bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postglacial Vegetation and Climate of the Cascade Range, Central Oregon
Authors: Sea Debra S. , Whitlock Cathy 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPollen data from two sites provide information on the postglacial vegetation and climate history of the Cascade Range. Indian Prairie in the western Cascade Range was colonized by subalpine forests ofPinus, Picea,andTsugaand open meadows prior to ca. 12,40014C yr B.P. The treeline lay 500 to 1000 m below its modern elevation and conditions were cooler than at present. From ca. 12,400 to ca. 995014C yr B.P.Abiesbecame important and the forest resembled that presently found at middle elevations in the western Cascade Range. The pollen record implies a rise in treeline and warmer conditions than before. From ca. 10,000 to 4000-450014C yr B.P., conditions that were warmer and effectively drier than today led to the establishment of a closed forest composed ofPseudotsuga, Abies, and, at lower elevations,QuercusandCorylus. During this period, Gold Lake Bog in the High Cascades was surrounded by closed forest ofPinusandAbies. The early-Holocene pollen assemblages at both Indian Prairie and Gold Lake Bog lack modern analogues, and it is likely that greater-than-present summer radiation fostered unique climatic conditions and vegetation associations at middle and high elevations. In the late Holocene, beginning ca. 4000-450014C yr B.P., cooler and more humid conditions prevailed and the modern vegetation was established. A comparison of these sites with others in the Pacific Northwest suggests that major patterns of vegetational change at individual sites were a response to large-scale changes in the climate system that affected the entire region.
Vegetation and Seasonality Shifts during the Late Quaternary Deduced from 13C/12C Ratios of Grazers at Equus Cave, South Africa
Authors: Lee-Thorp Julia A. , Beaumont Peter B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSeason of rainfall can be a major influence on the relative proportions of C3 and C4 grasses in a landscape, since their relative distribution is essentially constrained by temperatures during the growing season; cool growing seasons favor C3 grasses, whereas warm ones favor C4 grasses. 13C/12C ratios in tooth enamel carbonate of grazers from the site of Equus Cave, northern Cape Province, South Africa, were used to determine vegetation and rainfall seasonality shifts during the late Quaternary. The results show shifts in the relative proportion of C3 and C4 grasses during the latter stages of the Pleistocene, and domination by C4 grasses in the Holocene. The data show that the northwestern Cape did not fall within a winter rainfall zone during this period as has been postulated in recent climate models. Instead, a more complex situation is suggested in which at least two periods of enhanced winter rainfall occurred within a predominantly summer rainfall regime.
Modern and Holocene Pollen Assemblages from Some Small Arctic Lakes on Somerset Island, NWT, Canada
Authors: Gajewski Konrad 
Published: October 2002

AbstractModern pollen samples from 15 lakes along a north-south transect on western Somerset Island, NWT, Canada, show a decrease in pollen concentrations from the high arctic to the mid-arctic zone, but there are few differences in the pollen percentages between these sites. Long-distance transport accounts for up to 50% of the pollen in these lake sediments. Cores from two lakes show few changes in the percentages of important pollen types, except for an initial period, before 6000 yr B.P., of increased Salix. The pollen concentration of lake RS36 from the mid-arctic is twice that of lake RS29 from the high arctic, and at both sites the concentrations decreased during the past 6000 yr B.P. This suggests a climatic deterioration during the past 6000 yr which has caused a decrease in the abundance of plants on the landscape.
