bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Globalisation and Communal Identities in the Plural Society Of Malaysia
Authors: Korff Rüdiger 
Published: March 2003

Successful modernisation and global integration in Malaysia have opened up new possibilities and increased agency. At the state level, success has allowed its political leadership to act as spokesperson for the post‐colonial world. Agency for Malaysians has increased as well, but with a specific twist. Not only has individual agency increased but ‐ even more so ‐ new forms of social control have been created. From the background of a plural society, valorisations accompanying modernisation and globalisation were perceived as favouring or disadvantaging particular ethnic groups. This has lead to a politicisation of ethnicity by which the maintenance of integration has been pursued through the development of social control mechanisms that have given rise to new communal identities.Today, social control and Islam are closely interwoven. Islam provides a meaning system that links modernity and the modern present with a Malay past. Especially in urban areas, the equation “a Malay is a Muslim” has been changed to “a Muslim in Malaysia is a Malay”. The ambivalence of referring to universals like “post‐colonialism” and “Islam” as ways of expressing Malaysian particularities is shown in the self‐description of Malaysia as a successful “globaliser” and a post‐colonial and/or Islamic country in the official mass media. Physically, this in turn is reflected in the architectural styles of mega‐projects. Elsewhere it has been argued that globalisation has the potential to fragment societies. The question is whether this potential might lead to the emergence of a fragmented plural society in Malaysia.
Bullying and Victimization Among School‐age Children: Stability and Links to Proactive and Reactive Aggression
Authors: Camodeca Marina , Goossens Frits A. , Terwogt Mark Meerum , Schuengel Carlo 
Published: March 2003

Abstract The main aim of the study relates to the links between bullying and victimization on the one hand and reactive and proactive aggression on the other. In addition, we also investigated stability and incidence of bullying and victimization. At age 7, 236 children were rated on bullying and victimization using peer reports. At age 8, 242 children were rated again. Two hundred and fifteen children (114 girls and 101 boys) were present at both time points. Reactive and proactive aggression was assessed by teachers. The results showed that bullies and bully/victims were both reactively and proactively aggressive, while victims were only reactively aggressive. A moderate degree of stability of bullying and victimization was found, with bullying being more stable than victimization. Boys were more often bullies than girls and more stable than girls in victimization. Stable victims and stable bully/victims were more reactively aggressive than their unstable counterparts. The relevance of the outcomes to preventing future maladjustment and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Development of Empathy in Girls During the Second Year of Life: Associations with Parenting, Attachment, and Temperament
Authors: Mark Ingrid L. van der , IJzendoorn Marinus H. van , Bakermans‐Kranenburg Marian J. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract The development, antecedents, and concomitants of empathic concern in the second year of life were examined. Associations with parental sensitivity, children's fearfulness and attachment security were investigated. At 16 and at 22 months, 125 firstborn girls from middle‐class families were observed in their homes and in the laboratory. Empathic concern was assessed from the girls’ responses to simulated distress in their mothers and in an unfamiliar person. Temperamental fearfulness was observed when they were confronted with potentially scary items. Attachment security was assessed with the Strange Situation procedure, and parental sensitivity was measured in problem‐solving situations both at home and in the lab. From 16 to 22 months, empathic concern for the mother's distress increased, whereas empathy for the stranger decreased. A more fearful temperament and less attachment security predicted less empathic concern for the stranger's distress. Antecedent and concurrent measures of parenting showed disappointingly weak associations with empathic concern. Empathy for strangers in distress requires the regulation of negative emotions for which fearful and insecurely attached girls seem to be less well equipped.
Family Hospitality and Ethnic Tradition Among South Asian, Italian and General Population Women in the West of Scotland
Authors: Bush Helen , Williams Rory , Bradby Hannah , Anderson Annie , Lean Michael 
Published: March 2003

South Asians have a high risk of heart disease in Britain and Italians low, and there are corresponding differences in total energy and total fat intake. The present paper explores how far obligatory patterns of food intake exist in either group and are reflected in conventions of hospitality. Both groups are from peasant‐based economies, where, despite the common pattern of low fat intake, food occupies a high proportion of family income, and is correspondingly important as a part of gift exchange in marriage, and as a bearer of collective meanings.Open‐ended questions on meals suitable for family hospitality were asked of South Asian women (63 born abroad, 56 in Britain), and Italian women (39 abroad, 51 in Britain) together with 50 women from the general population, all aged 20–40 and resident in the West of Scotland urban area. The traditional family meal of the Glasgow general population corresponds to the cooked dinner described in South Wales, and suggests a pan‐British cultural symbol. However traditional family hospitality meals play a more important part in the life of migrant South Asians and Italians than they do in the majority culture, and British‐born South Asians maintain this pattern more than British‐born Italians. This pattern of hospitality, in an economy where energy‐dense foods are readily available, may result in high energy intake and increased coronary risk. However realisation of these implications, and increased weight consciousness, can lead to restoration of the traditional cardioprotective diet.
Genetic, Cultural or Socio‐economic Vulnerability? Explaining Ethnic Inequalities in Health
Authors: Nazroo James Y. 
Published: March 2003

