bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Experimental and Numerical Modelling for SMAW
Authors: Gallée Sébastien , Gommez Florence , Sallez Nicolas , Brosse Alexandre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many years now, FRAMATOME has used the numerical welding simulation for a better understanding of the phenomena involved during manufacturing process [1][2][3][4][5]. Numerical simulation allows a better understanding and predictions of the distortions and residual stresses induced during the welding process.
This paper deals with the numerical welding simulation of a SMAW mock-up. The specific stepped 20MND5 ferritic steel grade mock-up has a rectangular shape with a groove of 30 mm depth. The groove is filled by a coated electrodes welding process using a multi manual beads. To monitor the welding conditions as precisely as possible, temperature gradient within the mock-up base material, the interpass temperature and the outline evolution of the mock-up and the chamfer are recorded after each bead during the manufacturing process. To complete the input data available for the simulation and assist its validation, extensive characterization, including hardness mapping, micrographs, as well as residual stresses measurements, were conducted.
The results of the numerical simulation are compared to experimental data in terms of temperature, distortions and residual stress.
Evaluation of the API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 Equations for Equivalent Membrane and Bending Stress in Thick Wall Applications
Authors: Alstadt Steven , Sarzynski Melanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For polynomial and arbitrary through-wall stress distributions, the API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 2021 Fitness for Service (API 579) standard provides equations for calculating equivalent static membrane and bending stresses. The membrane and bending stress values are then used in various stress intensity factor and reference stress calculations to evaluate crack-like flaws. In the 2021 edition, the equivalent static membrane and bending stress procedures are covered by equations 9B.1 to 9B.5 and 9C.1 to 9C.5. These equations were independently evaluated in this work for circumferential flaw configurations in cylinders and spheres. It was determined that the current equations produce reasonably accurate results for cylinders and spheres with large internal radius to thickness ratios (Ri/t). However, for thick-wall applications where Ri/t ≈ 5 or less, new equations are proposed to improve the accuracy. The main features of the new equations include representing the stress distribution as a function of the radial position and implementing integration in a cylindrical coordinate system. At large Ri/t ratios, the results from the new equations are practically the same as results associated with the current API 579 approach. The new equations are recommended as improvements for fitness for service assessments that involve circumferential flaws in thick-walled cylinders and spheres.
Validation and Refinement of Statistical-Based Fatigue Crack Initiation Model for Axial Flaws in Zr-Nb Pressure Tubes
Authors: Liu Cheng , Scarth Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Standard N285.8 requires evaluation of a detected in-service flaw in CANDU Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes for crack initiation due to fatigue. Fatigue crack initiation experiments had been performed on notched specimens from irradiated and unirradiated pressure tube materials in a laboratory air environment. A statistical-based fatigue crack initiation model that covers the effects of flaw root radius, load rise time and irradiation had been developed, which was documented in the paper PVP2014-28942. The number of load cycles to fatigue crack initiation is predicted to decrease with an increase in load rise time. The load rise times of fatigue test data used in the development of the statistical-based model are no more than 50 seconds, however, there are transients with load rise times as long as nominally 60 minutes during the operation of CANDU reactors. A number of additional fatigue test data from both irradiated and unirradiated pressure tube materials with load rise times up to 1800 seconds have been generated to validate the application of the statistical-based model to transients with long load rise times. The statistical-based model has also been refined by including those additional fatigue test data into the model development. The validation and refinement of the statistical-based fatigue crack initiation model in an air environment have been documented in this paper.
Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Aluminum Alloys in Gaseous Hydrogen
Authors: Shrestha Rakish , Ronevich Joseph A. , Michler Thorsten , San Marchi Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fatigue and fracture properties of aluminum alloys do not appear to degrade in the presence of dry gaseous hydrogen, based on limited available data. However, more data are needed, particularly at higher hydrogen pressure and for higher strength grades, to reliably suggest broader use of aluminum alloys for hydrogen applications. In this study, we investigate the effect of gaseous hydrogen on fatigue and fracture behavior of four aluminum alloys: 5083, 2219, 7050, and 7475. Fatigue crack growth behavior of these alloys is investigated in air and in gaseous hydrogen at pressure of 1,000 bar. In addition, the fracture resistance of each alloy was determined in these environments. Results showed that gaseous hydrogen did not have a detrimental effect on either fatigue crack growth rate or fracture resistance of these aluminum alloys for the tested conditions. Interestingly, the fatigue and fracture properties showed a slight improvement in high-pressure gaseous hydrogen, which may be attributed to the absence of moisture.
