bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unlocking Oil Production Through Debottlenecking Water Facilities by Implementation of a Novel PWRI Solution
Authors: Grutters Mark , Tiar Saloua , Mathur Avnish Kumar , AlDhanhani Jawaher Mohamed , Alblooshi Noora Aadel Mohammed , Liu Weiliang , Li Zhengzhong , Zhai Feng 
Published: October 2023

AbstractAn onshore oilfield producing more than 200 MBD from carbonate reservoirs has been facing production constraints, due to increasing water cut and produced water (PW) disposal limitations caused by surface flow line integrity issues. Traditionally, PW is disposed in water aquifers without treatment other than water settling tanks. Aquifer water is used for reservoir pressure maintenance. To reduce the water disposal volumes and hence debottleneck oil production, and to limit the intake of water from environmentally sensitive aquifers it was evaluated if PW could replace aquifer water for injection. A comprehensive laboratory study, with water analysis and core flooding demonstrated that PW alone, without treatment, is likely to cause significant formation damage. However, additional modeling indicated that PW reinjection (PWRI) was feasible if mixed with aquifer water without the need for further treatment. It was estimated that 35% PW could be mixed with 65% aquifer water for matrix injection in tight reservoirs (&lt;10 md). The risk for inorganic scale formation due to water incompatibility and the risk for corrosion or pitting was assessed to be low. After a facility engineering study it was decided to expedite routing of PW to the injection water manifold via a temporary flexible line. A surveillance program was put in place to monitor the water quality and injection well performance. PW reinjection has been implemented without any recorded instances of increased injection pressure since the start. This ‘reversed engineering’ approach, in which critical oil-in-water (OIW) and total suspended solids (TSS) specifications were first established for different reservoirs, followed by modelling of mixing scenarios that meet these specifications, resulted in a successful PW/aquifer mixing pilot project. The increased produced water handling capacity has unlocked 3,000 t0 5,000 BOPD, resulted in further cost reductions by eliminating drilling of disposal wells and contributed to the overall goals of eliminating water intake from vulnerable aquifers.
Incorporating Human Aspect into Service Contract Procurement
Authors: Almaghaslah A. M. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Organizations always strive to develop robust contracts to support supply chains. Depending on the size of the organizations, tens to thousands of contracts are procured to secure goods and services, including manpower. However, many disputes and penalties occur after contract awarding due to manpower qualifications not being satisfied as per contract terms and conditions (Brian, 2018). As the demand to outsource services increases, optimal safety operations require more qualified manpower. This paper introduces a new contract measure to evaluate individual safety intelligence, which represents the ability to recognize self and others safety profiles and use information and knowledge to guide thinking and behavior towards safe operations and safe working environment. Safety is always one of corporate values and is recognized as one the pillars to operational excellence models. Individuals’ safety intelligence factors can be used in contracts to assess candidates and current employees’ capabilities and interest in safety. This can help organizations which plan to outsource, to select the right staff based on their safety intelligence.
Various literature reviews demonstrate the importance of human aspect to safety, but only a few shows a practical approach to measure its quality and fitness from contract administration perspective. Safety intelligence, as introduced here, can be used to guide organizations to assign qualified staff at the very early stage in a business relationship. This can optimize operations while protecting lives and assets.
Contract procurement is one of the major activities that company has to perform in order to get necessary services to operations (Andrea, 2023). This paper focuses on contact procurement that includes manpower. Each organization has its own way to do the procurement but they all agree on some basic steps. Service contract procurement usually consists of 4 major steps shown in Fig. 1, namely develop service procurement plan, service procurement, contract administration, and adjust service procurement plan (Andrea, 2023).
Completion Design and Equipment Selection to Facilitate Operations in a New Deepwater Region
Authors: Giuliani C. , Tahirov T. , Hou W. , Xiao Y. , Eissa M. , Varghese M. , McKenzie K. , Roy A. , Leng M. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mauritania and Senegal are emerging oil and gas producers with new oilfield infrastructure being developed. However, exciting new Deepwater Opportunities are starting to be developed with a 4 well subsea production well program recently being completed in the Greater Tortue Ahmeyim (GTA) field. The operator, having extensive deepwater experience globally, and regionally, completed a thorough set of extensive completion design studies with a view to installing fit for purpose completions to match the reservoir and environmental conditions which included: Deepwater Wells (2,700m)Limited Oilfield Infrastructure and logisticsGas reservoir with risk of perched water / aquifer presenceHigh-rate gas wells &gt; 220 mmscf/day per wellMulti-layer reservoirsPotentially weak rock / borderline sand control requirementHydrate risks
This paper will examine the approach to completion design to deliver effective completions with life of well integrity/performance while simultaneously addressing the challenges of opening up a new oilfield region.
