bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunohistolocalization of the carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes (CA-I, CA-II, and CA-III) in the reproductive tract of male horses
Authors: Asari Masao , Sasaki Kiyoaki , Miura Kohshi , Ichihara Nobutsume , Nishita Toshiho 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To elucidate locations of cytosolic carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme (CA-I, CA-II, and CA-III)-positive epithelial cells in equine male reproductive organs.

Design
Descriptive and immunohistochemical study.

Animals
4 clinically normal male horses.

Procedure
The testis (seminiferous tubules, rete tubules), epididymis (initial, middle, and terminal segments), proximal and distal portions of the ductus deferens, ampulla ductus deferentis, seminal vesicle, prostate, and bulbourethral gland were excised from euthanatized horses after administration of an overdose of pentobarbital. The tissue specimens were quickly placed in fixative solution, dehydrated in ethanol, and embedded; then thin sections were cut. For immunohistochemical staining, antibodies against purified equine CA-I, CA-II, and CA-III were raised in rabbits. After examination of the specificity of each antiserum, the monospecific antisera against carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes were used to localize the isoenzymes.

Results
Specific staining for CA-III was found in the Sertoli and basal cells of the ductus deferens. Most of the testicular and epididymal tissue, as well as ductus deferens, were virtually negative for the enzymes when stained with the antibody to CA-I and CA-II. In the initial segment of the epididymis, a few principal cells had intense cytoplasmic staining with anti-CA-II. In the male accessory glands, CA-I, CA-II, and CA-III were detected in the epithelial cells of the seminal vesicle, prostate, and bulbourethral gland.

Conclusions
In the equine male reproductive tract, the bicarbonate in semen originates mainly from accessory reproductive glands. All 3 isoenzymes may have central roles in the regulation of bicarbonate concentration in seminal plasm and, accordingly, regulate seminal plasma pH. Distribution of CA-III in Sertoli and basal cells of the ductus deferens suggests other specialized physiologic roles. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:439–443)
Intramammary defense against infections induced by Escherichia coli in cows
Authors: Paape Max J. , Lilius Esa-Matti , Wiitanen Paulina A. , Kontio Meri P. , Miller Robert H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) effects on expression of CD14 and CD18 cell surface receptors and lectin/carbohydrate-mediated nonopsonic phagocytosis of E coli.

Design
Cell isolation, monoclonal antibody, phagocytosis, and flow cytometric studies.

Animals
4 clinically normal lactating Holstein cows for studies on CD14 and CD18, and 2 for phagocytosis studies.

Procedure
Binding of CD14 and CD18 monoclonal antibodies to blood and milk neutrophils and mononuclear leukocytes was studied by flow cytometry before and after intramammary injection of LPS, and nonopsonic phagocytosis of E coli by blood neutrophils was determined. Presence of intracellular CD14 was determined after in vitro incubation of neutrophils in skimmed milk and after fixation and permeabilization of freshly isolated neutrophils.

Results
Before LPS injection, percentages of blood neutrophils and large mononuclear (LMO) cells expressing CD14 averaged 3 and 63% and 68 and 35% for mammary neutrophils and LMO cells, respectively. After LPS injection, CD14 was only detected on blood and mammary LMO cells (61 and 25%); receptor expression increased by 1.8- and threefold, respectively. In vitro incubation of neutrophils in skimmed milk increased the percentage of neutrophils expressing CD14. The number of blood neutrophils staining positive for CD14 increased after permeabilization of the plasma membrane, which was blocked by unlabeled anti-CD14 monoclonal antibodies. Before LPS, percentages of blood neutrophils and LMO cells expressing CD18 averaged 93 and 95% and was 88 and 55% for mammary neutrophils and LMO cells, respectively. After LPS, percentages of mammary neutrophils and LMO cells expressing CD18 increased to 100 and 95%, respectively. Expression of CD18 was 2.6-fold higher for mammary neutrophils before injection of LPS, compared with blood neutrophils, either before or after LPS. In absence of opsonins, neutrophils with adherent and phagocytosed E coli averaged 83 and 14%.

Conclusions
LPS modulated expression of CD14 and CD18 and lectin-carbohydrate interactions mediated nonopsonic phagocytosis of E coli. An intracellular pool of CD14 exists in bovine neutrophils and is capable of translocating to the cell surface.

