bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proposed XML‐based three‐dimensional atom probe data standard
Authors: Miller M. K. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA platform‐independent extensible markup language (XML) standard to describe all types of three‐dimensional and classical atom probe data is proposed. An associated XML‐based peak assignment or range file format is also described. XML‐based databases of elemental parameters and predefined colors are described. These standard formats should facilitate the exchange and analysis of three‐dimensional atom probe data. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field emission from thick carbon nanotube film on Si substrate
Authors: Wang Qikun , Zhu Chang‐Chun , Shi Yongsheng 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA carbon nanotube (CNT) cathode for field emission display was fabricated by coating on Si substrate. The CNTs were obtained from catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbon. A paste mixture for coating was prepared by mixing CNTs, glass frits and organic binder. The paste mixture of well‐dispersed CNTs was coated on Si substrate and subsequently heat treated to fix the CNTs on the substrate and remove the organic binder. With this method we obtained a uniform, flat, thick, conductive CNT film that adhered tightly to the Si substrate. Measurements carried out using a diode structure reveal that the electron field emission of the CNT coating can be turned on with a field as low as 1.0–1.25 V µm−1, and an emission current density of 50 µA cm−2 at 5 V µm−1 can be attained. On increasing the proportion of glass frits, a gradual decrease in emission current is observed. When the sintering time is prolonged, the field emission of the thick CNT film is reduced. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced field emission of self‐organized laser‐produced Si and Ni micro‐tip arrays with incorporated carbon nanotubes
Authors: Karabutov A. V. , Simakin A. V. , Shafeev G. A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractResults are reported on low‐field electron emission from periodic arrays of micro‐tips produced by laser‐assisted evaporation of single‐crystal Si wafers in a vacuum and Ni wafers in liquid. To improve the emission from the micro‐tips, single‐wall carbon nanotubes were incorporated into surface layers of the tips during or after micro‐relief formation. The best samples showed emission at threshold fields as low as 0.3–1 V µm−1 for Si substrate and 1.5–2 V µm−1 for Ni substrate, as measured with the flat screen technique. The emission was stable upon cyclic variation of the electric field. Sufficient improvement of the emission surface uniformity (a number of emission sites per square unit) and lower threshold fields were achieved using carbon nanotube incorporation compared to ‘undoped’ Si and Ni micro‐tips. The experimental data explain the field emission from the tip arrays by a complex geometric field enhancement, including nanotubes and narrow conducting channels in the tip body. The arrays of micro‐tips are promising for a wide range of cold cathode applications. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field emission current fluctuations from isolated carbon nanotubes
Authors: Tuggle D. W. , Jiao J. , Dong L. F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractField emission current fluctuations from single carbon nanotubes created by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process were studied using a field emission microscope equipped with a moveable Faraday cup. The aperture at the entrance to the cup defined the solid angle subtended and allowed conversion of current into angular intensity. A time record of current was constructed by sampling, from which the average current and standard deviation were calculated. Simultaneously, a power spectrum from 1 Hz to 1 kHz was acquired. Normalized comparisons of power spectral densities for nanotube, Schottky and thermal field emitters are presented. The effect of heating the nanotube emitter substrate on the current fluctuation is shown. A limit of ∼0.1 mA sr−1 was observed for angular intensity from carbon nanotubes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field electron emission properties from aligned carbon nanotube bundles of different density
Authors: Deng S. Z. , Xu N. S. , Liu J. B. , Chen Jun , Ke Y. L. , She J. C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDetails are given of an experimental study of the field emission characteristics of well‐aligned carbon nanotube films. The films were prepared in a catalyst‐assisted process using bias‐enhanced microwave plasma chemical vapour deposition. They consist of bundles of carbon nanotubes, the density of which may be controlled by changing the thickness of the pre‐deposited catalyst film. The transparent anode technique was used to measure the field emission properties of the carbon nanotube films and it was found that films having a low density of bundles have better field emission properties. The findings are explained by the electrostatic screen effect. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anwendung moderner Beschichtungs‐ technologien – Quo Vadis 2004?. Application of Coatings for Tolling ‐ Quo Vadis 2004?
