bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Factors Impacting Medical Students' Quality of Life under Current Civil War in Yemen
Authors: AL‐GHURABI MOHAMMED OMAR , Al‐Gunaid Mohammed Abdulrahman , Alaidroos Hussein Abdullah , Ba‐Abbad Abdulrahman Ali , Bawazir Ahmed Abdulraheem , Abdulwali Fareeha Kaiser , Shareef Mohammed Abrar , Obad Adam Subait 
Published: November 2023

IntroductionMedical students generally are known to have low quality of life due to the challenging academic load and the stressful environment. However, exploring medical students' quality of life in war zones, like Yemen, where social, political and economic instability, can impact their quality of life is of great value. The prime objective of this study was to examine various factors that can influence the quality of life among medical students in Hadramout, Yemen.MethodsA validated Arabic version of the WHOQOL‐BREF questionnaire with additional demographic and basic life support inquiries was used to collect data. Mann Whitney U and Kruskal‐Wallis tests were used to determine the difference between groups.ResultsA total of 416 responses were included in the analysis. Alarmingly, 10%, 61%, and 33.4% of the students did not have basic life supports of water, electricity and sewage treatment, respectively (P values<0.05). Male students scored higher than females in physical (P=0.013), psychological (p=0.02) and social domains (P<0.001). While the overall quality of life was low, major factors that contributed to better quality of life were: Environment‐wise being married or single compared to divorced (P=0.007, P=0.01, respectively); overall, living in a town compared to countryside (P=0.01); being healthy compared to having an illness in overall score and individual domains (P<0.01); living in family owned or rented house compared to dorms in the environmental domain (P<0.001, P=0.006, respectively); and having a good relation with one's parents in physical (P=.003), psychological (P=0.001), social (0.02), and the overall score (P=0.001) compared to poor relationship.ConclusionSocial and economic factors that were exacerbated by the current war in Yemen have significantly contributed to low quality of life among Yemeni medical students. Prompt, yet strategic steps should be taken by the national and international organizations to rescue the academic and social life of medical students' in Yemen by providing basic academic and social life support for students.Support or Funding InformationWe would like to thank Hadramout University, faculty and students for their support and help in completing this study. Special thanks and appreciation to our 4th year colleagues from Hadramout University, College of medicine: 1) Muhammed Salah Al‐Qu'aiti, 2) Abdullah Salem Bahadi, 3) Ashraf Fahed Basalelah.
Tonicity and Osmolarity, Why Are They Confusing?
Authors: Kuang Serena Y 
Published: November 2023

In teaching body fluids as a part of physiology, the concept of osmolarity seems to be a bit challenging to only a small fraction of students, but when the concept of tonicity is added, the portion of students who are confused increases. The author noticed that the definition and explanation of tonicity in many lecture materials, including textbooks, are inaccurate and inconsistent. In this presentation, the author will 1) summarize and analyze the definitions of osmolarity and tonicity; 2) explain the implicit logic underlying these definitions and identify the cause(s) of confusion in teaching and learning the two concepts; and 3) share teaching strategies based on this logic to avoid confusion and make teaching and learning of the two concepts easier.Support or Funding InformationNo.
Educating the educators: a unique physiology‐ and anatomy‐based educator workshop in the Wiregrass region
Authors: Vasauskas Audrey A. , Richardson Chante' L. , Anderson Sarah A. , Robinson Amanda L. 
