bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Working Together Wives and Husbands in the Brewers’ Gild of London
Authors: Bennett Judith M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the history of brewing, an understanding of the work undertaken by wives and husbands is critical but elusive. Living in a society where work was structured more around households than individuals, many wives and husbands shared the tasks of brewing for profit. They worked together-sometimes with the assistance of servants and children-to collect supplies and materials, to brew up the ale or beer, and then to market it either retail or wholesale. Some wives and husbands might not have shared this labor at all, but many others certainly did. For them, brewing was a family affair, not an individual pursuit. Yet the structure and significance of this family affair shifted in most towns, and many villages as well, between 1300 and 1600. In 1300, it was most common to buy ale from married brewsters who supervised their families’ work in the trade, work that was (more often than not) a by-industry that supplemented other household employments. By 1600, it had become more common to buy ale or beer from married male brewers who supervised work that constituted the primary occupation of their households and that sometimes employed more hired than familial labor.
“I’s a Man Now”: Gender and African American Men
Authors: Cullen Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At one point in the 1989 film Glory, a former slave named Rawlins who has enlisted in the Union army gets angry at a fellow soldier. A runaway South Carolinian private named Trip has just insulted Searles, an educated Bostonian, by telling him he acts like “the white man’s dog.” Offended by this remark, Rawlins gives Trip a piece of his mind, criticizing him for his insolent attitude toward whites, his fellow soldiers, and the war effort in general. “The time’s comin’ when we’regoin’ to have to ante up and kick in like men,” Rawlins tells Trip. “Like men!,.” Trip is not instantly transformed by these remarks, and he will take some of his rebellious skepticism to a sandy grave off the coast of Charleston.
“Missing in Action”: Women of the Confederacy
Authors: Rable George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was bound to happen. Social historians are rapidly discovering the boundless riches of the American Civil War. What J. H. Hexter three decades ago termed “tunnel history” has become the dominant mode of historical discourse, but since Hexter coined the phrase, the tunnels have become much narrower and more numerous. The forces of professionalization and specialization have isolated historians from each other as well as from the larger society.
The Children of Jubilee: African American Childhood in Wartime
Authors: Bardaglio Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Private Spotswood Rice, hospitalized in. St. Louis for chronic rheumatism, took his pen in hand on September 3, 1864, to write to his enslaved children. A Missouri ex-slave who enlisted in the Union army in February, Rice had learned that the woman who owned his daughter Mary prohibited her from visiting him and, even more insulting, Mary’s mistress accused the father of trying to “steal” the child. Rice’s fury pulsated throughout the letter to his offspring as he sought to assure them that he intended to gain possession of “his own flesh and blood.” He informed the girls that he would take part in a Union military operation moving through the area later in the month, and that if the mistress didn’t “give you up this Government will and I feel confident that I will get you.” “You tell her from me,” Rice directed his daughters, “that She is the frist Christian that I ever hard say that aman could Steal his own child especially out of human bondage.”
Warwork and the Crisis of Domesticity in the North
Authors: Attie Jeanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wars appear naturally gendered. Nationalist discourse invariably extolls masculine attributes of aggressiveness, courage, and strength while it lauds female qualities of forbearance, generosity, and sacrifice. Feuding nations frequently draw on ideal categories of masculinity and femininity to bolster their own selfimage and denigrate their opponents; gender imagery provides a means for emphasizing dominant and subordinate positions. Gendered military discourse also permeates relations within· a nation, demarcating warfronts as masculine and homefronts as feminine. Patriotic propaganda sanctions existing patterns of gender relations, calling on men and women to assume genderappropriate roles to further nationalist objectives.
Writing Out the War: Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Averted Gaze
Authors: Hill Patricia R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Harriet Beecher Stowe confided, in a letter to her family, that a stiff dose of brandy taken to quell a raging toothache caused her to sleep through the cannonade and bell ringing with which Boston greeted the end of slavery. “Strange,” she commented, “that when the consummation of my life’s desires was announced I should be lying vanquished by toothache.” Strange perhaps, but strangely consistent with her deliberate attempts to distract herself and her audience from the horrors of civil warfare by writing romantic fictions and by focusing upon the details of domesticity.
Reshaping the Bonds of Womanhood: Divorce in Reconstruction North Carolina
Authors: Bynum Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, scholars have increasingly studied the private world of the family to enhance our understanding of the contours of public institutions of power. By shifting the inquiry away from public institutions toward personal household relations, we have developed a more comprehensive view of the ways in which household and kin relationships underwrite the transmission of culture and wealth from one generation to the next. Analyses of gender roles, the way in which societies mediate women’s and men’s sexual and reproductive behavior within and outside the family structure, have proved especially illuminating with regard to how the private and public worlds intersect. Subjecting the private family to public scrutiny can reveal the true status of women and the dynamics of their daily lives. Divorce patterns may also reflect the social effects of political arrangements of race and class, or of upheavals like war and depression, on “ordinary” people.
