bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying national household air pollution (HAP) exposure to PM2.5 in rural and urban areas
Authors: Mohajeri N , Hsu S , Milner J , Taylor J , Kiesewetter G , Gudmundsson A , Kennard H , Hamilton I , Davies M 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
According to WHO (World Health Organization), in 2020, 14% of people in global urban areas relied on polluting solid fuels and technologies, compared with 52% of the rural population. The health impacts of such inequality are massive. It was estimated that 3.2 million premature deaths per year (2020), particularly in low-income and middle-income countries due to household air pollution (HAP). Several studies provide estimates of the exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from household air pollution (HAP-PM2.5) for users of different fuel/cookstove types in rural and urban areas. However, hardly any studies estimate the population-weighted exposure to HAP-PM2.5 at the global scale. A Bayesian hierarchical model was developed to estimate PM2.5 exposure coefficients and their uncertainties for an annual average of HAP-PM2.5 personal exposure. The predicted HAP-PM2.5 exposure at the user level was used to estimate the national-level exposure for the population living in urban and rural areas. The results suggest that switching from polluting solid fuels (biomass, charcoal, coal) to cleaner fuels (gas and electricity) for heating and cooking can potentially reduce the national-level HAP-PM2.5 personal exposure on average by 53%. However, there exists a significant disparity between rural and urban areas, partly reflecting inequality in energy access. More specifically, switching from polluting solid fuels for heating and cooking to cleaner fuels can reduce the personal exposure to HAP-PM2.5 in rural areas by 54% and in urban areas by 38%. The study indicates that increased access to clean fuels and improved stove interventions are needed to achieve the goals of universal energy access and equality between urban and rural areas.
Towards healthy and energy-efficient buildings in the context of Egypt: Modelling demand-controlled ventilation to improve the indoor air quality in a generic office space in Cairo
Authors: Hamada A T Auf , Hong S , Mumovic D , Raslan R 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Cairo is characterised by high concentrations of ambient air pollutants, especially air particulate matter of diameter less than 2.5 micrometre (PM2.5). Many studies have emphasized the impact of PM2.5 on people’s health and wellbeing including a World Bank report that has attributed 12% of the total annual deaths in Cairo to the exposure to ambient PM2.5. On one hand. improving the energy efficiency of buildings may involve implementing energy efficiency measures that aim to achieve indoor thermal comfort by maximizing the use of natural ventilation and minimizing mechanical air-conditioning. However, while natural ventilation can help reduce CO2 levels, it can also potentially lead to an increase in indoor PM2.5 levels. This study aims to investigate the impact of multiple air filtration scenarios on the energy consumption and the indoor air quality for a shoebox model that aims to represent generic offices Cairo. The study uses EnergyPlus simulations that leverage an Energy Management System script to model the demand-controlled ventilation, apply air filters when required, and simulate the increase in energy use due to the relevant pressure drops in the air system. The results for the scenarios investigated in the study highlighted that air filters can reduce the average indoor PM2.5 levels by nearly 40% during occupancy hours while causing an estimated increase of around 2-7% in the total operational energy. Given data and assumptions relevant to the study context, it was found that filtering the recirculated air while minimizing the introduction outdoor fresh air can be sufficient to minimize indoor PM2.5 levels.
Exploring spatiotemporal dynamics in light-dosimetry
Authors: Hartmeyer S L , Rudawski F R , Knoop M , Andersen M 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Light-dosimetry aims to measure personal light exposure in real-life settings, allowing to investigate the role of light in visual, physiological, and behavioural processes. One aspect not yet considered in light-dosimetry is the spatial distribution of light in the field of view. Therefore, we developed and tested a novel measurement setup for spatially resolved light-dosimetry. The setup consisted of an industry-standard wide-angle video-radiometer (LMK) worn at the chest and two novel sensor prototypes: a miniature video-radiometer (alphaOmega-meter) and a spectrally resolved dosimeter (Spectrace), both worn at the chest and forehead. The LMK recorded melanopic radiance images at a sampling frequency of 0.5 Hz, achieved with a custom developed algorithm. The alphaOmega-meter recorded α-opic radiance images at 0.1 Hz and Spectrace recorded 14-channel spectral irradiance at 0.03 Hz. A series of test measurements were then conducted in various urban environments, to assess the potential of the measurement setup. Suitable evaluation methods for spatially resolved light-dosimetry data are presented, which may offer novel insights into the effects of light on visual and non-visual responses by enabling a closer approximation of retinal illumination compared to the spatially integrated measurements that are commonly used. Together, this study demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating spatial characteristics in light-dosimetry.
