bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of drug prescription at the Geneva prison's outpatient service in comparison to an urban outpatient medical service
Authors: Elger Bernice S. , Bindschedler Marc , Goehring Catherine , Revaz Sylvie Antonini 
Published: September 2004

AbstractPurposeTo analyse non‐psychotropic drug prescription in a prison outpatient clinic in comparison with an urban medical outpatient service.MethodsComparative study during 3 weeks at Geneva: prison outpatient service and medical policlinic (MP) of the University Hospital.ResultsThe most often prescribed non‐psychotropic drugs at the Geneva prison were systemic analgesics (mostly non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and paracetamol), dermatologicals, systemic anti‐infectives and drugs for the gastrointestinal system. For most types of non‐psychotropic drugs, frequency of prescription as well as the prescribing patterns were similar in the prison ambulatory service and the urban MP. Dermatologicals were prescribed more frequently at the prison than at the MP. Analgetics have been prescribed mainly for osteoarticulary reasons, especially low back pain at the MP, and for traumatism and headache at the prison.ConclusionsThe higher frequency of dermatological prescriptions could be due to prison environmental factors. We do not have arguments for any overprescription of analgesics or other non‐psychotropic drugs. The data did not show any prescription or co‐prescription of several substances that violated clinical guidelines. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utilization of parenteral anti‐infective agents in the medical emergency unit of a tertiary care hospital: an observational study
Authors: Gupta M. , Malhotra S. , Chandra K. K. , Sharma N. , Pandhi P. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA pharmacy based prescription audit was undertaken in the medical emergency unit of a tertiary care hospital to determine the frequency of prescribing of parenteral anti‐infective agents. During the study period, 885 patients were screened. The analysis was done for the number of parenteral anti‐microbials in each prescription frequency of individual drug prescribe number and dose unit (DDD), frequency of age and sex, site of infection and daily cost incurred by the patient. It was found that 400 patients (45.2%) received parenteral anti‐infective agents. Cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and metronidazole accounted for about 70% of total antimicrobial use. More than 50% of patients had culture sensitivity reports available. The mean (standard deviation, SD) daily cost of antibiotic was US $ 3.8 (7.7), median; range 2 (0.1–85.7). Two anti‐microbials per prescription were indicated in most of the patients (43.88). In conclusion we have provided an overview of parenteral anti‐infective use in medical emergency, which may serve as a basis for intervention and improvement in prescribing pattern of parenteral anti‐microbials. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of proteomics in the discovery of serum biomarkers from patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome
Authors: Ren Yi , He Qing‐Yu , Fan Jianqing , Jones Brian , Zhou Yuan , Xie Yi , Cheung Chung‐Yan , Wu Adrian , Chiu Jen‐Fu , Peiris J. S. Malik , Tam Paul Kwong Hang 
Published: September 2004

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a new infectious disease with a global impact. Understanding its pathogenesis and developing specific diagnostic methods for its early diagnosis are crucial for the effective management and control of this disease. By using proteomic technology, truncated forms of α1‐antitrypsin (TF‐α1‐AT) were found to increase significantly and consistently in sera of SARS patients compared to control subjects. The result showed a sensitivity of 100% for SARS patients and a specificity of 92.8% for controls. Furthermore, the levels of these proteins significantly correlated with certain clinico‐pathological parameters. The dramatic increase in TF‐α1‐AT may be the result of degradation of α1‐AT. As α1‐AT plays an important role in the protection of lung function, its degradation may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of SARS. These findings indicate that increased TF‐α1‐AT may be therapeutically relevant, and may also be a useful biological marker for the diagnosis of SARS.
Microstructure and properties of 3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA)‐p‐phenylene diamine (PDA) polyimide/poly(vinylsilsesquioxane) hybrid nanocomposite films
Authors: Wahab Mohammad A. , Kim Il , Ha Chang‐Sik 
Published: September 2004

AbstractHybrid nanocomposite films of poly(vinylsilsesquioxane) (PVSSQ) and polyimide (PI) (PI/PVSSQ) were prepared via sol‐gel process from triethoxyvinylsilane (VSSQ) and thermal imidization from 3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA)‐p‐phenylene diamine (PDA) polyamic acid (BPDA‐PDA PAA). We investigated the microstructure; interfacial interaction; and optical, thermal, dielectric, and mechanical properties of the hybrid films. The phase morphologies and degree of surface roughness were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM), respectively. It was found that the surface topography was influenced by the composition of PVSSQ. Hydrogen bonding interactions between polyimide (PI) matrix and PVSSQ domains were proved with FT‐IR spectroscopy. The transparency of the hybrid films was found to be dependent on the PVSSQ content. Incorporating of the PVSSQ in the hybrid composites increased the glass transition temperature of PI. Dielectric constants of the hybrid films were in the range of 2.37–3.59. Properties of the PI films were also significantly enhanced by adding 5–30 wt % of PVSSQ. For comparison, we also prepared the hybrid composites of PI and mixtures of VSSQ and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and the PI/silica hybrid composite containing 30 wt % of silica obtained from TEOS. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5189–5199, 2004
Double metal cyanide complex based on Zn3[Co(CN)6]2 as highly active catalyst for copolymerization of carbon dioxide and cyclohexene oxide
Authors: Chen Shang , Qi Guo‐Rong , Hua Zheng‐Jiang , Yan Hong‐Qiang 
Published: September 2004

AbstractDouble metal cyanide complexes based on Zn3[Co(CN)6]2 were prepared in the presence of different complexing agents and used in the copolymerization of carbon dioxide and cyclohexene oxide. The FTIR and 1H NMR spectra of the products verified the formation of polycarbonate. Compared with zinc carboxylate, zinc phenoxide, and so forth, these catalysts demonstrated great enhancement of catalytic activity. Their highest turnover number and turnover frequency reached 3300 and 1650 h−1, respectively, at 90 °C. The molar fraction of CO2 (FCO2) for the copolymers was about 0.44–0.47, and it varied slightly with different catalysts under a temperature of 90 °C and a pressure of 3.8 MPa. The study showed that the FCO2 can reach 0.40 even at 0.6 MPa, and it changed slightly above 3.8 MPa. The reaction rate had little influence on the FCO2 under our experimental conditions. A relatively low temperature was favorable for the incorporation of CO2. The monitoring of copolymerization revealed the molecular weight was proportional to the reaction conversion. The molecular weight distribution was in the range of 4.5–6, and the reaction rate was proportional to the amount of catalyst that was used. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5284–5291, 2004
Transition from microemulsion to emulsion polymerization: Mechanism and final properties
Authors: Hermanson Kevin D. , Kaler Eric W. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractMicroemulsion and emulsion polymerization can have some similarities in starting conditions and polymerization mechanisms, but the resulting latices are unalike in particle size and molecular weight. Here we show that polymerizations can be formulated that display the characteristics often separately associated with microemulsion or emulsion polymerization. Kinetic modeling and particle size measurements show that emulsion polymerizations with initial concentrations close to the microemulsion–emulsion phase boundary demonstrate relatively fast consumption of monomer droplets and produce smaller particles. Because of their high surfactant concentrations, none of the emulsion polymerizations examined demonstrate the classical Smith–Ewart kinetics usually associated with emulsion polymerization. Instead these emulsion polymerizations have a long period of particle nucleation that subsides only after the disappearance of monomer droplets. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5253–5261, 2004
Synthesis and comparison of CF3 versus CH3 substituted perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) networks for optical applications
Authors: Jin Jianyong , Topping Chris M. , Chen Shengrong , Ballato John , Foulger Stephen H. , Smith Dennis W. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA novel aryl trifluorovinyl ether monomer, 1,1,1‐tris(4‐trifluorovinyloxyphenyl)‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethane (5), was prepared via a multistep reaction sequence adapted from previously reported procedures. Monomer 5 polymerizes by free‐radical mediated thermal cyclodimerization to produce a crosslinked perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) polymer. Substituting CH3 for CF3 did not affect the polymerization kinetics as measured by differential scanning calorimetry. Surprisingly, the refractive index of poly5 (1.4931 at 1550 nm) is slightly higher than that measured for poly6 (1.4876 at 1550 nm) despite the significant increase in fluorine content. Compared to the CH3‐containing monomer 6, fluorinated analogue 5 exhibits increased thermal and thermal oxidative stability and thus we expected lower optical loss for long‐term high performance applications. Copolymerization with existing aryl trifluorovinyl ether monomers should allow access to new PFCB network copolymers with a tailored performance. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5292–5300, 2004
Advanced solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance for polymer science
Authors: Spiess Hans Wolfgang 
Published: September 2004

AbstractToday, solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is one of the most powerful and versatile tools for elucidating the structures and dynamics of molecular, macromolecular, and supramolecular systems. It provides information on molecular and collective phenomena over large length scales and timescales and is particularly suited to handle noncrystalline materials. This report describes how developments in solid‐state NMR were triggered by the possibilities that became available about 30 years ago by neutron scattering and synchrotron radiation. Close analogies between NMR spectroscopy and scattering are pointed out to emphasize that the two approaches nicely complement each other. Specific examples applying the new NMR techniques to amorphous polymers and supramolecular systems are described. The findings are related to the mechanical properties of polymers as well as specific functions such as photoconductivity and proton conductivity. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5031–5044, 2004
Synthesis and characterization of poly(L‐lactic acid)–poly(ε‐caprolactone) multiblock copolymers by melt polycondensation
