bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Coding of GABAB Receptor‐Immunoreactive Neurones in Hypothalamic Regions Regulating Body Weight
Authors: Bäckberg M. , Collin M. , Ovesjö M.‐L. , Meister B. 
Published: March 2003

Abstractγ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) interacts with hypothalamic neuronal pathways regulating feeding behaviour. GABA has been reported to stimulate feeding via both ionotropic GABAA and metabotropic GABAB receptors. The functional form of the GABAB receptor is a heterodimer consisting of GABAB receptor‐1 (GABABR1) and GABAB receptor‐2 (GABABR2) proteins. Within the heterodimer, the GABA‐binding site is localized to GABABR1. In the present study, we used an antiserum to the GABABR1 protein in order to investigate the cellular localization of GABABR1‐immunoreactive neurones in discrete hypothalamic regions implicated in the control of body weight. The colocalization of GABABR1 immunoreactivity with different chemical messengers that regulate food intake was analysed. GABABR1‐immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the periventricular, paraventricular (PVN), supraoptic, arcuate, ventromedial hypothalamic, dorsomedial hypothalamic, tuberomammillary nuclei and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Direct double‐labelling showed that glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)‐positive terminals were in close contact with GABABR1‐containing cell bodies located in all these regions. In the ventromedial part of the arcuate nucleus, GABABR1‐immunoreactive cell bodies were found to contain neuropeptide Y, agouti‐related peptide (AGRP) and GAD. In the ventrolateral part of the arcuate nucleus, GABABR1‐immunoreactive cell bodies were shown to contain pro‐opiomelanocortin and cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript. In the LHA, GABABR1 immunoreactivity was present in both melanin‐concentrating hormone‐ and orexin‐containing cell populations. In the tuberomammillary nucleus, GABABR1‐immunoreactive cell bodies expressed histidine decarboxylase, a marker for histamine‐containing neurones. In addition, GAD and AGRP were found to be colocalized in some nerve terminals surrounding GABABR1‐immunoreactive cell bodies in the parvocellular part of the PVN. The results may provide a morphological basis for the understanding of how GABA regulates the hypothalamic control of food intake and body weight via GABAB receptors.
Sino‐aortic denervation augments the increase in blood pressure seen during paradoxical sleep in the rat
Authors: SEI HIROYOSHI , MORITA YUSUKE , TSUNOOKA KIYOSHI , MORITA HIRONOBU 
Published: March 2003

SummaryUsing a computer assisted telemetric system, we have re‐examined the effect of sino‐aortic denervation (SAD) on the changes in arterial blood pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) during sleep in the rat suitably recovered from the operation. Eight 1 hourly polygraphic recordings were performed 4 weeks after the initial SAD surgery. In the SAD rats, the increase in AP during paradoxical sleep (PS) was much larger than that in sham‐operated rats. HR in the SAD rats increased on‐going from slow‐wave sleep to PS, but it showed no change in sham‐operated rats. The present study suggests that chronic SAD causes the enhanced AP increase during PS concomitantly with the persistent hypertension and tachycardia across sleep‐wake states.
Cardiac autonomic function during sleep in psychogenic and organic erectile dysfunction
Authors: Lavie Peretz , Shlitner Arie , Nave Rachel 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe present study investigated the sympathetic/parasympathetic balance during non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in patients with psychogenic and organic erectile dysfunction. The cardiac autonomic balance was assessed from the power of the low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) spectral components of heart‐rate variability in 11 patients with psychogenic erectile dysfunction and 11 patients with organic erectile dysfunction as determined by monitoring sleep‐related erections. Spectral analysis of heart‐rate variability was calculated for at least four successive 4‐min epochs of electrocardiogram recordings during NREM sleep and for all available 4‐min epochs during REM sleep. Statistical analysis revealed that organic patients had a significantly higher LF/HF ratio (P< 0.01) during both stages of sleep, which resulted from a significantly lower power in the HF component (P< 0.004) and higher power in the LF component (P< 0.01) in these patients, in both REM and NREM sleep stages. These results demonstrate that patients complaining of daytime sexual dysfunction and found by sleep‐related erection monitoring to suffer from organic erectile dysfunction, have altered cardiac autonomic balance during both stages of sleep.
