bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
End‐labeled free‐solution electrophoresis of DNA
Authors: Meagher Robert J. , Won Jong‐In , McCormick Laurette C. , Nedelcu Sorin , Bertrand Martin M. , Bertram Jordan L. , Drouin Guy , Barron Annelise E. , Slater Gary W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDNA is a free‐draining polymer. This subtle but “unfortunate” property of highly charged polyelectrolytes makes it impossible to separate nucleic acids by free‐flow electrophoresis. This is why one must typically use a sieving matrix, such as a gel or an entangled polymer solution, in order to obtain some electrophoretic size separation. An alternative approach consists of breaking the charge to friction balance of free‐draining DNA molecules. This can be achieved by labeling the DNA with a large, uncharged molecule (essentially a hydrodynamic parachute, which we also call a drag‐tag) prior to electrophoresis; the resulting methodology is called end‐labeled free‐solution electrophoresis (ELFSE). In this article, we review the development of ELFSE over the last decade. In particular, we examine the theoretical concepts used to predict the ultimate performance of ELFSE for single‐stranded (ssDNA) sequencing, the experimental results showing that ELFSE can indeed overcome the free‐draining issue raised above, and the technological advances that are needed to speed the development of competitive ELFSE‐based sequencing and separation technologies. Finally, we also review the reverse process, called free‐solution conjugate electrophoresis (FSCE), wherein uncharged polymers of different sizes can be analyzed using a short DNA molecule as an electrophoretic engine.
Direct calculation of interconversion barriers in dynamic chromatography and electrophoresis: Isomerization of captopril
Authors: Trapp Oliver 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDynamic capillary electrophoresis (DCE) and direct calculation of the rate constants of isomerization has been applied to determine the cis‐trans isomerization barriers of the angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor captopril. The separation of the rotational cis‐trans isomeric drug has been performed in an aqueous 50 mM borate buffer at pH 9.3. Interconversion profiles featuring plateau formation, peak‐broadening, and peak coalescence were observed. To determine the rate constants of the forward and backward reaction (kcis→trans and ktrans→cis) of the isomerization process in dynamic capillary electrophoresis, a novel straightforward calculation method using the experimental parameters plateau height, hplateau, peak width at half height wh, the total migration times of the cis‐trans isomers tR and the electroosmotic break‐through time t0 as well as the peak ratio of the cis‐trans isomers is presented for the first time. From temperature dependent measurements the rate constants kcis→trans and ktrans→cis and the kinetic activation parameters ΔG≠, ΔH≠, and ΔS≠ of the cis‐trans isomerization of captopril were obtained. From the activation parameters the isomerization barriers of captopril at 37°C under basic conditions were calculated to be ΔG≠cis→trans = 90.3 kJ·mol−1and ΔG≠trans→cis = 90.0 kJ·mol−1*.
Field gradient electrophoresis
Authors: Warnick Karl F. , Francom Scott J. , Humble Paul H. , Kelly Ryan T. , Woolley Adam T. , Lee Milton L. , Tolley H. Dennis 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe class of equilibrium gradient methods utilizes the opposition of two forces, at least one of which changes in magnitude with position, to separate and concentrate analytes. The drawback of many methods of this type is that the production of two opposing forces requires in comparison to standard methods, such as capillary electrophoresis, a relatively complex apparatus. In addition, for techniques such as electric field gradient focusing, hydrodynamic flow leads to Taylor dispersion, which limits the attainable concentration factor. We propose a new method, gradient field electrophoresis, which achieves analyte separation and focusing with only one spatially varying force, an electric field gradient. A model for the method is developed and used to analyze peak capacity. Experimental results for a protein (R‐phycoerythrin) are given and compared to the model.
