bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunocytochemistry of M‐cadherin in mature and regenerating rat muscle
Authors: Bornemann Antje , Schmalbruch Henning 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: Cadherins are transmembrane proteins mediating calcium‐dependent cell–cell adhesion in a cell type‐specific manner by means of homophilic binding. M(muscle)‐cadherin is a recently detected member of the cadherin family.Methods: We have investigated the localization of M‐cadherin innormal and aneurally regenerating skeletal muscle of rat by means of pre‐embedding immunocytochemistry. The antibody was directed against the extra‐cellular domain of M‐cadherin.Results: Myoblasts and myotubes in regenerating muscles tended to be arranged in clusters enclosed by a common basal lamina. Satellite cells of mature muscle fibers were attached to the underlying fiber without separating basal lamina. Reactivity for M‐cadherin was restricted to the plasma membranes of myoblasts and satellite cells, and was most intense at the membrane areas facing adjacent myotubes or myofibers. Myoblasts interposed between two myotubes were stained on the entire surface. The adjacent plasma membrane of the otherwise negative myotube or muscle fiber, was stained as well, and extracellular reaction product was in the gap between the cells.Conclusion: The cellular localization of M‐cadherin may indicate that M‐cadherin is involved in calcium‐dependent adhesion between satellite cells and muscle fibers or, by means of interposed myoblasts, between the clustered myotubes in a regenerating muscle. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistological analysis of macrophages, B‐cells, and T‐cells in the mouse lung
Authors: Kolopp‐Sarda Marie N. , Bene Marie C. , Massin Nicole , Moulin Jean J. , Faure Gilbert C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: Numerous studies have described the anatomy of the large lymphoid aggregates of bronchus‐associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in rabbits and rats. Less work has been performed on other immunocompetent areas of the respiratory tract, and available data again mostly describe rabbit or rat tissues. Little is known therefore of the microanatomy of the mouse lung immune system.Methods: We report a study, devised in order to establish the immunohistological characteristics of normal healthy mice lungs, performed on whole lungs from 22 mice of various strains and/or ages. Snap frozen tissues were serially sectioned and analysed using histochemistry and immunohistological techniques. Scattered macrophages, IgA plasma cells, B and T cells were enumerated in each sample.Results: The largest population was that of macrophages. B‐cells were numerous in all mice but 3 adults. T‐cells were always present, L3T4+ often more numerous than Lyt2+ cells. Small lymphoid aggregates, composed of B or T cells (L3T4+ and Lyt2+) were seen in all mice, in the vicinity of a bronchiole and a vein. In 12/22 mice, a peculiarly elongated para‐esophagal lymph node with large peripheral B‐cell nodules and medullary T‐cells was observed. In the five strains of mice studied, large variations were noted, affecting all the cell types studied, and related either to age or strain.Conclusion: Besides providing a qualitative description and quantitative analysis of immunocompetent cells, this work reports age and strain‐related variations in these cells' distribution. These data could be relevant for studies involving the analysis of mice respirtory immune responses to environmental antigens. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical studies of renin‐containing cells in the developing sheep kidney
Authors: Kon Yasuhiro , Alcorn Daine , Murakami Kazuo , Sugimura Makoto , Ryan Graeme B. , McCausland Jane , Sawyer Trudy , Kelly Darren 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: Renin‐containing (RC) cells in small ruminant kidneys have been known to be widely distributed along the blood vessels. In the present study, RC cells in developing sheep kidneys were studied to investigate not only the appearance but distribution with the potential physiological significance using immunohistochemical and histophanimetrical techniques.Methods: Seven fetal, 12 newborn, and 3 adult metanephric kidneys were used and immunostained by anti‐renin antiserum. In the histoplanimetrical analysis, the numerical values of RC cells existing at the walls of 3 major arterial types in the kidneys were calculated.Results: At day 44 of gestation, RC cells were already demonstrated in the walls of renal, interlobar, and afferent vessels, located in the deep cortex and the medulla. In intermediate gestational periods, RC cells were detected throughout the intrarenal arterial trees. In late gestational periods, RC cells expressed in the walls of interlobar/arcuate and interlobular arteries tended to decrease or disappear gradually, while they were distributed predominantly in the afferent glomerular vessels. In newborn lambs, especially days 1 to 3 after birth, increased numbers of RC cells were demonstrated throughout the arterial trees in the kidneys. In older lambs, RC cells located in the interlobar/arcuate arteries and the proximal region of the interlobular arteries decreased in number and gradually disappeared. Some RC cells were still distributed in the distal portion of the interlobular artery even in the adult sheep.Conclusions: These results suggest that the wide distribution of RC cells in sheep kidney is formed in perinatal life, and that the neuronal regulation is associated with the maintenance of this distribution. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ileal Peyer's patches in pigs: Intercellular and lymphatic pathways
Authors: Lowden Stewart , Heath Trevor 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: The lymphatics of Peyer's patches disseminate immunological information from the gut and thus play a key role in protection of the body against environmental pathogens. The aim of this project was to describe the lymphatic pathways of these Peyer's patches in pigs, and the mucosal intercellular spaces which lead to these lymphatics.Methods: Ileal tissue from living or freshly killed pigs was examined by light microscopy or electron microscopy, or was injected with Mercox (CL‐2B, Japan Vilene Hospital, Tokyo) for scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts.Results: Intercellular fluid between intestinal epithelial cells passes through pores in the basal lamina to mix with that in the intercellular spaces and prelymphatic intercellular channels of the lamina propria and follicle domes. From there, lymph enters lacteals in the villi, or a branching network of vessels within the lamina propria. Small lymphatics penetrate the muscularis mucosae and are continuous with (1) lymphatic vessels which pass directly to the deep submucosa between follicles, or (2) lymphatic sinuses which lie adjacent to the follicles. This differes from the situation in sheep and rabbits. Basal lymphatics beneath the follicles convey lymph to vessels which leave the surface at the serosa.Conclusion: The differences in the structure and arrangement of the lymphatics of Peyer's patches between pigs, sheep, and rabbits will require further investigation to determine if such variation between species has an effect on the distribution of immune products to effector sites. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the cysteine proteinase inhibitor cystatin C mRNA in rat eye
Authors: Barka Tibor , Van Der Noen Hendrika 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: Cystatin C, a naturally occuring inhibitor of cysteine proteinases, belongs to family 2 of the cystatin superfamily. While cystatins in general, and cystatin C specifically, are expressed in various cell types and found in biological fluids, cystatins in ocular structures have not been investigated. In the present study, the expression of cystatin C mRNA in the eye of the rat was studied.Methods: Total RNA was extracted from eyes as well as from pooled corneae, retinas, lenses, sclerae, and corneae of adult rats. Cystatin C mRNA was detected in the RNA samples by reverse transcriptase—polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot hybridization. In addition, in situ hybridizations of formalin‐fixed cryostat sections were carried out using a digoxigenin‐labeled cystatin C probe.Results: Cystatin C mRNA was demonstrated in total RNAs extracted from the eye, sclera, and retina, but not in RNAs isolated from the cornea and lens. In situ hybridizations revealed cystatin C mRNA in most of the stromal cells of the sclera. In the retina, a strong signal was localized in the outer nuclear layer. The distribution of the reaction product suggested that in the retina Müller cells and rod cells are the primary sites of expression of cystatin C. In addition, some glial cells in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers were stained. No specific signal for cystatin C mRNA was detected in the cornea, lens, iris, ciliary body, and choroid.Conclusions: In the eye of the rat, significant levels of cystatin C mRNA are detected in the sclera and retina. In the sclera cystatin C may play a role in modulating the activities of cysteine proteinases, mostly cathepsins, involved in the turnover and remodeling of the stroma. In the retina, cystatins synthesized and presumably released by Müller cells and rod cells may have a protective function against the harmful effects of cysteine proteinases released under physiologic and pathologic conditions. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perspectives: A biomechanical model of the pathogenesis of arthroses
