bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of two frequencies of walking on cardiovascular risk factor reduction in Mexican American women§
Authors: Keller Colleen , Treviño Robert P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe beneficial effects of moderate‐intensity exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition are well documented, with the greatest health benefits reported in sedentary individuals who engage in moderate levels of exercise. The published literature contains no quantification of the threshold of lower limits of beneficial exercise or estimates of benefits derived from lower exercise levels. The specific aim of this study was to compare the effects of two walking frequencies, holding intensity and duration constant, on blood lipids, body composition, and exercise maintenance regimens of Mexican American women. A quasi‐experimental design, with two treatment groups and one comparison group, was used to explore the dose‐response effects of low‐intensity exercise on cardiovascular outcomes. Significant interactions were found between walking and total serum cholesterol and skin‐fold sums. This study demonstrated the clinical efficacy of a low‐intensity exercise regimen on cardiovascular risk factors and exercise adherence. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24:390–401, 2001
Testing a preoperative pain management intervention for elders¶
Authors: McDonald Deborah Dillon , Freeland Marjorie , Thomas Glenda , Moore Joan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe investigators examined whether elders who have been taught pain management communication skills and pain management information obtain greater postoperative pain relief than elders not taught this information. Thirty‐one elders were randomly assigned preoperatively to a control or communication group in this posttest‐only experiment with repeated measures. Communication group participants were taught pain management, pain communication skills, and the use of two pain‐intensity scales. Control group participants were taught to use the two pain‐intensity scales. Pain was measured with the McGill Pain Questionnaire Short Form. The communication group elders reported less postoperative pain over the course of their hospital stay. Pain management knowledge alone may have enabled the elders to obtain greater pain relief. Nurses may want to incorporate similar pain management information and pain communication skills when teaching elders how to obtain greater postoperative pain relief. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24:402–409, 2001
A 19th century post‐mortem specimen from Deal, Kent
Authors: Anderson T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA disarticulated cranium from a builder's trench displayed clear evidence for surgical removal of the cranial vault. Documentary evidence indicates that the post‐mortem was undertaken between 1812–1869 and the patient was probably a British serviceman. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proanthocyanidins of mountain birch leaves: quantification and properties
Authors: Ossipova Svetlana , Ossipov Vladimir , Haukioja Erkki , Loponen Jyrki , Pihlaja Kalevi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractProanthocyanidins (PAs; condensed tannins) are present in mountain birch leaves in soluble and cell wall‐bound forms. Crude preparations of soluble PAs were isolated from birch leaves and purified by chromatography on a Sephadex LH‐20 column with a yield of about 7% of leaf dry mass. Some chemical characteristics were elucidated with 13C‐NMR and HPLC‐ECI‐MS. Birch leaf PAs were mainly delphinidin type oligo‐ and polymers with average molecular mass of about 3000. In order to quantify PAs, the method involving heating PA‐containing materials in 1‐butanol:hydrochloric acid (95:5, v/v), and spectrophotometric determination of the anthocyanidin monomers so formed was modified and optimised. Mature leaves were characterised by a relatively high content of PAs: mean values for soluble and bound PAs were 103 and 40 mg/g dry mass, respectively. In mature leaves the soluble PAs determined the total protein precipitation capacity (PPC) of extracts. In young leaves, the contribution of PAs to the total content of phenolics and the total PPC of tannins was about 20–25% only. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of marker constituents from Cissus quadrangularis Linn. and their quantitation by HPTLC and HPLC
