bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Human Conduct
Authors: Oakeshott Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Human Conduct is composed of three connected essays. Each has its own concern: the first with theoretical understanding, and with human conduct in general; the second with an ideal mode of human relationship which the author has called civil association; and the third with that ambiguous, historic association commonly called a modern European state. Running through the work is Professor Oakshott’s belief in philosophical reflection as an adventure: the adventure of one who seeks to understand in other terms what he already understands, and where the understanding is sought is a disclosure of the conditions of the understanding enjoyed and not a substitute for it. Its most appropriate expression is an essay, which, he writes, ‘does not dissemble the conditionality of the conclusions it throws up and although it may enlighten it does not instruct.’
Coal, Politics, and Industrial Continuity
Authors: Parnell Martin F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part II of this work will indicate that, in the period following the Second World War, the basic pattern of a distinctively German political economy re-emerged in West Germany, almost regardless of the so-called social market economy. This not so new system was characterized by three cardinal elements: a dominant state role; a high level of private industry wide concertation and co-ordination; and a close co-operation between state and industry. The much-remarked and historically novel phenomenon of a relatively strong and stable trade union movement, fully integrated into the Federal German political economy, will be granted full consideration, but an equal, if not more important, role will be seen to be played by the state.
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The European Communities Committee
Authors: Shell* Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Select Committee on the European Communities has become a major element in the work of the House of Lords. Every session since its establishment in 1974 between eighty and one hundred peers have been involved in the work of this Committee, producing some twenty to thirty reports annually. While the House of Commons has invested heavily since 1979 in departmental select committees, the House of Lords has directed much of its available capacity into the European Communities Committee and its several subject-based subcommittees. The Committee has gained a high reputation outside the House, based largely it would seem on the thoroughness and the competence of its reports. Almost wherever the role of the House is spoken of, the work of this Committee is emphasized.
Select Committees
Authors: Grantham* Cliff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The House of Lords has the power to appoint select committees to ‘examine any matter which, in the opinion of the House, requires investigation’.1 In the period from 1945 to 1970, it was a power employed essentially for the purposes of internal organization and for fulfilling the judicial functions of the House. By 1970, the House had several ‘domestic’ committees, for such matters as administration and privilege; four committees for the purposes of exercising its judicial function; a special orders committee; and it participated in a joint committee on Consolidation Bills. What it did not have was any committee for scrutinizing particular sectors of public policy or the merits of bills. One such committee (a joint committee on censorship of the theatre) had been appointed in the 1966-7 session, but that was exceptional.
Services and Facilities
Authors: Rush Michael , Jones David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The House of Lords shares the Palace of Westminster with the House of Commons, but for the most part the two Houses operate quite separately within the building. This is most importantly the case procedurally, as is evident from other chapters, but it is also true of the provision of services and facilities. There are a few services common to both Houses, such as the telephone system, the post office, and many aspects of security, but in the provision of procedural advice, library and information services, accommodation, and refreshment facilities, there are separate arrangements. Similarly, there are also separate arrangements for the preparation of each House’s Official Report (Hansard) and other publications.
The Case against Welfare Rights
Authors: Jacobs Lesley A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
§1. Welfare rights can, for our purposes, be understood as rights to particular things or services. They can be distinguished from both liberty rights which are rights to do certain things and property rights which are ownership rights in things. Redistributive measures by the state are sometimes held to be justified because individuals are said to have fundamental moral rights to welfare, not derived from other more fundamental moral rights or principles. This type of argument depends on the proposition that the statement of a particular welfare right is an intelligible way to begin a rights-based justification for state action. The purpose of this chapter is to cast some doubt on this proposition.
Distributional Equality and Rights
Authors: Jacobs Lesley A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
§1. So far, I have assumed that if there is a rights-based argument capable of justifying redistributive action by the state, the relevant abstract right must be either a welfare right or a liberty right. This assumption may surprise some since it appears to overlook rights to equality which are perhaps the most familiar rights appealed to in arguments for redistribution. The point of this chapter is to explain the differenGe between justifications for redistribution based on equality (which I shall refer to as equality-based justifications) and rights-based justifications for redistribution. The focus is on the recent work of Ronald Dworkin who has argued that the principle most basic to political morality is not any sort of general right to liberty but rather the right to equal respect and concern. That right requires in terms of distribution what Dworkin calls ‘equality of resources’. Without yet elaborating more fully on what Dworkin means by equality of resources, it is enough to say that it would entail a redistribution of wealth more extensive than that now undertaken by the modern welfare state.
