bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A newly developed visual method of sexing the os pubis
Authors: Phenice T. W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPreliminary investigation has indicated that the use of the ventral arc, subpubic concavity, and medial aspect of the ischio‐pubic ramus as sexing criteria allows one to sex the os pubis with an accuracy in excess of 95%. The method described here is simple and objective enough to allow the beginning researcher to sex hip bones accurately while requiring the presence of only a small fragment of the bone.
A new data acquisition method for measuring dentitions and tests for accuracy
Authors: Savara B. S. , Sanin Carlos 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA data acquisition method for recording the relative position of the landmarks in dental casts, photographs or xerox prints, has been devised. Essentially it consists of a modified comparator and a decimal converter connected to an IBM key punch. This method of recording the landmarks independently, permits any measurement such as size of the teeth, arch width and length, perimeter, spacing and crowding, changes of displaced and rotated teeth to be derived by programming the computer. Measurement errors were studied for accuracy of equipment, reorientation of dental casts, validity of measurements between different instruments and reproducibility of landmark location.
Studies on several genetic hematological traits of the Mexican population. XVI. Hemoglobin, s and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in the east coast
Authors: Lisker Rubén , Córdova María S. , Zárate Q. B. P. Graciela 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe distribution of abnormal hemoglobins, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, blood group antigens A, B, M, N, C, c, D, E, e, V, Duffy and Diego, serum haptoglobins, transferrins and pseudocholinesterase types, were investigated in five villages of the East Coast of Mexico, where vivax malaria was endemic until recently. Hemoglobin S and G‐6‐PD deficiency were present in variable degrees in all five locations. All patients with the enzyme deficiency had the A band by electrophoresis, which coupled with the presence of hemoglobin C and haptoglobin 2‐1 M in a few individuals strongly suggested Negro admixture. The high frequency of antigen V and the relatively low frequency of Fy (a +) were congruent with the above hypothesis and the conclusion was drawn that the presence of hemoglobin S and G‐6‐PD deficiency in this area is due to Negro admixture. Unusually high frequencies of the Diego antigen were observed in three of the five villages studied.
The skin of primates. XLI. The skin of the silver marmoset—Callithrix (= Mico) Argentata
Authors: Perkins Edwin M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe skin of the silver marmoset, Callithrix (= Mico) argentata Linnaeus, has many outstanding characteristics. The unusually thin epidermis and dermis are generally devoid of melanotic melanocytes. The surface of the interramal gular region is peppered with small, elevated papillae; that of the corpus penis is characterized by keratinized, proximally directed hollow spines in whose cavities are organized nerve end‐organs and capillary loops. Cholinesterase‐reactive papillary nerve end‐organs and Meissner corpuscles populate all volar friction surfaces. A highly vascular dermis and subcutaneous fat pad partially contribute to the characteristic rubicund color of the face, external ears, and anogenital region. Many body surface hairs are accompanied by the classic Haarscheibe of Pinkus. Sinus hairs are plentiful; a circumscribed vibrissa‐bearing eminence is located on the ventral ulnar aspect of each wrist. Alkaline phosphatase‐positive, stellate‐shaped cells are found on the outer root sheath and epithelial sac of active and quiescent hairs in all cephalic regions; such cells are not argyrophilic, aurophilic, or osmiophilic. Hairs grow in linear perfect sets of 3 to 5 follicles; they do not grow singly on the cheek. Large sebaceous glands contain alkaline phosphatase in their peripheral acini; extensive fields of gigantic multilobular sebaceous glands contribute to the distinct, opaque‐white color of the scrotal skin. Numbers of apocrine sweat glands are diminished in cephalic regions but one gland occurs with each hair follicle in the axilla, scrotum, suprapubic region, and ulnar eminence. Relatively avascular eccrine sweat glands are confined to the volar friction surfaces. Their secretory coils contain sporadically distributed glycogen and phosphorylase and surrounding nerves are much more reactive for acetyl‐ than butyrylcholinesterase.
The effects of pathology on skeletal populations
Authors: Stewart T. D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe effects of pathology on skeletal populations are indirect as well as direct. A review of the histories of four collections in the National Museum shows that the indirect effects come about largely because collectors sometimes select the skeletons to be saved. If selection is on the basis of state of preservation, it can be against pathological specimens since lesions sometimes weaken the bones and hasten their deterioration. If selection is on the basis of interest in pathology, it can exaggerate the representation of diseased specimens in the collections.As civilization advanced and man learned how better to cope with diseases, life expectancy increased and with it the evidence in the bones of the scars of living. The effects of pathology on skeletal populations are thus proportional to the mean ages of the latter.Aside from gross osseous lesions, the direct effects of pathology on skeletal populations are difficult to demonstrate. In so far as changes in size are concerned the effects thus far detected seem to be more proportional than linear. As regards pathological states with hereditary bases, they will affect populations to the extent that involved family lines are represented.
