bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cholesterol Reduction
Authors: Goldman Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of cholesterol as a risk factor for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction (MI) has been well established in both animal studies and human investigations. Cholesterol reduction by diet or medication will lower the risk of MI when used for either primary or secondary prevention. Because it remains unclear whether or not cholesterol reduction, especially with medications, has adverse effects on noncardio vascular mortality, recommendations regarding cholesterol reduction at both the population and the individual level must include a balanced assessment of the risks and benefits. The cost effectiveness of cholesterol reduction depends on both the cost of the intervention and the benefits to be realized by the individual, which are largely determined by the individual’s underlying risk for coronary and noncoronary diseases.
Cholesterol is transported in the plasma by lipoproteins. Most cholesterol is trans ported by low density lipoproteins (LDL), which are about 45% cholesterol by weight. Intermediate density lipoproteins are an intermediary between very low density lipoproteins, which themselves are derived from chylomicrons, and LDL. In most indi-viduals, intermediate density lipoproteins are present in small amounts. High density lipoproteins (HDL) are produced both by the liver and the gastrointestinal tract and by the breakdown of chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins in peripheral tissues (Ross 1992).
Stress, Anger, and Psychosocial Factors for Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Allan Robert , Scheidt Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A relationship between heart and mind has been suspected since the second millenium B.C., the era of Plato and Hippocrates (Plato, 1953, 1871). Early in the twentieth century, Cannon (1932) and Selye (1956) called attention to major physiologic changes brought about by psychological factors. In the past 35 years, a burgeoning body of observational, epidemiologic, and experimental studies has appeared that can be called “cardiac psychology,” an evolving pool of knowledge to help foster and support heart-healthy living. Important research findings are now available for a number of psychosocial variables that may well be interdependent “risk factors” for coronary heart disease (CHO), including psychological stress, the Type A behavior pattern (TABP), anger, vital exhaustion, lack of social support, and job strain. Two other psychological variables, cardiac denial and depression, also have relevance for CHO. Each of these is discussed in detail. In addition, apart from age and gender, each of the traditional major risk factors for CHO (currently listed by the American Heart Association as cigarette smoking, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and sedentary life style) has a significant behavioral component. This review of the recent literature on stress and other psychosocial risk factors for CHO will summarize the current state of knowledge in the evolving field of cardiac psychology. Much work, however, is needed to clarify the relative importance of each of the psychosocial variables for both primary and secondary prevention of CHD.
Selected Poems From Part Two of the Magdalen Manuscript
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These being over, some Business of consequence call’d her to London, whether Masquerading,3 or Tossing of Coffee-Grounds, I know not; but probably the latter; it being an Augury4 very much in vogue, and as true, as any by which Sidrophel 5 prognosticated, even when he took the Boy’s Kite for a blazing Comet6; and as useful too as Scates7 in Spain, or Fans in Moscovy,8 whatever was the Motive, our Galecia must needs ramble, like others, to take London-Air, when it is most substantially to be distinguished, in the midst of Winter.
BOOK. I
Authors: Sharp Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Art of Midwifry is doubtless one of the most useful and necessary of all Arts, for the being and well-being of Mankind, and therefore it is extremely requisite that a Midwife, be both fearing God, faithful, and exceeding well experienced in that profession. Her fidelity shall find not only a reward here from man, but God hath given a special example of it, Exod. I.1 in the Midwives of Israel who were so faithful to their trust, that the Command of a King could not make them depart from it, viz. But the Midwives feared God, and did not as the King of Egypt commanded them, but saved the men children alive. Therefore God dealt well with the Midwives; and because they feared God, he made them Houses.
Diversions: A Theory of the Vietnam Sports Novel
Authors: Limon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the things that Vladimir Nabokov disdained, according to his introduction to Bend Sinister, were atomic warfare and the entire Orient,1 which makes it unsurprising that the Korean War, fought on the sub-nuclear level and on only one Asian peninsula, left him cold. Lolita (whose action takes place between 1947 and 1952) hardly mentions the war (1950-53). The war years are more or less the blank years of the novel (1949-52), the interlude of “Dolores Disparue” (L, 231). When the action resumes, Humbert tracks Lolita to Dick, who-Humbert notes unsympathetically-is hard of hearing, the result of an injury in “a remote war” (L, 249), probably Korea, though his friend Bill lost his arm in World War II. And when Humbert returns to Ramsdale, on the scent of Quilty, he is pointedly unmoved by the news that Charlie Holmes, old summer camp debaucher, was killed in Korea—the place and the war named for the first and only time. It would be easy to assert that the casualty is admitted into the book to stand for everything to which Nabokov is “supremely indifferent”—except that Nabokov (even if identical with the author of the introduction to Bend Sinister) is not identical with Humbert Humbert. If Korea is merely the contingent token of all that Nabokov does not condescend to aestheticize, at least it serves in that capacity in a book that displays the consequences of a murderous aesthetic solipsism.
