bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The good earthworm: How natural processes preserve upland Archaic archaeological sites of western Illinois, U.S.A.
Authors: Van Nest Julieann 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn western Illinois, many soil profiles developed into upland loess deposits (Peoria Silt) contain Archaic period artifacts greater than 3500 yr B.P. in stone zones below plow level. For artifacts in prairie and prairie‐forest transition soils (not forest soils), depth distribution curves suggest they were buried in biomantles by small soil fauna. Artifacts of sizes archaeologists routinely collect generally move down while retaining fine‐scale horizontal integrity. The process results in stratigraphic separation of Archaic and Woodland period components that otherwise would commingle at the surface. The characteristic distribution of known upland sites, narrowly rimming stream valley headwaters, reflects incomplete burial of materials on steeper forested slopes. On adjacent gently sloping upper shoulder segments of valleys where grassy cover more strongly influences soil development (and by inference on broad level uplands where true prairie soils occur), Archaic artifacts will be buried in the biomantle and go undetected by surface surveyors. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The effects of temporal and spatial patterns of Holocene erosion and alluviation on the archaeological record of the Central and Eastern Great Plains, U.S.A.
Authors: Bettis E. Arthur , Mandel Rolfe D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPatterns of erosion and deposition act as a filter that strongly influences the disposition of the archaeological record of the Central and Eastern Plains of the North American Midcontinent. Detailed studies of alluvial valley stratigraphy in four drainage basins in the region reveal temporal and spatial patterns of fluvial system behavior that control the preservation and visibility of past human activity. These basins are located on a 600‐km‐long longitudinal gradient extending from semiarid southwestern Kansas to moist‐subhumid central Iowa. Despite significant environmental variability along this transect, basin‐wide patterns of Holocene erosion and deposition are similar across the study area. From ca. 11,000 to 8000 yr B.P., aggradation, punctuated by slow alluviation and/or stability around 10,000 yr B.P., was the dominant process in large and some small valleys. The early and middle Holocene (ca. 8000–5000 yr B.P.) was a period of net erosion and sediment movement in small valleys, sediment storage in large valleys, and episodic aggradation on alluvial fans. During the late Holocene (post‐5000 yr B.P.), alluvial fans stabilized, small valleys became zones of net sediment storage, and aggradation slowed in large valleys. Basin‐wide aggradation followed by entrenchment and channel migration characterizes fluvial activity during the Historic period. Consideration of the effects of these temporal and spatial patterns of Holocene erosion and alluviation on the archaeological record is crucial for developing efficient cultural resource sampling strategies and for accurately interpreting the archaeological record. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The hidden record: Late Holocene landscapes and settlement archaeology in the Lower Ohio River Valley
Authors: Stafford C. Russell , Creasman Steven D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFrom extensive backhoe trenching and coring in the Great Miami–Ohio River confluence region, in conjunction with a large suite of radiocarbon ages, we have identified large tracts of late Holocene alluvium. Thick blankets of Historic alluvium (post‐settlement) may also cover levees of the Ohio River. In conjunction with other studies in the Outer Bluegrass Region of the lower Ohio River valley, it is possible to document an association between floodplain Mollisols, Inceptisols, and Entisols and late Holocene‐aged landforms. Levees appear to have stabilized between 1000 and 2000 yr B.P. Although buried soils are rare, archaeological materials were ubiquitous in late Holocene Landform Sediment Assemblages. Because a substantial volume of valley fill is late Holocene in age, Woodland sites of all types are frequently buried, and Fort Ancient sites may be buried by Historic alluvium. Therefore, if Woodland or later settlement studies in this region are based on surface evidence alone, they are likely to be biased. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tests for genetic association using family data
Authors: Shih Mei‐Chiung , Whittemore Alice S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe use likelihood‐based score statistics to test for association between a disease and a diallelic polymorphism, based on data from arbitrary types of nuclear families. The Nonfounder statistic extends the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) to accommodate affected and unaffected offspring, missing parental genotypes, phenotypes more general than qualitative traits, such as censored survival data and quantitative traits, and residual correlation of phenotypes within families. The Founder statistic compares observed or inferred parental genotypes to those expected in the general population. Here the genotypes of affected parents and those with many affected offspring are weighted more heavily than unaffected parents and those with few affected offspring. We illustrate the tests by applying them to data on a polymorphism of the SRD5A2 gene in nuclear families with multiple cases of prostate cancer. We also use simulations to compare the power of these family‐based statistics to that of the score statistic based on Cox’s partial likelihood for censored survival data, and find that the family‐based statistics have considerably more power when there are many untyped parents. The software program FGAP for computing test statistics is available athttp://www.stanford.edu/dept/HRP/epidemiology/FGAP. Genet. Epidemiol. 22:128–145, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tectono‐sedimentary evolution of the northernmost margin of the NE German Basin between uppermost Carboniferous and Late Permian (Rotliegend)
