bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Under Spanish Rule
Authors: Tedlock Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The European invasion of highland Guatemala first took the form of what Mayans called nima kamik ch’aq, “the great death of the flesh,” or simply yawab’il, “the sickness.” This was a smallpox epidemic, arriving in 1520. Four years later came military forces led by Pedro de Alvarado, crossing the border that separated the easternmost province of the Aztec empire from the westernmost reach of the Quiché kingdom—the same border that separates Mexico from Guatemala today. At that time the rulers of the Quiché kingdom were Three Deer and Nine Dog, members of the same noble lineage as Cawek of the Forest People in the Rabinal play. When the massive army they sent to stop Alvarado was defeated, they invited him to a peace conference at their capital, the citadel of Old Camp. He turned the conference into a trial, taking them prisoner, torturing them until they confessed to plotting against him, and burning them at the stake.
Group Activities
Authors: Practice Writing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The activities described in this chapter are among my favorites, mostly because I have enormous fun working with noncompetitive groups to create a play, a scenario, or a novel. Such projects not only can be fun, the right group can offer the student insights into dialogue and structure that he might not acquire on his own. Aside from the application of the group exercises to fiction and playwriting, the major focus of the present chapter is on understanding stock types and situations that we find throughout literature. The importance of understanding recurrent characters, plots, and situations cannot be overemphasized. For if the student is freed from the burden of having to invent his own, then he finds much of his creativity and energy going into other facets of the work, not into reinventing the wheel. This is not to say that great or good writing is done by formula. On the contrary, too much attention to conventions can lead to over calculation and paralysis. But we do need to remember that the greatest English speaking writer seldom, if ever, invented his own plots and characters. I believe there are at most two or three of Shakespeare’s plays whose sources have eluded scholarly identification.
The Birth Of The Star System And The Shaping Of The Modern Self
Authors: Cohen Paula Marantz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What constitutes the self? What causes it to undergo elaboration and revision in a culture? “In or about December 19w, human character changed,” Virginia Woolf pronounced in 1924.2 She was alluding to the postimpressionist exhibition held in London on that date, suggesting that it had a far-reaching influence on those who saw it. The statement reflects the ironic vigor characteristic of Woolf’s style: she uses hyperbole to emphasize both the importance of the event and its limited public appeal. But she would not have had to engage in this kind of satirical overstatement had she slightly amended her dates, crossed the Atlantic, and referred to something else as the basis for the change she had in mind-say, to the first publicity stunt surrounding a motion picture actress (Florence Lawrence in March 19w) or the first mention in print of the phrase “motion picture star” (Florence Turner in June 19w) or the first appearance of a movie star’s photograph on the cover of a magazine (Mary Pickford in December 1911).3 Had Woolf been referring to the birth of the American star system rather than to a European exhibition of highbrow art, she would have seemed less culturally refined but more accurate in connecting the event to a new shape for human character.
Exciting Times: The Religious World of Saul Tarsus and Yeshua
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
saul and yeshua lived in an era that was the most inventive, most imaginative, most ideationally fecund in matters of religion of any time that is adequately recorded in human history. Even if we limit our time horizon to the century covered, roughly by years 30 bce to 70 ce, and even if we limit our geographical vision to Eretz Israel and to the Diaspora communities in the Near East that owed their allegiance to Judahism, even so the perpetual swirl of new ideas, new sects, and the splintering and recombination of old ideas and older factions, is dizzying. Take the twentieth-century American propensity to create new religious movements and to borrow and combine disparate concepts, and compress that amount of creativity into a population one-fiftieth its number, most of its members living in an area the size of Massachusetts, and one has an idea what it must have been like. Try to conceive of a mental world so rich with ideas, prophets, factions, priests, savants, and god-drunk fanatics that it was the equivalent of a night-sky kept alight by thousands and thousands of fire-flies, brief-lived, incandescent, luminous. That’s what Yeshua and Saul witnessed.
Saul’s Life and Letters
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
in minnesota in my youth, I spent a fair bit of time with an old Swedish-Baptist preacher. He could have been sent to us by the casting director for any of Ingmar Bergman’s early films, except he wasn’t as much fun. He was compelling, though, in a way that could easily have been mistaken for self-importance. Everything he said, he said slowly, and he expected you to listen to the end of whatever point he was making, even though you were cocksure what that would be. But he fooled you, and sometimes to his own quiet delight, himself, just often enough to keep you coming back: raising the kind of half-anguished, half-smartassed kind of questions that priests and pastors and rabbis have been putting up with from shortly after Creation. He did not read a great deal by the standards of his vocation, but what he read, he studied very carefully indeed. One day, on winter holiday from Yale College, I talked to him about a then-fashionable commentator on the New Testament whom we were studying. He had not read the man, he said, and probably never would. He paused: long. And then added. “In my life, I have frequently found that the Bible throws a good deal of light on the commentaries.”
