bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL NETWORKING AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR JAPANESE INDUSTRY IN THE INTERNET ERA
Authors: AKIZAWA HIKARI , KIJIMA KYOICHI 
Published: November 2004

The aim of this study is, based on intensive comparative case studies, to analyze structure and process of entrepreneurial networks in the internet communication era. We then imply general insights on entrepreneurial networks, some of which suggest solutions to urgent problems concerning industry restructuring in Japan. Although during the long-term recession in Japan the value of entrepreneurship has been widely recognized, the number of business startups, however, has not readily increased, in spite of various efforts by many public institutions at developing support programs. On the other hand, it has been observed recently that some internet-based entrepreneurial networks have emerged spontaneously, which let business startups help each other and acquire Internet potential. This paper begins with proposing a conceptual typology for positioning various entrepreneurial networks on it. We then analyze two cases intensively by examining their emergence process and characteristics, guided by the conceptual framework. One is an internet-based entrepreneurial network to help business startups in Japan while the other is a non-internet-based entrepreneurial network that has been in the United States for fifteen years. We conducted participated observation in the former case for two years while we carried out interviews and material-based research for the latter. Finally, we derive general insights on entrepreneurial networks from the case studies. The major findings of this study are as follows: (1) Network polarity, loose and tight, is determined by two primary variable, i.e., expectations and membership. (2) Inter-personal networks can provide the infrastructure of inter-firm networks. Especially loose inter-personal networks tend to generate cooperative and tight inter-firm network, because a wide variety of members naturally enjoy opportunities to encounter potential business partners there. (3) We find different aims in inter-personal networks and inter-firm networks. The former is primarily for mutual aiding while the latter is for dealing with businesses. (4) The internet communications can simultaneously make networks both looser and tighter. (5) Loose inter-personal networks facilitated by the internet communication should have power to reorganize old industry structure in Japan by creating new business and new business relationship if the government support it with minimum intervention and maximum understanding.
Fikih to Law: Secularization Through Curriculum
Authors: Bedir Murteza 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis is a study of the transformation of the Muslim understanding of the concept of fikih in the last two centuries. I argue that the western notion of 'law' considerably influenced the form of fikih, transforming it into 'Islamic law', a process that has culminated in a 'new stage' in the history of fikih. I will attempt to describe the general features of this transformation as well as its implications in the Turkish context. I begin by explaining the meanings of the terms şeriat, fikih, hukuk and kanun. I then present an historical overview of developments in the field of law in Turkey since the second half of the nineteenth century, with particular attention to codification. Next, I examine the curriculum of the faculty of theology, which, after the 1920s, was the sole official venue for teaching fikih in Turkey. Finally, I attempt to measure the extent of change in the perception of fikh by modern Muslims by examining the form and content of a textbook commonly used in theology faculties in Turkey.
"Do Not Enter Houses Other Than Your Own": the Evolution of the Notion of a Private Domestic Sphere in Early Sunnī Islamic Thought
Authors: Alshech Eli 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis article is the first comprehensive study of the conceptions of domestic privacy articulated by early sunnī Muslim jurists. Focusing on exegetical and legal sources composed between the seventh and thirteenth centuries CE, I argue, first, that Muslim scholars regarded privacy as a legal category. Second, I demonstrate that notions of privacy developed over time: most scholars living within the first two centuries AH associated privacy with property rights, granting legal protection to assertions of privacy only if violations of privacy entailed an infringement of property rights; by contrast, scholars from the ninth century onwards developed privacy into a separate legal category, protecting it even when no property rights were violated. Finally, I argue that most Muslim scholars adopted an instrumental approach to privacy, which they viewed not as an end unto itself but rather as a means to promote a viable society, to prevent their community from disintegrating, and, ultimately, to ensure the Islamic nature of Society.
