bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attention and memory biases in the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: indications from a pilot study
Authors: Gotlib Ian H. , Traill Saskia K. , Montoya Rebecca L. , Joormann Jutta , Chang Kiki 
Published: January 2005

Background Although children of bipolar parents are at heightened risk for developing emotional disorders, the processes underlying this vulnerability are not well understood. This study examined biases in the processing of emotional stimuli as a potential vulnerability marker of bipolar disorder.Methods: Sixteen children of bipolar parents who did not show any indication of having an emotional disorder at the time of testing and ten children of never‐disordered control parents underwent a negative mood induction designed to activate cognitive schemas and were then administered an emotion Stroop task and a self‐referent encoding task.Results: Children of bipolar parents were found to exhibit an attentional bias towards social‐threat and manic‐irritable words. Furthermore, although high‐ and low‐risk children did not differ in their endorsement of positive and negative words as self‐descriptive, the high‐risk children demonstrated better recall of negative words than did the low‐risk children.Conclusions: Thus, children without a mood disorder who are at high risk for developing a mood disorder were found to exhibit biases in attention and memory that are similar to those found for bipolar and unipolar depressed adults, suggesting that children at increased risk for affective disorder are characterized by potentially pathogenic cognitive structures that can be activated by sad mood. These findings offer insights into mechanisms of cognitive vulnerability for bipolar disorders.
Psychiatric disorders in parents of children with autism: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Yirmiya Nurit , Shaked Michal 
Published: January 2005

Background:  The genetic basis of autism has received great attention during the last few years. The psychiatric status of parents of persons with autism has been studied as part of the broad phenotype of autism.Methods:  In the current study we examined all studies in which psychiatric difficulties of parents of children with autism were compared to those of parents of other children, as part of the broad phenotype of autism.Results:  Overall, when parents of children with autism were compared to all other parents taken together, i.e., parents of typically developing children grouped together with parents of children with diagnoses other than autism, they were found to have more psychiatric difficulties, but this finding was inconsistent. Once type of comparison group (e.g., Down Syndrome, learning disabilities) and method of assessing psychiatric difficulties (e.g., self‐report, clinical measures) were taken into account, different findings were yielded for the various comparison groups and methods of assessing psychiatric difficulties in parents, suggesting that parents of children with autism present more psychiatric difficulties, mostly in comparisons involving samples of parents of children with no known genetic risk (e.g., Down Syndrome).Conclusions:  These findings suggest that in future studies, researchers should carefully consider the advantages and disadvantages of various comparison groups and other characteristics, such as method of assessment, gender, and level of functioning, in attempting to delineate the specificity and universality of the broad phenotype of autism.
Larger deficits in brain networks for response inhibition than for visual selective attention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Authors: Booth James R. , Burman Douglas D. , Meyer Joel R. , Lei Zhang , Trommer Barbara L. , Davenport Nicholas D. , Li Wei , Parrish Todd B. , Gitelman Darren R. , Marsel Mesulam M. 
Published: January 2005

