bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ben Franklin Wonders Why (Molecular Interpretation)
Authors: Tanford Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We take off in a completely new direction now. We are no longer asking whether atoms and molecules exist or groping to understand those who opposed the concept. We are no longer asking about molecular size. We know how small a molecule is. The new direction is to ask about molecular behavior. After all, the spontaneous spreading of the oil is truly unexpected, even through our own modern eyes, accustomed to marvels of nature and technology. Knowing about molecules and their size makes it, at least numerically, even more startling. One teaspoonful of oil spreads to half an acre; that constitutes a 107-fold increase in area.
Biology—Cells and Membranes
Authors: Tanford Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life began in water, about three billion years ago — the first “thing ” that could hold itself together and derive energy from food or sunlight and make clones of itself. And water has remained indispensable to all forms of life. There is life without oxygen — some organisms prefer it that way— but there is never life without water. It goes without saying that living matter, like any other matter, is composed of molecules. The most prominent among them are special molecules, found in every known form of living matter and thus presumably essential to the living state. It is noteworthy that the molecules that Irving Langmuir used for his research — fatty acids, oils, and fats — belong to one of these essential categories, called “lipoids ” early in this century but going by the name of “lipids ” today.
1822–1832
Authors: Gill Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1822 Jeffrey pronounced, ‘The Lake School of Poetry … is now pretty nearly extinct’. Seven years later, on the other hand, Parson and White in their invaluable Directory of the Lake District listed Wordsworth, amongst the ‘Eminent Men’ of Westmorland, as ‘the father of the Lake School of Poetry’.2 Both comments were right in a sense. ‘The Lake School of Poetry’ had always been a critics’ label, but it had not been entirely foolish. There was a link, an obvious and strong one, between the Lyrical Ballads and the River Duddon. But by 1822 the vein seemed to have run out. Memorials and Ecclesiastical Sketches were not at all ‘Lakeish’, and they marked the beginning of a decade that was barren of significant poetry, ‘Lake School’ or not. Wordsworth’s reputation, however, continued to grow despite the dearth of new poems. In Jeffrey’s mouth ‘Lake School’ had been a taunt. By the end of the decade every Ambleside innkeeper knew that when tourists asked the way to Rydal they were hoping for at least a glimpse of the ‘father of the Lake School of Poetry’.
Son of stroke
Authors: Medawar Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where to be ill. Large teaching hospitals are recommended. Unless privacy is of overriding importance or you really dislike your fellow men don’t go into a private ward. The nursing won’t be better than in a public ward, and may easily be much worse. Besides, in a public ward you will be entertained all day by the unfolding of the human comedy and by contemplating what literary people call the Rich Tapestry of Life.
Introduction
Authors: Marston Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book, as its series title proclaims, is a study in musical genesis and structure. More specifically, it deals with the genesis and structure of a single musical work, Beethoven’s Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109. The purpose of this introduction is to consider how these two aspects of Op. 109 have been approached and to draw attention to the limitations—some inevitable, others consciously self-imposed—by which the following chapters are constrained and shaped.
Beethoven in 1820: The Sources for the Piano Sonata, Op. 109
Authors: Marston Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Sonata in E belongs unquestionably to the year 1820. The first theme of the first movement is found in the Conversation Book of April; the work was sketched in part before he began the Benedictus [of the Missa solemnis], in part while he was at work on this section, the Credo, the Agnus Dei and the Bagatelles [Op. 119 Nos. 7–11] for Starke. It was dedicated to Maximiliane Brentano, and published in November, 1821, by Schlesinger in Berlin.1
The Sketches for the First Movement
Authors: Marston Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Grasnick 206, folio 3r is not given over entirely to Op. 109. On staves 1–2 there is a sketch for the Credo of the Missa solemnis, and on staves 3/4 an incipit for a piano composition in F minor which was not pursued further. On staves 5/6 Beethoven shifted from F minor to E major and wrote the sketch shown in Ex. 3.1a. If this was indeed his very first sketch for Op. 109, it is clear that little effort on paper was required before he reached a satisfactory opening for the work.1
The Sketches for the Third-Movement Theme
Authors: Marston Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2 it was argued that the composition of the first movement of Op. 109, originally as an independent work, probably marked Beethoven’s return to serious composition after a period of relative inactivity caused by the mounting struggle for guardianship of his nephew Karl. Having thus renewed his compositional drive, he worked hard at the Credo of the Missa solemnis. This new burst of activity overflowed from the Wittgenstein sketchbook into Artaria 195, the first thirty-four pages of which are entirely taken up with Credo sketches.
