bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RHO1 (YlRHO1) is a non‐essential gene in Yarrowia lipolytica and complements rho1Δ lethality in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: León Maela , Jaafar Lahcen , Zueco Jesús 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe synthesis of β‐1,3‐glucan, the structural component of the yeast cell wall that gives shape to the cell, occurs at the plasma membrane and is the result of the activity of at least a two‐component complex. Fks1p is the catalytic subunit directly responsible for the synthesis of β‐1,3‐glucan, whilst the second subunit, Rho1p, has a GTP‐dependent regulatory role (Yamochi et al., 1994). RHO1 has been characterized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yamochi et al., 1994), and in several other fungal species. In this work, we have used degenerate oligonucleotides derived from the conserved regions of Rho1ps to isolate the RHO1 gene of Yarrowia lipolytica. The gene isolated in this way, which we have named YlRHO1, encodes a 204 amino acid protein that shows a high degree of homology with other Rho1ps. However, unlike S. cerevisiae, the ylrho1Δ disruptant strain in Y. lipolytica is viable, although it exhibits an increased sensitivity to Calcofluor white and Congo red. Also, YlRHO1 complements rho1 lethality in S. cerevisiae at both 28° C and 37° C. The complete sequence of YlRHO1 can be obtained from GenBank under Accession No. AF279915. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Viable Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells at high concentrations cause early growth arrest of non‐Saccharomyces yeasts in mixed cultures by a cell–cell contact‐mediated mechanism
Authors: Nissen Peter , Nielsen Dennis , Arneborg Nils 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe growth of Kluyveromyces thermotolerans and Torulaspora delbrueckii was examined in mixed cultures with Saccharomyces cerevisiae in YPD modified for wine fermentations. Although the three yeasts had similar maximum specific growth rates in these fermentations, K. thermotolerans and T. delbrueckii arrested growth earlier than S. cerevisiae, thereby obtaining lower stationary phase cell concentrations than S. cerevisiae. Various single and mixed culture fermentations with the three yeasts were carried out in order to find an explanation for this phenomenon. The early growth arrests of K. thermotolerans and T. delbrueckii were absent in single cultures of the two yeasts, and they seemed to be due neither to nutrient limitations nor to the presence of growth‐inhibitory compounds. Rather, they seemed to be due to a cell–cell contact mechanism dependent on the presence of viable S. cerevisiae cells at high concentrations. These results contribute to an increased understanding of why K. thermotolerans and T. delbrueckii arrest growth before S. cerevisiae during wine fermentations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zur Kristallstruktur von CaFeF5
Authors: Graulich J. , Massa W. , Babel D. 
Published: March 2003

On the Crystal Structure of CaFeF5Single crystals of CaFeF5 were obtained by heating a mixture of the component fluorides at 860°C for 12 d (a = 549.2(1), b = 1007.6(2), c = 759.9(2) pm, β = 110.02(3)°; space group P21/c, Z = 4). The X‐ray structure redetermination of a twinned specimen confirmed the chain structure of octahedra sharing trans corners already known. But the anomalies reported earlier were removed and less distorted [FeF6] octahedra and [CaF7] pentagonal bipyramids were found, the distances of which are split within the usual range around mean values of Fe—F: 192.4 and Ca—F: 233.1 pm.
Bi37InBr48: Eine polares Subhalogenid mit Bi95+‐Polykationen, komplexen Bromobismutat(III)‐Anionen [Bi3Br13]4— und [Bi7Br30]9— sowie Pentabromoindat(III)‐Anionen [InBr5]2—
Authors: Dubenskyy Vitaly , Ruck Michael 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBi37InBr48 wurde in Form schwarzer Kristalle aus Bismut, Indium und BiBr3 durch langsames Abkühlen stöchiometrisch zusammengesetzter Schmelzen von 570 K auf 470 K dargestellt. Aus Röntgenbeugungsuntersuchungen an Pulvern und Einkristallen geht hervor, dass die Verbindung in der Raumgruppe P 63 kristallisiert (a = 2262, 6(4); c = 1305, 6(2) pm). In der polaren Kristallstruktur finden sich Bi95+‐Polykationen in Gestalt stark deformierter, dreifach überkappter, trigonaler Prismen mit genäherter Cs‐Symmetrie. Die hohe Komplexität der Struktur ergibt sich aus der Koexistenz von drei anionischen Baueinheiten: Das trigonale Bromobismutat(III)‐Anion [Bi3Br13]4— besteht aus drei kantenverknüpften [BiBr6]‐Oktaedern. Vier [BiBr6]‐ und drei [BiBr5]‐Polyeder sind über gemeinsame Ecken zur halbschalenförmigen [Bi7Br30]9—‐Gruppierung verknüpft, in die das trigonal‐bipyramidale Pentabromoindat(III)‐Ion [InBr5]2— hineinragt.