Introduction
Authors: Moynihan Daniel Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The will of Cyril Foster asks that Oxford University arrange for a “sincere speaker to deliver once every year a lecture ... dealing with the elimination of war and the better understanding of the nations of the world.” On being invited to give the 1991 lecture, I sought to take advantage of a certain ambiguity in that devise. “[T]he better understanding of the nations of the world.” Ought that refer to better understanding between the nations of the world? Or to a better understanding of them? Obviously either. I chose the latter as my subject and was forthwith engaged with a further ambiguity. What exactly is a nation?
On the ‘Self Determination of Peoples’
Authors: Moynihan Daniel Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1972 conference on ethnicity of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences brought together a considerable range of academicians who found much in common in what had previously seemed isolated study. Isaacs’s “Basic Group Identity: The Idols of the Tribe,” was touched with alarm, or at least urgency. Isaacs, then teaching at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, fitted well into the company. Jewish, and it would appear a former Trotskyite, much a man of the world in the sense that he saw events in world terms. He did not deplore ethnicity. To the contrary, he saw it as primordial, building on the work of Erik Erikson, who,
J. A. Hobson and Economic Internationalism
Authors: Long David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though he is deservedly famous for his theory of imperialism, J. A. Hobson’s writings on international relations range more broadly than this, from the activities of the League of Nations to world population control. In this chapter I explore the apparent contradiction in Hobson’s writings on economic internationalism between his deference of free trade and his advocacy of international economic government. The way in which Hobson did or did not face this apparent contradiction is important because Hobson’s arguments became the basis for the transformation of liberal internationalism that is reflected in the difference between the nineteenth-century radical Richard Cobden, on the one hand, and twentieth-century liberals, John Maynard Keynes and David Mitrany, on the other. Hobson himself did not consider his opinions on free trade and his advocacy of a redistributive international government to be in contradiction. On the face of it, though, his ideal vision of an international economic government directing capital, labour, and natural resources as well as his proposals to restore the European economies after the First World War through intergovernmental co-operation compromise the central tenets of free trade doctrine.
David Mitrany and International Functionalism
Authors: Navari Cornelia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
OF all the ideas of the twenty years’ crisis, international functionalism must surely deserve special place. It was the one bit of ‘idealism’ that survived nationalism, totalitarianism, and appeasement relatively unscathed. It was an important conceptual component in the creation of the numerous international organizations established after the war, and it was one of few ‘idealist’ ideas that won explicit ‘realist’ approval. That it should have been developed by an anti-socialist, expatriate Romanian, with an interest in small states may, accordingly, reflect badly on the rest, British as they were, most socialistic if not socialist, and concerned with the large state in an imperial setting. But Mitrany’s Continentalism was schooled in English ways. The ideas he purveyed into the international arena were rooted in a thoroughly English political theory.
Interpreting Formal Coalition Theory
Authors: Dowding Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All too often analysts describe their methods as ‘heuristically useful’. What is this supposed to mean? How much should we expect from formal coalition theory? If we cannot test rival coalition theories against empirical evidence how are we to adjudicate between them? I hope to answer these questions in this chapter. I argue that to understand why actual coalitions have formed we need to examine the preferences of the actors and the negotiations which took place. Explanation comes close to description, and the possibility of some general theory of coalition-formation recedes. To defend the use of formalized theorizing about coalition-formation we need to understand that such general theories are not capable of producing causal explanations of each, or indeed any, actual coalition.
Legal Developments Regarding the Acquisition of Territory by Conquest
Authors: Korman Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most compelling argument for the claim that in our own times conquest no longer provides legal title to territory is the fact that the use of force as an instrument of state policy is today regarded as illegal. As Lauterpacht wrote in his 1955 edition of Oppenheim’s International Law:
The recognition of the title by conquest was, prior to the Covenant of the League, the Charter of the United Nations, and the General Treaty for the Renunciation of War, the necessary result of the admissibility of the right of war as an instrument both for enforcing the law and for changing existing rights.... The position has, it is submitted, under gone change as the result of the Covenant of the League of Nations, the Charter of the United Nations, and, in particular, of the General Treaty for the Renunciation of War.
