bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Deductive Method
Authors: Tarski Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We shall now attempt to give an exposition of the fundamental principles and methods that should be applied in the construction of logical and of mathematical theories.1 The detailed analysis and the critical evaluation of these principles are the tasks of a special discipline, called the METHODOLOGY OF DEDUCTIVE SCIENCES, or, the METHODOLOGY OF MATHEMATICS. Now, a familiarity with the methods which are employed in the construction of a certain science is undoubtedly essential to anyone who is involved in its study or advancement; and we shall see that, in the case of mathematics, having a firm understanding of those methods is of particularly far-reaching significance, for otherwise it is impossible to discern the nature of this subject. The principles with which we shall become acquainted serve the purpose of assuring for mathematics (as well as for logic) the highest possible degree of clarity and certainty. From this point of view a method or a procedure might be considered ideal, if it allowed us to explain the meaning of every expression occurring in this science and to justify each of its assertions.
Methodological Considerations on the Constructed Theory
Authors: Tarski Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the two preceding chapters we sketched the foundations of an elementary mathematical theory, which constitutes a fragment of arithmetic. In the present chapter we shall continue with a methodological discussion, and we shall be concerned at first with the system of axioms and primitive terms upon which that theory is based. We begin with concrete examples which illustrate the considerations of Section 39; these examples relate to such problems as arbitrariness in the selection of axioms and primitive terms, the possibility of omitting superfluous axioms, and so on.
Historical Setting and Genre
Authors: Thompson Leonard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In part 3 I shall discuss in detail aspects of the local situation in and to which John writes the Book of Revelation. Here we need only some basic orientation to the origins of the book so that it will not appear as a floating specter from the past. As a way of beginning to orient to the book, I shall consider briefly those hoary questions—Where? When? Who? In what situation? The writer of the Book of Revelation identifies precisely where both he and his audience reside. He writes from the small island of Patmos, one of the Sporades Islands in the Aegean Sea about thirty-seven miles south and west of Miletus, on the western coast of Asia Minor (roughly, present-day Turkey). He writes to churches in seven major cities in Asia, a Roman province situated along the western coast of Asia Minor. Asia Minor, specifically the western part of Asia Minor where John and his audience were located, was one of the most significant geographical areas in the development of early Christianity. In the fifties of the first century the apostle Paul carried on missionary work in this area (see 1 Cor. 16:19). Letters and tracts such as Ephesians, Colossians, Philemon, and the Pastoral Epistles indicate the continued influence of Paul in this geographical area. The author of 1 Peter writes to the churches of Asia and other provinces in Asia Minor. New Testament writings associated with John — the Gospel and the three letters as well as the Book of Revelation — also, according to tradition, originated in Asia at the city of Ephesus. At the beginning of the second century Ignatius of Antioch writes letters to five churches in Asia as he travels to die in Rome. Through these writings we know of Christian groups in at least eleven cities of the Asian province by the beginning of the second century ce. Moreover, these churches are associated with major apostolic figures such as Paul, Peter, and John.
Jews in the Province of Asia
Authors: Thompson Leonard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earliest Christians in the cities of Asia were probably converts from Anatolian Judaism. Among all the cities in the province of Asia—somewhere between three hundred and five hundred in number—indicators of a Christian presence are found for the most part where there were also Jews. Those cities are also, for the most part, major cities of the province, for example, Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, and Sardis. Thus, both Jews and Christians in the late first and early second centuries lived in major metropolitan areas. As we have seen, evidence from early Christian literature—Paul’s letters, Acts of the Apostles, the Book of Revelation, Ignatius—suggests that the links between Christianity and Judaism were close and that converted Jews made up a significant portion of Christians in the cities of Asia. Jews who converted to Christianity continued in their same occupation; their same social, economic status; and their same relationship to the cities in which they lived and worked. For that reason an inquiry into Judaism will indirectly provide information about social characteristics of some Christians and about the social context of Christianity. This inquiry will focus first on Domitian’s attitudes towards Jews and Christians, then upon the social location of Jews in the cities of western Asia Minor, primarily in the cities of the province of Asia. As in the review of Christians in Asia, special attention will be given to the seven cities referred to in the Book of Revelation.
Constitutional Dissolution in the Weimar Republic
Authors: Finn John E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Weimar Republic, like Northern Ireland, was born in crisis. “At the close of the World War,” wrote Frederick Watkins, “conditions [in Weimar] were not far removed from anarchy.”1 Both states were created in the immediate after­ math of World War I, and both faced an uncertain future. fa its first two years of existence, for example, political violence in Northern Ireland was wide­ spread. The same was true in Weimar: Between 1919 and 1922, the first years of the new republic, there were at least 376 political murders and several at­ tempted coups.2 And when social and political unrest presented a serious challenge to the physical integrity of both regimes, both responded with military force and protective emergency legislation.
