bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogeography in a galling insect, grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Phylloxeridae) in the fragmented habitat of the Southwest USA
Authors: Downie D. A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAim  The Southwest USA is characterized by fragmented habitat for a range of species in a manner analogous to island systems. This can restrict gene flow among populations and may promote genetic differentiation and the evolution of endemic populations or species among the forested terrestrial islands. The region has experienced cycles of cooling and warming throughout the Pleistocene and the current isolation among populations may date back only c. 11,000 years. Thus, some studies have found genetic structure that predates the current distribution of organisms. The effect of habitat fragmentation on genetic structure was tested using DNA sequences in a highly specialized herbivorous insect, grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, that exhibits poor dispersal capacity and natal‐host associated mating that would seem to predispose it to genetic differentiation.Location  Southwestern USA.Methods  Phylogenetic trees and statistical parsimony networks were estimated from 458 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene sampled from 12 populations in Arizona and New Mexico.Results  There was no evidence that populations were differentiated at the level of canyon or mountain range but significant structure was found at the larger level of geographic region. The pattern was confounded by the polyphyly of Southwest (SW) grape phylloxera relative to eastern populations and the coexistence of two highly divergent lineages within populations.Main conclusions  An early split of grape phylloxera into the SW has resulted in some differentiation between populations in the Transition and Sonoran + Chihuahuan geographic regions. It is hypothesized that this differentiation has been overlaid by a more recent introduction of haplotypes from midwestern USA populations that occur primarily in the Transition region. The importance of sampling broadly is stressed.
Further evidence and characterization of Artemia franciscana (Kellogg, 1906) populations in Argentina
Authors: Amat Francisco , Cohen Rosa Graciela , Hontoria Francisco , Navarro Juan Carlos 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAim  This paper reports the presence of Artemia franciscana (Kellogg, 1906) in Mar Chiquita (CHI) salt lake and in Las Tunas (TUN) lagoon, as well as at a shallow lake in Salinas Grandes (Province of Córdoba) in Argentina. To date, this species has been considered absent from Argentina. This study also provides further data on the characterization of the A. franciscana populations from this area.Location  Province of Córdoba (Argentina).Methods  The cyst samples collected at the three hypersaline environments were measured to assess its mean diameter with a dissecting microscope. The length of the nauplii hatched from the cysts was also determined with the microscope. The adults raised from these nauplii under strictly controlled conditions were analysed for 12 morphological parameters and compared through multivariate discriminant analysis with other American populations. Fatty acids from the total lipids were analysed by gas chromatography. Reproductive compatibility was evaluated from single‐pair intraspecific and interspecific crosses of adult specimens.Results  The results endorse the morphometric assimilation of the Artemia populations of this area to other American populations of the A. franciscana‘super‐species’, together with its morphometric differentiation from the species A. persimilis (Piccinelli & Prosdocimi, 1968). The more conspicuous population from CHI shows cross‐fertility with A. franciscana original from San Francisco Bay (California, USA). Both populations from CHI and TUN show cross‐fertility between them and reproductive isolation with A. persimilis from Hidalgo (Province of La Pampa), which to date is considered to be endemic or exclusive of hypersaline ecosystems in Argentina. The reproductive characteristics displayed by the population from TUN lagoon suggest the existence of an occasional hybridization between A. franciscana and A. persimilis (Papeschi et al., 2000). Artemia cysts from CHI and TUN show a fatty acid profile rich in eicosapentaenoic acid differing markedly from the fatty acid profiles found in A. persimilis cysts.Main conclusions:  Artemia franciscana is present in Argentina at 36° S and north of this latitude. Artemia persimilis is confined to the south of latitude 37°10′ S. There are different pieces of evidence that point to a certain level of hybridization of the two species taking place in the land belt between these parallels.
