bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative binding of biotinylated neurotrophins to α2‐macroglobulin family of proteins: Relationship between cytokine‐binding and neuro‐modulatory activities of the macroglobulins
Authors: Skornicka Erin L. , Shi Xiaoqing , Koo Peter H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHuman α2‐macroglobulin (α2M), pregnancy zone protein (PZP), rat α1M and acute‐phase rat α2M belong to the α2M gene family of proteins, which can react covalently with nucleophilic monoamines to yield monoamine‐activated (MA) macroglobulins. The MA forms of human α2M, PZP and rat α2M have been demonstrated previously to inhibit various neurotrophin‐promoted neuronal activities, whereas MA‐α1M is neurostimulatory and all native macroglobulins are generally inactive. The mechanism of neuromodulation is unknown, but it has been postulated that MA macroglobulins might inhibit neurons via their binding and sequestration of neurotrophins. This study employed a novel biotinylation‐Western blot technique to compare the neurotrophin‐binding properties of the four macroglobulins, and to correlate their binding activities with their known neuro‐modulatory activities. In comparison with their respective native counterparts, human and rat MA‐α2M bound slightly more NGF, but significantly less BDNF or NT‐3. Native human α2M and PZP in general have no neuro‐modulatory activity, but native PZP bound significantly more NGF, BDNF or NT‐3 than either native α2M or MA‐α2M, which is neuro‐inhibitory. It is known that MA‐PZP is neuro‐inhibitory, but it fails to bind more NGF, BDNF, or NT‐3 than native PZP. MA‐α1M is the only macroglobulin known to stimulate NGF‐promoted neurite outgrowth, but it bound NGF with similar affinities as native α1M and rat α2M; in addition, it bound significantly less BDNF or NT‐3 than native α1M. All the bindings were non‐covalent and appeared specific. In conclusion, PZP and rat macroglobulins are versatile carriers of neurotrophins with diverse binding capacities, and the neurotrophin‐binding property does not appear to mediate the neuro‐modulatory activity of these human and rat macroglobulins. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of the “C” and “T” alleles of the 5‐HT2A receptor gene in the temporal cortex of normal individuals and schizophrenics
Authors: Polesskaya Oxana O. , Sokolov Boris P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA genetic association between schizophrenia and a silent C/T(102) polymorphism in the 5‐HT2A receptor gene (5‐HT2AR) has been previously reported; however, the mechanisms underlying this association remain unknown. Here we developed an improved quantitative assay for measurements of allele ratios, which revealed that the expression of allele “C” in the temporal cortex of normal heterozygous individuals was significantly lower than the expression of allele “T” (allele “C” to allele “T” ratio of ∼0.8, P < 0.0001). Confirming decreased expression of allele “C,” total levels of 5‐HT2AR mRNA and protein in normal individuals with the C/C genotype were lower than in individuals with the T/T genotype. Similarly to normal individuals, allele “C” to allele “T” ratio in heterozygous schizophrenics was reduced (∼0.8, P < 0001). This ratio was independent of neuroleptic treatment history. By contrast, total levels of 5‐HT2AR mRNA correlated inversely with neuroleptic free interval prior to death (r = −0.67, P < 0.001) suggesting a reversible neuroleptic effect. Total levels 5‐HT2AR mRNA in neuroleptic free (> 26 weeks) schizophrenics (n = 11) were significantly lower than in controls (P = 0.03). The data suggest that increased prevalence of allele “C” among schizophrenics may be due to intrinsically low expression of this allele, which may contribute to a deficit in 5‐HT2AR expression in some schizophrenics. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differences in peripheral nerve degeneration/regeneration between wild‐type and neuronal nitric oxide synthase knockout mice
Authors: Keilhoff Gerburg , Fansa Hisham , Wolf Gerald 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNitric oxide (NO), a unique biological messenger molecule, is synthesized by three isoforms of the enzyme NO synthase (NOS) and diffuses from the site of production across cellular membranes. A postulated role for NO in degeneration and regeneration of peripheral nerves has been explored in a sciatic nerve model comparing wild‐type mice and mice lacking neuronal NOS after transection and microsurgical repair. In NOS knockout mice, regenerative delay was observed, preceded by a decelerated Wallerian degeneration (WD). In the regenerated nerve, pruning of uncontrolled sprouts was disturbed, leading to an enhanced number of axons, whereas remyelination seemed to be less affected. Delayed regeneration was associated with a delayed recovery of sensor and motor function. In such a context, possible NO targets are neurofilaments and myelin sheaths of the interrupted axon, filopodia of the growth cone, newly formed neuromuscular endplates, and Schwann cells in the distal nerve stump. The results presented suggest that 1) local release of NO following peripheral nerve injury is a crucial factor in degeneration/regeneration, 2) success of fiber regeneration in the peripheral nervous system depends on a regular WD, and 3) manipulation of NO supply may offer interesting therapeutic options for treatment of peripheral nerve lesions. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exposure to lead elevates induction of zif268 and Arc mRNA in rats after electroconvulsive shock: The involvement of protein kinase C
