bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Localization of neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) immunoreactivity in rat esophagus
Authors: Kuramoto Hirofumi , Oomori Yukio , Murabayashi Hiroshi , Kadowaki Makoto , Karaki Shin‐Ichiro , Kuwahara Atsukazu 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe aim of the present immunohistochemical study was to investigate the localization of neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) in rat esophagus and examine the relationship between NK1Rs and intrinsic cholinergic, nitrergic, or substance P (SP) neurons. NK1R immunoreactivity (IR) was observed on the nerve cell bodies in the myenteric ganglia throughout the esophagus, but not on striated muscles and smooth muscle cells of the muscularis mucosae. The frequency of occurrence of NK1R neurons was highest in the cervical esophagus and lowest in the lower thoracic esophagus. Considerable immunoreactivity was seen on the nerve cell surfaces and was also present in the cytoplasm of cell somas and in the initial part of the axons, but not in any other nerve fibers or terminals. Dogiel type I‐like morphology was observed in some of the NK1R neurons; however, the majority exhibited polymorphic morphology. Double immunolabeling indicated that a majority (77%) of the NK1R neurons were immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), while a minority (23%) were immunoreactive for nitric oxide synthase (NOS)‐IR. Most of the NK1R neurons (92%) were innervated by the SP nerve fibers. Triple immunolabeling indicated that 70% of the NK1R neurons were associated with intrinsic SP nerve fibers (without CGRP‐IR), 59% were associated with extrinsic SP nerve fibers (with CGRP‐IR), and 35% were associated with both intrinsic and extrinsic SP nerve fibers. These results suggest that SP/tachykinin released from the SP nerve fibers of intrinsic and/or extrinsic origin activates the predominantly intrinsic cholinergic neurons via NK1Rs to influence neuronal transmission or motility in rat esophagus. J. Comp. Neurol. 478:11–21, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Branched‐chain amino acids and neurotransmitter metabolism: Expression of cytosolic branched‐chain aminotransferase (BCATc) in the cerebellum and hippocampus
Authors: Sweatt Andrew J. , Garcia‐Espinosa Maria A. , Wallin Reidar , Hutson Susan M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn the brain, catabolism of the branched‐chain amino acids (BCAAs) provides nitrogen for the synthesis of glutamate and glutamine. Glutamate is formed through transfer of an amino group from BCAA to α‐ketoglutarate in reaction catalyzed by branched‐chain aminotransferases (BCAT). There are two isozymes of BCAT: cytosolic BCATc, which is found in the nervous system, ovary, and placenta, and mitochondrial BCATm, which is found in all organs except rat liver. In cell culture systems, BCATc is found only in neurons and developing oligodendrocytes, whereas BCATm is the isoform in astroglia. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to examine the distribution of BCATc in the rat brain, focusing on the well‐known neural architecture of the cerebellum and hippocampus. We show that BCATc is expressed only in neurons in the adult rat brain. In glutamatergic neurons such as granule cells of the cerebellar cortex and of the dentate gyrus, BCATc is localized to axons and nerve terminals. In contrast, in GABAergic neurons such as cerebellar Purkinje cells and hippocampal pyramidal basket cells, BCATc is concentrated in cell bodies. A common function for BCATc in these neurotransmitter systems may be to modulate amounts of glutamate available either for release as neurotransmitter or for use as precursor for synthesis of GABA. Particularly striking in our findings is the strong expression of BCATc in the mossy fiber pathway of the hippocampal formation. This result is discussed in light of the effectiveness of the anticonvulsant drug gabapentin, which is a specific inhibitor of BCATc. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:360–370, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential distribution of olfactory receptor neurons in goldfish: Structural and molecular correlates
