bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Powdered Coal to Small Boilers of Industrial Plants
Authors: Kreisinger Henry 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author points out that improvement of small-plant efficiency is generally possible through the use of pulverized-coal firing. Factors causing poor combustion conditions are enumerated. Several typical installations of powdered coal under small steam boilers of industrial plants are discussed, and the method of operation calculated to produce best results is given attention. Complete information in tabular form is given for one installation, showing size of boiler, furnace dimensions, type of burners, operation results, etc.
Railway Smoke Abatement
Authors: Irwin J. B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to acquaint engineers in general with the efforts of the railroads to abate the smoke nuisance, and to offset the impression often gained that locomotives in municipal areas are the chief offenders as spreaders of smoke and grime. It is shown that railways in general are ever watchful that they may not become unduly offensive, and some of the plans adopted to check smoking are enumerated. It is shown that the engine crews can do much to remedy conditions, and officials are warned as to their manner of approaching the possible offenders. The pride of the crew must be appealed to rather than to set rules to be obeyed under threat of punishment. Direct steaming of locomotives from a central boiler seems to be working out satisfactorily in several instances, and an estimate of results to be expected from a plant under process of construction at the Chicago Avenue and Halsted Street Terminal of the Chicago and Northwestern Railway in Chicago, Ill., is appended.
The K.S.G. Process of Low-Temperature Carbonization
Authors: Runge Walter 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper deals first with the development of the K.S.G. low-temperature process of coal carbonization, the principle of operation, and the field of application of the process. The constructional details of the retorts are then described, as are also the method of heating, fuel handling, gas and tar recovery, and the types of coals suitable for the process. The yields of products per ton of coal of a given analysis are tabulated, and expected yields based on typical American coals are estimated. The schedule of heat and power requirements shows that 1,630,000 B.t.u. is necessary to carbonize a ton of coal. The horsepower of the steam-driven units amounts to 35 i.hp. per ton, while 68.6 kw. is required for motors.
Passing on to the by-products, the quality of the coke and tar is discussed, and the amount, analysis, and heating value of the gas evolved are given. The paper concludes with a discussion of some economic phases of the process, the market for the by-products, the expected revenue per ton, coal data of the Essen plant transposed to American conditions for a capacity of 600 tons of coal per day, and the projected commercial development.
The Ruths Steam Accumulator
Authors: Langworthy R. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper explains how the principle of heat storage in hot water under pressure can be applied in many industries. The author presents the fundamental theory of the steam accumulator, which embodies this principle, and shows how it may be used to reduce fluctuations of boiler load and reduce the production cost of steam in industries where heat and power demands vary through wide limits. After describing the construction, operation, and control of the accumulator, he gives operating data on three installations, one in a textile mill, one in a sugar refinery, and one in a pulp and paper mill.
Some Operating Data of Large Steam Generating Units
Authors: Kreisinger Henry , Purcell T. E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper gives the principal operating data of six large steam generating units fired with pulverized coal, and installed in four plants. Two of these units are the remodeled boilers of the Fordson Power Plant of the Ford Motor Company, Fordson, Michigan; the third unit is one of the first five pulverized-coal-fired boilers of the Colfax Plant of the Duquesne Light Company near Pittsburgh; the fourth unit is one of the two boilers of the Stanwix Plant of the Allegheny County Steam Heating Company in Pittsburgh; and the fifth and sixth units are the two units of the Gould Street Station of the Consolidated Gas Electric Light and Power Company of Baltimore. All these plants use the storage system of burning pulverized coal, and the units are fairly representative of the large steam generating units now rapidly coming into use.
The operating data are presented graphically and consist of the hourly output in pounds of steam throughout the period of operation. Whenever the steam generating unit was shut down the reason for this shut down is given. There are also presented charts giving the necessary data for the computation of the efficiency for various percentages of rating such as the temperature of flue gases, the percentage of CO2 in the flue gases, and the losses due to incomplete combustion.
The Use of Pulverized Coal in Basic Open-Hearth Furnaces
Authors: Herndon E. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The experience of The Eastern Steel Company with pulverized coal as fuel for basic open-hearth furnaces was anything but voluntary. The company had been very happily using oil which was low in price and high in quality, when the cost of this fuel began to rise and continued until it was necessary to cease using it. Since then, for thirteen years the company has continuously wrestled with the problems arising in the development of a little-known fuel. At times it has been more than willing to abandon the entire plan. Very little working knowledge was gained before the war period, and during the war costs were of less consequence than ordinarily. After that period passed, however willing the company was to alter the design of its furnaces and change the fuel, the necessary capital was never available. After many tribulations and at times successive disappointments, some understanding of the subject has been reached, and it is believed that pulverized coal is the best fuel for conditions as they exist. It is not recommended on that account, however, that others adopt pulverized coal until a thorough examination of each situation has been made.
