bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brhadaranyaka Upanisad
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Brhadaranyaka Upanisad constitutes the concluding section of the voluminous Satapatha Brahmana of the White Yajurveda. Its name, The Great Āraiyaka-Upanisad, indicates its character as both an Āraiyaka and an Upanisad. The text has been preserved in two recensions, the Madhyandina and the Kānva; in both, the BU forms the final sections of the Śatapatha. The two recensions present basically the same text, although there are differences in some significant readings and in the arrangement of individual sections. This edition and translation follows the Kanva recension. The variant readings of the Madhyandina recension are given in the notes.
Gender in an Egalitarian Society
Authors: Sered Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the old days men were stronger. Men went out at night and got money, and so we could buy rice. The men brought money for this, so men were stronger. Women were only in the garden to grow sweet potatoes to eat. Men had money. A woman could not earn money. I feel so sorry when I talk about old life stories. Always we did hard jobs. (ninety-two-year-old village woman) These two comments are good examples of sociological approaches to the study of gender. The first provides a historical and economic gender analysis: Men were stronger because of their economic role; there were no cash jobs available for women, and that fact gave men social strength. The second comment emphasizes the process of socialization. I had asked Mrs. Shinzato a general question: Do boys and girls speak differently? My question certainly allowed room for an essentialist answer. Instead, Mrs. Shinzato chose to discuss the socialization process: Boys and girls speak differently because they are educated from right after birth to do so.
Grow Long, Blessed Night
Authors: Selby Martha Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents new English translations of over 200 erotic poems composed in India's three classical languages: Old Tamil, Maharastri Prakrit, and Sanskrit. The poems have been culled from large anthologies that date from as early as the first century CE to as late as the eighth century. Martha Ann Selby's masterful translations allow the poems to stand on their own in English while maintaining the flavors of the original verses. Grouped according to conversational themes, the poems are annotated whenever a brief explanation is necessary. Grow Long, Blessed Night also provides a thorough scholarly introduction to the origins of the poems, suggestions on how to read them, and information about the languages in which they were composed.
Architects to the Nation
Authors: Lee Antoinette J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This unique and carefully researched study traces the evolution and accomplishments of the Office of the Supervising Architect of the United States - the office that from 1852 until 1939 held a virtual monopoly over federal building design. Among its more memorable buildings are the Italianate U.S. Mint in Carson City, the huge granite pile of the State, War, and Navy Building in Washington, D.C., the towering U.S. Post Office in Nashville, New York City's neo-Renaissance customhouse, and such "restorations" as the ancient adobe Palace of the Governors in Santa Fe. In tracing the evolution of the Office and its creative output, Antoinette J. Lee evokes the nation's considerable efforts to achieve an appropriate civic architecture.
Miscegenation Law, Court Cases, and Ideologies of “Race” in Twentieth-Century America *
Authors: Pascoe Peggy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On March 21, 1921, Joe Kirby took his wife, Mayellen, to court. The Kirbys had been married for seven years, and Joe wanted out. Ignoring the usual option of divorce, he asked for an annulment, charging that his marriage had been invalid from its very beginning because Arizona law prohibited marriages between “per sons of Caucasian blood, or their descendants” and “negroes, Mongolians or Indians, and their descendants.” Joe Kirby claimed that while he was “a person of the Caucasian blood,” his wife, Mayellen, was “a person of negro blood.” Although Joe Kirby’s charges were rooted in a well-established-and tragic tradition of American miscegenation law, his court case quickly disintegrated into a definitional dispute that bordered on the ridiculous. The first witness in the case was Joe’s mother, Tula Kirby, who gave her testimony in Spanish through an interpreter.
The Mulatto in American Fiction *
Authors: Bullock Penelope 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In its heterogenous population and the individualistic traits of its various inhabitants the United States possesses a reservoir teeming with literary potentiality. Throughout the years, the American writer has tapped these natural resources to bring forth products of value and interest. Even though the characters whom he has depicted are not always lasting literary creations, they are significant in that they are social and sociological indices. Wrought from American life, they reflect the temper of the times and the actualities and the attitudes surrounding their prototypes in life. One of these characters is the mulatto. In this study1 the portrayal of the mulatto by the nineteenth-century American fictionist is presented. Who and what is the mulatto? According to Webster, he is, in the strictly generic sense, “ ... the first generation offspring of a pure negro and a white.” The popular, general conception is that he is a Negro with a very obvious ad mixture of white blood. (In this study the persons considered as mulattoes are selected as such on the basis of this definition.)
