bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compounding the Combustion Engine
Authors: Sperry Elmer A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
To engineers versed in the problems of selecting and designing prime movers, the advantages of the compound combustion engine are readily apparent. It is light compared with the normal Diesel, being in special cases less than one-tenth, and in some instances less than one-twentieth, the weight for the same output. Its mechanical efficiency is extremely high, and a distinct gain in overall efficiency from fuel to shaft has been made, as well as a very definite gain in simplicity, direct performance and smoothness of the crankshaft diagram. This has been achieved while adhering to the best practice, namely, four-cycle operation.
This paper presents the results of research by the author extending over a series of years, during which not only has the high-pressure principle been thoroughly established, but all the important requirements have been worked out, and finally an engine embodying practically all the advantages has been subjected to long continuous runs.
It is the author’s belief that the results here announced for the first time warrant the prediction that engines employing the multi-stage or compound principle will at no distant date occupy a dignified place in the combustion-engine art. If this principle should assume leadership, it will of course only be because of its demonstrated practical usefulness and general merit. At present these appear to be of such magnitude as to at least insure wide adoption.
Commercial Operation of Airplanes
Authors: Lent L. B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In order that those interested in the operation of airplanes for commercial use may have an idea of what may be expected of a properly organized and operated service, the author presents in this paper an analysis of the record of the Air Mail Service of the United States Post Office Department for the period October 1, 1920–September 15, 1921. The operating record, the cost of operation, and the life and maintenance of planes and of engines give a basis upon which the author points out possible improvements, the most important in present practice being the use of efficient commercial planes equipped with a thoroughly reliable power plant. In regard to cost of operation the author states that the total operating cost should not exceed seventy cents per plane-mile for single-engine planes of not over 400 hp.
A Study of the Elastic Properties of Small-Size Wire Cable
Authors: Moore R. R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In aircraft work use is made of several varieties of small-diameter steel cable knowledge of the physical characteristics of which is important for efficient design. The present paper gives results of a series of tests carried out at McCook Field, Dayton, Ohio, in which it is shown that the modulus of elasticity of small-sized wire aircraft cable varies from 15,000,000 to 28,000,000, depending upon the size and type of the cable. The maximum difference between moduli of specimens of the same size and type of cable may be as high as 3,000,000.
It was also found that the modulus of elasticity may be raised by loading the cable below the elastic limit, and that resting the cable does not seem to have any definite effect on the modulus. The elastic limit may be raised by loading the cable a little beyond this point, the maximum increase obtained amounting to 63 per cent of the original elastic limit.
Testing Emergency Fleet Boilers Using Oil Fuel
Authors: Dean F. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Tests upon the standard four-pass water-tube marine boiler designed by the United States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation, using coal as fuel, were reported by the present author and Mr. H. Kreisinger in a paper read at the Annual Meeting of the Society in 1919. In consequence of the introduction of oil for fuel on many of the steamships of the United States Shipping Board, it became desirable to ascertain the relative merits on several of the available mechanical atomizing oil burners for boilers. Tests were accordingly run, the boiler used having a heating surface of 2518 sq. ft., a furnace volume of 408 cu. ft., and a commercial horsepower of 435 on the basis of the marine rating of 6 lb. of water to a square foot of heating surface per hour. These tests and the results obtained form the subject of the present paper.
Boiler-Plant Efficiency
Authors: Azbe Victor J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The usual wastes in boiler plants are brought out strikingly by the author by means of tables and curves of boiler performance compiled from a large number of observations.
The object of this paper is to show to what extent these wastes are preventable or can be made to balance each other, and to recommend a standard for boiler operation toward which designers and operators of boilers may aim.
The author considers that there still remains an immense field for experimental research to obtain the necessary data for boiler construction. The requirements of the ideal boiler installation of today are summarized.
Fuel Saving in Modern Gas Producers and Industrial Furnaces
Authors: Chapman W. B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper calls attention to the wastes of fuel in the industries using gas producers and producer-gas furnaces. Both of these problems are in the field of combustion engineering.
The progress made in the last twenty-five years in gas-producer construction is emphasized by the descriptions of leading mechanical producers now in the market, together with an indication of their fuel-saving possibilities.
Attention is called to the savings made possible by using suitable accessories in the gas house.
To illustrate the possible savings in furnace operation a description is given of a distinctive type of recuperative furnace. The extension of the use of such a furnace to pulverized coal and oil would, the author states, result in similar savings.
