bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular profiling of the immune response in colon cancer using protein microarrays: Occurrence of autoantibodies to ubiquitin C‐terminal hydrolase L3
Authors: Nam Myeong J. , Madoz‐Gurpide Juan , Wang Hong , Lescure Pascal , Schmalbach Cecelia E. , Zhao Rong , Misek David E. , Kuick Rork , Brenner Dean E. , Hanash Samir M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe implemented a protein microarray approach to identify proteins that induce a humoral response in colon cancer. Solubilized proteins from the LoVo colon adenocarcinoma cell line were separated into 1760 fractions, arrayed onto nitrocellulose‐coated slides, and hybridized with individual sera from 15 newly diagnosed patients with colon cancer, 15 with lung cancer, and 15 healthy subjects. 39/1760 fractions showed enhanced reactivity with sera from patients with colon cancer (p < 0.01) relative to healthy controls. A distinct pattern of reactivity was observed with sera from colon cancer relative to lung cancer. One fraction that exhibited reactivity with 9/15 colon cancer sera was subjected to mass spectrometry leading to the identification of ubiquitin C‐terminal hydrolase isozyme 3 (UCH‐L3) as a constituent. To validate the occurrence of autoantibodies to UCH‐L3, independent analysis was done by means of Western blots. UCH‐L3 antibodies were detected in 19/43 sera from patients with colon cancer, and in 0/54 sera from subjects with lung cancer (24), colon adenoma (15) or otherwise healthy (15). Our findings indicate the occurrence of an immune response to a broad set of antigens in colon cancer and the feasibility of identifying the antigenic targets using a combination of protein microarrays and mass spectrometry.
Methods and applications of antibody microarrays in cancer research
Authors: Haab Brian B. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAntibody microarrays have great potential for significant value in biological research. Cancer research in particular could benefit from the unique experimental capabilities of this technology. This article examines the current state of antibody microarray technological developments and assay formats, along with a review of the demonstrated applications to cancer research. Work is ongoing in the refinement of various aspects of the protocols and the development of robust methods for routine use. Antibody microarray experimental formats can be broadly categorized into two classes: (1) direct labeling experiments, and (2) dual antibody sandwich assays. In the direct labeling method, the covalent labeling of all proteins in a complex mixture provides a means for detecting bound proteins after incubation on an antibody microarray. If proteins are labeled with a tag, such as biotin, the signal from bound proteins can be amplified. In the sandwich assay, proteins captured on an antibody microarray are detected by a cocktail of detection antibodies, each antibody matched to one of the spotted antibodies. Each format has distinct advantages and disadvantages. Several applications of antibody arrays to cancer research have been reported, including the analysis of proteins in blood serum, resected frozen tumors, cell lines, and on membranes of blood cells. These demonstrations clearly show the utility of antibody microarrays for cancer research and signal the imminent expansion of this platform to many areas of biological research.
Generation of bioreagents for protein chips
Authors: Phelan Michael L. , Nock Steffen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractProtein microarrays have the potential to dramatically increase the throughput of proteomic analysis. Protein expression profiling chips with distinct spots of immobilized protein capture agents will allow the simultaneous measurement of hundreds to thousands of proteins from one sample. In contrast to DNA chips, for which the capture probes are easily designed and synthesized, the development of content for protein biochips is a long and laborious process. Careful consideration must be given to the specificities desired, the format of the assay, and the requirements of the capture agents, as well as to process optimization to minimize development time and cost. Monoclonal antibodies have been the prime choice as protein capture agents for the majority of protein chips developed to date. New technologies for the production of protein capture agents are more amenable to automation than traditional monoclonal antibody production and therefore carry the promise for industrialization.
Light directed massively parallel on‐chip synthesis of peptide arrays with t‐Boc chemistry
Authors: Gao Xiaolian , Zhou Xiaochuan , Gulari Erdogan 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPeptide and peptidomimetic molecule arrays are emerging powerful tools for parallel screening of binding in proteomics and pharmaceutical discovery research. Up to now the common method of preparing peptide arrays was based on spotting on glass using a library of presynthesized peptides. However, due to the large number of monomers (amino acids) it is not possible to have combinatorial libraries which include all combinations of natural and synthetic amino acids. We describe a very flexible on‐chip oligopeptide synthesis method which uses the well developed t‐Boc based solid state synthesis chemistry. A very high degree of flexibility is achieved by using light photo generated acids and maskless projection lithography for spatially directed deprotection. Use of microfluidic chips enables moderately high densities, short reaction times and off‐the‐shelf chemicals. Examples are given from synthesis of metal ion binding peptides and epitope binding assys.