Impact of model detail on daylighting metrics in residential buildings
Authors: Grobe L O , Jakubiec J A 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Daylight metrics that shall guide performance-driven design must be applicable to models that reflect the limited knowledge at the time of planning decisions. In particular in residential buildings, the furnishing is beyond the control of such decisions and therefore unknown in the planning phase. The impact of model detail on illuminance- and luminance-based metrics is tested on a residential unit in Singapore. At two elevations, representing a work-plane and the eye level of a standing inhabitant, the metrics are computed from a) a detailed model incorporating furniture and shading devices, b) a model with only shading devices, and c) a minimalist model representing only the design decisions of the architect. As a potential approximation to the detailed model, d) a variant of the minimalist model with wall reflectance reduced to 0.20 is tested. The results for the three levels of detail are compared and indicate the significant impact of detail on all assessed daylight metrics.
Development and evaluation of highly thermally insulating aerogel glass bricks
Authors: Ganobjak Michal , Malfait Wim J. , Just Janis , Käppeli Marcel , Mancebo Francisco , Brunner Samuel , Wernery Jannis 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Since we increasingly spend time indoors, natural light inside of interiors becomes more and more important for visual comfort and overall human health through setting of circadian rhythm, and can additionally help with energy savings. Aerogel glass bricks are a new building component for perimeter walls, combining structural properties of glass and the thermal insulation capabilities of aerogel with the aesthetic and daylight-transmitting qualities of both. This paper describes the development and thermal and structural characterization and simulation of a highly thermally insulating aerogel glass brick. The aim was to create an aesthetically pleasing building component with excellent thermal insulation properties that is capable of transmitting daylight.
This paper explores the design, development, and thermal simulations of an aerogel glass brick, as well as guarded hot-plate measurements and a compression experiment. Measurements of thermal insulating properties and simulations revealed that the aerogel glass brick could reduce energy consumption significantly compared to other conventional building materials for perimeter walls, while also transmitting daylight. Additionally, its aesthetic qualities can make it suitable not only for use in modern construction projects, but also in refurbishment of older objects.
The measured thermal conductivity is 53 mW/(m·K), in agreement with thermal simulation results of 51 mW/(m·K), and the measured compressive strength of the brick is 45 MPa. These data suggest that the aerogel glass brick is a viable option for architects and engineers looking for a sustainable and efficient construction component for perimeter walls. Structurally, the brick should allow building large and high spans and its thermal insulation properties can significantly reduce energy consumption, while its aesthetic and daylight-transmitting qualities make it visually appealing.
Green view factor and satisfaction with window views in urban offices
Authors: Koga Y , Okamoto T , Majima R , Jarrin F , Kojima Y , Ohki C , Kawano A , Takagi N 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Greenery is a key element of quality window views. This study aims to clarify the quantitative effect of greenery on view satisfaction in urban offices. Green view factor (GVF) is proposed to measure greenery visible through windows. Subjective evaluation experiments were conducted using a virtual reality system for different GVFs between 0% and 100%. It was found that greenery increases view satisfaction by up to 20 to 30 points on a 100-point scale. But the view satisfaction does not simply depend on the GVF. The layout and spacing of greenery are important. Greenery occupying about 50% of the window width at intervals maximizes the view satisfaction in the case of full-window walls.
The Potential of Switchable Glazing in Cooling Dominated Climates
Authors: Magri Etienne , Buhagiar Vincent , Overend Mauro 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The design trend of most commercial and office buildings over the past three decades focused on attaining a façade design with the highest possible window to wall ratio. Whereas this approach appears to satisfy the aesthetic scope of developing buildings that look ‘modern and transparent’ to maximise on real estate value, the demand for heating and cooling of these buildings tends to fall short of what one should expect. Literature review shows the possible benefits of switchable glass. This paper proposes a methodology for a novel switchable glazing assembly identified as having the potential of offering increased occupant comfort, particularly in providing sufficient daylight and glare control without diminishing the view quality. The hypothesis is that switchable glazing may have a substantial potential to achieve lower cooling loads and improved indoor visual comfort without compromising views and a positive outlook.
