bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Central Determinants of Sympathetic Nerve Discharge
Authors: Gebber G L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sympathetic nerves innervating the heart, vasculature, and other visceral organs are tonically active inder a variety of conditions in humans and animals. Such activity is critical for homeostasis, including the maintenance of blood pressure within normal limits. The level of activity in sympathetic nerves innervating different target organs can be non uniformly changed, thus leading to complex visceral response patterns characteristic of such behavioral states as alerting, exercise, and sleep. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss how these functions of sympathetic nerves are controlled by the central nervous system.
Biological and Social Influences on the Endocrinology of Puberty: Some Additional Considerations
Authors: Sanders Stephanie A , Reinisch June M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapters by Cameron and Hopwood address our cur­ rent level of understanding about the potential regulatory mechanisms of puberty. They cite endocrinological, environmental, and psychosocial variables that can stimulate or inhibit the pubertal process. With the advances in assay techniques and the prospective studies reported by Nottelman, Chrousos, and colleagues (Chapter 6), it is clear that our understanding of the pubertal process is significantly more sophisticated than it was even a few years ago. Although pulsatile patterns of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), beginning initially during sleep (see Chapters 1, Cameron: and 2, Hopwood), are believed to precede gonadal transition into reproductive functioning, we still have not determined what triggers the onset of puberty or, specifically, what stimulation occurs or what inhibition is lifted that initiates the onset of the pubertal GnRH pattern.
Mood Changes During Adolescence
Authors: Rubin Robert T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contribution by Dr. Nottelmann and colleagues (chapter 6) is both an overview of hormone-behavior relations in adolescence and the description of a specific research study that attempted to relate behavioral measures in normal adolescents to Tanner pubertal stage and to circulating gonadotropin and adrenal and gonadal steroid hormone concentrations. Professor Rutter’s contribution (Chapter 7) is a survey of the development of different psychiatric disorders during adolescence, with attention to methodological issues such as the confounding effects of age and pubertal status. In this chapter I will recapitulate and attempt to integrate the conclusions of these two presentations, and will indicate some issues of methodology and directions for future research.
The Impact of Sociocultural Influences on Adolescent Sexual Development: Further Considerations
Authors: Bancroft John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the second part of the volume we have so far considered social factors from three different viewpoints. Mary Hotvedt provided us with an anthropological, cross-cultural perspective; Jan Trost considered some of the mechanisms by which social influences are mediated; and Gail Wyatt gave us an example of evidence obtained in a careful study of adult women reflecting on their adolescent experiences, in a specific geographic area (Los Angeles), and with a particular emphasis on the comparison of black and white California women. These are three “windows” into the social background to adolescent sexual development. Let me look further through these windows at certain points that deserve added emphasis before moving on to consider and speculate about some specific aspects of adolescent sexuality.
Equations of State of Solids for Geophysics and Ceramic Science
Authors: Anderson Orson L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Written by a renowned expert in the field, this book is the most comprehensive treatment available on the applications of equations of state (EoS) in geophysics and materials science, a topic of fundamental importance to those studying the physics and chemistry of the Earth. Part one offers comprehensive treatments of thermal properties associated with EoS, thermodynamic and statistical mechanical backgrounds, and thermoelastic properties. Definitions of the physical properties needed for the EoS are provided as well. Part two discusses the isothermal pressure-volume relationship. The ab initio approach--EoS based upon quantum mechanics fundamentals using numerical methods--is utilized to clearly represent and analyze the measured data. Part three offers an advanced treatment of thermal properties at high temperature, and includes discussions of thermal pressure, shocked solids, and EoS applications to materials science topics such as melting and thermodynamic function. Advanced students, researchers, and professionals in geophysics, ceramics science, solid state physics, and geochemistry will want to read this book.
The Structures of Democratic Government
Authors: Medding Peter Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the historical development of states there is often a distinct founding period during which the political order is established, fundamental decisions are taken about who shall govern, and in what manner; and choices are made from among a variety of possible alternatives.1 These actions set the terms and boundaries of subsequent political behavior, decision making, and of adaptation to social and political change. The founding period thus provides its political leaders with unique opportunities to imprint their values on state institutions.
