bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case Studies in Standards Negotiations1
Authors: Egan Michelle P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Provides a case‐study analysis of the operation of this new regulatory policy, with particular attention paid to the difficulties of reaching collective agreement on common European standards. Case studies of the toy, machinery, construction, and medical device sectors illustrate the tension between collaboration and competition among the firms and other actors involved in standardization. Given the scarcity of information on European standard setting, the case studies provide crucial empirical evidence about the conditions under which standardization is successful by providing comparable analysis of economic production and trends, past legislative history and efforts to address trade barriers, and subsequent standards negotiations across each sector. This provides important insights into the assessment and evaluation of the new regulatory process and its attendant benefits in realizing a single market.
The Tenability of Partition as a Mode of Conflict Regulation: Comparing Ireland With Palestine–Land of Israel
Authors: Smooha Sammy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Smooha argues that Jews have settled in Palestine – Land of Israel in sufficient strength to establish a strong independent state in part of the area (pre‐1967 Israel), although their attempt to incorporate the rest (the West Bank and Gaza) by settlement has failed. As a result, partition has become the most feasible way to resolve the Jewish–Palestinian conflict. In Ireland, by contrast, the position of British settlers (Protestants) is said to be much weaker than their Jewish counterparts. The Protestants are weak demographically, lack international legitimacy, are not supported by Britain, and are faced with a confident Irish nationalism. As a consequence, the historical trend points to Britain's withdrawal and an end to the partition of Ireland as the most likely form of conflict resolution.
Time and Persistence
Authors: Lowe E. J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDiscusses some deep‐rooted differences between philosophers over the place of tense in an account of the nature of time, and defends the position that only a tensed view of time can ultimately explain satisfactorily what it is for things to exist in time and persist through change. The notion that persisting things have ‘temporal parts’ is critically examined and it is argued that a tensed view of time should reject the idea that time is a dimension in which reality is extended, in any way akin to the dimensions of space.
Our Obligations to Future Generations
Authors: Beckerman Wilfred , Pasek Joanna 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEven if future generations have no rights and intergenerational justice, intergenerational egalitarianism, and sustainable development are all flawed, this does relieve us of a moral obligation to take account of the impact of our policies on the interests of future generations. In this chapter we argue that whereas, in the very long run, it seems that widespread acute poverty will be eliminated and a decent environment will be preserved, there seems to be no prospect of ever eradicating the inherent weaknesses of the human psyche that are responsible for some groups in society imposing intolerable suffering on others. Hence, it seems that the most valuable bequest we could make to future generations would be a more decent, tolerant, and ‘just’ society than the one in which most people live today. Furthermore, there is clear evidence that the greatest environmental damage has been done in countries where there has been the least respect for basic human rights.
Social Change and the Future of the Left
Authors: Heath Anthony F. , Jowell Roger M. , Curtice John K. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe authors discuss the political implications of the social changes that took place over the 18 years of Conservative government from 1979–97 and assess two rival lines of argument about the contemporary potential for radical policies. The authors agree with the New Labour thesis (defended by reformist Labour writers such as G. Radice and S. Pollard) according to which the decline in the size of the working class and the changes in its composition have made the ‘broad mass in the middle’ the key target for Labour recruitment. However, they emphasize the fact that the working class has never been homogeneous in its identities, aspirations, and voting behaviour, and that the New Labour analysis was simply catching up with social patterns that had held true for a long time. As far as the second thesis put forward by Will Hutton is concerned, Heath, Jowell, and Curtice do not find enough evidence that a sense of personal insecurity had infected the broad mass of middle‐income Britain, rendering them marginal and insecure and thereby leading them to support radical policies. However, they agree with Hutton's conclusion that in the 1990s, there was a general trend of growing support for redistributive policies and government intervention, which probably reflects the disillusionment of the electorate with the Thatcherite project and the rejection of some of its principle articles. The analysis supports the thesis that changes in attitudes and values in society should not be mechanically inferred from structural changes.