Avoidable Waste in Locomotives as Affected by Their Design
Authors: Partington James 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The best way to overcome waste in locomotive operation is to design the locomotive in the first place so that it will fulfill the efficiency requirements of
1 A drawbar horsepower for the minimum amount of fuel
2 A drawbar horsepower for the minimum amount of weight of locomotive and tender
3 A drawbar horsepower for the minimum cost of repairs.
Fuel economy is effected by firebrick arches, superheaters, feedwater heaters, generous steam spaces, automatic stokers, etc. Minimum weight is secured by careful design of the machinery parts, use of special materials, use of the independent booster for special grades. Minimum cost of repairs is dependent on the use of as few bolted parts as possible, accessibility of parts, removability, and interchangeability. Standard replacement parts can be secured from builders.
Much waste in locomotive operation can be avoided by making a careful study of present motive-power equipment, modernizing it where necessary, or replacing by new equipment. Several examples of what has been accomplished in service by locomotives designed to yield maximum efficiency are given.
The Strength of Airplane Rib Forms
Authors: Brown D. T. , Diefenbach R. J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
As illustrating the problem of the strength of materials entering into airplane construction and the degree of research necessary for their proper solution, the following report of an investigation carried out at the United States Forest Products Laboratory will be of interest. In the design of airplane ribs the prime requisite is to obtain the maximum strength with minimum weight of rib. Two factors enter into the problem: the form or design of the rib and the method of its construction in relation to the grain of the material. It will be seen that the investigation reported was conducted in a very complete manner and that conclusions of great value in the design of this essential part of the airplane are brought out.
Material-Handling Equipment as Used in the Iron and Steel Industry
Authors: Leach F. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper describes the handling machinery and apparatus used in the manufacture of steel. From the time that the ore leaves the mines until the steel goes through the last process at the mill it is moved about exclusively by different types of heavy machinery designed especially for the purpose. The author expresses the hope that through his description, weak points in present-day practice will show themselves and means of improvement be suggested.
Reduction of Fuel Wastes in the Steel Industry
Authors: Cutler F. G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper sets forth the economy of utilizing blast-furnace gas, at one time considered to be of little material value, in reducing the wastes of the steel industry. It is shown how the quantity of gas to be expected in the production of one ton of pig iron may be computed, and the uses to which this gas may be put are analyzed quantitatively. A heat balance, based on the production of one ton of pig iron, is presented, showing the sources of heat and the requirements for blast-furnace and steel-mill operation. It shows that the total heat from the by-products of a ton of pig iron is more than sufficient to finish a ton of steel. The heating requirements are not met by the tar and by-product gas, although the average power requirements are more than met by the blast-furnace gas and coke breeze. It therefore becomes desirable to reduce the heating requirements for the production of steel by using more efficient heating furnaces, and to conserve all possible heat by charging hot steel into the soaking pit and reheating furnaces, in order to reduce the quantity of fuel required for supplementary heating.
The Control of Boiler Operation: Simplified Formulas for Calculating Chimney, Combustion and Absorption Losses — A Proposed Fuel Unit for Bituminous Coal, Etc.
Authors: Uehling E. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The problem the author sets for himself is to suggest a method that will bring complete and intelligent control of boiler operation, so far as combustion and absorption efficiency are concerned, within the horizon of comprehension and easy execution of the average operating engineer, enabling him to determine heat losses and to separate them into their several components so that he can know just where and to what extent losses occur and that he may be better able to minimize them by intelligent application of the proper remedy. The author proposes the pound-carbon fuel unit, which he shows to be practically equicalorific, and which equals 14,450 plus 62,000 times the percentage of available hydrogen.
Formulas are presented for calculating heat losses up the chimney and the combustion and absorption losses are analyzed. The application of the formulas to some scientifically conducted tests is shown.
The Size of Dry-Vacuum Pump to Employ in a Given Case: A Rapid and Practically Accurate Method for Its Determination, Applying to Any Set of Conditions
Authors: Noyes Edward W. , Sturtevant Harold V. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In pumping from atmospheric pressure down to a given vacuum with a dry-vacuum pump, as during the process of exhausting a closed tank, the volumetric efficiency of the pump varies from that at atmospheric pressure to that corresponding to the given vacuum and an average value has to be determined to use in the theoretical formulas which apply to this kind of service.