Background:  Brain activation differences between 12 control and 12 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children (9‐ to 12‐year‐olds) were examined on two cognitive tasks during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).Method:  Visual selective attention was measured with the visual search of a conjunction target (red triangle) in a field of distracters and response inhibition was measured with a go/no‐go task.Results:  There were limited group differences in the selective attention task, with control children showing significantly greater intensity of activation in a small area of the superior parietal lobule region of interest. There were large group differences in the response inhibition task, with control children showing significantly greater intensity of activation in fronto‐striatal regions of interest including the inferior, middle, superior and medial frontal gyri as well as the caudate nucleus and globus pallidus.Conclusion:  The widespread hypoactivity for the ADHD children on the go/no‐go task is consistent with the hypothesis that response inhibition is a specific deficit in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Pharmacologic adjuvants to epoetin in the treatment of anemia in patients on hemodialysis
Authors: Berns Jeffrey S. , Mosenkis Ari 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAnemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease, particularly in patients who are on dialysis. The use of recombinant human erythropoietin has led to the eradication of severe anemia in the dialysis population. Correction of anemia in these patients has been associated with better quality of life and clinical outcomes. Some hemodialysis patients have anemia that either is relatively refractory to epoetin therapy or requires very high doses of epoetin (i.e., hyporesponsiveness), despite having adequate iron stores, and are thus unable to achieve or maintain target hemoglobin levels. Several pharmacologic agents have been studied for effects on improving response to epoetin, either to counter hyporesponsiveness or simply to reduce epoetin use for purely economic reasons. This review examines the available literature regarding the efficacy of these potential pharmacologic adjuvants to epoetin in the treatment of anemia in patients on maintenance hemodialysis, with special emphasis on androgens, vitamin C (ascorbic acid), and l‐carnitine. A review of published guidelines and recommendations for use of these agents in hemodialysis patients is provided.
Overproduction of reactive oxygen species in end‐stage renal disease patients: A potential component of hemodialysis‐associated inflammation
Authors: Morena Marion , Delbosc Sandrine , Dupuy Anne‐Marie , Canaud Bernard , Cristol Jean‐Paul 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDuring the past decade, hemodialysis (HD)‐induced inflammation has been linked to the development of long‐term morbidity in end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on regular renal replacement therapy. Because interleukins and anaphylatoxins produced during HD sessions are potent activators for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, an example of an enzyme that is responsible for overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), this may constitute a link between leukocyte activation and cell or organ toxicity. Oxidative stress, which results from an imbalance between oxidant production and antioxidant defense mechanisms, has been documented in ESRD patients using lipid and/or protein oxidative markers.Characterization of HD‐induced oxidative stress has included identification of potential activators for NADPH oxidase. Uremia per se could prime phagocyte oxidative burst. HD, far from improving the oxidative status, results in an enhancement of ROS owing to hemoincompatibility of the dialysis system, hemoreactivity of the membrane, and trace amounts of endotoxins in the dialysate. In addition, the HD process is associated with an impairment in antioxidant mechanisms. The resulting oxidative stress has been implicated in long‐term complications including anemia, amyloidosis, accelerated atherosclerosis, and malnutrition. Prevention of oxidative stress in HD might focus on improving the hemocompatibility of the dialysis system, supplementation of deficient patients with antioxidants, and modulation of NADPH oxidase by pharmacologic approaches.
Development of a new method for monitoring blood purification: The blood flow analysis of the head and foot by laser Doppler blood flowmeter during hemodialysis
Authors: Niwayama Jun , Sanaka Tsutomu 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe management of blood pressure in hemodialysis patients greatly affects not only their quality of life, but also the duration of dialysis (dialysis life). Approximately 25% of dialysis patients suffer from continuous low blood pressure; however, the relationship between blood pressure and blood flow during dialysis has not been established. We hypothesized that with complete extracorporeal circulation, blood purification methods might affect blood flow, resulting in a change in blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to develop a noninvasive continuous monitoring method (NICOMM) as a microcirculation monitor by devising a laser‐Doppler flowmeter (LDF) system with a wavelength of 780 nm. The aim was to use this system to simultaneously measure blood flow rate in both the head and the foot during dialysis and to determine the effectiveness of NICOMM by measuring blood flow and arterial distensibility. When exhibiting a significant decline in blood pressure at 240 min after the initiation of hemodialysis, a drop in blood flow in parallel with the blood pressure fall was recorded by the LDF. However, no changes were observed, in the readings by a continuous hematocrit monitor (Crit‐Line monitor, CLM). Furthermore, a significant correlation was registered between mean arterial blood pressure and blood flow rate in the earlobe tissue from 180 min after the initiation of hemodialysis to the completion of hemodialysis (p < 0.001, r = 0.78). Comparisons were made by measuring vascular dehydration using the CLM. NICOMM showed more stable readings than the CLM in monitoring blood flow in response to changes in blood pressure.
High frequency of occult HCV infection in HD patients
Authors: Barril G. , Castillo I , Arenas D. , Rodriguez‐Inigo E. , Espinosa M. , Garcia Valdecases J. , Selgas R. , Carreno V. 
Published: January 2005

Occult HCV infection in liver and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with cryptogenic chronic hepatitis (anti‐HCV, serum HCV RNA negative) and no renal diseases, has been reported (1). In this work we studied the existence of occult HCV infection in PBMC of HD patients. Inclusion criteria: high ALT (>28 IU/l) and/or gamma‐GPT levels, negative serological HCV and HBV markers (anti‐HCV, serum HCV‐RNA and HBsAg negative), and exclusion of other causes of liver damage. Four Spanish HD units participated in the study and 40 patients were enrolled; 40 (25 males) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. HCV‐RNA in PBMC was tested by RT‐PCR and by in situ hybridization. Occult HCV infection was found in 24/40 (60%) patients by RT‐PCR and all cases were confirmed by in situ hybridization. No differences were found regarding gender, etiology of renal disease, or fluctuant or persistent abnormal liver enzymes values. Among patients with occult HCV infection, 4/24 (16.7%) had only increased ALT levels; 7/24 (29.2.%) GGTP values; and both enzymes were elevated in 13/24 (54.2%).In our population, 60% HD patients with persistent or fluctuant ALT and/or GGTP values of unknown etiology and negative for serological viral markers (including serum HCV‐RNA) have an occult HCV infection in PBMC and these patients could be potentially infectious.(1)J Infect Dis 2004;189: 7–14.
Association between serum bicarbonate and death in hemodialysis patients: Is it better to be acidotic or alkalotic?
Authors: Wu D.Y.J. , Kilpatrick R.D. , Dadres S. , McAllister C.J. , Kopple J.D. , Kalantar‐Zadeh K. 
Published: January 2005

The optimal acid base status for survival in maintenance hemo‐dialysis (MHD) patients (pts) remains controversial. According to some reports acidosis is associated with improved survival in MHD pts, i.e., reverse epidemiology. We examined associations between baseline (first 3‐month averaged) serum bicarbonate (HCO3), divided into 12 categories, and 2‐yr mortality in 56,376 MHD pts across the US after controlling for confounding effects of malnutrition‐inflammation complex syndrome (MICS). Three sets of Cox regression models were evaluated to estimate hazard ratios (HR) of death and 95% confidence intervals (CI): (1) Unadjusted; (2) Multivariate adjusted for case‐mix (age, gender, diabetes, race, insurance, marital status, vintage, standardized mortality ratio, residual renal function, dialysate HCO3, and Kt/V); and (3) Additional adjustments for 8 markers of MICS (body mass index, serum albumin, creatinine, ferritin, TIBC, dietary protein intake, WBC and lymphocyte counts). See Figure for HR and 95% CI:We conclude that, although high HCO3 levels appear to be associated with increased mortality in MHD pts, this paradoxical effect is almost entirely due to the overwhelming impact of MICS on survival.
Dose of paricalcitol inversely associates with risk of hospitalization
Authors: Melnick J.Z. 
Published: January 2005

Background:
Among patients receiving chronic HD, therapy with paricalcitol (Z) was associated with reduced mortality and morbidity compared to treatment with calcitriol (C). Furthermore, patients who did not receive any vitamin D therapy experienced highest mortality and morbidity. This study examined the hypothesis of a relationship between the dose of Z and subsequent hospitalization, more specifically, that patients receiving lower doses of Z would have a higher risk of being hospitalized. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients new to HD who received treatment with Z or C between Jan 1999 and Dec 2001 using Poisson regression models. The primary exposure variable was the average dose/day, examined as categorical data by quintiles, during a 3‐month and then 12‐month follow‐up period excluding the days in hospitals. This latter exclusion was made due to uncertainty of the treatment during the period of hospitalization. Additional covariates included vitamin‐D group (Z vs. C), age, gender, race, and diabetes status, serum albumin, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, phosphorus, and iPTH. Results: We first examined dose of Z and C over a 3‐month period and then hospitalizations over the ensuing year. We did not find a dose‐response relationship in these analyses – i.e., dose over the first three months of dialysis is not associated with increased or reduced risk of hospitalizations during the ensuing 12 months. We then examined average dose of Z or C over the entire year and risk for hospitalization during the same year. Compared to total doses, average doses (total dose over the entire year divided by number of dialysis sessions during the same year) are less prone to bias. Risk of hospitalizations according to dose (lowest dose, Quintile 1) of injectable vitamin D is shown in the table below:

