bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social funds and local government: the case of Malawi
Authors: Schroeder Larry 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo instruments—social funds and decentralization—are currently quite popular policy instruments being adopted in many developing countries throughout the world. Each of these instruments is currently being used or is being implemented in Malawi, Africa. While each instrument is intended to improve the flow of public services in a locality, the article discusses how each has certain potential theoretical advantages over the other. The article then goes on to describe and analyze the flow of resources to Malawian communities under the two largest social action programs, neither of which currently relies on substantial inputs, financial or human, from local governments. The data illustrates a wide disparity in the per capita amounts allocated to these demand‐driven initiatives across districts but also shows the relatively diverse set of local public services supported by the funds. The article close with a discussion of how these two initiatives might be merged within the context of the new Local Government Act 1998, under which local services are to be devolved in the near future. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The present and future of public sector extension in Africa: contracting out or contracting in?
Authors: Anderson Jon , Van Crowder L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPublic sector extension has come under increasing pressure to downsize and reform. Contracting out—the use of public sector funds to contract non‐governmental and private service providers—is often held up as a potential tool in reform efforts. Much has been written about the possible advantages of contracting out of agricultural extension and it is being encouraged and promoted by numerous international organizations. However, a look at field experience in Africa shows that contracting out is relatively infrequent, especially compared with the reverse—contracting in—where private sector and non‐governmental organizations finance public sector extension delivery. Case studies from Uganda and Mozambique indicate that on the ground attempts to come up with solutions to providing services to farmers are resulting in innovative contracting approaches and combined public and private institutional arrangements. Contracting in and public–private coalition approaches, in contrast to purely public sector extension (characterized by ineffectiveness and inefficiencies) and purely private for profit extension (which may ignore public goods and concerns), may help achieve extension services which are both demand led and which internalize public concerns such as environmental protection, food security and socio‐economic equity. These coalition approaches can be improved and facilitated. They deserve greater analysis and may contribute to a better understanding of extension contracting and the roles of private and public organizations. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Locally developed digital image archive for diabetic foot clinic: a DGH experience
Authors: Laji K. , Kumar J. , Bishop J. , Page M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackgroundFoot ulceration is an important complication of diabetes with a prevalence of 3–8%. A multidisciplinary approach to treatment is known to prevent amputation in up to 50% of cases. Foot ulceration is best managed in dedicated clinics with access to specialised resources and expertise. Slow healing in diabetes makes assessment of changes in ulcer area difficult to document. The advantage of digital technology over traditional methods of measuring changes in foot ulcer area is previously reported. Software is available to calculate ulcer area but digital images alone are a useful photographic record for visual comparison during repeated clinic visits.MethodsWe created an electronic image database using commercially available software with facility to simultaneously archive patient demographics and other clinical data, including treatment modalities used. The system was run on a portable computer in the foot clinic along with a mid‐priced digital camera to photograph lesions. This system proved simple to operate and inexpensive and was implemented without the need for support from the hospital IT department. Built‐in data transfer capabilities of the software will enable future integration into hospital‐wide information systems. In addition to its primary use, the system can contribute to audit and education.ConclusionsIt is possible to develop a functional digital image archiving system for diabetic foot clinics using relatively inexpensive, easily available software. Such a system can help monitor progression of foot ulceration, generate audit data and may be used in training. The system can easily be integrated into much larger, comprehensive, diabetes information systems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A potentially disastrous decision for Europe
