bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstructions in Intellectual and Cultural Life
Authors: Butler Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles Eliot Norton, descendant of Puritan divines and wartime editor of the North American Review, and Edward Pollard, advocate of the African slave trade and wartime editor of the Richmond Examiner, agreed on very little. Yet both perceived, as did the British liberal political philosopher John Stuart Mill, that ideas were at the heart of the American Civil War. Norton envisioned an epic battle between two systems of thought, Pollard understood ideas as weapons with which to win the peace, and Mill diagnosed a mental jolt so forceful it would make the American mind newly receptive to reasoned inquiry. Recent scholarship has taken up and extended all three of these viewpoints, establishing that the massive upheaval of the 1860s did mobilize and transform American thought. The Civil War and its aftermath elicited reconstructions in intellectual terms no less than in social, political, or economic ones. No matter how one defines “Reconstruction”—as the reentry of the former Confederate states into the Union, as the adjustment to the emancipation of some four million slaves, or as the integration of the national economy under a newly powerful centralized state—the process of moving from Civil War to a civil peace required mental adaptation. All major wars undoubtedly result in periods of cultural and intellectual activity. Participants struggle to define the conflict, give purpose to the loss of life, reconcile initial aspirations with postwar realities, and vie for the meaning of the peace.
House and Garden
Authors: Benn Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word for “home” in Chinese is a pictograph of a roof with a pig beneath. The roof was, of course, essential to any dwelling built above ground. A pig in an abode, however, was peculiar to China. Throughout most of China’s history, even in the twentieth century, the pig has been the most prized source of meat, butchered and eaten on ceremonial or sacrificial occasions by even the most humble people. For that reason the lowly peasant made every effort to protect the creature from theft and allocated space for it within his house. Those with greater resources rich peasants, merchants, officials, and aristocrats-had sties to house their hogs and did not keep them in their living quarters.
Clothes and Hygiene
Authors: Benn Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 815 an assassin waylaid Pei Du, a chief minister, near his home and struck him on the head. Pei fell off his horse and landed in a drainage ditch. A member of his entourage grabbed the killer from behind and raised the alarm with a loud bellow. The desperado cut off the man’s arm and fled before the authorities could apprehend him. Although the blow to his head inflicted a wound, Pei survived the assault because the felt of his hat was so thick.
Crime and, Punishment
Authors: Benn Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Upon returning from a nocturnal fox hunt on January 9, 827, Emperor Jing zong caroused in the palace with twenty-eight eunuchs and captains of his polo teams. After he got merrily drunk, the emperor retired to change his clothes in another chamber. Suddenly all of the lights in the hall went out, and his drinking companions slew him in the dressing room. This regicide was the fruition of a conspiracy whose objective was to depose the king and install his uncle on the throne. A rival clique of eunuchs, however, had other ideas. They induced Jing zong’s brother to issue an order authorizing the execution of the assassins. Imperial troops duly entered the palace and massacred the murderers the same day.
Sickness and Health
Authors: Benn Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early seventh century the mother of Wei, a wealthy man, suddenly lost her sight. The son consulted a fortune-teller, who told him, “Next year someone wearing black garb will come from the east on the first day of the third moon. His therapy is guaranteed to heal your mother.” On the appointed day a stranger wearing a short robe woven from coarse, black thread approached Wei’s home. Wei invited the man in and spread a lavish feast for him. The man clad in black said, “Your humble servant knows nothing of medicine, but I do know how to make plows.
Covenant in Jerusalem
Authors: Parramore Thomas C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nat Turner, a slave on the farm of carriage-maker Joseph Travis, met his cohorts by prearrangement on the afternoon of Sunday, 2 1 August 1831, at nearby Cabin Pond. They had talked for months about rebelling against the whites, and Nat had called the meeting to make final preparations for it. Present were Hark Travis and Will Francis, who, like Nat, were said to be Methodist “exhorters” (lay preachers). Nelson Williams, Sam Francis, Jack Reese, and Henry Porter were also present.
A Prophet in His Own Land: Support for Nat Turner and His Rebellion within Southampton’s Black Community
Authors: Breen Patrick H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In August of 1831 Nat Turner and a handful of men began a slave rebellion that left about 60 whites dead. Southern Virginia fell into chaos and terror spread throughout the South as whites wondered about the extent of the rebellion and the danger that their human property posed. Within six months, Virginia’s house of delegates debated the propriety of slavery and considered emancipation schemes. Black people worried about their safety as bands of white men roved panic-stricken portions of the South seeking re\’enge, often with little concern for distinguishing the partisans of Nat Turner from bystanders whose only crime was their black skin. These responses to the rebellion have overshadowed any careful examination of the support that Nat Turner received in America’s most famous slave rebellion.