Welding New Supports to Weld Overlay or Cladding in Existing Hydroprocessing Reactors
Authors: Zhu Sophia Xiaoxia , Kruse Ryan , Penso Jorge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to maintain profitable margins in the refining industry, hydroprocessing reactors occasionally require new internal support rings or gussets to accommodate revised catalyst bed heights or quantities. Historically, this has been solved by adding an internal skirt to raise or lower the effective distribution height, but this can create distribution issues and increases the complexity of the internals. An alternative approach is to weld new support rings or gussets onto the weld overlay or cladding of existing reactors. However, this approach is not commonly accepted, and many owners shy away from it to avoid the potential repercussions of performing the weld incorrectly. To address these concerns, this paper discussed the key considerations of this process associated with the degradation mechanisms, and provided guidelines on startup and shutdown, inspection, stress requirements and welding procedures in order to perform this process safely. Several case histories were presented for adding light load bearing attachments to the overlay or cladding of the hydroprocessing reactors. It has been demonstrated that welding new supports to the overlay or cladding of the hydroprocessing reactors can be managed safely and in a cost-effective manner when the proper design, shut down/startup procedures, inspection techniques, welding procedures and production controls are utilized.
High Strength Ferritic Steels for Hydrogen Service
Authors: Ortolani Matteo , Bortot Paolo , Sileo Michele , Escorza Erick , Connolly Matthew , Chandra Ashwini 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hydrogen is widely expected to become every day’s fuel in a decarbonized energy economy. Owing to its very low mass density, storing hydrogen efficiently in gaseous form requires significantly more elevated pressures than hydrocarbons. However, contact and interaction with hydrogen are known to be detrimental for container material properties, causing a decrease in ductility and toughness as it diffuses into the container walls.
In this context, high strength materials with good resistance to hydrogen embrittlement are desirable. Ferritic steels are widely used thanks to their availability and competitive cost; it is known, however, that a ferritic steel’s sensitivity to hydrogen embrittlement generally becomes worse as its strength increases. The magnitude of such phenomenon nonetheless varies with the selection of the alloy and its manufacturing process parameters; as such, it is possible to identify high strength steels that are more or less suitable for the construction of pressure equipment for hydrogen storage and transportation.
This work introduces a comparative assessment of different quenched and tempered, low alloy ferritic steels’ performance in a pressurized pure hydrogen gas environment, in terms of measured fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth rates. The findings are then discussed in comparison to similar alloys and manufacturing conditions.
Supplemental Structural Analyses Used in Support of Certification of the Defense Programs Package 3
Authors: Sakalaukus Peter J. , Barrett Nathan P. , Koeppel Brian J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Defense Programs Package (DPP)-3 is to be certified by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) Packaging and Transportation Division (PTD). Certification is based on successful physical testing of the package, and six certification test units (CTUs) have been subjected to the normal conditions of transport (NCT) and hypothetical accident conditions (HAC) outlined in Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 71 (10 CFR 71). During regulatory testing of one of the CTUs, the drum lid closure bolt closest to the impact surface failed during the HAC 30-ft side drop. One of the testing goals for this CTU was to minimize the thermal pathway from the drum exterior shell to the containment vessel (CV) flange and O-rings, leading to the maximum damage scenario in preparation for thermal testing at 1475 °F. Therefore, the puncture bar impact proceeded as originally planned by striking the side wall of the package exterior closest to the location of the CV flange. This puncture bar impact did not attempt to exploit the region of the failed drum lid closure bolt to potentially cause more damage to the package. After the conclusion of regulatory testing, the DPP-3 package finite element model was used to numerically evaluate the effects of puncture bar impacts to the drum exterior in the vicinity of the failed drum lid closure bolt to further demonstrate the robustness of the DPP-3 design. Three alternate puncture bar impact locations and orientations were evaluated to demonstrate that these puncture bar impacts would not substantially reduce the effectiveness of the DPP-3 packaging. This paper describes the supplemental finite element models performed and structural analysis results that demonstrate the alternate HAC 40-in. puncture bar impact tests would have no deleterious effect on the performance of the DPP-3.
A Phase Field Method Based Fracture Analysis of Functionally Graded Plates
Authors: P. C. Sidharth , Rao B. N. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Due to the graded distributions of their material properties, functionally gradient materials (FGMs) have more complicated fracture behavior than homogeneous materials, making it difficult to simulate their failure mechanism. The current work makes use of special shape functions and informed mesh refinement schemes in conjunction with the famous phase-field method to render the fracture computations faster at the same time retaining accuracy in the prediction. To this end, exponential shape finite element shape functions are introduced instead of standard bilinear shape functions conventionally used in finite element calculations accompanying the phase-field method. The exponential characteristic of such special shape functions is made use of to reduce the mesh refinement level at crack propagation paths. This study suggests a learned orientation scheme for these shape functions, informed by an approximate analysis using bilinear shape functions carried out during the analysis itself. Fracture simulations are carried out in functionally graded plates with different gradation schemes, and their effect on fracture resistance is investigated. Computational efforts incurred in the present implementation are compared with existing schemes using bilinear shape functions.