Most work on ethnic inequalities in health in the UK has focused on genetic and cultural difference, ignoring issues relating to class disadvantage. However, more recent work, and that conducted in the US, suggests that material disadvantage might be crucial. Nevertheless, the wider sociological literature illustrates that ethnicity and ‘race’ cannot simply be reduced to class.This paper uses data from the Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities to examine three alternative approaches to ethnic inequalities in health. Epidemiological approaches are driven by empirical findings and make little explicit acknowledgement of theoretical understandings of ethnicity, but they carry the assumption that ethnicity provides a natural and fixed division between population groups. Consequently, explanations for differences tend to be reduced to ahistoric and de‐contextualised genetic and cultural factors. Structural approaches generally focus on material explanations for inequalities, but there are important methodological difficulties in assessing these. We also need to consider other elements of the structural disadvantage faced by ethnic minority groups, such as their experiences of racism or concentration in particular geographical locations. Approaches that focus on ethnic identity emphasise the importance of group affiliation and culture, while acknowledging the contingent and contextual nature of ethnicity. However, despite the promise carried by identity based approaches, there has been little empirical work undertaken.These varying approaches illustrate how important ethnic inequalities in health might be to a wider understanding of mechanisms producing inequalities in health. However, a concern with mechanisms in health inequalities research can lead to a focus on technical interventions along causal pathways, with the roots of health inequalities, wider social inequalities, being ignored.
Accomplishing ‘the case’ in paediatrics and child health: medicine and morality in inter‐professional talk
Authors: White Susan 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper presents data from a recently completed ESRC funded ethnography of social relations and case formulation in an integrated child health service, comprising paediatric inpatient and outpatient, child and adolescent mental health and child development services. Children present to the services with symptoms or troubles for which there are often competing biological, neurological, genetic and/or psychosocial models of causation. As a consequence, clinicians’ talk is oriented to deciding between three main potential types of case formulation –medical, psychosocial and not just medical. These three formulations are not static ideal‐types. They are highly contestable and require complex practical and rhetorical work, through which facts and evidence are selectively invoked and different parties to the case are granted attributes which construct and reconstruct past events to render ambiguous symptoms or events understandable. In particular, moral judgements and complex characterizations about the child’s parents, or significant others, often form an indispensable warrant for these formulations. By analysing professional narratives about cases, this paper develops previous ethnographic work on the classification in medical work of children and adults as good or bad, appropriate or inappropriate, culpable or blameless, and renders visible a repertoire of moral formulations about childhood and child care. In particular, judgements about the adequacy of parental love are central to clinical reasoning.
Envelope Solitary Waves and Periodic Waves in the AB Equations
Authors: Tan Benkui , Boyd John P. 
Published: March 2003

This article deals with the envelope solitary waves and periodic waves in the AB equations that serve as model equations describing marginally unstable baroclinic wave packets in geophysical fluids and also ultra‐short pulses in nonlinear optics.An envelope solitary wave has a width proportional to its velocity and inversely proportional to its amplitude. The velocity of the envelope solitary wave is partially dependent on its amplitude in the sense that the amplitude determines the upper or lower limit of the velocity. When two envelope solitary waves collide, they survive the collision and retain their identities except for a shift in the positions of both the envelopes and the carrier waves.The periodic wave solutions in sine wave form may be stable or unstable depending upon the wave parameters. When the sine wave is destabilized by small perturbations, its long‐time evolution shows a Fermi–Pasta–Ulam‐type oscillation.
Regional Variations in the Phonological Characteristics of African American Vernacular English
Authors: Hinton Linette N. , Pollock Karen E. 
Published: March 2003

