bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Respiratory depression and apnea induced by propofol in dogs
Authors: Muir W. W. , Gadawski J. E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To determine the maximal IV administered dose of propofol that would not induce a serious adverse event in nonsedated dogs.

Animals
6 clinically normal dogs (3 males and 3 females) between 8 and 12 months old and weighing between 8.8 and 11.3 kg.

Procedure
Propofol was administered IV at an initial dosage of 6.5 mg/kg of body weight at a rate of 20 mg/10 s. Subsequent doses were incrementally increased by 2.5 mg/kg (eg, second dose: 9 mg/kg) and separated by a minimum of 3 days. This procedure was repeated until a dose that induced a serious respiratory, cardiovascular, or neurologic adverse effect was determined.

Results
Apnea was determined to be the serious adverse effect for all dogs. Duration of apnea varied between dogs, but increased in a dose-dependent manner at dosages > 14 mg/kg.

Conclusions
Respiratory depression and apnea are the most likely adverse effects induced by IV administration of propofol to dogs. Propofol administered IV at a rate of 20 mg/kg/10 s induces minimal cardiovascular depression at dosages in excess of the apneic dosage.

Clinical Relevance
Respiratory depression and apnea should be expected as potential adverse effects after IV administration of propofol to dogs, particularly when administered at rapid rates of infusion. (Am J Vet Res 1998:59:157–161)
Influence of inert ingredients in pesticide formulations on dermal absorption of carbaryl
Authors: Baynes Ronald E. , Riviere Jim E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objectives
To assess the influence of solvent plus various mixtures on percutaneous absorption and disposition of the carbamate insecticide, carbaryl (CA).

Animals
Skin was obtained from the dorsum of 14 female weanling specific-pathogen-free Yorkshire pigs.

Procedure
In this 8-hour in vitro flow-through diffusion study, porcine skin sections were dosed with 40 μg of CA/cm2 of surface area, different amounts of solvents (40 or 80% acetone or dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]), different amounts of a surfactant (0, 1, or 5% sodium lauryl sulfate [SLS]), an insect repellent (0 or 15% diethyl-m-toluamide [DEET]), an insecticide synergist (0 or 2% piperonyl butoxide [PB]), and a CA metabolite (40 μg/cm2 1-naphthol (1-NA]).

Results
In general, CA absorption was greater from acetone than from DMSO mixtures, and CA penetration into skin and stratum corneum was greater from DMSO at 8 hours. This is consistent with the flux-time profiles, which depicted initial peak flux within 2 to 3 hours for most acetone mixtures, but a slow increase in flux for DMSO mixtures. Irrespective of the solvent, increasing water content in pesticide dosing mixtures significantly increased CA absorption from SLS mixtures only. The SLS also enhanced CA absorption, especially at low solvent concentrations. The DEET significantly reduced CA absorption from acetone, but not from DMSO mixtures, and 1-NA enhanced CA absorption from acetone, but not from DMSO mixtures. Piperonyl butoxide significantly enhanced CA absorption from acetone and DMSO mixtures. However, addition of PB or PB plus SLS did not significantly increase CA flux above that observed from solvent plus surfactant mixtures.

Conclusions
Inert ingredients can modulate percutaneous absorption of toxicologically important pesticides and their effect or activity on CA disposition is dependent on solvent specificity and solvent concentration. Whereas SLS, PB, and 1-NA can enhance pesticide absorption, DEET can reduce absorption. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:168–175)
Study of spinal cord evoked injury potential by use of computer modeling and in dogs with naturally acquired thoracolumbar spinal cord compression
Authors: Poncelet L. , Michaux C. , Balligand M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To add objective measurements of the characteristics of evoked injury potentials (EIP) and their relations to clinical severity in dogs with thoracolumbar spinal cord damage.

Animals
25 dogs with naturally acquired spinal cord compression attributable to disk extrusion or vertebral fracture at the level of the thoracolumbar junction and with various degrees of paresis/paralysis.

