bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Warner Bros.,1933-1940
Authors: Barrier Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in 1933, the animator Don Williams was working at the Universal cartoon studio. He decided to seek a job at the HarmanIsing studio on Hollywood Boulevard. As he came down the stairs after a meeting with Rudy Ising, Williams said many years later, “I ran into a guy named Ray Katz. He introduced himself and he said, ‘Were you looking for a job up here? ‘ I said, ‘Yes, in fact, I got one! He said, ‘Come on outside. ‘ I went downstairs with him and he said, ‘What did they offer you? ‘ ‘Sixty bucks a week! He said, ‘Will you go to work for me for sixty-five dollars? ‘ I said, ‘Yes, but where are you? ‘ He said, ‘There ‘s a friend of mine opening a new studio over at Warner Bros., called Leon Schlesinger. We need good animators, and if these guys will hire you, I know damned well he will. Would you be interested? ‘ I said I sure would.” that title only because he was Schlesinger ‘s brother-in-law, there was never any question about where his first loyalty lay. When Katz spoke with Williams, Schlesinger was setting up his own cartoon studio on the Warner Bros. lot on Sunset Boulevard. He stocked a building on the lot with freshly carpentered animation desks, and he scraped together a staff mainly by raiding other studios.
The Disney Diaspora, 1942-1950
Authors: Barrier Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even in making the Disney studio ‘s stripped-down government films, Dick Lundy said, “you couldn ‘t put out work too fast.” When Lundy was directing training films for the navy, “they allowed me seventeen dollars a foot, and I think I spent twelve dollars, especially on Torpedo Plane The .cries. The Navy...thought they were great. But Walt said, ‘Don ‘t you think, Dick, that you could have spent a little more dough, and got ‘em a little bit better?” ‘1 Disney may have been thinking wholly, or in large part, about the flow of money through his studio-money that would keep useful people on the payroll even though an increased cash flow might not lead directly to increased profits. (For the fiscal year that ended on 2 October 1942, the Disney company reported a loss of more than sixty thousand dollars on its films for the federal government.) It seems likely, though, that Disney was, in fact, concerned with making such films “a little better” because his name was on them; mundane training films proclaimed in their title cards that they were “produced by Walt Disney Productions.”
The Iris Closes,1952-1966
Authors: Barrier Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1951 and 1952, Hollywood suffered through a second round of investigations by the House of Representatives ‘ Committee on Un-American Activities. HUAC, as it came to be called, summoned dozens of actors, writers, directors, and technicians to testify about their connections with the Communist Party. Some refused; some admitted their own membership and told the committee of others who had been members. Fewer than a dozen witnesses had worked in the animation studios, but some of them provided the committee with the names of other cartoonists whom they had known as members of the party. Most of the people who testified, or who were identified as communists, had worked for UPA.
Value Free at Last: Professionals’ Official Story 2
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Iiie modern expert’s creed is simple: “Ideally you will see yourself as a camera whose plate is neutral and free from impressions until properly exposed[You] must let knowledge speak for itself. You simply must not let personal distortions interfere.”1 Of course, professionals recognize that the mental lenses they use inevitably affect the picture they get: “The camera’s focus, aim, and depth of field, to say nothing of the quality of the lenses and the shutter, will obviously determine the kind of picture that is eventually developed-its sharpness, contrast, perspective, and merit.” But by acknowledging and seeking to compensate for personal idiosyncrasies, professionals claim they can get ever closer to objective, verifiable truths.
A Principle of Law but Not of Justice
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1937, the state of Georgia levied a poll tax that applied, generally, to all persons in the state. It exempted the aged, the young, the blind, and women who did not register to vote. To ensure that the tax was collected and presumably to provide some controls over who might vote, the state instructed tax collectors not to register as a voter any male who had not paid his current tax as well as all back taxes. Women who chose not to register remained untaxed, and those who did register paid only the current year’s tax. The effect was to discriminate against African-American men, most of whom found it impossible to pay large sums for back taxes. But precedent setting legal opposition did not come from that source. Rather, the law was challenged by a man who claimed that his right to equal protection, as specified by the Fourteenth Amendment, had been violated because women did not have to pay the tax on the same basis as men.
What Discriminates?
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For his book on electrical workers, the historian Ronald Schatz interviewed a number of women who had sacrificed lucrative jobs after World War II. When he asked one of them how she felt about giving up her job, she offered an acerbic reply: “How’re you going to feel? You gotta give him a chance, right? The fellow that you took his job and [he] went to the service to protect you and your country, the least you can do is give him back his job or there’s going to be a war.” Other women concurred with the tenor of that comment: “There are some jobs—I don’t care how good you are!—you can’t begin to have the muscle that a man has,” a militant woman organizer for the United Electrical Workers argued. “We felt that there were certain jobs that couldn’t be done by women because of the nature of the work,” said another.1
Euripides Hecuba
Authors: Lembke Janet , Reckford Kenneth J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The translators of this edition of Hecuba have focused their attention on tonal texture, ranging from grief-stricken monodies and duets to lyrical choral verse, as well as on the problems created by political and forensic rhetoric. The result is a subtle and highly evocative translation of the unjustifiable sacrifice of Hecuba’s daughter, Polyxena, and the consequent destruction of Hecuba’s character.
