bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dibromomethane as One‐Carbon Source in Organic Synthesis: The Mannich Base Formation from the Reaction of Phenolic Compounds with a Preheated Mixture of Dibromomethane and Diethylamine.
Authors: Hon Yung‐Son , Chou Yu‐Yu , Wu I‐Che 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Synthesis of 1,4‐Diketones via a One‐Pot Five‐Component Connecting Reaction Based on Two Acylations of Organozincs Promoted by the Catalysis of a Pd(0) Species.
Authors: Yuguchi Motoki , Tokuda Masao , Orito Kazuhiko 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Synthesis of 1,4‐Diketones via Rhodium‐Catalyzed 1,4 Carbonylative Addition of Arylboronic Acids to α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones.
Authors: Sauthier Mathieu , Castanet Yves , Mortreux Andre 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Zinc‐Mediated Coupling Reaction of 2‐Bromo‐2,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropanoate with Various Chiral Imines. Simple and Effective Access to Optically Active α‐Fluoro‐α‐(trifluoromethyl)‐β‐amino Esters.
Authors: Sekiguchi Takashi , Sato Kei , Ishihara Takashi , Konno Tsutomu , Yamanaka Hiroki 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient and Novel Synthesis of N‐Aryl‐N′‐ethoxycarbonylthiourea and Arene‐bis‐ethoxycarbonylthiourea Derivatives Catalyzed by TMEDA.
Authors: Wei Tai‐Bao , Lin Qi , Zhang You‐Ming , Wang Hai 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient Photocatalytic Oxidation of Cycloalkenes by Dihydroxo(tetraphenylporphyrinato)antimony Supported on Silica Gel under Visible Light Irradiation.
Authors: Shiragami Tsutomu , Makise Ryu‐ichi , Inokuchi Yousuke , Matsumoto Jin , Inoue Haruo , Yasuda Masahide 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel Synthetic Approach Towards 2‐Guanidinomethyl‐4(5)‐sulfamoylimidazoles.
Authors: Price Steve , Bull Richard , Cramp Sue , Gardan Sophie , van den Heuvel Marco , Neighbour David , Osbourn Susan E. , de Esch Iwan J. P. , Buenemann Christoph L. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fused Polycyclic Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles. Part 7. Friedel—Crafts Intramolecular Cyclization of 5‐Phenylthiazole‐4‐carboxylic Acids — A New Route to Indeno[2,1‐d]thiazoles.
Authors: Mamedov V. A. , Gubaidullin A. T. , Nurkhametova I. Z. , Litvinov I. A. , Levin Ya. A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Potential Protease Inhibitors Based on a Functional Cyclic Sulfamide Scaffold.
Authors: Zhong Jiaying , Gan Xiangdong , Alliston Kevin R. , Lai Zhong , Yu Hongyi , Groutas Christopher S. , Wong Tzutshin , Groutas William C. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactions of a 5‐Hydroxymethyl‐1H‐indole‐4,7‐dione with Enamines for the First Construction of 1H,5H‐Pyrano[3,4‐f]indole‐4,9‐dione Derivatives.
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Tanaka Hideo , Tanaka Koujirou , Hayashi Kazutaka , Morikawa Osamu , Konishi Hisatoshi 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel One‐Pot Four‐Component Access to Tetrahydro‐β‐carbolines by a Coupling‐Amination‐Aza‐Annulation‐Pictet—Spengler Sequence (CAAPS).
Authors: Karpov Alexei S. , Oeser Thomas , Mueller Thomas J. J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Regioselective Synthesis and Bioactivity of 1H‐Pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidin‐4(5H)‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Wang Hong‐Qing , Liu Zhao‐Jie , Yang Li‐Min , Ding Ming‐Wu 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Desymmetrization of a meso‐Diol Complex Derived from [Cr(CO)3(η6‐5,8‐Naphthoquinone)]: Use of New Diamine Acylation Catalysts.