Authors: Kim Kyung‐Ah , Chakraborti Tamal , Goldstein Gary , Johnston Michael , Bressler Joseph 
Published: August 2002

AbstractExposure to lead is well known to impair cognitive function in young children. Because of the importance of gene regulation for neurodevelopment, we examined the effect of lead on the induction of the mRNA of the immediate early genes zif268 and Arc. The time course for the induction of zif268 mRNA and Arc mRNA by electroconvulsant shock (ECS) was altered in the area of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in rats exposed to lead from postnatal days (PND) 1 to 28. Other areas of the hippocampus were not affected by lead. The effects on the induction of zif268 mRNA were observed at blood lead levels as low as 12 μg/dl. No change in the induction of zif268 mRNA was observed in the hippocampus of rats exposed to lead from PND 28 to PND 56. Because of the possible involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) in the effect of lead, activation of different isoforms of PKC was investigated. An increase in the amount of PKCε and PKCγ was observed at 60 min after ECS in the membrane fraction from hippocampus, indicating activation of these isoforms. The amount of PKCε in membranes was higher in rats exposed to lead than in rats not exposed to lead after ECS. Taken together, the data suggest that lead may disturb regulation of specific immediate early genes by activating PKCε. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Calcium‐dependent association of annexin VI, protein kinase Cα, and neurocalcinα on the raft fraction derived from the synaptic plasma membrane of rat brain
Authors: Orito Aya , Kumanogoh Haruko , Yasaka Kaoru , Sokawa Junko , Hidaka Hiroyoshi , Sokawa Yoshihiro , Maekawa Shohei 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA membrane microdomain enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids or so called “raft” region was found to contain many signal transducing proteins such as GPI‐anchored proteins, trimeric G proteins and protein tyrosine kinases. Because brain‐derived raft contains two calmodulin‐binding proteins, GAP‐43 and NAP‐22 as the major protein components, the raft domain is assumed to be important in the Ca2+‐signaling. In this study, we analyzed protein components showing Ca2+‐dependent binding to the raft of synaptic plasma membrane from rat brain. SDS‐PAGE analysis of the protein components in the EGTA eluate from the raft prepared in the presence of Ca2+‐ions showed the elution of 80 kDa, 68 kDa, 22 kDa, and 21 kDa proteins. These proteins were identified as protein kinase Cα (80 kDa) and annexin VI (68 kDa) from the partial amino‐acid sequencing, and neurocalcinα (22 kDa) and calmodulin (21 kDa) with western blotting and electrophoretic mobilities in the presence or absence of Ca2+ ions. Further immunoblotting experiments showed the Ca2+‐dependent association of conventional, but not non‐conventional, subtypes of PKC to the raft. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:235–241, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Malonyl CoA decarboxylase deficiency: C to T transition in intron 2 of the MCD gene
Authors: Surendran Sankar , Sacksteder Katherine A. , Gould Stephen J. , Coldwell James G. , Rady Peter L. , Tyring Stephan K. , Matalon Reuben 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMalonyl CoA decarboxylase (MCD) is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of fatty acids synthesis. Based on reports of MCD deficiency, this enzyme is particular important in muscle and brain metabolism. Mutations in the MCD gene result in a deficiency of MCD activity, that lead to psychomotor retardation, cardiomyopathy and neonatal death. To date however, only a few patients have been reported with defects in MCD. We report here studies of a patient with MCD deficiency, who presented with hypotonia, cardiomyopathy and psychomotor retardation. DNA sequencing of MCD revealed a homozygous intronic mutation, specifically a −5 C to T transition near the acceptor site for exon 3. RT‐PCR amplification of exons 2 and 3 revealed that although mRNA from a normal control sample yielded one major DNA band, the mutant mRNA sample resulted in two distinct DNA fragments. Sequencing of the patient's two RT‐PCR products revealed that the larger molecular weight fragments contained exons 2 and 3 as well as the intervening intronic sequence. The smaller size band from the patient contained the properly spliced exons, similar to the normal control. Western blotting analysis of the expressed protein showed only a faint band in the patient sample in contrast to a robust band in the control. In addition, the enzyme activity of the mutant protein was lower than that of the control protein. The data indicate that homozygous mutation in intron 2 disrupt normal splicing of the gene, leading to lower expression of the MCD protein and MCD deficiency. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:591–594, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of intraventricularly administered antiamyloid‐beta peptide (Aβ) antibody in the mouse brain
