bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The earliest proboscideans: general plan, taxonomy, and palaeoecology
Authors: Shoshani Jeheskel , West Robert M , Court Nicholas , Savage, Robert J G , Harris John M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter includes updated synthesized information on the earliest proboscideans—Anthracobune, moeritheres, numidotheres, barytheres, and deinotheres. Palaeomastodon Andrews, 1901a, and Phiomia Andrews and Beadnell, 1902, are excluded from the description (they are included in Figs 8.1 and 8.2) because, based on the available evidence, they are classified within a well-defined suborder Elephantiformes Tassy, 1988a, whereas Anthracobune, Moeritheriidae, Numidotherium, Barytheriidae, and Deinotheriidae each represent a unique clade at the beginning of this cladogram prior to the appearance of Elephantiformes. In addition, anthra-cobunids, Moeritheriidae, Barytheriidae, and Deinotheriidae have been included or excluded from the Proboscidea (details in Tassy 1985, 1990a; Shoshani 1986b). A better understanding of these five lineages is therefore needed, for they may shed light on the relationships of more advanced proboscidean taxa, especially if there was a closer association among Numidotherium, Barytheriidae, and Deinotheriidae, or between Barytheriidae and Deinotheriidae, as some authors have suggested (Harris 1978; Mahboubi et al. 1986; Savage and Long 1986; Savage and Court 1989; Tassy 1990a, this volume, Chapter 6).
Extinction of proboscideans in North America
Authors: Fisher Daniel C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of proboscideans in North America begins with the immigration of mammutids and gomphotheriids from Eurasia in the middle Miocene (c. 15.5 Ma). It is marked subsequently by phyletic change, additional immigrations (of amebelodontids and elephantids), origins of new lineages, and extinctions of existing ones, but this pattern came full circle about 10 000 years BP, with the final disappearance of proboscideans from this continent. In some respects it is artificial to treat this history apart from that of South America, whose proboscidean fauna was derived from North America, or apart from that of Africa and Eurasia, where proboscidean faunas experienced somewhat parallel changes, but extinction is an ecological process, taking place within spatiotemporally bounded systems. The North American segment of the proboscidean record may thus be treated as an informative subset of their broader history.
Form and function
Authors: Pratt H Douglas , Jeffrey Jack , Conant Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The postcranial (body) anatomy of Hawaiian honeycreepers is surprisingly uniform for such a diverse group. Early workers found little in the body skeleton of Hawaiian honeycreepers that differed in any noticeable way from that of most perching birds. James and Olson (1991), in fact, report that most of the postcranial bones found in prehistoric deposits cannot be identified to species unless part of an associated skeleton.
Statistical Analysis of Behavioural Data
Authors: Haccou Patsy , Meelis Evert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Presenting sophisticated statistical methods for analysing continuous-time records of behaviour, this book integrates recent developments in ethology, mathematical modelling, statistics, and technology. With numerous worked examples, the book leads the reader through the mathematical processes and their applications. The book will be incomparably useful to students and researchers in all areas of behavioural science. The authors show how to analyse behavioural data starting with a basic model, the continuous-time Markov chain. They then indicate how and when this model can be generalized and demonstrate the suitability of their approach for detecting, for example, the effects of different experimental treatments or of changes in the social or physical environment. Competitive interactions such as predator-prey or host-parasite are also good subjects for this type of analysis.
Distribution and habitat
Authors: Short Lester L , Horne Jennifer F M , Gilbert Albert Earl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We here set forth the highlights of the generally tropical distributions of barbets, toucans and honeyguides, some aspects of their zoogeography and species formation, the occurrence together and apart of closely related species, observations or replacement of closely related species from lowlands into mountains, effects of vegetation and climate on distribution, terms applied to vegetation in this volume, and the major aspects of conservation of these birds.