Macroecological explanations for differences in species richness gradients: a canonical analysis of South American birds
Authors: Bini Luis Mauricio , Diniz‐Filho José Alexandre Felizola , Hawkins Bradford A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAim To evaluate how spatial variation of species richness in different bird orders responds to environmental gradients and determine which order level trait best predicts these relationships.Location South America.Methods A canonical correlation analysis was performed between the species richness in each of 17 bird orders and eight environmental variables in 374, 220 × 220 km cells. Loadings associated with the first two canonical variables were regressed against six order‐level predictors, including diversification level (number of species in each order), body size, median geographical range size and characteristics included in the model to control Type I error rates (the phylogenetic relationship among orders and levels of local‐scale spatial autocorrelation).Results Richness patterns of 14 bird orders were highly correlated with the first canonical axis, indicating that most orders respond similarly to energy‐water gradients (primarily actual evapotranspiration, minimum temperature and potential evapotranspiration). In contrast, species richness within Trochiliformes, Apodiformes and Galliformes were also correlated with the second canonical variable, representing measures of mesoscale climatic variation (range in elevation within cells, minimum temperature, and the interaction term between them) and landcover (habitat diversity). We also found that total diversification within orders was the best predictor of the loadings associated with the first canonical axis, whereas body size of each order best predicted loadings on the second axis.Conclusion Our results broadly support climatic‐related hypotheses as explanations for spatial variation in species richness of different orders. However, both historical (order‐specific variation in speciation rates) and ecological (dispersal of species that evolved by independent processes into areas amenable to birds) processes can explain the relationship between order level traits, such as body size and diversification level, and magnitude of response to current environment, furnishing then guidelines for a further and deeper understanding of broad‐scale diversity gradients.
Relationship between host diversity and parasite diversity: flea assemblages on small mammals
Authors: Krasnov Boris R. , Shenbrot Georgy I. , Khokhlova Irina S. , Allan Degen A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAim  We examined the relationship between host species richness and parasite species richness using simultaneously collected data on small mammals (Insectivora, Rodentia and Lagomorpha) and their flea parasites.Location  The study used previously published data on small mammals and their fleas from 37 different regions. All the world's main geographical regions other than Australasia and Wallacea were represented in the study, i.e. neotropical, nearctic, palaearctic, oriental and afrotropical realms.Methods  We controlled the data for the area sampled and sampling effort and then tested this relationship using both cross‐region conventional analysis and the independent contrasts method (to control for the effects of biogeographic historical relationships among different regions). Brooks parsimony analysis was used to construct a region cladogram based on the presence/absence of a host species and host phylogeny.Results  Both cross‐region and independent contrasts analyses showed a positive correlation between host species richness and flea species richness. Conventional cross‐region regression under‐ or overestimated fleas species richness in the majority of regions.Main conclusions  When the regression derived by the independent contrasts method was mapped onto the original tip data space, points that deviated significantly from the regression originated from Kenya, Mississippi and southern California (lower than expected flea richness) and Chile, Idaho, south‐western California and Kyrgyzstan (higher than expected flea richness). These deviations can be explained by the environmental mediation of host–flea relationships and by a degree of environmental variety in sampled areas.
Systemic and mucosal antibody response in tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus(L.), following immunization withFlavobacterium columnare
Authors: Grabowski L D , LaPatra S E , Cain K D 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSpecific antibody responses toFlavobacterium columnare(isolate ATCC 23463T) were characterized in plasma and mucus of tilapia following intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection or immersion immunization with formalin‐killed sonicated or whole cell preparations. Fish (30 per treatment) received a primary immunization and were booster immunized 4 weeks later. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was developed for detection and quantification of specific anti‐F. columnareantibody, and it was found that formalin‐killed sonicated cells in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) injected i.p. stimulated a significant systemic antibody response within 2 weeks (mean titre 11 200) which increased to 30 600 following secondary immunization. At 10 weeks post‐immunization, the mean titre remained significantly elevated above the controls. Antibodies were also observed in cutaneous mucus of fish immunized i.p. with formalin‐killed sonicated cells in FCA at 6 and 8 weeks post‐immunization (mean titres 67 and 33, respectively). Although some individual fish responded, mean plasma and cutaneous mucus antibody titres were not significantly greater than controls in any of the other treatment groups. The results of this study demonstrate that tilapia can mount a significant humoral response in plasma and cutaneous mucus toF. columnare, but i.p. immunization with FCA is required to elicit this response.
PCR‐based detection of betanodaviruses from cultured and wild marine fish with no clinical signs
Authors: Gomez D K , Sato J , Mushiake K , Isshiki T , Okinaka Y , Nakai T 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBetanodaviruses are the causative agents of viral nervous necrosis (VNN) or viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) in cultured marine fish. A total of 131 apparently healthy fish from 30 species were collected in two geographically remote aquaculture areas, Yashima Bay (Kagawa Prefecture) and Tamanoura Bay (Nagasaki Prefecture), in Japan. The brains of fish were examined by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and nested PCR to detect the coat protein gene of betanodavirus. In Yashima Bay, two and 13 of 20 cultured fish were positive for nodavirus in RT‐PCR and nested PCR, respectively, and four of five wild fish were positive only in nested PCR. In Tamanoura Bay, 28 and 99 of 106 wild fish were positive for the virus in RT‐PCR and nested PCR, respectively. All the sequences of the nested PCR products (177 nt) from 27 fish species (10 cultured and 17 wild) were highly homologous to each other (99–100%) and were closely related to that of the known betanodavirus, redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV). These results illustrate that large populations of cultured and wild marine fish in aquaculture areas are subclinically infected with genetically closely related betanodaviruses, suggesting an importance of such infected fish as a carrier or reservoir of betanodaviruses.
Characterization of nodavirus and viral encephalopathy and retinopathy in farmed turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.)
Authors: Johansen R , Sommerset I , Tørud B , Korsnes K , Hjortaas M J , Nilsen F , Nerland A H , Dannevig B H 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAn outbreak of nodavirus infection in turbot larvae is described with respect to histopathology, immunohistochemistry, cell culture cultivation, RT‐PCR amplification and sequence analysis of the capsid protein gene RNA2. Affected turbot developed classical signs of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) with abnormal swimming behaviour and high mortality levels. In the acute stage of infection, light microscopy revealed vacuolation of the central nervous system (CNS), with positive immunohistochemical staining for nodavirus. Later in the infection, CNS lesions appeared more chronic and contained clusters of cells immunopositive for nodavirus. Bacterial overgrowth in the intestines of the fish may have provoked or influenced the course of the nodavirus infection. We were unable to propagate the virus in cell culture. While RT‐PCR using primers designed to detect Atlantic halibut nodavirus gave negative results, further testing with primers complementary to a more conserved region of RNA2 resulted in amplification of a product of the expected size. The entire RNA2 segment was cloned and sequenced. Sequence alignment showed that the turbot nodavirus (TNV) was different from previously described fish nodaviruses. In addition, phylogenetic analysis based on an 823 nt region of the sequence indicated that TNV clustered outside the four established fish nodavirus genotypes, suggesting a fifth genotype within the betanodaviruses.
Proliferation of DU145 prostate cancer cells is inhibited by suppressing insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐2
Authors: CHATTERJEE SHILLA , PARK EUN SUNG , SOLOFF MELVYN S. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground:  Insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐2 (IGFBP‐2) is expressed by all human prostate cancer cell lines and dramatically increases in the serum of prostate cancer patients. However, the role of IGFBP‐2 in prostatic tumorigenesis is not known. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of IGFBP‐2 on the proliferation of DU145 human prostate cancer cells in culture.Methods:  Using cell proliferation assays, we examined the effects of exogenously administered and endogenously modulated levels of IGFBP‐2 on the proliferation of DU145 cells.Result:  Cell growth was stimulated by exogenously administered IGFBP‐2, but significantly retarded (P < 0.05) by its neutralizing antibody. Overexpression of IGFBP‐2 by transfection also stimulated cell growth, which was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited in transfectants expressing antisense mRNA to IGFBP‐2. Furthermore, the proliferation of IGFBP‐2 overexpressing cells was significantly dampened by exogenously administered IGFBP‐2 antibody.Conclusions:  IGFBP‐2 is an autocrine growth factor for DU145 human prostate cancer cells and cell proliferation can be significantly retarded by neutralizing or inhibiting its synthesis. These findings provide a strong rationale for targeting IGFBP‐2 in the testing of novel strategies to treat prostate cancer.
