bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Browning and Blackening, 1930-2000
Authors: Andrews George Reid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the nations of Afro-Latin America, the years since 1930 have been a period, no longer of whitening, but of browning. By the end of the export boom, elite efforts to transform Latin America into Europe had visibly failed, as had the political and economic structures on which those efforts were based. These failures opened the way for new experiments in nation-building: experiments in economic modernization and industrialization, in new forms of mass-based political participation and citizenship (political “browning”), and in the construction of new national identities that, instead of denying and seeking to obliterate the region’s history of racial mixing, embraced it as the essence of being Latin American (cultural “browning”). Each of these three experiments was connected to, and reinforced, the other two. Each was linked as well to the continuing process of race mixture and demographic “browning” that has taken place in the region since 1930.
Intothetwenty-First Century
Authors: Andrews George Reid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has sought to show how Afro-Latin Americans responded to the challenges, dilemmas, ordeals, and opportunities created by large-scale processes of economic and political development. In so doing, people of color helped forge a history of nation- and state-building, democratization, and social and political reform that transformed the life of the region.
Subjectivity and Emotion
Authors: Calhoun Cheshire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We take a stance toward emotional responses. Sometimes it is one of haughty superiority: I can rise above my emotions, cleanse my vision. Sometimes it is one of embarrassed nakedness: my emotions reveal or betray myself. Both are stances toward subjectivity; emotions are subjective. But what does this mean? Here are some arguments: Emotions, when corrupted by base desires (as they often are), distract us from clearly viewing the Forms (Plato). Emotions are often self-interested (Hutcheson, Hume). Emotional reactions cannot be universalized (Kant). They are instinctive (Freud, James). Many emotions resemble blind prejudices (Brentano). Emotional consciousness constitutes objects as dangerous, adorable, or boring (Dewey). It is the concrete, existing individual that feels emotions (Kierkegaard, Buber). Emotional consciousness magically transforms the world (Sartre).
Emotions, Rationality, and Mind/Body
Authors: Greenspan Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter attempts to connect recent cross-disciplinary treatments of the cognitive or rational significance of emotions with work in contemporary philosophy identifying an evaluative propositional content of emotions. An emphasis on the perspectival nature of emotional evaluations allows for a notion of emotional rationality that does not seem to be avail- able on alternative accounts. Though naturally expressed in mentalistic terms, the perspectival account does not imply dualism. What does the evaluating, or has the propositional content, is a state of positive or negative affect with a physiological basis, including connections with cortical brain states in typical cases of human emotions. What the account adds to this is the element of normative interpretation, as needed to give emotions a serious role in practical reasoning.
Feelings that Matter
Authors: Baier Annette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We all accept the idea that emotions are reactions to matters of apparent importance to us: fear to danger, surprise to the unexpected, outrage to insult, disgust to what will make us sick, envy of the more favored, gratitude for benefactors, hate for enemies, love for friends, and so on. And sometimes the felt emotion can precede knowledge of precisely what the danger, the insult, the nauseating substance, and so on is. Emotion then plays the role of alerting us to something important to us—a danger, or an insult. As I write this chapter, a young man on trial for stabbing his mother to death in the family home (just down the road from where I live), whose defense is insanity, claims memory loss for the time of the murder but says he knows he must have done it, since, quite apart from the over-whelming physical evidence, he has “the guilty sort of feeling, like I have done something” (Otago Daily Times, Aug. 29, 2001). This is a rare and doubtless pathological case, but emotions can on occasion play the role of showing us that something important has occurred before we clearly understand what exactly it is.
Perturbations of Desire
Authors: Bilimoria Purushottama 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recently there has been a good deal of interest in comparative philosophy in the treatment of emotions in non-Western cultures. An issue of Philosophy East and West (1991) and, closely following that, a volume of essays (Marks and Ames 1995), were dedicated to the philosophical debate surrounding the nature and ethics of emotion in South and East Asian thought. These forays have addressed the standard questions (even if somewhat alien to these traditions), notably whether emotion is comparable to or competes with reason in moral and social discourses, whether emotion plays a negative or positive role in the “good life,” whether emotion is in any sense itself “intelligent” and therefore an aid to practical judgment, and whether much significant conceptual strides have been made toward understanding the cognitive, conative, and cultural dimensions of emotion.
Family and Marriage
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a 1978 column in the New York Post, the journalist Murray Kempton revealed that he, Alger Hiss, and an unnamed third person had grown up in “circumstances of shabby gentility” in Baltimore. “[All] three of us,” Kempton went on to say, “shared the condition of having had our fathers die when we were infants.” And two of the three publicly admitted to having joined the Communist Party of the United States in the 1930s. The third, Hiss, denied having done so, but Kempton assumed that he had joined as well. None of the three came from impoverished circumstances, Kempton noted, but “[t]he theory that deprivation produces Communists” might nonetheless have been applicable to them. “[D]eprivation,” he felt, “is not always . . . only economic deprivation.”
