bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cilicia and the Gauls in the Late Republic
Authors: Brennan T Corey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
So far, our survey of regular praetorian provinciae in the later Republic has taken us through the evidence for the city praetorships (10.4, 11.7, 12.1-4) and also the various territorial provinces where praetors served: Sicily and Sardinia (13-1-2), the Spains (13.3-4), Macedonia (14-1-2), Africa (14.3-4), Asia (14.5-6), pre-Sullan Cilicia and the Gauls (10.1-2), and Bithynia/Pontus, Crete, Cyrene, and Syria (11.2-5). In addition, we have examined special praetorian provinciae both outside (10.5, 11.8) and inside (10.6, 11.9) the city of Rome. To complete the circuit, it remains to look at praetorian commands in Cilicia (15.1) and the Gauls (15.2) in the period after Sulla. In 15.3 I have added some general remarks on staffing of provinciae in the later Republic, meant to complement the discussion in 9-4-1-4 of this same issue in the period down to 122 B.C.
Philosophers and Anthropologists Debate
Authors: Macklin Ruth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The antirelativist assumes that ethical judgments do have objective validity or, at least, better or worse justifications. But philosophers, anthropologists, and other academics from a wide variety of fields in the postmodern era question that assumption. Especially when it comes to cross-cultural judgments, skepticism is widespread about whether any ethical justification is possible. This postmodern intellectual stance resurrects a long-standing philosophical contention: Cross-cultural ethical judgments are meaningless or impossible. Ethics has no objective basis. A counterpart exists in the field of anthropology, especially among those who base their ethical relativism on an underlying position, an “epistemological” or “cognitive” variety of relativism. That position maintains that the differences among cultures are much deeper than their customs, traditions, and values, extending to differences in the way in which the world is described and understood, as well as to fundamentally different modes of reasoning.
Relativism and Multiculturalism
Authors: Macklin Ruth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cross-Cultural judgments not only traverse national boundaries from one part of the globe to another. They also occur within any nation that is multicultural, especially in a country like the United States, which experiences continual waves of immigration from all regions of the world. Cultural pluralism poses a challenge to physicians and patients alike in the multicultural United States, where immigrants from many nations and diverse religious groups visit the same hospitals and doctors as does the mainstream, autonomy-minded majority population.
International Feminism and Reproductive Rights
Authors: Macklin Ruth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If women are oppressed and suffer discrimination, as is clearly the case in India and probably also in China, can further restrictions on their reproductive freedom be justified? Is it reasonable to maintain that the idea of reproductive choice should apply only to women in Western countries because countries like China either refuse to recognize the concept of individual rights or claim that the need to control population growth overrides the value of leaving reproductive choices up to individuals?The past decade has witnessed increasing calls worldwide for recognition of reproductive rights for all women, in whatever oppressive culture they may reside, and especially in those countries where governments or religious leaders have succeeded in curtailing reproductive rights.
Absorbing the Immigrant The Impact on Americans
Authors: Hatton Timothy J , Williamson Jeffrey G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The macro impact of the immigrants on employment conditions, living standards, and wages in American labor markets has received far less attention than has the process of assimilation. Yet this was the major preoccupation of contemporary observers, discussed at length by the Immigration Commission Reports. Here we confront three questions just as relevant today as they were almost a century ago: did late-nineteenth-century immigrants act as a flexible labor supply in America much like late-twentieth-century guestworkers in Europe? Did immigrants flow into occupations in which job creation was fast, or did they displace natives in occupations in which job creation was slow? Did immigration reduce wage growth and increase unemployment for native workers? Late-twentieth-century governments have sought to regulate the flow of immigrants and their composition in order to bring total labor supply closer to total labor demand and to manipulate the composition of immigration, thus helping erase growth-induced imbalances across different sectors and occupations.
Labor Market Impact at Home Ireland and Sweden
Authors: Hatton Timothy J , Williamson Jeffrey G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A Solution to Problems at Home? Late-nineteenth-century emigration generated no shortage of political debate and moral judgment.’ Some feared that these emigrations drained the home country of the best and the brightest, jeopardizing the future. Post-famine Irish commentators, for example, viewed the emigrant flood as the result of Ireland’s failure to industrialize and thus its inability to create enough good jobs (0 Gracia 1994: ch. 13). But some saw the flood in even more negative terms, as one more cause of industrial failure because they thought the best was being creamed off the top of the labor force. Some even argued that Ireland failed to industrialize because its home market for industrial goods was too small; once too small, scale economies were hard to achieve, Irish manufacturing lost its competitive edge, and industrial job creation faltered; emigrants fled the stagnant Irish labor market; and the market got even smaller. Such commentary would imply that a dismal path-dependent historical process was at work that ensured Irish industrial failure (0 Gracia 1994: 342-47).
