bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visual application of the American Board of Orthodontics grading system
Authors: Scott Steven A. , Freer Terry J. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background: Assessment of treatment outcomes has traditionally been accomplished using the subjective opinion of experienced clinicians. Reduced subjectivity in the assessment of orthodontic treatment can be achieved with the use of an occlusal index. To implement an index for quality assurance purposes is time-consuming and subject to the inherent error of the index. Quality assessment of orthodontic treatment on a routine basis has been difficult to implement in private practice.

Objectives: To investigate whether a clinician can accurately apply the American Board of Orthodontics Objective Grading System by direct visual inspection instead of measuring individual traits.

Methods: A random sample of 30 cases was selected, including pretreatment and post-treatment upper and lower study casts and panoramic radiographs. The cases were examined and scored with the standardized measuring gauge according to the protocol provided by the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO). The records were re-examined 6 weeks later and the individual traits scored by visual inspection (VI).

Results: There were no significant differences between the pre- and post-treatment ABO gauge and VI scores.

Conclusions: This study suggests that occlusal traits defined by the ABO Objective Grading System can be accurately assessed by visual inspection. The VI score provides a simple and convenient method for critical evaluation of treatment outcome by a clinician.
Effect of upper premolar extractions on the position of the upper lip
Authors: Bokas Jim , Collett Tony 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
It has been suggested that Class II division 1 malocclusions treated with extractions result in detrimental changes in the facial profile. This study investigates changes in the position of the upper lip following upper arch extractions only.

Objective
To investigate changes in the position of the upper lip following extraction of the upper first premolars and retraction of the upper incisors.

Methods
The sample consisted of 35 Class II division 1 patients with overjets of least 5 mm whose malocclusions were corrected with upper first premolar extractions and full fixed appliances. Twelve patients in the sample had overjets ≥ 9 mm. There were no extractions in the lower arch. Pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalograms were used to determine the changes in the position of the upper lip.

Results
At the end of treatment the upper lip was 0.46 mm less protrusive than at the start of treatment. In patients with overjets ≥ 9 mm the upper lip was approximately 1 mm less protrusive at the end of treatment (Mean pre- and post-treatment difference: 0.92 mm). There were no significant gender differences in the positions of the upper lip.

Conclusion
Minimal changes occur in the position of the upper lip following extraction of the upper premolars and retraction of the upper incisors. Factors other than the position of the upper incisors may determine the post-treatment position of the upper lip.
A clinical comparison between nickel titanium springs and elastomeric chains
Authors: Bokas Jim , Woods Michael 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Objectives
To compare the rates of maxillary canine retraction and molar anchorage loss when using either NiTi springs or elastomeric chains delivering a known force with sliding edgewise mechanics.

Methods
Twelve patients who required maxillary canine retraction into first premolar extraction sites as part of their orthodontic treatment were selected. In a split-mouth design, these patients received precalibrated NiTi springs (12 quadrants) and premeasured elastomeric chains (12 quadrants), all delivering initial forces of approximately 200 g and being reactivated at 28 day intervals. Space closure and forward movement of the maxillary first molars were evaluated using maxillary impressions, which were taken before the start of canine retraction and then at 28 day intervals until canine retraction was almost complete.

Results
Statistical analysis revealed that the mean rate of space closure with NiTi springs (1.85 mm/month) was only 0.17 mm/month greater (p = 0.011) than that produced with the elastomeric chains (1.68 mm/month). The mean rates of anchorage loss for the NiTi springs and elastomeric chain were 0.46 mm/month and 0.45 mm/month respectively. This difference was not statistically significant. These amounts of forward molar movement were calculated to be between one quarter and one third of the average space closure per month, even in the presence of a fixed transpalatal arch.