The Campaign for Vindication
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On November 28, 1954, after Alger Hiss was released from Lewisburg, he and Priscilla began to take stock of their lives. The prospects were not particularly rosy. Hiss had lost his license to practice law, and anticipated that “informal blackballing” would affect his efforts to find a job. He quickly found that assumption confirmed. “Friendly prep schools and college administrators,” he recalled in his memoirs, “were politely negative,” being “aware of the likely attitude of trustees and contributors.” He explored opportunities in the publishing industry, and in other “business concerns.” Nothing materialized. For the time being, the Hisses’s financial situation was not dire, because while in prison Alger had secured advances from American and British publishers for the book he planned to write. They amounted to $10,000, which, together with Priscilla’s salary from her work at the Doubleday bookstore, enabled the Hiss family to live “simply but certainly not in penury.” Hiss’s decision to write a book meant that he intended to remain in the public eye.
The Intervention of Allen Weinstein
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Allen Weinstein expected the interview he had scheduled with Alger Hiss in March 1976 to be awkward. He thought that it might be the last time he and Hiss met face to face, and it was. A good deal had changed since Weinstein first had a theory about the Hiss case in the early 1970s. A good deal more was to change after the interview.
Introduction
Authors: Ruiz Vicki L , Korrol Virginia Sánchez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1800, seven-year-old Apolinaria Lorenzana and her mother stepped off the ship Concepción onto the docks at Monterey, California, as members of a manifest of orphans and potential wives sent by the Spanish colonial government in Mexico to the remote province of Alta California. As an elderly woman, Lorenzana remembered, “Upon our arrival in Monterey, the governor distributed some of the children like puppies. I remained with my mother and various other women.
Gertrudis Barceló: La Tules of Image and Reality
Authors: González Deena J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1846, Doña Gertrudis Barceló stood at an important crossroad. Exempted from the hardships and tribulations endured by the women around her, Barceló had profited enormously from the “gringo” merchants and itinerant retailers who had arrived in Santa Fé after the conquest. The town’s leading businesswoman, owner of a gambling house and saloon, and its most unusual character, Barceló exemplified an inge-nious turnaround in the way she and others in her community began resolving the problem of the Euro-American, now lodged more firmly than ever in their midst.
The Adventures Of Loreta Janeta Velázquez: Civil War Spy and Storyteller
Authors: Marcus Amy Dockser 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Loreta Janeta Velázquez served as a soldier, spy, and secret agent during the American Civil War, but even after she was criticized for her behavior, jailed, and called a charlatan, the only regret that she ever expressed was about having to cut her long hair. “This gave me a real pang,” she wrote in her 1876 memoir documenting her many adventures, “but there was no help for it.” Velázquez wanted to leave her hometown of New Orleans and go out into the world, and the only way she could do it was dressed as a man.
Dolores Huerta And The United Farm Workers
Authors: Chávez Alicia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While she appears mild-mannered and even soft-spoken, Dolores Huerta has been a fearless warrior in her career as an activist. Unflappable as a union organizer, uncompromising as a contract negotiator, unapologetic as she lived against the grain of the social and political norms of her era, she leaves an indelible legacy of labor-organizing in U.S. history. In 1962, after almost a decade of activism in the Stockton, California, chapter of the Community Service Organization, a self-help Mexican American civil rights organization, Huerta joined fellow activist César Chávez in co- founding the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) to address the issues of migrant farm workers in California.
Relationships and Interactions of Mothers and Metaplot with 3-Year-Old Kibbutz Children in Two Functional Contexts
Authors: Landau R , Eshel Y , Kipnis V , Ben-Aaron M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Developmental regulation is carried out mainly through relationships (Emde & Sameroff, 1989). From infancy, the child participates in a network of relationships (Belsky, 1981; Maccoby & Martin, 1983; van Ijzendoorn, Sagi, & Lambermon, 1992), which, in early childhood, consist mostly of family members (father, mother, siblings). However, many children are also cared for by additional female caregivers who are not part of the family. These women replace the mother in caring for the child’s basic needs for part of the day and thus may be considered as functionally equivalent to the mother. The term “multiple mothering” is sometimes used to indicate this constellation.
