bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Language of Flowers
Authors: Bremen Brian A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Williams’s poem “The Flower” (1930) is shot through with the anxiety of a stalled career. As Litz and MacGowan point out, the poem gives Williams’s “view” of the stanchions for the then incomplete George Washington Bridge, a view that stands in contrast to ‘‘Hart Crane’s The Bridge, parts of which were being published to great acclaim in The Dial, The Little Review, and even T. S. Eliot’s The Criterion’’ (CP I 518). Williams’s poem is, as Paul Mariani writes, a “countercry, a cry of impotency, as he composed his lines out of the despair of knowing that the prize was going to a younger man.” “A petal colorless and without form,” Williams’s “Flower” distances itself not only from Crane’s Bridge—“Nothing // of it is mine”—but also from Eliot’s own “chambers of the sea”—“It is a flower through which the wind / combs the whitened grass and a black dog // with yellow legs stands eating from a / garbage barrel.” It also nervously blames some unnamed “they,” who “hand you—they who wish to God / you’d keep your fingers out of // their business—science or philosophy or / anything else they can find to throw off // to distract you” (CP I 322-23). Williams’s desire here is power—the poetic power to construct something as grand as the new bridge—but the demands of his medical practice and of his economic conditions leave him unable to write:
Introduction
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nation ‘s leading bioethicists, meeting at the fall 1992 “Birth of Bio ethics” conference in Seattle, were startled when keynoter Shana Alexander told them, “I trust my lawyer more than I trust my doctor.” Even in the midst of an unrelenting lawyer-bashing Presidential campaign, the bioethicists should not have been surprised. American law, especially civil rights law, is dedicated to fostering individual rights, equality, and justice. Law sides with patients to oppose the arbitrary use of power whether by physicians or the government; the rubric is patient rights. This is why American law, not philosophy or medicine, is primarily responsible for the agenda, development and current state of American bioethics. It seems natural to Americans, for example, that the morality of abortion has been recast as the “right to abortion” and that the morality of medical treatment near the end of life is now called simply the “right to die.” America is, after all, the most rights-centered society on earth, and our Constitution ‘s Bill of Rights and Fourteenth Amendment naturally lend themselves to defining personal decisionmaking in terms of constitutional rights.
The Insane Root Takes Reason Prisoner: The Supreme Court and the Right to Die
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In her concurring opinion in Cruzan, discussed in the previous chapter, Justice Sandra Day O ‘Connor opined that it was appropriate to return the right to refuse treatment issue to the laboratories of the states where further experimentation could go on. This chapter examines decisions of the high est courts in two states that have as much experience in this area as any in the United States: New York and New Jersey. Neither suggests that state supreme courts are likely to be the source of reasonable solutions in this area. It also looks to state legislatures with only a bit more optimism. State judicial and legislative strategies both portray some of the fragmentation of, and destructiveness to, human rights inherent in the U.S. Supreme Court ‘s movement to undercut the U.S. Constitution by expanding the power of states to regulate the lives of their citizens. As such they illustrate the increasing need for a code of medical ethics that is not founded solely on U.S. law.
Mapping the Human Genome and the Meaning of Monster Mythology
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Precolumbian cartographers drew their maps to the extent of their knowledge and then wrote in the margins: “Beyond this point there are dragons.” With the voyage of Columbus, we lost both our fear of the geographic frontier and our innocence. We accept that knowledge can generally over power fear, but we have also learned that the application of new knowledge often has a dark side that can lead to brutality and disaster. The discovery of America, for example, led to unforeseen value conflicts of justice and fairness involving native Americans that were “resolved” only by their mer ciless subjugation and genocidal destruction. The Columbus metaphor is a powerful one, one that emphasizes both the need to confront mythical dragons with knowledge and the need to anticipate and plan for the real monsters, the value conflicts that new knowledge produces. Perhaps no where is the promise of benefit and the risk of harm so great as in genetic research. The plan to map and sequence the 3 billion base pairs that make up the genetic blueprint of a human being-the Human Genome Project provides an opportunity to examine the relationship between science and society. Can scientists and social policy makers work together to maximize the benefits of this project while minimizing its dangers?
From Canada with Love: Death and Organ Donation
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brain death is so closely linked to organ transplantation that it sometimes seems that you can ‘t have one without the other. This is true when it comes to organ transplantation itself, which usually requires a brain dead corpse whose circulation is maintained by mechanical ventilation to preserve the organs. But the converse, of course, is not true: transplantation need not be contemplated to determine death on the basis of cessation of all brain function. This chapter examines two approaches to transplantation that have been effectively discredited: postponing the determination of death to put pressure on relatives to “donate” organs, and using live, anencephalic newborns as organ donors.
