bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic process of prostate cancer metastasis to bone
Authors: Tantivejkul Kwanchanit , Kalikin Linda M. , Pienta Kenneth J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractProstate cancer metastasis to the bone occurs at high frequency in patients with advanced disease, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Over a century ago, the “seed and soil” theory was proposed to explain organ‐specific patterns of metastases. Today, this theory continues to be relevant as we continue to discover factors involved in the attraction and subsequent growth of prostate cancer cells to the bone. These include the accumulation of genetic changes within cancer cells, the preferential binding of cancer cells to bone marrow endothelial cells, and the release of cancer cell chemoattractants from bone elements. A key mediator throughout this metastatic process is the integrin family of proteins. Alterations in integrin expression and function promote dissociation of cancer cells from the primary tumor mass and migration into the blood stream. Once in circulation, integrins facilitate cancer cell survival through interactions between other cancer cells, platelets, and endothelial cells of the target bone. Furthermore, dynamic changes in integrins and in integrin‐associated signal transduction aid in the extravasation of cancer cells into the bone and in expansion to a clinically relevant metastasis. Thus, we will review the critical roles of integrins in the process of prostate cancer bone metastasis, from the escape of cancer cells from the primary tumor, to their survival in the harsh “third microenvironment” of the circulation, and ultimately to their attachment and growth at distant bone sites. Copyright © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phenylbutyrate decreases type I collagen production in human lung fibroblasts
Authors: Rishikof David C. , Ricupero Dennis A. , Liu Hanqiao , Goldstein Ronald H. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractFibrotic lung diseases are characterized by excess extracellular matrix production, in particular type I collagen. Phenylbutyrate (PB) is a non‐toxic pharmacological compound that functions as a weak histone deacetylase inhibitor. In hepatic stellate cells, the synthesis of type I collagen expression is decreased by inhibiting histone acetylation. Our studies examined the regulation of type I collagen by PB in human lung fibroblasts. We found that PB decreases basal and transforming growth factor‐β‐stimulated α1(I) collagen mRNA and protein levels. Northern blot analyses demonstrated that PB decreases steady‐state α1(I) collagen mRNA levels by 78% without significantly changing the stability of the mRNA transcript. PB stimulates cAMP production and increases the acetylation of histone H4, but does not affect the activity of two transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β)‐responsive luciferase reporter constructs. These data suggest that PB regulates type I collagen expression in human lung fibroblasts by mechanisms that include cAMP production and histone acetylation. PB may have therapeutic use in fibrotic lung diseases. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
COX inhibitors modulate bFGF‐induced cell survival in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells
Authors: Teh Swee H. , Hill Arnold K. , Foley Deidre A. , McDermott Edna W. , O'Higgins Niall J. , Young Leonie S. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBasic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) serves as a modulator of survival in breast cancer cells. The mechanisms by which bFGF transduces the anti‐apoptotic signal and interacts with COX inhibitors were investigated. bFGF reduced apoptosis in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells and up‐regulated the expression of mitocondrial Bcl‐2, whereas COX inhibitors meloxicam (selective COX‐2) and aspirin (non‐selective), induced apoptosis. bFGF up‐regulated survivin protein expression and induced cdc‐2 phosphorylation moderately at early (2–6 h), and substantially at late (24 h), time‐points. Survivin mRNA expression was up‐regulated only at the later time‐point. COX inhibitors prevented up‐regulation of survivin protein expression at both 2 and 24 h and prevented early modest increases in cdc‐2 phosphorylation. Up‐regulation of survivin mRNA was not found to be modulated by the COX‐2 inhibitor meloxicam. bFGF regulation of survivin expression was found to be ERK1/2 kinase dependent and bFGF‐induced phosphorylation of c‐raf was prevented by the COX‐2 inhibitor. bFGF was, however, unable to induce COX‐2 protein expression or modulate COX‐2 activity in MCF‐7 cells as evidenced by unaltered PGE2 production. These results indicate that bFGF regulates survivin expression in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells by signaling through an ERK1/2 dependent pathway. COX‐2 inhibitors can modulate bFGF‐induced survivin expression in a COX‐2 independent manner. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Steroid hormones, polypeptide growth factors, hormone refractory prostate cancer, and the neuroendocrine phenotype