Strengthening the Noncommunist World
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Eisenhower’s national strategy, the strength and cohesion of the noncommunist world were just as vital as was the military component. Indeed, the support of the allies was essential for deterrence and defense. Peace and security over the long haul required cooperation among the industrialized nations and with developing ones, especially in the Middle East and Asia, for many purposes. Even if, as NSC 162/2 anticipated, major Soviet aggression was deterred, “[t]he USSR will continue to rely heavily on tactics of division and subversion to weaken the free world alliances and will to resist Soviet power” and to increase its influence in the less-developed nations. These were dimensions of the communist threat that were “likely to continue indefinitely and grow in intensity.” Unless the noncommunist nations achieved economic progress, overcame political instability, elevated their confidence and morale, and nurtured their sense of interdependence and common purpose, the Soviets would be able to exploit their fears, hopes, divergences, neutralism, and nationalism. 2 A stable and prosperous West would likewise act as a magnet for peoples trapped behind the Iron and Bamboo Curtains, thereby transforming Soviet assets into liabilities. Finally, it would alleviate sources of conflict and war that had disrupted global relations throughout the twentieth century.
The Prefrontal Region: Its Early History
Authors: Benton Arthur L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This historical sketch deals with the early development of knowledge and concepts about the structure and functions of the prefrontal region, i.e., the region anterior and mesial to those areas of frontal cortex having to do with motor functions (motor cortex and frontal eye fields) and speech (Broca’s area). The greater part of the prefrontal region has a characteristic cellular structure, frontal granular cortex, and within the region a number of areas are differentiated from each other on architectonic grounds.
Neuroanatomy of Frontal Lobe in Vivo: A Comment on Methodology
Authors: Damasio Hanna C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The technologic progress of the past 15 years has given us neuroimaging methods that permit the reliable in vivo investigation of human brain anatomy. Naturally they have become an invaluable tool in the understanding of the functional role of frontal lobe cortices. There are two main types of neuroimaging procedures available: Structural imaging, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MR) and X-ray computerized tomography (CT); and dynamic imaging such as positron (dual photon) emission tomography (PET), and single photon detection (the latter can use either single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT), or lateral probes).
Inferences from allometry and fossils: dwarfing of elephants on islands
Authors: Roth V Louise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Through their effects on population dynamics and community composition, islands represent settings for evolutionary and ecological ‘natural’ experiments. The consequence of the low immigration rates, high extinction rates, limited geographic range, and maritime climates that islands impose on their colonists is a depauperate and often unique fauna and flora which have been a source of interest to naturalists since Humboldt, Wallace, and Darwin. Research on islands intensified in the decades following publication of MacArthur and Wilson’s work (1967), and islands now serve as models for other isolated (but non-island) systems (Wilcox 1980; Brown 1986).
Morphology, the study of form and function, in modern evolutionary biology
Authors: Wake Marvalee H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A ‘renaissance’ in morphology was proclaimed during the last decade (Wake, D. 1982a; Liem and Wake 1985; Gans 1985) to herald the vigor with which the discipline of morphology is incorporating new techniques and theory, expanding into analysis of development, ecology, systematics, and evolution, and generating new ideas and approaches for a synthetic approach in modern biology. The ‘renaissance’ is really the product of 20 years of increasingly intensive study of morphology, the product of both new techniques and renewed interest in the biology of the organism as a whole. Natural historians, from Aristotle through the 19th century, studied the form and function of organisms through description.
Sex Determination in Plants
Authors: Meagher Thomas R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sex determination refers to the balance between expression of female versus male sexuality within a plant. The mechanism by which sex is determined has a profound impact on the reproductive function of a plant. Population level consequences of differential male and female function or allocation have been recently reviewed by Char­nov,16 Charlesworth and Charlesworth,13 and Lloyd and Bawa.57 The evolutionary implications of this process are most striking in dioecious species, where individual sex expression is limited to either maleness or femaleness.
Plant Morphology and Reproduction
Authors: Waller Donald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A plant’s reproductive behavior depends in both obvious and subtle ways on its size, growth form, and longevity. Some of these associations are the unavoidable results of the great plasticity found in plants, such as the general correlation between plant size and total flower and fruit production. Others probably reflect adaptation to particular growing conditions, such as the association noted by Salisbury114 between trees growing in shaded habitats and large seeds.
Forks, Phonographs, And Hot Air Balloons
Authors: Weber Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wheels, doorknobs, forks, and sewing needles are such everyday items that we rarely bother to wonder how they were invented. But where did the idea for the tea bag come from? Or the waterscrew, synthesizers, or genetic engineering? Drawing on hundreds of examples, this intriguing book sheds new light on human ingenuity from the Stone Age to the present day. Arguing that all inventions are the result of the same basic principles rather than random inspiration, cognitive psychologist Robert Weber reveals our mind's amazing capacity for problem-solving, and encourages us to take a fresh look at the world around us and tap into our own creativity.
