bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An objective assessment of physiotherapy for female genuine stress incontinence
Authors: WILSON P. D. , SAMARRAI T. AL , DEAKIN M. , KOLBE E. , BROWN A. D. G. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySixty women with genuine stress incontinence were consecutively assigned to one of four physiotherapy groups who were treated for 6 weeks by either (1) pelvic floor exercises (PFE) in hospital; (2) PFE and faradism; (3) PFE and interferential therapy; (4) PFE at home. Assessment before and after treatment was by 7‐day bladder charts, urethral pressure profiles and perineometry. Approximately two‐thirds of the hospital‐treated patients (groups 1, 2 and 3) experienced marked or moderate subjective improvement and at 6 months, 27% were dry or almost dry. There was little difference in outcome between groups 1, 2 and 3 but hospital‐based therapy was more effective than home treatment. Statistical analyses showed that there were significant improvements in the objective indices measured in the 45 hospital‐treated patients. Successful treatment was more likely in younger patients, in those with lesser degrees of genuine stress incontinence and those who had had no previous pelvic floor surgery.
Long‐term surveillance of mortality and cancer incidence in women receiving hormone replacemen therapy
Authors: HUNT KATHRYN , VESSEY MARTIN , MCPHERSON KLIM , COLEMAN MICHEL 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThis paper reports the preliminary results of a cohort study of 4544 British women receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT). These women were recruited at 21 specialist menopause clinics around Britain. Up to the end of June 1983, the mean duration of HRT use per woman was 67 months of which, on average, 43% was‘opposed’use. In general, however, both the amount of progestogen given and the number of days per cycle for which it was given was less than would have been the case if the women had been receiving modern opposed therapy. The major focus of the study was to monitor mortality and cancer incidence in the cohort. The mortality results were broadly reassuring: overall mortality was significantly lower than expected on the basis of national rates (relative risk 0·58) and mortality ratios were below unity for all specific causes of death examined apart from cancer of the ovary (relative risk 1·43, 95% confidence limits 0·62–2·82) and suicide or suspected suicide (relative risk 2·53, 95% confidence limits 1·26–4·54). The most likely explanation for the latter finding is selection bias—thus at least 7 of the 11 women who died from suicide or suspected suicide had a psychiatric history before receiving HRT. The cancer incidence results were less reassuring, although they should be interpreted with some caution because cancer registry rates were used for comparative purposes. With this proviso, endometrial cancer risk was significantly elevated (relative risk 2·84,95% confidence iimits 1·46–4·96); many of the women concerned had taken therapy which was predominantly or entirely opposed although only one woman had received an opposed regimen which would now be considered adequately protective to the endometrium. Breast cancer incidence was also significantly increased (relative risk 1·59, 95% confidence limits 1·18–2·10); detailed analysis suggested that the use of unopposed ethinyloestradiol in particular might have undesirable effects on the breast.
Screening for Down's syndrome using an iso‐risk curve based on maternal age and serum alpha‐fetoprotein level
Authors: TABOR ANN , LARSEN SEVERIN OLESEN , NIELSEN JAN , NIELSEN JOHANNES , PHILIP JOHN , PILGAARD BENTE , VIDEBECH POUL , NORGAARD‐PEDERSEN BEN 
Published: August 2005

