bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Entrainment Response Using Electrograms from Remote Sites: Validation in Animal and Computer Models of Reentrant Tachycardia
Authors: HAMMER PETER E. , BROOKS DANA H. , TRIEDMAN JOHN K. 
Published: March 2003

Estimation of Entrainment Response. Introduction: Studies suggest that entrainment response (ER) of reentrant tachycardia to overdrive pacing can be estimated using signals from sites other than the paced site.
Methods and Results: A formula for estimation of ER using remote sites against the difference between the postpacing interval (PPI) and tachycardia cycle length (TCL) determined solely from the paced site signal was validated in experimental data and using a simple two‐dimensional cellular automata model of reentry. The model also was used to study the behavior and features of entrained surfaces, including the resetting of tachycardia phase by single premature paced stimuli. Experimental results from 1,484 remote sites in 115 pacing sequences showed the average of the median ER estimate error at each pacing site was

−2 ± 5 msec

, and the median ER estimate was within 10 msec of PPI–TCL for 94% of pacing sites. From simulation results, ER at the paced site was accurately estimated from >99.8% of 20,764 remote sites during pacing at 24 sites and three paced cycle lengths. Intervals measured from remote electrograms revealed whether the site was activated orthodromically or nonorthodromically during pacing, and results of simulations illustrated that the portion of the surface activated nonorthodromically during pacing increased with distance from the pacing site to the circuit. The phenomenon of nonorthodromic activation of reentrant circuits predicted by modeling was discernible in measurements taken from the animal model of reentrant tachycardia. Results also showed that, for single premature stimuli that penetrated the tachycardia circuit, phase reset of the tachycardia was linearly related to distance between the central obstacle and the paced site.
Conclusion: The ER is a complex but predictable perturbation of the global activation sequence of reentrant tachycardias. This predictability allows calculations of the response from anywhere on the perturbed surface. These findings suggest new techniques for measurement of the ER, which may lend themselves to computer‐based methods for accurate and rapid mapping of reentrant circuits.
Chapter Five: The Role of Discourse
Authors: Bardovi‐Harlig Kathleen 
Published: March 2003

The Interlanguage Discourse Hypothesis, p.277Narrative Analysis, p.279Studies of L2 Temporality and Narrative Structure, p.285A Cross‐Sectional Study of Tense‐Aspect in L2 Narratives, p.292Comparing Theoretical Frameworks, p.299Empirical Evidence in Support of the Discourse and Aspect Hypotheses, p.304Integrating the Analyses, p.312Other Discourse Contexts, p.317Conversational and Elicited Narratives, p.332Personal and Impersonal Narratives: The Case of “Personalized” Narratives, p.327Realis and Irrealis: The Imaginary in Narrative, p.332Chapter Summary, p.335
Topographic and Satellite Information for Preliminary Route Location
Authors: Albattah M. , Kharabsheh H. 
Published: March 2003

Topographic information from maps and geographical information systems (GIS) has been combined with satellite data (SPOT Panchromatic, SPOT Multispectral and Landsat Thematic Mapper) to derive a product that may be valuable in preliminary route location studies. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the classification accuracy of this combined product, to compare levels of ground detail obtainable from different types of satellite imagery against aerial photography, and to present an example application on the use of the combined product.The classification accuracy of the combined product was dependent on the type of land cover and was 83 to 100 per cent successful, with accuracy exceeding 95 per cent for most land cover types. The overall accuracy of the product was almost 95 per cent, with accuracy based on KHAT statistics of 92 per cent. Varying levels of ground detail were attainable from different types of satellite imagery. This detail may be adequate for preliminary route selection, especially in the absence of aerial photographs and GIS. The combined product presented in this study was applied successfully in selecting the optimal route for the Greater Amman ring road.
The Changing Character of Regulation: A Comparison of Europe and the United States
Authors: Löfstedt Ragnar E. , Vogel David 
Published: March 2003

European and U.S. regulatory policies have changed considerably over the past 30 years. In Europe, since the mid‐1980s, consumer and environmental regulation has become more politically salient and regulations have by and large become stricter. On the other hand, in the United States consumer and environmental issues have become less salient and contentious, and regulations have not become (comparatively) stricter. This apparent “flip‐flop” of regulatory systems has not been analyzed in much detail to date. This perspective is an attempt to analyze some examples in which it has occurred and identifies one possible cause—namely, credibility.Commentary Ortwin Renn, p.406Commentary David Slater, p.410Commentary Michael D. Rogers, p.412
Does God Play Dice? A Response to Niels H. Gregersen, “The Idea of Creation and the Theory of Autopoietic Processes”
Authors: Brun Rudolf B. 
Published: March 2003

