bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strain Gage Rosettes And Data Analysis
Authors: Murray William M , Miller William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For isotropic elastic materials these values can be calculated from strains measured on the surface at the point in question, and since three independent quantities are to be determined, in general, it will be necessary to make three independent measurements of strain. There are, however, some special situations in which one or two observations of strain will suffice to provide the information necessary for completely establishing the state of stress.
Stress Gages
Authors: Murray William M , Miller William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a number of situations in which one wishes to determine either the normal or shearing stress in some particular direction without being required to establish the complete state of stress at any particular point. For example, if it is desired to evaluate the radial force at a given cross section of an aircraft propeller blade, this can be accomplished by multiplying the average radial stress by the area of cross section of the blade. This sounds simple, but it may involve the use of a great deal of equipment, especially under dynamic conditions when all strain observations, at all gage locations, may have to be made simultaneously.
Temperature Effects On Strain Gages
Authors: Murray William M , Miller William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When using strain gages, the engineer wants to measure strains produced only by the loading on the structure and to eliminate strains produced by other variables, particularly temperature. Since metals change their resistance with temperature as well as with strain, the purpose of the electrical resistance strain gage is to measure the strain-induced resistance change independently of the temperature-induced resistance change. Therefore, we want to account, or to compensate automatically, for the effects of temperature on the strain observations.
Bombs and Rubble: The Air War and Its Consequences
Authors: Diefendorf Jeffry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fascination of a city in ruins is undeniable. Newsreels from war zones reveal buildings in flames, roofs caving in, and walls collapsing, while civilians—the terrified inhabitants of those buildings?—flee. Sometimes they run for their lives; sometimes they try to salvage a few possessions. After the fighting has ended and the damaged buildings have been rebuilt, someone mounts a display showing the “before-and-after” conditions. Visitors still find such displays in many of Europe’s churches and public buildings, but they are also to be found here and there in private shop windows. West Germany boasts a series of books entitled “Hamburg (substitute any city name)—then and now.” These books are photographic depictions of the prewar condition of streets, squares, and individual buildings; their ruined condition after the war; and their appearance at the time of publication, often from the same spot. (Similar pictures appear in this book.)
The Face of Reconstruction: The Role of Historic Preservation
Authors: Diefendorf Jeffry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The old inner cities, the Altstädte, where the bomb damage was often the most severe, represented far more than centers for housing, commerce, or government. They physically embodied Germany’s urban history and culture. Hence debates about reconstructing the old inner cities were as much about historical symbols and values as about architectural elements or the technical dimensions of modern planning.
Organizing Reconstruction
Authors: Diefendorf Jeffry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No one believed that isolated individuals could rebuild Germany’s cities. For decades Germans had thoroughly organized political, economic, social, and intellectual life. Individuals had articulated and sought to realize their goals through a wide variety of associations, some voluntary and private, some mandated and led by government agencies. The Nazis in particular, with their corporatist philosophy, had attempted to regiment every aspect of German life, including the profession of architects and planners. Late in the war, as noted previously, they began organizing urban reconstruction as well. Although the excesses of that regime were universally recognized and condemned after 1945, most still expected the Germans to organize the postwar reconstruction effort fully and carefully. As Alfons Leitl put it in Baukunst und Werkform in 1948, “Planning is organizing, and our town planning is organized town planning.”1
External-Institutional Versus Internal-Personal: Fundamental Strategies of Religious Proselytization
Authors: Poston Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conquest of the world-be it in a political, economic, or religious sense-requires a carefully designed strategy. Haphazard or spon taneous activity, regardless of its prodigiousness, cannot hope to transform a multiplicity of cultural and linguistic groupings of people, for even if a procedure is discovered to be effective for a single culture, aspects of such a procedure would certainly be inapplicable to other, even neighbouring, societies.
Contemporary Apologetics: The Literature of Proselytization
Authors: Poston Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Muslims rely almost exclusively upon the printed word for their proselytization. Beginning with the collection of Quranic materials under ‘Umar and ‘Uthman and the gathering of hadith by such men as al-Bukhari and Muslim, Muslim authors have produced an imposing array of literary works. This practice continues unabated even today.
American Sociology before 1920
Authors: Bloom Samuel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of medical sociology can only be understood within the context of the American university. Even though the English and German universities were, in many ways, the models for American institutions, a more organized social science was produced in American universities than anywhere else in the world, and medical sociology developed as an intrinsic part of its parent discipline. The character of this historic development did not become clear until after the American Civil War.
