bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A meta‐analysis of the relationship between job satisfaction and employee health in Hong Kong
Authors: Cass Monica H. , Siu Oi Ling , Faragher E. Brian , Cooper Cary L. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA meta‐analysis was conducted of correlations between job satisfaction and measures of health for samples originating from Hong Kong. Using established procedures and a priori selection criteria, 22 samples were combined from published and unpublished sources, in a combined sample of 4492 workers from various industries and occupations. Results indicated relationships between job satisfaction and health for Hong Kong employees were high, and notably different from the larger sample in the HERMES study (Cass, Faragher & Cooper2003). The moderator analysis revealed that samples comprising an approximately equal gender mix had larger correlations than samples of mostly women, or mostly men. Our comparison of studies with differential methodological rigour indicated that this had a minimal impact on combined effect size. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incorporating interpersonal events within hassle measurement
Authors: Maybery Darryl 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe current studies sought to extrapolate previous findings regarding the importance of interpersonal events within hassle measurement. It did so by exploring the subscale structure of a comprehensive group of interpersonal and non‐interpersonal hassles. It then examined correlations between those components and with measures of distress and well‐being. The two studies were based on an item pool developed from prior research that had shown that interpersonal events were missing from a prominent hassle measure (Maybery & Graham, 2001). Principal component analyses and one‐factor congeneric models were used to examine the factor structures. The first study (n = 289) identified 13 hassle subscales. The second study (n = 457) incorporated additional course‐ and study‐related items from focus groups and interviews. In that study, the 13 subscales were replicated and two additional hassle factors were identified. The final 15 factors included eight interpersonal and seven non‐interpersonal subscales. Moderate correlations were found between some interpersonal and non‐interpersonal factors and correlations with commonly used distress and well‐being instruments showed a considerable number of weaker moderate relationships. In conjunction with previous research, the findings indicate that interpersonal events constitute additional hassle categories to non‐interpersonal events and the former may have independent associations within distress and well‐being models. Future research is necessary to determine if interpersonal events contribute to distress and well‐being independently of other hassles. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress and burnout in forensic psychiatric nursing
Authors: Happell Brenda , Pinikahana Jaya , Martin Trish 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe relevant literature suggests that all branches of the nursing profession are subject to high levels of stress and burnout. Forensic psychiatric nursing has been considered as an area of high risk, despite a paucity of literature in this area, particularly in Australia. This paper presents the findings of a research study undertaken with forensic nurses (n = 51) and designed to measure their level of stress and burnout. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Nursing Stress Scale (NSS) were the instruments used. The findings indicated that relatively few forensic nurses suffered from ‘high’ levels of burnout with considerably more forensic nurses recording ‘low’ levels of burnout. On the personal accomplishment subscale, only 17 per cent recorded a ‘high’ score. Interestingly the least reported stressor was lack of staff support for nursing activities which suggests that the amount of support received may account for lower than expected levels of stress. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress among national politicians elected to Parliament for the first time
Authors: Weinberg A. , Cooper C. L. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractPrevious research has shown that levels of stress among national politicians are higher than among workers in comparable management jobs. The election of 236 new Members of Parliament (MPs) in the 1997 UK General Election permitted longitudinal study. The General Health Questionnaire‐12 and Occupational Stress Indicator measured psychological and physical stress in comparable groups at pre‐election (T1; n = 29) or 3‐month post‐election (T2; n = 66) time‐points and at 1‐year follow‐up (T3; n = 66). Stress increased from T1 to T2 and was predicted by factors at the home–work interface (p < 0.001). Politicians in poor psychological health reported long working hours and no emotional support (p < 0.05). At T3 psychological symptoms returned to T1 levels, while physical stress remained elevated for male MPs, those with children and those in the party in Government (p < 0.05). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suppressive effects of trihexyphenidyl on methamphetamine‐induced dopamine release as measured by in vivo microdialysis
Authors: Shimosato Kazuaki , Nagao Noriki , Watanabe Satoru , Kitayama Shigeo 
Published: April 2003

