bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GPS Meteorology: Sliding-Window Analysis*
Authors: Foster James , Bevis Michael , Businger Steven 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The sliding-window technique uses a moving time window to select GPS data for processing. This makes it possible to routinely incorporate the most recently collected data and generate estimates for atmospheric delay or precipitable water in (near) real time. As a consequence of the technique several estimates may be generated for each time epoch, and these multiple estimates can be used to explore and analyze the characteristics of the atmospheric estimates and the effect of the processing model and parameters. Examples of some of the analyses that can be undertaken are presented. Insights into the phenomenology of the atmospheric estimates provided by sliding-window analysis permit the fine-tuning of the GPS processing as well as the possibility of both improving the accuracy of the near-real-time estimates themselves and constraining the errors associated with them. The overlapping data windows and the multiple estimates that characterize the sliding-window method can lead to ambiguity in the meaning of many terms and expressions commonly used in GPS meteorology. In order to prevent confusion in discussions of sliding-window processing, a nomenclature is proposed that formalizes the meaning of the primary terms and defines the geometric and physical relationships between them.
Assimilation of Ship-Mounted ADCP Data for Barotropic Tides: Application to the Ross Sea
Authors: Erofeeva S. Y. , Padman Laurie , Egbert Gary 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The application of a generalized inverse approach for assimilating vessel-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (VM-ADCP) data into numerical solutions of barotropic tides is described. The derived estimates of tidal currents can be used to detide the VM-ADCP data and expose underlying mean circulation. The methodology is illustrated with data assimilation models of tidal currents in the Ross Sea. The prior solution, obtained by solving the nonlinear shallow-water equations by time stepping with a linear bottom friction parameterization and elevation of open boundary conditions obtained from a circum-Antarctic tide model, provides reasonably good fit to most available moored current meter data. Two inverse solutions were obtained: one assimilating moored current meter records and the other assimilating three cruises of VM-ADCP data. Fitting either the mooring time series or the VM-ADCP records leads to only small changes relative to the prior solution currents, except over the shelf break where short length scale, energetic diurnal topographic vorticity waves are present. It is shown that the dynamics embedded in the representer functions provides reasonable tidal corrections even with no prior information about forcing at open boundaries.
Comparison of Two Jason-1 Altimeter Precipitation Detection Algorithms with Rain Estimates from the TRMM Microwave Imager
Authors: Tran N. , Obligis E. , Ferreira F. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
This paper evaluates and compares the ability of two different Jason-1 dual-frequency altimeter algorithms (referred as Tournadre’s and Quartly’s rain flags, respectively) to detect rain events in order to flag rain-contaminated altimeter range measurements. They are based on departures from a defined relationship between the Ku- and C-band radar cross sections observed in no-rain conditions. The algorithms’ performances were assessed via collocations of these dual-frequency-based estimates with rain rates and a rain–no-rain flag from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI). The Jason-1–TMI analysis is built upon a yes–no discrimination, which is helpful in providing good insight into the altimeter rain detection flags’ efficiency through estimations of the percentages of hits, misses, false alarms, and correct negatives when compared with TMI measurements. Tournadre’s rain flag, based on a combination of altimeter and radiometer data, gives the best match with TMI estimates, compared to Quartly’s, and also has a higher sensitivity to low-intensity rainfall.
Feasible Method for the Assimilation of Satellite-Derived SST with an Ocean Circulation Model
Authors: Manda Atsuyoshi , Hirose Naoki , Yanagi Tetsuo 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The surface restoring condition of satellite-derived sea surface temperatures (SSTs) is validated as a feasible assimilation method with an ocean circulation model that incorporates the strongly nonlinear mixed layer model. The restoring treatment is an empirical method for correcting the heat flux in order to pull the predicted SST toward the observed SST; it is referred to as the nudging method in this study. A one-dimensional experiment is conducted to evaluate the skill of the nudging method. The mixed layer model (MLM) used in the experiment is a second-order turbulence closure model that has a strong nonlinearity. The skill of the nudging method is compared with that of an ensemble Kalman filter, which is a statistically optimal method for nonlinear dynamic models. Although the nudging method is statistically suboptimal, the result of the experiment shows that the skill of this method is comparable when using an appropriate restoring time scale. A three-dimensional experiment using an ocean general circulation model (OGCM), which incorporates the same MLM as that used in the one-dimensional experiment, is also conducted to further examine the skill of the nudging method. By applying the nudging method to the OGCM, the model improves the estimated thermal structure not only near the surface, but also in the subsurface layers.
