bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Particle breakdown and rumen digestion of fresh ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) fed to cows during a restricted feeding period
Authors: Waghorn G. C. , Shelton I. D. , Thomas V. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Five rumen-fistulated cows were given freshly cut ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), on separate occasions, to compare rates of particle breakdown and aspects of rumen fermentation.2. Cattle were required to consume their daily allowance (offered ad lib.) in two 2 h feeding periods daily.3. During the first 2 h feeding period, dry matter (DM) intakes of ryegrass (4.75 kg) and lucerne (4.85 kg) were similar. Eating reduced 46% of ryegrass and 61 % of lucerne to a size able to pass a 2 mm sieve (P < 0.001). Rumen DM particles retained on the 2 and 4 mm sieves had a low probability of passage out of the rumen, and accounted for only 6 % of faecal DM with both feeds.4. Ryegrass was cleared from the rumen more slowly than lucerne. During eating, rumen DM particles which could not pass the 2 mm sieve increased from 323 to 511 g/kg for ryegrass and from 201 to 389 g/kg for lucerne. The rate of particle size reduction for lucerne stem was similar to that for ryegrass.5. When lucerne was eaten the increases in rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia concentrations were much greater than for ryegrass (P < 0.001). The proportions of plant chlorophyll released during eating were similar for both feeds (0.570 and 0.607), but 2 h after eating 22.3 g had been released from lucerne (79.1 %) compared with 15.0 g from ryegrass (63.8%). The flux of water from the rumen to the omasum was similar for ryegrass (10.2 litres/h) and lucerne (12.7 litres/h) during eating, but declined to 6.0 litres/h after eating with the lucerne diet.
Energy balance in rats given chronic hormone treatment
Authors: Woodward Christopher J. H. , Emery Peter W. 
Published: September 2005

1. Sprague–Dawley rats were given corticosterone for 4 to 14 d either by subcutaneous injection (50 mg/kg body-weight per d) or as a higher dose in the diet (1 g/kg diet). Energy balance was calculated using the comparative carcass technique.2. Corticosterone significantly suppressed growth rate by at least 50% (P< 0·001 in all experiments). The reduction in growth was more marked in males than in females.3. Hormone treatment significantly reduced metabolizable intake (kJ/d) in males but not in females. Expressed relative to either metabolic body size (kg body-weight0·75) or fat-free mass, metabolizable intake tended to be increased in the treated groups.4. Energy expenditure, calculated as the difference between metabolizable intake and gain and expressed as kJ/d, did not differ between treated and control rats. Relative to either metabolic body size or fat-free mass, expenditure was consistently increased in treated rats. This change was statistically significant in five of the eight comparisons.5. The corticosterone-treated rat is characterized by high energy intake and expenditure relative to its body size and growth rate. Alterations in the relative sizes of different lean tissues may contribute to these changes.
Effects of dietary iron deficiency and tungsten supplementation on59Fe absorption and gastricretention from59Fe compounds in rats
Authors: Shears Gillian E. , Neale R. J. , Ledward D. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. In vivo59Fe absorption from intrinsically labelled Fe-containing fractions of liver and blood were measured in rats by intragastric dosing. All rats were fed on a low-Fe diet for 3 d before dosing in order to standardize the Fe status of the intestinal mucosal cells.2. An increase in digestion time from 2 to 12 h increased59Fe absorption (P< 0.01) from all fractions except ferritin.3. Fe-deficient rats when compared with essentially Fe-replete rats showed decreased gastric retention for all fractions, but increased59Fe absorption over 2 h only from ferritin. Ferritin showed several unusual absorption characteristics.4. Dietary tungsten supplementation of Fe-deficient rats reduced the ferroxidase activity of intestinal mucosal xanthine oxidase. In addition, gastric retention and59Fe absorption (P< 0.05) from all fractions were increased.
The effect of a low-fat diet on luteal-phase prolactin and oestradiol concentrations and erythrocyte phospholipids in normal premenopausal women
Authors: Williams Christine M. , Maunder Karen , Theale D. 
