bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethical Issues in the Care of Children with Craniofacial Conditions
Authors: Strauss Ronald P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ethical issues that arise in the treatment of children with craniofacial anomalies often require health professionals, patients, and families to make difficult decisions. In this chapter, we examine the nature of ethical dilemmas and the principles that may guide ethical decision-making. A number of selected issues that affect craniofacial care are presented, but rather than providing answers to ethical dilemmas, we pose questions that readers can use to examine their own values and principles. Ethical decisions involve questions of meaning and call for a distinction between what is “right” and what is “wrong.” In the conduct of clinical care, judgments about fairness, human duty, and personal morals are ethical decisions. These are not technical questions that are meant for experts in ethics; rather, health professionals regularly make ethical decisions in clinical practice (Beauchamp and Childress, 1994; Jonsen et al., 1992). Biomedical ethics has received considerable attention because clinical practice involves a professional who is called upon to decide or recommend “what is right” for a patient. Decisions that impact the lives of others, particularly in the context of healthcare, have stimulated substantial public and professional controversy. Biomedical ethical issues that generate public and media attention highlight general social and moral issues. In some regards, ethical issues in craniofacial care are particular cases of social and moral decisions that occur in the conduct of other human matters. For example, issues that relate to the access to costly dental services are merely a subset of the issues that relate to how a society manages access to scarce resources.
The Politics of Tobacco Regulation in the United States
Authors: Kagan Robert A , Nelson William P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1940s and 1950s, cigarette smoking rivaled baseball as America’s national pastime. On motion picture screens, cigarettes were depicted as wholly desirable, smoked by the glamorous and sophisticated, by gritty Gis winning World War II, and tilting up at a jaunty angle from President Franklin Roosevelt’s profile. In 1965, 52% of American adult men were cigarette smokers. Now, however, cigarettes are widely castigated as the nation’s number one public health problem. Cigarette manufacturers have been besieged by multimillion and even multibillion dollar lawsuits; their shares trade at a record low price-earnings ratio (Norris 2000). In many cities, office workers who want a cigarette break are forced to huddle outside the building’s doorway. In 1995, only 25% of American adults were smokers, and in many social circles, smoking is regarded as pathological.
This remarkable transformation is far from complete. Millions of Americans have not quit smoking, hundreds of thousands continue to die from lung cancer and other diseases each year, and teenagers still join the army of the addicted in disturbingly large numbers. Nevertheless, it seems clear that tobacco, once unchallenged, is now on the defensive, and few would bet that in 25 years the proportion of Americans who smoke cigarettes as we know them will be as high as it is today.
Medical Representations of Sexual Madness Nymphomania and Masturbatory Insanity
Authors: Goldberg Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nineteenth-century science played a critical role in the formulation and legitimation of modern gender norms and the subordination of women through naturalizing gender difference-representing as “scientific” and universal in the supposedly biological makeup of the sexes what were in fact social and prescriptive beliefs.1 Feminist studies in the history of psychiatry and on the hysteria diagnosis in particular have been groundbreaking in opening up this line of analysis.2 In stark contrast to the topic of hysteria, nymphomania has received almost no attention in the historiography.3 It played no role in the creation of famous psychiatric careers, as did hysteria in the work of Jean-Martin Charcot and Sigmund Freud.4 Rather, nymphomania was one of those vague, all encompassing, but all the more ubiquitous, terms for female sexual deviancy that floated in both medical and popular culture.5
Jews and the Criminalization of Madness
Authors: Goldberg Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Baron: And is it not true, their countenance has something that prejudices one against them? It seems to me as if one could read in their eyes their maliciousness, unscrupulousness, selfishness of character, their deceit and perjury. (G.E. Lessing, 1749)1 He has not yet shown his true character . . . through [his] mask of dissimulation he wants to escape punishment of his crime. The roguish Jew-face, the groveling flattery, the purposeful silence and withdrawal are not suited for weakening this suspicion. (Eberbach medical register, 1829-1830)2 Distinctions between delinquency and illness were ill-defined and problematic, as we have seen in the case of the masturbator Johann A. And it was precisely in this vague grey zone between the two that psychiatry was able to insert itself in defining a new mental pathology. The problem of de ciphering the difference between delinquency/ criminality and madness was further complicated and given a unique twist in the cases of Jewish patients, whose Jewishness (in the eyes of the asylum) was by definition a kind of criminality and immorality. Jewishness, in other words, represented a category of interpretation distinct from illness, one which, in turn, had become highly politicized in the debates about Jewish emancipation since the eighteenth century. Therefore, when race was used to interpret patient behavior, it constituted a form of thinking outside of the medical domain in the strictest sense. In this way, it was potentially at odds with the medical process, and could, as I will show in two case studies, function to prevent the asylum staff from seeing and treating patients as ill.
