bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Axially Symmetric Flows
Authors: Bird G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An axially symmetric flow is similar to the two-dimensional flow in that it has two independent spatial variables and the discussion of grids in §14.1 applies also to these flows. Program DSMC2A is a version of DSMC2 for application to axially symmetric flows. Instead of modelling unit width of the two-dimensional flow, it models the full azimuth of 21t about the axis which is chosen to lie along the x-axis. The y-coordinate becomes the radius and there are obvious consequences with regard to the cell volumes and surface areas. However, it is no longer sufficient to simply ignore the motion in the z-direction and the three-dimensional character of the molecular trajectories must be taken into account.
Resistance of Sand to Cyclic Loading
Authors: Ishihara Kenji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prior to shaking by an earthquake, an element of saturated soil under level ground has undergone a long-term consolidation process under K o conditions. This soil element is subjected undrained to a sequence of shear stress cycles during an earthquake as illustrated in Fig. 10.l(a). Note that the cyclic shear stress application is executed in such a way that lateral deformation is prohibited because the flat ground surface is assumed to extend infinitely in the horizontal direction. In the case of sloping ground, a soil element is considered to have been anisotropically consolidated approximately under K o conditions with an additional shear stress acting on the horizontal plane. During an earthquake, a sequence of shear stress cycles is applied to the soil element in undrained conditions as illustrated in Fig. 10.l(b). It is noteworthy, however, that the soil element is allowed to deform freely in the horizontal direction during the application of cyclic shear stress, because lateral movement of the ground is allowed to take place as a whole. When attempting to investigate behaviour of soils in the laboratory test, in situ stress conditions can be most fittingly reproduced in the sample tested in a torsional apparatus. In what follows, the principle and procedures for laboratory testing will be illustrated by referring to the stress conditions that can be produced in the torsional apparatus. In a typical test scheme, samples of saturated sand are consolidated first under K o conditions and then subjected to a sequence of torsional stress cycles under undrained conditions.
Marangoni Phenomena
Authors: Ortiz E S Perez De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term Marangoni phenomena is given to spontaneous interfacial flows driven by interfacial tension gradients. In solvent extraction, these gradients may be originated by local changes of those variables that affect the value of the interfacial tension such as solute concentration, temperature and interfacial electrical potential. Irrespective of their cause the interfacial convection generated by these movements provides an additional component to the interfacial flux that is not included in the general theories of mass transfer. Experimental evidence of increases in interfacial fluxes of up to one order of magnitude over predicted values indicates the importance of the Marangoni phenomena contribution to the rate of solute transfer. In addition, these interfacial movements modify the hydrodynamics of the fluid layers adjacent to the interface with consequent effects on drop coalescence, jet break-up and drop drag coefficients, so that the performance of contacting equipment is not only affected through the interfacial flux but also by changes in hydrodynamic behaviour.
Plug Flow Analysis
Authors: Stevens G W , Pratt H R C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The number of stages, or height of column required for a given separation, is obtained from a combination of the equilibrium relationship, material balance, and mass transfer rates. Contactor performance is normally expressed either in terms of the number of ideal (i.e. theoretical) stages required together with the stage efficiency, or as the number of transfer units. The theoretical stage approach is strictly applicable only to staged contactors such as mixer-settlers, and the transfer unit approach to differential contactors such as packed columns; however, many contactor types used in practice are of an intermediate class and can be treated by either approach. Both the theoretical stage and the transfer unit methods will be described in this chapter. However, as the former cannot be realized in practice, an alternative approach based on non-ideal stages will also be described.
Selection, Design, Pilot-Testing, And Scale-Up Of Extraction Equipment
Authors: Pratt H R C , Stevens G W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The range of extractor types available for consideration for a given duty is considerable, as is the range of design variables involved. The selection of a suitable extractor therefore involves complex decisions which, in the absence of prior experience with the same system on at least pilot scale, must at best be subjective.
Science and Practice of Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Authors: Thornton John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This two volume work is intended for engineers and scientists concerned with the underlying principles of extraction processes as well as those engaged in research in the field. The work discusses the relevant physics and chemistry of the extraction operations as well as the engineering design and control of extraction equipment. The technique is widely used in a variety of industrial processes from the oil industry to food preparation.
