bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes to soil‐dwelling developmental stages of the tree leaf beetles Altica quercetorum and Agelastica alni
Authors: Tomalak Marek 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe infectivity and biocontrol potential of entomopathogenic nematodes against two common urban tree leaf beetles (Altica quercetorum and Agelastica alni) pupating in the soil were examined under laboratory and semi‐field conditions. In the laboratory experiments, pre‐pupae and pupae of both insect species were shown to be highly susceptible to nematode infection when challenged in soil pre‐treated with the parasites’ infective juveniles. In general, Heterorhabditis megidis was more effective than Steinernema feltiae. However, significant differences were observed between individual isolates within the latter species. Nematodes developed and reproduced in cadavers of both insect species.A semi‐field experiment studying the biocontrol potential of selected nematode strains, conducted under the canopy of urban trees, confirmed the preliminary laboratory findings and revealed that H. megidis could eliminate most of the insects pupating in the soil, when applied at a relatively low dose of 105 IJs m−2. The potential of entomopathogenic nematodes as environmentally safe, effective, and economically viable agents for the biological control of tree leaf beetles in urban green areas is discussed.
Olfactory response of two aphid parasitoids, Lysiphlebus testaceipes and Aphidius colemani, to aphid‐infested plants from a distance
Authors: Lo Pinto Mirella , Wajnberg Eric , Colazza Stefano , Curty Christine , Fauvergue Xavier 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe role of volatile stimuli in the host‐searching behaviour of the two parasitoid species Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson and Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was studied in relation to the host Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cucumber plants, Cucumis sativa L. (Cucurbitaceae). Experiments were carried out in the laboratory in a wind tunnel, exposing individual parasitoids to signals from three sources simultaneously: (1) a complex of cucumber plants, Cucumis sativa, and A. gossypii; (2) uninfested cucumber plants; and (3) dummy cardboard plants. The flight response of the female parasitoids was considered oriented when they landed on plants and non‐oriented when the females landed elsewhere (tunnel floor, sides, or top). Results showed that the proportion of oriented flights was significantly higher than non‐oriented flights. A comparison between the two wasp species suggested that A. colemani females may be better able to locate plants than L. testaceipes, as the proportion of females that made an oriented flight was higher in this species. For females of both wasp species which made an oriented flight, landing was more often observed on real plants (i.e., with no difference between infested and uninfested plants), than on dummy plants. A description of the flight behaviour of the two parasitoid species is presented. One difference between the species was that flight duration was higher in L. testaceipes than in A. colemani. This work shows that the two parasitoid species respond to stimuli from the host‐plants of A. gossypii in a similar way to parasitoids of aphid pests in other crops.
Distribution of chemo‐ and mechanoreceptors on the tarsi and ovipositor of female European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana
Authors: Maher Nevile , Thiery Denis 
Published: January 2004

AbstractWe describe the number, distribution, and function of sensilla located on different organs of Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) females using scanning electron microscopy, selective staining, and contact electrophysiology. The tarsi of the prothoracic legs bear contact chemo‐mechanoreceptor sensilla chaetica (5–13 per tarsomere), arranged in rings mainly concentrated on ventral surfaces, and different mechanosensory structures (sensilla chaetica, sensilla squamiformia, sensilla campaniformia, and spines). A single contact chemo‐mechanoreceptor sensillum chaeticum is present between the claws on the pretarsus. The ventral surface of the ovipositor lobes is covered with numerous mechanosensory sensilla chaetica of different types, out of which 10 have a contact chemosensory function. Putative contact chemo‐mechanoreceptor sensilla were also observed on the proboscis and antenna. Longitudinal rows of alternated sensilla styloconica and basiconica are present on the distal part of the proboscis, and rings of sensilla chaetica are present at the antennal tip. The sensilla on these body parts may play different roles in the selection of an oviposition site.
