bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Army and The Challenge Of War 1914–1918
Authors: Travers Tim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the start of the First World War, Britain did not have an army capable of fighting a major war on the Continent. Hence, on 4 August 1914, the regular British army, not including reservists, consisted of only 247,432 officers and men, about one-third of whom were in India. In contrast, after four and a half years of war, on 1 November1918, British troops in France, not including colonial troops, amounted to 1,497,198 officers and men, while the British army everywhere at the same date totalled 2,075,275, again not including colonial troops. To this should be added another 1,383,311 British officers and men stationed at home in November 1918, for a total of 3,458,586. Thus the British army had multiplied in size fourteen times over during the period of the war, and so the history of the British army in the First World War is a history of tremendous change and adaptation.
The Army Between The Two World Wars 1918–1939
Authors: Bond Brian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A graph of the British army’s fortunes between 1918 and 1939, as indicated by annual budgets and strategic priorities, would suggest a story of political neglect after the unprecedented national effort during the First World War. The line would plunge steeply from the Armistice, when there was over 3.5 million troops on the British establishment, to the end of 1920 when there was only 370,000. Another sharp drop was effected in 1922 when the Geddes Axe drastically reduced both numbers and expenditure, and thereafter the army’s annual budget fell steadily every year from just over £43.5 million in 1923 to just under £36 million in 1932. The renewed threats from Japan and Germany in the early 1930s scarcely affected the army for several years, and even the start of rearmament proper in 1935 brought only meagre increases in funding. Only in 1938, with a defence loan of nearly £36 million supplementing a budget of £87 million, can the army be truly said to have begun preparing for war.
The Amateur Military Tradition
Authors: Beckett Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Traditionally, Britain has relied upon command of the sea as the main line of defence against invasion, itself a constant theme in English and British history. In consequence, the existence of a large standing regular army was distrusted on the grounds that it was both unnecessary and might promote military despotism, a lingering fear which actually pre-dated the creation of such a standing army. Thus, there was a distinct preference for amateur and temporary soldiers—the auxiliary forces—brought into existence as needs dictated for defence against invasion, as a means of maintaining domestic order in the event of any concomitant civil disturbances, and as a means of wider social control and assimilation through participation and example. The military obligations imposed upon the English people from earliest times and the more systematic organization of local auxiliary forces from the mid-sixteenth century onwards therefore continuously reflected and transmitted traditional attitudes towards military participation in Britain. Indeed, in the absence of a standing army prior to (technically, prior to 1689) and in the absence of regular troops permanently visible to society as a whole thereafter, it was the ever-present auxiliaries who more often provided the essential point of contact between society and army in Britain. Auxiliaries frequently bore the brunt of popular antimilitarism and equally played an important part in projecting military values to an ‘un-military’ people. They were not only the subject of major national political controversy but their administration also constantly exercised local communities.
Colonialist Concerns
Authors: Boehmer Elleke 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Having looked at broad trends and patterns in colonial writing in Chapter I, we now turn to colonialist literature specifically: that is, the literature-narrative is the preferred form-more directly concerned with colonial experience. Such writing revolves constantly, even obsessively, around certain key themes: the introversion of the colonial mission, or coloninl drama; the masculine aspect of that drama; the representation of other peoples; and the resistant incomprehensibility or unreadability of the colonized beyond.
The Interview
Authors: Thompson Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To interview successfully requires skill. But there are many different styles of interviewing, ranging from the friendly, informal, conversational approach to the more formal, controlled style of questioning, and good interviewers eventually develop a variation of the method which, for them, brings the best results, and suits their personality. There are some essential qualities which the successful interviewer must possess: an interest and respect for people as individuals, and flexibility in response to them; an ability to show understanding and sympathy for their point of view; and, above all, a willingness to sit quietly and listen.
African Rural Life and Migrant Labour
Authors: Beinart William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Any author writing a general book on South Africa must decide whether to start with whites or with blacks. For reasons both of accuracy and of ideology, most historians writing recently have abandoned 1652, foundation date of the Dutch station at the Cape, and begun instead with pre-colonial African societies. It is more difficult to begin with African people in a book that starts in the late nineteenth century. Markets, empire, industry, capital, railways, and political union in 1910 were the new motors of change. None of these forces had to do simply with white or black, but in dealing with them the agency of the settler and metropolitan worlds must be emphasized.
