bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Institutions of Justification
Authors: Macedo Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Communitarians often charge that liberal political theory is too abstract and universalistic to capture the distinctive traditions and common understandings of particular polities. Others contend that liberal individualism all too accurately captures the essence of American politics. John P. Diggins argues that the United States has lost the Calvinist soul that once ennobled our liberal or Lockian politics. Lacking a public morality, says Diggins, Americans have sunk in a morass of materialism: ‘The liberal legacy has troubled generations of American intellectuals. Individualism seemed to leave America without a sense of moral community and pluralism without a sense of national purpose. ‘George F. Will argues that self-interest has been the basis of American politics since the founding. The founders’ attempt to control political conflict by harnessing ‘opposite and rival interests’ leads, says Will, to a nation of individuals and interest groups given over to self-indulgence and acquisition. And so Will is, like MacIntyre, ‘concerned about the slow-motion barbarization from within’ of the American polity.
The Constitution of Liberalism
Authors: Macedo Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary constitutional argument provides an example of a version of communitarianism that has succeeded in gaining a share of political power. We revisit the conservative communitarianism of the American New Right, discussed briefly in previous chapters, because it directly denies the constitutional relevance of public justification. Conservative communitarians claim the legacy of the founders and the authority of the Constitution for a vision of American public life radically at odds with the ideals of liberal community, a vision that provides a hint of what communitarian politics could look like in practice. In place of liberal commitments to principled interpretation, individual liberty, and public justification, the; New Right’s Constitution is informed by historical intentions, majority power, and moral scepticism.
The Traditional Unionist Interpretation
Authors: Whyte John , FitzGerald Garret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The traditional unionist interpretation can be summed up in two propositions: (1) there are two distinct peoples in Ireland, unionist and nationalist (or Protestant and Catholic); and (2) the core of the problem is the refusal of nationalists to recognize this fact, and to accord to unionists the same right of self-determination as they claim for themselves. Far from seeing Britain as the core of the problem, unionists tend to see the mainland British as unreliable allies who are too prone to give in to the nationalists.
Marxist Interpretations
Authors: Whyte John , FitzGerald Garret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marxist analysis of the Irish problem goes back to Marx and Engels themselves, whose writings on Ireland were numerous enough to have been collected in book form (Marx and Engels 1971). However, the first writer to apply Marx’s ideas to Ireland systematically was James Connolly (1870-1916). Connolly’s works were still influential in the 1960s, when the troubles in Northern Ireland broke out. They were kept in print long after the writings of contemporaries who at the time had had a wider influence, like Arthur Griffith or D. P. Moran. I shall use the edition which was most easily accessible in the 1960s-the three-volume collection edited by Desmond Ryan, which was first published in 1948-51 and was later reprinted. In particular I shall use the second volume, entitled Socialism and Nationalism (Ryan 1948).
Qibya
Authors: Morris Benny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of the early 1950s, as strife along the borders continued, two schools of thought emerged in Jerusalem about the proper response to Arab depredations. While the focus of debate between the two was usually the retaliatory policy in general and individual reprisal operations in particular, in more general terms the argument was over the way Israel should deal with the surrounding Arab world. Inevitably, there was also disagreement over relations with the West and the United Nations. Through the mid-1950s, the ‘Activists’ (or Bit’honistim (the security-minded ones)), led by Ben-Gurion (prime minister and defence minister from 1948 until the end of 1953, defence minister from February 1955 until 1963, and prime minister from November 1955 until 1963),
Introduction
Authors: Galipeau Claude J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sir Isaiah Berlin is a British man of letters of Russian-Jewish origins. Born in Riga, Latvia, in 1909, his family emigrated to Britain in 1919, fleeing the Russian Revolution. He was brought up and educated in Britain, and has spent most of his professional life studying and lecturing at Oxford University, or at universities in America and Israel while on leave. To the international scholarly community he is best known as the author of ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’ (1958),1 yet his professional interests cover many fields in addition to moral and political philosophy: music and literary criticism, historiography, scholarship in the history of ideas, cultural interpretation, translation, teaching, university and arts administration, diplomacy, community work, and broadcasting.