New Radiocarbon Dates for the Vedde Ash and the Saksunarvatn Ash from Western Norway
Authors: Birks Hilary H. , Gulliksen Steinar , Haflidason Haflidi , Mangerud Jan , Possnert Göran 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe Vedde Ash Bed (mid-Younger Dryas) and the Saksunarvatn Ash (early Holocene) are important regional stratigraphic event markers in the North Atlantic, the Norwegian Sea, and the adjacent land area. It is thus essential to date them as precisely as possible. The occurrence of the Saksunarvatn Ash is reported for the first time from western Norway, and both tephras are dated precisely by AMS analyses of terrestrial plant material and lake sediment at Kråkenes. The Vedde Ash has been previously dated at sites in western Norway to about 10,600 yr B.P. It is obvious in the Younger Dryas sediments at Kråkenes, and its identity is confirmed geochemically. The mean of four AMS dates of samples of Salix herbacea leaves adjacent to the tephra is 10,310 ± 50 yr B.P. The Saksunarvatn Ash is not visible in the early Holocene lake sediment at Kråkenes. After removal of organic material and diatoms, the identity of the tephra particles was confirmed geochemically, and their stratigraphic concentration was estimated. From curve matching of a series of seven AMS dates of terrestrial plant macrofossils and whole sediment, the radiocarbon age of the ash is 8930–9060 yr B.P., corresponding to an age of 9930–10,010 cal yr B.P. (7980–8060 cal yr B.C.).
Late Quaternary Lake-Level Record from Northern Eurasia
Authors: Harrison Sandy P. , Yu Ge , Tarasov Pavel E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLake records from northern Eurasia show regionally coherent patterns of changes during the late Quaternary. Lakes peripheral to the Scandinavian ice sheet were lower than those today but lakes in the Mediterranean zone were high at the glacial maximum, reflecting the dominance of glacial anticyclonic conditions in northern Europe and a southward shift of the Westerlies. The influence of the glacial anticyclonic circulation attenuated through the late glacial period, and the Westerlies gradually shifted northward, such that drier conditions south of the ice sheet were confined to a progressively narrower zone and the Mediterranean became drier. The early Holocene shows a gradual shift to conditions wetter than present in central Asia, associated with the expanded Asian monsoon, and in the Mediterranean, in response to local, monsoon-type circulation. There is no evidence of mid-continental aridity in northern Eurasia during the mid-Holocene. In contrast, the circum-Baltic region was drier, reflecting the increased incidence of blocking anticyclones centered on Scandinavia in summer. There is a gradual transition to modern conditions after ca. 5000 yr B.P. Although these broad-scale patterns are interrupted by shorter term fluctuations, the long-term trends in lake behavior show a clear response to changes in insolation and glaciation.
Pleistocene Precipitation Balance in the Amazon Basin Recorded in Deep Sea Sediments
Authors: Harris Sara E. , Mix Alan C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTerrigenous sediments from Ceara Rise in the western tropical Atlantic Ocean record Pleistocene Amazon Basin climate variability. Iron oxides and oxyhydroxides in this region originate mainly from chemically leached Amazon lowland soils. Concentrations of goethite and hematite in the terrigenous fraction consistently peak during transitions from glacial to interglacial periods, suggesting an increased proportion of erosive products derived from the Amazon lowlands compared to the physically weathered highlands. Lowland Amazon Basin precipitation changes, monitored by the percentage of goethite relative to total iron oxides, lead ice age extremes with maximum aridity during ice growth and maximum precipitation during ice melt. Rapid climate changes over the Amazon Basin may reflect shifts in the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone forced by northern hemisphere insolation at precessional (1/23,000 yr−1) and obliquity (1/41,000 yr−1) frequencies. Variance in the orbital eccentricity bands (1/100,000 and 1/413,000 yr−1) may be explained by nonlinear amplification of insolation forcing at precessional frequencies. The early response of Amazon precipitation to insolation, ahead of high-latitude ice volume (δ18O) at all orbital frequencies, suggests that tropical aridity is part of the chain of events leading to ice ages, rather than a response to glacier oscillations.
