bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preventing Opportunistic Infections After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Practice Guidelines and Beyond
Authors: Sullivan Keith M. , Dykewicz Clare A. , Longworth David L. , Boeckh Michael , Baden Lindsey R. , Rubin Robert H. , Sepkowitz Kent A. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis review presents evidence-based guidelines for the prevention of infection after blood and marrow transplantation. Recommendations apply to all myeloablative transplants regardless of recipient (adult or child), type (allogeneic or autologous) or source (peripheral blood, marrow or cord blood) of transplant.In Section I, Dr. Dykewicz describes the methods used to rate the strength and quality of published evidence supporting these recommendations and details the two dozen scholarly societies and federal agencies involved in the genesis and review of the guidelines.In Section II, Dr. Longworth presents recommendations for hospital infection control. Hand hygiene, room ventilation, health care worker and visitor policies are detailed along with guidelines for control of specific nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens.In Section III, Dr. Boeckh details effective practices to prevent viral diseases. Leukocyte-depleted blood is recommended for cytomegalovirus (CMV) seronegative allografts, while ganciclovir given as prophylaxis or preemptive therapy based on pp65 antigenemia or DNA assays is advised for individuals at risk for CMV. Guidelines for preventing varicella-zoster virus (VZV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) and community respiratory virus infections are also presented.In Section IV, Drs. Baden and Rubin review means to prevent invasive fungal infections. Hospital design and policy can reduce exposure to air contaminated with fungal spores and fluconazole prophylaxis at 400 mg/day reduces invasive yeast infection.In Section V, Dr. Sepkowitz details effective clinical practices to reduce or prevent bacterial or protozoal disease after transplantation. In Section VI, Dr. Sullivan reviews vaccine-preventable infections and guidelines for active and passive immunizations for stem cell transplant recipients, family members and health care workers.
Preserving the National Blood Supply
Authors: Brittenham Gary M. , Klein Harvey G. , Kushner James P. , Ajioka Richard S. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis paper examines the current state of the blood supply in the US and focuses on the potential for augmenting blood availability by attention to the iron status of donors. Increasing demands are being made upon the national blood supply as rates of blood donation are declining, in part because of the loss of blood donors as a result of enhanced screening and testing procedures. Iron-related means of expanding the blood supply include the use of blood from individuals undergoing therapeutic phlebotomy for hereditary hemochromatosis and enhancing the retention and commitment of women of childbearing age as donors by using iron supplementation to prevent iron deficiency.In Section I, Dr. Klein discuss the circumstances responsible for a decline in the population of eligible donors, including public attitudes toward donation, factors influencing the retention of donors by blood centers, and the effects of increased screening and testing to maintain the safety of the blood supply.In Section II, Drs. Kushner and Ajioka focus on the consequences of the decision by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to develop recommendations to permit blood centers to collect blood from patients with hereditary hemochromatosis and to distribute this blood obtained without disease labeling if all other screening and testing procedures are passed. After summarizing the pathophysiology of hereditary hemochromatosis, the use by blood centers of blood obtained from heterozygotes and homozygotes for hereditary hemochromatosis is considered.In Section III, Dr. Brittenham reviews the use of low dose, short-term carbonyl iron supplementation for women donors of childbearing age. Replacing the iron lost at donation can help prevent iron deficiency in women of childbearing age and, by decreasing deferral, enhance the retention and commitment of women who give blood regularly. He emphasizes the use by blood centers of iron-related means to enhance recruitment and retention of blood donors.
Reducing the Risk of Blood Transfusion
Authors: Snyder Edward L. , Dodd Roger Y. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThere are continuing concerns over the safety of the nation's and the world's blood supply. The allogeneic blood supply is tested for antibodies to HIV1/2, HTLVI/II, hepatitis B, hepatitis C (HCV) and syphilis. Testing is also performed for donor ALT (SGOT) levels, for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) p24 antigen and, using nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT), for HIV and HCV nucleic acids. Still, there are concerns regarding other pathogenic agents.Dr. Roger Dodd addresses a series of pathogens that are already known to be transmissible by transfusion. These include malaria, Chagas' disease, babesiosis, bacteria and some viral agents. The need for new donor screening assays to protect the integrity and purity of the blood supply must be balanced against the loss of potential donors and the cost of developing and implementing these new screening assays. This issue will be highlighted.Dr. Edward Snyder reviews the status of research into development of systems for pathogen inactivation (PI) of blood and its components. A proactive technology wherein PI reagents such as psoralen, riboflavin, dimethylmethylene blue or inactine are added to blood collection bags could assure multiple log reduction of a variety of pathogens including viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi without the need to initially pre-screen the blood for a specific pathogen. Such a program could also cover new pathogens as they enter the blood supply. As a key issue relates to the toxicology of these agents, Dr. Snyder provides data on a novel carcinogenicity assay that uses a heterozygous p53 knock-out mouse model. The criteria likely to be needed for PI technology to be adopted by the transfusion community are summarized.
