bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ThegusBCGenes ofEscherichia coliEncode a Glucuronide Transport System
Authors: Liang Wei-Jun , Wilson Kate J. , Xie Hao , Knol Jan , Suzuki Shun'ichi , Rutherford Nicholas G. , Henderson Peter J. F. , Jefferson Richard A. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTTwo genes,gusBandgusC, from a natural fecal isolate ofEscherichia coliare shown to encode proteins responsible for transport of β-glucuronides with synthetic [14C]phenyl-1-thio-β-d-glucuronide as the substrate. These genes are located in thegusoperon downstream of thegusAgene on theE. coligenome, and their expression is induced by a variety of β-d-glucuronides. Measurements of transport in right-side-out subcellular vesicles show the system has the characteristics of secondary active transport energized by the respiration-generated proton motive force. When the genes were cloned together downstream of thetacoperator-promoter in the plasmid pTTQ18 expression vector, transport activity was increased considerably with isopropylthiogalactopyranoside as the inducer. Amplified expression of the GusB and GusC proteins enabled visualization and identification by N-terminal sequencing of both proteins, which migrated at ca. 32 kDa and 44 kDa, respectively. Separate expression of the GusB protein showed that it is essential for glucuronide transport and is located in the inner membrane, while the GusC protein does not catalyze transport but assists in an as yet unknown manner and is located in the outer membrane. The output of glucuronides as waste by mammals and uptake for nutrition by gut bacteria or reabsorption by the mammalian host is discussed.
MgrA Is a Multiple Regulator of Two New Efflux Pumps inStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Truong-Bolduc Q. C. , Dunman P. M. , Strahilevitz J. , Projan S. J. , Hooper D. C. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTIn an analysis of the resistance mechanisms of anmgrAmutant, we identified two genes encoding previously undescribed transporters, NorB and Tet38.norBwas 1,392 bp and encoded a predicted 49-kDa protein. When overexpressed, NorB led to an increase in resistance to hydrophilic quinolones, ethidium bromide, and cetrimide and also to sparfloxacin, moxifloxacin, and tetracycline, a resistance phenotype of themgrAmutant. NorA and NorB shared 30% similarity, and NorB shared 30 and 41% similarities with the Bmr and Blt transporters ofBacillus subtilis, respectively. The second efflux pump was a more selective transporter that we have called Tet38, which had 46% similarity with the plasmid-encoded TetK efflux transporter ofS. aureus. tet38was 1,353 bp and encoded a predicted 49-kDa protein. Overexpression oftet38produced resistance to tetracycline but not to minocycline and other drugs.norBandtet38transcription was negatively regulated by MgrA. Limited binding of MgrA to the promoter regions ofnorBandtet38was demonstrated by gel shift assays, suggesting that MgrA was an indirect regulator ofnorBandtet38expression. ThemgrA norBdouble mutant was reproducibly twofold more susceptible to the tested quinolones than themgrAmutant. ThemgrA tet38double mutant became more susceptible to tetracycline than the wild-type parent strain. These data demonstrate that overexpression of NorB and Tet38 contribute, respectively, to the hydrophobic quinolone resistance and the tetracycline resistance of themgrAmutant and that MgrA regulates expression ofnorBandtet38in addition to its role in regulation ofnorAexpression.
