bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Goo Has Joined Together
Authors: Vasoli Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent controversy over Joe Kennedy’s annulment gave only a glimpse of American Catholicism’s open secret: that contrary to official Catholic doctrine, American churches grant annulments wholesale, freely declaring marriages nonexistent so that one or both partners can remarry in the church. The United States is home to only 6% of the world’s Catholics, Robert Vasoli points out, but it now accounts for 75% of all Church annulments, two-thirds of which are granted on ostensibly psychological grounds. The real scandal, though, is not simply the numbers, but that Church marriage courts annul thousands of marriages that are actually valid according to Catholic teaching. Drawing on considerable research, the author details precisely how these courts let divorced Catholics--and many non-Catholics as well--bypass Catholic teaching and law. He shows, for instance, how they often help petitioners manufacture grounds for annulment, which are justified with specious psychological reasoning that are counter to the letter and spirit of canon law. Indeed, it may even be alleged that "lack of emotional maturity" at the time of the wedding can invalidate marriages that have lasted 30 years. The result has been a tidal wave: in 1968, the American church granted fewer than 600 annulments; today it hands out more than 60,000 a year. But Rome has not smiled on the performance of U.S. tribunals: of those psychological annulments appealed to the Roman Rota (the Vatican’s highest marriage tribunal), more than 90% are overturned. This revealing look at annulment weaves painstaking analysis with a wealth of evidence as it illuminates the degree to which the U.S. Church has gone its own way since Vatican II on what constitutes valid marriage.
The Adventures of Eovaai Princess of Ijaveo (1736)
Authors: Haywood Eliza 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Kingdom of Ijaveo was once among the Number of the most rich and powerful of any that compose the sublunary Globe; almost impregnable by its Situation, and more so by the Bravery and Industry of the People.2 The Earth Produced all kinds of Fruits and Flowers: the Rivers abounded with the most delicious Fish: the Air afforded a vast Variety of the feather’d Race, no less beautiful to the Eye, than exquisite to the Taste; and to crown all, the Climate was so perfectly wholesome, that the Inhabitants lived to an extreme old Age, without being afflicted with any Pain or Disease.
The Dhammapada
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Dhammapada, the Pali version of one of the most popular texts of the Buddhist canon, also ranks among the classics of the world's religious literature. This critical edition presents to the English reader for the first time the Dhammapada as it has been known throughout the centuries. With this volume, Carter and Palihawadana make a major contribution to the understanding of the Dhammapada, not only by presenting a new and accurate translation of the verses, but also by enabling readers to see the wake of this remarkable text through centuries of Buddhist tradition. In addition to the original Pali, the editors provide a translation of the commentary on the verses and the subsequent brief explanations of verse and commentarial passages provided by Sinhala sources.
The Mind
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fletcher brings a stick from the forest, strips it of bark, smears it with rice gruel, heats it in a vessel of charcoals, presses it on a wooden spike, and makes it unbent and straight and “fit to shoot a hair with.” Having done so, [the fletcher) displays his skill before kings and ministers, and wins great favor and honor. In exactly the same way, a wise, sagacious, intelligent person [treats] the mind that has the nature of quivering, and so forth. He makes it “free of bark” -that is, free of coarse defilements by means of the dhutanga practice of forest-living, “wets” it with the “oil” of faith, 6 “heats” it with physical and mental enterprise, “presses” it on the spike of tranquility and insight-meditations, and: Unwarped, steady.
The Church History Of Rufinus Of Aquileia Books 10 And 11
Authors: Amidon Philip R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amidon offers the first English translation of Books 10 and 11 of Rufinus’ Church History. Books 1-9 comprise a Latin translation of Eusebius’ history. Books 10 and 11 are Rufinus’ own continuation, covering the period 325-395. As the first Latin church history, this work exerted great influence over the subsequent scholarship of the Western Church.
Ritual and Society
Authors: Bell Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early work of Tylor and Robertson Smith, among others, while engaged in answering questions concerning the origin of religion, also bore the seeds of new questions. As formulated by those scholars who followed them, these questions were concerned less with the historical or psychological origins of ritual than with its role and purpose in society—in other words, ritual’s social function. The theories grouped in this section are representative of this “functionalist” approach: they are all concerned with what ritual accomplishes as a social phenomenon, specifically, how it affects the organization and workings of the social group. This newly formulated issue did not lead theorists to ignore the insights and contributions of earlier scholars, or even to abandon the search for the most primitive forms of religion, but it did enable them to challenge the limits inherent in those earlier theories.
