bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cuing for context: an alternative to global matching models of recognition memory
Authors: Dennis Simon , Humphreys Michael S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While taking a rational or optimizing approach to the construction of a cognitive model can often reduce the number of assumptions required, it does not uniquely specify what the model should look like or eliminate the need for some basic architectural assumptions. This point is well illustrated by the three models of recognition memory presented in this book. The models by Chappell and McClelland, Shiffrin and the one presented in this chapter all address similar sets of data and are all rational in the sense that they assume that episodic recognition decisions are made by a system approximating an optimal Bayesian solution. They differ, however, on the key issue of how traces within the episodic system interact and it is this issue which will form the basis of this chapter.
Sorting out core memory processes
Authors: Schooler Lael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Basic to Anderson’s (1990) rational approach is the hypothesis that human cognition optimally solves the problems that it faces. This means that if we can correctly characterize the problem the cognitive system is trying to solve and find the optimal solution to this problem, then the rational analysis makes the strong prediction that the behavior of the system should correspond to this solution.
A Bayesian analysis of some forms of inductive reasoning
Authors: Heit Evan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of our most important cognitive goals is prediction (Billman and Heit, 1988; Anderson, 1990, 1991; Heit, 1992; Ross and Murphy, 1996), and category-level information enables a rich set of predictions. For example, you might not be able to predict much about Peter until you are told that Peter is a goldfish, in which case you could predict that he will swim and he will eat fish food. Prediction is a basic element of a wide range of everyday tasks from problem solving to social interaction to motor control. This chapter, however, will-focus on a narrower range of prediction phenomena, concerning how people evaluate inductive ‘syllogisms’ or arguments such as the following example:
Dynamics of dimension weight distribution and flexibility in categorization
Authors: Lamberts Koen , Chong Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the other chapters in this volume will have explained, rational analysis attempts to understand cognition in terms of its adaptation to the environment. In this chapter, we are particularly concerned with rational analysis of categorization. The purpose of categorization is to predict category membership of objects, which in turn allows for the prediction of new object features. If one categorizes an object as a tiger, for instance, on the basis of its colour and shape, one can infer that the object is probably dangerous, carnivorous, has sharp teeth, and so forth. Ideally, categorization should take the structure of the environment into account, and exploit the regularities that can be found. Anderson (1990, 1991) has provided a detailed analysis of the structure of categorization, and has shown how a Bayesian framework can form the basis of a detailed and powerful model of category learning and categorization.
A revised rational analysis of the selection task: exceptions and sequential sampling
Authors: Oaksford Mike , Chater Nick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Results in the psychology of reasoning appear to show that people make many errors when confronted with tasks having superficially obvious logical solutions. The task most often used to illustrate this point in both the philosophical and the psychological literature is Wason’s (1966, 1968) selection task. In the selection task an experimenter presents participants with four cards, each with a number on one side and a letter on the other, and a rule of the form ifpthenq, e.g. ifthereisavowelon oneside (p), thenthereisanevennumberontheotherside (q).
Rational analysis of causal conditionals and the selection task
Authors: Over David , Jessop Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Classical deductive logic begins with assumptions. It takes no interest in where these come from and is unconcerned with whether they are true in the actual world. It simply guarantees that the conclusion of a valid inference must hold given the assumptions, telling us that we should be certain of our valid conclusioRs whenever we are certain of our premises. For this reason, De Finetti (1972, Iritroduction) argued that this logic was limited by merely covering ‘... the ideal case of absolute certainty’.
Rationality as optimized cognitive self¬ regulation
Authors: McGonigle Brendan , Chalmers Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central objective of our programme, motivated in no small part by Piaget’s genetic epistemology (Piaget, 1971), has been to help specify the important conditions and dimensions of growth in cognitive competences and cognitive regulation in complex (primate) systems over the course of evolution and development (McGonigle and Chalmers 1996, 1997; Chalmers and McGonigle, 1997). An ontological stance as espoused by general systems theorists (le Gare, 1987), we have developed in our own way, Piaget’s constructivist, epigenetic conception of rational systems from an ‘adaptive’ perspective, combining, where possible, formal as well as empirical approaches to the characterization of cognitive complexity. And this has led in turn to research within the programme concerned with the design of robots that can learn to learn and self-organize over an extended life history guided by research within our biological programme (McGonigle, 1991; Donnett and McGonigle, 1991; Nehmzow and McGonigle, 1993).
