bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL)
Authors: Diehl Paul F. , Druckman Daniel , Mueller Grace B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 focuses on a single operation—the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone or UNAMSIL (Sierra Leone)—which had the full number and range of missions elucidated in the theoretical expectations and covered in the compatibility indicators (nine in number). For this operation, the authors provide a brief overview of the conflict background and the key elements in the timeline for the operation. The core of the analysis is an assessment of the outcomes for each of the missions in the operation, with an eye to how they are connected in ways described by the study’s expectations (or not).
Conclusions and Implications
Authors: Diehl Paul F. , Druckman Daniel , Mueller Grace B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The concluding Chapter 7 takes stock of how well the study’s theoretical expectations comported with the collective results of the five case studies. It then provides a framework for organizing the various parts and stages of a peace operation, many of which are treated in this book. It offers the scholar and policymaker a broader vision of how peace operations unfold from preparations through processes and situational changes to post-operation developments. In the context of the volume’s framework, the authors return to many of the policy-relevant questions posed above. The book concludes with a discussion of a future research agenda that addresses questions unanswered or suggested by the study. It also considers the implications of new missions for peace operations in the context of compatibility and effectiveness concerns.
Bracero 2.0
Authors: Martin Philip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Five million Mexican-born farm workers are employed on North American farms sometime during a typical year, including 50,000 in Canada, 3 million in Mexico, and 2 million in the United States. Almost all of these workers were raised in poverty in rural Mexico. Mexican farm workers who are employed on American and Canadian farms earn at least ten times more than they would earn in Mexico, whether they are guest workers, legal immigrants or naturalized citizens, or unauthorized workers. Mexican farm workers are also employed in Mexico on farms in the northern and central states that export fruits and vegetables to the United States; this group of workers includes internal migrants from Mexico’s poorer southern states. This book explores the impacts of Mexican migrant workers in Canada, Mexico, and the United States, the alternatives to farm workers in particular commodities, and policies to improve protections for farm workers. Mexican braceros, or guest workers, were significant in the 1950s, and this book explores the similarities and differences between the braceros of the past and the migrant farm workers in Canada, Mexico, and the United States today.
Farm Workers in the United States
Authors: Martin Philip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Agriculture has unusual demographics. Most farm employers are older, white, and US citizens, while most farm workers are younger, minority, and noncitizens. The slowdown in unauthorized Mexico-US migration since 2008–9 means that there is an aging and settled Mexican-born farm workforce as well as youthful Mexican H-2A guest workers. Half of US farm workers are in the Pacific coast states, including a third in California, where state governments have enacted laws that require farm workers to be treated like nonfarm workers. This chapter opens several windows onto farm workers, explaining why and how the data sources vary in size and clarity to explain who works on US farms but converge in showing that US farm workers include a shrinking number of unauthorized and nonmigrant farm workers alongside a rising number of younger Mexican H-2A guest workers who fill seasonal farm jobs.
Vision, Mission, Strategy, and Culture as Core Concepts of Public Health Practice
Authors: Fraser Michael R. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses how to cultivate and understand vision, mission, strategy, and culture in public health practices. It discusses the challenges of implementing strategy and how to build strategy through positioning and direction-setting, aiding vision and mission as well. The chapter covers organizational alignment of strategy aspects and vision, mission, and culture. The challenges of working in government complicate agency strategy, adding political, legislative, and regulatory layers to a leader’s already difficult tasks of clearly defining an organization’s direction and aligning the resources needed to get there. A public health agency’s strategic plan should summarize the unique and strategic position leadership wants to take in addressing a jurisdiction’s priorities. The chapter also revisits PH WINS, discussed in chapter 1.
Purpose, Passion, and the Public’s Health
Authors: Williams Amber Norris , Fraser Michael R. , Matthies Robin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on employees in the public health workforce, specifically employee engagement, in a moment of national reckoning on racism and racial injustice that has had significant impact on governmental public health agencies. Beyond the long-standing work of public health agencies to address the long-term health impacts of racism, there is a need for agencies to make systemic changes internally in addressing discrimination, inequity, and exclusion. While employee engagement and motivation are important during typical operations, the COVID-19 pandemic illustrates the specific challenge and need to address these factors while responding to an extended worldwide crisis. Governmental public health leaders can increase employee engagement and unlock employee motivation by leveraging the important purpose and meaningful work of governmental public health as well as pay. While there are barriers in governmental systems that make extrinsic motivation challenging, leaders can create cultures that build upon intrinsic motivators to keep employees engaged.
