bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Executive Approval Database
Authors: Carlin Ryan E. , Hartlyn Jonathan , Hellwig Timothy , Love Gregory J. , Martínez-Gallardo Cecilia , Singer Matthew 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of the public’s response to the economy requires time-series measures. Collecting data over sufficient time periods and across varied national contexts, however, presents several conceptual and practical challenges. This chapter discusses how the Executive Approval Database addresses these challenges. The authors compare approval ratings to other commonly used indicators of popular support for leaders, such as trust, vote intentions, and past vote shares. They then describe how the Executive Approval Project generates estimates of approval ratings for presidents, prime ministers, and governments. They identify and address conceptual, methodological, and measurement problems and explain how these address issues of reliability and validity. The chapter closes by discussing the properties of the dataset and the specific countries examined in this volume.
Economic Crisis, Polarization, and Prime Ministerial Approval in Greece
Authors: Koliastasis Panos , Yfantopoulos John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter has two goals. The first is to investigate and analyse, for the first time, the driving factors of prime ministerial approval in Greece. Second, to explore whether and to what extent these drivers change over time. To address these questions, a unique quarterly time series on Greek prime ministerial popularity, covering the period first quarter 1998 until second quarter 2019, is used. Economic conditions together with political factors are employed as independent variables. The findings suggest that subjective economic factors had little effect on prime ministerial approval, while party polarization on economic issues, like the bailout agreement, registered a strong negative effect. Moreover, it appears that economic polarization weakens the strength of economic evaluations effect. The findings also suggest that future research on popularity functions should emphasize more the role of political factors by further investigating the interaction between the political and economic cycles. Greece represents a good example for analysing the dynamic aspects of the above interactions using different statistical models based on both subjective and objective sets of variables.
Appeals by the Regulator
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on issues relating to appeals by the regulator. In the healthcare professions, the Professional Standards Authority (PSA) has a right of appeal to the High Court, or in Scotland to the Court of Session, under section 29 of the National Health Service Reform and Health Care Professions Act 2002. The right of the General Medical Council (GMC) to appeal the decision of the Medical Practitioners Tribunal Service under section 40A of the Medical Act 1983 is expected to be repealed following the Williams review—Gross negligence manslaughter in healthcare (June 2018). A statutory appeal to the court may be brought by the Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA) in respect of the judgment of the Solicitors Disciplinary Tribunal and the Bar Standards Board may appeal the decision of the Bar Tribunal and Adjudication Service. In the absence of a statutory right of appeal, or a claim for judicial review, the regulator may have a right of appeal to an appeal panel under the bye-laws of the institution. However, the appeal may be limited by the rules of the body.
Bad Character
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses the issues and cases relating to bad character. Evidence of a registrant’s previous disciplinary history or prior conduct is usually adduced at the sanction stage and is relevant only to sanction, such as in the cases of Ziderman v. General Dental Council [1976] and McLennan v. General Medical Council [2020]. A complainant or witness called by the regulator may be cross-examined as to bad character if their evidence is relevant. However, if the registrant attacks the character of the complaint or a witness called by the regulator, it may be appropriate in such circumstances to permit the regulator to adduce the registrant’s previous bad character in the same way that the Crown may adduce the bad character of a defendant who attacks the character of a prosecution witness. The evidence of bad character of a registrant may become known to a committee in other circumstances, for example the charge or allegation is based on a conviction or caution, or the registrant was a party in earlier civil proceedings and the judgment is relevant background evidence.
Contractual and Statutory Regulation
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the contractual and statutory regulations on professional conduct in the healthcare professions. In addition to the healthcare regulators, there are numerous other professional regulatory bodies that operate through legislation. Meanwhile, non-statutory or contractual regulators operate under royal charter, bye-laws, and regulations, or as a company limited by guarantee. The charter and bye-laws of these bodies give rise to a contractual relationship between the regulator and the members of the profession in question. Liability to disciplinary action will usually rest on whether the member has committed misconduct or has otherwise committed a breach of the bye-laws or regulations and thereby has brought the profession into disrepute. Maintaining High Professional Standards in the Modern NHS is an important framework for National Health Service (NHS) Trusts and employers when dealing with issues of conduct and capability at a local level. A practitioner may face an investigation by an employer as well as professional conduct proceedings brought by their regulator.
