bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE FURTHER SEPARATION OF TYPES AMONG THE PNEUMOCOCCI HITHERTO INCLUDED IN GROUP IV AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPEUTIC ANTISERA FOR THESE TYPES
Authors: Cooper Georgia , Rosenstein Carolyn , Walter Annabel , Peizer Lenore 
Published: June 2004

The unclassified strains known as Group IV have been separated into twenty-nine types which are designated by the Roman numerals IV and XXXII. Only a small percentage of the pneumococcus strains isolated in New York City for this study were left unclassified.
The majority of the types gave very slight cross-reactions, the exceptions being Types II and V, III and VIII, VII and XVIII and XV and XXX.
In the series of cases studied, Types IV, V, VII and VIII were found more prevalent in the lobar pneumonia of adults and Types V, VI a and XIV in children.
The majority of the types were also found in normal individuals and in persons having respiratory infections other than pneumonia. Types VI a and XIX were most prevalent in the limited number of strains studied by us.
Fourteen of the types were found in pneumococcus meningitis; Type XVIII was found most often.
Antisera suitable for clinical trial have been prepared for fourteen types. From the majority of the horses inoculated for more than a year, antisera having 500 to 1000 units per cc. were obtained. Antisera of lower potency were concentrated and preparations obtained equal to or stronger than high grade unconcentrated serum.
Potent bivalent antisera have been prepared for types which were found to give marked cross-agglutination reactions.
The results with each type as to prevalence, severity of cases, presence in normal individuals, and in spinal meningitis, potency of antisera produced for therapeutic trial and virulence of strains for mice have been considered under the different type headings.
STUDIES ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE TYPHUS FEVER RICKETTSIA IN THE PRESENCE OF LIVE TISSUE
Authors: Nigg Clara , Landsteiner K. 
Published: June 2004

1. Rickettsia prowazeki can be cultivated for many generations in vitro, without diminution in numbers or virulence, in media similar to those described by Maitland, Rivers, and others for the cultivation of certain viruses. In all probability, such cultures can be maintained indefinitely.
2. It has been impossible, thus far, to cultivate the typhus rickettsia without employing living tissue.
THE MAINTENANCE OF A NORMAL PLASMA PROTEIN CONCENTRATION IN SPITE OF REPEATED PROTEIN LOSS BY BLEEDING
Authors: Barnett C. W. , Jones R. B. , Cohn R. B. 
Published: June 2004

1. Experiments on five dogs are described consisting in the daily removal of blood plasma in amount from 25 to 100 cc. the red cells being returned to the circulation in Locke's solution. In no case was there a significant drop in plasma protein concentration.
2. A gravimetric method for the determination of total plasma protein is described.
3. A case is reported of cirrhosis of the liver in which over 10 gm. of protein daily was lost in the ascitic fluid during a period of 7 months without any lowering of plasma protein concentration.
4. The constancy of the plasma protein level and the adequacy of the mechanism of regeneration is pointed out.
THE EFFECTS OF PARATHORMONE AND AMMONIUM CHLORIDE ON THE BONES OF RABBITS
Authors: Jaffe Henry L. , Bodansky Aaron , Blair John E. 
Published: June 2004

1. A very large single dose of parathormone produced rapid and extensive decalcification of the bones of a young rabbit.
2. Gradually increased doses of parathormone failed to produce significant changes in the bones of young and fully grown adult rabbits.
3. Ammonium chloride, administered by stomach tube was without effect on the bones, when given to rabbits treated with parathormone or to otherwise untreated rabbits.
4. Calcium lactate did not promote the appearance of signs of parathormone overdosage in rabbits during treatment, nor were metastatic calcifications observed in the soft tissues after termination of the experiment.
5. The rabbit is relatively very resistant to the decalcifying effects of gradually increased repeated doses of parathormone, and therefore is not satisfactory material for experimental studies of bone changes of chronic hyperparathyroidism.
6. The appearance of actively transforming bones of a young growing rabbit, particularly at the sites of rapid growth, is not to be confused with the more severe fibrous processes produced by parathormone in guinea pigs, dogs and rats.
THE RACES THAT CONSTITUTE THE GROUP OF COMMON FIBROBLASTS
Authors: Parker Raymond C. 
Published: June 2004

1. The ability of fibroblasts to mature and to manifest their various potencies in any particular medium is inversely proportional to the growth energy which they exhibit in that medium. Fibroblasts having access to high concentrations of food substances in their environment do not mature, regardless of their origin or the age of the animal from which they were derived. They behave as embryonic cells.
2. Fibroblasts cultivated in vitro are potentially able to produce cells with the structural and functional properties commonly attributed to macrophages. This is true regardless of their origin or the length of time which has elapsed since their isolation from the origin.
3. The fibroblast and the macrophage are considered to represent extreme functional and structural variations of the same cell type.
4. The structural and functional characteristics displayed by fibroblasts in vitro vary according to their origin and to the changes which take place in the composition of the medium in function of time.
CORNEAL REACTIONS TO BACTERIUM GRANULOSIS AND OTHER MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Knutti Ralph E. , Tyler Joseph R. 
Published: June 2004

