bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant compounds and Ca2+ pathway blockers differentially protect against methylmercury and mercuric chloride neurotoxicity
Authors: Gassó Sergi , Cristòfol Rosa M. , Selema Gema , Rosa Roser , Rodríguez‐Farré Eduard , Sanfeliu Coral 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effects of the environmental contaminants methylmercury (MeHg) and inorganic mercury (HgCl2) on cell viability, intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were studied in rat cerebellar granule neuron cultures using fluorescent methods. MeHg exhibited an LC50 (2.47 μM) tenfold lower than that of HgCl2 (26.40 μM). To study the involvement of oxidative stress and Ca2+ homeostasis disruption in mercury‐induced cytotoxicity, we tested the neuroprotective effects of several agents that selectively interfere with these mechanisms. After a 24 hr exposure, the cytotoxic effect of both mercury compounds was reduced by thapsigargin, an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase; the Ca2+ channel blocker flunarizine; and the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger blocker benzamil. All these compounds decreased the mercury‐mediated [Ca2+]i rise. These results indicate that Ca2+ influx through Ca2+ channels and the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and Ca2+ mobilization from the endoplasmic reticulum are involved in mercury‐mediated cytotoxicity. The antioxidants probucol and propyl gallate reduced the HgCl2 toxicity. Probucol and vitamin E partially inhibited the MeHg toxicity after a 24 hr period, whereas propyl gallate completely prevented this effect. Probucol slightly reduced ROS generation in methylmercury‐exposed cultures and decreased mercury‐mediated rise of [Ca2+]i. Propyl gallate abolished ROS generation and partially inhibited the increase of [Ca2+]i induced by both mercury compounds. Propyl gallate also protected human cerebral cortical neuron cultures from the MeHg effect even after 72 hr of MeHg exposure, thus showing a long‐lasting effect. Our data suggest that disruption of redox equilibrium and Ca2+ homeostasis contribute equally to HgCl2‐mediated toxicity, whereas oxidative stress is the main cause of MeHg neurotoxicity. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:135–145, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation and South Pacific climate
Authors: Salinger M.J. , Renwick J.A. , Mullan A.B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) has been shown to be associated with decadal climate variability over parts of the Pacific Basin, and to modulate interannual El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)‐related climate variability over Australia. Three phases of the IPO have been identified during the 20th century: a positive phase (1922–1944), a negative phase (1946–1977) and another positive phase (1978–1998). Climate data are analysed for the two most recent periods to describe the influence of the IPO on decadal climate trends and interannual modulation of ENSO teleconnections throughout the South West Pacific region (from the equator to 55°S, and 150°E to 140°W). Data coverage was insufficient to include the earliest period in the analysis.Mean sea level pressure (SLP) in the region west of 170°W increased for the most recent positive IPO period, compared with the previous negative phase. SLP decreased to the east of 170°W, with generally more southerly quarter geostrophic flow over the region. Annual surface temperature increased significantly southwest of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) at a rate similar to the average Southern Hemisphere warming. Northwest of the SPCZ temperature increases were less, and northeast of the SPCZ more than the hemispheric warming in surface temperature. Increases of annual precipitation of 30% or more occurred northeast of the SPCZ, with smaller decreases to the southwest, associated with a movement in the mean location of the SPCZ northeastwards. The IPO modulates teleconnections with ENSO in a complex way, strengthening relationships in some areas and weakening them in others. For New Zealand, there is a consistent bias towards stronger teleconnections for the positive IPO period.These results demonstrate that the IPO is a significant source of climate variation on decadal time scales throughout the South West Pacific region, on a background which includes global mean surface temperature increases. The IPO also modulates interannual ENSO climate variability over the region. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Tephrological implications of beam size—sample‐size effects in electron microprobe analysis of glass shards
Authors: Hunt John B. , Hill Peter G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper concerns the potential consequences of varying procedures for the determination of tephra geochemistry by electron microprobe. Application of electron probe microanalysis to tephrostratigraphical methods has increasingly facilitated the resolution and refinement of Quaternary chronology associated with records of proxy‐environmental or proxy‐climatic change. The geographical range over which tephras are recovered has expanded significantly with the identification and analysis ofcrypto(or hidden) tephras in areas far removed from tephra sources. These tephras are dominated by glass shards, which, in many distal environments, may be either small in size (μm) or may be highly pumiceous with low glass:void ratios and thin (<10 μm) shard walls. We demonstrate that reducing the size of the electron beam used to analyse shard geochemistry cannot be used reliably to permit analysis of thin glass walls. This approach distorts the geochemical data, creating analytical differences that may generate inappropriate tephrogeochemical fingerprints. Additional distortion of the geochemical fingerprint in the form of hybrid analyses may be encountered in glass fragments containing micron‐sized crystalline phases such as feldspar. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EasyJet: a case of entrepreneurial management?
