bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evolution of firm networks: from emergence to early growth of the firm
Authors: Hite Julie M. , Hesterly William S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper addresses whether cohesive networks of socially embedded ties or sparse networks rich in structural holes are more conducive to the success of new firms. We propose that the networks of emerging firms evolve in order to adapt to the firm's changing resource needs and resource challenges. As firms emerge, their networks consist primarily of socially embedded ties drawn from dense, cohesive sets of connections. We label these networks identity based. As firms move into the early growth stage, their networks evolve toward more ties based on a calculation of economic costs and benefits. This shift from identity‐based to more calculative networks is manifested in the evolution of the firm networks: (1) from primarily socially embedded ties to a balance of embedded and arm's‐length relations; (2) from networks that emphasize cohesion to those that exploit structural holes; and (3) from a more path‐dependent to a more intentionally managed network. Thus, this paper suggests that both cohesive and sparse networks are conducive to firm performance when they are aligned with and address firms' evolving resource challenges. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Technological acquisitions and the innovation performance of acquiring firms: a longitudinal study
Authors: Ahuja Gautam , Katila Riitta 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of acquisitions on the subsequent innovation performance of acquiring firms in the chemicals industry. We distinguish between technological acquisitions, acquisitions in which technology is a component of the acquired firm's assets, and nontechnological acquisitions: acquisitions that do not involve a technological component. We develop a framework relating acquisitions to firm innovation performance and develop a set of measures for quantifying the technological inputs a firm obtains through acquisitions. We find that within technological acquisitions absolute size of the acquired knowledge base enhances innovation performance, while relative size of the acquired knowledge base reduces innovation output. The relatedness of acquired and acquiring knowledge bases has a nonlinear impact on innovation output. Nontechnological acquisitions do not have a significant effect on subsequent innovation output. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guanxi and organizational dynamics: organizational networking in Chinese firms
Authors: Park Seung Ho , Luo Yadong 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper focuses on the utilization of guanxi, which is an important cultural and social element in China, and the impact of guanxi on firm performance. Although guanxi is embedded in every aspect of Chinese social life, companies demonstrate different needs and capacity for guanxi cultivation. Chinese firms develop guanxi as a strategic mechanism to overcome competitive and resource disadvantages by cooperating and exchanging favors with competitive forces and government authorities. We develop an integrative framework theorizing guanxi utilization according to institutional, strategic, and organizational factors, and we explore the impact of guanxi on firm performance, primarily sales growth and net profit growth. Our findings, based on a survey of 128 firms in central China, provide strong support that institutional, strategic, and organizational factors are critical determinants of guanxi with competitive forces. However, only institutional and strategic factors are significant for guanxi utilization with government authorities. In general, guanxi leads to higher firm performance, but is limited to increased sales growth, and has little impact on profit growth. Guanxi benefits market expansion and competitive positioning of firms, but does not enhance internal operations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How much does the business group matter in Korea?
Authors: Chang Sea Jin , Hong Jaebum 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe partition the variances of profits of the companies associated with Korean business groups into business group‐specific effects, industry effects, and affiliate company‐specific effects, which roughly match corporate‐parent effects, industry effects and business unit effects, respectively, in the extant literature. We find substantial corporate‐parent effects (here, business group effects) along with industry effects and business unit effects (here, affiliate company‐specific effects). This finding may indicate that business groups play an important role in developing countries by circumventing market inefficiencies. Our results also suggest that these effects tend to be smaller in large business groups and to decrease over time. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The implications of strategy and social context for the relationship between top management team heterogeneity and firm performance
Authors: Carpenter Mason A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis research reexamines the link between top management team (TMT) heterogeneity and firm performance. Specifically, I theorize that the effects of education, work experience, and tenure on performance will depend upon the top management team's strategic and social context. In a test of such theorizing, I find that (1) the positive relationships between TMT educational, functional, and tenure heterogeneity and performance are contingent on complexity, as indicated by a firm's international strategy and, (2) such relationships are clearly stronger in short‐tenured top management teams. The theory and results presented here provide impetus for future studies, as well as suggest to upper echelon researchers that they think more critically about the conditions under which demographic characteristics are most likely to influence organizational outcomes like performance. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Top management team compensation: the missing link between CEO pay and firm performance?