Authors: Cselle Tibor 
Published: June 2004

AbstractJede dritte Patentanmeldung, die sich mit Zerspanungswerkzeugen beschäftigt, stellt einen Hauptanspruch bezüglich Beschichtungen auf. Aber nicht nur deswegen sind Schichten eine der wichtigsten (sogar momentan vielleicht die wichtigste) Antriebskräfte der Weiterentwicklung der Fertigungstechnik. Sie bestimmen die Leistung der Werkzeuge maßgeblich und verbessern diese mit Riesenschritten [1], [12].Der folgende Beitrag möchte nicht im Sinne der gängigen Reviews den Stand der heutigen Beschichtungstechnik darstellen. Vielmehr werden hier Informationen zu den aktuellsten Fragen, Problemen und Neuigkeiten der Beschichtungspraxis kurz und bündig zusammengefasst. Damit sollte der heute so gestresste Anwender in kurzer Zeit konkrete Antworten auf einige seiner brennenden Fragen erhalten.
Clinical Significance of Serum Carcinoembryonic Antigen, Carbohydrate Antigen 19‐9, and Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen Levels in Esophageal Cancer Patients
Authors: Kosugi Shin‐ichi , Nishimaki Tadashi , Kanda Tatsuo , Nakagawa Satoru , Ohashi Manabu , Hatakeyama Katsuyoshi 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSerum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19‐9, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) antigen levels were assessed to determine if their levels are useful for staging esophageal cancer preoperatively and for predicting patient survival after esophagectomy. Hence their seropositivity was investigated for a correlation with resectability, clinicopathologic parameters of tumor progression, and treatment outcomes in patients with unresectable esophageal cancer (n = 63) and those undergoing esophagectomy for resectable disease (n = 267). Abnormal elevation of serum SCC antigen levels showed a significant correlation with resectability (p < 0.0001), depth of tumor invasion (p < 0.0001), lymph node status (p = 0.0015), TNM stage (p < 0.0001), lymphatic invasion (p = 0.0019), blood vessel invasion (p = 0.0079), and poor survival after esophagectomy (p = 0.0061). A significant relation (p = 0.0145) was found between elevated serum CEA levels and distant metastasis, whereas the seropositivity of CA 19‐9 showed no association with resectability, tumor progression, or patient survival. These results indicate that abnormal elevation of serum SCC antigen is a useful predictor of advanced esophageal cancer associated with poor survival after esophagectomy.
Identification of the Nonrecurrent Laryngeal Nerve during Thyroid Surgery: 20‐Year Experience
Authors: Toniato Antonio , Mazzarotto Renzo , Piotto Andrea , Bernante Paolo , Pagetta Costantino , Pelizzo Maria Rosa 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve, which is rarely observed during thyroidectomy, is at high risk for damage. During a 20‐year period 6000 thyroidectomies were performed at our institution, and during these operations inferior laryngeal nerves were routinely identified in all the patients with a standard procedure based on the usual anatomic landmarks. A nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve was observed on the right side in 31 cases (0.51%), with no anatomic anomalies found on the left side. The nerve anomaly was diagnosed preoperatively in five patients. A vocal cord deficit, caused by a nerve lesion, was observed in four cases (12.9%). Our results suggest that the best way to avoid morbidity is routine identification of the nerve. This can be done by carefully identifying all the thyroid structures and being suspicious of the presence of the abnormality when the inferior laryngeal nerve is not found in a classic position.
Leisure activities and problem behaviours among Hungarian youth
Authors: Piko Bettina F. , Vazsonyi Alexander T. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe examined leisure behaviours and the relationships between leisure and a variety of problem behaviours in a sample of 1422 Hungarian adolescents (age range: 14–19). Findings from multivariate analyses suggest that some aspects of adolescent leisure, such as family or conventional activities, act as protective factors against problem behaviours, while peer‐oriented activities or commercial types of leisure contribute to greater risk for problem behaviours. We also found that the same leisure activities explained problem behaviours for both males and females. The study suggests that the relationships between leisure activities and problem behaviours are highly similar as found among Western youth.
