bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantum circuits for an effective pure state in NMR quantum computer
Authors: Mori Yoshiyuki , Sawae Ryuichi , Kawamura Minaru , Sakata Toshio , Takarabe Kenichi 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) quantum computing systems, it is very important to prepare an effective pure state rather than a true pure state. Our main objective is to present a general algorithm that provides quantum circuits for preparing an effective pure state from any mixed state, consisting only of controlled‐not (CNOT) quantum gates for homonuclear spin systems. Our algorithm is based on the product operator approach and could be applicable to NMR quantum computing systems with more than eight qubits. Optimization of the number of controlled‐not quantum gates is discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Application of the transfer Hamiltonian formalism to high‐energy model systems
Authors: McClellan Joshua J. , Hughes Thomas F. , Bartlett Rodney J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe present our recent work toward a transfer Hamiltonian that can more accurately predict the quantum mechanical behavior of nitrogen‐containing energetic materials and their clusters. A new parameterization for a semi‐empirical neglect of diatomic differential overlap Hamiltonian that improves on the standard AM1 parameter set is presented. This new parameterization exactly reproduces the decomposition of nitromethane to CH3 and NO2 radicals as predicted with coupled cluster singles and doubles in a triple zeta basis with polarization functions. The transferability of such parameters to small clusters of nitromethane is demonstrated. For nitromethane dimer and trimer, this model transfer Hamiltonian predicts rearrangements similar to previously calculated unimolecular mechanisms. The strained nitromethane trimer studies include the formation of methylnitrite trimer via a concerted rearrangement. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Childhood psychopathological antecedents in early onset schizophrenia
Authors: Muratori F. , Salvadori F. , D’Arcangelo G. , Viglione V. , Picchi L 
Published: July 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the premorbid state of early onset schizophrenia (EOS).MethodsTwenty-three adolescents with EOS were compared to a healthy control group (CG) and to a group of anorexic patients (AG). The premorbid state was studied through the CBCL and the data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA’s andt-test.ResultsDuring the premorbid period EOS showed significantly higher scores on all scales, relative to the CG, and only on some scales (social, thought and attention problems, and school competencies) relative to the AG.ConclusionsChildren who develop first episode psychosis during adolescence differ from children with normal development. The premorbid internalizing state is common to AG but social competencies and school problems are the most affected areas in EOS when compared to the AG. It is hypothesized that both EOS and AG can be considered as the expression of a previous vulnerability.
The impact of climate change on the fish community structure of the eastern continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay
Authors: Poulard Jean-Charles , Blanchard Fabian 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Many fish species are at the southern or northern limit of their distribution range in the Bay of Biscay, where large-scale hydroclimatic changes have occurred in recent decades. We attempt here to identify the impact of these changes on the fish community of the eastern continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay. Data collected during 14 autumn groundfish surveys in 1973 and from 1987 to 2002 are used. The study area is between latitudes 48°30′N and 43°30′N while the depth ranges from 15 to 200 m. Annual abundance indices (number of individuals per km2) of 56 fish taxa present on average in at least 5% of the tows are computed. Multivariate analysis is used to detect temporal trends in these species' abundance indices. Assuming that increased water temperature may favour subtropical species and hinder temperate ones, knowledge about the latitudinal distribution range is used to interpret time trends. Results show an increasing abundance trend with time for fish species having a wide distribution range in latitude (mainly subtropical ones), whereas the abundance of temperate and the least widely distributed species decreased steadily.
