bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Kaufmann Eric P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 10 September 2005, the worst rioting in Northern Ireland in twenty years was sparked by a parade of mysterious bowler-hatted men wearing Orange sashes accompanied by hard-thumping marching bands and throngs of young spectators. Many outsiders know the Orange Order as the incomprehensible organization at the centre of the conflict-ridden July marching season in Northern Ireland. This book presents the first modern history and social analysis of the Orange Order, and is based upon the Orange Order’s treasure trove of internal documents—whose contents have never been exposed to a non-Orange audience.
Conclusion
Authors: Kaufmann Eric P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The history of the Orange Order since 1963 is one of modernization. The secularizing, individualist, egalitarian ethos which swept through all Western societies in the sixties was refracted by the particular environment of Northern Ireland into a unique trajectory of change. Instead of ushering in an age of liberal individualism, ethnic decline, and lifestyle subcultures, modernity led to a rise in ethnic fundamentalism among the generations which came of age during the Troubles. Like young Muslims in Pakistan or Egypt, Ulster ’s youth have rejected tradition in favour of the fundamentals (albeit of ethnicity rather than faith). This has refashioned Unionism and the Orange Order much as it is reshaping Hamas and Palestinian nationalism—all of which should lead us to question Francis Fukuyama ’s easy notion that all advanced societies are heading towards a liberal ‘End of History ‘ while ethnic nationalism is a growing pain of developing societies.
The open economy
Authors: Heijdra Ben J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From national income accounting principles we know that for the open economy aggregate output can be written as: where Y is aggregate output, C is private consumption, I is investment, G is government consumption, EX are exports, and IM are imports. Aggregate spending by domestic residents is called absorption and is defined as A C + I + G. Exports are added to domestic absorption in the calculation of aggregate output because foreigners also spend on our goods, but imports must be deducted because what we import (i.e. parts of C, I, and G) does not lead to domestic production. &gt;In view of the definition of absorption A, (10.1) can also be written as: which says that income equals aggregate spending by domestic residents plus net exports (the term in brackets).
Self-Incrimination, The Right to Silence, and the Reverse Burden of Proof
Authors: Bogan Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The privilege against self-incrimination, the right to silence, and the presumption of innocence are closely linked common-law rights. However, they have been subject to progressive statutory erosion by, respectively, compelled evidence, adverse inferences, and the reverse burden of proof. The right not to incriminate oneself and the right to silence are concepts which are inextricably bound together, though in the context of Convention jurisprudence they may be distinguished. The former is associated with protection against the coercive power of the state to compel a person, on threat of punishment, to provide information or evidence or to deliver up documents. Evidence obtained in that way is referred to as ‘compelled evidence’. The right to silence is considered in the context of the evidential use of silence in the face of questioning as proof of guilt: the adverse inference. The presumption of innocence may be compromised by the reversal of the burden of proof by which a defendant is required to establish the absence of an element of an offence or a defence to the charge.
Mental Health and Capacity
Authors: Weereratne Aswini 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Criminal law sanctions interference with numerous human rights of the individual, and the right to liberty is the most fundamental of those where interference is permitted in the interests of punishing individuals and/or protecting society. Incarceration brings with it psychological trauma sometimes even for the most robust individuals. For those who are already vulnerable, through addiction or mental illness, there are additional considerations to bear in mind which will form the focus of this chapter—upon what criteria and for what reasons may mentally disordered persons be prosecuted, tried, imprisoned, or detained, and for how long (Articles 5–6); what conditions of detention are they entitled to, and crucially what examination or treatment, medical or otherwise, should they receive (Articles 3 and 8)?
Obligation to Prevent Crime and to Protect And Provide Redress to Victims of Crime
Authors: Gerry Alison 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950 (the Convention) as a human rights instrument predominantly protects and secures the rights of citizens as against the government or ‘state’. In contrast, the criminal law of a country provides a means by which individuals who perpetrate criminal acts can be brought to justice and is a means to protect people from the criminal acts of others. The two systems are not, however, unrelated and neither do they operate in isolation; human rights standards require that the state ensures that individuals be protected from the criminal acts of others, and a victim of a crime can also be a victim of a human rights violation by the state.