Old Labour and the Social Democratic Party
Authors: Heath Anthony F. , Jowell Roger M. , Curtice John K. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAnalyses the strategy of the opposition Labour party in the 1983 general election and the role of the newly created Social Democratic Party (SDP) in the political life in Britain at the beginning of the 1980s. The authors draw the conclusion that voters do not base their decisions only on issues important for them but, entirely rationally, give more weight to the issues on which the parties are polarized. Unfortunately for the Labour in 1983, it was unpopular on the issues where the parties were polarized such as nationalization and nuclear disarmament, and which therefore counted a lot, and its popular issues— unemployment and taxation—were ones where there was less perceived difference between the parties. In the 1983 election, Labour also lost some votes because the SDP positioned itself to the left of centre, competing for the left‐of‐centre ground and actually winning as many votes as Labour did from the moderate left. The reasons for this were a mixture of Labour's ideological extremism and perceived incompetence and division. The evidence also suggests that competence and policy are not the sole ingredients in the voter's calculus; loyalty, tradition and the more affective or emotional ties that link voters to parties account partly for the way the electorate votes.
Labour's Long Road Back
Authors: Heath Anthony F. , Jowell Roger M. , Curtice John K. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe authors analyse the long process of modernization of the Labour party that had its origins in Neil Kinnock's period as a leader of the party between 1983 and 1992 and that culminated in Labour's victory in the 1997 general election. Heath, Jowell, and Curtice draw the conclusion that on the non‐economic issues such as disarmament, Europe, and devolution, Tony Blair's New Labour was merely a continuation of Neil Kinnock's policy. It was Neil Kinnock not Tony Blair who had made the radical break with Labour's recent past. However, on economic issues New Labour made a clearer break with its Old Labour inheritance—on nationalization, unions, government spending, and taxation, New Labour adopted many Thatcherite precepts. The decisive move of New Labour towards the centre on the economic issues, did have major electoral benefits because it squeezed the Liberal Democrats’ share of the vote on the centre‐left, but it also captured ground on the centre‐right from the Conservatives. New Labour's move to the centre also disrupted the usual patterns of vote‐switching; more Conservatives than usual switching directly to Labour rather than to the Liberal Democrats.
The Uses of Sense
Authors: Travis Charles 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Uses of Sense presents a reading of Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations, concentrating on themes concerning representation, truth, and objectivity. It offers a particular understanding of the radical break Wittgenstein made with what is still the conventional understanding as to what it is for a representation to be true—an understanding manifest in standard treatments of the relation between meaning and truth. On the new view, for any specifiable way things may be represented as being, there are various possible understandings as to what it is for things to be that way; in representing things as that way, one may so represent them on any of these understandings. So it is only where there is a given occasion for representing things in that way that such a representation may bear the sort of understanding that permits engagement with truth. This view of how representation works allowed Wittgenstein a new and fruitful view of scepticism of various forms—metaphysical as well as epistemological. The book sets out in detail what that new view comes to.
Knowledge and its Place in Nature
Authors: Kornblith Hilary 
Published: October 2003

AbstractArgues that conceptual analysis should be rejected in favour of a more naturalistic approach to epistemology. There is a robust natural phenomenon of knowledge; knowledge is a natural kind. An examination of the cognitive ethology literature reveals a category of knowledge that does both causal and explanatory work. It is argued that knowledge in this very sense is what philosophers have been talking about all along. Rival accounts of knowledge that are more demanding—requiring either that certain social conditions be met or that an agent engage in some sort of reflection—are discussed in detail, and it is argued that they are inadequate to the phenomenon. In addition, it is argued that the account of knowledge that emerges from the cognitive ethology literature can provide an explanation of the normative force of epistemic claims.
Knowledge as Natural Phenomenon
Authors: Kornblith Hilary 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Cognitive ethologists regularly attribute intentional states, such as belief, to non‐human animals. More than this, they regularly talk about such animals having knowledge. It is argued that this talk of knowledge is not merely a façon de parler: talk of knowledge in these theories does causal and explanatory work. Knowledge, in this view, is reliably produced true belief. It is argued that this is what we have all been talking about all along when we use the term ‘knowledge’.
Human Knowledge and Reflection
Authors: Kornblith Hilary 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Some have argued that knowledge, or human knowledge, requires some sort of reflection, usually on the reasonableness of one's beliefs. It is argued that there is no such requirement, either for knowledge in general, or even for human knowledge. Reflection is not always an epistemically good thing; when it is epistemically valuable, what is valuable about it is already explained by a reliability requirement on knowledge. Knowledge does not require reflection of any sort.
Normativity and Natural Knowledge
Authors: Kornblith Hilary 
Published: October 2003

AbstractCritics of naturalistic epistemology often argue that any account of knowledge that is descriptive thereby loses its ability to account for epistemic normativity. This chapter presents an account of epistemic normativity that flows from the descriptive account of knowledge as a natural kind presented in Ch. 2. Epistemic norms are argued to be hypothetical imperatives, contingent on having desires of any sort at all. Epistemic norms are thus universal, even if only hypothetical.
