bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphogenesis of the fetal membranes of the white‐tailed deer
Authors: Sinha Akhouri A. , Seal Ulysses S. , Erickson Albert W. , Mossman Harland W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMorphogenesis of the fetal membranes of the white‐tailed deer was studied throughout pregnancy. In placentomes, the long, branched, fetal villi occupied corresponding maternal crypts. The bases of the villi and the arching areas connecting them (arcades) were covered with high columnar cytotrophoblast, which apparently had phagocytosed material from the adjacent degenerating rims of the crypts. This arcade cytotrophoblast contained much glycogen and occasional mitochondria, free ribosomes, and pigment granules. Elsewhere, the columnar cytotrophoblast cells usually contained three to five rows of rod‐shaped mitochondria and other cytoplasmic organelles. Interspersed among them were numerous binucleate giant cells which usually contained peripheral lace‐like granular endoplasmic reticulum and many complex lipoprotein droplets. Cryptal epithelium, deep to the degenerate rims, was low columnar, had infranuclear osmiophilic lipid droplets, and sparsely distributed cytoplasmic organelles. The microvilli of cryptal and cytotrophoblastic epithelia interdigitated and appeared as a brush border under light microscopy. The microvilli and their PAS‐positive mucopolysaccharide material appeared capable of holding uterine and chorionic epithelia together during pregnancy. The placentomes were epitheliochorial, but showed “intra‐epithelial” capillaries. Interplacenomal uterine and cytotrophoblasitc epithelia resembled those of the placentomes. Their microvill were inundated by endometrial gland secretion (uterine milk). The cytotrophoblast contained pigment granules and much absorbed uterine milk. The amniotic epithelium showed short microvilli, complexly folded lateral plasma membranes, many desmosomes, abundant glycogen granules, foot processes and other cytoplasmic organelles.
Studies of Brunner's glands in the opossum. I. Adult morphology
Authors: Krause William J , Leeson C. Roland 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe duodenal glands of the adult opossum form a lobed, glandular collar in the submucosa immediately distal to the pyloric sphincter. They empty into funnel‐shaped mucosal depressions. The depressions, which form two or three irregular rows that run parallel to the pyloroduodenal junction, are lined by either pyloric or intestinal epithelium. An individual gland of Brunner has an extensive intralobular duct system which terminates in a single excretory duct just prior to entry into a depression. Histochemical studies indicate that the duodenal glands elaborate a neutral glycoprotein whereas the duct system appears to produce both neutral and acidic elements. Light and electron microscopic studies have shown the duodenal glands to consist of large, pyramidal cells which lie on a distinct basal lamina. Discrete, mottled or pale secretory granules are found in close association both with the apices of the cells and with the Golgi complexes. The ergastoplasm, cisternae of which are dilated and contain amorphous material, is associated with polysomes and, in the supranuclear region, often becomes markedly dilated, forming what appear to be large vacuoles containing fibrillar material. Blebbing of the ergastoplasm results in the formation of several small vesicles, many of which lie in close association with the Golgi network. Direct membrane continuity has been noted between the two elements.
Effects of teratogenic doses of vincristine on mitotic cells in the fetuses of DBA mice
Authors: Ungthavorn S. , Joneja M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe main aim of this study was to determine the effects of vincristine on the dividing cells in mouse fetuses. Teratogenic doses of vincristine sulfate (Oncovin) were given intraperitoneally to pregnant DBA/2J mice on day 9 of pregnancy. Treated mothers were killed and the fetuses recovered at eight different time intervals ranging from one‐half hour to 96 hours after injection. Estimates of mitotic arrests, mitotic irregularities and mitotic index were obtained from Feulgen‐stained paraffin sections of the fetuses. A sevenfold increase in the number of metaphase plates was observed at two hours after vincristine treatment. The incidence of anaphase‐telophase aberrations, such as chromosome bridges and fragments, was slightly higher in the treated fetuses than that in the controls. This study showed that vincristine crossed the placental barrier to produce cellular changes which might play an important role in initiating growth defects.