Orientalism and the Mapping of Race
Authors: Yu Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chicago sociologists tied race to cultural consciousness, not to biological differences between human bodies. In the end, however, these cultural differences were often associated with the foreign origins of certain human bodies. For Orientals in particular, the cultural differences between them and white Americans were tied to the origins of biological ancestors from Asia. Despite the exclusively social origins of cultural difference, sociologists visualized such differences in the form of maps and other spatial diagrams. Such spatial representations depended on an imagined link that connected the physical spaces of Chinatowns or Japantowns in the United States with the mythical space of the Orient somewhere in Asia.
A Final Setting
Authors: Yu Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Oriental Problem as an intellectual and institutional construction dominated thinking about Asian immigrants for much of the twentieth century. Chicago sociologists set the stage for how Orientals would be understood in modem America, and they defined the roles that Chinese American and Japanese American social scientists would play in academia. Whether or not the researchers’ performance was well received, there were academic rewards to be gained and accolades to be won.
Performers on Stage
Authors: Yu Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Frank Miyamoto described the bifurcation of his identity while conducting research in a Japanese American internment camp by using the language of the theater. “One is an actor within a drama and feels the forces which shape it; but one is simultaneously an outsider, a member of the audience, who observes the drama as it is played out by others.”1 The stage analogy separated for Miyamoto the “role” of the ethnic being studied from the point of view of the nonethnic audience. The ethnic insider had a role to play, but who made up the audience that was strictly observing? It was this strange nonacting role of the audience that was the foundation of the inside/outside, observed/observer dichotomy that structured the Oriental Problem as a set of social practices. How was being the audience itself a role to be played?
Grau
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When the Huascar set sail from some port in search of adventures, always full of risk, although at times fruitless, all eyes followed the captain of the ship, the wings of all hearts followed him, everyone was with him. No one was unaware that victory was next to impossible, given the superiority of the Chilean navy. But our national pride rejoiced to see in the Huascar a knight errant of the sea, an image of the famous knight who did not bother to count his enemies prior to the battle because he was waiting to count the defeated and dead.
Speech at the Politeama Theater
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Those who have barely stepped across life’s threshold come together today to teach a lesson to those who are approaching death’s doorway. The celebration we are attending is replete with patriotism but also touched with irony: the child wants to ransom with gold what the man could not defend with iron. Old men ought to tremble before children because the rising generation always accuses and judges the declining generation. From these happy, boisterous groups we’ll witness the emergence of the austere and taciturn thinker, the poet who gives voice in stanzas of tempered steel, the historian who marks the forehead of the guilty with a seal of indelible ignominy.
Peru and Chile
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Peru has suffered no calamity more disastrous than the war with Chile. The campaigns for independence and the second war with Spain cost us precious lives and great sacrifices; but they gave us our own life and identity and uplifted the national spirit. We were born on December 9 and grew into a giant on May 2. The difference is that in 1824 and 1866 we did not suffer the humiliation of defeat. The blood shed on the fields of battle, the capitals destroyed by fire, the wealth lost in the sacking of the villages and towns pale by comparison with the evils infecting the body of a defeated nation. The harm caused by our conqueror does not consist in the killings, the devastation, or the plunder; it lies in what it leaves us and in what it teaches us.
Vijil
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I received a scholarship in the council seminary in Arequipa on July 16, 1803, when Mr. Chavez de la Roza, a distinguished protector and priest of the seminary, was serving as bishop. I studied grammar, philosophy, mathematics, and theology. On September 12, 1812, I graduated with a doctorate in theology from the University of San Antonio del Cuzco. I returned by way of Arequipa to Tacna, where I studied natural law with the priest and doctor don Juan Jose de la Fuente y Bustamante.
Renan
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Just as Victor Hugo turned poetry into a devastating democratic weapon, along came Renan to convert erudition into the magical art of instilling disbelief Since Luther and Voltaire, few men have ignited more virulent polemics or unleashed more violent indignation. When he translated the book of Job, Renan offered himself as new ex communicant among the thousand authors listed on the Index. When he lost his chair in the College of France for denying the dogmas of Catholicism, he became famous among freethinkers and scholars. But when he wrote the Life of Jesus, he became the object of universal abhorrence, the Turk’s head that even the least violent man felt it proper to strike with his fist.