Hybridization in Rare Plants: Insights from Case Studies in Cercocarpus and Helianthus
Authors: Rieseberg Loren H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now evident that hybridization can have both beneficial and harmful consequences for the conservation of biological diversity (Cade 1983). In some instances, hybridization may lead to greater genetic diversity, increased fitness, and adaptation to new environments (Stebbins 1942; Anderson 1949; Harlan 1983). Furthermore, in certain rare cases hybridization may be the only possible way to preserve the germplasm of a rare and endangered taxon. For example, hybridization was used to preserve the alleles of the now extinct dusky seaside sparrow, Ammospiza maritima nigrescens (Avise and Nelson 1989).
Psychopharmacology of Nicotine
Authors: Henningfield Jack E , Cohen Caroline , Pickworth Wallace B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nicotine as delivered by use of tobacco products is highly addictive (see also Chapter 1). Regular ingestion of the alkaloid often produces a drug dependence in exactly the same sense that regular ingestion of heroin, cocaine, and alcohol can produce dependence. While the cultural context of drug use may influence the prevalence of dependence on a particular drug and the chances that a casual user will become addicted, pharmacologically, nicotine is as addictive as heroin and cocaine, although not more so (Henning-field, Cohen, Slade 1991). This chapter dis-cusses the psychopharmacology of nicotine in the context ofdrug dependence in general. The focus of this chapter is on the pharmacologic actions of nicotine that are important in the establishment and maintenance of nicotine dependence. Other chapters address the equally important social and environmental determinants of tobacco use, such as social pressures to use tobacco (Chapter 4) and the availability and financial cost of tobacco products (Chapter 3). Chapter 10 provides clinical guidelines for assessing the degree of nicotine depenence in an individual patient.
Formal Quit Smoking Treatments
Authors: Lando Harry A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Smoking cessation treatments have evolved considerably over the 25 years since the re-lease of the landmark 1964 Report of the Surgeon General on Smoking and Health (US Public Health Service 1964). It is well known that smokers prefer self-help and minimal-contact treatments over more intensive face-to-face or individual treatment programs (Schwartz 1987). However, for-mal treatment programs provide a critical backup to self-help and minimal-contact approaches. Formal treatments are more intensive; they offer structured assistance, important group and therapist support during the quitting phase, and the opportunity for individual counseling and program tailoring often not possible with self-help programs.
Morality, Politics, And Law
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘What is the proper relation of moral and religious beliefs to politics and law, especially in a society that, like the United States, is morally and religiously pluralistic?’ In Morality, Politics, and Law, noted constitutional theorist Michael Perry answers this fundamental question, criticizing the vision of constitutional adjudication and defending a more liberal philosophy of constitutional interpretation.
Origins of Neuroscience
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The juxtaposition of historical ideas and brain functions is presented here in a highly readable fashion. The roots of neurology, neuropsychology, and neuroscience are traced, emphasizing the functions of the brain and how they came to be associated with specific brain parts and systems. Part I is devoted to discussions of science and medicine in the early cultures of Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, as well as an overview of key figures and several landmark events of the Renaissance, the nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries. Part II begins with the sensory systems, starting with vision and audition, working through the skin senses and ending with gustation and olfaction. Part III details the latest advances in motor systems while including the histories of several of the most common movement disorders, like Parkinson's disease, Huntingdon's chorea, and Tourette's syndrome. Part IV examines the history of sleep, dreaming, and the emotions, while the succeeding part discusses higher functions of the brain and the brain as the organ of intellect. Part V also incorporates a discussion of the neurobiology of learning and of several disorders affecting memory. The final chapters of the book discuss therapies for various brain injuries, and how physicians and scientists began to account for recovery of function, by recognizing factors such as age at the time of injury, which might affect one's response to brain damage. Students and scholars in the neural sciences, as well as those interested in the history of science and medicine, will find the entire volume useful as a reference for learning about the origins of specific neurological functions or ideas.
The Ear and Theories of Hearing
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Ancient Greeks associated sound with motion. Their analytical approach stressed the importance of air and other media in transmitting sound. The basic belief was that “like is perceived by like.” This belief was embraced in the fourth century by Empedocles, who assumed there was an internal air in the ear, by which we perceive the moving air that constitutes sound, as well as a light in the eye, by which we perceive external light.
Principles and Practices of Rehabilitation
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rehabilitation is a two way process. Unlike treatment, which is given to a patient, rehabilitation is a process in which the patient, client, or disabled person takes an active part. Professional staff work together with the disabled person to achieve the optimum level of physical, social, psychological, and vocational functioning. The ultimate goal of rehabilitation is to enable the person with a disability to function as adequately as possible in his or her most appropriate environment.
