bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity and assemblage structure of phytophagous Hemiptera along a latitudinal gradient: predicting the potential impacts of climate change
Authors: Andrew Nigel R. , Hughes Lesley 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACTAims  The aims were (1) to assess the species richness and structure of phytophagous Hemiptera communities along a latitudinal gradient, (2) to identify the importance of rare species in structuring these patterns, and (3) to hypothesize about how phytophagous Hemiptera communities may respond to future climate change.Location  East coast of Australia.Methods  Four latitudes within the 1150 km coastal distribution of Acacia falcata were selected. The insect assemblage on the host plant Acacia falcata was sampled seasonally over two years. Congeneric plant species were also sampled at the sites.Results  Ninety‐eight species of phytophagous Hemiptera were collected from A. falcata. Total species richness was significantly lower at the most temperate latitude compared to the three more tropical latitudes. We classified species into four climate change response groups depending on their latitudinal range and apparent host specificity. Pairwise comparisons between groups showed that the cosmopolitan, generalist feeders and specialists had a similar community structure to each other, but the climate generalists had a significantly different structure. Fifty‐seven species were identified as rare. Most of these rare species were phloem hoppers and their removal from the dataset led to changes in the proportional representation of all guilds in two groups: the specialist and generalist feeders.Main conclusions  We found no directional increase in phytophagous Hemiptera species richness. This indicates that, at least in the short term, species richness patterns of these communities may be similar to that found today. As the climate continues to change, however, we might expect some increases in species richness at the more temperate latitudes as species migrate in response to shifting climate zones. In the longer term, more substantial changes in community composition will be expected because the rare species, which comprise a large fraction of these communities, will be vulnerable to both direct climatic changes, and indirect effects via changes to their host's distribution.
Integration of CO2 flux and remotely‐sensed data for primary production and ecosystem respiration analyses in the Northern Great Plains: potential for quantitative spatial extrapolation
Authors: Gilmanov Tagir G. , Tieszen Larry L. , Wylie Bruce K. , Flanagan Larry B. , Frank Albert B. , Haferkamp Marshall R. , Meyers Tilden P. , Morgan Jack A. 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACTAim  Extrapolation of tower CO2 fluxes will be greatly facilitated if robust relationships between flux components and remotely sensed factors are established. Long‐term measurements at five Northern Great Plains locations were used to obtain relationships between CO2 fluxes and photosynthetically active radiation (Q), other on‐site factors, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from the SPOT VEGETATION data set.Location  CO2 flux data from the following stations and years were analysed: Lethbridge, Alberta 1998–2001; Fort Peck, MT 2000, 2002; Miles City, MT 2000–01; Mandan, ND 1999–2001; and Cheyenne, WY 1997–98.Results  Analyses based on light‐response functions allowed partitioning net CO2 flux (F) into gross primary productivity (Pg) and ecosystem respiration (Re). Weekly averages of daytime respiration, γday, estimated from light responses were closely correlated with weekly averages of measured night‐time respiration, γnight (R2 0.64 to 0.95). Daytime respiration tended to be higher than night‐time respiration, and regressions of γday on γnight for all sites were different from 1 : 1 relationships. Over 13 site‐years, gross primary production varied from 459 to 2491 g CO2 m−2 year−1, ecosystem respiration from 996 to 1881 g CO2 m−2 year−1, and net ecosystem exchange from −537 (source) to +610 g CO2 m−2 year−1 (sink). Maximum daily ecological light‐use efficiencies, ɛd,max = Pg/Q, were in the range 0.014 to 0.032 mol CO2 (mol incident quanta)−1.Main conclusions  Ten‐day average Pg was significantly more highly correlated with NDVI than 10‐day average daytime flux, Pd (R2 = 0.46 to 0.77 for Pg‐NDVI and 0.05 to 0.58 for Pd‐NDVI relationships). Ten‐day average Re was also positively correlated with NDVI, with R2 values from 0.57 to 0.77. Patterns of the relationships of Pg and Re with NDVI and other factors indicate possibilities for establishing multivariate functions allowing scaling‐up local fluxes to larger areas using GIS data, temporal NDVI, and other factors.
