bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
France: The Political Management of Paradoxical Interests
Authors: Howarth David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
French participation in the Euro Area is to be seen principally as a self-imposed ‘semi-sovereignty game’. From the creation of the European Monetary System (EMS) in 1979, French political leaders have seen a European monetary constraint as a tool to reinforce domestic economic restructuring. In this sense, President François Mitterrand’s March 1983 decision to keep the franc in the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) represented the final decision to end socialist reflation, embrace market integration in the EC, and conform largely to the German economic standard. Yet the French pursuit of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), and the policies of various French governments on EMU reform since the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in December 1991, must also be seen in terms of loosening the external constraint on French monetary and fiscal policies. The tightness of this constraint was blamed for a serious decline in French economic output and rise in French unemployment, particularly in the period following German reunification in 1990. The operation of the EMS resulted in French policymakers having to follow German monetary and fiscal policies or risk speculation against the franc. EMU was thus supported because it eliminated both the need to follow German monetary policy and speculative pressures against the currency.
Britain: The Political Economy of Retrenchment
Authors: Buller Jim , Gamble Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The impact of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) on Britain has continued to differ from most other states in the EU since 2001. Despite expectations in some quarters that Tony Blair might seek membership of the euro early in his second term, he lost his battle with his Chancellor, Gordon Brown, and sterling remained outside the Euro Area. Blair resigned in 2007, and Brown succeeded him, which means there is unlikely to be any move to resurrect the case for Britain joining the euro in the foreseeable future. Instead, the Labor government (and particularly the Treasury) has adopted a more critical tone towards the institutions and policies of the Euro Area. Brown (2004) has drawn adverse comparisons between the growth and employment rates in Continental Europe and the performance of the British economy. Frustrated by ministers’ failure to launch a concerted campaign in favor of sterling’s membership of the Single Currency, ‘Britain in Europe’, the organization set up to further this goal, has now been disbanded. In short, EMU has strengthened a process of retrenchment in British economic policy since 2001. By ‘retrenchment’ we mean domestic resistance to further Europeanization in this area (Radaelli 2001).
Slander and the Secrets of Women
Authors: Green Monica H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Prologue to her Tale, Chaucer’s Wife of Bath describes a ‘book of wikked wyves’ that her fifth husband, the clerk Jankyn, liked to read from ‘every nyght and day … / Whan he hadde leyser and vacacioun / From oother worldly occupacioun’. Chaucer’s Wife, Dame Alice, speaks with repugnance of this book recounting women’s many wiles and relates how it gave occasion to an extraordinary row between husband and wife.
Moderately Sensitive Semantics
Authors: Leslie Sarah-Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is context sensitivity? What tests are reliable indicators of this phenomenon? Here I shall take up and develop some themes of Herman Cappelen and Ernie Lepore’s book Insensitive Semantics, in order to better understand the phenomenon, and the tests that reveal it. If we eschew such tests, and rely on intuitions about what is said, then, Cappelen and Lepore argue, it is hard to resist the conclusion that all of language is contextually sensitive. While most semanticists take themselves to be Moderate Contextualists— who hold that natural language contains a broad but limited stock of context-sensitive items— Cappelen and Lepore claim that Moderate Contextualism is an unstable position. The same intuitions that lead semanticists to espouse Moderate Contextualism should lead them to instead espouse Radical Contextualism— which is the view that context sensitivity is so rampant, no natural language sentence ever semantically expresses a proposition independent of context. The phenomenon of what is said is so unconstrained that, if we try to capture it semantically, we shall be forced to adopt Radical Contextualism. Since, Cappelen and Lepore claim, the arguments for Moderate Contextualism hinge on the desire to account for what is said, there is a slippery slope from Moderate Contextualism to Radical Contextualism.