Authors: Hansen Anne , Anderson Karl T. , Finger Thomas E. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe olfactory system of many terrestrial vertebrates comprises a main olfactory organ and a vomeronasal organ each containing a morphologically distinct type of olfactory receptor neuron (ORN). The two cell types also differ in the expression of G‐proteins and odorant receptor molecules. Fish do not have a vomeronasal organ, and their olfactory neurons—three different morphological types—are contained in one epithelium. The olfactory organ of goldfish appears as a rosette, with the sensory epithelium lying along the proximal portion of each lamella, where it attaches to the midline raphe. Using immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization, and electron microscopy, we tested whether a correlation exists between receptor cell morphology, distribution of cell type within the sensory epithelium, and expression of odorant receptors and G‐proteins. A strong correlation exists between ORN morphology, type of odorant receptor and G‐protein expressed and the distribution of sensory cells within the olfactory epithelium. The Buck and Axel type of odorant receptor and Gαolf are expressed in tall ciliated ORNs distributed homogenously across the entire sensory epithelium. In contrast, microvillous ORNs expressing V2R‐like receptors, and Gαo, Gαq, or Gαi‐3, and crypt type ORNs expressing Gαo and Gαq, are preferentially located along the dorsal margin of the epithelium and near the midline raphe. V2R‐ and OR‐type receptor molecules do not colocalize in one cell, and only crypt‐type ORNs express more than one G‐protein. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:347–359, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vesicular glutamate transporter 3 expression identifies glutamatergic amacrine cells in the rodent retina
Authors: Johnson Juliette , Sherry David M. , Liu Xiaorong , Fremeau Robert T. , Seal Rebecca P. , Edwards Robert H. , Copenhagen David R. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSynaptic transmission from glutamatergic neurons requires vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) to concentrate cytosolic glutamate in synaptic vesicles. In retina, glutamatergic photoreceptors and bipolar cells exclusively express the VGLUT1 isoform, whereas ganglion cells express VGLUT2. Surprisingly, the recently identified VGLUT3 isoform was found in presumed amacrine cells, generally considered to be inhibitory interneurons. To investigate the synaptic machinery and conceivable secondary neurotransmitter composition of VGLUT3 cells, and to determine a potential functional role, we further investigated these putative glutamatergic amacrine cells in adult and developing rodent retina. Reverse transcriptase‐PCR substantiated VGLUT3 expression in mouse retina. VGLUT3 cells did not immunostain for ganglion or bipolar cell markers, providing evidence that they are amacrine cells. VGLUT3 colocalized with synaptic vesicle markers, and electron microscopy showed that VGLUT3 immunostained synaptic vesicles. VGLUT3 cells were not immunoreactive for amacrine cell markers γ‐aminobutyric acid, choline acetyltransferase, calretinin, or tyrosine hydroxylase, although they immunostain for glycine. VGLUT3 processes made synaptic contact with ganglion cell dendrites, suggesting input onto these cells. VGLUT3 immunostaining was closely associated with the metabotropic glutamate receptor 4, which is consistent with glutamatergic synaptic exocytosis by these cells. In the maturing mouse retina, Western blots showed VGLUT3 expression at postnatal day 7/8 (P7/8). VGLUT3 immunostaining in retinal sections was first observed at P8, achieving an adult pattern at P12. Thus, VGLUT3 function commences around the same time as VGLUT1‐mediated glutamatergic transmission from bipolar cells. Furthermore, a subset of VGLUT3 cells expressed the circadian clock gene period 1, implicating VGLUT3 cells as part of the light‐entrainable retina‐based circadian system. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:386–398, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology and axonal projection pattern of neurons in the telencephalon of the fire‐bellied toad Bombina orientalis: An anterograde, retrograde, and intracellular biocytin labeling study
Authors: Roth Gerhard , Mühlenbrock‐Lenter Sabine , Grunwald Wolfgang , Laberge Frédéric 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe connectivity and cytoarchitecture of telencephalic centers except dorsal and medial pallium were studied in the fire‐bellied toad Bombina orientalis by anterograde and retrograde biocytin labeling and intracellular biocytin injection (total of 148 intracellularly labeled neurons or neuron clusters). Our findings suggest the following telencephalic divisions: (1) a central amygdala–bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the caudal midventral telencephalon, connected to visceral–autonomic centers; (2) a vomeronasal amygdala in the caudolateral ventral telencephalon receiving input from the accessory olfactory bulb and projecting mainly to the preoptic region/hypothalamus; (3) an olfactory amygdala in the caudal pole of the telencephalon lateral to the vomeronasal amygdala receiving input from the main olfactory bulb and projecting to the hypothalamus; (4) a medial amygdala receiving input from the anterior dorsal thalamus and projecting to the medial pallium, septum, and hypothalamus; (5) a ventromedial column formed by a nucleus accumbens