bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF ANTIBODIES
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Pedersen Kai O. 
Published: June 2004

1. Highly purified rabbit Type III pneumococcus anticarbohydrate proved to be homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge and its sedimentation constant, 7.0·10–13, did not differ from that of the principal component of normal rabbit globulin or of immune rabbit globulin containing up to 50 per cent of anti-egg albumin. The molecular weight of antibody in the rabbit is therefore probably very close to that of the principal normal globulin component, namely, 150,000.
2. Highly purified horse Type I pneumococcus anticarbohydrate, on the other hand, was only homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge when prepared from sera stored without preservative. Its sedimentation constant, 18.4·10–13, coincided with that of the principal globulin component in most of the Felton solutions and purified antibody solutions studied. The molecular weight of pneumococcus anticarbohydrate in the horse is probably three to four times that of the principal normal globulin component.
3. The significance of the differences between pneumococcus anticarbohydrate formed in the rabbit and in the horse is discussed.
4. Results are given of ultracentrifuge studies on the molecular species in solutions of egg albumin-anti-egg albumin specific precipitates dissolved in excess egg albumin. The implications of the results are discussed.
ANTIDIURETIC PITUITARY SUBSTANCE IN BLOOD, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE TOXEMIA OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Melville K. I. 
Published: June 2004

A method is described for the quantitative extraction of posterior pituitary antidiuretic substance from blood with which it has been mixed in vitro and in vivo for experimental purposes.
With this procedure, it is found that a similarly extractable active substance may be detected as a normal constituent of dog and human blood.
The data obtained from the blood of normal pregnancies and several cases of early toxemia, do not indicate any causal relationship between the presence of this substance in the circulating blood and the early symptoms (hypertension, edema, albuminuria) of the toxemia of pregnancy.
LIVER FUNCTION AND BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN FORMATION
Authors: Knutti R. E. , Erickson C. C. , Madden S. C. , Rekers P. E. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Normal dogs and two Eck fistula dogs, receiving a daily diet containing an average of 1 gm. of vegetable protein per kilo of body weight, showed after average intervals of 7 to 9 weeks, slight decreases in amounts of circulating plasma protein (Table 21).
A third Eck fistula dog under similar circumstances was unable to maintain its plasma protein concentration above the edema level. This dog by biopsy was shown to have an abnormal liver and the evidence indicated that the other organs were normal. The animal showed active thirst and diuresis as compared with controls (Table 25).
This Eck fistula dog had less than one-tenth the capacity of the normal dog to form new plasma protein when various food proteins were added to the basal diet, and no significant quantitative differences in the relative potency of these foods (liver, kidney, heart muscle, soy bean, salmon) could be distinguished (Table 22).
It appears that the liver abnormality is responsible for this abnormal reaction. This observation gives strong support to the thesis that the liver is actively concerned with fabrication of new plasma protein.
AN IMPROVED AIR-DRIVEN TYPE OF ULTRACENTRIFUGE FOR MOLECULAR SEDIMENTATION
Authors: Bauer Johannes H. , Pickels Edward G. 
Published: June 2004

1. A description is given of the construction details and operation characteristics of an improved type of air-driven ultracentrifuge operating in vacuum and suitable for the determination of sedimentation constants of protein molecules.
2. The rotor of the centrifuge is made of a forged aluminum alloy; it is oval in shape, measures 185 mm. at its greatest diameter, and weighs 3,430 gm. It carries a transparent cell located at a distance of 65 mm. from the axis of rotation and designed to accommodate a fluid column 15 mm. high.
3. The rotor has been run repeatedly over long periods at a speed of 60,000 R.P.M., which corresponds to a centrifugal force of 260,000 times gravity in the center of the cell. At this speed no deformation of the rotor nor leakage of the cell has been observed.
4. The sharp definition of sedimentation photographs taken at high speed serves to indicate the absence of detectable vibrations in the centrifuge.
5. When a vacuum of less than 1 micron of mercury is maintained in the centrifuge chamber, the rise in the rotor temperature amounts to only 1 or 2°C. after several hours' run at high speed.
6. There has been no evidence of convection currents interfering with normal sedimentation of protein molecules in the centrifugal field.
7. A driving air pressure of about 18 pounds per square inch is sufficient to maintain the centrifuge at a steady speed of 60,000 R.P.M. With a driving pressure of 80 pounds per square inch, it can be accelerated to this speed in less than 20 minutes, and also brought to rest in about the same length of time by the application of the braking system.
8. The adaptation of Svedberg's optical systems to this centrifuge for photographically recording the movement of sedimentation boundaries is described.
A QUANTITATIVE THEORY OF THE PRECIPITIN REACTION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kendall Forrest E. 
Published: June 2004