Wars and the second reign
Authors: Collinson Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year 1588 was by no means as decisive as a simplified and jingoistic history pretends. In 1589 Drake, as admiral, and Sir John Norreys, as military commander, headed a counter-attack. It was a complex, multi-purpose operation aimed at mopping up what was left of the Armada, attacking Lisbon, placing a pretender on the Portuguese throne, and intercepting the annual treasure fleet coming from the Indies, a kind of joint-stock enterprise in which Elizabeth sank as much as £60,000.
The City churches and St Paul’s
Authors: Downes Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A cathedral was so large and costly that neither its commencement nor its completion could be hurried, but on 17 May 1670 Wren took charge of a small office, modelled on the office of works, under the commissioners for rebuilding the churches. He was responsible for about fifty new churches in place of the eighty-six destroyed or severely damaged in the fire; the total remains inexact because, where a church only needed repairs, his oﬃce merely handled the payments, funded by a tax on all coal coming into London. Moreover, St Clement Danes (a rebuilding) and St Anne’s, Soho, and St James’s, Piccadilly (new parishes), are in Westminster and unconnected
Conversations On Ethics
Authors: Voorhoeve Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Can we trust our intuitive judgments of right and wrong? Are moral judgements objective? What reason do we have to do what is right and avoid doing what is wrong? In Conversations on Ethics, Alex Voorhoeve elicits answers to these questions from eleven outstanding philosophers and social scientists: Ken Binmore Philippa Foot Harry Frankfurt Allan Gibbard Daniel Kahneman Frances Kamm Alasdair MacIntyre T. M. Scanlon Peter Singer David Velleman Bernard Williams The exchanges are direct, open, and sharp, and give a clear account of these thinkers’ core ideas about ethics. They also provide unique insights into their intellectual development - how they became interested in ethics, and how they conceived the ideas for which they became famous. Conversations on Ethics will engage anyone interested in moral philosophy.
In Search Of The Deep Structure Of Morality
Authors: Kamm Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Gay Science, Friedrich Nietzsche argued that only a form of philosophizing that sprung from a deep commitment to the subject could ever hope for success. ‘All great problems,’ he wrote, ‘demand great love.’ He continued: It makes the most telling difference whether a thinker has a personal relationship to his problems and finds in them his destiny, his distress, and his greatest happiness, or an ‘impersonal’ one, meaning he is only able to touch them with the antennae of cold, curious thought. In the latter case nothing will come of it, that much can be promised; for even if great problems should let themselves be grasped by them, they would not allow frogs and weaklings to hold on to them.
The Necessity of Love
Authors: Frankfurt Harry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In ‘Rules for the Direction of our Native Intelligence’, Ren´e Descartes sums up his method for gaining secure knowledge as follows: The whole method consists entirely in the ordering and arranging of the objects on which we must concentrate our mind’s eye if we are to discover some truth. We shall be following this method exactly if we first reduce complicated and obscure propositions step by step to simpler ones, and then, starting with the intuition of the simplest ones of all, try to ascend through the same steps to knowledge of all the rest.
Stress
Authors: Duanmu San 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In some languages, such as English, it is often easy to tell which syllables have stress. In other languages, such as Chinese, it is a lot harder to do so. For example, Chao (1968: 38) notes the difficulty in obtaining agreement from SC speakers on the relative stress among full syllables. Similarly, Selkirk and Shen (1990: 315) report that native speakers of Shanghai Chinese have no judgement on stress. Moreover, Hyman (1977) classies Chinese as a language without stress.
Rhythm in Poetry
Authors: Duanmu San 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I use ‘ poem’ to refer to a set of two or more lines that sound rhythmic to native speakers. As an example, consider the poem ‘ Returning Home’ in (1), written by the Tang poet He Zhizhang (659–744). The word-for-word gloss is on the right and my translation is under the Chinese text.
The poem sounds rhythmic to modern native speakers (regardless of how it sounded in the past, although I assume it must have sounded good, too). The question is why. Several considerations quickly come to mind, given in (2), where A is an A-tone; B is a B-tone; R is a rhyming syllable; and X is any syllable.