The Type III-Dependent Hrp Pilus Is Required for Productive Interaction of
Xanthomonas campestris
pv. vesicatoria with Pepper Host Plants
Authors: Weber Ernst , Ojanen-Reuhs Tuula , Huguet Elisabeth , Hause Gerd , Romantschuk Martin , Korhonen Timo K. , Bonas Ulla , Koebnik Ralf 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT

The plant pathogenic bacterium
Xanthomonas campestris
pv. vesicatoria expresses a type III secretion system that is necessary for both pathogenicity in susceptible hosts and the induction of the hypersensitive response in resistant plants. This specialized protein transport system is encoded by a 23-kb
hrp
(hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) gene cluster. Here we show that
X. campestris
pv. vesicatoria produces filamentous structures, the Hrp pili, at the cell surface under
hrp
-inducing conditions. Analysis of purified Hrp pili and immunoelectron microscopy revealed that the major component of the Hrp pilus is the HrpE protein which is encoded in the
hrp
gene cluster. Sequence homologues of
hrpE
are only found in other xanthomonads. However,
hrpE
is syntenic to the
hrpY
gene from another plant pathogen,
Ralstonia solanacearum
. Bioinformatic analyses suggest that all major Hrp pilus subunits from gram-negative plant pathogens may share the same structural organization, i.e., a predominant alpha-helical structure. Analysis of nonpolar mutants in
hrpE
demonstrated that the Hrp pilus is essential for the productive interaction of
X. campestris
pv. vesicatoria with pepper host plants. Furthermore, a functional Hrp pilus is required for type III-dependent protein secretion. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that type III-secreted proteins, such as HrpF and AvrBs3, are in close contact with the Hrp pilus during and/or after their secretion. By systematic analysis of nonpolar
hrp
/
hrc
(
hrp
conserved) and
hpa
(
hrp
associated) mutants, we found that Hpa proteins as well as the translocon protein HrpF are dispensable for pilus assembly, while all other Hrp and Hrc proteins are required. Hence, there are no other conserved Hrp or Hrc proteins that act downstream of HrpE during type III-dependent protein translocation.
Soj Antagonizes Spo0A Activation of Transcription in
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: McLeod Brett N. , Spiegelman George B. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT

The ParA family protein Soj appears to negatively regulate sporulation in
Bacillus subtilis
by inhibiting transcription from promoters that are activated by phosphorylated Spo0A. We tested in vitro Soj inhibition of Spo0A-independent variants of a promoter that Soj inhibited (P
spoIIG
). Transcription from the variants was less sensitive to Soj inhibition, suggesting that inhibition of wild-type P
spoIIG
was linked to transcription activation by Spo0A.
EXPERIMENTALLY OBTAINED BIFURCATION PHENOMENON IN CHAOTIC TRACTOR VIBRATING IN TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAIN
Authors: GARCIANO L. O. , SAKAI K. , TORISU R. 
Published: March 2005

This paper investigates through experimental methods the dynamic characteristics of a farm tractor by changing the forward velocity from 0.63 m/s to 4.50 m/s. Nonlinear time series, frequency spectrum and continuous wavelet transform were used in the analysis. From the nonlinear time series analysis, a nonlinear resonance of the tractor vibration occurred at forward velocity of 2.15 m/s. The existence of a subharmonic frequency at 4.32 m/s indicated chaotic dynamics that was confirmed by the trend of the Lyapunov exponent analysis with a positive exponent indicating chaos. Continuous wavelet transform analysis results, presented graphically, called coefficient plots showed patterns composed of large and fine feature distribution in both time and scale. Quasi-periodic velocities of 1.95 m/s and 2.15 m/s were estimated by these coefficient plots. At forward velocity of 2.88 m/s, the coefficient plots showed dominant features that varied periodically and were estimated to be a period-doubling vibration. The coefficient plots during chaotic vibration at 3.52 m/s, 4.02 m/s and 4.32 m/s showed various feature distributions. At forward velocities of 0.95 m/s and 1.42 m/s, the existence of features with scale values of almost equal and half of the dominant feature was due to the influence of the gravel road surface and not to the artificial test track profile. Experimentally obtained bifurcation was observed clearly from the coefficient plots that showed three different patterns from quasi-periodic vibration at 2.15 m/s, period-doubling at 2.88 m/s and chaos at 3.52 m/s.
Development of a Prototype Personal Cooling System for First Responders: User Feedback
Authors: Branson DH , Farr CA , Peksoz S , Nam J , Cao H 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A series of six focus groups in five U.S. cities was conducted as a component in a 3-year project to develop a prototype personal cooling system for first responders. The target user was a HAZMAT worker wearing level A and B ensembles, with a 30-min mission and an average body heat dissipation of 180 W. The purpose of the focus groups was to determine user needs, wants, and concerns early and progressively throughout the development of the prototype system to serve as design input. The first two focus groups provided information on the use of HAZMAT ensembles and thermal comfort problems associated with wearing the ensembles while working an incident, and reaction to a mock-up cooler system. Focus groups 3-6 provided user feedback on an alpha prototype system. All groups confirmed the need for a cooling system and the problem with moisture build-up within level A and B encapsulated suits. Reaction to the liquid-cooled vest was positive. An exterior location for the cooler unit was acceptable if users' concerns were addressed adequately.
