bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using infrared‐transparent pigments to identify objects
Authors: Yamamiya Shirou , Makino Hideo , Hirono Mikihiko , Maeda Yoshinobu , Ishii Ikuo 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWith the goal of developing an invisible code that can be used to identify objects, we have created several pigments for color printing that share the characteristic of being transparent to near‐infrared light, along with methods to print them. Our recent research has emphasized applications as we continue to pursue our investigations of the characteristics of these infrared‐transparent pigments. In the course of our studies, we have discovered a black pigment with high transparency in the infrared (AM‐BK) (Makino, Yamamiya, and colleagues, 1997). This pigment has visible light characteristics that are the same to the naked eye as ordinary pigments, and like these pigments it is “lightfast,” that is, resistant to bleaching by light. For this reason, we anticipate that there will be applications for AM‐BK in the so‐called “universal design” area, whose goals are to provide information to visually impaired people, to keep track of lost or disoriented elderly people noninvasively, and so on. With this in mind, we have recently attempted to create pigments with colors other than black, and to increase the information density they can encode, so as to extend the range of uses for such pigments. In this article, we describe the optical characteristics of the pigments we have developed, and our efforts to use them in a specific type of invisible code. The inks we used in our code experiments generally were of two types: inks that incorporate carbon black (CB), which absorbs infrared light, and inks that contain AM‐BK pigment, which is transparent to infrared light. By mixing these two varieties of inks with solid‐color pigments, we were able to make pigments in three visible‐light colors—yellow, red, and blue. In an experiment with applications in mind, we then screen‐printed a bright yellow lattice‐like floral pattern on a T‐shirt with a “marker” for identifying an individual—the numbers [911]—hidden in it. Our results confirmed that when these numbers were concealed in the T‐shirt pattern by printing them with the above‐mentioned IR‐transparent pigments AM‐BK and CB, a CCD camera was able to distinguish them with ease although they were invisible to the naked eye. These experiments also revealed that as the amount of CB added to the pigment increases, its transparency to near‐infrared light falls off exponentially. This shows that it is possible to create gray‐scale contrasts, which could be used to encode high‐density two‐dimensional bar codes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(10): 74–82, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1159
Floodplains and Agenda 21: the Upper Nene Valley Project
Authors: Kwolek A. V. A. , Jackson J. I. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThere is a growing awareness of how floodplain habitats contribute to global biodiversity and of the benefits of undrained floodplain ecosystems, for example: floodwater storage and improvement of water quality. Yet floodplain habitats in Britain are much diminished, with a recent survey showing only 4.2% of lowland river sites, with adjacent floodplain, had extensive wetlands remaining. This Agenda 21 pilot project addresses issues raised by local communities in six parishes along the Upper Nene Valley, in Northamptonshire. These include intensive agriculture, biodiversity conservation, recent serious flooding, gravel extraction and the pressure for housing developments. The project aims to increase the local community's environmental awareness, develop links with farmers and businesses and provide a valuable input to planning policies. Partners include the parish councils and residents within the project area, South Northamptonshire Council and University College Northampton. This paper describes the project vision and initial steps taken to involve local communities in ecological and archaeological surveys. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Developing sustainability: environmental non‐governmental organizations in former Soviet Central Asia
Authors: Farmer Andrew M. , Farmer Alma A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractFormer Soviet Central Asia has inherited severe environmental problems from the Soviet Union, alongside a range of social and political structures and poor economic performance. Subsequent political developments have been highly varied, ranging from the development of relatively open societies to highly authoritarian. A large number of environmental NGOs have been formed in all five republics, some from the Soviet period, but mostly in the independent republics. These have received some support from western institutions. However, while they are successful in undertaking a range of activities, they are often fragmented and have short‐term planning and limited impacts of governments. Environmental NGO activity is complicated by the presence of ‘quasi’‐NGOs with official government support and, in some cases, by the direct participation of NGOs in election processes. Environmental NGOs play an important role in developing a more sustainable society in Central Asia, not least in promoting the concepts of civil society. However, their future development should not necessarily be viewed within western models of NGOs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Social equity in housing in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: a social sustainability perspective
Authors: Chiu Rebecca L. H. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe housing arena in Hong Kong has undergone dramatic transformation due to the change in government in 1997 and the subsequent economic recession engendered by the Asian financial crisis. This paper applies the sustainable development perspective to investigate whether policy changes and government responses to the collapse in the property market have made the distribution and consumption of Hong Kong more equitable. It argues that the government's emphasis on home ownership has intensified horizontal and vertical inequity but that the economic recession has the unintended effect of reducing vertical inequity between the low‐ and the lower‐middle‐income groups. Simultaneously, the recession has reduced the housing choices and mobility of the middle‐income groups, rendering them the real losers of the housing policies and economic changes after 1997. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.
