bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The First Intermediate Period (c.2160—2055 BC)
Authors: Seidlmayer Stephan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘Old Kingdom’ was imposed on Egyptian chronology by nineteenthcentury historians and its connotations can be misleading. It reflects an approach to the periodicity of history about which we may now entertain serious reservations. The ancient Egyptians never used it and would have found the difference between the Early Dynastic Period (3000–2686 BC) and the Old Kingdom (2686–2160 BC) rather difficult to grasp. The last king of the Early Dynastic Period and the first rulers of the Old Kingdom were, it seems, all related to Queen Nimaathap, who was described as mother of the king’s children under Khasekhemwy and as ‘mother of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt’ under Djoser 2667–2648 BC. For the Egyptians even more important was the fact that the place of the royal residence did not change, but remained at White Wall (Ineb-hedj), on the west bank of the Nile south of modern Cairo.
The Second Intermediate Period [CT] (c.1650—1550 BC)
Authors: Bourriau Janine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Second Intermediate Period is defined by the division of Egypt—the fragmentation of the Two Lands. ‘Why do I contemplate my strength while there is one Great Man in Avaris and another in Kush, sitting united with an Asiatic and a Nubian while each man possesses his slice of Egypt.’ This was the complaint of the Theban King Kamose (1555–1550 BC) at the end of the 17th Dynasty.
The Late Period (66–332 BC)
Authors: Lloyd Alan B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Egyptologists have generally been dismissive of the Late Period, regarding it all too often as the last gasp of a once great culture. Such views seriously devalue the historical achievement of these centuries as well as the remarkable vitality that pharaonic civilization continued to display. The student of this age has also a unique advantage. In earlier periods we have to rely largely or exclusively on Egyptian evidence, with all its inherent distortions, but the historian of the Late Period disposes of a much broader range of written evidence, which offers unparalleled potential for cross-reference and thereby provides insights into the workings of Egyptian political and military institutions stripped of the propagandist veneer invariably applied to historical narrative by native Egyptian scribes.
The Ptolemaic Period (332–30 BC)
Authors: Lloyd Alan B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ptolemaic Egypt is a tale of two cultures. Differing in ethos, focus, and aspiration, these cultures initially maintained a wary coexistence, in which convenience and the balance of power generated a viable degree of cooperation usually sufficiently effective to mask their mutual distaste. From the end of the third century BC, even this collaboration was increasingly eroded by the divisive pressures exerted by dynastic schism, maladministration, economic crisis, and Egyptian resentments. Not the least fascinating aspect of this complex relationship is the fact that, despite all its inner tensions, Egypt of the Ptolemies was in many ways spectacularly successful, whether we consider the achievements of the Graeco-Macedonian élite or those of the Egyptian cultural milieu.
Artefact Distribution and Spatial Function in Pompeian Houses
Authors: Allison Penelope 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research into spatial function of Roman houses has recently become very active. In many studies, when an illustration is needed to validate a textual anecdote, the investigator, usually a historian, will search for an example from a site such as Pompeii. Conversely, other investigators, usually archaeologists, will often scan the texts for an anecdote which may help explain the arrangement of architectural features of an excavated site. It is often difficult to test the appropriateness of such approaches. However, given current wariness of generalizations based on the presumed existence of an example, be it textual or archaeological, such haphazard methodology not only seems unscholarly but can be shown to be a restricted use of the available sources.
The Army on Campaign
Authors: Goldsworthy Adrian Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I shall examine the methods of operation of the Roman army on campaign. I shall look most of all at the strategy which it employed. For this study we shall define strategy as the means of attaining the army.s aims and objectives in any campaign. It is important to consider how much of the army.s behaviour was dictated by the local situation, and how much reflected standard practice applied in all situations. If we are to understand the strategy of these campaigns, we must first establish what each side needed to do in order to achieve victory. Would the enemy be forced to capitulate by the defeat of his main army, the capture of an important city, or attacks on his economic assets, such as crops and cattle? As the last chapter has shown, the political and social organization of a people determined not only the way in which its army fought, but also the event that caused it to acknowledge defeat in a conflict.
