bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trajectories of Modernization and Reform
Authors: Pollitt Christopher , Bouckaert Geert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters we examined the relatively enduring—yet slowly changing—politico-administrative regimes of ten countries, plus the European Commission. Now we shift focus to more rapid and short-term forms of change: the reforms themselves. Is it true that the Anglo-American countries are the centre of the reform universe, or is that a perspective largely confined to Anglo- Americans? How far can it be said that everyone has been following the same route, albeit from different starting points in terms of their politico-administrative regimes? Are there clear patterns, or is the story really one of ad hockery dressed up as strategy? These are questions we will address in this chapter, but continue to pursue throughout the remainder of the book. There are, as always, too many ‘facts’ for anyone to master them all, so any explanation is bound to be selective (and therefore interpretive). Our first step was to use the model of change advanced in chapter 2 to organize the elements of what seemed to be the ‘basics’ of each country’s experience into some sensible categories. The results of that exercise may be seen in tabular form in Appendix A, where there is a summary for each country, and chronological tables. Appendix A should be used as an adjunct to the whole book, but especially to this chapter. In this chapter itself we adopt a broad comparative perspective, looking for patterns of similarity and difference. We do this by employing the concept of trajectories to help us sort out the data.
Network Relationships Inside and Outside the Firm, and the Development of Capabilities
Authors: Birkinshaw Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last decade the literature on strategic management has come to be dominated by the resource-based view of the firm, a theoretical perspective which is concerned with understanding how the firm’s resources and capabilities can lead to competitive advantage. While considerable progress has clearly been made, most theoretical work in this area builds on the simplifying assumption that the firm is-or at least can be usefully modelled as -a monolithic entity. For example, Amit and Schoemaker (1993) talk about resources as factors that are owned or controlled by the firm and capabilities as the firm’s capacity to deploy resources.
Ranking Competing Multi-Step Forecasts
Authors: Newbold Paul , Harvey David I , Leybourne Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early research on methodology for the evaluation of forecasts was analyzed by Granger and New bold (1978), who proposed alternative approaches. These authors argued that a set of forecasts is most reasonably assessed through comparison with competing forecasts. This comparison could be achieved through mean squared errors of forecasts at specific horizons, though other economic loss functions such as mean absolute error or mean absolute percentage error could equally well be applied. Diebold and Mariano (1995) and Harvey et al. (1997) discuss tests of the null hypothesis of equality of performance of two competing forecasts. A second possibility, advocated by Granger and New bold, is based on the idea of combining forecasts, introduced by Bates and Granger (1969). If the optimal weight that should be attached to a particular forecast in a composite predictor which is a weighted average of the forecast and its competitor is one, that forecast is said to be conditionally efficient with respect to the competitor. Chong and Hendry (1986) then say that the forecast encompasses its competitor. Harvey et al. (1998) discuss formal hypothesis tests for forecast encompassing.
The Pervasiveness of Granger Causality in Econometrics
Authors: Hendry David F , Mizon Grayham E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Granger (1969), which defined the concept of Granger causality, is one of the most influential papers in econometrics: it had been cited on more than 850 occasions at the time of writing. We are delighted to contribute a chapter reviewing its role to a volume in honor of Clive. The concept of causality has intrigued philosophers for millennia, and both statisticians and economists have attempted to test for its existence, as it is particularly important if one is interested in testing theories or conducting policy analysis. Any paper that proposes a definition of the concept of causality is bound to attract considerable attention and not a little controversy: see the many papers cited in Granger (1980).
From Control to Drift
Authors: Ciborra Claudio U , Braa Kristin , Cordella Antonio , Dahlbom Bo , Failla Angelo , Hanseth Ole , Hepso Vidar , Ljungberg An , Monteiro Eric , Simon kai A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Firms are investing considerable resources to create large information infrastructures able to fulfil their varied information-processing and communication needs. The more the drive towards globalization, the more such infrastructures become crucial.The 'wiring' of the corporation should be done in a way that is aligned with its corporate strategy-it is global and generates value. This book presents six in-depth case studies of large corporations-AstraZeneca, IBM, Norsk Hydro, Roche, SKF, and Statoil-which offer a rich picture of the main issues involved in information infrastructure implementation and management. Far from being a linear process, the use of the information infrastructure is in fact an open-ended process, in many cases out of control. Current management models and consulting advice do not seem to be able to cope with such a business landscape. This book provides the reader with interpretations and theories that can foster a different understanding and approach. Thus, the economics of standards, complexity theory, and actor-network theory are harnessed to penetrate the issues emerging from the case studies and to generate a new conception of the information infrastructure that is relevant both for researchers and practitioners.
