bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medication Management
Authors: Montejano Julio , Selzer Angela 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Annually, 600,000 percutaneous coronary stent procedures are performed in the United States. Up to 7% of these will undergo noncardiac surgery within the first year following stent placement and 22.5% within 2 years. The management of these patients in the perioperative period is complex and must consider the indication for placement, timing of placement, location of stent(s), and type of stent(s) placed. In addition, interruption of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) needs to be considered, taking into account the urgency of surgery and balancing risks of surgical bleeding with stent rethrombosis. This is often a complex management decision which should be made collaboratively with surgeons, cardiologists, and anesthesiologists and must involve a detailed risk discussion with the patient. This chapter describes a challenging patient with a recent myocardial infarction with drug-eluting stent placement who must proceed with a semi-urgent craniotomy just 2 months after stent placement. The guidelines for interruption of DAPT following stent placement are reviewed.
Prehabilitation Before Total Hip Replacement
Authors: Belloni Olivia , Gogue Rashwan , Beretta Luigi , Maria Minnella Enrico 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Total hip replacement (THR) surgery is an intervention that involves exposing the patient to a major stress. Prehabilitation is a preoperative intervention that aims to enhance the functional capacity of the patient prior to surgery, thus minimizing the effect of surgical stress to facilitate the recovery. This program acts on the three main aspects of functional capacity: physical, nutritional, and psychological status. This chapter presents the most recent evidence in literature about the effectiveness of prehabilitation in the context of THR. These studies predominantly focused on physical intervention and patient education; preoperative nutritional therapy is still under investigation. While multimodal prehabilitation is increasingly recognized as an important component of enhanced recovery perioperative pathways, further studies are essential to foster knowledge of the topic and support its clinical implementation.
Geriatric Assessment
Authors: Willham Kaitlin , Nye Heather E. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
More than one in three surgical procedures in the United States is performed on a patient 65 years or older. Older adults experience higher rates of mortality and morbidity following surgery than do younger adults. This has generated a call to better optimize older adults prior to surgery and employ risk reduction strategies when possible, using an expanded preoperative assessment prior to intermediate- or high-risk surgery in older adults. This assessment should include all features of a standard preoperative evaluation and screening for age-related syndromes known to contribute to poor surgical outcomes, such as functional and cognitive impairment. Discussions with the patient should elicit goals and expectations for the surgery—and ensure they align with likely outcomes. With this information, the perioperative clinical team is better able to guide the individual in careful planning and decision-making around their surgical treatment plan and reduce modifiable risk factors to every extent possible.
Echo Shows Elevated Pulmonary Artery Pressure
Authors: Pulley Debra D. , Lakshminarasimhachar Anand 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Due to increased recognition and treatment success, an increasing number of patients with pulmonary hypertension are undergoing surgery/procedures. Unfortunately, PH is a risk factor for perioperative morbidity/mortality especially in patients with PAH and chronic thromboembolic PH. To help reduce the risk and guide perioperative decision making, it is imperative to have processes to identify the higher-risk PH patients, optimize preoperatively if needed, and manage intraoperatively and immediately postoperatively to reduce PH crisis and right ventricular failure. In the past few years, several organizations and experts have published useful statements and guidelines. Ways to identify higher-risk patients include focused clinical assessment, functional class, and right ventricular function. High-risk patients especially need multidisciplinary input into the perioperative plan. As the field of PH evolves, future research will be able to guide individualized care improving perioperative outcomes.
Severe OSA in the Ambulatory Setting
Authors: Love Sean , Santino Chelsey , Tran Tina 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Patients with comorbidities commonly undergo surgery at ambulatory surgery centers (ASC). These ASCs might have limited resources available, and most ASCs do not have the ability to admit patients overnight. It is important to screen patients and confirm that they are appropriate candidates to undergo surgery in the ASC setting. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an important issue when determining a patient’s appropriateness for ASC procedures. OSA is prevalent in the adult population, is often undiagnosed, and, when untreated, can lead to a higher risk of perioperative complications. With appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and careful planning, patients with OSA can safely receive surgery in the ASC setting.
Respiratory
Authors: Raine Tim , Collins George , Brown Fraser , Howarth Sophie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter covers the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory conditions. It discusses emergencies in the case of breathlessness and low sats or stridor in a conscious adult patient. It also covers the causes of coughs, and the treatment of respiratory conditions such as asthma, COPD, pneumonia, spontaneous pneumothorax, and pulmonary embolism.
