bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Doubt, Stringency, and Leniency in Jewish Law
Authors: Pill Shlomo C. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between legal uncertainty and the practice of legal leniency and stringency in Jewish law. The chapter begins by discussing halakhic perspectives on the sources of doubt in Jewish law and considers the contrasting rabbinic views of such doubt as either a jurisprudential flaw or feature of the halakhic system. The chapter further describes two general approaches that rabbinic authorities take to addressing legal uncertainty, as some halakhists sought to resolve doubts analytically, while others instead preferred to rely on formalistic doubt-resolving rules that offered greater predictability and consistency in legal outcomes. The chapter also discusses how humrah, or legal stringency, is a prominent rabbinic tool for resolving halakhic uncertainties. Beyond doubt resolution, the adoption of stringency or leniency is examined as a broader tool in shaping religious observance. Stringency is seen as a safeguard against legal infractions, an expression of piety, and a means of fortifying religious commitment. Conversely, leniency is recognized for its role in addressing changing circumstances and preventing undue legal rigidity. The chapter concludes by presenting a unique rabbinic perspective that views legal doubt positively, considering it a necessary component for effective legal processes, adaptability to evolving circumstances, and the prevention of legal standards from becoming overly fixed.
Jewish Law as a Duty-Based System and Why it Matters
Authors: Porat Benjamin 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
One of the features that distinguishes Jewish law from modern law is its legal language. While modern legal discourse predominantly employs a language of rights, Jewish law centers on a language of duty, rooted in the significance of commandments (mitzvot) and obligations. Although there is a correlation between rights and duties, the pivotal question remains whether a specific legal system opts to articulate its norms through the vocabulary of rights or through the language of duties. This chapter analyzes a variety of legal outcomes that result from the decision of Jewish law to frame its legal world through duties rather than rights. The choice between a rights-based language and a duty-based language arises from differing sets of values. The adoption of a specific legal language mirrors a choice of specific values, thereby foreshadowing the nature of the legal outlines. The chapter analyzes the advantages and disadvantages inherent in each form of legal discourse, and advocates for developing of a legal language that integrates both legal perspectives.
The Rabbinical Courts of our Generation
Authors: Radzyner Amihai 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to offer an overview of the variety of rabbinic courts operating today in the Jewish world. This chapter provides two basic forms of classification. The first proposes to distinguish between the official courts in the State of Israel—which have the status of courts on behalf of the state with all that entails—and between “private” courts that operate by virtue of the agreement of the parties only and do not receive state backing. The second proposes to distinguish between courts dealing with family law (in particular divorce cases) and courts dealing solely with civil litigation. This distinction holds special importance in the State of Israel. The chapter focuses on the history of the official rabbinical courts and discusses the characteristics of the various courts. It deals, among other things, with the procedures of the various courts and the issue of their attitude toward the laws of the state.
Rendering the Infinite
Authors: Mayse Ariel Evan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights the specifically religious dimensions of Jewish law by investigating visions of halakhah in kabbalistic and Hasidic literatures. It examines mystical attempts to theorize the structures, aims, and jurisprudential processes of Jewish law, arguing that Kabbalists and Hasidic leaders approached halakhah as part of a broader religious and philosophical system in which ritual plays a vital role. Grappling with the contradictions and tensions of this literature as well as its remarkable intellectual vitality, this chapter claims that that the exceptionality of Jewish mysticism lies not in whether its leaders broke or upheld rabbinic norms, but in their vivid attempt to rethink the purpose of Jewish practice.
International Relations Theory and the Evolution of “Peaceful Purposes” in Outer Space
Authors: Pekkanen Saadia M. , Blount P.J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter serves to situate and contextualize the handbook within the field of international relations (IR) theory and its major questions—why states go to war and what makes them stay at peace. These questions are especially pertinent now in the space domain, with a rising number of players, unprecedented commercial innovations, and creeping weaponization in the context of great power competition. The overview sets out the volume’s core concern with state-centric models, technological development, and peaceful uses of outer space. It then briefly summarizes the contributions of the various chapters in the volume. Finally, it ends by reflecting on the core takeaways that these contributions lead to.
