bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Celebrating The Usefulness Of Pictorial Information In Visual Perception
Authors: Beer Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I encountered Julian Hochberg’s constructivist approach to perception as his doctoral student at Columbia University. In the years since, this approach has continued to influence the design of my experiments, especially those examining the moving viewer’s perception of scenes and events, and to guide my thinking about perception in general. One of its particular strengths is that it has transcended polemic, not because it lacked unifying principles and strong opinions (indeed, some of these principles and opinions have provoked heated debate), but rather because the approach was so purely empirical. In my recollection, whenever Hochberg encountered a conflict between two theories of perception, he would work swiftly to articulate an unambiguous prediction from each and then craft an experimental test to determine which would prevail. In devising this empirical test, he would always pose a specific question regarding the perceptual component of interest; importantly, this question was usually not ‘‘Can the viewer use this class of information?’’ but rather the more probing ‘‘Does the viewer use this class of information even when other sources are available?’’ Observing this rigorous empirical approach in Hochberg’s laboratory taught me to be careful about wielding a rigid and universal theoretical hammer to attack questions in perception. The experiments I performed with him taught me that the factors underlying a perceptual competence can change in the presence of stimulus transformations, and also that tolerance of such transformations is engineered into some of these underlying perceptual components.
An Introduction to Body and Multimodal Perception
Authors: Grosjean Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this section is to examine how the perception of our own body relies on the integration of information from multiple sensory modalities and how such integration is affected by body perception itself. The interplay between multisensory integration and body perception can be readily illustrated with the following examples. When a person is asked to respond to the tactile stimulation of one of her hands, response speed is slowed by the simultaneous presentation of a visual stimulus close to, as opposed to far away from, her stimulated hand (e.g., Spence, Pavani, Maravita, & Holmes, in press). Moreover, if the vision of the person’s arm and hand is replaced with that of a fake limb with an anatomically possible posture, visual stimuli that are now presented far from the person’s real hand, but close to the fake hand, can also induce response slowing (i.e., visual-tactile interference; Pavani, Spence, & Driver, 2000). As will be discussed in the chapters that follow, findings such as these demonstrate how the perception of the body and the space around it shapes the way we integrate multisensory information. What is more, they, along with other results, provide a basis for exploring the perceived location, extent, and even identity of body parts.
Multisensory Representation of Peripe onal Space
Authors: Ladavas Elisabetta , Farne Alessandro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans can represent visual objects in nearby (peripersonal) space through multisensory (visual-auditory-tactile) integrative processes, as indicated by the large body of evidence that has been recently accumulated (Spence & Driver, 2004). In nonhuman primates, multisensory integration at the single-neuron level is a frequent feature of spatial representation, especially in the coding of near peripersonal space, that is, the sector of space that closely surrounds the animal’s body parts (Duhamel et al., 1991, 1998; Graziano & Gross, 1995, 1998; Hyvarinen & Poranen, 1974; Rizzolatti et al., 1981, 1998). Since the 1990s, neuropsychological and neurophysiological research has provided comparative support to the notion that multisensory coding of near peripersonal space in both species shares several similarities at a functional and, to some extent, at a neuroanatomical level (Bremmer, Schlack, Duhamel, et al., 2001; Bremmer, Schlack, Shah, et al., 2001; Calvert, Spence, & Stein, 2004; Ladavas, 2002; Macaluso, Driver, & Frith, 2003; Weiss et al., 2003).
From Phantom Limb to Phantom Body:Varieties of Extracorporeal Awareness
Authors: Brugger Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Corporeal awareness refers to the experience of having a body. While this may appear self-evident given our constant daily experience of embodiment, the neuronal processes mediating this experience are nonetheless highly manifold and complex. Corporeal awareness relies on perceptual functions (e.g., tactile, proprioceptive, gravitational, visual) and on motor programs for bodily action. Yet, it also comprises a sense of the self as the object of sensory stimulation and as the agent of motor intentions and executions. Moreover, identifying with a body implies knowledge of its borders. Thus, the study of corporeal awareness includes investigations of the many functionally organized spaces for each distinct sensory and motor representation that surrounds our body. In the past, various terms have been used to capture some of the heterogeneous functions that guarantee a continuous sense of embodiment. Some of the more frequently used terms are body schema, body image, body self, somesthesis, coaenesthesia, and somatognosia. Critchley (1955/1979) complained about the fact that these terms were employed more or less interchangeably despite the fact that they had originally been introduced to designate specific facets of bodily perception and representation. He therefore proposed the deliberately less definitive term corporeal awareness as an all-encompassing descriptor of the experience of having a body.
