bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Drechsel Emanuel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Louisiana brings to mind pictures of a unique place-bayous, or marshy and usually sluggish tributaries to a river or lake, associated with images of a slower, more relaxed lifestyle. This part of North America also demonstrates passion in lagniappe, Mardi Gras, spicy Creole cuisine, jazz, and New Orleans with its long and unique history. All these impressions evoke memories of a good time, epitomized by Laissez les bans temps rouler!
As a stronghold of French language in North America, Louisiana has maintained a distinct French colonial heritage. A closer examination of its history further shows significant Spanish and African influences. Place names such as Lac des allemands or Bayou des allemands remind one even of German settlers, who accompanied the first French colonizers to the Mississippi delta area in the early eighteenth century. Yet conspicuously absent from Louisiana’s history, as presented conventionally, has been her Native American population. The Guide to the History of Louisiana (Cummins and Jeansonne 1982) covers various periods and specific communities such as African Americans, urban New Orleans, and women, without including any systematic discussion of American Indians. In this regard, the Guide’s editors have not been unusual, for historians of the South have regularly overlooked Native Americans in the area. A common but unsupported justification for this neglect draws on arguments as to the historical insignificance of native peoples. based on the erroneous supposition that they either have perished (such as the frequently cited Natchez) or else have been removed to “the Indian Territory’’ in the Plains (like the Five Civilized Tribes of Oklahoma). Other scholars (e.g. Perdue 1988) have interpreted Native Americans of the South primarily in terms of its racist plantation history, and apparently do not recognize indigenous traditions still alive today.
Phonology
Authors: Drechsel Emanuel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This inventory of Mobilian Jargon consonants may be summarized in (1) (with the swung dash standing for “variable with” and the parentheses around a sound or the swung dash indicating limited occurrence of that particular sound or variation). With r as an infrequent exception, this inventory of consonants confirms du Ru’s observation of a missing voiced alveolar stop and r-like sound (see quotation from du Ru above).
Lexicon
Authors: Drechsel Emanuel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recorded vocabulary of Mobilian Jargon consists of some 1,250 entries. More than 500 words make up modern recordings from recent speakers of the pidgin, while about 750 entries are reconstitutions of historical attestations, based on phonetic triangulation (see Sect. 3.3). The size of the attested lexicon discourages its inclusion here, and warrants a separate study, including a Mobilian Jargon-English section (with early attestations and comparative evidence in source languages) and an English-Mobilian Jargon index (see Drechsel, 1996). The lexicon has still exhibited several traits of a general nature that bear on the pidgin’s grammar, use, and history and that deserve closer attention here.
Semantics and Beyond
Authors: Drechsel Emanuel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While a grammar and lexicon can account for much of meaning in Mobilian Jargon, there are two aspects that do not neatly fit the descriptiveanalytical frame used thus far and that merit closer attention as part of the pidgin’s wider linguistic structure — semantic domains and discourse. However disparate at first sight, these linguistic features are part of semantics, and — more than any other — reflect Mobilian Jargon’s uses by illustrating how it meshed with the sociocultural context. The topics of semantic domains and discourse, together with the subsequent chapter on linguistic variation, build a convenient bridge to an examination of the pidgin’s extralinguistic aspects.
Revelation and Biblical Exegesis: Augustine, Aquinas, and Swinburne
Authors: Stump Eleonore 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Christianity, like the other major monotheisms, is committed to the claim that God has revealed himself to human beings and that his revelation is written down in a text. This claim gives rise to a host of questions. We might, for instance, wonder about the means by which this revelation is supposed to have been made. Does Christianity intend us to think that God himself talked, face to face, with individual human beings at some period in history? Or is Christianity committed rather to some weaker claim about the way in which human doctrines and narratives have been given divine significance? We might also wonder about the means by which the divine revelation is set down in writing. According to Beryl Smalley, some early Montanists supposed that God dictated every syllable of Scripture. Contemporary Biblical scholars, on the other hand, assume that the biblical texts were formed in human, culturebound ways. We might also want to examine particular parts of the biblical texts which seem to pose problems for the claim that the text is revealed, because they seem to conflict with something we believe to be true on other grounds-something drawn from science, for example-or because they offend our moral sensibilities or because they seem to conflict with other passages in the texts. These and other questions like them are interesting and worth pursuing, but in this chapter I want to look at a different kind of question raised by the Christian claim about revelation. However much they may differ otherwise, virtually all Christians have supposed that although God’s revelation was made at particular points
Aristotle‘s Rationalism
Authors: Frede Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As is well known, Aristotle not only claims that all of our knowledge has its origins in perception (cf. e.g. APo. I. 18), he also in his own practice attaches great importance to the detailed observation of the relevant facts in a given domain. In particular his biological writings give evidence of this, sometimes in an impressive way. Given his theory and given his practice, it is, perhaps, not surprising that Aristotle sometimes is called a ‘empiricist’.It is equally well known, though, that Aristotle also claims that all knowledge, properly speaking, is either knowledge of principles which govern a certain domain, or knowledge by deduction of what follows from these principles. It is not immediately obvious how these two claims go together. One might think that it was Aristotle‘s view that, though all derivable truths were known, strictly speaking, only by deduction from the principles, the principles of a science themselves owe their epistemic status as known truths to the fact that they can be justified by some kind of inference from what we observe. And if this were the case, one would, indeed, have no difficulty in calling Aristotle an ‘empiricist’.