Authors: Nerup Jørn 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn February this year, in their draft 6th Framework, the EU decided to drop diabetes as a specific target disease, where it had originally been, along with cancer, cardiovascular disease and neurological diseases. In this leader for Practical Diabetes International, the President of the EASD, Professor Jørn Nerup, describes what has happened so far and explains the importance of reversing the ruling. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Audit of time taken to heal diabetic foot ulcers
Authors: Robertshaw Linda , Robertshaw Derek A. , Whyte Ian 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSince the Newcastle Diabetes Centre opened in 1997, the three podiatrists working in the centre have established specialised ulcer clinics to see patients with foot ulcers at least twice per week. As this was a new service, a baseline audit was proposed to provide a level with which to compare future developments. The standard was set at 80% of diabetic foot ulcers to be healed within six months of referral to the podiatry team. All patients with diabetes presenting at the Podiatry Department, Newcastle Diabetes Centre, with a new foot ulcer during the period from 1 December 1997 to 31 May 1998 were entered into the audit. The ulcers were then monitored for up to six months until the end of the audit period on 30 November 1998. The result was that 85% of diabetic foot ulcers healed within six months, which exceeds the standard set at 80%. The average time taken to heal diabetic foot ulcers was eight weeks. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Layer of protection analysis: Generating scenarios automatically from HAZOP data
Authors: Dowell Arthur M. (Art) , Williams Tom R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper details the concept of automatically generating layer of protection analysis (LOPA) scenarios from a process hazard analysis (PHA) conducted using the hazard and operability (HAZOP) methodology. Specialized software selects consequences that meet severity criteria or risk criteria. It then takes each end consequence, follows each link path to an initiating cause, and presents each rolled‐up link path as a single LOPA scenario, complete with all the safeguards (that is, candidate protection layers) found along the link path. The scenarios can be presented in database or spreadsheet format. The rolled‐up LOPA spreadsheet allows the analyst(s) to identify safeguards that are independent protection layers and assign appropriate values to each independent protection layer. The spreadsheet calculates the resultant mitigated risk (or mitigated likelihood or frequency) in real time. This makes it easy for the analyst(s) to determine which independent protection layer or group of independent protection layers provides the most effective means for reaching or maintaining a target risk threshold.The concept (demonstrated using ABS Consulting's HazardReview LEADER™ software) makes the process of going from PHA results to LOPA results a lot less time consuming. It avoids retyping and reduces the risk of overlooking scenarios. The paper will present lessons learned from applying the tools in real PHA/LOPA applications. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2005
Residues of zeta‐cypermethrin in bovine tissues and milk following pour‐on and spray application
Authors: Rothwell James T , Burnett Thomas J , Hacket Kristina , Chevis Roderick , Lowe L Barry 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe depletion of zeta‐cypermethrin residues in bovine tissues and milk was studied. Beef cattle were treated three times at 3‐week intervals with 1 ml 10 kg−1 body weight of a 25 g litre−1 or 50 g litre−1 pour‐on formulation (2.5 and 5.0 mg zeta‐cypermethrin kg−1 body weight) or 100 mg kg−1 spray to simulate a likely worst‐case treatment regime. Friesian and Jersey dairy cows were treated once with 2.5 mg zeta‐cypermethrin kg−1 in a pour‐on formulation. Muscle, liver and kidney residue concentrations were generally less than the limit of detection (LOD =  0.01 mg kg−1). Residues in renal‐fat and back‐fat samples from animals treated with 2.5 mg kg−1 all exceeded the limit of quantitation (LOQ =  0.05 mg kg−1), peaking at 10 days after treatment. Only two of five kidney fat samples were above the LOQ after 34 days, but none of the back‐fat samples exceeded the LOQ at 28 days after treatment. Following spray treatments, fat residues were detectable in some animals but were below the LOQ at all sampling intervals. Zeta‐cypermethrin was quantifiable (LOQ =  0.01 mg kg−1) in only one whole‐milk sample from the Friesian cows (0.015 mg kg−1, 2 days after treatment). In whole milk from Jersey cows, the mean concentration of zeta‐cypermethrin peaked 1 day after treatment, at 0.015 mg kg−1, and the highest individual sample concentration was 0.025 mg kg−1 at 3 days after treatment. Residues in milk were not quantifiable beginning 4 days after treatment. The mean concentrations of zeta‐cypermethrin in milk fat from Friesian and Jersey cows peaked two days after treatment at 0.197 mg kg−1 and 0.377 mg kg−1, respectively, and the highest individual sample concentrations were 2 days after treatment at 0.47 mg kg−1 and 0.98 mg kg−1, respectively.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of pyrethroids on carbohydrate metabolic pathways in common carp, Cyprinus carpio
