bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PHYSICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES AMONG STREPTOKINASES
Authors: Dillon Hugh C. , Wannamaker Lewis W. 
Published: June 2004

Two strains of Group A streptococci have been shown to produce streptokinases with different physical and immunologic characteristics. These streptokinases have been designated SK-A and SK-B. Examination of additional strains of Group A streptococci has indicated that SK-A is the more commonly encountered streptokinase.
Studies comparing the two Group A streptokinases with streptokinase of Group C origin have indicated that the latter streptokinase is intermediate between SK-A and SK-B in regard to its electrophoretic mobility. Immunological data suggest that the Group C streptokinase differs from SK-B but is closely related to SK-A.
THE BRAIN LESION OF GOLDTHIOGLUCOSE OBESITY
Authors: Brecher G. , Laqueur G. L. , Cronkite E. P. , Edelman P. M. , Schwartz I. L. 
Published: June 2004

The development of hypothalamic lesions due to goldthioglucose are described. The initial extensive necrotic lesion occurs in close to 100 per cent of animals injected with LD50. Within 2 weeks the necrotic material has been removed and a narrow scar results. After a lapse of several months, the scar is often difficult to visualize, especially in animals that have not developed obesity. The ventromedial nucleus is not the center of the lesion. The nucleus is preserved in some instances, and partially or completely destroyed in others, depending on the extent of the lesion. The more prominent scar in the obese animals correlates with the larger initial lesion necessary for the complete bilateral destruction of the ventromedial nucleus which is known to be a prerequisite for the development of hypothalamic obesity.
Thus, contrary to earlier suggestions, goldthioglucose does not localize specifically in the cells of the ventromedial nucleus.
THE EFFECT OF ANTISERUM, ALONE AND WITH HYDROCORTISONE, ON FOETAL MOUSE BONES IN CULTURE
Authors: Fell Honor B. , Weiss L. 
Published: June 2004

1. The effects of normal rabbit serum and of rabbit antiserum to whole foetal mouse tissues, on the isolated limb bones of late foetal mice were studied in organ culture, and the influence of hydrocortisone on these effects was investigated.
2. Unheated normal serum caused slight loss of metachromatic material from the cartilage matrix, and some resorption of both cartilage and bone.
3. In unheated antiserum to foetal mouse tissues, the terminal cartilage was smaller and less metachromatic than in paired controls in normal serum, while osteoclasis was so intense that in many explants the bone had almost disappeared. The amount of necrosis varied with different batches of antiserum.
4. The changes produced by normal serum and antiserum could be largely prevented by heating the sera to 57°C for 45 minutes.
5. The effects could also be inhibited by the addition of hydrocortisone to the unheated sera; as little as 0.1 µg hydrocortisone per ml of medium had a well marked protective action.
6. It is suggested that (a) unheated antiserum causes a release of lysosomal enzymes with consequent breakdown of intercellular material, (b) this release is due to an indirect action on the lysosome via an increased permeability of the cell membrane, (c) hydrocortisone does not affect the antigen-antibody reaction, but inhibits the autolytic changes that normally follow this reaction, possibly by stabilising both the lysosomal and cell membranes.
LEUKOCYTES AND INTERFERON IN THE HOST RESPONSE TO VIRAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Glasgow Lowell A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Investigation of the role of leukocytes in vaccinia virus infection is reported in an in vitro model, in the absence of an immune response.
2. Mouse leukocytes were shown to be capable of inhibiting the progression of vaccinia virus infection in primary mouse embryo fibroblast cultures. The degree of protection varied from slowing of spread of infection to complete control of the infection with eventual elimination of detectable virus and recovery of the culture.
3. Interferon production by leukocytes is thought to be an important factor in the observed protective effect.
THE PRESENCE OF ENDOGENOUS PYROGEN IN NORMAL RABBIT TISSUES
Authors: Snell E. S. , Atkins Elisha 
Published: June 2004

