bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Approach to High-Speed Storage—Low Flux Density Materials
Authors: Shevel W. L. , Chang H. 
Published: June 2005

This paper presents a new approach toward overcoming the factors currently limiting the frequencies at which storage devices may be switched from one information state to another. Ferrite elements for random access storage have been developed which require a fraction of a microsecond for a cycle. Thus the ferrite switching time establishes a maximum switching rate given by the inverse of the total switching time in a cycle. However, operation of elements such as these in a large capacity memory at rates limited only by switching times is usually prevented by:deterioration of magnetic properties due to heating effects, increase in selection line impedance, and long transmission delays.
A series of ferrimagnetic oxides have been developed with properties such that the limits on minimum cycle time are appreciably extended. The most important of these properties is the saturation flux density. Over a range of composition, flux densities have been obtained which extend from 100–500 gauss. The lower flux density results in an appreciably lower energy dissipation in the magnetic structure and consequently in higher switching rates for a given temperature rise within the magnetic material. In addition, temperature dependence of those magnetic properties which determine storage applicability is more favorable than with the better known ferrites.
Toroids have been fabricated with these materials which are suitable for random access memories. These elements have been operated successfully in free air at repetition frequencies in excess of 2 Mc.
The improvements in array characteristics that result are discussed in terms of impedances and transmission delays.
Rictometer System for Calibrating Transmitters of Remote Indicating Compasses
Authors: Mendelsohn L. I. 
Published: June 2005

Calibration of the sensor (transmitter), of a remote indicating compass system, must be carried out in a magnetic field whose magnitude and direction simulate closely those of the earth at a specified point. Major disturbances of the earth's magnetic field by electrical equipment occur in most laboratories. Where conventional Helmholtz calibrating schemes are used, accuracy can be achieved only by lengthy averaging of repeated measurements and exercising extreme care. This paper describes a measurement system called a rictometer, which permits precise transmitter calibration with much greater ease than previously.
The rictometer consists of a system of shields which reduces the earth's horizontal field component from 200 milligauss to about 13 of a milligauss. Two pairs of Helmholtz coils within the shielding system restore the horizontal component of the earth's field. By proper selection of currents in each of these pairs of coils,this horizontal component can be rotated in discrete steps through 360° for calibration purposes. The rictometer allows the experimenter to calibrate a compass transmitter readily with a precision of plus or minus 0.1 deg in normal laboratory fields. Deliberate immersion of the rictometer in a 50 gauss field causes a maximum transmitter calibration change of plus or minus 0.15°. Thus, the system should prove valuable for reliable sensor calibration under most adverse field conditions.
Simple Recording Torque Magnetometer
Authors: Neurath P. W. 
Published: June 2005

A recording torque magnetometer has been designed and constructed, using commercially available components in conjunction with commonly available laboratory equipment. It appears to be much simpler than any described heretofore and needs no calibration. The sample disk is mounted at the end of a shaft which is supported in two fixed radial nonmagnetic precision ball bearings of low starting torque. The other end of the shaft carries a 10-cm long lever arm which exerts a force on a Statham Instruments, Inc., 0.3 oz transducer (Model G7A).
The relative rotation of sample to magnet is converted to an electrical signal of any convenient magnitude by use of a 360° continuous rotation Helipot potentiometer. Both torque and rotation signals are recorded on an XY-mv recorder. The electrical circuits consist only of batteries and resistors and the factory supplied transducer calibration is entirely adequate. The assembly can be rotated manually. At ±40 × 103 ergs full scale, corresponding to an output of ±5 mv, errors are about 1%.
Slight alterations in the design to cover full scale ranges from 10 × 103 to 100 × 103 ergs or more are possible.
The Role of Cation Vacancy in Magnetic Annealing of Iron-Cobalt Ferrites
Authors: Iida Shūichi 
Published: June 2005

