bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arbuscular mycorrhiza in mini‐mycorrhizotrons: first contact of Medicago truncatula roots with Glomus intraradices induces chalcone synthase
Authors: Bonanomi Athos , Oetiker Jürg H. , Guggenheim Richard , Boller Thomas , Wiemken Andres , Vögeli‐Lange Regina 
Published: March 2003

Summary

The association of plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is widespread in nature, but little is known about molecular aspects of this symbiosis. Particularly during the early stages of the AM symbiosis, it is difficult to monitor growth of the two partners, to dissect gene expression patterns and to correlate them with plant, fungal or symbiosis development.
A new system, the ‘mini‐mycorrhizotron’, was established to cultivate seedlings of Medicago truncatula in mycorrhizal symbiosis with Glomus intraradices under gnotobiotic conditions. This system allows natural growth of the symbiotic partners and permits the continuous noninvasive observation of the development of plant and fungus under a microscope.
The mini‐mycorrhizotron was used to determine the stage of induction of a mycorrhiza‐related gene detected by differential display‐reverse transcription‐PCR, namely a novel chalcone synthase (Mt‐chs1). The gene is induced in roots at the stage of the first fungal contact.
The mini‐mycorrhizotron allowed identification and cloning of a symbiosis‐related gene, and the correlation between its expression and the developmental stage of the symbiosis was established. This provides a useful tool for molecular and developmental studies of the early stages of AM symbioses.

Mt‐chs1 nucleotide sequence can be found at the Genbank data base (accession no. AJ277211). The following sequences were also used: Glycine maxchs (X52097), chs1 (X54644); chs2 (X65635), chs3 (X53958), chs5 (L07647), chs6 (L03352), chs7 (M98871); Pisum sativumchs (X80007), chs1 (D10661), chs2 (X63334), chs3 (D88261), chs4 (D88260), chs5 (D88262), chs7 (D88263); Medicago sativachs1 (L02901), chsI (X68106), chs2 (L02902), chs4–1 (U01018), chs8 (L02904), chs9 (L02905), 12–1 (U01021); Medicago truncatulachs1, this work (AJ277211); Trifolium subterraneumchs1 (M91193), chs2 (M91194), chs3 (L24515), chs4 (L24516), chs5 (L24517), chs6 (M91195); Phaseolus vulgarischs (X06411) and Vigna unguiculatachs (X74821).
Canopy position affects the temperature response of leaf respiration in Populus deltoides
Authors: Griffin Kevin L. , Turnbull Matthew , Murthy Ramesh 
Published: March 2003

Summary• Leaf respiration and its temperature response were measured in 4‐m‐tall, 1‐yr‐old Populus deltoides trees to assess the effect of within‐canopy distribution of respiratory physiology on total foliar C exchange of a model ecosystem at Biosphere 2.• Over the course of five nights, air temperature was varied over a 10°C range and the steady‐state rate of leaf respiration was measured. These data were then modeled to calculate the temperature response of leaf and canopy respiration.• Results indicate that there is considerable within‐canopy variation in both the rate of respiration and its temperature response and that these variables are most strongly related to leaf carbohydrate and leaf N. Scaling these results to the ecosystem level demonstrates the importance of quantifying the vertical distribution of respiratory physiology, particularly at lower temperatures.• Simplifying assumptions regarding the variation in respiration and its temperature response with canopy height tend to result in an underestimation of the actual C loss if the assumptions are based on lower‐ or mid‐canopy leaf physiology, but overestimate C loss if the model assumptions are based on upper‐canopy physiology.
What has QTL mapping taught us about plant domestication?
Authors: Paterson Andrew H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe aim of this paper is to survey the general area of quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, and its specific impact on current understanding of plant domestication. Plant domestication is not only of historical interest, but is also of ongoing importance as changing human needs and availability of nonrenewable resources impel continuing (and perhaps even accelerated) investigation of prospective new crops. New genomic tools applied in conjunction with now‐established approaches such as QTL mapping are opening new doors into searches for the ‘footprints’ of domestication, and promise to accelerate and streamline the identification of specific genes integral to domestication(s), building on early successes. Better understanding of plant domestication promises to enhance knowledge about the developmental basis of some of the more striking evolutionary events known, to guide efforts to catalog plant biodiversity, and to accelerate progress in improving existing and new crops to sustain humanity.ContentsSummary591I.Introduction592II.A backdrop: QTL mapping basics593III.The tempo of domestication596IV.Domestication and polyploidy601V.New approaches to identifying the footprints of domestication603VI.Perspectives605Acknowledgements606References606
Reproductive development of blackberry (Rubus cuneifolius), as influenced by ozone
Authors: Chappelka A. H. 
Published: March 2003

Summary

The effects of ozone on reproductive development of blackberry ( Rubus cuneifolius
)
in situ are reported here and, in particular, changes over time of flower and fruit production, and the size and time to maturity of fruits produced.
Blackberry, a common associate in early successional communities in the southern USA, was exposed to subambient, ambient (both chambered and nonchambered plots) and elevated (2× ambient) ozone concentrations for two growing seasons (1994–95). Competition from other plant species was not excluded, and reproductive development was examined in April–May of the second year on the floricanes.
An initial acceleration in flowering resulted from exposure to elevated ozone with more flowers initiated and peak production occurring sooner than all other treatments. Total numbers of fruits were not significantly different among treatments. Numbers of large and ripe fruits were greatest in carbon‐filtered and unfiltered chambers and least in the 2× and ambient air treatments.
Possible implications related to changes in community structure and function are discussed.
Signals from the cuticle affect epidermal cell differentiation
Authors: Bird Susannah M. , Gray Julie E. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryStudies of Arabidopsis wax biosynthesis mutants indicate that the control of cell fate in the aerial epidermis is dependant upon the synthesis of the waxy cuticle that overlies the epidermal layer. Several cer mutants, originally isolated as wax deficient, not only affect cuticular wax composition but also exhibit large increases in stomatal numbers. Stomatal numbers are also affected in hic mutant plants, but despite HIC encoding a putative wax biosynthetic enzyme the hic phenotype of increased stomatal numbers is more subtle, and only seen at elevated CO2 concentrations. This suggests that environmental effects on stomatal number may be mediated through cuticular wax composition. Other putative wax biosynthetic genes, FDH and LCR, have effects on the number of trichomes that develop in the epidermis, indicating that trichome development may also be affected by cuticle composition. Thus signals from the cuticle may influence how trichome and stomatal numbers in the epidermis are determined. Wax components could be the developmental signalling molecules, or could be the mediating medium for such signals, stimulated by environmental cues, which affect epidermal cell fate.

Contents

Summary
9

I.
Introduction
10

II.
Cuticle structure
10

III.
Cuticular waxes
10

IV.
Cell patterning in the epidermis
11

V.
Stomatal development
12

VI.
Stomatal development in dicotyledonous plants
12

VII.
Mutants in stomatal development
14

VIII.
Control of Stomatal Development
14

IX.
Cuticle composition affects stomatal development
14

X.
The HIC – HI gh Carbon dioxide gene
15

XI.
Fatty acid elongases
17

XII.
The cuticle: an alternative signalling medium?
17

XIII.
Trichome development
18

XIV.
Cuticle composition affects trichome development
19

XV.
Cuticle composition affects pollen germination
20

XVI.
Conclusions
20

Acknowledgements
21

References
21
Consumers, cars and communities: the challenge of sustainability
Authors: Auld John W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe huge subsidization of sprawling development and the unbridled use of the private automobile needs to be brought to the forefront of public policy debate, not left to the excesses of the market‐place. To do this we need citizens‐in‐the‐community, not consumers‐in‐the‐market. The present costly and unsustainable situation of our human settlements is a result of a profound failure in public policy; a failure that resulted when we left the fate of our human settlements to the vagaries of the market‐place. We can no longer rely on the present subsidized, distorted, market‐place system approach to designing, building and operating our human settlements. The consequences have been disastrous for human welfare, health and safety, and the natural environment upon which all life depends.
The food pyramid challenge
Authors: Hertzler Ann A. , Mitchell Bridgit , Poole Kathleen 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPyramid Power is a 1‐hour programme designed to teach food choices, serving sizes and nutrition. Participants (19 women and 8 men) were challenged to follow the recommendation in a step‐by‐step manner. Evaluation, two months after the programme, resulted in two major areas of change. Participants improved their scoring of three food groups (bread‐cereal‐rice‐pasta, vegetable and fruit) and decreased the number of fat–sweet mentions. The programme and challenge provides a way for nutritionists to identify what participants are eating, to track progress and to identify future programme needs.
Antecedents and consequences of consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction with the performance of apparel products at purchase and after consumption: a comparison of male and female South Korean consumers
Authors: Chen‐Yu Jessie , Hong Keum‐Hee 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe purpose of the study is to investigate antecedents and consequences of consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction (CS/D) with the performance of apparel products at purchase, and after consumption, for male and female South Korean consumers. An experimental research technique with a 2 × 2 × 2 between‐subjects factorial design with gender (female, male), expectation for future performance, (high, low) and perception of product consumption performance (good, poor) was used. Both similarities and differences between genders were found. Implications and applications of results are discussed.
Does price reflect emotional, structural or performance quality?
Authors: Chowdhary Usha 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThree denim jeans products from the same manufacturer with differentiated pricing and labels (antiqued, sandblasted, and stonewashed) were used to determine the relationship between price and quality. Both qualitative and quantitative procedures were used to analyse the garments. All three jeans were made of twill weave with 3 × 1 repeat. Both structural and performance characteristics were compared using standardized tests. Analysis of variance was used to compare the selected structural and performance characteristics among the three jeans products. Tukey’s HSD tests were used for post hoc multiple comparisons for three jeans. The findings revealed that despite the fact that all three jeans products were from the same store, and that the fabrics used the same weave, degree and direction of twist, the jeans differed significantly for several structural and performance characteristics. Several possibilities for future research were explored.
Young people's perceptions of complaints procedures in local government
Authors: Brennan Carol , Galloway Alison , Thompson Susan 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis study examined 46 young people aged 16–24 years and evaluated their knowledge and awareness of the formal complaints procedures used by local government. Two areas in Scotland, one city (Edinburgh) and one town (Stirling), were chosen to participate in the study. Six focus groups, three in each area, were carried out to identify the level of awareness among the respondents and to permit a cross‐section of educational backgrounds to be obtained. A questionnaire was used to assemble a profile on each participant. After analysis of the focus groups, a focused interview with the Corporate Complaints Officers from two councils was undertaken. Each interview incorporated an in‐depth discussion regarding the formal complaints procedure while focusing on the young people within their constituency. The research revealed that young people's knowledge and awareness of local government complaints procedures is low, regardless of educational background and area of residence. For a minority, social factors such as confidence and competence do play a role although it is mainly organizational barriers, such as lack of information and access, which are the main causes of the problem. A number of young people indicated that they would complain if they knew how to execute a complaint successfully. The service providers were knowledgeable that awareness is low among this age group.
Proteolysis levels of white cheeses salted and ripened in brines prepared from various salts
Authors: Güven M , Karaca O B 
Published: March 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of salting and ripening periods in brines, prepared from various salts, on the properties of white cheeses. The brines were made from a mixture of NaCl with CaCl2, KCl and MgCl2 at 1 : 1 (molar basis) ratio. The NaCl solution alone was used as a control. The effects of different brines on total nitrogen, water‐soluble nitrogen, nonprotein nitrogen, casein nitrogen and proteose‐peptone nitrogen contents of cheeses were found to be insignificant, whereas the effect of ripening period on these properties was found to be significant (P < 0.05).
Effect of addition of amino acids, treatment with β‐galactosidase and use of heat‐shocked cultures on the acetaldehyde level in yoghurt
Authors: Özer Barbaros , Atasoy Ferit 
Published: March 2003

In this study, the biochemical activities of nonviscous and viscous yoghurt starter cultures were investigated. Yoghurt samples produced with nonviscous and viscous cultures, and viscous cultures + methionine (10 and 30 mg/100 mL milk), + threonine (5 and 10 mg/100 mL milk), + β‐galactosidase (1 mg/100 mL milk), and with a heat‐shocked culture were analysed. In the experimental yoghurts, the pH, titratable acidity, lactic acid, tyrosine and acetaldehyde contents and the number of total starter organisms were determined. According to the results obtained, the samples produced with the viscous culture had the lowest acetaldehyde levels, whereas the highest acetaldehyde level was found in the samples manufactured with the nonviscous culture. Compared with the samples inoculated with the viscous culture alone, the amino acid supplementation, lactose hydrolysis and heat‐shock treatments caused a significant increase in the level of acetaldehyde.
Some properties of yoghurt produced by adding mulberry pekmez (concentrated juice)
Authors: Celik Serafettin , Bakirci Ihsan 
Published: March 2003

Fruit‐flavoured yoghurt was made by adding 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0% mulberry pekmez (MP) into milk. The effects of the MP on the quality and fermentation process of the yoghurt were determined. The titratable acidity, pH, viscosity, whey separation and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts were determined at weekly intervals for 28 days. The pH range of the MP yoghurts was 4.65–5.57 and the pH of the plain yoghurt was 4.47 (P < 0.05). The addition of MP led to an increase in the fermentation time and a decrease in the viscosity of the yoghurts. Statistically significant differences were found between the plain and MP yoghurts in terms of pH (4.01 and 4.35), viscosity (5429 and 3175 cP) and number of LAB (7.07 and 6.48 log cfu). During storage, the titratable acidity, viscosity and LAB counts of MP yoghurts were lower and the whey separations higher than those of controls.
Anti‐inflammatory effects of prostaglandin E2 in the central nervous system in response to brain injury and circulating lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Zhang Ji , Rivest Serge 
Published: March 2003

Prostaglandin E2, a product of the cyclooxygenation of arachidonic acid released from membrane phospholipids, plays major roles in regulating brain injury and inflammation. Although prostaglandin E2 has frequently been considered as a possible inducer of brain damage and degeneration, it may exert beneficial effects in the CNS. Indeed, in spite of its classic role as a pro‐inflammatory molecule, several recent in vitro observations indicate that prostaglandin E2 can inhibit microglial activation. This study investigated the effect of central prostaglandin E2 injection on circulating lipopolysaccharide‐induced gene expression of different pro‐inflammatory molecules in both vascular and parenchymal elements of the brain. Localized, but strong, expression of tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐1β mRNA was found at the edge of the intracerebroventricular tract, which was largely prevented by the central prostaglandin E2 injection. Systemic lipopolysaccharide injection caused a profound transcriptional activation of cyclooxygenase‐2 and the inhibitory factor κBα (IκBα, index of NF‐κB activity) in the cerebral endothelium and tumor necrosis factor‐α in microglial cells across the brain parenchyma. Although exogenous prostaglandin E2 increased lipopolysaccharide‐induced NF‐κB activity and cyclooxygenase‐2 transcription in vascular‐associated elements, it significantly reduced microglial activation and tumor necrosis factor‐α expression in the brain parenchyma. These results indicate that prostaglandin E2 may play an important role in modulating the immune response occurring at the injured site and the pro‐inflammatory signaling events taking place in both vascular‐ and microglial‐associated elements of the CNS.
Stimulation of catecholamine synthesis in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells by leptin
Authors: Utsunomiya Kensuke , Yanagihara Nobuyuki , Tachikawa Eiichi , Cheah Tat Beng , Kajiwara Koji , Toyohira Yumiko , Ueno Susumu , Izumi Futoshi 
Published: March 2003

Recently, we characterized leptin receptors in bovine adrenal medullary cells (Yanagihara et al. 2000). Here we report the stimulatory effect of leptin on catecholamine synthesis in the cells. Incubating cells with leptin (10 nm) for 20 min increased the synthesis of 14C‐catecholamines from [14C]tyrosine, but not from l‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl [3–14C]alanine. The stimulation of catecholamine synthesis in the cells by leptin was associated with the phosphorylation and activation of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate‐limiting enzyme of catecholamine biosynthesis. The incubation of cells with leptin resulted in a rapid activation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs). An inhibitor of MAPK kinase, U0126, nullified the stimulatory effect of leptin on the synthesis of 14C‐catecholamines. Leptin potentiated the stimulatory effect of acetylcholine on 14C‐catecholamine synthesis, whereas leptin failed to enhance the phosphorylation and activation of tyrosine hydroxylase induced by acetylcholine. These findings suggest that leptin stimulates catecholamine synthesis via the activation of tyrosine hydroxylase by two different mechanisms, i.e., one is dependent on tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation mediated through the MAPK pathway and the second is independent of enzyme phosphorylation.
Overexpression of BETA2/NeuroD induces neurite outgrowth in F11 neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Cho Jang‐Hyeon , Kwon Il‐Sun , Kim Soyeon , Ghil Sung‐Ho , Tsai Ming‐Jer , Kim Yeon‐Soo , Lee Young‐Don , Suh‐Kim Haeyoung 
Published: March 2003

BETA2/NeuroD, a basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) transcription factor, has been shown to play important roles in the development of the nervous system and the maintenance and formation of pancreatic and enteroendocrine cells. The gain of function of BETA2/NeuroD in neurogenesis has been shown in Xenopus embryos. In this study, we investigated the neurogenic potential of BETA2/NeuroD using neuroblastoma cell line, F11, which could be induced to differentiate into neurons in the presence of cAMP. To induce or block the expression of BETA2/NeuroD, expression vectors for the full‐length and a C‐terminal deletion mutant of BETA2 were constructed and their transactivation potential was verified using reporter genes containing the insulin promoter sequences. Overexpression of BETA2 with full‐length construct induced neurite outgrowth in F11 cells in the absence of cAMP. In contrast, the C‐terminal deletion mutant, BETA2(1–233), which has dominant negative activity, inhibited neurite outgrowth induced by cAMP in F11 cells. These results indicate that BETA2/NeuroD plays an important role in terminal differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. They also imply that BETA2/NeuroD or related bHLH factors plays an essential role for differentiation of F11 neuroblastoma cells.
Up‐regulation of cyclooxygenase‐1 in neuroblastoma cell lines by retinoic acid and corticosteroids
Authors: Schneider Norbert , Lanz Stefan , Ramer Robert , Schaefer Dirk , Goppelt‐Struebe Margarete 
Published: March 2003

Cyclooxygenases‐1 and ‐2 are both expressed in neuronal cells in vivo. In the neuroblastoma cell lines NG108 and N2a, however, only cyclooxygenase‐1 was detectable. Differentiation of the cells with retinoic acid increased cyclooxygenase‐1 mRNA and protein expression within 24 and 48 h, respectively. A further increase was observed when the cells were concomitantly treated with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (a 2–3‐fold increase compared with retinoic acid alone). In the absence of retinoic acid, dexamethasone only slightly up‐regulated cyclooxygenase‐1 expression. The inhibitor of protein synthesis cycloheximide abrogated the effect of dexamethasone, indicating the involvement of newly synthesised proteins. Retinoic acid increased the transcription of cyclooxygenase‐1 mRNA, determined with a luciferase‐coupled promoter construct. Dexamethasone only slightly augmented cyclooxygenase‐1‐promoter activity but increased cyclooxygenase‐1 mRNA stability. Other corticosteroids, hydrocortisone and aldosterone, also up‐regulated cyclooxygenase‐1 whereas neurosteroids or oestrogen were ineffective. Up‐regulation was mediated primarily by the glucocorticoid receptor, because the receptor antagonist RU486 strongly reduced the effects of all corticosteroids. This indicated that in NG108 cells, the mineralocorticoid aldosterone may bind to the glucocorticoid receptor. Treatment of NG108 or N2a cells with corticosteroids did not alter the morphological phenotype obtained during differentiation. We thus show that corticosteroids, which down‐regulate cyclooxygenase expression in most cell types, up‐regulate cyclooxygenase‐1 during neuronal differentiation.