bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Victory through Suffering
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The substance of the proposed settlement was that the Indians should register voluntarily, and not under any law,” Gandhi explained. On January 30, 1908, the superintendent of police took him to meet General Smuts. They had a good talk, Smuts congratulating him on the Indian community’ s having “remained firm” even after Gandhi’ s imprisonment. Gandhi then caught the next train back to Johannesburg and went directly to inform his friends of the agreement, suggesting that a meeting should be called. It was held on the grounds of the mosque that very night and despite the short notice nearly a thousand Indians turned up.
Postwar Carnage and Nationwide Satyagraha
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In sending copies of his pledge to the press, Gandhi wrote that this was “probably the most momentous[step] in the history of India.” Gandhi went to Delhi in early March for a last meeting with the viceroy. Neither man changed the other’ s mind. “An Englishman will not be argued into yielding....[H]e recognizes moral force and ... perhaps even against his will, yields to it. It is this moral force we are employing and, if it is genuinely moral, we shall win.”
Rising of the Poison
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Devastating floods washed away entire subdistricts of Gujarat that August, turning once fecund fields into a “howling wilderness.”Shocked though he was by the flood, Gandhi never lost his equanimity, recalling Lord Krishna’ s admonition to Arjuna that “what is unavoidable thou shouldst not regret.”3 To Gandhi this flood was, moreover, but a prelude to “the final deluge. None need doubt it....[A]ll of us are condemned to death the moment we are born.”Vallabhbhai Patel led the relief work in flooded Nadiad and wired to reassure Gandhi that he need not personally risk a relapse by coming to join the massive depressing effort to salvage ruined villages.
From Prison to London and Back
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Idealism sometimes causes pain, but a human being without idealism is like a brute,” Gandhi wrote from prison. “Our highest duty is to see that our idealism takes the right direction.” In June, before he too was jailed, Motilal Nehru was interviewed by the London Daily Herald’ s George Slo combe, who asked what terms he required to attend a Round Table Conference. “We must be masters in our own household,” Motilal replied, insisting that India’ s Congress would only meet Britain now “nation to nation on an equal footing.”
War and Peaceful Resistance
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The outbreak of World War II served to galvanize and reunite the Congress in opposition to British imperial rule. The viceroy’ s autocratic declaration of war, without consulting any Congress leader, infuriated Nehru and led to Subhas Bose’ s resignation. The Working Committee met in Wardha from September 10 to 14, electing Rajendra Prasad as its new president. Nehru took the lead in drafting the Congress resolution on the war, inviting Great Britain first to declare unequivocally that its “war aims” included freedom and democracy for India, after which India would cooperate fully in the global struggle against fascism and Na zism.1 Gandhi personally had argued for a wholly nonviolent response, but he had won little support, silently bowing to Nehru’ s militant majority position. Bose started his own Forward Bloc party, which openly favored the Axis powers, leading to Subhas’ s arrest and his subsequent daring escape through Afghanistan to Berlin, and from there to Japan.
No Peace
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Viceroy Wavell tried to lure Congress and Muslim League leaders into his administration, thereby launching the last phase of Britain’ s devolution of power prior to granting independence. His broadcast in mid-June 1945, unveiling the plan he’ d been hatching since his appointment, revealed his political naivete. He proposed a new Executive Council with an equal number of “caste Hindus and Muslims,” functioning under the 1935 Constitution. Under his plan only the viceroy and commander in chief would remain Englishmen.
Walking Alone
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the eve of his Noakhali pilgrimage, Gandhi was told of murderous riots by Bihar’ s Hindu majority against Muslims in “retaliation” for the at tacks against Hindu women in Eastern Bengal. “Bihar of my dreams seems to have falsified them,” he wrote just before leaving Calcutta for his rural pilgrimage. “A bad act of one party is no justification for a similar act by the opposing party.”2 Bengal’ s Chief Minister Suhrawardy had intended to accompany Gandhi to Noakhali but was detained by urgent business in Calcutta; he sent his Labour minister to facilitate Gandhi’ s journey. They traveled East initially by rail and boat, stopping to allow Gandhi to talk with refugees and villagers along the way. “Let us turn our wrath against ourselves,” he told Hindus gathered to hear him at every stop.3 His mantra for this pilgrimage was “Do or Die.”
