bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parallel influence of climate on the behaviour of Pacific killer whales and Atlantic bottlenose dolphins
Authors: Lusseau David , Williams Rob , Wilson Ben , Grellier Kate , Barton Tim R. , Hammond Philip S. , Thompson Paul M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe grouping behaviour of animals is governed by intrinsic and extrinsic factors which play an important role in shaping their social organization. We investigated the influence of ocean climate variation on the grouping behaviour of two widely separated populations of cetaceans, inhabiting north Atlantic and north Pacific coastal waters. The group size of both bottlenose dolphins in the Moray Firth, UK, and killer whales in Johnstone Strait, Canada, varied from year to year in relation to large‐scale ocean climate variation. Local indices of prey abundance were also related both to climate indices and predator group sizes. The cetaceans tended to live in smaller groups when there was less salmon available in both areas which seem to occur 2 years after a lower phase of the North Atlantic and Pacific Decadal Oscillations. These findings suggest that, even in highly social mammals, climate variation may influence social organization through changes in prey availability.
Maladaptive Peer Relationships and the Development of Relational and Physical Aggression During Middle Childhood
Authors: Werner Nicole E. , Crick Nicki R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis study examined the unique roles of peer rejection and affiliation with aggressive peers in the development of relational and physical aggression in a sample of 979 2nd through 4th grade children. Information about target children and their best friends’ aggression and peer rejection was gathered via peer‐nominations when the majority of children were in the 3rd grade, and again approximately one year later. Friendships were identified by having target children nominate their three best friends in their classroom. Path analyses conducted with children who had at least one reciprocated friendship revealed that peer rejection and friends’ aggression predicted changes in target children's aggression; however, the patterns of relations varied by gender and form of aggression. Higher initial levels of rejection and friends’ relational aggression predicted increases in relational aggression among girls only, whereas rejection and friends’ physical aggression predicted increases in physical aggression among boys and girls. The significance of these results for the application of peer influence theories to relational aggression, and to females, is discussed.
Low and Middle Income Mothers’ Regulation of Negative Emotion: Effects of Children's Temperament and Situational Emotional Responses
Authors: Martini Tanya S. , Root Carol A. , Jenkins Jennifer M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe present study investigated the effects of situational (child situational emotions) and dispositional (child temperament) child variables on mothers’ regulation of their own hostile (anger) and nonhostile (sadness and anxiety) emotions. Participants included 94 low and middle income mothers and their children (41 girls; 53 boys) aged 3 to 6 years. Children's situational emotions (anger, sadness, or fear) and parent emotion type (hostile or nonhostile) were important predictors of mothers’ regulation, but their effects were influenced by SES: Middle income mothers were more likely to control hostile than nonhostile emotions in response to child anger and sadness, and more likely than low income mothers to control hostile emotions in response to child sadness and fear. Low income mothers were more likely than middle income mothers to control nonhostile emotions in response to child anger. However, results also suggest that differences in emotion regulation between low and middle income mothers may stem from the link between SES and authoritarian parenting beliefs. Maternal regulation of negative emotion was not predicted by child temperament.
Stability in Center Day Care: Relations with Children's Well‐being and Problem Behavior in Day Care1
Authors: Schipper J. Clasien de , IJzendoorn Marinus H. Van , Tavecchio Louis W. C. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractMothers and primary professional caregivers of 186 children, aged 6–30 months, participated in this study in which a new measure for daily stability in center day care was developed, describing staffing, grouping, and program features. Relative contributions of infants’ daily experiences of care stability, quality of care, and mother's daily stress to the child's adjustment to day care were analyzed with hierarchical regressions. The child's adjustment was assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach, 1997) and with the Leiden Inventory for the Child's Well‐being in Day Care. Children enrolled in fewer care arrangements showed less internalizing behavior and more well‐being in the day care setting. Children had higher well‐being scores when trusted caregivers were more available. Mother's family management stress was related to more internalizing problem behavior. Interactions between mother's daily stress and stability in care were found to affect the child's adjustment to day care.
Children's Perceptions of Family Relationships as Assessed in a Doll Story Completion Task: Links to Parenting, Social Competence, and Externalizing Behavior
Authors: Laible Deborah , Carlo Gustavo , Torquati Julia , Ontai Lenna 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis study was designed to examine the links between parenting, children's perceptions of family relationships, and children's social behavior. Seventy‐four children (M age=6.01 years; 39 boys; 35 girls) and their parents took part in the study. Children completed relationship‐oriented doll stories that were coded for coherence, prosocial themes, and aggressive themes. Parents completed a report of their child's social behavior, a parenting scale, and a number of demographic items. Teachers also completed measures of children's social competence and externalizing behavior. Warm parenting predicted both a child's representation of prosocial themes in the doll stories and social competence, whereas harsh parenting predicted both a child's use of aggressive themes in the doll stories and a child's externalizing behavior. These findings support the idea that children are constructing models of relationships out of the early interactions with caregivers, and that they use these representations to guide their social behavior.
