bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IT’S ALL IN YOUR HEAD
Authors: Adams Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recently a group of researchers, principally Philip Davis (a professor of English at the University of Liverpool), Neil Roberts (a professor in Liverpool’s Magnetic Resonance and Image Analysis Research Centre), and Guillaume Thierry (at the University of Wales, Bangor), measured the brain activity of human subjects while those subjects read Shakespeare’s play Coriolanus. They discovered that when Shakespeare used words in odd ways, for instance, when he put a word typically recognized as a noun to use as a verb — “He godded me,” for instance — the subjects’ brains were suddenly very active. Apparently the activity was positive: it wasn’t as if the brains were confused, exactly, but rather as if they had been awakened from linguistic boredom. The conclusion was obvious: reading Shakespeare, or any author who pushes the linguistic envelope a bit, is good for your brain. Even if you were bored reading Coriolanus, it’s a good bet that your brain thoroughly enjoyed it.
Foucaultian Method A New Tale to Tell
Authors: Feder Ellen K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Feminist and critical race theorists alike have long acknowledged the ‘intersection’ of gender and race difference; it is by now a truism that the ways that we become boys and girls, men and women cannot be disentangled from the ways in which we become white or black men and women, Asian or Latino boys and girls. Such theoretical analyses have contributed in important ways to discussions of how gender is ‘raced’ and how race is ‘gendered.’ And yet, there has been little comparative analysis of the specific mechanisms that are at work in the ‘production’ of each, that is, how they are intelligible as categories, together with the ways these categories come to make sense of us—as raced and gendered human beings.
Professional Self-Regulation
Authors: Jones James W , McCullough Laurence B , Richman Bruce W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Self-regulation within surgery, either individually or as a collective effort of the profession, is among the most demanding elements of medical leadership and independent practice. It is typically a process of internal oversight and restraint that is emblematic of the dedication to professionalism observed by surgeons. Self-regulation in surgery reflects a key component of the ethical concept of fiduciary responsibility for patient care: accountability for the scientific and clinical quality of that care. The English philosopher of science and medicine, Francis Bacon (1561–1626), was among the first to call for scientific improvement of medicine, noting with scorn how physicians’ clinical judgment was more often a function of personal bias and self-interest than it was of scientific rigor. Bacon, as part of a broader proposal that helped birth the Enlightenment, called for the replacement of knowledge grounded in tradition and authority by knowledge based on “experience,” probably the first expression of the concept of evidence-based medicine.
Innovation and Research
Authors: Jones James W , McCullough Laurence B , Richman Bruce W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Surgery is perhaps the truest melding in any of the medical specialties of the objectivity of science and the subjectivity of art. Biological variability, and anatomical surprises, can make surgical art more important than surgical science in many cases. An individual “routine” for complex procedures is comprised of a complex series of individually developed algorithms. Surgical residents learn our craft by observing and repeating the techniques of the attending surgeons who teach them, but even before training is completed they will invariably begin to personalize the style of their procedures.
End-of-Life Issues
Authors: Jones James W , McCullough Laurence B , Richman Bruce W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“End-of-life” euphemizes the beginning of death. Knowledge stops at the end-of-life, death being our universal material finality. Francis Bacon (1561–1626) characterized the human emotions associated with death as, “Fear such as a small child has of the darkness.” Death motivates the existence of religion, the medical profession . . . and gravediggers. Many of the world’s great monuments, including the Great Pyramids, the Taj Mahal, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, Saint Peter’s Basilica, and the dynastic tombs of the Shang and the Han, are representations not only of the awe with which we confront death, but of our efforts to magically project life into death and so withstand it. Because we fear death’s ubiquity and the finality it imposes, many of ethics’ knottiest challenges are associated with end-of-life issues.
The Third Law and Nitrogen: Haber and Nernst
Authors: Coffey Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In November of 1892, Fritz Haber, a twenty-four-year-old German Jewish chemist, stood at the baptismal font of the largest Lutheran church in Jena. He recited the Apostles’ Creed: I believe in God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord: Who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried. He descended into hell. On the third day He rose again from the dead. He ascended into heaven and sits at the right hand of God the Father Almighty, from there He shall come to judge the living and the dead. I believe in the Holy Spirit, the Holy Christian Church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and the life everlasting Amen.
