bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The costs of infant carrying in captive cotton‐top tamarins
Authors: Price Eluned C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMarmosets and tamarins have a communal rearing system in which all group members help to care for the twin infants characteristic of this family of primates. Helpers are likely to incur time and energy costs by contributing to infant care. Predictions that cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) helpers would change their behavior when carrying infants because of reduced mobility and/or a need for increased vigilance were tested in a captive colony. Tamarins carrying an infant spent significantly less time feeding, foraging, moving, or engaging in social activities such as grooming than they did when not carrying. Frequencies of scratching, autogrooming, and scent marking were significantly reduced in carriers, suggesting that their mobility was reduced. However, carriers were significantly less likely to be vigilant (measured by direction of gaze) than when not carrying. Further observations showed that carriers spent more time in concealed areas than they did when not carrying and were probably therefore adopting a cryptic strategy to reduce predation risks to themselves and to infants. These results demonstrate that tamarin helpers pay costs by carrying infants. Some possible compensating benefits are indicated.
Interactions between lar gibbons and pig‐tailed macaques at fruit sources
Authors: Whitington Claudia L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractInteractions are reported between white‐handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) and pig‐tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand, in which gibbons selected ripe fruit from sources before macaques arrived on 4 occasions during June and July of 1989. The macaques foraged near gibbons or from shared fruit sources during 13% of gibbon observation time. Gibbons made their presence known in fruit trees when macaques approached on 3 occasions and macaques did not enter fruit trees occupied by gibbons. An aggressive interaction is reported in which a single white‐handed gibbon vigorously excluded 22–28 macaques from a rare and valuable fruit tree (Sandoricum koetjape). The observations suggest that exploitative and interference competition may exist between these species.
Laterality in quadrupedal and bipedal prosimians: Reach and whole‐body turn in the mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) and the galago (Galago moholi)
Authors: Dodson Deanna L. , Stafford Donna , Forsythe Chris , Seltzer Charles P. , Ward Jeannette P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLateral preferences in food reaching and whole‐body turning were assessed in 24 prosimian primates: 16 galagos (Galago moholi) and 8 mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus). Reach and turn preference in the galago were examined using a single testing procedure; separate procedures were used to evaluate reach and turn preferences in the mouse lemur. The motoric requirements for both species were 1) reach into a Plexiglas container with a single hand for a food item and 2) execution of a whole‐body rotation about the long axis of the body. Twenty‐three of the subjects tested had a reach preference (15 right, 8 left preferent) and 22 a turn preference (1 right and 21 left preferent). No correlation between the direction of reach and turn preference was found for either species; however an association between right reach preference and female gender was found for the galagos. A species difference in the strength of lateralization was found, with the more bipedal species, the galago, more strongly lateralized in both measures. This result supports the hypothesis that the assumption of upright posture was an important factor in the phylogenetic development of primate lateralization.
Territorial behavior in Southeast Asian langurs: Resource defense or mate defense?
Authors: Van Schaik Carel P. , Assink Peter R. , Salafsky Nick 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBetween‐group antagonism or territoriality in primates may serve two different but compatible functions: resource defense or mate defense. Females are expected to be involved more strongly in the first, males in the second. The resource defense hypothesis predicts that home range overlap should decrease as defensibility and population density increase, and that females should be involved in hostile between‐group interactions. The mate defense hypothesis predicts that between‐group relations should be hostile and that males should take the primary role in antagonistic encounters. In a comparative study of 12 populations of 6 Presbytis species in Southeast Asia, we found support for the mate defense hypothesis; only males produce loud calls, between‐group antagonism is entirely a male affair, and neither defensibility nor population density determine spatial exclusivity or the level of antagonism. We discuss the differences between our findings and traditional interpretations of territorial behavior.
Behavioral sampling in the field: Comparison of individual and group sampling methods
Authors: Fragaszy D. M. , Boinski S. , Whipple J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSampling decisions affect the efficiency and reliability of data collection, and the appropriateness of the data for analyses of group and individual behavior. We evaluate the correspondence between interval sampling of individual behavior at high temporal density (focal interval sampling) with interval sampling of group behavior at lower density (group scan sampling) in two field studies with neotropical primates, capuchins and squirrel monkeys. The two methods provided consistent estimates of population means and variance for activity profiles, foraging activities, and height above ground. The correspondence between mean values with the two methods was greater when group sampling included individual identities than when a nominal scoring scheme was used. A group scan method (without identification of individuals) can be used alone when information is needed within a brief time, such as initial description of activity budgets of a population. Although individual identities take time to learn, data sets in which the individual is the unit of analysis provide several other kinds of analytical possibilities. We recommend use of a mixed sampling regime containing both of these elements (focal and group sampling) as a good way to minimize the time costs of data collection and as a means to evaluate reliability of data collection by a solo observer.
