bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurogenesis and its links to brain development, developmental therapeutics, and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including HIV-1-associated dementia
Authors: Zheng Jialin , Peng Hui , Rose, Jeremy , Herek Shelley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Past studies have supported the concept that the adult mammalian brain is incapable of regeneration. Indeed, neurons are terminally differentiated cells incapable of mitosis and, until recently, a compensatory production of neural cells following brain injury was not recognized (Korr 1980; Sturrock 1982). However, research performed in the past decade unequivocally demonstrates that the adult human brain contains populations of dormant and proliferating late neural progenitor cells (NPC; Carpenter et al. 1999; Eriksson et al. 1998; Gould et al. 1998, 1999b; Kaplan and Bell 1984; Kirschenbaum and Goldman 1995; Palmer et al. 1997; Seri et al. 2001; Shimazaki et al. 2001; Shingo et al. 2001; Uchida et al. 2000; Weiss et al. 1996).
Laboratory model systems of drug abuse and their relevance to HIV infection and dementia
Authors: Rogers Thomas J , Bednar Filip , Kaminsky David E , Davey Penelope C , Jr, Joseph J Meissler , Eisenstein Toby K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One-third of HIV-infected individuals in the United States are intravenous drug abusers (IVDUs; Center for Disease Control and Prevention 1996). The staggering intersection of these two afflictions implies causality. Higher rates of HIV in IVDUs could be due to increased exposure. In fact, transmission of HIV by contaminated needles is, undoubtedly, a major mode of infection in the drug-abusing population, as strategies to reduce needle sharing and to encourage disinfection if sharing occurs reduce risk of infection (Chaisson et al. 1987; Des Jarlais et al. 1988; Friedland et al. 1985; McCoy et al. 1998). High-risk sexual behavior that is associated with drug use also correlates with HIV infection, probably due to greater risk of exposure to the virus. However, there are other hypotheses for how drugs of abuse might lead to increased rates of HIV infection.
Coping with depression
Authors: Kendrick Sebron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My name is Sebron Kendrick. I earned a Masters of Science with a concentration in Art from Illinois State University in 1990. I am an artist, a painter and a good one at that. I say that not in a boastful way. In fact, most of the people who know me will tell you that I am a very modest fellow. It is necessary to make you see just how important art is to me to get you to see how utterly devastating depression can be. Art is my first love; it is part of my very fiber. I have devoted most of my life to studying and making art.
Brain pathology in HIV-1-infected drug abusers
Authors: Bell Jeanne E , Gray Françoise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) first came to world attention in the early 1980s as a fatal immunosuppressive disorder affecting young homosexual men, a similar epidemic was in fact emerging simultaneously amongst injecting drug users. It was soon evident that this novel disease had profound effects not only on the immune system but also on the nervous system in that cognitive impairment amounting to frank dementia proved common in infected patients. That this was not due simply to opportunistic conditions of the central nervous system (CNS) resulting from the profound immune deficiency was established in 1983–84 (Snider et al. 1983; Welch et al. 1984; Moskowitz et al. 1984).
The neuropathology of HIV-related neuropathies
Authors: Brew Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neuropathology of HIV-related neuropathies is complex and diverse. This review will firstly discuss a general conceptual framework for understanding the neuropathies and then delineate each using an etiological classification. The previous chapters have discussed the possible etiological agents for each of the limited patterns of clinical presentation, so this approach should be ‘user-friendly’. The general conceptual framework that should be applied to this topic is discussed in detail elsewhere (Brew 2001). In brief, it consists of a set of principles that apply to all the neurological complications of HIV disease, with the exception of the final principle. Here their specific relevance to the neuropathology of the neuropathies will be emphasized.
Compartmentalization of HIV infection in the central nervous system
Authors: Hung Chi , Ellis Ronald J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most research on HIV infection in the central nervous system (CNS) deals with the manifestations and mechanisms of AIDS-related neurological diseases. A less well-recognized, but no less compelling rationale for studying the CNS is to evaluate its unique role as a host tissue for HIV infection. The term ‘compartmentalization’ that has arisen to describe this role has been used with several different meanings. Three of these will be considered here. Compartmentalization of infection refers to the notion that ongoing cycles of viral replication in the CNS are autonomous, in that they do not require continuing re-introduction of virus from other sources. This implies that viral evolution may occur along independent lines in the CNS.
Tiling the plane with one tile
Authors: Giral’Lt-Beauquier D , Nivat M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tiling the plane is a very old activity of mankind. Grunbaum and Shep herd (1986) give many beautiful examples of decorative tilings belonging to nearly all ancient civilizations. Most decorative tilings are those we call periodic, which means that they are invariant by two independent trans lations.
