bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Francisella tularensisEnters Macrophages via a Novel Process Involving Pseudopod Loops
Authors: Clemens Daniel L. , Lee Bai-Yu , Horwitz Marcus A. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTIntracellular bacterial pathogens employ a variety of strategies to invade their eukaryotic host cells. From an ultrastructural standpoint, the processes that bacteria employ to invade their host cells include conventional phagocytosis, coiling phagocytosis, and ruffling/triggered macropinocytosis. In this paper, we describe a novel process by whichFrancisella tularensis, the agent of tularemia, enters host macrophages.F. tularensisis a remarkably infectious facultative intracellular bacterial parasite—as few as 10 bacteria can cause life-threatening disease in humans. However, the ultrastructure of its uptake and the receptor mechanisms that mediate its uptake have not been reported previously. We have used fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy to examine the adherence and uptake of a virulent recent clinical isolate ofF. tularensis, subspeciestularensis, and the live vaccine strain (LVS), subspeciesholarctica, by human macrophages. We show here that both strains ofF. tularensisenter human macrophages by a novel process of engulfment within asymmetric, spacious pseudopod loops, a process that differs ultrastructurally from all previously described uptake mechanisms. We demonstrate also that adherence and uptake ofF. tularensisby macrophages is strongly dependent upon complement receptors and upon serum with intact complement factor C3 and that uptake requires actin microfilaments. These findings have significant implications for understanding the intracellular biology and virulence of this extremely infectious pathogen.
From Virtual to Local Realities: Access to ICT and Women Advocacy Networks in Turkey
Authors: Törenli Nurcan 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to explore the advocacy networks in the local context of Turkey. To avoid the limitations stemming from the unfounded optimism of the mainstream theoretical approaches (Idealist model) undermining the level of socioeconomic development of Turkey, the paper employs the realistic/alternative approach called "knowledge society perspective." In the theoretical part (Section 2), I compare and contrast the two theoretical approaches and discuss the policy implications from a critical perspective. It is claimed that the knowledge society approach is more appropriate in the understanding of specific problems of Turkey with regard to the production, distribution, access, and power relationships in the context of ICTs. The main empirical focus of the paper is women advocacy networks and their use of ICTs. In order to substantiate the claims developed in the theoretical discussion, the results of the survey conducted among women advocacy networks are presented. The main finding of the survey shows that, in the context of Turkey, the ICTs and advocacy networks are used only by an elite sector of the Turkish women. In contrast with the assumed potential of the ICTs as inclusive technologies, the fact that they can work to exclude large segments of the population casts doubt on the universal validity claims of the mainstream theories.
The Human Rights Discourse in Health
Authors: Schuftan Claudio 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAs is long overdue, this paper attempts to expose "health development" professionals to the Human Rights discourse in the health sector. This paper is presented as an advocacy piece for an alternative to the existing "Health Sector Reform" (HSR). HSR is primarily advocated by the World Bank and is influencing World Health Organization (WHO) policy (WHO 2000). Literature concerning the contrasting of these two approaches to health is scarce. Consequently, for many readers, this paper will mark their first exposure to the human rights-based approach to work in health; for others, it will reinforce and refresh some of their already known key concepts.
Investment in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and its Payoff in Malaysia
Authors: Kuppusamy Mudiarasan , Santhapparaj A. Solucis 
Published: August 2005

AbstractInformation and communication technologies (ICT) have become the key drivers for socioeconomic development in recent years. This paper provides an empirical examination on the impact of ICT on Malaysian economic growth over the period 1975-2002 by using secondary data. Real GDP has been used as the dependent variable with three independent variables, namely, investment on ICT, non-ICT investment, and total labor employed in the economy. The unrestricted error correction method (UECM) and the cointegration bounds test revealed that the ICT had contributed positively to Malaysia's economic growth over the study period. The empirical result reflects the benefits gained from the immense ICT-based investment made in the country over the years. Further, several policy recommendations are discussed on how Malaysia can achieve better economic growth by leveraging of ICT.
"Just a Time-Pass": Acknowledgement/Denial (?) of Sexual Harassment in Young Women's Discourse
Authors: Zubair Shirin 
Published: August 2005

AbstractUsing the feminist techniques of unstructured interviews and self-participatory approach, I analyze the constructions of sexuality and sexual harassment in the discourses of women and men entering higher education, and the wider Pakistani society. The content, themes and discursive linguistic choices from the interview narratives of 16 young women who have experienced sexual harassment in educational institutions, workplace and streets have been analyzed. The data helps to illustrate that sexual harassment is a mechanism of social control, deeply linked to the patriarchy and power structures of Pakistani society. It is neither researched nor reported in public discourses hence it is perpetuated and reinforced by both men and women. The analysis shows that women's unawareness of certain forms of harassment, their silence and dismissal of it as "just a time-pass" (an idiom in Pakistani English which is equivalent to "just a pastime" in standard English) constructing it as a non-violent behavior obliquely reinforce it.