Scepticism, Old and New
Authors: Annas Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many important differences between ancient and modern scepticism, and one of the most illuminating, for both sides, is the differing ways in which Ancients and moderns conceive of scepticism about values (moral values in particular). For beliefs about values have a crucial connection with action. It is true that beliefs which are not about values also have implications for action, but beliefs about values provide a special motivation to act. As Sextus Empiricus puts it, ‘All people pursue intensely what is believed by them to be good and avoid what is supposed bad.’Beliefs that things, people, and actions are good or bad provide reasons for me to act, and reasons to care (to be intense) about the actions of myself and others. If these beliefs are undermined by sceptical argument, what results for the sceptic‘s motivation to act? It is an important question in ethics, what happens when scepticism under mines what we take to be reasonable beliefs about value and commitments to action on the basis of them.
Rationality
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I want to tell the story of the crisis produced in philosophy by a single claim about rationality: Aristotle‘s claim that animals lack it. And since belief (doxa) implies rationality, he denied them belief as well. But how, then, do animals cope with the world? To explain this, Aristotle had to expand the content of sense perception, which in Theaetetus 185-7 Plato had contracted to the mere registering of whiteness, sweetness, and other sensible qualities. And he had to reclaim appearance (phantasia) as a perceptual faculty, where Plato had classified appearance and illusion as kinds of belief (doxa).
Locke at Oxford
Authors: Milton J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Locke’s association with the University of Oxford lasted for rather more than thirty years, from May 1652, when he was elected to a Studentship at Christ Oiurch, to November 1684, when he was expelled from the same Studentship by direct royal command. During the second half of this period his connection with the college became fairly tenuous in most respects other than the purely financial. He took great care to collect all the income due to him, but for most of the time his rooms were let and his visits to Oxford infrequent. From May 1667 until November 1675 he lived almost continuously in London, as a member of the Earl of Shaftesbury’s household Even after his return from France in 1679, when his visits to Oxford became longer and more frequent, he still kept himself to himself and played little part in the life of the college. What can properly be called Locke’s Oxford period lasted a little less than fifteen years, from the autumn of 165.2 until the beginning of April 1667
Descartes and the Historiography of Philosophy
Authors: Williams Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussing, some years ago, different ways of approaching the thought of Descartes, I made a broad distinction between two activities that I labelled ‘the history of ideas’ and ‘the history of philosophy’.1 The two are distinguished in the first place by their product. The history of ideas yields something that is history before it is philosophy, while with the history of philosophy it is the other way round. In particular, the product of the history of philosophy, being in the first place philosophy, admits more systematic regimentation of the thought under discussion. The two activities can be distinguished also by having rather different directions of attention. The history of ideas, as I intended the distinction, naturally looks sideways to the context of a philosopher’s ideas, in order to realize what their author might be doing in making those assertions in that situation. The history of philosophy, on the other hand, is more concerned to relate a philosopher’s conception to present problems, and is likely to look at his influence on the course of philosophy from his time to the present.
Scientific Realism, Sociophonetic Variation, and Innate Endowments in Phonology
Authors: Carr Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses two related questions that, I believe, lie at the heart of the conceptual and empirical foundations of phonological theory. First, in Sections 2 and 3, 1 address the question of whether, and to what extent, generative, variationist, and Laboratory Phonology approaches to phonological investigation may be said to be scientific in character. This issue is central to some of the objections to generative phonology raised by variationists and laboratory phonologists, who appear to question the putative scientific status of much generative practice. In order to examine this question, I first outline (in Section 2) the conception of scientific knowledge that I adopt here (Popper’s), which embraces falsificationism and scientific realism. Having argued that hypotheses in generative phonology are typically falsifiable, and thus scientific in character, I then address (in Section 3) certain problems that have arisen in applying scientific realism in phonological theory.