Microarrays to characterize protein interactions on a whole‐proteome scale
Authors: Schweitzer Barry , Predki Paul , Snyder Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractProtein microarrays contain a defined set of proteins spotted and analyzed at high density, and can be generally classified into two categories; protein profiling arrays and functional protein arrays. Functional protein arrays can be made up of any type of protein, and therefore have a diverse set of useful applications. Advantages of these arrays include low reagent consumption, rapid interpretation of results, and the ability to easily control experimental conditions. The ultimate form of a functional protein array consists of all of the proteins encoded by the genome of an organism; such an array would be the whole proteome equivalent of the whole genome DNA arrays that are now available. While proteome microarrays may not have reached the stage of maturity of DNA microarrays, recent developments have shown that many of the barriers holding back the technology can be overcome. Arrays of this type have already been used to rapidly screen large numbers of proteins simultaneously for biochemical activities, protein‐protein interactions, protein‐lipid interactions, protein‐nucleic acid interactions, and protein‐small molecule interactions. Eventually, functional protein arrays will be used to facilitate various steps in the drug discovery and early development processes that are currently bottlenecks in the drug development continuum.
Effect of acidification treatment and morphological stability of sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymer proton‐exchange membranes for fuel‐cell use above 100 °C
Authors: Kim Yu Seung , Wang Feng , Hickner Michael , Mccartney Stephan , Hong Young Taik , Harrison William , Zawodzinski Thomas A. , Mcgrath James E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDirectly copolymerized wholly aromatic sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymers derived from 4,4′‐biphenol, 4,4′‐dichlorodiphenyl sulfone, 3,3′‐disulfonated, and 4,4′‐dichlorodiphenyl sulfone (BPSH) were evaluated as proton‐exchange membranes for elevated temperature operation (100–140 °C). Acidification of the copolymer from the sulfonated form after the nucleophilic step (condensation) copolymerization involved either immersing the solvent‐cast membrane in sulfuric acid at 30 °C for 24 h and washing with water at 30 °C for 24 h (method 1) or immersion in sulfuric acid at 100 °C for 2 h followed by similar water treatment at 100 °C for 2 h (method 2). The fully hydrated BPSH membranes treated by method 2 exhibited higher proton conductivity, greater water absorption, and less temperature dependence on proton conductivity as compared with the membranes acidified at 30 °C. In contrast, the conductivity and water absorption of a control perfluorosulfonic acid copolymer (Nafion 1135) were invariant with treatment temperature; however, the conductivity of the Nafion membranes at elevated temperature was strongly dependent on heating rate or temperature. Tapping‐mode atomic force microscope results demonstrated that all of the membranes exposed to high‐temperature conditions underwent an irreversible change of the ionic domain microstructure, the extent of which depended on the concentration of sulfonic acid sites in the BPSH system. The effect of aging membranes based on BPSH and Nafion at elevated temperature on proton conductivity is also discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2816–2828, 2003
Thickness decrease of a grafted polyelectrolyte membrane exposed to shear flow
Authors: Kaneko D. , Narita T. , Gong J. P. , Osada Y. , Ando J. , Yamamoto K. , Ohnishi S. , Yaminsky V. V. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe effect of the shear flow on the thickness change of a polyelectrolyte membrane grafted onto a glass substrate was directly investigated with a flow cell combined with a confocal laser scanning microscope. The membrane thickness decreased proportionally to an increase in the shear stress of the flow when the shear rate exceeded a critical value of 1 s−1. The higher the ionic strength was of the fluid, the greater the thinning effect was. The correlation between the critical shear rate and the relaxation of the polymer in the gel membrane was examined. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2808–2815, 2003
Polymorphy in the stereostructure of periodic polymer backbones
Authors: Nakanishi Tsutomu , Okamoto Hajime , Kasahara Maki , Takeda Kyozaburo 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe theoretically investigated the polymorphy of the stereostructures of a periodic polymer. Using the polymer's internal conformation parameters of bond lengths, bond angles, and internal rotation angles, we extended the mathematical treatment for designing polymer backbones. We considered those periodic polymers whose unit cell consists of one (m = 1), two (m = 2), or three (m = 3) kinds of atoms. Moreover, for these three types of polymers, we supposed two catenation types for the skeleton atoms; one is a “homorotatory” sequence and the other is a “heterorotatory” one. To specify the backbone's stereostructure, we introduced several conformation parameters such as the helical pitch number n, the translation distance d, and the inclination angle of the skeleton plane Θ. By combining these parameters, we can systematically understand the variety and the possible polymorphy in the stereostructure of a periodic polymer backbone. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2829–2849, 2003