Ritual Density
Authors: Bell Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The issue of ritual density—namely, why some societies or historical periods have more ritual than others—is rarely addressed directly. Usually some account of ritual density is the by-product of theories of the evolution of religion or the classification of types of religious cosmologies or institutions. For example, William Robertson Smith’s early theory of ritual and religion, presented in chapter 2, contained an implicit explanation for why ancient Arabic tribal communities had more ritual, with a more compelling public nature, than the Free Church of Scotland did in his own day. More recently, Mary Douglas has explicitly addressed the issue by means of ahistorical sociological comparisons. Although this chapter can only review a handful of useful approaches, the issues they raise are arguably among the most interesting in the study of religion today. These approaches include formulations of the principles behind the systematic organization of rites, typological schemes (that is, sets of categories for different types of rituals), and contrasts between orthodoxy and orthopraxy, traditional and secular, oral and literate, and church and sect.
Cause Lawyering and the Reproduction of Professional Authority : An Introduction
Authors: Sarat Austin , Scheingold Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Legal professions everywhere both need and at the same time are threatened by cause lawyering. They need lawyers who commit themselves and their legal skills to furthering a vision of the good society because this “moral activism” puts a humane face on lawyering and provides an appealing alternative to the value neutral, “hired-gun” imagery that often dogs the legal profession. Yet cause lawyering is everywhere a deviant strain within the legal profession. What distinguishes the morally activist lawyer is that she “shares and aims to share with her client responsibility for the ends she is promoting in her representation.” In so doing she elevates the moral posture of the legal profession beyond a crude instrumentalism in which lawyers sell their services without regard to the ends to which those services are put. Cause lawyers thus reconnect law and morality and make tangible the idea that lawyering is a “public profession,” one whose contribution to society goes beyond the aggregation, assembling, and deployment of technical skills. In this way lawyers committed to using their professional work as a vehicle to build the good society help legitimate the legal profession as a whole.
Still Trying: Cause Lawyering for the Poor and Disadvantaged in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Authors: Kilwein John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I’ve been around a long time, and it’s getting harder and harder to do this work. Judges, juries, really society in general, are getting more conservative. They don’t like my clients. They think [the clients] are morally wrong. It’s as though their very existence is an ugly intrusion into good, wholesome middle-class America. Then there’s the business of it. I have to pay the bills, meet the payroll, and think about my kids’ tuition. But I’m still trying. Because if I didn’t, I just don’t know if I’d like being a lawyer or even a member of this society.
Caring about Individual Cases: Immigration Lawyering in Britain
Authors: Sterett Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If any political change through litigation is possible at all, it often seems to require some form of institutionalized rights, that is, binding statements of duties owed to individuals, along with an organization that has the power to enforce them despite what majoritarian institutions might say. In the United States, law and society scholars have pointed out the difficulty of institutionalizing rights. Because effective rights often require coordination among complex and multiple organizations that do not necessarily agree with the substance of enforceable rights, rights do not have the bite in fields as wide-ranging as employment discrimination and school desegregation that Americans might expect in a rights-based political system. Still less would we expect ordinary statutory rights to matter in a system such as Britain’s, which does not have institutionalized fundamental rights. Institutionalizing fundamental principles has become an international issue, despite all the difficulties of getting such rights enforced.
Lawyers’ Causes in Indonesia and Malaysia
Authors: Lev Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principal cause at issue in this essay is one dear to private lawyers every where-the rule of law itself.1 In Indonesia and Malaysia the private legal professions have produced activists in about the same proportion, most likely, as most other countries. In trying circumstances they defend political detainees, represent issues of human rights, challenge unsympathetic governments, and organize persistent efforts on behalf of imperiled citizens. As they do so, an associated concern is often at play in which many other lawyers not much inclined to cause work and a crowd of laymen have a stake. This other claim to effective legal process emerges from an amalgam of professional interest and ideological commitment-favorable working conditions for private lawyers but also a supportive concept of state, in pursuit of which committed advocates have fought hard against tough odds.
Cause Lawyers and Social Movements: A Comparative Perspective on Democratic Change in Argentina and Brazil
Authors: Meili Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between cause lawyers2 and grassroots popular movements in Argentina and Brazil. I selected these two countries for such a comparative study for several reasons, aside from their obvious geographic proximity: first, each has endured a period of military rule during at least part of the last four decades (1964-85 in Brazil; 1976-82 in Argentina), which had serious implications-but also presented certain opportunities-for cause lawyers; second, each has undergone a transition from that military rule to democratic consolidation over the past two decades, which permitted an opening for cause lawyering; third, each has active grassroots social movements in both urban and rural sectors; and fourth, each has a long tradition of a no independent and bureaucratic judiciary, which has rendered traditional forms of lawyering of limited use to many cause lawyers.
