bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
We Are Poor but So Many
Authors: Bhatt Ela R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ela Bhatt is widely recognized as one of the world’s most remarkable pioneers and entrepreneurial forces in grassroots development. Known as the “gentle revolutionary,” she has dedicated her life to improving the lives of India’s poorest and most oppressed citizens. In India, where 93 percent of the labor force are self-employed, 94 percent of this sector are women. Yet self-employed women have historically enjoyed few legal protections or worker’s rights. In fact, most are illiterate and subject to exploitation and harassment by moneylenders, employers, and officials. Witnessing the terrible conditions faced by women working as weavers, stitchers, cigarette rollers, and waste collectors, Ela Bhatt began helping these women to organize themselves. In 1972, Ela Bhatt founded the Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) to bring poor women together and give them ways to fight for their rights and earn better livings. Three years after SEWA was founded, it had 7,000 members. Today it has a total membership of 700,000 women, making it the largest single primary trade union in India. Bhatt lead SEWA to form a cooperative bank in 1974 - with a share capital of $30,000 - that offered microcredit loans to help women save and become financially independent. Today the SEWA Cooperative Bank has $1.5 million in working capital and more than 30,000 depositors with a loan return rate of 94 percent. Through years of organization and strategic action, Ela Bhatt developed SEWA from a small, often ignored group into a powerful trade union and bank with allies around the world. During the last three decades, SEWA’s efforts to increase the bargaining power, economic opportunities, health security, legal representation, and organizational abilities of Indian women have brought dramatic improvements to hundreds of thousands of lives and influenced similar initiatives around the globe. We Are Poor but So Many is a first-hand account of the vision, rise, and success of SEWA, in India as well as internationally. The book begins with a history of the early days of SEWA and an exploration of the Ghandian philosophy that helped shape SEWA’s formation and vision. It follows with an account of the struggles and challenges that SEWA faced in its journey and describes how these were addressed and overcome. It then explores the freedom that SEWA has facilitated for women working in the informal economy by presenting several inspirational stories of individual SEWA members. The final chapter describes the international extension of SEWA’s work, the challenges that women face in the informal economy worldwide, and how SEWA can be effectively replicated in other parts of the world. This volume is unique in that it will elaborate the specific experience and knowledge of Ela Bhatt in her and SEWA’s journey and provide insights and knowledge that no outside researcher would ever be in a position to replicate.
Rag Pickers
Authors: Bhatt Ela R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the late 1890s, two-thirds of the population of Ahmedabad was economically engaged around the textile industry. An entire subeconomy grew around the scrap thrown out by mills. Big traders purchased these discarded cut pieces and end strips of mill cloth and sent them through a chain of contractors to Muslim women in slums, who stitched them into garments and quilts in their homes. Iron and wood scraps were sold, also through subcontractors, to Marwari women junksmiths to tum into buckets, kitchen racks, cooking stoves, and small items of furniture. The main consumers of these recycled products were poor urban families. The lowest in the hierarchy of scraps went to the dalit women, who picked over the floor sweepings of mills, factories and shops, and salvaged any useable waste thrown out on the streets. These waste pickers are like self-appointed recycling agents-visiting every worksite, roadside, and garbage dump in search for anything of value-newspapersandwhite paper, glass bottles, plastic bags, bottle tops, bits of broken machinery, iron nails and steel filings, discarded hair, and pieces of wood.
Health Care
Authors: Bhatt Ela R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1977, I was reviewing the reasons why some women had defaulted on their SEWA Bank loans. Out of five hundred, twenty women had defaulted on their loans because they died. Of these twenty, fifteen had died in childbirth. Just two years earlier, I had seen them, loan applications in hand, active and alive and enthusiastic about expanding their business. To die in childbirth in this day and age? I felt upset and rather angry with myself. How could we have been so preoccupied with the economic needs of the women that we were blind to their basic health needs? Sickness is a recurring crisis in the lives of poor women. They are illness-prone because their living, working, and financial conditions make them vulnerable to disease and malnutrition. Few have ready access to clean drinking water, or to an adequate supply of water for washing. Their living conditions are often unsanitary because municipal services like sewage and drainage are nonexistent or outdated. Their diet is inadequate for lack of money; they have limited knowledge of how to prevent or take precautions against disease; and medical help is often out of reach-both financially and in terms of distance.
Reforms
Authors: Bhatt Ela R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The world of work has changed over the past three decades. Economists assumed that developing countries would grow along the lines of the developed countries where, sooner or later, all jobs would belong to the formal sector. But with globalization, the opposite has happened; the private sector has begun to “de-formalize” and the public sector has begun to shrink. Contract labor, casual labor, and outsourcing have increased in the so-called formal sector. The textile industry of Ahmedabad, for example, has moved from large mills to power looms and small processing houses-all jobs performed through a contract and subcontract system. Where no direct employer-employee relationship can be established, labor laws do not apply. Sixty percent of the workers in Ahmedabad, for example, work in streets, homes, or makeshift sheds in deserted compounds of closed factories.1 So in many ways, the world of work has changed, but labor laws have not kept abreast and are losing relevance.
