bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using simulation to assess the sensitivity and specificity of a signal detection tool for multidimensional public health surveillance data
Authors: Rolka Henry , Bracy Dwayne , Russell Channing , Fram David , Ball Robert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe objective of the work described in this paper is to develop a means for characterizing the validity of an empirical methodology for detecting signals potentially related to complicated adverse event (AE) coding terms in multidimensional public health surveillance data. The signal detection tool under evaluation is the multi‐item gamma Poisson shrinkage (MGPS) estimation program. We were interested in its potential application to passive surveillance system monitoring, to screen for ‘signals’ of complicated adverse event coding terms (AE terms) in complex and noisy data. The research was to design and produce a flexible and user‐friendly utility for probabilistically defining complicated signals in a database, iterating large numbers of applications of the MGPS detection algorithm and establishing proportions of correct detection events. We sought to establish the specificity of the MGPS by developing a random background using a gradient that ranged from rigorous (but not very relevant) to relevant (but noisy).To establish the sensitivity, signals were defined based on recognized public health issues of interest (such as the introduction of a new vaccine into the population). Methods of representing a signal included a simple pair‐wise association consisting of a new vaccine and one AE term, as well as a more realistic complex of multiple AE terms comprising a ‘syndrome’. A web application has been developed to create and insert signals with user‐defined probabilities in multiple iterations of simulated random background data. Three forms of simulated data based on the vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS) cumulative spontaneous database were defined to serve as background noise against which to contrast introduced vaccine adverse event signals: (1) completely random associations between vaccines and AE terms, (2) random associations of vaccine sets and AE term sets preserving naturally observed vaccine co‐occurrences and AE term co‐occurrences and (3) samples from the actual VAERS data as reported. Rates of detection by the MGPS algorithm can be established for specific signal patterns at varying probabilistic intensities in a choice of random background data forms. Knowing these rates is important for determining the degree of response to an MGPS signal detection event in ‘live’ data. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Software for tabular data protection
Authors: Gonzalez Joe Fred , Cox Lawrence H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn order for national statistical offices to maintain the trust of the public to collect data and publish statistics of importance to society and decision‐making, it is imperative that respondents (persons or establishments) be guaranteed privacy and confidentiality in return for providing requested confidential data. Consequently, for most survey and census data, disclosure limitation techniques must be applied before the data are ready for public release. For microdata, examples of methods that can be used to identify respondents include directly extracting identifying information from microdata files or indirectly identifying respondents by matching a given file with an external file. For tabular data, respondents may be identified directly from small cell counts or respondent contributions to heavily concentrated cells of magnitude data may be closely approximated by the cell value. Indirect disclosure is possible in tables through manipulation of additive tabular relationships between cell values and totals, e.g. manipulating rows and column totals in a two‐dimensional table. Two‐dimensional statistical tables are a staple of official statistics. This paper describes a desktop software system that for the first time implements within a single framework four standard disclosure limitation techniques for protecting tabular data in two‐dimensional tables: complementary cell suppression, minimum‐distance controlled rounding, unbiased controlled rounding, and controlled rounding subject to subtotals constraints, and a fifth, new method: controlled tabular adjustment, and summarizes the five methods. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DNA Nanodevices
Authors: Simmel Friedrich C. , Dittmer Wendy U. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe molecular recognition properties of DNA molecules combined with the distinct mechanical properties of single and double strands of DNA can be utilized for the construction of nanodevices, which can perform ever more tasks with possible applications ranging from nanoconstruction to intelligent drug delivery. With the help of DNA it is possible to construct machinelike devices that are capable of rotational motion, pulling and stretching, or even unidirectional motion. It is possible to devise autonomous nanodevices, to grab and release molecules, and also to perform simple information‐processing tasks.
Syndrome: a light‐weight approach to improving TCP performance in mobile wireless networks
Authors: Chen Wei‐Peng , Hsiao Yung‐Ching , Hou Jennifer C. , Ge Ye , Fitz Michael P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIt is well known that the performance of TCP deteriorates in a mobile wireless environment. This is due to the fact that although the majority of packet losses are results of transmission errors over the wireless links, TCP senders still take packet loss as an indication of congestion, and adjust their congestion windows according to the additive increase and multiplicative decrease (AIMD) algorithm. As a result, the throughput attained by TCP connections in the wireless environment is much less than it should be. The key problem that leads to the performance degradation is that TCP senders are unable to distinguish whether packet loss is a result of congestion in the wireline network or transmission errors on the wireless links.In this paper, we propose a light‐weight approach, called syndrome, to improving TCP performance in mobile wireless environments. In syndrome, the BS simply counts, for each TCP connection, the number of packets that it relays to the destination host so far, and attaches this number in the TCP header. Based on the combination of the TCP sequence number and the BS‐attached number and a solid theoretical base, the destination host will be able to tell where (on the wireline or wireless networks) packet loss (if any) occurs, and notify TCP senders (via explicit loss notification, ELN) to take appropriate actions. If packet loss is a result of transmission errors on the wireless link, the sender does not have to reduce its congestion window.Syndrome is grounded on a rigorous, analytic foundation, does not require the base station to buffer packets or keep an enormous amount of states, and can be easily incorporated into the current protocol stack as a software patch. Through simulation studies in ns‐2 (UCB, LBNL, VINT network simulator, http://www‐mash.cs.berkeley.edu/ns/), we also show that syndrome significantly improves the TCP performance in wireless environments and the performance gain is comparable to the heavy‐weight SNOOP approach (either with local retransmission or with ELN) that requires the base station to buffer, in the worst case, a window worth of packets or states. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delayed duplicate acknowledgements: a TCP‐Unaware approach to improve performance of TCP over wireless
Authors: Vaidya Nitin H. , Mehta Milten N. , Perkins Charles E. , Montenegro Gabriel 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSince a TCP sender cannot distinguish between packet losses arising from transmission errors from those due to congestion, TCP tends to perform poorly on wireless links that are prone to transmission errors. Several techniques have previously been proposed to improve TCP performance over wireless links. Existing schemes typically require an intermediate node (typically, a base station) to be TCP‐aware. For instance, the Snoop scheme requires the base station to interpret TCP headers and take appropriate action to help improve TCP performance. This paper proposes an alternativeTCP‐unawaretechnique that attempts to mimic the behavior of the Snoop protocol. Performance evaluation shows that the proposed Delayed Dupacks scheme performs quite well. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analysis of inter‐ and intraspecific genetic variabilities in the Kluyveromyces marxianus group of yeast species for the reconsideration of the K. lactis taxon
Authors: Belloch Carmela , Fernández‐Espinar Teresa , Querol Amparo , Dolores García M. , Barrio Eladio 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the present work, we analyse the sequences of the 5.8S rRNA gene and the two internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 (5.8S‐ITS region), obtained from 39 strains belonging to the species Kluyveromyces aestuarii, K. dobzhanskii, K. lactis and K. marxianus, K. nonfermentans and K. wickerhamii, to solve the phylogenetic relationships among these species and also to determine the possible genetic basis for the delimitation of the two currently accepted K. lactis varieties: lactis, including lactose‐positive strains isolated from dairy products, and drosophilarum, comprising lactose‐negative strains isolated from insects and plant exudates. The determination of the phylogenetic relationships within the species K. lactis, together with the examination of the electrophoretic karyotypes and phenotypic characterization of strains representatives of K. lactis var. lactis and var. drosophilarum, allowed differentiation of two groups of strains. The first, and ancestral, group comprises lactose‐negative strains isolated from natural habitats in North America. The second, and derived, group includes both lactose‐negative strains isolated from natural habitats in Europe and wine fermentation in South Africa, and lactose‐positive strains associated with dairy products. These results suggest that the present taxon K. lactis is a complex of different species, subspecies or, at least, genetically structured populations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcomes for patients with an aortopulmonary window, and the impact of associated cardiovascular lesions
Authors: Bagtharia Rajesh , Trivedi Kalyani R. , Burkhart Harold M. , Williams William G. , Freedom Robert M. , Van Arsdell Glen S. , McCrindle Brian W. 
Published: January 2005

