bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How the Laser Happened
Authors: Townes Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In How the Laser Happened, Nobel laureate Charles Townes provides a highly personal look at some of the leading events in twentieth-century physics. Townes was inventor of the maser, of which the laser is one example; an originator of spectroscopy using microwaves; and a pioneer in the study of gas clouds in galaxies and around stars. Throughout his career he has also been deeply engaged with issues outside of academic research. He worked on applied research projects for Bell Labs; served on the board of directors for General Motors; and devoted extensive effort to advising the government on science, policy, and defense. This memoir traces his multifaceted career from its beginnings on the family farm in South Carolina. Spanning decades of ground-breaking research, the book provides a hands-on description of how working scientists and inventors get their ideas. It also gives a behind-the-scenes look at the scientific community, showing how scientists respond to new ideas and how they approach a variety of issues, from priority and patents to the social and political implications of their work. In addition, Townes touches on the sociology of science, uncovering some of the traditions and values that are invisible to an outsider. A towering and energetic figure, Townes has explored or pioneered most of the roles available to the modern scientist. In addition to fundamental research, he was actively involved in the practical uses of the laser and in the court cases to defend the patent rights. He was a founding member of the Jasons, an influential group of scientists that independently advises the government on defense policy, and he played an active part in scientific decisions and policies from the Truman through the Reagan administration. This lively memoir, packed with first-hand accounts and historical anecdotes, is an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the history of science and an inspiring example for students considering scientific careers.
Physics, Furman, Molecules and Me
Authors: Townes Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My childhood memories are chiefly of the 20-acre farm that my father, Henry Keith Townes, bought on the edge of Greenville, near the Blue Ridge Mountains in the northwest corner of South Carolina. Father’s family had been farming in this region for generations, mainly growing cotton but also corn, other grains, apples, peaches, and sweet potatoes. My father’s primary occupation was his law practice, but our family, like many in the area, followed a sort of Southern planter tradition, by owning a bit of productive land, farming it ourselves, or renting to tenant farmers.
Maser Excitement and a Time Reflection
Authors: Townes Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before-and even after-the maser worked, our description of its performance met with disbelief from highly respected physicists, even though no new physical principles were really involved. Their objections went much deeper than those that had led Rabi and Kusch to try to kill the project in its cradle; fully familiar with oscillators and molecular beams, these two never questioned the general idea. They just thought it was impractical and that it diverted departmental resources from basic physics and more sensible work.
Glances Both Backward and Forward
Authors: Townes Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The biochemist Albert Szent-Gyorgi has said “Discovery is seeing what everybody else has seen, and thinking what nobody else has thought.” The laser discovery seems to fit this image; it is built upon ideas that were long known, at least to some. Yet the ideas had to be assembled in a novel way and the value of doing that had to be recognized.
Sharing and Interpreting Dreams in Amerindian Nations
Authors: Tedlock Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We can only know what another has dreamed or imagined through cultural forms such as narratives, chants, songs, dances, or visual images. Since sensory perception is mediated by its translation into interpretable forms, shared dreams and visions are by nature culturally variable expressive representations. For example, dreams often provide an arena where the living may contact the dead, but the nature and evaluation of this contact between ancestors and dreamers is variable not only between cultures, but also within a single culture. Thus, in the American Southwest, while most Zunis and Navajos express fear of contact with the dead, Zuni medicine women and men together with Navajo peyotists actively seek such contact during dreaming and trancing. The Xavante of Brazil describe and interpret the nature of their contact with the ancestors as depending upon a dreamer’s gender and time of life. While women of all ages share their dreams by singing laments, men vary their dream representations discursively according to their age group. Adolescent boys learn to compose dream songs by observing their ancestors at a distance during their dreams. Old men, on the other hand, speak of directly interacting with their ancestors in dreams and even merging their identities with them. They share their dreams by narrating myth segments relating to each image.