Oriental Vamp: Cleopatra 1910s
Authors: Wyke Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
no theme could better attract and move an artist than that which, through the figures of Mark Antony and Cleopatra, had so much weight over the destinies of the ancient world. It provided above all the opportunity to parade before the eyes of the spectator the most distinctive places of ancient Rome and ancient Egypt, which everyone has imprinted in their minds at their school-desks, but has never seen, nor would have any way of really seeing, not even if they spent the treasures of Croesus. Next it offered the possibility of reconstructing landings and battles which have remained among the most memorable of those times, and which will be seen reproduced on the cinema screen not without trembling emotion.
Writing down Rome
Authors: Henderson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a series of controversial essays, this book examines the Roman penchant for denigration, and in particular self-denigration, at the expense of Roman culture. Comedy in Republican Rome radically transformed both itself and the culture from which it sprang: in Poenulus, Plautus laughed at Roman depreciation of Carthage; in Adelphoe, Terence turned on his audience in provocation. The comic Roman poets played with self-mockery: in Eclogue III, Virgil tests his audience's security in judging peasant unpleasantness; in Odes III.22, Horace sends up his own pious rusticity down on the farm. In the second half of the book, Roman verse satire is the subject: the genre of male bragging mocks its own masculine aggression. The great Latin satirists make fun of making fun: Horace, Satires I.9, shows up the politics of humour, unmanned by his own good manners; Persius nails his own weaknesses in fortifying himself against the world; Juvenal, Satire 1, loathes the literary scene he bids to dominate. The book shows a vital ingredient of Roman poetry to be an energetic surge of urbane banter directed towards Roman culture.
Suck It and See: Horace, Epode 8
Authors: Henderson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three chapters of this book poke into crevices of post-Republican/pre-Imperial Rome—into ‘triumviral’ poetry. Chapter 5 fast forwards to 23 and Horace’s inauguration of the Augustan principate in his chef d’oeuvre, Odes I-III; leaving lyric for the hexameters that occupy the second half of the book, Chapter 6 re-winds to the publication in the early 30s of Virgil’s first collection, the bucolic poetry of the Eclogues. In Part III, we will plunge into the revolutionary period between the coup of Julius Caesar and the installation of Caesar Augustus (49−23) once more, via a poem from Horace’s first publication, Satires I (Chapter 8), from the mid-30s. Virgil and Horace left for Roman and Western posterity a paradigm for the poet’s career (§ 20).
Valerius Flaccus’ Argonautica
Authors: Hershkowitz Debra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Valerius Flaccus' unfinished and unjustly neglected epic, recounting the Argonauts' quest for the Golden Fleece and the early stages of the love affair of Jason and Medea, has been relegated to the outer fringes of classical scholarship for many years. No full-length study devoted to the Argonautica has been published in English for over 100 years. This book seeks to redress the balance. The author aims to provide readers who have not yet encountered Valerius Flaccus' work with a general introduction to this multi-faceted epic poem. At the same time Hershkowitz offers those already familiar with the Argonautica an in-depth re-evaluation of the work, contextualizing it within both an historical and a literary framework, and focusing in particular on its intertextual relationship with Apollonius' Argonautica and Virgil's Aeneid. Using Valerius' epic as a test-case, Dr. Hershkowitz hopes to challenge many of the critical assumptions about the nature of Silver Latin literature.
