bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Birth of a Collection
Authors: Hopes David 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In April 1814, five gentlemen resolved to raise subscriptions for the building of a ‘Monument to the Memory of Burns in His Native County’. This was to be a cenotaph erected in the neoclassical style high on the banks of the River Doon, within sight of the cottage where Burns ‘first drew breath’ half a century before. However, what started out as an empty temple dedicated to the poet’s memory (and reputation) had, by the end of the century, metamorphosed into Scotland’s earliest literary museum and the world’s most significant museum collection about Burns, including the largest artefact of all, his birthplace. How did this happen? This paper charts the course of the movement to commemorate Burns in stone and how this developed into the collection and display of literary artefacts and, eventually, the acquisition of Burns Cottage and the construction of a purpose-built museum nearby. It examines the context and motives behind the collecting activity of Burns Monument Trust through three broad phases of development: conservatism, revisionism, and expansionism.
Afterburn(s)
Authors: Hammond Brean 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Burns is one of an elite group of poets who generated their own myths. That myth is made up of units that we might term ‘mythemes’: Burns the ‘heaven-taught ploughman’ who becomes Scotland’s national bard; the loose-living, hard-drinking libertine; the radical, egalitarian revolutionary; the great lover. The first section of this essay explores aspects of Burns’s politics by examining the construction of him as Scotland’s national bard and the version of him as an egalitarian revolutionary poet created by the introduction to a controversial edition of his poems, The Canongate Burns (2001). In the context of his seemingly contradictory Jacobitism and Jacobinism, the essay examines Burns’s spokesmanship for independence, asking the question whether this might have been inspired by his admiration for Alexander Pope as much as by life experience. The second section turns to that part of the myth dealing with his sexual relations with women and fictional versions of the ‘Burns the libertine’ mytheme. Examining some novelizations of Burns’s life written in the aftermath of Catherine Carswell’s Lawrentian Burns created in her sensational biography of 1930, the essay discusses how novelists operating from differing ideological positions regarding gender finesse the questions raised by Burns’s sexual biography. Overall, this exploration yields the disconcerting finding that the boundary between scholarship and biography on one hand and fiction on the other is more porous than might be supposed. In the case of Burns, impeccable scholarship proves difficult to discriminate from lore and forgery.
‘No new note?’
Authors: Blair Kirstie 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the response of Victorian working-class writers and readers to Burns, investigating how they appropriated and rewrote some of his most famous poems. Focusing on Scotland and the North of England, it assesses little-known poems in the Scots, Lancashire, and Yorkshire dialects and in English, and it considers the ways in which they rework Burns’s well-known language and form for differing ends. The poets who produced works clearly influenced by Burns were not necessarily seeking to be original and could be self-conscious about their results, but many found unique ways to restate and even enhance Burns’s themes. The essay uses a fan-studies framework to suggest that working-class poets should be seen as part of the Robert Burns fandom, deliberately imitating Burns for the benefit of a readership familiar with his works.
Robert Burns and Ireland
Authors: Orr Jennifer 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter builds on numerous studies of Robert Burns’s relationship with his neighboring island. Taken together, they have provided necessary complication, rather than resolution, of the questions that Burns poses in British, Irish, and Celtic cultural history. Based on discoveries arising from the revival of scholarly editing interest in Robert Burns, the chapter offers a detailed account of Burns’s contemporary relationship with Ireland on a literary, rather than merely political, level, examining the poet’s cooperation in cultural innovation and exchange with Irish contemporaries. In so doing, the legacy of ‘archipelagic identity’ and its inherent hierarchies are examined critically, emerging from the essentialist construction of Ireland in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries where Burns served as a nationalist cultural proxy. Through the radical legacy of Seamus Heaney’s later poetry, the chapter also examines Burns’s symbolic meaning in modern Ireland at a time when Irish unification is a real possibility. What is clear is that Burns meant, and still means, many things to his Irish audiences; a byword for fraternity, a focus for community identity, which is capable even of transcending the sectarian culture wars that have so often shaped Irish cultural discourse.