Authors: Rieke H. , Kossow D. , McCann T. , Krawczyk C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe tectono‐sedimentary evolution of the Rotliegend deposits of the northernmost margin of NE German Basin (NEGB) has been analysed on the basis of detailed sedimentary logs of 300 m of core material together with the re‐evaluation of 600 km of seismic lines. Three distinct phases were recognized. During the initial Phase I, basin geometry was largely controlled by normal faulting related to deep‐seated ductile shearing leading to a strong asymmetric shape, with a steep fault‐controlled eastern margin and a gently, dipping western margin. The results of forward modelling along a cross‐section fit the basin geometry in width and depth and reveal a footwall uplift of c. 1000 m. Adjacent to the steep faults, local sedimentation of Lithofacies Type I was confined to non‐cohesive debris flow‐dominated alluvial fans, whereas the gently dipping western margin was dominated by alluvial‐cone sedimentation.During the post‐extensional period (Phase II), cooling of the lithosphere generated additional accommodation space. The sediments of Lithofacies Type II, comprising mainly clast‐supported conglomerates, are interpreted as braided ephemeral stream flow‐surge deposits. Tectonic quiescence and an increase in flood events resulting from wetter climate led to progradation of this facies over the entire region. At the end of this period, the accommodation space was almost completely filled resulting in a level topography.Phase III was controlled by the thermal‐induced subsidence of the southerly located NEGB in post‐Illawarra times. The formerly isolated region tilted towards the SW, thus forming the northern margin of the NEGB during uppermost Havel and Elbe Subgroup times. The sediments of Lithofacies Type III were divided into a marginal sandstone‐dominated environment and a finer‐grained facies towards the SW. The former consists of poorly‐sorted coarse‐grained sandstones of a proximal and medial ephemeral stream floodplain facies. The latter comprise mud flat fines and fine‐grained distal ephemeral stream deposits. The end of the tectono‐sedimentary evolution is marked by the basinwide Zechstein transgression. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Romagna Apennines, Italy: an eroded duplex
Authors: Feroni A. Cerrina , Leoni L. , Martelli L. , Martinelli P. , Ottria G. , Sarti G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe study of clast composition carried out on the alluvial gravels of the Romagna Apennines of northern Italy has provided evidence for an extensive covering of allochthonous units (Ligurian nappe and Epiligurian succession) above the Miocene foredeep deposits (Marnoso‐Arenacea Formation), which has been subsequently eroded during the Late Miocene–Pleistocene uplift. This result is confirmed by the burial history outlined in the Marnoso‐Arenacea Formation through vitrinite reflectance and apatite fission‐track analyses. The Romagna Apennines represent, therefore, a regional tectonic window where the thrust system that displaced the Marnoso‐Arenacea Formation crops out. The geometric relations between this thrust system and the basal thrust of the Ligurian nappe, exposed at the boundaries of the Romagna Apennines (Sillaro Zone and Val Marecchia klippe), are consistent with a duplex structure. Thus, the Romagna Apennines thrust system is an eroded duplex. The duplex roof‐thrust corresponds to the surface of the synsedimentary overthrust of the Ligurian nappe on the Marnoso‐Arenacea Formation; the floor‐thrust is located in the pelagic pre‐foredeep deposits (Schlier Formation). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of the complement C3a and C5a receptors after permanent focal ischemia: An alternative interpretation
Authors: Barnum Scott R. , Ames Robert S. , Maycox Peter R. , Hadingham Sarah J. , Meakin Jackie , Harrison David , Parsons Andrew A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe receptors for the complement anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a are expressed by glial cells and neurons in normal and inflamed brain. Previous studies demonstrated modest elevations in mRNA expression of these receptors in a model of focal cerebral ischemia. Using a similar model system for both mice and rats, we report markedly different patterns of anaphylatoxin receptor mRNA expression in cerebral ischemia. C5a receptor expression was dramatically elevated within 3 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion, while C3aR expression was reduced to 25% of control animals. By 24 h post‐occlusion, expression of both receptors was higher than at any other time point examined. This increased expression at late time points after occlusion is most likely the result of massive infiltration of leukocytes expressing the receptors. We also observed increased receptor mRNA expression in sham‐operated animals, indicating that the procedures used for arterial occlusion affects mechanisms regulating receptor expression. This latter result highlights the importance of including this important control group in ischemic model systems for proper interpretation of changes in gene expression. GLIA 38:169–173, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glutamate transporters and retinal excitotoxicity