1. The reaction between the specific polysaccharide of Type III pneumococcus and homologous antibody in rabbit sera is quantitatively accounted for by expressions similar to those derived from the mass law for the corresponding horse sera. Preliminary data are also given for the Type I reaction.
2. Differences and similarities of the reaction with antibodies produced by the two animals are discussed.
3. Calculations are made of the equivalent composition of the specific precipitate at various reference points in the reaction range.
4. Certain theoretical and practical implications of the findings are pointed out.
THE EFFECT OF PROLONGED CULTIVATION IN VITRO UPON THE PATHOGENICITY OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS
Authors: Theiler Max , Smith Hugh H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Experimental evidence is presented to show that prolonged cultivation of yellow fever virus in vitro results in a change in its pathogenicity, and that this change varies with the type of tissues used for the cultivation.
2. In the tissue cultures used for the propagation of the virus, three different types of tissues were used. They included whole mouse embryo, chick embryo from which the head and spinal cord had been removed, and testicular tissues of mice and guinea pigs.
3. The changes in the pathogenicity of the virus cultivated for a period of over 3 years in a medium containing the tissues of whole mouse embryo were not striking. The viscerotropic virulence of the virus appeared somewhat diminished, in that when injected subcutaneously into rhesus monkeys or hedgehogs it failed to produce a fatal infection, although there is evidence to indicate that a generalized infection takes place as demonstrated by the appearance of virus in the circulating blood in relatively high concentration during infection. The neurotropic virulence of the virus remained unaltered during the cultivation in this medium.
4. The changes in the pathogenicity of the virus cultivated in medium containing tissues of chick embryo from which the head and spinal cord had been removed were very pronounced. The viscerotropic virulence of the virus was lost to a large extent. When injected subcutaneously into monkeys there was as a rule a very mild generalized infection, as demonstrated by the minimal quantities of virus found in the circulating blood. Its neurotropism was also much diminished. When injected into monkeys intracerebrally, it no longer produced a fatal encephalitis but only a moderate febrile reaction, followed by recovery and solid immunity to reinoculation with a highly virulent strain of virus. When injected intracerebrally into mice, the mortality ratio was not diminished but the incubation period was markedly prolonged.
5. The changes in the pathogenicity of the virus cultivated in medium containing testicular tissues were somewhat similar to those observed after cultivation in chick embryo medium which contained only a minimal amount of nervous tissue. Its viscerotropic affinity had been largely lost and only very small amounts of virus were found in the circulating blood of monkeys inoculated subcutaneously. Given intracerebrally, it produced death from encephalitis in monkeys. The incubation period in mice inoculated intracerebrally with this virus was also prolonged but somewhat less so than with the virus grown in chick embryo tissues without the central nervous system.
THE USE OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS MODIFIED BY IN VITRO CULTIVATION FOR HUMAN IMMUNIZATION
Authors: Theiler Max , Smith Hugh H. 
Published: June 2004

The response of rhesus monkeys to a subcutaneous inoculation with varying amounts of virus modified by prolonged cultivation in vitro has been studied. The tissue components of the medium consisted of chick embryo tissue containing minimal amounts of nervous tissue.
The immunity produced in monkeys, as measured by the antibody titer developed, has no relation to the amount of virus inoculated.
Monkeys inoculated subcutaneously with the tissue culture virus are rendered immune to a subsequent injection of a highly virulent yellow fever virus. This resistance is already present 7 days after vaccination.
The subcutaneous inoculation of the culture virus into immune persons leads to a substantial increase of the serum antibody titer.
The results of vaccinating eight normal persons with culture virus are presented. The reactions were minimal. The highest temperature recorded following vaccination was 37.4°C.
The sera taken from the eight vaccinated persons 2 to 4 weeks after inoculation with the tissue culture virus showed the presence of yellow fever antibodies.
THE ADAPTATION OF UNMODIFIED STRAINS OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS TO CULTIVATION IN VITRO
Authors: Smith Hugh H. , Theiler Max 
Published: June 2004