Freedom’ s Wooden Loaf
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nehru and Patel told Gandhi “that my reading of the situation is wrong and peace is sure to return if partition is agreed upon.” He sensed they feared that he had “deteriorated with age.” He remained certain, however, of the monstrous tragedy awaiting them all on that mine-strewn road of division. “Let not the coming generations curse Gandhi for being a party to India’ s vivisection.”
Great Soul’ s Death in Delhi
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sardar Patel and Rajkumari Amrit were waiting with several Cabinet ministers and thousands of others to greet him at old Delhi’ s jammed Shahadara Station. “After alighting from the train I found ... others equally sad. Has the city of Delhi which always appeared gay turned into a city of the dead?” Gandhi wondered, as he was driven from the station around the old city. He saw tens of thousands of squatters on the roads and in crowded dark alleys and heard horror stories in Delhi’ s Muslim university, the Jamia Millia.
His Global Legacy
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Martin Luther King was not the first nor the only great black leader in the United States to be inspired by Gandhi's life and its message of love, hope, faith, and courage. W. E. B. Du Bois had earlier invited Gandhi to visit America on behalf of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). "It may well be," Du Bois prophetically predicted prior to King's assassination, "that real human equality and brotherhood in the United States will come only under the leadership of another Gandhi."
Becoming A Wife
Authors: Pomeroy Sarah B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
And I was thinking that Sparta among cities of few citizens proved to be the most powerful and famous, and I wondered in what way this had come about. When, however, I thought about the Spartans’ way of life, I no longer wondered. I admired Lycurgus, their lawgiver, whose laws they were fortunate in obeying, and I think him extremely wise. He did not imitate other cities, but thinking the opposite of most, he made his country outstandingly fortunate.
The Creation Of Mothers
Authors: Pomeroy Sarah B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spartans were the only Greek mothers who were famous in antiquity qua mothers, and who served as paradigms in later periods of history. Xenophon and Plutarch are our main authorities for the exaltation of motherhood. As welltraveled, cosmopolitan reporters, they declare that nowhere else in the Greek world did the state lavish such attention on women.
Women And Religion
Authors: Pomeroy Sarah B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the religious experiences of Spartan women. It is not an attempt to cover every aspect of each cult or divinity mentioned, nor to report all the textual and archaeological evidence unless a connection with women’s activities can be detected. The evidence is often obscure and fragmentary. In many cases, the sole source of information is a single brief definition in a Byzantine dictionary. Furthermore, the reader must be cautioned that the great majority of votives and small objects that have been excavated—disproportionately those that would illuminate women’s history—have not yet received proper scholarly attention (see Appendix). Since the ancient sources are often specific about the ages of the female participants in the cults and whether they are virgins, in this chapter we will also draw as much attention as possible to age groupings or marital status. Athletics, including nude athletics, were often connected with religion; these activities have been discussed in chapter 1.
Creating Partnerships for Collaborative Advantage
Authors: Dyer Jeffrey H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the introduction, I argued that the extended enterprise is an important new unit of competition and that successful firms must be able to create partnerships with other firms in the production network. But why are production networks and inter firm partnerships so important today? Or perhaps the better question is: Why is inter firm collaboration more important today than it was in the past? Recent data show that in just the past two years there have been more than 20,000 new alliances reported worldwide.
