bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Judicial intervention in court cases involving witnesses with and without learning disabilities
Authors: O'Kelly Caitriona M. E. , Kebbell Mark R. , Hatton Chris , Johnson Shane D. 
Published: September 2003

Purpose. This paper outlines the extent and nature of judicial interventions in court cases involving witnesses with learning disabilities and from the general population.Method. Court transcripts, mainly concerning serious sexual crime, were obtained from a total of 32 witnesses, 16 involving people with learning disabilities and 16 involving people from the general population. Each intervention made by a judge was documented and coded into one of three categories: interactions with witnesses, interactions with lawyers, and interactions with the jury.Results. No significant differences were found between the judicial treatment of witnesses with learning disabilities and those from the general population. In particular, judges did not intervene more frequently tosimplify lawyers' questions, call breaks, suggest methods by which a witness could reply, ask lawyers to simplify their questions, prevent oppression of the witness and move the lawyer on, and ensure the witness could understand the question.Conclusions. The implications of the findings are that judges should intervene, as they are legally entitled, to ensure that witnesses with and without learning disabilities give the most complete and accurate evidence possible.
Child and adult witnesses with intellectual disability: The importance of suggestibility
Authors: Gudjonsson Gisli H. , Henry Lucy 
Published: September 2003

Purpose. The main aim of the study was to examine the relationship between learning (intellectual) disability and interrogative suggestibility among children (11‐12 years old) and adults.Method. The Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale (GSS 2) was administered to 110 children and 221 adults who were categorized into three groups according to fullscale IQ scores: (1) normal IQ (>75); (2) mild impairment (IQ score 55‐75); and (3) moderate impairment (IQ score <55).Results. Highly significant differences in memory and suggestibility emerged in both the child and adult samples across groups. Using memory as a covariate in the analysis eliminated the significant group differences for ‘yield 1’ among the children, but not for adults. There was no significant influence of memory on ‘shift’ in either group. Whereas ‘shift’ was significantly influenced by intellectual disability in children, no significant difference emerged across groups among adults.Conclusions. Children and adults with learning disability have much poorer memory and higher suggestibility scores than their contemporariesof normal intelligence. Differences in suggestibility are only partly explained by poorer memory scores. The findings reveal important differences between children and adults with intellectual disabilities. Children with learning disabilities are more susceptible to altering their answers under pressure than are adults with learning disabilities.
The efficacy of the appropriate adult safeguard during police interviewing
Authors: Medford Sarah , Gudjonsson Gisli H. , Pearse John 
Published: September 2003

Purpose. The main aim of the study was to examine the efficacy of the appropriate adult (AA) safeguard for vulnerable adult and juvenile suspects undergoing police interviews.Method. We examined the records of suspects held in custody by the London Metropolitan Police at 74 charging stations during February 1997 (Medford, Gudjonsson, & Pearse, 2000). Adult suspects whose custody record indicated psychological vulnerability were included in the study, as well as juvenile suspects. Audiotaped interviews of suspects were analysed using a special coding frame. The contribution (or lack of contribution) made by the AA, the extent to which they fulfilled their role, and the effect of their presence on other persons and interview outcome were examined and analysed.Results. Of the 501 interviews available for analysis, 365 (73%) were with adult suspects and 136 (27%) with juveniles. An AA was present during 212 (58%) adult interviews and 135 (99%) juvenile interviews. The AAs of juveniles, who were mainly family members and friends, contributed more in interview, both appropriately and inappropriately, than did social workers and volunteers, although overall there was little direct intervention bythe AA.Conclusions. Although AAs contribute little to the police interview in terms of verbal interactions, their mere presence during the police interview has three important effects. First, in the case of adults, but notjuveniles, it increases the likelihood that a legal representative will be present. Second, it appears to be associated with less interrogative pressure in interview. Third, in the presence of an AA, the legal representative takes on a more active role.
Social barriers to emotional expression and their relations to distress in male and female cancer patients
Authors: Zakowski Sandra G. , Harris Casey , Krueger Nancy , Laubmeier Kimberly K. , Garrett Susan , Flanigan Robert , Johnson Peter 
Published: September 2003