Corning and Glass
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book explores the relationship between Corning and glass, the material from which it (as well as its forebears) has wrought its livelihood since 1851. One hundred and fifty years is a long time. It is twice the span of the average American’s life, and many times that of the average company’s. The most august and well-known names in American commercial history Ford, IBM, Motorola, to name a few-are less than one hundred years old. A very few, like Du Pont and Procter & Gamble, can trace their origins farther back. But longevity without purpose or significant accomplishment is not particularly meaningful. To be sure, Corning’s long history has been filled with significance-for the small city that it has called home since 1868, for the generations of its employees, and for the family that founded, owned, and managed the company for virtually its entire history. But Corning’s significance has been almost as great to people and companies whose connection to the company is less direct. Very few companies have made inventions that have affected humankind profoundly.
Cutting Costs and Changing Direction, 1975-1983
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The difficult times of the first half of the 1970s cast a pall over the entire decade for many Corning employees. Looking at the world around them, they saw continuing cause for concern in the aftermath of the Guns of August. The effects of the energy crisis lingered on during a period of low growth in the United States (less than 2 percent per year) and high inflation (well above 10 percent per year), and these conditions proved more or less characteristic of other developed countries in which Corning earned most of its revenues. The combination of low growth and high inflation culminated in a new economic condition-stagflation-and draconian monetary policies to combat it. The result was high costs, price sensitive customers, low margins, and disincentives to invest. And just when the economy finally showed signs of healing, a revolution in Iran in 1979 triggered another energy crisis and brought on the worst economic times for the industrial economy since the Great Depression.
Emphasizing Performance, Quality, and Diversity, 1983-1989
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the turbulent 1970s, Amo Houghton began thinking long and hard about the problem of succession. Although he was then in his early fifties, he had been a senior officer of the company for a quarter century and had served as chairman and CEO since 1964. The problem now was not that he lacked energy or enthusiasm. Rather, he recognized the need to create opportunities in the company for younger executives. In a series of conversations that Tom MacAvoy initiated, the two men reflected on how they had risen to the top at relatively young ages and remarked on the need to provide their successors with time to make an impact. Amo was also intrigued by possibilities of finding new contexts in which to apply his talents. Of course, there was a family tradition of leaving early. His grandfather, Alanson B. Houghton, had embarked on his political and diplomatic career while in his mid-fifties. Arno’s father, the ambassador, had begun his second career in public service at an even earlier age during World War II, then returned to the company, and left management for good at age 58.
Growing in the New Economy, 1996-
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In april 1996, fifty-seven-year-old Roger Ackerman succeeded Jamie Houghton as chairman and chief executive of Corning Incorporated. For the first time in the company’s history no member of the Houghton family served as chairman or president, or seemed likely to in the foreseeable future. Ackerman was just three years younger than his predecessor and had spent his entire career with the company, starting in research and development. Yet his ascendancy foreshadowed changes as profound as any produced by earlier generational shifts of leadership. During his first four years, Ackerman presided over the spinoff of Corning’s lab testing businesses, the sale of the consumer housewares business, the doubling of investment in the company’s science and technology (R&D) organization, and two blockbuster acquisitions that catapulted Corning to global leadership in optical fiber, cable, and related components and systems. The change atop the company in 1996, then, marked both the end of one era:--of nearly 150 years of Houghton family leadership; of Corning as a diversified company after nearly twenty years; of Corning as a familiar name to consumers after nearly forty years-and the beginning of another.
Survive the Regulatory Process
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ask anyone who has been through a merger—the CEOs at the top or employees at all levels who are expected to carry on with their duties—and you will learn that the most trying period is the limbo period after the merger is announced but before the two companies officially operate under one banner. So much to do but such an insecure time.
Sense and Sensibility in American Penal Culture
Authors: Tonry Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In searching for ways to address rising crime rates in the final third of the twentieth century, American policy makers got lost in a forest of good intentions, public anxieties, and political cynicism. They created a punishment system that no one would knowingly have chosen, but that we do not know how to change. Current policies are too severe, waste lives and money, and often produce unjust results. They have produced an imprisonment rate five times higher than that of any other Western country and seven to twelve times higher than most.
