bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peta Kendali p Berdasarkan Metode Peningkatan Transformasi Akar Kuadrat
Authors: Rasyid Riska , Herdiani Erna Tri , Sunusi Nurtiti 
Published: January 2024

When the proportion of nonconformities is small, the effectiveness of the control chart performance becomes inadequate because it has a skewness that causes asymmetryc. Therefore, the Improved Square Root Transformation (ISRT) method is used to construct the attribute control chart to increase the accuracy of the chart control limit which is called the ISRT- control chart. In this study, the effectiveness of the ISRT- control chart perfomance is compared with the control chart after being applied to the data on the number of defects in the newspaper production process at PT. Radar Sulteng Membangun. The results showed that the production process at PT. Radar Sulteng Membangun was not in a statistically controlled and the ARL value obtained on the ISRT- control chart is much smaller than the ARL value for the control chart, so that the ISRT- chart is more effective and sensitive to detecting changes in the production process which produces in a small proportion of nonconformities.
Analisis Peran Pola Asuh Guru Terhadap Motivasi Belajar Siswa di SMKN 5 Surakarta
Authors: Laila Fika Adin , Maryono Dwi , Wardani Dwi Esti 
Published: January 2024

<p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola asuh orang tua yang dominan dalam memotivasi belajar anak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan subjek penelitian yaitu guru dan siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Analisis data menggunakan analisis data deskriptif kualitatif.</p><p> Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pola asuh guru yang dominan dalam memotivasi belajar anak adalah pola asuh demokratis. Pola asuh ini menekankan pada komunikasi yang terbuka, pemberian kebebasan berekspresi, dan penanaman nilai-nilai positif kepada anak. Pola asuh demokratis dapat meningkatkan motivasi belajar anak karena dapat membuat anak merasa dihargai, diakui, dan memiliki kontrol atas dirinya.</p><p> Selain itu, pola asuh demokratis juga dapat membentuk karakter anak yang positif, seperti kedisiplinan, kemandirian, religius, dan komunikatif. Karakter-karakter positif ini dapat mendukung anak dalam belajar dan meraih prestasi yang maksimal.</p>
New Advancements in Flowback Analysis for Rapid Diagnostics and Integrated Hydraulic Fracture Optimization
Authors: Williams-Kovacs J. D. , Deryushkin D. , Hepburn B. , Alexander N. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
There is a large technological gap between the end of the frac and until operators accumulate long term production data to perform a meaningful lookback. Over the last 10 years flowback analysis (FBA) has emerged as a successful technology to address this problem by utilizing only commonly gathered production test data. FBA provides operators with a low-cost technology to perform rapid diagnostics and rapid lookbacks within days of opening the well to flow.
In this paper, several case studies from prolific North America tight and shale plays will be presented to demonstrate the immense value of FBA for rapid diagnostics and rapid lookbacks. The presented case studies will focus on the interpretation of FBA results to identify hydraulic fracture optimization opportunities and improve future well performance. A new set of physics-based correlations are also demonstrated, which link effective stress (from DFIT), fracture area/stimulated volume (from FBA) and long-term pressure-normalized productivity, to extend the application of FBA to a large-scale field development. It allows operators to use extensive horizontal well base to predict and select optimal completion design ahead of pumping and to high grade the land base for full field development, forecasting and budget planning purposes.
FBA is closing a significant technological gap in diagnostics methods from the time well has been completed to the time until we gather enough long-term production data to perform lookback or design evaluation.
By integrating FBA diagnostics into hydraulic fracture optimization workflows, operators can promptly evaluate the efficacy of their fracture treatments and identify wells that are likely to underperform long-term within days of finishing pumping, enabling them to apply these insights to subsequent wells or pads. FBA provides results 6-12 months faster than other low-cost diagnostics (i.e. rate-transient analysis on long-term production data). By incorporating FBA into hydraulic optimization workflows, operators can quickly identify numerous commonly observed detrimental effects including small or unexpected fracture geometry, fracture skin damage, insufficient or degrading conductivity, and poor cluster efficiency. Through rapid diagnostics, operators are able to quickly identify optimization opportunities and drive their learning curve ahead of their capital spending.