Clinical Relevance
Development of methods to maximize expression of CD14 receptors on mammary neutrophils involved in production of tumor necrosis factor-α, and nonopsonic phagocytosis could result in reducing prevalence of mastitis in dairy cows. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:477–482)
Comparison of sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of medetomidine and medetomidine-butorphanol combination in dogs
Authors: Ko Jeff C. H. , Bailey James E. , Pablo Luisito S. , Heaton-Jones Terrell G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
Sedative, cardiorespiratory, and analgesic effects of intramuscular administration of medetomidine (40 µg/kg of body weight)-glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg/kg) and medetomidine (10 µg/kg)-butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg)-glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg/kg) combinations were compared. Additional evaluations were done on reversal of medetomidine, using atipamezole (200 µ g/kg, IV), after 90 minutes of medetomidine-induced sedation.

Design
Crossover study, with each dog receiving each drug combination at 1-week intervals.

Animals
Six 2-year-old English hound-type dogs.

Procedure
Arterial blood pressure, ECG, respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute volume, arterial blood gas tensions, and serum biochemical variables were measured before, during, and after sedation. Analgesia was evaluated by needle prick on the skin and tail clamp.

Results
Heart rate decreased significantly from 100 beats/mm to <40 beats/min within 3 minutes of injection of medetomidine and medetomidine. and butorphanol (MB). Mean arterial blood pressure in both groups were maintained above 100 mm of Hg throughout the recording period. There was no significant difference between medetomidine and MB in respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute ventilation. Hypoxemia (PaO2 < 60 mm of Hg) was observed at 10 and 20 minutes in 2 dogs given MB. Atipamezole administration in the dogs given medetomidine significantly increased PaO2 and returned the values to baseline. Needle prick analgesia duration was longer in the medetomidine (80 ± 7.7 minutes) than MB (56.0 ± 19.2 minutes) group. Tail pinch analgesia was variable in both groups. Duration of lateral recumbency was longer after medetomidine (90 ± 0 minutes) than MB (73.5 ± 19.0 minutes).

Conclusion
Medetomidine and MB were effective combinations for mildly invasive procedures.

Clinical Relevance
MB induced a shorter period of analgesia and recumbency than did medetomidine. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:535–540)
Effects of oral lactose and xylose loads on blood glucose, galactose, xylose, and insulin values in healthy calves and calves with diarrhea
Authors: Gutzwiller A. , Blum J. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
2 hypotheses were tested: calves with acute, mild diarrhea digest lactose less efficiently than healthy calves, and they are in a catabolic state, which influences plasma glucose concentration after glucose absorption.

Design
Clinical study; 2 treatments with 10 repetitions/treatment.

Animals
20 preruminant Brown Swiss and Simmental Red Holstein calves; 10 calves with mild diarrhea, and 10 age-matched healthy calves.

Procedure
Blood metabolite and hormone concentrations were determined before and after an oral lactose load. Plasma xylose concentration was determined after an oral xylose load. Ill calves were tested 1 day after the onset of diarrhea.

Results
Calves with diarrhea (cryptosporidia, coronavirus) had lower preprandial concentrations of plasma glucose, insulin-like growth factor I, and 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine (P < 0.01) and a higher concentration of free fatty acids (P = 0.03) than did healthy calves. After the oral lactose and xylose loads, blood galactose and plasma xylose concentrations were lower in ill calves (P = 0.10 and P = 0.07, respectively). In calves with diarrhea, there was a larger increase of plasma glucose concentration (P =0.12) and a smaller increase of plasma insulin concentration (P = 0.04) above baseline values after lactose ingestion.

Conclusions
Lactose digestion is slightly impaired in calves with mild diarrhea. Calves with acute diarrhea are in a catabolic state and, therefore, respond with a larger increase of plasma glucose concentration to a given amount of absorbed glucose than do healthy calves.

Clinical relevance
Plasma glucose concentration is not a reliable measure for glucose absorption in animals that are in a catabolic state. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:560–563)
Benign familial hyperphosphatasemia in Siberian Huskies
Authors: Lawler D. F. , Keltner D. G. , Hoffman W. E. , Nachreiner R. F. , Hegstad R. L. , Herndon P. A. , Fischer B. J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate benign familial hyperphosphatasemia involving serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) in pups.