The idea that the Creator has a plan for creation is deeply rooted in the Christian notion of Providence. This notion seems to suggest that the history of creation must be the execution of the providential plan of God. Such an understanding of divine providence expects science to confirm that cosmic history is under supernatural guidance, that evolution is therefore oriented toward a goal—to bring forth human beings, for example. The problem is, however, that science finds evidence for neither supernatural guidance nor teleology in nature. To address this problem, I understand Niels H. Gregersen to suggest that God is involved in the creative process. The reason science cannot demonstrate God's supernatural guidance of evolution is that the Creator structures the process from within. Gregersen argues that God is involved in the process of creation by changing the overall probability pattern of evolving systems.In my view, such a model of how God interacts with creation is supported neither by orthodox Christianity nor by modern science. After a critique of Gregersen's argument and a brief history of the relationship between Christianity and science, I shall suggest an alternative. It is that the freedom of creation to create itself is implicit in the fundamental dogma of Christianity that God is love.
Games of Status
Authors: Quint Thomas , Shubik Martin 
Published: March 2003

A status game is a cooperative game in which the outcomes are rank orderings of the players. They are a good model for certain situations in which players care about how their “status” compares with that of other players.We present several formal models within this class. Included are authoritarian status games (where coalitions may assign positions in the rank ordering to nonmembers) and oligarchic status games (where they are unableto do so). We consider the issues of a value concept for authoritarian games and that of core existence for oligarchic games. We then add a transferable resource to the models, obtaining “games of wealth and status.”Finally, we consider an interesting variant, called a “secession game,” where coalitions have the right to secede from the grand coalition and form their own smaller “subsocieties,” each with its own hierarchy.
Recent Books on Evolutionary Game Theory
Authors: Börgers Tilman 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this articleFudenberg and David Levine, The Theory of Learning in GamesJosef Hofbauer and Karl Sigmund, Evolutionary Games and Population DynamicsLarry Samuelson, Evolutionary Games and Equilibrium SelectionFernando Vega‐Redondo Evolution, Games, and Economic BehaviorPeyton Young, Individual Strategy and Social Structure, an Evolutionary Theory of Institutions
The Political Importance of Analogical Argument
Authors: Aronovitch Hilliard 
Published: March 2003

Is there a form of reasoning somehow specially suited to political philosophy and political life? I contend that for a variety of reasons analogical argument is eminently apt for politics. Although the significance of analogical reasoning for law has been largely recognized, its similar suitability for morality and politics has mostly been ignored, though insights from Hampshire and others point the way. An eventual implication of my argument is that an analogically developed liberal tradition provides rational, non-relativist ‘foundations' for normative claims, as firm as are feasible and necessary. This larger question about the roots of political and moral principles is commented upon throughout, but the main purpose is to establish the nature and legitimacy of analogical reasoning in political argument.
Public and Private
Authors: Steinberger Peter J. 
Published: March 2003

The problem of public and private is often thought to be a boundary problem. ‘Public’ and ‘private’ are said to denote separate areas of human endeavour – distinct ‘realms’, ‘spheres’, or ‘spaces’. The task of formulating clear boundaries, however, has proven to be enormously complex. It seems that every attempt at conceptualizing a purely private area of activity runs into a particular kind of difficulty, namely, many of the activities characteristic of the private sphere turn out to be activities toward which no responsible public authority could possibly remain indifferent: abuse within the family, collusion in the business world, criminal conspiracy among friends. It may be, however, that the problem of public and private, conceived as a boundary problem, is thereby misconceived. It would perhaps be better to think of public and private as denoting not primarily – perhaps not at all – separate realms of endeavour but different ways of being in the world, different ‘manners of acting’. To act in a private manner is simply different in character from acting in a public manner. Such a formulation, if pursued with care, would allow us to accept fully the arguments of those who would question the very idea of a private realm, while still permitting us to retain a vigorous and compelling public/private distinction.
Improving the quality of corporate technical planning: dynamic analogues of QFD
Authors: McLaughlin Curtis P. , Stratman Jeffrey K. 
Published: March 2003

