bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Australian national strategy for pharmacy preceptor education and support
Authors: Marriott Jennifer , Taylor Susan , Simpson Maree , Bull Rosalind , Galbraith Kirstie , Howarth Helen , Leversha Anne , Best Dawn , Rose Miranda 
Published: April 2005

AbstractObjectives:  (i) To develop a national strategy for pharmacy preceptor education and support, with special consideration for rural and remote practitioners. (ii) To deliver an innovative national core pharmacist preceptor education and support model that could be customised for specific undergraduate programs. Design:  A steering committee, with representatives from four Pharmacy Schools in three Australian states, was established to develop an educational curriculum and implementation strategy. Setting:  The project was designed to provide an online educational program for preceptors of Australian pharmacy students, particularly those in rural areas. Subjects:  The recipients of this program will primarily be rural pharmacy preceptors but could also be urban practitioners. Interventions:  After consultation with an advisory group, the steering committee considered the educational content, delivery strategy and adaptability of the package to maintain its currency and links to universities, pharmacy boards and professional organisations: an extensive literature search was conducted; writers and an educational designer were employed. The steering committee reviewed and modified the content before transfer of the program to the worldwide web. Main outcome measure:  The development of a Pharmacy Preceptor Education Program suitable for national application and able to fulfil the needs of rural preceptors. Results:  A Preceptor Education Program has been developed suitable for use in all Australian states and capable of meeting the needs of rural pharmacy preceptors. Conclusions:  Collaboration between four schools of pharmacy and pharmacy professional bodies has resulted in development of a flexible program for preceptors of undergraduate pharmacy students. This program can be developed for use by preceptors of pharmacy graduates, and in other disciplines.
RESEARCH PARTICIPATION AND THE RIGHT TO WITHDRAW
Authors: EDWARDS SARAH J.L. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTMost ethics committees which review research protocols insist that potential research participants reserve unconditional or absolute ‘right’ of withdrawal at any time and without giving any reason. In this paper, I examine what consent means for research participation and a sense of commitment in relation to this right to withdraw. I suggest that, once consent has been given (and here I am excluding incompetent minors and adults), participants should not necessarily have unconditional or absolute rights to withdraw.This does not imply that that there should be a complete absence of rights, or, indeed, an abandonment of the right to withdraw. The point of this paper is to show that the supposed unconditional or absolute nature of these rights may be self‐defeating and so fail to respect the autonomy of participants. In addition, and on a more positive note, I suggest that, attaching certain conditions on the right to withdraw, may better respect the autonomy of these participants by underlining the idea that autonomy is more than mere whim or indifference to the fate of others. On the contrary, research staff are currently unable to ‘push’ participants, who may merely have logistical difficulties unrelated to the research itself, but who really want to stay the course, for fear of coercing them. Furthermore, researchers now try to ‘screen out’ people they think may be unreliable to protect the science of the study and so groups at risk of dropping out may be unfairly denied access to research treatments. I conclude that on‐going negotiation between the relevant parties could be on balance the only truly acceptable way forward but concede certain important limitations to take into account.
HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELL RESEARCH: WHY THE DISCARDED‐CREATED‐DISTINCTION CANNOT BE BASED ON THE POTENTIALITY ARGUMENT
Authors: DEVOLDER KATRIEN 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTDiscussions about the use and derivation of pluripotent human embryonic stem cells are a stumbling block in developing public policy on stem cell research. On the one hand there is a broad consensus on the benefits of these cells for science and biomedicine; on the other hand there is the controversial issue of killing human embryos. I will focus on the compromise position that accepts research on spare embryos, but not on research embryos (‘discarded‐created‐distinction’, from now on d‐c‐d). I will point out that this viewpoint is hard to maintain. The main reason is that the ‘revealed beliefs’ of its defenders are inconsistent with their ‘professed beliefs’, more specifically with their main argument, i.e. the potentiality argument. I will point out that (1) the defenders of d‐c‐d actually grant a relative moral status to the human embryo, (2) this moral status is dependent on internal and external criteria of potentiality, (3) potentiality seen as a variable value that also depends on external criteria cannot justify d‐c‐d, and (4) an approach to human embryonic stem cell‐research that would also allow the use of research embryos is more compatible with the feelings, attitudes and values of those who currently defend d‐c‐d and, therefore, could lead to a broader consensus and to actions that alleviate individual human suffering.
THE DETERMINATION OF ‘BEST INTERESTS’ IN RELATION TO CHILDHOOD VACCINATIONS  (published in Bioethics 19(1))
Authors: DAWSON ANGUS 
Published: April 2005

