bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Christianity and Religious Freedom in the Asian Context
Authors: Thio Li-ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The continent of Asia may be the cradle of Christianity and other religious faiths, although Asian Christians have largely forgotten or ignored this. Many Asians view Christianity, more frequently associated with Western colonialism, as an invasive, foreign, missionary religion, even if Christianity’s encounter with Asia predates Western Christendom and colonialism; the center of Christianity has shifted to the Global South, and some of the world’s largest mission-sending churches are in Asia in the Global South. In many Asian contexts, Christianity has been a force for religious and political freedoms. Although Christians in Asia are generally minorities, they have played an outsized role in promoting religious freedom, two facets of which this chapter focuses upon. First, the individual right of religious conversion and corollary freedom of religious propagation is based on freedom of conscience. The Indian Constituent Assembly has debated the inclusion of propagation as part of the religious freedom guarantee; this chapter discusses how these influenced developments in South and Southeast Asia. Second, at the collective level, religious freedom opposes political absolutism, particularly in Asian socialist regimes. The fear that communism was incompatible with religious freedom drove Christians in South Korea to embrace a vision of a democratic nation that safeguarded political and religious liberties. That fear manifested in the repressive treatment of Christian minorities in North Korea and China, where the hegemonic state subordinates individuals and groups to its totalizing agenda, contrary to Christian values of human dignity and the differentiation of religious and political power.
Christianity and the Law of Migration
Authors: Kerwin Donald M. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the interconnections between Christianity, forced migrants, and the diverse legal systems to which they are subject. Christianity views migrants as the children of a loving God, equal in dignity and rights to all other persons. The Torah stresses the imperative to love and act justly to the stranger based on love of God and the Jewish people’s experience of wandering, exile, dispersion, exodus, and return. The New Testament describes the Holy Family’s journey to Bethlehem, their flight to Egypt, the itinerant ministry of Jesus, his crucifixion under color of law, and his identification with the “least,” including the stranger. To forced migrants, the law represents both a source of hope and an instrument of exclusion. To some, forced displacement leads to deepened reliance on their faith traditions, communities, and migrant forbearers. In its long history, Christianity has used natural law, subjective human rights, and international law to mediate its values to the broader community. Its teaching has influenced and lent support to legal systems that extend protection, membership, and hospitality to forced migrants. Conversely, it is strongly critical of state practices that turn away desperate persons and erect barriers to their integration and belonging. It also has long experienced the negative effects of ideologies such as nativism and exclusionary nationalism that privilege certain groups but seek to exclude other beneficiaries of God’s love and grace.
Christianity and Health-Care Law
Authors: Keown John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The law governing health care predates not only the relatively new academic discipline of health-care law but even the development of medical science and the medical profession in the nineteenth century. This chapter illustrates, with reference to the landmark text The Sanctity of Life and the Criminal Law (1957) by eminent jurist Glanville Williams, the important influence of Christianity on the historical development of the law governing health care, in particular the law’s prohibition of abortion, infanticide, and euthanasia. The chapter argues that although Williams was right to identify the Christian origin of these prohibitions, he not only misunderstood their theological basis but also (like many critics of those prohibitions today) failed to appreciate that they can be defended on philosophical, and not only theological, grounds. The chapter notes the growing influence in recent decades of secular, utilitarian thought on the law relating to health care, reflected by the widespread legalization of abortion and the increasing legalization of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide.
Christianity and the Law of Biotechnology
Authors: Okediji Ruth L. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between Christianity and biotechnology is mediated by the moral clarity with which Christianity views the sacredness of life, especially the distinctiveness of humans in God’s creation. The significant role of humans in the orthodox doctrine of creation might suggest that Christianity views technologies that enhance the physical quality of human life favorably while disfavoring those that impinge on the sanctity of life. There is no such dichotomy, however; the emerging biotechnology landscape is increasingly morally and doctrinally complex. The benefits of biotechnology for enhancing the body and overcoming disease have obscured questions about God’s created order, whether it should be altered, the conditions under which such alterations could be an expression of biblical stewardship or, conversely, a form of idolatry, and whether laws such as intellectual property that incentivize manipulation of biological matter should be of greater concern to Christianity. The frontiers of biotechnology raise challenges for foundational Christian doctrines of creation, stewardship, and redemption directed at the well-being of spirit, soul, and body. Christianity has selectively engaged with biotechnology, with implications for the development of moral intuitions necessary to discern between stewardship and the abuse of creation, and between worship of the Creator and worship of His creation. This chapter offers a framing of Christianity’s role in the significant policy choices that face societies as advances in biology increasingly blur, on one hand, the boundaries between humans and the rest of God’s creation and, on the other hand, the boundaries between humans and what humans create.
