bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consumer involvement and acceptance of biotechnology in the European Union: a specific focus on Spain and the UK
Authors: Vilella‐Vila Marta , Costa‐Font Joan , Mossialos Elias 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBiotechnology stands out as a clear‐cut example of an industry where legislation on new technologies has been shown to be linked with public attitudes. Indeed, consumer consultation has played a leading role in the acceptance of genetically modified (GM) food as well as in government policy and legislation. This paper examines the issue of consumer consultation by analysing how public opinion has conditioned the acceptance of GM food in the European Union in general and specifically in Spain and the UK. We draw upon the evidence of two Eurobarometer surveys (46.1 and 52.1) to argue that consumer decision making on new technologies is an information‐dependent factor explaining consumer rejection to non‐transparent introduction of GM food. Individuals feel ill‐prepared to make decisions and rely on trusted information advisors such as consumer organizations. Findings suggest significant information dependency as well as widespread heterogeneity in attitudes towards the applications of biotechnology. Finally, the role played by information channels indicates that consumer participation should precede the adoption of communication policies, as they might need to adapt to the specific cultural characteristics of each country.
Do External Auditors Perform a Corporate Governance Role in Emerging Markets? Evidence from East Asia
Authors: FAN JOSEPH P. H. , WONG T. J. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACTIn emerging markets, the agency conflicts between controlling owners and the minority shareholders are difficult to mitigate through conventional corporate control mechanisms such as boards of directors and takeovers. We examine whether external independent auditors are employed as monitors or as bonding mechanisms, or both, to alleviate the agency problems. Using a broad sample from eight East Asian economies, we document that firms with agency problems embedded in the ownership structures are more likely to employ Big 5 auditors. This relation is evident among firms that raise equity capital frequently. Consistently, firms hiring Big 5 auditors receive smaller share price discounts associated with the agency conflicts. Also, we find that Big 5 auditors take into consideration their clients' agency problems when making audit fee and audit report decisions. Taken together, these results suggest that Big 5 auditors do have a corporate governance role in emerging markets.
Enforced Standards Versus Evolution by General Acceptance: A Comparative Study of E‐Commerce Privacy Disclosure and Practice in the United States and the United Kingdom
Authors: JAMAL KARIM , MAIER MICHAEL , SUNDER SHYAM 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACTWe present data on privacy practices in e‐commerce under the European Union's formal regulatory regime prevailing in the United Kingdom and compare it with the data from a previous study of U.S. practices that evolved in the absence of government laws or enforcement. The codification by the E.U. law, and the enforcement by the U.K. government, improves neither the disclosure nor the practice of e‐commerce privacy relative to the United States. Regulation in the United Kingdom also appears to stifle development of a market for Web assurance services. Both U.S. and U.K. consumers continue to be vulnerable to a small number of e‐commerce Web sites that spam their customers, ignoring the latter's expressed or implied preferences. These results raise important questions about finding a balance between enforced standards and conventions in financial reporting. In the second half of the 20th century, financial reporting has been characterized by both a preference for legislated standards and a lack of faith in its evolution as a body of social conventions. Evidence on whether this faith in standards over conventions is justified remains to be marshaled.
Employee Stock Options, Equity Valuation, and the Valuation of Option Grants Using a Warrant‐Pricing Model
Authors: LI FENG , WONG M. H. FRANCO 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACTWe investigate the use of a warrant‐pricing approach to incorporate employee stock options (ESOs) into equity valuation and to account for the dilutive effect of ESOs in the valuation of option grants for financial reporting purposes. Our valuation approach accounts for the jointly determined nature of ESO and shareholder values. The empirical results show that our stock price estimate exhibits lower prediction errors and higher explanatory powers for actual share price than does the traditional stock price estimate. We use our valuation approach to assess the implications of dilution on the fair‐value estimates of ESO grants. We find that the fair value is overstated by 6% if we ignore the dilutive feature of ESOs. Furthermore, this bias is larger for firms that are heavy users of ESOs, small, and R&D intensive, and for firms that have a broad‐based ESO compensation plan.
