bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of supplementary corn silage on the feed intake and milk production of time‐restricted grazing dairy cows
Authors: MITANI Tomohiro , TAKAHASHI Makoto , UEDA Koichiro , NAKATSUJI Hiroki , KONDO Seiji , OKUBO Masahiko 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTThe effects of supplementary corn silage (CS) of either 2 or 4 kg of dry matter (DM; S + 2 and S + 4, respectively) above the energy requirement for milk production and maintenance for grazing dairy cows (S) were determined. Time‐restricted grazing was used to compare the feed intake, milk production, and nitrogen and energy use of lactating cows. The experiment was carried out on two different pastures using a 3 × 3 Latin square design for each pasture. Cows were grazed for 5 h on a rotational grazing system and were fed concentrate (1 kg per 5 kg of milk yield). Herbage intake was measured using a weighing technique. To calculate the energy and nitrogen use, whole feces and urine were collected. There was no statistical effect of the pastures. Herbage intake decreased by the addition of CS (P = 0.02). The reduction of herbage DM intake per unit consumption of supplementary CS towards the S group were 0.80 and 0.45 kg for the S + 2 and S + 4 groups, respectively. The total DM intake for the S + 4 group was higher than that for the S and S + 2 groups (P = 0.02). Milk yield did not differ among treatments, even though the total DM intake for the S + 4 group was higher than that of the S and S + 2 groups. Nitrogen and energy use did not differ with the addition of CS.
Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator 1 α (PGC‐1 α) expression and the formation of slow‐twitch muscle fibers in porcine and bovine skeletal muscles
Authors: CHIKUNI Koichi , NAKAJIMA Ikuyo , OE Mika , MUROYA Susumu 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTThe peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator‐1 α (PGC‐1 α) induces mitochondria biogenesis in skeletal muscles. To determine the relationships between PGC‐1 α and the muscle fiber types, the expression levels of PGC‐1 α were analyzed in porcine and bovine skeletal muscles. As a first step, the nucleotide sequences of the porcine and bovine PGC‐1 α were determined. The porcine and bovine PGC‐1 α cDNA encoded 796 amino acid sequences and showed 95.1% identity between the two species. The expression levels of the PGC‐1 α mRNA were analyzed in the same 10 skeletal muscles from four pigs and three cattle. The contents of porcine and bovine PGC‐1 α were higher in the tongue, masseter and diaphragm, and lower in the Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, Longissimus thoracis and semitendinosus muscles. The contents of myosin heavy chain slow‐type protein (MyHC‐slow) were also determined in the same muscles by ELISA. The analysis of MyHC‐slow showed results similar to those for the PGC‐1 α contents in all of the muscles except for the tongue. The content of MyHC‐slow in the tongue was the lowest among the porcine muscles, and moderate among the bovine muscles. The results suggest that PGC‐1 α relates to the development of oxidative muscle fibers, but is not the principal factor in determining type I fiber content.
Optimizing the Diagnosis and Treatment of Migraine
Authors: Sheftell Fred D. , Cady Roger K. , Borchert Leona D. , Spalding William , Hart Carolyn C. 
Published: July 2005

PurposeTo describe and discuss short headache questionnaires, which can simplify and improve the diagnosis of migraine.Data sourcesReview of the worldwide scientific literature on short diagnostic questionnaires for migraine.ConclusionsA new three‐question Headache Screen addressing disability due to recurring headaches, headache duration, and changes in headache characteristics and/or pattern over the previous 6 months displayed high sensitivity when used to survey >3000 migraineurs, correctly identifying 77% of migraineurs diagnosed by International Headache Society (IHS) criteria, clinical impression, or the presence of recurring, disabling headaches.Implications for practiceThe underdiagnosis and undertreatment of migraine are problems that may be attributed to many causes involving both patients and medical providers. These include stringent diagnostic criteria established by the IHS, which fail to easily classify many common migraine presentations, the lack of clear outcome measures of successful management of migraine, and failure to recognize the iatrogenic role of prescription and nonprescription medications as an etiologic factor in chronic daily headache. The recent development of reliable, clinically useful, short headache questionnaires that are focused on headache impact facilitates the understanding and diagnosis of migraine for both patients and healthcare professionals. As a diagnostic tool, the Headache Screen has the potential to expand appropriate medication use, leading to improved functional status and quality of life for migraineurs.
Calculating Insulin Resistance in the Primary Care Setting: Why Should We Worry about Insulin Levels in Euglycemic Patients?
Authors: Appel Susan J. 
Published: July 2005