Objective: Emotional expression is an important means of coping with stressful experiences such as cancer. Social barriers to expression may have adverse effects. Research has suggested that men are less likely to express their emotions and have different patterns of social support compared to women. We examined whether male cancer patients have a lower tendency to express emotions, are less likely to perceive social barriers to expression, and are differentially affected by social barriers from different support sources as compared to women.Design: Questionnaires were administered to 41 women and 41 men using a cross‐sectional study design.Method: Patients diagnosed with gynaecological or prostate cancer within the past 5 years completed questionnaires on moods, intrusive thoughts, social constraints and emotional expressivity.Results: There was a trend towards greater emotional expressivity in women as compared to men, but no significant gender differences in perceptions of social constraints from spouse/partner or others. Multiple regression analyses revealed that men experienced significantly greater distress in association with social constraints from their spouse/partner than did women.Conclusion: Men may be more vulnerable to social barriers to expression than previously assumed. Gender differences in emotional expressivity may be less important than the social context in which expression takes place.
The illness representations of multiple sclerosis and their relations to outcome
Authors: Vaughan Rachel , Morrison Leslie , Miller Edgar 
Published: September 2003

Objectives: The main aims of the present study were to explore the illness representations of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and investigate the relationship of these beliefs to outcome. Based on Leventhal et al.'s self‐regulation model, the commonly accepted generic five‐component structure of illness representations including identity, time‐line, consequences, cause, and cure/controllability was used.Design: A cross‐sectional, correlational design was employed for the study. Interrelationships among the illness representation components and the relationships between the components and outcome were explored using Pearson's r. To determine the contribution of the illness representation components to the explained variance in outcome, a series of stepwise multiple regression analyses was used.Method: A total of 99 participants took part in the study. A series of measures were completed to assess (1) illness representations and (2) five specific areas of outcome.Results: Participants' illness representations of MS were consistent with the medical nature and understanding of this illness indicating that they held the perceptions of a strong illness identity, chronic time‐line, no particular cause and no cure. Beliefs in the serious consequences of MS and limited control were also reported. Some important interrelationships among the illness representation components were demonstrated where a strong illness identity, chronic time‐line view and perception of low control were related to more serious consequences. Overall, evidence was provided to suggest that illness representations contribute to outcome. The consequences component was associated with, and contributed to, the explained variance for each of the five outcome areas, indicating that the perception that MS has many negative effects on an individual's life was associated with greater levels of difficulty in all of the outcome areas. In addition, for each of the outcome variables, different combinations of illness representation components explained their variance. For example, higher levels of depression were associated with perceptions of a stronger illness identity, more serious consequences, acute time‐line, and low control.Conclusion: Overall support is provided for the application of the five‐component structure of illness representations to MS and the likely contribution of such beliefs to outcome. The concept of illness representations therefore provides a useful framework for understanding the psychosocial effects of this illness.
Cognitive adaptation: A comparison of cancer patients and healthy references
Authors: Stiegelis Heidi E. , Hagedoorn Mariët , Sanderman Robbert , Van der Zee Karen I. , Buunk Bram P. , Van den Bergh Alfons C. M. 
Published: September 2003

Objectives: Taylor's theory of cognitive adaptation proposes that adjustment depends on the ability to sustain and modify illusions (i.e. unrealistic optimism, exaggerated perceptions of control, and self‐aggrandizement) that buffer against threats but also against possible future setbacks. Because the question of whether cancer patients show these illusions has received little attention, the present study compared patients' perceptions of optimism, control, and self‐esteem at different stages of the cancer process with that of healthy references. The effects of these perceptions on psychological distress were also assessed.Design: The present study has a longitudinal design. Including a group of healthy references enabled us to draw more firm conclusions about the effect of cancer upon cognitive perceptions. Methods: The participants were 67 cancer patients and 50 healthy references. Patients filled out questionnaires prior to their first radiotherapy (T1), at 2 weeks (T2), and at 3 months (T3) after completing radiotherapy. Healthy references were assessed at similar intervals.Results: T tests revealed that patients experienced significantly higher levels of optimism and self‐esteem than the healthy reference group. Concerning control, no group differences were found. Importantly, regression analyses showed that lower levels of optimism and control at T1 were predictive of feelings of anxiety at T3. Lower perceived control also predicted depressive symptoms.Conclusion: Results support the theory of cognitive adaptation in that patients are indeed able to respond to cancer with high levels of optimism and self‐esteem and that lower levels of optimism and control are predictive of psychological distress.
Help‐seeking intentions for breast‐cancer symptoms: A comparison of the self‐regulation model and the theory of planned behaviour
Authors: Hunter Myra S. , Grunfeld Elizabeth A. , Ramirez Amanda J. 
Published: September 2003

