bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genomic insights into diatom evolution and metabolism
Authors: Armbrust E Virginia , Rynearson Tatiana A , Jenkins Bethany D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diatoms are unicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes found throughout marine and freshwater environments (Round et al. 1990) and are estimated to generate up to 40% of primary production in the global ocean. The whole genome sequence of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana and the EST database from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum have provided new insights into the evolution and metabolic capabilities of diatoms. In this Chapter we highlight unusual diatom features including the targeting of nuclear-encoded proteins to the plastid, formation of the silica-based frustule, and aspects of nitrogen and carbon assimilation.
Previews And Prospects For The Cognitive Neuroscience Of Hypnosis And Conscious States
Authors: Jamieson Graham A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to provide an overview of core issues in the development of the cognitive neuroscience of hypnosis and conscious states as they emerge in the following chapters. The integration of neurophysiological, behavioural and phenomenological data into broad theoretical frameworks spanning across traditionally discreet levels of analysis is highlighted. Functional connectivity is identified as a unifying theme for future electro- physiological and imaging studies of hypnosis and conscious states. Careful attention to the ecological context of functionally significant neurophysiological systems is argued to be an essential component to building such integrated models. It both previews individual contributions and locates them within this wider framework of issues and themes in the cognitive neuroscience of conscious states. The case is made for the ongoing development of a mutually informative dialogue between the emerging cognitive neuroscience of consciousness and hypnosis research.
States Of Absorption: In Search Of Neurobiological Foundations
Authors: Ott Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1974 Tellegen and Atkinson presented the Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS) to assess interindividual differences in the tendency to experience states of absorption. They described absorption as ‘a disposition for having episodes of “total “ attention that fully engage one ‘s representational (i.e., perceptual, enactive, imaginative, and ideational) resources ‘ and explained that absorbed attending was believed to ‘result in a heightened sense of reality of the attentional object, imperviousness to distracting events, and an altered sense of reality in general, including an empathically altered sense of self ‘ (p. 268). The TAS consists of 34 items that are answered using a true/false response format. An English version utilizing a 5-point Likert scaled response format with improved psychometric properties is also available (Jamieson 2005).
Executive Control Without Conscious Awareness: The Cold Control Theory Of Hypnosis
Authors: Dienes Zoltán , Perner Josef 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Control and awareness seem intimately related (e.g. Norman and Shallice 1986; Jacoby 1991). Of course, some forms of control occur quite unconsciously (plausibly, for example, the detailed configuring of motor movements; Milner and Goodale 1995). However, there are some forms of control, such as planning or overcoming strong response tendencies (the ‘executive tasks ‘ of Norman and Shallice) that are so commonly associated with conscious awareness that it would seem bizarre if they occurred without it. In fact, unconscious executive control is not possible in the theories of Norman and Shallice and Jacoby. In this chapter, we argue for the theoretical possibility of unconscious executive control, based on the higher order thought (HOT) theory of Rosenthal (1986, 2002, 2005), and then argue that hypnosis provides an example of executive control without conscious awareness (cf. Hilgard 1977; Spanos 1986; Oakley 1999).
Foliations and the Geometry of 3-Manifolds
Authors: Calegari Danny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This unique reference, aimed at research topologists, gives an exposition of the 'pseudo-Anosov' theory of foliations of 3-manifolds. This theory generalizes Thurston's theory of surface automorphisms and reveals an intimate connection between dynamics, geometry and topology in 3 dimensions. Significant themes returned to throughout the text include the importance of geometry, especially the hyperbolic geometry of surfaces, the importance of monotonicity, especially in 1-dimensional and co-dimensional dynamics, and combinatorial approximation, using finite combinatorical objects such as train-tracks, branched surfaces and hierarchies to carry more complicated continuous objects.
Law and the sources of morality
Authors: Hinde Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relations between law and morality have been clouded by differences of opinion concerning the extent to which both law and morality are to be seen as fixed and immutable, or as labile. With respect to law, the distinction between sacred and secular, second nature in the Western world, is simply inappropriate in many societies. Even early in the second millennium BCE all imperatives of life received their value from the fact that they represented the will of the gods as conveyed by the ruler, who claimed to be accomplishing divine wishes (Bottéro 1992). And in the modern world, ‘the law’ is often seen as given, as what is on the statute book (e.g. Hart 1994). That leads to the view that, in considering particular cases, there should be no relation between law and morality or that, if there is, it is better for lawyers to hold to precedent and disregard it.