Minerva v. National Health Agency, 53 U.S. 2d 333 (2020)
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 2016 the National Health Agency (“the Agency”) promulgated regulations which provided for the allocation of artificial hearts in the United States under the authority of the National Health Insurance Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-602). The regulations prohibited the manufacture, sale, or implantation of an artificial heart without a permit from the Agency; prohibited individual purchasers from being recipients of artificial hearts without a permit from the Agency; and pro vided that permits to recipients be issued only by the Agency ‘s computer, which would pick qualified applicants at random from a master list. This regulation is challenged by P. Minerva, a thoracic surgeon, and two of her patients, Z. Themis and Z. Dike. Themis did not meet the Agency ‘s qualification standards as he is less than fifteen years old; Dike, while meeting the standards, has not yet been chosen by the computer. The plaintiffs challenge the regulations as a The separation of Siamese twins with conjoined hearts, while a rare event, has received some ethical and legal discussion. Most of it, unfortunately, has been characterized by fuzzy thinking and flawed analogies. Perhaps this is inevitable. Siamese twins have always seemed bizarre to us. Their very name comes from history ‘s most famous such twins, Eng and Chang Bunker. Born in Siam in 1811, they lived until 1874 and were exhibited around the world by P. T. Barnum. The second most famous are Amos and Eddie Smith, fictional Siamese twins who are the subjects of Judith Rossner ‘s challenging novel, Attachments, and who, in the novel, also spent some time with Ringling Brothers Barnum & Bailey.
A Shady Profession
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1800 a Londoner had the distinction of living in the most populous city in Europe, as one of 900,000 residents. London and Paris, with 600,000 residents, were the only European cities with more than a half million inhabitants. By 1900 they had grown to metropolises of 4.7 and 3.6 mil lion citizens respectively, and sixteen additional cities had populations of a half million or more. Berlin, Glasgow, Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Vienna all had over a million residents.
Lenin’s Spies
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
World War I, which so revolutionized intelligence, also produced a revolution in Russia. That revolution resulted, in part, from Russia’s military defeats-defeats which in many cases resulted from German communications intelligence successes. But the forced abdication of Czar Nicholas II on March 2, 1917, was also due to the failures of his regime, which was described by one member of the Duma as being “handicapped by incompetence bordering on high treason.”
Spies and Counterspies
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the periods leading up to the Nazi seizure of the Rhineland and invasion of Poland, the signing of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, the Soviet invasion of Russia, and the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor the spies of Britain, Germany, Japan, the Soviet Union, and other nations were seeking to discover the intentions and capabilities of their nation’s potential enemies. But they either proved unable to secure the crucial information or, as in the case of Richard Sorge and several other Soviet agents, their information was ignored by their nation’s political lead ership. Once war began, the espionage and counterespionage efforts of all the major participants grew dramatically. For some countries these efforts proved of significant value; for others they did more harm than good.
The Wrecking Crews
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whereas spying was commonplace, whether nations were at peace or at war, certain other covert activities were severely restricted in peacetime. Once war began, however, the political and moral restraints that inhibited sabotage and assassination were removed. Thus when the Czech military intelligence service approached the British Special Operations Executive in 1941 for assistance in carrying out an assassination no ques tions were raised, not even about who the target might be.
End of an Era
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the year of the spy there appeared to be no possibility that the Cold War would be over any time soon. The year began with the ossified Konstantin Chernenko still in power in the Kremlin, while Soviet forces engaged in a bloody conflict in Afghanistan. The Soviet Union continued its extensive human and technical intelligence operations as well as a variety of “active measures.”For the United States 1985 started well, with the launch of a new SIGINT satellite, but the year would be largely one of disaster for U.S. intelligence collection operations. In addition to the loss of human sources in the Soviet Union, the United States also suffered a major setback in its space reconnaissance program, which would severely limit coverage of the Soviet Union and other nations for several years to come. At the same time, CIA covert action operations in Afghanistan would make life difficult for the Soviet forces in that country. A key U.S. decision in 1986 would help drive the Soviet Union out of Afghanistan in 1988.
How Did We Get Here? A Brief History of the Nursing Home
Authors: Lidz Charles W , Fischer Lynn , Arnold Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nursing homes are important institutions in our society. There are more than 19,000 of them in the United States and 2.3 million people reside in them at one time or another over a year’s time. It is estimated that one person out of four will be in a nursing home at some time.
Caring and Cared-/or: Role Relationships in Long-Term Care
Authors: Lidz Charles W , Fischer Lynn , Arnold Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans do not interact with each other simply as people. We conduct our activities in role relationships. Whatever we know about and feel for our parents or our children, we relate to them in the context of the parent-child relationship. Likewise patients in a nursing facility are not known by the staff simply as human beings, but as patients. The patients do not know the staff simply as a collection of people, but as members of the staff. Our task in this chapter is to explore the meaning of the role relationship of staff and patient and its impact on patient autonomy.
Personal Journal
Authors: Jacobshagen Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I began keeping a journal in the late winter of 1965. I had just graduated from the Kansas City Art Institute and was facing a future of vast possibilities. The question of what I was to do with my life loomed large. The idea of keeping journals stemmed from that question and from a mixture of dread and fascination for the journey ahead. There was a strong sense that my life up to a point was filled mostly with instructional information and was primarily without insight. At first I explored and documented my everyday life. I filled pages with hours of observations of prosaic small matters. (Figure 3.1). But this period of writing was a kind of warm-up to the questions I would ask myself later as I moved into the struggles of a young artist trying to solve the visual problems of observing a vast planar space. To a certain extent the question of aesthetics is secondary to the activity of art making. In 1972 the abstract artist Barnett Newman was quoted as saying, “Aesthetics is for me as ornithology must be for the birds.’’ Yet the problems confronted by an artist living on the Plains are not all formal ones of composition and color. There is a constant gnawing of the mystery of perception and the interpretation of the beautiful in one’s life. The ensuing modest chapter is a compilation of observations made in my journal over the past 10 years. The ideas are not completely my own-I do not live in a vacuum.
Foundations Of Identity
Authors: Hirsch Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The recent literature a number of philosophers, including myself, have attempted to analyze our concept of bodily identity in terms of the interrelations between the successive momentary stages of a body. This kind of analysis implies that there is a conceptual connection between bodily identity and various conditions which might be satisfied by a succession of bodystages. These conditions have often been called our ‘‘criteria’‘ of bodily identity.
Matter, Causality, And Stereotypes Of Identity
Authors: Hirsch Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I AM inclined to maintain-with various reservations to be discussed-that the following is a conceptual truth: If a succession of car-stages is spatiotemporally and qualitatively continuous, then it constitutes some portion (perhaps the whole) of the history of a persisting car. This principle, to put it somewhat less technically, states that if there exists a car at one moment, and there exists a car at the next moment, and there exists a car at the moment after this, and so on, and the car that exists at any moment is located very close to where the car at the next moment is located, and also the car that exists at any moment has qualities that are very similar to the qualities of the car at the next moment, then this is one and the same car that exists at each of these moments.I I will call this principle SQ, after the conditions of spatiotemporal and qualitative continuity. Of course I would suggest the corresponding principle for various other sorts of things, such as trees, rocks, and tables. The principle, relativized to each sort of thing, would state that any spatiotemporally and qualitatively continuous succession of stages of that sort of thing constitutes some portion of the history of a thing of that sort.
Plato on Commensurability and Desire
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If ethical values are all commensurable, differing from one another only in quantity, what difference does this make?1 Plato gives us a stark and simple answer. The adoption of an ethical “science of measurement,” at the heart of which is the belief in commensurability, is both necessary and sufficient for “saving our lives,” that is, for giving human beings a life that will be free of certain intolerable pains and confusions. Here I propose to examine one aspect of Plato’s “life-saving” project, namely, some alleged connections between the belief in the commensurability of value and the nature of the human emotions. It is Plato’s idea, I shall argue, that the belief in commensurability cuts very deep: taken seriously, it will transform our passions as well as our decision making, giving emotions such as love, fear, grief, and hence the ethical problems that are connected with them.
Flawed Crystals: James’s The yolden Bowl and Literature as Moral Philosophy
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the centre, the bed of crystalline Love was dedicated to her name most fittingly. The man who had cut the crystal for her couch and her observance had divined her nature unerringly: Love should be of crystal-transparent and translucent.“ Its roundness inside betokens Love’s Simplicity: Simplicity is most fitting for love, which must have no corners, that is, no Cunning or Treachery.
Narrative Emotions: Beckett’s Genealogy of Love
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
They love each other, marry, in order to love each other better, more conveniently, he goes to the wars, he dies at the wars, she weeps, with emotion, at having loved him, at having lost him, yep, marries again, in order to love again, more conveniently again, they love each other, you love as many times as necessary, as necessary in order to be happy, he comes back, the other comes back, from the wars, he didn’t die at the wars after all, she goes to the station, to meet him, he dies in the train, of emotion, at the thought of seeing her again, having her again, she weeps, weeps again, with emotion again, at having lost him again, yep, goes back to the house, he’s dead, the other is dead, the mother-in-law takes him down, he hanged himself, with emotion, at the thought of losing her, she weeps, weeps louder, at having loved him, at having lost him, there’s a story for you, that was to teach me the nature of emotion, that’s called emotion, what emotion can do, given favourable conditions, what love can do, well well, so that’s emotion, that’s love.