The Transitional Woman: A Case Study of Values in the Context of an Arabic/Islamic Society
Authors: Walters Timothy , Walters Lynne 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is fourfold. It is first in a series of studies designed to examine: 1) Rokeach's Terminal and Instrumental Values typology in the context of non-Western culture, specifically Arab/Islam of the United Arab Emirates, 2) whether there are emerging (perhaps transitional) family and female typologies based on these value sets, 3) the relationship between outside forces (the economy and public policy for example) and the family, and 4) it is also meant to gather questions for future study.The paper is based on a survey of students at the all-female Zayed University in Dubai. The results suggested differences between groups of students with respect to Rokeach's Terminal and Instrumental Values. Environmental factors that seem to influence these differences included religion, education, urbanization, and the changing role of women in society.Findings suggest that Rokeach's values system must be rephrased, gathering terms bound to Arabic/Islamic Society to determine what terms are synonymous and what are not. Before the questions of whether a new value system is emerging in the modernizing Arab/Islamic world, where that value system is coming from, and how values are generated can be studied, the old value system must be known. Determining these benchmarks, then, is the next step in what could be a rich, rewarding stream of work adding to multi-cultural understanding.
Markov Chain Models of Communication Processes in Negotiation
Authors: Smith Philip , Weingart Laurie , Olekalns Mara 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMarkov chain analysis provides a way to investigate how the communication processes in dyadic negotiations are affected by features of the negotiating context and how, in turn, differences in communication processes among dyads affect the quality of the final settlement. In Markov models, the communication process is represented as a sequence of transitions between states, which describes how tactics are used and how they are reciprocated during the course of a negotiation. This article provides an introduction to Markov chain analysis and shows, using simulated data, how Markov chain models may be analyzed using widely-available loglinear modeling software. Model selection, assessment of the order of a chain, analysis of residuals, and sample size are discussed.
When, Where and How: The Use of Multidimensional Scaling Methods in the Study of Negotiation and Social Conflict
Authors: Gelfand Michele , Duan Lili , Pinkley Robin 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMDS (multidimensional scaling) is a technique that enables researchers to uncover the spatial representation or "hidden structure" that underlies and defines behavioral data – such as negotiator or disputant perceptions and preferences. Although MDS has wide-ranging theoretical and applied appeal, it has been highly underutilized in the conflict and negotiation literature. In this paper, we seek to illustrate the promise that MDS offers in the study of conflict and negotiation. We begin with a discussion of how MDS can be differentiated from other multivariate techniques, such as factor analysis. Next we provide a brief overview of multidimensional scaling techniques – highlighting the various methods available for collecting proximity data and the computer analysis programs that can be used to analyze them. We further review the nature of the results and the ways in which they are interpreted. We conclude with some examples of the types of questions that have been addressed using MDS in the conflict and negotiation literature and a discussion about the promise this technique has for future research.
Disparate Methods and Common Findings in the Study of Negotiation
Authors: De Dreu Carsten , Carnevale Peter 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn this article, we compare the relative popularity of a wide variety of methods and techniques used in the study of conflict and negotiation across five domains of inquiry: political science, communication sciences, social and personality psychology, economics, and organizational behavior. An analysis of articles on conflict and negotiation published between 1997 and 2001 suggests that laboratory experiments that entail coding of behavior and self-reported data using surveys are especially popular in psychology, organizational behavior, and communication sciences. Mathematical modeling, the use of experimental games, and the use of archival data are especially popular in economics and political science. Diverse methods can provide convergent insights, and this is observed clearly in work on gain-loss framing and on reciprocity in negotiation. We suggest that researchers adopt, or continue to employ, triangulation as an approach to validity: When two or more methods or data sources converge on a construct, we develop greater assurance that our conclusions are not driven by an error or artifact of any one procedure. Each method exhibits strengths and weaknesses, and to the extent they do not overlap but show common effects, we stand on more solid ground with our theoretical conclusions.
