bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of surface microstructure of Re‐Al‐Ni‐Au based ohmic contacts on n‐type GaN
Authors: Shah Amit P. , Chalke Bhagyashree A. , Parmar Jayesh B. , Ghag Manish B. , Bhattacharya Arnab 
Published: January 2024

AbstractRecently, rhenium (Re) based ohmic contacts to GaN have been studied for their low resistivity, smooth surface morphology, and sharp edge acuity at low annealing temperatures. In this work, we discuss the evolution of surface microstructures for Re‐Al‐Ni‐Au ohmic contacts on n‐GaN as a function of Re layer thickness and annealing temperature. For all Re thicknesses, the Al and Ni segregate into agglomerates that increase in size with increasing annealing temperature. These agglomerates are surrounded by Al‐Au films. Along with the underlying Re layer, they form different crystallographic phases of Re‐Al‐Ni, Al6Re, AlAu2, and Al2Au5. This, along with the formation of Re‐N phases at the metal‐semiconductor interface leads to low resistivity ohmic contacts on n‐GaN. Investigating the evolution of the contact microstructure is an important step in understanding the behavior of the Re‐based ohmic contact system.
A DNA‐based evaluation of North American river otter diet with respect to fishes: Implications for the conservation of aquatic predators and their prey
Authors: Heenkenda Erangi J. , Heniff Ashlyn C. , Fisher Brant E. , Albers Geriann , DeWoody J. Andrew 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

The North American river otter Lontra canadensis was once widespread in North America but became extinct in the State of Indiana owing to habitat losses and unregulated trapping. However, following reintroduction, the population has expanded markedly since 1995, representing a notable conservation success story.
The recent population growth has led to conflict with recreational angling groups who perceive otters as competitors. To investigate the extent of this competition, a DNA‐based study was conducted to determine whether material from the stomachs of trapper‐harvested otters could be used to identify fish prey species they had eaten.
Representative specimens from 33 wild fish species were used as positive controls for DNA assays of otter prey. Mitochondrial DNA barcoding sequences generated from each fish species were used to develop a piscine barcoding assay to identify otter prey species.
Fourteen otter carcasses were dissected, and multiple independent DNA extractions and mitochondrial sequencing reactions were performed on the prey bolus from each stomach. The sequences were analysed bioinformatically for taxonomic assignment to prey species.
DNA evidence of nearly two dozen fish species, including species of recreational (e.g. bass) or conservation interest (darters) was found in the stomach material.
This approach could help to determine the presence of prey species in otter diets, including those fish of conservation concern. That, in turn, would help to determine the best management options for conserving both otters and fish.
Triazole derivatives as potential xanthine oxidase inhibitors: Design, enzyme inhibition potential, and docking studies
Authors: Gulati Harmandeep Kaur , Khanna Aanchal , Kumar Nitish , Sharma Anchal , Rupali  , Jyoti  , Singh Jatindervir , Bhagat Kavita , Bedi Preet Mohinder Singh 
Published: January 2024

AbstractConsiderable ingenuity has been shown in the recent years in the discovery of novel xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors that fall outside the purine scaffold. The triazole nucleus has been the cornerstone for the development of many enzyme inhibitors for the clinical management of several diseases, where hyperuricemia is one of them. Here, we give a critical overview of significant research on triazole‐based XO inhibitors, with respect to their design, synthesis, inhibition potential, toxicity, and docking studies, done till now. Based on these literature findings, we can expect a burst of modifications on triazole‐based scaffolds in the near future by targeting XO, which will treat hyperuricemics, that is, painful conditions like gout that at present are hard to deal with.
The prevalence of ultrasound curricula in a sampling of U.S. physician assistant programs and recommendations for common ultrasound objectives: A national survey
Authors: Parker Morgan , Johnson Laura , Paquette Roland , Sakaguchi Alan , Kar Rekha 
Published: January 2024

