bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Worldwide scaling of waste generation in urban systems
Authors: Lu Mingzhen , Zhou Chuanbin , Wang Chenghao , Jackson Robert B. , Kempes Christopher P. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe production of waste as a consequence of human activities is one of the most fundamental challenges facing our society and global ecological systems. Waste generation is rapidly increasing, with corresponding shifts in the structure of our societies, where almost all nations are moving from rural agrarian societies to urban and technological ones. However, the connections between these societal shifts and waste generation have not yet been described. In this study we applied scaling theory to establish a new understanding of waste in urban systems and identified universal scaling laws of waste generation across diverse urban systems worldwide for three forms of waste: wastewater, municipal solid waste, and greenhouse gases. We found that wastewater generation scales superlinearly, municipal solid waste scales linearly, and greenhouse gas emissions scale sublinearly with city size. In specific cases, production can be understood in terms of city size coupled with financial and natural resources. For example, wastewater generation can be understood in terms of the increased economic activity of larger cities, and the deviations from the scaling relationship, indicating relative efficiency, depend on gross domestic product per person and local rainfall. The temporal evolution of these scaling relationships reveals a loss of economies of scale and a general increase in waste production, where sublinear scaling relationships become linear. Our findings suggest general mechanisms controlling waste generation across diverse cities and global urban systems. Our approach offers a systematic framework to uncover these underlying mechanisms that might be key to reducing waste and pursuing a more sustainable future.
Type‐2 fuzzy‐based adaptively predictive controlled variable frequency transformer coordinated to SMES for improved load frequency control
Authors: Manzoor Saira , Mufti Mairaj‐ud‐din , Bakhsh Farhad Ilahi , Ahmad Akbar 
Published: January 2024

AbstractTraditionally, phase shifters powered by power electronics are used in conjunction with energy storage devices to improve the load frequency control. Conventional phase shifters provide minimal inertia and offer a significant threat to power quality due to harmonics. This study suggests the type‐2 fuzzy based adaptively predictive controlled variable frequency transformer (F2‐APC‐VFT) as a phase shifter to work in coordination with superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) for improved load frequency control. To assess the effectiveness of coordinated control, a two‐area, four‐machine linked power system with F2‐APC‐VFT installed in succession with the connecting line near to area one and SMES in the other area is employed. A type‐2 fuzzy controller is used to tune the cost function weights of the adaptive predictive controller (APC). A simulation study is conducted in MATLAB to show the effectiveness of the suggested strategy. Tuning the cost function weights with a type‐2 fuzzy controller considerably impacts in minimising the frequency and tie‐power deviations. The effectiveness of the F2‐APC is verified by comparing its performance with that of an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) controller and constant weight‐based adaptive predictive controller (C‐APC).
Influence of reference sphere on test accuracy of Ritchey–Common method
Authors: Zhu Shuo , Zhang Xiaohui 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe authors analyse the influence of reference sphere on the test accuracy of Ritchey–Common method during testing of flat mirror surface. A simulation model is established to simulate the influence of different radii of curvature of reference sphere on system wavefront. Then, the difference between the flat mirror surface result with reference sphere surface error to the actual flat mirror surface is examined by this model. The test accuracy of flat mirror result can be effectively improved by eliminating the influence of the surface error of reference sphere. When the surface accuracy of the reference sphere is better than 0.01 λ, the influence on RMS test accuracy is within 0.01 λ. R–C test path is built to test a 100 mm‐diameter flat mirror surface, and its results are compared with those of the flat mirror surface without surface error of reference sphere and with the test result of the interferometer. When the surface accuracy of the actual used area of reference sphere is better than 0.01 λ, the effect on flat mirror RMS accuracy is within 0.01 λ. The RMS test accuracy can reach 0.01 λ, when the surface error of reference sphere is retained. The experiment verifies the correctness of the simulation results and guarantees the improvement in the test accuracy of R–C method.
Diagnostic Utility of Integration of Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced and Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast MR Perfusion Employing Split Bolus Technique in Differentiating High-Grade Glioma
Authors: Malik Virender , Kesavadas Chandrasekharan , Thomas Bejoy , N. Deepti A. , K. Krishna Kumar 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Background: Despite documented correlation between glioma grades and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion-derived parameters, and its inherent advantages over dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) perfusion, the former remains underutilized in clinical practice. Given the inherent spatial heterogeneity in high-grade diffuse glioma (HGG) and assessment of different perfusion parameters by DCE (extravascular extracellular space volume [Ve] and volume transfer constant in unit time [k-trans]) and DSC (rCBV), integration of the two into a protocol could provide a holistic assessment. Considering therapeutic and prognostic implications of differentiating WHO grade 3 from 4, we analyzed the two grades based on a combined DCE and DSC perfusion.