Modest Reductions and the Unity of Science
Authors: Smith Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The unity of science, conceived of as a programmatic ideal, is now widely held to be indefensible. Jerry Fodor’s slogan ‘The Disunity of Science as a Working Hypothesis’ is characteristic; the very idea of unity is often dismissed as symptomatic of an unjustified physicalist imperialism. And plainly, if we build enough into the programmatic ideal, then we can undoubtedly ensure that it must fail to be realized. What I want to argue here, however, is that there is a conception of the unity of science, more modest than some but still far from trifling, which remains untouched by representative arguments for disunity. In a little more detail: I will first make some outline remarks about varieties of reductionism (for intertheoretic reductions are the stuff of unity). These remarks will then motivate a certain core conception of unity; this will have to be sketched with a broad brush—but the outline will, I hope, be recognizable and contentful. We need to distinguish the core ideal from one standard way of filling it out, which we can call the ‘strong interpretation’. I readily concede, along with the majority camp, that on the strong interpretation, a general unity thesis would indeed be quite unrealistically strong: but while the strong interpretation may rightly be held to be objectionable, that doesn’t in itself damage the core programmatic ideal. Too many have rushed from legitimate worries about the strong interpretation to a blanket condemnation of the very idea of unity. And that is quite unjustified.
Why Should Anyone Want to Axiomatize Quantum Field Theory?
Authors: Streater Ray F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantum field theory was really invented hy Dirac in 1927. He considered classical electromagnetic fields in a cubical box with periodic boundary conditions. This theory is described by a collection of independent classical harmonic oscillators, which Dirac quantized as in the non-relativistic theory. Physical quantities are then ulti mately obtained by taking the limit, as the size of the box goes to infinity, of a corresponding quantity in the boxed theory. Dirac’s procedure leads to the prediction that light is composed of quanta which obey Bose-Einstein statistics. These days, the relativistic free fields are rather easily quantized in a rigorous way without first quantizing in a box; but in constructing fields with interaction we must still use a box and other, much more elaborate approximations.
The Ethical Proposition: What it is Not
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moral philosophers like to concentrate on an object of thought, some thing that we can ponder and know to be true: the moral proposition.1 For people who want to think of themselves as objectivists, absolutists, and realists, the moral proposition is a genuine aristocrat, something sublime, authoritative, an independent object of attention. For them, it is vitally important to recognize these propositions as true when they are. They have their own truth-conditions, and magnetize our wills. Kant wrote that two things command our respect and wonder the more we think of them: the starry heavens above and the moral law within. Moral truths make up the law. Only it is not a human law, or even a divine law, but sits in judgement on all manufactured laws, human or divine. For we can always ask of those whether they measure up, whether they are as they ought to be. When we focus on the moral proposition, we focus on a true sovereign.
The Relationship between Syntax and Semantics Revisited
Authors: Ravin Yael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important conclusion from the discussion of the semantics of event predicates is that the Decompositional markers which capture the semantic content of predicates do not correspond to the thematic roles posited by the thematic theories. A Decompositional approach to the representation of events is thus incompatible with a thematic approach to these representations.
Chomsky’s Theory of Government and Binding
Authors: Ravin Yael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thematic roles occupy a central position in Chomsky’s current syntactic theory of principles and parameters, first described in Lectures on Government and Binding (LGB). This centrality is a recent development in the theory: Standard Theory did not refer to thematic roles at all (the term is not even mentioned in Aspects, published in 1965); the Extended Standard Theory, a further development of the Standard Theory, referred to thematic roles only marginally as a means to preserve deep-structure grammatical relations which may be obscured on surface structures as a result of substitution.
Jackendoff’s Thematic Theory
Authors: Ravin Yael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jackendoff’ s Thematic Theory is Non-restrictive: it does not derive syntactic structures from thematic representations but contains, instead, two independent levels of syntactic and semantic representations. These are linked by means of mapping rules, which associate the syntactic complements of verbs with their corresponding semantic arguments. Since there is no reliance on thematic roles for syntactic derivations, the theory is free of the syntactic problems encountered by Fillmore’s and Chomsky’s theories.
