bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Holocene Coastal Environments near Pompeii before the A.D. 79 Eruption of Mount Vesuvius, Italy
Authors: Pescatore Tullio , Senatore Maria Rosaria , Capretto Giovanna , Lerro Gaia 
Published: September 2002

AbstractStudies of some 70 bore holes around ancient Pompeii, on the southwestern slope of the Somma-Vesuvius volcano, allow the reconstruction of Holocene environments earlier than the A.D. 79 eruption. This eruption produced about 10 km3 of pyroclastic material that buried the Roman cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Stabiae and promoted a shoreline progradation of 1 km. The Sarno coastal plain, in a post-Miocene sedimentary basin, has been affected by Somma-Vesuvius volcanic activity since the late Pleistocene. At the Holocene transgressive maximum, the sea reached an area east of ancient Pompeii and formed a beach ridge (Messigno, 5600 and 4500 14C yr B.P.) more than 2 km inland from the present shore. Progradation of the plain due to high volcanic supply during the following highstand resulted in a new beach ridge (Bottaro-Pioppaino, 3600 14C yr B.P.) 0.5 km seaward of the Messigno ridge. Ancient Pompeii was built as the shoreline continued to prograde toward its present position. Deposits of the A.D. 79 eruption blanketed the natural levees of the Sarno River, marshes near the city and on the Sarno's floodplain, the morphological highs of Messigno and Bottaro-Pioppaino beach ridges, and the seashore. That shore was probably 1 km landward of the present one.
Paleohydrological Records from Peat Profiles and Speleothems in Sutherland, Northwest Scotland
Authors: Charman Dan J. , Caseldine Chris , Baker Andy , Gearey Ben , Hatton Jackie , Proctor Chris 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPaleohydrological changes during the late Holocene are inferred from humification, testate amoebae, and pollen evidence from three blanket peat profiles in northwest Scotland. Replicate peat humification records from the Traligill basin share the same patterns of change for a 600-yr period of overlap between 1800 and 2400 cal yr B.P. The shared patterns, inferred from samples with a resolution of 5–13 yr, represent basinwide hydrological changes. In a nearby, but hydrologically separate, area with caves beneath peat, the luminescence emission wavelength measured in two speleothem samples correlated with the humification record in the overlying peat. This correlation implies that speleothem luminescence emission wavelength depends primarily on decay rates in the soils from which drip waters are derived, as long as there is no major change in soil or vegetation. The peat and speleothem records from the cave site further correlate with the peat records from the Traligill basin. Taken together, the records thus represent a regional climatic signal. Peaks in surface wetness replicated in two or more records occur at ca. 2300, 2090, 2030, 1820, 1600, and 1440 cal yr B.P. Further peaks occur at 800, 570, and 115 cal yr B.P. in the humification and stalagmite records that extend to the present day. Correlative changes have been observed, not only in other peat records from Scotland but also in ice accumulation at GISP2. These further correlations imply that precipitation regimes in Scotland and Greenland were in phase during the late Holocene.
δ13C of Loess Organic Matter as a Potential Proxy for Paleoprecipitation
Authors: Hatté Christine , Antoine Pierre , Fontugne Michel , Lang Andreas , Rousseau Denis-Didier , Zöller Ludwig 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPaleoprecipitation reconstructions on the basis of pollen are well known, but they do not provide high temporal resolution for glacial periods. High-resolution paleoprecipitation reconstructions for the last glaciation based on the isotopic record organic matter in loess from Nussloch (Rhine Valley, Germany) are consistent with paleoprecipitation inferred from peat in the same area using an independant method. Thus, δ13C of loess organic matter can be used as a proxy for paleoprecipitation.
Early Human Occupation at Devil's Lair, Southwestern Australia 50,000 Years Ago
Authors: Turney Chris S. M. , Bird Michael I. , Fifield L. Keith , Roberts Richard G. , Smith Mike , Dortch Charles E. , Grün Rainer , Lawson Ewan , Ayliffe Linda K. , Miller Gifford H. , Dortch Joe , Cresswell Richard G. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractNew dating confirms that people occupied the Australian continent before the earliest time inferred from conventional radiocarbon analysis. Many of the new ages were obtained by accelerator mass spectrometry14C dating after an acid–base–acid pretreatment with bulk combustion (ABA-BC) or after a newly developed acid–base–wet oxidation pretreatment with stepped combustion (ABOX-SC). The samples (charcoal) came from the earliest occupation levels of the Devil's Lair site in southwestern Western Australia. Initial occupation of this site was previously dated 35,00014C yr B.P. Whereas the ABA-BC ages are indistinguishable from background beyond 42,00014C yr B.P., the ABOX-SC ages are in stratigraphic order to ∼55,00014C yr B.P. The ABOX-SC chronology suggests that people were in the area by 48,000 cal yr B.P. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), electron spin resonance (ESR) ages, U-series dating of flowstones, and14C dating of emu eggshell carbonate are in agreement with the ABOX-SC14C chronology. These results, based on four independent techniques, reinforce arguments for early colonization of the Australian continent.