Authors: Frost Harold M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis model views the common, initiating cause of arthroses as excessive articular cartilage microdamage. If so, understanding it would become a central problem for understanding the pathogenesis of arthroses. The model proposes the microdamge can stem from: (1) Excessive total loads on normal joints; (2) underadaptations in a joint's size or shape that leave its momentarily loaded area too small for normal loads; (3) impaired microdamage repair in subchondral bone or articular cartilage; (4) abnormal composition or structure that makes a tissue develop excessive microdamage under normal loads. (5) (2)–(4) above could stem from changed set points or “lead times” for a joint's adaptations and maintenance, which in turn could stem from (6) genetic influences, some drugs, toxins, diseases, and “X,” and (7) from combinations of the above.In the pathogenesis of arthroses this model assigns special importance to the stiffness of joint tissues (as distinguished from their strength), to the typical largest unit loads they carry as a result of a subject's usual physical activities, and to microdamage in those tissues. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural modifications of vesicular and Golgi elements in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae sec21 mutant at permissive and non‐permissive temperatures
Authors: Rambourg A. , Clermont Y. , Jackson C. L. , Képès F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: The secretory protein transit between cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi elements is blocked when the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae sec21 mutant is shifted from the permissive (24°C) to a non‐permissive (37°C) temperature, but 30–50 nm vesicles accumulate in the cytoplasm. At the semi‐permissive temperature of 33°C there is no complete block but rather a slowdown of the protein transport between ER and Golgi. The purpose of the present investigation is to analyze the structural expression of these events.Methods: S. cerevisiae sec21 mutants were maintained for 90 min at semi‐restrictive (33°C) or restrictive (37°C) temperatures and then progressively returned to 24°C. Following fixation in glutaraldehyde and a postfixation in potassium ferrocyanide reduced osmium, 0.08 to 0.2 μm thick sections were cut from Epon embedded yeasts. Using the thicker sections, stereopairs of electron microscope photographs were prepared and used to visualize the three‐dimensional configuration of the organelles.Results: At permissive temperature, the Golgi elements appeared as isolated networks of membranous tubules dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. The diameter of these membranous tubules varied considerably from one Golgi element to another. Larger tubules showed at their intersections distensions with size and staining intensity comparable with that of the secretory granules seen at proximity of the Golgi networks or at the cell periphery. Small vesicles in the 30–50 nm size range were rarely if ever observed in cells grown at permissive temperature. Golgi networks and secretion granules were less conspicuous in mutant cells maintained at 33°C and completely disappeared at 37°C. In both cases, the main structural feature was the presence in the cytoplam of numerous small vesicles and of short membranous tubules with a diameter identical to that of the small vesicles. As soon as 5 minutes after shifting mutants from 33°C to 24°C, the small vesciles disappeared from the cytoplasm, while secretory granules were actively produced in extensively developed Golgi network. When mutants were returned from 37°C to 24°C, the disappearance of small vesicles was more progressive and concomitant with the progressive reconstruction of Golgi networks.Conclusions: It is thus postulated that, in the above mentioned conditions, the small vesicles of the sec21 mutant did not act as intermediate carriers between the endoplasmic reticulum and a pre‐existing Golgi apparatus, but rather fused together to produce newly formed Golgi networks. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endothelial injury following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats: Effects on brain blood flow
Authors: Clower Ben R. , Yamamoto Yoshihiro , Cain Lisa , Haines Duane E. , Smith Robert R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: The leading cause of death and disability in patients suffering from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is cerebral vasospasm, a persistent, progressive, and often irreversible constriction of cerebral arteries. A wide array of pathological changes occur in cerebral arteries following SAH, with endothelial injury being the earliest and most consistent one. Since intact endothelium modulates many reflexes that influence vascular tone, damage to them may represent a significant contributor to cerebral vasospasm.Methods: Changes in local cerebellar blood flow (LCBF) and pathological alterations in major cerebral arteries were studied and compared in rats