bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of outcome measurements for schizophrenia
Authors: Knudsen Helle Charlotte , Vázquez-Barquero José Luis , Welcher Birgitte , Gaite Luis , Becker Thomas , Chisholm Daniel , Ruggeri Mirella , Schene Aart H. , Thornicroft Graham 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundResearch on the comparison of mental health services has identified the need for internationally standardised and reliable measurements.AimsTo describe the strategies adopted in the European Psychiatric Services: Inputs Linked to Outcome Domains and Needs (EPSILON) Study for the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of five European versions of the instruments.MethodA protocol was developed for translation of the outcome scales, describing each step in the translation procedure. Disputed items were discussed in focus groups, which faced seven tasks: a list of topics to be discussed; choosing where the group should meet; composition of participants; conducting the group; data collection; data completion afterwards; reporting results.ResultsModifications made to instruments were: changes in the instrument structure, contents and concepts; adjustments to the instrument structure; and modifications to the instrument manual.ConclusionUse of focus groups is an adequate method to apply if concepts, constructs and translation issues are to be addressed; otherwise, less time-consuming methods should be considered.
Predictive value of pharmacological activity for the relative efficacy of antidepressant drugs
Authors: Freemantle N. , Anderson I. M. , Young P. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundThere is uncertainty about the contribution of specific pharmacological properties to the efficacy of antidepressants.AimsTo assess whether specific pharmacological characteristics of alternative antidepressants resulted in altered efficacy compared to that of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of major depression.MethodMeta-regression analysis of randomised trials that compare treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and an alternative antidepressant.ResultsOne-hundred-and-five randomised trials were included. None of the factors identified a priori predicted a statistically significant improvement in outcome across the trials.ConclusionsThis analysis does not provide evidence that antidepressants acting at more than one pharmacological site differ in efficacy from drugs selective for serotonin reuptake in the treatment of major depression.
Violence risk prediction
Authors: Dolan M. , Doyle M. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundViolence risk prediction is a priority issue for clinicians working with mentally disordered offenders.AimsTo review the current status of violence risk prediction research.MethodLiterature search (Medline). Key words: violence, risk prediction, mental disorder.ResultsSystematic/structured risk assessment approaches may enhance the accuracy of clinical prediction of violent outcomes. Data on the predictive validity of available clinical risk assessment tools are based largely on American and North American studies and further validation is required in British samples. The Psychopathy Checklist appears to be a key predictor of violent recidivism in a variety of settings.ConclusionsViolence risk prediction is an inexact science and as such will continue to provoke debate. Clinicians clearly need to be able to demonstrate the rationale behind their decisions on violence risk and much can be learned from recent developments in research on violence risk prediction.
Assessing effectiveness of treatment of depression in primary care
Authors: Bedi Navjot , Chilvers Clair , Churchill Richard , Dewey Michael , Duggan Conor , Fielding Katherine , Gretton Virginia , Miller Paul , Harrison Glynn , Lee Alan , Williams Idris 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundThere is a mismatch between the wish of a patient with depression to have counselling and the prescription of antidepressants by the doctor.AimsTo determine whether counselling is as effective as antidepressants for depression in primary care and whether allowing patients to choose their treatment affects their response.MethodA partially randomised preference trial, with patients randomised to either antidepressants or counselling or given their choice of either treatment. The treatment and follow-up were identical in the randomised and patient preference arms.ResultsThere were 103 randomised and 220 preference patients in the trial. We found: no differences in the baseline characteristics of the randomised and preference groups; that the two treatments were equally effective at 8 weeks, both for the randomised group and when the randomised and patient preference groups for a particular treatment were combined; and that expressing a preference for either treatment conferred no additional benefit on outcome.ConclusionsThese data challenge several assumptions about the most appropriate treatment for depression in a primary care setting.
