bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Model Adagio by Johann Joachim Quantz
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
three of the k eys to success at an eighteenth-century court were held by Johann Joachim Quants (1697–1773). He was a highly talented performer (on the flute primarily), he composed music that delighted his aristocratic audiences (in Dresden first, and later in Berlin), and he learned how to please powerful princes (the Elector of Saxony and, most importantly, Frederick the Great, King of Prussia). As simultaneously “composer for the royal court,” “composer for the royal chamber,” and “professor of flute for the king of Prussia,” Quants received ten times the salary of the king’s harpsichord player, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (1714–1788), even though Bach was a musician of staggering abilities. Successful music at court was not about “art for art’s sake,” to use the Romantic phrase. Christian Gottfried Krause (1719–1770), a prominent Berlin lawyer and musical devotee at the Berlin court, described C. P. E. Bach as a musical Milton whose melodies required “thorough prior acquaintance” before they could please.1 Not every courtier had the time or inclination for “thorough prior acquaintance.” A winning strategy for a court composer was thus to create music that could be understood and enjoyed on first hearing, and Quantz played that game to perfection.
Impact Of The Environment On The Genome
Authors: Smith Moyra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Changes in DNA chemical composition, integrity, or structure may be induced through endogenous or exogenous factors, the latter of which may be chemical or physical factors. Genomic instability may occur as a direct or indirect result of environmental factors. The interactions between the environment and germinal tissues (ovary, eggs, testes, and sperm) and interaction between the environment and the developing organism during critical periods of vulnerability are of particular concern. Insight into agents that damage DNA and into mechanisms of DNA repair have been in part derived through studies on hereditary disorders characterized by a tendency to develop tumors.
Molecular Defects In Cancer: Application To Therapy
Authors: Smith Moyra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is important to consider how understanding of the underlying molecular defects in cancer may be utilized to develop therapies. Many conventional chemotherapy agents target the propensity of cancer cells for unrestricted proliferation. However, treatments with agents that damage DNA or interfere with DNA synthesis have toxic side effects. The margin of difference in impact on cancer and normal cells is small (Adler and Gough 2007). Newer approaches to therapy are often based on exploiting the molecular differences between cancer cells and normal cells. A number of new approaches to therapy that are based on much older observations on differences between cancer cells and normal cells seek to target differences in metabolism, for example, the fact that cancer cells tend to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and energy through glycolysis rather than through oxidative phosphorylation. Pharmacological interventions that reverse this trend in cancer cells stimulate apoptosis of those cells.
Phenomes, Phenotypes, And Clinical Genetic Services
Authors: Smith Moyra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gene function may be speculated on based on sequence, domain structure, and homology to other sequences. Hall (2003) emphasized that clues about the function of a gene may be forthcoming from clear clinical descriptions of patients who are found to have mutations. She noted in addition that descriptions on longitudinal studies in such patients are important because physical features change over time and different problems emerge as these patients age. Hall has drawn attention to the fact that lack of detailed clinical information will compromise progress in the understanding of biology and disease.
Intelligence, Academic Achievement, and Creativity
Authors: Marschark Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For some readers, this chapter will be the “bottom line” of the book, and I suspect that a few may have skipped forward to this point seeking an answer to the question “Will deafness affect my child’s intelligence or academic success?” Those who have read everything up to this point, however, will suspect (correctly) that the question is really a very complex one. As I have argued in other places, the key here will be understanding the cognitive underpinnings of learning in terms of both the knowledge and skills that deaf children bring to the learning context and what is presumably necessary in order to take advantage of educational opportunities and interventions (Detterman & Thompson, 1997).
Introduction: Making Sense of the Vietnam Wars
Authors: Bradley Mark Philip , Young Marilyn B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late summer of 2005, even as a real war raged in Iraq, a group of men in surplus military gear moved out on patrol through the scrub of central Virginia, hunting for Viet Cong. Hiding somewhere out there, men and women in black pajamas waited in ambush. “To get to Vietnam,” Phuong Ly, a reporter for the Washington Post explained, “follow Interstate 64 to Louisa, V[irginia]. Signs show the way: ‘To the Nam,’ ‘Phou Bai—2 km.’ “ The encampment, and the battles, took place on a fifty-acre clearing where some scorched forest land added a “nice touch.” As one participant observed: “Looks like it’s been napalmed.”
