bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Maudsley long-term follow-up of child and adolescent depression
Authors: Fombonne Eric , Wostear Gail , Cooper Vanessa , Harrington Richard , Rutter Michael 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundStrong links exist between juvenile and adult depression, but comorbid conduct disorder may be associated with worse adult social difficulties.AimsTo test the impact of comorbid conduct disorder on social adjustment and dysfunction, suicidality and criminality of adults who had had depression as youths.MethodSubjects (n=149) assessed at the Maudsley Hospital in 1970–1983 and meeting DSM–IV criteria for major depressive disorder with (CD–MDD; n=53) or without (MDD; n=96) conduct disorder were interviewed 20 years later. Data were collected on lifetime psychiatric disorders and adult social/personality functioning. Death certificates and criminal records were obtained.ResultsThe suicide risk was 2.45%, and 44.3% of the sample had attempted suicide once in their lives. Compared with the MDD group, the CD–MDD group had higher rates of suicidal behaviours and criminal offences, and exhibited more pervasive social dysfunction.ConclusionsAdolescent depression is associated with raised risks of adult suicidality and with persistent interpersonal difficulties. Youths with CD–MDD show more severe and pervasive social dysfunction.
Examining the comorbidity of ADHD-related behaviours and conduct problems using a twin study design
Authors: Thapar Anita , Harrington Richard , McGuffin Peter 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundAlthough attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD) frequently co-occur, the underlying mechanisms for this comorbidity are not well understood.AimsTo examine whether ADHD and conduct problems share common risk factors and whether ADHD+CD is a more heritable variant of ADHD.MethodQuestionnaires were sent to 2846 families. Parent-rated data were obtained for 2082 twin pairs and analysed using bivariate genetic analysis and a liability threshold model approach.ResultsThe overlap of ADHD and conduct problems was explained by common genetic and non-shared environmental factors influencing both categories. Nevertheless, the two categories appeared to be partly distinct in that additional environmental factors influenced conduct problems. It appeared that ADHD+CD was a genetically more severe variant of ADHD.ConclusionsConduct problems and ADHD share a common genetic aetiology; ADHD+CD appears to be a more severe subtype in terms of genetic loading as well as clinical severity.
Child psychiatric symptoms and psychosocial impairment: relationship and prognostic significance
Authors: Pickles Andrew , Rowe Richard , Simonoff Emily , Foley Debra , Rutter Michael , Silberg Judy 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundRelatively little is known about the relationships between psychiatric symptoms, diagnosis and psychosocial impairment.AimsTo examine these contemporaneous relationships and prognostic significance in a large general population sample.MethodSymptoms of major depression, conduct and oppositional defiant disorders were assessed by interview in two waves of the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent behavioural Development (2800 children aged 8–16 years).ResultsManychildren below the DSM–III–R diagnostic threshold, especially for depression, had symptom-related impairment, whereas many children reaching the symptom threshold for conduct and oppositional defiant disorders were little impaired. Impairment score was linearly related to symptom count, with no evidence of any additional impairment at the diagnostic threshold. For depression, only symptoms predicted later symptoms and diagnosis. For conduct and oppositional defiant disorders, impairment was additionally predictive of later symptoms and diagnosis.ConclusionsImpairment, in addition to symptoms, is important for both nosology and prognosis.
Development of weight and shape concerns in the aetiology of eating disorders
Authors: Gowers Simon G. , Shore Alison 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundAlthough weight and shape concerns are considered to be integral to the psychopathology of anorexia and bulimia nervosa, uncertainties remain about developmental aspects of the aetiology of these concerns and their relationship to eating disorders.AimsTo review the recent literature on weight and shape concern, with particular emphasis on aetiology, to identify a possible developmental pathway from weight concern through abnormal eating behaviour to disorder.MethodLiterature review of Medline and Psychlit databases using the keywords ‘eating disosrder’, ‘weight concern’, ‘shape concern’ and ‘aetiology’. Inclusion criteria were based on the strength of quantitative research findings, originality of ideas and recent publication.ResultsWeight and shape concerns follow a developmental pathway arising before the typical age for the development of eating disorders. The origins are multifactorial, with biological, family and sociocultural features predominating.ConclusionsAlthough weight and shape concern seems commonly to underlie the development of eating disorders, an alternative pathway appears to exist through impulsivity and fear of loss of control. Prevention strategies may usefully focus on the attitudes and concerns that lead to dieting behaviour.
