bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes of volatiles in soy sauce‐stewed pork during cold storage and reheating
Authors: Liu Tai‐Ti , Yang Tsung‐Shi , Wu Chung‐May 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPork, soy sauce, and pork in soy sauce were cooked separately for 4 h; their volatiles were isolated, analysed and compared. Many of the volatiles reported to be present in pork or soy sauce were lost, and some volatiles identified in this research were generated from precursors in pork and soy sauce during cooking. Water‐boiled pork and soy sauce‐stewed pork were prepared and stored at 4 °C; they were reheated daily and stored again at 4 °C for 10 days. During storage the amount of compounds containing sulphur, such as dimethyl trisulphide and thialdine, was higher in the water‐boiled pork than in the soy sauce‐stewed pork. 3,5‐Dimethyl‐trans‐1,2,4‐trithiolane was found only in the soy sauce‐stewed pork. Significantly more aldehydes produced from lipid oxidation, such as hexanal, 2,4‐decadienal and 2‐undecenal, were present in the water‐boiled pork than in the soy sauce‐stewed pork during storage. These aldehydes reached a maximum quantity at day 6 of storage. In contrast, the soy sauce‐stewed pork contained more hexadecanal, octadecanal and 9‐octadecenal than the water‐boiled pork.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effectiveness of an ultrafiltration device for use with the enzyme‐hydrolysed protein method for determining endogenous ileal nitrogen and amino acid excretion in the pig
Authors: Hodgkinson Suzanne M , Moughan Paul J 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe aim of the work was to perform an in vitro study to determine the effectiveness of Centriprep‐10 concentrator devices for use with the enzyme‐hydrolysed protein method for the determination of endogenous ileal nitrogen and amino acid flows. Different amounts of enzyme‐hydrolysed casein (EHC) were added to tubes containing digesta collected from pigs that had received a protein‐free diet for 5–8 days. The samples were centrifuged and then ultrafiltered using Centriprep‐10 concentrators. The precipitate from the centrifugation step was added to the retentate from the ultrafiltration, and this material was analysed for nitrogen and amino acids. The ultrafiltrates were also analysed for nitrogen. The amount of nitrogen that was deemed to have originated from the EHC and remained in the precipitate plus retentate fraction of digesta after processing, expressed as a percentage of the total amount of nitrogen added to the tubes as EHC, ranged from 1.0 to 5.0%. The overall mean amounts of amino acid in the precipitate plus retentate fractions originating from the EHC, expressed as a percentage of the amino acids added to the tubes as EHC, ranged from 2.4 to 5.8%. The results demonstrate that with Centriprep‐10 concentrators there is a less than complete separation of nitrogen and amino acids originating from EHC from endogenous material in digesta, but for most amino acids this is unlikely to be due to binding of the amino acids to digesta. The incomplete separation of EHC from the endogenous fraction of digesta by Centriprep‐10 concentrators may lead to a small overestimation (approximately 2%) of endogenous ileal nitrogen and amino acid flows.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Content of bioactive compounds in pungent spice red pepper (paprika) as affected by ripening and genotype
Authors: Gnayfeed M H , Daood H G , Biacs P A , Alcaraz C F 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis work was conducted to investigate changes in the bioactive nutrient content of hot (pungent) paprika as a function of ripening in four of the most important varieties cultivated in Hungary. For the quantitative determination, recent liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods were applied. Forty carotenoids were separated, with β‐carotene and lutein of interest from the biological point of view. The major component of vitamin E was α‐tocopherol. Capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin were the dominant pungency principles. As for vitamin C components, only ascorbic acid could be detected and determined. The results indicated that all the examined compounds were at low level in the mature green fruits, and the onset of climacteric ripening caused their content to grow. In accord with the advance in ripening, carotenoids were being formed even at the overripening stage, while tocopherols, capsaicinoids and ascorbic acid reached their maximum level at the colour break or red stage and then declined. The highest values with regard to carotenoids were estimated in SZ‐178 and F0‐3 cultivars. The best retention of ascorbic acid was found in SZ‐178, which contained 4.86 mg g−1 dry matter in the dry pods. On the other hand, retention of α‐tocopherol during ripening and natural drying was found to depend on variety. The highest value for vitamin E was recorded in SZ‐178 followed by K‐V2, which contained the highest level of α‐tocopherol at the red stage of ripening.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of heating and bleaching on formation of stigmastadienes in olive oil
Authors: Gordon Michael H , Firman Christopher 
Published: January 2005

AbstractExtra virgin olive oil was heated at various temperatures in the range 187–253 °C. The stigmastadiene content was shown to increase linearly with time, and the energy of activation for sitosterol dehydration was calculated as 191.0 ± 9.0 kJ mol−1. The effect on stigmastadiene formation of bleaching extra virgin olive oil was studied using three bleaching earths at temperatures in the range 80–120 °C. The earth that was most active for pigment removal was also most active for sitosterol dehydration. The bleaching earths had a major catalytic effect on stigmastadiene formation, with the activation energy for the dehydration of β‐sitosterol being reduced to 70.8–80.6 kJ mol−1 in their presence. It was concluded that a common catalytic effect was exerted by all bleaching earths, but the number of active sites for sterol dehydration per unit surface area was greater for the Premiere bleaching earth than for the other bleaching earths, and this was the main cause of the greater catalytic activity of this earth.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Community knowledge in an emerging online professional community: the case of Sigchi.dk
