bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurotransmitter alterations in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Mercugliano Marianne 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAttention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by short attention span, distractibility, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which begins in early childhood. The purpose of this review is threefold: to summarize early research suggesting that ADHD results from frontal‐striatal dysfunction and can be ameliorated by medications that increase dopaminergic and noradrenergic transmission: to describe recent functional imaging studies that allow in vivo testing of these hypotheses; and to discuss recent advances in the understanding of neurotransmitter function that may suggest new approaches to elucidating the neurochemical basis of this disorder.
Reduction of 6‐aminonicotinamide teratogenicity in mice by etherization,
Authors: Hamly Carole‐Ann , Trasler Daphne G. , Fraser F. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn an experiment involving selection for cleft lip in which pregnant mice were treated with 6‐aminonicotinamide (6‐AN) to induce this malformation, some were lightly anesthetized with ether to make them easier to handle at the time of treatment. In the first experiment etherization significantly lowered the frequency of malformed embryos from 51.7 to 26.2%, and of induced cleft lip from 23.9 to 3.3%. The resorption frequency was also significantly reduced from 38.5 to 22.4%. A second experiment under more controlled conditions in a later generation of the selection experiment gave results consistent with those of the first experiment. This finding must be taken into consideration whenever anesthesia is used in teratological experiments.
Relation between embryotoxicity of adenine in mice and day of prenatal treatment
Authors: Fujii Takaaki 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAdenine (250 mg/kg) was given ip to ICR‐JCL mice on day 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 of gestation. Near‐term fetuses were examined for external and skeletal malformations and the following noted. (1) A lethal effect occurred in all treatment groups except day 8 with the effect severest in day‐10 group. (2) The mean fetal weight was significantly decreased in all treatment groups, with this effect especially high in the day‐10 and −12 groups. (3) Day‐10 or −12 treatment caused high frequencies of external malformations. (4) Cleared specimens revealed that day‐8, −9, or −10 treatment induced a large number of vertebral malformations and there was a tendency of head‐to‐tail shift of malformations as time of administration advanced.
The Embryotoxic effects of 5‐fluoro‐2′‐deoxyuridine in mice
Authors: Kleinebrecht J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe embryolethal and teratogenic dose‐response relations of 5‐fluoro‐2′‐deoxyuridine (FUdR) were tested in mice at day VIII of pregnancy. FUdR was embryotoxic at dosages above 5 mg/kg maternal body weight. Types of resorptions and malformations were similar to those produced by 5‐fluoro‐2′‐deoxycytidine (FCdR) at day VIII (Degenhardt et al., '68; Kleinebrecht et al., '70). To produce the same frequency of resorptions or malformations the dosage of FUdR had to be about 2–4 times that of FCdR. These findings compared with data in rats (Chaube and Murphy, '69a) indicate a differential response to FUdR and FCdR in the two species.
Ossification of the rat and mouse skeleton in the perinatal period
Authors: Fritz Hans , Hess Robert 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn the perinatal period the skeletal development of rats and mice showed transient stages of missing to incomplete or largely complete ossification. Alizarin red S staining revealed characteristic morphological patterns of maturation, which differed from one part of the skeleton to another. In the two species examined all the skeletal elements were ossified 2 days after birth. In about 12% of the rats and 90% of the mice an additional sternebra formed in the postnatal period. In a small number of cases abnormal ossification was observed. A few days after term the spontaneous rate of abnormally ossified bones was found to be 0.51% in the rats and 1.40% in the mice. A reduced rate of ossification at a given time of development which is never less within the normal range, may be indicative of a nonspecific retardation of fetal maturation.
Teratogenic and other effects produced in mice by norethynodrel and its 3‐hydroxymetabolites
Authors: Gidley J. T. , Christensen H. D. , Hall I. H. , Palmer K. H. , Wall M. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCranial retardation was produced in the offspring of CF1 mice that were treated with norethynodrel [17α‐ethynyl‐estr‐5(10)‐en‐3‐on‐17β‐ol] or its metabolites [17α‐ethynyl‐estr‐5(10)‐ene‐3α,17β‐diol and the corresponding 3β,17β‐diol] on days 8–10 of gestation. The most active agent was the 3β,17β‐diol. Incomplete development of the parietal bones was observed in 64.1% of fetuses examined from mothers treated with 0.6 mg/kg of the 3β,17β‐diol. Five percent of all fetuses in this treatment group had exencephaly. An anomaly resembling cryptorchidism occurred when the diols were administered on gestation days 11–13.
