bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theories of the Welfare State
Authors: Quadagno Jill 
Published: July 2003

In the post-World War II era the apparent success of Keynesian economic principles in evening out the instabilities of the business cycle stimulated rapid growth in public welfare expenditures in Western capitalist democracies. For social science, welfare state expansion was not a puzzle but a given. When the economic crisis of the 1970s undermined faith in permanent and sustained growth in welfare programs, the new agenda for social theory concentrated upon the conditions that hindered or favored development. Ironically, both neo-Marxists and conservative economists reached the same conclusion: Welfare programs undermined profitability. The first half of this paper traces these theoretical developments, both in relation to internal debates among social scientists and in regard to external social and economic conditions that shaped the context of theorizing about the welfare state. Underlying the broader debates about the factors influencing welfare state development has been a more specific concern with the exceptionalism of the American welfare state. Here the central agenda has been to explain why the United States was late in developing national welfare programs and why the programs that did arise contained a bifurcated structure that separated benefits for the poor from those available to all citizens as a right. Three explanations have emerged: the failure of organized labor, the legacy of American politics and the dualism of the American economy. This paper critically assesses the theoretical relevance of these arguments and their implications for recent attacks on benefit programs.
Gentrification: Culture and Capital in the Urban Core
Authors: Zukin Sharon 
Published: July 2003

Gentrification, the conversion of socially marginal and working-class areas of the central city to middle-class residential use, reflects a movement, that began in the 1960s, of private-market investment capital into downtown districts of major urban centers. Related to a shift in corporate investment and a corresponding expansion of the urban service economy, gentrification was seen more immediately in architectural restoration of deteriorating housing and the clustering of new cultural amenities in the urban core. Research on gentrification initially concentrated on documenting its extent, tracing it as a process of neighborhood change, and speculating on its consequences for reversing trends of suburbanization and inner-city decline. But a cumulation of 10 years of research findings suggests, instead, that it results in a geographical reshuffling, among neighborhoods and metropolitan areas, of professional, managerial, and technical employees who work in corporate, government, and business services. Having verified the extent of the phenomenon, empirical research on gentrification has reached a stalemate. Theoretically interesting problems concern the use of historic preservation to constitute a new urban middle class, gentrification and displacement, the economic rationality of the gentrifier's behavior, and the economic restructuring of the central city in which gentrification plays a part. Broadening the analytic framework beyond demographic factors and neoclassical land use theory is problematic because of serious conceptual and methodological disagreements among neo-Marxist, neo-Weberian, and mainstream analysts. Yet efforts to understand gentrification benefit from the use of economic paradigms by considering such issues as production, consumption, and social reproduction of the urban middle class, as well as the factors that create a supply of gentrifiable housing and demand for it on the part of potential gentrifiers. An emerging synthesis in the field integrates economic and cultural analysis. The mutual validation and valorization of urban art and real estate markets indicates the importance of the cultural constitution of the higher social strata in an advanced service economy. It also underlines how space and time are used in the social and material constitution of an urban middle class.
Theories and Methods of Telephone Surveys
Authors: Groves Robert M. 
Published: July 2003

This discussion of the theories and methods of telephone surveys begins by considering the theories relevant to understanding mode effects. It analyzes theories related to coverage error, psychological theories of compliance and persuasion relevant to nonresponse error, sociological theories relevant to nonresponse error, and cognitive and social psychological theories relevant to measurement error. The second part of the chapter discusses results from methodological studies and deals with four kinds of error: coverage error, sampling error, nonresponse error, and measurement error. The third section of the chapter deals with computer-assisted data collection. The chapter concludes with a summarya nd a short anticipation of the future in telephone survey studies.
Regional Paths of Development
Authors: Gereffi Gary , Fonda Stephanie 
Published: July 2003