Integrating a global agro‐climatic classification with bioregional boundaries in Australia
Authors: Hutchinson Michael F. , McIntyre Sue , Hobbs Richard J. , Stein Janet L. , Garnett Stephen , Kinloch Janine 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACTAim  Stratification of major differences in the biophysical features of landscapes at the continental scale is necessary to collectively assess local observations of landscape response to management actions for consistency and difference. Such a stratification is an important step in the development of generalizations concerning how landscapes respond to different management regimes. As part of the development of a comparative framework for this purpose, we propose a climate classification adapted from an existing broad scale global agro‐climatic classification, which is closely aligned with natural vegetation formations and common land uses across Australia.Location  The project considered landscapes across the continent of Australia.Methods  The global agro‐climatic classification was adapted by using elevation‐dependent thin plate smoothing splines to clarify the spatial extents of the 18 global classes found in Australia. The clarified class boundaries were interpolated from known classes at 822 points across Australia. These classes were then aligned with the existing bioregional classification, Interim Biogeographic Regionalization for Australia IBRA 5.1.Results  The aligned climate classes reflect major patterns in plant growth temperature and moisture indices and seasonality. These in turn reflect broad differences in cropping and other land use characteristics. Fifty‐two of the 85 bioregions were classified entirely into one of the 18 agro‐climatic classes. The remaining bioregions were classified according to sub‐bioregional boundaries. A small number of these sub‐bioregions were split to better reflect agro‐climatic boundaries.Main conclusions  The agro‐climatic classification provided an explicit global context for the analysis. The topographic dependence of the revised climate class boundaries clarified the spatial extents of poorly sampled highland classes and facilitated the alignment of these classes with the bioregional classification. This also made the classification amenable to explicit application. The bioregional and subregional boundaries reflect discontinuities in biophysical features. These permit the integrated classification to reflect major potential differences in landscape function and response to management. The refined agro‐climatic classification and its integration with the IBRA bioregions are both available for general use and assessment.
Social Exclusion and Civil Law: Experience of Civil Justice Problems among Vulnerable Groups
Authors: Buck Alexy , Balmer Nigel , Pleasence Pascoe 
Published: May 2005

Abstract Combating social exclusion has become a priority target for many governments and was a key factor in the establishment of the Legal Services Commission (LSC) and the Community Legal Service (CLS) in England and Wales in April 2000. This study aims to assess whether socially excluded groups within the general population are more likely to suffer justiciable problems (problems for which there is a potential legal remedy) and whether such groups differ in their problem resolution strategies and advice‐seeking behaviour. We draw upon a large‐scale survey of 5,611 people representative of the population of England and Wales, and a further survey of 197 people in temporary accommodation. Five vulnerable groups are extracted: survey respondents with a long‐term illness or disability, young and elderly respondents, low‐income respondents and those living in temporary accommodation. We identify how some of these vulnerable groups have a high likelihood of experiencing justiciable problems. We also examine advice‐seeking strategies among our vulnerable groups and, where contact was made, which advisers were typically contacted. The findings demonstrate the potentially crucial role of access to justice and advice and legal services in tackling social exclusion.
Influence of alcohol in mouthwashes containing triclosan and zinc: an experimental gingivitis study
Authors: Almerich J. M. , Cabedo B. , Ortolá J. C. , Poblet J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractObjectives: An experimental gingivitis model was used to analyse the influence of alcohol in mouthwashes containing 0.15% triclosan and zinc chloride on the formation of supragingival plaque, the development of gingivitis and the appearance of adverse events.Material and Methods: Using a double‐blind crossover design, 30 subjects underwent two consecutive experimental phases with two 0.15% triclosan and zinc chloride mouthwashes, differentiated mainly by their excipient (hydroalcoholic or aqueous). In each phase, the subjects discontinued all oral hygiene measures and were treated solely with the randomly assigned experimental mouthwash for 21 days. Each experimental phase was preceded by a 14‐day washout period in which, after receiving a complete oral prophylaxis, the subjects were instructed to perform thorough oral hygiene procedures. Gingivitis and plaque levels were assessed at the start and end of both the experimental phases.Results: The evolution of the gingivitis and plaque indices showed no statistically significant differences between both treatments. The mean gingival index increased from 0.30 to 0.38 with the non‐alcoholic mouthwash and from 0.32 to 0.42 with the hydroalcoholic mouthwash. The respective changes in plaque index were from 0.88 to 1.93 and from 0.94 to 1.92. The hydroalcoholic mouthwash produced a larger number of fresh symptoms (p=0.033), oral itching being the most reported.Conclusions: Alcohol does not influence the effectiveness of a 0.15% triclosan and zinc chloride mouthwash against gingivitis development and supragingival plaque formation. The absence of alcohol significantly decreases the incidence of adverse events produced by the mouthwash.