Ramphastidae — toucans, aracaris, toucanets
Authors: Short Lester L , Horne Jennifer F M , Gilbert Albert Earl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All green generally with toucan bill of black and yellow, the only green toucan in its Central American range. In NW South America distinguished from other green toucanets by its black and yellow bill; south of Ecuador has blue or black throat, unlike other congeners there.
Silvicultural Systems
Authors: Matthews John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a rapid rate of forest clearance in many tropical countries. This problem is becoming more serious as the rising world population increases demand for fuelwood and timber. The reduced area of forest must be treated so as to produce the highest possible sustained yield of suitable timber compatible with protecting the environment and water supplies, conserving wild life, enhancing attractive scenery, and giving opportunities for recreation. In Europe complete regimes for regenerating, tending, and harvesting forests called "silvicultural systems" have provided effective solutions to these problems. These are being used successfully in temperate, sub-tropical, and tropical forestry, often under conditions very different from those in which they originated. This book describes the theoretical basis and practical application of 20 silvicultural systems so that foresters and other land managers, ecologists, and landscape designers can select and use those best suited to their needs.
Introduction
Authors: Matthews John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A silvicultural system may be defined as the process by which the crops constituting a forest are tended, removed, and replaced by new crops, resulting in the production of stands of distinctive form (Fig. 1). In this definition ‘tending’ refers mainly to thinning operations done in immature crops, in so far as these operations affect the state of the crop and soil at the time of regeneration.
The protective functions of managed forests
Authors: Matthews John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As already noted, the functions of managed forests may be classified as productive, protective, and social. The most important productive functions are to sustain supplies of timber and minor products, such as foliage, fruits, honey, dyes, and medicinal plants. The protective functions are concerned with the environment and take several forms, including: (1) protecting the physical features of the land; (2) regulating the quantity and quality of water supplies; (3) conserving wild plants and animals through management of their habitats; and (4) protecting landscapes of outstanding natural beauty.
The tropical shelterwood system
Authors: Matthews John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The advantages of concentrated working and regeneration, as compared with fellings scattered far and wide over tracts of tropical moist forest, are so great that several attempts have been made to develop systems of regeneration based on the principles of the uniform system. The name given to these is the tropical shelterwood system. The tropical shelterwood system is an adaptation of the uniform system to tropical moist forest in which the seeding felling consists of a general opening of the canopy by cutting climbers and progressively reducing the middle tree storey by felling, girdling, or poisoning the unwanted trees (Robertson 1971). In converting from natural indigenous forest to more uniform high forest, the fellings recognized are generally of two kinds.
The coppice selection system
Authors: Matthews John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In principle the working of the coppice selection system is similar to that of the selection system in high forest. An exploitable diameter is fixed according to the size of material required, and an estimate made of the age at which material of this size is produced; this age determines the rotation, which is divided into a convenient number of felling cycles, and the area is divided into annual coupes equal in number to the number of years in the felling cycle. Each year coppice fellings are carried out in one of the annual coupes, but only shoots that have reached exploitable size are cut, those below this size being left.
Burrows and burrowing behaviour of fish
Authors: Atkinson R J A , Taylor A C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The burrowing strategies of fish are reviewed. Excavatory techniques consist of excavation by mouth and displacement of sediment by body movements. The resulting burrows are structurally diverse, but may be divided into those in which the main development is horizontal and those in which it is vertical. Burrow function in fish and interspecific associations centred on fish burrows are discussed. The physicochemical environment of fish burrows is also considered and the physiological implications of a burrow-dwelling lifestyle are discussed.
The environmental impact of wood borers in mangrove swamps
Authors: Barkatl Sohail , Tirmizi Nasima M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Studies on marine wood-boring organisms including those infesting the mangrove vegetation are of recent origin. Investigations on marine wood-borers from the Indian ocean were initiated only after 1954 (Santhakumaran 1985). Literature concerning the mangrove wood-borers is reviewed by Santhakumaran (1983). Mangroves of Pakistan are severely damaged by wood-borers, in addition to other factors. Five molluscan borers and one crustacean have been recorded. The distribution, intensity and seasonal abundance of wood-borers from the mangroves of the Karachi coast have been extensively studied.