Avicenna On Emanation, The Active Intellect, And Human Intellect
Authors: Davidson \Herbert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the present chapter I assume that Avicenna’s genuine works all reflect a single consistent outlook concerning the issues discussed, although Avicenna sometimes does slip into inconsistency in details. Like Alfarabi, Avicenna envisions a translunar region comprising nine primary spheres: an outermost, diurnal sphere, the sphere of the fixed stars, and the seven spheres that contain the planets, the sun, and the moon. Each sphere is again accompanied by an incorporeal intelligence, which is its mover, and Avicenna again knits intelligences and spheres together through a series of emanations.
Patterns of Disease Emergence History
Authors: Mcneill William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sudden appearance of new infections, or at least of locally new infections, previously unrecognized, has been very frequent in human history and sometimes of very great importance in affecting the course of public affairs-that which we commonly think of as history. Among instances that can be reconstructed with a certain degree of confidence, the really striking examples all come from some new pattern of human movement, initiating new contacts across what had previously been disease boundaries. This meant that infections new to one partner in the encounter moved into what the epidemiologists call a virgin population, sometimes with very dramatic consequences indeed.
Influenza
Authors: Webster Robert G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Influenza is probably one of the oldest emerging viruses. It is still emerging. Still the sixth most important cause of death in the United States, it goes far back into ancient Greece and Rome, although the ancient descriptions of influenza were so imprecise that we cannot be sure that they were specifically influenza rather than some other respiratory infection. However, we have reasonably clear records beginning from the middle ages. Hirsch, in the last century, identified and tabulated reports of influenza outbreaks from the fifteenth century onward, using as his criteria a respiratory infection with sudden onset in the context of an epidemic lasting 2 to 3 weeks and then disappearing, exactly like the pattern of modern influenza epidemics (Hirsch, 1883).
Assessing Geographic and Transport Factors, and Recognition of New Viruses
Authors: Shope Robert E , Evans Alfred S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twenty-three years ago one of us wrote a paper called “ The instant distant infections” (Evans, 1966). It was concerned with many of the same issues we are considering here-namely the geographic emergence of new or unusual organisms, usually in some distant area, and new instant transport, often via modern jets, to susceptible persons in our country. We shall discuss the assessment of geographic and transport factors at five levels involved in the emergence of viruses and subsequent host-virus interactions. These are shown in Table 11.1. The first level is the evolution of the virus in nature. In the second level, the agent has evolved, but effective human contact has not yet occurred. Usually we do not know about the agent at this point, with some exceptions. The third level is the effective exposure, leading to human infection and resulting in a new disease. This is termed “ new disease; new agent.” A fourth level, which we are not sure exactly fits in this sequence, involves viruses that are previously latent, or nonpathogenic agents that produce disease in compromised hosts. This has been termed “ old agent” disease. Finally, we shall discuss more extensively the known viruses in search of diseases or known diseases in search of viruses, or the “ accidental tourist,” that is, unknown viruses in search of unknown diseases.
Phylogenetic Moments in the AIDS Epidemic
Authors: Myers Gerald , Maclnnes, Kersti , Myers Lynda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1983, several laboratories had identified and isolated the etiologic agent of AIDS, the retrovirus now denoted HIV, and by 1985 nucleotide sequences derived from those early isolates were reported. This molecular information was available in time to address a flurry of speculations and allegations concerning the sudden emergence of the AIDS virus. In 1986, two avirulent strains of herpes simplex virus were discovered to have generated a lethal recombinant in vitro (Javier et al., 1986), and this quickly touched off speculation that the AIDS virus may have been similarly generated in nature or in a testtube. Such speculations contributed to a world wide climate of anxiety and created a potential for dissemination of false and misleading information. In light of this, we at the HIV Sequence Database and Analysis Project (an NIH-funded project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory), recognized the immediate need for an investigation of the molecular facts pertinent to the origin of AIDS.
Human Monkeypox, A Newly Discovered Human Virus Disease
Authors: Fenner Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1958, Dr. P. von Magnus and his colleagues at the State Serum Institute in Copenhagen recovered an orthopoxviru:s from the skin lesions of a cynomolgus monkey during an outbreak of a pox disease in their laboratory monkeys. They noted that the pocks it produced on the chorioallantoic membrane were very similar to those produced by variola virus (although subs,equently differences were found), but unlike variola virus, the new virus produced large lesions in rabbit skin. It was a new orthopoxvirus, which they called “ monkeypox virus” . Over the next 10 years nine more outbreaks were recognized in captive primates in North America and Europe, all in monkeys shipped from Asia, except for a case in a chimpanzee very recently imported from Sierra Leone and a large outbreak in the Rotterdam Zoo in1964-1965 which was introduced by two South American anteaters. No cases occurred in animal handlers, and no cases were reported in captive monkeys after 1968.
