bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interracial Marriage On Trial: Loving v. Virginia(1967)
Authors: Wallenstein Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One night in July 1958, two newlyweds suddenly awoke in their home in Caroline County, Virginia, startled by the sound of men in their room and the glare of flashlights on their faces. One of the three intruders demanded to know who they were and why they were together in bed. Mildred Loving murmured, “I’m his wife,” and Richard Loving pointed to a marriage certificate hanging on the wall. “That’s no good here,” retorted the trio’s leader, Sheriff R. Garnett Brooks. The young couple were arrested and taken to jail.
The Cholera Epidemic in London, 1862
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In April 1866, England experienced its fourth, and last, epidemic of cholera. It originated in the Middle East among pilgrims to Mecca, who took it to Egypt, and from there it spread to British seaports, including those on the River Thames in the East End of London. According to William Osler, cholera is not a highly contagious disease, and physicians and nurses, therefore, are not usually affected. However, washerwomen and those brought into close contact with the infected linen of hospital patients were prone to the disease. Unwashed vegetables, especially lettuce, and milk may convey the disease, but water is the most virulent source of infection.
Aphasia: The Early Researches of Broca and Jackson
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jackson’s contributions to aphasia were the most important, the most original, the most contentious, the most tantalising and probably the least understood of all his writings. His earliest appearance in the literature on the subject came three years after Dr. Paul Broca’s seminal presentation to a meeting of the Paris Anthropological Society on 18th May 1861 of the brain of a patient of his who had suffered from paralysis and loss of speech and who had died the previous day.
Further Work on Aphasia
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In subsequent papers, Jackson elaborated on the various pat terns of disordered speech which occur in aphasia. He also discussed the difficulties which an aphasiac might experience when carrying out a voluntary or deliberate act. During ophthalmoscopy, for instance, the patient might make futile attempts to deviate his gaze in a particular direction but would never do what Jackson told him to, whether it was to keep his eyes still or his eyes open; the patient might open his mouth instead. These surely are examples of what came to be called ‘apraxia’.
People Made of Words: Identity and Identification in Leslie Marmon Silko’s Storyteller and Adrienne Kennedy’s People Who Led to My Plays
Authors: Rodríguez Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The questions of identity and identification posed by this study of form, personhood, and self-representation in autobiographical writing by American women writers of color appear, in related terms, at the center of important legal arguments and decisions concerning Amf.ll’ican citizen ship. For instance, Dred Scott v. Sanford, a case I also mention in my second chapter, and Standing Bear et al. v. Crook each respectively considered whether to extend the rights of citizenship to the “Negro,” and the “Indian.” In the first case, Dred Scott, after he was taken by his master to Illinois where he spent most of the period from 1834 to 1838 on free soil, sued for his liberty in a Missouri court. Argued before the Supreme Court, the case depended—because the Constitution insures the rights only of “persons”-—at least in part on a consideration of that term. Chief Justice Roger B.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Jack Clifford R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will be limited to a discussion of MR-based techniques used in the study of aging and dementia, specifically: anatomic MRI; 1HMR spectroscopy; diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI); measures of regional cerebral blood flow and volume; and functional activation. The areas of emphasis in this chapter reflect the fact that the majority of the published literature in this area has focused on anatomic MRI.
Bibliographical Essay
Authors: Person Leland S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historical studies of Hawthorne may be divided into two broad categories: those that emphasize his use of older history settings, particularly the world of seventeenth-century puritan New England, and those that emphasize his connections to the nineteenth-century world in which he wrote. Hawthorne knew his seventeenth-century New England history, but the trend in Hawthorne scholarship, as it is generally in American literary studies, is toward stressing the political and social context offered by the politically volatile world in which he lived. The decade of the 1990s was dominated by New Historicist analyses of Hawthorne and his writing, which place him within the context of that culture, often unflatteringly, because of what critics regard as his relatively conservative views toward questions of gender, class, and race.
Contingent Achievement of Co-Tellership in a Japanese Conversation: An Analysis of Talk, Gaze, and Gesture
Authors: Hayashi Makoto , Mori Junko , Takagi Tomoyo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The research presented in this chapter is intended as a contribution to an understanding of the mutual bearing of linguistic resources and interactional practices (cf. Ochs, Schegl off, and Thompson 1996). Our interest is in elucidating the embodied nature of language as action in social interaction. To this end, we undertake a detailed analysis of a single episode of talk-in-interaction taken from a video taped conversation among speakers of Japanese. Our study has three closely related goals: (1) to offer a demonstration of the complex interconnection of linguistic structures and social actions, (2) to underscore the need to include the examination of co-occurring non vocal behavior in the analysis of language in face-to-face interaction, and (3) to examine the interactive achievement of a contingent participation structure, that is, that of co-tellership, within the activity of telling.
Recipient Activities: The Particle No as a Go-Ahead Response in Finnish Conversations
Authors: Sorjonen Marja-Leena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Across languages, we find particles that are capable of forming an utterance and turn at talk by themselves, deployed by recipients for responding to co-participants’ prior talk. During the last fifteen years or so, a line of interdisciplinary work has evolved that focuses on meaning and use of response forms in different languages and cultures (see, for example, Jefferson 1981, 1984, 1993, 1996; Schegl off 1982; Heritage 1984b; Goodwin 1986; Tao and Thompson 1991; Drummond and Hop per 1993a, b; Hakulinen 1993; Gardner 1995; Clancy et al. 1996; Local 1996; Muller 1996; Sorjonen 1996, 1997; Guthrie 1997; Kangasharju 1998:140-184).
Baroclinically Enhanced Hurricanes
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hurricanes that form as a consequence of favorable middle-latitude baroclinic influences are termed baroclinically-enhanced. There are two sources of baroclinicallyenhanced hurricanes. A tropical depression or tropical storm may strengthen to hurricane intensity under favorable baroclinic dynamics at high latitudes or the initial disturbance leading to the hurricane may be baroclinic. In the later case, the hurricane is called baroclinically-initiated. It is important to qualify baroclinic enhancement with the term “middle latitude” because the tropical easterly waves-the seedlings of most tropical-only hurricanes-are frequently associated with north-south atmospheric temperature contrasts across western Africa.
Sub Basin Forecast Models
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Operational tropical cyclone prediction is established in the North Atlantic, the western North Pacific, and the Australian region. Forecasts that describe the general character of the upcoming season are routinely made. Emphasis is on prediction of the abundance of storms over the entire basin. The nature of basin-wide forecasts render them somewhat intangible for general use. In other words, basin-wide seasonal forecasts fail to provide enough detail for significant utility. For instance, suppose that several months in advance of the hurricane season, a prediction of three hurricanes and one intense hurricane is offered. In essence the forecast calls for a below-average season. Even if the forecast verifies, coastal dwellers may be lured into a false sense of security due to the prediction of below-average activity. Since it takes only a single hurricane to cause catastrophic losses, information on the frequency of storms for next year has limited value. Hurricane Alicia in 1983 ranks as the eleventh costliest hurricane on record for the United States,1 but was one of only three hurricanes during that year. Hurricane Andrew in 1992 also arrived in a year with little activity.
People at Risk
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A hurricane results in a disaster to the extent of its interaction with humanity. Consequently, the cause of the hurricane hazard is rooted in social conditions, actions, and policies. The number of residents living along the U.S. Gulf and Atlantic coasts is increasing. Population increases are noted in Mexico and over much of the Caribbean. Large numbers of people living in small areas create significant crowding. Population densities are particularly high in Puerto Rico, with about 430 people per square km. Saint Lucia in the Windward Islands has a population density of 258 persons per square km. Crowding is also significant in Haiti and Jamaica; both with about 238 people per square km. El Salvador is the most densely populated of the Central American countries. Population density stresses the environment. The need to build houses and clear farmland creates a landscape more prone to devastation from wind and floods. The problem is most acute in the less affluent nations.
Catastrophe Insurance
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his fascinating book entitled Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk, Peter L. Bernstein notes that whatever data we analyze, it will only be an approximation to reality. In the real world, except for games of chance, we never have all the infor­mation we need to achieve certainty about all possible future scenarios. Worst case futures include the potential for massive death and destruction. Unfortunately, hurricane disasters affect nations disproportionately. The poorest countries worry about loss of life, while the richest countries worry about economic costs. Improvements in the understanding of climate science will offer little in the way of benefits to areas with limited resources. Arguably a stronger global economy, bolstered by sound financial institutions creates an environment in which rich nations generously respond to natural disasters elsewhere.
