bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Do Institutions Cohere and Change? The Institutional Complementarity Hypothesis and Its Extension
Authors: Boyer Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditionally, economic theory has focused on the allocation of scarce resources by pure market mechanisms and therefore the role of economic institutions was only referred within descriptive historical studies or comparative system of analyses. During the last two decades, economists have rediscovered with Coase (1937) that flrms do play a major role in the allocation of resources and might be more efflcient than markets when transaction costs are introduced on top of production costs. This hypothesis has triggered a new interest in the institutions of capitalism that previously was a quite neglected domain of research (Williamson 1985). More fundamentally, modern neoclassical microeconomic theory has recognized that market mechanisms cannot cope with public goods, externalities, innovations, and social justice concerns (Ingrao and Israel 1990), and these market failures call for alternative coordinating mechanisms such as quality standards, law, conventions, norms, and even State interventions at the macroeconomic level (Stiglitz 1987).
Advancing Our Understanding of Capitalism With Niels Bohr’s Thinking About Complementarity
Authors: Hollingsworth J Rogers 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is structured around several basic perspectives. First, we live in an age in which our understanding of the world is ever more limited. It is not clear that we have any idea of how to develop a more coherent view of the world and more effective institutions for governing the world. Second, the essay identifles some of the key factors which interfere with our understanding, and suggests a few important steps for improving the situation. These are only very modest steps, as most of us are still profoundly ignorant of the universe around us, despite substantial advances in knowledge over the last century and the vast resources which our societies invest in education, research, and information technology.
The Blurring of Organizational Boundaries and The Fragmentation of Work
Authors: Grimshaw Damian , Marchington Mick , Rubery Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The employment relationship is normally regarded as contracted between a single employer and an employee and shaped and formed within a single organization with a clear organizational boundary. This approach, taken as the bedrock for enquiry in areas such as industrial relations, human resource management (HRM), employment law, and labor economics, fails to consider the way in which differences in organizational forms (such as outsourcing, joint ventures, multiemployer sites, partnerships, agency working, and pseudo self-employment) impact on employment relations. Conversely, analyses of changing organizational forms tend to ignore the impact of changes to employment relationships on the likely performance and sustainability of a particular organizational form.
Generating Creative Options
Authors: Leonard Dorothy , Swap Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘I don’t need to tell you how important this distance learning contract is,’ said Hazel as she opened the meeting. ‘If we get to design the ad campaign, we’ll have a whole new line of business. That’s why I’ve put our very best people on this team-including Fred from Sales and Tom-even though he’s moved to our financial services account. I know some of you were a bit surprised at my bringing them in, but we needed a variety of backgrounds and knowledge to be creative. I was really pleased with yesterday’s brainstorming session-we came up with a lot of cool ideas .
Partnerships for Knowledge Creation
Authors: Parise Salvatore , Prusak Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is little doubt that alliances and partnerships among companies will be a critical component of strategic management in the 21st century, including playing a major role in the transfer and management of knowledge resources. If done successfully, alliances can contribute significantly to a company’s growth potential. The numbers are very impressive. In a recent study, highly successful alliance companies expect 35 percent of their revenues by 2003 to come from a1liances, up from 21 percent in 1998 and 15 percent in 1995. Also, from the same study, the most active alliance participants achieved a 17.2 percent return on equity, which is much higher than the average return on equity for both Fortune 500 companies as well as companies least active with a1liances.
Managing Knowledge the Chevron Way
Authors: Derr Kenneth T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the initiatives we’ve undertaken at Chevron during the 1990s, few have been as important or as rewarding as our efforts to build a learning organization by sharing and managing knowledge throughout our company. In fact, I believe this priority was one of the keys to reducing our operating costs by more than $2 billion per year-from about $9.4 billion to $7.4 billion over the last seven years. Oil prices-adjusted for inflation-are now at their lowest levels since Woodrow Wilson was in the White House. Nevertheless, the long-term forecast for the global energy business is one of growth and opportunity.
Fair Process: Managing in the Knowledge Economy
Authors: Kim W Chan , Mauborgne Renee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A London policeman gave a woman a ticket for making an illegal turn. When the woman protested that there was no sign prohibiting the turn, the police man pointed to one that was bent out of shape and difficult to see from the road. Furious, the woman decided to appeal by going to court. Finally, the day of her hearing arrived, and she could hardly wait to speak her piece. But she had just begun to tell her side of the story when the magistrate stopped her and summarily ruled in her favor. How did the woman feel? Vindicated? Victorious? Satisfied? No, she was frustrated and deeply unhappy. ‘I came for justice,’ she complained, ‘but the magistrate never let me explain what happened.’ In other words, although she liked the outcome, she didn’t like the process that had created it.