Psychiatry
Authors: Raine Tim , Collins George , Brown Fraser , Howarth Sophie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter discusses the treatment of psychological disturbances and psychiatric illness. It covers emergency protocol in the case of aggressive behaviour caused by psychiatric distress. It also includes discussion of the Mental Health Act, alcoholism, aggression and violence, acute confusion, dementia, mood disturbance, psychosis, anxiety disorders, neuroses, and insomnia.
Skin and eyes
Authors: Raine Tim , Collins George , Brown Fraser , Howarth Sophie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter covers the treatment of conditions and diseases of the skin and eyes. It includes discussion of emergencies pertaining to rashes and acute red eye. It also discusses bacterial, viral, and fungal infections causing a rash, infestations causing a rash, chronic inflammatory rashes, and other causes of rash. The chapter goes on to cover skin lumps, skin cancers, and leg ulcers as well as sudden visual loss, gradual visual loss, and other visual disturbances.
Genetic Methodologies and Applications
Authors: Neale Benjamin M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The genetic investigation into mental illnesses has progressed rapidly since the mapping of the human genome. Driven by advances in genomic profiling technology, massive genomic datasets are powering the discovery of genetic variation associated to complex traits, including mental illness. From severe neurodevelopmental disorders to schizophrenia and depression, genetic variation plays some role in risk. This chapter provides an overview and introduction to the genetic investigation of severe mental illnesses. The major topics and themes of the chapter center on how to assess evidence for a genetic contribution to risk via twin and family studies; approaches to measure genetic variation in people; methods for associating genetic variation to traits such as disorders (e.g., schizophrenia) or disease-relevant traits (e.g., treatment response); methods that incorporate information from across the genome to inform on individual risk (i.e., polygenic risk scores); as well as the development of novel biological hypotheses.
Methods for In Vivo Circuit Analysis
Authors: Johnson Micah , Filali Yassine , Velamuri Radha , Dzirasa Kafui , Hultman Rainbo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Breakthroughs in understanding neural circuit activity hold much promise for developing next-generation therapeutics for psychiatric disorders. Determination of how dynamic activity is coordinated across brain regions to effect specific behavioral function (or dysfunction) has the capacity to enable the development of therapeutics with increased specificity and fewer side effects. This chapter discusses the advantages and limitations of different methodologies for measuring and manipulating neural circuit activity in humans and in animal models. Methodologies that can be carried out in humans include functional magnetic resonance imaging; functional near-infrared spectroscopy; positron emission tomography; magnetoencephalography; and electroencephalography, including scalp and intracranial electroencephalography. Methodologies used specifically in animal models include in vivo electrophysiology, fiber photometry, and microendoscopy. Targeted neural circuit manipulations combined with these measurements are already being applied to a wide range of experimental and therapeutic strategies that illuminate routes to circuit-based treatments for complex brain disorders.
Magnetic Resonance Methodologies
Authors: Lu Hanzhang , Bandettini Peter A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a versatile imaging technique that is widely used to study mental illnesses. This chapter reviews major MRI techniques that have the potential to make an impact on psychiatric diseases. Although anatomic MRI has been available for many years, technical advances have allowed images to be acquired at higher spatial resolution and with less scan time. Functional MRI has gradually shifted to resting-state fMRI, which permits the assessment of brain functional connectivity across the entire brain. However, task-evoked fMRI still has a place in human brain mapping. Perfusion MRI is valuable in psychiatric disease because it provides a surrogate marker of basal neural activity based on the concept of neurovascular coupling. More advanced physiological parameters, such as brain metabolism, cerebrovascular reactivity, and brain waste clearance system, can also be assessed by MRI. MR spectroscopy provides important information on metabolites and neurotransmitter concentrations.
Emerging Treatments for Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Yalin Nefize , Young Allan H. , Zarate Jr. Carlos A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Various medication options with good efficacy are currently available for bipolar disorder treatment, but there are some major pitfalls regarding these agents. Therefore, improving the treatment outcome in bipolar disorder is a pressing issue, and it involves both optimizing the available interventions and pursuing novel treatment options. Multiple pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies acting through different mechanisms have been investigated as potential therapeutic targets for bipolar disorder. Studies on some of these treatments have shown promising results for the most challenging areas in bipolar disorder, including depressive episodes and cognitive and functional impairment. Nevertheless, most of them still need to be tested in larger samples with rigorously designed randomized controlled trials before they can confidently be transferred to the clinical practice. Future studies should follow enriched protocols with further stratification of bipolar disorder samples to allow homogeneous groups for the tested modalities.