Authors: Teng Cuiqing , Yang Kai , Ji Ping , Yu Muhuo 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAn Erratum has been published for this article in J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. (2004) 42(22) 5845New multiblock copolymers derived from poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) were prepared with the coupling reaction between PLLA and PCL oligomers with NCO terminals. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 13C NMR, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to characterize the copolymers and the results showed that PLLA and PCL were coupled by the reaction between NCO groups at the end of the PCL and OH (or COOH) groups at the end of the PLLA. DSC data indicated that the different compositions of PLLA and PCL had an influence on the thermal and crystallization properties including the glass‐transition temperature (Tg), melting temperature (TM), crystallizing temperature (Tc), melting enthalpy (ΔHm), crystallizing enthalpy (ΔHc), and crystallinity. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was employed to study the effect of the composition of PLLA and PCL and reaction time on the molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution of the copolymers. The weight‐average molecular weight of PLLA–PCL multiblock copolymers was up to 180,000 at a composition of 60% PLLA and 40% PCL, whereas that of the homopolymer of PLLA was only 14,000. A polarized optical microscope was used to observe the crystalline morphology of copolymers; the results showed that all polymers exhibited a spherulitic morphology. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5045–5053, 2004
Effect of preparation of titania sol on the structure and properties of acrylic resin/titania hybrid materials
Authors: Xiong Mingna , Zhou Shuxue , You Bo , Gu Guangxin , Wu Limin 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAcrylic resin/titania organic–inorganic hybrid materials were prepared by mixing titania sol produced by the sol–gel process with synthesized thermoplastic acrylic resins. The effects of the amounts of water and acid on hydrolysis and condensation of the sol–gel precursor (titanium n‐butoxide) were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, and their corresponding influences on the structure and properties of the hybrid films were investigated by small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), atomic force microscopy, dynamical mechanical analysis, an Instron testing machine, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. SAXS indicated an open structure and nanoscale size for the titania phase of the hybrids. Higher titania content and a greater amount of water or acid in the sol–gel process resulted in titania domains that were larger size and had a more compact structure. The mechanical and UV‐shielding properties of the organic polymer obviously were improved with titania embedded. As the amount of water or acid in the sol–gel process increased, integrative mechanical properties decreased, with the amount of water having a greater impact than the amount of acid on the structure and optical properties. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 3682–3694, 2004
Contribution of real‐time kinematic GPS in the study of creeping mountain permafrost: examples from the Western Swiss Alps
Authors: Lambiel Christophe , Delaloye Reynald 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe use of real‐time kinematic (RTK) GPS for studying the dynamics of creeping mountain permafrost is evaluated on the basis of measurements carried out on three test sites in the Western Swiss Alps. The high precision of the method and its ease of use make the RTK GPS appropriate for this kind of study. A wide range of information can be obtained by comparing the position of a set of surveyed points after two campaigns of measurement: determination of both horizontal and vertical components of surface movements, identification of compression and extension zones, estimation of thickness variation and, finally, determination of three‐dimensional (3D) rotational movements of individual boulders. Temporal variations of all these parameters can then be identified after more than two repetitions of the measurement series. The results obtained on the test sites are presented and discussed from a geomorphological point of view. They were sometimes surprising, for instance the strong difference in surface velocities of two morphologically similar rock glaciers situated in the same area or the small 3D rotation of blocks located on the front of a rapidly moving rock glacier. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution and behaviour of rock glaciers in the Adamello–Presanella Massif (Italian Alps)
Authors: Baroni Carlo , Carton Alberto , Seppi Roberto 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAn inventory of rock glaciers in the Adamello–Presanella Group is presented. The distribution, behaviour and morphological characteristics of rock glaciers are described and organized in a GIS. Furthermore, we analyse the relationship between rock glaciers and vegetation and tentatively discuss that between rock glacier distribution and climatic parameters. A total of 216 rock glaciers have been identified: 41% (n = 88) are active/inactive (sensu Barsch) and the rest are relict. There is a difference of about 430 m in elevation between the fronts of active/inactive forms and those of relict forms. In the group of active/inactive rock glaciers, 59 are considered active and some of these are certainly in motion, as confirmed by two topographic surveys. At least 30 rock glaciers have developed since the Little Ice Age. The mean elevation of the fronts of active rock glaciers (2527 m) lies well below the estimated altitude of isotherms −1°C (2740 m) and −2°C (2910 m), suggesting that the reconstructed MAAT of −1/−2°C does not coincide with local MAAT in the entire group or that the studied rock glaciers are in disequilibrium with respect to current climatic conditions in the area. In conclusion, we must be cautious in using the regional MAAT for identifying active forms and in utilizing the position of rock glacier fronts for reconstructing the regional MAAT. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Use of Molecular Probes for the Characterization of Nanoporous Adsorbents
Authors: Sing Kenneth S. W. , Williams Ruth T. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractMolecular probes can be employed in three different ways for the characterization of nanoporous adsorbents. The simplest approach is to use a range of globular nonpolar molecules of different diameter in order to assess the effective size of the pore entrances in a molecular sieve. For this purpose, conventional gas adsorption (static or dynamic measurements) or gas chromatographic techniques can be used. The aim of the second approach is to characterize the nanopore structure with the aid of nitrogen adsorption at 77 K together with isotherm and adsorption energy measurements with a variety of adsorptives of different molecular size, shape and polarity. The third approach is to make use of polar probe molecules (notably water and alcohols) to investigate the surface chemistry and stability of the adsorbent.
