bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving methodological and technological analyses of adaptive switch use of individuals with profound multiple impairments
Authors: Saunders Muriel D. , Smagner John P. , Saunders Richard R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBasic response–event relations can be difficult to demonstrate with individuals with profound multiple impairments who participate in adaptive switch programs. Numerous variables that impede learning and contribute to performance variability present challenges to assessment methods. As switch use may be the only operant under stimulus control with some individuals, however, improvement in assessment methods and measurement technology is important. In three case studies, response–event relations were examined in individuals who were provided with an adaptive switch that could activate an electronic leisure device. With two individuals, evidence of learning was assessed in a novel alternating‐treatments design. Switch use was compared under conditions in which switch closures produced activation and conditions in which closures deactivated the device. With the remaining individual, the effects of momentary activation by switch closure were compared to timed activation. Data were collected with a combination of data collection technologies. Whole‐session rate and response‐duration data provided some evidence of learning in all participants. Data also were converted into within‐session cumulative graphs, which aided data interpretation. The results demonstrate advances in assessment of learning in people with profound multiple impairments. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generalization between receptive and expressive language in young children with autism
Authors: Wynn Jacqueline W. , Smith Tristram 
Published: October 2003

AbstractGeneralization between expressive and receptive language was studied in six boys with autism (chronological age 47–76 months, language age 13–42 months). Each participant received training on three or four word pairs (e.g. hot/cold). Half the pairs were taught expressively and then receptively; the other half were taught in the reverse order. Data were obtained on generalization from the trained to untrained modality, generalization errors, and between‐ and within‐subject differences. Across participants, the ‘expressive first’ condition led to cross‐modal generalization more often than the ‘receptive first’ condition. However, one child displayed the opposite pattern, and three other children's patterns varied across training stimuli. Error analyses indicated that, when children failed to demonstrate receptive‐to‐expressive generalization, they did generalize in another manner: responding based on physical resemblance between cues used in the study and those used in previous training. The results suggest ways to individualize instruction and better understand cross‐modal generalization. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of differential reinforcement and noncontingent reinforcement for the treatment of a child's multiply controlled problem behavior
Authors: Kodak Tiffany , Miltenberger Raymond G. , Romaniuk Cathryn 
Published: October 2003

AbstractNoncontingent reinforcement (NCR) and differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) with escape as the reinforcer were evaluated after an initial functional analysis indicated the problem behaviors exhibited by a 7 year old child were maintained by escape. When NCR and DRO did not decrease the problem behaviors, a second functional analysis was conducted and showed that the behaviors were maintained by attention and escape. DRO with attention and escape as reinforcers was compared to NCR with attention and escape as reinforcers for the treatment of the child's multiply controlled behavior problems. Results showed that DRO and NCR were both effective at reducing the problem behavior to low levels and increasing compliance. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of three stimulus‐equivalence testing conditions on emergent US geography relations of children diagnosed with autism
Authors: LeBlanc Linda A. , Miguel Caio F. , Cummings Anne R. , Goldsmith Tina R. , Carr James E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTwo children with autism were trained in US geography using a match to sample procedure. Different testing procedures commonly used in stimulus equivalence research were compared, including some conditions with reinforcement for responding to enhance motivation. Both children were able to master the trained geography relations and emergent stimulus relations were also noted. All three testing procedures produced similar effects, suggesting that incorporation of procedures to enhance motivation to respond does not invalidate testing in a stimulus equivalence preparation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of ATP bioluminescence to determine the bacterial sensitivity threshold to a bacteriocin
