bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moral Dilemmas, Genuine and Spurious: A Comparative Anatomy
Authors: Donagan Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“If one were to publish two volumes, the first containing the entire preceding philosophical literature concerning [moral dilemmas], broadly construed, from Plato to W. D. Ross, . . . while the second was devoted to the publications of the last thirty years, the second volume would be by far the larger.” So Alasdair MacIntyre, in a recent paper. The implied change in philosophers’ interests is remarkable, and presumably has an explanation. What is it?
Two tempting answers are false. The first is that developments in modern culture, especially in the technology of medicine and warfare, have presented moralists with many new cases, about which traditional moral opinions yield conflicting answers. Moral theory, however, is no more completable than law. That moral theory at a given time yields conflicting answers to new cases implies no more than that it is incomplete, not that it cannot be developed to treat those cases satisfactorily. The second is that, in the past half century, rebellious groups hitherto repressed in western civilization (for example, blacks and women) have exposed conflicts in its moral practices by showing that they are inconsistent with certain of its professed principles. Such conflicts, however, are not moral dilemmas, but symptoms of moral progress: as the rebellious groups point out, they vanish when the morally indefensible practices are abandoned.
Moral Dilemmas, Gaps, and Residues: A Kantian Perspective
Authors: Hill Thomas E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No one, I suspect, accepts everything that Kant said about moral matters, but many remain hopeful that Kant’s ideas, suitably modified and supplemented, might be developed into an ethical theory that meets most familiar objections and remains worthy of serious consideration. The project of developing such a Kantian theory, however, faces formidable obstacles. Prominent among these are problems concerning conflicts of duty. Alan Donagan has addressed at length the most familiar problem of this sort: the charge that Kantian principles generate unresolvable moral dilemmas. Although correct and important in its main thesis, I think that Donagan’s defense of a Kantian position concedes too much in one way and too little in another. Moreover, the objection to which Donagan responds is not the only problem Kantians must face regarding moral conflicts.
Conference Introductory Remarks
Authors: Haar James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The motet has an immensely long history, extending from the early thirteenth century to the present. We are met here to take up problems connected with the first half of this eight-century span. The unifying thread in the conference is that we will all be talking about motets; so it would be natural for me to begin by offering a definition, an answer to the question “Motetus quidest?” Natural, perhaps; but not prudent. A word that does not limit the subject by period, genre, form, style, textual language, or performance medium is resistant to precise definition. In place of hazarding anything of my own, I will offer the well-known words of Johannes de Grocheio on the subject: “The motet is music made for several voices, having multiple texts or a varied arrangement of syllables, harmoniously consonant in all respects. “ This is true, if not particularly helpful, for the whole period under discussion here.
Tonal Compass in the Motets of Orlando di Lasso
Authors: Crook David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the third volume of his General History of Music, the eighteenth-century music historian Charles Burney drew a striking distinction between the mu sic of Cipriano de Rore and Orlando di Lasso on the one hand and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina on the other. Rore and Lasso, by having spent the chief part of their time in the courts of princes, had acquired a lighter and more secular craft of melody than Palestrina, who residing constantly at Rome, and writing chiefly for the church, had a natural and characteristic gravity in all his productions. Indeed, the compositions a Capella of Cyprian Rore and Orlando Lasso are much inferior to those of Pal estrina, in this particular; for by striving to be grave and solemn they only become heavy and dull; and what is unaffected dignity in the Roman, is little better than the strut of a dwarf upon stilts in the Netherlanders.
The Sexual Economist and Legal Regulation of the Sexual Orientations
Authors: Halley Janet E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Judge Richard A. Posner offers a two-part argument in his contribution to this volume, “The Economic Approach to Homosexuality.” First, he argues that economic analysis of human sexuality supports a claim that heterosexual preference is an essential, transhistorical feature of most human beings while homosexual preference is a similarly fixed characteristic of very few human beings. Human sexuality is “constructed” in the limited sense that different cultural settings induce individuals with intrinsic preferences for same or cross-sex contacts to seek sexual outlet in behavioral repertoires that, though they are transhistorically homosexual or heterosexual, manifest striking plasticity from culture to culture. Second, he argues that, given this moderated social-constructivist view of human sexual variation, a sexual economist can predict the aggregate social response to various sexual incentives and deterrents and thus draw up socially optimal regulations. The precise form of social constructivism he adopts is doubly necessary to make his economic analysis of homosexuality work: positing intrinsic, transhistorical, “real” preference heterosexuals and “real” preference homosexuals enables him to make predictions about how individuals will respond to changes in sexuality regulation; positing plasticity in the meaning and availability of sexual behaviors gives regulation something to do.