The Law of Sanctuary
Authors: Helmholz R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The medieval law of sanctuary permitted any person who had committed a serious crime to take refuge in a church, churchyard, or other designated place of asylum. It was a valuable privilege. In theory, and normally in practice as well, anyone who reached a place of asylum escaped vengeance at the hands of his enemies and punishment at the hands of his rulers. Sanctuary meant everything the term implied—a refuge where a person in real danger would be safe from harm.
This source of refuge was widely available in medieval Europe. Places where sanctuary might be sought could come into existence by the grants of emperors, popes, and kings and in most places by prescription as well. They could be located virtually anywhere, although churches were al­ ways regarded as the most natural sites for sanctuary, just as they have proved to be in attempts to bring the concept back to life in our own day. Churches were certainly the most numerous of the places available for asylum. Indeed, by both the canon and the Roman laws, all churches were automatically entitled to this privileged status. English lawyers commonly said that a criminal “fled to church” as a shorthand way of saying that he had taken sanctuary, and this expression was fully in line with what was done in life.
Mortuaries and The Law of Custom
Authors: Helmholz R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medieval churches and the men who ministered within them held rights in a great deal of property, real and personal, from which they received sizable returns. The canon law did not prohibit this. Nor had the Roman law. Biblical injunctions against the corrosive effects of aspiring to wealth were distinguished away, or at any rate allowed to percolate quietly at the edges of Christian theology, and in most circles it was recognized that the members of clergy had to be guaranteed a sufficient income if they were to survive. Indeed, they needed more than a claim to subsistence if they were to flourish. The hospitality they were expected to provide for their neighbors and the alms they were encouraged to bestow upon the poor required that they them­ selves possess an adequate income. Men in holy orders were forbidden to undertake secular occupations, and they could not altogether depend upon the fluctuating and uncertain alms of their parishioners if they were to meet their pastoral obligations. Few doubted this in principle, although there was some grousing about the material consequences of these conditions in fact. Recognition of the needs of the clergy, coupled with the piety that exerted a pull upon the generosity of clergy and laity alike, made many churches and monastic houses rich.
The Nationalization of Intimacy
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nationalization of authority over issues like abortion and homosexuality has much wider implications than my discussion so far has considered. After all, the right to privacy occupies a central place in modern American culture. This general commitment to privacy was what kept Robert Bork, despite his qualifications, off the Supreme Court, and more recently it was what kept William Clinton, despite his behavior, in the White House. Bork’s nomination was a threat to the constitutional right to use contraceptives and to choose abortion, while the impeachment charges against Clinton were a threat to the moral distinction between public political life and private sexual behavior. The power that the idea of privacy holds in contemporary society is, as everyone knows, evident in many other events and trends as well. It fuels dramatic changes in the rights of parents and the structure of family life. It underlies challenges to ingrained assumptions about appropriate conduct within the military. And, of course, it sustains the right-to-die movement.
Nationalized Political Discourse
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The somewhat misnamed constitutional right to privacy is, I have said, a part of a general pattern of nationalized discourse about intimacy. This broader phenomenon, like the analogous phenomenon of celebrity, results in cumulative cultural deterioration because policy centralization on privacy issues increases personal isolation and personal isolation, in turn, promotes policy centralization. Some degree of devolution of regulatory control over highly personal matters might, one would think, help slow this process. As healthy as such devolution might be, however, it is necessary to acknowledge that the nationalization of intimacy is itself a function of inescapable conditions of modern life. Not only on privacy issues but on issues across the board, those conditions have produced a level of political discourse that is frequently disappointing and demeaning.
It is not possible here to provide a full or systematic description of modern political discourse. I can, however, summarize an assortment of rather typical political communications, an assortment that at first appears odd and discordant but that, on reflection, forms a coherent and discouraging picture. Consider:
Lies and Nationhood
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theme of this book has been that maintaining limits on the power of the national government depends upon certain intellectual and psychological resources and that these resources are now so diminished that there is little energy left to resist the heavy pull of the center. Our mixed structure of competing sovereigns is a complex, contradictory, open-ended system that requires a capacity to tolerate incomplete resolution, imperfection, conflict, and continuing disagreement even about fundamentals. It requires that the locus of ultimate authority remain ambiguous and that progress remain debatable and uncertain. It requires that political challenges to legally prescribed meanings not be viewed as anarchy and that deep moral disputes not be confused with chaos or warfare. It requires that individuals retain the kind of maturity and realism about intimate matters that arises from intermediate social connections and, finally, that political discourse not be degraded by the frenetic competition generated by extreme centralization.