AbstractAn increasing number of practicing physician assistants (PAs) are using ultrasound (US) in clinical settings. However, a lack of US learning objectives for PA students limits the optimal integration of this imaging modality in PA curricula. This study surveyed PA program directors across the United States to create a list of US learning objectives for PA students and to gauge their attitudes toward integrating US into anatomy curricula. Thirty‐one of the 280 PA program directors responded to the survey. While 87% of participants reported that their institution includes ultrasound in its curriculum, 71% disagreed that the state of the use of ultrasound throughout their PA curriculum is fine and needs no modification. Based on the responses of the survey participants, this study categorized US learning objectives into high, medium, low, and no agreement for integration in PA curricula. As over half of the learning objectives (73%, 43/59) had high agreement for inclusion in curricula, this study demonstrates an opportunity for educators to include US in PA curricula.
A waveform command shaping control of a double pendulum with nonzero initial conditions
Authors: Alfares Mohammed , Alhazza Khaled 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIn most material handling industries, input‐ and command‐shaping techniques are extensively used to transfer objects safely. In these techniques, most of the work assumes a single‐degree‐of‐freedom system with zero initial conditions, and some of these cases are not practical. In crane systems, a crane jib cannot be positioned exactly on top of the payload at the start of transfer motion, which forces the system to start with initial angles. Furthermore, when the hook is large and/or far from the payload, the system cannot be considered a single‐degree‐of‐freedom system. Not accounting for such conditions can create unwanted oscillations at the end of the motion. In this work, a closed‐form command shaping control of a double pendulum is suggested to eliminate the residual oscillations while considering nonzero initial angles. The equation of motion is derived and then solved to find the shaper constants analytically. This shaper has a selectable maneuvering time and ensures maximum cruising velocity. Several examples are implemented numerically and experimentally to evaluate the shaper's performance. Despite the nonzero initial conditions, the results showed that the shaper can effectively eliminate all induced vibrations at the end of the maneuver.
Anthracycline‐induced cardiotoxicity on regional myocardial work and left ventricular mechanical dispersion in adolescents and young adults in post‐lymphoma remission
Authors: Jaber Mohamed , Armand Alexandre , Rochette Emmanuelle , Monzy Severine , Greze Victoria , Kanold Justyna , Merlin Etienne , Paysal Justine , Nottin Stéphane 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBackgroundMyocardial work (MW) is a new echocardiographic tool with a high sensitivity to detect early and subtle alterations of myocardial function. We aimed to evaluate the late effects of anthracyclines by assessing the global and segmental MW and intraventricular mechanical dispersion from speckle tracking echocardiography in childhood lymphoma survivors (CLS).MethodsThirty‐one young adults including CLS and age‐matched healthy controls were enrolled. All underwent echocardiography including an evaluation of left ventricular (LV) morphology and regional function. We assessed LV longitudinal (differentiating sub‐endocardial and sub‐epicardial layers), circumferential strains and twist, global and regional MW index (MWI). LV mechanical dispersion was assessed from the time dispersion of LV longitudinal strain, from myocardial wasted work (MWW) and myocardial work efficiency (MWE).ResultsThe longitudinal strains both at the level of the sub‐endocardium and sub‐epicardium were reduced in CLS compared to controls. The global MWI was also decreased (1668 ± 266 vs 1870 ± 264%.mmHg in CLS patients and controls, respectively, p < 0.05), especially on the apical segments. An increase of LV intraventricular mechanical dispersion was observed in CLS. MWW and MWE remained unchanged compared to controls.ConclusionOur results strongly support that cardiac remodeling is observed in CLS, characterized by a decrease in MW and an increase in LV mechanical dispersion. The apex is specifically altered, but its clinical significance remains uncertain. MW as a complement to strain seems interesting in cancer survivors to detect myocardial dysfunction at early stage and adapt their follow‐up.
Durvalumab and taxane family combination therapy enhances the antitumoral effects for NSCLC: An in vitro study
Authors: Firoozi Mohammad‐Reza , Sadeghi‐Mohammadi Sanam , Asadi Milad , Shekari Najibeh , Seyed Nejad Farshad , Alizade‐Harakiyan Mostafa , Soleimani Zahra , Zarredar Habib 
Published: January 2024