Developing Body Representations:A Review of Infants’ Responses to Biological-Motion Displays
Authors: Pinto Jeannine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most adults are adept interpreters of others’ bodily postures and movements. Indeed, observers can perceive and recognize human form and movement from highly reduced displays, typically referred to as point-light or biologicalmotion displays. As illustrated in Figure 14.1, point-light displays of biological motion are composed of a small set of discrete elements moving as though they are attached to the head and major joints of an otherwise invisible person (Johansson, 1973, 1975; see also chapter 13). Despite the impoverished nature of these stimulus displays, observers are able to rapidly recognize complex activities, such as dancing or boxing (Dittrich, 1993) and manual sign language (Poizner, Bellugi, & Lutes-Driscoll, 1981) rendered in point-lights. Adult observers also detect subtle socially relevant information, such as emotional state and gender in such displays (Brownlow, Dixon, Egbert, & Radcliffe, 1997; Dittrich, Troscianko, Lea, & Morgan, 1996; Kozlowski & Cutting, 1977, 1978; MacArthur & Baron, 1983).
An Introduction to Intention and Action in Body Perception:The Body as the Actor’s Tool
Authors: Knoblich Gunther 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The three previous sections provided compelling evidence that the body is a special object of perception. This is most obvious for one’s own body where additional sensory channels provide tactile and kinesthetic information that can be multimodally integrated with visual information (see chapter 2). These and other sources result in structural descriptions of the body, or body represenutations, that serve to organize bodily information (chapter 7). Because of their unique structure, others’ bodies are also special objects of perception (chapter 12). Hard-wired brain circuits capture specific body configurations and body postures.
Campaign Financing: Women’s Experience in the Modern Era
Authors: Burrell Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women’s underrepresentation has impelled scholars to investigate factors to explain its persistence. In the past, evidence has pointed to unequal access to fund-raising for political candidacies. Barbara Burrell asks whether this pattern holds true today. Using data from primary and general elections for Congress, she demonstrates that, controlling for a host of factors, including party and the type of race (incumbent, challenger, or open seat), in the aggregate, women raise as much money as men do. Not only that, but they win as often as their male counterparts. Thus, the challenge of the new century is to persuade women who are considering a run for office that they can raise enough money and they can win.
Anxiety Disorders: What They are, Where They Come From
Authors: Foa Edna B , Andrews Linda Wasmer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Believe it or not, anxiety is actually a good thing. Anxiety involves anticipating future danger or misfortune, and the ability to look ahead and think about future events is part of what makes us human. In reasonable doses, this capacity for forethought is protective. It’s what keeps us from driving 90 miles per hour on an icy road or walking late at night in a dangerous neighborhood.
Dan White: The Myth of the Twinkie Defense
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whenever news of a frivolous psychological defense reaches the media, reporters and other commentators almost invariably recall Dan White and his “Twinkie defense.” For example, in one recent case a criminal defendant, charged with breaking onto a neighbor’s home and chasing her with a dagger, claimed that he was rendered temporarily insane by ingesting too much jasmine tea.
What is Depression?
Authors: Weissman Myrna M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are basic facts about depression that we would like to emphasize. There are different types of depression: major depressive disorder, dysthymia and bipolar disorder. Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders. Depression is more common in women than in men. Depression is otherwise an equal opportunity disorder. It occurs across all countries, levels of education and occupations. It affects rich and poor and people of all races. Depression is a family affair. It runs in families and has serious consequence for family life. Depression is increasing. Depression is occurring more frequently in younger persons. There are many effective treatments for depression: medications and psychotherapy. Sometimes these treatments are combined.
What is IPT’?
Authors: Weissman Myrna M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) is a specific psychotherapy which requires only limited time. It was developed over a twenty year period, mainly for persons with major depressive disorder. Designed to be administered by experienced and trained mental health professionals, it can be used with or without medication. The procedures for treatment have been specified in a book used by your therapist as a guide (Klerman, et al., 1984). The idea behind IPr is that there are probably many causes of depression, including biological vulnerability, a recent stress or a loss. Whatever the “cause(s)”, depression usually occurs in a social and interpersonal context. Some examples are: In IPT, we take the position that understanding the social and interpersonal circumstances that led to the development of your depression (what was going on in your life when you became depressed) will help to unravel the reasons for your symptoms. It will be the first step in helping you to learn to develop new ways of dealing with people and situations so that you are less vulnerable.
