bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gold coating of non‐conductive membranes before matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometric analysis prevents charging effect
Authors: Scherl Alexander , Zimmermann‐Ivol Catherine G. , Dio Joel Di , Vaezzadeh Ali R. , Binz Pierre‐Alain , Amez‐Droz Michel , Cochard Roland , Sanchez Jean‐Charles , Glückmann Matthias , Hochstrasser Denis F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAcquisition of tandem mass spectra from peptides or other analytes deposited on non‐conductive membranes is inhibited on instruments combining matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization with tandem time‐of‐flight analyzers (MALDI‐TOF/TOF™) due to a charging effect. A thin layer of gold renders the membrane conductive. This allows adequate data acquisition on MALDI‐TOF/TOF™ systems. Therefore, this methodology extends the capacity of the molecular scanner concept to tandem mass spectrometry. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Segmented post‐column analyte addition; a concept for continuous response control of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry peaks affected by signal suppression/enhancement
Authors: Kaufmann Anton , Butcher Patrick 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA novel technique, “segmented post‐column analyte addition”, is proposed to visualize and compensate signal suppression/enhancement effects in electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS). Instead of delivering a constant flow of analyte solution between the liquid chromatography (LC) column exit and the ESI interface into the eluent resulting from LC separation of analyte‐free matrix in order to determine retention time widows in which suppression/enhancement is unimportant (King et al., J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2000; 11: 942), segmented packets of analyte‐containing solvent and analyte‐free solvent were infused into an LC eluent resulting from separation of an analyte‐containing sample. The obtained, superimposed, periodic spikes are much narrower than the analyte peak eluting from the column. The height of the spikes is affected by signal suppression phenomena to the same extent as the analyte signal, and hence variations of the spike height can be used to correct the peak area of analyte peaks affected by signal suppression/enhancement. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limit distribution of the number of consecutive records
Authors: Chern Hua‐Huai , Hwang Hsien‐Kuei 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA succinct series expression is derived for describing the limit distribution of the number of timesrconsecutive elements are all records (in a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables with a common continuous distribution) for allr≥ 2. Previously, only the limit distributions forr= 1, 2, and 3 were known. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2005
Evolution of the local structure in GaN:O thin films grown by ion‐assisted deposition with film thickness
Authors: Ariza M. J. , Koo A. , Trodahl H. J. , Ruck B. J. , Bittar A. , Jones D. J. , Bonnet B. , Rozière J. , Moscovici J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOptical and optoelectronic properties of gallium nitride strongly depend on the synthesis procedure, which may be related to specific structural characteristics of GaN inherent to each preparation condition. Amorphous and nanocrystalline GaN films have been prepared by ion‐assisted deposition (IAD). The films prepared at 10−5 Torr for <50 min have shown exploitable optoelectronic properties, in spite of the high concentration of oxygen of these films (up to 25 at.%). We study here the evolution of the local structure around Ga atoms as the deposition time increases. Five IAD GaN films of thickness ranging between 140 and 450 nm on silicon substrates were analysed by x‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) at the Ga K‐edge. The first and second shells of neighbouring atoms are clearly identified in the radial distribution functions at approximately 1.9 and 3.2 Å, respectively. In all of the films, Ga seems to be tetrahedrally coordinated to four nitrogen atoms, some of which may be substituted by oxygen. For deposition times <50 min, analysis of both x‐ray adsorption near‐edge structure (XANES) and extended x‐ray adsorption fine structure (EXAFS) regions indicates that the material is highly amorphous. Above this threshold, a peak corresponding to the first coordination sphere of Ga atoms becomes discernible and increases in intensity for longer deposition times, indicating that the second shell of atoms is now more ordered. The pseudo Debye–Waller factor of the Ga shell is used for monitoring the average degree of amorphization in an ∼100 nm thick top layer, which seems to be related to the film oxygen content. The XAFS results are compatible with a layered distribution of crystallinity, as has been suggested previously for these films. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth and SIMS study of d.c.‐sputtered indium oxide films on silicon