Missionary in a Swirling Universe
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
because saul was such an exceptional personality, it is easy to forget that much of what he did was ordinary; and when he was doing something unusual, often it was making more explicit, or taking to logical limits, beliefs and practices that were the common currency of his own times. Much of what he did was simply to act as a Judahist of his own times, for there was plenty of variation in the Yahweh-faith, as we have demonstrated earlier, enough to encompass easily most of his apparent eccentricities. His missionary activity is a case in point.
Saul and Four Basic “Facts” About the Historical Yeshua
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we listen carefully to saul, we have strong and direct evidence for one set – and only one of many sets – of beliefs concerning the historical Yeshua that were held by his devout followers in the thirty years after his crucifixion. Ultimately, one hopes that what Saul believed characterized Yeshua’s earthly existence has some relationship to what we limply think of as “historical reality.” That, though, is as much a matter of faith as of epistemology. While one can live with the forever-sophomoric objection that we can never really know any historical event (not fully, not too percent, we grant and then get back to work), there lingers the more unsettling question that is apt to be raised by anyone who has lived for a while and has paid attention to humanity’s bent behaviour: can we trust Saul?
Circular Design in Ceremony
Authors: Bell Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The standard native american myth pattern uses the hero-quest as a framework in which to establish prototype ceremonial procedures for curing rituals called chantways. Mythic plot embodies reasons for the diverse and intricate procedures and items of ritual and, in addition, involves a detailed description of legendary events that explains rite, properties, and behavior. Thus, the mythic narrative (text) itself is figural and symbolic. So, in their New World variations on the hero­ quest pattern-the worldwide “monomyth” of separation, initiation, and return-most american ceremonial myths provide a hero or heroine who gets into a series of predicaments or suffer injuries (usually transformations in mind and body) that require supernatural aid-”Thus the hero acquires the ceremonial knowledge and power essential for establishing a chantway.”
Guilty Creatures
Authors: Kezar Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a study of how poets treat the theme of killing and various other depravities and immoralities in Renaissance poetry. The book explores the self-consciousness of the poet that accompanies literary killing, and explores fundamental moments in particular writings in which Renaissance poets admit themselves accountable and to a degree guilty of a process whereby the literary subject is brought to some kind of destruction. Included among the many poems Kezar uses to explore the concept of authorial guilt raised by violent representations are Skelton’s Phyllyp Sparowe, Spenser’s Faerie Queene, Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, and Milton’s Samson Agonistes.
Introduction
Authors: Kezar Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Familiar Platonic Debate between Poet and Philosopher, imitation elicits indictment and defense. The failure of mimesis to correspond exactly with its object does not necessarily threaten the object itself, but it constitutes a potential social problem in its seductive distortion of truth. Early modern poetry, however, engages a Platonic critique that goes further—substituting for “imitation” a “representation” not merely deficient but capable of destroying its subjects. Even Sir Philip Sidney’s Defence of Poesie—which exculpates the poet by removing literature from history and locating it in a harmless imaginative realm where nothing is affirmed—concludes by threatening its critics with this capacity: if the enemies of poetry are not “to be rhymed to death, as it is said to be done in Ireland;” their “memory” will nevertheless “die from the earth” through a reciprocal literary antagonism. That this threat seems playful does not remove it from the cultural context that calls for the Defence, a context in which the boundaries between representation and sociohistorical violence are increasingly insecure.
Courting Heresy and Taking the Subject
Authors: Kezar Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like Most of John Skelton’s Poetry, Phyllyp Sparowe eludes classification and description, reflecting the spirit of an author who seems to have “tried to write himself out of literary history” in an almost “perverse refusal to act like a ‘transitional’ figure.” Such an assessment is at least the sensible response to the Work’s critical history. The poem has been labeled both “reactionary” and “revolutionary; ‘ “medieval” and “Renaissance.” Applauding its bubble-like levity, C. S. Lewis has called the poem England’s “first great poem of childhood.” Focusing on its graver, more disturbing rhetorical moments, however, Stanley Fish has argued that the poem gives voice to artistic world-weariness and despair. The lyric has also presented challenges for those attempting to reconcile Skelton’s roles as devout priest and satirical poet. In an early study, Ian Gordon tentatively compared Phyllyp Sparowe’s liturgical allusions with the tradition of goliardic parody; but more recently F. L. Brownlow and Arthur Kinney have claimed that the poem’s liturgical fabric-based specifically and extensively on the Catholic burial service-should be read as a devotional adaptation of church ritual.