Knowing What We Know: Supporting Knowledge Creation and Sharing in Social Networks
Authors: Cross Rob , Parker Andrew , Prusak Laurence , Borgatti Stephen P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘So the call came in late on Thursday afternoon and right away I wished I hadn’t answered the phone. We had received a last-second opportunity to bid on a sizable piece of work that the Partner on the other end of the line really wanted to pursue. I had no due how to even begin looking for relevant methodologies or case examples, so my first move was to tap into my network to find some relevant info and leads to other people or databases. And I relied pretty heavily on this group over the next couple of days. Seth was great for pointing me to other people and relevant information, Paul provided ideas on the technical content of the project while Jeff really helped in showing me how to frame the client’s issues in ways that we could sell.
Do You Know Who Your Experts Are?
Authors: Idinopulos Michael , Kempler Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Expertise can be surprisingly difficult to find, even in institutions that have spent millions to attract and retain world-class experts. Take the experience of one manager at a biotechnology company. Early in the project, it needed someone with deep technical knowledge of a particular protein. We spent weeks looking for an expert-calling HR, asking around the office, scanning personnel records. Finally, we concluded the expert didn’t exist. Three days later, I’m in an elevator complaining about this to a colleague, when the woman next to me turns and says, ‘I wrote my doctoral thesis on that protein. What do you need to know?’ Such inefficiency and reliance on chance would normally be unthinkable for corporate resources.
Language and Nation
Authors: Vick Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At least since biblical times language has counted as one of the most important markers of difference between peoples; whether language also constitutes a main criterion of national identity in the modern age of nationalism, however, is a different question, particularly where this involves the distribution of civil rights. Since the earlier part of the twentieth century, the standard position has been that there are in fact two types of nationalism—civic-voluntarist and ethnic-cultural— having corresponding forms of national identity, in the latter of which language does indeed play a central role while in the former it need not.
The United Kingdom
Authors: Williams Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any attempt to investigate the relative purchase of ethnic and civic nationalisms in Britain during the long nineteenth century first has to clarify what is meant by ‘Britain’. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland came into being on 1 January 1801, following the passage of the Act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland during the preceding year. The state of Great Britain was itself of recent origin, having been created in 1707 by the Act of Union between England and Scotland. England had incorporated Wales following earlier Acts of Union in 1536 and 1543.
Introduction and making the diagnosis
Authors: Thomson Anne H , Harris Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is a disease caused when a person has inherited two copies of a faulty gene (one from each parent). CF is suspected in children who: (a) have a bowel blockage at birth (b) fail to gain weight even when eating well (c) have frequent smelly stools (d) have a persistent or recurrent wet cough or chest infection Newborn infants can now be screened for CF by a heel-prick blood test The diagnosis of CF is confirmed by a sweat test which measures the concentration of chloride (as salt) in the sweat
How cystic fibrosis affects the digestive system
Authors: Thomson Anne H , Harris Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pancreas is the gland which produces enzymes to digest foodstuffs, All individuals with CF produce decreased amounts of enzymes, Around 85 per cent of people with CF cannot produce enough enzymes for efficient digestion and absorption of food and need to take additional enzymes by mouth with each meal, Around 15 per cent of babies with CF have blockage of the bowel from birth; this is called meconium ileus
Micro-organisms in the cystic fibrosis lung
Authors: Thomson Anne H , Harris Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the bacteria most commonly found in young children with CF and is treated with an oral antibiotic, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a bacteria which occurs naturally in warm moist environments and is particularly attracted to the lung in CF, Early treatment of P. aeruginosa infection with oral plus inhaled or intravenous antibiotics can usually prevent chronic infection, Hygiene measures are important to prevent cross-infection between patients with CF
Background and Outline
Authors: Walker Clive , Broderick Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Part II, we shall provide a comprehensive and critical guide to the legislation. The exposition will draw upon the theoretical perspectives adduced in Part I and will inform operational and practical impacts as well as assessments (Part III). This opening Chapter 2 will consider the background history to the Act, an outline of its overall scheme, and the standards by which it should be adjudged.
The most prominent progenitors to the Civil Contingencies Act are (for Part I) the Civil Defence Act 1948 and (for Part II) the Emergency Powers Act 1920.
