bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Erikson and Psychobiography, Psychobiography and Erikson
Authors: Alexander Irving 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years two publications appeared that revived public interest in the life and work of Erik Erikson (1902–1994). One certainly is Lawrence J. Friedman ‘s Identity ‘s Architect (1999), an outstanding biography of Erikson ‘s life and work. Friedman, a historian, spent ten years producing this volume. He contacted many of the most important people in Erikson ‘s life, including his wife Joan, who helped in providing data about more than sixty years of their life together. His use of archival sources both here and abroad was extensive and his knowledge of Erikson ‘s work and the history of psychoanalysis impressive. The major events of Erikson ‘s life are clearly drawn and well documented, making the book a trea-sure trove for the psychobiographer.
PRD1: Dissecting the Genome, Structure, and Entry
Authors: grahn Marika , Butcher sarah J , Bamford, Jaana K H , Bamford dennis h. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are six extremely similar phage isolates, from different parts of the world, that all infect Gramnegative bacteria harboring a conjugative plasmid. One of these viruses is PRD1. Viruses with this morphology (protein capsid surrounding a membrane vesicle containing the linear double-stranded DNA genome) also infect Grampositive hosts. These viruses have been classified together forming the Tectiviridae family (2). There have been two characteristics that have drawn considerable interest to these viruses. Firstly, the linear, DNA genome has inverted terminal repeats, a covalently bound terminal protein at the 50 ends, and replicates by a protein-primed, sliding-back mechanism. Secondly, due to their membranes, these viruses are considered to be relatively simple model systems for the study of membrane biogenesis, structure, and assembly in a well-characterized Escherichia coli background.
Phage f29 and its Relatives
Authors: Salas Margarita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phage f29 and the related phages PZA, PZE, f15, BS32, B103, Nf, M2Y, and GA-1 are lytic phages that belong to the Podoviridae family. Most of them infect Bacillus subtilis and other related species such as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus pumilus, and Bacillus licheniformis. The host range of phage GA-1 differs from those of the other phages. Thus, GA-1 infects the Bacillus strain G1R. The f29-related phages have been classified in three groups based on serological properties, peptide maps, DNA physical maps, and DNA sequences (11, 90, 153). The first group includes phages f29, PZA, PZE, f15, and BS32; the second includes phages B103, Nf, and M2Y; and the third group contains phage GA-1as the only member.
The P2-Like Bacteriophages
Authors: Nilsson Anders S , Ljungquist Elisabeth Haggard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bacteriophage P2 was isolated by G. Bertani, together with two other prophages, from the Lisbonne and Carre’ re strain of Escherichia coli (the oldest known lysogen) (8). The three phages were named P1, P2, and P3, based on different plaque morphology, and their partial serological crossreactivity. Phage P1 was later shown by E. Lennox to be a general transducing phage and to belong to a group of phages that differs from P2 in many respects (82) (see chapter 24). Phage P3 has not been studied as extensively as the other two. Since that time, a number of temperate phages that grow on E. coli have been isolated that share some, but not all, characteristics with phage P2. These P2-like phages are similar in traits such as morphology and host range, are serologically unrelated to phage l and not inducible by UV light. Of these P2-like coliphages P2 and 186 are the best characterized, and they have in addition the capacity to function as helpers for phage/plasmid P4. For a list of other known P2-like E. coli phages, see reviews by Bertani and Bertani (11) and Bertani and Six (12), and for phage/plasmid P4 see chapter 26.
Bacteriophage P22
Authors: Prevelige Peter E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bacteriophage P22, a relative of bacteriophage l, is a temperate phage of Salmonella typhimurium and has played key roles in the development of molecular biology. Originally isolated as a lysogen of Salmonella, it was with P22 that Zinder and Lederberg discovered the phenomenon of generalized transduction (113). In subsequent years, P22 has proven to be an important tool in Salmonella genetics, and equally importantly has served to illustrate key components of genetic and morphogenetic regulation (45). P22 shares many similarities in genetic structure and regulation with phage l and there are excellent reviews of P22 biology (63, 88). The genome of P22 has been sequenced (11, 24, 61, 72, 100) and 65 genes have been annotated. The sequencing results support the hypothesis that phage P22 is a mosaic that has evolved through extensive recombination with other viruses. Significant progress has been made over the past 15 years in understanding the structural biology of P22 infection and replication which, after a brief overview, will be the focus of this chapter.
