bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversifying in the mountains: spatiotemporal diversification of frogs in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Cyriac Vivek Philip , Mohan Ashwini Venkatanarayana , Dinesh K P , Torsekar Varun , Jayarajan Aditi , Swamy Priyanka , Vijayakumar S P , Shanker Kartik 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Mountain ranges are hotspots of biodiversity. However, the mechanisms that generate biodiversity patterns in different mountainous regions and taxa are not apparent. The Western Ghats (WG) escarpment in India is a globally recognized biodiversity hotspot with high species richness and endemism. Most studies have either invoked paleoclimatic conditions or climatic stability in the southern WG refugium to explain this high diversity and endemism. However, the factors driving macroevolutionary change remain unexplored for most taxa. Here, we generated the most comprehensive dated phylogeny to date for ranoid frogs in the WG and tested the role of paleoclimatic events or climatic stability in influencing frog diversification. We found that the diversity of different ranoid frog clades in the WG either accumulated at a constant rate through time or underwent a decrease in speciation rates around 3–2.5 Ma during the Pleistocene glaciation cycles. We also find no significant difference in diversification rate estimates across elevational gradients and the three broad biogeographic zones in the WG (northern, central, and southern WG). However, time-for-speciation explained regional species richness within clades, wherein older lineages have more extant species diversity. Overall, we find that global paleoclimatic events have had little impact on WG frog diversification throughout most of its early history until the Quaternary and that the WG may have been climatically stable allowing lineages to accumulate and persist over evolutionary time.
Diving-wave time-lapse delay for CO2 thin layer detection
Authors: Martinez Ricardo , Vinje Vetle , Stovas Alexey , Mispel Joachim , Ringrose Philip , Duffaut Kenneth , Landrø Martin 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
We have derived an analytical approximate expression to estimate the delay in diving seismic waves due to thin layers of CO2. The expression is valid for high frequencies and can be used to estimate the delay in diving waves at seismic frequencies for large separations between the source and receiver (offset). The approximation may be used to assess CO2 detection limits using diving waves and to support survey planning for CO2 monitoring and full-waveform inversion (FWI) cycle skipping analysis. In this study, we analyse the diving-wave response to a thin layer of CO2 for band-limited data using acoustic finite-difference modelling, and compare the results against the analytical calculations. We find that the responses are offset-dependent and related to double- and single-leg interactions between the diving waves and the CO2. To test the methods, we created a synthetic representation of the 2010 subsurface conditions for the top CO2 layer at the Sleipner storage complex in the North Sea, by combining base and monitor post-stack seismic data with field velocity trends. Using the acoustic finite-difference method, we model pre-stack data that captures the complexity of field data and demonstrate the use of the diving-wave delay for CO2 migration monitoring and CO2 thin layer detection.
Solving nonlinear ODEs with the ultraspherical spectral method
Authors: Qin Ouyuan , Xu Kuan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We extend the ultraspherical spectral method to solving nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) boundary value problems. Naive ultraspherical Newton implementations usually form dense linear systems explicitly and solve these systems exactly by direct methods, thus suffering from the bottlenecks in both computational complexity and storage demands. Instead, we propose to use the inexact Newton–GMRES framework for which a cheap but effective preconditioner can be constructed and a fast Jacobian-vector multiplication can be effected, thanks to the structured operators of the ultraspherical spectral method. The proposed inexact Newton–GMRES–ultraspherical framework outperforms the naive implementations in both speed and storage, particularly for large-scale problems or problems whose linearization has solution-dependent variable coefficients in higher-order terms. Additional acceleration can be gained when the method is implemented with mixed precision arithmetic.
Reduction in use of MRI and arthroscopy among patients with degenerative knee disease in independent treatment centers versus general hospitals: a time series analysis
Authors: Kuhrij Laurien S , Marang-van de Mheen Perla J , van Lier Lisanne , Alimahomed Razia , Nelissen Rob G H H , van Bodegom-Vos Leti 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The use of MRI and arthroscopy are considered low-value care in most patients with degenerative knee disease. To reduce these modalities, there have been multiple efforts to increase awareness. Reductions have been shown for general hospitals (GH), but it is unclear whether this may be partly explained by a shift of patients receiving these modalities in independent treatment centers (ITCs). The aims of this study were to assess (i) whether the trend in use of MRI and arthroscopy in patients with degenerative knee disease differs between ITCs and GH, and (ii) whether the Dutch efforts to raise awareness on these recommendations were associated with a change in the trend for both types of providers. All patients insured by a Dutch healthcare insurer aged ≥50 years with a degenerative knee disease who were treated in a GH or ITC between July 2014 and December 2019 were included. Linear regression was used with the quarterly percentage of patients receiving an MRI or knee arthroscopy weighted by center volume, as the primary outcome. Interrupted time-series analysis was used to evaluate the effect of the Dutch efforts to raise awareness. A total of 14 702 patients included were treated in 90 GHs (n = 13 303, 90.5%) and 29 ITCs (n = 1399, 9.5%). Across the study period, ITCs on an average had a 16% higher MRI use (P &lt; .001) and 9% higher arthroscopy use (P = .003). MRI use did not change in both provider types, but arthroscopy use significantly decreased and became stronger in ITCs (P = .01). The Dutch efforts to increase awareness did not significantly influence either MRI or arthroscopy use in ITCs (P = .55 and P = .84) and GHs (P = .13 and P = .70). MRI and arthroscopy uses were higher in ITCs than GHs. MRI use did not change significantly among patients ≥ 50 years with degenerative knee disease in both provider types between 2014 and 2019. MRI- and arthroscopy use decreased with ITCs on average having higher rates for both modalities, but also showing a stronger decrease in arthroscopy use. The Dutch efforts to increase awareness did not accelerate the already declining trend in the Netherlands.
Direct observations of microbial community succession on sinking marine particles
Authors: Stephens Brandon M , Durkin Colleen A , Sharpe Garrett , Nguyen Trang T H , Albers Justine , Estapa Margaret L , Steinberg Deborah K , Levine Naomi M , Gifford Scott M , Carlson Craig A , Boyd Philip W , Santoro Alyson E 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Microbial community dynamics on sinking particles control the amount of carbon that reaches the deep ocean and the length of time that carbon is stored, with potentially profound impacts on Earth’s climate. A mechanistic understanding of the controls on sinking particle distributions has been hindered by limited depth- and time-resolved sampling and methods that cannot distinguish individual particles. Here, we analyze microbial communities on nearly 400 individual sinking particles in conjunction with more conventional composite particle samples to determine how particle colonization and community assembly might control carbon sequestration in the deep ocean. We observed community succession with corresponding changes in microbial metabolic potential on the larger sinking particles transporting a significant fraction of carbon to the deep sea. Microbial community richness decreased as particles aged and sank; however, richness increased with particle size and the attenuation of carbon export. This suggests that the theory of island biogeography applies to sinking marine particles. Changes in POC flux attenuation with time and microbial community composition with depth were reproduced in a mechanistic ecosystem model that reflected a range of POC labilities and microbial growth rates. Our results highlight microbial community dynamics and processes on individual sinking particles, the isolation of which is necessary to improve mechanistic models of ocean carbon uptake.
Early-career general practitioners’ antibiotic prescribing for acute infections: a systematic review
Authors: Baillie Emma J , Merlo Greg , Van Driel Mieke L , Magin Parker J , Hall Lisa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Background
Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide threat, exacerbated by inappropriate prescribing. Most antibiotic prescribing occurs in primary care. Early-career GPs are important for the future of antibiotic prescribing and curbing antimicrobial resistance.