Intracellular phenotype of Mycobacterium avium enters macrophages primarily by a macropinocytosis‐like mechanism and survives in a compartment that differs from that with extracellular phenotype
Authors: Bermudez Luiz E. , Petrofsky Mary , Sangari Felix 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMycobacterium avium uptake by human macrophages differs between the phenotypes of bacterium grown in laboratory media (extracellular growth, EG) and bacterium grown within macrophages (intracellular growth, IG). Studies in vivo have confirmed that, when spreading, pathogenic mycobacteria enter macrophages by a complement receptor 3‐independent pathway, in contrast to mycobacteria uptake in vitro. M. avium, grown in macrophages (IG) for 3 or more days, invade fresh macrophages by a macropinocytosis‐like mechanism, in contrast to bacteria grown in media (EG), confirmed by the inhibitory effect of wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphoinoside‐3‐kinase, on the uptake of IG, but not EG, by macrophages. The IG phenotype was seen in vacuoles with lower pH than those inhabited by the EG phenotype. Incubation of macrophages with bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of vacuole acidification, decreased the viability of intracellular IG, but not EG, phenotype, suggesting the importance of an acidic environment for the regulation of IG genes. In addition, the percentage of vacuoles that incorporate and retain LAMP‐1 is smaller with EG than with IG bacteria. The formation of M. avium macropinosomes was also shown to be independent of microtubules. These data suggest that uptake of extracellular fluid is part of M. avium IG phenotype uptake by macrophages, and that the IG phenotype inhabits a slightly different vacuole than that of EG.
Residual symptoms of depression: clinical and theoretical implications
Authors: Boulenger Jean-Philippe 
Published: June 2004

AbstractResidual symptoms of variable intensity often persist following pharmaco/or psychotherapeutic interventions for treatment of major depression (MD). In several studies, such persistent symptoms have been clearly shown to be associated with a higher risk of relapse, chronicity and functional impairment, but their true nature is still controversial. Several authors consider that these symptoms belong to the range of depression proper and thus indicate that the current episode has been inadequately treated, a hypothesis reinforced by their frequent similarity with the symptoms preceding the full-blown picture of MD. However, in the current state of research, their connection with certain personality traits or comorbid disorders—notably anxiety disorders—cannot be completely ruled out. This article reviews the main data from the literature concerning residual symptoms and their treatment, as well as the issues related to their psychopathological meaning. In practice, once the state of a patient has been stabilized in partial remission of the depressive syndrome, the clinician should revise the current therapeutic strategy and seek to find how to return as fully as possible to the previous euthymic state.
Temperament and character inventory (TCI) personality profile in metamphetamine abusers: a controlled study
Authors: Hosák Ladislav , Preiss Marek , Halíř Martin , Čermáková Eva , Csémy Ladislav 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe applied the temperament and character inventory (TCI) personality questionnaire in 41 inpatients dependent on metamphetamine, and 35 controls. Novelty seeking, harm avoidance and self-transcendence were significantly higher, and persistence, self-directedness and cooperativeness were significantly lower in the patients than in the healthy volunteers. The detected differences may be important for prevention and treatment.
Stem cell repair of physeal cartilage
Authors: Ahn Jae I. , Canale S. Terry , Butler Stephanie D. , Hasty Karen A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractTo evaluate the ability of cultured mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to repair physeal defects, MSC‐matrix constructs with 5% gelatin (group A), 10% gelatin/Gelfoam (Pharmacia, Peapack, NJ) (group B), and MSC grown in the presence of TGF‐β3 with Gelfoam (group C) were implanted in proximal tibial physeal defects created in 20 immature rabbits. Control groups (untreated partial defect and partial defect treated with Gelfoam) showed bony bar formation with varus deformities of 30° and 28°, respectively. Group A had an average 23° varus deformity with bony bridge formation, and group B had mild varus angulation (average 14°) of the proximal tibia. In group C, there was no significant varus deformity (average 9°), and histologic examination showed that some of the columnation areas interspersed with chondrocytes were irregularly arranged in the matrix. These findings suggest that repair of physeal defects can be enhanced by the implantation of MSC cultured with TGF‐β3. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Further Investigation of Linkage Disequilibrium SNPs and their Ability to Identify Associated Susceptibility Loci
Authors: North B. V. , Curtis D. , Martin E. R. , Lai E. H. , Roses A. D. , Sham P. C. 