Key Lessons for Implementing the Extended Enterprise
Authors: Dyer Jeffrey H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters I carefully examined the key elements of the extended enterprises established by Toyota and Chrysler. I also described how and why Toyota and Chrysler have been able to create competitive advantages through effective collaboration with their supplier networks. Although I have attempted to provide extensive detail on the process Chrysler used to transform its adversarial supplier relationships into partnerships, executives who are intrigued by the extended enterprise concept still may have many unanswered questions.
Bingo!
Authors: Ling Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is barely 8 am on Sunday and the thick desert air is already on the edge of uncomfortably warm. Marjorie Miller stands at the front of her bungalow-style senior citizens’ apartment complex, patting her silver hair and fiddling with the gold crucifix at her breast. Her casual green polyester slacks and white sneakers fit the all-purpose dress code for Las Vegas retirees. The words “Ten Commandments,” printed on her Tshirt, peek out from her zippered sweater. She checks her watch, but not in the manner of someone who is late.She isn’t. Her bus isn’t scheduled to arrive for another fifteen minutes. “It gets here at about eight-ten. They say eight-fifteen, but it’s usually eight-ten-never after eight-twelve.
Pawnshops :Lenders Of Last Resort
Authors: Heim Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anthony Bock takes an enormous bite of his cornedbeef-on-rye, pulls himself out of his chair, and begins speaking, unconcerned with the crumbs falling from his mouth and the piece of lettuce hanging from his chin. “You’re a journalist. Ask the questions. You ever interview a lawyer before?’ “You’re a lawyer?” Bock stares back at me for several seconds before answering. He is of average height and build, and his doughy white face is almost expressionless.
The Art Of The Impossible
Authors: Barrow John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bookshelves are stuffed with volumes that expound the successes of the mind and the silicon chip. We expect science to tell us what can be done and what is to be done. Governments look to scientists to improve the quality of life and safeguard us from earlier ‘improvements’. Futurologists see no limit to human inquir,y, while social scientists see no end to the raft of problems it spawns. The contemplation by our media of science’s future path is dominated by our expectations of great interventions: cracking the human genetic code, curing all our bodily ills, manipulating the very atoms of the material universe, and, ultimately, fabricating an intelligence that exceeds our own. Human progress looks more and more like a race to manipulate the world around us on allscales, great and small.
Technological limits
Authors: Barrow John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When considering our possible futures it is easy to consider progress entirely idealistically: to think that everything that can be done will be done. We know it is not so. Western democracies have become increasingly constrained by economics. There are many great scientific investigations that we would love to embark upon, if only we had unlimited money. These questions are brought to a head occasionally when decisions have to be taken about very costly projects, when medical errors require compensation, or when disaster strikes a project like the Ariane-5 rocket launch and hundreds of millions of pounds are wasted in a split second.
Cosmological limits
Authors: Barrow John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cosmology is a special study: its subject is unique, its object is unique, and its means are unique. No branch of science extrapolates so far into the unknown, and no line of human inquiry is more at risk from limits of all sorts. The cosmologist must overcome the technological challenge of seeing faint objects at great distances, and succeed without many of the weapons in the scientist’s armoury.
Der Lobpreis Gottes und der Aufbau der Glaubensgemeinschaft
Authors: Schaeffler Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diese allgemein-religiosen Oberzeugungen gewinnen freilich im speziell biblischen und im noch spezieller paulinischen Zusammenhang eine besondere Bedeutung. Zwar sind, um noch einmal aufJesajah zu verweisen, alle Lande der gottlichen Herrlichkeit voll; und deshalb konnen alle Geschopfe dazu aufgerufen werden, in das Gotteslob der Gemeinde einzustimmen (Ps I 03,22). Aber die “Heiden” erkennen diese Herrlichkeit nicht, sondern beten “falsche Gotter” an; und es ist eine Folge der speziellen Erwahlung des Gottesvolks, daB es aus einer Welt von “Gotzendienern” zur Erkenntnis des wahren Gottes berufen ist ( vgl. das Bekenntnis J os 24,2). Und Paulus deutet diese Verblendung der Heidenvolker, von der auch die Vorfahren des erwahlten Volkes nicht ausgenommen waren, aus der Verwechselung des Schopfers mit seinen Geschopfen (Rom 1,23). Gerade die Tatsache, daB auf allem, was ist, Gottes Herrlichkeit ihren Abglanz gefunden hat, ist also den Menschen zur Verfiihrung geworden, den Geschopfen diejenige Ehre zu erweisen, die allein Gott gebiihrt. Nur Gottes Gnade kann diejenigen, die er erwahlt hat, aus dieser Verblendung befreien. So wird, paulinisch verstanden, die allgemeine Herrschaft des Gotzendienstes zu einem Anzeichen der allgemeinen Siindhaftigkeit: “Alle haben gesiindigt und die Doxa Gottes verloren” (Rom 3,23). Und die Befahigung zur Doxologia ist Folge einer “Rechtfertigung”, die den Erwahlten erurch Christus geschenkt wird: “Die er gerechtfertigt hat, die hat er auch mit der Doxa beschenkt” (Rom 8,30).
Quelle Reconnaissance Reciproque? Les ordinations des Ref ormes suisses en perspective oecumenique
Authors: Burki Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apropos de l’agencement liturgique, ii est d’abord question de l’integration de l’ordination dans une celebration eucharistique de toute la communaute. Puis sont presentees les trois aspects constitutifs de la liturgic d’ ordination: r. L’ epiclese pour l’Esprit qui situe le ministre clans la communaute locale ct l’Eglise universelle. Elle met en evidence “l’alterite de !’initiative divine.”. Mots, gestes et formes de l’ordination sont signes de ce que Dieu agit sacramentellement en eux. On penseici a !’imposition des mains qui est accomplie avec action de grace. 3. 11 ya engagement mutuel entre l’Eglise et le nouveau ministre.
“Separated Brethren” And “Separated Sisters”:Feminist And/As Ecumenical Visions Of The Church
Authors: Berger Teresa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Separated Sisters”-this oxymoron was coined during the Second Vatican Council, when the absence of women auditors at the Council first came to be recognized as a problem. The expression itself was modeled on a linguistic creation of Pope John XXIII, which the Council had adopted for its new ecumenical vision: Non-Roman Catholic Christians now were designated as “separated breth-ren”-a definite improvement over the previous terminology. Both these conciliar terms (“separated sisters” and “separated brethren”) witnessed to painful ecclesial fragmentations. “Separated brethren” pointed to Christians outside the confines of the Roman Catholic Church. “Separated sisters,” on the other hand, did not designate non-Roman Catholic Christian women but Roman Catholic women as “outsiders” within their own Church. The ecclesial fragmentations embodied by the “separated brethren” and the “separated sisters,” respectively, then, follow different lines. One centers on denominational divisions, while the other highlights starkly asymmetrical gender divisions as a major source of ecclesial fragmentation. In postconciliar Roman Catholic theology, the term “separated brethren” became one of the key linguistic markers for the Church’s ecumenical engagement. The “separated sisters” still await the acceptance of their status as a key issue for the unity and well-being of the Church.
“They Stooped to Conquer”: Cultural Vitality and the Narrative Impulse
Authors: Sanneh Lamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two major cultural themes helped shape the modem missionary movement and they deserve close study. One is the idea of mother tongues being at the root of the cultural narrative, and the other is vernacular scriptural translations as the motor of mother tongue literacy in Africa and elsewhere. Two further issues are the nature of Christianity as a “translated” religion linguistically, and perhaps even theologically, and the continuity of that “translation” theme into the history of the modem missionary movement. The renewal of indigenous tradition and its narrative genius is thus connected to the translation work of mission. The essentially “translatable” character of Christianity, on the one hand, and, on the other, the story of Western expansion are the two folds between which I attempt to place the African material, both to show thematic continuity for translation and contextual specificity with African materials.