The ultrastructure of stellate cells in the pars distalis of the salamander pituitary gland
Authors: Cardell Robert R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe ultrastructure of a distinct cell type, termed the stellate cell, in the pars distalis of the salamander (Triturus [Notophthalus, Diemyctylus] viridescens viridescens) pituitary gland is described. The cell has three primary characteristics which distinguish it from other cell types of the pars distalis: (1) a lack or sparsity of specific secretory granules, (2) several cellular processes which are long and sheet‐like and (3) cell body and nucleus which are considerably smaller than the cell bodies and nuclei of the chromophilic cells. The stellate cell often has an angular shaped nucleus, and the cytoplasm is characterized by an abundance of glycogen particles, several lipid droplets, an inconspicuous Golgi complex showing no evidence of forming secretory granules, filaments, microtubules and a sparsity of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The cells occasionally contain unusual mitochondria which exhibit longitudinally oriented cristae.From the electron micrographic evidence obtained in this study, it was suggested that stellate cells probably contact all secretory cells in the pars distalis; thus they are favorably situated to play a sustentacular role in the piuitary gland. In addition, the processes of the stellate cell frequently terminate on the outer basal lamina of the pericapillary space. Consideration was given also to a possible secretory role for the stellate cells, but little morphological evidence was obtained to suggest such a function. It was noted, however, that the cells occasionally contain dense bodies about 250 mμ in diameter which were interpreted as possible secretory granules.
Distribution of lymphatic vessels in mammary glands of ewes
Authors: Lee C. S. , Lascelles A. K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSix multiparous ewes, three of which were lactating and the remaining three in an advanced stage of mammary involution, were used to study the distribution of lymphatic vessels in the mammary gland. The lymphatic system was distended by ligation of the regional efferent lymphatic ducts and either reconstituted blood or Latex was used to fill the blood vascular system. After fixation, distribution of lymphatic vessels was studied macroscopically and microscopically.One to three mammary nodes were situated at the postero‐dorsal aspect of each gland. Entering and leaving the nodes were 8 to 12 major afferent and 2 to 4 efferent ducts. Four or five of the afferent ducts accompanied the external pudendal artery and vein and their radicles emerged from the deep parenchyma of the gland. The remaining afferent ducts emerged from the parenchyma of the gland independent of blood vessels and their radicles drained both superficial and deep parenchyma.Lymphatic vessels were found in the connective tissue between lobes, within lobes and between lobules. Lymphatic capillaries were observed in the connective tissue within lobules and also in areas adjacent to the alveolar epithelium. Lymphatic vessels in the connective tissue between lobes and the larger vessels were supplied with valves and their walls posessed an endothelial cell lining together with smooth muscle and connective tissue layers. Finer lymphatic vessels appeared to consist of only a simple endothelial cell lining and valves were not found.
A comparative study of cranial growth in Homo and Macaca
Authors: Duterloo Herman S. , Enlow Donald H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis study deals with the postnatal growth and remodeling changes that take place in the cranial bone of Macaca mulatta. Multiple ground sections were prepared throughout each component bone from the calvaria and cranial floor of young, rapidly growing specimens having primary or mixed dentition. These sections were then analyzed for (1) the different types of inward‐growing and outward‐growing bone tissues present, and (2) the distribution of resorptive and depository periosteal and endosteal surfaces. Using this information, the remodeling history of each bone was reconstructed and the overall growth pattern of the craninum as a whole was determined. The growth changes that characterize the brain case of the monkey were then compared and contrasted with those in Homo. While a number of distinct similarities were observed in their respective growth and remodeling processes, several marked differences were also found. These occurred largely in certain parts of the cranial floor and they appeared to be associated with corresponding differences in the size, configuration, and disposition of the brain in the two species and also with factors related to body posture and facial prognathism.