A New Mode of State
Authors: Hadenius Axel 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAnalyses the development of a new mode of state in the Middle Ages in Europe. This was the emergence of an interactive state, signified by a regulated intercourse between state and society. This was a state built on pluralism, power sharing and constitutionalism. Certain institutional and societal conditions contributed to this development, which laid the ground for the so‐called ‘European miracle’.
International Recognition of Refugees
Authors: Loescher Gil 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Beginning with the establishment by the League of Nations of the first High Commissioner for Refugees in 1921, the scope and functions of assistance programmes for refugees gradually expanded, as efforts were made to regularize the status and control of stateless and denationalized people. During and after World War II, the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA) and the International Refugee Organization (IRO) further expanded the international organizational framework for refugees. Since 1951, an international refugee regime—composed of UNHCR and a network of other international agencies, national governments, and voluntary or non‐governmental organizations—has developed a response strategy that permits some refugees to remain in their countries of first asylum, enables some to resettle in third countries and arranges for still others to be repatriated to their countries of origin.
The Cold War Origins of the UNHCR Under Gerrit Jan van Heuven Goedhart
Authors: Loescher Gil 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
UNHCR was created with a mandate for refugee protection and to provide solutions to refugee problems, but with practically no funds with which to carry out these functions. Despite the inauspicious beginnings of the UNHCR and the opposition of the US and the Soviet Union in the early Cold War period, the first High Commissioner, Gerrit Jan van Heuven Goedhart, convinced the major powers that their interests in political stability in Europe converged with those of the UNHCR. By gradually enlarging the scope of his office, by obtaining the capacity for independent fund raising through the UN Refugee Emergency Fund and by assuming material assistance responsibilities, the High Commissioner paved the way for the UNHCR to become the centrepiece of the emerging international refugee regime.
Spinoza's Heresy
Authors: Nadler Steven 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis is a study of the reasons behind Spinoza's excommunication from the Portuguese–Jewish community of Amsterdam in 1656. The central question in the book is how and why did the issue of the immortality of the soul play a role in the decision to excommunicate Spinoza. The work begins with a discussion of the nature of cherem or banning within Judaism, and in the Amsterdam community, in particular, as well as of a number of possible explanations for Spinoza's ban. It then turns to the variety of traditions in Jewish religious and philosophical thought on the post‐mortem fate of the soul and the after life. This is followed by an examination of Spinoza's own views on the eternity of the mind in the Ethics and the role that the denial of personal immortality plays in his overall philosophical and political project. Part of the book's argument is that Spinoza's views were not only an outgrowth of his own metaphysical principles, but also a culmination of an intellectualist trend in medieval Jewish rationalism (especially Maimonides and Gersonides).
Patriarchs, Prophets, and Rabbis
Authors: Nadler Steven 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines various traditions in Judaism regarding the post‐mortem fate of the person in Heaven and/or Hell and the immortality of the soul. Selected sources include the Hebrew Bible, the Talmud, midrashim, and other rabbinic texts. The discussion is focused on the ways in which Jewish traditions have portrayed the after life and its moral dimensions, especially the rewards of virtue and the punishment of sin.
Institutional and Sectoral Interactions in Monetary Policy and Wage/Price‐Bargaining
Authors: Franzese Robert J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractConsiders institutional complementarities at the macroeconomic level. It examines unemployment and inflation management in developed democracies, stressing the interactions of central‐bank independence and wage/price‐bargaining coordination with each other and with the sectoral structure of bargaining in determining monetary—policymakers’ and wage/price‐bargainers’ incentives. The evidence from 21 developed democracies over 20 years of flexible exchange rates supports the argument that credible monetary conservatism and traded‐sector‐led (not public‐sector‐led) coordinated bargaining, complement in producing low unemployment and substitute in producing low inflation.
Business, Government, and Patterns of Labor Market Policy in Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Wood Stewart 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExplores the connection between the political economy and the public policies that governments produce, using the cases of labour market policy in the 1980s in West Germany and the UK. Governments will favour policies that reinforce the comparative institutional advantage of their economic institutions, because policy options are constrained by the different organizational capacities of employers in CMEs and LMEs. It examines the constitutional and political sources of state power in the Federal Republic and UK, a contrast that suggests significant variation in the expected stability of the two labour market policy regimes. Business–government relations and public policies are therefore systematically correlated with varieties of capitalism, as also a function of broader political arrangements that may vary ‘across type’.