The Second Movement: The First Phase
Authors: Marston Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whereas the sketches for the first movement and for the third-movement theme have each been discussed in a single chapter, those for the second movement and the third-movement variations require two chapters each (the variation sketches also require a substantial introduction: see Chapter 7). In the case of the second movement the division into two chapters stems not only from the fact that there are a larger number of sketches to be dealt with but also from important differences in sketch-type. A brief overview of the sketches will help to make this clear.
Posture
Authors: Quine Hector 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Comfortably balanced sitting posture is of fundamental importance to the development of a sound technique; arms, hands, and fingers can only work efficiently from a stable base, which a sitting position free from unnecessary tension provides.
Faulty posture, a fairly common problem for guitarists, is often due to unequal distribution of bodily weight (see Fig. l); there is a tendency to lean to one side—usually the left—so that the back is curved instead of being kept straight from the hips to the neck (see Fig. 2). This fault can be caused by too low a chair or too low a footstool; the left knee being allowed to point outwards (or inwards) instead of remaining on the centre line of the body (see Fig. 3).
Conclusion
Authors: Quine Hector 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When everything that can be said about technique has been said (and this book makes no claim to being exhaustive), the ultimate aim must be to forget about technique altogether, and just to play. While performing, making music should occupy all the thoughts and emotions; the technical detail which has been worked at through many hours of preparation must now be excluded. In any case, by then it is far too late to effect any changes or improvements!
The ‘technically flawless’ performance, like the genuine ‘authentic’ one, will, for the vast majority of guitarists, remain forever an unattainable ideal, but real commitment to the music and a wish to communicate its message are within the reach of all players, and will give far more pleasure to player and audience alike than any amount of virtuosic ‘fireworks’.
Children’s Health and Welfare
Authors: Tuttle William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In July 1944 Life magazine documented the tragedy befalling scores of children in North Carolina. The cause was infantile paralysis, or polio. Afflicted children brought in from small towns and backwoods in the state were overflowing the isolation ward in Charlotte Memorial Hospital. Perhaps the most evocative photograph in the Life article showed an older boy carrying his sick brother away from the hospital. The little boy had polio, but the hospital had space “only for serious cases.”
Age, Culture, and History
Authors: Tuttle William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human Development, as well as social change, often proceeds in fits and starts. Sometimes it is linear, sometimes orderly. Frequently, however, its movement reflects the chaos of its major elements-age, culture, and history-which are constantly shifting and realigning. For this reason, it is clear that historians and social scientists need each other. Historians understand the nature of social change, including the significance of culture, but they generally fail to recognize that social change has differential effects based on whether children, adolescents, or adults are affected. Psychologists fall into the other trap; they value age as the most significant variable, while discounting the other variables.
Frege on Demonstratives
Authors: Perry John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In “The Thought,” Frege briefly discusses sentences containing such demonstratives as “today,” “here,” and “yesterday,” and then turns to certain questions that he says are raised by the occurrence of “I” in sentences (1918/1967, 24-26). He is led to say that, when one thinks about oneself, one grasps thoughts that others cannot grasp, that cannot be communicated. Nothing could be more out of the spirit of Frege’s account of sense and thought than an incommunicable, private thought. Demonstratives seem to have posed a severe difficulty for Frege’s philosophy of language, to which his doctrine of incommunicable senses was a reaction.
Castaneda on He and I
Authors: Perry John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a series of thoughtful, original, and thought-provoking papers published in the late 1960s, HectorNeri Castaneda brought forcefully to the attention of analytical philosophers the importance of indexicals and demonstratives in thought and in descriptions of thought (1966, 1967a, 1968, 1968a). Castaneda put forward a theory to deal with these phenomena; in this paper I explain and criticize basic parts of his original theory, restricting myself to issues associated with the first person.
Perception, Action, and the Structure of Believing
Authors: Perry John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychology has its beginning in ethological observation, Grice says. Systematic philosophical psychology appropriately enough has its beginning in ethological fiction, Grice’s Toby and his fellow squarrels (1975). Toby and the other squarrels often gobble nuts in front of them, particularly after doing without nuts for some time. The theoretical apparatus we use to describe this in an explanatorily promising way allows us to say such things as Toby prehends nuts as in front of him and Toby judges on nuts in front, for squarrel food. Appeal to certain laws or near-laws then allows the explanation of Toby’s gobbling. Prehending is a type of protoperception, and judging a type of protobelief. Prehending nuts as in front of him and judging on nut.s in front, for squarrel food are states instantiated at different times, in front of different nuts; by different squarrels; gobbling is a type of act, similarly instantiated by different squarrels at different times; when successful, different nuts are gobbled. Thus the laws relate (proto) perceptual states, (proto) belief states, and types of action.