Procedure
Spinal cord potentials evoked by tibial nerve stimulation were recorded every 5 to 10 mm at the lamina level in the vicinity of the cord compression. This allowed an EIP to be recorded even in the least handicapped dogs. A computer model yielded information about the waveform changes of the EIP in the vicinity of conduction blocks.

Results
The EIP waveform changed from biphasic to monophasic a short distance caudad to the location of spinal cord compression. Location of a maximal conduction block was measured in relation to position of the electrodes recording this waveform change. The distance between the assumed conduction block and the actual spinal cord compression was larger in the most affected dogs. The amplitude of the EIP was not related to severity of the clinical picture; however, the proximity of the recording electrode to the spine influenced the amplitude and the waveform of the EIP.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Change in the EIP waveform from biphasic to monophasic makes it possible to estimate the conduction block location along the spinal cord. A large distance between the assumed conduction block and site of actual cord compression could be an objective argument to confirm severity of a lesion. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:300–306)
Effect of ischemia and reperfusion on oxidative processes in the large colon and jejunum of horses
Authors: Kooreman Karin , Babbs Charles , Fessler John 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate and compare oxidative processes during ischemia and reperfusion of the equine large colon and jejunum.

Animals
2 groups of 6 anesthetized horses undergoing a terminal procedure.

Procedure
Isolated loops of large colon and jejunum were subjected to 2 hours of ischemia, followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. Tissue specimens were taken after 105 minutes of ischemia and 10, 30, 60, and 120 minutes of reperfusion. Mesenteric arterial and venous blood samples were collected for blood gas analysis at the same times to evaluate ischemia and reoxygenation. Oxidative processes in tissues were evaluated by use of biochemical assays for malondialdehyde and conjugated dienes and by use of the manganese-diaminobenzidine histochemical technique for localized superoxide generation.

Results
Significant quantities of malondialdehyde and conjugated dienes were detected in the jejunum after 60 and 120 minutes of reperfusion together with histochemical evidence of superoxide generation in jejunal endothelial cells and in submucosal neutrophils and eosinophils.

Conclusions
Oxidative processes do not appear to have an appreciable role in inducing damage in the equine large colon during reperfusion after 2 hours of ischemia. In contrast to the jejunum, reactive oxygen species are not generated in measurable quantities in the large colon subsequent to ischemia and reperfusion.

Clinical Relevance
Free radical scavengers are not likely to be effective in prevention of equine colonic mucosal deterioration after ischemia. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:340–346)
Characterization of plasma immunoglobulin G concentrations of llamas
Authors: Hutchison Jennifer Μ. , Salman Mowafak D. , Garry Franklyn B. , Johnson LaRue W. , Keefe Thomas J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To develop appropriate reference ranges for plasma IgG concentrations of llamas.

Animals
643 llamas on 5 farms.

Procedure
Plasma IgG concentration was measured by using a single radial immunodiffusion assay kit. Farm of origin, age, body condition score, and sex were recorded for each llama. The effect of each factor on plasma IgG concentration was evaluated separately, using ANOVA; the association between age and IgG concentration was evaluated, using linear regression. Multivariable regression models were developed to examine concurrent effects of age, sex, body condition score, farm, and various interactions on IgG concentration.

Results
The IgG concentrations were between 127 and 3,969 mg/dl. In llamas < 12 months old, farm of origin accounted for 29% of variability for IgG concentration. Reference range for plasma IgG concentrations in llamas < 12 months old was 391 to 2,357 mg/dl; for llamas > 12 but < 28 months old was 771 to 2,796 mg/dl; and for llamas > 28 months old was 570 to 3,264 mg/dl. These ranges were applicable only for the kit used in this study.

Conclusions
Healthy llamas have a wide range of IgG concentrations. Determinants of IgG concentration are multifactorial, and their importance varies with age of the llamas.