Published: June 2004

SummaryThere is currently considerable interest in the use of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to map disease susceptibility genes. The success of this method will depend on a number of factors including the strength of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between marker and disease loci. We used a data set of SNP genotypings in the region of the APOE disease susceptibility locus to investigate the likely usefulness of SNPs in case‐control studies. Using the estimated haplotype structure surrounding and including the APOE locus, and assuming a codominant disease model, we treated each SNP in turn as if it were a disease susceptibility locus and obtained, for each disease locus and markers, the expected likelihood ratio test (LRT) to assess disease association.We were particularly interested in the power to detect association with the susceptibility polymorphism itself, the power of nearby markers to detect association, and the ability to distinguish between the susceptibility polymorphism and marker loci also showing association. We found that the expected LRT depended critically on disease allele frequencies. For disease loci with a reasonably common allele we were usually able to detect association. However, for only a subset of markers in the close neighbourhood of the disease locus was association detectable. In these cases we were usually, but not always, able to distinguish the disease locus from nearby associated marker loci. For some disease loci, no other loci demonstrated detectable association with the disease phenotype. We conclude that one may need to use very dense SNP maps in order to avoid overlooking polymorphisms affecting susceptibility to a common phenotype.
Ancestral Founder Mutation of the Nude (FOXN1) Gene in Congenital Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Associated with Alopecia in Southern Italy Population
Authors: Adriani M. , Martinez‐Mir A. , Fusco F. , Busiello R. , Frank J. , Telese S. , Matrecano E. , Ursini M. V. , Christiano A. M. , Pignata C. 
Published: June 2004

SummaryGenetic alterations of the FOXN1 transcription factor, selectively expressed in thymic epithelia and skin, are responsible in both mice and humans for the Nude/SCID phenotype. The first described human FOXN1 mutation was a C792T transition in exon 5 resulting in the nonsense mutation R255X, and was detected in two probands originated from a small community in southern Italy. In this community, four additional children affected with congenital alopecia died in early childhood because of severe infections. In this study, we report on the screening for this mutation in 30% of the village population. This analysis led us to identify 55 heterozygous carriers (6.52%) of the R255X mutation out of 843 inhabitants screened. A genealogical study revealed that these subjects, belonging to 39 families, were linked in an extended 7‐generational pedigree comprising 483 individuals. Through the archival database a single ancestral couple, born at the beginning of the 19th century, was identified. To confirm the ancestral origin of the mutation we genotyped two microsatellite markers, D17S2187 and D17S1880, flanking the FOXN1 gene on chromosome 17. The three haplotypes identified, 3/R255X/3, 3/R255X/2 and 3/R255X/1, are consistent with a single ancestral origin for the mutation R255X.
Mitochondrial DNA and Y‐Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus
Authors: Nasidze I. , Ling E. Y. S. , Quinque D. , Dupanloup I. , Cordaux R. , Rychkov S. , Naumova O. , Zhukova O. , Sarraf‐Zadegan N. , Naderi G. A. , Asgary S. , Sardas S. , Farhud D. D. , Sarkisian T. , Asadov C. , Kerimov A. , Stoneking M. 