Rates of Change in width and length‐width ratios of the diaphyses of the hand
Authors: Roche A. F. , Hermann R. F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe minimum width and the length of each diaphysis of the hand were measured on serial radiographs of 20 boys and 20 girls. These radiographs were taken close to each birthday at ages from 3 to 13 years inclusive. The corresponding length‐width ratios were calculated from these parameters. The b values (indicating rates of change) were calculated for width and length‐width ratio in each diaphysis in each child. Communality indices (mean r between b values) were calculated for individual diaphyses. These communality indices reflect the associations between each diaphysis and all the other diaphyses of the hand in their rates of change in width and length‐width ratio. The sex differences were not statistically significant for mean b values but they were significant for the communality indices for width (boys higher) and length‐width ratio (girls higher). Statistically significant neighborhood effects were present in communality indices for widths within rays for the girls and for ratios within rays for both sexes. There were statistically significant marginal effects in communality indices for widths in the girls within rows and for length‐width ratios in the boys within rays.
On deflecting wrinkles and the Dryopithecus pattern in human mandibular molars
Authors: Morris Donald H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe utility of the traditional Dryopithecus pattern observations on mandibular molars in hominid dental analysis has been challenged recently from several points of view. Both fossil and contemporary evidence suggest the independence of cusp number and groove pattern on mandibular molars and the quality of dentitions which are normally available for study make it difficult to determine both aspects of pattern (cusp number, groove pattern) equally. Now this paper shows that one of the polymorphisms on the occlusal surface of mandibular molars, the “deflecting wrinkle,” may be responsible for the spurious appearance of a Y molar pattern. It presence serves to insure a “2–3 contact” and hence the identification of the Y molar pattern. While seldom reported in traditional dental data, the wrinkle varies in frequency from 7% in South African white first permanent molars to 78.5% in Bushmen. Elsewhere, Hanihara has proposed that it be considered part of the “Mongoloid dental complex”.
Fast hemoglobin variant in Minahassan people of Sulawesi, Chinese and Thais: α2β256 Gly→Asp
Authors: Blackwell R. Quentin , Liu Chen‐Sheng , Lie‐Injo Luan Eng , Pribadi Wita 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHemoglobin J Manado was found in 1957 in the father and two children of a Minahassan family originating from Manado, Northern Sulawesi, Indonesia. Present studies demonstrate that the structural anomaly in J Manado is located in the βT5 section of the hemoglobin molecule; the glycyl group normally found at the β‐56 position, or the βD7 position of the D‐helix, is replaced by an aspartyl group.Previous work had established that the same structural change occurs in Hemoglobin J Meinung, seen in Chinese residents of Taiwan, as well as in Hemoglobin J Korat or J Bangkok found in Thai subjects.The origins and ethnic background of the Minahassan people are obscure; their relatively large stature, light complexion, and language serve to set them from all other groups in Indonesia as well as Southeast Asia. They have no apparent ethnic connection either with Chinese or Thais, however, because of the relative geographical proximities of the three groups it appears likely that the occurrence of the same hemoglobin variant within all three can be explained by gene flow rather than by separate mutations.
Extremity heat loss in water in humans and macaques
Authors: Newman Russell W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHuman hands and feet lose about the same amount of heat per unit time in cold water. This is somewhat strange since they are grossly different in size (volume). When corrected for size, the human hand loses far more heat per unit volume than the foot. This study attempted to see if macaques showed comparable hand‐foot differences by repeating the human test situation as closely as possible on 20 macaques. The monkeys lose less total heat in cold water because their hands and feet are so much smaller, but on a volume basis they exceeded human heat losses. Even more important, the macaque hand and foot show very similar heat losses when the size difference is removed. The human hand and the macaque hand and foot are reasonably close in heat loss per unit volume; the human foot appears unique. Another sample of human subjects in which both extremity volumes and surface areas were measured showed closer heat loss correspondence between hands and feet on the basis of surface area, but the human foot still was lower. Pedal heat loss in man is apparently conditioned by a combination of the foot's special morphology and vascularity.