Becoming a Profession
Authors: Bloom Samuel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medical sociology, to establish itself, required conditions of intellectual interest, of social demand, of sponsorship, and of resources. Although the federal government, particularly NIMH, was instrumental in the professional development of medical sociology, private foundations prepared the way—especially in training, in introducing the social sciences into medical education, and in directly stimulating and supporting professional organization. Both before and after federal agencies became involved, private foundations continued to play a vital function. The Commonwealth Fund, the Milbank Memorial Fund, and the Rockefeller Foundations deserve special mention, but the Russell Sage Foundation played the most singular role. It set directions of research, recruited already established social scientists, and trained a cadre of sociologists who were to be among the most influential of the early medical sociologists.
Guards and Inmates in Conflict—Michigan Prisons (1981)
Authors: Useem Bert , Kimball Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If ever a state walked into a riot situation with its eyes wide open, choosing at each decision point the policy publicly identified as the more likely to bring on riots, Michigan was that state. Informed that the three prisons housing the toughest offenders in the state were unacceptably decrepit, the electorate chose not to replace them; moreover, they mandated that more and more prisoners be packed into the existing facilities. Corrections professionals warned for years that this must lead to disaster.
Introduction
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is more a matter of pain than pride to have felt the need to write such a book as sits before you. The title alone, The Decomposition of Sociology, is a long way from the title and hopes of my work but a short quarter of a century ago. At that time, I edited a volume entitled The New Sociology and a few years thereafter a collection of my papers presumptively called Professing Sociology. The reader is entitled to ask: what happened, and to whom? Is this “sea change” a real change in the functioning of a discipline gone sour, or has the author simply lost his way, gone sour on the discipline, as it were, and in the process drowned?
Prediction and Paradox in Society
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The identification of social science with social advocacy has reached such pandemic proportions in American sociology that it is time, indeed the time is long overdue, to step back from the precipice of partisanship if the worth of serious analysis is itself to be preserved. Instead of being a possible consequence of decent social research, advocacy has become the very cause of social research. We have taken the chief weakness in the structure of knowledge about society (namely, the propensity to ideological thinking) and turned it into a first principle of the research process.
Early Speculations and the Later Sacrificial Cults
Authors: Basham A L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evidence of more speculative forms of thought comes at the end of a long tradition that saw humanity and the universe controlled by a host of divinities. These gods were not abandoned for philosophy but were revered in a cult that endeavoured to control cosmic forces by means of elaborate ritual sacrifices. In the last of the ten mandalas, or books, of the Rg-veda we find a number of hymns whose contents are quite different from the main corpus of the collection and which in most cases seem to be later than the main collection.
The Bhagavad-Gita and the Triumph of Theism
Authors: Basham A L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is also the best-known Hindu text in the West, for it was the first to be translated into a European language (by the pioneer Sanskritist Charles Wilkins, in 1785), and versions of it exist in all the major languages of the world. It has been universally admired, a source of inspiration to mil lions of non-Hindus as well as to the descendants of those for whom it was originally composed.
Spontaneous Current Sheets In Magnetic Fields
Authors: Parker Eugene N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Expanding upon the ideas first proposed in his seminal book Cosmical Magnetic Fields, Eugene N. Parker here offers the first in-depth treatment of the magnetohydrodynamic theory of spontaneous magnetic discontinuities. In detailing his theory of the spontaneous formation of tangential discontinuities (current sheets) in a magnetic field embedded in highly conducting plasma, Parker shows how it can be used to explain the activity of the external magnetic fields of planets, stars, interstellar gas clouds, and galaxies, as well as the magnetic fields in laboratory plasmas. Provocative and fascinating, Spontaneous Current Sheets in Magnetic Fields presents a bold new theory that will excite interest and discussion throughout the space physics community.
Formal Structure of the Magnetostatic Equations
Authors: Parker Eugene N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of the present chapter is to initiate a study of the formal mathematical solutions to the magnetostatic equations in the near vicinity of continuous invariant solutions. In Chapter 5 the investigation is extended to the general exact solutions of the magnetostatic equations, in the absence of any invariance. We begin with a cursory exposition of some of the known analytic solutions for continuous fields in three dimensions. The known continuous solutions all involve a degeneracy or invariance or one form or another.
The Optical Analogy
Authors: Parker Eugene N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a basic geometrical relation between the magnitude and the pattern of a vector field F(r) in three, or more dimensions, called the optical analogy (Parker, 1981a, 1983, 1989a, 1991). The relation is based on the fact that the field lines of a potential field - coincide with the optical ray paths computed in an index of refraction .
