bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In the Mind of the Beholder: Evaluation of Coping Styles of Immigrant Parents
Authors: Roer‐Strier Dorit 
Published: March 2003

The issue of coping with cultural transition, as in the case of immigration, has been the focus of extensive investigation in many domains. There is some diversity among scholars as to the relationship between change, stress, risk and well‐being. Children, in particular, are regarded at risk since they experience parental stress and are exposed to two sometimes conflicting socializing systems. Consequently, parental modes of coping with “acculturation stress” are considered major factors in predicting immigrant children’s well‐being.This article challenges existing views of a linear relation between parental coping and child well‐being, suggesting that there is a great complexity and many variables that affect both parental coping strategies related to immigration and the definition of risk.We suggest that child development is affected by parental values and ideologies which form the “Adaptive Adult” image of the culture in which the children are raised. Immigrant parents confronted with a foreign Adaptive Adult image held by the socializing agents of the host culture may adopt one of the several different copying styles. The article describes three most common coping styles labelled by metaphores from the animal world: the traditional “uni‐cultural” style which promotes conservation is represented by the Kangaroo strategy; the “culturally‐disoriented” style which calls for rapid assimilation of children is represented by the Cuckoo metaphor; and the “bi‐cultural” style, based on a meditative approach, is illustrated by the Chameleon’s ability to change its colour to blend in with the environment.Representatives of four professional sectors who are in daily contact with immigrant families, including educators, social workers, educational psychologists and paediatricians, were presented with three typical coping strategies and were asked to express their opinions regarding the adaptive and risk values of each coping style.By applying a qualitative research approach, results indicate that there are variations in the way the various stakeholders (parents and socializing agents) perceive basic concepts such as adaptation, risk and well‐being. Consequently, their evaluations of the different parental coping styles vary, suggesting that it is all "in the mind of the beholder".
Greek Immigrants in Australia: Demographic Developments and Economic Integration
Authors: Glytsos Nicholas P. 
Published: March 2003

With a high proportion of Greece‐born immigrants in Australia reaching retirement, working age numbers will be reduced dramatically by the year 2000 and will almost vanish by the year 2010. Without newcomers to Australia, which is likely to be the case in the foreseeable future, the involvement of Greece‐born immigrants in the Australian economy will soon be minimal. For quite some time, departures from Australia have exceeded arrivals; the movement in recent years has been practically nil.While immigration from Greece to Australia has completed something of a century‐long cycle (1900–2000), second generation Greeks in Australia will come to demographic maturity with a more or less normal age distribution. In contrast to their parents, they are well educated with skills, and many hold well paid jobs, thus measuring up to the total Australian population.The relatively low general and third level education of Greece‐born immigrants, and their lack of adequate vocational qualifications and skills, placed them in a disadvantageous position in the Australian labour market and created some obstacles to their integration in the Australia economy and society. However, subsequent cohorts of immigrants had more and better education and skill qualifications, but still well below those of the total Australian population. Despite these inadequacies, Greece‐born immigrants participate almost equally well in economic activity as the total Australian population.The relatively superior educational attainment of second generation Greeks is a reflection of the changing aspirations of their parents for the upward economic and social mobility of their children.The income gap between Greece‐born immigrants and total Australian population is not so great (14 per cent) and has been stable over time. For both populations, the relative position of females has improved considerably and by about equal proportions. The overall conclusion concerning first generation Greeks is that their standard of living is only a little inferior to that of the total Australian population.Mainly because immigration to Australia is generally permanent family immigration, the volume of remittances to Greece was relatively low during the 1960s; accelerated volumes in the 1970s and the 1980s are explained partly by corresponding changes in migration movements.
Migration Experiences of Turkish Women: Notes from a Researcher’s Diary
Authors: Kadıoğlu Ayşe 
Published: March 2003

The article reviews the migration experiences of Turkish women who were either involved in external migration or were exposed to migration by being left behind upon the emigration of their husbands. It includes notes on statements made by some returning women and women whose husbands returned home.The statements were encountered during a comprehensive field survey conducted in Turkey. Since the literature on women and external migration is, in general, blinded by a view of migrant women as “traditional” regardless of their ethnic, regional, religious and other background variables, it is expected that their exposure to the “modern” western culture will automatically pave the way to their emancipation.The diary entries of statements made by migrant women portrayed in this article question such an axiomatic proposition by pointing to the significance of background variables and certain features of household structures.
The Role of Immigration in Canada’s Demographic Outlook
Authors: Passaris Constantine 
Published: March 2003