Little Ice Age Climate near Beijing, China, Inferred from Historical and Stalagmite Records
Authors: Qian Weihong , Zhu Yafen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFour data sets yield information about Holocene climatic change in China at different scales of space and time: (a) 120-yr ground temperature and precipitation measurements covering eastern China; (b) two NOAA 10-yr 850 hPa wind records that highlight features of data set a; (c) an 1100-year record of annual calcite accumulation on a stalagmite near Beijing, and (d) Lamb-type average wetness and temperature data from Chinese historical records back to A.D. 1470 and 1450, respectively. Dry–wet fluctuations and cold–warm oscillations are inferred using the long-term stalagmite thickness series. Quasi-70, 140, 450, and 750-yr oscillations have been detected using a wavelet transform technique. A phase relationship between temperature and precipitation oscillations has been identified based on modern observations and historical records. In northern China, relatively lower temperatures correlate with periods when precipitation shifted from above to below normal. Three colder periods during the Little Ice Age (LIA) in China are inferred, centered in the late 14th century (750-yr oscillation), the early 17th century (450-yr), and the 19th century (140-yr). The latest cool period (1950s–1970s) is found at the 70-yr oscillation. Interdecadal drought–flood and cold–warm differences are explained using modern circulation patterns. LIA climate in China was likely controlled by East Asian monsoon circulation anomalies that were affected by variations in continent–ocean thermal contrast.
Paleoecology of a Northern Michigan Lake and the Relationship among Climate, Vegetation, and Great Lakes Water Levels
Authors: Booth Robert K. , Jackson Stephen T. , Thompson Todd A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe reconstructed Holocene water-level and vegetation dynamics based on pollen and plant macrofossils from a coastal lake in Upper Michigan. Our primary objective was to test the hypothesis that major fluctuations in Great Lakes water levels resulted in part from climatic changes. We also used our data to provide temporal constraints to the mid-Holocene dry period in Upper Michigan. From 9600 to 8600 cal yr B.P. a shallow, lacustrine environment characterized the Mud Lake basin. A Sphagnum-dominated wetland occupied the basin during the mid-Holocene dry period (∼8600 to 6600 cal yr B.P.). The basin flooded at 6600 cal yr B.P. as a result of rising water levels associated with the onset of the Nipissing I phase of ancestral Lake Superior. This flooding event occurred contemporaneously with a well-documented regional expansion of Tsuga. Betula pollen increased during the Nipissing II phase (4500 cal yr B.P.). Macrofossil evidence from Mud Lake suggests that Betula alleghaniensis expansion was primarily responsible for the rising Betula pollen percentages. Major regional and local vegetational changes were associated with all the major Holocene highstands of the western Great Lakes (Nipissing I, Nipissing II, and Algoma). Traditional interpretations of Great Lakes water-level history should be revised to include a major role of climate.
Predicate Transformers for Recursive Procedures with Local Variables
Authors: Hesselink Wim H. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract.
The weakest precondition semantics of recursive procedures with local variables are developed for an imperative language with demonic and angelic operators for unbounded nondeterminate choice. This does not require stacking of local variables. The formalism serves as a foundation for a proof rule for total correctness of (mutually) recursive procedures with local variables. This rule is illustrated by a simple example. Its soundness is proved for arbitrary well-founded variant functions.
Parasympathetic extrinsic reflex: Role in defecation mechanism
Authors: Shafik Ahmed , El‐Sibai Olfat , Ahmed Ismail 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe rectum has an intrinsic nervous mechanism represented by the enteric nervous plexus (ENP) and an extrinsic one mediated by the parasympathetic nerves. Rectal distension evokes the rectoanal inhibitory reflex, which acts through the ENP and is considered the main mechanism responsible for defecation. However, the role of the parasympathetic innervation compared to the role of the intrinsic mechanism of the defecation act has so far not been sufficiently addressed in the literature. The current study investigated this point. Twelve dogs were anesthetized. The anal and rectal pressures were recorded during rectal balloon distension with normal saline in 10 ml increments until the balloon was expelled to the exterior. The test was repeated after ENP block with α (phentolamine) and β (propranolol) adrenoceptor blocking agents and then after rectal denervation by bilateral pelvic ganglionectomy. The rectal balloon was expelled to the exterior at rectal balloon distension with 30 to 40 ml. After separate administration of phentolamine and propranolol, it was dispelled at a distending volume of 50 to 60 ml, and after rectal denervation at a volume of 80 to 90 ml. The results were reproducible. The balloon expulsion test suggests that the intrinsic defecation reflex is weaker than the extrinsic one for inducing defecation, although the two reflexes appear to be complementary. The difference between them in inducing defecation might be significant to our understanding the defecation act in the neurogenic rectum, a point that needs further study.
