bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Progestogen-Only Pill
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
POPs, previously known as ‘mini-pills’ are not versions of the COC. They do not contain any oestrogen and the progestogen itself is generally also in a lower dose than in combined pills. Unlike combined pills, POPs are taken every day, including during periods. POPs have very little effect on your body chemistry, so can be taken safely by many women who are unable to take COCs. Just as with COCs, an overdose of POPs can cause no serious harm to an adult or child. Types of POP available in the UK are shown in Table 17.1. If you live in another country, you can refer to compare the locay avaiabe brands of POP.
Liberation from Autonomy: Mapping Self-Understandings in Stalin’s Time
Authors: Hellbeck Jochen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In May 1935, Nikolai Ustrialov, a 44-year-old law professor who had lived for the past decade and a half in Harbin, crossed the border into Soviet Russia to return to his homeland from which he had emigrated after the defeat of the White movement in 1920. Formerly a provincial leader of the liberal Kadet Party, Ustrialov rethought his political convictions in the years of emigration. For a time he propounded a programme of ‘national Bolshevism’, which approvingly read the Soviet policies of the NEP period as a turn away from misguided communist principles and a rebirth of the Russian imperial state. The sweep of Stalin’s industrialization programme in the late 1920s and early 1930s prompted Ustrialov once more to reconsider his views, as he began to sing odes to the socialist construction campaign. Along with most other Russians living in Harbin, Ustrialov worked for the Soviet-owned Chinese Eastern Railway. At some point he was awarded Soviet citizenship, for by 1929, in the wake of the Soviet– Chinese conflict, the Soviet state allowed only naturalized citizens to work for its railway. When the Soviet Union sold the Chinese Eastern Railway to the Japanese-controlled state of Manchukuo in March 1935, a total of 25,000 former railway workers and employees, including Ustrialov and his family, boarded the Manchurian railroad one last time to return to the Soviet Union.
Beyond Binaries: Popular Opinion in Stalinism
Authors: Plamper Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of how people perceived the Stalinist world they inhabited has been at the centre of Western Soviet Studies from their beginnings in the late 1940s. The ‘Smolensk Archive’— a Party archive of Smolensk administrative division covering the years 1917– 38, captured by the Germans during the Second World War and later passed to American hands— contained most of the source genres that seemed to offer a glimpse into popular attitudes about the Soviet order and that would be ‘discovered’ on a larger scale during the ‘archival revolution’ after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. These sources included reports (usually to higher-up institutions) on popular moods gathered by various organizations and informers, and citizen letters (many of them complaints and denunciations) to Party leaders, organizations and news outlets. In the opinion of the early interpreters of these sources— the founding fathers of the so-called ‘totalitarian school’— distortions severely compromised the validity of the letters and reports. Distortions arose for various reasons, including fear of repressive measures that not only might fall on the person who spoke but could also extend to the person who recorded, or because the recorders emphasized negative impressions in self-justifying efforts to legitimate their jobs. For example, a secret police officer might blow out of all proportion the wrongs he would later rectify.
Fascist Italy in the 1930s: Popular Opinion in the Provinces
Authors: Corner Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a long period after the end of the Second World War, the question of how ordinary Italians had related to fascism was rarely posed. In 1945, following military defeat and German occupation, Italian politicians attempted to rescue the country’s reputation in the eyes of the victorious powers by stressing the anti-fascist tradition within Italy and exalting the role of the Italian Resistance in the years 1943– 5. Every effort was made to distance Italy from its fascist past and from its disastrous alliance with Nazi Germany. As a result there was no Italian Nuremberg; trials of fascist military leaders — war criminals — were delayed and then suppressed (with the connivance of the Allies) and few political leaders were ever condemned. Perhaps understandably, in the frenzy of postwar reconstruction there was little desire to delve into the past. For more than two decades after the war, fascism received little detailed attention from historians and the books that did address the phenomenon tended to limit their attentions to a chronicle of events with little pretence at providing any critical analysis of the successes and failures of the movement.
