bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploration of multimodal alarms for civil aircraft flying task: A laboratory study
Authors: Cun Wenzhe , Yu Suihuai , Chu Jianjie , Chen Yanhao , Sun Jianhua , Fan Hao 
Published: February 2024

AbstractOwing to the increasing amount of information presented in the cockpit, the visual and hearing channels are unable to adequately transmit information, which may increase the mental load on pilots. This study explores the benefits of multimodal alarms under high and low residual capacities during take‐off in civil aircrafts in a quasi‐experimental study. The performance of two modes of multimodal (visual and auditory [VA], and visual, auditory, and tactile [VAT]) alarms were tested. The results showed that the VAT alarms were superior to the VA alarms in terms of choice response times (CRTs) when the participants were exposed to low residual capacities of vision and hearing. However, this effect was not observed when the participants had high residual capacities for vision and hearing. Thus, we considered that an additional tactile alarm could play a significant role in the CRTs when VA resources were consumed. There was no significant difference in the number of response errors between the three multimodal alarm modes. This study provides a key comparison of the two modes of multimodal alarms, indicating that VAT alarms are ideal for use in alarm design strategies for next‐generation civil cockpits.
Assessing the reproducibility, stability, and biological interpretability of multimodal computed tomography image features for prognosis in advanced non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Wang Jiajun , Dai Gang , Ren Xiufang , Shi Ruichuan , Luo Ruibang , Liu Jianhua , Deng Kexue , Song Jiangdian 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBackgroundDespite the existence of proposed prognostic features on computed tomography (CT) for patients with advanced‐stage non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including radiologists' handcrafted (RaH) features, radiomics features, and deep learning features, comprehensive studies that examine their reproducibility, stability, and biological interpretability remain limited.MethodsThe Image Biomarker Standardization Initiative‐reported tolerance, Kappa, interclass correlation coefficient, and coefficient of variance were employed to identify reproducible features among RaH, radiomics, and deep learning features derived from NSCLC phantoms. The reproducible features were then input into six artificial intelligence algorithms to develop prognostic models for targeted therapy and immunotherapy using real‐world patients with advanced‐stage NSCLC to assess their capability and stability. Pathway enrichment was also conducted to explore the underlying biological pathways associated with these reproducible features.ResultsReproducible features in advanced NSCLC included RaH features (9/9, 100%), radiomics features (572/1835, 31.17%), and deep learning features (3442/4096, 84.03%). Among the six artificial intelligence‐based prognostic methods, the RaH features exhibited least variability. We also observed that the optimal CT‐based prognostic approach differed depending on treatment regimens for advanced NSCLC. In analysis using the Cancer Genome Atlas Program lung adenocarcinoma dataset, the identified reproducible prognostic features, specifically tumor size‐derived radiomics and RaH features, showed significant associations with five key signaling pathways involved in NSCLC survival outcomes (false‐discovery rate p < 0.05).ConclusionsBy elucidating the reproducibility, stability, and biological associations of prognostic CT features, our study provides valuable evidence for future NSCLC studies and modeling approaches.
Intestinal Microflora and Bacterial Overgrowth in Early Life
Authors: Gracey Michael 
Published: February 2024