An aortopulmonary window is a communication between the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk in the presence of two separate arterial valves, and is often complicated by other associated defects. We sought to determine management and related outcomes in patients with this malformation.We identified those patients presenting between 1969 and 1999 from the databases held in our Departments of Cardiology, Pathology and Cardiovascular Surgery. We obtained data relating to issues concerning demography, clinical findings, imaging, management and outcome.The median age at presentation for the 42 patients identified, of whom 23 were female, was 62 days, with a range from birth to 6 years. Associated cardiac defects were present in 34 patients, including interruption of the aortic arch in 6 patients. The correct diagnosis was initially missed in 13 patients. Of the patients, six died without surgical repair, and 1 patient was lost-to-follow-up. Repair was performed in 35 patients, subsequent to repair of other defects in 4, in association with repair of other defects in 17, of whom 3 died, and as an isolated procedure in 14 patients, one of the latter being treated by transcatheter closure. Overall, there were 9 deaths, all in patients with complex associated defects, except 1 patient with a missed aortopulmonary window after repair of aortic coarctation. Kaplan-Meier estimates of survival were 81% at 3 months until 11.5 years, and 69% up to 21 years. Only the presence of interrupted aortic arch was independently associated with increased time-related mortality, the hazard ratio being 5.87 (p = 0.009).The outcome for an isolated lesion is excellent. Mortality occurs mainly before repair, mostly with complex associated lesions, particularly interruption of the aortic arch.
Mechanisms of mitral valvar insufficiency in children and adolescents with severe rheumatic heart disease: an echocardiographic study with clinical and epidemiological correlations
Authors: Nassri Câmara Edmundo J. , Neubauer Christiane , Câmara Gabriel Ferreira , Lopes Antonio Alberto 
Published: January 2005