Science and the Nazis: Nernst and Haber
Authors: Coffey Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1933, Walther Nernst, then cochairman of the University of Berlin’s department of physics, arrived at work and went looking for his colleague, Peter Pringsheim, only to be told that Pringsheim had been banned from the laboratory as a Jew. Enraged, Nernst stormed into the office of Artur Wehnelt, his cochairman. Wehnelt had been given the cochairmanship as a sinecure for past service and had always deferred to Nernst. But today he seemed puffed up, and he lectured Nernst on the importance of cleansing the laboratory of Jews and on the requirements of the new civil service law of 7 April, which clearly barred the employment of non-Aryans such as Pringsheim. Nernst was in no mood to listen. He left, hailed a taxi, and went immediately to see his old colleague and sometimes rival, Fritz Haber.
Introduction: Hello, Miles
Authors: Cook Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Prince of Darkness, the Evil Genius of Jazz, the Man with the Horn, the Master Magician, the Picasso of Jazz … or, simply, just plain Miles. No other jazz musician has been mythologized so completely as Miles Davis. Some fifteen years after his death, he remains the embodiment of ‘modern jazz’ as a mysterious, exotic, faintly chaotic music - most casual listeners, after all, find the idiom baffling. A lot of jazz music is these days serviceable as background sound or hip easy listening, but Miles obliges his witnesses to pay attention (even though he made the hippest easy-listening record of them all, Kind Of Blue), simply through an enduring force of personality. His career spanned close to a half-century of music-making and he was prominent during the most extraordinary upheavals in twentieth-century music. He started as a sideman to the coolest musician in jazz, and five decades later the coolest players in popular music still wanted to play with him, or at least be seen with him. His life was sensational, too: long before the excesses of over-indulged rock stars took the fancy of a voyeuristic audience, Davis had, unwittingly or otherwise, courted many kinds of scandal.
Birth Of The Cool 1926–52
Authors: Cook Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Miles Davis and bebop didn’t really go together. Among bop trumpeters, I 9 he was always an uneasy fit. The musical language and style of bebop was, from the beginning, bitterly demanding on a musician’s technique: that was part of its nature, devised by its principal architects – Dizzy Gillespie, Thelonious Monk, Kenny Clarke – to keep lesser players in the shadows, and leave the stage to the real champions. When Charlie Parker came along, the idiom gained its most particular voice, a virtuoso whose musical grasp and intensity of delivery personified bop itself. Young musicians such as Davis were dazed and spellbound.
Stet: Emendations of immortality
Authors: Humez Alexander Humez Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite their reputation as ruthless pursuers of deviations from orthodox spelling, grammar, and usage, editors and proof readers do make mistakes. When they catch themselves having made one, however, or wish to restore text someone else has edited with more zeal than judgment, they put a line of dots under the marked word or phrase and write stet (Latin for ‘let it stand’) in the margin. It is the inverse to the three dots of ellipsis, marking something excised by chance or design from the original text: Stet puts back into place the status quo ante, restoring that which has been erroneously altered or deleted by mistake.
Dot Com: Computation Punctuation
Authors: Humez Alexander Humez Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dot has a wide variety of uses in the ever-expanding world of the computer—in file names, commands for navigating among file directories, Internet addresses, programming language syntax, the representation of fractions as fixed-point or floating-point numbers, the printers that render files as hard copy, down to the version of the software that actually lets you do your plugged-in work or play. All of these uses of the dot will be visited here. In most cases, the examples that follow are system-agnostic, though the assumed context is generally a personal computer of some sort. Some examples are specific to the Personal Computer (PC) and the DOS/Windows operating systems, though with a few tweaks, these examples would work just as well on a Mac or under UNIX.
Period the end point
Authors: Humez Alexander Humez Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dot as period pervades our writing, inconspicuous in itself but decisive in the way it marks the end of declarative sentences and tells us, when we’re reading them to other people, when to let our voices drop and take in some air. Making written thoughts more intelligible to readers and their listeners is something all punctuation marks do, as we have seen in the previous chapter, but this is especially true for the period. Remove the first five periods from this chapter and this paragraph becomes a syntactic thicket in whose tangles we can no longer easily guess where one sentence ends and another begins. With the periods in place, the meaning snaps into much sharper focus. And the text on the page now cues us when to pause (and for how long) if the text on the page is to be spoken out loud.