at various time intervals following SAH. SAH induced by the subarachnoid injection of 0.3 ml of whole blood. Sham rats received a subarachnoid injection of 0.3 ml of isotonic saline.Results: Except for an immediate but transient decrease, LCBF remained unchanged over a 3 day period following saline injection. Likewise, there were no pathological alterations in cerebral arteries of saline‐injected rats. In contrast, the subarachnoid injection of whole blood produced significant changes in both LCBF and cerebral arteries. Within 30 minutes postblood injection, LCBF became significantly decreased and remained so for 4 hours. However, within 24 hours, LCBF had returned to control levels where it remained for 3 days. Endothelial injury was observed in the basilar and middle cerebral arteries from 30 minutes through 4 hours, the same periods in which LCBF was significantly reduced. Within 24 hours, the time period in which LCBF had rebounded to control ranges, cerebral arteries showed no evidence of endothelial damage and resembled control cells.Conclusion: The results indicate a direct correlation between changes in LCBF and the structural integrity of endothelial cells in the early stages following SAH. The lack of chronically depressed LCBF (after 1 day) may be related to the quick structural repair of endothelium. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine structure of the anteromedial eye of the liphistiid spider, Heptathela kimurai
Authors: Uehara Akira , Uehara Kiyoko , Ogawa Koichi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: The presence of efferent fibers in the anteromedial eye of liphistiid spiders kept in natural daily cycles of illuminance has been reported. However, this report is limited to innervation by the efferent fiber and daily rhabdomal changes, and there have been no detailed ultrastructural accounts of the eye.Methods: The fine structure of this eye was examined by electron microscopy.Results and conclusions: The eye consists of a cornea, a lens, a vitreous body, and a retina. The retina contains 13 or 14 receptor cells and glial cells. The rhabdoms are distal to the nuclei of the receptor cells. In the distal region of the receptive segment, the rhabdomeres lie in the center of the cell. In the middle region, anisomorphic rhabdoms formed by microvilli from adjacent cells are at the cell periphery. In the proximal region, the rhabdomeres are situated in the center of the cell. The ocellar nerve of the eye runs toward the protocerebrum and enters the posterior part of the first optic ganglion of the secondary eyes. Pigmented cells and nonpigmented cells are observed. The pigmented cells are located in the most lateral of the eye and cover the whole eye. The nonpigmented cells are located in the receptor cell bodies and extend to the origin of the ocellar nerve. They wind to form capillaries filled with electron‐dense material. These structures are discussed in comparison with those of other spiders and other chelicerates. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differentiation of the chorionic plate of the placenta: Cellular and extracellular matrix changes during development in the macaque
Authors: King Barry F. , Blankenship Thomas N. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: The chorionic plate forms the fetal side of the placental disc, and its proper growth and development is important to the formation of a normal placenta. The development and structure of the chorionic plate has received little attention. Therefore, we have conducted a developmental and immunohistochemical study of the chorionic plate of the macaque placenta.Methods: Conventional light and transmission electron microscopy techniques were used to study macaque placental tissues collected from 22 days of gestation to near term. Standard immunoperoxidase methods were used to identify type IV collagen, laminin, and fibronectin in paraffin sections.Results: Early in gestation the chorionic plate trophoblast consisted of an outer layer of syncytiotrophoblast and a single underlying layer of cytotrophoblast. Beginning at about 100 days of gestation, the cytotrophoblast layer became stratified. The cytotrophoblast cells also became surrounded by variable amounts of extracellular matrix containing type IV collagen, laminin, and fibronectin. Ultrastructurally, the matrix contained abundant 10–12 nm diameter microfibrils. During later gestation the syncytiotrophoblast had a tendency to separate from the cytotrophoblast.Conclusions: The chorionic plate of the macaque placenta undergoes several distinctive morphological changes over the course of gestation. During the period of rapid diametrical growth of the disc, the chorionic plate trophoblast consists of a layer of syncytiotrophoblast and a single layer of cytotrophoblast. During later gestation the cytotrophoblast layer stratifies at a time coincident with that at which diametrical growth of the disc slows. The cytotrophoblast cells of later gestation appear synthetically active and at least some of their products are extracellular matrix components that encapsulate many of these cells. These components include type IV collagen, laminin, fibronectin, and microfibrils. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ontogeny of neurotransmitter systems in the paracervical ganglion and uterine cervix of the rat