Mathematical Logic and the Origin of Modern Computers*
Authors: Davis Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The very word computer immediately suggests one of the main uses of these remarkable devices: an instrument of calculation. But it is a matter of widespread experience that modern computers can be used for many purposes having no evident connection with numerical computation. The main thesis of this article is that the source of this generalized conception of the scope of computers is to be found in the vision of a computer as an engine of logic implicit in the abstract theory of computation developed by mathematical logicians.
Language and Computations
Authors: Fenstad Jens Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
C.P. Snow, the physicist and the novelist, on one occasion claimed that P.A. Dirac and F. Crick were the two greatest Englishmen of their generation. Even if he spoke at a banquet celebrating the 70th birthday of Dirac, Snow may be right. This I will not dispute, but I would like to add one more name to this duo of eminent Cambridge men –Alan Turing. Physics aiming at understanding the natural world is well represented by Dirac, the life sciences is equally well represented by Crick. And the name of Turing has increasingly become a symbol of the new science of computation and communication, whether it be in “natural” or “artificial” systems.
Beyond the Turing Machine
Authors: Hasslacher Brosi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Byzantine complexity, seen in the physical world, contains archetypical features which surface in many disciplines in disguised form –a reflection of the same phenomena in different mirrors. I have extracted those concepts with a rich and natural connection among them and which I think important for designing new kinds of computing strategies for the complexity problem. Many of these ideas go back to von Neumann, but somewhere we dropped the thread in the so-called supercomputer era. Making sense out of extraordinary self organizing complexity belongs to the most difficult problems of this century. Without new kinds of computation models we have no hope of solving it. We must depend on our analytic skills and on our computing machines to act as eyes on this new world. These remarks are about those machines and our interaction with them.
The Landscape of Deduction
Authors: Benthem Johan van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent logical research is showing an increasing sensitivity to the existence of what may be called different ‘styles of deduction’, organized in logical proof calculi that may vary even in the basic structural rules governing their general handling of premises and conclusions. Standard structural rules, such as Monotonicity, Contraction, Cut or Permutation, may be either lost completely in the process, or be modified to subtler variants (such as ‘leftward’ or ‘cautious’ forms of Monotonicity). Any system of structural rules may be seen as characteristic of a certain deductive style: ‘classical’, ‘relevant’, ‘dynamic’, or ‘categorial’. In general, these styles will be more sensitive to the syntactic presentation of premises, whose ordering and multiplicity become crucial: most inference is ‘occurrence-oriented’. Starting from different motivations, students of categorial logic, relevance logic and linear logic have been exploring this space of possibilities, using various formats, including Hilbert-style axiomatic systems and Gentzen-style calculi of sequents (cf. [Lambek 1958], [Dunn 1985], [Girard 1987], [van Benthem 1991]). In particular, the latter format seems to be gaining the upper hand these days as a natural form of organization, bringing out what are perceived to be the major options in choosing one inferential style or another. There are also other research lines, however, which tend in the same direction, such as the current work on varieties of inference in artificial intelligence and their logical properties (cf. [Makinson 1991]), which has brought in ‘preferential’ or ‘default’ styles of heuristic reasoning, again with a spectrum of different structural rules.
Type-Theoretical Grammar
Authors: Ranta Aarne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Constructive type theory was first presented in 1970, by the Swedish logician Per Martin-Lof. It has become one of the main approaches in the foundations of mathematics and computer science. But it has remained relatively unknown among linguists and philosophers, although it provides a comsiderable extension of the concepts and techniques of logic. The book contains an introduction to type theory from the point of view of linguistics and the philosophy of language. Type theory is then applied in the areas of quantification, anaphora, temporal reference, and the structure of text and discourse. In virtue of the type theoretical concepts of proof object and context, various phenomena of dependence and progression in language can be discussed in precise terms, and several well-known problems can be solved.
The making of an aquifer
Authors: Downing R A , Price M , Jones G P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some 100 million years ago, in the period of geological time known as the Late Cretaceous, the area that now surrounds the North Sea lay about 10° further south in the latitude of the present north coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The average temperature was about 20°C and sea level was probably several hundred metres higher than today. Only the highest parts of the ancient massifs remained as land. These had low relief and, as the climate was arid, little erosion was taking place and the limited detritus was deposited close to the shoreline. In the warm waters of this sea, over a period of about 35 million years, a soft white ooze formed from the accumulation of the skeletal plates of microscopic planktonic algae, and this ooze became the limestone known today as chalk, and which makes up the lithostratigraphic unit called the Chalk. Although it formed over much of what is today northern Europe, as well as over parts of North America and Asia, this book is concerned only with the Chalk deposited in and around the present North Sea Basin, during Upper Cretaceous and Lower Palaeocene (Danian) times.