The environmental impact of subterranean mole rats (Spa/ax ehrenberg1) and their burrows
Authors: Heth Giera 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distribution, population parameters and subterranean way of life of the blind mole rats that belong to the Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies in Israel are briefly described. Special emphasis is given to the burrowing, burrow structure and underground foraging of the mole rats, which are direct causes of their environmental impact. A variety of the environmental effects of mole rats are discussed, including agricultural, arboreal and archaeological damage, the mounds as a site of natural disturbances, soil turnover and aeration, and the relationship between mole rats and geophytes, and between mole rats and other animal species. Most of the available information concerning these subjects is descriptive and circumstantial rather than quantitative. However, in view of the extensive geographical distribution of S. ehrenbergi mole rats in Israel, their frequency, and the results of their burrowing and food hoarding characteristics, it may be concluded that their environmental impact is substantial. Additional direct testing and experiment to determine the effects of burrowing on the soil features and the vegetation are needed, as well as more precise and comprehensive data on the agricultural damage caused by mole rats, in order to evaluate quantitatively the magnitude of their environmental impact. It is suggested, however, that efforts to control these pest rodents be confined to agricultural areas, since mole rats may have beneficial effects in the wild.
Progress in insect flight
Authors: Brodsky Andrei K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the evolution of the Oligoneoptera, the tendency towards improved flight predominated over the tendency to improve the locking of the folded wings. With the complete metamorphosis characteristic of these insects, the function of feeding is accomplished by a poorly mobile larva, while winged imagos retain the functions of the search for a sexual partner and reproduction. The history of the Oligoneoptera began with the order Palaeomanteida (= Miomoptera), known from the Late Carboniferous until the Early or Middle Jurassic. The Palaeomanteida closely resembled the Hypoperlida in their general appearance and wing venation. On the other hand, certain features of the Palaeomanteida were similar to Blattinopseida-the latter had similarly stoutish bodies and a widened hindwing base.
The First European Settlements
Authors: Desmond Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Upon the dissolution of the Roman Empire, the Indian Ocean was not penetrated again by Europeans until the Portuguese challenged the commercial supremacy of the Muslim world in Asia. During the fifteenth century Portuguese sailors cautiously extended their exploration of the Atlantic coastline of the African continent, reaching Sierra Leone by 1460. Under King John II Lisbon had become a centre for African commerce, laying the foundations of an administrative structure which would promote Portugal’s future trade with the East. In 1487 Pedro de Covilha left Portugal on a secret mission to investigate the spice trade, then a Muslim monopoly. Disguised as a Moorish merchant, Covilha sailed from Aden to Cannanore on the Malabar coast, becoming in 1488 the first Portuguese to set foot on Indian soil. Also in 1487 Bartolomeu Diaz sailed out of Lisbon harbour with three small ships to continue the exploration of the African seaboard. They were the first European vessels to round the Cape of Good Hope and, although Diaz’s apprehensive and mutinous crews forced him to turn back, the prospect of a route to the Indies had been established. Two years after the accession of Manuel I to the Portuguese throne in 1495, Vasco da Gama commanded four ships on a reconnaissance mission to India. At Mombasa on the east coast of Africa he engaged an experienced Arab pilot whose knowledge of the Indian Ocean brought the Portuguese fleet in May 1498 to Calicut, a prosperous Malabar port enjoying extensive trade links with the Arab world. When some curious Tunisian traders questioned the purpose of his visit, da Gama allegedly replied, ‘Christians and spices’. He learnt that ginger, pepper, and cinnamon were abundantly available, that the cinnamon was inferior to that grown in an island called Cillan (Ceylon), and that cloves came from distant Melequa (Malacca). He departed from Calicut in late August with a modest but valuable cargo of spices. A delighted King Manuel informed Ferdinand of Spain that da Gama had returned with jewels and ‘cinnamon, cloves, ginger, nutmeg, and pepper, as well as other kinds, together with boughs and leaves of the same’.