Narrative Ethics and Normative Objectivity
Authors: Yandell Keith E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not lucid what this claim amounts to. The principle of noncontradiction tells us that for any property, thing, and time, that thing cannot both have and lack that property at that time, and that anything timeless or eternal cannot both eternally have and eternally lack any property. This expression of the principle occurs in English, in Washington, in the twentieth century, but none of those facts about its expression entails that the truth of the principle of noncontradiction is relative to when or where some expression of it occurs, and plainly it does not so depend. As Mircea Eliade is reputed to have said, “Nonsense is nonsense, even in Sanskrit.” Nor is its truth discernible only if one knows who said it, where, and when.
Jonathan Edwards Confronts The Gods
Authors: McDermott Gerald R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a study of how American theologian Jonathan Edwards (1703-58) battled deist arguments about revelation and God’s fairness to non-Christians. Author Gerald McDermott argues that Edwards was preparing before his death a sophisticated theological response to Enlightenment religion that was unparalleled in the eighteenth century and surprisingly generous toward non-Christian traditions.
Introduction
Authors: McDermott Gerald R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eighty years ago Karl Barth stunned Europe with his re-presentation of the “strange, new world” of the Bible. For two hundred and fifty years Jonathan Edwards has horrified readers with his description of a god who dangles sinners by a spider-thread over the flames of hell. Few have known that this most famous sermon in American history was rather uncharacteristic of Edwards, who was obsessed not by the wrath of the divine but by its beauty. Fewer still have known his declaration that those whom terror has driven to religion are probably unconverted. Most have assumed that for Edwards only Christians—and perhaps only Calvinist Christians—had religious truth.
They have assumed wrongly. This book is about a strange, new Edwards unfamiliar to generations of readers and scholars. It is the story of America’s most frightening preacher who—strangely—was fascinated by other religions and religious others. It will startle those who know Edwards from their American literature surveys to learn that he believed there was true revelation from God in non-Christian religions. Those who have been schooled in the stereotypical Edwards will find it even more remarkable that he believed that some non-Christians worshiped, perhaps without knowing it, the true god.
Empiricism and the Flight from Solipsism
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wittgenstein first read Russell’s Our Knowledge of the External World in the spring of 1915 and promptly entered in his notebook a number of comments critical of Russell’s views. Most of these I will leave for discussion in an appendix. But two of his comments are relevant to my question about why Wittgenstein was drawn to empiricism, and I will therefore make them the starting point for this chapter.
Speakers and Noise Makers
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because of the assumptions that give rise to it, methodological doubt has the consequence, as I have said, of allowing skepticism to dictate how anything you say must be interpreted if it’s to be deemed philosophically respectable and not a fit subject for skepticism. Moreover, when Wittgenstein, borrowing Russell’s terminology, said, “My method is to show the hardness of the soft,” he was declaring that his method renders the things we commonly say safe from skeptical dismissal. In other words, wherever skepticism appears to threaten something we say, Wittgenstein will declare that what we say can, when properly interpreted, be seen to be something no skeptic could doubt. So finding the right interpretation—a skeptic-proof interpretation—is central to Wittgenstein’s method.
Wittgenstein’s Concept of Criteria
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wittgenstein’s concept of a criterion is a highly specialized and rather complicated concept, one whose “grammar” is difficult to describe. Getting it correctly described, however, is extremely important for the following reason. Wittgenstein declares that philosophy must be “purely descriptive” and that what needs to be described is the use or grammar of the words that create philosophical perplexities. So we can’t understand Wittgenstein unless we understand his descriptions, and these often mention criteria. It is essential, therefore, to appreciate why he introduced this concept and what he meant by it. This has particular relevance to the question of whether Wittgenstein’s philosophical descriptions leave us with no ontology or with an ontology of the reductionist sort. I have already given reasons, and in this chapter I will give additional reasons, for thinking that his descriptions are designed to yield a reductionist ontology.