bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical anatomy of the puboprostatic complex with special reference to radical perineal prostatectomy
Authors: Wimpissinger T.F. , Tschabitscher M. , Feichtinger H. , Stackl W. 
Published: October 2003

We are always interested in developing an understanding of anatomical relationships, particularly as this can often make surgery more reliable for patients; the classic anatomical studies of Walsh and Donker are remembered by everyone. Here, the authors from Vienna investigate the retropubic space and the attachments of the prostate and urethra to aid the performance of radical perineal prostatectomy.Authors from London describe their criteria based on clinical experience, for performing bone scans in patients with prostate cancer. Their proposals are somewhat more exclusive than some of the suggestions made previously but it is worth considering the authors’ views and seeing whether they might be valid and important guidelines for the future.On the subject of bone metabolism in prostate cancer, authors from the UK suggest that there is a high incidence of osteoporosis in patients with advanced prostate cancer before hormonal manipulation, and that patients requiring such treatment should have densitometry before starting treatment.OBJECTIVETo investigate the retropubic space and attachments of the prostate and urethra, with special reference to radical perineal prostatectomy.MATERIALS AND METHODSAnatomical relationships were assessed intraoperatively in 60 patients, and in five cadavers after preparing the dorsal vein complex with coloured latex. Cross‐sections of the area of interest were evaluated by microscopy.RESULTSThe puboprostatic (pubovesical) ligaments could be clearly distinguished from the median part of the puboprostatic complex continuous with the urethral suspensory mechanism. The dorsal vein complex is integrated into this fibromuscular attachment of the prostate and male urethra. During the perineal approach, dissection in this region follows the so‐called avascular plane.CONCLUSIONWith this new insight into the anatomical relationships the nomenclature derived from radical retropubic prostatectomy could be mirrored. In radical perineal prostatectomy, both the urethral suspensory mechanism and the dorsal vein complex can be preserved.
Folic acid fortified fat‐free plain set yoghurt
Authors: Aryana Kayanush J 
Published: October 2003

The objective was to elucidate the effect of folic acid incorporation on the physico‐chemical and sensory characteristics of yoghurt. Folic acid was added during mix preparation (before pasteurization) or immediately after culture addition (after pasteurization) at 25 and 50% of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of 300 µg. Folic acid fortified yoghurts were significantly different from the control and were yellowish. The pH and titratable acidity (TA) values of folic acid fortified yoghurts remained unchanged compared to the control. Folic acid fortified yoghurts had significantly lower flavour, body and texture scores and better water‐holding capacity compared to the control.
Galactose concentration in pizza cheese prepared by three different culture techniques
Authors: Baskaran D , Sivakumar S 
Published: October 2003

A study was conducted to determine the most suitable lactic culture combinations and the techniques for the preparation of low moisture part skim (LMPS) mozzarella cheese (pizza cheese) with a low level of galactose. The cheesemaking time tested for all 12 culture combinations was less than 3 h and hence was found suitable for pizza cheesemaking. The initial accumulated galactose concentration was lower in unstretched curd followed by no‐brine curd and stretched curd in ascending order. During storage of the cheese for 7 days, the galactose percentage in the cheeses prepared using cultures comprising galactose‐fermenting strains of Lactobacillus helveticus and Streptococcus thermophilus was 0.30 in stretched curd, 0.04 in unstretched curd and 0.03 in no‐brine curd. The degree of reduction in the level of galactose in pizza cheese during storage was maximum with the no‐brine curd technique followed by the unstretched and stretched curd techniques in that order. This study provides information regarding selection of starter culture combinations and techniques for pizza cheesemaking based on consumer preference for low or moderate browning mozzarella cheese as a result of its galactose concentration.