Minority Religions and Immigration in Ireland
Authors: Kmec Vladimir 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of minority religions on the island of Ireland which include religious communities of immigrants and ethnic minority groups. Although religious minorities have been part of Ireland’s religious landscape for centuries, large-scale immigration since the mid 1990s has contributed considerably to an increase and diversification of minority religions. The first part of the chapter provides an overview of common patterns of immigrant and minority religious communities, including the demographic, sociological, and religious characteristics. The second part maps minority and immigrant groups’ religious communities, including: (a) Catholic immigrant congregations; (b) Orthodox churches; (c) Protestant, Pentecostal, and evangelical immigrant communities; (d) Muslim communities; and (e) Jewish, Hindu, and Sikh communities.
Irish Catholic Culture Before and After Vatican II
Authors: Fuller Louise 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Catholic Church by virtue of political and socio-historical circumstances held a dominant position in southern Irish society from the time of independence. Its precepts were upheld by legislation and in the constitution. The prevailing Catholic culture was devotional and compliant. Church leaders’ dogmatic approach was accepted by politicians and the wider community, leading to complacency on the church’s part. However political, social, and economic factors, which developed from the late 1950s, brought considerable change and from the 1960s onwards the status quo unravelled steadily. The influence of Vatican II (1962–65) was crucial and the fall-out from Humanae Vitae, arguably more so. Increased access to education, travel, and communications media led to questioning of previous taken-for-granted assumptions. The Northern Ireland ‘Troubles’, the emphasis on freedom and civil rights—political, religious, and gender-related—all cross-fertilized, leading to a decline in religious practice and increasingly a rejection of Catholic precepts of sexual morality.
Social Structure and Autocracy
Authors: Lankina Tomila V. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The global tide of authoritarianism has provided fresh impetus to understanding the social bases of support for autocratic political regimes. This chapter surveys the classic and more recent literature on the social structural underpinnings of authoritarianism. Burgeoning literature in political science has provided insights into the contemporary incentives, motivations, and resources of citizens and various social groups to challenge or support autocrats. This chapter underlines the role of human capital as a variable that shapes resistance to dictatorship, particularly in the knowledge economies of the present. Autocrats exploit the vulnerability of poorly educated citizens to bolster their power. Highly educated citizens are not only better able to scrutinize autocratic media “spin,” but have the human capital to join high-status and geographically mobile occupations—in technology, academia, or entrepreneurship—and thus represent islands of relative autonomy from authoritarian regimes.
Personalist Dictatorship
Authors: Frantz Erica 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the rise of personalist rule in authoritarian regimes, where power is concentrated in the hands of the leadership. It begins by discussing what personalism is and surveying the main ways personalism has been conceptualized and captured in the literature. It then offers some general patterns about where and when we see personalism in authoritarian contexts, discussing the factors that facilitate its emergence. Next, it covers how personalist dictatorship influences internal regime dynamics and the consequences of this for political outcomes. It then provides evidence that personalist dictatorships have grown more prominent since the end of the Cold War and explores potential reasons why. It closes by pointing out the political ramifications of this development for global peace and security and suggesting fruitful avenues for future research.
Religions and Religiosity in Italy
Authors: de Cazanove Olivier , Dupraz Emmanuel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
There were many Italic religions in pre-Roman Italy, but little information about them survives. Literary sources are minimal, and they reflect the view of the Romans, so the most reliable sources of information are epigraphy and archeology. Rather than attempting a systematic presentation, this chapter focuses on two sources: the longest Italic inscription relating to religion, the Umbrian Iguvine Tables, is described in the first section, followed by the Oscan cult sites. In short, the long-dominant idea of the extinction of Italic religions at the end of the republic proves to be invalid; their continued practice, however attenuated, is indicated by archaeological evidence.