Theoretical Introduction
Authors: Gell Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this book is to bring together the facts concerning tattooing in Polynesia and to offer an interpretation of them. To what extent, and in what ways, were the Polynesians tattooed, during the historical period for which documentation exists? What can we now recover of the cultural significance of this once widespread practice? The extant evidence which bears on these questions is in some respects quite full, because tattooing was a visible trait which tended to attract the attention of early observers of the customary practices of south sea islanders; yet often enough the evidence peters out just as we appear to be approaching the heart of the matter. In order to make the fullest possible use of the ethnographic material bearing specifically on tattooing it becomes necessary to range quite widely over the field of Polynesian studies. So there are many pages, among those to come, on which the word ‘tattooing’ fails to make an appearance. This digressive format is an unavoidable necessity, and in consequence this book takes the form, at least in part, of a general introduction to Polynesian culture and society, besides being a specialized treatment of one particular feature of these societies.
Justice as mutual advantage and justice as reciprocity
Authors: Barry Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Mere altruism, surprisingly enough, does not provide a common stand point from which everyone can reach the same conclusions &. Altruism by itself generates as many conflicting standpoints as there are conceptions of the good.’1 Drawn from a recent book by Thomas Nagel, this may be taken as a succinct summary of the conclusion arrived at by the end of the previous chapter. However, the conceptions of the good discussed by Nagel differ from those that I have given: his central example of a person acting on a conception of the good is that of somebody who ‘believes that by restricting freedom of worship he is saving innocent people from the risks of eternal damnation to which they are exposed by deviation from the true faith’2 Such a belief is, he suggests, a recipe for unresolvable conflict unless the issue can be shifted to a higher level.
Is impartial justice a fraud?
Authors: Barry Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far I have argued that justice as impartiality offers a fair basis of agreement for people with divergent conceptions of the good. In this chapter, I shall take up a line of criticism of justice as impartiality according to which these pretensions are fraudulent. Although criticism of this kind is quite common, I believe that the most forceful and persuasive statement of the case is the one to be found in Alasdair Maclntyre’s book, Whose Justice? ‘Which Rationality? In order to advance my own exposition, I shall at several points take up issues that are not raised by MacIntyre himself but have been put forward by others—both friends and foes of justice as impartiality. Nevertheless, the framework of the chapter will be provided by Maclntyre’s allegation that justice as impartiality is in fact a ‘partisan’ account that embodies the distinctive assumptions of ‘liberal individualism’.
The idea of neutrality
Authors: Barry Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have said that MacIntyre is right to claim that a certain kind of neutrality between conceptions of the good can be achieved on the basis of a conception of the good as want-satisfaction. Want-satisfaction is, I have suggested, a second-order conception of the good that can incorporate all other conceptions of the good in the guise of wants. At the same time, however, I wish to insist that there is another kind of neutrality, which is generated by justice as impartiality. In this chapter I shall argue that Maclntyre’s attempt to conflate justice as impartiality with a conception of the good as want-satisfaction can properly be resisted. But I shall also show how MacIntyre could have been misled into making this conflation. For there is an undeniable parallelism between the two which is worth bringing out.
Introduction: Europe’s Endangered Industrial Champions
Authors: Hayward Jack 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the ever-widening expanse of comparative political economy, the comparative study of industrial policy has been very susceptible to fashion. After the Second World War, and especially in France, it was associated with national economic planning and with macro-economic policy. In the 1960s, it was more specifically linked with the merger mania that took the specific form of developing firms that could carry the national flag into the internationally competitive arena. What had been seen as government¬industry relations, regarded as a sectoral activity, became increasingly focused upon particular firms, although it took quite a while for this to be appreciated by external observers.
Introduction
Authors: Hesse Joachim Jens , Wright Vincent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book, as its title indicates, deals with the subject of ‘federalizing Europe’. And it does so at three levels: at the level of the European Community, at the level of its Member States, and at the level of the states of Central and Eastern Europe. This approach, it will be argued, is essential, because of the increasing interdependence and interplay of these three levels: nation-states in all parts of Europe influence one another, influence the Community, and are influenced by it. This is true in a variety of ways and to varying degrees. This book looks at one of those ways: the federalizing of previous unitary state systems or the reordering of existing federal arrangements. Clearly, not all European nation-states are involved.
From the USSR to the Commonwealth of Independent States: Confederation or Civilized Divorce?
Authors: Kux Stephan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) mark a crucial turning-point in the political landscape of Europe and indeed in world history. The revolutionary process of systemic change and national liberation is, however, not yet terminated, and the CIS also seems to be on the brink of collapse. The republics are shaken by domestic instabilities, powerful centrifugal forces are pulling the post-Soviet states further apart, and interrepublican ties are beset with serious political, military, and economic conflicts. The ambitious plans to create a common market, a political union, and a military alliance at the same time could not be realized. Most observers have written off the CIS as a viable institution. Despite the serious challenges facing this heterogeneous confederation of states in statu nascendi, some progress towards institutionalization and integration can nevertheless be observed. Moreover, despite the often confusing, chaotic nature of alliance politics in the new Commonwealth, the republican leaders, have a fairly good track-record in managing conflicts, finding compromises, and co-ordinating policy.
