bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Being and Potential Space
Authors: Bollas Christopher 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the notions of being and potential space presented by Donald Winnicott. It notes how an infant’s essential aloneness may be viewed as the beginning of the continuity of being. According to Winnicott, mothers create the experience of omnipotence and a new space for the infant through the continuous provision of illusion. The chapter elaborates on the concept of a potential space that becomes a transitional area when the infant feels at ease in possessing their first ‘not-me’ object. It then explains how the true self lies in between the biological and social relations that exist before birth and influences the psychic organization
Morals
Authors: Bollas Christopher 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the construction of morals in an infant parallel to the infant’s pleasure in constructing a good relationship with the mother. It details Donald Winnicott’s listed progression on the development of an infant’s capacity for concern. The experience of guilt is associated with anxiety, which also hovers between recognition of the effects of destruction and intense fear of being attacked by the mother. In Winnicott’s essay ‘Morals and education’, the efforts of parents and society to implant morals is a violation of a child’s innate morality. The chapter also elaborates on Winnicott’s vision of adolescents, the responsibility to tolerate aggression and acting out as an indication of hope.
Playing and Creativity
Authors: Bollas Christopher 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the importance of playing and creativity. It acknowledges Donald Winnicott’s statement that psychotherapy takes place in the overlap of playing of either the patient or the therapist. Playing takes place initially in a potential space between the infant and the mother wherein a holding environment enables the infant to live from a relaxed, non-reactive kernel of self. The chapter elaborates on the notion that playing is an aim that relates to the drive for freedom in any oppressed person. It also considers Winnicott’s theory of creativity, referencing his session with a male patient that involves penis envy and the capacity to self-reflect.
Almost Liberal
Authors: Anil Pratinav 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
India’s early postcolonial years, the heyday of statist nationalism, were a hard time to be an international Islamist, this chapter shows. The Jama’at-i-Islami Hind had to contend with the community’s reduced position, rethinking key political questions by breaking with the central tenets of the founder Syed Abul Ala Maududi’s corpus to discover that, perhaps, pluralism was not such a bad proposition after all. So was born a postcolonial consensus that ran from the nationalist prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru to the Islamist chief Maulana Abul Lais Islahi Nadwi. The chapter also considers the question of Nehruvian secularism, suggesting that both its proponents and detractors, in jousting over its indigeneity, pass over questions of greater import. How did Indian secularism work in practice? How did it appear to India’s minorities? Some preliminary answers are to be found in the Islamist magazine Radiance, whose Muslim writers brought to the fore the authoritarian and Islamophobic impulses of the Congress regime.
India in the Second World War
Authors: Gupta Diya 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In 1940s India, revolutionary and nationalistic feeling surged against colonial subjecthood and imperial war. Two-and-a-half million men from undivided India served the British during the Second World War, while three million civilians were killed by the war-induced Bengal Famine, and Indian National Army soldiers fought against the British for Indian independence. This captivating new history shines a spotlight on emotions as a way of unearthing these troubled and contested experiences, exposing the personal as political.Diya Gupta draws upon photographs, letters, memoirs, novels, poetry, and philosophical essays, in both English and Bengali languages, to weave a compelling tapestry of emotions felt by Indians in service and at home during the war. She brings to life an unknown sepoy in the Middle East yearning for home, and anti-fascist activist Tara Ali Baig; a disillusioned doctor on the Burma frontline, and Sukanta Bhattacharya’s modernist poetry of hunger; Mulk Raj Anand’s revolutionary home front, and Rabindranath Tagore’s critique of civilization.This vivid book recovers a truly global history of the Second World War, revealing the crucial importance of cultural approaches in challenging a traditional focus on the wartime experiences of European populations. Seen through Indian eyes, this conflict is no longer the “good” war.
‘The Thing That Was Lost’
Authors: Gupta Diya 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Extracts from letters, written and received between August 1942 and March 1945 by Indian soldiers stationed along the Middle Eastern and North African fronts, are archived in the British Library as military colonial censorship reports. Chapter One analyzes these letters, alongside colonial photographs and memoirs, highlighting the diverse perspectives of home revealed. The first memoir, Arakan Fronte (On the Frontlines at Arakan, 1946) was written in Bengali by an Indian doctor, Shantilal Ray, serving in the Fourteenth Army in Burma in 1944; the second, The Men from Imphal (1970) by Indian officer Abid Hasan Safrani, was written in English about the Japanese and Indian National Army defeat at the hands of the same Fourteenth Army in 1945. The chapter shows how Arakan Fronte offers us a philosophical understanding of home and its relationship with the earth, while The Men from Imphal establishes an overtly political narrative, where home is equated to the expansive, decolonized nation. These two little-known memoirs work as productive foil to the letters: they reveal how ideas of “home” expand, from reinforcing forms of martial masculinity to including the personal and the intimate, and encompassing both nationalistic and utopian ideas of freedom.