Authors: Malar P. , Mohanty Bhaskar Chandra , Balamurugan A.K. , Rajagopalan S. , Tyagi A.K. , Kasiviswanathan S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIndium oxide thin films were grown onto Si and quartz substrates by d.c. reactive sputtering of elemental indium. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies confirmed the single‐phase and polycrystalline nature of the films. Secondary ion mass spectrometry investigations of In2O3/Si structures showed the formation of an inhomogeneous interface region ∼20 nm thick between In2O3 and Si. The overall feature of the interface remained the same under annealing in an oxygen atmosphere, but annealing in an argon atmosphere drastically altered the nature of the interface. The observations indicate that interface formation and stability depend critically on the availability of oxygen. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Binding property and structure of aromatic isocyanide self‐assembly monolayers on Ag and Au surfaces
Authors: Kim Sungil , Ihm Kyuwook , Kang Tai‐Hee , Hwang Sungu , Joo Sang‐Woo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe binding property of p‐biphenyl isocyanide self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au and Ag was investigated by temperature‐dependent surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). p‐Biphenyl isocyanide was found to desorb on Ag at a low temperature of ∼393 K whereas it appeared to remain enduring at a high temperature of ∼453 K for Au. Structures of p‐biphenyl isocyanide SAMs on Au and Ag flat films were checked by means of near‐edge x‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) at the two different normal (90° ) and grazing (20° ) angles of the incident x‐ray beam. Our results suggested that the SAMs prepared by p‐biphenyl isocyanide should have a relatively disordered structure even at room temperature on both Au and Ag, as indicated from an insubstantial change in NEXAFS spectra at the two different angles from those of p‐biphenyl thiolate and p‐biphenyl methanethiolate. The weakness of the isocyanide–metal bond in comparison with the sulphur–metal bond may result in both low surface coverage and orientational disorder. A density functional theory calculation method was employed to attempt to explain the difference in stability for phenyl isocyanide on Ag and Au surfaces. Our calculation result yielded a lower binding energy of phenyl isocyanide on Ag than that on Au, consistent with the temperature‐dependent Raman results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrathin SiO2 on Si. VI. Evaluation of uncertainties in thickness measurement using XPS
Authors: Seah M. P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMeasurements of the thicknesses of SiO2 on Si in the range 1.5–8 nm can be made by XPS with precisions as high as 0.025 nm at one standard deviation, but in the past this has been overshadowed by systematic uncertainties of the order of 20% of the thickness arising from the uncertainty in the relevant electron attenuation length. This is shown no longer to be the case. An analysis is presented, of the contributions to the measurement precision arising from the counting statistics, peak fitting and setting of the emission angle for the detected electrons. With traditional commercial equipment, the angle‐setting accuracy of 0.5° can be the limiting factor. For comparison between laboratories, further terms degrade the comparability: a typical 1% from the consistency of any samples used for the comparison; a more significant term from the angular acceptance of those spectrometers that accept more than ±10° of the emission angles; contributions from the variability of the procedures for analysing the peak intensities for the quantification; and variations in the algorithms used. For absolute quantification in the above thickness range, a recent calibration of the attenuation length enables the uncertainty to be kept to ∼2% at 95% confidence but the above variability in procedures in general analytical laboratories leads to this value degrading often to as poor as 0.4 nm, again at 95% confidence. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of annealing on the surface structure of Ga‐isotope‐implanted single‐crystal ZnO
