bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between oral health and mortality in cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Jansson Leif , Lavstedt Stig , Frithiof Lars , Theobald Holger 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aims: The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between periodontal health and fatal cardiovascular diseases (CVD).Methods: The investigation was conducted on a sample of 1393 individuals in the County of Stockholm. The subjects were examined in an epidemiological study in 1970 with respect to dental health. At a follow‐up in 1997, the mortality rate of the sample during the years 1970–1996 was registered as well as cause of death according to the death certificate. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed in order to evaluate the influence of the investigated variables on the incidence of death from CVD.Results: The interactional effect between plaque and oral health score (a sum of scores for number of missing teeth, apical lesions, caries lesions and marginal bone loss), adjusted for age, gender, smoking and CVD at baseline, was significantly correlated to fatal coronary events. For individuals younger than 45 years of age, the age‐adjusted incidence odds ratio of death due to CVD was 2.7 (p=0.04) if subjects with mean marginal bone loss of >10% were compared with subjects with mean marginal bone loss ≤10 %. If the stratum of individuals <45 years of age is confined to smokers, the odds ratio was found to be 3.4 (p=0.03).Conclusion: Dental health was found to be a risk indicator of death due to CVD, especially in combination with another risk factor, smoking habits.
Association between bone loss in periodontal disease and polymorphism of N‐acetyltransferase (NAT2)
Authors: Kocher Thomas , Sawaf Hazem , Fanghänel Jutta , Timm Ramona , Meisel Peter 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: The individual susceptibility to periodontal disease is probably the result of an interaction of multiple genetic and environmental influences. Polymorphism of the N‐acetyltransferase (NAT 2) modifies the individual susceptibility to toxicity from certain therapeutic drugs or heterocyclic amines including substances from cigarette smoke. Subjects are to be classified as ‘slow’ or ‘rapid’ acetylators according to how fast their bodies metabolise such xenobiotics. Differences in their ability to detoxify these substances may contribute to an increased risk for periodontitis in subjects exposed to cigarette smoke or other xenobiotics.Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess whether the NAT2 genotype is a risk factor for periodontal disease in Caucasian patients suffering from adult periodontitis.Material and methods: 154 Caucasian subjects were assigned to one of the 3 groups: no, moderate, and severe periodontal disease based on bone and attachment loss. In all subjects, genotyping for mutations on the N‐acetyltransferase (NAT2) gene was performed by means of PCR and RFLP analysis.Results: Comparison of frequency distribution of NAT2 acetylation types between the most diseased group and not or moderately affected subjects showed a tendency to over‐representation of slow acetylators with severe disease. When using bone loss as measure of periodontitis, this over‐representation shows a significant association with the disease (odds ratio=2.13, p=0.025). In the logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age and smoking, NAT2 slow phenotype was significantly associated with the severity of bone loss, the odds ratio being 2.09 (95% C.I. 1.02–4.26, p=0.043). In a case‐control analysis (controlled for smoking, gender and age) mean bone loss showed a significant difference between the 2 NAT2‐type groups (Mann‐Whitney test p=0.041).Conclusion: The data suggest that the slow acetylator phenotype may be associated with a higher risk of periodontitis, especially in smokers. Possible explanations regarding the mechanism are discussed; however, such attempts are highly speculative at this time.
The antioxidant capacity of saliva
Authors: Battino M. , Ferreiro M. S. , Gallardo I. , Newman H. N. , Bullon P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground/aims: Saliva, a heterogeneous fluid comprising proteins, glycoproteins, electrolytes, small organic molecules and compounds transported from the blood, constantly bathes the teeth and oral mucosa. It acts as a cleansing solution, an ion reservoir, a lubricant and a buffer. In addition to its other host‐protective properties, saliva could constitute a first line of defence against free radical‐mediated oxidative stress, since the process of mastication and digestion of ingested foods promotes a variety of reactions, including lipid peroxidation. Moreover, during gingival inflammation, gingival crevicular fluid flow increases the change of saliva composition with products from the inflammatory response; this, in turn, could have some rôle in controlling and/or modulating oxidative damages in the oral cavity. This is the reason why the antioxidant capacity of saliva has led to increasing interest, and the development of techniques suitable for saliva antioxidant evaluation.Materials and Methods: Here, we review the current peer‐reviewed literature concerning the nature and characteristics of free radicals, reactive oxygen species, oxidants, pro‐oxidants and antioxidants in saliva, especially pro‐oxidant and antioxidant features, as well as current methods for assessing the antioxidant capacity of saliva.Results and Conclusions:In the last decade, several methods have been developed for assaying the antioxidant activity of saliva, indicating an increasing interest of researchers and clinicians. Unfortunately, systematic studies of saliva are still lacking, even in healthy populations.
