bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The importance of the form of nitrogen on microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of cattle receiving grass silage and continuous intrarumen infusions of sucrose
Authors: Rooke J. A. , Armstrong D. G. 
Published: June 2005

1. In a 4x4 Latin square design experiment, four cattle were given grass silage in two meals per d to satisfy maintenance energy requirements. In addition, sucrose (170 g/kg silage dry matter (DM)) was infused intraruminally at a constant rate with no nitrogen supplementation; with the infusion intraruminally of either casein (23 g/kg silage DM) or urea (8 g/kg silage DM); or with soya-bean meal (64 g/kg silage DM) fed in two equal portions.2. Samples of duodenal digesta representative of a 24 h period were obtained using chromium-EDTA and ytterbium acetate for flow estimation and35S as a marker of microbial N entering the small intestine. Samples of rumen fluid were also taken for estimation of rumen pH and concentrations of ammonia-N and volatile fatty acids. Estimates of apparent organic matter (OM) and N digestibility and of the rates of silage DM and N disappearance from porous synthetic-fibre bags incubated in the rumen were also made.3. The N supplements had no significant effects on rumen pH, concentrations of volatile fatty acids, their molar proportions or the disappearance of DM or N from porous synthetic-fibre bags. N supplementation increased rumen ammonia-N concentrations (urea,P< 0.05; casein, soya-bean meal, not significant).4. N supplementation had no significant effects on the digestion of OM, acid-detergent fibre or soluble carbohydrate.5. Infusion of casein increased the quantities of total non-ammonia-N (not significant) and microbial N (P< 0.05) entering the small intestine daily and the efficiency of rumen microbial N synthesis (not significant). Giving soya-bean meal twice daily resulted in marginal increases in the quantities of non-ammonia-N and microbial N entering the small intestine, while infusing urea intraruminally had no effect.
Multi-frequency bioelectric impedance measurements for predicting body water compartments in patients with non-ascitic liver cirrhosis
Authors: Borghil A. , Bedogni G. , Rocchi E. , Severi S. , Farina F. , Battistini N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe assessed total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) in thirty-four non-ascitic cirrhotics and twenty healthy controls by 2H2O and Br dilution. In the same subjects, bioelectric impedance (BI) was recorded at multiple frequencies. Body hydration was similar for controls (mean 55·6 (SD 6·7)), less-severe cirrhotics (Child-Pugh classification A; CPA; n 21, mean 56·2 (SD 6·2)) and moderately-severe cirrhotics (Child-Pugh classification B; CPB; n 13, mean 57·2 (SD 5·4)). However, intracellular water standardized per litre TBW was significantly higher in CPB subjects (mean 27·0 (SD 7·5); P<0·01) compared with CPA (mean 21·3 (SD 10·6)) and control subjects (mean 18·0 (SD 9·8)). Published formulas for predicting TBW and ECW from BI at multiple frequencies were applied to the cirrhotics. These formulas gave accurate predictions of TBW and ECW, although standard errors of estimates were higher for CPB subjects (TBW ≤ 2·5 and ECW ≤ 2·11) than those for CPA (TBW ≤ 2·0 and ECW ≤ 1·81) and control (TBW 1·4 and ECW 0·9 1) subjects
Effects of varying content of soluble dietary fibre from wheat flour and oat milling fractions on gastric emptying in pigs
Authors: Johansen Helle N , Knudsen K. E.Bach , Sandström Brittmarie , Skjøth F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFour pigs fitted with a gastric cannula were fed on a wheat-flour-based diet (WF) and three oat-based diets, consisting mainly of oat flour (OF), rolled oats (RO) or oat bran (OB), for 1 week each. The stomach contents were collected quantitatively daily at 0·5, 1, 2, 3 or 5 h after feeding. The viscosity (mPa. s) of the liquid fraction of stomach contents 1 h after feeding was 1·7 with diet WF, 15 with diet OF, 30 with diet RO and approximately 400 with diet OB. The viscosity and the concentration