AbstractImmunotherapy has lately become the most preferred cancer treatment method, and for non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) first‐line treatment, there are many immunotherapy options. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness and toxicity of paclitaxel (PTX), docetaxel (DTX) chemotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment (durvalumab; DVL), and their combination in NSCLC. A‐549 cells were treated with DVL in combination with PTX and DTX (a quarter of the IC50) to investigate their anticancer effects on these cells. The MTT assay, wound healing tests, and double‐staining with Annexin V/PI were used to assess the cell viability, apoptosis, and migration. The results showed that a combination of 0.35 mg/mL DVL with 6.5 μg/mL PTX and 1.75 μg/mL DTX produced a synergistic effect with CI values of 0.88, 0.37, and 0.81, respectively. Moreover, the PTX + DTX + DVL combination led to a significantly increased apoptotic rate up to 88.70 ± 3.39% in the A549 cell line compared to monotherapy (p < .001). In addition, we found that the combination therapy with these agents increased the expression level of Bax, Cas‐3, p53, and Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio in all experimental groups. In conclusion, the results suggest that combining anti‐PD‐L1 antibody therapy with chemotherapy may provide a promising approach to enhance treatment outcomes and be a potentially efficacious strategy for treating NSCLC patients. Further research and clinical investigations are needed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms and validate the therapeutic potential of these compounds in vivo.
External validation of the SYNTAX score II 2020 in patients with chronic renal insufficiency
Authors: Li Mengyao , Liu Xu , Jiang Mao , Lei Yumeng , Liu Wenjie , Li Zhongpei , Li Shicheng , Liu Ruijie , Cao Xufen , Yan Liqiu 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBackgroundThe SYNTAX score Ⅱ 2020 (SSⅡ‐2020) was created as a customized decision‐making tool for individuals diagnosed with complex coronary artery disease (CAD). Nevertheless, there has been a scarcity of research investigating the long‐term predictive significance of SSⅡ‐2020 for patients with both CAD and chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).AimsWe sought to showcase the prognostic capacity of SSII‐2020 in evaluating long‐term all‐cause mortality (ACM) within this high‐risk patient cohort.MethodsA retrospective cohort comprising 1156 individuals diagnosed with CRI and exhibiting left main CAD, three‐vessel CAD or both was included in this investigation. We categorized participants into three groups based on the optimal SSII‐2020 threshold for predicting long‐term ACM, determined using the X‐tile software.ResultsAt the median follow‐up duration of 6.3 years, the ACM rates were determined to be 10% in the low, 17% in the moderate, and 28% in the high SSII‐2020 groups (p < 0.001). Employing multivariate Cox regression analysis, it was observed that the high SSII‐2020 group exhibited a 3.289‐fold increased risk of ACM (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.229–4.856, p < 0.001) compared with the low SSII‐2020 group, whereas the high SSII‐2020 group displayed a 1.757‐fold (95% CI: 1.190–2.597, p = 0.005) in comparison to the median SSII‐2020 groups. Compared with SSII, the SSII‐2020 had an incremental value for predicting 7‐year ACM (C‐index: 0.662 vs. 0.534, p = 0.007; IDI: 0.016, p < 0.001).ConclusionsSSII‐2020 enhances long‐term ACM prediction, facilitates improved risk stratification, and improves clinical utility for PCI patients with complex CAD and CRI.
Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement in surgically‐created double‐barrel right ventricular outflow tracts: A single center case‐series
Authors: Boscamp Nicholas Seizo , Maschietto Nicola , Porras Diego 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis manuscript describes the feasibility and approach to the assessment and performance of transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (tPVR) in patients with surgically‐created “double‐barrel” right ventricular outflow tracts (RVOT). Patients with tetralogy of Fallot may have coronary anomalies which prohibit the performance of traditional tetralogy of Fallot repair. In certain cases, this may necessitate the placement of a right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit in addition to the native RVOT, which is left in situ, creating so‐called “double‐barrel” RVOTs. When these patients develop RVOT dysfunction later in life, they would typically be referred for reoperation due to concerns for risk of coronary compression associated with a transcatheter approach. However, whether a transcatheter approach with valve replacement in the native RVOT is feasible or safe is unknown. This was a retrospective review of patients with a surgically created “double‐barrel” RVOTs who underwent cardiac catheterization for assessment of tPVR at Boston Children's Hospital. From July 2012 to July 2022, there were four patients with “double‐barrel” RVOTs who underwent assessment for tPVR. The age at catheterization ranged between 22 and 39 years. In three out of four patients, coronary compression testing was negative. These three patients had successful tPVR in the native RVOT. At follow up, all three patients were free of greater than mild regurgitation by echocardiogram and had a maximum instantaneous gradient across the RVOT ranging between 20 and 33 mmHg. Performance of tPVR in patients with surgically created “double‐barrel” RVOTs is feasible. The safety of this procedure depends crucially on coronary artery assessment at all stages.
Catalytic One‐Pot Reductive Amination of Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Dong Jun , Yang Zhanhui 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe broad applications of primary alkyl amines in various fields have spurred extensive interests in synthetic organic chemistry. Recently, the reductive amination of carboxylic acids has become an attractive and practical strategy for synthesizing primary alkyl amines, due to their wide availability and bench stability. However, the inherent stability and higher oxidation state of carboxylic acids render this new strategy with new challenges. This Concept provides a summary of the recent advancements in the reductive aminations of carboxylic acids, specifically focusing on the catalytic tactics, underlying mechanisms, and applications in the synthesis of valuable products.
Metallic Nanoclusters for Electrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Shao Xiaodong , Kim Minseo , Liang Mengfang , Lee Hyoyoung 
Published: January 2024