War, Reconstruction, and the State from the 1890s to the 1920s
Authors: Beinart William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
John X. Merriman, long-serving and acerbic Cape politician, regarded Johannesburg, ‘its Stock Exchange, and its prostitutes and prize fighters’, with a combination of fascination, horror and disdain. His failure to succeed either in diamonds or gold perhaps led him to appreciate and assert the more legalistic and genteel traditions of the Cape. The brash new city seemed to lack natural beauty. Mine dumps were its mountains; the contours of race were harshly drawn. His wife, Agnes, wrote of the Exchange on a boom day: a ‘scene of mad excitement-men taking their coats off and shrieking like maniacs-fortunes were made and lost in hours; St John Carr, an ex-clerk .... made £20,000 in a day’ (Lewsen 1960-9: xli. 277). Nor was it only those from the Cape who found that the ‘struggle for wealth’ was ‘at no time an edifying spectacle’ (van Onselen 1982: i. 1). But money spoke; Carr became the first mayor of Johannesburg’s new city council in 1901. Mine-owners who made even more money did not hesitate to use their influence.
A New Politics: From Rainbow Nation to African Authority
Authors: Beinart William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A new politics began in South Africa in 1994. Negotiations, elections, and reconstruction released exciting energies as old institutions and practices were reconsidered and fresh models invented. The roots of new approaches lay partly in the opposition political, trade-union, civic, and NGO movements that had flourished in the insurrectionary years. They lay partly in the internal workings of the ANC in exile and at home. But South Africa experienced a negotiated settlement, a transition, not a revolution, in 1994. Important legacies resided in the fragmented institutions left by the Afrikaner National Party’s later apartheid strategies, in urban township authorities, in the balkanized homelands, which had done their best to emulate neo-patrimonial African states, in the self-protective impulses of segregated communities. They also lay in a relatively strong private-sector and social institutions, from churches to universities, and in ways of thinking about property and rights that survived the transition. All of these heritages were refracted through the prism of the constitutional settlements of 1994-6, and the new political and social system that they attempted to entrench.
Introduction
Authors: Feldman Gerald D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was, a novelist wrote only a few years after the German inflation had ended, “an extraordinary time. Disorder seemed to be trump, even in the heavens. The constellations were certainly in a wild state and demanded that things be so—for it was a time when one had to believe in all that again, in planets and the stars under which one was born.”1 Of course, if one knew how to penetrate the meaning of the stars, the disorder was only apparent. An astrologer, writing in the midst of the hyperinflation of 1923 and carefully correlating the movements of the currency exchange rates published in the economic section of the Frankfurter Zeitung with those of the planets provided by the undoubtedly less widely consulted Astronomical Ephemeris of Raphael, confidently provided his readers with an astrological explanation of the development of the exchange rate between 1914 and 1922 along with a prognosis for 1923–1926.
The Trials and Tribulations of Relative Stabilization
Authors: Feldman Gerald D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The control of inflation is a political question, but this is not to argue that the successful control of inflation is always a demonstration of political virtue. It is, in truth, nothing more or less than a manifestation of political power by a government that feels secure enough to pursue a stabilization policy despite what seems to be its unavoidable economic and social consequences; namely, an economic crisis with its attendant high unemployment and weakening of labor’s ability to secure improved wages and working conditions. This power may be the product of the repressive force at a government’s disposal, the support of a substantial body of public opinion, or some combination of the two. The price may be necessary and even desirable when compared to that paid for galloping inflation or hyperinflation, but this presupposes that the political price is tolerable as well.
The Politics of Currency Reform, August–October 1923
Authors: Feldman Gerald D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Germans, at least until the very recent past, have not been notable for their political achievements, and the mismanagement of the nation’s affairs that produced the situation faced by the Stresemann Great Coalition government when it assumed office on August 14, 1923, is yet another troubled chapter in an unhappy history. Credit, however, should also be given where it is due, and the emergence of the Weimar Republic and of Germany intact from the crisis of the summer and fall of 1923 was a remarkable political acccomplishment.
The Persistence of inequality
Authors: Chafe William H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The burgeoning employment of women may have been essential to victory in the war, but it also raised challenging questions about the future direction of male-female relationships and the perpetuation of the existing social order. It was one thing to encourage women to work as a temporary device to meet a war-induced labor shortage; it was quite another to view women as permanent jobholders. The achievement of economic equality required more than simply hiring women as replacements for men gone to war. It also entailed the establishment of a uniform standard of pay, equal access to the higher ranks of business and government, and, most difficult of all, the development of community services to ease the conflicts between the multiple roles of homemaker, parent, and worker. American women and men had to decide, for example, whether it was more important for a mother to care for her children all day long or be able to join men as an equal contributor to the work force. Not surprisingly, such issues involved substantial controversy and were not resolved easily. But they also highlighted the profound nature of the questions raised by changing gender roles. Thus, while women’s economic activity may have altered significantly during the war years, the larger problem that remained was whether steps would be taken to root out the basic causes of persistent inequality between the sexes.
