bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Interactions Of Phenolic Compounds In Relation To The Colour Of Fruit And Vegetables
Authors: Brouillard Raymond , Figueiredo Paulo , Elhabiri Mourad , Dangles Olivier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three large families of pigments give colour to plants: chlorophylls, carotenoids and flavonoids (Britton, 1983). The two latter are seen by humans on the green background provided by the chlorophylls. Carotenoids and flavonoids are widespread in fruit, flower and vegetable tissues. Flavonoids belong to a larger group of natural organic plant compounds, the polyphenols. Good recent introductions to the biochemistry of polyphenols may be found in Scalbert (1993) and in Brouillardet al.(1995).
Astringency
Authors: Clifford Michael N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ASTM Committee E-18 on Sensory Evaluation has defined astringency as ‘the complex of sensations due to shrinking, drawing or puckering of the epithelium as a result of exposure to substances such as alums or tannins’ (ASTM, 1989). TheShorter Oxford English Dictionarydefines ‘astringent’ as ‘having the power to draw together the organic tissues; binding, constrictive, styptic’ (SOED, 1944). Two important, possibly crucial, features of astringency which are not immediately apparent from the foregoing definitions, but which are well-known to all who have encountered it in the mouth, are its lingering nature and tendency to become more pronounced on repeated exposure (on a relatively short time scale such as the repeated sipping of wine).
The psychology of food choice: the influence of attitudes and flavour perception
Authors: Shepherd Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The choice of foods by free-living people is a research issue of concern for many of those involved in the production and distribution of foods, and also for those concerned with nutrition and health education. Despite a great deal of knowledge gained on the impacts of diet on health and on specific diseases (Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy, 1994), relatively little is known about why people choose the foods that make up their diets or about how their choices might be influenced. Given recommendations, for example, to reduce fat in the diet or to increase the consumption of fruit and vegetables, it is then necessary to understand the determinants of food choice and what obstacles there might be to such changes. Although official recommendations have been in place in the UK since the report by COMA in 1984 (Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy, 1984) for a reduction in the energy in the diet derived from fat there has been relatively little change (Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy, 1994).
Coumarins in fruit and vegetables
Authors: Zobel Alicja M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coumarins (benzopyrones) are very common secondary metabolites that have been found in all botanical families investigated. Some products of coumarins are even found in animals, as in the case of beaver scent glands, which contain anabolites of ellagic acid (Dean, 1963). Since the beginning of the 19th century, when Vogel (1820) reported isolation of coumarin, until 1991, about 1500 coumarins had been identified (Murrayet al.,1982; Murray, 1991), at the rate of about 20 per year. The term coumarin is derived fromCoumarouna odorataAubl. (Guillemette, 1835), the name of the tonka bean tree, from which coumarin was first isolated. The structure of coumarin was independently elucidated about 50 years later independently by Fittig (1868) and Strecker (1868).
ACC oxidase gene family: characterization and down-regulation by genetic manipulation
Authors: Bouzayen M , Ferrer M , Guillen P , Ayub R , Bidonde S , Ben Amor M , Guis M , Ramassamy S , Zegzouti H , Pech J C , Latché A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phytohormone ethylene controls many stages of plant development such as ripening of climacteric fruits, leaf and flower senescence, responses to wounding and invasion by pathogens (Abeleset al.,1992). The ethylene biosynthetic pathway includes two main steps: the conversion by ACC synthase of S-adenosylmethionine into1-amino- cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) the conversion of ACC into ethylene by ACC oxidase (Kende, 1993).
Neptunists, vulcanists, and plutonists
Authors: Hallam A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not unusual for the creators of a new discipline within science to deny their intellectual ancestors, rather as most adolescents rebel at some stage against their parents. No doubt this is a necessary phase of growing up and should be viewed indulgently. What is extraordinary about the self-proclaimed founders of modern geology, from Werner to Play fair and Lyell, is that until very recently standard historiography has taken them at their word and accepted their contemptuous dismissal of earlier thinkers about the earth as mere undisciplined speculators. Geology, according to Lyell, was not to be confounded with cosmogeny.
Mating, The Family, And Marriage: A Sociological View
Authors: Fletcher Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is worth while, indeed necessary, to begin by considering some questions which arise over the treatment of the subject (mating and marriage) in the three foregoing chapters. Worth while, in that these questions seem of some importance in themselves; necessary, in that they pave the way for what I want to say from some important viewpoints (there is no one conclusive and totally agreed viewpoint) within sociology. They can be stated quite briefly here, by way of introduction, but, later, will be seen-as indispensable elements-to be woven into the ongoing argument.