Conclusion
Authors: Finn John E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nathaniel Ward, writing in The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam, advised his puritan congregation to practice “toleration in things tolerable,” but warned also that “he [who] is willing to tolerate any unsound Opinion, that his own may also be tolerated, though never so sound, will for a need hang God’s Bible at the Devil’s girdle.”1 Ward’s counsel illustrates the difficult and sensitive political judgments involved in the defense of constitutional democracy: Of what must we be tolerant, and what is there that must we not tolerate, of others and of ourselves, in that effort? I have tried to answer this question by exploring the limits of the first assumption (or hope?) upon which any conception of constitutional maintenance must ultimately rest, that “reflection and choice,” and not passion or will, can be the basis of political community.2 Widespread political violence challenges this presupposition.
“Patronesse of the Muses”
Authors: Hannay Margaret P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twentieth-century readers assume that Mary Sidney and the middle-aged Pembroke were mismatched, but the marriage worked: pleased with this brilliant young woman who had borne him two sons, he encouraged her literary activities. For such writers as Abraham Fraunce, the pattern of patronage was clear: writers attracted Mary Sidney’s attention by praising her and her brother Philip, and, very shortly, Pembroke found them suitable positions. This patronage was an extension of the noble household maintained by Pembroke on a feudal scale.
Introduction: Mysticism, Constructivism, and Forgetting
Authors: Forman Robert K C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From where-or Whom-does mysticism come? What causes it? What gives mysticism its peculiar but fascinating shape? Is mystical experience a source of reliable knowledge? Is mysticism the same around the world, or nearly so? Or does mysticism differ among various traditions, cultures, and ages? The twelve authors of this book are responding to the recent “received view” on such questions, which may collectively be called “constructivism,” the view that mystical experience is significantly shaped and formed by the subject’s beliefs, concepts, and expectations.
Mysticism and Its Contexts
Authors: Almond Philip C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1983 Steven Katz thusly characterized the methodological dilemma which has come to dominate discussion of mysticism and mystical experience since the publication of his edited collection entitled Mystical Experience and Philosophical Analysis in 1978. My overall aim in this essay is to demonstrate that the philosophical analysis of mysticism is not compelled to adopt either of these apparently mutually exclusive positions and that it is possible, perhaps even necessary, to formulate a methodology which coherently steers between the Scylla of mystical essentialism, on the one hand, and the Charybdis of mystical relativism, on the other. In particular will argue that the recognition of the context- dependent nature of all mystical experience is neither incompatible with experiential novelty nor with the occurrence of what Ninian Smart labels the experience of consciousness-purity.
Are Pure Consciousness Events Unmediated?
Authors: Bernhardt Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the summer of 1986 Steven Bernhardt was killed in an automobile accident. The present paper was submitted and accepted at that time, although it was overlong and in a fairly rough form. In order to include it in the present collection, and to ensure that Bernhardt’s contribution did not go unacknowledged, I have substantially revised his paper. While clarifying and condensing, I have tried to remain as close to the spirit and letter of the original as possible. It is my fond hope that the author would approve of the paper as it now appears.-Ed. The experience of pure consciousness can be characterized as follows: The subject is awake, conscious, but without an object or content of consciousness-no thoughts, emotions, sensations, or awareness of any external phenomena.
Does the Philosophy of Mysticism Rest on a Mistake?
Authors: Perovich Anthony N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Immanuel Kant was unremittingly hostile in his attitude toward the claims of mystics to have experience of the divine already in this life, a great many philosphers of mysticism have subsequently been attracted to the epistemological scheme of the Critical Philosophy, at least in its general outlines. Kant denied the possibility of genuine mystical experience (as opposed to merely mislabeled feelings of illumination) because such experience would require the possession in our present state of cognitive faculties for which no provision was, or seemingly could be, made in his epistemology. Yet numerous philosophers who wittingly or unwittingly have taken their lead from him have assumed that his general approach marks the most natural starting point for the analysis of all sorts of experience, including all those types typically referred to as mystical.
Experience and Interpretation in Mysticism
Authors: Franklin R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many among an earlier generation of scholars saw in mysticism a distinctive type of experience-a pure or contentless awareness of ultimate reality-which was often made the basis for a “perennial philosophy.’’1 More recently many have distinguished several different types of mystical experience, each tending to recur across different traditions. More recently still has arisen a tendency, which I will call the “diversity view,” so to emphasize the differences as to deny any common experience and hence any perennial philosophy. The diversity view stems from an awareness, growing in many fields of thought, of how deeply our experience is mediated (i.e., organized and influenced) by our whole belief system.