Methods: Perfusion sequences were performed on 3-T MR. Cumulative dose of 0.1 mmol/kg of gadodiamide, split into two equal boluses, was administered with an interval of 6 minutes between the DCE and DSC sequences. DCE data were analyzed utilizing commercially available GenIQ software.
Results: Of the 41 cases of diffuse gliomas analyzed, 24 were WHO grade III and 17 grade IV gliomas (2016 WHO classification). To differentiate grade III and IV gliomas, Ve cut-off value of 0.178 provided the best combination of sensitivity (88.24%) and specificity (87.50%; AUC: 0.920; p < 0.001). A relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) of value 3.64 yielded a sensitivity of 70.59% and specificity of 62.50% (p = 0.018). The k-trans value, although higher in grade III than in grade IV gliomas, did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.108).
Conclusion: Uniqueness of employed combined perfusion technique, treatment naïve patients at imaging, user-friendly postprocessing software utilization, and ability of Ve and rCBV to differentiate between grade III and IV gliomas (p < 0.05) are the strengths of the present study, contributing to the existing literature and moving a step closer to achieving accurate MR perfusion-based glioma grading.
Identification of Two Variants c.2697A > C and c.3305A > C in USP7 by Analysis of Whole-Exome Sequencing in Chinese Patients with Hao-Fountain Syndrome
Authors: Sun Mei , Li Qing , Zhang Ying , Cai Yingzi , Dong Yan , Shu Jianbo , Li Dong , Cai Chunquan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Background Variants of ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) gene in humans are associated with a neurodevelopmental disorder—Hao-Fountain syndrome, its core symptoms including developmental delay, intellectual disability, and speech delay. Other variable symptoms can affect multiple systems. In present study, we report two patients with core features from two unrelated consanguineous families originating from the Tianjin Children's Hospital.
Methods and Results Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood samples collected from the probands with their family members and whole-exome sequencing (WES) was used to detect the pathogenic genes in the probands. Suspected variants were subsequently validated by Sanger sequencing. In family 1, WES revealed that the proband carried the de novo variant c.2697A > C (p.Leu899Phe) in USP7 (NM_003470.3). In family 2, WES identified the variant c.3305A > C (p.Asn1102Thr) in USP7 (NM_003470.3) from the proband.
Conclusion We reported two cases of Hao-Fountain syndrome caused by novel USP7 variants. In addition, we report the first case of mosaicism with a USP7 variant in Chinese family. Our findings demonstrate the importance of WES in diagnosis of genetic diseases and expands the USP7 variants spectrum in Hao-Fountain syndrome. Moreover, we summarize the cases caused by USP7 variants in the literature. Our study can provide a vital reference for the diagnosis of future cases.
Anti-inflammatory effects of pulsed magnetic field on the immune system
Authors: Kim Sojin , Lee H. S. 
Published: January 2024

When an inflammatory response occurs in the body, primary immune cells, such as macrophages, phagocytize and present antigens, and secondary immune cells, such as T cells, produce antibodies against the presented antigens to prevent infection in the body. Abnormalities in the immune system releases pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, leading to rheumatoid arthritis and sepsis. This study aimed to confirm the change in inflammatory activity across innate immunity and acquired immunity while investigating the effects of pulsed magnetic field (PMF) on the immune system to regulate excessive inflammation. Raw 264.7 and EL4 cells were co-cultured in a DMEM medium using permeable cell culture inserts and inflammation was induced using LPS. Our PMF stimulator has the maximum intensity of 4700 G at a transition time of 136 μs with pulse intervals of 1 Hz. In order to confirm anti-inflammatory effects of PMF, the level of IL-6, pH and mitochondrial respiration rate (MRR) were measured using ELISA, pH meter and MTT assay, respectively. It was observed in vitro that inflammation-induced macrophages induce activation of T cells, as evidenced by the faster acidification in pH, increased IL-6 expression, and enhanced MRR, compared to T cells. But after PMF stimulation, pH levels improved, the concentration of IL-6 reduced, and MRR decreased in both macrophages and T-cells, which indicates inflammation relief. Our results show that macrophages, the primary immune cells, are first involved in the inflammatory response and recovery and influence T cells, the secondary immune cells. Therefore PMF stimulus is thought to affect the immune system of the human body by balancing the activation and suppression of immune cells and improve anti-inflammation. For clinical use, non-invasive PMF can be developed as a medical devices modulating immune system with optimizing the PMF conditions such as pulse shape, duration, or repetition rate.
