bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of Changes in the Chemical Composition of Date Palm Fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Derived from Tissue Culture Under the Influence of Different Pollen Treatments
Authors: Al-Hamoud Firas Mahdi , Ati Muntaha Abd Al-Zahra , Abd Abdul-Kareem Mohammad 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The current study was conducted on growing date palm trees in Al-Siba area - Basra Governorate in order to identify the chemical composition of the fruits under the influence of different pollen treatments. The study was conducted using three main factors. pollen) and the second factor is the pollen variety (Al-ghanami red and Al-ghanami + normal Al-Khukri and Al-ghanami + Alkanari) and the third factor is the age of the male pollination (early, medium and late). The fruit content of amino acids and total soluble protein in the interstitial stage and the percentage of total soluble solids in the wet stage were studied. And the percentage of knots, falling, and chips, in the khalal stage, and the results showed that there are differences in the chemical composition of the fruits under the influence of these treatments. Sequentially, the lowest value for total soluble protein and total soluble solids and the lowest percentage of precipitation and shea was 341.4 mg. L-1, 47.08, 37.1, and 11.3%, respectively. As for the effect of the cultivar, the two cultivars Al-ghanami red + Alkanari and Al-ghanami red + Al Khukri normal were significantly superior in the fruit content of amino acids and total soluble protein, as it recorded (39.5, 33.6) mg.L-1 and (387.7, 397.5) mg.L-1 for both. the two categories sequentially. While the cultivar did not significantly affect the fruit content in the percentage of total dissolved solids and the percentage of precipitation, while Al-ghanami red cultivar recorded the highest percentage of knots and the lowest percentage of hook, which amounted to 55.4 and 4.5%, respectively. Significant differences were recorded between the ages of the male pollens in the fruit content of amino acids, total soluble protein and the percentage of total soluble solids. The medium-mature male pollen gave the highest concentration of free amino acids at an average of (38.7) mg.L-1 and the lowest concentration of total soluble protein and total soluble solids. At a rate of (347.6) mg.L-1 and (45.63)%, respectively. As for the bilateral and triple interactions, it showed a significant superiority in some of the study interventions.
Effect of Spraying Nano-Fertilizer (Loenergy Plus) and Hibiscus Extract on the Vegetative Growth Characteristics of the Seedling of Sour Orange Citrus aurantium L.
Authors: Al-Mousawi Muntadher Mohammed , Hassan Manar A.F. , Alrubaei Susan Mohammed , Kadhim Zaid Khaleel , Salman Maryam M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The experiment was carried out from the middle of March until the end of June in the greenhouse belonging to the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, the College of Agriculture, and the University of Karbala. To investigate the impact of spraying hibiscus extract and Nano-fertilizer (Loenergy Plus) on the vegetative growth traits of the seedling of the orange starting in 2022. The experiment was set up as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors: with Nano-fertilizer (Loenergy Plus) and hibiscus extract, each in three concentrations, and three replications, each with 18 seedlings and two seedlings each. Following the completion of the experiment, measurements were obtained, the outcomes were evaluated using the statistical design employed, and the averages were compared using the least significant difference test at the level of probability 0.05. The most significant findings were those of the Nano-fertilizer (Loenergy Plus) treatment, which at a concentration of 1.5 ml L-1 was significantly better than other concentrations in all growth characteristics studied (seedling height rate (cm), stem diameter rate (mm), average number of leaves (leaf /seedling), leaf area (cm2), average leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD unit), and shoot dry weight). Most of the growth characteristics that were examined (seedling height rate (cm), stem diameter rate (mm), average number of leaves (leaf/seedling), leaf area (cm2), rate of leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD unit), and shoot dry weight) were significantly improved by the application of hibiscus extract at an 8 g L-1 concentration. While the binary interaction between the two experimental factors (average seedling height (cm), average stem diameter (mm), average leaf chlorophyll content in leaves (SPAD unit), and shoot dry weight) had no significant effect, there was a significant effect of the bilateral interaction between the two experimental factors on the number of leaves (leaves / seedlings) and the leaf area (cm2).