We carried out a detailed clinical, epidemiological, and echocardiographic study in 41 patients ≤14 years of age who were admitted in a public hospital in Salvador, Brazil, with severe rheumatic heart disease.Mitral insufficiency was severe in 90%, and moderate in 10%, of the patients. A posteriorly directed jet was seen in 93% of the patients. We identified three mechanisms producing the regurgitation: prolapse of the aortic leaflet of the mitral valve in 13 (32%) patients, rupture of tendinous cords in 14 (34%), and a retracted, non-coapting mural leaflet in 14 (34%). The mean ages, with standard deviations, for these three groups were 7.0 (1.6) years, 7.9 (2.2) years, and 10.5 (2.4) years, respectively (p < 0.001). Rheumatic activity was diagnosed in 58.5% of them. Evidence of previous rheumatic fever was present in 54% of patients with prolapse, in all patients with rupture, and in 93% of those with non-coapting leaflets (p = 0.002).Prolapse of the aortic leaflet, rupture of tendinous cords, and a retracted, non-coapting mural leaflet are the mechanisms responsible for mitral valvar insufficiency in children and adolescents with severe rheumatic heart disease. Prolapse seems to be an early phenomenon in the natural history of rheumatic heart disease, while rupture and non-coaption of the leaflets were associated with older age and signs of chronic rheumatic disease.
Cleft mitral valve in transposition with intact ventricular septum
Authors: Menahem Samuel , Anderson Robert H. 
Published: January 2005

We describe two cases of an isolated cleft of the mitral valve in transposition with intact ventricular septum. The cleft is positioned leftward in the pulmonary leaflet, at about 2 o’clock, when viewed from below looking at the cardiac short axis with the right ventricle to one’s left hand. Such clefts, when seen in the Taussig-Bing malformation are also positioned leftward.In keeping with our current knowledge of cardiac development, our cases provide further evidence that transposition with an intact ventricular septum is the end-point of the Taussig-Bing spectrum.
Cardiac effects of quinidine on guinea‐pig isolated perfused hearts after in vivo quinidine pretreatment
Authors: Yang Quan , Padrini Roberto , Piovan Donatella , Ferrari Mariano 
Published: January 2005

