bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tree Condition and Analysis Program – Detecting Forest Disturbance at the Tree Level across the Contiguous United States with High Resolution Imagery
Authors: Wegmueller Sarah A , Monahan William B , Townsend Philip A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Effective management of forest insects and diseases requires detection of abnormal mortality, particularly among a single species, sufficiently early to enable effective management. Remote detection of individual trees crowns requires a spatial resolution not available from satellites such as Landsat or Sentinel-2. In the United States, there are currently few operational systems capable of effectively and affordably detecting and mapping tree mortality over broad landscapes using high-resolution imagery. Here, we introduce the Tree Condition and Analysis Program (TreeCAP), an open-source system that uses freely available imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) to create maps of tree condition (healthy or damaged). We demonstrate the potential applications of TreeCAP in four study sites: (1) beetle-killed pines in California, (2) emerald ash borer progression in Wisconsin, (3) hemlock wooly adelgid mortality in Pennsylvania, and (4) drought damage in Texas. We achieved an average overall accuracy of 87% across all study sites.
Buying time! VA-ECMO as a bridge to successful reoperative cardiac surgery in a case of traumatic tricuspid valve injury
Authors: Jacob Abiah , Okafor Donatus K , Bhattacharyya Sanjeev , Wong Kit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cardiac surgery performed on patients in cardiogenic shock is associated with a high mortality and morbidity. Preoperative Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) in cardiogenic shock gives critically-ill patients a chance for surgical intervention and is associated with better surgical outcomes. We present a 29-year-old male who had a ventricular septal defect closure as a child and presented with multi-organ injuries following polytrauma. He was in cardiogenic shock despite maximal inotropic support. Transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated torrential tricuspid regurgitation (TR) from a flail tricuspid valve (TV) leaflet as the cause of cardiogenic shock. He was stabilized on Veno-Arterial ECMO and underwent reoperative cardiac surgery. Intra-operatively, the anterior leaflet of his TV and its papillary muscle was detached from the right ventricle. He had a successful tissue TV replacement. Early surgery was indicated to treat right ventricular failure due to torrential TR, but due to his restricting non-cardiac injuries, ECMO was successfully used as a short-term support strategy and as a bridge to definitive surgery.
Parallelism
Authors: Gillingham S E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robert Alter makes an interesting comparison between the use of parallelism in Hebrew poetry and the ways in which images are thrown on to the cinema screen. Just as the screen enhances and reinforces an association of ideas in our imagination by the reperition of a particular image, so parallelism achieves the same effect by the ordering of words rather than pictures. By creating similar images with different words, the intensification of meaning is achieved.
The Psalmists as Poets
Authors: Gillingham S E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The issue of a ‘setting-in-life’ and a ‘setting-in-literature’ is quite different with respect to the poetry of the psalms. The absence of a narrative context means that each psalm is a self-sufficient unit, and as its meaning is not controlled by an editor’s narrative commentary, a ‘setting-in-life’ has to some extent still been preserved. Clearly there is some interpretative framework-for example, the superscriptions which identify particular psalms with events in the life of King David, and the interrelationship between one psalm and its neighbour within the collection-but this has not the same effect as the lengthy narrative framework which surrounds nonpsalmic poetry; it most certainly does not predetennine the overall meaning of a psalm.
The pharmacology of sedative agents
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will consider the pharmacology of the commonly used sedative agents, particularly the benzodiazepines and nitrous oxide. Newer inhalation agents which have been used for sedation and propofol, an intravenous anaes thetic agent will also be discussed. Pharmacology can be considered as having two components, pharmacody namics and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics can be defined as the effect that drugs have on the patient, while pharmacokinetics can be defined as the effect that the patient has on the drug. Pharmacodynamics considers both the therapeutic and the unwanted or side effects of the drugs, whereas pharmacokinetics will consider the way the drug is absorbed into the body, distributed around it, and subsequently eliminated. The standard measure of the elimination of drugs from the body is the half-life, or the time that it takes for the body to reduce the amount of available drug to half of the initial dose.
Oral sedation and premedication
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The administration of oral preparations to patients is one of the simplest tech niques available to the practising dentist. It is therefore attractive when compared with other methods which either require complicated techniques of administra tion, or expensive equipment. However, such apparent simplicity may be misleading. It is helpful, initially, to define the terms ‘oral sedation’ and ‘premed ication’.
