bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Groupe Union Defense, A Community Of Destiny
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A less metaphysical, more ‘nominalist’ version of Third Positionism is exemplified in Groupe Union Defense (GUD), a university-based fascist movement which invokes the names of Sorel, Nietzsche, and Alain de Benoist as some of its mentors. It was founded against the background of the abortive left-wing revolution of May 1968, and in the 198os was still striving to persuade students to become part of a ‘third force’ to create a nationalist ‘new order’ purged of American capitalism and Russian communism. When this pamphlet was written it had links with another ultra-right group, Troisieme Voie (Third Way), an inter-university nationalist movement, as well as with skinhead fascists. Antifascists claimed that GUD militants did not shrink from violence themselves. Typical of the ‘modernization’ of fascism is GUD’s stress on the unity of Europe, the emphasis on identity, the corresponding rejection of the multi-racial society, and the importance given to ecology.
Noua Dreapta, The Romanian Ethnocratic State
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
everything. Before there can be rights there must be duties. When man is born he has no rights.[... ] The rights of man, invented by some utopian thinkers such as Jeanjacques Rousseau, is no more than a slogan designed for the idle and the poor. Because people of this sort cannot aspire to the dignity of the hero, because people of this sort run away from sacrifice and are frightened of inequality and natural law, because people of this sort do not accept law and order, they are always demanding rights which they have not earned. People can only have rights when they face up to their duties to the nation.
Me and My Shadow
Authors: Tompkins Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two voices inside me answering, answering to, Ellen’s essay. One is the voice of a critic who wants to correct a mistake in the essay’s view of epistemology. The other is the voice of a person who wants to write about her feelings (I have wanted to do this for a long time but have felt too embarrassed). This person feels it is wrong to criticize the essay philosophically, and even beside the point: because a critique of the kind the critic has in mind only insulates academic discourse furcher from the issues that make feminism matter. That make lier matter. The critic, meanwhile, believes such feelings, and the attitudes that inform them, are soft-minded, self-indulgent, and unprofessional.
The Truth that Never Hurts, Black Lesbians in Fiction in the 1980s
Authors: Smith Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as surely as a Black woman writer’s relationship to feminism affects the themes she might choose to write about. a Black woman critic’s relationship to feminism determines the kind of criticism she is willing and able to do. The fact that critics are usually also academics, however, has often affected Black women critics’ approach to feminist issues. If a Black woman sd10lar’s only connection to women’s issues is via women’s studies, as presented by white women academics. most of whom are not activists, her access to movement analyses and practice will be limited or nonexistent. I believe that the most accurate and developed theory, including literary theory, comes from practice. from the experience of activism.
Postcard from the Edge: Thoughts on the ‘Feminist Theory: An International Debate’ Conference held at Glasgow University, Scotland, 12-15 July 1991
Authors: Radstone Susannah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the ‘Feminist Theory’ conference I met a woman who had arrived in Britain wich an Australian touring circus. and she told me a little of her story. She said that she’d abandoned che world of the academy some years ago for a life of physical adventure, but now, considering a return to more intellectual pursuits, here she was at Glasgow, taking a look around. Locked into conference mode. I faltered-what to talk about, if not our institutions and the ups and downs of academic life? ‘So, do you walk the tightrope. or ride the trapeze)’ I hazarded, eventually. ‘No, never, because it hurts!’, was her emphatic and down-to-earth response. :\1emories are notoriously slippery: partial, fractured, idiosyncratic and screening, perhaps, as much as they reveal, but as I think back over Glasgow. it’s th.is fragment of a conversation-this glimpse of the circus with its pains and its pleasures, that I recall.
Words and Things: Materialism and Method in Contemporary Feminist Analysis
Authors: Barrett Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ambition to dispense with ‘things’-and to value ‘words’ more-has caused some general perplexity and irritation. many feminists, in particular, have traditionally tended to see ‘things’-be they low pay, rape, or female foeticide-as more significant than, for example, the discursive construction of marginality in a text or document. In this essay I want w explore how the issue of the relative status of things and words has become a central one in contemporary social theory and philosophy, and why feminists have a particularly strong investment in this question.
Changing the Subject
Authors: Scheman Naomi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
my colleagues. especially those who teach the introductory course, frequently lament their students’ inability to write. The fault is variously placed-on the public schools, on television, on our own composition program-and various solutions are suggested, ranging from trying w have smaller recitation sections so TAs can spend more time working which strudels on their writing, to doing away with paper writing altogether in favor of examinations.