Introduction
Authors: Cartledge Bryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first two collections of Linacre Lectures-Monitoring the environment (OUP 1992) and Energy and the environment (OUP 1993)-concentrated on various aspects of the way in which human activity is affecting the long-term future of our planet and its habitability. The focus of this collection is more immediate. Rather than calculating the possibility of significant climatic change in the next century or weighing up the future environmental impact of different sources of energy-both immensely important areas of investigation-most of the lecturers on 'Health and the Environment' were describing problems which are already acute and were becoming more so as they spoke.
Nuclear power comes clean
Authors: Harding Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I stood down after more than six years as Chairman of BNFL at the end of June 1992, having reached the conclusion that it was time for a change both for me and the company. However, my enthusiasm and commitment to nuclear energy remains unchanged, and what I have to say here is exactly what I would have said had I remained as Chairman of BNFL. I am very conscious of being something of an odd man out among the distinguished list of contributors to these lectures in that I am not a scientist. Yet I am addressing a subject with a large scientific content.
Population, food supply, and famine: an ecological or an economic dilemma
Authors: Seaman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the year 2060, world population is expected approximately to double from the current figure of around 5.5 billion to about 11 billion people. On the highest estimate, population may nearly triple, and only under the most favourable and unlikely conditions can we expect population to stabilize at approximately 8 billion people (UN Population Fund 1992). In a world which is already crowded, in which species are being extinguished daily, and where pollution and environmental degradation are already at alarming levels, it seems inconceivable that this growth in population can occur without a major calamity.
The relative roles of nature and nurture in common disease
Authors: Weatherall David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a result of improvements in nutrition, hygiene, housing, and many other environmental factors, and with the advent of immunization and antibiotics, there has been a major decline in infectious disease in rich industrialized countries over the last half century. At the same time there has been a remarkable increase in the life expectancy of their populations and a reduction in infant mortality.
Zoogeography, affinities and evolution, with special regard to the fish
Authors: Coulter G W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with a number of related subjects. In approaching these, the most difficult problem has been the choice of treatment. It was not possible in the space available to review exhaustively the ideas that have been put forward on the origins, affinities and evolution of the Tanganyika fauna. Nor is sufficient known about this very complex ecosystem to discuss it at any length in the light of current theories about community structure and evolutionary change, for example in terms of ‘equilibrium’, ‘stability’, ‘disturbance’, ‘patch dynamics’ and so on. No doubt many will find Tanganyika a fruitful field for research on such themes because of its evolutionary diversity and age. The approach chosen was to attempt to provide useful syntheses on various subjects some of which have attracted wide interest, such as the relationships of the Tanganyika fauna with those of other African lakes, or factors which have influenced evolution within the lake, where possible introducing new data. The reader should readily be able to find any further information that is available by reference to the Bibliography or to other chapters. The fish are prominent in this account because most research has been done on them.
Basic Design Choices
Authors: Hendershot J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before a brushless motor design can begin, several important decisions must be made. The reasons for this should be obvious from previous discussion regarding the features of different types of brushless motors and the availability of different’ magnetic materials. The method of commutation is also an important issue which should be considered in making the basic decisions about the design. The choice of an interior rotor, exterior rotor, or an axial-gap motor must be made first, along with a rough idea of the correct magnet grade. Then the number of phases, the number of poles, the number of stator slots, and the winding configuration must be selected. The rotor and permanent magnet configuration is designed, then the stator and winding are determined. A step-by-step procedure is provided as a rough guide for a typical brushless DC motor design.
Electrical Design
Authors: Miller TfE 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now that we have reviewed the configuration of the motor and determined how to calculate the magnetic flux, we are in a good position to study the basic electrical operation. This chapter considers the windings in more detail: in particular, the factors affecting the layout of the windings and the calculation of the correct number of turns. This requires a simple explanation of the operation of the ideal brushless DC motor, describing how a squarewave EMF is generated and how this relates to the operation of the power electronic controller. Motors with 1,2, and 3 phases are considered, and there is a discussion of the use of wye and delta connections in three-phase motors. Although this chapter is mainly about squarewave motors, it deals with many fundamental points which are important for sinewave motors also (see Chapter 6).