Steerforth’s Arm: Love and the Moral Point of View
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The summer my daughter fell in love with James Steerforth, she was fourteen and I was forty. We were traveling around England, and, in response to her Dickensian longing, we had ended up in Yarmouth, to inspect, so to speak, the scene of the crime. I had indulgence, but little sympathy, for this literary infatuation. For I felt that I had known long ago, and would have known even if I hadn’t made it my business to write on ethical topics, that he was simply not worthy of a good person’s love. And I suspected her, as well, of immature reading. For surely, as I remembered it, it was Dickens’s intention to make the reader judge Steerforth from the moral point of view, not to encourage her, or him, to fall in love with Steerforth. Full of maternal superiority, and bored with the garish coarseness of Yarmouth“in 1987 a place of oil refineries and cheap summer holiday facilities-I undertook to reread the novel in order to establish my point.
Combining Nonisotopic In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry with Steroid Autoradiography
Authors: Toran-Allerand C Dominique , Miranda Rajesh C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantitative, very sensitive estimates of gene expression may be achieved by Northern blot analysis and solution hybridization, particularly if many cells are making few copies of a specific mRNA. In situ hybridization histochemistry, on the other hand, is well suited to studies of the spatial and temporal distribution of mRNA expression in the central nervous system (CNS), wherein phenotypically heterogeneous neuronal and neuroglial populations may be present at very different development stages at any given point in time. The mRNA in question may be present in high abundance in only a few cells or only at a specific stage of their development, in which case it might otherwise be diluted out in Northern blots or solution hybridization by the large number of cells in which gene transcription is not apparent.
Development of Techniques to Combine Isotopic and Nonisotopic In Situ Hybridization and lmmunocytochemistry for Phenotypic Characterization of Individual Neurons
Authors: Emson P C , Heppelmann B , Augood S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the introduction of in situ hybridization in 1969 (John et al., 1969; Gall and Pardue, 1969) the technique has become well established for the identification of mRNA and DNA in cell preparations (Coghlan et al., 1985; Schwartz and Costa, 1986; Shivers et al., 1986b; Singer et al., 1986; Syvanen, 1986; Urdea et al., 1988; Kiyama et al., 1991). For the use of the method in the study of neuronal phenotype a number of excellent methodological overviews have appeared, including Uhl, 1986; Valentino et al., 1987; Conn, 1989. In recent years the accessibility of the technique has increased with the availability of synthetic oligonucleotides (Lewis et al., 1985, 1988) and improvements in the methods for labeling probes for detection by nonisotopic methods (for reviews, see Guitteny et al., 1988; Hankin et al., 1989; Larsson, 1989; Emson et al., 1990; Kiyama et al., 1991).
Analysis of Transcription Levels Using Intervening Sequence In Situ Hybridization
Authors: Roberts James L , Levin Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The production of a mature mRNA is a complex process involving many nuclear enzymatic steps and subsequent transport of the newly synthesized mRNA into the cytoplasm. The series of nuclear events are schematically outlined in Figure 9-1 for a hypothetical gene. After synthesis of the primary transcript of the gene by RNA polymerase II, the primary transcript becomes polyadenylated at its 3’ end, capped at the 5’ end, and the introns removed by splicing. This later event is a complex but rapid enzymatic process that involves a series of snRNP particles and takes place exclusively on the nuclear matrix (Herman et al., 1978; Zeitlin et al., 1987; He et al., 1991; Wanger, 1991). While for smaller genes (5-8 kilobases or less) the splicing reactions generally take place after transcription has been terminated, for larger genes the splicing of 5’ located introns may occur while the 3’ region is still being transcribed. Once an intron is spliced out of the primary transcript, it is rapidly degraded in the nucleus.
In Situ Transcription: Methodology and Multifaceted Applications
Authors: Miyashiro Kevin , Finnell Richard , Mackler Scott , Spencer Corinne , Eberwine James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The techniques of molecular neurobiology often originate as a blending of methodologies that seem at once disparate and ultimately complementary. One no table example is in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISH), which has emerged during the past decade as a powerful neuroanatomical tool for localizing messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to anatomically specific cell types (Brahic and Haase, 1978; Gee et al., 1983; Uhl et al., 1985), subcellular compartments (Singer et al., 1987), and individual fixed cells (Angerer et al., 1987). This technology has provided a unique insight into discrete changes in the expression of specific mRNA messages in a cell or tissue sample that may be obtained during any given physiological, pathological, or pharmacologically induced state. The correlation of biochemical and morphological makers for individual cells with ISH has enhanced the understanding of the functional differences among cell types.