Design
Pups with markedly increased SAP activity were evaluated and compared with unaffected siblings, and with other unaffected Siberian Husky pups from the same colony.

Animals
8 related litters of Siberian Husky pups (n = 56).

Procedure
At ages 11 and 16 weeks, pups were given physical examinations and blood was obtained for hematologic and serum biochemical analyses (including electrolytes and isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase), ionized calcium concentration, and serum parathyroid hormone concentration. Diet, growth and health performance, skeletal radiographs, and genealogical data also were evaluated.

Results
Of 42 pups tested, 17 had markedly high total SAP values. Mean total SAP activity of affected pups at ages 11 and 16 weeks was over 5 times greater than mean total SAP activity of unaffected siblings and other unaffected Siberian Husky pups of the same age (P <0.001). Clinical, radiologic, and biochemical evaluation of the subjects revealed no other abnormal findings. The source of the increased SAP activity was characterized in 5 affected pups as bone isoenzyme. The mode of inheritance could not be deduced from the data, but the trait clearly is familial and autosomal.

Conclusion
The condition described in the family of Siberian Huskies bears similarity to human benign, persistent, familial hyperphosphatasemia.

Clinical Relevance
Benign familial hyperphosphatasemia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of markedly increased SAP activity in young dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:612–617)
Venereal shedding of ovine lentivirus in infected rams
Authors: de la Concha-Bermejillo A. , Magnus-Corral S. , Brodie S. J. , DeMartini J. C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To assess shedding of ovine lentivirus (OvLV) in semen of infected rams with or without epididymitis.

Design
Rams 1 and 2 were naturally infected with OvLV. Rams 3-6 were inoculated with OvLV strain 85/ 34. Ram 7 was inoculated with uninfected cell culture supernatatant (OvLV-negative control). 14 weeks after OvLV inoculation, rams 1-3, 6, and 7 were inoculated with Brucella ovis into the epididymis. Ram 4 was a natural case of B ovis epididymitis, and ram 5 was left non-inoculated (Bovis-negative control). Blood mononuclear cells (BMNC) and semen were collected between 0 and 44 weeks after OvLV inoculation.

Animals
Seven 2- to 3-year-old rams.

Procedure
Infective OvLV in BMNC and semen was determined by virus isolation and subsequent OvLV-DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Bronchoalveolar lavage cells collected after death were used for DNA extraction and PCR amplification.

Results
OvLV was detected in the semen of rams 3 and 6, but only after Bovis inoculation. OvLV was isolated consistently from BMNC of rams 3 and 6, but only occasionally from rams 1, 2, 4, and 5. Leukocytospermia was evident in every ejaculate of all Bovis-infected rams after infection. Semiquantitative PCR determination of OvLV DNA from bronchoalveolar lavage cells revealed the highest OvLV DNA load in rams 3 and 6.

Conclusions
Leukocytospermia and a high virus load in infected animals are important factors that determine shedding of OvLV in semen.

Clinical Relevance
Dissemination of OvLV through contaminated semen could have important implications in the epidemiology and control of this infection. (Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:684–688)
Expression of the oncogene c-erbB-2 in canine mammary cancers and tumor-derived cell lines
Authors: Ahem Terry E. , Bird R. Curtis , Bird Allison E. Church , Wolfe Lauren G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine, for canine mammary tumors, whether malignancy, with or without local invasion or regional metastasis, was associated with overexpression of the oncogene c-erbB-2.

Design
c-erbB-2 expression was measured in canine mammary tumor-derived cell lines and in mammary tumor tissues from clinical cases. Clinical samples were examined histologically to determine whether they were benign or malignant and, if malignant, whether they had evidence of local invasion or regional metastasis. Canine fibroblast cultures and normal canine mammary epithelial tissues were used as reference standards for cell lines and mammary tumors, respectively.

Sample Populations
28 canine mammary tumor tissue samples obtained surgically from clinical cases and samples from 7 canine mammary tumor cell lines derived from primary canine mammary tumors.

Procedure
c-erbB-2 mRNA levels were determined by means of hybridization of total polysomal RNA with a 32P-labeled human c-erbB-2 probe on dot blots, and results were quantified by means of scanning densitometry. Overexpression of c-erbB-2 was defined as an autoradiographic density ≥ 2 times the density of reference samples on the same blot.

