bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound screening and risk factors for death from hepatocellular carcinoma in a high risk group in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Tony Hsiu‐Hsi , Chen Chien‐Jen , Yen Ming‐Fang , Lu Sheng‐Nan , Sun Chien‐An , Huang Guan‐Tarn , Yang Pei‐Ming , Lee Hsuan‐Shu , Duffy Stephen W. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAlthough previous studies have demonstrated the ability of ultrasonography (US) screening to detect small asymptomatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the efficacy of US screening in reducing deaths from HCC still remained unresolved. A 2‐stage screening program was designed to identify a high risk group in 7 townships in Taiwan by 6 markers (of risk for HCC) and repeated US screening was further applied to those with at least 1 positive result for the 6 markers, with a range of 3‐ to 6‐month inter‐screening intervals to those with liver cirrhosis or other chronic liver diseases and an annual screening regime for the remaining subjects with normal findings according to US. The 4,843 subjects in this cohort were followed up for an average of 7 years. We compared 4,385 attenders with 458 non‐attenders, in conjunction with baseline assessment for self‐selection bias. In addition, we assessed baseline variables with respect to their effects on risk of incidence of and mortality from HCC and on risk of incidence of liver cirrhosis. The difference in mortality between attenders and non‐attenders was then re‐estimated adjusting for significant predictors of cirrhosis, HCC incidence and HCC death as a further guard against baseline differences between attenders and non‐attenders in risk profiles. Results of US screening for this high risk group found the mortality was lower by 24% (95% CI: −52 to 62%) in the attenders compared to the non‐attenders. After adjustment for sensitivity, the mean sojourn time (MST) were 1.57 (95% CI: 0.94–4.68) for subjects with liver cirrhosis and 2.66 (95% CI: 1.68–6.37) years for non‐cirrhotic patient. Significant increases in risk of HCC incidence were associated with increasing age, male gender, hepatitis B surface antigen positive (HbsAg), hepatitis C antibody positive (Anti‐HCV), high levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) and a family history of HCC. Significantly increased risks of liver cirrhosis were associated with predictors of cirrhosis were increasing age, HbsAg, high levels of ALT and of AFP. Significant or borderline significant increases in risk of HCC death were associated with increasing age, male gender, HbsAg, high levels of AST and AFP. Adjusted for the significant variables, the mortality was lower by 41% (95% CI: −20 to 71%, p = 0.1446) in the attenders compared to the non‐attenders. The present study provides suggestive evidence on the efficacy of US screening in a selective high risk group in an endemic area of hepatitis B. A randomized controlled trial would yield definitive evidence. Within the protocol of such a trial, a shorter interscreening interval for patients with liver cirrhosis is suggested. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of constitutive NF‐κB activity suppresses tumorigenicity of ewing sarcoma EW7 cells
Authors: Javelaud Delphine , Poupon Marie‐France , Wietzerbin Juana , Besançon Françoise 
Published: November 2004

AbstractEwing sarcoma is 1 of the most aggressive tumors that can affect children and young adults. Despite advances in therapy, the prognosis remains poor emphasizing the need for defining new targets for treatment. We investigated a possible role of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) activity of Ewing sarcoma‐derived EW7 cells in their tumorigenicity. In these cells, expression of a degradation‐resistant form of the inhibitory factor IκBα inhibited NF‐κB activity without affecting their in vitro proliferation rate. It causes, however, a remarkable loss of their ability to generate tumors in nude mice that correlates with both a decrease in extracellular matrix (ECM) protein secretion and an acquisition of sensitivity to murine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)‐induced apoptosis. These data support the concept that NF‐κB activity plays a role in the tumorigenicity of Ewing sarcoma cells, identifying NF‐κB as a potential target for reducing Ewing tumor progression. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Yuan X, Dillehay LE, Williams JR, Shastri VR, Williams JA. IUdR polymers for combined continuous low‐dose rate and high‐dose rate sensitization of experimental human malignant gliomas, International Journal of Cancer (Radiation Oncology Investigations) 2001; 96(2) 118–125
Authors: Yuan X , Dillehay LE , Williams JR , Shastri VR , Williams JA 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe original article to which this Erratum refers was published in International Journal of Cancer (Radiation Oncology Investigations) 2001; 96(2) 118–125