Authors: Valat Charlotte , Champiat Dominique , N'Guyen Thi Thanh Thuy , Loiseau Gérard , Raimbault Maurice , Montet Didier 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA new ATP bioluminescence‐based method was developed to determine the effectiveness of nisin on a sensitive strain of Lactococcus cremoris. The principle of the method is to quantify the release of adenylic‐nucleotides (AN) by a sensitive strain under the action of the bacteriocin, with the complex luciferin–luciferase. Nisin‐induced leakage of AN included ATP from a sensitive L. cremoris to the external medium immediately after the contact with the bacteria. The growth of L. cremoris was correlated with the extracellular AN content. The extracellular ATP and AN concentration exhibited a linear correlation to the logarithm of the nisin concentration. For the determination of the effectiveness threshold, the concentration of AN was more sensitive and more reliable than the direct quantiﬁcation of ATP. The effectiveness threshold, corresponding to a 100% inhibition of L. cremoris growth, was obtained for a null concentration of intracellular nucleotides, i.e. for a ANtot:ANext ratio = 1. For an initial concentration of 1.4 × 107 bacteria/mL, the nisin effectiveness threshold is 3.4 ± 0.01 mg nisin/L. It is possible to detect effectiveness threshold concentration by taking into account the physiological state of the cells. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetic simulation studies on the transient formation of the oxo‐iron(IV) porphyrin radical cation during the reaction of iron(III) tetrakis‐5,10,15,20‐(N‐methyl‐4‐pyridyl)‐porphyrin with hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution
Authors: Saha Tapan Kumar , Karmaker Subarna , Tamagake Keietsu 
Published: October 2003

AbstractHigh‐valent oxo‐iron(IV) species are commonly proposed as the key intermediates in the catalytic mechanisms of iron enzymes. Water‐soluble iron(III) tetrakis‐5,10,15,20‐(N‐methyl‐4‐pyridyl)porphyrin (Fe(III)TMPyP) has been used as a model of heme‐enzyme to catalyse the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) oxidation of various organic compounds. However, the mechanism of the reaction of Fe(III)TMPyP with H2O2 has not been fully established. In this study, we have explored the kinetic simulation of the reaction of Fe(III)TMPyP with H2O2 and of the catalytic reactivity of FeTMPyP in the luminescent peroxidation of luminol. According to the mechanism that has been established in this work, Fe(III)TMPyP is oxidized by H2O2 to produce (TMPyP)·+Fe(IV)=O (k1 = 4.5 × 104/mol/L/s) as a precursor of TMPyPFe(IV)=O. The intermediate, (TMPyP)·+Fe(IV)=O, represented nearly 2% of Fe(III)TMPyP but it does not accumulate in sufﬁcient concentration to be detected because its decay rate is too fast. Kinetic simulations showed that the proposed scheme is capable of reproducing the observed time courses of FeTMPyP in various oxidation states and the decay proﬁles of the luminol chemiluminescence. It also shows that (TMPyP)·+Fe(IV)=O is 100 times more reactive than TMPyPFe(IV)=O in most of the reactions. These two species are responsible for the initial sharp and the sustained luminol emissions, respectively. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of different chemilumigenic substrates for detecting extracellular generation of reactive oxygen species by phagocytes and endothelial cells
Authors: Kopprasch Stefﬁ , Pietzsch Jens , Graessler Juergen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractChemiluminescence is a widely used tool to detect extracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study we tested four different chemilumigenic substrates (CLS)—luminol, isoluminol, lucigenin and pholasin—to detect extracellular CL in different cell types: polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN); DMSO‐differentiated HL‐60 cells; murine macrophages (RAW 264.7); and TNFα‐stimulated human endothelial cells (HUVEC). Extracellular ROS production was calculated by subtracting intracellular CL response in the presence of superoxide dismutase and catalase from the overall CL response in the absence of enzymes. CL varied considerably in dependence on the CLS and the stimulus used to evoke ROS generation. Luminol (oxidized LDL and zymosan stimulation) and isoluminol (FMLP and PMA stimulation) were the most effective CLS for PMN. Using 5 µmol/L lucigenin as CLS, small but consistent CL responses could be obtained in macrophages stimulated with PMA, zymosan or oxidized LDL. FMLP‐stimulated extracellular CL in H‐60 cells, HUVEC and macrophages was detected with the greatest sensitivity by pholasin. Our results demonstrate that none of the investigated CLS consistently yielded the highest CL quantum, either in different cell types with one stimulating agent or by different stimulating agents in one cell type. To get the highest CL quantum in experimental studies, we recommend optimizing the CLS depending on the cell type and the ROS‐generating stimulus used. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The acute response of neutrophil function to a bout of judo training
