bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The comparative ultrastructure of the epididymis in monkeys and man: A search for a suitable animal model for studying epididymal physiology in primates
Authors: Moore H. D. M. , Pryor J. P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo assess both the need and potential of different primates for studying human epididymal function, the ultrastructure of the epididymis in several New and Old World monkeys has been compared with that of man. Sexually mature monkeys of six species were used; three talapoin monkeys, two pig‐tail macaques, one patas monkey, one capuchin, one spider monkey, and four common marmosets. Samples of human epididymis were obtained from men undergoing vasectomy. Tissue was examined by light and electron microscopy and observations were quantified using image analysis.The primate epididymis displayed several ultrastructural features not observed in other mammals. These included the presence of small membrane‐bound granules in the infranuclear cytoplasm of principal cells, and a close association of blood capillaries with the basal lamina and mitochondria‐rich cells. Differences were apparent in the number and volume of organelles in principal cells from different regions of the epididymis and between species. Epididymal tissue in man showed a much greater ultrastructural diversity than that of monkeys.The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the need for an animal model for studying the primate epididymis.
Movement patterns of a group of free‐ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) and their relation to food availability
Authors: Vedder Amy L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRelationships between the movement patterns of free‐ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) and the abundance and distribution of foods in their home range were examined. During an 18‐month field study, the ranging of one group of G. gorilla beringei was recorded on a 250 × 250 m grid system, from which measurements of frequency and duration of use, travel rate, and rate of revisitation of each quadrangle by the group were derived. Food items were sampled in selected quadrangles throughout the home range and various measures of food abundance, frequency and diversity were calculated. Analyses based on both spatial and temporal variation in food availability give supporting evidence for the prediction that mountain gorilla ranging patterns are influenced by the distribution and abundance of foods. Quality of food appears to be an important factor, as shown in analyses of yearly patterns and monthly changes in ranging. The gorillas studied spent more time in the higher quality areas of their home range, responded to a correlate of decreasing food abundance by increasing their rate of travel and area used, and revisited regions more frequently when the renewal rate of foods was clearly greater. Each of their foraging tactics can be explained as serving to increase the efficiency of harvesting foods.
Growth and development of the term and premature pig‐tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina): Cardiovascular and respiratory changes during the first 3 weeks of life
Authors: Standaert T. A. , Truog W. E. , Guthrie R. D. , Murphy J. H. , LaFramboise W. A. , Palmer S. , Woodrum D. E. , Hodson W. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGrowth and development of the infant pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) over the first 3 weeks of life have been characterized by the variables of body weight, blood pressure, heart rate, ventilation, blood gas tensions, and lung mechanics. The effects of prematurity on postnatal developmental trends were assessed at gestational ages of 135–145 days (0.80 of term) and 150–155 days (0.91 of term). There was no indication that cesarean section, restraint, or instrumentation had any significant influence on the measurements. Gestational age at delivery had no effect on the minute ventilation per kilogram body weight, the hematocrit, or the heart rate; however, body weight, tidal volume, respiratory frequency, arterial gas tensions, blood pressure, and lung compliance did vary with gestational age at delivery. Postnatal maturational changes in these variables were similar between term and premature animals. The data for infant macaques and newborn humans were compared. The newborn macaque appears to be an excellent model of human developmental trends (and/or disease state) over the first 3 weeks of life, though some potentially important differences have been found.
The waning of dependence in infant free‐ranging yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) of Mikumi National Park
Authors: Rhine Ramon J. , Norton Guy W. , Westlund Bruce J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDevelopment toward independence during the early years of baboon life is reflected in the infant's transition from riding on its mother to walking on its own during progressions from one location to another. This transition was studied during the first year of life in 55 infants from two differently sized troops living in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. There was a nearly linear transition in the first year from almost 100% ventral riding to almost 100% walking. The amount of dorsal riding started near zero, reached a plateau lasting from about the 15th to the 26th wk of life, and then gradually declined to zero. Dorsal riding did not replace ventral; rather, dorsal riding increased in frequency until it occurred about as often as ventral riding. Prolonged ventral riding by infants of the smaller of the two troops may have been due to spacing differences or to greater nervousness among members of the smaller troop. There were no significant differences in riding or walking associated with the time of day or the infant's sex. The rate of transition from riding to walking was greatest from about the fifth to the seventh months, which may be especially significant time in the early development of independence.