Idolum and Imago Roman Dreams and Dream Theories
Authors: Cancik Hubert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dreams and dream interpretation do not have a specific place in Roman public religion. However, the Romans did much to develop divination. There was a college that specialized in augury; it interpreted species, numbers, and direction of flight as well as the cries of birds. The haruspices analyzed the entrails of sacrificial animals, read the signs on the livers, and interpreted lightning flashes and monstrosities of all kinds. In addition, the Romans cultivated ecstatic inspirational prophesying: the Sibylline sayings, preserved in oracular books, which were elucidated by the quindecemvirs. None of these, however, specialized in dreams. Dreams were not an element of Roman state religion in their own right. In the rare event that the gods indicated their will through a dream, the dream was dealt with through the official channels generally prescribed for omens affecting the state.1 An example2: the great games of Jupiter were once interrupted by an evil sign without it being noticed. Therefore, Jupiter appeared three times in the dreams of a disbelieving peasant, demanding the “renewal” (instauratio) of the games. Finally, affiicted with a terrible disease, the peasant reported his dream to the senate, that is, the consuls. The peasant immediately recovered from his illness, and the senate “examined” the dream and ordered the games to be repeated. In this manner the dream was integrated into the Roman system of prodigies (prodigia).
Dreams and Visions in Early Christian Discourse
Authors: Strournsa Guy G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the absence of a Christian Artemidorus, we possess no early Christian “key to dreams.” Gershom Scholem once remarked that no Buddhist monk ever dreamt of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Could we imagine a Christian monk in fifth-century Egypt, for instance, dreaming of Dionysos? The answer is, most probably, negative. A more serious question is whether the Christians saw their God in dreams and visions in the same way as the pagans saw theirs. What kind of impact did Christianity have upon the perception of dreams and visions? Through the specific case of the dramatic mutation of Western culture with the advent of Christianity, it is the problem of the cultural and religious determination of dreams and visions which will be raised here.
Astral Dreams in Judaism Twelfth to Fourteenth Centuries
Authors: ldel Moshe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We live multidimensional lives. Among other things, we inhabit simultaneously a variety of times: a private one, consisting of birth, youth, maturity, and death; microchronic time, used below to refer to the rhythms of daily and yearly rituals; historical time, dealing with the events of groups and nations, described here as the mesochronos; and cosmic time, dealing with processes in nature and universe, which we call macrochronos.1 Some mystics attempted to escape time altogether by reaching an ecstatic, atemporal experience. Everyone also experiences “oneiric time,” which is a special form of private, conscious time. A person may inhabit some of these times at the same time; it is always interesting to explore the shifting balances between such times, balances that characterize different personalities or various cultures. Rather than attempting to distinguish between these religious cultures on the basis of their alleged definitive discrimination between times, and then describing a certain religion against the background of this choice, I suggest we examine ways different religions integrate various forms of time differently.
The Cultural Index of Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams
Authors: Moses Stephane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his book on the interpretation of dreams (Die Traumdeutung, 1900), Freud begins by comparing his own theory of dreams to ancient doctrines concerning the nature of dreams and their interpretation, yet juxtaposes it, as well, with modern scientific theories, especially that of psychiatry. In doing so, he places his research in the continuity of a long tradition while demonstrating, at the same time, the radical innovation of his own discoveries. They are opposed both to the positivist theses of the psychiatric school, according to which “a dream is not a mental act at all, but a somatic process,” and to the conceptions of ancient cultures that saw dreams as supernatural revelations. These two conflicting views of the nature of dreams necessarily lead to two opposite conceptions of how they may be interpreted: if dreams are pure physiological processes, the very question of their meaning is irrelevant, and the attempt to interpret them will forever be “a purely fanciful task;” on the other hand, if dreams are messages coming from another realm, they must be decipherable-provided the interpreter has the keys that can unlock their code.
Promoting What Is Good, Avoiding What Is Bad
Authors: Kupperman Joel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It may seem intuitively that the judgment that something has value carries with it an implication that, other things being equal, it would be better to bring it about (or preserve it, or to have it) than not to bring it about (or preserve it, or to have it). Judgments of negative value may seem to have corresponding implications that are at least as imperative. Thus, there would seem to be a link between judgment of value, on one hand, and recommendation of-or commitment toaction, on the other.
The Seven Sages as Performers of Wisdom
Authors: Martin Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
NATURE, culture, gender, myth, East, West, truth - the degree to which these concepts are not transcendent universals but are socially constructed has finally hit us. Cultural anthropology will mold the shape of classical studies for this generation. This is an exciting but also difficult situation: to be fully and honestly philologists, we must now learn our Geertz along with Greek, absorb Lienhardt as well as Latin, undertake ethnography after epigraphy. It is with the help of such comparative studies that this essay examines just one aspect of a particular and complex Greek construction, the notion of “wisdom.” One way to get a clearer view of this concept in any society is to ask informants, “Who is called wise?” Had the question been put to a Greek in classical times, he or she would probably and properly have replied: “The Wise Men.” The answer is so simple indeed that most investigators of early Greek philosophy or society skip right over it.