Ethics in Space Security
Authors: Tachibana Koji 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The peaceful uses of space is the focal meaning of space security. As documents that concern this idea work as legally non-binding soft law instruments, nations furtively tend not to follow such instruments if they do not deem it to be in their national interests. Therefore, to realize this idea, a certain shared understanding of ethics must be required to dissuade countries from taking advantage of loopholes and make them understand the intrinsic value of the idea. This chapter scrutinizes which ethics is most appropriate to realize the idea. First, it identifies two conditions of such realization that ethics must satisfy. Then, examining three moral views in international relations theory (skepticism, state moralism, and cosmopolitanism) and three moral theories (deontology, utilitarianism, and virtue ethics), it argues that virtue ethics-based cosmopolitanism satisfies the conditions most. It concludes that nations and space agencies must promote space education to cultivate a cosmopolitan mind.
A Short History of Space Security
Authors: Buono Stephen , Bateman Aaron 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief, whirlwind tour of international space security as it developed—primarily as a feature of US-Soviet rivalry—during the Cold War. With special attention devoted to anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons, the chapter charts the development of US and Soviet military space policy and the concurrent achievements of multilateral space diplomacy at the United Nations. It argues that the first epoch in space security (1957–1991) can be divided into two general periods: one defined by the search for stability and legal norms, the other by growing threats and the search for safety. Following the collapse of the USSR in 1991, some stability emerged, but the ambiguity surrounding the use of space for peaceful and military reasons remained, while new players entered the arena.
French Space Security in Historical Perspective
Authors: Pasco Xavier 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The third country to orbit a satellite using a domestic launcher, France has been quick to recognize the strategic value of a national space effort. A product of the 1960s, the Gaullist years, the French space program has been propelled by the perception of its prime importance for defense and security by key national players. The development and consolidation of a national deterrence force at the time created the background that made the military space effort a natural element of a policy based on the principle of strategic autonomy. This explains the priority given to independent access to space as well as the high level of investment devoted by France to military Earth observation satellites as compared to its European neighbors. This chapter attempts to better assess how much the international environment marked both by the post-war period but also by the necessities of European construction, has helped craft the balance between national autonomy and cooperation and how it has become a traditional feature of the French military space program.
Space Security from Latin American Perspectives
Authors: Bittencourt Neto Olavo de O. , Becerra Jairo 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Latin American perspective regarding space security, considering points of contact and collaborative mechanisms, reflects local particularities. A complex and vast region, sharing a similar history and common future, Latin America comprises a total of twenty states. Space programs are conducted by many but not all Latin American nations, with different organizational structures and budgets. Regional space cooperation mechanisms have been accorded during the past decades, announcing complimentary needs and capacities, but insufficient regional coordination. As they include several emerging spacefaring nations, which tend to rely on a limited assortment of space assets, Latin American countries have particular interests in the safe and sustainable access to outer space. To that end, this chapter identifies Latin American general assessments on space security, considering military, economic, environmental, and societal dimensions. Case studies of Brazil, Argentina, and Colombia are subsequently presented, assessing their space policies and national concerns. Lastly, the chapter considers possible future trajectories, addressing related challenges.
Illiberalism as a Culture
Authors: Kubik Jan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Illiberalism is examined here as a specific form of common sense or ethos, while anti-liberalism is approached as an ideology. The latter will be studied not through an examination of written works but through a close reading of two artistic exhibitions. They differ in their treatment of such topics as women’s rights, criticism of the European Union, and most prominently in their understanding of liberty. The analysis reveals several key ideological differences between liberal and anti-liberal modes of artistic representation. The contrast between liberal and illiberal types of ethos is illustrated by a comparison of political cultures in different locations in Poland. They are compared to show systematic association of illiberalism and liberalism with different types of social capital, conceptions of individualism, and models of authority. Challenges to liberalism are seen not as mere expressions of rebellion against an externally imposed call for imitation of the “West” but as components of the historically shaped illiberal forms of ethos in some areas that are amplified by the systematic propagation of anti-liberal ideologies.
An Illiberal Left?
