bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disposition of Naproxen After Oral Administration During and Between Migraine Attacks
Authors: Pini L.A. , Bertolotti M. , Trenti T. , Vitale G. 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISNaproxen is an anti‐inflammatory drug widely used in the management of pain and in the treatment of migraine and headache. As gastrointestinal disturbances are a common feature of migraine, the aim of this study was to evaluate the absorption and the efficacy of naproxen administered during migraine attacks. Ten patients were treated with 500 mg of a soluble form of naproxen during and between migraine attacks. Clinical parameters and drug plasma levels were recorded st scheduled times. Pain reduction, from severe to mild was evident by 6.5 ± 3.4 hours and the total pain score showed a reduction from 2 hours onwards. Pharmacokinetic data showed a slight delay in drug absorption during attacks (absorption half‐life and time of maximum drug concentration were increased during attacks), but overall bioavailability of naproxen, as reflected by area under the curve (AUC) and maximum plasma drug concentration were unchanged. Since pain relief was reported, it may be concluded that delayed absorption has little or no influence on the therapeutic effect of naproxen in migraine attacks in fasting patients.
Non‐Compliance With Follow‐Up and Improvement After Treatment at a Headache Center
Authors: Spierings Egilius L.H. , Miree Lucia F. 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISTwo telephone surveys were conducted at a major headache center into patient compliance with follow‐up end perceived treatment efficacy. The first survey addressed compliance with the recommendation to follow‐up after the initial evaluation. Of a group of 316 consecutive patients, 40.5% had not complied with the recommended follow‐up visit. Reasons for the non‐compliance were given by 60.3%; most frequently mentioned were dislike of the clinician seen and seeking care elsewhere.The second survey concerned 75 patients who had returned at least once to the center for follow‐up. When asked about the efficacy of the treatment received, 76.0% reported improvement of their headaches, with 32.0% reporting more than 75% improvement. In addition, 87.5% of the patients reported a decrease in the use of analgesic and/or ergotamine medications.We conclude that treatment of chronic headache is not a priori a hopeless situation and that in the patient compliance with the recommendation to follow‐up, in particular the patient‐clinician relationship is a critical factor.
The Comparison of Patients Suffering from Temporo‐mandibular Disorders and a General Headache Population
Authors: Haley Dennis , Schiffman Eric , Baker Camak , Belgrade Miles 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISThe purpose of this study was to examine the possible association of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders relative to headache. Fifty‐six sequential patients referred to the Headache Institute of Minnesota for evaluation and treatment of migraine and tension headaches were examined for signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders. The results of the examination of headache patients were compared to patients suffering from myofascial pain dysfunction and/or TMJ internal derangements from the TMJ and Craniofacial Pain Clinic at the University of Minnesota. Finally the migraine and tension headache patients were compared to each other and an asymptomatic population.Results indicate that patients with temporomandibular disorders exhibit significantly more jaw dysfunction and pericranial muscle tenderness than migraine and tension headache patients. Migraine and tension headache patients were found to have similar amounts of pericranial muscle tenderness. Migraine and tension headache patients exhibited significantly more pericranial and neck muscle tenderness than a general population.
Differential GABAA Subunit Expression Following Status Epilepticus in Seizure‐prone and Seizure‐resistant Rats: A Putative Mechanism for Refractory Drug Response
Authors: Gilby Krista L. , Da Silva Angelika Goncalves , McIntyre Dan C. 
Published: June 2005

Summary:  Purpose: Two rat strains were selectively bred to be prone (Fast) or resistant (Slow) to amygdala kindling. The first objective of this experiment was to determine whether that selection was specific to kindling or was sensitive more broadly to another seizure induction agent, kainic acid (KA). Second, we investigated whether these strains exhibit distinct molecular responses to KA with respect to GABAA receptor subunit expression. Methods: Development of status epilepticus (SE) was profiled in Fast and Slow rats injected with 20 mg/kg KA (i.p.). Two hours post‐SE onset, rats received a sedative dose of sodium pentobarbital. Behavioral profiles included latency to SE, number of wet dog shakes (WDS), and number and duration of stage 3–5 generalized seizures. Rats were killed 24 h post‐SE, and α1 and α4 mRNA levels were compared in the hippocampus and amygdala using QPCR. Results: Slow rats exhibited a much greater latency to SE onset (p < 0.01) and many more WDS (p < 0.01) than Fast rats. During SE, Fast rats spent more time in and exhibited more repeated bouts of generalized stage 3–5 seizures (p < 0.01) than Slow rats. Constitutive levels of α1 and α4 were not different between the strains in either structure and equivalent reductions in α4 were evident 24 h post‐SE. However, while Fast rats showed KA‐induced reductions in α1 in both structures, Slow rats showed significant elevations. Conclusions: Genetic selection for temporal lobe excitability, manifested as differential amygdala kindling rates, is paralleled by vulnerability to KA‐induced SE. Further, these strains exhibited at least one opposing molecular response to SE, namely α1 expression. This finding may offer a putative mechanism through which seemingly similar epilepsies can be intractable in some patients but treatable in others.
Are Cytomegalic Neurons and Balloon Cells Generators of Epileptic Activity in Pediatric Cortical Dysplasia?
Authors: Cepeda Carlos , André Véronique M. , Vinters Harry V. , Levine Michael S. , Mathern Gary W. 
Published: June 2005

Summary:  Purpose: Severe cortical dysplasia (CD) is characterized by the presence of cytomegalic neurons and balloon cells. These aberrant cells could participate in the generation of epileptic activity. The aim of this study was to morphologically and electrophysiologically characterize cells in pediatric CD tissue. Methods: We used infrared video‐microscopy to visualize normal and abnormal‐appearing cells. To characterize electrophysiological properties, we used whole‐cell patch clamp recordings in tissue slices obtained from 42 cases of pediatric CD (ages 0.2–14 years). The pipette contained biocytin for determination of morphological features. Results: Approximately 25% of recorded cells displayed morphologic differences compared with normal‐appearing pyramidal neurons, and were divided as follows: immature, misoriented, dysmorphic, cytomegalic, and balloon cells. Immature cells displayed electrophysiological membrane properties typical of developing neurons. Misoriented pyramidal neurons and pyramidal neurons with dysmorphic processes displayed properties similar to normal‐appearing pyramidal neurons. In contrast, cytomegalic neurons and balloon cells displayed abnormal membrane properties. Balloon cells had a very high input resistance and lacked voltage‐gated Na+ and Ca2+ currents. Cytomegalic neurons had a very high membrane capacitance, very low input resistance, and showed signs of hyperexcitability, as exemplified by the occurrence of repetitive, slowly inactivating Ca2+ spikes when depolarized. Conclusions: We suggest that cytomegalic neurons but not balloon cells have the potential to be epileptic generators, although probably not instigators, in severe CD tissue.
Plastic Changes and Disease‐modifying Effects of Scopolamine in the Pilocarpine Model of Epilepsy in Rats
Authors: Pereira Heloísa A. A. , Benassi Simone K. , Mello Luiz E. 
Published: June 2005

Summary:  Purpose: We describe the use of a clinically relevant pharmacological intervention that alters the clinical history of status epilepticus (SE)‐induced spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) in the pilocarpine model and the possible plastic changes underlying such an effect. Methods: Two hours after pilocarpine‐induced SE (320–350 mg/kg, i.p.), rats received scopolamine 1–2 mg/kg i.p. or saline, every 6 h for 3 days. After that, osmotic minipumps were implanted for continuous delivery of scopolamine or saline for an additional 14 days. Animals were video‐monitored for 12 h/week during the following 3‐month period for the occurrence of SRS and, thereafter, were perfused, processed, and coronal brain sections were stained for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and for the presence of supragranular mossy fibers (Timm). Results: Treatment with scopolamine led to significantly fewer SRS. Staining for AChE in the dentate gyrus was significantly more intense in naïve animals. The scopolamine group had the least intense AChE staining of all groups. However, regression analysis of the AChE staining for this group did not correlate with the presence or absence of SRS, or the latency or frequency of SRS. Supragranular mossy fiber sprouting developed in all animals experiencing pilocarpine‐induced SE, irrespective of whether or not they were treated with scopolamine. Conclusions: Pilocarpine‐induced SE in the presence of scopolamine might produce animals that, despite mossy fiber sprouting, were not seen to exhibit spontaneous seizures. In addition, our data suggest that the encountered changes in the AChE staining in the dentate gyrus that followed treatment with scopolamine do not help to explain its disease‐modifying effects.
GABA Synapses and the Rapid Loss of Inhibition to Dentate Gyrus Granule Cells after Brief Perforant‐Path Stimulation
Authors: Naylor David E. , Wasterlain Claude G. 
Published: June 2005

Summary:  Purpose: To study the pharmacologic and synaptic basis for the early loss of paired‐pulse inhibition that occurs in the perforant‐path stimulation model of status epilepticus. Methods: Hippocampal slices were prepared from male Wistar rats. Test paired pulses (20‐ to 50‐ms interstimulus interval) of the perforant path were used before and after an abbreviated period of perforant‐path stimulation (1–5 min; 2‐Hz continuous with 20 Hz of 10 s/min pulses) while either recording field potentials from the dentate gyrus granule cell layer or directly measuring whole‐cell patch‐clamp currents from granule cells. Paired‐pulse field recordings also were obtained during perfusion of the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)A antagonist bicuculline. Results: Prolonged loss of paired‐pulse inhibition occurs after brief (<5 min) perforant‐path stimulation in vitro (similar to results in vivo) with the paired‐pulse population spike amplitude ratio (P2/P1) increasing from a baseline of 0.53 ± 0.29 to 1.17 ± 0.09 after perforant‐path stimulation (p < 0.05). After perfusion with the GABAA antagonist, bicuculline, the P2/P1 ratio also increased from a baseline of 0.52 ± 0.16 to 1.15 ± 0.26 (p < 0.05). After 1–2 min of perforant‐path stimulation, a 22 ± 6% (p < 0.05) decrease occurred in the P2/P1 amplitude ratio of paired‐pulse evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Conclusions: Similar to in vivo, loss of paired‐pulse inhibition occurs with brief perforant‐path stimulation in vitro. GABAA antagonism causes a similar loss of paired‐pulse inhibition, and the effects of perforant‐path stimulation on postsynaptic inhibitory currents also are consistent with the involvement of GABAA synaptic receptors. The findings suggest that loss of inhibition at GABA synapses may be an important early event in the initiation of status epilepticus.
Central‐type Benzodiazepine Receptors and Epileptogenesis: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Validity
Authors: Morimoto Kiyoshi , Tamagami Hiroshi , Matsuda Kazumi 
Published: June 2005

Summary:  Purpose:γ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐A/benzodiazepine receptors (BZRs) play an important inhibitory role in epileptogenesis. [123I]Iomazenil (123I‐IMZ) is a specific ligand for central‐type (or neuronal‐type) BNRs and is available for single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in brain disorders. We demonstrated alterations of central‐type BZRs in human focal epilepsies and their experimental models. Methods: We examined interictal 123I‐IMZ SPECT in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE; n = 19) with hippocampal sclerosis and neocortical epilepsy with focal cortical dysplasia (NE‐CD; n = 18), and compared those with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 123I‐IMP SPECT (for regional cerebral blood flow). We also investigated in vitro autoradiography with 123I‐IMZ at various time courses in the intraamygdala kainate, amygdala kindling, and in‐utero irradiation models. Results: In MTLE patients, the epileptogenic hippocampus often showed decreases in both 123I‐IMZ and 123I‐IMP SPECT. Consistent with those, marked reduction of 125I‐IMZ binding was observed in hippocampal CA1‐3 regions of the kainate model, which clearly paralleled pyramidal neuronal loss. In contrast, 125I‐IMZ binding was increased in the dentate gyrus at 1 month but returned to the normal level at 3–6 months, when frequent spontaneous seizures appeared. The amygdala‐kindling model demonstrated similar increases in 125I‐IMZ binding in the dentate gyrus without any changes in other brain regions. In NE‐CD patients, the epileptogenic foci showed decreased 123I‐IMZ binding with relatively normal 123I‐IMP SPECT. 125I‐IMZ binding also was decreased in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus (areas CA1, 2, and 4), and caudate/putamen of the in‐utero irradiation model. Conclusions: These results indicate that central‐type BZRs neuroimaging is useful for detection of epileptogenic foci, but their alterations differ between epilepsy subtypes and time‐courses.
Establishment and optimization of a flow cytometric method for evaluation of viability of CD34+ cells after cryopreservation and comparison with trypan blue exclusion staining
Authors: Humpe Andreas , Beck Christian , Schoch Robert , Kneba Michael , Horst Heinz‐August 
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND:  Trypan blue exclusion staining is probably the most frequently applied method (Method I) for assessment of viability in peripheral blood progenitor cell grafts after cryopreservation. Alternatively, a flow cytometry–based method (Method II) was established and optimized.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  In a first series of 22 autologous apheresis products, the influence of duration of antibody staining and red cell (RBC) lysis on viability was investigated. In a second series of 21 autologous and 1 allogeneic apheresis products, the effect of omitting the RBC lysis was evaluated. On the basis of the results of the first two series, 155 autologous and 57 allogeneic apheresis products were analyzed with Method I and the now optimized Method II.RESULTS:  Halving the incubation times did not influence the viability of CD45+ or CD34+ cells. Omission of RBC lysis resulted in a significantly (p = 0.022) increased median viability of CD45+ cells (75.8% vs. 71.0%) without any influence on CD34+ cells. In the third series, the median viability of CD34+ cells (96.9%) was significantly (p < 0.0001) higher compared with the viability of CD45+ cells (76.2%) and the viability determined by Method I (86.5%).CONCLUSION:  The viability of CD34+ cells was significantly higher compared with the viability of all white blood cells. The presented cytometry‐based method is superior to the standard trypan blue method regarding the number of analyzable cells and documentation, regarding observer independence and standardization; it allows the analysis of the cells of interest for transplantation after minimal sample manipulation.
Alleviating blood shortages in a resource‐constrained environment
Authors: Pitocco Christine , Sexton Thomas R. 
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND:  The nation devotes considerable resources to the collection, processing, and distribution of blood products. Nonetheless, shortages of virtually every blood component persist. Economic theory suggests that the national blood supply can be increased either by increasing the level of resources used in the collection and production of blood components or by utilizing existing resources more efficiently.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  This study uses data envelopment analysis to analyze the efficiency of 70 blood centers to determine the extent to which operational efficiency can be improved, the increase in the nation's blood supply that would result, and management strategies that would lead to such improvements. Data were collected from the AABB 2002‐2003 Directory of Community Blood Centers.RESULTS:  The study found that roughly half of the 70 blood centers studied are efficient. The remaining blood centers collectively can both increase outputs and decrease some inputs. If the inefficient blood centers were to eliminate half of their inefficiency, then systemwide output of platelets would be increased by 17 percent, cryoprecipitate by 12 percent, plasma by 10 percent, and red blood cells by 7 percent. Inefficient blood centers have little opportunity to reduce full‐time employees or reduce expenditures; however, they can decrease their use of part‐time employees by 10 percent and volunteers by 9 percent.CONCLUSION:  The results indicate that efficiency improvements would help to alleviate the nation's persistent blood shortages. These findings can be used by blood center managers to identify management interventions that can improve operational efficiency, resulting in greater output with existing levels of resources.
Further evaluation of a new standard of efficacy for stored platelets
Authors: AuBuchon James P. , Herschel Louise , Roger Jill 
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND:  The proposal to assess the viability capabilities of platelets (PLTs) collected, treated, or stored in a developmental system against “fresh” PLTs from the same subject poses several important methodologic issues pertaining to the timing and manner of the collecting and separating the fresh PLTs. This study extended the previous validation of this method of comparing fresh and stored PLTs, applying it to an assessment of apheresis PLTs stored for 7 days with a newly standardized radiolabeling protocol.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Eighteen normal subjects donated 1 unit of leukoreduced PLTs, pheresed with a standard, approved system. They received an aliquot radiolabeled with 51Cr on Day 7 simultaneously with 111In‐labeled fresh PLTs that had been separated by a manual method. Recovery and survival were compared to determine whether the stored PLTs were not inferior to the criterion of 67 percent of recovery and 50 percent of survival of fresh PLTs. Separate studies were undertaken to document the similarity of recovery and survival with 51Cr and 111In radiolabeling in PLTs stored to 8 days and to determine the importance of correcting the radioactivity in timed samples for the activity remaining in blood beyond the life span of the retransfused PLTs.RESULTS:  PLTs stored for 7 days demonstrated 88.7 ± 35.2 percent of the recovery and 89.9 ± 21.2 percent of the survival of PLTs collected via a nonproprietary, manual system and thus met the comparative criterion. In a separate study (n = 12), labeling Day 8 PLTs with 51Cr or 111In resulted in recoveries and survivals that were not different. Radiolabel eluted from labeled PLTs in vitro was taken up by cellular blood elements in a reuptake incubation.CONCLUSION:  Apheresis PLTs stored for 7 days met the criterion proposed for comparison with fresh PLTs. This analytic approach is feasible with PLTs collected and prepared via a manual method. A standardized protocol for radiolabeling PLTs with 51Cr and 111In and analyzing the results in a standardized fashion was employed successfully, with the two radioisotopes yielding similar results. The importance of correcting for residual activity after disappearance of injected cells was noted.
SU‐DD‐A3‐04: Strategies for Respiratory‐Compensated Treatment of Lung Lesions
Authors: Smith V , Chuang C , Petti P , Larson D 
Published: June 2005

Purpose: The CyberKnife Synchrony system allows respiratory motion compensated treatment of lung lesions implanted with fiducials, using a model of the relative motion of the fiducials and infrared diodes on the chest. Often implantation of fiducials in the lesion is not feasible because of the potential for pneumothorax. We compare the following two alternative strategies1. Synchrony treatment with fiducials in the anterior chest wall2. Non‐Synchrony treatment with fiducials in the posterior chest wallMethod and Materials: The lung lesion patients were scanned using a GE Lightspeed Multi‐Slice scanner to obtain 300 1.25mm thick slices through the area of interest during one breath‐hold. This was performed three times covering full inspiration, full expiration, and mid‐inspiration. Fiducials were implanted percutaneously in the anterior and posterior chest wall. The lesion and position of the fiducials were delineated on all three sets of CT scans. If the motion of the lesion tracked the motion of the anterior chest wall fiducials, then a Synchrony plan was developed to treat the lesion as drawn on the mid‐inspiration CT scan. If the lesion motion did not track with the anterior chest wall fiducials then a non‐Synchrony plan was developed that treated the lesion as seen on all three sets of CT scans using the fiducials in the posterior chest wall for tracking. Results: Using anterior chest wall fiducials, the lesion motion tracked to within 1–2mm in X and Y, and 5–6mm in Z. The target was extended in Z to accommodate this. For non‐Synchrony treatments the target volumes increased by 60 to 75% and the prescription isodose volumes increased by 65 to 90%. Conclusion: The treatment of lung lesions presents a difficult challenge especially if fiducials cannot be implanted in the lesion to allow full Synchrony treatment, but the techniques described will still allow treatment.
MO‐B‐I‐618‐02: Overview of Digital Detector Technology
Authors: Seibert J 
Published: June 2005

There are various technologies available for the acquisition and display of digital radiographic images. A division has historically existed between “computed radiography” (CR) using photostimulable storage phosphors placed in a cassette holder with subsequent processing in a reader, and “direct radiography” (DR) using a detector with integrated electronics and direct readout and image display. In 2005, these distinctions are less obvious, as some storage phosphor (PSP) devices are automated with direct image display, and some direct flat‐panel devices are used like a portable cassette. Generally speaking, rather than distinguishing digital detectors based on “CR versus DR”, consideration of cassette versus cassetteless digital radiography is perhaps warranted as the technology advances. Besides the venerable cassette‐based PSP detector and plate reader for large field of view imaging (35 × 43 cm), digital detector technologies now available include PSP line‐scan systems in a cassetteless enclosure, optically coupled CCD‐camera systems, fiber‐optically coupled slot‐scan CCD array detectors, indirect x‐ray conversion scintillators and thin‐film‐transistor (TFT) photodiode arrays, and direct x‐ray conversion semiconductors layered on TFT detector arrays. Dedicated digital mammography detectors use similar technologies, with appropriate tuning for resolution and speed. Detective quantum efficiency measurements, equipment specifications, unique acquisition techniques (e.g., digital tomosynthesis and dual energy radiography), PACS/RIS integration and quality control issues are reviewed in the presentation.Educational Objectives:1. To describe digital radiography in general terms, and compare with screen‐film detectors2. To understand acquisition and information flow of digital radiography devices3. To compare cassette and cassetteless operation in terms of resolution, dose efficiency and signal to noise ratio4. To describe new data acquisition and image processing techniques5. To consider PACS/RIS interface and design features for digital radiography