Rennin‐like milk coagulant enzyme produced by a local isolate of Mucor
Authors: Tubesha Z A , Al‐Delaimy K S 
Published: October 2003

Among 20 isolates of Mucor isolated from various environments in Jordan and found to produce a rennin‐like acid protease, known as Mucor rennin‐like enzyme (MRE), Mucor J20 was found to produce the highest level of MRE. The optimum incubation conditions for enzyme production in a fortified wheat bran mixture using solid‐state fermentation were 3–4 days at 30°C. The highest MRE activity (185–200 rennin units or RU) was produced in a medium containing wheat bran and lentil straw (1 : 1 w/w) moistened with whey, and incubated in clay pots at 30°C for 4 days. A slightly lower activity value (178 RU) was found when using a mineral salt solution or distilled water instead of whey, or when using wheat bran alone with whey. At pH 4, the MRE retained its complete activity (100%) for 6 weeks at 5°C and 10°C, and for 3 and 2 weeks at 20°C and 30°C, respectively. After heating at 60°C for 10 min, the enzyme lost its activity at all pH levels used (pH 2–8). The crude extract of MRE was successfully applied in the manufacture of a cheese curd.
Survival of salmonellae in bio‐yoghurt
Authors: Al‐Haddad Khawla S H 
Published: October 2003

Many yoghurt‐like products are sold with pH values of 4.5–4.6, and a potential pathogen, Salmonella infantis, was shown to survive for 10 days in typical commercial samples of ‘bio‐yoghurt’. Another servovar, Salmonella hadar, could not be detected after 48 h in similar products. The need to avoid contamination during the manufacture of fermented milks with pH values above those traditionally associated with yoghurt (~4.0) is stressed.
Interpreting the Process of Change in Higher Education: The Case of the Research Assessment Exercises
Authors: Tapper Ted , Salter Brian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractGiven that the current Research Assessment Exercise (RAE 2001) has been completed, it is an appropriate time to explore the impact of the RAEs upon the character of British higher education. This timeliness is reinforced by the earlier publication of HEFCE's own ‘Review of Research’ (September 2000), the report from the House of Commons’ Select Committee on Science and Technology Committee (April 2000), with a report due in April 2003 from the Joint Funding Bodies (under the auspices of Gareth Roberts). We are therefore in a period of review and consultation, which may culminate in a new assessment regime or, as its severest critics would hope, even its demise. While our analysis genuflects to these contemporary developments, it is constructed within a framework that interprets the RAE process as constituting a continuous struggle for the control of the production of high‐status knowledge.
University Strategy in an Age of Uncertainty: The Effect of Higher Education Funding on Old and New Universities
Authors: Rolfe Heather 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis paper explores the effects of changes in funding arrangements, and particularly in tuition fees, on universities and their strategic responses to these changes. Using data from interviews with senior managers in four universities, it finds the most prestigious, pre‐1992, university largely unaffected by tuition fees and the others responding to changes in application patterns and intake. However, the effects of tuition fees on university strategy are not easily separated from other changes in the funding of Higher Education, and universities’ strategies were strongly influenced by the need to reduce costs and to generate income. A second major concern of all four universities was quality, both of inputs such as students and staff and of outputs, in degree results and ratings in employability, research, teaching and other activities. Marketing was assuming a position of increasing importance, with universities striving to develop a ‘brand’ to attract students, staff and funding.
Hep3B Human Hepatoma Cells Support Replication of the Wild-Type and a 5′-End Deletion Mutant GB Virus B Replicon
Authors: De Tomassi Amedeo , Pizzuti Maura , Traboni Cinzia 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACT
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and GB virus B (GBV-B) replicons have been reported to replicate only in Huh7 cells. Here we demonstrate that subpopulations of another human hepatoma cell line, Hep3B, are permissive for the GBV-B replicon, showing different levels of enhancement of replication from those of the unselected parental cell population. Adaptive mutations are not required for replication of the GBV-B replicon in these cells, as already demonstrated for Huh7 cells. Nonetheless, we identified a mutant replicon in one of the selected cell lines, which, although lacking the 5′ end proximal stem-loop, is able to replicate in Hep3B cells as well as in Huh7 cells. This mutant indeed shows a higher replication efficiency than does wild-type replicon, especially in the Hep3B cell clone from which it was originally recovered. This indicates that the stem-loop Ia is not necessary for replication of the GBV-B replicon in human cells, unlike what occurs with HCV, and that its absence can even provide a selective advantage.
