bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the road to health? Road traffic accidents in Pacific societies: The case of Niue Island, western Polynesia
Authors: Barker Judith C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRoad traffic accidents (RTAs) in Pacific societies in general are examined and a case study presented. There is a paucity of data on Pacific RTAs. Available data are generally poor in quality and specificity, with few adequate measures of risk. Despite this, it is clear that motor vehicle accidents are responsible for considerable mortality and morbidity throughout the Pacific. Most Pacific societies are in a state of low motorization and are experiencing high vehicle fatality rates but low population fatality rates. When motorization reaches a higher level, however, RTA deaths and injuries begin to have an impact on population structure and on societal as well as family economies. Using archival and ethnographic evidence, examination is made of the sociocultural context of motor vehicle use, roaduser behavior, and RTA occurrence on Niue Island, a nation with a high degree of motorization. Motorcycles are the preferred mode of transport on Niue. Cultural values and behaviors that affect motor vehicle accident rates include exaggerated risk‐taking, especially by young adult males. Alcohol plays a significant role in driving and other risky behaviors. Such behavior appears not just on Niue but in other Pacific nations also. It is vital to effectively monitor motor vehicle collisions and the effects of road and traffic development in these small scale societies. Culturally appropriate “road rules” and driver education campaigns, enforcement of traffic ordinances, highway improvement, and the development of safe public transport systems will be needed in order to reduce both short‐term and long‐term consequences of continued motorization and RTAs. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plotting somatotypes using SAS/GRAPH
Authors: Satake Takashi , Morris Paul G. , Danker‐Hopfe Heidi , Malina Robert M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPlotting somatotypes is a convenient method for displaying variation in somatotype distributions. A program for drawing the somatochart and plotting somatotype data using SAS/GRAPH on the IBM mainframe is described. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Arm muscle and fat areas vs. weight/length ratio in the assessment of protein energy malnutrition
Authors: El‐Nofely Aly , El‐Ghadban H. M. , El‐Masry S. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA cross‐sectional sample was examined of 68 male and 63 female malnourished Egyptian children, 1–3 years of age, attending the Malnutrition Unit of the Children's Hospital of Cairo University. Body weight, length, left mid‐upper arm circumference, and the triceps skinfold thickness were measured. Arm muscle and fat areas were calculated as was the weight for length ratio. Comparisons were attempted between arm muscle and fat areas and weight/age, length/age, and weight/length ratios relative to the clinical picture of protein energy malnutrition (PEM). The results revealed that arm muscle area is a better diagnostic indicator of PEM, particularly in boys, whereas the weight/length ratio is a better choice for girls. Although arm fat area is a very sensitive indicator of energy deficit, it cannot serve alone as an adequate index of general nutritional status. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familial resemblance in somatotype
Authors: Song Thomas M. K. , Malina Robert M. , Bouchard Claude 
Published: June 2005

AbstractParent‐child, sibling, and spouse similarities in Health‐Carter somatotype components are considered in 938 individuals from 243 nuclear families of French Canadian ancestry. Familial correlations were considered for each somatotype component, after adjusting for age, gender, and the other somatotype components. Correlations were also calculated with and without adjustment for energy intake (EI) and physical activity level (AL). AL and EI were estimated from 3‐day records, including a weekend day. Age and gender accounted for a significant (P < 0.01) proportion of variation in somatotype components of parents and children. The addition of AL and EI to age and gender in the regression analysis increased the variance explained by 11% (children) and 18% (adults) for endomorphy, 6% (children) and 8% (adults) for mesomorphy, and 11% (children) and 20% (adults) for ectomorphy. Spouse correlations for somatotype components were low and not significant. Parent‐child and sibling correlations were significant and ranged from 0.18 to 0.48 for endomorphy, 0.23 to 0.59 for mesomorphy, and 0.14 to 0.47 for ectomorphy. Adjusting for AL and EI did not appreciably influence the familial correlations. Parent‐offspring and sibling correlations showed familial aggregation for mesomorphy, while correlations for endomorphy and ectomorphy were lower. These results are consistent with a transmission effect across generations and, perhaps heritability, with the level being highest for mesomorphy. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth changes of Chinese Mongolian, Uygur, Korean, and Tibetan ethnic groups in the past forty years