Christianity and Racial Justice
Authors: Lloyd Vincent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Christianity has offered important conceptual resources for advancing racial justice. The Christian tradition has urged attention to the marginalized. It has described the savior as residing among the poor and as a victim of state violence. Christian ethical traditions of natural law reasoning and of opposing domination help identify and challenge racism. And Christian traditions of naming social sin offer language for understanding the wrongness of racism. Yet Christianity has also had an ambivalent relationship to racial justice, with Christian communities mobilizing in support of racist causes, appealing to Christian symbols and ideas, across centuries. This chapter explores the ambivalent relationship of Christianity and racial justice. It tracks Christian movements in favor of racial justice as well as ways Christianity has acted as an impediment to racial justice. Throughout, the chapter suggests that racism must be understood in its depths, not as individual acts but systemically. Understood in this way, racism can leave secular scholars and activists flummoxed, with every purported vision of racial justice already captured by the forces of racism. The vision of hope offered by Christianity, along with the virtues of faith, love, and forgiveness that are woven throughout the Christian tradition, offer an essential resource for pursuing racial justice.
Christianity and the Rule of Law
Authors: Lee Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fernanda Pirie, an anthropologist of law, thinks the rule of law is four thousand years old. The phrase itself in English, however, was popularized by the constitutional lawyer Albert Venn Dicey only less than 150 years ago. Dicey’s own definition is rarely supported nowadays, but the expression is much invoked, albeit with radically different meanings. This chapter adopts a pared-back understanding of the initial part of Dicey’s concept when considering the relationships of the rule of law to Christianity and society as a whole. A history of ideas should not collapse all virtues into the rule of law. Just as there are other faiths, so there are other values alongside the rule of law, such as justice, democracy, equality, and freedom. The rule of law matters, even in extreme circumstances of oppressive legislation. The leading Marxist historian E. P. Thompson, in his study of the draconian Black Act of 1723, could see redeeming features in the rule of law, which he described as “an unalloyed human good.” This chapter presents brief examples of Christian attitudes to the rule of law through the ages, and it offers reflections on how views evolve alongside the impressions themselves. The chapter concludes that bilateral relationships between Christianity and the rule of law are best understood as parts of a bigger picture of human flourishing.
Christianity and Judgment
Authors: McIlroy David H. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Judgments are acts of evaluation, ways of distinguishing between right and wrong. A good judgment is a moment of truth in which is disclosed how the affected parties deserve to be treated. The Bible is full of both divine judgments and examples of God’s mercy and forgiveness. Christianity teaches that God has authorized human authorities to issue such judgments as are necessary to maintain social peace. Indeed, Christianity makes judgment the justification for, and central activity of, rulers. Judgments are pronouncements on existing actions and states of affairs. Christianity recognizes that retribution is a natural response to wrongdoing but urges rulers to seek restoration wherever possible. From the time of Augustine onward, many church leaders have urged rulers to be as merciful as they can be, consistent with maintaining public order and confidence. Good judgments vindicate and condemn in appropriate measure, defend social order, and so open up possibilities for human flourishing. Christian teaching warns against the dangers of vindictiveness, bias, and hypocrisy in judgments. Because rulers are fallen human beings, and because the Last Judgment has not yet happened, there are limits on the judgments that rulers may pass. Christian teaching and practice stress that rulers should pronounce judgment only on issues in which the public good is at stake. Moreover, rulers should be mindful of the possibility of errors in their judgments. Human judgments are provisional, limited, and fallible acts, authorized by the need to protect against violence, resolve disputes, and open up space for flourishing and forgiveness.
Cognitive-Behavioral and Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Authors: Chapman Alexander L. , Hood Philippa , Turner Cassandra J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary aim of this chapter is to discuss and illustrate core cognitive-behavioral (CBT) principles and practices in the treatment of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). CBT principles emphasize the context in which NSSI occurs, along with the transaction of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral factors in the maintenance of NSSI. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is an example of an effective treatment for NSSI with unique elements, including a comprehensive treatment structure, a biosocial developmental and dialectical theoretical perspective, and a focus on skills deficits, emotions, and emotion regulation. Broadly, DBT includes many core CBT strategies that can help clients overcome NSSI, build more effective coping strategies, and build lives they experience as worth living. Throughout this chapter, the authors discuss key, overarching CBT and DBT principles and strategies applied to the treatment of NSSI.