Development of personalized predicted mean vote based on a real-time clothing insulation recognition system
Authors: Shih Kuan-Chun , Chan Ying-Chieh 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
As people’s standards for indoor environmental quality and life are getting higher and higher, many studies try to find ways to improve indoor thermal comfort through experiments and simulations. Predictive mean voting (PMV) is a widely used indicator, but personal factors used to calculate PMV are not easy to monitor. This study aimed to develop a real-time clothing insulation identification (R-CLO) system to estimate personal PMV. This study is mainly divided into three stages. The first stage is to issue questionnaires to obtain the value of the personal clothing level and analyze the correlation between different external temperatures and the clothing insulation (Icl). The second stage is to build a real-time clothing recognition model and analyze its recognition accuracy. The third stage is to use ANN to establish a clothing insulation transition model and use the outdoor temperature and the results of clothing recognition to estimate Icl. This research also established an experimental environment to verify the system’s feasibility. The results show that the system has more than 80% accuracy rate for clothes recognition, and the accuracy rate of short-sleeved tops, shorts, trousers, and skirts is more than 90%. Moreover, most of the Icl estimated by the ANN have less than 0.1 differences from the value reported by occupants. In the future, this system can also combine occupant behavior recognition to strengthen PMV prediction results to achieve more precise, comfortable air-conditioning control.
Management tool of highly efficient social housing to provide healthy indoor conditions and fight energy poverty
Authors: Ciria R. , Garayo S. Díaz de , Fernández M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This research work presents and analyses the monitoring results of a 42 social dwellings building block during two year (2021 and 2022) showing indoor environmental conditions and energy consumption (DHW and heating), considering not only the energy consumption of the dwellings, but also the heat production in a centralized biomass boiler, and thus, the distribution energy losses. The building has been constructed under Passivhaus standard, so the paper studies the gap between expected and real performance, and highlights the importance of user behavior in the final results, showing the savings potential with the change in the usage of the heating systems.
Potentials of radar sensor detecting the presence of an imitated user for optimising short-range presence-sensing lighting in homes
Authors: Sithravel RatnaKala , Landré Jérôme , Hurtig-Wennlöf Anita , Aries Myriam 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Current presence-sensing technologies for energy-efficient lighting control and building optimisation are (i) catered to commercial and institutional environments, and (ii) focused on lamp technology and occupancy detection. They often ignore user behaviour characteristics, which significantly influence energy consumption. Therefore, this study aims to identify alternative sensing techniques as part of a lighting control system that can energy-efficiently support user’s behavioural needs in mixed-function residential spaces. An exploratory study investigated the optimal placement of a non-wearable radar sensor to detect an imitated user’s breathing frequency at varying pre-set horizontal distance positions, and the sensor’s performance was validated with a spirometer. The procedure measured a balloon’s radar-detected distance, radar-detected breathing frequency, and spirometer-registered breathing frequency at each pre-set position. The radar sensor detected all simulated breathing frequencies with almost 100% data accuracy but was not comparable in detecting all distances. The radar offers a less intrusive short-range presence-sensing for homes, accurately detecting breathing frequencies in a contactless way between 0.2m to 0.8m. Further investigations are recommended to develop radar sensing that could predict lighting options based on user’s objective feedback.
Eco-effective sustainability assessment in buildings: Status and future directions for life cycle studies
Authors: Kumar Manish , Mani Monto 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Sustainability assessment is the process of estimating multidimensional impacts (environmental, social, economic) of a product, process, or activity. The concept is more evolved in the context of products and is emerging in the built environment domain. Sustainability assessment in buildings has aligned with the perspective of green buildings, encouraging sensitivity to the local environment and materials with lower energy and carbon footprint. There is an emerging focus on applying circularity principles, life cycle assessment, absolute sustainability, and estimating the long-term impacts of indoor toxic emissions in buildings mainly due to the COVID-19 pandemic, rising climate change concerns, and novel pollutants such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals and microplastics. This paper presents an overview of the existing literature on building life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) and scrutinizes the existing approaches from an eco-effectiveness perspective. A guiding framework is presented to integrate eco-effectiveness principles in the LCSA of buildings. The framework includes criteria for effectiveness in the context of the life cycle of buildings. This study attempts to integrate diverse perspectives, including limitations in this paper, to promote a holistic understanding of the impacts of a building over its life for improved sustainability. Such studies are crucial in the present context, where the role of the buildings is changing from reducing environmental impacts to ecosystem restoration.
Generic materializations for heightening of buildings and their effects on embodied carbon and costs
Authors: Zwicky D 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Targeting urban and sub-urban building archetypes, generic but practice-oriented materializations of basic construction elements (slabs and walls) and their combinations were conceived for heightening of existing buildings by two to four floors. The developed concepts considered numerous construction materials and requirements from architecture, structural engineering, building physics, and fire protection. Evaluations explored the effects on embodied carbon, weight and estimated cost per surface unit of market-oriented element combinations, to identify suitable (and inappropriate) materializations and to detect governing elements and materials. Globally, a heightening by four floors is better than by two, in terms of relative carbon and cost impacts, but some trade-offs in architectural floor plan layout may be required. Seeking cost reductions is generally disadvantageous for embodied carbon while an investment increase does not necessarily provide a reduced carbon footprint. Overall, timber construction results in the lowest embodied carbon (around 5 kg CO2, eq/m2·a) while being up to 10% more expensive than the cheapest and up to 15% heavier than the lightest materializations (which depend on the floor plan layout). Lightweight concrete construction can be the most economic materialization but is also up to 200% heavier than the lightest (which can possibly not be supported by the existing building), and results in up to 45% more embodied carbon than constructing with timber.