Accelerated clearing and staining of teratologic specimens by heat and light
Authors: Schnell Viola , Newberne James W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA technique is described for a more consistent and rapid method of clearing and alizarin staining rat and rabbit fetal skeletons. With the addition of heat and light several hundred teratological specimens can be rapidly processed in a controlled situation at one time. The method is also easily adapted to small numbers of animals. The entire procedure can be completed in 3 days for rats and 4 days for rabbits. The results are reproducible and predictable almost to the hour.
Influence of prenatal administration of busulfan on the postnatal development of mice. Production of a syndrome including hypoplasia of the thymus
Authors: Pinto‐machado J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe alkylating agent busulfan (1,4‐butanediol dimethanesulfonate) was given to mice on day 1 to 18 of pregnancy, each animal receiving a single 30 mg/kg ip dose. Growth and mortality rates from birth to the end of the 8th week were observed in 510 young. Starting from the gestation day 9 treatment caused significant growth retardation in 51.2% of offspring. The frequency was highest when injections were given on day 10, 15, or 16. Treatment on day 9, 10, 15, 16, or 17 was associated with an overall death rate of 37.6%. There was a direct relation between retarded growth and premature death, and both occurred chiefly in animals treated during fetogenesis. In 23.8% of the young from females treated on day 10, 11, or 12 extreme stunting, wasting, abnormal hair, skeletal muscle weakness, and, in two cases, necrotic foci in the liver were associated with hypoplasia of the thymus; 30% of the animals died before the end of the 1st month. Damage of some or all the thymus cell precursor lines was probably the origin of the hypoplasia of this organ, which, in turn, was the likely cause of the other features of the syndrome. These results emphasize the need for studying postnatal development when testing embryopathic effects of drugs, and point to the possibility of using busulfan as an experimental model in the study of the thymus ontogenesis and development of immune responsiveness.
Influence of sex‐linked genes on embryonic sensitivity to cortisone in three strains of mice
Authors: Francis B. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIt was postulated that sex‐linked genes affecting embryonic sensitivity to cortisone‐induced cleft palate and cortisone‐induced resorption might differ between inbred mouse strains showing pronounced reciprocal effects. The three strains tested were the A/J (A), C57BL/6J (B), and C3H/HeJ (C), whose sensitivities to cortisone‐induced cleft palate had been shown to be: A > C > B. The sensitivity of reciprocal A × B and B × C hybrid embryos was matroclinous; of reciprocal A × C embryos, patroclinous. Backcrosses of reciprocal F1 hybrid males to inbred females were used to test the hypothesis of sex‐linkage with respect to the incidence of cortisone‐induced cleft palate, cortisone‐induced resorption, and the overall level of cortisone‐induced fetal damage. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that sex‐linked genes affecting embryonic sensitivity to cortisone‐induced cleft palate, but not to cortisone‐induced resorption, differ in the three strains.
Absent and abnormal umbilical arteries
Authors: Monie I. W. , Khemmani M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUmbilical arteries were not found in some fetuses from female rats given retinoic (vitamin A) acid by gavage on day 10 of gestation. It was felt that fetomaternal exchange in them must have been maintained either by the vitelline placenta alone, or by the allantoic placenta supplied by branches of the vitelline artery. In control rat embryos the vitelline and umbilical arteries communicated until day 11 after which the two circulations became separate. In young from females given retinoic acid during gestation, however, this communication (vitelloumbilical anastomosis) persisted and the definitive umbilical arteries failed to develop completely. This resulted in the normally formed single umbilical artery of the cord and its branches to the allantoic placenta receiving blood from the aorta through the vitelline or superior mesenteric artery. Thus, although the intra‐abdominal portions of the umbilical arteries were missing, the allantoic placental circulation was maintained. The vitelline placental circulation was normal. In other experimental embryos persistent primary umbilical arteries were frequently seen alone or accompanied by definitive umbilical arteries. In normal human embryos a vitelloumbilical anastomosis apparently does not form and the single umbilical artery seen in fetuses with symmelia is most likely a persistent primary umbilical artery, as suggested by Dawson. However, the possibility of a vitelloumbilical anastomosis occasionally arising as an abnormality in human embryos cannot be overlooked.