The kinetics of magnetic annealing effects in iron-cobalt ferritesis studied, based on a vacancy migration mechanism. First, a formal theory is developed, which makes clear the existence of a distribution of relaxation times in the phenomena. In order to get the distribution function of the relaxation time as a function of vacancy concentration and diffusion constants, a calculation based on a rather stochastic approach has been given. It is assumed that the dispersion in the relaxation time comes principally from the time required for the vacancies to migrate throughout the entire crystal lattice. The distribution function obtained is f(τ) = Wρτ/τ0×exp(−Wρτ/τ0),where ρ is the density of vacancies, τ0 is the mean relaxation time for the migration of a single vacancy, and W is a constant which depends on the lattice type, degree of short range ordering, and so on. On using this function the formation and the annihilation of the degree of directionality Su is expressed as ΔSu = ∫0∞f(τ)ΔS(τ)d(logτ), ΔS(τ) = [S(τ)−Se(T)](−Δt/τ0).
A quantitative calculation of the annihilation process of the magnetic annealing anisotropy in isothermal annealing accords exactly with the experimental results for iron-cobalt ferrites.
There is a short discussion of the equilibrium density of vacanciesin iron-cobalt ferrites using the results of our statistical thermodynamical study of the same system. Discussions of several theoretical and experimental results of iron-cobalt ferrites recently carried out in Japan are also presented. From our results we conclude that the decrease in the degree of oxidation simply makes the scale of the time constant of the relaxation process longer, therefore it is not consistent with the suggestion previously made that only cobalt ions near vacancies can rearrange rapidly.
Magnetization Reversal in Uniaxial Films near to the Preferred Direction
Authors: Bradley E. M. , Prutton M. 
Published: June 2005

It is now well known that uniaxial thin magnetic films can be made which have almost ideal square hysteresis loops in the preferred direction and almost straight line hysteresis loops in the hard direction. For this type of film, which can be prepared by evaporation from ingots of approximately 81:19 NiFe alloy, it is found that the switching time constant of the reversal process which occurs when magnetic fields are applied exactly in the easy direction can be very large.
The switching process occurring when fields are applied at angle 10° to the preferred direction has been studied in detail, both by a new pulse response technique and by observation of the domain structure revealed by use of the Kerr magneto-optic effect.
In the latter experiment, short pulses have been applied to the specimen and photographs taken of the domain pattern after each pulse. It was found that the specimen breaks into small domains whose area increases after each pulse and that eventually the filmcould be completely reversed if the pulse amplitude was between certain critical values. Curves were plotted of the pulse amplitude against the proportion of the film switched found by measuring the reversed area in the photographs. It was shown that the process is very well approximated by an equation of the form Sw = τ(H − H0),which implies a viscous damped process, and there is a critical nucleation field, which is less than the field required to move the walls.
In the pulse response experiments, the switching time has been derived from the response to a reset pulse which was applied after a variable number of set pulses of variable amplitude. It was found that in some films there can be a rapid switching process, which is complete after about 100 mμsec, followed by a slow process lasting up to 10 μsec under the same conditions. From the experiments performed, it has been possible to compute a switching time constant which can be very large in some films. This constant is found to be correlated with the ratio p = Hc/Hk, where Hc is the coercivity in the easy direction and Hk is the rotational coercivity. If the film obeyed the simple coherent rotational model the pratio would be 1, and films which have p = 0.9 have been found have Sw = 0.3×10−6 oe μsec, whereas for p = 0.3, Sw = 7×10−6 oe μsec.
Microcalorimetric Technique for the Study of Damping and Hysteresis in Ferromagnetic Films
Authors: Mayfield J. R. 
Published: June 2005