of β-glucan in the liquid phase was to some extent determined by the dietary level of β-glucan in the diet. However, there was a trend towards a lower viscosity after longer exposure to the gastric juices. The correlation between logarithmic values for viscosity and concentration of β-glucan in the liquid phase of digesta was r 0·45. On centrifugation of digesta there was a higher proportion present in the sediment phase when the pigs were fed on diets with a higher content of soluble dietary fibre (DF), suggesting that the digesta was more coherent. This possibility was supported by the higher water-holding capacity (WHC) of the sediment. Feeding diets with oats containing a higher soluble DF content led to lower recoveries of digesta, PEG 4000 (liquid-phase marker), and the DF components β-glucan and arabinoxylan in the first hour after feeding. No effect related to the DF content of the diet was seen in the gastric emptying of starch and Cr2O3(solid-phase marker). In conclusion, soluble DF from oatsincreased the viscosity of stomach contents and increased the ability of the dry matter to retain water. Higher levels of soluble DF led to higher recoveries of digesta, the liquid phase and DF itself in the initial stage of gastric emptying, whereas no effect was seen on the gastric emptying of starch.
The influence of dietary fibre source and level on the development of the gastrointestinal tract, digestibility and energy metabolism in broiler chickens
Authors: JøRgensen Henry , Zhao Xin-Quan , Knudsen Knud Erik Bach , Eggum Bjørn O. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to provide detailed information about the effect of fibre source (pea fibre, wheat bran or oat bran) at inclusion levels of 0, 187 and 375 g/kg diet on the development of the digestive tract, nutrient digestibility and energy and protein metabolism in broiler chickens. Heat production was measured using open-air-circuit respiration chambers. Diets with increasing levels of pea fibre decreased the DM in droppings and increased excreta output (2·5-fold) relative to DM intake. Adaptation to increased dietary fibre levels included increases in the size of the digestive system, with pea fibre exerting a stronger impact than wheat bran or oat bran. The length of the intestine, and particularly the length and weight of the caecum, increased with the fibre level. The digestibility of all nutrients also decreased with increasing fibre level. The decrease in the digestibility in relation to NSP for the three fibre sources was bigger for oat bran (0·0020 per g dietary NSP) than for pea fibre and wheat bran (0·0014 and 0·0016 per g dietary NSP) indicating that the cell walls in oat bran (aleurone and subaleurone) had a significant negative effect on the digestibility of cellular nutrients, i.e. protein and fat. The degradation of the NSP constituents was far lower in chickens than found in other animal species such as pigs and rats, thus supporting the view that chickens do not ferment fibre polymers to a great extent. Excretion of organic acids (mainly lactic acid and acetic acid) accounted for up to 2% of metabolizable energy (ME) intake with the highest excretion for the high-fibre diets. H2excretion was related to the amount of NSP degraded and indicated higher microbial fermentation with increasing fibre levels. The chickens' feed intake responded to a great extent to dietary ME concentration but expressed in terms of metabolic body size (W0·75) ME intake was depressed at the high fibre levels. Dietary NSP was able to explain between 86% (oat bran) and 96% (pea fibre) of the variation in ME concentration. The amount of energy available from fermentation of NSP appears to reach a maximum of 42 KJ/d independent of fibre source and level. Expressed in relation to ME intake the NSP fermentation contributed 3-4%. With increasing fibre intake the partitioning of retained energy between body protein and body fat changed in favour of protein.
Effects of the type and level of dietary fibre supplements on nitrogen retention and excretion patterns
Authors: Tetens Inge , Livesey G. , Eggum B. O. 
Published: June 2005