Sleep/wake abnormalities in patients with periodic leg movements during sleep: Factor analysis on data from 24‐h ambulatory polygraphy
Authors: Bastuji Hélène , García‐Larrea Luis 
Published: March 2003

Summary>Periodic Leg Movements (PLM) in sleep occur in a wide variety of sleep/wake disorders but their relationship with sleep disturbance, and notably with the concomitant existence of a ‘restless legs’ syndrome (RLS) remains unclear. We performed 24‐h ambulatory polygraphy in a population of 54 consecutive, unselected patients with PLMs (Coleman's index greater than 5/h) who complained of different sleep disorders. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted on seven variables from the sample, namely PLM index, patient's age, sleep stage changes per hour, sleep depth index (SWS+PS/TST), diurnal sleep time, number of awakenings exceeding 2 min and presence of a RLS. PCA yielded four independent factors. The PLM index and the changes of sleep stage clustered in a single factor, linking therefore sleep fragmentation to the frequency of PLMs. The second factor appeared to reflect a circadian sleep/wake disorder, combining diurnal sleep time with the number of long night awakenings. The third factor was mainly loaded by the patients’ age and the sleep depth index, thus reflecting a well known relationship. Finally, the variable reflecting the existence of a RLS appeared isolated in a single factor, independent from the three previously described. These results confirm and extend the link between PLMs and sleep fragmentation, as well as the recently described dissociation between PLMs and diurnal somnolence. On the other hand, our analysis suggests that in PLM patients the concomitant existence of a RLS is not related to the frequency of occurrence of PLMs, at least when these latter are quantified independently of their arousal index.
Effect of low and high frequency thalamic stimulation on sleep in patients with Parkinson's disease and essential tremor
Authors: Arnulf Isabelle , Bejjani Boulos‐Paul , Garma Lucile , Bonnet Anne‐Marie , Damier Philippe , Pidoux Bernard , Dormont Didier , Cornu Philippe , Derenne Jean‐Philippe , Agid Yves 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYContinuous high frequency stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (Vim), delivered through surgically implanted quadripolar electrodes, alleviates tremor in Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET). The Vim is adjacent to the thalamic reticular nuclei, where sleep spindles originate according to animal models. In order to determine whether Vim stimulation affects sleep spindles, six patients (4 PD, 2 ET), aged 60–69 years, were recorded on a control night and a stimulation night (130 Hz, 2–3 V; right stimulation in five patients and bilateral stimulation in one patient). Stimulation did not modify sleep quality or architecture. Sleep spindles were present and symmetrical in five out of six patients under stimulation. However, in one patient with a sustained ‘thalamotomy‐like effect’ that abolished tremor, spindles were asymmetrical even without stimulation. In each patient, spindle density was similar on both nights (mean± SEM: 2.25±0.61 spindles per min of stage 2 sleep vs. 1.84±0.31). In an attempt to promote sleep two different patterns of stimulation were applied in the region of ventrooralis posterior and reticularis nuclei in five patients in the awake state. Continuous low frequency stimulation (5 Hz, 0.1 V), and repeated trains of 15 Hz for 1 s every 15 s mimicking the pattern of physiological spindles, each failed to induce sleep or cortical synchronization. We conclude that Vim stimulation, unlike thalamotomy, selectively reduces tremor without altering sleep or sleep spindles. Our results also suggest that low frequency stimulation applied in the region of the reticular nuclei does not induce sleep.
Acute effects of escalating doses of amiodarone in isolated guinea pig hearts
Authors: BICER S. , PATCHELL J. S. , HAMLIN D. M. , HAMLIN R. L. 