Tobacco smoking and periodontal microflora in a Saudi Arabian population
Authors: Natto Suzan , Baljoon Mostafa , Dahlén Gunnar , Bergström Jan 
Published: May 2005

AbstractObjectives: To explore the subgingival periodontal microflora in a Saudi Arabian population with a special focus on its relationship with various smoking habits.Material and Methods: A total of 198 individuals in the age range 17–60 years were included in the study. 29% were water‐pipe smokers, 18% cigarette smokers, 13% smokers of both water pipe and cigarettes (mixed smokers) and 40% non‐smokers. For each individual, a subgingival plaque sample from the deepest site in each quadrant was obtained. The checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization technology was used to determine the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Tannerella forsythensis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Treponoma denticola, Peptostreptococcus micros, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens, Selenomonas noxia and Streptococcus intermedius. Two cut‐off levels for detection were used, score 1(105 bacteria) and score 3 (106 bacteria).Results: The prevalence of individuals positive for the different microorganisms at score 1 cut‐off varied from 7% to 95%. At score 3 cut‐off the prevalence varied from 0% to 30%. The depth of sample site was a key factor for detection. When the depth of sample site was taken into account, no statistically significant differences were observed between cigarette smokers, water‐pipe smokers, and non‐smokers with regard to occurrence of the microorganisms studied.Conclusions: No major differences were observed between cigarette smokers, water‐pipe smokers, and non‐smokers regarding the occurrence of the periodontal microorganisms studied suggesting that this portion of the subgingival periodontal microflora is independent of tobacco smoking.
Implant‐supported single‐tooth restorations: a 5‐year prospective study
Authors: Wennström Jan L. , Ekestubbe Annika , Gröndahl Kerstin , Karlsson Stig , Lindhe Jan 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBackground: Comparatively few studies are available reporting at least 5 years of follow‐up data of implant‐supported single‐tooth replacements.Objective: To evaluate prospectively the 5‐year outcome of implant‐supported single‐tooth prosthetic restorations.Material and Methods: Forty subjects (mean age 41 years), 23 males and 17 females, who required single‐tooth prosthetic replacement for a missing tooth were recruited. A total of 45 self‐tapping implants (Astra Tech® ST‐implants) – 40 in the maxilla and five in the mandible – were installed in a two‐stage procedure. Abutment connection was performed 3–6 months after implant installation. Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed at the completion of the prosthetic treatment and once a year during a 5‐year follow‐up period. The analysis of peri‐implant bone level alteration was performed on subject and implant levels and by the use of analysis of variance and binary logistic regression.Results: Three patients were lost during the 5 years of follow‐up. One implant was lost after 2.5 years in function and another four implants could not be accounted for at the 5‐year follow‐up examination. The overall failure rate at 5 years was 2.6% (subject level) and 2.3% (implant level). The mean loss of marginal bone at the implants during the first year in function was 0.06 mm (SD 0.67) on the subject level and 0.02 mm (0.65) on the implant level. During the subsequent 4 years the annual change in peri‐implant bone level amounted to −0.02 mm (0.22) on both subject and implant levels. Thus, the mean total bone level change over the 5‐year interval was −0.14 mm (1.04) on subject level and −0.11 mm (1.00) on the implant level of analysis (p>0.05). The frequency of implants with a 5‐year bone loss of 1 mm was 13%. Approximately 50% of the implants demonstrated no bone loss.Conclusion: The present clinical trial on single‐tooth replacements with the Astra Tech® implant system demonstrated that the bone loss during the first year of function as well as annually thereafter was small.
Effectiveness of a transmucosal lidocaine delivery system for local anaesthesia during scaling and root planing
Authors: Perry Dorothy A. , Gansky Stuart A. , Loomer Peter M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractObjective: This study compared the efficacy of transmucosal anaesthetic patches containing lidocaine (46.1 mg/2 cm2) to placebo for local anaesthesia during quadrant scaling and root planing using periodontal clinical indices and patient perception of pain.Material and Methods: Forty healthy adults with moderate periodontal disease and moderate subgingival calculus were scaled at weekly intervals, two quadrants randomized to treatment patches and two quadrants randomized to placebo patches. Bleeding, probing depths and attachment levels were evaluated prior to treatment and 1 month after quadrant scaling was completed. Subjects completed 100 mm visual analogue pain scales 15 min. after patch placement and at the end of treatment, and were asked for verbal assessment of perceived pain.Results: Subjects' verbal ratings demonstrated consistently greater pain relief with active patches than placebo (p<0.0001). Visual analogue scales demonstrated significantly greater pain relief with the treatment patches after 15 min. (p=0.0003) and at the end of treatment (p=0.0149). Efficacy of periodontal therapy was equivalent for treatment and control groups. No adverse events were observed; localized minimal gingival irritation was noted in three subjects.Conclusion: Transmucosal lidocaine patches provided sufficient anaesthesia for therapeutic quadrant scaling and root planing procedures.