Rational Approaches to Design of Therapeutics Targeting Molecular Markers
Authors: Klasa Richard J. , List Alan F. , Cheson Bruce D. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis paper introduces novel therapeutic strategies focusing on a molecular marker relevant to a particular hematologic malignancy. Four different approaches targeting specific molecules in unique pathways will be presented. The common theme will be rational target selection in a strategy that has reached the early phase of human clinical trial in one malignancy, but with a much broader potential applicability to the technology.In Section I Dr. Richard Klasa presents preclinical data on the use of antisense oligonucleotides directed at the bcl-2 gene message to specifically downregulate Bcl-2 protein expression in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and render the cells more susceptible to the induction of apoptosis.In Section II Dr. Alan List reviews the targeting of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor in anti-angiogenesis strategies for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).In Section III Dr. Bruce Cheson describes recent progress in inhibiting cell cycle progression by selectively disrupting cyclin D1 with structurally unique compounds such as flavopiridol in mantle cell lymphoma as well as describing a new class of agents that affect proteasome degradation pathways.
Hematologic Aspects of HIV/AIDS
Authors: Levine Alexandra M. , Scadden David T. , Zaia John A. , Krishnan A. 
Published: August 2003

Abstract
This review addresses various aspects of HIV infection pertinent to hematology, including the consequences of HIV infection on specific aspects of hematopoiesis and an update on the current biologic, epidemiologic and therapeutic aspects of AIDS-related lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease. The results of the expanding use of progenitor cell transplantation in HIV infected patients are also reviewed.
In Section I, Dr. Scadden reviews the basis for HIV dysregulation of blood cell production, focusing on the role of the stem cell in HIV disease. T cell production and thymic function are discussed, with emphasis placed upon the mechanisms of immune restoration in HIV infected individuals. Results of clinical and correlative laboratory studies are presented.
In Section II, Dr. Levine reviews the recent epidemiologic trends in the incidence of lymphoma, since the widespread availability of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). The biologic aspects of AIDS-lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease are discussed in terms of pathogenesis of disease. Various treatment options for these disorders and the role of concomitant anti-retroviral and chemotherapeutic intervention are addressed.
Drs. Zaia and Krishnan will review the area of stem cell transplantation in patients with AIDS related lymphoma, presenting updated information on clinical results of this procedure. Additionally, they report on the use of gene therapy, with peripheral blood CD34+ cells genetically modified using a murine retrovirus, as a means to treat underlying HIV infection. Results of gene transfer experiments and subsequent gene marking in HIV infected patients are reviewed.
Secondary Iron Overload
Authors: Kushner James P. , Porter John P. , Olivieri Nancy F. 
Published: August 2003

Abstract
Transfusion therapy for inherited anemias and acquired refractory anemias both improves the quality of life and prolongs survival. A consequence of chronic transfusion therapy is secondary iron overload, which adversely affects the function of the heart, the liver and other organs. This session will review the use of iron chelating agents in the management of transfusion-induced secondary iron overload.
In Section I Dr. John Porter describes techniques for the administration of deferoxamine that exploit the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug and minimize potential toxic side effects. The experience with chelation therapy in patients with thalassemia and sickle cell disease will be reviewed and guidelines will be suggested for chelation therapy of chronically transfused adults with refractory anemias.
In Section II Dr. Nancy Olivieri examines the clinical consequences of transfusion-induced secondary iron overload and suggests criteria useful in determining the optimal timing of the initiation of chelation therapy. Finally, Dr. Olivieri discusses the clinical trials evaluating orally administered iron chelators.
