bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment patterns for pediatric asthma prior to and after emergency department events
Authors: Stempel David A. , McLaughlin Trent P. , Stanford Richard H. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThere are 2 million asthma‐related emergency department (ED) events each year in the United States. Children share a disproportional burden of these events. This study was designed to describe the treatment patterns in children in the year prior to and 2 months after an ED event. This retrospective observational study utilized the PharMetrics Integrated Outcomes Database that contains administrative claims from over 20 managed‐care plans across the United States. Children aged 1–17 years with at least one ED visit for asthma during 2001 were included. Patients were required to have data available 12 months prior to and 2 months following the ED visit. We identified 5,501 pediatric asthma‐related ED admissions. In the year prior to the ED event, 19.4% of children received an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), 31.4% an oral corticosteroid (OCS), and 58.3% a short‐acting beta‐agonist (SABA). Overall, there were 3.7 albuterol units for every ICS unit dispensed in the 12 months prior to the event. Ninety‐four percent of the children had an office visit in the year prior to the ED visit. Prescriptions dispensed for ICS and OCS increased 2.9‐fold and 8.2‐fold, respectively, in the month after the ED event. However, the dispensing rates for both medications reverted to near baseline by the second month after the index event. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the dependence of children with asthma on the use of rescue medications. An ED event results in only an incremental and transient increase in ICS‐containing controller treatment. Pediatr Pulmonol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The crucial role of calcium interacting with soil pH in enhanced biodegradation of metam‐sodium
Authors: Warton Ben , Matthiessen John N 
Published: July 2005

AbstractEnhanced biodegradation of soil‐applied pesticides has long been correlated with soil pH above ca 6.5–7.5, but the possibility of confounding or interdependence with calcium, given that soil calcium concentration increases exponentially as pH rises above that range, has not previously been studied. Enhanced biodegradation of the broad‐spectrum biocide metam‐sodium was readily induced de novo in a naturally acid sandy soil (pH 4.2 measured in 0.01 M CaCl2) by multiple treatments, but only when the pH and calcium concentration were raised simultaneously using calcium carbonate (lime). Enhanced biodegradation was not induced when soil pH alone was raised with magnesium carbonate, nor when calcium alone was raised using calcium chloride. In limed sand treated monthly for 12 months, the degradation rate increased to where dissipation was complete within 24 h of application after the fifth metam‐sodium treatment at pH 7.8 and after the eighth metam‐sodium treatment at pH 6.8. Pesticide concentration was reduced, but not eliminated, at pH 5.8 and was unchanged at pH 4.8. When metam‐sodium was applied bi‐ and tri‐monthly, the degradation rate also increased when soil pH was raised with calcium carbonate, but to a lesser extent than with monthly applications. In an acid loam soil amended to the same pH values with calcium carbonate and treated monthly, there was no correlation between soil pH or calcium concentration and degradation. The results reveal the crucial interdependence of pH and calcium concentration in enhancement of biodegradation of soil‐applied pesticides, but confirm that the phenomenon ultimately depends on interaction with soil type and frequency of application factors, all of which probably together act to affect the abundance, composition and activity of the soil microbial biomass. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Pb3Ga2Ge4O14:Nd3+ crystal – a novel nonlinear laser material
Authors: Strohmaier S. G. P. , Eichler H. J. , Alexandrov K. S. , Bezmaternykh L. N. , Gudim I. A. , Kaminskii A. A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA new laser crystal Pb3Ga2Ge4O14:Nd3+ with disordered trigonal structure was developed. Its room‐temperature stimu‐ lated emission at ≈1.075 µm wavelength (4F3/2 → 4I11/2 lasing channel) with laser‐diode pumping was excited. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Highly efficient all‐nitride phosphor‐converted white light emitting diode
Authors: Mueller‐Mach Regina , Mueller Gerd , Krames Michael R. , Höppe Henning A. , Stadler Florian , Schnick Wolfgang , Juestel Thomas , Schmidt Peter 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn the Editor's Choice [1] the development and demonstration of a highly efficient warm‐white all‐nitride phosphor‐converted light emitting diode (pc‐LED) is presented utilizing a GaN based quantum well blue LED and two novel nitrogen containing luminescent materials doped with Eu2+. These novel LEDs are superior to both incandescent and fluorescent lamps and may therefore become the next generation of general lighting sources.The cover picture is an artist's view of the 2‐pc‐LED: On a copper slug and underneath a plastic lens a ‘flip‐chip’ is soldered to metal contacts; ‘flip‐chip’ meaning the substrate on which the stack of GaN and InGaN layers has been deposited is used as light exit, the (bottom) p‐contacts being highly reflective. The color converting phosphors are placed on top of the chip, embedded in silicone. Primary blue as well as color‐converted red and green photons are emitted.The first author, Regina Mueller‐Mach, manages the Charac‐terization Laboratory at Lumileds which runs R&D work on phosphor converted LEDs in close cooperation with Philips Research Laboratories and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of the University of Munich.
Mechanisms of the anti‐inflammatory effects of the natural secosteroids physalins in a model of intestinal ischaemia and reperfusion injury
Authors: Vieira Angélica T , Pinho Vanessa , Lepsch Lucilia B , Scavone Cristóforo , Ribeiro Ivone M , Tomassini Therezinha , Ribeiro‐dos‐Santos Ricardo , Soares Milena B P , Teixeira Mauro M , Souza Danielle G 
Published: July 2005