Experimental and clinical studies suggest that class I and class III antiarrhythmic drugs may be subject to pharmacological tolerance during long term treatment, leading to loss of therapeutic effectiveness.
The aim of this study was to ascertain whether prolonged in vivo treatment with the Class Ia agent quinidine can modify cardiac (electrical and mechanical) responses to the drug.
A group of guinea‐pigs (n=7) were treated intraperitoneally (q.d.) for 6 days with 75 mg kg−1 quinidine sulphate. Preliminary pharmacokinetic experiments indicated that this dose could attain plasma concentrations similar to those that are therapeutic in man (2–5 mg l−1). A control group (n=7) received a saline solution for the same period.
Twenty‐four hours after the last administration hearts were removed and retrogradely perfused at constant flow (stimulation frequency: 2.5 Hz). The following parameters were measured: maximal derivative of intraventricular pressure (dP/dtmax); coronary perfusion pressure (Cp); PR, QRS and JT intervals, on surface ECG. The effects of quinidine on these parameters were measured at different concentrations (2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 μM) and compared in the two experimental groups.
In the control group quinidine decreased in a dose‐dependent manner dP/dt and increased PR and QRS intervals. JT interval was increased at the lowest concentrations and decreased at the highest (biphasic effect). Cp did not change significantly.
In the pretreated group quinidine qualitatively produced the same effects on dP/dt and ECG intervals as in control group. Also the magnitude of these effects was not significantly different between the two groups. In contrast with findings in control experiments, Cp was significantly decreased by increasing quinidine concentration. Mean baseline Cp was higher in pretreated than in the control group (though not significantly, P=0.072) and quinidine addition abolished this difference. Thus, it is suggested that quinidine withdrawal induced a rebound increase in coronary tone, due to the unmasking of vasoconstrictor homeostatic mechanisms elicited by the in vivo vasodilating effect of the drug.
In conclusion, our data do not support the possibility that tolerance ensues during long term quinidine treatment, at least as far as electrophysiological and contractility effects are concerned. Further experimental work is needed to explain the appearance of a coronary vasodilating effect in pretreated hearts.

British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 122, 7–12; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701318
The regulation by phosphorylation of ‘priming’ of phospholipase A2 activity in the neutrophil model system, differentiated HL60 cells
Authors: Stewart Allison , Jackson Clive G. , Wakelam Michael J. O. 
Published: January 2005

Differentiated HL60 cells have been utilized as a model system to examine the ‘priming’ of neutrophil phospholipase A2 activity. In control cells activation of phospholipase A2 by a 5 min stimulation with the chemotactic peptide formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (100 nM) was essentially undetectable. When cells were primed by preincubation with 5 μM cytochalasin B for 5 min arachidonate release, a measure of phospholipase A2 activation, was observed within 20 s.
Priming by cytochalasin B did not involve or require a change in intracellular free calcium concentration.
Priming was associated with an increase in general protein tyrosine phosphorylation and could also be induced by the receptor tyrosine kinase agonist granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF, 20 ng ml−1) and be mimicked by treatment with the phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitor perhydrovanadate (0.5 mM). However, an increase in MAP kinase activity was not involved in the priming process.
Western blot analysis demonstrated that phospholipase A2 was phosphorylated in both control and primed cells, but that an increase in the amount of membrane associated enzyme was found in the primed cells.
Thus priming appears to be due to membrane association of the phospholipase and this may be regulated by tyrosine kinase activities.

British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 122, 13–20; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701323
D2 dopamine receptors and modulation of spontaneous acetylcholine (ACh) release from rat striatal synaptosomes
Authors: Clos M. V. , García‐Sanz A. , Vivas N. M. , Badia A. 
Published: January 2005