The Classical Era
Authors: ShrockP Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Classical era began in the second half of the eighteenth century as a reaction against the thick contrapuntal and ornamental textures of the Baroque, and it ended by the second decade of the nineteenth century, when formal structures were replaced by freer forms. Tradi- tionally, the dates used to mark the beginning and end of the era are 1750 (the death of J. S. Bach) and 1820 (the relative emergence of new directions in the music of Berlioz and Beethoven). As with all eras, however, the dates are only convenient markers; styles began and ended over a pe- riod of time, and some genres adopted newer traits quickly while others held to older traditions. In general, the choral genres were conservative and slow to adopt new stylistic trends. Thus while opera, ballet, and instrumental forms began to change styles in the 1730s and 1740s, masses, motets, and oratorios did not evolve into genres with new characteristics until the 1770s and even later.
Bounded and Rational
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first glance, Homo sapiens is an unlikely contestant for taking over the world. “Man the wise” would not likely win an Olympic medal against animals in wrestling, weightlifting, jumping, swimming, or running. The fossil record suggests that Homo sapiens is perhaps 400,000 years old and is currently the only existing species of the genus Homo. Unlike our ancestor, Homo erectus, we are not named after our bipedal stance, nor are we named after our abilities to laugh, weep, and joke. Our family name refers to our wisdom and rationality.
Striking a Blow for Sanity in Theories of Rationality
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I took the title of this chapter from an e-mail Herbert A. Simon sent to me in May 1999. In it, he wrote a statement for the back cover of Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart in which he commented: “I think the book strikes a great blow for sanity in the approach to rationality [and shows] why more than minor tampering with existing optimization theory is called for.” But Herb would n’t be Herb if he had n’t added: “and you would n’t believe I had ever skimmed the volume if I did n’t find SOMETHING to disagree with.”
Introduction
Authors: Held Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What questions should we ask about political violence? We are often in doubt. This book offers moral assessments of some forms of political violence. It focuses on terrorism as the most salient, current form in need of examination, analysis, and evaluation. It discusses various moral and other arguments about violent confiict and endeavors to steer future efforts of theorizing and practice in justifiable directions that will diminish the grievous suffering caused by violence and terror. The book considers conditions that promote political violence and evaluates efforts to deal with violence and with such conditions. Among the questions considered are: What makes a course of action aimed at bringing about or preventing political change morally acceptable? How, on what basis, and according to whom should political violence be evaluated?
Introduction
Authors: et.al., Peter Carruthers 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is the third in a sequence of three volumes of essays on the innate mind. Together these volumes provide a broad survey of the overall state of contemporary nativist research across a range of disciplines and research traditions. The first volume in the sequence, The Innate Mind: Structure and Contents (Carruthers, Laurence, and Stich, 2005), explored what is known about the likely overall architecture of the innate mind and some of its specific features. The second volume in the sequence, The Innate Mind, Vol. 2: Culture and Cognition (Carruthers, Laurence, and Stich, 2006), examined the relations between culture and the innate mind. The present volume focuses on foundational issues regarding nativism and looks to the future of nativist research, both by considering cutting edge research in traditional areas of nativist concern, and by examining work in new areas that is pushing the boundaries of nativist research.
Linguistic Determinism and the Innate Basis of Number
Authors: Laurence Stephen , Margolis Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability to represent natural numbers is at the center of a lively controversy about the innate structure of the mind. As elsewhere in the study of cognition, there is a continuum of positions that implicate differing amounts of innate structure, but for our purposes it will be useful to distinguish three general approaches-what we will call empiricism, weak nativism, and strong nativism. Empiricist accounts maintain that there are no innate number-specific representations or number-specific cognitive systems of any kind and that the natural numbers are acquired on the basis of general cognitive re¬ sources that are responsible for the acquisition of a wide variety of concepts. Weak nativist accounts implicate considerably more innate structure, including number-related cognitive systems and representations of approximate quantity, but these accounts draw the line at concepts for specific natural numbers. They maintain that even though concepts for the natural numbers have a good deal of innate support, they have to be learned all the same. Finally, strong nativist accounts maintain that concepts for at least some specific natural numbers are innate and that these innate concepts are a crucial factor in the explanation of why the human mind is suited for mathematics.
Commentary
Authors: Wooten Cecil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The author of the Rhetoric to Herennius, in discussing the function of the proemium, points out that ‘ ‘we can by four methods make our hearers well disposed: by discussing our own person, the person of our adversaries, that of our hearers, and the facts themselves ‘ ‘ (1.8). He goes on to note that we can secure goodwill from a discussion of our own person by pointing out our past conduct toward the audience.
