bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
German Conflict Rules on Security Interests in Movable Assets
Authors: Drobnig Professor Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apart from international conventions on the conflict of laws, the main source of German private international law in general is Articles 3-46 of the Introductory Law to the German Civil Code. Among these provisions, Articles 27-37 deal with the law applicable to contracts, transposing the corresponding rules of the Rome Convention of 1980 on the same topic. Articles 38-41 contain some conflict rules on extra-contractual obligations and Articles 43-46 conflict rules on tangible property. These latter two sets of conflict rules were only recently adopted by a Law of 19991 and are of fairly short and general nature.
An ethnographic approach to social representations
Authors: Duveen Gerard , Lloyd Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A characteristic of much contemporary social and developmental psychology is the desire to analyse psychological activities in relation to the contexts in which they occur. From this point of view, a purely formal account of psychological, or cognitive, processes is inadequate, and new procedures need to be developed which are capable of expressing the relations between psychological processes and their contexts, as well as clarifying the notion of context itself. Whatever else the context may include, it certainly incorporates collective systems of meaning, and the growing interest in social representations centres on the possibilities that this concept offers for a description of the psychological structure and influence of collective systems of meaning. However, social psychologists are still not clear about the ways in which the notion of social representations may be conceptualized, articulated, and incorporated into empirical research. There is a general idea of the role which the concept ought to play, but we are still struggling to make the transition from programmatic statements to substantive accounts.
Dopamine Systems in the Cingulate Gyrus: Organization, Development, and Neurotoxic Vulnerability
Authors: Miller Michael W , Powrozek Teresa A , Vogt Brent A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A principal feature differentiating one cortical area from another is the connectivity of the area, particularly, its afferents. Areas in the anterior and midcingulate regions, for example, have rich dopaminergic (DAergic) afferents and those to the anterior cingulate gyrus are the strongest such innervations of all cortical regions (Gaspar et al., 1989; Crino et al., 1993). These projections to cingulate and prefrontal cortices have been implicated in a variety of functions including cognition, reward-seeking behaviors, motor activity (Ashby et al., 1999; Dehaene and Changeux, 2000; Tzschentke and Schmidt, 2000; Mathon et al., 2003; McCoy and Platt, 2005), and a pivotal contribution of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) to reward is considered by Rolls in Chapter 8.Among the specific hypotheses of the function of DAergic projections to the cerebral cortex is that of incentive motivation. This refers to the drive-like effects of an encounter with an otherwise neutral stimulus that acquires motivational importance through prior association with a primary reward (Wise, 2004). The early role of ACC in reward and motivated behavior was identified with electrical self-stimulation and drug self administration (Routtenberg and Sloan, 1972; Routtenberg, 1979). Glucose metabolism during electrical self-stimulation in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) was also very high in frontal cortex including ACC (Porrino, 1993-Table 15.1) and the ACC is one of the few cortical regions that support cocaine self administration in the rat (Goeders et al., 1986).
The Demography Of Papua New Guinea: Migration, Fertility, And Mortality Patterns
Authors: Riley Ian D , Lehmann Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the migration, fertility, and mortality patterns of Papua New Guinean populations and their relationship to the epidemiology of health and disease. For a more comprehensive coverage of the demography of Papua New Guinea (PNG), the reader is referred to monographs by van de Kaa (1971), Skeldon (1979), United Nations and South Pacific Commission (1982), May (1977), Bakker (1986), and Walsh (1985, 1987).
Coherence: correlation functions
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any light that isn’t perfectly monochromatic (and that’s every kind of light) necessarily has some degree of randomness. In Chapter 9 we described this randomness, how it originates and how (within limits) it may be controlled. However, there were obvious inadequacies: having no quantity to represent a ‘degree of coherence’, we could not give a precise condition for coherence to disappear or for fringes to be so indistinct that they should be considered absent. Moreover, we found ourselves using awkward wordings: ‘obtaining knowledge’; ‘permits us to predict’; ‘so clumsy that interference fails to manifest itself’; ‘a wavetrain is the whole wave defined for all t’. The author of this book used words with more than usual care in Chapter 9, in an attempt at giving a correct impression and excluding common misconceptions; but the need for that care was itself an indication that something better was called for.
Optical practicalities: étendue, interferometry, fringe localization
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss several related topics. First we consider the flux of energy, mostly in the context of light from non-laser sources. An important geometrical factor is the étendue. It is the étendue that we must maximize when trying to get as much optical energy as possible into apparatus such as a spectrometer or an optical fibre. Optical instruments differ in their ability to collect light, and their relative merits in this regard are assessed by comparing their étendues.
