bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cost of Continuity for Parents’ Lives
Authors: Alstott Anne L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Laverne, a Brooklyn single mother of three, worked two jobs, as a school aide from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m., and for Blue Cross/Blue Shield from 4:30 to 11:00 p.m. For a while, all seemed well, but then things began to fall apart. A neighbor reported that Laverne, who was living in a hotel, was leaving her children unattended for long periods while she worked. (The children were then 10, 6, and almost 2.) Laverne had not otherwise neglected her children, but she agreed to place the children in foster care temporarily until she could get her finances in order and find better housing (as well as adequate child care). When a caseworker told Laverne she would need to find a three-bedroom apartment to get her children back, Laverne worked hard and found the apartment, even though the $500 monthly rent was terribly expensive on her salary of just $11,000 a year.
Should Society Expect Parents to Provide Continuity of Care?
Authors: Alstott Anne L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Harold’s wife and baby daughter died in a car crash, leaving Harold and his 5-year-old son, Mark, to pick up the pieces of their lives. Harold decided to leave Mark with his grandparents in Iowa for a while. Mark had a rocky time at first; he was aggressive toward smaller kids and disliked by his peers. But he grew to love his grandparents, the Bannisters, and to depend on them. Although Mark remained somewhat anxious in personality, he ultimately developed a closer and more secure relationship with Grandpa than he had had with Harold.
No Exit and Parental Autonomy
Authors: Alstott Anne L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is time to confront the hardest questions. Why is the cost of continuity for parents a social problem rather than a matter for individual responsibility? Isn’t it unfair to expect the childless to help out parents who have simply made different life choices? After all, we usually think of parenthood as a mix of blessings and burdens. Parents have less freedom than nonparents in some important ways, but most parents love their children and accept their duty to them. And in the United States today, almost everyone can decide whether or not to be a parent. Parents do have special responsibilities, but it is easy enough to avoid the duties of parenthood: just don’t have kids.
Life-Planning Insurance: Extra Help for Parents of Ill or Disabled Children
Authors: Alstott Anne L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A child in my extended family (I’ll call her Sarah) has an autistic spectrum disorder. (What we often call “autism” comprises a range of related conditions.) Like many children with autism, Sarah seemed typical in her development until she became a toddler. Her parents became a bit concerned as Sarah lagged in language acquisition and missed other developmental milestones, but they did not suspect any serious problem. When Sarah was 3, the doctors diagnosed her as autistic, and the news turned her parents’ lives upside down. They felt crushed, but they did not have time to indulge their own emotions, because early intervention is crucial for children on the autistic spectrum. All of a sudden, Sarah’s parents had to navigate the special education system to get the best possible therapy for her. And they had to educate themselves, fast, about autism, so that they could act as Sarah’s advocate with the special-education authorities.
Parents and Paid Work
Authors: Alstott Anne L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How should we think about parenthood and paid work? Most of us spend years of our lives working, and for many people paid work brings status, income, and long-term financial security. But not everyone experiences paid work in this way. Many parents feel ambivalence toward their paid jobs, which make demands incompatible with child rearing. Some workers, especially low-paid ones, find that their jobs provide little in the way of dignity or economic security.
Implementing Caretaker Resource Accounts
Authors: Alstott Anne L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to the uncertainty of workplace regulation, caretaker resource accounts would be relatively straightforward to implement. There is no need to nail down every detail at this stage, but it is useful to anticipate a few of the biggest issues that arise in turning ideas into work-able rules. In this chapter, I consider four issues: • First, how much money should caretakers receive? I suggest that the annual grant should be about $5,000. That amount would make a significant difference in parents’ economic options but at a budgetary cost that is politically reasonable.
Implementing Life-Planning Insurance for Parents
Authors: Alstott Anne L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we turn from caretaker resource accounts to life-planning insurance, we leave the realm of large, universal programs with standardized benefits and enter the world of smaller programs paying more tailored benefits. Caretaker resource accounts are a mass program, which should deliver a uniform package of resources to a large number of individuals. In contrast, life-planning insurance would provide individualized assistance to a small group of parents and will come into play only in catastrophic situations. The corollary is that life-planning insurance will inevitably require more bureaucracy to ascertain the facts about families’ particular situations and to craft appropriate remedies. There are ample precedents for this sort of program. Disability insurance for adults and children, workers’ compensation, special education—all require individualized determinations. None of these is a model of perfection, and indeed, the disability system requires major reform. Still, life-planning insurance represents an extension of familiar principles and not an entirely new enterprise.