Population recovery in the moustached tamarin (Saguinus mystax): Management strategies and mechanisms of recovery
Authors: Ramirez Marleni 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn 1978, 66% of the individuals of Saguinus mystax and 9.5% of Saguinus fuscicollis were cropped from a population at the Yarapa river, Peru. The effects of cropping on the remaining tamarin population were evaluated by conducting censuses in 1981 and 1982 and by trapping and release of Saguinus mystax in 1981. Three hundred kilometers of trail were covered in the censuses, and all the groups within the 1.9‐km2 study area were located. Within three years after cropping, the population of S. mystax had increased by 124%, more than double the size left in 1978. Increased reproductive rate, early breeding, and reduced infant mortality contributed to the recovery. On the other hand, S. fuscicollis had decreased by 12% in the three years following the cropping but had increased in the fourth year to a level slightly below the precropping density. The cropping of more S. mystax than S. fuscicollis might have contributed to the decline of the latter. The cropping of a sizable percentage of S. mystax from a natural population does not seem to impair its recuperative powers. It may take longer than four years for a population exhibiting high density, such as that at the Yarapa site, to recover completely.
Population growth of free‐ranging rhesus monkeys at Tughlaqabad
Authors: Malik Iqbal , Seth P. K. , Southwick Charles H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA population of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) at the ancient site of Tughlaqabad on the southern outskirts of New Delhi, India, showed moderate growth throughout the 1960s and 1970s and very rapid growth in the last 4 years. Between July 1980 and July 1983, the population increased 79%, from two groups of 160 monkeys to five groups of 286 monkeys, an average annual increase of 21.4%. The natality of the population has been high, averaging 82.4% over three birth seasons. Mortality and disappearance rates, especially of juveniles and adults, have been remarkably low with total annual mortality averaging only 3.7% from 1980 to 1983. We believe the striking record of population growth in this population can be attributed to total protection, abundant food, good cover, a lack of predators, a generally improving habitat, and low disease. With the right combination of ecological and behavioral factors, rhesus populations can double in four years. The Tughlaqabad population provides important guidelines for the restoration and conservation of primate populations.
Composition and variability of mountain gorilla diets in the Central Virungas
Authors: Watts David P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData are presented here on the feeding ecology of wild mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) which were observed for approximately 2,400 hours over a 17‐month period in the Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda. Aspects of the relationship between the composition, diversity, and temporal consistency of the gorillas' diet and spatial and temporal variability in food distribution patterns are described. Mountain gorillas are folivores that show considerable specialization on plant parts, species and families. This pattern is facilitated by the general richness of their habitat. Their environment is heterogeneous, and spatial variability in food distribution is more pronounced than temporal variability. The gorillas rely almost completely on perennially available foliage of herbs and vines. Their diet varies little in association with seasonal factors but varies markedly in space in association with variability in the vegetational composition of the habitat. Individuals in the main study group shared basically similar patterns of food choice. Different groups also shared a similar general pattern, although there were differences in detail that apparently resulted largely from vegetational contrasts between home ranges. The gorillas' behavioral responses to environmental complexity lend general support to recent ideas concerning the evolution of their social system.
Field notes and geographic distribution of Callithrix aurita in Eastern Brazil
Authors: Muskin Alies 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCallithrix aurita, an endangered marmoset endemic to eastern Brazil, was observed from June to October 1982. Preliminary observations suggest that behavioral and morphological differences exist which distinguish C. aurita from the common marmoset, C. jacchus. New data are provided on the geographic distribution of C. aurita, extending it northward within the known ranges of C. penicillata in the states of Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais and C. flaviceps in eastern Minas Gerais.
The influence of rank on affect perception by pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)
Authors: Capitanio John P. , Boccia Maria L. , Colaiannia Deborah J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPrevious studies of affect perception in nonhuman primates have involved young animals and/or manipulations of early experience. Based upon data suggesting that middle‐ranked monkeys in small social groups show patterns of behavior different from their low‐ or high‐ranked counterparts, the current study examined the role of social rank in affect perception by normally reared, adult female pigtailed macaques. Employing color videotapes as the presentation medium, we observed animals as they watched unfamiliar animals display social (aggressive or submissive) or nonsocial behavior. Virtually all threats were recorded as the subjects watched the submissive presentations, and most submissive signals occurred while watching aggressive behavior tapes. Middle‐ranked monkeys were most attentive during all presentations, and levels of disturbance behavior were related to rank of the watcher and type of presentation observed. The results suggest that dominance status is an influence in the process of affect perception.
Improved method for artificial insemination in the great apes
Authors: Gould Kenneth G. , Martin David E. , Warner Harold 
Published: June 2005

AbstractArtificial insemination in the great apes has not achieved its potential as a tool in maintenance of the endangered captive population. Three factors can influence the success rate of artificial insemination: sperm preparation, site of insemination, and timing of insemination. We have tried to optimize methods regarding these three steps. A modified method for insemination is described which has resulted in a 21% success rate (six term pregnancies from 29 inseminations) in the chimpanzee and which has successfully initiated a pregnancy in a gorilla.