Property‐led urban renewal in Hong Kong: any place for the community?
Authors: Ng Mee Kam 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe community plays a very limited role in urban governance in pro‐growth Hong Kong. Urban renewal is a case in point. The government has relied on market forces in renewing the city. In 1988, the Land Development Corporation (LDC) was set up to facilitate private–public partnerships in redevelopment. Residents were not involved until the project implementation stage, when owners needed to be compensated and tenants rehoused. However, the growing stock of dilapidated buildings, coupled with the collapse of the property market in the late 1990s, contributed to a market failure. The Urban Renewal Authority (URA) was set up in 2000 to replace the LDC and an Urban Renewal Strategy (URS) was published in 2001. This paper argues that the URS is just a redevelopment programme and that it is doubtful whether the URA can overcome problems faced by the LDC. An integrated approach is advocated to tackle urban restructuring, with active involvement from the community. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.
Social justice, equity and housing: a new agenda for Scotland?
Authors: McCarthy John , Edgar Bill 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe formulation and delivery of housing policy in Scotland has undergone significant change in recent years, due in large part to the momentum for change brought about by the creation of the Scottish Parliament and the Scottish Executive in 1999. This paper sets out the context to the parliament's approach to housing policy and the broader historical context to housing and regeneration policy in Scotland. It then focuses on the effects of these contextual changes in terms of the substance of the Housing (Scotland) Act 2001 and the creation of a new executive housing and community regeneration agency—Communities Scotland. Finally, it speculates on the longer‐term implications of these institutional and policy innovations with respect to broader issues of social justice and equity in Scotland. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.
Correcting for non‐compliance of repeated binary outcomes in randomized clinical trials: randomized analysis approach
Authors: Matsuyama Yutaka 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe develop the randomized analysis for repeated binary outcomes with non‐compliance. A break randomization‐based semi‐parametric estimation procedure for both the causal risk difference and the causal risk ratio is proposed for repeated binary data. Although we assume the simple structural models for potential outcomes, we choose to avoid making any assumptions about comparability beyond those implied by randomization at time zero. The proposed methods can incorporate non‐compliance information, while preserving the validity of the test of the null hypothesis, and even in the presence of non‐random non‐compliance can give the estimate of the causal effect that treatment would have if all individuals complied with their assigned treatment. The methods are applied to data from a randomized clinical trial for reduction of febrile neutropenia events among acute myeloid leukaemia patients, in which a prophylactic use of macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF) was compared to placebo during the courses of intensive chemotherapies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating efficacy in clinical trials with clustered binary responses
Authors: Albert Jeffrey M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWhen non‐compliance occurs in a clinical trial, it may be of interest to supplement the intent‐to‐treat analysis with an analysis of the efficacy (or biological effect) of therapy. Sommer and Zeger (1991) developed a method for estimating efficacy applicable to the case of a binary response variable and all‐or‐none compliance that assumes independent subject responses. We extend this approach to accommodate within‐cluster correlations as may be expected in a cluster‐randomized design. The method is illustrated using data from a controlled village‐randomized clinical trial conducted in Indonesia to investigate the effect of vitamin A supplementation on mortality in children. We find that within‐cluster correlations for these data are very small and that taking into account the clustering does not substantially affect inferences in this case. Additional calculations show that small within‐cluster correlations (though larger than those found in the vitamin A data) may have a large impact on efficacy inferences. We also present the results of a simulation study that demonstrates the validness of the proposed approach for finite sample sizes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of the survival function for Gray's piecewise‐constant time‐varying coefficients model
Authors: Valenta Zdenek , Weissfeld Lisa 
Published: September 2002

AbstractGray's extension of Cox's proportional hazards (PH) model for right‐censored survival data allows for a departure from the PH assumption via introduction of time‐varying regression coefficients (TVC). For this model estimation of the conditional hazard rate relies on the inclusion of penalized splines. Cubic penalized splines tend to be unstable in the right tail of the distribution and thus quadratic, linear and piecewise‐constant penalized splines may be a favourable choice. We derive a survival function estimator for one important member of the class of TVC models – a piecewise‐constant time‐varying coefficients (PC‐TVC) model. Using the first‐order Taylor series approximation we also derive an estimate for the variance of the log‐transformed and log(‐log)‐transformed survival function, which in turn leads to estimated confidence limits on the corresponding scales of the survival function. Accuracy in estimating underlying survival times and survival quantiles is assessed for both Cox's and Gray's PC‐TVC model using a simulation study featuring scenarios violating the PH assumption. Finally, an example of the estimated survival functions and the corresponding confidence limits derived from Cox's PH and Gray's PC‐TVC model, respectively, is presented for a liver transplant data set. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Traumatic stress and coping strategies of sesternary victims following an aircraft disaster in Coventry
