bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of salinity on growth, mineral composition, and water relations of grafted tomato plants
Authors: Fernández‐García Nieves , Martínez Vicente , Carvajal Micaela 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA greenhouse experiment was designed in order to evaluate growth, water relations, and nutrient concentrations of grafted and ungrafted tomato plants grown under varying levels of salinity (0, 30, or 60 mM NaCl). Two cultivars, ‘Fanny’ and ‘Goldmar’, were grafted onto AR‐9704, using the cleft‐grafting method. Growth of grafted ‘Fanny’ plants was higher than that of ungrafted plants. Growth of ‘Goldmar’ plants was not affected by salinity treatments or grafting, but it was slower than for ‘Fanny’. Leaf turgor showed no significant differences between grafted and ungrafted plants or between salinity levels. The stomatal conductance (Gs) was higher for grafted than for ungrafted plants, and salinity decreased it significantly and progressively in both grafted and ungrafted plants and in both varieties. The concentrations of Na+ and Cl– were significantly higher in ungrafted than in grafted ‘Fanny’ plants. ‘Fanny’ was more tolerant when grafted, probably due to reduced accumulation of Na+ and/or Cl– in the shoot.
Soil organic matter composition and soil lightness
Authors: Spielvogel Sandra , Knicker Heike , Kögel‐Knabner Ingrid 
Published: September 2004

AbstractRelationships between soil lightness, soil organic matter (SOM) composition, content of organic C, CaCO3, and texture were studied using 42 top‐soil horizons from different soil types located in southern Germany. SOM composition was determined by CPMAS 13C NMR spectroscopy, soil color was measured by diffuse‐reflectance spectrophotometry and given in the CIE L*a*b* color coordination system (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, 1978). Multiple‐regression analysis showed, that soil lightness of top‐soil horizons is principally determined by OC concentration, but CaCO3 and soil texture are also major variables. Soil lightness decreased with increasing OC content. Carbonate content had an important effect on soil lightness even at low concentrations due to its lightening property. Regressions between soil lightness and organic C content were strongly linear, when the soils were differentiated according to texture and CaCO3 content. The aryl‐C content was the only SOM component which correlated significantly with soil lightness (rS = –0.87). In the linear regressions carried out on the different soil groups, soil aryl‐C content was a more significant predictor for soil lightness than total OC content.
Nutrient concentrations and NH4+‐N mineralization under different soil types and fallow forms in southern Cameroon
Authors: Koutika Lydie‐Stella , Ndango Rose , Hauser Stefan 
Published: September 2004

AbstractTo evaluate the soil‐fertility sustainability of the fallow systems, nutrient concentrations and NH4+‐N mineralization were determined in different soil and fallow types in the humid forest zone of southern Cameroon. Two experiments were conducted, the first comprised planted leguminous tree Calliandra calothyrsus, planted leguminous Pueraria phaseoloides, and regrowth mainly composed of Chromolaena odorata on the Typic Kandiudult. The second experiment made up of a fallow dominated by C. odorata, a fallow with C. odorata removed, and a P. phaseoloides fallow on the Rhodic Kandiudult, Typic Kandiudult, and Typic Kandiudox. In the first experiment, available P, Ca2+, K+ concentrations and effective CEC under C. calothyrsus were, respectively, 40%, 22%, 45%, and 15% lower when compared to P. phaseoloides but no differences were found between soils under P. phaseoloides and C. odorata. Mineralization of NH4+‐N was higher under C. calothyrsus than under C. odorata‐ and P. phaseoloides‐fallow types, indicating the impoverishment of organic material under the former. In the second experiment, the beneficial effect of P. phaseoloides was found in the Rhodic Kandiudult in the 0–10 cm layer throughout its low NH4+ release from mineralization. In the Typic Kandiudult, no differences in NH4+‐N mineralization were found between C. odorata and P. phaseoloides fallows. In the Typic Kandiudox, there was no difference in NH4+ mineralization between the three fallow types. According to the nutrient concentrations and NH4+ mineralization, the fertility sustainability of the different fallow types may be ranked as follow: P. phaseoloides ≥ C. odorata > C. calothyrsus > fallow without C. odorata.