Fluid Motions
Authors: Parker Eugene N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The formation of tangential discontinuities in a slowly convolving magnetic field produces a variety or different, and often high speed, motions of the electrically conducting fluid in which the field is embedded. The formation of discontinuities arises through the squashing together of two initially separate regions of field, producing a gap in the intervening flux surfaces and converting an X-type neutral point into two Y-type neutral points, as described in the foregoing chapters.
John Foxe’s Martyrs
Authors: Petersen Rodney L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The spiritual, as distinct from the institutional or political, history of the Christian Church was read by many through the visions andfigurae of the Apocalypse. By the middle of the sixteenth century, major representatives of Protestantism were contributing to a growing use of our text, finding in it a measure of self-identity and description of Protestant reform. This is particularly visible in England in the account of the martyrs in the writings of John Foxe. His efforts are furthered by Thomas Brightman, Joseph Mede, and Thomas Goodwin. Each of these biblical exegetes developed interpretations of our text that reflected important implications for the shape of Anglo-American piety, polity, and social policy. Here the trope quickly became the letter not only for purposes of self-identity but as a means to plot the way forward to the time when Christ would be visibly King in society.
The pattern for such a moral interpretation of history had been set on the Continent and by British authors reaching back to the days of John Wyclif, or even Bede the Venerable. Such reformers had associated a vision of perseverence in the truth with our text. On the Continent, Heinrich Bullinger had drawn attention to this theme with enduring significance for his English audience in his sermons on the Apocalypse. Preachers will preach and prophets prophesy, he had written. Persecution will come but it will not overwhelm God’s ministers until such time as they have finished their testimony. The gospel must be openly preached to all. God appoints a specific work for preachers, keeping them safe for their appointed time. We should thank God, Bullinger wrote in relation to our text, that:
Woman’s Work and Woman’s Calling in the Episcopal Church: Chkago, 1880-1989
Authors: Schultz Rima Lunin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women’s participation in religion has been an impressive source of support for the development and maintenance of what has come to be the institutional structure of the American religious establishment. While women outnumbered men on the membership rolls as early as colonial times, it has only been in the second half of the twentieth century that women have begun to take their place in the governing councils of most of the Protestant denominations. Similarly, women have only recently become ordained ministers in the mainline churches. This recent integration of women into all aspects of worship and institutional life of the principal Protestant denominations comes at a time when these same religious bodies have declining influence in the national culture. Women are “implicated” in the decline or marginalization of church life by critics who point to the feminization of the ministry and national councils, and the rejection of the traditional role of the woman volunteer.
Ordained Women in the Episcopal Church: Their Impact on the Work and Structure of the Clergy
Authors: Prelinger Catherine M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The focus of our study is laywomen of the Episcopal Church. Nevertheless, so central to any consideration of the laity today is the response to women’s ordination, it seems imperative to include an essay on the structure of the clerical profession. The issues raised during the ordination struggle, many of which have surfaced again in the discussion of women in the episcopacy, have mobilized laywomen. According to Princeton sociologist Robert Wuthnow, in contrast to other religious groups, feminists among Episcopalians are more likely to attend church than nonfeminist Episcopalians.’Never mind what he, or his source, the General Social Survey Cumulative File, mean by feminist; the perceived solidarity between feminist churchgoers and women priests is unmistakable. This chapter raises three principal issues: (1) lay response to the female priesthood, (2) the accomplishments women priests them­ selves think they are promoting, and (3) an analysis of the structure of the clergy as it exists today from a historical perspective. I feel that we need this critique not simply to understand the status of the women clergy but also to engage in the discourse concerning professionalism
The Nature of the Human Condition: Humans as Symbolic
Authors: Cave David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the wonderful novel The Guide, by R. K. Narayan, the protagonist Raju learns of the power of the symbol. Just out of prison and needing to reflect on the direction his life must now take, Raju takes refuge in an abandoned Hindu temple. He is discovered here one day by Velan, a devout but troubled Hindu. Being a courteous and inquisitive man, Raju inquires into Velan’s life. As they discuss Velan’s pressing problems, Velan begins to mistake Raju for a holy man. Though no more than a rehabilitated travel guide and entrepreneur, Raju, by his association with a sacred place, takes on the power of a sacred symbol. The stone slab upon which he sits assumes ex cathedra status for Velan and for the gathering devout. Regardless of what Raju tells Velan about Raju’s former “profane” life and of his present hypocrisy, Velan continues to regard Raju as a holy man, so much so that he and the gathering worshippers expect Raju to pray down rain upon their drought-stricken land. In Eliadean terms, Raju has become a “hierophany,” a dialectical symbol of the sacred capable of mediating the powers of the cosmos.