Intravenous sedation
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As with all the other techniques discussed in this book, intravenous sedation can be used for any of the indications described in Chapter 13. There are a number of situations where the use of intravenous sedation has advantages over other techniques. There is a general, somewhat erroneous belief that inhalation sedation (see Chapter 17) is less effective in adult patients. This relates to the fact that children are more susceptible to hypnotic suggestion, and thus easier to treat with inhalation sedation. However, many adults do appear to prefer the amnesia associated with intravenous sedation.
Analgesics in dentistry
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the pharmacological properties of the analgesics used in dentistry. Although pain arising from the teeth and other oral structures can vary in both its intensity and pathogenesis, the main indication for pre scribing analgesics is in the management of post-operative dental pain (i.e. pain arising after a dental surgical procedure). Information on the nature of this type of dental pain has come mainly from investigations on the post-operative course after the removal of impacted third molars. This operative procedure results in an acute inflammatory response in the tissues adjacent to the third molar area. In addition to pain, there is an accompanying trismus and buccal swelling.
Muscular dystrophy – an evolving concept
Authors: Emery Alan E H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Muscular dystrophy is one of the fastest growing fields in medicine, at both the clinical and laboratory level. Over the last 50 years or so, many important innovations in medical science have actually been initiated in studies of muscular dystrophy (Emery and Emery 1995). For example, the first application in medicine of discriminant function statistical analysis was in the 1950s for resolving clinical and genetic heterogeneity in these diseases. A little later the first application of Bayseian statistics was in risk calculations in muscular dystrophy, a statistical method of reverse genetics or, more precisely, positional cloning. This technique has subsequently been applied with great success to other forms of dystrophy as well as to many other genetic disorders.
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
Authors: Upadhyaya Meena , Cooper David N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The defining clinical features include the onset of weakness of the facial or shoulder girdle muscles, leading eventually to the wasting of these muscles (Fig. 8.1). Significant facial weakness is evident in more than half of all affected FSHD patients. As the disease progresses, the muscles of the shoulder girdle, the scapula fixators, and the upper arm muscles (especially the biceps and triceps) may become affected. Weakness and atrophy may eventually involve many other skeletal muscles, including the musculature of the pelvic girdle and the foot extensor muscles may become involved, resulting in footdrop. Some patients may display involvement of the proximal muscles of the lower limb prior to any evidence of weakness of the distal muscles. Involvement of the musculature of the pelvic girdle is observed infrequently. However, patients who exhibit pelvic girdle muscle weakness before the age of 20 years are more likely to become wheelchair-bound, and at an earlier age. Studies have indicated that although 10–20 per cent of all FSHD gene carriers will require a wheelchair by their fourth decade, a further 22–30 per cent of carriers will only be mildly affected, or may even remain virtually asymptomatic throughout their lives.
Dilated cardiomyopathy and related cardiac disorders in muscular dystrophy
Authors: Urtizberea J Andoni , Duboc Denis , Schwartz Ketty , Bonne Gisèle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Heart dysfunction in muscular dystrophy has been noted a long time ago but did not draw much attention until recently. As Duchenne patients live longer and better now a- days, this complication has become, over the years, a major concern as well as a growing cause of death. The spectrum of cardiac abnormalities turned out to be much broader than originally thought: congestive heart failure, secondary to left ventricular dysfunction, is the commonest risk in many muscular dystrophies but rhythm disturbances and/or conduction defects can also be complications of their own, sometimes (DCM) with the same momentum. In the meantime, the spectrum of genetic diversity in muscular dystrophies has expanded formidably and generated new insights into muscle physiology.
Respiratory care in muscular dystrophy
Authors: Simonds Anita K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Loss of lung volume in neuromuscular disease is due to a combination of inspiratory muscle weakness and decrease in chest wall and pulmonary compliance, creating a restrictive ventilatory defect. Longitudinal studies (Baydur et al. 1990; Rideau et al. 1981) of lung volume in DMD patients have shown that absolute values of forced vital capacity (FVC) increase during childhood until around 10 years of age then plateau as the disease advances. The mid to late teenage years are characterized by a fall in FVC as respiratory muscle strength declines and a thoracic scoliosis commonly develops. Plateau FVC values tend to be around 1500 ml. Daytime hypercapnia is likely once vital capacity falls below 500 ms but a fairly wide variation is seen. Brooke et al.