Family Likenesses: War in Women’s Words
Authors: Limon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the Civil War doing in the first volume of Little Women? (1) Conceivably it is there as an autobiographical donnee. But Louisa May Alcott worked as a nurse for six weeks, while her father Bronson Alcott did not serve; in the novel, Mr. March does his duty, while Jo domesticates. Alcott defended the novel’s realism as more than verisimilitude, rather as truth, so that the largest exception is an embarrassment, almost a metaphysical puzzle: “Mr. March did not go to the war, but Jo did.”2 Mr. March did not? Jo did? The Civil War causes the farthest straying from autobiography in a book that claims to alter nothing essential but names. (2) Conceivably it is there as a historical given. But the historical Civil War, as opposed to the March family’s personal Civil War, hardly exists in Little Women: Mr. March falls ill; John Brooke, Meg’s betrothed, is wounded without consequence between volumes; the family almost does not know anyone who was killed. So much for the national tragedy.
Conrad: The Flight from Modernity
Authors: Moses Michael Valdez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The shallow sea that foams and murmurs on the shores of the thousand islands . . . which make up the Malay Archipelago has been for centuries the scene of adventurous undertakings. The vices and the virtues of four nations have been displayed in the conquest of that region that even to this day has not been robbed of all the mystery and romance of its past-and the race of men who had fought against the Portuguese, the Spaniards, the Dutch and the English, has not been changed by the unavoidable defeat. They have kept to this day their love of liberty, their fanatical devotion to their chiefs, their blind fidelity in friendship and hate-all their lawful and unlawful instincts. Their country of land and water . . . has fallen a prey to the western race-the reward of superior strength if not of superior virtue. To-morrow the advancing civilization will obliterate the marks of a long struggle in the accomplishment of its inevitable victory. What for Hardy had been a provincial matter, the modernization of a backward region of England, reappears in Conrad’s fiction as a global process, the imminent Westernization of the world. If in The Mayor of Casterbridge we witness the march of history from within the political boundaries of England, in Conrad’s fiction we catch a glimpse of the movement of world history as it appears to those who live on the periphery of British (and Western European) imperial influence.
Quantum Chemical Framework
Authors: Scheiner Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following represents a capsule summary of the nature of ab initio quantum chemical calculations, intended to provide the reader with the minimal background necessary to comprehend the theoretical literature of H-bonds and to evaluate the quality and reliability of a given calculation. For more details about quantum chemistry in general or the specific methods, the reader is referred to any of a number of fine texts and review articles that have been written on the subject.
The Calloway Recordings
Authors: Shipton Alyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his early days with Calloway, Dizzy shared the bulk of the solo honors with Eldridge’s former partner Chu Berry, taking anything from eight to sixteen bars on a large number of the band’s 1939-40 discs. Since, during this period, he also contributed to one major freelance session and, a little later, was informally recorded at Monroe’s Uptown House, we can form an idea of where Dizzy had got to in his development as a soloist.
International Soloist
Authors: Shipton Alyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up until 1954, Dizzy’s contribution to Jazz at the Philharmonic had been restricted to that of an occasional guest soloist. When the troupe arrived in or around New York, if Dizzy’s own band leading duties allowed, he would join in for a handful of dates on the spring or autumn all-star tours arranged by Norman Granz. Also, in the early 1950s, after the demise of Dee Gee records, Dizzy was without a proper recording contract.
Topology and Ideal Hypothesis Assessment
Authors: Kelly Kevin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we move from the consideration of particular methods and problems to the characterization of problem solvability over entire paradigms. So while the issues treated in the preceding chapter were all located at level 3 of the taxonomy of questions presented at the end of chapter 2, the questions treated in this chapter belong to level 4. A characterization condition is a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a reliable method, given entirely in terms of the structures of K, C, and H. In other words, a characterization theorem isolates exactly the kind of background knowledge necessary and sufficient for scientific reliability, given the interpretation of the hypotheses and the sense of success demanded. To revive Kant’s expression, such results may be thought of as transcendental deductions for reliable inductive inference, since they show what sort of knowledge is necessary if reliable inductive inference is to be possible.
