bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Diminution and Proportion in Fifteenth-Century Music Theory
Authors: DEFORD RUTH I. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe interpretation of fifteenth-century diminution signs is problematic. Theorists describe three types of diminution, all of which may be represented by the same signs: proportional diminution, which reduces the durations of notes in relation to other notes in the same piece; mensural diminution, which reduces the number of mensurae, or counting units, with which each note is measured; and acceleratio mensurae, which reduces the duration of the mensura itself. The writings that describe these procedures are often ambiguous and have been interpreted in conflicting ways. Clarifying the distinctions among the categories of diminution helps to make sense of problematic theoretical statements and resolve apparent conflicts between theory and practice. Since most theorists apply the concept of proportional diminution only to simultaneous relationships and acceleratio mensurae probably arose no earlier than the 1460s, mensural diminution is the principal theoretical meaning of diminution signs in the first half of the fifteenth century. Placing the reformist ideas of Tinctoris and Gaffurio in the context of earlier theories leads to new interpretations of their views on diminution. Their struggles to resolve the conflicts between traditional practices and their own rigorously rational systems led to inconsistencies that laid the foundation for the controversies that have plagued interpretations of diminution signs ever since.
Andrey Volkonsky and the Beginnings of Unofficial Music in the Soviet Union
Authors: SCHMELZ PETER J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis article examines the compositional history and early reception of Soviet composer Andrey Volkonsky's two earliest and most important serial compositions, Musica Stricta and Suite of Mirrors (Syuita zerkal). These two works spurred on the formation of an unofficial music culture in the Soviet Union during the Thaw of the late 1950s and 1960s. Volkonsky (b. 1933) was the first and initially the most visible of a group of young Soviets known by officialdom as the “young composers” (“molodïïye kompozitorïï”). These “young composers”—among them Sofia Gubaidulina, Alfred Schnittke, Arvo Pärt, and Edison Denisov—came of age in the years following Stalin's death in 1953. Their compositions reflected their attempts to “catch up” with the Western avant-garde following decades of musical development that had been denied them under Stalin. The first “new” technique these composers adopted was serialism, and Volkonsky's early compositions illustrate the specifically Soviet approach to the method and demonstrate the meanings it held for Soviet officials and Soviet audiences. Volkonsky's early works also force a broadening of current interpretations of postwar European and American serialism. Much of the information in the article stems from personal interviews with Volkonsky and the other leading composers and performers of the Thaw, as well as archival research conducted in Russia.
Music in Paris during the Franco-Prussian War and the Commune
Authors: TYRE JESS 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACT
The years 1870–71 marked the beginning of dramatic changes in French political and cultural life. A few short months witnessed defeat to Germany in the Franco-Prussian War and the fall of the Second Empire, as well as the rapid rise of the Paris Commune and its subsequent violent suppression through the establishment of republican government. The Parisian musical world, while severely affected by the events of war and deprived of performers and audiences, did not come to a standstill. Indeed, these years ushered in a remarkable increase in the number of institutions and concert societies dedicated to supporting French music and to making what would become the standard repertoire more accessible to the average citizen.
Music heightened reactions to the turmoil of war and revolution in Paris at this crucial moment in France's history. Because of their stringent governmental control and largely middle- and working-class audiences, entertainments organized initially by wartime concert societies, and then under the aegis of the Commune, provide us with the greatest opportunity for understanding the political and social contexts in which music operated. Through investigation of the contemporary French press it can be shown that: (1) the perceived function of musical performance was adjusted to suit the practical and symbolic needs of a besieged city; (2) all the factions competing for power during the war and the post-war insurrection in Paris appropriated the connotations of civilization, social stability, and good taste that surrounded “art music”; (3) the Commune's sudden rejection of the Austro-German musical tradition marked a brief but significant moment in which nationalistic preoccupations supplanted historically cosmopolitan attitudes toward foreign art. The study concludes with a meditation on Alfred Roll's painting of the execution of a Communard trumpeter, in which we find one of the strongest images relating war and rebellion to music in the France of 1871.