Authors: Kuendig E. Peter , Lomberget Thierry , Bragg Ryan , Poulard Cyril , Bernardinelli Gerald 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
N‐Acyl‐α‐triphenylphosphonioglycinates in the Synthesis of α,β‐Dehydro‐α‐amino Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Mazurkiewicz Roman , Kuznik Anna , Grymel Miroslawa , Kuznik Nikodem 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ultrahigh‐Quality Silicon Carbide Single Crystals.
Authors: Nakamura Daisuke , Gunjishima Itaru , Yamaguchi Satoshi , Ito Tadashi , Okamoto Atsuto , Kondo Hiroyuki , Onda Shoichi , Takatori Kazumasa 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Iron(0) Complexes Derived from α,β.‐Unsaturated Ketone Analogues Bearing β‐Positioned Functional Groups
Authors: Ortega Carmen , Gutierrez Rene , Sharma Pankaj , Gomez Elizabeth , Toscano Alfredo , Lopez Jose G. , Penieres Guillermo , Alvarez Cecilio 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A randomized, controlled, clinical trial of activity therapy for apathy in patients with dementia residing in long‐term care
Authors: Politis Antonios M. , Vozzella Stephen , Mayer Lawrence S. , Onyike Chiadi U. , Baker Alva S. , Lyketsos Constantine G. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackgroundApathy is a common symptom in patients with dementia and has adverse consequences for patients and caregivers. Most treatments for apathy, particularly non‐pharmacologic interventions, have not been evaluated in controlled trials.ObjectivesThis study evaluated the efficacy of a kit‐based activity intervention, compared to a time and attention control (one‐on‐one meetings with an activity therapist) in reducing apathy and improving quality of life in 37 patients with dementia.MethodsThe design was a randomized, controlled, partially masked clinical trial. All outcome measures were administered at baseline and follow‐up. The primary outcome measure was the apathy score of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Other outcome measures were the NPI total score, the Alzheimer Disease Related Quality of Life scale(ADQRL), and the Copper Ridge Activity Index (CRAI).ResultsThere was a significant reduction in NPI apathy scores in both treatment groups. The only significant difference between the two treatment groups was a modest advantage for the control intervention on the CRAI cueing subscale (p = 0.027), but not on the other CRAI subscales. There was also a greater within group improvement in quality of life ratings in the control intervention (p = 0.03).ConclusionsDespite the substantial improvement in apathy scores during the course of the study, there was no clear advantage to the reminiscence‐based intervention over the time and attention, one‐on‐one control intervention. More research is needed to develop specific behavioral interventions for apathy in patients with dementia. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydroxyapatite and titania sol–gel composite coatings on titanium for hard tissue implants; Mechanical and in vitro biological performance
Authors: Kim Hae‐Won , Kim Hyoun‐Ee , Salih Vehid , Knowles Jonathan C. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractHydroxyapatite (HA) composites with titania (TiO2) up to 30 mol % were coated on a titanium (Ti) substrate by a sol–gel route, and the mechanical and biological properties of the coating systems were evaluated. Using polymeric precursors, highly stable HA and TiO2 sols were prepared prior to making composite sols and coatings. Coatings were produced under a controlled spinning and heat treatment process. Pure phases of HA and TiO2 were well developed on the composites after heat treatment above 450°C. The HA–TiO2 composite coating layers were homogeneous and highly dense with a thickness of about 800–900 nm. The adhesion strength of the coating layers with respect to Ti substrate increased with increasing the TiO2 addition. The highest strength obtained was as high as 56 MPa, with an improvement of about 50% when compared to pure HA (37 MPa). The osteoblast‐like cells grew and spread actively on all the composite coatings. The proliferation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of the cells grown on the composite coatings were much higher than those on bare Ti, and even comparable to those on pure HA coating. Notably, the HA–20% TiO2 composite coating showed a significantly higher proliferation and ALP expression compared to bare Ti (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the sol–gel‐derived HA–TiO2 composite coatings possess excellent properties for hard tissue applications from the mechanical and biological perspective. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 72B: 1–8, 2005
Rationally designed mutations convert complexes of human recombinant T cell receptor ligands into monomers that retain biological activity
