bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health and economic impact of posttransfusion hepatitis B and cost‐effectiveness analysis of expanded HBV testing protocols of blood donors: a study focused on the European Union
Authors: Pereira Arturo 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : Residual risk of posttransfusion hepatitis B (PT‐HB) may be reduced through implementation of HBV NAT or the new, enhanced‐sensitivity HBsAg assays in routine donor testing. However, there are some doubts about the cost‐effectiveness of these new safety measures, because hepatitis B acquired in adulthood is not regarded as a severe disease in western countries. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : A computer model was designed to estimate the health outcomes and associated costs of patients with PT‐HB. Results from this model and estimations of the residual risk of HBV transmission, the risk reduction yielded by the new assays, and their cost were used to calculate the cost‐effectiveness of including the new HBsAg assays or single‐sample HBV NAT in the routine screening of blood donors. RESULTS : The model predicts that 0.97 percent of patients with PT‐HB die of liver disease (54% of them due to fulminant hepatitis). The mean loss of life expectancy was 0.178 years per patient, and the present value of the lifetime costs of treating PT‐HB was 4160 euros per patient. Single‐donor HBV NAT or the new HBsAg assays would increase the life expectancy of blood recipients by 16 (95% CI, 8‐40) or 14 (95% CI, 7‐28) years, respectively, per every 10 million donations tested. The projected cost per life‐year gained was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.15‐1.85) million euros for the enhanced‐sensitivity HBsAg assays and 5.8 (95% CI, 1.9‐13.1) million euros for single‐donation HBV NAT, both compared with current HBsAg assays. If single‐donation HBV NAT is compared with the new HBsAg assays, its cost‐ effectiveness ratio increases to 53 (95% CI, 16‐127) million euros. CONCLUSION : PT‐HB has few health or economic repercussions. Single‐donation HBV NAT would provide a small health benefit at a very high cost. Instead, in some circumstances, the cost‐effectiveness of enhanced‐sensitivity HBsAg assays would be within acceptable ranges for new public health interventions.
Heart rate increases linearly in response to acute isovolemic anemia
Authors: Weiskopf Richard B. , Feiner John , Hopf Harriet , Viele Maurene K. , Watson Jessica J. , Lieberman Jeremy , Kelley Scott , Toy Pearl 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : The cardiovascular response to acute isovolemic anemia in humans is thought to differ from that of other species. Studies of anesthetized humans have found either no change or a decreased heart rate. A previous study showed that in 32 healthy unmedicated humans, heart rate increased during acute isovolemic anemia. The hypothesis that heart rate in humans increases in response to acute isovolemic anemia and that the increase is affected by gender was tested. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : Acute isovolemic anemia to a Hb concentration of approximately 5 g per dL in 95 unmedicated healthy humans was produced by simultaneous withdrawal of blood and IV replacement with 5‐percent HSA and autologous platelet‐rich plasma. The relationship between heart rate and Hb concentration was examined using a mixed‐effects linear regression model that allowed each person to have a fitted line with its own slope and intercept. Cubic and quadratic terms were added to determine if these improved the goodness of fit. The effect of gender was tested by including it and its interactions with Hb in the mixed model. RESULTS : The relationship between heart rate and Hb concentration was linear (p < 0.001) and consistent among the population studied: heart rate = 116.0‐4.0 [Hb] (slope 95% CI: –4.2 to –3.8 beats/min/g Hb). Adding a cubic or quadratic term did not significantly improve the goodness of fit of the mathematical expression to the data, confirming the linear nature of the relationship between heart rate and Hb concentration. For women, the slope of the heart rate response was significantly greater than it was for males (difference ± SE: 0.70 ± 0.23, p < 0.005). CONCLUSION : In 95 unmedicated, healthy humans, heart rate was a linear function of Hb during acute isovolemic anemia. Females had a significantly greater slope of increase in heart rate with decreasing Hb concentration than did males. The relationship is consistent among individuals, is similar to that reported for conscious dogs, and differs from that found previously in anesthetized humans.
Introduction: Danto and His Critics: After the End of Art and Art History
Authors: Carrier David 
Published: March 2003