Authors: Rae David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEasyJet has achieved significant growth since its formation in 1995 and has become the highest profile although not the largest operator in the European ‘no‐frills’ short‐haul airline sector.Its assertive public profile and successful stock market flotation in November 2000 reinforced its reputation for focused and effective management.The transition from private ownership to public quotation is a significant one for a fast‐growing business to make, given the need to recognize institutional investors' perceptions as well as those of the public and of employee shareholders.The paper proposes that EasyJet is a prime example of entrepreneurial management in both its strategy and practice and that the case study can contribute to the theoretical and practical understanding of entrepreneurial management.A conceptual framework for entrepreneurial management practice is proposed, based on an analysis of the case study. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diferulates as structural components in soluble and insoluble cereal dietary fibre
Authors: Bunzel Mirko , Ralph John , Marita Jane M , Hatfield Ronald D , Steinhart Hans 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCell wall cross‐linking can have a substantial effect on the properties of the wall. To estimate cross‐linking (between arabinoxylans) in cereal fibres, dehydrodiferulate levels were measured in soluble and insoluble dietary fibre (SDF and IDF) isolated from whole grains of maize (Zea mays L), wheat (Triticum aestivum L), spelt (Triticum spelta L), rice (Oryza sativa L), wild rice (Zizania aquatica L), barley (Hordeum vulgare L), rye (Secale cereale L), oat (Avena sativa L) and millet (Panicum miliaceum L). After saponification of the cereal fibres the extracts were investigated for dehydrodimers of ferulic acid using GLC–MS and GLC–FID. From most cereal IDF the whole spectrum of dehydrodiferulic acids (DFAs) (8‐5′‐, 8‐8′‐, 5‐5′‐, 8‐O‐4′‐ and 4‐O‐5′‐coupled) could be identified. The absolute contents of total DFAs ranged between 2.4 and 12.6 mg g−1. With the exception of 4‐O‐5′‐coupled DFA, the whole range of DFAs was also detected from cereal SDF but only in amounts of 40–230 µg g−1. It was estimated that arabinoxylans of cereal IDF contain 8–39 times more diferulates than arabinoxylans of cereal SDF (where measurement of DFA levels in SDF was possible). In cereal IDF, 8‐5′‐coupled dimers dominated, whereas in cereal SDF, 8‐8′‐coupled dimers were relatively enhanced and often became the major dimers.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Impact of patient age on the outcome of primary breast carcinoma*
Authors: Park Byeong‐Woo , Kim Seung‐Il , Kim Eun Kyong , Yang Woo‐Ick , Lee Kyong Sik 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe poorer outcome amongst younger breast cancer patients continues to be an issue of debate. In order to clarify the prognostic value of patient age, we retrospectively analyzed the data of 1098 breast cancer patients.MethodsPatients were divided into two groups based on the age 35 (Group I, women aged 35 or younger, and Group II, women aged over 35). Clinico‐pathological parameters, 10‐year loco‐regional recurrence‐free (10LRRFS), distant relapse‐free (10DRFS), and overall (10OS) survival estimates were determined.ResultsAmong the 1098 patients, approximately 16.7% (183) were allocated to Group I and the other 83.3% (915) to Group II. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of histopathologic features or mean follow‐up. Group I had a poorer 10LRRFS of 86.8% (P = 0.036), 10DRFS of 57.7% (P < 0.0001), and 10OS of 68.3% (P = 0.0001), compared with 93.9, 76.2, and 81.4% for Group II, respectively. Group I also showed a poorer 10DRFS when matched for stage and lymph node status as well. With lymph node status and tumor size, a patient age of younger than 35 was determined to be an independent prognostic factor by multivariate analysis.ConclusionsThese results indicate that patient age (younger than 35) shows an independent prognostic value and that survival differences by age may reflect differences in the tumor biology. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;80:12–18. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between excision volume, margin status, and tumor size with the development of local recurrence in patients with ductal carcinoma‐in‐situ treated with breast‐conserving therapy