Patient-held shared care records for individuals with mental illness
Authors: Warner James P. , King Michael , Blizard Robert , McClenahan Zara , Tang Sylvia 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundFew formalised shared care schemes exist within psychiatry and the evidence base for sharing psychiatric care is weak.AimsTo evaluate the utility of patient-held shared care records for individuals with long-term mental illness.MethodCluster-randomised controlled parallel-group 12-month trial involving 90 patients with long-term mental illness drawn from 28 general practices.ResultsCarrying a shared care record had no significant effect on mental state or satisfaction with psychiatric services. Compared with controls, patients in the shared care group were no more likely to be admitted (relative risk 1.2, 95% CI 0.86–1.67) and attend clinic (relative risk 0.96, 95% CI 0.67–1.36) over the study period. Uptake of the shared care scheme was low by patients and professionals alike. Subjects with psychotic illness were significantly less likely to use their records (relative risk 0.51, 95% CI 0.27–0.99).ConclusionsPatient-held records may not be helpful for patients with long-term mental illness.
The Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being
Authors: Korten Ailsa , Henderson Scott 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundThe mental health of populations can be represented by case prevalence rates and by symptom scales. Scales have the advantage of identifying sub-syndromal levels of distress, which may be common and associated with considerable disability.AimsTo examine the distribution of common psychological symptoms and associated disablement in the Australian population.MethodA household sample of 10 641 individuals representative of the adult population of Australia was interviewed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and completed scales measuring recent symptoms and disablement.ResultsSymptom scales showed similar associations with socio-economic variables as did diagnoses, although only a small amount of variance in symptom levels was explained by these variables. Considerable disablement was associated with symptom levels indicating distress but not reaching levels for formal diagnoses of anxiety or depression.ConclusionsSymptom scales provide parsimonious measures of psychological distress and are appropriate for use in large-scale surveys of mental health and disablement.
Time to recovery of an inception cohort with hitherto untreated unipolar major depressive episodes
Authors: Furukawa Toshiaki A. , Kitamura Toshinori , Takahashi Kiyohisa 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundGeneralisability of existing studies on the naturalistic history of major depression is undermined by overrepresentation of in-patients and tertiary care academic centres, inclusion of patients already on treatment and/or incomplete follow-up.AimsTo report the time to recovery of an inception cohort of unipolar major depressive episodes.MethodA multi-centre prospective follow-up study of patients with a mood disorder, who had been selected to be representative of the untreated first-visit patients at 23 psychiatric settings from all over Japan.ResultsThe median time to recovery of the index episode after treatment commencement was 3 months (95% CI 2.5–3.6): 26% of the cohort reached asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic status by I month, 63% by 3 months, 85% by 12 months and 88% by 24 months.ConclusionsOur estimate of the episode length was 25–50% shorter than estimates reported in the literature.
Association of depression and gender with mortality in old age
Authors: Schoevers R. A. , Geerlings M. I. , Beekman A. T. F. , Penninx B. W. J. H. , Deeg D. J. H. , Jonker C. , Tilburg W. Van 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundThe association between depression and increased mortality risk in older persons may depend on the severity of the depressive disorder and gender.AimsTo investigate the association between major and mild depressive syndromes and excess mortality in community-living elderly men and women.MethodDepression (Geriatric Mental State AGECAT) was assessed in 4051 older persons, with a 6-year follow-up of community death registers. The mortality risk of neurotic and psychotic depression was calculated after adjustment for demographic variables, physical illness, cognitive decline and functional disabilities.ResultsA total of 75% of men and 41% of women with psychotic depression had died at follow-up. Psychotic depression was associated with significant excess mortality in both men and women. Neurotic depression was associated with a 1.67-fold higher mortality risk in men only.ConclusionsIn the elderly, major depressive syndromes increase the risk of death in both men and women, but mild depression increases the risk of death only in men.
