bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extremely low frequency‐modulated static magnetic fields to treat cancer: A pilot study on patients with advanced neoplasm to assess safety and acute toxicity
Authors: Ronchetto Flavio , Barone Domenico , Cintorino Marcella , Berardelli Michele , Lissolo Silvana , Orlassino Renzo , Ossola Piero , Tofani Santi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractResults of a toxicity pilot human study approved by the competent ethical Committee are reported. Eleven patients with heavily pre‐treated advanced cancer were enrolled in a pilot study with different schedules of time exposure to static magnetic fields (MF), amplitude modulated by ELF. An area including the neck, thoracic and abdomen was MF exposed daily, 5 days/week for 4 weeks according to two different schedules: 20 min daily (4 patients) and 70 min daily (7 patients). ECOG performance status was 1 (2 patients), 2 (8 patients), 3 (1 patient). Toxicity was assessed according to WHO criteria. ECG, Chest X‐ray, physical examination, blood cell count and complete blood chemistry were performed before and at the end of the treatment. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation (grade 2 toxicity) in 1 patient and microscopic urinary abnormalities in 5 patients were the only negative effects observed. We conclude that MF can be safely administrated according to the MF exposure schedules. Bioelectromagnetics 25:563–571, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluorescence‐based sensing system for copper using genetically engineered living yeast cells
Authors: Shetty Ranjit S. , Deo Sapna K. , Liu Yue , Daunert Sylvia 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA whole cell‐based optical sensing system for copper was developed based onSaccharomyces cerevisiaecells harboring plasmid pYEX‐GFPuv. The basis of this system was the ability of the transcriptional activator protein Ace1 present inS. cerevisiaeto control the expression of the reporter protein, GFPuv. When copper ions are present in the sample, the Ace1 protein activates thecup1promoter located upstream from thegfpuvgene in plasmid pYEX‐GFPuv, thus inducing the production of GFPuv. The concentration of copper ions in the sample can then be related to the GFPuv expressed in the yeast. The amount of GFPuv produced in the system was determined by monitoring the fluorescence emitted at 507 nm after excitation at 397 nm. This system can detect copper at concentrations as low as 5 × 10−7M, and is selective for copper over a variety of metal ions, with the exception of silver. The applicability of this sensing system to different analytical platforms and in real samples is demonstrated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Projection and local interneurons in the sixth abdominal ganglion of the sand crab Emerita analoga (Hippidae)
Authors: Paul Dorothy Hayman 
Published: November 2004

AbstractHippid crabs are adapted for life in the surf zone of exposed sandy beaches, and their tailfan differs from the tailfans of other crustaceans with respect to morphology and motor control and in having nonspiking stretch receptors (NSR). To investigate how these crabs' mechanosensory systems are adapted to this turbulent environment, I used axonal back‐filling and intracellular recording with dye‐filled microelectrodes to describe afferent projections from the telson and morphologies and physiological responses of intersegmental and local neurons in abdominal ganglion 6 (A6) in Emerita analoga, then compared them with descriptions of corresponding neurons in A6 of crayfish. The density of afferent terminals and the proportion of projection neuron somata is lower in anterior A6 of E. analoga than in crayfish, perhaps correlated with a reduction in hydrodynamic setae. Many interneurons responded to afferent nerve stimulation and displayed activity correlated with levels of A6 motor output. NSR stretch depolarizes unilateral local neurons and terminals of axons entering A6 from the connective and hyperpolarizes bilateral local and projection neurons. The timing and duration of this inhibition would suppress mechanosensory input from the telson during uropod beating (homologue of crayfish's nongiant tail‐flipping). Suppression of reafference during uropod beating may have been pivotal for evolution of hippids' ability to move rapidly across the water‐sand interface in the slosh zone of sandy beaches. Homologies between A6 neurons in E. analoga and crayfish, suggested by morphological and physiological similarities, indicate that the NSRs connect to a neuronal network regulating exteroceptive input that was inherited from their tail‐flipping ancestors. J. Comp. Neurol. 480:310–329, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the vesicular glutamate transporters during development indicates the widespread corelease of multiple neurotransmitters