Morphological Simplicity in Pidgins
Authors: Siegel Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the fundamental notions used to define pidgin and creole languages is ‘simplification’—that each of these languages is somehow less complex than its lexifier. In discussing this notion, however, I prefer the term ‘simplicity’, which describes a state, rather than ‘simplification’, which implies a process involving reduction of complexity. This chapter begins with a clear illustration of comparative simplicity, using data from Pidgin Fijian. It then discusses some of the many ways that simplicity can be defined and measured, and goes on to specify a particular type that I will refer to throughout this work—morphological simplicity. The final sections of the chapter explore the origins of this kind of simplicity in restricted pidgins and second language acquisition, and some of the reasons for its retention in contact languages.
Sources of Morphological Expansion
Authors: Siegel Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In conventional language change, grammatical morphemes often develop as the result of a lexical item gradually acquiring a grammatical function, and eventually losing its original lexical meaning. This, of course, is known as grammaticalization. There are many controversies about the nature of grammaticalization (summarized in Dahl 2004), and even about whether or not it is a distinct grammatical phenomenon, rather than a cover term for the results of various other recognized processes, such as reanalysis, extension, and borrowing (Campbell 2001; Newmeyer 2001). I will not go into these controversies here, but rather follow the conventional use of the term grammaticalization to refer to the process or group of processes that lead to a lexical item gradually becoming a grammatical morpheme, as often occurs in language change.
Transfer
Authors: Siegel Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Another of Bickerton’s arguments against the influence of the substrate languages in morphological expansion is that no explanation has been given as to how substrate features are actually incorporated into creoles. He states: ‘In order to make a case, they [the substratists] have to describe exactly and explicitly how, in creolization, syntactic structures got from substratum languages into creole languages’ (1992: 314, italics in the original). Granted, this is difficult to explain if one accepts Bickerton’s earlier view that creoles were created by the first generation of plantation-born children whose input for first language acquisition came from a rudimentary plantation pidgin, rather than their parents’ ancestral languages (Bickerton 1981, 1984a , 1984b ).
Predicting substrate influence
Authors: Siegel Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 4, I demonstrated that a significant amount of morphological expansion occurred in the pidgin predecessors of both Melanesian Pidgin and Hawai’i Creole, and that a significant proportion of the expanded features were modelled on the grammatical morphology of the substrate languages. Then in Chapter 5, I argued that the substrate-based features came into the expanding pidgins via the process of functional transfer. A large proportion of these transferred substrate features were then retained when the expanded pidgins were nativized to become creoles. In order to explain why some substrate features end up in a creole while others do not, I proposed in Chapter 6 that there are certain ‘availability constraints’—factors which may determine the likelihood of a substrate feature being transferred by individuals, and thus available as a possible feature of the contact language.
District Magnitude and the Comparative Study of Strategic Voting
Authors: Gschwend Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do electoral systems matter? The political consequences of electoral laws fall in two distinct categories. They encompass direct as well as indirect effects. The particular rules which determine how votes are generated into legislative seats have a direct impact on the number and the type of parties in a given polity. This has profound and well-known consequences for the type of government and the nature of representation in general. It is well known that the same distribution of votes can be translated in totally different distributions of seats in parliament using different electoral rules.