Impact of emotion on memory
Authors: Kazui Hiroaki , Mori Etsuro , Hashimoto Mamoru , Hirono Nobutsugu , Imamura Toru , Tanimukai Satoshi , Hanihara Tokiji , Cahill Larry 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundIn an earlier study we showed that a powerful emotional experience (the Kobe earthquake) reinforced memory retention in patients with Alzheimer's disease, but we could not control factors other than the emotional impact of the earthquake.AimsTo test our previous findings in a controlled experimental study.MethodRecall tests consisting of two short stories were administered to 34 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 10 normal subjects. The two stories were identical except for one passage in each story: one was emotionally charged (arousing story) and the other (neutral story) was not.ResultsIn both groups, the emotionally charged passage in the arousing story was remembered better than the counterpart in the neutral story. In addition, the extent of the memory improvement was similar in the subjects and in the controls.ConclusionsThe results provide further evidence that emotional arousal enhances declarative memory in patients with Alzheimer's disease, and give a clue to the management of people with dementia.
Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys 20
Authors: Kelly C. , Sharkey V. , Morrison G. , Allardyce J. , McCreadie R. G. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundCognitive deficits are a core aspect of schizophrenia but there has been no study of cognitive function in a catchment-area-based population of patients with schizophrenia.AimsTo assess cognitive function in a population of patients with schizophrenia, and relate it to community functioning.MethodAll patients with schizophrenia in Nithsdale, south-west Scotland, were identified (n=182). Measures of assessment were: National Adult Reading Test (NART), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT), Executive Interview (EXIT), FAS Verbal Fluency and Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS).ResultsWe assessed 138 patients, mean age 48 years (standard deviation (s.d.) 15). Only 14% were in-patients. The mean premorbid IQ as assessed by NART was 98 (s.d. 14); 15% of patients had significant global cognitive impairment (MMSE); 81% had impaired memory (RBMT); 25% had executive dyscontrol (EXIT); and 49% had impaired verbal fluency (FAS). Scores on the functional impairment sub-scale of HoNOS correlated with all measures of cognitive impairment.ConclusionsCognitive dysfunction is pervasive in a community-based population of patients with schizophrenia.
Third ventricle enlargement and developmental delay in first-episode psychosis: preliminary findings
Authors: Fannon Dominic , Tennakoon Lakshika , Sumich Alex , O'Ceallaigh Seamus , Doku Victor , Chitnis Xavier , Lowe Jennifer , Soni William , Sharma Tonmoy 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundThird rather than lateral ventriculomegaly may be a more specific finding in psychosis. The relevance of ventricular abnormality remains unclear.AimsTo investigate the developmental correlates of ventricular enlargement.MethodInformation on childhood development and magnetic resonance images in 1.5-mm contiguous sections were collected on 21 patients experiencing a first episode of psychosis.ResultsPatients (n=21) had significantly less whole brain volume and enlarged third and lateral ventricles compared to controls (n=25). Third ventricle (r=0.48,P< 0.03) and lateral ventricle (r=0.65,P< 0.01) volumes correlated with developmental score. Patients with developmental delay had significantly larger third and lateral ventricles than those without.ConclusionsEnlargement of both third and lateral ventricles is found in first-episode psychosis and is related to developmental delay in childhood. Insult to periventricular areas is relevant to the neurobiology of the disease. These findings support the view that schizophrenia involves disturbance of neurodevelopmental processes in some patients.
Psychosocial and psychiatric risk factors for suicide
Authors: Cheng Andrew T. A. , Chen Tony H. H. , Chen Chwen-Chen , Jenkins Rachel 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundFew studies of suicide have simultaneously examined the individual and combined effects of psychosocial and psychiatric risk factors.AimsTo do so in a representative sample of suicides.MethodA case-control psychological autopsy was conducted among 113 consecutive suicides and 226 living controls matched for age, gender, ethnicity and area of residence inTaiwan.ResultsFive major risk factors (loss event, suicidal behaviour in first-degree relatives, ICD–10 major depressive episode, emotionally unstable personality disorder and substance dependence) were found to have independent effects on suicide from multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis.ConclusionsEffective intervention and management for loss event and major depressive episode among emotionally unstable subjects with a family tendency of suicidal behaviour, frequently also comorbid with alcohol or other substance dependence, may prove to be most effective for suicide prevention in different populations.