Causes of Declining Well-Being Among U.S. Children
Authors: Galston William A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On July 7, 1992, the Children’s Defense Fund (CDF) released a study documenting a significant increase in child poverty during the 1980s. CDF argued that this trend was primarily attributable to declining wages for younger workers and to federal budget cuts. Olivia Golden, CDF director of programs and policy, stated, “There’s a range of evidence that suggests that what’s happening is much more pervasive than a small group of parents who are making bad choices for their children.” Gary Bauer, president of the Family Research Council and a key domestic policy advisor during the Reagan administration, vigorously disagreed: “We believe they’ve got it exactly backwards.” Two-parent families are able to rise out of poverty, “but the poverty of single-parent families is persistent and trends up even when the economy is improving.” Until the children’s fund and others are “willing to address that behavior, we are not going to address child poverty.” This dispute represents the continuation of a long-running political debate between liberals and conservatives concerning the causes of (and by implication, remedies for) declining well-being among families with young children. The purpose of this article is to bring some reasonably reliable data to bear on this controversy. While I have well-advertised views on a number of family policy issues, in the following remarks I will steer away from policy per se and stick as close as is possible to the question of causation and what we know about it.
The Erotics of Talk
Authors: Kaplan Carla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is feminism in “crisis?” With many feminists now questioning identification and focusing on differences between women, what is the fate of feminist criticism ‘s traditional imperative to rescue women ‘s stories and make their voices heard? In this provocative rereading of the classic texts of the feminist literary canon, Carla Kaplan takes a hard look at the legacy of feminist criticism and argues that important features of feminism ‘s own canon have been overlooked in the rush to rescue and identify texts. African-American women ‘s texts, she demonstrates, often dramatize their distrust of their readers, their lack of faith in “the cultural conversation,” through strategies of self-silencing and “self-talk.” At the same time, she argues, the homoerotics of women ‘s writing has too often gone unremarked. Not only does longing for an ideal listener draw women ‘s texts into a romance with the reader, but there is an erotic excess which is part of feminist critical recuperation itself. Drawing on a wide range of resources, from sociolinguistics and anthropology to literary theory, Kaplan ‘s highly readable study proposes a new model for understanding and representing “talk.” She supplies fresh readings of such feminist classics as Jane Eyre, “The Yellow Wallpaper,” Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Their Eyes Were Watching God, and The Color Purple, revealing how their “erotics of talk” works as a rich political allegory and form of social critique.
Introduction: In Search of an Ideal Listener
Authors: Kaplan Carla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let me begin with two stories about women ‘s search for an ideal listener.
The first is by Henry James and sets out to describe the discursive desire of feminists. In The Bostonians, James presents his image of what Mrs. Farrinder, a strident radical feminist, wants in a listener. Facing a sympathetic roomful of women, Mrs. Farrinder finds that she has nothing to say:
. . . she could only deliver her message to an audience which she felt to be partially hostile. There was no hostility there; they were all only too much in sympathy. “I don’t require sympathy,” she said with a tranquil smile. . . . “I only rise to the occasion, when I see prejudice, when I see bigotry, when I see injustice, when I see conservatism, massed before me like an army. Then I feel-I feel as I imagine Napoleon Bonaparte to have felt on the eve of one of his great victories. I MUST have unfriendly elements—I like to win them over.
The Anomaly of Domination
Authors: Schiller Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the interwar period, all hope of preserving “manual” and “mental” activities as a complex theoretical unity-even under another name, as Deweyan instrumentalism had attempted-was forsworn. This more definitive categorial displacement of “labor,” however, did not prevent thinking about communication from evincing that singularly direct and repeated absorption with great historical processes and controversies which has ineluctably marked it throughout each successive era. Nowhere, indeed, has communication study’ s capacity to organize a substantial knowledge of reality been more evident than in its interwar engagement with “propaganda.”1 Here it became increasingly plain that the cooperative construct favored by the pragmatists-”organized intelligence”-was vulnerable to routine and unprecedentedly systematic media attacks staged by powerful corporate and governmental actors. Hard on the heels of this revelatory shift in the terms of thought, the discussion of communication also began to lose its restricted reference to news and public affairs, and to be redirected-in a portent of later developments-toward “culture” more generally. In this chapter, after first canvassing the fierce interwar debate which broke out over the social import of propaganda, I then sketch briefly the reactive sequence of changes through which an academic communication study successfully cast itself as the legitimate heir to inquiry in this quickly changing field, principally by attempting to isolate a communicative dimension of interpersonal influence.
