bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTAL CHRONIC GLOMERULITIS
Authors: Pincus Theodore , Haberkern Roy , Christian Charles L. 
Published: June 2004

Three of 16 rabbits injected (intravenously) daily with crystalline bovine serum albumin (BSA) for periods in excess of 10 wk developed chronic glomerulonephritis. In vivo, animals with chronic proteinuria formed variable quantities of soluble complex after injection of antigen while animals without proteinuria exhibited rapid removal of the injected BSA. In vitro studies demonstrated that a major part of the antibodies produced by rabbits with chronic nephritis lacked precipitating properties. Interpretations of these observations were presented in the discussion.
It is suggested that, in addition to quantity, quality of antibody plays an important role in the development of chronic serum sickness. Complexes formed with nonprecipitating antibody, which are less rapidly removed from circulation, would have a greater opportunity to deposit in glomeruli and induce inflammation.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC LOCALIZATION OF THE NEPHROTOXIC ANTIBODY IN THE GLOMERULI OF THE RAT AFTER INTRAVENOUS APPLICATION OF PURIFIED NEPHRITOGENIC ANTIBODY-FERRITIN CONJUGATES
Authors: Vogt Arnold , Bockhorn Hermann , Kozima Keniti , Sasaki Masamichi 
Published: June 2004

Nephritis in rats was induced by intravenous injection of purified ferritin-conjugated rabbit and duck nephrotoxic globulin.
Using the fluorescent antibody technique, the same capillary pattern was found as that in glomeruli of rats receiving uncoupled nephrotoxic globulin.
Electron microscopy revealed a heavy accumulation of the basement membrane-fixed antibody almost exclusively at the endothelial side. A higher concentration of ferritin was demonstrable in the peripheral basement membrane.
The once-fixed antibody remained at the site of reaction though decreasing with time. The half-disappearance time seemed to be shorter than that of the uncoupled nephrotoxic globulin.
No difference in localization was observed between rabbit and duck antibody.
At least 40 basement membrane-fixed antibody molecules from the rabbit per 3000 mµ2 of filtration surface were needed to cause immediate nephritis. To induce nephritis using duck antibody, a greater number of basement membrane-fixed antibody seemed to be necessary.
No evidence of specific reaction with constituents of glomerular cells was obtained.
STUDIES ON THE MODE OF ACTION OF DIPHTHERIA TOXIN
Authors: Pappenheimer A. M. , Brown Robin 
Published: June 2004

Using the technique of radioautography, it has been shown that a probable maximum of only 25–50 molecules iodine-125-labeled toxin per cell is bound by human HeLa cells treated with approximately 107 molecules of toxin per cell, or just under one saturating dose. Radioautographs of sections from labeled cells locate most if not all of the toxin molecules fixed to the outer cell membrane. Under identical conditions far less label is taken up by mouse L cells. It is probable that the resistance of this species to diphtheria toxin can be accounted for in terms of the failure of mouse cells to bind the toxin protein.
The irreversible inhibition of protein synthesis in a living cell culture by a few molecules of toxin located at the cell surface is discussed in relation to the known interaction between toxin, NAD, and transferase II in mammalian cell extracts.
ABNORMALITIES OF IN VITRO LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSES DURING RUBELLA VIRUS INFECTIONS
Authors: Olson George B. , Dent Peter B. , Rawls William E. , South Mary Ann , Montgomery J. R. , Melnick Joseph L. , Good Robert A. 
Published: June 2004

In vitro rubella virus infections of lymphocytes from normal adult humans impaired their responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulations; a situation which seemed analogous to the PHA unresponsiveness of peripheral lymphocytes from babies with the congenital rubella syndrome. Such in vitro viral infection of normal cells also decreased the synthesis of normal nucleic acids and structural proteins, and abrogated the enhanced DNA synthesis induced by pokeweed and specific antigen stimulations. Furthermore, it was shown that live rubella virus, but not ultraviolet-irradiated virus, was necessary for the impaired mitogenic responses of normal leukocytes.
These observations are interpreted to favor the view that the virus achieves its inhibitory effect on the action of mitogens by interference either directly or indirectly at an intracellular site. Such an action could reduce the functional potential of lymphocytes and impair their effectiveness as immunologically competent cells or as effectors in immunologic reactions.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE CROSS-REACTIVITY BETWEEN STREPTOCOCCAL AND STAPHYLOCOCCAL MUCOPEPTIDE
Authors: Karakawa Walter W. , Braun Dietmar G. , Lackland Henry , Krause Richard M. 
Published: June 2004