Purpose: Delays in seeking help for symptoms have been found to be associated with poorer outcome in breast‐cancer patients. This study explores symptom perceptions and health beliefs as predictors of intentions to seek medical help in a general female population. The utility of the self‐regulation model of illness cognition and the theory of planned behaviour were examined in predicting help‐seeking intentions for potential symptoms of breast cancer in a general population sample.Methods: A general population sample of 546 women completed a postal questionnaire comprising items examining components of the self‐regulation model and the theory of planned behaviour. Help‐seeking intention was determined by asking participants to rate the likelihood of visiting their GP for a range of breast symptoms.Results: Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that the cognitive component of the self‐regulation model accounted for approximately 22% of the variance in help‐seeking intention. Identity (β = 0.45, p < .001) emerged as a significant predictor of intention to seek help. Inclusion of the components of the theory of planned behaviour accounted for an additional 7% of the variance; the significant predictors were attitude to help‐seeking (β = 0.19, p <.001) and perceived behavioural control (β = 0.12, p <.01).Conclusions: Intention to seek medical help for a potential breast‐cancer symptom may be mediated, partly, by cognitive representations of the identity and consequences of breast cancer and by attitudes towards help‐seeking and perceived behavioural control. Although less than one‐third of the variance was accounted for, these results have important implications for future research (in terms of identifying which variables should be examined) and for the development of a model of help‐seeking behaviour in women with breast‐cancer symptoms.
The adjustment to diabetes of school‐age children with psychological adjustment problems
Authors: Chisholm Vivienne 
Published: September 2003

Objective: To determine whether diabetic children with psychological adjustment problems have greater difficulties in specific areas of disease adaptation than their welladjusted diabetic peers by comparing their diabetes‐related adjustments in the family, school and peer environments.Method: Mothers of 47 school‐age preadolescent children with diabetes completed a standardized assessment of general psychological functioning. Children with psychological adjustment problems were then compared with children who did not exhibit problems along the following dimensions: their demographic and medical profiles, maternal diabetes knowledge, associations between general psychological functioning and diabetes control, and the quality of their diabetes adjustment.Results: No differences were found between children with psychological adjustment problems and their better‐adjusted peers along any of the demographic or health status variables tested or in maternal diabetes knowledge. However, children with adjustment problems were more likely to receive visits from the hospital's home‐care team and to be absent from school. Also, for children with psychological difficulty, indices of diabetes control and general psychological functioning were related, and the nature of this relation differed across the school and family environments. In addition, poorer psychological adjustment was associated with diabetes‐specific problems in both mother and child. These included individual adjustment problems such as feeling different, relationship difficulties with family and peers, and difficulties with the treatment protocol, in particular, with the dietary regime.Conclusion: These findings are considered in relation to (1) the importance of multi‐method techniques in research which concerns adjustment to diabetes, in particular the need to use both psychological and disease‐specific instruments, and (2) clinical evaluations and interventions for children with diabetes and their families.
Religion and mental health: Towards a cognitive‐behavioural framework
Authors: James Abigail , Wells Adrian 
Published: September 2003

