bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Differential Use of Information by Experienced and Novice Auditors in the Performance of Ill‐Structured Audit Tasks*
Authors: Earley Christine E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe experiment reported in this paper tests a theoretical model of experienced and novice auditors' information use. The model, based on social cognition research, posits that when judgements are sequential, the information encountered first affects the processing of subsequent information. Specifically, initial information that is in line with expectations results in more superficial processing of subsequent information than initial information that violates expectations. The judgements of 13 experienced and 26 novice auditors were analyzed to determine whether the model is descriptive of auditors' judgements in an ill‐structured task setting (real estate valuation). Results lend support for the model. The implications of the results and the model's impact on audit effectiveness are discussed.
Sequential Solutions to Capacity‐Planning and Pricing Decisions*
Authors: Balakrishnan Ramji , Sivaramakrishnan K. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIdeally, firms should jointly solve capacity‐planning and product‐pricing problems. In practice, informational limitations and cognitive bounds may force firms to sequentially solve the two problems. For example, a firm may plan capacity using limited demand information, and update prices subsequently once additional demand information becomes available. In a simple setting, we characterize the economic loss due to such sequential planning. We use simulation experiments to assess the extent of this loss in more complex settings. We find a relatively low loss if the firm plans for capacity using limited demand information and subsequently adjusts product prices to reflect realized market conditions. However, even “reasonable” restrictions on the subsequent price adjustment (e.g., constraining adjusted prices to always exceed full cost) lead to significant economic loss.
Morphologic, karyotypic, and molecular evidence of a new form ofChiropotes(primates, pitheciinae)
Authors: Bonvicino C.R. , Boubli J.P. , Otazú I.B. , Almeida F.C. , Nascimento F.F. , Coura J.R. , Seuánez H.N. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMorphologic, karyotypic, and molecular analyses were carried out in 25 specimens of a distinct morph ofChiropotes(henceforth termedChiropotessp.) obtained from a number of localities in the Brazilian Amazon. Pelage coloration clearly distinguishes the collected specimens and all other known species of this genus. A distinct karyotype was described forChiropotessp. It differs fromC. satanas chiropotesby two pericentric inversions, and fromC. satanas utahickiby three, which suggests that these taxa are reproductively isolated. Morphometric analyses did not show significant differentiation between theseChiropotestaxa. Molecular analyses confirmed the monophyly of the subfamily Pitheciinae and generaChiropotes, Cacajao, andPithecia(the latter appearing as the most basal lineage of the pithecine clade). The genetic distances betweenC. s. utahickiandChiropotessp. from Rio Negro were greater than those between three recognized species ofPithecia, but smaller than those betweenCacajao calvusandCacajao melanocephalus. The most appropriate name forChiropotessp. from Rio Negro isC. israelita. This species,C. s. chiropotes, andC. s. utahickiare allopatric. Pelage coloration, karyotype, and molecular analysis strongly indicate thatC. chiropotes, C. utahicki, andChiropotes israelitadeserve species status. Am. J. Primatol. 61:123–133, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Local heating of human skin by millimeter waves: A kinetics study
Authors: Alekseev S.I. , Ziskin M.C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractHeating rates of human skin exposed locally to 42.25 GHz mm waves, coming from a waveguide (WG) opening or a YAV device designed for therapeutic application, were studied in vivo using infrared (IR) thermography. For both radiators, the power density distribution was described by a circularly symmetrical Gaussian type function on the exposed skin surface. Insertion of a small thermocouple (d = 0.1 mm) in the exposed area did not produce any significant artifact, either in the power density distribution or kinetics measurement, providing it was perpendicular to the E vector. The heating kinetics in the skin exposed with either the WG opening or the YAV device were well fitted to solutions of the 2‐D bio‐heat transfer equation for homogeneous tissue. Changes in irradiating beam size (1–8 mm) had no detectable effect on the initial (0.3–3.0 s) phase of the heating kinetics. However, the amplitude of the kinetics decreased substantially with decreasing the beam size. As the temperature rise in the time interval necessary for reliable measurement of the initial temperature rise rate was very small, an accurate experimental determination of specific absorption rate (SAR) becomes practically impossible at the low intensities normally used in our experiments. The correct SAR values may be found from fitting of the model to the heating kinetics. Bioelectromagnetics 24:571–581, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bifurcation of burst response in an Amari‐Hopfield neuron pair with a periodic external force