Possible role of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone in human development and psychopathology
Authors: Goodyer I. M. , Park R. J. , Netherton C. M. , Herbert J. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundThe characteristics of adrenal hormone secretion change markedly during infancy. Disturbances in basal levels may precipitate psychological dysfunction and are associated with psychopathology in young people.AimsTo relate three aspects of behavioural endocrinology: developmental changes in cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), the role of these hormones in the psychopathology of young people, and the action of these steroids in the brain.MethodA selective review from the human developmental, psychiatric and neurosciences literature.ResultsThere are developmentally mediated changes in brain sensitivity following excess exposure to cortisol. This may result in impairments of mental and behavioural function. DHEA and gonadal steroids may modulate the actions of cortisol.ConclusionsSteroid hormones contribute to shaping behavioural function during early development and act as risk factors for psychopathology.
Prevalence of dementia according to DSM–III–R and ICD–10
Authors: Riedel-Heller Steffi G. , Busse Anja , Aurich Conny , Matschinger Herbert , Angermeyer Matthias C. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundThe prevalence of dementia diagnosis according to ICD–10 and DSM–III–R in population surveys remains poorly understood.AimsTo report and compare prevalence rates according to DSM–III–R and ICD–10.MethodA population-based sample (n=1692, age 75+ years) was investigated by a Structured Interview for Diagnosis of Dementia of Alzheimer Type, Multiinfarct Dementia and Dementia of other Aetiology according to DSM–III–R and ICD–10 (SIDAM).ResultsWhereas 17.4% (95% CI=15.9–19.5) of individuals aged 75+ years suffer from dementia according to DSM–III–R, only 12.4% (95% CI=10.6–14.2) are diagnosed as having dementia according to ICD–10. The results revealed lower ICD–10 rates in all investigated age groups. The largest differences appear in the oldest of the elderly.ConclusionsThe ICD–10 sets a higher threshold for dementia diagnosis. Larger differences in the eldest age groups might reflect difficulties in applying case definitions, especially in those beyond 90 years old.
Incidence of Dementia According to DSM–III–R and ICD–10
Authors: Riedel-Heller Steffi G. , Busse Anja , Aurich Conny , Matschinger Herbert , Angermeyer Matthias C. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundThe impact of different case definitions on incidence rates remains unclear.AimsTo compare incidence rates of dementia according to DSM–III–Rand ICD–10.MethodA two-wave community study was conducted (n=1692, age 75+ years follow-up period 1.6 years). Cognitive function was assessed by the Structured Interview for Diagnosis of Dementia of Alzheimer Type, Multiinfarct Dementia and Dementia of other Aetiology according to ICD–10 and DSM–III–R (SIDAM).ResultsThe annual incidence rate for dementia by applying different case definitions was found to be quite similar (DSM–III–R: 47.4 (95% Cl=36.1–61.2) per 1000 person-years; ICD–10: 45.8 (95% Cl= 35.0–59.0) per 1000 person-years). Age-specific incidence rates increase steeply with age.ConclusionsThe impact of different case definitions on incidence rates of dementia appears limited if case definitions and case-finding procedures at baseline and follow-up are applied consistently.