The Object of Fear in Pain
Authors: Morley Stephen , Eccleston Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients with chronic pain fear more than just the continuation of pain. We have a good understanding of the importance of some of these fears, such as fear of movement and (re)injury in chronic low back pain. However, outside of back pain we have advanced very little in our understanding of multiple fears. Given the chronic and relatively indiscriminate impact of pain on people’s lives, we expect that pain, especially persistent pain, can elicit a wide range of feared “objects.” In some cases the object of fear is likely to be quite specific (e.g. onset of fugue in migraine).
Central nervous system neoplasms in AIDS
Authors: Demopoulos Alexis , Abrey Lauren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intracranial mass lesions are common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, especially those with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Distinguishing infectious etiologies from neoplasia is challenging and should not be done on the basis of routine imaging studies alone. Typical infectious etiologies include toxoplasmosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), bacterial or fungal brain abscess, and tuberculosis. Primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL), gliomas, and leiomyosarcomas all occur with increased frequency in the HIV-positive population. Of these, the majority are PCNSL, which are AIDS-defining illnesses by criteria established by the Centers for Disease Control.
Alcohol and HIV-1 neuropathogenesis
Authors: Acheampong Edward , Mukhtar, Muhammad , Pomerantz Roger J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) dementia complex (ADC) is a collective term used to describe a multitude of neurological disorders caused by viral infection of the brain. ADC is characterized by cognitive dysfunction, motor difficulties, coordination abnormalities, and other neurological signs and symptoms that develop in certain human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected-individuals (Price et al. 1988). Although we are two decades into the HIV-1 epidemic, the exact mechanisms that lead to ADC remain obscure (Lipton and Gendelman 1995). Hypotheses suggesting both direct and indirect mechanisms, based on retroviral replication in the central nervous system (CNS), have been proposed to account for ADC. Several HIV-1 gene products, especially Tat and the envelope glycoprotein gp120, have been suggested as putative neurotoxins (Venkatesh et al. 1990; Giulian et al. 1993; Dreyer et al. 1990).
Psychiatric disorders
Authors: Atkinson J Hampton , Person Cheryl , Young Corinna , Deitch, David , Treisman Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, clinical course, and treatment of the most prevalent psychiatric syndromes associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Psychiatric states in HIV can be characterized broadly as either primary, meaning the condition in all likelihood either preceded date of infection or is likely to be independent of HIV, or secondary, indicating a disorder directly or indirectly attributable to HIV itself, cofactors associated with infection, or their treatments. The most prevalent psychiatric disorders in HIV populations are major depression and dysthymia, alcohol and drug abuse or dependence (particularly injection drugs and stimulants), bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders.
Alan Turing and the Turing Machine
Authors: Hodges Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By marking its fiftieth anniversary, this volume recognizes the long-lasting influence of the Turing machine concept. By collecting together new contributions from so many fields, it signals the exceptionally wide scope of that influence. This brief essay, intended to recall and honor the person of Alan M. Turing himself, will likewise mark not only the historical moment of Turing’s publication, but will seek to convey the breadth of thought that underlay his introduction and development of the machine concept. Alan Turing was born on 23 June 1912, and after submitting to a traditional British upper-middle-class schooling, won a scholarship to King’s College, Cambridge University. He graduated with distinction in mathematics in 1934. Within less than a year he was elected to a Fellowship of King’s College, his dissertation being a proof of the Central Limit Theorem, and it might have appeared that his interests would focus on the theory of probability.
Turing’s Analysis of Computability, and Major Applications of lt
Authors: Kleene StephenC 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this article is to present to readers, not assumed to have any previous acquaintance with Turing’s work, both (1) the basic ideas in Turing’s analysis of computability, and (2) what seems to me the most straightforward way of developing from it some significant features of the structure of mathematics. The application I use of his computability, and the path I follow in the developments from it, are somewhat different than in Turing’s own writing. Other investigators contributed.
From Universal Turing Machines to Self-Reproduction*
Authors: Arbib Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Turing in his later years became interested in the use of reaction diffusion equations to model morphogenesis (cf. Turing 1952) my task in this essay is to trace the way in which Turing’s notion of the universal computer led to a computational theory of organism growth and reproduction. The focus, then, is on the work in the 1960’s that was spurred by von Neumann’s (1951, 1966) theory of self-reproducing automata. Turing’s result that there exists a universal computing machine suggested to von Neumann that there might be a universal construction machine A, which, when furnished with a suitable description IN of any appropriate automaton N, will construct a copy of N.