An aquifer at risk
Authors: Downing R A , Price M , Jones G P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A glance at an atlas of North-west Europe reveals the strong negative correlation between annual precipitation and population density. This is particularly evident in areas such as the Netherlands, south-east England, and the Paris Basin. The high demand for water in these densely populated and often highly developed areas is met largely from groundwater and frequently from the Chalk, which currently provides water supplies totalling almost 8.5 × 106m3 d−1. The chalk is a considerable economic asset to North-west Europe in other ways.
Cainozoic and Mesozoic oil and gas-bearing basins: northern region
Authors: Hutchison Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In my earlier volume (Hutchison, 1989a, p. 63) it seemed desirable to have a system of basin classification which incorporates the terminologies of plate tectonics. With the benefits of hindsight, I now believe that all attempts at classification of South-East Asian basins (Fig. 2.1), including my own (Hutchison, 1989a) have failed. The fitting of geological details into various favoured models has been contrived and attempts at relating the stress fields of the faulting patterns (e.g. Wood, 1985) and basin shapes to the active plate margins have been unsuccessful. The fore-arc category alone remains viable, but only where the plate margin has not been reorganized throughout the basin evolution, e.g. Sibolga, Bengkalis and South Java. All others, i.e. the ‘back-arc’ basins, remain genetically enigmatic and defy meaningful plate tectonic classification.
Cainozoic oil and gas-bearing basins related to the Sarawak and Sabah Orogenies
Authors: Hutchison Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many misconceptions are to be found in the literature regarding the ‘Rajang Accretionary Prism’ and orogenic events in Sarawak, Kalimantan and Sabah. Therefore it is necessary to review the data before describing the related Cainozoic basins. The following discussion is mostly based on Hutchison (1996). The basins occupy the northern coastal zone and offshore Borneo, the low elevation area between the Sarawak Border with Kalimantan and the Schwaner Mountains, and the eastern part of Sabah.
Mineralization associated with ophiolite
Authors: Hutchison Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The exact definition of ophiolite was formalized by Anonymous (1972) and has generally been followed since. Ophiolite is a distinctive assemblage of mafic to ultramafic rocks. In a completely developed ophiolite the rock types occur in the following sequence: The most common occurrence of ophiolite is along the margins of marginal basins, where the obducted ophio1ite has not yet been compressed into an orogenic sumre zone. Notable examples occur in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia and Sabah. Within the continental sector of SE Asia known as Sundaland, ophiolites are more restricted, more dismembered and incomplete (Hutchison. 1975) and confined to narrow suture zones between different continental lithospheric terrains.
Non-volcanic epithermal deposits
Authors: Hutchison Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stibnite, stibnite-gold, and stibnite-gold-scheelite mineralization is confined to the Sundaland continental cratonic core area of SE Asia. This gold association .is distinctly different from the gold-silver-telluride association of the Cainozoic volcanic arcs. By contrast it is confined to areas of continental crust characterized by high level granite, granodiorite and diorite plutons, which may have provided the heat source to mobilize the metals from the old continental crustal infrastructure. Volcanic activity is lacking. There is commonly an important mercury association (Figs 9.1. and 10.1). The major gold-bearing quartz vein mineralization style has no volcanic association and occurs notably in metapelite and carbonate country rocks. Although this mineralization association overlaps the tin belts on a regional scale, it is separate, unrelated to and younger than the tin-bearing granites. The extensive Cainozoic fracture system of Sundaland, combined with the high regional geothermal gradients, have facilitated the low temperature mobilization of the metals.
The planting of Taid’s wood
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As already mentioned, when we bought the wood in April 1985, 1.6 hectares, or nearly 4 acres, beside the railway were not ours to use. On this land the mix of larches and other conifers, sycamore, and oak trees had not been felled during the war because it was younger than the rest of the original planting. At least, so we surmised, concluding that the trees had probably been planted around 1910 rather than 1895, our estimate for the rest of the wood.
The half-past-two roe deer
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During visits to check the new planting in the summer of 1987, roe deer were frequently sighted. Only after several visits did it register that each time it was the same graceful creature that was disturbed from its early afternoon browsing, and in almost exactly the same place. For several weekends and occasionally in mid-week, the deer and I would keep this 2.30 appointment, though I was the one who usually failed to turn up. Perhaps the quiet of the wood and lack of human intrusion helps explain its clock-like regularity, but roe are renowned for good time-keeping as they work their territory.
From Kiev To Muscovy The Beginnings TO 1450
Authors: Martin Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The formative centuries of the Russian state are perhaps best divided into three main periods: the era of Kievan Rus from its roots in the ninth century to the Mongol invasion of 1237–40; a century of ‘Mongol dominance’ from 1240 to c.1340, during which Kievan traditions and structures lost their potency and the Rus principalities adapted to Mongol or Tatar suzerainty; and the period from c.1340 to the mid-fifteenth century, when the foundations of the new state of Muscovy were laid.