Experience with experimental techniques for the study of damping and hysteresis in thin films has suggested that many of the difficulties and complications encountered might be avoided by the direct approach of measuring the heat generated by the irreversible processes which are of interest. This suggestion has led to the development of a simple and reliable microcalorimetric apparatus with which accurate loss determinations may be made over a frequency range of about 100 cps to 100 Mc.
The loss detector employed is a thin-film thermocouple which developes an emf proportional to the total heat flux emerging from the ferromagnetic sample. The zero drift of the heat-detecting system is eliminated,and the overall noise level greatly reduced by imposing a low-frequency square-wave modulation on the magnetic losses, amplifying the resultant ac component of the thermal emf with a narrow-band amplifier,and rectifying the output by means of a commutator phase-synchronized with the modulator. It appears that losses as small as 106 erg/sec per cc of sample volume are readily detectable. The thermal method thus has a degree of sensitivity which compares favorably with that of other experimental techniques, and has the added advantage of providing a direct measure of energy loss.
Review article: angiogenesis soluble factors as liver disease markers
Authors: SALCEDO X. , MEDINA J. , SANZ‐CAMENO P. , GARCÍA‐BUEY L. , MARTÍN‐VILCHEZ S. , MORENO‐OTERO R. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryAngiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from pre‐existing ones; it has been studied at the molecular level in different pathologies and is currently considered a promising novel therapeutic target in cancer. Recently, the use of angiogenesis soluble factors as markers of tumour growth has been investigated. The knowledge gained has led to test their use as therapeutic agents. Additionally, angiogenesis soluble factors could be used for the follow‐up of pathologies that currently require monitoring with invasive techniques, like chronic viral hepatitis or renal and haematological diseases. The different factors have been described in multiple studies. In some cases, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, a potential use as prognostic markers has been suggested.
Patients’ and nurses’ perceptions of nursing problems in an acute care setting
Authors: Florin Jan , Ehrenberg Anna , Ehnfors Margareta 
Published: June 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a study to determine the degree of agreement or disagreement between nurses and patients in their perceptions of the presence, severity, and importance of nursing problems.Background.  Patient experiences, values and preferences are increasingly acknowledged as important factors underpinning healthcare decision‐making. The ability to identify patient problems accurately is an important prerequisite for planning and implementing individualized high quality care.Methods.  A convenience sample of patients (n = 80) and Registered Nurses (n = 30) in an acute care setting responded to a 43‐item questionnaire.Findings.  Nurses identified patients’ problems with a sensitivity of 0·53 and a positive predictive value of 0·50. Patients identified several severe problems that were not identified by nurses, particularly problems with nutrition, sleep, pain, and emotions/spirituality. Nurses underestimated the severity in 47% of mutually‐identified problems. An overall level of agreement of 44% was found on the importance of patient problems. Low levels of agreement on severity and importance were related more to individual differences than to systematic differences.Conclusions.  Nurses need to be more aware that patients and nurses often hold disparate views of the priorities in nursing care. To plan individualized nursing care effectively, nurses need to elicit and use individual patients’ preferences more systematically in care planning.
Predictors of distress and depression in elders with arthritic pain
Authors: Tsai Pao‐Feng 
Published: June 2005

Aim. The aim of this paper is to report the findings of a study testing a theory of chronic pain, with financial hardship added as a contextual stimulus.Background. Arthritis is highly prevalent among older people, resulting in severe pain and suffering. A previous study testing a theory of chronic pain in elders with arthritis found that pain, disability and social support explained only 35% of the variance in their emotional distress. It is possible that demands, other than chronic pain, such as financial hardship, also contribute to these elders’ stress and depression.Method. The theory was tested with 235 elders with arthritis using a secondary data analysis strategy. Data were obtained from the study of Ageing, Status, and Sense of Control carried out in 1998 in the United States of America. Variables were constructed from original questionnaires.Results. The hypothesized model fitted the data only moderately well (χ2 = 40·04, d.f = 6,P < 0·0001; CFI = 0·88; NFI = 0·88). Disability and financial hardship positively predicted distress, while social support and age had a reverse impact on distress, which explained 24% of the variance in distress. This means that elders with higher levels of disability, more financial hardship, less social support or younger age are likely to have higher levels of distress. Distress alone explained 33% of the variance in depressive symptoms. A data‐derived model was created with excellent fit (χ2 = 3; d.f. = 4;P = 0·56; CFI = 1·00; NFI = 0·99), showing that disability, social support, financial hardship and age predicted distress (R2 = 0·24). Pain, disability and distress predicted depression (R2 = 0·44).Conclusions. The results partially supported the theory. Exploring the possibility of using depression as part of the control process and removing gender as a residual stimulus may lead to further refinement of the theory. The findings allow nurses to have a better understanding of the experiences of elders with arthritis, and thus to offer appropriate care to meet their needs.
Molecular staging of bladder cancer
Authors: Mitra Anirban P. , Datar Ram H. , Cote Richard J. 
Published: June 2005