Biomarkers for apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Ankarcrona Maria , Winblad Bengt 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) affects millions of people worldwide and the number of AD cases will increase with increased life expectancy. Today there is no cure for this devastating and always lethal disease and therefore it is of great interest for patients, relatives and societies to find new drugs that can hinder the disease process. During the progression of AD a substantial amount of neurons degenerate in the brain. The mechanisms of cell death involved in AD have not been fully elucidated. However, there are several reports showing that neurons die partly by apoptosis in the AD brain. Drugs blocking apoptosis could therefore be potentially useful for early prevention of neuronal cell death. Biomarkers for apoptosis should be important tools in the evaluation of drug effects and in the diagnostics of AD. Here we review the current knowledge in the field and discuss potential biomarkers for apoptosis in AD. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical application of operationalized criteria for ‘Depression of Alzheimer's Disease’
Authors: Rosenberg Paul B. , Onyike Chiadi U. , Katz Ira R. , Porsteinsson Anton P. , Mintzer Jacobo E. , Schneider Lon S. , Rabins Peter V. , Meinert Curtis L. , Martin Barbara K. , Lyketsos Constantine G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectives‘Depression of Alzheimer's Disease’ (dAD) is a common complication of Alzheimer's disease and is increasingly recognized as a syndrome with a clinical presentation differing from major depression. Criteria for the diagnosis of dAD have been proposed previously.MethodsThis paper presents these criteria in operationalized format designed to be accessible for clinical use. Four cases are discussed that demonstrate the use of these criteria and illustrate important differences between dAD and major depression.ResultsThe dAD criteria are broader than DSM‐IV criteria for Major Depressive Episode and incorporate caregiver input.ConclusionsGiven the differences between dAD and major depression diagnoses, it is important to assess the efficacy of treatments for dAD. Depression in Alzheimer's Disease‐2 (DIADS‐2) is a controlled trial of dAD treatments that will also assess the validity of these criteria. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictors of high level of burden and distress in caregivers of demented patients: results of an Italian multicenter study
Authors: Rinaldi P. , Spazzafumo L. , Mastriforti R. , Mattioli P. , Marvardi M. , Polidori M. C. , Cherubini A. , Abate G. , Bartorelli L. , Bonaiuto S. , Capurso A. , Cucinotta D. , Gallucci M. , Giordano M. , Martorelli M. , Masaraki G. , Nieddu A. , Pettenati C. , Putzu P. , Tammaro V. A. , Tomassini P. F. , Vergani C. , Senin U. , Mecocci P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackgroundConsiderable suffering is experienced by carers of patients with dementia. Most existing studies do not consider the coexistence of subjective and objective aspects that cause, interacting to each other, this suffering.ObjectivesIn this study we: (1) define the high‐risk group of caregivers on the bases of the scores obtained on the four scales evaluating burden, distress, depression and anxiety (BDDA) taken into account simultaneously and (2) evaluate risk factors related to the high level of BDDA.Subjects and methods419 elderly outpatients with dementia and their caregivers were enrolled. Patients were evaluated for their cognitive, neuropsychological and functional impairment and for comorbidity. Caregivers were evaluated with four scales for the assessment of burden, distress related to neuropsychological disturbances, depression and anxiety. Cluster analysis was used to identify the group with the High level of BDDA (HBDDA).ResultsBy multiple logistic analysis, disability, specific behavioural disturbances of the patients as well as caregiver's age, type of relationship and living in the south of Italy were observed to be a major risk factor for HBDDA.ConclusionThe targeted use of scales specifically assessing BDDA of the caregiver and the identification of particular patient and caregiver characteristics are able to allow a precise and early definition of caregivers at high risk of burden and distress. This might be helpful in planning the correct social/clinical/rehabilitative approach. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of arthroscopic cartilage stiffness probe using amorphous diamond coating