The Bacteriophage Mu
Authors: Ghelardini Luciano Paolozzi Patrizia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mu was the first mobile genetic element identified in prokaryotes. Since its first isolation, in 1963, it has attracted the interest of many biologists. This interest is a consequence of its double nature: Mu is both a bacteriophage and a transposon. Studies on Mu began when L. Taylor published a paper on a new temperate bacteriophage that showed the unusual ability to insert its DNA in multiple sites of the host genome. This integration was coupled with the induction of mutations in the host cell (236). The insertional mutagenesis phenomenon was thus described for the first time and it was shown that when sensitive bacteria (Escherichia coli K12) were infected with bacteriophage Mu, they exhibited increased mutation rates at many genetic loci. The prophage was always linked to the chromosomal site of the induced mutation. These properties were similar to those of the ‘‘controlling elements’’ postulated by Barbara McClintock (176), consisting of DNA moving from one position to another in the maize chromosome that resulted in modification and even suppression of the function of some genes.
Mycoplasma Phages
Authors: Dybvig Jack Maniloff Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mycoplasma (with no italics) is the generic name for the small, wall-less bacteria that arose by degenerate evolution from the Streptococcus branch of the Grampositive bacteria phylogenetic tree (25). At present these microorganisms are grouped into one putative genus plus eight well-accepted genera - including the Acholeplasma, Spiroplasma, and Mycoplasma - together forming the order Mollicutes (table 40-1). Mycoplasma genera have diverse habitats and biochemical and physiological properties. The genomes of some species are only 600^800 kbp. The first mycoplasma phage was isolated in 1970 by R. N. Gourlay in England, using a bovine mycoplasma isolate as host cells and filtrates of bovine mycoplasma isolates as the phage source (16). Subsequently the host strain was identified as Acholeplasma laidlawii and the phage was identified as a filamentous phage containing single-stranded DNA. Over the next few years Gourlay isolated enveloped quasi-spherical phages as well as short-tailed phages infecting A. laidlawii. Since then, other workers have isolated more Acholeplasma phages as well as phages infecting Spiro-plasma and Mycoplasma strains (23, 24). Phages active against other Mollicutes genera have not been isolated.
Phage Therapy
Authors: adhya Carl R Merril Dean scholl sankar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability of bacteriophage (phage) to replicate exponentially and lyse pathogenic strains of bacteria suggests that they should play a vital role in our armamentarium for the treatment of infectious diseases. However, in spite of an initial enthusiasm, early clinical applications resulted in a negative shift of opinion concerning the therapeutic potential of phage. There are a number of factors that may have been responsible for this rejection of the use of phage as antibacterial therapeutic agents, particularly in countries that require certification based on the results of efficacy and pharmacokinetic studies in animals and humans. These factors include an initial lack of understanding of the relatively narrow host range of phage and an inability to purify phage preparations from bacteria products and debris.
A Jewish Theology of Death and the Afterlife
Authors: Gillman Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the exception of three brief passages (Isaiah 25:8, Isaiah 26:19, and Daniel 12)-all relatively late in the biblical corpus¬ the Bible denies any form of life after death other than some shadowy form of persistence in what is termed sheol, a realm in the bowels of the earth, where the dead are cut off from God and from relations with other dead people, and from which there is no return to life on earth;1 In the early postbiblical period (roughly from the late second century B.C.E to the first century C.E.), two doctrines of life after death become progressively more prominent in rabbinic and apocryphal texts: the resurrection of the body and the immortality of the soul; Somewhat later, in rabbinic texts, these two doctrines become conflated. This conflated doctrine teaches that at the end of life on earth, the soul separates from the body, the body disintegrates in the earth, and the soul journeys to be with God.
Extending Human Longevity: A Biological Probability
Authors: Arking Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If life is a good thing, then death calls too soon. Fables abound about the search for long life or immortality, and about the unforeseen effects such a gift might bestow. But that quest has now moved from myth to laboratory report, with the result that we as a society shall likely soon be faced with the prospect of being able to significantly extend our individual life spans. I am one of many engaged in this quest, and I think it is time to consider seriously what modern biogerontology is fashioning for us. Some have said that significant extension of the human life span is basically impossible, that it is unrealistic to think that we can conquer every one of the age-related diseases that break our bodies, and so a priori rule out the prospect. Others have seen life extension breakthroughs in every new vitamin, drug release, or discovery of the latest anti-aging gene, and perhaps their perennial optimism is the main component of their opinion. I believe these extreme positions to be both wrong and incapable of providing us with useful debating positions. In this chapter, I will lay out the scientific evidence that strongly suggests that longevity extension is presently a real if some¬ what limited phenomenon in the laboratory but one that will move out into the larger society over the next generation.