Drafting of Charges
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews several cases wherein the charges make clear the nature of the case that the regulator seeks to make for the practitioner to be able to defend themselves. In the Thaker v. SRA case, the reader should not have to burrow through hundreds of pages of annexes in an attempt to piece together what acts are being alleged. It emphasizes the duty of the drafter to plead to analyse the supporting evidence and to distil the relevant facts. The chapter explores the connection between the allegations capable of constituting misconduct that is alleged to involve distinct instances. It stresses how a tribunal should not make findings of fact outside the allegations contained in the charge and should not rely on material that does not form part of an allegation against the practitioner.
Human Rights
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter talks about regulatory bodies and disciplinary tribunals, who are the public authorities for the purposes of the Human Rights Act 1998. The Act of 1998 renders it unlawful for the public authorities to act in a way that is incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). A substantial body of Strasbourg and domestic case law has been built up to identify the types of case and the precise point at which the ECHR is or is not engaged. This chapter sets out the legal framework under the Act of 1998 and the rights guaranteed by the Convention and seeks to draw attention to cases relating to professional conduct matters. It mentions the intervention in solicitor’s practice that is necessary for the protection of public interest.
Legitimate Expectation
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the principle of legitimate expectation applying to professional conduct cases. It expounds on the decision in Brabazon-Drenning v. UKCC and the Court of Appeal in Patel v. GMC that feature legitimate expectations. During the Brabazon-Drenning v. UKCC case, the court held that an unambiguous and unequivocal assurance given to a registrant that no further action would be taken in respect of an allegation meant that the charge could not be resurrected and pursued at a later stage against the registrant. The legitimate expectation was applied in the Court of Appeal in Patel v. GMC as the claimant received a clear, unequivocal, and unqualified assurance from the Registration and Education Directorate of the GMC. The chapter also tackles the case of Wood v. Secretary of State for Education, which triggered a legitimate public interest in protecting children from the risk of sexual abuse.
Notification Requirements
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on notification requirements. In the legal profession, notice is required to be given to other approved persons. Healthcare regulators are normally required to notify third parties as soon as reasonably practicable after an allegation is received or referred to an investigating committee relating to a practitioner’s fitness to practise. The third party typically involves the Secretary of State, the Department of Health, and any person in the UK by whom the practitioner is employed to provide services or with whom the practitioner has the arrangement to do so. The chapter notes various disciplinary cases that featured notifications involving European regulators, the Financial Conduct Authority, and third-party rights.
Privilege
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains how legal professional privilege is a fundamental condition of the administration of justice. It notes that legal professional privilege is also a good answer to a request or requisition for documents or information unless expressly or impliedly excluded by statute. Proceedings brought against the members of a tribunal sitting in a quasi-judicial capacity attract absolute privilege. On the other hand, proceedings against the regulator itself or its employees concerning the investigation of a complaint will at least have the qualified privilege. The chapter mentions how Rose LJ indicated that legal professional privilege can be modified or abrogated by statute.
Proportionality
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses how proportionality is part of the legal framework of all regulators, citing the stages of interim orders and sanctions after a case. It explains that the committee or tribunal must take account of the sanctions guidance, which itself states that the panel must apply the principle of proportionality. The penalty must be proportionate to the breach and all of the circumstances under the terms of deciding an interim order or sanction. The chapter explicates that any panel should commence its consideration of sanctions with the least restrictive and move up the scale of sanctions available. It elaborates on the disciplinary cases involving the legal test of proportionality.
Restoration to the Register
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the application for restoration to the register. It then references the healthcare restoration cases and legal profession restoration cases to elaborate on the test for restoration to the register in relation to whether the applicant is fit to practise. The tribunal is essentially not bound by any published guidance of the regulator. However, tribunals are expected to have regard to any published guidance, which will often list factors the committee or tribunal should take into account when considering an application for restoration. The chapter explains the Professional Conduct Committee’s consideration regarding the application for restoration, which includes the level of remorse and circumstances that led to erasure.