Published: March 2003

Bicer, S., Patchell, J. S., Hamlin, D. M., Hamlin, R. L. Acute effects of escalating doses of amiodarone in isolated guinea pig hearts. J. vet Pharmacol. Therap.25, 221–226.Cardiac effects of escalating concentrations of amiodarone were determined on isolated perfused guinea pig hearts (Langendorff preparations). Spontaneously beating hearts were instrumented for the measurement of RR, PQ, QRS, QT and QTc durations (from a bipolar electrogram), and dP/dtmax and dP/dtmin from an isovolumetric left ventricular pressure curve. Ten hearts were exposed to escalating concentrations of amiodarone (10–7, 10–6, 10–5 and 10–4 M) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/Krebs–Henseleit or to DMSO/Krebs–Henseleit (vehicle). Measurements were collected during the last minute of a 15‐min concentration. Means of all parameters were compared by ANOVA with repeated measures design. When compared with vehicle, amiodarone prolonged QT and QTc durations at concentrations >10–6 M. The apparent lengthening of RR, PQ and QRS at concentrations >10–6 M did not achieve statistical significance. Similarly, the apparent decreases in dP/dtmax and dP/dtmin at concentrations >10–6 M did not achieve statistical significance. The putative therapeutic concentration of amiodarone is between 2 and 4 × 10–6 M. In this study, at a concentration of 10–6 M, only RR and dP/dtmin tended to change, but they were not different from vehicle. Thus, amiodarone in this preparation has little potential for cardiac toxicity at therapeutic concentrations.
Did the Arabian Oryx live in Egypt during pharaonic times?
Authors: Manlius N. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThanks to a colour reproduction faithfully completed by French explorer Frédéric Cailliaud in the early XIXth century, we are able to view a missing Theban painting dating from the reign of Amenophis II (under the New Empire). It depicts a hunting scene in the desert and an oryx whose morphology and, above all, whose coat colouration obviously match those of the Arabian Oryx. Consequently, we put forward the hypothesis of the possible presence of the Arabian Oryx in the Eastern Desert in Egypt during pharaonic times.
Factors affecting numbers ofCulicoidesin truck traps in coastal Queensland
Authors: Kettle D. S. , Edwards Penelope B. , Barnes A. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract.Truck trap collections of Ceratopogonidae were made over a period of 27 months (November 1973–February 1976) at Tingalpa Creek, in southeast Queensland, Australia. Six collections were made on each of 95 days, giving 570 observations and a total of 29 378 Culicoides. Two collections were made before, one at, and three after sunset. Separate analyses were made of the catches of thirteen entities: male and female C. austropalpalis, C. brevitarsis, C. marksi, C. marmoratus and C. victoriae, female C. henryi and C. longior, and total C. bundyensis.Catches were dominated by C. brevitarsis (35.2%) and C. marmoratus (32.3%) and, with C. victoriae, were taken on almost every collecting day over all seasons. Sex ratios (M:F) varied from 0:100 for C. longior to 130:100 for C. marksi. Collections of all entities, except female C. henryi, were greatest (50–70% of the daily catch) at sunset. In winter there was substantial activity in the hour before sunset. Time of day was the most important variable, accounting for 15–45% of the observed variation. Between‐day differences were significant for all except C. austropalpalis, C. victoriae and male C. marksi. Culicoides brevitarsis, C. bundyensis and C. longior had highly significant annual cycles, C. victoriae and female C. austropalpalis had significant lunar cycles, and C. longior had a significant tidal cycle. Logarithms of catches of female C. austropalpalis, C. brevitarsis, C. henryi, C. marmoratus, and female and male C. victoriae were inversely related to linear wind speed. Log catches of female C. austropalpalis, C. brevitarsis, C. marmoratus and C. victoriae, and male C. marksi and C. victoriae were positively related to temperature (quadratic).
Failure of Hydrotaea aenescens, a larval predator of the housefly, Musca domestica, to establish in wet poultry manure on a commercial farm in Florida, U.S.A.
Authors: Hogsette J. A. , Jacobs R. D. 
Published: March 2003

Summary Hydrotaea aenescens (Weidemann) (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae and pupae were released in high‐rise pullet houses in Pascoe County, Florida, U.S.A., for biological control of houseflies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), in three separate tests during a 14‐month period (April 1994–May 1995) and did not become established. However, H. aenescens believed to be from our releases did become established at a caged‐layer farm 0.3 km from the release farm. Moisture in pullet house manure generally exceeded 80%, which is above the level at which H. aenescens is reared in colony. Caged‐layer manure was also very wet, but crusted areas provided sites for H. aenescens larval development. Results demonstrate that H. aenescens adults will disperse from release sites and populate preferred sites without becoming a nuisance.
Estimation of the effects of buffalo fly (Haematobia irritans exigua) on the milk production of dairy cattle based on a meta‐analysis of literature data
Authors: Jonsson N. N. , Mayer D. G. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryPublished reports on the effect of buffalo flyHaematobia irritans exiguaDe Meijere (Diptera: Muscidae) and the closely related horn fly (H. irritans) were examined and analysed using non‐linear weighted regression techniques in an attempt to establish the relationship between daily production loss (D), average number of parasites (n) and the average damage per parasite per day (d), and to provide estimates of expected losses in milk yield (MYD) and live‐weight gain (LWG) in dairy cattle. A Mitscherlich three‐parameter model was used to explain the relationship between the total loss of production attributable to buffalo flies and the average number of flies associated with cattle. This model was significant (P< 0.01), withR2 = 20.2% and predicted a threshold number of flies (n = 30) below which no adverse effects would be noted. At a moderate level of infestation (n = 200)dMYDwas 2.6 ml/fly/day anddLWGwas 0.14 g/fly/day, resulting in estimated daily losses in milk yield (DMYD) and live‐weight gain (DLWG) of 520 ml and 28 g, respectively.
Courtship and mating by the sandfly Phlebotomus duboscqi, a vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Afrotropical region
Authors: Valenta D. T. , Killick‐Kendrick R. , Killick‐Kendrick M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryCourtship behaviour of males of the Afrotropical sandfly Phlebotomus duboscqi Neveu‐Lemaire (Diptera: Psychodidae) involved mounting the female and clasping her ‘waist' with the male coxites placed between the female's thorax and abdomen. This behaviour, which we call ‘piggy‐backing', was preceded by male wing beating, perhaps involving mate recognition and contact pheromones. It did not seem to be pre‐ or postcopulatory mate guarding. Piggy‐backing was attempted by P. duboscqi males on females of other species (P. papatasi and P. perniciosus) and even on other male P. duboscqi. The majority of female P. duboscqi piggy‐backed by males were already inseminated, and most of the courting did not lead to copulation. This, coupled with the presence of a mating plug (semen) in each spermatheca of inseminated females, suggests that female P. duboscqi are monogamous for at least the first gonotrophic cycle. Male courtship with piggy‐backing was more intense when females could feed on a hamster than when a hamster was present but the females were denied access to the host. It is suggested that, when a hamster was available to the females, the conditions in the laboratory are similar to those in rodent holes, the natural habitat of P. duboscqi.
Role of small mammals in the persistence of Louping‐ill virus: field survey and tick co‐feeding studies
Authors: Gilbert L. , Jones L. D. , Hudson P. J. , Gould E. A. , Reid H. W. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryLouping‐ill (LI) is a tick‐borne viral disease of red grouse,Lagopus lagopus scoticusLath. (Tetraonidae: Galliformes), and sheep,Ovis ariesL. (Bovidae: Artiodactyla), that causes economic loss to upland farms and sporting estates. Unvaccinated sheep, grouse and mountain hares,Lepus timidusL. (Leporidae: Lagomorpha), are known to transmit LI virus, whereas red deer,Cervus elaphusL. (Cervidae: Artiodactyla),and rabbits,Oryctolagus cuniculusL. (Leporidae: Lagomorpha),do not. However, the role of small mammals is unknown. Here, we determine the role of small mammals, in particular field voles,Microtus agrestisL. (Muridae: Rodentia), in the persistence of LI virus on upland farms and sporting estates in Scotland, using field sampling and non‐viraemic transmission trials. Small mammals were not abundant on the upland sites studied, few ticks were found per animal and none of the caught animals tested sero‐positive to LI virus. Laboratory trials provided no evidence that small mammals (field voles, bank voles,Clethrionomys glareolusL. (Muridae: Rodentia), and wood mice,Apodemus sylvaticusL. (Muridae: Rodentia), can transmit LI virus between cofeeding ticks and, in the field, LI virus was prevalent only in areas with known LI virus competent hosts (grouse, mountain hares or unvaccinated sheep) and absent elsewhere. In contrast to the case of tick‐borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in Europe, it is concluded that small mammals seem to be relatively unimportant in LI virus persistence.