Authors: Tsuji Shigeki , Ueta Tetsushi , Kawakami Hiroshi , Aihara Kazuyuki 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTo clarify the mechanism of the information processing in the brain of living organisms, and investigate information coding of a neuron, a reasonable mathematical model of a neuron is needed. Various models have been proposed and analyzed for now, some relationship between bursting response and bifurcations. In this paper, we propose a simple and effective model to realize bursting phenomena in Amari‐Hopfield coupled neurons. In this model, we can constructively design desirable bursting responses. Bifurcation diagrams and some analytical results are given, and a basic design scheme to generate a bursting is shown. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(2): 43–53, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10217
Investigation of VFT surges propagated into transformer and overvoltages applied to winding
Authors: Ishikawa Yasuhisa , Iwai Akihiko , Nishiwaki Susumu , Koshizuka Tadashi , Teranishi Tsuneharu , Uehara Kyouichi 
Published: November 2003

AbstractInvestigations were conducted on the VFT (Very Fast Transient) surges that propagate into a 500‐kV transformer. The disconnector restriking surge and ground fault surged were discussed. It was regarded that a large part of the surge voltage was applied just at the entrance of the transformer winding for the VFT surges. Thus, an equivalent circuit that models the windings was used for the analysis. The overvoltages that appear between the first winding sections at the entrance of the transformer were computed. The following was established. (1) The overvoltage between the first winding sections becomes greater when the magnitude of the voltage change at the transformer terminal is larger. The overvoltage between the first winding sections is not affected by the magnitude of the transformer terminal voltage. (2) For the disconnectors that are not connected directly to the transformer, the voltage change at the transformer terminal is not so large. (3) In the case of a ground fault at the GIS near the transformer, the voltage change at the transformer terminal is the same as that for a disconnector directly connected to the transformer. (4) In actual GIS, the disconnector that is connected directly to the transformer is not usually used. In this situation, the overvoltages that threaten the transformer insulation will not be generated by the restriking of the disconnectors. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(2): 20–26, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10225
High‐yield isolation of murine microglia by mild trypsinization
Authors: Saura Josep , Tusell Josep Maria , Serratosa Joan 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMicroglia can be isolated with high purity but low yield by shaking off loosely adherent cells from mixed glial cultures. Here we describe a new technique for isolating microglia with an average yield close to 2,000,000 microglial cells/mouse pup, more than five times higher than that of the shaking method. Confluent mixed glial cultures are subjected to mild trypsinization (0.05–0.12%) in the presence of 0.2–0.5 mM EDTA and 0.5–0.8 mM Ca2+. This results in the detachment of an intact layer of cells containing virtually all the astrocytes, leaving undisturbed a population of firmly attached cells identified as > 98% microglia. These almost pure microglial preparations can be kept in culture for weeks and show proliferation and phagocytosis. Treatment with macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and lipopolysaccharide, alone or in the presence of interferon γ, induces typical microglial responses in terms of proliferation, morphological changes, nuclear factor‐κB translocation, NO, and tumor necrosis α release and phagocytosis. This method allows for the preparation of highly enriched mouse or rat microglial cultures with ease and reproducibility. Because of its high yield, it can be especially convenient when high amounts of microglial protein/mRNA are required or in cases in which the starting material is limited, such as microglial cultures from transgenic animals. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coupling of astrocyte connexins Cx26, Cx30, Cx43 to oligodendrocyte Cx29, Cx32, Cx47: Implications from normal and connexin32 knockout mice