Seasonal variation in suicides: diminished or vanished
Authors: Yip Paul S. F. , Chao Anne , Chiu Calvin W. F. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundSeasonal variation in suicidal death has been observed in many countries. In particular, a cyclic variation was found for both men and women in England and Wales in the 1960s and 1970s. Men showed a single 12-month cycle whereas women showed two cycles.AimsTo re-examine the seasonal variation in suicides in England and Wales for the period 1982–1996.MethodA harmonic analysis was used to detect the seasonality of the suicide data.ResultsThe seasonal effect on suicide is greatly diminished in England and Wales. This is shown by the reduced amplitude and smaller proportion of variance accounted for by the season.ConclusionsThe seasonal effect on suicide has either diminished or vanished.
Future therapeutic targets in mood disorders: the glucocorticoid receptor
Authors: McQuade Richard , Young Allan H. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundThe hypercortisolaemia and dysfunction of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis associated with mood disorders have been attributed to a breakdown in the glucocorticoid-receptor-mediated negative feedback mechanism regulating HPA activity. Reinstating normal feedback may be therapeutic in mood disorders.AimsTo review the evidence for the involvement of the glucocorticoid receptor in the pathogenesis and treatment of mood disorders.MethodMedline and hand searches were carried out, selecting literature relevant to psychiatrists and psychopharmacologists.ResultsA dysfunction in glucocorticoid receptors is integral to the HPA abnormalities of mood disorders. Antidepressant and mood-stabilising drugs can up-regulate glucocorticoid receptors, restoring glucocorticoid function. Preliminary clinical studies targeting the glucocorticoid receptor are encouraging.ConclusionsDrugs designed specifically to up-regulate glucocorticoid receptors may be integral to future strategies in treating mood disorders.
Mental health literacy
Authors: Jorm A. F. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundAlthough the benefits of public knowledge of physical diseases are widely accepted, knowledge about mental disorders (mental health literacy) has been comparatively neglected.AimsTo introduce the concept of mental health literacy to a wider audience, to bring together diverse research relevant to the topic and to identify gaps in the area.MethodA narrative review within a conceptual framework.ResultsMany members of the public cannot recognise specific disorders or different types of psychological distress. They differ from mental health experts in their beliefs about the causes of mental disorders and the most effective treatments. Attitudes which hinder recognition and appropriate help-seeking are common. Much of the mental health information most readily available to the public is misleading. However, there is some evidence that mental health literacy can be improved.ConclusionsIf the public's mental health literacy is not improved, this may hinder public acceptance of evidence-based mental health care. Also, many people with common mental disorders may be denied effective self-help and may not receive appropriate support from others in the community.
Immediate effects of risperidone on cortico–striato–thalamic loops and the hippocampus
Authors: Liddle Peter F. , Lane Carol J. , Ngan Elton T. C. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundFunctional imaging studies indicate that delusions and hallucinations in schizophrenia are associated with overactivity of the left hippocampus and ventral striatum. Hippocampal neuronal firing modulates feedback to cortex via cortico–striato–thalamic loops.AimsTo test the hypothesis that recovery from psychosis is associated with decrease in activity in cortico–striato–thalamic circuits, and, furthermore, that reduction in hippocampal activity predicts the degree of alleviation of delusions and hallucinations.MethodPositron emission tomography (PET) was used to measure the effects of the atypical antipsychotic, risperidone, on glucose metabolism in eight first-episode schizophrenia patients.ResultsA single dose of risperidone produced decreases in metabolism in ventral striatum, thalamus and frontal cortex. The magnitude of decreases in left hippocampus predicted subsequent reduction in delusions and hallucinations. After six weeks' treatment with risperidone, the decreases in frontal metabolism were more extensive.ConclusionsThe mechanism of antipsychotic action of risperidone entails reduction of hippocampal activity together with reduced feedback via cortico–striato–thalamic loops.