Nat Turner and Sectional Crisis
Authors: Masur Louis P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The heavens darkened and Nat Turner prepared to strike. “And on the appearance of the sign, (the eclipse of the sun last February) I should arise and prepare myself, and slay my enemies with their own weapons,” he proclaimed. The sign that signaled the beginning of the rebellion was no figment of his imagination. “THE GREAT ECLIPSE OF 1831,” alerted Ash’s Pocket Almanac, “will be one of the most remarkable that will again be witnessed in the United States for a long course of years.”
Radio Voices
Authors: Ritchie Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“What does it matter on radio?” quipped a Washington correspondent, expressing his indifference to getting his facts wrong on an early radio broadcast. To newspaper reporters, radio news seemed as fleeting as the airwaves that carried it, but their own papers’ management did not share their cavalier attitude. Publishers recognized radio as potential competition for advertising revenue, and editors resented radio’s ability to scoop them on fast breaking news. As the general manager of the Trenton Times complained in 1931, “How can an eight-column banner line on some spot news happening hold the same thrill after it has been heard over the radio?” Afraid that newspapers might not survive if “headline-minded” Americans got used to radio’s condensed version of events, the newspapers launched a preventive war. For a decade they fought radio’s ability to broadcast the news, and denied its Washington correspondents press passes. Not until the Second World War would radio news finally find its voice.
Dietary Assessment and Monitoring in Real Time
Authors: Glanz Karen , Murphy Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nutrition plays an important role in the risk of chronic diseases that are major causes of illness and death in America today. Good nutrition, often in combination with physical activity and maintenance of a healthy weight, can help prevent heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, and some types of cancer (DHHS, 1998; Norris, Harnack, Carmichael, et al., 1997; World Cancer Research Fund, 1997). About half of all U.S. adults are overweight (DHHS, 1998), and the mean percentage of daily total food intake from dietary fat is at 34 percent, well above the health recommendations of 30 percent energy from fat (Norris et al., 1997). Consumption of fruits and vegetables is essential to healthy nutrition and weight; it can help control weight and may also lead to eating fewer high-fat foods (USDA/DHHS, 2000). However, many people do not consume enough fruits and vegetables (Norris et al., 1997; World Cancer Research Fund, 1997), and there is a great public health need for prevention strategies to promote healthy nutrition among Americans.
Ecological Momentary Assessment as a Resource for Social Epidemiology
Authors: Kamarck Thomas W , Shiffman Saul , Muldoon Matthew F , Sutton-Tyrrell Kim , Gwaltney Chad J , Janicki, Denise L , Schwartz Joseph E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past several decades, behavioral scientists have identified several social-environmental characteristics that appear to be linked with enhanced risk for premature morbidity or mortality (Hemingway & Marmot, 1999; Rozanski, Blumenthal, & Kaplan, 1999). As with other environmental risk factors (for example, passive smoking; Hackshaw, Law, & Wald, 1997), the impact of such characteristics on health should be expected to vary as a function of the frequency, duration, or intensity of daily exposure. Documenting the extent of environmental risk exposure (e.g., Fehrenbacher & Hummel, 1996) is a challenge for epidemiologists who study the risk factors related to disease (see Labarthe, 1998), and all the more so when such risk factors involve psychosocial processes. Here we examine the potential benefits of Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) as a strategy for measuring exposure to social environments that may increase health risk. As a case in point, we discuss the relationship between occupational stress and cardiovascular disease..
Health Promotion Ethical and Social Dilemmas of Government Policy
Authors: Bayer Ronald , Moreno Jonathan D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That health is endangered, lives are lost, and illness increased as a result of poor or destructive personal habits are by now well-established facts. In the United States, as well as in other societies with advanced systems of medical care, repeated calls are made for efforts to alter or modify behavioral patterns with negative consequences for health. Interest in such policies stems partly from growing doubts about the ability of therapeutic medicine to solve the problems posed by the current pattern of morbidity and mortality. The interest also stems from the realization that an upper limit may have been reached in the willingness of the citizenry to shoulder the burden of an expanding health care sector that now consumes close to 11 percent of the gross national product. But whatever the sources of the interest in the modification of personal habits and behaviors that affect the health of men and women, it is clear that many now believe that something must be done.