Authors: Evangelou Andreas I. , Winter Scott F. , Huss Wendy J. , Bok Robert A. , Greenberg Norman M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe growth, development, and differentiation of the prostate gland is largely dependent on the action of androgens and peptide growth factors that act differentially at the level of the mesenchymal and epithelial compartments. It is our premise that to understand the emergence of metastatic and hormone refractory prostate cancer we need to investigate: (1) how androgen action at the level of the mesenchyme induces the production of peptide growth factors that in turn can facilitate the growth and development of the epithelial compartment; (2) how androgen action at the level of the epithelium induces and maintains cellular differentiation, function, and replicative senescence; and (3) how transformation of the prostate gland can corrupt androgen and growth factor signaling homeostasis. To this end, we focus our discussion on how deregulation of the growth factor signaling axis can cooperate with deregulation of the androgen signaling axis to facilitate transformation, metastasis, and the emergence of the hormone refractory and neuroendocrine phenotypes associated with progressive androgen‐independent prostate cancer. Finally, we suggest a working hypothesis to explain why hormone ablation therapy works to control early disease but fails to control, and may even facilitate, advanced prostate cancer. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence that annexin II Is not a putative membrane receptor for 1α,25(OH)2‐vitamin D3
Authors: Mizwicki Mathew T. , Bishop June E. , Olivera Christopher J. , Huhtakangas Johanna , Norman Anthony W. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe seco‐steroid hormone 1α,25(OH)2‐vitamin D3 (1,25‐D3) is known to generate biological responses via both genomic and non‐genomic rapid signal transduction pathways. The calcium regulated annexin II/p11 heterotetramer (AII2/p112] was proposed by Baran and co‐authors to be the membrane receptor responsible for mediating non‐genomic, rapid actions of 1,25‐D3, based on ligand affinity labeling, competition, and saturation analysis experiments. Given the cytosolic presence of both the monomeric and heterotetrameric form of AII and their functional regulation by intracellular calcium concentrations, which are known to be affected by 1,25‐D3 rapid, non‐genomic activities, we investigated in vitro the affinity of [3H]1,25‐D3 for the AII monomer and AII2/p112 in the absence and presence of calcium using saturation analysis and gel‐filtration chromatography. Using two different techniques for separating bound from free ligand (perchlorate and hydroxylapatite (HAP)) over a series of 30 experiments, no evidence for specific binding of [3H]1,25‐D3 was obtained with or without the presence of 700 nM exogenous calcium, using either the AII monomer or AII2/p112. However saturable binding of [3H]1,25‐D3 to the lipid raft/caveolae enriched rat intestinal fraction was consistently observed (Kd = 3.0 nM; Bmax = 45 fmols/mg total protein). AII was detected in lipid raft/caveolae enriched fractions from rat and mouse intestine and ROS 17/2.8 and NB4 cells by Western blot, but incubation in the presence of exogenous calcium did not ablate 1,25‐D3 binding as reported by Baran et al. Our results suggest that AII does not bind 1,25‐D3 in a physiologically relevant manner; however, recent studies linking AII2/p112 phosphorylation to vesicle fusion and its calcium regulated localization may make AII a possible down‐stream substrate for 1,25‐D3 induced rapid cellular effects. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Emergence of metastatic hormone‐refractory disease in prostate cancer after anti‐androgen therapy
Authors: Lee Edmund Chun Yu , Tenniswood Martin P.R. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe anti‐androgens used in prostate cancer therapy have been designed to interfere with the normal androgen receptor (AR)‐mediated processes that ensure prostate cell survival, triggering tumor cells to undergo programmed cell death. While anti‐androgens were originally designed to treat advanced disease, they have recently been used to debulk organ‐confined prostate tumors, to improve positive margins prior to surgery, and for chemoprevention in patients at high risk for prostate cancer. However, tumors treated with anti‐androgens frequently become hormone refractory and acquire a more aggressive phenotype. Progression toward metastatic hormone‐refractory disease has often been regarded as the outgrowth of a small number of hormone‐independent cells that emerge from a hormone‐dependent tumor during anti‐androgen treatment by natural selection. While a number of selective advantages have recently been identified, there is also considerable evidence suggesting that the progression toward metastatic hormone‐refractory disease is an dynamic process which involves abrogation of programmed cell death as a result of the attenuation of DNA fragmentation and maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential in tumor cells; the upregulation of stromal‐mediated growth factor signaling pathways; and the upregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) protease expression. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contribution of sonographic measurement of ovarian volume to diagnosing ovarian tumors in postmenopausal women
Authors: Bruchim Ilan , Aviram Rami , Halevy Rivka Sukenik , Beyth Yoram , Tepper Ronnie 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this review article is to evaluate the current method of sonographic measurement of ovarian volume as a means of diagnosing ovarian tumors in postmenopausal women, in whom an ovarian volume greater than 10 ml is generally considered abnormal. After reviewing the general medical literature, we propose a nomogram of ovarian volume that may be used to determine whether an ovary is abnormal. Furthermore, on the basis of our previous results, we recommend that a cutoff point for ovarian volume that is adjusted to patient age be used to determine whether an ovary is abnormal. We recommend the use of such nomograms in routine clinical practice to assist physicians in identifying abnormality of the ovaries during sonographic examination. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:107–114, 2004
Parovarian cystadenoma: Sonographic features associated with magnetic resonance and histopathologic findings
Authors: Fujii Tomoyuki , Kozuma Shiro , Kikuchi Akihiko , Hanada Nobutsugu , Sakamaki Ken , Yasugi Toshiharu , Yamada Manabu , Taketani Yuji 
Published: February 2004

AbstractDifferentiation between malignant and benign parovarian tumors is necessary before any surgery is planned, because the postoperative spread of ovarian cancers is well documented. Both malignant and benign parovarian tumors may contain intracystic projections, so their presence is not a differentiating factor. We describe the cases of 2 patients with parovarian cystadenomas that were evaluated using sonography, MRI, and histopathology in an attempt to begin to identify the sonographic characteristics of such lesions and correlate them with MRI and histopathologic findings. In both cases, sonography revealed a cystic mass that contained multiple small intracystic mural nodules, most of which were associated with the “Chinese hat” artifact. MRI findings confirmed the presence of the cystic masses and the nodules. Histopathologic findings confirmed the diagnosis of serous cystadenoma arising in a parovarian cyst; the intracystic nodules consisted of fibrotic tissue covered with a single layer of epithelium. Thus, the results of all 3 evaluations correlated well. This characteristic sonographic appearance may be useful in making an accurate preoperative diagnosis of parovarian cystadenomas. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:149–153, 2004
Determining the orientations of ice crystals using electron backscatter patterns
Authors: Iliescu Daniel , Baker Ian , Chang Hui 
Published: February 2004

AbstractKnowing the orientations of the ice crystals in a polycrystalline aggregate is essential for understanding and modeling the flow of naturally occurring ice. Here we show, for the first time, that the orientation of crystals in polycrystalline ice can be determined with a higher angular and spatial resolution and more rapidly than any currently used method by using electron backscatter patterns (EBSPs) in a cold‐stage equipped scanning electron microscope. We also present an orientation image map constructed from EBSPs, and discuss possible applications of the technique for ice. The results indicate that obtaining EBSPs and orientation images from other frozen water‐containing materials, such as clathrate hydrates, may also be possible. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:183–187, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of nerve fibers and their distribution in histologic sections of the human brain