Authors: Chung Man Cheung , Easthope Yvette , Chung Catherine , Clark‐Carter David 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn December 1994, an aircraft was returning to Coventry, UK after unloading a cargo of live animals in Amsterdam. The aircraft struck a pylon, subsequently lost control, and started to descend on a large complex of housing estates. It clipped the roofs of two houses and finally crashed into a woodland area close to the edge of a large housing estate. Hundreds of residents on the housing estate had escaped death and were classified as sesternary victims, in that, but by chance, they would have been primary victims. The aims of the study were to examine the traumatic stress of the sesternary victims and the coping strategies that they employed in order to cope with the effects of the trauma. The hypothesis was that the victims would exhibit traumatic distress associated with a specific model of coping characterized by distancing, escape–avoidance, and seeking social support. Eighty‐two victims participated in the study and were interviewed using the Impact of Event Scale (IES), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and the Ways of Coping Checklist (WOC). The results showed that the victims experienced more intrusion than avoidance, and that there were no significant differences between the present samples and standardized samples. Fifty‐six per cent scored above the cutoff point of 4 in the GHQ. Confrontive coping, distancing, self‐controlling, accepting responsibility, escape–avoidance, and positive reappraisal were used by the victims significantly more than the standardized samples. Path analyses showed that avoidance was predicted by the escape–avoidance coping strategy, that intrusion was predicted by distancing and escape–avoidance strategies and that the GHQ total was predicted by distancing and escape–avoidance coping strategies. The conclusion was that the victims exhibited significant traumatic distress which was partially associated with the specific model of coping that we hypothesized. Seeking social support did not seem to account for distress. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How hospital consultants cope with stress at work: implications for their mental health
Authors: Graham Jill , Albery Ian P. , Ramirez Amanda J. , Richards Michael A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAims. This study examined the ways in which hospital consultants commonly cope with stress at work, and the relationships of these behaviours with their mental health.Methods. Eight hundred and eighty‐two consultants returned a postal questionnaire asking them how frequently they used various behaviours in response to stress at work. The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity was estimated using the 12‐item General Health Questionnaire.Findings. Hospital consultants who maintained a balanced, healthy lifestyle while experiencing stress at work were approximately half as likely as those who did not to have psychiatric morbidity [odds ratio 0.44 (0.31–0.61)]. Consultants who used alcohol or non‐prescription drugs in response to stress at work were more than twice as likely as those who did not to have psychiatric morbidity [odds ratio 2.22 (1.58–3.12)]. Over a quarter of the consultants were estimated to have clinically significant psychiatric morbidity, but only a very few had sought professional help in the last few months.Implications. Hospital consultants should be made aware that the strategies they adopt to try to reduce the stress they experience through their work can influence their mental health both positively and negatively. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Participatory planning and design in a protracted conflict situation: applications with citizen peace‐building groups in Cyprus
Authors: Broome Benjamin J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSince the demise of the ‘cold war’ that pitted Western Europe and the United States against the Soviet Union, the world's attention has been dominated by smaller inter‐state and intra‐state conflicts often centered on ethnic differences but with roots in superpower rivalries. An instructive example of such conflicts exists in Cyprus, which arose during the height of cold war politics and has outlasted both the cold war and many of the disputes that have consumed the majority of the world's attention in recent years. Since the physical division of the island in 1974 into separate Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot zones, communication between ordinary citizens has been cut off, creating a serious obstacle to the development of a citizen peace‐building movement. Beginning in 1994, participatory planning and design methodologies have been applied with several groups of Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in a systematic attempt to develop and implement an agenda for citizen peace‐building activities. Using these methodologies the groups developed a heightened mutual understanding of the situation in Cyprus and a stronger sense of teamwork, while carrying out a variety of projects related to citizen peace building. This paper summarizes the activities involved in these efforts, poses a number of research questions about the applications of such methodologies, and draws upon the work in Cyprus to address these questions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marking the unmarked: using drama cross‐culturally in teacher education in New Zealand
Authors: Greenwood Janinka 
Published: September 2002