Costs of dementia in England and Wales in the 21st century
Authors: McNamee Paul , Bond John , Buck Debbie 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundAn important factor determining future health care expenditure is the relationship between ageing, health status and development of age-related disorders such as dementia.AimsTo estimate the formal care costs associated with dementia in England and Wales between 1994 and 2031.MethodEpidemiological cost model, applied to individuals aged 65 years or over with dementia, using estimates of life expectancy with dementia and dementia-free life expectancy.ResultsTotal costs per year were £0.95 billion (men) and £5.35 billion (women) using 1994 population estimates. For 2031, costs were £2.34 billion and £11.20 billion, respectively. Reduced dementia prevalence rates and improvements in mental and physical functioning resulted in lower estimates: £1.01 billon (men) and £5.77 billion (women), and £1.65 billion (men) and £7.87 billion (women), respectively.ConclusionsFuture increases in the population aged 65 years or over lead to rising formal care costs. However, the magnitude of cost changes depends on assumptions over dementia prevalence and levels of mental and physical functioning.
Systematic meta-review of depot antipsychotic drugs for people with schizophrenia
Authors: Adams Clive E. , Fenton Mark K. P. , Quraishi Seema , David Anthony S. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundLong-acting depot antipsychotic medication is a widely used treatment for schizophrenia.AimsTo synthesise relevant systematic Cochrane reviews.MethodThe Cochrane Database was searched and summary data were extracted from randomised controlled clinical trials of depots.ResultsStandard dose depot v. placebo resulted in significantly less relapse but more movement disorders. Those on depots (v. oral drugs) showed more global change on one outcome measure; relapse and adverse effects showed no difference. Comparisons showed no convincing advantages for one depot over another.ConclusionsDepot antipsychotics are safe and effective. They may confer a small benefit over oral drugs on global outcome. Those for whom depots are most indicated may not be represented. Large studies are required to discern differences in relapse rates and long-term adverse effects, and data on satisfaction, quality of life and economics.
Systematic review of patient and nurse attitudes to depot antipsychotic medication
Authors: Walburn Jessica , Gray Richard , Gournay Kevin , Quraishi Seema , David Anthony S. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundDepot antipsychotic medication is used widely in the treatment and prophylaxis of severe mental illness.AimsTo review the literature on patient and nurse satisfaction with, and attitudes towards, depots.MethodA systematic search of Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL and The Cochrane Library was undertaken, along with citation searches. Studies were selected if satisfaction/attitude data were described in the title or abstract and original data were included. Study quality was rated.ResultsThe search produced 1374 articles; 22 articles met the inclusion criteria, 18 of which were cross-sectional surveys. Of the 12 studies with relevant data, 10 conveyed a positive opinion of depot medication. Five out of six studies comparing depot with oral medication showed patient preference for depot.ConclusionsHigh-quality data examining patient and nurse attitudes regarding depot antipsychotics are sparse. What data there are show a positive attitude to depots from patients. Future randomised controlled trials should include satisfaction as an outcome.
Depressive disorders in Europe: prevalence figures from the ODIN study
Authors: Ayuso-Mateos Jose Luis , Vázquez-Barquero Jose Luis , Dowrick Christopher , Lehtinen Ville , Dalgard Odd Steffen , Casey Patricia , Wilkinson Clare , Lasa Lourdes , Page Helen , Dunn Graham , Wilkinson Greg ,   the Odin Group
Published: August 2002

BackgroundThis is the first report on the epidemiology of depressive disorders from the European Outcome of Depression International Network (ODIN) study.AimsTo assess the prevalence of depressive disorders in randomly selected samples of the general population in five European countries.MethodThe study was designed as a cross-sectional two-phase community study using the Beck Depression Inventory during Phase 1, and the Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry during Phase 2.ResultsAn analysis of the combined sample (n=8.764) gave an overall prevalence of depressive disorders of 8.56% (95% Cl 7.05–10.37). The figures were 10.05% (95% Cl 7.80–12.85) for women and 6.61% (95% Cl 4.92–8.83) for men. The centres fall into three categories: high prevalence (urban Ireland and urban UK), low prevalence (urban Spain) and medium prevalence (the remaining sites).ConclusionsDepressive disorder is a highly prevalent condition in Europe. The major finding is the wide difference in the prevalence of depressive disorders found across the study sites.