The Roxburgh Era
Authors: Desmond Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Roxburgh’s successful management of the horticultural station at Samalkot made him an obvious candidate to succeed Kyd. Invited to Calcutta by the Governor-General, Lord Cornwallis, he was persuaded, albeit reluctantly, to accept the appointment as Superintendent of the Botanic Garden which, he told Banks, was ‘a good Indian orchard & nursery but of too great extent’. He collected his family from the South including, presumably, his young son John, boarded out with Father Christoph Samuel John (1747-1813) at the Tranquebar Mission. One gets a very distinct impression from the correspondence between Father John and Roxburgh that the missionary took leave of his charge with little regret: ‘he causes me more trouble [than] all the others together. I would certainly not keep him for any sum in a year & would have sent him back long since if my heart was not so much attached to you & if I was not determined to give you all satisfaction possible’. With prophetic insight he saw a promising future as a plant collector for this high-spirited and unacademic youngster; ‘his greatest skill & pleasure [is] to climb on the highest coconut trees like a squirrel. Then he may collect for you all plants; & seeds you wish from foreign countries being very fond of running about, but to describe them, will never become his business’.
A Dictionary of Concepts in NMR
Authors: Homans S W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first book to provide a comprehensive explanation of the bewildering array of acronyms and technical terms which have crept into the literature in recent years. Aimed at chemists and biochemists who have only an elementary knowledge of NMR, it provides a clear description of the concepts and basic principles involved. Recent developments in two-dimensional NMR methods in liquids have had a significant impact on the study of biological systems, and detailed descriptions of the techniques currently available are given. Mathematical descriptions are used where appropriate, since in many cases this is the only medium rigorous enough to convey ideas that are quantum mechanical in nature. However the level of mathematical competence required is low, and the more complex aspects are fully explained in the text. The use of a dictionary format allows easy reference. Each term is explained in full, extensive cross-references are included, and suggestions for further reading are given at the end of many entries.
Diverse roles for retinoids in modifying skin, skin appendages, and oral mucosa in mammals and birds
Authors: Hardy Margaret H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of changes brought about in mammalian or avian skin by exposure to excess retinoids will be discussed in this chapter. Their investigation has revealed three distinct roles played by varying retinoid levels with respect to the differentiation and functions of skin and some related tissues; they will be presented in the order of their discovery. The first role is to modulate the differentiation of epidermis and other keratinizing epithelia towards either keratin synthesis or mucus production. The second role is to initiate totally new, functioning mucous glands—structures unknown in the skin of birds or mammals. The third role is to divert skin on the avian foot from one recognizable morphogenetic programme (scale formation) to a different, but equally recognizable one (feather production). The skin of adult mammals is not especially vulnerable to damage by overdosing with retinoids, although massive doses can greatly increase epidermal thickness (Moore 1957). Paradoxically, it was a study of the damage by excess vitamin A to skeletal development in chick limbs in organ culture that led to the accidental discovery by Fell and Mellanby of a more profound effect of the vitamin on developing skin (Fell and Melian by 1952, 1953). In the high vitamin A medium, the primitive epidermal layer on a fragment of 7-day chick embryo skin became a cuboidal, mucus-secreting epithelium instead of a stratified, squamous keratinizing one. Further studies in organ culture by Fell and collaborators (Fell and Mellanby 1953; Fell 1957; Fitton Jackson and Fell 1963) showed that ciliated and mucous cells differentiated on the surface of the stratifying epithelium, which then resembled the epithelial lining of mammalian nasal passages or trachea. The change, called a mucous metaplasia, persisted for more than 2 weeks in culture in the presence of excess retinoid. When the explant was then transferred to the more physiological retinoid level of the control medium, containing only fowl plasma and chicken embryo extract, the superficial mucus-secreting and ciliated cells were shed and a normally keratinizing epidermis differentiated from the underlying epithelial cells. If the chick embryos were slightly older when the skin was explanted to vitamin A medium, the metaplasia was reduced—there was no mucus secretion by the surface cells, but no keratinization of these cells either. In skin explants from still older embryos, in which the first keratinized cells were already appearing, excess vitamin A had no effect on the epidermis.