Development is the key challenge facing human society. The essence of development is to improve the quality of life, yet the striking technological revolutions of recent years have not resulted in better living conditions for most of the world’s population. These contrasts are not limited to comparisons between advanced industrial and developing societies; they are also reflected in starkly differing patterns of development within the third world. Five broad theoretical perspectives frame much of the literature on regional paths of development: neoclassical economics, world-systems/dependency theories, the developmental state, institutional analysis, and marxism. While these approaches are general in nature, there are marked affinities between individual theories and the experience of particular regions in the third word. Our review focuses on four third-word regions: Latin America, East Asia, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. East Asia comes out on top according to almost all indicators of economic and social development, followed by Latin America, South Asia, and, at a considerable distance from the rest, Africa. The comparative analysis of the paths of development followed in these regions not only generates useful insights about concrete development processes; it also serves as a tool for refining development heory itself, and points to promising new areas of research.
Place and Chips: Virtual Communities, Governance and the Environment
Authors: Smith Roy 
Published: July 2003

This article examines the significance of virtual communities whose formation has been facilitated by advances in communications technologies. This involves discussing the evolving role and autonomy of national governments in relation to processes of globalization, set within the context of the challenges faced by governments to coordinate global responses to environmental degradation. The Principality of Sealand, the Global State of Waveland and the Dominion of Melchizedek are discussed. It is argued that it is less their claims to state-hood that is significant but rather the ability to act autonomously that they represent. Governance is considered as a process that extends beyond national policy decision-making. This more inclusive approach pays more attention to both civil society and, in relation to advances in telecommunications, the methods various actors utilize to further their agendas.
POSEIDONIOS D'APAMÉE ET LES JUIFS
Authors: Berthelot Katell 
Published: June 2003

AbstractIn this article I have tried to show that both Strabo's text (16.2.34-46) and Diodorus' text (34-35.1.1-5) about the Jews can be attributed to Posidonius of Apamea and that they do not contradict each other; nor do they contradict Josephus' testimony in the Against Apion (2.79), where it is very difficult anyway to determine what exactly goes back to Posidonius. His vision of the Jews can be summarized as follows: although he considered Moses as a wise and pious man who founded an admirable political and religious community, for political and philosophical reasons Posidonius greatly despised and disliked the Judaism of his time, which he regarded as a degenerate version of the Mosaic project.
The effect of haemodilution on blood/biomaterial contact-mediated CD11b expression on neutrophils: ex vivo studies
Authors: Gourlay Terence , Samartzis Ioannis , Taylor Kenneth M 
Published: June 2003

Modern cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) systems are getting smaller, both in terms of the exposed surface area of biomaterials and the priming volume. In a series of studies utilizing a rat recirculation model, we demonstrated that the magnitude of the inflammatory response seen under these conditions is proportional to the surface area of exposed material, a finding that supports the use of miniature systems in terms of moderating the inflammatory response. However, the second impact of miniature perfusion systems, the reduced priming volume with concomitant reduction in haemodilution, was not investigated with reference to inflammation. The present study was designed to determine whether this change in CPB haematocrit profile has any effect on the inflammatory response. In common with previous studies by this group, we employed the expression of the integrin CD11b on neutrophils as a marker of neutrophil activation, and hence the inflammatory response, in a rat recirculation biomaterial testing model, containing di-(2-ethyl-hexyl)-phthalate plasticized polyvinyl chloride of the type commonly employed in CPB circuits. The results demonstrated that neutrophil activation is influenced by haemodilution. We studied five groups of animals, each with different mean induced haematocrit: Group 1 (41.39 /1.27%); Group 2 (30.939 /2.85%); Group 3(24.839 /1.36%); Group 4 (20.609 /3.47%); Group 5(20.489 /1.31%). Groups 1 and 5 animals were controls, neither of which underwent the period of recirculation. Rather, these controls were employed to isolate the noncontact effect of haemodilution on CD11b expression. We found that there were differences in per cent change in CD11b expression from start to end of the recirculation period between Group 1 (109.549 /49.53%), Group 2(189.19 /18.68%), Group 3 (224.289 /43.97), Group 4(368.979 /24.28%) and Group 5 (1279 /57.8%). There were intergroup statistically significant differences (p B /0.05). These results confirm that there is a relationship between haematocrit level and biomaterial contact-mediated activation of neutrophils. Furthermore, these studies confirm that haemodilution alone has no effect on neutrophil activation. One possible explanation for this outcome is that with higher levels of haemodilution, neutrophils have a greater opportunity to contact surface ‘receptor’ sites on the biomaterial, resulting in more neutrophil activation. Whatever the mechanism, these data tend to support the modern trend towards lower circuit surface area and higher haematocrit.
Systems modelling of a coal-based steam power plant
Authors: Mohan M , Gandhi O. P. , Agrawal V. P. 
Published: July 2003

