bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perspectives: A vital biomechanical model of synovial joint design
Authors: Frost Harold M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMaking a durable joint requires adapting the one present at birth to its subsequent mechanical usage and then maintaining it. The total loads on a joint's momentarily loaded area plus the size of that area determine the unit loads on its articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Given those facts, this model suggests the following.For adaptaion: As is true for bone, a threshold range of unit loads that could turn cartilage modeling ON would lie below this tissue's microdamage threshold. When a joint's unit loads rose to that modeling threshold, chondral modeling would begin enlarging the momentarily loaded area to reduce and keep the unit loads on it below the microdamage thresholds of the bone and cartilage supporting that area.For maintenance: Maintenance activities would control the stiffness of cartilage and bone, which would also affect a joint's momentarily loaded area. These activities would usually repair whatever microdamage normally arises in those tissues, and could modify their microdamage thresholds too.In children, modeling and maintenance in bone and cartilage would function effectively. In adults chondral modeling becomes ineffective, but maintenance activities in bone and cartilage would remain effective, and likewise for modeling in the subchondral bone.This model assigns special importance in joint design to the stiffness of bone, cartilage, and ligament (as distinguished from their strength), to the typical largest unit: loads applied to them by a subject's usual weekly physical activities, and to their microdamage. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enrichment of glutamate immunoreactivity in lemniscal terminals in the ventropostero lateral thalamic nucleus of the rat: An immunogold and WGA‐HRP study
Authors: De Biasi Silvia , Amadeo Alida , Spreafico Roberto , Rustioni Aldo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: The ventropostero lateral nucleus (VPL) is a thalamic somatosensory center receving inputs from limbs and trunk; some of this input is via terminals of the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway. These fibers convey non‐noxious somesthesic information.Methods: In this study the neurochemical content of lemniscal afferents in VPL of rats was investigated at the electron microscopic level by combining anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin, injected in the dorsal dorsal column nuclei, with postembedding immunogold labeling for glutamate (Glu).Results: Anterograde labeling in VPL was detected only in myelinated axons and in large terminals containing round synaptic vesicles, interpreted as lemniscal afferents. Quantitative evaluation of gold particle density showed enrichment of Glu immunolabeling in the identified lemniscal terminals with respect to other neuronal profiles. Observation of serial sections immunoreacted for Glu demonstrated consistency of labeling, whereas in alternate sections immunoreacted for Glu and for the inhibitory amino acid GABA these two antigens were always present in distinct types of terminals.Conclusions: These findings are in agreement with several lines of evidence, obtained with different experimental approaches, supporting the hypothesis that Glu plays a major role in conveying sensory stimuli to the thalamus from second order neurons in the dorsal column nuclei. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical evidence of neurons with GHRH or LHRH in the arcuate nucleus of male mice and their possible role in the postnatal development of adenohypophysial cells
Authors: Sasaki Fumihiko , Kawai Takao , Ohta Mitsuaki 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: The neonatal administration of monosodium L‐glutamate (MSG) has been used in investigations of the possible role of the arcuate nucleus in neuroendocrine regulation during postnatal development. We used this method to examine whether the mouse arcuate contained cell bodies immunoreactive with antisera to growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) or luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), and whether these hypothalamic peptides affect synthesis and secretion of growth hormone and gonadotropin and the testis.Methods: The hypothalamus, pituitary, and testes of adult male mice treated with MSG during the neonatal period were fixed in Bouin's fluid or 10% neutral formalin. The hypothalamus was used in immune staining, the pituitary was used in both morphometry and immune staining, and the testis was stained with hematoxylin and eosin.Results: Body weights in control and treated mice were not different. The treated mice had more subcutaneous adipose tissue and a shorter body than the control mice. The testes were heavier in the controls. Many perikarya immunoreactive with antisera to GHRH or LHRH were found in the arcuate nucleus in control mice, but few such perikarya were found in this nucleus in treated mice. The size of the anterior lobe and the number and size of GH cells, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) cells, and prolactin (PRL) cells in treated mice were less than those of control mice.Conclusions: GHRH and LHRH neurons in the arcuate nucleus in male mice may cause body and testis weight to increase via GH and LH cells, respectively, in the adenohypophysis during postnatal development. There are some differences in the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐testis axis of mice and rats. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Type III collagen is a major component of interodontoblastic fibers of the developing mouse molar root