PurposeTo describe measures that would determine which patients are insulin resistant and at risk for the metabolic syndrome and its sequelae cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and to analyze methods to determine the presence of insulin resistance and the advantages or disadvantages of each.Data sourcesReview of the multidisciplinary clinical and research literature.ConclusionsInsulin resistance occurs early in the trajectory of the metabolic syndrome, making it a prime candidate for timely interventions to reduce risk for both type 2 diabetes and CVD. Therefore, prompt recognition of insulin resistance prior to the development of the full metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and/or CVD may assist in the prevention of morbidity and premature mortality. Likewise, because many insulin‐resistant patients belong to minority racial groups (i.e., African American, Hispanic, Native American, or Pacific Islanders), early identification may have a positive impact on the reduction of cardiovascular health disparities.Implications for practiceDocumenting the presence of insulin resistance will assist the practitioner to determine if a low‐risk patient is in jeopardy for development of type 2 diabetes and/or CVD. Early cardiovascular risk identification is important to clinical practice as it allows more time for the practitioner to counsel patients for the essential planning needed to make lifestyle changes.
Body movements on the men’s competition mushroom: a three dimensional analysis of circular swings
Authors: Grassi G , Turci M , Shirai Y F , Lovecchio N , Sforza C , Ferrario V F 
Published: July 2005

Objectives:To develop a method for the three dimensional analysis of body movements and body positions during the performance of circular swings on the competition mushroom, an apparatus used by young gymnasts for pommel horse training.Methods:Five experienced male gymnasts, all of national level, performed three series of 10 circular swings on the competition mushroom. An optoelectronic instrument was used for the detection of the three dimensional movement of 13 body landmarks. From landmark trajectories, several technical measurements were obtained: diameters of ideal circles of ankles, hips, shoulders; deviation of the ankle diameters from circularity and from the horizontal plane; angle between the shoulder, hip, and ankle. The values were used for a quantitative assessment of performance of the five gymnasts.Results:During the exercise, each ankle should follow a nearly horizontal circular path (deviation from circularity ranged from 3.6% to 6%, deviation from horizontality was 9.4–19.7%), there should be an angle of about 180° at the hips (actual values 146–153°), and the shoulders should move as little as possible, and only in the lateral plane, without major anteroposterior movements (shoulder movement was 27–31% of ankle movement, hip movement was 16–20%).Conclusions:The method could help coaches and gymnasts to determine which parts of the body are not repeating a selected movement with sufficient accuracy and to quantify improvements made after a specific training programme.
“Bounce at the Bell”: a novel program of short bouts of exercise improves proximal femur bone mass in early pubertal children
Authors: McKay H A , MacLean L , Petit M , MacKelvie-O’Brien K , Janssen P , Beck T , Khan K M 
Published: July 2005

