bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Large Woody Debris Characteristics and Pool Formation in Small Coastal British Columbia Streams
Authors: Rosenfeld Jordan S. , Huato Leonardo 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The characteristics and function of large woody debris (LWD) were measured in 41 small (1.2-11.2-m bank-full channel width), fish-bearing streams in coastal British Columbia to determine how total LWD abundance and the features of individual LWD pieces (diameter, length, orientation, and presence of a rootwad) influenced the effectiveness of pool formation. Pool spacing (the number of channel widths between channel-spanning pools) was a decreasing power function of total LWD abundance, but the relationship was relatively weak. Stratification of sites by channel gradient improved the model fit, steeper streams (≥2% gradient) having a significantly lower pool spacing than lower-gradient streams (&lt;2%). The proportion of LWD that formed pools increased from 6% for pieces with a diameter of 15-30 cm to 43% for pieces with a diameter of more than 60 cm. Large woody debris more than 60 cm in diameter formed a higher proportion of pools across all channel widths. A simple, size-structured model of LWD abundance in small streams suggests that loss of LWD larger than 60 cm in diameter will greatly decrease pool frequency across all channel widths but have the greatest impact on large streams. Models that estimate pool frequency based on total LWD abundance irrespective of size distribution may underestimate the impact of riparian management that reduces the number of larger-diameter trees recruiting to the stream channel.
Electrofishing Power Requirements in Relation to Duty Cycle
Authors: Miranda L. E. , Dolan C. R. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Under controlled laboratory conditions we measured the electrical peak power required to immobilize (i.e., narcotize or tetanize) fish of various species and sizes with duty cycles (i.e., percentage of time a field is energized) ranging from 1.5% to 100%. Electrofishing effectiveness was closely associated with duty cycle. Duty cycles of 10–50% required the least peak power to immobilize fish; peak power requirements increased gradually above 50% duty cycle and sharply below 10%. Small duty cycles can increase field strength by making possible higher instantaneous peak voltages that allow the threshold power needed to immobilize fish to radiate farther away from the electrodes. Therefore, operating within the 10–50% range of duty cycles would allow a larger radius of immobilization action than operating with higher duty cycles. This 10–50% range of duty cycles also coincided with some of the highest margins of difference between the electrical power required to narcotize and that required to tetanize fish. This observation is worthy of note because proper use of duty cycle could help reduce the mortality associated with tetany documented by some authors. Although electrofishing with intermediate duty cycles can potentially increase effectiveness of electrofishing, our results suggest that immobilization response is not fully accounted for by duty cycle because of a potential interaction between pulse frequency and duration that requires further investigation.
Evidence of Offshore Lake Trout Reproduction in Lake Huron
Authors: Desorcie Timothy J. , Bowen Charles A. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Six Fathom Bank-Yankee Reef, an offshore reef complex, was an historically important spawning area believed to represent some of the best habitat for the rehabilitation of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in Lake Huron. Since 1986, lake trout have been stocked on these offshore reefs to reestablish self-sustaining populations. We sampled with beam trawls to determine the abundance of naturally reproduced age-0 lake trout on these offshore reefs during May-July in 1994-1998 and 2000-2002. In total, 123 naturally reproduced lake trout fry were caught at Six Fathom Bank, and 2 naturally reproduced lake trout fry were caught at nearby Yankee Reef. Our findings suggest that this region of Lake Huron contains suitable habitat for lake trout spawning and offers hope that lake trout rehabilitation can be achieved in the main basin of Lake Huron.
Visibility of Visual Implant Elastomer Tags in Atlantic Salmon Reared for Two Years in Marine Net-Pens
Authors: FitzGerald Jennifer L. , Sheehan Timothy F. , Kocik John F. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
We evaluated detectability of visual implant elastomer (VIE) tags in individual Atlantic salmon Salmo salar reared from smolts to adults in commercial marine net-pens. A total of 9,000 individual smolts were marked (adipose eye, lower jaw, or both) with colored VIE tags. During the period from March 1998 to December 2000 (2–28 months after tagging) a total of 3,220 fish were visually inspected for VIE tags. Tag detection rates remained high (&gt;90%) for the first 17 months after tagging but then declined sharply, particularly for VIEs in the jaw. Use of a UV light significantly increased detection of both eye and jaw VIE tags. We conclude that VIE tags are optimal for use in Atlantic salmon when recovery of fish occurs within 17 months of tagging.