SummaryAt birth the gut is sterile but later is continually exposed to potentially harmful agents: infective, toxic, and antigenic. The development of a strictly contained intestinal microflora reflects an important aspect of control over potentially noxious, environmental influences. Control of the intestinal microecology is dependent on many factors including intestinal peristalsis, the intraluminal environment, and microbial interactions. When these regulating mechanisms are lost, microbial contamination of the gut occurs and leads to the so‐called “contaminated small‐bowel syndrome.” This has serious clinical consequences, including diarrhoea and malabsorption, and can occur in a wide range of clinical situations in infants and young children.
Antigenicity of Infant Formulas and the Induction of Systemic Immunological Tolerance by Oral Feeding
Authors: Eastham Edmund J. , Lichauco Tom , Pang Kam , Walker W. Allan 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThe relative antigenicity of whey fractions from milk, milk formula, soy‐based formula, and formula containing protein hydrolysate were compared by tanned hemagglutination and immunoprecipitation techniques. A significantly lower antibody response to representative cow's milk proteins (casein, bovine serum albumin, boxine ‐y‐globulin. and a‐lactalbumin) occurred in animals fed with milk formula compared to cow's milk, suggesting that these antigens had been modified during the preparation of the milk‐based formula. Antibody responses to protein in soy formulas were equivalent to the response to cow's milk protein, suggesting that soy proteins are as antigenic as milk proteins. The response with time to soy protein separated from crude soy powder had a gradual slope and was lower than those to formula, suggesting that the processing of crude soy powder may enhance its antigenicity. In contrast, the antibody response was negative to milk proteins from protein hydrolysate formula, suggesting no antigenicity of this special formula. Furthermore, prior oral feeding with milk formula resulted in a state of partial systemic immunological tolerance. This was even more prolonged using soy‐based formula. These data may explain why although as antigenic, soy‐based formulas are clinically hypoallergenic‐a more complete “low‐zone” tolerance being achieved by oral exposure. It is speculated that the handling of ingested soy proteins by the immunological system results in a hypoallergenic state by stimulation of specific suppressor T cells in Peyer s patches by the hapten effect of partially digested protein fragments or by effector cell blockade due to immune complexes present in slight antigen excess. Future work in this area will give pediatricians a sounder scientific basis on which to give advice about infant feeding practices.
Linoleic Acid Absorption in Children with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Chase H. Peter , Welch Nancy N. , Rabaglia Mary E. , Dupont Jacqueline 
Published: February 2024

SummaryWhen safflower oil (triglyceride) was consumed without pancreatic enzymes by children with cystic fibrosis (CF), there was no rise in mean plasma linoleic acid levels over the next 4 h. When linoleic acid monoglyceride (LAM) was consumed, the increase in plasma linoleic acid levels was significantly greater than for safflower oil at 2 (p < 0.02), 3 (p < 0.01), and 4 h (p < 0.01). When free fatty acid (hydrolyzed safflower oil) was ingested, there was almost no increase in plasma linoleic acid levels in CF or control children. The absorption of linoleic acid from triglyceride, but not from LAM, was greater when the CF children also took pancreatic enzymes. Three children with CF had greater increases in plasma linoleic acid levels following ingestion of safflower oil when they took antacid and cimetidine with their pancreatic capsules, compared to when they only took the pancreatic capsules.
In Pursuit of the Etiology of Congenital Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
Authors: Moazam Farhat , Kolts Byron E. , Rodgers Bradley M. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThe etiology of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis remains obscure. Dodge's success in producing this entity in newborn pups, by administering pentagastrin to the mothers, initiated interest in the possible role of gastrointestinal hormones in this condition. Results of the serum gastrin level estimations in infants with congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, however, have been equivocal. Recent studies have revealed secretin to have a profound contractile effect on the pyloric muscle. In the genetically predisposed infant, neonatal hyperacidity could provide the stimulus for hypersecretinemia, resulting in pyloric spasm and hypertrophy. To examine this hypothesis further, 15 infants with congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis underwent estimation of serum secretin levels preoperatively and following successful pyloromyotomy. Twelve normal infants of comparable age underwent similar estimations as controls. The mean serum secretin concentration in normal infants was found to be comparable to that in the normal fasting adult. The mean secretin concentration in infants with congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis was not significantly different from the values obtained in the control group. No significant changes occurred in these levels following pyloromyotomy. Our present study, therefore, fails to identify the presence of hypersecretinemia in infants with congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and suggests that secretin is possibly of no significance in the etiology of this condition.
Esophageal Dysfunction in Down's Syndrome
Authors: Hillemeier Craig , Buchin Peter J. , Gryboski Joyce 
Published: February 2024