Authors: Ji Cheng‐Ye , Ohsawa Seiji 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGrowth changes in stature and weight between 1950–60s and 1991 of four Chinese ethnic groups were surveyed: the Mongolian, Uygur, Korean, and Tibetan minorities. The subjects were school children and youths aged 7 through 17 years who lived in the urban areas of Huhehaote city, Wulumuqi city, and Lasa city, where the corresponding groups lived. An overall increase in body size was found in both boys and girls. Increments of stature and weight for the four groups were as high as 3.22–4.15 cm/decade and 1.72–2.74 kg/decade for boys aged 13, and 2.41–4.01 cm/decade and 1.13–2.41 kg/decade for girls aged 11. Children in 1991 also showed a trend of attaining the adolescent growth spurt earlier than the generation of 30–40 years ago. However, the comparison of the growth status of the four groups with the Chinese Han showed that changes in these ethnic groups over the past 30–40 years were not sufficient to make up for the growth deficits incurred during their long histoies. Factors underlying these growth changes were discussed, and strategies for further improvement of growth were suggested. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular studies of the genetics of non–insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: Ferrell Robert E. , Iyengar Sudha 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNon–insulin‐dependent mellitus (NIDDM) is a common, multifactorial disease with a significant genetic component to disease susceptibility. Biometrical analysis of family data has consistently found evidence of the action of a major gene in determining susceptibility to NIDDM in families. However, the identity of the gene or genes that contribute to NIDDM in the general population is still not known. Recent advances in molecular biology have given investigators access to a number of plausible candidate genes for NIDDM and these have been used as test loci in association and linkage studies with inconsistent results. A review of the candidate gene studies in NIDDM suggests that the failure of these studies to identify specific loci involved in conferring susceptibility to NIDDM is, in part, due to failure to incorporate a number of biological features of the disease. The frequency of NIDDM in the population suggests that the alleles involved in NIDDM are common and their individual impact too small to be detected by simple single locus methods of analysis. Studies of other phenotypic forms of diabetes mellitus suggest that susceptibility to NIDDM is probably determined by alleles at more than one locus acting independently or in concert. The evolutionary history of certain populations may have isolated alleles conferring susceptibility to NIDDM in ethnically defined populations at high risk of NIDDM. These populations may provide a unique opportunity to identify specific genes involved in the complex etiology of NIDDM. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social class differences in rates of premature mortality among adults in the city of Wrocław, Poland
Authors: Brajczewski Czesław , Rogucka Elżbieta 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMortality rates among adult men and women, inhabitants of the city of Wrocław, were studied within 5‐year age classes between 20 and 64 years of age relative to two social variables: education and marital status of the deceased. Age‐ and sex‐specific mortality rates reveal a systematic social gradient. They are highest among persons with primary or “basic vocational” school education, lower among those with secondary school education, and lowest among those with college education. This gradient consistently appears in each of the age classes of males and females, although it is more pronounced among males. In both sexes, married persons have lower rates of mortality than those who have never married or were divorced or widowed. Among females, marital status appears to have a stronger effect on age‐specific rates of mortality than educational status; the reverse is the case among males. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Menarcheal status and bone development in Guatemalan girls
Authors: Himes John H. , Huang Zhiping 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPremenarcheal and postmenarcheal girls of the same chronological ages (11.5–15.5 years) and from the same villages in Guatemala differ significantly in patterns and mean levels of several measures of bone development. Stature, metacarpal dimensions, bone mineral content and bone mineral density from single photon absorptiometry, and total alkaline phosphatase activity are significantly associated with menarcheal status. Controlling for chronological age, there is significant variation in bone development associated with variation in menarcheal status. Unequivocal presentation and analyses of bone development in adolescent girls require that menarcheal status or another adequate measure of maturation be considered. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of training on body composition and subcutaneous fat distribution in women gymnasts
Authors: Ramirez Maria E. , Heinrich Katherine K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRepeated measurements of body composition and subcutaneous fat distribution were obtained in female gymnasts to test the hypothesis of a selective response from localized fat deposits to intense physical training. Repeated measurements were obtained on the members of three nationally ranked collegiate gymnastic teams: at the beginning and peak of the training season. The highest ranked team was measured a third time, three weeks after the end of the competitive season. Body composition was estimated using anthropometry and bioelectric impedance; subcutaneous fat thickness was measured using skinfold calipers and ultrasound images of adipose tissue thickness (ATT). The mean difference between baseline and peak measurements were statistically significant (P ⩽ .05) for the triceps and suprailiac skinfolds, and for the adipose tissue thickness at the suprailiac and hypogastric sites. There were no significant changes in weight, percentage of body fat, circumferences, or subcutaneous fat thickness at the subscapular, calf or medial thigh sites. In the team with three sets of measurements, only the triceps skinfold and the suprailiac ATT showed a statistically significant effect of training. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of serial growth data