Effects of High Water Temperature on Growth, Smoltification, and Predator Avoidance in Juvenile Sacramento RiverChinook Salmon
Authors: Marine Keith R. , Cech Joseph J. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Intensive water management and frequent drought cycles can increase water temperatures, thereby decreasing habitat quality for Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha inhabiting streams of California's Central Valley. We studied the incremental effects of chronic exposure (&gt;60 d; effects measured bimonthly) to three temperature regimes typical of the range of conditions experienced by Sacramento River fall-run Chinook salmon during juvenile rearing and smoltification (13–16°C, 17–20°C, and 21–24°C; diel fluctuations of 0.5–3°C were allowed within these limits). Our laboratory experiments demonstrated that Chinook salmon can readily survive and grow at temperatures up to 24°C. However, juveniles reared at 21–24°C experienced significantly decreased growth rates, impaired smoltification indices, and increased predation vulnerability compared with juveniles reared at 13–16°C. Fish reared at 17–20°C experienced similar growth, variable smoltification impairment, and higher predation vulnerability compared with fish reared at 13–16°C. These results improve our understanding of the range of juvenile Chinook salmon responses to elevated temperatures and should assist biologists and resource decision makers in coordinating water management and salmon conservation decisions.
Physiological Responses of Walleyes to Live-Release Angling Tournaments
Authors: Killen Shaun S. , Suski Cory D. , Morrissey Michael B. , Dyment Peter , Furimsky Marosh , Tufts Bruce L. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
This study examines the physiological impacts of live-release angling tournament practices on walleyes Sander vitreus (formerly Stizostedion vitreum). Blood and white muscle samples were taken from walleyes following the weigh-in at several live-release angling tournaments in southern Ontario. The tournament walleyes had significantly elevated plasma cortisol levels in comparison with those of the control walleyes, indicating that tournament practices elicit a significant stress response in the tournament fish. Increased creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities revealed that walleyes experience a moderate degree of cellular damage during live-release angling tournaments. In contrast to recent research with largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, the tournament walleyes showed evidence of plasma ion loss. The tournament walleyes also experienced dramatic reductions in white muscle energy stores (phosphocreatine, ATP, and glycogen) and corresponding increases in plasma and white muscle lactate levels when compared with those of the control fish. These metabolic changes were similar in magnitude to the changes previously observed in largemouth bass following tournaments and suggest that current tournament procedures may commonly cause relatively large bouts of anaerobic metabolism in fish.
Off-Season Spawning of Black Crappie in a North-Central Florida Lake
Authors: Nagid Eric J. , Dockendorf Kevin J. , Hujik Robert W. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Black crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus less than 60 mm total length were observed in December in Orange Lake, Florida, during fishery investigations. Sagittal otoliths were examined for daily growth rings to estimate hatch date. Hatch date ranged from 9 to 29 October 2001; mean hatch date was 20 October, which is the first published occurrence of off-season spawning of black crappies. Fishery managers should be aware of potential seasonal spawning variability when estimating growth.
Reintroduction of the Flannelmouth Sucker in the Lower Colorado River
Authors: Mueller Gordon A. , Wydoski Richard 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
A single stocking of 611 wild flannelmouth suckers Catostomus latipinnis in 1976 represented the first successful reintroduction of a native fish in the lower Colorado River. Flannelmouth suckers ranging in age from young of the year to 24 years were captured during 1999–2001; their population was estimated as at least 2,286 (95% confidence interval, 1,847–2,998). Recruitment appeared sporadic, consisting of consecutive years of low recruitment (&lt;10%) supplemented by a stronger (31%) year-class. Historically, this native fish was rare and was believed extirpated from the lower river by 1975, but it now reproduces naturally in a reach dramatically altered by water development. This successful reintroduction indicates that one native fish can successfully tolerate environmental alterations whereas another, the razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus, apparently cannot. Other opportunities may exist in altered rivers to benefit native fishes where they were absent or historically rare.