This paper proposes a forecasting methodology based on a combination of QFD and S‐curve analysis, In process industries there is a need to strengthen the linkages between process attributes, product attributes, and customer requirements. Industry planning processes accept the relationship between technological positioning, project portfolios, and market life cycles, but specific methods are seldom discussed.QFD(Quality Function Deployment) can be used to translate customer requirements into product specifications and in turn to specify the process capabilities required to meet those customer requirements. The paper recommends that managements use analogues of QFD adapted to the need for dynamic changes in process capability.This approach would focus on the interaction between key variables of customer requirements and the technological capabilities of the firm and its competitors, at present and in the future. Historical industry‐wide capabilities would be projected through S‐curve analysis, while customer requirements can be related to these capabilities through information from QFD studies focused on future customer requirements. Because of their potential complexity, these analyses should deal with only a very limited number of interacting attributes and special care should be given to the management of their implementation.
Determinants of increasing R&D complexity in affiliates of manufacturing multinational corporations in the UK
Authors: Taggart James H. 
Published: March 2003

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the technological trajectories of the UK subsidiaries of manufacturing multinational corporations as measured by changes in their R&D complexity over a five year period. The data was gathered from a postal survey of 500 randomly selected subsidiaries in the UK; of the respondents that had been established in Britain for at least five years, 16 were found to demonstrate decreasing and 48 increasing complexity of R&D activities. These 64 firms were compared across a number of strategic variables, and a powerful logistic regression model developed that predicts technological trajectories with great precision.The key variables in the model were differences (over five years) in sales volume, decision making autonomy about human resource matters in the subsidiary, sensitivity to the needs of sister subsidiaries when developing new products, heterogeneity of the subsidiary's markets, and the degree of localization of certain control functions. The central lesson for the subsidiary R&D manager is that HQ undertakings about R&D strategy as it concerns the subsidiary may be fairly accurately evaluated via the model and its five strategic variables.
Architectural innovation in product development through early supplier integration
Authors: Bozdogan Kirkor , Deyst John , Hoult David , Lucas Malee 
Published: March 2003

The paper explains how an important opportunity exists to pro‐actively integrate suppliers at an early stage in the concept exploration and definition stages of product development. Research suggests that the concept of architectural innovation can be extended so that product features are matched with the associated specialized technical skills of partners in the development team.In addition to the establishment of integrated product teams, key enablers include: long‐term commitment to suppliers; co‐location; joint responsibility for design and configuration control; seamless information flow; and retaining flexibility in the definition of system configuration. Important contributing factors include: supplier‐capability‐enhancing investments; target costing; and incentive mechanisms. To promote innovative outcomes in military and government programmes, attention is drawn to the importance of governments championing closely‐knit customer‐supplier relationships.Firms can build enduring competitive strength by leveraging the specialized knowledge bases of their supplier networks. Two case‐studies provide lessons to improve current approaches to the creation of long‐term partnerships, or strategic alliances, with suppliers.
Nature of innovation and technology management in system companies
Authors: Bonaccorsi Andrea , Pammolli Fabio , Paoli Massimo , Tani Simone 
Published: March 2003

Competition in the industries that develop complex products (such as aircraft engines and radar) depends on the integration of organizational systems as well as the pace of technological change.Companies in these industries can be regarded as ‘system companies’. A framework and taxonomy are developed to indicate the characteristics and types of companies and to understand how organizational learning and integration take place. This makes it easier for companies to anticipate strategic change and some implications of this kind are described.
Shareholder Value, Real Options, and Innovation in Technology‐Intensive Companies
Authors: Jägle Axel J. 
Published: March 2003

We show how central concepts from technology and innovation management (TIM), sequential models of the New Product Development (NPD) process, and the valuation technique of ‘real options’ can be linked, to provide a valuation framework that can be used in the value‐based management of technology‐intensive companies.We introduce a binomial option tree which incorporates the flexibility and the risks inherent in the NPD process into its evaluation in a theoretically correct way and is at the same time simple and easy to use. In this way, our options‐based approach ties the valuation of hitech and life sciences companies closer to the underlying growth opportunities and incorporates much of the ‘gut feel’ of experienced industry practitioners into the valuation. As a consequence, the approach leads to more defensible valuations and allows powerful insights for the value‐based management of technology‐intensive companies.In two numerical examples we demonstrate that the theoretically more sound option tree approach in practice can produce different valuations and lead to different decisions than a simple ‘discounted cash flow (DCF) tree’ approach and has therefore potential to improve managerial decision making. Finally, we describe a real life situation where our options‐based approach was successfully applied in the valuation for the initial public offering of a biotech company.
Another Nail in the Coffin? Or Can the Trade Based Explanation of Changing Skill Structures Be Resurrected?
Authors: Desjonqueres Thibaut , Machin Stephen , Van Reenen John 
Published: March 2003