The Myth of the Fall in Women in Love
Authors: Stewart Jack F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The extent to which the myth of the fall permeates Women in Love has not previously been recognized. The novel examines language, mythos, the whole logocentric tradition, revealing an underlying connection and a gap between the Biblical myth of the fall, as expanded by Milton in Paradise Lost, and the modern condition of alienation and angst that Lawrence diagnoses. At first sight, references to the Fall in Women in Love seem marginal, even clichéd. Displaced into fiction, the Genesis story that was imaginative and doctrinal truth to Milton bears uneasy and unstable relation to Lawrence’s themes. But the theological concept of the fall that Lawrence is intent on redefining is part of the novel’s basic vision, which depends on recuperating as well as trans valuing the biblical source.
Totem, Taboo, and Blutbrüderschaft in D. H. Lawrence’s Women in Love
Authors: Kaplan Carola M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On the surface, D. H. Lawrence’s The Rainbow and Women in Love, although they originated as a single fictional work, “The Sisters,” appear to be two distinctly different kinds of novels: the first, a generational narrative, its roots in the nineteenth century; the second, an end-of-the-world vision, its nihilism forged by the nightmare of the Great War. Yet for all the apparent differences between the two books, their author insisted that they form “an organic, artistic whole.” While conceding that the two novels are “very different,” Lawrence maintained that Women in Love is a “sequel” to The Rainbow (quoted in Ford, Double, 1965, 164).
Introduction
Authors: Harrison Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a letter of 19 May 1913 written in Irschenhausen, near Munich, Germany, D. H. Lawrence announced to his literary mentor, Edward Garnett, his receipt of an advance copy of his third novel: ‘Sons and Lovers has just come—I am fearfully proud of it. I reckon it is quite a great book. I shall not write quite in that style any more. It’s the end of my youthful period.’1 There are a number of reasons why the twenty-seven year-old author might have wanted to use the publication of this novel to draw a line under his early life and writings. For one thing, the novel drew heavily on his childhood, youth and early manhood in the industrial midlands of England, and indeed on the lives of his parents and siblings. His mother’s death from abdominal cancer in December 1910 had devastated him, and his outpouring of grief and subsequent depression had contributed to his own physical collapse (involving double pneumonia) in the winter of 1911. The novel recreated his mother’s rapid decline in health and her death, with its traumatic aftermath.
Sons and Lovers: Flight from the [S]mothering Text
Authors: Greiff Louis K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The 1960 screen version of Sons and Lovers appeared over a decade after another Lawrence adaptation, The Rocking Horse Winner, yet it resembles its predecessor in a number of ways. Like Anthony Pelissier’s effort, it is another relatively short, careful British production filmed in black and white. Yet the challenges of adaptation facing its director, Jack Cardiff, were absolutely the reverse of those Pelissier encountered. Pelissier needed to spin out and finesse a fifteen-page short story into a feature-length film. Cardiff, on the other hand, confronted a heavyweight novel, well over four hundred pages long, with the prospect of squeezing it into a movie about the same length as Pelissier’s. This, in fact, is exactly what he did. The finished print of Sons and Lovers, including a scene excised by the censors, amounts to ninety-nine minutes of film—a paltry eight-minute increase in running time over The skills that Cardiff brought to this project—and to the challenge of effective adaptation—were primarily camera-related. Sons and Lovers was only his third directorial assignment,
M
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The syndrome is characterized by abnormalities of the eye (ectopialentis), aorta (dilation of the aortic root and aneurysm of the ascending aorta and aortic aneurysm), and skeleton (dolichostenomelia, upper segment/lower segment ratio two standard deviations below the mean for age, pectus excavatum, and kyphoscoiosis). In addition to these three major criteria, auxiliary signs may be present, such as myopia, mitral valve prolapse, arachnodactyly, joint laxity, tall stature, pesplanus, striae distensae, pneumothorax, and dural ectasia. About 35% of patients do not develop lens subluxation. There is a large family with Marfan syndrome without ectopia lentis in whom the disease gene was mapped to 3p24.2–p25. The clinical diagnosis may be difficult in mild cases, and the spectrum of patients with connective tissue abnormalities simulating Marfan syndrome is wide.
