bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Populations, Genes, and History
Authors: Erlich Henry A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses how the genetic relationships among different populations can be represented by phylogenetic networks or trees based on the frequency distribution of genetic variants in each population. These data on the population frequency of genetic variants are also used to estimate the random match probability in the forensic DNA analysis in the criminal justice system. The history of human migrations can be inferred from these networks. The chapter presents a few examples of work from the author’s lab using HLA genetic markers, including the settlement of Polynesia and of the Americas. The chapter discusses various strategies for analyzing population data, comparing individual genotype datapoints and population datapoints.
Introduction
Authors: Orford Jim 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The Introduction describes the author’s background and motivation for writing the book. The purpose of the book is to explore leading psychological ideas that might explain why ordinary people, the general public, so often and so willingly support war. In comparison with the amount of attention given to the war roles of political and military leaders, states or organizations, the territory this book explores has been relatively neglected. The book will draw on sources both within psychology and from other disciplines and more generally. The book’s chapter structure is summarized, with the final chapter bringing together, in the form of a war support model, what the author has learned.
Wars, Old and New, Costs and Controversies
Authors: Orford Jim 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 sets the scene by covering some basic topics which need to be kept in mind when thinking about the psychology of war support. The chapter begins by discussing what is included in a reasonable definition of war and what excluded. It continues by covering some topics familiar to scholars and students of international relations but which will be less well known outside that discipline. They include the role of the state in war, variations in types of war, and how recent “new” wars may or may not differ from “old” interstate wars. A brief summary is then given of the varied “costs” of war, including mortality for combatants and civilians, dislocation, injury, and ill health. The chapter proceeds to discuss two areas of active controversy: whether there are positive outcomes from war and the evidence that war has been in decline.
The Personal Attraction of War
Authors: Orford Jim 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 starts by making the point, with quotations from historians, ordinary citizens, and veterans, that the experience of war has often been described as a positive one, even sometimes a healthy or spiritually uplifting one. That war can provide meaning and purpose to life is a common theme taken up by war theorists and researchers including those who have recently been studying terrorism and the “new wars.” There are individual differences in attitudes toward war. The gendered nature of war, and to an extent of war support, may suggest that war is not inherent in human nature generally but rather in maleness and masculinity. Some combination of circumstance, personal belief—for example, belief in a competitive or dangerous world, authoritarianism, and social dominance orientation—plus the forefronting of the masculine side of our natures, goes a long way to predicting who will find war more or less attractive.
War in Defense of National and Other Identities and Values
Authors: Orford Jim 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The focus of Chapter 3 is the part in support for wars played by personal, strongly held values and beliefs which are based on state, ethnic, religious, or regional identity. The presumed central role of nationalism as the basis of people’s support for war is questioned, particularly in relation to the “new” type of wars. The chapter concludes that the more a set of identity values departs from cosmopolitanism and the more it carries the elements of superiority over others, dominance, or chauvinism, the more available it is to be exploited in support of armed hostility. That potential for war may lie dormant for years, even for generations; but given the right circumstances, it may harden and escalate rapidly.
Introduction
Authors: Nai Alessandro , Maier Jürgen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the darker sides of human personality—known as the Dark Triad, and revolving around narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism—and sets the stage for our comparative investigation into the dynamics of dark politics worldwide. It introduces the growing literature on the (dark) personality of voters and political leaders, provide details about the data used throughout the book—most notably, a large-scale expert survey—and previews the content of the book. The chapter also discusses the personality profile of a selection of political leaders worldwide (Donald Trump, Boris Johnson, Vladimir Putin, Angela Merkel, Emmanuel Macron, and more), as well as some cross-sectional trends found when looking at all candidates comparatively.
Who Likes Dark Politicians?
Authors: Nai Alessandro , Maier Jürgen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter dives deeper into the mechanisms of dark politics and asks a fundamental question: Are the effects of dark politics the same across all voters? Are some citizens more attuned—or responsive—to dark politics than others? The chapter makes use of new experimental evidence gathered in an online sample of American citizens. In the experiment, we exposed respondents to fictive candidates with manipulated personality traits and assessed whether such controlled exposure to dark politics is particularly “effective” for some voters and not others. We show strong evidence for this argument. Broadly speaking, the experimental evidence presented suggests that some individuals “like” dark politics. The chapter also includes an investigation of the driving role of populist attitudes in voters. Leveraging again the comparison between our NEGex data and the CSES data set, we show that populist voters, all things considered, like dark politicians.
Dark Consequences?