The skill structure of wages and employment has altered markedly in recent years. In some countries (most notably the UK and the US) wage inequality has risen sharply and in most countries relative demand has shifted unfavourably against the less skilled. In this paper we reassess the evidence that rising international competition from developing countries is the crucial factor underpinning these changes. Our results, based on newly constructed internationally comparable industry data, find little support for the predictions of the basic Heckscher‐Ohlin (H‐O) trade model.JEL classification: J31; F14
Intergenerational Altruism and the Environment
Authors: Jouvet Pierre‐Andre , Michel Philippe , Vidal Jean‐Pierre 
Published: March 2003

We construct an overlapping generations model of pollution externality in which individuals are altruistically linked to their offspring as in Barro (1974). It is shown that steady‐state consumption may be a decreasing function of the intergenerational degree of altruism. Despite individuals' altruism, the competitive equilibrium is not optimal. We thus study the social optimum and show that it can be decentralized.JEL classification: D62; D64; D91
Rent Control and Prices of Owner‐occupied Housing
Authors: Haèckner Jonas , Nyberg Sten 
Published: March 2003

We examine the relation between rent control and prices of owner‐occupied housing in the presence of different qualities of housing. While a rent ceiling and the price of condominiums are substitutes if housing is undifferentiated, it is shown that this is not necessarily the case when housing differs in quality. A complete dismantling of rent control may in fact increasethe price of condominiums.JEL Classification D45; D49; R21
Till Death Do Us Part or I Get My Pension? Wives' Pension Holding and Marital Dissolution in the United States
Authors: Ono Hiromi , Stafford Frank 
Published: March 2003

Wives' financial independence gained from their pension may increase the risk of marital dissolution, especially when wives are approaching retirement age (the older wives' independence hypothesis). Applying single and simultaneous equations probit models to data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we investigate the effect of wives' pension holding in 1984 on the risk of subsequent marital dissolution. Results from the single equation model appear to support the older wives' independence hypothesis. However, results from the simultaneous equations model suggest that interpreting the single equation results as a sign of older wives' economic independence may be misleading. JEL classification: C33; D31; J12; J32
Changes in the Finnish Wage Structure: Will Demand and Supply Do?
Authors: Uusitalo Roope 
Published: March 2003

This study addresses changes in the wage structure in Finland between 1977 and 1995, and provides a simple explanation based on the demand for and supply of skills. The single index model of Card and Lemieux (1996) is augmented by incorporating changes in the supply of skills. The augmented model adequately accounts for the changes in relative wages between groups of different education and experience, but does not capture the changes in the within‐group distribution. JEL classification: J31
Asymmetries in the processing of emotionally valenced words
Authors: Dahl Mats 
Published: March 2003

Earlier research has shown a valence dependent encoding asymmetry of emotional words (e.g., Pratto & John, 1991; White, 1996; Stenberg, Wiking & Dahl, 1998). To further study this asymmetry, two word detection experiments were performed based on the following hypothesis: when there is a more thoroughly processing of the valence, in this case a valence categorisation, there will be, in a subsequent task, prolonged latencies for negative words, compared to positive words. The result gave significantly prolonged response latencies for negative words compared to positive ones in the subsequent detection task when using an affective orienting task, something not found using a non‐affective orienting task.The results support the Mobilization‐Minimization hypothesis (Taylor, 1991), according to which negative events and stimuli occupy more cognitive resources, but with some limitation: the affective asymmetry, with prolonged latencies for negative words, occurs only when there is a deepened encoding of the affective component of the words.
Novice construction of chess memory
Authors: Saariluoma Pertti , Laine Tei 
Published: March 2003

Novice acquisition of skilled recall of chess positions was studied in an experiment in which two novices studied a series of five hundred chess positions during a period of several months. They spent fifteen minutes to half an hour a day teaching themselves these positions. As a result their skill in recalling chess positions rose from sixteen percent to somewhere between forty to fifty percent. The learning curve proved to have a shape which indicates that in the beginning learning is very fast but after some 100–150 studied positions the speed of learning decreases substantially.A computer simulation was used to model the results and analyse alternative explanations. Two alternative ways of thinking were tested. In the first, chunk construction was assumed to be based on the neighbourhood of associated pieces. The second model assumed a frequency‐based correlative association process. Although the learning curves of the two models are very similar in shape to those of the subjects, the frequency‐based associative model gave a better explanation for the data. This is why it is natural to suggest that common co‐occurrence in addition to easily recognizable chess‐specific characteristics, like colour and type of pieces, guide associative processes during chess players’ learning of chess‐specific chunks.