Feasibility study on on-board magnetoencephalography with optically pumped magnetometers
Authors: Cao Xinyu , Fushimi Motofumi , Chikaki Shinichi , Kuwahata Akihiro , Sekino Masaki 
Published: January 2024

In this study, the theoretical feasibility of utilizing optically pumped magnetometers for on-board magnetoencephalography measurements was explored. Simulations were conducted to generate steady-state visually evoked response (SSVER) signals that incorporate vehicle noise, and a noise reduction strategy specifically designed for on-board applications is proposed. Upon engine activation, the magnetic field vibration of a conventional gasoline-powered vehicle measured in an urban environment was found to be approximately seven times greater in the vertical direction than in the horizontal direction. The maximum signal-to-noise ratio of the SSVER in an automotive environment was simulated to be −110 dB. A 350-mm side-length, 20-turn active compensation coil can achieve an attenuation rate of approximately 28 dB at a target frequency of 24 Hz for measurements inside the vehicle cabin. Therefore, an increase in the number of coil turns would result in a higher attenuation rate. Further noise attenuation to the level inside a magnetically shielded room requires approximately 80 dB.
Does a physical pendulum ever act like a simple pendulum?
Authors: Fulton E L , Gay T J 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We show that for a physical pendulum comprising a massive sphere swinging from a massive string, there is, in general, a length of string for which its oscillatory period equals the period calculated by the simple pendulum model with a point-like mass swinging from a massless string whose model length equals the summed length of the real string and the sphere’s radius.
Depth acquisition from dual-frequency fringes based on end-to-end learning
Authors: Wu Yingchun , Wang Zihao , Liu Li , Yang Na , Zhao Xianling , Wang Anhong 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The end-to-end networks have been successfully applied in fringe projection profilometry in recent years for their high flexibility and fast speed. Most of them can predict the depth map from a single fringe. But the depth map inherits the fringe fluctuation and loses the local details of the measured object. To address this issue, an end-to-end network based on double spatially frequency fringes (dual-frequency based depth acquisition network) is proposed. To release the periodic error of the predicted depth map, a dual-branch structure is designed to learn the global contour and local details of the measured object from dual-frequency patterns. To fully exploit the contextual information of the fringe patterns, five novel modules are proposed to accomplish feature extraction, down-sampling/up-sampling, and information feeding. Ablation experiments verify the effectiveness of the presented modules. Competitive experiments demonstrate that the proposed lightweight network presents higher accuracy compared to the existing end-to-end learning algorithms. Noise immunity test and physical validation demonstrate the generalization of the network.
A novel method for necking detection and measurement in automotive sheet metal components
Authors: Li Sixu , Wang Hao , Zhang Yanshun , Zhou Yunpeng , Liu Changying 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this article, a novel necking detection and measurement method for automotive sheet metal components is proposed to detect and measure necking. The proposed method utilizes a point cloud registration-based approach to achieve better defect detection performance in the region of interest. In this method, an efficient registration algorithm called global feature-iterative closest point is introduced, which exhibits excellent performance for complex surfaces, such as sheet metal parts. Subsequently, an algorithm called normal vector propagation is proposed for defect point cloud detection and extraction, enabling the acquisition of comprehensive necking information. Finally, a necking dimension measurement method, referred to as triangle mesh–registration distance elimination, is introduced to measure the surface area and depth of necking. Experimental investigations were conducted on two sheet metal components with necking, and comparisons were made with other methods. The results demonstrate the practicality and effectiveness of this proposed method.
Pathology in the WKB wave function for tunneling assisted by gravity
Authors: Ansoldi Stefano , Tanaka Takahiro 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
There are several exotic tunneling processes that can be realized only by incorporating the effect of gravity. Here, we point out that we encounter difficulties in constructing the WKB wave function, once we try to describe quantum fluctuations around the semi-classical tunneling path. We present examples of pathology in the true vacuum decay/upward tunneling, the false vacuum decay catalyzed by a black hole and the tunneling with black hole/wormhole production.
High-performance ammonia gas sensor based on spray pyrolysis developed In2O3:La films
Authors: Jansi R , Revathy M S , Vinoth S , Isaac R S Rimal , Ashraf I M , Shkir Mohd 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
La doped indium oxide (In2O3:La) thin films were deposited on glass substrate by nebulizer spray pyrolysis by different La doping concentrations. The crystalline structure, morphology, optical and gas sensing properties of thin films were investigated. XRD diffractograms present cubic crystal structure of In2O3 films, with decreased crystallite size with the incorporation of La dopants. SEM analysis of thin film samples exhibits approximately cube-shaped morphology without any cracks of microstructures. The optical band gap magnitude shows shift in energy values in the range of 3.12–3.29 eV with increasing La concentrations. For all films, the photoluminescence spectra showed violet-blue emission peaks at around 420–480 nm. All of the developed films were tested for ammonia (NH3) gas detection at ambient temperature. In2O3:La 5% sensor had the highest gas response value of 1720%, a quicker response and recovery times of 48/12 s, respectively, suggesting the sample could be better suited for the application of NH3 gas sensor.
