bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tumor markers
Authors: Mulders Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the questions most frequently asked of physicians by patients concerns prognosis. Markers of solid tumors are the best prognosticators of the course of these tumors. The effect of these markers on the host will have a substantial impact on prognosis by affecting the performance status of the patient. The last decade has seen an explosion of research into the use of molecular markers as potential prognosticators in various malignancies. Several studies have focused on the evaluation of new molecular markers. Nevertheless, many tumors still lack adequate markers and more research is needed. Tumor markers may indicate the necessity for a certain treatment but may also make it possible to avoid useless toxic treatment strategies.
New approaches for biological therapy of kidney tumors: preclinical models and perspectives
Authors: Wiltrout Robert H , Wigginton Jon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tumors of the kidney are generally refractory to conventional forms of cancer therapy. However, there are some encouraging indications that these tumors may be successfully targeted by appropriately designed biological therapies. In particular, interferon f (IFN() and interleukin-2 (IL-2) have shown some effectiveness for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in humans. The mechanisms by which biological therapies may induce tumor regression in humans remain unclear, and there are relatively few preclinical orthotopic models of kidney cancer available for performing such studies.
Prognostic factors in advanced renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Elson Paul J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malignant tumors of the kidney account for 2.5 per cent of the cancer incidence and 2 per cent of the cancer mortality in the US. It is estimated that over 31 000 new cases will be diagnosed in 2000 and that almost 12 000 deaths will be reported (Greenlee et al. 2000). Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common renal malignancy reported, and recent epidemiological studies suggest that the incidence of all stages of the disease is increasing (Chow et al. 1999). If detected early, RCC can be cured surgically. The estimated 5-year survival for patients with disease confined to the kidney (stages T1 and T2) is approximately 90–95 per cent.
Role of the excretory urogram in contemporary uroradiologic practice
Authors: Raman Steven S , Laifer-Narin, Sherelle , Cochran Sachiko T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The indications for the intravenous urogram (excretory urogram, IVU, IVP) have changed significantly in the last 20 years with the advent of sophisticated cross-sectional imaging. The IVU remains the initial test of choice in adults to survey the urothelium and pyelocaliceal systems and is an essential diagnostic study for the patient with hematuia. The role of the IVU in the detection of renal and adrenal parenchymal masses is now secondary to helical computerized tomography (CT) and ultrasound (US). In a classic study, Warshauer et al. (1988) reported that the IVU was 67 per cent sensitive for the detection for renal masses versus 79 per cent for conventional sonography and 94 per cent for conventional CT.
Ultrasound imaging
Authors: Laifer-Narin Sherelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ultrasound is the modality of choice for the initial evaluation of the kidneys in many clinical situations. According to the American College of Radiology appropriateness criteria, patients presenting with acute flank pain, hematuria, voiding obstruction secondary to prostate disease and an indeterminate renal mass should be referred to ultrasound (Caskey 2000).
Radical nephrectomy
Authors: Wright Mark P J , Ritchie Alastair W S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1948 there were almost simultaneous case reports of large renal cell carcinomas (RCC) being removed through a thoraco- abdominal approach. Robson (1963) published a paper describing the procedure of radical nephrectomy (RN) for renal tumours. In this procedure ‘ the entire envelope of perinephric fat, kidney and adrenal en-bloc and the lymphatic drainage field’ are removed. The premise for performing this procedure for renal cancer was based on the retrospective analysis of previous nephrectomies performed at his institution where 28 per cent of cases had involvement of perinephric fat and 22 per cent had lymph node involvement.
Complications of surgery for renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Corman John M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common malignancy of the human kidney and accounts for 3 per cent of all adult neoplasms (Landis et al. 1999). While radical nephrectomy remains the ‘ gold standard’ , modern diagnostic instruments, contemporary operative techniques, and advances in perioperative care have expanded treatment options for the disease. With earlier diagnosis of smaller tumors (Aso et al. 1992) and with an increased incidence of RCC (Chow et al. 1999) clinicians are faced with two important controversies. First, does nephron-sparing surgery offer cancer control rates that are similar to those of traditional open radical nephrectomy? Multiple reviews have addressed this first question (Lerner et al. 1996; Frydenberg et al.
The role of interleukin in metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Bukowski Ronald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) presents a therapeutic challenge to the medical oncologist. The traditional modality of chemotherapy has minimal activity, with most agents demonstrating response rates less than 5 per cent (Yagoda 1990). The recognition of an antitumor immune response (Finke et al. 1994) and the occurrence of spontaneous regression in patients with this neoplasm (Oliver et al. 1988; Gleave et al. 1998) led to studies investigating a variety of biologic agents in this patient population. These have included the cytokines, both natural and recombinant molecules. One class of cytokines that has been widely investigated is the interleukins. Interleukin 2 has been shown to have a limited, but reproducible antitumor activity in RCC. This chapter will review several interleukins that have been employed in metastatic RCC, including the rationale and clinical results for these agents.
Role of nephrectomy in metastatic disease
Authors: Flanigan Robert C , Yonover Paul Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a patient presents with a diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a work-up for metastatic spread will be positive approximately one-third of the time. Common sites of metastatic spread include the lung, liver, bone, brain, and adrenal gland, with case reports detailing this cancer’ s capacity to appear almost anywhere in the body, including the thyroid, pancreas, labia, retina, etc. Of patients with clinically localized disease at time of diagnosis, another 20 to 50 per cent eventually will develop metastatic disease following nephrectomy (Flanigan 1996; Motzer and Russo 2000). Despite major advances in genitourinary oncology, those patients with metastatic RCC still face a dismal prognosis, with a median survival of only 6 to 10 months and a 2-year survival of 10 to 20 per cent (Figlin et al. 1997) (see Table 44.1).
Diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism
Authors: Blumenfeld Jon D , Vaughan E Darracott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is a syndrome characterized by hypertension, hypokalemia with renal potassium wasting, suppressed plasma renin activity (PRA), chloride-resistant metabolic alkalosis, and elevated levels of urinary and plasma aldosterone. The spectrum of adrenal disorders that now meet these diagnostic criteria extends beyond the functioning adrenal adenoma to include diagnostic subgroups with distinct physiologic and biochemical characteristics and with heterogeneous blood pressure responses to unilateral adrenalectomy (Biglieri et al. 1995). Although the prevalence of this disorder is thought to represent 0.5–2.0 per cent of all hypertension, this is probably an underestimate.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: 21-hydroxylase deficiency and 11-hydroxylase deficiency
Authors: New Maria I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a family of autosomal recessive disorders involving impaired enzymatic function at any of the various steps in the synthesis of cortisol from cholesterol by the adrenal cortex. Blocks in cortisol synthesis impair the negative feedback control of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion, which leads to chronic stimulation of the adrenal cortex by ACTH. The enzyme deficiencies in CAH act as a dam behind which steroid precursors accumulate, which are then shunted through uninhibited pathways and result in excessive steroidogenesis. It is primarily the excess androgens and steroid precursors that determine the clinical presentation.
Screening to identify individuals at risk after exposure to trauma
Authors: Brewin Chris R , Rose, Suzanna , Andrews Bernice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Studies of psychological debriefing as a brief early intervention following exposure to trauma have not, to date, yielded evidence for the effectiveness of the procedure (e.g. Rose and Bisson, 1998; Wessely et al., 1998). Following our own study of psychological debriefing for victims of violent crime (Rose et al., 1999) we therefore proposed that clinicians should refrain from focused, symptom-orientated early intervention in favour of monitoring survivors for psycholog ical disorder, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and intervening more intensively should a diagnosable condition develop.
Early intervention strategies with traumatized children, adolescents, and families
Authors: Yule William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A high proportion of children and adolescents have been shown to develop serious stress reactions and other psychopathology after a wide variety of group and individual traumatic experiences (Bolton et al., 2000; Yule et al., 2000). This chapter will address the question of how mental health and other professionals can, through early intervention, best respond to the specific needs of these young victim groups so as both to reduce levels of distress and prevent later, more serious disorders.
Strategies for early intervention after trauma adopted by the Norwegian Armed Forces
Authors: Mehlum Lars 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acute traumatic stress reactions, in the military typically referred to as ‘combat stress reactions’ (CSR) account for 20-30% of battle losses in modem warfare (Noy, 1991). Soldiers with CSR run a considerable risk of developing chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Solomon and Kleinhauz, 1996). In many nations, therefore, large groups of psychiatrically disabled war veterans are to be found (Kulka et al., 1990; 0mer, 1992). In less severe cases, the clinical course of CSR ends in full or partial remission, although vulnerability to repeated trauma (Solomon et al., 1987) or to emotional problems in later life may persist. These are some of the reasons why prevention of and early intervention in CSR have been given such a high priority in armed forces in many countries.
Progress made towards reconstructing early intervention after trauma: emergent themes
Authors: 0rner R J , Schnyder U 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coincidence has it that the first paragraphs of the concluding chapters are being written during the weeks after the tumultuous upheavals of September 11 2001. Millions are in shock and fearful for their futures. Hardly anyone is likely to emerge unchanged from what is happening but the evidence supports optimism about most of those so affected making positive adaptations to unfolding events without accessing professional help. In this time of crisis a realization has dawned this is a special opportunity for developing some empathy for the predicament of survivors of a vast range of personal trauma.
Progress made towards reconstructing early intervention after trauma: principles of evidence based practice
Authors: ɸrner R J , Schnyder U 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the last decade or so, a self-perpetuating debate has raged about the scope and limitations of early intervention (Gist and Woodhall, 1998; Mitchell, 1998; Avery et al. 1999). While controversies were endlessly rehearsed some service providers continued to address the practical imperative of mobilizing systematic help and support for survivors of recent and ongoing trauma. All chapters in the penultimate section of this book add substance to the view that evidence-based early psychosocial intervention is a crucial dimension of comprehensive post-incident care. Format and techniques vary according to the actualities of complex, unfolding situations and the many survivor populations being served.
Palliative Care in Stroke
Authors: Hamann Gerhard F , Rogers Angie , Addington-Hall Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we address the palliative care needs of people who are expected to die soon after a severe stroke. We also consider the particular challenges that the care of these patients-and their families-present for neurologists, stroke physicians, nurses, physiotherapists, and others. The use of palliative care in stroke patients has attracted little attention, and consequently there is very little experience on which to draw, particularly when considering the palliative care problems specinc for stroke. This chapter focuses, therefore, on identifying those stroke patients particularly likely to have palliative care needs, describing these needs and applying general principles of palliative care to their management.
How the gastrointestinal tract does its job
Authors: Levitt Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fascinating journey from mouth to anus takes anything from a matter of hours to several days depending on many different factors. What we eat and how much, and our levels of physical exercise, stress, and anxiety (and how we each respond to them!), as well as the medications and treatments of various kinds we are prescribed, all influence the workings of our bowels. The presence of certain diseases—gastroenteritis, for example—may also make a big difference.
Constipation and straining
Authors: Levitt Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Occasional constipation is almost universal. Even recurring or continuing constipation is common, and, predictably, women are more likely to be affected, having, on average, a naturally more sluggish bowel than do men. Whenever there is an unexpected change in bowel habit (especially in the over-50 age group), careful consideration must be given to excluding serious causes such as colonic cancer. Your doctor is undoubtedly the best person to advise on these matters; this is not something that should be deferred or for which alternative therapies should be tried before you have excluded potentially dangerous causes.
Colonic irrigation and other quackery
Authors: Levitt Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As already discussed, many complaints arising from bowel and bottom are troublesome but not life-threatening. A nuisance, a bother, an irritation, but not too serious.
And many of these complaints come and go of their own accord whether or not we find out what caused them and whether or not we actually do anything about them. What a perfect arena this is, then, for the well-meaning opportunist or for the charlatan with a view to a quick profit! Regardless of the efficacy of their new ‘wonder’ treatment, the health problem itself is likely to resolve of its own accord sooner or later. And even if it doesn’t, the problem is never likely to be too serious so it’s a case of ‘no harm done’.
Dangerous creatures: Cancer, Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis
Authors: Levitt Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like every other part of the human body, our gastrointestinal tract can fall victim to serious and life-threatening diseases. In their early stages, many of these diseases produce symptoms that are not unlike those caused by the common anorectal conditions or irritable bowel syndrome as already discussed.
The following accounts of some well-known ‘dangerous creatures’ are, inevitably, only brief. They attempt to explain the causes of these conditions, alert you to their early symptoms, and encourage a sensible approach to whether or not to have further investigations. They also discuss, in simple terms, the treatments available. More detailed information can be obtained from your family doctor or from such organizations as your local cancer foundation or Crohn’s and colitis association.
The future
Authors: Trevor Burke F J , Freeman Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The majority of dental professionals, having spent five years or thereabouts at University, enter practice and remain in that environment for the remainder of their career. While there is always the possibility of a career change within, or outwith, dentistry, there is a potential for stagnation because of the repetitive nature of the job. In this respect, the varied challenges provided by patients are what make life interesting, and a considerable proportion of this book has therefore been dedicated to patient management issues. Striving towards excellence is another way of maintaining interest, and, again, this book has dealt with many issues surrounding this, from planning treatment to minimal intervention. However, it could be considered that the ability to follow a career structure and to take steps to prevent boredom are among the best means to happiness and success in dental practice.