TRAIL, Fasl and a blocking anti‐DR5 antibody augment paclitaxel‐induced apoptosis in human non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Odoux Christine , Albers Andreas , Amoscato Andrew A. , Lotze Michael T. , Wong Michael K.K. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractLung carcinoma is one of the most frequent causes of malignancy‐related mortality in the world. Paclitaxel (PA) is an antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and possesses a single‐agent response rate approaching 25%. PA kills tumor cells by inducing both cellular necrosis and apoptosis. Fas and Trail receptors (DR4 and DR5) are TNF family members and act as death signal transduction proteins in the apoptosis cascade. Despite the importance of PA in lung cancer treatment, the function of Fas, DR4 and DR5 in PA‐induced apoptosis, as well as the effect of their respective ligands FasL and TRAIL alone or in combination with PA, remains poorly understood. We show here that 10 μM PA induces a significant 10‐ to 57‐fold increase in primary lung cancer cell apoptosis and is associated with 20–215% increases in caspase‐3 activity in various NSCLC cell types. All the lung cancer cells express Fas, FasL, DR4 and DR5; however PA did not significantly modify their levels. We provide here the first time evidence that TRAIL is a potent inducer of apoptosis in multiple NSCLC cell lines. Noticeably, CH11, the Fas receptor cross‐linking and the antagonistic anti‐DR5 antibody enhance considerably the spontaneous apoptotic rate in 3 out of 5 cell types. The combination treatments, FasL+PA, TRAIL+PA or PA+anti‐DR5 antibody, greatly enhance PA‐apoptotic effect in most cell lines. These data suggest that the use of new combination treatment with PA and ligands targeting Fas or TRAIL receptors would be particularly efficacious. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) thin films as biocompatible coatings for microfluidic devices: Cell culture and flow studies with glial cells
Authors: Peterson Sophie L. , McDonald Anthony , Gourley Paul L. , Sasaki Darryl Y. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractOxygen plasma treatment of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) thin films produced a hydrophilic surface that was biocompatible and resistant to biofouling in microfluidic studies. Thin film coatings of PDMS were previously developed to provide protection for semiconductor‐based microoptical devices from rapid degradation by biofluids. However, the hydrophobic surface of native PDMS induced rapid clogging of microfluidic channels with glial cells. To evaluate the various issues of surface hydrophobicity and chemistry on material biocompatibility, we tested both native and oxidized PDMS (ox‐PDMS) coatings as well as bare silicon and hydrophobic alkane and hydrophilic oligoethylene glycol silane monolayer coated under both cell culture and microfluidic studies. For the culture studies, the observed trend was that the hydrophilic surfaces supported cell adhesion and growth, whereas the hydrophobic ones were inhibitive. However, for the fluidic studies, a glass‐silicon microfluidic device coated with the hydrophilic ox‐PDMS had an unperturbed flow rate over 14 min of operation, whereas the uncoated device suffered a loss in rate of 12%, and the native PDMS coating showed a loss of nearly 40%. Possible protein modification of the surfaces from the culture medium also were examined with adsorbed films of albumin, collagen, and fibrinogen to evaluate their effect on cell adhesion. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 72A: 10–18, 2005
Corneal epithelial adhesion strength to tethered‐protein/peptide modified hydrogel surfaces
Authors: Wallace Christopher , Jacob Jean T. , Stoltz Albert , Bi Jingjing , Bundy Kirk 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the suitability of microjet impingement for use on hydrogel materials to determine the cellular adhesion strength of corneal epithelial cells grown on novel hydrogels with extracellular matrix proteins (laminin and/or fibronectin) or a peptide sequence (fibronectin adhesion promoting peptide, FAP) tethered to their surface with poly(ethylene glycol) chains. The deformation of the hydrogel surface in response to the force of the microjet was analyzed both visually and mathematically. After the results of these experiments and calculations determined that no deformation occurred and that the pressure required for indentation (1.25 × 106 Pa) was three factors of 10 greater than the maximum pressure of the microjet, the relative mean adhesion strength of primary rabbit corneal epithelial cells grown on the novel poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐co‐methacrylic acid) hydrogels was determined and compared with that of the same type of cells grown on control glass surfaces. Only confluent cell layers were tested. Cells grown on control glass surfaces adhered with a mean relative adhesion strength of 488 ± 28 dynes/cm2. Under identical conditions, cells grown on laminin‐ and FAP‐tethered hydrogel surfaces were unable to be removed, indicating an adhesion strength greater than 516 dynes/cm2. Cells grown on fibronectin‐ and fibronectin/laminin (1:1)‐tethered surfaces showed significantly lower relative adhesion strengths (201 ± 50 and 189 ± 11 dynes/cm2, respectively), compared with laminin‐ and FAP‐tethered surfaces (p = 0.001). Our results demonstrate that the microjet impingement method of cell adhesion analysis is applicable to hydrogel substrates. Additionally, analysis of our test surfaces indicates that fibronectin tethered to this hydrogel in the quantity and by the method used here does not induce stable ligand/receptor bonding to the epithelial cell membrane to the same degree as does laminin or FAP. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 72A: 19–24, 2005
Anatomy and histochemistry of spread‐wing posture in birds. 3. Immunohistochemistry of flight muscles and the “shoulder lock” in albatrosses