Monitoring of gas exchange cycles and ventilatory movements in the pine weevil Hylobius abietis: respiratory failures evoked by a botanical insecticide
Authors: Sibul I. , Kuusik A. , Voolma K. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is the most important insect pest of young coniferous plants. The implementation of new control methods requires not only a profound knowledge of the ecology and behaviour of the pest, but particularly of its physiology. Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and discontinuous gas exchange cycles (DGCs) were recorded in parallel with abdominal ventilation movements in adults of H. abietis using a differential electrolytic respirometer‐actograph. Quiescent weevils displayed DGCs of the constriction, flutter, and ventilation phases of the CFV type, while bursts of carbon dioxide were always accompanied by abdominal pumping movements, i.e., muscular ventilation in the closed subelytral cavity (SEC). In some beetles the C phase was absent and thus (C)FV cycles were recorded. In addition, at the beginning and often at the end of a burst, the SEC was rhythmically opened and closed by movements of the last abdominal segments. Continuous pumping movements and an absence of DGCs were signs of stress imposed by handling or by a new environment, even if the beetle was not moving. All individuals showed clear DGCs after recovering from handling and apparatus stress lasting 2–3 h. The results show that in the monitoring of DGCs, it is essential to determine whether they are of the constriction, flutter, and open phases (CFO), or the CFV subtype of the constriction, flutter, and burst (CFB) cycles. Use of our simple closed‐system respirometer enables non‐invasive simultaneous recording of SMR, oxygen uptake, DGCs, and active ventilation in H. abietis and other beetles.The topical application of adult H. abietis with sublethal doses of a botanical insecticide, NeemAzal T/S, caused essential respiratory failures: cyclic gas exchange was lost and irregular pumping movements appeared. In the treated beetles normal DGCs did not resume.
History, Human Rights, and Globalization
Authors: Twiss Sumner B. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTAn illustrative comparison of human rights in 1948 and the contemporary period, attempting to gauge the impact of globalization on changes in the content of human rights (e.g., collective rights, women's rights, right to a healthy environment), major abusers and guarantors of human rights (e.g., state actors, transnational corporations, social movements), and alternative justifications of human rights (e.g., pragmatic agreement, moral intuitionism, overlapping consensus, cross‐cultural dialogue).
Conversational Narrative and the Moral Self:
Authors: Prasad Leela 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTThis article presents material from my ethnographic study in Śringēri, south India, the site of a powerful 1200‐year‐old Advaitic monastery that has been historically an interpreter of ancient Hindu moral treatises. A vibrant diverse local culture that provides plural sources of moral authority makes Śringēri a rich site for studying moral discourse. Through a study of two conversational narratives, this essay illustrates how the moral self is not an ossified product of written texts and codes, but is dynamic, gendered, and emergent, endowed with historical and political agency and an aesthetic capacity that mediates many normative sources to articulate “appropriate” conduct. In so doing, the essay shows the value of including oral narrative in ethical inquiry, especially in narrative ethics, which, for most part, has focused on written sources.
Cooking Living Beings:
Authors: Mrozik Susanne 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTBodies play important and diverse roles in Buddhist ethics. Drawing upon an Indian Mahāyāna Buddhist compendium of bodhisattva practice, this paper explores the role bodhisattva bodies play in the ethical development of other living beings. Bodhisattvas adopt certain disciplinary practices in order to produce bodies whose very sight, sound, touch, and even taste transform living beings in physical and moral ways. The compendium uses a common South Asian and Buddhist metaphor to describe a bodhisattva's physical and moral impact on others. Bodhisattvas are said to “cook living beings.” The paper considers how this metaphor suggests ways of nuancing modern Western conceptions of ethical self‐cultivation, particularly as articulated by Michel Foucault in his studies of the technologies of the self.
The Strange New World in the Church:
Authors: Kallenberg Brad J. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTHauerwas's refusal to translate the argument displayed inWith the Grain of the Universe(his recent Gifford Lectures) into language that “anyone” can understand is itself part of the argument. Consequently, readers will not understand what Hauerwas is up to until they have attained fluency in the peculiar language that has epitomized three decades of Hauerwas's scholarship. Such fluency is not easily gained. Nevertheless, in this review essay, I situate Hauerwas's baffling language against the backdrop of his corpus to show at least this much:With the Grain of the Universetransforms natural theology into “witness.” In the end, my essay may demonstrate what many have feared, that Hauerwas is, in fact, a Christian apologist—though of a very ancient sort.
System LS: A Three‐Tiered Nonmonotonic Reasoning System
Authors: Ford Marilyn 
Published: January 2004

In this paper, a formal system of nonmonotonic reasoning is developed, which takes as its inspiration the manner in which some people make logically justifiable conclusions about nonmonotonic reasoning problems.   The people, when asked about individuals, compare the logical strength of the arguments relating any sets to which the individual belongs, to other sets. A three‐tiered system of rules including rules of System P as well as Transitivity and Monotonicity is developed. The system, known as System LS for logical strength, deals with three levels of non‐strict relationships:α1β αare normally β(more than half of the α are β);α2β some α are β;α3β a relationship,α3β, has been derived but it is possible that no α are β.The rules of the system give the logical consequences of the relationships between the sets in the premises at the three levels. Several problems, including some well‐known benchmark problems, are discussed, illustrating the inferences that System LS derives.