Authors: Nagy J.I. , Ionescu A.‐V. , Lynn B.D. , Rash J.E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractOligodendrocytes in vivo form heterologous gap junctions with astrocytes. These oligodendrocyte/astrocyte (A/O) gap junctions contain multiple connexins (Cx), including Cx26, Cx30, and Cx43 on the astrocyte side, and Cx32, Cx29, and Cx47 on the oligodendrocyte side. We investigated connexin associations at A/O gap junctions on oligodendrocytes in normal and Cx32 knockout (KO) mice. Immunoblotting and immunolabeling by several different antibodies indicated the presence of Cx32 in liver and brain of normal mice, but the absence of Cx32 in liver and brain of Cx32 KO mice, confirming the specificity and efficacy of the antibodies, as well as allowing the demonstration of Cx32 expression by oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes throughout brain were decorated with numerous Cx30‐positive puncta, which also were immunolabeled for both Cx32 and Cx43. In Cx32 KO mice, astrocytic Cx30 association with oligodendrocyte somata was nearly absent, Cx26 was partially reduced, and Cx43 was present in abundance. In normal and Cx32 KO mice, oligodendrocyte Cx29 was sparsely distributed, whereas Cx47‐positive puncta were densely localized on oligodendrocyte somata. These results demonstrate that astrocyte Cx30 and oligodendrocyte Cx47 are widely present at A/O gap junctions. Immunolabeling patterns for these six connexins in Cx32 KO brain have implications for deciphering the organization of heterotypic connexin coupling partners at A/O junctions. The persistence and abundance of Cx43 and Cx47 at these junctions after Cx32 deletion, together with the paucity of Cx29 normally present at these junctions, suggests Cx43/Cx47 coupling at A/O junctions. Reductions in Cx30 and Cx26 after Cx32 deletion suggest that these astrocytic connexins likely form junctions with Cx32 and that their incorporation into A/O gap junctions is dependent on the presence of oligodendrocytic Cx32. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Limitrin, a novel immunoglobulin superfamily protein localized to glia limitans formed by astrocyte endfeet
Authors: Yonezawa Tomoko , Ohtsuka Aiji , Yoshitaka Teruhito , Hirano Shuichi , Nomoto Hiroyuki , Yamamoto Kiyotaka , Ninomiya Yoshifumi 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWe report the molecular cloning of a new member of the transmembrane‐type immunoglobulin superfamily and designate the encoded protein as limitrin, since it localized selectively to glia limitans in mouse brain. Limitrin cDNA was obtained using a subtractive hybridization procedure designed to identify molecules responsible for blood‐brain barrier function. Western blots using a limitrin‐specific antibody demonstrated that the gene product is expressed significantly in mouse brain and primary murine astrocytes and is distributed in the plasma membrane. Immunohistochemical studies using confocal and electron microscopy clearly demonstrated highly polarized localization in astroglial endfeet in the perivascular region and under the pia mater in vivo. Limitrin is expressed in the spinal cord and in many areas of the brain, but not in the median eminence or subfornical organ (the circumventricular organs), where the blood‐brain barrier is lacking. Disruption of the blood‐brain barrier by cold injury resulted in a drastic reduction in limitrin expression. Furthermore, during retrieval from cold injury, the increased expression of limitrin in perivascular endfeet correlated with the recovery of angiogenesis in capillaries within the lesion margins. Our results suggest that limitrin is physically and functionally associated with the blood‐brain barrier, implying that this protein may be useful as a diagnostic tool of barrier integrity. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oligodendrocyte process outgrowth in vitro is modulated by epigenetic regulation of cytoskeletal severing proteins
Authors: Liu Aixiao , Muggironi Michela , Marin‐Husstege Mireya , Casaccia‐Bonnefil Patrizia 
Published: November 2003

AbstractProcess outgrowth is crucial in oligodendrocyte (OL) development and myelination. It is well accepted that increased levels of proteins affecting the polymerization of cytoskeletal components promote branching. Interestingly, we have suggested that other mechanisms may contribute to oligodendrocyte process outgrowth. We have previously shown that pharmacological inhibitors of histone deacetylation prevent oligodendrocyte branching and we now seek to explore in detail the relationship between these two events. The results presented here indicate that pharmacological inhibitors of histone deacetylation prevent branching, similar to the effect of low doses of cytoskeletal depolymerizing agents. The lack of process outgrowth does not correlate with changes in the levels of tubulin or actin, but correlates with