Jack: Coming to Terms with Amnesia
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although apparently happy and healthy, Jack attempted suicide with carbon monoxide poisoning when he was 19 yr old. Following resuscitation he sustained a generalized epileptic convulsion and remained unconscious for 20 min. For several months after this he suffered from subclinical seizures. Nine months later all seizure activity had ceased and his electroencephalogram (EEG) was normal. He was left however with a major problem of severe memory impairment, and was referred to me for help 8 mo after his suicide attempt. I made an appointment to see Jack and his parents and they traveled by car from their home approximately 20 miles away. It was clear that the suicide attempt had been a complete surprise to Jack’s parents although it had been a predetermined and planned event. Jack had taken equipment with him in the morning before leaving ostensibly for work. He was found in a parking lot some hours later by the police who thought he had been unconscious for about 2 h. He was taken to the hospital, treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and was considered lucky to be alive.
Alex: some recovery, return to work, and marriage following Anoxic brain damage
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alex was the oldest of three boys born to a family in the West of England. On leaving school he decided to spend a few months in Australia before taking up a university place. Although the details are not clear, it appears that while vacationing on the Queensland coast, Alex, then aged 19 yr, went to a barbecue beach party and engaged in some heavy drinking. The following morning he went on a diving trip and almost drowned. One report states that he was resuscitated on the beach for a period of 10 min or so before any spontaneous breathing occurred. He was admitted to the intensive care unit of a nearby hospital where he was placed on a ventilator. On the very first day there he was, apparently, only extending his arms to pain, suggesting fairly severe brain damage. However, a CT scan showed no significant abnormality. The following day Alex opened his eyes and obeyed simple commands. As a result of this improvement he was taken off the ventilator approximately 56 h after the accident. Soon after this he was able to speak to his parents who, having heard the news of the accident, had traveled out from England on the first available flight. They found Alex to be excited, hyperactive, and with a memory span of only a few seconds.
Lorna: Cognitive Decline and Myotonic Dystrophy
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Loma was born in May 1954, the younger of two sisters. She was a normal child, did reasonably well at school, and had an active social life. She liked sports, particularly horseback riding, squash, walking, and tennis. When she was 18 and working as a secretary she came home one day for lunch and tried to remove a plug from the wall. She found she had difficulty letting go of the plug. This began to happen more often, she just could not immediately let go of things she was holding. Her parents, thinking there was a trivial explanation, asked their general practitioner to see Loma. He sent her to a specialist.
Ron: Picking Up the Pieces
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ron was almost 31 yr old at the time of his head injury. He was married with a daughter of 20 mo and was working for the gas board where he lectured apprentices. On the 2nd of September 1978 Ron was at his next door neighbor’s, helping to paint the house. He was working on the garage roof when the accident occurred. His wife Lesley described what happened.
Ted: the man who could read ii astrocytoma” but not “dog”
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1986, talking to a speech therapist over a cup of coffee, I heard about Ted, a 71-yr-old man who had suffered a left hemisphere stroke the year before. Apparently he had difficulty identifying the initial letters of words. I pricked up my ears for, although this problem was often seen after right hemisphere lesions causing neglect of the left side of space (see Chapter 19), Ted had a left hemisphere lesion so, if his problem was due to neglect, he should be neglecting the right side of space or showing a nonlateralized neglect, i.e., omitting or neglecting letters across the page and not just initial letters. The speech therapist wanted to refer Ted to me for rehabilitation and I was happy to see him.
Richard: A Socially Skilled Young Man Despite Severe Memory and Perceptual Difficulties
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Richard was born in August 1973, the youngest of three children. Following a normal pregnancy and delivery his first few weeks passed uneventfully. When he was lO wk old, however, he woke his parents in the early hours of the morning and was obviously unwell. For the following 4 days he was crying and irritable and vomited frequently. He was admitted to a nearby children’s hospital, a lumbar puncture was performed, and the results suggested a recent intracranial hemorrhage. Richard remained unwell, vomiting after feeds, and at 13 wk was referred to a neurological center. On admission, there was evidence of rising intracranial pressure with a tense bulging fontanelle and prominent lamdoid sutures. Richard continued to be irritable, he was also anemic but there were no other abnormalities noted. Over the next few days he became less irritable but his head circumference was increasing rapidly. He began vomiting again and a ventriculogram showed a communicating hydrocephalus with no obvious cause. A shunt was inserted on November 11, 1973. Following this operation Richard progressed well. He began feeding normally and his head circumference reduced.