Published: September 2005

1. Fifteen normal premenopausal women followed a low-fat diet for a period of 2 months.2. Daily fat intake was reduced from 81 g on their customary diet to 36 g on the low-fat diet. A significant reduction in total energy intake and an increase in the dietary polyunsaturated fat: saturated fat ratio was also observed. There was a significant decline in body-weight, percentage body fat and total serum cholesterol, but no significant change in high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol.3. Luteal-phase prolactin concentrations were not altered, but there was a significant decline in oestradiol concentrations on the low-fat diet. The proportion of erythrocyte inositol-phospholipid was increased on the low-fat diet and there was a significant increase in the 20:4ω6 (arachidonate) content of inositol-phospholipids. No significant changes in the content or fatty acid compositions of other phospholipid fractions were observed.4. Further investigation of the effect of level and type of dietary fat on the content and fatty acid composition of membrane inositol-phospholipids are required. Long-term studies investigating the response of both prolactin and oestradiol to dietary fat reduction are also warranted.
An in vitro method for studying digestion in the pig
Authors: Graham H. , Löwgren W. , Åman P. 
Published: September 2005

1. An in vitro method involving incubation of feed samples with buffered duodenal digesta for 12 h or with buffered ileal and faecal inocula for 48 h was compared with in vivo ileal or faecal apparent digestibilities in pigs.2. The five diets investigated had crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) contents from 164 to 185 g/kg, starch contents from 296 to 463 g/kg and dietary fibre contents from 176 to 347 g/kg.3. In vitro disappearances with duodenal inocula were correlated (P < 0.05) with in vivo ileal apparent digestibilities for crude protein, ash, starch, energy and dry matter, but not for dietary fibre.4. In vitro disappearances with the ileal and faecal inocula were generally correlated (P < 0.1) with in vivo faecal apparent digestibilities for dietary fibre, energy and dry matter, but not for ash or crude protein. The patterns of degradability of fibre polysaccharide residues in vitro and in vivo were also similar.5. Results indicate that this in vitro method could be used to predict the availability of starch and crude protein for digestion in the small intestine, and the degradability of dietary fibre, and thus for comparing the nutritive value of pig feeds.
Inhibitory effects of sulphur compounds, copper and tungsten on nitrate reduction by mixed rumen micro-organisms
Authors: Takahashi Junichi , Johchi Nobuyuki , Fujita Hiroshi 
Published: September 2005

1. The inhibitory effects of inorganic and organic sulphur-containing compounds, copper and tungsten on nitrate reduction by mixed rumen micro-organisms were investigated in two in vitro studies.2. Coarsely strained rumen fluid from nitrate-adapted (Expt 1) or non-adapted (Expt 2) Suffolk Down wethers maintained on lucerne (Medicago sativa) cubes was used as an inoculum. In Expt 1, anaerobic incubation was carried out for 24 h for each medium supplemented with 10 mM-sodium nitrate and the following chemicals: 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 and 10 mM-sodium sulphide, 1 and 10 mM-sodium sulphite, 1 and 10 mM-sodium sulphate, 1 and 10 mM-L-cysteine, 1 and 10 mM-DL-methionine, 1 mM-sodium tungstate and I mM-copper sulphate. In Expt 2, 1 and 10 mM-Na2S, 1 and 10 mM-L-cysteine, 1 mM-Na2WO4, and 1 mM-CuSO4were added to incubation media to test for chemical inhibition of microbial reduction of nitrate.3. In Expt 1, the amount of nitrite formed decreased with increasing concentration of sulphide-S added. The additions of L-cysteine, W and Cu suppressed nitrite formation in media from both nitrate-adapted and non-adapted sheep.4. In contrast to the effects of sulphide, L-cysteine and W counteracted, to some degree, nitrate-induced reduction of volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. Addition of Cu to the media resulted in a further depression of VFA production.