Oliver Cromwell
Authors: Morrill John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Definitive, concise, and very interesting... From William Shakespeare to Winston Churchill, the Very Interesting People series provides authoritative bite-sized biographies of Britain's most fascinating historical figures - people whose influence and importance have stood the test of time. Each book in the series is based upon the biographical entry from the world-famous Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The Very Interesting People series includes the following titles: 1.William Shakespeare by Peter Holland 2. George Eliot by Rosemary Ashton 3. Charles Dickens by Michael Slater 4. Charles Darwin by Adrian Desmond, James Moore, and Janet Browne 5. Isaac Newton by Richard S.Westfall 6. Elizabeth I by Patrick Collinson 7. George III by John Cannon 8. Benjamin Disraeli by Jonathan Parry 9. Christopher Wren by Kerry Downes 10. John Ruskin by Robert Hewison 11. James Joyce by Bruce Stewart 12. John Milton by Gordon Campbell 13. Jane Austen by Marilyn Butler 14. Henry VIII by Eric Ives 15. Queen Victoria by K. D. Reynolds and H. C. G. Matthew 16. Winston Churchill by Paul Addison 17. Oliver Cromwell by John Morrill 18. Thomas Paine by Mark Philp 19. J. M. W. Turner by Luke Herrmann 20. William and Mary by Tony Claydon and W. A. Speck
The flrst civil war, 1642–1645
Authors: Morrill John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the high summer of 1642 king and parliament were increasingly provoking one another into trial by battle. The Rubicon was flnally crossed when Charles I raised his standard at Nottingham on 22 August. He had written on 25 July to the vice-chancellor of Cambridge University inviting the colleges to assist him by the ‘loan’ of their plate. Cromwell was sent down by the Commons to prevent them from doing so. On 10 August, accompanied by perhaps 200 lightly armed countrymen who had volunteered to help him, he blocked the exit road from Cambridge that led to the Great North Road. He went on to intimidate his way into Cambridge Castle and to seize the arms stored there, and halt the movement of silver. At a time when most Englishmen were dithering and waiting upon events, it was a bold and unhesitating act.
Lord Protector, 1653–1658
Authors: Morrill John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This time there was no great delay. Lambert had been preparing for this moment and stepped forward with a fully formed paper constitution, the ‘Instrument of government’, very clearly based on The Heads of Proposals of 1647. Senior members of the council of offlcers, including Cromwell, had already considered a draft of the ‘Instrument’, and Cromwell himself had insisted that the elected head of government should not be called king. But they were taken by surprise by the events of 12 December and over the next three days continued to reflne the document in a series of long, tense, and inconclusive meetings. When Cromwell was formally sworn in as head of state on 15 December some passages of the ‘Instrument’ were not agreed, and had to be mumbled so as to be inaudible to the ambassadors and others present.
John Milton
Authors: Campbell Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Definitive, concise, and very interesting... From William Shakespeare to Winston Churchill, the Very Interesting People series provides authoritative bite-sized biographies of Britain's most fascinating historical figures - people whose influence and importance have stood the test of time. Each book in the series is based upon the biographical entry from the world-famous Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The Very Interesting People series includes the following titles: 1.William Shakespeare by Peter Holland 2. George Eliot by Rosemary Ashton 3. Charles Dickens by Michael Slater 4. Charles Darwin by Adrian Desmond, James Moore, and Janet Browne 5. Isaac Newton by Richard S.Westfall 6. Elizabeth I by Patrick Collinson 7. George III by John Cannon 8. Benjamin Disraeli by Jonathan Parry 9. Christopher Wren by Kerry Downes 10. John Ruskin by Robert Hewison 11. James Joyce by Bruce Stewart 12. John Milton by Gordon Campbell 13. Jane Austen by Marilyn Butler 14. Henry VIII by Eric Ives 15. Queen Victoria by K. D. Reynolds and H. C. G. Matthew 16. Winston Churchill by Paul Addison 17. Oliver Cromwell by John Morrill 18. Thomas Paine by Mark Philp 19. J. M. W. Turner by Luke Herrmann 20. William and Mary by Tony Claydon and W. A. Speck
‘Fresh woods and pastures new’
Authors: Campbell Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in 1631 the Milton family moved to Hammersmith, which was then a hamlet in the parish of Fulham, some 6 miles west of London on the north bank of the Thames. Milton’s father was certainly in residence in April 1631, when he was assessed for poor relief. Two months later, on 7 June 1631, a newly established chapel of ease was consecrated by Bishop Laud; Milton’s father became a churchwarden, and, on coming down from Cambridge, Milton became a parishioner.