Composition and Flux of Holocene Sediments on the Eastern Laptev Sea Shelf, Arctic Siberia
Authors: Bauch Henning A. , Kassens Heidemarie , Naidina Olga D. , Kunz-Pirrung Martina , Thiede Jörn 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA 467-cm-long core from the inner shelf of the eastern Laptev Sea provides a depositional history since 9400 cal yr. B.P. The history involves temporal changes in the fluvial runoff as well as postglacial sea-level rise and southward retreat of the coastline. Although the core contains marine fossils back to 8900 cal yr B.P., abundant plant debris in a sandy facies low in the core shows that a river influenced the study site until ∼8100 cal yr B.P. As sea level rose and the distance to the coast increased, this riverine influence diminished gradually and the sediment type changed, by 7400 cal yr B.P., from sandy silt to clayey silt. Although total sediment input decreased in a step-like fashion from 7600 to 4000 cal yr B.P., this interval had the highest average sedimentation rates and the greatest fluxes in most sedimentary components. While this maximum probably resulted from middle Holocene climate warming, the low input of sand to the site after 7400 cal yr B.P. probably resulted from further southward retreat of the coastline and river mouth. Since about 4000 cal yr B.P., total sediment flux has remained rather constant in this part of the Laptev Sea shelf due to a gradual stabilization of the depositional regime after completion of the Holocene sea-level rise.
Holocene History of the Bering Sea Bowhead Whale (Balaena Mysticetus) in Its Beaufort Sea Summer Grounds off Southwestern Victoria Island, Western Canadian Arctic
Authors: Dyke Arthur S. , Savelle James M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe fossil remains of 43 bowhead whales were mapped on the raised beaches of western Wollaston Peninsula, Victoria Island, Canadian Arctic, near the historic summer range limit of the Bering Sea stock in the Beaufort Sea. The elevations and radiocarbon ages of the remains demonstrate that the bowhead ranged commonly into the region following the submergence of Bering Strait at ca. 10,000 14C yr B.P. until ca. 8500 14C yr B.P. During the same interval, bowheads ranged widely from the Beaufort Sea to Baffin Bay. Subsequently, no whales reached Wollaston Peninsula until ca. 1500 14C yr B.P. Late Holocene populations evidently were small, or occupations were brief, in comparison to those of the early Holocene. Although the late Holocene recurrence may relate to the expansion of pioneering Thule whalers eastward from Alaska, there are few Thule sites and limited evidence of Thule whaling in the area surveyed to support this suggestion.
Chronology of Inland Eolian Dunes on the Coastal Plain of Georgia, USA
Authors: Ivester Andrew H. , Leigh David S. , Godfrey-Smith D. I. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMost inland eolian dunes associated with rivers on the Georgia Coastal Plain probably date to glacial periods. Direct dating of the dune sand by optically stimulated luminescence dating, combined with limiting ages from radiocarbon dating, shows that dunes formed during isotope stage 2, stage 3, the transition between stages 4 and 5, and isotope stage 6 or earlier. Most of the dates indicate dune activity between 30,000 and 15,000 years ago. Holocene activity included limited and local reworking of the crests of some thick dunes along streams that flow from the Piedmont.