Appendicular skeletal and visceral malformations induced by thalidomide in bonnet monkeys
Authors: Hendrickx Andrew G. , Newman Lois 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwenty‐nine pregnancies were obtained in 21 female bonnet monkeys. The females were housed individually and were mated for a 2‐h period, usually 2 days before midcycle. The day of mating was designated as day o of pregnancy. After pregnancy was confirmed by rectal palpation the animals each received 5, 10, or 30 mg/kg thalidomide orally, either as single doses on days 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, or 29 or once per day on days 25–27 or 41–44. With 5 and 10 mg/kg only malformations of the forelimbs were observed, characterized by total absence (amelia) or partial absence (meromelia) of the free limb. In all cases the malformations were more severe on the left side than the right. No craniocaudal developmental gradient was noted with 10 mg/kg. With 30 mg/kg forelimb and hindlimb malformations occurred, although the hindlimb malformations were mild and consisted essentially of either bowing or partial absence of the femur. A craniocaudal developmental gradient was evident with 30 mg/kg. Treatment during the time of palate closure (days 41–44) did not affect normal palate development. Absence and/or malformations of the uterus, ovaries, kidney, heart, brain, spleen, and umbilical arteries also occurred.
Postnatal effects in rats of prenatal treatment with hydroxyurea
Authors: Butcher Richard E. , Scott William J. , Kazmaier Kathy , Ritter Edmond J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe offspring of pregnant female rats treated with 375 or 500 mg/kg hydroxyurea (HU) on day 12 of gestation were tested for exploratory activity and maze‐learning ability beginning at 30 days of age. Experimental subjects were retarded in growth and had locomotor abnormalities, tail defects not noted at birth, and impaired maze learning. Thus, HU at doses that produce only minor malformations in 20‐day fetuses alters the postnatal functional capacity of rats treated prenatally.
Cleft palate formation: The effects of fasting and lodoacetic acid on mice
Authors: Miller Tony Jasper 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA 24 h fast of pregnant CFW mice on day 11, 13, or 14 of gestation produced 2, 16, and 1% cleft palate (CP), respectively. A 48 h fast on days 11–12 gave 8% CP, and a 72 h fast on days 11–13 gave 58%. A maximal response to fasting thus occurred during day 13. The CP incidence induced by fasting was reduced with drinking solutions containing glucose or glucose plus ammonium chloride. Ip administration of glucose or succinate decreased the incidence of affected offspring, but ammonium chloride and pyruvate did not. lodoacetic acid also produced CP, 5% on day 11 of gestation, 8% on day 13, 8% on days 11–13, and 14% on days 12–14. The incidence of iodoacetic acid‐induced CP was reduced with succinate. Administering iodoacetic acid to fasting mice produced results indicating that both teratogens acted on the same metabolic pathway.
Congenital brain cysts in infancy: Diagnosis, treatment, and follow‐up
Authors: Shurtleff David B. , Eliason B. Clair , Oakland James A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEleven cases of congenital brain cysts—two encephaloclastic intracerebral, five noncommunicating pia‐arachnoid, and four either communicating pia‐arachnoid or intracranial meningoencephalocele congenital type cysts—were diagnosed in infancy based on suspicious cephalomegaly, skull asymmetry, and abnormal transillumination. Complete diagnosis differentiated primary congenital cysts from trauma and infection, both of which complicate congenital cysts as well as being etiologic for brain cyst formation. Early diagnosis coupled with surgical exploration and cerebrospinal fluid shunting have allowed seven to live in a functional, socially acceptable way to the age of 11/2 to 121/2 years. Two of the remaining four are now dead, and two are severely retarded. Retardation was due to congenital malformation and a shunt obstruction. Death resulted from infectious epiglottis and cardiac arrest during cystostomy.