Patterns of hand and mouth lateral biases in bamboo leaf shoot feeding and simple food reaching in the gentle lemur (Hapalemur griseus)
Authors: Stafford Donna K. , Milliken Garrett W. , Ward Jeannette P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLateralized feeding behaviors of 7 wild‐born and 6 captive‐born Hapalemur griseus sp. were evaluated in two conditions, simple food reaching and species‐typical bamboo foraging. Gentle lemurs were found to have the strongest lateral hand preference in simple food reaching of any prosimian species yet studied. However in this small sample, population‐level lateralization was not found: 5 preferred the right hand and 8 the left. The movement pattern used by hapalemurs when feeding on bamboo leaf shoots was categorized into four components: PULL IN, COUNTERFORCE, TURN, and FEED IN. Lateral hand bias was scored for all four components and lateral mouth preference was scored for the two components that involved the mouth (COUNTERFORCE and FEED IN). Strong positive correlations were found between hand preference in the most lateralized components of shoot eating (TURN and FEED IN) and simple food reaching. This suggests that the gentle lemurs' species‐typical bamboo feeding behavior may contribute to the exceptionally strong hand preference for simple food reaching seen in this species. There were negative correlations between the component measure of shoot feeding that required strength (COUNTERFORCE) and the components that required manipulation (TURN and FEED IN). Within the COUNTERFORCE and FEED IN components, mouth preference and hand preference were positively associated in a manner that suggested one side of the mouth was preferred for removing the shoot and the other side for mastication. Asymmetrical dental wear may provide a means of dating behavioral lateralization in ancestral species. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hierarchical complexity of combinatorial manipulation in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)
Authors: Westergaard Gregory Charles , Suomi Stephen J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the hierarchical complexity of combinatorial manipulation in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1 capuchins were presented with an apparatus designed to accommodate the use of probing tools. In Experiment 2 the same capuchins were presented with sets of nesting containers. Five of the ten subjects used probing tools and seven subjects placed objects in the containers. The capuchins' behavior reflected three hierarchically organized combinatorial patterns displayed by chimpanzees and human infants. Although the capuchins sometimes displayed the two more complex patterns (“pot” and “subassembly”), their combinatorial behavior was dominated by the simplest pattern (“pairing”). In this regard capuchins may not attain the same grammar of manipulative action that has been reported for chimpanzees and young human children. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Absence of thyroid hormone resistance in vitamin D–;resistant new world primates
Authors: Arbelle Jonathan E. , Gacad Mercedes A. , Spencer Carole A. , Adams John S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNew World primates express a form of sterol/steroid resistance resulting from the presence of a 58–60 kDa intracellular protein (IDBP) which competes with nuclear receptor proteins for binding of vitamin D metabolites and sex steroids. As the thyroid hormone receptor is a recognized member of the steroid/retinoid/vitamin D receptor gene superfamily, we sought to confirm previous data describing the existence of thyronine resistance in New World primate species and to determine whether IDBP was capable of binding ligands which confer transcriptional regulatory potential on thyroid hormone‐retinoid heterodimeric complexes. Circulating thyroid hormone levels were compared between vitamin D‐resistant New World primates and nonresistant Old World primates. Total triiodothyronine (T3), free T3 index, and free thyroxine were not different between New World and Old World primates. Thyroxine was significantly lower (P < 0.03) in New World than in Old World primates. T3 (1 pM‐1μM), 9‐cis retinoic acid (100 nM) and all‐trans retinoic acid (100 nM) were incapable of displacing 2 nM [3H]25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 from IDBP extracted from B95‐8 cells, a B‐lymphoblastoid cell line derived from the vitamin D‐resistant New World primate Callithrix jacchus. We conclude that the sterol/steroid‐resistant state characteristic of many genera of New World primates does not extend to thyroid hormones and that the IDBP responsible for vitamin D resistance does not bind T3, 9‐cis retinoic acid, and all‐trans retinoic acid. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence of hybrid vigor in subspecific hybrids of the saddle‐back tamarin (Saguinus fuscicollis)