Atomic Force Microscopy Investigation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and HIV-Infected Lymphocytes
Authors: Kuznetsov Y. G. , Victoria J. G. , Robinson W. E. , McPherson A. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACT
Isolated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HIV-infected human lymphocytes in culture have been imaged for the first time by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Purified virus particles spread on glass substrates are roughly spherical, reasonably uniform, though pleomorphic in appearance, and have diameters of about 120 nm. Similar particles are also seen on infected cell surfaces, but morphologies and sizes are considerably more varied, possibly a reflection of the budding process. The surfaces of HIV particles exhibit “tufts” of protein, presumably gp120, which do not physically resemble spikes. The protein tufts, which number about 100 per particle, have average diameters of about 200 Å, but with a large variance. They likely consist of arbitrary associations of small numbers of gp120 monomers on the surface. In examining several hundred virus particles, we found no evidence that the gp120 monomers form threefold symmetric trimers. Although >95% of HIV-infected H9 lymphocytic cells were producing HIV antigens by immunofluorescent assay, most lymphocytes displayed few or no virus on their surfaces, while others were almost covered by a hundred or more viruses, suggesting a dependence on cell cycle or physiology. HIV-infected cells treated with a viral protease inhibitor and their progeny viruses were also imaged by AFM and were indistinguishable from untreated virions. Isolated HIV virions were disrupted by exposure to mild neutral detergents (Tween 20 and CHAPS) at concentrations from 0.25 to 2.0%. Among the products observed were intact virions, the remnants of completely degraded virions, and partially disrupted particles that lacked sectors of surface proteins as well as virions that were split or broken open to reveal their empty interiors. Capsids containing nucleic acid were not seen, suggesting that the capsids were even more fragile than the envelope and were totally degraded and lost. From these images, a good estimate of the thickness of the envelope protein-membrane-matrix protein outer shell of the virion was obtained. Treatment with even low concentrations (<0.1%) of sodium dodecyl sulfate completely destroyed all virions but produced many interesting products, including aggregates of viral proteins with strands of nucleic acid.
Low Frequency of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes against the Novel HLA-A*0201-Restricted JC Virus Epitope VP1p36in Patients with Proven or Possible Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
Authors: Du Pasquier Renaud A. , Kuroda Marcelo J. , Schmitz Joern E. , Zheng Yue , Martin Kristi , Peyerl Fred W. , Lifton Michelle , Gorgone Darci , Autissier Patrick , Letvin Norman L. , Koralnik Igor J. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTJC virus (JCV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in peripheral blood are associated with a favorable outcome in patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). However, the frequency of these cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of PML patients is unknown. To develop a highly sensitive assay for detecting the cellular immune response against this virus, we performed a CTL epitope mapping study of JCV VP1 major capsid protein by using overlapping peptides. A novel HLA-A*0201-restricted epitope, the VP1p36peptide SITEVECFL, was characterized. The cellular immune response against JCV was assessed in 32 study subjects. By combining the results of the51Cr release assay on pooled peptides and staining with the HLA-A*0201/JCV VP1p36tetramer, VP1-specific CTL were detected in 10 of 11 PML survivors (91%) versus only 1 of 11 PML progressors (9%,P= 0.0003). VP1-specific CTL were also detected in two of two patients recently diagnosed with PML and in four of four human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with possible PML. The frequency of CTL specific for the novel VP1p36and the previously described VP1p100epitopes was determined. In two patients, the frequency of CTL specific for the VP1p36or VP1p100epitopes, as determined by fresh blood tetramer staining (FBTS), ranged from 1/6,000 to 1/24,000 PBMC. A CTL sorting technique combining tetramer staining and selection with immunomagnetic beads allowed the detection of epitope-specific CTL in two cases that were determined to be negative by FBTS. The phenotype of these CTL in vivo was consistent with activated memory cells. These data suggest that, although present in low numbers, JCV-specific CTL may be of central importance in the containment of JCV spread in immunosuppressed individuals.