Particulate mucopeptides of Group A-variant streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus, solubilized by ultrasonic treatment, give a precipitin reaction with the sera of rabbits immunized with Group A-variant streptococci. γ-G globulin antibodies have been recovered from these sera which react with the mucopeptides but not with the Group A-variant carbohydrate.
The immunochemical basis for the cross-reactivity between the streptococcal and staphylococcal mucopeptides was investigated in detail. Three chemically different fractions have been isolated from enzymatic digests of staphylococcal mucopeptide and were employed as haptenic inhibitors of the precipitin reaction. A fraction consisting of the peptide moiety of mucopeptide was the strongest inhibitor, whereas the hexosamine-rich fraction was less effective. The third fraction, rich in glycine, was least effective.
It is suggested that the immunologic cross-reactivity between streptococcal and staphylococcal mucopeptide is due to the fact that these two substances contain chemically similar tetrapeptides. The hexosamine polymer which is identical for both mucopeptides may also contribute to their cross-reactivity.
DISTRIBUTION OF ANTIBODY-FORMING CELLS OF DIFFERENT SPECIFICITIES IN THE LYMPH NODES AND SPLEENS OF GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Green Ira 
Published: June 2004

The distribution of antibody-forming cells of different specificities in the lymph nodes and spleens of guinea pigs immunized with two separate antigens or with antigens bearing two determinants was studied. When animals were immunized with two soluble protein antigens or antigens in which the two antigenic determinants were on the same molecule, antibody-forming cells of different specificities were always randomly intermixed. However, when animals were immunized with two heat-aggregated particulate protein antigens and then boosted with soluble protein antigens, cells of different specificities were often seen to occur in groups.
These results suggest that antibody-forming cells may not arise by the antigen-stimulated proliferation of precommitted antibody-forming cells, but rather antibody-forming cells arise by a transformation of uncommitted precursor cells as the result of their interactions with a locally produced material derived from the processing of antigen.
STUDIES ON THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTION OF 6-MERCAPTOPURINE
Authors: Hurd Eric R. , Ziff Morris 
Published: June 2004

The mechanism of action of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) on an egg albumin-induced inflammatory lesion in the skin has been studied in rabbits treated with 6-MP in a daily dosage of 18 mg/kg. Relative to control animals, significant decreases in the numbers of large lymphocytes and monocytes in the blood were observed in the 6-MP-treated animals by the 9th day of treatment, without significant decrease in the numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and small and medium lymphocytes. Concurrently, a significant decrease was also seen in the percentage of tissue mononuclear cells in the inflammatory skin lesion. There was a highly significant correlation between the numbers of monocytes in the blood and the per cent of mononuclear cells in the lesion. A mean of 52% of the mononuclear cells in the tissue lesion phagocytosed carbon offering further evidence that the major cell involved was the blood monocyte.
In vitro incorporation of 3H-Tdr by blood mononuclear cells was significantly reduced in the 6-MP-treated animals as determined by scintillation counting and radioautography. The large lymphocyte was the predominant cell type which was labeled in vitro. Small lymphocytes and monocytes were rarely labeled.
The data obtained suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of 6-MP, reflected in these experiments by a decrease in mononuclear cells in a tissue lesion, results from suppression of a bone marrow response to local inflammation, affecting principally proliferating precursors of blood monocytes and large lymphocytes. The possible importance of this action of 6-MP in the treatment of inflammatory and immunologically mediated disease is discussed.
CELL TO CELL INTERACTION IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: Martin W. J. , Miller J. F. A. P. 
Published: June 2004

