bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of insulin receptor substrate 1 in primary breast cancer and lymph node metastases
Authors: Koda M , Sulkowska M , Kanczuga-Koda L , Sulkowski S 
Published: May 2005

Background:Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) transmits signals from the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) and insulin receptor (IR) and has been associated with the pathogenesis of cancer. IRS-1 downregulation has been suggested to play a role in breast cancer progression, but no simultaneous assessments of IRS-1 expression in primary breast cancer and metastases have been performed.Aims:To assess IRS-1 expression in primary and metastatic breast cancer.Methods:IRS-1 expression was analysed by means of immunohistochemistry in 109 samples of primary breast cancer and in 42 matched primary and metastatic tumours. In addition, IRS-1 expression was correlated with selected clinicopathological features, including oestrogen receptor α (ERα) and proliferation marker Ki-67 status.Results:Positive cytoplasmic IRS-1 immunostaining was found in 69.7% (76 of 109) and 76.2% (32 of 42) of the primary and metastatic tumours, respectively. Both IRS-1 positive and IRS-1 negative primary tumours produced IRS-1 positive and IRS-1 negative metastases. IRS-1 expression in primary tumours correlated with poorly differentiated (G3) breast cancer (p<0.005) and with lymph node involvement (p<0.05). In the subgroup of ERα positive primary tumours, IRS-1 expression positively correlated with Ki-67 (p<0.02,r = 0.351), but in the subgroup of ERα negative primary tumours there was a negative correlation (p<0.03,r = −0.509). IRS-1 expression in lymph node metastases correlated with neither ERα nor Ki-67.Conclusions:IRS-1 might be involved in breast cancer progression. Knowledge about differences between primary and metastatic tumours might help to understand mechanisms of breast cancer progression and lead to the development of more effective anticancer drugs.
The p53–Mdm2 association in epithelial cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and non-specific interstitial pneumonia
Authors: Nakashima N , Kuwano K , Maeyama T , Hagimoto N , Yoshimi M , Hamada N , Yamada M , Nakanishi Y 
Published: May 2005

Background:Wild-type p53 is increased during cellular responses to various stresses. Mdm2, which is induced by p53, regulates p53 protein concentrations through the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway.Aim:To investigate whether the Mdm2 mediated ubiquitination of p53 is associated with epithelial cell apoptosis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).Methods:Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis were carried out on lung samples obtained by lung biopsy from patients with IPF and non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP).Results:The expression of p53, phosphorylated p53, Mdm2, p21, and Bax was upregulated in epithelial cells from patients with IPF and NSIP compared with normal lung parenchyma. Except for p21, there was a significant increase in the expression of these factors in IPF compared with NSIP. In addition, the number of apoptotic cells and the number of p53 and Bax positive cells was increased compared with controls. p53 conjugated with Mdm2 was decreased in IPF compared with NSIP and controls. Ubiquitinated p53 was increased in both IPF and NSIP compared with controls.Conclusions:Signalling molecules associated with p53 mediated apoptosis may participate in epithelial cell apoptosis, and the attenuation of p53–Mdm2 conjugation and of p53 degradation may be involved in the epithelial cell apoptosis seen in IPF. Augmented epithelial apoptosis in IPF may lead to the poor prognosis compared with NSIP.