Genetics of Depression
Authors: Levey Daniel F. , Gelernter Joel 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is moderately heritable and polygenic, meaning that there are many risk gene variants each with a small effect on risk. One contributing factor to this moderate heritability is trait heterogeneity; many symptom permutations can contribute to diagnosis. We review some of the historic family and epidemiologic studies of MDD. We discuss new trends, particularly biobanking and the emergence of the well-powered genome-wide association study (GWAS). We examine the status of studies in under-studied ancestries, and how it is useful to improve population diversity in recruitment to ensure better scientific knowledge and equitable benefits from new insights. We follow-up by seeing how the outcomes of GWAS studies are being leveraged to understand the genetic relationship between MDD and other traits, the underlying biology, and potential clinical implications.
Immune Mechanisms of Depression
Authors: Hodes Georgia E. , Ménard Caroline , Pfau Madeline L. , Russo Scott J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Depression is among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders, yet it is inadequately treated in many patients. Recent evidence suggests that there are subsets of depression patients who exhibit immune-related abnormalities, including elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines, monocytes, and neutrophils in the peripheral circulation; dysregulation of microglia; and disruption of the blood–brain barrier function. Animal models of stress, which have been used to mimic depressive-like symptomatology in humans, have confirmed links between stressful experience, disrupted immune–brain interactions, and the emergence of depressive-like behaviors. This chapter discusses the most prominent changes identified in humans with depression confirmed in animal stress models. It also discusses the possibility of targeting the immune system to treat depression in humans.
Genetics of Anxiety and Trauma-Related Disorders
Authors: Benstock Sarah E. , Hettema John M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides a broad overview of the state of research in the genetics of the primary anxiety and trauma-related disorders. These disorders exhibit moderate familial aggregation and heritability due to genetic risk factors that are shared between them as well as those that are disorder-specific. Although many candidate gene association studies have been published, their value is being rapidly superseded by the wealth of novel genetic variants emerging from genome-wide association studies. Epigenetic studies are testing key hypotheses about the combined role of stress and genetics in trauma-related disorders, but they are still in their infancy for the primary anxiety disorders. Animal studies provide a promising complimentary approach that demonstrates concurring evidence across species and allows deeper investigation into the genetic mechanisms of these disorders.
Anxiety and Trauma-Related Disorders
Authors: Jia Caroline , Li Hao , Tye Kay 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Despite the pervasiveness of anxiety and trauma-related disorders, there is no mechanistic explanation for their causes, and the search is ongoing for therapeutic interventions that are effective and do not cause undesirable side effects. Given the evolutionarily advantageous function of anxiety and fear responses, there are multiple redundant circuits. However, the robustness that this redundancy provides also represents a challenge for targeted anxiolytic therapies to penetrate the multiple layers of circuitry. To find new targets, preclinical models are required to delve into the neural underpinnings of anxiety. The most utilized preclinical models for anxiety have historically been demonstrated to have various degrees of face, predictive, and construct validity but only assess a limited range of behaviors. Broader use of multiple anxiety assays combined with unsupervised machine learning and discovery of behavioral motifs using computer vision tools will allow researchers to parse anxiety phenotyping into greater granularity.
Epidemiology of Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Kandel Denise B. , Griesler Pamela C. , Hu Mei-Chen , Melas Philippe A. , Kerridge Bradley T. , Grant Bridget F. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines the epidemiology of substance use and substance use disorders based on data from two nationally representative surveys, the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health and the 2013 National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions–III. The chapter reviews the prevalence of substance use and substance use disorders among adults and adolescents; substance use disorders and comorbidity of substance use disorders with psychiatric disorders among adults; and differences by age, gender, and race/ethnicity. The impact of marijuana legalization and the COVID-19 pandemic on substance use and mental health is briefly discussed. Drug use initiation sequences, including changing patterns involving e-cigarettes and marijuana, are defined in a national adolescent sample. Adolescence as a critical exposure period is reviewed.
Genetics of Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Goldman David , Sambo Danielle 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are influenced by genes, environment, and gene × environment interactions, leading to different levels and kinds of vulnerability. Some genes are substance specific, including genes that mediate drug metabolism or receptor binding. Others are nonspecific, including genes influencing reward, stress resiliency, or executive function, and are thus pleiotropic, leading to cross-transmission and comorbidity of SUDs and other disorders. Genome-wide association studies have revealed many SUD genes, including some in known pathways to addiction. Most functional loci are unknown, but polygenic scores are accounting for an increasing fraction of genetic liability. The identification of rare and uncommon variants with roles in SUDs is expanding, with some being “private” to certain populations, underscoring the need to increase diversity in SUD genetic studies. Together with multiomic data including transcriptome and epigenome, genomic studies are identifying new pathways to SUDs and generating novel targets for treatment and prevention.