Golden Lamps In a Green Night
Authors: Reckert Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The jangadeiros of Bahia—well named ‘Bay of All Saints’ —light votive fires on the beaches to Yemanjá, the Yoruba goddess of the sea, before they set sail for the night’s fishing on their fragile rafts. But pre-technological attitudes and practices are not peculiar to the Third World, as the Midsummer Night bonfires1 along the banks of the Galician rías and on the rocky hillsides of Trás-os-Montes bear witness; even in our own century a substantial part of the population of north-western Iberia has continued to inhabit in imagination ‘a region of fiery dragons and apples of gold’ (as a historian of Portuguese literature called it) hardly less syncretic, if more discreetly camouflaged, than anything in north-eastern Brazil. And the corresponding part of the population of Andalusia, with its Gypsy and Moorish leavening, shares the same mythic or symbolic mode of apprehending and interpreting the natural world.
Limits And Thresholds (Liminality In Some Modern Poets)
Authors: Reckert Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As early as the reign of Augustus, popular etymology equated limes with līmen: ends with beginnings. The equation may have been prompted by cyclical ideas of Time; but it is a wise saying that there are no false etymologies, and in this case (on however shaky historical grounds), vox populi spoke with the intuitive authority of poetry.The poetic intuition that dead ends are potential thresholds is typically expressed in images of confinement or exclusion and of attempts to escape or transcend them.
Introduction: Fragments d’un Discours Furieux
Authors: Hershkowitz Debra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no one simple definition, as even those who have built their profession on its study are forced to admit. The fourth edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) begins by noting that ‘Although this manual provides a classification of mental disorders, it must be admitted that no definition adequately specifies precise boundaries for the concept of “mental disorder” …’. Yet this difficulty in definitional precision has not, of course, prevented people (including the authors of DSM-IV) from attempting to pin down the meaning of madness. These attempts generally take an aetiological form, and can be divided broadly into three groups, although there is, of course, a good deal of overlap between them. First are the neurobiological models, which seek the roots of disorder of the mind in dysfunctional mechanics of the body. These models, based on ‘hard science’ rather than the more abstract the orizing which characterizes the other groups, are tempting because they seem to offer the stability of empiricism, but detractors-most notably and vociferously, Szasz-stress that they are, in fact, not based on empirical evidence at all, but rather on analogy: mental illness is like somatic illness, but it is not somatic illness, and to call it illness at all, according to Szasz, is to be using a metaphor.
Literacy and ancient Egyptian society
Authors: Baines John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Literacy is an important, if often tacit, criterion according to which fields of study are categorized, and this corresponds to an evident reality. Societies completely pervaded by writing, such as our own, are very different from non-literate societies. In between these extremes comes a range of possibilities, some of which were placed by Talcott Parsons (1964: 347; 1966: 26–7), to whose ideas later work has referred, in an evolutionary sequence with literacy as a significant element in classification. Against this background, a study of literacy should seek to cross boundaries between disciplines. General works in the Weld have not been based on detailed studies within the areas they compare, because such studies are mostly lacking.
Literacy, social organization, and the archaeological record: the case of early Egypt
Authors: Baines John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of writing in ancient civilizations poses problems for archaeology, whose most powerful models and methods of analysis are designed for unwritten materials. The separation of the written and the unwritten is felt to be profound. Elizabeth Carter and Matthew Stolper (1984: vii), an archaeologist and a historian of the ancient Near East, state that ‘The creation and preservation of ancient texts and of other artifacts result from—and therefore signify—diVerent intentions, behaviors and processes.’ For literate cultures, archaeology has until recently been seen as an adjunct, with social analysis being chiefly the domain of history.
Schäfer’s mottoes and the understanding of representation
Authors: Baines John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Heinrich Schäfer used as his principal motto (‘A’) for Von ägyptischer Kunst (Principles of Egyptian art) a sentence at the beginning of the 1764 edition of J. J. Winckelmann’s Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums:
The oldest sources show that the earliest pictures represented what a man is, not how he appears to be, his outline, not a view of him.