Objectives:To examine the effects of a simple and inexpensive physical activity intervention on change in bone mass and structure in school aged children.Methods:Fifty one children (n = 23 boys and 28 girls; mean age 10.1 years) participated in “Bounce at the Bell” which consisted of 10 counter-movement jumps 3× per day (total ∼3 min/day). Controls were 71 matched children who followed usual school practice. We assessed dietary calcium, physical activity, physical performance, and anthropometry in September and after 8 months of intervention (June). We measured bone mineral content (BMC) and bone area at the lumbar spine, total body, and proximal femur. Proximal femur scans were also analysed for bone geometry and structural strength using the hip structural analysis program. Lean and fat mass (g) were also calculated.Results:Groups were similar at baseline and did not differ in weight, height, total body, lumbar spine, proximal femur, or femoral neck BMC. Control children had a greater increase in adjusted total body BMC (1.4%). Intervention children gained significantly more BMC at the total proximal femur (2%) and the intertrochanteric region (27%). Change in bone structural parameters did not differ between groups.Conclusions:This novel, easily implemented exercise program, took only a few minutes each day and enhanced bone mass at the weight bearing proximal femur in early pubertal children. A large, randomised study of boys and girls should be undertaken powered to test the effectiveness of Bounce at the Bell in children at different stages of maturity, and in boys and girls independently.
Effects of weight bearing and non-weight bearing exercises on bone properties using calcaneal quantitative ultrasound
Authors: Yung P S , Lai Y M , Tung P Y , Tsui H T , Wong C K , Hung V W Y , Qin L 
Published: July 2005

Objective:This study was designed to investigate bone properties using heel quantitative ultrasound (QUS) in young adults participating in various sports.Methods:A cross sectional study was performed on Chinese male students (n = 55), aged 18–22 years. Subjects with previous fractures or suffering from any diseases known to affect bone metabolism or taking any medication with such an effect, were not included. The subjects were categorised according to their main sporting activities, including soccer (n = 15) (a high impact, weight bearing exercise), dancing (n = 10) (a low impact, weight bearing exercise), and swimming (n = 15) (non-weight bearing exercise). A sedentary group acted as controls (n = 15). A reproducibility study of the velocity of sound (VOS) and the broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) measurement was performed and analysed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).Results:There was good intra-investigator and inter-investigator agreement (ICC⩾0.8; p<0.05) in the measurement of BUA and VOS. No significant differences in BUA and VOS (p>0.05) were found between the dominant and non-dominant heel. Soccer players (137±4.3 dB/MHz; 1575±56 m/s; 544.1±48.4) and dancers (134.6±3.7 dB/MHz; 1538±46 m/s; 503.0±37.0) had significantly higher BUA, VOS, and stiffness index (SI) scores (p<0.05), respectively, than swimmers (124.1±5.1 dB/MHz; 1495±42 m/s; 423.3±46.9) and the sedentary control group (119.9±6.1 dB/MHz; 1452±41 m/s; 369.9±46.4). A trend of a significant linear increase with the weight bearing and high impact exercise was revealed in all QUS parameters (p<0.05).Conclusion:This cross sectional study indicated that regular participation in weight bearing exercise in young people might be beneficial for accruing peak bone mass and optimising bone structure.
Short term and long term detraining: is there any difference between young-old and old people?
Authors: Toraman N F 
Published: July 2005

Objectives:To assess the effects of short (six weeks) and long (52 weeks) term detraining on functional fitness in elderly people, and to determine whether these effects differ according to age in elderly people.Methods:Elderly subjects, aged 60–86 years, completed a nine week multicomponent exercise training programme. They performed the senior fitness test after six and 52 weeks, and the responses of 12 young-old subjects (YO, aged 60–73 years) and nine older subjects (O, aged 74–86 years) were compared.Results:Functional fitness improved during the exercise training period. Short term detraining caused a loss of this improvement in functional performance. Performance on the chair stand test for both YO and O groups and on the up and go and six minute walk tests for the YO group remained significantly higher than before training after six weeks of detraining (p<0.013). Performance in all tests reverted to the pre-training values or lower after 52 weeks of detraining in both groups. In the O group, performances in the six minute walk test and arm curl test were lower than before training (p<0.013). The components of functional fitness most affected by detraining were agility with short term detraining, and aerobic endurance and upper extremity strength with long term detraining.Conclusion:Changes in functional capacity after short and long term detraining are affected by age in elderly adults.
Heading in football. Part 2: Biomechanics of ball heading and head response
Authors: Shewchenko N , Withnall C , Keown M , Gittens R , Dvorak J 
Published: July 2005