Conclusion
The results indicate that the rates of space closure and molar anchorage loss using either NiTi springs or elastomeric chains, if reactivated every 28 days, are likely to be similar.
An investigation of the forces used by clinicians to open spaces with coil springs
Authors: Steinbach Gregor , Armstrong David , Kharbanda Om P. , Petocz Peter , Darendeliler M. Ali 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Aims
To determine the forces applied by coil springs used to open spaces for blocked out lateral incisors, and to compare the actual forces used with clinicans’ concepts of an ‘ideal’ force.

Methods
Twelve postgraduate orthodontic students (7M, 5F) and 12 orthodontic tutors (9M, 3F) participated in this study. They were asked to state what they considered was an ideal orthodontic force, and then to cut appropriate lengths of stainless steel and nickel titanium open coil springs to open spaces for blocked out maxillary and mandibular permanent lateral incisors on a typodont set-up. The forces generated by the open coil springs were measured and compared to the stated ideal forces.

Results
The mean ideal force was 76.75 g (Range: 25–200 g). The mean applied force was 314 g (Range: 21–519 g).
There were no significant differences in the forces used by the male and female postgraduates, but the male tutors used a significantly higher force than the male postgraduate students (p = 0.007) and the female tutors (p < 0.001). The female tutors used a significantly lower force than the female postgraduates (p = 0.024) and the male postgraduates (p = 0.003).
Higher forces were produced by the stainless steel coil springs in both arches (Maxillary arch: p = 0.007; Mandibular arch: p < 0.005).

Conclusions
The clinicians could not agree on an ideal force to open spaces for blocked out lateral incisors. There were substantial differences between the forces applied by the coil springs and the forces considered by the clinicians to be ideal. There were large differences in the forces used by the different groups of orthodontists.
Changes in interdental papillae heights following alignment of anterior teeth
Authors: Kandasamy Sanjivan , Goonewardene Mithran , Tennant Marc 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
Orthodontic alignment of overlapped incisors can reduce the apparent heights of the interdental papillae leading to unsightly dark triangles or open gingival embrasures.

Aim
To determine if certain pretreatment contact point relationships between the maxillary anterior teeth were accompanied by changes in the heights of the interdental papillae after orthodontic alignment.

Methods
Pre- and post-treatment intra-oral 35 mm slides, lateral cephalometric radiographs and study casts of 143 patients (60 males, 83 females) between 13 and 16 years of age were used. The patients had diastamata closed, imbricated teeth aligned and palatally or labially placed teeth repositioned. A sample of 25 patients (12 males, 13 females) between 13 and 16 years of age who had well-aligned anterior teeth at the start of treatment acted as a control group. All patients were treated for approximately 18 months. The clinical crowns of the maxillary incisors and the heights of the interdental papilla between the incisors were measured on projected images of the slides. The percentage increases or reductions in the heights of the interdental papillae were compared.

Results
The heights of the interdental papillae increased following palatal movement of labially placed (p < 0.05) or imbricated (p < 0.05) incisors and the intrusion of one incisor relative to an adjacent incisor (p < 0.01). The heights of the interdental papillae reduced following labial movement of an imbricated (p < 0.05) or palatally placed (p < 0.05) incisor or closure of a diastema (p < 0.01). Before treatment the midline papillae in the diastema subgroup were of similar length to the midline papillae in the control group, but after treatment they were markedly shorter. The interdental papillae associated with crowded or imbricated incisors were shorter than the interdental papillae in the control group before and after treatment.

Conclusions
Dark triangles are less likely to develop following palatal movement of labially placed or imbricated teeth and the intrusion of one tooth relative to another. On the other hand, dark triangles are more likely to develop following labial movement of imbricated or palatally placed incisors and closure of a diastema. Clinicians should be alert to the possibility of dark triangles developing in the latter group, particularly in older patients.
Static frictional resistances of polycrystalline ceramic brackets with conventional slots, glazed slots and metal slot inserts
Authors: Jones Steven P. , Amoah K. Gyaami 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Aims
To compare the static frictional resistance of ceramic brackets with a conventional slot (Allure), a glazed slot (Mystique) and a metal slot insert (Clarity).