‘An Anguished Heart’
Authors: Gupta Diya 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The fourth chapter considers elite Indian intellectual responses to the war, written in English and focusing on the Indian home-front. It brings together the well-known writer Mulk Raj Anand with little-studied women writers Muriel Wasi and Tara Ali Baig to examine how staunch anti-fascist feeling in all three rubs against equally intensely realized anti-colonial emotion. Anand’s novel The Sword and the Sickle (1942) highlights the journey of Lalu, the Indian soldier coming home after serving in Europe during the First World War, who begins to find his political voice in the 1920s. The chapter studies why the soldier’s return after the first global war become so important to Anand during the second. It then foregrounds how the rare poetry of the two women writers Wasi and Baig reveals a growing articulation of female political and civic authority, blurring the boundaries between gendered experiences of war. Both Wasi and Baig took up opportunities opening up for women in the Indian public sphere during the war years. The chapter concludes by analyzing how all three writers—men and women—reconfigure ideas of anti-fascism, colonization and nationhood as well as wartime trauma and suffering endured in the Indian home-front.
Alcohol in the Premodern Islamic World (c. 600 to c. 1400)
Authors: Matthee Rudi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Chapter Two addresses the drinking habits of Muslim elites in the “classical” period, the seventh to the thirteenth century, encompassing the reign of the Umayyads, the Abbasids, Islamic Spain, and dynasties that ruled Egypt and the eastern, Persianate half of the Muslim world. Occasional bans notwithstanding, many caliphs and sultans drank, rather blithely, without compunction, surrounded by their boon companions.
Alcohol in the Modern Age
Authors: Matthee Rudi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the ways alcohol fared in three countries that in the twentieth century turned from secular to Islamist: Turkey between Atatürk and Erdoǧan, Iran as the Islamic Republic replaced the Pahlavi regime, and Pakistan since Zia al-Haq. It documents how alcohol became marginalized under the new order and how drinking became “privatized,” continuing in the shadows via subterfuge, smuggling, bootlegging, and clandestine venues.
Political Leadership
Authors: Jamal Ahmad Shuja , Maley William 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the leadership challenges that Republican Afghanistan encountered; it notes that what leaders could achieve was constrained by structural and political factors, which often had deep roots. It opens with a discussion of the nature of political leadership in general, and then moves on to discuss some of the forms of political leadership that could be exercised or attempted in Afghanistan. The chapter notes that the skills required for effective political leadership in Afghanistan are complex and multifaceted, and that it would be optimistic to expect that any one individual might possess them all. The chapter illustrates this point by discussing in more detail the leadership strengths and weaknesses of both President Hamed Karzai and President Ashraf Ghani.
The Hijacking
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with a description of a man walking across an airport apron toward a Boeing 727, carrying a briefcase that contains a wig, a pair of rubber gloves, a smoke grenade, and two guns. The man had booked a round-trip plane ticket under the name Robert Wilson to Tulsa. It details the man’s flight, Flight 119, which had left LaGuardia Airport in New York at 12:50 p.m., bound for Los Angeles, with stops in St. Louis, Tulsa, and Phoenix. The chapter highlights how the man initially hesitated about what he wanted to do on the flight. When the plane was about to descend in Tulsa, the man finally decided to go through with his original plan, donned his disguise, and armed himself while in the bathroom. When he came out, only a stewardess noticed him and told him in a whisper not to hurt anyone.
Mohawk Airlines Flight 452
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter recounts Heinrick von George’s hijacking of Mohawk Airlines Flight 452. It describes Eileen McAllister, who had joined Mohawk Airlines in 1961 and was the stewardess von George had held a gun to when he announced the hijacking. McAllister did her best to defuse tension and establish a connection with the hijacker, convincing von George she should still serve drinks to the passengers so as not to raise suspicion. The chapter details the landing and release of the unsuspecting passengers at LaGuardia, including the process of von George waiting for the $200,000 he’d demanded while the plane stayed at the airport. When von George received the money, he ordered the plane to go to Poughkeepsie and tried to escape in a car with McAllister, but he was stopped by the FBI agents.