Honorary French citizen
Authors: Philp Mark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Paine had been one of seventeen foreigners accorded honorary French citizenship in August 1792, and four of the departmental electoral assemblies which met at the beginning of Sep tember had elected him as deputy to the new National Convention. Achille Audibert had been in London to urge Paine to accept the seat for Calais and play a part in the new order. He now conducted Paine through the obligatory ceremonies in Calais before seeing him off to attend the opening session of the convention on 21 September.
The impact of minimum wages on the distribution of earnings and employment in the USA
Authors: Bazen Stephen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Effective minimum wages necessarily have an impact on the earnings distribution. Whether employment is reduced or not, the introduction of, or an increase in, the minimum wage will decrease earnings inequality (unless the pay of workers earning more than the minimum increases more than proportionately). The nature of this distributional impact will depend on the direct and induced effects of the minimum wage on both earnings and employment. Being the lowest wage rate in the economy, the direct effect is to raise the wage of some employees compared to what they otherwise would have earned. Apart from this mechanical distributional effect, there are also a number of indirect distributional effects.
The Higgs Vacuum
Authors: Close Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 6 we briefly met the idea of organization, in which large numbers of atoms and molecules can take on characteristics that individuals do not have. As the quantum void is filled with particles, it too can have unexpected properties that depend on how its constituents are organized. There are many familiar examples of organization, and as they have inspired modern ideas about the nature of the vacuum, I will start this chapter by describing some.
Conclusion: The Arabian Frontier of the Indian Empire
Authors: Onley James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Gulf Residency was one of the largest and most important of the dozens of residencies maintaining the protective zone of informal empire surrounding British India. Since all these residencies were part of the same political residency system directed from British India and all used native political officers in the nineteenth century, it follows that they all must have operated to a great extent as the Gulf Residency did. Differences in local circumstances would have called for different strategies of influence and control, but all the residencies must have had a largely indigenous political infrastructure, and they all must have worked within indigenous political systems to whatever extent was possible.
Electricity Networks: The Innovation Supply Chain
Authors: Scott John , Evans* Gareth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Energy is once again centre stage both nationally and internationally. In addition to the recognized need for secure energy supplies to support society as we know it, the evidence grows year by year that energy use is presenting us with the first man-made threat to environmental sustainability. If there was ever a challenge that required us to invest intellectual effort to find new solutions, this must be it.
UK Oil and Gas Depletion Policy with Growing Import Dependence
Authors: Kemp Alexander G , Stephen* Linda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is well known that the UK reverted to becoming a net gas importer in 2004, following a period from 1997 to 2003 as a net exporter. Ongoing net oil imports are frequently stated to be imminent. There are implications for depletion policy, the balance of trade, and security of energy supply. The prospective size of net imports over the longer term has often been discussed in rather alarmist terms, generally without adequate supporting information on supply and demand. The gas supply problems of the 2005–6 winter have added to concerns about the future security-of-supply situation.
The Investment Implications of Global Energy Trends
Authors: Birol Fatih 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although events that are short term in nature, such as spiking oil prices, typically dominate newspaper headlines, it is crucial that we keep our eyes open to the medium- and longer-term threats that environment, security and economic demands place on our energy system. To assist in this, the International Energy Agency (IEA)’s World Energy Outlook seeks to provide an analytical basis for understanding the drivers of energy markets and emerging energy challenges.
The Role Of Financial Markets And Innovation For Productivity And Growth In Europe
Authors: Heider Philipp Hartmann Florian , Duca Elias Papaioannou Marco Lo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An earlier version of this chapter was prepared upon request of the Finnish Presidency as a background document for a discussion of European Union finance ministers and central bank governors at the Informal Ecofin Meeting in Helsinki on 8 and 9 September 2006.
Asset Management In Europe
Authors: Mayer Julian Franks Colin , Silva Luis Correia Da 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses the appropriate response of regulators to the risks of the asset management business and the way in which regulation should be framed at the European level. Difierent forms of investor protection give rise to difierent costs and benefits, including their impact on entry and competition. A key result of this study is that: industry structures difier markedly across countries; there is a close relationship between industry structures and regulation in difierent countries; and attempts to harmonize regulation across countries must be sensitive to these institutional difierences.
EU Securities Markets Regulation Problems, Policies, And Pro Cesses
Authors: Speyer Bernhard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is widely understood that financial market integration brings substantial welfare gains. Nonetheless, even in the mid-1990s and despite decades of integration policy, Europe’s financial markets were still fragmented (and, despite considerable progress, continue to be so until today). This market fragmentation became even more glaring in the light of the run-up to European Monetary Union; in that context, market fragmentation also gave cause for concern:
Conclusion: Traumatized Perpetrators?