Intratracheal administration of liposomal clodronate accelerates alveolar macrophage reconstitution following fetal liver transplantation
Authors: Everhart M Brett , Han Wei , Parman Kelly S , Polosukhin Vasiliy V , Zeng Heng , Sadikot Ruxana T , Li Bo , Yull Fiona E , Christman John W , Blackwell Timothy S 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
To facilitate study of alveolar macrophages in vivo, we developed a method to rapidly and efficiently replace resident alveolar macrophages with macrophages of a different (donor) genotype. Chimeric mice were generated by lethal irradiation followed by fetal liver transplantation (FLT) using green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic reporter mice as donors. Kinetics of peripheral blood monocyte (PBM) and alveolar macrophage reconstitution was determined 4 and 10 weeks post-FLT by quantifying the percentage of GFP+ cells. To enhance the recruitment of donor monocytes into the lung after FLT, mice were treated with intratracheal administration of liposomal clodronate to deplete host alveolar macrophages at 6 weeks post-FLT. PBM reconstitution occurred by 4 weeks after FLT (85.7±1.6% of CD11b+/Gr-1+ monocytes were GFP+), and minimal alveolar macrophage repopulation was observed (9.5% GFP+). By 10 weeks following FLT, 48% of alveolar macrophages were GFP+ by immunostaining of macrophages on lung tissue sections, and 55.1 ± 1.6% of lung lavage macrophages were GFP+ by fluorescein-activated cell sorter analysis. Clodronate treatment resulted in a significant increase in GFP+ alveolar macrophages 10 weeks after FLT. By immunostaining, 90% of macrophages were GFP+ on lung tissue sections and 87.5 ± 1.1% GFP+ in lung lavage (compared with GFP-transgenic controls). The ability of newly recruited alveolar macrophages to clear Pseudomonas aeruginosa and activate nuclear factor-κB in response to Eschericia coli lipopolysaccharide demonstrated normal macrophage function. Optimizing this methodology provides an important tool for the study of specific genes and their contribution to alveolar macrophage function in vivo.
Prediction of Nuclear Hormone Receptor Response Elements
Authors: Sandelin Albin , Wasserman Wyeth W. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The nuclear receptor (NR) class of transcription factors controls critical regulatory events in key developmental processes, homeostasis maintenance, and medically important diseases and conditions. Identification of the members of a regulon controlled by a NR could provide an accelerated understanding of development and disease. New bioinformatics methods for the analysis of regulatory sequences are required to address the complex properties associated with known regulatory elements targeted by the receptors because the standard methods for binding site prediction fail to reflect the diverse target site configurations. We have constructed a flexible Hidden Markov Model framework capable of predicting NHR binding sites. The model allows for variable spacing and orientation of half-sites. In a genome-scale analysis enabled by the model, we show that NRs in Fugu rubripes have a significant cross-regulatory potential. The model is implemented in a web interface, freely available for academic researchers, available at http://mordor.cgb.ki.se/NHR-scan.
Induction and Regulation of Fas-Mediated Apoptosis in Human Thyroid Epithelial Cells
Authors: Mezosi Emese , Wang Su He , Utsugi Saho , Bajnok Laszlo , Bretz James D. , Gauger Paul G. , Thompson Norman W. , Baker James R. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Fas-mediated apoptosis has been proposed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Normal thyroid cells are resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis in vitro but can be sensitized by the unique combination of interferon-γ and IL-1β cytokines. We sought to examine the mechanism of this sensitization and apoptosis signaling in primary human thyroid cells. Without the addition of cytokines, agonist anti-Fas antibody treatment of the thyroid cells resulted in the cleavage of proximal caspases, but this did not lead to the activation of caspase 7 and caspase 3. Apoptosis associated with the cleavage of caspases 7, 3, and Bid, and the activation of mitochondria in response to anti-Fas antibody occurred only after cytokine pretreatment. Cell surface expression of Fas, the cytoplasmic concentrations of procaspases 7, 8, and 10, and the proapoptotic molecule Bid were markedly enhanced by the presence of the cytokines. In contrast, P44/p42 MAPK (Erk) appeared to provide protection from Fas-mediated apoptosis because an MAPK kinase inhibitor (U0126) sensitized thyroid cells to anti-Fas antibody. In conclusion, Fas signaling is blocked in normal thyroid cells at a point after the activation of proximal caspases. Interferon-γ/IL-1β pretreatment sensitizes human thyroid cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis in a complex manner that overcomes this blockade through increased expression of cell surface Fas receptor, increases in proapoptotic molecules that result in mitochondrial activation, and late caspase cleavage. This process involves Bcl-2 family proteins and appears to be compatible with type II apoptosis regulation.