AbstractAbuse of methamphetamine (MAP) and cocaine causes severe medical and social problems throughout the world. Our previous study found that trihexyphenidyl (THP), a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist, specifically suppressed the rewarding properties of MAP but not of cocaine, as measured by conditioned place preference in mice. The present study examined using in vivo microdialysis whether THP differentially affects the extracellular dopamine (DA) levels in the nucleus accumbens and striatum of mice injected with MAP and cocaine in comparison with another antimuscarinic agent, scopolamine (SCP). In addition, locomotor activity was simultaneously measured during microdialysis. In vivo microdialysis experiments revealed that during the initial hour after injection of MAP (1 mg/kg) DA levels increased up to 698% in the nucleus accumbens and 367% in the striatum as compared to the basal level. These increases were reduced to 293% in the nucleus accumbens and 207% in the striatum by treatment with 5 mg/kg THP. However, SCP (3 mg/kg) had no effect on the increases in extracellular DA levels in both regions after MAP injection. Cocaine (10 mg/kg) increased DA levels during the initial hour to 254% in the nucleus accumbens and 220% in the striatum as compared to the basal level. These increases were unaffected by treatment with either THP or SCP. On the contrary, both THP and SCP enhanced the locomotor‐stimulant action of MAP and cocaine. These results, together with our previous finding, suggest that THP may specifically antagonize the rewarding properties of MAP through suppression of DA release in the mesolimbic area without retarding locomotor activity. Synapse 49:47–54, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptic nests lack glutamate transporters in the cochlear nucleus of the mouse
Authors: Josephson E.M. , Morest D.K. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractSynaptic nests are closely packed collections of synaptic endings. Nests may be deficient in the glial processes which usually separate terminals in the CNS and which transport much of the glutamate associated with high levels of excitatory activity. We hypothesized that nests might lack glial glutamate transporters, but possibly would conserve neuronal glutamate transporter. Although present throughout the brain, nests are especially numerous in the cochlear nucleus. We performed immunoelectron microscopy by preembedding peroxidase and immunogold methods and by postembedding immunogold to detect expression of the glutamate transporters GLAST, GLT‐1, and EAAC1 in the mouse cochlear nucleus. Our results show that the glial transporters, GLAST and GLT‐1, are absent in synaptic nests. This deficiency is not compensated by the neuronal transporter EAAC1, which is poorly represented in nests. Outside synaptic nests, all three glutamate transporters are strongly expressed in the cochlear nucleus. Thus, glutamate released outside nests should be quickly bound by transporters and removed from the extracellular glutamate pool. Glutamate released within synaptic nests may persist long enough to permit diffusion to extrajunctional targets in the nest, including presynaptic receptors. Consequently, synaptic nests may play a role in modulation of synaptic activity but also in excitotoxic mechanisms. Synapse 49:29–46, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Persistent and anatomically selective reduction in prefrontal cortical dopamine metabolism after repeated, intermittent cannabinoid administration to rats
Authors: Verrico Christopher D. , Jentsch J. David , Roth Robert H. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractLong‐term abuse of delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major psychoactive constituent of marijuana, produces behavioral and metabolic signs of frontal cortical dysfunction in humans; these effects persist even after short‐term abstinence. Based on a preliminary finding that repeated administration of THC to rats reduces basal frontal cortical dopamine turnover (Jentsch et al. [1998] Neurosci Lett 246:169–172), we further investigated the effects of repeated administrations of THC or WIN 55,212‐2 (WIN), a synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist, on dopamine turnover in the prefrontal cortex, striatum, and nucleus accumbens. THC or WIN (twice daily for 7 or 14 days) caused a persistent and selective reduction in medial prefrontal cortical dopamine turnover; no significant alterations of dopamine metabolism were observed in the nucleus accumbens or striatum. Importantly, these dopaminergic deficits in the prefrontal cortex were observed after a drug‐free period of up to 14 days. Thus, the cognitive dysfunction produced by heavy, long‐term cannabis use may be subserved, in part, by drug‐induced alterations in frontal cortical dopamine turnover. Synapse 49:61–66, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extracellular Adherence Protein from
Staphylococcus aureus
Enhances Internalization into Eukaryotic Cells
Authors: Haggar Axana , Hussain Muzaffar , Lönnies Helena , Herrmann Mathias , Norrby-Teglund Anna , Flock Jan-Ingmar 
Published: April 2003