increased levels of microtubule (i.e., stathmin) and microfilaments (i.e., gelsolin) depolymerizing proteins. These data suggest that in OL progenitors, the high levels of depolymerizing proteins maintain a simple morphology, while branching is favored by reduced levels of these cytoskeletal components, consequent to the effect of histone deacetylation on gene expression. We therefore hypothesize that epigenetic regulation of stathmin and gelsolin is a novel regulatory mechanism contributing to OL process outgrowth. In conclusion, our results suggest that process outgrowth in vitro is regulated not only by increased levels of proteins affecting polymerization, but also by decreased levels of proteins affecting depolymerization. The levels of these severing proteins are regulated by chromatin modifiers and therefore suggest that their expression in developing OL is decreased by an epigenetic mechanism. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The brain‐specific protein MLC1 implicated in megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts is expressed in glial cells in the murine brain
Authors: Schmitt Angelika , Gofferje Viktor , Weber Melanie , Meyer Jobst , Mössner Rainald , Lesch Klaus‐Peter 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe human MLC1 gene (also known as KIAA0027 and WKL1) and its murine orthologue (Mlc1) encode a putative transmembrane protein expressed primarily in brain. Recessive mutations within human MLC1 cause megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC), whereas a missense mutation resulting in a methionine substitution within a transmembrane leucine string of MLC has been implicated in catatonic schizophrenia in a large pedigree. To gain insight into the function of the MLC protein and to elucidate the pathophysiology of these severe neurodegenerative disorders, information on the cellular and regional distribution of the murine Mlc1, as well as the developmental pattern of Mlc1 expression in brain, is required. Using in situ hybridization (ISH), Mlc1 mRNA was exclusively detected in glial cells of the adult murine brain, such as astrocytes, Bergmann glia, and ependymal cells. ISH, Northern blot analysis, and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) demonstrated that Mlc1 mRNA is broadly distributed in the adult mouse brain, with highest concentrations of expression in the cerebellum and olfactory bulb. Furthermore, differential expression patterns during brain development were revealed. Overall brain Mlc1 mRNA concentrations exhibited a substantial increase in the perinatal period reaching adult concentrations at postnatal day 5. At the cellular level, highest Mlc1 expression was found during the pre‐ and perinatal period in multipotential neural precursor cells, especially in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle, whereas in adulthood highest Mlc1 mRNA concentrations were revealed in Bergmann glia cells. Because the temproal expression profile of Mlc1 indicates that, in contrast to developing and mature astrocytes, oligodendrocytes are devoid of Mlc1 expression, white matter tract abnormalities observed in these disorders may result from a primary astrocytic defect. Detailed information on Mlc1 expression in brain is likely to lead to a better understanding of Mlc1 involvement in the pathogenesis of both MLC and catatonic schizophrenia. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heat transfer mechanism of a swirling impinging jet in a stagnation region
Authors: Nozaki Atsushi , Igarashi Yasumitsu , Hishida Koichi 
Published: November 2003

AbstractHeat transfer characteristics of a swirling impinging jet have been experimentally examined using a combined particle image velocimetry (PIV) and laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) technique for simultaneous measurement of velocity and temperature fields. The present study shows that the radial width of the jet stretches with increasing swirl intensity, and that the stretching phenomenon contributes to the maximum local heat transfer coefficient. At the stagnation region, the flow near the heated surface is mixed intermittently by reverse flows toward upstream, and spatial distributions of temperature are correlated with instantaneous velocity vector maps. The dynamic behavior of recirculation zones, attributed to swirl number Sw and impinging distance, mainly determines the turbulent heat transfer at the stagnation region. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(8): 663–673, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10120
Combined nongray radiative and conductive heat transfer in multiple glazing taking into account specular reflection and absorption