Reducibility and the Game of Science
Authors: Kelly Kevin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the negative arguments considered so far have involved demons who attempt to feed misleading evidence to the inductive method α, as though science were an ongoing game between the demon and the scientist, where winning is determined by what happens in the limit. This game-theoretic construal of inquiry is familiar in skeptical arguments from ancient times, and it is the purpose of this chapter to explore it more explicitly than we have done so far. One reason it is interesting to do so is that the theory of infinite games is central to contemporary work in the foundations of mathematics, so that the existence of winning strategies for inductive demons hinges on questions unanswered by set theory. In set theory, infinite games are known to be intimately related to the notion of continuous reducibility among problems and inductive methods turn out to determine continuous reductions. It is therefore natural to consider games and continuous reducibility all at once.
The Logic of Ideal Discovery
Authors: Kelly Kevin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far, we have focused on hypothesis assessment problems, in which a scientist is assigned some particular hypothesis to investigate. But from the broadest perspective, inquiry poses the problem of coming up with a correct theory of one’s subject, and the assessement and rejection of various hypotheses is merely a means toward this goal. Much discussion in the philosophy of science has revolved around the question of how to build discovery procedures out of assessment procedures. For example, many philosophers have advocated an architecture for discovery in which hypotheses are produced or invented in sequence and the first hypothesis to “pass muster” is conjectured until it fails.
Inquiry Concerning First-Order Theories
Authors: Kelly Kevin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters, hypotheses and evidence reports were both taken to be unanalyzed units represented by natural numbers (Fig. 12.1). These abstractions yield general characterizations of inductive success in terms of the complexity of the relation of correctness. An interesting special case of this setting arises when we take data and hypotheses to be sentences in a first-order language, and when we take correctness to imply model-theoretic truth (Fig. 12.2). The added logical structure imposed by this application raises more detailed methodological questions.
Pour les Trois Pedales ...
Authors: Gordon Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
TEACHING pedaling is at least as complex a matter as teaching basic finger technique. As with the teaching of any technique, opinions will vary as to the most desirable aesthetic for which to strive and the most effective method to achieve that goal. Discussion of pedaling is not so much a matter of answering those questions by proffering a single point of view, but rather of focusing on the very questions them selves, thereby bringing into clearer relief the importance of the use of the pedals as a factor in determining the final r:esult. Beethoven was the first master composer to indicate the use of the damper pedal extensively, and in so doing left us with a series of pedal problems.
Vision
Authors: Gordon Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WHEN did it all start, this romance, this love affair with music? I suppose that for each of us the story is different, as it would be different were you to describe the circumstances of meeting someone with whom you had fallen hope lessly in love. For some it may have come in a flash: you heard a performance and something in the music left you breathless, perhaps with a lump in your throat, and you knew that some how, this wonderful, mysterious substance would be close to you – intertwined within the fabric of your life from that moment on. Or perhaps it came on more gradually, like realizing that the person next door, whom you’ve known for years, is the person you want to marry.
Sketches, Drafts, Fair Copies
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I focus on the written evidence that composers have left of their work in progress. My goal is to suggest a typology that may prove useful for interpreting autograph composing documents for this early period. I am taking two complementary approaches to the topic. In the first, I consider the appearance of the music on the page-including such features as the format and the kinds of changes-to identify characteristic features associated with each stage of work. In the second, I use selected examples to illustrate the range of meth­ods that composers employed.
Alec Wilder in Spite of Himself
Authors: Stone Desmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alec Wilder wrote songs and lyrics of unsurpassed beauty and originality, and his work won the respect and admiration of such important musical figures as Frank Sinatra, Peggy Lee, Mitch Miller, Gunther Schuller, and many others. Yet Wilder seemed almost to court obscurity. Both in the music he composed and in the way he lived his life, Wilder valued the unique and eccentric over the established and easily acceptable. And though he authored the definitive American Popular Song - which critics praised as`singular’ (Studs Terkel),`pioneering’ (Whitney Balliett),`rewarding’ (Milton Babbitt), and`a joy to anyone who really cares about American popular music’ (Max Morath) - his own contribution to that music has remained, until now, too little known and far too little appreciated. Desmond Stone’s engaging and lively biography brings Alec Wilder’s life and music into the spotlight where it belongs. Ranging from Wilder’s childhood in Rochester, New York, to his rise as a major writer of popular songs in the 1940s, to his relationships with Frank Sinatra and the cabaret singer Mabel Mercer, Stone gives us rich insight into the creative process and profound influence of this highly unorthodox composer. We see the impulses and musical concerns that led to such standards as`I’ll Be Around’ and`It’s So Peaceful in the Country.’ We also get an inside view of how he wrote his monumental American Popular Song, which remains the most significant study of America’s great songwriters. More important, we get a vivid sense of a haunting, incorruptible melodist whose unique personality was mirrored in his music. Man and composer dared to be different. When Wilder in the late 1930s wrote his famous Octets, the music world did not know what to make of these irreverent, highly original pieces. Yet they had a seminal influence on jazz chamber music in America. Wilder would go on to compose hundreds of instrumental numbers. Whether he was writing concert pieces for an unprecedented and highly unusual group of instruments, or mixing jazz, classical, and popular idioms in a single song, or dashing off a sonata for a friend, Wilder followed the dictates of his own creativity rather than the expectations of the musical establishment. Such independence and unpredictability earned him the hostility of many critics but the enduring respect of the musicians he wrote for. Here then is a fascinating private portrait of a man who lived a nomad’s life, who loved riding trains so much he kept a timetable in his pocket at all times, a man whose only home was a small room he maintained at the Algonquin Hotel in Manhattan (where he often held court in the lobby), a man with a serious drinking problem as well as the kindest and most generous of friends. Essential reading for anyone interested in American popular music, Alec Wilder in Spite of Himself provides a much needed account of this complex, colorful, and highly original life.