Treatment According to Need: Justice and the British National Health Service
Authors: Crisp Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The British National Health Service (NHS) was founded in July 1948 on the basis of three principles: universality, comprehensiveness, and free access (Webster, 1998, p. 22). That is, it was to provide health care to all, regardless of age, class, sex, religion, or geography; the care it provided was to be complete, rather than, for example, only a basic package of care; and there was to be no cost to the patient for the treatment provided. These three principals were seen as expressions of the more fundamental principle that treatment should be supplied according to need (and not, say, according to ability to pay). At first, it was thought that the NHS might be so beneficial to the country’s economy that it would constitute an overall saving, and that it would be little used once the population had been raised to a certain level of health. Almost immediately these hopes proved ill founded. In the first nine months of the NHS’s existence, real cost outran the estimated amount of just under £200 million by over £75 million (Ross, 1952, p. 15). Not only had demand been underestimated, but also the potential for development in medical science. Over the next few decades, scientists made huge advances, offering treatments hitherto unavailable, which were often of great benefit to the patient while of great cost to the NHS budget. It soon became clear that, though formally each individual might be entitled to make a demand on the NHS, the principle of free access had to be limited. To restrict usage, prescription costs and other charges were introduced. And in more recent times, the principle of comprehensiveness also has been explicitly constrained. In 1991, for example, the North East Thames health region stated that patients would not be treated for certain conditions, including the removal of nonmalignant lumps (Ham, 1992, pp. 244-5).
Children’s Right to Health Care: A Modest Proposal
Authors: Kopelman Loretta M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There seems to be a consensus that our children deserve the best we have to offer, but what do our deeds show? A test of our commitment to this lofty ideal might be to see whether state-funded health-care programs exclude children based solely on their age. I will argue that unless a special case can be made, whatever state-funded health-care treatments, specialists, diagnostic strategies, special-duty nurses, innovative care, painkillers, dental care, experimental treatments or other health care available for adults should also be available to children on the same basis. Because different programs benefit adults and children differently, however, subtle but important age biases may exist even in programs where the same benefits are provided to them. Children, for example, rarely need treatment for dementia or prostate cancer, or require long-term nursing care. In addition, systems have age biases against children when they discount long-term future benefits (Brock, 2001; 1995). Bias can also exist in the relative ease of access to gain benefits for adults and children. For example, programs for poor and near-poor children in the United States are confusing even to professionals as they try to understand the different criteria in different locations; bewildered parents can face a frustrating series of barriers when trying to use these programs for their youngsters (Pear, 2000; Schroeder, 2001). In contrast, access to Medicare, a program for older adults, is simple and effective. Upon reaching their 65th birthday, those eligible for Medicare receive a card in the mail easily used for that purpose. They can then obtain an array of federal- or state-supported programs and purchase heavily subsidized additional insurance as well. Rather than take benefits from older persons, we should at least extend them to children and test out systems for biases against children.
Justice in Transplant Organ Allocation
Authors: Rhodes Rosamond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Steadily improving transplantation survival rates and transplantation becoming an accepted treatment for more lethal medical conditions mean that the demand for transplant organs is increasing. While the number of organs donated for transplantation has increased slightly year by year, the per­centage of cadaveric organs that are donated for transplantation has remained about the same, and the numerical increase is not large enough to meet the growing demand despite national and local efforts to boost organ donation. About 4,000 Americans die each year for lack of a transplant organ (UNOS, 1999). This severe shortage of human organs for transplantation has created competition for the cadaveric organs that are donated, it and has made allocation policies highly controversial. Currently, organ allocation in the United States is administered by the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN) in accordance with the 1984 National Organ Transplant Act and with oversight for equitable allocation by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). The mechanisms for organ procurement and distribution have gradually evolved and now include 11 United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) regions that encompass 51 Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs) for organ retrieval and distribution. Together they serve 868 organ-specific transplant programs at 261 transplant centers and performed 22,854 organ transplants in 2000 (UNOS, 2001a). Presently, local patients are given priority for organs procured within the local OPO.