Microsurgical and laser ablation analysis of leaf positioning and dorsoventral patterning in tomato
Authors: Reinhardt Didier , Frenz Martin , Mandel Therese , Kuhlemeier Cris 
Published: November 2004

Leaves are arranged according to regular patterns, a phenomenon referred to as phyllotaxis. Important determinants of phyllotaxis are the divergence angle between successive leaves, and the size of the leaves relative to the shoot axis. Young leaf primordia are thought to provide positional information to the meristem, thereby influencing the positioning of new primordia and hence the divergence angle. On the contrary, the meristem signals to the primordia to establish their dorsoventral polarity, which is a prerequisite for the formation of a leaf blade. These concepts originate from classical microsurgical studies carried out between the 1920s and the 1970s. Even though these techniques have been abandoned in favor of genetic analysis, the resulting insights remain a cornerstone of plant developmental biology.Here, we employ new microsurgical techniques to reassess and extend the classical studies on phyllotaxis and leaf polarity. Previous experiments have indicated that the isolation of an incipient primordium by a tangential incision caused a change of divergence angle between the two subsequent primordia, indicating that pre-existing primordia influence further phyllotaxis. Here, we repeat these experiments and compare them with the results of laser ablation of incipient primordia. Furthermore, we explore to what extent the different pre-existing primordia influence the size and position of new organs, and hence phyllotaxis. We propose that the two youngest primordia (P1 and P2) are sufficient for the approximate positioning of the incipient primordium (I1), and therefore for the perpetuation of the generative spiral, whereas the direct contact neighbours of I1 (P2 and P3) control its delimitation and hence its exact size and position. Finally, we report L1-specific cell ablation experiments suggesting that the meristem L1 layer is essential for the dorsoventral patterning of leaf primordia.
DIFFaX Simulations of Polytypism and Disorder in Hydrotalcite
Authors: Thomas Grace S. , Rajamathi Michael , Kamath P. Vishnu 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDIFFaX simulations show that the 3R1 and 3R2 polytypes of hydrotalcites (HT) have distinctly different X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) patterns. The HT samples obtained by coprecipitation as well as those subjected to a subsequent hydrothermal treatment exhibit non-uniform broadening of lines in their XRPD patterns as well as anomalous variation in the intensities of the basal reflections. The reflections appearing in the mid-2θ region (30–50°; 3–1.8 Å) are excessively broadened and do not correspond to either of the 3R polytypes. This broadening is shown to be due to a stacking of layers randomly rotated about the c crystallographic axis by n × 120° (n = 1,2). The intensities of the basal reflections vary due to the departure of the layer composition from the nominal value, essentially due to an increase in the intercalated water content.
Nanoporosity Characteristics of Some Natural Clay Minerals and Soils
Authors: Aringhieri R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractLimited information is available on microporosity in soils. A study was undertaken to investigate the micropore characteristics of four soil samples, with different particle-size distributions, and four natural silicate clay minerals. Specific surface area and the differential micropore-size distribution were taken into account to characterize the microstructure of the soils and clays. The micropore-size distributions showed a maximum contribution to the total microporosity by pores having an effective pore radius of ∼20 Å, thus indicating that that category of pore contributes more than others to the total microporosity of the system. For both soils and clays a good exponential correlation was found between the maximum contribution to the microporosity and their specific surface area. A linear relationship was also found between the microporosity of the soils and their clay content. It has been concluded that the micropore system formed by 20 Å pores is mainly located in the clay fraction of the soil, and contributes significantly to defining some of the most notable physicochemical properties of soils and clays.