Ten Questians and their Answers
Authors: Higgins Peter M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many things in the world have a mathematical side to them and it is the business of mathematics to try to understand that facet of their nature. Mathematical reasoning can often explain things that otherwise remain obscure or baffling, and sometimes the reasoning involved is easy to understand once it is presented to you. This introductory chapter consists of a series of examples meant to prove my point. If you feel yourself any the wiser after reading them through, I invite you to read on. This book makes no claim to great depth, but through it I hope to convey the flavour of modern mathematics. It may also serve to clarify some aspects of school algebra and geometry, and even arithmetic, about which you may have always felt somewhat uneasy. It is perfectly possible, for instance, for anyone to understand the theorem of Pythagoras as well as a professional mathematician; the level of difficulty encountered is only that met when assembling a jigsaw puzzle of half a dozen pieces. There is no reason why such genuinely interesting aspects of mathematics need remain a mystery-indeed, most thoughtful people, with a little patience, can understand such things completely. Even some profound aspects of twentieth-century mathematics are quite accessible, and I hope to give the reader the satisfaction of seeing some parts of the mathematical world that were never revealed to even the greatest minds of the past.
Linguistic Criticism
Authors: Fowler Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fruitful, well-established development in literary studies has been the application of ideas drawn from linguistics. Precise analytical methods help the practical criticism of texts, while at the same time the theory of language has illuminated literary theory. Linguistic Criticism is an introduction to the subject by one of its most experienced practitioners. Roger Fowler sets out clearly and simply a variety of analytical techniques whose application he demonstrates in discussion of a wide range of texts drawn from fiction, poetry, and drama. He concentrates on structures which relate literature to ordinary language, stressing the importance of the reader's every day language skills. This second edition gives clarified and expanded sections dealing with the role of the reader in literary criticism, and includes more twentieth-century texts and examples for analysis and discussion.
Introduction
Authors: Fowler Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of the best twentieth-century literary criticism has been that which has focused on the language of the works being discussed: in Great Britain, William Empson’s Seven Types. of Ambiguity (1930) and the Cambridge tradition of ‘practical criticism’ which Empson’s work and that of I. A. Richards inspired and sustained; in the United States, the ‘New Criticism’ of the 1940s and 1950s (e.g. Cleanth Brooks’s The Well Wrought Urn, 1947); in France, the earlier work of the ‘Structuralists’ such as that of Roland Barthes in the 1960s and early 197os (e.g. Barthes’s brilliant book S/Z, 1970). The values and the terminologies employed by the critics in those movements might today seem somewhat quaint, but a general principle of attentiveness to language seemed to be tacitly agreed. These critics routinely anchored their interpretative and evaluative commentaries to specific linguistic constructions within the texts: to distinctive word-orders, choices of vocabulary, patterns of sound and rhythm, complexities and idiosyncracies of meaning, and so on. One might disagree with their views on the texts, but, thanks to the fact that these critics do refer to real structures of language, it is at least possible to query and discuss the claims being made in relation to the evidence being offered.
Introduction: The Tradition before c. 1660
Authors: Wollenberg Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oxford’s history can be traced back as far as the year 912. Parts of its early fortifications are still visible today in the remains of the city walls (some of which were incorporated into the colleges) and the castle tower, built for William the Conqueror in w71. The two great Augustinian priories of St Frideswide’s and Oseney Abbey, dating from 1122 and n29 respectively, promoted an environment of learning which contributed to the development of the university towards the end of the twelfth and beginning of the thirteenth centuries: the appointment of a chancellor of the university was first mentioned in a document of 1214.
Personalities: The Goodsons, William and Philip Hayes, Crotch, and Malchair
Authors: Wollenberg Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the line of holders of the Heather Chair of Music during the eighteenth century, the Goodsons (father and son) have only a shadowy effect compared with what is known of their successors in the post, William and Philip Hayes, and William Crotch. Their musical activity as composers seems to have been closely bound up with university ceremonial.’ Again, a lack of clarity exists over the attribution of works to the older and younger Goodsons. Neither appears to have been widely known as either composer or performer outside Oxford. In Oxford they contributed as organists to college chapel music. And in an interesting parallel to the early performance history of Purcell’s Dido and Aeneas, Goodson senior provided music for the production of a dramatic version of the Orpheus legend at an Oxfordshire school, in Besselsleigh, in 1697.
Music in an Academic Context, II
Authors: Wollenberg Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For music in Oxford, as for many other spheres of activity, the period from 1800 to 1914 was very much an age of documentation.’ In the university context, the official records of the time contain some quite intense arguments relating to music that emerged during the processes of reform. Evidently these matters aroused considerable feeling among participants and observers. As one (himself clearly much agitated) writer put it: ‘Music is now the great question that agitates the whole nation.’ This was probably to some extent true. Many major changes, upheavals and experiments were taking place in the musical world of later nineteenth-century Britain. The reports of the University’s Hebdomadal Council, and later (from 1g11) those of the Music Board, afford numerous insights into the workings of university committees and their business during this period.