Striatal and extra-striatal D2/D3 dopamine receptor occupancy by quetiapine in vivo
Authors: Stephenson C. M. E. , Bigliani V. , Jones H. M. , Mulligan R. S. , Acton P. D. , Visvikis D. , Ell P. J. , Kerwin R. W. , Pilowsky L. S. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundSelective action at limbic cortical dopamine D2-like receptors could mediate atypical antipsychotic efficacy with few extrapyramidal side-effects.AimsTo test the hypothesis that quetiapine has ‘limbic selective’ D2/D3 receptor occupancy in vivo.MethodThe high-affinity D2/D3 ligand [123I]-epidepride and single photon emission tomography were used to estimate D2/D3 specific binding and an index of relative percentage D2/D3 occupancy in striatal and temporal cortical regions for quetiapine-treated patients (n=6). Quetiapine-, and previously studied typical-antipsychotic- and clozapine-treated patients were compared.ResultsMean (s.d.) relative percentage D2/D3 receptor occupancy by quetiapine was 32.0% (14.6) in striatum and 60.1% (17.2) in temporal cortex (mean daily dose 450 mg: range 300–700 mg/day). Quetiapine treatment resulted in limbic selective D2/D3 blockade similar to clozapine and significantly higher than typical antipsychotics.ConclusionsPreliminary data suggest that limbic selective D2/D3 receptor blockade is important for atypical drug action.
Non-psychotic psychiatric disorder and subsequent risk of schizophrenia
Authors: Lewis Glyn , David Anthony S. , Malmberg Aslög , Allebeck Peter 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundThose with schizophrenia often give a history of premorbid non-psychotic psychiatric disorder.AimsTo investigate the association between non-psychotic psychiatric disorders and the later development of schizophrenia.MethodMen aged 18 or 19 years, conscripted to the Swedish army in 1970 (n=50 054) were linked to the Swedish National Psychiatric Case Register.ResultsThere was an increased risk of schizophrenia in those with ICD–8 diagnoses of neurosis (OR=4.6,95% CI 3.2–6.9), personality disorder (OR=8.2, 95% CI 5.4–12.3), alcohol abuse (OR=5.5, 95% CI 1.7–17.5) or substance abuse (OR=14.0, 95% CI 7.8–25.0) at age 18. Of those who developed schizophrenia, 38% (95% CI 32–45) received a diagnosis of non-psychotic psychiatric disorder at age 18. Only those with personality disorder had a significantly increased risk of schizophrenia (OR=2.4, 95% CI 1.1–5.2) with onset after age 23.ConclusionsPersonality factors could represent an underlying vulnerability to schizophrenia. Other diagnoses occurring before schizophrenia may reflect a prodromal phase of the illness.
Ten-year outcome: patients with schizoaffective disorders, schizophrenia, affective disorders and mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms
Authors: Harrow Martin , Grossman Linda S. , Herbener Ellen S. , Davies Elizabeth W. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundIt is unclear whether outcome in schizoaffective disorders is more similar to schizophrenia or affective disorders.AimsTo provide longitudinal data on clinical course and outcome in schizoaffective disorders versus schizophrenia and affective disorders, and determine whether mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms have negative prognostic implications.MethodA total of 210 patients with schizoaffective disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar manic disorders and depression were assessed at hospitalisation and then followed up four times over 10 years.ResultsAt all four follow-ups, fewer patients with schizoaffective disorders than with schizophrenia showed uniformly poor outcome. Patients with mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms during index hospitalisation showed significantly poorer subsequent outcome (P< 0.05).ConclusionsSchizoaffective outcome was better than schizophrenic outcome and poorer than outcome for psychotic affective disorders. Mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms have negative prognostic implications. The results could fit a symptom dimension view of schizoaffective course.