Reperfusion of an ischaemic tissue is associated with an intense inflammatory response and inflammation‐mediated tissue injury. Physalins, a group of substances with secosteroidal chemical structure, are found in Physalis angulata stems and leaves. Here, we assessed the effects of physalins on the local, remote and systemic injuries following intestinal ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) in mice and compared with the effects of dexamethasone.
Following I/R injury, dexamethasone (10 mg kg−1) or physalin B or F markedly prevented neutrophil influx, the increase in vascular permeability in the intestine and the lungs. Maximal inhibition occurred at 20 mg kg−1. Moreover, there was prevention of haemorrhage in the intestine of reperfused animals.
Dexamethasone or physalins effectively suppressed the increase in tissue (intestine and lungs) and serum concentrations of TNF‐α. Interestingly, treatment with the compounds was associated with enhancement of IL‐10.
The anti‐inflammatory effects of dexamethasone or physalins were reversed by pretreatment with the corticoid receptor antagonist RU486 (25 mg kg−1). The drug compounds suppressed steady‐state concentrations of corticosterone, but did not alter the reperfusion‐associated increase in levels of corticosterone. The IL‐10‐enhancing effects of the drugs were not altered by RU486.
In conclusion, the in vivo anti‐inflammatory actions of physalins, natural steroidal compounds, appear to be mostly due to the activation of glucocorticoid receptors. Compounds derived from these natural secosteroids may represent novel therapeutic options for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 244–251. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706321
Modulation of the myogenic response by neurogenic influences in rat small arteries
Authors: Anschütz Stephanie , Schubert Rudolf 
Published: July 2005