Replication Error, Quasispecies Populations, and Extreme Evolution Rates of RNA Viruses
Authors: Holland John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to introduce non-specialists to recent insights into the extreme genetic variability and great adaptability of RNA viruses (those which have RNA genomes, or which utilize RNA as an intermediate template to replicate their DNA genomes). This topic has been reviewed in considerable detail recently, so this chapter will present a summary and overview without excessive elaboration or references. Readers are referred to the many reviews in Domingo et al. (1988) and Holland (1992) for detailed references.
Epistemological Debates, Feminist Voices
Authors: Riger Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Modern Scientific Methods, invented in the sixteenth century, represented not only a stunning technical innovation, but a moral and political one as well, replacing the sacred authority of the Church with science as the ultimate arbiter of truth. Unlike medieval inquiry, modern science conceives itself as a search for knowledge that is free of moral, political, and social values. The application of scientific methods to the study of human behavior distinguished American psychology from philosophy, and enabled it to pursue the respect accorded the natural sciences.
Women in Management
Authors: Riger Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Recent Years, women seem to have moved successfully into the top levels of organizational management. Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about successful women’s careers, a multitude of books give advice to female managers on everything from dress to conduct in the boardroom, and companies proudly display the names of women on their boards of directors. However, statistics on women in the labor force present a stark contrast to this glowing picture. Although women make up 43 percent of the executive, administrative, and managerial occupations, they hold fewer than 3 to 5 percent of top executive positions—vice presidents and above—in Fortune 500 companies. The number of female heads of Fortune 500 companies doubled by the year 2000 from a previous high of 2 to a grand total of 4. The Glass Ceiling Commission, established to assess the barriers that prevent women and minorities from rising to the top levels of management, concluded that white men still fill most top managerial and executive positions.
Nur Jahan
Authors: Findly Ellison Banks 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nur Jahan was one of the most powerful and influential women in Indian history. Born on a caravan traveling from Teheran to India, she became the last (eighteenth) wife of the Mughal emperor Jahangir and effectively took control of the government as he bowed to the effects of alcohol and opium. Her reign (1611-1627) marked the highpoint of the Mughal empire, in the course of which she made great contributions to the arts, religion, and the nascent trade with Europe. An intriguing, elegantly written account of Nur Jahan's life and times, this book not only revises the legends that portray her as a power-hungry and malicious woman, but also investigates the paths to power available to women in Islam and Hinduism providing a fascinating picture of life inside the mahal (harem).
Mental And Mental Retardation
Authors: Richardson Stephen A , Koller Helene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term “mental retardation” (MR) covers the range of severity of intellectual impairment, from mild to profound. The criteria for the diagnosis have traditionally been based primarily on tests of intelligence, and this continues despite frequent challenges to the underlying assumptions. MR and corresponding termsmental sub normality and mental deficiency-refer to a heterogeneous group of conditions, most of which are genetic or chromosomal or reflect the consequences of intrauterine infection or iso immunization. Other biologic causes include anoxia at birth, other obstetric difficulties, as well as a relatively few postnatal events, such as sequelae of central nervous system infection or injury, anoxia from repeated or prolonged convulsions, and a variety of other causes including degenerative diseases (such as Tay-Sachs) and toxic encephalopathies (such as lead poisoning). A large proportion of cases of MR have, however, no known origin.
Unintentional Injuries
Authors: Rivara Fred P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of injuries to children is not a new one. In recent years, however, interest in trauma has dramatically increased for a number of reasons. Advances in medical care and public health have had a major impact on the mortality and morbidity from a wide variety of infectious and other acute diseases. Similar changes have not occurred in trauma, and consequently its relative importance has increased. An increasingly scientific approach to injury causation has led to progressively more effective prevention programs in specific areas. Finally, the interest of governmental agencies at the national and local level has been ac companied by an infusion of money for both research and prevention. As a result, the scientific and academic community has taken a greater interest in this problem, and in the last decade, a large number of important contributions have appeared (Baker et al., 1992; Robertson, 1992). Injuries, including intentional injuries, such as homicide, have come to be viewed as public health problems, rather than as problems of the motor vehicle industry, police, or criminologists (National Committee for Injury Prevention and Control, 1989). The application of the standard techniques of public health to the study of injury has been fruitful and is beginning to yield impressive results.