At present little is known about regional variations in the phonological characteristics of African American Vernacular English (AAVE). Regional variation in AAVE allows for a closer examination of the convergence‐divergence controversy. Researchers are still in disagreement on whether AAVE is converging to white speech or diverging away from white vernaculars. In addition, speakers of AAVE who have more contact with whites have been observed to assimilate toward such speech and have less of a change in their lexicons and phonologies (Ash and Myhill, 1986). These findings have implications for the dialects of African Americans residing in the midwest region where communities are less segregated.The present study investigated AAVE dialect features in the midwestern community of Davenport, Iowa and compared them to those reported by Pollock and Berni (1997) for Memphis, Tennessee – specifically, productions of vocalic and postvocalic /r/ across African American speakers from Davenport and Memphis.Results showed that AAVE speakers from Davenport produced vocalic and postvocalic /r/ in all contexts, in sharp contrast to AAVE speakers from Memphis who showed a consistent pattern of variation in /r/ usage according to phonetic context. The implications of the findings are discussed and directions for future research are outlined.
TOEFL to the Test: are Monodialectal AAL‐speakers Similar to ESL Students?
Authors: Pandey Anita 
Published: March 2003

In this paper, I draw attention to the validity of the Oakland School Board's resolution on Ebonics, and to the value of ESL‐based approaches to the teaching of ‘Standard American English’ to speakers of other dialects of American English. I do so by demonstrating the validity of comparisons made between monodialectal speakers of African‐American Language (AAL)/‘Ebonics’ and low‐level ESL students, and by illustrating the bidialectalism‐instilling potential of the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). Use of this proficiency test puts the spotlight on a much‐neglected area, namely, the bidialectal or dialect‐specific nature of listening comprehension for pre‐college and first‐year students raised in the inner city. The findings of two longitudinal studies are cited to demonstrate that, for many Ebonics‐speakers, SAE is much like a second language. The students' performance on the TOEFL, particularly on the listening comprehension and grammar sections, suggests that both comprehension and production of ‘Standard English’ can be problematic for transitional students whose first language is AAL. The pedagogical implications of this finding are carefully explored.Every time I say something the way I say it, she correct me until I say it some other way. Pretty soon it feel like I can't think. My mind run up on a thought, git confuse, run back and sort of lay down.….Look like to me only a fool would want you to talk in a way that feel peculiar to your mind.(Alice Walker, 1982: 183–4)
Predicting word‐spelling difficulty in 7‐ to 11‐year‐olds
Authors: Spencer Ken 
Published: March 2003