Authors: Ohsaki Yasuyoshi , Nagata Kengo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: Recently, collagenous interodontoblastic fibers (IOF) were reported in some particular developmental stages and/or locations of the tooth. However, it remained unclear whether these fibers were identical to so‐called von Korff fibers.Methods: To clarify this issue, we examined the developing mouse molar by three‐dimensional reconstruction of 8 confocal images within a 6 μm‐thick section using laser scanning confocal microscopy, and confirmed our findings using immunoelectron microscopy.Results: In the root pulp during circumpulpal dentin formation, the IOF stained weakly for type I collagen, but stained strongly for type III collagen by a double‐staining technique. It could be clearly seen that many immunoreactive fibers ran spirally among the odontoblasts and entered the predentin. This distribution pattern of IOF was similar to that of the classical von Korff fibers. Furthermore, the existence of anti‐type III reactive collagen fibrils between odontoblasts was confirmed, whereas IOF were not observed in the coronal pulp during circumpulpal dentin formation.Conclusions: This study presents for the first time, immunohistochemical observations which demonstrate the presence of IOF at least during root circumpulpal dentin formation and which reveal that type III collagen is a major component of IOF. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental expression of sulfated glycoprotein‐2 in the epididymis of the rat
Authors: Hermo L. , Barin K. , Oko R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: Sulfated glycoprotein‐2 (SGP‐2), also designated as clusterin, is a protein secreted by the epididymis and which binds to spermatozoa. In adult rats it is secreted at high levels by principal cells of the distal initial segment, intermediate zone and caput epididymidis, and at relatively lower levels by principal cells of the corpus and cauda epididymidis. The objective of this study was to correlate the developmental events in the maturation of the epididymis with the timing of SGP‐2 expression in order to evaluate the testicular or epididymal factors which may regulate it.Methods: Our approach was to follow and compare the developmental expression of SGP‐2 by immunocytochemistry in normal untreated control rats and rats whose efferent ducts were ligated on day 15 and examined at different postnatal ages thereafter.Results: In control animals, SGP‐2 expression in principal cells of the distal initial segment, intermediate zone, and caput and distal cauda epididymidis, as characterized in normal 90‐day‐old adult animals, was attained between postnatal days 39 and 49. However, only by postnatal day 56 did SGP‐2 display in the corpus and proximal cauda the characteristic secretory pattern found in adult rats. In contrast, in efferent duct ligated rats examined at postnatal day 64, SGP‐2 was absent in principal cells of the corpus and proximal cauda epididymidis but continued to be secreted by the distal initial segment, intermediate zone, and caput and distal cauda epididymidis. Furthermore, unlike the case in control rats, SGP‐2 was secreted at high levels by the principal cells of the proximal initial segment. Thus during normal postnatal development, in the proximal initial segment, the production of SGP‐2 is suppressed by luminal factors originating from the testis, while in the distal initial segment, intermediate zone, and caput epididymidis, it is unaffected by these factors. On the other hand, the production of SGP‐2 in the corpus and proximal region of the cauda epididymidis is normally stimulated by luminal factors originating from the testis, while in the distal cauda, it is unaffected by these factors.Conclusions: Our results thus show a differential regulation of SGP‐2 expression in principal cells of the proximal versus distal regions of the epididymis and even within subdivisions of each region. In some regions of the epididymis, SGP‐2 production appears to be unaffected by luminal factors originating from the testis, while in other regions it is either inhibited or stimulated by these factors. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embryological development of the arterial system of the forelimb in Tupaia
Authors: Matsumoto Shin , Kuhn Hans‐Jürg , Vogt Hermann , Gerke Michael 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: The arterial system of the upper extremities in man shows drastic developmental changes and many individual variations related to interspecific variations in primates. The ontogenetic development in Tupaia was examined from the viewpoint of comparative embryology.Methods: Histological specimens of 39 embryos were observed and reconstructed in three dimensions using a computer program. Four adult animals were dissected and examined with angiography to ascertain the end stage of development.Results: At the proximal end of the upper arm the deep brachial artery appears first as a concomitant vessel with the radial nerve. It becomes reduced in size and is succeeded by the posterior circumflex humeral artery, which is accompanied initially by the axillary nerve and finally by the radial nerve. The main arterial passageway to the fingers consists of the brachial and interosseous arteries during early development. The superficial brachial artery and median artery are formed later, and their connection becomes the main route of blood supply for the finger arteries up to the adult stage. The ulnar artery is formed at the end of arterial development to form the ulnar end of the superficial palmar arch. The superficial antebrachial arteries are also recognized.Conclusions: All the arterial elements of the forelimb in Tupaia are observed in a variety of primates, including man, and the characteristics of Tupaia are thought to represent the primitive conditions of the common ancestor of tree shrews and primates. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructure of melanocytes in the dark cell area of human vestibular organs: Functional implications of gap junctions, isolated cilia, and annulate lamellae