Freedom by Degrees
Authors: Nash Gary B , Soderlund Jean R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book shows how slavery ended within a single generation at the end of the eighteenth century in the important colony/state of Pennsylvania. The authors have made a study of the slaveholders themselves in order to understand the process by which most slaves were given freedom without legislative or judicial efforts and without compensation to their masters. The book also traces a number of individual cases which show the varying processes by which slaves brought pressure for emancipation. This book represents a major milestone in our understanding of slavery and how it was effectively abolished.
After Freedom
Authors: Nash Gary B , Soderlund Jean R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The manumitting sentiment that overtook many, albeit a minority, of Pennsylvania’s slaveholders in the 1780s and 1790s led to the release from bondage of hundreds of slaves. The desire of slaveholders to be quit of the system of bondage, however, did not mean that their need for cheap labor and a flexible system for obtaining it had diminished. In an expanding late eighteenthcentury economy, both rural and urban Pennsylvanians sought a dependable, convenient, and inexpensive labor force—always the goal of employers.
Moving Forward Quietly Family Planning in the Johnson Administration
Authors: Critchlow Donald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“‘f7ollowmg John F. Kennedy’s assassination, Lyndon Bames Johnson £ launched the Great Society to eliminate poverty m the United States. Family plannmg became integral to his War on Poverty. Because Johnson feared a political backlash from Roman Catholics and Afncan-Amencans, his administration quietly pursued a policy of funding family planning programs through existing federal agencies. Congress proved much more willing to press ahead on family planning legislation, even without \Vhite House approval. Understanding the political situation, the population lobby worked actively to educate the nation about the threat of overpopulation, while cultivating liberal opinion within the Catholic Church. At the same time, leaders of the population movement undertook an extensive lobbymg campaign to expand federal family planning programs as a means of reducing welfare costs and the number of out-of-wedlock births among the poor. In 1967 Congress enacted the first e&gt;.l)licit family plannmg legislation through the Social Security amendments that mandated specific federal expenditures for family planning. This legislation went generally unnoticed, however, when Congress became caught up in an acrimonious debate over welfare reform also embodied in the Social Security legislation. By the time Johnson left office in 1968, a policy revolution in federal family planning had occurred, setting the stage for the further expansion of family planning programs under Richard Nixon.
Richard Nixon and the Politicization of Famity Planning Policy
Authors: Critchlow Donald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nixon’s enthusiasm for family planning as an instrument of social change and a remedy for correcting what he and others in his admm1stration perceived as the “welfare mess” found expression in his support for forming the Comm1ss10n on Population Growth and the Amencan Fumre, headed by John D. Rockefeller 3rd. The establishment of the comm1ss10n m 1969 fulfilled Rockefeller’s decade-long dream. Rockefeller hoped that this comm1ss10n might further awaken the public and policy makers to the problems of overpopulation in America. Rockefeller’s high hopes for the commission crashed, however, in a political environment increasingly polarized over civil rights, war in Vietnam, and abortion. Support for the commission’s work was hindered by divisions \Within the population movement itself over the efficacy of voluntary family planning programs. Critical of voluntarism, more radical activists such as Paul Ehrlich and Garrett Hardin suggested that coercive family plannmg measures to protect the general interest of society needed to be explored. Furthermore, maternal divisions within the comm1ss10n itself played havoc as meetings turned mto acnmonious debates over immigration, abortion, and the very purpose of the commission. The continuing decline in the American birthrate belied the urgency of the comm1ss10n. By the time its final report was issued in 1972, the political climate had changed significantly.
Characters
Authors: Carson Anne , Shaw Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
PAEDAGOGUS OR OLD MAN servant and former tutor of Orestes ORESTES son of Clytemnestra and Agamemnon, king of Argos CHRYSOTHEMIS daughter of Clytemnestra and Agamemnon ELECTRA daughter of Clytemnestra and Agamemnon CLYTEMNESTRA Queen of Argos AEGISTHUS paramour of Clytemnestra CHORUS of Mycenaean women PYLADES Orestes’ silent friend.
Daily Life and Work
Authors: Barnett Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even In Totalitarian Societies the rhythms of daily existence continue. But the structure of a dictatorship is like a spider’s web, its strands interwoven and extending into the farthest corners of society. For those who become caught, the perception and practice of daily routines is abruptly altered. Others evade the web, however, and are able to maintain the illusion that life goes on as before.