“A Loss That Is Greater Than We Can Bear”: Going To War
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two months had passed since the bloody day along Battle Road. It was June 14, and in sweltering Philadelphia John Adams wished to address the Continental Congress on an urgent matter. Rising from his chair, Adams took the floor in the stuffy Pennsylvania State House and told Congress that he wished to nominate a man to command an American army, a soldier who was “modest and virtuous, … generous and brave.” He sits “among Us and [is] very well known to all of Us,” Adams went on, “a Gentleman whose Skill and Experience as an Officer, whose independent fortune, great Talents and excellent universal Character [will] commend the Approbation of all America and unite … all the Colonies better than any other Person in the Union.” That man was Colonel Washington of Virginia.
“This Hour Of Adversity”: TO The End Of 1776
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Washington’s tattered little army began to run on November 20, the day Cornwallis crossed the Hudson above Fort Lee. It did not stop running for twelve days, until it was in Pennsylvania and the Delaware River lay like a welcome rampart between it and the enemy. Two months earlier neither Washington nor Howe had thought the campaign of 1776 would boil down to this. Both commanders had believed that if the fighting moved beyond Manhattan, it would centre around a contest for control of the Hudson River, with Howe attempting to link up with the British army coming south out of Canada. Consequently, throughout the grim struggle for New York, both leaders—but Howe in particular—had impatiently sought word of Carleton’s invasion of northern New York.
“The Caprice Of War”: Americ A’s Pivo Tal Vict ory Atsar Atoga
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last lonely streaks of daylight slanted through the leafless trees as the Continental army entered Morristown, New Jersey, on January 6, 1777. This was to be the army’s quarters for the winter. Twenty-six miles west of New York City, astride both the Whippany River and the post road that linked the Hudson and Delaware Rivers, Morristown was a market center for local farmers and iron miners. Situated in a region of rolling, sometimes lofty hills, the craggy narrow passes leading to the village could be easily defended, and the river that coursed through it was entirely in American hands. The village sat atop a triangular plateau. Hollows fell down two sides of the town and rugged Thimble Mountain stood tall at its back. Morristown was a carefully chosen site. The Continental army would be unassailable in these quarters.
Choices, 1780
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A month after d’Estaing’s failure in Savannah, John Adams, America’s minister plenipotentiary for peace, sailed for France on the frigate La Sensible. Adams learned of his appointment only about six weeks after he returned from a fifteen-month assignment in France. Accepting Congress’s call meant a second hazardous wartime crossing of the Atlantic and still another long separation from his family. (Between his service in Congress and abroad, he had already been apart from Abigail and his children during fifty-five of the past sixty months.) Many men—perhaps most—would not have accepted the appointment, but Adams never hesitated to accept. He thirsted after glory, and hoped for accolades once he negotiated the peace settlement. Despite Abigail’s pleas that she be permitted to accompany him, he refused. He feared what might happen to her should La Sensible be captured, but he also wanted her at home to manage the farm, their security for latter years. When he accepted Congress’s appointment, Adams told Abigail that she was “all that is dear to me in this World.” He also reminded her that if the Revolution was to succeed, the revolutionaries must make personal sacrifices. “We shall be happy, whenever our Country is so,”he said.
Choices, 1781
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are bankrupt with a mutinous army,” Congressman James Lovell reported on the second day of 1781.At that very moment British naval and land forces—the help that Cornwallis had requested from Clinton to facilitate his planned invasion of North Carolina—were launching a raid on Virginia. Far away in France, Foreign Minister Vergennes, frustrated with a war that was going nowhere, was willing to consider a way out, some means of quitting the war on honourable and satisfactory terms for his nation, if not for his American ally. An uncharacteristically exuberant mood prevailed in Great Britain, which only recently had learned of Camden. Hope was widespread that the guerrillas in Georgia and South Carolina could not hold out forever, especially if North Carolina and Virginia were conquered. Not every- one in England was sanguine, but North’s ministry had retained its majority in elections during the autumn, the first contest for Parliament since before the war. Perhaps most observers, like Samuel Johnson, read into the outcome that “As to the American war, the sense of the nation is with the ministry.”The foreboding that had gripped England in 1777 as Burgoyne plunged south of Ticonderoga was not present as Cornwallis prepared to move into North Carolina. Not every- one expected that he would succeed, but hardly anyone feared a calamity.
“Little Short Of A Miracle”: Accounting For Americ A’s Victory
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three years into the war a scribbler in a London newspaper remarked that any “other General in the world than General Howe would have beaten General Washington, and any other General in the world than General Washington would have beaten General Howe.”Study the War of Independence long enough and you might be tempted to bend the wag’s observation into the following: any major power other than Great Britain could have suppressed the American rebellion, and any nation other than the United States would have gained victory over Great Britain in a much briefer time.