Authors: Carpenter Mason A. , Sanders WM. Gerard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this research we discuss the relationship between CEO and top management team (TMT) member compensation, and explore the implications of TMT pay for firm performance. Specifically, we suggest that firm performance may benefit due to agency and group behavioral issues when top management team member pay is aligned—alignment is defined as the degree to which TMT member pay reflects (1) shareholder interests and (2) key political and strategic contingencies within the firm. In support of our theorizing, we found CEO pay to be related to TMT pay; TMT compensation, in turn, predicted performance (i.e., return on assets and Tobin's q) when aligned with shareholder interests and internal contingencies. Moreover, the effect of CEO pay on future firm performance was dependent on top team pay. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An enhanced thread synchronization mechanism for Java
Authors: Chiao Hsin‐Ta , Yuan Shyan‐Ming 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe thread synchronization mechanism of Java is derived from Hoare's monitor concept. In the authors' view, however, it is over simplified and suffers the following four drawbacks. First, it belongs to a category of no‐priority monitor, the design of which, as reported in the literature on concurrent programming, is not well rated. Second, it offers only one condition queue. Where more than one long‐term synchronization event is required, this restriction both degrades performance and further complicates the ordering problems that a no‐priority monitor presents. Third, it lacks the support for building more elaborate scheduling programs. Fourth, during nested monitor invocations, deadlock may occur. In this paper, we first analyze these drawbacks in depth before proceeding to present our own proposal, which is a new monitor‐based thread synchronization mechanism that we term EMonitor. This mechanism is implemented solely by Java, thus avoiding the need for any modification to the underlying Java Virtual Machine. A preprocessor is employed to translate the EMonitor syntax into the pure Java codes that invoke the EMonitor class libraries. We conclude with a comparison of the performance of the two monitors and allow the experimental results to demonstrate that, in most cases, replacing the Java version with the EMonitor version for developing concurrent Java objects is perfectly feasible. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(R)‐N‐[11C]methyl‐3‐pyrrolidyl benzilate, a high‐affinity reversible radioligand for PET studies of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
Authors: Skaddan Marc B. , Jewett Doug M. , Sherman Phil S. , Kilbourn Michael R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe recently reported the synthesis and binding affinity of ligands for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) based on both the pyrrolidyl and piperidyl benzilate scaffold. One of these, (R)‐3‐pyrrolidyl benzilate, was successfully radiolabeled with [11C]methyl triflate and the resulting compound, (R)‐N‐[11C]methyl‐3‐pyrrolidyl benzilate (3‐[11C]NMPYB), was evaluated as a reversible, acetylcholine‐sensitive tracer for the mAChR (Ki of unlabeled 3‐NMPYB is 0.72 nM). This compound displayed high, receptor‐mediated retention in regions of the mouse and rat brain known to have high concentrations of mAChRs. Moreover, bolus studies in a pigtail monkey showed that this compound had superior clearance from the brain when compared to muscarinic radiotracers previously employed in human PET studies. Infusion studies in the same monkey revealed that it was possible to achieve equilibrium of radiotracer distribution for 3‐[11C]NMPYB in both the striatum and cortex. Sensitivity to endogenous acetylcholine levels was evaluated by injecting phenserine (5 mg/kg) into rats prior to administration of 3‐[11C]NMPYB in an equilibrium infusion protocol. This pretreatment produced a modest, statistically significant decrease (9–11%) in the distribution volume ratios for muscarinic receptor rich regions of the rat brain as compared to controls. Synapse 45:31–37, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estrogenic effect of leachates and soil extracts from lysimeters spiked with sewage sludge and reference endocrine disrupters
Authors: Dizer Halim , Fischer Birgit , Sepulveda Isabel , Loffredo Elisabetta , Senesi Nicola , Santana Fernando , Hansen Peter‐D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSeveral experiments were conducted to evaluate the behavior and performance of some potential endocrine disrupters (ECDs). Two in vitro screening assays, one based on MCF7‐cell proliferation (E‐screen test) and the other on estrogenic receptor activity [enzyme‐linked receptor assay (ELRA)], were used for the tests, which were done in lysimeters 80 cm in diameter with depths of 30 cm (shallow) or 90 cm (deep). A sandy soil was used to fill in all lysimeters, which were spiked on the surface with either: (a) a sewage sludge (SS) at a dose equivalent to 20 tons ha−1; (b) a mixture of reference ECDs, comprising 17α‐ and 17β‐estradiol (E2), nonylphenol, octylphenol, and bisphenol A at doses 100 times higher than the maximum concentrations respectively found in the applied SS; or (c) a mixture of ECDs and SS. After percolation of the lysimeters with rain and/or artificial water, five leachates were sampled from each lysimeter during a period of 210 days. Immediately after the lysimeter percolation experiments, four and six soil fractions were dissected from, respectively, the 30‐cm and 90‐cm lysimeters and extracted by water. Both the leachate and soil extract samples were analyzed for their estrogenicity using the assays indicated above. The E‐screen assay