Clinical Implications
The wide range of IgG concentrations observed in healthy llamas and the influence that age and farm may have on IgG concentrations indicate that a result for one specific llama should be interpreted in relation to those of its herdmates. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:406–409)
Disparate chondrocyte metabolism in three-dimensional fibrin cultures derived from autogenous or commercially manufactured fibrinogen
Authors: Fortier Lisa A. , Brofman Peter J. , Nixon Alan J. , Mohammed Hussni O. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare chondrocyte proliferation and metabolism in three-dimensional fibrin cultures formed from polymerized autogenous fibrinogen with that of commercially manufactured fractionated fibrinogen.

Animals
Fibrinogen and chondrocytes for in vitro experimentation derived from 2 horses, ages 12 and 14 months, donated for reasons unrelated to skeletal or hematologic abnormalities.

Procedure
Fibrinogen was isolated from whole blood, using plasma cryoprecipitation and centrifugation, and fractionated fibrinogen was purchased. Each was mixed with 10 × 106 chondrocytes/0.5 ml of fibrinogen, and was polymerized by addition of 0.5 ml of calcium-activated thrombin. Thirty 1-ml fibrin-chondrocyte disks were formed from each fibrinogen source and cultured for 0 (n = 6), 7 (n = 12), or 14 (n = 12) days. Chondrocyte metabolism and cell proliferation in each fibrin type were objectively assessed by assays for total proteoglycan content, [35S]proteoglycan accumulation, proteoglycan monomer size, and total DNA. Cell morphology and cartilage-specific cell function was evaluated by routine histologic, alcian blue histochemical, type-II collagen immunohistochemical, and type-II collagen in situ hybridization methods.

Results
Histologic examination indicated better retention of chondrocyte morphology in autogenous composites. Autogenous fibrinogen also stimulated greater chondrocyte proliferation (DNA content increased 1.4-fold on day 14) and supported higher proteoglycan accumulation (increased 1.4-fold on day 14), compared with commercial, fractionated fibrinogen. Abundant intracellular type-II procollagen mRNA was detected in autogenous fibrin cultures by in situ hybridization, and translation was confirmed by extensive pericellular type-II collagen accumulation.

Conclusions
Autogenous fibrinogen has an inherent capacity to maintain chondrocyte phenotypic metabolism that is reduced or absent in commercially prepared fibrinogen. Enhanced, differentiated cell function may be useful for in vivo applications, but represents an added variable that may confound in vitro experiments, and should be considered when designing studies of chondrocyte function. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:514–520)
Skeletal muscle glycolytic capacity and phosphofructokinase regulation in horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy
Authors: Valberg Stephanie J. , Townsend DeWayne , Mickelson James R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) in Quarter Horses is attributable to a defect in glycolysis or in the allosteric regulation of phosphofructokinase (PFK) enzyme.

Animals
Muscle biopsy specimens were obtained from 6 Quarter Horses with PSSM and 8 Quarter Horse or Thoroughbred control horses.

Procedures
Maximal activity of glycogenolytic and glycolytic enzymes was determined spectrophotometrically. Maximal activity of PFK was determined for each horse at pH 8.0, and at pH 7.0 when variable concentrations of the activators, fructose 6 phosphate, fructose 2,6 bisphosphate, and adenosine monophosphate or inhibitors adenosine triphosphate and citrate were added to the reaction mixture. Relative activity was calculated as activity at pH 7/maximal PFK activity.

Results
Deficiencies in glycogenolytic or glycolytic enzyme activities were not evident in horses with PSSM. Differences between horses with PSSM and control horses in relative activity of PFK were not apparent for any of the activators or inhibitors used in the study.

Conclusions
In a group of horses with PSSM, we were unable to detect a glycogenolytic or glycolytic enzyme deficiency or abnormality in the allosteric regulation of PFK.

Clinical Relevance
Although PSSM is clinically and histologically similar to glycogenolytic/glycolytic enzyme deficiencies in human beings and other animal species, abnormalities in this metabolic pathway are not present in horses with PSSM. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:782-785)
Cytologic evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from horses with recurrent airway obstruction after aerosol and parenteral administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexamethasone, respectively
Authors: Rush Bonnie R. , Flaminio M. Julia B. F. , Matson Charles J. , Hakala Joyce E. , Shuman Wilma 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine cytologic changes in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) after administration of aerosolized beclomethasone dipropionate and dexamethasone parenterally.

