bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International operations and location decisions: a firm level approach
Authors: Meijboom Bert , Voordijk Hans 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to acquire a better understanding of why certain production and distribution facilities remain in Western Europe, in spite of economic globalisation. This paper focuses on companies located in the Netherlands but acting on an international scale. The issue is not addressed at a sectoral, regional, or even more aggregate level‐of‐analysis. Instead, the firm is the unit‐of‐analysis, which is why exploratory cases were conducted. The notion of strategic role (Ferdows 1989, 1997) is applied to assess internal motives for staying. The effect of external factors on individual facilities that differ with respect to these internal motives are also looked at. The findings suggest that facilities of high strategic importance within the multinational enterprise to which they belong have high expectations of the political/legal and macroeconomic environment. Furthermore, facilities preceding the major decoupling point in a supply chain seem to be more locationally stable than activities subsequent to this point.
Environmental policy in the European Union: community competence vs member state competence
Authors: Folmer Henk , Jeppesen Tim 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTIn the environmental federalism literature it is argued that the optimal level of environmental quality varies widely across jurisdictions and that welfare losses associated with enforcing a harmonised uniform standard is quite large. Greater leeway for tailoring environmental standards to local circumstances are therefore in order. In this paper Member States’ possibilities to implement a higher level of environmental protection than the harmonized EU level are examined.
What is a Caldicott guardian?
Authors: Roch-Berry C 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
A review of patient confidentiality issues was commissioned and its findings published as the Caldicott Report in December 1997. It made 16 recommendations and formulated six principals. To help in remembering these principles the mnemonic FIONA C can be used: Formal justification of purpose; Information transferred only when absolutely necessary; Only the minimum required; Need to know access controls; All to understand their responsibilities; Comply with and understand the law. Since the Caldicott Report in 1997 the following acts have become law. Data Protection Act 1998, Human Rights Act 1998, Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998, Audit Commission Act 1998, Terrorism Act 2000, section 60 of the Health and Social Care Act 2001 and Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, and by 2005 The Freedom of Information Act 2000 will become law and affect the NHS. Consequently it can be seen that the role and responsibility of Caldicott guardians has grown significantly into what is now known as information governance.
Retrobulbar haemorrhage associated with chronic Gingko biloba ingestion
Authors: Fong K C S , Kinnear P E 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Retrobulbar haemorrhage is a rare and potentially sight threatening complication after peribulbar local anaesthetic injection for cataract surgery. A case is reported of a woman who developed this complication and was subsequently found to have been taking Gingko biloba extract tablets which may have predisposed her to developing the haemorrhage.
Entanglement Breaking Channels
Authors: Horodecki Michael , Shor Peter W. , Ruskai Mary Beth 
Published: September 2003

This paper studies the class of stochastic maps, or channels, for which (I⊗Φ)(Γ) is always separable (even for entangled Γ). Such maps are called entanglement breaking, and can always be written in the form Φ(ρ)=∑kRkTr Fkρ where each Rkis a density matrix and Fk>0. If, in addition, Φ is trace-preserving, the {Fk} must form a positive operator valued measure (POVM). Some special classes of these maps are considered and other characterizations given.Since the set of entanglement-breaking trace-preserving maps is convex, it can be characterized by its extreme points. The only extreme points of the set of completely positive trace preserving maps which are also entanglement breaking are those known as classical-quantum or CQ. However, for d≥3, the set of entanglement breaking maps has additional extreme points which are not extreme CQ maps.
'CHARISMA AND BROTHERHOOD' REVISITED: MASS-MEDIATED FORMS OF SPIRITUALITY IN URBAN MALI
Authors: Schulz Dorothea 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe case study of the Muslim movement Ansar Dine and its charismatic leader Sharif Haidara illustrates that the debate on, and public significance of, Islam has been shifting in recent years and how broadcast media played into this process. Haidara's extensive use of (mostly aural) media allows him to combine traditional elements of religious authority with new credentials. His public prominence and success suggests that broadcasting contributes to the rationalization of religious genres in a double sense. The dissemination of religious knowledge on broadcast media works through the standardization of genres and styles of religious argument. It contributes to a process of objectification in the course of which 'religion' becomes the object of individual scrutiny and identity construction. But this does not indicate a shift towards a more rational character of religious debate. Haidara's persuasiveness resides to a major extent in his capacity to captivate listeners' aesthetic sensibilities. Popular reception of Haidara's teachings evidences the significance of religious debate in secular state politics. It illustrates some ways in which consumption of religious broadcasts contributes to a partial re-sacralization of everyday experience.