Desensitizing effects of an Er:YAG laser on hypersensitive dentine
Authors: Schwarz Frank , Arweiler Nicole , Georg Thomas , Reich Elmar 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the desensitizing effects of an Er:YAG laser (KEY II®, KaVo, Germany) and Dentin Protector® (Vivadent, Germany) on cervically exposed hypersensitive dentine.Method: A group of 30 patients showing a total of 104 contralateral pairs of hypersensitive and caries‐free teeth was selected and randomly allocated in a split‐mouth design to either (1) Er:YAG laser (80 mJ/pulse, 3 Hz), or (2) the application of Dentin Protector® (polyurethane‐isocyanate 22.5%; methylenechloride 77.5%) whereat one pair served as an untreated control in each patient. The degree of sensitivity to a thermal stimulus was determined qualitatively with an evaporative stimulus defined as a 3‐s air blast at a distance of 2 mm from each site to be tested. A qualitative registration of the degree of discomfort was determined according to an arbitrary pain scale in 4 degrees. Recordings were assessed before treatment, immediately after, 1 week, 2 and 6 months after treatment by 1 blinded examiner.Results: Both treatment forms resulted in significant improvements of discomfort immediately after and 1 week post treatment. After 2 months, the discomfort in the Dentin Protector® group increased up to 65% of the baseline score and even up to 90% after 6 months, whereas the effect of the laser remained at the same level that was achieved immediately after treatment. The differences immediately after, 1 week, 2 and 6 months post treatment between both groups were statistically high significant (p0.001; respectively). Compared to the untreated control group, both treatment forms resulted in a significant reduction of discomfort at each follow‐up examination.Conclusion: It was concluded that desensitizing of hypersensitive dentine with an Er:YAG laser is effective and the maintenance of the positive result was more prolonged than with Dentin Protector®.
The mucosal attachment to titanium implants with different surface characteristics: an experimental study in dogs
Authors: Abrahamsson I. , Zitzmann N. U. , Berglundh T. , Linder E. , Wennerberg A. , Lindhe J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Findings from in vitro studies have indicated that the orientation and proliferation of cells on titanium surfaces may be influenced by the topography of the surface on which they are grown. It may be argued, therefore, that differences may occur in the mucosal attachment to titanium implants with different surface roughness.Aim: The present experiment was performed to study the composition of the soft tissue barrier that formed to implants prepared with well‐defined smooth or rough surfaces.Material and Methods: Five beagle dogs were used. Four implants made of c.p. titanium were placed in the right edentulous mandibular premolar region. After 3 months, two different types of abutments were connected: one experimental (OA) with a dual, thermal acid‐etched surface (‘Osseotite®’), and one regular (RA) abutment with a ‘turned’ surface. At the end of a 6‐month period during which proper plaque control had been maintained, biopsies including the implant and the surrounding soft and hard tissues were obtained, decalcified and processed for light and electron microscopy. A confocal He–Ne laser profilometer was used to study the surface topography of the abutments.Results: The attachment between the peri‐implant mucosa and titanium abutments with either a turned (RA; ‘smooth’) or acid‐etched (OA; ‘rough’) surface was similar from both a quantitative and a qualitative aspect. The attachment comprised a barrier epithelium and a zone of connective tissue attachment of similar dimension at RA and OA. It was further observed that the ‘inner’ zone of the connective tissue attachment at both types of abutment was composed of about 30–33% fibroblasts and 63–66% collagen.Conclusion: It was demonstrated that the soft tissue attachment that formed to implants made of c.p. titanium was not influenced by the roughness of the titanium surface.
