bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amy Beach, Passionate Victorian, The Life and Work of an American Composer, 1867–1944
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amy Marcy Cheney Beach (1867-1944), the most widely performed composer of her generation, was the first American woman to succeed as a creator of large-scale art music. Her “Gaelic” Symphony, given its premiere by the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1896, was the first work of its kind by an American woman to be performed by an American orchestra. Almost all of her more than 300 works were published soon after they were composed and performed, and today her music is finding new advocates and audiences for its energy, intensity, and sheer beauty. Yet, until now, no full-length critical biography of Beach’s life or comprehensive critical overview of her music existed. This biography admirably fills that gap, fully examining the connections between Beach’s life and work in light of social currents and dominant ideologies. Born into a musical family in Victorian times, Amy Beach started composing as a child of four and was equally gifted as a pianist. Her talent was recognized early by Boston’s leading musicians, who gave her unqualified support. Although Beach believed that the life of a professional musician was the only life for her, her parents had raised her for marriage and a career of amateur music-making. Her response to this parental (and later spousal) opposition was to find creative ways of reaching her goal without direct confrontation. Discouraged from a full-scale concert career, she instead found her métier in composition. Success as a composer of art songs came early for Beach: indeed, her songs outsold those of her contemporaries. Nevertheless, she was determined to separate her work from the genteel parlor music women were writing in her day by creating large-scale works—a Mass, a symphony, and chamber music—that challenged the accepted notion that women were incapable of creating high art. She won the respect of colleagues and the allegiance of audiences. Many who praised her work, however, considered her an exception among women. Beach’s reaction to this was to join with other women composers of serious music by promoting their works along with her own. Adrienne Fried Block has written a biography that takes full account of issues of gender and musical modernism, considering Beach in the contexts of her time and of her composer contemporaries, both male and female. Amy Beach, Passionate Victorian will be of great interest to students and scholars of American music, and to music lovers in general.
Population Processes
Authors: Hartnett David C , Keeler Kathleen H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the prairies, myriad populations of plants, insects, small mammals, and other organisms form distinct levels of organization. The physical forces of weather and fire and the complex networks of species interactions control each species’s structure and dynamics and determine its abundance or rarity. Variation in population dynamics and interactions over time and space determine the distribution and abundance of species, and ultimately the composition and dynamics of entire prairie communities. To the casual observer, plant populations on prairies may seem quite static, like museums containing a diverse collection of specimens that can be seen again and again on repeated visits. Many plant populations, however, are much more analogous to a railway station than a museum, characterized by a constant flux of arrivals and departures. Furthermore, much of the dynamics within prairie plant populations occurs hidden belowground in the pools of seeds and rhizomes, obscuring the true population sizes and their dynamic nature. Even the dominant species that appear to be temporally and spatially stable are not static, but are characterized by significant population flux. The basic processes determining the sizes and dynamics of all populations are birth, death, and migration. The size of a leadplant population in a tallgrass prairie is determined by the balance between additions of new shoots via both seedling establishment and vegetative reproduction and the death of individuals as a result of competition, herbivory, or physical factors such as drought and fire.
Grassland Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics
Authors: Collins Scott L , Glenn Susan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary focus of many ecologists during the first half of the twentieth century was the description and classification of plant communities. Many believed that com munities were distinct, precisely defined assemblages of species. A good community description would allow the observer to name any plant community based on the framework of an idealized vegetation classification. The focus was clearly on similarity. During the late 1940s and early 1950s, observations of variation, cycles, and disturbance provided a spark that stimulated new views on plant community structure and dynamics. Currently, ecological interests have shifted from seeking similarity for the purpose of classification to understanding variability within the context of natural disturbances. As a consequence, these general trends in community ecology certainly reflect the focus of ecological research in prairies. For example, early grassland ecologists believed that fire was a catastrophic and unnatural component in prairies. To some extent, this view developed during the drought of the 1930s, when fires were damaging already overgrazed and eroded prairies. Today, fire is recognized as an important aspect of the natural disturbance regime, especially in mesic tallgrass prairies.