Two methods of determining the average volumetric efficiency were successively tried out by the authors and the results plotted in the form of curves, but these results did not check satisfactorily with those obtained in actual tests of an installation. The process of calculation employed in the second (and somewhat more accurate) method was then reversed, and, working with actual test data, values were obtained from which a “constant” curve was plotted, this curve giving closely accurate results from 80 per cent perfect vacuum up. With the aid of this “constant” curve two charts have been plotted, by means of which it is possible to determine rapidly and with sufficient accuracy (1) the size of pump required to exhaust a given volume to a specified degree of vacuum in a predetermined time; or (2) where a vacuum pump is already installed, the time required to exhaust a given volume to a specified degree of vacuum.
Stress Distribution in Electric-Railway Motor Pinions as Determined by the Photo-Elastic Method
Authors: Heymans Paul , Kimball A. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper embodies some results of a general scientific study undertaken by the General Electric Company for the development of superior electric-railway motor pinions. The particular portion of the work described was performed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, using the General Electric Company’s apparatus for stress determination in transparent models by the photo-elastic method. Some of the supplementary mechanical tests were made at Schenectady, and throughout the work close contact was maintained with the Railway Motor Department and the Research Laboratory at Schenectady. A brief description and discussion of the photo-elastic method is given in the first part. The stress distribution in, and the causes of ruptures of, given types of gear pinions used in electric-railway motors, as investigated by the photo-elastic method, are afterward reported upon and discussed.
The Elasticity of Pipe Bends
Authors: Crocker Sabin , Sanford Sterling S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the authors develop in detail mathematical formulas connecting the deflection of different types of pipe bends with the force producing deflection, and also expressing the stress set up as a function of the observed deflection and the constants of the bend. They describe experiments made to check force vs. displacement, and present charts for use in selecting the proper size and shape of bends to take care of a given expansion, and to determine the force exerted by a bend when in a given state of deflection. In general they recommend bends of larger dimensions than are ordinarily used, and their figures are said to lie on the side of safety. In some cases the bends tested showed a greater flexibility than anticipated, due to minute folds formed on the compression side when bending pipe to short radius.
Torsion of Crankshafts
Authors: Timoshenko S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In order to apply the dynamics of elastic systems to the designs of engines it is necessary to determine the torsional properties of the crankshaft. In the present paper the author considers the case of a crankshaft with a single throw and establishes the mathematical relations for such a case. He investigates three conditions of such a crankshaft: (a) no constraint, corresponding to ample clearance in the bearings; (b) complete constraint, corresponding to no clearance in the bearings; and (c) partial constraint, corresponding to ample clearance in the halves of the bearings nearest the web and no clearance in the other halves.
The Design of Cooling Towers
Authors: Robinson C. S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author points out that engineers have designed cooling towers in the past on empirical information and in accordance with the experience of previous successful designs. Wide departure from standard designs is difficult because of the lack of scientific basis for the design. The author therefore establishes the general principle applicable to cooling-tower design and derives equations for the use of the designer. He presents a quantity of experimental data to substantiate the validity of his formulas and shows by an actual experiment how these formulas are applicable to the design of a counter-current cooling tower.
Ash Handling
Authors: Hunter John , Cotton Alfred 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Various methods of handling ash are described and illustrated, beginning with early developments on shipboard. The greater part of the paper, however, deals with stationary practice, beginning with rudimentary and progressing to the most modern installations, of which schematic and actual examples are given.
Methods of removing ashes from basement boiler rooms are followed by a discussion of the design, construction, and capacity of hopper ashpits, including their doors and water seals. Systems of mechanical conveyance and elevation are described, comprising ash cars, skip hoists and bucket conveyors. Fluid conveyance, as represented by water sluicing and steam-jet conveyors, is discussed in general, and typical examples of both are illustrated and described in detail. Particulars of ash bunkers and settling basins are followed by a discussion of the final disposal of ash.
Refinery and Rolling Mill for Monel Metal, Huntington, W. Va.
Authors: Wotherspoon W. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper describes in detail the steps taken in selecting the site for the location of a mill for rolling monel metal. The economic problems involved are stated and the facts leading to their solution are given. The remainder of the paper deals with the layout of the plant, emphasizing some features of design that are of particular interest.
Tests of a Type W Stirling Boiler at the Connors Creek Power House of the Detroit Edison Company
Authors: Thompson Paul W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper deals with extensive tests conducted during 1921 on a large Type “W” Stirling boiler at the Connors Creek power house of The Detroit Edison Company. Four different arrangements of the boiler baffling were employed and the results obtained with each are shown. Separate tests were made using four different grades of coal in order to determine which was most suitable. Several operating tests were made to obtain data on different methods of banking, the effect on the temperature of flue gas of varying the time interval between the blowing of flues, and different methods of operating boilers during the low-load period at night.