SummaryAbnormalities in esophageal function were identified in seven children with Down's syndrome. Three had recurrent episodes of pneumonia from gastroesophageal reflux; two of these and one other patient had esophageal strictures. Two patients with Down s syndrome revealed no evidence of gastroesophageal reflux but did show significant abnormalities in esophageal peristalsis. These data would suggest that ambulatory children with Down's syndrome may be at risk of developing serious sequellae of gastroesophageal reflux. The spectrum of data of these seven patients is discussed, and pertinent prior reports from the literature are reviewed.
Intestinal Maturation
Authors: Younoszai M. K. , Nathan R. , Komnick K. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryIntestinal permeability to Ca is greater in infant than in older rats, predisposing the infant rat to hypocalcemia. The present studies compared in suckling and adult rats the amount of Ca lost into the intestinal lumen in relation to plasma Ca during an acute 2‐h in vivo recirculation perfusion of the jejunum and ileum with an isotonic NaCl solution either free of or containing CaCl2Rats had been injected with radioactive 15CaCI2 24 h prior to the perfusion. Secretion of Ca was determined from rate of appearance of 15Ca into the lumen. During perfusion of the solution free of Ca, rate of secretion of Ca into the intestinal lumen (both jejunum and ileum) was about the same in the suckling and the adult rats, about 7.3 /xmol/2 h. However, rate of secretion based on body weight was 10‐fold greater in the suckling than in the adult rats. The relatively greater loss of Ca in suckling rats resulted in a significant drop of serum Ca, from 2.95 /xmol/ml to 2.02 jumol/ml. In adult rats serum Ca was maintained to within normal limits. During perfusion of solutions containing 2 mmol/L of CaCI2all rats absorbed Ca, and absorption rates were greater in the jejunum and ileum of the suckling than of the adult rats. Thus, because of the possibility of excessive loss of Ca through the intestinal tract, it appears advisable to allow young infants enough dietary Ca to maintain concentration of ionized Ca in the intestinal lumen to above that in serum.
Effect of Infant Diets with Different Polyunsaturated to Saturated Fat Ratios on Circulating High‐Density Lipoproteins
Authors: Carlson Susan E. , DeVoe Phillip W. , Barness Lewis A. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryA prospective study was undertaken to determine the effects of differing (a) dietary polyunsaturated to saturated fat (P/S) and (b) cholesterol intakes on human circulating high‐ and low‐density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL, respectively). The subjects were human infants, between 4 and 6 months of age, presumed normolipemic, and fed either human milk, SMA“ (Wyeth Laboratories), or Enfamil” with iron (Mead Johnson) from birth. These diets had similar amounts of total fat, but different ratios of P/S fat: human milk, 0.4; SMA, 0.3; and Enfamil, 1.6. SMA and Enfamil provided only approximately 20 mg/day of cholesterol compared to approximately 100–200 mg/day previously reported with human milk feeding. The major dietary difference between infants fed SMA and those fed Enfamil was in P/S ratio. With the higher ratio. HDL cholesterol. HDL apoproteins, and the combined low‐density and very‐low‐density lipoprotein (LDL‐VLDL) cholesterol concentrations were reduced: HDL cholesterol (32%), LDL VLDL cholesterol (8%), apoprotein A‐1 (apoA‐I) (19%), and apoprotein All (apoA‐II) (14%). Cholesterol concentration was the major difference in composition between human milk and SMA. Infants fed these diets had identical amounts of circulating HDL apoproteins (apoA‐I and All) and cholesterol, but the infants fed SMA had 30% lower LDL‐VLDL cholesterol than did breast‐fed infants. We conclude from this study that large intakes of polyunsaturated fat are associated with reduced HDL concentrations in normolipemic infants.
Longitudinal Growth and Late Morbidity of Survivors of Gastroschisis and Omphalocele
Authors: Berseth Carol Lynn , Malachowski Natalie , Cohn Roy B. , Sunshine Philip 
Published: February 2024

SummaryOf 22 survivors of gastroschisis and omphalocele, most had poor weight gain. Although one‐third of gastroschisis babies were small‐for‐gestational age at birth, no other predisposing factors for poor growth could be demonstrated. No child had intrinsic gastrointestinal or metabolic sequelae at 3 years of age, as demonstrated by radiographic studies, fecal fat excretion, or serum chemistry screen. One‐third of those tested had IQs <90; five had abnormal electroencephalograms; one had impaired hearing. Intellectual impairment was related to length of hospitalization due to a variety of nongastrointestinal factors. Neither growth nor intellectual development was related to the type of lesion present, even when IQ is corrected for prematurity. Impairment of growth and intellectual outcome may be related to prematurity, small‐for‐gestation birth weight, and nongastrointestinal neonatal complications.
Immunoglobulin Levels in Human Colostrum and Milk
Authors: Mickleson K. N. P. , Moriarty K. M. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThe levels of secretory IgA and of IgM and IgG in colostrums and milks obtained at various times postpartum were measured by radial immunodiffusion. Immunoglobulin A was the dominant immunoglobulin in all samples, and concentrations in colostrum ranged from 1.5 to 83.7 g/L (mean 32 g/L). Immunoglobulin M and IgG had mean colostrum concentrations of 1.13 and 0.53 g/L. respectively. Although the levels of each immunoglobulin declined with time postpartum, there was little change in the relative proportion of the immunoglobulin classes present.
Cell‐Mediated Immunity in Children with Chronic Cholestasis
Authors: Maggiore Giuseppe , De Giacomo Costantino , Scotta Maria Serenella , Siena Salvatore , Maccario Rita , Vitiello Antonella 
Published: February 2024