The Ligurians and Other Alpine Peoples
Authors: Giannattasio Bianca Maria 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
From the thirteenth century, the Ligurians could be defined as a separate cultural entity, different and distinct from those of the central Po Valley and the peninsula. Livy described them as fierce people, living in a mountainous and rugged land bordered by four other tribes. The data indicate the formation of a clear and well-defined territory from the late Bronze Age: during this period, we see an ethnic group acquiring a new self-awareness, as indicated by social stratification. This paved the way for more organized structures, especially as a result of increased contact with the Etruscans and Greeks. This chapter explains what is known about the Ligurians in pre-Roman Italy during the first millennium BCE.
The Veneti
Authors: Capuis Loredana 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The ancient Venetic culture is one of the best defined in pre-Roman Italy; it occupied a vast territory in the first millennium between the Po and the Alps, and between Lake Garda and the Adriatic. The known settlements are numerous, often located along rivers. Their necropoleis have yielded the greatest archaeological records; thousands of tombs have been revealed, with ossuaries of various kinds, as well as other vessels and numerous personal belongings. Of great value are the bronze vessels engraved and embossed in the style of situla art. Places of worship are also numerous, with thousands of ex votos, among which the statuettes and bronze plates with human figures are particularly revealing.
Italy in a Global Context, 270–49 BCE
Authors: Santangelo Federico 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In 270 BCE, the conflict that pitted Rome in southern Italy against Pyrrhus, the king of Epirus, was finally resolved; in 49 BCE, the civil war between Caesar and Pompey began that would soon lead to the demise of the republic. In opposite ways, these wars reflect Italy’s connection to Mediterranean—or even global—developments. During this period, Roman hegemony grew dramatically, and Italy played a central role in the economic and cultural integration of the Mediterranean. This chapter explores the factors that enabled the construction of Roman hegemony, which must be understood in the light of the close relationship between developments in Italy and broader historical patterns across the Mediterranean.
The Sabellian Languages
Authors: Poccetti Paolo 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Sabellian languages of central and southern Italy constitute a homogeneous group within the Italic branch of the Indo-European family tree, justifying the unitary name, but they are articulated in several distinct varieties and differentiated by the use of various alphabets. Evidence is provided by epigraphy—approximately one thousand inscriptions, chronologically ranging from the sixth to the first century BCE—and by indirect evidence from Greek and Latin sources. The lexicon is largely incomplete; the onomastic evidence (essentially anthroponyms, theonyms, and toponyms) is considerably more extensive. This chapter traces the history of the Sabellian languages from the sixth century to their final absorption into Latin.
Exchange Networks with the West
Authors: De Angelis Franco 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Starting from the sixth century BCE, the migrations of Phoenicians and Greeks from the eastern Mediterranean disrupted the pre-eminence of Sardinia and Etruria in pre-Roman Italy’s exchange networks. Early exchanges between Sardinians, Etruscans, and these newcomers were robust, stimulating economic growth and development on all sides. Increasing competition for natural and human resources led to the formation of larger states and alliances between sovereign states. These alliances could include trade treaties, such as those between Carthage and Rome. In general, spheres of influence were delineated and enforced, sometimes with outright trade blockades. Furthermore, the nature of exchange substantially changed. This new paradigm remained intact until Rome conquered the Italian peninsula and its neighboring islands in the third century. This chapter describes the foundation upon which much of Rome’s later economic success was built.
Etruscan and Italic Offerings in Greek Sanctuaries
Authors: Naso Alessandro 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Pre-Roman archaeological materials found in Greek places of worship date from the late Bronze Age to the fifth century BCE. The indigenous peoples of Italy and Sicily encountered Greek colonists on the Italian peninsula and absorbed their culture and their customs, thus becoming aware of the sanctuary tradition on the Greek mainland. Italic elites then began to visit international places of worship. Thus, one can ask whether Italic objects found in Greek sanctuaries were votives offered by Greeks returning home, or by visiting Etruscan and Italic people: both are possibilities since literary sources as well as some Greek and Etruscan inscriptions show that Etruscans also offered votive gifts to Greek divinities. This chapter traces the history of Etruscan and Italic offerings in Greek sanctuaries.
