bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robust control techniques
Authors: Dote Yasuhiko , Hoft Richard G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Servo control is the technology for controlling position, speed, acceleration, and force in physical space and time. The servo-rigidity of a servo-motor driving system will be presented first (robust), and then the servo-rigidity considering mechanical errors will be described. The structure of servo-control theory is presented in Table 4.1.
Robust UPS control
Authors: Dote Yasuhiko , Hoft Richard G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes a novel method of robust (i.e., insensitive to system parameter variations and load current changes) and fast digital control for an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) with a three-phase PWM inverter [8]. Here we have proposed a method by which characteristics better than those of conventional methods are obtained using a rather simpler algorithm. The adopted method has been proved by experiments and found to offer a total harmonic distortion of 0.62% of the output voltage waveform at the full nonlinear load. The analysis shows that the method exhibits sufficient stability. Three features of the method are: (a) a capacitor current observer and a disturbance observer for stabilization and robustness respectively are used to compensate the time lag by the computation and the disturbances in a minor loop of the capacitor current through an inductor-capacitor filter of the inverter; (b) new models of the inverter and the disturbances are established to simplify these observers; (c) the output voltage control loop can be designed easily and exactly because the minor loop realizes a rapid and robust control of the current.
DSP controllers
Authors: Dote Yasuhiko , Hoft Richard G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of this chapter is based on Dr. Slivinsky’s work [l]. Implementation issues are described by using the TMS32010; however, they are applicable to the TMS320C25. The recent rapid and revolutionary progress in microelectronics has made it possible to allow a control design using advanced control techniques (which has become a well-developed discipline during the last few decades) for the implementation of digital servo-motor control (DSMC). Microprocessors, such as the TMS320C25 digital signal processor, are increasingly being used to implement algorithms for the control of robust and optimal fast dynamic systems. The major factors contributing to this trend are the availability and lower costs of digital signal processors.
Summary
Authors: Dote Yasuhiko , Hoft Richard G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main parts of this book are Chapters 5 and 6 where a robust AC drive control system and a robust UPS control system are described. These were practically designed, implemented, and tested, and are working well. The reasons the system works well in practice are as follows: By knowing the controlled objects well, suitable mathematical models are derived, which express the main system behavior. Robust and simple control algorithms are applied. Here, approximate zeroing control with an equivalent disturbance observer and prediction control described in Chapter 4 are utilized. Robust control systems are intensitive to external disturbances and parameter variations. Therefore controllers are easily tuned since practicing engineers do not have to identify system parameters. Simple control is essential not only for controller design engineers but also for practicing engineers, since it is understandable and low cost.
Diffraction Phenomena By Static And Dynamic Volume Gratings
Authors: Solymar L , Webb D J , Grunnet-Jepsen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diffraction gratings have a long and distinguished history. They have been used for a century and a half on account of their abilities to resolve the various spectral components of light. What are they? Any periodic structure will act as a diffraction grating. Up to quite recently they were produced mechanically by ruling grooves on a surface. Nowadays the holographic variety, produced by the interference of two waves, is more in vogue. Holographic gratings can also be divided into two big families: thin gratings and thick or volume gratings. A thin grating is produced for example by exposing and etching a photoresist. The aim there is to achieve a surface modulation. Our interest is in the other variety. Volume gratings, as the name implies, represent a periodic variation in some property of a chunk of material. Most often it is the dielectric constant which undergoes periodic variation. The technique of producing such a grating is illumination by an interference pattern followed by some processing. It needs to be mentioned how ever that not all volume gratings are man-made. Nature also provides them in the form of single-crystal materials in which the atoms follow a regular pattern. They diffract electromagnetic waves of rather short wavelength which are in the X-ray region. The discipline is known as X-ray crystallography.
How Light Influences Material Properties
Authors: Solymar L , Webb D J , Grunnet-Jepsen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our aim, as mentioned before, is to give a general overview of the whole field in this chapter, an overview which contains not only the basic physics but also the basic equations. We shall, of course, consider only those effects and those terms which are necessary for developing a ‘feel’ for photorefractive phenomena.
The Field Equations For Two-Wave Mixing
Authors: Solymar L , Webb D J , Grunnet-Jepsen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field equations have already been introduced in Chapter 3 in a simple scalar form. It was hinted there that a more complex treatment is required in order to explain some of the more interesting phenomena observed in experiments on photorefractive materials; that treatment is the subject of this chapter. In addition to looking in more detail at the field equations, we shall also take the opportunity to review the comparisons that have been made between theoretical predictions and experimental results. This will help to differentiate between those situations where simple theory provides a good description and those where more effort is needed if quantitative agreement is required.
