bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Poverty: National Accounts Based versus Survey Based Estimates
Authors: Karshenas Massoud 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis article examines the dollar‐a‐day poverty estimates produced by the World Bank. It highlights the lack of consistency between average consumption and income in household surveys and national accounts data. After examining the likely sources of divergence between the two series, the author proposes a new method of estimation of poverty, based on calibrating the survey means by conditioning on national accounts aggregates. The new poverty estimates, which are consistent with national accounts data, are contrasted with the World Bank estimates. The implications of the findings for the debate on the relationship between poverty and economic growth are also briefly discussed.
Globalization and the Urban Property Boom in Metro Cebu, Philippines
Authors: Sajor Edsel E. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe hyper mobility of capital and the associated growth of international investment in real estate which occurred across the world in the late twentieth century, led to bursts of property development and market booms. This article examines how this global trend interfaced with local processes in the setting of a secondary metropolis of a developing country, in Metro Cebu, Philippines, and resulted in a property‐led development dominated by production of high‐end residential real estate commodities, the rise of a speculative land market, and a highly regressive spatial allocation. It is argued that this regressive outcome was mediated by a weak state, controlled and dominated by predatory and rent‐seeking bosses who, in Cebu in particular, are not simply representatives of the local oligarchy but are big real estate developers and brokers themselves. During the boom period, neither the middle classes, whose members were also attracted to speculative property buying, nor the low‐income and urban poor groups, who were largely hoodwinked by official rhetoric of social housing reform and by token participation, provided any significant social force to constrain the opportunism and rent‐seeking of these bosses or to challenge the pro‐growth governing agenda.
Calming the Shock Waves: Can Financial Reform Do It? (A Review Article)
Authors: Jansen Karel 
Published: August 2003

Books reviewed in this article:G. Caprio, P. Honohan and J. E. Stiglitz (eds.), Financial Liberalization, How Far, How Fast?B. Eichengreen, Financial Crises and What to do about ThemD. Nayyar (ed.), Governing Globalization, Issues and InstitutionsJ. E. Stiglitz, Globalization and its DiscontentsJ. J. Teunissen (ed.), New Challenges of Crisis Prevention, Addressing Economic Imbalances in the North and Boom‐Bust Cycles in the SouthJ. Tirole, Financial Crises, Liquidity and the International Monetary System
Cross‐Generation Correlations of Union Status for Young People in Britain
Authors: Blanden Jo , Machin Stephen 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis paper investigates whether young people whose fathers are union members are themselves more likely to join a union. We find that young people with unionized fathers are twice as likely to be unionized as those with non‐union fathers; this rises to three times higher for those whose fathers are active in the union. This supports the idea that socialization within the family plays a role in encouraging union membership. It is not the case that the cross‐generation correlations we observe are driven by common within‐family characteristics (like occupation, industry and political persuasion) that are strongly related to union membership.
Gender Earnings and Part‐Time Pay in Australia, 1990–1998
Authors: Preston Alison 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis paper studies the effects of enterprise bargaining on the pay position of women and other target equity groups. Contrary to a priori expectations the paper shows a convergence in full‐time and part‐time gross gender pay gaps following the adoption of decentralized wage bargaining. Convergence in the latter reflects compositional (human capital) effects: the entry of less qualified and less experienced males into part‐time employment. Overall the results show a deterioration in the pay position of men employed full‐time relative to women and part‐timers (men and women) brought about by slower wage growth amongst men in full‐time employment.
The Impact of the National Minimum Wage in Small Firms
Authors: Arrowsmith James , Gilman Mark W. , Edwards Paul , Ram Monder 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe introduction of the National Minimum Wage (NMW) had potentially significant implications for small firms. Orthodox economic theory predicts adverse consequences, though institutional analysis points to potential efficiency as well as fairness effects. Using longitudinal data on 55 firms, this paper examines the impact of the NMW in small firms in clothing manufacture and hotel and catering. Different patterns of adjustment were observed, explained by both size and sector characteristics. Overall, the impact of the NMW was mediated by the informality of employment relations in the small firm.
The Contribution of National Vocational Qualifications to the Growth of Skills in the UK
Authors: Grugulis Irena 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis article evaluates the British system of NVQs, focusing on their capacity to increase skill levels. It reviews the way NVQs were designed and argues that they are ill‐equipped to encourage knowledge and skills, partly because they simply replicate the weaknesses which currently exist in the labour market and partly because of the focus on observed workplace behaviours. NVQs were intended to be ‘employer‐led’ and the assumptions underpinning their design are unitarist. In contrast, the German apprenticeship system is developed and implemented by pluralist consortia and results in qualifications that are far better equipped to support skill levels.
Models of the Company and the Employment Relationship
Authors: Parkinson John 
Published: August 2003