Trace Levels of Sulfur in the Fuels of the Future: Analytical Perspective
Authors: Nadkarni RAK 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Sulfur levels in both gasoline and diesel fuels are being restricted because of environmental pollution concerns throughout the world. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has mandated the levels of sulfur which may be allowed in most road and off-road vehicles. Although there are many standard test methods available for determining sulfur in petroleum products, presently only about four can qualify for their usefulness at the expected low levels in the future fuels. A large interlaboratory study undertaken by ASTM to estimate the capabilities of these methods is described. Also, data from the ASTM interlaboratory crosscheck programs is reviewed to identify the trends that the industry laboratories are showing. Finally, a brief overview of some new methods being developed in the industry for such analyses is presented.
Synthesis of novel copoly(ether ether ketones): Property evaluation and microstructure analysis by NMR
Authors: Salunke Arun Kashinath , Sharma Mamta , Kute Vijay , Banerjee Susanta 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA series of copolymers were prepared by the reaction of various bisphenols with a 50:50 molar ratio of two bisfluoro compounds, 4,4′‐bis(1‐fluoro‐2‐trifluoromethyl benzyl) benzene and 4,4′‐difluorobenzophenone. The synthesized polymers were well characterized for their thermal, mechanical, and electrical performances. The copolymers showed a better set of properties than their analogous homopolymers derived from 4,4′‐bis(1‐fluoro‐2‐trifluoromethyl benzyl) benzene and bisphenols. The microstructures of the copolymers were analyzed by 1H‐, 13C‐, 19F‐, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer 90, two‐dimensional 1H–1H homonuclear correlation spectroscopy, and 13C–1H correlation spectroscopy NMR techniques. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1292–1305, 2005
Compliance, communication and competition: patterns of EU environmental policy making and their impact on policy convergence
Authors: Knill Christoph , Lenschow Andrea 
Published: March 2005

AbstractResponsibility for environmental policy making in Europe has shifted to the EU level to a remarkable extent. Considering that many of the EU measures aim at levelling the playing field between member states and even achieving the harmonization of national policies, one might expect far‐reaching convergence of environmental policy in Europe, but there are a number of domestic and policy‐specific factors diverting the path from reaching convergence. In this contribution we are interested in the specific effects of different patterns of European governance on domestic environmental policies. In this respect, we are particularly interested in the scope of national institutional change and cross‐national convergence of regulatory institutions. We distinguish between three ideal–typical governance patterns: (1) prescriptive governance based on the compliance of national implementers with legally binding EU rules, (2) communicative governance based on information exchange between regulatory agents across national levels arranged in a EU legal or institutional framework and (3) competitive governance based on competition between national administrative systems to achieve EU requirements. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Analysis of N‐acylhomoserine lactones after alkaline hydrolysis and anion‐exchange solid‐phase extraction by capillary zone electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Frommberger Moritz , Hertkorn Norbert , Englmann Matthias , Jakoby Sarah , Hartmann Anton , Kettrup Antonius , Schmitt‐Kopplin Philippe 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA quantitative, specific, and sensitive method for the determination of N‐acylhomoserine lactones (HSLs – a group of bacterial semiochemicals) in the form of their hydrolysis products (N‐acylhomoserines, HSs) is presented. Real samples were analyzed by capillary zone electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry (CZE‐MS) after alkaline lactonolysis and extraction by mixed‐mode anion‐exchange solid‐phase extraction. The presented cleanup significantly speeds up the HSL extraction procedure, strongly reduces sample consumption, and is more selective compared to the commonly used liquid/liquid extraction. Completeness of the hydrolysis reaction was examined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This CZE‐MS method complements recently published capillary separation techniques (nano liquid chromatography‐MS, partial‐filling micellar electrokinetic chromatography‐MS, gas chromatography‐MS) and provides a possibility to differentiate quantitatively between the homoserines (as naturally occurring degradation products) besides the intact homoserine lactones. The method was found to be quantitative down to a concentration of 0.05 µg/mL (limit of quantification), while the limit of detection was determined with 0.01 µg/mL – sufficient for the analysis of culture supernatants.