1. In a search for suitable tissues for the cultivation of yellow fever virus in vitro, mouse embryos were inoculated with this virus in utero. A titration for virus content of the various organs of the embryos indicated that the virus was present in the brain in greatest concentration.
2. Unmodified strains of yellow fever virus were readily adapted to cultivation in vitro in a medium consisting of minced mouse embryo brain tissue and Tyrode solution containing 10 per cent normal monkey serum.
3. After a continued cultivation in mouse embryo brain tissue cultures for twenty to twenty-five subcultures, these strains were readily adapted to cultivation in whole mouse embryo tissue medium.
4. There is evidence to indicate that a prolonged cultivation of the virus in mouse embryo brain medium increases its neurotropic properties.
5. Attempts to employ monkey tissues for in vitro cultivation of yellow fever virus gave entirely negative results.
INFECTIOUS CATARRH OF MICE
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

A natural outbreak of an infectious catarrh in a colony of Swiss mice is reported. The disease was generally characterized by a peculiar chattering sound during life and by a rhinitis, an otitis media, and a pneumonia at autopsy. The pneumonia was slowly progressive and terminated fatally in a high percentage of cases. The mortality in a group of 75 naturally infected mice was 95 per cent over a period of 11 months.
The disease was readily reproducible in susceptible mice by the nasal instillation of exudate from any locus of infection. It was also transmissible by direct contact. In both naturally and experimentally infected animals there was an incubation period of 10 days or more before symptoms were apparent. Recovery from the disease was not observed.
DEMONSTRATION OF PASSIVE IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTAL MONKEY MALARIA
Authors: Coggeshall L. T. , Kumm H. W. 
Published: June 2004

A Plasmodium knowlesi infection in rhesus monkeys is almost invariably fatal. This infection, however, may be made chronic by the early administration of antimalarial drugs. The animals then will harbor a chronic infection for an indefinite period. The serum taken from monkeys with chronic infection and injected into those suffering from an acute attack was found to have a definite depressing effect upon the course of the experimental disease. In some instances death was prevented and the acute infection changed into a chronic form; in others, the course of the experimental disease was prolonged.
In a similar manner the serum from monkeys harboring a chronic Plasmodium inui infection, when injected into monkeys suffering from an acute attack due to this parasite, was found to be effective in reducing the intensity of the primary infection.
The data presented indicate that protective antibodies are produced in the serum of monkeys during experimental malaria infection.
STUDIES ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS PREVAILING IN TISSUE CULTURES
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Schoenbach Emanuel B. 
Published: June 2004

An analysis of some of the physiological factors active in Maitland tissue cultures has been presented in the hope that it may be of some value in clarifying the principles underlying tissue cultures in general.
It has been found that the empirically determined necessity of using relatively small amounts of tissue in such cultures is dependent upon the fact that excessive tissue leads to a rapid change of reaction toward the acid side. Whereas tissue may remain viable in an environment as alkaline as pH 9 and over, viability is rapidly destroyed when the reaction approaches pH 6.
Evidence is presented to indicate that the changes in electrode potentials which take place in Maitland cultures are not, as has been suggested, the determining factors upon which virus multiplication depends, although they may, of course, be incidentally important.
It has been shown that there are fundamental differences between those conditions in Maitland cultures which favor the multiplication of a typical virus and those upon which the growth of the Rickettsiae of typhus fever depends.
The virus which we have studied (equine encephalitis virus, western type) multiplies during the period of active tissue metabolism. The maximum virus titrations are obtained at about the time at which metabolism has come to a standstill. Thereafter the virus not only ceases to increase but rapidly deteriorates. The period of viability of the tissue cells themselves is shortened by several days in the presence of virus multiplication. There is some evidence that a temporary acceleration of oxygen uptake takes place during the time of active virus multiplication. Technical difficulties in controlling such experiments prevent certainty in regard to this point.
In contrast with the conditions determining the growth of a virus agent in the Maitland cultures the multiplication of Rickettsiae does not begin to any determinable extent until after active cell metabolism has either become stabilized or has ceased. The Rickettsiae continue to grow at a time when the cells are no longer viable. It appears likely that these organisms find the most favorable conditions for growth in cells which are no longer metabolically active but in which some delicately heat-susceptible elements have not yet been disturbed. As a consequence of these observations, frozen and preserved embryonic tissues have been successfully used for Rickettsia cultivation. A report on these experiments will be made in a separate communication.
A QUANTITATIVE THEORY OF THE PRECIPITIN REACTION
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Heidelberger Michael 
Published: June 2004