Placing Gay In the Sixties
Authors: D’Emlllo John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The trouble with this picture Is that, If you press me to talk about “the sixties,” almost every one of the stories that would spontaneously erupt from my memory are about events that occurred in the 1970s and are associated in one way or another with the gay liberation movement. At first glance this might seem odd, a glaring fault in the workings of my historian’s mind that should be very attuned to time and chronology. But I prefer to use it as the jumping off point for a useful observation about historical eras: the “sixties” are less a time period bound by the start and the end of a decade than they are about an era organically bound together by events, outlook, and mood. My guess is that for many gay men and lesbians, the “sixties” happened in the 1970s.
Introduction
Authors: Overstreet Maryann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the spring of 1995, I was visiting an aunt in Birmingham, Alabama. We were leaving a restaurant in a shopping mall after lunch, and discussing what we would do that afternoon, when my aunt produced the question that is quoted above. I’m not sure if I ever answered that question, nor do I recall going to look at shoes. But I do remember the utterance. It contains three versions of a type of expression I had been studying for some time. They are and stuff, or something, and or what. Displaying great virtuosity in the use of these forms, my aunt had given voice to the problematic nature of the moment for a woman wondering what to do next with a visitor whose interests she barely knew.
Vague Language and List Construction
Authors: Overstreet Maryann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transcribed extract above is from an episode of the American television program Seinfeld. It is one of the few instances I have observed in which a general extender and its meaning are actually dis cussed by those who use it. Notice that, for the speakers, there is a significant difference between the expressions go for a walk and go for a walk or something. These speakers actually conclude that the general extender has a major impact on what is communicated.
The Autonomic Nervous System and its Coordination by the Brain
Authors: Jänig Wilfrid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The internal milieu of the body is controlled to keep the component cells, tissues, and organs (including the brain and skeletal muscles) maintained in an optimal environment for their function. This enables the organism to adjust its performance to the varying internal and external demands placed on the organism. In the short term the mechanisms involved include the control of: constancy of the fluid matrix of the body (fluid volume regulation, osmoregulation) gas exchange with the environment (regulation of airway resistance and the pulmonary circulation) ingestion and digestion of nutrients (regulation of the gastrointestinal tract, control of energy balance) excretion of substances (disposal of waste) transport of gases, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body (cardiovascular regulation) constancy of body temperature (thermoregulation) reproductive behavior (mechanics of sexual organs) defensive behaviors (adaptation of the body during fight, flight, and quiescence) and in the long term the control of: recovery of the body (control of circadian rhythms, sleep, and wakefulness) development and maintenance of body organs and tissues protection of the organism at the cellular and systems levels (regulation of inflammatory processes, control of the immune system) These body functions that maintain the internal milieu are controlled by the brain. This control is exerted by the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine systems. Specifically, the brain acts on many peripheral target tissues (smooth muscle cells of various organs, cardiac muscle cells, exocrine glands, endocrine cells, metabolic tissues, immune cells, etc.). The efferent signals from the brain to the periphery of the body by which this control is achieved are neural (by the autonomic nervous systems) and hormonal (by the neuroendocrine systems). The time scales of these controls differ by orders of magnitude: Autonomic regulation is normally fast and occurs within seconds, and neuroendocrine regulation is relatively slow (over tens of minutes, hours, or even days). The afferent signals from the periphery of the body to the brain are neural, hormonal (e.g., hormones from both endocrine organs and the gastrointestinal tract, cytokines from the immune system, leptin from adipocytes), and physicochemical (e.g., blood glucose level, temperature).