Authors: Maruyama Shigenao , Mori Yusuke , Chikira Chie , Sakai Seigo 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe problem of combined nongray radiative and conductive heat transfer in multiple glazing subjected to solar irradiation is analyzed. A spectral solar model proposed by Bird and Riordan is used to calculate direct and diffuse solar irradiance. The radiation element method by ray emission model, REM2, is used to analyze the spectral dependence of radiative heat transfer. Specular reflection at boundary surfaces is taken into account. The spectral dependence of radiation properties of glass such as specular reflectivity, refraction angle, and absorption coefficient is taken into account. The steady‐state temperature and heat flux distributions in the glass layer are obtained and the insulating efficiency of multiple glazing is examined. The overall heat transfer coefficients predicted by the present method are compared with those based on the JIS method. The values obtained by the present method are slightly lower than those obtained by the JIS method. To investigate the spectral variation of radiative heat flux attenuated in the glass layer, the spectral heat flux at the room‐side surface and incident radiation are compared. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(8): 712–726, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10125
Human intestinal epithelial crypt cell survival and death: Complex modulations of Bcl‐2 homologs by Fak, PI3‐K/Akt‐1, MEK/Erk, and p38 signaling pathways
Authors: Harnois Charlène , Demers Marie‐Josée , Bouchard Véronique , Vallée Karine , Gagné David , Fujita Naoya , Tsuruo Takashi , Vézina Anne , Beaulieu Jean‐François , Côté André , Vachon Pierre H. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTo investigate the mechanisms responsible for survival and apoptosis/anoikis in normal human intestinal epithelial crypt cells, we analyzed the roles of various signaling pathways and cell adhesion on the expression of six Bcl‐2 homologs (Bcl‐2, Bcl‐XL, Mcl‐1, Bax, Bak, Bad) in the well established HIEC‐6 cell model. Pharmacological inhibitors and/or dominant‐negative constructs were used to inhibit focal adhesion kinase (Fak) and p38 isoforms, as well as the phosphatidylinositol 3′‐kinase (PI3‐K)/Akt‐1 and mitogen‐activated protein kinase [MAPK] kinase (MEK)/extracellular regulated kinases (Erk) pathways. Cell adhesion was disrupted by antibody‐inhibition of integrin binding or forced cell suspension. The activation levels of studied kinase pathways were also analyzed. Herein, we report that β1 integrins, Fak, and the PI3‐K/Akt‐1 pathway, but not β4 integrins or the MEK/Erk pathway, are crucial for the survival of HIEC‐6 cells. Conversely, p38β, but not p38α or γ, is required for the induction of apoptosis/anoikis in HIEC‐6 cells. However, each of the signaling molecules/pathways analyzed were found to affect distinctively the individual expression of the Bcl‐2 homologs studied. For example, the inhibition of the PI3‐K/Akt‐1 pathway down‐regulated Bcl‐XL, Mcl‐1, and Bad, while at the same time up‐regulating Bax, whereas the inhibition of Fak up‐regulated both Bax and Bak, down‐regulated Bad, and did not affect the other Bcl‐2 homologs analyzed. These results indicate that integrins, Fak, PI3‐K/Akt‐1, MEK/Erk, and p38 isoforms perform distinct roles in the regulation of HIEC‐6 cell survival and/or death. In addition, our data show that the functions performed by these molecules/pathways in promoting cell survival or apoptosis/anoikis translate into complex, differential modulations of individual Bcl‐2 homologs. J. Cell. Physiol. 198: 209–222, 2004© 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early nuclear exclusion of the transcription factor max is associated with retinal ganglion cell death independent of caspase activity
Authors: Petrs‐Silva Hilda , de Freitas Fabíola G. , Linden Rafael , Chiarini Luciana B. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWe examined the behavior of the transcription factor Max during retrograde neuronal degeneration of retinal ganglion cells. Using immunohistochemistry, we found a progressive redistribution of full‐length Max from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and dendrites of the ganglion cells following axon damage. Then, the axotomized cells lose all their content of Max, while undergoing nuclear pyknosis and apoptotic cell death. After treatment of retinal explants with either anisomycin or thapsigargin, the rate of nuclear exclusion of Max accompanied the rate of cell death as modulated by either drug. Treatment with a pan‐caspase inhibitor abolished both TUNEL staining and immunoreactivity for activated caspase‐3, but did not affect the subcellular redistribution of Max immunoreactivity after axotomy. The data show that nuclear exclusion of the transcription factor Max is an early event, which precedes and is independent of the activation of caspases, during apoptotic cell death in the central nervous system.
J. Cell. Physiol. 198: 179–187, 2004© 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.