A Late Glacial–Holocene Tephrochronology for Glacial Lakes in Southern Ecuador
Authors: Rodbell Donald T. , Bagnato Stefan , Nebolini Jeffrey C. , Seltzer Geoffrey O. , Abbott Mark B. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractDespite the presence of numerous active volcanoes in the northern half of Ecuador, few, if any, distal tephras have been previously recognized in the southern one third of the country. In this article, we document the presence of thin (0.1–1.0-cm-thick) distal tephras comprising glass and/or phenocrysts of hornblende and feldspar in sediment cores from five glacial lakes and one bog in Las Cajas National Park (2°40′–3°00′S, 79°00′–79°25′W). The lake cores contain from 5 to 7 tephras, and each has a diagnostic major element geochemistry as determined from electron microprobe analysis of ∼710 glass shards and ∼440 phenocrysts of feldspar and hornblende. The loss of sodium with exposure to the electron microbeam causes a 10±7 wt.% (±1σ) reduction in Na content, which we empirically determined and corrected for before correlating tephras among the sediment cores. We use a similarity coefficient to correlate among the sediment cores; pair-wise comparison of all tephras generally yields an unambiguous correlation among the cores. Six tephras can be traced among all or most of the cores, and several tephras are present in only one or two of the cores. Twenty-six accelerator mass spectrometry 14C dates on macrofossils preserved in the sediment cores provide the basis for establishing a regional tephrochronology. The widespread tephras were deposited ∼9900, 8800, 7300, 5300, 2500, and 2200 cal yr B.P. The oldest tephras were deposited ∼15,500 and 15,100 cal yr B.P., but these are not found in all cores. Two of the tephras appear correlative with volcaniclastic strata on the flanks of Volcán Cotopaxi and one tephra may correlate with strata on the flanks of Volcán Ninahuilca; both volcanoes are in central Ecuador. The absence of tephras in sediment cores correlative with the numerous eruptions of active volcanoes of the past two millennia implies that the earlier eruptions, which did deposit tephras in the lakes, must have been either especially voluminous, or southerly winds must have prevailed at the time of the eruption, or both.
Renal targeting of captopril selectively enhances the intrarenal over the systemic effects of ACE inhibition in rats
Authors: Haverdings R Folgert G , Haas Marijke , Navis Gerjan , van Loenen‐Weemaes Anne‐miek , Meijer Dirk K F , de Zeeuw Dick , Moolenaar Frits 
Published: September 2002

In previous studies on the renal targeting of the ACE inhibitor captopril, we demonstrated that a 6 fold increased concentration of this drug could be obtained in the kidney after conjugation to the low‐molecular‐weight protein lysozyme. In this study, we investigated in unrestrained rats whether systemic administration of captopril–lysozyme also results in an enhanced effect on renal parameters, relative to the systemic effects.
Renal effects: intravenous infusion of captopril–lysozyme for 6 h resulted in a more pronounced increment of renal blood flow (31±2% vs 17±4% at 0.5 mg kg−1 6h−1, P<0.01) and an approximately 5 fold enhanced natriuresis (167±17% vs 36±7% at 1 mg kg−1 6 h−1, P<0.001) in comparison with equimolar amounts of captopril as a free drug. In correspondence with these findings, renal ACE inhibition was potentiated approximately 5 fold (−50±4% vs −22±3% at 1 mg kg−1 6 h−1, P<0.001).
Systemic effects: conjugated captopril did not affect blood pressure in dosages up to 5 mg kg−1 6 h−1. This effect coincided with a less pronounced inhibition of the pressor response to intravenously administered angiotensin I (−12±3% vs −66±5% at 1 mg kg−1 6 h−1, P<0.001), and a markedly attenuated plasma ACE inhibition (−19±2% vs −37±3% at 1 mg kg−1 6 h−1, P<0.001) compared to an equivalent dose of free captopril.
An experiment of continued intravenous administration of captopril–lysozyme for 7 days in nephrotic syndrome demonstrated that the conjugate is also active in renal disease: the antiproteinuric response was substantially augmented (−67±5% vs −15±7% at 4 mg kg−1 24 h−1, P<0.001) compared to the free drug, in the absence of blood pressure reduction.
These data demonstrate that intravenous administration of a captopril–lysozyme conjugate leads to more selective renal ACE inhibition and enhanced renal effects as well as less systemic effects compared to captopril itself.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 136, 1107–1116. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704814
Protein kinase mediated upregulation of endothelin A, endothelin B and 5‐hydroxytryptamine 1B/1D receptors during organ culture in rat basilar artery
Authors: Hansen‐Schwartz Jacob , Svensson Carl‐Lennart , Xu Cang‐Bao , Edvinsson Lars 
Published: September 2002

Organ culture has been shown to upregulate both endothelin (ET) and 5‐hydroxytryptamine 1B/1D (5‐HT1B/1D) receptors in rat cerebral arteries. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the involvement of protein kinases, especially protein kinases C (PKC) and A (PKA) in this process.
The effect of inhibiting protein kinases during organ culture with staurosporine (unspecific protein kinase inhitor), RO 31‐7549 (specific inhibitor of classical PKC's) and H 89 (specific inhibitor of PKA) was examined using in vitro pharmacological examination of cultured vessel segments with ET‐1 (unspecific ETA and ETB agonist), S6c (specific ETB agonist) and 5‐CT (5‐HT1 agonist). Levels of mRNA coding for the ETA, ETB, 5‐HT1B and 5‐HT1D receptors were analysed using real‐time RT–PCR.