Daily Increment Formation in Otoliths of the Redspotted Sunfish
Authors: Roberts Matt E. , Wetzel James E. , Brooks Ronald C. , Garvey James E. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
To generate reliable age information for fishes, we must assess the robustness of techniques to environmental variation. We quantified daily ring deposition within the sagittal otoliths of known-age larval and juvenile redspotted sunfish Lepomis miniatus reared in ponds. We also determined how daily light : dark cycles mimicking natural conditions, reduced daylight, or constant daylight affected ring deposition in fish housed in aquaria. Additionally, we quantified how constant temperature (26°C), low daily variability in temperature (26±1°C), and high daily variability (26±2°C) affected production of daily rings. In pond-reared fish, the first increment was produced by the evening of hatch, and increment deposition occurred with 24-h periodicity through 119 d. Independent age estimates from two readers closely agreed. Photocycle and temperature variation did not affect periodicity of increment formation or the precision and accuracy of age estimates. Age and growth data can be reliably determined in this species to assess recruitment dynamics and develop management and conservation strategies.
Use of Ultrasound Imaging to Determine Sex of Shovelnose Sturgeon
Authors: Colombo Robert E. , Wills Paul S. , Garvey James E. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
During November 2002, 51 shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus were sexed by ultrasound imaging using a portable ultrasonograph. We identified males with 96% accuracy (N = 25) and females with 80% accuracy (N = 25); one hermaphroditic individual was misidentified as a male. Overall, ultrasound imaging was 86% accurate. Sex in postspawned females was difficult to determine, 60% being misidentified as males (N = 5). Ultrasonography is an effective noninvasive method for sex determination that can be applied to other species of Acipenseriformes. Modern portable equipment expands its utility to field studies.
Effects of Intraperitoneally Implanted Radio Transmitters on the Swimming Performance and Physiology of Pacific Lamprey
Authors: Close David A. , Fitzpatrick Martin S. , Lorion Christopher M. , Li Hiram W. , Schreck Carl B. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Information on movement patterns and behaviors of Pacific lampreys Lampetra tridentata at Columbia River hydroelectric projects is needed to determine effects of the dams on survival. Radiotelemetry provides a good method for gaining knowledge about Pacific lamprey behavior at the dams; however, one of the assumptions of a radiotelemetry experiment is that tagged individuals are representative of untagged individuals. Therefore, we undertook an assessment of the swimming performance and physiological effects of surgical implantation of radio transmitters into the peritoneal cavities of Pacific lamprey. We measured concentrations of plasma glucose, ventilation rate, and swimming performance at short-term and long-term intervals following the surgical implantation of radio transmitters in Pacific lamprey. We found no short-term difference in glucose levels between tagged (3.4-g tags) and control lampreys, suggesting tagging is no more stressful than handling. Plasma levels of glucose in Pacific lampreys implanted with 7.4-g transmitters were greater at 3 and 24 h postsurgery compared with controls; however, these differences disappeared at 96 h. Ventilation rates of tagged (7.4 g) and control lampreys did not differ at 1, 24, and 168 h after surgeries. Swimming performance of Pacific lampreys implanted with 7.4-g transmitters was impaired immediately after surgery; however, swimming was not compromised at 1 and 7 d after surgery. In the long term (i.e., 4 months postimplantation), plasma glucose levels in lampreys implanted with 3.4-g transmitters did not differ from control or sham lampreys, whereas those implanted with 10.0 g transmitters had higher plasma glucose than intact controls. Adult lampreys implanted with 7.4-g transmitters remained statistically indistinct from controls at 30, 60, 90, and 180 d after surgery. Of the control and 7.4-g tagged lampreys, 22% matured and developed secondary sexual characteristics with loose eggs or flowing milt by the end of March. We found 100% survival rate with our tagged fish in all experiments. These results indicate that radio tags weighing 7.4 g or less that are surgically implanted in adult Pacific lamprey can meet the core assumption of radiotelemetry, provided precautions are taken to ensure adequate time for recovery from surgery.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous and Intramuscular Streptomycin in Patients with Tuberculosis