Animal Models of Addiction
Authors: Evans Christopher J. , Jentsch J. David , Kieffer Brigitte L. , Maldonado Rafael J. , Cahill Catherine M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are characterized by chronic relapsing episodes of drug seeking and/or drug taking, often despite negative outcomes. Although animal models cannot recapitulate all aspects of SUDs because of the complexities of societal interactions and human-specific processing of rewards and affect, there are many components of SUDs that can be effectively modeled. This chapter reviews the key concepts, advantages, and caveats of using animal models to study initiation, maintenance, and escalation of drug taking, drug taking despite adverse consequences, and drug abstinence and relapse. The chapter discusses the models that have direct translational impact and where there are interpretation limitations. It also reviews the animal models used to interrogate both genetic and environmental factors influencing vulnerability at different stages of SUD. Animal models have made important contributions to the current knowledge of drug-mediated responses and adaptations to brain circuitry that could never have been acquired via human research.
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Primary Tauopathies
Authors: Gong Shiaoching , Gan Li 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Primary tauopathies are a diverse group of sporadic or genetic neurodegenerative diseases in which tau is the predominant pathology in neurons, glia, or both. They can be classified to 3R and 4R tauopathies with respect to major tau isoforms. There are different clinical syndromes associated with distinct isoforms of tau, type of cellular inclusions, and the regions of the brain affected. Neuropathological heterogeneities also suggest that each isoform of tauopathy may have distinct mechanism or tau conformers. Better understanding of biology and pathology of tau, the maladaptive innate immune response, the three-dimensional structures from cryo-electron microscopy studies, and the discoveries from human patients and animal models is important for the development of therapeutics for primary tauopathies.
Novel Approaches for Treating Pediatric Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Sabetfakhri Niki P. , Cook Jr. Edwin H. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Ongoing gene discovery has led to the identification of numerous genes underlying pediatric psychiatric disorders. Neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder have been associated with rare pathogenic variants of large effect. Studies that examine single-gene disorders that cause syndromic ASD have allowed scientists to investigate causative protein defects underlying key behavioral phenotypes. Scientists have utilized a combination of approaches to develop targeted treatments. In a mechanistic approach, knowledge of underlying pathophysiology is used to target disease mechanisms. Alternatively, unbiased drug screening has uncovered therapeutic compounds in the absence of such knowledge. Advances in new gene therapy methods have allowed for the targeting of dysfunctional genes directly. Together, these approaches have led to the discovery of novel therapeutics that can alleviate symptomatology in pediatric psychiatric disorders and shed light on the underlying disease mechanisms.
The NIMH Research Domain Criteria Project
Authors: Cuthbert Bruce N. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project is an experimental framework for translational research on mental illness. The project was initiated in response to the increasing concern that contemporary scientific data in genetics, neurobiology, and behavior do not align with current diagnostic categories, thus constraining cutting-edge research. RDoC encourages new ways of studying psychopathology in terms of dysregulation in basic functions (e.g., working memory or reward valuation), with an emphasis on neurodevelopment and environmental effects that are recognized as key drivers of disorder risk. This chapter reviews ways in which RDoC has integrated multiple measures of dimensional functions to promote mechanistic studies that have already resulted in multiple proof-of-concept clinical trials. This transdiagnostic research has fostered a wide variety of computational methods that are shifting perspectives on mental illness toward a precision approach to psychiatry.
From Codes and Ethics to Professional Identity Formation and Beyond
Authors: de Groot Janet , Crowshoe Lynden (Lindsay) , Simpson Annie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Consistent with more inclusive medical education, professionalism is challenged to better address equity, diversity, inclusion, and accessibility (EDIA). This chapter identifies an Indigenous perspective on ethical space and ethical listening to support engaging with difference. With the used of an EDIA lens, the American Medical Association’s Code of Ethics is analyzed. A critical literature review assesses for EDIA integration into professional identity formation (PIF) in both adult psychological and development growth and the role of socialization. Literature on socialization in the current medical culture has begun to consider the role of relationships, including mentorship for PIF to support diverse personal identities and different lived experiences. Finally, professional resistance is described as valuable for medical education to affirmatively find solutions for injustices and health inequities within healthcare.