Notes on Language
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lamartine lamented that people and writers don’t speak the same language: “It’s the writer’s task to transform himself and descend to a level where he can put the truth in the hands of the masses: to descend in this way is not to cheapen one’s talent, but to humanize it.” Scientists have their own technical jargon, and no one demands that in books of pure science they make themselves understood by even the most ignorant individual. The relative obscurity of scientific works cannot be avoided, and to expect that an unlearned person should understand them just by opening the pages is as silly as to try to translate a language without having learned it.
A Moment of Philosophy
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lessing said that “in certain centuries the label ‘heretic’ implies the highest recommendation of a wise man to posterity.”2 We could make a similar statement concerning the skeptic. Instead of judging him to be inconsistent and frivolous, let’s regard him as a serene and thoughtful spirit who, not seeing sufficient proofs to deny or affirm, maintains a balance. His condition mirrors the state of balance in the man of faith.
Strikes
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If we were asked our opinion about strikes, we would say: Every strike should be general and armed. General, in order to combat and be siege the capitalist world from all sides and force it to surrender. Armed, to prevent the interference by the authorities in struggles where they should play no other part than witness. Partial strikes don’t always succeed in benefiting the worker be cause the strikers, abandoned to their own forces, without the aid of their companions, are beaten separately and have to give in to the owner.
The Police
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Taine, a philosopher who was neither revolutionary nor anarchist, wrote: "Because there are so many gendarmes and urban policemen in France, we would be inclined to regard them as more of a nuisance than helpful. Any time a few passersby gather on the street to look at a dog with a broken leg, a man with a moustache comes up and tells them: 'Gentlemen, groups are prohibited; disperse"' (Philosophie de l' art). And everyone disperses on the spot, as if shot from a spring.
The Two Nations
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Liebknecht said, “In the world there are but two nations: the land of the rich and the land of the poor.” It can be said too that in every nation, whatever its level of culture and its form of government, there are only two clearly defined social classes: the possessors and the dispossessed. Since money separates men more effectively than race, it’s no exaggeration to say that the poor are the blacks of Europe. This grand division of classes is felt as well in our republican America, where the wealthy families are beginning to constitute an aristocracy even more insolent and abhorrent than the nobility of the monarchic states. Because they are nouveaux riches, our false aristocrats take presumptuousness and pride to such extremes that the feudal lord of gallows and sword pales by comparison.
The First of May (1908b)
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This measure would seem quite enlightened to us, if those attending the congress had taken the precaution to specify who were the ones who were meant to celebrate that grand date with greatest joy. As we see it, it’s not the workers but the bosses, not the proletariat but the capitalists, who should be celebrating it. To whose advantage does work redound? Surely it is n’t the cobbler who goes around half barefoot, or the tailor, who goes around almost naked, or the bricklayer, who lives in some hole without air or light.
The Individual
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Classical Rome bequeathed the God-state to us; medieval Rome imposed the God-Church. Today the revolutionary in Catholic nations is struggling against these two myths. He wants to raze the Church (already staggering from the blows of the Reformation, the encyclopedists, and the French Revolution) in order to raise up the monument of science in its rubble. He wants to dethrone the state (already shaken by the pounding of anarchist propaganda) in order to establish the sole autonomy of the individual.
The Black Glove
Authors: Gorriti Juana Manuela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was one of those delightful nights in the Argentine countryside. The moon bathed the banks of the Rio de la Plata in its silver beams and lit up the plants and trees of the shadowy orchards and the poplar-lined promenades of the thousand beautiful country homes and manors that surround Buenos Aires. Although it was not so very late, everything was quiet and deserted outside the great city, and the only sounds that could be heard were the rippling of the waves of the nearby river, and the whistling of the wind through the leafs of the willow trees.
All of a sudden, a human voice, a woman’s heavenly voice, joined these sounds of nature; her voice rising softly and timidly from one of those avenues lined thickly with trees, the woman began to sing with an inexpressibly melodious voice that adorable aria from “Romeo and Juliet”
The Normal Lymph Node
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The lymph node is an integral component of the immune system. The lymph node facilitates the processing of antigens from lymph and the presentation of processed antigen to immunocompetent cells (T and B lymphocytes), which mediate the immune response. The lymph node is the major site of antigen-dependent lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation (Stewart and Schwartz, 1994).