The measurement of time
Authors: Whitrow G J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that the function of biological clocks is to enable living organisms to produce the required responses at the appropriate times. Similarly, the calendars used by previous civilizations and the Gregorian calendar that we still employ were originally devised so that religious ceremonies could be performed on the correct dates. To function effectively, bio- logical clocks (with external correlates) and man-made calendars use cues provided by the motions of the Earth, Sun and Moon. These motions therefore function as time standards. Although, as far as man is concerned, it has long been realized that the correlation of any time-system with a given standard is facilitated by means of measurement, it was only with the rise of modern science that the crucial signiﬁcance of this became clear.
Family and marriage: a socio-legal perspective
Authors: Kirshner Julius 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Standing out among the works on family history in the Italian Renaissance is Nino Tamassia’s The Italian Family in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, published in 1910. According to Tarnassia, agnatic lineages ( unilineal descent groups tracing their origins from a commonly regarded male ancestor on the father’s side) of the late Middle Ages began to dissolve in the Renaissance into intimate modern families anchored by a married couple and their unmarried children. His thesis was shared by other scholars of the late nineteenth century, who, like Tamassia, were inspired by Jacob Burckhardt’s identification of Renaissance Italy with the beginnings of modernity. Their association of the cult of the individual with the emergence of strong regional states hostile to powerful, violence-prone lineages and their client networks served as an intuitively plausible explanation for the demise of lineage-centred families.
Prisons
Authors: Zedner Lucia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If community sentences have been the subject of critical and correspondingly pessimistic analysis, that attracted by the prison is much bleaker. It is commonly assumed that, unless crime can be brought under better control by other means, there is no escaping the remorseless growth of the prison population; the continuing expansion of the prison estate; and greater reliance on private contractors to provide a prison system spiralling beyond the means of the public purse. The prison dominates our criminal justice system as the cardinal penalty, against which all other penalties must be assessed. Despite repeated efforts by penal policymakers, politicians, and lobbyists to displace the prison from its central position, it continues to have a powerful hold over our collective imagination.
From Criminal Justice to the Security Society?
Authors: Zedner Lucia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of this book has been concerned with the ways in which the criminal justice system responds to crime; what Philip Dick, in the excerpt above, calls postcrime. This chapter will be concerned with sweeping changes some of which, at least, are captured by his notion of precrime. The changes we will explore do not involve precog mutants wired up to prophesy crimes before they occur but they are only a little less radical.
Any general shift in the common understanding of crime directly affects society’s policies toward it. We have examined several different ways of thinking about crime, all of which shared a conception of crime as a departure from the norm.
The Internalization of Conflicts Within the UK
Authors: Hood Kirsty J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As was seen in the previous chapter, there has been, in the UK, very little constitutionalization of conflicts: by which is meant a largely judicially driven reliance upon constitutional rules to replace, or modify, intranational conflict rules. However, there has been much greater evidence in the UK of a largely legislative phenomenon, which might be described as the internalization of conflicts.
Introduction
Authors: Retallack James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why has a fascination with Germany under Otto von Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm II persisted to this day, even though a more recent and darker period of German history— the Third Reich — competes for attention? The following chapters provide their own answers to this question and suggest starting points for further study. They consider the German Empire (das Deutsche Reich) of 1871 – 1918, which emerged from the diverse collection of kingdoms, grand duchies, principalities, and free cities in central Europe. This new empire was a semi-parliamentary constitutional monarchy of about 41 million inhabitants (growing to over 65 mil- lion in 1914). It was founded in January 1871 not only on the basis of Bismarck’s ‘blood and iron’ policy in the 1860s but also with the support of liberal nationalists. Under Bismarck and Wilhelm II, Germany became the dynamo of Europe. Its economic and military power were pre-eminent; German science and technology, education, and municipal administration were the envy of the world; and its avant-garde artists reflected the ferment in European culture. But Germany also played a decisive role in tipping Europe’s fragile balance of power over the brink and into the cataclysm of the First World War, eventually leading to the empire’s collapse in military defeat and revolution in November 1918.
Religion and confessional conflict
Authors: Clark Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In November 1883, the Protestant pastor in Affaltrach, a small confessionally mixed community in Württemberg, decided to celebrate the four hundredth anniversary of Martin Luther’s birth by planting a linden tree in the village. The idea was in itself uncontroversial — in that year ‘Luther-lindens’ were planted all over Germany. The question of location was less straightforward. The pastor and members of his congregation opted to plant the tree on the courtyard beside the little church shared by the village’s Catholic and Protestant congregations. The courtyard lay directly in front of the village’s Catholic rectory. The Catholic priest, Father Geiger, made a formal protest to the district authorities, but the planting went ahead all the same. To add insult to injury his Protestant colleague, excited no doubt by the Lutheran celebrations unfolding across Germany, used the occasion to deliver an intemperate speech full of polemical denunciations of the Catholic Church.