A neuroscientific approach to normative judgment in law and justice
Authors: Goodenough Oliver R , Prehn Kristin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do humans think about right and wrong? This critical question has recurred in law, philosophy, the arts and religion over the centuries. As David Hume (1739, p. 31) wrote, ‘morality is a subject that interests us above all others’. More recently, this question has engaged psychology and other scientific approaches to human thought and behaviour: including the emerging science of human brain function. Interest has not abated in the twenty-first century. A recent review of neuroscientific approaches to normative judgment declared, ‘the neurobiology of moral cognition is a justifiably hot topic’(Casebeer & Churchland 2003, p. 170).
The brain and the law
Authors: Chorvat* Terrence , McCabe Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For centuries, the study of human behaviour has been distinct from the study of the natural world. Because of the complexity of the brain and our historic lack of understanding of its operations, social science has not focused on the brain, but instead attempted to study that which can be analysed: behaviour itself (Goodenough 2001). For example, Sigmund Freud first began his study of human behaviour with physiological mechanisms but ended this research because the basic science had not yet advanced sufficiently to directly aid him in the understanding of behaviour (Gazzaniga et al. 2002). Arguably, his approach to human behaviour ended up deriving more from philosophies of Hegel and Schopenauer than from neuroscientists such as Golgi and Cajal (Jones 1961; Ledoux 2002).
For the law, neuroscience changes nothing and everything
Authors: Greene Joshua , Cohen Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The law takes a long-standing interest in the mind. In most criminal cases, a successful conviction requires the prosecution to establish not only that the defendant engaged in proscribed behaviour, but also that the misdeed in question was the product of mens rea, a ‘guilty mind’. Narrowly interpreted, mens rea refers to the intention to commit a criminal act, but the term has a looser interpretation by which it refers to all mental states consistent with moral and/or legal blame. (A killing motivated by insane delusional beliefs may meet the requirements for mens rea in the first sense, but not the second.) (Goldstein et al. 2003) Thus, for centuries, many legal issues have turned on the question: ‘what was he thinking?’.
The frontal cortex and the criminal justice system
Authors: Sapolsky Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is the duty of every academic to argue for the importance of their field, and to tout the recent advances and expansion that it has undergone. Despite the clichéd ubiquity of this pattern, I believe that neuroscience and our understanding of the functioning of the brain has undergone a particularly dramatic example of this expansion. As one measure of it, the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, arguably the premier general neuroscience conference, attracts some 25 000 attendees and features some 14 000 poster or lecture presentations. Many of these subjects concern deadening minutia (except, of course, to the three people on Earth feverishly taken with that topic), but some findings in neuroscience should seem nothing short of flabbergasting to any intelligent person.
Diffusion Models Of Scattering
Authors: Field Timothy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diffusion models have proved highly successful in their application to a large number of problems in applied physics, as described e.g. in Risken (1989). In this chapter we consider the diffusion dynamics underlying electromagnetic scattering processes from random media, such that the asymptotic distribution for the scattered intensity is the K-distribution (Jakeman 1980; Jakeman and Tough 1988; Tough 1987; Ward 1981).
Markov chains
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Markov chain is a random process with the property that, conditional on its present value, the future is independent of the past. The Chapman– Kolmogorov equations are derived, and used to explore the persistence and transience of states. Stationary distributions are studied at length, and the ergodic theorem for irreducible chains is proved using coupling. The reversibility of Markov chains is discussed. After a section devoted to branching processes, the theory of Poisson processes and birth–death processes is considered in depth, and the theory of continuous-time chains is sketched. The technique of imbedding a discrete-time chain inside a continuous-time chain is exploited in different settings. The basic properties of spatial Poisson processes are de- scribed, and the chapter ends with an account of the technique of Markov chain Monte Carlo.
Bayesian inference
Authors: Garthwaite Paul , Jolliffe Ian , Jones Byron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter introduced some elements of Bayesian inference. These will be discussed further now, together with additional topics. In some cases the Bayesian approach and the frequentist (or classical) approach have clear similarities. For example, in the next section we give the Bayesian definition of suﬃciency and show its equivalence to the frequentist definition. We also find that Bayesian interval estimates are often numerically equal to frequentist confidence intervals when an uninformative prior distribution is used. With other topics, such as hypothesis testing, we find marked differences between the two approaches.
Introduction
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nerve endings in the walls of the carotid sinuses and the aortic arch transduce arterial pressure changes and provide the central nervous system with a steady stream of encoded information. On the basis of this information, efferent autonomic neural activity is modulated finely, and the neurohumoral milieu of the heart and blood vessels is adjusted on a second-to¬ second basis. The arterial baroreflex may be the most important of the cardiovascular control mechanisms, because the baroreflex, above all other reflex mechanisms is the one whose speed is most adequate to respond rapidly to the abrupt transients of arterial pressure that occur in daily life.