Method
Twenty five brackets of each type, with slot size 0.022 x 0.028 inch and Roth prescription were tested by sliding against straight lengths of 0.019 x 0.025 inch rectangular stainless steel wire. During the tests the brackets and wire were lubricated with artificial saliva. Static frictional forces at three different simulated binding angulations (0, 5 and 10 degrees) were measured for each type of bracket.

Results
At each of the angulations tested, the Clarity brackets produced the lowest static frictional resistance. At 0 degree angulation (below the critical angle for binding) the Allure brackets produced the greatest friction. The difference in friction between the Clarity and Mystique brackets was not statistically significant. As the angulations were increased to 5 degrees the Allure brackets again produced the greatest frictional resistance, although this was not significantly higher than the Mystique brackets. The Mystique brackets produced the greatest frictional resistance at 10 degrees, but again there was no statistical difference from the Allure brackets.

Conclusions
A glazed slot ceramic bracket demonstrates low frictional resistance at non-binding angulations and compares favourably with a metal slot ceramic bracket. Increasing angulations through 5 to 10 degrees of simulated binding results in high levels of static frictional resistance such that the bracket behaves more like a conventional polycrystalline ceramic bracket.
Use of the AHP Method for Preference Determination in Yacht Design
Authors: Sierzputowski Jan , Karczewski Artur , Krata Przemysław 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A sailing yacht is a human-centred product, the design of which revolves primarily around the wants and desires of the future owner. In most cases, these preferences are not measurable, such as a personal aesthetic feeling, or a need for comfort, speed, safety etc. The aims of this paper are to demonstrate that these preferences can be classified and represented numerically, and to show that they are correlated with the type of yacht owned. As a case study, the owner’s preferences for deck equipment are considered. These are determined by pairwise comparisons of the importance rankings for features previously defined by yacht owners, following the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. As a result, a quantitative representation of these preferences is established, and they are shown to be correlated with the type of yacht. The findings of the current study show that the yacht owners’ preferences can be represented numerically, leading to a utilitarian conclusion that concerns the support and even some degree of automation of the design process.
Analysis of the Environmental Impact of the Hull Construction of a Small Vessel Based on LCA
Authors: Nakielski Jacek 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In recent years, issues related to the impact of human activity on the natural environment have become pressing, and the challenge of global warming necessitates immediate action. To support environmental protection efforts, it has become imperative to adopt a broader perspective when evaluating various products and systems. A valuable tool for such assessments is a life cycle assessment (LCA), which enables a comprehensive analysis of the entire life cycle of a product.
This paper presents a comparative analysis of the hull of a fast patrol craft, fabricated using three different materials: steel, aluminium, and composite materials. The LCA covers every stage from material production, through the construction and use of the hull, to its eventual disposal. A specific criterion was established to evaluate the impact of the hull on the environment, with clearly defined system boundaries.
In the final section, we draw some conclusions that underscore the importance of reusing construction materials. By emphasising this approach, ecological footprints can be minimised and a sustainable future can be created.
Effects of Propeller Fouling on the Hydrodynamic Performance of a Marine Propeller
Authors: Zinati Ali , Ketabdari Mohammad Javad , Zeraatgar Hamid 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Propeller performance is typically considered under clean conditions, despite the fact that fouling is an inevitable phenomenon for propellers. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of roughness due to fouling on the performance of a propeller using a CFD simulation in conjunction with the roughness function model. A simulation of a clean propeller is verified for a five-blade propeller model using existing experimental results. A roughness function model is then suggested based on existing measured roughness data. The simulations are extended for the same propeller under varying severities of roughness. Initially, it is concluded that KT and ηo gradually decrease with increasing fouling roughness, while KQ increases, compared to smooth propeller. For instance, at J=1.2 for medium calcareous fouling, KT is reduced by about 26%, KQ increases by about 7.0%, and ηo decreases by 30.9%. In addition, for the rough propeller, the extra power required is defined as the specific sea margin (SSM) to compensate for the power loss. A slight roughness causes a large decrease in ηo. A propeller painted with foul-release paint and an unpainted propeller are found to require 2.7% SSM and 57.8% SSM over four years of service, respectively. Finally, the use of foul-release paints for propeller painting is strongly advised.
Quantumness in Diagnostics of Marine Internal Combustion Engines and Other Ship Power Plant Machines
Authors: Girtler Jerzy , Rudnicki Jacek 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The article provides proof that the diagnostics of marine internal combustion engines and other ship power plant machines should take into account the randomness and unpredictability of certain events, such as wear, damage, the variations of mechanical and thermal loads, etc., which take place during machine operation. In the article, the energy E, like the other forms (methods) that it can be converted into (heat and work), is considered the random variable Et; at time t, this variable has the mean value

