bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety management in production
Authors: Hale A.R. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe last 20 years have seen the development of broad agreement on the necessary functions to be fulfilled by a safety management system and how they relate to each other in a coherent whole. The article describes these functions and reviews subjects that still need study, notably organizational culture, conflict, management in nonbureaucratic organizations, safety auditing, and safety in the learning organization. It is organized under four headings: what we know, what we believe but have no proof of, what we may be mistaken about, and what we face as challenges and unresolved issues for the coming years. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 13: 185–201, 2003.
Synthesis and evaluation of 5,7‐dichloro‐4‐(3‐{4‐[4‐(2‐[18F]fluoroethyl)‐piperazin‐1‐yl]‐phenyl}‐ureido)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline‐2‐carboxylic acid as a potential NMDA ligand to study glutamatergic neurotransmission in vivo
Authors: Piel Markus , Schirrmacher Ralf , Höhnemann Sabine , Hamkens Wilhelm , Kohl Beate , Jansen Michaela , Schmitt Ullrich , Lüddens Hartmut , Dannhardt Gerd , Rösch Frank 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe neurotransmitter glutamate is thought to be crucially involved in a huge number of neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as Morbus Parkinson, Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Aiming at an improved diagnostic tool for PET a new [18F]fluorine labelled NMDA receptor ligand was developed that may potentially allow the in vivo visualization of glutama‐tergic neurotransmission. The 19F‐analogue trans‐5,7‐dichloro‐4‐(3‐{4‐[4‐(2‐fluoroethyl)‐piperazin‐1‐yl]‐phenyl}‐ureido)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro quinoline‐2‐carboxylic acid was synthesised to determine the binding affinity, lipophilicity and biodistribution of the ligand. This substance exhibits a Ki of 12 nM for the glycine binding site using [3H]MDL‐105,519 assays on pig cortical membranes. A logD of 1.3 was determined for this compound according to the OECD guidelines employing the HPLC method. Radiosynthesis of this ligand was achieved by labelling the precursor trans‐5,7‐dichloro‐4‐[3‐(4‐piperazin‐1‐yl‐phenyl)‐ureido]‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline‐2‐carboxylic acid methyl ester with 2‐[18F]fluoroethyltosylate and subsequent cleaving of the methyl ester moiety, resulting in an overall decay corrected yield of 35% of the final product trans‐5,7‐dichloro‐4‐(3‐{4‐[4‐(2‐[18F]fluoroethyl)‐piperazin‐1‐yl]‐phenyl}‐ureido)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline‐2‐carboxylic acid. The biodistribution kinetics of this compound were determined with Sprague Dawley rats ex vivo for brain, liver, kidney, and bone. The ligand showed a maximum brain uptake 30 min.p.i. of about 0.1% ID/g. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of [14C] Sarin
Authors: Norlin Rikard , Lindberg Gösta 
Published: June 2003

AbstractSynthetic routes for the synthesis of [14C] sarin and related nerve agents are described. Triethyl phosphite and [14C] methyl iodide are reacted in the Michaelis–Arbusov reaction to produce diethyl methyl phosphonate which is converted to methylphosphonic acid by hydrolysis. After chlorination and subsequent fluorination the final product is formed by reaction with the appropriate alcohol. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of JTT‐501 and its metabolite JTP‐20604 labelled with 13C
