bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The lynching at Memphis
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Field Secretary, during the latter part of May and the first part of June, made a tour of the branches in the larger cities of the Middle West. He attended and addressed the St. Louis District Conference, which met at St. Louis, and the Great Lakes Conference, which met at Detroit. He also visited and spoke for the branches in Louisville, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, Chicago, and Cleveland. From Cleveland he proceeded to Memphis to investigate and make a report on the burning of Ell Person. The following is a condensation of that report. On Monday, April 30, near six o’clock, Antoinette Rappal, sixteen years old, got on her bicycle to go to school. She never returned.
The Larger Success
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Men may be divided into any number of classes-rich and poor, educated and ignorant, successful and unsuccessful, and so on; but none of these classifications is fundamental. A more vital classification or division of men would be those who live only in the present and those who live both in the present and the future. Having or lacking the power to project oneself into the future is what primarily divides men who move forward and upward from those who remain stationary or slip back. There is homely illustration often given to mark this dividing line. It is the difference between a man who plants a tree and a man to whom such an act would never appeal. The man who plants a tree performs an act in the spirit of the Great Creator. He serves not only himself but future generations unknown to him, who will enjoy its fruit and its shade. To realize in life the deeper meanings of success one’s vision cannot be limited by the circumscribed horizon of the present. It must transcend those bounds and take in the future. This comprehension of the future involves the spirit of altruism, the divine spirit of service to others, and embraces all men and all generations; but it carries not only these abstract and, perhaps to some, vague principles of altruism, but also a very concrete and individual value. For, contrary to the general notion, there is a future which is neither hazy nor unknown. There is a definitely known future, a future which it is possible to know as well as the past is known. This is the future in which those who are today going out from this institution are now probably most interested.
Detroit
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For eight months the National Office has been steeped in the Sweet case. It has whipped up every energy and drawn upon every resource to carry the fight through to victory. All of us at the office realized the responsibility involved, and carried the whole matter on our hearts. But when I entered the Recorder’s Court of Detroit on Monday morning, May 3, in the midst of the second trial, I felt myself thrust suddenly, as an individual, into an arena of vital conflict and personally engaged in the struggle. I was at once so gripped by the tense drama being enacted before my eyes that I became a part of the tragedy. And tragedy it was. The atmosphere was tragic. The serried rows of colored faces that packed the courtroom from the rail to the back wall, watching and waiting, were like so many tragic masks. The mild, soft-spoken boy being tried for murder in the first degree and, for the time, carrying the onus of the other ten defendants, and upon whose fate hung the right of the black man to defend himself in his home, was an extremely tragic figure.
Negro Americans, What Now?
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Foreword It is not my intention that the title of this pamphlet should carry a prohibitive significance. Probably some white Americans will read what I have written. The significance of my title is that I am not particularly concerned with whether they do or do not. I am writing directly to my fellow Negro Americans, and on the American question which most deeply affects them.
Fifty Years & Other Poems
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction Of the hundred millions who make up the population of the United States ten millions come from a stock ethnically alien to the other ninety millions. They are not descended from ancestors who came here voluntarily, in the spirit of adventure to better themselves or in the spirit of devotion to make sure of freedom to worship God in their own way. They are the grandchildren of men and women brought here against their wills to serve as slaves. It is only half-a-century since they received their freedom and since they were at last permitted to own themselves. They are now American citizens, with the rights and the duties of other American citizens; and they know no language, no literature and no law other than those of their fellow citizens of Anglo-Saxon ancestry. When we take stock of ourselves these ten millions cannot be left out of account. Yet they are not as we are; they stand apart, more or less; they have their own distinct characteristics. It behooves us to understand them as best we can and to discover what manner of people they are. And we are justified in inquiring how far they have revealed themselves, their racial characteristics, their abiding traits, their longing aspirations-how far have they disclosed these in one or another of the several arts. They have had their poets, their painters, their composers, and yet most of these have ignored their racial opportunity and have worked in imitation and in emulation of their white predecessors and contemporaries, content to handle again the traditional themes. The most important and the most significant contributions they have made to art are in music,-first in the plaintive beauty of the so-called “Negro spirituals”-and, secondly, in the syncopated melody of so-called “rag-time” which has now taken the whole world captive.