Abnormal segregation and sex ratio and reduced litter size associated with the siren phenotype in mice
Authors: Hoornbeek Frank K. , Schreiner Ceinwen 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAbnormal segregation ratios in +/srn intercrosses found at term were due to prenatal loss of siren embryos. Litters without sirens were smaller than those with sirens; litters with sirens were smaller than control litters. There was a significant excess of prenatal resorptions in +/srn intercross litters compared with control litters, suggesting reduced reproductive fitness of +/srn females. The abnormal siren sex ratio at term may have been due to excessive prenatal loss of siren females.
Canine teratogenesis with an estrogen antagonist
Authors: Schardein James L. , Reutner Thomas F. , Fitzgerald James E. , Kurtz Stanley M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA nonsteroidal estrogen antagonist, CI‐628, was administered orally to female beagle dogs on days 1–15 following mating. Dosages of 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 mg/kg effectively blocked pregnancy; six litters were whelped after 0.125 or 0.25 mg/kg in which various defects were present in pups of three litters.
Teratogenic effects of 5‐bromodeoxyuridine on the external morphology of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Gilbert Enid F. , Pitot Henry C. , Bruyere Harold J. , Cheung Alphonsus L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractVarious anomalies were induced in Drosophila melanogaster by dietary administration of 5‐bromodeoxyuridine (5‐BUdR). Contraction of the proboscis was the most conspicuous effect. Others included wings that resembled those of a vestigial wing mutant, twisted and/or deformed (occasionally fused) rear legs, and twin spots on the posterior half of the pterothorax. In view of many studies that have demonstrated that 5‐BUdR incorporation into DNA is the main determinant of the biological activity of this compound, the altered patterns of differentiation produced by this treatment suggest interference with certain metabolic pathways. Teratogenic effects induced by 5‐BUdR in other systems and possible causes for the observed defects are discussed.
The community of human malformation syndromes that shares ectodermal dysplasia and deformities of the hands and feet
Authors: Pinsky Leonard 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSyndromes of human congenital malformation may be classified by recognizing communities of syndromes that share multiple phenotypic similarities involving their principal diagnostic features. A community of syndromes that shares various expressions of ectodermal dysplasia and various deformities of the hands and feet is proposed; these syndromes are divisible into two classes according to the presence or absence of anomalies in the nasal or labial regions of the face. The dysmorphogenetic validity of the division is supported by the fact that the syndromes without nasal or labial anomalies have a high frequency of sensorineural deafness as one expression of ectodermal dysplasia whereas those without such anomalies do not. The usefulness of such a syndromal community as a base for evolving a taxonomic scheme of dysmorphogenetic relatedness amongst different syndromes is illustrated.
Incorporation of a phospholipid precursor into the hemochorionic and yolk sac placentas associated with 9‐methylpteroylglutamic acid‐treated rat embryos
Authors: Chepenik Kenneth P. , Waite B. Moseley 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPregnant Long‐Evans rats were subjected to a teratogenic regimen, i.e., were fed a synthetic diet lacking folic acid and containing 9‐methyl‐pteroylglutamic acid on the llth to 14th days of gestation. Experimental and control pregnant rats injected with 10 μCi of [2‐14C] ethanolamine on the 14th day were killed 1 or 2 days later. The total radioactivity and radioactivities of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) were determined in chloroform extracts of homogenates and subcellular fractions prepared from hemochorionic and yolk sac placentas and maternal liver. The distribution of radioisotope into PC and PE of control and experimental yolk sac placentas was similar, and paralleled the distribution in maternal liver. However, the distribution of radioisotope into PC and PE of the hemochorionic placentas did not parallel that of the maternal liver, and radiolabeled PC accumulated faster in experimental placentas than in controls. We suggest that the ability of the hemochorionic placenta to synthesize PC from PE was impaired by the teratogenic regimen, and that the organ took up relatively more PC from the maternal plasma. We propose that this teratogen‐induced shift from placental lecithin synthesis to selective lecithin uptake underlies the previous finding of an increased accumulation of radio‐labeled PC in embryos from pregnant females subjected to this teratogenic regimen (Chepenik and Waite, '73).
