bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuropeptide Y in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus Increases Ethanol Intake in High‐ and Low‐Alcohol‐Drinking Rats
Authors: Gilpin N W. , Stewart R B. , Murphy J M. , Badia‐Elder N E. 
Published: October 2004

Background: The behavioral effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) attributed to its actions in the hypothalamus are complex and include effects on feeding, sedation, and the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis. NPY infused into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) increases ethanol intake in unselected rats. High‐alcohol‐drinking (HAD1) and low‐alcohol‐drinking (LAD1) rats differ in basal NPY levels in the PVN, and HAD1, but not LAD1, rats exhibit decreases in ethanol intake after infusion of NPY into the ventricles. This study examined whether NPY infused into the PVN alters ethanol intake in HAD1 and LAD1 rats.Methods: Female HAD1 (n= 14) and LAD1 (n= 18) rats were given 24‐hr free‐choice continuous access to 15% (v/v) ethanol and water for 6 weeks and then implanted bilaterally with cannulas aimed at the PVN. Two weeks later, rats received a series of microinfusions, each separated by 1 week, that included four doses of NPY (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 μg). Ethanol, water, and food were available ad libitum after infusions. All rats received a final microinfusion of 1.0 μg of NPY, after which ethanol and water, but no food, were made available for 2 hr.Results: During the 2 hr after infusion, NPY yielded dose‐dependent increases in both water and food consumption. With food concurrently available, the 0.25‐ and 1.0‐μg doses of NPY did not alter baseline ethanol intake, whereas the 0.5‐μg dose increased ethanol intake. Infusion of 1.0 μg of NPY in the absence of food yielded a decrease in water intake and an increase in ethanol intake relative to the same dose in the presence of food. Twenty‐four hours after infusion, there were no effects of NPY on water and food intake, and increases in ethanol intake were no longer apparent.Conclusions: Increases in ethanol intake after infusion of NPY into the PVN may depend on NPY dose and whether food is concurrently available.
Findings Across Subgroups Regarding the Level of Response to Alcohol as a Risk Factor for Alcohol Use Disorders: A College Population of Women and Latinos
Authors: Schuckit Marc A. , Smith Tom L. , Kalmijn Jelger 
Published: October 2004

Background: The rates of alcohol dependence, a genetically influenced disorder, are increased among Latino men in the United States and are lower among women across ethnic groups. These analyses explored whether the differential rate of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) might reflect one genetically influenced phenotype related to alcoholism risk: the low level of response (LR) to alcohol.Methods: A questionnaire was mailed to students at two universities to identify drinking but not alcohol‐dependent 18‐ to 29‐year‐old men and women who had a parent with alcohol dependence. Subjects were subsequently screened with a validated semistructured interview to corroborate the personal and family histories, and they participated in a challenge with alcohol 0.75 ml/kg for women and 0.90 ml/kg for men. LRs to alcohol were determined and compared between genders and between Latino versus Caucasian/Anglo subjects.Results: The data revealed no consistent significant differences between genders regarding either subjective feelings of intoxication or alcohol‐induced changes in body sway. A similar lack of differential between groups was observed when Latino and Caucasian/Anglo subjects were compared. However, there was at least a statistical trend for interactions when gender, ethnicity, and time were considered together; there was some evidence for a higher LR in Latina women. Perhaps reflecting the different weights and doses of alcohol used, men demonstrated higher breath alcohol concentrations, but no differences in these values were noted between Latino and Anglo populations.Conclusions: The results indicate that the LR to alcohol is not likely to explain differences in rates of AUDs between genders or these two ethnic groups overall. The possibility that a higher LR might be seen for the subgroup with the lowest AUD rate—Latina women—will require replication in larger samples of well matched groups before definitive conclusions can be drawn.
Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Reduces mGluR5 Receptor Number and Function in the Dentate Gyrus of Adult Offspring
Authors: Galindo Rafael , Frausto Shanti , Wolff Christina , Caldwell Kevin K. , Perrone‐Bizzozero Nora I. , Savage Daniel D. 