The morphological basis of the underbite trait in langurs (P. melalophus and T. cristatus) with an analysis of adaptive and evolutionary implications
Authors: Zingeser Maurice R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractUnderbites or mandibular incisor protrusions are widely prevalent among Coloboid monkeys. The morphological basis of the trait is explored in two langur species differing with respect to its incidence. P. melalophus, characterized by a high occurrence of underbites, has mandibular incisors which are significantly wider than those of T. cristatus, the more “normative” occlusal group. No other statistically significant incisor metric differences are noted. Comparisons of convexgent traits in the Colobinae, Alouattinae, and Ruminantia support the contention that underbites are a herbivorous adaptation. The zoogeographic distribution of the trait in langurs is discussed in the context of evolutionary dynamics.
Responses of native and migrant desert residents to arid heat
Authors: Hanna Joel M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFour groups of Sonoran Desert residents were compared in three studies of heat tolerance. In the first two studies the task involved walking in arid heat at a moderate rate (5 km/hour) for two hours per day over a period of seven consecutive days. The first study compared seven Yaqui Indians with ten Mestizos, all lifelong residents of the same neighborhood in Hermosillo, Sonora. The groups showed no significant differences in physiological responses. The second study compared five Papago Indian students with five White students from Tucson, Arizona. The Papago showed significantly lower sweat rates and significantly lower rectal temperatures. None of the groups showed sequential changes which could be called acclimatization. The lower sweat rate of the Papago is partially the result of their smaller size, but their lower rectal temperatures may represent a more effective heat dissipating mechanism.The third study compared naturally acclimatized Yaquis and Mestizos in hot, humid conditions established by other investigators. These well acclimatized subjects responded in a manner intermediate between the unacclimatized and artificially acclimatized Caucasians reported in the literature. Thus desert acclimatization does not confer maximal acclimatization to humid heat.
A comparison of laboratory and field studies of cold response
Authors: Hanna Joel M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe recent application of physiological techniques to anthropological studies of cold stress in different human groups has produced evidence of considerable variation in response to cold. The usual anthropological procedure has been to compare the adult males of two different ethnic groups under standardized laboratory conditions, and then to generalize the conclusions in an evolutionary or ecological context. Several assumptions behind this procedure are examined.Four studies of response to cold in the same Quechua Indian group of Southern Peru are discussed. Two of the studies deal with variation in response to cold in a standardized laboratory situation. The other two describe responses as detected under actual cold conditions experienced by the subjects as they go about their daily routines. The results of the laboratory and field studies are compared. It is suggested that adult males studied in the laboratory may represent only a minor part of the variation which exists in the group and that their responses may not be indicative of those of the entire population. It is also proposed that the validity of laboratory studies for an evolutionary interpretation may be limited by the laboratory approximation of the actual cold stress experienced by the group.
Cardiorespiratory characteristics and adaptation to high altitudes
Authors: Mazess Richard B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe lowered partial pressure of oxygen at high altitude is one of the severest and most pervasive environmental stresses affecting human populations. Virtually all organ systems and physiological functions are affected by hypoxia, and only elaborate modern technology can temporarily ameliorate the hypoxic stress of altitude exposure. The biological and behavioral responses of newcomers, sojourners, and native residents at higher elevations could provide a paradigm of the study of man's adaptation to the physical environment.Cardiorespiratory characteristics are closely related to altitude exposure, and certain alterations in these characteristics constitute the principal adaptive responses of the organism to hypoxia. However, not all altitude‐related characteristics are beneficial to the organism; some peculiar characteristics occurring at high altitude may be without benefits, or may even be pathological and maladaptive. The roles of age, sex, race, physical condition, nutrition, and intensity and frequency of exposure during growth and development of altitude‐related characteristics are not entirely understood. Moreover the influence of even large circulatory and respiratory alterations, on tissue oxygen tension may be small, and their adaptive significance difficult to evaluate. An equivalent level of functional adaptation might be achieved through differing combinations of structural, functional, and behavioral characteristics. It is concluded that more rigorous evaluations of adaptation to the environment are needed.
Adaptation to infectious disease. Australia antigen and hepatitis
Authors: Blumberg Baruch S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractInfectious diseases have probably acted as selective forces to generate polymorphisms in human populations. An example is given of a study related to this concept. There is evidence that “Australia antigen” is a hepatitis virus or closely associated with it. In some tropical populations there appears to be an inherited susceptibility to chronic infection with “Au(1) virus” controlled by a simple genetic mechanism. There are strikingly different frequencies of Australia antigen in different populations and these may have been determined by differences in the selective pressures in different environments.
Correlations of midshaft breadths and compact bone thickness among bones of the upper and lower extremities of children aged 6 to 16 years
Authors: Johnston Francis E. , Malina Robert M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCorrelations between endosteal, periosteal and compact bone breadths of the humerus, tibia, second metacarpal and second metatarsal were determined in a sample of 394 normal, white children from greater Philadelphia. Although most correlations tended to be significant, the magnitude of all were low, except just at the time of the onset of the adolescent spurt. In normal, disease‐free children, measurements of a single bone cannot be confidently used as an indicator of compact bone mass anywhere else in the skeleton. There is some indication that the humerus provides the best single bone to use in cases where such a procedure is necessary.