1. The reaction between crystalline horse serum albumin and homologous antibody in rabbit sera is quantitatively accounted for by expressions similar to those derived from the law of mass action for other immune precipitating systems.
2. The reaction of an azo dye prepared from crystalline serum albumin by coupling with diazotized R-salt-azo benzidine was also studied with homologous antibody and anti-serum albumin.
3. Quantitative data obtained on cross reactions with the two antigens differ markedly from data on the corresponding reactions in the egg albumin system and indicate that tyrosine and perhaps histidine, while important in determining the serological specificity of egg albumin, have little connection with the specificity of serum albumin.
4. Calculations are made of the equivalent composition of the specific precipitate at various reference points in the reaction range.
A QUANTITATIVE THEORY OF THE PRECIPITIN REACTION
Authors: Stokinger Herbert E. , Heidelberger Michael 
Published: June 2004

1. Quantitative data for both homologous and heterologous precipitin reactions of human, hog, beef, and sheep thyroglobulins show that these reactions have the same mechanism as other instances of the precipitin reaction and may be expressed quantitatively by the same equations derived from the law of mass action.
2. It is shown that all of the added antigen is precipitated in the region of antibody excess and in the equivalence zone, so that in these portions of the reaction range the composition of the specific precipitate may be calculated from the nitrogen precipitated and the amount of antigen nitrogen added.
3. The thyroglobulin-antibody reaction is characterized by low antibody N to antigen N ratios, as would be expected with an antigen of high molecular weight. Molecular ratios varying from 60:1 to 1:1 were calculated for the extremes of the reaction range, indicating a very large number of immunologically reactive groupings on the thyroglobulin molecule.
4. Failure of thyroxine or diiodotyrosine to inhibit specific precipitation was confirmed, but it is shown that this need not mean that these substances do not occur in thyroglobulin, as has been claimed.
VARIATION IN THE SIZE OF TRANSPLANTS OF THE PROSTATE AND SEMINAL VESICLE IN THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER OF THE EYE
Authors: Moore Robert A. , Rosenblum H. B. , Tolins S. H. , Melchionna Robert H. 
Published: June 2004

1. A method is described with which the two-dimensional size of a transplant in the anterior chamber of the eye may be measured daily with a high degree of accuracy.
2. The size of transplants of the prostate and seminal vesicles varies from day to day and objective evidence indicates that this variation is related to physiologically active testicular tissue.
THE RELATION OF BLOOD CHOLESTEROL AND THE SIZE OF PROSTATIC AND VESICULAR TRANSPLANTS IN THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER OF THE EYE
Authors: Moore Robert A. , Smith J. J. 
Published: June 2004

In male rabbits, injections of the female sex hormone result in marked increase in the size of ocular transplants of the prostate and seminal vesicles and a correlated elevation of the blood cholesterol.
Other hormones, which cause an increase in the size of the transplants, do not show this correlation.
The ingestion of cholesterol with conspicuous increase of the blood cholesterol, has no effect on the size of the transplants.
THE CULTURE OF WHOLE ORGANS
Authors: Okkels Harald 
Published: June 2004