A Comparative Study of ASOS and USCRN Temperature Measurements
Authors: Sun Bomin , Baker C. Bruce , Karl Thomas R. , Gifford Malcolm D. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Temperature measurements from the U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) instrument system were compared to the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) ambient air temperature measurements and were examined under different regimes of wind speed and solar radiation. Influences due to observing practice differences and the effects of siting differences were discussed.
This analysis indicated that the average difference between the ASOS and USCRN temperatures is on the order of 0.1°C. However, problems were noticed that were possibly related to the ASOS shield effectiveness, including a solar radiation warm effect under calm conditions and the dependence of ASOS minus USCRN temperature on wind speed.
The ASOS and USCRN time of observation difference was on the order of ∼0.05°C, with a warmer ASOS daily Tmax and a cooler ASOS daily Tmin. The local effect complicates the bias analysis because it depends not only on local heating/cooling, but it can be strongly modified by cloudiness, wind, and solar radiation.
Analysis of Relative Humidity Sensors at the WMO Radiosonde Intercomparison Experiment in Brazil
Authors: Sapucci Luiz F. , Machado Luiz A. T. , da Silveira Reinaldo B. , Fisch Gilberto , Monico João F. G. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The quality of the vertical distribution measurements of humidity in the atmosphere is very important in meteorology due to the crucial role that water vapor plays in the earth’s energy budget. The radiosonde is the humidity measurement device that provides the best vertical resolution. Also, radiosondes are the operational devices that are used to measure the vertical profile of atmospheric water vapor. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has carried out several intercomparison experiments at different climatic zones in order to identify the differences between the available commercial sensors. This article presents the results of an experiment that was carried out in Brazil in 2001 in which major commercial radiosonde manufacturers [e.g., Graw Radiosondes GmbH & Co., KG (Germany); MODEM (France); InterMet Systems (United States); Sippican, Inc. (United States); and Vaisala (Finland)] were involved. One of the main goals of this experiment was to evaluate the performance of the different humidity sensors in a tropical region. This evaluation was performed for different atmospheric layers and distinct periods of the day. It also considers the computation of the integrated water vapor (IWV). The results showed that the humidity measurements achieved by the different sensors were quite similar in the low troposphere (the bias median value regarding the RS80 was around 1.8%) and were quite dispersed in the superior layers (the median rms regarding the RS80 was around 14.9%).
Scanning Eye-Safe Elastic Backscatter Lidar at 1.54 μm
Authors: Spuler Scott M. , Mayor Shane D. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A field-deployable scanning direct-detection elastic backscatter lidar system that is eye safe at all ranges is presented. The first two-dimensional spatial images created by scanning this new 1.54-μm wavelength system, and time-lapse animations (viewable in the online version of this article) of those spatial images, are shown. The system has a useful range from approximately 500 m to several kilometers or more (depending on weather conditions) with 3-m range resolution. The time-lapse animations reveal the advection of the macroscopic structure of aerosol scattering due to atmospheric motion. The images and animations are ideal for the location of sources of pollutants and their dispersal and the elucidation of structure in the cloud-free atmosphere. Most importantly, the data presented were collected in a populated area, which would have not been possible with a non-eye-safe system.
Chinese culture, social work education and research
Authors: Chan Ko Ling , Chan Cecilia L.W. 