How Brands are Taking over the Corporation
Authors: Olins Wally 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Financial Times, 4 August 1999, a headline proclaimed: ‘Ford to out- source important parts of car assembly.’ This apparently modest announce-ment concealed extraordinary news. According to one executive quoted in the article, ‘The manufacture of cars will be a declining part of Ford’s business. They will concentrate in the future on design, branding, marketing, sales and. service operations.’ Even allowing for some hyperbole, this is an apocalyptic observation. Ford’s business was created and sustained above all around its unassailable manufacturing superiority. In its early days nobody built cars faster, better, or more economically than Ford. It was historically the most admired manufacturing company in the world. Now it seems Ford is shifting its center of gravity so far that in the long term it may do everything with its products except manufacture them. Ford will not make but it will brand. This shows how far branding has come in a very few years-and it also shows how the world is going.
Building the Unique Organization Value Proposition
Authors: Knox Simon , Maklan Stan , Thompson Keith E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The key issue facing companies today is how to add more customer value in the face of product commoditization, increased service levels, faster innovation, and diminishing brand loyalty. We argue in this chapter that the marketing community is not responding sufficiently to the challenge: many of our brand and marketing tools are dated, worse still, they focus on creating brand values not customer value. Before marketing management can return to their place at the heart of value-adding activities, they will need to work much more closely with business process owners and acknowledge the need for creating value across the organization, rather than just through products and brands. We offer a methodology that enables marketing to reinvent itself as the architect for branding the customer value proposition at an organizational level.
Global Cities and Global City-Regions: A Comparison
Authors: Sassen Saskia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each phase in the long history of the world economy raises specific questions about the particular conditions that make it possible. One of the key properties of the current phase is the ascendance of information technologies and the associated increase in the mobility and liquidity of capital. There have long been cross-border economic processes-fiows of capital, labor, goods, raw materials, tourists. But in the twentieth century these took place largely within the inter state system, where the key articulators were national states. The international economic system was ensconced largely in this interstate system. This has changed rather dramatically over the last decade as a result of privatization, deregula tion, the opening up of national economies to foreign firms, and the growing participation of national economic actors in global markets.
The Economic Role and Spatial Contradictions of Global City-Regions: The Functional, Cognitive, and Evolutionary Context
Authors: Camagni Roberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the nature and the role of global city-regions seen in a theoretical perspective, and with the contradictions of their current evolu tionary trends relating to their spatial layout. In our investigation of the role of global cities, we have also dealt with the cognitive dimension. This is a dimen sion not normally included in the geographical approach (which is mainly of a functional character), but being increasingly emphasized in nonconventional economic approaches. It allows us to link the economic role of spaces to the new logic governing decision-making processes under conditions of dynamic uncer tainty. It also makes it possible to take fully into account the strong multiplier effects at work in large global cities, led by the new international information intensive functions, considering not only the traditional agglomeration ad vantages and increasing returns, but also the place/node interaction and the symbolic roles of such cities.
Regions and the New Economics of Competition
Authors: Porter Michael e. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This conference, in which so many interesting people have come together to explore the intersection of geography, competition, the environment, and society, comes at a time in the world economy that is puzzling to many observers. The process of globalization seemingly should make location and regions less important, but it appears to be doing just the opposite. Many government and company leaders are struggling to understand what it all means. Is there a role for national or state governments? What is that role? Should companies worry about where they locate operations and take a proactive role in their communities, or is that obsolete thinking? There are some very substantial changes underway in the nature of com petition, the sources of competitiveness, and the principles of economic policy. These changes have been underway for some time, but only recently are they becoming evident. What is the new agenda they are defining? What roles does it suggest for companies, governments, and other institutions? This chapter aims to describe the outlines of this new economics of competition and the prominent role that regions and cities play in it.