Authors: Johnson Michael L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHuman growth has been described qualitatively by several different mathematical formulations that have concentrated on the form of the central tendency and have largely neglected analysis of any short duration components of the experimental observations. The present work presents a mathematical model of human growth that aims to describe both the fluctuations of short duration as well as the central tendency as a series of discrete growth episodes. This Saltatory Model of growth provides a better quantitative description of human growth than the more traditional models and suggests that human growth is not a smooth continuous process, but is a series of intermittent, nonperiodic saltations. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unequal adaptive value of changing cigarette use during pregnancy for heavy, moderate, and light smokers
Authors: Schell Lawrence M. , Relethford John H. , Madan Mamta , Naamon Paul B. N. , Hook Ernest B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo determine the effects of changes in maternal cigarette use during pregnancy on birthweight, a sample of Caucasian births free of major malformations (n = 9,943) was examined. Births were stratified by level of maternal smoking in the first trimester and subdivided according to whether the mother continued at the same level, reduced, or quit by the second trimester. Birthweights were adjusted statistically for extraneous variables. As expected, second and third trimester cigarette use was associated with birthweight, but so too was cigarette use during the first trimester, and the effect of quitting varied significantly with the level of first trimester smoking. Among moderate and light smokers, who comprise the majority of smokers, quitting before the second trimester is associated with heavier infants. However, infants of heavy smokers who quit by the second trimester did not weigh significantly more than infants of mothers who continued to smoke heavily throughout pregnancy, and weighed significantly less than infants of nonsmokers or other smokers who quit. Thus, quitting by the end of the first trimester may not completely negate the effect of heavy first trimester smoking, and the adaptive value of qutting is unequal among different levels of first trimester smoking. Further research on prenatal growth should take cigarette smoking in all trimesters into account. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Somatotype related to centripetal fat patterning of 8‐ to 19‐year‐old Basque boys and girls
Authors: Rosique Javier , Rebato Esther , Apraiz Arantza Gonzalez , Pacheco Jose Luis 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe association between fat distribution and Heath‐Carter anthropometric somatotypes was studied in a sample of Basque children and youth aged 8–19 years. About mid‐adolescence, mean somatotype of Basque males changed, diminishing in endomorphy and mesomorphy, and increasing slightly in ectomorphy. For the same period, reduced mesomorphy was the most striking change in the female mean somatotype; meanwhile, there was an increase in endomorphy and a decrease in ectomorphy. Two groups of fat distribution were identified: centripetal and peripheral. Centripetal fat increased with age in both sexes. Fat distribution groups showed the following characteristics: a) mean somatotypes of centripetal and peripheral subjects were significantly different; b) centripetal boys and girls were extreme endomorphs prior to adolescent somatotype change; c) centripetal girls showed high ratings of endomorphy after adolescence; d) mesomorphy was related to a centripetal fat distribution pattern in both sexes; e) using the BMI as a criterion of obesity, only 16.3% of centripetal males and 21.8% of centripetal females were classified as obese; f) obesity was absent among subjects with a peripheral pattern, except for one male showing an endomorphic‐mesomorph somatotype; h) the obese showed extreme somatotypes with high endomorphy and mesomorphy, and minimal ectomorphy. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Twinning rates in admixed Costa Rican populations
Authors: Madrigal L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe frequency of twinning in two admixed Costa Rican groups of women from the Limón province was investigated. One group was self‐classified as Black, and the other group was self‐classified as White. The twinning rate for each group was computed as the number of twin maternities divided by the total number of confinements multiplied by 1,000. Both groups have virtually identical twinning rates, even though Black subjects were expected to have higher rates than White women. The twinning rate of both groups is higher than that in other New World admixed Black groups. This is particularly surprising for White females, whose European ancestral population is largely from Spain, the European country with the lowest twinning rate. The virtually identical twinning rate is probably a result of the highly frequent gene flow between Blacks and Whites in the population. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth of fat and lean tissue components at the mid‐upper arm in well‐off North West Indian children