The Pastoral
Authors: Curran Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing better exemplifies the intractability of generic definition than pastoral. As literary currency, the term predates and traverses the boundaries of most nations of the Western world; and yet its value fluctuates from one culture to another, demanding continual adjustment to the local economy. And it goes without saying that in most cases the economy is an urban one where sheep may not safely graze. The one certainty is that the literary kind that celebrates simplicity is far from simple in either practice or critical taxonomy.
Bakhtin: Language as Hero in Early Written Language Development
Authors: Himley Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have been interested in how this powerful theory of language puts pressure on the premises we have traditionally worked from, often implicitly, in studying early written language development. I have also been convinced that Bakhtin complements (in complex and useful ways) Patricia Carini’s approach to understanding children as makers of works. For this chapter, I have focused my reading primarily on The Dialogic Imagination (1981), Speech Genres and Other Late Essays (1986), and Marxism and the Philosophy of Language (Volosinov/Bakhtin, 1986), along with Clark and Holquist’s background book entitled Mikhail Bakhtin (1984)--and I have read these key texts as a developmental language theorist might.
A Documentary Account of One Young Writer: Matthew Writing
Authors: Himley Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This documentary account traces the child-culture dialogic encounter that takes place through language use, through the actual making of texts, for one child from first through fifth grade. It is an effort at doing research from the theoretical position argued for through this project: language as hero, text as shared territory, the child as maker of works, dialogic encounter or descriptive reading as method, and understanding as the goal.
The Role of Task Representation in Reading-to-Write
Authors: Flower Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Academic papers are typically written in the context of a rich rhetorical situation that includes not only the conventions of academic discourse, but the expectations of the instructor, the context of the course, and the terms of the assignment. These requirements can seem so self-evident we are surprised when once again twenty students in a class interpret the same “standard” college writing assignment in strikingly different ways. This chapter is about that act of interpretation. Task representation is an interpretive process that translates the rhetorical situation-as the writer reads it-into the act of composing. As such, it is the major bridge linking the public context of writing with the private process of an individual writer.
Translating Context into Action
Authors: Ackerman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing is a social activity, and as teachers and researchers we knew that our students’ responses to a reading-to-write assignment were as much a function of larger social, economic, and cultural influences as of the immediate social context of a writing task in a university classroom. We knew that the reading and writing behavior we saw was strongly influenced (if determined is too strong a word) by these students’ twelve years of public schooling and eighteen years (or so) of living in a literate culture. They did not walk into our classes or into our assignment as blank slates (Berkenkotter, Huckin, & Ackerman, 1988; Heath, 1983).
The Four Elements
Authors: Almeida Hermione De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Shed no tear,” urges the 1819 jingle for Charles Brown’s fairy tale, “The flower will bloom another year,” for “Young buds sleep in the root’s white core” (1-4 ). The prospect of endless natural renewal vindicated the metaphysicians’ belief in life’s infinity; it also supported the mechanists’ chemical experiments proving life’s finitude and imminent dissolution. The prospect was an old one, and it was faced with new urgency by the thinkers of Keats’s time.
Polarity and Coleridge
Authors: Almeida Hermione De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of polarity, of a powerful but restrained force made manifest in the tension between opposites of all orders, subsumes John Hunter’s declarations on the performance of living blood. The life of the blood resisted the external chemical agencies of decomposition; it coagulated in a polarized healing response to the forces of injury; and it contracted in a final living response to the more intense stimulus of death. In much of the research preceding his culminative work on the vitality of blood, from his dissections of torpedoes, gymnotus eels, and other “electric” animals to his experiments on animals to discern their manner of producing heat, Hunter had found energy or living action manifest through the interplay of opposing principles.
Antidotes
Authors: Almeida Hermione De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
She dwells with Beauty-Beauty that must die; And Joy, whose hand is ever at his lips Bidding adieu; and aching Pleasure nigh, Turning to poison while the bee-mouth sips. (21-24) True melancholy is the antidote to false melancholy; it is also an antidote to being “too happy in thine happiness,” as the poet of the “Ode to a Nightin-gale” discovers (6). It is an intensity to dull the ache of Pleasure or an intensity more acute than the ecstasy of Joy; it is a bitterness whose taste counters the cloying sweetness of Joy’s grape, or else a honey more sharp because its complex sweetness cuts the sickening simplicity of other honeys.
Glaucus’s Cloak
Authors: Almeida Hermione De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the weft of Glaucus’s blue mantle, in Endymion, every ocean form, quick-sand, whirlpool, storm, calm, and deserted shore find emblem and appointed place. Likewise, every living shape “That skims, or dives, or sleeps, ‘twixt cape and cape” finds detail and correspondent pattern in the heavy warp of the cloak. These sea forms of gigantic whale or minute fish show their anatomy-to even “the very hardest gazer’s” eye of physiologist, artist, or naturalist-to be perfect.