Ontario as a North American Region State, Toronto as a Global City-Region: Responding to the NAFTA Challenge
Authors: Courchene Thomas j. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The severe economic fallout of the early 1990s recession represented a watershed in the evolution of the Canadian province of Ontario and, within the province, of Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Four years after the onset of the recession, Ontario’s employment still languished at roughly 96 percent of its prerecession peak. And employment in the GTA fell by nearly 10 percent from peak to trough. On the fiscal front the economic fallout was nothing short of spectacular: Ontario’s then-governing New Democratic Party (Canada’s version of a social democratic party) oversaw five consecutive years (1990-95) of deficits in excess of $10 billion, for an overall increase in government debt of nearly $60 billion, surely a record for a subnational government, anywhere, anytime.
Local Governance and Social Diversity in the Developing World: New Challenges for Globalizing City-Regions
Authors: Stren Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cities, as many experts have been telling us, are increasingly involved in a globalizing international system, in which they (and their constituent firms and populations) must successfully compete in order to survive. As a British writer puts it: The acceleration of the globalisation of economic activity and the growing internation alisation of investment fiows have accentuated competitive pressure on businesses and led many cities to seek competitive advantage in the urban hierarchy Cities are now part of an increasingly competitive world and place marketing has become an import ant part of economic development strategies. This emphasis on inter-area competition and place marketing has become clearly articulated and transparent in initiatives such as City Challenge, the SRB [Single Regeneration Budget], Local and Sector Challenge, City Pride and the National Lottery.
Innovation and Risk-taking: Urban Governance in Latin America
Authors: Campbell Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Decentralization in Latin America has dramatically transformed the public sector, producing a quiet revolution of popular participation in public choices at the local level. The process of decentralization has had its share of frustra tions, dangers, and false starts in the Latin American region. Fuzzy or overlap ping divisions of labor, associated threats of fiscal instability, and sustained finance for urban infrastructure still remain to be resolved in many countries. But decentralization has also produced a new generation of leaders, particularly at the local level. Several opinion polls have shown that local, elected officials were more trusted by voters and more responsive than ever to their constituents. They were also energetic, proactive, and vocal. New leaders exhibited a drive to deliver, and this made them eager consumers of new ideas and techniques. They have invented or adopted many ways to mobilize local participation, strengthen organizational capacities, and even raise local taxes, despite increasing fiows of shared revenues from central governments.
Repositioning of City-Regions: Korea after the Crisis
Authors: Kim Won Bae 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the Asian economic crisis unfolded, the regional geography of East Asia changed. The role of large city-regions in the regional and national economy has been emphasized again, especially with respect to the recovery of the ailing econ omies of East Asia. As economic competitiveness takes policy priority after the crisis, interstate and intercity competition is being intensified in the economic sphere. In order to secure a share of export markets and mobile capital, city regions and nation-states are competing fiercely with one another. They are also jockeying for superior position in the international urban hierarchies along the Asia Pacific corridors.
Local Governance and Confiict Management: Refiections on a Brazilian Cluster
Authors: Schmitz Hubert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What does it take to respond successfully to the challenges posed by globaliza tion? What kind of local governance is required to enhance competitiveness and earning opportunities? These are central questions for proactive regions. These are also questions that Rodrik (1999) addresses in a recent book con cerned with Making Openness Work. He concludes that societies with weak institutions of confiict management find it more difficult to cope with the turbulence caused by globalization. This is precisely what I found to be the key problem in a Brazilian industrial cluster that was attempting to fend off intensi fying global competition. The lack of confiict management contributed to the collapse of a promising clusterwide upgrading strategy.
The Legacies of Injustice and Fear: A European Approach to Human Rights and their Effects on Political Culture
Authors: Gunther Klaus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To ask for a European approach to human rights is ambivalent. If the question is whether the genesis, nature, and scope of human rights are essentially European, one runs immediately into the endless debate about universalism versus particularism of human rights. Obviously, the question does not aim at a European approach to human rights as the expression of a particular historical culture which should be extended to all different cultures of the world.
Gender Equality in the EU: A Balance Sheet
Authors: Barnard Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The realization of sex equality has been the central and most highly developed pillar of the European Community’s fragile social policy. For the Commission, equal opportunities is the ‘legal framework reflecting social policy at European level [which] has been a catalyst for change in the Member States’. The importance of equal opportunities to the Community is underlined in the Commission’s vision of a ‘European social model’. This is based around the ‘values of democracy and individual rights, free collective bargaining, the market economy, equality of opportunity for all and social welfare and solidarity’. Equal opportunities also appears as one of the four pillars around which the employment guidelines, intended to co-ordinate Member States’ employment policies from 1998, are structured.