Stromal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression correlates with the grade of mammary phyllodes tumour
Authors: Tse G M K , Wong F C , Tsang A K H , Lee C S , Lui P C W , Lo A W I , Law B K B , Scolyer R A , Karim R Z , Putti T C 
Published: May 2005

Background:Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), particularly endothelial and inducible forms (e/i-NOS), are expressed in various cancers, including breast cancer. In mammary fibroepithelial lesions, NOS expression in stromal cells has been reported to be lower in fibroadenomas than in phyllodes tumours.Aims:To investigate NOS expression in phyllodes tumours of varying degrees of malignancy.Methods:One hundred and sixty seven mammary phyllodes tumours (97 benign, 47 borderline malignant, and 23 frankly malignant) were evaluated for e-NOS and i-NOS expression by immunohistochemistry. Correlations with previously reported expression of stromal vascular growth factor (VEGF) and microvessel density were also performed.Results:Stromal expression of e-NOS was absent, weak, moderate, and strong in 43%, 31%, 13%, and 13% of benign tumours; 17%, 26%, 13%, and 44% of borderline malignant tumours; and 17%, 35%, 13%, and 35% of frankly malignant tumours, respectively. Stromal expression of i-NOS was 77%, 18%, 4%, and 1% in benign tumours; 42%, 28%, 19%, and 11% in borderline malignant tumours; and 43%, 13%, 26%, and 18% in frankly malignant tumours, respectively. Stromal expression of both i-NOS and e-NOS was significantly different between the benign and malignant (borderline and frank) groups of phyllodes tumours (p<0.0001). Furthermore, the expression of i-NOS correlated with stromal VEGF expression and microvessel density. The expression of NOS in the epithelial cells was strong, and showed no differences between the different groups of tumours.Conclusions:Higher stromal expression of NOS in phyllodes tumours is associated with malignancy, suggesting a possible role in malignant progression, particularly metastasising potential.
Borges's Elimination of Past and Future: A Paradox
Authors: Helm Bertrand 
Published: May 2005

AbstractGiven the influence of fiction and fantasy about time travel in popular literature, there is a certain urgency to overhauling human attitudes toward time. A first step appears in Walter Benjamin?s Illuminations. He works through the seemingly upside down thesis that facts only become historical posthumously. A sturdier, complementary approach to despatializing time is worked out by Jorges L. Borges in his paradoxical argument that the future emerges prematurely.Across several of his essays, Borges analyzes several overlapping idealistic claims made by the likes of Berkeley, Hume, Leibniz and Schopenhauer, in achieving the composite view that the future in addition to the past are willful projects tossed off from our present condition. Future and past are not bookends for the present, but are modes of a human presence. These modes arise as we recast our present ordeals into forms that are most auspicious for maintaining a limited tenancy in selfhood.
At the Boundaries of Religious Identity: Native American Religions and American Legal Culture
Authors: Staiger Gooding Susan 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis essay looks briefly at legal discourses about Native American religions in the late 19th and late 20th centuries, juxtaposing them in order to view the historical trends they represent—the role played by legal discourse in transforming Native American ceremonial practices and the role played by Native American religious discourses in transforming the law.
Construction and Reconstruction of Sacred Space in Vārānasī
Authors: Bakker Hans 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIt is widely believed that Vārānasī (Benares) ranks among the oldest holy cities on earth. Archaeological and textual sources, however, begin only to testify to the construction of sacred space in the first millennium AD. A significant discrepancy is found between the archaeological data (mainly seals) and early textual sources belonging to the 5th to 8th centuries. While seals provide us with the names of temples that apparently were frequented by the ordinary pilgrim, the oldest Māhātmya text that has recently become available, three chapters of the ‘original’ Skandapurāna, depicts Vārānasī as a place of ascetics and yogis. The spheres of devotion and world-renouncing are further complicated in the 11th and 12th centuries, when Vārānasī is made the political capital of the Gāhadavāla dynasty. Inscriptions reveal yet another dimension of sacred space, that of state ritual. After the destruction of the town by the Muslim conquerors, a process of reconstruction sets in during the 13th and 14th centuries, resulting eventually in the sacred Vārānasī as we know it today.
The Female Pole of the Godhead in Tantrism and the Prakrti of Sāmkhya
Authors: Jacobsen Knut 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe dualism of the consciousness principle (puruṣa) and the material principle (Prakrti) in the Sāmkhya and Pātañjala-Sāmkhya (Yoga) traditions of religious thought has often been thought of as a dualism of a male and a female principle. Contrary to what is often assumed however the material principle of Sāmkhya and Pātañjala-Sāmkhya does not possess a female identity. This paper argues that the identification of the Sāmkhya and Pātañjala-Sāmkhya Prakrti with a female principle among scholars is due to a very selective use of evidence and too much dependence on later sources, especially the Tantric religious systems in which the female-male polarity was utilized for the interpretation of the ultimate reality, the structure of the world and the means to attain liberation. The way the Tantric religions utilized the Sāmkhya dualism of Prakrti and puruṣa to illustrate the female-male polarity of ultimate reality illustrates the manner in which the Tantric religions reinterpreted elements of earlier systems of religious thought and transformed them according to their own purpose and the process of borrowing and synthesizing of what had come before them typical of the Hindu religious traditions.