Classical PKC's are critically involved in the appearance of the ETB receptor; co‐culture with RO 31‐7549 abolished the contractile response (6.9±1.8%) and reduced the ETB receptor mRNA by 44±4% as compared to the cultured control. Correlation between decreased ETB receptor mRNA and abolished contractile function indicates upstream involvement of PKC.
Inhibition of PKA generally had an enhancing effect on the induced changes giving rise to a 7–25% increase in Emax in response to ET‐1, S6c and 5‐CT as compared to the cultured control.
Staurosporine inhibited the culture induced upregulation of the response of both the ETA and the 5‐HT1B/1D receptors, but had no significant effect on the mRNA levels of these receptors. This lack of correlation indicates an additional downstream involvement of protein kinases.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 137, 118–126. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704838
A comparison of the actions of BIBN4096BS and CGRP8–37 on CGRP and adrenomedullin receptors expressed on SK‐N‐MC, L6, Col 29 and Rat 2 cells
Authors: Hay Debbie L , Howitt Stephen G , Conner Alex C , Doods Henri , Schindler Marcus , Poyner David R 
Published: September 2002

The ability of the CGRP antagonist BIBN4096BS to antagonize CGRP and adrenomedullin has been investigated on cell lines endogenously expressing receptors of known composition.
On human SK‐N‐MC cells (expressing human calcitonin receptor‐like receptor (CRLR) and receptor activity modifying protein 1 (RAMP1)), BIBN4096BS had a pA2 of 9.95 although the slope of the Schild plot (1.37±0.16) was significantly greater than 1.
On rat L6 cells (expressing rat CRLR and RAMP1), BIBN4096BS had a pA2 of 9.25 and a Schild slope of 0.89±0.05, significantly less than 1.
On human Colony (Col) 29 cells, CGRP8–37 had a significantly lower pA2 than on SK‐N‐MC cells (7.34±0.19 (n=7) compared to 8.35±0.18, (n=6)). BIBN4096BS had a pA2 of 9.98 and a Schild plot slope of 0.86±0.19 that was not significantly different from 1. At concentrations in excess of 3 nM, it was less potent on Col 29 cells than on SK‐N‐MC cells.
On Rat 2 cells, expressing rat CRLR and RAMP2, BIBN4096BS was unable to antagonize adrenomedullin at concentrations up to 10 μM. CGRP8–37 had a pA2 of 6.72 against adrenomedullin.
BIBN4096BS shows selectivity for the human CRLR/RAMP1 combination compared to the rat counterpart. It can discriminate between the CRLR/RAMP1 receptor expressed on SK‐N‐MC cells and the CGRP‐responsive receptor expressed by the Col 29 cells used in this study. Its slow kinetics may explain its apparent ‘non‐competive’ behaviour. At concentrations of up to 10 μM, it has no antagonist actions at the adrenomedullin, CRLR/RAMP2 receptor, unlike CGRP8–37.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 137, 80–86. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704844
A method to fix lipids for staining fat embolism in paraffin sections
Authors: Tracy R E , Walia P 
Published: September 2002

A method to fix lipids for staining fat embolism in paraffin sections Aims: To develop a method to preserve lipids in formalin‐fixed tissues for staining in paraffin sections, and to illustrate its use in lung and brain of a fat embolism case, and in examples of fatty liver and atheroma. Methods and results: A saturated solution of linoleic acid in 70% ethylene glycol was prepared and tissues were exposed to this for 3 days at 56°C. These tissues were treated with 2% chromic acid at 4°C for 24 h followed by 24 h in 5% sodium bicarbonate, with appropriate rinsing between solutions. Paraffin sections of these tissues were stained with a lipid‐soluble dye such as Oil Red O. Examples of fat embolism, fatty liver, and atheroma were shown photographically as illustrations of expected results. Conclusions: The demonstration of fat embolism with good quality tissue detail is made practical by the method, which is convenient and inexpensive. The method appears to be generally applicable to tissue lipids of various sorts, as exemplified by adipose tissue, fatty liver, and atheroma.