Molecular dynamics of hydrophilic poly(propylene imine) dendrimers in aqueous solutions by 1H NMR relaxation
Authors: Malveau C. , Baille W. E. , Zhu X. X. , Ford W. T. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe local dynamics of three poly(propylene imine) dendrimers with hydrophilic triethylenoxy methyl ether terminal groups were studied in D2O by the measurement of the 1H NMR relaxation times, which were treated with the Lipari–Szabo model‐free approach. The results showed that the overall mobility increased with temperature and decreased with increasing dendrimer size. An Arrhenius trend was observed for both overall and local motions. The activation energy of overall tumbling increased from 11.3 to 17.5 kJ/mol with the dendrimer size. The local mobility decreased from the outer part to the inner part of the dendrimer and with the dendrimer size. The spatial restriction of local motions decreased with increasing temperature up to 55 °C and remained constant above 55 °C. Local motions were more restricted when the dendrimer size increased. The results showed that the hydrophilic end groups of the dendrimers were located preferentially at the periphery of the molecules and were extended in the aqueous environment. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2969–2975, 2003
Influence of moisture on the viscoelastic relaxations in long aliphatic chain contained semiaromatic polyamide, (PA9‐T) fiber
Authors: Uddin Ahmed Jalal , Ohkoshi Yutaka , Gotoh Yasuo , Nagura Masanobu , Hara Tetsuya 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe effect of moisture on the mechanical relaxation processes of semiaromatic semicrystalline polyamides synthesized by a long‐chain aliphatic diamine and terephthalic acid was investigated by dynamic viscoelastic analysis (DVA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Moreover, the implication of moisture with the amorphous and crystalline domains was also examined by temperature‐dependent wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectra. The characteristics of the relaxations such as α, β, γ, and the pronounced peak shoulder appeared at 25–100 °C in DVA tan δ curves were found to be strongly susceptible to the presence of moisture. With moisture evaporation, the peak shoulder of 25–100 °C and the β‐relaxation disappeared. The former is anticipated to originate from to the side group motion of hydrogen‐bonded water, whereas the later one is from the motions of the amide–water complex units. With the disappearance of the β‐relaxation, the γ‐relaxation appeared simultaneously in much lower temperatures and ultimately coupled with the δ‐relaxation. The γ‐relaxation is attributed to be associated with the molecular motion of the amide group and δ‐relaxation with for the motion of the methylene units. The existence of two types of water was identified in the polymer, namely, tightly bound and loosely bound. The tightly bound water is believed to be directly connected by hydrogen bonding with the strong polar groups and the loosely bound water weakly links with those connected water making hydrogen bridges. The moisture acts as a plasticizer in the polymer matrix, which causes quite a large depression in its glass transition temperature (Tg). WAXD and FTIR studies corroborated the existence of water solely in amorphous regions, i.e., no rapport of water with the crystalline parts. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2878–2891, 2003
End‐group effect on physical aging and polymer properties for poly(ether sulfones)
Authors: Muggli M. W. , Ward T. C. , Tchatchoua C. , Ji Q. , Mcgrath J. E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe physical aging properties of amorphous thermoplastics having various terminal groups were investigated with creep recovery and linear dilatometry. The structure of the chain end groups affected physical aging at lower molecular weights; however, above the critical molecular weight for entanglements the end‐group effect on aging diminished. Experimental densities and glass‐transition temperatures were also end‐group dependent. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2850–2860, 2003
Orientation and structure development in polyamide 6 fibers upon drawing
Authors: Vasanthan Nadarajah 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDrawn polyamide 6 (PA6) fibers were characterized with X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, density measurement, and optical microscopy. The α and amorphous orientation functions were determined by polarized FTIR spectroscopy. It was demonstrated for the first time that the infrared band at 1124 cm−1 could be used to determine the amorphous orientation functions of drawn PA6 fibers and films. α, γ, and amorphous orientation functions increased rapidly at lower draw ratios and increased slowly at higher draw ratios. The amorphous orientation functions measured by polarized FTIR spectroscopy did not agree with those determined by a combination of wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and optical birefringence measurements, attributed to possible error in the estimated birefringence. The α and γ crystallinity of undrawn fiber (DR = 1) were ∼24 and 6%, respectively, which increased to ∼13 and 39% at a draw ratio of 4 (DR = 4). The WAXD data suggested that γ crystal grew in the hydrogen‐bonding direction as well as the van der Waals direction during deformation. The decrease in γ crystallinity and increase in γ crystallite size with the draw ratio were attributed to the disappearance of small crystallites and an increase in the average γ crystallite size population during the deformation process. The increase in density with the draw ratio was attributed to crystal‐to‐crystal transformation as well as strain‐induced crystallization. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2870–2877, 2003