abstract:The hypothesls was tested that fermentable dietary fibre (DF) sources elevate faecal N excretion at the expense of urinary N without affecting N retention. DF that substantially increase fermentation (pectin, Sugarbeet and soya bran) or are poorly fermented (crystalline cellulose and maize bran) were fed as supplements to a basal DF-free diet a t three dose levels: 0,50 and 100 g supplement/kg basal diet. The diets were fed to juvenile male Wistar rats for 2 weeks before a 7 d period when faeces and urine were collected. Faecal excretion of N was significantly increased, dose-dependently, by all DF supplements and was positively correlated to faecal bulking. Urinary excretion of N was lower at the high doses of the DF supplements but reached significance only with the highly fermentable (0·68) sugarbeet- supplementeddiets. Regression analysis showed that the major part (0·75) of the increase in faecal N excretion due to DF supplementation was balanced by a reduction in urinary excretion; N retention was therefore, at the dose levels used, only affected to a small extent. Only in the maize-bran-supplemented diets were the reductions in N retention significant. The shift in N excretion from urine to faeces can be explained largely by the degree of microbial fermentation in the large intestine caused by the addition of DF supplements and emphasizes the modifying role that certain DF supplements may have on the enterohepatic cycle of N. Possible implications of these findings for patients with liver or renal failure or for conditions when the intake of dietary protein is marginal are discussed.
Origin and Evolution of Kinesin-Like Calmodulin-Binding Protein
Authors: Abdel-Ghany Salah E. , Day Irene S. , Simmons Mark P. , Kugrens Paul , Reddy Anireddy S.N. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein (KCBP), a member of the Kinesin-14 family, is a C-terminal microtubule motor with three unique domains including a myosin tail homology region 4 (MyTH4), a talin-like domain, and a calmodulin-binding domain (CBD). The MyTH4 and talin-like domains (found in some myosins) are not found in other reported kinesins. A calmodulin-binding kinesin called kinesin-C (SpKinC) isolated from sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) is the only reported kinesin with a CBD. Analysis of the completed genomes of Homo sapiens, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and a red alga (Cyanidioschyzon merolae 10D) did not reveal the presence of a KCBP. This prompted us to look at the origin of KCBP and its relationship to SpKinC. To address this, we isolated KCBP from a gymnosperm, Picea abies, and a green alga, Stichococcus bacillaris. In addition, database searches resulted in identification of KCBP in another green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and several flowering plants. Gene tree analysis revealed that the motor domain of KCBPs belongs to a clade within the Kinesin-14 (C-terminal motors) family. Only land plants and green algae have a kinesin with the MyTH4 and talin-like domains of KCBP. Further, our analysis indicates that KCBP is highly conserved in green algae and land plants. SpKinC from sea urchin, which has the motor domain similar to KCBP and contains a CBD, lacks the MyTH4 and talin-like regions. Our analysis indicates that the KCBPs, SpKinC, and a subset of the kinesin-like proteins are all more closely related to one another than they are to any other kinesins, but that either KCBP gained the MyTH4 and talin-like domains or SpKinC lost them.
Connected brains
Authors: Iske Paul , Boersma Willem 
Published: June 2005