Objectives:Controversy surrounding the long term effects of repeated impacts from heading has raised awareness among the public and the medical community. However, there is little information about the human response to the impacts and what measures can be taken to alter their effect. The objective of the current study was to gain a better understanding of heading biomechanics through the implementation of a numerical model and subsequent investigation of parameters related to heading technique and ball characteristics.Methods:A controlled laboratory study was carried out with seven active football players, aged 20–23 years who underwent medical screening and were instrumented with accelerometers mounted in bite plates and electromyographic electrodes on the major neck muscle groups. Balls were delivered at two speeds (6 m/s and 8 m/s) as the subjects demonstrated several specific heading manoeuvres. Photographic targets were tracked via high speed video to measure heading kinematics. One subject demonstrating reasonably averaged flexion–extension muscle activity phased with head acceleration data and upper torso kinematics was used to validate a biofidelic 50th percentile human numerical model with detailed representation of the head and neck.Results:Heading kinematics and subject responses were used with a detailed numerical model to simulate impact biomechanics for a baseline heading scenario. Changes to heading techniques and ball characteristics which mitigated head impact response were identified.Conclusion:A numerical model combined with biomechanical measurement techniques is an important tool for parametric investigation of strategies to reduce head impact severity via changes in heading technique or the physical properties of the ball.
Heading in football. Part 3: Effect of ball properties on head response
Authors: Shewchenko N , Withnall C , Keown M , Gittens R , Dvorak J 
Published: July 2005

Objectives:Head impacts from footballs are an essential part of the game but have been implicated in mild and acute neuropsychological impairment. Ball characteristics have been noted in literature to affect the impact response of the head; however, the biomechanics are not well understood. The present study determined whether ball mass, pressure, and construction characteristics help reduce head and neck can impact response.Methods:Head responses under ball impact (6–7 m/s) were measured with a biofidelic numerical human model and controlled human subject trials (n = 3). Three ball masses and four ball pressures were investigated for frontal heading. Further, the effect of ball construction in wet/dry conditions was studied with the numerical model. The dynamic ball characteristics were determined experimentally. Head linear and angular accelerations were measured and compared with injury assessment functions comprising peak values and head impact power. Neck responses were assessed with the numerical model.Results:Ball mass reductions up to 35% resulted in decreased head responses up to 23–35% for the numerical and subject trials. Similar decreases in neck axial and shear responses were observed. Ball pressure reductions of 50% resulted in head and neck response reductions up to 10–31% for the subject trials and numerical model. Head response reductions up to 15% were observed between different ball constructions. The wet condition generally resulted in greater head and neck responses of up to 20%.Conclusion:Ball mass, pressure, and construction can reduce the impact severity to the head and neck. It is foreseeable that the benefits can be extended to players of all ages and skill levels.
Prolonged menstrual cycles in female workers exposed to ethylene glycol ethers in the semiconductor manufacturing industry
Authors: Hsieh G-Y , Wang J-D , Cheng T-J , Chen P-C 
Published: July 2005

Background:It has been shown that female workers exposed to ethylene glycol ethers (EGEs) in the semiconductor industry have higher risks of spontaneous abortion, subfertility, and menstrual disturbances, and prolonged waiting time to pregnancy.Aims:To examine whether EGEs or other chemicals are associated with long menstrual cycles in female workers in the semiconductor manufacturing industry.Methods:Cross-sectional questionnaire survey during the annual health examination at a wafer manufacturing company in Taiwan in 1997. A three tiered exposure-assessment strategy was used to analyse the risk. A short menstrual cycle was defined to be a cycle less than 24 days and a long cycle to be more than 35 days.Results:There were 606 valid questionnaires from 473 workers in fabrication jobs and 133 in non-fabrication areas. Long menstrual cycles were associated with workers in fabrication areas compared to those in non-fabrication areas. Using workers in non-fabrication areas as referents, workers in photolithography and diffusion areas had higher risks for long menstrual cycles. Workers exposed to EGEs and isopropanol, and hydrofluoric acid, isopropanol, and phosphorous compounds also showed increased risks of a long menstrual cycle.Conclusions:Exposure to multiple chemicals, including EGEs in photolithography, might be associated with long menstrual cycles, and may play an important role in a prolonged time to pregnancy in the wafer manufacturing industry; however, the prevalence in the design, possible exposure misclassification, and chance should be considered.
Osteoarthritis and meniscus disorders of the knee as occupational diseases of miners
Authors: McMillan G , Nichols L 
Published: July 2005