Authors: Clemmensen Torkil 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper focuses on community knowledge in an emerging online professional community. Members of a Danish human–computer interaction community, 120 usability professionals, designers and researchers, described in an online survey their interest in theory and familiarity with methods. The results are reported in detail, and show a unanimous interest in theory, with a variety of reasons behind. Furthermore, the results indicate that the community's body of theoretical knowledge is divided into clear‐cut faculties, with only general usability and human–computer interaction concepts available for communication and cooperation. This implies that a view of the Danish usability professionals as sharing a special discipline is wrong, and that attempts to create a special common language or general theoretical framework (e.g. Kuutti and Bannon, 1991) will be unfruitful. Rather, an online professional community should be interpreted as a community of interest (Fischer, 2001), and we should use tools developed for these kinds of communities as support tools. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning facilitating factors of teamwork on intellectual capital creation
Authors: Cegarra‐Navarro Juan Gabriel , Rodrigo‐Moya Beatriz 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the last few years, a trend has been observed that regards teamwork as a fundamental unit for develop learning processes and other production activities. Group learning is thus the bridge between individual and organizational learning. This paper examines the relative importance and significance of some common components of group learning on ‘group capital’ (i.e. objective and collective knowledge created by teams) and the effects of such capital on the creation of intellectual capital through an empirical investigation of 139 small to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Spanish optometry sector using structural equation modelling validated by factor analysis. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A contextual theory of learning and the learning organization
Authors: Jensen Povl Erik 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLearning and accumulation of new knowledge in an organization always require two transformation processes: one transformation process from data to information and another from information to (new) knowledge. This is so because only information, and not knowledge, can be shared and spread among the members of the organization. This article describes these transformations processes as social processes that take place in a concrete context. The processes lead from Data→Information→Knowledge→Action→Learning→New Knowledge. But not all these processes have the same progression or produce the same kind of results. One can differentiate between single‐loop, double‐loop and triple‐loop learning.These findings are analysed for the consequences they provide for the learning individual and the learning organization. The qualitative difference between the learning organization and other organizations is shown to be the coordination and cooperation that the individuals perform in a close working relationship. Against this background achievements and shortcomings of attempts to become a learning organization are summarized. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The dimensions of process knowledge
Authors: Amaravadi Chandra S. , Lee In 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMany researchers are of the view that a firm's knowledge assets include its structure, culture, processes, employees and physical artifacts. The knowledge management (KM) literature has tended to emphasize employee knowledge as a locus for KM efforts. While this viewpoint is perfectly rational and justifiable, there is also a considerable amount of knowledge embedded in the firm's operating procedures. In this paper, we espouse viewing organizational knowledge from this perspective and propose a framework to manage process knowledge. Starting with a definition, classification of processes, and a characterization of the knowledge generation process, we provide seven dimensions by which process knowledge can be viewed: structure, personnel and coordination, performance and tools, discourse, results, quality and implications. They are intended to serve as a starting point for managing process knowledge. The dimensions are illustrated with several examples and implications of the framework are pointed out. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring secondary activities of the knowledge chain
Authors: Holsapple Clyde , Jones Kiku 
Published: January 2005

AbstractResearchers, marketers, and pundits often assert that knowledge management (KM) is an important, or even essential, basis for competitiveness. The Knowledge Chain Model has been advanced as a basis for understanding linkages between KM activities and organizational performance. Based on a general ontology of KM, this model identifies five primary and four secondary activities as focal points for enhancing an organization's competitive position. Both anecdotes and survey results support the model. A prior paper explored the primary classes of activity found in the Knowledge Chain Model, finding that each is comprised of distinct subclasse's that are candidates for enhancing organizational performance. Here, we similarly explore the model's secondary KM activity classes to uncover the subclasses of which they are comprised, thereby arriving at a more detailed understanding of their potential for launching competitive initiatives. A literature review yielded over 300 variations of the four secondary activities. We consolidate these into 29 distinct activity types and organize them into the four secondary activity classes. A typology of activity types is developed for each class. The result is a more in‐depth version of the Knowledge Chain Model that gives greater guidance to practitioners in assessing current KM initiatives or striving to incorporate KM into their organizations and their competitive strategies. Together with the earlier primary activity class paper, a total of 61 distinct activity types have been identified for the Knowledge Chain Model. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of ownership concentration on investment and performance in privatized firms in Russia