W
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The three features most commonly associated with type I are lateral displacement of the medial canthi, white forelock, and sensorineural deafness. Freckles on the face and premature graying of the hair are frequent. is found in 20% of affected individuals. The characteristic pigmentary abnormalities are a white forelock, with or without hypoplastic pale-blue irides. Unilateral or sector heterochromia of the iris may be present. Other expressions of the pigmentary abnormalities include vitiligo. Congenital deafness is the most serious feature of the disease and, when present, is usually bilateral and severe. Variants of the syndrome have been described. Bard reported affected patients in three generations of one family who had ocular albinism characterized by foveal hypoplasia and iris transillumination and who lacked lateral displacement of the medial canthi. Shah et al. reported 12 neonates in five families in which a white forelock and white eyebrows and eyelashes were associated with intestinal obstruction, later proved by biopsy to be long-segment Hirschsprung disease. Eight of the 12 patients had heterochromatic irides, but none of six in whom it was sought had dystopia canthorum or a broad nasal root.
Depressants of the Central Nervous System: Volatile Solvents and Aerosols
Authors: Winger Gail , Woods James H , Hofmann Frederick G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Abuse of volatile solvents and aerosols has not captured the attention and concern of the media or the general public in the way abuse of many other agents has. In some ways, this is understandable. Solvent and aerosol abuse does not affect as many people as does tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana abuse, and until recently, most solvents and aerosols were not thought to produce toxic effects of the order produced by some other drugs of abuse. Furthermore, because most solvents and aerosols can be easily and inexpensively obtained legally, little criminal behavior is associated with their sale and purchase. But there are aspects of solvent abuse that should be of considerable concern. One is that solvents are most likely to be used by the youngest members of the drug-abusing community. Boys as young as 7 to IO years of age, as well as young teenagers, are those who most frequently sniff glue or gasoline, and 8th graders report far more current use of inhalants than do 10th and particularly 12th graders (Johnston et al., 2003). There is evidence that children sniff solvents and aerosols before they begin to use tobacco and alcohol, suggesting that inhalant abuse may be the start of more serious drug abuse (Kurtzman et al., 2001). Additional concern should focus on the increasing number of reports that solvents such as toluene, once thought to have little toxic effect, may produce severe and perhaps permanent neurological damage. The most vulnerable population does seem to be developing concerns about the potentially toxic effects of solvent inhalation. The 2002 Monitoring the Future Study indicated that the use of inhalants in 2002 was seen as more harmful and entailing “great risk “ in more 8th and I0th graders than had been the case in the previous 5 years, and there was a consistent decrease in both lifetime and recent use of inhalants in 8th, 10th, and 12th graders from 1997 to 2002 (Johnston et al., 2003). Awareness of the consciousness-altering effects of inhaled compounds is not new.
Chili Drugs: Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Ketamine, and Agents Taken in Similar Patterns
Authors: Winger Gail , Woods James H , Hofmann Frederick G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Club drugs are typically taken by groups of people during raves. Raves are parties where the opportunity to dance to very loud, rhythmic music while under the influence of one or more drugs is the primary attraction. Needless to say, most users of club drugs under these conditions are young and single. Club drugs are usually taken periodically; several of them may be taken three to four times over the course of an 8-hour rave, and then they may not be taken again until the next opportunity to attend such a party. This is quite different from the pattern of opioid, nicotine, or alcohol abuse, where drug-seeking and drug-taking occur several times per day for months or years, or from the pattern of cocaine and methamphetamine abuse, where the drug may be taken as frequently as possible for several days of profound intoxication. In most cases, even periodic club drug use does not continue for more than a few years. For all but a few individuals, there is little indication that it is difficult to stop using these drugs. Some of the drugs, MDMA in particular, lose their ability to change the perceptions of some users in interesting ways, and these people effortlessly stop taking them. For these reasons, club drugs meet the criteria for abuse, but usually do not meet the criteria for addiction as these terms were defined in Chapter 1. Physiological dependence on some club drugs is possible, as noted below, but is rarely observed in people who take them only twice each week.
The Duty of States to Implement International Norms
Authors: Anaya S James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The principle of self-determination and the development of related norms discussed in the preceding chapters represent significant elements in indigenous peoples’ centuries-long quest for survival. International norms today provide legal grounds, however limited, for indigenous peoples to roll back the lingering scourge of colonial patterns and to exist as distinct communities in pursuit of their own destinies under conditions of equality. The United Nations Charter and other widely ratified international treaties affirm the principle of self-determination of peoples or include related human rights norms. Particularly relevant to indigenous peoples is International Labour Organization Convention No. 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, which has been ratified by a number of countries. States, moreover, are subject to norms concerning indigenous peoples insofar as those norms are part of general or customary international law. Customary norms are binding upon the constituent units of the world community regardless of any formal act of assent to those norms.