The Development of Intergroup Social Cognition
Authors: Banaji Mahzarin R , Baron Andrew Scott , Dunham Yarrow , Olson Kristina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we write this chapter in the fall of 2006, them United States is engaged in a war in Iraq that is far deadlier and more complex than even its supporters had imagined. In early December 2006 Israel and Lebanon entered into air and land warfare that escalated while the UN scrambled and editorials hollowly demanded a cease-fi re. Dozens more intergroup conflicts rage all over the world, with lives lost every minute. The scope would increase exponentially if the list were to include other forms of harm humans inflict on each other—economic, sociopolitical, and psychological—that have their origins in conflict between groups, be their differences real or imagined.
Multiculturalism and Group Evaluations Among Minority and Majority Groups
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussions of multiculturalism are widespread. It is discussed and examined in diverse disciplines such as political philosophy (e.g., Barry, 2001; Parekh, 2000), anthropology (e.g., Baumann, 1999; Turner, 1993), and sociology (e.g., Nederveen Pieterse, 2001). Multiculturalism is defined differently and takes a variety of forms in schools, organizations, institutions, and countries; it is considered an ideology, a set of normative beliefs, a framework for policies, and a guideline for education and educational activities. While the diversity of multicultural ideas, initiatives, and practices is substantial, the notion multicultural recognition signals some common arguments that underlie these differences. In general, multicultural approaches in the areas of societal change and education involve fostering knowledge and an understanding of cultural differences, as well as an appreciation of diversity by acknowledging and respecting minority group identities and cultures: “[Multiculturalism is a] social-intellectual movement that promotes the value of diversity as a core principle and insists that all cultural groups be treated with respect and as equals” (Fowers & Richardson, 1996, p. 609). Hence, it offers a positive view of cultural maintenance forethnic minority groups and, as such, presents a concomitant need to accommodate diversity in an equitable way. By describing and characterizing cultural differences, multiculturalism defines cultural groups, and by stating what is appropriate and acceptable, it has ideological and normative implications.
Getting your Child To Say ‘‘Yes" To School
Authors: Kearney Christopher A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many parents find getting their child to school in the morning to be quite a challenge. If your child consistently pleads with you to let him stay at home from school, if he skips school, if his morning routine is fraught with misbehaviour, or if he exhibits signs of distress and anxiety related to attending school, this book can help. Getting Your Child to Say Yes to School is designed to help you address your child’s school refusal behaviour in the early stages. This guide helps you to identify school refusal behaviour and provides step-by-step instructions to solve the problem. Learn different techniques for getting your child to school, including enhancing relaxation, changing your child’s negative thoughts about school, establishing a clear and predictable morning routine, and setting up a system of rewards for going to school. Tools such as worksheets, lists of “dos” and “don’ts”, sample parent/child dialogues, and “Fridge Notes” combine to create a workbook-type resource that will help you increase your child’s school attendance and relieve your own feelings of concern and worry. Easy to read and filled with concrete strategies, this book is the first of its kind dedicated to educating and arming parents with the tools they need to resolve their child’s school refusal behaviour.
Prevention and Special Circumstances
Authors: Kearney Christopher A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters I covered ways of managing school refusal behavior in your child. In this chapter, I discuss: Preventing school refusal behavior in the future Special circumstances regarding your family or your child What to do if you have not found the methods in this book to be very helpful More technical information about the methods described in this book Preventing School Refusal Behavior in the Future If you helped your child return to school with little distress, congratulations! I am sure this required a lot of effort on your part, and you might be wondering: how do I keep it this way? Many parents are concerned about how to keep their child in school once he has gone back to school. This is a good concern. To help prevent school refusal behavior in the future, please keep the following suggestions in mind: You must continue to practice whatever methods were helpful in getting your child back to school. Too many families assume that once the attendance crisis is over, things can go back to normal. Or parents just want to “leave well enough alone” and not discuss possible attendance problems. The problem with “going back to normal” is that this might mean going back to fighting, bribery, tension, and old ways of dealing with absenteeism!
What Do Doctors Know About Bipolar Disorder and How Do They Know It?
Authors: Jamieson Patrick E , Rynn Moria A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The war that I waged against myself is not an uncommon one. The major clinical problem in treating manic depression is not that there are not effective medications, because there are, but that patients so often refuse to take them. Worse yet, because of a lack of information, poor medical advice, poor medical treatment, terrible stigma or fear of personal and professional reprisals, patients do not seek treatment at all.
