bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Restricted Maximum Likelihood
Authors: Cook Nancy R. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractRestricted maximum likelihood estimation (REML) aims to maximize likelihood over a restricted parameter space. In a general linear model with multivariate normal error distribution, REML leads to unbiased estimators. Transformation of the data enables the log‐ likelihood to be split so that variances are estimated from error contrasts. There is a connection with Bayesian methods. The method has been applied to a random‐coefficients model for longitudinal data, and to situations where the parameters satisfy order restrictions.
Sampling Distributions
Authors: Begg Melissa D. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
In frequentist inference, the effect of random variability on a calculated statistic is assessed by assuming that the data were drawn randomly from a hypothetical population defined by parameters, and statistical theory shows the extent to which the statistic would vary in repeated random samples from such a distribution. The sampling distribution of the sample mean tends to be nearly normally distributed in large samples, and so significance tests and confidence intervals for the mean make much use of the normal distribution, the standard deviation of which (the “standard error of the mean”) is the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size.
Studentized Range
Authors: Hochberg Yosef 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

In a comparison of the means of several samples of size
n
, the studentized range is the range of the sample means divided by the usual standard error of a single mean. It may be used in successive stages of a multiple comparison procedure. Two approaches are the Newman–Keuls method and Tukey's
T
‐method. In a single sample of size
n
, the internally studentized range is the ratio of the sample range to the standard deviation, and may be used in a test of normality. Various applications are discussed.
Sufficient Statistic
Authors: Strawderman William E. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A sufficient statistic is such that the conditional distribution of the data given the sufficient statistic does not depend on any unknown parameters. In this sense, it contains all the information in the original data. A necessary and sufficient condition is the factorization theorem. A minimal sufficient statistic is a function of every other sufficient statistic, and is conveniently found for distributions in the exponential family. Topics described here include complete sufficient statistics, minimum variance estimation, uniformly most powerful unbiased tests, Bayesian methods, and invariance.
Double Sampling
Authors: Rao Poduri S. R. S. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDouble sampling is of practical importance for the estimation of population characteristics from sample surveys and for other purposes. This approach for the estimation of stratum weights and the mean of the auxiliary variable for ratio and regression estimators is presented. Its applications for the ratio estimation with subsampling the nonrespondents in a survey, for determining sample sizes in analytical surveys, and for multistage and successive sampling are also described.
Establishment Surveys With Population Survey–Generated Sampling Frames
Authors: Sirken Monroe , Shimizu Iris 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWhen stand‐alone sampling frames list all establishments and size measures, the Hansen–Hurwitz (HH) pps estimator is generally used to estimate the volume of transactions between establishments and households. The network sampling (NS) version of the HH estimator depends on a population‐survey‐generated establishment frame, which lists establishments that have transactions with households in a population sample survey and the number of transactions that establishments have with survey households. The NS estimator is a competitor of the HH estimator whenever stand‐alone frames of good quality are unavailable and, as this article indicates, the NS estimator may be competitive with the HH estimator when stand‐alone and population‐survey‐generated frames are flawless.
Interpenetrating Samples
Authors: Ghosh Subir 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis article presents an overview of interpenetrating sampling (IPS), also known as interpenetrating subsampling and replicated sampling. IPS was introduced in the pioneering contribution of P.C. Mahalanobis. It was originally proposed in assessing the nonsampling errors as the so‐called “interviewer errors”. IPS provides a quick, simple, and effective way of estimating the variance of an estimator even in a complex survey. In fact, IPS is the foundation of modern resampling methods like Jackknife, bootstrap, and replication methods. In IPS, three basic principles of experimental designs, namely, randomization, replication, and local control, are used. IPS is used extensively not only in agriculture, but also in social sciences, demography, epidemiology, public health, and many other fields.