SummaryOn the basis of the significantly different distributions of maternal serum alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) levels in 86 pregnancies associated with fetal Down's syndrome and in 2018 unaffected pregnancies, an iso‐risk curve for Down's syndrome was constructed. An iso‐risk curve shows, for women of all ages, which combinations of maternal age and level of maternal serum AFP result in the same risk of carrying a fetus with Down's syndrome. A 1:400 risk of Down's syndrome, corresponding to the risk of a 35‐year‐old woman, was chosen as the lowest risk indicating referral for amniocentesis. If all women, irrespective of their age, are offered amniocentesis, when their risk of carrying a Down's syndrome fetus is 1;400 or higher, 53% of the affected fetuses can be detected as compared with 28% of the affected fetuses diagnosed at present in women above 35 years of age.
Mortality and morbidity in infants born between 20 and 28 weeks gestation
Authors: WALKER E. M. , PATEL N. B. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryOf 149 infants with ultrasound evidence of gestadonal age, born in Ninewells Hospital at between 20 and 28 weeks gestation over a 5‐year period, 50 were alive at birth. Of these infants, 21 died within 1 week, a further three died within 1 month and a further two within 18 months. Of the 24 survivors, 8 (33%) have significant handicap. The obstetric factors leading to delivery and the mode of delivery are discussed.
Cigarette consumption and serum cotinine in relation to birthweight
Authors: HADDOW JAMES E. , KNIGHT GEORGE J. , PALOMAKI GLENN E. , KLOZA EDWARD M. , WALD NICHOLAS J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe concentration of serum cotinine (the major metabolite of nicotine) was measured in sera from 4211 women at between 15 and 21 weeks gestation to determine whether a serum cotinine level was a better predictor of low birthweight than the self‐reported number of cigarettes smoked per day. Both cotinine levels and smoking history were significantly associated with reduced birthweight, but cotinine correlated significantly better. Smokers of ≤25 cigarettes per day, representing the 2·7% of women with the greatest cigarette consumption, had infants 289 g lighter than the 68% of women who were non‐smokers. Women with serum cotinine levels in the top 2·7% (≤284 ng/ml) had infants 441 g lighter than the 68% of women with the lowest cotinine levels (≤24 ng/ml). Our results strengthen the evidence linking smoking with low birthweight and also demonstrate that cotinine can be satisfactorily used to assess and monitor cigarette smoking in pregnancy.
Endocrine changes following pituitary desensitization with LHRH agonist and administration of purified FSH to induce follicular maturation
Authors: SHAW R. W. , NDUKWE G. , IMOEDEMHE D. A. G. , BERNARD A. , BURFORD G. , BENTICK B. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryPituitary desensitization was induced in 13 normally menstruating women by administration of an LHRH agonist, Buserelin, intranasally, 100 μg at intervals of 4 h, for a period of 14 days starting on day 22 of the menstrual cycle. Whilst continuing with Buserelin, multiple follicular development was induced by administration of purified FSH (Metrodin) for between 8 and 15 days at a dose of 150 i.u. daily. In one patient no follicular growth was induced after 14 days treatment. In the remaining subjects between 3 and 11 follicles with mean diameter <16 mm were stimulated and between 2 and 10 mature oocytes were recovered laparoscopically for IVF, 34 h after hCG administration. Eight patients underwent embryo transfer and four conceived.
The Solution of Differential Equations by Electrical Analog Computers
Authors: Ryerson Joseph L. 
Published: August 2005

Electrical systems for solving total differential equations are classified as high speed or low speed with citations of existing commercial equipment. A symbolism is proposed for the physical components which perform the mathematical operations without elaborating upon the technical details of their design.
The solutions of simultaneous linear algebraic equations, simultaneous differential equations, and differential equations with variable coefficients are discussed and illustrated. The article contains fourteen illustrations of symbols and system wiring schemes.
Some Experiments in Viscous Fluid Flow
Authors: Riess Karlem , Baudean John E. 
Published: August 2005

The motion of a viscous fluid contained between two coaxial cylinders is described. A speed criterion, although derived assuming the cylinders to have infinite length, is confirmed for the case of cylinders of finite length.
It is found that in the apparatus used there are three modes of viscous fluid motion: (a) All moving particles move in circles concentric with the axis. (b) The fluid within the annulus between the two cylinders divides itself into pairs of vortex rings in which the particles of the fluid rotate simultaneously both about the axis of the cylinders and the core of the vortex. (c) Turbulent motion appears.
The optical property of visibility of planes of equal shear in the liquid under steady flow is used to study glycerine-water and castor oil-ethyl alcohol solutions, as well as several pure oils. An explanation of the visibility of these lines is proposed. An adaptation to the measurement of viscosities is suggested.
The Fundamental Character of the Photometric System
Authors: Walls Gordon L. 
Published: August 2005