Attempts are being made in many laboratories to find new biomarkers for and new methods of molecular staging of bladder cancer. At the forefront of this are the authors from Los Angeles who have contributed the first of four mini‐reviews in this section.Other mini‐reviews examine the role of hand‐assisted laparoscopy in urology, a contribution to the sometimes heated argument about whether laparoscopy should be ‘pure’ or hand‐assisted: in addition, two mini‐reviews describe the role of photodynamic diagnosis in managing superficial bladder cancer, and the contribution of non‐surgical factors to the success of hypospadias repair.
Does neoadjuvant hormone therapy for early prostate cancer affect cognition? Results from a pilot study
Authors: Jenkins Valerie A. , Bloomfield David J. , Shilling Valerie M. , Edginton Trudi L. 
Published: June 2005

OBJECTIVETo examine, in a prospective study, the influence that temporary reversible medical castration for localized prostate cancer has on cognition, by assessing whether temporary 3–5 month treatment with a luteinizing‐hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist before radical radiotherapy had a short‐ or long‐term affect on cognitive function.PATIENTS, SUBJECTS AND METHODSThirty‐two patients with localized prostate cancer had cognitive assessments at baseline (T1) before the start of drug treatment, at 3 months (T2) or on completing drug treatment but before radiotherapy, and 9 months later (T3). Eighteen men with no prostate cancer (controls subjects) completed the cognitive tests at the same times. In addition, psychological functioning and quality of life were assessed at the same times, together with serum free and bound testosterone, β‐oestradiol and sex hormone‐binding globulin levels.RESULTSThere was a significant cognitive decline (on at least one cognitive task) at T2 in 15 (47%) patients vs three (17%) of controls (odds ratio 4.412, P = 0.033). Most patients (nine of 15) who had a change in performance declined on tasks of spatial memory and ability. At T3 there was significant cognitive decline in 11 (34%) patients and five (28%) control subjects (odds ratio 1.37, P = 0.631).CONCLUSIONThis pilot study suggests that short‐term LHRH therapy for early‐stage prostate cancer has modest short‐term consequences on men's cognitive functioning; a larger prospective study is warranted.
The relationship between angiogenesis and cyclooxygenase‐2 expression in prostate cancer
Authors: Mukherjee Rono , Edwards Joanne , Underwood Mark A. , Bartlett John M.S. 
Published: June 2005

OBJECTIVETo test the hypothesis that angiogenesis in prostate cancer is associated with tumour invasion and metastasis, and that this is mediated through increased cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression.PATIENTS AND METHODSAngiogenesis was assessed in 105 patients with either prostate cancer (79) or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH, 26) and these data correlated with levels of COX‐2 expression in the same dataset. The mean microvessel density (MVD) was analysed as a marker of angiogenesis, using the endothelial antigen CD34 stained by immunohistochemistry.RESULTSThere was no difference in MVD in progressive tumour stages compared with BPH. There was a negative correlation between MVD and COX‐2 expression, but the effect of increased COX‐2 expression on MVD was not marked.CONCLUSIONThese data suggest that COX‐2 drives tumour spread in prostate cancer by means other than the promotion of angiogenesis.
A prospective randomized trial comparing transurethral prostatic resection and clean intermittent self‐catheterization in men with chronic urinary retention
Authors: Ghalayini Ibrahim Fathi , Al‐Ghazo Mohammed A. , Pickard Robert S. 
Published: June 2005