Authors: Kamalaveni K , Gopal V , Sampson Ursula , Aruna D 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe activity levels of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) were assessed in various tissues of Cyprinus carpio var communis which had been exposed to lethal concentrations of group‐II pyrethroids (deltamethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate and fluvalinate) for a period of 72 h. The results indicated a steady decrease in SDH activity with a concomitant increase in G6PD activity. The decreased SDH activity indicated inhibition of SDH at mitochondrial level and the increased G6PD activity an enhancement of an alternative pathway of carbohydrate metabolism, viz the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP) or pentose phosphate pathway as a biochemical adaptation to overcome the toxic stress.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Antibiotic activity of pentadecapeptides modelled from amino acid descriptors
Authors: Lejon Tore , Strøm Morten B. , Svendsen John S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPentadecapeptides based on modified murine lactoferricin (LFM) sequences show varying degrees of antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. By means of projections to latent structures (PLS), a good correlation is obtained if the biological activity is modelled as a function of variables describing peptide properties, e.g. α‐helicity, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity and charge. Using variables derived from a principal component analysis (PCA) of all naturally occurring amino acids, it is possible to describe the amino acid content of the peptides using three variables per amino acid position. The resulting descriptor matrix is then used to develop quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR). It is shown that the theoretically derived descriptors model the activity of the peptides better than the earlier model, and that properties of the peptides other than antibacterial activity can be predicted. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tryptic hydrolysis of hGH‐RH(1‐29)‐NH2 analogues containing Lys or Orn in positions 12 and 21
Authors: Witkowska Ewa , Orłowska Alicja , Sagan Brunon , Smoluch Marek , Izdebski Jan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo analogues of the 29 amino acid sequence of human growth hormone‐releasing hormone, namely [Nle27]hGH‐RH(1‐29)‐NH2 and [Orn12,21,Nle27]hGH‐RH(1‐29)‐NH2, have been synthesized and subjected to digestion by trypsin. The course of degradation was followed using RP‐HPLC and ESI‐MS. Several intermediates and final products of degradation were identified and conclusions regarding the rate of cleavages at different positions occupied by Lys and Arg residues were drawn. The analogue containing ornithine was found to be less susceptible to hydrolysis by trypsin: the 12‐13 and 21‐22 peptide bonds were completely resistant to the cleavage. The results show that by replacing Lys with Orn, a possibility exists to design new peptides, which could be more stable in biological fluids. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress limits and minimum reinforcement requirements in shear design provisions
Authors: Kuchma Daniel A. , Su Kim Kang 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThere are substantial differences in the maximum stress limits and minimum shear reinforcement requirements that are used in codes of practice. A database of 1287 shear test results was used to evaluate the requirements/limits that are used in the ACI318‐02 Building Code, the AASHTO‐LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, and Eurocode 2. Owing to concerns and uncertainties about the behaviour of members cast with high‐strength concrete, codes of practice place a limit on the maximum concrete compressive strength (f′c) that may be used in design relationships. This limit may be as low as 50 MPa. An examination of test data reveals that these maximum stress limitations may be unnecessary, except for members that are large, lightly reinforced in flexure, and which do not contain shear reinforcement.Codes also limit the maximum allowable shear stress in a member. In this case, the limitation is principally to guard against brittle compression failures. The shear stress limits employed in the three codes examined were found to differ by up to 2.5 times. This illustrates a lack of international agreement on fundamental issues related to shear behaviour. While only a limited amount of test data is available to evaluate the appropriateness of the selected limits, these data suggest that the ACI318‐02 limitation may be needlessly conservative.Minimum shear reinforcing requirements also differ substantially between these three codes of practice. The test data indicate that there is a small positive correlation of the shear strength ratio (Vtest/Vcode) with the amount of shear reinforcement and little to no correlation of this ratio with the spacing of the shear reinforcement.It is suggested that more accurate shear design provisions, minimum reinforcement requirements, and maximum shear limits will be achieved if researchers and code committee members work together to develop a qualified test database from which future research needs may be defined and from which improved provisions can be developed.