Predecessors and Prototypes: Towards a Conceptual History of the Buddhist Antarābhava
Authors: Cuevas Bryan Jaré 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe Buddhist Sanskrit term antarābhava refers quite literally to existence (bhava) in an interval (antarā) and designates the temporal space between death and subsequent rebirth. It is apparent that, among the early schools of Buddhism in India, the status of this intermediate existence inspired considerable controversy. However, in spite of its controversial beginnings, the concept of the antarābhava continued to flourish and to exert a significant force upon the theories and practices of the later Northern Buddhist traditions. Questions concerning the conceptual origins of this notion and its theoretical connections with earlier Indian systems of thought have received little scholarly attention, despite a growing popularity of literature on the subject of death in Buddhist traditions. In this essay the possible links between the early conceptual systems of Hinduism (the Vedic and Upaniṣadic traditions) and Buddhism are examined to determine whether certain theoretical developments in Hinduism may have contributed to the emergence of the Buddhist notion of a postmortem intermediate period. The conclusion is drawn that the early Buddhists, in formulating a concept of the antarābhava, borrowed and reinterpreted elements from Hindu cosmography and mythology surrounding the issue of postmortem transition.
Influence of the intertidal environment on muscle activity in different species of sea anemones (Actiniaria)
Authors: Patronelli Luis , Olivera Elvira González , Zamponi Mauricio 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The muscular activity of the marginal sphincters of Oulactis muscosa ,Aulactinia marplatensis and Aulactinia reynaudi from the intertidal zones of two different ecosystems was compared. The study was made upon the quartzitic outcrop ecosystem of Punta Cantera and the sandbar ecosystem of Santa Clara del Mar from Mar del Plata (Argentina). The isolated marginal sphincters were stimulated at increasing KCl concentrations and analysed as a dose-response curve expressed in tension in grams (gr: grams force) vs. concentration. Sphincters of sea anemones from the outcrop ecosystem of Punta Cantera developed greater maximal tension than specimens from the sandbar ecosystem of Santa Clara del Mar. No significant differences were found between the species from Punta Cantera. The same result was observed for the species from Santa Clara del Mar. It was concluded that sphincters of sea anemones from Punta Cantera are adapted to resist the continuous dashing of waves. Hence, they developed higher isometric forces in their sphincters compared to those specimens from Santa Clara del Mar. These physiological responses are correlated with the different physiography of both ecosystems.
Observations on two new species of Nematocystis Hessé, 1909 (Protozoa: Monocystidae) from earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of West Bengal, India
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Probir , Mitra Amlan Kumar 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Surveys of acephaline gregarines from Nadia district (23°N, 88.5°E) of West Bengal, India revealed the occurrence of two new species of Nematocystis Hessé, 1909; Nematocystis gardenica sp.n. and Nematocystis kalyaniensis sp. n. in the seminal vesicles of earthworms, Amynthas diffriengens (Bairds, 1809) and Amynthas hawayanus (Rosa, 1891), respectively. Trophozoites of Nematocystis gardenica sp. n. are elongate, nematode-like and have parallel sides with pointed tips. Dimensions of trophozoites ranged from 110 to 1320 (505.0 ± 12.0) μm. Dimensions of gametocysts ranged from 140 to 166 μm and the small biconical sporocysts have varying dimensions of 11.0−12.6 μm × 4.0 μm. Trophozoites of Nematocystis kalyaniensis sp.n. are solitary, elongate, nematode-like but have nearly equal bulb-like swellings at two ends, one of which lodges the nucleus. Dimension of trophozoites ranged from 246 to 1232 (565.0 ± 21.0) μm. Dimensions of gametocysts ranged from 120 to 155 μm. Sporocysts are biconical with dimensions of 8.5−11.4 × 5.0 μm.