From Impurity to Piety: Mid 17th-Century French Devotional Airs and the Spiritual Conversion of Women
Authors: GORDON-SEIFERT CATHERINE 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACT
With his three books of airs de dévotion (1656, 1658, 1662), Father François Berthod offered singers the best of two worlds: newly-written sacred texts set to preexisting love songs by prominent French composers. In his dedications, he indicates that his parodies were written for women, enabling them to sing passionate melodies while maintaining their “modesty, piety, and virtue.” Inspired by the adopted musical settings, Berthod retained the provocative language of the original texts but directed expressions of concupiscent love toward Jesus in lieu of mortal man. Drawing on church documents, devotional treatises, and introductions to sources of sacred music, it can be shown how Berthod's devotional airs—a repertory virtually ignored by scholars—were part of a Catholic campaign to convert female aristocrats from a life of frivolity and immorality to one of religious devotion. This study examines Berthod's choice of airs, his organization of topics, and his parodic procedures as representations of religious “conversions.” Also addressed is the debate surrounding his textual transformations, for some questioned whether women could enter into the spirit of the devotional text without thinking about its “sinful” version. The airs, in fact, embody a central, yet controversial, interpretation of post-Tridentine doctrine: In order to know what is good one must know what is not. Ultimately this study reveals that Church leaders believed that by singing airs de dévotion, a woman, even if married with children, would transcend worldly desire, fantasize amorous conversations with Jesus, and express her love for him “as her true husband.”
The Cadence of Mozart's Cadenzas
Authors: MIRKA DANUTA 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACT
The cadenzas Mozart supplied for his piano concertos are designed to close with a standard schema that conforms to the cadence as it was understood by musicians of the 18th century and described by such writers as Heinrich Christoph Koch. Melodic ingredients included the note of preparation, the cadential note, and the caesura note. The cadential schema may be elongated and manipulated in diverse ways, and in extreme cases, as witnessed in Mozart's practice, manipulations of the schema may yield sophisticated strategies that encompass several phases of approaching closure.
Since the cadence of the cadenza served as a crucial means of communication between soloist and orchestra, its playful handling by the soloist presumably elicited amusing behavior among the orchestral musicians as they prepared to enter for the end of the final ritornello. This factor contributed a certain visual dimension to the communication between soloist and audience, in accordance with the aesthetic of witticism ascribed to the cadenza by 18th-century writers.
Conceptual and Practical Implications of Breast Tissue Geometry: Toward a More Effective, Less Toxic Therapy
Authors: Norton Larry 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Mathematics provides greater understanding of the complex process of tumorigenesis.
Based on the Gompertzian phenomenon and the Norton-Simon hypothesis, enhanced cell kill can be obtained through a greater chemotherapy dose rate. Results from the 1995 Bonadonna et al. study and the CALGB/Intergroup C9741 study demonstrated that patients in the dose-dense arms had significantly longer disease-free survival and overall survival.
Because of the demonstrated applicability of Gompertzian kinetics, attention has been turned to the etiology of the Gompertzian curve. Breast tumor dimensions, as with all tissue dimensions in biology, can be calculated by fractals. A less cell-dense tissue usually has a lower fractal dimension than a tissue with more cells (i.e., a higher cell density is usually due to a higher fractal dimension). Density is the number of cells divided by the tissue volume. When allowed to grow, the density of a tissue with a lower fractal dimension drops quickly. However, a tumor, since it has a higher fractal mass dimension, maintains a high density as it grows bigger, resulting in a more rapid growth rate and a larger final size. Fractal dimensions of infiltrating ductal adenocarcinomas of the breast are high (i.e., 2.98), which results in a very dense tissue compared with normal breast tissue (with a fractal dimension of about 2.25). As expected, the higher fractal dimension results in a high rate of growth.
The reason for this high fractal dimension is that breast cancer can be considered as a conglomerate of many small Gompertzian tumors, each of which has a high cell density and hence ratio of mitosis to apoptosis. In mathematical terms, each component of the conglomerate can be considered a small metastasis in itself. Thus, the primary tumor is composed of multiple self-metastases that form around a seed from the tumor to itself. Conventional thinking is that cancers metastasize because they are large, but in fact it may be that they are large because they are self-metastatic.
Many genes are associated with the biology of metastasis; these include: A) obligatory cancer genes (most of which regulate mitosis and mitotic rate); B) genes relating to self-metastasis and growth of tumors at local sites, conferring the ability to invade and grow with high cell density; and C) genes that relate to the ability of the cancer to metastasize to distant areas. Additionally, fibroblasts may send out abnormal growth signals causing abnormal breast tissue growth. Consequently, we are not only dealing with abnormal cancer cells, but also with the tissue that surrounds them, or the microenvironment, that is, the “Smith-Bissell” model.
These new insights may lead us to change the thrust of our attack from genes involved in mitosis to those involved in metastasis, including metastasis to self, and to use and further improve dose-dense regimens.