Occurrence and risk indicators of increased probing depth in an adult Brazilian population
Authors: Susin Cristiano , Valle Patricia , Oppermann Rui V. , Haugejorden Ola , Albandar Jasim M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground/Aims: There is little information about the occurrence and risk indicators for periodontal diseases in Latin America. The present study describes the prevalence, extent and severity of periodontal probing depth (PPD) and assesses the association between demographic, behavioural and environmental risk indicators and the extent and severity of PPD in this population.Materials and Methods: The target population was urban adults aged 30 years in Rio Grande do Sul state in South Brazil. A representative sample was selected using a multi‐stage, probability, cluster sampling strategy and included 853 dentate subjects 30–103 years of age. A full‐mouth clinical examination was carried out at six sites per tooth on all permanent teeth, excluding third molars, and was conducted in a mobile examination centre.Results: Approximately 65% and 25% of the subjects and 19% and 5% teeth per subject had PPD 5 and 7 mm, respectively. 31.6%, 33.7% and 34.7% subjects had generalized, localized or no PPD 5 mm, respectively. Probing depth increased in prevalence with increasing age, and leveled off at around 50 years of age and beyond. PPD 5 mm was significantly higher in males than in females, and in non‐Whites than in Whites. Cigarette smokers had a significantly higher occurrence of PPD 5 mm than non‐smokers, and this relationship was dose dependent. A multivariate model showed that generalized PPD 5 mm was associated with subjects aged 40 years, males, non‐Whites and moderate or heavy cigarette smokers (relative risk ratios: 2.0, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4 and 6.8, respectively).Conclusion: Moderate and deep probing depth was a common finding in this urban adult Brazilian population. Older age, male gender, non‐White race and moderate and heavy cigarette smoking were significant risk indicators of increased PPD, and these may be useful indicators of periodontal disease high‐risk groups.
Periodontal health improves systemic inflammatory and haemostatic status in subjects with coronary heart disease
Authors: Montebugnoli L. , Servidio D. , Miaton R. A. , Prati C. , Tricoci P. , Melloni C. , Melandri G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractObjectives: A relationship between poor oral health and coronary heart disease (CHD) and systemic inflammatory and haemostatic factors has been recently documented in an Italian population. The present study was performed to assess whether intensive dental care may produce a periodontal improvement along with a change in systemic inflammatory and haemostatic factors.Material and Methods: The study population consisted of 18 males aged 40–65 years with proven CHD and elevated values of systemic inflammatory and haemostatic factors. A detailed description of their oral status was given by using two different dental indices (clinical periodontal sum score and clinical and radiographic sum score). Blood samples were taken for measurement of the following systemic markers of inflammation [(C‐reactive protein (CRP), leucocytes, fibrinogen)] and haemostatic factors [(von Willebrand factor, fibrin D‐dimer and oxidized‐low density lipoprotein (Ox‐LDL)]. All parameters were determined in each subject at baseline, after 4 months as a control and 3 months after an intensive protocol of scaling and root planing. anova for repeated measures was used for the statistical analysis.Results: No statistical difference was found between values at baseline and at the 4‐month‐control. All oral indexes showed a significant decrease (p<.01) 3 months after periodontal treatment. All systemic inflammatory indexes decreased but only the decrease in CRP reached statistical significance (p<.05). A significant decrease (p<.01) was also found as regards Ox‐LDL among haemostatic factors.Conclusions: Preliminary results from the present study suggest an association between poor oral status and CHD, and provide evidence that the improvement of periodontal status may influence the systemic inflammatory and haemostatic situation.
Dimensional ridge alterations following tooth extraction. An experimental study in the dog
Authors: Araújo Mauricio G. , Lindhe Jan 
Published: February 2005

AbstractObjective: To study dimensional alterations of the alveolar ridge that occurred following tooth extraction as well as processes of bone modelling and remodelling associated with such change.Material and Methods: Twelve mongrel dogs were included in the study. In both quadrants of the mandible incisions were made in the crevice region of the 3rd and 4th premolars. Minute buccal and lingual full thickness flaps were elevated. The four premolars were hemi‐sected. The distal roots were removed. The extraction sites were covered with the mobilized gingival tissue. The extractions of the roots and the sacrifice of the dogs were staggered in such a manner that all dogs contributed with sockets representing 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of healing. The animals were sacrificed and tissue blocks containing the extraction socket were dissected, decalcified in EDTA, embedded in paraffin and cut in the buccal–lingual plane. The sections were stained in haematoxyline–eosine and examined in the microscope.Results: It was demonstrated that marked dimensional alterations occurred during the first 8 weeks following the extraction of mandibular premolars. Thus, in this interval there was a marked osteoclastic activity resulting in resorption of the crestal region of both the buccal and the lingual bone wall. The reduction of the height of the walls was more pronounced at the buccal than at the lingual aspect of the extraction socket. The height reduction was accompanied by a “horizontal” bone loss that was caused by osteoclasts present in lacunae on the surface of both the buccal and the lingual bone wall.Conclusions: The resorption of the buccal/lingual walls of the extraction site occurred in two overlapping phases. During phase 1, the bundle bone was resorbed and replaced with woven bone. Since the crest of the buccal bone wall was comprised solely of bundle this modelling resulted in substantial vertical reduction of the buccal crest. Phase 2 included resorption that occurred from the outer surfaces of both bone walls. The reason for this additional bone loss is presently not understood.