Authors: Boulland Jean‐Luc , Qureshi Tayyaba , Seal Rebecca P. , Rafiki Amina , Gundersen Vidar , Bergersen Linda H. , Fremeau Robert T. , Edwards Robert H. , Storm‐Mathisen Jon , Chaudhry Farrukh A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThree closely related proteins transport glutamate into synaptic vesicles for release by exocytosis. Complementary patterns of expression in glutamatergic terminals have been reported for VGLUT1 and VGLUT2. VGLUT3 shows expression by many cells not considered to be glutamatergic. Here we describe the changes in VGLUT expression that occur during development. VGLUT1 expression increases gradually after birth and eventually predominates over the other isoforms in telencephalic regions. Expressed at high levels shortly after birth, VGLUT2 declines with age in multiple regions, in the cerebellum by 14‐fold. In contrast, Coexpression of the two isoforms occurs transiently during development as well as permanently in a restricted subset of glutamatergic terminals in the adult. VGLUT3 is transiently expressed at high levels by select neuronal populations, including terminals in the cerebellar nuclei, scattered neurons in the cortex, and progenitor‐like cells, implicating exocytotic glutamate release in morphogenesis and development. VGLUT3 also colocalizes extensively during development with the neuronal vesicular monoamine transporter VMAT2, with the vesicular acetylcholine transporter VAChT, and with the vesicular γ‐aminobutyric acid transporter VGAT. Such coexpression occurs particularly at some specific developmental stages and is restricted to certain sets of cells. In skeletal muscle, VGLUT3 localizes to granular organelles in the axon terminal as well as in the muscle sarcoplasm. The results suggest novel mechanisms and roles for regulated transmitter release. J. Comp. Neurol. 480:264–280, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Empirical Treatment of the Inductive and Dispersive Components of Solute−Solvent Interactions: The Solvent Polarizability (SP) Scale
Authors: Catalán Javier , Hopf Henning 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBy using 3,20‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,2,21,21‐tetramethyl‐3,5,7,9,11, 13,15,17,19‐docosanonaene (ttbP9) as a probe, the inductive and dispersive interactions of solvents were empirically evaluated for the first time. This probe exhibits a very strong first electronic transition with a marked vibronic structure that is very well resolved from the second electronic transition. One hundred solvents were used to construct a solvent polarizability (SP) scale ranging from zero for the gas phase (i.e. the absence of solvent) to unity for carbon disulfide. The probe was found to exhibit an ideal spectroscopic behaviour towards a variety of polar, acidic and basic solvents. The polarizability scale provides an accurate description of the solvatochromism of such interesting apolar chromophores as anthracene, molecular oxygen, and C60 among a wider variety of solvents spanning very broad ranges of polarity, acidity and basicity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Probing Gelation at the Molecular Level: Head‐to‐Tail Hydrogen‐Bonded Self‐Assembly of an Inositol‐Based Organogelator
Authors: Sureshan Kana M. , Yamaguchi Kentaro , Sei Yoshihisa , Watanabe Yutaka 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA simple cyclitol derivative has been found to gelate many low‐polar solvents. A detailed molecular level investigation demonstrated that the intermolecular head‐to‐tail hydrogen bond plays a key role in the self‐assembly of the monomers to generate supramolecular polymeric fibres. Such self‐assembled oligomeric forms could be detected even in a competing protic solvent. Control experiments further established that optimally oriented hydroxy groups and chirality are the crucial factors for the gelation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
2,3,4‐Triphenyl‐3‐azabicyclo[3.2.0]hepta‐1,4‐diene − Facile Ring‐Opening by Electrophiles and Novel Reactions with Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate
Authors: Matsumoto Kiyoshi , Goto Sadahito , Hayashi Naoto , Iida Hirokazu , Uchida Takane , Kakehi Akikazu 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA 3‐azabicyclo[3.2.0]hepta‐1,4‐diene with no substituent in the cyclobutene moiety has been prepared for the first time; it undergoes extremely facile electrophilic attack at the β‐position to give the ring‐opened product, probably by a retro‐Friedel−Crafts process. The title compound also undergoes a novel reaction with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to afford the azepine. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Substrate‐Specific Amidation of Carboxylic Acids in a Liquid−Liquid Two‐Phase System Using Cyclodextrins as Inverse Phase‐Transfer Catalysts
Authors: Kunishima Munetaka , Watanabe Yasunobu , Terao Keiji , Tani Shohei 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA novel system for substrate‐specific activation of carboxylic acids leading to the formation of carboxamides has been developed in our laboratory. A combination of a water‐soluble dehydrocondensing agent, 4‐(4,6‐dimethoxy‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐yl)‐4‐methylmorpholinium chloride (DMT‐MM), and an inverse phase‐transfer catalyst (IPTC) (hydroxypropyl)cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD), in a water/ether biphasic solvent system was found to be most effective. A lipophilic carboxylic acid with a strong affinity for the cavity of HP‐β‐CD can be selectively transferred to the aqueous phase and predominantly reacts with DMT‐MM, dissolving in the aqueous phase. The substrate specificity was similar to that observed with a complex artificial enzyme based on CD. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
An Improved Stereoselective Synthesis of L‐Alanosine
Authors: Strazzolini Paolo , Dall’Arche Maria Grazia , Zossi Maura , Pavsler Andrea 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAn improved, stereoselective synthesis of the natural, non‐proteogenic amino acid L‐alanosine has been developed, starting from the readily available and cheap substrate L‐serine, in six steps and 49% overall yield. The process is very efficient, is suitable for large‐scale production, and affords L‐alanosine with properties comparable with those of the natural substance. In addition, the structural assignment concerning some previously reported synthetic alkylated derivatives of the natural amino acid has been definitively confirmed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
An Approach to Simple Reaction Control for Auto‐thermal Fuel‐reforming Systems
Authors: Komachiya M. , Hiyama K. , Higashiyama K. , Okano T. , Yatabe H. , Imada N. , Kaku H. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA simple approach to reaction control for auto‐thermal fuel‐reforming systems was proposed and examined. The amount of air supplied to the fuel‐reforming system was chosen as the variable in the feedback (closed‐loop) control operation, and simply by varying the amount of air supplied, it was attempted to control and stabilize the temperature of the auto‐thermal reforming reaction. The amounts of other fuels and water were chosen from pre‐determined values by open‐loop operation. Since the feedback operation was limited to the air‐supply mechanism, it was expected that both the hardware structure of the system and its software configurations could be significantly simplified. The applicability of this simple feedback control operation was confirmed experimentally by using a methanol reformer of the direct‐injection type.
Fuel Cell Vehicles at General Motors
Authors: v. Helmolt R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAn overview of GM/Opel's hydrogen fuel cell vehicles is presented. Three vehicle generations have been put into operation within the past four years, and valuable practical experience has been gained. GM/Opel's development targets are today shifting from pure performance optimisation to more varied aims, including reliability and durability considerations. Increased attention is also being paid to the fuel storage factor, which is a major issue for hydrogen cars.
Novel Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Automotive Applications – Requirements and Benefits
Authors: Wieser C. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDuring the past few years, the feasibility of using polymer electrolyte fuel cells in automotive power trains at an impressive performance level has been proven repeatedly. However, current fuel cell stacks are still largely based on decade‐old polymer electrolyte membrane technology thus limiting performance, durability, reliability, and cost of the fuel cell systems. The major challenge for membrane R&D constitutes the demand for polymer electrolytes that allow for system operation at higher temperatures and lower water management requirements without increased conduction losses. None the less, demanding automotive requirements will not compromise on other properties such as mechanical and chemical stability and gas permeability.