Immunoglobulin levels and phagocytes in the cervical mucus plug at term of pregnancy
Authors: Hein Merete , Petersen Astrid C. , Helmig Rikke Bek , Uldbjerg Niels , Reinholdt Jesper 
Published: July 2005

Background.  To characterize the potential for adaptive immune protection in cervical mucus plugs with respect to immunoglobulin isotypes and effector cells (phagocytes).Methods.  Thirty‐one cervical mucus plugs were collected from healthy women in labor at term. The cervical mucus plugs were allocated either to analysis of immunoglobulins by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), gel chromatography and Western blotting (n = 20) or to microscopical, including immunocytochemical, analyses. The levels of immunoglobulin in the plugs were compared to the levels in 10 samples of ovulatory cervical mucus from nonpregnant women.Results.  In the cervical mucus plugs, levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) [median 3270 µg/mL (100–14 500)] and IgA [540 (22–2820)], but not IgM [30.5 (1.0–160)], were significantly elevated compared to cervical mucus from nonpregnant women (p < 0.02 for IgG and IgA). The IgG : IgA ratio in the plugs was also elevated (p < 0.02). The proportion of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) relative to total IgA in the plugs ranged from 16 to 65% (n = 5). IgA and IgG were largely intact. Microscopically, the vagina‐proximal part of the cervical mucus plugs contained bacteria and was rich in cells, mainly phagocytes. Conversely, the uterine part contained few cells.Conclusion.  The high immunoglobulin levels in combination with the presence of phagocytes suggest a potential for adaptive immune defense in the cervical mucus plug, which, together with innate immune factors, may act as an immunological gatekeeper protecting the fetomaternal unit against infection from the vagina.
Short‐term and long‐term results of resectoscopic myomectomy with and without pretreatment with GnRH analogs in premenopausal women
Authors: Campo Sebastiano , Campo Vincenzo , Gambadauro Pietro 
Published: July 2005

Objective.  The aim of this study was to analyze the safety and efficacy of resectoscopic myomectomy and to evaluate the influence of GnRH analog pretreatment on short‐ and long‐term surgery outcome.Methods.  Data were collected from 80 consecutive resectoscopic myomectomies performed on premenopausal women. Forty‐two patients (52·5%) had not received any preoperative medical treatment and in their case surgery was performed during the early proliferative phase (group A), whereas 38 patients (47·5%) had been treated with 2 months of intramuscular GnRH analog (triptorelin, Decapeptyl 3·75 mg) (group B). Myomas were classified according to the Wamsteker classification. The surgical time, recovery time, and complications were considered as short‐term results. A 24‐month follow‐up was performed in order to assess long‐term results, such as abnormal uterine bleeding recurrence, myomas recurrence, and need of repeat surgery.Results.  Patients' mean age was 38·8 ± 5·39 years (range: 24–47) in group A and 38·97 ± 7·46 years (range: 20–49) in group B. Forty‐eight myomas were excised in group A (1·1 ± 0·53 myoma per patient; mean diameter: 28·72 ± 11·57 mm) and 42 in group B (1·09 ± 0·29; mean diameter: 29·73 ± 14·47 mm). Myoma type distribution was similar in both groups. Surgical time of the pretreated patients (group B) was significantly longer than that of untreated patients (group A 40 ± 18·06 versus group B 57·65 ± 29·61 min; P = 0·002). No significant difference was found between the two groups in the length of postoperative stay (group A 1·05 ± 0·22 days versus group B 1·15 ± 0·44). Only one complication occurred, represented by a uterine perforation. Histopathology revealed the presence of cellular myomas, without atypia, in three patients of each group. At follow‐up, abnormal uterine bleeding occurred in 36·3% of group A patients and in 26·6% of group B patients, but the difference showed no statistical significance (P = 0·57). Five patients of myoma recurrence were observed, three in group A and two in group B. Only two patients, one from each group, required repeat hysteroscopic surgery.Conclusions.  GnRH analog pretreatment, even if extremely beneficial in anemic patients, does not seem to improve short‐ and long‐term outcome following resectoscopic myomectomy. Surgical time of pretreated patients is significantly longer, maybe because of difficulty in cervical dilatation, although further study is needed in order to confirm this hypothesis.
