bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF ANTECEDENT INFECTION AND IMMUNIZATION WITH STREPTOCOCCI UPON THE REACTIVITY OF RABBITS TO HORSE SERUM
Authors: Schultz Mark P. , Swift Homer F. 
Published: June 2004

1. The cutaneous responses of rabbits to small doses of horse serum intracutaneously is described. After an original injection of 0.1 cc. a secondary reaction often occurs about the 9th day, and tests at 3 day intervals with 0.001 cc. quantities indicate that general skin hypersensitivity is established at this time. Circulating precipitins for horse serum appear later. As the degree of sensitivity increases, lesions resulting from test doses reach a maximum development more quickly.
2. The reactivity of rabbits to horse serum is greatly increased by antecedent sensitization of the animals with repeated small intracutaneous inoculation of indifferent streptococci or immunization with large intravenous injections of either indifferent or hemolytic streptococci. Doses of indifferent streptococci precisely comparable to those producing greatly enhanced reactivity when given intracutaneously, increase reactivity to horse serum irregularly and to slight degree when injected intravenously.
3. Increases in reactivity (allergic irritability) are made evident by the occurrence of larger skin lesions at the site of the primary horse serum injections, the earlier development of more distinct secondary reactions in a higher percentage of animals, and by the more rapid appearance of skin sensitivity to the small test doses which may be first evidenced by delayed reactions at these injection sites. Accompanying these evidences of increased reactivity, there is an early appearance of blood serum precipitins in high titer.
4. There was no evidence of residual inflammation in any of the animals at the time reactivity to horse serum was tested. No attempt was made to determine the duration of this altered reactive capacity. It has been encountered in tests begun from 8 to 14 days after the last preliminary inoculation.
5. It is suggested that the increased reaction described is brought about by a persisting alteration in the functional activity of the reticulo-endothelial system.
THE INFLUENCE OF SEXUAL MATURITY UPON THE REACTIVITY OF RABBITS TO HORSE SERUM
Authors: Schultz Mark P. 
Published: June 2004

1. Normal rabbits in the course of their development, after infancy, vary in their responses to minute doses of horse serum given intracutaneously.
2. There is increased reactivity in males as they mature, beginning, in the stock employed in these experiments, at about the age of 13 weeks when a weight of 1,700 gm. has been attained.
3. The reactivity of normal females remains at a constant level and the increase demonstrated in males does not take place.
4. The divergence in degree of reactivity between males and females, beginning with the establishment of estrus, indicates that factors associated with sexual maturity in females are responsible for their low reactivity.
5. The suppression of estrus by operative removal of the ovaries results in an increase of reactivity which, however, in the experiments reported here is probably not great enough to account entirely for the difference in reactivity between mature males and females.
THE METABOLISM OF COPPER AND IRON IN SPLENECTOMIZED RATS FREE FROM BARTONELLA MURIS INFECTION
Authors: Sandberg Marta , Perla David 
Published: June 2004

Removal of the spleen in albino rats free from Bartonella muris infection is followed by an increased elimination of copper in the feces, which commences 2 weeks after splenectomy. This is associated with a persistent negative copper balance.
An increased retention of iron occurs during a period of 4 to 6 weeks after splenectomy with a return of the iron metabolism to normal after this period.
No disturbance in creatine or creatinine metabolism occurs. The uric acid amount is unchanged. There is an increase in the retention of nitrogen, which is first noted 3 weeks after splenectomy.
The spleen is essential for the utilization of copper in the body.
RABBIT POX
Authors: Greene Harry S. N. 
Published: June 2004