Authors: Meyers Ron A. , Stakebake Eric F. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAs a postural behavior, gliding and soaring flight in birds requires less energy than flapping flight. Slow tonic and slow twitch muscle fibers are specialized for sustained contraction with high fatigue resistance and are typically found in muscles associated with posture. Albatrosses are the elite of avian gliders; as such, we wanted to learn how their musculoskeletal system enables them to maintain spread‐wing posture for prolonged gliding bouts. We used dissection and immunohistochemistry to evaluate muscle function for gliding flight in Laysan and Black‐footed Albatrosses. Albatrosses possess a locking mechanism at the shoulder composed of a tendinous sheet that extends from origin to insertion throughout the length of the deep layer of the pectoralis muscle. This fascial “strut” passively maintains horizontal wing orientation during gliding and soaring flight. A number of muscles, which likely facilitate gliding posture, are composed exclusively of slow fibers. These include Mm. coracobrachialis cranialis, extensor metacarpi radialis dorsalis, and deep pectoralis. In addition, a number of other muscles, including triceps scapularis, triceps humeralis, supracoracoideus, and extensor metacarpi radialis ventralis, were found to have populations of slow fibers. We believe that this extensive suite of uniformly slow muscles is associated with sustained gliding and is unique to birds that glide and soar for extended periods. These findings suggest that albatrosses utilize a combination of slow muscle fibers and a rigid limiting tendon for maintaining a prolonged, gliding posture. J. Morphol. 263:12–29, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological evolution of the lizard skull: A geometric morphometrics survey
Authors: Stayton C. Tristan 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPatterns of diversity among lizard skulls were studied from a morphological, phylogenetic, and functional perspective. A sample of 1,030 lizard skulls from 441 species in 17 families was used to create a lizard skull morphospace. This morphospace was combined with a phylogeny of lizard families to summarize general trends in the evolution of the lizard skull. A basal morphological split between the Iguania and Scleroglossa was observed. Iguanians are characterized by a short, high skull, with large areas of attachment for the external adductor musculature, relative to their sister group. The families of the Iguania appear to possess more intrafamilial morphological diversity than families of the Scleroglossa, but rarefaction of the data reveals this to be an artifact caused by the greater number of species represented in Iguanian families. Iguanian families also appear more dissimilar to one another than families of the Scleroglossa. Permutation tests indicate that this pattern is real and not due to the smaller number of families in the Iguanidae. Parallel and convergent evolution is observed among lizards with similar diets: ant and termite specialists, carnivores, and herbivores. However, these patterns are superimposed over the more general phylogenetic pattern of lizard skull diversity. This study has three central conclusions. Different clades of lizards show different patterns of disparity and divergence in patterns of morphospace occupation. Phylogeny imposes a primary signal upon which a secondary ecological signal is imprinted. Evolutionary patterns in skull metrics, taken with functional landmarks, allow testing of trends and the development of new hypotheses concerning both shape and biomechanics. J. Morphol. 263:47–59, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimum space‐time transmission for a highKfactor wireless channel with partial channel knowledge
Authors: Vu Mai , Paulraj Arogyaswami J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe study the optimum transmission scheme that maximizes ergodic capacity of a 2 × 1 multiple‐input single‐output (MISO) system, when the channel knowledge at the transmitter is characterized by a known gain ratio and a known probability density function (PDF) of the phase shift between antennas. Such a channel scenario can arise in a forward link at the base station when there is a single direct path propagation. We show that the optimum transmit solution is beamforming on the mean value of the phase shift with unequal power input to the antennas. When the phase is completely unknown, the solution reduces to a single antenna transmission. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving the performance of coded FDFR multi‐antenna systems with turbo‐decoding
Authors: Wang Renqiu , Ma Xiaoli , Giannakis Georgios B. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA full‐diversity full‐rate (FDFR) multi‐antenna system was developed recently, enabling uncoded layered space‐time (LST) transmissions to achieve full‐diversity (Nt) and full‐rate (Ntsymbols per channel use) simultaneously, for any number of transmit antennasNtand receive antennasNr. In this paper, we investigate the performance of a coded FDFR design obtained by concatenating an error control coding (ECC) module and FDFR module with a random interleaver in between. Turbo decoding is performed at the receiver. WithRcdenoting the ECC rate,dminthe minimum Hamming distance of the ECC, andMthe constellation size, an overall transfer rate ofRcNtlog2Mbits per channel use and a full diversity orderdminNtNrare achieved. Different ECC choices are considered. Approximate analysis reveals that multi‐stream ECC and single‐stream ECC make no difference when convolutional codes with long frame length and near‐optimal MIMO decoding schemes are adopted. Without sacrificing rate, the coded FDFR system improves error performance compared with coded V‐BLAST, when relatively weak codes are used. AsNrincreases, even strong codes such as rate 1/2 turbo codes can benefit from FDFR. Specifically, 1.5–2 dB gain over coded V‐BLAST is obtained in a 2 × 2 antenna setup when convolutional codes or rate 3/4 turbo codes are used; 0.5 dB gain is offered in a 2 × 5 setup when rate 1/2 turbo codes are used. Coded FDFR also outperforms a 16‐QAM Alamouti coded scheme by 1 dB when convolutional codes are used. The price paid is increased complexity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of MIMO spatial multiplexing algorithms using indoor channel measurements and models