The World War II Generation
Authors: Gladfelter Elizabeth Higgins 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Great Depression followed by the world conflict revolutionized society. Educational and career opportunities expanded to include people who would never have dreamed of them previously. Each of the World War II generation scientists (all more than 70 years of age) exudes warmth, humor, and a zest for life. They share with us their love for nature, for science, for teaching, and for people, including mentors, colleagues, and students whom they’ve worked alongside during their long careers.
Cactus Diversity and Endemism in the Chihuahuan Desert Region
Authors: Hernández Héctor M , Gómez-Hinostrosa Carlos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Essentially confined to the New World, the family Cactaceae comprises about 100 genera and 1500 species (Barthlott and Hunt 1993). It is one of the most typical floristic elements of Mexico, which harbors 50 genera and about 550 species—the richest assemblage of cacti in the world. Most Mexican Cactaceae species occur in the arid and semiarid ecosystems and regions of the country, most notably the Chihuahuan Desert Region, the Sonoran Desert, and the Tehuacán Valley. Both nationwide and worldwide, the Chihuahuan Desert Region in particular stands out as having the highest diversity of Cactaceae (Hernández and Godínez 1994; Hernández and Bárcenas 1995).
Sea Turtles in North western Mexico: Conservation, Ethnobiology, and Desperation
Authors: Felger Richard S , Nichols Wallace J , Seminoff Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The waters of northwestern Mexico (fig. 20.1) have been among the most important feeding and developmental grounds in the eastern Pacific for 5 of the world’s 7 species of sea turtles. These are, in order of abundance: the green turtle (Chelonia mydas), known locally as the “black turtle,” the loggerhead (Caretta caretta), the olive ridley (Lepido-chelys olivacea), the leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea), and the hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata). Most depend on shallow costal habitats for the abundant food resources, but the leatherback, a pelagic species, instead cruises offshore. Due to ex-ploitation of eggs and turtles as food and, to a lesser extent, incidental mortality relating to marine fish-eries and degradation of marine and nesting habitats, sea turtle populations have declined throughout the region.
Habitat Associations and Conservation of Grassland Birds in the Chihuahuan Desert Region: Two Case Studies in Chihuahua
Authors: Desmond Martha J , Young Kendal E , Thompson Bruce C , Valdez Raul , Terrazas Alberto Lafón 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Across much of northern North America, the last 30 years have witnessed alarming population declines of one-third of all grassland-restricted and half of all grassland-adapted bird species (Knopf 1994; Vickery and Herkert 2001). Causal factors include conversion of native grasslands to agricultural and urban areas, removal of native herbivores, and widespread fire suppression (Knopf 1994; Saab et al. 1995; Vickery and Herkert 2001). Despite much concern over these population declines, few grassland areas receive legal protection across North America.
Out To Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First published in 1982, this pioneering work traces the transformation of “women’s work” into wage labor in the United States, identifying the social, economic, and ideological forces that have shaped our expectations of what women do. Basing her observations upon the personal experience of individual American women set against the backdrop of American society, Alice Kessler-Harris examines the effects of class, ethnic and racial patterns, changing perceptions of wage work for women, and the relationship between wage-earning and family roles. In the 20th Anniversary Edition of this landmark book, the author has updated the original and written a new Afterword.
Some Benefits of Labor Segregation in a Decade of Depression
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An anonymous author writing in Harper’s Monthly Magazine in the spring of 1933 described what the depression had done to her. She had, she wrote, worked in the early years of her marriage; her husband’s income, with hers, reached a very comfortable $7,000 a year. There were savings, stocks. Then came the crash, unemployment for her mate, and psychological readjustment. She continued in her job, and for more than two years the pair subsisted on her income alone. The husband assumed household tasks, cooking, mending, and shopping. The marriage, blessed with a sense of humor, survived. This was only one of many such tales-of instances in which the depression challenged life styles developed in a period of seemingly unlimited material affluence. The crash came after a decade of debate in which new forms of companionship were tested, new sexual relationships developed. And then the world buckled. The volume of industrial production dropped the first year by 17 percent and the next by another 17 percent. By the end of 1932 it had declined by nearly half, and the gross national product by nearly one-third.