The Semantics of Clause Linking in Aguaruna
Authors: Overall Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aguaruna is a Jivaroan language spoken in north-west Peru by about 40,000 people living along the Marañón River and its tributaries. Most Aguaruna speakers live in Amazonas region, with smaller populations in neighbouring San Martín, Cajamarca, and Loreto. Native speakers recognize two major varieties of Aguaruna, one spoken on the Marañón River and its tributaries, the other on the Nieva River. Data for the current chapter are drawn from the Marañón variety.
The Semantics of Clause Linking in Boumaa Fijian
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clause linking in Fijian is achieved by a number of quite different techniques, at various places within the grammar. This chapter builds up an outline of the grammar, dealing with each method of clause linking at the place where it occurs. §9 then integrates the varied techniques; see Table 2 in §3.
Anaerobic protozoa and fungi
Authors: Coleman G S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many different species of’anaerobic’ amoebae, flagellates, and ciliates although they differ considerably in their degree of aerotolerance. For example. Entamoeba histolytica grows in semi-solid media containing a reducing agent such as cysteine or ascorbic acid but without any other anaerobic precautions, whereas the rumen ciliates (e.g. Enwdinium caudmum) will only grow in media from which all dissolved oxygen has been removed, which contain a reducing agent, and which have O2-frcc gases in the headspace above the medium. Anaerobic protozoa are found in a variety of habitats such as the sapropel (the ecosystem at the bottom of fresh or marine waters that contains decomposing organic material and which is rich in sulphide), the hind gut of termites and other xylophagous insects, the reticulorumen of ruminants such as sheep, cows, deer, antelope, giraffe, etc., the hind gut and caecum of many herbivorous animals, and the intestines and genitourinary tract of many animals.
Crystallization of Nucleic Acids and Proteins
Authors: Ducruix A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last decade crystallography has emerged as a key tool for understanding the structures of biological macromolecules, yet the crystallization techniques themselves have been perceived as difficult to perform. This book provides the first detailed and rational guide to producing crystals of proteins and nucleic acids for diffraction studies. Standard crystallization methods are given, along with procedures for the preparation and handling of macromolecules. Other topics covered include: seeding procedures; crystallization in gels, under- microgravity, and supergravity; crystallization of nucleic acids, nucleic acid-protein complexes and membrane proteins; introduction to X-ray crystallography; automated processes. Detailed laboratory protocols and the underlying theoretical background are brought together, providing researchers with the conceptual and methodological tools necessary to exploit these powerful techniques.
Quantitative affinity chromatography
Authors: Winzor Donald J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantitative affinity chromatography was introduced (1) at a stage when the preparative technique was well established as a method of solute purification, and has been developed to take additional advantage of the chromatographic matrix used for isolation of the solute on the basis of biospecificity. Whereas the function of the immobilized ligand in preparative affinity chromatography is the selective interaction with a particular solute, its role in quantitative affinity chromatography is to provide competition for the ligand whose biospecificity it is mimicking, and thereby to provide a means of determining the binding constant for the biospecific interaction. The topic under review is far broader than the characterization of interactions by column chromatography, which is merely one means of evaluating the perturbing effect of ligand on the partition coefficient describing the distribution of solute between soluble and adsorbed states.