Published: November 2023

It is well‐established that educator development is important for optimal curriculum delivery and student engagement, particularly in the science and health‐related professional fields. Educator development may include teaching workshops, peer‐to‐peer mentorship, and professional training. Here, we describe a free‐of‐charge, community‐oriented outreach program for high school and college educators that incorporates workshops and hands‐on training in cadaver‐based anatomical sciences, teaching methodologies, patient simulation laboratories, and current bench‐to‐bedside research. To date, this is the only workshop of its kind in the Wiregrass region. Educators from nursing and other allied health college programs as well as high school science educators attended the Health and Anatomy in the Wiregrass Educator Workshop, held this year during summer 2016. This was the third annual educator workshop, and this year's theme was the Respiratory system. All sessions were led by medical school faculty. Attendees rotated through the following programs: 1. Hands‐on anatomy laboratory with a prosected human cadaver and dissection of porcine lungs and heart, 2. Respiratory‐case simulation laboratory using the SimMan® patient simulator, 3. Lung biologist guest lecture on pseudomonas aeruginosa research, and 4. Team‐based Learning (TBL) interactive workshop involving a clinical respiratory case. Attendees were asked to complete a survey immediately post‐workshop. One hundred percent of respondents strongly agreed that the workshop was useful to them as educators, with 71% citing the TBL experience as valuable to their development as educators and 42% stating that the anatomy laboratory was important to them. The majority of attendees stated that the use of hands‐on, interactive sessions with skilled facilitators as the main strength of the workshop. Offering a resource that benefits local educators may improve the educational backbone of the region as well as educator enthusiasm for teaching in the health and bio‐sciences.Support or Funding InformationThe Health and Anatomy in the Wiregrass Educator Workshop is supported by a grant from the South Alabama Medical Center Foundation
Effects of Perinatal Circadian Programming on Activity and Skeletal Morphology in C57BL/6 Mice
Authors: Peacock Sarah J , Bates Keenan , Talton Omoseigho O , Schulz Laura C , Middleton Kevin M 
Published: November 2023

The timing and duration of locomotor activity can be impacted by changes in environmental light conditions. In mammals, the circadian system in offspring is initially entrained by that of the mother. Photoentrainment of the biological clock by the perinatal light environment begins at birth, and development of the circadian system is completed postnatally when the individual establishes its own internal circadian rhythm. Because of this perinatal to adult patterning, the perinatal light environment can have important developmental consequences to behavior and physiology in the adult. Here we explore the possible effects of photoentrainment on the skeleton using a mouse model system. Skeletal phenotypes are produced through a combination of an animal's genetic background, its plastic responses to its environment (e.g., diet, activity), and the interactions between genetics and environment. Because light environment can have both immediate and long‐term effects on locomotor behavior patterns, variation in photoperiod may impact bone biology indirectly via altered activity levels. To investigate the influence of perinatal light environment on adult activity patterns and bone morphology, one group of C57BL/6 mice was kept under a standard 12:12 L/D photoperiod (12 L; n = 10) and another group (24 L; n = 8) lived under constant light throughout their prenatal and early postnatal development. After five postnatal weeks, the 24 L group were transitioned into a 12:12 photoperiod. Home cage activity data for each animal was collected at 12, 20, and 28 postnatal weeks. After 31 weeks, mice were sacrificed to allow morphometric analyses on dissected long bones. At each of the three time points, we found that the 24 L mice spent significantly less of their time walking (P = 0.044) and walked lower distances overall than the 12 L group (P = 0.006). However, despite significant differences in activity, comparisons of femur length, AP diameter, ML diameter, proximal width, distal width, head height, and head depth indicated no significant differences between the two treatment groups. Overall, our results suggest that while perinatal light environment does have a lasting influence on the activity levels of adults, neither the differences in perinatal environment nor in adult activity between the two treatment groups had a significant impact on femoral morphology. These results support other recent research which has indicated that genetic background has a greater impact on skeletal phenotype than exercise does. Future studies will include investigating bone mineralization and bending mechanics.Support or Funding InformationAmerican Diabetes Association 1‐14‐BS‐181