In this series of papers it has been shown that the immune response of mice to sheep erythrocytes requires the participation of two classes of lymphoid cells. Thymus-derived cells initially react with antigen and then interact with another class of cells, the antibody-forming cell precursors, to cause their differentiation to antibody-forming cells.
Antilymphocyte globulin depressed the ability of mice to respond to sheep erythrocytes. This effect was more marked when the antigen was injected intraperitoneally than intravenously, and occurred only when the antilymphocyte globulin was given before or simultaneously with antigen. Injection of thymus cells restored to near normal the ability to respond to an intravenous injection of sheep erythrocytes. Spleen cells from antilymphocyte globulin-treated mice gave a weak adoptive immune response in irradiated recipients. The addition of thymus cells however enabled a response similar to that given by normal spleen cells.
When thymectomized irradiated recipients were used, normal spleen cells continued to give a higher response to a challenge of sheep erythrocytes at 2 and 4 wk postirradiation than did spleen cells from ALG-treated donors. This result is more consistent with the notion that thymus-derived target cells are eliminated, rather than temporarily inactivated, by antilymphocyte globulin.
These findings suggest that, in vivo, antilymphocyte globulin acts selectively on the thymus-derived antigen-reactive cells.
RELATION BETWEEN EPSTEIN-BARR VIRAL AND CELL MEMBRANE IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE IN BURKITT TUMOR CELLS
Authors: Klein G. , Pearson G. , Henle G. , Henle W. , Diehl V. , Niederman J. C. 
Published: June 2004

Blastoid cell cultures derived from leukocytes of patients in the acute stage of infectious mononucleosis (IM) and harboring Epstein-Barr (EB) virus in at least 1% of the cells were found to possess antigens in their membranes which presently are indistinguishable from those detected in Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cells by the techniques employed. It was noted that, in the course of IM, antibodies are formed which react in indirect immunofluorescence tests with membrane antigens of live cells from Burkitt tumor lines as well as from IM leukocyte cultures, including an autochthonous line in the case of one patient. Sets of sera from IM patients were tested which included a serum collected weeks to years before onset of illness. In the majority of these the pre-IM serum failed to react in membrane immunofluorescence (MIF) tests with any of several Burkitt tumor cell lines employed, but in some cases the presera reacted with cells of some but not others of the lines. Possible explanations for these discrepant results have been discussed.
The antibodies involved in the MIF test are evidently distinct from those responsible for the EBV and heterophile reactions. Maximal MIF activity is attained long after the other two antibodies have reached maximal titers and antibodies to EBV and membrane antigens seem to persist for years whereas the heterophile reaction turns negative within a few months.
THE INTERACTION OF HUMAN MONOCYTES AND LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Cline Martin J. , Swett Virginia C. 
Published: June 2004

Monocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of tuberculin-positive and tuberculin-negative donors were exposed to PPD, extensively washed, and incubated with autologous or homologous lymphocytes. Lymphocyte transformation was measured morphologically and by incorporation of 14C-labeled thymidine.
Monocytes from tuberculin-positive subjects induced transformation of autologous lymphocytes in 19 of 29 experiments. Studies to define the optimal conditions of exposure to monocytes to PPD and to autologous lymphocytes showed that viable, metabolically intact monocytes are required. A ratio of only 1 monocyte to 100 lymphocytes sufficed to induce transformation; neutrophils were inactive. In general, PPD-sensitized monocytes failed to induce transformation of homologous lymphocytes from either tuberculin-positive or tuberculin-negative subjects. Direct contact between monocytes and lymphocytes was required for consistent transformation, and islands of transforming lymphocytes were observed around a central core of monocytes.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE TOXIC ACTIONS OF PURIFIED STREPTOLYSIN O ON THE ISOLATED HEART AND SEPARATE CARDIAC TISSUES OF THE GUINEA PIG
Authors: Reitz Bruce A. , Prager Denis J. , Feigen George A. 
Published: June 2004