Analysis of Piping Components for High Temperature-Example Problem
Authors: Adibi-Asl Reza 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ASME Code Section III Division 5 (high temperature) primarily focuses on component design, with limited guidelines for piping analysis and design. Prior research has examined the analysis requirements of ASME Section III Divisions 1 and 5 with regard to piping analysis, and has presented design-by-rule piping formulae for analyzing Class A piping under elevated temperatures. This paper presents step-by-step procedures and formulations, using an example problem of a piping system under elevated conditions.
Comparison of the Fatigue Life in Hydrogen Environment Using ASME Section VIII, Division 3 and ASME Section VIII, Division 2
Authors: Kuscu Koray , Singh Mandeep 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, hydrogen gas has been gaining favor as a valuable energy transition option to help reducing carbon emissions. This transition requires hydrogen storage and distribution infrastructure with consideration of failure modes such as hydrogen embrittlement that is typically not a concern for other fuel types. ASME BPV Section VIII, Division 3, Article KD-10 has special requirements for vessels in hydrogen service. Although Article KD-10 has been in existence since the release of 2007 Edition of the Code, few studies have been done to compare conventional ASME Section VIII, Division 2 fatigue evaluation in air environment with ASME Section VIII, Division 3 fracture mechanics-based evaluation in gaseous hydrogen environment. This paper presents a comparison study of the calculated fatigue life using these two methods (S-N in air vs fracture mechanics in hydrogen) for different crack-like flaw sizes with the consideration of the current rules in both ASME Section VIII Division 3 and API 579 / ASME FFS-1 Codes. The comparison in this paper utilizes fatigue and fracture data of material in hydrogen service published by Sandia National Laboratories and various authors.
Influence of Electrode Weave Width on Weld Heat Input
Authors: Tatman Jonathan , Hargadine Mitchell , McCracken Steven L. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In arc welding processes, heat input is a measure of the energy that is supplied to the workpiece to produce the molten weld puddle. Heat input is generally calculated by taking the arc energy (volts × amperage) divided by the electrode linear travel speed. The units are typically (kJ/cm or kJ/inch). The effect of electrode weaving or oscillating transverse to the forward linear travel speed can be difficult to account for in the heat input calculation. The ASME Section IX committee is considering addition of a new essential variable to account for this effect of weaving on heat input. This has been proposed due to the potential for employing a wide weave and calculating heat input using the forward advancement of the weld bead as the travel speed, which could result in excessive heat input. The concern is a procedure qualification record (PQR) qualified with a high heat input and a wide weave could be used to support a Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) that permits utilization of the same heat input with stringer beads. This paper includes a literature study and heat input measurements for stringer and weave beads, demonstrating that introducing this new variable is not urgently required, lacks technical basis, and may even be unsuitable.
Sub-Sized Creep Specimen Testing for High Throughput and Post-Irradiation Testing
Authors: McMurtrey Michael D. , Mohale Ninad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Testing on small, sub-sized specimens is of interest in cases where material is limited, or where the material/specimens are difficult to handle, as is the case for irradiation experiments. However, it is known that sub-sized specimens are susceptible to error if the specimen size is too small to achieve bulk properties. It is critical that the test results be validated against standard specimens to ensure the results are reasonable and give the desired bulk properties. This will help continue to build a database of test results that can be used to further increase the understanding of applicability and limitations in using small specimen testing.
This paper covers the preliminary results of sub-sized creep testing performed at Idaho National Laboratory on Alloy 617 and compares the creep properties to prior data generated for use in the Alloy 617 Code Case. The goal of this testing is to allow for higher throughput generation of creep data that can be used in computational models, and ultimately for material qualification. The preliminary results generally show good agreement between the 1.0 mm thick sub-sized specimens and the standard sized specimen tests, though with larger variation in the results of the thinner specimens. Future work will continue generating creep tests, as well as include more detailed microscopy that will be used to better understand how these tests could be reliably used.