Authors: Sakaguchi Isao , Hishita Syunichi , Ryoken Haruki , Sato Yoshiyuki , Haneda Hajime 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe studied the effects of Ga isotope implantation on surface structure using single‐crystal (0001) ZnO with an atomically flat surface. The surface morphology with steps and terraces was greatly changed by Ga implantation and post‐annealing: the step‐and‐terrace structure was suppressed by Ga implantation but a step‐and‐terrace structure appeared on the surface after post‐annealing at 900 °C for 4 min. The diffusion of Ga towards the surface through dislocation pipes at a density of up to 5 × 108 cm−2 was the dominant mechanism, and a significant amount of Ga moved from the implanted layer to the surface. The reaction between Ga and ZnO during post‐annealing appeared to improve sheet resistance and surface morphology. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preferential sputtering observed in Auger electron spectroscopy sputter depth profiling of AlAs/GaAs superlattice using low‐energy ions
Authors: Mizuhara Y. , Bungo T. , Nagatomi T. , Takai Y. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAuger electron spectroscopy (AES) sputter depth profiling of an ISO reference material of the GaAs/AlAs superlattice was investigated using low‐energy Ar+ ions. Although a high depth resolution of ∼1.0 nm was obtained at the GaAs/AlAs interface under 100 eV Ar+ ion irradiation, deterioration of the depth resolution was observed at the AlAs/GaAs interface. The Auger peak profile revealed that the enrichment of Al due to preferential sputtering occurred during sputter etching of the AlAs layer only under 100 eV Ar+ ion irradiation. In addition, a significant difference in the etching rates between the AlAs and GaAs layers was observed for low‐energy ion irradiation. Deterioration of the depth resolution under 100 eV Ar+ ion irradiation is attributed to the preferential sputtering and the difference in the etching rate. The present results suggest that the effects induced by the preferential sputtering and the significant difference in the etching rate should be taken into account to optimize ion etching conditions using the GaAs/AlAs reference material under low‐energy ion irradiation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acid and basic functionalities of nitrogen and carbon dioxide plasma‐treated polystyrene
Authors: Wang Meng‐Jiy , Chang You‐Im , Poncin‐Epaillard F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe choice of plasma gas can determine the interaction between material and plasma and therefore the applications of the treated materials. Nitrogen plasma can integrate functional groups such as primary amines and carbon dioxide plasma can incorporate carboxylic groups on the surface of polymers. For specific adhesion such as bio‐adhesion, polar groups must be attached to the surface to enhance bio‐film formation but the acidic or basic character also controls the adhesion mechanism.Nitrogen and carbon dioxide plasmas are chosen to treat the surface of polystyrene and to show the effects of different functionalizations, i.e. attachment of acid or basic groups and degradation are compared in the present work.Nitrogen‐containing plasma induces mainly weak degradation at a rate of ∼0.13 µg cm−2s−1. The roughness of the treated surface remains mostly unchanged. Functionalization leads to amino group attachment at a concentration of 1.2 sites nm−2. We found that carbon dioxide plasma treatment shows more drastic degradation with a rate three times higher than that of nitrogen plasma and can create more functional groups (4.5 sites nm−2) at mild plasma treatment. However, the roughness of the surface is altered. In both cases the aromatic groups are degraded through the plasma treatment (again this is more evident with the CO2 plasma) and the induced functionalization was shown to be quick (the upper monolayer of polystyrene film can be functionalized rapidly). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monte‐Carlo simulation of spatial distribution of x‐rays in multi‐film targets. II: Spatial distribution of continuous x‐rays and temperature elevation in W/Al film targets
Authors: Yoshioka Akihiro , Yamaguchi Yoshikazu , Tamura Keiji , Shimizu Ryuichi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA Monte‐Carlo simulation written in C++ has been developed to describe spatial distributions of energy dissipation and x‐rays generated by penetrating kilovolt electrons in a multi‐film target. To evaluate the x‐ray source, especially its size and intensity, the use of brightness is proposed as a figure of merit.The Monte‐Carlo simulation approach was applied to a W (5 µm)/Al (200 µm) film target, which has been in practical use as an x‐ray source of small size with high emissivity. The result demonstrates that the experiment had considerable success. The optimum operating condition for the W (5 µm)/Al (200 µm) target in practical use has also been proposed by considering temperature elevation, spot size of electron beam, x‐ray source size and x‐ray intensity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationships between the constructs of a theory of curriculum implementation