The inflammatory paradental cyst: a critical review of 342 cases from a literature survey, including 17 new cases from the author's files
Authors: Philipsen H. P. , Reichart P. A. , Ogawa I. , Suei Y. , Takata T. 
Published: February 2004

Background:  A total of 325 cases of inflammatory paradental cysts (IPCs) and 17 own cases were reviewed. Although known since 1930, the IPC is still unrecognized by many clinicians. The IPCs show a relative frequency of 0.9–4.7%. The majority of cysts occur distally or disto‐buccally to vital, permanent mandibular molars with a history of pericoronitis (IPC/3rd mandibular molar alone accounts for 64.9%). Radiologically, the cyst appears as a well‐defined, semilunar unilocular radiolucency.Materials and methods:  Cases of inflammatory paradental cysts and related lesions were retrieved from a worldwide literature survey. In addition, 17 new cases from the files of the authors have been added.Results:  The mean ages for patients with IPC/1st, 2nd and 3rd mandibular molars are 8.7, 17.4 and 27.6 years, respectively. The male:female ratio was 1 : 0.9 for IPC/1st and 2nd mandibular molars, and 1 : 0.4 for 3rd mandibular molar.Conclusion:  Reduced enamel epithelium, cell rests of Malassez and remnants of the dental lamina stimulated by inflammation are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of IPC. Histological features are indistinguishable from those of the inflammatory, periapical (radicular) cyst.
E‐learning and the third age
Authors: Trentin Guglielmo 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAs a result of the general improvement in living conditions in industrialised Western countries, people aged over 60 years usually reach the ‘third age’ in good mental and physical condition. Contemporary society has thus had to endeavour to offer the ‘new old’ not only social services but also pastimes, leisure, social, cultural and educational activities. Among the range of opportunities being made available is that of acquiring skills in the use of information and communication technology (ICT), an area of ever‐increasing prominence. This can be seen not only as an opportunity for individual cultural growth but also the basic condition for conceiving a range of practical network‐based services and applications of great social significance for the elderly population. This article refers to one of these initiatives, developed in Liguria (one of the Italian regions with the oldest population), whose purpose was to train about 600 over‐60s in the use of ICT. What we will analyse here in particular are the results of e‐learning activities offered to a sample of participants and with reference to a segment of the entire training process envisaged by the regional initiative. The specific objectives of the activity were to verify the real possibility of proposing short, online learning modules on the use of Internet for older users; to survey users' attitudes/reactions to e‐learning; and to analyse the follow‐up of distance training activities.
Influence of malate and 2‐oxoglutarate on the NIA transcript level and nitrate reductase activity in tobacco leaves
Authors: Müller C. , Scheible W.‐R. , Stitt M. , Krapp A. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTNitrate assimilation in leaves requires synthesis of malate to counteract alkalinization, and synthesis of 2‐oxoglutarate to act as an acceptor in the GOGAT pathway. We have investigated whether malate or 2‐oxoglutarate regulate nitrate reductase (NIA, EC 1·6.6·1) expression. (i) Diurnal changes of NIA expression and organic acid levels were compared in tobacco leaves. The NIA transcript rose during the night and decreased during the day, and NIA activity rose to a maximum during the first 4 h of the light period and fell during the second part of the light period. Malate accumulated to high levels during the light period and decreased during the night. The 2‐oxoglutarate increased by 40% at the beginning and decreased towards the end of the light period. The glutamine : 2‐oxoglutarate ratio was steady during the first part of the light period and increased markedly during the second part of the light period. The diurnal changes of the NIA transcript level were inversely correlated to the diurnal changes of malate, and unrelated to the changes of 2‐oxoglutarate or the glutamine : 2‐oxoglutarate ratio. The decrease of NIA activity in the second part of the light period correlated with an increase of the glutamine : 2‐oxoglutarate ratio. (ii) Leaves were detached 4 h into the light period and supplied with malate or 2‐oxoglutarate via the petiole, to investigate their impact on the gradual decrease of the NIA transcript and NIA activity during the second part of the light period. Physiologically relevant changes of malate led to a further decrease of the NIA transcript level and a 27–60% decrease of NIA activity. A large increase of 2‐oxoglutarate stabilized the NIA transcript level but had only slight effects on NIA activity. (iii) Plants were darkened for 16–24 h to reduce the NIA transcript level and NIA activity to low levels, and leaves were then detached and supplied with malate or 2‐oxoglutarate for 4 h in the light to investigate their impact on the light‐induction of NIA. The increase of the NIA transcript and NIA activity was antagonized by malate, and slightly accelerated by 2‐oxoglutarate. (iv) Plants were placed in the dark for 60 h to reduce NIA activity to the limit of detection, and leaf discs were then incubated in the dark on sucrose to achieve a photosynthesis‐independent increase of NIA activity. This was strongly inhibited by malate. (v) It is concluded that malate inhibits NIA expression, affecting both the NIA transcript level and NIA activity. Although the results are consistent with a role for 2‐oxoglutarate in the regulation of NIA expression, the impact is less marked and no endogenous changes of 2‐oxoglutarate were found that are likely to have a significant effect on NIA expression.