Perfectly Stressed Out: Surface and Downhole Imaging Relations
Authors: Hughes D. R. , Barhaug J. L. , Lilly B. T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
So many guns and so many charges – how can an operator make quick design change decisions with confidence for gun and charge system performance in the wellbore? Typically, the industry tests gun and charge performance at the surface, assuming that the systems will perform similarly downhole. Through multiple studies, it has been shown that this is not always the case (Horton 2021, Roberts et al, 2022). Another consideration is the advertised performance specifications versus measured performance (Cramer et al, 2023). Many operators design their gun systems to target a prescribed perforation friction based on performance drivers like stage length, horsepower available on location, casing specs, etc. A problem arises when designing in this manner – the industry changes its mind constantly as we learn. When a design change occurs, it may be prudent to confirm how systems are performing with diagnostic tools like a camera or ultrasonic imaging. These tools are insightful but expensive, require a wellbore, and take time.
This paper will explore a workflow that has the potential to increase the agility an operator can change perforation sizing for whatever hydraulic goals they are trying to achieve. In this study, a wellbore was selected to test different stage architecture configurations and tie them back to performance. The performance portion of the study will be covered in Tying Stage Architecture to Wolfcamp Performance (Barhaug et al, 2024), and the focus here is on a workflow that was spun off the main experiment.
Ovintiv has a large database of downhole perforations imaged with a camera in the Permian Basin. The Company leveraged that dataset to develop relationships between similar charge performance at the surface – under no-stress conditions and how the same charges performed downhole, under-stress conditions. Once those relationships were built, a new perforation design change was executed in three steps: 1) work with the charge/gun provider to design a charge to shoot a known diameter at the surface, 2) run the newly developed charge on a horizontal development, and 3) image the new holes downhole and measure them against what the predicted hole size was.
Machine-Learning Assisted Analysis of Frac Water Hammer
Authors: Sheludko Stanislav , Crawford Elspeth , Oparin Maksim , Aleid Faisal 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this work was to evaluate if frac water hammer signature characteristics are representative of important hydraulic fracture and reservoir properties in a horizontal well and if those characteristics can be used as inputs in a predictive Machine Learning model. Water hammer is an oscillatory pressure signal generated as a result of an abrupt change in wellbore fluid velocity, for example at the end of a fracturing treatment when the pump rate is quickly dropped to zero.
Authors developed an algorithm in python to automatically identify surface pressure and fluid pump rate channels in the raw data, detect and flag end of pumping events, parse out the water hammer and pressure decline signal from raw data. Numerical optimization algorithm was then used to approximate water hammer characteristics from the pressure signal based on the modified damped sine wave equation. The derived equation coefficients were used as inputs (features) in a Random Forest classification model to classify individual fracture stage contributions to a horizontal well's production profile.
Production log tool (PLT) results from 8 horizontal unconventional wells and corresponding 1-second field data for 78 hydraulic stage fracture treatments were used in the study. The water hammer characteristics and parameters of the theoretical vs. actual curve match for each stage, such as initial amplitude of the signal, decay rate, phase angle, angular frequency, number of peaks, etc. were used as features for modeling. The data was split into 70 % −30 % train and test sets. A Random Forest Classifier model was trained on the train set to classify individual fracture stages in a horizontal well as either contributing or non-contributing to production. The model was validated against the test set with overall test classification accuracy of 0.71 and F1-Score of 0.72.
Based on the study the authors conclude that water hammer characteristics derived from surface pressure signal via curve-matching technique can be useful for classification of fracture stage contribution to production in a horizontal well.
Calibration of Continuous Wavelet Transform for Dynamic Hydraulic Fracture Propagation with Micro-Seismic Data: Field Investigation
Authors: Gabry Mohamed Adel , Gharieb Amr , Soliman Mohamed Y. , Cipolla Craig , Farouq-Ali S. M. , Eltaleb Ibrahim 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) as a mathematical tool for improving the understanding of hydraulic fracture propagation mechanisms and evaluating interactions between fractures and formation. The study examines one of the CWT techniques: the normalized scalogram technique for understanding fracture propagation. However, the implementation of these techniques requires calibration using observed measured variables, such as microseismic events. To overcome this obstacle, micro-seismic events, and pressure data recorded in wells are used to calibrate the normalized CWT scalogram. The objective of this study is to validate the effectiveness of these approaches as cost-effective techniques for understating the fracture propagation modes in scenarios where micro-seismic events are not available. The Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) is a powerful mathematical technique that can be used for analyzing hydraulic fracturing data. It involves convolving a short wavelet signal with the measured pressure data in a smooth and continuous manner, applying various dilation and translation operations to produce a scaled representation of the pressure data. This process acts as a local microscope, enhancing the high-frequency information in the pressure signal. The resulting CWT scalogram is normalized to represent fracturing pressure data, which can provide valuable insights into treatment propagation. However, a major challenge in implementing these techniques is the need for calibration using observed measured variables, such as microseismic events. To address this issue, microseismic data recorded in the Bakken was used to calibrate the normalized CWT scalogram. The objective of this study was to validate the effectiveness of this approach as a cost-effective alternative for dynamic fracture events detection in cases where microseismic events are not available. The validation of the normalized CWT scalogram was carried out by calibrating against microseismic events recorded in the Bakken. This confirmation was established by assessing the correlation between fracture events detected by microseismic events and those observed using the normalized CWT scalogram. This paper validates the application of normalized CWT scalograms for understanding fracture propagation modes. These techniques offer a cost-effective approach to optimizing hydraulic fracturing in unconventional reservoirs.