Subadult male orangutan sociality and reproductive behavior at Tanjung Puting
Authors: Galdikas Biruté M. F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDuring a four‐year period at Tanjung Puting Reserve, Central Indonesian Borneo, subadult males were observed for 670.5 observation hours, 463 hours of which were as focal individuals. Subadult males were quite gregarious, participating in groupings for 40.9% of the time they were observed as targets. Subadult male sociality centered around females; 83% of the time subadult males spent in groupings was exclusively with females, as compared to 3% of contact time spent exclusively with other males. Much subadult male sociality can be understood in terms of male‐male competition for females. Interactions between adult and subadult males were almost entirely determined by the presence or absence of females. Adult males were more belligerent when females were present. Twenty‐two copulations or attempted copulations occurred during 16 subadult male‐female encounters, two of which were consortships. The majority of subadult male copulations (86%) were resisted matings. Outside of consortship, resisted matings (or the first in a series of resisted matings or attempts) usually took place at encounter or shortly thereafter. Subadult males also surreptitiously followed adult males and their consorts. Subadults frequently located receptive females before adult males did but were replaced by adult males when these appeared. Subadult male reproductive strategy consisted of both sneak/“rape” and consort tactics with sneak/“rape” predominating.
Contiguous distribution of two species of Cebus monkeys in El Tuparro National Park, Colombia
Authors: Defler Thomas R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe geographic distribution of two congeneric monkeys (Cebus albifronsandC. apella) was studied in El Tuparro National Park in the llanos of eastern Colombia. Extensive trips were undertaken by land and river to collect 268 precisely located groups of these two species. The distributions of these monkeys were generally mutually exclusive and parapatric, contrasting with their known sympatry in closed‐canopy rainforest farther to the south. The replacement of one species by the other was abrupt along the northern water courses in the park; however, the two species' ranges partially overlapped and contained islands of sympatry towards the southern parts of the park, where forests are more extensive. Along the rivers,C. albifronswas found in seasonally inundated forests and woodlands that were seldom entered byC. apella. Such inundatable vegetation was extensive in downriver sites in the typically flat llanos geography of this part of Colombia. Although some differential use of habitat was demonstrated, many forests containing the two species seemed essentially identical so that historical precedence, competition, or both may also be posited to partially explain the distributions, although this remains to be demonstrated.
Factors associated with birth rate and live birth rate in multi‐male breeding groups of rhesus monkeys
Authors: Casebolt Donald B. , Henrickson Roy V. , Hird David W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractReproductive records of 284 female rhesus monkeys housed in six multimale corrals at the California Primate Research Center were examined for the birth seasons 1977–1982 to determine possible associations between the probability of birth or live birth and female age, parity, origin, parturition in the previous season, infant birth date, and infant birth date in previous season. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify and quantitate the effects of factors on the probability of birth or live birth, while controlling for the possibly confounding effects of other factors in the model. Females who had infants early in the previous season were 2.5 times as likely to give birth as those who had infants late in the previous season. Females with two or three previous births were 2.1 times as likely to give birth, and those with four or five previous births were 6.7 times as likely to give birth as were females with no or one previous birth. Controlling for other factors (age, parity, and timing of birth in the previous season), corralborn females were 3.3 times as likely to give birth as either wild‐caught or domestic‐born monkeys not native to the corrals. Domestic‐born females who were not corral natives were 0.3 times as likely to have live births as wild‐caught females. Births late in the season were 1.8 times as likely to result in live infants as births early in the season.
Circadian rhythms in body temperature of the pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) exposed to different ambient temperatures
Authors: Wurster Ellen C. , Murrish David E. , Sulzman Frank M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe body and leg skin temperatures of five pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were measured at various ambient air temperatures ranging from 22 to 32°C over 24‐h periods. The rhythm in core body temperature persisted in all ambient air temperatures, and the rhythm in leg skin temperature was suppressed at the higher and lower ambient temperatures. This suggests that at the upper and lower regions of the thermoneutral zone, either a rhythm in heat production or a heat loss rhythm other than leg skin temperature is regulating the core body temperature rhythm. It was also found that the mean colonic temperature increased linearly with an increase in ambient temperature and that a phase relationship existed between ambient temperature and colonic temperature. In addition, as the ambient temperature increased, additional sites along the distal portion of the leg were recruited for vasomotor heat loss.