Struggle and Survival on Wall Street
Authors: Matthews John O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Struggle and Survival on Wall Street provides a comprehensive economic analysis of competition between broker-dealers or securities firms. It uses the industrial organization approach which focuses on the interaction of the industry's structure, conduct, and performance to argue that the driving force of competition is through the development of new financial products. The development of new products forces firms to integrate these new services into their existing organization. Matthews argues that the firms which successfully integrate and adapt to an expanded product line grow in size and importance relative to those which do not. He also suggests that the Securities and Exchange Commission needs to adapt to the growing services offered by securities firms by providing a framework in which organizational change can take place.
Five Communities in the United States: Results of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Survey
Authors: Helzer John e. , bucholz, kathleen , Robins leen. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We begin this chapter with a brief review of the history of alcohol use in the United States. This will help place the findings from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area survey, presented below, into context. Historical Overview Some families excel in the method of brewing beer with strange variety of ingredients. Here we commonly make it with pine chips, pine buds, hemlock for leaves, roasted corn, dried apple skins, sassafras roots and bran. With these, to which we add some hops and a little malt, we compose a sort of beverage which is very pleasant (Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, p. 298). The resourcefulness of early colonists in producing alcohol attested to the integral role it played in their lives. In addition to using alcohol for nourishment and medicinal purposes, the colonists served alcohol at social gatherings: weddings, funerals, and even the ordination of ministers (Levine, 1978; Ames, 1985; Caddy, 1983). Alcohol in the form of rum had an important economic role as well. Distilled from inexpensive imported molasses, rum became a major trading item for New England merchants. Historians estimate that the region exported as much as 600,000 gallons of rum per year, making huge profits for distillers (Lender & Martin, 1982).
The Prevalence of Alcohol Abuse and!or Dependence in Two Hispanic Communities
Authors: Canino Glorisa j. , burnam, audrey , caetano raul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The main purpose of this chapter is to compare the prevalence rates and correlates of alcohol abuse and/or dependence between Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans. We will briefly review results from prior research with Hispanics in the U.S. and Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico. This will provide a context against which the new data presented here can be considered.
Alcoholism, Culture, and Psychopathology: Comparative Study of French, French Canadian, and American Alcoholics
Authors: Babor Thomas f. , wolfson amy , 80ivin denyse , raooucothomas, Simone , Clark William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter departs considerably from others in this book in that it approaches the subject of alcohol and culture from the viewpoint of clinical samples of diagnosed alcoholics. Although emphasis is given to the prevalence and patterning of alcohol problems in France and other French-speaking countries, this will be approached from a comparative perspective in an effort to highlight some important but highly speculative notions about the patterning of alcoholism and how it is affected by cultural and psychological variables. These notions will first be summarized to set the stage for subsequent comparisons of French, American, and French Canadian alcoholics. These groups are particularly appropriate for such a comparative analysis because they represent different points on a continuum of cultural permissiveness toward alcohol that has often been cited in sociocultural theories of alcoholism.
Alcoholism in Taiwan Chinese Communities
Authors: Yeh Eng Kung , Hwu Ha1 Gwo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Alcoholism among the Chinese has been reported to be rare and there have been few prevalence studies in community populations. An epidemiological study conducted from 1946 to 1948 has so far been the only available survey of the Taiwan Chinese population in the literature. Only two cases of alcoholism (0.01%) were identified in that study (Lin, 1953). This finding has been supported by the infrequency of alcoholic cases seen in psychiatric clinical settings. The rarity of alcoholism among the Chinese has been explained from a biological point of view: that the Chinese are highly sensitive to alcohol and have low tolerance (Ewing, 1974; Wolff, 1972); and from a sociocultural point of view: that the Chinese generally drink only with meals and on ceremonial occasions, that alcohol-induced behavior is rejected by the Chinese, and that the absence of popular drinking places (such as taverns or bars) discourages the regular and excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages (Hsu, 1955; Singer, 1972). Similar suggestions were made in a survey of Chinatown in San Francisco (Chu, 1972). More recently in a report of the mainland Chinese, also a low-risk population for alcoholism, Lin and Lin have proposed a “substitution hypothesis:” that gambling and narcotic addiction might play important roles as substitutes for other psychosocial pathology among the Chinese (Lin & Lin, 1982).