Federalizing Europe: The Path to Adjustment
Authors: Hesse Joachim Jens , Wright Vincent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has hopefully contributed to a more balanced assessment of the political, economic, and socio-cultural potential of federal arrangements through an exploration of the costs, benefits, and preconditions of federalization. The basic questions addressed were the following: To what extent do we discern federalization processes at work in Europe, and why such processes? What, on the basis of theoretical understanding and empirical studies (not confined to Europe), can reasonably be expected from federal systems, at what price, and under what conditions?
Internal Factors in Russian Foreign Policy
Authors: Malcolm Neil , Pravda Alex , Allison Roy , Light Margot 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the turmoil following the collapse of Soviet power, post-Communist Russia has emerged as an assertively independent force in international affairs. Meanwhile, an intense debate has been underway in Moscow about Russia's national interests and foreign policy priorities. Domestic political conflicts and the close ties with former Soviet partner states have made internal factors particularly particularly important in shaping Russian foreign policy. Internal Factors in Russian Foreign Policy is the first systematic analysis of the domestic political forces which condition the international behaviour of the new Russian state. Four leading specialists examine in turn the areas of foreign policy thinking and debate, how policy is made, the public politics of foreign policy and the role of the military. They explore the changing domestic alignments associated with recent shifts in Russian foreign policy, focusing on the roles played by institutions such as the Security Council and the legislature, by military groupings and by emerging economic interests. The authors throw new light on the domestic foundations of Moscow's more assertive and sef-reliant stance.
Foreign Policy Making
Authors: Malcolm Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most countries foreign policy questions are handled among a relatively small circle of officials in the executive arm of government. Access to information about foreign policy making is not easy, and the process tends to be relatively insulated from domestic politics. The Soviet system was one of the most secretive of all. However, since the collapse of the Communist order considerably more information has become available about how foreign policy is made in Moscow. What is more, the confusion and conflict of Russian political life mean that the boundary between domestic politics and the foreign policy process has become much more penetrable. The political struggle is likely to have an impact even on the innermost decision-making circles greater than it would in a more stable and routinized setting.
Boat-Owning Groups
Authors: Barnes R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The larger fishing and whaling vessels, called téna in Lamaholot and pelédang in the local version of Bahasa Indonesia, which are used for chasing whales, porpoise, manta ray, and other large game, are owned and maintained by corporations centred on a hereditary core, which are augmented by other ties, typically those based on marriages of women from the descent group.1 Each boat (with one exception) is associated with either a patrilineal descent group or with a named segment of such a descent group. Most of the clans in the village own at least one boat. Just as some clans are larger than others and internally more complexly organized, so too are there more boats in some clans and the pattern of ownership is more complex.
A Critique Of Welfare Economics
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Critique of Welfare Economics was first published in 1950. It was concerned with the exposition, criticism, and appreciation of the theory of economic welfare as it had been developed to that date. It was an attempt to clarify what was meant by 'welfare'; to distinguish measurable, verifiable elements of the theory from subjective normative judgements about policies for improving economic well-being; and to establish criteria for determining whether one configuration of the economic system is better or worse than another. Little showed that the welfare theory of the time could be based directly on individual market choices, and that resort to traditional utilitarian concepts was not essential. A Critique of Welfare Economics is now reissued at the same time as Ethics, Economics, and Politics -- Little's latest book which explores the overlap between the three disciplines, and discusses the need for political decisions in economic matters, and the principles guiding them. He has added a new retrospective preface to Critique in which he assesses the contribution the book made in the light of subsequent literature in the area.
Age at Menopause and Fecundity Preceding Menopause
Authors: Rahman Omar , Menken Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reproductive life-span of a woman is delimited by menarche and menopause. In contrast to age at menarche and adolescent fertility, age at menopause and fertility preceding menopause have received relatively little attention in the scientific literature. Female fecundity does not decline precipitously; rather, menopause is the culmination of a gradual decline that results from both biological and socio-cultural factors (Gray, 1979a, 1979b). Recently, as more women in developed countries have chosen to delay first births, there has been increased interest in the availability of accurate information about fecundity in the period shortly preceding menopause and about factors affecting age at menopause. In developing countries, involuntary sterility due to disease remains an important concern. Additionally, the long life expectancy of women today means a significant proportion, especially in the developed world, can expect to live for two or three decades past the age of natural menopause. Postmenopausal women have a number of increased health risks: osteoporosis (Lindquist et al., 1981) and increased risk of cardiovascular disease (Kannel et al., 1976) are two of the more prominent. Thus, knowledge about factors affecting age at menopause and the consequent duration of exposure to postmenopausal health risks has become more crucial (McKinlay et al., 1985).