The United States and the Making of the Helsinki Final Act
Authors: Morgan Michael Cotey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the defining moments of Gerald Ford’s brief presidency came during his 1976 election campaign against Jimmy Carter. During the second of their debates, panelist Max Frankel of the New York Times asked Ford whether the Russians had taken the upper hand in the Cold War. Communism was dangerously popular in France and Italy, the United States had bolstered communist prestige by recognizing East Germany as a legitimate state, and, by signing the Helsinki Final Act, Frankel contended, Ford had effectively accepted Soviet “dominance in Eastern Europe.” Ford had prepared for a question along these lines. He insisted that his administration was dealing with Moscow “from a position of strength.”
Thanks for the Fish: Nixon, Kissinger, and Canada
Authors: Bothwell Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the more difficult tasks for Henry Kissinger’s assistants while he was secretary of state was extracting time for a visit from the Canadian ambassador. It was a duty Secretary Kissinger accepted with a sinking heart. Watching the ambassador heave into his office followed by a minion loaded down with binders, the secretary tried some heavy humor: “I hope you haven’t come to talk to me about the sex life of the salmon.” But that, as he knew very well, was the topic, for as long as politeness and a busy schedule would allow.
Women in Twentieth-Century America
Authors: Winslow Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps one of the most striking features of the twentieth century has been the dramatic transformation of women’s status. In 1900, women were excluded from the formal organizations of political and economic life and socially defined primarily by their marital status. With very few exceptions, women could not vote, serve on juries, or hold elective office, and they were legally as well as socially barred from a wide range of professions and occupations. Women had no legal right to contraception or abortion. In some states, only married women could own property. Marriage was deemed to be the only appropriate condition, and divorced women were socially ostracized. Divorced or abandoned mothers had no legal right to custody of their own children. The Fourteenth Amendment, which guarantees equal protection under the law, did not include women as “persons.” Yet over the course of a century, women entered all aspects of public life—the workforce, politics, professions, arts, the armed forces, sports, media, and popular culture. Throughout this transformation, several themes have remained constant for women—the protection of mothers and children in the home and workplace and the struggle for equality in the economic and political life of the nation, peace, reproductive rights, and sexual freedom. At the same time, women have been deeply divided by race, class, nationality, ethnicity, and region and have often not acted collectively on these issues.
Conceptualizing U.S. Women’s History through Consumerism
Authors: Scanlon Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early studies of consumer culture in the United States viewed women as dupes of advertising and other media entities: Women received the message that they were “born to shop,” and they followed that dictate without considering its gendered economic or political consequences—or its suitability for their lives. In the history of consumer culture, such marginalization of women as historical actors has operated on two planes, depicting women as the passive recipients of men’s dictates about money and power, and marking the work women do, purchasing products for themselves and their families, as an activity to be mocked (“Women’s place is at the mall”) and as a meager social undertaking rather than an essential economic contribution. Such understandings leave us with a woefully inadequate picture of Americans ‘ historical relationships to the getting and spending of money. This chapter explores how teaching about consumerism from a gendered historical perspective can provide students with a richer and more complex engagement not only with the history of women but also with the history of the development of consumerism and consumer capitalism in the United States.
Conceptualizing the Female World of Religion in U.S. Women’s History
Authors: Welter Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I teach the history of religion in the United States and the history of women in the United States as part of the same continuum of change, continuity, individuals, and ideas. I find that the questions posed in both subjects are similar, but even more interesting is the fact that the questions are never really answered—the next generation poses them again, in a slightly different context, from slightly different perspectives, but impelled by similar needs. Like Gertrude Stein’s last words: It is not the answer we seek in the study but the questions themselves. The students I teach are either completely without religious knowledge, have some cultural but little historical knowledge of their own religion, or, in rare cases, are better trained in biblical exegesis than I am and far more willing to debate its merits.
Introduction: The Present State Of Atlantic History
Authors: Morgan Philip D , Greene Jack P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Atlantic history is an analytic construct and an explicit category of historical analysis that historians have devised to help them organize the study of some of the most important developments of the early modern era: the emergence in the fifteenth century and the subsequent growth of the Atlantic basin as a site for demographic, economic, social, cultural, and other forms of exchange among and within the four continents surrounding the Atlantic Ocean—Europe, Africa, South America, and North America—and all the islands adjacent to those continents and in that ocean. As people, pathogens, and plants—to mention just three key agents of change—moved ever more intensively across the Atlantic, profound transformations occurred in all spheres of life. Events in one place had repercussions in others. Atlantic history, as John Elliott elegantly puts it, involves the study of “the creation, destruction, and re-creation of communities as a result of the movement, across and around the Atlantic basin, of people, commodities, cultural practices, and values.”