Self‐perceptions of Social Competence and Self‐worth in Chinese Children: Relations with Social and School Performance
Authors: Chen Xinyin , He Yunfeng , Li Dan 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to examine relations between self‐perceptions of social competence and general self‐worth and social and school performance in Chinese children. A sample of children, initially aged 12 years, in the People's Republic of China, participated in this longitudinal study. Data on self‐perceptions were collected from self‐reports. Data on social and school performance were obtained from multiple sources including peer assessments, teacher ratings and school records. The results indicated that relations between self‐perceptions and performance might vary across domains. Self‐perceptions of self‐worth and school competence mutually contributed to the prediction of each other. Whereas sociability and aggression predicted self‐perceptions of social competence and self‐worth, positive self‐perceptions might be a protective factor that buffered against the development of social‐behavioral problems. The results may help us understand developmental antecedents and outcomes of children's self‐perceptions of social competence and self‐worth in general, and the nature of the phenomena in the Chinese context.
EVIDENCE THEORY: A MATHEMATICAL FRAMEWORK FOR UNPREDICTABLE HYPOTHESES
Authors: Fioretti Guido 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTShafer's evidence theory is a branch of the mathematics of uncertain reasoning that allows for novel possibilities to be conceived by a decision‐maker. Many of its findings exhibit striking similarities with an alternative decision theory put forward by Shackle in the 1950s, before expected utility maximization monopolized the scene. Evidence theory does not attempt to formalize the emergence of novelties, but it is a suitable framework for reconstructing the formation of beliefs when novelties appear. An application to decision‐making in the biotech and pharmaceutical industries illustrates the potentialities of evidence theory, as well as its shortcomings.
RETHINKING ENDOGENOUS MONEY: A CONSTRUCTIVE INTERPRETATION OF THE DEBATE BETWEEN HORIZONTALISTS AND STRUCTURALISTS
Authors: Fontana Giuseppe 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTBeyond a widespread agreement on the idea that ‘loans create deposits’ and ‘deposits make reserves’, there is much controversy in the endogenous money literature over the workings of the reserve market, the credit market and the financial markets. In this paper a constructive interpretation of the debate between horizontalists and structuralists is suggested and their arguments are taken forward by showing that these controversial issues can be explained rigorously once a single‐period–continuation framework is adopted.
ENDOGENOUS TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION, CAPITAL ACCUMULATION AND DISTRIBUTIONAL DYNAMICS
Authors: Lima Gilberto Tadeu 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTThis paper develops a post‐Keynesian dynamic model of accumulation, growth and distribution in which endogenous technological innovation plays a significant role. Firms’ rate of labour‐saving technological innovation is made to depend non‐linearly on the distributive (wage and profit) shares, with the latter determining both the incentives to innovate and the availability of funding to carry it out. As it turns out, the direction and the intensity of the effect of a change in distribution on the rates of accumulation and growth depend on the prevailing distribution, with a similar dependence applying—alongside the relative bargaining power of capitalists and workers—to the dynamic stability properties of the system. Hence, the model does not rely on full capacity utilization being reached for a change in the accumulation and growth regime to take place.
DO RISING REAL WAGES INCREASE THE RATE OF LABOR‐SAVING TECHNICAL CHANGE? SOME ECONOMETRIC EVIDENCE
Authors: Marquetti Adalmir 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTThe long‐run relationship between real wages and labor productivity is investigated using cointegration and Granger non‐causality tests for the US economy over the period 1869–1999. The series are cointegrated, indicating that there is a link between real wages and labor productivity in the long run. Granger non‐causality tests support unidirectional causation from real wages to labor productivity. This outcome corroborates the conception that increases in real wages drive profit‐seeking capitalists to raise labor productivity as their main weapon in defending their profitability. This result is consistent with a long tradition among economists that perceives technical change as being biased toward labor‐saving.
DECONSTRUCTING THE LABOUR SUPPLY CURVE
Authors: Spencer David A. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTThe nature and determinants of the supply of labour are re‐examined. Standard theories of labour supply, it is argued, have neglected to consider the affects of the quality of work activities on the motivation and welfare of workers. Work has tended to be seen as a means to an end rather than an end in itself and most attention has been given to the manipulation of wage incentives in affecting labour supply, to the neglect of changes in the work environment. The original contributions of W. Stanley Jevons and Alfred Marshall, in contrast, are shown to offer a fuller account of the work decision.