Authors: Masuda Masazumi , Yamazaki Kazuto , Kanzaki Jin , Hosoda Yasuhiro 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: It is known that melanocytes exist in almost all parts of the inner ear, such as the cochlear duct, stria vascularis, Reissner's membrane, modiolus, vestibular organs in the region surrounding the cristae and maculae, semicircular canals, and pars rugosa of the endolymphatic sac. But there have been few studies using human materials, because of the difficulty of obtaining materials. We attempted to investigate the detailed ultrastructure of melanocytes in the vestibular organs of human inner ear.Methods: Eight surgical specimens obtained from patients with vestibular schwannoma were studied by light microscopy and electron microscopy.Results: Melanocytes were found in the subepithelial layer of the dark cell area. Melanocytes had round or spindle‐shaped nuclei and clear cytoplasm with brown pigment granules. Besides melanocytes, there were melanophages, fibroblasts, and small blood vessels. Through electron microscopy we found melanocytes with round‐shaped melanosomes in various stages of pigmentation, well‐developed Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm, and many cytoplasmic processes. Gap junctions were occasionally found between the cytoplasmic processes. And there were pinocytotic vesicles just under the limiting membrane of melanocytes, and intermediate filaments were abundant in the cytoplasm. Isolated cilia of melanocytes, annulate lamellae, and fusiform banded structures in the connective tissue area around melanocytes were found.Conclusions: Melanocytes in human vestibular organs actively synthesize melanosomes. Frequent findings of isoalted cilia and fusiform banded structures and the incidental existence of annulate lamellae may be an indicator of this metabolically activated state of melanocytes. Moreover, monitoring environmental changes by isolated cilia, melanocytes in the human inner ear could act not only as one cell but also as a group to achieve their physiological functions by means of information transmission through gap junctions. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical localization of immunoreactive oxytocin and β‐endorphin in the bovine neurointermediate lobe
Authors: McDonnell John J. , Frappier Brian L. , Amann John F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: Beta‐endorphin and oxytocin immunocytochemical localization were examined in the neurointermediate lobe (lobus nervosus and pars intermedia) of the bovine hypophysis in order to describe the anatomical distribution of these two neurointermediate lobe hormones.Methods: Twenty‐seven bovine hypophyses were collected from slaughterhouse animals (seven mature lactating cows, eleven mature nonlactating cows, three nulliparous heifers, and six steers). Hypophyses were immunostained for oxytocin‐containing fibers and β‐endorphin‐secreting cells by using the avidin biotin‐immunoperoxidase method. The distributions of β‐endorphin–positive cells and oxytocin‐positive nerve fibers were plotted on projected outlines of the hypophyses. Immunoreactive staining intensity was graded numerically as weak, moderate, or heavy by three individuals who had no knowledge of the animals' physiological status.Results: Oxytocin immunoreactivity was confined to the lobus nervosus while β‐endorphin staining was confined to the pars intermedia and the pars distalis. However, oxytocin immunopositive neurosecretory terminals were distributed more heavily in that part of the lobus nervosus bordering the pars intermedia than in the center of the lobe.Conclusions: These results were similar to those previously reported for the rat (Swaab et al., 1975; J. Neural Transm., 36:195–215; Deftos and Catherwood, 1980; Life Sci., 27:223–228). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructure and immunohistochemistry of the embryonic type of fat identified in the human infant breast
Authors: Anbazhagan Ramaswamy , Gusterson Barry A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAbstract: In this paper we describe the light and electron microscopic appearance of the embryonic type of fat in human infant breast, together with immunocytochemical findings. This fat tissue was composed of numerous capillaries surrounded by a mixed population of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and preadipocytes at various stages of differentiation. The preadipocytes were characterised by a number of cytoplasmic processes, varying numbers of lipid droplets, and an envelope of electrondense material outside the cell membrane. Immunocytochemistry showed a characteristic distribution of collagen type IV adjacent to and vimentin and S100 protein within the preadipocytes. This is the first report of the ultrastructure of the human mammary embryonic type of fat. The possible role of the embryonic type of fat in the development and growth of the human breast is discussed. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stage‐specific immunolabeling for oviductin in the secretory granules of the oviductal epithelium of the golden hamster during the estrous cycle