Malformations of hindbrain structures among humans exposed to isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid) during early embryogenesis
Authors: Lammer Edward J , Armstrong Dawna L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that retinoic acid (RA) plays a major role in controlling the morphogenesis of many vertebrate structures. It is metabolically derived from retinol (vitamin A) and can mimic some, but not all, of retinol”s properties. For example, RA cannot support retinol’s role in reproduction or in the visual system (mediated by conversion of retinol to retinaldehyde), but it can promote cellular differentiation and bone growth as well as retinol does. Both retinol and RA are teratogenic in a number of experimental vertebrate species and humans (Kochhar 1967; Shenefelt 1972; Lammer et al. 1985; Irving et al. 1986; Webster et al. 1986; Rummler et al. 1990). Retinoic acid-induced malformations in humans have resulted from the inadvertent use of isotretinoin (13-cis-RA) during pregnancy (Lammer et al. 1985). Isotretinoin is an oral medication taken for the treatment of severe nodulocystic acne. In the United States, isotretinoin was initially marketed in 1982 and is approved only for the treatment of severe nodulocystic acne that is unresponsive to other therapies.
Somatic cell genetics and the search for colon cancer genes
Authors: Thomas H J W , Frischauf A-M , Solomon E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As this volume is in honour of Professor Sir Henry Harris, it seems appropriate, under the general topic of genetics of colon cancer, to focus specifically on the role of somatic cell genetics in the isolation of genes responsible for this disease. Two rather different types of somatic cell genetics have been used in the identification of the genes mutated in colon cancer. The first type might be called tumour somatic cell genetics and has developed from the fact that loss of genetic material from tumour cells can be detected either microscopically, as whole or partial chromosome loss or by loss of heterozygosity (LOH) (for reviews see Goddard and Solomon, (1993) and Lasko et al., (1991)). This genetic loss in tumours has come to be recognized as the hallmark of tumour suppressor genes. The second type of somatic cell genetics is the methodological one, in which the segregation of human chromosomes from interspecific hybrids, can be used both for mapping purposes and for the production of probes. Part of this methodology has evolved directly from experiments of Goss and Harris (1975) in which breakage of chromosomes through irradiation was used as a statistical mapping method. We and others have used both types of somatic cell genetics in various phases in the search for the adenomalous polyposis coli (APC) gene, as well as other colon cancer genes.
Mechanisms of transformation by HPV
Authors: Vousden Karen H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cervical carcinoma has long been recognized as a sexually transmitted disease and, as described in Chapter 4, there is now extremely convincing epidemiological evidence that infection with certain types of genital human papillomaviruses (HPVs), known as the high-risk HPVs, contribute to the development of this cancer. The identification of some HPV types as oncogenic viruses has not solely been the result of epidemiological studies, however, and some of the most compelling evidence implicating the malignant potential of these viruses has been gathered from the study of in vitro transformation mediated by HPV DNA. Although the ability to efficiently transform cells in culture is, by itself, no safe indication that a virus has malignant potential in vivo (as illustrated by the adenoviruses), the identification and analysis of HPV-encoded oncogenes has reinforced the hypothesis that HPV infection plays a causative role in the development of most cervical cancers. More recently, an understanding of how the virally encoded oncoproteins function is paving the path towards the development of better prognostic and diagnostic tests, as well as prophylactic or therapeutic drugs and vaccines.