Authors: Chinda Daisuke , Umeda Takashi , Shimoyama Tadashi , Kojima Arata , Tanabe Masaru , Nakaji Shigeyuki , Sugawara Kazuo 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIntensive exercise training decreases neutrophil functions in athletes. However, no studies to date have investigated the effect of irregular‐interval training, such as is associated with judo training programmes, on neutrophil functions. The purpose of this study was to examine such effects. Thirty‐seven male college judoists participated in this study. Neutrophil oxidative burst activity, phagocytic activity and expression of CD11b and CD16 per cell were measured by ﬂow cytometry before and after judo training. Total neutrophil counts increased signiﬁcantly from 2.98 ± 0.82 to 7.95 ± 1.80 × 103/µL (p < 0.001). The proportion of neutrophils producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) was increased signiﬁcantly (p < 0.001). On the other hand, the phagocytic activity decreased after training, as shown by a decrease in the amount of ingested opsonized zymosan per cell (p < 0.001), possibly as a compensatory effect for the increased numbers of ROS‐producing neutrophils. Expression of CD11b and CD16 per cell decreased by 20% and 30%, respectively, after judo training. In conclusion, judo training induced a decrease in phagocytic activity through the lowered expression of CD11b and CD16 on the surface of neutrophils, and increased the oxidative burst activity of neutrophils. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cisplatin adducts of d(CCTCTG*G*TCTCC)·d(GGAGACCAGAGG) in aqueous solution by vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy
Authors: Tsankov D. , Kalisch B. , Van De Sande J. H. , Wieser H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and IR absorption spectra of a dodecamer d(CCTCTGGTCTCC)·d(GGAGACCAGAGG) coordinated with cisplatin are distinct compared to those of the dodecamer without cisplatin. Although the intensity of PO2/deoxyribose absorptions (1150–850 cm−1) increases noticeably relative to those of the carbonyl and ring deformations of the bases (1750–1500 cm−1), the VCD spectra differ to a much greater extent. Overlapping positive and negative bands can be assigned relatively easily to individual vibrational modes. The effect of platination on the dodecamer duplex is expressed most prominently in VCD arising solely from the vibrations of the guanines bound to the platinum atom. The effect on the VCD features of other bases leads to minute wavenumber shifts at most. These observations are in agreement with previous NMR and X‐ray experiments on the same oligonucleotide. The assignment of the absorption and VCD bands strongly resembles those of the octamer duplex d(CCTGGTCC)·d(GGACCAGG) when coordinated with platinum. The spectra of the dodecamer did not indicate any isomerization of the complex with time, as is clearly the case for the octamer. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 72: 490–499, 2003
Interaction of anticancer drug cisplatin with guanine: Density functional theory and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy study
Authors: Giese Bernd , McNaughton Don 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSurface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in a silver sol assisted by density functional theory (DFT) calculations is shown to be a promising tool in the characterization of platinum complexes and their interaction with nucleic acid bases. This is demonstrated using cisplatin and guanine as a model. The energies and geometric parameters of cisplatin, guanine, and their reaction products are calculated at Becke's nonlocal three parameter exchange and correlation functional and the Lee–Yang–Parr correlation functional level using the 6‐31++G(d,p) basis set on the light elements and the effective core potential by Hay and Wadt on platinum. Available X‐ray crystallography data are mostly in agreement with predictions within the experimental precision level, although PtN bond lengths tend to be systematically overestimated. The normal Raman spectrum of cisplatin is assigned. The SERS spectra of cisplatin and its reaction product with guanine are measured from 10−6 M aqueous solution. The observed spectral changes in the SERS spectrum of guanine upon cisplatin binding are modeled by DFT calculations. The best agreement between theory and experiment is achieved when the adsorbed reaction product is assumed to be the 1:1 adduct cis‐Pt(NH3)2ClG in which Pt is bound to N7 and guanine is deprotonated at N9. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy), 2003