and a ventral pallidum projecting to the central amygdala, hypothalamus, and posterior tubercle; (6) a lateral column constituting the dorsal striatum proper rostrally and the dorsal pallidum caudally, and a ventrolateral column constituting the ventral striatum. We conclude that the caudal mediolateral complex consisting of the extended central, vomeronasal, and olfactory amygdala of anurans represents the ancestral condition of the amygdaloid complex. During the evolution of the mammalian telencephalon this complex was shifted medially and involuted. The mammalian basolateral amygdala apparently is an evolutionary new structure, but the medial portion of the amygdalar complex of anurans reveals similarities in input and output with this structure and may serve similar functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 478:35–61, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diversity of glycine receptors in the mouse retina: Localization of the α2 subunit
Authors: Haverkamp Silke , Müller Ulrike , Zeilhofer Hanns U. , Harvey Robert J. , Wässle Heinz 
Published: August 2004

Abstractγ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine are the major inhibitory neurotransmitters in the retina, glycine being produced in approximately half of all amacrine cells. Whereas retinal cell types expressing the glycine receptor (GlyR) α1 and α3 subunits have been mapped, the role of the α2 subunit in retinal circuitry remains unclear. By using immunocytochemistry, we localized the α2 subunit in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) in brightly fluorescent puncta, which represent postsynaptically clustered GlyRs. This was shown by doubly labeling sections for GlyR α2 and bassoon (a presynaptic marker) or gephyrin (a postsynaptic marker). Synapses containing GlyR α2 were rarely found on ganglion cell dendrites but were observed on bipolar cell axon terminals and on amacrine cell processes. Recently, an amacrine cell type has been described that is immunopositive for glycine and for the vesicular glutamate transporter vGluT3. The processes of this cell type were presynaptic to GlyR α2 puncta, suggesting that vGluT3 amacrine cells release glycine. Double labeling of sections for GlyR α1 and GlyR α2 subunits showed that they are clustered at different synapses. In sections doubly labeled for GlyR α2 and GlyR α3, approximately one‐third of the puncta were colocalized. The most abundant GlyR subtype in retina contains α3 subunits, followed by those containing GlyR α2 and GlyR α1 subunits. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:399–411, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Eigensolution of symmetric frames using graph factorization
Authors: Kaveh A. , Salimbahrami B. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn this paper, decomposition of matrices of special patterns to submatrices of smaller dimensions is briefly described. The graph models of frame structures with different symmetries are decomposed and appropriate processes are designed for their healing in order to form the corresponding factors. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the entire structure are then obtained by evaluating those of its factors. The methods developed in this article, simplifies the calculation of the natural frequencies and natural modes of the planar frames with different types of symmetry. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of well performance using the coupling of boundary element with finite element methods
Authors: Jeannin L. , Moumas V. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn this paper, we apply an FEM–BEM coupling method in petroleum engineering to evaluate complex wells (or fractures) performance. We use boundary element methods around wells and fractures, and finite elements in the remaining part of the reservoir. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sicherheitskonzept für Brücken aus Granitsteinbalken
Authors: Curbach Manfred , Proske Dirk , Günther Lutz 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn dem vorliegenden Artikel wird die Entwicklung von charakteristischen Biegezugfestigkeiten und Teilsicherheitsfaktoren für Tragfähigkeitsnachweise von unverstärkten Granitsteindeckerbrücken im Rahmen des neuen Normenkonzeptes mit Teilsicherheitsfaktoren behandelt. Dazu wurden zwanzig Biegeversuche an Granitsteindeckern durchgeführt und statistisch ausgewertet. Zusätzlich wurden die Granitsteindecker auf Störungen im Gefüge geprüft. Für diese Prüfung wurden Ultraschallverfahren und Radarverfahren verwendet, und es wurden Bohrkerne entnommen. Abschließend wurde untersucht, ob die Granitsteindecker mit geschlitzten CFK‐Lamellen verstärkt werden können. Auch dazu wurden Biegeversuche durchgeführt. Es wurde ein Konzept für die Verstärkung in Anlehnung an den Einbau von geschlitzten CFK‐Lamellen in Beton entwickelt.