Pilotstudie zur Gleichwertigkeit oder Vergleichbarkeit der Korngrößenbestimmung von Bodenproben nach E DIN ISO 11277:06.94 (Pipettmethode) und mit dem Sedigraphen
Authors: Spörlein Peter , Dilling Jörg , Joneck Michael 
Published: September 2004

AbstractNach Bundesbodenschutzverordnung (BBodSchV) ist die zeit‐ und arbeitsaufwändige Pipett‐ oder Köhn‐Methode nach E DIN ISO 11277:06.94 (1994) das für die Körngrößenbestimmung von Bodenproben empfohlene Verfahren.Nach BBodSchV können grundsätzlich alternative analytische Vorgehensweisen eingeführt werden, wenn die Gleichwertigkeit bzw. Vergleichbarkeit der neuen Methode zum DIN‐normierten Verfahren nachgewiesen ist. Die mit kürzerer Analysenzeit verbundene, alternative Sedigraphmethode zur Texturbestimmung der Fraktionen <63 μm (Grobschluff‐ (gU), Mittelschluff‐ (mU), Feinschluff‐ (fU), Tonfraktion (T)) wurde an 30 Bodenproben aus Bayern exemplarisch verglichen.Die Gleichwertigkeit von Köhn‐ und Sedigraphverfahren für die methodisch abweichend behandelten Fraktionen (gU, mU, fU, T) wurde nach dem vorgeschriebenen Gleichwertigkeitstest der E DIN 38402–71:10.01 (2001) überprüft. Demnach besteht für keine der Fraktionen gU, mU und fU sowie T eine Gleichwertigkeit der Verfahren.Allerdings konnte die Vergleichbarkeit der Verfahren mittels hoch signifikanter linearer Regressionsbeziehungen hergestellt werden (gU: r2 = 0,89; mU: r2 = 0,93; fU: r2 = 0,84; T: r2 = 0,97). Eine umfangreiche Validierung der statistisch hergeleiteten und abgesicherten Regressionsbeziehungen ist im Rahmen von Folgeuntersuchungen mit unabhängigen Proben vorgesehen. Ferner wird angestrebt, das zu Grunde liegende Probenkollektiv auszuweiten.Bei Verwendung des Sedigraphen ist im Vergleich zur Köhn‐Methode mit einer Verkürzung der Gesamtanalysenzeit um ca. 30 % zu rechnen.
Cellular and molecular characterization of early and late retinal stem cells/progenitors: Differential regulation of proliferation and context dependent role of Notch signaling
Authors: James Jackson , Das Ani V. , Rahnenführer Jörg , Ahmad Iqbal 
Published: September 2004

AbstractRetinal stem cells/progenitors that define the evolutionarily conserved early and late stages of retinal histogenesis are known to have distinct competence to give rise to stage‐specific retinal cell types. However, the information regarding their innate proliferative behavior and phenotypic potential in terms of generating neurons and glia is lacking. Here we demonstrate that, like their counterparts in other central nervous system (CNS) regions during early and late stages of embryonic development, the early and late retinal stem cells/progenitors display different proliferative response to fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) and bias towards generating neurons or glia. Although the former predominantly generate neurons, the latter are partial towards giving rise to glia. Transcription profiling identified classes of genes that are differentially expressed in early and late retinal stem cells/progenitors in proliferating conditions and suggested that the distinct proliferative response to FGF2 and EGF is likely due to differential expression of FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) and EGF receptor (EGFR). However, the proliferative maintenance of retinal stem cells/progenitors is likely to include other signaling pathways such as those mediated by insulin‐like growth factors (IGFs) and stem cell factor (SCF). Transcription profiling of early and late retinal stem cells/progenitors in proliferating and differentiating conditions suggested a context dependent role for Notch signaling, which may constitute one of the mechanisms underlying the stage‐dependent phenotypic potential of retinal stem cells/progenitors. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2004
Growth cones turn and migrate up an immobilized gradient of the laminin IKVAV peptide
Authors: Adams Derek N. , Kao Edmund Y.‐C. , Hypolite Claire L. , Distefano Mark D. , Hu Wei‐Shou , Letourneau Paul C. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractGrowth cone navigation is guided by extrinsic environmental proteins, called guidance cues. Many in vitro studies have characterized growth cone turning up and down gradients of soluble guidance cues. Although previous studies have shown that axonal elongation rates can be regulated by gradients of surface‐bound molecules, there are no convincing demonstrations of growth cones turning to migrate up a surface‐bound gradient of an adhesive ligand or guidance cue. In order to test this mode of axonal guidance, we used a photo‐immobilization technique to create grids and gradients of an adhesive laminin peptide on polystyrene culture dish surfaces. Chick embryo dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) were placed on peptide grid patterns containing surface‐bound gradients of the IKVAV‐containing peptide. DRG growth cones followed a path of surface‐bound peptide to the middle of a perpendicularly oriented gradient with a 25% concentration difference across 30 μm. The majority of growth cones turned and migrated up the gradient, turning until they were oriented directly up the gradient. Growth cones slowed their migration when they encountered the gradient, but growth cone velocity returned to the previous rate after turning up or down the gradient. This resembles in vivo situations where growth cones slow at a choice point before changing the direction of axonal extension. Thus, these results support the hypothesis that mechanisms of axonal guidance include growth cone orientation by gradients of surface‐bound adhesive molecules and guidance cues. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2005
The particle finite element method: a powerful tool to solve incompressible flows with free‐surfaces and breaking waves
Authors: Idelsohn S.R. , Oñate E. , Pin F. Del 
Published: September 2004

AbstractParticle Methods are those in which the problem is represented by a discrete number of particles. Each particle moves accordingly with its own mass and the external/internal forces applied to it. Particle Methods may be used for both, discrete and continuous problems. In this paper, a Particle Method is used to solve the continuous fluid mechanics equations. To evaluate the external applied forces on each particle, the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations using a Lagrangian formulation are solved at each time step. The interpolation functions are those used in the Meshless Finite Element Method and the time integration is introduced by an implicit fractional‐step method. In this manner classical stabilization terms used in the momentum equations are unnecessary due to lack of convective terms in the Lagrangian formulation. Once the forces are evaluated, the particles move independently of the mesh. All the information is transmitted by the particles. Fluid–structure interaction problems including free‐fluid‐surfaces, breaking waves and fluid particle separation may be easily solved with this methodology. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed parameter thermal system control and observation by Green–Galerkin methods
Authors: Alaeddine Marios , Doumanidis Charalabos C. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis article addresses the problem of distributed parameter control and observation in thermal processing of materials. A novel numerical technique is developed for infinite‐dimensional thermal conduction systems, based on Galerkin optimization of an energy index employing Green's functions. Various simulations are conducted to prove that despite the complexities that arise from the distributed parameter nature of the system, the proposed method successfully observes the temperature field that exists inside a solid body by employing strictly surface temperature measurements. Moreover, the existence of a duality principle between distributed parameter thermal control and thermal observation is also investigated. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient knowledge about drugs prescribed at primary healthcare facilities
Authors: Akici Ahmet , Kalaça Sibel , Uğurlu M. Ümit , Toklu Hale Z. , İskender Ece , Oktay Şule 
Published: September 2004

AbstractObjectiveProviding adequate information to the patients about their drugs is an essential principle of rational pharmacotherapy. This study investigates the knowledge of general practice patients about their drugs, since the level of knowledge of the patient about the medication is highly associated with the outcome of the therapy.MethodsA total of 1618 patients who applied to primary healthcare centers in Istanbul and accepted to participate in the study were asked about the name(s) and effect(s) of the drug(s) on their prescriptions. Factors that might influence the background knowledge and perception of patients such as sociodemographic characteristics, drug‐use habits and practitioners' attitudes were also questioned. Information provided by the patients was compared with the prescriptions.ResultsOnly 10.9% of the respondents could recall the names of their drug(s) correctly. Level of education, and gender, had a positive impact on recalling drug names. Patients, who received a refill prescription, with a chronic disease, and who had self‐medication before applying to the health center reported more accurate information. Less than half of the practitioners had informed their patients about the drug effects; and 7% of the patients have been requested to repeat the instructions and warnings about his/her medication(s). The patients to name their drugs correctly also knew the drug effects twice as much the patients who could not recall their drug(s)'name. The drugs which were correctly named were the ones used in chronic diseases.ConclusionIt appears that patients, particularly who are poorly educated, males, and who received a first prescription know little about their prescribed drugs. These results suggest that patients' education about drugs is an important issue regarding rational drug use which deserves urgent improvement. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A model‐based virtual sensing approach for the injection molding process