Authors: Schmitt O. , Pakura M. , Aach T. , Hömke L. , Böhme M. , Bock S. , Preuße S. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe field of quantitative analysis and subsequent mapping of the cerebral cortex has developed rapidly. New powerful tools have been applied to investigate large regions of complex folded gyrencephalic cortices in order to detect structural transition regions that might partition different cortical fields of disjunct neuronal functions. We have developed a new mapping approach based on axoarchitectonics, a method of cortical visualization that previously has been used only indirectly with regard to myeloarchitectonics. Myeloarchitectonic visualization has the disadvantage of producing strong agglomerative effects of closely neighbored nerve fibers. Therefore, single and neurofunctional‐relevant parameters such as axonal branchings, axon areas, and axon numbers have not been determinable with satisfying precision. As a result, different staining techniques had to be explored in order to achieve a suitable histologic staining for axon visualization. The best results were obtained after modifying the Naoumenko‐Feigin staining for axons. From these contrast‐rich stained histologic sections, videomicroscopic digital image tiles were generated and analyzed using a new fiber analysis framework. Finally, the analysis of histologic images provided topologic ordered parameters of axons that were transferred into parameter maps. The axon parameter maps were analyzed further via a recently developed traverse generating algorithm that calculated test lines oriented perpendicular to the cortical surface and white matter border. The gray value coded parameters of the parameter maps were then transferred into profile arrays. These profile arrays were statistically analyzed by a reliable excess mass approach we recently developed. We found that specific axonal parameters are preferentially distributed throughout granular and agranular types of cortex. Furthermore, our new procedure detected transition regions originally defined by changes of cytoarchitectonic layering. Statistically significant inhomogeneities of the distribution of certain axon quantities were shown to indicate a subparcellation of areas 4 and 6. The quantification techniques established here for the analysis of spatial axon distributions within larger regions of the cerebral cortex are suitable to detect inhomogeneities of laminar axon patterns. Hence, these techniques can be recommended for systematic and observer‐supported cortical area mapping and parcellation studies. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:220–243, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Calbindin D28k, parvalbumin, and calretinin immunoreactivity in the main and accessory olfactory bulbs of the gray short‐tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica
Authors: Jia Changping , Halpern Mimi 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe vertebrate main and accessory olfactory bulbs (MOB and AOB) are the first synaptic sites in the olfactory pathways. The MOB is a cortical structure phylogenetically well conserved in its laminar structure and overall synaptic organization, while the AOB has significant species variation in size. In order to better understand signal processing in the two olfactory systems and the species differences, immunocytochemical staining and analysis were done of the neuronal expression patterns of the calcium‐binding proteins calbindin D28k (CB), parvalbumin (PV), and calretinin (CR) in the MOB and AOB in a marsupial species, the gray short‐tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica. In the MOB, antibody to CB labeled periglomerular cells, superficial short axon cells / Van Gehuchten cells; antibody to PV labeled Van Gehuchten cells; and antibody to CR immunostained periglomerular cells, superficial short axon cells / Van Gehuchten cells, and granule cells. In the AOB, CB immunoreactivity was detected in periglomerular cells and a subpopulation of granule cells; antibody to PV labeled the superficial short axon cells / Van Gehuchten cells and granule cells; and antibody to CR labeled a small number of periglomerular cells, superficial short axon cells / Van Gehuchten cells, and granule cells. These results showed that the patterns of CB, PV, and CR expression differ in the opossum main and accessory olfactory bulbs and differ from that in other animal species. These varying patterns of neuronal immunostaining may be related to the different functions of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs and to the differing signal processing features. J. Morphol. 259:271–280, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationships of loading history and structural and material characteristics of bone: Development of the mule deer calcaneus