Adsorption of Pollutants from Aqueous Solutions Using Activated and Non-Activated Oak Shells: Parametric and Fractional Factorial Design Study. Part I. Removal of Copper
Authors: Al-Asheh Sameer , Banat Fawzi , Al-Hamed Nagham 
Published: September 2003

Non-activated and chemically activated oak shells were evaluated for their ability to remove Cu2+ ions from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of contact time, sorbent concentration, Cu2+ ion concentration and the pH of the solution on the sorption process. The Cu2+ ion uptake by oak shells increased with decreasing sorbent concentration or with an increase in Cu2+ ion concentration or solution pH. The fractional factorial design technique was applied in order to determine the average Cu2+ ion uptake, the contribution of each operating variable to the value of the uptake and the interaction among the operating variables when the sorbent type, sorbent concentration, Cu2+ ion concentration, pH, contact time and salt were all varied from one level to another. Application of this technique showed that the sorbent concentration had the largest influence on the value of the Cu2+ ion uptake followed by Cu2+ ion concentration and sorbent type. Interaction among the different operating variables played an important role in the adsorption process.
Dissociation as a mediator of the relationship between recalled parenting and the clinical correlates of auditory hallucinations
Authors: Offen Liz , Thomas Glyn , Waller Glenn 
Published: September 2003

Background:This study of patients who experience auditory hallucinations examined the potential role of dissociation as a mediator in the relationship between memories of parental behaviours during childhood and psychopathology in adulthood.Method:Thirty‐six patients who experienced auditory hallucinations completed standardized measures of recalled parental behaviours, beliefs about voices, depression and dissociation. Regression analyses were used to test for mediating effects.Results:The findings support a model where dissociation mediates the relationship between paternal overprotection and depression. There were no significant findings regarding the relationship between recalled parenting and beliefs about voices.Discussion:The clinical and research implications of the study are outlined, emphasizing dissociation as a potential treatment target.
Pure and guided self‐help for full and sub‐threshold bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder
Authors: Ghaderi Ata , Scott Berit 
Published: September 2003

Objective:The study compared the efficacy of self‐help without and with guidance (referred to as ‘pure’ and ‘guided’ self‐help), using a cognitive behavioral self‐help manual (Fairburn, 1995) for binge eating.Design and methods:A sample of 31 participants with bulimia nervosa, subthreshold bulimia nervosa and binge‐eating disorder were assigned randomly to one of the self‐help levels for 16 weeks, after four weeks of baseline observations.Results:The results indicated that both forms of self‐help treatments had a modestly positive and sustained effect on the participants' eating problems. Intention‐to‐treat analyses showed that participants reduced their mean number of objective bulimic episodes and purging behaviour by 33% and 17% over the course of the treatment. The corresponding reduction levels for the treatment completers (N = 18) were 58% and 61%, respectively. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between the pure and guided self‐help groups in terms of outcome, reflecting the probable insignificance of guidance for the broader group of individuals with binge‐eating problems. At follow‐up, no further significant improvement or deterioration was observed in the ensuing six months compared with the post‐treatment data.Conclusion:Given the heterogeneity of the diagnostic groups in the present study, resulting in high external validity, and the conservative nature of the analyses, self‐help is discussed as a viable means of initial treatment for binge eating.
Exposure to chemical carcinogens and risk of cancer among Finnish laboratory workers
Authors: Kauppinen Timo , Pukkala Eero , Saalo Anja , Sasco Annie J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBackgroundLaboratory workers have long been suspected of having increased risks of cancer due to their occupation. We evaluated occupational exposure and cancer incidence among Finnish laboratory workers.Materials and MethodsThe cohort was comprised of 4,722 laboratory workers reported to the Finnish Register of Workers Exposed to Carcinogens in 1979–1988. The standardized incidence ratios (SIR) for cancers and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated based on data of the Finnish Cancer Registry.ResultsThe most common carcinogens, to which these workers were potentially exposed, were chromium (VI), carbon tetrachloride, cadmium, benzene, and chloroform. From this cohort, 174 persons were recorded with primary tumors in 1980–1999. The SIR for cancer of all sites combined was 0.99 (CI 0.85–1.14). None of the cancer‐specific SIRs were significantly elevated. Slight excesses were found, e.g., for non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (seven observed, 4.8 expected) and leukemia (four observed, three expected).ConclusionsThis study did not suggest any major cancer risks among Finnish laboratory workers but the follow‐up time of the cohort was too short (on an average 15.7 years) to reveal possible cancer risks requiring a longer induction period. Am. J. Ind. Med. 44:343–350, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Response to Zeka et al., Am J Ind Med 43: 286–290, 2003
Authors: Greaves Ian A. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractZeka et al. [2003] recently considered the role of underlying ventilatory obstruction (as measured by spirometry) in predicting short term airflow obstruction resulting in from inhalation of metal working fluid aerosols. The authors found no clear relationship between acute responses and pre‐existing ventilatory obstruction, in contrast to findings from an earlier study [Robins et al., 1997].
Aeroallergens, allergic rhinitis, and sedating antihistamines: Risk factors for traumatic occupational injury and economic impact
Authors: Hanrahan L.P. , Paramore L.C. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBackgroundThe U.S. workplace injury burden is significant. Our objective was to assess the particular impact of aeroallergen, allergic rhinitis, and antihistamine exposures and side effects on the risk of traumatic work‐related injuries, and the associated economic impact.MethodsThis is an observational case‐control study with 1,223 acute traumatic injury cases that are compared to 1,202 chronic back injury controls. Structured telephone interviews were conducted in 1998 and 1999 on Workers' Compensation applicants injured in 1997. Antihistamine use and pollen levels were measured 2 weeks prior to the injury date.ResultsSedating antihistamine exposures elevated acute injury risk (main effect OR: 2.93). A significant increase in traumatic injury risk was observed for combined sedating antihistamine and high pollen exposures among subjects with physician and self‐diagnosed allergic rhinitis (OR: 2.41). Direct medical costs associated with this increased risk were estimated at $143 million in 2001.ConclusionsWorkers with physician‐diagnosed allergic rhinitis have as high a reliance on sedating antihistamines as do self‐diagnosed and self‐medicating nasal allergy sufferers. High pollen exposures along with sedating antihistamine use may confer significant additional injury risks among allergic rhinitis sufferers. Medical management “best practices” of diagnosed allergic rhinitis should include avoidance of sedating antihistamines to minimize acute, traumatic injury risks. Am. J. Ind. Med. 44:438–446, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of fatal occupational injury surveillance systems between the European Union and the United States
Authors: Benavides Fernando G. , Delclos George L. , Cooper Sharon P. , Benach Joan 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBackgroundComparison of workplace injury statistics among countries is often problematic, mainly because work injury statistics are based on different national recording and notification systems.MethodsDefinitions of fatal work‐related injuries, identification of the reference population, and rates of fatal work‐related injuries, from 1995 to 1998, were compared between the European Statistics on Accidents at Work (ESAW) and the United States (U.S.) Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI).ResultsSimilar definitions for workplace fatalities were found, but CFOI is based on an active search, and ESAW on passive notification. Daily fatal occupational injury numbers were similar in both: about 17 workers die per day, but average annual work‐related death rates were higher in the U.S.ConclusionsThere are enough differences to allow direct comparisons between both systems. CFOI is likely to be more comprehensive than ESAW. It is conceivable that the true number of fatal occupational injuries in the European Union (E.U.) could be higher, and thus the apparent difference in U.S. and E.U. fatal injury rates may be an artifact of the different surveillance systems. Am. J. Ind. Med. 44:385–391, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Classification of working processes to facilitate occupational hazard coding on industrial trawlers
Authors: Jensen Olaf C. , Stage Søren , Noer Preben , Kaerlev Linda 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBackgroundCommercial fishing is an extremely dangerous economic activity. In order to more accurately describe the risks involved, a specific injury coding based on the working process was developed.MethodObservation on six different types of vessels was conducted and allowed a description and a classification of the principal working processes on all kinds of vessels and a detailed classification for industrial trawlers. In industrial trawling, fish are landed for processing purposes, for example, for the production of fish oil and fish meal. The classification was subsequently used to code the injuries reported to the Danish Maritime Authority over a 5‐year period.ResultsOn industrial trawlers, 374 of 394 (95%) injuries were captured by the classification. Setting out and hauling in the gear and nets were the processes with the most injuries and accounted for 58.9% of all injuries. A relatively large number of injuries occurred when embarking and disembarking. Specific risks were identified in a number of other working processes.ConclusionSpecific areas for risk prevention in fishery may be identified by using a detailed classification system that takes both the specific method of fishing and the working processes into consideration. Am. J. Ind. Med. 44:424–430, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kombinatorische Flüssigphasensynthese von Bibliotheken: auf der Suche nach Modulatoren für Protein‐Protein‐ und Protein‐DNA‐Wechselwirkungen in der zellulären Signaltransduktion
Authors: Boger Dale L. , Desharnais Joel , Capps Kevin 
Published: September 2003

AbstractHochdurchsatzsynthese und ‐screening von Verbindungsbibliotheken haben große Erwartungen für die Wirkstoffsuche geweckt. Für die Herstellung solcher Bibliotheken an der Festphase und in Lösung sind leistungsfähige Methoden entwickelt worden. Die Synthesestrategie wird schon lange nicht mehr nach allgemeinen Erwägungen ausgewählt, sondern mit Blick auf die spezielle Fragestellung. In diesem Aufsatz beschreiben wir Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Methoden, die bei der Entwicklung neuer Programme helfen sollen. Als Beispiel beschreiben wir unsere Versuche, mithilfe von Lösungstechniken Modulatoren für zelluläre Signale durch Beeinflussung von Protein‐Protein‐ oder Protein‐DNA‐Wechselwirkungen zu identifizieren. Das Vorurteil, niedermolekulare Substanzen seien für therapeutische Intervention an solchen Zielstrukturen ungeeignet, konnten wir beim Screening unserer Bibliotheken gegen eine repräsentative Auswahl extrazellulärer und intrazellulärer Targets widerlegen: Mithilfe zahlreicher Testmethoden identifizierten wir die ersten niedermolekularen Modulatoren für Protein‐Protein‐Wechselwirkungen und erarbeiteten ein allgemeines Verfahren für derartige Untersuchungen.
Neuere Entwicklungen in der katalytischen asymmetrischen Synthese von α‐ und β‐Aminosäuren
Authors: Ma Jun‐An 
Published: September 2003

AbstractZur stereoselektiven Synthese von Aminosäuren, die von zentraler Bedeutung für den Aufbau chiraler Naturstoffe und Pharmazeutika ist, wird neben Enzymen ein breites Sortiment von chiralen Reagentien, Auxiliaren und Katalysatoren eingesetzt. Effiziente Methoden zur Synthese von chiralen proteinogenen und nichtproteinogenen Aminosäuren beruhen häufig auf asymmetrischen Reaktionen unter Verwendung katalytischer Mengen chiraler Verbindungen. Dieser Kurzaufsatz fasst neuere Entwicklungen zur katalytischen Synthese von α‐ und β‐Aminosäuren zusammen.
Solution‐Phase Combinatorial Libraries: Modulating Cellular Signaling by Targeting Protein–Protein or Protein–DNA Interactions
Authors: Boger Dale L. , Desharnais Joel , Capps Kevin 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe high‐throughput synthesis and screening of compound libraries hold tremendous promise for drug discovery and powerful methods for both solid‐phase and solution‐phase library preparation have been introduced. The question of which approach (solution‐phase versus solid‐phase) is best for the preparation of chemical libraries has been replaced by which approach is most appropriate for a particular target or screen. Herein we highlight distinctions in the two approaches that might serve as useful considerations at the onset of new programs. This is followed by a more personal account of our own focus on solution‐phase techniques for the preparation of libraries designed to modulate cellular signaling by targeting protein–protein or protein–DNA interactions. The screening of our libraries against a prototypical set of extracellular and intracellular targets, using a wide range of assay formats, provided the first small‐molecule modulators of the protein–protein interactions studied, and a generalized approach for conducting such studies.
Enhanced Li+ Binding Energies in Alkylbenzene Derivatives: The Scorpion Effect
Authors: Mó Otilia , Yáñez Manuel , Gal Jean‐François , Maria Pierre‐Charles , Decouzon Michèle 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe gas‐phase lithium cation basicities (LCBs; Gibbs free energy of binding) of ethyl‐, n‐butyl‐, and n‐heptylbenzene have been measured by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT‐ICR) mass spectrometry. The structures of the corresponding complexes and their relative stabilities were investigated through the use of B3LYP/6‐311G+(3df,2p)//B3LYP/6‐31G(d) density functional theory calculations. For n‐butylbenzene and n‐heptylbenzene, the most stable adducts correspond to π complexes in which the alkyl chain coils toward the aromatic ring to favor its interaction with the metal cation. The extra stabilization provided by the flexible alkyl chain polarized by the charge on Li+ is named the “scorpion effect”. Conversely, these coiled conformations are among the least stable in the neutral system; they are not all stationary points on the potential‐energy surface. The formation of complexes with a coiled alkyl chain leads to a significant enhancement of the Li+ bonding energies (LBEs), which are approximately 20–30 kJ mol−1 higher than those calculated for alkylbenzene π complexes in which an uncoiled chain remains distant from the cation and thus minimizes the scorpion effect. This enhancement is less significant when LCBs are concerned, because the scorpion effect is entropically disfavored. There is very good agreement between the experimental Li+ gas‐phase basicities and the calculated values, provided that the statistical distribution of the conformers present in the gas phase is taken into account in this calculation.
Scalar Coupling between the 15N Centres in Methylated 1,8‐Diaminonaphthalenes and 1,6‐Diazacyclodecane: To What Extent is 2HJNN a Reliable Indicator of NN Distance?
Authors: Lloyd‐Jones Guy C. , Harvey Jeremy N. , Hodgson Paul , Murray Martin , Woodward Robert L. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe scalar couplings between hydrogen bonded nitrogen centres (2HJNN) in the free‐base and protonated forms of the complete series of [15N2]‐N‐methylated 1,8‐diamino naphthalenes in [D7]DMF solution have been determined, either directly (15N{1H} NMR), or, indirectly (13C{1H} NMR and simulation of the X part of the ABX spectrum (X=13C, A,B=15N)). Additionally, the 2HJNN value in the HBF4 salt of [15N2]‐1,6‐dimethyl‐1,6‐diazacyclodecane was determined, indirectly by 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy. As confirmed by DFT calculations and by reference to CSD, the rigid nature of the naphthalene scaffold results in rather low deviations in N,N distance or H‐N,N angle within each series, apart from the free base of the permethylated compound (proton sponge) where the naphthalene ring is severely distorted to relieve strain. Despite such restrictions, the 2HJNN values increase smoothly from 1.5 to 8.5 Hz in the protonated series as the degree of methylation increases. The effect in the free‐base forms is much less pronounced (2.9 to 3.7 Hz) with no scalar N,N coupling detected in the permethylated compound (proton sponge) due to the lack of hydrogen bond between the N,N centres. Neither the pKa nor the NN distance in the protonated forms correlates with 2HJNN. However, the sum of the 13C NMR shifts of the naphthalene ring C(1,8) carbons which are attached directly to the nitrogen centres correlates linearly with 2HJNN and with the degree of methylation. The gas‐phase computed 2HJNN is almost constant throughout the homologous series, and close to the experimental value for the tetramethylated ion. However, the computed coupling constant is attenuated in structures involving microsolvation of each N‐H unit, and the trend then matches experiment. These experimental and computational observations suggest that Fermi contact between the two N centres is decreased upon formation of strong charge‐dispersing intermolecular hydrogen bonds of the free N‐H groups with the solvent.