifestations in the embryos. Selective survival and marked acceleration of the growth rate of encapsulated and virulent elements of the bacterial population is promoted in the virus-infected embryos. The disease process appears to be entirely attributable to the bacterial component. There seems to be relatively little or no effect on influenza C virus by the accompanying proliferation of Hemophilus. The exact nature of the virus-induced influences which enhance the pathogenicity of the bacteria and favor the establishment of the infectious process under these circumstances remains to be determined.
STUDIES ON TUBERCLE BACILLUS-MONOCYTE RELATIONSHIP
Authors: Fong Jacob , Schneider Patricia , Elberg Sanford S. ,   With the Technical Assistance Of James Akiyama
Published: June 2004

Studies of virulent, attenuated, and avirulent strains of tubercle bacilli have demonstrated the proficiency of virulent strains to effect degeneration of normal monocytes cultivated in the presence of normal serum. Attenuated strains were less active in this respect, and avirulent bacilli failed to induce monocytic degeneration.
Comparison of the effects of virulent H37Rv with O.T., P.P.D., and a culture filtrate of H37Rv revealed a similarity in action of H37Rv and its filtrate. The action of O.T. and P.P.D. differed from that of H37Rv in that the greatest effect of H37Rv was upon normal cells as opposed to the effect of O.T. and P.P.D. upon immune cells. Additionally, it was demonstrated that immune serum (anti-BCG) protected immune cells against H37Rv but not against O.T. or P.P.D.
The protection of immune cells by heterologous antisera (anti-Salmonella and anti-ovalbumin) as well as by homologous antiserum (anti-BCG) against the degenerative effects of H37Rv indicated a non-specificity in action of serum factors. The ability of the monocytes of animals immunized with BCG and the failure of monocytes of animals immunized with Salmonella rutgers to withstand parasitization with H37Rv, when both types of monocytes were cultivated in immune (anti-BCG) serum, indicated a specificity of cellular resistance.
STUDIES ON BACTERIEMIA
Authors: Rogers David E. , Melly Marian Ann 
Published: June 2004

Large numbers of E. coli were rapidly removed from the blood stream of rabbits at rates which initially paralleled the removal of similar numbers of staphylococci. Splanchnic tissues removed approximately two-thirds of the circulating bacilli in transit through the liver and spleen.
In contrast to the cessation of splanchnic trapping noted 20 to 40 minutes following the injection of staphylococci, splanchnic trapping of E. coli continued unchanged for 3 to 5 hours unless the splanchnic tissues were dearly reseeding the blood stream. This resulted in the continued disappearance of E. coli over a 60 to 90 minute period, and differed from the constant bacteriemia maintained beyond 20 minutes after the injection of staphylococci.
Some of the differences in the initial clearance of these two microorganisms appeared to relate to differences in host leukocyte-bacterium relationships. In vitro studies indicated that E. coli were rapidly killed following ingestion by rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Staphylococci survive such ingestion. The injection of E. coli was followed by a prolonged granulocytopenia with evidence of sequestration of granulocytes within the pulmonary vascular bed. The injection of staphylococci was followed by a transient leukopenia, with rapid return of granulocytes to the circulation (15).
It appears probable that E. coli ingested by sequestered leukocytes are destroyed within the cell, and that leukocytes do not reenter the circulation containing living E. coli. Such intraleukocytic residence in the blood stream has been shown to be of possible importance in the maintenance of staphylococcal bacteriemia (14).
An increasing E. coli bacteriemia occurred rapidly after the initial clearance period, indicating that many sequestered bacilli remained viable. Increasing bacteriemia also occurs 3 to 5 hours after the injection of staphylococci. The bacterial or host cell mechanisms which allow this secondary resurgence of bacterial populations are currently under investigation.
POLYMORPHONUCLEAR INVASION OF WOUNDED CORNEAS
Authors: Weimar Virginia 
Published: June 2004

Polymorphonuclear invasion of the wounded rat cornea is quantitatively described. The inflammatory cells enter the wounded tissue during the 5th postoperative hour. They steadily increase in number until they reach a maximum between 24 and 36 hours and return to normal by about the 6th day.
Six hour wounds are used to evaluate the influence of topically applied drugs on the polymorphonuclear infiltration of the wounded area. Sodium salicylate is an effective inhibitor of polymorphonuclear invasion when it is used during the 2nd postoperative hour, but it is without effect when it is applied after this time. Soybean trypsin inhibitor prevents the invasion of polymorphonuclear cells when it is administered during the 2nd hour only, or the 3rd and 4th hours together, or the 5th and 6th hours together.
The results indicate that activation of a proteolytic enzyme (or enzymes) in the injured corneal tissue is an essential step leading to polymorphonuclear invasion.
During the first 2 postoperative hours the anti-inflammatory effects of both drugs are nearly identical and may reflect an inhibition of the same proteolytic reaction or some different but closely related reactions.
BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY OF RAT LEUCOCYTIC EXTRACTS
Authors: Fishman M. , Cole L. J. , Silverman M. S. 
Published: June 2004

The bactericidal substance present in mitochondrial extracts from rat leucocytes was found to be non-dialyzable, fractionated at 30 per cent (NH4SO4 saturation and was able to withstand temperatures up to 100°C.
The tentative identification of a lipoprotein as the responsible bactericidal substance is based on various observations; an ultraviolet absorption at a peak associated with alpha, beta unsaturated fatty acids, 205 to 208 mµ, inactivation of the bactericidal substance by ether treatment at –70°C. but not at 0°C. and inhibition of the bactericidal activity with lipase treatment as well as with trypsin.
CHEMICAL FORM OF CIRCULATING ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE IN RATS
Authors: Thorn Niels A. , Silver Lawrence 
Published: June 2004

Serum, taken from rats under ether anesthesia after injection of hypertonic saline, contained antidiuretic activity in a concentration equivalent to 1 to 3 millipressor units of pitressin per ml.
The active material was retained by a collodion ultrafilter and, on electrophoretic analysis, moved with the beta globulins. Dialysis against 0.2 N acetic acid appeared to dissociate the complex.
The antidiuretic factor was found in serum after stimuli known to cause release of pituitary antidiuretic hormone. Inactivation by thioglycolic acid and by proteolytic enzymes paralleled the inactivation of standard pitressin. Control experiments made it unlikely that serotonin, or any other substance released in the clotting of blood, could have contributed to the antidiuretic action. For these reasons it was concluded that the factor studied was native pituitary antidiuretic hormone circulating as a definite protein-peptide complex.
EXPERIMENTAL URIC ACID NEPHRITIS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Smith Joseph F. , Lee Yin Chen 
Published: June 2004

Experimental uric acid lesions in the kidney of the rabbit have been reinvestigated using the technique of miscrodissection for location of lesions. The maximal initial lesion was found to occur in the first part of the collecting, and not in the ascending Henle and the distal convoluted tubule. Such lesions were only produced by very high dosage (approximately 0.5–1 gm. per kg.).
It was concluded that the argument by analogy with the uric acid lesion cannot be used to support a hypothetical toxic damage to the segments of ascending Henle and the distal convolution in the crush syndrome.