Authors: Chauhan Neelima B. , Siegel George J. , Lichtor Terry 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere is considerable interest in utilizing the intracerebroventricular (icv) route of administration of antibodies in the brain for various studies and for the therapy of malignancies, but very little is known about the anatomic extent of distribution of the antibody in brain after injection into the third ventricle. To explore the potential for icv administration of antiamyloid‐beta peptide (Aβ) in reducing Aβ toxicity in brain in Alzheimer's disease, we first mapped the time course and path of transit of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)‐labeled antibody. The results show that, after a single injection into the mouse third venticle, the HRP‐labeled antibody is localized within the microvasculature, first that of the corticohippocampal region close to the site of injection at 3 hr. By 24 hr, the antibody is distributed throughout the hippocampus and frontoparietal cortex close to the injection site, as well as in the deep and outer cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex remote from the injection site. The injected antibody is almost entirely removed by 4 days. Therefore, the antibody had diffused throughout all the brain by 24 hr, showing the feasibility of small quantities of anti‐Aβ antibody infused into the third ventricle to reach extracellular epitopes throughout the brain parenchyma rapidly. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:231–235, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perceptions of executive pay: does pay enhance a leader's aura?
Authors: Miller Janice S. , Wiseman Robert M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study used policy capturing to test the ‘figurehead’ assertion that executive pay level contributes to followers' perceptions of a leader's ability. Findings indicated human capital factors including promotion history, degree earned and university prestige all furnished more explanation than pay for CEO ratings. Results challenged the underlying logic of figurehead explanations for executive compensation to the rank and file. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring teamwork mental models to support training needs assessment, development, and evaluation: two empirical studies†
Authors: Smith‐Jentsch Kimberly A. , Campbell Gwendolyn E. , Milanovich Dana M. , Reynolds Angelique M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present paper reports data from two studies that utilized a card sorting approach to measuring mental model similarity in naturalistic training environments. Results from the first study indicated that higher ranking navy personnel held mental models of teamwork that were more similar to an empirically derived model of expert team performance than lower ranking personnel. Furthermore, comparisons of mental model similarity within groups of high and low ranking trainees and within groups of high and low experience trainees indicated greater similarity between those of higher rank and between those with greater experience. The second study tested the effects of a computer‐based training (CBT) strategy that was designed to develop teamwork mental models that were more similar to the ‘expert model’ described in Study 1. Using the same card sorting approach, positive training effects were demonstrated on similarity to the expert model, similarity to other trainees, and consistency. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal fluctuations in heat waves at Prague–Klementinum, the Czech Republic, from 1901–97, and their relationships to atmospheric circulation