Funktionale Steingewölbe während des 18. und frühen 19. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Bode Udo F. W. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBehandelt werden die für das 18. und frühe 19. Jahrhundert bestimmenden Gewölbedefinitionen und die Gewölbeanwendung insbesondere für den baulichen Brandschutz. In einer sich anschließenden Betrachtung werden die Tonnen‐ und Kreuzgewölbe als die gebräuchlichen Gewölbeformen vor Einführung in ihrer Funktion und Konstruktion optimierter Gewölbe angeführt. Das Gurt‐ und Kappengewölbe ist das in Brandenburg und die östlichen Provinzen Preußens seit ca. 1750 vorzufindende optimierte Gewölbe. Es wird in seiner Anordnung und seiner Konstruktion unter Einbeziehung historischer Zeichnungen erläutert. Daran schließt sich die Böhmische Kappe mit einer Beschreibung der Konstruktion unter Verwendung historischer Zeichnungen an. Die Böhmische Kappe wurde als optimierte Gewölbekonstruktion bis in das frühe 19. Jahrhundert in Süddeutschland und im Einflußgebiet der Habsburger ausgeführt, ehe es dann im gesamten Reich bekannt wurde.
Weiße Luft
Authors: Sill Henning 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPorenbetonsteine bestehen bis zu 80 % aus Luft und nur zu 20 % aus Feststoffen. Bereits 1924 kombinierte der schwedische Architekt Axel Eriksson die Prozesse der Porenbildung und der Dampfhärtung und schuf somit die Grundlage für den modernen Porenbeton. Die massiven Vollsteine lassen sich leicht und schnell verarbeiten, sie besitzen einen hohen Wärmedämmwert und sie sind ökologisch unbedenklich. Trotzdem wird dieser Baustoff in der Praxis nicht immer fachgerecht verarbeitet.