Granulomatous ulcerative colitis: a re‐appraisal of the mucosal granuloma in the distinction of Crohn's disease from ulcerative colitis
Authors: Mahadeva U , Martin J P , Patel N K , Price A B 
Published: September 2002

Granulomatous ulcerative colitis: a re‐appraisal of the mucosal granuloma in the distinction of Crohn's disease from ulcerative colitis Aims: To determine whether the presence and location of giant cells or granulomas in relation to crypts distinguishes between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Methods and results: Twenty‐nine large bowel mucosal biopsy specimens showing giant cells and/or granulomas in a background more typical of ulcerative colitis than Crohn's disease were collected between 1986 and 1996. Each was subject to detailed independent analysis by three histopathologists. Follow‐up of the cases was by examination of all previous and subsequent gastrointestinal surgical or biopsy material and by scrutiny of the clinical notes by a gastroenterologist. On the basis of the accumulated histological data 10 of these 29 cases were accorded the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis. In nine of these 10 cases the clinical diagnosis, where known, was in keeping with this and all nine contained only crypt‐associated giant cells and/or granulomas. The tenth case contained a solitary free‐standing granuloma and clinically the patient had perianal disease, suggesting that the true diagnosis was Crohn's disease. Conclusions: Isolated giant cells and well‐defined epithelioid granulomas distant from crypts do not, as a rule, occur in ulcerative colitis, and hence their presence in a colonoscopic biopsy showing features of chronic inflammatory bowel disease is a strong pointer towards the diagnosis of Crohn's disease. Crypt‐associated giant cells and granulomas can occur in ulcerative colitis and in themselves are unreliable features for the discrimination between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
The kinetics of G‐CSF folding
Authors: Brems David N. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe folding kinetics of G‐CSF were determined by trp‐fluorescence and far‐UV circular dichroism. Folding and unfolding was achieved by rapid dilution and mixing of the denaturant, GdnHCl. G‐CSF is a four‐helical bundle protein with two long loops between the first and second helices and between the third and fourth helices. The entire conformational change expected by fluorescence was observed by stopped‐flow technology, but due to rapid refolding kinetics only a portion was observed by circular dichroism. G‐CSF contains two trp residues, and their contribution to the fluorescent‐detected kinetics were deciphered through the use of single‐site trp mutants. The trp moieties are probes of the local conformation surrounding their environment. One trp at residue 118 is located within the third helix while the other trp at residue 58 is part of the long loop between the first and second helices. The refolding results were most consistent with the following mechanism: U ↔ I1 ↔ I2 ↔ N; where U represents the unfolded protein, I1 represents intermediate state 1, I2 represents intermediate state 2, and N represents the native state. I1 is characterized as having approximately one‐half of the native‐like helical structure and none of the native‐like fluorescence. I2 has 100% of the native helical structure and most of the trp‐118 and little of the trp‐58 native‐like fluorescence. Thus refolding occurs in distinct stages with half of the helix forming first followed by the remaining half of the helix including the third helix and finally the loop between the first and second helices folds.
Topological investigation of amyloid fibrils obtained from β2‐microglobulin
Authors: Monti Maria , Principe Serena , Giorgetti Sofia , Mangione Palma , Merlini Gianpaolo , Clark Anne , Bellotti Vittorio , Amoresano Angela , Pucci Piero 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAmyloid fibrils of patients treated with regular hemodialysis essentially consists of β2‐microglobulin (β2‐m) and its truncated species ΔN6β2‐m lacking six residues at the amino terminus. The truncated fragment has a more flexible three‐dimensional structure and constitutes an excellent candidate for the analysis of a protein in the amyloidogenic conformation. The surface topology of synthetic fibrils obtained from intact β2‐m and truncated ΔN6β2‐m was investigated by the limited proteolysis/mass spectrometry approach that appeared particularly suited to gain insights into the structure of β2‐m within the fibrillar polymer. The distribution of prefential proteolytic sites observed in both fibrils revealed that the central region of the protein, which had been easily cleaved in the full‐length globular β2‐m, was fully protected in the fibrillar form. In addition, the amino‐ and carboxy‐terminal regions of β2‐m became exposed to the solvent in the fibrils, whereas they were masked completely in the native protein. These data indicate that β2‐m molecules in the fibrils consist of an unaccessible core comprising residues 20–87 with the strands I and VIII being not constrained in the fibrillar polymer and exposed to the proteases. Moreover, proteolytic cleavages observed in vitro at Lys 6 and Lys 19 reproduce specific cleavages that have to occur in vivo to generate the truncated forms of β2‐m occuring in natural fibrils. On the basis of these data, a possible mechanism for fibril formation from native β2‐m is discussed and an explanation for the occurrence of truncated protein species in natural fibrils is given.