ERRATUMWe regret that, due to a technical error, the uncorrected version of Angus Dawson's article was printed in 19:1. We apologise to the author and reprint in full the corrected version of the paper on the following pages. A. Dawson et al. .
Bioethics
2005; 19: 72–89.
ABSTRACTThere are many different ethical arguments that might be advanced for and against childhood vaccinations. In this paper I will explore one particular argument that focuses on the idea that childhood vaccinations are justifiable because they are held to be in the best interests of a particular child. Two issues arise from this idea. The first issue is how best interests are to be determined in the case of childhood vaccinations. The second issue is what follows from this to justify potential interventions within the family in relation to such vaccinations. I argue that best interests must be characterised objectively in such situations and that this means that, in at least some cases, parental decision‐making about vaccinating their children may be overridden.
CEEC growth projections: Certainly necessary and necessarily uncertain*
Authors: Wagner Martin , Hlouskova Jaroslava 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn this paper we discuss the necessity for an indirect approach to assess the growth and convergence prospects of ten Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC10). Ongoing structural changes in these countries and the recent European Union membership of eight countries in the sample have to be taken into account in growth projections.Our indirect approach consists of basing growth projections for the CEEC10 on growth equations estimated for the incumbent EU member states. The study improves upon current practice in two ways. First, growth equations are estimated for the EU14 and not on a large heterogeneous panel that includes many countries unrelated to the CEEC10. Second, by means of a variety of equations and scenarios we assess the uncertainty inherent in such projections.We present growth‐rate and convergence time distributions. The mean convergence times are in line with previous findings. The growth‐rate and convergence time distributions are bi‐modal, reflecting the possibility of two distinct growth paths, depending upon economic policy choices.
Ionic dialysance: Principle and review of its clinical relevance for quantification of hemodialysis efficiency
Authors: Mercadal Lucile , Ridel Christophe , Petitclerc Thierry 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIonic dialysance (D) is an online measured variable now available on several dialysis monitors to evaluate small‐solute clearance. Based on conductivity measurements in the inlet and outlet dialysate, the principle of the measurement and the different measurement methods are described. Studies that have evaluated the reliability of ionic dialysance to assess dialysis efficiency are discussed. These studies are divided into two groups: the first comparing ionic dialysance to urea clearance and the second comparing Dt/V to Kt/Vurea, in which the uncertainties of the measurement of Vurea could have misrepresented the relationship between Dt/V and Kt/Vurea. When Kt/Vurea via the Daugirdas second‐generation equation taking the rebound into account is considered, slight—even nonsignificant—differences are evidenced between Kt/Vurea and Dt/V. Therefore, ionic dialysance should be considered as a valid measure in future guidelines for dialysis efficiency.
Does provision of a higher Kt/Vurea make a difference? A hemodialysis controversial issue