Authors: Jaquish Cashell E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effect of hybridization on infant survival was investigated in subspecific crosses of the saddle‐back tamarin (Saguinus fuscicollis) at the Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) Marmoset Research Center (Oak Ridge, TN). Cox Proportional Hazards Regression was used to compare infant survival between (1) pure subspecies, (2) F1, F2, and backcrossed hybrids, and (3) hybrids and their parental subspecies. Also, effects of management changes, sex, and litter size on infant survival were investigated. There were no significant differences in infant survival between the pure subspecies. Also, degree of hybridization (F1, F2, or backcross) did not have a significant effect on infant survival. Progeny of hybrid crosses between S. f. lagonotus and S. f. illigeri was found to have significantly (P < 0.05) higher infant survival than both of their parental subspecies. Individuals born after diet and management changes in the colony had significantly (P < 0.05) higher survival than those born before. There were no significant sex differences in infant survival. Individuals born into triplet litters had significantly (P < 0.05) lower survival than those born into twin litters. These results show heterosis (hybrid vigor) for infant survival in one subspecific S. fuscicollis cross (S. f. lagonotus × S. f. illigeri). The results suggest genetic divergence between the subspecies populations and possible reproductive isolation in the wild. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Troop extinction and fusion in wild Japanese macaques of Yakushima Island, Japan
Authors: Takahata Yukio , Suzuki Shigeru , Okayasu Naobi , Hill David 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA wild Japanese macaque troop decreased in size because the birth rate dropped and infant mortality increased. In the 1989 mating season, the last male left the troop, and the remaining two females joined a neighboring troop. Thus, the troop ceased to exist as an independent troop. A lower limit to troop size may exist, below which a troop cannot effectively defend its range, forcing the females to join a larger troop. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tinjil island, a natural habitat breeding facility of simian retrovirus‐free Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Pamungkas J. , Sajuthi D. , Lelana P. A. , Iskandriati D. , Joeniman B. , Kyes R. C. , Knitter G. H. , Watanabe R. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractInstitut Pertanian Bogor (Bogor Agricultural University) has established a collaborative agreement with the Indonesian Ministry of State for Population and Environment and the United States Primate Research Consortium, consisting of the University of Washington Regional Primate Research Center (UW‐RPRC), the Oregon Regional Primate Research Center (ORPRC), and the Bowman Gray School of Medicine at the Wake Forest University, to populate and manage a breeding facility of longtailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) on Tinjil island, a 6 km2 island off the southern coast of West Java, Indonesia.Screening protocols have been established to select only simian retrovirus (SRV)‐free animals for the colony. Animals originating in either West Java or Sumatra were individually caged and screened over a period of 3‐5 months for the presence of SRV and tuberculosis. Whole blood specimens were taken from seronegative animals for virus isolation. Two months after the first screening, all negative animals were retested for SRV antibody and virus isolation. All animals remaining negative after this testing procedure and which have at least four consecutive negative TB tests were transported to the island. To date, 1,306 animals have been screened with 478 released to the island, and at least 750 babies were born on the island. Three batches of progeny of 45‐50 juveniles each have been retrieved from the island, and are being used in AIDS‐related research projects. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Allomaternal interactions in the Bolivian squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis)
Authors: Williams Lawrence , Gibson Susan , McDaniel Margaret , Bazzel Judson , Barnes Sue , Abee Christian 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAllomaternal behavior is defined as maternal‐like interactions between an infant and some animal other than its natural mother. The occurrence of allomothering can have a profound influence on the life of the infant and on the animal with which the infant interacts. Allomaternal interactions were studied during the first 6 months of life in 50 Bolivian squirrel monkeys in two different social settings. Allomaternal interactions began during the first week of life. Sampling indicated that the infants spent 30% of their time on allomothers during the first 6 months of life. Dorsal clinging on allomothers occurred most frequently when the infants were younger and more dependent, and declined with the infant's growing independence. In addition, squirrel monkey infants nursed on allomothers, though the rates were lower than nursing on their dam. Four‐ to six‐year‐old young adult females accounted for most of the allomaternal interactions (53%), while adult females 7 to 9 years old provided 21% of the allomaternal interactions. A similar age‐related pattern was found for allomaternal nursing; however, reproductive status had a profound influence. Those females with a reproductive failure for the year provided 86% of the allomaternal nursing bouts. Allomaternal interactions were not based solely on kinship relationships. Future studies need to be directed toward establishing the proximal causes of allomaternal behavior in the squirrel monkey. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Male residence and association patterns in Costa Rican squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedi)