Authors: Nai Alessandro , Maier Jürgen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents evidence that politicians with dark personalities are potentially detrimental for the current state and functioning of democracy. The chapter investigates whether the dark personality of political figures is associated with lower turnout, voters’ cynicism, and affective polarization—and suggests that this might seem to be the case. Finally, the chapter explores whether the personality of political leaders is related to real-world outcomes of their governance, looking in particular at three tangible outcomes: the economic performance of the country, how the country tackled the Covid-19 pandemic, and whether the country is facing signs of democratic deconsolidation. Leaders’ personality matters for real-world outcomes. If dark leaders tend to perform better in terms of economic outcomes (higher GDP), their countries are also marred by higher pandemic-related mortality and a deterioration of democratic rights.
Conclusion
Authors: Nai Alessandro , Maier Jürgen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main findings of the book, and puts them in perspective to answer the main overarching question: is dark politics detrimental to democracy? The chapter also includes a preliminary analysis of the role of news media for dark politics—in particular, discussing the extent to which it might provide a platform to dark politicians and even increase their electoral success.
How to Make a New Spain
Authors: Rodríguez-Alegría Enrique 
Published: December 2023

AbstractHow to Make a New Spain presents an unprecedented view of the material worlds of Mexico City in the sixteenth century based on an original analysis of the probate inventories of thirty-nine Spanish colonizers, and on the excavations by the Programa de Arqueología Urbana. It begins with a critique of theories of materiality that call for scholars to emphasize the agency of things and to set aside their emphasis on society. Rodríguez-Alegría argues that now that scholars have discovered the active roles that Indigenous people played in colonial societies, it is no time to set aside our interest in how people use the material world to shape their social lives. This study takes Indigenous power seriously to reexamine how Indigenous people, colonizers, and Black people created the material and social worlds of colonial Mexico. Chapters focus on money and wealth, architecture and urban planning, furniture, pottery and food, clothing, tools, slaves, and livestock. Different chapters show how people diluted gold in coins and used slips of paper to create wealth. Colonizers adopted Indigenous technologies to create their own items of display, and they also used their own material culture to try to seek distinction from Indigenous people, but simultaneously to negotiate with Indigenous lords. Indigenous people often made some of the most admired items owned by colonizers. People’s social strategies, and not their wealth, shaped patterns of consumption. This history of materiality and power compels us to reimagine colonial Mexico and the people who created it materially and socially.
How to Get Pottery and Food
Authors: Rodríguez-Alegría Enrique 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe differences between the pottery and other containers found in the probate inventories and those found in archaeological excavations is surprising, and it is related to the materials represented and to the descriptions that archaeologists and the scribes in the sixteenth century find satisfactory. A combination of archaeological evidence and data from the probate inventories reveals much variation in pottery consumption among colonizers. While some used plenty of Indigenous pottery, others used mostly imports. Variation is also true in terms of consumption of Asian porcelain. In terms of food, and in spite of the great differences between local and Spanish food, colonizers incorporated plenty of Indigenous ingredients into their diet, as revealed in the faunal and botanical remains excavated in their houses. The patters do not show a correlation between wealth and variation in terms of consumption of Indigenous foods or pottery.
Beware Euphoria
Authors: Fisher George 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This book seeks the moral roots of America’s antidrug regime and debunks claims that early antidrug laws arose from racial animus. The moral roots of our antidrug laws trace to early Christian sexual strictures. Augustine condemned sex as indulging beastly appetites and suspending godlike reason. The demands of procreation excuse indulgence but only as necessary. Puritans similarly condemned drunkenness as suspending reason and rendering persons bestial. Yet alcohol too was deemed necessary—as a foodstuff, sanitary beverage, and pain and cold remedy. One could use alcohol as necessary, never to intoxicate. Saint Thomas Aquinas defined temperance, drinking in moderation, as a moral safe harbor. These principles largely defined temperance debates in England and America, helping make and unmake England’s eighteenth-century gin ban and American national prohibition. The regime that followed embraced alcohol’s social necessity, permitting drinking in moderation. Other drugs can’t easily strike this moral balance. Nineteenth-century Chinese opium dens served no apparent need and seemed to allow no subintoxicating use. Worse, opium was thought a sexual stimulant, ruining respectable young women. Hence lawmakers banned opium dens and later cocaine and cannabis. Lawmakers distinguished necessary medical use from recreational abuse by criminalizing sales unless prescribed by a physician. Early antidrug laws rarely rose from racial strife. They sprang from the traditional moral censure of intoxication and perceived threats to respectable white women and youth. Today’s drug war’s racial dynamic differs greatly. As harsher penalties swell prisons with mostly non-white dealers, antidrug laws suffer attack as tools of racial oppression, helping tip public opinion toward legalizing marijuana.