AbstractRecently, following initiatives from the local people, a leading college of education in New Zealand ran an outpost teacher training programme in a remote Maori community in the far north. Part of that programme involved workshops that used drama as a participatory process to explore students' understandings of their goals and their relationship to the socio‐political context in which they worked. This paper reports on some of the understandings of cross‐cultural negotiation that were made explicit through the workshops. It also asks what we mark as difference and what assumptions we make, through not marking, about what is normal. At the very least the programme as a whole was successful in providing a group of culturally appropriate teachers for the region. However, this paper suggests that there are further implications for teacher training within the experience. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Web engineering: now and beyond
Authors: Myerson Judith M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSince 1997, interest in Web engineering has been growing and will continue to grow as Web‐based systems become critical elements in a large number of applications. Web engineering is specifically targeted toward the design, analysis, implementation and other aspects of successful development and deployment of large, complex Web‐based systems.JUDITH MYERSONassesses the tools and models in current use. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Connectivity provisioning with security attributes
Authors: Tripunitara Mahesh V. , Spafford Gene 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMAHESH TRIPUNITARA and GENE SPAFFORD discuss the problem of connectivity provisioning with security attributes. They then discuss the features of a piece of software that solves the problem. Also discussed are the benefits to a service provider and its customers from adopting the paradigm and the software solution. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of autonomic nerve‐mediated inotropic responses in guinea pig atrium by bafilomycin A
Authors: Hong S.J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractNeurosecretory vesicles actively accumulate neurotransmitter by consuming proton motive force generated by vacuolar H+‐ATPase (V‐ATPase). The effects of bafilomycin A, a macrolide antibiotic that inactivates V‐ATPase, on nerve stimulation‐mediated inotropic responses of the left atrium were studied to explore the role of the enzyme in the cholinergic and adrenergic neurotransmissions. On field stimulation, the contractility of paced atrium exhibited initial atropine‐sensitive depression followed by propranolol‐sensitive facilitation. Both the negative and positive inotropic effects were abolished by bafilomycin A. The inhibitions were irreversible and followed a similar time course and the inhibitory effects were accelerated by intense nerve stimulation. In contrast, bafilomycin A had no effect on the inotropic responses produced by muscarinic acetylcholine or α‐adrenergic receptor agonist. Stimulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor also elicited biphasic changes of contractile force, which were depressed by bafilomycin A. Compared with the inhibitory effects on field stimulation, the depressions progressed slowly and incompletely. The results suggest that inhibition of V‐ATPase depressed the synaptic transmissions at autonomic nerve–muscle junctions. Furthermore, bafilomycin A preferentially inhibited neurotransmitter release emanating from the immediately releasable pool. Synapse 45:200–205, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
LY293558, an AMPA glutamate receptor antagonist, prevents and reverses levodopa‐induced motor alterations in Parkinsonian rats
Authors: Marin C. , Jiménez A. , Bonastre M. , Vila M. , Agid Y. , Hirsch E.C. , Tolosa E. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTo evaluate the possible involvement of glutamate AMPA receptor‐mediated mechanisms in levodopa‐induced motor fluctuations, we investigated the effects of LY293558, a competitive AMPA receptor antagonist, on levodopa‐induced motor alterations in rats with unilateral 6‐OHDA lesion. Acute and chronic administration of LY293558 was studied to evaluate the possible reversion or prevention of these levodopa effects. In the first set of experiments, rats were treated with levodopa (25 mg/kg with benserazide, twice daily, i.p.) for 22 days and on day 23 LY293558 (5 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered immediately before levodopa. In the second set of experiments, rats were treated daily for 22 days with levodopa and LY293558 (5 mg/kg, twice daily, i.p.). In the third set of experiments, the effect of LY293558 (5 mg/kg, i.p.) administration on selective dopamine D‐1 (SKF38393, 1.5 mg/kg, s.c.) and D‐2 agonist (quinpirole, 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.)‐induced rotational behavior after daily levodopa treatment was studied. The duration of the rotational behavior induced by chronic levodopa decreased by 30% after 22 days. Acute administration of LY293558 on day 23 reversed this effect. The group of animals that were chronically treated with levodopa and LY293558 did not show the decrease in this motor response duration. Chronic levodopa treatment attenuated the rotational response to the D‐1 agonist SKF38393 and increased the response to the D‐2 agonist quinpirole. LY293558 did not reverse the effect of levodopa on rotational behavior induced by the D‐1 agonist but significantly reduced the rotational response to the D‐2 agonist in levodopa‐treated animals by 40%. Our results demonstrate that an AMPA receptor antagonist reverses and prevents levodopa‐induced motor alterations in parkinsonian rats and that this effect on motor fluctuations induced by chronic levodopa is probably due to a modulation of the indirect output pathway of the basal ganglia. Synapse 42:40–47, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.