Authors: Filatotchev Igor , Kapelyushnikov Rostislav , Dyomina Natalya , Aukutsionek Sergey 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper provides new survey evidence on effects of concentrated ownership on restructuring and performance in privatized firms in Russia. The major findings are that large‐block shareholding is negatively associated with the firm's investment and performance, and this relationship does not depend on the identity of controlling shareholders. These results are consistent with the assumption that when minority shareholders' rights are not adequately protected, the entrenched controlling shareholders may be engaged in extracting ‘control premium’ before pro rata distribution of dividends. The issues raised have relevance to other transitional economies where the privatization process has been followed by an increase in ownership concentration. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cartelizing effects of horizontal shareholding interlocks
Authors: Merlone Ugo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSome models of industries with horizontal shareholding interlocks are generalized. First, we consider industries where firms exhibit different technologies and more general market demand functions. The cartelizing effects of financial interlocks are examined using both the Lerner index and the Herfindahl–Hirshman index. Furthermore, the model is extended to consider multiproduct oligopolies. We find a compact expression for the Lerner index and study the cartelizing effects of such an industry. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Internal markets and the theory of the firm
Authors: Ellig Jerry 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA growing number of companies are explicitly replacing bureaucratic internal resource allocation with internal markets. But if markets work well within firms, why are there firms at all? Why does not all allocation take place on ‘external’ markets? This paper seeks to resolve this apparent anomaly by viewing the firm as a membership club rather than as a command structure. Members join the firm and pay its membership fee when the value of the local public goods they receive exceeds the opportunity cost of joining. Some of the most important public goods provided by firms are variously referred to as organizational capabilities, competencies, or routines. These can often be characterized as public goods because they are ultimately based on knowledge, and hence involve a degree of nonrival consumption. A firm survives when its internal environment generates value‐creating capabilities, competencies, and routines. The firm will continue to exist as long as the owners of its human and physical capital find it more profitable to transact inside this environment than outside. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linking hypercompetition and strategic group theories: strategic maneuvering in the US insurance industry
Authors: Fiegenbaum Avi , Thomas Howard , Tang Ming‐Je 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFocusing on the dynamics of strategic maneuvering, this paper draws parallels between the accumulated perspectives of strategic group theory and ideas drawn from evolutionary economics and from a recent strategy‐oriented book on hypercompetition (D'Aveni RA. 1994. Hypercompetition: Managing the Dynamics of Strategic Maneuvering. The Free Press: New York). Using insurance industry data, the paper first uses the methodological framework of strategic groups to define competitive positioning and the identity of close competitors. It then develops a Markovian model to analyse two important aspects of strategic maneuvering over time: the level of firm movement, and the determination of optimal maneuvering paths and their related long‐term performance. The results provide insights into industry competitive dynamics and rivalry. First, there is clear evidence of strategic maneuvering over the entire time period studied and a higher level of maneuvering in the long run. Second, for some competitive scenarios, there are optimal maneuvering trajectories that optimize a firm's long‐term economic performance. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Firm strategy, innovation and consumer demand: a market process approach
Authors: Robertson Paul L. , Yu Tony F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDespite recent advances by economists such as Porter and those associated with the resource‐based school, the economics of demand rarely features in discussions of business strategy. Porter and the resource‐based school take the characteristics of demand as given, and place almost exclusive emphasis on the role of supply‐side factors in formulating strategy. Scholars in strategic marketing, by contrast, recognize the importance of demand factors, but do not analyse them from an economic standpoint. Moreover, none of the important schools of strategic management attempts to explore the relationship between supply and demand in much analytical depth. In this paper, we adopt a market process approach to strategy formulation as a preliminary step towards rectifying these problems. First, we explore the factors that affect the economics of demand, particularly in innovative situations. Second, we adapt Lancaster's attribute analysis to show how the interaction between supply and demand can be represented from a market process perspective. On the basis of our efforts, we conclude that further work in these areas would benefit students of both strategic management and economics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategy in turbulent environments: the role of dynamic competence