The Parachutes
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the FBI special agents who converged on the St. Louis Airport after news of the hijacking of American Flight 119 came out. These agents had federal authority to make arrests across state lines. The chapter mentions Master Sergeant Frank Oestereich, who collected five chest parachutes and five harnesses, which were delivered to the plane along with the money, an altimeter, two folding Army shovels, and a pair of goggles that the hijacker had demanded. The chapter recounts how the hijacker ordered one of the passengers, Aubrey Mallory, to go out and bring all the items onto the plane. Once everything was on board, the hijacker disappointed that the ransom contained one-dollar bills, gave about $1,300 to stewardesses Sharon Wetherley and Jane Furlong.
Richard McCoy
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter features Richard McCoy, a Mormon Sunday-school teacher and Vietnam veteran, who hijacked United Airlines Flight 855 to Los Angeles. When McCoy was changing into his disguise in the lavatory of the Boeing 727, he overheard the announcement that the manila envelope containing his hijacking notes had been found in the boarding area. Senior stewardess Diane Surdam was suspicious after McCoy suddenly rushed to get the manila envelope. During the flight, Surdam received a note saying the plane was being hijacked and that McCoy was armed, and he wanted a fuel truck, $500,000 in cash, and four parachutes waiting in San Francisco. The chapter details how McCoy was able to jump and parachute out of the plane in midflight with the money. McCoy would have gotten away with the hijacking if his sister-in-law did not tell his National Guard friend that she suspected McCoy.
Chase Planes
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how agent Clifford Spingler raced to the airport when word of the Flight 119 hijacking broke, joining nearly every FBI agent in St. Louis at the American Flight Operations Center. Someone handed Spingler a shotgun and told him to join two other agents in one of the chase planes that would follow the hijacked airliner. As Spingler was boarding the Cessna, agents Don Jones and Ben Weaver drove to Scott Air Force Base to board a C-9. Meanwhile, agent Richard Herman was aboard the Learjet that Tom Parker had been bumped from, which took off from St. Louis to follow the hijacked Boeing 727. Unlike the C-9, the Learjet, known for its speed, high cruising altitudes, and skittish handling, was not ideal for following the slow-moving 727.
The Money, the Guns, and the Pants
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter details the search for the hijacker of American 119, which included about 150 FBI agents and 50 state police, five helicopters, and several planes. As the search on the ground stalled, a couple of farmers and a guy mowing his lawn found the first significant evidence. On Sunday, June 25, Bob Cassel was mowing his lawn when he found a pistol loaded with six shells. It was just after noon the next day, June 26, when Lowell Elliott found the money. About five hours after, two and a half miles southwest of where the money was found, Ronald Miller found a .45-caliber machine gun with the clip missing. On Sunday, a teenager named David Stover found a pair of pants in a pumpkin patch near his home. A straight line about eight miles long, running from the corner of Grissom Air Force Base to John Vettel’s field on New Hope Cemetery Road, connected the locations where the machine gun, clip, pistol, and money had been found. The nearest point on this line was several miles west from where the FBI had been searching, near the lake.
Tell Me Your Name
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter recounts Peru chief of police Richard Blair’s encounter with a young man who said his name was Patrick McNally. The search for the hijacker of American 119 was in full swing by Saturday night, when Blair took a drive to clear his head. Blair pulled up behind the young man, got out of his car, and asked him who he was and where he was going. The young man did not fit the description of the hijacker, but he was not a local, and his face was bruised and scraped. He replied that he was hitchhiking and showed Blair a driver’s license with the name Patrick Clarence McNally. Blair then took him to the Peru Motor Lodge to check in with the night clerk. On Sunday, Blair heard about the pistol being found almost exactly where he had picked up the hitchhiker the night before. He then contacted Captain Rex Dillman, who had charge of the Indiana State Police side of the investigation. Given Blair’s description of the man, Dillman agreed that it was unlikely he was connected to the case.
The Parachute
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Veteran FBI agent Henry Latini and his squad were ordered to look for a body attached to an unfurled parachute. After a few days of unsuccessful searching through the woods and the lake, Latini got access to a helicopter to have a broader search, but this did not reveal anything useful. The chapter explains that Latini achieved the assistance of special agent Jim Martin, case agent Bob Braver, agent David Binney, and Marcus Kaspar for the search. According to Binney, the hijacker jumped thirty seconds before the transponder’s emergency code was activated, sending the search off target by two and a half miles.
A Ride Home
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the aftermath of Martin McNally’s hijacking of American Flight 119. McNally called Walt Petlikowsky to pick him up in Peru, Indiana, but he was unable to, so McNally hitched a ride with a police officer. Amy Martin, the night clerk at the Peru Motor Lodge, witnessed McNally walk into the hotel with another man; half a dozen FBI agents were staying at the hotel. Later on, senior agent Henry Latini discovered McNally had stayed in the room next to his, not realizing it because they were operating under the assumption that the hijacker had died. The chapter notes how D.B. Cooper understood that the key to a perfect crime was keeping the details to oneself, which was a lesson McNally learned the hard way after telling the story to his buddy, Jim Petty.