The effect of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hemodialysis therapy on alveolar bone and periodontium
Authors: Frankenthal S. , Nakhoul F. , Machtei E. E. , Green J. , Ardekian L. , Laufer D. , Peled M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Alveolar bone is particularly sensitive to increased levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from either primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT). The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of secondary HPT on the periodontium of patients on hemodialysis.Methods: The experimental group consisted of 35 patients with secondary HPT, with chronic renal failure treated by hemodialysis (E group). A control group (C group) was formed from 35 healthy age‐ and gender‐matched subjects attending the maxillofacial outpatient clinic for a variety of reasons. Blood samples were taken from the E group, and the biologically active intact parathormone molecule, PTH(1–84), was assayed using two‐site immunoradiometric assay (IRMA). The time of onset and the duration since diagnosis of HPT was also recorded. In addition, for a subgroup of 25 matched pairs of patients, a clinical periodontal examination was performed, and the Ramfjord index teeth were recorded for: Plaque index (PI); Gingival index (GI); Probing depth (PD); and Clinical attachment level (CAL). A standardized panoramic X‐ray was taken from all patients and computer‐based linear measurements were used to assess alveolar bone loss (BL). Unpaired Student's t‐test served to compare the two groups. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was used to study the association between PI, PTH level, disease duration and BL.Results: Demographically, both groups were similar with no statistical difference. PI was also similar in the C and E group (2.03 ± 0.13 and 1.76 ± 0.17, respectively). GI, however, was slightly greater in the C group (1.28 ± 0.09) compared to the E group (0.97 ± 0.01). PD in the E group (2.92 ± 0.14 mm) was almost identical to that of the C group (2.90 ± 0.12 mm). Likewise, CAL in the E group (4.43 ± 0.29 mm) did not differ from CAL in the C group (4.03 ± 0.25 mm). Mean BL was also similar in the E and C groups (3.60 ± 0.23 mm and 3.85 ± 0.24 mm, respectively). PI showed a positive, significant correlation with BL (r = 0.457, P = 0.0008).Conclusion: From this study it can be concluded that secondary HPT does not have an appreciable effect on periodontal indices and radiographic bone height.
Periodontal attachment level of extractions presumably performed for periodontal reasons
Authors: Splieth Christian , Giesenberg Jan , Fanghanel Jutta , Bernhardt Olaf , Kocher Thomas 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground/aims: The aim of this study was to analyse the residual periodontal attachment in teeth extracted by East German dentists in order to determine a possible ‘forceps level’.Methods: Out of about 8000 extracted teeth collected from a dental waste disposal company, 500 teeth were randomly selected. After exclusion of wisdom teeth and premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons (intact teeth with attachment > 90%), coronal and root caries, fillings, pulp exposure and incomplete root fillings (based on X‐rays) were registered. The periodontal ligament was stained with 1% Fuchsin Red and measured with a light microscope.Results: For intact teeth (DF = 0, periodontal disease definition I), the mean periodontal attachment (50.5% ± 16.0) was significantly lower than for teeth with carious defects or fillings (64.7% ± 18.8. unpaired t‐test: p < 0. 00 1). There was a marked increase in frequency of extractions in intact teeth below 70% periodontal attachment and 37% were extracted at attachment levels between 50 and 69%. Teeth with pulpal involvement showed significantly different frequency distributions and mean attachment values (77.9% ± 17.8) than the remaining teeth (periodontal disease definition II; 55,2% ± 15.5).Conclusions: A considerable number of teeth with no or minor coronal destruction were extracted at an attachment level of 50–70%, regardless of the tooth type. The threshold for ‘periodontal’ extractions seem to be too low and undifferentiated, which calls for an improvement in knowledge of periodontal diagnosis and treatment.