Published: June 2004

SummaryWe have analyzed mtDNA HVI sequences and Y chromosome haplogroups based on 11 binary markers in 371 individuals, from 11 populations in the Caucasus and the neighbouring countries of Turkey and Iran. Y chromosome haplogroup diversity in the Caucasus was almost as high as in Central Asia and the Near East, and significantly higher than in Europe. More than 27% of the variance in Y‐haplogroups can be attributed to differences between populations, whereas mtDNA showed much lower heterogeneity between populations (less then 5%), suggesting a strong influence of patrilocal social structure. Several groups from the highland region of the Caucasus exhibited low diversity and high differentiation for either or both genetic systems, reflecting enhanced genetic drift in these small, isolated populations. Overall, the Caucasus groups showed greater similarity with West Asian than with European groups for both genetic systems, although this similarity was much more pronounced for the Y chromosome than for mtDNA, suggesting that male‐mediated migrations from West Asia have influenced the genetic structure of Caucasus populations.
Mitochondrial DNA Heterogeneity in Tunisian Berbers
Authors: Fadhlaoui‐Zid K. , Plaza S. , Calafell F. , Ben Amor M. , Comas D. , Bennamar A. , Gaaied El 
Published: June 2004

SummaryBerbers live in groups scattered across North Africa whose origins and genetic relationships with their neighbours are not well established. The first hypervariable segment of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region was sequenced in a total of 155 individuals from three Tunisian Berber groups and compared to other North Africans. The mtDNA lineages found belong to a common set of mtDNA haplogroups already described in North Africa. Besides the autochthonous North African U6 haplogroup, a group of L3 lineages characterized by the transition at position 16041 seems to be restricted to North Africans, suggesting that an expansion of this group of lineages took place around 10500 years ago in North Africa, and spread to neighbouring populations. Principal components and the coordinate analyses show that some Berber groups (the Tuareg, the Mozabite, and the Chenini‐Douiret) are outliers within the North African genetic landscape. This outlier position is consistent with an isolation process followed by genetic drift in haplotype frequencies, and with the high heterogeneity displayed by Berbers compared to Arab samples as shown in the AMOVA. Despite this Berber heterogeneity, no significant differences were found between Berber and Arab samples, suggesting that the Arabization was mainly a cultural process rather than a demographic replacement.
The Genetic Basis for Sex Differences in Human Behaviour: Role of the Sex Chromosomes
Authors: Craig Ian W. , Harper Emma , Loat Caroline S. 
Published: June 2004

SummaryThe nature of the mechanisms underlying observed sex differences in human behaviour continues to be debated. This review concentrates on the thesis that genes on the sex chromosomes other than those directly controlling sex determination, and whose functions are, at least in part, independent from hormonal influences, play a significant role in determining gender differences in behaviour. To provide an adequate basis for examining this issue, the current understanding of the nature of sex determination, differences in behaviour and the influences of sex hormones are evaluated. The possible contribution to behavioural differences of those X‐linked genes which escape inactivation, or which may be subjected to imprinting, is discussed. The review concludes with a summary of the genetic basis for two sexually disparate types of behaviour.
Locating Responsibility: The Sphere Humanitarian Charter and Its Rationale
Authors: Darcy James 
Published: June 2004

Criticised by some as a technical initiative that neglects core principles, Sphere was seen by its originators precisely as an articulation of principle. The Humanitarian Charter was the main vehicle through which this was expressed, but its relationship to the Minimum Standards has remained a matter of uncertainty. Specifically, it was unclear in the original (1999) edition of Sphere how the concept of rights informed the Minimum Standards. The revised (2004) edition goes some way to clarifying this in the way the standards are framed, yet the link between the standards and the charter remains unclear.The concern with the quality and accountability of humanitarian assistance, which motivated the attempt to establish system‐wide standards through the Sphere Project, was accompanied by a desire to establish such actions in a wider framework of legal and political responsibility. In part, this reflects the conditional nature of the undertaking that agencies make when they adopt Sphere. This aspect of the charter has been neglected, but it is fundamental to an understanding of the standards and their application.This paper considers the rationale of the Sphere Humanitarian Charter and the conceptual model that underpins it. It discusses the relationship between the charter and the Minimum Standards, and the sense in which the latter are properly called ‘rights‐based’ (explored further in a related paper herein by Young and Taylor). The author was closely involved in the conception and drafting of the charter, and this paper attempts to convey some of the thinking that lay behind it.