Getting Started
Authors: Schwartzkroin Philip A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let’s say you’ve begun to consider the idea of research science as a career but aren’t quite sure that you’re the right type of person for this job. Are there particular personal characteristics that lend themselves to this pursuit? My experience is that although the research field is populated by virtually every sort of personality imaginable, there are a few features that are obvious within the entire scientist population.
Career Choices and Laboratory Nitty-Gritty
Authors: Schwartzkroin Philip A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much—most—of the information in the following pages is pretty general, and I hope it will be useful to a consideration of many types of research positions. To be sure, some of it is aimed particularly at those who are considering a research career in an academic setting—especially since most young scientists initially associate scientific research with academics and think of an academic position as their first career option. In addition, much of the content of the following chapters is particularly applicable to those who are considering the possibilities and responsibilities of laboratory leadership—that is, as a principal investigator (PI). But there are a variety of positions available to the research scientist, and as one progresses through various stages of training and preparation, it is important to consider the full range of possibilities.
The Politics of Science
Authors: Schwartzkroin Philip A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although one hears occasionally about the romance of scientific research, there is really no such thing as the “ivory tower” scientist—the individual who follows his or her quest for knowledge and insight in isolation, with little input (or interference) from the surrounding society. That ideal may have been a reality a century or two ago, and perhaps the myth has been encouraged by the fact that so much of research science is done within a university setting.
The Role of the Scientist in Society
Authors: Schwartzkroin Philip A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we discussed in Chapter 8, there is no question that scientific research is a social enterprise. The idea of the lonely scientist in his isolated laboratory, dreaming up various schemes entirely based on notions arising in his head, is a fairy tale. It certainly does not pertain to the modern scientific world, and I doubt that it was ever a reality. The social aspects of scientific research take at least three different (but certainly interrelated) forms: the relationship of a scientist to his or her professional forbearers (i.e., his or her relationship with history); the interactions among col- leagues; and the interactions between a scientist and the society in which he or she works. In previous chapters I discussed the importance of understanding and appreciating the history of one’s field. Interpreting data from the laboratory requires the awareness of previous contributions and the place of one’s own work within that framework.
“Getting Your Foundation”: Pedagogy
Authors: Schloss Joseph G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While knowledge about many elements of hip-hop—rap music, especially—is primarily developed through television, radio, the Internet, and recordings, b-boying is almost always learned through personal interaction. This may seem so obvious as to not be worth mentioning, but it is significant for several reasons. First, it is important to remember that there are still elements of hip-hop that are not primarily situated within the mass media, a fact that is rarely reflected in either the popular press or hip-hop scholarship (aside from some excellent work on graffiti; see especially Austin 2001; Castleman 1982; Miller 2002).
“I Hate B-Boys—That’s Why I Break”: Battling
Authors: Schloss Joseph G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part of being a b-boy or b-girl is to be able to deal with any situation that may arise on the dance floor. This ability is developed, tested, and proven in battle. In fact, battling and b-boying created each other in their own image: battling is the best venue for b-boy style, and the best b-boy style is that which is most suited for battling. “I think it’s the most important thing in b-boying,” says B-Boy Phantom: As Phantom suggests, battling has numerous benefits, for both the individual dancer and the culture as a whole. These include using competition to push individuals toward greater achievement (which also improves b-boying in general); developing fighting strategies that can be used in other kinds of conflict;
General Principles and Epidemiology
Authors: Dimario Francis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The non-epileptic paroxysmal childhood disorders are a group of disorders, syndromes, and phenomena that often mimic true epileptic seizures. Many of these recognized entities are not pathologic at all but rather variations in normal childhood behavior or physiological functions. These are typically brought to medical attention by parents and caregivers who are surprised to witness a generally recurring, observable, discrete behavior not in context of that usually displayed by the child. When this is associated with an alteration in consciousness or level of alertness, or interferes with a normal sleep pattern, a more prompt and expeditious evaluation may be precipitated.
Movement Disorders
Authors: Dimario Francis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not surprisingly, the misidentification of all types of involuntary movements as possibly epileptic in origin is common. This extends directly from the fact that many epileptic seizure types have associated rhythmic and stereotyped motor movements and behaviors. Partial seizures in particular present with a varied array of involuntary motor activity without alterations in consciousness. Thus, the mere presence or absence of an altered state of consciousness will not be sufficient to differentiate epileptic from non-epileptic motor movements.