The Devil’s Mousetrap
Authors: Munk Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Devil’s Mousetrap approaches the thought of three colonial New England divines--Increase Mather, Jonathan Edwards, and Edward Taylor--from the perspective of literary theory. Author Linda Munk focuses on the background of these men’s ideas and on the sources from which they drew, both directly and indirectly, in framing their theology. She notes that the language used in the pulpit by Mather, Edwards, and Taylor is full of allusions to the Bible and Apocrypha, to Puritan treatises, and to post-biblical exegesis, Jewish and Christian. Munk proceeds to elucidate many allusions that have, for the most part, proved to be unclear to contemporary readers, in order to provide essential insights into the construction of Puritan theology.
Iracema
Authors: Alencar José De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Green, impetuous seas of my native land, where the jandaia sings amid the carnauba fronds: Green seas, that gleam with liquid emerald in the rays of the rising sun, skirting alabaster beaches shaded by coconut trees: Be still, green seas, and softly caress the raging wave so the intrepid boat may calmly float above the waters.
The Last Passage
Authors: Heinz Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is death merely the cessation of life? Are our final years simply a wearing out of the body? Are hospitals and funeral homes, the bureaucratic machinery of death, capable of handling the profound spiritual dimension of dying? In The Last Passage, Donald Heinz offers wise answers to these questions in a book that urges us to “recover a death of our own” and to view our final years as a fulfilment, a “last career”. Despite the recent spate of books on death and dying, death remains a fact our culture tries desperately to ignore. In other times and in other cultures, preparing for death was seen as an important spiritual task, perhaps the most important task of our lives. Heinz argues that we can reconceive of death, reinvest it with meaning, and save it from becoming a meaningless biological event. Seeking appropriate models for such a reconstruction, Heinz offers a fascinating overview of the many ways death has been envisioned and ritualized throughout human history, from the Tibetan Book of the Dead to 15th century Christian ars moriendi--manuals on the art of dying--and from Jean Paul Sartre to Elizabeth Kubler-Ross. He also surveys the more recent contributions of psychologists, anthropologists, cultural critics, and death awareness advocates, whose efforts have largely failed to integrate death into a larger human story and the larger human community. Finally, Heinz shows us how we might create rituals through the use of music, visual arts, dance, drama, and language that would enable us to approach death with reverence, as the spiritual consummation of our lives.
Sewing Connections: Elizabeth Tudor, Mary Stuart, Elizabeth Talbot, and Seventeenth-Century Anonymous Needleworkers
Authors: Frye Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Material Objects Are Providing new means to recover the alliances of early modern women. Women’s domestic needlework, for example, reveals political and imaginative interconnections among women as they worked within but also sought to expand the prevalent social and symbolic economies of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England. For highly visible, highly placed women like Elizabeth Tudor, Mary Queen of Scots, and Elizabeth Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury (“Bess of Hardwick”) in the sixteenth century, and for thousands of largely anonymous women of the merchant and gentry classes in the seventeenth century who painstakingly imitated the possessions of the wealthy, needlework provided the means to perpetuate, use, and even cautiously restructure the cultural category of “woman” from within a community of women. Women responded to the unchanging injunction to perform domestic needlework1 by evolving a subculture within which patterns and pictures articulated their lives. These patterns---such as the busy bee of the community worker or the strawberry of generation--and picturesoften of Diana and Actaeon, Lucrece, Judith, and Esther-formed visual expressions of narratives offering alternatives to the passivity, privacy, and silence that needlework was supposed to enforce.
The Antecedents Of Encounter Dialogue In Chinese Ch’An Buddhism
Authors: Mcrae John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why are descriptions of Ch’an practice, both medieval and modern, so dominated by dialogues, narratives, and orality? Where other schools of Buddhism may be described in terms of relatively succinct lists of doctrines and practices-four of this, eight of that, a dash of ritual, a measure of selfcultivation-it seems that the only way to describe Ch’an is by a succession of narratives: to explain the Ch’an emphasis on understanding the mind, tell the story of Hui-k’o cutting off his hand to hear the teachings from Bodhidharma; to explain Ch’an’s attitude toward seated meditation, recount how Huai-jang prodded Ma-tsu by pretending to grind a tile into a mirror; to explain how true spiritual understanding goes beyond words, describe Huang-po and Linchi prancing through their unique combination of fist and shout. This is not just the odd proclivity of medieval Chinese; Ikkyu’s sojourn under the Nij6 bridge in Kyoto is just one example from medieval Japanese Zen. And one can hardly read a page of twentieth-century writings on Zen without encountering the use of story as explanatory device. The most notable practitioner of this strategy is of course D. T. Suzuki, whose standard approach is effectively to write that “Zen is such-and-such, and let me tell a few stories that exemplify what I mean,” with little or no real attempt at explanation. And in virtually all of these stories the direct words are put in the mouths of enlightened Zen masters. Why, in the explanation of Zen Buddhism, is there such an emphasis on dialogues, narratives, and orality?