Dissolution Kinetics of Sepiolite in Hydrochloric Acid And Nitric Acid
Authors: Özdemİr Mİne , Kipçak İlker 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe dissolution kinetics of sepiolite in hydrochloric acid and nitric acid were studied in a batch reactor. The effects of reaction temperature, acid concentration, particle size and solid-to-liquid ratio on the dissolution process were investigated. Experimental studies were carried out in the ranges of 25–75°C for reaction temperature, 0.25–1.00 mol/L for acid concentration, 0.00755–0.05020 cm for average particle size and 2.5 to 12.5 g of solid/100 mL of acid for solid-to-liquid ratio. It was determined that the dissolution process is controlled by resistance of the diffusion through the product layer. The activation energies of the process were determined to be 40.8 and 38.3 kJ/mol for hydrochloric and nitric acid, respectively. The apparent rate constants were expressed as a function of reaction temperature, acid concentration, particle radius and solid-to-liquid ratio: kαe−4910(1/T)Cr−0.6 (s/l)−1 and kαe−4606(1/T)Cr−0.5 (s/1)−1 for hydrochloric and nitric acid, respectively; k is the apparent rate constant in min−1; T, the reaction temperature (K); C, the acid concentration (mol/L); r, the initial particle radius (cm); s/l, the solid-to-liquid ratio (g of solid/100 mL of acid).
Effect of Tannate, ph, Sample Preparation, Ageing And Temperature on the Formation and Nature of Al Oxyhydroxides
Authors: Colombo C. , Ricciardella M. , Di Cerce A. , Maiuro L. , Violante A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe aim of this work was to study the influence of tannate concentration (tannic acid/Al molar ratio [R] of 0.01–0.1), pH (5.0 and 8.0), order of aluminum, hydroxyl, and tannate addition, and prolonged ageing at different temperatures (10 months at 50°C and 5 y at room temperature and further ageing for 3–15 days at 140°C) on the nature and crystallinity of synthetic boehmite. Tannate facilitated the formation of boehmite relative to Al(OH)3polymorphs when coprecipitated with Al and also when added to Al(OH)xphases already formed at pH 4.5 or 8.0. However, the organic ligand was more effective in preventing or perturbing the growth of the crystals of boehmite when coprecipitated with Al than when added to soluble Al(OH)xspecies or preformed Al precipitates. Boehmite aged at temperatures ⩽50°C typically showed a fibrous morphology. Crystals with a rhombic habit were observed in some treatments after ageing at 140°C. Significant amounts (15–30% C) of tannate were present in the precipitates after prolonged ageing. This tannate was only partly (<50%) oxidized by repeated treatments with H2O2. With further ageing at 140°C, the crystallite size of selected samples increased only slightly, suggesting that much of the remaining tannate was present in the internal structure of these samples and not simply adsorbed to their surfaces. Atomic force microscopy observation showed the presence of globular nanoparticles (probably Al tannate precipitates) attached to the elongated crystals of boehmite. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the crystalline phases that formed under mild conditions in the presence of low concentrations (R= 0.01) of foreign ligands have the same structure as boehmite, but with a poorly ordered and defective ion arrangement. At higher ligand concentrations (R⩾0.05), mixtures of materials are formed having varying degrees of order, particle size and morphology.
Simultaneous Measurement of β-Amyloid(1–42), Total Tau, and Phosphorylated Tau (Thr181) in Cerebrospinal Fluid by the xMAP Technology
Authors: Olsson Annika , Vanderstichele Hugo , Andreasen Niels , De Meyer Geert , Wallin Anders , Holmberg Björn , Rosengren Lars , Vanmechelen Eugeen , Blennow Kaj 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackground: To simultaneously study several biomarkers for Alzheimer disease (AD), we used the xMAP™ technology to develop and evaluate a multiparametric bead-based assay for quantification of β-amyloid(1–42) [Aβ(1–42)], total tau (T-TAU), and hyperphosphorylated tau [P-TAU(181P)] in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).Methods: We compared the new multianalyte assay format with established ELISA techniques for the same proteins. We then performed a clinical study using CSF samples from patients with AD or mild cognitive impairment with progression to AD, healthy controls, and patients with other neurologic disorders.Results: The INNO-BIA AlzBio3 selectively and specifically measured Aβ(1–42), T-TAU, and P-TAU(181P) in the CSF. The new assay format had intra- and interassay CVs &lt;10% for all analytes, even at low concentrations. The measurement range of the new assay was 3 to 4 logs compared with 1 to 2 logs for ELISAs. By plotting the mean of the values obtained in ELISA and the xMAP technology against the difference, we found that a correction factor could be used to convert xMAP results to ELISA values. The clinical study demonstrated that the new multiparametric assay could accurately distinguish patients with AD from patients with other neurologic disorders or control patients, with the diagnostic accuracy reaching recommended consensus criteria for specificity and sensitivity.Conclusion: The new multiparametric method may be able to replace the corresponding ELISA methods.