Elevated expression of metal transporter genes in three accessions of the metal hyperaccumulatorThlaspi caerulescens
Authors: Assunção A. G. L. , Martins P. Da Costa , De Folter S. , Vooijs R. , Schat H. , Aarts M. G. M. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTHeavy metal hyperaccumulation in plants is an intriguing and poorly understood phenomenon. Transmembrane metal transporters are assumed to play a key role in this process. We describe the cloning and isolation of three zinc transporter cDNAs from the Zn hyperaccumulatorThlaspi caerulescens. TheZTP1gene is highly similar to the ArabidopsisZATgene. Of the other two, one is most probably an allele of the recently clonedZNT1gene fromT. caerulescens(Penceet al;Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA97, 4956–4960, 2000). The second, calledZNT2, is a close homologue ofZNT1. All three zinc transporter genes show increased expression inT. caerulescenscompared with the non‐hyperaccumulator congenerT. arvense, suggesting an important role in heavy metal hyperaccumulation.ZNT1andZNT2are predominantly expressed in roots andZTP1is mainly expressed in leaves but also in roots. InT. arvense,ZNT1andZNT2are exclusively expressed under conditions of Zn deficiency. Their expression inT. caerulescensis barely Zn‐responsive, suggesting that Zn hyperaccumulation might rely on a decreased Zn‐induced transcriptional downregulation of these genes.ZTP1expression was higher in plants from calamine soil than in plants from serpentine or normal soil. The calamine plants were also the most Zn tolerant, suggesting that highZTP1expression might contribute to Zn tolerance.
Carbonic anhydrases in plants and algae
Authors: Moroney J. V. , Bartlett S. G. , Samuelsson G. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTCarbonic anhydrases catalyse the reversible hydration of CO2, increasing the interconversion between CO2 and HCO3− + H+ in living organisms. The three evolutionarily unrelated families of carbonic anhydrases are designated α‐, β‐and γ‐CA. Animals have only the α‐carbonic anhydrase type of carbonic anhydrase, but they contain multiple isoforms of this carbonic anhydrase. In contrast, higher plants, algae and cyanobacteria may contain members of all three CA families. Analysis of the Arabidopsis database reveals at least 14 genes potentially encoding carbonic anhydrases. The database also contains expressed sequence tags (ESTs) with homology to most of these genes. Clearly the number of carbonic anhydrases in plants is much greater than previously thought. Chlamydomonas, a unicellular green alga, is not far behind with five carbonic anhydrases already identified and another in the EST database. In algae, carbonic anhydrases have been found in the mitochondria, the chloroplast thylakoid, the cytoplasm and the periplasmic space. In C3 dicots, only two carbonic anhydrases have been localized, one to the chloroplast stroma and one to the cytoplasm. A challenge for plant scientists is to identify the number, location and physiological roles of the carbonic anhydrases.
Metabolic regulation of leaf respiration and alternative pathway activity in response to phosphate supply
Authors: Gonzàlez‐Meler M. A. , Giles L. , Thomas R. B. , Siedow J. N. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTIn this study the question whether the alternative respiratory pathway acts as an electron bypass for the cytochrome pathway under conditions of growth on limited phosphorus in leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and Gliricidia sepium Walp was investigated. The oxygen isotope fractionation technique was used to assess the in vivo activities of the cytochrome and alternative respiratory pathways in the absence of added inhibitors. The response of respiration to low phosphorus supply varied among species. Growth at low phosphorus reduced cytochrome pathway activity in bean and tobacco. Alternative pathway activity increased only in bean leaves in response to low phosphorus and not in tobacco. In the case of G. sepium, cytochrome pathway activity remained unchanged whereas the alternative pathway activity increased with low nutritional phosphorus. At low phosphorus, alternative oxidase protein levels increased in the leaves of bean and G. sepium but not in tobacco, suggesting a dependence of alternative pathway activity on protein level. Alternative pathway activity was also not correlated with soluble carbohydrate concentration in bean or tobacco at any phosphorus level. These results show that the alternative pathway does not always act as an electron bypass in response to the downstream restriction of the cytochrome pathway imposed by low phosphorus supply. These results suggest that factors in addition to cellular carbohydrate level and adenylate control can act to regulate alternative pathway activity.