Fertility Following Contraceptive Use
Authors: Huggins George R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The issue of fertility following contraceptive use is of the utmost importance to any patient or couple seeking advice as to the best method of contraception. Few things are as disheartening to a couple and their physician as the discovery of an infertility problem after having postponed childbearing. The late discovery of an unsuspected infertility problem often occurs in patients who have utilized long-term steroidal contraception, an intra-uterine device (IUD), or a combination of these two methods. Contraception usage today is heavily concentrated on oral contraceptives and intra-uterine devices. In addition to the preventive contraceptive methods, approximately one million elective abortions are performed each year in the United States (Centers for Disease Control, 1987).
The Relationship Between Reduced Fecundability and Subsequent Foetal Loss*
Authors: Baird Donna D , Ragan N Beth , Wilcox Allen J , Weinberg Clarice R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding the relationships among reproductive outcomes is important in both clinical and regulatory settings. In clinical settings, couples who have one reproductive problem may want to know whether they are at higher risk of others. In making regulatory decisions, it would be convenient to know if environmental or occupational exposures generally cause an array of reproductive problems. Then we could study a single outcome (the most convenient or the most sensitive). If, however, exposures are generally so specific in their biological effects that a given exposure affects only a specific outcome, a broader range of reproductive endpoints must be evaluated in order to assess the safety of exposures.
Statistical Evidence of Links Between Maternal Nutrition and Post-Partum Infertility
Authors: John A Meredith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question at hand is whether mild or moderate undernutrition affects the ability of a woman to reproduce, and, in particular, whether mild or moderate undernutrition affects the duration of post-partum infertility, either by affecting the duration of post-partum amenorrhoea or by affecting the subsequent waiting time to conception. Simple comparisons of mean length of the birth interval, mean duration of post-partum amenorrhoea, or mean waiting time to conception among populations are uninformative: differences among populations may equally well be nutritional or behavioural. Intra-community variations in the duration of post-partum amenorrhoea or the waiting time to conception as a function of, for example, weight, are only slightly more informative, since women will still differ, in, say, the timing of the introduction of supplemental foods to their infants.
The Return of Ovarian Function during Lactation: Results of Studies from the United States and the Philippines*
Authors: Gray Ronald H , Apelo Ruben , Campbell Oona , Eslami Susan , Zacur Howard , Labbok Miriam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Demographers and biomedical scientists have long been interested in the return of fecundity during lactation. For demographers, this interest largely focuses on the length of the post-partum infertile period, which is’ a major determinant of birth intervals. But because post-partum infertility cannot be directly measured in most demographic surveys, the duration of lactational amenorrhoea has generally been used as a proxy. There is, however, concern that amenorrhoea may not be a satisfactory proxy measure, both because pregnancy may occur in amenorrhoeic women and because there is evidence that fecundability is suppressed in breastfeeding women even after the resumption of menstruation. Moreover, numerous retrospective, cross-sectional, and prospective demographic studies of the duration of lactational amenorrhoea suggest serious data problems due to recall error, digit preference, and marked heaping of menstrual return around 6 and 12 months postpartum. In addition, there are limitations to the measurement of lactational status, with often crude categorization of women into full or partial breastfeeding groups (Lesthage and Page, 1980; Hobcraft and Guz, 1985; Ford and Kim, 1987).
The Relation of Scale and Size and its Historical Development
Authors: Scazzieri Roberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters we considered the relationship between scale and technical practice from a theoretical point of view. After presenting a rational reconstruction of the economists’ views about this issue (Chapter 3), we introduced a new model of the production process (Chapter 4). This model, which is based on viewing productive activity as a network of tasks performed in real time, was then used in order to analyse two different ‘scenarios’ in which a change of process scale brings about a change in the set of technical alternatives available to the producer: scale-technology expansion and scale-technology contraction (Chapters 5 and 6). In both ‘scenarios’ the change of scale brings about a change in the range of possible outcomes (feasible technical practices). The actual outcome (the technical practice actually adopted) depends on the pattern followed by the producer in searching for a ‘suitable’ technical practice (Chapters 7 and 8). This search is based on ‘optimizing’ or ‘satisficing’ behaviour.