Purpose: Religion is frequently ignored within the clinical domain. Yet when examined, empirical evidence indicates that specific aspects of religiosity are correlated with mental health. The established associations between religious dimensions and mental health could be mediated by cognitive‐behavioural mechanisms. This paper proposes a preliminary conceptual framework in which two types of cognitive and behavioural mechanisms are described, (1) generic mental models that provide a basis for guiding appraisals of life events and (2) self‐regulation of thinking processes (metacognitive control).Method: A critical analysis of extant literature was employed to examine support for each of the mechanisms.Discussion: Evidence supports the idea that a religious framework can serve as a generic mental model that influences appraisals and affects well‐being. The benefits derived depend on the salience of the framework, level of certainty with which attributions can be accepted, and the content of the information. Evidence for the self‐regulation mechanism is weaker. Although consistent with this supposition, it requires further empirical evaluation.Conclusion: The relationships between religious variables and mental health may depend on cognitive‐behavioural mechanisms. Developments in this area might encourage clinicians to consider further the ways in which religious variables might be utilized and assessed in therapy. However, there is a need for further efforts to incorporate religious and spiritual factors in the clinical arena.
Crystallographic report: Bis[3‐(tri‐p‐tolyl)germyl‐3‐(o‐tolyl)‐propionato]dibutyltin(IV)
Authors: Imtiaz‐ud‐Din  , Mazhar M. , Dastgir Sarim , Mahon Mary F. , Molloy Kieran C. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe crystal structure of [(p‐CH3C6H4)3GeCH(o‐CH3C6H4)CH2CO2]2Sn(C4H9)2 consists of a monomer with the atoms of tin and germanium both occupying tetrahedral geometries. However, the tin atom is distorted towards a skew trapezoidal bipyramid geometry as a result of weakly chelating carboxylate ligands. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transition‐metal‐catalyzed reactions of 5‐methylene‐2‐oxazolidinone and 5‐methylene‐1,3‐thiazolidine‐2‐thione with isocyanates
Authors: Shen Yu‐Mei , Shi Min 
Published: September 2003