Spenser and the Poetics of Indiscretion
Authors: Kezar Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How Can The Elegist Disclaim culpable opportunism when his poem renders its subject a spectacularly linguistic “occasion”; when the theatrical audience of his poem is imagined as a predatory “monster” of misconstruction and slander; and when the poet’s epistemological transactions with a sick world, a world apparently bereft of” good lookers on; ‘ necessarily implicates him in the economy he would abjure? Like Phyllyp Sparowe, Donne’s Anatomy presents less a precise example of elegy than a fascinating exploration of generic motivations, consequences, and contaminations. In fact the possibility of formal “discord” and confusion informs one of the most startling lines in a poem full of surprises: “Wicked is not much worse then indiscreet.” As for Skelton, Donne’s venture into the poetry of praise coextends with a recognition of the “rude incongruitee” Work’s critical history.
The Properties of Shakespeare’s Globe
Authors: Kezar Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For an Antitheatricalist Like Stephen Gosson, the Renaissance stage travesties the courtroom, leaving the defendant with no voice and replacing a single judge with an injudicious jury:
At stage plays it is ridiculous, for the parties accused to reply, no indifference of judgment can be had, because the worst sort of people have the hearing of it, which in respect of their ignorance, of their fickleness, and of their fury, are not to be admitted in place of judgment. A judge must be grave, sober, discreet, wise, well exercised in cases of government, which qualities are never found in the baser sort.
In his indictment of drama, Gosson charges poets and players with reducing the accused to a lifeless and common text, “openly blown into the ears of many and made a byword” (167); and he charges the audience, “carried away with every rumor,” with blind injustice: “they run together by heaps, they know not whither; and lay about with their clubs, they see not why. Which thing the ancient Philosophers considering called them a monster of many heads” (164).
The Era of Cooperative Competition, 1911–1933: Trade and Labor Associations, Political Majorities, and Speech Rights
Authors: Peritz Rudolph J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two decades between 1911 and 1933 were a time of accelerating, sometimes cataclysmic, change in the economic, political, and cultural currents of everyday life in America. The First World War produced the most evident upheaval, not only in the physical and economic ravages of war but also in its political aftermath. In the United States, the Great War stands as the great divide between an earlier era of progressive politics and a decade of conservative Republican administrations. If the 1930s are recalled as the decade of the Great Depression, the twenty years preceding it should be remembered, much as we view the 1960s, as an era of turmoil—of tyrannies, resistances, and excesses. Not only World War I and its international aftermath, but also the first women’s movement in America, urban race riots and a revival of the Ku Klux Klan, labor uprisings, repression of dissident speech, the burlesque of Prohibition, and an anti-immigrant nativism betray any effort to portray those years in harmonious terms.
Rhetorics of Free Competition, 1968–1980: Efficiency, Property Rights, and Equality
Authors: Peritz Rudolph J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many of us, the year 1968 and the quarter century since then may be too close to observe as history. As historical perspective shortens, events loom larger on the horizon. There is the tendency to grant greater importance to more recent events, events that have touched our lives. The 1968 murders of Senator Robert F. Kennedy and the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. seem to cast longer shadows than does the 1881 assassination of James A. Garfield, the last President of the United States born in a log cabin and a respected politician whose death was deeply mourned at the time. The shorter the temporal distance, the more discernible the past becomes in its particulars, the more complex in its insinuations. The recent past approaches like a crowd of counter-memories pushing against the present—an unsettling re-collection of what the present might have been, for better and for worse.
Concluding Thoughts: On The Limits of Competition Policy
Authors: Peritz Rudolph J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, the confines of competition policy during the last century have been capacious. Yet, there have been well-defined limits. Competition policy and its limits have been articulated in twin rhetorics of free competition, in two clusters of images and arguments expressing ethical commitments to liberty and equality. One rhetoric has reflected a primary commitment to individual liberty, to competition free of government power, in appeals to freedom of contract, wealth maximization, private property rights, or freedom of speech. The other rhetoric has reflected a primary commitment to rough equality, to competition free of excessive economic power, in appeals to fair competition, consumerism, majoritarianism, or Jeffersonian entrepreneurialism.Sometimes, one rhetoric has sought to appropriate the other’s appeals—for example, to consumerism or freedom of speech. At other times, both rhetorics have incorporated parallel appeals—for example, to fair profits, efficiency, or cooperative enterprise. Although the appeals have shifted from time to time, what has remained constant is each competition rhetoric’s primary ethical commitment—one to individual liberty and the other to rough equality.