Authors: Abbas Tarek M. , Sheashaa Hussein A. , Saad Mohamed A. , Sobh Mohamed A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackground:  Adequate dialysis cannot be ascertained on the sole base of a normal or even a high Kt/Vurea so the impetus of this study was to use the neurophysiologic studies as a marker of the biologic status of the hemodialysis patients to assess the optimum level of Kt/Vurea.Methods:  This study was carried out on 20 patients (15 men and 5 women) on maintenance hemodialysis; their ages ranged from 18 to 66 years. Initially, the patients were subjected to thorough clinical and laboratory investigations, and their dialysis adequacy was assessed by studying their urea kinetic modeling and neurophysiologic studies (Phase I). Dialysis was optimized to achieve a target Kt/Vurea of 1.3 in Phase II and 1.5 in Phase III. The duration of each phase was six months at the end of which all patients were thoroughly reevaluated. Nutrition was not manipulated during the study.Results:  A neurophysiologic study showed a significant improvement of polyphasicity pattern of both proximal and distal muscles of the upper and lower limbs concomitant with improvement of quality of life on achieving a Kt/Vurea of 1.5 (p < 0.001). There was no significant change of the duration and amplitude of all studied muscles, however.Conclusion:  Achieving a Kt/Vurea of 1.5 is a more suitable target for hemodialysis patients because it may be an avenue for improving the neuromuscular functions of these patients.
Uremic pruritus: A review
Authors: Lugon Jocemir R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPruritus is a major disorder among the skin derangements in advanced renal failure. Its prevalence seems to be diminishing perhaps because of improvements in dialysis treatment. Recent information suggests that interactions between dermal mast cells and distal ends of nonmyelinated C fibers may be important in the precipitation and regulation of the sensory stimuli. The knowledge as to the control of pruritus transmission to cortex areas is still incomplete but endogenous opioid and opioid receptors may have a role in this regard. A recent classification was proposed for pruritus based on the level of its origin. Uremic pruritus, however, seems to be too complex to fit perfectly in any of the suggested modalities. Inflammation and malnutrition are recognized risk factors for cardiovascular death in end‐stage renal disease patients, which may be related to the genesis of pruritus. Consistent with this concept, lower serum levels of albumin and higher serum levels of ferritin were found in pruritic patients when compared to nonpruritic ones. Newer treatments for this difficult clinical problem are being developed and tested.
EFFECT OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE MARINATION AND COLLAGEN CONTENT ON BEEF, HORSE, RABBIT AND HEN MEAT HARDNESS
Authors: PEREZ‐CHABELA M.L. , GUERRERO I. , GUTIERREZ‐RUIZ M.C. , BETANCOURT‐RULE J.M. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT Overall, meat texture is composed of two types of toughness: primary toughness, because of mechanical resistance of the myofibrillar structure, and secondary toughness, by reason of connective tissue content. Primary toughness can be reduced during aging by intrinsic and extrinsic protease activity. Secondary toughness is determined by a given amount of epimysial and perimysial connective tissue, which cannot be reduced as no collagenases are naturally present in the muscle or produced by native meat microbial populations. The objective of this work was to study primary toughness reduction in meat from four animal species, i.e., beef, horse, rabbit and hen, employing M. Biceps femoris, by calpain activation with calcium chloride. Secondary toughness, expressed as hydroxyproline content, and contribution of both parameters to overall hardness were also studied. Marination with 150 mM CaCl

2

increased enzymatic activity in pre‐rigor meat (horse and beef), but higher concentrations (250 mM) reduced enzymatic activity increments. Although beef marination considerably increased enzymatic activity, it did not reduce hardness, probably because of high collagen content. The high hydroxyproline concentration in beef and horse caused an overall hardness. Marinated horse meat had lower collagen content and a higher enzyme activity, resulting in less hard samples. As expected, pre‐rigor meats, hen and rabbit, had low hardness values for both control and treated samples. Because CaCl

2

in high concentrations inhibits calpain activity, it was assumed that rabbit meat calpains were inhibited at concentrations as low as 150 mM. Therefore, calpains were active in control pre‐rigor rabbit meat but were inactivated by CaCl

2

addition.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF PREADIPOCYTE FACTOR‐1: POTENTIAL MARKER OF PREADIPOCYTES IN BOVINE MUSCLE TISSUE
Authors: HUFF PHILLIP W. , LOZEMAN FRED J. , WESELAKE RANDALL J. , WEGNER JOCHEN 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to develop an immunohistochemical technique to locate preadipocytes in bovine muscle tissue. Preadipocyte factor‐1 (pref‐1) is a transmembrane protein that is part of the family of epidermal growth factor‐like repeat‐containing proteins that are involved in cell fate determination. Pref‐1 is highly expressed in preadipocytes, but expression is completely abolished during differentiation into an adipocyte. In the present study, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that bovine intramuscular adipose tissue contains the three splice forms of pref‐1 (A, C2 and E). Western blots were used to confirm that the protein for pref‐1 was expressed in intramuscular adipose tissue. Polyclonal antibodies against pref‐1 were tested against a cell culture of bovine preadipocytes from an embryo source to confirm that the antibody would immunolocate bovine preadipocytes. The antibody was applied to sections of longissimus dorsi muscle from Charolais and Holstein cattle. Immunohistochemical results showed that pref‐1 is expressed in the perimycium near mature adipocytes and blood vessels. The pool size of preadipocytes appeared to be low. Previous reports, however, have demonstrated that preadipocytes are known to divide and/or migrate, providing a potentially endless source of adipogenic precursor cells.
A Novel Mutation in
kaiC
Affects Resetting of the Cyanobacterial Circadian Clock
Authors: Kiyohara Yota B. , Katayama Mitsunori , Kondo Takao 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT

Light is the most important factor controlling circadian systems in response to day-night cycles. In order to better understand the regulation of circadian rhythms by light in
Synechococcus elongatus
PCC 7942, we screened for mutants with defective phase shifting in response to dark pulses. Using a 5-h dark-pulse protocol, we identified a mutation in
kaiC
that we termed
pr1
, for phase response 1. In the
pr1
mutant, a 5-h dark pulse failed to shift the phase of the circadian rhythm, while the same pulse caused a 10-h phase shift in wild-type cells. The rhythm in accumulation of KaiC was abolished in the
pr1
mutant, and the rhythmicity of KaiC phosphorylation was reduced. Additionally, the
pr1
mutant was defective in mediating the feedback inhibition of
kaiBC
. Finally, overexpression of mutant KaiC led to a reduced phase shift compared to that for wild-type KaiC. Thus, KaiC appears to play a role in resetting the cellular clock in addition to its documented role in the feedback regulation of circadian rhythms.
Characterization of LtsA from
Rhodococcus erythropolis
, an Enzyme with Glutamine Amidotransferase Activity
Authors: Mitani Yasuo , Meng XianYing , Kamagata Yoichi , Tamura Tomohiro 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT

The nocardioform actinomycete
Rhodococcus erythropolis
has a characteristic cell wall structure. The cell wall is composed of arabinogalactan and mycolic acid and is highly resistant to the cell wall-lytic activity of lysozyme (muramidase). In order to improve the isolation of recombinant proteins from
R. erythropolis
host cells (N. Nakashima and T. Tamura, Biotechnol. Bioeng.
86:
136-148, 2004), we isolated two mutants, L-65 and L-88, which are susceptible to lysozyme treatment. The lysozyme sensitivity of the mutants was complemented by expression of
Corynebacterium glutamicum ltsA
, which codes for an enzyme with glutamine amidotransferase activity that results from coupling of two reactions (a glutaminase activity and a synthetase activity). The lysozyme sensitivity of the mutants was also complemented by
ltsA
homologues from
Bacillus subtilis
and
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
, but the homologues from
Streptomyces coelicolor
and
Escherichia coli
did not complement the sensitivity. This result suggests that only certain LtsA homologues can confer lysozyme resistance. Wild-type recombinant LtsA from
R. erythropolis
showed glutaminase activity, but the LtsA enzymes from the L-88 and L-65 mutants displayed drastically reduced activity. Interestingly, an
ltsA
disruptant mutant, which expressed the mutated LtsA, changed from lysozyme sensitive to lysozyme resistant when NH
4
Cl was added into the culture media. The glutaminase activity of the LtsA mutants inactivated by site-directed mutagenesis was also restored by addition of NH
4
Cl, indicating that NH
3
can be used as an amide donor molecule. Taken together, these results suggest that LtsA is critically involved in mediating lysozyme resistance in
R. erythropolis
cells.
Expression of
fnr
Is Constrained by an Upstream IS
5
Insertion in Certain
Escherichia coli
K-12 Strains
Authors: Sawers R. Gary 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT

FNR is a global transcriptional regulator that controls anaerobic gene expression in
Escherichia coli
. Through the use of a number of approaches it was shown that
fnr
gene expression is reduced approximately three- to fourfold in
E. coli
strain MC4100 compared with the results seen with strain MG1655. This reduction in
fnr
expression is due to the insertion of IS
5
(
is5F
) in the regulatory region of the gene at position −41 relative to the transcription initiation site. Transcription of the
fnr
gene nevertheless occurs from its own promoter in strain MC4100, but transcript levels are reduced approximately fourfold compared with those seen with strain MG1655. Remarkably, in strains bearing
is5F
the presence of Hfq prevents IS
5
-dependent transcriptional silencing of
fnr
expression. Thus, an
hfq
mutant of MC4100 is devoid of FNR protein and has the phenotype of an
fnr
mutant. In strain MG1655, or a derivative of MC4100 lacking
is5F
, mutation of
hfq
had no effect on
fnr
transcript levels. This finding indicates that IS
5
mediates the effect of Hfq on
fnr
expression in MC4100. Western blot analysis revealed that cellular levels of FNR were reduced threefold in strain MC4100 compared with strain MG1655 results. A selection of FNR-dependent genes fused to
lacZ
were analyzed for the effects of reduced FNR levels on anaerobic gene expression. Expression of some operons, e.g.,
focA
-
pfl
and
fdnGHJI
, was unaffected by reduction in the level of FNR, while the expression of other genes such as
ndh
and
nikA
was clearly affected.
An FNR-Type Regulator Controls the Anaerobic Expression of Hyn Hydrogenase in
Thiocapsa roseopersicina
Authors: Kovács Ákos T. , Rákhely Gábor , Browning Douglas F. , Fülöp András , Maróti Gergely , Busby Stephen J. W. , Kovács Kornél L. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT

The purple sulfur photosynthetic bacterium
Thiocapsa roseopersicina
BBS contains a heat-stable membrane-associated hydrogenase encoded by the
hyn
operon. Expression from the
hyn
operon regulatory region is up-regulated under anaerobic conditions.
cis
elements were mapped between positions −602 and −514 upstream from the
hynS
gene. Within this region two sequences that resemble DNA sites for FNR were recognized. The gene of an FNR homologue, FnrT, was identified in the genome of
T. roseopersicina
, and an
fnrT
knockout mutant was constructed. Anaerobic induction of
hynS
expression was abolished in the
fnrT
mutant, suggesting that FnrT is an activator of the
hynS
promoter. The
T. roseopersicina hynS
promoter could be activated in
Escherichia coli
, and this regulation was dependent on
E. coli
FNR. In vitro experiments with purified
E. coli
Ala154 FNR protein and purified
E. coli
RNA polymerase showed that FNR bound to two sites in the
hyn
regulatory region, that FNR could activate transcription initiation at the
hynS
promoter, and that FNR bound at the two target sites activated to different extents.
Flavobacterium johnsoniae
GldJ Is a Lipoprotein That Is Required for Gliding Motility
Authors: Braun Timothy F. , McBride Mark J. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT

Cells of
Flavobacterium johnsoniae
glide rapidly over surfaces by an unknown mechanism. Eight genes required for gliding motility have been described. Complementation of the nonmotile mutant UW102-48 identified another gene,
gldJ
, that is required for gliding.
gldJ
mutants formed nonspreading colonies, and individual cells were completely nonmotile. Like previously described nonmotile mutants,
gldJ
mutants were deficient in chitin utilization and were resistant to bacteriophages that infect wild-type cells. Cell fractionation and labeling studies with [
3
H]palmitate indicated that GldJ is a lipoprotein. Mutations in
gldA
,
gldB
,
gldD
,
gldF
,
gldG
,
gldH
, or
gldI
resulted in normal levels of
gldJ
transcript but decreased levels of GldJ protein. Expression of truncated GldJ protein in wild-type cells resulted in a severe motility defect. GldJ was found in regular bands that suggest the presence of a helical structure within the cell envelope.