Major Hematologic Diseases in the Developing World— New Aspects of Diagnosis and Management of Thalassemia, Malarial Anemia, and Acute Leukemia
Authors: Greenberg Peter L. , Gordeuk Victor , Issaragrisil Surapol , Siritanaratkul Noppadol , Fucharoen Suthat , Ribeiro Raul C. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe three presentations in this session encompass clinical, pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects of hematologic diseases which impact most heavily on developing world countries. Dr. Victor Gordeuk discusses new insights regarding the multi-faceted pathogenesis of anemia in the complicated malaria occurring in Africa. He describes recent investigations indicating the possible contribution of immune dysregulation to this serious complication and the implications of these findings for disease management.Dr. Surapol Issaragrisil and colleagues describe epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of the thalassemic syndromes. In addition to being considered a major health problem in Southeast Asia, the migration throughout the world of people from this region has caused the disease to have global impact. A unique thalassemia variant, Hb Eβ-thalassemia, with distinctive clinical features, has particular relevance for this demographic issue. Special focus will be reported regarding recent prenatal molecular screening methods in Thailand which have proven useful for early disease detection and disease control strategies. Dr. Raul Ribeiro describes a clinical model for providing effective treatment for a complex malignancy (childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia) in countries with limited resources. With the multidisciplinary approach in Central American of the joint venture between St. Jude Children's Research Hospital International Outreach Program and indigenous health care personnel, major therapeutic advances for this disease have been achieved.Given the major demographic population shifts occurring worldwide, these illnesses also have important clinical implications globally. These contributions demonstrate that lessons learned within countries of disease prevalence aid our understanding and management of a number of disorders prominently seen in developed countries. They will show how effective partnerships between hematologists in more and less developed nations may work together to produce important advances for treating major hematologic diseases in less developed regions. A major focus relates to the socio-economic and medical burden of these diseases in developing countries with limited resources. As such, these problems provide a challenge and an opportunity for collaborative interaction between hematologists and policy makers worldwide.
Hematology Grants Workshop—2001
Authors: Todd Robert F. , Miller Donald M. , Silverstein Roy L. 
Published: August 2003

Abstract
This year the Hematology Grants Workshop, chaired by Dr. Todd, includes a comprehensive listing of available National Institutes of Health, Department of Veterans Affairs, and non-federal grants applicable to fellows and junior faculty as well as to established investigators.
In Section II, Dr. Miller discusses the essential principles of successful grant writing with a special emphasis on the young investigator. He highlights the best strategies to take and the common mistakes to avoid.
In Section III, Dr. Silverstein outlines the structure of the current NIH Integrated Review Group (IRG) system and the study sections of the most relevance to hematology. He traces the path that a grant takes from review to funding including the way in which grants are reviewed at NIH Study Section Meetings and provides advice in the preparation of revised applications.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Appelbaum Frederick R. , Rowe Jacob M. , Radich Jerald , Dick John E. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThrough the hard work of a large number of investigators, the biology of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is becoming increasingly well understood, and as a consequence, new therapeutic targets have been identified and new model systems have been developed for testing novel therapies. How these new therapies can be most effectively studied in the clinic and whether they will ultimately improve cure rates are questions of enormous importance. In this article, Dr. Jacob Rowe presents a summary of the current state-of-the-art therapy for adult AML. His contribution emphasizes the fact that AML is not a single disease, but a number of related diseases each distinguished by unique cytogenetic markers which in turn help determine the most appropriate treatment. Dr. Jerald Radich continues on this theme, emphasizing how these cytogenetic abnormalities, as well as other mutations, give rise to abnormal signal transduction and how these abnormal pathways may represent ideal targets for the development of new therapeutics. A third contribution by Dr. Frederick Appelbaum describes how AML might be made the target of immunologic attack. Specifically, strategies using antibody-based or cell-based immunotherapies are described including the use of unmodified antibodies, drug conjugates, radioimmunoconjugates, non-ablative allogeneic transplantation, T cell adoptive immunotherapy and AML vaccines. Finally, Dr. John Dick provides a review of the development of the NOD/SCID mouse model of human AML emphasizing both what it has taught us about the biology of the disease as well as how it can be used to test new therapies. Taken together, these reviews are meant to help us understand more about where we are in the treatment of AML, where we can go and how we might get there.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Authors: Druker Brian J. , Sawyers Charles L. , Capdeville Renaud , Ford John M. , Baccarani Michele , Goldman John M. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe treatment recommendations for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) are evolving rapidly. In the past year, pegylated interferon and STI571 (Gleevec, imatinib mesylate), a Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor, have become commercially available and non-myeloablative stem cell transplants continue to be refined. Clinicians and patients face a bewildering array of treatment options for CML. In this article Dr. Sawyer reviews the clinical results with STI571 and ongoing investigations into mechanisms of resistance to STI571. Given the newness of STI571, a practical overview on the administration of STI571 is presented by Drs. Druker and Ford, focusing on aspects such as optimal dose, management of common side effects, and potential drug interactions. The most recent data on interferon-based regimens are reviewed by Dr. Baccarani in the third section. In the last section Dr. Goldman presents recent results of allogeneic stem cell transplants, including the reduced intensity conditioning regimens. Lastly, the proposed place of each of these treatments in the management of CML patients is addressed to assist in deciding amongst treatment options for CML patients.