Prohibition’s Rise, Its Fall, and the Reign of Social Drinking
Authors: Fisher George 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The same moral notions that prompted and then brought down England’s 1736 gin ban informed Georgia’s 1735 rum ban, imposed by founder James Oglethorpe. When settlers insisted rum was necessary in Georgia’s heat, Britain’s Parliament ended the prohibition in 1742. America’s broader temperance movement traces in part to Anthony Benezet and Benjamin Rush. Rush’s 1784 Enquiry into the Effects of Spirituous Liquors rebutted notions of alcohol’s necessity and inspired Methodist leaders, temperance preacher Lyman Beecher, and Portland Mayor Neal Dow, who engineered Maine’s first-in-the-nation ban on all alcoholic drinks. Though many states quickly mimicked Maine’s law, most soon abandoned that course. The prohibition movement lagged till the early twentieth century, when racism, nativism, women’s suffrage, and war fever overcame resistance, leading to the Eighteenth Amendment and national prohibition. Because prohibition overreached public morality and drained liquor revenues, repeal followed with the Twenty-First Amendment. A web of social norms and state laws combined to ensure the new alcohol regime, which embraced the social necessity of drink, encouraged moderation.
Monogamy’s Demise?
Authors: Fisher George 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In 2016 Oakland’s city council enacted the nation’s first equity permit program, extending preference in recreational cannabis dispensary licenses to persons who have served time for marijuana offenses or have lived in neighborhoods with many marijuana-related arrests. Such programs, later enacted across the country, show how concerns for racial justice help drive today’s movement to legalize recreational cannabis. Those concerns result in part from harsh twentieth-century antidrug regimes, which helped drive mass incarceration and social destabilization. Michelle Alexander’s New Jim Crow of 2010 proved hugely influential in arguing that the antidrug regime is a system of racial oppression. The earliest successful legalization campaigns followed in Colorado and Washington in 2012. Today, twenty-three mostly liberal states have legalized recreational cannabis. It is not inevitable the trend will blanket the country. Studies showing the drug’s popularity among youth, together with its dangers to developing brains and future job success, could derail further legalization efforts.
On Happiness and the Passions
Authors: Hayes Julie Candler 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines multiple configurations of the relationship between the passions and happiness in the work of French women moralists. Reflection on the passions extends back to classical antiquity, but the term evolved and took on new significance in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The passions had been traditionally viewed as antithetical to happiness, but with the Enlightenment’s valorization of sentiment and sensibility happiness emerges as a key value and increasingly as a human right. Key figures studied include Marguerite de La Sablière, Louise Dupin, Émilie Du Châtelet, Marie-Geneviève-Charlotte Thiroux d’Arconville, and Germaine de Staël.
On Marriage
Authors: Hayes Julie Candler 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores women moralists’ views on the institution of marriage, a noncanonical topic in the moralist tradition. By the early eighteenth century, a new emphasis on equality and natural rights, as well as a valorization of affectivity and personal happiness, brought the legal and moral foundations of marriage increasingly into question. Women philosophers such as Gabrielle Suchon and Louise Dupin critique marriage from legal and philosophical perspectives; moralists offer different approaches. In an implicit critique, Madeleine de Puisieux and Anne-Thérèse de Lambert reveal the inherent inequality in the institution. Marie de Verzure and Marie-Geneviève-Charlotte Thiroux d’Arconville are explicit in their critique. Suzanne Necker, however, offers a strong defense of marriage in her arguments against the 1792 French law permitting divorce. The chapter concludes by setting the moralist critique of marriage in the larger context of women philosophers’ views on liberty.
Modernity and Impersonality
Authors: Zerubavel Eviatar 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Impersonality is one of the most distinctive features of modern social life, and this chapter begins by examining science’s distinctly modern rationalist quest for an objective epistemology devoid of subjectivity (and therefore personalness). Contrasting the anonymity of the modern city with life in a traditional small town, where everybody knows everybody, it then argues that impersonality is primarily an urban phenomenon that is also fostered by the modern capitalist marketization of social life, as evidenced by the sharp contrast between pre-modern effectively personcentric customized production and modern, pronouncedly standardized mass production. The chapter concludes with a discussion of outsourcing in general and automation in particular. As exemplified by the distinctly modern emergence of robocalls, asynchronous online teaching, and internet shopping, for instance, many traditionally personal social encounters are nowadays mediated by machines, which thus play a major role in the impersonalization of modern social life.