Towards A Civil Contingencies Framework
Authors: Walker Clive , Broderick Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to examine the broader institutional and organizational impact and setting of the Civil Contingencies Act. This inquiry will thereby move beyond the local and regional tiers, which lie at the heart of the legislation, into the work of central government, on which there is near silence.
The Civil Contingencies Committee (CCC), chaired by the Home Secretary, is the key Cabinet Committee. Its terms of reference and related structures are illustrated in Table 8A overleaf:
The foregoing structure was settled largely in 20013 but was augmented in 2002 with a range of Cabinet sub-committees based on the standing Defence and Overseas Policy Committee.
The Development Of An Electronic Web Diary For The Monitoring Of Primary Headaches
Authors: Sances J , Tassorelli C , Ghiotto N , Loi M , Guaschino E , Pagani M , Corti L , Nappi G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Headache is a very frequent disorder in the general population. The International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II) has defined the diagnostic criteria for the different types of primary and secondary headaches. According to ICHD-II, the diagnosis of primary headache is purely clinical, based on patient history, reported symptoms and detected signs. The use of monitoring charts to detect and diagnose headaches is crucial in the management of headache disorders. Besides supplying details on a patient’s medical history, diaries and calendars provide the physician with important information concerning the clinical features, frequency and temporal pattern of attacks.
Introduction
Authors: Mitchell Charles , Watterson Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Subrogation’ literally means ‘substitution’; the word derives from the same Latin root as the more familiar word ‘surrogate’.1 In English law the term ‘subrogation’ denotes a process by which one party is deemed to have been substituted for another, so that he can acquire and enforce the other’s rights against a third party for his own benefit. It is often said that a subrogated claimant ‘stands in the shoes’ of the party whose rights he is deemed to have acquired.
Discharge Of Obligations
Authors: Mitchell Charles , Watterson Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter it was explained that in cases where a claimant’s money is used to pay a creditor in respect of a defendant’s obligation, the type of subrogation to which the claimant may be entitled varies according to whether the defendant’s obligation is discharged by the payment. To identify the type of subrogation to which he may be entitled, the claimant therefore needs to understand the rules which determine when obligations are discharged by payment.
The Form Of The Remedy
Authors: Mitchell Charles , Watterson Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines various issues relating to the form which a claimant’s subrogation rights might take. Section B considers the nature and extent of these rights. It is explained that they are new rights, generated by discharge of the creditor’s original rights, as a remedy to reverse the unjust enrichment that would otherwise accrue to the debtor and/or remoter parties. To achieve this goal the law generates new rights for the claimant that replicate the creditor’s original rights.
A Brief Introduction
Authors: Snyder William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is dedicated to a single, foundational issue in the study of child language acquisition: What exactly is the child acquiring? Even the most ardent of nativists will acknowledge that languages differ from one another, and that the child uses her input to choose among the various grammars permitted by human biology. What exactly are the decisions that the child has to make? At the other end of the spectrum, those with an empiricist inclination expect the process of language acquisition to depend much more heavily on the input. Yet, these researchers too acknowledge that the final state of language acquisition includes grammatical knowledge of a general nature, more abstract than the specific examples encountered in the input. Again, what form does this grammatical knowledge take? The parametric approach to child language is a broad research program dedicated to this issue. Here the word parametric is a convenient cover term for any kind of abstract grammatical knowledge, regardless of how it is implemented: Possible instantiations include actual parameter settings, constraint rankings, or abstract features of functional heads, to name but a few My central empirical claim will be that the time course of child language acquisition is itself a rich source of evidence about the nature of what the child is acquiring. First, theories of grammatical variation across languages make strong, testable predictions about the process of language acquisition in children. This book will show, in considerable detail, how to derive these predictions and then test them with various types of evidence from children. Second, certain broad observations about the process of language acquisition, in and of themselves, have direct implications for the nature of what the child is acquiring. I will elaborate on this point in the final chapter of the book. My objective in writing the book is to create a resource for fellow child-language researchers who are interested in parametric questions.
The View from Syntactic Theory
Authors: Snyder William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys the ideas on cross-linguistic variation that are prominent in contemporary syntactic theory. Two major frame-works are considered: the Principles-and-Parameters framework and the Minimalist Program. For each framework I provide a brief overview and at least one example of how cross-linguistic variation is treated, together with ways of using acquisitional data to test specific proposals. In the first section, on the Principles-and-Parameters framework, I also introduce the idea that the child is grammatically conservative, at least in spontaneous production, and discuss the relevance of this characteristic when generating acquisitional predictions.