Superpopulation Models in Survey Sampling
Authors: Dorfman Alan H. , Valliant Richard 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn sampling from a finite population, we often find it reasonable to posit a probability model (“superpopulation model”) that characterizes relations among variables that pertain to the units of the population. Such a model enables us to make inferences about population characteristics based on sample measurements and “auxiliary information”. In effect, we use the model to predict values for those units of the population that have not been sampled. In such prediction‐based (or model‐based) sampling and inference, it is important to guard against problems arising from model failure. Selecting a balanced sample or weighted balanced sample provides bias protection in the important case of estimating means or totals. Robust variance estimators guard against misapprehension of the variance structure.
Youden Squares and Row–Column Designs
Authors: Gupta Sudhir 
Published: July 2005

AbstractOften several other factors potentially contribute to the variability of the observed response in addition to the treatments or factors under investigation. For example, gender, age, and center may also affect the blood pressure of patients in a placebo‐controlled hypertensive clinical trial. The technique of blocking is used to control the experimental error variation due to these types of extraneous sources. Two sources can be controlled using a Youden square or a row–column design, the rows and columns comprising two different systems of blocking. This article provides the details for the least squares analysis of these designs. Designs having variance balance, supplemented balance, row‐orthogonality, adjusted‐orthogonality, designs for factorial experiments, and computer algorithms for constructing designs are also briefly discussed.
B
liss,
C
hester
I
ttner
Authors: Holford Theodore R. , White C. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Born in 1899 in Springfield, OH; died in 1979. Bliss is best known for work on probit (probability integral transformation) analysis, much of it in collaboration with R.A. Fisher, and also for playing a major role in founding the International Biometric Society.
B
yar,
D
avid
P
.
Authors: Piantadosi Steven 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Born in 1938 in Lockland, OH; died in 1991 in Washington D.C. Byar was a leading clinical trials methodologist and proponent of structured experiments for making treatment inferences. He played an important role in teaching and advocating the strengths of clinical trials through his positions at the National Cancer Institute. He also made substantial contributions to epidemiology and studies of disease prevention.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Authors: Reynolds Gladys H. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) evolved from a small mosquito‐eradication effort in World War II to being the USA's primary agency in the promotion of health and the prevention of disease. Initial efforts focused on prevention and control of unnecessary morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases of public health importance, such as malaria, polio, smallpox, toxic shock syndrome, Legionnaires' disease, and more recently, AIDS, Ebola virus, Hantavirus, monkeypox, and SARS. These responsibilities have expanded to include contemporary threats to health, such as lead‐paint poisoning, environmental, and occupational hazards. The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) became a part of the CDC in 1987.
E
uropean Federation of Statisticians in the Pharmaceutical Industry (
EFPSI
)
Authors: Godley Mick , Jørgensen Merete 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The Federation is open to nationally constituted groups of statisticians who are working in or for the pharmaceutical industry. The Federation was constituted in 1992, and in 2004, includes eleven member groups. EFSPI is engaged in statistical aspects of research, development, production, and postmarketing surveillance of drugs, biologics, and medical devices.
H
alley,
E
dmond
Authors: Asmar Lina 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Edmond Halley was born on November 8, 1656 in Haggerton, UK. He was a major English, astronomer, mathematician, and physicist, who was also interested in demography, insurance mathematics (Actuarial Methods), geology, oceanography, geography, and navigation. Moreover, he was considered an engineer and a social statistician whose life was filled with the thrill of discovery. In 1705, he reasoned that the periodic comet—now known as Halley's comet—that appeared in 1456, 1531, 1607, and 1682, was the same comet that appears every 76 years, and accurately predicted that it would appear again in December 1758. His most notable achievements were his discoveries of the motion of stars, which were then considered fixed, and a scheme for computing the motion of comets and establishing their periodicity in elliptical orbits. Edmond Halley died on January 14, 1742 in Greenwich, UK.
H
ill,
A
ustin
B
radford
Authors: Doll R. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Born 1897; died 1991. A. Bradford Hill introduced the principle of randomization in clinical trials. He was influential in establishing the link between smoking and lung cancer, and as a result of this research drew up guidelines for reaching a positive conclusion about causality. These criteria have come to be widely used in epidemiology and, on occasion, the law.