Published: July 2005

English In the development of indigenous social work knowledge in China, the power relationship between teacher and student can act as a barrier to the development of scientific knowledge and practice research. Social work education and practice research in Chinese societies should focus on the empowerment of social work students, methodological pluralism and the development of a culturally specific practice research model. French Dans le développement des connaissances en travail social indigène en Chine, le rapport de pouvoir entre professeur et étudiant peut agir en tant que barrière au développement de la connaissance scientifique et de la recherche en matière de la pratique. La formation et la recherche en travail social dans les sociétés chinoises devraient se concentrer sur l'empowerment des étudiants, la pluralité des méthodologies et le développement d'un modèle de recherche en matière de la pratique qui sera spécifique à la culture chinoise. Spanish En el desarrollo del saber indígena del trabajo social en la China, la relación de poder entre profesor y estudiante puede actuar como impedimento al desarrollo de la ciencia y de la práctica. La educación de trabajadores sociales y la práctica de investigación en las sociedades chinas deben ceñirse a conferir poder a los estudiantes, a promover el pluralismo metodológico, y a desarrollar un modelo de investigación culturalmente específico.
Western model, Eastern context
Authors: Kung Winnie W. 
Published: July 2005

English Family intervention for patients with schizophrenia in China is discussed in a sociocultural context. Caregivers face additional burdens due to the centrality of the family and impoverished mental health services. Suggestions to improve treatment include strengthening working alliances between professionals and caregivers and addressing needs at different stages of the illness. French L'intervention de famille auprès des patients ayant la schizophrénie en Chine est discutée dans un contexte culturel. Les aidants font face à des fardeaux additionnels dus à l'importance centrale de la famille ainsi qu'à l'appauvrissement des services de santé mentale. Quelques suggestions pour améliorer l'intervention comprennent: le renforcement des alliances entre les professionnels et les aidants; et la nécessité de répondre aux besoins à différentes étapes de la maladie. Spanish Se estudian aquí dentro de su contexto sociocultural algunas intervenciones terapéuticas en familias de pacientes chinos diagnosticados con esquizofrenia. Los cuidadores asumen cargas adicionales debidas, primero, a la importancia que se otorga a la familia, y, segundo, a la escasez de servicios de salud mental. Entre las sugerencias para mejorar el tratamiento se incluyen el fortalecimiento de las alianzaas entre los profesionales y los cuidadores, y el bregar con las necesidades que surgen en las diferentes etapas de la enfermedad.
Unraveling the rationale for a one-stop service under the Family and Child Protection Services Units in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Y. C. , Lam Gladys L.T. 
Published: July 2005

English This article examines issues associated with the reorganized Family and Child Protection Services Units in Hong Kong, arguing that wife abuse problems are degenderized and marginalized in this initiative. It points out that the multi-agency approach is the basis for providing a one-stop service for victims of domestic violence. French Cet article examine des questions associées à la nouvelle réorganisation des unités de services pour la protection de l'enfance et de la famille à Hong Kong. Les questions liées aux abus envers les conjointes ont principalement fait l'objet de débats, les arguments présentés exprimant une marginalisation et une désexualisation du problème de violence conjugale découlant de cette initiative. Il est noté qu'une approche de type multi-agences se trouve à la';base d'un service `à guichet unique' offert aux victimes de violence domestique. Spanish Se examinan los asuntos asociados con la nueva reorganización de las Unidades de Servicios de Protección a la Familia y al Niño en Hong Kong. Se arguye que con esta iniciativa el problema del maltrato de la mujer se marginaliza y se `des-genera'. Se señala que la agencia múltiple es la base para abordad el problema de la violencia doméstica.
Supportive services for immigrant youths in Hong Kong
Authors: Lo T. Wing , Wong Dennis S.W. , Ma Stephen K. 