Evaporators for Boiler-Feed Make-Up Water
Authors: Badger W. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author, without going extensively into the design of multiple-effect evaporators, attempts to cover a few matters which he believes are not generally understood: namely, the effect of certain factors on rates of heat transfer; the rationale of form and entrainment; the mechanism of scale formation; and, briefly, the wide ranges in performance which may be obtained by varying what are ordinarily considered minor factors in evaporator operation.
Arc-Welded Pipe Lines
Authors: Warner W. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The conveying of liquids and gases in continuous tubes is largely a development of the past decade, and the ease with which pipe lines may be welded and laid is commending this type of construction to engineers and industrial managers. After setting forth the advantages of welded over mechanically jointed piping, the author gives examples of several classes of installation, describing in some detail a 3700-ft. 20-in. high-pressure steam main for district heating; several long lines for the transmission of steam for power purposes; a 24-in. pipe line for conveying water under 100 to 400 ft. head from the foothills to Vallejo, Calif.; and some 7 miles of mains in Pontiac, Mich., for carrying gas under 60-lb. pressure.
The Welding of Power-Plant Piping
Authors: Moulder A. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author first states the reasons why the welding of power-plant piping has been steadily growing in favor. He then describes and illustrates approved methods of preparing material for various types of pipe and flange welds; following which he discusses respectively the effect on the weld zone of locked-in stresses due to uneven heating and cooling, instructions to welders, and the behavior of welds under high pressures and temperatures. In his opinion butt joints are stronger than reinforced ones, and properly made welds are altogether safe. The discussion is based on the use of the oxyacetylene welding process.
The Use of Fuels in Tunnel Kilns
Authors: Rice W. E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author deals with the use of fuels in continuous heating furnaces of the railroad-car tunnel type, which furnaces at present provide the most efficient means of heat-treating such materials as metallurgical products, steel sheets, carbon electrodes, brick, tile, pottery, etc. He first takes up the various fuels—gas, oil, and coal, following which he deals with the movements of the gases in the various zones of the kiln; and finally with the confinement of products of combustion in muffles when accurate control of atmosphere is required as in the case of many high-grade metallurgical and ceramic products.
Flow of Water Over a V-Notch
Authors: Tarrant Joseph 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author presents a formula for finding the flow of water over V-notches with angles ranging from 90 deg. down to 27 deg., which is based on the experimental results given in D. Robert Yarnall’s paper on the “Accuracy of the V-Notch-Weir Method of Measurement,” presented before the A.S.M.E. in December, 1926. He compares this formula with others which have been proposed, checks it with data obtained by several investigators, and concludes that, within the range of angles specified, it will prove useful. An alignment chart based on the formula is given, from which discharges may easily be read off.
Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Casting Alloys at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Templin R. L. , Braglio C. , Marsh K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The investigational work described in Part I of the paper includes tensile results obtained from “short-time” high-temperature tests of ten different aluminum casting alloys and very pure cast aluminum, and for various heat treatments in the case of some of the alloys. All the specimens tested were sand cast and include the more common commercial casting alloys of aluminum.
Tensile strength, yield point, elongation in 2 in., reduction in area, and Young’s modulus values are given for various temperatures throughout the range 75–800 deg. fahr. A typical set of stress-strain curves are given for one alloy, and detail curves showing the effects of temperature on the tensile strength, yield point, and reduction in area for all the materials discussed. An average curve and formula are given, showing the effects of temperature on Young’s modulus for all aluminum alloys.
Data are presented to show how certain effects of temperature on aluminum alloys susceptible to heat treatment may be appreciably modified by still further heat treatment or artificial aging. A method is indicated for applying experimental results from a single lot of specimens to commercial-product average values, together with a complete table of recommended tensile-property values at various temperatures for the alloys tested.
The second part of the paper describes the original heating equipment, the alternate tests and alterations to equipment to determine and improve the temperature uniformity throughout the specimen; also the method of measuring the specimen temperatures during tensile tests, data being presented to substantiate the reliability of this method.