Introduction
Authors: Inden Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
South Asia has been one of the focal points for rethinking the forms that West ern knowledge of non-Western civilizations has taken. The “scientific” study of “traditional” South Asian texts, beginning with the Vedas—once thought to be the oldest extant texts in an Indo-European language—has been central to the colonial construction of India as a civilization and to the nationalist project of making India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Nepal into “modern” independent nations.
moving on to the past: how can we reconstruct the life of jesus?
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have spent a good deal of time looking at the historical sources that can inform us about jesus of nazareth. the historian’s sources are like the auto mechanic’s tools: it’s one thing to have them, but another thing to know how to use them. At this stage we need to consider what to do with the sources we have in order to help us determine what Jesus said, did, and experienced. I’ll begin by considering what a historian might hope for in a set of sources and then reflect on how our available sources stack up against this historian’s wish list.
a place for everything: jesus’ other teachings in their apocalyptic context
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Context may not be everything, but it’s not far off. The words “just kidding” mean something pretty different if spoken by the self-appointed comedian who lives across the hall from you, a sheep farmer in the barn of his Wyoming ranch, or the president of the United States speaking into a red phone in the Oval Office.
Introduction
Authors: Evans G R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bernard thought there was more than one way to heaven. There was, in his view, no better choice than to be a monk, for the monastic life was very heaven on earth; yet the ground rules of Christian living could-if with difficulty—be followed by all Christians, whatever their calling. Although Bernard wrote chiefly for a monastic readership, he spent a great deal of time chivvying persons in secular positions to establish the right Christian priorities in their lives and activities. In his mind, the whole body of the faithful stands behind his principally monastic audience.
Academic Theology: Bernard And A Different Sort Of Learning
Authors: Evans G R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have been describing a monastic theology in which the realities are spiritual. That does not, to a twelfth-century reader, make them the less intellectual.1 When Anselm, in the ontological argument of his Proslogion (HIV), made the leap from the notion that the God who is ‘that-than-whichnothing-greater-can-be-thought’ exists in the mind to the assertion that he must also exist in reality,2 he was speaking not merely philosophically, but in the terms of a world of thought in which reality has a spiritual and even a devotional dimension.Animus is notanima; mind is not soul; however, and increasingly, in the world of the school and in the understanding of scholars in Bernard’s lifetime, the cultivation of the former was taking place in some kinds of school in a forum not primarily concerned with the growth of the latter.
Eclecticism and Modern Hindu Discourse
Authors: Hatcher Brian A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hindu apologists routinely support their interpretations of the Hindu world view with what seems an almost promiscuous use of the world’s many philosophies and religions. The truths of Hindu thought are commonly demonstrated with references to sources as disparate as the Upanishads, the New Testament, and the sermons of Theodore Parker. These strange, even bizarre, juxtapositions pose a troubling problem for many sympathetic Western scholars of this tradition, namely, what to do about the absurdities that Indian thinkers want to pass for historical truths? This book examines the classical roots and contemporary significance of eclecticism within modern Hindu discourse. Hatcher begins by focusing on the thought of Swami Vivekananda as exemplary of the tone and character of modern Hindu eclecticism. Vivekananda, who became well-known in the West after his sensational appearance at the Chicago World’s Fair of 1893, regularly spiced his lectures with references to Jesus, the Buddha, and the prophet Muhammad, as well as to his own personal guru, Sri Ramakrishna. Hatcher then seeks to identify the ancient Indian antecedents of this eclecticism, finding them especially in the sacrificial ritualism of the Vedas. Returning to the modern period, he focuses on 19th-century Bengal, introducing the reader to a wide range of modern Indian eclecticisms. The development of Hindu thought during this period, Hatcher argues, can only be understood within the context of the enforced cultural encounter created by British colonial rule. In conclusion, Hatcher attempts to strike a delicate balance between the contending views of eclecticism as poesis and as a form of false consciousness. He proposes a pragmatic approach to evaluating the validity of eclectic knowledge.
Primary Care in the Context of Health Systems
Authors: Starfield Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many different characteristics determine the way that health service systems appear and how they operate. The multiplicity of these characteristics provides the opportunity for innumerable permutations and combinations, so that no two health systems look alike or perform in the same way. This is the case when countries are compared as well as when subsystems within countries are examined. Nevertheless, all health service systems face similar challenges: to provide health services in an effective, efficient, and equitable manner.