Published: October 2004

Background: Previous studies in our laboratory indicated that metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)‐stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis is markedly reduced in the hippocampal formation of adult rat offspring whose mothers drank moderate amounts of ethanol during pregnancy. In the present study, we extended these observations by measuring the impact of prenatal ethanol exposure on proteins associated with the mGluR5 receptor‐effector system along with two mGluR5 agonist‐mediated responses in dentate gyrus of adult offspring.Methods: Sprague‐Dawley rat dams consumed one of three diets throughout gestation: (1) a BioServ liquid diet that contained 5% ethanol (v/v), (2) pair‐fed an isocalorically equivalent amount of 0% ethanol liquid diet, or (3) lab chow ad libitum. Microdissected slices of dentate gyrus were prepared from adult female offspring from each diet group and used for (1) Western blot analyses of mGluR5, the G‐proteins Gαq and Gα11, and phospholipase C‐β1; (2) 2‐chloro‐5‐hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG)‐stimulated growth associated protein 43 (GAP‐43) phosphorylation; or (3) CHPG potentiation of electrically evoked [3H]‐d‐aspartate (D‐ASP) release from dentate gyrus slices.Results: In tissue prepared from untreated control rats, CHPG produced a dose‐dependent increase in 32phosphate incorporation into GAP‐43, with maximal agonist stimulation occurring at 20 μM of CHPG. CHPG produced a quantitatively similar dose‐dependent increase in the potentiation of electrically evoked D‐ASP release from dentate gyrus slices from untreated controls. Fetal ethanol exposure reduced the amount of dentate gyrus mGluR5 receptor protein by 36% compared with the diet control groups. There were no significant differences between diet groups in the two G‐proteins or phospholipase C‐β1 protein. Fetal ethanol exposure reduced CHPG‐stimulated GAP‐43 phosphorylation to approximately one half the amount of CHPG stimulation observed in the control diet groups. Prenatal ethanol exposure also reduced CHPG potentiation of D‐ASP release to a similar degree compared with control.Conclusions: These results indicate that prenatal exposure to moderate quantities of ethanol reduces mGluR5 expression in the dentate gyrus of adult offspring. Although the subcellular site(s) for reduced mGluR5 expression cannot be discerned from Western blot data, the quantitatively similar effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on mGluR5 agonist stimulation of presynaptically localized GAP‐43 phosphorylation and CHPG potentiation of evoked D‐ASP release suggest that the presynaptic nerve terminal is one site where prenatal ethanol exposure has reduced mGluR5 receptor number and function. Furthermore, these data implicate these neurochemical alterations as one factor contributing to the hippocampal synaptic plasticity and behavioral deficits that we have observed previously in prenatal ethanol‐exposed offspring.
Alcohol Dehydrogenase 2*3 Affects Alterations in Offspring Facial Morphology Associated With Maternal Ethanol Intake in Pregnancy
Authors: Das Utpala G. , Cronk Christine E. , Martier Susan S. , Simpson Pippa M. , McCarver D Gail 
Published: October 2004

Background: Ethanol intake during pregnancy alters offspring facial morphology. However, significant variation that may be due to genetic diversity in ethanol metabolizing enzymes occurs. The alcohol dehydrogenase 1B*3 (ADH1B*3) allele is protective for offspring developmental outcome after maternal alcohol drinking in pregnancy and may explain the spectrum of facial morphology.Methods: Faces of infants with known ADH1B genotype, whose mothers’ADH1B genotypes and ethanol intake were determined during pregnancy, were photographed using uniform procedures. Photographs were scanned and the inner canthal distance, palpebral fissure length, and distance from the bridge of the nose to the bottom of the upper lip were measured by an investigator who was blinded to genotype and ethanol exposure.Results: Among 247 photographed infants, each facial measurement varied >2‐fold. Median absolute ethanol daily intake was 0.5 oz among mothers who reported drinking in the periconceptional period (N= 173) and 0.17 oz among mothers who reported drinking before the first prenatal visit (N= 62). Controlling for the amount of maternal ethanol intake just before the first prenatal visit and infant sex, the three‐way interaction among the absence of a maternal and offspring ADH1B*3 allele and the presence of ethanol consumption just before the first prenatal visit was associated with smaller facial measurements (p= 0.002, MANCOVA).Conclusions: These are the first observations of a significant gene–environment interaction explaining variation in facial morphology associated with ethanol use in pregnancy. This positive effect of ADH1B*3 is consistent with its known positive effect on offspring birth weight and developmental outcome after in utero ethanol exposure.