The Legal Framework for Corporate Governance: The Influence of Contract Law on Company Strategies in Germany and the United States
Authors: Casper Steven 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe chapter examines the key role played by legal frameworks in the construction of the political economy and its relationship to corporate strategy. Germany and the US have different legal systems. Drawing on an analysis of legal challenges associated with supplier network modernization within the automobile industry, the chapter demonstrates how German patterns of non‐market business coordination and highly regulatory laws channel firms towards patterns of corporate strategy associated with incremental innovation, or ‘diversified quality production’, and constrain against more radical innovation strategies. In the US, a more classical legal system combined with predominantly market‐based inter‐firm relations conduces towards radically innovative corporate strategies, but impinge on the establishment of incremental innovation patterns associated with diversified quality production.
Right Action
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIt has been said that virtue ethics does not, and cannot, provide action guidance, the way utilitarianism and deontology do because it rejects codifiability and does not come up with any rules or principles. But this is a misconception: virtue ethics can provide a specification of ‘right action’—as ‘what a virtuous agent would, characteristically do in the circumstances’—and such a specification can be regarded as generating a number of moral rules, called ‘v‐rules’. Each virtue generates an instruction—‘do what is honest’, ‘do what is charitable,’ and each vice a prohibition—‘do not act, do what is dishonest, uncharitable..’
The Virtuous Agent's Reasons for Action
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe fully virtuous may be said to act ‘out of a sense of duty’ or ‘because they think it is right’. The virtuous, when acting virtuously, act for a variety of reasons that form ranges characteristic of particular virtues. When children, and people who are in a transitory emotional state, act for such reasons they do not count as ‘acting out of a sense of duty’ but when the virtuous, who act from a settled state of character, act for such reasons, they do. Acting from virtue is sufficient for acting from duty.
Naturalism
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: October 2003

AbstractVirtues are those character traits that make a human being a good human being— those traits that human beings need to live well as human beings, to live a characteristically human life. Ethical evaluations of human beings as good or bad are taken to be analogous to evaluations of other living things as good or bad specimens of their kind, as Foot has argued. This naturalism reveals that several features of ethical evaluation thought to be peculiar to it, and inimical to its objectivity, are present in the quasi‐scientific evaluation, even of plants.
The Charms and Consequences of Evolutionary Psychology
Authors: Dupré John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Considers, first, why the programme of evolutionary psychology appears to have such appeal, despite its epistemological weakness. Answers to this question include a commitment to an ill‐conceived unity of science, a reluctance to accept irreducible contingency, and the rewards that accrue to advocates of even excessively ambitious projects. A final section argues that, contrary to the claims of its adherents, often based on appeals to the naturalistic fallacy, evolutionary psychology has significant political consequences, often of a harmful kind. The impossibility of a rigid fact/value distinction is illustrated with respect to evolutionary psychological theories of rape.
Knowledge, Globalization, and Regions: An Economist's Perspective
Authors: Audretsch David B. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe issues involving the links between the geography of economic activity and the emergence of the knowledge‐based economy addressed in the first chapter are examined in more detail in seven main sections. These address the following: the loss of the former comparative advantage of mature, technically moderate industries in Europe and North America; the breakdown at the level of the firm of the knowledge production function (this shows that the empirical link between knowledge inputs and innovative outputs becomes stronger as the unit of production becomes increasingly aggregated); knowledge spillovers to small firms from larger firms or universities; the importance of location and geographic space in knowledge spillovers; and the use of foreign direct investment as a strategy to access localized knowledge spillovers for transfer back to the home country.
Foreign Direct Investment into the USA: A Subnational Investigation
Authors: Wallace Lorna H. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The industrial distribution of inbound foreign direct investment (FDI) within a national economy is uneven, differing among and also within the subnational units. This chapter analyses the impact of the globalization of production and markets at the subnational level by studying FDI in the state of New Jersey (NJ), USA. A summary is presented of quantitative statistics, analysing the trends, significance, concentration, and source of FDI in the state. Next, the determinants of FDI in the state are examined from an academic and business literature view as well as from interviews with practitioners; in addition, the policy implications for corporate practitioners and the role of government in the attraction, development, and retention of inbound FDI to the state are briefly addressed. Finally, it is argued that the intranational distribution of inward FDI stock provides a sensitive guide to the resources, capabilities, and policies of subnational units; and that a national analysis of FDI may not be sufficient or necessary to understand the drivers of international economy.