The Confessing Church and the Jews
Authors: Barnett Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although The Murder OF the institutionalized patients was the forerunner of the enocide of the Jews, there were important differences between the status of the Jews and that of Nazism’s other victims. Even today, these differences condition our thinking about Nazi Germany. The Nazis planned and carried out the murder of hundreds of thousands of gypsies, disabled children and adults, homosexuals, and political opponents. But it is the Jews who are remembered above all. Genocide evokes a deeper and more lasting horror, and the Holocaust-the murder of the European Jews-has become the primary symbol of Nazi evil.
Political Issues and The West German Church
Authors: Barnett Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After 1945, It Was Understandable that many Confessing Christians, con. confronted by the question, “What should the church be?” responded by demanding new moral standards of the German political realm. The constitution of the Federal Republic, which guaranteed basic civil liberties that Germans in 1933 had not even seen as necessary, was an important step in repudiating Nazism. Many postwar regulations, such as those permitting members of the West German military and police forces to refuse orders they believed were immoral, or those stringently controlling the sterilization of the mentally ill and disabled, were the direct result of the Germans’ experience under Nazism. So was the commitment of many Germans to building a relationship with Israel and paying reparations to the Jews who had suffered in the concentration camps.
The Roots of Solid-State Physics Before Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Eckert Michael , Schubert Helmut , Torkar Gisela , Blondel Christine , Quedec Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The plain goal of science is to understand and use the objects around us, and of these objects the most obvious are solids. They were among the first things to be mastered and among the last things to be understood. The growing ability to manipulate stone, then ceramics, then glass, metals, jewels, and so forth was central to the history of the human race. If there was no corresponding progress in finding concepts that could unify the understanding of solids, it was not for lack of trying; the works of Greek philosophers, medieval alchemists, and seventeenth-century Cartesian natural philosophers abounded in fanciful models of the solid state.
Collective Phenomena
Authors: Hoddeson Lillian , Schubert Helmut , Heims Steve J , Baym Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1930s and 1940s, the quantum theory of solids dealt primarily with singleelectron phenomena. Although surprisingly many problems were solvable within this framework, some were not-for example, the explanation from first principles of superconductivity and the calculation of the cohesive energy of metals. A related problem, whose connection to superconductivity was recognized almost immediately, was the superfluidity of4He, discovered experimentally in 1937. More generally, phase transitions-ordinary liquid-gas and melting, as well as those to the superconducting, superfluid, and ferromagnetic states-lacked adequate theory. These various phenomena, unexplainable within a single-particle framework, depend strongly on the interactions between particles in the systems; today they are recognized as “collective” or “cooperative” phenomena.
Profession as Vocation: The German Civil Service
Authors: Caplan Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The inclusion of the civil service in a collection of essays on the German professions raises certain definitional problems at the outset, because one may question whether civil servants meet the classic criteria for a profession. It is true that the German civil service was historically one of the first occupations to adopt many of the standards of organization and conduct that have since come to be associated with professional status; these include rigorous educational prerequisites, a system of training and public certification, a clear career structure, and a strong ethical code embodying an explicit concept of honor in public service, together with a certain distance from market relations.
The Past as Future: The German Officer Corps as Profession
Authors: Geyer Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whenever historians and social scientists talk about the military as a profession, they talk about Prussia, but this Prussia has the irritating quality of changing every time it is discussed. If the transformation of the German military during the last two hundred years is a rather straightforward process, then the uses to which this transformation is put in the historical imaginaries have created a veritable excess of meaning. The Prussian officer corps is professional, atavistic, skill-oriented, and heroic; in fact, it is all contemporary images of the military and their oppositions rolled into one.
Women and the Professions in Germany, 1900-1945
Authors: Stephenson Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It would probably never occur to a historian to write an essay entitled “Men and the Professions.” For the most part, publications on the professions and professionalization-like publications on the vast majority of historical subjects and debates-fall de facto into the unarticulated but implicit category of “men’s history,” which is known simply as “history.” Even in light of the substantial amount of work that has appeared in approximately the last twenty years on “women’s history,” which has been written by men as well as women, there remains a self-conscious ghetto mentality that is at least partly the product of a fear among feminist historians that a genuine integration of women’s experience into mainstream history will once more submerge it in the massive tide of male-dominated political, economic, intellectual, and even social history-although in this last category there is a greater focus on women’s past than can be identified in other fields of history.