Fracture Closure Effects on Producing Gas-Oil Ratio of Hydraulically-Fractured Shale Oil Wells
Authors: Kelly Matthew , Akkutlu I. Yucel 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Producing gas oil ratio trends in hydraulically-fractured shale oil wells are different than the trends in conventional oil wells. One peculiar behavior is that the ratio stays flat for an extended period of production time, even when the bottomhole flowing pressure is below the bubble point Pb. Several factors may contribute to this trend but the dominant mechanism is not known. The objective of this study is to use a simulation model of reservoir flow in a dynamic permeability field, to show that the in-situ mechanical stresses, namely the fracture closure stresses, could play a significant role on the trend. We considered that the matrix/fracture permeability values reduce as a function of in-situ stress during production, and we show that the reduction due to fracture closure stress is a major control in GOR. Firstly, the reservoir flow simulation study shows that the production with finite conductivity fractures have GOR that is more affected by the closure stress than in the infinite conductivity case. In the former case, below Pb the GOR trend is a complete flatness caused by the stress in the system, while in the latter case a small amount of increase is observed despite the stress in the system. In the finite case, the stress dependence in the fracture has a much greater impact on the GOR than in the matrix. In infinite conductivity case, the stress dependency is similarly important in both the matrix and the fracture permeability. The study considers four cases: In Case 1 the permeability of both the matrix and the fractures are held constant, the static case; Case 2, the permeability of both the matrix and the fractures change, i.e. the dynamic case; Case 3, the fractures permeability changes, but the matrix permeability is kept constant; Case 4, the fractures permeability is kept constant, and the matrix permeability is changes. The difference between cases 1 and 2 is the change in GOR caused by the stress-dependence of permeability field, while Cases 3 and 4 show the relative contributions of the fractures and the matrix. The literature has previously addressed GOR trends due to several factors: the nano-confinement effects on the fluid behavior, production, flow regimes change, formation compressibility, and general stress dependence on the permeability. This article, however, shows that the unpredictable nature of the GOR is mainly due to the hydraulic fractures closure stress. This observation gives a lever of control to the operators. Knowing the differences in GOR with finite and infinite conductivity fractures will challenge the assumptions the operators are making of their wells.
Optimization of Enhanced Geothermal System Operations Using Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing and Offset Pressure Monitoring
Authors: Titov A. , Dadi S. , Galban G. , Norbeck J. , Almasoodi M. , Pelton K. , Bowie C. , Haffener J. , Haustveit K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) have emerged as a promising method to generate electricity from geothermal resources in areas that lack natural fractures and/or faults needed to connect injector/production well sets, virtually eliminating dry hole risk. EGS leverages much of the learnings from the past two decades of unconventional developments, connecting horizontal wells with multi-stage stimulations to create connectivity to flow water between wells to mine heat from the subsurface. This paper presents a case study in measuring EGS fracture geometry, utilizing measurements from vertical and horizontal permanent fiber optic cables and offset pressure monitoring. The Devon Quantification of Interference (DQI) analysis is also applied to multi-stage stimulated geothermal wells, integrated with fracture and reservoir simulation.
Fervo Energy, a first mover in EGS, is leading the way in developing this technology. Devon, an industry leader in unconventional oil and gas development, leverages their learnings in this field to optimize EGS operations. Optimal well spacing and completions design, much like in oil and gas, are critical to optimizing for a successful EGS development.
Analysis of strain rate in offset well and multi-well microseismic recorded with fiber optic cables during stimulation and well testing allowed to characterize stimulated reservoir volume created by hydraulic stimulation and optimize well placement. The DQI analysis examined the well-to-well connectivity of the multi-stage stimulation between the two wells in the case study, providing insight into the conductive fracture geometry. The paper also discusses the execution of well preparation, stimulation, and high-level well performance.