Authors: Rogan John , Aldous Colleen 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPlanned educational change occurs regularly throughout the world. With the enormous political change the 1994 elections brought to South Africa, a complete change in education policies was called for. The new Curriculum 2005 (C2005; Department of Education, RSA, 1997) embraced new teaching and learning approaches such as outcomes‐based education and learner‐centered teaching practices. To explore the progress of the implementation of C2005, a theoretical framework specifically designed to elucidate curriculum implementation in developing countries was applied to 10 case studies. The framework consists of interrelating constructs with subconstructs which impact on curriculum implementation. It enables one to look at the levels of implementation achieved both in terms of the capacity of the school and the extent to which outside support and pressure is provided. The case studies were carried out in a representative sample of schools in Mpumalanga, one of the nine South African provinces. The aim of this article is to investigate the possible interrelationships of the constructs and the subconstructs. Some predictable relationships emerged from the data while other expected relationships failed to materialize. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 42: 313–336, 2005
Prenatal diagnosis of pulmonary sequestration using three‐dimensional power Doppler ultrasound
Authors: Ruano R. , Benachi A. , Aubry M.‐C. , Revillon Y. , Emond S. , Dumez Y. , Dommergues M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the contribution of three‐dimensional power Doppler ultrasound to the prenatal diagnosis of pulmonary sequestration.MethodsPrenatal three‐dimensional power Doppler ultrasound was used to screen for an abnormal pulmonary blood supply in eight fetuses with hyperechogenic lung lesions and to image the pulmonary blood supply in 50 normal controls. A comparison was made with postnatal findings.ResultsPostnatally the eight pulmonary lesions were found to be an isolated pulmonary sequestration (n = 3), a microcystic congenital adenomatoid malformation (n = 4), and a mixed (macrocystic and microcystic) congenital adenomatoid malformation (n = 1). Prenatal three‐dimensional power Doppler ultrasound demonstrated an abnormal blood supply in all cases of pulmonary sequestration and in none of the other cases. Among the three cases that turned out to be pulmonary sequestrations, conventional two‐dimensional ultrasound failed to identify the feeding vessel in one case and identified it at a later stage of gestation than did three‐dimensional power Doppler in the other two.ConclusionPrenatal three‐dimensional power Doppler ultrasound may be useful in identifying the feeding vessel and thus establishing the diagnosis of pulmonary sequestration in the presence of a hyperechogenic pulmonary lesion, allowing its differentiation from congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Massive myocardial calcification in second‐trimester fetuses: antenatal detection and causes
Authors: Chan Y. F. , Sampson A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMassive myocardial calcifications were detected by antenatal ultrasound examination in four second‐trimester fetuses. In one fetus, multiple cardiac rhabdomyomas were the initial diagnosis. One fetus presented with arthrogryposis and the brain and spinal cord showed severe hypoxic‐ischemic damage. One fetus was hydropic and had severe cardiac malformations. The fourth fetus had congenital heart block and maternal serum was positive for anti‐Ro and anti‐La antibodies. Myocardial calcifications in the first three fetuses were most likely to be caused by hypoxic‐ischemic damage to the heart, and immunological mechanisms were responsible in the other fetus. Antenatally detected myocardial echogenic foci in a fetus leading to a termination of pregnancy or associated with fetal death should be investigated with a full postmortem examination. It is important to confirm the presence of calcifications as distinct from a rhabdomyoma as genetic counseling is completely different. The demonstration of associated lesions in other organs also helps to explain the pathogenesis underlying this condition. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal intra‐abdominal umbilical vein varix: what is the clinical significance?