The Petrine Era And After 1689–1740
Authors: Alexander John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peter I is associated with many ‘firsts’ in Russian history. He was the first legitimate Muscovite ruler to have that name in Russian and European languages (Piter in Dutch), the first to use a Roman numeral after his name, the first to travel incessantly by land and water and to venture abroad, the first to be titled emperor and ‘the Great, Most Wise Father of the Fatherland’, the first to inspire radical change in diverse spheres of activity, the first to found urban sites sharing his name, the first to be buried in St Petersburg, and the first to imprint his name on an entire era encompassing the birth of modern Russia in an expanded, European context.
Pre -Reform Russia 1801–1855
Authors: Ransel David l. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the murder of Tsar Paul in 1801 brought instant relief to the political élite of Russia, it did not have the same healthy effect on the new ruler, Alexander I, son of the murdered tsar. Alexander was himself a conspirator, for he had authorized the overthrow of his father, if not his assassination, and the new tsar initially expressed despair about the killing, feelings of incompetence about ruling, and stark fear that he too might be killed.
Reform And Counter Reform 1855–1890
Authors: Freeze Gregory L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The period 1855–90 marks Russia’s transition from counter-revolution to revolution—from the ‘Gendarme of Europe’ to the bastion of revolutionary forces. That transition reflected the profound impact of the ‘Great Reforms’, which brought not only far-reaching changes (the emancipation of serfs and a host of other Westernizing, modernizing reforms), but also a new kind of politics and relationship between state and society.
The New Economic Policy (NEP ) And The Revolutionary Experiment 1921–1929
Authors: Husband William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once the Bolsheviks had consolidated their victory in the Russian civil war, the revolutionary experiment in socialism could begin in earnest. The defeat of principal military enemies in conjunction with the use of mass mobilization and repressive force seriously impaired those rivals not completely driven from the political arena. By that time, the Bolsheviks had already undertaken a broad programme of social and economic change.
Verbal Nouns
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introductory. The principal suffixes which make verbal nouns are: -mek, -meklik, -me, and -iŞ. Primarily, -mek denotes pure undefined action, -meklik the fact of action, -me the action or result of action, -iŞ the manner of action; there is, however, a certain blurring of the boundaries of their functions.
-mek. This is usually termed the suffix of the infinitive (cf. VIII, I). It has two peculiarities: it never takes the personal suffixes or the suffix of the genitive case. The other cases are in full use.
Gerunds
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introductory. This chapter deals with the many adverbial forms of the verb. The term ‘gerunds’ has been chosen from among the several terms in use, which include ‘deverbal adverbs’, ‘adverbials’, ‘gerundives’, ‘gerundia’, and ‘converbs’, as it has the merit of brevity. Those who are familiar with the gerund in Latin, however, will find little in common between it and most of the forms here described. Indeed, the only point of approach is that one sense of the adverbial form of the verb -erek, ‘by doing’, is like that of the ablative case of the Latin gerund, e.g. faciendo. The forms treated in §§ 2–12 are made by adding suffixes to verb-stems, with the usual y as buffer where necessary and the usual fluctuation of usage about the narrowing or otherwise of a preceding vowel; e.g. anla-with the suffix -erek may be found spelled as anlayarak or anlyarak.
Adjectival Phrases and Participial Qualifiers
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. The basibozuk The basbozuk construction. This type of qualifier derives from a statement whose subject is an izafet group: Şu adam-n baŞ- bozuk ‘that man’s head is deranged’. The words baŞ bozuk ‘his head deranged’ can be used to qualify adam by placing them before it: baŞ bozuk adam ‘the hishead-deranged man, the man whose head is deranged’. Now when a sentence whose verb is not simply ‘is’ (as it is in baŞ bozuk(tur)) is made into a qualifier, the verb becomes the corresponding participle; thus to make a qualifier out of Üniversitede hukuk okuyor ‘she is reading law at the University’ we substitute for the present tense okuyor the present participle okuyan: Üniversitede hukuk okuyan kz ‘the girl who is reading law . . . ‘. But this construction offers further possibilities.
Asyndetic Subordination
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as co-ordination can be expressed asyndetically, i.e. with no conjunction (cf. XIII, 1), so subordination may be expressed with no visible subordinating link.
With verbs of thinking and perceiving: vagonu doldu sanarak baŞka yere gidecekler (Resąt Nuri) ‘thinking the compartment full, they will go elsewhere’. sanmak ‘to think’ regularly has two objects, e.g. seni arkadaŞ sanyordum ‘I used to think you ⟨a⟩ friend’. The second object here is the finite verb doldu ‘has become full’. zihni gayriihtiyarî bir hayal yapt; bir lâhza yumurcağ yatağnda sapsar yatyor gördü (idem) ‘her mind involuntarily created a vision; for an instant she saw the awful child lying deathly pale in his bed’.