Implementation of Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis for Patients With Pierre Robin Sequence in a Developing Country Through International Collaboration: A Paradigm for Success
Authors: Hoang Thom Dang , Nguyen Huan T. , Runyan Christopher M. , Tran Son , Vu Lam , Nguyen Phuong D. 
Published: January 2024

Objective:
Though it has made significant strides, Vietnam remains a resource-constrained country of 98 million people. Vietnam National Children’s Hospital (VNCH) provides tertiary care to a catchment of 40 million people and is the sole national children’s hospital. As such, it is one of the few referral centers in the country equipped to take care of patients diagnosed with Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) as this requires pulmonary, critical care, otolaryngology, and plastic surgery expertise. Before 2015, the only surgical options were tongue lip adhesion or tracheostomy. Only 20% of patients successfully avoided tracheostomy, mechanical ventilation, or death. From 2015 to 2019, mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) was introduced by visiting international surgeons on a short-term basis. Since 2020, local surgeons at VNCH have refined their technique and widely use MDO independently. This report seeks to capitulate their experience and identify factors leading to success.

Methods:
A retrospective review was conducted of patients diagnosed with PRS at VNCH from 2015 to 2022. Paper records were digitized, translated, and reviewed for inclusion criteria, including demographics, indications, hospital course, and postoperative outcomes.

Results:
Complete records satisfying inclusion criteria were available for 53 patients with a diagnosis of PRS who underwent MDO from 2020 to 2022. From 2015 to 2019, there were 19 cases of MDO, though records were incomplete. The median age at the time of MDO was 50 ± 43 days. Forty patients (75.5%) had isolated PRS and 13 (24.5%) were syndromic. Forty-four patients (83%) had a cleft palate. Fifty-one (96.2%) of patients required preoperative supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. The active distraction and consolidation phase was 4.8 ± 1.3 months. The median days to discharge after surgery was 19.0 ± 8.3 days. Median weight at birth, at the time of surgery, and at the time of device removal were 6.8 ± 1.2, 7.7 ± 1.9, and 14.8 ± 2.8 pounds, respectively. Fifty-two patients (98.1%) had obstructive sleep apnea preoperatively with an average Apnea Hypopnea Index of 25.0 ± 10.6. Post-MDO, only 4 (7.5%) had obstructive sleep apnea and the average Apnea Hypopnea Index was 5.2 ± 0.6. No patients (0) required a tracheostomy for a 100% success rate.

Conclusions:
The tremendous success of the implementation of MDO by local surgeons in Vietnam after its introduction by visiting international surgeons illustrates a paradigm for capacity-enhancing global surgical endeavors. Mandibular distraction osteogenesis has replaced tongue lip adhesion as the surgical treatment of choice for PRS patients at VNCH. Surgical techniques can be transferred to operating environments with basic infrastructure through collaboration and resource optimization. These results demonstrate that global surgical engagement may be scalable and repeatable with direct benefits for patients in lower-middle–income countries.