Authors: Pignatti A. , Giribone D. , Felicini C. , Fontana E. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractJTT‐501 specifically labelled with 13C was obtained via a four‐step synthesis at an isotopic enrichment level of 99% and in 14% overall chemical yield starting from 4‐hydroxy‐[ring‐U‐13C6]benzaldehyde (3). The hydrogenation of [13C6]JTT‐501 over Pd/C gave [13C6]JTP‐20604 in 90% chemical yield. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A convenient synthesis of 13C4‐Leflunomide and its primary metabolite 13C4‐A77 1726
Authors: Faragher Robert J. , Motto John. M. , Kaminski Maciej A. , Schwan Adrian L. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA convenient synthesis of leflunomide and its primary pharmacologically active metabolite A77 1726, each labeled with four 13C atoms has been achieved. Starting from 13C4‐ethyl acetoacetate, each step of the synthesis proceeds in 60–82% yield. Analysis of the mass spectra of the labeled and unlabeled materials demonstrates that the compounds prepared herein will be suitable as analytical standards for bioavailability studies. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feasibility of palladium‐catalyzed isotopic exchange between sodium [125I]I and 2‐iodo‐para‐carborane
Authors: Eriksson Ludvig , Tolmachev Vladimir , Sjöberg Stefan 
Published: June 2003

AbstractMany ortho‐/meta‐/para‐closo‐carborane derivatives have been proposed for boron neutron capture therapy. However, it is difficult to follow their pharmacokinetics in patients, which creates a risk of suboptimal treatment. Adding a radioactive label to closo‐carboranes may simplify pharmacokinetic studies. This paper reports on a study of the feasibility of palladium‐catalyzed isotopic exchange of iodinated closo‐carborane with radioisotopes of iodine. 2‐iodo‐para‐carborane was selected as a model compound. It was shown that such isotopic exchange is possible and provides a high yield (83±4.2%) after 40 min of reaction time. The reaction conditions were optimized, and it was demonstrated that the presence of tetra n‐butylammonium hydrogensulfate is important in order to stabilize the catalyst and to give reproducibility of the labeling. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 99mTc(CO)3‐mebrofenin via [99mTc(OH2)3(CO)3]+ precursor and comparative pharmacokinetics studies with 99mTc‐mebrofenin
Authors: Kothari Kanchan , Joshi Sangeeta , Venkatesh Meera , Ramamoorthy N. , Pillai M.R.A. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe organometallic precursor fac‐[99mTc(OH2)3(CO)3]+ was reacted with trimethyl‐bromoacetanilido‐iminodiacetic acid (mebrofenin) in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7) at 70°C for 1 h to produce the complex, 99mTc(CO)3‐mebrofenin, in >95% yields. High performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated the formation of a single species. In vitro studies of 99mTc(CO)3‐mebrofenin showed that the complex is stable for 24 h. No decomposition or alteration of the complex was observed in the presence of excess amount of cysteine and histidine. 99mTc‐mebrofenin was also prepared for comparative evaluation by the conventional method using a ready to use kit HPLC analysis of this complex showed presence of two species. Biodistribution studies in normal Swiss mice with 99mTc(CO)3‐mebrofenin showed hepatobiliary clearance. However, the retention in liver was higher (13% at 1 h p.i.) as compared to that of 99mTc‐mebrofenin (3.4% at 1 h p.i.). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abstracts of the 12th IIS (UK Group) Symposium
Authors: Staunton J , Gates Paul , Kearney Gordon , Fonseca Tatiana , Anderson J.C. , Broughton S. , Glaser M. , Booker‐Milburn Kevin I. , Caroll M. A. , Rzepa H. S. , Pike V. W. , Widdowson D. A. , Ellames George J. , Gibson Jennifer S. , Herbert John M. , Smith David I. , Wilkinson D J , Mather A N , Hickey M J , Kingston L P , Lockley W J S , Hollis Stephen , Johnston Grant , Bloom A. Jon , Johnström Peter , Davenport Anthony P. 