Animals
6 horses with inducible and reversible heaves.

Procedure
Episodes of heaves were induced by exposure to moldy hay and straw for 7 days. Horses were assigned to treatment groups (aerosolized beclomethasone, parenterally administered dexamethasone, aerosolized propellant), and pulmonary inflammation was evaluated by serial cytologic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid samples obtained on days 0, 7, 10, 14, and 21. Total and differential cell counting and phenotypic analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations in BAL fluid were performed.

Results
7 days of natural challenge induced neutrophilic inflammation. Neutrophil counts in BAL fluid were reduced in beclomethasone- and dexamethasone-treated horses on days 10 and 14 but rebounded to pretreatment values on day 21. The proportion of proinflammatory lymphocyte subpopulations (CD4+ and B+) and MHC class-II antigen expression were increased on days 14 and 21 in propellant-treated horses, compared with beclomethasone- and dexamethasone-treated horses.

Conclusions
Aerosolized beclomethasone attenuated neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation and prevented alteration in lymphocyte subpopulations in horses with heaves. Results were similar to the response associated with parenterally administered dexamethasone. Short-term administration of aerosolized beclomethasone without minimizing environmental allergen exposure is not expected to provide prolonged anti-inflammatory benefit for horses with heaves. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1033–1038)
Experimental model of synovitis/capsulitis in the equine metacarpophalangeal joint
Authors: Cornelissen B. P. M. , Rijkenhuizen A. B. M. , van den Hoogen B. M. , Rutten V. P. M. G. , Barneveld A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To develop and define a model of acute synovitis/capsulitis in the equine metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock) to study clinical effects of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.

Animals
5 adult Standardbreds.

Procedure
Polyvinyl alcohol foam particles were injected into the left front fetlock of horses; the right front fetlock was used as a control. Horses were examined clinically and for lameness on a regular basis. Blood samples were taken to measure routine variables. Synovial fluid samples were collected from both fetlocks, and macroscopic, microscopic, and biochemical variables were measured. The effects of local diagnostic nerve blocks and intra-articular anesthesia of the fetlock on ensuing lameness were determined on days 2 and 3. After macroscopic evaluation at necropsy, histologic examination was performed on the fetlock cartilage and capsule.

Results
Changes in synovial fluid variables included increased TNF-α and matrix metalloproteinases values and in other indicators of acute inflammation. With respect to application of local nerve blocks, lameness decreased most after a combination of metacarpal and palmar nerve blocks, whereas lameness could only partially be blocked by intra-articular anesthesia. At necropsy, mild chronic inflammation of the synovium and deeper layers of the joint capsule was found; polyvinyl alcohol particles had been incorporated into the joint capsule. There was no evidence of articular cartilage damage.

Conclusions
Injection of polyvinyl alcohol foam particles induces transient synovitis/capsulitis in the fetlock, mimicking clinical joint disorders. The model does not seriously affect the horse's long-term well-being. Such model serves well for studying the effect of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:978–985)
Molecular diagnostic tests for ascertainment of genotype at the mucopolysaccharidosis type VII locus in dogs
Authors: Ray Jharna , Haskins Mark E. , Ray Kunal 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To develop a molecular diagnostic test to ascertain genotype of the mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (MPS VII) locus.

Sample Population
Blood samples from 45 mixed-breed (German Shepherd Dog X Beagle) dogs that were phenotypically normal or affected with MPS VII.

Procedure
The canine ß-glucuronidase gene (exon 3) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using 2 pairs of primers to determine the genotype of the MPS VII locus by 2 independent methods. For the first method, PCR products were used for heteroduplex analysis, using conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis. In the second method, an allele-specific restriction site was created by use of a mismatch primer in PCR. The amplified DNA fragment was digested with a restriction enzyme (Eag I) to enable identification of the wild-type and mutant alleles.

