bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’administration de la recherche en Allemagne fédérale
Authors: Chevillot Jean-Pierre 
Published: January 2024

Research administration in the federal republic of germany.
The author presents the administrative approach to research management in the F.R.G. on an institutional basis. Three typical situations are discussed where public financing is involved : establishments which enjoy an administrative autonomy and the example of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaift ; intervention of public authorities through the federal ministry of Research and Technology ; indirect administrative action both on the federal and regional level. Each case is illustrated by a description of the organizational structures, the machinery for the preparation and taking of decisions, and the implementing procedures.
Répartition des pouvoirs et formes comparées d’administration locale aux États-Unis
Authors: Becquart-Leclercq Jeanne 
Published: January 2024

Distribución de poder y formas comparadas de administración local en los estados unidos.
Una comparación del gobierno local necesita ir más allá de los fenómenos superficiales de designación y explicación verbal para tratar de captar lo esencial de los mecanismos socio-políticos. El autor examina las cuestiones relativas a la estructura institucional de las comunas americanas para relativizar la famosa tradición de autonomía y de ‘self-govemment’ : en teoría, las comunes gocen de la norma de ‘home rule’ pero en realidad son «criaduras de los Estados americanos». Ademas, ciertos Estados arriesgan la anexión y tienen que defenderse contra el imperialismo de las conurbes vicinas beneficiarías de los privilegios resultando de las leyes sobre la anexión. El análisis de la tipología de las formas de gobierno local explica la complexidad y la variedad del sistema local americano e indica cómo cada tipo forma una estructura más o menos comparable a lo que se encuentre en la comuna francesa, sobre todo el papel desempeñado por el elegido local, llamado a veces ‘mayor’, elegido por toda la comuna y a veces por cooptación del consejo.
Una encuesta efectuada dentro de una selección de comunas del Estado del Wisconsin indica cierta menoración del papel político en favor de la burocracia comunal y de los grupos de presión.
Administration et droit administratif hellénique
Authors: Spiliotopoulos Epaminondas 
Published: January 2024

Greek administration and administrative law.
The development of public Administration is marked by an increasing deconcentration, a growing local level decentralization, an adoption of private law raies and accountancy by public bodies for their industrial and trading ventures. Greek administrative law, under the influence of the rulings of the French State Council, is based on the principles of legality, the saveguard of the general interest and of that of Administration. The staff of Administration, of local govemments, and public administrative institutions is mostly made up of civil servants whose status is established by the law and regulations and guarantied by the very Constitution. Judicial control of public administration is assumed by the State Council, the ordinary and special administrative courts, civil law courts, and the Court of Accounts (Auditor General).
Science administrative, management public et analyse des politiques publiques
Authors: Nioche Jean-Pierre 
Published: January 2024

Ciencia administrativa y gestión pública el análisis de las políticas públicas.
Se propone delinear una interpretación de la evolución de los principales tipos de análisis de la administración y de sus mútuas relaciones. Empieza el autor por una definición de la naturaleza de la revolución organizacional cuyo componente mayor es la gestión pública frente a la tradición institucional de la ciencia administrativa. El estudio de los limites de esa revolución conduce a ver en qué medida un análisis de las políticas públicas no pudiera constituir, al lado de las dos proceduras anteriores, un tercer medio de analisis del fenómeno administrativo y de acción sobre él.
Rationalité juridique et rationalité managériale dans l’Administration française
Authors: Chevallier Jacques , Lochak Danièle 
Published: January 2024

Racionalidad jurídica y racionalidad gestionaria, en la función pública francesa.
Si se escucha a los discursos de los altos funcionarios franceses, constaría que la administración nacional adoptó una vez para todas la gestión integrando por lo tanto la lógica gestionaría. Sin embargo, aúnque tal discurso indique efectivamente un cambio sensible del mundo representativo y de los valores por lo menos en lo alto de la jerarquía administrativa, queda que el modelo administrativo tradicional sigue en vigor. El hecho es que la administración francesa está cogida entre dos racionalidades contradictorias, jurídica por un lado y gestionaría por otro que se oponen (véase en la primera parte el conflicto de racionalidades), mas también se combinan en la realidad operativa (véase en la segunda parte la interrelación de las racionalidades).
Les instruments de régulation publique dans le secteur de la santé
Authors: Pouvourville Gérard de 
Published: January 2024

The instruments of national health policy (Equipment allocation plan and conventional tariffs).
The State acts on national health by regulating the health care System. Its regulations and procedures are based on a theoretical model of reality.
Analyzing two instruments of policy, conventional tariffs for medical services and the medical equipment allocation plan, reveals that the authorities have very limited capacity to deal with the two-tier complexity of health care, i.e. it is difficult to establish a relationship between means and results, and French care is marked by institutional pluralism.
L’assurance maladie et le système de santé
Authors: Catrice-Lorey Antoinette 
Published: January 2024