The response of isolated guinea pig hearts to perfusion with purified streptolysin O is characterized by a rapid, but transient, decrease in rate and amplitude of contraction; these reactions are superimposed upon a gradual, irreversible, loss of ventricular contractility. At ventricular standstill, the atria continue to beat spontaneously in a normal way. Isolated ventricle strips prepared from such preparations can be driven electrically, and their behavior is functionally indistinguishable from that of similar preparations made from normal hearts.
Tests on spontaneously beating isolated atrial pairs show that the toxin induces a dose-dependent, reversible, decline in rate and amplitude which is accompanied by a marked, but transient, increase in the velocity of repolarization of the intracellular potential. The atrial reactions were completely blocked by atropine and potentiated by eserine.
Acetylcholine was detected in the perfusates obtained by incubating a large pool of atrial tissue with active toxin, supporting the inference that the transient mechanical and electrophysiological reactions to toxin might be consequences of the release of acetylcholine from these tissues by the active toxin.
Control studies showed that only the active toxin had the capacity to induce the cardiac responses. The toxin was active only in the reduced but not the oxidized form. The effects of the active toxin were modified if it were heated prior to challenge, and they could be neutralized by specific antiserum and inhibited by cholesterol.
Since the driven ventricle strip was mechanically and electrophysiologically insensitive to streptolysin O, the irreversible changes in the whole heart must have occurred because of a defect in the atrioventricular conduction system.
SPECIFICITY OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO THE 2, 4-DINITROPHENYL AND 2, 4, 6-TRINITROPHENYL GROUPS
Authors: Little J. Russell , Eisen Herman N. 
Published: June 2004

The principal results of the present study are: (a) the failure to find an antibody subset that binds a cross-reacting ligand better than the comparable homologue in spite of the use of isolation methods that select for such antibody molecules; (b) the isolation of antibody subsets with virtually indistinguishable average intrinsic association constants for homologous and cross-reacting ligands, but which nevertheless have physical properties (Qmax and relative fluorescence coefficient) that readily distinguish these subsets according to their origin in response to antigenic stimulation with DNP- or with TNP-protein; (c) the demonstration, by precipitin reaction and measurement of association constants for homologous and cross-reacting haptens, of generally greater cross-reactivity among high affinity anti-DNP and anti-TNP antibodies, i.e. low affinity antibodies are generally more discriminating; (d) the selection of anti-DNP and anti-TNP antibody subsets that are distinctive in their ability to show spur formation in gel diffusion reactions with homologous and cross-reacting antigens.
These results suggest that in the initial cellular response to antigenic stimulation, DNP-BγG and TNP-BγG stimulate virtually nonoverlapping sets of antigen-sensitive cells, despite the great similarity of these two immunogens. With prolonged stimulation this specificity wanes, giving rise to a more degenerate response evident in the greater cross-reactivity of the antibodies produced later in immunization.
BIPHASIC PATTERN OF THYMUS REGENERATION AFTER WHOLE-BODY IRRADIATION
Authors: Takada Akikazu , Takada Yumiko , Huang Chester C. , Ambrus Julian L. 
Published: June 2004

Whole-body irradiation of mice with 300 or 400 R causes a precipitous fall in thymus weight, followed by an increase in the mitotic index and an almost complete restoration of thymus mass. This phase is followed by a secondary fall in thymus weight and gradual recovery. This secondary fall can be prevented by intravenous injection of bone marrow or shielding of the hind limbs during irradiation. The hypothesis is proposed that the thymus depends on the migration of cells from the bone marrow to the thymus for the maintenance of its cell population.
Bone marrow cells with chromosome markers injected intravenously into normal or lightly irradiated (150 R) animals do not populate the host bone marrow to any significant degree. After whole-body irradiation with heavy doses (400 R), donor cells dominate the marrow. There may be a competition between dividing cells in the bone marrow which regulates proliferation of hemic cells.
Bone marrow cells with marker chromosomes do not repopulate the thymus in irradiated animals until long after repopulating the bone marrow. It is possible that these cells have to pass through the marrow or the blood-marrow barrier to acquire characteristics needed for entering the thymus.
After whole-body irradiation with 500 R or more, the first phase of regeneration of the thymus, represented by an increase in the mitotic index, does not occur to a significant degree. Apparently cells in the thymus capable of proliferation have been largely eliminated, and restoration of organ mass depends chiefly on seeding from other sources, probably the bone marrow.
After whole-body irradiation with 200 R, only the first phase of thymus weight loss and regeneration takes place. Probably bone marrow injury is too small to interfere with the supply of cells repopulating the thymus.
DISSOCIATION OF HEMOLYTIC AND LYMPHOCYTE-TRANSFORMING ACTIVITIES OF STREPTOLYSIN S PREPARATIONS
Authors: Taranta Angelo , Cuppari Girolamo , Quagliata Franco 
Published: June 2004