Saline extracts of homogenized, uninfected, rabbit tissues produced febrile responses when injected intravenously into rabbits. Extracts of muscle, lung, and heart evoked fevers that were similar to those induced by leucocyte pyrogen; extracts of spleen, liver, and kidney caused more sustained fevers. The minimal pyrogenic dose appeared to be between 1.5 and 3 gm wet weight of tissue.
Evidence is presented that neither Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin nor polymorphonuclear leucocytes (circulating or sequestered in the tissues) can be implicated as the source of pyrogen in tissue extracts. It seems likely, therefore, that a pyrogenic material of truly endogenous origin is widely distributed in tissues.
Tissue pyrogen appears to be a large molecule which is relatively resistant to treatment with acid but not with alkali. Possible pathological roles for this endogenous agent (or agents) are briefly indicated.
STUDIES ON DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: Levine Bernard B. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments carried out with several well defined antigenic systems (hapten conjugates of poly-L-lysine and guinea pig serum albumin) in guinea pigs demonstrated that:
1. Arthus reactions also manifest carrier specificity, although to a smaller extent than do delayed hypersensitivity reactions.
2. Desensitization by injection of minute doses of antigen results in moderate specific desensitization of delayed hypersensitivity without desensitization of Arthus reactivity to the same antigenic determinant.
3. Insoluble antigen-antibody complexes prepared from high affinity guinea pig antibodies can elicit specific delayed skin reactions in sensitized guinea pigs.
4. Homologous conjugates of structurally similar haptens show considerably less cross-reactivity in delayed reactions than in immediate hypersensitivity reactions to the same antigenic determinant.
These experimental results are interpreted as indicating that delayed hypersensitivity reactions in the guinea pig are mediated by "antibodies" of comparatively high binding affinities. High binding affinities are achieved for these antibodies more likely by closer structural adaptation between antigen and antibody than by a larger area of specific contact.
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF INHIBITORS ON THE STEPS LEADING TO THE FORMATION OF SV40 TUMOR AND VIRUS ANTIGENS
Authors: Rapp F. , Butel J. S. , Feldman L. A. , Kitahara T. , Melnick J. L. 
Published: June 2004

The effect of DNA antagonists and various antibiotics on steps in the synthesis of SV40 virus in green monkey kidney cells was investigated. Both the early forming tumor (T) antigen, as well as the later synthesized virus (V) antigen, were synthesized in the presence of fluorouracil and iododeoxyuridine. Cytosine arabinoside (and fluorodeoxyuridine in starved cells) prevented synthesis of V antigen but not T antigen. The synthesis of T antigen therefore does not require synthesis of virus DNA. Virus particles formed only in the presence of the iododeoxyuridine and they were non-infectious.
Actinomycin D inhibited synthesis of both tumor and virus antigens, suggesting that the synthesis of these antigens involves DNA-dependent RNA. Puromycin allowed synthesis of the T antigen which remained localized at the nucleolar membrane. This finding with puromycin suggests that the T antigen is a protein of low molecular weight. Virus antigen forming in the presence of mitomycin C, p-fluorophenylalanine, iododeoxyuridine, or fluorouracil was distributed atypically. These inhibitors caused the V antigen to be diffusely spread throughout the nucleus, or to be concentrated at the nuclear membrane.
A ROLE OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES AND COMPLEMENT IN NEPHROTOXIC NEPHRITIS
Authors: Cochrane Charles G. , Unanue Emil R. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: June 2004

In acute nephrotoxic nephritis, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (polymorphs) accumulated in large numbers in the glomeruli in the first 12 hours. The endothelial cells were dislodged by the polymorphs which then came to lie immediately adjacent to the glomerular basement membranes. Ultrastructural changes in neither polymorphs nor basement membranes were observed.
Depletion of polymorphs in both rats and rabbits prevented the development of proteinuria. This occurred when doses of nephrotoxic globulin were employed that produced proteinurias of as much as 1800 mg/kg/24 hours in intact rabbits, or enough to yield near maximal immediate proteinuria in intact rats. In addition, measurable glomerular damage was frequently averted until the onset of the secondary stage of NTN. Controls indicated that the polymorph depleted animals exhibited minimal non-specific changes in the blood, that the ability of their vascular beds to react to stimuli was not affected, and that deposition of nephrotoxic antibody and C' in the glomeruli was not inhibited. Elimination of polymorphs from the circulation was only partially effective in preventing glomerular damage when large doses of nephrotoxic globulin were used. This indicated that under these circumstances, a polymorph independent glomerular injury may also take place in first stage nephrotoxic nephritis.
An indirect role of C', i.e., the accumulation of polymorphs, in bringing about glomerular injury in first stage nephrotoxic nephritis was apparent. When rabbit nephrotoxic globulin was injected into rats depleted of C', or when duck nephrotoxic globulin that fixed C' poorly was injected into normal rats, C' failed to bind with the antibody along glomerular basement membranes and polymorphs did not accumulate.
SPECIFIC CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGENS OF THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Authors: Gold Phil , Freedman Samuel O. 
Published: June 2004

A wide variety of human adult and fetal tissues were studied by immune-diffusion techniques in agar gel to determine whether they contained the tumor-specific antigen(s) previously found in coionic cancers. In the adult tissues it was demonstrated that identical antigens were present in all tested specimens of malignant tumors of the entodermally derived epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas, but were absent from all other tested adult tissues. The common antigenic constituents, therefore, represent system-specific cancer antigens of the human digestive system. System-specific cancer antigens have not previously been demonstrated in humans.
Experiments with fetal tissues demonstrated that identical antigens were also present in fetal gut, liver, and pancreas between 2 and 6 months of gestation. These components were named "carcinoembryonic" antigens of the human digestive system. On the basis of the present findings and the recent work regarding control of the expression of genetic potentialities in various types of cells, it was concluded that the carcinoembryonic antigens represent cellular constituents which are repressed during the course of differentiation of the normal digestive system epithelium and reappear in the corresponding malignant cells by a process of derepressive-dedifferentiation.
HOMOLOGOUS DISEASE IN THE ADULT RAT, A MODEL FOR AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE
Authors: Stastny Peter , Stembridge Vernie A. , Vischer Thomas , Ziff Morris 
Published: June 2004

Polyarthritis and cardiac lesions have been observed in the adult rat with homologous disease. Changes in the lymphoid tissue and kidney have also been noted.
A migratory polyarthritis occurred in over half of the affected animals, and cardiac involvement of varying intensity was present in all. Histologically, the arthritis was characterized by a mononuclear synovial inflammatory reaction. In the heart, the valves and myocardium demonstrated a similar type of response. Cultures of involved joints and hearts for pyogens and pleuropneumonia-like organisms were negative.
The lymphoid tissues showed progressive changes in three stages: (a) disappearance of follicles; (b) increase in plasma-like cells and histiocytes; and (c) fibrosis. The second stage tended to coincide with the development of the polyarthritis. The kidney showed mild interstitial mononuclear infiltration.
The pathologic changes described appear to be a consequence of reaction between foreign immunologically competent cells and host antigens, but the possibility that these lesions represent a response to antigens derived from unknown infectious agents is, however, not ruled out.
GENETIC CONTROL OF COMBINING SITES OF INSULIN ANTIBODIES PRODUCED BY GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Arquilla Edward R. , Finn Jack 
Published: June 2004

1. Genetic factors control the configuration of combining sites of guinea pig insulin antibodies.
2. It is possible that the configuration of the combining sites of guinea pig insulin antibodies is controlled by more than one gene and not by multiple alleles at a given gene locus.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS ON ANTIBODY-PRODUCING LYMPH NODE CELLS
Authors: Harris T. N. , Hummeler Klaus , Harris Susanna 
Published: June 2004

Lymph node cells of rabbits injected with sheep erythrocytes, identified as antibody-producing by their ability to produce plaques of hemolysis in erythrocyte-containing agar layers, have been examined by electron microscopy, by the use of a procedure devised for subjecting single cells to such examination.
The antibody-producing cells thus examined were found to fall into two classes, according to the current terminology: some were in the category of lymphocytes, and others, in the category of plasma cells. Within each class, cells were found to vary in certain characteristics, especially in the degree of development of such organelles as the nucleolus, Golgi apparatus, and the endoplasmic reticulum. In the case of the endoplasmic reticulum especially, it could be seen that a series of these plaque-producing cells, ranked in order of increasing size and development of the endoplasmic reticulum, would extend over a considerable range from those lymphocytes with the least developed organelles to the mature plasma cells with the greatest development of these structures.
ISOLATION OF RABBIT IGA ANTIHAPTEN ANTIBODY AND DEMONSTRATION OF SKIN-SENSITIZING ACTIVITY IN HOMOLOGOUS SKIN
Authors: Onoue Kaoru , Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David 
Published: June 2004

