bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE VALUE OF HEAT-KILLED CULTURES FOR THE PREVENTION OF THE BACILLUS ABORTUS INOCULATION DISEASE OF GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Hagan William A. 
Published: June 2004

From the data presented it seems permissible to draw the following conclusions.
1. Guinea pigs cannot be rendered immune to the Bacillus abortus inoculation disease by treatment with heat-killed cultures of this organism. This agrees with the work of Ascoli, and with the general conclusions of many that dead cultures confer very little or no immunity to infectious abortion in cattle.
2. The progress of the disease can be delayed appreciably by such treatment. This is supported by the following observations: (a) the loss in body weight due to the disease is delayed; (b) the development of splenic enlargement is partially inhibited or delayed; (c) the development of renal lesions is delayed or prevented; and (d) the rapidity of multiplication of Bacillus abortus in the splenic pulp is reduced.
THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MICE AND RATS TO INFECTION WITH BACILLUS ABORTUS
Authors: Hagan William A. 
Published: June 2004

1. White mice are highly susceptible to infection by inoculation with Bacillus abortus. The susceptibility appears to be as great as that of the guinea pig, and this animal probably can be substituted satisfactorily for guinea pigs in diagnostic work.
2. Both mice and rats are very refractory to feeding infection with Bacillus aborlus. The failure to infect mice in this way was complete, but the feeding of large amounts of culture gave infection in rats. Subcutaneous inoculation resulted in infection of all the animals. The difficulty of infecting rats and mice with Bacillus abortus by feeding makes it very doubtful whether these animals can have any rôle in the propagation and spread of infectious abortion in cattle.
THE REVERSE SELECTIVE BACTERIOSTATIC ACTION OF ACID FUCHSIN
Authors: Churchman John W. 
Published: June 2004

1. Acid fuchsin possesses a bactericidal power, selective as between Gram-negative and Gram-positive spore-bearing aerobic organisms. The selective feature is the reverse of that of gentian violet.
2. This reverse selective activity is also possessed by simpler sulfonated substances and would appear to be dependent in some way on the presence of SO3 radicals.
3. Selective penetration, if at all concerned in the behavior of gentian violet and acid fuchsin toward bacteria, must play a very minor rôle.
4. In the case of gentian violet the power to kill organisms and the power to prevent their growth run, so far as the selective feature is concerned, parallel. In the case of acid fuchsin, the bacteriostatic and bactericidal selective features do not run parallel.
5. Bacillus pyocyaneus, an organism resistant to gentian violet, is quite susceptible to acid fuchsin. This organism is the cause of annoying and persistent infections in wounds. The observations on the effect of the sulfonated substances may give a lead as to the control of these infections.
THE ACTION OF DRUGS ON RESPIRATION
Authors: Schmidt Carl F. , Harer W. Benson 
Published: June 2004

1. A method is described for recording intrathoracic pressure in cats without opening the pleural cavity; active expiratory movements were elicited by inhalation of a constant CO2-air mixture for a given time and a study was made of the action of drugs on inspiration and expiration.
2. Morphine and heroine were found to exert a selective depressant action on the central expiratory mechanism, and the slower rate, with relatively unaltered depth, seemed to be due at least partly to the slower rate of emptying the lungs. Codeine had no depressant action on the respiration of decerebrated cats.
3. Larger doses of morphine or heroine had no further depressant effect on rate or depth of breathing after expiration was made passive, unless circulatory depression appeared, and failure of circulation seemed to be the cause of respiratory depression, rather than the reverse relation. In decerebrated animals large doses of morphine and moderate doses of codeine stimulated the spinal cord, and expiration became active, with a faster rate of breathing. The characteristic action of morphine and heroine on the respiration of the cat is apparently limited to a depression of active expiration.
A FUNCTIONAL AND ANATOMICAL STUDY OF THE EXCRETION OF HEMOGLOBIN BY THE KIDNEY
Authors: Fukuda Yoshu , Oliver Jean 
Published: June 2004