Efficacy of a 0.15% benzydamine hydrochloride and 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride mouth rinse on 4‐day de novo plaque formation
Authors: Herrera David , Santos Sagrario , Ferrús Jorge , Barbieri Germán , Trombelli Leonardo , Sanz Mariano 
Published: May 2005

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of a mouth‐rinse formulation combining benzydamine hydrochloride and cetylpyridinium chloride (BNZ+CPC) in preventing de novo plaque formation, in comparison with CPC and placebo mouth rinses.Patients and Methods: This was a controlled, observer‐blind, cross‐over study. In this model of plaque re‐growth, subjects received a session of oral prophylaxis and were directed to withdraw oral hygiene measures for the next 4 days, using only the mouth rinse assigned. The outcome parameters were the plaque index (PlI) and gingival index (GI). In addition, microbiological evaluation of the subgingival microflora, by means of culture, was performed, as well as patient‐based variables. Data analysis was carried out using anova for Latin‐square design.Results: The analysis of variance showed a significant statistical difference between the BNZ+CPC association and placebo (p<0.0001). No differences between CPC and placebo were detected considering multiple comparisons between treatments. The 90% confidence interval of the differences between BNZ+CPC and CPC showed no equivalence between treatments, being the PlI lower in the BNZ+CPC group. No significant difference between groups in GI was observed. Mean anaerobic colony‐forming units (CFU) demonstrated a significant increase between visits in all groups (p<0.001) and differences among groups were not significant. Subjects treated with BNZ+CPC frequently reported “tingling mouth” and “numbness mouth”.Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study model, the BNZ+CPC combination showed a statistically significant plaque‐inhibitory capacity, as compared with the placebo mouth rinse, and an additive effect as compared with CPC. No relevant clinical or microbiological adverse effects were detected.
Quality of bristle end‐rounding on replaceable heads of powered toothbrushes
Authors: Jung Martin , Soydan Nuran , Rubbert Felix , Wetzel Willi‐Eckhard 
Published: May 2005

AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the geometry and the quality of bristle tip‐rounding using 14 different heads from powered toothbrushes.Material and Methods: Six powered toothbrushes for children and eight for juveniles and adults were included. Five replaceable heads of each product were randomly selected. Of each sample, 35 bristles were used for examination. This resulted in 175 bristles from each product being evaluated. The quality of end‐rounding was assessed by scanning electron microscopy at an original magnification × 80 in two categories of acceptable and five categories of unacceptable rounding according to Silverstone & Featherstone (1988).Results: The portion of acceptable end‐rounding varied strongly between the products (18.9–94.3%). There were significant differences regarding the products for children (p<0.001) and for adults (p<0.001) with respect to end‐rounding quality. Only one product achieved more than 90% and eight products had between 68% and 86% acceptable end‐rounding. Two products for children and one for adults had less than 25% acceptable end‐rounding.Conclusion: A high standard of bristle tip‐rounding is an important feature with respect to the safety of powered toothbrushes. Those products with a greater portion of unacceptably rounded bristles might cause more harm to oral soft tissues during use. The end‐rounding quality of some of the products should be improved.
Lipoprotein‐associated phospholipase A2 and plasma lipids in patients with destructive periodontal disease
Authors: Lösche W. , Marshal G. J. , Krause S. , Kocher T. , Kinane D. F. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractObjectives: Periodontitis is believed to be an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to be associated with a moderate systemic inflammatory reaction and hyperlipidaemia. Lipoprotein‐associated phospholipase A2 (Lp‐PLA2) is an enzyme that has been shown to be a risk factor of CVD and that is involved in the degradation of the phospholipid mediator platelet‐activating factor (PAF), a potent mediator of inflammation.Material and Methods: In the present study, we measured concentrations of plasma lipids and plasma activity of Lp‐PLA2 in 32 patients (mean age 43±11 years) with moderate‐to‐severe periodontitis before and 3 months after local treatment.Results: Periodontal therapy resulted in a significant reduction of local inflammation and tissue destruction as reflected in reduced pocket depths and reduced bleeding indices. Pre‐ and post‐treatment plasma lipid levels were (median and range, mmol/l): total cholesterol (C) 5.01 (3.94–7.15) and 4.91 (3.32–8.01); low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) 3.14 (2.40–4.84) and 2.96 (1.39–5.04); HDL‐C 1.27 (0.73–2.17) and 1.25 (0.74–2.55); triglycerides 1.37 (0.48–5.11) and 1.14 (0.38–792). Using the Wilcoxon's rank test, neither parameter showed a significant change. In contrast to the lacking response of plasma lipids, we observed a significant reduction in the activity of Lp‐PLA2. Local treatment lowered the enzyme activity by about 10% from 3.61±0.99 to 3.29±0.94 μmol/ml/h (mean±SD; p<0.001). The pre‐treatment values of Lp‐PLA2 and LDL‐C significantly correlated with clinical parameters of inflammation and periodontal destruction.Conclusion: This study indicates that treatment of periodontitis significantly reduces the serum activity of Lp‐PLA2, which is believed to be an independent cardiovascular risk factor.