AbstractHow the company is conceptualized has important implications for employees. Divergent theoretical approaches towards the company are synthesized below to form three models: the ownership, nexus of contracts, and social institution models. The first two endorse current UK corporate governance practice, in which companies are run for the ultimate benefit of their shareholders, who have the exclusive right to appoint the board. The third model questions this arrangement and, more generally, the characterization of the company as a wholly private association. The conclusion examines the implications of the third model for reform of company law and governance in the UK.
A Trade Union Congress Perspective on the Company Law Review and Corporate Governance Reform since 1997
Authors: Williamson Janet 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis article examines the Company Law Review and other corporate governance reforms introduced by the Labour government since 1997. It argues that an opportunity has been missed to implement fundamental change by giving employees and other key stakeholders rights in companies equal to those of shareholders. However, reforms that aim to make the existing system work better by promoting responsible shareholder activity have been introduced, and proposals to increase company disclosure on employee and other stakeholder relationships are in the pipeline. The potential of the reforms to offer trade unions new tools for promoting workers’ interests is examined.
Shareholder Primacy and the Trajectory of UK Corporate Governance
Authors: Armour John , Deakin Simon , Konzelmann Suzanne J. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractCore institutions of UK corporate governance, in particular those relating to takeovers, board structure and directors’ duties, are strongly orientated towards a norm of shareholder primacy. Beyond the core, in particular at the inter‐section of insolvency and employment law, stakeholder interests are better represented, thanks largely to European Community influence. Moreover, institutional shareholders are redirecting their investment strategies away from a focus on short‐term returns, in such a way as to favour stakeholder‐inclusive practices. We therefore suggest that the UK system is currently in a state of flux and that the debate over shareholder primacy has not been concluded.
Finance, Corporate Governance and the Management of Labour: A Conceptual and Comparative Analysis
Authors: Gospel Howard , Pendleton Andrew 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis article explores links between the firm's financial structure, corporate governance, and the management of labour. It reviews various literatures, in particular drawing from financial economics and political economy, and combines these with industrial relations, and human resource management. We develop a model that identifies how financial institutions and pressures impact upon labour management. Managerial discretion is at the centre of the model, and six key influences and constraints upon management are identified. We present evidence from comparative analysis of labour management which illustrates how management decisions and practices are affected. A benefit of this approach is that it can take account of within‐country variations.
Can the Euro Ever Challenge the Dollar?
Authors: Cohen Benjamin J. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractCan the euro ever challenge the dollar as an international currency? This article argues that Europe's new money is fated to remain a distant second to America's greenback, for four reasons. First is the persistent inertia of monetary behaviour, which will inhibit any rapid switch to the euro. Second is the cost of doing business in euros, which is unlikely to decline below transactions costs for the greenback. Third is an anti‐growth bias built into EMU, which will limit returns on euro‐denominated assets. And fourth is the ambiguous governance structure of EMU, which sows doubt among prospective euro users.
The Impact of European Integration on Regional Power
Authors: Bourne Angela K. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis article seeks to unravel ambiguity in analysis about the impact of European integration on sub‐state regions' political power. In the literature there are arguments that integration empowers, disempowers and has no effect on regional power. In order to address this ambiguity and to contribute to theory‐building, I develop a theoretical framework sensitive to multiple means by which integration can affect multiple sources of regional power, and apply it to the study of the Basque Country. The conclusion that European integration undermines Basque political power suggests that integration may, in some cases, be more a danger to, than a liberator of, regions.
The Impact of EU Regional Support on Growth and Convergence in the European Union
Authors: Cappelen Aadne , Castellacci Fulvio , Fagerberg Jan , Verspagen Bart 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe evidence presented in this article suggests that EU regional support has a significant and positive impact on the growth performance of European regions. Moreover, there are signs of a change in the impact of this support in the 1990s, indicating that the major reform of the structural funds undertaken in 1988 may have succeeded in making EU regional policy more effective. However, the results also indicate that the economic effects of such support are much stronger in more developed environments, emphasizing the importance of accompanying policies that improve the competence of the receiving environments.
Voting in EMU — An Experimental Study of Institutional Innovation and the Role of Communication in the Stability and Growth Pact
Authors: Irlenbusch Bernd , Leopold‐Wildburger Ulrike , Schütze Jörg , Sutter Matthias 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) in the EU's economic and monetary union (EMU) aims to assure sound public finances in the EMU Member States by providing for sanctions against countries with excessive deficits. We experimentally examine the voting procedure of the SGP and find that the institutional rules are not at all satisfactory. As an institutional innovation, we test a procedure where fiscal sinners are excluded from voting, as suggested by Otmar Issing. It turns out that this modification is surprisingly successful. In addition, our study shows that the opportunity to communicate has a significant impact and tends to mitigate the Pact's shortcomings.
Cultural Pluralism and European Polity‐Building
Authors: Kraus Peter A. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractIn view of the shortcomings of both ‘Westphalian’ and ‘cosmopolitan’ approaches to European integration, it seems advisable to follow a different path in order to grasp the relationship of political and cultural identities in the European Union (EU). The regulation of cultural pluralism at the European level is characterized by the contradictions underlying the EU's institutional development. The principle of intergovernmentalism stresses the role of nation‐states and tends to reaffirm the weight of national cultures. At the same time, however, European transnationalism offers possibilities for articulating cultural identities below and beyond the nation‐state, contributing to some extent to the ‘denationalization’ of political cultures. This can be illustrated with examples taken from the area of European language policy. In the process of constructing a European polity that is responsive to the challenges posed by cultural diversity, the principle of subsidiarity still bears considerable normative potential.
Discourse and Order in the EU
Authors: Neyer Jürgen 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe article argues for an understanding of the EU as a discourse‐based multi‐level governance structure. It conceptualizes the EU as a heterarchical polity that includes the domestic, governmental and supranational levels. Heterarchical structures, however, can only be expected to perform efficiently, effectively and lead to high quality output if their mode of interaction is based on deliberation. Important institutional features of the EU can be interpreted as the means to create the necessary institutional preconditions for deliberation.
Influencing EU Politics? The Case of the Austrian Parliament
Authors: Pollak Johannes , Slominski Peter 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe Austrian Parliament has at its disposal the strongest participation rights enabling it to influence European Union (EU) affairs. But does this guarantee a more powerful parliament in real terms? It turns out that the original intention of providing the Austrian Parliament with a strong instrument to contribute to the EU decision‐making process has been shattered by party‐dominated parliamentary life. After a promising start, the use of this device has decreased significantly. Today, the instrument is mainly used by the opposition parties to obtain information and — to a limited extent — to control the government.
Constructing the CFSP: The Utility of a Cognitive Approach
Authors: Tonra Ben 
Published: August 2003