Affinity separations of nucleic acids
Authors: Singhal Ramp. , Chakka Chenna R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent advances in affinity chromatography have created a wide variety of important applications for the purification of diverse biomolecules, such as nucleic acids and their components, and antibodies, antigens, and enzymes. The affinity ligand is generally immobilized on an insoluble support and a mixture of compounds containing the molecule of interest is passed over the affinity support, usually in a chromatographic column. Ideally, the molecule of interest, having complementarity to the affinity support, binds to it while other molecules, exhibiting little or no binding affinity, pass through the column unrestricted. Interactions between the affinity molecule and its complement, i.e. the molecule of interest, must be maximized while interactions between the affinity molecule and other molecules in the mixture must be minimized. The next step in the process is to find appropriate conditions for making the complex dissociate, in order to recover the substance of interest without modifying the affinity ligand or the substance of interest. This can be achieved, for example, by increasing the buffer salt concentration, changing the buffer pH, or adding a competing molecule that is structurally similar to the molecule of interest. This article describes methods of affinity chromatography for separating nucleic acids by making use of their interactions with boronate ligands, plant lectins, and synthetic polynucleotides.
Affinity chromatography of oligosaccharides and glycopeptides
Authors: Cummings Richard D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the major obstacles encountered in the study of glycoconjugates is the difficulty in purifying them for detailed structural characterization. Typically, a single glycoprotein contains multiple glycans linked to serine, threonine, asparagine, and other residues. The structures of each glycan may be site specific and there may be significant microheterogeneity in the glycan structures at each site. This problem is compounded when a mixture of glycoproteins, for example those derived from total membranes of a cell or tissue, is the object of study. In these cases, fractionation and purification of glycans by charge and/or size may not be feasible or practical.
Resistance mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro to the non-covalent inhibitor WU-04
Authors: Zhang Lijing , Xie Xuping , Luo Hannan , Yu Hongtao , Huang Jing , Shi Pei-Yong , Hu Qi 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACTDrug resistance poses a significant challenge in the development of effective therapies against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we identified two double mutations, M49K/M165V and M49K/S301P, in the 3C-like protease (3CLpro) that confer resistance to a novel non-covalent inhibitor, WU-04. Crystallographic analysis indicates that the M49K mutation destabilizes the WU-04 binding pocket, impacting the binding of WU-04 more significantly than the binding of 3CLpro substrates. The M165V mutation directly interferes with WU-04 binding. The S301P mutation, which is far from the WU-04 binding pocket, indirectly affects WU-04 binding by restricting the rotation of 3CLpro’s C-terminal tail and impeding 3CLpro dimerization. We further explored 3CLpro mutations that confer resistance to two clinically used inhibitors: ensitrelvir and nirmatrelvir, and revealed a trade-off between the catalytic activity, thermostability, and drug resistance of 3CLpro. We found that mutations at the same residue (M49) can have distinct effects on the 3CLpro inhibitors, highlighting the importance of developing multiple antiviral agents with different skeletons for fighting SARS-CoV-2. These findings enhance our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 resistance mechanisms and inform the development of effective therapeutics.
Bayesian13C-metabolic flux analysis of parallel tracer experiments in granulocytes: A directional shift within the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway supports phagocytosis
Authors: Hogg Melanie , Wolfschmitt Eva-Maria , Wachter Ulrich , Zink Fabian , Radermacher Peter , Vogt Josef Albert 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) plays a key role in the cellular regulation of immune cell function; however, little is known about the interplay of metabolic adjustments in granulocytes, especially regarding the non-oxidative PPP. For the determination of metabolic mechanisms within glucose metabolism, we propose a novel Bayesian13C-Metabolic flux analysis based onex-vivoparallel tracer experiments with [1,2-13C]glucose, [U-13C]glucose, and [4,5,6-13C]glucose and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry labeling measurements of metabolic fragments including sugar phosphates. With this approach we obtained precise flux distributions and their joint confidence regions, which showed that phagocytic stimulation reversed the direction of non-oxidative PPP net fluxes from ribose-5-phosphate biosynthesis towards glycolytic pathways. This process was closely associated with the up-regulation of the oxidative PPP to promote the oxidative burst. The estimated fluxes showed strong pairwise inter-relations forming a single line in several cases. This behavior could be explained with a three-dimensional permissible space derived from stoichiometric-flux-constraint analysis and enabled a principal component analysis detecting only three distinct axes of coordinated flux changes that were sufficient to explain all flux observations.