Authors: Vicini Frank A. , Kestin Larry L. , Goldstein Neal S. , Baglan Kathy L. , Pettinga Jane E. , Martinez Alvaro A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesWe reviewed our institution's experience treating patients with ductal carcinoma‐in‐situ (DCIS) with breast‐conserving therapy (BCT) to help define the interrelationship between excision volume, margin status, and tumor size with local recurrence.MethodsFrom January 1980 to December 1993, 146 patients received BCT for DCIS. All patients underwent excisional biopsy and 95 cases (64%) underwent re‐excision. Each patient received whole breast radiation to a median dose of 45 Gy. An additional 139 cases (94%) received a supplemental boost to the tumor bed (median total dose 60.4 Gy). The median follow‐up is 7.2 years.ResultsSeventeen patients developed an ipsilateral breast failure for a 5‐ and 10‐year actuarial rate of 10.2 and 12.4%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, patient age, margin status, the number of slides containing DCIS, the number of DCIS/cancerization of lobules (COL) foci near (< 5 mm) the margin, and a smaller volume of excision (< 60 cm3) were all independently associated with outcome. Although the local recurrence rate generally decreased as margin distance increased, these differences did not achieve statistical significance unless the volume of excision was taken into consideration.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the success of BCT is directly related to the degree of surgical removal of DCIS and that margin statusalonemay be suboptimal in defining excision adequacy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;76:245–254. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phase IB study on prevention of surgery‐induced immunodeficiency with preoperative administration of low‐dose subcutaneous interleukin‐2 in gastric cancer patients
Authors: Cerea Katia , Romano Fabrizio , Bravo Andrea Ferrari , Motta Vittorio , Uggeri Fabio , Brivio Fernando , Fumagalli Luca A. , Uggeri Franco 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and Objectives:Low count of total and T helper lymphocytes predicts a poor prognosis in cancer patients and surgical trauma can worsen cancer‐related immunodeficiency. Aim of this phase IB study is to verify toxicity and biological effects of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) at 9 million IU/day subcutaneously (sc.) administered one, two or three preoperative days in patients with gastric cancer undergoing radical surgery.Methods:Absolute value of total and T‐helper (CD4) lymphocytes were measured at baseline and at 7th, 14th, and 50th postoperative days in 12 gastric cancer patients, who preoperatively received IL‐2 at 9 million IU/day sc. as follows: group A (4 pts) 1‐day; group B (4 pts) 2‐days; group C (4 pts) 3‐days administration. T and total lymphocytes count were recorded and retrospectively analyzed in a historical control‐group of 22 consecutive patients, age and stage‐matched.Results:Toxicity consisted of fever grade I. In group A (1 day) T helper lymphocytes count decreased at 7th and at 14th postoperative day; in group B (2 days) and group C (3 days) no decrease of neither total nor T helper lymphocyte count occurred postoperatively, whereas in the historical group these parameters decreased significantly postoperatively and recovered only at 50th day.Conclusions:Two‐ and three‐day schedules of sc. IL‐2 preoperative administration at 9 million IU/daily prevented postoperative lymphocytopenia, whereas one‐day administration did not. Since the IL‐2 dose was so tolerable, that it could be given safely as outpatient, based on the previous results on survival observed in colorectal cancer patients with 3‐days schedule we suggest that a 3‐day schedule of Interleukin‐2 as outpatient preoperative treatment seems advisable for further studies in gastric cancer patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;78:32–37. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetic and redox characteristics of semireduced species derived from phenosafranine in homogeneous aqueous and sodium dodecyl sulfate micellar media