The Psychosocial and Behavioral Impact of Health Risk Appraisals
Authors: Kreuter Victor j. Strecher Matthew W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Health Risk Appraisal (HRA) has been defined as “a procedure for using epidemiological and vital statistics data to provide individuals with projections of their personalized mortality risk and with recommendations for reducing that risk, for the purpose of promoting desirable changes in health behavior” (Schoenbach, Wagner, & Beery, 1987). This definition captures the three essential elements of HRA: assessment, estimation, and education (DeFriese & Fielding, 1990). HRA assesses individuals’ health status and practices, usually by way of self-administered questionnaires and in some cases biomedical measures. From this information, HRA estimates their risk of death or disease from each of several causes and provides personalized educational messages that indicate ways they can reduce their risk by changing specific behaviors.
Chamaecyparis Thyoides (Atlantic White Cedar) in the United States Extent and Characterization Using Broad-Scale Inventory Data
Authors: Sheffield Raymond M , Birch Thomas W , Mcwilliams William H , Tansey John B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the United States, Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) BSP. (Atlantic white cedar) occurs within 250 km of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico (see Figs. 8.1, 8.2, and 8.3). It is found from southeastern Maine southward along the coastline to northeastern Florida and along the Gulf coast from the panhandle of Florida westward to Mississippi (Little 1971). Although the species has been studied extensively, the total area occupied and total inventory volume have not been established. Numerous local studies have attempted to quantify the extent, utilization, and recent trends for this species, but no composite picture for the entire range has emerged. This chapter utilizes broad-scale forest inventory data collected by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service to establish baseline totals for the entire Atlantic white cedar resource.
New Hampshire and Maine, USA
Authors: Eckert Robert T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chamaecyparis thyoides (Atlantic white cedar) is a widespread but relatively uncommon eastern United States tree species, generally occurring in disjunct palustrine forested wetlands within 200 kilometers (km) of the coast. It ranges from Mississippi to its northernmost limit in Maine and New Hampshire (Baldwin 1963, Laderman et al. 1987). In New England, its occurrence is generally limited to glacial features such as moraine hollows, kettleholes, and old lake beds. New Hampshire has 30 swamp systems containing C. thyoides, 15 of which average 0.7 hectares (ha) in extent and 15 average 12 ha (Sperduto and Ritter 1994). Maine has 11 recorded stands (Laderman et al. 1987). In Maine and New Hampshire, the species exists in complex wetlands with areas of almost pure cedar, often containing hundreds of stems, separated by more sparsely distributed cedars interspersed with other tree species. Commonly associated tree species at the northern reach of its range are Acer rubrum (red maple), Betula papyrifera and B. alleghaniensis (paper and yellow birch, respectively), Picea rubens and P. mariana (red and black spruce, respectively), Larix laricina (tamarack), Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock), Pinus strobus (eastern white pine), and P. rigida (pitch pine). A recent New Hampshire inventory found 190 vascular plant species associated with C. thyoides (Sperduto and Ritter 1994). Chamaecyparis thyoides is known to grow very slowly, with eight-inch (20 cm) diameter trees over 200 years old reported by Baldwin (1963). Rate of reproduction and relative reproductive success have been studied only in New Jersey populations (Little 1950), but are described in some detail.
Pinus Pumila (Siberian Dwarf Pine) on the Kamchatka Peninsula, Northeast Asia Ecology of Seed Production
Authors: Khomentovsky Peter A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes some of the ecological features and reproductive characteristics of Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel (Siberian dwarf pine) in typical habitats in one of its easternmost locations, the Kamchatka Peninsula.
Defiance
Authors: Tec Nechama 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fighting in the dense forests of eastern Poland and Belorussia, Jewish partisans represented a heroic form of resistance in the midst of the Holocaust. Refusing to submit to the Nazi terror, one such group - the Bielski Partisans - became the largest armed rescue operation of Jews by Jews in the Second World War. In Defiance, Nechama Tec, herself a Holocaust survivor, offers a riveting history of this remarkable group and its struggle to survive - and even to create a miniature forest village - in the midst of adversity. Detailing the life of peasant-turned-partisan Tuvia Bielski, their independent and charismatic leader, this unique account shows how the quest for self-preservation was transformed into an amazing story of compassion, altruism, and rescue.
Rescue or Resistance
Authors: Tec Nechama 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tuvia was not interested in military glory. To live, to keep his people alive, to bring more Jews into the otriad, these were his goals. He would avoid talking to the non-Jewish partisans about his main preoccupation: the saving of lives. To them he presented himself as a guerilla fighter and continually repeated that he had come to the forest to wage war against the enemies of the Soviet Union, the Germans. And when Panchenko suggested that they cooperate in anti-Nazi moves he readily agreed.