Published: June 2003

Abstract“Synthesis & Application of Labelled Compounds 2002”Isotopes and Mass SpectrometryCarbon‐13 Labelling to Aid the Development of the Catalytic Alkenation of CarbonylsProduction and Applications of 124I for Positron Emission TomographyOrganic Photochemistry: Synthetic Approaches to Alkaloids in a Reagentless EnvironmentFluorinaion for Positron Emission TomographySynthetic Consequences of Kinetic Isotopes Effects: Synthesis of [13 C6]‐SR31742A For Human Trail PurposesTritio‐Dehalogenation: New Variants on an Old ThemeThe Synthesis of BOC‐L‐Proline‐[14C2] Benzyl EsterPeptide Labelling with Fluorine‐18
Automated commercial synthesis system for preparation of O‐(2‐[18F]fluoroethyl)‐L‐tyrosine by direct nucleophilic displacement on a resin column
Authors: Tang Ganghua , Tang Xiaolan , Wang Mingfang , Luo Lei , Gan Manquan , Huang Zuhan 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA slightly modified automated commercial synthesis system for preparation of O‐(2‐[18F]fluoroethyl)‐l‐tyrosine (FET), an amino acid tracer for tumor imaging with positron emission tomography, is described. Direct nucleophilic fluorination of [18F]fluoride with 1,2‐di(4‐methylphenylsulfonyloxy)ethane on a quaternary 4‐(4‐methylpiperidinyl)‐pyridinium functionalized polystyrene anion exchange resin gave 1‐[18F]‐2‐(4‐methylphenylsulfonyloxy)ethane, then [18F]fluoroalkylation of l‐tyrosine yielded FET. The overall radiochemical yield with no decay correction was about 8–10%, the whole synthesis time was about 52 min, and the radiochemical purity was above 95%. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cloudiness changes in Cracow in the 20th Century
Authors: Matuszko Dorota 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThis paper presents the long‐term, annual and diurnal cloud amount values for Cracow (Poland) on the basis of 95‐year records. Cloud data were taken from climatological observations made at the Department of Climatology, Jagiellonian University, in the years 1906–2000.On the basis of traditional statistical methods, the following values were calculated: average cloudiness (cloud amount), number of cloudless sky occurrences for three climatological terms, daily and yearly averages, and sums of cloudless days. The cloudiness was also analysed from the point of view of its quality. For that purpose, ten specific genera of clouds adopted in the international classification were examined, taking into account the frequency of their occurrence within every month, separately for each of the climatological periods. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Surface circulation associated with frost in the wet Pampas
Authors: Müller Gabriela V. , Compagnucci Rosa , Nuñez Mario N. , Salles Alejandra 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to make a synoptic–climatic classification of atmospheric circulation in order to obtain synoptic frost‐related patterns in the wet Pampas. Both partial (recorded in 25 to 75% of the meteorological stations) and widespread (recorded in more than 75%) frost events that occurred during the winters (June–July–August) of 1972–83 are included in this study. Frost days are grouped into Neutral (G1), El Niño (G2), and La Niña (G3) years. In addition, the complete dataset, called the total group, is analysed for reference purposes. Each group is analysed using the unrotated and Varimax rotated principal component analysis using the T‐mode approach. Six synoptic situations accounted for 94% of the variance associated with frosts in the area studied.In general, the principal component score patterns given by the unrotated and rotated components are similar. The biggest difference between unrotated and rotated solutions was in variance redistribution. After rotation, only one of the two possible situations (direct/inverse) of each pattern represented a real synoptic type associated with frost in the wet Pampas. Persistence and location cause temperature drops in the area studied. The most frequent patterns in rotated results are those termed A, B, C* (in G2) and D (in G1 and G3). They are connected with cold anticyclones, which cause advective and/or radiative frosts. The remaining patterns accounted for about 5% of the variance and represent real, though rare, situations, which are important because of their effect on the wet Pampas.The results obtained for the different groups show that inter‐winter variability of the equatorial Pacific signal produces changes in the frequency of frost‐connected patterns, rather than different patterns for cold events. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
A synoptic‐scale climate analysis of anomalous snow water equivalent over the Northern Great Plains of the USA