1. During the 1st and 2nd day of cultivation of the whole thyroid gland in the Lindbergh apparatus, perfused by a medium containing 20 or 40 per cent homologous serum diluted with glucose-Tyrode, the state of the thyroid epithelium remains histologically normal and even the most delicate cytological details retain their normal aspect.
2. Cultivation over a period up to 6 days need not cause any serious histological alteration of the gland; but cytological examination reveals an increasingly damaged condition of the mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus. These changes seem not to interfere with the life of the cells, however; epithelial culture from the perfused organs yields positive results.
3. The process of cultivation is liable to cause a slight morphological reaction in the thyroid epithelium, which resembles a feeble stimulation of the tissue.
4. Addition of the thyro-stimulating factor from the anterior pituitary to the perfusion fluid causes a stimulation of the cultivated thyroid epithelium which is comparable to, but not so marked as, the corresponding reaction in the living animal.
STUDIES ON PULMONARY EDEMA
Authors: Farber Sidney 
Published: June 2004

1. Guinea pigs die shortly after bilateral cervical vagotomy, even when continuous artificial respiration effected through a tracheal cannula is carried out. Death is caused by severe pulmonary edema and congestion.
2. Direct observation of the lungs after bilateral vagotomy demonstrates that pulmonary edema develops gradually and increases slowly in amount and severity. Congestion precedes and accompanies the development of the edema.
3. Neuropathic pulmonary edema in the guinea pig is caused by disturbance to or abolition of the pulmonary vasomotor nerves.
4. The evidence obtained by experiments on animals suggests that neuropathic pulmonary edema in man is caused by disturbances, either central or peripheral, to the vasomotor control of the pulmonary vessels.
ON THE MODE OF ACTION OF SULFANILAMIDE IN EXPERIMENTAL STREPTOCOCCUS EMPYEMA
Authors: Gay Frederick P. , Clark Ada R. 
Published: June 2004

Sulfanilamide prevents the evolution of an invariably fatal streptococcus empyema in rabbits when it is given repeatedly and in sufficient doses subcutaneously. Complete sterilization of the inoculated cavity occurs on approximately the 2nd day. The serum, defibrinated blood and artificial pleural exudate of similarly treated animals inhibits the growth of the same streptococcus in the test tube but even repeated doses of such treated blood serum fail to sterilize the culture. The coccal chains grown in such drugged serum are elongated and present pleomorphic and metachromatic organisms and may give rise to colonies that are at first less predominantly mucoid in appearance. Such organisms have, however, lost little if any of their virulence.
Cooperation on the part of locally derived clasmatocytes is apparently required in complete sterilization of the animal body. This conclusion is reached not only by a process of exclusion from comparison with the test tube results, but through the direct histological demonstration of a precocious and increasing mobilization of clasmatocytes in the parietal and visceral pleura of treated animals.
In other words, sulfanilamide apparently produces a bacteriostasis sufficiently marked to protect the accumulated leucocytes and to allow the natural defense macrophages to accumulate. There is direct evidence that the drug does not in itself stimulate the mobilization of the macrophages. There is no evidence that the cell reaction which finally accounts for disposal of the organisms is other than local.
GLOBIN UTILIZATION BY THE ANEMIC DOG TO FORM NEW HEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

It has been shown that the standard anemic dog can use sheep, goose or dog hemoglobin when given by vein and return quantitatively its equivalent as new dog hemoglobin within the red cells.
Globin at times can be used when given by vein with a quantitative return of new hemoglobin in red cells in these same anemic dogs. Again the administration of globin by vein will inhibit the expected hemoglobin formation; and we believe the toxic effect of the globin is responsible. A digest of globin may be used by the anemic dog to form new hemoglobin. Globin from both horse and dog have been tested and seem to react in identical fashion.
The globin radicle of hemoglobin appears to be an important limiting factor in abundant hemoglobin building in this type of anemia due to blood loss.
Globin fed by mouth is well utilized to form new hemoglobin and we may record a 30 to 40 per cent utilization or a return of 30 to 40 gm. new hemoglobin from the feeding of 100 gm. globin. This is to be compared with the utilization of liver protein—an average return of 13 gm. new hemoglobin for the feeding of 100 gm. liver protein.