Materializing: Locations images and Selves
Authors: Probyn Elspeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A few days ago I had the experience of lecturing about experience. To be more precise about it. I gave a talk about the category of experience within feminist cultural studies to a multidisciplinary seminar which carries the rather intriguing title of’ Les femmes devant les systems normatifs’. It was a puzzling experience: speaking of how my experience had informed the way in which I interpreted the theories of others made me feel like I was out on a limb with nothing beneath me.
The Place of Women’s Studies in the Contemporary University
Authors: Yeatman Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
women’s Studies came into being with the development of the second wave of the feminist movement toward the end of the 1960s, at a time in which a higher education system. a university system, was well established in advanced capitalist countries. [ ... ] The social movements of the sixties drew much of their base from university students and it was inevitable that the kinds of claims they were making, both in terms of values and in terms of claims about the nature of reality, would find reflection in academic curriculum. So the second wave of the feminist movement was taken up within the university and expressed as women’s Studies.
Still Crazy After All These Years
Authors: Bowlby Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To begin at the end. then, an excessively clear and schematic summary of the current state of play (or me permanent state of play) for the two protagonists. Psychoanalysis and feminism, it seems, have been together for a long time now, fixed into what seems to have become a virtually interminable relationship, marked repeatedly by expressions of violent feeling on both sides. Passionate declarations are followed by calm periods and men by the breaking out or resurgence of desperate denunciations and pleas once again. Past periods or episodes-Freud and the hysterics, the ‘great debate’ of the 1920s and 193os-are dimly glimpsed or resuscitated, long-forgotten dates, taking on renewed if not new meanings from the perspective of contemporary interests.
Introduction
Authors: Kemp Sandra , Squires Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pieces in this section reflect upon sexuality as a domain of exploration, pleasure. and agency as well as a domain of restriction, repression, and danger. Opposing attitudes to sexuality-hetero, homo, bi, and queerwithin feminist discourses have proved so intense and enduring that it is perhaps this issue above all else that, as Lynne Segal argues, ‘produced the final and fundamental rift between feminists at The end of The 1970s and which shattered any potential unity about the nature, direction and goal of feminism’.
Pornography
Authors: Dworkin Andrea 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word pornography, derived from the ancient Greek pon1e and graphos, means writing about whores’. Pome means ‘whore’, specifically and exclusively the lowest class of whore, which in ancient Greece was the brothel slut available to all male citizens. The porne was the cheapest (in the literal sense), least regarded. least protected of all women. including slaves. She was, simply and clearly and absolutely, a sexual slave. Graphos means ‘writing, etching, or drawing’.
Pleasure and Danger: Toward a Politics’ of Sexuality
Authors: Vance Carole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tension between se1,.-ual danger and sexual pleasure is a powerful one in women’s lives. Sexuality is simultaneously a domain of restriction, repression, and danger as well as a domain of e1,.-ploration, pleasure, and agency. To focus only on pleasure and gratification ignores the patriarchal structure in which women act, yet to speak only of sexual violence and oppression ignores womens experience with se1,.ual agency and choice and unwittingly increases the se1,.ual terror and despair in which women live.
A Central Issue: Sexual Violence and Feminist Theory
Authors: Kelly Liz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are novo interlinked aspects of feminist theory which connect analysis of senility with male violence: first, the proposition that male control of women’s seA7.lality is a key factor in women’s oppression; and second, that sexuality as it is currently constructed is based on men’s experiences and definitions, which legitimate the use of force or coercion within heterosexual encounters.
The Body and Cinema: Some Problems for Feminism
Authors: Kuhn Annette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It must be clear by now that representation-and visual representations in particular-poses certain problems for both feminist dunking and feminist politics. I want to take a look at one or nvo of these problems as they presented themselves to me in the context of a recent cinema-going experience. Early in 1986. I amended a commercial screening in London of a film called Pumping Iron II-Tiu Women. The screening was organized for an allwomen audience and was followed by a discussion between the audience and a panel, consisting of two film critics and a bodybuilder.
Broken Symmetries: Memory, Sight, Love
Authors: Phelan Peggy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of belief always enters critical writing and perhaps never more urgently than when one’s subject resists vision and may not be ‘really there’ at all. Like the fantasy of erotic desire which frames love. the distortions of forgetting which infect memories, and the blind spots laced through the visual field, a believable image is the product of a negotiation with an unverifiable real. As a representation of the real the image is always, partially, phantasm tic. In doubting the authenticity of the image, one questions as well the veracity of she who makes and describes it. To doubt the subject seized by the eye is to doubt the subjectivity of the seeing T. These words work both to overcome and to deepen the provocation of that doubt.