Thiosilicate der Selten‐Erd‐Elemente: II. Die nichtzentrosymmetrischen Caesium‐Derivate CsM[SiS4] (M = Sm — Tm)
Authors: Hartenbach Ingo , Schleid Thomas 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDie Caesium‐Lanthanoid‐Thiosilicate CsM[SiS4] (M = Sm — Tm) kristallisieren allesamt orthorhombisch in der nichtzentrosymmetrischen Raumgruppe P212121 mit vier Formeleinheiten pro Elementarzelle. Ihre Gitterkonstanten bewegen sich in Bereichen von a = 630 — 640 pm, b = 665 — 673 pm und c = 1763 — 1778 pm. Die Darstellung erfolgt durch Umsetzung von Lanthanoid‐Metall (M) mit Schwefel (S) und Siliciumdisulfid (SiS2) mit einem Überschuß von Caesiumchlorid (CsCl) als Reaktand (Cs+‐Quelle) und Flußmittel in evakuierten Kieselglasampullen für sieben Tage bei 850 °C. Die Einkristalle der Titelverbindungen sind ausnahmslos luft‐ und wasserbeständig, zeigen plättchenförmigen Habitus und weisen die Eigenfarbe des jeweiligen Lanthanoid‐Trikations (M3+) mit leicht gelblicher Unterlegung auf. Die Kristallstruktur läßt sich als schichtartiges Arrangement parallel zu (001) beschreiben, in dem anionische {M[SiS4]}—‐Schichten durch Cs+‐Kationen separiert werden. Die M3+‐Kationen sind überkappt trigonal prismatisch von sieben, die Cs+‐Kationen fünffach überkappt trigonal prismatisch von neun plus zwei S2—‐Anionen umgeben. Alle Sulfid‐Anionen gehören ihrerseits annähernd ideal tetraedrischen ortho‐Thiosilicat‐Einheiten [SiS4]4— an.
As12Se44—: ein neuartiges Selenoarsenatanion mit einem Polyarsenkäfig in der Verbindung [Co(NH3)6]2As12Se4 · 12 NH3
Authors: Grothe Michael , Korber Nikolaus 
Published: March 2003

AbstractOrangefarbene Kristalle der Titelverbindung [Co(NH3)6]2As12Se4 · 12 NH3 wurden durch Reduktion von As4Se4 mit einer Natriumlösung in flüssigem Ammoniak und anschließendes Ausfällen mit CoBr2 gewonnen. Eine Einkristallstrukturanalyse ergibt als anionischen Baustein das Selenoarsenat As12Se44—, welches aus einem zentralen As12‐Käfig besteht, an den exo‐ständig vier formal negativ geladene Selenatome gebunden sind. Die Struktur des As12‐Käfigs entspricht sowohl der zentralen Baueinheit eines bekannten Organopolyphosphans als auch der des tubularen P12‐Stranges in der Verbindung (CuI)3P12.