Italic Sacred Stories and Greek Connections
Authors: de Grummond Nancy T. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The peoples of pre-Roman Italy—Sabine, Praenestine, Umbrian, Latin, and especially Etruscan—shared myths that related to some of the basic needs of religion and ritual, having to do with the archetypal figures of the mother and the hero (often twins), the afterlife, and the founding of cities. Some Greek connections can be observed, but the striking similarities and equally clear variations in the myths from one area to another are probably the result of oral transmission. Many of the sacred stories are closely tied to ritual or cultic needs recognizable in texts and images, so representations in art, evidence in early sanctuaries, votive offerings, and inscriptions are discussed in this chapter.
Demography
Authors: Lo Cascio Elio 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter revisits the debate between the “high count”—the belief that the population level of Italy had already reached that of the modern age in the first centuries of the imperial age—and the “low count” through a consideration of literary sources and archaeological evidence. Polybius’s comments (2.24) regarding the military forces that Rome was able to field in response to the Gallic invasion of 225 are examined in detail in an effort to arrive at a plausible figure for the population of the Italian peninsula by the first century of the common era; the author concludes with a population estimate of four to seven million.
The Romans
Authors: Cifani Gabriele 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Archaic Rome appears to have been a frontier city between Latins, Etruscans, and Sabines. Rome in particular seems to have been structured as an urban center as early as the second half of the eighth century. Above all, it was a city of mixed culture—Italic, Etruscan, and Phoenician-Punic—that was also open to the Hellenic world, especially to the Euboean and Corinthian components and their colonial settlements in southern Italy. This chapter outlines the main aspects of the cultural interaction between Rome and the surrounding Italic and Etruscan communities, from the period of the city’s founding (eighth century) to the Latin War (338), through careful consideration of the archaeological and textual evidence.
2-Cys peroxiredoxins contribute to thylakoid lipid unsaturation by affecting ω-3 fatty acid desaturase 8
Authors: Hernández María Luisa , Jiménez-López Julia , Cejudo Francisco Javier , Pérez-Ruiz Juan Manuel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Fatty acid unsaturation levels affect chloroplast function and plant acclimation to environmental cues. However, the regulatory mechanism(s) controlling fatty acid unsaturation in thylakoid lipids is poorly understood. Here, we have investigated the connection between chloroplast redox homeostasis and lipid metabolism by focusing on 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (Prxs), which play a central role in balancing the redox state within the organelle. The chloroplast redox network relies on NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC), which controls the redox balance of 2-Cys Prxs to maintain the reductive activity of redox-regulated enzymes. Our results show that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants deficient in 2-Cys Prxs contain decreased levels of trienoic fatty acids, mainly in chloroplast lipids, indicating that these enzymes contribute to thylakoid membrane lipids unsaturation. This function of 2-Cys Prxs is independent of NTRC, the main reductant of these enzymes, hence 2-Cys Prxs operates beyond the classic chloroplast regulatory redox system. Moreover, the effect of 2-Cys Prxs on lipid metabolism is primarily exerted through the prokaryotic pathway of glycerolipid biosynthesis and fatty acid desaturase 8 (FAD8). While 2-Cys Prxs and FAD8 interact in leaf membranes as components of a large protein complex, the levels of FAD8 were markedly decreased when FAD8 is overexpressed in 2-Cys Prxs-deficient mutant backgrounds. These findings reveal a function for 2-Cys Prxs, possibly acting as a scaffold protein, affecting the unsaturation degree of chloroplast membranes.
Curcumin Improves Functional Recovery of Ruptured Tendon by Promoting Tenogenesis via PI3K/Akt Signaling
Authors: Zhang Zhan , Zhang Yiqun , Wang Han , Li Baolong , Cao Rangjuan , Li Yan , Cui Shusen , Zhang Weizhong 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Objective
In our previous study, we found that local release of curcumin from nanomicelles prevents peritendinous adhesion during Achilles tendon healing. The aim of this study is to further investigate the signaling integrated by curcumin to direct the tenogenetic program of tendon stem cells contributing to tendon healing.

Methods
A surgical model of tendon rupture and repair (TRR) was established in rats. Peritendinous adhesion and inflammation, biomechanical function, and expression of β-catenin and epithelial cellular adhesion molecule (EpCAM) were determined. A dataset was analyzed to investigate differentially expressed genes and enriched genes related to the signaling pathways. Tendon stem cells were treated with curcumin to investigate the cellular and molecular events as well as the signaling pathway.

Results
In rat TRR model, curcumin treatment resulted in not only significantly decreased peritendinous inflammatory but also improved tendon functional recovery along with significantly increased expressions of EpCAM and β-catenin. Analysis of the dataset indicated that the enriched genes were positively related to differentiation pathways but negatively related to proliferation pathways. In rat tendon stem cells, curcumin treatment inhibited proliferation but promoted differentiation. Curcumin’s antioxidative activity was associated with tenogenesis. The upregulated expression of tendon lineage-specific markers was dependent on phosphatidylinositol 3ʹ-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway which could be a potential mechanism of tenogenesis of curcumin treatment.

Conclusion
Curcumin could improve tendon functional recovery via promoting tenogenesis in addition to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Curcumin induced differentiation of tendon stem/progenitor cell into tenocytes via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. This finding provided evidence for the application of curcumin to prevent adhesion during tendon repair.
Characteristics of Spinal Morphology According to the Global Alignment and Proportion (GAP) Score in a Diverse, Asymptomatic Cohort
Authors: Shen Yong , Sardar Zeeshan M. , Malka Matan , Reyes Justin , Katiyar Prerana , Hassan Fthimnir , Le Huec Jean-Charles , Bourret Stephane , Hasegawa Kazuhiro , Wong Hee Kit , Liu Gabriel , Dennis Hey Hwee Weng , Riahi Hend , Kelly Michael , Lombardi Joseph M. , Lenke Lawrence G. ,   Multi-Ethnic Alignment Normative Study Group
Published: February 2024

Study Design.Multi-Ethnic Alignment Normative Study (MEANS) cohort: prospective, cross-sectional, multicenter.Objective.To analyze the distribution of GAP scores in the MEANS cohort and compare the spinal shape via stratification by GAP alignment category, age, and country.Summary of Background Data.The GAP score has been used to categorize spinal morphology and prognosticate adult spinal deformity surgical outcomes and mechanical complications. We analyzed a large, multiethnic, asymptomatic cohort to assess the distribution of GAP scores.Methods.Four hundred sixty-seven healthy volunteers without spinal disorders were recruited in five countries. Sagittal radiographic parameters were measured via the EOS imaging system. The GAP total and constituent factor scores were calculated for each patient. Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test was performed to compare variables across groups, followed by thepost hocGames-Howell test. Fisher exact test was used to compare categorical variables. The significance level was set toP<0.05.Results.In the MEANS cohort, 13.7% (64/467) of volunteers were ≥60 years old, and 86.3% (403/467) were <60 years old. 76.9% (359/467) was proportioned, 19.5% (91/467) was moderately disproportioned, and 3.6% (17/467) was severely disproportioned. There was no significant difference in the frequency of proportioned, moderately, or severely disproportioned GAP between subjects from different countries (P=0.060). Those with severely disproportioned GAP alignment were on average 14.5 years older (P=0.016), had 23.1° lower magnitude lumbar lordosis (LL) (P<0.001), 14.2° higher pelvic tilt (P<0.001), 13.3° lower sacral slope (P<0.001), and 24.1° higher pelvic-incidence (PI)-LL mismatch (P<0.001), 18.2° higher global tilt (P<0.001) than those with proportioned GAP; thoracic kyphosis and PI were not significantly different (P>0.05).Conclusions.The GAP system applies to a large, multiethnic, asymptomatic cohort. Spinal alignment should be considered on a spectrum, as 19.5% of the asymptomatic volunteers were classified as moderately disproportioned and 3.6% severely disproportioned. Radiographic malalignment does not always indicate symptoms or pathology.Level of Evidence.3.