Authors: Roux Emmanuelle , Kan Frederick W. K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: We have previously localized an antigen of oviductal origin in the zona pellucida of postovulatory hamster ova. This antigen is a high molecular weight glycoprotein secreted by the non‐ciliated secretory cells of the oviduct and is later transferred to the zona pellucida of the oocyte during oviductal transit. This glycoprotein is rich in N‐acetyl‐D‐galactosamine residues and has been designated Hamster Oviductin‐1. In the present study, a monoclonal antibody (MAb) raised against this oviductin was used to detect the presence of this antigen in oviductal tissue during the estrous cycle.Methods: Twenty mature female golden hamsters were used and were divided into five groups of five animals each according to the five different stages of the estrous cycle. Quantitative immunocytochemistry was performed on MAb‐labeled thin sections of Lowicryl‐embedded ampullary region of hamster oviducts. Control experiments were also carried out to assess the specificity of the immunolabeling.Results: Quantitative analysis of the immunogold labeling indicated that maximum labeling for oviductin in the secretory granules of oviductal epithelial secretory cells was found around the time of ovulation, i.e., at estrus. The intensity of immunolabeling decreased from metestrus to diestrus 1, was at a minimum at diestrus 2, and started to increase at proestrus.Conclusion: Together, these quantitative results indicate that expression of oviductin in the secretory granules of the hamster oviductal secretory cells is stage specific. Maximum labeling for the antigen coincides with the time of ovulation suggesting an important role for the oviductal epithelium in contributing its secretory product to the zona pellucida of oocytes freshly released from the ovary. Since the oviduct is the site of sperm‐egg interaction and where fertilization and early embryo development take place, the maximal production of oviductin at the time of ovulation may facilitate some of these crucial steps during the intricate process of reproduction. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of renin in coagulating glands is regulated by testosterone
Authors: Kon Yasuhiro , Endoh Daiji , Murakami Kazuo , Yamashita Tadashi , Watanabe Tomomasa , Hashimoto Yoshiharu , Sugimura Makoto 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: The presence of extrarenal or local renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) has been noted in several tissues, although its functions have not yet been clarified. Renin from the coagulating gland (CG) is the most recently discovered local RAS and is a significant subject for investigation because large amounts of both mRNA and proteins are detected in this organ. Recently, it has been reported that testosterone influences renin synthesis in several extrarenal tissues, although it has no effect on intrarenal renin. Therefore, it is possible that CG renin is also regulated by testosterone.Methods: Forty‐four male C57BL/6 mice, aged 3 wk to 6 mo, were used in studies on the ontogeny and androgen regulation of the RAS in the CG. The tissues were fixed with Bouin's solution and paraffin sections were stained with immunohistochemical methods using antirenin antiserum. In each immunostained section, the relative number of renin‐containing cells in terminal portions of the CG were counted.Results: Immunoreactivity for renin was first detected at 6 wk after birth. After that time, the number of renin‐containing cells gradually increased throughout the experiment. In adults, several patterns of renin immunoreactivity were demonstrated in almost all epithelial cells of CGs, specifically; (1) basolateral granular reaction, (2) diffuse immunoreactivity throughout the cytoplasm, and (3) restricted nuclear reaction. Excretory products of some terminal lumina were also found to be positive for renin. At 10 days after castration, renin‐containing cells in ductal termini were decreased and remained at low levels until at 4 wk after castration. After testosterone injection, numerical values of renin‐containing cells were high at 1 wk and then decreased at 2–3 wk.Conclusion: It is suggested that CG renin of the mouse is expressed together with sexual maturation during development and that it depends on the testis, possibly the male sex hormone. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Femoral peak bone mass and osteoclast number in an animal model of age‐related spontaneous osteopenia
Authors: Okamoto Yutaka , Takahashi Kenshirou , Toriyama Kazuhiro , Takeda Norikazu , Kitagawa Kaori , Hosokawa Masanori , Takeda Toshio 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: SAMP6 was developed as a murine model of age‐related spontaneous osteopenia characterized by low peak bone mass. A morphometric study of the growing femur in SAMP6 and sex‐matched SAMP2 at 10 days to 4 months of age was done to examine the pathogenic process related to osteopenia.Methods: Age‐related changes in cortical bone thickness, femur score, trabecular bone volume, thickness of epiphyseal growth plate, number of osteoclasts, and osteoclast surface were measured with a computerized image analyzer. Osteoclasts were examined cytomorphometrically after TRAP (tartrate resistant acid phosphatase) staining of the femoral sections.Results: Cortical bone thickness and femur score increased significantly with age, while trabecular bone volume decreased significantly. Comparing mean values of cortical bone thickness, femur score and trabecular bone volume, we noted significantly lower mean values in SAMP6 than in SAMP2 mice. These significant inter‐stain differences first became evident in 20–40‐day‐old mice, but there was no significant difference in thickness of the epiphyseal growth plate between the two strains. The mean values of the number of osteoclasts per unit none surface length and of the osteoclast surface in SAMP6 were significantly greater than in age‐ and sex‐matched SAMP2. Histograms of distribution of size of osteoclasts of 40‐day‐old male mice revealed that larger ones were more frequently seen in SAMP6. Furthermore, the ratio of osteoclasts/TRAP positive cells free in the bone marrow cavity was significantly higher in SAMP6 than in SAMP2.Conclusion: Activated bone resorption may play a role in the osteopenia seen in SAMP6. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.