The Eastman Years
Authors: Stone Desmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1926, now nineteen years of age, Wilder returned to hometown Rochester for the first time since the family had left there for Garden City, Long Island, during World War I. With this move, he decided on a career in music, though he was not to immerse himself in music quickly or fully in the Eastman School of Music. Afraid, insecure, diffident, he was by no means sure he could make a success of music. He could also afford to take the time to let his music leanings grow into longings. He had an ample allowance and was soon to pass into a handsome inheritance from that despised father of his.
Music for Friends for Playing on Sunday
Authors: Stone Desmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The skills and challenges involved in Wilder’s shift from popular to concert music have been discussed, but the further dimension of that gradual transition is that nearly all his many instrumental pieces were written for musicians and friends he admired, and usually at no charge, often not even for the copying. It might be supposed that such a large and diverse output could have been achieved only by someone who had entered a monastic cell very early and stayed there until his work was done. On the contrary, Wilder did his writing while he held hands with humankind, or at least as many of them who met his demanding criteria of excellence and who were not forever put off by his crotchets and eccentricities.
Barro Colorado Island The Background
Authors: Leigh Egbert Giles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our story centers on Barro Colorado Island (9°9’ N, 79°51’ W), a 1500-ha island isolated from the surrounding mainland between 1910 and 1914, when the Rio Chagres was dammed to form the central part of the Panama Canal (Fig. 1. 1). The island suffers a severe dry season, which usually starts some time in December, and ends in April or early May: the median rainfall for the year’s first 91 days is less than 100 mm (Leigh and Wright 1990). Otherwise, the climate is what one would expect for a lowland, moist forest, as will be discussed in detail in the next chapter. Barro Colorado lies at the midpoint of a gradient between the deciduous dry forests of the Pacific shore, with an annual rainfall of 1800 mm, and the rainforests of the Caribbean side, with an annual rainfall of well over 3000 mm/ year (Windsor 1990).
Telling the Trees from the Forest
Authors: Leigh Egbert Giles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are tropical forests like? A proper lowland rainforest is tall, but not as tall as a redwood forest; its understory is dark, but not much darker than that of a mature deciduous forest of Maryland in summertime. In many forests, the visitor will remark how many trees have relatively slender, straight trunks, and smooth, pale bark (Richards 1952, 1996). Some of the trees are encumbered by huge lianes, woody vines sometimes more than 10 cm thick; some of the larger trees may have branches festooned with epiphytes. Even the leaves may become covered by “epiphylls, “ liverworts or lichens forming a thin coating that may preempt up to 30% of a leaf’s light (Coley et al. 1993, Coley and Kursar 1996: p. 350). The appearance of tropical forest seems dominated by the intense struggle for light (Schimper 1903: p. 291), and the abundance of plants which take advantage of other trees’ wood to place themselves in the sun. Indeed, smooth bark seems to deter epiphytes (Campbell and Newbery 1993). More generally, some trees are designed to avoid or shed lianes (Putz 1984, Campbell and Newbery 1993).
Tropical Diversity
Authors: Leigh Egbert Giles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most striking features of tropical forest is the extraordinary diversity of its inhabitants. Diversity of plants, insects, bats, and birds is conspicuously higher in tropical forests than in their temperate zone counterparts (Karr 1971, MacArthur 1972, Erwin 1982, Fi.ndley 1993), just as in marine settings the diversity of molluscs is higher at lower latitudes (Fischer 1960). As the diversity of tropical plants provides the foundation for the diversity of their consumers and the carnivores and insectivores that prey upon those consumers (Hutchinson 1959), I shall focus on why there are so many kinds of tropical trees. The diversity of tropical trees is one of the most extraordinary mysteries of tropical forest; it has yet to receive a definitive explanation.