The lesions found in animals with epidemic rabbit pox have been described in this paper. The most distinctive gross lesion in all organs and tissues was the small nodule or papule which was found to consist of mononuclear infiltration and necrosis. Diffuse lesions were also found in which the infiltration was widespread and accompanied by edema, hemorrhage and extensive necrosis of affected tissues and organs. The possibility of the diffuse lesions being due to the action of secondary invaders was considered, but available evidence indicated that the different types, including pneumonia, represented reactions to a single causative agent. Moreover, an intimate relationship was observed to exist between lesions and small blood vessels in which primary endothelial damage was usually apparent. The degree of vascular damage generally corresponded to the extent of the lesion and it is probable that this in turn corresponded to the dose of the causative agent.
The close analogy between the clinical manifestations and pathological processes of this disease in the rabbit and small pox in man led to the conclusion that the disease in the rabbit is essentially the same as small pox, and that it is probably produced by a virus closely related to the virus of small pox. Available evidence indicated that the infection originated in the Institute and that it spread in atypical form or masked by some other disease until it reached the breeding colony as a clearly defined epidemic infection.
BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS
Authors: Steenken W. , Oatway W. H. , Petroff S. A. 
Published: June 2004

1. The H37 strain of human tubercle bacillus has been dissociated into two variants,—the R, or avirulent, and the S, or virulent, variants.
2. When their dissociation is complete, colony morphology for each is distinctive and typical.
3. The morphology of the individual bacilli of the two variants is different and characteristic.
4. The R variant develops best in an acid medium; the S develops best in an alkaline medium.
5. A method of assortment to facilitate the procedure of forced dissociation has been described.
6. The difference in virulence has been proven by observations on the pathogenesis of the variants.
HEMORRHAGES IN SKIN LESIONS OF GUINEA PIGS FOLLOWING INTRAVASCULAR INJECTION OF TOXINS (SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON)
Authors: Freund Jules 
Published: June 2004

1. Filtrates from B. coli, B. typhosus, or meningococci injected into the skin of guinea pigs do not produce visible inflammation. When these injections are followed by intravascular injections of the same material, hemorrhages do not occur in the skin.
2. Guinea pigs sensitized to horse serum react with redness and edema to 0.1 or 0.01 cc. of horse serum injected into the skin, and subsequent intravascular injection of typhoid filtrate does not produce hemorrhage at the site of the reaction to horse serum.
3. When guinea pigs are injected into the skin with diphtheria toxin and these injections are followed by intravascular injection of filtrates from B. typhosus, hemorrhage occurs in the skin at the site of the reaction to diphtheria toxin.
4. When silver nitrate is injected into the skin of guinea pigs, redness, edema, and necrosis follow, and in a few guinea pigs small areas of hemorrhage can also be noticed. About half of the guinea pigs that have received an intravascular injection of typhoid filtrate react with hemorrhage at the site of the injection of silver nitrate.
A VIRUS-INDUCED MAMMALIAN GROWTH WITH THE CHARACTERS OF A TUMOR (THE SHOPE RABBIT PAPILLOMA)
Authors: Rous Peyton , Beard J. W. 
Published: June 2004

Rabbit papillomas developing on the skin as the result of virus inoculation can be readily transferred to the inner organs of favorable hosts by implanting bits of the living tissue. The growths thus produced proliferate actively as a rule and frequently cause death. Often they are markedly invasive and destructive; and they tend to recur after excision. Bacterial infection may greatly enhance their malignancy. Accidental dissemination may occur during operation, and distribution to the peritoneal surface has been repeatedly noted. There may be no cellular reaction whatever about the invading epithelium of interior growths, but usually some new formation of connective tissue takes place, its amount varying inversely with the rate of epithelial proliferation. An immediate reason exists for the inflammatory changes and scarring found beneath long-established skin papillomas, in the trauma and secondary infection to which the projecting, necrotizing masses have been subjected. In animals dying of progressively enlarging interior growths the skin papilloma may long have been stationary in size.
The growths appearing after the transfer of papillomatous tissue to the inner organs are due to the survival and multiplication of transplanted cells. However, the virus can be readily recovered from them, in the case of wild rabbits. No distinctive changes in the blood of the host have been found. The virus itself is highly specific for the epithelium of the skin, failing to act not only upon that of the other organs thus far tested but even upon embryonic skin.
The papilloma frequently penetrates into the blood and lymph vessels, especially at the edge of implantation growths. The intravascular injection of fragments of it sometimes results in pulmonary nodules of characteristic morphology. These are due to survival and proliferation of the injected cells. Secondary nodules have been encountered at autopsy in a lymph gland and in the lungs, but under conditions more suggestive of operative dissemination of the growth than of true metastasis.
Implantation growths of the papilloma in favorable hosts have the morphology of epidermoid tumors of greater or less malignancy. They behave as these do and elicit similar changes in the surrounding tissue.
The attributes and potentialities of the papilloma will be further considered in Papers II and III.
II. HEMOGLOBIN AND BILE PIGMENT OVERPRODUCTION IN THE SPLENECTOMIZED BILE FISTULA DOG
Authors: Knutti R. E. , Hawkins W. B. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Blood destruction associated with Bartonella or with a drug (hydrazine) in bile fistula dogs yields a large pigment excess. These dogs form large amounts of new hemoglobin and bile pigment on a diet which permits of but little new hemoglobin production in standard anemic dogs.
When hemoglobin formation and hemoglobin destruction are occurring rapidly and simultaneously, estimations of the percentage of circulating hemoglobin alone, though showing the eventual total increase or decrease of this substance, do not permit one to determine the actual amounts formed or destroyed.
It is suggested that the body can produce readily a large amount of the pyrrol aggregate (four pyrrol rings) which may go to form new hemoglobin. At the same time the globin is probably saved from destroyed red cells and turned over into new hemoglobin for new red cells.
It is certain that globin may be a determining factor under certain circumstances in the construction of new hemoglobin for new red cells. Our knowledge about the construction and internal metabolism of globin is extraordinarily limited.
STUDIES ON ANAPHYLAXIS WITH POLLEN
Authors: Bernstein Clarence 
Published: June 2004