Authors: Zhu Min , Burman William J. , Jaresko George S. , Berning Shaun E. , Jelliffe Roger W. , Peloquin Charles A. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objectives. To determine population pharmacokinetic parameters of streptomycin after administration of multiple intramuscular and intravenous doses.Design. Prospective, unblinded clinical study.Setting. Two medical centers in Denver, Colorado.Patients. Thirty patients with tuberculosis.Intervention. Patients received multiple doses of streptomycin as part of their tuberculosis treatment. They received concurrent drugs based on in vitro susceptibility data.Measurements and Main Results. Serum samples were collected over a 10‐hour period and assayed by validated high‐performance liquid chromatography. Concentration‐time data were analyzed using population methods. Streptomycin concentrations increased linearly with increasing intravenous doses. The intramuscular doses did not produce as linear a relationship, presumably because of variability in rates of and, potentially, completeness of absorption. Streptomycin elimination decreased with declining renal function. Higher, intermittent doses were well tolerated and appeared to maximize the peak concentration:minimal inhibitory concentration ratio.Conclusion. Overall, pharmacokinetic parameters of streptomycin were comparable with those previously published for streptomycin and other aminoglycosides. Higher, intermittent doses maximize pharmacodynamic parameter estimates and might have advantages for treatment of tuberculosis.
Does Ketamine Have a Role in Managing Severe Exacerbation of Asthma in Adults?
Authors: Lau Tim T. Y. , Zed Peter J. 
Published: June 2004

Objective. To evaluate the role of ketamine in management of severe exacerbation of asthma in adults.Methods. Qualitative systematic search using MEDLINE (January 1966‐September 2000), EMBASE (January 1988‐September 2000), and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Issue 2, 2000).Results. One prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial and five case reports were retrieved. In the clinical trial, low‐dosage ketamine as an adjunct to standard therapy offered no benefit in improving outcomes in nonventilated patients. In the case reports, all patients with refractory severe exacerbation of asthma requiring mechanical ventilation appeared to receive some benefit from ketamine, with alleviation of bronchospasm and improved oxygenation. Adverse effects included dysphoria, hallucinations, and increased pulmonary secretions.Conclusion. Limited evidence is available in the literature to support administration of ketamine in severe exacerbation of asthma. Although a few cases suggest possible benefit from ketamine, it should not be considered until controlled clinical trials demonstrate that benefits outweigh risks for patients for whom other standard therapies failed.
Improved Influenza Vaccination Rates in a Rural Population as a Result of a Pharmacist‐Managed Immunization Campaign
Authors: Van Amburgh Jenny A. , Waite Nancy M. , Hobson Eric H. , Migden Hedy 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To increase the rate of influenza vaccinations in high‐risk patients by means of a pharmacist‐managed immunization campaign.Design. Unblinded, single intervention.Setting. Rural primary care clinic.Patients. Six hundred fifty‐seven patients at high risk for contracting influenza according to criteria established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Intervention. High‐risk patients identified by chart review were mailed an education packet on influenza immunization. Vaccinations were given in specially designated clinics and during routine clinic visits. Campaign success and reasons why patients remained unvaccinated were determined by follow‐up surveys.Measurements and Main Results. The influenza vaccination rate increased from 28% at baseline (before program initiation) to 54% after program initiation. Unvaccinated patients were younger and resided in more urban areas than vaccinated patients; vaccinated patients had a higher frequency of cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus. Vaccinated patients consistently identified the education packet and their health care providers as primary motivators for vaccination.Conclusion. Our pharmacist‐managed vaccine program increased the influenza immunization rate in high‐risk patients.