Aim:To determine whether kneeling or squatting for prolonged periods is sufficiently causally associated with an increased risk of injury or degenerative disease of the knee joint as to meet the classic criteria to be considered an occupational disease of coal miners for whom these are or have been routine working postures.Method:Systematic literature searches were made for studies relating to kneeling and squatting as part of the working environment of coal mines and the role of these postures in causation of knee disorders in coal miners, analogous occupations, populations, and communities. The working environment and potentially damaging forces on the knee when kneeling or squatting were described. Papers on the incidence or prevalence of knee disorders in occupational and other groups were scored against five criteria independently by each author, and from this a single consensus score representing the overall strength of evidence given by the research was awarded. The evidence was then weighed against the criteria for an occupational disease.Results:Nineteen published papers were scored, the majority of which focussed on osteoarthritis as the outcome of interest. Few of the studies found focussed specifically on miners, and those that did tended to involve small numbers of subjects and were carried out before 1960, when the mining population was at its largest but epidemiological evidence of the risk factors for knee disorders was not well established. The non-mining studies in the review represent groups of workers with a similar or lesser kneeling content in their work.Conclusion:The papers reviewed provide sufficient evidence to conclude that work involving kneeling and/or squatting is causally associated with an increased risk of osteoarthritis of the knee. In some of the more recent epidemiologically sound studies, frequent or prolonged kneeling or squatting doubles the general risk of osteoarthritis of the knees found in the general population. This may be of particular importance in welfare and medico-legal situations. There was also evidence to suggest that lifting, in combination with kneeling/squatting, an activity also performed by miners in the course of their work, is associated with an excess risk of osteoarthritis above that attributed to kneeling/squatting alone.
Investigating time patterns of variation in radiation cancer associations
Authors: Richardson D B , Ashmore J P 
Published: July 2005

Aims:In occupational settings, carcinogenic exposures are often repeated or protracted over time. The time pattern of exposure accrual may influence subsequent temporal patterns of cancer risk. The authors present several simple models that may be used to evaluate the influence of time since exposure or age at exposure on cancer incidence or mortality in an occupational cohort.Methods:A cohort of 40 415 nuclear industry workers was identified via the Canadian National Dose Registry. Vital status and cause of death were ascertained through 1994. Associations between ionising radiation and mortality due to lung cancer, leukaemia, and cancers other than lung and leukaemia were quantified using conditional logistic regression models with risk sets constructed by incidence density sampling. A step function, a bilinear function, and a sigmoid function were used to evaluate temporal variation in exposure effects.Results:Step and sigmoid functions were used to explore latency and morbidity periods. For analyses of lung cancer, leukaemia, and other cancers the best fitting models were obtained when exposure assignment was lagged by 13, 0, and 5 years, respectively. A bilinear function was used to evaluate whether exposure effects diminished with time since exposure. In analyses of lung cancer and leukaemia, there was evidence that radiation effects attenuated with protracted time since exposure. In analyses of age at exposure, there was evidence of variation in radiation mortality associations for analyses of lung cancer and leukaemia; discounting radiation doses accrued at younger ages (for example, 15–35 years) led to significant improvements in model fit.Conclusions:This paper illustrates empirical approaches to evaluating temporal variation in the effect of a protracted exposure on disease risk.