Grassland Management: Ecosystem Maintenance and Grazing
Authors: Wallace Linda L , Dyer M I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Grasslands in North America evolved in the presence of a diverse consumer community. The Pleistocene megafauna of the central North American grasslands was a diverse group of herbivores with their associated predators. Following the post Pleistocene extinctions (the cause of which is still hotly debated), the herbivorous fauna of this region was tremendously reduced in diversity (Gould 1991). However, using scouting reports and accounts from early settlers, estimates have been made of the most numerous herbivorous species, Bison bison,prior to the development of European culture throughout North America. These estimates range from 20 to 60 million animals (Larson 1940). In addition to bison, there were large numbers of elk, deer, and antelope as well as small herbivores, ranging from gophers to geese to grasshoppers (Axelrod 1985). Thus even in the absence of the large Pleistocene fauna, the grasslands of central North America still supported large numbers of a diverse herbivore assemblage. The key word here is “diverse.”What is occurring on today’s grasslands in North America? Most of the native large-bodied herbivores are gone, and current management philosophies seek to minimize the presence of herbivores other than domestic livestock. Managers who are in charge of this new landscape now wish to maximize the production of only one herbivore species or, at most, two or three. In addition, because of economic pressures, management practices aim to maximize this production on a finite parcel of land, rather than dealing with large spaces previously utilized by native herbivores prior to European cultural expansion. Are such shifts in land-use patterns significant? We believe so and argue that managers need to understand ecosystem dynamics in grass lands in order to design rational land-use plans themselves. With this information, they can better understand how the herbivores they are producing influence grassland function and their own potential economic productivity on a long-term basis.
The Basic Idea of Persistence
Authors: Hirsch Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One Important difference between the simple continuity analysis (discussed in Chapter 1) and the sortal analysis (discussed in Chapter 2) comes out when we consider the following question: Can we analyze our concept of a physical object’s identity through time without taking cognizance of what sort of object we are dealing with? Obviously the simple continuity analysis, which makes no reference to sortal differentiations, implies an affirmative answer to this question. That analysis attempts a wholly general and sortal-neutral account of physical persistence, and, as we saw, fails drastically in so doing. A negative answer to the question seems, on the other hand, indicated by the sorta! analysis. The latter analysis is, to be sure, quite general in a sense, since the sortal rule is a single comprehensive formula which is intended to apply to physical objects of all sorts. Evidently, however, we can apply the rule to an object only insofar as we do take cognizance of what sort of object it is, for it is only then that we can properly trace the object under a sortal. Indeed the essential idea behind the sortal rule was that we need to divide objects into different sorts before we can adequately analyze our identity concept.
Constraints On Self-Identity
Authors: Hirsch Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Ordinary distinction between ‘‘me’‘ and ‘‘not-me,’‘ between that which does and that which does not lie within the boundaries of a single self, seems at least on first reflection completely inevitable. It is difficult even to understand the suggestion that this distinction might be arbitrary, or that it might legitimately be redrawn in some other way. Here, if anywhere, a ‘‘conventionalist’‘ attitude is likely to strike us as intuitively incredible.
Methodological Considerations in the Utilization of In Situ Hybridization
Authors: Tecott Laurence H , Eberwine James H , Barchas Jack D , Valentino Karen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In situ hybridization is a technique that is generating a great deal of interest among neurobiologists and others interested in genetics, virology, developmental biology, and related disciplines. This method enables the precise localization and identification of individual cells that contain a specific nucleic acid sequence, in a manner analogous to the immunocytochemical localization of cells containing a particular protein. It involves the hybridization of a nucleic acid probe with a specific target nucleic acid within a tissue section. The technique is an extension of liquid-phase hybridization methods, with which it shares many considerations. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the basic technical considerations involved in in situ hybridization and the methods by which they are addressed.
Assessment of Peptide Secretion and Gene Expression Within Individual Cells
Authors: Wise Phyllis M , Scarbrough Kathryn , Chiu Sufen , Larson Gregg H , Weiland Nancy G , Lloyd Jonathan M , Hinkle David A , Cai Aihua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We developed the reverse hemolytic plaque/in situ hybridization method to approach several questions regarding peptide secretion and gene expression at the individual cell level.
Alterations in the Theme of the Gift
Authors: Fox Renée C , Swazey Judith P , Watkins Judith C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, as described in Chapter 2, transplant teams were highly aware of the gift-exchange dimensions of organ transplantation, its more than biomedical meaning, and the psychic and social effects of the symbolic power of giving and receiving an organ. They were particularly concerned about the emotional and familial pressures to give an organ from living donors and about how both cadaveric and live transplantations could lead donors, recipients, and their kin to become enmeshed in relationships that were pain fully complicated by their creditor-debtor and anthropomorphic components.