Maternal recognition of individual infant squirrel monkeys from isolation call playbacks
Authors: Symmes D. , Biben M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractResponses of six squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) mothers to playback of a single call type, the “isolation peep,” made by their own infants were tested after mothers and infants had been separated for more than a week. The playback tapes were edited from tapes containing mixed vocal material recorded when infants and mothers could see but not touch each other. Mothers showed recognition of their own infants compared to other familiar infants by increases in four measures of proximity to the speaker. These data provide evidence that maternal recognition of infants by means of acoustic cues is possible when the test stimuli consist of examples of a single call type with demonstrated individuality.
Tool use by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to obtain termites (Macrotermes herus) in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania
Authors: McGrew W. C. , Collins D. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) used probes made of vegetation to fish for termites (Macrotermes herus) in the Mahale Mountains of western Tanzania. Data on both the artefacts and behavior associated with their use were recorded over a 5‐month period. The chimpanzees of one unit group, B Group, were seen four times to use the tools to extract the insects from their mounds. A sample of 290 tools was collected and analyzed in terms of age, seasonality, length, width, class of raw materials, species, methods of making, extent of use, and damage incurred through use. There were differences across groups in tool use in feeding on termites; some could be related to biotic factors, but others appeared to be cultural differences.
The formal hierarchy of rhesus macaques: An investigation of the bared‐teeth display
Authors: de Waal Frans B. M. , Luttrell Lesleigh M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTeeth‐baring in a large captive rhesus monkey group (Macaca mulatta) was observed over a 30‐month period. Its directional consistency among adults was significantly higher than that of aggression. The unidirectionality was so extreme that the facial display must be seen as a formal status indicator; ie, a signal of which the direction is independent of short‐term contextual variation. As such, it seems adapted for communication about the state of the relationship. Formal dominance relationships among adults could be arranged in a hierarchy which approached perfect linearity. Focal observations demonstrated that teeth‐baring was associated with withdrawal. It was uncommon among foraging monkeys, perhaps because dominant animals paid less attention to their subordinates in this context. The speed of rank acquisition by young females, in terms of received teeth‐baring, was highest among peers and lowest against the group's old matriarchs. The age at which dominance over unrelated adult females was achieved correlated negatively with the amount of affiliative contact with these females. This translates into a positive correlation between bonding and rank establishment, indicating that dominance processes may be indistinguishable from social integration.
Orangutan sociality at Tanjung Puting
Authors: Galdikas Biruté M. F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDuring a four‐year period, more than 6,800 hours of observation were collected on 58 individually recognized wild orangutans in a 35‐km2study area at the Tanjung Puting Reserve, Kalimantan Tengah (Central Indonesian Borneo). As in other areas, although small temporary associations of orangutans recurred, the basic units of populations consisted of (1) adult males, (2) adult females with one or two dependent offspring, and (3) independent immatures (adolescent males and females and subadult males) with units predominantly solitary. However, independent immatures were more gregarious and social than adults. Adolescent females in particular spent more time in groupings than did adult females. Although successfully consorting adult males might spend up to 22% of time observed in association with other orangutans, adult males were the least social of all age/sex classes once consortships were excluded. Ninety percent of their participation in social groupings consisted of sexual consortships. Adult males were totally intolerant of each other; only four encounters between adult males were observed. All involved avoidance or aggression, including one lengthy combat. Adult females were solitary but social and participated in a variety of groupings. However, with the exception of adult females briefly following consorting couples, nonreceptive adult females did not initiate or maintain social contact with orangutans other than adult females. Comparisons with results of studies from other areas indicate that, once samples used in each study are made explicit and aggregations owing to chance encounters at major food sources excluded, orangutan sociality seems relatively consistent over the entire range in which the species is found. Bornean orangutans are not as totally asocial as the first studies in the wild indicated. In fact, it would probably be better to characterize wild orangutans as semisolitary, rather than solitary.
Predation by squirrel monkeys and double‐toothed kites on tent‐making bats
Authors: Boinski Sue , Timm Robert M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCentral American squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedi) appear to recognize the modified leaves that phyllostomid bats utilize for diurnal roost sites. The monkeys visually and manually search these bat tents for both bats and insects. Adult males are the most successful at capturing bats. Nonvolant juvenile bats are more vulnerable to monkey predation than are adults. Bats that escape monkey predation frequently are captured by doubletoothed kites (Harpagus bidentatus) that tend foraging troops of monkeys. Predation by squirrel monkeys, coupled with that of double‐toothed kites, may be a significant source of mortality for tent‐making bats.