Local Food
Authors: Thompson Paul B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Locavorism—the injunction to locally produced foods—has been subjected to a barrage of philosophical critiques. Here two are examined carefully. In brief, they reject extreme locavorism in favor a more moderate view that acknowledges the impracticality of sourcing literally everything one eats on a local basis. Applied philosophers drawing primarily on consequentialist principles conclude that moderate locavorism is morally permissible but cannot be viewed as mandatory. This conclusion is reached by considering the ends sought by locavorism and noticing the many ways to reach these ends besides focusing on diets. The author questions if this approach has taken all the factors recommending locavorism into consideration. First, philosophers have not considered impacts from localizing the economy. When exchange circulates locally, there are arguments to think that it promotes local growth in economic well-being. Although these effects are not unique to food purchases, there are reasons why the food economy is a particularly effective domain to promote economic effects. Second, philosophers have not considered the ethical sense in which locavorism is a heuristic rather than a prescription. The moral argument for heuristics is analyzed in reference to Pascal’s wager, and prominent advocates of locavorism are shown to have advocated less for the outcomes a local diet can produce, but for its ability to induce greater openness to the full universe of moral possibilities.
The Ethics of Food Labels
Authors: Thompson Paul B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The landscape of food product claims runs from pure advertising to mandated ingredient and nutrition information. Government-required warning labels are few in number and require support from scientific studies. However, the growing food movement has encouraged labels that many interpret as supporting healthful or ethical action: fair trade, humanely produced, etc. Questions about the ethics of labeling include when labels mislead in an unethical fashion and what information vendors are ethically required to provide, even if they are not legally required to do so. The dominant view has tended toward a utilitarian answer to both questions. Labels should be evaluated in terms of the consequences of providing (or requiring) information on a food product. However, a strict and scientistic interpretation of the consequentialist test may overstate the norm for the first question. Labels that do not improve health may nonetheless be desired and are not regarded as misleading by those who want them. An answer to the second question compares many claims intended to support ethical action on a par with religious claims, such as kosher or halal. Although providing such information is not ethically mandatory, a labeling policy that prevents venders from providing it on the grounds that there are no scientifically verifiable benefits violates religious liberty. The ethical test is a right of exit: people should be able to “opt out” of eating foods that conflict with their religious, ethical, and even idiosyncratic preferential values.
Firearms Law and History in a New Doctrinal Era
Authors: Blocher Joseph , Charles Jacob D. , Miller Darrell A.H. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This introduction provides an overview of the plan and layout for the volume, including summaries of the chapters that address a wide variety of firearms technology, regulation, and development throughout U.S. history. Historical work has long played a prominent role in scholarly and legal debates about the interplay between gun rights and regulation, especially since the Supreme Court’s 2008 decision in District of Columbia v. Heller. The Court’s 2022 decision in New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen, which mandates an exclusively historical test for Second Amendment claims, raises the importance of this type of new historical evidence. The voices of a wide range of methodologically diverse scholars help to showcase how much context matters in understanding the scope of historical firearms regulation.
The Life She Saves May Be Her Own
Authors: Stange Mary Zeiss 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on a Washington Supreme Court decision concerning the self-defense rights of a woman named Yvonne Wanrow. The chapter brings a critical lens to analyze feminist arguments for arming women to deal with aggressive violence and how State v. Wanrow sheds light on those arguments. It argues that the Wanrow case demonstrates the problems with conventional legal instructions about self-defense “when issues of gender, race and class were factored in.” The Washington Supreme Court ultimately reversed Wanrow’s conviction because of flawed jury instructions that embedded gender stereotypes into the legality of self-defense. It is no coincidence, the chapter argues, that the case unfolded at the same time that radical feminists were arguing that women had the right and sometimes the need to resort to lethal self-defense.
Prohibitions on Private Armies in Seven State Constitutions
Authors: Miller Darrell A.H. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter tracks the rise and fall of corporate employment of private militias to protect property and suppress labor unrest during the Gilded Age, as marked by the fortunes of the most prominent of these private forces—the Pinkerton Detective Agency. The chapter then shows how anti-Pinkerton sentiment manifested itself in express prohibitions in seven state constitutions on a corporation’s ability to either employ or import armed agents and explains what that prohibition means for notions of public and private power with respect to the right to keep and bear arms.