Authors: Mehta Manisha , Kaur Navneet , Bhutani K. K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFour marker constituents, namely, onocer‐7‐ene‐3α,21β‐diol, δ‐amyrin, δ‐amyrone and 3,3′,4,4′‐tetrahydroxybiphenyl of an Ayurvedic crude drug Cissus quadrangularis Linn. are defined for standardisation purposes. 3,3′,4,4′‐Tetrahydroxybiphenyl has been isolated for the first time from this drug. The contents of the marker constituents were quantitatively determined by HPTLC and HPLC methods in samples collected from five different geographic zones of India. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of Y chromosome‐specific DNA in the plasma and urine of pregnant women using nested polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Al‐Yatama Majda K. , Mustafa Abu S. , Ali Sadiq , Abraham Sobha , Khan Zohra , Khaja Nawal 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to evaluate a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of Y chromosome‐specific fetal DNA in maternal plasma and urine of pregnant women during different gestational stages. DNA isolated from plasma and urine samples of 80 pregnant women (between 7 and 40 weeks' gestation) underwent amplification for Y chromosome‐specific 198 bp DNA by nested PCR. The postpartum analysis of fetal gender showed that 55 women carried male and 25 female fetuses. Among the 55 women bearing male fetuses, Y chromosome‐specific signals were detected in 53 (96%) plasma and 21 (38%) urine samples. Moreover, out of 25 women bearing female fetuses, 3 (12%) and 1 (4%) women had Y chromosome‐specific signal in plasma and urine, respectively. Analysis of results with respect to gestational age revealed that there was no significant difference in the detection of Y chromosome‐specific DNA between different trimesters in maternal plasma of women bearing male fetuses. These results showed that fetus‐specific DNA was detected with high sensitivity (96%) and specificity (88%) in the maternal plasma by nested PCR, and therefore the method could be useful as a non‐invasive procedure for fetal sex determination and prenatal diagnosis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diabetic holiday foot syndrome – the dimension of the problem and patients' characteristics
Authors: Morbach Stephan , Möllenberg Jörg , Quante Christoph , Ochs Hermann‐Rudolf 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFrequency, course and outcome of diabetic foot ulcers originating during foreign holidays, known as the recently described ‘diabetic holiday foot syndrome’, was investigated during an ongoing prospective study.Among 435 study patients, 17 (3.9%) experienced their foot lesions during a foreign holiday. Unaccustomed exercise and barefoot walking on the beach were the predominant causative events leading to the observed lesions. Patients suffering from the described condition were of younger age and had shorter known diabetes duration than patients with foot lesions of other origin. There was also a higher proportion of male patients, a lower prevalence of ischemic lesions, and a shorter delay of presentation to the foot clinic among the ‘holiday foot’ group. Severity of the lesions at presentation (Wagner classification) and frequency of unavoidable amputation were comparable for patients in both groups.Our results demonstrate the need for including preventative considerations during holiday travels and unaccustomed exercise in intensified education for diabetic patients at high risk for foot lesions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accessing third‐party data for research: trust me? trust me not?
Authors: Dreyer Nancy A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEpidemiologists are often asked to evaluate product safety or provide information about the history of disease and use of health services. Most of this research is conducted through sponsorship from a governmental or other non‐profit agency, or with direct support from a for‐profit company with an economic interest in the outcome. Vast amounts of information that are routinely collected for administrative and billing purposes may also be used for research. These data can reveal information about the etiology of disease, utilization patterns of prescription drugs, and trends in disease occurrence. Using third‐party data requires a trusting partnership between researchers and data custodians. Although such data offer public health benefits, their use can also lead to embarrassment and legal action. Five guiding principles will help outside contractors facilitate access to third‐party data and avoid pitfalls. (1) Understand the sponsor's objectives by understanding the purpose of the research. (2) Identify and approach data resources that have appropriate information. (3) Consider special issues relating to accessing confidential information. (4) Establish terms of the research engagement with the sponsor. (5) Establish ground rules with the data provider. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidative polymerization of N‐vinylcarbazole in polymer matrix