The History of Perturbation Theory from Astronomy to Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Masters Barry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goals of this chapter on perturbation theory are to introduce the concept of perturbation theory, to present the genesis of perturbation theory as a mathematical technique to solve complex problems in mechanics, mainly celestial mechanics, and to present a historical review of the application of the theory to quantum mechanics. An understanding of the historical development of perturbation theories allows the readers to put the modern quantum mechanical perturbation theory in the proper context. In a subsequent section we will develop the mathematical formulation of the various types of perturbation theory so that the reader can better understand the interaction of atoms and radiation, in particular the calculation of transition probabilities for the absorption, emission, and scattering of radiation by atoms.
Laser Sources for Nonlinear Microscopy
Authors: Girkin John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the first images were recorded by multiphoton excitation, probably the single biggest improvement has been in the laser sources. The initial experiments using colliding pulse dye lasers (1) seem a long way removed from the compact, reliable femtosecond (fs) sources now routinely used for nonlinear imaging. The current range of sources available vary in wavelength, tunability, and pulse duration and in more mundane but critically important matters such as cost, reliability, and ease of use. Before examining the operation of mode-locked lasers and the wide range of sources now available, the actual requirements on the laser source for multiphoton imaging should be considered. Throughout this chapter “multiphoton” will be used as a term for all forms of nonlinear excitation microscopy. Imaging has been undertaken with significantly longer pulses, and picosecond multiphoton imaging has been accomplished successfully (2); taking the pulse length to the limit, continuous-wave multiphoton imaging has been demonstrated (3). In general, with the longer pulse lengths one is more likely to suffer from thermal problems within the sample, as the average power has to be increased to obtain a sufficient number of detectable excitationevents.
Multiphoton Excitation of Fluorescent Probes
Authors: Xu Chris , Zipfel Warren R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Molecular two-photon excitation was first theoretically predicted by Göppert-Mayer in her Ph.D. thesis in 1931 (Göppert-Mayer, 1931). It is arguable, however, that Einstein has speculated on the possibility of multiphoton absorption in his Nobel Prize paper on the quantum nature of light in 1905 (Einstein, 1905). Confirmation in the laboratory (even though not conclusively), first by Hughes and Grabner in 1950 (Hughes & Grabner, 1950), came out of atomic and molecular beam spectroscopy in the radio and microwave frequency regions. Like most other nonlinear processes, two-or three-photon excitation requires high instantaneous photon intensities, typically, for the observation of two-photon absorption. Months after its invention in 1960, the pulsed ruby laser was used by Kaiser and Garrett to excite two-photon absortion in CaF2:Eu3+, manifested by fluorescent de-excitation in the blue spectral region (Kaiser & Garrett, 1961). This was the second demonstration of nonlinear optics, closely following the demonstration of second-harmonic generation. Three-photon excited fluorescence was observed in naphthalene crystals by Singh and Bradley in 1964 (Singh & Bradley, 1964) and the three-photon absorption cross-sections were estimated.
Multiphoton-Induced Cell Damage
Authors: König Karsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conventional one-photon fluorescence microscopes employ ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) light sources, such as high-pressure mercury/xenon lamps, the argon ion laser at 364/488/515-nm emission, the frequency-converted Nd:YAG laser at 355/532 nm, and the helium neon laser at 543/633 nm. Typically, the radiation power on the target is some microwatt that corresponds to light intensities in the range of kW/cm2 when focused to diffraction-limited spots by objectives with high numerical aperture (NA &gt; 1). Multiphoton absorption requires higher light intensities.
Nonlinear Multispectral Optical Imaging Microscopy Concepts, Instrumentation, and Applications
Authors: Wachsmann-Hogiu Sebastian , Farkas Daniel L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nonlinear microscopy has made great advances during the past few years, as reviewed throughout this book. Simultaneously, other new approaches to microscopy have proven useful foradvancing its main goals (better resolution, detection, quantitation, and applications), perhaps none more so than spectral microscopy. This chapter examines the confluence of these two areas, reviewing the underlying physics, the instrumentation needed for achieving nonlinear multispectral imaging with microscopic resolution, and some of the interesting applications made possible by these advances in technology.
Cellular Metabolism Monitored by NAD(P)H Imaging with Two-Photon Excitation Microscopy
Authors: Masters Barry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history, techniques, limitations, and applications of the optical method to monitor oxidative metabolism based on autofluorescence of cells are the subjects of this chapter. In particular, microscopic techniques based on oneand two-photon excitation are compared. The intent is to provide a critical account of the methodology and its limitations, and to describe some of the important applications that are based on two-photon excitation microscopy.
Introduction
Authors: Journel André G , Kyriakidis Phaedon C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of evaluation of future recoverable reserves is critical to the mining industry, in that reserves condition both investment and profitability associated with any mining venture. Recoverable reserves relate to a specific area/volume of the deposit, delineated by a mining plan to be economically accessible. This is as opposed to geological (in situ) resources, which refer to the amount of mineral available in the general area to be mined irrespective of whether this amount can be recovered (mined out) economically.
To Everest, 1951
Authors: Hillary Sir Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Riddiford And I, With two of our Sherpas, Pasang and Nyima, arrived in Lucknow on August 28th. We had been instructed to meet Shipton and his party at the railhead of Jogbani on the Indian-Nepalese border, but first we had to purchase stocks of food and fuel. Finding suitable food for Himalayan travel in the bazaars of Lucknow was an almost impossible task, and we ended up with a large amount of bulky and exceedingly expensive tinned food. We loaded all of this and our equipment on to several horse-drawn carts and transported it to the station. Our train wasn’t leaving for an hour, so we started in a rather leisurely way to complete the necessary official formalities entailed in getting all our luggage on the train. We emerged from a fog of utter confusion to realise that the train was leaving in a few minutes and that our luggage was far from being on board. With growing panic we summoned twenty coolies, hoisted the loads on them, and started at a jog-trot for the platform. We swept through the gates just as the guard appeared to blow his whistle. His firm cry of ‘Too Late!’ sounded the death-knell of our plans. But Riddiford was not the man to give in too lightly. His forceful persuasion (and judicious baksheesh) won the day.
Across the Nup La
Authors: Hillary Sir Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Had Always Wanted to attempt the Nup La. In 1951, Riddiford and the others had tried to get up its great icefalls, but had been forced back. Quite apart from the satisfaction of making the first ascent of this formidable pass, George and I had other, more secret, plans. The Nup La is the pass at the head of the Dudh Kosi river and the Ngojumba glacier. On its far side it leads into the West Rongbuk glacier and the northern slopes of Mount Everest. We thought that, if we managed to get over the pass, we’d do a quick trip around the north side of Everest, visiting many of the famous places of the early expeditions and perhaps attempt some climbs. Even to see the face of Everest, that had become so real to us through books and photographs, was an exciting prospect. But first we had to get over the Nup La.
On May 19th George and I left Namche Bazar and climbed up a thousand feet to the village of Khumjung. This was where our Sherpas Angputa and Tashi Phuta lived. We spent the night in Angputa’s house, and were royally entertained by his charming young wife and his aged parents. The Sherpa home is a strongly built and commodious structure. A well-to-do home is of two stories with the walls made of rock plastered together with mud. The roof is usually overlapping slabs of pine with great rocks to hold it all down.
The Swiss Attack
Authors: Hillary Sir Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Two Days We rested beside a little lake near the Ngojumba glacier. It was calm and peaceful here, and we slept almost continuously. We had obtained some fresh food, and we ate enormous meals of potatoes and butter and yak curds. But we couldn’t keep the old question out of our minds. ‘What did the Swiss do?’ It was now June 5th, and they should be coming off the mountain with their story of success or failure. We decided to go and see them and find out for ourselves.
Between us and the Khumbu glacier was a high pass. This had been crossed from east to west in 1951, and we planned to use it. On June 6th we moved off from our rest-camp and crossed the Ngojumba glacier to the side glacier leading up to the pass. There were six of us altogether – George and I, Angputa and Tashi Phuta, and two tough old specimens we’d recruited down the valley, Pemba and Angpemba. Angje had gone directly down to Namche Bazar with all our excess gear. On the side glacier – the ‘Guanara’ the Sherpas called it – we found a pleasant and easy route in the trough behind the left-hand moraine wall. It was a quiet and protected place, and the flowers were blooming in profusion. The air was warm and heavy, but George set a cracking pace. We soon drew well away from the Sherpas, so stopped in a grassy hollow and slept for an hour in the sun.
Camp Nine
Authors: Hillary Sir Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Awoke With The feeling that something was wrong. It took me a moment to understand what it was, and then I realised that everything was deathly quiet – the wind had dropped completely. And then I heard it approaching again like an express train emerging from a tunnel, and soon the tent was rocking and wrenching in familiar fashion. But the fact that the wind had stopped, even for a moment, was the first hopeful sign we’d had since I’d reached the South Col. I glanced at my watch – it was just after four o’clock, so I stirred Tenzing, and we started our long, slow preparations for breakfast. By 7.30 the wind had started to ease a little, and I crawled out of the tent and conferred with Lowe and Gregory in the Pyramid. We decided to start. All six of us were to carry substantial loads of oxygen, food, and equipment, and the previous day we’d carefully made them up so as not to have a pound of unnecessary weight. I was checking oxygen loads when a shout from George Lowe attracted my attention, and he came over to me with a very worried look on his face. Apparently Pemba had been ill all night and didn’t feel capable of leaving.
