bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Associated with Underimmunization at 3 Months of Age in Four Medically Underserved Areas
Authors: Bardenheier Barbara H. , Yusuf Hussain R. , Rosenthal Jorge , Santoli Jeanne M. , Shefer Abigail M. , Rickert Donna L. , Chu Susan Y. 
Published: October 2004

Objective. Risk factors for underimmunization at 3 months of age are not well described. This study examines coverage rates and factors associated with underimmunization at 3 months of age in four medically underserved areas. Methods. During 1997–1998, cross-sectional household surveys using a two-stage cluster sample design were conducted in four federally designated Health Professional Shortage Areas. Respondents were parents or caregivers of children ages 12–35 months: 847 from northern Manhattan, 843 from Detroit, 771 from San Diego, and 1,091 from rural Colorado. A child was considered up-to-date (UTD) with vaccinations at 3 months of age if documentation of receipt of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, polio, haemophilus influenzae type B, and hepatitis B vaccines was obtained from a provider or a hand-held vaccination card, or both. Results. Household response rates ranged from 79% to 88% across sites. Vaccination coverage levels at 3 months of age varied across sites: 82.4% in northern Manhattan, 70.5% in Detroit, 82.3% in San Diego, and 75.8% in rural Colorado. Among children who were not UTD, the majority (65.7% to 71.5% per site) had missed vaccines due to missed opportunities. Factors associated with not being UTD varied by site and included having public or no insurance, ⩾2 children living in the household, and the adult respondent being unmarried. At all sites, vaccination coverage among WIC enrollees was higher than coverage among children eligible for but not enrolled in WIC, but the association between UTD status and WIC enrollment was statistically significant for only one site and marginally significant for two other sites. Conclusions. Missed opportunities were a significant barrier to vaccinations, even at this early age. Practice-based strategies to reduce missed opportunities and prenatal WIC enrollment should be focused especially toward those at highest risk of underimmunization.
Remote Liver Injury is Attenuated by Adenovirus‐Mediated Gene Transfer of Heme Oxygenase‐1 During the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
Authors: MCCARTER SARAH D. , BADHWAR AMIT , SCOTT JEFFREY R. , AKYEA THELMA G. , BIHARI AURELIA , DUNGEY ALISON A. , HARRIS KENNETH A. , POTTER RICHARD F. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTObjectives: Adenovirus‐mediated gene therapy is being investigated with increasing success for future treatment of autoimmune diseases. However, the use of adenoviruses is still limited by inflammatory and immune responses in the target organ. Previous work by the authors' laboratory established that the adenovirus encoding inducible heme oxygenase (Ad‐HO‐1) does not elicit the acute hepatic inflammation normally caused by adenoviruses, inviting further investigation in models of severe inflammation. Concurrently, there is increasing evidence for an endogenous protective role for heme oxygenase (HO) in the liver during the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Building on our previous results, this study investigated the effect of Ad‐HO‐1 pretreatment on remote liver injury during normotensive SIRS, induced by bilateral hind limb ischemia and reperfusion.Methods: Microvascular perfusion and hepatocyte death were quantified using established intravital videomicroscopy techniques. Hepatocellular injury and liver function were assessed using blood‐borne indicators.Results: Microvascular perfusion deficits and increased hepatocyte death occurred following limb ischemia and 3 h of reperfusion in vehicle‐pretreated animals; however, Ad‐HO‐1 pretreatment prevented these deficits. In contrast, the increase in serum alanine transaminase levels was unaffected by Ad‐HO‐1 pretreatment. Serum bilirubin levels were increased during systemic inflammation, predominantly in the conjugated form; and, this increase was prevented by administration of Ad‐HO‐1.Conclusions: These data indicate that gene transfer of inducible HO is an effective method to protect the liver during SIRS, providing incentive for further investigation into gene therapy strategies exploiting this anti‐inflammatory enzyme.