Evaluation of keyrates in unconditionally secure quantum key distribution taking account of the afterpulse effect of single‐photon detectors
Authors: Kaji Ryosaku , Yoshizawa Akio , Tsuchida Hidemi 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn order to clarify how the generation of afterpulses in single‐photon detectors based on InGaAs avalanche photodiodes affects quantum key distribution based on the BB84 protocol, we have evaluated the dependence of the final keyrate on the detector clock frequency synchronized between the sender and the receiver, the mean photon number of the incident light pulse from the sender, and the propagation distance between the sender and the receiver. In calculating the quantum bit error rate (QBER), we used measured values for the dark‐count probability and the afterpulse probability. In calculating the keyrate per pulse, we used the conditions described by Lütkenhaus for unconditionally secure quantum key distribution. The results of our analysis reveal that the maximum value of the keyrate when considering the effect of the afterpulses was decreased by about a factor of 1/2 from its value when neglecting the effect of afterpulses. It is also found that there exist optimal operating conditions (mean photon number and clock frequency) for maximizing the keyrate, and that in order to determine these conditions it is essential to take into account the effect of afterpulses. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(9): 38–45, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20059
Characterization of contact resistance between electrode and TaNx thin‐film resistor prepared by reactive sputtering
Authors: Obata Motoki , Sakuda Teruyuki , Hayashibe Rinpei , Kamimura Kiichi 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe design of thin‐film resistors is an important element in forming the circuits of high‐precision thin‐film submount substrates. In this paper, we studied the effect of the contact resistance of the electrode on the precision of a tantalum nitride (TaNx) thin‐film resistor formed by reactive sputtering. By changing the length of the resistor while maintaining a constant electrode shape, we independently evaluated the resistance of the electrode and the resistance of the resistor itself. We used the Transmission Line Model (TLM) to determine the specific contact resistivity between the TaNx thin film and the electrode and the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), and studied the relationship to the deposition conditions of the TaNx thin film. The resistance of the electrode had about 1/10 of the sheet resistance of the resistor and must be considered during design when fabricating a high‐precision thin‐film resistor. The specific contact resistivity depended on the concentration of nitrogen in the TaNx thin film and was on the order of 108 Ωm2. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(9): 30–37, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20062
A visual neural network for moving object recognition
Authors: Sato Noriaki , Hagiwara Masafumi 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis paper proposes a neural network for moving object recognition based on the visual system. The proposed network has a structure focusing on the parallel hierarchy of visual information processing and can recognize moving objects. The network is composed of a movement detection module, a moving object estimation module, and a moving object recognition module. The movement detection module uses a neural network which is a model of the motion recognition aspect of vision and recognizes motion. The moving object estimation module uses a hierarchical neural network with the backpropagation (BP) algorithm, and infers moving objects based on the features of the motion. The moving object recognition module uses a multiple‐structured neural network which is obtained by improvement of the inhibition mechanism and recognizes moving objects on the basis of shape features. The information is transmitted from the movement detection module to the moving object recognition module through the moving object estimation module. With this mechanism, the motion recognition and pattern recognition processes are integrated, and moving objects can be recognized. A computer simulation is performed on the recognition of a walking human, and the effectiveness of the proposed network is demonstrated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(9): 46–55, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20115
Terminal voltage and output power control of induction generator by series and parallel compensation using SMES
Authors: Senjyu Tomonobu , Kinjo Tatsuto , Uezato Katsumi , Fujita Hideki 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn recent years, the generation of power from renewable energy sources has been increasing. In particular, wind turbine generators (WTGs) are attractive because of advantages such as absence of pollution, zero fuel cost, and abundant availability. However, the generated power and the bus voltage are always fluctuating, mainly depending on wind speed. Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) units are capable of controlling both the active and reactive power simultaneously and quickly.In this paper, control systems for simultaneous active/reactive power control and voltage control of series and parallel compensators using SMES is proposed. It is shown through simulations that control sequence of charging and discharging of the SMES coil effectively damps tie‐line power oscillations and WTG terminal bus voltage fluctuations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(3): 15–23, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20042
Cover Picture: Self‐Assembly of Stereoselective, Mononuclear, Triple‐Stranded Helicate Complexes ML3 with Trivalent Scandium and Lanthanide Metal Ions − Quantitative Transmetallation of the Lanthanide(III) Ion by Sodium(I) Ions (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 17/2004)
Authors: Capó Magdalena , Gonzalez José , Adams Harry 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe cover picture shows a stereoselective mononuclear triple‐stranded helicate complex. Three chiral binaphthol N‐oxide derivative ligands are coordinated to a trivalent ytterbium metal atom. This very stable and symmetrical structure was obtained by spontaneous self‐assembly. NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography were used for unambiguous characterisation. In the picture, the greenish sphere indicates the ytterbium atom and the larger spheres indicate the oxygen atoms. All those ligands, depicted in different shades to highlight the helical effect, are identical. Details are discussed in the article by M. Capó et al. on p. 3405 ff.