bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seepage response along an alluvial valley in a semi‐arid catchment in north‐central California
Authors: Salve Rohit , Tokunaga Tetsu K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOver a period of 12 months, soil moisture content and potential was monitored in an annual‐grass‐dominated 20 ha catchment in order to determine flow paths leading to exfiltration at the catchment outlet. Water was found to enter the catchment valley either through flow originating in the slopes or through surface infiltration during rainfall events. Although subsurface flow from the slopes to the catchment outlet occurred throughout the year, surface recharge was restricted to a few events during the wet season. In the deeper saturated profile of the valley, flow was directed upwards along the valley edges and gradually became horizontal towards the central axis of the valley. During the peak of the rainfall season, horizontal flow close to the catchment outlet intercepted the gradually sloping surface, resulting in exfiltration. Plants influenced the hydrology of the catchment by removing moisture from the root zone during spring and early summer, resulting in evapotranspiration losses from the vadose zone. Heterogeneities within the valley soil were evident as variable‐permeability layers that resulted in a seasonally confined water table within the valley. This investigation shows that the vadose zone plays an important role in redistributing surface recharge and emphasizes the importance of accounting for effective moisture in low‐yielding catchments with ephemeral surface runoff. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rainfall‐runoff modelling of a humid tropical catchment: the TOPMODEL approach
Authors: Campling Paul , Gobin Anne , Beven Keith , Feyen Jan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTOPMODEL, a semi‐distributed, topographically based hydrological model, was applied to simulate continuously the runoff hydrograph of a medium‐sized (379 km2), humid tropical catchment. The objectives were to relate hydrological responses to runoff generation mechanisms operating in the catchment and to estimate the uncertainty associated with runoff prediction. Field observations indicated that water tables were not parallel to the surface topography, particularly at the start of the wet season. A reference topographic index λREF was therefore introduced into the TOPMODEL structure to increase the weighting of local storage deficits in upland areas. The model adaptation had the effect of deepening water tables with distance from the river channel. The generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) framework was used to assess the performance of the model with randomly selected parameter sets, and to set simulation confidence limits. The model simulated well the fast subsurface and overland flow events superimposed on the seasonal rise and fall of the baseflow. The top ranked parameter sets achieved modelling efficiencies of 0·943 and 0·849 in 1994 and 1995 respectively. The GLUE analysis showed that the exponential decay parameter m, controlling the baseflow and the local storage deficit, was the most sensitive parameter. There was increased uncertainty in the simulations of storm events during the early and late phases of the season, which was due to a combination of: errors in detecting the rainfall depths for convectional rainfall events; the treatment of rainfall as a catchment areal value; and, the strong seasonality in runoff response in the humid tropics. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk of pancreatic cancer among individuals with a family history of cancer of the pancreas
Authors: Ghadirian Parviz , Liu Geoffrey , Gallinger Steven , Schmocker Beverly , Paradis Anne‐Josee , Lal Geeta , Brunet Jean‐Sebastien , Foulkes William D. , Narod Steven A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn a hospital based case‐control study of pancreatic cancer in Ontario and Quebec, a total of 174 incident pancreatic cancer cases and 136 healthy controls were compared for their family history of cancer. Information regarding the ages and sites of cancer was taken for 966 first‐degree relatives of the cancer cases and for 903 first‐degree relatives of the controls. A total of 150 cancer cases were reported among the relatives of the cases, compared to 122 cases among the relatives of the controls (relative risk 1.15; p = 0.23). Pancreatic cancer was the only site statistically in excess in the case relatives, compared to the control relatives (relative risk = 5.0; p = 0.01). The lifetime risk of pancreatic cancer was 4.7% for the first‐degree relatives of the pancreatic cancer cases. The risk was 7.2% for relatives of cases diagnosed before age 60, and was 12.3% for relatives of patients with multiple primary cancers (all ages). These individuals comprise a high‐risk group for pancreatic cancer and might benefit from enhanced surveillance or chemoprevention. Familial site‐specific pancreatic cancer appears to be a distinct genetic entity, but contributes only modestly to the total burden of pancreatic cancer. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CD70/CD27 ligand, a member of the TNF family, is expressed in human brain tumors
Authors: Held‐Feindt Janka , Mentlein Rolf 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCD70 (CD27 ligand) has been implicated in proapoptotic signals mediated by its receptor CD27 in lymphocytes as well as in proliferative effects induced by reverse signaling in CD70‐positive hematopoetic tumor cells. We were able to show that CD70 is expressed at the mRNA and protein level in human meningioma cells, glioma cells from solid human gliomas as well as glioma cell lines and 1 ependynoma. The intensity of CD70 expression varies considerably between different samples from 1 tumor type. In the U343 glioma cell line, CD70 was preferentially localized in the cell processes. Thus, our studies identify CD70 as a new marker molecule in brain tumors that are of nonhematopoetic origin. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unexpected sensitivity to radiation of fibroblasts from unaffected parents of children with hereditary retinoblastoma