Canada’s contemporary demographic profile has been profoundly influenced by the end of the baby boom, decline in the fertility rate, ageing of the population and prospects for an absolute decline in population shortly after the turn of the century.These demographic characteristics necessitate an enhanced role for immigration and the need for a more proactive immigration policy in order to correct and fine‐tune demographic trends and to come to grips with the social and economic challenges and opportunities of the next few decades.The expanded role of multicultural immigration conveys a sense of urgency in terms of exploring and anticipating the economic and social costs and advantages related to immigration that are decidedly more multicultural and multiracial in composition.Canada’s immigration policy will require a realignment of economic and social policies as well as cultural and linguistic programmes in view of the multicultural composition of family dependents, business and entrepreneurial immigrants and refugee movements.
The New Economics of Labour Migration and the Role of Remittances in the Migration Process
Authors: Taylor Edward J. 
Published: March 2003

In 1995, international migrant remittances exceeded US$70 billion. How have these remittances shaped development in migrant sending areas?Pessimistic views on migration and development pervade the literature. In contrast, the new economics of labour migration (NELM) argues that migration may set in motion a development dynamic, lessening production and investment constraints faced by households in imperfect market environments and creating income growth linkages.This article assesses the development potential of remittances from a NELM perspective and cites empirical evidence that remittances may be a positive factor in economic development.Governments in migrant origin countries may increase the development potential of remittances through a variety of economic policies. Creating a fertile ground for remittances to contribute to broad based income growth in migrant sending areas is a key to promoting development from migration.
Return of Overseas Contract Workers and their Rehabilitation and Development in Kerala (India)
Authors: Nair P.R. Gopinathan 
Published: March 2003

Large‐scale emigration of temporary contract workers from Kerala to countries in the Middle East began in the early 1970s. Return migration flows into Kerala assumed large proportions only after the mid‐1980s. Returned migrants include repatriated illegal immigrants and immigrants evacuated during times of political upheaval and hostilities.Since the end of the 1980s there have been several instances of such repatriation. While reliable information on migration‐related matters is not available in Kerala, not even on the magnitudes of onward and return flows, the total number of returned migrants in Kerala must be already around 0.5 million.Returned migrants are, in general, middle‐aged persons with low levels of education, skills and experience. After return, about one‐half remain unemployed and of the other half, a few retire from active work and the rest enter into self‐employment, mostly in the services sector, or get into salaried jobs, or become wage labour in agriculture or fishing.Returned migrants have received little assistance from the state government or any other institution for rehabilitation and development. The socio‐political and economic climate in the state has remained unfriendly to investment, due to a variety of constraints such as scarcity of land, segmentation of the labour market, wage rates much higher than labour productivity, militant trade unionism, political ideology inimical to the growth of the private capitalist sector and inadequacy of the energy and transport infrastructure.Loss‐making public capitalist sector enterprises have discouraged returned migrants from entrusting their savings with government and several fake private sector enterprises which lured them into taking shares have cheated them. The inertia on the part of the state government to attend to the problems of the emigrants began to thaw after 1996, when it introduced an accident‐cum‐life insurance policy for non‐resident Keralites. But no specified scheme for harnessing the development potential of return migrants has as yet emerged.The novel experiment begun in Kerala for local level development with the active participation of the people, the availability of cooperative credit agencies at all the local levels and the immense possibilities of development of the state, offer a new opportunity for channelling the development potential of the returned migrants into productive investment.
Residential Concentration Among Immigrants in Oslo
Authors: Blom Svein 
Published: March 2003

On the basis of register data, this article outlines the development ofresidential concentrations among immigrants in Oslo from the early 1970suntil 1996.It is argued that a phase characterized by concentrated immigrant housing inthe inner city was superseded by a phase of dispersal which, in turn, was replaced by a period of new concentration. Western and non‐Western immigrants live in different parts of the city and the degree of residential concentration varies according to the national background of the immigrants.Between 1988 and 1993 there was a net flux of non‐Western immigrantsfrom the inner city east to the old and new suburban dormitory towns on theoutskirts of the city. This is interpreted as a tendency over time to conformto mainstream Norwegian residential patterns.The relevance of the term “ghetto” as a designation of areas in Oslo characterized by a high proportion of immigrants is refuted.Empirical evidence supports the notion that economic resources is the mostimportant factor in creating and maintaining immigrant residential concentrations in the inner city east, while cultural phenomena also appear to play a major causal role.
Factors Affecting Australia’s Refugee Policy: The Case of the Kosovars
Authors: King Jackie 
Published: March 2003