Multiple antibody components of rabbit antisera against p-azobenzenearsonate (Rp) were studied with respect to their globulin nature and skin-sensitizing activity. IgA antibody was characterized by isolating two IgA-rich fractions from a specifically purified antibody preparation. Examination of these fractions showed that IgA antibodies existed in two molecular forms, one with a sedimentation constant of 7S and the other 9S. Skin-sensitizing activity was examined by a P-K type test and a PCA test with Rp-rabbit serum albumin in homologous (rabbit) species. Only the 7S but not 9S IgA antibody sensitized rabbit skin. IgM antibody showed no activity and IgG antibody showed very low activity. In contrast, only IgG antibody was active in the P-K type test to sensitize a heterologous species (guinea pig). None of the antibodies of other classes showed sensitizing activity in heterologous skin.
The 7S IgA antibody lost its sensitizing activity upon reduction and alkylation, although no change in its molecular size could be observed. The loss of sensitizing activity was not due to the destruction of antigen-binding activity since the treated 7S IgA antibody retained this activity as shown by radioimmunoelectrophoresis and by binding to the specific immunoadsorbent. The 9S IgA antibody was more resistant to these treatments than the IgM antibody and showed no indication of dissociation. The treated 9S IgA also retained antigen-binding activity.
Both the P-K type and PCA reactions were considerably stronger when the interval between injections of antibody and antigen was 24 hr rather than 4 to 5 hr.
SPECIFIC TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNITY IN RELATION TO ROUS SARCOMA VIRUS TUMORIGENESIS IN MICE
Authors: Jonsson Nils , Sjögren Hans Olof 
Published: June 2004

Tests for transplantation immunity and for the occurrence of virus-neutralizing serum antibodies were performed on mice, inoculated when newborn with the Schmidt-Ruppin strain of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV-SR). Mice developing no palpable primary sarcomas showed a clear-cut resistance against the isografting of established specifically antigenic Rous tumors. Transplantation tests performed on primary tumor hosts after extirpation of the tumors revealed neither any clear-cut immunity nor tolerance to the specific transplantation antigen(s). Serial pretreatment of operated primary tumor animals with irradiated autologous or syngeneic tumor cells resulted in a clear-cut transplantation immunity. Virus-neutralizing activity was only found in a few sera from newborn infected mice, and in these cases there was no positive correlation with the transplantation immunity.
It seems probable that a successful immunization against the RSV-SR specific transplantation antigen(s) prevents the development of primary tumors. There is no indication of any tolerance to this antigen in connection with the induction of primary tumors.
COLIFORM BACTERIA IN THE INTESTINE OF MICE
Authors: Mushin Rose , Dubos René 
Published: June 2004

Mice of the NCS and NCS-D colonies, bred at the Rockefeller University, harbored in their intestine an endemic strain of slow lactose-fermenting Escherichia coli 081±: :H21 serotype. In addition, NCS mice have recently acquired E. coli 0109±:K48:H14. Both strains persisted during the period of observation, whereas they were not encountered in the feces of mice from two other colonies. Other coliform strains encountered were more transient in their occurrence.
Since strains of E. coli 081±: :H21 and 0109±:K48:H14 are extremely uncommon in human beings, it seems probable that they possess specificity for the mouse host.
THE IN VITRO DIFFERENTIATION OF MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES
Authors: Cohn Zanvil A. , Hirsch James G. , Fedorko Martha E. 
Published: June 2004