Security
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the security changes surrounding airline hijacking. Hijackings to Cuba had mostly been a problem for airlines that serviced the East Coast and the South. The calculus of air piracy changed after the first death of a passenger and the unpredictably violent potential of extortion hijacking. In 1972, airlines were still mostly relying on the FAA’s behavioral profile to detect hijackers, but this proved to be of little use against the new wave of extortion-minded air pirates. The chapter highlights the establishment of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) to provide airline and airport security.
Arrivals
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the era of parachute hijacking, which began with D.B. Cooper and ended with Martin McNally. It notes how these cases fit the cultural moment and symbolized the chaos gripping the nation. Airline hijackings were a product of the jet age, which brought bigger planes that could fly farther. When things turned violent in the second half of 1972, everyone agreed that better security was needed. The chapter explains how better airport security led to a steep decline in hijackings after 1972, referencing the use of metal detectors, X-ray machines, and bomb-sniffing dogs. It also considers how most hijackers from Cuba faced lengthy prison sentences.
The Tumultuous 1990s
Authors: Ramani Samuel 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the collapse and resurgence of Russian influence in Africa during Boris Yeltsin’s tumultuous presidency. During the early 1990s, Russia’s influence in Africa precipitously declined due to Soviet-era debt disputes and Moscow’s wariness about engaging with anti-Western authoritarian regimes. As a fallen superpower, Russia’s sole silver lining was its rapprochement with post-Apartheid South Africa. Russia’s disengagement from Africa triggered fierce backlash from anti-Western opposition parties, the Ministry of Economic Development, and internationalist intellectuals. These voices were empowered by Andrei Kozyrev’s unceremonious dismissal as Foreign Minister in 1996 and replacement by Yevgeny Primakov. Under Primakov, the playbook for Putin’s Africa strategy was developed. Its hallmarks included debt forgiveness, strident opposition to Western sanctions, human rights-blind arms sales and engaging African leaders on Russia’s vision for a multipolar world order.
Belarus in Crisis
Authors: Hansbury Paul 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In 2020, mass anti-government protests erupted across Belarus. The brutal crackdown that followed shocked the international community: the authorities arrested tens of thousands of citizens, shut down independent media and NGOs, and fomented a migrant crisis on the European Union’s border. But where many thought Belarus’s dictator, Alyaksandr Lukashenka, would fall, he instead turned to Moscow for support, intensifying repression. Many of his opponents fled the country. Then, in February 2022, Belarus provided a staging area for Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, allowing troops and missile systems to be based on its territory as large-scale war returned to Eastern Europe once again. Many outsiders now view Belarus as little more than a Russian military district, rather than a sovereign country. Paul Hansbury offers a wide-ranging account of these two related crises. Exploring the domestic origins of Belarus’s political chaos and its international ramifications, he also assesses the effectiveness of western sanctions policy, as well as considering the history and prospects of Belarusian statehood. Does Belarus have a future as an independent polity? And how has Russia’s war with Ukraine affected Belarusians’ views of their dictatorship and the cause of democracy in their country?
A White Space on the Map
Authors: Hansbury Paul 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the geography and history of Belarus. It discusses the territory’s history as part of successive polities—the Kyivan Rus’, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Russian Empire, and the Soviet Union. It argues that this varying history affords the materials for two competing nation-building projects in post-Soviet Belarus. One nation-building project, which the book labels “west-oriented,” emphasizes historical ties to polities in the north and west of contemporary Belarus. This nation-building project is closely associated with the short-lived Belarusian People’s Republic (1918) and since 1994 has been associated with the opposition to autocratic leader Alyaksandr Lukashenka. The other, an “east-oriented” project, emphasizes continuity with the polities in the east, above all Russia, and the role of Belarusians in the Soviet partisan resistance during World War 2; this project has been adopted by the political regime of Lukashenka.
Operation Z1
Authors: Hansbury Paul 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine from three directions, including from Belarusian territory. This led Western leaders to label Belarus as a “co-aggressor” in the Russia–Ukraine war. Belarus became embroiled in yet another crisis: it not only provided a staging area for the invasion, but Russia also fired missiles across the border into Ukraine from Belarus. This chapter assesses the situation as of mid-2022, looking at how Belarus appears to have ceded its sovereignty to Russia. It also looks at public opinion in Belarus about the war in Ukraine and explains why prospects look bleak for both the regime and the oppositional democracy movement, with both sides resorting to increasingly militant strategies. The Belarusian state continued to repress its citizens, not allowing anyone to express support for Ukraine.