Objectives
To determine antibiotic prescribing patterns by early-career GPs for common acute infections.

Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase and Scopus. Two authors independently screened abstracts and full texts for inclusion. Primary outcomes were antibiotic prescribing rates for common acute infections by GPs with experience of 10 years or less. Secondary outcomes were any associations between working experience and antibiotic prescribing.

Results
Of 1483 records retrieved, we identified 41 relevant studies. Early-career GPs were less likely to prescribe antibiotics compared with their more experienced colleagues (OR range 0.23–0.67). Their antibiotic prescribing rates for ‘any respiratory condition’ ranged from 14.6% to 52%, and for upper respiratory tract infections from 13.5% to 33%. Prescribing for acute bronchitis varied by country, from 15.9% in Sweden to 26% in the USA and 63%–73% in Australia. Condition-specific data for all other included acute infections, such as sinusitis and acute otitis media, were limited to the Australian context.

Conclusions
Early-career GPs prescribe fewer antibiotics than later-career GPs. However, there are still significant improvements to be made for common acute conditions, as their prescribing is higher than recommended benchmarks. Addressing antimicrobial resistance requires an ongoing worldwide effort and early-career GPs should be the target for long-term change.
Efficient selection of gravitationally lensed OH megamasers with MeerKAT and the Square Kilometre Array
Authors: Button Charissa B , Deane Roger P 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT
There has been a recent resurgence in hydroxyl (OH) megamaser research driven by Square Kilometre Array (SKA) precursor/pathfinder telescopes. This will continue in the lead-up to the SKA mid-frequency array, which will greatly expand our view of OH megamasers and their cosmic evolution over ≳80 per cent of the age of the Universe. This is expected to yield large scientific returns as OH megamasers trace galaxy mergers, extreme star formation, high molecular gas densities, and potentially binary/dual supermassive black hole systems. In this paper, we predict the distortion to the OH luminosity function that a magnification bias will inflict, and in turn, predict the distortion on the OH megamaser number counts as a function of redshift. We identify spectral flux density thresholds that will enable efficient lensed OH megamaser selection in large spectral line surveys with MeerKAT and SKA. The surface density of lensed galaxies that could be discovered in this way is a strong function of the redshift evolution of the OH megamaser luminosity function, with predictions as high as ∼1 lensed OH source per square degree at high redshifts (z ≳ 1) for anticipated SKA spectral line survey designs. This could enable efficient selection of some of the most highly obscured galaxies in the Universe. This high-redshift selection efficiency, in combination with the large survey speed of the SKA at ≲1 GHz frequencies and the high magnifications possible with compact OH emission regions (μOH ≫ 10), will enable a transformational view of OH in the Universe.
A new precise determination of the primordial abundance of deuterium: measurement in the metal-poor sub-DLA system at z = 3.42 towards quasar J 1332+0052
Authors: Kislitsyn P A , Balashev S A , Murphy M T , Ledoux C , Noterdaeme P , Ivanchik A V 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT
The theory of Big Bang nucleosynthesis, coupled with an estimate of the primordial deuterium abundance (D/H)pr, offers insights into the baryon density of the Universe. Independently, the baryon density can be constrained during a different cosmological era through the analysis of cosmic microwave background anisotropy. The comparison of these estimates serves as a rigorous test for the self-consistency of the standard cosmological model and stands as a potent tool in the quest for new physics beyond the standard model of particle physics. For a meaningful comparison, a clear understanding of the various systematic errors affecting deuterium measurements is crucial. Given the limited number of D/H measurements, each new estimate carries significant weight. This study presents the detection of D i absorption lines in a metal-poor sub-Damped Lyman-α system ($\rm [O/H]=-1.71\pm 0.02$, log N(H i) = 19.304 ± 0.004) at zabs = 3.42 towards the quasar SDSS J133254.51+005250.6. Through simultaneous fitting of H i and D i Lyman-series lines, as well as low-ionization metal lines, observed at high spectral resolution and high signal-to-noise using VLT/UVES and Keck/HIRES, we derive log (D i/H i) = −4.622 ± 0.014, accounting for statistical and systematic uncertainties of 0.008dex and 0.012 dex, respectively. Thanks to negligible ionization corrections and minimal deuterium astration at low metallicity, this D/H ratio provides a robust measurement of the primordial deuterium abundance, consistent and competitive with previous works. Incorporating all prior measurements, the best estimate of the primordial deuterium abundance is constrained as: (D/H)pr = (2.533 ± 0.024) × 10−5. This represents a 5 per cent improvement in precision over previous studies and reveals a moderate tension with the expectation from the standard model (≈2.2σ). This discrepancy underscores the importance of further measurements in the pursuit of new physics.
Reverse V-shaped osteotomy for ankylosing rocker-bottom foot deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A report of three cases