Six Topics In Search Of A Chapter
Authors: Solymar L , Webb D J , Grunnet-Jepsen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a well-organized book every topic finds a chapter. Unfortunately, this is not the case in the present one. However hard we have tried, some of the topics consistently refused to fit into any of the chapters written so far. The natural solution was to put these ‘anomalous’ topics into one chapter in spite of their diversity. Their common feature is that in some sense they depart from the norm.
Image Amplification And Image Processing
Authors: Solymar L , Webb D J , Grunnet-Jepsen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First of all it is important to examine in general terms why there is interest in optical signal processing. The capacity of our electronic processing systems con tinues to increase at such a rate that the average scientist can have on their desk today a small PC with a processing power comparable to the departmental main frame of scarcely ten years ago. To date, this rapid increase in performance shows few signs of abating; nevertheless there are many signal processing applications where the speed of current electronic devices still leaves much to be desired. Typical are those applications where the data is in a parallel format such as an image and those where an operation is to be carried out simultaneously on a whole set of data.
Other Applications
Authors: Solymar L , Webb D J , Grunnet-Jepsen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For reasons of space we have had to limit our coverage of the applications of photorefractives, and in the previous chapters we have tried to choose areas of activity that we feel are of continuing interest today. Nevertheless, there are a host of other applications that we have not yet touched upon and we hope to make amends for that here with a brief summary of other applications. The fact that we have relegated a subject to this section does not mean that it is somehow less worthy than the preceding chapters, or that these are applications that are less likely to be commercialized. Far from it, because the first topic concerns what is to our knowledge so far the only commercialized photorefractive product (excluding the crystals themselves, which can sometimes change hands for quite large sums of money!).
Effects Of Higher Order Terms
Authors: Hasegawa Akira , Kodama Yuji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the application of solitons to a long-distance communication system, various higher order terms discussed in Chapter 3 become important, and one should study the effect of these terms on soliton solutions. The higher-order terms in the envelope equation derived in Chapter 3 are of the order of smaller than 10-4. Hence the effect of the higher-order terms on the transmission appears at distances longer than 104z0. For a soliton with a subpicosecond pulse, however, the relative spectral width c: becomes larger than 10-3, and the effect of higher-order terms can become important. We then employ the perturbation methods developed in Chapter 5 to analyse the NLS equation including the higher order terms which may be expressed as (5.2.1), i.e.
Introduction
Authors: Rothwell Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the point of view of computer implementations, object recognition was first studied by Roberts (106) in the early 1960s. Although the methods and the generality of the tasks have changed considerably since then, the goal is still the same: The goal of an object recognition system is to take either a single image or a sequence of images of a scene and determine both the identities and locations of objects that are present. Steadily, the aspirations of recognition researchers have developed so that now the objective is considered to be the ability to recognize three dimensional objects from an arbitrary three-dimensional viewpoint. Essentially, recognition can be formulated as a search problem and as such has to be guided in a controlled manner. This monograph investigates a number of the search issues.
Conclusions
Authors: Rothwell Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has considered one approach to object recognition, that is, a breakdown of the process into selection, indexing and finally correspondence. In particular, we have studied the importance of using invariant indexes for the efficient hypothesizing of the presence of objects in scenes. The approach has centred around the LEWIS recognition architecture; two different implementations of the architecture have demonstrated that planar objects can be recognized efficiently using invariant indexing. This has, however, thrown open a number of issues that have been mentioned briefly through the course of this book, but in practice remain as issues for further research. These are considered in more detail in the following discussion.
Theory and practice
Authors: Woodward Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early clocks which measured the burning of candles or the flow of water or sand had no chance of rivalling the accuracy to be obtained by counting vibrations. Without any natural rhythm, continuous flow is unlikely to remain constant to closer than about 1%, which is a quarter of an hour a day. The same might be said of the time taken for a child to slide down a banister rail at a speed dependent solely upon friction, which is surely the most variable of all mechanical forces. That eye-catching clock invented by Sir William Congreve, in which a ball rolls down a zig-zag groove in a tilted metal plate, works on much the same principle, though the friction is rolling rather than sliding. By contrast, the beat of a high quality resonator is virtually independent of friction, being determined by the interplay of two more stable qualities, inertia and elasticity. These are the fundamental characteristics that make all types of vibration possible, from a bowl of jelly to a quartz crystal.