Automatic and intentional processes in children's recognition memory: the reversed misinformation effect
Authors: Holliday Robyn E. , Hayes Brett K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study investigated the contribution of automatic and intentional memory processes to 5‐ and 6‐year‐old children's suggestible responses in a reversed misinformation paradigm. The temporal order of the conventional eyewitness paradigm was altered such that children were initially presented with a pre‐event narrative containing misinformation that was either read to them or was self‐generated in response to semantic and linguistic cues, and the following day were presented with a witnessed event in the form of a picture story. Children then completed a standard forced‐choice recognition memory test under two instruction conditions. In the inclusion condition children were reminded about the presentations of the pre‐event narrative and the original story and asked to chose the witnessed event item. In the exclusion condition children were instructed to exclude pre‐event suggestions. Suggestibility effects were found with the magnitude of such effects differentially affected by the encoding of misleading suggestions and test instructions. In the exclusion condition, children were more likely to correctly reject suggestions that were ‘self‐generated’. Both automaticity and intentional recollection contributed to children's suggestible responding. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metamemory and reality monitoring
Authors: Kelly Amy , Carroll Marie , Mazzoni Giuliana 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMetamemory judgements and reality monitoring judgements were compared for real and imagined stimuli. Line drawings of everyday items were either perceived or imagined in differing ratios, to (a) investigate people's ability to predict the class of item that would be better recalled (Judgements of Learning, JOL), and the class of item which would be better sourced (Judgements of Source, JOS) in a future recall test, and (b) test the hypothesis that participants would show a bias towards calling remembered items real when the source had been forgotten. Although participants' JOLs indicated that they believed real items would be more memorable than imagined, in both experiments a larger proportion of items from either class (real or imagined) was only recalled when presentation modality was less frequent for that class. By contrast, JOSs were no different for real or imagined items, even though source attribution was more accurate for real than imagined items. An attribution of memories to real rather than to imagined events that often occurs when participants are unsure about the source (labelled a ‘bias towards the real’) was due to phenomenological qualities of the memories. The results are discussed in terms of Johnson and Raye's (1981) reality‐monitoring model. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validating reports of poor childhood memory
Authors: Brewin Chris R. , Stokou Louisa 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRecent evidence indicates that judgements about the quality of one's own childhood memory can be influenced experimentally, for example by manipulating ease of retrieval. This has led to the suggestion that judgements of poor memory made by clients in therapy may not be reliable. We therefore investigated whether individuals who judge themselves to have poor memory for their childhood do in fact score worse on a standardized test of autobiographical memory. Matched groups of individuals reporting poor and normal memory for childhood were administered the Autobiographical Memory Interview. Consistent with a previous study of neurological patients, subjective judgements were associated with performance on both personal semantic memory and autobiographical incident memory. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Book review: Beef in China: Agribusiness opportunities and challenges
Authors: Hossain Ferdaus 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLongworth, J.W., Brown, C.G., & Waldron, S.A. Beef in China: Agribusiness Opportunities and Challenges, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia: University of Queensland Press. 2001; xix+412 pp; $39.95; hardcover.