Authors: Cheng J.‐W. John , Chao Tzu‐Ching , Chang Lih‐Harng , Huang Bo‐Feng 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis paper proposes a new virtual sensing approach for on‐line monitoring and regulating process variables of the injection molding process. Based on the nonlinear observer theory, virtual sensors estimate process behavior using easily obtained measurements of machine variables by exploiting their dynamic interaction. A nozzle pressure virtual sensor during the so‐called “nozzle resistance test” was developed. Results of experimental evaluation on a commercial injection molding machine establish the feasibility of the proposed virtual sensing approach. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis indicates that the proposed virtual sensor delivered consistently better and more robust performance against parametric uncertainties than simple open‐loop model prediction. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1605–1614, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Surface texture characterization of injection‐molded pigmented plastics
Authors: Ariño Ingrid , Kleist Ulf , Barros Gustavo Gil , Johansson Per‐Åke , Rigdahl Mikael 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAn appropriate description of the surface textures deliberately created on injection‐molded plastic parts of interior car components is presented. A spatial wavelength‐dependent analysis is used as an interesting alternative to the traditional roughness parameters. Auto‐correlation functions and power spectral densities are examples of such spectral functions that include parameters both in amplitude and profile directions. Even fractal concepts can be useful descriptors. As an illustration, it is also shown how the effects on the surface topography of the plastic part of after‐etching the mold can be assessed by suitable descriptors. An experimental evaluation of injection‐molded plaques containing three different surface patterns was carried out using an optical profilometer, supplemented by contact stylus measurements. The ability to assess the topography of these plaques by means of a new fast photometric stereo‐technique, denoted OptiTopo, was also evaluated. In its present form, however, this technique does not provide a detailed description of the topography of a pigmented plastic. Reasons for this and possible improvements are discussed. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1615–1626, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Hot‐fillable containers containing PET/PEN copolymers and blends
Authors: Ophir A. , Kenig S. , Shai A. , Barka'ai Y. , Miltz J. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBottles and containers made of PET are not suitable for hot filling since the limiting upper‐use temperature of this polymer is about 85°C. In the present study the properties and performance of bottles made from copolymers and blends of PET containing NDC groups and manufactured by the Injection Stretch Blow Molding (ISBM) process were investigated. These compositions possess advanced properties and can be used up to 95°C. The properties of these bottles were found to depend on their composition and microstructure. The glass transition temperature, the degree of crystallinity and the induced strains that were measured by differential scanning calorimetry and differential mechanical thermal analysis are reported. It was concluded that NDC‐containing PET based copolymers and blends could be processed by a one‐stage ISBM process into containers of improved properties and hot‐filling capabilities. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1670–1675, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Stress relaxation in low‐shrink‐force polyolefin films
Authors: Bobovitch Arthur L. , Sagron Ami , Unigovski Yakov , Jarashneli Albert , Gutman Emmanuel M. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe morphology and stress relaxation of coextruded five‐layer LLDPE (linear low‐density polyethylene)/EVA (ethylene‐vinyl‐acetate) copolymer films were studied. Increasing VA (vinyl acetate) content in EVA causes a decrease of shrink tension in the films, which can be explained by a decrease in amount of crystallinity. The relaxation time spectrum of the coextruded crosslinked LLDPE/EVA films is similar to the relaxation time spectrum of crosslinked LLDPE film at room temperature. However, at elevated temperatures, an additional peak appears on the spectrum of coextruded film. The cause of this peak is temperature‐ and stress‐induced recrystallization of EVA during the relaxation test. This recrystallization was confirmed with DSC and wide angle X‐ray analysis. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1716–1720, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Pre‐necking and post‐necking relaxation and creep behavior of polycarbonate: A phenomenological study