Mountain Guerrilla
Authors: Boyle Deirdre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ted Carpenter was a self-described “’60s run-around activist” who was interested in adult education. In 1968 the young Canadian came to the Upper Cumberland area of Appalachia to work as a VISTA volunteer.1 Appalachia’s problems were varied and complex, and government and private programs often neglected the people of the region, concentrating instead on industrial and natural resource development. Carpenter supervised VISTA’s community development programs for several surrounding counties in eastern Tennessee.
Broadside TV
Authors: Boyle Deirdre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A two-year seed grant from the Appalachian Regional Commission allowed the 26-year-old Ted Carpenter to move to Johnson City, Tennessee, in 1972 and found Broadside TV, an extraordinary communications experiment based on a regional planning and development model. Building on his “living newsletter” experience, Carpenter determined to construct an economically viable, self-sustaining community media utility, an entity virtually unique in the nation.
Super Video
Authors: Boyle Deirdre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the fall of 1975 TVTV was working on several projects simultaneously and had to hire two people to help with the work: Karen Murphy as secretary and Steven Conant as equipment manager. The staff was earning $150 a week while the seven partners pulled salaries of $175. With investors like the Point Foundation, the Vanguard Foundation, and family members, TVTV was able to meet their basic operating costs of $10,000 to $12,000 a month. They owned $26,000 in equipment, which included three color cameras, a portapak camera with a low-light tube, a brand new three-quarter-inch cassette editor and various portable decks, cassette recorders, editors, playback machines, and monitors.
On the Sentential Calculus
Authors: Tarski Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The constants with which we have to deal in any scientific theory may be divided into two large groups. The first group consists of terms which are specific for a given theory. In the case of arithmetic, for instance, they are the terms denoting either individual numbers or whole classes of numbers, relations among numbers, operations on numbers, etc.; the constants which we used in Section 1 asexamples belong here, among others. On the other hand, in most statements of arithmetic there are also terms of a much more general character-terms which are encountered constantly in considerations of everyday life and in every possible field of science.
You Ought To Be In Pictures
Authors: Hay Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Allan Dwan, one of the pioneer film directors, found his career by accident. He was working as an engineer for a Chicago-based movie company, which sent him out to California to investigate a production in trouble. Dwan arrived in San Diego and found a bunch of actors waiting around for the director, who had disappeared on a binge. He telegraphed the home office, and a wire came back instructing him to take over the project.
Social Studies
Authors: Hay Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What I Want for Christmas William Randolph Hearst and Marion Davies gave parties not only on the West Coast but also in New York. Anita Loos recalled one Christmas party ( when Hearst had given his mistress the Ritz Tower building on Park Avenue as her Christmas present) to which Mabel Normand arrived late, disheveled and without her then constant companion, none other than Samuel Goldwyn.
The End-That’s All Folks!
Authors: Hay Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It’s Not My Funeral Jack Warner feuded so much with his brother Harry that in 1958, when Jack’s car collided with a truck on the French Riviera, word spread through Hollywood that Harry must have been driving it. In the end, it was Harry who died first. After fifty years of working together, Jack did not attend his brother’s funeral. Another pair named Jack and Harry ran Columbia Pictures. Jack Cohn managed the business side in New York, while his brother Harry made pictures in Hollywood, managing to look trim well past middle age.
Early Poems (with Some Glances Ahead)
Authors: Rosenthal M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Yeats’s earlier poems, even the love poems, are “youthful” but never quite carefree. When he was twenty, for instance, the Dublin University Review published his mostly unreadable pastoral play The Island of Statues, which did however contain some magical passages. One of them, later reprinted in revised form as the poem “The Cloak, the Boat, and the Shoes,” begins:The easy linking of sorrow and beauty here has its sentimental side, but the gentle lyrical spell of the lines is compensation enough. And despite the vague base of the association, there are enough poetic antecedents--in Sappho and Catullus, in folk songs, in the songs in Shakespeare’s plays, and in Blake and Byron and Keats among
Early Drama (with Some Glances Ahead)
Authors: Rosenthal M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Yeats began writing plays in the late 1890’s. Although a few were fairly successful as theater pieces, or because they were politically stirring, he was not a dramatist in the same full sense as Shaw, O’Casey, Wilde, or even Synge. But he did have an instinct for a kind of dramatic dialogue, sometimes in the form of an inward debate of the self. As we have seen, this instinct helped him cultivate a powerful, flexible technique in handling contradictory elements in his poems. Writing plays, and his serious involvement with theatrical production-which began in 1898 and intensified after he helped found the Abbey Theatre in 1904-brought his structural mastery to new levels.