1. Guinea pigs injected intracutaneously and subcutaneously with extract of the pollen of burweed marsh-elder in relatively small amounts did not show anaphylactic response to intravenous shock doses of this material 3 weeks later.
2. If, however, the animals were sensitized with horse serum either before, or along with the same pollen injections, they could then be shocked after an interval of 3 weeks with pollen extract alone.
3. The possible rôle of this underlying sensitivity is discussed.
THE SEROLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF PATHOGENIC AND NON-PATHOGENIC STRAINS OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI FROM PARTURIENT WOMEN
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C. , Hare Ronald 
Published: June 2004

1. The majority of strains of hemolytic streptococci from puerperal infections of the uterus were identified serologically as members of the Group A described by Lancefield.
2. The majority of strains isolated from the birth canal of women whose puerperium was afebrile were not members of Group A.
3. The existence of two new serological groups of hemolytic streptococci, Groups F and G, is described.
GRADING OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory 
Published: June 2004

In this paper there are described methods for grading the local skin reactivity induced by bacterial filtrates. The grading is accomplished by titration of the skin-preparatory factors; and by studies on the duration of ensuing reactivity.
It was found that the duration of reactivity depends upon the mode of preparation of filtrates and the microorganisms employed. Thus, it lasts for 96 hours with meningococcus "agar washings" filtrates; for 72 hours with B. typhosus "agar washings" filtrates; it disappears within 48 hours with B. typhosus tryptic digest broth culture filtrate and B. typhosus "agar washings" filtrates previously heated in the Arnold sterilizer for 20 minutes.
Comparative titrations of the preparations employed demonstrate that the duration of reactivity is in direct relationship to the reacting potency.
It is also shown that the skin-preparatory potency of the filtrates and the duration of the ensuing local reactivity are not modified by cellular anaphylactic sensitization (Arthus phenomenon) to animal proteins.
The exposure of tissues to the effect of certain soluble bacterial factors induces a high susceptibility to humoral toxic principles resulting from intravascular antigen-antibody interaction.
FURTHER STUDIES WITH TOXIC SERUM EXTRACTS OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Weld Julia T. 
Published: June 2004