A three‐armed randomized trial comparing open Burch colposuspension using sutures with laparoscopic colposuspension using sutures and laparoscopic colposuspension using mesh and staples in women with stress urinary incontinence
Authors: Ankardal Maud , Milsom Ian , Stjerndahl Jan‐Henrik , Engh Marie Ellström 
Published: July 2005

Objective.  To compare open Burch colposuspension using sutures (OC) with laparoscopic colposuspension using sutures (LCS) and laparoscopic colposuspension using mesh and staples (LCM) in women with stress urinary incontinence.Design.  Prospective randomized trial.Setting.  Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.Population.  Women with genuine stress urinary incontinence or mixed incontinence with a predominantly stress component attending the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.Methods.  The women were assessed objectively using a 48‐h frequency‐volume chart, a 48‐h pad test and a standardized stress test. Subjectively, the women were assessed by a questionnaire including influence on quality of life. The women were randomized to OC using sutures (n = 79), LCS (n = 53) or LCM (n = 79). Anaesthesia/operation time, blood loss, complications and other related surgical parameters were compared.Main outcome measures.  Objective and subjective cure rate.Results.  Objective cure rates 1 year after surgery were significantly higher in the OC and LCS groups compared to the LCM group analyzed by a standardized stress test. Subjective findings were in concordance with the objective results. Performing an OC was less time consuming than performing a LCS and resulted in more blood loss compared to the two laparoscopic techniques. Patients in the LCM group had a shorter duration of catheter use and hospital stay.Conclusion.  The use of sutures, irrespective of whether the surgical approach was laparoscopic or open surgery, was superior to the laparoscopic mesh and staple technique.
Placental imbalance of Th1‐ and Th2‐type cytokines in preeclampsia
Authors: Dong Minyue , He Jing , Wang Zhengping , Xie Xing , Wang Hanzhi 
Published: July 2005

Objectives.  To characterize the changes in the level of T helper 1 (Th1)‐ [interleukin (IL)‐2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α] and Th2‐type cytokine (IL‐10) and the ratios of Th1/Th2 (IL‐2/IL‐10 and TNF‐α/IL‐10) in placentae from women with preeclampsia and women with gestational hypertension.Methods.  Placental levels of IL‐2, TNF‐α, and IL‐10 were determined with radioimmunoassay and Th1/Th2 ratios (IL‐2/IL‐10 and TNF‐α/IL‐10) calculated in the placentae from 22 women with preeclampsia, 15 women with gestational hypertension, and 32 normal term pregnant women.Results.  Although preeclampsia had the trend of the increase in the placental levels of IL‐2 and TNF‐α and the trend of the decrease in placental IL‐10, there were not significant difference in placental levels of IL‐2, IL‐10, and TNF‐α among preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, and normal pregnancy (P > 0.05 for all). Placental ratios of IL‐2/IL‐10 and TNF‐α/IL‐10 were significantly higher in preeclampsia than in normal pregnancy (P = 0.035 and P = 0.005, respectively). No differences of Th1/Th2 ratios were found between preeclampsia and gestational hypertension and between gestational hypertension and normal pregnancy (P > 0.05 for all).Conclusions.  Alterations of placental balances of cytokines with Th1 predominance were demonstrated in preeclampsia. These associations may offer insights into the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.
Psychological sequelae of medical and surgical abortion at 10–13 weeks gestation
Authors: Ashok Premila W. , Hamoda Haitham , Flett Gillian M. M. , Kidd Avril , Fitzmaurice Ann , Templeton Allan 
Published: July 2005

Background.  Although not much research comparing the emotional distress following medical and surgical abortion is available, few studies have compared psychological sequelae following both methods of abortion early in the first trimester of pregnancy. The aim of this review was to assess the psychological sequelae and emotional distress following medical and surgical abortion at 10–13 weeks gestation.Methods.  Partially randomized patient preference trial in a Scottish Teaching Hospital was conducted. The hospital anxiety and depression scales were used to assess emotional distress. Anxiety levels were also assessed using visual analog scales while semantic differential rating scales were used to measure self‐esteem. A total of 368 women were randomized, while 77 entered the preference cohort.Results.  There were no significant differences in hospital anxiety and depression scales scores for anxiety or depression between the groups. Visual analog scales showed higher anxiety levels in women randomized to surgery prior to abortion (P < 0.0001), while women randomized to surgical treatment were less anxious after abortion (P < 0.0001). Semantic differential rating scores showed a fall in self‐esteem in the randomized medical group compared to those undergoing surgery (P = 0.02).Conclusions.  Medical abortion at 10–13 weeks is effective and does not increase psychological morbidity compared to surgical vacuum aspiration and hence should be made available to all women undergoing abortion at these gestations.