E
¯

t

{\bar E_t}

, which is the observed value of the statistic

E
¯

s
t

{\bar E_{st}}

with an asymptotically normal distribution

N

(

E

(

E

t

)

,

σ

t

n

)

N\left( {E\left( {{E_t}} \right),{{{\sigma _t}} \over {\sqrt n }}} \right)

, irrespective of the functional form of the random variable Et. A proof is given that shows that the expected value estimated in the above way, considering the time t of the performance of task Z by a marine internal combustion engine or other ship power plant machine, can be used to determine the machine’s possible action (DM). When compared to the required action (DW) needed for task Z to be performed, this possible action makes it possible to formulate an operating diagnosis concerning whether the engine or machine of concern is able to perform task Z. It is assumed that an energy device of this type is able to perform a given task when the inequality DM≥DW holds. Otherwise, when DM < DW, the device cannot perform the task for which it was adopted in the design and manufacturing phase, which means that it is in the incapability state, although it still can be started and convert energy into the form of heat or work..
Cost Behavior At The RBS Hotel During The COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Krisnadewi Komang Ayu , Ardiana Putu Agus , Yuristianti Ni Putu Sri , Pratiwi Ni Putu Adelia Maya 
Published: December 2023

This research explores into the comprehensive examination of resource management strategies employed by hotel managers, with a specific focus on committed resources and their impact on cost behavior. This study aims to determine the cost behavior of The RBS Hotel during the the COVID-19 pandemic. This study employs a qualitative descriptive research design, and utilizing interview and observation methodologies. The findings of the study indicate that managers implemented diverse tactics to facilitate cost changes, which subsequently influenced the cost behavior of hotels. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a shift in the behavior of hotel costs during its initial year. There has been a decrease in both employee salaries and routine maintenance costs. The non-routine maintenance tasks experienced an upward trend during the pandemic. All three exhibit characteristics of semi-fixed cost behavior. The costs associated with room facilities are subject to variation, but with a downward trend. This study makes theoretical contributions to the fields of cost behavior theory and upper echelon theory.
Keywords: Cost; Cost behaviour; Covid-19; Hotel
Reaksi Pasar Modal Akibat Pengumuman Kasus Positif Pertama Virus Covid-19 Varian Omicron Di Indonesia
Authors: Dewi Ni Kadek Sintya , Darmayanti Ni Putu Ayu , Suarjaya Anak Agung Gede 
Published: December 2023

The capital market reaction to an announcement or event containing information is an important thing for investors to pay attention to. Important information for investors to know for future decision making. This research aims to determine the capital market reaction caused by the announcement of the first positive case of the Omicron variant of the Covid-19 virus in Indonesia on December 16 2021. This research uses the event study method with a 7 day research period. The research sample was taken using the Slovin technique from 80 companies that are members of the Kompas100 Index. The hypothesis test used in this research is the One Sample T-test. The results of this research show that there is no market reaction as indicated by the insignificant abnormal returns obtained around the announcement event. The results of this research indicate that the capital market in Indonesia can take the form of an informationally efficient, semi-strong market.
Keywords: Market Capital Reaction; Abnormal Return; Omicron Virus; Efficient Market Hypothesis; Signaling Theory
Analisis Profitabilitas Melalui Likuiditas, Kualitas Aset, Solvabilitas
Authors: Cahyanti Ni Komang Yunita , Putra I Nyoman Wijana Asmara 
Published: December 2023

