bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecological Modernization, Risk Society, and the Green State
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Downes David , Hunold Christian , Schlosberg David , Hernes Hans‐Kristian 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Ecological modernization now suggests that environmental values can be attached to the state's core economic imperative, while Ulrich Beck's risk society thesis suggests an environmental attachment to the state's core legitimation imperative. These developments could add up to a conservation imperative of the state—the green state—though no state is yet close to this situation. Norway has entrenched ecological modernization in a moderate weak form. Germany is closest to a strong form of ecological modernization that, in combination with risk‐induced legitimation crisis, points the way to a more reflexive and democratic political economy. The US has the sort of movement that could facilitate such a transformation—but its state has moved in exactly the opposite direction, casting economic and environmental values in old‐fashioned conflictual terms. Even the UK at long last appears to be capable of taking on board some of the key precepts of ecological modernization and democratization.
States and Social Movements: Conclusions
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Downes David , Hunold Christian , Schlosberg David , Hernes Hans‐Kristian 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
States and social movements cannot escape one another, and the outcomes of their interaction give shape to the political world. The state continues to be important in providing a large part of the structural context for movements, and the important possibility of movements transforming the state itself in a greener direction has been established. This dynamic entails reshaping of the state as it incorporates movements, but the ’life cycle’ of movements as they relate to states is much more than a one‐way drive to inclusion. Whether we care about the substantive ends sought by social movements, the transformation of the state, or the continued democratic well‐being of society, the conclusion is that civil society is not just a resting place for social movements on their way to the state . It is meaningful and sometimes crucial as a site of political action in its own right.
Kuwait
Authors: Koch Christian 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections held in Kuwait since 1961. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Kuwait's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Armenia
Authors: Grotz Florian , Rodriguez‐McKey Maria 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Armenia both during the short period of independence in 1919–1920 and since the establishment of the Second Republic in 1991. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Armenia's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Azerbaijan
Authors: Grotz Florian , Motika Raoul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Azerbaijan since 1991. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Azerbaijan's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Georgia
Authors: Kuchinka‐Lančava Natalie , Grotz Florian 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Georgia both during the short period of independence in 1918–21 and since the regaining of independence in 1991. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Georgia's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Kazakhstan
Authors: von Gumppenberg Marie‐Carin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Kazakhstan since 1990. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Kazakhstan's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums at both the national and regional level, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Tajikistan
Authors: Grotz Florian 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Tajikistan since 1990. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Tajikistan's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Uzbekistan
Authors: Grotz Florian 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Uzbekistan since 1990. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Uzbekistan's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums at both the national and regional level, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Afghanistan
Authors: Sarabi Abdul Wahed 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Afghanistan since 1923. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Afghanistan's political history and outlines the evolution of electoral provisions in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes available electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Maldives
Authors: Lehr Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIncludes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in the Maldives since the abolishment of the Sultanate in 1968. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Maldives’ political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates in presidential elections, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Nepal
Authors: Krämer Karl‐Heinz 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Nepal since 1959. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Nepal's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for parties in parliamentary elections and referendums at both the national and regional level, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Malaysia
Authors: Tan Kevin YL 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIncludes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in the Philippines since 1907. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Philippine political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and parties in parliamentary and presidential elections at the national level and referendums, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Philippines
Authors: Hartmann Christof , Hassall Graham , Santos Soliman M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Singapore since 1955. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Singapore's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for parties in parliamentary elections, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
China (People's Republic)
Authors: Gu Xuewu 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections held in Japan since 1946. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Japan's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for parties in parliamentary elections, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Mongolia
Authors: Gluchowski Peter M. , Grotz Florian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIncludes all relevant information on national elections held in Taiwan since 1947. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Taiwan's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections at both the national and regional level, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Taiwan (Republic of China)
Authors: Rinza Marianne 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Australia since federation in 1901. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Australia's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for parties in parliamentary elections and referendums, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Federated States of Micronesia
Authors: Somoza Alexander 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections held in Fiji since its independence in 1970. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Fijian political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for parties in parliamentary elections at both the national level and according to ethnic group, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Samoa
Authors: So'o Asofou 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIncludes all relevant information on national elections held in the Solomon Islands since its independence in 1978. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Solomon political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for parties in parliamentary elections, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
The EU and the Mediterranean
Authors: Youngs Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn charting European Union democracy promotion policy in the Euro–Mediterranean Partnership as it evolved during the 1990s, this chapter finds evidence of a genuinely new approach towards political change in the Mediterranean. The chapter analyses European approaches towards political Islam and security in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The analysis uncovers important ways in which EU measures were less than fully developed and argues that the EU failed fully to follow through the logic of its own change of approach.
The EU and Algeria
Authors: Youngs Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractCatalogues EU policies towards Algeria during the 1990s. It suggests that initial support for the military regime as a bulwark against the Frente Islamique du Salut (FIS) did weaken as the 1990s progressed. The relevance of the Euro–Mediterranean Partnership to political change in Algeria is examined, with particular attention paid to French–Algerian relations.
Political Ideas in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Berlin Isaiah 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This essay examines the origins of three political doctrines of the twentieth‐century—Communism, Fascism, and Marxism—which Berlin linked through attributing to them the assumption that human life tended in ‘only one direction’. He contrasted this briefly with his own view that human goals were really various and ‘at times incompatible’.