Authors: Huan Jianya Y , Meza‐Romero Roberto , Mooney Jeffery L , Chou Yuan K , Edwards David M , Rich Cathleen , Link Jason M , Vandenbark Arthur A , Bourdette Dennis N , Bächinger Hans‐Peter , Burrows Gregory G 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSingle‐chain human recombinant T cell receptor ligands derived from the peptide binding/TCR recognition domain of human HLA‐DR2b (DRA*0101/DRB1*1501) produced in Escherichia coli with and without amino‐terminal extensions containing antigenic peptides have been described previously. While molecules with the native sequence retained biological activity, they formed higher order aggregates in solution. In this study, we used site‐directed mutagenesis to modify the β‐sheet platform of the DR2‐derived RTLs, obtaining two variants that were monomeric in solution by replacing hydrophobic residues with polar (serine) or charged (aspartic acid) residues. Size exclusion chromatography and dynamic light scattering demonstrated that the modified RTLs were monomeric in solution, and structural characterization using circular dichroism demonstrated the highly ordered secondary structure of the RTLs. Peptide binding to the ‘empty’ RTLs was quantified using biotinylated peptides, and functional studies showed that the modified RTLs containing covalently tethered peptides were able to inhibit antigen‐specific T cell proliferation in vitro, as well as suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in vivo. These studies demonstrated that RTLs encoding the Ag‐binding/TCR recognition domain of MHC class II molecules are innately very robust structures, capable of retaining potent biological activity separate from the Ig‐fold domains of the progenitor class II structure, with prevention of aggregation accomplished by modification of an exposed surface that was buried in the progenitor structure. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Production of chitinolytic enzymes by Serratia marcescens QMB1466 using various chitinous substrates
Authors: Green Andrew T , Healy Michael G , Healy Adrienne 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe chitinolytic activity of submerged cultures of Serratia marcescens QMB1466 in media containing four forms of chitin as the main substrate was investigated via a full factorial design experiment with pH, temperature and substrate concentration as the main parameters. At the optimum conditions (pH 7.0, 32.5 °C and 1.0% (w/v) substrate), bioprocessed chitin (BP), isolated by lactic acid fermentation of prawn shell (Nephrops sp), induced a higher level of enzyme activity than untreated prawn shell and colloidal chitin but not that of a chemically isolated chitin (CP). The optimal conditions of pH and temperature were then applied in a bench‐top bioreactor and the chitinolytic activity monitored temporally under the influence of higher concentrations of BP and CP. Increasing the concentration of substrate in the bioreactor (>1.0% w/v) was found to inhibit the enzyme activity of the bacteria. The enzyme mixtures in selected 120‐h culture supernatants were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) and the main proteins characterised by molecular weight. The electrophoretic patterns obtained from cultures from different experiments and by the different chitin substrates showed marked similarity and the main proteins isolated were largely homologous to well‐documented chitinases found in the literature. BP chitin was found to be an efficient elicitor of chitinolytic activity from this bacterium and hence is a suitable substrate to employ in an integrated biotechnological process, whereby several commercially applicable products can be obtained from a waste product of the fishing industry. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Xylitol production via catalytic hydrogenation of sugarcane bagasse dissolving pulp liquid effluents over Ru/C catalyst
Authors: Baudel HM , Abreu CAM de , Zaror CZ 
Published: October 2004

AbstractXylose‐rich liquid effluents generated by the acid hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse for production of dissolving pulp were converted to xylitol, a highly valued chemical specialty, via catalytic hydrogenation over Ru/C. From the eco‐efficiency standpoint, this initiative emerges as an attractive way to promote a chemical valorisation of bagasse dissolving pulp wastewaters. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Ultrasound‐activated Knoevenagel condensation of malononitrile with carbonylic compounds catalysed by alkaline‐doped saponites
Authors: Martín‐Aranda RM , Ortega‐Cantero E , Rojas‐Cervantes ML , Vicente‐Rodríguez MA , Bañares‐Muñoz MA 
Published: October 2004

Abstractα,β‐Unsaturated nitriles have been synthesized by Knoevenagel condensation of a carbonylic compound with malononitrile, assisted by sonochemical irradiation. Two alkaline‐promoted clays (Li+‐ and Cs+‐exchanged saponites) have been employed as catalysts. The influence of the carbonylic compound (benzaldehyde or cyclohexanone) and the use of a solvent on the catalytic activity have been studied. Remarkable increase in the conversion values has been found when the reaction is activated by ultrasound, as compared with the thermal activation. In this green, solvent‐free procedure, α,β‐unsaturated nitriles have been produced in very high yields (97%) when the Cs+‐saponite is used as catalyst. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Loud noise enhances nigrostriatal dopamine toxicity induced by MDMA in mice