Chloride free Pt‐ and PtRu‐ Nanoparticles Stabilised by “Armand's Ligand” as Precursors for Fuel Cell Catalysts
Authors: Bönnemann H. , Brinkmann R. , Kinge S. , Ely T. O. , Armand M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractChloride residues on the surface of fuel cell catalysts are known to decrease the catalytic activity, especially for O2 reduction. Using Armand's ligand, which contains the chloride free DCTA anion, for the colloidal stabilisation of nanoscopic Pt and PtRu catalysts precursors (< 2 nm size) leads to PEMFC and DMFC catalysts with improved activity compared to commercial E‐TEK catalysts as evidenced by both methanol oxidation and CO‐stripping voltametric studies.
Prospects for Alkaline Anion‐Exchange Membranes in Low Temperature Fuel Cells
Authors: Varcoe J. R. , Slade R. C. T. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis article introduces the radical approach of applying alkaline anion‐exchange membranes (AAEMs) to meet the current challenges with regards to direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). A review of the literature is presented with regards to the testing of fuel cells with alkaline membranes (fuelled with hydrogen or methanol) and also to candidate alkaline anion‐exchange membranes for such an application. A brief review of the directly related patent literature is also included. Current and future research challenges are identified along with potential strategies to overcome them. Finally, the advantages and challenges with the direct electrochemical oxidation of alternative fuels are discussed, along with how the application of alkaline membranes in such fuel cells may assist in improving performance and fuel efficiency.
Simplifying head and neck microvascular reconstruction
Authors: Rosenthal Eben , Carroll William , Dobbs Mathew , Scott Magnuson J. , Wax Mark , Peters Glenn 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackground.Free‐tissue transfer has become the preferred method of head and neck reconstruction but is a technique that is considered to use excessive hospital resources.Methods.This study is a retrospective review of 125 consecutive free flaps in 117 patients over a 16‐month period at a tertiary care university hospital.Results.Defects of the oral cavity/oropharynx (60%), midface (9%), hypopharynx (15%), or cervical and facial skin (16%) were reconstructed from three donor sites: forearm (70%), rectus (11%), and fibula (19%). Microvascular anastomoses were performed with a continuous suture technique or an anastomotic coupling device for end‐to‐end venous anastomoses. A single vein was anastomosed in 97% of tissue transfers. There were five flaps (4%) requiring exploration for vascular compromise, and the overall success rate was 97.6%. The major complication rate was 13%. Mean hospital stay was 7 days for all patients and 5 days for those with cutaneous defects. Combined ablative and reconstructive operative times were 6 hours 42 minutes, 7 hours 40 minutes, and 8 hours 32 minutes for forearm, rectus, and fibular free grafts, respectively. A subset of this patient series with oral cavity and oropharynx defects (76 patients; 58%) available for follow‐up (74 patients) was assessed for deglutition. Forty‐three patients (58%) had a regular diet, 22 patients (30%) had a limited diet or required supplemental tube feedings, and nine patients (12%) were dependent on tube feedings with a severely limited diet.Conclusions.This series suggests that most head and neck defects can be reconstructed by use of a simplified microvascular technique and a limited number of donor sites. Analysis of operative times and length of stay suggest improved efficiency with this approach to microvascular reconstruction. Complications and functional results are comparable to previously published results. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 930–936, 2004
Postoperative irradiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: 35‐year experience