He gave as a successor to the same idea a rather tortuous statement of Goethe (motto ‘B’) in a commentary on an exhibition of reconstructions of paintings by Polygnotus (c.480 bce) held in Weimar in winter 1803–4:
To look back to the Wrst beginnings of painting from the pinnacles of achievement it has reached in modern times, to gain an awareness of the admirable qualities of the founders of that art, and to pay homage to the artists, who were ignorant of some methods of representation with which even novices are familiar today; all this demands firmness of purpose, calm detachment[Entäusserung], and an appreciation of the great value of the style which has with reason been termed ‘essential’[wesentlich], since it is concerned more with the essential character of objects than with their appearance.
Introduction: History and Literature
Authors: Rood Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The best historian is the one who, by a vivid representation of emotions and characters, makes his narrative like a painting. Thucydides is always striving in his writing for this vividness, since it is his desire to make the reader a spectator, as it were, and to instil in readers the emotions of amazement and consternation felt by viewers. For Demosthenes drawing up the Athenians at the very edge of the breakwater at Pylos; and Brasidas urging on his pilot to beach the ship, advancing to the gangway, receiving wounds, fainting, and falling on to the bow; and the Spartans fighting a land battle from sea, the Athenians a sea battle from land; and again in the Sicilian narrative ‘the two armies on shore, with victory hanging in the balance, a prey to the most agonizing and conflicting emotions’ … and ‘as the strife is protracted without decision, reflecting in their swaying bodies the agitation of their minds’—all this has the mark of pictorial vividness in its composition and portrayal of events as they happen.
The Analysis of Narrative: Pylos
Authors: Rood Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thucydides’ treatment of land battles ... is either unnecessarily extended or excessively condensed. His narrative of Athenian operations at Pylos and the island called Sphakteria where they blockaded the Spartans and carried their position by siege, is an example. ... he describes with accuracy and force all that both sides did in the fighting, deliberately devoting more than three hundred lines to these battles, although the numbers who died or who laid down their arms were not great. . . . But mentioning the campaign of Nikias, when ... he shut the Spartans up in their guard-posts, reduced to surrender the inhabitants of Kythera and the Aiginetan colonists on Thyrea, and ravaged wide areas of the Peloponnese, from where he sailed back to Athens with a large number of prisoners, Thucydides gave only a cursory account. (Dion. Hal. De Thue.
Temporal Manipulation
Authors: Rood Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In life many different actions are accomplished at the same time, but those who record them have to interrupt the narrative and to parcel out different times to simultaneous events. This is contrary to nature: the result is that while reality conveys the experience of events, the written record, deprived of such power, imitates events, but falls far short of the true arrangement. (Diod. xx. 43. 7)
Continuity: Book VIII
Authors: Rood Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Some say that the eighth book is spurious, and not by Thucydides’: so Marcellinus (43). He himself names, and rejects, three people who had been credited with its authorship: Thucydides’ daughter (‘it would not be womanly nature to imitate such skill and excellence’), Xenophon (on grounds of style), and The opompus (without comment). He continues: ‘to some (especially those of discernment), it seems to be by Thucydides, but unadorned, written in rough outline, with many of its events only summarized and allowing for adornment and expansion’ (44).