Afferent baroreceptor activity
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hauss and Schmitt (1961, 1962a,b), Langrehr (1964), and Angell-James and Lumley (1974) have published the only direct recordings of human baroreceptor traffic in the literature. Their recordings, which probably include activity of chemoreceptor as well as baroreceptor nerve fibres, were made in patients undergoing surgery. The remarkable aortic nerve recording published by Langrehr (1964) is reproduced in Fig. 6.1. The left-hand tracing shows convincing pulse-synchronous firing in a multifibre preparation, and the right-hand tracing shows firing in a single fibre! (Presumably the occurrence of baroreceptor firing slightly before the beginning of the arterial pulse resulted from delays in registration of the pressure pulse.)
Major evolutionary radiations in the Bryozoa
Authors: Taylor P D , Larwood G P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three principal phases of major radiation can be distinguished during the Ordovician to Recent history of marine bryozoans; an Ordovician stenolaemate radiation; a mid-Mesozoic cyclostome radiation; and a late Mesozoic cheilostome radiation. Each radiation entailed numerical diversification and morphological divergence within apparently monophyletic clades. Primitive taxa at the base of the three radiating clades had runner-like colony-forms characterizing a fugitive ecological strategy. The spectrum of more advanced colony-forms which appeared during each radiation provide striking examples of homeomorphy through parallel evolution. Comparisons between species-rich and species-poor sister-groups permit the identification of evolutionary innovations which might have played a role in the three radiations. Structural innovations include the acquisition of a calcified skeleton during the Ordovician stenolaemate and late Mesozoic cheilostome radiations, and of freewalled skeletal organization during the Ordovician stenolaemate and mid-Mesozoic cyclostome radiations.
Effects of stress on genetic variation
Authors: Hoffmann Ary A , Parsons Peter A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Environmental stresses act as selective agents that can alter gene frequencies in populations and so cause genetic divergence within and among populations, as shown by the examples in the previous chapter. Stress can also have more immediate effects on the genome and on the expression of genetic variation at the phenotypic level, and we consider these effects in this chapter. We examine the consequences of adverse conditions on the expression of genetic variation by reviewing data on stress and heterosis, and by examining data on the impact of environmental conditions on the genetic component of variance and the relative importance of the additive, dominance, and epistatic effects of this component. Explanations for changes in these genetic parameters with stress levels are discussed. Finally, we briefly consider the number of loci underlying genetic variation in stress response traits, as well as factors that may contribute to the persistence of genetic variation for these traits in populations.
A systematic analysis of pollen morphology of Acanthaceae genera with contorted corollas
Authors: Scotland Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The variation in pollen morphology is described in genera of Acanthaceae with contorted aestivation (Burkill and Clarke 1899-1900). It is argued that the pollen types of Lindau (1895) are conceptually inadequate for describing the complete range of palynological variation in the family. A parsimony analysis of pollen data is presented. The results of the analysis are radically different from classifications proposed previously. The classifications of Lindau (1895), Clarke (1885), and Burkill and Clarke (1899-1900) are compared, in terms of the new pollen data, to the results of the analysis, and are found to have relatively low consistency indices.
Ecology of tropical rocky shores: plant-animal interactions in tropical and temperate latitudes
Authors: Brosnan Deborah M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is only the relative importance of various ecological processes that varies between tropical and temperate shores, not the processes themselves. A comparison of physical and biological features of tropical shores is presented. Overall, herbivorous fish are more common in the tropics, while invertebrate grazers dominate temperate regions; this difference is responsible for much of the variation in algal composition and abundance between tropical and temperate shores. A model predicting how different herbivores influence plant composition is presented. Nontrophic interactions are important at all latitudes, but may be more important in temperate zones. Three-dimensional refuges are more important in the tropics. Models of the importance of species interactions in relation to environmental stress may allow us to predict when plantanimal interactions will be dominant factors on rocky shores, regardless of latitude.
A novel series of non-peptide CCK and gastrin antagonists: medicinal chemistry and electrophysiological demonstration of antagonism
Authors: Howbert J J , Lobb K L , Brown R F , Reel J K , Neel, D A , Mason N R , Mendelsohn L G , Hodgkiss, J P , Kelly J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neuropeptides are a rapidly growing class of mediators which have important roles in a great diversity of physiological processes, particularly in the CNS and the gastrointestinal tract. Historically, the tools available for studying these processes have been almost exclusively the peptides themselves and related peptide agonists and antagonists. This has proved a considerable hindrance to research because of the pharmacokinetic shortcomings of many peptides, which include poor oral absorption, protease lability, and poor blood-brain barrier penetration. As a result, attention has recently turned to the development of non-peptide ligands for neuropeptide receptors. One of the most generally successful approaches has been the identification of non-peptide lead structures through broad screening with radio-ligand binding assays. Initial leads are then optimized with respect to potency, selectivity, and other desired properties via systematic manipulation of the structure. This method was previously used to develop non-peptide CCK and gastrin antagonists, using initial screening at a peripheral (CCKA) type CCK receptor (Chang et al. 1985; Evans et al. 1986).