An Engineer’s Approach to Developing Real Anti-Aging Medicine
Authors: Grey Aubrey D N J de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antiaging medicine does not yet exist in the sense in which the term medici,ne is generally used. Effective medicine nearly or completely eliminates the risk of death from its target cause; antibiotics, for example, cut American deaths from bacterial infections by a factor of 20 in the past century. All that we have to combat aging, at this point, is interventions that modestly (if at all) delay the onset and progression of age-related frailty. In the past few years, however, it has become possible to enumerate a comprehensive panel of technically feasible interventions that, jointly, would probably constitute real anti-aging medicine: that is, would probably reduce the risk of death from currently prevalent age-related causes to a level similar to our present risk of death from bacterial infections. The time frame for developing these interventions in laboratory mice has recently been authoritatively estimated to be around a decade from now. We don’t know how long it would take thereafter to translate them to humans, but it might be only a couple of decades.
Longevity, Identity, and Moral Character: A Feminist Approach
Authors: Overall Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Increases in human life expectancy over the past century and the possibility of growth in the total human life span raise empirical questions about the differences that greater longevity is making and will make in how we human beings live our lives, how we think of ourselves, and how we relate to each other. They raise factual questions about what human beings have and will have time to learn, to do, to experience, and to become habituated to, whether individually or collectively. However, the significant ethical question is normative: in a context of increasing longevity, how ought we to live our lives, think of ourselves, and relate to each other? Life expectancy refers to the average number of years an individual will live; this figure varies by sex, race, and socioeconomic class. Life span refers to the maximum amount of time actually lived by any human being, a figure that now stands at around 120 years. There is indisputable evidence that, because of better living conditions and improved medical care, life expectancies have improved markedly over the past century and a half and are likely to continue to do so in the developing nations as well as in the West.
The Social and Justice Implications of Extending the Human Life Span
Authors: Chapman Audrey R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Typically, our society proceeds in a reactionary mode, scrambling to deal with scientific developments after the announcement of new breakthroughs. But doing so has serious limitations. When a potential scientific development raises profound theological, ethical, and/or social issues, it seems far preferable to assess the implications in advance and to decide whether and how to proceed. The fundamental issue of whether we will determine or be deter¬ mined by science and technology depends on our ability to discern the challenges and respond wisely. Moreover, it is far more feasible to undertake an informed and unemotional examination of the broader societal implications of a new technology before rather than after it becomes a reality. And when such an evaluation suggests that there are likely to be serious problems, either because of the nature of the technologies or because of their ethical and social consequences, it may be preferable to regulate or block their development.
Feeling Nureal
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everything feels unreal to me, like a dream...I feel detached, like a stranger to myself. These are quotes from actual people, experiencing something they don't understand. What they are saying is being heard by friends, families, and physicians today more than ever before. They do not simply suffer from anxiety, or depression, and they are not schizophrenic. They have found themselves trapped in a very real and singular disorder, yet few even know its name. Their enigmatic state of mind has been studied for more than 100 years, but only recently has it become clear how prevalent and how distinctive it really is. The condition is called Depersonalisation Disorder, and Feeling Unreal is the first book to reveal what it's all about. This important volume explores not only Depersonalisation, but the philosophical and literary implications of selfessness as well, while providing the latest research, possible treatments, and ways to live and thrive when life seems "unreal". For those who still believe that such experiences are merely part of something else, that depersonalisation is just a symptom and not a disorder in its own right, Feeling Unreal presents compelling evidence to the contrary. This book provides long-awaited answers for people suffering form Depersonalisation Disorder and their loved ones, for mental health professionals, and for all students of the condition, while serving as a wake up call to the medical community at large.
Strangers to Our Selves
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mind is its own place,” Milton reminds us. “And in itself can make a heaven of hell, and a hell of heaven.” For most people, these lines from Paradise Lost are likely just the stuff of some long-forgotten English literature course. But for Ron, a 32-year-old magazine editor living in a coastal city, they ring true with profound insight. To his peers, Ron’s life is practically heaven on earth. He’s bright, funny, and successful at his job in publishing. With an apartment near the beach and plenty of friends, he is living a life that is envied by many. But Ron has a problem. And each day when he returns to his upscale neighborhood in time to see the sun setting, he wonders how long he can maintain what he has. He wonders if tonight will be the night he finally slips into the isolated hell of insanity.
Famine and Flight
Authors: Becker Jasper 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Chinese shopkeeper spotted a ragged figure stumbling about the garbage that cascaded from a nearby hilltop, gave a triumphant yell, and set off in hot pursuit. I plunged after him through the deep snow. He was shouting and grinning when I caught up with him and his prey. As the shopkeeper fished around his pocket for some plastic twine, a dirt-covered face scabrous with pellagra that looked about fifty years old shrunk back into the shadows of a hood made from grey sackcloth, like a medieval leper.