Authors: Hinerman Russell W. , Mendenhall William M. , Morris Christopher G. , Amdur Robert J. , Werning John W. , Villaret Douglas B. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackground.The purpose of this study was to analyze factors influencing outcome in patients who received postoperative irradiation for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity.Methods.Between October 1964 and November 2000, 226 patients with 230 previously untreated primary invasive squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity were treated postoperatively with continuous‐course external beam irradiation. All patients had a minimum follow‐up of 2 years (analysis, November 2002). No patient was lost to follow‐up.Results.The 5‐year actuarial rates of locoregional control by pathologic American Joint Committee on Cancer stage were: stage I, 100%; stage II, 84%; stage III, 78%; and stage IV, 66%. Recurrence of cancer above the clavicles developed in 55 patients (24%). In multivariate analysis of locoregional control, positive margins, vascular invasion, perineural invasion, extracapsular extension, and T classification remained significant.Conclusions.This article provides additional data defining relatively favorable and unfavorable groups of patients in the postoperative setting. Dose recommendations are re‐examined and selectively increased for high‐risk patients. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Head Neck26:984–994, 2004
FGF‐2 enhances the mitotic and chondrogenic potentials of human adult bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Solchaga Luis A. , Penick Kitsie , Porter John D. , Goldberg Victor M. , Caplan Arnold I. , Welter Jean F. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractHuman mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) expanded with and without fibroblast growth factor (FGF) supplementation were compared with respect to their proliferation rate, ability to differentiate along the chondrogenic pathway in vitro, and their gene expression profiles. hMSCs expanded in FGF‐supplemented medium were smaller and proliferated more rapidly than hMSCs expanded in control conditions. Chondrogenic cultures made with FGF‐treated cells were larger and contain more proteoglycan than those made with control cells. Furthermore, aggregates of FGF‐treated cells lacked the collagen type I‐positive and collagen type II‐negative outer layer characteristic of aggregates of control cells. A total of 358 unique transcripts were differentially expressed in FGF‐treated hMSCs. Of these, 150 were upregulated and 208 downregulated. Seventeen percent of these genes affect proliferation. Known genes associated with cellular signaling functions comprised the largest percentage (∼20%) of differentially expressed transcripts. Eighty percent of differentially expressed extracellular matrix‐related genes were downregulated. The present findings that FGF‐2 enhances proliferation and differentiation of hMSCs adds to a growing body of evidence that cytokines modulate the differentiation potential and, perhaps, the multipotentiality of adult stem cells. With the generation of gene expression profiles of FGF‐treated and control cells we have taken the first steps in the elucidation of the molecular mechanism(s) behind these phenomena. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cholesterol depletion perturbs calcium handling by rat submandibular glands
Authors: Garcia‐Marcos M. , Tandel S. , Pochet S. , Genin J. , De Lorenzi M. , Gomez F. , Kumps A. , Marino A. , Dehaye J.P. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe sensitivity to cholesterol depletion of calcium handling by rat submandibular glands was investigated. The glands were digested with collagenase. After homogenization, the lysate was extracted at 4°C with 0.5% Triton X‐100 and the extract was submitted to an ultracentrifugation in a sucrose discontinuous gradient. A population of detergent‐resistant membranes (DRM) was collected at the 5%–35% interface. The DRM had a higher content of cholesterol, saturated and long‐chain fatty acids. Caveolin‐1 and αq/11 were located in these membranes. They were more ordered than vesicles from total cellular lysate as determined by anisotropy measurement. They disappeared after cholesterol extraction with methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (MCD). Exposure of the cellular suspension with MCD nearly abolished the response to carbachol, epinephrine, and substance P and inhibited the activation of phospholipase C (PLC) by these agonists and by sodium fluoride. MCD did not affect the mobilization of intracellular pools of calcium by thapsigargin. It increased the uptake of extracellular calcium or barium and did not inhibit the uptake of calcium after depletion of the intracellular stores of this ion. From these results, it is concluded that Triton X‐100 can extract a fraction of membrane resistant to detergents. Treatment of the cells with MCD disrupts these membranes. The coupling between the heterotrimeric GTP‐binding protein Gq/11 and poly‐phosphoinositide‐specific PLC is affected by disruption of these membrane fractions. At the opposite, the store‐operated calcium channel (SOCC) is not affected by DRM‐disruption. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.