bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exclusion of repetitive DNA elements from gnathostome Hox clusters
Authors: Fried Claudia , Prohaska Sonja J. , Stadler Peter F. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractDespite their homology and analogous function, the Hox gene clusters of vertebrates and invertebrates are subject to different constraints on their structural organization. This is demonstrated by a drastically different distribution of repetitive DNA elements in the Hox cluster regions. While gnathostomes have a strong tendency to exclude repetitive DNA elements from the inside of their Hox clusters, no such trend can be detected in the Hox gene clusters of protostomes. Repeats “invade” the gnathostome Hox clusters from the 5′ and 3′ ends while the core of the clusters remains virtually free of repetitive DNA. This invasion appears to be correlated with relaxed constraints associated with gene loss after cluster duplications. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol.Dev.Evol.) 302B:165–173, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular cloning and expression of the osteoclast‐stimulating‐factor‐like gene from the rice field eel
Authors: Xia Laixin , Cheng Hanhua , Yu Hongshi , Guo Yiqing , Zhou Rongjia 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSexual development in vertebrates is a complex process. Vertebrates use several mechanisms to determine the development of a male or female organism. The genes for determination of sequential hermaphrodite sex are unknown. We identified a homologue of human osteoclast‐stimulating factor (OSF) in the rice field eel, a teleost that undergoes natural sex transformation from female, via intersex, to male during its lifetime. The rice field eel OSF‐like gene cDNA encoded a peptide of 214 amino acids that contains a c‐Src homology 3 domain, proline‐rich region, and ankyrin repeats, suggesting potential involvement in cell signaling. The gene was clustered into the OSF gene group of all the other vertebrates. Although expressed in the three kinds of gonads and in other tissues, OSF‐like gene expression in gonads of all the three sexes was restricted to the gonadal germinal epithelium, from where bipotential gonia (oogonia or spermatogonia) will differentiate, suggesting that the OSF‐like gene may be involved in sexual differentiation, in addition to its other roles as a regulator in development. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 302B:174‐181, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alfred Kühn (1885–1968) and developmental evolution
Authors: Laubichler Manfred D. , Rheinberger Hans‐Jörg 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAlfred Kühn (1885–1968) was known as one of the most comprehensive zoologists of his time. His research program in developmental physiological genetics was one of the first successful attempts to integrate the experimental study of development and heredity. It led him to discover the first known reaction chain from gene to phenotype. Kühn also foresaw many elements of modern evolutionary developmental biology and as a student of Weismann and mentor to many developmental geneticists of the late 20th century directly connects Weismann with molecular developmental genetics. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 302B:103–110, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Portal branch ligation induces efficient retrovirus‐mediated gene delivery in rat liver
Authors: Lorand Isabelle , Vons Corinne , Nguyen Tuan , Di Rico Virginie , Coulomb Aurore , Franco Dominique , Capron Frédérique , Weber Anne 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBackgroundThe in vivo transduction of hepatocytes with conventional retrovirus vectors requires the induction of cell division and this can currently only be achieved by invasive surgery or by inducing severe liver damage. We hypothesised that partial portal branch ligation (PBL) could induce hepatocyte proliferation and efficient gene transfer in the rat.MethodsWe ligated the portal branch serving 70% of the liver and measured the kinetics of liver mass restoration and cell proliferation and the distribution of dividing hepatocytes after administration of 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine. The efficiency of retrovirus‐mediated gene transfer after PBL was tested by use of β‐galactosidase‐expressing recombinant retroviruses. The viruses were administered in a single injection via the portal vein at different times after PBL and the livers of transduced animals were analysed 4 days later.ResultsWe found that the number of cycling hepatocytes remained stable between 24 and 44 h after PBL (∼12.5%). Although there was a high level of inter‐animal variability, hepatocyte proliferation was always initiated in the same lobe of the liver. In animals that had undergone PBL, 19% of hepatocytes were transduced 28 h after the administration of a single high‐titre injection of retroviruses, mainly around the portal spaces.ConclusionsPBL can mediate the efficient transduction of hepatocytes in vivo after a single intravenous injection of recombinant retroviruses. This approach is feasible in humans. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
5‐Fluorouracil or gemcitabine combined with adenoviral‐mediated reintroduction of p16INK4A greatly enhanced cytotoxicity in Panc‐1 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Halloran Christopher M. , Ghaneh Paula , Shore Susannah , Greenhalf William , Zumstein Lou , Wilson Deborah , Neoptolemos John P. , Costello Eithne 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBackgroundPancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal of all the common gastrointestinal malignancies. Although surgery offers the best chance for survival, it is not appropriate for all cases. The only adjuvant treatment to show promise is chemotherapy. Hence new treatments are urgently sought. We previously reported that adenoviral (Ad)‐mediated delivery of p53 (Adp53) and p16INK4A (Adp16) significantly inhibited the growth of pancreatic cancer cell lines and established subcutaneous pancreatic tumours in nude mice (Ghaneh P, et al. Adenovirus mediated transfer of p53 and p16INK4A results in pancreatic cancer regression in vitro and in vivo. Gene Ther 2001; 8: 199–208). In this study we examine whether combining Ad‐mediated delivery of p53 or p16INK4A with clinically relevant chemotherapeutic drugs has therapeutic potential for pancreatic cancer.Methods and resultsFour pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines were evaluated for their sensitivity to 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) and gemcitabine and two of these, Suit‐2 and Panc‐1, were chosen for combination experiments because they showed moderate and poor sensitivity, respectively, to 5‐FU and gemcitabine. We found no evidence for enhanced cytotoxicity when either cell line was transduced with Adp53 before or after incubation with chemotherapeutic drugs. In contrast, incubation of Panc‐1 cells with either 5‐FU or gemcitabine followed by Ad‐mediated overexpression of p16INK4A resulted in a substantial reduction in cell viability under conditions where the drugs alone had minimal cytotoxicity. Incubation of Suit‐2 cells with 5‐FU followed by Ad‐mediated overexpression of p16INK4A also resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability. This, however, was observed only with higher concentrations of 5‐FU and viral vector. Cell cycle analysis of Panc‐1 cells showed that the combination of cytotoxic drugs and Adp16 resulted in an increase in the sub‐G1 population suggesting an increase in apoptosis. Dual labelling of these cells with annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) confirmed that the combination of 5‐FU and Adp16 resulted in a significant increase in early apoptotic cells (annexin V positive and PI negative) compared with controls. Moreover, overexpression of p16INK4A was associated with a reduction in pRb levels in these cells—high levels of pRb have been proposed to contribute to chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer cells.ConclusionsWe have shown that the currently used chemotherapeutic drugs for pancreatic adenocarcinoma combined with restoration of p16INK4A expression hold promise for the adjuvant treatment of this disease. Importantly, the combination facilitated the use of chemotherapeutic drugs at lower concentrations than would otherwise be effective. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of a replication‐defective herpes simplex virus for recombinant adeno‐associated virus type 2 (rAAV2) particle assembly using stable producer cell lines
Authors: Toublanc Estelle , Benraiss Abdellatif , Bonnin Delphine , Blouin Véronique , Brument Nicole , Cartier Nathalie , Epstein Alberto L. , Moullier Philippe , Salvetti Anna 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBackgroundThe development of stable producer cell lines for recombinant adeno‐associated virus (rAAV) assembly is a strategy followed by many groups to develop scalable production methods suitable for good manufacturing practice (GMP) requirements. The major drawback of this method lies in the requirement for replicating adenovirus (Ad) for rAAV assembly. In the present study, we analyzed the ability of several replication‐defective herpes simplex type 1 (HSV‐1) helper viruses to induce rAAV2 particle production from stable producer cell lines.MethodsSeveral stable rAAV producer cell clones were infected with wild‐type and replication‐defective HSV strains and analyzed for rep‐cap gene amplification, viral protein synthesis and rAAV titers achieved. In vivo analysis following rAAV injection in the murine brain was also conducted to evaluate the toxicity and biopotency of the rAAV stocks.ResultsWe demonstrated that an HSV strain mutated in the UL30 polymerase gene could efficiently be used in this context, resulting in rAAV titers similar to those measured with wild‐type HSV or Ad. Importantly, with respect to clinical developments, the use of this mutant resulted in rAAV stocks which were consistently devoid of contaminating HSV particles and fully active in vivo in the murine central nervous system with no detectable toxicity.ConclusionsThis study, together with our previous report describing a rAAV chromatography‐based purification process, contributes to the definition of an entirely scalable process for the generation of rAAV particles. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatocyte growth factor stimulates adenoviral‐mediated gene transfer across the apical membrane of epithelial cells
Authors: Burrus Jason K. , Matheson William D. , Hong Jeong S. , Sorscher Eric J. , Balkovetz Daniel F. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBackgroundThe apical surface of polarized epithelial cells is relatively resistant to gene delivery by various agents including adenoviral vectors. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) dedifferentiates previously well‐polarized Madin‐Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell monolayers by altering cell‐surface polarity and inhibiting tight junction function.MethodsWe used an in vitro model of polarized MDCK cells grown on permeable supports to examine the effects of HGF pretreatment on adenoviral (Ad)‐mediated gene delivery through the apical surface of epithelial cell monolayers.ResultsHGF pretreatment of MDCK cell monolayers for 72 h increased Ad‐mediated gene transfer and expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and luciferase in a dose‐dependent fashion. Time‐course analysis of HGF‐induced stimulation of Ad‐mediated gene transfer was seen after 24 h and increased further with pretreatment periods extending to 72 h. HGF pretreatment increased Ad‐mediated gene transfer at varying multiplicity of infection (MOI; ranging from 0.2–2000). PCR analysis for adenoviral DNA in control and HGF‐pretreated MDCK cells suggested increased entry of viral constructs into HGF‐pretreated MDCK cell monolayers. HGF‐induced alterations in cell polarity are reversible upon removal of HGF.ConclusionsThese data demonstrate that HGF pretreatment of MDCK cells increases the sensitivity of the cells to Ad‐mediated gene delivery. The mechanism by which this occurs appears to be through increased entry of adenovirus into epithelial cells. These data provide evidence that biological agents that transiently alter epithelial cell polarity and tight junction function can be used to augment Ad‐mediated gene delivery into epithelial cells from the apical surface. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thirteen days: Joseph Delboeuf versus Pierre Janet on the nature of hypnotic suggestion
Authors: LeBlanc André 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe problem of post‐hypnotic suggestion was introduced in 1884. Give a hypnotic subject the
post‐hypnotic command to return in 13 days. Awake, the subject remembers nothing yet nonetheless fulfills
the command to return. How then does the subject count 13 days without knowing it? In 1886, Pierre Janet
proposed the concept of dissociation as a solution, arguing that a second consciousness kept track of time
outside of the subject's main consciousness. Joseph Delboeuf, in 1885, and Hippolyte Bernheim, in 1886,
proposed an alternative solution, arguing that subjects occasionally drifted into a hypnotic state in which they
were reminded of the suggestion. This article traces the development of these competing solutions and describes
some of Delboeuf's final reflections on the problem of simulation and the nature of hypnosis. © 2004
Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A four‐fold humanity: Margaret Mead and psychological types
Authors: Sullivan Gerald 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBeginning in 1933, while working in New Guinea, Margaret Mead developed her so‐called squares hypothesis. Mead never published its terms, though she made a brief comment on it in her autobiography,Blackberry Winter(1972), and the arguments found inSex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies(1935) and the research leading toBalinese Character(Bateson & Mead, 1942) bore its imprint. Beginning with William McDougall's distinction between temperament (innate predispositions) and character (learned organization of habit), Mead articulated a morphological approach to the interplay between biology and culture that yielded four primary and four intermediary personality types. Under specified but not inevitable circumstances, the conscious choices of a given people could render one or another of these types characteristic or predominantly stable within their population, giving each of the other types a definite relation to the dominant type and thereby the cultural ethos of its society. Persons of each type followed a developmental path specific to their type different both from that of other types and in its manifestations given the various relations of the individual's type to the dominant type. Mead's hypothesis was, therefore, a vision of the unity and diversity of a single human species as well as an approach to the differing psychological positioning of individuals in cultures. In examining Mead's hypothesis, this essay also takes up Mead's debts to several leading psychologists (McDougall, C. G. Jung, and Erik Erikson), and (provisionally) how her vision differed from that of Ruth Benedict. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Théodule Ribot's ambiguous positivism: Philosophical and epistemological strategies in the founding of French scientific psychology