Shear stress and very low levels of ligand synergize to activate ALK1 signaling in endothelial cells
Authors: Cheng Ya-Wen , Anzell Anthony R. , Schwartze Tristin A. , Hinck Cynthia S. , Hinck Andrew P. , Roman Beth L. , Davidson Lance A. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractEndothelial cells (ECs) respond to concurrent stimulation by biochemical fac-tors and wall shear stress (SS) exerted by blood flow. Disruptions in flow-induced responses can result in remodeling issues and cardiovascular diseases, but the detailed mechanisms linking flow-mechanical cues and biochemical signaling remain unclear. Activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) integrates SS and ALK1-ligand cues in ECs; ALK1 mutations cause hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), marked by arteriovenous malformation (AVM) development. However, the mechanistic underpinnings of ALK1 signaling modulation by fluid flow and the link to AVMs remain uncertain. We recorded EC responses under varying SS magnitudes and ALK1 ligand concentrations by assaying pSMAD1/5/9 nuclear localization using a custom multi-SS microfluidic device and a custom image analysis pipeline. We extended the previously reported syn-ergy between SS and BMP9, to include BMP10 and BMP9/10 . Moreover, we demonstrated this synergy is effective even at extremely low SS magnitudes (0.4 dyn/cm2) and ALK1 ligand range (femtogram/mL). The synergistic response to ALK1 ligands and SS requires the kinase activity of ALK1. Moreover, ALK1’s basal activity and response to minimal ligand levels depend on endo-cytosis, distinct from cell-cell junctions, cytoskeleton-mediated mechanosensing, or cholesterol-enriched microdomains. Yet, an in-depth comprehension of ALK1 receptor trafficking’s molecular mechanisms requires further investigation.
ERas-Null Mice Generated Directly from Embryonic Stem Cells in a Lipid-rich Medium Enable the Discovery of A Novel Role in Craniofacial Development
Authors: Qin Yiren , Tian Qiyu , Chung Hoyoung , Geng Fuqian , James Daylon J. , Wang Jianlong , Wen Duancheng 
Published: November 2023

SummaryGenerating mice entirely from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) via tetraploid complementation, termed all-ESC mice, is considered the gold standard for pluripotency testing. In this study, we examined the effects of our newly reported lipid-rich 2i/LIF medium (2iLA) on ESCs for genetic engineering. As a proof of principle, we targeted theERasgene using the 2iLA medium, sinceERas-null mice displayed no noticeable phenotype in a previously developed mouse model through chimeras. We demonstrated that the 2iLA medium effectively supports the creation of both male and femaleERas-null all-ESC mice, emphasizing the advantages of this culture medium. Unexpectedly, we observed thatERas-null all-ESC mice produced with the 2iLA medium exhibited a non-Mendelian lethal craniofacial anomaly, which can be mitigated by using the lipid-free 2i/LIF medium. Our findings not only highlight the potential of the 2iLA medium for gene targeting but also reveal a novel lipid-associated role of theERasgene in craniofacial development. Our system offers a unique alternative for studying developmental gene functions unachievable with traditional methods and provides a novel platform for the rapid construction of mouse models.Graphic AbstractAll-ESC pups from wild-type (WT) ESCs cultured in lipid-rich 2iLA medium are normal. In contrast, both male and femaleERas-null isogenic all-ESC pups produced from ESCs in 2iLA medium display a non-Mendelian craniofacial anomaly. This phenotype is alleviated when the ESCs are grown in a lipid-free 2iL medium.