Working with Young People with Complex Needs: Practitioners’ Views
Authors: Worrall‐Davies Anne , Kiernan Katherine , Anderton Nicola , Cottrell David 
Published: October 2004

Background:  We report the findings of a descriptive study exploring the views of practitioners working with young people with especially challenging and complex problems, currently cared for by children's services across Yorkshire. We present data on a sample of 79 young people with complex needs, aged 7 to 16 years, in contact with one or more of the children's services.Method:  We identified the practitioner working most closely with each of these young people. The practitioners were interviewed using a semi‐structured interview schedule designed to encourage professionals to reflect on working practices. Interviews were recorded and transcribed and themes categorized using a coding framework.Results and conclusions:  We describe and discuss the key themes in the context of current strategic developments of children's services.
Exploring the Relationship Between Gold and the Dollar
Authors: Mills Terence 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
It has often been argued that one of the reasons for holding gold is as a hedge against currency movements. An exploratory data analysis to examine the validity of this theory can be carried out quickly and simply, using some of the wide and varied range of nonparametric techniques now incorporated into statistical software—but, as Terence Mills shows, such a superficial investigation can lead to interpretations that deeper data analysis shows to be flawed.
Bastardy in the UK
Authors: Spiegelhalter David 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Joseph Fletcher's monumental articles “Moral and educational statistics of England and Wales” were introduced as “a few facts illustrative of the moral and intellectual condition of the English people”, but went on to 237 pages of analysis and discussion of data on, for example, education, crime, “improvident marriages”, bastardy, pauperism and savings. The data are reported for individual counties and are notable for their illustration with early examples of shaded maps of relative rates.
Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility Assay, a Rapid, Reliable Diagnostic Test for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Suitable for Use in Resource-Poor Settings
Authors: Moore David A. J. , Mendoza Daniel , Gilman Robert H , Evans Carlton A. W. , Hollm Delgado María-Graciela , Guerra Jose , Caviedes Luz , Vargas Daniel , Ticona Eduardo , Ortiz Jaime , Soto Giselle , Serpa Jose 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT

There is an urgent need for new tools to improve our ability to diagnose tuberculosis (TB) and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) in resource-poor settings. In a retrospective analysis undertaken in a region with a high incidence of TB, we evaluated the performance of the microscopic observation drug susceptibility assay (MODS), a novel assay developed in Perú which uses an inverted light microscope and culture in Middlebrook 7H9 broth to detect mycobacterial growth. MODS detected 94.0% of 1,908 positive sputum cultures, whereas Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) culture detected only 86.9% (
P
< 0.001). The median time to culture positivity was 8 days (compared to 16 days for the same 208 samples by LJ culture;
P
< 0.001, Wilcoxon signed rank test). The results obtained by direct susceptibility testing using MODS demonstrated excellent concordance for isoniazid and rifampin and the detection of multidrug resistance with those obtained by indirect colorimetric methods: the microplate Alamar Blue assay (MABA) and the tetrazolium microplate assay (TEMA) (agreement, 95, 98, and 94%; kappa values, 0.8, 0.7, and 0.7, respectively). The concordance of the susceptibility testing results for ethambutol and streptomycin was poor. MODS is a novel assay which can detect the organisms responsible for TB and MDR-TB directly from sputum inexpensively, rapidly, and effectively. A comprehensive prospective evaluation of MODS is under way in Perú, and independent validation in nonresearch laboratories should be undertaken at the earliest opportunity.
Direct Detection of Rifampin-ResistantMycobacterium tuberculosisin Respiratory Specimens by PCR-DNA Sequencing
Authors: Yam W. C. , Tam C. M. , Leung C. C. , Tong H. L. , Chan K. H. , Leung E. T. Y. , Wong K. C. , Yew W. W. , Seto W. H. , Yuen K. Y. , Ho P. L. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTThis study evaluated the feasibility of a molecular strategy based on identification ofMycobacterium tuberculosisby IS6110PCR or Cobas Amplicor PCR, andrpoBPCR-DNA sequencing of the 81-bp rifampin resistance determining region (RRDR) for direct detection of rifampin resistance in respiratory specimens. A collection of 2,138 respiratory specimens and 352 nonduplicateM. tuberculosisisolates (including 233 isolates from the evaluated respiratory specimens and an additional collection of 119 stored isolates) from Southern China was investigated. Using culture as the reference test, the overall diagnostic sensitivities of an acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear, Cobas Amplicor PCR, IS6110PCR were 54.5% (156 of 286), 86.7% (248 of 286), and 89.2% (255 of 286), respectively. The sensitivities of therpoBPCR for the specimens with positive AFB smears and with positive PCR results in the IS6110PCR and/or Cobas Amplicor PCR were 100% (156 of 156) and 92.3% (239 of 259), respectively. Of the 352 nonduplicateM. tuberculosisisolates, the agar proportion method for rifampin reported 39 resistant strains. Full agreement (352 of 352) was found with the agar proportion method and the genotype inferred from therpoBDNA sequencing data for rifampin. Thirty-nine mutations of nine distinct kinds, eight point mutations, and one deletion within the RRDR were found in the 39 resistant strains. For the direct DNA sequencing performed onrpoBPCR-positive respiratory specimens, the concordance with the agar proportion method and the subsequent PCR-sequencing for the culture isolate was 100%. This strategy has potential application for direct and rapid diagnosis of rifampin-resistantM. tuberculosisin IS6110PCR or Cobas Amplicor PCR-positive respiratory specimens.