Arsenate remediation using nanosized modified zerovalent iron particles
Authors: Jegadeesan Gautham , Mondal Kanchan , Lalvani Shashi B. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractArsenate [As (V)] removal kinetics in aqueous solutions using modified nanosized zerovalent iron (Fe0) particles such as NiFe and PdFe was studied. NiFe and PdFe particles were synthesized by the borohydride reduction of nickel and palladium salts on Fe0 particles. Pseudo‐first‐order rate equations were found to satisfactorily describe arsenate removal kinetics using Fe0, NiFe, and PdFe particles (solids concentration of 2 g L−1) at low arsenate concentrations (1.35 mM). As compared to zerovalent iron (kobs of 0.037 min−1), the arsenate removal rate was up to 2.5 times faster (kobs of 0.091 min−1) using NiFe particles, whereas it was threefold lower in the case of PdFe particles (kobs of 0.011 min−1). With increasing contact times, deviation from first‐order kinetics was observed, presumably arising from the loss of available sites on the solid surface. The surface area normalized pseudo‐first‐order rate constant ksa was 0.0089 L m−2 min−1 for NiFe. Additional experiments were performed to study the influence of initial arsenate concentration (0.67 and 3.38 mM), temperature (25, 45, and 65° C) and competing inorganic anions (sulfate, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and chromate) on arsenate removal using NiFe particles. Increasing temperatures (25–65° C) increased arsenate removal rates, whereas competing sorption of phosphate and sulfate inhibited arsenate removal. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2005
Hammerhead ribozymes targeted against cyclin E and E2F1 cooperate to down‐regulate coronary smooth muscle cell proliferation
Authors: Grassi G. , Schneider A. , Engel S. , Racchi G. , Kandolf R. , Kuhn A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundAnti‐proliferative drugs released from endo‐vascular stents have substantially contributed to reduce in‐stent restenosis rates in coronary arteries bearing single primary lesions by down‐regulating coronary smooth muscle cell (CSMC) growth. However, the considerably lower drug efficacy shown in treatment of more complex coronary lesions suggests that alternative anti‐proliferative approaches can be beneficial. Thus, we explored the use of hammerhead ribozymes as tools to knock down cyclin E and E2F1, two potent activators of cell proliferation which cooperate to promote the G1 to S phase transition.MethodsTwo ribozymes, one directed against cyclin E and the other against E2F1 mRNAs, were delivered by liposomes to cultured human CSMCs. The influences on cell proliferation were measured evaluating BrdU incorporation into newly synthesised DNA. The effects on cell cycle phase distribution were determined by BrdU and 7‐aminoactinomycin D incorporation into DNA.ResultsBoth ribozymes exhibited a sequence‐specific and dose‐dependent reduction in BrdU incorporation, which, at a concentration of 280 nM, persisted up to 4 days after transfection of CSMCs. A combined administration of the two ribozymes (210 + 210 nM) resulted in a more pronounced decrease in BrdU incorporation compared to the administration of an equimolar amount (420 nM) of each of them. Finally, both ribozymes induced a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in S phase cells with a concomitant increase of G1/G0 and G2‐M phase cells, compared to controls.ConclusionsThe ribozymes selected represent potent tools to prevent CSMC proliferation, especially when administered together, and thus are ideal candidates for in vivo application. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance‐based design sensitivity analysis of steel moment frames under earthquake loading
Authors: Gong Yanglin , Xu Lei , Grierson Don E. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA performance‐based design sensitivity analysis procedure for inelastic steel moment frameworks under equivalent static earthquake loading is presented in this paper. Analytical formulations defining the sensitivity of displacements to modifications in member sizes are derived based on a load‐control pushover analysis procedure. Material non‐linearity under bending moment is alone accounted. Although the formulations were derived based on continuous design variables, they are readily extended to the case of discrete design variables. A 3‐storey moment frame example illustrates the applicability and accuracy of the developed methodology. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incompatibilism
Authors: Clarke Randolph 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA basic characterization of free will is offered, and common beliefs about the value of free will are reviewed. Two incompatibilist theses are distinguished: broad incompatibilism holds that both free will and moral responsibility are incompatible with determinism, while merely narrow incompatibilism holds that free will requires indeterminism but moral responsibility does not. Minimal versions of each of these theses are characterized.