Dimensional perspective on the recognition of depressive symptoms in primary care
Authors: Thompson Chris , Ostler Kevin , Peveler Robert C. , Baker Nigel , Kinmonth Ann-Louise 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundMost studies of the recognition of depression in primary care have used a categorical definition of depression. This may overstate the extent of the problem.AimsOur objective was to investigate the relationship between severity and recognition of depression, and its modification by patient and practitioner characteristics.MethodAn association study in multiple consecutive adult cohorts of 18 414 primary care consultations drawn from a representative sample of 156 general practitioners in Hampshire, UK.ResultsThere was a curvilinear relationship between the severity of depression and practitioners' ratings of depression. One case of probable depression was missed in every 28.6 consultations. Anxiety and unemployment altered the chances of recognition, but age, gender and deprivation scores did not.ConclusionsA dimensional approach to severity of depression shows that general practitioners may be better able to recognise depression than previous categorical studies have suggested. Efforts to improve the care of depression should therefore focus on doctors who have been shown to have difficulty making the diagnosis and on improving the treatment of identified patients.
Prevalence of obsessive–compulsive disorder in the British nationwide survey of child mental health
Authors: Heyman Isobel , Fombonne Eric , Simmons Helen , Ford Tamsin , Meltzer Howard , Goodman Robert 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundObsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disorder that appears to be underdiagnosed and undertreated, despite the evidence for effective treatments. There are variable estimates of OCD prevalence in the under-16s and published rates give little indication of age trends.AimsTo establish the prevalence and associates of OCD in young people aged 5–15 years.MethodA nationwide (UK) epidemiological study of rates of psychiatric disorder in 5— to 15-year-olds (1999 British Child Mental Health Survey): 10 438 children were assessed.ResultsTwenty-five children with OCD were identified (weighted overall prevalence 0.25%; 95% Cl 0.14–0.35), with prevalence rising exponentially with increasing age. Compared with normal controls, children with OCD were more likely to be from lower socio-economic class and of lower intelligence. Only three of these children had been seen by specialist children's services.ConclusionsAlthough OCD is rare in young children, the rate increases towards the adult rates at puberty. Children with OCD have additional psychosocial disadvantage. The majority of the childhood cases identified in this survey appear to have been undetected and untreated.
Grey matter abnormalities in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Kim Jae-Jin , Lee Myung Chul , Kim Jaeseok , Kim In Young , Kim Sun I. , Han Moon Hee , Chang Kee-Hyun , Kwon Jun Soo 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundAlthough a number of functional imaging studies are in agreement in suggesting orbitofrontal and subcortical hyperfunction in the pathophysiology of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), the structural findings have been contradictory.AimsTo investigate grey matter abnormalities in patients with OCD by employing a novel voxel-based analysis of magnetic resonance images.MethodStatistical parametric mapping was utilised to compare segmented grey matter images from 25 patients with OCD with those from 25 matched controls.ResultsIncreased regional grey matter density was found in multiple cortical areas, including the left orbitofrontal cortex, and in subcortical areas, including the thalamus. On the other hand, regions of reduction were confined to posterior parts of the brain, such as the left cuneus and the left cerebellum.ConclusionsIncreased grey matter density of frontal–subcortical circuits, consonant with the hypermetabolic findings from functional imaging studies, seems to exist in patients with OCD, and cerebellar dysfunction may be involved in the pathophysiology of OCD.