The Prince and the Phone Booth: Reporting Puzzling Beliefs (with Mark Crimmins)
Authors: Perry John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Mark Twain’s The Prince and The Pauper, Tom Canty and Edward Tudor decide to change lives for a day, but fate intervenes, and the exchange goes on for a considerable period of time. The whole story turns on what people believe and do not believe about the two boys; and an intelligent reader, unexposed to recent philosophy of language and mind, could probably describe the key facts of the story with some confidence.
A Plea for Fictional Histories and Old-Time ‘Jewesses”
Authors: Cagidemetrio Alide 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Was the Face of the Earth vacant of other Plants, it might be gradually sowed and overspread with one kind only; as, for Instance with Fennel; and were it empty of other Inhabitants, it might in a few Ages be replenish’d from one Nation only; as, for Instance, with Englishmen.
Deviant Girls and Dissatisfied Women: A Sociologist’s Tale
Authors: Cappetii Carla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My past ... seems very remote to me. The changes in ways of life have recently been so great as to separate all of us from our early years profoundly, and in my case this separation seems to be more profound because I was born in an isolated region of Old Virginia, 20 miles from the railroad in a social environment resembling that of the 18th century, and I consequently feel that I have lived in three centuries, migrating gradually toward the higher cultural areas.
Blood in the Marketplace: The Business of Family in the Godfather Narratives
Authors: Ferraro Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Giorgio introduces me to his friend Piero Paco, hero of the Italo­ American breach into American literature. He looks like a massive gangster but turns out to be a plain, nice guy with a lot of folksy stories and no complexes. He doesn’t feel guilty about blacks, doesn’t care about elevating ltalo-American prestige. He’s no missionary for wops. No gripes about the Establishment. He just decided in the best American way to write a book that would make half a million bucks because he was tired of being ignored.
Conscious Experiences And Subjects Of Consciousness: Six Metaphysical Doctrines
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each of us is, in fact, a complex physical being, occupying a region of space for a period of time. For one of us to survive into the future, there must be, in fact, significant physical continuity, from now until that future time, of whatever physically realizes, from now until then, that person’s basic dispositional psychology. We are not purely subjective, transcendental beings that might have much better prospects for indefinitely great future existence. Nor are we even immaterial souls that might be quite immune from eventual physical deterioration and decay.
Physically Based Subjects And Their Experiences: Against The Six Metaphysical Doctrines
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The best approach to our survival, I have been arguing, is one that is based on, or inspired by, the physical approach. For some of those who are philosophically most sensitive, however, all of this may have proceeded too fast. They may agree that, with mere ships, for instance, our conventions really are needed to discriminate them, one from the other and, indeed, each from the rest of the world. And this is how it is, too, they may agree, with ever so many other sorts of ordinary things: rocks, mountains, planets, bushes, brains, and so on.
Fission And The Focus Of One’S Life
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Especially through consideration of their middle ranges, many fine-grained spectra of cases can show us that, even in the prudential use of the term, what matters in survival sometimes comes apart from our survival itself. In the literature, there is a second main way of showing, or attempting to show, that the two sometimes come apart: These are the various sorts of branching cases, especially certain cases of fission. In the present chapter, we will focus on some of these cases and, inspired by them, on some new branching cases. Even if not before, now we can properly study these examples.
Mending Bodies, Saving Souls
Authors: Risse Guenter B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By chronicling the transformations of hospitals from houses of mercy to tools for confinement, from dwellings of rehabilitation to spaces for clinical teaching and research, from rooms for birthing and dying to institutions of science and technology, this book provides a historical approach to understanding of today’s hospitals. The story is told in a dozen episodes which illustrate hospitals in particular times and places, covering important themes and developments in the history of medicine and therapeutics, from ancient Greece to the era of AIDS. This book furnishes a unique insight into the world of meanings and emotions associated with hospital life and patient hood by including narratives by both patients and care givers. By conceiving of hospitals as houses of order capable of taming the chaos associated with suffering, illness, and death, we can better understand the significance of their ritualized routines and rules. From their beginnings, hospitals were places of spiritual and physical recovery. They should continue to respond to all human needs. As traditional testimonials to human empathy and benevolence, hospitals must endure as spaces of healing.
Measuring Quality of Life
Authors: Menzel Paul T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Giving up on any life because of expense is tough, but explicitly selecting some people to live and others not to live is morally even tougher. Yet unless we are going to spend the resources to do everything possible in medicine, selecting some people in and others out is as inevitable as life and death itself. A controversial view in health economics states that the goal of health services should be to create as many years of healthy life as possible. The basis for this view is simply the attractive, innocent-sounding assumption that for all alike a year of healthy life is equally valuable.