No association of a non‐synonymous PLAU polymorphism with Alzheimer's disease and disease‐related traits
Authors: Papassotiropoulos Andreas , Tsolaki Magdalini , Wollmer M. Axel , Molyva Dimitra , Thal Dietmar R. , Huynh Kim‐Dung , Tracy Jay , Staehelin Hannes B. , Monsch Andreas U. , Nitsch Roger M. , Hock Christoph 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA 30 cM broad genomic region on the long arm of chromosome 10 at 80 cM shows significant and consistent linkage with AD and with plasma concentration of the β‐amyloid peptide 1–42 (Aβ42). The PLAU gene, which is involved in the production and degradation of Aβ42, maps to that region and is therefore a strong positional candidate for association with sporadic AD. We analyzed the non‐synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2227564 in two independent case‐control series from Switzerland and Greece and investigated the influence of this SNP on cognition in elderly individuals. Because PLAU modulates the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the degradation of Aβ, we also determined the levels of Aβ in the brain, plasma and in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We found no evidence for association of this SNP with AD or with AD‐related traits such as β‐amyloid load in the medial temporal lobe or Aβ42 concentration in the CSF and in plasma. Our findings do not support a major role of PLAU polymorphisms as susceptibility factors for AD and suggest that large‐scale association studies which combine genetic information from populations with similar genetic background might prevent the generation of spurious associations. Although PLAU may be pathophysiologially related to AD, the contribution of common genetic variants of this gene to the risk for developing AD is likely to be low. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microwave irradiation copolymerization of superabsorbents from cornstarch and sodium acrylate
Authors: Tong Zheng , Peng Wang , Zhiqian Zhang , Baoxiu Zhao 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSodium acrylate was grafted onto cornstarch by microwave irradiation to synthesize a superabsorbent, in which potassium persulfate (PPS) was used as the initiator and polyethyleneglycol diacrylate as the crosslinker. It was found that microwave irradiation could substantially accelerate the synthesis, without the need to remove O2 or inhibitor. Catalyzed by p‐toluene sulfonic acid, polyethyleneglycol was esterified with acrylate to synthesize the crosslinker. An orthogonal test of L9(34) was designed to study the effects of relevant factors on absorbency and yield of products, including microwave power, irradiation time, initiator amount, and crosslinker content. Microwave power was believed to be the most significant factor affecting the swelling ratio and solubility of the product. Optimized experimental results showed that 10 min of microwave irradiation at 85–90 W could produce a cornstarch‐based superabsorbent with a swelling ratio of 520–620 g/g in distilled water and solubility of 8.5–9.5 wt %. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 264–269, 2005
Structure Elucidation and Antioxidant Activity of (−)‐Isosilandrin Isolated from Silybum marianumL.
Authors: Samu Zsuzsanna , Nyiredy Szabolcs , Baitz‐Gács Eszter , Varga Zsuzsa , Kurtán Tibor , Dinya Zoltán , Antus Sándor 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA regioisomer of the known flavanolignan (−)‐silandrin (3a), named (−)‐isosilandrin (8a), was isolated from the fruits of a white‐flowered variant of Silybum marianum L. populated in Hungary. Its structure was established both by spectroscopic methods and total synthesis, and its absolute configuration was determined by means of circular dichroism. This compound showed stronger inhibitory activity on the superoxide anion ($\rm{ O_2^{ \bullet - }}$) release by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) than (+)‐silybin (1a,b).