Comparison of the incidence of schizophrenia in rural Dumfries and Galloway and urban Camberwell
Authors: Allardyce J. , Boydell J. , Van Os J. , Morrison G. , Castle D. , Murray R. M. , McCreadie R. G. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundBeing born or living in urban areas is associated with high rates of schizophrenia. However, few studies have compared the incidence in urban/rural areas using the same methodology.AimsTo compare service-based incidence rates for schizophrenia in rural Dumfries and Galloway in south-west Scotland with urban Camberwell in south-east London.MethodUsing Research Diagnostic Criteria diagnoses from the OPCRIT computer algorithm, we compared the incidence of schizophrenia over 12 years (1979–1984 and 1992–1997) using indirect standardisation techniques and Poisson regression modelling.ResultsThe incidence was 61% higher in urban Camberwell than in rural Dumfries and Galloway (standardised incidence ratio (SIR)= 1.61; 95% Cl=1.42–1.81). There was no difference in incidence when we compared the White population in Camberwell with Dumfries and Galloway (SIR=1.12; 95% CI=0.86–1.43).ConclusionsThe incidence of schizophrenia in urban Camberwell was higher than that in rural Dumfries and Galloway; the high incidence of non-Whites in Camberwell largely explains the urban/rural difference.
Duration of untreated psychosis and cognitive functioning in first-episode patients
Authors: Norman Ross M. G. , Townsend Laurel , Malla Ashok K. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundThe ‘toxicity’ model of duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) suggests that longer DUP will be associated with poorer performance on cognitive tests in first-episode patients.AimsTo test this hypothesis on a sample of 113 patients in a community-based early intervention programme for psychosis.MethodInformation was collected concerning a number of possible predictors of cognitive functioning including DUP. These were examined for their relation to performance on an extensive battery of cognitive tests administered shortly after the patients' admission to the programme.ResultsAlthough several variables such as gender, premorbid adjustment, education and handedness predicted cognitive functioning, no relation was found between DUP and performance on any component of the test battery.ConclusionsFindings do not provide support for a toxic effect of DUP on cognitive functioning. Other mechanisms through which DUP might affect outcome such as psychological engulfment, social support and adherence to medication are discussed.
Association between schizophrenia and social inequality at birth: case–control study
Authors: Harrison Glynn , Gunnell David , Glazebrook Cris , Page Kim , Kwiecinski Rosemary 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundThe association between social inequality at birth and subsequent risk of schizophrenia is uncertain.AimsTo investigate the relationship between adult-onset schizophrenia and two indicators of social inequality at birth: social class and area of residence.MethodA matched case–control design was used with data from birth certificates of first-episode cases and age— and gender-matched controls.ResultsRisk increased with increasing levels of deprivation at birth. Subjects whose fathers were social class IV–V or who were born in deprived areas were at increased risk of schizophrenia (odds ratio=2.1; 95% Cl=0.8–5.5). Risk was greater in those with both of these indicators (odds ratio=8.1; 95% CI=2.7–23.9). There was some evidence that associations were stronger in older subjects. Exclusion of African–Caribbeans or cases with positive family history somewhat attenuated the association.ConclusionsIndicators of social inequality at birth are associated with increased risk of adult-onset schizophrenia, suggesting that environmental factors are important determinants of schizophrenic disorders.
Aggressive behaviour in patients with schizophrenia is associated with catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype
Authors: Jones G. , Zammit S. , Norton N. , Hamshere M. L. , Jones S. J. , Milham C. , Sanders R. D. , McCarthy G. M. , Jones L. A. , Cardno A. G. , Gray M. , Murphy K. C. , Owen M. J. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundEvidence exists for an association between aggression and schizophrenia. Although the aetiology of aggression is multifactorial, three studies have reported associations between polymorphisms of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene and aggression in schizophrenia.AimsTo replicate these findings in a larger sample using the Overt Aggression Scale (OAS).MethodA sample of 180 people with DSM–IV schizophrenia were rated for aggression using the OAS. Kruskal–Wallis and contingency table analyses were applied to the OAS results.ResultsThe high-activity homozygotes showed significantly higher scores of aggression, whereas the heterozygotes showed significantly lower scores. The odds ratio for aggression for the high-activity homozygotes was 2.07 (95% Cl=1.03–4.15), whereas that for the heterozygotes was 0.54 (95% CI=0. 30–1.00).ConclusionsThe high-activity COMT homozygote confers a higher risk of recorded aggression in schizophrenia. Heterozygotes had a significantly lower risk, which may represent an example of heterosis/heterozygote advantage.