Bioethics-American and Elsewhere
Authors: Jonsen Albert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of bioethics that we have told is largely an American one. Apart from several brief visits to Great Britain for the Ciba conferences and the birth of Baby Louise Brown, and a trip to Australia to investigate the way they treat embryos “down under,” we have dwelt largely within U.S. borders. But of course, bioethics does not exist only in the United States. In I997, as this book is being written, there is an International Association of Bioethics, whose founders were Australian bioethicists. The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). associated with the World Health Organization and UNESCO, has demonstrated interest in bioethics for many years and has issued international guidelines on many topics, including transplantation, the definition of death, and human research. Since 1985, the Council of Europe has had a Committee of Experts on Bioethical Issues which, with wide international consultation, composed a Convention for Bioethics containing guidelines on major bioethical issues. UNESCO formed an International Bioethics Committee in 1993. The European Community and its legislative arm, the European Parliament, have formulated bioethics policy and sponsored bioethical studies. Centers and institutes of bioethics exist worldwide, from Bonn to Beijing and from Bangkok to Buenos Aires. The 1994 UNESCO Directory lists 498 such centers outside the United States. The second edition of the Encyclopedia of Bioethics, published in 1995, contains many articles on historical. theoretical. and practical bioethics around the world in different nations and cultures. Clearly, bioethics is a worldwide phenomenon. And yet, in Dan Callahan’s words, “Bioethics is a native grown American product, which did emerge elsewhere but finds uniquely fertile ground in the U.S.” This chapter briefly reviews bioethics elsewhere and then asks why it grows the way it has in the United States.
Elective Patients
Authors: Lustig Andrew , Scardino Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elective surgery is an option to be considered in response to non-emergent diseases that exhibit a ‘‘gray zone’’ for clinical judgment, wherein the ratio of risks to benefits has not reached a decisive balance in favor of surgical management. Surgery may be judged to be elective for two types of cases. First, surgery may be viewed as elective in response to chronic diseases and slowly progressive conditions that are relatively benign. For example, in responding to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), single-vessel coronary artery disease, emphysema, or cholelithiasis, surgery may be deemed elective because there is no demonstrable risk of physiological catastrophe if nonsurgical management is adopted as the preferred strategy, at least initially. Uncertainty about the respective ratios of risks to benefits between surgical and nonsurgical management is a function of morbidity and quality-of-life outcomes. SurgJcal management sometimes results in significant morbidity that may adversely affect the patient’s short- and long term quality of life. Likewise, nonsurgical management, which includes diagnosis, medical management, and symptom relief, may also involve significant associated morbidity and increased risk of mortality. Thus, the patient’s own values are crucial in assessing alternative outcomes and making ‘‘trade-offs’’ between associated morbidity and mortality. In a second type of case-for example, localized prostatic cancer--clinical judgment is complicated by the need to avoid a rarely seen but very bad outcome.
Care Of Dying Patients
Authors: Wear Stephen , Milch Robert , Weaver W Lynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most adults in the United States die in institutional settings, and most of those deaths occur under medical or surgical care. Surgeons tend not to like death, especially after an operation. As a consequence of the first factor, surgeons cannot avoid dying patients and, as a consequence of the second factor, surgeons tend not to speak candidly and specifically to dying patients about their situation and prospects. Nonetheless, dying patients confront surgeons with a number of ethical challenges, in no small measure because of these two factors and their consequences, to which we address this chapter.
Preventing and Managing Unwarranted Biases Against Patients
Authors: Kopelman Loretta M , Lannin Donald R , Kopelman Arthur E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘‘The patient is a forty-five year old African-American male ... a thirty-year old Asian-American female ... an eighty-year-old white male.’’ Case reports begin in this familiar fashion because the patient’s age, race, and gender may hold the key to his or her needs. The patient’s mode of livelihood, living companions, sexual orientation, lifestyle or socioeconomic group may also be relevant factors in selecting medical care. Subspecialty clinics develop around such differences, such as gynecologic surgery for women or pediatric surgery for children’s special problems and unique reactions. Studies also reveal group differences. For example, middle-aged caucasian men are more likely to have coronary artery disease than premenopausal white women. Age can also be predictive to such a degree that people over eighty or under two years of age might be excluded from consideration for some surgeries because they are unlikely to survive the procedure. Race, age, gender, lifestyle choices, sexual orientation, work habits, socioeconomic background, or social background, then, can be legitimate factors in providing medical care generally, and surgical care in particular. Surgeons use this information to help identify patients’ needs and interests. In contrast, such considerations would generally be regarded as un justified in most social institutions.
Financial Relationships With Patients
Authors: Iserson Kenneth V , Jarrell Bruce E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medical finances and bioethics seem to be both worlds apart and intricately intertwined. Purists claim that many issues relating money to medical practice are questions of professional etiquette rather than ethical issues. Yet within the medical profession, questions of reimbursement, payment mechanisms, and conflicts of interest have stimulated useful ethical discussions and guidelines since ancient times. As health care delivery systems and medical care itself evolves, surgeons’ relationships with their patients will require even more ethical direction than this chapter describes. Reimbursement asan Ethical Issue. It is appropriate for medical ethics to concern itself with the business aspects of medicine, and particularly with the surgeon’s reimbursement for rendered services. Many patients believe that their doctors are more concerned about making money than with patient well-being.
Relationships With Payers and Institutions that Manage and Deliver Patient Services
Authors: Wildes Kevin Wm. , Wallace Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rapidly changing nature of health care finance has opened a host of ethical questions for physicians, patients, hospitals, and payers. Surgeons are no exception to these questions. Each day physicians and surgeons find themselves caught in a maze of changing financial structures that influence surgical practice (see Chapter 17). The changes from fee-for-service structures to those of managed care raise a number of ethical issues about the patient-physician relationship and how patients ought to be treated. These structural changes also raise potential conflicts of interests and conflicts of obligations, or the perception of such conflicts, in the surgeon’s relationships to patients, hospitals, and payers (see Chapter 18). There are other ethical questions for hospitals and health care institutions and the surgical services they offer. As hospitals attempt to compete for market share, conflicts may arise between an institutional interest in offering economically efficient services and the fiduciary obligation of providing quality care to patients. Hospitals are no longer simply points of delivery for surgical care. They are, increasingly, financiers of medical and surgical services as well as providers of such services so they cannot escape such conflicts of interest.
The Sources of Nationalism
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles Taylor’s chapter has two main sections: an account of the modern “context” of nationalist movements, drawing on the work of Gellner and Anderson, and then an account of the “sources” of nationalism, applying Taylor’s own earlier work on the idea of”a politics of recognition:’ I found the first section to be insightful and helpful, but I’m puzzled about the second section and, indeed, about the distinction between the “context” and “sources” of nationalism.
The Moral Psychology of Nationalism
Authors: Margalit Avishai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The “prophets” of the nineteenth century, claims Isaiah Berlin, foresaw many of the central trends of the twentieth century: Burckhardt foresaw the importance of the military-industrial complex, Weber the growth of bureaucracy, Bakunin the revolutions in Third World countries, Durkheim the anomie of industrialized society, Tocqueville the conformism of egalitarian societies, and Marx the accelerated rate of technological change and the concentration of the means of production in the hands of the few. Yet no one foresaw the centrality of nationalism in twentieth-century life.
The Limits of National Partiality
Authors: Mcmahan Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nations are human groups distinguished by both objective and subjective criteria. The objective relations that may bind the members of a nation together include a history of mutual association and common occupancy of the same territory, common ethnic origins, use of the same language, shared religious beliefs, a common commitment to certain political institutions, a common culture involving shared values and customs, and so on. Although most nations are united in several of these ways, no single objective commonality or any particular combination of these commonalities is necessary for the existence of a nation.I At the subjective level, most adult members of a nation must share a sense that together they constitute a distinct group and that belonging to this group is a constitutive element of each member’s individual identity. They must, in other words, recognize one another as sharing a collective identity.
The Justification of National Partiality
Authors: Hurka Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The moral issues about nationalism arise from the character of nationalism as a form of partiality. Nationalists care more about their own nation and its members than about other nations and their members; in that way nationalists are partial to their own national group. The question, then, is whether this national partiality is morally justified or, on the contrary, whether everyone ought to care impartially about all members of all nations. As Jeff McMahan emphasizes in chapter 8, a philosophical examination of this question must consider the specific features of nationalism as one form of partiality among others. Some—partiality for example, toward one’s spouse and children—seems morally acceptable and even a duty. According to commonsense moral thinking, one not only may but also should care more about one’s family members than about strangers. But other instances of partiality, most notably racial partiality, are in most circumstances widely condemned. Is national partiality more like familial partiality or more like racial partiality? To answer this question, we must know what in general justifies attitudes of partiality. Caring more about certain people is appropriate when one stands in certain special relations to those people.