Authors: Grundstein Andrew 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe Northern Great Plains is a region where variations in seasonal snow accumulation can have a dramatic affect on regional hydrology. In the past, one of the problems in studying snow hydrology has been obtaining information of sufficiently high temporal and spatial resolution on the water content of the snowpack. This project used a hybrid climatology of snow water equivalent (SWE) that incorporated both model and observed data. This climatology has a long time series (49 years) and a high spatial resolution (1° × 1°) sufficient for use in a climatic analysis.The long and complete time series of SWE generated in this project allowed for a comprehensive analysis of the meteorological and climate forcing mechanisms that influence the amount of SWE. The five largest (high SWE) and five smallest SWE (low SWE) accumulations on 1 March were examined. High SWE years received greater snowfall and fewer accumulated melting degree days throughout the season. Large SWE accumulations at the end of the season, however, were not always associated with deep snowpacks early in the season. Also, all five high SWE years had above normal snowfall in February. Years with small or no SWE had below‐average snowfall but greater than average accumulated melting degree days.A synoptic analysis examined both atmospheric circulation and air mass frequencies to assess impacts on ablation and snowfall. A distinct difference in the frequency of different air mass during high SWE versus low SWE years was evident. High SWE years were characterized by substantially greater intrusions of the coldest and driest air mass type (dry polar). Low SWE years, in contrast, had a greater frequency of more moderate air masses (dry moderate and moist moderate). In years with above average SWE, negative departures in November–December–January–February composite 700 hPa field were evident across the continental USA and indicate a greater frequency of troughing across the study area. Low SWE years were characterized by a ridging pattern that reduced the likelihood of precipitation and may have aided in the intrusion of more moderate air masses. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Comparison of aerosol and climate variability over Germany and South Africa
Authors: Power Helen C. , Goyal Apurva 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA radiation‐based model is employed to evaluate seasonal, interannual, and spatial variability within monthly averaged turbidity (the total column amount of aerosol) at eight stations in South Africa and 13 stations in Germany. Germany has a strong seasonal turbidity trend of summer maxima and winter minima. In South Africa the seasonal turbidity trend is weaker, but, on average, turbidity peaks in spring and is lowest in autumn and winter. Over the last several decades, turbidity over Germany has decreased significantly at seven stations. The impacts of the El Chichón and Pinatubo volcanic eruptions are evident in the turbidity signatures over Germany. Four stations in South Africa show long‐term trends in turbidity, but there is no consistent trend. Turbidity in Germany appears to be more influenced by aerosols of non‐local origin than in South Africa, where the aerosol load may be of more local origin. Long‐term monthly averages of Ångström's turbidity coefficient β over Germany range between 0.019 and 0.143, and long‐term annual averages range between 0.064 and 0.116. Over South Africa, turbidity is noticeably lower: long‐term monthly averaged β ranges between 0.004 and 0.071, and the long‐term annually averaged β ranges between 0.013 and 0.047. When averaged across all stations in each of the respective countries, turbidity is, on average, between 2.6 and 5.8 times higher in Germany than in South Africa, depending on the time of year.The climate of South Africa is clearly more humid than Germany, although both countries have strong seasonal trends in humidity. South Africa has become more humid over the last several decades. The decrease in turbidity at stations in Germany appears to be due to a reduction in aerosol emissions and/or changes in climatic factors other than humidity. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Precipitation from vertical motion: a statistical diagnostic scheme
Authors: Rose Brian E. J. , Lin Charles A. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe relationship between precipitation and atmospheric vertical motion is investigated over the globe. By combining and averaging precipitation rates within small ranges of vertical motion, the mean precipitation rate is found to vary smoothly with vertical motion. The relationship is modelled with a simple function that assumes zero precipitation for subsidence and linearly increasing precipitation for ascending motion. Function parameters are computed from National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis data individually for every grid point and calendar month. Variations in the slope account for geographical and seasonal variations in moisture and other precipitation factors. At each grid point, the scheme diagnoses precipitation rate from a single concurrent value of vertical motion. It is shown to have moderate skill over climatology in predicting mean monthly precipitation. The midlatitudes, oceans and the winter season are favoured. The scheme is designed to extract precipitation fields from a dry general circulation model, based on the simulated vertical motion. Application to climate modelling is discussed. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Comparison of various precipitation downscaling methods for the simulation of streamflow in a rainshadow river basin