In Vivo Properties of Potassium Channels in Cerebral Blood Vessels During Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: MAYHAN WILLIAM G. , MAYHAN JILL F. , SUN HONG , PATEL KAUSHIK P. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTObjective: While potassium (K+) channels are important in basal tone and dilatation of large and small cerebral vessels, the effect of diabetes mellitus on K+ channels remains unclear. The goal of this study was to identify the influence of diabetes on responses of cerebral vessels to inhibition/activation of K+ channels.Methods: The authors measured in vivo responses of pial arterioles and the basilar artery to inhibition/activation of K+ channels in nondiabetic and diabetic rats using intravital microscopy.Results: Pial arterioles from nondiabetic and diabetic rats constricted to barium chloride (BaCl2) and 4‐aminopyridine (4‐AP). However, the magnitude of vasoconstriction to BaCl2 was greater in nondiabetic than in diabetic rats. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) did not alter diameter of pial arterioles in nondiabetic or diabetic rats. In addition, dilatation of pial arterioles to KCl and NS‐1619 was less in diabetic compared to nondiabetic rats. The basilar artery from nondiabetic and diabetic rats constricted in a similar manner to BaCl2 and 4‐AP. In contrast, vasoconstriction to TEA was greater in diabetic than nondiabetic rats. Similar to that reported for pial arterioles, dilatation of the basilar artery to KCl and NS‐1619 was less in diabetic than nondiabetic rats.Conclusions: Inward‐rectifier (Kir) and voltage‐dependent (Kv), but not calcium‐activated (Kca), K+ channels are active under basal conditions in pial arterioles, while Kir, Kv, and Kca are active under basal conditions in the basilar artery of nondiabetic and diabetic rats. In addition, activation of Kir and Kca channels produces less cerebral vasodilatation in diabetic compared to nondiabetic rats. These findings provide new and important information regarding the influence of diabetes on the role of K+ channels in the regulation of cerebral vascular diameter.
Inhibitory Effects of TSG‐6 Link Module on Leukocyte–Endothelial Cell Interactions In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: CAO THONG V. , LA MYLINH , GETTING STEPHEN J. , DAY ANTHONY J. , PERRETTI MAURO 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTObjective: The authors investigated whether the anti‐inflammatory protein tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐stimulated gene‐6 (TSG‐6) and its Link module (Link_TSG6) could affect the complex multistep process of leukocyte/endothelial cell (EC) interaction.Methods: Mouse mesenteries were inflamed with interleukin (IL)‐1β and the extent of leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and emigration was determined after 2 h. Link_TSG6 and a single‐point mutant (termed K13E) were given intraperitoneally together with the cytokine. Human neutrophil chemotaxis and transmigration were determined in vitro in response to IL‐8 and/or TNF‐α. TSG‐6, Link_TSG6, and K13E were added to the leukocytes or the EC monolayers.Results: Co‐injection of Link_TSG6 with IL‐1β selectively inhibited cell flux, adhesion, and emigration as analyzed in mesenteric postcapillary venules. The fewer cells that rolled in the animals treated with Link_TSG6 displayed a velocity similar to that measured in vehicle‐treated mice. In vitro, Link_TSG6 did not affect neutrophil chemotaxis or EC activation but did inhibit neutrophil transmigration across EC monolayers. The latter effect was shared by full‐length TSG‐6 and observed equally in response to IL‐8 or TNF‐α.Conclusions: These data restrict the site of action for at least some of the anti‐inflammatory effects ascribed to TSG‐6/Link_TSG6 to the microenvironment of the extravasating leukocyte.
Dispersal capacity in the Mediterranean corn borer, Sesamia nonagrioides
Authors: Eizaguirre M. , López C. , Albajes R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractCorn (Zea mays L.) borers are the primary target of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) transgenic maize. Management of corn borer resistance to Bt requires information on larval and adult dispersal capacities, a feature that is particularly unknown in Sesamia nonagrioides Lefèbvre (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the most damaging corn borer in Spain. Larval dispersal was studied over a 3 year period by infesting plants with egg masses and dissecting the neighbouring plants 7, 14, and 32 days later to measure larval dispersal at several ages. The number and age of larvae were recorded in the dissected plants. Only mature larvae dispersed in significant numbers; they moved at least to rows adjacent to those containing the infested plant, and down the row five plants. The percentage of larvae that dispersed from the infested plant was density‐dependent. Adult dispersal was studied with directional light and pheromone uni‐traps over 5 and 3 year periods, respectively. Directional light traps were placed in the margins between Bt and non‐Bt maize fields, half oriented towards each of the two kinds of maize field. Pheromone traps were placed in the Bt and non‐Bt fields at increasing distances (0–100 m) from the border. The numbers of males and females caught in directional light traps were not different in traps oriented towards Bt or non‐Bt fields, but the number of males caught in the third flight in Bt fields was lower than in non‐Bt fields. These results suggest that males from adjacent Bt and non‐Bt fields mate indiscriminately with females emerging in any of the two kinds of maize fields. However, male movement in the third flight may not be sufficient to randomly distribute males between the two fields.
Occurrence of Rhagoletis species in Newfoundland
Authors: Berlocher Stewart H. , Dixon Peggy L. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe presence of Rhagoletis fruit flies in Newfoundland, Canada, was investigated by rearing large numbers of the fruits of known and potential host plant species. Three Rhagoletis species, R. tabellaria (Fitch), R. basiola (Osten Sacken), and the cherry pest species R. fausta (Osten Sacken), were found to occur naturally in Newfoundland, representing a range extension of some 500 km for R. tabellaria and R. basiola. Rhagoletis fausta had previously been reported from sticky traps used to monitor R. mendax Curran, which is not known from the province. To investigate the route by which the two new species may have colonized Newfoundland, R. tabellaria adults were sequenced for a mitochondrial genome fragment (COI–tRNA‐Leu–COII–tRNA‐Lys). This sample was genetically identical or similar to samples from other widely distributed sites in North America, suggesting that the presence of R. tabellaria in Newfoundland is the result of postglacial dispersal rather than survival in a glacial refugium. The implications of these findings for Rhagoletis management in Canada are discussed.
Aphid galls accumulate high concentrations of amino acids: a support for the nutrition hypothesis for gall formation
Authors: Koyama Yoshitaka , Yao Izumi , Akimoto Shin‐Ichi 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe nutrition hypothesis for the adaptive significance of insect gall formation postulates that galls accumulate higher concentrations of nutritive compounds than uninfested plant tissue, resulting in a high performance of the gall former. This hypothesis has been supported by some taxa of gall insects, but not by taxa such as cynipid wasps. Aphid galls are expected to require higher levels of nitrogen than other insects’ galls with a single inhabitant, because aphid galls are required to sustain a number of aphids reproducing parthenogenetically over two generations. The present study tested this hypothesis by evaluating aphid performance and amino acid concentration in phloem sap, using the aphidRhopalosiphum insertum(Walker) (Homoptera: Aphididae), which establishes colonies on leaves ofSorbus commixtaHedlund or in galls of the aphidSorbaphis chaetosiphonShaposhnikov (Homoptera: Aphididae). We prepared the gall and non‐gall treatments on trees ofS. commixta, in whichR. insertumfundatrices were reared and allowed to reproduce. InS. chaetosiphongalls,R. insertumcolonies propagated more rapidly, and the second generation grew larger and more fecund than on ungalled leaves. The amount of amino acids exuding from cut galled leaves was fivefold that in ungalled leaves; however, there was no significant difference in the amino acid composition between galled and ungalled leaves. In the intact leaves, total amino acid concentration in the phloem sap declined rapidly from late April to late May; however, the galls retained this high amino acid concentration in developing leaves for 1 month. These results indicate that the improved performance inR. insertumis ascribed to the increased concentration of amino acids in galled leaves. We suggest thatS. chaetosiphongalls function to promote the breakdown of leaf protein, leading to an increased performance of gall‐inhabiting aphids.
The applicability of the plant vigor and resource regulation hypotheses in explaining Epiblema gall moth–Parthenium weed interactions
Authors: Dhileepan K. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA basic question in insect–plant interactions is whether the insects respond to, or regulate plant traits, or a complex mixture of the two. The relative importance of the directions of the influence in insect–plant interactions has therefore been articulated through both the plant vigor hypothesis (PVH) and the resource regulation hypothesis (RRH). This study tested the applicability of these hypotheses in explaining the interactions between Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae) and its stem‐galling moth, Epiblema strenuana Walker (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Parthenium plants exposed to galling were sampled at three sites in north Queensland, Australia, over a 2‐year period, and the relationship between gall abundance and plant vigor (plant height, biomass, flowers per plant, and branches per plant) was studied. To test the predictions of PVH and RRH, the vigor of parthenium plants protected from galling using insecticides was compared to galled plants and plants that escaped from galling. The vigor of ungalled plants was less than the vigor of galled plants. The higher plant vigor in galled plants was not due to galling, as was evident from insecticide exclusion trials. The insect seemed to preferentially gall the more vigorous plants. These findings support the predictions of the PVH and are contrary to those of RRH. Since gall abundance is linked to plant vigor, galling may have only a limited impact on the vigor of parthenium. This has implications for weed biological control. If the objective of biological control is to regulate the population of a plant by a galling insect, a preference for more vigorous plants by the insect is likely to limit its ability to regulate plant populations. This may explain the paucity of successes against biocontrol of annual weeds using gall insects.
Effect of antitumour necrosis factor‐α therapy on bone turnover in patients with active Crohn's disease: a prospective study
Authors: Ryan B. M. , Russel M. G. V. M. , Schurgers L. , Wichers M. , Sijbrandij J. , Stockbrugger R. W. , Schoon E. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryBackground and aims:  Patients with Crohn's disease are at increased risk of osteoporosis. Disease activity and circulating proinflammatory cytokines are thought to play a role in this process. Infliximab, a chimaeric antitumour necrosis factor‐α antibody is effective in the treatment of Crohn's disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of treatment with infliximab on bone turnover in Crohn's disease patients.Methods:  This was a prospective trial. Twenty‐four patients with active Crohn's disease were treated with infliximab (5 mg/kg). Bone markers were assayed pre‐ and post‐treatment. Bone formation was measured using serum bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase and total osteocalcin and bone resorption using serum N‐telopeptide cross‐linked type 1 collagen.Results:  Infliximab therapy caused a significant increase in both markers of bone formation in patients with active Crohn's disease. No significant change in the bone resorption marker serum N‐telopeptide cross‐linked type 1 was found.Conclusion:  Infliximab therapy had a significant beneficial effect on bone metabolism in patients with active Crohn's disease. These findings further support the theory that active ongoing inflammation and high levels of circulating cytokines play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of bone loss in patients with Crohn's disease.
Effect of low‐dose rabeprazole and omeprazole on gastric acidity: results of a double blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, three‐way crossover study in healthy subjects
Authors: Bruley des Varannes S. , Gharib H. , Bicheler V. , Bost R. , Bonaz B. , Stanescu L. , Delchier J. C. , Bonnot‐Marlier S. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryBackground : The treatment of acid‐related symptoms requires rapid and consistent acid suppression, especially with on‐demand regimens.Aim : To compare the antisecretory activity of low‐dose rabeprazole and omeprazole in healthy, Helicobacter pylori‐negative subjects.Methods : In this randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, three‐way crossover study, 27 volunteers were given rabeprazole 10 mg, omeprazole 10 mg, or placebo once daily for 7 days with a 10–14‐day washout between treatments. Intragastric pH was monitored for 24‐h on days 1 and 7 of each treatment.Results : Median gastric pH was significantly higher with rabeprazole than with omeprazole or placebo: day 1: 2.3, 1.4 and 1.3, respectively (P = 0.0056, rabeprazole vs. omeprazole; P < 0.0001, rabeprazole vs. placebo); day 7: 3.7, 2.2 and 1.3, respectively (P = 0.0016 rabeprazole vs. omeprazole; P < 0.0001, rabeprazole vs. placebo). Time with gastric pH above 4 was significantly higher with rabeprazole than with omeprazole: day 1, 5.8 h vs. 3.7 h, respectively (P < 0.02); day 7, 10.5 h vs. 4.6 h, respectively (P = 0.0008).Conclusions : Rabeprazole 10 mg provides more rapid acid inhibition compared with omeprazole 10 mg. After 7 days, the time with pH above 4 is more than doubled with rabeprazole 10 mg vs. omeprazole 10 mg.
Intravenous and oral lansoprazole are equivalent in suppressing stimulated acid output in patient volunteers with erosive oesophagitis
Authors: Kovacs T. O. G. , Lee C. Q. , Chiu Y.‐L. , Pilmer B. L. , Metz D. C. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryBackground : Some patients requiring acid suppression may be unable to take oral medications.Aim : To compare the gastric acid inhibition effects of lansoprazole 30 mg administered either intravenous or orally in erosive oesophagitis patients.Methods : The study included 87 Helicobacter pylori‐negative patients with erosive oesophagitis. Each patient received 7 days of lansoprazole 30 mg orally prior to being randomized in a 3:1 fashion to intravenously lansoprazole 30 mg or intravenously placebo for 7 days. Basal acid output and pentagastrin‐stimulated acid output were measured on days 8, 9 and 15.Results : Median pentagastrin‐stimulated acid output was 7.2 mmol/h after 7 days of oral lansoprazole. The median pentagastrin‐stimulated acid output increased to 7.6 mmol/h after 7 days of intravenous lansoprazole compared with 26.9 mmol/h after intravenous placebo (P < 0.001).Conclusions : Lansoprazole 30 mg administered intravenous was equivalent to the 30 mg oral capsule in gastric acid suppression. Intravenous proton pump inhibitor therapy represents an important treatment option for those with acid‐related diseases who are unable to take oral medications.
International validation of ReQuest in patients with endoscopy‐negative gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Bardhan K. D. , Stanghellini V. , Armstrong D. , Berghöfer P. , Gatz G. , Mönnikes H. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryBackground : Reflux Questionnaire (ReQuest), a newly developed gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease‐sensitive scale, can be used to reliably evaluate the effect of treatment on gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease symptoms.Aim : International validation of this scale, in patients suffering from endoscopy‐negative gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease.Methods : In this open, multicentre and multinational clinical trial 840 endoscopy‐negative gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease patients received pantoprazole 20 mg daily for 28 days. The long and short versions of ReQuest were completed both in the pre‐treatment and treatment phases. For scale development an item reduction analysis was performed. Internal consistency, test–retest reliability and responsiveness were calculated for psychometric analysis. Construct validity was evaluated by comparison with the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale and the Psychological General Well‐being questionnaire by means of correlation coefficients.Results : Factor analyses confirmed the content validity of both long and short version of ReQuest. Psychometric calculations proved high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha: 0.9), test–retest reliability [Intraclass Correlation Coefficient: 0.9 (long vs. long) and 0.8 (short vs. short)], and responsiveness (Responsiveness Index 320.3) of the scale, for which also good construct validity was achieved (correlation coefficient: Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale –0.6; Psychological General Well‐being −0.4).Conclusion : ReQuest proved valid, reliable, and responsive in this multinational clinical trial to evaluate treatment response in endoscopy‐negative gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease patients.
Therapeutic roles of acupuncture in functional gastrointestinal disorders
Authors: Ouyang H. , Chen J. D. Z. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryAcupuncture has been practiced empirically in China for several millennia, and is being increasingly accepted by practitioners and patients worldwide. Functional gastrointestinal disorders are common in clinical gastroenterology. The prevalence of one or more functional gastrointestinal disorders is estimated to be as high as 70% in general population using Rome diagnostic criteria. Since functional gastrointestinal disorders are diagnosed based on symptoms and the exact aetiologies for most of functional gastrointestinal disorders are not completely known, it is not unusual that the treatment for these disorders is unsatisfactory and alternative therapies are attractive to both patients and practitioners. During the latest decades, a considerable number of studies have been performed on acupuncture for the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders and underlying mechanisms. In this article, we reviewed available data in the literature on the applications and mechanisms of acupuncture for the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders, including functional oesophageal disorders, nausea and vomiting, functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, etc. A summary is provided based on the quality and quantity of published studies regarding the efficacy of acupuncture in treating these various disorders. In addition, the methodology of acupuncture is also introduced.