Response of Potato Cultivars to Nano-Fertilization Under Water Stress at Different Growth Stages
Authors: Al-Sharifi Ali Mahmoud Kadhim , Al-Zubaidi Ali Hassan Ali 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in the field of the Plant Production Techniques Department at the Technical College of Musayyib for autumn season of 2020. The experiment had three factors. First, four cultivars—Burren, Sifra, Arizona, Royal—were used (C1, C2, C3, C4). The second factor has four levels of water stress: no water stress, water stress during the germination stage from the date of planting to 30 days after planting, water stress during the vegetative growth stage from the end of the germination stage to 45 days after planting, and water stress during tuber formation from 45 to 60 days after planting. The third work sprayed three levels of nano fertilizer (khazra) (0, 1, 2) g. L-1 and its symbol (S0, S1, S2) according to the RCBD (Randomized complete block design) with three replicates and random transactions within each replicate. The probability-based Least Significant Difference (L.S.D) test assessed the results. 5%. The Burren cultivars had the highest plant height 57.70 cm and leaf number 48.00 leaves. Plant-1: leaf area 4389.90 cm2, fresh weight 312.67 g, dry weight 35.25. Stress during tuber formation (W3) and vegetative growth (W2) reduced most features in the first trial. The stress-free treatment (W0) had the highest vegetative growth, tuber, and chemical characteristics. Nano-fertilizer spraying at 2 g had a substantial effect.L-1 had the highest plant height 55.44 cm and leaf number 47.71 leaves. plant-1, leaf area 4329.72 cm2. Plant weight: 310.09 g, 35.87 g dry.
Response of Chinese Carnation Plant, Dianthus chinensis, to Spraying with Putrescine and Roselle Extract in Growth and Flowering Indicators
Authors: Al-Zurfi M. , Bhiah K. , Ahmed J. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The experiment was carried out in the nursery of University of Kufa during the agricultural season 2021-2022 to study the response of Chinese carnation plant to spraying with putrescine and roselle extract in growth and flowering indicators. Experiment was conducted based on RCBD with three replications. The concentrations of putrescine were 0, 50 and 100 mg l-1 and 0, 2.5 and 5 ml l-1 of roselle extract. The obtained results confirmed that spraying putrescine at a concentration of 100 mg l-1 with roselle extract at a concentration of 2.5 ml l-1 led to a significant increase in plant growth characteristics such as number of branches, the dry weight of the shoot system, the dry weight of the root system, and the content of the leaves in total soluble carbohydrates, and flowering characteristics such as inflorescence length, number of florets, diameter of the floret, the percentage of potassium (K) in the leaves, and the flower content of the anthocyanin pigment, compared to the control treatment.
Foliar Spray with Selenium to Mitigate the Impact of Water Stress on Chemical, Enzymatic, and Hormonal Parameters of Garlic Allium sativum L.
Authors: Al-Salami Muhammad Obaid Ghazai , Alhasnawi Nasser Jubair Radhi 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The current research explored the beneficial role of selenium (Se) in alleviating the negative impacts of water stress on the chemical, enzymatic, and hormonal parameters of garlic plants via manipulating chemo-physiological mechanisms. A field experiment was executed at the research station of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Iraq in September 2022 using a randomized complete block design with three replicates based on a strip-plot system. Three water levels (100%, 80%, and 60%) were set up in the whole plots while foliar application of selenium (Se) with three concentrations (0, 10, and 20) mg.L-1 were assigned to the subplots. Our findings revealed a significant increase in the leaf content of free proline acid, sulfur, and ABA, as well as an increase in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT when reducing irrigation levels from (100% to 60%) of the water requirement. While there was a significant decline in the plant hormones GA3 and IAA content in garlic leaves @ (60%) level of irrigation. The plants treated with foliar selenium @ (20 mg.L-1) enhanced most of the studied characteristics of garlic plants grown at different water levels. Moreover’ the full water requirement in combination with foliar Se @ (20 mg.L-1) provided the highest values of GA3 and IAA which were both comparable to the interaction treatment of water level @ (80%) and foliar Se @ (20 mg.L-1).