International Reactions to the Acquisition of Territory by Force after 1945: Five Case-Studies
Authors: Korman Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the founding of the United Nations there have been numerous instances in which states have sought to acquire territory by force. These episodes have posed a challenge both to the enforceability of the rule against such acquisitions and to the continuing vitality of the principles which underlie it. I propose in this chapter to investigate, through a number of case-studies, the extent to which the international community has reinforced the rule prohibiting the acquisition of territory by force in the face of contemporary challenges to it. In relation to the cases discussed below, three principal questions will be considered:
Public Attitudes to Unemployment in Different European Welfare Regimes
Authors: Fridberg Torben , Ploug Niels 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned to describe public attitudes towards unemployment in a number of European countries, and to examine the relationship between public attitudes and the different welfare regimes in Europe. Public attitudes concern the importance of unemployment as a political problem, welfare benefits, and finally possible solutions to unemployment. We will focus on two main dimensions: first, attitudes to unemployment as a political problem and what to do about it, and second, attitudes to the unemployed themselves, the benefits they are receiving and what they should be expected to do to find work.
New Institutions for a New Party
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those most active in setting up the SDP in 1981 included a number of MPs and supporters who were determined to create not merely a new party, but a new type of party. The SDP would be a party for the 1980s. It would offer a modern programme to a modern-minded electorate which had been alienated by the old politics of class. And it would be the very model of a modern party organization—democratic, efficient and, above all, professional. The individual donations and offers of help that poured into the Council for Social Democracy gave the party’s founders the support and resources to start from scratch. The founders had no obligations to any existing grass-roots movement or local associations that might wish to press their own ideas and demands. They were not saddled with the traditions and rituals that weighed down the other parties. They could be experimental and innovative, creating a new party in their own image. It was a rare opportunity.
Of Merger and a Dead Parrot
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The unexpected defection of Robert Maclennan from their ranks meant that the Owenites in parliament were now reduced to three members: Owen himself, John Cartwright and Rosie Barnes. The party’s autumn conference was due to begin in Portsmouth in less than a fortnight’s time and merger would be high on the agenda. For all practical purposes it would be the only item on the agenda. In the meantime, Maclennan’s defection had the effect of confronting the Owenites with a new problem and forcing them to give further thought to an old one.
Iran
Authors: Chubin Shahram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Iran was located at the very core of the Cold War in the Middle East. In 1945 it had to choose whether to seek the protection of a friendly distant state or risk annexation by a hostile neighbour. It chose an informal alignment with the West. This ensured its security against external aggression; but the corollary of this was the strengthening of the state under the Shah. Western support aided the centralization of power and reinforced the authoritarian inclinations of the monarch. As the acute threat to the country diminished, Iranians came to take its security for granted. However, increasingly, they viewed the political system under the Shah as repressive, arbitrary, and an affront as well as a source of personal insecurity.
The destruction of old chemical munitions in Belgium
Authors: Zanders Jean Pascal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During World War I the northernmost part of the front line cut through the Belgian province of West Vlaanderen, running roughly from the coastal town of Nieuwpoort on the Yzer estuary over Diksmuide and Ypres to the French border. I Both ends of the front line were alternately occupied by British and French troops, with Belgian forces holding the centre.
Investigation of the ships filled with chemical munitions which were sunk off the Norwegian coast after World War II
Authors: Fonnum Frode 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Potsdam Agreement, which was signed by the UK, the USA and the USSR on 2 August 1945, following the defeat of Germany in World War II, stated that Germany should be demilitarized and that all war materials should either be removed or destroyed. Implementation of the agreement led to the dumping of chemical weapons which took place after the war.
Rival Criteria
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The optimistic conclusion of the last chapter seems too good to be true. Unhappily, it is too good to be true. Individual preferences must be transitive. By this technical term it is simply meant that if an individual voter prefers A to B and B to C, he must prefer A to C: it would be quite irrational of him to claim to prefer C to A. But the same does not hold for majority preferences.
Strategic Coercion
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For three decades the analysis of strategic coercion has been dominated by two landmark books: Tom Schelling's Arms and Influence and Alex George's Strategic Diplomacy, both of which addressed the requirements of American foreign policy during the cold war. This book argues for a reappraisal of the role of strategic coercion - defined as the deliberate and purposive use of overt threats to influence another's strategic choices. It emphasizes the importance of drawing on the experiences of countries other than the United States, and of considering the new circumstances of the post cold war world. An international team of scholars, led by Lawrence Freedman, Professor of War Studies at King's College, London, provides critical commentaries on the work of Schelling and George and a series of fascinating case studies. These cover most regions of the world, a variety of different actors - including terrorist groups - and different forms of coercion - including the use of economic sanctions.
