bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The amygdala in conditioned taste aversion: it’s there, but where
Authors: Lamprecht Raphael , Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a unique type of innately predisposed (‘prepared’) learning, in which the subject associates a tastant with malaise over long delays. Multiple studies, involving neuroanatomical lesions, cellular recordings, and molecular analysis, point to the involvement of components of the amygdaloid complex in CTA. However, the contribution of the amygdala to discrete phases in CTA behaviour and to identified operations of CTA-subserving circuits has not yet been established. It is also as yet unclear whether the amygdala is always obligatory for successful CTA in the intact animal. Based on the current data, the central (CeA) and the basolateral (BLA) amygdaloid nuclei are among the prime candidates for fulfilling a role in CTA. In the rat, the CeA is regarded by some as an autonomic-projecting motor region of the striatum, the anterior BLA as an extension of the claustrum for the temporal and frontal lobes, and the posterior BLA as a component of the central olfactory system.
Differential involvement of amygdala subsystems in appetitive conditioning and drug addiction
Authors: Everitt Barry J , Cardinal Rudolf N , Hall Jeremy , Parkinson John A , Robbins Trevor W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We review data from appetitive conditioning studies using measures of Pavlovian approach behaviour and measures of the effects of Pavlovian conditioned stimuli on instrumental behaviour, including the Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer effect and conditioned reinforcement. These studies consistently demonstrate double dissociations of function between the basolateral area and the central nucleus of the amygdala. Moreover, these data show marked parallels with data derived from studies of aversive (fear) conditioning, and are consistent with the idea that these subsystems of the amygdala use different associative representations fonned during conditioning, as part of a larger limbic corticostriatal circuit. We suggest that the basolateral amygdala is required for a conditioned stimulus to gain access to the current value of the specific unconditioned stimulus with which it has been paired, while the central nucleus is responsible for conditioned motivational responses using a simpler stimulusresponse representation. Though these systems normally operate together, they modulate ongoing behaviour in distinct ways. We illustrate this by considering the contributions of both systems to the process of drug addiction, using second-order schedules of intravenous drug self-administration.
Reinterpreting the behavioural effects of amygdala lesions in non-human primates
Authors: Baxter1 Mark G , Murray2 Elisabeth A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Advances in neurosurgical methods that permit selective damage to the cell bodies of the amygdala, sparing the adjacent temporal cortex and white matter, have improved our understanding of the cognitive functions controlled by this structure. In this chapter, we attempt to summarize and integrate recent work with previous findings based on less selective removals of the amygdala. Recent anatomical and behavioural studies suggest that many behavioural impairments associated with removal of the amygdala by surgical aspiration can be accounted for by disconnection of inferior temporal cortex from its medial thalamic and prefrontal cortical targets rather than by damage to the cell bodies of the amygdala. Based on the currently available evidence, the amygdala appears to play little role in stimulus memory, a relatively restricted role in stimulus-reward associations, and a significant role in emotionality and stimulus-affect association.
Jules Henri Poincare (1854-1912)
Authors: Ewald William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Henri Poincare, Professor of Mathematics at the University of Paris from 1881 until his death, was the most prolific and influential mathematician of his generation. Although he was only 58 when he died, his technical articles fill eleven large volumes; he also published four volumes of philosophical essays on the foundations of mathematics and physics. His technical writings cover large tracts of pure and applied mathematics: algebraic topology, non-Euclidean geometry, Lie groups, number theory, differential equations, the theory of functions, algebraic geometry, mathematical physics, celestial mechanics.
Nicholas Bourbaki
Authors: Ewald William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following article describes the methodology of Bourbaki’s celebrated attempt to provide a unified exposition of all the basic branches of mathematics. The Bourbaki programme began in the early 1930s. Having in the 1920s been educated almost exclusively in the French tradition of complex analysis, the young Bourbaki was unaware of the mathematics that had been developed outside France since 1914.
Application To Physical Sciences
Authors: Slavyanov Sergei yu. , Lay Wolfgang , Seeger Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having presented a theory of linear ordinary second-order differential equations generating the classical and the higher special functions in the preceding chapters, here we give several examples illustrating how the studied equations are involved in physical problems. This comprises their emergence from a separation of variables, central connection problems, confluence processes. and the calculation of exponentially small effects.
Scope and Limits of Implicit Memory in Amnesia
Authors: Verfaellie Mieke , Keane Margaret M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most striking examples of knowledge without awareness is seen in patients with global amnesia. Typically, these patients are unable to recall day-to-day experiences and they forget information encountered only minutes before. For many years now, these deficits have been studied experimentally, with the aim of elucidating the nature of the underlying processing deficits. In the context of this effort, Larry Weiskrantz and his colleague, Elizabeth Warrington, made the startling discovery that, given appropriate retrieval cues, amnesic patients can exhibit memory for the very information they cannot retrieve consciously (Warrington and Weiskrantz, 1968, 1970). This finding, counter-intuitive and controversial at the time, spawned three decades of research into the nature and the scope of preserved memory in amnesia.