Authors: Spencer Quentin H. , Svantesson Thomas , Swindlehurst A. Lee 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSeveral algorithms have recently been proposed for multiplexing multiple users in multiple input multiple output (MIMO) downlinks. The ability of a transmitter to accomplish this using spatial methods is generally dependent on whether the users' channels are correlated. Up to this point, most of the multiplexing algorithms have been tested on uncorrelated Gaussian channels, a best‐case scenario. In this paper, we examine the performance of multiplexing multiple users under more realistic channel conditions by using indoor channel measurements and a statistical model for test cases. We use a block zero‐forcing algorithm to test performance at various user separation distances, optimizing for both maximum throughput under a power constraint and minimum power under a rate constraint. The results show that for the measured indoor environment (rich scattering, non‐line‐of‐sight), a separation of five wavelengths is enough to achieve close to the maximum available performance for two users. Since many spatial multiplexing algorithms require channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter, we also examine the performance loss due to CSI error. The results show that a user can move up to one‐half wavelength before the original channel measurement becomes unusable. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Space‐time alignment for asynchronous interference suppression in MIMO OFDM cellular communications
Authors: Breinholt Mark B. , Jung Hyejung , Zoltowski Michael D. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFuture broadband cellular wireless communication systems will be characterized by high delay spread and the need to maximize the system capacity. One method of increasing capacity, aggressive frequency reuse, subjects mobiles to high levels of interference from neighboring basestations. Receiver interference suppression algorithms that work well for conventional MIMO systems may not be appropriate for suppressing interference in multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) cellular systems, since differing propagation delays and channel lengths can destroy the alignment of the cyclic prefixes, making the interference asynchronous. This work presents MIMO algorithms for cyclic prefix based systems that are suitable for scenarios where the interferer's cyclic prefix is not time‐aligned with the desired signal's cyclic prefix. Specifically, we present several space‐time partial equalization techniques for the alignment of cyclic prefixes for aiding in interference suppression. We use a two‐stage architecture with partial equalization for cyclic‐prefix alignment in the time domain followed by simple channel equalization in the frequency domain. We consider interference suppression in both domains and demonstrate the efficacy of the two‐stage architecture over both zero‐forcing (ZF) and per frequency bin minimum mean squared error (MMSE) equalization. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic channel management in MIMO OFDM cellular systems
Authors: Lu Ben , Wang Xiaodong , Gitlin Richard D. , Madihian Mohammad 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe consider dynamic channel management (DCM), more specifically power control and channel allocation, in multi‐carrier multi‐antenna wireless cellular systems. A quasi‐static channel model is assumed such that the channels remain approximately time‐invariant within each packet. On a packet‐by‐packet basis, the mobile station (MS) receivers feed back the DCM parameters to the corresponding base station (BS) transmitters in order to minimize the transmission power and strive to satisfy every individual user's data‐rate request. While optimum, centralized DCM for all active cells typically requires solution of a non‐convex optimization problem (which is subject to local minima) and requires intense channel feedback to a central controller. We instead consider sub‐optimal distributed DCM, where each individual cell locally optimizes its own performance based on the local channel information. In particular, we compare three distributed DCM schemes, namely the two‐dimensional DCM, which jointly adjusts both spatial and frequency sub‐channels of each BS–MS link, the one‐dimensional DCM, which adjusts only the frequency sub‐channels and the scalar DCM, which adjusts each BS–MS link by one scalar power coefficient. These DCM schemes are investigated in multi‐cell environments with realistic parameters; and it is seen that due to the multiple antennas, the maximum supportable rate (i.e. the rate supported by practically finite transmission power) is significantly increased, for example by a factor of two for users using four antennas and close to cell boundary. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On Alan Turing's anticipation of connectionism
Authors: Copeland B. Jack , Proudfoot Diane 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIt is not widely realised that Turing was probably the first person to consider building computing machines out of simple, neuron-like elements connected together into networks in a largely random manner. Turing called his networks ‘unorganised machines’. By the application of what he described as ‘appropriate interference, mimicking education’ an unorganised machine can be trained to perform any task that a Turing machine can carry out, provided the number of ‘neurons’ is sufficient. Turing proposed simulating both the behaviour of the network and the training process by means of a computer program. We outline Turing's connectionist project of 1948.