1. The anatomical and functional findings in hemoglobin excretion are best explained by the assumption of a filtration of this substance through the glomerulus and an additional excretion of it by the tubule cells.
2. Absorption of water aids in the concentrating process, and is most marked in the collecting tubules.
STUDIES ON ENDOTHELIAL REACTIONS
Authors: Foot Nathan Chandler 
Published: June 2004

The changes in the distribution of intravenously administered colloidal ink in splenectomized rabbits may be interpreted somewhat as follows: The removal of the spleen throws an increased amount of ink into the other hematopoietic organs and the lung and liver. While we should expect the liver or the bone marrow to compensate for the loss of the spleen and to take up this ink and remove it from the circulation, that is not the case. The lungs appear to play the chief part in the process, slowly passing on the removed material, contained in macrophages, to the liver, or retaining these ink-laden cells in their tissues and capillaries. By an increase in the capillary endothelium and by a process of engorgement of the capillaries with cells presumably derived therefrom, the lungs remove by far the greater part of the foreign material that has been introduced into the circulation.
At the same time there is an increase in the number of ink-bearing macrophages in the lymphatics and capillaries of the lung, indicating that these cells are entering the circulation and the lymph stream (Fig. 8). The only organ where they lodge in any quantities, outside of the peribronchial lymph nodes, is the liver, the sinusoids of which contain an increasing number of macrophages as time goes on. It is possible that these cells are destroyed in the sinusoids and the carbon transferred to the liver epithelium; there is evidence to support this assumption. After the lungs, the liver comes next in degree of intensity of pigmentation; the bone marrow contains far less than either of these organs.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE PROPHYLAXIS AND TREATMENT OF SYPHILIS
Authors: Nichols Henry J. , Walker John E. 
Published: June 2004

1. By inoculating the scarified surface of both sides of the scrotum of rabbits with suspensions of Treponema pallidum, 100 per cent of infections were obtained on one side or the other. Infection through the unbroken skin could not be produced.
2. By gland transfers from animals with positive local inoculations, 87.5 per cent of takes were produced.
3. These two methods were used to test the prophylactic value of 30 per cent calomel ointment, (a) Calomel ointment proved efficacious up to 8 hours after inoculation with syphilis, (b) No marked difference appeared between the action of calomel in a base of lanolin and vaseline and in a base of benzoinated lard and wax. (c) Death from mercurial poisoning was produced in rabbits by a single application of a large amount of calomel ointment.
4. The method of gland transfers was used to test the sterilizing effect of arsphenamine and neoarsphenamine on old infections in the rabbit. The infection was completely abolished in every instance, whether by one, two, or four intravenous doses.
5. Natural spirochetosis of rabbits need not be a serious complicating factor in work on syphilis in rabbits, for the following reasons. (a) In natural spirochetosis, the lesions occur on the penis and not on the scrotum. Gland transfers are negative, (b) A scrotal lesion can be produced by inoculation, but it can be distinguished from that of Treponema pallidum infection by its course, (c) In studies of generalized syphilis supposed to involve the genitalia, and in sexual transmission experiments, Treponema cuniculi may be a serious complicating factor.
STUDIES BASED ON A MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise 
Published: June 2004