It is shown that photometric quantities and units are not psychophysical entities, as officially claimed, since they express no relationships between subjective intensity (brightness) and the true visual stimulus magnitudes (which are energy magnitudes). It is shown that no theoretical barriers exist to the determination of that fraction of one watt at λ555 mμ, which provides one lumen of luminous flux (photometric “light”). It is further shown that this value will equal an absolute number of quanta/sec usefully absorbed in photochemical molecules in the standard observer in a standard state of adaptation, that this number of quanta/sec will be independent of wavelength if the brightness-generating receptors are all alike, and that it will vary with wavelength for purely objective reasons if each color receptor type makes a specific contribution to brightness.
It is concluded that since the lumen is expressible as an absolute number of quanta/sec, there is no intrinsic subjective element in the photometric system and the system is not psychophysical but “100 percent physical.”
Measurement of the Specific Heat at Room Temperature of Copper in the Form of Wire by Electrical Heating
Authors: Ingles A. R. 
Published: August 2005

The experiment described has been devised for the purpose of stimulating the interest of advanced students in methods already employed in accredited research; it also offers an exercise in the correction for heat losses by radiation and convection and indicates a method of minimizing conduction loss.
In the original work, the object was to determine the specific heat of nickel at temperatures up to and beyond the Curie temperature; for the purpose of simplification, however, the method has been applied to copper at the temperature of the laboratory.
Experimental Production of a Divergent Chain Reaction
Authors: Fermi Enrico 
Published: August 2005

Except for minor editorial revisions this paper is the reproduction of a report written for the Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago almost ten years ago, after the experimental production of a divergent chain reaction. This report has now been declassified and can be published.
The present first part of the report contains a general description of the first pile and of its operation. The details of the construction, preparation, and testing of the materials and of the instrumentation are given by the members of the groups responsible for the work in Appendices I and II.
The pile had approximately the shape of a flattened ellipsoid of graphite having 388-cm equatorial radius and 309-cm polar radius. The uranium was distributed through the graphite mass in lumps partly of metal and partly of oxide arranged in a cubic lattice array with about 21-cm cell side. The experimental procedure followed in approaching the critical dimensions and in the actual operation of the pile is described. The observed critical dimensions are compared with the expectation from the tests on the various components of the structure.
The Constant Battery Wheatstone Bridge
Authors: Smith T. Townsend 
Published: August 2005

The article discusses the sensitivity of a constant battery Wheatstone bridge and shows that under certain conditions the bridge sensitivity will be independent of the magnitude of the resistance to be measured. A chart is given, which indicates for a given resistance the bridge ratio which provides the highest sensitivity.
The bridge is insensitive for measuring resistances which are large in comparison with the resistance of the ratio arms.
Analysis and Synthesis of Optical Images
Authors: Rhodes J. Elmer 
Published: August 2005

The formation of an optical image by a lens is often treated so that the image appears as the double Fourier transform of the object, limited by the aperture of the lens and other stops. This treatment is here presented including details that are usually omitted in articles where an application of the treatment is the primary purpose.
Separate developments are presented that are most adaptable, respectively, to the configuration usually used with a microscope objective with a short object distance and a large image distance, and to the configuration normally used with a telescope objective.
Some Current Misinterpretations of N. L. Sadi Carnot's Memoir and Cycle
Authors: La Mer Victor K. 
Published: August 2005