The effect of two D3/2 dopamine receptor agonists, LY‐171555 (quinpirole) and 7‐hydroxy‐N,N‐di‐n‐propyl‐2‐aminotetralin (7‐OH‐DPAT) on spontaneous [3H]‐acetylcholine ([3H]‐ACh) release were investigated in rat striatal synaptosomes.
Quinpirole and 7‐OH‐DPAT inhibited in a concentration‐dependent manner the basal efflux of [3H]‐ACh with similar Emax (maximal inhibitory effect) values (29.95±2.91% and 33.19±1.21%, respectively). Significant differences were obtained between the pEC50 (−log of molar concentration) of quinpirole (7.87±0.12) and 7‐OH‐DPAT (7.21±0.17; P<0.01).
Different concentrations (0.3–10 nM) of haloperidol (D2/3 dopamine receptor antagonist) shifted to the right the concentration‐response curves elicited by quinpirole and 7‐OH‐DPAT, without modifications in the Emax.
Slopes of a Schild plot obtained with haloperidol in the presence of quinpirole and 7‐OH‐DPAT were not signficantly different from unity (0.85±0.05 and 1.17±0.11, respectively) and consequently haloperidol interacted with a homogeneous receptor population. The pKB values of haloperidol obtained from Schild regression were 9.96±0.15 (in presence of quinpirole) and 9.90±0.09 (in presence of 7‐OH‐DPAT).
Specific binding of [3H]‐YM‐09151‐2 to membranes of striatal synaptosomes and cells expressing D2 and D3 dopamine receptors was inhibited by haloperidol. Analysis of competition curves revealed the existence of a single population of receptors. There were no differences between the estimated pKi (−log of molar concentration) values for synaptosomes (8.96±0.02) and cells expressing D2 receptors (8.81±0.05), but the pKi value from cells expressing D3 dopamine receptors differed significantly (8.48±0.06; P<0.01).
In conclusion, the data obtained in the present study indicate that quinpirole and 7‐OH‐DPAT, two D3/2 dopamine receptor agonists, inhibit the spontaneous [3H]‐ACh efflux and this effect is competitively antagonized by haloperidol and probably mediated through dopamine D2 receptors.

British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 122, 286–290; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701327
Cloning, expression and pharmacology of a truncated splice variant of the human 5‐HT7 receptor (h5‐HT7(b))
Authors: Jasper J. R. , Kosaka A. , To Z. P. , Chang D. J. , Eglen R. M. 
Published: January 2005

The rat 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT)7 receptor displays two splice variations, a long form, and a truncated splice isoform, arising from the introduction of a stop codon near the carboxy‐terminus. The human 5‐HT7 receptor gene contains at least two introns and encodes a 445 amino acid 5‐HT receptor.
A truncated splice variation in the human 5‐HT7 receptor was isolated from a human placental cDNA library. In accordance with current NC‐IUPHAR nomenclature guidelines, it is suggested that this receptor be denoted as the h5‐HT7(b) receptor and the long form of the receptor as h5‐HT7(a).
The h5‐HT7(b) receptor was stably expressed in HEK 293 cells and ligand affinities were determined by displacement of [3H]‐5‐carboxyamidotryptamine (5‐CT; Kd=0.28±0.06 nM, Bmax=7.3±1.7 pmol mg−1 protein). The rank order of affinities (pKi) for a series of ligands was: 5‐carboxamidotryptamine (5‐CT, 9.65)>5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT, 9.41)>methiothepin (8.87)>mesulergine (7.87)>8‐hydroxy‐2(di‐n‐propylamino)tetralin (8‐OH‐DPAT, 6.85)>ketanserin (6.44).
The h5‐HT7(b) receptor coupled positively to adenylyl cyclase in HEK 293 cells. This response was elicited by a number of agonists with the following order of potency (pEC50): 5‐CT (8.7±0.11)>5‐MeOT (5‐methoxytryptamine; 8.1±0.20)>5‐HT (7.5±0.13)>tryptamine (5.6±0.36)>8‐OH‐DPAT (5.3±0.28)>5‐methoxytryptamine (5.0±0.06). This rank order was comparable to that observed in the radioligand binding studies.
In a similar fashion to that described for the 5‐HT7(a) receptor, PCR studies suggested that the 5‐HT7(b) receptor mRNA is found in great abundance throughout the brain, in the small intestine and aorta.
It is concluded that the h5‐HT7 receptor, like the rat receptor, exists as splice variants exhibiting similar pharmacology, signal transduction and distribution. It is thus likely that there exists a complex physiological role for alternate splicing products of the 5‐HT7 receptor gene.

British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 122, 126–132; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701336