Choosing an escapement
Authors: Woodward Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The number of different ways of maintaining a pendulum in oscillation is legion, and over the centuries many schemes have been tried - so many, indeed, that it would hardly be practicable even to list them, still less to place them in an order of merit, so I shall describe only those that are relevant to my story. First there are one or two matters of terminology. It is in the nature of mechanics that a pendulum should be maintained by a succession of little pushes rather than a continuous drive. A force acting through a given distance supplies a pulse of energy, known in mechanical horology as an impulse, which is unfortunate. To the academic mathematician, an impulse is defined as a force acting for a certain length of time, giving rise to a change of momentum, which is a different concept altogether. We must simply put up with this misuse of terms, which is hallowed by tradition.
Nonlinear Physics And Chaos
Authors: Lauterborn Werner , Parlitz Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To be sure, our description of nature is far from being complete. However, we are improving constantly in many directions, one of them being nonlinear physics. Indeed, we have learned that nonlinearity introduces a wealth of genuine phenomena. Among them, chaotic dynamics is the most puzzling and intriguing one. This type of irregular dynamics calls for new methods to cope with and has already set our for applications. The investigations on chaotic dynamics have shed new light on the notions of predictability and determinism - and their relation -, quite fundamental issues. The deterministic dynamics of even simple systems may be notoriously difficult to predict and even impossible in the long run. Such systems abound in nature, and examples can be drawn from almost any scientific discipline (see, for instance, [1-71]). This tutorial and review presents an overview of the achievements and some present research activities in the field of nonlinear dynamics. In particular, questions of embedding data into high-dimensional spaces, of modelling and prediction, noise reduction, detecting determinism in time series, and secure communication via chaotic synchronization are addressed.
Cosmic MASERS - A Powerful Tool For Astrophysics
Authors: Moran James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cosmic masers were discovered accidentally in 1965 by radio astronomers who were trying to map the distribution of gas in molecular clouds by measuring the absorption due to OH molecules against thermal background sources [Weaver et al., 1965, Gundermann, 1965]. The compelling argument for maser emission was that, although the spectral lines had linewidths appropriate for gas at -SO K, their equivalent blackbody brightness temperatures were very much higher.
Environmental radioactivity
Authors: Wilson P D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world environment has always been radioactive, for most of its history probably more so than at present. Nevertheless human actions have redistributed part of that radioactivity and increased exposure to it, as one likely source of occupational hazard that was noted (though not diagnosed) as early as the sixteenth century, in the form of fatal lung cancers among miners.1 Most of the present concern about radioactivity however relates to the artificial component added since the mid-1940s, first from nuclear weapons and later from civil applications.
Management of safety
Authors: Fryer A C , Merry M , Sunman, C , Waterhouse A E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This definition emphasises that Safety Culture is about attitudes as well as management structures, policies, and directives. Statements of policy and managerial directives are of little effect if not supported by appropriate attitudes throughout the organisation. Safety Culture is therefore intangible, though it can (and does) lead to tangible effects. It is simpler to consider these two major components of Safety Culture separately, though recognising that they are intimately linked. External influences are also discussed.
Future perspectives
Authors: Wilson P D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Such questions have no clear-cut answer and will no doubt be debated for many years. This book however aims to provide some of the factual background, not the debate itself. Previous chapters have dealt chiefly with the current situation, which in many ways demands improvement to meet present difficulties or future challenges. Expectations of what is to come differ widely, but for the present let it be supposed that provision is required to maintain some form of nuclear power well into the next millennium; that fusion meanwhile remains technically or economically impracticable (as appears in fact very likely); and that fossil hydrocarbons can still be used as fuel, albeit to a diminishing extent and at generally increasing prices as they become scarcer.
Posthumous Self-Portrait of Galileo Galilei, Philosopher
Authors: Frova Andrea , Marenzana Mariapiera , Mcmanus Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This self-portrait was never written by Galileo, of course, but it is what the authors of this book believe he would have sketched, had the times allowed him to express himself without formal respects and cautious attitudes. In compiling this autobiography, the authors have drawn widely upon letters written by Galileo and by his correspondents, as well as on biographies and documents of his time.