Jean Toomer and American Racial Discourse *
Authors: Hutchinson George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The culture which will transcend, and thus unite, East and West, or the Earthlings and the Galactics, is not likely to be one which does equal justice to each, but one which looks back on both with the amused condescension typical of later generations looking back at their ancestors. Richard Rorty1 49. The Literature and Thought of Modern Africa, trans. Shirley Kay (New York, 1967), p. 183.
Reflections on Little Rock*
Authors: Arendt Hann Ah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article was written more than a year ago upon the suggestion of one of the editors of Commentary. It was a topical article whose publication was delayed for months because of the controversial nature of my reflections which, obviously, were at variance with the magazine’s stand on matters of discrimination and seg regation. Meanwhile, things had quieted down temporarily; I had hopes that my fears concerning the seriousness of the situation might prove exaggerated and no longer wished to publish this article. Recent developments have convinced me that such hopes are futile and that the routine repetition of liberal cliches may be even more dangerous than I thought a year ago. I therefore agreed to let Dissent publish the article as it was written-not because I thought that a year-old topical essay could possibly exhaust the subject or even do justice to the many difficult problems involved, but in the hope that even an inadequate attempt might help to break the dangerous routine in which the discussion of these issues is being held from both sides. There are, however, two points which were brought to my attention after I wrote the article which I would like to mention at least. The first concerns my contention that the marriage laws in 29 of the 49 states constitute a much more flagrant breach of letter and spirit of the Constitution than segregation of schools. To this, Sidney Hook (New Leader, April 13), replied that Negroes were “pro foundly uninterested” in these laws; in their eyes, “the discriminatory ban against intermarriages and miscegenation is last in the order of priorities.” I have my doubts about this, especially with respect to the educated strata in the Negro population, but it is of course perfectly true that Negro public opinion and the policies of the NAACP are almost exclusively concerned with discrimination in employment, housing and education.
The Ethics of Wrongful Obedience
Authors: Luban David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A century ago the legal realists taught us that the real law is the law in action, not just the law in books. They taught us to think things, not words, and placed their faith in the power of the still-youthful social sciences to think legal things accurately and rigorously. In legal ethics, I think most scholars would agree on the single biggest discrepancy between the law in books—the profession’s ethics codes—and the law in action. The ethics codes are almost entirely individualist in their focus. They treat lawyers (clients, too, for that matter) largely as self-contained decision makers flying solo. In fact, however, lawyers increasingly work in and for organizations. While most lawyers continue to practice in small firms, and sole practitioners still form the largest single demographic slice of the profession, the trend is toward organizational practice. The largest law firms and corporate legal departments have more than a thousand lawyers, and the biggest firms in the country three decades ago would not make this year’s top hundred.
Shots in the Mirror
Authors: Rafter Nicole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Movies play a central role in shaping our understanding of crime and the world generally, helping us define what is good and bad, desirable and unworthy, lawful and illicit, strong and weak. Crime films raise controversial issues about the distribution of social power and the meanings of deviance, and they provide a safe space for fantasies of rebellion, punishment, and the restoration of order. In this, the first comprehensive study of its kind, well-known criminologist Nicole Rafter examines the relationship between society and crime films from the perspectives of criminal justice, film history and technique, and sociology. Dealing with over 300 films ranging from gangster and cop to trial and prison movies, Shots in the Mirror concentrates on works in the Hollywood tradition but also identifies a darker strain of critical films that portray crime and punishment more bleakly.
The Islamic Threat
Authors: Esposito John L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Are Islam and the West on a collision course? From the Ayatollah Khomeini to Saddam Hussein, the image of Islam as a militant, expansionist, and rabidly anti-American religion has gripped the minds of Western governments and media. But these perceptions, John L. Esposito writes, stem from a long history of mutual distrust, criticism, and condemnation, and are far too simplistic to help us understand one of the most important political issues of our time. In this new edition of The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality?, Esposito places the challenge of Islam in critical perspective. Exploring the vitality of this religion as a global force and the history of its relations with the West, Esposito demonstrates the diversity of the Islamic resurgence--and the mistakes our analysts make in assuming a hostile, monolithic Islam. This third edition has been expanded to include new material on current affairs in Turkey, Afghanistan, Palestine, and Southeast Asia, as well as a discussion of international terrorism.