AbstractElectrocatalytic water splitting is regarded as one of the most promising strategies for producing clean and sustainable energy sources (H2 and O2) in cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), respectively. Currently, transition metal nanoparticles (NPs) such as commercial Pt/C, IrO2, and RuO2 are still popular catalysts for industrial‐level HER and OER processes. However, both the high cost and low atomic utilization of NPs can not satisfy the requirements of atomic economy and green chemistry. Compared with NPs, metallic nanoclusters (NCs), which have higher atom utilization and optimized electronic structure than NPs, show unique activities for water splitting. In this review, the recently reported advanced design strategies for preparing various NCs are discussed in detail. The methods to control the particle size, coordinated environment, and morphology of NCs are also summarized. The electrochemical activity and stability of NCs can be influenced by the synergistic effect between NCs and supporting materials, which is also mentioned. Then, the recently reported state‐of‐art‐catalysts for both HER and OER along with the detailed catalytic mechanism are described to show the advanced design principles. Finally, the future perspectives and some remaining challenges are also presented.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Benzo[cd]Indoles via the Reaction of 1‐Halo‐8‐lithionaphthalenes with Nitriles
Authors: Tsybulin Semyon V. , Kaplanskiy Mark V. , Antonov Alexander S. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractA simple and effective organolithium approach to the synthesis of 2‐substituted benzo[cd]indoles from peri‐dihalonaphthalenes and nitriles has been developed. The reaction proceeds via a surprisingly easy intramolecular aromatic nucleophilic substitution facilitated by the “clothespin effect”. The discovered transformation provides good isolated yields, allows usage of an extensive range of nitriles, and demonstrates a good substituents tolerance. UV‐absorption and NMR spectra of the obtained benzo[cd]indoles and their protonated forms demonstrated exclusive protonation to the indole nitrogen atom even in the presence of two NMe2 groups in positions 5 and 6 (i. e. “proton sponge” moiety).
CARBON DOTS: Bioimaging and Anticancer Drug Delivery
Authors: Bartkowski Michał , Zhou Yingru , Nabil Amin Mustafa Mustafa , Eustace Alexander J. , Giordani Silvia 
Published: January 2024

AbstractCancer, responsible for approximately 10 million lives annually, urgently requires innovative treatments, as well as solutions to mitigate the limitations of traditional chemotherapy, such as long‐term adverse side effects and multidrug resistance. This review focuses on Carbon Dots (CDs), an emergent class of nanoparticles (NPs) with remarkable physicochemical and biological properties, and their burgeoning applications in bioimaging and as nanocarriers in drug delivery systems for cancer treatment. The review initiates with an overview of NPs as nanocarriers, followed by an in‐depth look into the biological barriers that could affect their distribution, from barriers to administration, to intracellular trafficking. It further explores CDs′ synthesis, including both bottom‐up and top‐down approaches, and their notable biocompatibility, supported by a selection of in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo studies. Special attention is given to CDs′ role in bioimaging, highlighting their optical properties. The discussion extends to their emerging significance as drug carriers, particularly in the delivery of doxorubicin and other anticancer agents, underscoring recent advancements and challenges in this field. Finally, we showcase examples of other promising bioapplications of CDs, emergent owing to the NPs flexible design. As research on CDs evolves, we envisage key challenges, as well as the potential of CD‐based systems in bioimaging and cancer therapy.
Wasserstoff: Ortho/Para‐Umwandlung und Verflüssigung
Authors: Haberstroh Christoph 
Published: January 2024