Introduction
Authors: Robinson Mark , White Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the debate in recent years concerning the developmental significance of new democratic states is premissed on the assumption that democracy and socio-economic development are complementary. This is in marked contrast to the dominant consensus which endured from the late 1960s through to the mid-1980s which held that devel¬opmental progress in poor societies could best be assured by strong states under the tutelage of authoritarian regimes. The empirical justification for this view lay in the palpable success of some newly industrializing countries in Latin America and East Asia, most of which were governed by authoritarian regimes of various ideological hues.
A Dictionary of Human Resource Management
Authors: Heery Edmund , Noon Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Dictionary of Human Resource Management is an authoritative source of precise and easy to understand definitions of words, terms, and phrases that are encountered in the fields of human resource management, personnel, and industrial relations. It has been compiled to demystify and make accessible the vast specialist language that has developed within the human resource discipline. The dictionary includes over 1,400 entries, with 1,250 full definitions. These cover the latest contemporary terms and management buzzwords; key theoretical terms and concepts from academics and consultants; jargon from the present and the past; technical terms used by practicing personnel/HR managers and trade unionists; major policies, practices, and institutions; and legal terms. The authors also provide a full list of abbreviations and acronyms and a thematic categorization of the main concepts. In compiling the dictionary the authors were aware that often there is no one agreed definition of a term, but instead various competing ideas or interpretations. To take this into account, the entries differ in length, and the various theoretical, political, and other viewpoints are fully represented. There are also plenty of links to other terms, so that readers can explore related ideas and concepts. While aimed primarily at MBA, specialist Masters and undergraduate students who need a book of clear, concise definitions to complement their core course textbook, the dictionary is also ideal for anyone studying for professional qualificiations in human resources/personnel management; busy human resource pratitioners who need a quick reference source; trade unionists who need to cut through the management jargon; and students whose first language is not English.
Spain: Nation, Nationalities, and Regions
Authors: Aja Eliseo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In historical terms, Spain is a young democracy, coming into being with the 1978 Constitution. It lacks a liberal past worthy of the name: most of its nineteenth- and twentieth-century regimes were highly authoritarian and oligarchical, frequently relying on states of emergency and the army to maintain order. There are only a few exceptions. The 1868—73 period culminated in the First Republic, a general political crisis, and army intervention to restore the monarchy. The Second Republic (1931—6), came to a tragic end with a military rebellion and bloody civil war. This was followed by forty years of Franco’s authoritarian regime with no representative institutions or freedoms of any kind. As a result, the present-day democracy has adopted many of its institutions from other European constitutions. It represents a full-blown reaction against the past.
The Partitioned City in History
Authors: Marcuse Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Partitioned cities’ has recently become a fashionable topic in urban literature. Whether called divided, dua1 polarized, quartered, or fragmented, the discussion has often seen the phenomenon as something new historically, something specific to our own age, to the period of globalization, or to post-industrialism, or to post-Fordism. We have elsewhere argued that ‘dual’ is in any event too narrow a term; that the divisions are far more complex than simply two-part (Marcuse and Van Kempen 2001). This chapter raises a different question about the conception: whether it is historically ‘new’ or, since that term defies easy definition, what changes have taken place in the division of cities over the long durie. It is clearly not conventional history, and does not pretend to the rigour of good historical writing; it is instead intended to raise conceptual questions and perhaps contribute to clarity by putting the way cities are divided today into some historical perspective.
The Rise of Advanced Marginality: Notes on its Nature and Implications
Authors: Wacquant Loïc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past two decades, the self-image of First World societies as increasingly pacified, homogeneous, cohesive, and egalitarian-’ democratic’ in de Tocqueville’s sense of the term, ‘civilized’ in No bert Elias’ lexicon-has been shattered by virulent outbreaks of public disorder, mounting ethnoracial tensions, and the palpable resurgence of inequality and marginality in the metropolis (Wacquant 19941’.1). As persistent joblessness, social deprivation, and ethnoracial conflict rose in unison in cities on both shores of the Atlantic, parallel debates developed in the United States and western Europe around the intersection of poverty, ‘race·(or immigration), and urban decline.