Some languages have simple grapheme‐phoneme codes in which there is a one‐to‐one mapping, making them easy to teach and learn, while others have more complicated structures and are more difficult for teachers and students. There is now an increasing number of studies which demonstrate that readers in more transparent orthographies such as Italian, Spanish, Turkish, Greek and German have little difficulty in decoding written words, while English children have many more problems. Increasingly, lack of orthographic transparency in English is seen as having a powerful negative effect on the development of literacy skills in English‐speaking children.In the present study, the word factors associated with poor spelling in 5 school year‐groups (ages 7 to 11 years) are identified as: (a) frequency of the word in the English language, (b) length of the word and (c) a measure of the phoneticity of the word. The concept of word phoneticity is explored and data is presented illustrating the predictive model of spelling. The implications the model has for teaching and learning English are discussed, with particular reference to the beneficial effects that greater orthographic transparency would have for children.
Estimation of Quantities of Drugs Handled and the Burden of Proof
Authors: Aitken C. G. G. , Bring J. , Leonard T. , Papasouliotis O. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
A person is convicted for the handling of drugs. In the USA, the sentence must be determined partly on the total quantity of drugs handled. The determination of this quantity is a controversial estimation problem. Moreover, there is confusion concerning the relationship of this problem and the burden of proof. Various aspects of this problem are discussed in the context of three cases, each of which requires a different approach. In the first, a product of two uniform distributions is determined. In the second, there is simulation based on resampling from a training set. In the third, a predictive distribution based on independent priors for the mean and variance of a normal distribution is derived.
Statistical Issues in Phase III Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine Trial Design
Authors: Halloran M. E. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
Several scientific questions are of interest in phase III trials of prophylactic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines. In this paper we focus on some issues related to evaluating the direct protective effects of a vaccine in reducing susceptibility, VES, and its effect on reducing infectiousness, VEI. An estimation of VEI generally requires information on contacts between the infective and susceptible individuals. By augmenting the primary participants of an HIV vaccine trial by their steady sexual partners, information can be collected that allows an estimation of VEI as well as VES. Exposure to infection information, however, may be expensive and difficult to collect. A vaccine trial design can include a small validation set with good exposure to infection data to correct bias in a larger, simpler main study with only coarse exposure data. The large main study increases the efficiency of the small validation set. More research into the combination of different levels of information in vaccine trial design will yield more efficient and less biased estimates of the efficacy measures of interest.
Sustainability Indicators—Integrating Quality of Life and Environmental Protection
Authors: Levett R. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
The struggle to find and use indicators of sustainable development is intimately bound up with the process of deciding what we mean by sustainable development and what we shall do about it. In this field at least, indicators are intrinsically and unavoidably normative and political. The paper proposes an approach to indicators which reflects, and can further clarify and help to achieve, an important aspect of sustainable development. The paper is written from a practical, instrumental interest in indicators as a tool to put sustainable development principles into practice in public policy. The author is not a statistician and makes no claim to technical expertise but hopes that this ‘barefoot’ practitioner perspective may be of some interest to the professionals. The main argument is introduced by a discussion of some of the pitfalls and limitations of sustainability indicators to date.
A Multilevel Exploration of the Role of Interviewers in Survey Non-Response
Authors: O’Muircheartaigh Colm , Campanelli P. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
This paper illustrates the use of multilevel statistical modelling of cross-classified data to explore interviewers’ influence on survey non-response. The results suggest that the variability in whole household refusal and non-contact rates is due more to the influence of interviewers than to the influence of areas. The results from separate logistic regression models are compared with the results from multinomial models using a polytomous dependent variable (refusals, non-contacts and responses). Using the cross-classified multilevel approach allows us to estimate correlations between refusals and non-contacts, suggesting that interviewers who are good at reducing whole household refusals are also good at reducing whole household non-contacts.
A Design for Testing Clinical Strategies: Biased Adaptive Within-Subject Randomization
Authors: Lavori Phillip W. , Dawson R. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
We propose a method for assigning treatment in clinical trials, called the ‘biased coin adaptive within-subject’ (BCAWS) design: during the course of follow-up, the subject’s response to a treatment is used to influence the future treatment, through a ‘biased coin’ algorithm. This design results in treatment patterns that are closer to actual clinical practice and may be more acceptable to patients with chronic disease than the usual fixed trial regimens, which often suffer from drop-out and non-adherence. In this work, we show how to use the BCAWS design to compare treatment strategies, and we provide a simple example to illustrate the method.
Number Needed to Treat: Properties and Problems
Authors: Hutton J. L. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
The inverse of a difference in probabilities, called the ‘number needed to treat’, has been promoted in the medical literature as a good way to present the results of modelling binary outcomes. The usual context is randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses. In this paper we discuss the claims that have been made about this statistic, and the problems associated with it. Methods which have been proposed for confidence intervals are evaluated and shown to be erroneous. We suggest that the difference in probabilities, the ‘absolute risk reduction’, is preferable to the number needed to treat, for both theoretical and practical reasons.
The Value of the Aggregate Data Approach in Meta-Analysis with Time-to-Event Outcomes
Authors: Tudur Catrin , Williamson Paula R. , Khan Saboor , Best Lesley Y. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
Collecting individual patient data has been described as the ‘gold standard’ for undertaking meta-analysis. If studies involve time-to-event outcomes, conducting a meta-analysis based on aggregate data can be problematical. Two meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials with time-to-event outcomes are used to illustrate the practicality and value of several proposed methods to obtain summary statistic estimates. In the first example the results suggest that further effort should be made to find unpublished trials. In the second example the use of aggregate data for trials where no individual patient data have been supplied allows the totality of evidence to be assessed and indicates previously unrecognized heterogeneity.
Predicting Successful and Unsuccessful Transitions from School to Work by Using Sequence Methods
Authors: McVicar Duncan , Anyadike-Danes Michael 
Published: March 2003

SummaryPolicy makers recognize the importance of identifying early young people who are likely to end up jobless on entry to the adult labour market. This paper uses sequence techniques to characterize 712 young peoples’ transitions from school to work into ‘types’, with jobless types interpreted as unsuccessful transitions. A logit model is estimated for transition type using a collection of static individual, family and school characteristics. This allows us to identify which young people are most likely to experience unsuccessful transitions into the adult labour market. Policy makers might use such information to target social and educational policy more effectively to promote social inclusion.
Effects of Neighbourhood Demographic Shifts on Findings of Environmental Injustice: A New York City Case-Study
Authors: Talih Makram , Fricker Ronald D. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryWe study the question of how changes in neighbourhood demographics affect findings of environmental equity. Many cross-sectional studies of association between neighbourhood racial and ethnic composition and the location of environmentally undesirable sites have been conducted. However, no evaluations have been conducted that examine how neighbourhood demographics change over time, and how those changes are related to the observed cross-sectional results. If the question is whether an observed association is the result of discrimination, it is crucial that the historical changes in neighbourhood structure are well understood. We develop some methods based on standard statistical techniques and illustrate their application by using the metropolitan New York City region as a case-study.