Sinewave Motors
Authors: Miller TJE 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We begin with a study of the properties of the ideal sinewave motor, developed initially from the basis of perfectly sine-distributed windings. This differs from the classical theory of AC machines, in which the fundamental winding element is the single concentrated full-pitch coil. In classical theory, the all-important fundamental flux, and the torque and EMF associated with it, can be extracted only after the harmonic winding factors are understood and applied, whereas in the present approach these essential parameters emerge without complication from simple integrals. The harmonic winding factors are developed afterwards, in order to characterize practical windings in terms of the ideal sine distributed windings.
sizing & computer-aided design
Authors: Miller TJE , Staton D A , Deodhar RP 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most usual situations which require a new brushless motor design include a set of performance specifications and a physical size or envelope. It is seldom that the performance requirement is given and the size is open. In many cases a new performance specification must be met through minor modifications to existing laminations and other components, in order to avoid additional tooling costs. When new designs are evolved from old ones, computer-aided design is valuable in two particular ways:
Conventional, fuzzy, neural, and fuzzy-neural function approximators
Authors: Vas Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is the main goal of a function approximator that when a system is presented with new input data, and it is described by a function approximator, then it should give good predictions (correct output data). When conventional non-artificial intelligence-based systems are used, the function approximation is usually performed by using a mathematical model (equations) of the system under consideration. However, sometimes it is not possible to have an accurate mathematical model, or there may not exist any conventional type of model at all (which uses explicit mathematical models). In such a case mathematical model-free approximators are required and for this purpose artificial intelligence-based function approximators can be used. Sometimes a mathematical model-based system can work well when there is no noise on its inputs, but the same system may fail when the input data are noisy and uncertain. Furthermore, sometimes the implementation of mathematical-model-based function approximators is complicated and may lead to excessive computation times. However, these problems can be avoided by AI-based function approximators. Some other advantages of AI-based systems have also been described earlier in Chapter 3.
Artificial-intelligence-based steady-state and transient analysis of induction machines, estimators, control, design, condition monitoring, and diagnosis
Authors: Vas Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the present chapter, first, the AI-based steady-state and transient analysis of slip-ring and squirrel-cage induction machines is discussed. For this purpose ANNs and fuzzy-neural networks are used and various networks are given which can be used to estimate the speed, position, electromagnetic torque and flux. This is followed by discussing AI-based condition monitoring, diagnosis, parameter determination and harmonic analysis. Thus various ANN-based, fuzzy-logic-based and fuzzy-neural network-based fault detection systems are also discussed which can be used to detect cage asymmetry, bearing and other faults in induction machines. However, unsupervised ANN-based fault diagnosis of a voltage source inverter and ANN-based current control of a voltage source inverter is also described.
Tensor algebra
Authors: d’Invemo Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To work effectively in Newtonian theory, one really needs the language of vectors. This language, first of all, is more succinct, since it summarizes a set of three equations in one. Moreover, the formalism &lt;lfvectors helps to solve certain problems more readily, and, most important of all, the language reveals structure and thereby offers insight. In exactly the same way, in relativity theory, one needs the language of tensors. Again, the language helps to summarize sets of equations succinctly and to solve problems more readily, and it reveals structure in the equations. This part of the book is devoted to learning the formalism of tensors which is a pre-condition for the rest of the book. The approach we adopt is to concentrate on the technique of tensors without taking into account the deeper geometrical significance behind the theory. We shall be concerned more with what you do with tensors rather than what tensors actually are. There are two distinct approaches to the teaching of tensors: the abstract or index-free (coordinate-free) approach and the conventional approach based on indices. There has been a move in recent years in some quarters to introduce tensors from the start using the more modem abstract approach (although some have subsequently changed their mind and reverted to the conventional approach). The main advantage of this approach is that it offers deeper geometrical insight. However, it has two disadvantages. First of all, it requires much more of a mathematical background, which in turn takes time to develop. The other disadvantage is that, for all its elegance, when one wants to do a real calculation with tensors, as one frequently needs to, then recourse has to be made to indices. We shall adopt the more conventional index approach, because it will prove faster and more practical. However, we advise those who wish to take their study of the subject further to look at the index-free approach at the first opportunity.
Special relativity revisited
Authors: d’Invemo Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we saw in Chapter 2, special relativity discards the old Newtonian picture in which absolute time is split off from three-dimensional Euclidean space. Instead, we introduce a four-dimensional continuum called space-time in which an event has coordinates (t, x, y,z) and where the square of the infinitesimal interval dsbetween infinitesimally separated events satisfies the Minkowski line element (2.13). The essence of special relativity lies in the special Lorentz transformations, and the significance of the Minkowski line element is that it is invariant under such transformations. We now use the language of Part B to formulate this more precisely.