Authors: Fitzek Markus M. , Dahlberg William K. , Nagasawa Hatsumi , Mukai Shizuo , Munzenrider John E. , Little John B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe response to ionizing radiation was examined in diploid skin fibroblasts derived from 5 patients with hereditary type retinoblastoma as well as their parents. Unexpected sensitivity to cell killing, as measured by clonogenic survival, as well as enhanced radiation‐induced G1 arrest were observed in at least 1 parental fibroblast strain in all 5 families. In all cases, parental strains were equally or more radiosensitive than the probands. The mutation of the retinoblastoma gene (RB) determined in 4 of 5 probands was either absent from the parental cells, as expected from the negative family histories, or identical, in 1 father who was a known carrier. In the fifth family, the family history was negative for retinoblastoma. We hypothesize that the increased parental cell sensitivity to radiation suggests the presence of an as yet unrecognized genetic event occurring in 1 or both parents of children with retinoblastoma. Whether it increases mutability of the RB locus or other loci or interacts with RB is conjectural. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sophoranone, extracted from a traditional Chinese medicine Shan Dou Gen, induces apoptosis in human leukemia U937 cells via formation of reactive oxygen species and opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores
Authors: Kajimoto Sachiko , Takanashi Noriko , Kajimoto Tetsuya , Xu Man , Cao Judong , Masuda Yutaka , Aiuchi Toshihiro , Nakajo Shigeo , Ida Yoshiteru , Nakaya Kazuyasu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractScreening of various natural products in a search for novel inducers of apoptosis in human leukemia cells led us to identify the strong apoptosis‐inducing activity in a fraction extracted with methanol from the roots of Sophora subprostrata Chun et T. Chen. We purified the compound that induced apoptosis in human leukemia cells and identified it as sophoranone. Sophoranone inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in various lines of cells from human solid tumors, with 50% inhibition of growth of human stomach cancer MKN7 cells at 1.2 ± 0.3 μM. The growth‐inhibitory and apoptosis‐inducing activities of sophoranone for leukemia U937 cells were very much stronger than those of other flavonoids, such as daidzein, genistein and quercetin. At the early stages of treatment of U937 cells with sophoranone, reactive oxygen species were formed, mitochondrial permeability pores were opened and cytochrome c was released from mitochondria. Cytochrome c was also released upon treatment of isolated mitochondria with sophoranone. Inhibitors of complexes III and IV, but not complexes I and II, of the mitochondrial respiratory chain prevented the release of cytochrome c from isolated mitochondria by sophoranone, as well as the induction of apoptosis in U937 cells in response to sophoranone. Our results indicate that sophoranone might be a unique apoptosis‐inducing anticancer agent that targets mitochondria. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved survival in both histologic types of oesophageal cancer in Sweden
Authors: Sundelöf Martin , Ye Weimin , Dickman Paul W. , Lagergren Jesper 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe prognosis among patients diagnosed with oesophageal cancer is poor with an overall 5‐year survival close to 5% in most countries. Improved diagnostic and surgical strategies might influence the survival, however. We investigated the observed and relative survival among all patients in Sweden diagnosed with oesophageal adenocarcinoma (n = 1,441) or squamous cell carcinoma (n = 6395) from 1961–1996 with follow‐up to December 1997. Observed survival rates were calculated by the life‐table method. Relative survival rates were computed as the ratio of the observed to the expected survival. The expected survival was inferred from the survival among the entire Swedish population in the same age, sex and calendar year strata. The 5‐year observed survival rate for adenocarcinoma increased from a stable figure close to 4% during the entire period 1961–1989 to 10.5% during 1990–1996. Similarly, the 5‐year relative survival rate was stable around 5% during 1961–1989, but during 1990–1996 the survival was increased to 13.7%. For squamous cell carcinoma, the survival improved slightly by each decade, starting with 3.8% 5‐year observed survival in 1961–1969 to 7.0% during 1990–1996. Similarly, the 5‐year relative survival improved from 5.0% to 8.9% during the study period. In conclusion, the survival rates for both oesophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma have increased significantly during the 1990s compared to those in the previous 3 decades (p < 0.001). © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutational analysis of StAR gene in adrenal tumors