Interstitial bodies in the early chick embryo
Authors: Low Frank N. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractChick embryos of graded ages, ranging from freshly laid eggs to one week incubation, were prepared for electron microscopy.Interstitial bodies are expressions of “ground substance” that resemble structureless masses of cytoplasm without enclosing plasmalemma. They measure from 0.1 to ca. 1 μ in diameter. Toward the end of the first day of incubation they are found in the tissue space near to or in contact with the ectodermal boundary (basement) membrane. They seem to contribute to its increasing amorphous component. Microfibrils first appear close to or in contact with the ectodermal boundary membrane and are similarly related to interstitial bodies. At 44 hours interstitial bodies are especially numerous where the neural tube is separating from the ectoderm. Here boundary membranes have become intermittent and interstitial bodies appear to contribute to their repair. By the fourth day interstitial bodies are less numerous. Many appear to break up. Their edges tend to become dispersed into clouds of finely granular material, especially in areas of the tissue space occupied by wisps of microfibrils. The close association of amorphous ground substance and extracellular fibrils persists indefinitely.
Striated muscle in the lung
Authors: Aterman K. , Patel S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe occurrence of striated muscle in an “extralobar pulmonary sequestration,” a typical “accessory lobe,” has been described for the first time in an infant with the respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn. The few published cases of the presence of striated muscle in the lungs have been reviewed. In most instances they were associated with benign or malignant tumor formation. The simultaneous occurrence of a pulmonary sequestration and striated muscle is explained by postulating the displacement of a fragment from the lung bud early in its development. This view eliminates the necessity of invoking an additional pathological happening in the sequestrated lung in the form of a “metaplastic transformation” of either smooth muscle or embryonic connective tissue into striated muscle. While a heteroplastic transformation may occur in instances of malignant tumor formation, striated muscle in the developmental anomaly described here may well form on an entirely different basis.
Lipofuscin pigment in neurons of young mice with a hereditary central nervous system defect
Authors: O'steen W. Keith , Nandy Kalidas 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMutant mice are described which have an early developing locomotor difficulty accompanied by definite neuronal changes in the central nervous system. They develop head tremors during the second postnatal week and later action tremors while walking. Seizures occur spontaneously and can be induced by stimulation. By the third or fourth week, they lose the righting reflex. The most apparent neuropathologic sign is the progressive development of nuclear hyperchromasia, especially in the largest neurons of the spinal cord and brain stem. Purkinje cells of the cerebellum are similarly affected. Hyperchromasia occurs in single, isolated neurons scattered throughout the central nervous system, as well as in groups of cells which comprise a brain stem nucelus. Lipofuscin pigment in quantities comparable to that in neurons of 12 months old mice was found in neurons with hyperchromatic nuclei as early as five weeks of age, an observation which suggests that premature aging might be occurring in the mutant's central nervous system.
Electron microscopic observations on fibrinoid and histiotroph in the junctional zone and villi of the human placenta
Authors: Dempsey Edward W. , Lessey Robert A. , Luse Sarah A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe surfacr of syncytiotrophoblast covering primary villi in the early human placenta may be smooth, lacy, exhibit a brush border with highly developed straight or branched microvilli, or display projections. These projections may have microvilli and they may contain granules, vacuoles and mitochondria. By contrast, syncytium of the basal or junctional zone has longer and straighter microvilli and numerous projections often extend as long, recurving streamers which penetrate into and engulf the cytolyzed detritus of decidual cells. These streamers contain granules, vacuoles and microvilli. Granular detritus is evident between the microvilli, adherent to their surfaces and in the bays and superficial vacuoles at or just beneath the surface plasma membrane, indicating that phagocytosis and pinocytosis occur in the basal trophoblast.In occasional areas in the intervillous space and regularly in the basal junctional zone, clots composed of fibrin fibrils occur. Associated with them are amorphous masses of similar electron density. These represent different degrees of maternal blood clotting, possibly associated with clotting agents released after damage to fetal cells.Fibrin clots and associated leucocytes adhere to the surface of the syncytium, penetrate into it and between the Langhans' cells, occasionally replacing the trophoblastic layers entirely. In such areas, transudates of maternal blood have direct access to the connective tissues of the fetal villus.