The hypothesis that the amplitude of the myogenic response is modulated by factors released from nerve endings was tested in rat tail small arteries.
A pressure myograph in conjunction with direct stimulation of nerve endings by electrical field stimulation (EFS) was used to determine rat small artery contractile reactions.
Vessel pretreatment with 10− 5 M phentolamine abolished EFS‐induced reactions completely indicating that they are mediated mainly by an adrenoceptor agonist, probably noradrenaline.
In the absence and presence of 10− 5 M phentolamine, vessel diameter changes in the pressure range from 10 to 120 mmHg were not different.
Vessel stimulation by (i) EFS, (ii) noradrenaline, (iii) selective stimulation of α1‐ and α2‐receptors, (iv) serotonin, or (v) vasopressin significantly reduced the diameter change induced by stepping pressure from 10 to 40 mmHg compared to unstimulated, control vessels.
Vessel diameter changes induced by stepping pressure from 40 to 80 and from 80 to 120 mmHg, however, were not different in vessels stimulated with EFS and noradrenaline compared to controls.
In conclusion, these data show that factors released from unstimulated adrenergic nerve endings (i.e., not stimulated by EFS) are not involved in the myogenic response. In contrast, factors released upon stimulation of nerve endings can modulate the amplitude of the myogenic response, but only at low pressures. Thus, the pressure range for myogenic blood flow autoregulation is extended to lower pressures. Myogenic autoregulation of blood flow at physiological pressures is unaltered.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 226–233. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706323
Cytokines and neutrophils as important mediators of platelet‐activating factor‐induced kinin B1 receptor expression
Authors: Fernandes Elizabeth S , Passos Giselle F , Campos Maria M , De Souza Glória E P , Fittipaldi Juliana F , Pesquero Jorge L , Teixeira Mauro M , Calixto João B 
Published: July 2005

PAF injection into the rat paw is accompanied by the concomitant activation of NF‐κB and neutrophil influx, which appears to be relevant to the up‐regulation of kinin B1 receptors. Herein, we analyse the role of TNF‐α and IL‐1β production for PAF‐induced B1 receptor upregulation in the rat paw. Additionally, we evaluate how cytokine production and neutrophil migration fit into the temporal sequence of events leading to PAF‐induced B1 receptor upregulation.
In our experiments, treatment with PAF resulted in a marked increase of B1 receptor‐mediated paw oedema and in situ production of TNF‐α at 1 h and IL‐1β at 3 and 6 h later. B1 receptor‐mediated paw oedema was significantly inhibited by anti‐TNF‐α antibody and by interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IRA).
TNF‐α was necessary for the local PAF‐induced IL‐1β production. NF‐κB blocker PDTC prevented the production of both TNF‐α and IL‐1β, indicating that cytokine production is NF‐κB dependent.
Depletion of neutrophils with an anti‐PMN antibody prevented IL‐1β, but not TNF‐α, production. Although both TNF‐α and IL‐1β are relevant to functional B1 receptor upregulation, PAF‐induced increase in B1 receptor mRNA was markedly suppressed by anti‐TNF‐α and, to a lesser extent, by IRA. B1 receptor mRNA expression was also prevented by the anti‐PMN antibody.
In conclusion, the activation of the TNF‐α/neutrophil axis by PAF seems to be sufficient for B1 receptor mRNA production. However, the TNF‐α/neutrophil axis is also necessary for IL‐1β production. These two processes might lead to the appearance of functional kinin B1 upregulation receptors in vivo after PAF treatment.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 209–216. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706327
Dopaminergic neurones: much more than dopamine?
Authors: Seutin Vincent 
Published: July 2005

Midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurones sustain important physiological functions such as control of motricity, signalling of the error in prediction of rewards and modulation of emotions and cognition. Moreover, their degeneration leads to Parkinson's disease and they may be dysfunctional in other pathological states, such as schizophrenia and drug abuse. A subset of DA neurones has been known for many years to contain releasable peptides such as neurotensin and cholecystokinin. However, recent experimental evidence indicates that the phenotype of DA neurones may be much more diverse, since it is suggested that, under certain conditions, they may also release glutamate, cannabinoids and even serotonin.British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 167–169. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706328
Ion transport regulated by protease‐activated receptor 2 in human airway Calu‐3 epithelia
Authors: Sato Shinji , Ito Yasushi , Kondo Masashi , Ohashi Takamasa , Ito Satoru , Nakayama Shinsuke , Shimokata Kaoru , Kume Hiroaki 
Published: July 2005