In Bielefeld, Germany in April, 1997 an author conference was devoted to Arthur C. Danto's 1995 Mellon Lectures After the End of Art: Contemporary Art and the Pale of History (Princeton,1997). This essay provides an introduction to seven essays given at that conference and expanded for this Theme Issue of History and Theory. Danto presented his view of the nature of art in The Transfiguration of the Commonplace(1981). He then added in the Mellon lectures a sociological perspective on the current situation of the visual arts, and an Hegelian historiography. The history of art has ended, Danto claims, and we now live in a posthistorical era. Since in his well‐known book on historiography, Analytical Philosophy of History (1965), Danto is unsympathetic to Hegel's speculative ways of thinking about history, his adaptation of this Hegelian framework is surprising. Danto's strategy in After the End of Art is best understood by grasping the way in which he transformed the purely philosophical account of The Transfiguration into a historical account. Recognizing that his philosophical analysis provided a good way of explaining the development of art in the modern period, Danto radically changed the context of his argument. In this process, he opened up discussion of some serious but as yet unanswered questions about his original thesis, and about the plausibility of Hegel's claim that the history of art has ended.Hegel . . . did not declare that modern art had ended or would disintegrate. . . . his attitude towards future art was optimistic, not pessimistic. . . . According to his dialectic . . . art . . . has no end but will evolve forever with time.
Upstairs Market for Principal and Agency Trades: Analysis of Adverse Information and Price Effects
Authors: Smith Brian F. , Turnbull D. Alasdair S. , White Robert W. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper directly tests the hypothesis that upstairs intermediation lowers adverse selection cost. We find upstairs market makers effectively screen out information‐motivated orders and execute large liquidity‐motivated orders at a lower cost than the downstairs market. Upstairs markets do not cannibalize or free ride off the downstairs market. In one‐quarter of the trades, the upstairs market offers price improvement over the limit orders available in the consolidated limit order book. Trades are more likely to be executed upstairs at times when liquidity is lower in the downstairs market.
Is Sound Just Noise?
Authors: Coval Joshua D. , Shumway Tyler 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTWe analyze the information content of the ambient noise level in the Chicago Board of Trade's 30‐year Treasury Bond futures trading pit. Controlling for a variety of other variables, including lagged price changes, trading volumes, and news announcements, we find that the sound level conveys information which is highly economically and statistically significant. Specifically, changes in the sound level forecast changes in the cost of transacting. Following a rise in the sound level, prices become more volatile, depth declines, and information asymmetry increases. Our results offer important implications for the future of open outcry and floor‐based trading mechanisms.
The Relative Valuation of Caps and Swaptions: Theory and Empirical Evidence
Authors: Longstaff Francis A. , Santa‐Clara Pedro , Schwartz Eduardo S. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAlthough traded as distinct products, caps and swaptions are linked by no‐arbitrage relations through the correlation structure of interest rates. Using a string market model, we solve for the correlation matrix implied by swaptions and examine the relative valuation of caps and swaptions. We find that swaption prices are generated by four factors and that implied correlations are lower than historical correlations. Long‐dated swaptions appear mispriced and there were major pricing distortions during the 1998 hedge‐fund crisis. Cap prices periodically deviate significantly from the no‐arbitrage values implied by the swaptions market.
On the Costs of a Bank‐Centered Financial System: Evidence from the Changing Main Bank Relations in Japan
Authors: Weinstein David E. , Yafeh Yishay 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTWe examine the effects of bank–firm relationships on firm performance in Japan. When access to capital markets is limited, close bank–firm ties increase the availability of capital to borrowing firms, but do not lead to higher profitability or growth. The cost of capital of firms with close bank ties is higher than that of their peers. This indicates that most of the benefits from these relationships are appropriated by the banks. Finally, the slow growth rates of bank clients suggest that banks discourage firms from investing in risky, profitable projects. However, liberalization of financial markets reduces the banks' market power.
Chapter Two: Meaning‐Oriented Studies of Temporality
Authors: Bardovi‐Harlig Kathleen 
Published: March 2003