Instability of the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Pattern of Open Reading Frame 5 of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus during Sequential Pig-to-Pig Passages
Authors: Cha Sang-Ho , Chang Chih-Cheng , Yoon Kyoung-Jin 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTRestriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis is one of the tools commonly used to study the molecular epidemiology of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSVs). As PRRSVs are genetically variable, the stability of the RFLP pattern of a PRRSV during in vivo replication was evaluated by carrying out 13 sequential pig-to-pig passages (P1 to P13) of PRRSV ATCC VR-2332 in three independent pig lines for a total of 727 days. During P1 the pigs were inoculated with a homogeneous inoculum (CC-01) prepared through a series of plaque purifications, and during P2 to P13 the pigs were inoculated with a tissue filtrate from the corresponding pig in the previous passage. Fifteen viral plaque clones were directly isolated from CC-01 and the day 7 serum of each pig of each passage, open reading frame 5 of the clones was sequenced, and the clones were compared to CC-01 to assess the mutation rates and RFLP patterns (obtained by digestion with MluI, HincII, and SacII) over time. Among the 495 viral clones recovered during the passages, 398 clones, including CC-01, had pattern 2-5-2 (MluI-HincII-SacII); however, the remaining 97 viral clones showed different patterns (2-6-2 [P2], 1-5-2 [P3], 2-5-4 [P7], and 2-1-2 [P10]). Importantly, the MluI site that was reported to be present in only one of the PRRS modified live virus vaccine strains (Ingelvac) and its parental strain (ATCC VR-2332) can disappear during in vivo replication. Furthermore, sequence homology between CC-01 and clones with pattern 2-5-2 or clones with other patterns differed by 0.05 to 1.58% and 0.5 to 1.45%, respectively, suggesting that RFLP analysis cannot accurately predict genetic relatedness between PRRSVs. Collectively, precaution should be taken when the molecular epidemiology of PRRSVs is evaluated by RFLP analysis.
Development of a Multiplex PCR for the Detection of
asa1
,
gelE
,
cylA
,
esp
, and
hyl
Genes in Enterococci and Survey for Virulence Determinants among European Hospital Isolates of
Enterococcus faecium
Authors: Vankerckhoven Vanessa , Van Autgaerden Tim , Vael Carl , Lammens Christine , Chapelle Sabine , Rossi Rosaria , Jabes Daniela , Goossens Herman 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT

A multiplex PCR for the simultaneous detection of five virulence genes (
asa1
,
gelE
,
cylA
,
esp
, and
hyl
) in enterococci was developed. The presence of these genes was investigated in 153 clinical and 118 fecal
Enterococcus faecium
isolates from inpatients at an increased risk of developing infections (such as patients in intensive care units and hematology wards) from 13 hospitals in eight European countries. Of the 271
E. faecium
isolates, 135 were vancomycin resistant
E. faecium
(VREF) isolates and 136 were vancomycin susceptible
E. faecium
(VSEF) isolates. Susceptibilities to ampicillin, gentamicin, streptomycin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, ramoplanin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and linezolid were tested by the microdilution method. Overall, the prevalence of
esp
was significantly higher (
P
= 0.03) in clinical VREF isolates (92%) than in fecal VREF isolates (73%). In Italy, the prevalence of
esp
was significantly higher (
P
= 0.02) in VREF isolates (91%) than in VSEF isolates (68%), whereas in the United Kingdom,
hyl
was significantly more prevalent (
P
= 0.01) in VREF isolates (71%) than in VSEF isolates (29%). No significant differences were found for the other countries. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to check the clonality among the strains tested and showed the spread of two center-specific (
esp
-positive) VREF clones in Italy and one center-specific (
hyl
-positive) clone in the United Kingdom. These clones were resistant to ampicillin, gentamicin, and streptomycin. The multiplex PCR reported in this study is a convenient and rapid method for the simultaneous detection of the virulence genes
asa1
,
gelE
,
cylA
,
esp
, and
hyl
in enterococci. Molecular analysis showed the intrahospital spread of
esp
-positive VREF clones (in Italy) and
hyl
-positive VREF clones (in the United Kingdom); the role of
hyl
remains to be elucidated.