VEGF-Targeted Therapy: Therapeutic Potential and Recent Advances
Authors: Rosen Lee S. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Compare and contrast the mechanism of action for angiogenesis inhibitors currently being explored for the treatment of cancer.Compare the efficacy of standard chemotherapy alone to that of chemotherapy combined with an antiangiogenic agent for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.Describe the rationale for the use of angiogenesis inhibitors in the treatment of breast cancer.Assess recent data describing the efficacy of angiogenesis inhibitors in the treatment of NSCLC.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
After over 30 years of theorizing, the use of angiogenesis inhibitors as anticancer therapy has finally moved from the realm of research to reality. Normal adult vasculature is generally quiescent in nature, with endothelial cells dividing approximately every 10 years. In contrast, the growth of tumors requires constant vascular growth and remodeling in order for solid tumors to grow beyond 1–2 mm3 in size. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors are key regulators of the process of angiogenesis, which makes them attractive therapeutic targets. A multitude of VEGF-targeted inhibitory agents are currently being investigated for the treatment of cancer. This review article focuses on recent developments in the use of angiogenesis inhibitors for the treatment of breast, lung, and colorectal cancers.
A Phase II Study of Epirubicin and Thalidomide in Unresectable or Metastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Zhu Andrew X. , Fuchs Charles S. , Clark Jeffrey W. , Muzikansky Alona , Taylor Kerry , Sheehan Susan , Tam Kayao , Yung Elizabeth , Kulke Matthew H. , Ryan David P. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Background. The median survival time for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is &lt;6 months, and no effective standard systemic chemotherapy is available. Both epirubicin (Ellence®; Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY, http://www.pfizer.com) and thalidomide (Thalomid®; Celgene Corporation, Warren, NJ, http://www.celgene.com) have reported activity for HCC as single agents, and they have different mechanisms of action and nonoverlapping toxicities. Therefore, we performed a phase II study using the combination of epirubicin and thalidomide in patients with unresectable and metastatic HCC.
Methods. Nineteen patients with measurable, unresectable, or metastatic HCC were enrolled. All patients were required to have adequate major organ function and performance status. The treatment consisted of weekly epirubicin at a dose of 20 mg/m2 administered i.v. and daily thalidomide at a dose of 200 mg orally given as a 3-weeks-on/1-week-off schedule. Intrapatient dose escalation of thalidomide was allowed every 2 weeks up to 800 mg daily as long as tolerated. Physical examinations, toxicity assessments, and serum chemistry analyses were performed weekly, and tumor measurements were conducted every 8 weeks.
Results. All 19 patients enrolled into the study were evaluable for toxicity assessment and 17 patients were evaluable for response assessment. A total of 71 cycles of chemotherapy was administered, with a median of two cycles administered to each patient (range 1–14). No complete or partial responses were observed. Seven patients (41%) had stable disease, with a median duration of 6 months (range 5–14). The median survival time for all 19 patients was 196 days (95% confidence interval 93–302). The treatment was generally well tolerated. Treatment-related toxicities included constipation (grade 3, 5%; grade 2, 37%; grade 1, 21%), fatigue (grade 3, 5%; grade 2, 42%), and sensory neuropathy (grade 2, 5%; grade 1, 32%). Four patients required dose reductions of thalidomide due to treatment-related toxicities, and the median tolerated dose of thalidomide was 200 mg daily.
Conclusions. The combination of epirubicin and thalidomide was well tolerated when administered in the schedule used in this study. This regimen has limited activity in HCC, with some patients achieving stable disease and clinical benefit. There is a need for defining more effective systemic therapies for HCC.
Treatment of Small Cell Lung Cancer in the Elderly
Authors: Rossi Antonio , Maione Paolo , Colantuoni Giuseppe , Guerriero Ciro , Ferrara Carmine , Del Gaizo Filomena , Nicolella Dario , Gridelli Cesare 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for approximately 20% of lung carcinomas. Chemotherapy is the cornerstone of treatment for SCLC. In limited disease, the median survival time is about 12–16 months, with a 4%–5% long-term survival rate; in extensive disease the median survival time is 7–11 months. More than 50% of lung cancer patients are diagnosed when they are over the age of 65, and about 30% are over 70. Elderly patients tolerate chemotherapy poorly compared with their younger counterparts, because of age-related progressive reductions in organ function and comorbidities. The standard therapy for limited disease is combined chemoradiotherapy, followed by prophylactic brain irradiation for patients achieving complete responses. In the elderly, the addition of radiotherapy to chemotherapy must be carefully evaluated, considering the slight survival benefit and potential for substantial toxicity incurred with this treatment. The best approach is to design clinical trials that specifically include geriatric assessment to develop active and well-tolerated chemotherapy regimens for elderly SCLC patients. Survival improvement for SCLC patients requires a better understanding of tumor biology and the subsequent development of novel therapeutic strategies. Several targeted agents have been introduced into clinical trials in SCLC, but a minority of these new agents offers a promise of improved outcomes, and negative results are reported more commonly than positive ones. This review focuses on the main issues in the treatment of elderly SCLC patients.