Authors: Noguchi Takaaki , Hirao Makoto , Ebina Kosuke , Etani Yuki , Okamura Gensuke , Tsuboi Hideki , Goshima Atsushi , Okada Seiji , Hashimoto Jun 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT
This study evaluated a reverse V-shaped osteotomy for ankylosing rocker-bottom foot deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Three feet were presented in this study: rheumatoid rocker-bottom deformities with painful and/or infectious bony prominence towards the bottom of the foot, treated with a reverse V-shaped osteotomy in the mid-hindfoot. In all three cases, significant correction was achieved with restoration of the medial longitudinal arch, and improvement in clinical scores was confirmed. Reverse V-shaped osteotomy has the potential to be a useful and definitive procedure for ankylosing rocker-bottom deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Cell-cell communication and initial population composition shape the structure of potato spindle tuber viroid quasispecies
Authors: Wu Jian , Bisaro David M 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
RNA viruses and viroids replicate with high mutation rates, forming quasispecies, population of variants centered around dominant sequences. The mechanisms governing quasispecies remain unclear. Plasmodesmata regulate viroid movement and were hypothesized to impact viroid quasispecies. Here, we sequenced the progeny of potato spindle tuber viroid intermediate (PSTVd-I) strain from mature guard cells lacking plasmodesmal connections and from in vitro-cultivated mesophyll cell protoplasts from systemic leaves of early-infected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. Remarkably, more variants accumulated in guard cells compared to whole leaves. Similarly, after extended cell culture, we observed more variants in cultivated mesophyll protoplasts. Coinfection and single-cell sequencing experiments demonstrated that the same plant cell can be infected multiple times by the same or different PSTVd sequences. To study the impact of initial population composition on PSTVd-I quasispecies, we conducted coinfections with PSTVd-I and variants. Two inoculum ratios (10:1 or 1:10) established quasispecies with or without PSTVd-I as the master sequence. In the absence of the master sequence, the percentage of novel variants initially increased. Moreover, a 1:1 PSTVd-I/variant RNA ratio resulted in PSTVd-I dominating (&gt;50%), while the variants reached 20%. After PSTVd-I-only infection, the variants reached around 10%, while after variant-only infection, the variants were significantly more than 10%. These results emphasize the role of cell-to-cell communication and initial population composition in shaping PSTVd quasispecies.
Signaling-biophysical modeling unravels mechanistic control of red blood cell phagocytosis by macrophages in sickle cell disease
Authors: Zhang Yu , Qiang Yuhao , Li He , Li Guansheng , Lu Lu , Dao Ming , Karniadakis George E , Popel Aleksander S , Zhao Chen 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) aging manifests through progressive changes in cell morphology, rigidity, and expression of membrane proteins. To maintain the quality of circulating blood, splenic macrophages detect the biochemical signals and biophysical changes of RBCs and selectively clear them through erythrophagocytosis. In sickle cell disease (SCD), RBCs display alterations affecting their interaction with macrophages, leading to aberrant phagocytosis that may cause life-threatening spleen sequestration crises. To illuminate the mechanistic control of RBC engulfment by macrophages in SCD, we integrate a system biology model of RBC-macrophage signaling interactions with a biophysical model of macrophage engulfment, as well as in vitro phagocytosis experiments using the spleen-on-a-chip technology. Our modeling framework accurately predicts the phagocytosis dynamics of RBCs under different disease conditions, reveals patterns distinguishing normal and sickle RBCs, and identifies molecular targets including Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP1) and cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47)/signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) as therapeutic targets to facilitate the controlled clearance of sickle RBCs in the spleen.
How Much Are Government Jobs in Developing Countries Worth?
Authors: Mangal Kunal 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Government jobs in developing countries are valuable not just because they pay relatively higher wages, but also because they provide many valuable amenities. How does the value of these amenities compare with the nominal wage itself? The observed search behavior of candidates preparing for competitive exams for government jobs is used to infer a lower bound on the total value of a government job, including amenities. Based on a sample of 147 candidates preparing for civil service exams in Pune, India, the amenity value of a government job is estimated to comprise at least two-thirds of total compensation. The high amenity value is not driven by misinformed beliefs about the nominal wage, nor by a high value placed on the process of studying itself. Insights from focus group discussions help explain which government job amenities are most valued in this setting.
Immediate Weightbearing through Walker or Crutches After Surgical Fixation of Clavicle Fractures in Patients with Lower Extremity Fractures: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Frane Nicholas , Watzig Benjamin , Vohra Arjun , Deeyor Sorka , Hui Clayton , McKee Michael , Dehghan Niloofar 
Published: January 2024