Looking forward
Authors: Retallack James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Less than 48 hours separated the collapse of the German Empire from the last shot fired in the First World War. Kaiser Wilhelm II’s decision to flee to exile in Holland and the proclamation of the German Republic from the balcony of the Reichstag occurred not long after midday on 9 November 1918. The armistice that ended the conflict was invoked at 11 a.m. on 11 November.
Germans who experienced the cataclysm of the ‘the war to end all wars’ — together with those who looked back fondly to the years before 1914, before the empire had begun to sink under the weight of its own conflicts and contradictions — agreed that a historical threshold of immense significance had been crossed.
Calendars and Cycles: Meton Historicized
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fortunately, Scaliger did not limit his investigation of Greek chronology to the simple practices used in civil life. He devoted at least as much attention to the various luni-solar cycles which, as Censorinus reported, Greek astronomers had devised from the fifth century bc onwards. Scaliger’s preparation in this area was rich and solid.
Vicissitudes of the annus vagus: The Persian Calendar
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scaliger’s treatment of the early Egyptian year was a disaster. He conjured from the vasty deep an imaginary creature composed of misreadings and miscalculations. But his detective instincts proved more fruitful as he followed the 365-day year into its later and more exotic homes. The Persian year, in particular, interested him deeply. Here too, the astronomers had already blazed a trail, following their Islamic predecessors. They understood that the Persian calendar, like the Egyptian, used a 365-day annus vagus. Schreckenfuchs, for example, gave characteristically simple rules for converting 365-day Persian years into Julian ones, assuming that they had continued without intercalation from the era of Yazdgard, 15 June ad 632. This epoch date could—as usual in this sort of astronomical computistics—be converted directly into a day-count by one who wished to convert Persian to Julian dates or vice versa.
The Roman Calendar: A Reconstruction of a Reconstruction
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not only was that intercalation faulty, but the error increased because of deliberate excesses in intercalation. The entire matter rested in the hands of the pontifices, and they intercalated too early and too late in their hatred for the magistrates. Matters came to such a point that in 45 bc the beginning of the original year fell in the Julian October.
Towards a History of Calendars
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have not yet finished with De emendatione i-iv. Book iv, in particular, treats Scaliger’s doctrine on what he called the annus caelestis—a year based directly on the sun’s passage through the heavens—along with its classical prototype and other sources. But we shall consider this material below, together with Scaliger’s proposals for calendar reform, for which it provided the underpinning. What we can do now, as Scaliger could when he had finished the body of his historical work and wrote his Prolegomena, is to stand back and examine the larger argument of books i-iv.
Scaliger and his Models: From Ephorus to Varro
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scaliger outlined both a research programme for chronology and a disciplinary history which underpinned it. The programme needs no justification now, given the results it led to and its continued existence, suitably modified, in the Julian day-numbers still used by astronomers. But the history requires close study, both for what it reveals of Scaliger’s knowledge and prejudices and for what it may suggest about the ancient scholarship on which—as he rightly saw—modern dating of ancient events still rests.
The Chronologer and the Bible
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like most of his predecessors, Scaliger began with the creation of the world (18 April 3949 bc) and established epochs for the great events of biblical as well as classical history. The Flood, the Exodus, the epoch of the Sabbatical Years, and the destruction of Solomon’s Temple all claimed his attention. But if his choice of topics seems conventional, his approach to them looks distinctive. In the introduction to the De emendatione as a whole Scaliger admitted the uniqueness and infallibility of the Bible, but he also insisted that biblical history was useless until it was set into a wider, world-historical context.
The Second Manilius, 1597-1599: Reprises and Reprisals
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scaliger planned a new edition of Manilius as early as 1587. In 1590, moreover, Junius reprinted his first edition with some notes of his own and some good conjectures by Matthaeus Lannoius. Though Junius expressed the hope that Scaliger would approve of what he had done, Scaliger in fact became wild with rage. He lined through Junius’ notes with slashing strokes of the pen, page by page, pausing only to scrawl ‘cacat’ in the margins.