Expressing Temporality, p.22Pragmatic Means for Expressing Temporality, p.25Lexical Means for Expressing Temporality, p.36Comprehension of Verbal Morphology, p.43Limitations of Lexical Expression, p.44Morphological Means for Expressing Temporality, p.45Multiple Means for Expressing Temporality: Two Examples, p.48Study 1: Adverbials and the Acquisition of Simple Past Morphology, p.49Study 2: Adverbials and Morphology in Reverse‐Order Reports, p.63Chapter Summary, p.88
Chapter Six: The Influence of Instruction
Authors: Bardovi‐Harlig Kathleen 
Published: March 2003

Experimental Studies of the Effect of Instruction, p.341An Observational Study of the Effect of Instruction, p.352Method, p.353Results, p.373The Effect of Instruction, p.392A Comparison of Instructed and Uninstructed Learners, p.395Chapter Summary, p.404
Can Agencies Work Together? Collaboration in Public and Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Grubbs Joseph W. 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed:Jane Arsenault, Forging Nonprofit Alliances.Eugene Bardach, Getting Agencies to Work Together: The Practice and Theory of Managerial Craftsmanship.Seymour B. Sarason and Elizabeth M. Lorentz, Crossing Boundaries: Collaboration, Coordination, and the Redefinition of Resources.
Book Reviews: Corporate Welfare, Taxpayer Subsidies, and Home Field Advantages
Authors: Rouse John 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed:Joanna Cagan and Neil deMause, Field of Schemes: How the Great Stadium Swindle Turns Public Money into Private ProfitJerold J. Duquette, Regulating the National Pastime: Baseball and Antitrust.James Quirk and Rodney Fort, Hard Ball: The Abuse of Power in Pro Team Sports.Wilbur C. Rich, editor, The Economics and Politics of Sports Facilities.Mark S. Rosentraub, Major League Losers: The Real Cost of Sports and Who's Paying for It.Jay Weiner, Stadium Games: Fifty Years of Big League Greed and Bush League Boondoggles.
Learning to Speak Out in an Abstinence Based Sex Education Group: Gender and Race Work in an Urban Magnet School
Authors: Weis Lois , Carbonell-Medina Doris 
Published: March 2003

This article explores race and gender work done under the auspices of an abstinence based sex education program in an urban magnet school. While it is generally acknowledged that there is not nearly enough sexuality education in schools, that which does exist leaves much to be desired. In these curricula young men are painted as biologically programmed sexual aggressors while women are scripted as passive victims whose only subject position is that of not provoking easily sexually aroused males. In addition, research shows that compulsory heterosexuality is inscribed throughout the school curriculum. Here the author enters as a participant in one such sexuality program and works ethnographically with a voluntarily constituted girls group in an urban magnet school. As part of a larger look at “sites of hope” in urban America, the author focuses specifically on the ways in which this group offers a space within which personal and collective identity work takes place and assesses the extent to which such a space offers a “home” within which social stereotypes are contested and new identities tried on. The implications of such spaces for far reaching social change are explored.
On Public Support for Religious Schools
Authors: Feinberg Walter 
Published: March 2003

I explore arguments about the fairness of the present arrangement barring public support for religious instruction in separate schools. I show that the arrangement is based on a consensus formed during the 1920s that established a strong conceptual separation between the notions of public and private, where religious schooling is relegated to the private sphere. I ask whether this conceptual separation forged in the 1920s is still viable. I explore different proposed reasons for altering this conception of the private-public divide when it comes to supporting religious schools, and show that there are reasons, both from the point of view of religion and from the point of view of the state, to be cautious about a radical change in the present configuration of support. One implication of this argument is that fairness is not a matter of public support for separate religious schools. Fairness depends on the quality of public education available for poor children. I conclude by suggesting that the terms for arguing the issue of public support for religious schools needs to be reoriented to take into account the future autonomy interests of the child.
Steel Frame Welding Robot Systems and Their Application at the Construction Site
Authors: Nagata Masahiro , Baba Norimitsu , Tachikawa Hiroshi , Shimizu Iwao , Aoki Toshio 
Published: March 2003