I
rwin,
J
oseph
O
scar
Authors: Armitage Peter 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
After periods of work under Karl Pearson and R. A. Fisher, Oscar Irwin joined the staff of the Medical Research Council in 1931 and thereafter became the leading mathematical statistician in British medical research. He had a wide range of theoretical interests, including the use of the characteristic function, the development of the exact test for the 2 × 2 table, and the Waring distributions. His biometric interests included bioassay, factor analysis, accident proneness, and carcinogenicity experiments.
Martini, Paul
Authors: Dengler H. J. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Paul Martini (1889–1964) was a distinguished professor of internal medicine, working in Munich, Berlin and (from 1932) in Bonn. His 1932 book on therapeutic research was influential in encouraging the application of statistical methods. Later, he expressed reservations about double‐blind (as distinct from single‐blind) trials.
M
edicines and
H
ealthcare
P
roducts
R
egulatory
A
gency (
MHRA
) (Formerly
MCA
)
Authors: Evans Stephen J. W. , Day Simon J. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
In April 2003, the UK Medicines Control Agency and Medical Devices Agency merged to form the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Most of the statistical work is confined to the Medicines Sector of this new Agency. Statisticians are involved in assessing clinical trial documentation submitted by pharmaceutical companies as applications for marketing authorizations. They are also involved in pharmacovigilance monitoring of currently marketed products.
Neyman,Jerzy
Authors: Chiang Chin Long 
Published: July 2005

AbstractJerzy Neyman, one of the principal architects of modern statistics, was Director of the Statistical Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley. He was born on April 16, 1894, into a Polish family in Bendery, Russia, and died on August 5, 1981, in Berkeley, California, at the age of 87. With Neyman's passing, history closed a chapter on the early development of this important scientific field.
Pharmaceutical Industry, Statistics In
Authors: Senn Stephen 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The role of the statistician is traced from early, basic research through the various stages of drug development leading to phase III clinical trials and phase IV postmarketing surveillance. Specific areas of activity, and statistical topics of particular interest, are listed. Examples are taken from the development of drug for treating asthma, and work on project prioritization. Future trends will be affected by financial constraints, by a need to specialize that may lead to work being done by contract research organizations, by the need for speed, and by the need for marketing to be more “evidence‐based”.
R
emington,
R
ichard
D
Authors: Woolson R. F. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Richard Remington (1931–1992) was a leading public health statistician who played a major role in linking biostatistics and epidemiology to public health research and policy. He held senior appointments at the Universities of Michigan, Texas, and Iowa. At Iowa, he served as Interim President of the University in 1987–1988 and founded the Institute for Health, Behavior, and Environmental Policy in 1992. He had a major research interest in the public health impact of hypertension and served on many NIH committees. He coauthored, with M.A. Schork, a popular textbook.
Statistical Review for Medical Journals, Guidelines for Authors
Authors: Rubinstein Lawrence V. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractVarious individuals and groups have suggested guidelines for authors, governing the format and content of statistical reporting in medical articles. The present article presents guidelines for clinical trials, based closely on those of the CONSORT group. The headings are as follows: Introduction; Methods, Protocol Design; Methods, Treatment Assignment; Methods, Treatment Blinding; Methods, Quality Control; Results, Follow‐up Schedule, and Loss to Follow‐up; Results, Analysis; and Comment.
Geisser,Seymour
Authors: Christensen Ronald , Johnson Wesley 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSeymour Geisser was a leading proponent of the importance of prediction in the practice of statistics, as well as a leading exponent of multivariate analysis. He pioneered several important areas of statistical endeavor, such as the now popular method for validating statistical models called cross‐validation, and the equivalent method of predictive sample reuse. He also pioneered the areas of Bayesian multivariate analysis and discrimination, Bayesian diagnostics for statistical prediction and estimation models, Bayesian interim analysis, and testing for Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium using forensic DNA data.