PurposeIn this paper the aim is to describe the role that question‐driven knowledge exchange systems can play in the transfer of knowledge between people and to describe the conditions to be fulfilled for successful implementation.Design/methodology/approachThe conclusions in this paper are based on interpretation of results of case studies. These are combined with literature research.FindingsThe major conclusion of the work is that question and answer (Q&A) systems are more promising than traditional Yellow Pages systems. However, some challenges remain the same, especially those related to motivating people to ask (the right) questions.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors believe that further study would be helpful to better understand the causal relationships between the success of a Q&A‐driven knowledge system and the context where they are applied. More case studies and a fundamental study of the types of knowledge and organizations that could benefit from this approach would help people to make better decisions when considering the implementation of a Q&A system.Practical implicationsThe aim of this work is to help people make better decisions when they consider the implementation of a system that connects people with a knowledge question to people with the relevant knowledge. It helps them to understand whether such a system can add value at all and, if so, how to increase the probability of success.Originality/valueAs far as is known, there has not been a study so far, explicitly focusing on this type of system and the comparison of the application of Q&A systems to “traditional” Yellow Pages. The application of scenario‐thinking to this field is also new.
The impact of comorbid anxiety and depression on alcohol treatment outcomes
Authors: Burns Lucy , Teesson Maree , O'Neill Katy 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTAims  This study examines the impact of comorbid Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV (DSM‐IV) anxiety and/or depression on out‐patient treatment for alcohol problems.Design  A prospective correlational design.Participants and settings  Seventy‐one clients seeking alcohol out‐patient treatment at two treatment sites were interviewed at commencement of a treatment episode for alcohol problems and reinterviewed using the same measures 3 months later. Comorbid DSM‐IV anxiety and/or depression were measured by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), a comprehensive interview developed by the World Health Organization to assess current and life‐time prevalence of mental disorders. Outcome measures included standardized measures of disability [the short form (SF)‐12 Mental Health Summary Score and the number of days taken out of role] and the average amount of alcohol consumed. Clients were also asked to rate their satisfaction with the services received.Findings  Participants with comorbid DSM‐IV anxiety and/or depressive disorders were more disabled and drank more heavily than those without these comorbid disorders at entry to treatment. At 3‐month follow‐up both groups of participants (i.e. those with and without DSM‐IV comorbid anxiety and/or depression) were significantly less disabled and also drank significantly less alcohol on an average drinking occasion than at baseline. Despite this, the comorbid group remained more disabled and drank more heavily than the non‐comorbid group at follow‐up.Conclusions  Further research is needed to determine the most appropriate model of care for alcohol treatment seekers with comorbid DSM‐IV anxiety and/or depression.
Challenging implicit and explicit alcohol‐related cognitions in young heavy drinkers
Authors: Wiers Reinout W. , Van De Luitgaarden Jade , Van Den Wildenberg Esther , Smulders Fren T. Y. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTAims  To test whether an expectancy challenge (EC) changes implicit and explicit alcohol‐related cognitions and binge drinking in young heavy drinkers. This is important for theoretical and practical reasons: the EC presents a critical test for the hypothesized mediational role of alcohol cognitions and the EC has been presented as a promising intervention to counter alcohol problems in heavy drinking youth.Setting, participants and intervention  Ninety‐two heavy drinking college and university students (half women) were assigned randomly to the EC or control condition (a sham alcohol experiment in the same bar‐laboratory).Measurements  Explicit alcohol cognitions and alcohol use were assessed with paper‐and‐pencil measures. Alcohol use was assessed prior to the experiment and during a 1‐month follow‐up. Implicit alcohol‐related cognitions were assessed with two versions of the Implicit Association Test (IAT), adapted to assess implicit valence and arousal associations with alcohol.Findings and conclusions  The EC resulted in decreased explicit positive arousal expectancies in men and women alike. There was some evidence for a differential reduction in implicit arousal associations, but findings depended on the version of the IAT and on the scoring‐algorithm used. In men (but not in women) there was a short‐lived differential reduction in prospective alcohol use (significant in week 3 of the follow‐up), and this reduction was partially mediated by the decrease in explicit positive arousal expectancies. These findings suggest that an EC successfully changes explicit alcohol cognitions and that this may have short‐lived beneficial effects in heavy drinking young men.
Parental rules and communication: their association with adolescent smoking
Authors: Harakeh Zeena , Scholte Ron H. J. , De Vries Hein , Engels Rutger C. M. E. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTAims  To examine the association between parental rules and communication (also referred to as antismoking socialization) and adolescents’ smoking.Design and participants  A cross‐sectional study including 428 Dutch two‐parent families with at least two adolescent children (aged 13–17 years).Measurements  Parents’ and adolescents’ reports on an agreement regarding smoking by adolescents, smoking house rules, parental confidence in preventing their child from smoking, frequency and quality of communication about smoking, and parent's reactions to smoking experimentation.Findings  Compared with fathers and adolescents, mothers reported being more involved in antismoking socialization. There were robust differences in antismoking socialization efforts between smoking and non‐smoking parents. Perceived parental influence and frequency and quality of communication about smoking were associated with adolescents’ smoking. The association between antismoking socialization practices and adolescents’ smoking was not moderated by birth order, parents’ smoking or gender of the adolescent.Conclusions  Encouraging parents, whether or not they themselves smoke, to discuss smoking‐related issues with their children in a constructive and respectful manner is worth exploring as an intervention strategy to prevent young people taking up smoking.
Evaluating Area-Wide Crime-Reduction Measures
Authors: Marchant Paul 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
When we look around an imperfect world, we feel an understandable impulse to improve matters. We may therefore decide to intervene by prescribing medical treatment or by introducing crime reduction measures. But how do we know that what we do is likely to work? In medicine the standard answer is to do a trial; not surprisingly the same is true in crime reduction. But, says Paul Marchant, the lessons learned from medical trials have not been implemented in the latter field.
Defying Symmetry
Authors: Venn John 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
John Venn, Cambridge don, is best known for the “Venn diagram”, which he introduced in the course of his lectures on logic and published in 1880. But he had other strings to his bow. He wrote The Logic of Chance, which greatly influenced the development of the frequentist viewpoint and included the first drawing of a random walk in the plane (accompanied by the realization that in the limit the figure was fractal, as we should now say). He gave the first British lecture course on Theory of Statistics, in the Moral Science Tripos in 1890, and among historians he is famous for that branch of local history which concentrates on colleges, universities and their members.
Satellog: A database for the identification and prioritization of satellite repeats in disease association studies
Authors: Missirlis Perseus I , Mead Carri-Lyn R , Butland Stefanie L , Ouellette BF Francis , Devon Rebecca S , Leavitt Blair R , Holt Robert A 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Background
To date, 35 human diseases, some of which also exhibit anticipation, have been associated with unstable repeats. Anticipation has been reported in a number of diseases in which repeat expansion may have a role in etiology. Despite the growing importance of unstable repeats in disease, currently no resource exists for the prioritization of repeats. Here we present Satellog, a database that catalogs all pure 1–16 repeat unit satellite repeats in the human genome along with supplementary data. Satellog analyzes each pure repeat in UniGene clusters for evidence of repeat polymorphism.