Liquid-Liquid Extraction in Food Processing
Authors: Hamm W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The food industry is as much of a process industry as the mainstream chemical industry, using many of the unit operations exploited by the chemical engineer in that industry, but differing from it in a number of important respects. The raw materials handled by the food industry are highly complex and their components are seldom simple molecular species that can be conventionally processed. The complexity of the substrate usually makes separations, including liquid-liquid extraction, difficult, * particularly where the structure of the raw material or other valuable attributes require conservation. This complexity affects separations technology on at least two levels-in the first instance it may be necessary to effect a liquid solid separation in order to produce a relative crude fraction that can be subjected to a more targeted liquid-liquid extraction; and in this subsequent liquid-liquid extraction the separation is more likely to be between classes of compounds rather than individual components. Thus, in a typical case, the first stage may comprise the separation of lipids from carbohydrates and proteins, to be followed by the application of liquid-liquid extraction in order to recover specific types of lipids. The sensitivity of most raw materials of biological origin to high temperatures as well as to strong acid or alkaline conditions constitutes a further constraint on the applicability of conventional processing conditions. Liquid-liquid extraction is used in the food processing industry to concentrate valuable components of a natural raw material as well as to remove undesirable or potentially harmful components.
Transient Temperature in Engineering and Science
Authors: Lawton B , Klingenberg G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book gives a comprehensive account of the principles and practical methods applicable to transient temperature measurements in engineering and science. Transient temperatures are taken to be in the range from about 200K to 6000K and with timescales from tenths of nanoseconds to tens of seconds. Within these limits is a very large field of combustion and gas dynamics and these are the principle areas which are addressed. Several new experimental and theoretical techniques are introduced and various modes of thermal failure are described. The chapters move from undergraduate material to the latest methods and are designed to be of use to the widest possible range of engineers, scientists, and students working in universities or in chemical or mechanical engineering. Many applications are described.
Electrical Methods Of Temperature Measurement
Authors: Lawton B , Klingenberg G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By electrical methods of temperature measurement we mean thermocouples, thermistors, hot-wire anemometry, and other electrical resistance gauges. Optical methods of temperature measurement are described in Chapter 5. Essentially, this chapter describes thermocouples and resistance thermometers that are suitable for measuring transient temperatures. Typically, such devices may be constructed in the form of a wire, for insertion into fluids and solids, or of a thin film for attachment to surfaces; but other arrangements are possible.
Optical Methods Of Temperature Measurement
Authors: Lawton B , Klingenberg G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 3 we introduced the fundamental definitions and laws of thermal radiation which are needed to understand spectroscopic temperature measurement. In Chapter 4 electrical methods for measuring transient temperature were described. In this chapter, optical methods and associated diagnostic techniques potentially suitable for temperature measurements will be surveyed. The fundamentals of such measurement methods are discussed introducing the basic equations and providing some useful background perspective needed to carry out the measurements. First the Active temperatures are introduced followed by the description of radiometry. Then we consider optical techniques appropriate to precise measurements of transient temperature (and species concentration) in combustion gases. We will outline not only the background physics of radiometric methods but also review the basis of F
Abel Inversion And Computer Tomography
Authors: Lawton B , Klingenberg G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reversal method is often used for measuring gas-phase temperature and has been very well known and well established since Kurlbaum first described ii in 1902. For transient measurement the method has been modified by the insertion of a mechanical or electronic chopper between the back light and the hot flame as described in Chapter 5. This chopper switches the hack light on and off al high frequency and allows a detector to measure, alternately, the gas emission or the gas emission plus the transmitted portion of the hack light.
Application To Very High Pressure Environments
Authors: Lawton B , Klingenberg G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the application of intrusive and non-intrusive gas and wall temperature measurement methods in high-pressure, high-temperature environments such as occur in combustion chambers subjected to pressures up to 1000 MPa, in shock-tubes, and in the hostile conditions encountered in various ballistic applications, including combustion and flow processes in the gun chamber and tube, muzzle flow and flash events, and heating effects produced during projectile flight and impact. Novel electro thermal-chemical hybrid propulsion systems combining arc discharge with chemically released propulsion energy, ram accelerators making use of hypervelocity combustion, and pure electrical projectile acceleration techniques increase the difficulty of measuring transient temperatures during the firing. Similar problems arise in other applications; for example, in shaped-charge technology and in detonation physics.