Authors: SubbaNarasimha P.N 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIt is often observed that firm survival and success have become problematic in the turbulent environments that firms face today. Resource‐based theories propose that sustained competitive advantage is more a function of firm resources than of industry structure. In this paper, the nature of resources that help firms sustain (or try to sustain) a competitive advantage in turbulent environments is queried. Viewing the firm as a stock of knowledge, the argument that dynamic competence or the variety‐generating capability of knowledge is an important antecedent of superior performance in such turbulent environments is developed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Innovation and firm‐level persistent profitability: a Schumpeterian framework
Authors: Roberts Peter W 
Published: January 2005

AbstractStudies of firm‐level profit dynamics tend to attribute the variance in profit persistence to variability in the extent to which imitative pressures are resisted. This monopoly‐based explanation of persistent profitability implicitly assumes a one‐to‐one correspondence between firm‐level and product‐level profit dynamics. Following Schumpeter, this paper begins to develop a framework for firm‐level profit persistence that embraces product innovation, competitor imitation, and, more importantly, the prospect that several product innovations may be embodied within a single firm. Such an approach opens the door for an innovation‐based explanation of profit persistence to accompany the monopoly‐based arguments that are typically offered. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling the competitive process
Authors: Jacobson Robert , Hansen Gary 
Published: January 2005

AbstractUnderstanding the behavior of markets requires understanding not just the level of return but also its dynamics. The speed at which abnormal returns dissipate is one useful indicator of the competitive process. We model for US and Japanese firms the process of competition as reflected in the persistence of abnormal returns. While we find a similar aggregate distribution of firm persistence in both countries, we observe cross‐national differences manifesting themselves in terms of inter‐country differences in industry persistence. We find that both industry‐ and firm‐specific factors influence firm persistence. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An agency analysis of church–pastor relations
Authors: Zech Charles 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIncentives are critical to the study of economics. But do they work in non‐traditional economic settings, such as religious organizations, in a manner consistent with economic theory? This study considers the agency relationship between churches and their clergy. This paper contends that pastor compensation is not typically tied directly to performance, but rather indirectly through promotion tournaments. Pastors whose performance is recognized as being exceptional are rewarded by being called to larger, more prestigious congregations. Given the difficulty of observing and measuring pastor performance this represents a sensible solution to the church–pastor principal–agent problem. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chaos and mixing in micro‐biological fluid dynamics: blinking stokeslets
Authors: Orme B. A. A. , Otto S. R. , Blake J. R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe motion of particles and feeding currents around micro‐organisms due to a flagellum are considered. The calculations are pertinent to a range of sessile organisms but we concentrate on fluid motion around Salpingoeca Amphoridium—a choanoflagellate; these are a class of organism in the phylum Protozoa. The flow field is characterized by a very small Reynolds number indicating that viscous forces dominate over inertia. The flow caused by the motion of the flagellum is modelled via a point force. The point of application is not stationary, and this movement is modelled using two stokeslets (appropriate to Stokes' flow) whose orientation and position is varied with time. These sessile micro‐organisms reside above a surface, which is modelled as an interface between two fluids having different properties. Efficiency of feeding currents generated by the flagellar motion is studied. The resulting dynamics is investigated using chaotic measures, which examine the stretching and consequent mixing of elements within the fluid. Different point force locations lead to a range of eddy structures such that their superposition results in chaotic advection. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variations on the wave equation
Authors: Leis Rolf 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA lot of vibration processes in mathematical physics are described by the wave equation or by related equations and systems, and plenty of research has been done on this subject. The results and methods obtained thereby have been very important in other fields of application, and they still are. They also had and still have an immense influence on the development of mathematics as a whole.The following survey tries to convey an impression of how exciting the research in this field of partial differential equations has been in the 20th century, and it wants to present some of the interesting results achieved. The selection, of course, reflects personal tastes and interests. It starts reporting on the state of the art at the end of the last century. It then describes important solution methods typical for this century, as there are integral equation methods, Hilbert space methods, or spectral representation. Generalized solutions to initial–boundary‐value problems are mentioned, and some applications are indicated, e.g. on the asymptotic behaviour of solutions, in scattering theory, and in non‐linear analysis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.