Authors: Kováts Eszter 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Representatives of the progressive left in Western academia, social movements, and institutionalized politics aim to increase inclusion and democracy in various policy fields. Meanwhile, their opponents—Marxist leftists, universalist liberals, as well as conservative forces, both within and outside of academia—insist that the progressives’ anti-intellectual, quasi-religious moralizing and authoritarian tendencies threaten academic freedom, free speech, and democracy. Having been ubiquitous in public discourse for years, recently academics have started to describe these phenomena as “illiberal” too, indicating that more research is needed in this field. This chapter examines three policy fields in Germany where these debates are currently playing out: (1) the bill on gender self-identification, (2) gender-inclusive language use, and (3) the emergence of the Academic Freedom Network (Netzwerk Wissenschaftsfreiheit). The concrete political claims being made in these three fields (sex/gender, language, and scientificity/cancel culture) in Germany represent paradigmatic cases of crucial terms of liberal democracy being rewritten. This chapter explores the theoretical underpinnings of these progressive claims and asks to what extent these theories about power, reality, truth, and knowledge contribute to those political practices. It presents the research problems relating to this question using the three cases, as well as draws some preliminary observations relating to the democratic stakes of the debate.
Agent-based Modelling Approaches to Sustainability Management and Social Responsibility
Authors: García-Díaz César 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights the importance of studying sustainability management and social responsibility issues from a systems perspective and argues that agent-based computational modelling is a suitable methodology for studying sustainability issues from an interdisciplinary, multilevel systems viewpoint. The chapter presents relevant computational-oriented works in the field of sustainability management, organized according to key research themes derived from the extant literature. The chapter also illustrates representative computational modelling works that focus on studying the adoption of corporate social responsibility practices. It argues that agent-based modelling can be used to capture not only the heterogeneous incentives of stakeholders, as more traditional methodologies have done, but also the intricate relations among such incentives that, additionally, may evolve over time. The chapter concludes by arguing that agent-based modelling can be fully leveraged if it takes into account considerations of intraorganizational dynamics, joint effects of first-order and second-order behavioural change, multilevel aggregation, systems resilience, interdependencies and temporal dynamics of stakeholders’ incentives, organizational structure, and complex forms of the firm–environment relations.
Agent-based Encoding of Disruption and Disaster Management Knowledge
Authors: Inan Dedi I. , Beydoun Ghassan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Disruption and disaster management (DM) are inseparable concepts with reciprocal influence. While DM’s objective is to achieve resiliency, disruption level is a key determinant. However, the disruption might not be foreseeable and strike on short notice. Thus, having knowledge to effectively respond to it is crucial, and learning from best practices is envisaged as the most feasible way to deal with it. However, it is important to have a representative mechanism to allow learning to happen. This is approached by advocating a DM knowledge analysis framework, an agent-based modelling framework rooted in agent-oriented software engineering that can represent social-technical attributes of DM activities. The framework also has the ability to well-knit formal and local knowledge for a more complete one, facilitating a better decision-making mechanism in DM. This chapter shows the efficacy and effectiveness of the framework in various real case studies, as well as limitations and future research directions.
Communicating Agent-Based Models in Management Research and Managerial Practice
Authors: Meyer Matthias , Spitzner Jan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the challenges and opportunities of communicating agent-based models (ABMs) in management research and managerial practice. The simulation modelling cycle structures our discussion. Hence, this chapter provides a comprehensive overview of all steps of a simulation project. Following a brief description of each step, the typical communication tasks arising from the respective step’s activities are presented. The chapter distinguishes between three different generic communication purposes in simulation projects—documenting, explaining, and creating agreement—and discusses how they can be served in the respective step. References to the authors’ experiences in science and management consulting illustrate shared challenges and ways to manage them, including the use of approaches such as the overview description details protocol or the design of experiments principles. Ultimately, these efforts lead to the creation of a communication checklist that facilitates the effective communication of ABMs, specifying essential communication tasks and critical issues along the modelling cycle.
Theory-Building in Organization Science with Agent-Based Computational Models
Authors: Chang Myong-Hun 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the lineage of organizational theory to methodological individualism as a mode of explanation in social sciences. In this framework, an organization is viewed as a multiagent system, where an observed phenomenon at the aggregate organizational level is explained as the result of the behaviour of and interactions among the constituent individuals within the organization. In this context, a formal theory as an explanation through deductive logic can be expressed in two distinct ways: (1) mathematical model and analysis and (2) computational model and simulation. This chapter offers a comparative review of these two approaches to theory development in organizational science. It first provides a brief review of the mathematical modelling literature, often referred to as organizational economics. This is followed by a review of the progress made in agent-based models of organizations. This sequence of reviews allows us to highlight the complementary roles that the agent-based modelling and formal mathematical modelling approaches play with one another. The lacunae in the organizational theory literature that could be filled with the agent-based modelling approach are identified, thus charting a path forward.