This article seeks to explain Australia's refugee policy and to identify the various objectives and factors that influence the development of that policy.Australia's refugee programme seeks to: provide a humanitarian response and protection to individual refugees; participate responsibly in the international community; honour its Convention obligations; further the interests of the people of Australia; meet high standards of administration and; acknowledge as much as possible changes in refugee populations.In fulfilling these objectives, Australian governments must weigh and balance various competing factors. These include: humanitarian responsibility, international obligations, social, political, economic and foreign policy factors, as well as efficient administration.In balancing the relative importance of these factors, the Federal government hopes to fulfil all its refugee and humanitarian objectives. However, the pluralistic nature of Australian society and the often conflicting ideals associated with protection of Australia's interests and the preservation of the rights of refugees, means that fulfilment of these objectives is difficult.This article examines the Australian government's response to the Kosovar conflict, to assess the relative success Australia had in fulfilling its refugee policy objectives and identifying the various factors that produced the final result.
Ethnic Communities and Ethnic Organizations Reconsidered: South‐East Asians and Eastern Europeans in Chicago
Authors: Majka Lorraine , Mullan Brendan 
Published: March 2003

A major debate continues about whether immigrants receive benefits by virtue of their attachment to ethnic communities and ethnic organizations. On one side of the controversy, a large body of literature suggests that the ethnic community, which often contains resources that promote immigrants’ adaptation and assimilation, actually hinders adaptation because the resources of mainstream institutions are less accessible to immigrants (often because they are also minorities). On the opposite side of the argument, critics contend that the ethnic solidarity school emphasizes the positive effects of ethnic communities and ethnic organizations on immigrant populations, while ignoring many of the negative consequences of migrants’ involvement in ethnic groups and ethnic institutions.The purpose of this article is to reconsider whether ethnic communities and ethnic institutions facilitate immigrants’ socio‐economic adaptation. Specifically, the study analyses the impact of ethnic organizations on public assistance utilization among South‐East Asian and Eastern European refugees in the Chicago metropolitan area in the late 1980s.The paper proceeds in five stages. As a background to the overall study, the literature on ethnic communities and ethnic organizations is reviewed. This is followed by a discussion of the development of mutual assistance associations (MAAs) in the US. Third is a concise description of the data and methods. Fourth is a presentation of the results. The article concludes with an assessment of the implications of the findings and suggestions for future research.
The Crime Crisis and Preventable Crimino‐Genesis
Authors: Coleman Alice 
Published: March 2003

Strong research evidence implicates housing design as a powerful factor in crimino‐genesis during the formative years of early childhood. Detailed and large‐scale investigations have revealed 38 design and layout variables that favour existing criminals and breed many new ones by impeding normal child‐rearing practices. The average age of criminals has progressively decreased and crimes have become more sadistic.It is well established that changing the deleterious designs responsible for social breakdown can halt and reverse the decay of local societies. The police report that the relevant type of design improvement allows natural community formation to replace the pre‐existing ethos of anonymity and alienation, so that crime may virtually cease, indeed, in some cases, completely so. Young children are then integrated into the community and do not grow up delinquent. This is criminal prevention, as opposed to crime prevention, which allows delinquency to develop and then tries to control its results.This paper discusses the specific design variables that are influential; the results obtained by changing them in ten estates; the reasons why government (apart from former British Prime Minister Thatcher) turns a blind eye to the design solution to crime; and the evidence for thinking that the escalating urban crisis is close to the sort of sudden change postulated by catastrophe theory.
‘New Security’ in Cyberspace: Emerging Intersection between Military and Civilian Contingencies
Authors: Demchak Chris C. 
Published: March 2003

From the outset, the emergent national and transnational networks of automated, inter‐connected information systems were expected to create beneficial communities. Unfortunately, unpleasant contingencies more like those of turbulent urban environments have emerged in the undesired challenges to individual and group security from these spreading global and critical networks. The ‘netted’ nations of the West are acting more like global neighbouring cities in their increasingly similar social burdens and competition for resources seeping across real and virtual borders. At the same time, with the rise of both wider global networks and highly‐Webbed military technology, the global military community is developing new, broader notions of the contingencies for which they must be prepared. In this process, on‐going since the Gulf War of 1991, millions of defense research and acquisition budget dollars have been, and continue to be, aimed at solutions for these newly perceived broadening responsibilities.The surprising result is a growing intersection between the capabilities being sought and developed in the most modern of militaries, the services of the US, and the emerging needs of the wider civilian community in meeting new contingencies. This article discusses this growing intersection in meeting internet‐borne societal threats or in applying internet‐enabled responses to intentional or unintentional social disruptions. While these trends are largely seen, today, in the US military and society, they portend similar possible developments around the globe. Not only is the US currently defining the dominant notions of a ‘modern’ military, it is also the incubator nation for global notions of a computerized society
Sensitivity to interference and response contingencies in Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Crone Eveline A. , Richard Jennings J. , Van Der Molen Maurits W. 
Published: March 2003