Results
Conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis resulted in a single DNA band representing homoduplex when the sample contained a wild-type or MPS VII allele, but 2 bands representing hetero- and homoduplexes when both alleles were in the sample. Restriction digestion of the DNA fragment obtained by use of a mismatch primer was cleaved only when the template was a wild-type allele. Thus, samples from phenotypically normal carrier dogs that contained wild-type and MPS VII alleles were partially digested by the enzyme.

Conclusions
The diagnostic test used 2 strategies for independently ascertaining the wild-type or mutant MPS VII alleles in dogs. Thus, test results can distinguish phenotypically normal MPS Vll-carrier dogs from homozygous normal dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1092-1095)
Immunophenotypic characterization of lymphomas from the mediastinum of young ferrets
Authors: Coleman Leslie A. , Erdman Susan E. , Schrenzel Mark D. , Fox James G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the phenotype of naturally developing lymphomas in young ferrets.

Animals
10 ferrets with lymphoma.

Procedure
Neoplastic tissues were graded histologically according to the National Cancer Institute's Working Formulation for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and phenotype was determined by means of immunohistochemical staining. A polyclonal anti-human CD3 and a monoclonal anti-human CD79 antibody were used to classify the lymphomas in situ as T-cell or B-cell origin. Specificity of antibodies was determined by evaluating lymphoid tissue from normal ferrets in situ, which was confirmed by western blot analyses.

Results
All 10 ferrets had clinically aggressive tumors, irrespective of the phenotype. Nine ferrets had T-cell lymphoma that extensively involved the mediastinum. Remnants of thymic tissue, indicative of thymic origin, were identified in lymphoma of these 9 ferrets. One ferret had a B-cell multicentric lymphoma without involvement of the mediastinum.

Conclusions
The majority of lymphomas in these young ferrets involved the mediastinum and were of T-cell phenotype.

Impact for Human Medicine
There are many similarities between the lymphoma syndrome of ferrets and the condition documented for cats and children with lymphoma of the mediastinal area.

Clinical Relevance
Differential diagnoses for young ferrets with clinical signs of lethargy or respiratory distress should include T-cell lymphoma of the mediastinum. ((Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1281-1286)
Periodontal healing of canine experimental grade-III furcation defects treated with autologous fibrinogen and absorbable barrier membrane
Authors: Bianucci Henri C. , Smith Mark M. , Saunders Geoffrey K. , Reddy Michael S. , Cox Charles F. , Till Linda G. , Feldman Bernard F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effects of autologous fibrinogen (AF) and absorbable barrier membrane (ABM) on periodontal healing of canine experimental grade-III furcation defects.

Animals
18 conditioned, laboratory-source, adult Beagles.

Procedure
Defects were developed bilaterally at the second and fourth premolars and maintained for 12 weeks. Defects were treated with AF, ABM, AF and ABM, or debridement. Digital subtraction radiography, histologic evaluation, and histomorphometric analysis of defect healing was done at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment to determine percentage increases in bone volume, height, area, and length of periodontal regeneration along the perimeter of the defect.

Results
Comparison of defects at post-treatment intervals indicated significantly greater healing of debridement and AF-treated defects, compared with ABM-treated defects at 3 months; however, by 6 months, there were no significant differences in defect healing for all histomorphometric variables. Defects treated with ABM were associated with significantly less root ankylosis than other treatments. Defects treated with debridement had significantly greater increases in bone volume at 6 months after treatment, compared with groups treated with ABM. There was a significant correlation between regenerated bone area, bone volume, and periodontal regeneration for all treatments at 3 and 6 months after treatment.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Use of AF and ABM did not enhance the amount of periodontal healing, compared with debridement only. The ABM-treated defects were essentially devoid of root ankylosis. Grade-III furcation defects may respond equally well to conservative periodontal surgery or guided tissue regenerative techniques. The prevention of root ankylosis is a substantial benefit favoring this latter method of treatment. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1329-1338)