The Puzzle
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In order to understand whether and how the Gilded Age presidents affected the economy, we first need a basic picture of how the nation’s economy performed and a comparison of the different presidential administrations. This chapter therefore presents an index of thirty-two years of indicators and estimates of those aspects of economic performance that Americans find most important. These data are then used to approximate a rough quantitative comparison of the economy under the presidents who served from 1869 until 1901. The economic data suggest that, in terms of presidential administrations, the US economy appears to have flourished under Hayes, Harrison, and McKinley; was mixed or floundered under Grant (first term), Garfield, and Cleveland (first term); and crashed under Grant (second term), Arthur, and Cleveland (second term). The same data paint an introductory picture of how the overall US economy evolved during the Gilded Age. These are not intended as perfect, or final, assays of these presidents’ economic performance. Rather, this exercise is meant to construct an initial, basic ranking upon which to build additional evidence in the subsequent chapters. Finally, this chapter provides a brief explanation of four theories that claim to describe the relationship between the president and the economy.
Ulysses S. Grant, Second Term
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During Grant’s second term, business and politics were increasingly woven together into a web of greed and corruption. Railroads entered a grand new phase of consolidation and influence. There also appeared new industrial corporations in steel, oil, rail manufacture, and wheat production. Silver emerged as a political rival to gold and the greenback. Democrats regained political parity with the Republicans. To get out the vote, state and local political machines mastered the arts of graft and patronage. Meanwhile, new political movements based on currency, agricultural, and anti-monopoly interests came forth to agitate the electoral waters. And to kick it all off, during late summer 1873 the first great industrial recession and financial crisis of the era struck, damning the remainder of Grant’s presidency to economic misery. Grant attempted to navigate these economic squalls by doggedly adhering to the same approach as in his first term. His primary concerns remained his desire to defend freedom, justice, and equality for African Americans, while reconciling with the ex-Confederate South, and to do so while adhering to the “hard money” ideology that he believed essential for American creditworthiness. This proved an impossible trilemma. Grant’s dedication to “hard money” eliminated monetary policy as a short-term solution to the depression. Other ideas for federal interventions to relieve the economy were then shot down as either too encouraging of partisan corruption or too contrary to conservative government. Grant was either unwilling or unable to form the political coalitions necessary to overcome these objections. The results were economically disastrous.
James A. Garfield and the Economy of 1881
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
James A. Garfield seems scarcely relevant for the nation’s economic performance. After all, he had an active administration of just four months during 1881. During this time, Congress was in session only eleven weeks, and little business of national importance presented itself. Instead, much of Garfield’s presidency was spent dealing with a barrage of office-seekers, culminating in a standoff with fellow Republican and New York machine boss Senator Roscoe Conkling, which likely contributed to Garfield’s assassination by a mentally ill patronage-seeker. After Garfield was shot, he was virtually incapacitated until he died in mid-September. Meanwhile, the economy prospered. The unprecedented economic boom, begun three years earlier under President Hayes, seemed impervious to the political drama. Yet Garfield was not an inconsequential president. During his brief tenure, he negotiated a major refinancing of Civil War–era bonds. He also reasserted presidential prerogative over the Senate in federal appointments and addressed the US Post Office’s “Star Route” fraud, thus advancing civil service reform. In the longer run, Garfield’s assassination itself was momentous. The murder of an American president at the hand of a deranged partisan office-seeker finally broke the political logjam on civil service reform. It swung the weight of American public opinion heavily in favor of major legislation and expedited the transition to a modern government. Rather than descend into a morass of inefficient corruption, lethal to economic growth and innovation, governments throughout the United States now pivoted toward the creation of more honest, educated, professional bureaucracies.