A malignant tumor which developed at the site of a primary syphilitic lesion in the scrotum of a rabbit, about 4 years after inoculation, and eventually led to the death of the animal, has formed the basis for an extensive series of investigations beginning with the study of the spontaneous tumor. The present report contains the clinical history of the animal from the time of inoculation to its death and the results of pathological examinations.
The most important events recorded may be summarized as follows:
1. A mild but persistent syphilitic infection with an occasional relapse and the eventual development of chronic inflammatory lesions in the skin associated with atypical epithelial proliferations.
2. The occurrence, at about the same time, of extensive degenerative changes in the dermis accompanied by an atypical growth of hair follicles, with the production of diffuse and nodular areas of thickening and induration (scleroderma).
3. The development of a growth in the skin of the left scrotum which recurred after removal and spread diffusely over adjacent parts of the skin, and metastasized to the regional lymph nodes and to internal organs.
4. The transplantation of the growth to other rabbits by intratesticular inoculation and the successful propagation of the growth over a period of nearly 2 years (twenty generations).
5. The development of a cachexia and of pressure phenomena from metastases involving the cervical and lumbar regions of the spinal column which eventually led to the death of the animal.
6. The discovery, post mortem, of an extensive leucoplakia of the tongue and buccal mucosa, chronic inflammatory lesions in the esophagus with atypical epithelial proliferation, and a nodular growth in the left testicle differing in character from that in the scrotum.
7. The presence of extensive degenerative changes in the vascular system, degeneration of the parenchymatous organs, atrophy of the thymus and lymphoid system, with chronic lymphadenitis, atrophy, degeneration, and necrosis of the suprarenals, and atrophy and hyperplasia of the thyroid with chronic thyroiditis.
The conclusion was reached that the growth in the scrotum represented a neoplasm of epithelial origin which was composed of cells allied to those found in the bulb and root sheath of the hair. No explanation was offered for the origin or unusual malignancy displayed by the tumor pending the introduction of experimental data. It was stated, however, that the evidence presented was sufficient to warrant the assumption that the factor of foremost importance in the development of the tumor was constitutional rather than local.
STUDIES BASED ON A MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Brown Wade H. 
Published: June 2004

Several attempts were made to transplant a spontaneous malignant tumor in a syphilitic rabbit before a method was devised which proved successful. Subcutaneous and intracutaneous inoculations were unsuccessful on account of the vigorous granulomatous reaction which was aroused by the introduction of tumor fragments into these tissues. This difficulty was overcome by the use of intratesticular inoculations. With this method, a good growth was obtained in practically all animals. It appeared possible, however, that a syphilitic infection had been transmitted along with the tumor, and hence treatment with arsphenamine was instituted as a means of eliminating this infection. A study of the transplanted tumor in the first and second generations showed that it possessed a high degree of malignancy. Metastases occurred at an early period in the majority of animals, and while some of them appeared to recover, the indications were that more than 50 per cent might be expected to succumb to the effects of the tumor growth within a period of 6 to 7 months.
The method of intratesticular inoculation now in use is described in detail.
STUDIES ON THE TOTAL BILE
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Broun G. O. , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

In bile that is secreted against an abnormally high pressure, as during partial obstruction, the pigment, cholate, and cholesterol outputs are all cut down, and so much more than is the fluid bulk that the concentration of the substances per cubic centimeter of bile is notably lessened. The fluid obtained at the greatest pressure compatible with secretion contains traces only of the typical biliary constituents. The bearing of these alterations in the bile on the consequences of partial biliary obstruction is discussed.
An analysis of the liver changes following biliary obstruction brings out their essential likeness to the changes that occur under similar circumstances in glands in general and the kidney in particular. The major physiological factors concerned in the development of hydronephrosis and in the liver changes after biliary obstruction are identical. We would suggest that the term hydrohepatosis as applied to the liver condition would be useful not merely to designate it but to indicate the principles underlying its development. In clinical instances of biliary obstruction, the likeness to hydronephrosis is often hidden because of the activity of the gall bladder to render the stasis bile dark and thick. There is then a concealed hydrohepatosis, differing merely by the character of the duct content, from the manifest hydrohepatosis with "white bile," that is found when the gall bladder fails to act.
BOTULISM. STUDIES ON THE MANNER IN WHICH THE TOXIN OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM ACTS UPON THE BODY
Authors: Dickson Ernest C. , Shevky Richard 
Published: June 2004