Minocycline‐associated intra‐oral soft‐tissue pigmentation: clinicopathologic correlations and review
Authors: LaPorta Vincent N. , Nikitakis Nikolaos G. , Sindler Arnold J. , Reynolds Mark A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground:Intra‐oral minocycline staining of alveolar bone and teeth is well‐described in the literature. Minocycline‐induced discoloration of oral soft tissues is less common and has been often attributed to staining of the underlying bone.Aim:This report documents the clinical and histopathologic features of a case of actual oral soft tissue minocycline‐induced pigmentation. The patient, a 45‐year‐old Caucasian female, presented with pigmentation of the gingiva, lips, and nail beds of recent onset. The past medical history revealed initiation of minocycline therapy 6 months earlier for dermatological concerns. Histopathologic examination of biopsy specimens from the gingiva and lip showed evidence of increased melanin/melanocytes in the epithelium and melanin/melanophages in the connective tissue. A working diagnosis of drug‐associated pigmentation was determined and the patient discontinued immediately minocycline therapy. Nine months after cessation of minocycline the patient exhibited a marked reduction in pigmentation.Conclusion:Systemic minocycline treatment has the potential to induce significant and esthetically objectionable discoloration of the gingiva and oral mucosa. A brief review of the literature is presented to help understand this uncommon finding that should be included in the differential diagnosis of spontaneous discoloration of intra‐oral soft tissues.
Inflammatory lesions in the gingiva following resective/non‐resective periodontal therapy
Authors: Zitzmann N. U. , Berglundh T. , Lindhe J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: Findings from previous experiments have revealed that inflammatory cell infiltrates may remain in the gingiva following clinically successful non‐surgical periodontal therapy.Purpose: To investigate the presence of inflammatory lesions in the gingiva following a periodontal treatment procedure that included either soft‐tissue resection [gingivectomy (GV)] or non‐resective open‐flap debridement (OFD).Material and Methods: Fifteen patients with advanced generalized chronic periodontitis were recruited. Following oral hygiene instruction and supragingival debridement, one tooth site in each quadrant (non‐molar, probing pocket depth>5 mm, bleeding on probing+ and >50% bone loss) was selected and a soft‐tissue biopsy was obtained and prepared for immunohistochemical analysis. Using a split‐mouth design, two quadrants were randomly selected for periodontal therapy including GV, while the two remaining quadrants were exposed to non‐resective OFD procedure. Six months after completion of surgical treatment, a new set of biopsies was obtained from GV and OFD sites.Results: The inflammatory lesions residing in the gingival biopsies obtained prior to surgical therapy were 1.33–1.41 mm2 large and contained similar proportions of CD19+‐ (B‐cells, 15%), CD3+‐ (T‐cells, 7%) and elastase+‐ (polymorphonuclear cells, 2%) cells in the two treatment groups. The corresponding lesions identified in the soft‐tissue specimens obtained after 6 months of healing were twice as large at OFD as at GV sites (0.19 versus 0.08 mm2, p=0.002). The densities of CD19+‐ and elastase+‐cells in these lesions were significantly greater at OFD than at GV sites.Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicate that surgical therapy including soft‐tissue resection results in regenerated gingival units that contain smaller lesions with lower densities of immunocompetent cells when compared with the lesions remaining in sites treated by non‐resective means.