Authors: Stigliano Antonio , Caiola Stefania , Siniscalchi Ester , Papini Enrico , Crescenzi Anna , Monti Salvatore , Arnaldi Giorgio , Mantero Franco , Sciarra Francesco , Toscano Vincenzo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAdrenal adenomas and carcinomas are mostly monoclonal, suggesting that a genetic alteration in a progenitor cell may contribute to their development. However, the molecular pathogenesis of these tumors still remains unclear. It has been already excluded that activating mutations of the ACTH receptor or of G protein stimulator alpha sub‐units, affecting cAMP pathway, is involved in the tumorigenesis. Therefore, this work has been focused on post‐transductional (ACTH) signal alterations and in particular on the mutational analysis of the Steroid Acute Regulatory protein (StAR) gene to verify whether somatic mutations or genomic polymorphisms of this gene may be correlated with adrenal tumorigenesis. Tissue DNA was extracted from 40 functional and non‐functional adrenocortical tumors that were removed from patients aged between 17 and 72 years (mean 43 ± 4). Blood DNA was obtained from 24 patients (aged between 26 and 70 years) affected by adrenal tumors and from 100 healthy subjects without radiological and clinical evidence of adrenal masses, aged between 25–35 years (90 Caucasians and 10 Africans). The DNA was used as the template for the amplification of the StAR gene using the polymerase chain reaction. The amplified DNA of each exon of the StAR gene was purified and sequenced in automatic sequenciator. With the exception of exon 5 showing in codon 203 an homozygous missense mutation, the sequence of the other exons of the StAR gene resulted normal in all tumors studied. The same homozygous mutation (Asp203Ala) was observed in the sequence of exon 5 performed on genomic DNA of the 24 affected patients and in the control subjects. The homozigousity of the mutation observed in all patients (either in tissue or blood samples) and in control subjects, independently of their ethnic origin, led us to suggest that the Asp203Ala cannot be considered as mutation or as polymorphism, but that it must be considered as a mistake in the sequence entered in the Genbank, which needs to be modified accordingly. These data, and those up to now reported in the literature, allow us to suggest that mutations of the gene coding for the protein involved in the initial step of the steroidogenesis could not be considered as a possible cause for the development of adrenal tumors. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessing inflation targeting after a decade of world experience
Authors: Corbo Vittorio , Landerretche Oscar , Schmidt‐Hebbel Klaus 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTen years of inflation targeting worldwide provide valuable lessons. Inflation targeters (Iters) have been very successful in meeting their inflation targets (Its). Industrial output sacrifice during inflation stabilization and industrial output volatility has frequently been lowered after IT adoption. ITers have consistently reduced inflation forecast errors after IT adoption. The influence of price and output shocks on the behaviour of inflation and output gaps has changed much more strongly among ITers than in non‐targeting industrial countries in the course of the 1990s. IT has played a role in strengthening the effect of forward‐looking expectations on inflation, hence weakening the weight of past inflation inertia. Central bankers' aversion to inflation is, on average, not different among ITers in comparison to NITers but has risen in emerging‐country ITers. ITers have gradually reaped a credibility gain, allowing them to achieve their targets with smaller changes in interest rates in the late 1990s than the changes that were required in the early 1990s. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regional origins of Philippine overseas contract workers
Authors: Tyner James A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInternational labour migration remains a staple feature of the global economy. Especially since the early 1970s, many governments throughout south and southeast Asia have embarked upon overseas employment programmes in an effort to facilitate economic growth and development. In response, a sizeable body of work has emerged to ascertain the effectiveness of overseas employment. Whereas considerable work has examined the volume and destinations of international labour migration, decidedly fewer studies have analysed the origins of migrant workers from labour‐sending states. As such, policy formulation is potentially jeopardised, as governments are ill‐prepared to specify with any certainty whether migration ameliorates or exacerbates regional inequalities. Using special data‐sets provided for the author, this paper examines the regional origins and attributes of overseas contract workers from the Philippines. In the first analysis, the relative contribution of overseas employment is examined. In the second analysis, migrant labour‐force participation rates –disaggregated by age, educational attainment and geographic region – are calculated. Findings from the first analysis suggest that regions adjacent to, and including, the National Capital Region are over‐represented in their overall contribution to international labour migration. Findings from the second analysis suggest that the labour‐absorptive capacity of the Philippines is less for those with some college education, and that the greatest impact of labour export is felt in the areas adjacent to the National Capital Region. Moreover, patterns of migrant origins are contingent upon structural, institutional and social factors. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerically robust minimal‐scan reconstruction algorithms for diffraction tomography via radon transform inversion