The structure of unstimulated mouse peritoneal phagocytes has been examined by electron microscopy and compared to cells obtained from the inflamed peritoneum and from cultures maintained in vitro.
The unstimulated cell resembles the blood monocyte and contains a moderate amount of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, a small but well defined Golgi apparatus and a few, small, electron-opaque granules in the cytoplasm.
During in vitro cultivation there are marked changes in cell ultrastructure. Most prominent is the formation of large electron-opaque granules, some of which have a complex matrix containing both electron-opaque and lucent vesicles. In addition, there is an increase in size of the Golgi apparatus with the appearance of new lamellae and tiny, smooth surfaced vesicles. With continued cultivation, large lipid droplets are found in apposition to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The formation and size of electron-opaque granules as well as the enlargement of the Golgi region is stimulated by high concentrations of serum in the medium.
Cells obtained from the peritoneal cavity of lipopolysaccharide stimulated animals demonstrated changes in ultrastructure similar to those seen in cells cultured in vitro.
SPECIFICITY IN THE COMBINATION OF FD FRAGMENTS WITH L CHAINS TO FORM HAPTEN-BINDING SITES
Authors: Roholt O. A. , Radzimski G. , Pressman D. 
Published: June 2004

In the work reported here we have shown that light chains and Fd fragments can be separated completely in propionic acid and then recombined to form Fab fragments with antibody activity. This experiment indicates that in the recombination a correct alignment of the Fd fragments and the L chains occurs to give a competent antibody site, just as occurs with the recombination of separated heavy and light chains of the antibody; thus the Fc fragment is not required for correct alignment.
Fd fragments of antibody alone show very low binding activity toward the specific hapten.
As is the case for the combination of heavy and light chains, the combination of Fd fragments and light chains also requires that both components come from antibody from the same rabbit in order to give binding sites. When they are derived from different rabbits producing antibody against the same antigen, they still give Fab fragments as shown by immunoelectrophoresis but do not have competent binding sites.
An important observation is that the subunits of the papain digest fractions, FabI and FabII, have the capacity to cross-combine to form active Fab fragments with competent binding sites. FdI from FabI combines with LII chains from FabII to give the composite (FdI-LII) with good binding activity. Likewise, the composite (FdII-LI) has good binding activity. The composites from the two types of antibody molecules yielding different Fab fragments have antibody activity although heretofore these molecules have appeared to be different on the bases of chromatography and amino acid analysis.
There is also a preferential combination of the Fd fragments to combine with the correct L fragments to give binding sites since this combination takes preference over the combination of Fd fragments of antibody with light chains of normal globulin (or of light chains of antibody with Fd fragments of normal globulin).
γA-BLOOD GROUP ANTIBODIES
Authors: Adinolfi M. , Mollison P. L. , Polley Margaret J. , Rose Jane M. 
Published: June 2004

The serological characteristics of γA-anti-A and anti-B were studied using, as a source, either colostrum, or fractions relatively rich in γA obtained from selected potent antisera. γA-anti-A and anti-B were never hemolytic nor did they sensitize red cells to agglutination by anticomplement globulin sera.
γA-anti-A, like γG-anti-A and unlike γM-anti-A was unaffected by heating at 56°C for 3 hr. On the other hand in the following three characteristics the behavior of γA fell between that of γG- or γM-anti-A: sensitivity to inactivation by 2-mercaptoethanol, ease of neutralization by A substance and degree of enhancement of agglutination in a medium of serum rather than saline. The agglutination produced by γA-anti-A was regularly enhanced by addition of anti-γA-globulin serum.
In searching for γA-blood group antibodies of other specificities the following sera were tested: anti-D (32 examples); anti-c (2 examples); anti-Lea or -Leb (3 examples); anti-K (3 examples); anti-Fya (3 examples), and anti-Jka (3 examples). Only 3 sera, all containing anti-D, sensitized red cells to agglutination by anti-γA. There were no discrepancies between results obtained with four different anti-γA-globulin sera. Approximately half the sera were fractionated on DEAE-cellulose, and the fractions rich in γA tested for their ability to sensitize red cells to agglutination by anti-γA; no additional examples of γA-antibodies were detected.
One of the three examples of γA-anti-D appeared in the serum of a woman during the course of deliberate reimmunization. γA-anti-D appeared only after three intravenous injections of red cells although the γG-anti-D titer rose considerably after a single injection. 3 yr after a fourth injection of Rh-positive cells γA-anti-D, as well as γG-anti-D, was still present in the serum.