Psychophysical Theories of Contemplation
Authors: Cloninger C Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Contemplative thinking has beneficial effects of major clinical significance. Contemplation enlarges consciousness and improves character through the no dualistic reconciliation of worries, struggles, and conflicts. In contrast, dualistic thinking blocked the full development of awareness in Emerson and his disciples. Later, Freud denied the reality of his oceanic feelings when visiting the Acropolis, which is a symbol of wisdom and universal order, because of his inability to trust in the goodness of the deepest aspect of himself, that is, his psyche (Freud 1936).
The Epigenetic Revolution
Authors: Cloninger C Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the field of physics was shocked by the recognition of quantum phenomena. Many familiar notions of classic physics had to be abandoned after the discovery of discrete units of energy and the related quantum phenomena of no locality and no causality (Gamow 1966). Now at the beginning of the twenty-first century, the broad field of biology is being shocked by the recognition of the importance of epigenetic phenomena. Epigenetics has been brought to the forefront of attention in biology in the twenty-first century as a result of sequencing the genomes of human beings and more than thirty other organisms (Koonin, Aravind et al. 2000). As a result, "epigenetics" and the "genomic revolution" have become frequent buzzwords (Koonin, Aravind et al. 2000; Lederberg 200 I), but their awesome significance is less often appreciated.
How the Cold War Might End: An Exercise in Faulty Prediction
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most historians, most of the time, wisely avoid making predictions. But in those rare instances when they do succumb to that temptation, they ought to keep track-their colleagues in economics and political science too often do not-of how well those predictions turned out. Certainly anyone who was foolish enough to try to predict how the Cold War might end owes his readers such an accounting. I wrote the following essay in the summer of I987, and it appeared in The Atlantic in November of that year, exactly two years before the Berlin Wall came down.’ I have included it here in its original form, with only slight changes in wording and the addition of a few footnotes. But I have inserted a retrospective critical commentary along the way-a literary post-mortem, if you will-that seeks to explain why this exercise in prediction, like so many similar efforts, turned out to be so wrong. In his splendid book, Arctic Dreams: Imagination and Desire in a Northern Landscape, Barry Lopez describes the most striking of Arctic mirages the fata morgana, in which sharply delineated mountain ranges appear suddenly from a featureless sea, creating the illusion of land where none exists and tempting unwary explorers to set off in search of constantly receding and, in the end, unattainable objectives. Bleak horizons combined with cold climates, he suggests, can alter consciousness and redirect ambitions in wholly unpredictable ways.
Introduction: The Pendulum of Social Movements
Authors: Fond John Q La , Durham Mary L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The sharply contrasting attitudes reflected in these quotations illustrate the mercurial movement of mental health policy in the United States. Why has policy shifted so precipitously in less than three decades? The (admittedly) simple answer to such a complex question is that American society has changed dramatically during this same period. Mental health policy is shaped not only by scientific and popular beliefs about mental illness, but also by overarching values and social forces at work throughout society. Current wisdom about the causes, consequences, and cures of mental illness certainly guide our response to the mentally ill. But state legislators, hospital administrators, government officials, and judges are also influenced in their daily decisions by the political views of their constituencies. And the politics of America has not stood still.
The Land System
Authors: Scally Robert James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By Mayofl848 the last of the tenants of the Crown Estate of Ballykilcline were packing up whatever they would be able to carry on their backs for the long journey by foot and ferry to Liverpool. Their sacks contained mostly pots and clothing of such a ragged simplicity that even for Europe’s barest peasant fashion belonged to a bygone age. What other domestic possessions remained in the cabins when the date of departure had been proclaimed the previous August would have been sold since in the neighborhood, in what later came to be called an “emigrant auction,” or traded for food or given or thrown away as having absolutely no negotiable value. By the spring, as the local Crown Agent put it, the troublesome lands were to be “perfectly untenanted.”
Ballykilcline: Deputies and Defendants
Authors: Scally Robert James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The name of the townland of Ballykilcline appeared on the Ordnance Survey Map of Ireland of 1841 and again in 1886. In between, although it continued intact in the memory and usage of the few people who still lived there, its official existence was uncertain, present in some surveys but overlooked in others. That was because the names of townlands identified not places as much as their occupants and were liable to lose their meaning when their occupants departed. Their physical presence, the uncut stone or turf and thatch dwellings, the “semi-underground” dwellings described by Tocqueville, and the foot-worn paths connecting them, quickly disappeared into the landscape when unoccupied. Seen in that light, the “clearance” and “leveling” of townlands, whether by emigration or eviction, was intended by land managers like Guinness and Mahon to remove all evidence of their existence, creating a tabula rasa on which a more orderly plan could be drawn.