The indiscriminate translation of the words “feu,” “chaleur,” and “calorique,” uniformly as heat (or wärme) in the accepted translations of Carnot's memoir, without recognizing differences in meaning which Carnot consistently implied, has led to erroneous misinterpretations of his thesis, which are prevalent in present day texts.
Carnot had at least an intuitive conception of the modern interpretation of entropy in his consistent use of “chute de calorique” as analogous to “chute d'eau.” He never speaks of “chute de chaleur.”
One needs only to identify “calorique” as entropy and “chaleur” as heat to achieve simplicity and lucidity in understanding his memoir and at the same time imparting accordance with modern theory for pertinent passages that have been misconstrued.
Oscilloscope Pictures of Intermodulation Distortion
Authors: Hitchcock Richard C. 
Published: August 2005

One low- and one high-frequency sinusoidal signal are simultaneously applied to the input of an audio-amplifier. When the high-frequency component in the output is isolated and shown on an oscilloscope, it is usually seen to be modulated by the low-frequency component. This is intermodulation distortion, IMD.
As the input voltage is increased, at first the IMD increases at a faster rate, then tapers off. A multiline graph, in addition to the oscilloscope picture, is needed for a reliable indication when the IMD is greater than five percent.
Some Current Misinterpretations of N. L. Sadi Carnot's Memoir and Cycle. II
Authors: Mer Victor K. La 
Published: August 2005

New evidence is presented from Carnot's memoir to show that he defined “calorique” (entropy) differently from “chaleur” (heat in the general sense). Calorique is the thermal quantity conserved in reversible cycles; the unit of calorique melts one kilogram of ice; the unit of chaleur raises the temperature of a kilogram of water one degree centigrade, an irreversible process.
Although Carnot used these terms interchangeably for constant temperature (reversible) processes, which is justified when the temperature scale is not specified, he distinguished between chaleur and calorique for work producing reversible processes operating over a finite temperature range, where the distinction becomes necessary.
Carnot's major conclusions on heat engines are deduced on general principles and are not dependent upon any caloric or mechanical theory of heat. Carnot believed in the mechanical theory of heat, but in the last parts of the memoir he introduced, as axioms, conservation theorems for calorique (correctly) and for chaleur (incorrectly) which have tenets in common with the now-discredited caloric theory. These theorems do not require that these quantities be substantive in nature.
Vibrational Dynamics with Lenses, Mirrors, and Prisms
Authors: Satterly John 
Published: August 2005

In previous papers I have described experiments on the rocking of bodies. The rocking bodies have bearing surfaces which are plane, circular, or elliptical and they may rock on circular, elliptical, or plane surfaces.
Lenses also furnish interesting examples of rocking bodies. Their surfaces may be spherical, cylindrical, or plane and these have the advantage that they are smooth and of good geometrical form. Their curvatures may be measured accurately with calipers and spherometer. To lenses may be added prisms and mirrors. Odd lenses, prisms, and mirrors usually abound in a well-stocked laboratory so that examples are not far to seek. The larger the specimens the more easily do they lend themselves to experimentation. The calculations of the period of rocking furnish, as in earlier papers, interesting examples of the applications of mechanics to vibrational problems, and the calculation of positions of centers of gravity and values of moments of inertia provide additional exercises. The experiments are eminently suitable for senior classes in the physical laboratory, giving interest to the student by their novelty and little trouble to the demonstrators in the matter of putting out the apparatus for the use of the class. Their number illustrates the variations possible with very little apparatus.
New Look at von Neumann's Operator Method in Quantum Statistics. I
Authors: Band William 
Published: August 2005

This paper attempts to explain both the basic concepts and the mathematical formalism of von Neumann's operator method in quantum statistics, in terms that should be understandable by anyone who has mastered first courses in quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics. A simple model is used throughout the paper to illustrate the various theorems and techniques. The discussion begins with the statistical interpretation of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the definition of mixed ensembles, and the meaning of measurement in quantum mechanics. The von Neumann projection operator is explained, and is used to set up the ensemble density matrix and the von Neumann entropy operator.
In the second part of the paper, to be published later, the quantum-mechanical equation of change with time is applied to the von Neumann operators.
Institutional Influences in the Undergraduate Training of Ph.D. Physicists
Authors: Siebring B. Richard , Schwahn Duane H. 
Published: August 2005