Two welding robot systems have been developed to rationalize steel–frame construction. Both systems consist essentially of two portable cartesian–coordinate welding robots mounted on a carriage together with their ancillaries. After the robots are mounted on a beam or column by an operator, they measure the groove shape of the joint seam, determine the optimal welding conditions, and carry out welding from the first to the last layer without operator intervention.An important feature of the column–beam welding system is the curved torch, with which the robot can continuously weld the bottom flange of a beam through a scallop. Since the pantograph of the carriage can extend three floors, up to 12 joints can be welded from one carriage position.In welding column–column joints, two robots traveling on a circumferential rail installed near the seam of a rectangular hollow section weld the joint in combination. The robots can continuously weld a seam containing corners without weld defects even in joints with a misaligned groove.Each system has been applied to actual construction sites and has proved effective in stabilizing the quality of welds and in raising welding productivity.
Substantive unconscious and adjective unconscious: the contribution of Wilfred Bion
Authors: Andrade de Azevedo Ana Maria 
Published: March 2003

The author first provides her readers with a brief summary of some of Freud's ideas, as found throughout his work, on the notion of ‘unconscious’.The notion of unconscious as noun is contrasted to the idea of unconscious as adjective, this latter being proposed as a quality, or a state, ever temporary, dynamic, and subject to the constant changes going on in the individual's internal psychic world, as well as to external conditions.After presenting some considerations, the author then contrasts the Kleinian model of the mind to the Freudian, and Wilfred Bion's contribution is discussed at some length. Within Bion's conception of psychic functioning, the model of ‘dream’ is highlighted and, in this regard, clarifications are sought regarding Bion's view of the unconscious.To conclude, a brief and superficial approximation to the work of Carl Jung is touched upon, although the author admits to knowing little of Jung's positions.
THE DETERMINANTS OF RESEARCH GROUP PERFORMANCE: TOWARDS MODE 2?*
Authors: HARVEY JANET , PETTIGREW ANDREW , FERLIE EWAN 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper explores the determinants of performance of research groups in the context of the emergence of knowledge as a key intangible asset. It focuses specifically on how best to configure knowledge producers for optimal effectiveness in the current research environment. It explores the under‐researched area of the organization and management of research groups located in and at the interface of university research and focuses on medical and medical‐related research groups. The discussion is embedded within the current debate concerning modes of organization in knowledge production. Factors identified with high‐achievement are: strong leadership; finding, motivating and retaining talent; strategies of related diversification; strongly linked theory and practice and, in particular, network connectedness. Such groups exhibit an increasingly complex internal environment, facilitating a flexible response to an increasingly complex external environment. It finds evidence of Mode 2 working, with increasing use of collaborative strategies and some evidence of a thematic emphasis emerging, although to a lesser extent than the literature suggests, since participants are still working from a strongly disciplinary base. Driven by the more competitive environment, both intellectual and commercial forms of entrepreneurship are present. At the hub of this complex web of inter‐related factors is network connectedness, which proves to be centrally facilitative in mobilizing the other necessary resources.
DISCIPLINING THE PROFESSIONAL: THE CASE OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT*
Authors: HODGSON DAMIAN 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDespite its rapid growth in recent years, Project Management has received very little critical attention, particularly when compared to the more ‘hyped’ managerial fashions such as TQM (cf. Wilkinson and Willmott, 1995) and BPR (cf. Grey and Mitev, 1995; Grint, 1994). My intention in this paper is to critically examine the ongoing construction of Project Management as a professional discipline in modern organizations. Drawing on an understanding of ‘discipline’ based in Foucauldian work, I will briefly trace the historical construction of Project Management as a form of managerial knowledge, outlining the key models and techniques which make up contemporary Project Management. Through an empirical study of the articulation and reproduction of Project Management within two Financial Services institutions, the everyday construction of Project Management as an ‘objective’ and ‘abstract’ body of knowledge will be described. I then contrast this with the embodied and power‐laden operation of Project Management, with disciplinary effects not only on those employees whose work is restructured in line with Project Management principles but equally upon self‐professed Project Management professionals themselves.
The Changing Power of ‘Explanations’: Directors, Academics and Their Sensemaking from 1989 to 2000
Authors: Pye Annie 
Published: March 2003