Readjusting the climate change hyperfocus: how expanding the scope of impact categories will affect the evaluation of wood buildings
Authors: Hansen R N , Hoxha E , Andersen C E , Rasmussen F N , Ryberg M W , Birgisdottir H 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The sole focus on reducing the climate impact of dwellings by using wood is neglecting other impacts on nature. Therefore, this study clarifies the potential burden shift by considering ten more impact categories than greenhouse gas emissions. It assesses four wood buildings and one reference concrete building by using the method of life cycle assessment. What stands out is that wood dwellings perform better than the concrete building in most impact categories except for abiotic depletion potential and ozone layer depletion potential (ODP). The latter also experiences an impact increase when wood is used to decrease climate impact as global warming potential (GWP). The wood dwellings have a general inverse correlation between GWP ranking and ODP and some resource use indicators where plastics and cement-based materials influence the latter. Bio-based materials’ contribution to acidification and eutrophication is more considerable than to GWP. Upon the findings, increased inclusion of impact categories among researchers and practitioners must follow to expand the knowledge base. A foundation for future conscious decisions of using wood in dwellings and the challenging debate of reaching consent of which other impact categories should attain focus for being improved.
Panorama of approaches to reuse concrete pieces: identification and critical comparison
Authors: Küpfer C , Fivet C 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Practices that reuse concrete pieces in new building or infrastructure projects are currently diversifying as concrete reuse gains more and more relevance for sustainability. The present research provides a yet missing identification of the main approaches to these practices and introduces a new set of criteria to compare them. Five types of sourced concrete pieces are identified, three resulting from careful deconstruction and two from demolition. The study shows that approaches allowing the best re-utilization rate of the structural capacities of the concrete pieces are less compatible with current demolition practices, in contrast to approaches reusing debris. The reuse of wall and slab panels, beams, and columns is a promising approach as it implies a low to medium level of constraints on the new design while recovering the capabilities of discarded reinforced concrete equivalently. A few dozen built precedents have already applied this approach to precast components, but applications reusing cast-in-place concrete are lacking, despite considerable CO2 emissions reduction.
Adaptability of buildings: to what extent do design-support models consider context-related factors? A literature review
Authors: Scialpi G , Declercq J , Gawlik K , Perrotti D 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A growing interest for the adaptability of buildings has been expressed in the last years when talking about circular economy. The adaptability of a building indicates its ability to evolve and host different functions all along its life cycle with the minimum generation of waste. However, design-support models for adaptable buildings are still in development and they do not always include context-related factors on a local or large scale, such as data about building stock, socio-economic trends, policies, and regulations. This paper aims to provide an updated review of the existing design-support models and a critical reflection on their links to local contexts, to finally contribute to the research question: “to what extent the design-support models for adaptability consider context-related factors?”. A literature review was conducted using Scopus, including peer-reviewed journal papers, conference papers and books. The research provides an updated state of the art of the existing models to analyse and rate the adaptability of buildings with a special focus on the indicators that considers context-related factors. A series of recommendations are proposed to consider context-related factors with an impact on building adaptability, to facilitate the implementation of adaptability models to local contexts and to identify the barriers to such an adaptation. Finally, this paper aims to set the basis for future research on design-support models and their integration in a more context-related and accessible design workflow.
DeCO - Guidelines for the deconstruction of recent buildings
Authors: Gambato C , Henriquez L Guante , Zerbi S , Frontini F , Mosca C 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The project “DeCO - Guidelines for the Deconstruction of recent buildings” developed standardized procedures (guidelines) for the deconstruction of recent and contemporary buildings. DeCO associated a Deconstruction Worksheet with each reference construction package, covering contemporary construction techniques almost entirely. End-of-life worksheets of the most common insulating materials complete this documentation. The authors developed practical procedures that can be used directly on site and may represent a direct and rapid impact in increasing construction material recycling and reuse rates within the perspective of Circular Economy models in the Construction sector thus reducing waste disposal. The project highlighted that deconstruction practices are more labour intensive than conventional mechanical demolition activities thus can cause an increase in estimated demolition costs while on the other hand a systematic disassembly could decrease costs and volumes of landfilling mineral CDW and can be a first step in increasing construction material recycling and reuse rates, within the perspective of Circular Economy models in the Construction sector.