Authors: Khan Fazeel , Krempl Erhard 
Published: September 2004

AbstractExperiments have been performed to investigate the mechanical response of unfilled polycarbonate vis‐à‐vis the influence of prior deformation on stress relaxation and creep. Piecewise linear deformation histories, which involve strain‐controlled tensile loading of a specimen to a maximum load and partial unloading to a target strain/stress point as prologue to a relaxation test, have been shown to qualitatively influence the recorded stress‐time behavior. In particular, the stress magnitude during relaxation first increases and is then followed by a decrease. Analogously, in creep tests during unloading, the strain might decrease and then increase. Time characteristics for this U‐turn in the deformation response are influenced by the placement of the test. The influence of prior specimen conditioning on this phenomenon is investigated by comparing test data from virgin samples to that of specimens having high (∼85%) inelastic strain from prior tensile elongation. Findings suggest that the observed persistence in the occurrence of this reversal effect for both types of specimens is evidence of the need to incorporate this behavior into the fold of material modeling. Additionally, this novel relaxation and creep behavior has been observed in other amorphous (poly(phenylene oxide)) and crystalline (high‐density polyethylene) polymers. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1783–1791, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Evolution of Nanocrystallinity in Periodic Mesoporous Anatase Thin Films
Authors: Choi Sung Yeun , Mamak Marc , Speakman Scott , Chopra Naveen , Ozin Geoffrey A. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractHerein we report the first kinetic study of the intrachannel wall phase‐transition of amorphous titania to nanocrystalline anatase for periodic mesoporous titania thin films, monitored by time‐resolved in situ high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction. Structural transformations associated with the phase transition are further probed by high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The model found to be most consistent with the kinetic data involves 1D diffusion‐controlled growth of nanocrystalline anatase within the spatial confines of the channel walls of the mesostructure. The observation of anisotropic, rod‐shaped anatase nanocrystals preferentially aligned along the channel axis implies that the framework of the liquid‐crystal‐templated mesostructure guides the crystal growth.
Social–psychological profiles of identity styles: attitudinal and social‐cognitive correlates in late adolescence
Authors: Soenens Bart , Duriez Bart , Goossens Luc 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis study examined the relationships between three identity styles (i.e. the information style, the normative style, and the diffuse/avoidant style) and a number of social‐cognitive and attitudinal variables (including empathy, prejudice, and conservatism). Discriminant analysis on a sample of late adolescents (N=393) led to the conclusion that two classes of variables differentiate between the three identity styles. Maladaptive coping strategies and, to a lesser extent, low empathy distinguished mainly between the information style and the normative style on the one hand and the diffuse/avoidant style on the other hand. Need for closure and measures of prejudice and conservatism differentiated primarily between the normative style and the two other styles. These two classes of variables can be related to two basic dimensions in current theory on adolescents’ identity styles, that is, active vs. superficial processing of information and adherence to traditional opinions vs. openmindedness.
Brief report: Delinquent behaviour and depression in middle adolescence: a Finnish community sample
Authors: Ritakallio Minna , Kaltiala‐Heino Riittakerttu , Kivivuori Janne , Rimpelä Matti 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA large number (N 50 569) of 14–16 year old Finnish adolescents taking part in the School Health Promotion Study were surveyed for delinquent behaviour in relation to depression. The results indicate a robust association between delinquency and depression. Among girls risk for depression varied between 1.3 and 3.1 according to various antisocial behaviours (the equivalent risk among boys was 1.3–2.5). Depression increased according to the frequency of delinquent behaviour. The results emphasize the importance of comprehensive clinical assessment and treatment of delinquent adolescents.