AbstractTraditional analyses of the European Union's common foreign and security policy (CFSP) tend to characterize it either as an effete and declaratory expression of lowest common denominator politics, or as a limited framework for median‐interest foreign policy bargaining. Even at a modest empirical level, however, these representations of CFSP fail to convince in view of its development in recent years. This article will argue that a cognitive approach towards the study of CFSP opens up new and crucial vistas for analysis, and offers some striking conclusions on the reciprocal relationship between CFSP and national foreign policies and the transforming capacity of the CFSPvis‐à‐visnational foreign policies, including their ‘Europeanization’.
Sexual Cycle of
Cryptococcus neoformans
var.
grubii
and Virulence of Congenic
a
and α Isolates
Authors: Nielsen Kirsten , Cox Gary M. , Wang Ping , Toffaletti Dena L. , Perfect John R. , Heitman Joseph 
Published: August 2003

ABSTRACT

Cryptococcus neoformans
is a human-pathogenic fungus that has evolved into three distinct varieties that infect most prominently the central nervous system. A sexual cycle involving haploid cells of a and α mating types has been reported for two varieties (
C. neoformans
var.
neoformans
, serotype D, and
C. neoformans
var.
gattii
, serotypes B and C), yet the vast majority of infections involve a distinct variety (
C. neoformans
var.
grubii
, serotype A) that has been thought to be clonal and restricted to the α mating type. We recently identified the first serotype A isolate of the a mating type which had been thought to be extinct (strain 125.91). Here we report that this unusual strain can mate with a subset of pathogenic serotype A strains to produce a filamentous dikaryon with fused clamp connections, basidia, and viable recombinant basidiospores. One meiotic segregant mated poorly with the serotype A reference strain H99 but robustly with a
crg1
mutant that lacks a regulator of G protein signaling and is hyperresponsive to mating pheromone. This meiotic segregant was used to create congenic a and α mating type serotype A strains. Virulence tests with rabbit and murine models of cryptococcal meningitis showed that the serotype A congenic a and α mating type strains had equivalent virulence in animal models, in contrast to previous studies linking the α mating type to increased virulence in congenic serotype D strains. Our studies highlight a role for sexual recombination in the evolution of a human fungal pathogen and provide a robust genetic platform to establish the molecular determinants of virulence.
Pathology ofPlasmodium chabaudi chabaudiInfection and Mortality in Interleukin-10-Deficient Mice Are Ameliorated by Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Exacerbated by Anti-Transforming Growth Factor β Antibodies
Authors: Li Ching , Sanni Latifu A. , Omer Fakhreldin , Riley Eleanor , Langhorne Jean 
Published: August 2003