Sanction (General Principles)
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the regulatory bodies’ power to impose sanctions. Power to make a direction on sanction against a practitioner is usually contained in primary legislation or the charter or bye-laws of the body concerned. Moreover, the sanctions guidance of most regulators outlines the purpose of sanctions and the factors to be considered, which should be proportionate between the public interest and the practitioner. The chapter explains how sanctions take effect when a tribunal or committee has found that a registrant’s fitness to practise is impaired or they have been found guilty of misconduct or unacceptable professional conduct. It also highlights that an appellate court must approach a challenge to the sanction imposed by a professional disciplinary committee with diffidence.
Service
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the rules revolving around service. It explains how courts have consistently ensured that there is no basis for setting aside the proceedings on the ground of procedural irregularity. Moreover, the registrant is responsible for notifying the regulator of any change of address. The notice of hearing will invariably require the date, time, and venue of the hearing, inform the practitioner of their right to attend the hearing and to be represented at it and adduce evidence, and the right of the tribunal to proceed in the practitioner’s absence and its powers of disposal. Moreover, the chapter explains that rules contain a provision on the method of service of the notice of hearing.
Undertakings
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the undertakings in healthcare cases. It notes that undertakings are also available under the rules of some non-healthcare regulators or after disciplinary proceedings. Moreover, undertakings are usually agreed upon at the early stage of an investigation as a way to resolve concerns about the conduct and behaviour of a practitioner. The General Medical Council publishes a bank of undertakings that aims to set the wording decision-makers should use when agreeing on undertakings. The chapter cites the appropriate cases of undertakings, which typically involve the doctor’s health, performance, shortcomings, and lack of knowledge of the necessary English to practise medicine without direct supervision.
Institutional Design to Combat Poverty
Authors: Santos Juan Manuel 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of his administration, Juan Manuel Santos fulfilled his commitment to the victims of the internal armed conflict, and he sponsored and approved the Victims and Land Restitution Law. This law resulted in the restructuring of the Office of the President and social sector entities as well as the establishment of the social inclusion and reconciliation sector. This sector is led by the Administrative Department for Social Prosperity (DPS in Spanish), which originally had five affiliated entities: the Colombian Family Welfare Institute (ICBF in Spanish), the National Agency for Overcoming Extreme Poverty (ANSPE in Spanish), the Unit for Comprehensive Care and Reparation for Victims, the National Center for Historical Memory, and the Unit for Territorial Consolidation. To do this, President Santos had support from international advisors, including the work team of former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, whose Prime Minister’s Delivery Unit (PMDU) served as a model. A cross-cutting vision of the fight against poverty was implemented so that every ministry and administrative department had to contribute to this work from the perspective of its sector. Legislative reforms were also successfully pushed forward due to strategic political alliances, which gave the Santos administration the ability to govern. The chapter concludes with a lesson that highlights the need to ensure that all State bodies work in the same direction to achieve priority goals.
The Sustainable Development Goals and the Multidimensional Nature of Poverty
Authors: Santos Juan Manuel 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Colombia played a leading role in the initiative to create the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which it proposed at the Rio+20 summit in 2012. A few years later, the SDGs were adopted by the United Nations on September 25, 2015, and they became the global agenda for 2030. The persistent work of two Colombian public officials—Paula Caballero and Patti Londoño—with support from President Santos and Foreign Minister María Ángela Holguín, was central to this achievement. The SDGs recognized, for the first time in the global agenda, that poverty is multidimensional. Taking this into account, Colombia is using the Colombian Multidimensional Poverty Index to measure progress on the SDGs. Apart from that, as the most biodiverse country per square kilometer in the world, Colombia is particularly exposed to the effects of climate change, and it has been especially active in supporting initiatives to curb climate change and reduce its effects. Unprecedented floods and droughts, exacerbated by this phenomenon, show the correlation between climate change and poverty and the need to work with a sense of urgency to tackle this existential challenge. Finally, the chapter tells how President Santos committed to defending Mother Earth in a meeting with the mamos, Indigenous leaders.
The Playwright at His Desk
Authors: Zwicker Jonathan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWhen scholars began to write the history of kabuki in the early twentieth century, the early modern practices of corporate authorship posed a problem to a literary historical tendency to focus on creative genius. “The Playwright at His Desk” examines the ways in which the history of authorship in nineteenth-century Japan imagined the place of the playwright in relation to images that both imagined the author as a solitary figure dreaming up his work and depicted the author as a figure ensconced in the milieu of the commercial stage and subjected to the demands of actors, theater managers, and the playgoing public.
Authoritarian Journalism
Authors: Moon Ruth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
What happens to journalism when its credibility has been decimated and journalists no longer believe in themselves? Can the journalism field reinvigorate itself from within or with assistance from global journalism culture? This book examines journalism practice in Rwanda to draw conclusions applicable to journalism fields everywhere. Drawing on seven months of fieldwork, the book argues that this field of journalism is weak in part because of powerful but murky political boundaries but also because journalists themselves do not trust their profession. Compounding these forces are a powerful field orientation that emphasizes cooperation and positive development as news values and economic pressures that reward these values and render precarious any other behavior. Moreover, while global professional influences might provide an animating force, they in fact serve to reinforce the limitations of the local field—highlighting the limitations of globalization to effect change.
Founding Myths
Authors: Moon Ruth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the question of why the Rwandan journalism field is weak. What motivations and processes reinforce a journalistic position of marginal autonomy? The chapter argues that a major factor underlying this characteristic is the ongoing presence of powerful myths—stories that help make sense of reality—related to journalistic behavior and responsibility during the genocide. Rwandans share a pervasive belief that journalists used the tools of their profession to foment and intensify the violence of the genocide. Even though this belief is grounded in flimsy evidence, it nonetheless constitutes the foundation of two important myths. One says that journalists do not deserve to hold high levels of autonomy or social power. The second says that the genocide’s causes were unpredictable and mysterious. These myths in turn inform the field’s doxa, which defines the normative terms by which journalists can act.
Money Matters
Authors: Moon Ruth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Rwandan reporters and editors develop routines and news values in the context of financial pressure that leads them to integrate professional values like creativity and enterprise in storytelling about low-power figures, while adopting standardized frames and approaches to news stories that involve figures wielding financial power over the organization. Journalists around the world face pressure to produce flattering news from powerful actors in government and business sectors. In Rwanda, though, business and government pressures often overlap; many of the biggest advertisers and thus, the biggest sources of revenue, are government agencies, so news organizations must keep politicians happy to keep their funding intact. As a result, journalists tend to avoid highlighting conflict or criticism of political or financial leaders. In short, in the face of uncertainty, journalists prioritize producing news in a way that will get them paid, and they learn what kind of news this is through the spoken and nonverbal routine interactions of newsroom norms.
A Community Apart
Authors: Anil Pratinav 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The birth of a new homeland for South Asian Muslims in 1947 broached novel anxieties among citizens of the old one. So how, then, did the world’s largest religious minority carve out a space for itself in independent India? Presenting an overview of the historiography on Muslims in the mid-century, this introduction outlines a new agenda centering on the recovery of Muslim political agency. In particular, a threefold purpose is laid out. First, to bring the unity of the Muslim experience of postcolonial India under a single focus. Second, to bridge the material and the ideational to show that Muslim politics was shaped as much by political ideas as by political realities. Third, to uncover Muslim voices by looking at Muslim actors themselves.
Loyal Opposition
Authors: Anil Pratinav 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter follows the fate of Muslim parties in postcolonial India. More agentive at first blush, but operating under considerable constraints all the same, these “communalists” resorted to a wide range of strategies and tactics to steer between the Scylla of Islamophobia and the Charybdis of capitulation to advance Muslim interests. Figures such as Ismail, Owaisi, Koya, Majid, Ebrahim, and Hafizka were, by turns, assertive and accommodative. Their actions, though, did not always produce the desired effect, impacting, as they so often did, the Muslim condition singularly through the inadvertent agency of the Congress. The major achievement of the clutch of Muslim parties that lined up against the Congress, then, lay not in their electoral record but in their ability to alter the balance of opinion in Delhi. Much like the Red Scare that occasioned welfarism in the West, the Green Scare sparked off a serious conversation about India’s Muslim question. What is more, with it came pork-barrel funds, patronage, and representation in Parliament. The bugbear of a largely imaginary communalism produced a veritable affirmative action programme.