Scaliger’s Barbarian: Alexandrian Chronography in Merovingian Latin
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Chronicle [of Eusebius and Jerome) has been continued by many men, whom I cannot omit without being charged with negligence. Therefore in order both to complete the work and to meet the desires of readers, against whom I shall sin gravely if I omit the writers who worked to continue this chronology, I decided to set out in order those who took in what their predecessors omitted, and in addition any others who treated a similar topic. As Jerome continued Eusebius, Prosper of Aquitaine continued Jerome, Victor, bishop of Tunis in Africa, continued Prosper, and finally John, abbot of Biclarum, continued him, so I have added them to one another as the order of events and the method of the authors’ works required. For since Marcellinus Comes begins where Jerome leaves off, he has received a special place, and one separate from the rest. And these are the ones who, together with Eusebius, have composed a continuous history.
Beneath the Christian Surface: Pagan Chronography in Christian Chronicles
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In one respect at least, Scaliger shared more with his modem successors than the last chapter may have suggested. He believed as strongly as any twentieth-century scholar that the chief value of Christian chronography lay in what it could reveal about pagan chronography. In the 1590s, as we have seen, he had already begun to quarry the fragments of lost Greek historical texts from their niches in Josephus and Eusebius. He assembled many of them in the appendix to the De emendatione and tried to reconstruct both their original shapes and the transformations they had undergone. The Chronicle offered rich new information about both the late Greek scholars whom the Christians read and the still earlier writers who had provided the compilers with their basic stock of information.
Scaliger as Commentator: History, Literature, and Language in the Animadversiones
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of the Chronicle, Eusebius and Jerome touched on a range of issues so vast as to make their book a chronologically organized encyclopaedia. Scaliger took every cue they offered and many that they probably did not and responded exuberantly. In pursuit of texts and facts he plunged across chronological and disciplinary boundaries with his usual joyous impatience, bowling over border patrols as he went. No brief account can possibly give the reader of this book a vivid sense of the barrage of facts and texts, problems and arguments, places and inventions that overwhelms anyone who makes his way through any ten pages of the Animadversiones.
The structure factor and the electron density
Authors: Shmueli Uri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the reader to the model underlying the interpretation of X-ray diffraction intensities, which is the basis of the methods for crystal structure determination to be described in later chapters. The next section deals in some detail with a simple description of the physics of the scattering of X-rays. That section makes use of results provided by classical electrodynamics, and presents a derivation of the Thomson scattering cross section, which is most usually quoted without proof in textbooks of crystallography. We shall then turn to the construction of the structure factor as the Fourier transform of the electron density function within the unit cell, first as a Fourier integral and later as a sum of atomic contributions, and proceed to the electron density function which is re-expressed as a Fourier synthesis, the coeﬃcients of which are the structure factors. The last section of this chapter introduces relationships between the space-group symmetry in the direct space and the symmetry of the weighted reciprocal lattice, and their application to the determination of lattice type, point-group symmetry, and non-symmorphic space-group symmetry elements of the crystal investigated.
Refinement of structural parameters
Authors: Shmueli Uri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether a crystal structure is determined by Patterson techniques or by direct methods, the outcome is of necessity approximate and the approximation is usually poorer than that which would have been obtained if all the experimental data had been correctly taken into account. Indeed, Patterson methods are largely dependent on the strongest reflections, which are mainly confined to low-angle regions, and the whole body of data from high-angle reflections is ignored to a large extent.
‘Born and educated in this country’
Authors: Cannon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George III (1738–1820), king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and king of Hanover, was the second child and eldest son of Frederick Lewis, prince of Wales (1707–1751), and his wife, Augusta (1719–1772) of Saxe-Gotha. He was the first prince of Wales to be born in England since Charles II in 1630, which he turned to advantage in his accession speech of 1760: ‘Born and educated in this country, I glory in the name of Britain’ (Brooke, King George the Third, 390). Both his parents had been educated in Germany and spoke German as their native tongue.
In exile
Authors: Stewart Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On reporting to the Berlitz School, Joyce found no job awaiting him and was sent onwards to Trieste, in Habsburg Austria. After finding no post there either, he was redirected to the new establishment at Pola, under the deputy director Alessandro Francini. Acclimatization was not easy. Joyce began by being locked up when he tried to help three drunken British sailors, and difficulties with money were such that they often moved before settling at via Giulia 2, near the school.
Landmarks for a History of the University of Paris at the Time of Jean Standonck
Authors: Verger Jacques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present at least a broad account of the general university context in which Jean Standonck as principal reformed and renewed the Collège de Montaigu. I shall adopt as my timeframe the period suggested by the history of the University of Paris itself, as well as by recent scholarship, rather than by Standonck’s own presence in Paris or the contemporary reigns of Louis XI (1461–1483), Charles VIII (1483–1498), and Louis XII (1498–1515).