Case Studies in the Parametric Approach
Authors: Snyder William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I present three case studies in the parametric approach to child language. The first is a study of children’s acquisition of syllable structure in Dutch, which I conducted in collaboration with Ning Pan. The second example concerns a type of empty-category phenomenon in Spanish that I term “noun-drop”, and was conducted in collaboration with Ann Senghas and Kelly Inman. The final example is a study of children’s acquisition of prepositional questions in English, and was conducted with Koji Sugisaki.
Conclusions: Grammatical Conservatism and Cross-Linguistic Variation
Authors: Snyder William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters I first surveyed the leading theories of exactly what the child must acquire, in order to know the syntax and phonology of her native language. I then turned to the ways in which acquisitional data can be used to evaluate such theories. In several of the chapters I presented evidence that children make remarkably few of the logically possible errors as they acquire the grammar of their target language. In particular, in children’s spontaneous speech, syntactic errors of comission are strikingly rare. When such errors do occur they belong to one of a few consistent types.
Obstetrics
Authors: Scott Wendy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pregnancy is a physiological process. In some instances, it may, however, become a pathological state. Women may choose to conceive, carry the child to term, and deliver the child. Accidental or forced conception, a wanted embryo that develops with an abnormality, or a woman’s change of mind, may result in a termination of that pregnancy. Women have opportunities from conception onwards, to exercise their right to continue with the pregnancy, or to have it terminated—within the legal restriction of the Abortion Act(1)and the Human Fertilization and Embryology Act 1990(2). Women themselves, by way of pressure groups and support groups such as the National Childbirth Trust and the Birthday Trust, or women’s magazines and other media channels, are very much in the forefront of educating other women as regards opportunities and ‘rights’ around issues of pregnancy, labour, and delivery. This form of education has the inherent problem that it may be biased and incomplete. There is a significant swing away from hospital deliveries to home deliveries, the incidence of which is thought to be anything between 4% and 10%. Accurate information is not easily obtainable(3). The UK government publication in 1993 entitled ‘Changing Childbirth’(4) proposed greater choice for women in many aspects of their care, including the place to give birth. Obstetricians do not have professional responsibility for women who wish to have a home confinement or who wish to be delivered in a midwifery-led unit, unless subsequently referred to them. General practitioners have become less involved in maternity care. Many women never access their general practitioner during pregnancy. The midwife is the lead health professional responsible for that woman. A woman with an uncomplicated pregnancy and straightforward delivery may go through the entire pregnancy and labour without seeing an obstetrician. Over the last few years, there has arisen, mainly from outside the medical profession, but also some within the profession, the expectation that doctors are, and should be, surplus to requirement as regards normal pregnancy, which is seen as an entirely physiological process. There has been a trend to move from a medical model to a social model of pregnancy. When complications arise, or a woman is ‘high risk’ because of her own previous medical problems, she will either be under the shared care of a midwife and obstetrician or completely under the care of the obstetrician, seeing her midwife only for routine checks during the pregnancy.
Awareness during anaesthesia
Authors: Aitkenhead Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Awareness during anaesthesia has been recognized as a clinical entity for many years, and had an incidence of 1–2% in the United Kingdom during the 1960s and 1970s(1–3), when most anaesthetics comprised nitrous oxide and an opioid analgesic, but no volatile anaesthetic agent. Despite this high incidence, there was only a very modest number of law suits annually, partly because the culture of medical litigation was very different to the present day, partly because some patients were led to believe that awareness was an inevitable complication of anaesthesia, and partly because many patients were disbelieved when they reported awareness and became convinced that their experience must have been imagined. A dramatic change occurred in 1985. In that year, a patient who had experienced severe and prolonged pain during Caesarean section, with profound psychological sequelae, sued her anaesthetist, and was awarded damages in excess of £13 000(4) amidst a blaze of publicity generated by her solicitor, who knew that a number of other patients treated by the same anaesthetist were also seeking compensation. The publicity resulted in an enormous increase in litigation by patients who claimed that they had been aware during anaesthesia. Some of the alleged experiences had occurred up to 20 years earlier, but many of these claims were allowed to proceed despite the normal limitation period. The large majority of claims were sustainable. Claims for awareness during anaesthesia suddenly escalated.