Effect of two antimicrobial agents on early in situ biofilm formation
Authors: Auschill Thorsten M. , Hein Nicole , Hellwig Elmar , Follo Marie , Sculean Anton , Arweiler Nicole B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractObjectives: The aim of this observer‐blind, controlled, three‐cell cross‐over study was to evaluate the influence of an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (Meridol®, 250 ppm; ASF) and a chlorhexidine mouthrinse (CHX; Chlorhexamed forte®, 0.2%) compared with water on in situ biofilm growth.Material and Methods: After a professional toothcleaning seven volunteers had to wear a special acrylic appliance, in which six specimens each were inserted to allow the build‐up of intra‐oral biofilms. The volunteers had to rinse twice daily for 1 min. with 10 ml of the allocated mouthrinse. After 48 h of wearing, the specimens with the adhering biofilms were removed from the splints and stained with two fluorescent dyes, which selectively stain vital bacteria green and dead bacteria red. Under the confocal laser scanning microscope biofilm thickness (BT) was evaluated. To examine bacterial vitality (BV%) the biofilms were scanned (1 μm sections) and digital images were made. An image analysis program was used to calculate the mean BV as well as the BV of the single sections. After a wash‐out period of 14 days a new test cycle was started.Results: The use of CHX and ASF resulted in a BT of 8.4±4.4 μm and 15.7±9.9 compared with 76.7±29.4 μm using water. The mean vitality (in %) was reduced from 66.1±20.4 to 23.3±11.6 and 23.9±12.4 using CHX and ASF, respectively. Both active solutions reduced BT and BV significantly compared with water (p<0.001). Differences between the two active solutions were not significant (p>0.05).Conclusion: Both mouthrinses showed antibacterial and plaque‐reducing properties against the in situ biofilm. The study design enables the examination of an undisturbed oral biofilm and for the first time shows the influence of antibacterial components applied under clinical conditions regarding biofilm formation.
Metronidazole concentrations in plasma, saliva and periodontal pockets in patients with periodontitis
Authors: Pähkla Ene‐Renate , Koppel Taive , Saag Mare , Pähkla Rein 
Published: February 2005

AbstractObjectives: Metronidazole is widely used antibacterial compound in the treatment of some types of periodontal disease. Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in plasma has been well‐described but few data exist about penetration f the drug to the gingival crevice fluid. The aim of the present study was to compare the concentrations of metronidazole in plasma, saliva and gingival crevice fluid in patients with periodontitis after multiple administration.Materials and methods: Eleven patients with severe generalised adult periodontitis participated in the study. Metronidazole, 500 mg, was administered orally two or three times per day for at least 2 days before sample collection. Samples were collected 2 h after last dose. Metronidazole concentrations in all fluids were measured with high‐performance liquid chromatography.Results: Mean drug concentrations in palsma, saliva and crevice fluid were 14.33, 15.15 and 12.86 μg/ml, respectively. Difference between plasma and crevice fluid or between plasma and saliva did not reach statistical significance.Conclusion: Present study revealed that metronidazole penetrates well into gingival crevice fluid and saliva. Metronidazole concentrations in crevice fluid are about equal to the protein unbound drug concentrations in plasma. Therefore, general pharmacokinetic data of metronidazole can be also applied in the treatment of periodontal disease and in the design of respective treatment regimens.
The amount of newly formed bone in sinus grafting procedures depends on tissue depth as well as the type and residual amount of the grafted material
Authors: Artzi Zvi , Kozlovsky Avital , Nemcovsky Carlos E. , Weinreb Miron 
Published: February 2005

AbstractObjectives: Bone replacement substitutes are almost unavoidable in augmentation procedures such as sinus grafting. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the osteoconductive capability of two different scaffold fillers in inducing newly formed bone in this procedure.Material and Methods: Sinus floor augmentation and implant placement were carried out bilaterally in 12 patients. Bovine bone mineral (BBM) was grafted on one side and β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) on the contralateral side. Both were mixed (1:1 ratio) with autogenous cortical bone chips harvested from the mandible by a scraper. Hard tissue specimen cores were retrieved from the augmented sites (at the previous window area) at 12 months. Decalcified sections were stained with haematoxylin–eosin and the fraction area of new bone and filler particles was measured. In addition to the effect of the filler on new bone formation, the latter was tested to determine whether it correlated with the tissue depth and residual amount of the grafted material.Results: Bone area fraction increased significantly from peripheral to deeper areas at both grafted sites in all cores: from 26.0% to 37.7% at the β‐TCP sites and from 33.5% to 53.7% at the BBM‐grafted sites. At each depth the amount of new bone in BBM sites was significantly greater than that in TCP sites. However, the average area fraction of grafted material particles was similar in both fillers and all depth levels (β‐TCP=27.9–23.2% and BBM=29.2–22.6%, NS). A significant negative correlation was found between bone area fraction and particle area fraction at the middle (p=0.009) and deep (p=0.014) depths in the β‐TCP sites, but not at the BBM sites.Conclusion: At 12 months post‐augmentation, the two examined bone fillers, β‐TCP and BBM, promoted new bone formation in sinus grafting but the amount of newly formed bone was significantly greater in BBM‐grafted sites. However, both exhibited similar residual grafted material area fraction at this healing period. This could imply that BBM possesses better osteoconductive properties.