Evaluation of the Inherent LBB Behavior of Small-Diameter Class 1 and 2 Nuclear Piping Systems
Authors: Twombly Elizabeth , Hill Lance , Wilkowski Gery , Brust Frederick , Lin Bruce , Tregoning Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditional Leak-Before-Break (LBB) evaluations are generally easy to meet the acceptance criteria for large-diameter primary pipe loops but become more difficult to satisfy as the pipe diameter decreases. An advanced LBB method, the Engineering Mechanics Corporation of Columbus (Emc2) Robust LBB procedure, was implemented for representative 3-inch and 4-inch nominal pipe size pipe systems that are employed at a U.S. pressurized water reactor (PWR) and boiling water reactor (BWR), respectively. The Robust LBB procedure uses a finite element model of a piping system which accounts for plasticity from the applied forces and moments.
In the Robust LBB procedure, it is necessary to input the seismic loading time-history inputs due to the plasticity making the traditional design elastic response-spectrum analyses unusable. The inertial and seismic anchor motion (SAM) contribution can be based on the maximum allowable elastic stress limits for reaching Service Level D loading. The SAM stresses in a dynamic displacement-time stress analysis are dependent on the difference between the applied and natural frequencies of the pipe system, i.e., if there is an exciting frequency right at the natural frequency to reach the SL-D inertial stress limit, the displacement amplitudes are small and consequently the SAM stresses are small.
The analysis procedures were: first, the displacement-time input at the anchor points with different frequencies around the first natural frequency of the pipe system was done with elastic uncracked analyses to reach the moment corresponding to 3Sm inertial stresses. Second, the uncracked pipe analysis is performed with the nonlinear stress-strain curve to calculate the reduction of the applied moments compared to the design elastic limits with the same forcing function. A circumferential through-wall crack (TWC) of a small size was then inserted at the high stress location using a cracked-pipe-element (CPE) methodology. The crack size was increased until it was at least 75% around the circumference or pipe severance/rupture was reached.
The findings to date for the two pipe-system geometries involving 3-inch and 4-inch diameter A106B and TP304 stainless steel pipes, show that when doing the FE time-dependent analyses at the maximum SL-D inertial stress loading, the circumferential cracks were stable for TWC lengths greater than 75-percent of the circumference. Simply introducing plasticity into the piping system has a significant impact on the peak applied moment for the same displacement-time history. As the crack size is increased in the peak applied moment continues to decline due to flexibility changes in the pipe system. The decrease in moment as a function of crack size shows that the piping system under seismic inertial loading is acting more like it is under displacement-controlled loading rather than load-controlled loading.
Development of Seismic Response Analysis Method of Piping System: Proposal of the Nonlinear Spring Model for Piping Support Structures
Authors: Takito Kiyotaka , Okuda Yukihiko , Nishida Akemi , Li Yinsheng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In probabilistic risk assessment against earthquakes for nuclear power plants, developing a realistic response analysis method for the fragility assessment of piping systems considering input seismic motions exceeding the design assumptions is critical. Piping systems typically exhibit complex three-dimensional shapes, and the arrangement and stiffness of the piping support structures significantly affect the response characteristics of the entire piping system. Therefore, developing a realistic response analysis method for piping systems and support structures is necessary. This study proposes a method for modeling the elastoplastic hysteresis characteristics of piping support structures to establish a seismic response analysis method for piping systems and support structures. First, the authors propose an elastoplastic spring model that can express the elastoplastic hysteresis characteristics of a piping support structure. Subsequently, using this model, the authors perform a simulation analysis for the loading test of a piping support structure. The analysis and test results correlated well, confirming the effectiveness of the proportion of the model. The main contents, including the proportion of the elastoplastic spring model, the simulation analysis of the loading test, and the comparison between the analysis solutions and the test results, are reported in this paper.
A Qualitative Examination of Online Practices During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Observational Preferences Within Physical Education
Authors: Murfay Ken , Pyszczynski Sarah , Erwin Heather 
Published: November 2023

Purpose: This qualitative case study examined students’ interpretations of their physical activity (PA) experiences within in-person and online physical education and how that influenced their PA self-efficacy. Method: The study participants were 40 (24 females) current high school students from three different schools who participated in focus group semistructured interviews. Results: Two themes were developed during analysis of the coded data: (a) online participation in PA within physical education was awkward and (b) students had a variety of observational preferences based on perceived and actual similarities/differences between students and their teachers, peers, and people within online videos. Discussion/Conclusion: The design of PA experiences should attempt to support or increase students’ PA self-efficacy by limiting students’ feelings of being uncomfortable or on display, increasing students’ opportunities to learn from each other in comfortable ways, and providing students with detailed demonstrations from teachers and peers with a variety of skill levels.