Authors: Taithe Bertrand 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Joalland took a view commonly shared by his comrades, blaming the second in command for much of the preparation of the crime and even for most of the atrocities along the way. Chanoine had it within his nature to act as a brute, Voulet was betrayed by nature and illness drove him to the unnerved state of a feeble sufferer of neurasthenia, sometimes unable to move forward, sometimes paralysed by his own acts of transgression. In the era of decadent aesthetics he fitted another trope of banal brutality brought about by circumstances. In the terminology of psychiatry at that time, he showed the symptoms of traumatic neurosis. In this final chapter the madness of Voulet will be reassessed—not on clinical ground—there is no trace of it left in the archives—but as ameans of exploring themeaningsWestern societies give to the violence that takes place, away from our shores but always in our name.
Consultants’ Professional Indemnity Insurance For Architects
Authors: Hogarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the type of cover afforded to architects under a typical professional indemnity policy. The analysis set out below is based on the main standard wording that applies to architects. It is important to note, however, that the wording for any professional’s policy may vary widely and architects ought to check the terms of their policy carefully for any variations from the clauses set out below.
Budgets and the Budgetary Process
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Government fiscal activity is reported to the nation through the budget. Governments perform a number of functions. Public expenditure and taxes are used to stabilize the economy, that is, when private demand is weak, expenditure maybe increased or taxes adjusted downward or both. Even if stabilization goals are satisfied, the government would still have to fulfil other roles in the economy, such as resource allocation and income distribution. These roles are embodied in the provision of certain public goods and services to society at large or separately to a specific group of individuals. Given the multiple roles the public sector performs in the economy, how can we analyse the allocation or assignment of these roles within the framework of a multi-level government? Also, how can we understand the actual performance of government in the past and present? All of these can be conveyed to us via the budgets and the budgetary process.
An Empirical Analysis of Balanced Budget Policy, 1953–65
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is widely accepted that government expenditure and taxation can play an important role in the control of aggregate demand as a device for promoting economic stability. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the stabilizing effect of government fiscal activity in post-war Japan, and its scope is limited to two relatively simple considerations: (i) identifying empirically the cyclical behaviour of fiscal surplus and deficit, and thereby (ii) evaluating the planned and unplanned fiscal actions employed by the government during an earlier period of post-war Japan.
The Role of the Fiscal Investment and Loan Programme
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In addition to its fiscal activities, such as tax collection, borrowing, and public spending, the government also collects a substantial amount of public funds through credit programmes such as the postal savings and public pensions. By using these funds, the government can make loans and investments in various public institutions to seek specific policy goals. One such credit programme is the Fiscal Investment and Loan Programme(FILP) separate from the on-budget activity in the general account of the national government. One of the marked features in the FILP is that the MOF centrally manages public funds to carry out a variety of national goals in line with fiscal and monetary polices. This is a very unique system that has attracted worldwide attention in relation to the promotion of economic growth in the past, but the FILP has recently posed a number of problems to be rectified in the wake of financial liberalization.
Republicanism and the French Revolution
Authors: Whatmore Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Republicanism and the French Revolution reassesses Jean-Baptiste Say's political economy by locating the author's ideas amidst the intellectual upheavals of Old Regime and revolutionary France. Traditionally Say has been portrayed as a rather staid figure, the archetypal liberal and classical political economist devoted to Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations. This study reveals the historic Say to have been altogether different; a passionate and committed republican intellectual and French patriot, he was as opposed to Britain's constitution, commerce, and political culture as he was to Bonaparte's First Empire. The relationship between Say's political thought and political economy, evinced in the full range of his writings from 1789 to 1832, is scrutinized for the first time, elucidating the true origins of his republicanism. This derived from a rich seam of political speculation among French and Genevan radicals concerning the possibility of transforming large and corrupt monarchies into modern republics whose political culture was characterized by commerce and virtue. By the 1790s such ideas had come to define the French Revolution itself, at once promising to restore French greatness and replace Britain as the leading cultural force in Europe. Say looked back to such luminaries as Diderot, Gibbon, and Franklin as members of the modern republican Pantheon and dedicated his life to formulating a political economy that would persuade legislators and ordinary citizens to embrace the republican creed.