Authors: Skedros John G. , Hunt Kenneth J. , Bloebaum Roy D. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIf a bone's morphologic organization exhibits the accumulated effects of its strain history, then the relative contributions of a given strain stimulus to a bone's development may be inferred from a bone's hierarchical organization. The artiodactyl calcaneus is a short cantilever, loaded habitually in bending, with prevalent compression in the cranial (Cr) cortex, tension in the caudal (Cd) cortex, and shear in the medial and lateral cortices (i.e., neutral axis). Artiodactyl calcanei demonstrate unusually heterogeneous structural and material organization between these cortices. This study examines potential relationships between developmental morphologic variations and the functional strain distribution of the deer calcaneus. One calcaneus was obtained from each of 36 (fetus to adult) wild deer. Predominant collagen fiber orientation (CFO), microstructural characteristics, mineral content (% ash), and geometric parameters were determined from transversely cut segments. Radiographs were examined for arched trabeculae, which may reflect tension/compression stress trajectories. Results showed that cross‐sectional shape changes with age from quasi‐circular to quasi‐elliptical, with the long axis in the cranial–caudal direction of habitual bending. Cranial (“compression”) cortical thickness increased at a greater rate than the Cd (“tension”) cortex. Fetal bones exhibited arched trabeculae. Percent ash wasnotuniform (Cr > Cd), and this disparity increased with age (absolute differences: 2.5% fetuses, 4.3% adults). Subadult bones showed progressively more secondary osteons and osteocyte lacunae in the Cr cortex, but the Cd cortex tended to have more active remodeling in the subadult and adult bones. Nonuniform Cr:Cd CFO patterns first consistently appear in the subadults, and are correlated with secondary bone formation and habitual strain mode. Medial and lateral cortices in these groups exhibited elongated secondary osteons. These variations may represent “strain‐mode‐specific” (i.e., tension, compression, shear) adaptations. The heterogeneous organization may also be influenced by variations in longitudinal strain magnitude (highest in the Cr cortex) and principal strain direction—oblique in medial‐lateral cortices (where shear strains also predominate). Other factors such as local reductions in longitudinal strain may influence the increased remodeling activity of the Cd cortex. Some structural variations, such as arched trabeculae, that are established early in ontogeny may be strongly influenced by genetic‐ or epigenetic‐derived processes. Material variations, such as secondary osteon population densities and CFO, which appear later, may be products of extragenetic factors, including microdamage. J. Morphol. 259:281–307, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Taste bud form and distribution on lips and in the oropharyngeal cavity of cardinal fish species (Apogonidae, Teleostei), with remarks on their dentition
Authors: Fishelson Lev , Delarea Yakob , Zverdling Adi 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe oral dentition and type and number of taste buds (TB) on the lips and in the oropharyngeal cavity were compared by means of SEM in 11 species of cardinal fishes (Apogonidae) belonging to five genera. The occurrence of a dense cover of skin papillae on the lips of some species (e.g., Apogon frenatus), as well as differences in structure of vomer, tongue, and palatinum, expose additional morphological characters important for clarification of the taxonomy of this group of fishes. Differences are also revealed in the type of dentition, such as on the vomer and epi‐hypopharyngeal bones. Strong and dense dentition of the anterior part of the oral cavity and a high number of TB on this site in species feeding on larger prey (e.g., Cheilodipterus spp) is compared to the relatively feeble jaw armor and richness of TB on the more pharyngeal site in species feeding on smaller prey (e.g., Apogon angustatus, A. frenatus). In addition to the three types of TB (Types I–III) previously described from various teleost fish, a fourth type (Type IV), comprising very small buds, was found in some cardinal fish (Apogon angustatus, A. frenatus). The various TB are distributed from the lips to the pharyngeal bones, on the breathing valves, tongue, palatinum, and pharyngeal bones; their number and type on the various sites differ in the different species. In all species studied the Types I and II TB, elevated above the surrounding epithelium, dominated the lips and anterior part of mouth, while Types III and IV, which end apically at the level with the epithelium, dominated the more posterior pharyngeal region. The highest number of TB, around 24,600, were found in Fowleria variegata, a typical nocturnal species, and the lowest in the diurnal and crepuscular Apogon cyanosoma (1,660) and Cheilodipterus quinquestriatus (2,400). Differences are also revealed in the type of dentition, such as on the vomer and epi‐hypopharyngeal bones. The number of TB increased with growth of the fishes. The differences in the total number of TB and their distribution in the oropharyngeal cavity in the various species indicates possible different mechanisms of foraging and food‐recognition. J. Morphol. 259:316–327, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.