Membrane‐coating granules and membrane modifications in keratinizing epithelia
Authors: Martinez I. Ricardo , Peters Alan 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMembrane‐coating granules are found in close association with the Golgi apparatus, and their apparent size, shape and internal substructure varies with the plane of section.After a membrane‐coating granule is discharged into the intercellular space, it dissociates into distinct units, the pentalamellar discs, which are stacked like coins in the intact granule. Subsequently, discs become applied to and appear to fuse with the outer leaflets of the horny cell membranes, resulting in the formation of a nine‐layered membrane‐disc complex. When this complex cleaves at the junction of the thick dense lamella and distal lighter lamella of the disc, a pentalaminar horny‐cell surface membrane results. The more common surface membrane, however, is trilaminar consisting of thickened inner leaflet, lighter middle leaflet, and thickened outer leaflet. The thickened outer leaflet may result from the addition of amorphous intercellular material derived from membrane‐coating granules or from the fusion of two outer leaflets, as in the formation of a tight junction.The thickened inner leaflet results from the deposition of dense material onto the cytoplasmic face of the inner leaflet; there exists a regional variation in its dimensions. The side of the cell facing the surface of the epithelium has a thickened inner leaflet varying in width between 140 and 180 Å, whereas the side facing the underlying cell is only about 100 Å thick.Discs and amorphous material derived from membrane‐coating granules coat and thicken the plasma membrane by modifying the outer leaflet, and thus may play a role in the barrier function of the stratum corneum.
Early cellular disruption and phagocytosis in photically‐induced retinal degeneration
Authors: O'Steen W. Keith , Lytle Robert B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAlbino rats kept at normal body and room temperature develop a progressive retinal degeneration when exposed to ordinary animal room intensities of fluorescent light. Early changes at the light microscope level include stratification of the inner and outer segments of the receptor cells, followed by rapid fragmentation of these elements. Concurrently, cells not usually seen in control retinas invade the outer plexiform and receptor cell layers. These cells, which are first seen after 60 hours of light exposure, resemble microglia and are apparently phagocytic in function, since cytoplasmic inclusions can be detected. Attempts to mark these cells with intraocular India ink or with intraperitoneal trypan blue were unsuccessful. Removal of cellular debris after degeneration of the receptor cells was followed by gliosis in the area of the retina between the bipolar nuclei and the remnants of the pigment cell layer. The extensive retinal damage occurring after fragmentation and removal of the outer segments was irreversible when animals were removed from continuous light and placed into cyclic lighting.
Changes in the Golgi apparatus during spermiogenesis in the rat
Authors: Susi F. R. , Leblond C. P. , Clermont Y. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe fine structure of the Golgi apparatus in rat spermatids at various steps of spermiogenesis was investigated in routinely stained preparations as well as in sections stained with the periodic acid‐silver technique for the demonstration of glycoprotein.In steps 1–7 spermatids, a layer of cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum envelops the Golgi apparatus. Between this layer and the stack of Golgi saccules, small coated vesicles (500–600 Å) are associated with smooth‐surfaced tubular profiles. These are irregular expansions of the first or outermost Golgi saccule. The next few saccules of the stack are regularly arranged and similar to one another. The last or innermost saccule is thick and produces coated buds, similar to the large coated vesicles (900–1200 Å) which are found nearby. Large smooth vesicles with a dense core, known as proacrosomic vesicles, are also found in this location at steps 1 and 2. These at step 3 fuse into the single acrosomic vesicle, which in turn at step 5 transforms into the head cap (while the dense core of the vesicles becomes the acrosomic granule).Using the PA‐silver technique on steps 1–7 spermatids, a gradation of staining is observed in Golgi saccules, with the most intense reaction in the innermost saccule, its coated buds and the large coated vesicles nearby. Intense staining is also noted in the head cap, while staining of lesser intensity is observed in the acrosomic granule.In older spermatids (steps 8–18) the Golgi apparatus gradually loses most of the features just described and appears to consist primarily of stacks of saccules with dilated edges. These are only weakly stained by the PA‐silver technique.These observations are interpreted as follows. Material produced in the endo‐plasmic reticulum would be transferred by small coated vesicles to the outermost saccule of the Golgi stacks. During saccule migration toward the inner aspect of the stacks, the synthesis of glycoprotein would be completed. The transfer of this glycoprotein via the large coated vesicles would cause the proacrosomic vesicles to grow into the acrosomic vesicle which later would become the head cap.