Determination of Catalytic Key Amino Acids and UDP Sugar Donor Specificity of the Cyanohydrin Glycosyltransferase UGT85B1 from Sorghum bicolor. Molecular Modeling Substantiated by Site-Specific Mutagenesis and Biochemical Analyses
Authors: Thorsøe Karina Sinding , Bak Søren , Olsen Carl Erik , Imberty Anne , Breton Christelle , Lindberg Møller Birger 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Plants produce a plethora of structurally diverse natural products. The final step in their biosynthesis is often a glycosylation step catalyzed by a family 1 glycosyltransferase (GT). In biosynthesis of the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin in Sorghum bicolor, the UDP-glucosyltransferase UGT85B1 catalyzes the conversion of p-hydroxymandelonitrile into dhurrin. A structural model of UGT85B1 was built based on hydrophobic cluster analysis and the crystal structures of two bacterial GTs, GtfA and GtfB, which each showed approximately 15% overall amino acid sequence identity to UGT85B1. The model enabled predictions about amino acid residues important for catalysis and sugar donor specificity. p-Hydroxymandelonitrile and UDP-glucose (Glc) were predicted to be positioned within hydrogen-bonding distance to a glutamic acid residue in position 410 facilitating sugar transfer. The acceptor was packed within van der Waals distance to histidine H23. Serine S391 and arginine R201 form hydrogen bonds to the pyrophosphate part of UDP-Glc and hence stabilize binding of the sugar donor. Docking of UDP sugars predicted that UDP-Glc would serve as the sole donor sugar in UGT85B1. This was substantiated by biochemical analyses. The predictive power of the model was validated by site-directed mutagenesis of selected residues and using enzyme assays. The modeling approach has provided a tool to design GTs with new desired substrate specificities for use in biotechnological applications. The modeling identified a hypervariable loop (amino acid residues 156–188) that contained a hydrophobic patch. The involvement of this loop in mediating binding of UGT85B1 to cytochromes P450, CYP79A1, and CYP71E1 within a dhurrin metabolon is discussed.
Epidermal Cell Death in Rice Is Regulated by Ethylene, Gibberellin, and Abscisic Acid
Authors: Steffens Bianka , Sauter Margret 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) of epidermal cells that cover adventitious root primordia in deepwater rice (Oryza sativa) is induced by submergence. Early suicide of epidermal cells may prevent injury to the growing root that emerges under flooding conditions. Induction of PCD is dependent on ethylene signaling and is further promoted by gibberellin (GA). Ethylene and GA act in a synergistic manner, indicating converging signaling pathways. Treatment of plants with GA alone did not promote PCD. Treatment with the GA biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol resulted in increased PCD in response to ethylene and GA presumably due to an increased sensitivity of epidermal cells to GA. Abscisic acid (ABA) was shown to efficiently delay ethylene-induced as well as GA-promoted cell death. The results point to ethylene signaling as a target of ABA inhibition of PCD. Accumulation of ethylene and GA and a decreased ABA level in the rice internode thus favor induction of epidermal cell death and ensure that PCD is initiated as an early response that precedes adventitious root growth.
Sorghum Expressed Sequence Tags Identify Signature Genes for Drought, Pathogenesis, and Skotomorphogenesis from a Milestone Set of 16,801 Unique Transcripts
Authors: Pratt Lee H. , Liang Chun , Shah Manish , Sun Feng , Wang Haiming , Reid St. Patrick , Gingle Alan R. , Paterson Andrew H. , Wing Rod , Dean Ralph , Klein Robert , Nguyen Henry T. , Ma Hong-mei , Zhao Xin , Morishige Daryl T. , Mullet John E. , Cordonnier-Pratt Marie-Michèle 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Improved knowledge of the sorghum transcriptome will enhance basic understanding of how plants respond to stresses and serve as a source of genes of value to agriculture. Toward this goal, Sorghum bicolor L. Moench cDNA libraries were prepared from light- and dark-grown seedlings, drought-stressed plants, Colletotrichum-infected seedlings and plants, ovaries, embryos, and immature panicles. Other libraries were prepared with meristems from Sorghum propinquum (Kunth) Hitchc. that had been photoperiodically induced to flower, and with rhizomes from S. propinquum and johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense L. Pers.). A total of 117,682 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were obtained representing both 3′ and 5′ sequences from about half that number of cDNA clones. A total of 16,801 unique transcripts, representing tentative UniScripts (TUs), were identified from 55,783 3′ ESTs. Of these TUs, 9,032 are represented by two or more ESTs. Collectively, these libraries were predicted to contain a total of approximately 31,000 TUs. Individual libraries, however, were predicted to contain no more than about 6,000 to 9,000, with the exception of light-grown seedlings, which yielded an estimate of close to 13,000. In addition, each library exhibits about the same level of complexity with respect to both the number of TUs preferentially expressed in that library and the frequency with which two or more ESTs is found in only that library. These results indicate that the sorghum genome is expressed in highly selective fashion in the individual organs and in response to the environmental conditions surveyed here. Close to 2,000 differentially expressed TUs were identified among the cDNA libraries examined, of which 775 were differentially expressed at a confidence level of 98%. From these 775 TUs, signature genes were identified defining drought, Colletotrichum infection, skotomorphogenesis (etiolation), ovary, immature panicle, and embryo.