‘‘Made in the U.S.A.”: American Features in the Rise and Fall of the Jarvik-7 Artificial Heart
Authors: Fox Renée C , Swazey Judith P , Watkins Judith C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike so many of our pioneers-most recently the Apollo astronauts who visited the moon and returned from their voyages to reflect upon their experience-the artificial-heart recipients never made it back. And because of the incredible physical suffering they endured along the way ... we were unable to learn much from them about what it was like to live without a human heart. How it actually felt to be alive with a mono rhythmic piece of plastic clicking where once the mime-if not the author-of our emotions dwelled is a secret the recipients have taken with them.
Who Shall Guard the Guardians?
Authors: Fox Renée C , Swazey Judith P , Watkins Judith C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On an August afternoon in 1986, six members of the University of Utah Medical Center institutional review board (IRB) who had served on the committee during the years that it dealt with the Jarvik-7 heart experiment straggled into a small seminar room. They had gathered, somewhat apprehensively, to talk with us about the IRB’s role in the Barney Clark implant and its aftermath and their views of the experiment more generally.1 It was an occasion that one person likened to a reunion and another to a wake, as it was the first time they had met together since their work on the permanent implant protocols ended with DeVries’ move to Louisville.
Leaving the Field
Authors: Fox Renée C , Swazey Judith P , Watkins Judith C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As journeyers into the field, participant observers, and chroniclers, we have been involved in the development of organ transplantation, the artificial kidney, and the artificial heart throughout most of their contemporaneous medical and social history and for many years of our working lives. Since 1951 (RCF) and 1968 (JPS) we have had the privileged opportunity to watch, from the inside, how dialysis and kidney, heart, and liver transplantation, which began as “desperate remedies for desperate patients,” with certain “desperate[ly] hopeless” conditions (Moore 1989, p. 1483), evolved into “nonexperimental,” though far from ordinary, interventions to treat a wide gamut of end-stage diseases. During those years we have seen the range and combinations of different organs trans-planted, the numbers performed, and the array of artificial organs designed increase dramatically, and we have charted at firsthand the early phases of the drive to replace the human heart with a man-made device.
Hans Krebs
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This comprehensive volume completes Frederic Holmes’s notable and detailed biography of Hans Krebs, from the investigator’s early development through the major phase of his groundbreaking investigation, which lay the foundations upon which the modern structure of intermediary metabolism is built. With access to Krebs’s research notebooks as well as to Krebs himself through more than five years of personal interviews, the author provides an insightful analysis of Hans Krebs and of the scientific process as a whole. The first volume, published in 1991, covered Krebs’s formative years in Germany, his work with Otto Warburg, and his discovery of the urea cycle in 1932. This second volume reconstructs the investigative pathway and the professional and personal life of Hans Krebs, from the time of his arrival in England in 1933 until 1937, when he made the discovery for which he is best known--the formulation of the citric acid cycle. Holmes portrays Krebs’s activity at the intimate level of daily interactions of thought and action, from which the characteristic patterns of scientific creativity can best be seen. Holmes’s fascinating portrait of Krebs integrates the great scientist’s investigative pathways with his personal life. The result is an illuminating analysis of both man and scientist that will be of interest to biochemists and historians of science.
New Moves
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On November 20, 1934, Hans Krebs and Marjory Stephenson left the biochemistry laboratory with Hans Weil and Rosanne Malherbe, accompanied them to the Registry Office around the corner, and acted as witnesses to their civil wedding. Then they all returned to the laboratory for a sherry party. Afterward the couple took the train to London to have their marriage confirmed in a Swiss Reformed Church. When the pastor found that they had not yet received their marriage certificate through the mail, however, he refused to perform the ceremony. Hans and Rosanne had to live together without the blessing of the church until the certificate arrived and they could return to London and present themselves again in the same church.
Encouragements to Crime
Authors: Greenawalt Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers utterances that encourage other people to commit crimes. Chapters 4 and 5 dealt with agreements, orders, offers, and threats, which also can constitute forms of encouragement; now mainly address a contrasting class of utterances that are not significantly situation-altering: weak imperatives and assertions of fact. I begin with explicit urgings to commit particular crimes and then turn to kinds of “encouragements” which in some way are less direct.