The auriculotemporal nerve of man
Authors: Baumel Julian J. , Vanderheiden John P. , McElenney James E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe auriculotemporal nerve is commonly misrepresented in both illustrations and textual descriptions. Our 85 dissections of the nerve demonstrate that the roots of the “typical” auriculotemporal nerve do not form a tight “buttonhole” loop around the middle meningeal artery. Instead the roots outline an elongated V‐shaped interval with the roots widely separated from one another. At their junction the roots form a short trunk which immediately breaks up in line with the posterior border of the mandible into a spray of branches. The superficial temporal ramus of the auriculotemporal nerve should not be considered as the main continuation of the nerve, but merely as its largest branch. A substantial portion of the nerve makes up its two communicating rami with the facial nerve; these are the strongest and most consistent of the many peripheral communications between trigeminal and facial nerves. Common variations in configuration, branching, and relationships of the nerve are included.
Split hand and foot anomaly in Macaca mulatta: A report of two cases,
Authors: Morris Laura Newell , Kerr Barbara A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTwo cases of split hand and foot anomaly in male Macaca mulatta are described. Radiographs and dissection of the muscular anatomy of the first case showed that the muscular changes could be directly related to the osseous deformities. Comparison of the anatomy of case 1 with that of two other nonhuman primate cases on record suggests that two different developmental patterns and possibly two different genotypes may underlie the anatomical differences observed. The second case of the anomaly has been sent to the University of Washington Medical Lake Breeding Facility where it is hoped future pedigree data may provide information on some of the embryological and genetic questions raised by the existing materials.
The thyrotropic cell of the rat hypophysis as studied with peroxidase‐labeled antibody
Authors: Baker Burton L. , Yu Ya‐Yen 
Published: February 2005

AbstractUtilizing the peroxidase‐labeled antibody procedure with anti‐serum to human thyrotropin (anti‐TSH), the thyrotropic cell was studied in the rat hypophysis with respect to its cytology, distribution, and reactivity to histochemical stains. The presumptive thyrotropic cells were polygonal and stained with aldehyde fuchsin and the periodic acid‐Schiff procedure. They were usually located centrally in cell cords. In the pars distalis thyrotropic cells were most numerous in the centromedian area of the lateral lobes and beneath the pars intermedia, while being rare in the dorsocephalic region.Several steps were taken to verify the specificity of the immunochemical procedure. After absorption with either human or bovine thyrotropin, anti‐TSH was completely ineffective; staining was almost completely prevented by prior absorption with either sheep or rat thyrotropin. Cytological alterations in thyrotropic cells generally paralleled the differences in pituitary thyrotropic content associated with sex, thyroid deficiency, thyroxine administration, and with rebound after cessation of treatment with propylthiouracil. Thyrotropic cells were differentiated from growth hormone, prolactin and corticotropic cells, as well as from presumptive luteinizing hormone cells, on the basis of shape, cytology, intraglandular distribution, and by immunochemical double‐staining. In this study they were not distinguished from follicle‐stimulating hormone cells which remain unidentified in this laboratory.Our observations confirm those of earlier investigators, who used histochemical methods for identification of the thyrotropic cell, with regard to its cytological features, intraglandular distribution and responsivity to altered levels of circulating thyroid hormone.