Priority-Setting Skills
Authors: Stein James Rodriguez Adam , Romanelli Lisa Hunter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapters discussed ways to establish a strong working relationship with parents using engagement, listening, collaboration, and boundary-setting skills. When you first meet parents, the most important thing you can do is to listen actively to their story. Once you have offered a supportive ear, you can ask specific questions to clarify your understanding of the parents’ concerns. Then you can begin to try to set priorities about actions that need to be taken on behalf of parents’ children.
Getting a Mental Health Evaluation
Authors: Romanelli Lisa Hunter , Rodriguez James , Burton Geraldine , Stein Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An accurate assessment is the first step in securing appropriate mental health treatment for a child. Parents may need your guidance in helping them decide the proper venue for an assessment based on their child’s needs and circumstances. Parents should be given the most up-to-date information to facilitate their ability to make good decisions and guide their child’s mental health care. Accessing the mental health system begins by understanding the key players and what services they can offer. Parents can avoid much delay by knowing what types of assessment services are available and how they will go about finding answers. In order to assist parents, you will need a welldeveloped practical understanding of assessments and who can conduct them.
Descartes and Aquinas on Per Se Subsistence and the Union of Soul and Body
Authors: Hoffman Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aquinas explicitly recognizes a weak and a strong notion of per se subsistence, or equivalently, a weak and a strong notion of what it is to be what he calls a “this something” (hoc aliquid). The weak notion of per se subsistence amounts to existing without existing in a subject. Aquinas says that a hand subsists per se in this weak sense, but denies that accidental and material forms (which include the souls of plants and animals) subsist per se. The strong or proper notion of per se subsistence requires, in addition to subsistence in the weak sense, subsisting completely in the nature of a species. Human beings, animals, and plants meet both conditions, but since hands and eyes are merely parts they do not subsist completely in the nature of a species.
The Union and Interaction of Mind and Body (Part 2)
Authors: Hoffman Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Aristotelian model of causation with which Descartes was familiar is far different from our post-Humean model of causation. APer Hume, the paradigm example of causation is one billiard ball striking another and the second billiard ball rolling away. In such a case there are two events, where the prior event is the cause of the subsequent event. For the Aristotelians, a paradigm example of causation would be a person liPIing a vase. The effect is the vase’s being liPIed, and the cause could be viewed either as the person doing the liPing or the person’s act of liPing. In such a case, it would be wrong to say that the effect is an event or process subsequent to the cause. The vase’s being liPed is not temporally subsequent to the person’s act of liPing (nor would we say it is subsequent to the person). Indeed, the stronger claim can be made that in such a case, there is really only one event or process. The person’s liPing of the vase is not a different event or process from the vase’s being liPed. This Aristotelian model of causation is characterized by the doctrine of the identity of action and passion: the agent’s action is one and the same change as the passion undergone by the patient.
Freedom and Strength of Will Descartes and Albritton
Authors: Hoffman Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his intriguing and entertaining presidential address to the American Philosophical Association, Rogers Albritton defends the Cartesian view that the will is so free in its nature that it cannot be constrained.1 But Albritton’s account of freedom of the will differs in some fundamental ways from Descartes’s account. In this essay, I shall examine the differences between the two accounts. In defending absolute freedom of the will, Albritton distinguishes freedom of will from two other notions with which it is open confused. First, he argues decisively against the pervasive tendency to identify freedom of will with freedom of (bodily) action.2 To restrict someone’s freedom of movement, by putting him in chains or even by administering curare, is not to diminish the will’s freedom. Such measures diminish only the efficacy of the will; that is, they disable the will, but they do not affect its freedom. On Albritton’s view, our will is free if what we propose to do is up to us.3 Our will is efficacious if our proposing to do something brings about its being done. Albritton is surely correct that we might freely propose to do something that does not get done because our will is ineffective.
Early Repertoire Suggestions
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For most North American male singers of university or conservatory age, it is almost always most rewarding to begin voice study with literature in the native language, which generally is English. Possibilities seem endless, but should include some of the basic literature listed here. Because of the favorability of the Italian language for singing, every young baritone should early encounter a number of songs (arieantiche) in Italian. The following list contains items readily available in commercial collections. The proliferation of phonetic sounds in the French language may make it wise to delay early assignments for the native English-language speaker. However, for the singer who has some acquaintance with the rules of French pronunciation, a few excellent sources are listed here. Because the heart of the artsong literature lies in the lied, a singer should begin exploring German-language sources as early as possible.