Authors: Ustamehmetoğlu Belkis , Sezer Esma , Saraç A Sezai 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new class of soluble conductive poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) (PVCz) compounds has been developed by oxidative matrix polymerization of N‐vinylcarbazole (NVCz) by Ce(IV) in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). PEG was found to be a more suitable matrix with which to obtain a stable homogenous ternary complex solution when compared with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP). The role of PEG, NVCz and Ce(IV) concentration, order of component addition, the structure of the polymer matrix, molecular weight of polymer and the effect of solvent have been investigated. Obtaining soluble PEG–Ce(III)–PVCz ternary complexes was shown by cyclic voltammetric measurements, and the initial rate of formation NVCz cation radicals as calculated using UV–visible spectrophotometry. Advantageously with these soluble complexes, conductivities could be measured both in solution and in the solid state.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Peroxide macro‐initiators for improving biodegradability of polymers
Authors: Voronov Stanislav , Donchak Vladimir , Harhai Hhristina , Tokarev Viktor , Fernandez Claudio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractModification of dextrin by tert‐butylperoxy methanol or its acylation with cyclic anhydride containing a peroxide group resulted in macro‐initiators with randomly located peroxide fragments in the polysaccharide.When dextran was oxidized with iodic acid, dialdehydedextran was obtained. Its aldehyde groups reacted with tert‐butyl hydroperoxide to give functional peroxide groups. The content of peroxide fragments depended directly on the ratio of reagents.The resulting macro‐initiators may be used for synthesizing graft copolymers with polystyrene on poly(butyl acrylate) containing polysaccharide.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Electrical conductivity properties of poly[(maleic acid)‐co‐(vinyl pyrrolidone)] salts in aqueous solutions
Authors: Ríos Hernán E 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe interaction of alkaline ions with an anionic dicarboxylic polyelectrolyte is studied by means of electrical conductivity measurements. The results show that lithium, sodium and potassium counter‐ions interact in a very different way with this polyelectrolyte. The Kohlrausch plots bend downwards in the high‐dilution zone. The limiting equivalent conductivities of these polymers were then determined according to Vink's method by a polynomial adjustment of specific conductivity data. Whereas the dissociation order follows the sequence Li+ > Na+ > K+, the trend in equivalent conductivity follows the reverse order, and apparently is mainly determined by the equivalent conductivity of the counter‐ions. The interaction parameter f was determined using the Manning theory for the limiting equivalent conductivity of the polyion species. From the values of the latter parameters, the average distance between charges agrees well with that calculated from simple geometrical calculations for a mesomeric configuration. An alternative method was used to obtain the relative interaction parameter f* as a function of polymer concentration. The results can be explained in terms of the hydration parameters and the limiting equivalent conductivities of the counter‐ions.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Part 3. General kinetic model of the sulfonation of PEEK fluoroarylketone chain‐end repeat unit
Authors: Daoust D , Devaux J , Godard P 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe sulfonation kinetics of the fluoroarylketone chain‐end repeat unit of PEEK was studied. To achieve this objective, the sulfonation reactions of a trimer, a tetramer and a polymer, each fluoroarylketone ended, were followed by 19F NMR.A general kinetic model was developed to determine the kinetic constants from 19F NMR data. The reliability of the kinetic model and of its mathematical expression was ensured. The kinetic constants are then calculated and discussed. In particular, they were compared with the dimer rate constants previously determined.Lastly and as a conclusion of this work, a general kinetic model describing the sulfonation of main chain repeat units of PEEK is proposed.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of the type of nylon chain‐end on the compatibilization of PP/PP‐GMA/nylon 6 blends
Authors: Tedesco Adriana , Krey Patrícia F , Barbosa Ronilson V , Mauler Raquel S 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPolyamide and polypropylene (PP) are two important classes of commercial polymers; however, their direct mixing leads to incompatible blends with poor properties. Polypropylene functionalized with glycidyl methacrylate (PP‐GMA) was used as a compatibilizer in blends of PP and nylon 6, because of the possible reaction of NH2 and COOH groups with the epoxide group of GMA. Two types of nylon 6 with different ratios between NH2 and COOH groups were used. The one with higher concentration of COOH groups was less compatible with PP in a binary blend. When PP‐GMA was used as a compatibilizer, a better dispersion of nylon in the PP matrix was obtained together with better mechanical properties for both nylons used in this work.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Use of radiation grafted PVC–acrylamide membranes in radioactive waste treatment