Plague Epidemics and Antiplague Precautions in Russia to 1770
Authors: Alexander John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The epidemic that devastated central Russia in 1770-72 had many predecessors. To gain a perspective on Moscow’s calamitous experience with communicable disease, earlier outbreaks should be reviewed in comparison with the social responses and the institutional precautions that plague generated in Russia and elsewhere. Many difficulties attend this enterprise, however, for the sources are often few, laconic, and ambiguous; problems of nomenclature abound. The Slavs usually referred to epidemic disease as mor—plague or pestilence, a generic term indicating only that the malady was considered communicable. Some terms implied contagion by roots related to air: for example, moruvoe povetrie (pestilential contagion or lethal air), vetrennaia nechist’ (air-borne contamination), and zapovetrie (miasm or impestation). Communicability was also expressed by zaraza and prilipchevaia bolezn’, “affliction” or “catching disease.” The roots of other terms alluded to external symptoms, like morovaia iazva, a fairly literal rendering of pestis bubonica, which was frequently translated in early modern English as “pestilential distemper.” Distemper connoted a violent systemic affliction, whereas iazva denoted exanthemata—sores, swellings, spots, and the like. Obviously, such vague terms could subsume many different diseases, some infectious and some not.
Institutional and cultural disparities compound the terminological confusion. Russia’s vast and expanding territory, dispersed population, low literacy rate, and the rudimentary administration of most localities guaranteed that some epidemics either would not be recorded or that their description would be too meager to identify the diseases at work. One cannot easily ascertain the incidence of a particular epidemic from reports originating in widely separated localities. Depending on the level of natural immunity among a population, some diseases might have acted differently in the past than they do today. Measles, for instance, posed a far more serious threat to health in past centuries. Additional uncertainty concerns chronological definition: When does one epidemic stop and another begin?
A Pestilential Summer (April-September 1771)
Authors: Alexander John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perplexed by 2 pestilential alarms within 3 months, Muscovites must have wondered what warm weather might bring after the freeze of early May. The summer of 1771 proved to be extraordinarily long, warm, and moist—ideal conditions for the propagation of plague. In certain respects, the gradual resurgence of infection recapitulated the 2 previous outbreaks. Moscow’s third visitation evaded early detection and definition. Despite the sanitary surveillance instituted in March, neither Eropkin nor his subordinates became alarmed until late June; even then their suspicions crystallized so slowly that another month passed before they renewed extraordinary precautions. The efficiency of their surveillance was limited, to be sure, by Moscow’s sprawling layout and loose administration. While primary attention focused upon the pesthouses and quarantines, vigilance elsewhere may have lapsed temporarily in the expectation that all danger was past by mid-June. The departure of many noble households and the rapid subsidence of the epidemic in April, coupled with the medical community’s doubts, undermined belief in the need for extraordinary precautions. Officials and practitioners assumed they could arrest any recurrence, just as they had done twice before.
Yet the new upsurge differed from its immediate predecessors in 2 crucial particulars: no distinct focus emerged—no center like the hospital annex or the Big Woolen Court—and no clear-cut symptoms became evident at the start. Plague revived in such a protean manner that nobody in Moscow or Petersburg grasped the magnitude of the menace. When they finally perceived it, the metropolis was already beginning to disintegrate, and the local authorities argued with Petersburg about the best means to save the situation.
As it was generally known that warm temperatures somehow favored infection, many emergency measures remained in force into the summer. Indeed, the plague of 1770 in Moldavia had reaffirmed the disease potential of springtime, an epidemiological lesson that doctors Shafonskii and Orraeus and staff-surgeon Grave all impressed upon officialdom in Moscow and Petersburg.
The Plague in the Provinces and the Threat to Petersburg (August 1771-August 1775)
Authors: Alexander John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pague afflicted many localities en route to Moscow and then menaced all of central Russia. If commercial intercourse facilitated importation of Y. pestis to the Russian heartland, then Moscow’s functions as the primary inland entrepôt threatened reexportation of plague to the rest of the empire, and even abroad. Apprehension that the disease might spread outward from Moscow perturbed the Petersburg authorities as early as August 1771. Their anxiety mounted steadily in September and October as reports confirmed the infection of Moscow guberniia and suspicious cases appeared as close as Novgorod guberniia. Countering plague in the provinces therefore became an important task of the Orlov mission. Behind the policies of Orlov and the Plague Commission, and the other precautions that the Plague Riot elicited from the imperial government, loomed the ultimate fear: Would the rampant epidemic reach Petersburg itself? Nobody could know how much farther the mysterious disease might travel, or whether it might fade away in one place only to break out elsewhere.
While Moscow’s constant exchange of people, merchandise, and raw materials with the hinterland provided multiple avenues of expansion for pestilence, the demographic circumstances of central Russia afforded ample reception points in the form of a dense, substantially urbanized population. On the eve of the plague the 11 provinces of Moscow guberniia contained about 4.6 million residents—nearly one-fifth of the empire’s total population. Compared to the rest of European Russia, moreover, both a higher proportion and a greater absolute number of the people of Moscow guberniia lived in towns. In 1762, the third national census enumerated a taxable urban male population of about 90,000 in the guberniia.