Methodologies for Studying Personality Processes in Interpersonal Conflict
Authors: Graziano William , Jensen-Campbell Lauri 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe inevitability of conflict stems from three apparently-panhuman psychological tendencies: 1) People differ in their attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, and life experiences; 2) Such differences induce people to be egocentric, and often to have difficulty perceiving the perspectives of others; and 3) People are generally motivated to protect and promote their own self-interests. For this perspective, conflict is an emergent property of relationships that appears during interaction between two or more persons. Thus, understanding the influence of personality on social conflict must look past simple main effects models that focus on either situations or personality. This article discusses various research methods that can be used to assess personality's contribution to conflict behavior. It then focuses on statistical advances that recognize the complex nature of interactions between individual, their partners, and the situation when studying conflict.
The Method of Experimental Economics
Authors: Croson Rachel 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThere are many similarities between experimental economics and psychological research, both substantive and methodological, but there are important differences as well. This article discusses five methodological areas where experimental economists and experimental psychologists differ:incentives, context, subject pools, deception, experimental details and data analysis. Within each topic I present the economists' methodology and rationale and contrast it with current practice in psychology and management research. My hope is that this article will lead not only to a deeper understanding of each field's choice of methodology, but also to practical advice for researchers toward having their work read and accepted by their colleagues in related disciplines.
Comparative Case Studies
Authors: Zartman I. William 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCase studies embody a deep knowledge of the subject and can be used to test or generate theoretical propositions for explaining negotiated outcomes. Their value is increased when they are employed comparatively, using a number of instances of negotiation – flawed or successful – in the same conflict or problem or a number of negotiations of different conflicts. While it might appear that statistical studies of large numbers of cases would be even more advantageous, these studies tend to lose the feel and understanding that comparative cases can command. Thus, comparative case studies lie at the crossroads of reality and theory; they present their evidence through the eyes of a knowledgeable specialist and they test it against the hypothetical constructs of a creative conceptualist. The challenge is as high as the payoffs.
All that Glitters is Not Gold: Examining the Perils and Obstacles in Collecting Data on the Internet
Authors: Siah Cha Yeow 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe speed, ease and cost of conducting an internet-based study has attracted an increasingly large number of researchers to the medium for data collection. The lure of conducting research on the internet warrants heightened awareness of the practical problems one may encounter in the course of design and data collection. Researchers should also be attuned to the various threats of reliability and validity that may affect the quality of their data. This article surveys the past literature and identifies four main areas of concern in internet-based research: (1) sampling error and generalizability; (2) subject fraud; (3) measurement errors resulting from extraneous factors, and (4) the ethics of conducting research on the internet. Before carrying out their research on the internet, researchers should carefully weigh the sometimes hidden costs against the obvious benefits to consider whether the results obtained will be seriously compromised by the problems currently existing with this relatively new medium. However, a more productive approach recognizes that this research method is here to stay and thus greater attention needs to be given to refining and clearing the hurdles that internet-based researchers currently face.
Managing Conflict in the Literature: Meta-analysis as a Research Method
Authors: Stuhlmacher Alice , Gillespie Treena 
Published: August 2005

AbstractNo longer on the fringes of research design, meta-analysis has established a methodological foothold in social science research. The use of meta-analysis as a research method to study social conflict, however, remains limited. This article is designed to increase the accessibility of meta-analyses, while identifying issues and controversies. To this end, we offer examples from our own experiences in an overview of the development, choices, and challenges of a meta-analysis, as well as more technical references for further instruction.
Urban poverty and health in developing countries: Household and neighborhood Effects
Authors: Montgomery Mark R. , Hewett Paul C. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
In the United States and other high-income countries, there is intense scholarly and programmatic interest in the effects of household and neighborhood living standards on health. Yet few studies of developing-country cities have explored these issues. We investigated whether the health of urban women and children in poor countries is influenced by both household and neighborhood standards of living. Using data from the urban samples of 85 Demographic and Health Surveys and modeling living standards using factor-analytic MIMIC methods, we found that the neighborhoods of relatively poor households are more heterogeneous than is often asserted. Our results indicated that poor urban households do not tend to live in uniformly poor neighborhoods: about 1 in 10 of a poor household’s neighbors is relatively affluent, belonging to the upper quartile of the urban distribution of living standards. Do household and neighborhood living standards influence health? Using multivariate models, we found that household living standards are closely associated with three health measures: unmet need for modern contraception, attendance of a trained health care provider at childbirth, and young children’s height for age. Neighborhood living standards exert a significant additional influence in many of the surveys we examined, especially for birth attendance.
Empirical bayes estimation of demographic schedules for small areas
Authors: Assunção Renato M. , Schmertmann Carl P. , Potter Joseph E. , Cavenaghi Suzana M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn this article, we analyze empirical Bayes (EB) methods for estimating small-area rate schedules. We develop EB methods that treat schedules as vectors and use adaptive neighborhoods to keep estimates appropriately local. This method estimates demographic rates for local subpopulations by borrowing strength not only from similar individuals elsewhere but also from other groups in the same area and from regularities in schedules across locations. EB is substantially better than standard methods when rates have strong spatial and age patterns. We illustrate this method with estimates of age-specific fertility schedules for over 3,800 Brazilian municipalities.
β‐Catenin splice variants and downstream targets as markers for neoplastic progression of esophageal cancer
Authors: Roth Mark J. , Hu Nan , Johnson Laura Lee , Quon‐Hang Wang , Ahnen Dennis J. , Iwamoto Michiko , Dawsey Sanford M. , Taylor Philip R. , Huppi Konrad 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis study characterizes the frequency of exon 3 CTNNB1 mutations and compares the expression of CTNNB1 transcript variants and downstream targets MYC and WAF1 (p21) across the neoplastic progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs). Mutational analysis was performed on 56 tumors and corresponding germline DNA, using primers to exon 3 of CTNNB1 and SSCP DNA sequencing gels. Quantitative Real Time RT‐PCR was performed on 45 foci representing the histological spectrum from normal to invasive cancer, using specific primer sets for alternative splice variants that differ by the presence (16A) or absence (16B) of a 159‐bp noncoding segment of exon 16 of CTNNB1, in conjunction with downstream targets MYC and WAF1. Two unique mutations were identified, S37F in the SxxxS repeat region, and a germline polymorphism, T59A. Thus, mutation of CTNNB1 exon 3 is a rare event in this population. RT‐PCR analysis successfully confirmed the presence of both β‐catenin splice variants in histologically normal and preneoplastic squamous epithelium, and invasive tumors of the esophagus, and identified a significant reduction in the 16A/16B ratio (P = 0.014) and an accompanying significant increase in the MYC/WAF1 expression ratio (P = 0.001) with progression from normal mucosa to dysplasia. This represents the first identification of two CTNNB1 transcripts in histologically “normal” esophageal squamous cells, squamous dysplasia, and invasive ESCC. These results show an increase in the minor mRNA (16B) isoform and changes in the expression of downstream markers consistent with increased transcription during the histological progression from normal to squamous dysplasia. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gastric cancer risk in a Mexican population: Role of Helicobacter pylori CagA positive infection and polymorphisms in interleukin‐1 and ‐10 genes
Authors: Sicinschi Liviu A. , Lopez‐Carrillo Lizbeth , Camargo M. Constanza , Correa Pelayo , Sierra Rosa A. , Henry Robin R. , Chen Jia , Zabaleta Jovanny , Piazuelo Maria B. , Schneider Barbara G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSeveral polymorphisms of the IL1B and IL10 gene promoters have been reported to be associated with gastric cancer risk in Caucasians. However, studies in other populations have shown differing results. We aimed to test for associations between polymorphisms in IL1B (−31 and +3954), IL10−592 and IL1RN variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) and risk of gastric cancer in a Mexican population. DNA was extracted from sera of 183 gastric adenocarcinoma patients and 377 controls. The IL1B−31, IL1B+3954 and IL10−592 biallelic polymorphisms were discriminated using 5′ Nuclease (TaqMan) assays and Pyrosequencing. The IL1RN penta‐allelic VNTR polymorphism was genotyped using PCR followed by GeneScan analysis. A significant interaction was found between IL1B−31 and CagA status for the risk of intestinal‐type gastric cancer (p=0.023). Among CagA positive subjects, those with IL1B−31CC genotype had an increased risk of intestinal‐type gastric cancer (OR 3.19, 95%CI=1.05–9.68), compared to carriers of IL1B−31TT genotype. In contrast, among CagA negative subjects, no significant association of IL1B−31CC genotype with gastric cancer was observed. The IL10−592CC genotype was associated with more than doubling of the risk of the intestinal‐type gastric cancer (OR, 2.20, 95%CI=1.04–4.65). A nonsignificantly increased risk for intestinal‐type gastric cancer was found in IL1RN*2 carriers (OR 1.49, 95%CI=0.89–2.50). None of these polymorphisms was significantly related to the risk of diffuse‐type gastric cancer. No significant association was found between risk of gastric cancer and the IL1B+3954 polymorphism. Individuals carrying 2 or more of the risk‐associated alleles (IL1B−31C, IL1RN *2 and IL10−592C) were at increased risk for intestinal‐type gastric cancer, compared to those with 0 or 1 risk‐associated allele. The risk from multiple risk‐associated alleles was especially high in subjects infected with CagA positive H. pylori. Our results support the identification of the IL1B−31 promoter polymorphism as a useful marker for risk of intestinal type gastric cancer in persons with CagA positive H. pylori infections. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.