Public Health and Community-Oriented Primary Care
Authors: Starfield Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is little doubt that access to effective medical care services improves health. Deprivation of access, as by withdrawal of previously provided services, has been followed in a relatively short period of time by decfines in health (Fihn and Wicher, 1988; Lurie et al., 1986). Despite the clear importance of environmental and social conditions, including nutrition and housing, better access to health services makes a difference, particularly for those who have been relatively deprived of them. Improvements in access to care by virtue of the passage of legislation to provide funding and/or services for care of socially deprived individuals are followed by improvements in health.
Jesus: God And Man
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to Christian orthodoxy, Jesus Christ is a person-the second person of the Trinity-who has both divine and human natures. As the Council ofChalcedon (451) puts it, the two natures are united in ‘‘a single person.’’ This union is usually referred to as the ‘hypostatic’ union (from ‘hypostasis,’ = ‘person’). The point of the definition offered by Chalcedon is that the subject of divine and human attributes is the person of the Word. ‘Person’ here is not to be understood as referring to any sort of psychological concept. The crucial thing about a person, on the Chalcedonian view, is that it is a subject of characteristics. This was made a bit clearer at the third council of Constantinople in 680-81, where it was taught that Christ has two wills and two sorts of activity divine and human. So having human will and activity is not sufficient for being a person.
Gone for Good
Authors: Rojstaczer Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amid the clamorous debates on political correctness, the Western canon, and alcohol abuse on campus, many observers have failed to notice the most radical change in the American University: the Golden Age of massive government funding is gone. And, as Stuart Rojstaczer points out in this incisive look at higher education, the consequences are affecting virtually every aspect of university life. Laced with humorous and insightful anecdotes, Gone for Good is a highly personal tour of the university system as it has evolved from the glory days of phenomenal post-WWII growth to the financial stresses that now beset it. Stuart Rojstaczer, professor of Hydrology at Duke, shows how almost unlimited funding during the Cold War years encouraged universities to become unwieldy behemoths--with ever-enlarging faculties and administrative staffs, an explosion of new buildings that are proving costly to maintain, and a parade of programs designed largely to impress other universities. Rojstaczer asserts that despite the scarcity of new funding sources, universities continue to strive for unlimited growth--with disastrous results: skyrocketing tuition (well over $20,000 per year at top tier schools); desperate attempts to increase enrollments (lower standards, inflated grades, and new majors in some rather implausible areas of study); and increasing pressure on faculty who already spend more time researching than teaching to raise more money through research grants. The time has come, Rojstaczer argues, to abandon an outmoded idea of growth and create a leaner university system more beneficial to both students and society. For parents, students, and anyone interested higher education, Gone for Good offers a vivid account of the crossroads where universities now stand--and a compelling argument about which path they should take.
Heart and Soul
Authors: Rojstaczer Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was February of 1993 and my department was holding its monthly faculty meeting. We were a small department of twelve faculty members and ten of us were seated in our conference room. The other two would have been there but were out of town. For most of our faculty meetings, this level of interest and attendance was not common. But this day’s meeting was about money and research. We were collectively deciding whom to admit for graduate study the following fall.
You’ve Got to Believe
Authors: Rojstaczer Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have a friend from another department who fled Cuba as a child, and whose views on communism and, in particular, Fidel Castro are highly negative. I sympathize with his opinion. My parents were refugees as well. My mother spent much of World War II imprisoned in a Soviet work camp and my father defected from the Polish Red Army (used as cannon fodder by Stalin) after the war. But liberal to leftist politics dominate universities, and Castro’s Cuba, despite its well-known deficiencies, remains a darling of many academics. When my friend told me that Duke was developing a student program in Cuba (our students would take classes in Cuba for six weeks during the summer), I commiserated.
Getting Tenure
Authors: Rojstaczer Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During my first month on campus, I attended the annual meeting for untenured faculty sponsored by the university administration. The meeting consisted principally of a panel discussion about the tenure process. In order for us to get to know each other and the members of the panel, it was followed by a social hour. On the panel were members of the committee that made tenure decisions (the APT Committee, where the letters stand for Appointment, Promotion, and Tenure or “Almighty Police of Tenure” depending upon whether you have tenure) and some of the deans and senior university administrators. Every year we hire a few tens of new tenure-track faculty and it usually takes six years before you can be considered for tenure, so there is a potential audience of about 200 for these meetings. Of course, many of these people have already attended at least one meeting like this and don’t feel compelled to come every year. Seated with me in the audience that year were about fifty untenured faculty members.