Prevalence and Risk of Thrombocytopenia with Valproic Acid: Experience at a Psychiatric Teaching Hospital
Authors: Conley Erin L. , Coley Kim C. , Pollock Bruce G. , DaPos Stacey V. , Maxwell RaeAnn , Branch Robert A. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To investigate the prevalence and potential risk factors of thrombocytopenia in hospitalized patients receiving valproic acid (VPA) fo psychiatric indications (excluding epilepsy).Design. Retrospective study.Setting. University‐affiliated psychiatric facility.Patients. Two hundred sixty‐four patients treated with VPA.Intervention. Data from patients hospitalized between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 1998, who were receiving VPA and had at least one platelet count recorded.Measurements and Main Results. Of 264 VPA‐treated patients, 31 (12%) met our criteria for thrombocytopenia. Mild thrombocytopenia (platelet count of 101–150 times 103/mm3) occurred in 25 (9%) patients, and moderate thrombocytopenia (platelet count of 40–100 times 103/mm3) occurred in 6 (2%) patients. Age older than 65 years (p=0.02) and VPA dosage greater than 1000 mg/day (p<0.001) were identified as significant risk factors for developing thrombocytopenia.Conclusion. The estimated prevalence of thrombocytopenia is 12% in the general psychiatric population receiving VPA, with the elderly at greatest risk.
Interaction Between N‐Acetylcysteine and Activated Charcoal: Implications for the Treatment of Acetaminophen Poisoning
Authors: Tenenbein Paul K. , Sitar Daniel S. , Tenenbein Milton 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To determine if the presence of N‐acetylcysteine reduces the ability of activated charcoal to adsorb acetaminophen both in the absence and presence of a coingestant.Design. In vitro laboratory study.Setting. University hospital research laboratory.Measurements and Main Results. The adsorption of acetaminophen and salicylic acid by activated charcoal in the presence and absence of N‐acetylcysteine was measured in vitro. Acetaminophen and salicylic acid analyses were conducted with high‐performance liquid chromatography. Adsorption data were compared using the appropriate parametric statistical test. The addition of N‐acetylcysteine significantly decreased the binding of acetaminophen by activated charcoal (p<0.005). When salicylic acid was added to simulate a coingestant, N‐acetylcysteine significantly decreased salicylate adsorption by charcoal (p<0.001).Conclusions. The presence of N‐acetylcysteine reduces the ability of activated charcoal to adsorb acetaminophen and coingestants. In vivo data will be required to determine the clinical relevance of these interactions.
Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation of a Pharmacist‐Managed Hypertension Clinic
Authors: Okamoto Mark P. , Nakahiro Randy K. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To measure clinical, economic, and humanistic outcomes associated with a pharmacist‐managed hypertension clinic compared with physician‐managed clinics.Design. Prospective, randomized, comparative study.Setting. Managed care organization.Patients. A total of 330 patients with mild‐to‐moderate essential hypertension.Intervention. Hypertension care provided by either the pharmacist‐managed hypertension clinic or physician‐managed general medical clinics.Measurements and Main Results. Baseline and 6‐month evaluations consisted of systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements, a short‐form health survey, and collection of health care utilization information. After treatment, blood pressure measurements were significantly lower (p<0.001) in the pharmacist‐managed hypertension clinic group than in the physician‐managed clinic group. Patient satisfaction was significantly higher in the hypertension clinic group. Total costs for the hypertension clinic group were not different from those of the physician‐managed clinic group ($242.46 vs $233.20, p=0.71), but cost:effectiveness ratios were lower in the hypertension clinic group ($27 vs $193/mm Hg for systolic blood pressure readings, and $48 vs $151/mm Hg for diastolic blood pressure readings).Conclusion. In a hypertension clinic, pharmacists can be a cost‐effective alternative to physicians in management of patients, and they can improve clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction.