bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Haplotype-Phenotype Relationships of Paraoxonase-1
Authors: Chen Jia , Chan Wendy , Wallenstein Sylvan , Berkowitz Gertrud , Wetmur James G. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an enzyme with multiple activities, including detoxification of organophosphates. It is believed to be important in preventing neurotoxic damage and has also been implicated in atherosclerosis. The PON1 gene contains five common polymorphisms, three in the promoter (−909G &gt; C, −162A &gt; G, −108C &gt; T) and two in the coding region (M55L, Q192R) with varying but incomplete linkage disequilibrium. Our previous study showed that functional polymorphisms in PON1 were strongly associated with enzymatic activity in both pregnant women [26-30 weeks of gestation] and neonates. However, there was substantial overlapping of enzyme activities between genotypes. In this study, we investigated whether haplotype (genotype + phase) information would strengthen the genotype-phenotype relationship for PON1. The study consisted of a multiethnic population of 402 mothers and 229 neonates. Haplotypes were imputed by two widely used programs, PHASE and tagSNPs, which yielded very similar results. There were seven haplotypes with a frequency of 5% or higher in at least one ethnic group of the study population. Haplotype composition varied substantially with respect to ethnicity. Haplotypes in Caucasians and African-Americans showed the largest difference, and Caribbean Hispanics seemed to be a mixture of Caucasian and African ancestry. Collectively, the genetic (genotype or haplotype) contribution to PON1 enzymatic activity (measured as phenylacetate hydrolysis) was greater in neonates compared with mothers. Specifically, 16.6% of PON1 variability was explained by genotypes in mothers compared with 30.9% in neonates. Haplotype information offered a slightly increased power in predicting PON1 activity; they explained 35.5% and 19.3% of PON1 variability in neonates and mothers, respectively.
Dietary Marinen-3 Fatty Acids in Relation to Risk of Distal Colorectal Adenoma in Women
Authors: Oh Kyungwon , Willett Walter C. , Fuchs Charles S. , Giovannucci Edward 
Published: September 2005

AbstractEpidemiologic studies of dietary marine n-3 fatty acids and risk of colorectal cancer have been inconsistent, and their relation to risk of colorectal adenoma has not been evaluated in detail. We examined dietary marine n-3 fatty acids and the ratio of marine n-3 to total n-6 fatty acids (n-3/n-6 ratio) in relation to risk of adenoma of the distal colon or rectum among 34,451 U.S. women who were initially free of colorectal cancer or polyps, who completed a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire in 1980, and who underwent endoscopy from 1980 to 1998. We documented 1,719 distal colorectal adenoma cases (705 large adenomas, 897 small adenomas, 1,280 distal colon adenomas, and 505 rectal adenomas) during 18 years of follow-up. Neither dietary marine n-3 fatty acids nor n-3/n-6 ratio were associated with risk of total distal colorectal adenoma after adjustment for age and established risk factors [multivariable relative risk (RR) for extreme quintiles of dietary marine n-3 fatty acids = 1.04; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.84-1.27, Ptrend = 0.66; RR for extreme quintiles of n-3/n-6 ratio = 1.02; 95% CI, 0.83-1.25; Ptrend = 0.86]. Similarly, no significant associations were observed separately for distal colon or rectal adenoma. However, higher intake of dietary marine n-3 fatty acids was nonsignificantly but suggestively inversely associated with large adenoma (RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.54-1.01; Ptrend = 0.16) but directly associated with small adenoma (RR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.02-1.81; Ptrend = 0.09). Our findings do not support the hypothesis that a higher intake of marine n-3 fatty acids or a higher n-3/n-6 ratio reduces the risk of distal colorectal adenoma but are suggestive that higher intake may reduce the progression of small adenomas to large adenomas.
Salivary Soluble CD44: A Potential Molecular Marker for Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Franzmann Elizabeth J. , Reategui Erika P. , Carraway Kermit L. , Hamilton Kara L. , Weed Donald T. , Goodwin W. Jarrard 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Objective: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a debilitating disease which is cured only 50% of the time. If diagnosed early, survival rates could reach 80%, but there is currently no practical method for early detection. CD44 comprises a family of isoforms that, in certain tumors, are alternatively spliced and overexpressed in tissues and circulation. Here we examine salivary soluble CD44 (solCD44) expression in HNSCC patients and normal controls to determine its potential as a screening tool.
Method: We did a solCD44 ELISA on saliva from 26 HNSCC patients, 10 normal volunteers, conditioned media (CM) of 4 HNSCC cell lines, and 1 CD44-negative cell line (COS-7). Western blot was done on CM from 2 HNSCC cell lines (UMSS11B and FaDu), COS-7, 3 HNSCC, and 2 normal saliva specimens to verify ELISA antibody specificity. SolCD44 levels were significantly elevated in HNSCC patients compared with normal controls (7.85 ng/mL for HNSCC patients and 1.09 ng/mL for normal controls, P &lt; 0.001).
Results: The test detected 79% of mucosally invasive HNSCC using preliminary cutoff points. SolCD44 levels did not vary significantly with tumor size, stage, recurrence, history of radiation treatment, or tobacco and alcohol risk factors. A 65 to 75 kDa band, corresponding to solCD44, was detected in all of the HNSCC cell line CM and saliva whereas normal samples showed a fainter band or were undetectable.
Conclusion: In this preliminary analysis, the salivary solCD44 ELISA seems to effectively detect HNSCC at all stages. Further study is indicated because early detection is clearly important in this disease.
Cimetidine and Other Histamine2-Receptor Antagonist Use in Relation to Risk of Breast Cancer
Authors: Coogan Patricia F. , Zhang Yuqing , Palmer Julie R. , Strom Brian L. , Rosenberg Lynn 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Objective: Cimetidine, a histamine2-receptor antagonist (H2 blocker) commonly used to treat symptoms of peptic and duodenal ulcer, influences both hormonal and immune pathways. We investigated the influence of cimetidine use on the risk of breast cancer in our hospital-based case control surveillance study.
Methods: Data on medication use and other factors were elicited from patients admitted to hospitals from 1977 to 2002. We compared 6,994 breast cancer cases with a control group comprising cancer (n = 2,478) and noncancer (n = 6,004) diagnoses. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios for H2 blocker use that began at least 1 year prior to admission. Regular use was defined as use for at least 4 days per week for at least 3 continuous months.
Results: The odds ratio for breast cancer among regular users of cimetidine was 0.9 (95% confidence interval, 0.6-1.2) using a combined cancer and noncancer control group. For use of 4 or more years' duration, the odds ratio was &lt;1.0 but was not statistically significant. The odds ratio for the regular use of other H2 blockers was 0.9 (95% confidence interval, 0.6-1.3).
Conclusions: Our data agree with data from three prior studies which indicate that cimetidine is not associated with the risk of breast cancer. Other H2 blockers were also unrelated to the risk of breast cancer.
Association of Dietary Vitamin A, Carotenoids, and Other Antioxidants with the Risk of Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Tung Ko-Hui , Wilkens Lynne R. , Wu Anna H. , McDuffie Katharine , Hankin Jean H. , Nomura Abraham M.Y. , Kolonel Laurence N. , Goodman Marc T. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Antioxidants may protect the ovaries from oxidative damage and reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. Although a few studies have examined the relation of antioxidant intake to the risk of ovarian cancer, the results have been inconclusive. Questions still remain regarding the effects of confounding factors, such as menopause, tobacco smoking, and alcohol drinking, on the association between antioxidants and ovarian cancer development.
Objective: To examine the association of the consumption of micronutrients from foods and supplements with the risk of ovarian cancer.
Methods: A structured questionnaire was administered to 558 histologically confirmed epithelial ovarian cancer cases and 607 population controls from a multiethnic, population-based case-control study conducted between 1993 and 1999 in Hawaii and Los Angeles.
Results: Overall, vitamin A and carotene intakes were modestly associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer. Inverse gradients in ovarian cancer risk with increasing dietary intake of vitamin A and β-carotene were somewhat stronger among women with mucinous histologic types, smokers, and nondrinkers. A significant positive trend in risk associated with increasing β-cryptoxanthin intake was observed among postmenopausal women, among women with nonmucinous tumors, and among nonsmokers. The intake of other carotenoids and antioxidants, either from foods or supplements, was unrelated to ovarian cancer risk.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that dietary vitamin A and β-carotene are modestly protective against ovarian cancer, particularly among smokers. Our data suggest a role for retinoic acid signaling pathways in ovarian carcinogenesis.
Physician Recommendation for Papanicolaou Testing Among U.S. Women, 2000
Authors: Coughlin Steven S. , Breslau Erica S. , Thompson Trevor , Benard Vicki B. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Objective: Many women in the U.S. undergo routine cervical cancer screening, but some women have rarely or never had a Papanicolaou (Pap) test. Studies of other cancer screening tests (for example, mammograms) have shown that physician recommendation to get a screening test is one of the strongest predictors of cancer screening.
Methods: In this study, we examined whether women in the U.S. had received a physician recommendation to get a Pap test using data from the 2000 National Health Interview Survey. Reported reasons for not receiving a Pap test were also explored.
Results: Among women aged ≥18 years who had no history of hysterectomy, 83.3% [95% confidence interval (CI), 82.4-84.1%] of the 13,636 women in this sample had had a Pap test in the last 3 years. Among 2,310 women who had not had a recent Pap test, reported reasons for not receiving a Pap test included: “No reason/never thought about it” (48.0%; 95% CI, 45.5-50.7), “Doctor didn't order it” (10.3%; 95% CI, 8.7-12.0), “Didn't need it/didn't know I needed this type of test” (8.1%; 95% CI, 6.7-9.6), “Haven't had any problems” (9.0%; 95% CI, 7.6-10.5), “Put it off” (7.4%; 95% CI, 6.2-8.7), “Too expensive/no insurance” (8.7%; 95% CI, 7.3-10.2), “Too painful, unpleasant, embarrassing” (3.5%; 95% CI, 2.5-4.6), and “Don't have doctor” (1.7%; 95% CI, 1.2-2.4). Among women who had had a doctor visit in the last year but who had not had a recent Pap test, about 86.7% (95% CI, 84.5-88.6) reported that their doctor had not recommended a Pap test in the last year. African-American women were as likely as White women to have received a doctor recommendation to get a Pap test. Hispanic women were as likely as non-Hispanic women to have received a doctor recommendation to get a Pap test. In multivariate analysis, factors positively associated with doctor recommendation to get a Pap test included being aged 30 to 64 years, having been born in the U.S., and having seen a specialist or general doctor in the past year.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that lack of a physician recommendation contributes to underuse of Pap screening by many eligible women. Given research that shows the effectiveness of physician recommendations in improving use, increased physician recommendations could contribute significantly to increased Pap screening use in the U.S.
Tanning Beds, Sunlamps, and Risk of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma
Authors: Gallagher Richard P. , Spinelli John J. , Lee Tim K. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Background: A number of studies have been conducted evaluating the risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma after exposure to sunlamps and/or sunbeds. The proportion of subjects in the individual studies who have reported exposure has, in general, been modest, and the resulting risk estimates for melanoma have been unstable with wide 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The inconclusive results seen in individual studies have resulted in confusion as to the carcinogenicity of these devices.
Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of these studies. A review of the literature from Jan 1, 1984 to April 2004 using MEDLINE identified 12 case-control studies and 1 cohort study which quantitatively evaluated the use of sunlamps and/or sunbeds and subsequent melanoma. After applying exclusion/inclusion criteria, 9 case-control and 1 cohort study provided data for the analysis. Summary odds ratios (OR) and 95% CIs for sunlamp/sunbed use and subsequent melanoma were calculated using a random-effect model.
Results: Ten studies provided data for assessment of melanoma risk among subjects who reported “ever” being exposed compared with those “never” exposed. A positive association was found between exposure and risk (summary OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.05-1.49). Significant heterogeneity between studies was present. Evaluation of the metrics “first exposure as a young adult” (5 studies) and “longest duration or highest frequency of exposure” (6 studies) also yielded significantly elevated risk estimates (summary OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.32-2.18, and 1.61; 95% CI, 1.21-2.12, respectively, with no heterogeneity in either analysis).
Conclusions: Results indicate a significantly increased risk of cutaneous melanoma subsequent to sunbed/sunlamp exposure.
Chromosomal Aberrations in Cord Blood Are Associated with Prenatal Exposure to Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Bocskay Kirsti A. , Tang Deliang , Orjuela Manuela A. , Liu Xinhua , Warburton Dorothy P. , Perera Frederica P. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Molecular and traditional epidemiology studies have indicated a possible relationship between in utero environmental exposures and increased risk for childhood cancers, especially acute leukemias. Chromosomal aberrations have been associated with environmental exposures and cancer risk in adults. In order to more clearly define the association between prenatal exposures to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and chromosomal aberrations, chromosomal aberration frequencies were measured in a subset of 60 newborns from the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health (CCCEH) Prospective Cohort Study. The subset was composed of African American and Dominican, nonsmoking mother-newborn pairs residing in low-income neighborhoods of New York City, who were exposed to varying levels of airborne PAHs. Prenatal exposure was assessed by questionnaire, personal air monitoring during the third trimester, and PAH-DNA adducts in umbilical cord blood. Chromosomal aberrations were measured in cord blood lymphocytes by fluorescence in situ hybridization. PAH-DNA adducts were not associated with chromosomal aberrations. However, airborne PAHs were significantly associated with stable aberration frequencies in cord blood (P &lt; 0.01). Moreover, stable aberration frequencies were significantly higher among African American newborns compared with Dominican, despite no significant differences in PAH exposure. These results show for the first time an association between prenatal exposure to airborne carcinogenic PAHs and chromosomal aberrations in cord blood, suggesting that such prenatal exposures have the potential to cause cytogenetic damage that has been related to increased cancer risk in other populations. If confirmed, this finding may open new avenues for prevention.
Urinary Metabolites of a Tobacco-Specific Lung Carcinogen in Nonsmoking Hospitality Workers
Authors: Tulunay Ozlem E. , Hecht Stephen S. , Carmella Steven G. , Zhang Yan , Lemmonds Charlotte , Murphy Sharon , Hatsukami Dorothy K. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Exposure of nonsmokers to environmental tobacco smoke results in increased risk for cancer and other diseases. In spite of this finding, some restaurants and bars continue to permit smoking. This study examined the uptake of nicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), a potent lung carcinogen, in nonsmokers who work in restaurants and bars that permitted smoking. Urine samples were collected for 24 hours on working and nonworking days and were analysed for total NNAL [the sum of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides (NNAL-Glucs)], metabolites of NNK. In addition, urine samples were analysed for total nicotine (nicotine plus nicotine glucuronide), and total cotinine (cotinine plus cotinine-N-glucuronide). The results showed significant increases in urinary levels of total NNAL, total nicotine, and total cotinine on working days compared with nonworking days. The results of this study show that smoke exposure in bars and restaurants may have important health effects on nonsmoking employees, elicited by the increase in carcinogen levels.
Retinoic Acid Receptor-β2 Promoter Methylation in Random Periareolar Fine Needle Aspiration
Authors: Bean Gregory R. , Scott Victoria , Yee Lisa , Ratliff-Daniel Brooke , Troch Michelle M. , Seo Pearl , Bowie Michelle L. , Marcom Paul K. , Slade Jaimie , Kimler Bruce F. , Fabian Carol J. , Zalles Carola M. , Broadwater Gloria , Baker Joseph C. , Wilke Lee G. , Seewaldt Victoria L. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Methylation of the retinoic acid receptor-β2 (RARβ2) P2 promoter is hypothesized to be an important mechanism for loss of RARβ2 function during early mammary carcinogenesis. The frequency of RARβ2 P2 methylation was tested in (a) 16 early stage breast cancers and (b) 67 random periareolar fine needle aspiration (RPFNA) samples obtained from 38 asymptomatic women who were at increased risk for breast cancer. Risk was defined as either (a) 5-year Gail risk calculation ≥1.7%; (b) prior biopsy exhibiting atypical hyperplasia, lobular carcinoma in situ, or ductal carcinoma in situ; or (c) known BRCA1/2 mutation carrier. RARβ2 P2 promoter methylation was assessed at two regions, M3 (−51 to 162 bp) and M4 (104-251 bp). In early stage cancers, M4 methylation was observed in 11 of 16 (69%) cases; in RPFNA samples, methylation was present at M3 and M4 in 28 of 56 (50%) and 19 of 56 (38%) cases, respectively. RPFNAs were stratified for cytologic atypia using the Masood cytology index. The distribution of RARβ2 P2 promoter methylation was reported as a function of increased cytologic abnormality. Methylation at both M3 and M4 was observed in (a) 0 of 10 (0%) of RPFNAs with Masood scores of ≤10 (nonproliferative), (b) 3 of 20 (15%) with Masood scores of 11 to 12 (low-grade proliferative), (c) 3 of 10 (30%) with Masood scores of 13 (high-grade proliferative), and (d) 7 of 14 (50%) with Masood scores of 14 of 15 (atypia). Results from this study indicate that the RARβ2 P2 promoter is frequently methylated (69%) in primary breast cancers and shows a positive association with increasing cytologic abnormality in RPFNA.