The field equations of general relativity
Authors: d’Invemo Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The considerations of the last chapter led us to conclude that, locally, i.e. neglecting variations in the gravitational field, we can regain special relativity. However, in a non-local situation, we require a non-flat metric which may be thought of as the potentials of the gravitational field. Correspondence with Newtonian theory then suggests that we require second-order field equations in these potentials, and, moreover, from the principle of covariance, these equations must be tensorial in character. In this chapter, we shall pursue the Newtonian correspondence further and reformulate Newtonian theory in such a way that it leads naturally to the particular set of field equations of general relativity.
General relativity from a variational principle
Authors: d’Invemo Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
since partial derivative commutes with variation and is equivalent to covariant derivative in geodesic coordinates. Now both δRa bcd,being the difference of two tensors, and the quantities on the right-hand side of the last equation are tensors, and so by our fundamental result (if a tensor equation holds in one coordinate system it must hold in all coordinate systems) we can deduce the Palatini equation Many tensor identities are best derived using the technique of geodesic coordinates, where we choose an arbitrary point P at which r?c = 0. Then, in particular, covariant derivatives reduce to ordinary derivatives at the point P.
The Schwarzschild solution
Authors: d’Invemo Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now turn our attention to solving the vacuum field equations in the simplest case, namely, that of spherical symmetry. As a preliminary, in the next two sections we make clear the distinction between stationary and static solutions. In simple terms, solution is stationary if it is time-independent. This does not mean that the solution is in no way evolutionary, but simply that the time does not enter into it explicitly. On the other hand, the stronger requirement that a solution is static means that it cannot be evolutionary. In such a case, nothing would change if at any time we ran time backwards, i.e. static means time-symmetric about any origin of time. Think of the motion of a gas in a pipe (Fig. 14.1). If it is being pumped by some time-dependent device, then the motion Will be non-stationary. If the gas travels with constant velocity at each point in the pipe, then the motion is stationary. If the gas velocity is zero everywhere, then the system is static.
Non-rotating black holes
Authors: d’Invemo Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we are going to make an effort to understand the Schwarz-schild vacuum solution. The solution (14.47) is exhibited in a particular coordinate system. In general, if we wish to write down a solution of the field equations, then we need to do so in some particular coordinate system. But what, if any, is the significance of any particular coordinate system? For example, take the Schwarzschild solution and apply as complicated a coordinate transformation as you can imagine, labelling the new coordinates x′a.
Introduction
Authors: Acheson D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Take a shallow dish and pour in salty water to a depth of 1 cm. Make a model wing with a length and span of 2 cm or so, ensuring that it has a sharp trailing edge. (One method is to cut the wing out of an india rubber with a knife.) Dip the wing vertically in the water and turn it to make a small angle of attack a with the direction in which it is to be moved. Put a blob of ink or food colouring around the trailing edge; a thin layer of this should then float on the salt water.
Hamming codes and the binary Golay codes
Authors: Pretzel Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we saw that a binary linear code C can correct all single errors if and only if its check matrix H has distinct columns. In Chapter 3 it was shown that the rank of C is bounded by the number of columns of H minus the rank of H. If H has a sufficiently large set of columns, then its rank is just the length of the columns. So to make the rank of the code maximal we must choose as many distinct columns for H as possible. This leads us to define a class of single error-correcting binary codes by choosing the check matrix to have all possible non-zero columns of length k. These are the celebrated Hamming codes, which we shall denote by Ham(k).
The construction of fields
Authors: Pretzel Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will show you how to use a Euclidean domain D to construct a field. The most important case is when D is the set of polynomials over a small field that you already know. The construction is used in algebra to analyse the solutions of algebraic equations, but that is not our main purpose. For us, the important fact is that if the little field we start with is finite, the result will be another larger finite field. Later it will turn out that all possible finite fields can be constructed by this method.
Reed-Solomon codes and burst error correction
Authors: Pretzel Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you look through the previous two chapters you will notice that in dealing with BCH codes all calculations take place in GF(16). We only check at the end that the answers lie in GF(2) = B. So why not drop that final condition? Then we obtain a linear code with an alphabet of elements of GF(16). This code is called a Reed-Solomon code. The arguments of the last two chapters can easily be adapted to show that this code also corrects up to t errors in a word, but now each error affects a symbol from GF(16).