Objectives:
To assess the safety of immediate upper extremity weightbearing as tolerated (WBAT) rehabilitation protocol after clavicle fracture open reduction internal fixation (ORIF).

Methods:

Design:
Retrospective Cohort Study

Setting:
Three Level-One trauma centers

Patients Selection Criteria:
Patients greater than 18 years of age who had ORIF of mid-shaft clavicle fractures and lower extremity fractures who were allowed immediate WBAT on their affected upper extremity through use of a walker or crutches were included. All clavicles were fixed with either precontoured clavicular plates or locking compression plates. Included patients were, and clinical/radiographic follow-up until fracture union, nonunion, or construct failure.

Outcome Measures and Comparisons:
WBAT patients were matched in a one-to-one fashion to a cohort with isolated clavicle fractures who were treated non-weightbearing (NWB) postoperatively on their affected upper extremity. Matching was done based on age, sex, and temporality of fixation. After matching, treatment and control groups were compared to determine differences in possible confounding variables that could influence the primary outcome including patient demographics, fracture classification, cortices of fixation, and construct type. All patients were assessed to verify conformity with weight bearing recommendation. Primary outcome was early hardware failure with or without revision surgery. Secondary outcomes included post operative infections, and union of fracture.

Result
s:
39 patients were included in the WBAT cohort, there were no significant differences with the matched NWB cohort based on patient demographics, . Both the WBAT and NWB cohorts both had 2.5% chance of acute hardware failure (HWF) that required surgical intervention (p=1.0). Additionally, there was no difference in overall HWF (p=0.49). All patients despite weight bearing status including those that required revision ORIF for acute HWF had union of their fracture (p=1.0).

Conclusions:
Our data would support that immediate weightbearing after clavicle fracture fixation in patients with concomitant lower extremity trauma does not lead to an increase in hardware failure or impact ultimate union. This challenges the dogma of prolonged postoperative weightbearing restrictions and allow for earlier rehabilitation.