Invisibility and Influence
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That Certain Summer was a breakthrough for prime-time television. Written and produced by the team of Richard Levinson and William Link, the ABC TV movie featured Hal Holbrook as Doug Salter, a divorced father whose son comes to stay with him for the summer. The boy is shocked to learn that his father is homosexual and lives with a lover (played by Martin Sheen). For two hours, the characters in this penetrating drama struggle with the issues of honesty, personal choice, and acceptance. Though the child is ultimately unable to accept his fa-their’s lifestyle, the movie is a sympathetic portrayal of what it means to be gay.
The Conflict Erupts:Harry Ernerson Fosdick and the Presbyterian Church
Authors: Longfield Bradley J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Sunday morning, 2 l May I 922, Harry Emerson Fosdick mounted the pulpit of the First Presbyterian Church in the City of New York to preach the most famous sermon of his career, “Shall the Fundamentalists Win?” Described by Fosdick as a “pica for good will,’’ the sermon fell like a bombshell on the Presbyterian Church and set in motion a ,-cries of explosions that would rock the church until well into the next decade. A liberal Baptist preaching by special arrangement in the Presbyterian Church. Fosdick had become increasingly dismayed by conservative intolerance of liberal Christians. Since the close of the war, liberals and conservatives had been spacing on such issues as biblical authority, evolution, and foreign missions. ln response to the escalating militancy of the fundamentalists, Fosdick launched a counteroffensive and thereby precipitated the Presbyterian controversy.·’
William Jennings Bryan and the 1923 General Assembly
Authors: Longfield Bradley J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1923 William Jennings Bryan stood unchallenged m, “the most widely influential layman in the church.” Three presidential campaigns, two years as secretary of state, a nationally syndicated newspaper column, and over twenty-five years on the Chautauqua lecture circuit ensured his fame. Though religion and politics were never far removed in Bryan’s mind, religious issues, especially the threat of Darwinism to Christianity and Christian civilization, had come to dominate Bryan’s agenda after the war.·’ In 1921 Bryan described the danger: “I believe that the Darwinian doctrine leads people into agnosticism and panther ism, plunged the world into the worst of wars, and is dividing society into classes that fight each other on a brute basis. It is time that the Christian church should understand what is going on and array itself against these enemies of the church, Christianity, and civilization.” In direct contradiction to the law of love proclaimed by Christianity, Dar winds taught a materialist doctrine of “survival of the fittest.” An invitation from Union Theological Seminary in Virginia to deliver the James Sprints Lectures in October 1921 gave Bryan the opportunity to expand, organize, and further publicize his thoughts. The lectures, published under the title In His Image, provided the most comprehensive statement of the faith and ideas that motivated Bryan’s last great crusade:’
Henry Sloane Coffin and the Auburn Affirmation
Authors: Longfield Bradley J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Liberal theology had been gaining strength within American Protestantism in general and the Presbyterian Church in particular since the late nineteenth century. Though the Presbyterian Church had unequal vocally rejected the tenets of modernism in the Portland Deliverance of 1892 and in the doctrinal declarations of 1910 and 1916, some presbyteries, most notably that of New York City, had continued to ordain men who accepted the higher critical method and the assumptions of liberalism. That eighty-five commissioners would publicly protest the assembly’s endorsement of the five fundamentals was a mark of how adamant many were in defending the rights of modernists within the church.
Stone Cottage
Authors: Langenbach James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ezra Pound and W.B. Yeats spent the winters of 1913-16 living together in a Cottage in Sussex. During that period, Yeats, with Pound’s help, developed his autobiographies and Noh-style plays. Pound, similarly, under Yeats's influence, experimented with esoteric texts in the development of his own Imagistic theory. Drawing on extensive literary scholarship and previously unpublished work by Pound and Yeats, Longenbach's book breaks new ground in the study of this critical period in the rise of Modernism.
The Bourgeois State of Mind
Authors: Langenbach James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Pound recreated Yeats’s incantation of “The Peacock” in thePisan Cantos he also remembered Yeatshearing nearly all Wordsworth for the sake of his conscience butpreferring Ennemoser on Witches.These lines not only allude to Joseph Ennemoser’s The History of Magi,c, which the two poets read during their first winter in Sussex, but also recall “The Witch,” a poem Yeats published as a companion to “The Peacock.
At The Generic Crossroads: Travel Writing, Ethnography, Autography
Authors: Nixon Rob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relentless negativity of The Middle Passage separates that volume (and the bulk of his subsequent writing) from the often empathetic satire of the earlier fiction. Although A House for Mr. Biswas had been completed before Naipaul embarked on his return voyage to the Caribbean, the writing of the novel left its mark on The Middle Passage. For the journey was born of an immense fatigue, after the breakdown Naipaul suffered in bringing his epic novel to its conclusion.