Expression and prognostic significance of Bcl‐2 family proteins in myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Boudard Delphine , Vasselon Christian , Berthéas Marie‐Françoise , Jaubert Jérôme , Mounier Christiane , Reynaud Jacqueline , Viallet Annie , Chautard Sylviane , Guyotat Denis , Campos Lydia 
Published: October 2002

AbstractExcessive apoptosis is implicated in the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). We assessed by flow cytometry the expression of several members of the Bcl‐2 family in bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNC) of 168 MDS samples at diagnosis. The proteins studied were Bcl‐2, Bcl‐xL (anti‐apoptotic), Bax, Bad, Bak, and Bcl‐xS (pro‐apoptotic). The percentage of BMMNC expressing Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐xL was higher in refractory anemia with excess of blasts (RAEB), RAEB in transformation (RAEB‐T), and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) than in refractory anemia (RA) and RA with ringed sideroblasts (RAS). Conversely pro‐apoptotic proteins Bad, Bak, and Bcl‐xS were detected in a higher percentage of cells in RA and RAS. RA and RAS were associated with an increased Bcl‐xS/Bcl‐xL ratio. The expression of anti‐apoptotic proteins was also correlated with that of CD34 and P170 and with the percentage of blast cells. Two‐color analyses demonstrated that CD34 and Bcl‐2 were usually expressed in the same cells. No significant correlation was found with cytogenetic abnormalities. Higher expression of pro‐apoptotic Bcl‐2‐family proteins (Bak, Bad, Bcl‐xS) and higher Bcl‐xS/Bcl‐xL ratio were associated with longer survival and decreased risk of leukemic transformation in univariate analysis, whereas expression of anti‐apoptotic proteins was associated with decreased survival. Consequently Bcl‐2 proteins expression was well correlated with the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS). Our data confirm that the control of apoptosis is deregulated in MDS cells. Moreover, the study of markers such as CD34 (or Bcl‐2), Bcl‐xL, and Bcl‐xS provides additional prognostic information. Am. J. Hematol. 70:115–125, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HIV and refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB)
Authors: Modest Geoffrey A. , Cooley Timothy P. , Zacks Jeff F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe report the case of a 36 year old man who was hospitalized with pneumonia and pancytopenia with refractory anemia with excess blasts confirmed by bone marrow biopsy. He was subsequently found to have advanced HIV infection. Both the HIV infection and the myelodysplastic syndrome responded to highly active anti‐retroviral therapy (HAART) with sustained normalization of his hematologic abnormalities within 79 days. Am. J. Hematol. 70:318–319, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bone marrow necrosis with dyspnea in a patient with malignant lymphoma and plasma levels of thrombomodulin, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and D‐dimer
Authors: Seki Yoshinobu , Koike Tadashi , Yano Masahiko , Aoki Sadao , Hiratsuka Motoko , Fuse Ichiro , Aizawa Yoshifusa 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNon‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (peripheral T cell, unspecified, clinical stage IIIEA) was diagnosed in a 54‐year‐old male. He was treated weekly with chemotherapy consisting of pirarubicin hydrochloride, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, vincristine sulfate, etoposide, and prednisolone. After 6 weeks of treatment in a state of partial remission, he exhibited sudden dyspnea, chest pain, fever, and drowsiness. The patient had received 100 μg/day of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) for 6 days before the onset. Laboratory data showed an elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, leukoerythroblastosis in the peripheral blood, and no decrease in the serum haptoglobin level. There were no findings of acute myocardial infarction or pulmonary thromboembolism. Bone marrow specimen showed the characteristic features of necrosis without any signs of the involvement of lymphoma cells. No indications of infections were found. This patient was diagnosed as having bone marrow necrosis (BMN) during the recovery phase of bone marrow with G‐CSF treatment after chemotherapy for malignant lymphoma. After conservative therapy, inhalation of oxygen and stopping the administration of G‐CSF, all clinical symptoms subsided except that the elevation of LDH continued for 1 month. The plasma level of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) was high just after the onset of BMN. The thrombomodulin (TM) level was high just before the onset of BMN and continued to be high for 2 weeks. Cross‐linked fibrin degradation products (D‐dimer) were also high just after the onset of BMN and continued to be high for 3 weeks after the onset. Although dyspnea is a rare symptom of BMN, it is important to rule out in BMN during the recovery phase of bone marrow with G‐CSF treatment after chemotherapy for malignant lymphoma. Activated neutrophils in the small vessels of the lung by G‐CSF and microthrombi, suggested by the elevation of D‐dimer, may participate in the onset of dyspnea, which is a rare symptom of the onset of BMN. Am. J. Hematol. 70:250–253, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.