Authors: Maziad Nabila A , Sayed Magda S , Hegazy El‐Sayed A 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAcrylamide monomer (AAm) was grafted onto poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films using γ‐radiation to produce high performance functional membranes which can be employed as ion‐exchangers. The preparation and characterization of the synthetic membranes are investigated. To elucidate their possible applications, some selected properties have been studied. In addition, thermal properties have been studied using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry; X‐ray diffraction has been used to determine changes in polymer morphology. The selectivity of such membranes towards different radionuclides has also been investigated. On the basis of these investigations, the applicability of the prepared membranes is determined and discussed. The prepared PVC‐g‐PAAm has a great tendency to remove 60Co from a radioactive liquid waste containing both 60Co and 137Cs.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of composition and polyesterification catalysts on the optical properties of cured polyesters
Authors: Simitzis J , Zoumpoulakis L , Soulis S 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUnsaturated polyesters based on ethylene glycol have been synthesized using a variety of anhydride, saturated and unsaturated dicarboxylic acids and various catalysts. The structure of the polyesters and the effect of the different compositions on the colour of cured polyesters are studied by FTIR, DSC and colorimetry. The structure of cured polyesters greatly depends on the isomerization of maleic acid to fumaric acid during polyesterification. The colour of unsaturated polyesters cured with the most common curing system (MEKP as initiator and CoNp as accelerator) is firstly influenced by the curing accelerator CoNp via the d–d transitions of the transition metal cobalt. Secondly, the composition of the dicarboxylic acids and anhydride used in the polyesterification influences the colour of the polyesters which depends especially on the isomerization of maleic acid. The cured maleate polyesters have more unreacted double bonds and more polar structure because of the presence of carbonyl groups, compared to the corresponding fumarate polyesters, and this structure affects the colour. The residual catalysts from the polyesterification have minor influence on the colour of cured polyesters.Copyright © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Polymerization of ethylene using a SiO2–MgCl2 supported bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium(IV) or titanium(IV) dichloride catalyst
Authors: Sensarma Soumen , Sivaram Swaminathan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSilica supported MgCl2–Cp2MCl2 (M = Ti or Zr) catalysts (Si–Mg–M) were prepared by deposition of a homogeneous solution of a metallocene and anhydrous magnesium chloride in tetrahydrofuran (THF) onto a high surface area silica (SiO2). Catalyst thus prepared show higher polymerization activity when compared to metallocenes supported on either silica or magnesium chloride alone. The molecular weight and polydispersity of the poly(ethylene)s obtained from metallocenes supported on SiO2–MgCl2 were found to be higher and narrower, respectively, relative to silica or MgCl2 supported metallocene catalysts.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Structure and imidization of polyamic acid salt Langmuir–Blodgett films
Authors: Jin Bangkun , He Pingsheng , Zhou Yue , Chen Yin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPolyimide Langmuir‐Blodgett (LB) films were prepared with a Pyromellitic dianhydride‐4, 4′ oxydianiline precursor, and the properties of the polyamic acid salt monolayer characterized by different methods. The π‐A relationship revealed that the precursor monolayer exhibits anisotropy on the water surface, the Wilhelmy plate being more sensitive to pressure when it is perpendicular to the compression direction. FTIR results showed that polyamic acid salt LB films have lower imidization energy than the corresponding painting films and can be imidized at lower temperature. The molecular arrangement in the LB films was studied by X‐ray diffraction and polarized FTIR, showing that the polyamic acid salt LB film is of Y‐type, in which the molecules are highly oriented, with the main chain lying parallel to the substrate and the long fatty acid chains stretching out at a certain angle.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Belt furnace gettering and passivation of n‐web silicon for high‐efficiency screen‐printed front‐surface‐field solar cells
Authors: Ebong A. , Hilali M. , Rohatgi A. , Meier D. , Ruby D. S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSix different resistivities (0.32, 0.57, 1.2, 2.2, 9.1 and 20 Ω cm) were investigated to understand the dopant–defect interaction in n‐type, antimony‐doped, dendritic web silicon ribbon, and to study its response to gettering and passivation during belt furnace processing (BFP). The as‐grown lifetime was found to be a strong function of resistivity with higher resistivity displaying higher lifetime. Phosphorus gettering at 925° C/6 min raised the as‐grown lifetime of ∼1 μs in 20 Ω cm n‐web to 5.4 μs. A combination of phosphorus gettering followed by simultaneous Al gettering and SiN hydrogenation raised the 20 Ω cm n‐web lifetime to 78 μs. Unlike the as‐grown web, the processed lifetime was greater than 75 μs for all resistivities, with no clear doping dependence. This is attributed to the very effective gettering and passivation during the belt furnace processing. Front surface field (FSF) n+–n–p+ cells were fabricated by spin‐on phosphorus diffusion on the front and screen‐printed Al on the back. A lifetime value of over 100 μs was obtained in a 14.2% screen‐printed FSF n‐web solar cell fabricated on 100‐μm‐thick 20 Ω cm substrate. The screen‐printed FSF cell fabricated on (111) FZ gave an efficiency of 14.9% with a fill factor of 77.6%. These results are supported by model calculations, which revealed a maximum efficiency of ∼15% for 100‐μm‐thick planar screen‐printed FSF cells and their insensitivity to bulk lifetime above 60 μs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of polythioamides from dialdehydes and diamines with sulfur by the Willgerodt–Kindler type reaction
Authors: Kanbara Takaki , Kawai Yoritatsu , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Morita Hiroyuki , Yamamoto Takakazu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWillgerodt–Kindler type reactions of dialdehydes and diamines in the presence of sulfur were investigated for preparation of polythioamides. The one‐pot, three‐component polycondensation afforded various polythioamides in moderate to good yields. The appropriate reaction conditions were examined for the separate monomers. The results led us to the proposed mechanism for the polycondensation including formation of the intermediate Schiff base polymers followed by the successive nucleophilic attack of polysulfide anions to the azomethine units to give the thioamide groups. Structure, solubility, and thermal properties of the polythioamides were also compared with those of analogous polyamides. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3739–3750, 2001
Synthesis of photoreactive calixarene derivatives containing pendant cyclic ether groups
Authors: Nishikubo Tadatomi , Kameyama Atsushi , Tsutsui Kousuke 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNew photoreactive calixarene derivatives containing cationically polymerizable pendant oxetane groups (calixarenes 1a,b, 2a,b, and 3a,b) were synthesized in good yields by the substitution reaction of C‐methylcalix[4]resorcinarene (CRA), p‐methylcalix[6]arene (MCA), and p‐tert‐butylcalix[8]arene (BCA) with (3‐methyloxetan‐3‐yl)methyl 4‐toluenesulfonate and (3‐ethyloxetan‐3‐yl)methyl 4‐toluenesulfonate with potassium hydroxide as a base and tetrabutylammonium bromide as a phase‐transfer catalyst in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone, respectively. Calixarene derivatives containing cationically polymerizable pendant oxirane groups (calixarenes 4, 5, and 6) were also prepared in good yields by the substitution reaction of CRA, MCA, and BCA with epibromohydrin, respectively, with cesium carbonate as a base in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone. The thermal stability of the obtained calixarene derivatives containing pendant oxetane groups or oxirane groups was examined with thermogravimetric analysis, and it was found that these calixarene derivatives had thermal stability beyond 340 °C. The photochemical reaction of calixarenes 1, 2, and 3 containing pendant oxetane groups was examined with certain photoacid generators in the film state. In this reaction system, calixarene 1a, composed of a CRA structure and pendant (3‐methyloxetan‐3‐yl)methyl groups, showed the highest photochemical reactivity when bis‐[4‐(diphenylsulfonio)phenyl]sulfide bis(hexafluorophosphate) was used as the catalyst. The photochemical reaction of calixarenes 4, 5, and 6 containing pendant oxirane groups was also examined, and it was found that the photoinitiated cationic polymerization of calixarenes 4, 5, and 6 proceeded smoothly under the same conditions; however, the reaction rates were lower than those of the corresponding calixarenes 1, 2, and 3 containing pendant oxetane groups. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 1169–1179, 2001