Authors: Gawandi V. B. , Guha S. N. , Mohan H. , Mittal J. P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOne‐electron reduction of phenosafranine (PS+ 3,7‐diamino‐5‐phenylphenazinium chloride), a phenazinium dye, has been studied in homogeneous aqueous and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micellar media, using the pulse radiolysis technique. The various reducing radicals employed for the study in homogeneous aqueous medium were eaq−, H˙, CO2,˙−, and isopropyl ketyl radicals (CH3)2 ˙COH. Semireduced species generated by these reactions have been characterized by their absorption spectra, decay kinetics, and pKa. The one‐electron reduction potential of PS+ was determined at pH 7 in homogeneous aqueous solution employing nitrobenzene (NB/NB˙−) as the standard couple. One‐electron reduction in SDS micellar medium and a detailed spectrophotometric investigation of the parent dye in this surfactant system was carried out in order to understand the dye–surfactant interactions in the micellar and premicellar media.© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 56–66, 2002
Impacts of community forestry on farming system sustainability in the Middle Hills of Nepal
Authors: Dougill A. J. , Soussan J. G. , Kiff E. , Springate‐Baginski O. , Yadav N. P. , Dev O.P. , Hurford A. P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent years have seen greater official recognition and support for community‐based natural resource management in hillside systems globally. In the Middle Hills of Nepal, this has led to adoption of Community Forestry with communities keen to conserve forest resources through greater control of access to forest resources. In this paper, we investigate the impacts of Community Forestry on agricultural sustainability using Participatory Learning and Action Research (PLAR) methods and soil and compost nutrient analyses to assess the nutrient balance for rainfed and irrigated fields. Studies demonstrate a yield dependence on annual nutrient inputs to fields, but a remaining positive balance of nutrient inputs. Concerns over soil degradation associated with increasing urea fertilizer dependence highlight the vital role played by organic compost inputs to the soils typified by very low organic carbon concentrations. The findings from two study villages show that Community Forestry has not yet had a major impact (either positive or negative) on farming systems and therefore the majority of rural livelihoods. However, opportunities are recognized that would increase the quantity and quality of compost supply, and consequently crop yields. Increases in natural capital (subcanopy plants) and the increased social capital (provided by Forest User Groups) offer the means through which potential increases to compost materials can be obtained and through which knowledge of the potentials of, and techniques for, improving compost supply could be disseminated. It is such strategies, which go beyond the traditional focus on forests, that will enable Community Forestry in Nepal (which already has many achievements) to realize its full potential in maintaining and improving the livelihoods of the hill farming communities it is intended to assist. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intense pulsed light and Nd:YAG laser non‐ablative treatment of facial rhytids
Authors: Goldberg David J. , Samady J.A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the intense pulsed light source (IPL) and the Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of facial rhytids. Both systems can be used in a non‐ablative manner and cause a dermal wound. This is thought to stimulate the production of new collagen without epidermal disruption. Non‐ablative techniques eliminate the downtime that must be endured by patients treated with ablative methods such as the carbon dioxide and erbium lasers.Study Design/Materials and MethodsFifteen subjects with perioral rhytids and Fitzpatrick skin types II and III received three‐to‐five treatments with the IPL using 590 and 755 nm cut‐off filters, and the 1,064‐nm Nd:YAG laser. The subjects were evaluated at 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks after the final treatment for improvement in rhytids and presence of any side effects.ResultsAt 6 months, the patient satisfaction score (1–10) was comparable in all three groups. Evaluator assessment of improved skin quality was also similar in all three treatment groups. Side effects such as blistering and erythema were most commonly seen in the subjects treated with the IPL. The least discomfort was seen with the Nd:YAG laser.ConclusionsAlthough both non‐ablative treatment systems improved facial rhytids presumably by causing a non‐specific dermal wound, the Nd:YAG laser was better tolerated and produced fewer side effects. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:141–144, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carbon dioxide laser skin resurfacing with a cooled handpiece