Sexual anatomy differs between orthograde and pronograde primates and other mammals: Implications for human evolution
Authors: Hall Margaret I , Plochocki Jeffrey H , Rodriguez‐Sosa Jose R , Ruiz Saul 
Published: November 2023

Detailed descriptions of the perineal anatomy of most primates are lacking so that studies of modern human perineal anatomy in the context of general primate evolutionary morphology still require a broader framework. Our dissections of human, non‐human primate, and non‐primate mammal perinea (human (n=43), dog (n=16), cat (n=3), goat (n=9), pig (n=9), horse (n=3), cotton‐top tamarin (n=2), ring‐tailed lemur (n=1), potto (n=1), and Verreaux's sifaka (n=1)) suggest that modern human perineal anatomy likely follows a g eneral primate pattern. Primates with a habitually orthograde locomotor position copulate ventro‐ventrally and initial observations suggest that they have different perineal anatomy than primates and non‐primate mammals that employ habitually pronograde locomotor position and copulate dorso‐ventrally. Specifically, females of orthograde primate species have a relatively shallow vulva with easy access to a ventrally facing, prominent clitoris – easily stimulated during sexual courtship. Conversely, females of pronograde primate and non‐primate mammal species possess deep vulvae with subcutaneous constrictor muscles. These restrict access to a dorsally facing, recessed clitoris and vaginal orifice during courtship and the clitoris is only available during copulation. We suggest that adaptation of the pelvis for orthograde locomotor posture during the evolution of bipedalism followed a general pattern of primate perineal anatomy. This pattern of female perineal morphology enables easier access to the clitoris so that pre‐copulatory stimulation is possible. This female perineal anatomy possibly set the stage for loss of estrus in women that facilitates the modern male‐female pair bond social structure.Support or Funding InformationSupport received from Midwestern University intramural funds
Cranial and Appendicular Skeletal Elements Show Correlated Responses to Selection among Large‐Bodied and Small‐Bodied Tamarins
Authors: Agosto Elizabeth R , Auerbach Benjamin M 
Published: November 2023

Correlated evolution among the appendicular skeleton and cranium is largely unexamined. The skeletal elements of the skull, neck, and upper thorax share soft tissue and developmental pathways, and so we hypothesize that these elements exhibit share responses to evolution. If such a relationship exists, we anticipate that correlated responses to evolutionary forces may be related to changes in body size over time. This study assesses the response to selection among four basicranial, five shoulder girdle, and three appendicular dimensions using retrospectively estimates selection gradients among two species of tamarins, large‐bodied Saguinus oedipus and the small‐bodied Saguinus fuscicollis illigeri, and an estimated mid‐species condition.The sample for this study consists of 50 individuals of each species; these data were used both in the primary analysis and to estimate a sample of individuals of intermediate body size. Vectors of estimated selection gradients necessary to evolve one tamarin species into another and from an intermediate state to large and small body sizes were analyzed using the following measurements: foramen magnum length and width, condylar length, size of the nuchal region, the length and width of the glenoid fossa and humeral head, and the lengths of the scapula, scapular spine, humerus, and clavicle. A 95% confidence interval was estimated for each selection gradient using a non‐parametric bootstrap.Results show correlated responses to selection among cranial and post‐cranial elements. These analyses demonstrate that most traits evolved by correlated responses to selection on other traits, and most significantly between cranial and post‐cranial traits. We show that the basicranium, scapula, and humerus are not evolving independently. While most of the observed responses to selection appear to follow expected changes in body size, the width and length of the foramen magnum, and the length of the scapula and humeral head do not, and may be reflecting underlying genetic covariances affecting these traits. This study demonstrates that the scapula and the head have mutual constraint, and that treating functional trait complexes as evolutionary isolated groups of traits may be overlooking important trait interactions. We cannot argue any longer that shoulder morphology reflects selection on the shoulder alone.