Authors: Salathé Eric P. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractGlobal simulations of precipitation from climate models lack sufficient resolution and contain large biases that make them unsuitable for regional studies, such as forcing hydrologic simulations. In this study, the effectiveness of several methods to downscale large‐scale precipitation is examined. To facilitate comparisons with observations and to remove uncertainties in other fields, large‐scale predictor fields to be downscaled are taken from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalyses. Three downscaling methods are used: (1): a local scaling of the simulated large‐scale precipitation; (2) a modified scaling of simulated precipitation that takes into account the large‐scale wind field; and (3) an analogue method with 1000 hPa heights as predictor.A hydrologic model of the Yakima River in central Washington state, USA, is then forced by the three downscaled precipitation datasets. Simulations with the raw large‐scale precipitation and gridded observations are also made. Comparisons among these simulated flows reveal the effectiveness of the downscaling methods. The local scaling of the simulated large‐scale precipitation is shown to be quite successful and simple to implement. Furthermore, the tuning of the downscaling methods is valid across phases of the Pacific decadal oscillation, suggesting that the methods are applicable to climate‐change studies. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Trends in extreme daily rainfall across the South Pacific and relationship to the South Pacific Convergence Zone
Authors: Griffiths G. M. , Salinger M. J. , Leleu I. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractDaily rainfall records from 22 high‐quality stations located in the South Pacific were analysed, over the common period 1961–2000, in order to assess whether extreme rainfall events have altered in their frequency or magnitude. A comprehensive spatial coverage across the South Pacific was provided, analysing a range of indices of extreme precipitation, which reflect both high rainfall events and drought. Clear spatial patterns emerged in the trends of extreme rainfall indices, with a major discontinuity across the diagonal section of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ).Stations located between 180 and 155°W exhibit a greater number of significant abrupt changes in extreme climate than elsewhere in the South Pacific, and the majority of climatic jumps occur in the 1970s or 1980s (coincident with a displacement northeastward of the diagonal part of the SPCZ and a large local increase in mean annual temperature). Notably, all significant abrupt changes in an extreme rainfall intensity index occurred in the late 1970s or early 1980s, and in every case the index showed an increase in extremity following the change point, regardless of station location. For the stations located south of the SPCZ, this may also be linked to the observed warming since the 1970s. Significant abrupt changes in mean precipitation were also identified around the mid 1940s, for two longer, century‐scale records, which again correspond to a major displacement of the diagonal section of the SPCZ.An indicator of the diagonal SPCZ position is significantly temporally correlated with an extreme rainfall intensity index, at two locations either side of the diagonal section of the SPCZ, at decadal time scales or longer. This suggests that the displacement of the diagonal portion of the SPCZ on decadal time scales influences not only mean precipitation, but also daily rainfall extremes. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Recent near‐surface wind changes in the central Mediterranean and Adriatic areas
Authors: Pirazzoli Paolo Antonio , Tomasin Alberto 
Published: June 2003

AbstractTrends of change in wind direction and velocity during the second part of the last century are examined at 17 coastal Italian stations along a north–south transect over 1000 km long in the central Mediterranean area. Linear regressions and confidence ranges are provided for the frequency and for annual maximum and mean velocities. It appears that wind activity has been mostly decreasing from 1951 to about the mid‐1970s, and increasing after that time. Deviation from the general trend at certain stations is interpreted as possibly depending on local or regional phenomena. The general trends obtained show a positive correlation with temperature changes, whereas they do not correlate with North Atlantic oscillation index variability. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Interpolymer Complexes of Water‐Soluble Nonionic Polysaccharides with Polycarboxylic Acids and Their Applications
Authors: Nurkeeva Zauresh S. , Mun Grigoriy A. , Khutoryanskiy Vitaliy V. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractLiterature data as well as our own experimental results devoted to the complexation of polycarboxylic acids with various water‐soluble polysaccharides (methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, starch, and dextran) by means of hydrogen bonding are systematized and analyzed. The specific peculiarities of interpolymer complexes based on polysaccharides‐polycarboxylic acids are demonstrated. The perspectives for the application of these interpolymer complexes are considered. It was shown that these materials possess good biocompatibility and adhesive properties. The promising directions for further study of interpolymer complexes between polycarboxylic acids and nonionic polysaccharides as well as existing gaps in the knowledge in this field are pointed out.Formation of compact IPCs and hydrophilic interpolymer associates.magnified imageFormation of compact IPCs and hydrophilic interpolymer associates.