Published: July 2005

English Programmes for disadvantaged youths have become a priority of the youth centres in Hong Kong. This article introduces the psychosocial problems encountered by immigrant youths and the kinds of supportive services provided to them. It concludes that they are satisfied with the services and have also experienced personal growth. French Des programmes visant les jeunes désavantagés sont devenus prioritaires pour les centres de jeunesse à Hong Kong. Cet article décrit les problèmes psychosociaux vécus par des jeunes immigrants et les types de services de soutien qui leur sont destinés. Il constate la satisfaction de ces jeunes des services reçus, ceux-ci ayant contribué à leur développement personnel. Spanish Los programas para jóvenes en desventaja han llegado a ser una prioridad en los centros juveniles de Hong Kong. Este arti¨culo aborda los problemas psicosociales detectados entre los jóvenes inmigrantes y el tipo de servicios de apoyo que se les han brindado. Se concluye que esta¨n satisfechos con dichos servicios y que incluso han experimentado un crecimiento personal.
Job stress, perceived inequity and burnout among school social workers in Hong Kong
Authors: Tam Tony S.K. , Mong Lilian P.K. 
Published: July 2005

English Job stress and perceived inequity are revealed as correlates of burnout among school social workers in Hong Kong. The findings do not support the expectation that burnout is general, in spite of the government’s reforms in the social welfare services. A sense of personal accomplishment may serve as a mediator. However, the respondents suffer from role strain and identity confusion due to lack of communication among schools authorities, students and parents. French Cet article décrit comment la conjugaison du stress au travail et inéquités perçues sont liées au `burnout' chez les travailleurs sociaux en milieu scolaire à Hong Kong. Les résultats ne semblent pas confirmer la croyance que le `burnout' existe de façon généralisée malgré les changements observables introduits par le gouvernement en vue d'améliorer l'efficacité des coûts des services de bien-être social. Un sentiment d'accomplissement personnel sert possiblement de médiation efficace. Les répondants souffrent néanmoins de tensions face à leur rôle et de confusion identitaire dues à l'incompréhension du rôle du travailleur social scolaire par les autorités scolaires, les étudiants et les parents. Spanish Este trabajo describe el agotamiento en el trabajo y la percepción de inequidad como correlatos del descontento entre los trabajadores sociales de la escuela en Hong Kong. Los hallazgos no parecen apoyar la expectativa de que el descontento exista como patrón general a pesar de los cambios observables introducidos por el gobierno en los servicios de bienestar social. Un sentido de realización personal puede servir como ,mediador efectivo. Sin embargo los entre,vistados padecen una tensión de rol y confusión de identidad que proviene de la falta de comunicación entre autoridades de la escuela, los estudiantes y los padres de familia.
Graduating from the Child Welfare System
Authors: Mendes Philip 
Published: July 2005

Summary: Historically, insufficient resources and assistance have been provided to young people leaving state care. This article provides a case study of the campaign for leaving care services in Victoria. Findings: Young people leaving care experience homelessness, early parenthood, loneliness, depression, poverty, and involvement with the juvenile justice system. Attention is drawn to the key arguments for after-care supports for young people leaving care, the consumer and provider lobby groups that have driven the policy debate, the outcomes of existing services, and the barriers (particularly in Australia) to the creation of effective services. Applications: Supports and services that are needed to ensure improved outcomes for care leavers are identified. These include the provision of stable and supportive placements with a positive attitude to education, maintenance of links with either family members or community supports, a flexible and functional process for graduating from dependence to interdependence, the active involvement of young people in the leaving care planning and decision-making process, the availability of a range of accommodation options, and ongoing support as required.