Organ Transplantation as Gift Exchange
Authors: Fox Renée C , Swazey Judith P , Watkins Judith C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The donor who offers a part of his body for transplantation is making an inestimably precious gift. The acutely ill patient who receives the organ accepts a price less gift. The giving and receiving of a gift of enormous value, we believe, is the most significant meaning of human organ transplantation. This extraordinary gift exchange, moreover, is not a private transaction between the donor and the recipient. Rather, it takes place within a complex network of personal relationships that extends to the families, the physicians, and all the members of the medical team who are involved in the operation. Within the network of these relations, a complex exchange occurs through which considerably more than the organ is transferred. (Fox and Swazey 1978a, p. 5)
Speech, Crime, And The Uses Of Language
Authors: Greenawalt Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a paperback reprint of a book published in 1989. In this comprehensive treatise Greenawalt explores the three-way relationship between the idea of freedom of speech, the law of crimes, and the many uses of language. He begins by considering free speech as a political principle, and after a thorough and incisive analysis of the justifications commonly advanced for freedom of speech, looks at the kinds of communications to which the principle of free speech applies. He then turns to an examination of communications for which criminal liability is fixed. Focusing on threats and solicitations to crime, he attempts to determine whether liability for such communications seriously conflicts with freedom of speech. He then goes on to develop the significance of his conclusions for American constitutional law.
Speech, Communication, and Crime
Authors: Greenawalt Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Freedom of speech is a crucial political principle in liberal societies, and, for countries with written constitutions, some guarantee of free speech is almost certainly to be found among protections of individual rights. But what is the “speech” that is to be free and protected? Does it coincide with the category of verbal and written utterances, or is it possibly narrower or broader in some respects? This book addresses critical aspects of that question in a systematic way. The book, which has related theoretical and practical purposes, explores a three-way relationship among the idea of freedom of speech, the law of crimes, and the many uses of language. The most abstract theoretical aim is to show how a sound political principle of free speech is responsive to the varieties of communicative acts. Many acts of communication have never been thought to raise free speech problems at all-a phenomenon occasionally remarked but rarely analyzed. I explain why many communicative efforts do not seriously implicate the values that lie behind freedom of speech, showing that categories developed in the philosophy of language, though not simply transposable into political principles, can illuminate the proper boundaries of free speech.
Rationales for Freedom of Speech
Authors: Greenawalt Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the justifications for freedom of speech. If sound political philosophy supports something properly called a principle of free speech, there will be reasons why a government should be hesitant to punish verbal or written expression even when it has made a judgment that the expression is potentially harmful. The discussion in this chapter underlies the development of standards for determining which communications raise free speech problems and which may appropriately be suppressed, and it is also critical for the subsequent examination of constitutional issues. Most of the chapter is devoted to particular justifications for free speech, but I deal first with some preliminary matters. I indicate why one can speak of a principle or principles of free speech only if there are bases for protecting speech that do not apply similarly to some substantially broader category of acts. Once the idea of a principle of free speech is clarified, I turn to the nature of justifications. Before providing an account of multiple justifications divided along consequentialist and nonconsequentialist lines, I suggest why no single justification is likely to be adequate and why the distinction between consequentialist and nonconsequentialist justifications is fruitful.
Threats
Authors: Greenawalt Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers threats. Deciding exactly what threats should be made criminal is harder than deciding what offers should be made criminal, and a principle of freedom of speech has more evident relevance to the difficult cases. One reason for this is the phenomenon of pure, or unconditional, threats. No one supposes that one person’s telling another that he plans unconditionally to benefit him should be criminal; but it is a serious question whether one person should be allowed to tell another that he plans to kill or maim him. The second reason why analysis of threats is both harder and more important is the judgment that in many situations in which inducements are acceptable people should be free of the kind of pressure that conditional threats involve. Most notable, for our purposes, is the inclination to punish some threats that neither seek nor threaten behavior that is an independent legal wrong. I begin my discussion with a treatment of pure threats and then turn to conditional threats. Sometimes threats are addressed to third persons or to a public audience with the expectation that the subject of the threats, or his employees, will become aware of them, but I shall focus in this chapter on the simpler case where the audience of the speaker is also the subject of the threat.
Inequality’s Sensitivity to Affluence or Well-Being
Authors: Temkin Larry S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is our notion of inequality sensitive to society’s overall level of affluence or well-being?