Computerizing Mathematics: Logic and Computation
Authors: Beeson Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two central aspects of mathematics are logic and computation. Mathematics has been used to compute the orbits of the planets and spaceships, to explain the ice ages, and to design tall buildings and majestic ships. The calculus, whose very name emphasizes calculation, was created in part to solve the problem of the calculation of longitude at sea, whose application to navigation was an important commercial problem of the era. Applied mathematics and engineering rely upon the computational aspect of mathematics.
Mental Images and the Architecture of Concepts
Authors: Makowsky Johann A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract. We discuss the role of format of data, communication protocols and notational systems in computing. We use the term mental images for the internal data structure of human thinking and formal concept for an externalized data structure associated with it. Format, communication protocol and notation together are called architecture of the concept. It is argued that our current model of computability abstracts too much from the issue of architecture of concepts to provide us with a workable theory of interactive computing and data transfer. Such a future theory would have to take into account aspects of data base theory, cryptographic protocols, probabilistic complexity theory and a theory of learning which extends the statistical theory of estimation of dependencies based on empirical data. We also draw attention to anthropological studies concerning the evolution of mathematical concepts which show that such evolutions are inherently slow. This last aspect serves to dampen our hopes of a quick breakthrough in the evolution of conceptual computing.
On the Physics and Mathematics of Thought
Authors: Penrose Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The questions that I shall touch upon here are closely related to those that Alan Turing concerned himself with in the seminal article that this volume commemorates (Turing 1936-7). What are the essential physical actions that take place when a person thinks? Is a human brain, indeed, effectively a universal Turing machine? Is the precise material that constitutes a thinking device (such as a brain) of any real consequence? Does it much matter what physical laws are called upon in the action of such a device? Regrettably I have not time, as I write this, to develop fully the (rather incomplete) ideas that I would wish to express; nor is there really the necessary space for an adequate discussion.
Mechanisms for Computing Over Arbitrary Structures
Authors: Shepherdson John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract. Gandy 1980 has given four “Principles for Mechanisms” , which appear to be satisfied by any discrete mechanical device and are sufficient to ensure that the function computed by such a mechanism can also be computed by a Turing machine. Friedman 1971 has generalized the theory of computation to the case where the data objects are not necessarily natural numbers or finite strings, but may be elements of any relational structure, and where the operations and relations of the structure are given as basic computational operations. These approaches are combined here; Gandy’s principles are extended to deal with machines which incorporate processors for computing the operations and relations of a structure, and it is shown that functions over total structures computed by machines satisfying these principles can also be computed by a “generalized Turing algorithm” in Friedman’ssense. Structures with partially defined operations and relations are also considered. These illuminate the differences between serial and parallel procedures discussed in Shepherdson 1975. To preserve its universality over partial structures the generalized Turing algorithm needs to be given some kind of parallelism.
Form and Content in Thinking Turing Machines
Authors: Wiener Oswald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For purposes of epistemology, the crowning idea in Turing’s work on computability is the conjecture known as the Church/Turing thesis: that every “working” procedure can be formulated in terms of a Turing machine (TM). Does this mean that a mind’s knowledge of a “working” procedure takes the form of a TM or of some equivalent? Introspection clearly supports the hypothesis that understanding natural processes amounts to being capable of simulating them by some “internal” TMs-the clearest indication might perhaps be seen in our arrival at the TM concept itself.
Logic Without Structural Rules (Another Look at Cut Elimination)
Authors: Lambek Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In [L 1958], Gentzen’s sequent calculus was extended from intuitionistic logic to what I then called the ‘syntactic calculus’, a form of bidirectional categorial grammar, now also seen to be the intuitionistic fragment of a non-symmetric version of Girard’s [1987] linear logic, and the cut-elimination theorem was proved in this generality. In [L 1969], this proof was lifted to the categorical level, where the sequents were interpreted as multilinear operations. Here we shall take another look at this proof and see that it becomes more transparent if in place of the operations we consider terms in an inductively defined language [L 1989].
Gradual Introduction to Type Theory
Authors: Ranta Aarne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Martin-Löf designed his type theory to be a language usable in mathematics. His motivation was ‘to make explicit what is usually implicitly taken for granted’ (Martin-Lof 1984, pp. 3-4). The contrast indicated by ‘usually’ is the metamathematical treatment of logic: At the present time, when formalisms are not only used by intelligent agents, who have the background knowledge spelt out in the metalanguage, but also run in computers, there is a new need of explicitness, up to Frege’s standard of leaving no room for guesswork. This has been realized in programming languages. In contemporary logic, the first explicit formalisms were the Automath languages designed by de Bruijn for the purpose of computerized mathematical reasoning (see de Bruijn 1970). Automath comprises classical logic, but it shows some central features of constructive type theory, such as a version of the propositions as types principle, and a notation for assertions in addition to propositions.