Offensiveness and Diffuse Harms
Authors: Greenawalt Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The communications and reasons for prohibition which I consider in this chapter move in some ways beyond those I have thus far examined. I have concentrated on situations where an utterance leads directly to a harmful act performed by a listener, or threatens the listener in order to obtain property or restrict liberty, or falsely asserts some fact that causes damage. Here, I focus on communications whose harm may not lie primarily in falsity or threat or the risk that a listener will cause a direct injury. The examples I examine briefly are insults, epithets and slurs, pornography, and disclosures of embarrassing private truths. With respect to each, I inquire about the need for legal control, the manner in which language is being used, the expressive value of the utterances, and sensible boundaries of criminal or tort liability.
Reckless and Negligent Risk That One’s Communications Will Cause Criminal Harms
Authors: Greenawalt Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last chapter considered situations in which some social danger lies in the effect a communication is intended to have; here I deal with circumstances in which the speaker does not aim for a crime or similar harmful effect, but makes a communication that generates a substantial risk that such an effect will occur. We can begin with the premise that punishing speech that is reckless as to a particular result cannot constitutionally be easier than punishing otherwise similar speech that is intended to cause the result. Indeed, since the values of speech are more fully implicated when one is not aiming to accomplish an immediate practical result, the requirements for liability should generally be more stringent when all the speaker does is to risk a result. I shall treat a number of related subjects, all on the basic assumption that speech may infrequently be foreclosed solely because of unintended harms its message may cause.
Falsity
Authors: Greenawalt Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers in a summary way how far the First Amendment precludes liability for statements because they are untrue or insincere. I begin with the assumption that, in general, for claims of value and other matters beyond demonstration as true or false, neither falsity nor insincerity can be the basis of liability. That the government may not penalize falsehoods on these subjects is evident. Though some argument might be made that insincere assertions about values or complex interpretive conclusions should be punishable, insincerity on these subjects will usually be very hard to establish. I assume that insincerity does not deprive assertions about these matters of the First Amendment protection they would otherwise have. When the Supreme Court said in Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. that “there is no such thing as a false idea,”1 it did not quite say that insincere statements of ideas are protected, but it implied that the law has no business reviewing “ideas” in terms of truth or sincerity. Thus I suppose that neither penal nor civil liability can be premised on assertions like “Saluting the flag is ridiculous” or “In the origins of World War II, England was much more to blame than Germany.”2 I shall concentrate on false statements of fact.
God’s Sister: History and Ideology in Valperga
Authors: Lew Joseph W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1790s, Richard Brothers began to announces—to anyone who cared to listens—that he was the “Nephew of the Almighty. “1 The implications of this claim are mindboggling. Who was God’s sibling, and what happened to him or her? Within a Christian tradition, that God should have a brother is almost unimaginable. To cope with the question at all, one must posit an immortal despot who, like the Ottoman sultans, “removes” all rivals for the throne, thus providing a divine precedent for the slaying of Abel by Cain. Conversely, one might recreate a Greek-style cosmology, establishing godly spheres of influence reminiscent of the division of air, sea, and the underworld among Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades.
“The Last Man”
Authors: Johnson Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When considering a subject as broad as “the ends of man,” one can only ask oneself: Where to start? Where to start speaking of the end? But on the other hand, isn’t it always from the end that one starts? Isn’t every narrative in fact constructed beginning with the denouement, as every project is constructed beginning with its goal? Isn’t the end precisely that which never ceases to be repeated, which one is never done with? If man is truly, as Derrida says, “that which relates to its end,” he is also that which is never finished with ending. Thus the question would not be to know how to begin speaking of the end, but how to finish speaking of it, how to narrate something other than the interminable death of the penultimate, how to be finished with the end?
Inequality: A Complex Notion
Authors: Temkin Larry S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When is one situation worse than another regarding inequality? In some cases the answer to this question can be easily given. We know, for instance, that among equally deserving people a situation where some are worse off than others is worse than one where everyone is equal, in terms of inequality. We also know that among equally deserving people the inequality in a situation would be worse if the gaps between the better- and worse-off were large, than if they were small. Consider, however, a situation where many are better-off, and a few are worse-off. How would the inequality in such a situation compare with the inequality in a situation where a few are better-off and many are worse-off? How would both of these compare with a situation where the better- and worse-off groups were equal in size? It is questions such as these that I shall be addressing in this chapter. As we shall see, these are complicated questions, and ones to which several plausible but conflicting answers might be given.