Visions, Divisions, Revisions The Encounter between Iconoclasm and Supernaturalism in Kōan Cases about Mount Wu-t’ai
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of popular religiosity expressed in several koans dealing with the sacred mountain: Mount Wu-t’ai or Wu-t’ai-shan (J. Godaizan), especially case 35 in the Pi-yen lu (J. Hekiganroku) collection of 1128, along with an alternative version in the Ch’ing dynasty collection, the Yuhsuan yii-lu (J. Gosen goroku), in addition to case 31 in the Wu-men kuan (J. Mumonkan) that is similar to case IO in the Ts’ung-jung lu (J. Shoyoroku) as well as Pi-yen lu case 24. The Pi-yen lu koan (see appendix to this chapter for a complete translation) focuses on a specific hieratic locale infused with cosmological symbolism. Mount Wu-t’ai, believed to be the earthly abode of MafijusrI (C. Wen-shu, J. Monju), was a primary pilgrimage site for popular, especially esoteric, Buddhism, where seekers traveled to attain visions of the bodhisattva of wisdom (prajiia), who often revealed himself either in a majestic way as a blazing ball of light or a youthful prince riding astride a flying golden-haired lion amid multicolored clouds, or in covert fashion as a beggar or old man mysteriously wandering the slopes.
Koan History Transformative Language In Chinese Buddhist Thought
Authors: Wright Dale S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are koans? Prior to its metaphorical extension into the realm of religious practice, the Chinese character combination kung-an referred to “public records” that document the precedent established by previous legal judgment. Just as the records of the legal tradition place into the public domain cases manifesting the criteria and principles of justice, the “public records” of the Ch’an tradition announce the criteria and principles of “awakening:’ As the Extensive Record of Master Chung-Jeng (discussed in depth in chapter I by Foulk and chapter 4 Ishii) extends the analogy, “the so-called venerable masters of Zen are the chief officials of the public law courts of the monastic community, as it were, and their words on the transmission of Zen and their collections of sayings are the case records of points that have been vigorously advocated:” In the same way that “public records” limit both the waywardness of the law and its arbitrariness, the “public records” of Ch’an “awakening” were thought to preserve the identity of enlightenment over time and to render refutable the assertions of impostors. Thus the Chung-Jeng lu repeatedly, as if to insist on the point, declares that “the word kung, or ‘public,’ means that the koans put a stop to private understanding; the word an, or ‘case records,’ means that they are guaranteed to accord with the buddhas and patriarchs!’ Parallel guarantees are offered by the text in both legal and religious domains: When “public records” are in order, both “the Kingly Way” and “the Buddha Way” “will be well ordered:’ The Confucian rhetoric behind these assertions is certainly not accidental. Its intention is publicly to establish the kung-an as a set of standards-weights and measures-in juxtaposition to which all claims to religious attainment could be discernfully judged.
Rights, Polarization, and Backlash, 1966-1967
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the war in Vietnam shook the optimism of liberals who had imagined that a New Frontier and a Great Society would transform the United States, it was but one of many sources of backlash, as it came to be called, that gathered strength after 1965 and polarized the nation. The roots of the backlash, while varied, sprang mainly from divisions of race and class. They were so deep that they would almost surely have fragmented the nation even in the absence of military escalation.
That the People Might Live
Authors: Weaver Jace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book Weaver looks at Native American literature in order to reflect on Native American values and spirituality. In 500 years of contact and colonization Christianity has been unable to displace traditional religious beliefs and practice, Weaver notes, and even among Indians who consider themselves Christian, traditional ways are often still important and honored. Many practise syncretism and religious dimorphism, religious pluralism that often produces communal tensions and misunderstandings that undermine the work of community organization. Weaver argues, however, that Native American literature speaks across these divisions and he offers a broad reading of several centuries of literature to develop the idea of “communitism”—a nexus of communal and communitarian values that is the bedrock of Native spirituality. His detailed analysis of a diverse set of writings—biographies, tribal histories, novels, plays, etc.—sheds fascinating light on an important and neglected aspect of American literature.