Bank is defined as an institution with the function of collecting public funds in the form of savings and then channeling them to the public in the form of credit or other forms with the hope of increasing living standards. This research focuses on analyzing the relationship between liquidity, asset quality, solvency and profitability through multiple linear regression. The research sample is 45 banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange using purposive sampling method. Unrelated Loan to Deposit Ratio and Debt to Asset Ratio were found with Return On Assets, while Non Performing Loans had a significant negative association with Return On Assets in the companies studied.
Keywords: Loan to Deposit Ratio; Non Performing Loan; Debt to Asset Ratio; Return On Asset
Technical Efficiency and Intellectual Capital Islamic Banks in Indonesia
Authors: Hidayati Irma , Nandiroh Umi 
Published: December 2023

This study explores the impact of intellectual capital on the technical efficiency of Islamic banks in Indonesia, emphasizing the shift from traditional physical assets to intellectual resources like digital systems, technologies, and brand value. It analyzes nine Islamic banks out of fourteen in Indonesia from 2013 to 2022 using a two-stage data analysis method. The first stage involves the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model to measure technical efficiency, while the second stage uses the fractional regression model (FRM) instead of the traditional Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. The research introduces the iB-VAIC coefficient as a new intellectual capital metric. DEA results show that the average efficiency score for Indonesian Islamic banks is 0.945, with only two banks achieving a perfect score. The FRM analysis indicates a significant link between intellectual capital (iB-VAIC) and technical efficiency, with different components of intellectual capital having varied impacts. The study finds a negative correlation between bank size and technical efficiency and provides insights for bank management and policy development in Islamic banking.
Keywords: data envelopment analysis, intellectual capital, technical efficiency
Le personnage du Méchant dans Le Neveu de Rameau et dans le Dictionnaire philosophique : étude d’une ambivalence lexicographique au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: FROUREJ Abderrahmene 
Published: December 2023

À partir de quel moment pouvons-nous dire qu’un personnage est méchant ? À la différence de certaines figures stéréotypées, certaines formes de malfaisance témoignent d’une plasticité étonnante. En mobilisant plusieurs définitions du XVIIe et du XVIIIe siècles, nous les confrontons à certaines manifestations de cette méchanceté au sein de la littérature, notamment dans Le Neveu de Rameau de Diderot et dans le Dictionnaire philosophique de Voltaire. Les personnages, étant des constructions d’idées, s’incarnent dans des dialogues ou à travers des anecdotes. Les idées qui en découlent visent à s’éloigner de l’image du bourreau machiavélique jusqu’à le voir apparaître comme une victime, invisible et médiocre.
Les voies vers l’Eldorado : une géocritique des migrations dans la littérature gambienne
Authors: COLY Sylvie 
Published: December 2023

La migration revêt de nos jours un visage singulier qui porte généralement le nom d’immigration ou de migration clandestine et le continent européen en est très affecté. Cette ruée vers l’Europe connaît une envergure dramatique et l’art n’a pas manqué de s’emparer de la donne. En Gambie, le thème de ce voyage illégal connu sous le nom de ‘Back Way’ s’est frayé un chemin dans la littérature. Pour analyser ce thème d’actualité, nous avons choisi de traiter de la migration masculine en nous basant sur les romans de deux auteurs gambiens Kalilu Jammeh et Papa Jeng qui ont écrit respectivement Journey of Misery : From The Gambia to Spain et The Boat Boys : Barcelona or Barrsaxa. Les auteurs décrivent le même thème par le biais d’itinéraires ou de parcours qui posent la question de la représentation de l’ailleurs par rapport à l’espace d’origine, de l’altérité et de la survie entre rêves, illusions et réalités.