Association of ALDH1 Promoter Polymorphisms With Alcohol‐Related Phenotypes in Southwest California Indians
Authors: Ehlers Cindy L. , Spence John P. , Wall Tamara L. , Gilder David A. , Carr Lucinda G. 
Published: October 2004

Background: Cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1A1) is an important enzyme in the metabolism of acetaldehyde and the synthesis of retinoic acid. Two polymorphisms in the promoter region of ALDH1A1—ALDH1A1*2 and ALDH1A1*3—have recently been identified and described in small samples of Asian, Caucasian, and African individuals. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of these polymorphisms in a sample of Southwest California Indians and to test for associations with alcohol dependence and other substance‐related behaviors.Methods: The participants in this study were 463 adult men and women recruited from 8 contiguous Indian reservations. A structured interview was used to gather information on demographics, psychiatric diagnoses, and personal drinking and drug use history. A blood sample was obtained from each participant, and leukocyte DNA was extracted and used to genotype for the presence of the ALDH1A1 promoter polymorphisms.Results: Twenty‐seven participants (6%) possessed ALDH1A1*2 (frequency, 0.03), two participants possessed ALDH1A1*3, and one participant displayed both of these alleles. Individuals with an ALDH1A1*2 allele had lower rates of alcohol dependence and regular tobacco use than those without this allele. Individuals with ALDH1A1*2 also reported a significantly lower maximum number of drinks ever consumed in a 24‐hr period, reported drinking fewer drinks per occasion when they first started drinking regularly, and reported lower expectations of alcohol's effects compared with individuals without this allele.Conclusions: Results from this study suggest that ALDH1A1*2 may be associated with protection from the development of alcohol and other substance use disorders.
Association of Sleep Disturbance with Chronicity and Remission of Alcohol Dependence: Data from a Population‐Based Prospective Study
Authors: Crum Rosa M. , Ford Daniel E. , Storr Carla L. , Chan Ya‐Fen 
Published: October 2004

Objective:We assessed the association of three types of self‐reported sleep disturbances (insomnia, hypersomnia, and sleep disturbance caused by worry) among individuals with chronic and remitted alcohol dependence, using prospectively gathered data from a population‐based sample.Methods:Probability samples of area residents were selected by census tracks and households in Baltimore, MD, in 1981, as part of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area program (n= 3481). Between 1993 and 1996, the original cohort was traced, and 73% of the survivors were re‐interviewed (n= 1920). Three groups for alcohol dependence status were identified: (1) chronic, (2) remitted, and (3) no lifetime or current history of dependence. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between alcohol dependence status for each type of sleep disturbance.Results:Of the 248 individuals with alcohol dependence, most had achieved remission of dependence by the time of the median 13‐year follow‐up interview (n= 211). A total of 37 met criteria for chronic dependence. After holding constant potential confounders (age, sex, race, educational level, marital status, psychiatric and illicit drug disorder history, health services use, and age of onset of first alcohol‐related problem), we found that chronic dependence was associated with insomnia (odds ratio = 2.60; 95% confidence interval = 1.11–6.08;p= 0.03), relative to those without a history of dependence. Remitted dependence was not associated with sleep disturbance in the models adjusted for covariates. In supplemental analyses, we assessed the association of drinking status with alcohol dependence remission.Conclusions:Individuals with persistent alcohol dependence have greater odds of insomnia than those whose alcohol dependence remits. The need for prospectively gathered data from community‐based samples to assess further the temporal relationships of sleep disturbance, alcohol dependence, and alcohol consumption level is discussed.