Nitric Oxide Mediates the Fungal Elicitor-Induced Hypericin Production of Hypericum perforatum Cell Suspension Cultures through a Jasmonic-Acid-Dependent Signal Pathway
Authors: Xu Mao-Jun , Dong Ju-Fang , Zhu Mu-Yuan 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Fungal elicitor prepared from the cell walls of Aspergillum niger induces multiple responses of Hypericum perforatum cells, including nitric oxide (NO) generation, jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, and hypericin production. To determine the role of NO and JA in elicitor-induced hypericin production, we study the effects of NO scavenger 2- to 4-carboxyphenyl-4,4, 5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPITO), nitric oxide synthase inhibitor S,S′-1,3-phenylene-bis(1,2-ethanediyl)-bis-isothiourea, and inhibitors of the octadecanoid pathway on elicitor-induced NO generation, JA biosynthesis, and hypericin production. Pretreatment of the cells with cPITO and JA biosynthesis inhibitors suppresses not only the elicitor-induced NO generation and JA accumulation but also the elicitor-induced hypericin production, which suggests that both NO and JA are involved in elicitor-induced hypericin biosynthesis. S,S′-1,3-phenylene-bis(1,2-ethanediyl)-bis-isothiourea and cPITO inhibit both elicitor-induced NO generation and JA biosynthesis, while JA biosynthesis inhibitors do not affect the elicitor-induced NO generation, indicating that JA acts downstream of NO generation and that its biosynthesis is regulated by NO. External application of NO via its donor sodium nitroprusside induces hypericin production in the absence of fungal elicitor. Sodium-nitroprusside-induced hypericin production is blocked by JA biosynthesis inhibitors, showing that JA biosynthesis is essential for NO-induced hypericin production. The results demonstrate a causal relationship between elicitor-induced NO generation, JA biosynthesis, and hypericin production in H. perforatum cells and indicate a sequence of signaling events from NO to hypericin production, within which NO mediates the elicitor-induced hypericin biosynthesis at least partially via a JA-dependent signaling pathway.
Duodenal secretion in humans mediated by the EP4 receptor subtype
Authors: Larsen R. , Hansen M. B. , Bindslev N. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAim:  Assessment of functional EP receptor subtypes involved in PGE2‐induced secretion in human duodenum. The spectrum of activities by PGE2 in mammals, including cytoprotective bicarbonate secretion in duodenum, is mediated through four G protein‐coupled receptor subtypes (EP1–EP4).Methods:  Biopsies from the second part of duodenum from patients undergoing endoscopy were mounted in modified Ussing chambers. Basal and stimulated short circuit current (SCC) and slope conductance (SG) were measured. Dose–response relations for PGE2 and subtype receptors EP1/EP3 (sulprostone), EP2 (butaprost), and EP4 (1‐OH PGE1) were assessed by cumulated doses of single agonists.Results:  PGE2 caused a dose‐dependent increase in SCC, maximum 101 ± 20 μA cm−2 with an EC50 of 35.6 ± 5.8 nm (n = 3). Likewise 1‐OH PGE1 caused a dose‐dependent SCC increase, maximum 63.3 ± 28.6 μA cm−2 with an EC50 of 56.7 ± 7.2 nm (n = 3). 1‐OH PGE1 at 500 nm increased SCC by 18.0 ± 3.0 μA cm−2 (n = 10) and SG by 2.9 ± 0.4 mS cm−2 (n = 6). Sulprostone (n = 6) and butaprost (n = 6) had no effects on SCC or SG. SCC was inhibited 31.4 ± 13.2% (n = 10) by bumetanide (25 μm serosa) and 18.6 ± 5.8% (n = 10) by acetazolamide (250 μm lumen). Diphenylamine‐2‐carboxylate (DPC) (250 μm mucosa) and SITS (10 μm mucosa) had almost no effect.Conclusions:  Effects of PGE2 on secretion in the second part of human duodenum is mediated through the EP4 receptor and not through EP1, EP2, or EP3.
Initial anatomic investigations of the I‐gel airway: a novel supraglottic airway without inflatable cuff*
Authors: Levitan R. M. , Kinkle W. C. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThe I‐gel airway is a novel supraglottic airway that uses an anatomically designed mask made of a gel‐like thermoplastic elastomer. We studied the positioning and mechanics of this new device in 65 non‐embalmed cadavers with 73 endoscopies (eight had repeat insertion), 16 neck dissections, and six neck radiographs. A full view of the glottis (percentage of glottic opening score 100%) occurred in 44/73 insertions, whereas only 3/73 insertions had epiglottis‐only views. Including the eight repeat insertions with a different size, a glottic opening score of > 50% was obtained in all 65 cadavers. The mean percentage of glottic opening score for the 73 insertions was 82% (95% confidence interval 75–89%). In each of the neck dissections and radiographs the bowl of the device covered the laryngeal inlet. We found that the I‐gel effectively conformed to the perilaryngeal anatomy despite the lack of an inflatable cuff and it consistently achieved proper positioning for supraglottic ventilation.