Pharmacokinetics of repinotan in healthy and brain injured animals
Authors: Schwarz Thomas , Beckermann Bernhard , Buehner Klaus , Mauler Frank , Schuhmacher Joachim , Seidel Dietrich , Steinke Wolfram , Weinz Corinna , Zimmerd Dieter 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRepinotan hydrochloride (repinotan) is a highly potent and selective 5‐HT1A full receptor agonist. The ability of repinotan to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and penetrate into rat brain tissue was investigated, because rapid penetration into brain tissue is thought to be essential for neuroprotective efficacy. Intravenous (i.v.) repinotan was rapidly distributed into brain, and the distribution equilibrium between blood and brain was reached immediately after the start of infusion. Free concentrations of repinotan were identical in brain and plasma, indicating that repinotan crosses the BBB freely in both directions with diffusion as a driving force. The brain concentration of repinotan was determined by the free plasma concentration. Thus, the total plasma concentration of repinotan (sum of bound and unbound compound) is only indicative for the brain concentration as long as the unbound fraction remains constant. Metabolites of repinotan do not penetrate the BBB and are retained in the perfusing blood due to their increased polarity. The penetration of [14C] repinotan into ischemic areas of the brain was dependent on time. In studies using injured animals (pMCAO), high levels of [14C] repinotan could be detected in ischemic areas when the compound was administered up to 5 h post injury. [14C] repinotan radioactivity could no longer be detected in ischemic areas when administered 18 h after pMCA‐O. After the end of infusion, repinotan was rapidly and completely eliminated from rat brains. Elimination occurred in parallel from plasma and brain with half‐lives of about 1 h. In conclusion, repinotan rapidly and to a considerable extent penetrates into brain tissue of healthy and injured animals. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐Component Gel‐Phase Materials—Highly Tunable Self‐Assembling Systems
Authors: Hirst Andrew R. , Smith David K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn the past 10 years, the molecular self‐assembly and network formation of small molecule gelators has become one of the most active frontiers of the emergent area of nanochemistry. Increasingly, research efforts have begun to focus on multicomponent gelators, which rely on the initial interaction of distinct individual components to form a complex that subsequently self‐assembles into a fibrous supramolecular polymer. In true two‐component systems, an individual component can be present in isotropic solution, and only on addition of the second component will a gel actually form. In some cases, however, two‐component gels are reported in which the second component significantly modifies the behaviour of a known gelator. Both systems are discussed in this article. The additional level of supramolecular control in the hierarchical self‐assembly of two‐component gels confers exquisite tunability and controllability. Functionality can be readily built into the material by simple variation of one of the individual components. This article discusses the key approaches used to control self‐assembly by manipulating single molecular‐recognition events and illustrates how controlling the transcription of information from the molecular to the macroscopic level by the simple addition of a second component allows complex functional materials to be selectively assembled from simple building blocks.
Clinical management of osteoporosis in women with a history of breast carcinoma
Authors: Van Poznak Catherine , Sauter Nicholas P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOsteoporosis is a skeletal disorder that is characterized by low bone mass and compromised bone strength. Fractures are the clinically important consequence of osteoporosis and result not only in disability but also in excess mortality. Women who have a history of breast carcinoma may represent a unique population for whom screening and treatment for osteoporosis should be modified. A review of the English literature was performed that included original, review, consensus, and statement articles that were identified through Medline or National Institutes of Health‐related links. According to the literature, osteoporosis constitutes a major public health problem. Approximately 55% of the U.S. population ≥ 50 years of age has low bone mass (osteopenia or osteoporosis). Annually, > 200,000 women in the U.S. are diagnosed with breast carcinoma. Due to the high prevalence rates of both low bone mass and breast carcinoma in women, these two diseases commonly coexist in the same individuals. Women with a history of breast carcinoma may be at increased risk of developing bone loss and fragility fractures as a consequence of antineoplastic therapies. The majority of women treated for early‐stage breast carcinoma do not develop recurrences, as a result of recent advances in therapy. Ensuring the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of long‐term toxicities and comorbid conditions like osteoporosis in breast carcinoma survivors is a serious concern and is of increasing importance. In this article, the authors address the evaluation and treatment of osteoporosis in women who have a history of early‐stage breast carcinoma. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.