The Birth of Greek Individualism
Authors: Berlin Isaiah 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This is the first of the three Storrs Lectures that Berlin gave at Yale University in 1962. It is part of the version of intellectual history that he developed to underwrite his views about politics. This focused especially on the fourth century b.c., the Renaissance and the Romantic movement. The contribution of the Greeks, in this respect, was the discovery that the life and destiny of the individual did not need to be necessarily conceived in terms of his society.
The Purpose Justifies the Ways
Authors: Berlin Isaiah 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This short story, written when Berlin was twelve, is his first surviving essay. It reveals the disposition that found expression in his more mature work. Berlin contrasts the settled life of ‘a cosy little home’ with the crude consequentialism of Commissar Uritsky and its destructive effects. The story is a morality tale: Uritsky meets his just end.
Concentration and Diversification
Authors: Jones Geoffrey 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Between 1945 and 1979, British trading companies continued to ‘re‐invent’ their strategies, by trading in more specialized products, such as automobiles, and from investment in manufacturing, and to benefit from the formatting asymmetries and accumulated knowledge and contacts. They almost disappeared from South Asia and Latin America, but expanded in South and Southeast Asia and Africa. A process of concentration sharply reduced the number of trading firms.
Business Groups
Authors: Jones Geoffrey 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter shows how British trading companies built extensive and complex business groups to facilitate diversification. They employed a variety of institutional and contractual modes—including contracts, equity, debt, cross‐directorships, and repeated trading transactions—and inside them, there were flows of managerial, financial, and trading information and relationships. The network‐style business groups contained multiple conflicts of interest, but rent‐seeking behaviour was constrained, and they had some positive benefits.
Traders as Manufacturers
Authors: Jones Geoffrey 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter discusses the limited investments of the British trading companies in manufacturing, and there are case studies of investments in sugar refining and cotton textiles. Before 1914, the search for profitable opportunities and the exploitation of scope economies led to investments in manufacturing jute and textiles, and processing raw materials, but in general, the merchant houses were more interested in earning commission on selling goods than owning equity in manufacturing. During the 1960s and 1970s, many companies tried to limit their manufacturing businesses in developed markets, but few possessed the skills needed to succeed.
End Game
Authors: Jones Geoffrey 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter investigates the disappearance of most of the British trading companies between the 1980s and 2000. Although some firms suffered from failed strategies to diversify into regions and industries where they lacked expertise, the main problem was that British capital markets regarded these firms as unfashionable, and falling share prices were the result. The principal survivors, John Swire & Sons and Jardine Matheson, were family controlled.
Conclusion
Authors: Jones Geoffrey 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The conclusion highlights the importance of trading companies as large components of British foreign direct investment before 1914, and which continued to renew and ‘re‐invent’ themselves until the end of the twentieth century. Diversification strategies were initially shaped by the conditions of the nineteenth century, when the lack of infrastructure and local entrepreneurship in developing economies created many opportunities for trading firms, but there were strong internalization incentives for integration arising from asset specificity, uncertainty, frequency of transactions, and opportunism. Although the initial status of many developed countries helped the British firms, they were also deeply embedded in local economies with numerous ‘contracts’, and their longevity rested on core competences in knowledge, information, and external relationships.
The Emergence of the Canonical Heritage of the Church
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Church of the first millennium assembled a complex canonical heritage of materials, practices, and persons. Minimally these involved various lists or canons of doctrine, scripture, saints, bishops, Fathers and teachers, ecclesial regulations, icons, and liturgy. These functioned together to initiate new believers into the life of faith, together they operated as a complex network of means of grace. While they mediated special divine revelation, they were not reducible to such revelation.
Initiation into the Rule of Truth
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Reformation constituted a deep epistemological crisis for Western religion and culture. The Cartesian revolution sought to find a way beyond the wars of religion by using doubt as a weapon to secure proper foundations for belief. Descartes sought such foundations in the indubitable intuitions of reason. Whatever other sources may be at work, his work clearly represents the internal secularization of the epistemology of the Reformers. His aim was as much theological as it was philosophical, launching the Enlightenment as a solution to problems embedded in the life of faith.
The Canons of Common Sense
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe great Princeton theology of the nineteenth century sought to conserve the faith of the Church by combining a commitment to sola scriptura with the tenets of Common Sense philosophy imported from Scotland. Seeking certainty for the foundations of the faith, they vacillated between evidentialism and fideism. In the end, the early Princeton theologians lost their nerve and retreated to an exclusive appeal to scripture to ground their quest for an adequate theology and even for an adequate epistemology of theology.
The Rough Intellectualist Road of a Sound Epistemology
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe later Princeton theologians worked valiantly to develop a theory of inspiration and infallibility that would secure once for all their epistemic vision of scripture. Thus, while Benjamin Warfield, for example, sought to secure good evidence for his claims about revelation and inspiration, he was overtaken by sceptical worries that created a deep fissure in his thinking. Paradoxically, the Princeton theology operated out of fear rather than faith and badly misconstrued the inner witness of the Holy Spirit as a theological and pastoral category. Taken as whole, Princeton theology deepened the captivity of the Church and of genuine faith to epistemology.