Sensitivity to activated protein C in patients with deep vein thrombosis during early puerperium period
Authors: Ohashi Ryota , Sugimura Motoi , Kawamura Takakazu , Tamura Naoaki , Kanayama Naohiro 
Published: July 2005

Background.  In this study, we used an endogenous thrombin potential (ETP)‐based assay to examine the response to activated protein C (APC) during early puerperium of 6 Japanese patients of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) without a history of familial thrombophilia or antiphospholipid syndrome.Methods.  The patient group comprised 6 Japanese women diagnosed for DVT or PE at Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, between July 1997 and April 2000. The control group comprised 30 healthy Japanese women in early puerperium. APC‐sensitivity ratio (APC‐sr), complete blood count (CBC), and other coagulant variables (thrombin‐antithrombin‐complex (TAT) and fibrin/fibrinogen‐degration product (FDP)‐D‐dimer levels) were determined.Results.  Mean APC‐sr was 2.0 ± 0.3 in the control group and significantly higher (3.3 ± 1.0) in the patient group (P < 0.05). The FDP‐D‐dimer level was significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group, but there was no significant difference in the TAT complex level.Conclusions.  We conclude that sensitivity to APC is reduced in patients with DVT or PE during early puerperium. Although further clinical studies are needed to confirm, it appears that sensitivity to APC detected by ETP‐based assay could become a useful marker to estimate the occurrence of DVT or PE.
Chimeric Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Proteins Containing Large Domains of the
Bacillus anthracis
Protective Antigen: Protein Characterization, Incorporation into Infectious Influenza Viruses, and Antigenicity
Authors: Li Zhu-Nan , Mueller Scott N. , Ye Ling , Bu Zhigao , Yang Chinglai , Ahmed Rafi , Steinhauer David A. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT

Large polypeptides of the
Bacillus anthracis
protective antigen (PA) were inserted into an influenza A virus hemagglutinin glycoprotein (HA), and the chimeric proteins were functionally characterized and incorporated into infectious influenza viruses. PA domain 1′, the region responsible for binding to the other toxin components, the lethal factor and edema factor, and domain 4, the receptor binding domain (RBD), were inserted at the C-terminal flank of the HA signal peptide and incorporated into the HA1 subunit of HA. The chimeric proteins, designated as LEF/HA (90 amino acid insertion) and RBD/HA (140 amino acid insertion), were initially analyzed following expression using recombinant vaccinia viruses. Both chimeric proteins were shown to display functional phenotypes similar to that of the wild-type HA. They transport to the cell surface, can be cleaved into the HA1 and HA2 subunits by trypsin to activate membrane fusion potential, are able to undergo the low-pH-induced conformational changes required for fusion, and are capable of inducing the fusion process. We were also able to generate recombinant influenza viruses containing the chimeric RBD/HA and LEF/HA genes, and the inserted PA domains were maintained in the HA gene segments following several passages in MDCK cells or embryonated chicken eggs. Furthermore, DNA immunization of mice with plasmids that express the chimeric RBD/HA and LEF/HA proteins, and the recombinant viruses containing them, induced antibody responses against both the HA and PA components of the protein. These approaches may provide useful tools for vaccines against anthrax and other diseases.