Authors: Pathmanathan G. , Prakash S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAttained means and standard deviations of the mid–upper arm fat cross‐sectional area (CSA) and M + B (lean) CSA estimated from the arm circumference and the triceps and biceps skinfolds are presented for 327 girls and 341 boys 6–16 years of age. Tempo unconditional 1‐year velocities of the two components were also calculated based on repeated measurements of 244 girls and 253 boys after a period of about 1 year. Although the attained mean total CSA displays a similar pattern in both sexes, the fat and lean components show opposite patterns. Fat CSA is distinctly larger in girls and increases continuously, while fat CSA in boys stabilizes from 10 to 13 years and then decreases. Lean CSA in girls stabilizes at about 13 years, while that of boys continues to increase. Left hand grip strength of boys is greater and increases from 6 to 16 years. The 1‐year velocity curves of the girls are shifted by about 1–2 years to the left of the curves for boys, but the pattern is similar. The important features displayed are as follows: occurrence of two spurts of increased velocities, preadolescent and adolescent spurts, an adolescent decline in fat CSA velocities in boys which reaches a nadir at about 14 years, occurrence of an adolescent peak of lean CSA in boys at 14 years, high postpeak velocities of lean CSA in both sexes, which indicates continued growth of lean tissue, and a peak in strength that occurs after that in lean tissue. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictive accuracy of bioelectrical impedance equations for women
Authors: Jenkins Kathy A. , Heyward Vivian H. , Cook Kelly L. , Hicks Virginia L. , Quatrochi Joseph A. , Wilson Wendy L. , Colville Bette C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study assessed the predictive accuracy of age‐ and fatness‐specific BIA equations in estimating the fat‐free mass (FFM) of a heterogeneous sample (N = 152) of women, 20–72 years (yr), with 11–57% body fat (BF). The criterion method was hydrostatic weighing (HW) at residual volume. The Siri (Siri [1961] Natl. Acad. Sci., pp. 78–89) two‐component model was used to convert body density into relative body fat (% BF) for calculation of criterion FFWHW. Average FFMHW and predicted FFMBIA did not differ significantly (P > .05) for the Lohman (Lohman [1981] Hum. Biol. 53:181–225) (20–29 yr), Van Loan and Mayclin (Van Loan and Mayclin [1987] Hum, Biol. 59:299–309) (18–64 yr), Gray (Gray [1989] Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 50:225–260) (19–59% BF), and Segal (Segal et al. [1988] Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 47:7–14) (<30% BF and ≥30% BF) equations. The SEE for these equations ranged from 2.11 to 2.65 kg. All other equations (Lohman 30–49 yr and 50–70 yr; Durenberg (Durenberg et al. [1990] Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 51:3–6) 20–40 yr and 60–83 yr) significantly underestimated (P < .05) FFMHW by as much as 5 kg, with the SEEs ranging from 2.12 to 2.82 kg., The prediction error of equations developed specifically for young (Lohman, 20–29 yr) and non‐obese (Segal, <30% BF) women was less than that for older (Van Loan and Mayclin, 18–64 yr) and obese (Segal, ≥30% BF; Gray, 19–59% BF) women. In conclusion, Lohman's equation for older (30–49 yr) women or Durenberg's equations for younger (20–40 yr) and older (60–83 yr) women are not recommended. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simulation study of a panel of reliability indicators applied to paired measurements
Authors: Russell Carl M. , Williamson David F. , Bartko John J. , Bradley Edwin L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractReliability is a subject of continuing discussion in biomedial specialty areas, including physical anthropology and nutritional epidemiology. The purpose of this study was to explore techniques of detecting differences between two evaluators or methods. A field study in which anthropometric dimensions would be taken by two independent evaluators on each participant in a study group was simulated. A panel of reliability indicators was applied across a broad range of parameters using simulation, and then the panel was applied to field anthropometric data. The panel consisted of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), paired t‐test, a simultaneous test of evaluator means and variances, technical error of measurement, mean absolute difference, and mean difference. The simultaneous test for equal evaluator means and variances uses regression to model paired differences versus paired sums. The simulation demonstrated general properties of the reliability indicators across many conditions of population variance, measurer bias, and measurer error variance. High values of ICC often exist in cases in which the measurers are different. The simultaneous test is thus a powerful method for detecting measurer differences, especially when combined with the paired t‐test. However, a single reliability indicator that is sufficient to determine all measurer inconsistencies was not identified. The field study and the simulation permitted the development of a logical approach to determining the source and magnitude of measurer differences using the panel of reliability indicators. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Individual variation in the sequence of ages at peak velocity in seven body dimensions
Authors: Satake Takashi , Malina Robert M. , Tanaka Shigeho , Kikuta Fumio 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSeven body dimensions of 35 Japanese children, 15 boys and 20 girls, were measured longitudinally at six‐monthly intervals from 9 through 15 years of age. Spline curves were fitted to each dimension to obtain age at peak velocity and magnitude of peak velocity for each child. Ages at peak velocity for the seven dimensions were chronologically arranged within each individual, and the arrangement was labeled “sequence.” Kendall's rank order correlation coefficients among average and individual sequences were calculated to determine whether there was a regular order among individuals in ages at peak velocity of the seven dimensions. There were no sex differences in average sequences, but there was considerable variation among individual sequences. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.