Differential effect of agonistic anti-CD40 on human mature and immature dendritic cells: the Janus face of anti-CD40
Authors: de Goër de Herve Marie-Ghislaine , Durali Deniz , Tran Tú-Anh , Maigné Gwénola , Simonetta Federico , Leclerc Philippe , Delfraissy Jean-François , Taoufik Yassine 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAgonistic monoclonal antibodies to CD40 (CD40 mAbs) have a puzzling dual therapeutic effect in experimental animal models. CD40 mAbs induce tumor regression by potentiating antitumoral T-cell responses, yet they also have immunosuppressive activity in chronic autoimmune inflammatory processes. CD40 mAbs are thought to act on antigen presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) to T cells. DCs can be distinguished as either immature or mature by their phenotype and their ability to generate an effective T-cell response. Here we found that, on human cells, although anti-CD40 led immature DCs to mature and became immunogenic, it also reduced the capacity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-matured DCs to generate a specific CD4 T-cell response. This inhibitory effect was related to rapid and selective apoptosis of mature DCs. Anti-CD40-mediated apoptosis was due to an indirect mechanism involving cooperation with the death domain-associated receptor Fas, leading to activation of Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) and caspase-8. On human cells, CD40 activation by such agonists could, therefore, trigger immune responses to antigens presented by immature DCs, which are otherwise nonimmunogenic, by inducing maturation. On the other hand, anti-CD40 mAbs, by rapidly inducing apoptosis, may reduce the capacity of inflammatory signal-matured immunogenic DCs to generate an effective T-cell response. These results call for caution in CD40 mAb-based immunotherapy strategies. (Blood. 2005;106:2806-2814)
Fli1, Elf1, and Ets1 regulate the proximal promoter of the LMO2 gene in endothelial cells
Authors: Landry Josette-Renée , Kinston Sarah , Knezevic Kathy , Donaldson Ian J. , Green Anthony R. , Göttgens Berthold 
Published: July 2005

AbstractTranscriptional control has been identified as a key mechanism regulating the formation and subsequent behavior of hematopoietic stem cells. We have used a comparative genomics approach to identify transcriptional regulatory elements of the LMO2 gene, a transcriptional cofactor originally identified through its involvement in T-cell leukemia and subsequently shown to be critical for normal hematopoietic and endothelial development. Of the 2 previously characterized LMO2 promoters, the second (proximal) promoter was highly conserved in vertebrates ranging from mammals to fish. Real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) expression analysis identified this promoter as the predominant source of transcription in hematopoietic tissue. Transient and stable transfections indicated that the proximal promoter was active in hematopoietic progenitor and endothelial cell lines and this activity was shown to depend on 3 conserved Ets sites that were bound in vivo by E74-like factor 1 (Elf1), Friend leukemia integration 1 (Fli1), and erythroblastosis virus oncogene homolog E twenty-six–1 (Ets1). Finally, transgenic analysis demonstrated that the LMO2 proximal promoter is sufficient for expression in endothelial cells in vivo. No hematopoietic expression was observed, indicating that additional enhancers are required to mediate transcription from the proximal promoter in hematopoietic cells. Together, these results suggest that the conserved proximal promoter is central to LMO2 transcription in hematopoietic and endothelial cells, where it is regulated by Ets factors.
Creation of tolerogenic human dendritic cells via intracellular CTLA4: a novel strategy with potential in clinical immunosuppression
Authors: Tan Peng H. , Yates John B. , Xue Shao-An , Chan Cliburn , Jordan William J. , Harper Jennifer E. , Watson Martin P. , Dong Rong , Ritter Mary A. , Lechler Robert I. , Lombardi Giovanna , George Andrew J. T. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractActivation of T lymphocytes requires the recognition of peptide–major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) and costimulatory signals provided by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). It has been shown that T-cell activation without costimulation can lead to anergy. In this study, we developed a novel strategy to inhibit expression of B7 molecules (CD80/86) by transfecting APCs with a gene construct encoding a modified cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) molecule (CTLA4-KDEL) that is targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). APCs expressing this construct failed to express CD80/86 on their surface, were unable to stimulate allogeneic and peptide-specific T-cell responses, and induced antigen-specific anergy of the responding T cells. Cells expressing CTLA4-KDEL do not up-regulate the indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase enzyme, unlike cells treated with soluble CTLA4-immunoglobin (Ig). This gene-based strategy to knock out surface receptors is an attractive alternative to using immature dendritic cells for preventing transplant rejection and treating of autoimmune diseases.