Alternative version of the same question:
(la) Does inequality matter more in a poor society than in a rich one?
In this chapter I shall offer an answer to (1) and (la) and consider how best to capture that answer in a measure of inequality. As we shall see, this is one area where much of the economics literature needs revising.
A brief comment before proceeding. Although (1) and (la) are (largely) adequate for our purposes, I think there are better ways of formulating the question in which I am interested. Better than (1) would be:
Is our notion of inequality sensitive to the levels of affluence or wellbeing of the individuals between whom inequality obtains?
A Cognitivist Theory of Normative Judgment
Authors: Copp David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moral claims are normative. In this chapter, I present a theory that is intended to explain what their being normative consists in.
Among moral claims are claims to the effect that something is morally right or wrong, good or bad, virtuous or vicious, just or unjust. There is not, how ever, a special terminology that distinguishes moral claims from claims of other kinds. In some cases, we use quite specific and subtle terms of appraisal, or metaphors. We speak of “thoughtless” actions, “vicious” persons, and the like. In some cases, moreover, we rely on the context to indicate that we are making a moral claim. It can therefore be a matter of debate whether a claim is moral in nature, but I assume that this is not a problem for us, since we can work with clear cases.
A Conception of Morality
Authors: Copp David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are left with the two central questions I distinguished in the preceding chapter. The society-centered theory is intended to answer the first of these questions by providing an account of the conditions under which a moral standard would qualify as justified. It asserts roughly that a moral code is justified, relative to a society, if and only if the society would be rational to select it to serve as its social moral code. It is a standard-oriented reductionist theory.
The Inevitability of Jazz in America
Authors: Collier James Lincoln 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jazz happened in America, and it could have happened only there. There existed there a unique set of conditions--social, economic, intellectual-that allowed it to take root and grow. Jazz was not an accident. It appeared when it did because of what had gone before, and it spread through the culture with amazing speed because the American people were prepared for it-in fact, were actively searching for it, or something like it. As a consequence, we cannot really understand it in the abstract, isolated from the world around it. Jazz is part of the social history of the United States, and must be seen in that context. What, then, were the social conditions that made jazz possible, indeed, almost inevitable? To begin with, there is the fact that the United States housed a black subculture, constituting at that time about ten percent of the American people, which had proven extremely difficult
The Rise of Individualism and the Jazz Solo
Authors: Collier James Lincoln 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the minds of most people, at the heart of jazz is the improvised solo. Critical attention is almost invariably devoted to the analysis of solos by the great jazz musicians. Discussions of ensemble work are rare indeed in jazz literature, and I am at a loss to think of even one short critical essay on the work of some unsung master of ensemble playing-Hymie Schertzers brilliant lead alto in the Goodman saxophone section, Georg Brunis’ carefully constructed ensemble trombone with various Eddie Condon groups. It is always the soloist who is written about, always the solo that is analyzed; and if an ensemble is talked about at all, it is from the point of view of the arranger, the individual creator, rather than the group.
The Embrace of Show Business
Authors: Collier James Lincoln 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In twentieth-century America, the terms “art” and “commerce” have come to be seen as so antithetical as almost to preclude any one persons pursuing both. “Going commercial” is precisely the abandonment of art: What is art cannot be commerce, and what is commercial cannot be artistic. No matter where people stand in respect to either, they are invariably suspicious of the other. There have always been doubts about Robert Frost in the poetry establishment, because too many ordinary readers could quote from “Mending Wall” and “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening.” On the other side of the coin, movie makers, radio and television producers, and the like have been almost pathologically afraid of anything that smelled of “art.” The view was, “If you want to send a message, get Western Union.”
Art and the Academy
Authors: Collier James Lincoln 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of the artist as a special creature with an almost religious calling has a long history in Western culture. It may actually have existed in prehistoric times among the European peoples who created the famous cave paintings, played flutes, and decorated their tools and weapons with incised sketches and symbols. It certainly was operating among the Greeks of classical antiquity, when sculptors, dramatists, and poets were held in high esteem by their fellows. People frequently have had a sense that there was something magical about the ability to create a poem or piece of music that could summon up the emotions, make the hair of the neck stand on end. 1 From this there followed the idea that the artist who could turn this trick was being guided by a god like spirit-his “muse” or “genius,” as the term often was. Surely there was something special about somebody who possessed this “gift.”