Primary congenital aphakia and the rubella syndrome
Authors: Vermeij‐Keers Christl 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFour embryos from women infected by rubella virus early in pregnancy were investigated histologically. In three of the patients the serological tests were positive; in the fourth the diagnosis of rubella was based solely on the clinical picture. Three of the four embryos showed unilateral severe microphthalmia and primary congenital aphakia. In addition to this defect the right eye of one of the embryos showed a central liquefaction of the lens (cataract). Damage to the internal ear in the form of discontinuities in the epithelium of the cochlear duct were also observed (in two of the three embryos; in the fourth both internal ears were absent in the curettage material). In three of the four hearts there were cells in the myocardium with a markedly eosinophilic cytoplasm.
Histological effects of 6‐mercaptopurine on the fetal rat central nervous system: A light‐microscopic study
Authors: Adhami H. , Noack W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWistar rats were administered single doses of 16 or 50 mg/kg 6‐mercaptopurine (6‐MP) on day 12 of pregnancy. Necrosis in the fetal forebrain and spinal cord was studied by light microscope 6, 12, 14, 48, 72, and 81 h and 8 days afterward. The extent of necrosis was dose dependent. The first necroses were seen after 24 h, regardless of location (brain, spinal cord) or dose; but the extent was greatest after 48 h. All necrotic cells had a typical appearance; they were ballooned and often fragmented, their nuclei were darkly colored and frequently pyknotic, and they were often karyorhexic. Necroses appeared almost exclusively at sites of beginning cellular differentiation, i.e., in the intermediate zone. In the spinal cord the ventricular zone was also necrotic and the alar plate (dorsal horn) always affected. Phagocytizing cells (macrophages) appeared in the spinal cord after 48 h and in the brain after 72 h. After 81 h all the necrotic material had been phagocytized. at which time there was a massive congestion of the extra‐ and intracerebral vessels. Hemorrhages appeared in denned localizations. Eight days after exposure to 16 mg/kg 6‐MP fetuses no longer showed any visible deviations. Fetuses exposed to 50 mg/kg showed deviations in the cytoarchitecture of the neopallium: an extremely broadened ventricular zone, few cells in the intermediate zone, and extensive rarefaction of cells in the cortical plate with no clear layer structure. In the spinal cord, cleft formations were especially noticeable in the dorsal‐horn region. All fetuses showed a hydrocephalus externus after 50 mg/kg. The mechanism leading to necrosis is discussed.
Comparative teratogenicity of selected glucocorticoids applied ocularly in mice
Authors: Ballard Paul D. , Hearney Elaine F. , Smith Marvin B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree glucocorticoids (dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, and prednisolone) were ocularly applied to pregnant CD‐1 mice on days 10‐13 of gestation. The drug concentrations were various multiples of the common therapeutic dose levels and were applied to both eyes in 1‐μl drops five times a day. Eighteen‐day fetuses were examined for malformations. A significant increase in the incidence of cleft palate was observed in fetuses treated with each of these glucocorticoids. There appeared to be a dose related effect on cleft palate width among fetuses from both dexamethasone and prednisolone treated dams. The incidence of sex organ anomalies, although lower than the incidence of cleft palate, also showed a positive dose relationship. Analysis of variance was used to compare the teratogenic effects of these glucocorticoids ocularly applied in equipotent anti‐inflammatory concentrations. Our results indicate that dexamethasone produces a higher incidence of cleft palate, than either of the other two drugs when given in equipotent concentrations. It appears that the teratogenic potency of these ocularly applied glucocorticoids cannot be predicted on the basis of anti‐inflammatory potency.
A note on the epidemiology of acardiac monsters
Authors: James William H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe literature on acardiac monsters has been reviewed. The following conclusions were drawn:

The probability of their appearance seems considerably higher among monoamniotic than diamniotic monochorionic twin pairs.
They seem more likely to occur within monozygotic (MZ) pairs in higher multiple births than in MZ twins.
The data are consistent with the suggestion that there is a slight female excess among them.