Anaphoric Expressions
Authors: Ranta Aarne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the sentences formalized in the previous chapter contain pronouns, like he and it. This chapter will focus on the formalization of pronouns and, more generally, of anaphoric expressions, expressions interpreted in the context created by the foregoing text. They include, in addition to pronouns, definite noun phrases, like the man, and modified definite phrases, like the rich man, but also the zero sign, that is, ellipsis. All these expressions are introduced by type-theoretical rules followed by sugaring procedures. Thus we follow the new strategy of sugaring discussed at the end of Section 3.6, deriving different anaphoric expressions with the same interpretation from different but definitionally equal type-theoretical expressions.
Neogene
Authors: Hallam Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Neogene comprises the Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene epochs. Since the Holocene began only about 10 000 years ago it is commonly grouped together with the Pleistocene as the Quaternary. The biogeographic literature on the Quaternary vastly exceeds that on the Miocene and Pliocene, and deals almost exclusively with extant species. Here the Quaternary is treated in a more balanced way as a small, albeit highly interesting, part of the Neogene, and emphasis is placed, as in previous chapters, on what is indicated by the changing distributions of fossil taxa.
Major Factors Influencing The Distribution Of Organisms
Authors: Hallam Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most important factors affecting the large-scale distribution of organisms are climate, the relative positions of continents and oceans, and sea level (Hallam 1981a). Before these and other factors are discussed it is desirable to pay some attention both to diversity and the varying migration potential of different types of organism. Diversity is a measure of taxonomic variety. The two most widely used diversity indices, that combine both the number of species and their relative abundance, are the Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices. Brown (1988) gives four reasons why their value in biogeographic studies is very limited:
Major temporal changes through the Phanerozoic
Authors: Hallam Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since time considerations are necessarily intrinsic to historical studies, the search for dynamic patterns of change through time is a fundamentally important aspect of palaeobiogeographic research. Before the biogeography of successive geological periods is considered it is desirable to outline some of the major geological and biological changes through Phanerozoic time, some of which also have a geographic component.
Palaeogene
Authors: Hallam Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Palaeogene or Early Tertiary, comprising the Palaeocene, Eocene, and Oligocene epochs, can be said to mark the time when the major outlines of the modem world, in terms of palaeogeography, climate, and biota, became progressively established. As in previous chapters attention will be paid to the geology before turning to organic distributions.
The Chalk as an aquifer
Authors: Price M , Downing R A , Edmunds W M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some aquifers and petroleum reservoirs consist of porous rock which is traversed by fissures. It is common for the rock mass to possess significant porosity but low to moderate permeability, and for the fissures to contribute little to the total porosity of the rock but to contribute most of the permeability. The Chalk is an example of these aquifers or reservoirs, which are said to possess dual porosity or double porosity. The porosity and permeability components contributed by the fissures are referred to as the fissure (or fracture) porosity and permeability. The blocks bounded by the fissures are usually described as matrix blocks, and the non-fissured fraction of the porosity and permeability as the matrix (or matric) components (Fig. 3.la).
The Chalk as a hydrocarbon reservoir
Authors: D’Heur M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Below the North Sea, in the central part of the Tertiary basin, the Chalk is a major hydrocarbon reservoir. Oil and gas were first discovered in 1966 in chalks of Cretaceous and. Palaeocene ages in Well A-lx drilled in the Danish sector but the find was not considered to be commercial. Further north, in the southern part of the Norwegian sector, Well 2/11-1, drilled in 1969 on the flank of the Valhall structure, penetrated 17 m of hydrocarbon-bearing chalk which flowed at 900 barrels per day. Again, at that time, this was not regarded as a commercial discovery and the Valhall Field was actually not developed until 1976.
Cainozoic basins: western and southern Indonesia
Authors: Hutchison Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The North Sumatra Basin occupies a roughly triangular area of approximately 55 000 km2, mostly onshore, and extending into the Straits of Malacca and Andaman Sea. It is separated from the Central Sumatra Basin by the Asahan Horst (Fig. 2.1).
Other deposits
Authors: Hutchison Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The broad SE Asian region contains examples of all the major types of bauxite deposits. Australia is the world’s major producer of bauxite (more than 33%), with major producing centres on the southern margin of SE Asia at Weipa on the Cape York Peninsula and in the Gove Peninsula of the Northern Territory (Hutchison, 1983a). The bauxite is in the form of lateritic residual caps upon Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary formations.