SummaryCell‐mediated immune response was evaluated in 14 children with long‐lasting intra‐ or extrahepatic cholestasis. Cell‐mediated immunity was clearly depressed in children with intrahepatic cholestasis while children with extrahepatic biliary obstruction had a more modest and variable degree of impairment. This finding may be related to the longer duration of cholestasis and the higher total bile acid level in the intrahepatic compared to the extrahepatic group. In particular, in children with Byler disease, long‐lasting, severe intrahepatic cholestasis was associated with depressed cell‐mediated immunity and recurrent severe infections.
Intestinal Bypass in the Rat
Authors: Maxwell J. D. , Ang Liza , Cleeve H. J. W. , McGouran R. C. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThe role of small intestinal bacterial colonisation on growth, liver function, and survival was examined in young rats, by comparing the effects of 90% small intestinal resection (resulting in nutritional disturbance from loss of absorptive surface) with equivalent small intestinal bypass (where the nutritional disturbance is accompanied by bacterial overgrowth in the long bypassed segment of jejunoileum). Weight loss in bypass rats was double that seen in resected animals. This was not due to enhanced malabsorption, but was the result of reduced food intake. In addition, bypass rats developed hepatocellular dysfunction, the early onset of hypoproteinaemia (occasionally accompanied by ascites), and had high mortality. Adverse effects were due to bacterial overgrowth in the long excluded segment of small bowel, as they were modified by antibacterial drugs, and were riot seen in rats with nutritional disturbance (resection) alone, which adapted well and had negligible postoperative mortality. Persistent bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine can adversely affect the hosts appetite, growth, liver function, and survival. These abnormalities, which developed shortly after intestinal bypass in the rat, are reminiscent of marasmus and kwashiorkor, and suggest that bacterial overgrowth, rather than dietary deficiency, may be primarily responsible for the development of infant “malnutrition” in the developing world.
High‐Titer Glucagon Antibodies in a Hypoglycemic Child on Glucagon Therapy
Authors: Dupont Christophe , Chaussain Jean‐Louis , Boudaillez Bernard , Chenut Bernard 
Published: February 2024

SummaryHigh‐liter (1:30.000) antiglucagon antibodies were detected in a 14‐month‐old patient with nesidioblastosis who had been treated by intramuscular long‐acting glucagon since age 5 months. In this patient no correct equilibrium of blood glucose level could be obtained without maintaining glucagon treatment, even alter subtotal pancreatectomy Antiglucagon antibodies titer remained stable at age 18 months.
High Incidence of Hypogammaglobulinemia in Infants with Diarrhea
Authors: Glassman Mark , Grill Bruce , Gryboski Joyce , Dwyer John 
Published: February 2024

Summary:Examination of 136 children who were referred to the Pediatric Gastroenterology Clinic at Yale‐New Haven Hospital for chronic or severe diarrhea between 1977 and 1981 revealed that 31 patients (22.8%) had serum immunoglobulin levels below the 5th percentile for age. Twenty‐four of these 31 patients (77.4%) had normal or near normal serum immunoglobulin levels by their third birthday and most could therefore be classified under the heading “transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy,” an unexpected finding, as this condition has previously been thought to be rare; only 27 patients with this disorder were reported prior to 1978. While the basic cause of the defect is unknown, it has been linked to a slower than normal maturation of the neonate's ability to secrete immunoglobulins. Comparison of our patients with hypogammaglobulinemia and those with chronic diarrhea but normal immunoglobulins revealed that the former group are younger at presentation (mean, 8.2 months) and at the onset of their diarrhea (3.1 months); the figures for patients without hypogammaglobulinemia were 18.2 and 8.2 months, respectively. Males and females were equally affected, and the diarrhea, which was responsive to a hypoallergenic diet, resolved by 3 years of age as did the hypogammaglobulinemia in nearly all cases. While the etiology of the diarrhea remains obscure, significant problems outside the gastrointestinal tract did not occur. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the most likely cause for the failure of production of IgG, and to a lesser extent IgA antibody, in infants seen with diarrhea may result from a failure of maturation of T cell helper systems rather than any intrinsic defect in the B cell system itself.
Giardiasis in Childhood and Its Effects on the Small Intestine
Authors: Jové Silvia , Fagundes‐Neto Ulysses , Wehba Jamal , Machado Nelson Lourenço. , da Silva Patrício Francy Reis. 
Published: February 2024