Early Life at Busseto
Authors: Budden Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘… but alas! born poor, in a poor village, i hadn’t the means of acquiring any education; they put a wretched spinet under my hands and some time after that I started writing notes … notes one after the other. That’s all … And the fact is that now I’m an old man I have great doubts as to the value of those notes … ’ Verdi’s own words written to Caterina Pigorini Beri on the eve of his seventy-eighth birthday in a mood of depression have too often been taken by biographers at their face value as a thumbnail sketch of his career. Nor did he himself discourage this. The story of the illiterate peasant boy who rose by his own effort to become his country’s tutelary deity had a great appeal for a moralising century—another progress from log-cabin to White House. The truth is less dramatic though not quite as different as certain recent writers would have us believe. Verdi’s background was indeed provincial; and because of it he made his way slowly even though from an early age his gifts were never in doubt. No Italian composer of comparable eminence had to wait until the age of
Return to Busseto
Authors: Budden Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
if as a rule great artists are rarely good businessmen, verdi must be accounted an exception. From the start he was determined that the money he earned should not he idle. In 1844 following the success of Emani he had bought some property near his native hamlet of Le Roncole. This he sold in 1848 putting the proceeds to the purchase of the farm house, S. Agata, where for the time being he settled his parents. In 1845 he had acquired the Palazzo Cavalli in the main street of Busseto. Clearly the Bussetani can have been in no doubt that their most distinguished citizen would sooner or later come to live amongst them. What they underestimated was his desire for independence. Already when arranging for the dedication of I Lombardi there are signs that he was finding the behaviour even of such a valued friend as Demaldé intolerably officious. About this time it was planned to build a municipal theatre in Busseto. Verdi had given the idea a cautious blessing, adding that he might be prepared to write an opera for it when his other engagements should permit; that even Frezzolini and Poggi might be persuaded to appear. Soon this
Chamber Compositions
Authors: Budden Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
if the majority of verdi’s chamber works are of marginal interest only, the fault lies not so much in his lack of aptitude for the medium as in the musical tradition of his time and place. In Italy, since the beginning of the century, only opera was considered to have any importance. The few remaining practitioners of instrumental music pursued their activity abroad—Cherubini in France, Boccherini in Spain, Clementi in England. The last descendant of the great violin school of Corelli and Tartini was Niccolô Paganini whose art was of a very different kind: taut, memorable themes extended with a maximum of technical display and a minimum of musical thought. Liszt, his pianistic counterpart, who had no such melodic fertility, made far more of Paganini’s themes than Paganini himself.
6. Inventing a TraditionJohn Cage’s ‘‘Composition in Retrospect’’
Authors: Pasler Jann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the opening sentence of a little-known text, ‘‘An Autobiographical Statement,’’ first delivered as a paper in Japan in 1989, John Cage recalls once asking Aragon, the historian, ‘‘how history was written,’’ to which Aragon responded, ‘‘You have to invent it.’’ In the latter part of his life, Cage gave substantial attention to his own personal history. He has made numerous efforts to acknowledge his debt to others and the family of kindred spirits with whom he identified. For example, he made no secret of the fact that he wrote his 4’33’’ after seeing Robert Rauschenberg’s white paintings and his Music of Changes after hearing Morton Feldman’s graphic music, that he thought of micro-macro rhythmic structure in his music as a response to Schonberg’s structural harmony, and his meiotic texts as examples of Marshall McLuhan’s ‘‘brushing information’’ against information. In the Harvard lectures, I–VI, se- lections from his favorite writers, musicians, artists, and philosophers make up an entire section of the book, attesting to an interest in tradition per se, in the conscious and explicit transmission of ideas from one generation to another.
The Ironies of Gender, or Virility and Politics in the Music of Augusta Holme`s
Authors: Pasler Jann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The male-dominated musical world often wants women composers to act like men and write music like men. But when they do, they are ‘‘accused’’ of virility. This situation raises a number of questions for women in music. Is it wise to resist writing as a woman? What are the ad- vantages and the pitfalls? Can a woman maintain a reputation based on the gains achieved in this way? What implications do such choices have for one’s personal identity? The case of Augusta Holmes`s (1846–1903) raises issues as vital today as they were a hundred years ago, those that come up whenever a woman takes chances, ‘‘thinks big,’’ or addresses topics of social relevance in her music. Holme`s negotiated the complexities and ironies of gender and achieved remarkable success. She used her music both to engage and to escape the social and musical stereotypes of her day. In her youth, her long blond hair helped her to get attention. Later, through her own gender-bending manipulation of ambiguities, she encouraged a different identity.