Neue Hexachalcogeno‐Hypodiphosphate der Erdalkalimetalle und des Europiums
Authors: Jörgens Stefan , Mewis Albrecht , Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter , Pöttgen Rainer , Mosel Bernd D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDurch Erhitzen der Elementgemenge auf 750 °C (60 h) wurden sechs Hexathio‐ bzw. Hexaseleno‐Hypodiphosphate der Formel M2P2X6 (M = Ca, Sr, Eu, Ba; X = S, Se) dargestellt, deren Kristallstrukturen röntgenographisch mit Einkristallmethoden bestimmt wurden. Eu2P2S6 (a = 9, 396(2), b = 7, 531(2), c = 6, 593(2) Å, β = 91, 48(2) °), Ba2P2S6 (a = 9, 966(1), b = 7, 580(2), c = 6, 737(2) Å, β = 91, 17(3) °), Ca2P2Se6 (a = 9, 664(2), b = 7, 519(2), c = 6, 859(1) Å, β = 92, 02(3) °), Sr2P2Se6 (a = 9, 844(2), b = 7, 788(2), c = 6, 963(1) Å, β = 91, 50(3) °), Eu2P2Se6 (a = 9, 779(2), b = 7, 793(2), c = 6, 957(1) Å, β = 91, 29(3) °) und Ba2P2Se6 (a = 10, 355(2), b = 7, 862(2), c = 7, 046(1) Å, β = 90, 83(3) °) kristallisieren isotyp in der Hochtemperaturform von Sn2P2S6 (P21/n; Z = 2). Die in einer zum Ethan analogen gestaffelten Konformation vorliegenden (P2X6)4—‐Anionen sind über X—M—X‐Kontakte zu einer Raumnetzstruktur verknüpft, wodurch Ca2+, Sr2+ und Eu2+ von 8, Ba2+ dagegen von 8+1 S‐ bzw. Se‐Atomen koordiniert werden. Suszeptibilitätsmessungen an Eu2P2S6 von 2 K bis Raumtemperatur zeigen Curie‐Weiss‐Verhalten mit einem experimentellen magnetischen Moment von 7.43(2) μB/Eu. Bis zu 2 K wurde kein Hinweis auf magnetische Ordnung gefunden. Ein 151Eu Mössbauer‐Spektrum bei 77 K zeigt nur ein Signal bei einer Isomerieverschiebung von δ = —12.6(1) mm/s. Somit kann auf stabil zweiwertiges Europium in Eu2P2S6 geschlossen werden.
Ternary Indides RE4Pd10In21 (RE = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm) — Synthesis, Structure, and Physical Properties
Authors: Zaremba Vasyl' I. , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Kalychak Yaroslav M. , Galadzhun Yaroslav V. , Kaczorowski Dariusz , Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter , Pöttgen Rainer 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe ternary indium compounds RE4Pd10In21 (RE = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm) were synthesized from the elements in glassy carbon crucibles in a high‐frequency furnace. Single crystals of Sm4Pd10In21 were obtained from an indium flux. An arc‐melted precursor alloy of the starting composition ∼SmPd3In6 was annealed with a slight excess of indium at 1200 K followed by slow cooling (5 K/h) to 870 K. All compounds were investigated by X‐ray powder diffraction and the structures were refined from single crystal diffractometer data. The RE4Pd10In21 indides are isotypic with Ho4Ni10Ga21, space group C2/m: a = 2314.3(2), b = 454.70(7), c = 1940.7(2) pm, β = 133.43(2)°, wR2 = 0.0681, 1678 F2 values for La4Pd10In21, a = 2308.2(1), b = 452.52(4), c = 1944.80(9) pm, β = 133.40(1)°, wR2 = 0.0659, 1684 F2 values for Ce4Pd10In21, a = 2303.8(2), b = 450.78(4), c = 1940.6(1) pm, β = 133.39(1)°, wR2 = 0.0513, 1648 F2 values for Pr4Pd10In21, a = 2300.2(2), b = 449.75(6), c = 1937.8(2) pm, β = 133.32(1)°, wR2 = 0.1086, 1506 F2 values for Nd4Pd10In21, and a = 2295.6(2), b = 447.07(4), c = 1935.7(1) pm, β = 133.16(1)°, wR2 = 0.2291, 2350 F2 values for Sm4Pd10In21, with 108 variables per refinement. All palladium atoms have a trigonal prismatic coordination. The strongest bonding interactions occur for the Pd—In and In—In contacts. The structures are composed of covalently bonded three‐dimensional [Pd10In21] networks in which the rare earth metal atoms fill distorted pentagonal channels. The crystal chemistry and chemical bonding in these indides is briefly discussed. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show diamagnetism for La4Pd10In21 and Curie‐Weiss paramagnetism for Ce4Pd10In21, Pr4Pd10In21, and Nd4Pd10In21. The neodymium compound orders antiferromagnetically at TN = 4.5(2) K and undergoes a metamagnetic transition at a critical field of 1.5(2) T. All the RE4Pd10In21 indides studied are metallic conductors.
Ordnungsvarianten in ternären Chalkogeniden mit aufgefüllter β‐Manganstruktur
Authors: Kienle Lorenz , Duppel V. , Simon A. , Deiseroth H. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn ternären Chalkogeniden mit aufgefüllter β‐Manganstruktur besteht die Tendenz zur Ausbildung unterschiedlicher Ordnungsvarianten. Im Falle der Verbindungen AM6Te10 (A = Ca, Sn, Pb; M = Al, Ga) und A2M6Ch10 (Na2Ga6Te10, Na2Ga6Se10 und der neuen Verbindung Na2In6Se10) sind unterschiedliche Voraussetzungen für das Auftreten möglicher Varianten gegeben. Hochauflösende Elektronenmikroskopie (HRTEM) und Elektronenbeugung an AM6Te10 belegen die Existenz von Ordnungsvariationen der Kationen in den metaprismatischen Lücken von makroskopisch scheinbar homogenen Proben. Neben vollständig geordneten Domänen werden auch Kristallite mit nur partiell geordneter Struktur nachgewiesen. Im Falle der Verbindungen A2M6Ch10 bilden sich die Strukturvarianten ausschließlich durch Variationen der Tetraederlückenbesetzung mit M3+. Präparativen Zugang zu diesen Ordnungsvarianten erhält man durch die direkte Substitution von M3+, die in dieser Arbeit im Mittelpunkt steht. Die komplexen Ordnungsvarianten können in kristallographischen Gruppe‐Untergruppe‐Beziehungen systematisiert werden. Detaillierte Analysen unterstreichen die enge topologische Verwandtschaft dieser Phasen zum Aristotyp (β‐Mangan) und belegen, daß M3+ in allen Strukturen unterschiedliche Lücken des gleichen Typs besetzt (T4 und T5).
Ein Erdalkalimetallpolyphosphid ungewöhnlicher Zusammensetzung: Die Kristallstruktur von Ba5P9
Authors: Eisenmann Brigitte , Rößler Ute 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDie metallisch dunkelgraue, sehr hydrolyseempfindliche Verbindung Ba5P9 lässt sich aus der Stöchiometrie entsprechenden Gemengen der Elemente erhalten. Sie kristallisiert orthorhombisch in der Raumgruppe Fdd2 (a = 1562, 6(1) pm, b = 1896, 8(2) pm, c = 1027, 2(2) pm; Z = 8). In der Kristallstruktur liegen P9‐Kettenfragmente vor, die von den Ba‐Kationen separiert werden. Bei ionischer Formulierung resultiert für das Anion die Ladung 10‐, nach der (8‐N)‐Regel sind aber 11 Elektronen zur Valenzabsättigung nötig. Nach magnetischen Messungen ist das P9‐Anion kein Radikal, so dass eine Stabilisierung über Doppelbindungen zu diskutieren ist.
Untersuchungen zum System SmOBr/SeO2
Authors: Oppermann H. , Schmidt P. , Quoc H. Dao , Popovkin B. A. , Berdonosov P. S. , Dolgikh V. A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDie Existenz der quaternären Verbindungen SmSeO3Br, SmSe2O5Br und SmSe3O7Br im thermodynamischen Gleichgewicht wurde erstmals nachgewiesen. Nach Festkörperreaktionen von Gemengen SmOBr und SeO2 wurde die Phasen durch Röntgendiffraktometrie und IR‐Spektroskopie charakterisiert. Durch Gesamtdruckmessungen und DTA wurden das Zustandsdiagramm und das Zustandsbarogramm des quasibinären Schnittes SmOBr/SeO2 aufgestellt.Aus der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Zersetzungsdrücke wurden die Bildungsenthalpien und Standardentropien der Phasen hergeleitet. Zudem wurden die Bildungsenthalpien der Phasen aus den Daten der Lösungskalorimetrie der Phasen sowie von SmOBr und SeO2 gewonnen.Aus den Gesamtdruckmessungen erhält man:ΔH(SmSeO3Brf, 298) = —308, 0 ± 5, 5 kcal/molS°(SmSeO3Brf, 298) = 46, 0 ± 5, 0 cal/K · molΔH(SmSe2O5Brf, 298) = —373, 7 ± 7, 0 kcal/molS°(SmSe2O5Brf, 298) = 53, 4 ± 8, 0 cal/K · molΔH(SmSe3O7Brf, 298) = —424, 6 ± 10, 0 kcal/molS°(SmSe3O7Brf, 298) = 75, 9 ± 11, 0 cal/K · molDurch Lösungskalorimetrie in 4n HBr wurden gewonnen:ΔH°B(SmOBrf, 298) = —229, 4 ± 1, 0 kcal/molΔH°B(SmSeO3Brf, 298) = —298, 7 ± 2, 6 kcal/molΔH°B(SmSe2O5Brf, 298) = —356, 9 ± 2, 5 kcal/molΔH°B(SmSe3O7Brf, 298) = —415, 2 ± 3, 0 kcal/molSmSe2O5Br und SmSe3O7Br schmelzen peritektisch bei 350 °C bzw. 600 °C. SmSeO3Br weist zwei Phasenübergänge bei 160 °C (g‐b) and 375 °C (b‐a) auf.
Changing Principles in European Social Security
Authors: Clasen Jochen , Van Oorschot Wim 
Published: March 2003

The provision of social security benefits rests on normative principles of social justice. Most strongly manifest in earnings-related social insurance, the principle of reciprocity has been increasingly questioned on grounds of equity, adequacy and fiscal viability, in the wake of socio-economic changes (e.g. post-industralisation, globalisation) and political developments (e.g. Europeanisation). Universalist programmes seem extraordinarily expensive under tight public budgets, and could be criticised as inequitable at a time when middle classes increasingly rely on individual and occupational forms of income security. The principle of need appears to have become more prominent within modern European social security systems keen on targeting resources. Is there empirical evidence which would reflect these alleged trends? Concentrating on three principles inherent in social security transfers (need, universalism and reciprocity) the major concerns of this article are conceptual and empirical. First, it addresses the problem of operationalising social security principles and delineating indicators of change over time. Second, it applies two of these indicators in order to identify and compare the extent to which the three principles have gained or lost prominence since the early 1980s, with empirical evidence taken from the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Germany and Scandinavia. The article argues first that, applying either indicator, there is no cross-national trend towards squeezing reciprocity-based social insurance, but that a convergence between erstwhile strong (Bismarckian) and weak (Beveridgean) principled programmes can be identified. Second, a clear trend towards needs-based social security can be identified within the ‘legal’ but not within the ‘volume’ perspective, at least in some programmes and some claimant groups. This is due to both policy changes and favourable labour market conditions. Third, two countries indicate very diverse trends. British social security is distinctive in terms of the erosion of Beveridgean reciprocity, as well as the growing strength of the needs principle. In the Netherlands, there have been considerable shifts in principles underlying certain programmes, but no general trend in either direction can be observed. On the whole, Dutch social security continues to exhibit a strong mix of principles.
Trends of Poverty and Income Inequality in Cross-National Comparison
Authors: Ritakallio Veli-Matti 
Published: March 2003

Comparative research on poverty, income inequality and the effectiveness of income transfer systems has flourished during the last two decades, largely owing to the contribution of the Luxembourg Income Study. So far, however, the majority of comparative analyses have been based on a single year. In this paper, we have analysed cross-national patterns of poverty and income inequality with special emphasis on their stability. We examine trends in poverty and income inequality between 1980 and 1995 in nine countries representing three different ideal types of social policy. The differences in poverty among the countries studied correspond with the respective models of social policy more clearly in the mid-1990s than they did 15 years earlier. Generally speaking, the poverty rate is slightly under 5 per cent in the Nordic countries, around 7.5 per cent in Central Europe, 10 per cent in Canada, 12.5 per cent in the UK, and as high as 17.5 per cent in the USA. In all countries included in the analysis, the primary distribution – based on market income – has become less equal than before. In each country, the proportion of the population able to achieve subsistence from the market alone has decreased continuously. This trend is more significant than the change in actual poverty, which means that the absolute poverty-alleviating impact of income redistribution systems became stronger in these countries during the period 1980–1995. The analysis of income inequality produced a similar picture. In comparison to poverty, however, the change is rather less extensive. The Nordic countries, in particular, have been able to respond to the rise in market income differences so that the income inequality for disposable incomes has hardly increased at all. Canada shows a parallel trend. The USA and, in particular, the UK reflect a movement in the opposite direction. Trends in poverty in various population groups are analysed. By 1995 poverty had turned into a risk for young adults in all the countries studied. The poverty rate increased for the 18–30 age-group in all countries, while an opposite trend was observed among the elderly, in particular those aged over 65. The poverty rate among the elderly is now below the average population rate in all the countries studied.
E‐Commerce: Sorting Out the Environmental Consequences
Authors: Fichter Klaus 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe environmental effects of e‐commerce may be described in terms of first‐, second‐, and third‐order effects. Data for these effects are scarce, partly because research on environmental effects of e‐commerce and e‐business is still in its infancy, although it is evolving very rapidly.Until now, positive environmental consequences of e‐commerce have generally been coincidental. Two crucial questions that must be addressed are (1) How do we improve our understanding and management of the environmental effects of e‐commerce? and (2) Which approaches are best suited to the development of sustainable e‐solutions? Three approaches to developing sustainable e‐commerce solutions are discussed: the extension of environmental performance measurement and management to e‐commerce activities, the use of new cooperative forms of innovation management, and the provision of customer choice. Finally, an outlook on future research demands is presented. The technology itself (information and communication technologies, Internet) does not determine sustainability, but rather its design, use, and regulation does.
Energy Burdens of Conventional Wholesale and Retail Portions of Product Life Cycles
Authors: Norris Gregory A. , Croce Filippo Della , Jolliet Olivier 
Published: March 2003

SummaryE‐commerce is often cited as offering the potential to reduce wholesale and retail burdens within product life cycles; however its potential impacts upon transport may be positive or negative. But the relative environmental importance of wholesale and retail trade and their intervening transportation links within product life cycles has not been generally characterized. The objective of this research was to assess the upstream (preusage) life‐cycle energy burden shares associated with retail trade and wholesale trade using input‐output life‐cycle assessment (IO LCA) with a special focus on the electronic computers sector.According to our results, the physical transfers of products within the distribution phase play a minor role in terms of energy consumption compared with wholesaling and retailing. On the other hand, the supply chains of the wholesale and retail trade sectors can lead to energy consumption that is a significant share of the total preconsumer energy consumption for many products. Thus, where e‐commerce circumvents wholesale and/or retail trade, it can have a major impact on total preconsumer energy consumption.As an example, for the electronic computers sector, retailing and wholesaling as a portion of distribution are responsible for 38% of the total energy consumption from production until purchase (cradle to gate), whereas transportation within the distribution phase corresponds to only 9%. Our analysis of more than 400 commodities in the United States showed that for the large majority of them, retailing and wholesaling account for appreciable shares of the total preconsumer energy burdens. Wholesaling and retailing should be included in LCA, and IO LCA is an effective tool for doing so.
Energy Use in Sales and Distribution via E‐Commerce and Conventional Retail: A Case Study of the Japanese Book Sector
Authors: Williams Eric , Tagami Takashi 
Published: March 2003

SummaryEnergy use associated with sales and distribution via business‐to‐consumer (B2C) e‐commerce versus conventional retail is analyzed for the Japanese book sector. Results indicate that e‐commerce uses considerably more energy per book than conventional retail in dense urban areas, because of additional packaging. In suburban and rural areas, the energy consumption of the two systems is nearly equal because the relative efficiency of courier services compared to personal automobile transport balances out the impact of additional packaging. The main reason e‐commerce does not save energy, even in rural areas, is because of the multipurpose use of automobiles; e‐commerce does consume less energy in the case of single‐purpose shopping trips by automobile. Overall consumption at the national level is nearly the same: 5.6 mega‐joules (MJ) per book for e‐commerce and 5.2 MJ per book for traditional retail. Although this difference is smaller than the uncertainty in the result, the structure of energy use for the two systems is quite distinct, which suggests reprioritization of energy‐efficiency strategies. Important factors influencing the energy efficiency of B2C e‐commerce include packaging, loading factors of courier trucks, number of trips per delivery, and residential energy consumption.