bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Foundations
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 15 October 1604, Catherine d’Orle´ans, princesse de Longueville, her sister Marguerite d’Orle´ans d’Estoutville, Charlotte de Harlay, marquise de Breaute´, and Barbe Acarie and her daughters gathered at Paris’s southern gate to welcome the Spanish Carmelites to Paris. Proceeding first to Montmartre, they prayed before the tomb of Saint Denis and commended to him the success of the order they were about to begin. The Carmelites remained for two days as guests of the Benedictine abbey before being escorted by their French patrons to their new convent in the faubourg SaintJacques, where a “great crowd of distinguished persons” gathered to witness their arrival. The anonymous chronicler who recorded the Carmelites’ reception boasts of the “cries of joy” emitted by the gathered crowd, as “each thanked God for the treasure that his mercy accorded the capital and the great advantages that the faith would thereby gain.” The account is clearly partisan; anti-Spanish feeling still ran high, and not everyone was so welcoming. For the de´vots who had labored for years to see reformed convents established in Paris, the entry must nevertheless have been a triumphant occasion, and it is not immaterial that the triumph was a very public one. The crowds whose witness solemnized the nuns’ entry conferred public recognition on the pious donors whose money and effort had brought the day about. The nuns were deeply veiled, their faces invisible to the public eye, but their lay escorts deliberately placed themselves on view, associating themselves publicly with the newly founded order and the spiritual benefits they hoped would thereby accrue to themselves and their city.
Both Mary and Martha
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
However powerful the contemplative model of religious life remained, it was not a life that suited all women with religious vocations. Some women, because of age or poor health, were too frail to endure the austerities imposed on nuns in such reformed orders as the Carmelites and Capucines. Others, although desiring to devote themselves in the future entirely to God, could not claim the stainless past traditionally required of brides of Christ. Still others lacked the dowry that, despite a theoretical insistence in reformed houses on considering only vocation, in practice remained necessary for women entering convents. Perhaps most important, many pious women wanted to combine Martha’s part with Mary’s. Aspiring to the sanctity of the cloistered life, they nevertheless wanted to serve with more than their prayers and to imitate Jesus in his acts of charity as much or more than in his suffering on the cross.
The Impulse to Charity
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the Wars of the League ignited a wave of penitential piety among Parisian de´votes, the battles of the Fronde half a century later prompted a very different response. Rather than taking to the streets in mystical processions, pious women organized committees to aid those impoverished or driven from their home by the rebellion and the ongoing war with Spain. They collected used clothing and redistributed it, along with money and food, among the refugees of wartorn Picardy, Champagne, and the Ile-de-France; they found shelter for orphans and whole convents of nuns fleeing invading armies; and they raised money for these and other charitable projects by distributing graphic accounts of the miseries of war among their devout friends and acquaintances. The effort pious women made to sustain the enormous flow of money and goods needed to assist the dispossessed has been overshadowed by the towering figure of Vincent de Paul, which dominates every account of seventeenth-century French charity. But Monsieur Vincent, as he was known to his friends, did not accomplish his work alone. Women were among his most important collaborators. With the exception of Louise de Marillac, who has been canonized for her role in founding the Filles de la Charite´, their contributions remain little known.
Euripides: Orestes
Authors: Peck John , Nisetich Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on the conviction that only translators who write poetry themselves can properly recreate the celebrated and timeless tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, The Greek Tragedy in New Translations series offers new translations that go beyond the literal meaning of the Greek in order to evoke the poetry of the originals. Under the editorship of Herbert Golder and the late William Arrowsmith, each volume includes a critical introduction, commentary on the text, full stage directions, and a glossary of the mythical and geographical references in the plays. Produced more frequently on the ancient stage than any other tragedy, Orestes retells with striking innovations the story of the young man who kills his mother to avenge her murder of his father. Though eventually exonerated, Orestes becomes a fugitive from the Furies (avenging spirits) of his mother’s blood. On the brink of destruction, he is saved in the end by Apollo, who had commanded the matricide. Powerful and gripping, Orestes sweeps us along with a momentum that starting slowly, builds inevitably to one of the most spectacular climaxes in all Greek tragedy.
Farewell to Internationalism
Authors: Dallek Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CONTRARY TO TRADITIONAL BELIEF, the 1930s were not a time of un relieved isolationism in the United States. During the first two years of his presidency, Roosevelt met not intense isolationism in the country but a general indifference to outside events which left him relatively free to seek expanded American ties abroad. Indeed, in 1933-34, Roosevelt’s policies of economic self-protection and political detachment from other nations represented only one side of his foreign policy. At the same time that he charted a separate economic and political course for the United States, he also moved toward greater cooperation abroad. In the fall of 1933, when domestic and foreign constraints seemed to put international cooperation temporarily out of reach, he channeled his desire for world harmony into improving Soviet-American relations. Strong support for the idea came from American business leaders who hoped that recognition would reopen Russian markets to American manufactured goods. To Roosevelt, there was the additional appeal that recognition might discourage rumored Japanese aggression against the U.S.S.R. But opposition from Catholic and labor leaders and conservative groups like the D.A.R. gave him pause. Though one conservative newspaper publisher belittled the danger of Bolshevism in the United States as “about as great as the menace of sunstroke in Greenland or chilblains in the Sahara,” Roosevelt felt compelled to resolve Soviet-American differences and as sure a consensus before recognizing the Soviet Union.
The Struggle for Unity
Authors: Dallek Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THOUGH THE RESPONSE OF the nation and the Congress to the Pearl Harbor attack was one of overwhelming unity, Roosevelt refused to take this support for granted. One of his chief concerns at the start of the war was to build a commitment to the fighting which initial defeats and the burdens of a long struggle would not weaken. “We are now in this war. We are all in it-all the way,” he told a national radio audience two days after Pearl Harbor. “Every single man, woman, and child is a partner in the most tremendous undertaking of our American history.” De scribing the nation as “fighting for its existence and its future life,” he tried to rally the country around a long-range positive goal, a vision “far above and beyond the ugly field of battle.” “When we resort to force,” he declared, “we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. We Americans are not destroyers-we are builders. We are now in the midst of a war, not for conquest, not for vengeance, but for a world in which this Nation, and all that this Nation represents, will be safe for our children.”
1944: Victories and Doubts
Authors: Dallek Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BY THE END OF 1943, Roosevelt believed that he would need a fourth term to conclude the war and design the peace. He was not entirely happy with the idea. “Goel knows I don’t want to,” he told one adviser early in 1944, “but I may find it necessary.” “I just hate to run again for election,” he told Admiral Leahy in the spring, and expressed the hope that progress in the war would make it unnecessary for him to be a candidate. He found considerable appeal in the idea of retiring to Hyde Park. In the winter of 1944 he was sixty-two years old, tired, and in poor health. A number of physical ailments and illnesses-the flu, bronchitis, occasional inability to concentrate, and a blackout once while signing a letter-prompted him to have a full examination at the Bethesda, Mary land, Naval Hospital. T11e findings shocked his doctors: hypertension, hypertensive heart disease, or an enlarged heart, and evidence of cardiac failure. There is no evidence that the physicians ever gave FDR the results of their examination. He apparently conveyed the impression that he did not want to know or that the findings would not influence him. Believing it a poor idea to change leaders during the war, or for him to abandon the peacemaking he had begun at Tehran, he had resigned himself to staying in office, whatever the personal sacrifice, and wished no challenge to that decision. During 1944, however, the issue of his health did not impress him as quite that dramatic. Under the care of his doctors, who prescribed more rest, fewer cigarettes, reduced weight, and various medications, including digitalis, which he took without asking their name or purpose, he recovered rapidly from the flu and regained much of his strength. Moreover, though he found he could not concentrate as he formerly had-a result of a generalized arteriosclerosis-and thus was occasionally depressed about his health, Roosevelt unquestioningly accepted the ad vice of his physicians that he could serve another term if he reduced his work load.
First Steps: From Family Ties to Specialized Caring
Authors: Wuthnow Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Jason McKendrick was twelve years old, he saw a terrible accident in his neighborhood, empathized deeply with the suffering he witnessed, and vowed that he would always do what he could to help people in such circumstances. Ever since, he has been putting his energy into helping the homeless at Pearl’s Kitchen. Or that is the way many experts would tell the story. They would link Jason’s volunteering to a time of crisis and make sense of it by focusing on his empathy and pain. What actually happened, however, was much more ordinary.
Contexts: Schools, Community Agencies, and Churches
Authors: Wuthnow Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
0ur primary sense of kindness, I have been arguing, is an intuitive under­ standing that comes in most cases from interacting with our families. We learn that kindness is a feature of intimate, first hand relationships that involve our whole being and are based on trust and knowledge of our needs as persons. We are also exposed to arguments-humanitarianism, the pursuit of happiness, reciprocity, and self-realization-that reinforce our intuitive sense that kind­ ness is a good thing. As we prepare for adult life, however, we are increasingly exposed to social institutions that require us to behave in ways different from those we learned in our families. We learn to play specialized roles, behaving as algebra students, for example, and to interact with others in these roles rather than relating as whole persons. We learn to bracket kindness or to give it new meanings, and we learn that self-interest and competition are the dominant rules rather than trust and cooperation.
Introduction
Authors: Hayes Christine Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book explores the degree to which and the manner in which legal differences between the two Talmuds may be utilized for the purposes of historical reconstruction of talmudic culture. The vast complex of Jewish religious and civil law at the close of late antiquity is contained in two great collective works: the Babylonian Talmud (the Bavli) and its smaller, more concise counterpart, the Palestinian Talmud (the Yerushalmi). At the base of the two Talmuds stands the Mishnah, a legal compendium edited, it is thought, by Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi around 220 C.E. and containing the traditions of Palestinian sages (tannaim; sing.= tanna) who flourished after the destruction of the temple until the early third century. The Mishnah is one of the earliest formulations of what came to be known as the Oral Torah 1 and was studied and transmitted as the accompaniment to and (in a very broad sense) interpretation of the Written Torah, or Hebrew Bible. In the amoraic period, which followed upon the close of the Mishnah, rabbinic sages (amoraim; sing. amora) in both Palestine and Babylonia devoted themselves to the study and interpretation of this authoritative body of religious and civil law. The traditions generated by these sages were ultimately woven together into the superstructures of commentary and argument (gemara) found in the Palestinian and Babylonian Talmuds (Mishnah + gemara commentary= Talmud). Since scholars traveled between the two centers, traditions and teachings of Palestinian sages were transmitted to Babylonia and are found on nearly every page of the Babylonian Talmud, while Babylonian teachings were transmitted to Palestine and are to be found in the Palestinian Talmud. Yet, perhaps not surprisingly, despite their common point of departure (the Mishnah) and the exchange of legal traditions, the Palestinian and Babylonian Talmuds feature many differences in their discussion and interpretation of Jewish religious and civil law (halakhah). How are these differences to be explained?
Textual Causes
Authors: Hayes Christine Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion of a divergent or revised version of R. Judah’s Mishnah is not a far-fetched one. Halakhic traditions generally were already subjected to reversal, revision, and retraction in the generations before R. Judah. Evidence of the emendation of halakhic traditions during their early formulation and transmission is found in m. NZ 2: 5, which attributes a retraction to the early second century C.E.
Halakhic Difference as a Result of Ambiguity in the Mishnah
Authors: Hayes Christine Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here I will examine five cases in which the Bavli and the Yerushalmi develop different interpretations of an ambiguous mishnah. In the first two cases (m. NZ 4:5 and 3:8) the gemaras are confronted with gapped texts. M. 4:5, concerning the nullification of idols through sale, contains a gap of information which is filled in the Palestinian sources and further refined in the Bavli. M. 3:8, concerning passage under an asherah, contains a structural gap spotted by the Bavli and resolved explicitly only there. In a third case I examine the Talmuds’ discussions of the rationafo form. NZ 1:1, the prohibition of certain transactions on the days prior to an idolatrous festival, and demonstrate that the ambiguity of the mishnah itself on this matter is replicated in the amoraic and post-talmudic literature.
Hermeneutical Theory: Halakhic Difference as a Result of Hermeneutical Presuppositions
Authors: Hayes Christine Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every hermeneutic endeavor is grounded in certain presuppositions about the nature of the text that is being interpreted and the task of the exegete. These presuppositions set the ground rules for the development and deployment of specific strategies. For example, if an exegete presupposes that the text before him is an allegory, he will develop and deploy a hermeneutical strategy that decodes literal meanings for symbolic meanings. If an exegete presupposes that the text before him is divinely revealed truth, he will develop a strategy that enables him to read apparently false or contradictory statements in the text in a manner that accords with his notion of truth. The strategy and rules chosen depend on the hermeneutical endeavor in which one is engaged.
The Sale of Weapons
Authors: Hayes Christine Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the following example the Bavli registers halakhic development in response to the historical situation of Babylonian Jews. The laws we shall examine concern the sale of weapons and weapons-grade material to non-Jews. It is true that in our consideration of the sources, we must not ignore the contribution made by the amoraic tendency toward dialectical rehabilitation of marginal traditions; nevertheless, well-documented shifts in the relations between Jews and the non-Jewish regimes in Palestine and Babylonia provide a key to unearthing the diachronic twists in the fortune of the weapons prohibition-its suppression and reemergence-and of related rulings.
Discerning and Delineating the Figure of the Temple Woman
Authors: Orr Leslie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women are frequently mentioned in Chola period inscriptions, most often as donors. The inscriptions provide clues that allow us to distinguish different types of women, although titles or professional identifications are applied less often to women than to men, and there are a number of inscriptional references to women in which no information beyond a name is given. Nonetheless, it is possible to discern several categories of women, including temple women, Jain religious women, queens, palace women, Brahman women, and a rather heterogeneous group of family women.
The Nagars: Duty and Heart
Authors: Bacon Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vaidehi Nagar and her two daughters live in a well-kept middle-class neighborhood in a suburb of Chicago. My introduction to this family was through the elder daughter, Anar, a twenty-year-old student I met at a youth workshop at one of the area Hindu temples. My original interest in Anar was as an informant for my study of the second-generation organizations. During the course of our first interview, however, we talked about Anar’s own background, her feelings and experiences growing up. Anar was the first second-generation Indian I had spoken to who articulated her experiences in terms of feeling like two distinct people for a large part of her life.
The Shankars: Searching for a Close Family
Authors: Bacon Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I talked with the Shankars, their daughter, Veena, age twenty-two, and their son, Ganesh, age twenty-six, about something called Indian culture, about the core values that the parents have tried to pass on to their children, about the way they see themselves in relation to American culture, every family member talked about the special Indian “sense of family” as a distinguishing characteristic of their own family and of the Indian community in general. When I asked the father about his aspirations for his children, his hopes for their lives ten years down the road, he worried that they would be “completely detached from the first-generation friends and relatives,” although he is reassured that his children do “talk about being close to parents and all that kind of stuff. Taking care of [us] when [we’re) old.” When I asked about the most important values that she has tried to pass on to her children, the mother replied:
Introduction
Authors: Sider David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philodemos was born ca. 110 B.C. in the Syrian Greek town of Gadara, high above the plain of Galilee, about six miles southwest of the Sea of Galilee. In terms of today’s map it is the Jordanian town of Um Qeis, just to the east of the border with Israel.1 Gadara plays a small role in historical accounts, being mentioned more or less in passing by Polybios, Josephus, Pliny, Strabo, and others.2 But in literary history, Gadara may properly boast of having produced seven figures of note: Menippos, Meleager, Philodemos, Theodoros, Apsines, Oinomaos, and Philo. An inscriptional epigram of the second or third century A.D.
Survey of Inscriptions in the Inda-Aryan Languages
Authors: Salomon Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In terms of their purpose and contents, the majority of the epigraphic materials in the ludo-Aryan languages fall into the two broad categories of “donative” and “panegyric” records (4.1.1--4.1.3). However, the full range of their contents is very broad, comprising not only the several other categories described below but also combinations of the various types. Strictly speaking, few, if any, of the categories listed here are completely distinct and exclusive, and many of them overlap; for example, purely eulogistic inscriptions are rare, and most of the records placed in this group also partake of the character of donative and/or memorial records. Not only are the categories not mutually exclusive, they are also to some extent arbitrary; thus different writers on the subject have presented different arrangements, and no one formulation can be considered definitive. The divisions offered here should therefore be understood as convenient, rather than authoritative and mutually exclusive categories; various other classifications are given in the sources cited.
Epigraphy as a Source for the Study of Indian Culture
Authors: Salomon Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has already been explained (ch. 1) that inscriptions constitute the principal source for the history of pre-Islamic India, providing a large majority of the total information available; and that, were it not for inscriptions, we would not know even the most basic rudiments of the dynastic chronology of India before A.O. 1000. But the reconstruction of history from primarily epigraphic and other archaeological sources, as opposed to literary ones, involves many special problems and requires the development and application of appropriate analytic techniques. The main problem is that most inscriptions are not essentially historical documents (cf. Fleet, “The Present Position,” 22, and SIE 23) but rather donative or panegyric records which may incidentally record some amount of historical information. Thus the standards of objectivity, precision, and comprehensiveness that guide modem historical thought are completely absent in these sources, and the modem scholar must exercise cautious critical judgment in evaluating them.
Conclusion
Authors: Sann Tamara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like others before and after him, Jawzi tried to determine the source of the original strength of Islamic society and to figure out what had gone wrong. The methodology he used was based on the assumption that various elites had devised ideologies that were nominally Islamic, but that in reality were suited to their group or class interests. His goal was to dismantle those ideologies, to reveal the power interests involved in their construction and to show how those with vested interests had managed to delegitimize competing ideologies. His awareness of the incestuous relationship between power structures and intellectual formulations-between knowledge and power, as contemporary sociology of knowledge has it-was unlabored. Beyond his introductory comments about European orientalists and their jaded interpretations, Jawzi did not find it necessary to articulate, much less justify, his hermeneutic. It apparently seemed self-evident to him that ideological formulations were influenced by political-economic-that is, power-interests. Muslims had been calling for reassessment of their heritage for centuries, and ijtihadism (the movement calling for reactivation of ijtihad as the means to revitalize Islamic society) had finally been mainstreamed with the work of Muhammad ‘Abduh.