Authors: Boinski Sue , Mitchell Carol L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA model is developed to interpret the evolution of the unusual pattern of male residence and social structure in the Costa Rican squirrel monkey (Saimiri oerstedi). Observations of a wild population document that males 1) maintain close spatial and social associations with other males, especially other males in their birth cohort, but not females and infants; 2) exhibit negligible within‐troop male‐male aggression, high levels of antipredator vigilance, and frequent predator deterrence; 3) cooperate in aggressive olfactory investigation of females; and 4) maintain residence in their natal troop with their male birth cohort, eventually succeeding to reproductive positions in their natal troop. Less commonly, male age‐cohorts leave the troop well past reproductive maturity and usurp the reproductive male cohort in another troop. We suggest that this divergence from the social structure typical of male squirrel monkeys in Peru (males transient between troops, weak male‐male bonds, high within‐troop male aggression, little investment in anti‐predator behavior) arose because female S. oerstedi in Costa Rica are not philopatric. In Costa Rica, long term reproductive cooperation is likely advantageous to males, because of the frequent movement of female S. oerstedi between troops; the potential costs of inbreeding are reduced. Male S. oerstedi of all ages residing in the same troop, but especially those of the same age cohort, are predicted to have a much higher degree of genetic relatedness than adult females. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Phylogenetic approach to the study of tamarin and marmoset social systems
Authors: Garber Paul A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTamarins and marmosets (subfamily: Callitrichinae) are members of an ecologically and behaviorally diverse radiation of small‐bodied New World monkeys characterized by the production of twin offspring, intense female reproductive competition, reproductive suppression, cooperative infant care and evidence of what has been described as a highly flexible system of mating. In this review, I offer a phylogenetic approach to the study of callitrichine reproduction and mating systems. Beginning with the assumption that Callimico most closely resembles the ancestral tamarin and marmoset condition, I identify a set of primitive callitrichine behavioral and reproductive character states and reconstruct the sequence of derived behavioral and reproductive changes that define the basic social systems of Saguinus, Leontopithecus, Callithrix, and Cebuella. It is proposed that ancestral callitrichines lived in small multimale multifemale groups characterized by 1 or more reproductively active females, a single offspring at birth, rapid postnatal growth, delayed nonmaternal caregiving, and a polygynous mating pattern. The evolution of twinning in the common ancestor of all extant tamarins and marmosets increased the overall costs of infant care, resulting in enhanced female reproductive competition and a greater role for group members in providing for the young.Specialized mechanisms of female reproductive competition appear to have evolved twice in callitrichine evolution. In the lineage leading to Leontopithecus, high levels of female intrasexual aggression and ovulatory synchrony play a primary role in the social control of fertility. In Saguinus, Callithrix, and Cebuella, female reproductive suppression has a stronger physiological basis, resulting in hormonally mediated infertility in subordinate adult females. In addition to having important implications for understanding differences in callitrichine breeding systems, these data suggest that Leontopithecus separated from the callitrichin line prior to the radiation of other tamarin and marmoset taxa. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Census, habitat preference, and polyspecific associations of six monkeys in the Lomako Forest, Zaire
Authors: McGraw Scott 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper reports preliminary data on a number of poorly known cercopithecids inhabiting the Lomako Forest, Zaire. Data include those on density, biomass, group size, the relationship between group type (mono vs. polyspecific) and forest type (mixed primary, secondary, monodominant primary, and swamp), and vertical stratification. Species examined are Colobus angolensis, Cercocebus aterrimus, Cercopithecus wolfi, Cercopithecus ascanius, Cercopithecus neglectus, and Allenopithecus nigroviridis. The density and biomass for the Lomako Forest anthropoids (excluding Cercopithecus neglectus and A. nigroviridis) are 165 ind/km2 and 1,034 kg/km2, respectively. Cercopithecus wolfi and Colobus angolensis are found in group sizes similar to those reported from other sites while Cercopithecus ascanius, Cercocebus aterrimus, and A. nigroviridis display group sizes unique to the Lomako. While Colobus angolensis, Cercocebus aterrimus, Cercopithecus ascanius and Cercopithecus wolfi were found, to varying extents, in all four forest types, Cercopithecus neglectus and A. nigroviridis inhabited only swamp forest. The different species sort out along vertical continua both within and between the four forest types. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.