Raising Transplants
Authors: Menzel Paul T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1983, Jamie Fisk and Brandon Hall both grabbed the nation’s heart when biliary atresia left them stranded at infancy. Their parents and their pictures pleaded for the right new livers out there somewhere. Also that year a dying mother of four in Michigan found a match, but Medicaid officials refused to pay the more than $150,000 her liver transplant would have cost. They called the procedure experimental, though then and now that label hardly settles the issue. Liver transplant numbers may be small (roughly 200 in 1984, growing rapidly to more than 900 by 1986), but the new immunosuppressant drug cyclosporin has raised the one-year survival rate of this lifesaving procedure to more than 70 percent.
From Flies to Molecules: Physiological Genetics During the Morgan Era
Authors: Kay Lily E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jack Schultz’s work constituted probably the earliest linkages between genetics, physiology, and the physicochemical studies of proteins and nucleic acids. When Schultz announced his interest in the biochemistry and physiology of heredity during the late 1920s, his ideas floated in the margins of American genetics. “Doing genetics” meant primarily Mendelian analyses. “I am very sorry to have given you the impression that I have lost my interest in genetics,” Schultz had to defend his position to T. H. Morgan in 1929 to salvage his research plans at Caltech. “This is far from the case. My primary interest is in genetic problems, and it is with them that I have been chiefly engaged in the last two years. My concern with general physiology, and in particular with the chemistry of pigments and enzymes, has been directly inspired by the reasoning and results of the genetic analysis. ”
Spoils of War: lmmunochemistry and Serological Genetics, 1940-1945
Authors: Kay Lily E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immunology was traditionally tied to medical research and clinical practice. Medically trained immunologists shared little common scientific vocabulary with geneticists or with researchers in the botanical and zoological traditions. Intellectual links between the sciences of immunity and heredity were weak during the early 1930s. Immunology therefore had not been an active interest of the Rockefeller Foundation’s natural sciences division, nor did it seem to have a useful function within the medically divorced biology program at Caltech. Thus when Pauling and Sturtevant submitted an application to the Rockefeller Foundation in 1940 for support of immunology-immunochemistry and serological genetics—their plans represented a surprising departure from the molecular biology program as initially formulated at the Rockefeller Foundation and at Caltech. From 1940 until the mid-1950s, immunology (the biology and chemistry of antibodies) became a common research area for the chemistry and biology divisions. Though consistently omitted from the historical constructions of both immunology and molecular biology, this program in immunochemistry and serological genetics comprised a principal chapter in the study of the biological and chemical specificities of the “giant protein molecules,” a key project within the cognitive structure of the molecular biology program.
Molecular Empire (1946-1953)
Authors: Kay Lily E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the decade after World War II, through the partnership of Beadle and Pauling and the implementations of the “magnificent plan,” Caltech became the leading edge of the nascent discipline of molecular biology. Virus research occupied a strategic position within these plans: It defined fundamental researches in genetics, microbiology, and biophysics; and by legitimizing the claims to medical utility it was well positioned to attract private and federal support. Thus one of Beadle’s first steps upon assuming the chairmanship of the biology division in 1946 was to offer the German physicist Max Delbriick, now at Vanderbilt University, a professorship in biology. “You know our plans for the future development of physical and chemical biology at the Institute,” Beadle wrote. “We need you as a key member of a team that will further elaborate them as well as carry them out.”
Lasers and Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry: Applications with a YAG Laser
Authors: Chiarelli M Paul , Gross Michael L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to describe some applications of lasers coupled with Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS). The chapter will be centered on applications of the neodymium: YAG laser because it produces radiation in the near infrared (1064 nm) and the output frequency can be readily multiplied, affording not only IR and UV-VIS resonant desorption but also multiphoton ionization. Other reviews, broader in scope, were recently published, and they describe the basic principles of FTMS operation and other applications.
Laser Photodissociation on a Tandem Quadrupole Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometer
Authors: Shabanowitz Jeffrey , Hunt Donald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fourier transform mass spectrometers have tremendous potential for the analysis of large biomolecules because ( l) they record the masses of all ions in the spectrum simultaneously and sample is not continuously consumed during the time needed to generate a mass spectrum, (2) they function as ion storage devices that permit accumulation of ions produced in low abundance from small amounts of sample, (3) they facilitate direct analysis of mixtures by using ion ejection techniques, and (4) they appear to be ideally suited for laser photodissociation experiments.