Evidence for Serine/Threonine and Histidine Kinase Activity in the Tobacco Ethylene Receptor Protein NTHK2
Authors: Zhang Zhi-Gang , Zhou Hua-Lin , Chen Tao , Gong Yan , Cao Wan-Hong , Wang Yu-Jun , Zhang Jin-Song , Chen Shou-Yi 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Ethylene plays important roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Two ethylene receptors, ETR1 from Arabidopsis and NTHK1 from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), have been found to have His kinase (HK) activity and Ser/Thr kinase activity, respectively, although both show similarity to bacterial two-component HK. Here, we report the characterization of another ethylene receptor homolog gene, NTHK2, from tobacco. This gene also encodes a HK-like protein and is induced by dehydration and CaCl2 but not significantly affected by NaCl and abscisic acid treatments. The biochemical properties of the yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)-expressed NTHK2 domains were further characterized. We found that NTHK2 possessed Ser/Thr kinase activity in the presence of Mn2+ and had HK activity in the presence of Ca2+. Several lines of evidence supported this conclusion, including hydrolytic stability, phosphoamino acid analysis, mutation, deletion, and substrate analysis. These properties have implications in elucidation of the complexity of the ethylene signal transduction pathway and understanding of ethylene functions in plants.
Boron Tolerance in Barley Is Mediated by Efflux of Boron from the Roots
Authors: Hayes Julie E. , Reid Robert J. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Many plants are known to reduce the toxic effects of high soil boron (B) by reducing uptake of B, but no mechanism for limiting uptake has previously been identified. The B-tolerant cultivar of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), Sahara, was shown to be able to maintain root B concentrations up to 50% lower than in the B-sensitive cultivar, Schooner. This translated into xylem concentrations that were approximately 64% lower and leaf concentrations 73% lower in the tolerant cultivar. In both cultivars, B accumulation was rapid and reached a steady-state concentration in roots within 3 h. In Schooner, this concentration was similar to the external medium, whereas in Sahara, the root concentration was maintained at a lower concentration. For this to occur, B must be actively extruded from the root in Sahara, and this is presumed to be the basis for B tolerance in barley. The extrusion mechanism was inhibited by sodium azide but not by treatment at low temperature. Several anion channel inhibitors were also effective in limiting extrusion, but it was not clear whether they acted directly or via metabolic inhibition. The ability of Sahara to maintain lower root B concentrations was constitutive and occurred across a wide range of B concentrations. This ability was lost at high pH, and both Schooner and Sahara then had similar root B concentrations. A predictive model that is consistent with the empirical results and explains the tolerance mechanism based on the presence of a borate anion efflux transporter in Sahara is presented.
Measurement and Interpretation of the Oxygen Isotope Composition of Carbon Dioxide Respired by Leaves in the Dark
Authors: Cernusak Lucas A. , Farquhar Graham D. , Wong S. Chin , Stuart-Williams Hilary 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
We measured the oxygen isotope composition (δ18O) of CO2 respired by Ricinus communis leaves in the dark. Experiments were conducted at low CO2 partial pressure and at normal atmospheric CO2 partial pressure. Across both experiments, the δ18O of dark-respired CO2 (δR) ranged from 44‰ to 324‰ (Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water scale). This seemingly implausible range of values reflects the large flux of CO2 that diffuses into leaves, equilibrates with leaf water via the catalytic activity of carbonic anhydrase, then diffuses out of the leaf, leaving the net CO2 efflux rate unaltered. The impact of this process on δR is modulated by the δ18O difference between CO2 inside the leaf and in the air, and by variation in the CO2 partial pressure inside the leaf relative to that in the air. We developed theoretical equations to calculate δ18O of CO2 in leaf chloroplasts (δc), the assumed location of carbonic anhydrase activity, during dark respiration. Their application led to sensible estimates of δc, suggesting that the theory adequately accounted for the labeling of CO2 by leaf water in excess of that expected from the net CO2 efflux. The δc values were strongly correlated with δ18O of water at the evaporative sites within leaves. We estimated that approximately 80% of CO2 in chloroplasts had completely exchanged oxygen atoms with chloroplast water during dark respiration, whereas approximately 100% had exchanged during photosynthesis. Incorporation of the δ18O of leaf dark respiration into ecosystem and global scale models of C18OO dynamics could affect model outputs and their interpretation.