Low-frequency broadband characteristics of stepwise radial acoustical black holes
Authors: Li Lixia , Bai Jin , Yang Qian , Xie Miaoxia , Li Ling 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper, a stepped radial acoustic black hole (SR-ABH) structure formed via a stepwise arrangement of two-dimensional radial acoustic black holes(ABH) is proposed. The finite element method is used to calculate the energy band and frequency response curve of the SR-ABH structure. It is found that the low-frequency bandgap accounts for 83.4% of the whole energy band region (0-2000 Hz) , which is 7.6 times broader than that of a horizontally arranged radial acoustic black hole (HR-ABH). On the basis of modal analysis at special points, the introduction of gradient arrays into radial ABH is confirmed, which reduces the cut-off frequency of ABH and leads to a low-frequency broadband coupling of local resonance and acoustic black hole effects. In addition, the influence of geometric parameters on the bandgap is explored. The results indicate that as the step height increases, the coupling relationship between local resonance and acoustic black hole effects shows a trend of first strengthening and then weakening, thereby affecting the movement of the low-frequency bandgap. In addition, the proposed structure provides a way to reduce the high cutoff frequency of ABH.
Influence of different terminations on the surface properties of MB2: first principles study
Authors: Wang Jian , Zhang Huanbo , He Zhijun 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Metal diborides MB2 (M = Zr, V, Ta, Nb) are widely used in many optoelectronic devices. Investigation into their surface stability and morphology is the first and essential step in exploring their properties. In the present work, the periodic density functional theory method was performed to study the surface properties and optical properties of MB2 (M = Zr, V, Ta, Nb). The effects of different surface terminations are discussed, which indicates metal terminations have low work functions. The calculation of optical properties indicates that the four borides are suitable for spectral selective materials and optical storage materials. These findings provide valuable theoretical data for the design and application of MB2 in optoelectronic materials.
Cosmological constraints on 4-dimensional Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity
Authors: Zanoletti C.M.A. , Hull B.R. , Leonard C.D. , Mann R.B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
4-Dimensional Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet (4DEGB) gravity has garnered significant attention in the last few years as a phenomenological competitor
to general relativity. We consider the theoretical and observational implications of this theory in both the early and late universe, (re-)deriving background and perturbation equations and constraining its characteristic parameters with data from cosmological probes.
Our investigation surpasses the scope of previous studies by incorporating non-flat spatial sections. We explore consequences of 4DEGB on the sound and particle horizons in the very early universe, and demonstrate that 4DEGB can provide an independent solution to the horizon problem for some values of its characteristic parameter α. Finally, we constrain an unexplored regime of this theory in the limit of small coupling α (empirically supported in the post-Big Bang Nucleosynthesis era by prior constraints). This version of 4DEGB includes a geometric term that resembles dark radiation at the background level, but whose influence on the perturbed equations is qualitatively distinct from that of standard forms of dark radiation. In this limit, only one beyond-ΛCDM degree of freedom persists, which we denote as α̃
C
. Our analysis yields the estimate α̃
C
= (-9 ± 6) × 10-6 thereby providing a new constraint of a previously untested sector of 4DEGB.
Cosmological evolution from modified Bekenstein entropy law
Authors: de Cesare Marco , Gubitosi Giulia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We study the dynamics of the homogeneous and isotropic cosmological background in the
recently proposed “quantum phenomenological gravitational dynamics”, characterised by
logarithmic corrections to the Bekenstein entropy. We show that the model admits a family of
solutions that are self-accelerating both at early and late times: they approach de Sitter in the
future and admit a past attractor corresponding to an inflationary acceleration era. On the other
hand, there are no solutions corresponding to a primordial bounce. We also show that asking scalar
perturbations to be unaffected by instabilities on observable scales puts stringent constraints on
the deviations from general relativity encoded by the model.
Blandford-Znajek jets in MOdified Gravity
Authors: Camilloni Filippo , Harmark Troels , Orselli Marta , Rodriguez Maria J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
General relativity (GR) will be imminently challenged by upcoming experiments in the
strong gravity regime, including those testing the energy extraction mechanisms for black
holes. Motivated by this, we explore magnetospheric models and black hole jet emissions in
Modified Gravity (MOG) scenarios. Specifically, we construct new power emitting magnetospheres in
a Kerr-MOG background which are found to depend non-trivially on the MOG deformation
parameter. This may allow for high-precision tests of GR. In addition, a complete set of analytic
solutions for vacuum magnetic field configurations around static MOG black holes are explicitly
derived, and found to comprise exclusively Heun's polynomials.