It is now well established that a number of different forms of memory are preserved in amnesia. These include skill learning, classical conditioning, and repetition priming, which refers to the bias or facilitation in processing a stimulus that results from prior exposure to that same or a related stimulus (Squire et al., 1993). These different forms of memory have in common the fact that knowledge can be expressed without awareness of the episode in which learning took place. By contrast, tasks which elicit severe impairments in amnesic patients, such as traditional tests of recall and recognition, do require awareness of the learning episode, as subjects are asked to retrieve information that occurred within a particular learning context. The distinction between forms of memory that are impaired and preserved in amnesia is captured by a number of taxonomies, each highlighting a different aspect of the dichotomy. Graf and Schacter (1985) introduced the terms implicit memory and explicit memory to emphasize the different ways in which memory is expressed. Focusing on the associated states of awareness, Jacoby and Witherspoon (1982) used the terms memory with awareness and memory without awareness. Finally, highlighting the nature of the information that is remembered, Squire (1992) introduced the terms declarative memory and non-declarative memory.
Conscious and Unconscious Processing of Emotional Faces
Authors: Van Honk Jack 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of a line of studies elaborating on the dual-pathway model of LeDoux (1996), by investigating conscious and unconscious aspects of the neurobiology of approach-and-withdrawal-related human emotion. Findings reveal a dichotomic heuristic approach–withdrawal framework, wherein, supporting LeDoux’s notion, a cortical or conscious pathway intersects a subcortical or unconscious pathway. In this theoretical framework, approach and withdrawal is illustrated by the classic fight–flight response, which is largely initiated in limbic affective circuits and modulated by hormones such as cortisol and testosterone. In humans, more flexible behavioural tendencies have evolved wherein the cerebral cortex is strongly implicated. The left and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortices are involved in these consciously controlled (and thus more sophisticated) forms of behavioural approach and withdrawal, respectively. Nevertheless, a subcortical affective shortcut, the thalamic–amygdala pathway, is still functional in humans and provides for the biologically prepared emotional response, unaffected by conscious control. Finally, the orbitofrontal cortex bears strong afferent and efferent connections with cortical and subcortical brain structures, and acts as an affective control and relay station. Evidence for this framework comes from neurobiological studies using emotional faces in a paradigm which selectively taps into the cortical and subcortical processing stream. It is demonstrated that the steroid hormones cortisol and testosterone are implicated in the subcortical stream, whereas repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal cortex influences the cortical stream exclusively.
Bandstructure engineering
Authors: Singleton John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of making artificial solids with bandstructures tailored to particular applications has long fascinated condensed matter physicists. In this chapter, we shall explore some of the ways in which bands with desired properties can be engineered using what has been termed ‘chemical architecture’. A very simple example of this is the use of semiconductor alloys, in which a wide-gap semiconductor and a narrow-gap semiconductor are combined to give a substance with a desired intermediate band-gap. A second example is the semiconductor superlattice or heterostructure; here, very thin layers of different semiconductors are superimposed. A third approach is to use small organic or inorganic molecular units to build up solids with desirable metallic, semiconducting or even superconducting properties. We shall treat each of these cases in turn, starting with the semiconductor systems.
Between the wars: foundations examined
Authors: Gray Jeremy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the First World War, the shattered nations of Europe tried to rebuild. Germany was forced to pay massive compensation to the victorious Allies, who blamed it for starting the war and causing so many deaths. This deepened the collective sense of failure and defeat brought to a nation that, as late as Spring 1918, had thought it could still win the war. Turmoil to the east, in the newly formed and revolutionary Soviet Union, spilled over into violent social unrest from Right and Left in Germany, and when that stabilised the Weimar Republic had to ride out several years of hyper-inflation. Germany’s relations with its neighbours were poisoned by the war for many years. Many international organisations, especially those with a strong French component, sought to exclude or marginalise Germany, and the country was not admitted to the League of Nations.
COQ: Extraction of COQ homologues from animal tissues / HPLC
Authors: Matsura Tatsuya 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coenzyme Q (COQ) plays an important role in ATP synthesis as an electroncarrying component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In recent years, increasing attention has focused on the reduced form of COQ homologues (COQnH2) as antioxidants.