Consideration of the results of temperature-distribution tests made with the final arrangement of the heating equipment and the temperature-measuring equipment used for tensile tests, indicates that an accuracy of temperature measurement of plus or minus 1 per cent and a maximum temperature differential throughout the specimen of 10 deg. fahr. are obtained.
The Manufacture of Nickel-Steel Plate
Authors: McKnight Charles , Humpton W. G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper deals with the manufacture, rolling, and inspection of steels containing between 2 and 3 per cent of nickel and which are used in boiler construction, and particularly with the manufacture of fairly large plates of from ¼ to 1½ in. thickness. The physical properties of the metal are first discussed, following which details are given of its manufacture, beginning with the ingot phase and proceeding then step by step through stripping and reheating, rolling, flattening, inspecting and shearing, and finally, testing.
Cargo Cranes—Types Available, Factors Governing Selection, and Latest Developments
Authors: Dunell Bernard 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author discusses the several types of cranes used on docks for removing cargoes from ships and placing the articles handled, that is, crates, barrels, bundles, etc., at the points desired. Two general types of cargoes must be handled: namely, bulk cargo and general cargo. The disadvantages of some of the common types are mentioned, and the manner in which these have been eliminated in later designs are pointed out. The types of loads best handled by different types of equipment are mentioned, and recommendations as to proper equipment are made. It is shown that, while in some cases as high as 50 tons must be lifted, the most popular general-cargo crane is of from three to five tons’ capacity. The author emphasizes the importance of proper attention to dock conditions in the determination of wheel loads, and therefore, the crane capacity, in the case of existing docks, and where new construction is contemplated the desirability of adequate strength to take care of the maximum load likely to be imposed. The hoisting rope receives considerable attention in the paper. The disadvantages of the two-strand fall are pointed out, and it is recommended that it be avoided wherever possible. A disadvantage of the ordinary luffing crane is that when the jib is luffed in the load suspended from the jib head is simultaneously raised, resulting in wasted work and requiring a more powerful motor than otherwise would be necessary. Level-luffing cranes are described which overcome this objectionable feature and permit more flexible operation. The various arrangements of compensators and counterweights to permit this are described.
Hydraulic Feeding Mechanism for Milling Machines
Authors: Einstein Sol. , Ernst Hans 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
After giving a brief history of the development of power-driven feeding mechanisms for milling machines generally, the authors describe a hydraulic system which they believe meets the conflicting requirements which a power-driven feeding device on milling machines should satisfy. The operating characteristics of a hydraulic feeding device are stated and the various circuits such as the feeding, rapid traverse, etc., are described. The purpose of the differential pressure-control valve is stated, and the device illustrated and described. By lowering the idle pressure as compared with that required by the simple relief-valve system and by holding the pressure at all times to the level required for the cut taken, this device increases the cutting capacity of the machine and its mechanical efficiency. At the same time it reduces the variation in back pressure under intermittent cutting, and consequently produces a smoother table movement.
Diesel Engines for Locomotives
Authors: Hildebrand R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Objections to the steam locomotive are made on grounds of inefficiency, the author stating that 92 to 98 per cent of the heat in the coal is being wasted, while a Diesel locomotive has an efficiency of about 33 per cent. The Diesel locomotive, however, cannot be started under full load, cannot carry any overload without excessive pressures and temperatures, and is so inflexible that an indirect drive or transmission is necessary. The principal objections to the indirect drive are cited by the author, who then makes the proposal of improving the cylinders of the steam locomotive so that they may be used either as steam or Diesel cylinders or as both simultaneously, thus retaining the advantages of both types of engine. An explanation of the working of such an engine is given, and the conditions under which the various combinations of operation are to be used are explained. Typical indicator cards for steam, for Diesel, and for combination operation are given, and the advantages of the system are explained. In closing the author answers a number of questions and objections which naturally present themselves.
Distillation and Fractionation in the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Swanson H. R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In the author’s opinion, with the efforts of refinery engineers in the direction of simplification of the distillation operation and equipment, the single-tower unit would seem to be the solution of a previously complex problem. Contingent matters which must be carefully considered are: (1) the selection of a simple, accessible, and practicable heat-recovery system, and (2) the simplest possible sealed piping arrangement.