Institutions of the United States are ranked by the ratio of Ph.D.'s in physics granted nationally during 1952 to 1956 to their undergraduate physics majors who received their bachelor's degrees during the period July 1, 1947, to June 30, 1952, as a means of measuring their efficiency in the training of Ph.D. physicists. The data used in calculating these ratios were obtained from the National Academy of Sciences and the United States Office of Education. The top ten institutions were found to be Hampden-Sydney College, Swarthmore College, University of Colorado, Haverford College, Drew University, Wesleyan University, University of Virginia, Johns Hopkins University, Whitman College, and Cornell University, in that order.
As a means of comparing various groups of institutions, composite Ph.D.-bachelor ratios were calculated. From these ratios certain conclusions were drawn. This investigation differed from most other studies of this sort, for in it the Northeastern states were found to be the most productive. The technical schools surpassed the universities and colleges. It was found that the Ph.D. granting institutions had a much higher composite Ph.D.-bachelor ratio than the institutions not offering doctoral work in physics.
Role of Physics in Revision of Engineering Curricula
Authors: Parsegian V. L. 
Published: August 2005

It has been said that engineering education has been overspecialized, compartmentalized, and insufficiently founded on fundamentals, not only with respect to engineering courses but equally in the basic science courses. Improvements are being attempted through reorganization and integration of engineering science materials, given as common courses in categories such as thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, materials and solid state, etc.
Science courses must also eliminate compartmental thinking. Students need more than the elements and concepts of basic science in a limited frame of reference; they must achieve quantitative understanding of the interrelationship and underlying unity of the laws of nature, through a wide range of natural phenomena. Transition and translation from micro to engineering macro realms, from physical to chemical to biological phenomena, must be made meaningful in a quantitative sense.
The role of physics is not to teach engineering mechanics or electrical circuitry, but the phenomena that underlie and introduce these effectively. There is particular need to stress and to take examples from atomic systems as far as possible, even with freshman physics.
Nature of Physics and Its Relation to Other Disciplines
Authors: Thomson George P. 
Published: August 2005

Physics is one aspect of the science which deals with nonliving matter. It is concerned primarily with general principles valid either for all kinds of material, as for example gravitation, or relating to laws in which matter as such does not come in directly ; for example, the propogation of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum. However, the boundary between physics and chemistry in common parlance is largely historical in origin.
Physics is a great triumph of the human mind, but it has often grown from the study of apparent trivialities. That these can lead to the most important discoveries is itself one of the great discoveries of the scientific method. There is as yet no all-embracing physical theory, and as knowledge increases the significance of the partial theories is seen to change, but they are seldom entirely superseded. Even a successful universal theory would leave much to do; the consequences of theories are deemed worthy or unworthy of study for aesthetic or practical reasons.
Nature is no longer considered to be deterministic in detail though it is in gross.
The practical value of physics showed itself clearly in the development of electrical engineering, and now physics has become essential to a developing civilization.
Scientists are responsible for those consequences of their actions which reasonably can be foreseen, but the extent to which consequences can be foreseen is exaggerated. The different parts of a civilization are interlocked and it must be accepted or rejected as a whole.
Cosmical Electrodynamics
Authors: Alfvén H. 
Published: August 2005

A review is given of the development in the field of cosmical electrodynamics. It is mentioned that the great interest in thermonuclear research has produced a considerable progress in plasma physics. This is of astrophysical interest because it is now possible to check the theories of a plasma by experiment.
As an example, a recent experiment in a “homopolar” machine is discussed, and its importance to the theory of the origin of the solar system is emphasized. Conclusions about the origin of the solar system are drawn. In particular, the mechanism by which Saturn's ring has been produced is discussed. It is further pointed out that the moon probably was born as a planet later captured by the earth.