Glutathione peroxidase: coupled enzyme assay
Authors: Takahashi Kazuhiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is a cytosolic selenocysteine-containing enzyme that catalyses the reduction of many hydroperoxides (ROOH: hydrogen peroxide, fatty acid hydroperoxides and phospholipid hydroperoxides) in the presence of glutathione (GSH).
Diene conjugation
Authors: Shimasaki Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lipid peroxidation begins with the abstraction of a hydrogen atom from an unsaturated lipid, and involves the formation and propagation of lipid radicals, uptake of oxygen, and rearrangement of double bonds in the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Rearrangement of the double bonds results in the formation of conjugated dienes (lipid hydroperoxides), which are characterized by intense absorption near 233 nm (1).
Lipid peroxides
Authors: Niki Etsuo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lipid peroxides are major primary products of lipid peroxidation. Measurement of lipid peroxides in in vitro experiments or biological samples is often required to assess the extent both of oxidative damage and of changes in antioxidant activity. Various methods have been proposed and used, but each method has both merits and demerits. There still is no single method which is specific, quantitative and sufficiently accurate that can be applied widely. Numerous kinds of lipid peroxide can be formed during lipid peroxidation and these subsequently undergo secondary reactions Hence, measurement of lipid peroxides might not always reflect the extent of lipid peroxidation. There are, furthermore, several types of lipid peroxide, e.g. hydroperoxides, dialkyl peroxides and cyclic peroxides, and it is important to appreciate what is measured by the method employed.
Detection of DNA damage and analysis of its site-specificity
Authors: Oikawa Shinji , Kawanishi Shosuke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DNA fragments were prepared from plasmid pbcNI which carries a 6.6 kb BamH\ chromosomal DNA segment containing the human c-Ha-ras-1 protooncogene and from plasmid pUC 18 containing the human p53 tumour suppressor gene (1, 2).
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal protein adducts
Authors: Uchida Koji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the aldehydes which originate from the peroxidation of cellular membrane lipids, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is believed to be largely responsible for the cytopathological effects of oxidative stress in vivo (1). HNE has a wide range of biological activity including inhibition of protein and DNA synthesis, inactivation of enzymes, stimulation of phospholipase C, reduction recently of gap-junction communication, and stimulation of neutrophil migration (1). Many of these in vitro effects, which are observed at low micromolar or even submicromolar concentrations of HNE, have been attributed to the modification of cellular proteins with HNE.
Isolated, perfused heart systems (Langendorf’s model)
Authors: Kusuoka Hideo , Kuzuya Andtsunehiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two different types of perfusion in isolated, perfused heart systems —constant-pressure mode and constant-flow mode. In perfusion with constant pressure, the perfusion pressure in coronary arteries is equal to the difference between the perfusion pressure and the end-diastolic pressure of the left ventricle (EDP). One of the demerits of constant pressure perfusion is that effective coronary perfusion pressure decreases when EDP increases. It is, however, advantageous that the flow rate can be matched with the oxygen demand by coronary autoregulation. In contrast, in constant flow perfusion the flow rate is maintained even when the EDP increases significantly, whereas the beneficial effects of coronary autoregulation are lost.
UV damage models
Authors: Miyachj Yoshiki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because the skin is always in contact with oxygen and occasionally exposed to UV light, different kinds of photobiological cutaneous reactions inevitably occur resulting in photo-oxidative stress. Acute actinic damage, e.g. sunburn, photoallergic reactions, and chronic cumulative UV injuries including photoageing and photocarcinogenesis are the targets of investigation in photobiology (1).
Copper-overload model
Authors: Suzuki Keiichiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Copper or iron overloading can be modelled in vitro, but it is difficult to devise a suitable overload model in vivo. In this section we introduce LEC rats (Long-Evans with a cinnamon-like coat colour, available from Charles River Laboratories) as an in vivo copper overload model (1,2).
The hydrogen atom
Authors: Foot C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The simple hydrogen atom has had a great influence on the development of quantum theory, particularly in the first half of the twentieth century when the foundations of quantum mechanics were laid. As measurement Fine structure Further reading Exercises techniques improved, finer and finer details were resolved in the spectrum of hydrogen until eventually splittings of the lines were observed that cannot be explained even by the fully relativistic formulation of quantum mechanics, but require the more advanced theory of quantum electrodynamics. In the first chapter we looked at the BohrSommerfeld theory of hydrogen that treated the electron orbits classically and imposed quantisation rules upon them.