Effects of music on target‐controlled infusion of propofol requirements during combined spinal‐epidural anaesthesia*
Authors: Zhang X. W. , Fan Y. , Manyande A. , Tian Y. K. , Yin P. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThe sedative effects of music were evaluated using the bispectral index (BIS) during target‐controlled infusion (TCI) propofol. A total of 110 women undergoing hysterectomy were randomly allocated to receive either music or no music. Propofol was administered using target‐controlled infusion and the concentration adjusted gradually to achieve an observer's assessment of alertness/sedation (OAA/S) score of 3 intra‐operatively. The haemodynamic and bispectral index values during the sedation phase were recorded. Interleukin‐6 was evaluated before, immediately after and 1 h following intervention. The music group had a significant reduction in mean (SD) induction time of sedation: 12 (12) min vs. 18 (12) min, p < 0.01; propofol target concentration: 1.6 (0.3) μg.ml−1 vs. 2.4 (0.4) μg.ml−1, p < 0.0001; intra‐operative amount of propofol: 171 (98) mg vs. 251 (92) mg, p < 0.0001; and significantly higher levels of satisfaction with their peri‐operative care: 9.6 (0.6) compared to the control group: 8.1 (1.0), p < 0.0001. No other differences were found. The results show the influence of music on the induction time of sedation, concentration and level of propofol during surgery, and suggest sedative benefits of music.
Percutaneous cervical pharyngostomy: a traditional technique revisited
Authors: Jones T. M. , Bodenham A. R. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryEnteral tube feeding is widely used in intensive care units, high dependency units and general wards. In some patients, an adequate intake is not maintained because patients cannot tolerate the tube. Insertion of an enteral feeding tube via a pharyngostomy is simple and potentially more easily tolerated. We describe our experience with three critically ill patients, using disposable vascular access equipment and a dilational technique. All three patients received markedly increased nutrition, but one patient suffered haemorrhagic complications.
Hyperprolactinaemia in 271 women: up to three decades of clinical follow‐up
Authors: Berinder Katarina , Stackenäs Ingela , Akre Olof , Hirschberg Angelica Lindén , Hulting Anna‐Lena 
Published: September 2005

SummaryObjective  To characterize women with hyperprolactinaemia at diagnosis and to assess the effect of treatment after long duration of the disease.Design  Retrospective chart review.Patients and measurements  Two hundred and seventy‐one women with hyperprolactinaemia at the Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden between 1974 and 2002 were evaluated retrospectively. Criterion for inclusion was elevated S‐PRL (≥ 20 µg/l) found on at least two occasions. Secondary hyperprolactinaemia was excluded. The patients were followed for a median time period of 111 (6–348) months. Two hundred and forty patients were treated with dopamine agonists, 17 underwent surgery, seven received radiotherapy and seven were followed without treatment.Results  Mean age at diagnosis was 31 (± 9·5) years and median PRL level was 72 (25–3500) µg/l. Menstrual disturbances were present in 87% of the women of reproductive age and 47% had galactorrhoea. Microadenomas were found in 63%, macroadenomas in 8% and idiopathic hyperprolactinaemia in 29%. Patients with menstrual disturbances had higher PRL levels than women with normal menstrual function (P < 0·001). We found no differences in PRL levels between patients with or without galactorrhoea (P = 0·578). At the end of clinical follow‐up, menstrual cycle was normalized in 94% and galactorrhoea disappeared in 94%. In the medically treated patients, median PRL levels decreased from 70 (25–3100) to 13 (0–89) µg/l, (P < 0·0001). Normalization of PRL level was achieved in 71% of the patients and 80% showed a total or partial degree of tumour shrinkage. In the surgically treated patients, 53% had normal PRL levels without medication at follow‐up.Conclusion  Medical treatment was effective in correcting hypogonadism, normalizing PRL levels and reducing tumour size in the majority of the patients after short‐term treatment and also in the long run. However, the possibility of transsphenoidal surgery in specific cases must be considered.