The Prevalence of Supraorbital Foramina and Notches among Different Populations, Sexes, and Sides
Authors: Bliss Kaitlyn N , Koons Aaron W , Russell Michelle L , Mangus Kelsey R , Zdilla Matthew J 
Published: November 2023

Information regarding the prevalence of supraorbital foramina and notches among sexes of certain populations remains incomplete. This study examined images of 634 right‐sided orbits and 642 left‐sided orbits obtained from the University of Pennsylvania Online ORSA database for the presence of supraorbital foramina and supraorbital notches. Orbits were from the following geographic groups: Peruvians, Egyptians, Africans, East Asians, Malayans, Mexicans, Europeans, and Bengali. Overall, notches were most prevalent (55.3%). Malayan and Mexican populations had a higher prevalence of foramina (53.5% and 50.0%, respectively) relative to all other geographic groups which had a higher prevalence of notches. Females were found to have a higher prevalence of foramina than males (36.4% vs. 32.0%) while males were found to have a higher prevalence of notches than females (55.6% vs 51.7%). Foramina were found most often on the right side (35.3% vs. 30.0%), while notches were found more often on the left side (61.4% vs 49.2%). The right side also showed a higher prevalence of concomitant ipsilateral supraorbital foramina and supraorbital notches (15.4% vs. 10.0%).Support or Funding InformationWV Research Challenge Fund [HEPC.dsr.14.13]
Tooth Mineral Density in Primates: Effects of Developmental Strategies and Dietary Preference
Authors: Paddock Kelsey A , Zeigler Larissa Marie , Harvey Brianna M , Millen Michelle E , Vinyard Christopher , Muchlinski Magdalena M , DeLeon Valerie B , Smith Tim D 
Published: November 2023

Tooth size of newborn primates negatively correlates with gestational length, and also varies with diet. In this study, we examine the effects of these variables on hydroxyapatite (HA) density of the mandibular teeth in newborn primates. Forty‐eight newborn primates (24 species) were microCT scanned at 70 kVp/114 μA at a resolution of 20.5 μm. From the scans, grayscale intensity was converted to hydroxyapatite (HA) density (mg HA/cm3) using a linear conversion of grayscale values to calibration standards of known HA density (R2=0.99). Voxels representing teeth were segmented from the volume using Amira software. Mean HA densities were calculated for deciduous and permanent postcanine teeth, and the influence of diet tested using a one‐way ANOVA. Pearson correlation tests were used to assess the relationship of HA density to gestational length. Preliminary results indicate HA density is negatively correlated with gestational length, but only for deciduous teeth, suggesting different factors affect mineralization of permanent molars. No significant differences in HA density are observed based on dietary specialization among the primates sampled. However, peak HA density appears especially high in small bodied strepsirrhines (e.g., dwarf lemurs, galagos and lorises). Thus further study is needed to understand phylogenetic and body size influences on peak HA densitySupport or Funding InformationFunded by the National Science Foundation; Grant numbers: BCS‐1231350, BCS‐1231717, BCS‐0959438.
Think FAST: Using a Clinical Ultrasound Examination to Study Abdominal Anatomy
Authors: Hoffman Leslie A 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundUltrasound is increasingly being incorporated into gross anatomy courses to augment traditional teaching methods. Ultrasound has been found to be useful in presenting clinically relevant material, creating a link between basic science and clinical courses. A Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) exam is used to inspect the abdominopelvic and pericardial cavities for injury and bleeding following trauma. The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of using a clinical ultrasound examination, the FAST exam, to study abdominal anatomy in a medical gross anatomy course.MethodsFirst‐year medical students at Indiana University School of Medicine ‐ Fort Wayne were invited to participate in an ultrasound activity during which they were introduced to basic ultrasound principles and techniques and then instructed on how to conduct a FAST exam. The students were provided with hands‐on experience conducting the exam on student volunteers. Facilitators were on‐hand to assist with probe placement and structure identification. Following the activity students completed a brief survey about the experience.ResultsSeventeen out of 32 students (53%) elected to participate in the activity. Students completed the activity in groups of 5–6 students so that each student had ample opportunity for hands‐on probe time. All students agreed that participating in the activity was a valuable use of their time and increased their knowledge of abdominal anatomy. All students also indicated that they had a better understanding of anatomical relationships within the abdominal cavity after participating in the activity.ConclusionsStudent response to the FAST exam activity was overwhelmingly positive. Students found the FAST exam to be a useful method for examining the 3‐dimensional relationships within the abdominal cavity. Framing the anatomical relationships in a clinical context made these relationships more meaningful and relevant for medical students.