Galactinol synthase1. A Novel Heat Shock Factor Target Gene Responsible for Heat-Induced Synthesis of Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides in Arabidopsis
Authors: Panikulangara Tressa Jacob , Eggers-Schumacher Gabriele , Wunderlich Markus , Stransky Harald , Schöffl Fritz 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Heat shock factors (HSFs) are transcriptional regulators of the heat shock response. The major target of HSFs are the genes encoding heat shock proteins (HSPs), which are known to have a protective function that counteracts cytotoxic effects. To identify other HSF target genes, which may be important determinants for the generation of stress tolerance in Arabidopsis, we screened a library enriched for genes that are up-regulated in HSF3 (AtHsfA1b)-overexpressing transgenic plants (TPs). Galactinol synthase1 (GolS1) is one of the genes that is heat-inducible in wild type, but shows constitutive mRNA levels in HSF3 TPs. The generation and analysis of TPs containing GolS1-promoter::β-glucuronidase-reporter gene constructs showed that, upon heat stress, the expression is transcriptionally controlled and occurs in all vegetative tissues. Functional consequences of GolS1 expression were investigated by the quantification of raffinose, stachyose, and galactinol contents in wild type, HSF3 TPs, and two different GolS1 knockout mutants (gols1-1 and gols1-2). This analysis demonstrates that (1) raffinose content in leaves increases upon heat stress in wild-type but not in the GolS1 mutant plants; and (2) the level of raffinose is enhanced and stachyose is present at normal temperature in HSF3 TPs. These data provide evidence that GolS1 is a novel HSF target gene, which is responsible for heat stress-dependent synthesis of raffinose, a member of the raffinose family oligosaccharides. The biological function of this osmoprotective substance and the role of HSF-dependent genes in this biochemical pathway are discussed.
Maximizing the Efficacy of SAGE Analysis Identifies Novel Transcripts in Arabidopsis
Authors: Robinson Stephen J. , Cram Dustin J. , Lewis Christopher T. , Parkin Isobel A.P. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The efficacy of using Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) to analyze the transcriptome of the model dicotyledonous plant Arabidopsis was assessed. We describe an iterative tag-to-gene matching process that exploits the availability of the whole genome sequence of Arabidopsis. The expression patterns of 98% of the annotated Arabidopsis genes could theoretically be evaluated through SAGE and using an iterative matching process 79% could be identified by a tag found at a unique site in the genome. A total of 145,170 reliable experimental tags from two Arabidopsis leaf tissue SAGE libraries were analyzed, of which 29,632 were distinct. The majority (93%) of the 12,988 experimental tags observed greater than once could be matched within the Arabidopsis genome. However, only 78% were matched to a single locus within the genome, reflecting the complexities associated with working in a highly duplicated genome. In addition to a comprehensive assessment of gene expression in Arabidopsis leaf tissue, we describe evidence of transcription from pseudo-genes as well as evidence of alternative mRNA processing and anti-sense transcription. This collection of experimental SAGE tags could be exploited to assist in the on-going annotation of the Arabidopsis genome.
The Mechanics of Surface Expansion Anisotropy in Medicago truncatula Root Hairs
Authors: Dumais Jacques , Long Sharon R. , Shaw Sidney L. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Wall expansion in tip-growing cells shows variations according to position and direction. In Medicago truncatula root hairs, wall expansion exhibits a strong meridional gradient with a maximum near the pole of the cell. Root hair cells also show a striking expansion anisotropy, i.e. over most of the dome surface the rate of circumferential wall expansion exceeds the rate of meridional expansion. Concomitant measurements of expansion rates and wall stresses reveal that the extensibility of the cell wall must vary abruptly along the meridian of the cell to maintain the gradient of wall expansion. To determine the mechanical basis of expansion anisotropy, we compared measurements of wall expansion with expansion patterns predicted from wall structural models that were either fully isotropic, transversely isotropic, or fully anisotropic. Our results indicate that a model based on a transversely isotropic wall structure can provide a good fit of the data although a fully anisotropic model offers the best fit overall. We discuss how such mechanical properties could be controlled at the microstructural level.