ABSTRACT

In this study we have shown that Eap (extracellular adherence protein) plays a role in the internalization process of
Staphylococcus aureus
into eukaryotic cells. Eap is a protein that is mostly extracellularly and to a lesser extent is bound to the bacterial surface as a result of rebinding. Eap is able to bind to several plasma proteins, such as fibronectin, fibrinogen, and prothrombin. It has the capacity to form oligomers and is able to agglutinate
S. aureus.
A mutant strain, Newman mAH12 (
eap
:: Ery
r
), with a deficient
eap
gene was used in the present study. We have demonstrated that (i) strain Newman mAH12 could adhere to and become internalized to a higher extent by eukaryotic cells than the isogenic mutant, (ii) strain Newman mAH12 complemented with the
eap
gene displayed restoration of the internalization level, (iii) externally added Eap enhanced the internalization of laboratory and clinical
S. aureus
strains as well as of
S. carnosus
(a coagulase-negative species devoid of proteins important for internalization), and (iv) antibodies against Eap were able to block the internalization process in strain Newman mAH12 and clinical isolates. Eap, with its broad binding capacity and its surface localization, thus seems to contribute to the internalization of
S. aureus
into eukaryotic cells. We therefore propose a novel internalization pathway for
S. aureus
in which Eap plays an enhancing role.
Trojan Horse Effect: Phagocyte-Mediated
Streptococcus iniae
Infection of Fish
Authors: Zlotkin Amir , Chilmonczyk Stefan , Eyngor Marina , Hurvitz Avshalom , Ghittino Claudio , Eldar Avi 
Published: April 2003

ABSTRACT

The salmonid macrophage-like cell line RTS-11 and purified trout pronephros phagocytes were used to analyze in vitro entry and survival of two
Streptococcus iniae
serotypes. Efficient invasion by
S. iniae
occurred in both cells, but only the type II strain persisted in pronephros phagocytes for at least 48 h. Ex vivo models of opsonin-dependent phagocytosis by pronephros phagocytes demonstrated increased phagocytosis efficacy. Analysis of phagocytes collected from diseased fish demonstrated that ∼70% of the bacteria contained in the blood during the septic phase of the disease were located within phagocytes, suggesting an in vivo intracellular lifestyle. In addition to the augmented levels of bacteremia and enhanced survival within phagocytes,
S. iniae
type II induces considerable apoptosis of phagocytes. These variabilities in intramacrophage lifestyle might explain differences in the outcomes of infections caused by different serotypes. The generalized septic disease associated with serotype II strains is linked not only to the ability to enter and multiply within macrophages but also to the ability to cause considerable death of macrophages via apoptotic processes, leading to a highly virulent infection. We assume that the phenomenon of survival within phagocytes coupled to their apoptosis plays a crucial role in
S. iniae
infection. In addition, it may provide the pathogen an efficient mechanism of translocation into the central nervous system.
Brucella abortusRB51 Induces Protection in Mice Orally Infected with the Virulent StrainB. abortus2308
Authors: Pasquali Paolo , Rosanna Adone , Pistoia Claudia , Petrucci Paola , Ciuchini Franco 
Published: April 2003