Science and the Pursuit of Virtue in the Aberdeen Enlightenment
Authors: Wood P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Responding in September 1739 to Francis Hutcheson’s pointed criticism of the manuscript of Book III of A treatise of human nature, David Hume observed that “[t]here are different ways of examining the Mind as well as the Body. One may consider it either as an Anatomist or as a Painter; either to discover its most secret Springs & Principles or to describe the Grace & Beauty of its Actions.I imagine it impossible to conjoin these two views.” (HL i. 32.) Although moralists like Hutche son would not have recognized any incompatibility between the roles of the anatomist and the painter, with his customary acuity Hume here rightly identified a tension which lay at the heart of moral philosophy in the eighteenth century. For even though Hutcheson and his philosophi cal contemporaries in the Scottish universities typically combined the two roles, the imperatives of metaphysical inquiry did not always mesh comfortably with the demands of moral instruction and the pursuit of virtue. But despite the significance of this structural tension within moral philosophy which Hume so perceptively discerned, historians have, until very recently, paid little attention to the complex, and sometimes uneasy, relations between metaphysics and morals in the Scottish Enlightenment.
Metaphysics and Physiology: Mind, Body, and the Animal Economy in Eighteenth-Century Scotland
Authors: Wright John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of his Institutions of medicine William Cullen defined “PHYSIOLOGY, or the Doctrine of the Animal Oeconomy” as “the doctrine which explains the conditions of the body and of the mind necessary to life and health’’.’ Commenting on the same definition in his Edinburgh medical lectures in 1770, he noted that while physiologists normally discussed mental conditions it was not usual to include the mind in the definition of physiology. Some people had criticized him for introducing metaphysics into medicine. In response, Cullen employed a distinction which was also made by his friend David Hume, between two meanings of ‘metaphysics’. It can mean “subtile Disquisitions”: like Hume, he wanted to avoid metaphysics in this sense. However,
The Myth of Original Intentionality
Authors: Dennett Daniel C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Searle has proclaimed that ‘strong’ Artificial Intelligence is impossible because the brain has certain special causal powers, and ‘no formal computer program by itself’ would ever be sufficient to produce these causal powers. I will not take time to discuss the well-known ‘Chinese Room’ thought experiment with which Searle attempts to establish his case, since its host of fallacies have been pointed out many times by many people. (To my mind the definitive diagnosis of what is wrong with Searle’s example is Hofstadter and Dennett (1981), pp. 348-82). Infact, I don’t know anyone except Searle who believes he has a good argument, but I know many people who think that, nevertheless, his conclusion is true. A frontal assault on the conclusion is what is required.
Modelling the Mind
Authors: Wilkes K V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The computer model of mind is just that-a model (or meta phor; or analogy). As such, there is nothing to be said against it. Any model that does any good is for that reason a good model; all the sciences use and have to use dozens of models, sometimes several at a time, sometimes temporarily for a particular purpose, sometimes models that are incompatible with each other. Different models suggest different methodological strategies, and each brings out different aspects of the phenomenon under study.
Language Selection and Switching in Strasbourg
Authors: Chloros-Gardner Penelope 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term `code-switching' is used to describe the mixing of different language varieties which often results from language contact. Penelope Gardner-Chloros presents the first full-length study of code-switching in a European context. Throughout history, Alsace has been a meeting point of the Roman and Germanic worlds. In spite of its marked regional character, it has been alternately claimed by France and Germany, each anxious to assimilate the region to its own national and linguistic identity. Today most of the population still speak a Germanic dialect, alternating with French which is the language of public life, education, and the media. The author lived in Strasbourg from 1981 to 1988. She describes this exemplar of code-switching not only as a linguist, but also as someone attuned to the many layers of significance which this mode of speech has in the Alsatian community.
Conversational Analysis
Authors: Chloros-Gardner Penelope 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most revealing method of collecting data on code-switching is the recording, transcription, and analysis-not merely grammatical analysis-of spontaneous interactions. This method was used in the present study to complement the interviews and surveys; while it is arguably the most indispensable of the three techniques, it gains much by being used alongside them. Its usefulness is also largely dependent on an understanding of the context of and implications within each conversation.
The Inner Freedom of Virtue
Authors: Engstrom Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kant holds that virtue is a kind of strength. Virtue, he says, is ‘a moral strength of the will’ (MS 6:405), ‘the strength of a human being’s maxim in the observance of his duty’, a strength that is known only through the hindrances it is able to overcome, which lie in opposing natural inclinations (MS 6:394). In presenting this view of virtue, Kant does not fancy himself to be an innovator, but rather supposes that strength is what the ancient authors generally had in mind when they praised the virtue of the sage. Moreover, when he introduces the idea of virtue in The Metaphysics of Morals, he seems clearly to be taking for granted that his readers understand that it goes without saying, as a matter of the very meanings of the terms, that virtus is Jortitudo moralis, and that Jortitudo is ‘the capacity and considered resolve to oppose a strong but unjust opponent’ (MS6:380).