Impersonality and Its Discontents
Authors: Zerubavel Eviatar 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of the benefits of impersonality, such as gaining greater stability and predictability. It then proceeds to examine its costs, the most serious of which is promoting group-level stereotypes that are indiscriminately applied to the entire membership of that group. Such stereotypification often fosters prejudice that may lead to hate crimes, targeting people simply for being members of certain social categories. Such crimes are motivated not by personal hatred toward specific individuals but by impersonal hostility toward the entire social group to which they epistemically “belong.” To counteract the often-dehumanizing impact of impersonalization, individuals sometimes try to nevertheless add some “personal touch” (that is, project a semblance of personalness) to otherwise impersonal situations. Such personalization has thus given rise, for example, to ultimately customized “personalized learning,” “person-centered” health care, and “personalized diets” respectively defying standardized and thus formulaic curricular, clinical, and nutritional regimes.
The Mummy-Pits of Egypt
Authors: Holt Frank L. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Clues to Ankh-Hap’s travels were discovered in the packing material wedged around his mummy. This led to an investigation of Henry Augustus Ward, proprietor of Ward’s Scientific Establishment in Rochester, New York. In the nineteenth century, Ward visited the mummy-pits of Egypt, where he collected mummified remains and coffins for his emporium. Evidence of his active role in the mummy trade was found among the letters, diaries, inventories, and company documents now archived at the University of Rochester. Among the mummies sold by Ward was Pahat and presumably Ankh-Hap as well. Ward stocked mummy parts and mummy cloth that may have been used to make Frankenmummies.
Introduction to Forensic Social Work
Authors: Natale Anthony P. , McLeod David Axlyn , Mapson Kristin W. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The first chapter of this text begins with a brief orientation to the history of the current criminal justice system in the United States and forensic social work. The criminal justice system in the United States is both complicated and nuanced. Therefore, a foundation of knowledge associated with the development of this system clarifies the current state of both legal systems and practice. Next, forensic social work is detailed, including how it’s defined, followed by an examination of current challenges in forensic social work. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the organization of the text and recommendations on how to maximize its utility.
Women in Forensic Settings
Authors: McLeod David Axlyn , Dunnells Zackery D.O. , Ozturk Burcu 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The ways the criminal justice system interacts with women are distinctly different from men. To provide competent services to these women, forensic social workers must take explicit account of these differences. Often, women who experience crime and victimization choose not to interact with the system at all. This chapter will cover the specifics of gender inequalities and women’s experiences across multiple facets of survivorship, the differential nature by which they interact with the criminal justice system, and the social and political realities that drive these circumstances. Intersectionality and the complexities of women’s experiences will be examined and theoretical and pragmatic approaches to remedying some of these challenges provided.
Sexual Orientation in Forensic Settings
Authors: Natale Anthony P. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The chapter’s author aims to provide definitions and examples for key terms relative to lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) people and the oppression resulting from societal response to sexual orientation. Next, an overview of the rates and trends of LGB engagement with forensic institutions is provided. Then, he provides an overview of constitutional and legislated rights that impact LGB people in forensic settings are reviewed. The LGB prison pipeline is discussed in detail next. The author closes the chapter with a listing of crucial reforms needed relative to LGB experiences with forensic settings, along with a discussion of critical strategies for social workers to engage in to accomplish these goals.
Mental Health in Forensic Settings
Authors: Matejkowski Jason , Wright Kelechi 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter identifies the challenges encountered by people with mental health problems who contact criminal law enforcement along with the roles that social workers have in assisting this population to overcome these challenges. The chapter presents three prominent and rigorously tested theories explaining the high rates of justice system contact among this population: the criminalization hypothesis, general personality and cognitive social learning theory (i.e., the risk-need-responsivity model), and the focal concerns theory addressing stigma and discrimination. Through the lens of these theories, the chapter identifies many of the complex needs of justice system–involved adults with mental illness. The chapter also identifies various settings along the sequential intercept model in which social workers are called upon to address these needs, either through direct clinical intervention or through the enactment of agency- and system-level policy reform.
Trauma-Informed Theory in Criminal Justice
Authors: Chapple Constance L. , Maher Erin J. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Many children, youth, and adults involved with the criminal justice system have long histories of emotional, psychological, and physical traumas, often stemming from child abuse and neglect Estimates suggest that upwards of 80% of justice-involved youth report at least one adverse childhood experience (ACE). This finding is echoed within a sample of justice-involved women, with nearly 90% indicating a history of emotional, physical, or sexual abuse. This chapter reviews the ACE and trauma research as it applies to criminal justice involvement. In particular, it examines how trauma such as child maltreatment and exposure to violence is represented in criminological theories such as general strain theory and the gendered pathways perspective and how criminal justice programs integrate trauma-informed responses into treatment, training, and education.