The Dynamics of Coevolving Systems
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The true and stunning success of biology reflects the fact that organisms do not merely evolve, they coevolve both with other organisms and with a changing abiotic environment. If in the preceding chapter we began to explore the requirements for order and the capacity to evolve in parallel-processing networks, in the present chapter we must take up the very deep issues of how organisms coevolve with one another. It is not at all obvious that such a process should often permit its participants even the most rudimentary success. Thus we seek overarching principles which may permit and govern the emergence of entities capable of coevolving with one another. Since, we may suppose, selection is critical in this emergence, we must seek to understand the ways in which selection attains systems able to coevolve.
Morphology, Maps, and the Spatial Ordering of Integrated Tissues
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two fundamental problems of developmental biology are cell differentiation and morphogenesis. In the preceding several chapters, we examined some of the ways in which cell differentiation may exhibit ordered properties based on the spontaneous order inherent in a wide class of genomic regulatory systems. The intellectual theme was an exploration of the possibility that such spontaneous order may account for the origin and persistence of basic aspects of ontogeny, such as the existence of branching developmental pathways and the homeostatic stability of cell types. We repeatedly encountered the fundamental problem of understanding the relation between such “spontaneous order” and the effects of selection. In this chapter, we tum to an equally vast topic: How can we understand the genesis of ordered tissues and organs in multicellular organisms? This problem is indeed vast, for it encompasses more than the familiar issues of understanding the developmental mechanisms which faithfully unroll in ontogeny and the ease with which those mechanisms were “found” in evolution. In addition, the problem also involves asking whether any such mechanism can properly be thought of as having generated a distinct family of natural forms and, if so, whether and to what extent selection can modify those natural forms. That is, we must again ask (1) whether the morphologies of organisms to some extent represent the “self-organized,” or natural, forms readily constructed via known developmental mechanisms and (2) how we must conceive of the interaction between such forms and selection.
Doubts about Over-Demandingness
Authors: Murphy Liam B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the three problems that might be raised about moral demands so far considered, over-demandingness has emerged as the problem to reckon with. What we will now sec is that this problem, apparently so natural and so compelling, runs into severe difflculties of its own. These difficulties have already been alluded to in passing: a close investigation of the notion of a moral demand leaves it very unclear just what claim we make when we say that a moral theory is too demanding.
The Empire Strikes Back
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I appear before you today by virtue of a mistake made by central casting that has tapped me for the role of ardent academic leftist, proponent of multiculturalism, and standard-bearer of the politically correct. Unfortunately, my qualifications for this assignment are so slight as to be nonexistent. First of all I am, as you can see, a 53-year-old white male. More important, I have for the past thirty years taught only traditional texts writ ten by canonical male authors of the ultracanonical English Renaissance John Milton, John Donne, Edmund Spenser, George Herbert, Francis Bacon, Ben Jonson, andrew Marvell. When not writing on these classical authors, I have in recent years addressed a number of issues in literary and legal theory, and I think it fair to say that I have come out on the “right” end of the spectrum every time, arguing against the liberationist claims often associated with deconstruction and some versions of feminism, against the political pretensions of the New Historicism, against the utopian vision of interdisciplinarity, against the revisionary program of the Critical Legal Studies movement, the left wing of the legal academy. Why then have the media so consistently mischaracterized my position and misreported my views? The question is a real one, but it is of interest only to a few, perhaps only to my mother.
You Can 0nly Fight Discrimination With Discrimination
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On previous occasions, Mr. D’Souza has spoken first and I have followed. Today we reverse that order, but I find myself still thinking in terms of a response, since it is Mr. D’Souza’s accusations that provide the backdrop for evenings such as this. Accordingly, I have decided to use some of my time to rehearse his points, if only so that I can feel comfortable in what has become my natural position. In the next hour or two you will hear Mr. D’Souza make most, if not all, of the following arguments: While the world slept, left-leaning activists have taken over the curriculum of our colleges, discarding time-honored texts in favor of works whose only recommendation is that they were written by blacks, women, Tahitians, or homosexuals. This program of subversion has been carried out in the name of something called “multiculturalism,” which might better be called “oppression studies” or “victim studies.” This decline in academic standards has gone hand in hand with a decline in admission standards, as students are no longer admitted on the basis of objective criteria but on the basis of race, gender, Third World status, and sexual orientation.