Slave State
Authors: Becker Jasper 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Ahn Myong-chol entered the gates of a prison camp No. 11 for the first time, he saw milling around the yard ragged creatures so short and crippled he wondered if they were human. “On average they were about 4 feet 11, walking skeletons of skin and bone,” he recalled. Even years after he had arrived in Seoul, he said the scene was so shocking it hit him “like a hammer.” “Their faces were covered by cuts and scars where they had been struck. Most had no ears; they had been torn off in beatings. Many had crooked noses, only one eye or one eye turned in its socket.
Kim Jong Il’s Court
Authors: Becker Jasper 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In half a century as the god-like ruler of North Korea, Kim Il Sung had built himself many palaces, but his favorite retreat lay in the fresh pine woods of the Myohyang mountains. The Great Leader wanted a special guest, the President of South Korea, Kim Young Sam, to be comfortable. The summer can be hot and humid in Korea, and in the mountains it would be cooler than in Pyongyang, which lies a few hours drive away on the plain.
The United Nations and Genocide
Authors: Becker Jasper 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“We did not fail. Lives were saved; we are helping turn the situation around. The malnutrition, stunting and maternal mortality rates, while still high, has fallen. Above all, we have established preventive capacity: Another famine cannot happen while we are here and properly supported,” wrote Masood Haydar, the United Nations Humanitarian Coordinator of the DPRK, in a Washington Post editorial in 2004.
Out Of Mind, Out Of Sight
Authors: Ogden Jenni A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bed rounds on neurosurgical wards can be depressing affairs, and this one was no exception; that is, until we reached Janet’s bed. She was a middle-aged woman and sat propped up by pillows with her left leg hanging rather awkwardly over the side of the bed. She was wearing an attractive pink nightgown and matching bed jacket, but when dressing she had apparently been unable to put her left arm into the left sleeves of the garments, leaving her shoulder exposed. The nurse touched her bare shoulder and asked her to put her arm into the sleeves. “No thank you,” replied Janet. “I’d rather leave it like it is if you don’t mind.” “It looks rather uncomfortable” replied the nurse, “and whatever will your visitors think?” “Well,” replied Janet, “I’m starting a new off-the-shoulder fashion. I would think it might cheer the visitors up.” The nurse, trying to keep a straight face, offered to help Janet get her arm into the sleeve as it might be awkward for her to do it by herself.
Approach to comparing models
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When fitting biological data with regression, your main objective is often to discriminate between different models. Perhaps you wish to test whether your data are more consistent with one possible mechanism relative to another. You have only a limited number of data points, and these include experimental scatter. Given those limitations, there is no way to know for sure which model is best. All you can do is address the question statistically and get answers in terms of probabilities. This chapter explains how.
Comparing models using the extra sum-of­ squares F test
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When you compare two nested models, the model with more parameters will almost always fit the data better (have a lower sum-of-squares) than the model with fewer parameters. It is not enough to compare sum-of-squares. We need to use a statistical approach to decide which model to accept. As its name suggests, the extra sum-of-squares F test is based on the difference between the sum-of-squares of the two models. It also takes into account the number of data points and the number of parameters of each model. It uses this information to compute an F ratio, from which it calculates a P value.
Subjective Symptoms That May Respond to Levodopa or Dopamine Agonists
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We usually think of Parkinson’s disease (PD) as a disorder of movement. The signs are apparent to family and friends, who see variable degrees of slowness, tremor, and gait difficulties. These movement problems primarily reflect brain dopamine deficiency, and they respond to medications that restore the effect of dopamine. However, the problems of PD are not confined to these objective movement manifestations. Many subjective symptoms are also a part of the PD experience, which are only apparent to the person with PD. Because these symptoms cannot be seen, they often go unrecognized as components of PD. They may be attributed to other conditions, and treatment may get
Sexual Dysfunction, Estrogen, and Menstrual Cycles
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For men in general, there are a variety of reasons for impaired sexual performance, including depression, anxiety, and medications. For men with PD, additional factors may play a role. Let’s think about this in more detail. Impotence implies difficulty with sexual performance—problems achieving and maintaining an erection, which should lead to ejaculation. Before considering all the things that can disrupt sexual performance, we should recognize that occasional impotence is common. This is something that can and does happen to even the most macho guy. Men are at their sexual peak during their teenage years and a little after. With passing decades, not only does the urge for sexual gratification decline but also the ability to perform. Hence, as men pass beyond the years when all they think about is sex, occasional impotence is fairly common. We need to accept this, just as we are stuck with the joint pains that never bothered us when we were young, or the middle-age requirement for reading glasses.