This paper is based on empirical research conducted with directors in large UK organizations, first in 1987–89, and again in 1998–2000. While the time frame has changed, the focus of the inquiry has remained constant – how do you ‘run’ a large organization – and data gathered reflect significant changes over time as to how the question is answered. This paper addresses one particular aspect of this complex material: the changing power of practitioner and academic explanations across the decade, highlighted by comparing and contrasting this data and its analysis over time.The paper illustrates a surprising degree of consistency (in contrast to 1987–89 findings) in practitioners’ contemporary explanations of their organizing: all talk of strategic focus, shareholder value and corporate governance, phrases previously never mentioned. This reflects a variety of changes across the decade, including an important concentration of power amongst investors. As well as the methodological implications of ‘repeating’ this study, the changing power of academics’ explanations ‘on’ organization is also discussed as conceptual frameworks gain and lose their resonance with the times. The paper concludes that sensemaking (Weick, 1995) offers the most appropriate perspective by which such shifts in the power of explanations may best be appreciated.
Observer‐Rated Measures of Defense Mechanisms
Authors: Perry J. Christopher , Lanni Floriana F. 
Published: March 2003

Observer‐rated measures of defense mechanisms are the direct lineal descendants of Freud's clinical proposition that an observer can reasonably infer defensive operations in an individual of which the individual himself or herself is unaware. Assessment methods of defenses have used both projective testing and clinical interview data. Recent Rorschach test methods have focused on borderline and neurotic‐level defenses used to discriminate diagnostic groups and predict other aspects of functioning. A TAT method has demonstrated some evidence for age progression in the development of defensive functioning and for regression in defensive functioning following psychological stress. While interrater reliability is generally good, the methods are limited by the availability of the testing situation and the need to demonstrate generalization to external situations.Following the early introduction of systematic methods by Haan and Vaillant, a number of methods use clinical interview data to assess specific defenses and overall defensive functioning. These methods identify defenses either as qualitative categories, rank‐ordered scores by Q‐sort, or actual counts of each instance a defense is used. Summary scores are generally of good reliability, with wider variation for individual defenses. There is wide variation on training required, ease of use, and levels of validation.A review of some correlates of each method suggests that the instruments have a robust potential for use in fundamental and applied clinical research. While each method has some clear applications, the quantitative clinical interview methods appear best adapted to microanalytic process research on issues of defensive change in treatment.
Managing technology as a virtual enterprise
Authors: Weisenfeld Ursula , Fisscher Olaf , Pearson Alan , Brockhoff Klaus 
Published: March 2003

The complexity of R&D projects and growing international competition are factors leading to more co‐operation especially among small and medium‐sized firms. But even large integrated firms are often not willing or able to perform the necessary amount of R&D and to cope with the uncertainty associated with radical innovations.In a virtual company, members form a network, thereby enabling projects to be pursued by combining member’s resources. Specific assets of a virtual company are its flexibility and ability to handle variety. Costs of co‐ordination and motivation are lowered if the virtual company succeeds in building trust and commitment. On the other hand, lack of these pose severe problems.In markets with a strong scientific‐technological basis and rapid rate of change the concept of a virtual organization seems appealing. High R&D costs and risks can be shared, developments and time‐to‐market can be accelerated and the partners can concentrate on their respective core competencies.In the paper we use an example from the biotechnology industry as a case study and discuss some of the theoretical and practical problems that are encountered in the virtual enterprise.