Health care and health insurance.
The author shows how health care austerity policy and the social security crisis have given rise to an added mission for national health insurance (NHI) bodies which, since 1980, have had to evaluate the functioning of the health care System and contribute to improving its efficiency in addition to their current tasks. She describes the history of NHI duties and recent developments in various health care sectors, including private practise and hospital care, public and private. The missions of ail bodies are given. The new powers vested in Social Security are part of long-term government policy ; government instruments of self-regulation are analyzed ; the specific role of Social Security is described in detail, i.e. how it maintains ongoing dialogue towards negotiated change with health care professionals, over and above authoritarian regulations and economic restrictions. In fact, the State relies on NHI to adjust societal regulations so as to try to build a consensus for its policy. The proper execution of this new function assumes a re-distribution of roles among individuals and bodies active in NHI. This would modify the configuration of an already complex power structure. The article also describes the problems arising within NHI from the growing importance of Consulting physicians.
La coopération militaire de la France en Afrique
Authors: Mertillo Marc 
Published: January 2024

Military Assistance Programs.
Africa has assumed geostrategic importance, making military assistance a key element of French foreign policy. Aid is covered by accords de défense with the Ministry of Defense and/or conventions d’assistance militaire technique with the Military Cooperation Mission (MCM). The extent of the latter has doubled in the past 15 years. Aid takes three forms : (a) materiel, (b) military advisors, and (c), officer & NCO training. The MCM budget has not changed since 1978 ; furthermore, there is a chronic gap between the allocated budget and actual outlays, which complicates MCM capability to respond to individual African aid requests.
Le droit français de l’environnement. Progrès et carences
Authors: Morand-Deviller Jacqueline 
Published: January 2024

French Environmental Law : Achievements and Shortcomings.
French environmental law is improving but progress is much too slow. What is needed is a set of broad guiding principles that can be used as benchmarks by judges and lawmakers. A permanent ministry with proper funding has yet to be set up, as if the authorities do not realize the gravity of the situation. Fragmented and dispersed, the regulations ail too often prevent a comprehensive approach from being adopted and dilute responsibility. Although the law provides for severe penalties, its application is marred by laxity, underlining the need for reform. The setting up of an independent administrative body such as the Environment Board would be a step in the right direction.
France. Bilan et perspectives du renouveau du service public
Authors: Pêcheur Bernard 
Published: January 2024

<i>France.
Results and prospects of the modernization of the Civil Service </i>

The Government guidelines of February 1989 (circulaire Rocard) laid the foundation for the “modernization” of the Civil Service ; it is now possible to examine what has been accomplished so far : starting up service projects, general agreement on further training, revamping of the salary scale, setting up a System for assessing staff performance etc. New developments have recently been undertaken in matters concerning the delegation of central authority to local State officiais, budgetary and accounting procedures and the policy for managers, as well as in the field of Civil Service staff management.
Irlande. Maîtrise des coûts, efficacité et politique des cadres
Authors: O'Nuallain Colm 
Published: January 2024

<i>Ireland.
Cost Control, Efficiency and Management Development at Senior Levels </i>

For the past few years drastic measures have been taken to reduce public expenditures and the size of Public Services. At the same time a study was undertaken that aimed at improving Civil Service management. A number of significant developments have occured over the past few years in order to improve management efficiency and to promote interdepartmental mobility at the senior levels. The use of financial incentives according to job performance and further-training policies for senior managers tend towards greater flexibility in human resources management and a change in culture within the Civil Service.
Pays-Bas. Emploi et mérite dans la fonction publique néerlandaise
Authors: Ziller Jacques 
Published: January 2024

<i>The Netherlands.
Job Classification and Merit in the Civil Service </i>

The Netherlands is the only EEC country where Civil Service is based on job classification. The Dutch System proves that the legal statute and the career System are not necessarily linked and that the non-career type System of employment is not incompatible with a career within the Civil Service. The resulting flexibility does not however go far enough towards solving all personnel management problems (e.g., instability among those in the top positions). However, such flexibility makes it easier to adapt to new developments such as eligibility of foreigners, and the use of certain management techniques common to the private sector (attempts to set up pay scales based on merit).
La protection du consommateur aux États-Unis : naissance et déclin de l’approche réglementaire
Authors: Bryner Gary C. 
Published: January 2024