Authors: Sullivan Kelli A. , Traurig Harold H. , Papka Raymond E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: The paracervical ganglia (PG) are components of the pelvic plexus that provides sensory and motor innervation to the reproductive system of the female rat. Several neurotransmitters including norepinephrine (NE), acetylcholine (ACh), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) are present in neurons of the adult PG and in axons innervating the adult uterus and uterine cervix. The current study was undertaken to describe the onset of immunoreactivity of these neurotransmitters and neuropeptides during development.Methods: Female rats, ages E18 to P36, were prepared for immunohistochemistry for TH (tyrosine hydroxylase, a marker of noradrenergic neurons), NPY, or VIP as well as the histochemical demonstration of acetylcholinesterase (AChE).Results: All four markers were detected in neurons of the PG at E18. Changes in the appearance of these markers from E18 to P36 reflected previously described growth changes in the PG. Axons containing AChE, TH, NPY, or VIP were first detected within the cervix at E20. Immunopositive axons first appeared as thick, unbranched structures at the outermost portion of the cervical myometrium. Over time, these axon bundles ramified to form discrete varicose axons. The ingrowth was similar for axons containing each of the four markers.Conclusions: The relative density of each neuronal type in the PG was reflected in the density of axons containing the same marker in the cervix. Changes in neurotransmitter/neuropeptide staining of PG neurons or axons in the cervix were not observed as the animals approached puberty. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Precursors of macrophages in embryonic rat lungs fail to exhibit granulocyte‐forming potential
Authors: Sorokin Sergei P. , McNelly Nancy A. , Hoyt Richard F. , Svoboda Kathy K. H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: Mesenchyme‐like macrophage (M) precursors called angular cells are present in rat lungs on the thirteenth day of gestation and by then can differentiate into outright macrophages. Based on studies of bone marrow–derived cells, it is widely believed that the macrophage line necessarily proceeds from a colony‐forming unit with dual granulocyte‐macrophages potential (CFU‐GM). In embryos this seems doubtful since macrophages are already scattered throughout the body before the first granulocytes appear. We examined the question in organ cultured 14 day prenatal rat lungs after having shown earlier that the macrophage population developed in explants is increased by exposure to M‐ and GM‐colony‐stimulating factors (CSFs) but is unaffected by multi (IL‐3)‐ or granulocyte (G)‐CSF. Reportedly retinoic acid (RA) shifts CFU‐GM strongly to wards granulocytic differentiation and inhibits mitosis of unipotential macrophage precursors but not differentiated cells. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF) inhibits multipotential blood progenitors but allows proliferation of committed precursors, and TGF together with GM‐CSF induces granulocytopoiesis from CFU‐GM.Methods: Lung pairs were grown on a serum‐containing medium or one supplemented either by RA, TGF, or TGF/GM‐CSF to form a control and three experimental groups. A fourth experiment compared responses to M‐CSF exposure and M‐CSF/TGF. Macrophage population growth was estimated by measuring the areas of coronas formed by macrophages emerged from the explants. F‐actin was stained with florescein‐labeled phalloidin.Results: In all experiments macrophages were produced unmixed with granulocytes. By +8 days they had largely emerged to form coronas about the lungs. In cultures exposed to RA, macrophages were less intensely stained for actin and slower to emerge than controls. At +8 days, however, coronal areas were not significantly different from controls, as was also true for the TGF group. In contrast, coronal areas of cultures grown with TGF/GM‐CSF were much larger. At +17 days, mean coronal area of TGF cultures was about half that of controls (P < 0.05), whereas mean coronal area of the TGF/GM‐CSF group was 5.4 times greater (P < 0.001). Macrophages from control and TGF‐exposed cultures responded to M‐CSF by an increase in coronal area which was greater among cultures given M‐CSF alone than those given TGF + M‐CSF (both P < 0.005).Conclusions: Macrophage precursors in embryonic lungs are distinct from CFU‐GM. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.