Evaluation of a scenario‐based reading technique for analysing process components
Authors: Tortorella Maria , Visaggio Giuseppe 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo improve a working process, one or more process components can be replaced by innovative ones. The literature provides a possible source of innovative process components. However, it is often difficult to evaluate whether a particular innovative process component satisfying an improvement goal can be introduced to replace a process component in the working software process to be improved. In previous works, the authors of this paper proposed a characterization and evaluation framework to address the above problem. To improve the usability of the framework, a scenario was defined for each question to help the user answer it methodically. The experiment presented in this paper aims to verify if a scenario‐based reading technique improves the usability of the framework. The results obtained show that the technique proposed makes assessment of which process components of a working process are candidates for making innovation more reliable. Moreover, the scenario‐based reading technique is user independent and only a little training may be sufficient to sensibly improve the effectiveness of use of the scenarios. The trustworthy results of this technique and its independence of the user's previous knowledge and ability ensure that it can be applied methodically. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐modal systems method: the impact of normative factors on community viability
Authors: de Raadt Veronica D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis is an analysis of viability in a small village in northern Sweden and a contribution to testing the multi‐modal systems method (MMSM). With the aid of the method, factors important to a village's life were selected and relationships between them analysed, to see if they promoted or threatened viability. Relationships are characteristic of a small community and it is argued that viability is best understood by examining relationships. MMSM proved a useful tool for studying relationships between the factors selected, between various modalities of community life, and between community groups. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GSM‐IP: A VoIP service for mobile networks
Authors: Pang Ai‐Chun , Lin Yi‐Bing , Chang Ming‐Feng 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBased on media gateway control protocol (MGCP), this paper describes GSM‐IP, a voice over IP service for GSM mobile network. With the signaling protocol translation mechanism provided by the MGCP signaling gateway, we demonstrate how to interwork the MGCP elements with the home location register, visitor location register and mobile switching center in the GSM network. Then we present the message flows for GSM‐IP registration, call origination, call delivery, call release and inter‐system handoff procedures. We show the feasibility of integrating GSM with the MGCP‐based VoIP network without modifying the GSM network. Furthermore, our approach does not introduce new protocol primitives to MGCP. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transition prediction for a two‐dimensional reynolds‐averaged navier–stokes method applied to wind turbine airfoils
Authors: Brodeur Robert R. , van Dam C. P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBoundary layer transition is significant to many flow fields that include both laminar and turbulent regions. Accurate prediction of transition onset is fundamental to the modelling of these flows. In most flow solvers based on the Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations, transition onset must be specified manually. To overcome this weakness and to more accurately predict aerodynamic flow fields, a boundary layer transition prediction methodology is presented. This methodology, which has been applied to a Navier–Stokes solver, dynamically locates transition onset as the flow solution is converging. The prediction methodology identifies several boundary layer transition mechanisms, including Tollmien–Schlichting instability, laminar separation and turbulence contamination. Where possible, the implementation utilizes the calculated boundary layer velocity profiles to strongly couple the predicted transition locations and the flow solution. The transition prediction methodology was used to predicted transition onset for the NLF(1)‐0416 and S809 single‐element wind turbine airfoils. Results obtained with numerical calculations are found to agree well with experimental observations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prey–predator mutualism in a tritrophic system on a camphor tree
Authors: Kasai Atsushi , Yano Shuichi , Takafuji Akio 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe report the discovery of a mutualistic system encompassing prey–predator interactions. A domatium is a small space in a vein axil on the underside of leaves of woody angiosperms. Cinnamomum camphora Linn. has domatia that harbor a microphytophagous eriophyid mite (sp. 1). We previously reported that a predatory mite, Euseius sojaensis (Ehara), depends on this eriophyid mite as food. We revealed that E. sojaensis also preyed upon another eriophyid mite (sp. 2) that induces galls on leaves, and that the mean area of C. camphora leaves with galls was usually less than half that of leaves without galls. We experimentally tested the effect of E. sojaensis on galls, and confirmed that the presence of E. sojaensis reduced gall induction. Therefore, C. camphora, eriophyid mite sp. 1, and E. sojaensis comprise a mutualistic system, in spite of the prey–predator interactions among them. The conventional concept of mutualism does not apply to such prey–predator interactions, so we defined them as “systematic mutualism.” Here, the system consists of three trophic levels, and individuals that constitute this system benefit from the other species that constitute this system.
Comparisons of germination traits of alpine plants between fellfield and snowbed habitats
Authors: Shimono Yoshiko , Kudo Gaku 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe examined the seed‐germination responses of 27 alpine species with reference to habitat type (fellfield and snowbed), temperature (five regimes), and light requirement. About 70% of species showed >40% germination at warm temperatures without cold stratification. However, a moist‐chilling treatment markedly improved the germination percentages in most species, especially under cool conditions. Thus, cold stratification effectively reduced the temperature requirement for germination. Patterns of germination response within species were not consistent between the fellfield and snowbed habitats for species inhabiting both habitats. For interspecific comparisons, there were no significant differences in germination responses to the temperature regimes and the cold stratification between the fellfield and snowbed species. Also, germination speed and the length of germinating period did not differ between fellfield and snowbed species. Most species (86%) showed a requirement for light for germination without cold stratification. Although the extent of the light requirement was reduced after cold stratification in some species, the light requirement of most small‐seeded species remained. The combination of cold stratification and the light requirement is a major factor determining the seedling emergence and formation of seed banks in alpine plants. However, habitat‐specific patterns of germination traits were less clear, suggesting similar germination traits in fellfield and snowbed plants, at least under controlled conditions in the laboratory.