Introduction
Authors: Kemp Sandra , Squires Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is technology encoded in masculine terms’ Signaling a dear break from ‘technophobic’ forms of ecofeminism, current feminist theory and practice reveals a keen determination to explore the productive possibilities for technological development. From explorations of emerge technologies concerned with promoting conception and with eliminating ‘defects’ in the unborn, to playful engagements with video technology and virtual reality, feminists are increasingly involved in moral and political struggles to negotiate the context and meaning of technological development.
The Impossibility of Constructive Achievement
Authors: Gerlich Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fritz Gerlich, editor of the Munchner Neueste Nachrichten in the 1920s, was one of the most prominent of Catholic activists against Nazism. He continually warned against the notion that Hitler could be tamed by being brought into a coalition. The following extract, published in February 1932 in a Catholic journal, is representative of his argument. Gerlich was murdered during the ‘Night of the Long Knives’ of 30 June 1934.
The NSDAP: A ‘People’s Protest Party’
Authors: Falter Jürgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most sophisticated of recent analyses of electoral behaviour in the 1920s and 1930s has been provided by Jurgen Falter. His conclusions, in line with the tenor of much recent research, suggest that the NSDAP was much more than just a middle-class party; nonetheless, attention must also be drawn to his assertion that voters tended to move politically within broad milieux rather than across or between them, the implication being that the core of the industrial working class remained faithful to the SPD and the KPD. His characterization of the NSDAP as a ‘People’s Party with a Middle-Class Belly’ strikes a balance between recognizing that some workers were not immune from the attractions of National Socialism and resisting the attempt to engage in revisionism for revisionism’s sake, as some recent writing has tended to do.
30January 1933
Authors: Kershaw Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kershaw argues, pessimistically but persuasively, that Weimar was unsaveable from an early point in the crisis of 1930—3, and that, even had it had any realistic alternatives to its strategy of toleration, the SPD was not in a position to restore the fortunes of the Republic. Rejecting the notion that the Republic ‘capitulated’ of its own accord, he also stresses the limits of the extent to which Hitler’s appointment as chancellor was the product of consensus—still less conspiracy—amongst the elites, who were operating from a position of weakness, having exhausted all other possibilities of finding an authoritarian solution to the crisis.
The Nazi Seizure of Power
Authors: Allen William Sheridan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the first major studies of the seizure of power on the local level was William Sheridan Allen’s study of Northeim (fictionalized in his book as Thalburg). Allen stresses the importance of local initiatives and party dynamism; prefiguring more recent research, he also stresses how local peculiarities and traditions influenced the manner in which the seizure of power took place locally, and suggests that the ways in which the movement fitted into the town from 1933 onwards were conditioned by similar factors.
The Beginning of a New Stage of State Monopoly Development
Authors: Paterna E , Fischer W , Gossweiler K , Markus G , Patzold K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These passages are typical of the orthodox Marxist-Leninist scholarship produced in the former German Democratic Republic, above all in their insistence that the National Socialist regime represented the interests of’monopoly capitalism’.With the incipient consolidation of the dictatorship and the transition to the fascist one-party state, German finance capital acquired new conditions for the control and exploitation of the state apparatus which favoured them to a hitherto unknown extent. Following the elimination of parliament, the democratic and bourgeois parties and organizations, together with their press, the objectives and interests of the exploiter class, which were hostile to the masses, could be implemented far more effectively than had ever been possible under the bourgeois Republic —even in its final phase. The deep satisfaction at the elimination of democracy and the establishment of tyranny was shown by the declarations of greetings and allegiance which local and central organizations of capital addressed to the Hitler government.
The Nazi Empire 1938-1944
Authors: Hayes Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The giant chemicals combine IG Farben has often been cited both as evidence of the extent to which Nazi expansionism was strongly influenced by the interests of big business, and as an example of the complicity of industry in some of the Nazi regime’s most appalling crimes—IG Farben not only exploited slave labour in the war, as did all other German companies, it even established production at Auschwitz-Monowitz, exploiting the labour of Jews under the most inhumane conditions imaginable. Here, Peter Hayes takes issue with the idea that IG Farben’s business interests were served by an aggressive war of expansion eastwards, but suggests that pragmatic defence of business positions led the company to adapt to the evolving conditions of the &lt;New Order’ as they emerged. The same pragmatism, combined with blinkered professional—rather than moral—concerns, led managers to collude unquestioningly in the deployment of slave labour.
Feudal Aspects of National Socialism
Authors: Koehl Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Koehl’s essay represents an early post-war attempt to analyse the irrational aspects of the National Socialist political system. Taking the two key aspects of feudalism ‘vassalship’ and ‘fiefdom’ he argues that the National Socialist system of government can be seen in these terms. In picking up on the similarities between the charismatic elements of medieval monarchy and Hitler’s style of rule, Koehl was preempting later discussions which sought to apply Weberian theories of charismatic domination to the Third Reich, although most recent scholarship would be disinclined to accept Koehl’s suggestion that the adoption of feudal power relationships was a product of National Socialism’s allegedly atavistic ideology.