Authors: Töyräs Juha , Korhonen Rami K. , Voutilainen Tanja , Jurvelin Jukka S. , Lappalainen Reijo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDuring arthroscopic evaluation of articular cartilage unstable contact and even slipping of the measurement instrument on the tissue surface may degrade the reproducibility of the measurement. The main aim of the present study was to achieve more stable contact by controlling the friction between articular cartilage surface and the arthroscopic cartilage stiffness probe (Artscan 200, Artscan Oy, Helsinki, Finland) using amorphous diamond (AD) coating. In order to obtain surfaces with different average roughnesses (Ra), polished stainless steel disks were coated with AD by using the filtered pulsed arc‐discharge (FPAD) method. Dynamic coefficient of friction (μ) between the articular cartilage (n = 8) and the coated plates along one non‐coated plate was then determined. The friction between AD and cartilage could be controlled over a wide range (μ = 0.027–0.728, p < 0.05, Wilcoxon test) by altering the roughness. Possible deterioration of cartilage was investigated by measuring surface roughness after friction tests and comparing it with the roughness of the adjacent, untested samples (n = 8). Importantly, even testing with the roughest AD (Ra = 1250 nm) did not damage articular surface. On the basis of the friction measurements, a proper AD coating was selected for the stiffness probe. The performance of coated and non‐coated probe was compared by measuring bovine osteochondral samples (n = 22) with both instruments. The reproducibility of the stiffness measurements was significantly better with the AD‐coated probe (CV% = 4.7) than with the uncoated probe (CV% = 8.2). To conclude, AD coating can be used to safely control dynamic friction with articular surface. Sufficient friction between articular surface and reference plate of the arthroscopic probe improves significantly reproducibility of the stiffness measurements. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 73B: 15–22, 2005
New Attempt at the Stereoselective Polymerization of Lactide by Using Crystallization during Polymerization
Authors: Ando Akihiro , Kimura Kunio , Onda Yuko , Yamashita Yuhiko 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSummary: The stereoselective polymerization of partial rac‐lactide was attempted by using crystallization during polymerization. Polymerizations were carried out with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid in a mixed solvent of toluene and octane. The molar content of L‐lactate in the feed was 95%. Polymerization proceeded with the elimination of D‐lactate by means of crystallization. Poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) crystals were first precipitated and then plate‐like poly(lactic acid) (PLA) crystals were finally obtained, of which the composition of L‐lactate was 97.6% and the $\overline M _{\rm n}$ was 1.68 × 104.The polymerization time dependence of the microstructure of poly(lactic acid), i.e., the percentage of mm triads (mm%), prepared from partial rac‐lactide in toluene‐70.imageThe polymerization time dependence of the microstructure of poly(lactic acid), i.e., the percentage of mm triads (mm%), prepared from partial rac‐lactide in toluene‐70.
Synthesis of Glucose‐Containing Polyaniline by the Oxidative Polymerization of N‐Glucosylaniline
Authors: Kadokawa Jun‐ichi , Shinmen Yuusuke , Shoda Shin‐ichiro 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSummary: The oxidative polymerization of N‐glucosylaniline was carried out using ammonium persulfate as the oxidant in phosphate buffer. The structure of the isolated polymer was determined by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and UV‐vis spectroscopy to be the polyaniline having glucose residues attached to the general polyaniline unit. Participation of the ortho‐position of the aromatic ring in the polymerization was also confirmed by the analyses.The oxidative polymerization of N‐glucosylaniline.imageThe oxidative polymerization of N‐glucosylaniline.
Crystallization of Polystyrene‐block‐[Syndiotactic Poly(propylene)] Block Copolymers from Confinement to Breakout
Authors: Ho Rong‐Ming , Chung Tsai‐Ming , Tsai Jing‐Cherng , Kuo Jing‐Chang , Hsiao Benjamin S. , Sics Igors 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSummary: Various crystalline textures have been identified in a crystallizable block copolymer system, polystyrene‐block‐[syndiotactic poly(propylene)] (PS‐sPP), having a glass‐transition temperature of PS (Tg,PS) located in the midst of the sPP crystallization window. A confined morphology for the crystallization of sPP was observed while the crystallization temperature of sPP (Tc,sPP) was less than Tg,PS. A further increase in Tc,sPP could lead to a breakout in nanostructure. This study revealed the Tg effect on crystallization‐induced morphological changes of block copolymers from confinement to breakout.TEM images and one‐dimensional SAXS profiles of PS‐sPP isothermally crystallized at TODT > Tg,PS > Tc,sPP (top) and TODT > Tc,sPP > Tg,PS (bottom).imageTEM images and one‐dimensional SAXS profiles of PS‐sPP isothermally crystallized at TODT > Tg,PS > Tc,sPP (top) and TODT > Tc,sPP > Tg,PS (bottom).