We examined the mechanisms underlying anion secretion mediated by protease‐activated receptor 2 (PAR2) and its role in the regulation of ion transport, using polarized human airway Calu‐3 cells.
PAR2 stimulation by trypsin and a PAR2‐activating peptide (PAR2AP), especially from the basolateral aspect, caused transient Cl− secretion due to cytosolic Ca2+ mobilization.
Antagonists of PI‐PLC (U73122, ET‐18‐OCH3) and inositol 1,4,5‐triphosphate (xestospongin C (Xest C)) were without effect on the PAR2AP‐mediated Cl− secretion, whereas it was attenuated by D609 (a PC‐PLC inhibitor) and phorbol 12‐myristate 13 acetate (PMA, a PKC activator).
Even 30 min after removal of PAR2AP after a 10‐min‐exposure, cells were still poorly responsive to PAR2 stimulation, but the reduced responsiveness was upregulated by a PKC inhibitor, GF109203X (GFX).
Pretreatment with PAR2AP did not affect responses to anion secretagogues, such as isoproterenol, forskolin, thapsigargin, 1‐ethyl‐2‐benzimdazolinone, and adenosine, but ATP‐induced responses were significantly reduced. Nystatin permeabilization studies revealed that the presence of PAR2AP prevented ATP‐induced increments in basolateral membrane K+ conductance without affecting apical membrane Cl− conductance.
ATP‐elicited Ca2+ mobilization, which was sensitive to D609 and PMA, was inhibited by the pretreatment with PAR2AP, and this inhibition was blunted by the presence of GFX.
Collectively, stimulation of PAR2 generates a brief response of Cl− secretion through PC‐PLC‐mediated pathway, followed by not only auto‐desensitization of PAR2 itself but also cross‐desensitization of a PC‐PLC‐coupled purinoceptor. The two types of desensitization seem likely to have PKC‐mediated downregulation of PC‐PLC in common.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 397–407. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706330
Role of endocannabinoids in the pathogenesis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy in bile duct‐ligated rats
Authors: Gaskari Seyed Ali , Liu Hongqun , Moezi Leila , Li Yang , Baik Soon Koo , Lee Samuel S 
Published: July 2005

Cardiac contractility in cirrhosis is normal at baseline but hyporesponsive to stimuli, a phenomenon known as ‘cirrhotic cardiomyopathy’. The pathogenesis remains unclear. Endocannabinoids are vasoactive, but have not previously been examined in the cirrhotic heart. We therefore aimed to systematically clarify a possible role of endocannabinoids in the pathogenesis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy.
Cirrhosis was induced in Sprague–Dawley rats by bile duct ligation; controls underwent a sham operation. At 4 weeks after operation, isolated left ventricular papillary muscle contractility was studied.
Dose–response curve for a β‐adrenergic agonist isoproterenol was constructed in the presence and absence of a CB‐1 antagonist AM251 (1 μM). Cirrhotic muscles had a blunted response to isoproterenol, which was completely restored by AM251.
Dose‐response curves to anandamide, and CB‐1 and CB‐2 protein and mRNA expression in Western blot and reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction experiments were not significantly different between cirrhotic and sham muscles.
Force–frequency relationship studies were performed in cirrhotic and normal muscles. At higher frequencies, anandamide reuptake blockers (VDM11 and AM404) significantly enhanced muscle relaxation in cirrhotic muscles, but not in controls. This effect was completely blocked by AM251 and pertussis toxin, whereas tetrodotoxin partially reversed it.
Taken together, these results indicate a pathogenic role for increased local (neuronal) production of endocannabinoids, mediated by a Gi‐protein‐dependent CB‐1‐responsive pathway in cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. The increased tachycardia‐stress‐induced release of endocannabinoids may help explain why contractility is normal at baseline but attenuated with stress.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 315–323. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706331
Solution of a functional equation arising in an axiomatization of the utility of binary gambles
Authors: Aczél János , Maksa Gyula , Páles Zsolt 
Published: July 2005

For a new axiomatization, with fewer and weaker assumptions, of binary rank-dependent expected utility of gambles the solution of the functional equation
\[