OBJECTIVETo determine whether a preliminary period of clean intermittent self‐catheterization (CISC) before transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) improves bladder contractility and surgical outcome in men with chronic urinary retention (CUR), and whether pressure‐flow studies (PFS) before TURP predict the outcome.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe study was a two‐centre, pragmatic and randomized trial. Included were 41 men scheduled for TURP with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), an International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) of > 7, benign prostatic enlargement and a persistent postvoid residual urine volume (PVR) of > 300 mL. They had conventional PFS using unphysiological filling. The patients then gave consent and were randomized into two treatment groups; the first had TURP after stabilizing renal function by indwelling catheterization if indicated, and the second was taught CISC. Men in both groups were reviewed at 3 and 6 months after surgery or the start of CISC, by the IPSS, urine culture and assay of plasma creatinine, and upper tract imaging and repeat PFS at 6 months. The primary outcome variables were IPSS, maximum urinary flow rate, voiding and end‐filling pressures, and mean PVR; secondary variables included treatment failure, complications and other urodynamic measures.RESULTSOf the 41 patients, 17 (mean age 67 years, range 52–84) were randomized to immediate TURP and 24 (mean age 69 years, range 55–85) to CISC. There was a significant improvement in IPSS and quality of life at 6 months in both groups (P < 0.001). In the CISC group there was a significant improvement in voiding and end‐filling pressures, indicating recovery of bladder function (P < 0.001 for each). Of the 41 men, nine (22%) with voiding pressures of ≤ 45 cmH2O had no significant improvement in symptoms or urodynamic variables. Detrusor overactivity was found in 17 (41%) patients, of whom six had upper tract dilatation which resolved after treatment.CONCLUSIONThe present results emphasize the usefulness of CISC in ensuring the recovery of bladder function in men with CUR. Measuring the voiding pressure before TURP can predict the surgical outcome. Both CISC and immediate TURP are effective for relieving LUTS and result in a better quality of life. A preliminary period of CISC before TURP for men with CUR and low voiding pressure may be valuable. The presence of upper tract dilatation is associated with high end‐void and end‐fill bladder pressures, and such men have a good outcome from surgery.
Mesenchymal cells infiltrating a bladder acellular matrix gradually lose smooth muscle characteristics in intraperitoneally regenerated urothelial lining tissue in rats
Authors: Moriya Kimihiko , Kakizaki Hidehiro , Watanabe Satoshi , Sano Hiroshi , Nonomura Katsuya 
Published: June 2005

OBJECTIVETo characterize serial long‐term histological changes in mesenchymal cells infiltrating a collagen‐based matrix, as in a hollow organ with differentiated urothelial lining created intraperitoneally by grafting cultured urothelial cells, mesenchymal cells with smooth‐muscle immunohistochemical characteristics infiltrated into the scaffold, despite no mesenchymal cells being seeded into the scaffold before grafting.MATERIALS AND METHODSTo regenerate a urothelial lining tissue intraperitoneally, rat urothelial cells were cultured and seeded with the feeder‐layer technique onto bladder acellular matrix (BAM). After 7 days of cultivation to attach urothelial cells on the BAM, the matrix was folded with the urothelial cells inside and grafted onto the mesentery of the previously partially cystectomized rat.RESULTSThe grafted urothelial cells on the BAM, which formed a monolayer before grafting, stratified into three to four layers as early as 4 days after grafting. Although the regenerated urothelium became thinner with time, there was urothelial stratification and a peculiar angular appearance on the apical surface of the regenerated urothelium even after 56 days. The mesenchymal cells infiltrating the BAM showed positive immunohistochemical staining to α‐smooth muscle actin or desmin at 7 days. Subsequently, the number of actin‐ or desmin‐positive cells gradually decreased with time. On transmission electron microscopy, the infiltrating mesenchymal cells were characterized as myofibroblasts at 7 days. Smooth muscle‐like cells were identified at 14 and 28 days, and fibrocytes were the main population at 56 days.CONCLUSIONSAlthough epithelial‐mesenchymal interactions have been assumed to be one of the most critical factors in smooth‐muscle development, mesenchymal cells infiltrating the scaffold in this intraperitoneal regeneration model gradually lost smooth muscle characteristics with time. These results suggest that interactions between cultured urothelial cells and infiltrating mesenchymal cells alone could not maintain the smooth muscle character of infiltrating mesenchymal cells.