Results
Overexpression of c-erbB-2 was detected in 17 of 23 malignant tumors, 0 of 5 benign tumors, and 2 of 7 mammary tumor cell lines. c-erbB-2 overexpression was correlated with a histopathologic diagnosis of malignancy (P= 0.005) but not with the presence of local invasion or regional metastatic disease (P = 0.621).

Conclusions
Results suggest that overexpression of c-erbB-2 occurs prior to the development of metastatic disease in canine mammary tumors and plays a role in the development of malignancy. (Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:693–696)
Morphometric evaluation of immunoglobulin A-containing and immunoglobulin G-containing cells and T cells in duodenal mucosa from healthy dogs and from dogs with inflammatory bowel disease or nonspecific gastroenteritis
Authors: Jergens Albert E. , Moore Frances M. , Kaiser Mark S. , Haynes Joseph S. , Kinyon Joann M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the distribution of IgA- and IgG-containing cells and T cells in the villi of duodenal mucosa from healthy dogs and from dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or gastroenteritis.

Design
Case-control study.

Animals
28 dogs, grouped according to clinical and histologic criteria: 11 dogs with IBD, 8 dogs with nonspecific gastroenteritis, and 9 healthy dogs.

Procedure
Endoscopic biopsy specimens of duodenal mucosa from each dog were stained specifically for IgA and IgG heavy chains and pan T-cell (CD3) antigen, using immunoperoxidase techniques. Morphometric analysis, performed via an image-analysis system, was used to count IgA- and IgG-containing cells and T cells within paired contiguous villi from each dog.

Results
T cells were the predominant immune cell type in all groups of dogs. Significant differences in the villus distribution of IgA- and IgG-containing cells and T cells were not observed. Healthy dogs had significantly higher T-cell counts than had dogs with IBD or gastroenteritis. Dogs with nonspecific gastroenteritis had a significantly higher concentration of IgA-containing cells than the other groups of dogs had. Significant group differences for IgG-containing cells also were evident, with dogs with IBD having the lowest cell counts.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
High concentrations of IgA- and IgG-containing cells and T cells in the villus lamina propria cannot be reliably used to distinguish IBD from other intestinal disorders in dogs. Evaluation of T cells may be the most discriminatory method for differentiating dogs with IBD from clinically normal dogs via examination of intestinal biopsy specimens. (Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:697–704)
Effects of a combination of detomidine and butorphanol on respiratory function in horses with or without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Lavoie J. P. , Phan S. T. , Blais D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the effects of detomidine and butorphanol in combination on respiratory function in horses and to determine whether these effects are more severe in horses with pre-existing respiratory dysfunction.

Design
Pulmonary function testing and arterial blood gas analyses were performed before and after administration of a combination of detomidine (10 μg/kg of body weight, IV) and butorphanol (20 μg/kg, IV).

Animals
5 horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 5 horses free of respiratory disease (controls).

Procedures
Flow rates were obtained from a pneumotachograph attached to a face mask, and esophageal pressure was measured with a catheter placed in the distal third of the esophagus. Respiratory rate, tidal volume (VT), minute ventilation (VE), maximal change in transpulmonary pressure, pulmonary resistance, and dynamic compliance were calculated by use of a pulmonary function computer. Arterial blood was collected from the transverse facial artery, and blood gas partial pressures were measured with an automated blood gas analyzer.

Results
The combination of detomidine and butorphanol caused significant changes with time in respiratory rate, VT, VE, Paco2, and Paco2. Changes with time in VT, VE, and maximal change in transpulmonary pressure were significantly different between groups.

Conclusion
The combination of detomidine and butorphanol affects respiratory function in horses, and the observed changes are affected by the presence of preexisting respiratory dysfunction.

Clinical Relevance
Changes in respiratory function after administration of a combination of detomidine and butorphanol are not necessarily more severe in horses with pre-existing respiratory dysfunction. (Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:705–709)
Comparison of polymerase chain reaction and microbiological culture for detection of salmonellae in equine feces and environmental samples
Authors: Cohen Noah D. , Martin L. James , Simpson R. Bruce , Wallis Deeann E. , Neibergs Holly L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare the sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with microbiological culture for detecting salmonellae in equine fecal samples and equine environmental swab specimens.

Design
Samples and specimens were tested by PCR and microbiological culture.