The Value of Water in Textile Mills for Purposes Other Than Water Power
Authors: Main Charles T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The value of water for industrial purposes—process water, water for condensers, etc.—is an item which must be included in the valuation of many industrial properties. The object of the paper is not so much to establish definite values as to discuss methods which will assist in arriving at definite figures for any particular case. In his analysis the author discusses four cases and various conditions which affect them: (1) Where water is purchased from a water-power company; (2) where it is taken from a stream on which the user owns the riparian rights; (3) where it is obtained from driven wells; and (4) where it is purchased from a town or city supply. An example of the use of the basic figures arrived at by the author is given for the case of a colored woolen mill.
Automatic Production of Small Wood Parts
Authors: Whinery I. B. , Whinery G. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The authors point out that more attention has been given to the design of hand-fed and manually controlled general-purpose machinery for woodworking than to the building of automatic machines. Among other reasons it is shown that the set-up time is generally long as compared with the working time because of the rapidity with which wood can be worked.
As examples of automatic woodworking machines the authors describe three: (1) A knob-tapping machine, chosen to show how production may be increased by performing a single operation more rapidly than the best operator could do it by hand; (2) a square-knob blanking machine to illustrate the combination of several distinct operations in one mechanism; (3) a rosette machine as an example of one the primary purpose of which is to achieve quality without sacrificing speed.
The economic principles involved in the use of automatic woodworking machinery are discussed in the remainder of the paper.
Wood-Burning Furnaces
Authors: Parks Burritt A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
After pointing out the value of wood refuse as fuel for boilers in woodworking plants, the author discusses the nature of wood refuse and the heating value of various species of wood. He then considers the conditions which are necessary for the efficient combustion of wood refuse, and sets forth the principal requirements in the case of kiln-dried wood, after which he describes various furnace designs which have been successfully employed. He closes with an appeal for better engineering in the design and operation of woodworking plants.
The Production and Uses of Helium Gas
Authors: Bottoms R. R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author, after discussing the origin and occurrence of helium in natural-gas deposits, presents an estimate of the quantity available. He then describes in detail processes for separating the gas from the other gases with which it is associated, and for purifying and liquefying it. Following this he deals briefly with the questions of storage and transportation. In conclusion he enumerates the remarkable physical properties of helium, discusses its use for the inflation of airships, both pure and in a non-inflammable mixture with 20 per cent of hydrogen, and then gives estimates of the cost of helium storage, transportation, and purification facilities at an airship terminal designed to care for four ships.
Installing and Servicing Aircraft Instruments
Authors: Peace John D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Careful installation of instruments in airplanes is most essential in order that they function properly, and remain free from trouble. The author describes details of installation that have proved satisfactory for the principal types, and points out certain things that should be avoided.
Service work on instruments is divided into two classes, periodic overhauling and inspection, and adjustments done at service stations. Engineering service to the airplane builder is considered a very important part of the instrument manufacturer’s duties as it insures proper installation of the product.
Radial Versus In-Line Engines
Authors: Angle Glenn D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author, after recounting the history of the two types of engine under consideration, sets forth at some length reasons why the in-line type has been revived. Following this he compares the two types as regards such features of primary importance to the airplane manufacturer as weight per horsepower, cost, smoothness of operation, installation, visibility, cooling, and head resistance. He concludes that the radial engine is inherently superior on the basis of weight per horsepower, smoothness of operation, installation, service, and cooling. It also promises to excel in the matter of low manufacturing costs. The upright in-line engine, by virtue of its smaller frontal dimensions, is possibly better for visibility in some installations, although this advantage becomes of little consequence in certain types of airplanes. The inverted in-line type obviously excels in visibility, in almost any installation. The comparative resistance or drag of the radial and the in-line engine, however, is still a matter of opinion.
The Mechanics of Plate Rotors for Turbo Generators
Authors: Den Hartog J. P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
With the rapid development of turbo-generators during the last five years, the length of the rotors has practically been doubled. More or less elaborate mechanical calculations, especially of the “plate rotors,” have been evolved and experiments have been carried out in order to place the design of this apparatus on a rational basis. In this paper some of the mechanical problems which have come up in connection with this development are discussed in detail.
Flow Characteristics of Submerged Jets
Authors: Zucrow M. J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper, which deals with submerged square-edged and chamfered short tubes or jets, the author shows by dimensional analysis and corroboratory experiment that the coefficient of discharge for geometrically similar jets is a function of the rate of discharge, the fluidity of the liquid, and the jet diameter. The effect of changing the angle of chamfer was studied as well as the influence of the variations in the length-diameter ratio on the discharge characteristic.