Inventing Barriers
Authors: Mcdonagh Eileen , Pappano Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How many times have you gotten into a cab, met a friend for dinner, or had a drink with colleagues after work, and found yourself opening the conversation with an observation about sports? Sports facts figure into speech patterns designed to connect strangers or set the scene for greetings among friends, much as do facts about the weather. Even those who eschew an interest in sports get drawn into the fray. When one author’s son moved from Boston to New York, he reported that people constantly observed, “Gee, it must be hard to be a Red Sox fan and live in New York.” The assumption was that the most salient difference between living in Boston and the Big Apple must be sports loyalties (even if it wasn’t). The power of sports talk is nowhere more evident than on sports radio, where fans tune in to confirm their allegiance to the home team, express their views on the decisions of management or player performance, and boost their commonality. Discussions are often detailed, including talk of salary caps, draft pick strategies, and injury reports. Nonetheless, there is a remarkable myopia to these conversations, which utterly fail to acknowledge the meaning of sports. Sports policies can be used to construct—and deconstruct—race and sex hierarchies. As such, sports is much more than facts; it is also an arena for establishing—or challenging—the meanings associated with race and sex differences.
Evolutionary Developmental Biology
Authors: Stern David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evolutionary developmental biology (EDB, often shortened to “evo-devo”) includes a broad array of studies, stretching from phylogenetic analysis of developmental genes to comparative studies of embryos and gene expression patterns to microevolutionary studies of the genetic basis for morphological change. This is a partial list and, in general, studies that attempt to combine evolutionary and developmental studies have been placed under the heading of EDB. While the field is broad and rich, I attempt in this chapter to highlight a few important conceptual findings in EDB. This brief summary will, of necessity, omit many exciting avenues of research that fall under the umbrella of EDB. Nonetheless, I believe there is a coherence to EDB studies that is reflected in the broad conceptual strokes I outline in this chapter. For example, the major finding of EDB has been the discovery that many of the genes controlling animal development are conserved across wide phylogenetic expanses.
Four, Two, or One? Gordon Allport and the Unique Personality
Authors: Barenbaum Nicole B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arecurrent theme in the work of personality psychologist Gordon Allport (1897–1967) is the opposition between the general and the unique in psychology (e.g., Allport, 1962a). In a characteristic statement of this theme, Allport described in neutral terms two tendencies in human thought: “The mind may classify its experience and contemplate the general principles that emerge, or it may be concerned with the individual happening or single event confronting it “ (1942, p. 53). To illustrate these tendencies, however, he quoted from William James, choosing a passage that was far from neutral: The first thing the intellect does with an object is to class it along with something else. But any object that is infinitely important to us and awakens our devotion feels to us also as if it must be sui generis and unique. Probably a crab would be filled with a sense of personal outrage if it could hear us class it without ado or apology as a crustacean, and thus dispose of it.
Nietzsche ‘s Madness
Authors: Arnold Kyle , Atwood George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first glance, a psychobiographical study of Nietzsche might appear inherently naive. After all, weren ‘t Nietzsche ‘s writings partly responsible for what literary theorists call the “death of the author, “ the current tendency of many scholars to dismiss any connection between an author ‘s subjectivity and his or her work? Doesn ‘t this imply that Nietzsche ‘s work also announced the “death “ of psychobiography (Sarup, 1993)? Perhaps. Yet as we so often find when examining Nietzsche ‘s texts, these strands of thought are interwoven with their polar opposites. Nietzsche ‘s apparent flight from the notion of alldetermining authorship is coupled with a desire to reconnect text with author, to use the lived experience of authors in rescuing their texts from what he saw as the thin, unbreathable air of impersonal and bloodless intellectuality. Philosophical ideas, for instance, are envisaged as “hav[ing] always lived on the ‘blood ‘ of the philosopher, they always consumed his senses and even, if you will believe us, his ‘heart.
Phage and the Early Development of Molecular Biology
Authors: Summers William C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Molecular biology evolved from multiple origins including the antivitalist biology of the early twentieth century which attempted to explain complex biological phenomena in terms of physical and chemical phenomena (16, 21), the Rockefeller Foundation program, led by physicists and mathematicians who believed the ‘‘human sciences’’ were ripe for deeper understanding based on chemistry and physics (29), research by physicists and chemists who saw life as a challenge to their burgeoning understanding of the fundamental structure of matter (2, c22), and work by a few microbiologists and geneticists who sought better understanding of the natures of genes and microbes (23).
Prophage Genomics
Authors: Brussow Harald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the time of this writing, the GenBank phage database comprises 200 complete phage genome sequences. An equivalent number of phage sequences were passively acquired as prophages in bacterial genome sequencing projects. The scientific value of these prophage sequences was only recently recognized (13, 14). It goes beyond their potential to double the content of the current phage database and to correct a bias of the database towards selected phage systems (coliphages, dairy phages, mycobacteriophages) (7, 9). These prophage sequences allowed a first insight into the evolution of phage^host genome interactions at a molecular level. This analysis turned out to be especially fruitful for bacterial pathogens (1, 5, 49).