Abstract5‐Methylene‐2‐oxazolidinone (1) and 5‐methylene‐1,3‐thiazolidine‐2‐thione (4) react with various isocyanates to give the corresponding urethanes 3 and 5 in high yields in the presence of palladium(0) or palladium(II) catalyst under mild reaction conditions. A mechanism is proposed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some tricyclohexyltin carboxylates containing germanium: synthesis, spectral and crystallographic characterization
Authors: Imtiaz‐ud‐Din  , Molloy Kieran C. , Mazhar M. , Dastgir Sarim , Ali Saqib , Mahon Mary F. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractSix tricyclohexyltin triorganogermyl (substituted) propionates have been synthesized and their structures characterized by IR, multinuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C, 119Sn) and Mössbauer spectroscopies. Three of them have been characterized crystallographically by X‐ray diffraction. The crystal structures of [(p‐CH3C6H4)3GeCH(p‐CH3C6H4)CH2COOSn(C6H11)3] (1) and [(C6H5)3GeCH(C6H5)CH(CH3)COOSn(C6H11)3] (3) indicate that the tin possesses a tetrahedral geometry. The crystal structure of [(p‐CH3C6H4)3GeCH(p‐CH3OC6H4)CH2COOSn(C6H11)3]H2O (2) shows trigonal bipyramidal geometry around the tin with water of hydration enhancing the coordination sphere of the metal. Some of these compounds demonstrated positive antibacterial, antifungal and lethality bioassays. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: [(Pyridine)(1,2‐bis(2‐pyrazinecarboxamido)‐4,5‐dimethylbenzene)zinc(II)] monohydrate
Authors: Ryu Ji Young , Lee Jun Yong , Seo Jin Soo , Kim Cheal , Kim Youngmee 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe N4 donor ligand, Me2bpzb2− and a pyridine molecule are coordinated to the Zinc(II) so that the coordination geometry closely resembles a square‐pyramidal environment with a nitrogen atom of the pyridine ligand occupying the apical position. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: A coordination polymer containing [Zn(NO3)(H2O)2(btp)2]+ units bridged by btp ligands (btp = 2,6‐bis(N′‐1,2,4‐triazolyl)pyridine)
Authors: Ryu Ji Young , Lee Jun Yong , Seo Jin Soo , Kim Cheal , Kim Youngmee 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA zinc(II) coordination polymer has been formed from Zn(NO3)2 and 2,6‐bis(N′‐1,2,4‐triazolyl)pyridine (btp) ligands in which each zinc(II) atom is coordinated by three nitrogen donor atoms from btp and three oxygen donor atoms from a nitrate and two water molecules. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: Diiodo[tris(2‐pyridyl)amine]mercury(II), [(C5H4N)3N]HgI2
Authors: Xie Yongshu , Liu Xueting , Ni Jia , Jiang Hui , Liu Qingliang 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn mononuclear HgI2[(C5H4N)3N], mercury is tetrahedrally coordinated by two nitrogen atoms of a tris(2‐pyridyl)amine ligand and two iodides. The coordination moieties are connected by weak intermolecular Hg(II)···I interactions to give a one‐dimensional structure. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses and crystal structures of diorganotin(IV) bis(2‐pyridinethiolato‐N‐oxide) complexes
Authors: Ma Chunlin , Zhang Junhong 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe complexes di‐n‐butyldi(2‐pyridinethiolato‐N‐oxide)tin(IV) (1), diphenyldi(2‐pyridinethiolato‐N‐oxide)tin(IV) (2) and dibenzyldi(2‐pyridinethiolato‐N‐oxide)tin(IV) (3) are synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, 1H, 13C, 119Sn NMR spectroscopy, and their structures are determined by X‐ray crystallography. In complex 1 the coordination geometry at tin is a skew‐trapezoidal bipyramid, with cis‐S,S and cis‐O,O atoms occupying the trapezoidal plane and two n‐butyl groups occupying the apical positions, which also exhibits strong π–π stacking interactions. In complexes 2 and 3 the geometry at tin is distorted cis‐octahedral, with cis‐O,O and cis‐C,C atoms occupying the equatorial plane and trans‐S,S atoms occupying the apical positions. Their in vitro cytotoxicity against two human tumour cell lines, MCF‐7 and WiDr is reported. The ID50 values found are comparable to those found for cis‐platin, but lower than for many other diorganotin compounds. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: [1,3‐Di(mestityl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene]gallium iodide dihydride
Authors: Baker Robert J. , Jones Cameron 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe structure of the N‐heterocyclic gallium hydride complex, [GaH2I{CN(Mes)C2H2N(Mes)}], Mes = mesityl, shows both hydride ligands to be bonded to the distorted tetrahedral gallium centre. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: N,N′‐Dimethylimidazolium tris(selenocyanate) cadmium(II), [Me2Im][Cd(SeCN)3] (Me2Im = N,N′‐dimethylimidazolium)
Authors: Liu Daojie , Li Dacheng 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe title structure, [Me2Im][Cd(SeCN)3] (Me2Im = N,N′‐dimethylimidazolium), comprises triply bridged one‐dimensional cadmium‐selenocyanate chains in which the cadmium atoms are octahedrally coordinated within 3Se3N geometries. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: p‐Bis(N‐methylimidazolyl)xylylene tetra (selenocyanate)cadmium(II), [XylIm2][Cd(SeCN)4]
Authors: Liu Daojie , Li Dacheng 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe title compound [XylIm2][Cd(SeCN)4] [XylIm2 = p‐bis(N‐methylimidazolyl)xylylene] comprises discrete p‐bis(N‐methylimidazolyl)xylylene cations and [Cd(SeCN)4]2− anions in which the cadmium atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated by four selenium atoms. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: Tris(N,N‐dimethyldithiocarbamato)arsenic(III) dichloromethane solvate
Authors: Chen Danlin , Lai Chian Sing , Tiekink Edward R. T. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe structure of As(S2CNMe2)3 has approximate threefold symmetry and features essentially monodentate dithiocarbamate ligands, so that the geometry is trigonal pyramidal. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: Dimethylammonium phenylphosphonate·2(phenylphosphonic acid)
Authors: Beckmann Jens , Dakternieks Dainis , Duthie Andrew 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIndividual molecules of NH2Me2(HO)O2PPh·2PhPO(OH)2 are associated by hydrogen bonding, giving rise to a three‐dimensional supramolecular array. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.