The alkalis
Authors: Foot C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For multi-electron atoms we cannot solve the Hamiltonian analytically, but by making appropriate approximations we can explain their structure in a physically meaningful way. To do this, we start by considering the elementary ideas of atomic structure underlying the periodic table of the elements. In the ground states of atoms the electrons have the configuration that minimises the energy of the whole system. The electrons do not all fall down into the lowest orbital with n = l (the K-shell) because the Pauli exclusion principle restricts the number of electrons in a given (sub-)shell-two electrons cannot have the same set of quantum numbers. This leads to the ‘building-up’ principle: electrons fill up higher and higher shells as the atomic number Z increases across the periodic table.1 Full shells are found at atomic numbers Z = 2, 10, ... corresponding to helium and the other inert gases.
The LS-coupling scheme
Authors: Foot C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall look at atoms with two valence electrons, e.g. al kaline earth metals such as Mg and Ca. The structures of these elements have many similarities with helium, and we shall also use the central field approximation that was introduced for the alkalis in the previous chapter. This represents that part of the repulsion not taken into account by the central field. One might think that the field left over is somehow non-central. This is not necessarily true. For configurations such as ls2s in He, or 3s4s in Mg, both electrons have spherically-symmetric distributions but a central field cannot completely account for the repulsion between them-a potential VcF(r) does not include the effect of the correlation of the electrons’ positions that leads to the exchange integral.
Laser cooling and trapping
Authors: Foot C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters we have seen how laser spectroscopy gives Doppler free spectra and also how other older techniques of radio-frequency and microwave spectroscopy can resolve small splittings, e.g. hyperfine structure. These methods just observe the atoms as they go past, but this chapter describes the experimental techniques that use the force exerted by laser light to slow the atomic motion and manipulate atoms. These techniques have become extremely important in atomic physics and have many applications, e.g. they have greatly improved the stability of the caesium atomic clocks that are used as primary standards of time around the world.
Asymptotic expansions
Authors: Andrews D F , Stafford J E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The technical objective of an asymptotic analysis involving expansions is the determination of the terms /?O. g 1 • . . . The rationa1es for examining these terms and their interpretation are varied and of primary importance. While deriving these terms is a necessary part of the process, it is, in a sense, the easiest part. Unfortunately, it is often not easy and the algorithms of this chapter are an attempt to alleviate this difficulty. There is no guarantee that an expansion is valid or that the results will be useful. We fol1ow the tradition, long established in computing, and assume that the user knows what s/he wants to compute and wishes to do it correctly and efficiently. The computations associated with asymptotic expansions may be broken down into a small number of basic procedures or rules.
Sample surveys
Authors: Andrews D F , Stafford J E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An introductory course in sample survey methodology is often riddled with tedious repetitive algebraic calculation of cumulants, and their estimates, for different designs. While the designs tend to be similar. the calculations are typically repeated in their entirety, obscuring their common structure. Symbolic computation is ideal in this context because the simple differences in design can be made explicit as inputs while the common features of each calculation are automated. Thus, the important distinctions among designs arc emphasized and the redundant algebra eliminated.
Morphisms In Logic And Complexity
Authors: Carbone Alessandra , Semmes Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of “morphisms” is central to many areas of mathematics. There are homomorphisms between groups, algebras, semigroups, etc., linear mappings between vector spaces, continuous mappings between topological spaces, algebraic mappings between varieties, etc. In each case, one can use classes of morphisms to express comparisons and interactions between objects of interest.
Asymptotic Growth Of Infinite Visibilities
Authors: Carbone Alessandra , Semmes Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we study the size of the visibility in terms of the rate of its growth when it is infinite. The statements that we provide are very similar to results given in Section 1.3 of [ECH+92], concerning the dichotomy between exponential and polynomial growth for regular languages in terms of their representations through regular expressions. Note that regular languages can be represented by “finite automata”, using a process which is very close to taking the visibility of an optical graph. We shall discuss this further in Chapter 14.
Geometric Aspects Of Cut Elimination
Authors: Carbone Alessandra , Semmes Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine reading a proof in a mathematical text. It may have several lemmas which interact with each other in a tricky way. In order to see better what is happening within the proof, one might try to unwind the lemmas to make explicit each basic step in the argument. This makes sense informally, in terms of our everyday experience, but it can also be treated more formally through mathematical logic. (This general theme occurs repeatedly in the writings of Kreisel [Kre77, Kre81b, Kre81a].)
Finite Automata And Regular Languages
Authors: Carbone Alessandra , Semmes Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Finite automata (defined below) are basic objects from theoretical computer science which can be used to characterize certain collections of words over an alphabet, namely, regular languages. They provide another mechanism by which to make implicit descriptions, and with a degree of implicitness which is tightly controlled. They are connected to the themes of this book in a number of ways, and we review some of their features in the present chapter. General references include [HU79, vL90bJ. The first chapter of [ECH+92] provides a nice introductory treatment as well.