Health Care Technology Assessment
Authors: Sheldon Trevor A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractHealth technology assessment is a scientific exercise to provide evidence for health care decision makers who wish to ensure that the introduction of health technologies, such as drugs and devices, is managed in order to control costs and optimize the benefits. Health technology assessment (HTA) is the process of assessing the effectiveness, cost‐effectiveness and, more broadly, the medical, social, ethical, and economic implications of the use of a health technology in practice. Thus, it ranges from the very technical activities of investigating the reliability of a diagnostic test, through the evaluation of the cost‐effectiveness and safety of a drug all the way to policy analysis. The results are used to inform the decisions of health care policymakers, funders and providers of health care, and by the public.
Hollow Microcapillary Arrays in Thin Plastic Films
Authors: Hallmark B. , Mackley M. R. , Gadala‐Maria F. 
Published: July 2005

Microcapillary film (MCF) is a new material, produced by a continuous extrusion process, that has hybrid product characteristics linked to polymer foam, polymer film and single hollow‐fibre extrusions. MCFs have unique properties which, combined with their ease of production, may lead to exciting new developments and applications in the physical and engineering sciences, medicine and the life sciences.
Processing of Net‐shaped Nanocrystalline Fe‐Ni Material
Authors: Lee J.‐S. , Cha B.‐H. , Kang Y.‐S. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDevelopment of nanoparticulate materials technology is essential to processing of highly functional nanoparticulate materials and components with small and complex shape. This paper provides an overview on our recent investigations on the processing of net‐shaped nanocrystalline Fe‐Ni powder and related material property such as mechanical property. The key‐processing concept is the synthesis of nanopowders and subsequent consolidation with controlled microstructure by using powder injection molding (PIM) process. Especially, the pressureless sintering process is inevitable for consolidation of the PIMed nanopowder. The present review focuses on the densification process and related mechanical property of the PIMed Fe‐Ni nanopowder in association with microstructural evolution and diffusion process.
Functionalized Cluster‐Assembled Magnetic Nanostructures for Applications to high Integration‐Density Devices
Authors: Perez A. , Dupuis V. , Tuaillon‐Combes J. , Bardotti L. , Prevel B. , Bernstein E. , Mélinon P. , Favre L. , Hannour A. , Jamet M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis paper presents recent results on the preparation and characterization of original magnetic nanostructures from nanoclusters preformed in the gas phase. Magnetic binary‐clusters (i.e. Co‐Sm, Co‐Pt, Co‐Ag) with rather well controlled sizes, structures and compositions, are prepared in the gas phase using a combined laser vaporization‐rare gas condensation source and subsequently deposited at low energy (LECBD : Low Energy Cluster Beam Deposition) on various functionalized substrates to grow cluster‐assembled magnetic nanostructures exhibiting specific magnetic properties. Especially a high magnetic anisotropy and consequently a high magnetic blocking temperature compatible with future applications to high density memory devices and spin electronics are expected. In this context of applications, 2D‐organized arrays of functionalized binary‐cluster assembled dots are prepared by LECBD on FIB‐functionalized substrates (FIB: Focussed Ion Beam) with the ultimate objective to reach areal densities in the range of the Tbits/in2.
Fabrication and Properties of Hybrid SiCp‐Cf/Al Composite for Tribological Applications
Authors: Imielinska K. , Le Petitcorps Y. 
Published: July 2005

In the present work fabrication of the new hybrid SiCp/Cf/Al‐Si composite, candidate for tribological applications (e.g. brake discs), has been proposed. The composite was obtained by pressure infiltration of continuous 3D carbon fibre preform with SiCp/Al‐Si particulate composite. The presence of carbon preform acted as a filter for liquid SiCp/Al‐Si composite and permitted the formation of surface layer rich in SiC (up to 50%) which resulted in the reduction of weight loss in dry sliding over steel as well as in minimizing the smearing effect of aluminum on the counterface surface which resulted in the reduction of heating on the sliding surface. Due to the presence of continuous carbon fibres the thermal expansion coefficient of hybrid composite has been reduced by a factor of two as compared with that of SiC/Al‐Si composite.