National Socialist Polycracy
Authors: Hüttenberger Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hiittenberger’s analysis takes Franz Neumann’s central assumptions regarding the National Socialist ‘cartel’ as his broad starting point,* but places greater emphasis on the dynamics of the changing relationship between each power bloc over time, developing a picture of a system of rule in which each institution existed in a state of interdependency and of a system which was held together only by the authority of Hitler.
Working towards the Führer
Authors: Kershaw Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kershaw uses Max Weber’s theory of charismatic domination to analyse a regime which he, rather like Franz Neumann, sees as characterized by an essential ‘systemlessness’.[Where] Soviet communism in the Stalin era, despite the dictator’s brutal destabilisation, remained recognisable as a system of rule, the Hitler regime was inimical to a rational order of government and administration. Its hallmark was systemlessness, administrative and governmental disorder, the erosion of clear patterns of government, however despotic.
The ‘Seductive Surface’ of the Third Reich
Authors: Reichel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In common with other scholars who seek to place National Socialist mass culture within a broader chronological continuum, Peter Reichel characterizes the cultural policies and practices of the Third Reich as ‘Reactionary Modernism’, in the sense that they sought to harmonize pre-modern national traditions with an industrial economy, modern technology, and uniform mass culture.
The Crisis of the Monarchy
Authors: Briggs Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most Frenchmen must have experienced the last four decades of the sixteenth century as a period of difficulties and dangers. The political and religious conflicts we know as the Wars of Religion may have been the work of relatively small minorities, but the destruction and disorder they brought proved both widespread and lasting. The effects of civil war combined with social and economic change to create golden opportunities for a lucky few, but deteriorating conditions and hardship for the many. The sharpest decline of all was that in the power and prestige of the monarchy. At the death of Henri II in 1559 the French king’s authority in his own dominions still seemed as absolute as that of any of his rivals in Europe. In 1589 his last surviving son, Henri III, was murdered while laying siege to his own capital, with much of the kingdom in open revolt, and the line of the Valois kings came to an end. At this moment there was a real danger that the country would split up into a number of smaller units; it took all the abilities of Henri IV to re-establish the powers of the crown and the central government.
Survey of the Liturgical History of Saint-Denis
Authors: Robertson Anne Walters 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A band of seven missionaries from Rome arrived in Gaul around 250. They could not have known that Christianity would prevail in these western reaches of the empire only a few decades later.1 As it happened, the new religious tolerance came too late for one of the evangelists in the party, a bishop named Dionysius. Assigned to convert the heathen in the region of Paris, Dionysius laboured to carry out his holy charge, only to be executed for his trouble.
Opera as an Immoral Institution
Authors: Borchmeyer Dieter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No art-form comes in for such violent criticism in Wagner’s post-1848 reform essays as that of ‘opera’. He appears to share all the feelings of resentment that have ever been harboured against this ‘impossible’ genre, particularly by the rationalist poets of the eighteenth century, describing it in Opera and Drama as ‘a madhouse for all the follies of the world’ (iii. 226). His account of its reprehensible form, the conditions which gave rise to it, and its subsequent reception forms a sombre background against which he elaborates his concept of what is intended to be a radically different kind of theatre, namely, musical drama. The latter, he insists, shall owe its structure neither to opera nor to modern ‘literary drama’, but to the living dramatic art of the Greeks and of Shakespeare on the one hand, and, on the other, to modern instrumental music, by which he means, first and foremost, symphonic form. When Wagner speaks of opera, he is generally thinking of the Italian and French music theatre and its specific audience; when he mentions spoken drama, it is, as a rule, the German post-classical literary drama that he has in mind, a genre which, by Wagner’s day, had grown remote from theatrical reality.
Winchester Polyphony
Authors: Rankin Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the author of the Musica Enchiriadis refers to ‘two or more singing together’, his words could be interpreted as indicating extempore performance of a second melodic line (to accompany one already known) by more than one singer — with the corollary that any two trained singers could be expected to formulate a second voice in the same way. Described by Fritz Reckow as ‘characterised by the search for a thoroughly “automatic” process in polyphonic performance’,the Musica Enchiriadis teaching presumes an unusually close relationship between the theory and practice of organum singing: the practice based on theoretical rules, the theory—in providing a thorough basic network of rules—sufficient to establish the realizations. This restrictive attitude finds an explanation in the nature of the whole Musica Enchiriadis treatise, and in the place accorded to parallel organum technique within a grander conception.