The completion selection process will be discussed in detail including the methodology whereby technical requirements for robust solutions in critical areas such as sand production risks and reservoir performance are weighed against more nebulous selection criteria such as in-region supplier capability (limited in a new region), desire for operational simplicity.
Fit for purpose completion designs have been installed in the first phase of 4 wells and the paper will detail the lessons learned and insight around the effectiveness of the decisions made including: Sand control effectiveness of the Cased and Perforated CompletionPerformance of wireline deployed perforating with dynamic underbalance incorporatedImpact of limited inventory in a new oilfield environment with minimal infrastructureImpact of well clean-up in multi-layer wells from reduced production rates due to surface equipment limitationsEffective data acquisition in multi-layer reservoirs including PLTs, DFOS and PBUHydrate management in a relatively low temperature gas reservoir in deepwater
With the experience gained by Operator, the Partners and Service Companies completion design is already underway for the next phase of wells in 2025 with the desire to implement more complex Downhole Flow Control completions in highly deviated wells to address the subsequent challenge of multi-layer reservoirs with more aerial distribution. The design approach to meet this challenge will also be introduced in this paper.
Overcoming Accessibility Challenges in Open Hole Laterals Longer than 10,000 Feet
Authors: Galvan I. I. , Mallanao G. L. , McClelland G. , Shaheen T. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Maximizing well productivity in extended reach wells with open hole completions in Saudi Arabia has been hampered by the difficulty encountered by coiled tubing (CT) to fully access open hole laterals with sections surpassing 6-in bore diameter and 10,000-ft in length. This paper discusses the innovative technologies, engineering string designs, and procedures that have been developed to increase the capabilities, dependability, and predictability of CT interventions in such wells. An exhaustive CT tubing force modeling analysis compared the performance of designs in 2.375-in and 2.875-in diameters and identified key operating parameters for future models and reach contribution from tractors and vibratory downhole tools.
Records were reviewed and compiled for the most recent wells designs with varying bore sizes, target depths, open hole sections, and operating parameters. These open hole horizontal wells generated high frictional drag forces due to large completion diameters and tortuous wellbore trajectory. The presence of СО2 and H2S limited usable CT to sour service grades. Comprehensive tubing force and hydraulic pre-job analyses were used as basis of iteration for the versatile 2.375-in, and 2.875-in CT designs with up to 32,000-ft length and +90 MT in weight, combining engineered designs with novel CT heat treatment technologies. These CT designs were developed for a wide range of well configurations, conditions, and intervention treatments. The string designs feature wall thickness configurations selected to maximize reach and life in sour environments.
The engineered CT strings were able to reach target depth (TD), comparable to the predicted results of the pre-job analyses. The engineered CT strings provided complete stimulation treatment over entire target zones, while minimizing risk and maximizing production economics for the operator.
Extensive pre and post job analyses demonstrate the new designs’ capability of reaching all target depths, with allowances made for reach-assisting technologies in long, tortuous wells. The agitators, high expansion tractors, lubricants, high-pressure jetting tools, and the combined or isolated use-case of each to reach TD, are discussed in this document, as they were critical to maximizing the overall success of the intervention.
This paper outlines the strategies used to reach deep well TDs through CT string design for various open hole completions longer than 10,000-ft. Operational and logistical procedures were changed for these unprecedented CT strings —including mobilizing the largest commercially available CT units and injector equipment in terms of capacity and power. The most recent CT manufacturing technologies that have helped cement and broaden the limits of extended reach stimulation interventions in open hole wells will be documented.
New Possibilities with the Novel Modelling Approaches developed for WAG and FAWAG
Authors: Skauge A. , Chang P. L. K. C. , Sorbie K. S. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There has been substantial development of modelling tools for viscous instabilities and multi-phase flow in recent years. This has enabled better opportunities of modelling near-miscible WAG (Water-Alternating-Gas), respecting gas fingers and simultaneously representing more correct phase mobilities. The objectives of this paper are to demonstrate advanced near miscible WAG modelling including WAG three-phase hysteresis, and present cases of Foam Assisted WAG (FAWAG) revisited with several novel modelling approaches.
The numerical modelling has been performed using commercial reservoir simulators, STARS and GEM from CMG. The methodology of describing viscous fingering, analogue to Sorbie et al. (2020), is a 4-stage approach: (1) selection of fractional flow to maximize total mobility; (2) derivation of the relative permeability; (3) establishing an appropriate random correlated permeability field; and (4) simulating the process with a sufficiently fine grid. Simulations have been performed in 3D models using fine grid and random Gaussian permeability field. Three-phase fluid flow modeling used the GEM implemented version of Larsen and Skauge WAG hysteresis model, and the CMG foam model.