Introduction
Authors: Rehfeld Jens F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This section is devoted to the anxiogenic and panicogenic effect of CCK and the potential anxiolytic and antipanic properties of CCK antagonists. As an introduction to the following detailed chapters by Hendrie and Neill, and Bradwejn and Koszycki, I shall first describe the fortuitous and unexpected discovery of this novel activity of CCK. On second thoughts, it is perhaps less surprising that CCK peptides are also involved in central anxiogenic mechanisms. Thus the facts that CCK is the most widespread and abundant peptide system in the CNS (Rehfeld 1978; Larsson and Rehfeld 1979), that CCK peptides are synthesized at a very fast rate in the brain (Goltermann et al. 1980; Stengaard-Pedersen et al. 1984), and that CCK peptides are highly potent transmitters (Emson et al. 1980; Dodd and Kelly 1981) raises the question of whether there are CNS activities in which CCK peptides are not involved. In addition to the early history of the panicogenic and anxiogenic effects of CCK, I shall also reflect on the curious fact that so far only one molecular form of CCK, i.e. the small CCK-4, has displayed the capacity to induce anxiety attacks by exogenous administration. This is an important observation, which also needs further examination. It may have direct implications for our concept of the multiplicity of CCK receptors in the brain.
CCK receptors and panic attacks in man
Authors: Bradwejn Jacques , Koszycki Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-//1-R) (American Psychiatric Association 1987) describes a panic attack as the sudden onset of intense anxiety or fear, accompanied by at least four of the following 12 symptoms: dyspnea, choking, palpitations, or tachycardia: chest pain or discomfort; sweating; faintness; dizziness; light-headedness; unsteady feeling; nausea or abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; flushes or chills; trembling or shaking and fear of dying; fear of going insane; fear of doing something uncontrolled. The particular cluster of panic symptoms varies across individuals and may differ slightly from one attack to another within individuals.
The development and proof of the CCK hypothesis of satiety
Authors: Smith G P , Gibbs J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1973, we reported that the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of CCK to rats shortly before a test meal decreased the size of that meal (Gibbs et al. 1973a). The effect was obtained with an impure extract of CCK as well as with the synthetic C-terminal octapeptide CCK-8 (Gibbs et al. 1973b). The effect was dose-related and did not appear to be non-specific or toxic. On the basis of these results, we proposed that endogenous CCK released from the mucosal cells of the upper small intestine by food ingested during a meal acted to terminate that meal by a hormonal mode of action. We now believe that sufficient evidence has been obtained to consider the essence of the hypothesis proven although the mode of action of CCK- endocrine or paracrine- has not been settled. In this chapter, we review the evidence that we consider crucial. It comes from two kinds of experiments - experiments with agonists and experiments with antagonists.
CCK-induced activation of oxytocin neurons is blocked by a selective CCKA receptor antagonist
Authors: Leng Gareth , Hamamura Mitsuko , Bacon Joanne , Emson Piers C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In anaesthetized rats, following intravenous (i.v.) administration of CCK, octapeptide, the magnocellular oxytocin neurons of the supra-optic nucleus show a highly reproducible transient excitation lasting 10-15 min and with a mean peak response of about 2 spikes/s above basal firing rates (usually 1-3 spikes/s). This neuronal excitation (Higuchi et al. 1991; Renaud et al. 1987) results in a significant elevation of plasma oxytocin concentrations, which appears as a peak of approximately 50 pg/ml above basal levels at about 5 min after CCK injection (Verbalis et al. 1986a, b; Blackburn and Leng 1990). The level of oxytocin release is similar in conscious and urethane-anaesthetized rats, suggesting that urethane anaesthesia does not impair the responsiveness of oxytocin neurons to this stimulus. In contrast, the vasopressin cells of the supra-optic nucleus are either transiently inhibited or unaffected following CCK injections, and plasma vasopressin concentrations show little or no change. Hence the pathway activated by CCK injections appears relatively specific.
Studies on host-plant resistance in rice to gall midge Orseolia oryzae
Authors: Peries David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Necrotic hypersensitive reaction in rice as a mechanism of host plant resistance to the rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae, is a new phenomenon. This reaction in the highly resistant seedlings starts as a slight yellowing of the tissues of the shoot apex following the arrival of the midge laiva. This leads to the browning and final death of the apical meristem and of the midge laiva feeding on it.
Induction and development of the bean gall caused by Pontania proxima
Authors: Leitch I J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The life cycle of the sawfly Pontania proxima (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) which induces bean galls on the willow Salix triandra L. is comparatively simple when compared with many insect species that form galls. It has therefore been possible to establish an experimental laboratory system to induce galls and monitor their development.