Nonphysician Professionals and Rural America
Authors: Baer Leonard D , Smith Laura M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nonphysician professionals-nurse practitioners (NPs), physician assistants (PAs), certified nurse midwives (CNMs), and certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs)-are an important component of health care resources in rural communities. These professionals have found a place in the health care delivery structure of rural and urban communities because they are able to provide a substantial proportion of the primary care needs of a general population within the resource constraints of many rural communities (Denham and Pickard, 1979; Spitzer et al., 1974; U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, 1986). Physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and certified nurse midwives have been promoted as especially suited to work in smaller rural communities because they require a lower level of capital support than physicians and often prefer the greater autonomy afforded by rural practice (Cooper, Henderson, and Dietrich, 1998).
literary culture and U.S. Imperialism
Authors: Rowe John Carlos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Americans’ interpretations of themselves as a people are shaped by a powerful imperial desire and a profound anti-colonial temper. This book deals with these contradictory self-conceptions and the ways American writers have represented them. Sometimes canny legitimists of American empire, sometimes vigorous critics of our colonial impulses, U.S. writers from the early days of the republic to the present testify diversely to the imperial heritage of the United States and to a strong intellectual tradition of challenging the Imperialism of the United States along with other global powers. There is nothing exceptional about the imperial aura in U.S. culture from the late eighteenth century to the first half of the twentieth century; it is the consequence of political, economic, and social expansion by U.S. and European powers that was central to social experience.
The Textualization of God’s Body
Authors: O’connell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In view of the association between the origins and practice of dramatic embodiment and the incarnational aesthetic of medieval culture argued in the last chapter, the Reformation ambivalence about theater might seem virtually in evitable. In contexts in which theater was put to specifically religious uses, and especially in the representation of biblical narratives, this ambivalence necessarily mounted toward rejection. The Elizabethan suppression of the vernacular mystery cycles surely represents a decisive turn from the religious aesthetic that prevailed from the twelfth through the sixteenth century. But this was not a conclusion that sprang full blown from the mind of the Reformation. Paul Whitfield White has recently shown that in the first generation of the Reformation, English Protestants embraced the stage as a polemical weapon; as playwrights and performers, patrons and audience, they attacked the doctrines and practice of Catholicism and promoted even Calvinist theological positions. Most of this polemical theater took the form of moral interludes, whose dramaturgy, based on late fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century models, was well suited to ideological usage. But there were also several significant attempts at biblical theater, generally through a melding of moral iterlude with biblical narrative. There would remain the impulse (perhaps, viewed in hindsight, the temptation) to return to the Bible, the central subject for the vernacular stage in the previous century and a half—and, of course, the imaginative mainspring of Protestantism.
Realization of the CASLIN Project in the Slovak National Library and Its Impact on the Automation of Libraries in Slovakia
Authors: Prokop Igor , Rakús Milan , Slížová Daniela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of automation of bibliographic and library processes in SNK goes back to the beginning of the 1970s, when SNK undertook the project of the Automated Information System of the Slovak National Bibliography (AIS SNB). This system worked sequentially and only in a batch mode. The system provided for the creation and storage of bibliographic records and for the searching and the production of printed bibliographic outputs, photographically or by a printer. SNK began the routine processing of SNB in 1976. The AIS SNB was on the level of other European systems and satisfied all the requirements of that time. Some other large libraries in Slovakia began to use computers at the beginning of the 1980s.
The Owl, The Raven, & The Dove
Authors: Murphy G Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fairy tales collected by the brothers Grimm are among the best known and most widely-read stories in western literature. In recent years commentators such as Bruno Bettelheim have, usually from a psychological perspective, pondered the underlying meaning of the stories, why children are so enthralled by them, and what effect they have on the the best-known tales ( Hansel and Gretel, Little Red Riding Hood, Cinderella, Snow White, and Sleeping Beauty) and shows that the Grimms saw them as Christian fables. Murphy examines the arguments of previous interpreters of the tales, and demonstrates how they missed the Grimms’ intention. His own readings of the five so-called “magical” tales reveal them as the beautiful and inspiring “documents of faith” that the Grimms meant them to be. Offering an entirely new perspective on these often-analyzed tales, Murphy’s book will appeal to those concerned with the moral and religious education of children, to students and scholars of folk literature and children’s literature, and to the many general readers who are captivated by fairy tales and their meanings.
The Life of Prayer in a World of Science
Authors: Ostrander Rick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Christians carried on an intense debate concerning the doctrine of prayer. This ideological revolution affected not only the ways that they interpreted the Bible but also how they prayed. In this book, Rick Ostrander explores the attempts of American Christians to articulate a convincing and satisfying ethic of prayer amidst these changing circumstances.