Authors: Anastasio Mark A. , Pan Xiaochuan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt is widely believed that measurements from a full angular range of 2π are generally required to exactly reconstruct a complex‐valued refractive index distribution in diffraction tomography (DT). In this work, we developed a new class of minimal‐scan reconstruction algorithms for DT that utilizes measurements only over the angular range 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 3π/2 to perform an exact reconstruction. These algorithms, referred to as minimal‐scan estimate‐combination (MS‐E‐C) reconstruction algorithms, effectively operate by transforming the DT reconstruction problem into a conventional x‐ray CT reconstruction problem that requires inversion of the Radon transform. We performed computer simulations to compare the noise and numerical properties of the MS‐E‐C algorithms against existing filtered backpropagation‐based algorithms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 12, 84–91, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10014
Diffuse tomography: Using time‐of‐flight information in a two‐dimensional model
Authors: Grünbaum F. Alberto 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe show that time‐of‐flight data can be useful in a simple model of optical tomography. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 11, 283–286, 2000
Maternal self‐perceptions and reactions to infant crying among intrusive and withdrawn depressed mothers
Authors: Jones Nancy Aaron , Field Tiffany , Hart Sybil , Lundy Brenda , Davalos Marisabel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study compared intrusive (N =15) and withdrawn (N = 10) mothers' ratings of their own interaction styles with their infants and the behaviors of videotaped models of intrusive and withdrawn mothers. Withdrawn mothers rated themselves as less withdrawn than the model withdrawn mother. Intrusive mothers viewed themselves as more intrusive than the model intrusive mother. Both groups viewed their own infants as more outgoing than the infants of the model intrusive and withdrawn mothers. The withdrawn mothers reported feeling more distressed when they observed an infant (of an intrusive or withdrawn mother) crying, suggesting that they feel more empathy than the intrusive mothers.

© 2001 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Exploring basin‐scale salinity problems using a simplified water accounting model: the example of Zayandeh Rud basin, Iran
Authors: Droogers P. , Salemi H.R. , Mamanpoush A.R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWater scarcity and salinization are major threats to sustainable irrigation in Iran as well as other parts of the world. Irrigation schemes are part of a basin and as such, irrigation research must be conducted in a basin context. For the Zayandeh Rud basin in central Iran, a simplified water and salinity basin model (WSBM) was developed for a quick analysis of river basin processes. First the model was calibrated and used for current and past water resources analyses. Despite the simplicity of the model, observed and simulated streamflows were similar, proving that the model could be used for scenario analyses. The first scenario was set up to analyze the effect of more efficient irrigation techniques on the basin water resources, where it was assumed that farmers would never accept lower water allocations if they invest in these more efficient techniques. As a consequence of this, return flows will decrease, resulting in less water available for downstream users. It was concluded that the effect on the downstream irrigation schemes was dramatic, with a 22% decrease in yield. Obviously, upstream yields will increase. A second scenario was defined where the effect of an increase of water extraction for the town of Esfahan was evaluated. In terms of basin‐scale water quantity aspects this increased extraction is negligible as extractions are relatively low and return flows are high. The last scenario was developed to study the additional releases required from the reservoir to provide sufficient water for expansion of the tail‐end Rudasht irrigation scheme. If no restriction is imposed on water quality, additional releases from the reservoir are limited. However, if salinity levels are not to exceed 2 dS m−1, mean annual water release requirements from the reservoir will increase from 52 to 64 m3 s−1, and peak requirements during the irrigation season will increase from 85 to 112 m3 s−1. Finally, it was concluded that the methodology and the model developed were useful for a swift and transparent analysis of past, current and future water and salt resources, and to perform scenario analyses. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rethinking an old empirical puzzle: econometric evidence on the forward discount anomaly
Authors: Maynard Alex , Phillips Peter C. B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUsing both semiparametric and parametric estimation methods, this paper corroborates earlier findings of fractionally integrated behaviour in the forward premium. Two new explanations are also proposed to help reconcile earlier conflicting empirical evidence on the time series properties of the forward premium. Traditional regression approaches used to test the forward rate unbiasedness hypothesis are then evaluated, including regression in levels, in returns (Fama's, 1984, regression), and in error‐correction format. Interesting statistical and/or interpretive implications are found in all three cases. For example, the predictions of the appropriate nonstandard limit theory are consistent with many of the standard empirical results reported from Fama's regression, including the commonly occurring, yet puzzling negative correlations between spot returns and the forward premium. It is suggested that the principal failure of unbiasedness, may be due instead to the difference in persistence between these two series. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.