ABSTRACTInterleukin-10 (IL-10)-deficient (IL-10−/−) mice infected withPlasmodium chabaudi(AS) suffer a more severe disease and exhibit a higher rate of mortality than control C57BL/6 mice. Here, we show that a drop in body temperature to below 28°C and pronounced hypoglycemia of below 3 mM are reliable indicators of a lethal infection. Elevated inflammatory responses have been shown to accompany pathology in infected IL-10−/−mice. We show that neutralization of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in IL-10−/−mice abolishes mortality and ameliorates the hypothermia, weight loss, and anemia but does not affect the degree of hypoglycemia. These data suggest that TNF-α is involved in some of the pathology associated with aP. chabaudiinfection in IL-10−/−mice but other factors play a role. IL-10−/−mice that survive a primary infection have been shown to control gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and TNF-α production, indicating that other cytokines or mechanisms may be involved in their down-regulation. Significantly higher levels of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), a cytokine with such properties, are present in the plasma of infected IL-10−/−mice at a time that coincides with the disappearance of IFN-γ and TNF-α from the blood. Neutralization of TGF-β in IL-10−/−mice resulted in higher circulating amounts of TNF-α and IFN-γ, and all treated IL-10−/−mice died within 12 days with increased pathology but with no obvious increase in parasitemia. Our data suggest that a tight regulation of the balance between regulatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β and inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α is critical for survival in a mouse malaria infection.
A DNA Vaccine Encoding Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase ofBrucella abortusInduces Protective Immunity in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Oñate Angel A. , Céspedes Sandra , Cabrera Alex , Rivers Rodolfo , González Andrés , Muñoz Carola , Folch Hugo , Andrews Edilia 
Published: August 2003

ABSTRACTThis study was conducted to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine encodingBrucella abortusCu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD). Intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA carrying the SOD gene (pcDNA-SOD) into BALB/c mice elicited both humoral and cellular immune responses. Animals injected with pcDNA-SOD developed SOD-specific antibodies which exhibited a dominance of immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) over IgG1. In addition, the DNA vaccine elicited a T-cell-proliferative response and also induced the production of gamma interferon, but not interleukin-10 (IL-10) or IL-4, upon restimulation with either recombinant SOD or crudeBrucellaprotein, suggesting the induction of a typical T-helper-1-dominated immune response in mice. The pcDNA-SOD (but not the control vector) induced a strong, significant level of protection in BALB/c mice against challenge withB. abortusvirulent strain 2308; the level of protection was similar to the one induced byB. abortusvaccine strain RB51. Altogether, these data suggest that pcDNA-SOD is a good candidate for use in future studies of vaccination against brucellosis.
Cryptococcus neoformansVirulence Is Enhanced after Growth in the Genetically Malleable HostDictyostelium discoideum
Authors: Steenbergen Judith N. , Nosanchuk Joshua D. , Malliaris Stephanie D. , Casadevall Arturo 
Published: August 2003

ABSTRACTCryptococcus neoformansis an encapsulated, environmental fungus that can cause life-threatening meningitis. Pathogenicity ofC. neoformansfor macrophages and vertebrate hosts may be a mechanism selected in evolution for protection against environmental predators. In this study, we investigated whetherDictyostelium discoideumcould serve as an alternate host forC. neoformans. D. discoideumhas a defined genetic system which provides significant advantages for the study of fungus-amoeba interactions. Our results show thatD. discoideumis susceptible to infection withC. neoformansand that the interactions are similar to those described previously for this fungus with macrophages andAcanthamoeba castellanii. AcapsularC. neoformanscells did not replicate when coincubated withD. discoideum. However, incubation of acapsularC. neoformanswithD. discoideummutants defective in myosin VII synthesis resulted in infection, validating the concept that avirulent organisms can be virulent in impaired hosts even at the unicellular level. Phagocytosis ofC. neoformansbyD. discoideumcould be inhibited with capsule-specific antibodies and various sugars. Passage of an encapsulatedC. neoformansstrain throughD. discoideumcultures increased virulence and was accompanied by larger capsules and faster time to melanization. These results add to the evidence implicating soil ameboid predators as important factors for the maintenance ofC. neoformansvirulence in the environment and suggest thatD. discoideumpromises to be an extremely useful system for studying the interaction ofC. neoformanswith phagocytic cells.