The Rise and Retreat of Consumer Regulation in the United States.
The development of consumer regulation in the United States in the 1970s was due to the economic context and the rise of «policy entrepreneurs» in Congress, able to draw public attention and transform it into legislative action. Organized consumer groups also played a significant role. By the late 1970s the Reagan administration relayed by Congress sought to restrain regulation, critized as being too aggressive by business, while the competitive position of the US economy was declining. At present, the lull in consumer protection has, to some extent, been filled by the States and the courts. But the fear of having to meet 50 different requirements has generated a new-found industry support for national legislation that would preempt State regulations.
Décideur privé ou décideur public, même combat ou les réflexions d’un caméléon
Authors: Cohen Jean-Claude 
Published: January 2024

Private or Public Decision-maker : The Same Struggle or the Reflections of a Chameleon.
There are striking similarities between public and private decision-makers : solitude, intrusion of the professional into private life, the entry of such concepts as management, strategy, compétition, marketing, and communication into praxis, or at least into discourse, as well as new technologies to be assimilated. Beyond statute, salary and career related differences, public decision-makers can be differentiated from private decision-makers by their lack of stability and difflculty in evaluating their actions. These differences can be avoided, however, and mobility between the two sectors should be increased.
La transformation de l’administration de la RDA : de l’État socialiste unitaire à la démocratie fédérale et municipale
Authors: Hauschild Christoph 
Published: January 2024

Transformation of the East German Administration : From a Unitary Socialist State Towards Federal and Municipal Democracy
The transformation of the administration of ‘actually existing socialism’ in the DDR into a classic European-type administration is a complex process. The Union Treaty of August 1990 sets in a very pragmatic manner the principles governing the harmonization of the judicial systems, the introduction of a career public service, and the reorganization of administrative services. However, the establishment of efficient administrations at the level of the five new Länder, as well as in the administrative districts and municipalities has been hampered by the particularly severe financial crisis.
Les services de la Diète polonaise — La reconstruction de la démocratie
Authors: Roques Xavier , Dannaud Paul 
Published: January 2024

Administrative Services of the Polish Lower House Reconstructing Democracy.
One of the specificities of polish constitutional law is that both Houses — the Lower House and the Senate — are distinct and are not two fractions of one Parliament. The Lower House’s services have a staff of 1155 officials. The ‘soft revolution’ of 1989 and the restauration of the Lower House’s powers — which were only formal until then — have been accompanied by and important turn-over of higher officials. A modern and open administration has thus been set up.
Existe-t-il un système européen de fonction publique ?
Authors: Braibant Guy 
Published: January 2024

Is There A European Civil Service System ?
Looking in detail at the national patterns of civil service does not make a common european system appear. Yet it is possible to find common features, which stand out in a clearer way as soon as one does not compare european countries with each other, but with the rest of the world. Although diversified because of each nation’s specific history and culture, the european system of civil service may be summed up in the existence of specific statuses founded on a few fundamental principles. Applying common labour law — with a few amendments — to public officials is not the european solution, contrary to that of communist regimes and third world countries. Even if scope and detailed content of civil servants’ statuses differ from country to country, civil servants in Europe usually work under a set of comparable specific rules
L’outil diplomatique français
Authors: Lequertier Daniel 
Published: January 2024

The French Diplomatie Tool.
The Ministry of Foreign affairs organisational principles resuit from a compromise between functional specialisation and géographie specialization. Relations between the ministerial department and the embassies and consulates are based on a wide autonomy. However, since the 1993 reform, the counterpart of this autonomy is the necessity for ambassadors to propose précisé objectives for their action, the realization of which are monitored under the supervision of the General Secretary. As far as human resources are concerned, the French System is characterized by the great complexity of recruitment and the importance of internai promotion. The Ministry’s officers must adapt to an extreme diversity of tasks, in a more and more difficult context.
La diplomatie économique
Authors: Froment-Meurice Henri 
Published: January 2024

Economie Diplomacy.
Any diplomacy has an économie component. But some administrations don’t accept easily that this diplomacy be exercised by a member of the foreign service. Even if they are intellectually well equipped and politically supported, diplomats must learn to find their own field. Generally speaking, économie diplomacy covers three areas : bilateral diplomacy, mainly concerning the countries which receive loans to finance imports from France ; functional diplomacy, which covers sectors deemed important either because of French industrial and technological capacities, or because they are needed to provision vital sectors, or because of spécifie international régulations ; multilatéral diplomacy which tends to become more and more prevailing, with the globalization and liberalization of exchanges and the growing intégration of national économies in some of the planet’s régions.
La protection consulaire
Authors: Renouard Isabelle 
Published: January 2024