High Pressure Experimental Methods
Authors: Eremets M I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The properties of materials are altered, sometimes radically, when very high pressures are applied. This book surveys the apparatus available for high pressure studies with a particular emphasis on diamond anvil cells and related equipment. It also examines pressure measurement techniques at extreme values. A large part of the book considers the experimental needs and arrangement for studies involving the interaction of high pressures with high and low temperatures, magnetic fields, and shock waves. Optical properties, Brillouin and Raman scattering, infrared spectroscopy, eletron spin and nuclear magnetic resonance at high pressures are also covered.
Shock Waves
Authors: Eremets M I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is an extensive special literature on shock wave physics and techniques. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce this field from the point of view of the reader who deals with static pressures and is usually very generally acquainted with this subject. First we briefly present the main ideas of the shock wave technique, then elucidate the manner in which pressure is determined from the experiment and used for calibration of static pressures, and finally present general methods of physical measurements under shock compression.
Electron And Nuclear Resonances. Esr And Nmr Spectroscopy
Authors: Eremets M I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
EPR spectroscopy is very powerful method which gives information about interaction of paramagnetic ions with a crystalline field, and about mechanisms of exchange between spin and lattice systems.Very schematically, EPR means Zeeman splitting of the electron spin system, and resonance absorption of radiation between the levels:
Thermodynamics
Authors: LOCK G S H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Latent heat transfer is rooted in thermodynamics, and is therefore better understood in terms of thermodynamic concepts and principles applied specifically to phase change processes. This chapter provides a brief review and summary of those particular thermodynamic ideas and results which are prerequisites for the full discussion of latent heat transfer: surface energy, interface dynamics, stability, nucleation, etc. Much of this fundamental information assumes that individual phases may be treated as continua; the associated macroscopic analysis is widely applicable and very powerful. On occasion, insights are also provided through microscopic analysis. This is especially valuable during the discussion of interfacial phenomena and nucleation.
Hot-Wire Anemometry
Authors: Bruun H H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a comprehensive, easy-to-access reference book for students, engineers and researchers engaged in the practical use of any aspect of 'hot wire' anemometry (HWA). The book introduces the logical framework for a computer based HWA system and identifies the individual steps in the complete experimental procedure ranging from probe selection through to presentation of analysed data. HWA is based on convective heat transfer from a heated wire or film element placed in a fluid flow. Any changes in the fluid flow conditions which affect the heat transfer from the heated element can be studied with HWA. This book explains the concepts and related practical implementations of all major HWA applications, and has been structured in such a way that it is of direct value to both people with little practical knowledge of HWA as well as to researchers with considerable experience in the field.
HWA Techniques for Reversing Flows and for The Near-Wall Region
Authors: Bruun H H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reversing flows occur in many practical engineering applications; they can be caused by, for example, flow over obstacles, sudden expansions in ducts and pipes, flow separation on strongly curved surfaces, and swirling flows (combustion chamber, etc.). These flows cannot be studied with standard HWA probes, since a single cylindrical hot-wire probe cannot detect a reversal of the flow direction, due to the rotational symmetry of the sensing element. The related signal ambiguity for a single normal (SN) hot-wire probe placed in a one-dimensional flow with periodic flow reversal (nega tive values of U) is illustrated in Fig. 8.1. The (linearized) HWA output voltage, E in Fig. 8.l(b) displays the typical folding or rectification of the anemometer signal (shaded areas), when flow reversal occurs. Due to this rectification, the measured mean value, Um, will be too high and u will be too low. Signal ambiguity will also occur for X- and triple-wire (3 W) probes when the vector falls outside the approach-acceptance angle for the wire array. The following sections describe various sensor/instrumentation solutions to the rectification problems.
Non-Linear Pulses in Integrated and Waveguide Optics
Authors: Shvartsburg A B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a self-contained introduction to a new field of applied physics on the frontier between integrated optics and non-linear wave dynamics. It is intended to help make use of the novel phenomena of non-linear optics in the design of new all-optial circuits. The book mainly deals with third-order non-linear optical phenomena in layered structures, guiding interfaces, and channel waveguides. In particular attention is drawn to the concepts of energy dependent periodicity, gyrotropy, reflection, mode conversion, and non-reciprocity. An indespensable text for those requiring a structured explanation of the phenomena as well as information about the latest advances in a new generation of devices.