Oxidative stress and uremia
Authors: Floccari Fulvio , Aloisi Carmela , Crascì Eleonora , Sofi Tito , Campo Susanna , Tripodo Donatella , Criseo Manila , Frisina Nicola , Buemi Michele 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOxidative stress is a pathogenic element of great importance in uremic patients, with a great impact on their survival. The cause of oxidative stress in patients on hemodialysis is traditionally attributed to the recurrent activation of polymorphonucleate neutrophils and monocytes. The effects of oxidative stress are evident on all biochemical components of biological tissues: lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. This study briefly reviews the effects of different dialytic techniques and of kidney transplant on several parameters of oxidative stress. Many different modalities of pharmaceutical intervention are then analyzed, and the clinical evidences reported. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
X‐linked Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease: Phenotypic expression of a novel mutation Ile127Ser in the GJB1 (connexin 32) gene
Authors: Vondracek Petr , Seeman Pavel , Hermanova Marketa , Fajkusova Lenka 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe report a family with X‐linked dominant Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMTX1). Three affected family members are described, who underwent detailed clinical, electrophysiological, molecular genetic, and histopathological studies. A novel isoleucine at position 127 with serine (Ile127Ser) mutation in the gap junction protein beta 1 (GJB1) gene was detected. The electrophysiological findings were consistent with a primary demyelinating neuropathy with secondary axonal loss and support this model of disease progression. All patients having the CMT phenotype and intermediate conduction velocities who are negative for CMT1A duplication/hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) deletion, and whose family shows a dominant trait without male‐to‐male transmission, should be screened for CMTX1. Muscle Nerve, 2004
Diversity in expression and prognostic significance of G1/S cyclins in human primary lung carcinomas
Authors: Dobashi Yoh , Jiang Shi‐Xu , Shoji Mitsuhiko , Morinaga Shojiroh , Kameya Toru 
Published: January 2005

AbstractExpression of cyclin A, cyclin E and cdk2 was examined immunohistochemically in 144 cases of primary non‐small cell lung carcinoma to evaluate their prognostic value. Cyclin A was co‐expressed with cdk2 in the proliferating cells, ie those showing positive Ki‐67 staining. The labelling index (LI) of cyclin A revealed a positive correlation with the S‐phase fraction and an inverse correlation with histological differentiation. Furthermore, high cyclin A LIs indicated a poor prognosis in all histological types. Cyclin E exhibited a characteristic staining pattern: in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), differentiated cells without Ki‐67 staining revealed cyclin E positivity with expression of cdk2. Conversely, in adenocarcinoma (AC), proliferating cells revealed cyclin E positivity. Cases of large cell carcinoma showed heterogeneous cyclin E staining patterns, unlike those of SCC or AC. Statistical analyses also revealed a marked contrast between SCC and AC. In AC, the LI of cyclin E was inversely correlated with histological differentiation and a high LI predicted a worse prognosis. In contrast, in SCC, the LI of cyclin E correlated positively with histological differentiation and better prognosis. However, the expression levels of cyclin E mRNA evaluated by quantitative RT‐PCR were higher in poorly differentiated SCC and AC, suggesting that protein turnover plays a large role in determining cyclin E protein levels. Although the expression of cyclins was demonstrated to be diversely regulated depending on the histological type, the combined immunohistochemical analyses performed in this study on these proteins could be useful tools for evaluating patient prognosis in lung carcinomas. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liver pathology and hepatocarcinogenesis in a long‐term mouse model of erythropoietic protoporphyria
Authors: Libbrecht Louis , Meerman Leo , Kuipers Folkert , Roskams Tania , Desmet Valeer , Jansen Peter 
Published: January 2005

AbstractErythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is an inherited disease of haem synthesis caused by a mutation in one of the alleles of the enzyme ferrochelatase. This mutation leads to partial deficiency of the enzyme, resulting in increased concentrations of protoporphyrin (PP) in blood, liver, and faeces. Five to ten per cent of patients with EPP develop severe liver disease characterized by the presence of PP deposits. This study used histochemistry and immunohistochemistry to investigate the histopathological features present in the livers of 44 mice with a heterozygous or homozygous point mutation in the ferrochelatase gene (fch/+ and fch/fch mice, respectively). Some fch/+ mouse livers showed mixed steatosis and large cell dysplasia. The livers of fch/fch mice showed periportal or septal fibrosis accompanied by an atypical ductular reaction. These findings suggest that the obstruction and damage of a proportion of large and small bile ducts by PP deposits cause an accumulation of PP in the parenchyma, which leads to damage and loss of hepatocytes due to the toxic effects of PP. The classical stages of hepatocarcinogenesis were observed and hepatic progenitor cells appear to be involved in this process. PP acts as the promoting agent and is probably also the initiating agent. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: evidence for a role for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in promoting tumour angiogenesis
Authors: Scarpino Stefania , Cancellario d'Alena Francesca , Di Napoli Arianna , Ballarini Francesca , Prat Maria , Ruco Luigi P 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe pattern of vascularization of papillary carcinoma was investigated in tumour sections from 31 cases and in primary cultures from 12 cases. Tumour sections were immunostained for von Willebrand Factor (vWF) to visualize blood vessels; for endothelial‐specific nitric‐oxide‐synthase (EC‐NOS), as a marker of endothelial cell activation; and for Ki‐67 to evaluate endothelial cell proliferation. It was found that endothelial cells lining venous vessels located in peritumoural fibrous tissue were intensely EC‐NOS‐positive and occasionally Ki‐67‐positive. Capillary vessels of tumour papillae were not stained for Ki‐67 and were weakly EC‐NOS‐positive. Primary cultures of papillary carcinoma cells were used as a potential source of factors active on endothelial cells. It was found that thyroid tumour cells contain RNAs for angiopoietin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and VEGF‐C; moreover, they release large amounts of VEGF into culture supernatants and exert chemotactic activity in vitro for the endothelial cell line SIEC. The ability of papillary carcinoma cells to release angiogenic factors could be stimulated in vitro. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF; 25 ng/ml) induced a 1.2‐ to 5‐fold increase in the amount of VEGF released by tumour cells and a 1.2‐ to 4.2‐fold increase in the amount of chemotactic activity present in culture supernatants. Met protein, the high affinity HGF‐receptor, is overexpressed in a large proportion of cases of papillary carcinoma. These findings are consistent with the possibility that HGF–Met protein interaction is one of the molecular mechanisms promoting the vascularization of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐throughput tissue microarray analysis of G1‐cyclin alterations in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma indicates overexpression of cyclin E1
Authors: Tzankov Alexandar , Zimpfer Annette , Lugli Alessandro , Krugmann Jens , Went Philip , Schraml Peter , Maurer Robert , Ascani Stefano , Pileri Stefano , Geley Stephan , Dirnhofer Stephan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDeregulation of G1‐cyclins (CCN) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of many human malignancies, including non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs). In contrast to NHL, little is known about phenotypic and genotypic changes in the regulation of the cell cycle in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL). To facilitate analysis of aberrant gene expression in cHL, a lymphoma tissue microarray (TMA) containing 752 cores of 330 different cHL samples was constructed. Direct comparison of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP‐1) expression in Hodgkin's and Reed–Sternberg (HRS) cells on conventional full sections with the corresponding duplicate/triplicate tumour cores on the TMA showed a concordance of 100%, indicating that cHL‐TMA is a reliable and representative method for evaluating gene expression profiles in situ. Using TMA technology, protein expression and gene amplification of different G1‐CCNs in cHL were analysed. Among the G1‐CCNs analysed, cyclin E (CCNE) was expressed in 212/253 cases (84%). In most of the individual tumours, over 75% of the HRS cells stained positive for CCNE, suggesting that CCNE is overexpressed in cHL. This overexpression was not due to CCNE gene amplification, as judged by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and did not correlate with EBV infection, as assessed by the expression of LMP‐1. Thus, the overexpression of CCNE could be caused by profound changes in HRS cell‐cycle regulation that could contribute to the malignant phenotype. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.