Authors: Gesi Marco , Ferrucci Michela , Giusiani Mario , Lenzi Paola , Lazzeri Gloria , Alessandrì Maria G. , Salvadorini Alessandra , Fulceri Federica , Pellegrini Antonio , Fornai Francesco , Paparelli Antonio 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe neurotoxicity of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) has been intensely investigated due to the widespread abuse of this drug and its neurotoxic effects. In mice, MDMA neurotoxicity has been demonstrated for striatal dopamine (DA) terminals. However, the current literature has reported great variability in the effects induced by MDMA; this is partially due to changes in environmental conditions. For instance, elevated temperature and a crowded noisy environment markedly increase the neurotoxic effects induced by MDMA. The environmental factor loud noise is often present during ecstasy intake; however, only a few studies have analysed the consequence of a concomitant exposure to loud noise and ecstasy intake. In the present experimental work, we investigated whether nigrostriatal DA toxicity occurring after MDMA administration was potentiated in the presence of loud noise (100 dBA). We administered MDMA to C57/Black mice using a “binging” pattern for two durations of white noise exposure. We found a marked enhancement of MDMA toxicity (7.5 mg/Kg ×4, 2 hours apart, i.p.) in the presence of white noise exposure lasting for at least 6 hours. The striatal damage was assessed by assaying DA levels as well as the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the increase in striatal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry. Since loud noise often accompanies ecstasy intake, the present findings call for more in‐depth studies aimed at disclosing the fine mechanisms underlying this enhancement. Microsc. Res. Tech. 64:297–303, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L Walp) variety on protein quality and sensory properties of akara, a popular West African cowpea‐based food
Authors: Giami SY 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe influence of newly developed cowpea varieties (IT81D‐699, IT82E‐18, IT84S‐2246‐4 and TVx3236) on the proximate composition, protein quality and sensory properties of akara, a popular West African cowpea‐based food, was investigated and the results obtained were compared with those for akara prepared from a local blackeye cowpea variety. Protein quality was evaluated using weanling albino rats fed diets which were formulated to supply 10% protein using defatted akara samples, with casein as a control. Akara samples prepared from IT81D‐699 and TVx3236 had crude protein contents, texture and overall acceptability comparable to those of akara prepared from the blackeye variety. Also, akara diets formulated using IT81D‐699 and TVx3236 showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher values for weight gain, protein efficiency ratio, net protein ratio and true digestibility than diets formulated with IT82E‐18, IT84S‐2246‐4 and blackeye, suggesting an improvement in the nutritional quality of akara produced using these (IT8ID‐699 and TVx3236) newly developed cowpea varieties. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of glycols on the properties of polyester polyols and of room‐temperature‐curable casting polyurethanes
Authors: Zhang Chen , Feng Shengyu 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA series of liquid polyester polyols (PEs) from adipic acid (AA), phthalic anhydride (PA) and trihydroxymethylpropane (TMP), and such glycols as ethylene glycol (EG), diethylene glycol (DEG), triethylene glycol (TEG), butanediol (BD) and hexanediol (HD), were prepared. Polyurethanes (PUs) were obtained from the PEs and polyaryl polymethylene isocyanate (PAPI) at room temperature. The effects of the structures of the glycols on viscosity, glass transition temperature and crystallinity of the PEs, and the mechanical, thermal and boiling‐water‐resistant properties of PUs were studied. The experiments showed that the viscosities and glass transition temperatures of the PEs decreased as the length of the glycol chains increased. The polyester based on HD lost flowability because of crystallization. The tensile strength and hardness of the PUs obtained decreased with increasing the length of the glycol chains, while the resistance to thermal deformation and boiling water increased. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that thermal degradation of the polyurethane based on DEG proceeded in one step and for the others in two steps. The initial degradation temperature of the polyurethane based on EG was the lowest and that of the polyurethane based on BD was the highest. The residue of the former at 450 °C was the greatest, while that of the latter was the lowest. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
A study of the crystalline transitions of polyamides X 18