Summary:The effects of Giardia lamblia on small bowel function were studied. Thirty‐three asymptomatic children were studied before and after treatment with metronidazole (Nimorazol®). Patients had a small intestinal biopsy, bile salt determinations, and the following absorptive tests: D‐xylose, triglyceride, and lactose and sucrose tolerance tests. Before treatment, 87% had unconjugated bile salts in duodenal fluid but afterwards only 60% did. Small bowel biopsy changes did not correlate with the pre‐ and posttreatment periods. Triglyceride absorption showed significant differences between patients at different periods of the study; D‐xylose absorption did not reveal differences between the periods of the study but was significantly impaired when compared with controls. Lactose malabsorption was detected in 56% and sucrose in 7% of the patients. G. lamblia may have some pathogenic role, although nonspecific to intestinal function. It probably acts more in a synergistic way with other pathogenic agents that inhabit the intestinal lumen of children living under unfavorable conditions producing the picture of tropical enteropathy.
Fecal Reducing Substances and Breath Hydrogen Excretion as Indicators of Carbohydrate Malabsorption
Authors: Caballero Benjamin , Solomons Noel W. , Torún Benjamin 
Published: February 2024

Summary:Data from serial determinations of fecal volume, characteristics, pH, and reducing substances, and postprandial breath hydrogen (H2) concentrations in severely malnourished children receiving milk‐based recovery diets were used to evaluate the quality of the correspondence among diagnostic indices for carbohydrate malabsorption, with specific emphasis on the comparison of breath H2 excretion and fecal reducing substances. Only postprandial breath H2 results for subjects with a proven capacity to mount an H2 response to the nonabsorbable disaccharide, lactulose, were included. There was a poor correlation between the diagnostic indication provided by the breath test and fecal reducing sugars. Biological considerations about the metabolism of unabsorbed carbohydrates in relation to colonic transit time and fecal flora may explain the poor degree of correlation. The two indices should not be considered interchangeable, but should be used selectively in accordance with the clinical situation.
Lipolysis of Triglycerides of Human Milk During Storage at Low Temperatures
Authors: Bitman Joel , Wood Larry D. , Mehta Nitin R. , Hamosh Paul , Hamosh Margit 
Published: February 2024

Summary:Human milk samples were divided at collection and stored at −70°C or −20°C, or extracted immediately with organic solvent, to compare lipid class composition. Storage at −20°C was not satisfactory for maintaining milk lipid composition, for it resulted in hydrolysis of triglycerides and the appearance of free fatty acids.
Plasmid‐Mediated Adhesion in Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Baldini Mary M. , Kaper James B. , Levine Myron M. , Candy David C. A. , Moon Harley W. 
Published: February 2024

Summary:A survey of classical serotype enteropathogenic Escherichia coli has been made with respect to their plasmid profile and ability to adhere to HEp‐2 cells. Thirty‐one of the 32 strains examined contained a 50‐70 Md plasmid, and many exhibited HEp‐2 adherence. Strain E2348 (0127:H6), which causes diarrhea in volunteers and is HEp‐2‐adhesive, was chosen for further study. The large 55 Md plasmid in E2348, pMAR2, has been marked with a transposon coding for ampicillin resistance. E2348 that has been cured of pMAR2 loses the ability to adhere to HEp‐2 cells, while HB101, a nonadherent E. coli K12, acquires HEp‐2 adhesiveness after gaining this plasmid. Plasmid presence was also shown to correlate with in vivo adhesion to intestine, using the colostrum‐deprived piglet model.