The Versatile Thiophene: An Overview of Recent Research on Thiophene‐Based Materials
Authors: Barbarella G. , Melucci M. , Sotgiu G. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn the last few years, thiophene‐based materials, which are semiconductor and fluorescent compounds, have become a highly interdisciplinary field of research, with diverse studies ranging from the fabrication of electronic and optoelectronic devices to the selective detection of biopolymers. This article presents a survey of the papers published in the last two years and concludes with the authors' views on future developments.
Bulking and Foaming in France: The 1999–2001 Survey
Authors: Graveleau Laure , Cotteux Eric , Duchène Philippe 
Published: July 2005

AbstractTo assess bulking in French wastewater treatment plants we developed a three‐topic approach, including analysis of i) technical assistance annual reports, ii) a questionnaire, and iii) microscopic sample observations. A seasonal effect was very apparent on the average SVI (mL/g). Three situations appear to promote bulking according to statistical analysis and operators' comments: i) low‐organic loading or rapid variation in organic loading, ii) raw sewage dilution or hydraulic loading variation, iii) rapid high‐organic loading. Phosphorus removal by metallic salt addition leads to an average SVI reduction of 40 mL/g.Two situations in the sludge treatment process, which call for improvement, are:– The maintaining a high MLSS concentration in the aeration tank due to the limitation of sludge evacuation,– When storing sludge for several days or weeks in sludge thickening tank, thereby favoring the formation of septic compounds, which are subsequently reintroduced in the influent.Our study highlights Type 0092 as the most frequent filamentous microorganism observed followed by Microthrix parvicella. Thiothrix spp. ranks third.
Non‐famous Scum Bacteria: Biological Characterization and Troubleshooting
Authors: Lemmer Hilde , Lind George , Müller Elisabeth , Schade Margit 
Published: July 2005

AbstractScum biocenoses in activated sludge nutrient removal plants besides “nocardioform actinomycetes” and “Microthrix parvicella” frequently accommodate other conspicuous organisms such as Eikelboom types 0041/0675, 0581, 0092, and 1851, as well as “Nostocoida limicola”‐like organisms. In the scum fraction of high load plants often bacteria of type 1863 and non‐filamentous actinomycetes are found. Many of these morphologically distinguishable scum bacteria are so‐called morphotypes belonging to various groups or genera of bacteria as was proved by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Aim of this paper is to summarize our respective actual findings and the difficulties to provide practitioners with effective troubleshooting measures for these organisms.
Population Structure and Chemical EPS Analyses of Activated Sludge and Scum
Authors: Müller Elisabeth , Lind George , Lemmer Hilde , Wilderer Peter A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe objective of this study was to quantify scum bacteria by FISH‐technique and to correlate their numbers to the hydrophobicity and EPS compounds extracted from sludge and scum. Screening experiments from various wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) demonstrated that in most plants examined “Microthrix parvicella” was found in high numbers both in activated sludge and scum. Further nocardioform actinomycetes and type 1863 identified as Acinetobacter spp. could be characterized as important scum bacteria growing in low numbers in activated sludge and being enriched in scum layers. On the basis of these screening results, one nocardioform actinomycetes/Acinetobacter spp.‐dominated WWTP1 and one “M. parvicella”‐dominated WWTP2 were selected for detailed investigations. In actinomycetes/Acinetobacter‐dominated WWTP1 both lipophilic substances in the EPS and hydrophobic cell surfaces stabilized the scum layer. In “M. parvicella”‐ dominated WWTP2 the hydrophobic cell surfaces of these organisms were responsible for the hydrophobic sludge properties and sludge floating. In both of the selected WWTPs the detected lipophilic substances in the EPS improved growth rate and development of hydrophobic cell surfaces and therefore promoted scum processes.