(
z

/

p
)

γ

−
1

[
z
γ
(
p
)
]
=

φ

−
1

[
φ
(
z
)
ψ
(
p
)
]

(
z
,
p
∈
]
0
,
1
[
)

(z/p)\gamma ^{-1}[z\gamma (p)] = \varphi ^{-1}[\varphi (z)\psi (p)] \qquad (z,p\in ]0,1[)

\]
is needed under some monotonicity and surjectivity conditions. We furnish the general such solution and also the solutions under weaker suppositions. In the course of the solution we also determine all sign preserving solutions of the related general equation
\[

h
(
u
)
[
g
(
u
+
v
)
−
g
(
v
)
]
=
f
(
v
)
g
(
u
+
v
)

(
u
∈

R

+

,

v
∈

R

)
.

h(u)[g(u+v)-g(v)]=f(v)g(u+v)\qquad (u\in \mathbb {R}_+,\ v\in \mathbb {R}).

\]
Dense subsets of maximally almost periodic groups
Authors: Comfort W. , García-Ferreira Salvador 
Published: July 2005

A (discrete) group

G
G

is said to be maximally almost periodic if the points of

G
G

are distinguished by homomorphisms into compact Hausdorff groups. A Hausdorff topology

T

\mathcal {T}

on a group

G
G

is totally bounded if whenever

∅
≠
U
∈

T

\emptyset \neq U\in \mathcal {T}

there is

F
∈
[
G

]

>
ω

F\in [G]^{>\omega }

such that

G
=
U
F

G=UF

. For purposes of this abstract, a family

D

⊆

P

(
G
)

\mathcal {D}\subseteq \mathcal {P}(G)

with

(
G
,

T

)

(G,\mathcal {T})

a totally bounded topological group is a strongly extraresolvable family if (a)

|

D

|

>

|

G

|

|\mathcal {D}|>|G|

, (b) each

D
∈

D

D\in \mathcal {D}

is dense in

G
G

, and (c) distinct

D
,
E
∈

D

D,E\in \mathcal {D}

satisfy

|

D
∩
E

|

>
d
(
G
)

|D\cap E|>d(G)

; a totally bounded topological group with such a family is a strongly extraresolvable topological group. We give two theorems, the second generalizing the first. Theorem 1. Every infinite totally bounded group contains a dense strongly extraresolvable subgroup. Corollary. In its largest totally bounded group topology, every infinite Abelian group is strongly extraresolvable. Theorem 2. Let

G
G

be maximally almost periodic. Then there are a subgroup

H
H

of

G
G

and a family

D

⊆

P

(
H
)

\mathcal {D}\subseteq \mathcal {P}(H)

such that (i)

H
H

is dense in every totally bounded group topology on

G
G

; (ii) the family

D

\mathcal {D}

is a strongly extraresolvable family for every totally bounded group topology

T

\mathcal {T}

on

H
H

such that

d
(
H
,

T

)
=

|

H

|

d(H,\mathcal {T})=|H|

; and (iii)

H
H

admits a totally bounded group topology

T

\mathcal {T}

as in (ii). Remark. In certain cases, for example when

G
G

is Abelian, one must in Theorem 2 choose

H
=
G

H=G

. In certain other cases, for example when the largest totally bounded group topology on

G
G

is compact, the choice

H
=
G

H=G

is impossible.
Convergence of cascade algorithms associated with nonhomogeneous refinement equations
Authors: Jia Rong-Qing , Jiang Qingtang , Shen Zuowei 
Published: July 2005

This paper is devoted to a study of multivariate nonhomogeneous refinement equations of the form