Authors: Cui Xiaowen , Li Weihua , Yan Deyue 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe crystalline transition behavior of polyamides X 18, where X = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12, has been studied by variable‐temperature wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and real‐time Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It was found that polyamides 2 18 and 4 18 undergo the Brill transition on heating for both the melt‐crystallized samples and the solution‐crystallized samples. For polyamide 6 18, the melt‐crystallized sample undergoes Brill transition before melting but the solution‐crystallized sample melts prior to the complete crystalline transition. Polyamides 8 18, 10 18 and 12 18 do not undergo the Brill transition perfectly in advance of melting for either melt‐crystallized or solution‐crystallized samples. Real‐time FTIR analysis of polyamides X 18 provided helpful information for understanding the mechanism of the crystalline transition. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Starch‐based biodegradable blends: morphology and interface properties
Authors: Schwach Emmanuelle , Avérous Luc 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn order to improve the properties of plasticized wheat starch (PWS) and to conserve its final biodegradability, PWS can be blended with biodegradable polyesters [polyesteramide, poly(ε‐caprolactone), poly(lactic acid), poly(butylene succinate adipate) and poly(butylene adipate terephthalate)] which exhibit variable polar characteristics. This paper is focused on the analysis of the compatibility of these blends which vary according to their formulation. To understand the lack of affinity between the different phases, interface adhesion has been investigated by contact angle measurements to obtain the work of adhesion. From these determinations a forecast approach has been developed to predict blend compatibility. Blend structures were obtained by scanning electron microscopy observations. Blends show either a dispersed structure or a co‐continuous morphology. Percolation thresholds (co‐continuity) and full continuity regions were determined thanks to a method based on solvent extraction. Finally, rheological investigations have been carried out on the different biodegradable polymers to understand better the blend structure formation during the process. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Ionic conductivity of multiarm star polymer/LiClO4 electrolytes
Authors: Yang Xiaohui , Sun Xiaoying , Shao Jiajia , Liu Yunhang , Wang Xinling 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA series of polymer electrolytes based on multiarm polymers and lithium salt complexes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and impedance measurement. The relationships of conductivity with salt concentration, temperature, and arm numbers are discussed. It is suggested that the star polymer has a higher solvency and ion transfer ability on lithium salts than on linear polymers. The conductivity maximum appeared at a higher salt concentration ([EO]/[Li] = 4). Impedance measurement suggested that the optimum conductivity was 2 × 10−4 s · cm−1. The conductivity increased with temperature and the dependence of ionic conductivity on temperature fits the Arrhenius equation. Among the studied systems, the star polymer with a five arm number performs better than other structures. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4195–4198, 2004
Can chest X‐ray predict pneumonia severity?
Authors: Grafakou Olga , Moustaki Maria , Tsolia Maria , Kavazarakis Emmanuel , Mathioudakis John , Fretzayas Andrew , Nicolaidou Polyxeni , Karpathios Themistokles 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPredictors of the severity of pneumonia have not been thoroughly evaluated among children in developed countries. We investigate whether chest radiographic findings could be used as predictors of severity of childhood pneumonia. The study included 167 children, aged more than 12 months, hospitalized in our department during a 4‐year period with unilateral lobar or segmental pneumonia. The durations of fever and of hospitalization were considered indicators of severity of the disease. The size of the consolidation and its location in the left hemithorax were independently associated with severity of the disease. Univariate analysis showed that the mean duration of fever and of hospitalization as well as the prevalence of pleural effusion was significantly higher among children with left‐sided pneumonia. A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that only the presence of pleural effusion was significantly more likely in left‐sided pneumonia (odds ratio, 2.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.09–6.47; P = 0.031). We conclude that the size of consolidation and the side of its location can be used as predictors of severity of pneumonia, with left‐sided pneumonia running a more severe course, possibly due to increased risk for the development of pleurisy. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.