Evaluation of the Growth, Yield, and Nutritional Composition of Five Newly Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) Varieties Under Agro-Climatic Condition at Sulaymaniyah Governorate-Iraq
Authors: Kasnazany Sidiq Aziz Sidiq , Barznjy Luqman Gharib Karim , Mohammed Ali Lanja , Mahmood Anwar Mohammed Raouf , Mirza Avin Noori , Krbchna Shex Jamal Jalal 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the comparative performance of five tomato cultivars in the Krbchna Village/Sangaw areas of Sulaimani province-Kurdistan region, Iraq during 2021. To study yield quantity and quality parameter in tomato fruits. The cultivars were Bistansoor, Sulaimani, Braw, Bakrajo and Amad. The experimental design was complete randomized block design (CRBD) with three replicates. The Fruit weight (g), size (cm3), length (mm), diameter (mm), shape index, firmness (g), pH, TSS%, TA%, TSS/TA, M%, D.M%, juice%, pectin%, lycopene (μg/ml FJ), sugars%, and potassium%. The Bistansoor variety obtained the maximum values of fruit weight (g), size (cm3), length (mm), diameter (mm), shape index, firmness (g) and lycopene% with (147.18g, 133.33cm3, 93.05mm, 47.16mm, 1.97, 660.50g and 79.69 μg/ml FJ) respectively. Sulaimani variety achieved a higher value of TSS/TA only with (14.26). Braw variety gave a maximum value of pH and M% with (4.23 and 94.00%) respectively. Bakrajo variety gave the maximum values of pectine and K% with (4.22% and 4.64%) respectively. While Amad variety achieved the maximum values of TSS%, TA%, D.M%, juice% and sugars% with (9.20%, 0.78%, 10.34%, 72.42%, and 4.59%) respectively.
Effect of the Interaction of Kinetin with Indole Butyric Acid on the Multiplication of Steva Plant (Spanty) In Vitro
Authors: Ibrahim Ali Talib , Jawad Hiba Ahmed 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted in the laboratory of plant tissue culture in the College of Agriculture, University of Diyala for the period 2022-2023 to find an integrated program for propagating and multiplying Stevia outside the living body using some auxins and cytokinins and their interaction in the components of the nutrient medium. Tissue propagation experiments included a sterilization experiment, as a concentration of 15 mg.L-1 of sodium hypochlorite which gave the best sterilization percentage of 100%, and the best time period of 15 minutes gave 76.66%. Regarding the interaction between Kin and IBA, the control was superior in plant height, number of leaves, fresh weight and dry weight. Whereas, the number of branches was superior to the concentration treatment of 2.0 mg.L-1, as it gave the best number of branches, reaching 3.46 branch.plant-1. As for the effect of NAA and IBA on the rooting, NAA was given at a concentration of 0.4 mg.L-1, the best root length was 1.94 cm, and the best number of roots was 6.6 root.plant-1. As for the acclimatization experiment, there was no significant differences between the media used. This may be attributed to the genetic ability of this variety to better tolerate environmental conditions. As for the medium used in all its combinations, it proved successful in the process of acclimatizing tissue culture plants. In general, the method used did not differ from the resulting method in acclimatizing most tissue culture plants.
The Impact of Organic Fertilizers and Stimulants on Vegetative Growth of Pomegranate Seedling Leaves (cv. Salimi)
Authors: Hades Suha Ahmad , Saleh Ehsan Fadhel 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in 2022 at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, to determine the impact of organic fertilizer and stimulants on the vegetative growth of pomegranate seedlings in their first year of permanent cultivation. The study treated seedlings with auxins IBA and NAA at 100 and 200 mg L-1, glucose sugar at 5000 mg L-1, and Commercial stimulation Taravert Evo at 6 and 12 ml seedling-1. The experiment used a Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with two factorial elements. The experimental unit comprised one seedling, and Duncan’s multiple test at 5% was used to compare the averages. The treatment with organic fertilizer at 40% increased vegetative growth characteristics like leaf area, total leaf area, seedling height and diameter, and leaf chlorophyll content, while the stimuli increased them. It caused substantial changes in vegetative development (leaf area, total leaf area, and plant height). Stimuli treatment significantly altered vegetative development (leaf area, total leaf area, plant height, and chlorophyll content). The analyzed parameters’ interactions significantly affected vegetative features as leaf area, total leaf area, seedling diameter, and leaf chlorophyll content.
Effect of Soaking of Seeds in Water and Storage Period in a Regular Refrigerator to Produce Sprouts of some Vegetables for Marketing Purposes
Authors: Alwan M. B. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe study was conducted under the condition of the laboratory affiliated with the Department of Horticulture/College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences/University of Baghdad, aiming to investigate the effect of soaking seeds in water and the storage period (0, 3, and 7 days) on some traits of sprouts produced from three types of plants (brown mustard, red radish, and purslane). The completely randomized design (CRD) was used in this experiment involving three factors with three replicates. Results demonstrated that the red radish sprouts were significantly superior in the contents of carbohydrates, chlorophyll, fibers, phosphorous, and protein; purslane sprouts were superior in the contents of calcium, potassium, and vitamin C; mustard sprouts were superior in the contents of calcium, chlorophyll, and potassium. Soaking seeds gave results significantly superior to non-soaking seeds in each carbohydrate, fiber, phosphorous, protein, and vitamin C content. The sprout storage period also significantly affected the trait that the second and third periods were superior to the first period in the most studied traits. Concerning the binary introduction, the non-soaked seeds affected the most traits in the interactions A x B and B x C. In the interaction A x C (plant type with the storage period), most results refer to the significant superiority of the red radish sprouts stored for a further time. Regarding the triple interactions, non-soaked seeds and long storage periods of the red radish sprouts were significantly superior in most interaction treatments.
Chemical and Qualitative Response of Three Hybrids of Cherry Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) to NPK Foliar Spray
Authors: Hussein Yasir Mohsin , Al-Tufaili Aqeel Kareem Hasan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at the research station of the College of Agriculture/University of Kufa for the 2022 growing season under unheated protected environment conditions to demonstrate the effect of spraying with N.P.K fertilizer at four levels (0, 1, 2 and 4) gl-1 on the chemical and qualitative content of three cherry tomato crosses (yellow, orange and red). The experiment was Split Plots Design in CRD, where tomato hybrids were distributed in Main plots, and spraying NPK levels were in Sub-plots. The results showed that the red tomato was significantly higher in the leaves content of nitrogen and phosphorous than the other two hybrids. The yellow tomato was significantly higher than the orange, but not the red one, in the content of carbohydrate leaves, while the orange tomato was superior to the red one only in the fruit content of vitamin C. Tomato hybrids did not differ in the fruit content of anthocyanins and total soluble solids. In general, with regard to the NPK fertilizer, the concentration of 4 g L-1 was significantly better than the rest of the concentrations in most of the indicators under study, but the fertilizer concentrations did not differ in the nitrogen and phosphorus content of the leaves.
Impact of Spraying with the Jasmonic Growth Regulator and Adding Nutrient Solution on the Chemical Properties of Pummelo Seedlings (Shaddock)
Authors: Al-Hamdani Kh. A. S. , Muraif Gh. Z. , Dawood M. S. , Hussin A. M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The College of Agriculture/Samarra University timber canopy was used for the 1/6/2022–1/6/2023 experiment. JA spraying and Ennne nutrition solution were applied to 54 Pummelo seedlings grafted on orange root to determine their chemical composition. Spraying seedlings with three concentrations of Jasmonates (JA) (0, 5, 10 mg.L-1) and three levels of nitrogen-rich (Ennne) nutrient solution (0, 4, 8 ml.L-1) The first appointment was 6/1/2022, the second 21 days later, and so on for the third date. This study used Randomized Complete Block Desigen (R.C.B.D) design as a factorial experiment with two components (JA and Ennne’s nutritional solution, three replications, two seedlings per experimental unit). Factors and their interactions were examined using SAS and the least significant difference (LSD) at 0.05. The study’s findings: After being sprayed with Jasmonates (JA) growth regulator, especially at a concentration of 10 mg.L-1, the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, carbohydrates, and Jasmonic acid content of the leaves increased to 0.49, 1.67, 3.40, and 107.2 mg kg-1, respectively, from the lowest rates seen in the comparison treatment. When compared to the control treatment, which had the lowest rates for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, carbohydrates, and Jasmonic acid, the sprayed leaves of plants given Ennne nutrient solution had significantly higher levels of these elements. The treatment G2E2 excelled and gave the highest rate of the leaves’ content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, carbohydrates, and Jasmonic acid due to the dual interaction between jasmonic acid and Ennne nutrient solution, while the treatment G0E0 gave the lowest rate of the aforementioned traits.
Bentonite Impact on Soil Properties and Biological Activity in the Face of Drought : A Review
Authors: Al-Taey Duraid K.A. , Hussain Ahmed J. , Kadhum Haider J. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The clay mineral bentonite has received a lot of attention for its potential to reduce the harmful effects of drought on soil health and biological activity. Reduced enzymatic activity and microbial diversity are two negative outcomes of the drought’s impact on soil quality. Bentonite, however, has been shown to aid in the restoration of biological functions in drought-affected soils. Bentonite’s function as a soil moisture retainer is an important consideration. Bentonite acts as a reservoir, trapping water within its layers due to its high water-holding capacity and ability to form a gel-like structure. This capacity for water retention can reduce the negative impact of drought on soil organisms, making conditions better for enzyme activity and microbial life. Bentonite has also been shown to increase soil enzyme production and activity. Soil fertility and healthy ecosystems rely on the work of enzymes in nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition. Reduced enzymatic activity is a common consequence of drought stress, which in turn reduces nutrient availability and worsens soil health. The application of bentonite, however, has been shown to increase enzyme production and activity even in drought conditions. This has the potential to improve soil health and productivity by preserving vital soil processes and encouraging nutrient cycling. In addition, bentonite can increase soil microorganism activity in dry areas. Soil microorganisms play a crucial role in the cycling of nutrients, the control of disease, and the health of the soil ecosystem as a whole. Reduced microbial diversity and activity have been linked to drought stress. However, research shows that applying bentonite to drought-affected soils increases both microbial growth and diversity. Increased nutrient availability, enhanced soil structure, and enhanced water infiltration and retention are all possible results of microbial stimulation. In conclusion, areas that have experienced drought can benefit from bentonite’s ability to improve soil enzymes and biological activity. Bentonite helps restore and maintain soil health even when water supplies are low. It does this by increasing water retention, encouraging enzyme production, and boosting microbial activity. To fully realize bentonite’s potential for fostering sustainable agriculture and sustaining healthy ecosystems, more study is required to determine the optimum application rates and methods.
Effect of Benzyl Adenine, Calcium Chloride and Chitosan on Growth and Flower Production of Gerbera Jamesonii Bolus ex. Hook. Cv. Esmara
Authors: Ahmed Ebtisam Esmaael , Al-Atrakchii A. O. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in the field of the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping Desigen, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, during the period from March 2021 to April 2022, on the Gerbera plant Gerbera jamesonii (Esmara), with the aim of studying its response to treatment with benzyl adenine at a concentrations: 0 and 250 mg l-1 and calcium chloride at a concentrations: 0, 125 and 250 mgl-1 and chitosan at a concentrations: 0, 150 and 300 mgl-1, sprayed on the vegetative growth monthly, for a full year, starting from March 2021 until April 2022. It was used in the implementation of the experiment A Factorial Experiment of two Split Plots with a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications and 15 treatment plants. The results showed that the treatment of plants with benzyl adenine with spraying with calcium chloride at a concentration of 250 mgl-1 for both interact with spraying with chitosan at a concentration of 300 mgl-1 recorded the highest significant values for the characteristics of: total yield of inflorescences produced, number of leaves, leaves area, number of branches and leaf content of total chlorophyll in against the lowest values of the control treatment. The results of the characteristics of the inflorescences produced during the study seasons, including the inflorescence diameter, the scape length, and the inflorescences yield, showed that they were at their maximum during the spring season, while the largest significant values were recorded for the inflorescence diameter and the vase life during the winter season.