ϕ
(
x
)
=
g
(
x
)
+

∑

α
∈

Z

s

a
(
α
)
ϕ
(
M
x
−
α
)
,

x
∈

R

s

,

\begin{equation*} \phi (x) = g(x) + \sum _{\alpha \in \mathbb {Z}^s} a(\alpha ) \phi (Mx-\alpha ), \qquad x \in \mathbb {R}^s, \end{equation*}

where

ϕ
=
(

ϕ
1

,
…
,

ϕ
r

)
T

\phi = (\phi _1,\ldots ,\phi _r)^T

is the unknown,

g
=
(

g
1

,
…
,

g
r

)
T

g = (g_1,\ldots ,g_r)^T

is a given vector of functions on

R

s

\mathbb {R}^s

,

M
M

is an

s
×
s

s \times s

dilation matrix, and

a
a

is a finitely supported refinement mask such that each

a
(
α
)

a(\alpha )

is an

r
×
r

r \times r

(complex) matrix. Let

ϕ
0

\phi _0

be an initial vector in

(

L
2

(

R

s

)

)
r

(L_2(\mathbb {R}^s))^r

. The corresponding cascade algorithm is given by

ϕ
k

:=
g
+

∑

α
∈

Z

s

a
(
α
)

ϕ

k
−
1

(

M
⋅

−
α
)
,

k
=
1
,
2
,
…
.

\begin{equation*} \phi _k := g + \sum _{\alpha \in \mathbb {Z}^s} a(\alpha ) \phi _{k-1}({M \cdot } - \alpha ), \qquad k=1,2,\ldots . \end{equation*}

In this paper we give a complete characterization for the

L
2

L_2

-convergence of the cascade algorithm in terms of the refinement mask

a
a

, the nonhomogeneous term

g
g

, and the initial vector of functions

ϕ
0

\phi _0

.
The Brauer group of Sweedler’s Hopf algebra 𝐻₄
Authors: Van Oystaeyen Fred , Zhang Yinhuo 
Published: July 2005

We calculate the Brauer group of the four dimensional Hopf algebra

H
4

H_4

introduced by M. E. Sweedler. This Brauer group

B
M

(
k
,

H
4

,

R
0

)

{\mathrm {BM}}(k,H_4,R_0)

is defined with respect to a (quasi-) triangular structure on

H
4

H_4

, given by an element

R
0

∈

H
4

⊗

H
4

R_0\in H_4\otimes H_4

. In this paper

k
k

is a field . The additive group

(
k
,
+
)

(k,+)

of

k
k

is embedded in the Brauer group and it fits in the exact and split sequence of groups:

1
⟶
(
k
,
+
)
⟶

B
M

(
k
,

H
4

,

R
0

)
⟶

B
W

(
k
)
⟶
1

\begin{equation*} 1\longrightarrow (k,+)\longrightarrow {\mathrm {BM}}(k,H_4,R_0)\longrightarrow {\mathrm {BW}}(k)\longrightarrow 1 \end{equation*}

where

B
W

(
k
)

{\mathrm {BW}(k)}

is the well-known Brauer-Wall group of

k
k

. The techniques involved are close to the Clifford algebra theory for quaternion or generalized quaternion algebras.
Behavior of positive radial solutions for quasilinear elliptic equations
Authors: García-Huidobro Marta , Manásevich Raúl , Yarur Cecilia 
Published: July 2005

We establish a necessary and sufficient condition so that positive radial solutions to

−

div

(
A
(

|

∇
u

|

)
∇
u
)
=
f
(
u
)
,

in

B

R

(
0
)
∖
{
0
}
,

R
>
0
,

\begin{equation*} -\textrm {div} (A(|\nabla u|)\nabla u) = f(u),\quad \mbox {in}~~ B_{R}(0)\setminus \{0\},\ R>0, \end{equation*}

having an isolated singularity at

x
=
0

x=0

, behave like a corresponding fundamental solution. Here,

A
:

R

∖
{
0
}
→

R

A:\mathbb R\setminus \{0\}\to \mathbb R

and

f
:
[
0
,
∞
)
→
[
0
,
∞
)

f:[0,\infty )\to [0,\infty )

are continuous functions satisfying some mild growth restrictions.