Quintile
HR
95% CI

1
1.093
1.025–1.165

2
1.073
1.007–1.143

3
1.055
0.990–1.124

4
1.050
0.978–1.116

5
1.0
REF

Compared to those who received the highest doses of injectable vitamin D, those receiving the lowest had a 9% increased risk for a hospitalization. At each level, the risk for hospitalizations was 4% lower with Z compared to C. Conclusion: This pilot study indicates that higher average doses of Z are associated with a lower risk of hospitalization and suggests additional beneficial effects of vitamin D beyond mineral metabolism and PTH control.
Extracorporeal RRT modalities: A systemic review
Authors: Kannaiyan R.S. 
Published: January 2005

Objective:
Hemodialysis (HD), hemofiltration (HF), hemodiafiltration (HDF), and acetate free biofiltration (AFB) are renal replacement therapy (RRT) methods in which impurities are removed from the blood extracorporeally. It has been suggested that HF, HDF, and AFB may have fewer cardiovascular side‐effects than HD and may reduce incidence of dialysis‐related amyloid‐ associated complications due to more effective removal of β2‐microglobulin. Methods: We performed a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing these RRT modalities. Out of 1672 abstracts identified by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry, 18 trials (588 patients) were included. Our comparisons were convective modalities (HF/HDF/AFB) vs HD (16 trials); HDF/AFB vs HF (no trials); and HDF vs AFB (2 trials). Data were extracted by two reviewers independently on mortality, hypotension episodes, dialysis sessions associated with “adverse symptoms”(headache, nausea, and vomiting), hospital admissions, adequacy of dialysis, number of patients with amyloid related complications, β2‐microglobulin removal, and quality of life (QOL). Results: No significant difference was found with regards to mortality, hospitalization, dialysis‐related hypotension, dialysis‐related symptoms, Kt/V, predialysis β2‐microglobulin values between convective modalities (HF/HDF/AFB) and HD, and HDF and AFB. Quality of life was assessed only in two studies comparing HF/HDF/AFB and HD. One study that used an unvalidated scoring tool showed that patients on convective modalities scored significantly better than those on HD; whereas, another study using a validated scoring system, the Kidney Diseases Questionnaire, failed to show significant differences between the two groups. Conclusions: While this review summarized the best available evidence, it is based on very few trials. The trials included in this review are small and are therefore inadequately powered to detect differences between effects of the relevant treatments. Overall, HF, HDF, and AFB have not been shown to have significant advantage over HD with regard to clinically important outcomes of mortality, dialysis‐related hypotension and manifestations of dialysis‐related amyloidosis, and therefore, it is not possible to recommend the use of one modality in preference to the other.
Citrate anticoagulant hemodialysate in renal failure patients at high risk of bleeding
Authors: Baosong G. , Ning N. , Ganglian Y. , Lin G. , Liangqi W. , Ruijun G. 
Published: January 2005