Consular Protection.
One of the fundamental missions of the ministry of Foreign Affairs is to implement a global policy of protection for French citizens residing abroad. This is mainly done by the Directorate for Frenchmen abroad and foreigners in France, coordinating with the members of the Senate who represent french citizens established out of France and the members of the higher Council of Frenchmen Abroad. Consular protection covers a very broad field : administrative services such as formalities for birth, marriage etc., security of persons in cases of crises in foreign countries, enabling the exercice of civic rights, negociating international agreements, giving practical information for those who want to expatriate themselves.
Barcelone après les Jeux olympiques
Authors: Valls Josep-Francesc 
Published: January 2024

Barcelona after the Olympic Games
At the end of the eighties Barcelona was looking for its new vocation, as did most towns of an international size. To get adapted to its new functions, a "commercial logic" had to be integrated in its management, in order to sell the Barcelona product as well inside as outside of the city. The olympic games emerged as the means to meet the challenge and accomplished this. The economic possibilities and the creation of transport infrastructures, hotels and sporting infrastructures have been playing a double role : dynamizing the cities’ activity so much that it has become an important competitor to other European metropoles and rehabilitating its image in the minds of its inhabitants as well as of those -professionals and tourists -it could interest. Nowadays, the new challenge Barcelona has to meet is to prove that it can integrate the olympics’ results into long run economic and social life.
Les procédés formels et informels de l’action administrative
Authors: Morita Akira 
Published: January 2024

<i>Formal and Informal Processes of Administrative Action
</i>
Administrative action is nowadays submitted to the rule of law. Therefore all its processes have to lay on a legal foundation. Indeed there are legally defined processes in Japan which are largely regulated. However, the specificity of japanese administration lies in the fact that, parallel to these legally defined processes, other less informal ones have been developped in order to ensure controlling and regulatory functions. These informal processes (mainly administrative directives) undermine the principle of the rule of law and form a problem from the point of view of citizens’ rights’ protection. Nevertheless, these negative aspects should not hide the positive side of informal procedures : a better optimisation of control, which results from their fine tuning and their ability to be adapted to circumstances.
Les privatisations en Bulgarie : mécanismes et intérêts
Authors: Keremidtchiev Spartak 
Published: January 2024

Denationalization in Bulgaria : Mechanisms and Interests.
Different types of denationalizations can be distinguished in Central and Eastern European countries. Bulgaria is a good example of a «blocked denationalization». This blocking derives essentially from the absence of strong political will caused by the populism of political forces. Conflict of interests can be found either at the executive level or in the bodies in charge of denationalization. Besides, the professional changes required by denationalization are not accepted by the administration. Because of this demanding and conflictual environment, the diverse participants of denationalization have no immediate interests in speeding up the process.
Des entreprises d’Etat à l’économie marchande : ambitions et résultats des privatisations en Russie
Authors: Kouznetsov Victor 
Published: January 2024

<i>From Public Enterprises to a Free Market Economy :
Ambitions and Results of Russia’s Denationalizations.</i>
The denationalization of public undertakings in Russia was an ambitious experience, difficult to realise because of the deep changes that it required in the economical and legal infrastructures. A statement made after the end of the first phase of denationalization revealed major dysfunctions. That is why some modifications were made to form groups of strategie owners. The denationalization also conducted to a multiplication of various legal statutes for recently denationalized enterprises, and these legal uncertainties increased those related to the precarious economic situation of the country.
Les succès et les échecs de la modernisation de l’administration italienne. L’expérience du gouvernement Ciampi
Authors: Cassese Sabino 
Published: January 2024

Success and Failure of the Modernization of the Italian Administration : The Ciampi Government Experience.
The modernization of the Italian administration began during a period where in the country was in the midst of an economic, financial, administrative, and political crisis. Launched in 1992 by the Ciampi government, modernization policies set out to achieve several objectives : to place public service users at the heart of public administration preoccupations by simplifying administrative structures, to reduce administrative activity costs by fighting effectively against corruption, and finally by proceeding to translate into national law a certain number of European directives. This endeavor to modernize, which users did not support, also encountered several other forms of resistance, from both from political as well as administrative forces.
La transformation du rôle des instances régionales dans le système de santé au Québec -Le cas de Montréal-Centre
Authors: Denis Jean-Louis 
Published: January 2024

<i>The Transformation of the Role of Regional Authorities in the Quebec Health Service.
The Case of Regional Government Control in Montreal-Centre </i>

The System of health care in Quebec has undergone important changes since its reform in 1991. The reform was carried out within a legislative framework and with regard to particular political and administrative traditions. With the objective of curbing expenditure on health care, securing equal access to services and maintaining the political means for redistribution of collective resources, the reform is an attempt at compromise between a technocratie desire to maintain control over the System and a discourse of decentralisation.