A survey of the results of these experiments shows, we believe conclusively, that in botulinus intoxication in cats, dogs, and rabbits there is a specific effect upon the portions of the autonomic nervous system which Gaskell (14) described as the bulbosacral and prosomatic outflows of connector fibers respectively, which results in a blocking of the nerve impulses of these nerves. The experimental as well as the clinical evidence indicates that there is no damage to the nerves of the thoracicolumbar outflow.
The exact location of the damage has not been ascertained nor has the mechanism by which the nerve impulse is blocked been determined. The experiments show, however, that the lesions in these portions of the nervous system are not of central distribution but are peripheral, and that the block cannot be due to an organic break in the conduction apparatus but must be due to some derangement which is relatively unstable. If it were otherwise it would not be possible to induce a physiological response even by massive stimulation, nor could the response be subsequently repeated by stimuli which lie within the limits of normal intensity.
The application of the results of these experiments to the clinical manifestations of botulism will be discussed in a later report after the effect of the toxin upon the skeletal motor nerves has been described.
ACTION OF SERUM ON FIBROBLASTS IN VITRO
Authors: Carrel Alexis , Ebeling Albert H. 
Published: June 2004

It may be concluded that, under the conditions of the experiments:
1. The duration of life of fibroblasts is not altered by the presence of 7 per cent serum in a medium composed of fibrin and Tyrode solution, but is slightly decreased when the concentration of the serum reaches 25 per cent.
2. Fibroblasts cultivated in serum or in Tyrode solution are only in a condition of survival; they do not build up new protoplasm from the serum proteins and their mass does not increase.
3. When embryonic tissue juice is added to the medium, the tissues increase in mass. But the rate of growth is the same in media containing 0 per cent and 10 per cent serum. In 25 per cent serum, however, the rate of growth slightly decreases. Even in the presence of embryonic tissue juice, serum does not increase the rate of growth of connective tissue.
4. The nitrogenous compounds contained in serum are not used as food material by fibroblasts growing in vitro.
THE VIRULENCE OF AN EPIDEMIC STRAIN OF BACILLUS PESTIS CAVIÆ
Authors: Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

Ever since Pasteur's demonstration of the modifying effect of animal passage on the virulence of bacteria, this device has been regarded as of great importance in intensifying infective capacity. It is not often, however, that extensive parallel tests have been made of the power of a microorganism to produce infection in a species of animal which is its natural habitat and under conditions in which the normal as well as artificial portal of entry is employed, and the potency of the microorganism passed directly from host to host is closely contrasted with that of one merely artificially cultivated outside the body.
The experiments described in this paper were arranged to fulfill these conditions. The results show that with the particular strain of Bacillus festis caviæ used, successive animal passages do not modify infective capacity, or virulence. This finding is in harmony with the observations previously made from which it was concluded that the epidemic curve of mouse typhoid infection is explicable solely on the basis of bacillary distribution and host susceptibility.
STUDIES BASED ON A MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise 
Published: June 2004

The results obtained by intratesticular inoculation of a malignant tumor of the rabbit are presented in the form of a general summary covering the phenomena of growth and spontaneous regression of the tumor and the clinical evidence of disease in tumor animals.
Under ordinary circumstances, growth is obtained by this method of inoculation in practically all animals, and the majority of them show metastases.
The ultimate fate of tumor animals is variable. Spontaneous regression is of frequent occurrence, and apparent recovery may take place even after extensive metastases have developed. More often, the disease terminates fatally. The course of the disease may be fulminating in character with death occurring 6 to 7 weeks after inoculation, or it may be prolonged over a period of more than 6 months, but death usually occurs between 7 weeks and 3 months after inoculation.
The symptomatology varies with the course of tumor growth but is in general that of a debilitating disease of an acute or chronic character in which the picture is frequently complicated by symptoms referable to mechanical causes or to one or more of the glands of internal secretion. The most prominent of these are due to the presence of metastases in the suprarenals or pituitary body, in which case symptoms of Addison's disease or diseases of the pituitary may be superimposed upon those attributable to the presence of extensive tumor growths. In the absence of such growths, however, the symptoms of suprarenal or pituitary involvement may dominate the picture.
STUDIES BASED ON A MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Brown Wade H. 
Published: June 2004

The results of seven methods of transplantation of a malignant tumor of the rabbit are reported and contrasted with results obtained by intratesticular inoculation.
It was found that inoculations made into the brain, the anterior chamber of the eye, and the muscles gave an almost uniform series of takes with the production of comparatively large and vigorously growing tumors. Intracutaneous inoculations were less favorable, while with subcutaneous, intravenous, and intraperitoneal inoculations, a growth was obtained in only 20 to 25 per cent of the animals.
In contrast with the malignant course of the disease produced by testicular transplantation, the tumors produced by methods other than intracerebral inoculation were relatively benign. In all cases, the growth was of a purely local character; in some instances, there was invasion of the surrounding tissues with local or regional extension of the growth, but no metastases developed in distant organs. Tumors in the brain soon caused death as a result of pressure, and the ultimate fate of tumors in the eye was not determined, but the growth produced by other methods of local inoculation was of relatively short duration and terminated with spontaneous resolution.
It was found that while a good growth could be obtained with material which had been subjected to repeated freezing, thawing, and grinding, the use of cell-free filtrates or desiccated tumor tissue gave negative results.
In discussing the experiments reported, it was pointed out that there were three groups of factors which had played important parts in determining the results of transplantation. These were the capacity for growth of the tumor cells, animal resistance, and the advantage given the tumor or the animal by the use of a particular method of inoculation. From an analysis of the results obtained with reference to the operation of these factors, the conclusion was reached that while the quality of malignancy displayed by the tumor was conditioned upon the capacity for growth of the tumor cells, the degree of malignancy exhibited in any given instance was a function of animal resistance which was not entirely specific but corresponded closely with the ability of the animal to meet excess demands arising from other causes and, to this extent, represented an expression of the functional capacity of a mechanism which is concerned primarily with the maintenance of the general animal economy.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX ON THE GONADS OF RABBITS
Authors: Jaffe Henry L. , Marine David 
Published: June 2004

1. Double or partial suprarenalectomy in rabbits produces no specific changes either in the tubules or in the interstitial cells of the testes.
2. This is in sharp contrast with the marked hypertrophy of the interstitial cells of the ovary which usually occurs in rabbits surviving double suprarenalectomy 30 days or more.
3. These facts indicate that the interstitial cells of the testis and ovary are not functionally homologous.
PATHOGENESIS OF THE OCULAR LESIONS PRODUCED BY A DEFICIENCY OF VITAMINE A
Authors: Yudkin Arthur M. , Lambert Robert A. 
Published: June 2004

The earliest lesions in ophthalmia of rats resulting from a deficiency of vitamine A consist in focal inflammatory lesions in the conjunctivæ of the lids and nictitating membrane. The involvement of the cornea, which constitutes the most conspicuous feature of the well developed ophthalmia, is a secondary phenomenon. The characteristic corneal plaque consists of keratinized epithelium beneath which the deeper layers of epithelium are generally found intact.
Pathologically, the ocular manifestations of a deficiency of vitamine A are referable to a low grade inflammatory process, originating in the palpebral conjunctiva and spreading to the cornea.
The rapidity of development and the degree of destruction probably depend in large part on the type of bacterial infection. The specific changes which lead to the establishment of such an infection have not been determined. It is conceivable that they may be either physiological or anatomical. There is some evidence in favor of a general disturbance of antibody formation in animals on deficient diets. The possibility of a disturbed function in the paraocular glands must be considered.
MICROBIC VIRULENCE AND HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY IN PARATYPHOID-ENTERITIDIS INFECTION OF WHITE MICE. II
Authors: Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

1. Six strains of paratyphoid-enteritidis bacilli, isolated from man and animals, differed markedly in virulence for mice.
2. The inherent virulence of each strain for mice was not affected by repeated intraperitoneal and per os mouse passage.
3. Individual differences in the susceptibility of the mice to each strain and to graded doses of mercury bichloride were demonstrable. Such variations appear to be of a non-specific nature.