bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Realism and Anti-Realism 1n a Historical Context
Authors: Mcfetridge Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Haldane’s essay raises a special case of a general question. To what extent do contemporary discussions of, and attacks on, realism, engage with various historical positions which we might wish to place beneath that heading? Are certain traditional realist positions under attack from contemporary semantic anti-realism? No, replies Haldane, for there is a position-Aquinas-which embraces distinctively realist theses in ontology and epistemology, but which need not be committed to a central target of (at any rate some versions of) such anti-realism: that the truth conditions of sentences can be such as to transcend all possibility of verification. In characterizing Aquinas as a realist, despite his alleged rejection of such a notion of truth, Haldane is implicitly rejecting Dummettian claims as to how realism should be formulated. I wish to look at aspects of these claims and at a certain historical thesis which Dummett has enunciated. Part of my aim will be to suggest certain initial difficulties in applying the Dummettian characterization ofrealism (or anti-realism) to some earlier views one might naturally regard as ‘realist’ (or anti-realist). So I agree with Haldane’s conclusion that there is some question as to whether Dummett’s attacks on realism engage with certain historical positions.
The Advantages of Honest Toil over Theft
Authors: Boolos George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is essential for mathematics that there should be no end of the sequence of natural numbers, and so Russell finds himself driven to introduce a special Axiom of Infinity, according to which there is some type with an infinity of instances, and that presumably the type of individuals, which comes lowest in the hierarchy. Without this axiom, he tells us, we should have no guarantee against the disastrous possibility that the supply of numbers would give out at some highest number, i.e., the number of members in the largest admissible set.
Going It Alone
Authors: Collier James Lincoln 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“That was what we believed, in the Austin High Gang in Chicago: play the way you feel, yourself.”1 So said Jimmy McPartland, talking about the days of his apprenticeship in Chicago in the early 1920s. It is a statement hardly anybody connected with jazz would begin to question. It has had such uncritical acceptance that, as far as I have been able to discover, nobody has ever stopped to ask what it means.
Causes, Reasons, Intentions
Authors: Mele Alfred R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Causal theories of action have a long and distinguished history. Proponents include Aristotle, Aquinas, Hobbes, Spinoza, Locke, Kant, and William James. Due in significant part to the work of Ryle and Wittgenstein, causal accounts of action fell into general philosophical disfavor for a time; but the last two decades has witnessed a powerful revival of the older view. The causal approach to action-explanation is once again the orthodox approach.
Explaining Intentional Actions: Reasons, Intentions, and Other Psychological Items
Authors: Mele Alfred R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My primary concern thus far has been with irrational action. It is time now to examine the implications of the preceding chapters for the project of explaining rational action and intentional action in general. An attempt to develop a full-blown theory of action-explanation is beyond the scope of this book. I shall be content to identify explanatory items that must be added to traditional causal belief-desire models of action-explanation if they are to be adequate to the full range of intentional action, and to elucidate their interaction with the traditional items. Beliefs, desires, reasons, intentions, and the like do have an important role to play in intentionalistic psychological explanations of intentional actions. But, as I shall explain, other psychological items must be integrated into the explanatory framework if it is to generate adequate accounts of intentional actions performed in instances of motivational conflict.
Strategies of Self-Deception and the Strategy Paradox
Authors: Mele Alfred R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The point of departure of the present chapter is what I shall call the strategy paradox of self-deception. In general, A cannot successfully employ a deceptive strategy against B if B knows A’s intention and plan. This seems plausible as well when A and B are the same person. A potential self-deceiver’s knowledge of his intention and strategy would seem typically to render them ineffective. On the other hand, the suggestion that self-deceivers typically successfully execute their self-deceptive strategies without knowing what they are up to may seem absurd; for, an agent’s effective execution of his plans seems generally to depend on his cognizance of them and their goals. So how, in general, can an agent deceive himself by employing a self-deceptive strategy?
There’s No Such Thing As Free Speech, and It’s A Good Thing, Too
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lately, many on the liberal and progressive left have been disconcerted to find that words, phrases, and concepts thought to be their property and generative of their politics have been appropriated by the forces of neoconservatism. This is particularly true of the concept of free speech, for in recent years First Amendment rhetoric has been used to justify policies and actions the left finds problematical if not abhorrent: pornography, sexist language, campus hate speech. How has this happened? The answer I shall give in this essay is that abstract concepts like free speech do not have any “natural” content but are filled with whatever content and direction one can manage to put into them. “Free speech” is just the name we give to verbal behavior that serves the substantive agendas we wish to advance; and we give our preferred verbal behaviors that name when we can, when we have the power to do so, because in the rhetoric of American life, the label “free speech” is the one you want your favorites to wear. Free speech, in short, is not an independent value but a political prize, and if that prize has been captured by a politics opposed to yours, it can no longer be invoked in ways that further your purposes, for it is now an obstacle to those purposes. This is something that the liberal left has yet to understand, and what follows is an attempt to pry its members loose from a vocabulary that may now be a disservice to them.
Working Foundations-’91
Authors: Feferman Solomon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is currently a general malaise about the logical approach to the foundations of mathematics. One main reason is that foundational thought in this century has been dominated by a few global views about the nature of mathematics-logicism, formalism, platonism, and constructivism-each of which has proved to be defective in substantial ways, while nothing else has come to take their place. In recent years there has been an increasingly steady barrage of criticism directed against these all too familiar positions. Some of that criticism has been very sophisticated, coming from within the field of logic itself. Other criticism has come from mathematicians who would jettison the whole approach via logic and formal systems. Still more specifically on the mathematical side have been movements to replace logical foundations by purely mathematical foundations (for example, using category theory). Though these various critical views diverge from each other in many significant respects, they share two common themes: (i) mathematics is more reliable than any of the foundational schemes which have been proffered by the logicians to “secure” it, and (ii) the logical analysis of mathematics bears little or no relation to actual mathematical practice.
Introduction: Realism, Anti-Realism, and Legal Theory
Authors: Patterson Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book addresses the following question: “What does it mean to say that a proposition of law is true?” On the surface, the current jurisprudential literature provides what appear to be radically divergent answers to this question. For positivists, a proposition of law is true ifit accords with certain institutional facts. Some contemporary natural lawyers argue that a proposition of law is true ifit is consistent with principles of morality that put the law in its best light. Still others claim that “truth” names a convergence in interpretive assumptions about law.
An Analytical Framework For Register Studies
Authors: Biber Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the large number of register studies that have been completed to date, there is still need for a comprehensive analytical framework. Such a framework should clearly distinguish between linguistic and nonlinguistic characterizations, and it should allow a classification of registers using both types of information.
Hymes has argued that sociolinguistics should make “the systematic study of verbal repertoire” rather than “language” the “central scientific notion”(1984:44-45), and he has made repeated calls for taxonomic frameworks: The present paper has gone through multiple drafts, with several colleagues making valuable comments on earlier versions: Dwight Atkinson, Ed Finegan, Randi Gilbert, and Bill Grabe. In addition, my thinking on the paper has been facilitated by interactions with members of the Corpus Workgroup of the Text Encoding Initiative: Jeremy Clear, Gunnel Engwall, Stig Johansson, and Lou Burnard.
Shared Thinking And The Register Of Coaching
Authors: Heath Shirley Brice , Langman Juliet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late 1980s, reformers in education, medicine, and engineering adopted the metaphor of coaching in efforts to reshape traditional instructional situations. Behind these reforms lay the premise that learners and the institutions in which they studied and worked would benefit by a move away from the transmission model of socialization which assumed a designated expert passing on information and skills to a passive but presumedly willing novice.. New ideas about thinking and learning shifted the focus from classrooms of individual learners to small groups being coached to construct knowledge jointly through collaborative and complex problem solving in a variety of active learning situations.
Experienced journalists now became coaches for less-experienced writers on the news, feature, or sports desk. Within businesses ranging from high-technology firms to manufacturing, managers began to speak of coaching workers into new forms of behavior and innovative ways of communicating in groups to solve work related problems. Prodded by new plans for school reform, some public education reformers recommended a coaching model for instruction with the central focus on habituating learners to use their powers to observe, to judge, and to reshape and create knowledge collaboratively. Theodore R. Sizer, initiator of the “effective schools movement of the late 1980s, argued that both students and teachers should learn by coaching: “The only way to learn to think well and usefully is by practice. The way a teacher assists this learning is by coaching”(1984:216). Support for such arguments came from studies of the rapid and generative learning seen in students working with computers and reported widely in journals devoted to the study of computers in education. The techniques students with different levels of expertise used with each other around computers inspired observers to equate their methods.
Stylistic Variation In A Language Restricted To Private-Sphere Use
Authors: Dorian Nancy C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a language moves close to a foreseeable point of extinction, it is inevitably spoken less and less frequently. Even those speakers who continue to use it regularly have ever fewer fellow-speakers to converse with, because the fluent speaker population is aging and thinning out. Their own kin networks begin to be heavily populated by younger bilinguals who speak the expanding language of the region better than the original ancestral language, and eventually those same kin networks have expanding language monolinguals among their youngest members.
Register And Social Dialect Variation: An Integrated Approach
Authors: Finegan Edward , Biber Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although certain patterns of linguistic variation have been found repeatedly in sociolinguistic studies across a range of speech communities, the systematic nature of those patterns is still perplexing and controversial. Despite a few attempts to explain particular aspects of these patterns, no theory to date has adequately integrated them.
In this chapter we describe certain systematic patterns of register variation and social dialect variation, arguing that situational variation underlies social dialect variation for a substantial set of linguistic features. The argument relies on two claims: (1) that the distributional patterns of these features across situations can be motivated functionally and (2) that such features function in comparable ways for all members of a speech community. We present evidence that these patterns of variation across situations are a consequence of the communicative functions served by the features, and that the systematic patterns of variation found across social dialects, along with the parallelism between social dialect and register variation, derive from the functional patterns of register variation and the fact that social groups have differential access to the range of communicative tasks..
Introduction
Authors: Brownell Philip , Polis Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scorpions are chelicerate arthropods, members of the class Arachnida and distant relatives to other arthropods such as the crustacea, insects, myriapods, and onychophora. Compared to spiders and mites, scorpions are a modest group containing 1259 described species in 16 living families and 155 genera (Fet et al., 2000). Scorpions are common animals in temperate, desert, and tropical habitats of the world, but they are generally nocturnal, obscure, and inactive. As arthropods go, scorpions rank among the most ancestral in origin and primitive in body form, having first appeared as aquatic organisms in the Silurian (450-425 MYA) and having changed little since.
Scorpion Diversity in Tropical South America Implication for Conservation Programs
Authors: Lourenco Wilson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tropical South America is one of the most biologically diverse regions on earth (Wilson, 1988). To understand such diversity, the biogeographic patterns for several groups of plants and animals have been analyzed (Prance, 1982a; Gentry, 1990). Although these patterns vary somewhat, certain regions exhibit especially high endemism, or a large number of species native to a localized region. Many of these endemic centers are found in Amazonia, Guayana, and in the tropical Andes, the latter region being considered by some to be the epicenter of global biodiversity (Gentry, 1992).
Fractal Diffusion and ChemicaI Kinetics
Authors: Dewey T Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters, the utility of the fractal formalism for describing biopolymer structures was explored. We now turn to issues of the dynamics and chemical kinetics associated with biological systems. It is not difficult to find examples of nonexponential kinetics in biochemistry. Quite often this non exponential behavior is a result of the complexity of biopolymer structure. Again, the fractal formalism can be especially useful in describing these phenomena. It provides a direct and explicit mathematical connection between structure and dynamics. This connection is achieved though a quantity known as the spectral dimension. In the present chapter, the consequence of a fractal medium for diffusion and reaction dynamics is considered.
Are Protein Dynamics Fractal?
Authors: Dewey T Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now consider another sphere of tagged molecules. This time all the tagged species are connected by chemical bonds. As we observe the molecules, the sphere will again grow as a result of “invasions” of the solvent. However, this time it will stop when it reaches the radius of gyration of the polymer. The collisions with solvent molecules are now doing something very different. Instead of an intricate and densely packed set of billiard balls bouncing around elastically, we now have bonds bending, twisting, and stretching. The translational energy of the solvent is transferring energy to various deformation modes of the polymer. There is a random distribution of energy entering and leaving our “sphere.” The sphere contains the random walk of a polymer chain. The overall energy transfer process is again one of these problems involving a convolution of random processes—random energy input on a random lattice. As discussed in Chapter 4, this should give rise to multifractal behavior.
Percolation
Authors: Dewey T Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The liquid crystalline phase transition of lipid bilayers has been studied extensively and has important biological implications. There is an enormous literature in this area, particularly on one-component model systems. Recently, attention has shifted to two-and three-component systems and to protein-lipid systems. Simple two component membranes are often nonideal and exhibit complicated phase behavior. Typically, each lipid component can exist in one of two states: solid (or gel) and liquid (or fluid). In the solid state the hydrocarbon chains of the lipid are immobilized and tightly packed in a two-dimensional lattice. The translational diffusion of the lipid is greatly restricted, as is rotational diffusion about the long axis. The tight packing also prohibits bond rotation in the hydrocarbon chains. At a specific “melting temperature,” Tm, a highly cooperative, order-disorder transition results in a mobile, fluid phase. The cooperativity is a result of hydrocarbon bond rotation and subsequent disruption of the packed array. This fluid phase now has rapid translational motion as well as long-axis rotational motion.
Risk Modification in the Obese Patient
Authors: Daly Patricia A , Solomon Caren G , Manson JoAnn E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Obesity, defined as a weight 20% or more above desirable levels, afflicts at least 58 million Americans (Kuczmarski 1994) and its prevalence is increasing (Figure 9.1). Women and minorities, including Hispanics, African Americans, American Indians, and Pacific Islanders, are particularly at risk for this condition (Kumanyika 1993). The population risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality attributable to obesity in the United States has been estimated to be 32% (Public Health Focus 1993), and the societal cost of obesity, in terms of medical services and lost productivity, as high as 39.3 billion dollars annually (Colditz 1992). Through its associations with other cardiovascular risk factors, but also independent of these factors, obesity is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
This chapter first reviews cardiovascular disease risks associated with obesity and weight gain. Insofar as weight reduction appears to be the best means of ameliorating cardiovascular risk in the obese, most of this discussion is devoted to the benefits and risks of available modalities for treating obesity. Management strategies for other cardiovascular risk factors common in the obese, discussed individually in other chapters of this book, are also addressed briefly. Finally, an approach to the initial evaluation and treatment of obesity by the primary care practitioner is presented.
Gender Differences in Coronary Risk and Risk Factors
Authors: Wenger Nanette K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until recently, coronary heart disease (CHD) and its complications were often regarded as a less significant public health problem for women than for men, due to the much lower risk of premature morbidity and mortality from these endpoints among women (Kannel 1987). Specifically, while an equal number of men and women eventually die from CHD, the disease primarily affects middle-aged men and older women. How ever, in the United States and other industrialized nations, a woman is more likely to die from CHD or a related illness than from any other health problem (Eaker 1993). Not only do women lose their gender protection once they develop overt CHD, but they also suffer more adverse outcomes than their male counterparts; case-fatality rates are higher for women following both myocardial infarction (MI) and myocardial re vascularization procedures, with 40% of all coronary events in women being fatal; in addition, 67% of all sudden deaths in women occur in those not known to have CHD (Kannel 1987). Coronary disease is also a leading cause of disability in women (Soldo 1985); 36% of women with CHD aged 55 to 64 years are disabled from their coronary disease, and the percentage increases to 55% at age 75 years and older. The significant decreases in both cardiovascular and CHD mortality rates in such countries during the past several decades have been less pronounced among women than men, as have reductions in the prevalence of coronary risk factors.