Methodological Considerations in the Psychophysiological Study of Emotion
Authors: Stemmler Gerhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is an emotion? Ever since William James asked this four-word question (James, 1884), there have been heated debates about its answer. Actually, answers are plenty, but consensus is small. As we have gradually learned, cortical, subcortical, and peripheral neuronal and humoral networks at different system levels subserve the processing of emotions. Likewise, cognitive processing at preattentive and conscious levels is complex and multifaceted. Thus emotions have many sides and give rise to many views. Studying emotions with psychophysiological methods seems straightforward. But simply registering physiological activity while an individual is in an affective state most certainly will not advance our knowledge about emotions. The reason for this assertion is that many decisions in setting up a psychophysiological study of emotion generate a particular perspective. Methodological considerations could disclose these often tacit implications of research decisions. They can also assist in the choice of methods, including the selection of emotion induction procedures, the sampling of variables and participants, the selection of an experimental design, and strategies of statistical analysis. By far most psychophysiological studies on emotion have been conducted in the laboratory. Although the lab may not be the best place to monitor emotions with high ecological validity (Fahrenberg & Myrtek, 1996), the lab provides for a wide range of more or less standardized induction procedures that can vary in the degree of subjective meaning and ego involvement they excite. Thus emotion inductions in the lab do have some degree of ecological validity. Admittedly, the social psychology of lab experimentation can be drastically different from that in the field. Methodologically, the choice of an emotion induction procedure may be codetermined by the theoretical perspective in which emotions are primarily embedded. From an evolutionary perspective, one would emphasize classes of situational demands for which emotions facilitate adaptive and functionally adequate solutions. From an activation-theoretical perspective, one would titrate the intensity of an emotional stimulus such that the intensity of the resulting arousal is within an optimal range given the momentary task demands and the arousability of an individual’s nervous system. From a neurophysiological perspective, one would construct conditions (including drugs) that have a proven agonist or antagonist effect on the activity of a specified neurobiological system. From a learning theory perspective, one would use the powerful tools of associative learning, which enable a separation of the physical properties of an unconditioned stimulus from the cue function of the conditioned stimulus.
Emotional Modulation of Selective Attention: Behavioral and Psychophysiological Measures
Authors: Hugdahl Kenneth , Stormark Kjell Morten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of attention has been central to the understanding of human cognition. Although research on attention has led to an enhanced understanding of selective information processing, it has tended to treat human attention in terms of “cold cognition.” As a consequence, researchers usually study attention to emotionally “neutral” stimuli, and the concept of attention is treated in terms of stages of information processing, as conscious, cognitive, rational activity. This approach neglects, however, the fact that selective attention in the natural environment most often is driven by motivation and regulated by the emotional significance of stimuli (see Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1997). We argue that selective attention to a neutral or innocuous stimulus is the exception rather than the rule in everyday life and that orienting of attention in most instances means orienting toward a stimulus source that has some affective value for the individual. This argument also goes the other way—an emotional response is always followed by redirecting attention to the source of the emotion. In this chapter we focus on emotionattention interaction by reviewing a series of studies from our laboratory, in which we have investigated emotional influences on selective attention. According to Posner (1995), selective attention can be understood in terms of three distinct mental processes: initial orienting following changes in sensory stimulation, detection of a stimulus that elicits orienting, and sustained attentiveness to the stimulus. One method by which behavioral consequences of selective processing have been investigated is the Stroop (1935) color naming interference task, in which participants are instructed to name the ink color of color words such as red, blue, and so forth printed on a sheet of paper or shown on a computer screen. The ink color of the words is either congruent (the word red typed in red ink) or incongruent (the word red written in blue ink).
Emotion and Life-Span Personality Development
Authors: Carstensen Laura L , Charles Susan T , Isaacowitz, Derek M , Kennedy Quinn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of personality development aims to understand how individuals acquire distinctive ways of being in the world. In this chapter, we adopt an agentic model of personality in which temperamental inheritance, exposure to different types of environments, acquired beliefs and expectations, and, most important, the interplay among these factors lead to characteristic styles of behaving (Bandura, 1997). Unlike typological or trait approaches to personality in which emotion is either largely ignored, or even designated as more or less salient to particular characteristics—such as the association of happiness with extraversion or anger with choleric tendencies—the approach we take assumes that emotional experience, expression, and regulation are far more broadly and more fundamentally related to personality development. The emotions people come to feel when they encounter challenges and the effectiveness with which they learn to regulate their emotions are the cardinal components of personality development (see Rothbart & Derryberry, 1981). Indeed, we contend that a model of personality development in which emotion is core provides the most parsimonious framework for understanding and predicting individual differences in behavior, thinking, and feeling in day-to-day life. Emotions are not simply related to personality. Emotions are the essence of personality. At the most basic level, emotions direct attention and subsequently orient people toward and away from various environmental stimuli (Zajonc, 1997). Individual differences in the propensity to experience specific emotions not only influence the psychological and biological reactivity of the person in the moment but come to influence conscious choices about preferred environments and behavioral styles and influence the social partners to which people are drawn.