Madness and Divinization in Early Christian Monasticism
Authors: Stroumsa Guy G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most radical forms of self-transformation involve leaving human nature altogether. This can be done either from the bottom or from the top: one can become either a beast or an angel. Pascal, who knew something about the coincidentia oppositorum, warned us long ago, “Qui veut faire I’ange fait la bete.” In the following pages, I shall argue that in religious history, these two forms of self-transformation have not always been diametrically opposed to one another. Some examples might even suggest that one should appear to be a beast in order to become an angel. My argument will focus on the”Fools for Christ’s sake,” the saloi saints of late antiquity, and in particular on the most famous among them, Symeon, the Holy Fool from sixth-century Emesa. These odd figures, both male and female, whose behavior was meant to shock, all came from the monastic milieux in Egypt and Palestine. Extravagant behavior within ecstatic or charismatic movements is, of course, well known in the ancient world. The frenzy of the Bacchic maenads comes immediately to mind. Ecstasy, or trance, on the part of religious virtuosi is also a wellknown phenomenon.2 Israelite prophecy is here a classic example, with its connections with madness: “for every man that is mad, and maketh himself a prophet” (le-khol ish meshuga’ u-mitnabe), says Jeremiah (29:26), while Hosea (9:7) refers to “the prophet [who] is a fool, the spiritual man [who] is mad” (ewil ha-navi, meshuga’ ish ha-ruah). Beyond such phenomena as prophecy and madness, so very different in their motivation and yet sometimes quite similar in expression, other specialists of the spiritual world, such as magicians or shamans, could appear to the outsider as set in radical contradistinction to “normal” behavior. Plato, for instance, sets Socrates’ wisdom in opposition to human wisdom.
Possessed Transsexuals in Antiquity: A Double Transformation
Authors: Grottanelli Cristiano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In preparing this essay, I started out with two hypotheses that I tested and found to be wrong. The first was that the idea of feigned possession, and of the resulting false prophecy, that was so striking in Apuleius’s novel Metamorphoseon Libri XI or Asinus aureus, was a typical aspect of Hellenistic and Roman imperial philosophical and theological reflection. The second was that the other transformation attributed to the ancient votaries of Oriental goddesses by Greek and Latin texts-that is, transsexual behavior, often including emasculation-was connected both to their addiction to possession trance and to their connection with female deities - in other words, that the votaries were effeminate males because they were believed to be possessed by female deities.
Madness and Suffering in the Myths of Hercules
Authors: Cancik-Lindemaier Hildegard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“My mind is bent to tell of forms changed into new bodies” - these are the first words of Ovid’s poem that we have become used to citing under the Greek title “Metamorphoses,” “transformations.” At the end of this poem, book 15, the philosopher Pythagoras is introduced, expounding the doctrine that the world is but change: “everything,” he says, “is changing; nothing perishes.” Ovid brings to the fore an ample semantic field: words denoting ‘the same’ and ‘the other,’ ‘the former’ and ‘the new,’ ‘staying the same’ and ‘being changed, altered, transformed, converted’ keep recurring, as do formulas playing with the tenses of the verb ‘to be’: “and what we have been or what we are we shall not be tomorrow.”
From Platonic to Hasidic Eros Transformations of an Idle Man’s Story
Authors: Idel Moshe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The search for a transformation of human nature must surely be one of the main purposes of mystical literature. Though present in religion in general, this search for an other, better, more spiritual, perfect, omniscient, omnipotent, immortal identity motivates those religious paths that may be described as mystical more than any other factor. These transformations presuppose a quandary about the nature of reality. If reality is good, why look for something better? And if the good God created it, why did he not create us perfect from the very beginning? Transformations in fact point toward a certain duality, explicit or dormant, at the very center of reality: there is a perfect nature, which created something that is less than perfect, and its very existence invites creatures to come closer to or even become identical with this creative nature. This quandary may take extreme forms, such as Gnosticism; or it may have more moderate expressions of duality, such as Platonism and Neoplatonism; or it may be mitigated in some forms of pantheism, which reduces the gap between nature and the ideal. However, it seems that the distance is only very rarely obliterated at the creational level, that is, during the process of creation. Given this persistent distance or initial dissonance, mysticism, and mystical techniques in particular, strive to reduce the distance, sometimes even to undo it. In other words, a search for some forms of deification, or of theosis, or in more moderate forms, apotheosis, underlies the mystical pursuit. The concepts of immortality, omnipotence, or omniscience are not only forms of conceptualizing the divine in itself but also different ways of imagining the perfect nature toward which the mystic strives.
Communities of Practice
Authors: Mather Lynn , McEwen Craig A , Maiman Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lawyers inhabit layered and overlapping communities of practice that help to constitute the multiple meanings of legal professionalism. In the eyes of some theorists and many bar leaders and law teachers, the legal profession as a whole provides the community that defines professional norms and shapes the conduct of practitioners. Yet, such claims have been challenged by those who view the decisions of lawyers as reflective of personal identities or as shaped by their work settings and clients instead. In this chapter we try to draw these different perspectives together to trace a more complex and differentiated view of collegial communities of practice. These communities provide the context for the construction of varying versions of professionalism in practice.