Oct-1 Is Posttranslationally Modified and Exhibits Reduced Capacity To Bind Cognate Sites at Late Times after Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus 1
Authors: Advani Sunil J. , Durand Lizette O. , Weichselbaum Ralph R. , Roizman Bernard 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACT
In herpes simplex virus 1-infected cells, a high level of α gene expression requires the transactivation of the genes by a complex containing the viral α transinducing factor (αTIF) and two cellular proteins. The latter two, HCF-1 and octamer binding protein Oct-1, are transcriptional factors regulated in a cell cycle-dependent manner. αTIF is a protein made late in infection but packaged with the virion to transactivate viral genes in newly infected cells. In light of the accumulation of large amounts of αTIF, the absence of α gene expression late in infection suggested the possibility that one or more transcriptional factors required for α gene expression is modified late in infection. Here we report that Oct-1 is posttranscriptionally modified late in infection, that the modification is mediated by the virus but does not involve viral protein kinases or cdc2 kinase activated by the virus late in infection, and that the modified Oct-1 has a reduced affinity for its cognate DNA site. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that modification of Oct-1 transcriptional factor could account at least in part for the shutoff of α gene expression late in infection.
The Alkylated Imino Sugar,
n
-(
n
-Nonyl)-Deoxygalactonojirimycin, Reduces the Amount of Hepatitis B Virus Nucleocapsid in Tissue Culture
Authors: Lu Xuanyong , Tran Trang , Simsek Ender , Block Timothy M. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACT

n
-(
n
-Nonyl)-deoxygalactonojirimycin (n,n-DGJ), an alkylated imino sugar, reduces the amount of HBV DNA produced within the stably transfected HBV-producing HepG2.2.15 line in culture and is under consideration for development as a human therapeutic. n,n-DGJ does not appear to inhibit HBV DNA polymerase activity or envelop antigen production (A. Mehta, S. Carrouee, B. Conyers, R. Jordan, T. Butters, R. A. Dwek, and T. M. Block, Hepatology 33:1488-1495, 2001), and the mechanism of antiviral action is unknown. In this study, the step in the virus life cycle affected by n,n-DGJ was explored. Using Northern analysis and immunoprecipitation with anti-HBc antibody, we found that, under conditions in which cell viability was not affected but viral DNA production was substantially reduced, neither the amount of HBV transcription products nor the core polypeptide was detectably reduced. However, the pregenomic RNA, endogenous polymerase activity, and core polypeptide sedimenting in sucrose gradients with a density consistent with that of assembled nucleocapsids were significantly less in the HepG2.2.15 cells incubated with n,n-DGJ. These data suggest that n,n-DGJ either prevents the maturation of HBV nucleocapsids or destabilizes the formed nucleocapsids. Although the cellular and viral mediators of this inhibition are not known, depletion of nucleocapsid has been attributed to some other compounds as well as interferon's mechanism of anti-HBV action. The similarities and differences between this alkylated imino sugar and these other mediators are discussed.
Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication in Primary Macrophages by Using Tat- or CCR5-Specific Small Interfering RNAs Expressed from a Lentivirus Vector
Authors: Lee Ming-Ta M. , Coburn Glen A. , McClure Myra O. , Cullen Bryan R. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACT
Although several groups have demonstrated that RNA interference, induced by transfection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes, can protect cells against a viral challenge in culture, this protection is transient. Here, we describe lentivirus expression vectors that can stably express siRNAs at levels sufficient to block virus replication. We have used these vectors to stably express siRNAs specific for the essential human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat transcription factor or specific for a cellular coreceptor, CCR5, that is required for infection by the majority of primary HIV-1 isolates. These lentivirus vectors are shown to protect cells, including primary macrophages, against HIV-1 infection in culture by inducing selective degradation of their target mRNA species. These data suggest that it should be possible to block the expression of specific viral or cellular genes in vivo by using viral vectors to stably express the appropriate siRNAs.