Conformation of α zeins in solid state by Fourier transform IR
Authors: Forato Lucimara A. , Bicudo Tatiana De C. , Colnago Luiz A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe major maize storage proteins (α zeins) are deposited as an insoluble mass in the protein bodies of the endosperm. Because they are insoluble in water, most structural studies are performed in alcohol solutions. To solve the question raised by several authors about denaturation of the α zein structure by alcohol, we analyze the secondary structure of α zeins prepared with and without solubilization in alcohol (corn gluten meal and protein bodies with high concentrations of α zeins and traces of β zeins). The secondary structures of α zeins are analyzed in the solid state by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR) in KBr pellets and solid‐state 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. The proportion of secondary structures obtained by FTIR of α zeins prepared with and without solubilization in alcohol yield almost identical proportions of α helices and β sheets. The proportion of α helices (43%) agrees with that measured by circular dichroism in an alcohol solution. However, the proportion of β sheets (28%) is higher than the one measured by the same technique. Gluten and protein body samples with high β zein content showed higher β sheet and lower α helix proportions than that obtained for α zein preparations. The solid‐state 13C‐NMR spectra show the carbonyl peak for the α zeins at δ 176 and for the sample rich in β zeins at δ 172, which demonstrates the presence of a high content of α helices and β sheets, respectively. These results indicate that alcohol solubilization does not affect the conformation of α zeins, validating the secondary structure measurements in solution. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy), 2003
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer between donor‐acceptor pair on two oligonucleotides hybridized adjacently to DNA template
Authors: Wang L. , Gaigalas A. K. , Blasic J. , Holden M. J. , Gallagher D. T. , Pires R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe use fluorescein as the energy donor and rhodamine as the acceptor to measure the efficiency of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in a set of hybridized DNA constructs. The two fluorophores are covalently attached via linkers to two separate oligonucleotides with fluorescein at the 3′ end of one oligonucleotide and rhodamine at the 5′ end or in the middle of another nucleotide. For the FRET analysis both fluorophore‐labeled oligonucleotides are hybridized to adjacent sections of the same DNA template to form a three‐component duplex with a one base gap between the two labeled oligonucleotides. A similar configuration is implemented for a quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with LightCycler technology, where a 1–5 base separation between donor and acceptor is recommended to optimize energy transfer efficiencies. Our constructs cover donor‐acceptor separations from 2 to 17 base pairs (∼10–70 Å). The results show that, when the two fluorophores are located at close distances (less than 8 base separation), FRET efficiencies are above 80%, although there may be ground‐state interactions between fluorophores when the separation is under about 6 bases. Modeling calculations are used to predict the structure of these three‐component constructs. The duplex mostly retains a normal double helical structure, although slight bending may occur near the unpaired base in the DNA template. Stable and reproducible energy transfer is also observed over the distance range investigated here in real‐time thermal cycling. The study identifies important parameters that determine FRET response in applications such as real‐time PCR. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy), 2003
Simple PbII fluorescent probe based on PbII‐catalyzed hydrolysis of phosphodiester