Mahasweta Devi and Indian Literature from Below
Authors: Majumder Auritro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys the Bengali writer Mahasweta Devi’s influential and less-remarked texts, including her novels, short stories, and nonfiction. Utilizing Sisir Kumar Das’s notion of Indian literature as a dialogic formation, it situates Mahasweta’s retelling of regional, national, and world history—such as her sprawling historical fiction ignored by most critics—with particular attention to literary form and experiments with style and idiom. Translated into multiple Indian languages, Mahasweta’s writings signal an awareness of what is here termed Indian literature from below; departing from recent discussions that view Indian literature as an offshoot of 19th-century orientalist discourse, this chapter illuminates an ebullient strand of decolonizing intellectual thought and practice that in remarkable ways reworks classical and premodern traditions and juxtaposes folk-popular culture with the global modernist avant-garde. In doing so, it bridges the gap between urban educated classes and marginalized populations in India: anti-state rebels, women, Dalits, and Adivasis.
The Many Meanings of Capital in IPE
Authors: Bryan Dick , Rafferty Michael , Wigan Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
International Political Economy (IPE) research deploys one or more concepts of “capital” as a key part of its analytical project. The needs of analyzing developments in capitalism have seen considerable change in these concepts. This chapter provides a fourfold and blended taxonomy of capital in IPE that tracks these changes. Capital as Means of Production invokes a focus on capital as means of production, including the capital-labor relation. This is most closely associated work on Fordism, post-Fordism, the international division of labor, the developmental state, and chains and networks of internationalized production. Capital as Units of Production depicts discrete capitals in competition. Here we include the multinational corporation as monolith, its expansion via overseas subsidiaries and its fragmentation. Where a corporation focuses on the valuation of its individual component activities and decides which to hold, which to sell off, and which to subcontract, this draws attention to a Financial Wealth notion of capital, with focus on financial instruments and institutions and the movements of finance that arise with their transformations. Finally, capital as a process of social relations of Value in Motion (ViM) gives focus to investment and valuation and incorporates Marxian value theory, assetization, and capitalization. ViM appears as the most abstract depiction of capital and thereby the “level” at which the other conceptions come to relate to each other qua capital.
Big Tent Revivalism
Authors: McMullen Josh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The huge popularity of big tent revivalism coincided with the rise of consumer and therapeutic culture at the turn of the twentieth century. This chapter argues that big tent revivalists participated in the shift away from Victorianism and helped in the construction of a new consumer culture. Revivalism’s adaptation to and innovation of newer cultural understandings was largely the product of revivalists’ desire to reach the masses with their Christian message. This populist impulse made big tent evangelists highly sensitive to cultural trends. Revivals attempted to temper consumer culture by retaining nineteenth-century Protestant language that emphasized sin, character, salvation, and hard work, but this language was increasingly spoken with a consumer accent. Big tent revivals were fashioned to fit the urban consumer culture, drawing on the city’s idioms of consumption, entertainment, abundance, celebrity, and therapeutic self-fulfilment, offering old-time religion, but in novel ways.
Salvation and the ‘Social Gospel’
Authors: Ceri Jones David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Taking its lead from the various essays on Christian salvation that appeared in The Fundamentals (1910–15), this chapter argues that fundamentalists often reserved their sharpest criticisms for those who questioned the substitutionary nature of Christ’s sacrifice. Closely related was their opposition to the ‘social gospel’ which supposed societal transformation to be the main goal of Christian witness. Yet resistance to the social dimension of liberal Christianity did not mean that they ignored social action entirely. The chapter argues that while some fundamentalists continued to stress personal regeneration, others attempted to navigate a middle way, developing a place, albeit often a subordinate one, for issues of social justice. However, the fear that a pre-occupation with social issues would compromise the simple gospel message remained ever present, and became a fault line between fundamentalists and the wider evangelical movement.
Education in Home and School
Authors: Gaither Milton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The education of children has always been a major emphasis of American Christian fundamentalism. Early fundamentalists fought a largely successful battle to keep public schools Protestant and free of hot-button curricular emphases like evolution and sex education. Developments in the 1950s, most notably Brown v. Board of Education (1954) and the National Defense Education Act (1958), and in the 1960s, most notably Engel v. Vitale (1962) and Abington v. Schempp (1963), along with broader trends like school consolidation and the professionalization of the teaching force, left fundamentalists increasingly alienated from public education. Many turned to private day schools and to homeschooling as alternatives. More recently, fundamentalists have in many states lobbied for and are increasingly securing public funding for their sectarian institutions in the form of tax credit scholarships and education savings accounts, even as the number of fundamentalist children being educated in alternative settings declines overall.
Higher Education
Authors: Laats Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the fundamentalist movement emerged in the United States in the 1920s, one of the primary concerns of its founders was the state of Christian higher education. In that decade, fundamentalist activists created a network of institutions dedicated to teaching a specifically fundamentalist vision of liberal arts. Over the course of the twentieth century, this network grew and changed in significant ways. The network maintained its desire for a theologically and culturally pure faculty, but in many ways fundamentalist colleges, Bible institutes, and universities took part in broader patterns of change in higher education. This chapter focuses on one element that was unique to fundamentalist higher education: a focus on keeping students safe from changes in mainstream academic and cultural life.
Fundamentalism and Early Pentecostalism
Authors: King Gerald W. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between fundamentalism and Pentecostalism as they both emerged and developed in the 1920s and 1930s. It begins by examining the origins of both movements, and tracing some common influences and features, before looking more closely at the way in which fundamentalists initially responded to Pentecostals. It then surveys how the fundamentalist movement impacted Pentecostalism itself, before investigating in detail some of the ways in which fundamentalists criticized aspects of Pentecostal theology and practice. Despite this, there were areas in which fundamentalists and Pentecostals could find common cause, not least in the National Association of Evangelicals from 1942.
Class
Authors: Dochuk Darren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fundamentalism’s class composition has always vexed observers. Just what class label, exactly, is best applied to American Christianity’s warring conservatives? Resisting both a rigid ‘class model’ of analysis, which privileges economics over culture and limits fundamentalists to the lower class, and a ‘culture model’ that stresses values over economics, this chapter claims fundamentalism is best understood in hybrid terms. Drawing on sociologist Thaddeus Coreno, it assumes a ‘Class Culture Model’ which posits that fundamentalism is ‘the product of both structural and cultural forces’ and representative of the lower strata in each class. As a survey of fundamentalist history and historiography illustrates, fundamentalists typically occupy the lower tier of the business, middle, lower middle, and working classes. In that shared station they demonstrate common distaste for ‘elites’ and the modern, liberal order that seems to grant those elites privilege and authority. Through a shared sense of subordination, fundamentalists thus arm themselves with a grievance politics that collectivizes their plight and projects it onto worries about society’s failing social fabric and secular drift. That class-culture posture has long fuelled fundamentalist engagement with American society.
From the Television Age to the Digital Revolution
Authors: Howard Robert Glenn , Zahay Megan L. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the apparent contradiction that while fundamentalists have often been fiercely anti-modern, they have more often than not embraced the latest technologies in pursuit of their cause. It does so by firstly examining fundamentalist use of the broadcast media, especially radio and television, paying particular attention to televangelists like Oral Roberts, Jimmy Swaggart, and Jim Bakker. The increased power and often politicization of many of these figures brought them into disrepute. The expansion of the Internet in the new millennium served to extend the reach of the fundamentalist message. The chapter proceeds to examine various types of online fundamentalist presence, with a focus on the proclivity towards a blurring of religious authority, and the popularity of conspiracy theories. Sometimes fundamentalists online became ready-made audiences for conservative political mobilization, especially important in the age of Donald Trump.
Escaping Fundamentalism
Authors: Atherstone Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Christian fundamentalism, like other forms of conservative religion, has continually lost adherents to deconversion, disaffiliation, or disillusionment. Many ex-fundamentalists have turned to autobiography and memoir as a vehicle for reconstructing their spiritual identities, expressing their ongoing search for meaning, and persuading readers to follow in their footsteps. This chapter examines memoirs and novels of disaffiliation by Christian fundamentalism from the 1970s to the 2020s, including prominent figures such as Charles Templeton and Frank Schaeffer. It illustrates recurring themes in the literature like intellectual turmoil and moral revulsion, and shows how ex-fundamentalists often used conversionist language to testify to their loss of faith. It also demonstrates the growing number of women’s voices in this genre in the early twenty-first century.