From the results of the tests with different baffle arrangements, seventeen of these large boilers have been rebaffled with a resulting improvement in boiler-plant efficiency and an increase in the degree of superheat of the steam. Additional improvement is expected as more boilers are rebaffled. From the data and results of these tests, the Babcock & Wilcox Company, working in conjunction with The Detroit Edison Company, have developed a new design of this type of boiler. Four boilers of the new design have been installed in the Marysville power house of The Detroit Edison Company, but economy results on the installation are not yet available.
Feed Heating for High Thermal Efficiency: Economies of 25,000-kw. Power Stations Using Single- and Multiple-Stage Condenser Heaters, With and Without Economizers, Determined to Demonstrate the Effect of Varying the Feedwater Temperature
Authors: Helander Linn 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author investigates the problem of determining the correct feedwater temperatures for conditions of high thermal efficiency. He applies his methods to a 25,000-kw. power station, investigating the conditions when using single- and multiple-stage condenser heaters, both with and without economizers. In appendices are given all the necessary data for the solution of the problems and the formulas by which the results are obtained.
The paper is illustrated with curves obtained from the solution of the problem, various conditions being considered and the results compared. The paper considers the problem from the viewpoint of thermal efficiency only and does not include other factors such as investment, operating cost, etc.
Lumber Dry Kilns
Authors: Perry Thomas D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The three main divisions into which lumber dry kilns may be grouped are blower, condenser, and ventilated kilns. The author, who believes that scientific kiln drying offers engineers a splendid field for research work, describes these types and discusses the possibilities of each, with particular reference to the ventilated kiln, of which there are several classes. The questions of moisture deficit and equilibrium, air interchanges, and drying cycles are adequately treated, and data showing the relation between relative and absolute humidity during the drying period are included.
The Oil Venturi Meter
Authors: Smith Ed S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper presents a method of applying the venturi meter to the measurement of the flow of oil and other viscous fluids. It gives a chart showing value of the venturi-meter coefficient “C” over a range of turbulence from 0.0003 to 200,000, and flow graphs for a typical meter, by means of which the quantity flowing may be determined when a few easily measured constants are known.
The Cross–Flow Impulse Turbine
Authors: Nagler Forrest 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author reviews the history of the development of the hydraulic turbine and shows that there is a gap between the field of the reaction turbine and the impulse wheel. This is due to the fact that the impulse wheel, as now built, has the slowest speed of all turbines, and that its highest specific speed is much below that of the reaction turbine. The cross-flow turbine, the principles of which are developed in this paper, will fill this field. The paper is not the presentation of a finished design, but rather the outline of the path that must be followed to meet new conditions in hydraulic power development.
Effect of Variations in Design of Milling Cutters on Power Requirements and Capacity
Authors: Graves Benjamin P. , Hall James A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A series of tests to determine the effect of changes in the number of teeth, spiral angle, rake angle, and cutting speed of the cutter on the power consumption, tendency to chatter, and stresses set up in the machine, led to the following conclusions:
Coarse-tooth milling cutters require less power to remove a given amount of metal per minute than fine-tooth cutters
When compared on a chip-per-tooth basis, the finish given by a coarse-tooth cutter is better than by the fine-tooth cutter
Low-cutting-speed operation of fine-tooth cutters to give a large feed per tooth increases the stresses in machine and fixtures.
Fine-tooth cutters are inferior to coarse-tooth cutters when the relative tendency to chatter is considered.
Moderate rake angles reduce the power consumption and are desirable on all cutters to be used on mild steel. Large rake angles increase the tendency to chatter.
The spiral angle has little effect on power consumption; a considerable spiral angle is desirable, however, as fewer teeth may be used, smoother action is obtained, and the tendency to chatter is reduced.
With certain exceptions noted in the paper, coarse-tooth cutters of the type now generally manufactured are superior to fine-tooth cutters for all classes of production work.
The Efficiency of the Scotch Marine Boiler
Authors: Jefferson C. J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The average merchant cargo steamer develops boiler efficiencies of but 55 to 60 per cent with coal-fired boilers, and 60 to 65 per cent with oil-fired boilers. That these efficiencies are much below those possible is shown by the series of tests given in this paper, in which efficiencies as high as 76.7 per cent with coal and 82.8 per cent with oil were developed. Considerable fuel savings are possible in marine practice by means of proper supervision of the operating force.