Words and the Poet
Authors: Lyne R O A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Readers familiar with Dr Lyne's last book on Virgil will know what to expect. There is the same clarity of expression and layout, the same care to make his use of special terminology unambiguous, the same passionate belief, to use his own words, that "nothing in Vergil is without purpose of explanation". Dr Lyne undoubtedly makes the reader think and sharpens his perception of Virgil; he imparts much interesting, factual information in a clear, orderly style and his passion to know what can be found in Virgil's text is genuine and attractive.' Greece Rome To a surprising extent Vergil avoids artifices of poetic diction like archaism and grecism, preferring ordinary language: words that were the common stock of the Latin tongue or even (and this remarkably often) words that conventional poets generally avoided at all costs as too ordinary (prosaisms, colloquialisms). In this he shares the taste of his contemporary Horace. The present book identifies and categorizes such diction in vergil. But more importantly it shows how such comparatively unpromising material is converted by the poet's methods of `combination' (iunctura) into poetry. Parallels are drawn with Horace's procedures, and Vergil's boldness stressed. Horace combines words in such a way as to `make them new'; Vergil's combinations veritably extort unexpected and novel sense. Horace can put prosaic words to work in spite of their unpromising familiarity; Vergil more vigorously exploits them. The Vergilian techniques of extortion and exploitation are richly illustrated in this book. Not all Vergil's characteristic methods merit such violent descriptions. His use of the traditional simile ('narrative through imagery') is characterized by discretion and guile - but at key points links up with those more forceful methods. Guileful too is the way in which he may persuade some neutral word to acquire a specal sense over a stretch of text - or the way he may incite us to pursue a sequence of related effects. Vergilian narrative through imagery, and his techniques of incitement and acquisition, are also fully explained in this richly original and informative book.
Vergil’s Diction: Context and Definitions
Authors: Lyne R O A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Every revolution in poetry is apt to be, and sometimes to announce itself as, a return to common speech’ (T. S. Eliot). Much, perhaps most, poetry delights in a poetic diction, language strange to ordinary speech and evocative of experience other than our own. Equally it will sense a need to retain contact with the real language of those with whom it wishes to communicate. This latter consideration, as Eliot says, periodically seems paramount, both to practitioners and to theorists. Then the problem presents itself, consciously or unconsciously: how is poetry substantially composed in the language of everyday men to be poetry? The problem presents itself, if less acutely, to those who champion the paramountcy of poetic diction. If I (no poet) string together words exclusively restricted to poetical usage, I will not produce everyday language; but neither will I produce the genuine article. But the problem is perhaps more acute and visible when ordinary language is the material favoured. In all cases, however, it is there: how to make the words poetry? Poets are practitioners of the answer. Critics must try to understand and analyse the process.
Exploitation: I
Authors: Lyne R O A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Horace, I said above (1.2), is prepared to make use of prosaic diction, in spite of the fact that it will often appear unpromisingly familiar. For example, wishing to focus our attention on the dangers of ‘money’ or the pleasures of an ordinary ‘dinner’, he uses words that denote these everyday things directly, even in the Odes: ‘pecunia’, ‘cena’. Most poets, deeming such things to be more the province of prose, prefer to gloss and cover them with other and glamorous connotations: they use the words ‘aurum’, ‘opes’, ‘dapes’, and ‘epulae’-gold, wealth and feasts. But, Horace would say, if you are moralizing about real money, it is pointless to glamorize, camouflage or in any way to deflect attention from the real, everyday thing. Likewise if it is your attention to laud plain, old dinner. 1
Horace makes use of prosaic words; and, too, colloquialisms. Vergil I think more vigorously exploits such diction. This is what I shall begin to demonstrate now. But I should mention a preliminary point. I suggested in 1.3 a couple of factors which might induce a word to become generically prosaic, or colloquial. We should now note that, when a word has become prosaic or colloquial, it possesses another quality simply by virtue of that fact. In a poem it is ‘eye-catching’: it is unexpected. So a prosaic word catches the eye, and then directs the attention to an exact and limited meaning, or to an area of experience not normally associated with poetry; or it may do both of these things simultaneously. And colloquialism catches the eye, and directs the attention to one of its particular provinces of experience. In both cases Vergil then exploits this package of qualities.
Violence And The Law
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The processes of popular justice were in some forms(occentatio, capillum immittere)specifically declared illegal, in others tolerated and even encouraged(quiritare),and in one case at least-the arrest and punishment of certain types of thief-officially recognized. It is time therefore to examine more closely the position of the violent assertion by the individual of his genuine or supposed rights in relation to the law. For convenience I have termed this ‘self-help’, translating literally the GermanSelbsthilfe,for the actions in question do not all fall under the English term ‘selfdefence’.