Remapping the City
Authors: Katznelson Ira 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSection I of this chapter discusses how, by not embarking on the journey linking city space, capitalist development, and class formation, Marxism denied itself a critical dimension in the material analysis both of the target it wished to confront and of the class it expected to be the agent of this successful engagement. Section II looks at how the separation between the social classes within the new social geography of the capitalist city in the nineteenth century helped assure the residential propinquity of members of the working class, as well as their isolation from other classes. However, with the elaboration of new networks made possible by the nationalization of labour markets, there was a growing sense that working classes shared a fate that transcended given localities, while advances in communications and transportation made the ties between class and space more complicated and tentative. Analyses are included of this break in working‐class history given in the work of Krishan Kumar and Craig Calhoun, and by Olivier Zunz and Richard Oestreicher in their studies of Detroit at the turn of the nineteenth century. Sections III–V show that the relationship of Marxism and the city and urban space now stands on unsure ground, since it is the politics and viability of class itself as the dominant form of collective identity that is currently under challenge; the discussion given here draws on the work of Mark Gottendiener and Eric Hobsbaum within the new urban Marxism.
Recent Work On Kant's Theoretical Philosophy
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter is influenced by the work of Gerold Prauss, and it consists largely in an overview of interpretations of Kant’s transcendental deduction and transcendental idealism. It distinguishes a wide variety of non-regressive interpretations of the deduction, and indicates some of their limitations. More positively, it explains how Prauss’ highly original discussion of Kant’s notion of appearance in experience helps with understanding details of the complex Critical conception of judgements of perception. The survey of work on transcendental idealism gives special attention to the early Kant scholarship of Prauss and Henry E. Allison, but it does not endorse their preference for a relatively non-metaphysical version of Kant’s doctrine.
The Critique of Metaphysics: Kant and Traditional Ontology
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Contains a brief survey of the first Critique’s Transcendental Dialectic, but it is primarily devoted to a treatment of Kant’s changing views on the fundamental question of how to arrive at a theoretical account of the unity of the world that overcomes the shortcomings of occasionalism, theories of pre-established harmony, and naïve versions of the doctrine of ‘physical influx’. It stresses that although it is very difficult to determine exactly how Kant comes to a distinctive and stable position on this question, the topic is clearly of fundamental importance in all stages of his work, and throughout all of them he favours the affirmation of real interaction between finite substances. Draws on ideas and materials from lectures by Kant, and it also relies heavily on several newly found sets of notes (published in German only in 1983, and translated in 1997, with several corrections to the German edition) from Kant’s lectures on metaphysics.
The New Agenda
Authors: Dunne Tim 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe final two chapters in Part One investigate the evolving research agenda of the English School of International Relations and its contribution to contemporary international relations. In this chapter, the author explores what may be described as the ‘new agenda’ in English School thinking about world politics. He begins by briefly tracing the long history of the concept of international society, noting how it has become synonymous with the English School despite the fact that other paradigms have also made use of the term. He moves on to reiterate one of the central claims of the first part of this book: that the English School and the concept of international society have been propelled to the forefront of contemporary debates about world politics by important sociological and normative developments in mainstream international relations in North America. He then identifies four core and as yet unsolved ‘puzzles’ that will frame the English School's new agenda as it continues to develop; these are the relationship between agency and structure, the boundaries between international society and world society, the moral basis of international society, and the tension between forces of society and hierarchy in contemporary world politics.