ABSTRACTBrucellae are gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacteria which are one of the most common causes of abortion in animals. In addition, they are the source of a severe zoonosis. In this trial, we evaluated the effect of oral inoculation ofBrucella abortusRB51 in mice against a challenge infection withB. abortus2308. First, we showed that a gastric acid neutralization prior to the oral inoculation contributed to a more homogeneous and consistent infection with both vaccine strainB. abortusRB51 and virulent strainB. abortus2308. Successively, we assessed the clearance and the immune response following an oral infection withB. abortusRB51. Oral inoculation gave a mild infection which was cleared 42 days after infection, and it induced a delayed humoral and cell-mediated immune response. Finally, we immunized mice by oral inoculation withB. abortusRB51, and we challenged them with the virulent strainB. abortus2308 by an oral or intraperitoneal route 42 days after vaccination. Oral inoculation ofB. abortusRB51 was able to give protection to mice infected with the virulent strainB. abortus2308 by the oral route but not to mice infected intraperitoneally. Our results indicate that oral inoculation of mice withB. abortusRB51 is able to give a protective immunity against an oral infection with virulent strains, and this protection seems to rely on an immune response at the mucosal level.
Oral Immunization with a Recombinant Malaria Protein Induces Conformational Antibodies and Protects Mice against Lethal Malaria
Authors: Wang Lina , Kedzierski Lukasz , Wesselingh Steven L. , Coppel Ross L. 
Published: April 2003

ABSTRACT
The increasing death toll from malaria, due to the decreasing effectiveness of current prophylactic and therapeutic regimens, has sparked a search for alternative methods of control, such as vaccines. Although several single proteins have shown some promise as subunit vaccines against sexual blood stages in experimental systems, it is clear that multicomponent vaccines are required. Many logistic difficulties make such an approach prohibitively expensive. In an effort to try to overcome some of these issues, we examined the possibility of oral immunization as a route for inducing host protective immunity. We report here that oral feeding of a malaria protein induced serum antibody levels similar to those induced by intraperitoneal immunization with Freund's adjuvant. Further, responses to conformational epitopes were induced. In the rodent challenge system, significant levels of protection to lethal challenge with malaria were induced in mice. The protective efficacy was highly correlated with antibody levels, which depended on the antigen dosage and required cholera toxin subunit B as an oral adjuvant. These findings offer new approaches to the development of a malaria vaccine and provide justification for the investigation of transgenic plants as a means of vaccine delivery.
Potential of Lipid Core Peptide Technology as a Novel Self-Adjuvanting Vaccine Delivery System for Multiple Different Synthetic Peptide Immunogens
Authors: Olive Colleen , Batzloff Michael , Horváth Aniko , Clair Timothy , Yarwood Penny , Toth Istvan , Good Michael F. 
Published: April 2003

ABSTRACTThis study demonstrates the effectiveness of a novel self-adjuvanting vaccine delivery system for multiple different synthetic peptide immunogens by use of lipid core peptide (LCP) technology. An LCP formulation incorporating two different protective epitopes of the surface antiphagocytic M protein of group A streptococci (GAS)—the causative agents of rheumatic fever and subsequent rheumatic heart disease—was tested in a murine parenteral immunization and GAS challenge model. Mice were immunized with the LCP-GAS formulation, which contains an M protein amino-terminal type-specific peptide sequence (8830) in combination with a conserved non-host-cross-reactive carboxy-terminal C-region peptide sequence (J8) of the M protein. Our data demonstrated immunogenicity of the LCP-8830-J8 formulation in B10.BR mice when coadministered in complete Freund's adjuvant and in the absence of a conventional adjuvant. In both cases, immunization led to induction of high-titer GAS peptide-specific serum immunoglobulin G antibody responses and induction of highly opsonic antibodies that did not cross-react with human heart tissue proteins. Moreover, mice were completely protected from GAS infection when immunized with LCP-8830-J8 in the presence or absence of a conventional adjuvant. Mice were not protected, however, following immunization with an LCP formulation containing a control peptide from aSchistosomasp. These data support the potential of LCP technology in the development of novel self-adjuvanting multi-antigen component vaccines and point to the potential application of this system in the development of human vaccines against infectious diseases.
LipL21 Is a Novel Surface-Exposed Lipoprotein of Pathogenic
Leptospira
Species
Authors: Cullen Paul A. , Haake David A. , Bulach Dieter M. , Zuerner Richard L. , Adler Ben 
Published: April 2003