Authors: Guillin Vincent 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThéodule Ribot (1839–1916) is regarded by many historians of psychology as the
“father” of the discipline in France. Ribot contributed to the development of a “new
psychology” independent from philosophy, relying on the methods of the natural sciences. However, such an
epistemological transition encountered fierce opposition from both the champions of the old‐fashioned
metaphysical psychology and the representatives of the “scientific spirit.” This article focuses on
the objections raised by the latter, and especially philosophers of science, against the possibility of a
scientific psychology. For instance, according to Auguste Comte, psychology does not satisfy certain basic
methodological requirements. To overcome these objections, Ribot, in his La Psychologie Anglaise
Contemporaine (1870/1914), devised an epistemological strategy that amounted to invoking
criticisms of Comte's views made by other representatives of the positivist school, such as John Stuart Mill
and Herbert Spencer. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
What is the canonical theory of assimilation?
Authors: Kivisto Peter 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThroughout the past century, assimilation has been the hegemonic theory of ethnic group relations in
sociology, and Robert E. Park is generally considered to be the key figure associated with the articulation of
assimilation's canonical formulation. Based on a careful reading of Park's main essays on
assimilation, this article argues that those who associate his position with the melting pot (with its
assumption of the eradication of ethnic traits and ties), the race‐relations cycle, or a
straight‐line process of incorporation misconstrue his views. This article is in part corrective and in
part revisionist insofar as it is intended to indicate aspects of Park's theory that have particular
relevance to current sociological efforts to understand the implications of assimilation in multiethnic liberal
democracies. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cheiron's origins: Personal recollections and a photograph
Authors: Scarborough Elizabeth 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWhen the Cheiron Society convened at the University of New Hampshire for its thirty‐fifth annual
meeting in June 2003, members were returning to the site where the proposal to establish a new scholarly
organization to promote research in the history of the behavioral and social sciences originated in the summer of
1968. I was witness to Cheiron's birthing and have been closely involved in its evolution over the years,
and so was asked to comment on the circumstances that produced what has become a vibrant source of stimulation
and support for those of us interested in the field. (For other published accounts of the Institute and
Cheiron's founding see Brozek, Watson, & Ross, 1969, 1970; Goodman, 1979, 1982; Watson, 1972,
1975; and Weyant, 1968.) © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Taking stock and planning for the next decade: Realistic prospects for stem cell therapies for the nervous system
Authors: Snyder Evan Y. , Daley George Q. , Goodell Margaret 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn thinking about the practical application of stem cell biology to clinical situations—particularly for the central nervous system (CNS)—it is instructive to remember that the neural stem cell (NSC) field—as a prototype for somatic stem cells in general—emerged as the unanticipated byproduct of investigations by developmental neurobiologists into fundamental aspects of neural determination, commitment, and plasticity. Stem cell behavior is ultimately an expression of developmental principles, an alluring vestige from the more plastic and generative stages of organogenesis. In attempting to apply stem cell biology therapeutically, it is instructive always to bear in mind what role the stem cell plays in development and to what cues it was “designed” to respond in trying to understand the “logic” behind its behavior (both what investigators want to see and what investigators do not want to see). Furthermore, in transplantation paradigms, the interaction between engrafted NSCs and recipient host is a dynamic, complex, ongoing reciprocal interaction where both entities are constantly in flux. In this review, we propose a “roadmap” to the clinic, with a particular emphasis on flagging the “potholes” and “speed bumps” through which we must navigate. Despite the admonitions to be circumspect, we also suggest disease processes that may be within the grasp of proven stem cell properties and might be approachable in the relatively near future. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The “brainy side” of human embryonic stem cells