Authors: Moore Brian A. , Daamen Nicole , Biesman Brian S. , Reinisch Lou 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveCarbon dioxide (CO2) laser skin resurfacing has become an accepted procedure for the rejuvenation of aged and wrinkled facial skin. The benefits of this technique have been limited by the prolonged postoperative erythema, delayed re‐epithelialization, and potential changes in pigmentation. We investigated the effects of coupling a pulsed CO2 laser to a zinc selenide handpiece at various temperatures to cool and conduct heat from the skin surface. We compared the heat conducting handpiece to standard techniques used to determine the effects on epithelial preservation, depth of thermal damage, and new collagen growth.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThe dorsal aspect of piglets was treated with four handpiece arrangements: no thermally conducting window; a zinc selenide thermally conducting window at room temperature; and the zinc selenide thermally conducting window cooled to 10 and 5°C. Intensities were measured to account for reflections from the surface of the handpiece. With the CO2 laser in scanning mode and a spot size of 1 mm, each handpiece was used at intensities ranging from 8–30 W in one pass. Biopsies for histopathologic analysis and determination of the degree of epithelial damage and the depth of thermal damage were taken on days 0, 2, and 16.ResultsAll specimens revealed complete re‐epithelialization by day 16. The addition of a cooled handpiece did not affect either the amount of epithelial preservation or the depth of thermal damage.ConclusionsThere is no significant advantage in using a cooled or room temperature zinc selenide handpiece for epithelial preservation or decreasing the inflammatory response in CO2 laser resurfacing. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:236–243, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Motivation and ability as predictors of play behavior in state‐sponsored lotteries: An empirical assessment of psychological control
Authors: Sprott David E. , Brumbaugh Anne M. , Miyazaki Anthony D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis research explores the interaction of motivation and ability to explain individuals' level of participation in state‐sponsored lotteries. The motivation–ability framework is considered from the perspective of perceived control wherein Rotter's (1966) locus of control serves as a perceived ability to influence lottery outcomes, and the Burger and Cooper (1979) desire for control serves as a motivation to play. With the use of a sample of adult consumers residing in a state with a government‐sponsored lottery, predicted results were found. Specifically, the consumers who played the lottery to the greatest extent were those with internal locus of control (high perceived ability) and high desire for control (high motivation). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Casino gambling and crime: a panel study of Wisconsin counties
Authors: Gazel Ricardo C. , Rickman Dan S. , Thompson William N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe potential relationship between gambling and crime has been a key issue among supporters and opponents of the recent spread of casino gambling in the US. This paper empirically investigates the potential link between casino gambling and crime for Wisconsin counties using the theoretical framework of Becker. Our results show that the existence of a casino within the boundaries of a county led to an increase in the county's crime rates. The results also suggest that a strong spillover effect took place across space, with counties adjacent to casino‐counties experiencing higher crime rates. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suppression of cortical myoclonus by levetiracetam
Authors: Schauer Robert , Singer Markus , Saltuari Leopold , Kofler Markus 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA 16‐year‐old boy suffered severely disabling posthypoxic myoclonus. Neurophysiological investigation showed cortical but not reticular reflex myoclonus. Add‐on therapy with levetiracetam significantly improved the patient's clinical condition, suppressed cortical myoclonus‐associated spikes, and enabled further neurorehabilitation. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society.