Striking the Elusive Balance Between Economic Freedom and Social Rights in the EU
Authors: Maduro Miguel Poiares 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been repeatedly stated that European integration has promoted economic freedom while leaving social rights and policies in a secondary position. The impact of Community law on social rights has been as a function of economic integration, promoting economic freedom and deregulation, while challenging national social rights. This process has not been compensated by the development of European social rights. It has even been argued that the programme of European market integration is also a programme in favour of economic freedom and competition. In this light, the Treaty of Rome is conceived as an economic neo-liberal constitution whose aim is to protect market freedom from public power and whose underpinning legitimacy lies in voluntary market transactions and enhanced economic efficiency. On the other hand, European integration has also been conceived as a safeguard of the welfare state. In the latter perspective, the European Union is the new forum in which social rights, no longer viable at national level due to economic competition among States, are re-introduced. Moreover, European integration gives a stronger voice to the European States in shaping the rules of global economic competition and protecting the ‘essentials’ of the welfare state.
Human Rights and European Identity: The Debate about European Citizenship
Authors: Bernitz Ulf , Bernitz Hedvig Lokrantz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Citizenship in the traditional, national sense is a relationship of complete membership to a State, to which certain rights and duties have been attached. However, the nature and content of these civil rights have never been clear and have varied across time and place. For instance, expulsion and deprivation of citizenship are practices which have frequently been used. Rights vary among different legal systems. However, certain central civil rights connected to citizenship are found in most countries, such as specific political rights and the right to free movement.
Holding Multinational Corporations Accountable for Human Rights Abuses: A Challenge for the EC
Authors: Kamminga Menno T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That the world’s largest multinational corporations (MNCs) are more powerful and influential than many States has been a cliche since the 1960s. However, it remains a point worth stressing because, if anything, the trend has intensified in recent years. By consistently privatizing and deregulating their own economies and by liberalizing international trade and capital movements States have substantially reduced their own influence on the daily lives of their citizens. The decline of the nation State has been accompanied by the rise to power of the entities that have been able to take particular advantage of these developments: MNCs. These international actors increasingly escape control by States because they are able freely to move capital and investments to wherever conditions are most favourable.
Human Rights Considerations in the Development Co-operation Activities of the EC
Authors: Simma Bruno , Aschenbrenner Jo Beatrix , Schulte Constanze 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Community launched its development policy in 1958, but, until the Maastricht Treaty, there was no explicit legal basis for conducting such a policy. Despite the delay in expressly authorizing development co-operation, the Community and its Member States together provide more than half of all development assistance given in the world today. The Community has a widespread system of co-operation agreements with countries all over the world, and grants preferential trade relations and other forms of autonomous assistance to developing countries. Because the Community deals with many developing countries, with a broad range of needs, no single strategy can be applied to all of them. Strategies differ based on the needs of the developing country receiving the aid. These needs range from open access to the markets of the Community to technical and financial assistance, and even to substantial food aid. This chapter discusses the Community development policy of granting such assistance to developing States with the aim of promoting human rights and democracy. The provision of open markets through preferential trade relations and other aspects of contractual (economic, commercial) co-operation are dealt with elsewhere.4 The present chapter deals exclusively with positive initiatives to link development co-operation to progress in the area of human rights.
Human Rights ‘Conditionality’ in Relation to Entry to, and Full Participation in, the EU
Authors: Nowak Manfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The promotion and protection of human rights does not figure among the objectives of the European Union (EU) as listed in Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU). Nevertheless, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) during the last thirty years developed jurisprudence which established that measures adopted by the institutions of the three European Communities, as well as measures adopted by Member States either to implement Community measures or which, in one way or another, fall within the scope of Community law, must be in accordance with minimum human rights standards. Although the EU neither adopted its own Bill of Human Rights nor acceded to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), the ECJ developed its human rights jurisprudence on the understanding that basic human rights, as guaranteed by the ECHR and as they result from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States, are general principles of Community law.
Human Rights Case Law in the Strasbourg and Luxembourg Courts: Conflicts, Inconsistencies, and Complementarities
Authors: Spielmann Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (the ECHR) was signed in Rome on 4 November 1950. It entered into force on 9 September 1953. Originally signed by twelve States the Convention has now been ratified by most European States, and pursuant to recent changes in Eastern Europe, its territorial scope has been extended considerably. Thus, at the present moment, all forty one member States of the Council of Europe have ratified the Convention.