Bobcat Master of Survival
Authors: Hansen Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bobcat: Master of Survival tells the story of the most adaptable and resilient wild feline in the world. While half the wild cat species worldwide are in danger, the bobcat is thriving, even expanding its range in North America. Why are bobcats flourishing when so many other wild felines are scientists apply the latest in wildlife research technology to probe this diminutive predator’s habits and behavior. The reader is invited inside the bobcat’s world to see how they hunt, kill prey, raise their young, coexist with humans, and deftly navigate the endless obstacles to survival. The bobcat is both the most studied and the most exploited wild feline in the world. Millions have been killed for the fur trade. They were the focus of major controversy in the 1970s that transformed international conservation of wild felines. The book discusses how economics and politics play a far greater role in bobcat management and conservation than does science. Bobcat is the most comprehensive and up-to-date book on the natural history and management of bobcats to appear in 40 years.
African Pliocene Paleoecology: Hominin Habitats, Resources, and Diets
Authors: Reed Kaye E , Rector Amy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paleoecology is not only the reconstruction of habitat; it is also the study of the interactions of hominins with their environment. The paleoenvironment includes the climate, geomorphology, vegetation structure, and the faunal community, essentially the factors that make up an ecosystem. Climate includes abiotic parameters such as rainfall, temperature, and evapotranspiration. Climatic factors combined with soil nutrient properties determine the ultimate vegetation structure in an area, or broadbased habitat (e.g., forests or grasslands). The primary productivity of the plants in a given habitat is thus also dependent on these factors. The plant productivity within various habitats ultimately provides the resources for a variety of herbivorous animals who, in turn, supply carnivorous creatures. Geomorphology is important to climatic regimes such that each geographic region and/or locale is uniquely affected by these abiotic climatic strictures due to the influences of mountains (rain shadows), rivers (flooding), lakes (subterranean water), and so on.
The Dealey Plaza Irregulars: The JFK Assassination and the Collapse of Trust in the 1960s
Authors: Olmsted Kathryn S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In February 1964, three months after the assassination that shattered her world, Shirley Martin packed her four children and her dog into her car and drove seven hours southwest to Dallas. With a recorder concealed in her armpit and her kids in tow, she tracked down the people she was sure could help her learn the truth. On this and several subsequent trips, she interviewed more than fifty people who had information about the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, including the priest who gave him the last rites, the woman who shared her house with the accused assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, and his family, and the furniture salesman who stood close to the limousine when the fatal shot hit. Mrs. Martin’s husband used a stopwatch to check the FBI’s time frame for Oswald’s alleged movements. Before the assassination, Shirley Martin had been a house-wife from Hominy, Oklahoma. But now she had a calling: she was going to discover who had killed the president.
The Restless Puritan
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Religious Turbulence And Turmoil Plagued England In The seventeenth century, as they had in the sixteenth. In the sixteenth century, England, under the prompting of King Henry VIII, had broken with the pope and the Roman Catholic Church. But how “Protestant” this made the newly created Church of England was a much-debated question. Then, in her five-year reign beginning in 1553, Queen Mary I tried unsuccessfully to bring England back into the fold of the Roman church. This created great confusion in both domestic and foreign policy, even as it made suspicions and fears of “Catholic plots” an enduring feature of subsequent English life.
Reclaiming Your Life After Rape
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This powerful client workbook is written in an encouraging and easy-to-understand style specifically for women who have been sexually assaulted and have developed chronic symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Clients learn how cognitive-behavioral therapy has helped other victims and how it can work for them. This book explains how to distinguish PTSD symptoms from other disorders and teaches powerful techniques for overcoming these symptoms. In writing this book, the authors aim to address two goals. First, they want to present information about PTSD and related problems in language understandable to nonprofessionals. This information will include a review of the studies on posttrauma problems and on the effectiveness of different treatments. They also describe why some survivors develop PTSD and others do not. The second goal of the book is to provide a detailed client workbook for the treatment of trauma-related problems, especially PTSD, to assist clients working with a therapist. The authors are aware of the fact that people have different problems and different needs. What works for one person may not work for another. Therefore, they describe several different treatment techniques. The book is organized around the different cognitive-behavioral techniques that have been studied and proven effective with women sufferers of PTSD following an assault. Throughout the book, the authors focus mainly on women who have been sexually assaulted and as a result developed chronic symptoms of PTSD, which have disturbed their daily functioning and cause them emotional distress. Most of the examples they use to demonstrate the cognitive-behavioral techniques are drawn from their experience in treating rape survivors. However, the cognitive-behavioral procedures outlined here have been as successful in helping women who have been sexually abused in childhood and adult female survivors of nonsexual assaults, like aggravated assault and robbery. Other survivors of traumas such as natural disasters and car accidents were also helped by this cognitive-behavioral approach.