Neurologic Emergencies
Authors: Agrawal Manish , Khleif Samir N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Approximately 15–20 percent of patients with cancer develop neurologic complications during the course of their illness. The incidence of neurologic complications of cancer is increasing in frequency as the disease is being controlled for longer periods of time producing an increased opportunity for metastases to the nervous system to develop. Neurologic complications in patients with cancer are either direct effects of tumor as in compression of/spread to brain, spinal cord, leptomeninges, or peripheral nerves or result from treatments such as chemotherapy, biologic, or radiation therapy. These complications are diverse, varying from acute and life-threatening to more insidious with long-term effects. Virtually any tumor can directly involve the nervous system, however, due to their high prevalence, lung, breast, and prostate tumors are the most frequent culprits.
Hepatic, Biliary, and Pancreatic Emergencies
Authors: Wilson Richard H , Johnston Patrick G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a wide range of hepato-pancreaticobiliary problems and emergencies encountered in oncologic practice. They may be due to the tumor, therapy or non-related conditions common in the age-matched general population. Problems range from common ones, such as malignant jaundice or ascites to rare ones following allogeneic or autologous bone marrow transplantation such as graft-versus-host disease or hepatic veno- occlusive disease. The following chapter aims to aid the assessment and management of these problems in patients with cancer.
Infectious Diseases Emergencies
Authors: Gea-Banacloche, Juan , Chanock, Stephen J , Walsh Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infection is frequently the immediate cause of death of the patient with cancer, and many times it constitutes a medical emergency. In this chapter, the main infectious dis- ease syndromes in oncology are presented. Most commonly, the physician has to deal with a clinical problem without precise knowledge of the etiology, and that is why we have favored the syndromic approach. In some cases, most notably in bacteremia, the clinician is provided with some information, often incomplete, from the beginning. We attempt to present a guide that may help to formulate a differential diagnosis and therapeutic strategy under those circumstances. Specific coverage of particular pathogens can be found under the specific clinical entities.
Dermatologic Emergencies
Authors: Eatock Martin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whilst there are few true oncologic emergencies affecting the skin, patients receiving treatment for cancer are exposed daily to potentially serious hazards to the skin as a result of drug extravasation following chemotherapy or as a result of an acute dermatologic radiation reaction. These problems are not life-threatening, however their early recognition and management are important in order to prevent significant morbidity and functional impairment.
Inorganic structures of life
Authors: Mann Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the nano-world of rusty proteins and magnetic compasses in bacteria to the macroscopic structures of oyster shells, corals, ivory, bone and enamel, biology has evolved a new type of chemistry that brings together the synthesis and construction of hard and soft matter for the design of functionalized inorganic-organic materials. The process that gives rise to these small and large inorganic-based structures of life is called biomineralization. Biomineralization: the study of the formation, structure and properties of inorganic solids deposited in biological systems.
The difficult patient
Authors: Asen Eia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anyone working in primary care will have had their fair share of difficult patients—and probably a paucity of ‘easy ‘ patients. In this chapter we look at patients who are not just difficult, but who are a considerable problem to their doctors or other primary care workers. The first step is to examine the term ‘difficult patient ‘. It is vague and ill defined, and likely to evoke a whole range of associations. For example, aggressive and challenging patients will come to mind for some workers, or those ‘heart sink ‘ patients who turn up seemingly endless times for consultations and who do not respond to any of their doctors ‘ best efforts (Wamoscher 1966). Most annoyingly to their doctors, these patients tend to present with somatic symptoms that wander from one part of the body to another (Van Eijk 1983). Then there are those patients who some doctors find difficult simply because they want to have long explanations for whatever is wrong with them and who repeatedly question the wisdom of their doctors ‘ remedies and prescriptions. It can be seen that what is a difficult patient for one practitioner may be an ordinary one for another. Calling a patient difficult is probably as much a reflection of the doctor ‘s prejudices or tolerance level as having to do with the patient ‘s specific characteristics.
Stress, strain and burnout: support and supervision
Authors: Milton Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will address the strains and stresses the general practitioner faces, besides the satisfactions of the job. It will look at how these arise, and then how the doctor can be helped and supported. Relevant questions include: why do people become doctors? What do they expect from their patients? What does society expect from its doctors and how does it regard them? What transactions, conscious and unconscious, happen between doctor and patient, and what can go wrong? Doctors ‘ stress goes beyond the everyday strains of unsocial hours and annoying paperwork, and we need a complex and multilayered way of understanding their tasks and relationships. I use a psychoanalytic frame of reference to inform the discussion about conscious and unconscious aspects of human concerns and relationships, trying to think about them in developmental terms.