Interferon Regulatory Factor 7 Is Negatively Regulated by the Epstein-Barr Virus Immediate-Early Gene,BZLF-1
Authors: Hahn Angela M. , Huye Leslie E. , Ning Shunbin , Webster-Cyriaque Jennifer , Pagano Joseph S. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTVirus infection stimulates potent antiviral responses; specifically, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection induces and activates interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF-7), which is essential for production of alpha/beta interferons (IFN-α/β) and upregulates expression of Tap-2. Here we present evidence that during cytolytic viral replication the immediate-early EBV protein BZLF-1 counteracts effects of IRF-7 that are central to host antiviral responses. We initiated these studies by examining IRF-7 protein expression in vivo in lesions of hairy leukoplakia (HLP) in which there is abundant EBV replication but the expected inflammatory infiltrate is absent. This absence might predict that factors involved in the antiviral response are absent or inactive. First, we detected significant levels of IRF-7 in the nucleus, as well as in the cytoplasm, of cells in HLP lesions. IRF-7 activity in cell lines during cytolytic viral replication was examined by assay of the IRF-7-responsive promoters, IFN-α4, IFN-β, and Tap-2, as well as of an IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE)-containing reporter construct. These reporter constructs showed consistent reduction of activity during lytic replication. Both endogenous and transiently expressed IRF-7 and EBV BZLF-1 proteins physically associate in cell culture, although BZLF-1 had no effect on the nuclear localization of IRF-7. However, IRF-7-dependent activity of the IFN-α4, IFN-β, and Tap-2 promoters, as well as an ISRE promoter construct, was inhibited by BZLF-1. This inhibition occurred in the absence of other EBV proteins and was independent of IFN signaling. Expression of BZLF-1 also inhibited activation of IRF-7 by double-stranded RNA, as well as the activity of a constitutively active mutant form of IRF-7. Negative regulation of IRF-7 by BZLF-1 required the activation domain but not the DNA-binding domain of BZLF-1. Thus, EBV may subvert cellular antiviral responses and immune detection by blocking the activation of IFN-α4, IFN-β, and Tap-2 by IRF-7 through the medium of BZLF-1 as a negative regulator.
Nef Induces Multiple Genes Involved in Cholesterol Synthesis and Uptake in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected T Cells
Authors: van ′t Wout Angélique B. , Swain J. Victor , Schindler Michael , Rao Ushnal , Pathmajeyan Melissa S. , Mullins James I. , Kirchhoff Frank 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT

Several recent reports indicate that cholesterol might play an important role in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. We investigated the effects of HIV-1 infection on cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake using microarrays. HIV-1 increased gene expression of cholesterol genes in both transformed T-cell lines and primary CD4
+
T cells. Consistent with our microarray data,
14
C-labeled mevalonate and acetate incorporation was increased in HIV-1-infected cells. Our data also demonstrate that changes in cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake are only observed in the presence of functional Nef, suggesting that increased cholesterol synthesis may contribute to Nef-mediated enhancement of virion infectivity and viral replication.
Degeneration of Neuronal Processes after Infection with Pathogenic, but Not Attenuated, Rabies Viruses
Authors: Li Xia-Qing , Sarmento Luciana , Fu Zhen F. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT
The structural alterations of neuronal processes in mice were investigated after the mice were infected with rabies virus (RV). Silver staining of infected brain sections showed severe destruction and disorganization of neuronal processes in mice infected with pathogenic RV but not with attenuated RV. However, neuronal bodies showed very little pathological changes. Electron microscopy revealed the disappearance of intracellular organelles, as well as the disappearance of synaptic structures and vesicles. Infection of primary neurons with pathogenic, but not attenuated, RV resulted in the destruction of neuronal processes and disappearance of microtubule-associated protein 2 and neurofilament immunoreactivity, which suggests that pathogenic RV causes degeneration of neuronal processes possibly by interrupting cytoskeletal integrity.
Reduced Prevalence of Epstein-Barr Virus-Related Lymphocryptovirus Infection in Sera from a New World Primate
Authors: Fogg Mark H. , Carville Angela , Cameron Jennifer , Quink Carol , Wang Fred 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT
The recent discovery of an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related lymphocryptovirus (LCV) naturally infecting common marmosets demonstrated that gamma-1 herpesviruses are not limited to human and Old World nonhuman primate hosts. We developed serologic assays to detect serum antibodies against lytic- and latent-infection marmoset LCV antigens in order to perform the first seroepidemiologic study of LCV infection in New World primates. In three different domestic colonies and in animals recently captured from the wild, we found that the seroprevalence of marmoset LCV infection was not as ubiquitous as with EBV or Old World LCV. These biologic differences in LCV infection of New World versus human and Old World primate hosts correlate with the evolution of the LCV viral gene repertoire.