Patterns of Gang Extortion
Authors: Chin Ko-lin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on two issues related to extortion—its social processes and its social organization—in order to provide a detailed account of how gang members approach business owners for money or goods, how offenders and victims interact, and how gangs are organized to carry out extortion activity.
In the Chinese American community, protection money is known as po oo fai (protection fees) or gai so (street money).
Edgar Allan Poe’s Imperial Fantasy and The American Frontier
Authors: Rowe John Carlos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Poe’s fictional representations of racialized “savages” as threatening figures, often associated by Poe with massmurder and mob rule, are not just evidence of his identity as a Southern regionalist. Poe’s rhetorical uses of non-European peoples should also be interpreted in relation to late eighteenth- and nineteenth-century imperialism and the discursive practices employed by the imperial powers to rationalize their subjugation and, in many cases, destruction of native peoples. In making this argument, I do not wish to distract scholars from the important work of reinterpreting Poe’s writings in relation to the ideology of the antebellum Southern slavocracy. We must never forget that slavery is an instance of the fundamental violence of colonialism: the conscious effort to take from others their very means of survival.
Senses Of Tradition
Authors: Thiel John E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the early Christian centuries, Roman Catholicism has accepted both scripture and tradition as authorities for church teaching on God, Christ, and salvation. Catholicism has never held a fundamentalistic view of scripture, holding instead that scripture is susceptible to interpretation. In the Middle Ages, this idea was formalized with the definition of four "senses" of scripture: literal, allegorical, anagogical, and moral. In response to the Reformation, however, tradition gradually came to be identified most closely with papal authority and ultimately with the papal prerogative of infallibility. In this book, John Thiel attempts to counter this tendency towards "ecclesiastical fundamentalism" by exploring the susceptibility of tradition to a variety of interpretive meanings. He argues that tradition should be understood as a developing reality rooted in the experience of the whole community of believers, and doctrine as a revisable expression of historical faith in time and culture. He goes on to define four possible interpretive "senses" of tradition - comparable to those recognized in scripture - and considers their theological significance. These senses, he argues, can provide a new and clearer framework for thinking both about how tradition abides and how tradition develops in history.
A Bard of the Iron Age and His Auxiliary Muse
Authors: Stehle Eva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recovery of the fragments of Simonides’ elegy on the battle of Plataea gives us an example of a genre, historical elegy, that we had not had.1 But even within that newly recognized category the Plataea elegy is unique, for it does not treat the affairs of a single city and the more distant past.2 The poem is an anomaly, so performance of it also would not have fit into any of the cultural frameworks that connected occasion, subject matter, and type of performance. It must have been meant for a special occasion. Scholars have made various suggestions about the time and place of its unveiling; I find performance at Plataea, perhaps in connection with the tombs set up on the battlefield, an attractive suggestion (one that I return to at the end), but other locations are possible.3 One consequence of the poem’s special status is that the poet had to inscribe authority for the performer into the text itself. Most poetic performance in archaic and classical Greece was a kind of public speaking (an aspect of performance too often ignored by scholars), so any poet/performer not speaking within established frameworks of subject matter and occasion, where the speaking roles were given by the context, had to establish an authoritative role and an ideological frame of reference for his words.4 If poet and performer were different (as was probably the case here), the performer had to fill the role composed for him or her by the poet, since it was the performer who appeared as speaker.
Simonides and Horace on the Death of Achilles
Authors: Barchiesi Alessandro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay is a speculative attempt 1 to link the recent Simoni des with Horace, at many removes from “direct evidence“: it is based on other people’s papyrological insight, and on a literary critical reasoning. In his initial publication, Parsons 1992a: 28 recorded West’s proposal to locate POxy 2327 fr. 5 immediately before 2327 fr. 6, which in turn overlaps with POxy 3965 fr. 1, these three fragments laid out with two others to form Simon. n W2 Parsons observes, first, that 2327 fr. 5 clearly speaks of the death of a hero, fr. 6 of the death of someone who dies at the hand of Apollo; second, that the physical evidence of the papyrus is compatible with but does not provide absolute proof of the relationship mentioned above between the two pieces; and third, that nonetheless other contexts can be imagined for fr. 5, even within the elegy on Plataea,to which certainly belongs fr. 11.6-45 W2. The “heroic death” which is compared to a tree cut down by woodcutters could be that of one of the combatants in Plataea2 rather than that of Achilles, as it would have to be if West’s collocation for fr. 5 is accepted.