A power plant manager has to minimize operation and maintenance (O&M) expenses while ensuring the reliability, safety, and security of supply in order to remain competitive in the global market. The performance of a steam power plant (SPP) is a function of its basic structure (i.e., layout and design), availability (maintenance aspects), operation efficiency (trained manpower), safety and security, and other regulatory aspects. Understanding of its structure will help in the improvement of performance, design, maintenance planning, and so on. A mathematical model using the graph theory and matrix method is developed to evaluate the performance of a coal-based SPP. Detailed methodology for developing a system structure graph (SSG), various system structure matrices, and their permanent functions are described for the boiler of an SPP (a macro level system). Structural interconnections between six systems of boiler are considered for developing an SSG of a boiler. To carry out complete structural modelling and analyses of the boiler, system structure graphs of its six systems and their subsystems are presented. A top-down approach for complete analysis of any system is also given. This method can be extended further for modelling a complete SPP by incorporating a turbogenerator macro system and its subsystems, thus converting real-life SPP from a block diagram into a mathematical model for analysis and synthesis of a power plant from different perspectives.
Baclofen Treatment for Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Drake Roger G , Davis Lori L , Cates Marshall E , Jewell Michele E , Ambrose Sandra M , Lowe Joette S 
Published: July 2003

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have shown the efficacy of γ-aminobutyric acid B (GABAB) receptor agonists in treating anxiety in patients with panic disorder and in treating depression and anxiety in alcoholic patients. We hypothesized that baclofen, a GABAB agonist, would be an effective treatment in the symptomatic management of veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: Fourteen male veterans with chronic, combat-related PTSD were enrolled in an open-label, 8-week, monotherapy trial of baclofen titrated to a maximum of 80 mg/d in 3 divided doses. The primary outcome measure was the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), and secondary outcome measures included the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale, and the Clinical Global Impressions. RESULTS: In the 11 patients who completed the 8-week trial, the mean total CAPS score decreased significantly from baseline (from 82.9 ± 16.1 to 63.5 ± 21.2). The avoidance and hyperarousal subscales showed significant decreases (from 36.2 ± 6.2 to 26.5 ± 9.6 and from 31.9 ± 6.5 to 22.1 ± 7.1, respectively), whereas the re-experiencing subscale remained unchanged. Significant improvements were also noted on all secondary outcome measures. Treatment response was noted within the first 4 weeks of treatment and was maintained throughout the trial. Baclofen therapy was well tolerated, as only 1 patient dropped out due to adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: Baclofen therapy was effective in treating both the PTSD symptoms and accompanying depression and anxiety in patients with chronic PTSD due to combat. Larger, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of baclofen in the treatment of PTSD.
Shear and objective stress rates in hypoplasticity
Authors: Kolymbas D. , Herle I. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThis paper addresses some questions referring to shear within the context of hypoplasticity and the importance of objective stress rates in constitutive modelling. A short introduction to the stress changes due to rotations is followed by a discussion of the merits of the individual objective stress rates. It is shown that many of them differ only by terms that pertain to the constitutive description of a material. Apart from this it is shown that the Zaremba–Jaumann stress rate can lead to inconsistencies. This is, however, rather of academic importance and it appears that the use of Ṫ instead of any objective stress rate produces only minor or even undiscernible errors. Finally, a question referring to limit states is addressed, which is of particular interest with respect to hypoplasticity: should the limit state be defined by Ṫ=0 or by T̊=0? Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biodegradable polymers based on renewable resources. VII. Novel random and alternating copolycarbonates from 1,4:3,6‐dianhydrohexitols and aliphatic diols
Authors: Yokoe Makito , Aoi Keigo , Okada Masahiko 
Published: June 2003

AbstractNovel copolycarbonates containing 1,4:3,6‐dianhydro‐D‐glucitol or 1,4:3,6‐dianhydro‐D‐mannitol units, with various methylene chain lengths, were synthesized by bulk and solution polycondensations, of several combinations of carbonate‐modified sugar derivatives and aliphatic diols. Bulk polycondensations of 1,4:3,6‐dianhydro‐2,5‐bis‐O‐(phenoxycarbonyl)‐D‐glucitol or 1,4:3,6‐dianhydro‐2,5‐bis‐O‐(phenoxycarbonyl)‐D‐mannitol with four α,ω‐alkanediols having methylene chain lengths of 4, 6, 8, and 10, respectively, at 180 °C afforded the corresponding copolycarbonates with number‐average molecular weight (Mn) values up to 19.2 × 103. 13C NMR analysis disclosed that these polymers had scrambled structures in which the sugar carbonate and aliphatic carbonate moieties were nearly randomly distributed along a polymer chain. However, solution polycondensations between 1,4:3,6‐dianhydro‐2,5‐bis‐O‐(p‐nitrophenoxycarbonyl)‐D‐glucitol or 1,4:3,6‐dianhydro‐2,5‐bis‐O‐(p‐nitrophenoxycarbonyl)‐D‐mannitol, and the α,ω‐alkanediols in sulfolane or dimethyl sulfoxide at 60 °C gave well‐defined copolycarbonates having regular structures consisting of alternating sugar carbonate and aliphatic carbonate moieties with Mn values up to 33.8 × 103. Differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated that all the copolycarbonates were amorphous with glass‐transition temperatures ranging from 1 to 65 °C, which decreased with increasing lengths of the methylene chain of the aliphatic diols. Additionally, all the copolycarbonates were stable up to 310–330 °C as estimated by thermogravimetric analysis. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 2312–2321, 2003
Benchmarking secondary structure prediction for fold recognition
Authors: McGuffin Liam J. , Jones David T. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractIf secondary structure predictions are to be incorporated into fold recognition methods, an assessment of the effect of specific types of errors in predicted secondary structures on the sensitivity of fold recognition should be carried out. Here, we present a systematic comparison of different secondary structure prediction methods by measuring frequencies of specific types of error. We carry out an evaluation of the effect of specific types of error on secondary structure element alignment (SSEA), a baseline fold recognition method. The results of this evaluation indicate that missing out whole helix or strand elements, or predicting the wrong type of element, is more detrimental than predicting the wrong lengths of elements or overpredicting helix or strand. We also suggest that SSEA scoring is an effective method for assessing accuracy of secondary structure prediction and perhaps may also provide a more appropriate assessment of the “usefulness” and quality of predicted secondary structure, if secondary structure alignments are to be used in fold recognition. Proteins 2003;52:166–175. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crystal complexes of a predicted S‐adenosylmethionine‐dependent methyltransferase reveal a typical AdoMet binding domain and a substrate recognition domain
Authors: Miller Darcie J. , Ouellette Nancy , Evdokimova Elena , Savchenko Alexei , Edwards Aled , Anderson Wayne F. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractS‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine‐dependent methyltransferases (MTs) are abundant, and highly conserved across phylogeny. These enzymes use the cofactor AdoMet to methylate a wide variety of molecular targets, thereby modulating important cellular and metabolic activities. Thermotoga maritima protein 0872 (TM0872) belongs to a large sequence family of predicted MTs, ranging phylogenetically from relatively simple bacteria to humans. The genes for many of the bacterial homologs are located within operons involved in cell wall synthesis and cell division. Despite preliminary biochemical studies in E. coli and B. subtilis, the substrate specificity of this group of more than 150 proteins is unknown. As part of the Midwest Center for Structural Genomics initiative (www.mcsg.anl.gov), we have determined the structure of TM0872 in complexes with AdoMet and with S‐adenosyl‐L‐homocysteine (AdoHcy). As predicted, TM0872 has a typical MT domain, and binds endogenous AdoMet, or co‐crystallized AdoHcy, in a manner consistent with other known MT structures. In addition, TM0872 has a second domain that is novel among MTs in both its location in the sequence and its structure. The second domain likely acts in substrate recognition and binding, and there is a potential substrate‐binding cleft spanning the two domains. This long and narrow cleft is lined with positively charged residues which are located opposite the S+‐CH3 bond, suggesting that a negatively charged molecule might be targeted for catalysis. However, AdoMet and AdoHcy are both buried, and access to the methyl group would presumably require structural rearrangement. These TM0872 crystal structures offer the first structural glimpses at this phylogenetically conserved sequence family.
Measuring the stability of partly folded proteins using TMAO
Authors: Mello Cecilia C. , Barrick Doug 
Published: June 2003

AbstractStandard methods for measuring free energy of protein unfolding by chemical denaturation require complete folding at low concentrations of denaturant so that a native baseline can be observed. Alternatively, proteins that are completely unfolded in the absence of denaturant can be folded by addition of the osmolyte trimethylamine N‐oxide (TMAO), and the unfolding free energy can then be calculated through analysis of the refolding transition. However, neither chemical denaturation nor osmolyte‐induced refolding alone is sufficient to yield accurate thermodynamic unfolding parameters for partly folded proteins, because neither method produces both native and denatured baselines in a single transition. Here we combine urea denaturation and TMAO stabilization as a means to bring about baseline‐resolved structural transitions in partly folded proteins. For Barnase and the Notch ankyrin domain, which both show two‐state equilibrium unfolding, we found that ΔG° for unfolding depends linearly on TMAO concentration, and that the sensitivity of ΔG° to urea (the m‐value) is TMAO independent. This second observation confirms that urea and TMAO exert independent effects on stability over the range of cosolvent concentrations required to bring about baseline‐resolved structural transitions. Thermodynamic parameters calculated using a global fit that assumes additive, linear dependence of ΔG° on each cosolvent are similar to those obtained by standard urea‐induced unfolding in the absence of TMAO. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of this method to measurement of the free energy of unfolding of a partly folded protein, a fragment of the full‐length Notch ankyrin domain.
Regulation of Hepatitis B Virus Replication by the Ras-Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway
Authors: Zheng Yanyan , Li Jie , Johnson Deborah L. , Ou Jing-hsiung 
Published: June 2003

ABSTRACT
The replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) can be regulated by a variety of factors, including hormones, growth factors, and cytokines. However, the molecular mechanisms of these regulations are largely unknown. Ras is a small GTPase that responds to many of these external stimuli. In this study, we investigated the possible effect of Ras on the replication of HBV. Our results indicated that activated Ras could suppress the replication of HBV in both Huh7 and HepG2 cells. This suppression was independent of the X protein and most likely occurred at the transcriptional level. Deletion-mapping analysis of the HBV core promoter and its upstream ENI and ENII enhancers revealed multiple elements responsive to activated Ras. This suppression of HBV replication by activated Ras was apparently mediated by the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway, as it was accompanied by activation of ERK1/2 and abolished by the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126. Our results thus indicate that external stimuli may suppress HBV replication through the Ras-MAP kinase pathway.