This study provides valuable insights into the development of EGS using vertical and horizontal permanent fiber optic cables and offset pressure monitoring. The findings suggest that this approach can be effective in optimizing EGS operations. Fervo Energy’s expertise in EGS development, combined with Devon’s expertise in unconventional oil and gas development, can be leveraged to further advance EGS technology at scale and generate electricity from geothermal resources. This paper serves as a valuable resource for operators looking to optimize EGS operations.
High-Resolution Acoustic Imaging Deployed for Mapping Permanent Fiber Optic Lines
Authors: Pehlke Trent , Simpson Greer , Roberts Andrew , Maxwell Tamara , Chu Julia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
High-resolution acoustic imaging technology has been developed and deployed to map the downhole location and orientation of fiber optic lines in unconventional oil and gas and carbon capture wells. Fiber optic installations are long term monitoring solutions providing continuous measurement of temperature, sound, or strain. These fiber lines provide significant insight into the operation and optimization of downhole assets but require a large capital investment, typically upwards of a million dollars. By accurately mapping fiber optic lines, operators can prevent damaging or perforating through these costly systems during completion and production operations.
High-resolution acoustic imaging technology allows operators to directly locate and map in-situ fiber optic systems at logging speeds up to ten times faster, with high accuracy, and more efficiently than legacy technologies by overcoming the requirement to install additional costly detection components. The unique sensor probe employs a circumferential array design, comprised of up to 512 individual elements which are electronically controlled from advanced imaging software. The integration of machine vision algorithms has led to a 100% success rate at detecting, orientating, and mapping of fiber optic lines to prevent damaging these costly and critical monitoring installations.
Through a series of validation tests and field applications, this paper details how the solid-state imaging probe was used to identify the submillimetric indentations made at each fiber clamps installation. These contact points indicate the depth and phase orientation of each clamp in a well, enabling the generation of a high-resolution fiber optics system map. While legacy ultrasonic tools rely on a direct reflection principle, this novel, intra-steel imaging technology measures diffuse acoustic reflections at any point on, or inside of, the casing steel. Diffuse reflections are highly sensitive to indentations and markings on the casing surfaces; this removes the legacy-technology requirements for excessively slow logging speeds and the installation of costly steel detection bars.
Following successful validation testing, this technology was field deployed and successfully located, oriented, and mapped all the fiber optic clamps ahead of perforating the casing of a carbon capture well. The platform imaged and mapped over 2,060 clamp contact points with a sub-radian azimuthal or phase resolution. In addition to this, high- resolution acoustics have shown fiber optic systems wrap around the casing circumference multiple times, highlighting the inability for fiber optic systems to be accurately installed and oriented. Using this dataset, the operator effectively executed subsequent perforation activities without damaging the fiber optic lines used to monitor the well and reservoir.
Removal efficiency of six typical organic pesticides from water by different oxidation technologies
Authors: Zhu Yuliang , Liu Yucan , Yu Ke , Guo Jinlin , Ji Xianguo , Xu Xinyi , Zhang Yan , Wang Yuxia , Duan Jinming , Sun Hongwei 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of five different oxidation technologies, namely potassium permanganate, sodium hypochlorite, potassium persulfate (PS), Fenton, and UV/PS process, in the context of oxidation degrading six typical organic pesticides (cyromazine, dinotefuran, chloridazon, atrazine, diuron, and tebuconazole) in water. The investigation also extends to the effects of critical operational parameters, encompassing initial catalyst/oxidant concentration and solution pH, on the degradation efficiencies of the five oxidation technologies. The findings disclose a consistent degradation pattern typified by pseudo–first–order reaction kinetics across the spectrum of the six pesticides. Notably, the oxidation by potassium permanganate, sodium hypochlorite, and potassium persulfate exhibited limited removal efficiencies for the six pesticides, so they were unsuitable choices for pesticide removal from water in practical engineering. The Fenton process has a higher removal efficiency than the above three oxidation methods for the six pesticides, with its performance intricately linked to solution pH values and the H2O2/Fe2+ ratio. Interestingly, the removal rates of the six pesticides by the Fenton process show a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of solution pH values from 2 to 6, and their removal rates reach the highest when the solution pH value is equal to 3. Moreover, the UV/PS process showcases superior effectiveness by consistently registering the highest removal rates among the six pesticides. At a PS concentration of 2.0 mg/L, the pesticides displayed the highest reaction rate constants and removal efficiencies, consistently achieving removal rates exceeding 95% for the six pesticides during the UV/PS process. Consequently, this study demonstrated the applicability of UV/PS process as a potent method for the removal of organic pesticides from aqueous solutions.