Authors: Fung T. Y. , Leung T. N. , Leung T. Y. , Lau T. K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the clinical significance of fetal intra‐abdominal umbilical vein (FIUV) varix.MethodsWe reviewed all cases of FIUV varix diagnosed in a university hospital from 1994 to 2003 and searched the English literature for cases of prenatal diagnosis of FIUV varix. The FIUV was considered dilated when the measurements were above 2 SD of the mean for gestational age. Cases reported in the literature were included if they met the diagnostic criteria for FIUV varix.ResultsBetween 1994 and 2003, 13 fetuses were diagnosed in our hospital as having FIUV varix. Review of the literature revealed an additional 80 cases. Fetal outcome was available for analysis in 91 cases. Additional sonographic abnormalities were detected prenatally in 29 cases (31.9%), most commonly anomalies of the cardiovascular system (including structural and functional abnormalities), hydropic features and anemia. There were nine (9.9%) cases of chromosomal abnormalities. All except one had associated sonographic abnormalities. There were 12 (13%) perinatal losses. Only 54 cases (59.3%) of fetuses with FIUV varix had a normal obstetric outcome. In the 62 cases with isolated FIUV varix, there were five unexplained intrauterine deaths (8.1%) occurring between 29 and 38 weeks of gestation. The incidence of complications, which included intrauterine death, thrombosis of the umbilical vein and abnormal antenatal cardiotocogram, were significantly higher (P = 0.01, Fisher's exact test) if the diagnosis of FIUV varix was made before 26 weeks.ConclusionsFIUV varix is associated with a high incidence of fetal anomalies and obstetric complications. Detailed sonography is necessary to exclude fetal anomalies. Karyotyping should be offered when additional fetal abnormalities are detected. Intensive surveillance including color Doppler ultrasound should be started from the moment of diagnosis until delivery, especially in those cases presenting early in pregnancy. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Provision of IMRT in the UK. Part 1: A review of planning, delivery and related technologies
Authors: Baker C.R. , Hardy V. 
Published: January 2005

The concept of intensity-modulated radiotherapy is now familiar to everyone working in radiotherapy in the UK. To date however, the majority of UK radiotherapy departments have yet to offer this technique clinically. Implementation of IMRT represents a significant change in practice from the delivery of conventional or conformal treatment, requiring careful planning and a full understanding of the issues and new technology involved.This paper provides a review of the stages involved in the IMRT process; from localisation and immobilisation through inverse treatment planning and quality control to delivery and verification, highlighting those aspects that represent a significant change in practice or approach.Current and future developments that are expected to enhance or provide alternatives to IMRT, such as developments in radiobiological modelling, functional imaging, tomotherapy and proton therapy are discussed.
Occupational stresses and coping mechanisms of therapy radiographers – a qualitative approach
Authors: French H. C. 
Published: January 2005

It is believed that health care workers are particularly susceptible to developing stress-related illness because of the nature of their work. The purpose of this research was to identify occupational stresses that may or may not be unique to therapy radiographers, identify the coping mechanisms that are used to combat work-related stress and gain insight into the lived experiences of this group of therapy radiographers. A phenomenological (qualitative) approach was used to identify the radiographers' perception of occupational stresses and coping mechanisms. Data collection was through in-depth interviews that were transcribed and analysed using Colaizzi methodology. The results identified stresses within the following categories: personal performance, patient contact, working environment, communication, management, professional behaviour and departmental working. These results support the stresses identified through other research studies on health care workers. Coping mechanisms identified include Social Support, Confrontive Coping, Escape-Avoidance, Self-Controlling, Distancing and Positive Reappraisal. The most frequently used coping mechanisms were social support, confrontive coping and escape-avoidance. This research has also identified a new stress; the stress associated with the ‘potential to make errors’ i.e. the acute awareness of the damaging effects of high energy X-rays if a mistake is made.This research has attempted to provide insight into the working world of the therapy radiographer and to discover the meaning and information specific to their ‘lived experience’. It is hoped that this research provides the reader with a deeper understanding of the nature and meaning of the experience.