Sampling methods for phlebotomine sandflies
Authors: Alexander B. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryA review is presented of methods for sampling phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Among ∼500 species of Phlebotominae so far described, mostly in the New World genusLutzomyiaand the Old World genusPhlebotomus, about 10% are known vectors ofLeishmaniaparasites or other pathogens. Despite being small and fragile, sandflies have a wide geographical range with species occupying a considerable diversity of ecotopes and habitats, from deserts to humid forests, so that suitable methods for collecting them are influenced by environmental conditions where they are sought. Because immature phlebotomines occupy obscure terrestrial habitats, it is difficult to find their breeding sites. Therefore, most trapping methods and sampling procedures focus on sandfly adults, whether resting or active. The diurnal resting sites of adult sandflies include tree holes, buttress roots, rock crevices, houses, animal shelters and burrows, from which they may be aspirated directly or trapped after being disturbed. Sandflies can be collected during their periods of activity by interception traps, or by using attractants such as bait animals, CO2or light. The method of trapping used should: (a) be suited to the habitat and area to be surveyed, (b) take into account the segment of the sandfly population to be sampled (species, sex and reproduction condition) and (c) yield specimens of appropriate condition for the study objectives (e.g. identification of species present, population genetics or vector implication). Methods for preservation and transportation of sandflies to the laboratory also depend on the objectives of a particular study and are described accordingly.
African horse sickness epidemiology: vector competence of South African Culicoides species for virus serotypes 3, 5 and 8
Authors: Venter G. J. , Graham S. D. , Hamblin C. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe oral susceptibilities of 17 Culicoides species to infection with African horse sickness virus (AHSV) serotypes 3, 5 and 8 were determined by feeding field‐collected midges on AHSV infected horse blood. The mean titres of virus in the bloodmeals for the three serotypes of AHSV were between 5.7 and 6.5 log10TCID50/ml. Virus was detected, after 10 days incubation at 23.5°C, in the Culicoides imicola Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) that had fed on blood containing AHSV 5 (8.5%) and 8 (26.8%), and in the Culicoides bolitinos Meiswinkel that had fed on AHSV 3 (3.8%), 5 (20.6%) and 8 (1.7%). Although 44.4% of the C. imicola were shown to have ingested AHSV 3 immediately after feeding, no virus was detected in 96 C. imicola after incubation. The relatively high titres of virus recorded in individual midges of both species after 10 days incubation suggested a fully disseminated infection. Previously, C. imicola was considered to be the only field vector of AHSV in Africa. Identifying C. bolitinos as a potential vector for AHSV is an important finding, which if proven will have a significant impact on our understanding of the epidemiology of AHS. No AHSVs could be detected in the other 15 species of Culicoides assayed, which suggests that some of the southern African Culicoides species are refractory to AHSV infection. However, further work with larger numbers of each species will be necessary to confirm this observation.
Does a student log provide a means to better structure clinical education?
Authors: Dolmans  , Schmidt  , Van Der Beek  , Beintema  , Gerver  
Published: March 2003

ContextIn order to optimize student learning during clinical rotations, the learning situation could be better structured. A student log was developed in order to improve the structure of clinical education. In this log, students systematically register essential learning activities. Students record daily the patient problems with which they had been confronted and in which fashion (passive, active, without or with feedback).Objectives/research questionsTwo questions were addressed. Firstly, did the log provide insight into the content and nature of students' learning experiences and did these learning experiences differ between hospitals? Secondly, was the log used by students, supervisors and the faculty to improve the structure of student learning during clinical education?MethodThree student logs, used in an ear, nose and throat, an ophthalmology and a paediatrics clerkship at the Medical School of the University of Maastricht, were developed and implemented. In order to answer the first question, a number of completed student logs were analysed. In order to answer the second question, students were asked to rate the log on five evaluative statements. In addition, the clerkship coordinators were interviewed.ResultsThe results showed that the logs provided the clerkship coordinators with a useful overview of the content and nature of students' learning experiences in the hospitals. The differences between hospitals were small. However, the logs were not used by students, supervisors and faculty to improve the structure of student learning.ConclusionsIn order to be effective, i.e. to better structure clinical education, a student log should be integrated into the supervision activities.