Authors: Hornstein Eran , Benvenisty Nissim 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe recent isolation of human embryonic stem (ES) cells is evoking great hopes for their future utilization in cell‐replacement therapies and human development research. The hallmarks of ES cells, pluripotency and self‐renewal capacity, suggest an infinite source for tissues of virtually all desired types. Specifically, human ES cells may potentially be the basis for effective treatments of a wide range of human neurodegenerative disorders. To enable the translation of this novel biomedical field into the clinic, mechanisms that control the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into fully functional neuronal cells should be analyzed and controlled. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PACAP promotes neural stem cell proliferation in adult mouse brain
Authors: Mercer Alex , Rönnholm Harriet , Holmberg Johan , Lundh Hanna , Heidrich Jessica , Zachrisson Olof , Ossoinak Amina , Frisén Jonas , Patrone Cesare 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn recent years, it has become evident that neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain continuously generate new neurons, mainly in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb. Although different growth factors have been shown to stimulate neurogenesis in the adult brain, very little is known about the role of neuropeptides in this process. Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with pleiotropic effects acting through three receptors to which it has high affinity, namely, PACAP receptor 1 (PAC1), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor 1, and VIP receptor 2. We show that PAC1 is expressed in the neurogenic regions of the adult mouse brain, namely the ventricular zone of the lateral ventricle and the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Cultured neural stem cells isolated from the lateral ventricle wall of adult mice express PAC1 and proliferate in vitro in response to two PAC1 agonists, PACAP and Maxadilan, but not VIP at physiologic concentrations, indicating PAC1 as a mediator of neural stem cell proliferation. Pharmacologic and biochemical characterization of PACAP‐induced neural stem cell proliferation revealed the protein kinase C pathway as the principal signaling pathway, whereas addition of epidermal growth factor synergistically enhanced the proliferating effect of PACAP. Further in vitro characterization of the effect of PACAP on neural stem cells showed PACAP capable of stimulating ex novo in vitro formation of multipotent neurospheres with the capacity to generate both neuronal and glial cells. Finally, intracerebroventricular infusion of PACAP increases cell proliferation in the ventricular zone of the lateral ventricle and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. We conclude that PACAP, through PAC1, is a potent mediator of adult neural stem cell proliferation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and voluntary running activity: Circadian and dose‐dependent effects
Authors: Holmes Melissa M. , Galea Liisa A.M. , Mistlberger Ralph E. , Kempermann Gerd 
Published: March 2004

AbstractRunning activity increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult mice. The present experiment was designed to investigate whether the effect of activity on adult neurogenesis is dependent on the time of day (circadian phase) and the amount of activity. Mice received restricted access to a running wheel (0, 1, or 3 hr) at one of three times of day: the middle of the light phase (i.e., when mice are normally inactive), dark onset (i.e., when mice begin their nocturnal activity), and the middle of the dark period (i.e., when mice are in the middle of their active period). Cell proliferation and net neurogenesis were assessed after incorporation of the thymidine analog bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and immunohistochemical detection of BrdU and neuronal markers. Running activity significantly increased cell proliferation, cell survival, and total number of new neurons only in animals with 3 hr of wheel access during the middle of the dark period. Although activity was positively correlated with increased neurogenesis at all time points, the effects were not statistically significant in animals with wheel access at the beginning of the dark period or during the middle of the light period. These data suggest that the influence of exercise on cell proliferation and neurogenesis is modulated by both circadian phase and the amount of daily exercise, thus providing new insight into the complex relationship between physiological and behavioral factors that can mediate adult neuroplasticity. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.