Champion of the republic
Authors: Campbell Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 15 and 29 January 1649, during the trial of Charles I, Milton wrote his Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, which argued on its title-page that ‘it is lawful ... for any 1-3 who have the power, to call to account a Tyrant or wicked King and after due conviction, to depose, and put him to death’. Charles was executed on 30 January 1649, and a fortnight later, on 13 February, Milton’s tract was published. At noon on 13 March the council of state decided to invite Milton to be secretary for foreign tongues.
Introduction
Authors: Noga-Banai Galit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under the lightedaltar, a royal slab of purple marble covers the bones of holymen. Here God’s grace sets before you the power of the apostles by the great pledges contained in this meager dust. Here lie father Andrew, the gloriously famed Luke, and Nazarius, a martyr glorious for the blood he shed; here are Protasius and his peerGervasius,whom God made known after long ages to His servant Ambrose. One simple casket (arcula) embraces here his holy band, and in its tiny bosom embraces names so great.
Freedom, Coercion, and Discursive Control
Authors: Holton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If moral and political philosophy is to be of any use, it had better be concerned with real people. The focus need not be exclusively on people as they are; but it should surely not extend beyond how they would be under laws as they might be. It is one of the strengths of Philip Pettit ‘s work that it is concerned with real people and the ways that they think: with the commonplace mind.
Disenfranchised Silence
Authors: Langton Rae 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Silence can sometimes be eloquent. Conversations consist not only in what is said but also in what is not said—the cold silence, the disapproving silence, the appreciative silence, the reverent silence, the baffled silence. Of particular interest is the approving silence, or the consenting silence, and this will be my topic here.
What is a Museum?
Authors: Gosden Chris , Larson Frances , Petch Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Pitt Rivers Museum is in Oxford. This seems a trivial and undeniable geographical fact. However, it hides a broader truth about the innumerable sets of connections between people and objects that make up the Museum and extend over time and through space. The Museum is an aggregation of people and things that stretches beyond its immediate physical confines and involves a variety of events, negotiations, and technologies, from the etiquette of exchange in Southern Sudan in the 1910s, to the design of thorn-lined fishing traps in the New Guinea in the 1930s, to the legal process of executing a person’s last will and testament in England in the 1990s. Each object in the collection has a different story to tell, gathering up the experiences of a range of people in different places along the way.
Beyond the Boundaries of the Museum: Disciplinary Reconfiguration at Oxford
Authors: Gosden Chris , Larson Frances , Petch Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among a collection of fine ceremonial adzes presently in the Pitt Rivers Museum there is one—with a long, rounded haft carved with twenty-seven horizontal deeply notched rings—which no longer has its green jade blade (Fig. 7.1). By the time Henry Moseley signed it into the Pitt Rivers collections on 13 February 1886 the adze handle has lost its blade, although the sinnet binding that once held it in place remained intact. The blade and handle, probably from the Cook Islands, had become separated in the course of transfers between various Oxford museums.
A New Start? Cartesian Metaphysics and the Emergence of Modern Philosophy
Authors: Cottingham John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many of his writings, Descartes conspicuously presented himself as an innovator. Announcing his philosophical programme to the public in 1637, he likened himself to an architect, designing a town from scratch: ancient cities that have grown up over many years, with many different hands ‘patching up (raccommoder) buildings by adapting old walls’, are generally ill proportioned compared with those ‘laid out by the planner on levelled ground’ (at VI 11: csm I 116). The intellectual autobiography that opens the Discourse is that of a rebel who proposes not to build on the inherited wisdom of the past, but to demolish it and start afresh. And the sooner the better: ‘as soon as I was old enough to escape from the control (la sujection) of my teachers, I entirely abandoned book learning’ (at VI 9: csm I 115).