Authors: Kyselý Jan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTemporal fluctuations in heat wave occurrence and severity are analysed in long‐term daily temperature series at Prague–Klementinum, the Czech Republic. Although the observations have been continuous since 1775, the period 1901–97 with the most credible data is mainly examined. Most of the warmest summers of the 20th century appeared within the periods 1943–52 and 1992–95; the temporal distribution of heat waves corresponds to this pattern and shows two maxima, in the 1940s to early 1950s and in the 1990s. A very low occurrence of heat waves was typical of the beginning of the 20th century and around 1980. The peak of heat wave severity in the 1940s–early 1950s, as well as their almost total absence in the first two decades of the 20th century, may be a common feature for a large area, as indicated by the comparison between two stations within central Europe, Prague–Klementinum and Basel (Switzerland), and by other studies. An extraordinary heat wave occurred in July and August 1994. It greatly exceeded other heat waves, mainly in the much higher cumulative temperature excess above 30°C and a record‐breaking duration of a continuous period of tropical days.Relationships between heat wave characteristics in warm and cold decades and circulation conditions were analysed using the subjective Hess–Brezowsky catalogue of weather types (Grosswetterlagen). The link to the atmospheric circulation is evident, e.g. situations with an anticyclone or a ridge over central Europe were more (less) frequent during all the warm (cold) decades. Moreover, the occurrence of long and severe heat waves in the 1990s may reflect an enhanced persistence of the atmospheric circulation over Europe in the summer season because all groups of weather types have considerably increased residence times in 1988–97 compared with long‐term means. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Identification and significance of a visible, basalt‐rich Vedde Ash layer in a Late‐glacial sequence on the Isle of Skye, Inner Hebrides, Scotland
Authors: Davies Siwan M. , Turney Chris S. M. , Lowe J. John 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper reports the discovery of a visible, tephra horizon of Late‐glacial age from the site of Loch Ashik in the Isle of Skye, the Inner Hebrides, Scotland. Although the tephra shards have a bimodal geochemical composition identical to that of the Vedde Ash (a well known marker horizon within Late‐glacial sequences. The horizon at Ashik is dominated by basaltic shards and devitrified tephra shards, giving the layer its characteristic black colour. Only rhyolitic shards have previously been reported from Vedde Ash horizons in the British Isles. This new evidence raises some important questions about the factors that govern the distribution and accumulation of basaltic tephra, and about the methods used to detect ash shards in basins distal to centres of volcanic activity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐wavenumber Raman spectra of the spin‐transition complexes [Fe(NH2 trz)3](ClO4)2 and [Fe(Htrz)3](ClO4)2
Authors: Smit Eugene , Manoun Bouchaib , Waal Danita de 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRaman spectra of two spin‐transition polymers, [Fe(NH2trz)3](ClO4)2 and [Fe(Htrz)3](ClO4)2, where NH2trz=4‐NH2‐1,2,4‐triazole and Htrz=1‐H‐1,2,4‐triazole, were investigated. The low‐temperature high‐spin to low‐spin phase transition of [Fe(NH2trz)3](ClO4)2 is reported. The increasing intensity of the Fe–N stretching band, which appears in the spectrum of the low‐spin state, is plotted against temperature to obtain a representative transition curve. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectroscopic studies on interactions and microstructures in propylene carbonate—LiTFSI electrolytes
Authors: Wang Zhaoxiang , Gao Weidong , Huang Xuejie , Mo Yujun , Chen Liquan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInteractions between propylene carbonate (PC) and lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfone imide) [LiTFSI, LiN(CF3SO2)2] were studied by Fourier transform (FT) Raman and IR spectroscopy. It was found that PC interacts with the Li+ ions and the TFSI− anions through its skeletal oxygen atoms, leading to solvent‐separated ion pairs and contact ion pairs in the solution by way of the nitrogen atoms on the anion. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of gallium(III) nitrate hydrate and aqueous solutions: Raman spectroscopy and ab initio molecular orbital calculations of gallium(III) water clusters
Authors: Rudolph Wolfram W. , Pye Cory C. , Irmer Gert 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRaman spectra of aqueous Ga(III) perchlorate and nitrate solutions were measured at room temperature. From Ga(ClO4)3 solutions, a strongly polarized band at 526 cm−1 and two depolarized modes at 430 and 328 cm−1 were assigned to ν1(a1g), ν2(eg) and ν5(f2g) of the hexaaquagallium(III) ion, [Ga(OH2)63+] (Oh symmetry), respectively. The infrared active mode at 555 cm−1 was assigned to ν3(f1u). The Raman spectroscopic data suggest that the hexaaquagallium(III) ion is thermodynamically stable in perchlorate solutions (no inner‐sphere complex formation). In a supersaturated solution and in concentrated Ga(NO3)3 solutions most of the gallium(III) exists in the form of an outer‐sphere ion pair, [Ga(OH2)63+NO3−], but a small amount of the gallium(III) occurs as an inner‐sphere complex, [Ga(OH2)5ONO2]2+, which could be confirmed using Raman spectroscopy. Upon dilution, the fraction of the weak inner‐sphere nitrato