Sample Population
A fecal sample from each of 152 horses admitted consecutively to the clinic for evaluation by the outpatient service, 282 fecal samples from 110 hospitalized horses that had been submitted to the clinical microbiology laboratory, and 313 environmental swab specimens were examined.

Procedure
Each sample and specimen in the study was tested, using PCR and microbiological culture. Results of PCR and culture were compared.

Results
Significantly (P < 0.001) more fecal samples were positive by PCR than by microbiological culture. 26 of 152 (17.1%) fecal samples collected from horses admitted by the outpatient service were positive by PCR and none was positive by culture. 71 of 110 hospitalized horses were identified as positive by PCR, compared with 11 horses identified as positive by culture. All culture-positive horses were positive by PCR. Of the 11 culture-positive horses, 10 (90.9%) were identified as PCR positive after testing of the first sample submitted, compared with 7 (63.6%) by culture. All PCR-positive horses were detected after a total of 3 samples/horse were submitted, whereas as many as 5 samples/horse was required to identify all culture-positive horses. 8 of 313 environmental specimens were positive by PCR, and none was positive by culture.

Conclusion
The PCR method reported here was more sensitive, more rapid, and required submission of fewer samples or specimens than did microbiological culture for detecting salmonellae. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:780–786)
Characterization of anatomic communications between the femoropatellar joint and lateral and medial femorotibial joints in cattle, using intra-articular latex, positive contrast arthrography, and fluoroscopy
Authors: Desrochers André , St.-Jean Guy , Cash Walter C. , Hoskinson James J. , DeBowes Richard M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the frequency of communication between the lateral and medial femorotibial joints and the femoropatellar joint in cattle.

Design
1 of 3 injection sites was randomly assigned to each ox.

Animais
102 limbs were obtained from 55 fresh bovine cadavers presented for necropsy with problems unrelated to the stifle.

Procedure
The joints were injected with a mixture of latex and barium sulfate. Communication between 2 or more joints was determined by the presence of latex and contrast material in a joint adjacent to the injected joint by examining frozen sections and positive-contrast arthrography.

Results
Communication between the 3 joints was present in 58 (56.9%) limbs. The femoropatellar and the medial femorotibial joints always communicated. Thirteen of 38 (34.2%) specimens injected in the lateral femorotibial joint did not communicate with the 2 other joints. The femoropatellar joint communicated with the lateral and medial femorotibial joints on the distal abaxial aspect of the trochlear ridge.

Conclusion
Individual anatomic variation of the stifle in cattle should be considered when diagnostic or treatment protocols are established.

Clinical Relevance
The lateral femorotibial joint should be treated separately because it does not consistently communicate with the femoropatellar or medial femorotibial joint. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:798–802)
Specific immune responses of dairy cattle after primary inoculation with recombinant bovine interferon-γ as an adjuvant when vaccinating against mastitis
Authors: Pighetti Gina M. , Sordillo Lorraine M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine whether specific immunity in the mammary gland and blood of dairy cattle was enhanced after primary innoculation with a test antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and recombinant bovine interferon-γ (rBolFN-γ) as an adjuvant.

Design
Holstein dairy cows received IM injections of KLH in conjunction with saline solution (n = 4), Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA; n = 4), or rBolFN-γ (n = 3). Milk and blood samples were collected during a 1-month period and analyzed for KLH antibody content. Isolated blood mononuclear cells were examined for their ability to proliferate and produce interleukin 2 (IL-2) after mitogen and/or KLH stimulation in vitro. The phenotype of isolated blood mononuclear cells also was characterized through flow cytometric analysis.

Results
The adjuvant rBolFN-γ induced serum KLH antibody titers similar to those induced by administration of FIA. However, FIA induced significantly more KLH antibodies in milk. Administration of rBolFN-γ enhanced T-lymphocyte activity, as indicated by the greater expression of high-affinity IL-2 receptors and the increased response to the mitogens concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, and IL-2, compared with FIA or saline treatment. Lymphocyte and monocyte movement from the blood also was altered after rBolFN-γ treatment, which can have a profound influence on secondary immune responses, such as antibody production.

Conclusions
rBolFN-γ may safely enhance specific immunity in the bovine mammary gland and may be an effective adjuvant in mastitis immunization protocols. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:819–824)