We have used two differentrock permeability models, a standard vertical layered model, and a model with heterogeneous permeability within each layer. The fluid flow functions were either a conventional or a WAG hysteresis model respecting three-phase mobilities and phase trapping. The impact on gas finger development was analyzed and was based on simulation production data, but also on the in-situ fluid distribution. WAG hysteresis dampened to some degree the gas fingers but was able to show oil bank formation and enabled interpretation of in-situ fluid diversion.
We have expanded the numerical modeling to include foam and specifically the foam assisted WAG (FAWAG) process. This is a revisit of an earlier study (Skauge et al. 2002 on Foam Assisted WAG, a Summary of Field Experience at the Snorre Field), but now updated with the novel modelling approaches.
Many factors influence foam strength, with mobility reduction factor (MRF) as the key factor. We used the GEM version of foam description, with MRF as the main factor defining the foam properties. In this approach we were able to describe the reduction in GOR, but also the oil banking and consequently the extra oil production due to FAWAG injection.
Simulation studies show that it is possible to include complex modelling in a commercial simulator. The advanced models enable a more correct history match of production and a more systematic analysis of local diversion of fluid flow due to WAG and FAWAG that would not be possible using a conventional approach. With the new approach, improved decisions for field development can be made.
Project Execution Philosophy - Design Build Own Operate & Maintain (BBOOM) Contracting Strategy
Authors: Al Busaidi J. H. , Al Naamani J. , Mohammadi A. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Projects executed typically by Engineering Procurement, and Construction (EPC) contracting strategies conducted with distributed risks, and responsibilities between the Company, and Contractors with a higher level of risk undertaken by the Company. When factoring in the additional risks associated with the Commissioning, and Operation of facilities, it is imperative for Oil, and Gas operating Companies, such as OQ Exploration & Production (OQEP), to consider project execution strategies that reduce risk to the Company while ensuring winning partnership with Contractor for successful project execution, an example of which is deploying a Design, Build, Own, Operate & Maintain (DBOOM) contracting strategy.
With the increasing complexity of Oil processing facility designs, the process of construction, and maintenance demands advanced strategies, and systems for OQ Exploration & Production LLC. It has experience implementing the Design Build Own Operate Maintain (DBOOM) for Oil processing facilities & Utility projects.
The Oil was discovered in the Bisat reservoir approximately five hundred km south of Muscat at OQEP Block 60 concession area. The reservoir is in a ‘Sabkha’ area with a high ground water table which makes drilling, and erecting foundations a challenge. As per the OQEP Business plan, the Bisat Field Development Plan ("FDP") entails having more than 270 Oil production wells along with 34 Water disposal wells.
The Bisat field urban plan was developed to execute the oil production project within 5 years including all operating & utility facilities. The TIME is the main contracting strategy driver of the Bisat project, which shall make sure early oil production, and cash realization for the shareholders.
we can find that TIME is an essential criterion for such a project, which is supported by the projects’ Net Present Value (NPV) targets. The early project completion, the early oil production, and subsequently the early revenue to the Company.
Implementing a new project execution & management, and business model was the diversion for OQEP to deliver the oil production target date. In and after a detailed market intelligence, and research, both Projects & Contract teams recommended implementing the DBOOM contracting strategy for executing the main project phases including processing plants, and utility facilities by having a close, and long relationship with key Contractors, and driving the project success.
Design and Evaluation of Carbon Capture Systems for Enhanced Efficiency in Fossil Fuel Power Plants
Authors: Irfan M.B. , Ahmed M. , Ahmed U. , Siddiqui M.T. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This research paper focuses on designing and optimizing carbon capture systems for fossil fuel power plants, with the ultimate goal of lowering greenhouse gas emissions. The study comprehensively analyses carbon capture techniques, including pre-combustion, post-combustion, and oxy-fuel combustion methods.
Based upon an extensive literature review, a carbon capture system is designed and optimized for a typical fossil fuel power plant using Aspen Plus simulation software. The optimization process involves selecting appropriate equipment and operating conditions, as well as analyzing the impact various parameters can have on the system's operation.
The results of this research indicate that the optimized carbon capture system has the potential to capture up to 80-90% of CO2 emissions from a typical fossil fuel power plant. The system employs a post-combustion capture technology utilizing a solvent-based absorption process.