Life Aboard Ship
Authors: Frova Andrea , Marenzana Mariapiera , Mcmanus Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the way observers see an event taking place, it is not possible for them to tell if they themselves are at rest, or are moving with uniform rectilinear motion. This is confirmed by life aboard ship, and the famous illustration of the motion of various small living creatures and the fall of drops of water inside a cabin below deck, where everything occurs just as it would on dry land. The main arguments of Aristotelian philosophers in support of the thesis that the earth is immobile, are shown to be ineffectual. In this part of the dialogue the revolutionary idea (later to be completed by Newton) of linking the force acting on a body to its acceleration rather than to its velocity, makes its first appearance.
Towers Arrows Cannons and Birds
Authors: Frova Andrea , Marenzana Mariapiera , Mcmanus Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Using a wealth of arguments Galileo reaffirms his assertion that the phenomena invoked by Aristotelians to demonstrate that the earth is immobile do not prove their claim. He rejects the need for an “impressed force” and again states that it is inertia which ensures that motion continues— and explains the observed behavior—when a number of events are examined: the fall of a rock from a tower or from the mast of a moving ship; trajectories of artillery shots; the motion of projectiles shot from a moving carriage; the flight of birds—and others. Among the pearls we have the discussion about the independence of mutually perpendicular motions and that most famous of examples—the time it takes for cannon balls to fall to earth.
The Divine Harmonies
Authors: Frova Andrea , Marenzana Mariapiera , Mcmanus Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a music-lover Galileo asked himself why certain chords sound consonant, while others sound dissonant. His explanation was rooted in the physical nature of sound (an oscillation of mechanical parts of a source system that becomes transferred to the air and eventually reaches our eardrums). Galileo perceived the similarity that exists between sound waves, which are oscillatory in nature, and the motion of pendulums—and, indeed, it was from the latter that his discussion started. His hypothesis that consonance arises from more synchronous and regular stimulations of the eardrum was a forerunner of modern psychoacoustics, which attributes consonance to a simpler configuration of nerve impulses reaching the brain from the ear.
The Crystal Moon
Authors: Frova Andrea , Marenzana Mariapiera , Mcmanus Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Galileo discovers the mountains of the moon. Aristotelian philosophers, refusing to accept that a celestial body can be other than spherical and smooth (canons of perfection), counter that the moon is like a transparent sphere of crystal within whose interior there are regions of higher and regions of lower density. After taking a look at the opening pages of Sidereus Nuncius, where the wonders of the telescope are described, this chapter will go on to illustrate some of the observations Galileo made using the telescope and, in closing, will present his arguments against the “crystal moon”.
Infinite Finite Infinitesimal*
Authors: Frova Andrea , Marenzana Mariapiera , Mcmanus Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the dialogue presented here, the concepts of infinitesimal and finite quantities are discussed. Galileo felt a need for these not in an abstract sense, but rather in relation to the way real physical phenomena occur, and for the solution of concrete geometrical problems. In the discourse, which in this case is not always clear, Galileo advances some hypotheses that are not justified. Among these are the assertions that an infinite number cannot be said to be larger than finite numbers, and that it could have aspects in common with unity.
Archimedes and the Weight of Air*
Authors: Frova Andrea , Marenzana Mariapiera , Mcmanus Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After briefly recalling Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy, Galileo discusses in detail a method for determining the weight of air. Since the weight in question is very small, he uses extremely fine grains of sand as a counterweight. It is remarkable that, in spite of the crude instruments available to him, his result is not too far from the correct one.
In Horror at a Vacuum
Authors: Frova Andrea , Marenzana Mariapiera , Mcmanus Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A celebrated passage, not without its difficulties, in which Galileo advances the hypothesis that within the interior of a body of condensed matter there are an infinite number of empty microspaces, and that it is these which are responsible for the bonding between its various constituent particles. This idea was inspired by the experimental observation that nature seems to oppose the creation of a vacuum—the famous horror vacui—a concept which Galileo here extends to the microscopic level. The key experiment is described, involving the measurement of the force needed to extract an airtight piston from a cylinder. Far from proving that a vacuum exercises forces, the measurement gives—without Galileo realizing it—the weight of the column of air in the atmosphere above us. In support of his model, he puts forward examples using metals, liquids, and powders.
The Electron Gas
Authors: Bruus Henrik , Flensberg Karsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of the interacting electron gas moving in a charge-compensating background of positively charged ions is central in this book. Not only is this system a model of the solids that surround us, such as metals, semiconductors, and insulators, but historically this system played a major role as testing ground for the development of quantum field theory. In this chapter we shall study the basic properties of this system using the formalism of time-independent second quantization as developed in Chap. 1. The main emphasis will be on the non-interacting electron gas, since it will be clear that we need to develop our theoretical tools further to deal with the electron-electron interactions in full.