International Monitoring Procedures
Authors: Anaya S James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Previous chapters have discussed the development of international norms concerning indigenous peoples and the duty of states to effectively implement these norms. While arising from dynamics that involve multiple actors extending their influence into the international arena, this regime of international law is to be operationalized through procedures that engage the institutional mechanisms of states at the domestic level. Even so, when the international system functions to generate norms within the ambit of human rights, as it has in this context, it typically also and sometimes simultaneously functions to oversee the norms’ implementation by responsible actors. Hence, to encourage the domestic implementation of international norms concerning indigenous peoples are procedures involving international institutions, the subject of the final part of this book.
Paine, the Philadelphia Radicals and the Political Revolution of 1776
Authors: Foner Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Common Sense was an attempt to unite all Americans in a struggle for independence and republican government. Yet the very success of the pamphlet plunged Paine into an intense involvement in the tangled and divisive politics of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania. For several months in the spring and summer of 1776, he played a leading role in the struggle which began as a movement to commit Pennsylvania to independence and soon broadened into an assault upon the state’s government.
Price Controls and Laissez- Faire: Paine and the Moral Economy of the American Crowd
Authors: Foner Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Paine’s participation in the debate over Pennsylvania’s Constitution in 1777 and 1778 was a prelude to an even more intense involvement in local affairs. The immediate issues agitating Pennsylvania and the rest of the colonies in the turbulent year 1779 arose from the tremendous rise in prices caused by massive congressional printing of paper money and from the efforts of certain merchants to realize windfall profits in army supplies and farm produce destined for the cities.
Introduction
Authors: Patterson Lee 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Geoffrey Chaucer was born about 1340 and died in October 1400. His poetry was written during a time when English writers were beginning once again to produce works of lasting literary merit. Prior to the Norman conquest of 1066, the most extensive and sophisticated vernacular literature in Europe was composed in England. Written in the language we now designate as Old English or Anglo-Saxon, this literature produced both poetic masterpieces—Beowulf is still the best known, but there are other epic and especially lyric poems of great skill and interest—and a large body of prose, some of it devotional, much of it dealing with more worldly topics such as history and the natural world. But with the coming of the Normans and the cultural dominance of French (or Anglo-Norman, as the French spoken and written in England is called), the number of original works in English diminished dramatically. But then, in the latter half of the fourteenth century, we witness a sudden effLorescence of great literature. Some of it harks back, by routes of transmission that are not fully understood, to the alliterative verse of Anglo-Saxon England. Examples include the great works Pearl and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, composed by a single, anonymous poet, who also wrote two and perhaps three other astonishingly elegant poems.
Pleasure and Responsibility in the Franklin’s Tale
Authors: Berger Harry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
That the Franklin narrates a story about a happily married aristocratic couple involved in a courtly situation tells us something about his preferences and perhaps about his reading habits.1 The sympathy and warmth he feels for his chivalric hero and lady are obvious, yet it is equally obvious that they are but slightly individualized. They exist for him as embodiments This has the effect of bringing up and then disposing of the more realistic problems connected with the so-called marriage debate; the Franklin is interested in other matters and another, more literary, form of experience. He admires the virtues Arveragus personifies; he is both charmed and amused by Dorigen, whose ingenuousness he brings to a comic climax in her suicide complaint, which went on “a day or tweye,” and is recognized by the Franklin as a healthy piece of therapy. He also recognizes that her childlike inability to cope with the black rocks might cause serious trouble in any world more real than the controlled fiction in which she lives.
The Pardoner’s Dilemma
Authors: Patterson Lee 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Few of the performances in The Canterbury Tales have generated as much critical controversy as the Pardoner’s Prologue and Tale. The disagreement is fundamental: is his performance motivated by an uncertain sexuality or by an apparent scorn for religion? Is Chaucer representing a psychology shaped by what his time would have considered sexual deviancy? Or is he exploring the condition of a man who ostentatiously scorns, yet secretly desires, the salvation offered by medieval Christianity? In this essay I shall argue that the Pardoner is best understood as a man struggling with a religious dilemma that was well understood—and deeply feared—in his own time.
President Wilson Arrives in Cairo
Authors: Manela Erez 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Some years after the event, Muhammad Husayn Haykal, a prominent Egyptian journalist and intellectual, wrote of an encounter he had with a friend on the streets of Cairo on a summer day in 1918. The texts of President Wilson’s addresses had appeared in Egyptian newspapers over the previous months, and excited talk of postwar possibilities was in the air. “This is it, Sir!” exclaimed the friend. “We have the right to self-determination, and therefore the English will leave Egypt.”
Empty Chairs at Versailles
Authors: Manela Erez 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On November 26, 1918, shortly before Wilson left the United States for Europe, Wellington Koo, as the Chinese minister in Washington, came to see the president at the White House. He wanted, Koo tells us in his memoirs, “to ascertain the American attitude toward China’s hopes at the conference.” Secretary of State Lansing had already assured him of U.S. sympathy, but he wished “to get a direct reaction” from the president.