Background: Current theories on ADHD suggest executive and motivational deficits, but it remains unclear whether these are separate deficits or a unitary deficit.Method: ADHD children and matched controls performed on a hybrid disjunctive‐choice reaction time task in which target stimuli could be surrounded by flankers signaling either the appropriate response, the competing response, or response inhibition. The task was performed under three conditions; reward only, reward and occasional punishment, and equal probability of reward and punishment. Heart rate and skin conductance measures were taken during task performance.Results: Contrary to control children, ADHD children slowed their responses when flankers cueing the appropriate response surrounded the stimulus. Flankers cueing incorrect responses further slowed ADHD children relative to control children. ADHD children also responded less accurately under the threat of punishment. Phasic heart rate did not differ between groups, but immediate reward feedback induced greater heart rate responses in control than in ADHD children. Contrary to expectations, groups did not differ in skin conductance responses.Conclusions: ADHD children appear deficient in approach tendencies in the presence of imminent reward, rather than unresponsive to punishment or negative feedback. Executive inhibition and motivational inhibition seemed to exert separate effects on behavior of children with ADHD.
Empathy and response to distress in children with Down syndrome
Authors: Kasari Connie , Freeman Stephanny F.N. , Bass Wendy 
Published: March 2003

Background: Most studies of empathy have focused on young children, and those who are typically developing. Thus, we know little about the emergence and manifestation of empathy in non‐normally developing children.Method: Empathy and response to distress in others were examined in 30 children with Down syndrome, 22 children with nonspecific etiologies of mental retardation, and 22 typically developing children.Results: Results indicated that compared to the other children, children with Down syndrome responded to distress in others by looking to them more, and offering more comfort in the form of prosocial responses. However, in a hypothetical empathy situation, children with Down syndrome were less likely to feel the same emotion as the protagonist than were the typical children. Children with Down syndrome differed from the children with nonspecific mental retardation only in their response to distress in others. The children with nonspecific mental retardation were more similar to than different from the MA‐matched typical children.Conclusions: These results suggest some etiology‐associated differences in empathy and response to distress in children with mental retardation.
Preschool understanding of emotions: contributions to classroom anger and aggression
Authors: Denham Susanne A. , Caverly Sarah , Schmidt Michelle , Blair Kimberly , DeMulder Elizabeth , Caal Selma , Hamada Hideko , Mason Teresa 
Published: March 2003

Background: We sought to identify patterns of social cognitive differences among preschoolers that were related to risk of stable aggressive behavior with peers. Following Lemerise and Arsenio (2000), we considered the emotional components of early social cognition, reasoning that young children's substrate of emotion knowledge serves them in decoding social encounters.Method: One hundred and twenty‐seven children from a longitudinal study from age 3 to 4 though to their kindergarten year were interviewed on their emotional knowledge initially using a puppet procedure and later with stories about mixed emotions and display rule. Each year their anger and antisocial responses to others’ emotions were observed. Teachers also provided information on each child's anger and aggression.Results: Children's deficits in emotion knowledge assessed at age 3 and 4 predicted subsequent years’ aggression. This effect was especially pronounced for boys.Conclusions: The pattern of findings suggests that the processes implicated in Dodge's work with older children may begin earlier than previously thought, with a focus on emotions.
Neural sensitivity to human voices: ERP evidence of task and attentional influences
Authors: Levy Daniel A. , Granot Roni , Bentin Shlomo 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn an earlier study, we found that human voices evoked a positive event‐related potential (ERP) peaking at ∼320 ms after stimulus onset, distinctive from those elicited by instrumental tones. Here we show that though similar in latency to the Novelty P3, this Voice‐Sensitive Response (VSR) differs in antecedent conditions and scalp distribution. Furthermore, when participants were not attending to stimuli, the response to voices was undistinguished from other harmonic stimuli (strings, winds, and brass). During a task requiring attending to a feature other than timbre, voices were not distinguished from voicelike stimuli (strings), but were distinguished from other harmonic stimuli. We suggest that the component elicited by voices and similar sounds reflects the allocation of attention on the basis of stimulus significance (as opposed to novelty), and propose an explanation of the task and attentional factors that contribute to the effect.