The ability of streptolysin S preparations to induce high percentages of transformation in human peripheral blood lymphocytes was confirmed in a series of apparently healthy donors. Transforming activity was not demonstrated in the two media used for streptolysin S production, nor in control preparations in which a strain each of Streptococcus viridans, Staphylococcus aureus (nonhemolytic), and Diplococcus pneumoniae was substituted for the beta hemolytic streptococcal strain used for streptolysin S production.
The relation of the hemolytic activity to the lymphocyte transforming activity of streptolysin S preparations was studied by means of inactivation and fractionation experiments. Heating produced a loss in both activities, but more in the hemolytic than in the transforming activity. The transformation obtained with a heated preparation had a high degree of correlation with that obtained with the unheated preparation in a series of normal subjects and patients with various rheumatic diseases, whose lymphocytes were often less responsive to stimulation with streptolysin S preparations (both heated and unheated) than the lymphocytes of the normal subjects studied. Treatment of streptolysin S preparations with chymotrypsin, vegetable lecithin, or trypan blue (the latter in minute amounts) resulted in preparations with no detectable hemolytic activity but with undiminished lymphocyte transforming activity. Chromatographic fractionations on DEAE-Sephadex columns yielded fractions endowed with transforming but not with hemolytic activity, and other fractions endowed with hemolytic but not with transforming activity. The recovery of the hemolytic activity was not complete and quantitation of the recovery of the transforming activity was not attempted.
These experiments indicate that the hemolytic and transforming activities of streptolysin S preparations are independent of each other, and specifically that they are the attributes of two different streptococcal products, one of which is streptolysin S. The other is a nonhemolytic streptococcal product present in streptolysin S preparations but previously unrecognized. Some implications of these findings are discussed.
RELATION BETWEEN EPSTEIN-BARR VIRAL AND CELL MEMBRANE IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE IN BURKITT TUMOR CELLS
Authors: Klein G. , Pearson G. , Henle G. , Henle W. , Goldstein G. , Clifford P. 
Published: June 2004

Sera from patients with Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), infectious mononucleosis (IM), carcinoma of the postnasal space (Ca PNS), and various controls were investigated for antibodies against the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by immunofluorescence on acetone-fixed smears (5) and for antibodies against the distinctive antigenic sites expressed on the surface of viable lymphoblastoid cells within EBV-carrying culture lines (1). The latter were studied by the blocking of direct membrane staining with FITC-conjugated Mutua serum. This serum has been derived from a Burkitt's lymphoma patient in long-term regression after chemotherapy and is free from detectable isoantibodies. It has been used previously as a standard of reference to demonstrate the presence of the membrane antigen(s) on all lines derived from BL biopsies and leukocytes from IM patients. It was found that 102 of 279 (37%) of the sera tested had high anti-EBV titers (≧80) and high membrane-blocking (Bl &gt; 0.5) activity, 124 of 279 (44%) of the sera were low in both tests, 22 of 279 (8%) had low EBV titers (≦80), in spite of a high blocking index, and 31 of 279 (11%) of the sera were low in blocking activity (&lt;0.5), in spite of a high EBV titer. The two tests thus gave concordant results with 81% and discordant with 19% of the sera.
The majority of sera from BL patients were high in both tests. IM sera also showed a relationship between the two antibody activities but, in general, both activities were lower than in BL cases. Ca PNS sera seemed to fall into two main groups: (a) high anti-EBV, high blocking or (b) low anti-EBV, low blocking. Control sera, including four isoantisera, showed predominantly low reactivities in both tests.
THE X-Y-Z SCHEME OF IMMUNOCYTE MATURATION
Authors: Byfield Patricia , Sercarz Eli 
Published: June 2004

Short-term IgM memory is established within 1 day after primary injection. This 1 day priming is independent of cell division as it can take place in the pressence of methotrexate or hydroxyurea.
The primary response involves a similar 1 day nonproliferative phase. On the contrary, cells responding to a second injection of antigen after short priming intervals begin to proliferate within hours. This implies a qualitative difference between the antigen-sensitive cells in primed and normal animals.
After 1 day, further proliferative expansion of memory can occur, which is probably antigen dependent. The response to several dose regimens indicates that repeated antigenic contact is needed to maintain the IgM response.