ABSTRACT

Leptospira
is the etiologic agent of leptospirosis, a bacterial zoonosis distributed worldwide. Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide is a protective immunogen, but the extensive serological diversity of leptospires has inspired a search for conserved outer membrane proteins (OMPs) that may stimulate heterologous immunity. Previously, a global analysis of leptospiral OMPs (P. A. Cullen, S. J. Cordwell, D. M. Bulach, D. A. Haake, and B. Adler, Infect. Immun.
70:
2311-2318, 2002) identified pL21, a novel 21-kDa protein that is the second most abundant constituent of the
Leptospira interrogans
serovar Lai outer membrane proteome. In this study, we identified the gene encoding pL21 and found it to encode a putative lipoprotein; accordingly, the protein was renamed LipL21. Southern hybridization analysis revealed the presence of
lipL21
in all of the pathogenic species but in none of the saprophytic species examined. Alignment of the LipL21 sequence from six strains of
Leptospira
revealed 96 to 100% identity. When specific polyclonal antisera to recombinant LipL21 were used, LipL21 was isolated together with other known leptospiral OMPs by both Triton X-114 extraction and sucrose density gradient membrane fractionation. All nine strains of pathogenic leptospires investigated by Western blotting, whether culture attenuated or virulent, were found to express LipL21. In contrast, the expression of LipL21 or an antigenically related protein could not be detected in nonpathogenic
L. biflexa
. Infected hamster sera and two of eight human leptospirosis sera tested were found to react with recombinant LipL21. Native LipL21 was found to incorporate tritiated palmitic acid, consistent with the prediction of a lipoprotein signal peptidase cleavage site. Biotinylation of the leptospiral surface resulted in selective labeling of LipL21 and the previously known OMPs LipL32 and LipL41. These findings show that LipL21 is a surface-exposed, abundant outer membrane lipoprotein that is expressed during infection and conserved among pathogenic
Leptospira
species.
Modulation of Intestinal Muscle Contraction by Interleukin-9 (IL-9) or IL-9 Neutralization: Correlation with Worm Expulsion in Murine Nematode Infections
Authors: Khan W. I. , Richard M. , Akiho H. , Blennerhasset P. A. , Humphreys N. E. , Grencis R. K. , Van Snick J. , Collins S. M. 
Published: April 2003

ABSTRACT

Immune responses associated with intestinal nematode infections are characterized by the activation of T-helper 2 (Th2) cells. Previous studies demonstrated that during
Trichinella spiralis
infection, Th2 cells contribute to the development of intestinal muscle hypercontractility and to worm eviction from the gut, in part through signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 6 (Stat6). Interleukin-9 (IL-9), a Th2-cell-derived cytokine, has pleiotropic activities on various cells that are not mediated through Stat6. In this study, we investigated the role of IL-9 in the generation of enteric muscle hypercontractility in mice infected with the intestinal parasite
T. spiralis
and the cecal parasite
Trichuris muris
. Treatment of mice with IL-9 enhanced infection-induced jejunal muscle hypercontractility and accelerated worm expulsion in
T. spiralis
infection. These effects were associated with an up-regulation of IL-4 and IL-13 production from in vitro-stimulated spleen cells. In addition, increases in the level of intestinal goblet cells and in the level of mouse mucosal mast cell protease 1 (MMCP-1) in serum were observed in infected mice following IL-9 administration. However, the neutralization of IL-9 by anti-IL-9 vaccination or by anti-IL-9 antibody had no significant effect on worm expulsion or muscle contraction in
T. spiralis
-infected mice. In contrast, the neutralization of IL-9 significantly attenuated
T. muris
infection-induced colonic muscle hypercontractility and inhibited worm expulsion. The attenuated expulsion of the parasite by IL-9 neutralization was not accompanied by changes in goblet cell hyperplasia or the MMCP-1 level. These findings suggest that IL-9 contributes to intestinal muscle function and to host protective immunity and that its importance and contribution may differ depending on the type of nematode infection.