Objective:
The aim of this study was to observe the anticoagulant effect of the new type of citrate anticoagulant hemodialysate in renal failure patients at high risk of bleeding. Methods: 57 patients at high risk of bleeding were given hemodialysis for 4 hours and were divided into 3 groups according to hemodialysis procedures: Group 1 was saline‐flush hemodialysed with bicarbonate hemodialysate. Group 2 was hemodialysed with citrate hemodialysate and with no anticoagulant. Group 3 was hemodialysed with bicarbonate hemodialysate and with nadroparin calcium (a low molecular weight heparin, LMWH) as anticoagulant. Bleeding complication, coagulation of extracorporeal circuit, venous blood pressure, heart rate, QTC, activated coagulation time (ACT), ionized‐calcium (iCa++), total calcium and pH, , Na+, K+, Cl−, BUN, Cr, GPT, GST, TBIL, DBIL, as well as the blood cell counts were monitored during hemodialysis, and a scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis was used to investigate the morphology of thrombus formation and cellular aggregation on the interior surface of hemodialysis membranes. Results: During the hemodialysis in Group 1, venous blood pressure increased continuously, resulting in the failure of hemodialysis for 4 out of 19 patients. Hemodialysis for 4 hours in Group 2 were all successfully fulfilled. No bleeding episodes occurred. No severe clotting of dialyzers and blood accesses was observed. ACT was extended and iCa++ decreased obviously in the venous line, but ACT and iCa++ in vivo were normal. pH, tended to increase but not to metabolic alkalosis levels. Na+, K+, Cl−, GPT, GST, TBIL, DBIL, as well as the counts of blood cells were all within the normal range. There was no severe thrombus observed by SEM in the hollow fibers. In Group 3, severe bleeding complication happened to 3 out of 19 patients, and one of them died. ACT was extended obviously at the arterial end. Conclusions: The citrate anticoagulant hemodialysate was proved to be practical, safe and effective. So it is indicated for patients with an active or recently active bleeding focus.
Biochemical and imaging alterations of renal bone disease in newly detected predialysis and on maintenance dialysis patients
Authors: Hossain R.M. , Hoque M.E. , Rahman H. , Rashid H.U. , Iqbal M. 
Published: January 2005

Objective:
Bone involvement in chronic renal failure is manifested long before the initiation of dialysis and is more prevalent in patients receiving inadequate conservative phase management. This study aimed at identifying the extent of renal bone disease among pre‐dialysis and maintenance dialysis patients. Method: Thirty‐two patients (gr 1) on maintenance hemodialysis (HD) for variable period of time were compared to twenty newly detected, irregularly treated, (gr 2) pre‐dialysis severe renal failure patients for their clinical, biochemical, and imaging features. Result: Mean age of gr 1 and gr 2 patients was 45 ± 14 vs. 34 ± 15 years (p < 0.05). Comparison of blood biochemistry between group 1 and 2 showed serum creatinine 9.9 ± 2.9 vs. 13.4 ± 4.4 mg/dl (P < 0.01), calcium 10 ± 1.4 vs. 7.4 ± 1 mg/dl (p < 0.001); phosphate 4.4 ± 1 vs. 8 ± 2 mg/dl (p < 0.008); ionized calcium 4.7 ± 0.1 vs. 3.9 ± 0.7 mg/dl (p < 0.05); alkaline phosphatase 116 ± 31 vs. 86 ± 31 IU/l (p < 0.05); and iPTH 72 ± 48 vs. 147 ± 92 pg/ml (p < 0.05). Radiological changes present in the two groups were osteopenia‐63% vs. 65%(P = NS); trabecular resorption‐53% vs. 20%(p < 0.05); soft tissue calcification‐31% vs. 10%(p < 0.05); bone cyst‐16% vs. 25%(P = NS) and subperiosteal bone resorption‐16% vs. 20%(P = NS). Tc 99MDP bone scan combined in both groups of patients (n = 52) showed increased uptake in wrist joint (29%), tibia‐fibula (25%), costochondral junction, vertebral column (15% each), sternum (13%), radius and ulna (10%), and calvaria and mandible (8% each). X‐ray finding was positive for bone involvement in 59% cases and Tc 99 scan was positive in 80%(p < 0.05). Association study showed iPTH had a negative correlation with serum calcium (r = −0.5, p < 0.05) and a positive correlation with serum phosphate (r = 0.7, p < 0.05) and alkaline phosphatase (r = 0.9, p < 0.001). Conclusion: It is concluded that pre‐dialysis newly detected renal failure patients may present with deranged calcium homeostasis and can manifest high prevalence of bone involvement when compared to maintenance hemo‐dialysis patients.