Authors: Izumi Yukitoshi , Shimamoto Keiko , Benz Ann M. , Hammerman Seth B. , Olney John W. , Zorumski Charles F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGlutamate appears to play a major role in several degenerative retinal disorders. However, exogenous glutamate is only weakly toxic to the retina when glutamate transporters on Müller glial cells are operational. In an ex vivo rat retinal preparation, we previously found that exogenous glutamate causes Müller cell swelling but does not trigger excitotoxic neurodegeneration unless very high concentrations that overwhelm the capacity of glutamate transporters are administered. To determine the role of glutamate transporters in Müller cell swelling and glutamate‐mediated retinal degeneration, we examined the effects ofDL‐threo‐β‐benzyloxyaspartate (TBOA), an agent that blocks glutamate transport but that unlike most available transport inhibitors is neither a substrate for transport nor a glutamate receptor agonist. We found that TBOA triggered severe retinal neurodegeneration attenuated by ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists. TBOA‐induced neuronal damage was also diminished by riluzole, an agent that inhibits endogenous glutamate release. In the presence of riluzole, to inhibit glutamate release plus TBOA to block glutamate uptake, the addition of low concentrations of exogenous glutamate triggered severe excitotoxic neuronal damage without inducing Müller cell swelling. We conclude that TBOA‐sensitive glutamate transporters play an important role in regulating the neurodegenerative effects of glutamate in the rat retina. GLIA 39:58–68, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Astrocyte and endothelial cell expression of ADAM 17 (TACE) in adult human CNS
Authors: Goddard Diane R. , Bunning Rowena A.D. , Woodroofe M. Nicola 
Published: August 2002

AbstractADAM 17, also known as TACE, is an important sheddase for a number of proteins, including tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), transforming growth factor‐α (TGF‐α), L‐selectin, p75, and p55 TNF receptors, and interleukin‐1 receptor II (IL‐1RII). The presence of ADAM 17 mRNA in adult mouse and rat CNS was recently reported (Karkkainen et al. Mol Cell Neurosci 15:547–560, 2000). However, the cellular origin of ADAM 17 remains unknown. In this study, we have used an anti‐ADAM 17 antibody in an immunohistochemical study of its distribution in human adult CNS tissue. Cells with astrocytic and endothelial morphology were ADAM 17‐positive. This finding was further confirmed using double immunofluorescence with antibodies against GFAP and von Willebrand factor, which label astrocytes and endothelial cells, respectively. This study demonstrates that ADAM 17 is expressed by astrocytes and endothelial cells in normal brain tissue and may have a role in normal brain function. GLIA 34:267–271, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immune function of microglia
Authors: Aloisi Francesca 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDuring the past decade, mechanisms involved in the immune surveillance of the central nervous system (CNS) have moved to the forefront of neuropathological research mainly because of the recognition that most neurological disorders involve activation and, possibly, dysregulation of microglia, the intrinsic macrophages of the CNS. Increasing evidence indicates that, in addition to their well‐established phagocytic function, microglia may also participate in the regulation of non specific inflammation as well as adaptive immune responses. This article focuses on the signals regulating microglia innate immune functions, the role of microglia in antigen presentation, and their possible involvement in the development of CNS immunopathology. GLIA 36:165–179, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Control of glial immune function by neurons
Authors: Neumann Harald 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe immune status of the central nervous system (CNS) is strictly regulated. In the healthy brain, immune responses are kept to a minimum. In contrast, in a variety of inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis, infections, trauma, stroke, neoplasia, and Alzheimer's disease, glial cells such as microglia gain antigen‐presenting capacity through the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Further, proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), as well as chemokines, are synthesized by resident brain cells and T lymphocytes invade the affected brain tissue. The proinflammatory cytokines stimulate microglial MHC expression in the lesioned CNS areas only. However, the induction of brain immunity is strongly counterregulated in intact CNS areas. For instance, recent work demonstrated that microglia are kept in a quiescent state in the intact CNS by local interactions between the microglia receptor CD200 and its ligand, which is expressed on neurons. Work done in our laboratory showed that neurons suppressed MHC expression in surrounding glial cells, in particular microglia and astrocytes. This control of MHC expression by neurons was dependent on their electrical activity. In brain tissue with intact neurons, the MHC class II inducibility of microglia and astrocytes by the proinflammatory cytokine IFN‐γ was reduced. Paralysis of neuronal electric activity by neurotoxins restored the induction of MHC molecules on microglia and astrocytes. Loss of neurons or their physiological activity would render the impaired CNS areas recognizable by invading T lymphocytes. Thus, immunity in the CNS is inhibited by the local microenvironment, in particular by physiologically active neurons, to prevent unwanted immune mediated damage of neurons. GLIA 36:191–199, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Galantamine: a randomized, double‐blind, dose comparison in patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Wilkinson D. , Murray J. ,   the Galantamine Research Group