Magnetic properties of GaMnN grown via molecular beam epitaxy using a single precursor
Authors: Lee K. J. , Kim K. H. , Yu F. C. , Im W. S. , Gao C. X. , Kim D. J. , Kim H. J. , Ihm Y. E. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractGaMnN and Mg‐codoped GaMnN films were grown via molecular beam epitaxy using the GaN single precursor Et2Ga(N3)NH2C(CH3)3. Through a comparative study, it was confirmed that hole carriers mediate ferromagnetism in GaMnN at room temperature. Furthermore, the effects of Mg codoping on the conductivity and magnetization properties of the layers were investigated. Mn in GaN is shown to be inefficient as a dopant in generating itinerant carriers and this limits the saturation magnetization. On the other hand, Mg revealed higher efficiency in producing holes, and as a consequence could greatly enhance the magnetization via increased ferromagnetic coupling among Mn atoms. The results suggest that the magnetic ordering can be adjusted by separate control of the carrier concentration and the content of the magnetic element in films of III–V ferromagnetic semiconductors. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical characterization of InAsN single quantum wells grown by RF‐MBE
Authors: Kuroda M. , Katayama R. , Onabe K. , Shiraki Y. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractInAsN/GaAs single quantum wells (SQWs) were fabricated on semi insulating GaAs(001) substrates by RF‐MBE. The redshift of photoluminescence peak with increasing nitrogen content was observed. It is contrary to the recent report for the bulk dilute InAsN alloy where the blueshift of absorption edge has occurred predominantly due to the Burstein–Moss effect. Considering that the Burstein–Moss shift energy of the one‐dimensional quantum well is significantly lower than that of the bulk, this redshift of photoluminescence peak suggests the huge bandgap bowing of InAsN alloy as commonly found in III–V–N type alloys. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical characterization of InGaN/GaN quantum dots by deep level transient spectroscopy
Authors: Kim J. S. , Kim E. K. , Kim H. J. , Yoon E. , Park I.‐W. , Park Y. J. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractWe have investigated the electrical property of InGaN quantum dots (QDs) embedded in GaN layer using capacitance–voltage and deep‐level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements. The apparent activation energy was observed 0.43 eV below the conduction band edge of barrier layers in InGaN/GaN QDs system. The capture barrier height of InGaN QDs was measured more than about 0.17 eV, showing the existence of strain between QDs and barrier layers. Thus, the bound state of QDs was estimated as 0.26 eV apart from the conduction band edge of the GaN. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quantum chemical study on substituent effect of gas‐phase reactions in III–V nitride semiconductor crystal growth
Authors: Okada Takanobu , Doi Kentaro , Nakamura Koichi , Tachibana Akitomo 
Published: September 2004

AbstractWe have carried out ab initio quantum chemical calculations to discuss the substituent effect of the metal source on the coordination interaction and the reactivity in the gas‐phase parasitic reactions in M(t‐C4H9)3/H2/NH3 (M = Al, Ga) systems following the elimination of isobutane. We found that t‐butyl groups play two important roles: high ability for electron donation leading to large M–N interaction and high bulkiness leading to large steric repulsion. It is expected that the extension of chain adducts obstructing the growth of AlGaN would be suppressed by the steric hindrance due to bulky substituents lifting up the activation energies in the parasitic reactions. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dynamic allocation as a balancing act
Authors: Roes Kit C. B. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe CPMP Points to Consider on Adjustment for Baseline Covariates recently came into operation. As well as providing sound guidance, this document states a strong position against dynamic allocation. This paper reviews the most important issues involved and aims to stimulate interest in further investigating alternative allocation methods in clinical trials. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.