Furthermore, the optimized system also demonstrates a net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The economic analysis reveals that the system can be economically viable with the implementation of carbon pricing policies, which encourages the reduction of carbon emissions.
In conclusion, this research contributes to the field of carbon capture by designing and optimizing a carbon capture system for fossil fuel power plants. The findings highlight the system's ability to capture a substantial amount of CO2 emissions, achieve a net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, and demonstrate economic feasibility with the right policy support.
Deep Learning Application for Inverting Petrophysical Properties Directly from Seismic
Authors: Lew C. L. , MacBeth C. , Elsheikh A. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIn this study, we introduce a method to directly invert for porosity, Vclay and hydrocarbon saturation (Shc) simultaneously from pre-stack seismic data using deep learning approach. We implemented L1 norm in the loss function for Shc estimation, added noise into synthetic seismic dataset for training, and estimated uncertainties in the inversion results by training multiple network models. UNet architecture (ResNet-18 as encoder) is used due to its ability to preserve spatial resolution. The inputs for the network are the angle stacks whereas the outputs are the petrophysical properties. We implemented mean-squared error and L1 norm as the loss functions during the training process. The L1 norm is the mean absolute values of the predicted hydrocarbon saturation, which can help promotes sparsity. The network learns on synthetic dataset. We use facies-based geostatistical simulation to generate 1D synthetic petrophysical logs. Then linking the petrophysical properties to elastic properties through rock physics model (RPM), followed by computation of reflectivities using full Zoeppritz equations at five different groups of incidence angles (0°-55°). The traces in each group are convolved with the source wavelet prior to stacking the synthetic seismograms. To increase the variability of possible scenarios, we vary the spherical variogram ranges (8,10, and 12ms), use four different types of suitable RPM, apply oil and gas cases for the hydrocarbon fluid types, and convolve with nine different sets of angle dependent source wavelets. Two synthetic datasets are prepared: Dataset1 (ideal noiseless case) and Dataset 2 (noise added to the angle stacks), and a field data. The first (MLT1) and second (MLT2) machine learning are trained on a sub-dataset in Dataset 1 and 2 respectively. Based on the field dataset, the results from MLT2 show a better prediction performance than MLT1, with an average correlation coefficient of 0.68 (porosity), 0.74 (Vclay) and 0.67 (Shc) achieved. The better results from MLT2 can be related to the nature of measured seismic which contain noise that being learnt by MLT2. For uncertainty estimation, the network (ML3) is trained for 20 times on randomly selected sub-dataset in Dataset 2 using Monte Carlo dropout technique. The uncertainty is estimated by calculating the standard deviation of the solutions provided by ML3 when applying to the field data. Uncertainty estimation allows quantification on the stability of the solutions when varying training dataset.
Wireless Operation of Subsea Hardwares in Field X, Nigeria
Authors: Ngerebara J. , Ugbor I. M , Alawode O. , Brewer R. , Prandi R. , Lokka T. , Tarakanov A. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Tubing hanger (TH) installation in offshore subsea wells is a vital step in the construction and operation of oil and gas production systems. The TH is used in the completion of wells to suspend tubing from the Horizontal Xmas Tree (HXT), the wellhead (WH) or the Tubing hanger spool (THS), allow communication of hydraulic and electric down hole functions and seal-in the annulus. TH with tubing provide a conduit for the extraction of hydrocarbons from beneath the seabed.
Installation and retrieval of the Tubing Hanger is typically performed using a tubular riser inside the marine riser and Blow Out Preventer (BOP). Installation and recovery of the TH is via a Tubing Hanger Running Assembly (THRA). A THRA consist of a Simplified Landing String (SLS) or also called a BOP Spanner Joint and a Tubing Hanger Running/Retrieval Tool (THRT). The control of the THRT and associated downhole functions has historically been provided through a heavy-duty umbilical or Electro-Hydraulic (EH) umbilical, manually clamped to the drill pipe during deployment.
This set-up requires a large investment in associated equipment; EH Reel c/w umbilical, Work Over Control Unit (WCU), also known as Workover Control System (WOCS) and a substantial amount of rig real-estate with multiple resources to operate. Several activities and processes are required to be performed in parallel during the handling of the umbilical and clamping of the umbilical to the drill pipe during deployment. This presents specific challenges which must be carefully managed. In this context, it is essential to understand the function of an EH umbilical and the associated difficulties it brings.
This paper provides an overview of the specific challenges associated with the traditional deployment of the EH umbilical and an alternative new technology which removes the EH reel and WCU from the overall set-up. It is important to clarify that at the time of writing this paper, the new technology has not been deployed in field X, Nigeria.