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate whether Galantamine significantly improves the core symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD).BackgroundGalantamine is a reversible, competitive, selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that also allosterically modulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. This dual mechanism of action provided the rationale for a phase II trial of galantamine in AD.MethodA multicentre, randomized, parallel, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial was carried out to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of galantamine 18, 24 and 36 mg/day administered for 3 months in 285 patients with mild‐to‐moderate probable AD. The primary outcome measure was the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale cognitive subscale (ADAS‐cog); secondary outcome measures were the Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) and the Progressive Deterioration Scale (PDS).ResultsPatients treated with galantamine 24 mg/day had a significantly better outcome than placebo on ADAS‐cog; the treatment difference was 3 points on the intention‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis ( p = 0.01) and 4.2 points on per protocol analysis ( p = 0.001). Per protocol analysis showed that galantamine had a significantly better outcome than placebo on PDS ( 24‐mg/day dose, p < 0.05) and CGIC (36‐mg/day dose, p < 0.05). Galantamine was well tolerated at the lower doses of 18 and 24 mg/day where it produced mild, transient effects typical of cholinomimetic agents.ConclusionThis study shows that, relative to placebo, galantamine significantly improves the core symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment as usual (TAU) control practices in the PROSPECT Study: managing the interaction and tension between research design and ethics
Authors: Reynolds Charles F. , Degenholtz Howard , Parker Lisa S. , Schulberg H. C. , Mulsant Benoit H. , Post Edward , Rollman Bruce ,   the PROSPECT Study Group
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe use of treatment as usual (TAU) as a control condition may pose the considerable challenge of maintaining both scientific rigor and meeting high ethical standards in experiments on human subjects. The authors illustrate the tension and explore the relationship between research design and ethics, especially the interaction between the two, in the NIMH‐funded PROSPECT study (Prevention of Suicide in Primary Care Elderly – Collaborative Trial). The goal of PROSPECT is to determine whether placement of a depression health specialist in primary care practices will have a favorable impact on rates of depression, hopelessness and suicidal ideation in elderly primary care patients with major or persistent minor depression. PROSPECT randomly assigns practices either to an intervention arm (which includes the provision of depression health specialists) or to an enhanced care arm (TAU, with the addition of screening and assessment services). TAU, enhanced by the provision of screening and assessment services, is to be used as a benchmark for measuring the effectiveness of PROSPECT's intervention. However, TAU in the epidemiological and clinical literature has also been linked to high rates of suicide in the elderly related to unrecognized and untreated or under‐treated depression. The authors present their approach to managing the tension, or interaction, between the use of TAU for scientific and public health purposes and the requirement for beneficence, that is, the duty to assure the safety of human subjects in research and to do no harm. Through enhancements of TAU, by the provision of information to primary care physicians concerning the psychiatric status of their patients, the investigators attempt to meet the challenge of maintaining rigor and meeting high ethical standards. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Access to a community aged psychiatry service by elderly from non‐English‐speaking backgrounds
Authors: Hassett Anne , George Kuruvilla 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveWith the ageing of Australia's ethnic communities, aged mental health services need to examine issues pertaining to accessibility and appropriateness in the context of this sociodemographic change. The aim of this review of referrals to a community aged‐psychiatry service was to compare for differences between patients from non‐English‐speaking backgrounds (NESB) and English‐speaking backgrounds (ESB).MethodSociodemographic and clinical variables were retrospectively collated for a 12‐month period and analysed according to NESB and ESB status. The 1996 Australian Census data were used for comparison of catchment area representation of different ethnic groups.Results40.8% of patients referred to the service were from NESB, and 78.8% of these were assessed with an interpreter. Taken as broad ethnic groups, the referral of elderly European migrants was similar to their representation in the local population, while elderly migrants from Asia and other non‐European backgrounds were under‐represented. Sociodemographic differences were found in that the elderly from NESB were more likely to be poorly educated, have a low proficiency in English, and to have been employed in unskilled occupations. On the other hand, patterns of referral, diagnosis, past psychiatric history and outcome did not differ significantly between the two groups. Clinical variables relating to referral source, past psychiatric history, and outcome did not differ significantly across the two groups.ConclusionsThis 12‐month review of referrals to an aged psychiatry community service found that nearly half were of elderly patients from NESB. The lower utilisation of the service by certain ethnic groups may reflect obstacles in their pathway to care. Alternatively, strong family networks, or a lower prevalence of mental illness in these elderly, may explain the findings in this report. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.