Egg production and shell relationship of the hermit crab Pagurus brevidactylus (Anomura: Paguridae) from southern Brazil
Authors: Iossi Carmem , Biagi Renata , Mantelatto Fernando 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The present study characterised the fecundity of the hermit crab Pagurus brevidactylus as well as the influence of shell type and size on fecundity using the morphometric relationship. Ovigerous females were collected monthly from January to December 1999 in the infra-littoral region of Anchieta Island, using scuba-diving methods. Only the ovigerous females with eggs in the early phase of development were selected for the fecundity analysis. The number of eggs carried by individuals of several sizes (SL, shield length), condition of development, and egg size were determined. A high percentage (77.0%) of ovigerous females with eggs in the early phase of development were captured, with a low frequency (9.2%) of females with eggs in the final stage of development. A total of 157 females with recently produced eggs were analysed. Individual fecundity ranged from 27 (SL = 1.25 mm) to 1075 eggs (SL = 3.19 mm) and mean fecundity was 158 ± 119 eggs. The number of eggs produced during spring was significantly higher than those produced in the other seasons of the year. Considering the two shells most occupied by P. brevidactylus (C. atratum and M. nodulosa), the highest fecundity was observed for ovigerous females occupying M. nodulosa ones, showing that shell type can influence the reproductive potential of ovigerous females. The reproductive aspects of P. brevidactylus were related to the shell species occupied and to strategies developed to compensate for interspecific competition, i.e., continuous reproductive effort and early maturity.
Observations on two new species of Monocystis Stein, 1848 (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Monocystidae) Monocystis darjeelingensis sp.n. and M. ranaghatensis sp.n. from earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of West Bengal, India
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Probir , Mitra Amlan Kumar 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSurveys of acephaline gregarines infesting earthworms from Senchal of Darjeeling and Ranaghat of Nadia districts of West Bengal, India revealed the occurrence of two new species of Monocystis Stein, 1848. Monocystis darjeelingensis sp.n. was found in the coelomic fluid of the earthworm Amynthus robusta Perrier, 1892 from Senchal, Darjeeling, and M. ranaghatensis sp.n. in the seminal vesicles of the earthworm Eutyphoeus valtoni (Michaelsen) from Ranaghat. Trophozoites of M. darjeelingensis sp.n. are cylindroid in shape: 210.0-273.0 (231.0 ± 2.0) × 84.0-140.0 (98.0 ± 1.8) μm; spherical gametocyst: 147.0-163.0 (156.0 ± 0.4) μm; navicular oocyst: 15.4-18.0 (17.0 ± 1.0) × 8.0-9.0 (8.2 ± 0.5) μm. Trophozoites of M. ranaghatensis sp.n. are napiform, having a nearly spheroid to ellipsoid or ovoid body, 119.0-167.0 (124.0 ± 11.0) × 57.0-84.0 (62.0 ± 1.9) μm with a prominent tail like structure at the posterior end and ellipsoidal nucleus, 9.022.0 (12.0 ± 0.4) × 9.0-13.0 (10.0 ± 1.5) μm. Gametocysts are egg-shaped, measuring 95.0-124.0 (105.0 ± 0.9) μm. Oocysts are biconical, measuring 7.6-10.1 ( 9.3 ± 1.1) × 4.1-5.6 (4.5 ± 1.3) μm.