1. The same Streptococcus hemolyticus organisms may be subjected to extraction six times in 2 days with untreated inactivated serum with no loss in potency of the later extracts when the organisms are kept frozen solid during the night between the extractions.
2. The serum extract toxins of hemolytic streptococci can be preserved without deterioration for at least 6 months if kept frozen solid.
3. No toxins stronger than those containing 10 units per cc. for mice have been prepared. Reasons for thinking that this is due to the saturation of the serum with the toxin at this point are given.
4. Half saturation with (NH4)2SO4 precipitates out practically all of the hemotoxin in a preparation.
5. Serum extracts were made from strains of hemolytic streptococci other than the Gay strain and attempts were made to correlate the virulence and toxin production from each strain. No such correlation could be established.
6. The principal pathologic finding in mice inoculated with the streptococcus serum extract toxin is a marked degeneration of the tubular epithelium of the kidney.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Clow Anna D. , Bauer Johannes H. 
Published: June 2004

Anopheles quadrimaculatus mosquitoes, fed on mice in which encephalitis virus (St. Louis type) is present in the blood stream, take up and retain the virus for the duration of their lives.
The titre of the virus in mosquitoes 4 hours after engorging on mice with a maximum blood stream infection represents about 10,000 lethal mouse intracerebral doses per mosquito. This titre drops during the following 2 weeks to about 100 lethal doses per mosquito, but from the 3rd week to the death of the mosquito, usually increases to approximately the original level and remains there.
The titre of virus in mosquitoes which have engorged on mouse blood containing smaller quantities of virus exhibits the same drop and subsequent rise to the original level.
The virus-containing mosquitoes did not infect mice or monkeys by biting.
PRIMARY SERUM TOXICITY AS DEMONSTRATED BY THE CHICKEN EMBRYO
Authors: Witebsky Ernst , Neter Erwin 
Published: June 2004

1. The 3 day old chicken embryo removed from its shell is a suitable test object for the demonstration of primary serum toxicity. Addition of normal rabbit type sera as well as Forssman antiserum causes the vascular network to contract and the embryo sinks in the yolk and dies.
2. Only sera of animals of the so called rabbit type produce this phenomenon. Sera of the guinea pig type are ineffective.
3. Heating to 51°C. destroys the complement content of normal human serum as also its effectiveness to produce the vascular phenomenon.
4. Up to the present it has not been possible to reactivate heat-inactivated normal serum by the addition of complement, while inactivated Forssman antiserum can be easily reactivated.
5. The vascular phenomenon of the chicken embryo is produced not only by the addition of a mixture of Forssman antiserum and complement but also by separate addition of both components.
6. Guinea pig type sera, containing dissolved Forssman antigen, are not only ineffective but actually exert an inhibitory influence on effective rabbit type sera as well as on Forssman antiserum.
CULTIVATION OF THE VIRUS OF GRASSERIE IN SILKWORM TISSUE CULTURES
Authors: Trager William 
Published: June 2004

A medium has been developed in which certain cells from the gonads of female silkworms multiply and live for periods of 2 to 3 weeks.
In such tissue cultures, strains of silkworm grasserie virus were maintained in successive passages up to the number of ten. The virus multiplied greatly and typical polyhedral bodies formed in the cells of infected cultures.
STUDIES ON THE HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS OF HUMAN ORIGIN
Authors: Lyons Champ , Ward Hugh K. 
Published: June 2004

1. Anantiserum which specifically protects mice against a virulent culture (M variant) of the hemolytic streptococcus contains specific opsonin. Phagocytosis of the organisms can be observed in the peritoneum of the protected mouse.
2. An antiserum prepared by injecting an animal with the living M variant specifically opsonizes both the F and the M variant of the strain.
3. Evidence is presented which indicates the probable identity of the specific opsonin and the anti-M precipitin of Lancefield (7). Agglutination appears to be dependent upon a different antibody.
4. It is possible to type the hemolytic streptococci by means of specific opsonins, and the opsonic method has certain advantages over agglutination, precipitation, and mouse protection tests. It is evident from what little has been done that there are many types.
5. The serum of infants contains no opsonin for the virulent hemolytic streptococci, but the serum of adults may contain specific opsonins for certain strains. Inasmuch as no opsonins were demonstrable in two polyvalent antibacterial sera examined, the possibilities of therapeutic transfusion are discussed.
THE PRECIPITIN REACTION BETWEEN TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS POLYSACCHARIDE AND HOMOLOGOUS ANTIBODY
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kendall Forrest E. 
Published: June 2004