Evidence for healing of periodontal defects 5 years after conventional and regenerative therapy: digital subtraction and bone level measurements
Authors: Eickholz Peter , Hausmann Ernest 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjective: The aim of the present study was to compare radiographic assessment of bony fill by digital subtraction analyses (DSA) after periodontal surgery of infrabony and furcation defects with bone level measurements.Methods:  For 19 patients with 19 infrabony lesions and 20 degree II furcation defects, five defects were treated conventionally and 34 defects were treated by regenerative periodontal surgery. At baseline and 60 ± 3 months after surgery, clinical measurements (GI, PPD, PAL‐V, PAL‐H, PlI) and standardized radiographs were obtained. Furthermore, intrasurgically after reflection of a mucoperiosteal flap and 60 months after surgery after local anesthesia without flap reflection, the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to bottom of the bony defect (BD) was measured vertically (PBL‐V) and, in furcation defects, horizontally (PBL‐H). Pre‐ and postsurgical radiographs were analyzed by digital subtraction. Bone level gain and DSA results were compared by simple regression analysis.Results: Surgical treatment revealed significant PPD reduction (− 3.45 ± 1.56 mm; P < 0.001), PAL‐V gain (2.84 ± 1.36 mm; P < 0.001), and PBL‐V gain (1.68 ± 1.20 mm; P < 0.001) in infrabony defects, as well as PPD reduction (− 1.68 ± 1.73 mm; P = 0.001) and PAL‐H gain [1.43 ± 1.70 mm (P = 0.001)] in furcation defects after 5 years. A correlation could be found in furcation defects between PBL‐H gain and DSA (R2 = 0.34, P = 0.003), whereas the study failed to demonstrate a consistent correlation between PBL‐V and DSA in infrabony defects (R2 = 0.12, P = 0.149).Conclusions:  DSA correlates significantly with PBL‐H measurements in furcation defects. Thus, either method is a sufficient tool to evaluate bony fill within furcation defects. On the other hand, DSA did not correlate significantly with PBL‐V measurements in infrabony defects. This discrepant contribution of DSA in the evaluation of these two types of defects may be explained by the fact that DSA primarily evaluates change in a buccolingual direction.
Presence and antibiotic resistance of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Prevotella nigrescens in children
Authors: Sanai Yasaman , Persson G. Rutger , Starr Jacqueline R. , Luis Henrique S. , Bernardo Mario , Leitao Jorge , Roberts Marilyn C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground/aims: Only limited information exists about the prevalence in children of pathogens associated with periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to determine by culture whether 8–11‐year‐old children carry Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and/or P. nigrescens in samples from the gingiva and/or the buccal mucosa taken before, and after caries treatment and oral hygiene instruction. A second aim was to assess the proportion of subjects who had gram‐negative anaerobes carrying the tet(Q) and erm(F) genes, suggesting antibiotic resistance to tetracycline or erythromycin.Method: A total of 150 children provided gingival and buccal swab bacterial samples that were cultured for P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, and P. nigrescens. The species was verified using DNA–DNA hybridization with species‐specific probes made from the variable region of the 16S rRNA sequences. Antibiotic‐resistant genes, tet(Q) and erm(F), were identified using specific DNA–DNA hybridization with specific DNA probes.Results: A total of 116 isolates of black‐pigmented bacteria were cultured from 47 (31%) of 150 children. Five isolates were identified as P. gingivalis, 29 as P. intermedia, 33 as P. nigrescens, and 49 as other species. In general, the bacteria were not culturable at more than one time period. We found that 55% of these 47 children harbored black pigmented bacteria that carried either one or both of the two antibiotic‐resistant genes studied (tet(Q), and erm(F)).Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that children not exposed to regular dental treatment carry bacteria outside the gingival sulcus that have been associated with periodontitis, and that standard treatment procedures may not clear the presence of the putative pathogens. In addition, antibiotic‐resistant genes are common in identifiable gram‐negative anaerobes, including putative pathogens.