Authors: Sun Ming , Shangguan Dihua , Ma Huimin , Nie Lihua , Li Xiaohua , Xiong Shaoxiang , Liu Guoquan , Thiemann Wolfram 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA new fluorescent probe for PbII, p‐nitrophenyl 3H‐phenoxazin‐3‐one‐7‐yl phosphoric acid (NPPA), was designed and synthesized by linking resorufin (serving as a fluorophore and electron acceptor) to p‐nitrophenol (serving as a fluorescence quencher and electron donor) through phosphodiester bonds. When NPPA was irradiated with light, intramolecular fluorescence self‐quenching took place because of the photoinduced electron transfer from the donor to the acceptor. However, upon the addition of PbII, the phosphate ester bonds in the probe were cleaved and the fluorophore was released, accompanying the retrievement of fluorescence. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy), 2003
Pinacyanol as effective probe of fibrillar β‐amyloid peptide: Comparative study with Congo Red
Authors: Sabaté Raimon , Estelrich Joan 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe binding of pinacyanol (PIN), a cationic cyanine dye, to β‐amyloid fibrils (Aβ), which are associated with Alzheimer disease, was quantified by absorption spectrophotometry to measure the concentration of PIN bound to Aβ as a function of the Aβ concentration or by means of the separation of free PIN from bound PIN by centrifugation and subsequent analysis of the supernatant by visible‐absorption spectrophotometry. Both methods gave equivalent results. The stoichiometry of PIN binding to Aβ was 1, and the curve representing the concentration effect of Aβ on the concentration of a dye–Aβ complex showed a biphasic curve instead of the hyperbolic curve that is characteristic of weak ligand–macromolecule interactions [e.g., as shown by Congo Red (CR)]). This and the fact that a Scatchard plot could not be fitted to the experimental data suggested that PIN binds tightly to Aβ. A comparison to the interaction of CR with Aβ led us to conclude that PIN is more sensitive than CR. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy), 2003
Binding of quercetin with human serum albumin: A critical spectroscopic study
Authors: Sengupta Bidisa , Sengupta Pradeep K. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFlavonols are plant pigments that are ubiquitous in nature. Quercetin (3,3′,4′,5,7‐pentahydroxyflavone) and other related plant flavonols have come into recent prominence because of their usefulness as anticancer, antitumor, anti‐AIDS, and other important therapeutic activities of significant potency and low systemic toxicity. Quercetin is intrinsically weakly fluorescent in aqueous solution, showing an emission maximum at ∼538 nm. Upon binding to human serum albumin (HSA), quercetin undergoes dramatic enhancement in its fluorescence emission intensity, along with the appearance of dual emission behavior, consisting of normal and excited‐state proton transfer (ESPT) fluorescence. In addition, the occurrence of a third emitting species has been noted for the first time. This is attributed to a electronic ground‐state complex formed in the protein environment. High values of the fluorescence anisotropy (r) are obtained in the presence of HSA for the ESPT tautomer (r = 0.18), as well as the complex species (r = 0.37) of quercetin, indicating that the precursor ground‐state molecules for both these emitting species of quercetin molecules are located in the motionally constrained sites of HSA. The steady‐state emission data suggest that quercetin binds to two distinct sites in HSA from which the emissions from the normal tautomer and complex species take place. The preliminary results of studies on emission decay kinetics are also reported herein. Studies by far‐UV circular dichroism spectroscopy reveal that binding of quercetin induces no significant perturbation in the secondary structure of HSA. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy), 2003
Industry self‐regulation and adverse selection: a comparison across four trade association programs
Authors: Lenox Michael J. , Nash Jennifer 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn an attempt to avoid costly regulation and liability as a result of externalities, a number of trade associations have promoted industry self‐regulation – the voluntary association of firms to control their collective behavior. However, previous studies have found that, without explicit sanctions for malfeasance, such self‐regulatory programs are likely to attract more polluting firms. In this paper, we examine four environmental self‐regulatory programs in the chemical, textile, and pulp and paper industries. Using a sample of over 4000 firms within these industries, we find evidence that in at least one program more polluting firms tended to join, while in another cleaner firms were more likely to join. We propose that differences in the structure of the programs drive the appearance of this form of adverse selection. In particular, we speculate that only when self‐regulatory programs have explicit sanctions for malfeasance may they avoid adverse selection problems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.