Results
A total of 5,546 such repeats were identified, providing the first indication of many novel polymorphic sites in the genome. Overall, polymorphic repeats were over-represented within 3'-UTR sequence relative to 5'-UTR and coding sequence. Interestingly, we observed that repeat polymorphism within coding sequence is restricted to trinucleotide repeats whereas UTR sequence tolerated a wider range of repeat period polymorphisms. For each pure repeat we also calculate its repeat length percentile rank, its location either within or adjacent to EnsEMBL genes, and its expression profile in normal tissues according to the GeneNote database.

Conclusion
Satellog provides the ability to dynamically prioritize repeats based on any of their characteristics (i.e. repeat unit, class, period, length, repeat length percentile rank, genomic co-ordinates), polymorphism profile within UniGene, proximity to or presence within gene regions (i.e. cds, UTR, 15 kb upstream etc.), metadata of the genes they are detected within and gene expression profiles within normal human tissues. Unstable repeats associated with 31 diseases were analyzed in Satellog to evaluate their common repeat properties. The utility of Satellog was highlighted by prioritizing repeats for Huntington's disease and schizophrenia. Satellog is available online at http://satellog.bcgsc.ca.
Determination of caspase-3 activation fails to predict chemosensitivity in primary acute myeloid leukemia blasts
Authors: Staib Peter , Tiehen Jan , Strunk Timo , Schinköthe Timo 
Published: June 2005

Abstract

Background
Ex-vivo chemosensitivity tests that measure cell death induction may predict treatment outcome and, therefore, represent a powerful instrument for clinical decision making in cancer therapy. Such tests are, however, work intensive and, in the case of the DiSC-assay, require at least four days. Induction of apoptosis is the mode of action of anticancer drugs and should, therefore, result in the induction of caspase activation in cells targeted by anticancer therapy.

Methods
To determine, whether caspase activation can predict the chemosensitivity, we investigated enzyme activation of caspase-3, a key executioner caspase and correlated these data with chemosensitivity profiles of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts.

Results
There was, however, no correlation between the ex-vivo chemosensitivity assessed by measuring the overall rates of cell death by use of the DiSC-assay and caspase-3 activation.

Conclusion
Thus, despite a significant reduction of duration of the assay from four to one day, induction of apoptosis evaluated by capase-3 activity does not seem to be a valid surrogate marker for chemosensitivity.