Populism, Nationalism, and Foreign Policy
Authors: Jenne Erin K. , Thies Cameron G. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Previous work on populism and nationalism has focused on domestic politics, but the rise in the number of populist and nationalist heads of state has led International Relations (IR) scholars to speculate about their implications for foreign policy and the liberal international order (LIO). In order to make sense of this emerging literature, this chapter begins with a review of the three main schools of thought on how populism and nationalism may influence foreign policy: (1) ideational theories, (2) supply-side theories and (3) demand-side theories. It draws attention to the contributions and blind spots of each. The penultimate section offers a novel mobilizational model that connects these three traditions into an integrated ‘inside-out’ theory of foreign policy that considers the effects of populism, nationalism, and their combination. It also suggests ways that our model can be enhanced in future research using the conceptual and methodological toolkit of FPA.
Democratic Institutions and Foreign Policy
Authors: Oppermann Kai 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The chapter maps the contributions and limitations of Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) scholarship in the study of democratic foreign policy and how it connects to International Relations (IR) research agendas. To this purpose, the discussion takes up the distinction between FPA as a subfield and perspective. As a subfield, FPA foregrounds how the diversity of democratic institutions and actors lead to variance in democratic foreign policy. As a perspective, FPA focuses on how individual foreign policy-makers understand and interact with their democratic decision contexts. The chapter argues that FPA scholarship can address important blind spots in IR research on the international behaviour of democracies, playing a leader role in unpacking the democratic politics of foreign policy, an innovator role in theorizing the agency of democratic decision-makers and a bridge builder role to scholarship in comparative politics and psychology. To illustrate this promise, the chapter sketches a research agenda on the politicization of democratic foreign policy.
Legislatures, Political Parties, and Foreign Policy
Authors: Raunio Tapio , Wagner Wolfgang 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Legislatures and political parties are key elements of democratic politics. In the wake of the Democratic Peace debate, legislatures in particular have received ample attention from International Relations scholars. Research in Foreign Policy Analysis, however, has qualified notions of them as effective institutional constraints on bellicose executives. Drawing on research in Comparative Politics, this research has instead pointed to the close cooperation between executives and majorities in the legislature as well as to the importance of political parties in politicizing external relations. Political parties differ systematically over free trade, development aid, and the appropriateness of using armed force abroad. While the left-/right-dimension captures these differences best, a socio-cultural new politics dimension is likely to become more important in the future.
Foreign Policy Analysis and Constructivism
Authors: Kowert Paul A. , Barkin J. Samuel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Conceiving of foreign policy analysis (FPA) as the study of choices driven by assumed interests and bounded by structural constraint has tended to exclude theorization of the goals embraced by states and their leaders. Constructivist FPA initially tended to replicate this choice under constraint model, although its ontological commitment to interpretivism led many scholars to argue for fewer constraints and more choice. A shift in the field’s sociological underpinnings from structurationist to interactionist approaches, however, has increasingly led a new generation of constructivist scholars to develop culturally informed accounts of identity and foreign policy scripts. Drawing on the intellectual inheritance of Erving Goffman and George Herbert Mead, they argue for culturally situated models of state interests that address not simply what choices are possible, but which are more likely in a given geocultural context.
Foreign Policy Analysis and Feminism
Authors: Aggestam Karin , True Jacqui 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
There are two contrary trends in contemporary global politics. There is a striking advancement of pro-gender norms in foreign policy where gender equality has become a salient issue. At the same time, there is a growing number of countries expressing a foreign policy that is characterized by misogyny and populism, which is eroding women’s rights globally. Yet, there are nearly no studies in foreign policy that seek to address and explain these gendered dynamics. This chapter forges a new direction in foreign policy analysis (FPA) by drawing on feminist theory to explain change and continuity in foreign policy. It advances a feminist approach to the agency-structure debate in FPA and elaborates on three mutually constitutive levels: (a) gendered leadership; (b) gendered institutions between and among states; and (c) gendered structures. The chapter concludes with suggesting three directions to be taken in research to advance scholarship on feminist theory and FPA.