The experiments recorded above show that in the case of antipneumococcus horse serum or purified antibody the arbitrary immunological procedure (37° for 2 hours, overnight in the ice box) does not permit either the establishment of a true equilibrium or the precipitation of the maximum amount of antibody nitrogen. Analyses of such horse sera for antibody content should therefore be carried out at 0° and the determinations should be allowed to stand in the cold for at least 24 hours in order to insure the completion of the reaction.
It is believed that the similarity of the nitrogen: S III ratios in the specific precipitate, whether obtained from whole serum or from purified antibody, and the failure of added serum to influence the amount of nitrogen precipitated show that the absolute chemical method for the estimation of antibody actually measures antibody and not antibody plus a more or less indefinite amount of non-specific protein. An objection to the use of the method is thus shown to be unfounded.
THE PRECIPITIN REACTION BETWEEN TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS POLYSACCHARIDE AND HOMOLOGOUS ANTIBODY
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kendall Forrest E. 
Published: June 2004

The precipitin reaction between the specific polysaccharide of Type III pneumococcus and homologous antibody formed in the horse can be accounted for quantitatively by assuming the chemical combination of the components in a bimolecular reaction, followed by a series of competing bimolecular reactions which depend upon the relative proportions of the components. These reactions would lead to the formation of larger and larger aggregates until precipitation ultimately occurred. The mathematical formulation of this theory on the basis of the mass law is described. The derived expressions are shown to be in accord with the experimental findings and the constants used in these expressions are shown to have definite significance. In spite of the wide variation in the properties of individual sera these expressions permit the complete description of the behavior of an unknown serum with S III without an unduly burdensome number of analyses.
The quantitative theory presented has been found applicable to other instances of the precipitin reaction, as will be shown in subsequent papers.
THE RELATION OF LEUKOSIS TO SARCOMA OF CHICKENS
Authors: Stubbs E. L. , Furth J. 
Published: June 2004

A transmissible strain of sarcoma (Strain 13) is described that took its origin in a chicken inoculated with leukosis of Strain 1. The virus of Strain 13 produces sarcoma in the breast muscle injected with it and after intravenous inoculation it produces diffuse sarcomatosis of the spleen, bone marrow, and several other organs.
The available evidence suggests that Strain 13 is caused by a single virus with ability to produce diffuse endothelial growth in the blood-forming organs associated with extensive hematomata, and erythroblastic proliferation.
The strain can be readily transmitted by material free from live cells and preserved by drying. As small amounts of blood as 0.00001 cc. from chickens with sarcomatosis of the internal organs transmit Strain 13 by the intravenous route.
By implantation sarcoma of Strain 13 can be transferred to chickens that are resistant to repeated inoculations with leukotic viruses.
THE FIXATION AND PROTECTION OF VIRUSES BY THE CELLS OF SUSCEPTIBLE ANIMALS
Authors: Rous Peyton , McMaster Philip D. , Hudack Stephen S. 
Published: June 2004

Methods were developed for a study of the relations existing between viruses and living cells. It was found that vaccinia and the virus causing the infectious fibroma of rabbits (Shope) rapidly become fixed upon tissue cells freed as individuals and submitted to virus in suspension. This happens whether the cells are alive or have been killed with heat or ultraviolet light. The virus does not come away during agitation of the cells with Tyrode solution and repeated washings with large amounts of it. The exposure to neutralizing antisera of cells carrying virus fails to affect this latter significantly if the cells are alive, whereas if they are dead the activity of the virus is nullified. Cells freed as individuals from tissue cultures of vaccinia and the Shope tumor carry these viruses in abundance through repeated washings, and, if living, protect them from the influence of a neutralizing serum, whereas killed cells exert no such protection.
The findings would appear to throw light on the way in which viruses gain a foothold in the host; and they suggest reasons for the persistence of some viruses in recovered animals and for the unsatisfactory results of serum treatment instituted during the course of virus diseases.
The virus causing the Shope fibroma has been successfully maintained in cultures of the growth. It is closely associated with the cells, almost none being present in the culture fluid. Certain of its other attributes have been determined. Vaccinia greatly damages the cells of cultures of rabbit embryo in which it is under propagation.