AbstractMit dem zunehmenden Interesse an Wasserstoff als alternativem Energieträger rücken auch wasserstoff‐spezifische prozesstechnische Details vermehrt in den Vordergrund. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird auf die Ortho/Para‐Allotropie und die hieraus resultierenden Konsequenzen eingegangen. Dies ist insbesondere für die Verflüssigung von Wasserstoff und für Wasserstoff in tiefkalt‐flüssiger Speicherform von Bedeutung.
Morphology and spectral sensitivity of long visual fibers and lamina monopolar cells in the butterfly Papilio xuthus
Authors: Wakita Daiki , Shibasaki Hiromichi , Kinoshita Michiyo , Arikawa Kentaro 
Published: January 2024

AbstractExtensive analysis of the flower‐visiting behavior of a butterfly, Papilio xuthus, has indicated complex interaction between chromatic, achromatic, and motion cues. Their eyes are spectrally rich with six classes of photoreceptors, respectively sensitive in the ultraviolet, violet, blue, green, red, and broad‐band wavelength regions. Here, we studied the anatomy and physiology of photoreceptors and second‐order neurons of P. xuthus, focusing on their spectral sensitivities and projection terminals to address where the early visual integration takes place. We thus found the ultraviolet, violet, and blue photoreceptors and all second‐order neurons terminate in the distal region of the second optic ganglion, the medulla. We identified five types of second‐order neurons based on the arborization in the first optic ganglion, the lamina, and the shape of the medulla terminals. Their spectral sensitivity is independent of the morphological types but reflects the combination of pre‐synaptic photoreceptors. The results indicate that the distal medulla is the most plausible region for early visual integration.
Outcomes and complications of intraoperative radiotherapy versus external beam radiotherapy for early breast cancer
Authors: Zangouri Vahid , Roshanshad Amirhossein , Ranjbar Aliyeh , Izadi Mahsa , Rajaeifar Sara , Goodarzi Ali , Nasrollahi Hamid 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBackgroundIntraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) is an alternative for external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for early stage breast cancer (BC). Herein, we compared outcomes, postoperative and post‐radiation complications of IORT and EBRT.MethodsWe conducted a cohort study to compare complications of IORT and EBRT in patients. A checklist of the complications of IORT and EBRT, was used to assess and post‐radiation complications and outcomes.ResultsOverall, 264 women (121 in IORT and 143 in EBRT group) with a mean (SD) age of 55 ± 8.6 years analyzed in this study. The IORT group (quadrantectomy + SLNB + IORT) had more severe post‐operative pain compared to the EBRT group (quadrantectomy + SLNB) (OR = 1.929, 95% CI: 1.116–3.332). Other postoperative complications, including edema, erythema, seroma, hematoma, and wound complications were not significantly different between the IORT and EBRT groups.EBRT was associated with higher rates post‐radiation complications, including erythema (95.8% vs. 21.5%), skin dryness (30.8% vs. 12.4%), pruritus (26.6% vs. 17.4%), hyperpigmentation (48.3% vs. 9.9%), and telangiectasia (1.4% vs. 0.8%). Multivariate analysis showed that erythema, skin dryness and pruritus, and hyperpigmentation were more severe in the EBRT group, while breast induration was higher in the IORT group (OR = 4.109, 95% CI: 2.242–7.531). Excellent, good, and fair cosmetic outcome was seen in 11.2%, 72%, and 16.8% of the patients in the EBRT group and 29.8%, 63.6%, and 6.6% in the IORT group, respectively, suggesting that the cosmetic outcome was significantly better in the IORT group (P < .001). There wasn't statistically significant difference in recurrence‐free survival and overall survival rates between two groups of patients who received either IORT or EBRT (P = .953, P = .56).ConclusionIORT is considered to have lower post‐radiation complications and better cosmetic outcomes in breast cancer patients. Therefore, IORT might be used as the treatment of choice in eligible patients.