A Cross-Border Comparison of Reproductive Behaviour among the Punjabi and Bengali Communities of South Asia
Authors: Ramesh B M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Indian subcontinent is often called an ‘ethnological museum’ because of its huge variety of races, religions and languages. An ethnic group may be defined as a population living in a contiguous geographical area, sharing common history, language, religion and a host of cultural traits including family, marriage, dress and food habits. Language is usually the most important factor defining ethnicity since people speaking the same language but living in different geographical locations or professing different religions are often observed to possess similar cultural traits. For instance, very little or no difference in culture is observed between the Punjabi speaking populations in Punjab and South India, or between Punjabi-speaking Hindus and Punjabi-speaking Sikhs. Thus, an ethnic group is very often identified in terms of the language it speaks, rather than its geographical location or religion.
The Continuing Fertility Transition
Authors: Visaria Leela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers India’s fertility transition. It reviews present fertility trends and differentials, the socio-economic and cultural explanations for the transition, and discusses future fertility trends and some of the implications. Before the mid-twentieth century, average levels of human fertility were high. Indeed, given high death rates, birth rates had to be appreciable simply to maintain the population (Davis 1951). Although for women marriage was both early and universal, and there was little or no practice of deliberate birth control, fertility levels were restricted in several ways.
Prospects for Food Demand and Supply
Authors: Hanchate Amresh , Dyson Tim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses whether India’s food production can be raised to match the growth in demand which will arise from population growth. It also considers alterations in demand which will come from factors like urbanization and changes in people’s lifestyles. The data are frequently rough and inconsistent. Often all that can be done is to address issues with a broad brush. Moreover, the canvas is huge, so the need to simplify should require no explanation.
Current Developments, Assessment, and Prospects
Authors: Blackburn Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most of the major developments now affecting the Convention, and those likely to do so in the foreseeable future, are or will be themselves driven by the immense new challenges and opportunities presented by the enlargement of the Council of Europe. Great care by the Directorate and Court of Human Rights in its administrative and judicial work needs to be supported by a strong commitment from member state governments in order to continue to establish and make successful the substantial organizational changes brought in by Protocol No. 11, for there are clearly some inherent problems. Above all, there is increasing pressure on the Court with the number of applications being brought before it increasing sharply over the past two years and set to rise even faster. The total number of judgments of the Court in its entire history to 1998 was 903, yet in the first nine months of 1999 alone the figure was 108. A press release issued by the Court Registrar on 26 June 1999, entitled ‘Steep Rise in Workload for European Court of Human Rights’, reported that the Court had before it 10,000 registered applications and more than 47,000 provisional files, as well as around 700 letters and more than 200 overseas telephone calls a day.
Greece
Authors: Ioannou Krateros 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Convention, so far as its application in Greece is concerned, has a unique history. Indeed, events like those that took place in Greece between the years 1967 and 1974 did not occur in any of the other member states of the Council of Europe, at least not during their membership. Greece signed the Convention on 20 November 1950, just one year after the end of a disastrous civil war. Parliamentary approval was given by Law 2329/ 1953. Between the years 1953 and 1967 the impact of the Convention on the Greek legal order was rather insignificant, although a great part of the legislation was undoubtedly violating the Convention. Neither judges nor the administrative authorities were seriously applying the Convention and questions of the international protection of human rights were not frequently debated in academic forums. In the very few cases where the Convention was referred to in Greek judgments it was only in order to discard its application in casu.
Hungary
Authors: Bokor-Szegö Hanna , Weller Mónika 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The radical political and economic transformation which took place in Hungary in 1989–90 has led to the establishment of a pluralistic democracy. As a result of this evolution, legal order in Hungary had basically come into harmony, even prior to the ratification or the European Convention on Human Rights, with the norms of this Convention. The provisions of the Hungarian Constitution in force concerning human rights are concordant with those of the European Convention. The same can be stated in respect of several Acts of fundamental importance adopted before 1990. Such are the Acts on the freedom of association, on the freedom of assembly, on the functioning and management of political parties, and on freedom of thought, conscience, and religion.
The Role of the State in the Development of Pensions and Pension Schemes
Authors: Blake David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The development of UK pensions and pension schemes has been very much a British affair. With some exceptions, there have been no significant outside influences on that development. The exceptions have been few and far between, for example, the introduction of group life pension schemes from the USA in the 1920s and the European Community’s (and since 1 November 1993 the European Union’s) various rulings on the equal treatment of men and women from the 1970s.