Using Practical‐Based Team Based Learning as a Tool For Providing An Immediate Feedback to the Students During Learning Anatomy
Authors: Eladl Mohamed Ahmed , Jaffar Akram Abood , Ranade Anu 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundAlthough assessment of learning may promote deep learning, it does not provide immediate feedback to drive further learning and training. In addition, with the students being subjected to formative exams during the course of their study, feedback might not be provided appropriately and timely. Students would like to understand and use the reasoning behind judgments and they demand that practical assessment criteria be explained. Team‐based learning (TBL) is a student‐centered learning strategy, which has been confirmed in medical education to enhance learning in small groups. Nevertheless, it has not been implemented during practical anatomy learning that challenges the spatial perception of the learned material in contrast to other disciplines.This study aims to present a novel intervention in using practical‐based TBL in anatomy and its impact as a tool for providing immediate feedback. It also determines students' perceptions of the practical‐based TBL and the effect of the given feedback on anatomy learning.MethodAn objective structured practical examination (OSPE) formative test setup was used. Students took the test in two successive formats: individually (iRAT) and in teams (tRAT). Individual students rotated around the practical stations in the form of a steeplechase examination during the iRAT. For the subsequent tRAT, photographs of the stations were projected in the classroom to groups of eight students each. The session was concluded by discussing the answers with the tutor who provided an immediate feedback. Students' perception (N=110) was measured using quantitative and qualitative instruments through a self‐administered questionnaire and a focus group discussion.ResultsThe students perceived that the practical‐based setup was a useful tool in providing immediate feedback. They also agreed upon the fact that apart from highlighting areas of their weakness (86%); the practical‐based TBL also provided diverse options for testing knowledge (79%) and further stimulated motivation in them to attend these sessions (80%). Seventy eight of the students indicated that it boosted their self‐confidence to face the examinations, and 80% were able to clarify the reasoning behind judgments.ConclusionPractical‐based TBL is a valuable learning strategy and can be employed as an effective tool for providing immediate feedback during anatomy learning.
The benefits of pair‐share concept mapping in anatomy and embryology
Authors: Elzie Carrie , Goodmurphy Craig W. 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveConcept maps are graphic tools for organizing and representing knowledge and their use in medical education is increasing. Concept maps foster the development of meaningful learning, critical thinking and problem solving in the learner. Therefore, we created a pair‐share concept mapping session in anatomy and embryology to foster expansion and integration of knowledge.MethodsAll M1 medical students were required to attend a brief lecture on the parameters and utilities of concept maps for studying. Students were then instructed to first work individually on a concept map. Student A mapped the spinal cord inflow and outflow, while Student B mapped the first two weeks of development. After sufficient time to work, each pair of students swapped their maps and were asked to expand their partner's map. Pairs of students then reviewed their maps and were instructed to teach their partner the information they contributed.SummaryOnly fifty‐five percent of the class had used concepts previously to study. At the conclusion of the session, seventy‐two percent of the students found the activity helpful. More importantly, ninety‐seven percent of the students thought the activity exposed gaps in their knowledge. Seventy‐six percent of students said they were likely to use concept mapping as a study tool. However, a follow‐up survey will be administered to address the prevalence of mapping as a study tool at the end of the semester.ConclusionPair‐sharing concept mapping is an effective tool to reveal gaps in knowledge when studying and therefore is a valuable activity to be incorporated into curricula ideally prior to exams.Support or Funding Informationnone