Evidence for the early onset of gingival inflammation following short‐term plaque accumulation
Authors: Zhang Jie , Kashket Shelby , Lingström Peter 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim: A study was undertaken to examine cytokine markers in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during the early stages of plaque accumulation.Methods: A panel of five subjects with good oral hygiene went without brushing for 1 or 3 days, after which GCF samples were taken by placing paper strips into the gingival margins of the maxillary premolars and first molar for 30 s. GCF flow rates were determined with a Periotron® instrument (Oraflow, Inc., Plainview, New York), and neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) were determined as myeloperoxidase activity. Interleukin‐1b (IL‐1b) and IL‐8 were eluted from the paper strips and assayed with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) systems.Results: The plaque index rose to 2.7 ± 0.2 (mean ± SE) after 3 days without brushing, and the GCF flow rate increased to 146.8% of baseline. PMN and IL‐8 concentrations fell but, when corrected for dilution as a result of increased GCF flow, were not statistically different from baseline. IL‐1b was slightly elevated after 1 day, and increased to 223.8 ± 54.3% (from 6.8 ± 1.7 to 13.8 ± 3.6 pg/30 s; p = 0.04) after 3 days of plaque accumulation. Resumption of tooth brushing led to a return of IL‐1b to baseline (109.1% after 2 days of brushing). When subjects rinsed with 0.12% chlorhexidine during the 3‐day no‐brushing period, the increases in plaque index, GCF flow rates and IL‐1b release rates did not occur.Conclusions: The results indicate that IL‐1b release rates increase in the GCF after 3 days of plaque accumulation, before any clinical signs of inflammation appear.
Ultrasonic dental scaler: associated hazards
Authors: Trenter S. C. , Walmsley A. D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground:  The ultrasonic dental scaler is a valuable tool in the prevention of periodontal disease; however, this equipment has a number of hazards with which it is associated. These include heating of the tooth during scaling, vibrational hazards causing cell disruption, possible platelet damage by cavitation, associated electromagnetic fields that can interrupt pacemakers, auditory damage to patient and clinician and the release of aerosols containing dangerous bacteria.Objective:  To collate the research reported on the various hazards associated with the ultrasonic dental scaler and discuss possible future research areas.Data Sources:  The scientific literature was searched using Web of Science, EMBASE and Medline, and the results of these were then hand‐searched to eliminate nonrelevant papers.Conclusions:  This review outlines some of the research conducted into these areas of associated hazard in order to assess their significance in the clinical situation, and discusses ideas for future research. Suggestions of recommendations are given, which have been previously investigated for their aid in reducing possible hazards, to ensure the safe working of ultrasonic scalers in the dental practice.
In vitro evaluation of novel low abrasive air polishing powders
Authors: Petersilka G. J. , Bell M. , Häberlein I. , Mehl A. , Hickel R. , Flemmig T. F. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim of the study: Though efficient in stain and plaque removal, air polishing is highly abrasive on root cementum or dentin even if working parameters are adjusted to minimize damage. As abrasiveness is also influenced by the physical properties of the powders used, the aim of the study was to evaluate the safety of novel low abrasive air polishing powders in vitro.Material and methods: Using four novel air polishing powders (A, B, C and D) and a standard sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) powder, roots of 126 extracted teeth were air polished under standardized conditions at various working parameter combinations (distance: 2 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm; powder and water setting: low, medium and high) at an angulation of 90° for 20 s. Instrumentation was performed in triplicate; resulting root defects were quantified laser‐optically.Results: Mean defect depths after application of powders A, B, C and D were significantly lower than with standard powder (A: 17.9 ± 10.9 µm, B: 48.2 ± 32.7 µm, C: 92.5 ± 57.9 µm, D: 33.9 ± 19.6 µm, NaHCO3: 163.1 ± 71.1 µm) (Kruskal–Wallis test). Among the experimental powders, D was transported most reliably in the air polishing unit and allowed complete removal of disclosed plaque as assessed on freshly extracted teeth.Conclusion: The novel air polishing powder D is of low abrasiveness to root cementum and dentin while being effective in removing dental plaque. Thus, it may be useful for safe and efficient plaque removal on exposed root surfaces.