complex diminishes and only the outer‐sphere complex is observable. Ab initio geometry optimizations and wavenumber calculations of [Ga(OH2)63+] were carried out at the Hartree–Fock and second order Møller–Plesset levels of theory, using various basis sets up to 6–31+G*. The global minimum structure of the hexaaqua Ga(III) species corresponds to symmetry Th. The unscaled vibrational wavenumbers of the [Ga(OH2)63+] are reported. The unscaled vibrational wavenumbers of the GaO6 unit are lower than the experimental values (∼15%). Scaling the wavenumbers reproduces only partially the measured values for the GaO6 unit. The theoretical binding enthalpy for [Ga(OH2)63+] was calculated and accounts for ∼60% of the experimental single ion hydration enthalpy for Ga(III). Ab initio geometry optimizations and wavenumber calculations are also reported for a [Ga(OH2)183+] (Ga[6+12]) cluster with six water molecules in the first sphere and 12 water molecules in the second sphere. The global minimum occurs for T symmetry. Calculated wavenumbers of the gallium [6+12] cluster correspond well with the observed wavenumbers in solution. The ν1 GaO6 (unscaled) mode occurs at 524 cm−1, which is in good agreement with the experimental value. The theoretical binding enthalpy for [Ga(OH2)183+] was calculated and is slightly underestimated compared with the experimental single ion hydration enthalpy of Ga(III). The water molecules of the first sphere form strong H‐bonds with water molecules in the second hydration shell because of the strong polarizing effect of the Ga(III) ion. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The enterprise culture: understanding a misunderstood concept
Authors: Carr Patricia , Beaver Graham 
Published: August 2002

Abstract
This paper seeks to examine the origins and development of the enterprise culture particularly in the British context in addition to:
The role that the state plays in the creation of enterprise culture.
The impact of the enterprise culture on business life and society in general over the past two decades in the United Kingdom.
The contribution that the enterprises culture has made to enhancing the profile of entrepreneurship and small business.
Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Degradation kinetics of beetroot pigment encapsulated in polymeric matrices
Authors: Serris George S , Biliaderis Costas G 
Published: August 2002

AbstractKinetic studies on the degradation of water‐soluble beetroot pigment, mainly consisting of the betalain betanin, encapsulated in three different matrices (pullulan and two maltodextrin samples differing in their molecular weight) were carried out under various water activity (aw = 0.23, 0.43, 0.64, 0.75 and 0.84) and temperature (30, 40 and 50 °C) conditions. The water sorption behaviour of these materials was also examined. Degradation of the pigment was monitored by absorbance measurements at 537 nm (λmax of betanin). The highest values of the rate constants for degradation were observed at an intermediate water activity level (aw = 0.64) for all matrices and all three storage temperatures examined. An attempt to relate the degradation kinetics to the molecular mobility of the wall material was not successful. Pigment losses were observed even at temperatures below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymeric matrices, although degradation was largely slowed down in the glassy state. In the vicinity of the Tg zone, where all polymers go through a glass → rubber transition, there was not a distinct change in the reaction rate, which could reflect the pronounced changes in molecular mobility of the wall material. In fact, some of the lower degradation rates were observed mostly under conditions where the matrices were fully plasticised (ie rubbery) and ‘collapsed’, implying that the degradation kinetics is not governed by factors related only to the physical state of the polymeric wall material.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Dynamics of physicochemical and biological parameters during the co‐composting of chestnut burr/leaf litter with solid poultry manure
Authors: Guerra‐Rodríguez Esther , Vázquez Manuel , Diaz‐Raviña Montserrat 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDynamic parameters of the transformation of chestnut burr/leaf litter with solid poultry manure (ratio 1:3) into a fertiliser using a co‐composting process are reported in this work. Determinations of temperature, granulometric composition, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, nitrogen content and available potassium and phosphorus as well as biological germination tests on ryegrass (Lolium perenne), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) seeds were performed. The loss of organic matter was only 6.27% (w/w dry weight) and the available potassium changed from 2820 to 3265 mg kg−1 in the co‐compost studied. Germination tests showed that the co‐compost was mature in 103 days.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry