bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE AUTOANTIBODIES
Authors: Leddy John P. , Bakemeier Richard F. 
Published: June 2004

The 7S γ-globulins causing erythrocyte autosensitization in 20 patients were isolated by elution and examined for homogeneity or heterogeneity of their L chain types and electrophoretic dispersion. The isolated erythrocyte autoantibodies from 12 patients contained only 1 detectable L chain type. Two of these "monotypic" populations showed appreciable restriction of electrophoretic dispersion, while 2 others more nearly resembled the electrophoretic heterogeneity of normal γ-globulins. The autoantibodies from the other 8 patients exhibited L chains of both types. The single "bitypic" population so tested was relatively polydisperse electrophoretically. As a comparison, anti-Rho isoantibodies from 5 of 6 donors without known hematologic disease showed bitypic reactions, and 2 of these isoantibody populations were relatively polydisperse electrophoretically. One Rh isoantibody is described which contained only 1 demonstrable L chain type.
The structural similarities to "paraproteins" observed in a significant proportion of these erythrocyte autoantibodies raise the possibility of their origin from a restricted population of antibody forming cells, and may have implications concerning the pathogenesis of erythrocyte autosensitization.
STUDIES ON THE LYMPHOCYTOSIS INDUCED IN MICE BY BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS
Authors: Morse Stephen I. 
Published: June 2004

1. Intravenous injection into mice of phase I Bordetella pertussis vaccine resulted in a striking hyperleucocytosis with a predominating lymphocytosis. Intraperitoneal inoculation was less effective, and subcutaneous administration was inactive.
2. Active immunization prevented the hyperleucocytosis; passive immunization was less effective.
3. Reticuloendothelial blockage reduced the effect of the vaccine.
4. Extirpation of the spleen or thymus did not alter the leucocyte response.
5. Histologic studies suggested that the increase in circulating lymphocytes resulted from release of cells from lymphoid organs, including the thymus.
RELATIONSHIP OF DONOR AGE TO IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS BY MOUSE KIDNEY CELLS
Authors: Campbell Charles H. 
Published: June 2004

Multiplication of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was compared in kidney cells from 7- to 35-day-old mice representing various degrees of age resistance to this virus. Three types of cell preparations were used: primary monolayer cultures, suspensions of dispersed cells, and suspensions of minced tissue.
Virus multiplication in the two types of cell suspensions was related to the age of the donors both in regard to time when multiplication first became evident and to the amount of virus produced. While adsorption rates were similar in the cells from all age groups, virus multiplication began earlier in cells from younger mice and more virus was produced by these cells than by cells from older animals. There was no significant difference in the virus growth rates in the primary monolayer cultures of cells.
The results indicate that kidney cells from mice 7 to 35 days old vary in their ability to produce virus in relation to the degree of susceptibility of the cell donors. After propagation of the cells in primary monolayer cultures, however, this difference no longer exists probably because of cell selection under the cultural conditions.
ENDOTOXEMIA AND ADRENAL HEMORRHAGE
Authors: Levin Jack , Cluff Leighton E. 
Published: June 2004

An experimental model that produces adrenal cortical hemorrhage with endotoxin has been described. When stimulated by thorotrast, endotoxin, or its tropic hormone (ACTH), the adrenal cortex is susceptible to the development of a hemorrhagic reaction during endotoxemia. The hemorrhagic reaction resembles that described in the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.
A pathophysiologic mechanism for the occurrence of adrenal hemorrhage occurring during acute sepsis is presented. Increased metabolic activity associated with the production of corticosteroids seems to make the adrenal cortex susceptible to endotoxin-induced hemorrhage. Adrenal hemorrhage observed during sepsis, as in the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, may be attributable to endotoxemia occurring during or shortly after stimulation of the adrenal cortex by infection.
Significant differences between adrenal cortical hemorrhage and the Shwartzman phenomenon are described.
THE IN VITRO DIFFERENTIATION OF MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES
Authors: Cohn Zanvil A. , Benson Belinda 
Published: June 2004

The influence of selected inhibitors of protein synthesis on the in vitro differentiation of mouse mononuclear phagocytes has been investigated. DL-p-Fluorophenylalanine at concentrations of 250 µg/ml inhibits the formation of three lysosomal hydrolases, cytochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase and osmiophilic, phase-dense granules. These effects occur in the absence of cell death and are reversed by L-phenylalanine. Puromycin at concentrations of 0.2 to 0.4 µg/ml has a similar effect on both the morphology and biochemistry of cell maturation.
Colchicine at a concentration of 0.05 µg/ml inhibits the growth in cell diameter and has less of an effect on enzyme production.
Cells exposed to leucine-H3 for 2 to 3 minutes exhibit the localization of grains in the perinuclear-dense granule region. After an exposure of 60 minutes a similar localization is evident but with a correspondingly greater number of grains. A similar localization of grains occurs when choline-methyl-H3 is employed as a tracer. The data suggest the storage of newly formed protein and possibly phospholipid in the centrosphere region.
THE CATABOLISM OF HOMOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS 7S GAMMA GLOBULIN FRAGMENTS
Authors: Spiegelberg Hans L. , Weigle William O. 
Published: June 2004

The catabolism of homologous and heterologous 7S gamma globulin fragments obtained by pepsin and papain digestion was studied in rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice. The elimination from the circulation of I* labeled gamma globulin fragments was followed and the urinary excretion of the total and protein-bound I* activity determined.
Evidence is presented that the molecular structure responsible for the catabolism of 7S gamma globulin is located in papain fragment III. The elimination of papain fragment III was slow and closely related to the intact gamma globulin, whereas the pepsin fragment and papain fragments I and II were rapidly eliminated and catabolized in all species examined.
Prolonged incubation with cysteine altered papain fragment III as shown by a rapid catabolism of a large portion of incubated fragment III within 24 hours after injection.
Small amounts of intact RGG and RGG papain fragment III were excreted as protein-bound I* activity in the urine. On the other hand, large amounts of the pepsin fragment and papain fragments I and II of RGG were excreted as protein-bound I* activity in the urine. The possibility of a molecular structure present in papain fragment III, which may be responsible for tubular reabsorption in the kidney, is discussed. The rate of urinary excretion of fragments obtained from RGG was different from that of fragments obtained from gamma globulin of several other species. In general, small amounts of the pepsin fragment and papain fragment III obtained from gamma globulin other than RGG were excreted as protein-bound I* activity. The amounts of fragment I* excreted as protein-bound I* activity depended on the species in which it was injected, as well as the source of the gamma globulin.
The rapid catabolism of the pepsin fragment and papain fragments I or II which bear antibody-combining sites suggest that their use for the prophylactic treatment of tetanus and diphtheria in man is limited.
THE RELATION OF INFLAMMATION TO THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF CARBON COMPOUNDS SOLUBLE IN THE FLUIDS OF THE BODY
Authors: Opie Eugene L. 
Published: June 2004

The peritoneal, like the pleural cavity, gives opportunity to measure with adequate accuracy the activity of inflammatory reactions defined by movement of fluid within the cavity, by migration of leucocytes into it, and by exudation of proteins from the plasma.
The activity of inflammatory reactions caused by saccharides or by alcohols that were tested varied in accord with their molecular weight, the osmotic pressure maintained by solutions of corresponding concentration, their boiling point, or by other colligative properties.
Blood serum or globulin in the concentration with which it occurs in blood serum injected into the peritoneal cavity caused changes which differed little from those caused by physiological salt solution.
Protein with molecular weight as low as that of cytochrome C (12,000) or ovalbumin (45,000) when in dilute solution (1 per cent) were rapidly absorbed, whereas trypsin and chymotrypsin under the same conditions caused very active inflammatory reactions because they set free amino acids and perhaps polypeptides with amino acids in short chains.
The activity of inflammatory reactions caused by carbon compounds soluble in body fluids varied in accord with their colligative properties.
PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS ANTI-γ-GLOBULIN FACTORS IN HUMAN SERA
Authors: Harboe Morten , Rau Barbara , Aho Kimmo 
Published: June 2004

The serological and physicochemical properties of the following three forms of human anti-γ-globulin factors were compared: (a) rheumatoid factors; (b) Milgrom type anti-γ-globulin factors; and (c) factors directed against an antigen in human γG-globulin that is hidden in the intact molecule and revealed by enzymatic digestion at low pH. The property common to these factors is ability to interact with human γG-globulin; they are distinguishable because they react with different antigenic groups on this molecule.
In all of five sera, the Milgrom type anti-γ-globulin factors were γM-globulins. They reacted with various human γG-globulin antibodies but failed to interact with γM-globulin type antibodies in agglutination and absorption experiments. When isolated from other anti-γ-globulin factors, they agglutinated red cells coated with intact anti-Rh antibodies, but failed to react with cells cells coated with pepsin-digested anti-Rh antibody. These observations indicate that the agglutinator reacts with the crystallizable, inert fragment of γG-globulin.
Anti-γ-globulin activity directed against an antigen in human γG-globulin revealed by pepsin digestion was demonstrated in γG-, γA-, and γM-globulins. This anti-γ-globulin factor could be absorbed by antigen-antibody precipitates containing human antibody, which shows that the hidden antigen in human γG-globulin is revealed not only by enzymatic digestion at low pH, but also when γG-globulin is present as antibody in an antigen-antibody precipitate. Rheumatoid factors and Milgrom type anti-γ-globulin factors were also absorbed by antigen-antibody precipitates containing human antibody.
The results indicate that the three distinct forms of antiγ-globulin factors may all be produced as a result of antigenic stimulation by autologous antigen-antibody complexes.
INDUCED UNRESPONSIVENESS TO SIMPLE ALLERGENIC CHEMICALS
Authors: Battisto Jack R. , Chase Merrill W. 
Published: June 2004

Normal guinea pigs fed chemical haptens develop a specific state of unresponsiveness, inhibiting subsequent development of dermal sensitization with the same hapten and modifying profoundly the synthesis of anaphylactic antibody in response to hapten conjugated to guinea pig proteins.
The degree of unresponsiveness has been tested by exposing hapten-fed animals to intense haptenic stimulation. Animals of groups that were demonstrably unresponsive to picryl chloride could be made to form hapten-specific antibody by injecting picrylated bovine gamma globulin. Specific anaphylactic-type antibodies, presumably 7S γ1, were synthesized, and in animals given PBGG adsorbed to alumina there arose a measurable concentration of precipitating antibody, presumably 7S γ2, perhaps slightly earlier than in similarly treated control animals.
Attempts to impose contact-type reactivity on such unresponsive animals met with limited success. Injection of picrylated guinea pig erythrocyte stromata in a complete Freund's adjuvant, with subsequent applications of picryl chloride to the dermis, led to definite contact sensitivity to 0.3 per cent picryl chloride, whereas parallel treatment of normal control animals induced sensitivity to 0.006 or 0.002 per cent. By this double method of stimulation, hapten-fed animals did not advance in sensitivity by reason of the secondary dermal applications of the simple chemical, whereas control animals developed increasingly higher sensitivity by these contacts in what appeared to be a stepwise manner.
Picryl chloride-fed guinea pigs injected intradermally with picryl chloride either after or before forming picryl-specific circulating antibody still remained unable to develop picryl-specific contact hypersensitivity.
Control animals synthesizing picryl-specific antibody subsequently responded to intradermal injection of picryl chloride with contact-type sensitivity.
Interpretations of these results are discussed and the view is presented that delayed-type hypersensitivity and circulating antibodies of the varieties measured here are formed independently of each other.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON A VIRUS IN CULTURED LYMPHOBLASTS FROM BURKITT'S LYMPHOMA
Authors: Epstein M. A. , Henle G. , Achong B. G. , Barr Y. M. 
Published: June 2004

Lymphoblasts of two tissue culture strains (EB1 and EB2) from different biopsy specimens of Burkitt's lymphoma have been examined in thin sections by electron microscopy, and have each been found to carry a morphologically identical virus.
The virus was observed in samples taken over many months, being present in about 1 to 2 per cent of the cells in two forms: Immature particles about 75 mµ in diameter which were seen in both the nucleus and cytoplasm; and larger mature particles with a diameter of 110 to 115 mµ, which were either within membrane-bounded cytoplasmic spaces or at the cell surface. There was some indication that the particles matured by budding through the cytoplasmic membranes.
Both types of particle occurred in dead degenerating cells or, less frequently, in intact altered cells. The characteristic alterations of the latter included margination of the chromatin, fragmentation of the nuclear envelope, beaded opaque material in the mitochondria, and, with one of the cell strains (EB1), sheaves of altered spindle tubules.
All attempts to isolate and identify the virus carried by the two strains of lymphoblasts failed. No pathological effects were caused in 8-day chick embryos inoculated either with whole lymphoblasts or extracts of disrupted lymphoblasts, using the intraallantoic, amniotic, and chorioallantoic routes, and the extraembryonic fluids of such chicks were without haemagglutinating activity for human, chicken, guinea pig, or monkey erythrocytes. Whole lymphoblasts or lymphoblast extracts were likewise without effect when inoculated intraperitoneally into newborn hamsters or two strains of newborn mice. Similar lymphoblast inocula did not cause detectable changes in 9 different test tissue culture systems even after 8 blind passages.
The nature of the unknown, unidentified virus in the cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphomas is considered and its possible relationship to the cells discussed.
THE DETERMINATION OF ANTIBODY TO GROUP A STREPTOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE IN HUMAN SERA BY HEMAGGLUTINATION
Authors: Schmidt Willard C. , Moore Dorothy J. 
Published: June 2004

A hemagglutination method employing tanned human O erythrocytes sensitized with purified Group A streptococcal polysaccharide has been developed to measure A polysaccharide antibody in antistreptococcal rabbit and human sera.
The reaction of sensitized RBC with known Group A streptococcal rabbit antisera, inhibition of hemagglutination with A polysaccharide, and abolition of hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition by exposure of polysaccharide antigen to A enzyme, which destroys the specific immunologic determinant of A carbohydrate, were utilized to demonstrate the specificity of this hemagglutinating system.
The results of A polysaccharide antibody determinations on sera from normal persons, patients convalescent from streptococcal infection, and patients with non-suppurative streptococcal sequelae are presented.
A GENETIC STUDY OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS IN MICE INFECTED WITH MAMMALIAN TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Lynch Clara J. , Pierce-Chase Cynthia H. , Dubos Rene 
Published: June 2004

A study has been made of the genetic aspects of the difference between two inbred strains of mice (C57B1/6 and Swiss) in response to experimental infection with mammalian tubercle bacilli. Males and females, 4 to 6 weeks of age were inoculated intravenously with 0.2 ml of a 1/50 culture dilution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis (Vallée strain) grown in tween albumin medium. Mean survival time for C57B1 animals was 28.1 ± 0.6 days and for Swiss, 55.3 ± 0.6 days postinfection. The characteristic survival time of the two strains was reversed in mice receiving a smaller infective dose. The age of mice at the time of inoculation also affected the results of infection: both C57B1 and Swiss, inoculated at 12 months of age, died at the same rate, but when inoculated at older ages, C57B1 survived slightly longer.
Bacteriologic studies demonstrated that there was no significant difference between the two mouse strains with regard to the numbers of viable units of tubercle bacilli recovered from various organs during the 2 week period following infection with a 10–3 culture dilution of Vallée. Moreover, the standard infective inoculum (1/50 culture dilution) did not activate corynebacterial pseudotuberculosis in C57B1 mice, a strain known to be latently infected with Corynebacterium kutscheri, rapid multiplication of tubercle bacilli occurred, but no corynebacteria were recovered.
When C57B1 and Swiss strains were crossed, survival tests after infection with the standard inoculum demonstrated that mice of the F1 generation were more resistant than either parent. Whether the overdominance was due to a new combination of parental genes for resistance or to heterosis was not determined. The increased litter size of the F1 mice, an evidence of increased vigor, supports the view that heterosis was involved. In backcrosses to the resistant strain (Swiss), survival time gradually became stabilized at approximately the parental level. In the 1st backcross to the susceptible strain (C57B1), survival times fell into two classes indicating segregation of genes, with perhaps dominance of genes from the Swiss. After repeated backcrosses to C57B1, mice of the 4th backcross generation had a survival time essentially the same as that of the original parental strain.
On the basis of having obtained progeny characterized by the original parental susceptibilities after genetic tendencies had been intermingled by crossbreeding, it was concluded that hereditary factors influenced the response of mice to experimental infection with M. tuberculosis. The number of genes was not determined.
THE DYNAMICS OF RETICULOENDOTHELIAL BLOCKADE
Authors: Koenig M. Glenn , Heyssel Robert M. , Melly M. Ann , Rogers David E. 
Published: June 2004

The dynamics of "reticuloendothelial blockade" were studied in living rabbits and isolated, perfused rabbit livers utilizing gelatin as a blockading agent and Au198 stabilized in gelatin as a tracer.
Employing the above experimental model, the following observations were made. (a) RES blockade was specific and dependent on the surface properties of the particle under study. (b) RES blockade was not caused by saturation of hepatic removal mechanisms. (c) RES blockade was not caused by depletion of demonstrable serum opsonins. (d) RES blockade appeared to correlate with high circulating levels of the blockading agent, per se.
Thus, under the conditions employed, the term "reticuloendothelial blockade" was a misnomer. Although specificity of liver macrophage-particle interaction was evident and deserves further study, the data suggest that blockade as usually studied is a laboratory phenomenon induced by the continuing circulation of the blockading agent.
THE IMMUNOGLOBULINS OF MICE
Authors: Fahey John L. , Sell Stewart 
Published: June 2004

The metabolic properties of immunoglobulin were investigated by comparing five classes of mouse immunoglobulin. Three forms of 7S immunoglobulin had different rates of catabolism. The fractional rates of catabolism were found to be about 13 per cent per day for 7S γ2a-globulin; 25 per cent for 7S γ2b-globulin; and 17 per cent for 7S γ1-globulin. Catabolism of the three classes of 7S γ-globulin (γ2a, γ2b, and γ1) were prolonged at low serum 7S γ-globulin levels and accelerated at high serum 7S γ-globulin levels. Each of the 7S γ-globulin components was influenced by the serum level of the other mouse 7S γ-globulin components and by exogenously administered human 7S γ-globulin. They were not appreciably altered, however, by the serum level of IgA (γ1A-, ß2A-globulin).
The progressively changing (longer) half-times observed in turnover studies of normal IgG (7S γ-globulin) may be caused by catabolic heterogeneity of normal 7S immunoglobulins which are immunochemically and catabolically related to γ2a-, γ2b-, and 7S γ1-myeloma proteins.
These studies indicate that the 7S γ2a-, 7S γ2b-, and 7S γ1-globulins share a common catabolic control mechanism. This mechanism is influenced by the serum level of each of these components, but is independent of the serum level of IgA (γ1A-globulin) and probably is independent of IgM (γ1M-globulin).
Catabolism of IgA (γ1A-, ß2A-globulin) and IgM (γ1M-globulin) was much more rapid than the catabolism of the 7S γ-globulins. The halftimes of the IgA and IgM were approximately 1.2 and 0.5 days respectively. The fractional rate of catabolism of IgA and IgM seemed to be independent of their serum concentration.
The rate of catabolism, as well as the rate of synthesis, was shown to play a major role in determining the serum level of each class of immunoglobulin.
INDIGENOUS, NORMAL, AND AUTOCHTHONOUS FLORA OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Dubos René , Schaedler Russell W. , Costello Richard , Hoet Philippe 
Published: June 2004

The bacterial flora of the gastrointestinal tract differs qualitatively and quantitatively from one colony of mice to another. Certain components of this flora, however, are always present in large and approximately constant numbers in healthy adult mice, irrespective of the colony from which the animals are derived.
Lactobacilli and anaerobic streptococci are extremely numerous in the stomach, the small intestine, and the large intestine. In contrast, organisms of the bacteroides group proliferate only in the large intestine. These three bacterial species persist at approximately constant levels in their characteristic localization throughout the life span of healthy animals. They are closely associated with the walls of the digestive organs, and are probably concentrated in the mucous layer.
A few experiments carried out with rats and young swine indicate that lactobacilli are also present in large numbers in the stomach of these animal species.
It is suggested that some of the components of the gastrointestinal flora have become symbiotic with their hosts in the course of evolutionary development and thus constitute a true autochthonous flora. The other components of the indigenous flora are acquired early in life either through accidental contact or because they are ubiquitous in the environment. The "normal" flora is that which is always present in the environment of the animal colony under consideration.