Bacterial and Mycobacterial Lymphadenitis
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A variety of bacterial and mycobacterial infections produce characteristic changes in lymph nodes of diagnostic significance. Cat scratch disease (CSD) is a bacterial lymphadenitis which follows a cat scratch or other skin puncture. The etiologic agent of CSD was until quite recently unknown; for many years it was considered likely to be of chlamydia! origin because of the histopathologic similarities to lymphogranuloma venereum. In 1983, Wear and his colleagues at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology identified, for the first time, a pleomorphic Gram-negative rod in the tissue of 34 of 39 cases of CSD, using the Warthin-Starry silver impregnation technique, which they named Afipia (from the acronym for the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology)felis (Wear et al, 1983). In 1988, LeBoit and his colleagues reported on an apparently new bacterial infection in patients with AIDS, bacillary angiomatosis, which was characterized by cutaneous angiomatous lesions and contained organisms similar to CSD (LeBoit et al, 1988). These organisms were identified as members of the genus Rochalimaea (now Bartonella), principally B. henselae and B. quintana (Adal et al, 1994). Subsequently it was shown that B. henselae also causes cat scratch disease and is likely the more prevalent agent (Adal et al, 1994; Dolan et al, 1993).
Autoimmune Lymphadenopathy and Lymph Node Infarction
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Morphologically distinctive lymph node changes accompany several autoimmune disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren’s syndrome, and lupus erythematosus, which are considered in this chapter. Lymph node infarction, characterized by coagulative lymph node necrosis, is also considered in this chapter. Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic disease characterized by polyarthritis, serum antibodies to IgG (rheumatoid factor) and extraarticular manifestations including localized or generalized lymphadenopathy.
Classification of the Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The classification of the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas has been a major area of controversy and confusion, in no small amount due to the clinical, biological, and immunological heterogeneity of these neoplasms (Kay, 1974). The recognition of the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas as neoplasms of specific elements of the immune system suggests a rational approach to classification by analogy with normal stages of lymphoid differentiation and development (Lukes and Collins, 1974). The classification of the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas has evolved from a purely morphologic descriptive approach to a multidisciplinary approach incorporating immunophenotypic, cytogenetic, and molecular data (Harris et al, 1994). In this same period, the advances in the clinical management of these neoplasms have demanded increasingly precise classification. A classification of the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas would, ideally, be simple, reproducible, biologically precise, and clinically relevant. Unfortunately, no ideal classification currently exists.
Precursor B and T Cell Neoplasms
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Precursor B and T cell neoplasms include precursor B lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma and precursor T lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia in the REAL classification and lymphoblastic lymphoma in the WF. The terms leukemia/lymphoma for precursor B cell neoplasms and lymphoma/leukemia for precursor T cell neoplasms reflect the more frequent leukemic presentation of precursor B cell neoplasms and lymphomatous presentation of precursor T cell neoplasms. The precursor B and T cell neoplasms are characterized by an immature, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-positive lymphoid phenotype and lymphoblastic morphology.
Peripheral B Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma, and Lymphoplasmacytoid Lymphoma
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma, and lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma are small lymphocytic proliferations characterized by advanced age at presentation and indolent natural history. This group of lymphoid neoplasms in the REAL classification corresponds to the category of small lymphocytic lymphoma in the WF.
Peripheral B Cell Neoplasms: II. Mantle Cell Lymphoma and Follicle Center Lymphoma
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma and follicle center lymphomas are lymphoid neoplasms related to the lymphoid follicle. Mantle cell lymphoma arises from B cells of the mantle zone, the residual portion of the primary lymphoid follicle, which surrounds the follicular center in secondary follicles. Mantle cell lymphoma may be derived from a subset of CD5-positive, CD23-negative inner mantle B lymphocytes (Inghirami et al, 1991). Follicle center lymphomas are derived from follicular center B cells.
Hodgkin’s Disease: I. Lymphocyte Predominance Hodgkin’s Disease
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin’s disease is considered separately from other forms of Hodgkin’s disease because the most frequent, nodular, form of the disease exhibits a distinct immunophenotype and characteristic natural history which distinguishes it from other forms of Hodgkin’s disease (Mason et al, 1994). To emphasize the distinctiveness of this form of Hodgkin’s disease and probable unrelatedness to other forms of Hodgkin’s disease, the term “paragranuloma” has been proposed, the original term for this form of Hodgkin’s disease in the Jackson and Parker classification (Jackson and Parker, 1944). In contrast to other forms of Hodgkin’s disease, nodular lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin’s disease is of consistent B cell phenotype (Pinkus and Said, 1988).