The Goals of the New Humanism
Authors: Cave David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If humanity is to approximate a new humanism, there will naturally be some goals toward which it aims. Eliade never elaborated on the particular implications and expressions of the new humanism. So there are no definitive goals that he had in mind to which we can point. Nevertheless, it is possible to extrapolate recurring concepts throughout Eliade’s life work which constitute certain individual and cultural ambitions. We can refer to these ambitions, or goals, as archetypal variants on the primordial archetype of the new humanism. In fact, all the forms which comprise the morphology of the new humanism are archetypes which imitate the central archetype of the new humanism. And because these forms recur through innumerable variations, are we able to articulate what the new humanism might look like. For, true to the nature of archetypes, each time an archetype is repeated, in whatever guise, the repetition constitutes a return to the “beginning.” And though the designation “goals” implies ending, every ending is but another beginning. To modify, slightly, the archaic phenomenon of ritual repetition, each return to the “beginning” will differ somewhat from the previous return so that, whether it is at the personal, national, or global level, each step toward the new humanism will always be creatively “new.”
Conclusion
Authors: Cave David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to arrange Eliade’s oeuvre around the morphological structure of the new humanism. It was proposed that the new humanism is the primordial archetype of Eliade’s work and life and that it has a morphological nature. Eliade wrote on a range of subjects, and his theories as to human religiosity were meant to grasp wholistically the nature and quality of individual and religio cultural life. He also sought to lead cultures to deeper levels of meaning and creativity by having them persistently interact with their cultural “others.” It was thought that through these interactions cultures would bring to the surface their own already-existing structures of meaning.
Introduction
Authors: Pitts Walter F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although baptized, confirmed, and practically raised in the Episcopal Church, I was irresistibly drawn to the rhythms and sounds of another church from which people came away apparently more vitalized from their Sunday morning experience than I from mine. As a teenager in New Haven sitting in the cold, quiet pews among a reserved congregation, I would hear the swinging, hard beats of Daddy Grace’s san tified brass band next door drift through the open windows of the church in which I found myself. With the hidden glee of a captive audience, I savored those interruptions of the somber sermon and the even more somber choir singing. When I moved to New York City at the age of twenty, a close friend invited me to his small church, Paradise Baptist, that stood on a Harlem street corner. From that day on, I resolved always and only to attend the folk church.
“Kabiesile Shango!” A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Ritual Frames
Authors: Pitts Walter F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to some students of the Afro-Baptist church, the plaintiveness created by the archaic prayers and hymns during Devotion is a legacy of slavery that has lingered into the modem era as an expression of economic hardship (Wiley and Wiley 1984: 7). Following this line of thought, the plaintive sound, full of wailing and moaning, is part of a rhetoric of despair that finds expression in religious ritual: “For working-class Blacks the plaintive sound is necessary; it is consoling; it provides catharsis; and communicatively, it links the past with a present culture still groping for a respected place in the American environment” (Wiley and Wiley 1984: 9). Prayer, then, becomes an expression of sorrow, taking the form of pleading instead of praise. The lined hymns merely reflect this despair.
“Nothing New under the Sun”: The Variation of Speech and Song in the Afro-Baptist Ritual
Authors: Pitts Walter F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen how the linguistic switch from a European language to an African or creole language is a common signal for changing frames in several major African-derived rituals in the Americas. The problem is to determine whether or not the Afro-Baptist ritual fits this pattern of linguistic change in its ritual speech. Upon an initial, brief consideration, we know that Afro-Baptists, unlike Haitian or Trinidadian ritualists, do not have two distinct languages to mark the boundaries of their ritual frames. Lacking any form of African speech, the Afro-Baptist cannot switch from seventeenth-century English to Kikongo, as the Jamaican Kumina follower is able to do. What the Afro-Baptist has, however, is the ability to shift from an archaic and standard form of English to a vernacular variety of the same language particular to African-American speakers. This is exactly what occurs. To construct the Devotion prayers, the speakers in the first Afro-Baptist frame rely on biblical and other stock phrases, which make their speech resemble a more standardized, if not stilted, style of English. In the second frame, however, the preacher manipulates the black vernacular so that the frequency of its use increases as the emotional climax of the sermon develops. By marking the frames in this manner, the Afro-Baptist participates in a reinterpretation of African religious practice, which, as we have seen, continues in the Americas.
“Like a Ship”: Afro-Baptist Ritual Process
Authors: Pitts Walter F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Thomas A. Dorsey wrote “The Lord Will Make a Way Some how,” he had penned what was to become a very popular song among Afro-Baptists. Using the imagery of a ship on a stormy sea, Dorsey drew parallels between life’s troubles and the worshipper’s faith: