bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post‐transcriptional Silencing of the Tomatinase Gene in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp lycopersici
Authors: Ito S. , Takahara H. , Kawaguchi T. , Tanaka S. , Kameya‐Iwaki M. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici produces an extracellular enzyme tomatinase, which has been known to detoxify α‐tomatine, a preformed inhibitor of fungal growth in tomato plants. To understand the role of the tomatinase in pathogenicity, we performed transformation‐mediated disruption of the tomatinase gene in F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Mutants obtained showed increase in sensitivity to α‐tomatine and decrease in tomatinase activity in vitro. Inoculation assay showed reduced pathogenicity of the mutants on tomato plants, suggesting an important role of tomatinase in pathogenicity of this fungus. However, Southern blot analysis revealed that the resident tomatinase gene of the mutants was not disrupted but the gene replacement vector was ectopically integrated into the genome of the mutants. To clarify the mechanisms involved, we examined one of the ectopic insertion mutants at both DNA and RNA levels. No methylation of the resident tomatinase gene was detected. Northern blot analysis revealed low level of the tomatinase gene expression and also the presence of antisense RNA in the ectopic mutant. Thus, post‐transcriptional gene silencing seems to be involved in the suppression of tomatinase in the ectopic mutant.
Genetic Diversity of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary in the Eastern and Western Highlands of Uganda
Authors: Ochwo M. K. N. , Kamoun S. , Adipala E. , Rubaihayo P. R. , Lamour K. , Olanya M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractEight isolates of Phytophthora infestans were recovered from late blight infected samples collected from the districts of Mbale and Mbarara in the Eastern and Western highlands of Uganda in 2001 and analysed using mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) haplotype and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Polymerase chain reaction amplification with the P2 primer followed by digestion with MspI yielded a three‐fragment pattern characteristic of isolates belonging to the US‐1 clonal lineage; the polymorphism was confirmed by DNA sequencing. AFLP analysis yielded 60 markers, analysis of which clustered the Ugandan isolates with reference to US‐1 isolates (US930258 and US940501). These results suggest that the examined Ugandan isolates belong to the US‐1 clonage lineage.
The Distribution of Grapevine Yellows Disease Associated with the Buckland Valley Grapevine Yellows Phytoplasma
Authors: Constable F. E. , Whiting J. R. , Jones J. , Gibb K. S. , Symons R. H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThree blocks of Chardonnay in one vineyard in the Buckland Valley of Victoria, Australia, were surveyed over 4 years for grapevine yellows disease (GYd). Buckland Valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma (BVGYp) was the only phytoplasma detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis in GYd affected grapevines. GYd affected many grapevines and was characterized by remission of disease, some recurrence and occurrences in previously unaffected grapevines. A regional survey of the Buckland Valley indicated that both GYd and BVGYp occurred in the same restricted grape growing area. Within this area, BVGYp was detected in two vineyards that had been established using planting material from different sources. One could therefore speculate that BVGYp was present in these grapevines as a result of aerial transmission and was not present in the original planting material.
Cowpea Root Rot Severity and Metabolic Changes in Relation to Manganese Application
Authors: Kalim S. , Luthra Y. P. , Gandhi S. K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSeverity of root rot (Rhizoctonia solani and Rhizoctonia bataticola) of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) was reduced by 42.7 and 42.0%, respectively over control following the application of 10 μg/g Mn as manganese sulphate. Reduction in disease incidence was associated with increased levels of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (PO) and total phenols. PO activity was several times more as compared with PPO‐specific activity and increased markedly after infection either with R. solani or R. bataticola. Contrary to PPO and PO, the specific activity of catalase declined sharply. Infection also caused an increase in the content of reducing sugars, Cu, Zn and Mn but a decrease in o‐dihydric phenols, flavanols, total soluble sugars, non‐reducing sugars and Fe contents. It is suggested that Mn at the rate of 10 μg/g soil can be used to manage the root rot of cowpea.
The Use of Non‐Immune Plasma Powder in the Prophylaxis of Neonatal Escherichia coli Diarrhoea in Calves
Authors: Nollet H. , Laevens H. , Deprez P. , Sanchez R. , Driessche E. Van , Muylle E. 
Published: March 2003

The protective use of plasma powder from cattle and swine against experimentally induced neonatal E. coli diarrhoea in colostrum‐deprived calves was examined. Diarrhoea was induced with a strain expressing F5+ fimbriae and a strain expressing F17+ fimbriae. In all groups supplemented with bovine plasma powder, diarrhoea and fever were less severe than in the control groups. For the groups infected with the F5+E. coli strain, a reduction in excretion of the challenge strain by 2–4 orders of magnitude and by 1–2 orders of magnitude was seen when supplemented with bovine plasma powder at a dose of 25 g/l milk and 10 g/l milk, respectively.The bovine plasma powder showed also beneficial effects in the F17+ infected groups. No mortality, no septicaemia and no severe clinical signs were observed. Concerning the excretion of the E. coli F17+ strain in the faeces, no significant difference with the control group was found.Swine plasma powder showed little beneficial effect on E. coli diarrhoea in calves in this study.
Comparative Electrocardiography in Four Species of Macaws (GeneraAnodorhynchusandAra)
Authors: Casares M. , Enders F. , Montoya J. A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryElectrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded during isoflurane anaesthesia from 52 macaws of four species of the generaAnodorhynchusandArain order to establish electrocardiographic reference values. The birds examined were clinically healthy macaws of the following species: hyacinth macaw (HM;Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus,n= 14); green‐winged macaw (GWM;Ara chloroptera,n= 11); blue‐throated macaw (BTM;Ara glaucogularis,n= 15); and red‐fronted macaw (RFM;Ara rubrogenys,n= 12). All ECGs were recorded using a paper speed of 50 mm/s and a calibration of 10 mm = 1 mV. Significant differences were determined between species for the heart rate, duration and amplitude of the P wave, amplitude of the T wave, and amplitude of the QRS complex, specially comparing the RFM to the other macaw species. No significant differences were found between two species of similar body weight: the HM and the GWM.
Tubular Contents of Equine Dentin: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: Muylle S. , Simoens P. , Lauwers H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe dentinal tubules of 20 permanent equine incisors were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Occlusal surfaces and longitudinal fracture planes of both etched and undecalcified teeth were examined. Three different types of structure were observed inside the dentinal tubular lumen. Odontoblastic processes could only be visualized in the circumpulpal parts of the tubules. The more peripheral parts were empty or housed cylindrical structures that probably correspond to the laminae limitantes. Collagen fibres were frequently observed in the tubular lumina and were most numerous in the circumpulpal parts of the tubules.
Binding Profile of Spiramycin to Oviducal Proteins of Laying Hens
Authors: Furusawa N. 
Published: March 2003

Summary In vitro protein binding of spiramycin (SP) in the plasma and oviducts of laying hens was studied. The data for SP were compared with those for oxytetracycline (OTC), sulphadimidine (SDD), sulphamonomethoxine (SMM) and sulphaquinoxaline (SQ). The two oviduct segments, magnum (M) and isthmus plus shell gland (IS), were collected. The soluble (cell sap) fractions from the magnum (M‐S9) and the isthmus plus shell gland (IS‐S9) were used as samples. Plasma protein binding was highest for SQ (81.4 %) (P < 0.01), and lowest for SDD (30.9 %) (P < 0.01). No M‐S9 protein binding of OTC was found. The IS‐S9 protein binding of SP (60.4 %) was very much higher than those of OTC (0.8 %), SDD (4.1 %), SMM (4.0 %) and SQ (12.3 %) (P < 0.01). Biological half‐lives of these drugs in egg albumen were directly correlated to the extent of their binding to IS proteins. Of plasma, M‐S9 and IS‐S9, variation in SP concentration in the ranges from 1 to 20 µg/ml did not alter the binding properties of the drug.
Na+‐Dependent Transport of d‐Xylose by Bovine Intestinal Brush Border Membrane Vesicles (BBMV) is Inhibited by Various Pentoses and Hexoses
Authors: Scharrer E. , Grenacher B. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryTo detect whether pentoses and hexoses occurring in rumen bacteria or in hemicellulose ingested with feed and partly released in the small intestine have an affinity for the Na+‐dependent glucose transporter of the bovine intestinal brush border membrane (BBM), we investigated whether these monosaccharides inhibit Na+‐dependent transport of 14C‐labelled d‐xylose across the BBM using brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) isolated from the mid‐jejunum of cows. We used d‐xylose as the transport substrate, because it has a low affinity for the Na+‐dependent glucose transporter and thus its uptake into BBMV is more efficiently competitively inhibited by other sugars than that of d‐glucose. d‐Ribose, d‐mannose and l‐rhamnose occurring in rumen bacteria significantly inhibited Na+‐dependent uptake of d‐xylose into BBMV, but their inhibitory effect was less than that of d‐glucose, d‐xylose and phlorizin. This also applied to l‐arabinose (and d‐arabinose), which is, like d‐xylose and d‐galactose, a constituent of hemicellulose, and to 2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose. Of all monosaccharides tested, only d‐fructose did not affect Na+‐dependent d‐xylose transport. It is concluded that some pentoses and hexoses occurring in rumen bacteria (d‐ribose, d‐mannose and l‐rhamnose) or hemicellulose (l‐arabinose and d‐xylose) have a low affinity for the Na+‐dependent glucose transporter of the bovine BBM and may therefore be absorbed from the jejunum when released in the small intestine.
Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome. Clinical and Pathological Features of Cases in the United Kingdom (1993–1998)
Authors: THOMSON J. R. , HIGGINS R. J. , SMITH W. J. , DONE S. H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThis paper documents the salient clinical and pathological features of porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) in 96 pigs submitted from 55 units in the UK from 1993 to 1998. This series of cases pre‐dated the emergence of post‐weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in the UK. The morbidity during outbreaks was 1% or less. Affected pigs ranged from 14 to 70 kg in weight and most died after a short clinical illness. Fifty‐five pigs had multifocal or coalescing erythematous skin lesions, some progressing to dermal necrosis. Biochemistry showed raised serum urea, creatinine and gamma globulin levels accompanied by proteinuria. All cases showed bilateral renal enlargement with petechiae throughout the cortices. Microscopically these renal lesions ranged in chronology from acute necrotizing glomerulitis and vasculitis with multiple hyaline casts in renal tubules to chronic glomerular sclerosis with interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. Haemorrhagic dermatitis when present was associated with necrotizing vasculitis in the dermal vessels. Vasculitis was sometimes detected in other tissues including subcutis, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, joint synovial membrane, gastric and intestinal submucosa or serosa and meninges but its frequency and distribution varied considerably in individual pigs. Immunostaining showed deposits of IgG and IgM in damaged glomeruli, renal casts and skin lesions. The aetiology and pathogenesis of the condition remain unknown but the histopathological and immunological findings suggest a systemic immune‐complex disorder resulting in vasculitis with particular predilection for kidney and skin.
Cerebellar Granuloprival Degeneration in an Italian Hound
Authors: Cantile C. , Salvadori C. , Modenato M. , Arispici M. , Fatzer R. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryA severe atrophy of the cerebellum was observed in a 7‐month‐old male Italian hound with a history of progressive ataxia and head tremor from the age of 3 months. On clinical examination, signs included severe hypermetric gait, head tremors and proprioception deficits in all limbs. At necropsy, a pronounced symmetrical reduction in size of the cerebellum was the only gross lesion observed. Histological examination of the cerebellum revealed marked thinning of the granular and molecular layers with almost complete loss of granule cells. Purkinje cells had normal morphology and distribution. These findings differ from those of previous reports of cerebellar cortical abiotrophy in dogs, which were mainly characterized by prominent Purkinje cell degeneration and loss.
Ultrasound‐Guided Catheterization of the Portal Vein in 11 Cows Using the Seldinger Technique
Authors: Braun U. , Camenzind D. , Ossent P. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryCatheterization of the portal vein using the Seldinger technique [Acta Radiol. (1958)38, 368] was performed in 11 cows. Ultrasound‐guided percutaneous portocentesis, using a 25‐cm, 14‐gauge steel cannula, was performed from the 10th, 11th or 12th intercostal space on the right side. A stylet was placed through the cannula, which was then removed, and a polyurethane balloon‐tipped catheter was advanced over the stylet into the portal vein and sutured to the skin (Seldinger, 1952). Blood samples were collected from the catheter at least once daily. The catheter was removed 9–15 days later when blood could no longer be aspirated. The cows were then slaughtered and a post‐mortem examination was performed. During the study, appetite remained normal in nine of 11 cows. In three cows, the general behaviour and demeanour were mildly, but transiently, abnormal. Four cows had leucopoenia. The most frequently encountered problem was occlusion of the catheter, which usually was resolved by flushing with heparinized saline. The most common post‐mortem lesion observed was an increase in fibrous connective tissue at the site of cannulation. In nine of 11 cows, there was a thrombus in the portal vein at the site of catheterization. Generally, the severity of the lesions was mild. The results of this study demonstrated that ultrasound‐guided percutaneous catheterization of the portal vein, using the Seldinger technique, is possible in cows. The catheter may be left in place for collection of blood samples for up to 15 days.
Inactivation of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 in Semen Using a Hyperimmune Egg Yolk Semen Extender
Authors: Silva N. , Solana A. , Castro J. M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryHyperimmune egg yolk semen extender was used for the inactivation of bovine herpesvirus (BHV‐1) in experimentally infected bovine semen. As much as 5 × 104 TCID50/ml of virus was inactivated in semen as assayed by tissue culture. Moreover the hyperimmune egg yolk semen extender did not produce any adverse effect on the quality of the semen after being frozen/thawed in comparison with normal egg yolk semen extender (P > 0.05). The hyperimmune egg yolk semen extender is considered an important tool for containing the spread of BHV‐1 from infected semen.
Use of Innovative Methods in the Eradication of Bovine Tuberculosis
Authors: Scacchia M. , Lelli R. , Petrini A. , Prencipe V. , Calistri P. , Giovannini A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryDuring final phases of eradication programmes, strains of Mycobacterium sp. not belonging to the tuberculosis complex increase their relative frequency and are responsible for positive skin test reactions. Moreover, the specificity of any indirect diagnostic test, such as the skin test, is never completely accurate, therefore even when tuberculosis infection is completely eradicated, a number of false positive reactions are to be expected. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the performances of traditional isolation/typing techniques, automatic isolation/typing techniques based on fluorimetric detection of bacterial growth (Bactec), skin tests and the ‐interferon test. Samples examined for the evaluation of test sensitivities originated from 154 infected animals belonging to 32 infected herds. Samples used as negative controls in the evaluation of test specificities originated from 86 animals of nine officially infection‐free herds. The automatic isolation/typing technique based on fluorimetric detection of bacterial growth showed higher sensitivity than the traditional isolation typing technique. Moreover, it allowed a safer processing of bacterial cultures, decreasing the risk for laboratory workers. The observed performance of the γ‐interferon test was considered beneficial in that it increased the sensitivity of individual diagnosis within an infected herd, especially in ‘problem herds’, but its poor specificity did not improve detection of infected herds compared to the skin test.
A Nucleotide Deletion Causing a Translational Stop in the Protease Reading Frame of Bovine Leukaemia Virus (BLV) Results in Modified Protein Expression and Loss of Infectivity
Authors: Blankenstein P. , Bondzio A. , Fechner H. , Beier D. , Marquardt O. , Looman A. C. , Ebner D. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryBovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is an oncogenic retrovirus that causes B‐cell lymphocytosis and in the terminal stage of the disease lymphosarcoma. The comparison of the previously published BLV provirus sequences from Belgium, Australia and Japan showed that the protease gene (prt) of the Australian and the Japanese isolate contain a nucleotide deletion when compared to the Belgian isolate. Because all these proviruses were isolated from tumour tissue, the prt gene of functionally active and infectious proviruses from peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) of BLV‐infected cattle and from BLV‐infected fetal lamb kidney cells were sequenced. The only variations between these sequences and the Belgian isolate consist of nucleotide substitutions. The deletion of one nucleotide of the prt gene of the Japanese and the Australian BLV tumour isolate caused a changed reading frame and a premature translational stop. It was shown that the Japanese provirus is non‐infectious in transfected cell culture and in injected sheep. To analyse the impact of the prt mutation on viral protein expression and infectivity, the prt region of the Japanese provirus was exchanged with the prt region from the Belgian provirus. The resulting pBLVprtbelg was infectious in transfected cells and enabled the expression of gag and gag‐precursor proteins. One sheep was injected with this mutated provirus and became positive in BLV‐PCR, but no seroconversion was developed. The prt mutation of the Japanese tumour isolates was shown to be responsible for the loss of infectivity and changed viral expression. These results and the occurrence of this mutation in only two isolates from lymphosarcoma indicate a possible relation between the prt mutation and the induction of cell transformation.
Protective Effect of Vaccination with Culture Supernate of M. hyopneumoniae against Experimental Infection in Pigs
Authors: Okada M. , Asai T. , Ono M. , Sakano T. , Sato S. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe protective activity of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae inactivated vaccine prepared from sedimented whole cells and cell‐free culture supernates was evaluated experimentally using hysterectomy‐produced, colostrum‐deprived pigs in which mycoplasmal pneumonia had been induced. The culture supernate vaccine containing less than 101 colour‐changing units (CCU)/0.2 ml of M. hyopneumoniae significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the percentage of lung lesions compared to controls (3.2 ± 3.9 vs. 12.2 ± 2.2 %), whereas the sedimented whole cells vaccine containing 1010 CCU/0.2 ml of organisms provided variable protection (18.7 ± 16.5 vs. 12.2 ± 2.2 %). Serum from the pigs vaccinated with culture supernate reacted with six protein bands of 97, 89, 65, 46, 42 and 41 kDa by immunoblot analysis. From these results, we conclude that vaccination with culture supernate of M. hyopneumoniae can provide protection against M. hyopneumoniae infection and that these antigens in the culture supernate may be closely related to the reduction of lung lesions.
Expression of Invasiveness of Campylobacter jejuni ssp. jejuni after Serial Intraperitoneal Passages in Mice
Authors: Fernández H. , Vivanco T. , Eller G. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryWe investigated the possibility of inducing the expression of invasiveness in 10 non‐invading, laboratory‐adapted Campylobacter jejuni ssp. jejuni strains, after serial intraperitoneal (i.p.) passage in mice. All the strains expressed invasive capacity after the first passage, with an increase in invasion rates and the number of internalized bacteria after each passage. These results suggest that i.p. passage enhances the expression of invasiveness in C. jejuni ssp. jejuni strains.
Investigation of Helicobacter pylori in Raw Sheep Milk Samples
Authors: Turutoglu H. , Mudul S. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIt is known that Helicobacter pylori is a cause of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease in humans. However the origin and transmission of this bacterium has not been clearly explained. One of the suggested theories is transmission via raw milk from animals to human beings. In this study, the presence of H. pylori was investigated in sheep milk that is commonly consumed as human food. For this purpose, a total of 440 raw sheep milk samples collected from the Burdur region of Turkey were examined by specific cultural procedures, however, H. pylori was not isolated in any sample.
Chemiluminescent Immunoassay as a Microtiter System for the Detection of Salmonella Antibodies in the Meat Juice of Slaughter Pigs
Authors: Zamora B. M. , Hartung M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryChemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) was applied in the screening of swine meat juice samples obtained from different laboratories in Germany, using the indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as test for comparison. Out of the 1350 samples tested, 987 were found acceptable for validation of results. A good level of agreement between the two tests was obtained with a κ value of 0.824 at 20% cut‐off and 0.798 at 40% cut‐off. At 20% and 40% cut‐off levels, a sensitivity of 96.2% and 97.3%, respectively, and a specificity of 94.6% and 95.1%, respectively, were demonstrated between CLIA and ELISA. The detecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen was tested for specificity and a cross‐reaction with twoEscherichia coliandYersiniastrains was found when tested with ELISA. This reaction was not observed in CLIA, possibly because of the broader measurement spectrum of this test, which allows a more distinctive definition of immunologic reactions. The same explanation can be given for the increased number of meat juice samples which were positively detected only in ELISA but not in CLIA. Because of the wide detection range in CLIA, a normalization scheme was necessary to obtain reproducible results in this test system. The samples positively classified in screening were further tested for reciprocal titres in both test systems, and a higher correlation between screening and titration results was obtained for CLIA. Based on the results of this study, CLIA can be used as a reference method in detecting Salmonella antibodies in the meat juice of slaughter pigs.