Engineering in Process Metallurgy
Authors: Guthrie R I L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A rich variety of phenomena governs the behaviour and kinetics of metallurgical processing operations. Unusually high operating temperatures, intense radiation, viscous slags, dense metals, etc., make the design and operation of metallurgical processes unique. This book introduces the basic mechanisms of heat, mass, and fluid flow, and then follows a series of metallurgical examples and exercises. Empirical techniques for modelling and for process design are presented along with numerical techniques and computer programs. This new paperback edition has been updated, with a new section on numerical simulation of fluid flow processes added, to reflect the important contribution of computer simulation to the subject.
Fluid Statics And Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Guthrie R I L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As noted in Chapter 1, many metallurgical operations require fluid to be transferred from one location to another. Often the simultaneous transport of heat or mass as a result of such fluid convection processes can be of prime significance. The main purpose of this chapter is to describe basic concepts andequations governing the science of hydrostatics and hydrodynamics. The subject is presented from both the microscopic and the macroscopic viewpoints. However, since the latter approach is generally more valuable for general process engineering problems, and is certainly more amenable to treatment, its use will be emphasized through the presentation of a wide variety of metallurgical examples.
Heat And Mass Transfer Through Motionless Media
Authors: Guthrie R I L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A wide range of heat and mass transfer phenomena in metallurgical operations relate to transfer within solids or equivalent stationary media. For instance, while the steel bar being carburized, considered in section 1.4, was stationary, a movement of interstitial carbon atoms took place by diffusion mechanisms. Other movements at the atomic level manifest themselves through a broad range of metallurgical events (e.g., crystallization, recrystallization, grain orientation, precipitation of new phases, phase and crystalline reconstitution and dislocation movements). Although these atomic-level movements lead to drastic changes in the physical properties of a metal or alloy, they lie beyond the subject matter of this book, except in a macroscopic phenomenological sense.
Analysis of Conics
Authors: Kanatani Kenichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter studies various aspects of computations concerning conics. We first describe the representation of conics in terms of N-vectors and discuss fundamental properties of projective geometry such as poles, polars, and conjugate pairs in terms of conics. It is shown that the 3-D geometry of three orthogonal space Jines can be computed by operations involving conics. The procedure for fitting a conic to image points by least squares is also discussed. Then, we describe analytical procedures for interpreting the 3-D geometry of conics in the scene from their projections. Finally, we study how much information is available if a motion of a single conic is observed on the image plane. It is shown that an image motion of a conic is a composition of a motion that maps one conic to the other (a particular motion) and a motion that does not cause a visible change of the conic (an invisible motion). We discuss the isomorphism between groups of invisible motions and a special conic called the standard circle, for which the group of invisible motions is the (three-dimensional) Lorentz group. Similar results are obtained for invisible optical flows, and we discuss the adjoint transformation of optical flows and the quotient space of the linear space of optical flows modulo the linear space of invisible flows. Their 3-D interpretation is also discussed.
Parameter Sensitivity and Saturation Effects in Indirect Field Orientation
Authors: Novotny D W , Lipo T A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The overall effect of this detuning is to incorrectly calculate the rotor field angle. In general, this causes the actual stator current components to be incorrect with the result that: (1) the flux level is not properly maintained, (2) the resulting steady state torque is not the commanded value, and (3) the torque response is not instantaneous.
The space-phasor model of a.c. machines
Authors: Vas Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As discussed in Chapter 1, the principles of the various forms of vector control and direct torque control of a.c. machines can be well understood by comparing the production of electromagnetic torque in d.c. and a.c. machines. However, for this purpose first the space phasors of various quantities (m.m.f.s, currents, flux linkages, etc.) will be introduced by utilizing physical and mathematical considerations. With the help of these, it is possible to formulate the space-phasor models of a.c. machines and to give a detailed explanation of the fundamental principles involved in vector-controlled and direct-torque-controlled machines.
Self-commissioning
Authors: Vas Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All the instantaneous torque-controlled drives (vector drives, direct-torque controlled drives) described in previous chapters use various machine parameters. On-line estimation of some of the machine parameters has been described in various sections, but in the present chapter different techniques are briefly described, which are suitable for the estimation of machine parameters by using simple tests prior to starting the drive system. It should be noted that a recent book (Vas 1993) discusses many types of parameter estimation and identification schemes. Furthermore, it is important to note that various modern industrial drives now incorporate self-commissioning techniques. In general, two main methods exist for self-commissioning: Self-commissioning without identification. In this case, no signals are measured and there are two main approaches. It is a great advantage that the computational effort is minimal, but it is a disadvantage that the parameters cannot be absolutely correct.