Ham-Wasserman Lecture
Authors: Mannucci Pier M. 
Published: August 2003

Abstract
Known since the beginning of the first millennium, the hemophilias are among the most frequent inherited disorders of blood coagulation and definitely the most severe. In the 1970s, with the availability of concentrated preparations of the deficient coagulation factors VIII and IX and with the large-scale adoption of home treatment, hemophilia care became one of the most gratifying examples of successful secondary prevention of a chronic disease. Unfortunately, in the early 1980s it was recognized that factor concentrates prepared from plasma pooled from thousands of donors transmitted the hepatitis and the human immunodeficiency viruses. The scientific community reacted promptly to the devastation brought about by hepatitis and AIDS. The last 15 years of the second millennium have witnessed the development of methods that, when applied during concentrate manufacturing, inactivate viruses escaping the screening procedures. The adoption of these measures has reduced dramatically the risk of transmission of bloodborne infections. The production of recombinant factors and their availability for patients’ treatment epitomize progress in hemophilia care through DNA technology. Methods based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have unraveled an array of gene lesions associated with hemophilia, permitting improved secondary control of the disease through carrier detection in women from affected families and prenatal termination of their affected male infants. This article will review the aforementioned areas of progress and discuss unresolved problems (such as treatment of patients with antibodies, the risk of new infectious complications, and the issue of secondary tumors). Hopes and expectations for further improvement in the third millennium and particularly the prospects of hemophilia cure though gene replacement therapy will also be mentioned.
Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Walters Mark C. , Nienhuis Arthur W. , Vichinsky Elliott 
Published: August 2003

AbstractIn this update, selected clinical features of sickle cell disease and their management are reviewed. In addition, the current status of interventions that have curative potential for sickle cell disease is discussed, with particular attention focused on indications, methodology, recent results, and challenges to wider clinical application.In Section I, Dr. Nienhuis describes recent improvements in vector technology, safety, and replacement gene expression that are creating the potential for clinical application of this technology.In Section II, Dr. Vichinsky reviews our current understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of pulmonary injury in sickle cell disease. The acute and chronic pulmonary complications of sickle cell disease, modulators and predictors of severity, and conventional and novel treatment of these complications are discussed.In Section III, Dr. Walters reviews the current status of hematopoietic cell transplantation for sickle cell disease. Newer efforts to expand its availability by identifying alternate sources of stem cells and by reducing the toxicity of transplantation are discussed.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Authors: Druker Brian J. , O’Brien Stephen G. , Cortes Jorge , Radich Jerald 
Published: August 2003

Abstract
The treatment options for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) continue to evolve rapidly. Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, Glivec, formerly STI571) has continued to show remarkable clinical benefits and the updated results with this agent are reviewed. As relapses using single agent imatinib have occurred, particularly in advanced phase patients, the issue of whether combinations of other antileukemic agents with imatinib may yield improved results is addressed. In addition, data on new agents that have potential in the treatment of CML are reviewed. These agents are presented in the context of their molecular mechanism of action. The most recent data for stem cell transplantation, along with advances in nonmyeloablative transplants, are also reviewed.
In Section I, Drs. Stephen O’Brien and Brian Druker update the current status of clinical trials with imatinib and review ongoing investigations into mechanisms of resistance and combinations of imatinib with other agents. They also present their views on integration of imatinib with other therapies.
In Section II, Dr. Jorge Cortes describes the most recent data on novel therapies for CML, including farnesyl transferase inhibitors, arsenic trioxide, decitabine, and troxatyl, among others. These agents are discussed in the context of their molecular mechanism of action and rationale for use.
In Section III, Dr. Jerald Radich updates the results of stem cell transplants for CML, including emerging data on nonmyeloablative transplants. He also presents data on using microarrays to stratify patients into molecularly defined risk groups.