The founder effect in a human isolate: Evolutionary implications
Authors: Martin Alice O. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn investigation of the founder effect has been made on the H‐leut, a religious isolate. Ninety‐one founders, representing a maximum of 150 independent genomes, have been shown to account for the total gene pool of the 9,536 people in two of the three major subpopulations within the isolate, the S‐leut and the L‐leut. Each of these two leut is subdivided into four clans which in turn are subdivided into colonies. Malécot's coefficient of kinship has been calculated between each of the 91 founders and the contemporary parents, and used to describe the relative genetic contributions of the founders to the gene pool of each subpopulation. Analysis of this distribution suggests that a considerable amount of genetic diversity may be attributable to the founder effect. Part of this diversity may be accounted for by variation in the birth dates of the founders. The size of the subset of the 91 founders related to each subpopulation decreases with decreasing subpopulation level. A correlation has been found between two measures of relationship between pairs of clans: (1) Kurczynski's modification of Mahalanobis's distance measure based on gene frequency differences; and (2) a comparison of the relative contributions of founders to the gene pools of the clans.
Variation of minor non‐metrical cranial variants in Australian Aborigines. Dedicated to Professor Th. Dobzhansky on the occasion of his 70th birthday
Authors: Kellock W. L. , Parsons P. A. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract1254 Australian Aboriginal crania from various parts of Australia were classified for 30 minor non‐metrical variants. Australia was split into various regions, and using statistical methods which give mean overall measures of difference between regions, some regional differences were found. Of the 30 variants used, it was found that 10 of them accounted for about 90% of the variation, and so much of the discussion was restricted to them.The regional differences in cranial morphology appeared, so far as could be assessed, to culminate in two extreme populations: one in the north and the north‐west of the continent, and the other in southeastern Australia.The relationship of these findings to the two main theories on the origin and composition of the Aborigines is discussed. The first considers that the Aborigines represent a homogeneous population with no significant regional variation, and the second, that they are a product of hybridization between two or more racial groups. Based on the cranial data given, and other published work, it is considered that, as yet, we have insufficient evidence to favour one of these theories at the expense of the other.
Transmission and learning of tongue gymnastic ability
Authors: Hirschhorn Howard H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObservations were made for two weeks on the ability to roll, twist, and fold the tongue in the four members of an American family of northern European background. Photographs and questions were mailed to relatives, thus providing data for a total of 13 persons in three generations. It was found that ample time and example must be provided for learning tongue tricks, even if they be genetically determined. Also, there was evidence for the independent transmission of folding and rolling, and of transitory intermediate positions of the tongue before full expression of the abilities appeared.
The relationship between total ridge count and pattern intensity index of digital dermatoglyphics
Authors: Basu Amitabha , Namboodiri Kadambari K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA mathematical relationship between total ridge count (TRC) and pattern intensity index (PII) is explored using data from a sample of 180 males and 213 females of Negroid origin from southwestern Haiti, West Indies. Linear regression of total ridge count on pattern intensity index gave good fit to data in males. In females the linear and quadratic regression models were less satisfactory probably due to the considerable overlap of ridge count distribution between loops and whorls. Two other measures which compare better than total ridge count are absolute ridge count and weighted total ridge count. Predictions of TRC from PII on the basis of regression estimates from Haitian data gave satisfactory results for Negroid and some Caucasoid populations but less satisfactory results for Mongoloid groups suggesting that the relationship might be different in different ethnic groups.
Human tooth wear, tooth function and cultural variability
Authors: Molnar Stephen 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAmong primitive peoples dental attrition appears to be a natural phenomenon. Often the degrees and kinds of tooth wear vary from population to population. This variability is possibly related to certain material aspects of culture such as diet, food preparation techniques and tool usage. In order to learn more about these relationships, extensive cross cultural comparisons must be made.This paper reports on a study of dental attrition among skeletal remains of North American Indians from three areas: California, the Southwest and the Valley of Mexico. A method of comparing worn teeth of these populations was devised so several characteristics of the teeth and supporting bone could be examined by population. This study showed significant differences in type and degree of wear among the three groups as well as differences between sexes within each population.A positive correlation between tooth wear and cultural factors was found. Dietary specialization and division of labor appear to be responsible for the degree and type of wear found in this sample. Further studies of this type are planned to expand the sample size and, if the new data support these correlations, valuable information about human–environmental relationships can be gained.