Ligand-Dependent Mechanisms of CC Chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5) Trafficking Revealed by APEX2 Proximity Labeling Proteomics
Authors: Gu Siyi , Maurya Svetlana , Lona Alexis , Borrega-Roman Leire , Salanga Catherina , Gonzalez David J. , Kufareva Irina , Handel Tracy M. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractCC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) promotes inflammatory responses by driving cell migration and scavenging chemokine to shape directional chemokine gradients. A CCR5 inhibitor has been approved for blocking HIV entry into cells. However, targeting CCR5 for the treatment of other diseases has had limited success, likely because of the complexity of CCR5 pharmacology and biology. CCR5 is activated by natural and engineered chemokines that elicit distinct signaling and trafficking responses, including receptor sequestration inside the cell. Intracellular sequestration may be therapeutically exploitable as a strategy for receptor inhibition, but the mechanisms by which different ligands promote receptor retention in the cell versus presence on the cell membrane are poorly understood. We employed live cell ascorbic acid peroxidase (APEX2) proximity labeling and quantitative mass spectrometry proteomics for unbiased discovery of temporally resolved protein neighborhoods of CCR5 following stimulation with its endogenous agonist, CCL5, and two CCL5 variants that promote intracellular retention of the receptor. Along with targeted pharmacological assays, the data reveal distinct ligand-dependent CCR5 trafficking patterns with temporal and spatial resolution. All three chemokines internalize CCR5 via β-arrestin-dependent, clathrin-mediated endocytosis but to different extents, with different kinetics and varying dependencies on GPCR kinase subtypes. The agonists differ in their ability to target the receptor to lysosomes for degradation, as well as to the Golgi compartment and the trans-Golgi network, and these trafficking patterns translate into distinct levels of ligand scavenging. The results provide insight into the cellular mechanisms behind CCR5 intracellular sequestration and suggest how trafficking can be exploited for the development of functional antagonists of CCR5.Significance StatementCCR5 plays a crucial role in the immune system and is important in numerous physiological and pathological processes such as inflammation, cancer and transmission of HIV. It responds to different ligands with distinct signaling and trafficking behaviors; notably some ligands induce retention of the receptor inside the cell. Using time-resolved proximity labeling proteomics and targeted pharmacological experiments, this study reveals the cellular basis for receptor sequestration that can be exploited as a therapeutic strategy for inhibiting CCR5 function.
Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 variant
Authors: Tamura Tomokazu , Mizuma Keita , Nasser Hesham , Deguchi Sayaka , Padilla-Blanco Miguel , Uriu Keiya , Tolentino Jarel Elgin M. , Tsujino Shuhei , Suzuki Rigel , Kojima Isshu , Nao Naganori , Shimizu Ryo , Jonathan Michael , Kosugi Yusuke , Guo Ziyi , Hinay Alfredo A , Putri Olivia , Kim Yoonjin , Tanaka Yuri L , Asakura Hiroyuki , Nagashima Mami , Sadamasu Kenji , Yoshimura Kazuhisa ,   The Genotype to Phenotype Japan (G2P-Japan) Consortium, Saito Akatsuki , Ito Jumpei , Irie Takashi , Zahradnik Jiri , Ikeda Terumasa , Takayama Kazuo , Matsuno Keita , Fukuhara Takasuke , Sato Kei 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIn late 2023, a lineage of SARS-CoV-2 emerged and was named the BA.2.86 variant. BA.2.86 is phylogenetically distinct from other Omicron sublineages identified so far, displaying an accumulation of over 30 amino acid mutations in its spike protein. Here, we performed multiscale investigations to reveal the virological characteristics of the BA.2.86 variant. Our epidemic dynamics modeling suggested that the relative reproduction number of BA.2.86 is significantly higher than that of EG.5.1. Experimental studies showed that four clinically-available antivirals were effective against BA.2.86. Although the fusogenicity of BA.2.86 spike is similar to that of the parental BA.2 spike, the intrinsic pathogenicity of BA.2.86 in hamsters was significantly lower than that of BA.2. Since the growth kinetics of BA.2.86 is significantly lower than that of BA.2 in bothin vitrocell cultures andin vivo, it is suggested that the attenuated pathogenicity of BA.2.86 is due to its decreased replication capacity.