The Inhibition of Unwanted Actions
Authors: Curtis Clayton E , D’Esposito Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inhibitory control is one of many high-level cognitive processes that fall under the rubric of “executive” or “cognitive” control. Successfully withholding an overlearned, prepotent, or planned motor response is a critical demonstration of inhibitory control. Here we briefly review key studies of inhibitory control with a special emphasis on cognitive neuroscience studies. We aim to provide some insights into the potential neural mechanisms that may underlie our ability to inhibit unwanted action. Leveraged with these findings, we argue that inhibitory control, like voluntary control more generally, is best modeled as the process by which we select the best response among the competing responses, including not responding at all. One implication of this model is that no single area of the brain is specialized for inhibiting all unwanted actions.
On the Neural Implementation of Optimal Decisions
Authors: Simen Patrick , Holmes Philip , Cohen Jonathan D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
signifi cant proportion of human behavior is determined by nonconscious goal pursuits. Th is assertion is easily derived from two well-established and highly consensual observations about human nature. First, much of human behavior is purposeful, or goal directed. Our goals range from very trivial (e.g., to make a cup of coffee) and a little less so (e.g., to get to work) through more complex (e.g., to write an interesting chapter) to extremely difficult ones (e.g., to be a good parent).
Nonconscious Goal Pursuit and the Effortful Control of Behavior
Authors: Hassin Ran R , Aarts Henk , Eitam Baruch , Custers Ruud , Kleiman Tali 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of existing literature on automatic, nonconscious goal pursuit. It then presents the adaptiveness paradox: on the one hand, in order to be effective, nonconscious goal pursuit must be adaptive. On the other hand, nonconscious, automatic processes are widely believed to rely on existing networks of associations and are hence thought to be inflexible.Three new hypotheses are proposed to resolve the paradox, because at their core lies the contention that working memory (WM) is involved in nonconscious goal pursuit. It is argued that given the nature of WM its involvement in nonconscious goal pursuits allows them to be flexible. A series of studies that focus on one particular type of automatic processes—nonconscious goal pursuit—is reviewed.
A Transition to Advanced Mathematics
Authors: Johnston William , McAllister Alex M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Transition to Advanced Mathematics: A Survey Course promotes the goals of a “bridge” course in mathematics, helping to lead students from courses in the calculus sequence (and other courses where they solve problems that involve mathematical calculations) to theoretical upper-level mathematics courses (where they will have to prove theorems and grapple with mathematical abstractions). The text simultaneously promotes the goals of a “survey” course, describing the intriguing questions and insights fundamental to many diverse areas of mathematics, including Logic, Abstract Algebra, Number Theory, Real Analysis, Statistics, Graph Theory, and Complex Analysis. The main objective of A Transition to Advanced Mathematics is “to bring about a deep change in the mathematical character of students — how they think and their fundamental perspectives on the world of mathematics.” This text promotes three major mathematical traits in a meaningful, transformative way: to develop an ability to communicate with precise language, to use mathematically sound reasoning, and to ask probing questions about mathematics. In short, we hope that working through A Transition to Advanced Mathematics encourages students to become mathematicians in the fullest sense of the word. A Transition to Advanced Mathematics has a number of distinctive features that enable this transformational experience. Embedded Questions and Reading Questions illustrate and explain fundamental concepts, allowing students to test their understanding of ideas independent of the exercise sets. The text has extensive, diverse Exercises Sets; with an average of 70 exercises at the end of section, A Transition to Advanced Mathematics has almost 3000 distinct exercises. In addition, every chapter includes a section that explores an application of the theoretical ideas being studied. We have also interwoven embedded reflections on the history, culture, and philosophy of mathematics throughout the text.
Navogating the System
Authors: Apple Robin F , Lock James , Peebles Rebecka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Obtaining referrals from your primary care physician (PCP) and any other physicians involved in your care who are rectreatment and making a case for the treatment of your weight loss surgery. Getting your insurance to cover the costs of the treatment which can be considerable (see later section on the costs of surgery). Typically, this involves your PCP’s recommending the surgery as a necessary treatment for certain medical problems associated with your obesity and treatment the facts of your weight problem, for example, BMI, weight and dieting history, and concomitant medical issues.
Chasing the High
Authors: Keegan Kyle , Moss Howard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book for young people who are struggling with substance abuse, Kyle Keegan recounts his own remarkable story of drug abuse and ruthless addiction. Keegan, now an adult who is in recovery from his addiction, discusses his experience as a well adjusted adolescent who fell victim to heroin and whose life was almost destroyed by the devastating drug. Against the backdrop of these experiences, he also provides useful information that young people struggling with substance abuse need, such as how to recognize and accept that there is a problem, how to find professional help, and how to stay happy and healthy in recovery.