Centralized Blood Processing for the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial: Effects of Delayed Processing on Carotenoids, Tocopherols, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3, Steroid Hormones, and Lymphocyte Viability
Authors: Kristal Alan R. , King Irena B. , Albanes Demetrius , Pollak Michael N. , Stanzyk Frank Z. , Santella Regina M. , Hoque Ashraful 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis experiment examined the effects of delays in separation and freezing of whole blood components on analytes of interest in studies of prostate cancer prevention, in order to evaluate the feasibility of centralized processing of blood for the multisite Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial. Blood from 40 healthy men was subjected to four treatment protocols, allowing the contrast of immediate processing to delays of 32, 72, and 144 hours. At 32 hours, simulating refrigerated storage and overnight shipping, there was a 2.9% decrease (95% confidence interval, 0.7-5.1) in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) but no significant change in carotenoids, tocopherols, testosterone, 3α-androstanediol glucuronide (AAG), sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) or insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3). A 144-hour processing delay, simulating weekend blood collection or shipping delay, resulted in significant changes in γ-tocopherol (−1.5%), IGF-I (−5.7%), IGFBP3 (−2.9%), SHBG (−4.0%), testosterone (+4.7%), and AAG (+5.5%). The rank-order and intraclass correlations between analytes from blood processed immediately and those subjected to delayed processing were 0.96 or higher for carotenoids, tocopherols, AAG, and SHBG, and between 0.87 and 0.95 for IGF-I, IGFBP3, and testosterone. A 32-hour delay decreased lymphocyte viability from 82.5% to 75.0% (P = 0.45), but a 72-hour delay decreased viability to 36.8% (P &lt; 0.001). Overnight shipping and centralized processing is an acceptable approach to blood collection in large multisite trials examining the cancer-related measures proposed in the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial. Longer processing delays, however, have small but statistically significant effects on many analytes and substantially decrease lymphocyte viability.
A Common Genetic Variant inFCGR3A-V158F and Risk of Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus Infection and Classic Kaposi Sarcoma
Authors: Brown Elizabeth E. , Fallin M. Daniele , Goedert James J. , Chen Renee , Whitby Denise , Foster Charles B. , Lauria Carmela , Alberg Anthony J. , Messina Angelo , Montella Mauizio , Rezza Giovanni , Vitale Francesco , Chanock Stephen J. ,   the Kaposi Sarcoma Genetics Working Group
Published: September 2005

AbstractAssociations of FCGR3A among men with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome suggest that host responses affect the pathogenesis of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) infection and risk of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome–associated Kaposi sarcoma. Using DNA from two HIV seronegative case-control populations in Italy, we examined whether the functional FCGR3A-V158F variant was associated with risk of KSHV infection or classic Kaposi sarcoma (CKS). In population I, we examined FCGR3A variants and risk of KSHV infection in 34 KSHV latent nuclear antigen (LANA)-seropositive and 120 LANA-seronegative adults from Sardinia (52% male; median age, 45 years; range, 31-60), whereas in population II, we examined risk of CKS from 133 CKS cases and 172 KSHV LANA-seropositive controls from Sicily, Rome, and Naples (70% males; median age, 74 years; range, 29-91). FCGR3A variants were determined by direct sequence analysis of a nested PCR of genomic DNA assay using allele-specific primers. KSHV LANA was determined by immunofluorescence assay. Overall, compared with the 158F allele, 158V was overrepresented among controls from both Mediterranean populations (frequency = 0.52 and 0.51, respectively). After controlling for age, 158V homozygous women were at increased risk of KSHV infection and CKS compared with 158F homozygous women [odds ratio (OR), 8.7; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.8-98 and OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.0-14, respectively], whereas homozygous men were at decreased risk (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.1-2.3 and OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.8, respectively). Significant gene-dose effects were observed among men and women at risk for CKS (Ptrend ≤ 0.05). Our findings suggest that gender differences could possibly modify the effect of FCGR3A on risk of KSHV infection and CKS. Additional studies are required to confirm these relationships and determine their etiologic significance.