Primary Sequence and Secondary Structure Motifs in Spleen Necrosis Virus RU5 Confer Translational Utilization of Unspliced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reporter RNA
Authors: Roberts Tiffiney M. , Boris-Lawrie Kathleen 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACT

The 5′ long terminal repeat (LTR) of spleen necrosis virus (SNV) contains a unique posttranscriptional control element that facilitates Rev/Rev-responsive element-independent expression of unspliced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)
gag
reporter RNA. HIV-1 Gag expression is eliminated when SNV LTR is repositioned to the 3′ untranslated region or when the RU5 region is positioned in the antisense orientation. RU5 corresponds to the 5′ RNA terminus, and results presented here indicate that Gag production is sustained upon introduction of transcribed spacers that reposition SNV RU5 35 to 200 nucleotides downstream. Concordant results of deletion and point mutagenesis identified two functionally redundant and synergistic motifs (designated A and C) that are necessary and sufficient for SNV RU5 activity. Enzymatic analysis of SNV RU5 RNA structure determined that A and C correspond to stem-loop structures. Quantitative RNA and protein analysis of A and C mutants revealed that the structural integrity of A and C is necessary for protein production, and loss of function correlates with little change in steady-state level, splicing efficiency, or cytoplasmic accumulation of HIV-1
gag
reporter RNA. Instead, the structural mutations eliminate cytoplasmic utilization as an mRNA template for Gag protein production. Point mutations of unpaired loop-and-bulge nucleotides that maintain the structure of A eliminate activity. The results show that the unpaired UUGU loop and U-rich bulges function together and are candidate SNV RU5 binding sites for the host cell protein(s) that directs cytoplasmic utilization of unspliced HIV-1 reporter RNA.
Receptor Priming of Major Group Human Rhinoviruses for Uncoating and Entry at Mild Low-pH Environments
Authors: Nurani Ghasem , Lindqvist Birgitta , Casasnovas José M. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACT
Receptor priming of low-pH-triggered virus entry has been described for an enveloped virus (15). Here we show with major group human rhinoviruses (HRV) and its intercellular adhesion molecule-1 receptor that nonenveloped viruses follow this novel cell entry principle. In vitro the receptor primed HRV for efficient uncoating at mild low pH (5.5 to 6.0). Agents preventing endosomal acidification reduced or blocked rhinovirus cell infection, while nocodazole had no effect on infection of any serotype tested. The entry inhibitory effect of lysosomotropic agents was overcome by exposing cell-internalized HRV to mild low pH (5.5 to 6.0). We therefore conclude that receptor priming of major group HRV must occur in vivo as well. Cooperation of a cellular receptor and low pH in virus uncoating will polarize the exit of the genome to the receptor-bound, membrane-proximal region of the virus particle during acidification of endosomes. This process must be required for efficient penetration of the cellular membrane by viruses.
Telomere Repeat Binding Factors TRF1, TRF2, and hRAP1 Modulate Replication of Epstein-Barr Virus OriP
Authors: Deng Zhong , Atanasiu Constandache , Burg John S. , Broccoli Dominique , Lieberman Paul M. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACT

Epstein-Barr virus OriP confers cell cycle-dependent DNA replication and stable maintenance on plasmids in EBNA1-positive cells. The dyad symmetry region of OriP contains four EBNA1 binding sites that are punctuated by 9-bp repeats referred to as nonamers. Previous work has shown that the nonamers bind to cellular factors associated with human telomeres and contribute to episomal maintenance of OriP. In this work, we show that substitution mutation of all three nonamer sites reduces both DNA replication and plasmid maintenance of OriP-containing plasmids by 2.5- to 5-fold. The nonamers were required for high-affinity binding of TRF1, TRF2, and hRap1 to the dyad symmetry element but were not essential for the binding of EBNA1 as determined by DNA affinity purification from nuclear extracts. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that TRF1, TRF2, and hRap1 bound OriP in vivo. Cell cycle studies indicate that TRF2 binding to OriP peaks in G
1
/S while TRF1 binding peaks in G
2
/M. OriP replication was inhibited by transfection of full-length TRF1 but not by deletion mutants lacking the myb DNA binding domain. In contrast, OriP replication was not affected by transfection of full-length TRF2 or hRap1 but was potently inhibited by dominant-negative TRF2 or hRap1 amino-terminal truncation mutants. Knockdown experiments with short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) directed against TRF2 and hRap1 severely reduced OriP replication, while TRF1 siRNA had a modest stimulatory effect on OriP replication. These results indicate that TRF2 and hRap1 promote, while TRF1 antagonizes, OriP-dependent DNA replication and suggest that these telomeric factors contribute to the establishment of replication competence at OriP.