Entanglement
Authors: Manenti Riccardo , Motta Mario 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis chapter describes entanglement in bipartite systems. We define entanglement for pure states introducing the concept of Schmidt decomposition, and we show that entanglement can be quantified through the von Neumann entropy. We then present dense coding and teleportation, two quantum information protocols that use entanglement as a resource. We present the notions of locality and realism and derive the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality, an extended version of Bell’s inequalities. We then focus on mixed states and we present different techniques to solve the separability problem
Quantum simulation of Hamiltonian dynamics
Authors: Manenti Riccardo , Motta Mario 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents some quantum algorithms to simulate the dynamics of a quantum system, one of the most important applications of a quantum computer. We introduce the conditions for efficient simulation of Hamiltonian dynamics. We then present some Trotterization methods, in which the time evolution operator is approximated as a product of terms, each of which can be implemented by a quantum circuit at polynomial cost. We show high-order decompositions and illustrate the use of a Trotterization method to simulate sparse Hamiltonians. We discuss the Taylor series method and the qubitization method. The latter achieves optimal cost in simulation time and target accuracy. We conclude the chapter with a proof that simulating Hamiltonian dynamics is BQP-complete
Superconducting qubits
Authors: Manenti Riccardo , Motta Mario 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents the principles of superconducting qubits. We start our discussion with a presentation of the Josephson effect. We then introduce the Cooper pair box and the transmon, the most widespread superconducting qubit. We study how to execute single-qubit gates by driving a superconducting qubit with electromagnetic pulses, and how to read out the state of a qubit by a transmission measurement. The last part of the chapter is devoted to the presentation of some two-qubit gates. Specifically, we illustrate the implementation of the iSWAP and square root of iSWAP gates and of the cross-resonance gate. The last section discusses tunable couplers
Abbatial Authorship
Authors: Pohl Benjamin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a conceptual investigation of abbatial authorship in the Middle Ages. It commences with a review of the scholarly état présent (1.1) before examining the relationship between authorial composition and authority (1.2), historiography as a strategic means of abbatial self-fashioning (1.3), and the significance of female abbatial authorship (1.4), a subject too often glossed over in scholarship. The conclusions are summarized at the end of the chapter (1.5). Authorial composition was a significant facet of abbatial historiographical activity, and monastic superiors were amongst the most prolific authors of historical narratives across the medieval Latin West. Abbatial authors were set apart less by what they wrote than by their ability to imbue their works with a unique sense of authority that combined institutional auctoritas with lordly potestas. Contrary to some pessimistic assessments of historiographical production in communities of medieval religious women, the evidence presented here paints a picture of medieval abbesses as regular and instrumental authors of historical narratives.
Mental Imagery
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book is about mental imagery and the important work it does in our mental life. It plays a crucial role in the vast majority of our perceptual episodes. It also helps us understand many of the most puzzling features of perception (like the way it is influenced in a top-down manner and the way different sense modalities interact). But mental imagery also plays a very important role in emotions, action execution, and even in our desires. In sum, there are very few mental phenomena that mental imagery doesn’t show up in—in some way or other. The hope is that if we understand what mental imagery is, how it works and how it is related to other mental phenomena, we can make real progress on a number of important questions about the mind. This book aims at an interdisciplinary audience. As it aims to combine philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience to understand mental imagery, I have not presupposed any prior knowledge in any of these disciplines. As a result, readers with no background in any of these disciplines can also follow the arguments.
The Content of Mental Imagery
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mental imagery is a kind of representation: it is perceptual representation not directly triggered by the sensory input. But then we need to examine what kind of content this representation has. This chapter argues that mental imagery is very similar to perceptual representations, the difference between the two being in their etiology only—one is triggered directly by the sensory input, whereas the other is not. Both mental imagery and perception represents imagistically.
Perception/Mental Imagery Mixed Cases
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The importance of amodal completion in everyday perception gives us reason to hold that what we pre-theoretically take to be perception is in fact a mixture of sensory stimulation-driven perception and mental imagery. The importance of such perception/mental imagery mixed cases is highlighted and it is argued that it should be taken to be the default when it comes to perceiving the world.
Synesthesia
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Synesthesia has very different varieties. Some synesthetes hear a musical note and see a specific color, for example. Some others experience a specific color each time they see a specific black numeral or letter printed on white background. This chapter argues that all forms of synesthesia count as mental imagery. Further, this explains some less central cases of synesthesia, including swimming-style synesthesia and imaginatively induced synesthesia.
Pain
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What we pre-theoretically take to be perception is in fact a mixture between sensory stimulation-driven perception and mental imagery. Similarly, what we pre-theoretically take to be pain is in fact a mixture between sensory stimulation-driven (that is, nociceptive) pain perception and pain imagery. This explains both some cases where pain lacks any form of nociception (that is, the activation of pain receptors), like phantom pain or the thermal grid illusion, and the crucial role expectations play in pain perception.