Reproductive characteristics of the Pyrenean high-mountain lizards: Iberolacerta aranica (Arribas, 1993), I. aurelioi (Arribas, 1994) and I. bonnali (Lantz, 1927)
Authors: Arribas Oscar , Galán Pedro 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The three lacertid lizards species of the Iberolacerta genus, which have recently been described or recognised as different species, are reptiles that live strictly at the highest altitudes in Europe, from elevations of near 1900 up to more than 3000 m a.s.l. in the Pyrenees (Spain, Andorra, France). In this paper, the reproductive cycle and reproductive characteristics of these species are described for the first time. Data were obtained from field studies carried out in different high-mountain Pyrenean locations from 1989–2002. In addition we also conducted hatching studies in laboratory. Due to the harsh climatic conditions in the high mountains the activity cycle of these species is very short, just over 4 months, from mid-May to late September or beginning of October. This affects their reproductive cycle (i.e., only one annual egg-clutch is produced), as well as other reproductive characteristics, as the existence of a very advanced embryonic development at oviposition, which is interpreted as an advanced stage in the tendency towards viviparity, and diverse life history characteristics as a very little annual growth which greatly delays sexual maturity to 4 years in males and 4–5 years in females. Clutch size correlates significantly with female snout-vent length (SVL) in all three species. The average clutch size is 2.53 eggs in I. aurelioi (the smallest species), 3.03 in I. bonnali and 3.44 in I. aranica (the biggest species). Notwithstanding the differences in egg number the three species have a similar egg volume. The incubation period in the laboratory is very short with an average of 30–36 days among the species. The low reproductive potential observed in these three species and revealed in this paper is a strongly threatening factor which, together with their extremely reduced distribution area, endangers these endemic, rare and very threatened species.
Diel fluctuations in blood metabolites in cannulated African catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822)
Authors: Van Heeswijk Johannes , Vianen Gerjanne , Van Den Thillart Guido 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAfrican catfish were cannulated in the dorsal aorta to study diurnal changes in blood metabolites. Cannulation of the branchial artery was tested but proved to be less successful. A clear diel fluctuation in the two major blood metabolites, free fatty acids (FFA) and glucose, was observed. Compared to the initial value at 8.30 a.m., the plasma FFA levels dropped by ca. 50% within 2 hours, after which the FFA concentration stayed relatively constant. Minimum values of 0.26±0.04 mM were reached at 12.30. The FFA concentration recovered to the initial value within the following 3 hours. The fluctuation in plasma glucose levels showed a comparable course but there was a phase-shift by 2 hours. The most astonishing finding of our study was the almost complete absence of glucose in the plasma of African catfish (0.05 ± 0.03 mM), a never reported phenomenon for any fish species. This study demonstrates the relatively low level of control of plasma glucose levels as compared to plasma FFA levels in African catfish.
Investigation of Soil Erosion from Bare Steep Slopes of the Humid Tropic Philippines
Authors: Presbitero A. L. , Rose C. W. , Yu B. , Ciesiolka C. A. A. , Coughlan K. J. , Fentie B. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
At the Visayas State College of Agriculture (ViSCA) on the island of Leyte in the Philippines, hydrologic and soil-loss measurements were recorded for 32 erosion events over 3 yr on three 12-m-long bare soil plots with slopes of approximately 50%, 60%, and 70%. Measurements included rainfall and runoff rates at 1-min intervals, total soil lost per event from the plot, rill details when observed after an erosion event, and soil settling-velocity characteristics. Storm events are characterized by high rainfall rates but quite low rates of runoff, because of the consistently high infiltration rate of the stable clay soil (an Oxic Dystropept). Both observation and modeling indicated that overland flow is commonly so shallow that much of the soil surface is likely to be unsubmerged. For the 70% slope plot, half the events recorded mean sediment concentrations from 100 to 570 kg m−3. A somewhat constant hydrologic lag between rainfall and runoff is used to estimate a Manning’s roughness coefficient n of about 0.1 m−1/3 s, a value used to estimate velocity of overland flow. Possible effects of shallow flows and high sediment concentrations on existing erosion theory are investigated theoretically but are found to have only minor effects for the ViSCA dataset. A soil erodibility parameter β was evaluated for the data whenever rilling was recorded following an erosion event. The values of β indicate that, except for events with higher stream powers, other erosion processes in addition to overland flow could have contributed to soil loss from erosion plots in a significant number of events.
The Generation and Detection of Sound Emitted by Aircraft Wake Vortices in Ground Effect
Authors: Rubin William L. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Sound recorded by the author in March 2002 at JFK International Airport shows that wake vortices in ground effect emit infrasound that is 1) more than 40 dB stronger than audible wake vortex sound; 2) substantially stronger than the infrasound component of wind noise and airport noise; and 3) comparable to, and often stronger than, the infrasound component of aircraft noise. Spectra and time plots of the magnitude of wake-vortex-generated sound are presented for aircraft landing on JFK runway 31R.