was highly sensitive only for some leachate and extract samples but gave no response for most leachates and soil extracts. The results of the ELRA assay suggests a significantly higher estrogenicity of leachate samples from shallow lysimeters compared with that of leachates from deep lysimeters. In contrast, the estrogenic effect measured for soil extracts of shallow lysimeters was lower than that measured for soil extracts of deep lysimeters. The results of the E‐screen assay suggests the occurrence of a fast mobilization of applied ECDs and a moderate retardation effect of native ECDs contained in applied SS in the sandy soil used in the lysimeters. In lysimeters spiked with a mixture of SS and ECDs, the washing‐out effect of ECDs in the first leachate fraction decreased, but the distribution of ECDs in the lysimeters increased. The relatively high estrogenic impact measured for soil water extracts suggests that the ECDs were mostly associated with water‐soluble fractions of organic matter and/or water‐suspended fractions of the mineral soil matrix. The application of SS to agricultural and forest fields may determine the immobilization of ECDs in soil or their movement to surface and/or groundwater. Therefore, an endocrine risk of exposure exists for the water and soil organisms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 105–112, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10038
Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of municipal waste water discharged into the Paraguay River during periods of flood and drought
Authors: Serra de Lima Moraes Danielle , Jordão Berenice Quinzani 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe cytogenotoxic effects of the waste water from Corumbá and of the water of the Paraguay River, where this sewer discharges, were evaluated in flood and drought seasons. Allium cepa root meristems were exposed to 20 and 72 h treatments. Mitotic index, frequency, and types of aberrant cells were compared to the control. The waste water was genotoxic to this organism. The cycle of flood and drought influenced the levels of genotoxicity observed with the river water. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 113–116, 2001
Cauchy–Schwarz bound on the generalized Marcum Q‐function with applications
Authors: Annamalai A. , Tellambura C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Cauchy–Schwarz bounding technique is used to derive useful bounds on the generalized Marcum Q‐function and its complement. Three new exponential‐type bounds on QM (α, β) are derived, and these are found to be tight and useful for a number of applications of interest. One such example is the derivation of an upper bound on the average symbol error rate probability for noncoherent and differentially coherent communication systems over generalized fading channels. It is shown that these exponential‐type bounds are considerably tighter than the Chernoff bound (Rappaport SS. IEEE Trans. on Information Theory 1971; 17: 497–498) counterpart. Numerical results also reveal that the tightness of one of the exponential‐type bounds is comparable to the bound obtained in Simon and Alouini (IEEE Trans. on Communications 2000: 359–366), while another is found to be superior than that obtained in Simon and Alouini over a wide range of arguments. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Placing a Diffuser around a Wind Turbine
Authors: Hansen M. O. L. , Sørensen N. N. , Flay R. G. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn actuator disc CFD model of the flow through a wind turbine in a diffuser is developed and validated. Further, it is shown theoretically from a 1D analysis that the Betz limit can be exceeded by a factor proportional to the relative increase in mass flow through the rotor induced by the diffuser. The theoretical 1D result is verified by the CFD model. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situlocalization of β‐glucans in the cell wall ofSchizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Humbel Bruno M. , Konomi Mami , Takagi Tomoko , Kamasawa Naomi , Ishijima Sanae A. , Osumi Masako 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe chemical composition of the cell wall ofSz. pombeis known as β‐1,3‐glucan, β‐1,6‐glucan, α‐1,3‐glucan and α‐galactomannan; however, the three‐dimensional interactions of those macromolecules have not yet been clarified. Transmission electron microscopy reveals a three‐layered structure: the outer layer is electron‐dense, the adjacent layer is less dense, and the third layer bordering the cell membrane is dense. In intact cells ofSz. pombe, the high‐resolution scanning electron microscope reveals a surface completely filled with α‐galactomannan particles. To better understand the organization of the cell wall and to complement our previous studies, we set out to locate the three different types of β‐glucan by immuno‐electron microscopy. Our results suggest that the less dense layer of the cell wall contains mainly β‐1,6‐branched β‐1,3‐glucan. Occasionally a line of gold particles can be seen, labelling fine filaments radiating from the cell membrane to the α‐galactomannan layer, suggesting that some of the radial filaments contain β‐1,6‐branched β‐1,3‐glucan. β‐1,6‐glucan is preferentially located underneath the α‐galactomannan layer. Linear β‐1,3‐glucan is exclusively located in the primary septum of dividing cells. β‐1,6‐glucan only labels the secondary septum and does not co‐localize with linear β‐1,3‐glucan, while β‐1,6‐branched β‐1,3‐glucan is present in both septa. Linear β‐1,3‐glucan is present from early stages of septum formation and persists until the septum is completely formed; then just before cell division the label disappears. From these results we suggest that linear β‐1,3‐glucan is involved in septum formation and perhaps the separation of the two daughter cells. In addition, we frequently found β‐1,6‐glucan label on the Golgi apparatus, on small vesicles and underneath the cell membrane. These results give fresh evidence for the hypothesis that β‐1,6‐glucan is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum–Golgi system and exported to the cell membrane. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cloning and characterization of a LON gene homologue from the human pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Authors: Barros Tânia F. , Puccia Rosana 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA LON gene homologue from the human pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (PbLON) has been cloned, sequenced and characterized. It encodes a putative ATP‐dependent proteinase Lon, which in Saccharomyces cerevisisae (PIM1) is a heat‐inducible protein involved in the degradation of abnormal or short‐lived proteins in the mitochondria. The PbLON ORF is within a 3369 bp fragment interrupted by two introns located in the 3′segment. The 5′ and 3′ regions flanking the ORF contain sequences which resemble known transcription elements. Several transcription binding factor motifs have also been found, including sites for heat shock/stress response and nitrogen control. The deduced protein consists of 1063 residues containing a mitochondrial import signal at the N‐terminus and conserved ATP‐binding (GPPGVGKT) and serine catalytic (KDGPSAG) sites. It shares high identity with Lon homologues from S. cerevisiae (73%), Homo sapiens (62%) and Escherichia coli (56%). In P. brasiliensis, an MDJ1 putative gene has also been partially sequenced adjacent to PbLON, possibly sharing divergently orientated promoter elements. This chromosomal organization is interesting, since Mdj1p is a heat shock chaperone essential for substrate degradation by PIM1 in yeast. The LON nucleotide andflanking sequence regions have been submitted to GenBank under Accession No. AF239178. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The putative monocarboxylate permeases of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae do not transport monocarboxylic acids across the plasma membrane
Authors: Makuc Judita , Paiva Sandra , Schauen Matthias , Krämer Reinhard , André Bruno , Casal Margarida , Leão Cecília , Boles Eckhard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have characterized the monocarboxylate permease family of Saccharomyces cerevisiae comprising five proteins. We could not find any evidence that the monocarboxylate transporter‐homologous (Mch) proteins of S. cerevisiae are involved in the uptake or secretion of monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate or acetate across the plasma membrane. A yeast mutant strain deleted for all five MCH genes exhibited no growth defects on monocarboxylic acids as the sole carbon and energy sources. Moreover, the uptake and secretion rates of monocarboxylic acids were indistinguishable from the wild‐type strain. Additional deletion of the JEN1 lactate transporter gene completely blocked uptake of lactate and pyruvate. However, uptake of acetate was not even affected after the additional deletion of the gene YHL008c, which had been proposed to code for an acetate transporter. The mch1–5 mutant strain showed strongly reduced biomass yields in aerobic glucose‐limited chemostat cultures, pointing to the involvement of Mch transporters in mitochondrial metabolism. Indeed, intracellular localization studies indicated that at least some of the Mch proteins reside in intracellular membranes. However, pyruvate uptake into isolated mitochondria was not affected in the mch1–5 mutant strain. It is concluded that the yeast monocarboxylate transporter‐homologous proteins perform other functions than do their mammalian counterparts. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterns of excretion of fecal estradiol and progesterone and urinary chorionic gonadotropin in Grevy’s zebras (Equus grevyi): Ovulatory cycles and pregnancy
Authors: Asa C.S. , Bauman J.E. , Houston E.W. , Fischer M.T. , Read B. , Brownfield C.M. , Roser J.F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe ovulatory cycle and pregnancy of the endangered Grevy’s zebra (Equus grevyi) was characterized by analyzing excretion patterns of fecal estradiol and progesterone. Pregnancy was further described by assay of urinary equine chorionic gonadotropin. Courtship and mating behavior were similar to that seen in the domestic horse, but cycle length was longer, ranging from 28 to 35 days. Steroid hormone profiles during pregnancy were likewise similar to the horse, but gestation length was longer (391 and 406 days) in the two mature mares. A young mare was first seen to mate when 1 year 3 months of age, at which time she conceived but then aborted at 101 days’ gestation. Conception occurred after one and possibly two more abortions. A healthy foal was born after a gestation period of 425 days, when the mare was 3 years 4 months old, the youngest age at first foaling to be reported for this species. Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) was first detected between 35 and 40 days’ gestation, as in the horse, returning to baseline at about 195 days. However, in one young mare, eCG was also detectable around the time of ovulation. The eCG antibody may have cross‐reacted with luteinizing hormone, which would have been reaching peak concentrations at about that time. The general agreement of the endocrine results with observed occurrence of mating behavior and of parturition demonstrates that assay of excreted hormones can be used to document puberty, monitor ovarian cycles, and diagnose and monitor pregnancy in Grevy’s zebra mares. Zoo Biol 20:185–195, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.