Effects of ultrasonic treatment on unfilled butadiene rubber
Authors: Oh Jeong Seok , Ghose Sayata , Isayev A. I. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe ultrasonic treatment of unfilled butadiene rubber (BR) gum with a grooved‐barrel ultrasonic reactor was carried out, leading to changes in the structure and physical properties. The ultrasonic treatment of BR gum led to gel formation, with the amount dependent on the amplitude. The rheological and mechanical properties of the ultrasonically treated samples and their vulcanizates were measured and compared with those of the virgin samples. Gel permeation chromatography measurements of the sol part of the virgin and the treated samples were carried out. Rheological property and molecular weight measurements indicated the creation of a branched structure and the occurrence of degradation in ultrasonically treated BR gum. Because of degradation, the tensile strength and Young's modulus of treated BR were lower than those of untreated BR, whereas the elongation at break was practically intact. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves at a high‐temperature range showed exothermic peaks with enthalpy reduction in the treated BR, indicating a decrease in the number of double bonds due to gel formation. DSC curves at a low‐temperature range indicated increased crystallinity in the treated samples. Competing reactions of gel formation, branching, and degradation occurred during the ultrasonic treatment. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2959–2968, 2003
Intramolecular screening effects in nondilute polymer solutions: An equation‐of‐state approach
Authors: Berg Lennart P. , Painter Paul C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn a previous article, we presented a simple modification of the traditional Flory–Huggins theory that took intramolecular screening effects (or same chain contacts) into account. In this article, we present a natural extension of that work, in which free‐volume effects are also explained with an equation‐of‐state model. The predictions of the interaction parameter, χ, for several polymer–solvent systems are presented, over the entire concentration range, in θ solvents and good solvents. A geometric mean assumption is applied to the calculation of an exchange energy interaction term. The predictions of χ are successful to various degrees when internal pressures are used, whereas the use of solubility parameters in most cases produces fairly good agreement with experimental results. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2911–2922, 2003
Multiple melting and crystallization of nylon‐66/montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Zhang Qing‐Xin , Yu Zhong‐Zhen , Yang Mingshu , Ma Jun , Mai Yiu‐Wing 
Published: October 2003

AbstractNylon‐66 nanocomposites were prepared by melt‐compounding nylon‐66 with organically modified montmorillonite (MMT). The organic MMT layers were exfoliated in a nylon‐66 matrix as confirmed by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and transmission electron microscopy. The presence of MMT layers increased the crystallization temperature of nylon‐66 because of the heterogeneous nucleation of MMT. Multiple melting behavior was observed in the nylon‐66/MMT nanocomposites, and the MMT layers induced the formation of form II spherulites of nylon‐66. The crystallite sizes L100 and L010 of nylon‐66, determined by WAXD, decreased with an increasing MMT content. High‐temperature WAXD was performed to determine the Brill transition in the nylon‐66/MMT nanocomposites. Polarized optical microscopy demonstrated that the dimension of nylon‐66 spherulites decreased because of the effect of the MMT layers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2861–2869, 2003
Thermal behavior of drawn acrylic fibers
Authors: Sen K. , Bajaj P. , Sreekumar T.V. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe effect of stretching on the thermal behavior of acrylic fibers was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In air atmosphere, the peak temperature of the dynamic DSC thermogram was significantly lowered from 289 to 273 °C when the gel fibers (undrawn) were drawn to a draw ratio of 11.2. However, the initiation temperature was unchanged at 202 °C. The shoulder in the region of 310–380 °C was gradually converted to a sharp peak during the drawing process. However, the dynamic DSC in nitrogen atmosphere did not change in all cases. In air atmosphere the total heat liberated, ΔH, for gel fiber was 851 J g−1. However, upon drawing to 11.2, ΔH increased to 1580 J g−1 showing an increase in the total chemical changes. An intimate relationship of chemical changes during the heating process was observed with FTIR of heated samples at various temperatures. The initiation of a DSC exotherm in air begins with nitrile cyclization, and subsequently dehydrogenation was initiated between 220 and 260 °C. An increase in the X‐ray orientation factor and sonic modulus gave a correlation between the stretching draw ratio and crystalline/overall molecular orientation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2949–2958, 2003