Analytical Imaging with a Scanning Ion Microprobe
Authors: Levi-Setti R , Chabala J M , Wang Y , Hallegot, P , Girod-Hallegot C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of modem microanalytical techniques, many of which are illustrated in this book, describe the chemical composition of materials by means of images. One technique, ion microscopy, has been advanced in recent years as a tool for the sensitive determination of the isotopic and molecular content of any sample surface. Micrographs depicting the two-dimensional distribution (also called maps) of selected constituents over small areas of a sample are one of the essential means by which the retrieved information is recorded. Such images embody a wealth of interwoven information in a most compact form and remain one of the most efficient vehicles for the intelligent interpretation of material microstructure and co position. Compositional maps can be thought of as two-dimensional views of an abstract multidimensional space encompassing the spatial dimensions, the mass or atomic nurnber dimension, and, as a further variable, the concentration for each constituent. Often, an additional unquantifiable attribute enriches these already multifaceted images: their aesthetic appeal.
The Progress of Literacy and Written Law in Athens
Authors: Robb Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cleisthenes was meager in the extreme, depending mainly on some obscure refer­ ences in Aristotle, and a scattering of notices in Herodotus that reveal an out­ sider’s minimal understanding of the Athenian facts. Based mainly on the account in the Athenian Constitution, which in tum shows direct debts to Herodotus, three reforms have been attributed to Cleisthenes. First, perhaps now the most famous but not the most important, Cleisthenes introduced (or perhaps first politically exploited) the institution of ostracism, of which much has been made in the literature concerning popular literacy. It was a short-lived curiosity and never of much political importance.
Truth as Event and as Unique in Kind
Authors: Hunsinger George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the motif of actualism signifies, in Barth’s theology truth is always conceived as an event. Truth is not a static datum, nor is it a fixed and deposited state of affairs. It is essentially a predicate of God’s own living reality as the Lord. Truth is always therefore in essence identical with God’s being itself-a divinely living truth, unified, yet rich and varied in its unity, a truth that continually assumes surprising and ever new forms in constancy with itself. This living truth is also a supremely sovereign truth. It is a truth that can and does speak for itself (and which can be known and received only as a truth that speaks for itself).
Introduction: A Neglected Topic
Authors: Pipes Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On first entering Syria, the observant traveler will probably be startled to go through passport control and notice a military map of Syria on the wall, for this map contains several anomalies. It shows the Golan Heights under Syrian control, though they have been occupied by Israel since 1967. Syria’s boundaries with Lebanon and Jordan appear not as international borders but as something called “regional” borders. Israel does not even exist; instead, there is a state called Palestine. And Palestine is separated from Syria by a line designated a “temporary” border. Finally, the province of Hatay, a part of Turkey since 1939, appears to be included in Syria; only on close inspection can one see the “temporary” border between it and Syria.
Background And Changes
Authors: Pipes Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The name Syria derives from the Semitic term Siryon. In the Bible (Deuteronomy 3.9), this refers to Mount Hermon. Syria is originally a Greek word; its probable first literary use occurs in Aeschylus’s Persae (84), written in 472 B.C. Herodotus, writing about 440 B.C., used Syria loosely in the Histories to refer to Cappadocia. In the Hellenistic period, the Greeks used the term Coele Syria to refer to the area between the Mediterranean and the Euphrates River, distinguishing it from the part of Syria in Mesopotamia. The Seleucids of the third century B.c. also used the term vaguely to mean what is now called Southwest Asia. The Romans first used this term to refer to what came to be the standard area-”those regions of the Near East between Asia Minor and Egypt which belonged to the Roman Empire.” The Byzantines subsequently adopted the Roman usage.
Conclusion: A Dangerous Double Game
Authors: Pipes Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Syrian Ba’th leaders have been plagued by a dilemma since the Regionalists emerged as a force in 1960: their ideology and their practice contradict each other. The Regionalists took steps to make Syria a strong and independent state while adhering to a doctrine-Pan-Arabism-that condemned those very steps. This contradiction grew more acute when the Regionalists became rulers of Syria in 1963, for their legitimacy rested partly on a Pan-Arab program. Then the adoption of pragmatic Pan-Syrianism a decade later meant the rulers espoused two opposing ideologies. Surely these inconsistencies must have plagued the Asad regime.
Conclusion: The Historic Significance Of Greater Syria
Authors: Pipes Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An overview of the first half-century of activity on behalf of Greater Syria leads to several conclusions about the Pan-Syrian ideology. In particular, we shall review its importance, feasibility, mutability, weakness, and frustration. First, evidence presented here should establish that Greater Syria was not the minor eddy of general repute but a central theme in the history of the Middle East between 1918 and 1950. It was no less important than two much better known nationalisms, the Pan-Arabist and the Palestinian. Pan-Syrian ambitions had major bearing on the course of events in Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria, and almost as much on Palestine and Iraq. It also influenced inter-Arab relations and the Arab-Israeli conflict. As a model of the ideological party, the SSNP had a major impact on a wide range of organizations.