Effect of treating lower urinary tract symptoms on anxiety, depression and psychiatric morbidity: A one‐year study
Authors: QUEK KIA FATT , RAZACK AZAD HASSAN , CHUA CHONG BENG , LOW WAH YUN , LOH CHIT SIN 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground:  The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of treating lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) on anxiety, depression and psychiatric morbidity following one year of follow‐up.Methods:  A total of 297 patients were involved in this study. Patients were recruited into a surgical group (patients underwent transurethral resection of the prostate, n = 111), a medical group (underwent α‐blockers treatment, n = 116) and a control group (renal stones patients with no or mild symptoms of severity, n = 70). Patients were assessed on anxiety, depression and psychiatric morbidity levels before and after treatment and were followed at 3, 6 and 12 months.Results:  The study showed that before treatment for LUTS, most of the patients, especially the surgical group compared to the medical and control groups, were more anxious, depressed and psychiatrically morbid. However, after treatment, most of the patients in the surgical group experienced a great improvement in their anxiety, depression and psychiatric morbidity level when compared to the medical and control groups. The reduction or improvement of their psychological profile was due to the reduction or total withdrawal of LUTS after treatment.Conclusion:  Both medical and surgical treatment improved patient LUTS and thus improved their overall anxiety, depression and psychiatric morbidity.
Prostate‐specific antigen doubling time among Japanese men in an annual health screening program
Authors: TERAI AKITO , MATSUI YOSHIYUKI , ICHIOKA KENTARO , OHARA HIROKI , TERADA NAOKI , YOSHIMURA KOJI 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground:  Prostate‐specific antigen doubling time (PSA‐DT) has been studied as a parameter reflecting the biological doubling rate of clinically localized prostate cancer treated expectantly. With the use of PSA‐DT, we studied the natural history of PSA changes among Japanese men in a health screening program.Methods:  Between July 1994 and December 2002, a cohort of 1995 men aged 40–79 years underwent a total of 5700 PSA measurements in an annual multiphasic health screening program. Prostate‐specific antigen doubling time was calculated using a log‐linear regression model for 994 (49.8%) men who had three or more serial PSA measurements with a mean follow‐up of 46.2 months.Results:  Of the 994 men, 192 (19.3%) had a PSA‐DT of less than 10 years and 12 (1.2%) had a PSA‐DT of less than 2 years. Median PSA‐DT in 14 men with a subsequent diagnosis of prostate cancer was 41.6 months (range, 12.2 to stable). A log‐linear model statistically fitted 65 of 180 non‐cancer patients with a PSA‐DT of less than 10 years. The percentages of statistically fit cases increased with higher baseline PSA (5.3%, 7.7% and 8.7% among men with <1.0, 1.0–1.99 and 2.0–3.99 ng/mL, respectively) and older baseline age (3.7%, 8.5% and 6.9% among ages 40–49, 50–59 and 60 or older, respectively).Conclusion:  In a small but significant portion of men, PSA increases exponentially when it is still less than 4.0 ng/mL, with a PSA‐DT of less than 10 years. The clinical significance of this finding should be evaluated by a prospective screening including biopsy.
Can normal saline be used to fill the balloon of a Foley catheter? The experience of a prospective randomized study in China
Authors: HUI JOSON , NG CHI‐FAI , CHAN LUNG‐WAI , CHAN PETER SIU‐FOON 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground:  Despite the lack of evidence, using normal saline for inflating the balloon of a Foley urethral catheter is frequently regarded as a cause for deflation failure. We have investigated the issue by comparing the rate of deflation failure of Foley catheter balloon, using either sterile water or normal saline as the filling solution.Methods:  Four thousand latex Foley urethral catheters (14 Fr) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: sterile water or normal saline. Each of the catheter balloons would then be inflated with 10 mL of the corresponding fluid. They were subsequently put in water baths at 37°C for 4 weeks. At the end of 4 weeks, all the balloons were deflated by people who were blind to the assignment of fluid inflated. Failure of deflation was defined as the balloon not being able to be deflated completely. The number of deflation failures was recorded and the amount of fluid aspirated from each balloon was also noted.Results:  Of the 4000 catheters, 17 (0.43%) were found to be defective and could not be used for the study. The remaining 3983 catheters were randomly allocated into the sterile water (2011) and normal saline (1972) groups. The failure rate of deflation for the sterile water group and normal saline group were 185 (9.2%) and 157 (8.0%), respectively, which was not statistically significant (P = 0.162).Conclusion:  There was no difference in the rate of deflation failure of latex Foley balloons by using either sterile water or normal saline as the filling solution.
Non‐invasive estimation of intraurethral pressure profile from uroflowmetric curve
Authors: NISHIMOTO KEN‐ICHI , YASUDA KOSAKU , NISHIKAWA KEIICHIRO , YONEDA YUKIO , YAMANISHI TOMONORI , NAKATANI TATSUYA 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground:  An intraurethral pressure‐time profile as urodynamic information was obtained in a non‐invasive manner using an equivalent equation as a voiding model.Methods:  The reasonability of the voiding model was confirmed by applying it to an experimental flow curve likened to urinary flow. The flow curve was approximated and the pressure profile was estimated. From the uroflowmetric curves obtained in a normal subject and a patient with bladder outlet obstruction, the respective intraurethral pressure profiles were estimated.Results:  The pressure profile estimated from the approximated flow curve was found consistent with the profile of the difference between the pressure actually measured at two different portions in the experimental system.Conclusion:  Non‐invasive estimation of intraurethral pressure profile from uroflowmetric curves may be very useful to grasp intraurethral urodynamic information in clinical practice.
Expression of nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase in acute renal allograft rejection in the rat
Authors: SUZUKI AKIO , KUDOH SHIGEMASA , MORI KAZUYUKI , TAKAHASHI NOBUYOSHI , SUZUKI TADASHI 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground:  Recent studies have shown that nitric oxide (NO) synthases, particularly inducible nitric oxide synthase (i‐NOS), are induced in acute rejection episodes following heart, liver, pancreas and kidney allotransplantation. Furthermore, tissue and cellular injury has been demonstrated to be mediated by peroxynitrite (ONOO‐), a metabolite of NO as well as a potent oxidant. However, a detailed relationship between NO, i‐NOS and graft injury in transplantation remains elusive.Methods:  The present study used the following models of renal transplantation in rats: allografts (n = 5, Brown–Norway to Lewis [LEW] rats), isografts (n = 5, LEW to LEW) and allografts treated with aminoguanidine (AG), an i‐NOS inhibitor (n = 5). Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr) and urinary and serum nitrosocompounds (NOx) were measured on days 2, 4 and 7 post‐transplant. Western blot analysis of i‐NOS protein expression and measurement of i‐NOS activity were carried out in grafts harvested on Day 7, along with immunohistochemical and histopathological examinations.Results:  In the allograft group, both BUN and SCr levels increased markedly on Day 7, in parallel with a sharp increase in NOx. A band stained by anti‐i‐NOS antibody was detected at approximately 130 kDa, along with high levels of i‐NOS activity and diffusely distributed i‐NOS‐positive cells (macrophages). Histologically, an acute rejection episode was confirmed (Grade 3 according to Banff classifications). In the AG group, reduced renal function and graft injury were significantly less severe than in the allograft group.Conclusions:  In rat renal allograft acute rejection, markedly increased levels of serum NOx were observed, along with enhanced tissue i‐NOS activity, together resulting in graft injury. AG administration suppressed the increase of serum NOx levels, with concomitant mitigation of tissue injury and renal function impairment.