The conclusions which may be drawn from the results of the experiments here presented are:
1. The cornea of the rabbit is highly sensitive to the action of various injected bacteria. The lesions vary from insignificant, transient changes to severe, destructive panophthalmitis, with fine gradations from the mildest to the violent form of inflammation. Moreover, animals that receive the same organisms show like changes.
2. The varying degree of inflammatory reaction is related to the pathogenicity of the special culture employed; as, for example, is shown by the reactions to Type I pneumococci and to Bacterium granulosis. It is evident that when a microorganism having a certain degree of virulence is used, a lesion of localized vasculonebulous keratitis resembling pannus tenuis or vasculosus of human trachoma can be induced. Thus Bacterium granulosis, Bacillus xerosis, Hemophilus influenzae, Pneumococcus Type II, Streptococcus viridans, and gonococcus can cause the pannus-like corneal changes in the rabbit. Of these organisms, however, only Bacterium granulosis induces early, uncomplicated and enduring keratitic lesions; the others cause first, diffuse keratitis with suppurative lesions; then, as a residual effect, transient, localized, vasculonebulous changes in the cornea. These changes, in contradistinction to the granulosis lesions, are, therefore delayed, complicated, and transient. When, on the other hand, the invasiveness and infecting power of the organisms are low, as is the case with the filtrable, Gram-negative bacillus and the small, Gram-negative bacilli ultimately derived from cases of folliculosis, no marked effect is produced by their intracorneal inoculation. If the pathogenicity of bacteria is high (as shown by Pneumococcus Type I, hemolytic streptococcus, and the remaining bacteria), intracorneal inoculation of the microorganisms leads to serious suppurative or destructive changes.
3. The results of experiments with monkeys indicate that while pannus is not a sequel of experimental trachomatous conjunctivitis, a lesion resembling it follows intracorneal inoculation of Bacterium granulosis.
4. One can infer from these results, therefore, that the stimulus necessary to produce corneal changes in animals, similar to those of trachomatous pannus, is an agent having a definite but extremely low power of invasiveness and infectivity.
THE PURIFICATION AND CONCENTRATION OF DIPHTHERIA TOXOID
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Quigley James J. , Sickles Gretchen R. 
Published: June 2004

By precipitation with acetone at 4°C. a refined diphtheria toxoid was obtained as a dry powder, readily soluble in aqueous solutions. The powder itself appears to be stable. When dissolved in half the original volume of physiological salt solution, the toxoid remained stable, in the cold room, for a period of 7 months. Only toxoids should be used which have been completely detoxified by the treatment with formalin. The formalin is immediately and completely removed by precipitation with acetone.
Filtration through a Mandler filter or the addition of a preservative did not appear to have any deleterious effect.
Incubating at 39°C. and freezing for 20 hours did not impair its activities.
The flocculating value of the purified toxoid containing phenol was almost completely destroyed by freezing, while when merthiolate was the preservative, it was unchanged.
Approximately 62 per cent of the nitrogen was eliminated in the process with approximately 15 per cent loss in flocculating value.
The flocculating values were nearly double those of the original material and thus corresponded with the concentration, which was onehalf the volume. By this method, the antigenic activity of a toxoid below standard may be increased to a satisfactory standard. The antigenic activity of the refined product in the immunization of guinea pigs may in general parallel its flocculating values but the relation between the results of these tests may not be proportional nor constant. As an immunizing agent in the guinea pig, the refined toxoid possesses an antigenic activity that is equal to, or greater than, that of the unconcentrated toxoid.
COMPARISON OF THE REDUCING POWER OF SOME TYPICAL TRANSPLANTABLE TUMORS AND OF TUMORS PRODUCED BY FILTERABLE VIRUSES
Authors: Barron E. S. Guzman 
Published: June 2004

1. The tissues of Rous chicken sarcoma and of the infectious myxoma of the rabbit do not possess the oxidation-reduction enzyme succinodehydrogenase, which is present in normal tissues and in transplantable tumors.
2. Filterable virus diseases (rabbit Virus III, rabbit neurovaccine, rabbit herpes, fowl-pox) produce in the tissues affected by them a partial inhibition of succinodehydrogenase.
SPONTANEOUS AND ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY TO THE PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory 
Published: June 2004

Spontaneous active immunity to the phenomenon of local skin reactivity to bacterial filtrates has been demonstrated. In one experiment, the immunity was non-specific, while in others it appeared limited to one or two bacterial species.
Intradermal vaccination of rabbits with bacterial filtrates induced active immunity to the phenomenon. The specificity of this immunity was tested with graded amounts of toxic factors. The combined intradermal and intravenous immunization in these experiments elicited two types of response:—
1. Specific immunity, which was obtained in rabbits highly susceptible to the phenomenon (i.e., showing reactions with 1 reacting unit).
2. Non-specific immunity which was elicited in rabbits with partial spontaneous immunity (i.e. showing no reactions with 1 reacting unit, but susceptible to 15 units 1 week later). Comparative studies on the reacting potency of "agar washings" and disintegrates (Besredka's method, freezing and thawing method) showed that the first washings of bacterial cells are considerably stronger than subsequent washings and disintegrates. These facts demonstrate once again the extracellular nature of the material necessary for the phenomenon.
Tentative explanations of the mechanisms involved in the specific and non-specific immunity to the phenomenon are discussed.
THE THERAPEUTIC VALUE OF INTRAMUSCULAR DOSAGE OF TYPE I PNEUMOCOCCUS ANTISERA
Authors: Curphey Theodore J. , Baruch Herman B. 
Published: June 2004

1. Intramuscular dosage of antipneumococcus sera in a standard dermal pneumococcic infection in rabbits is as effective as intravenous dosage provided the degree of blood stream invasion be not unusually high.
2. The immediate bactericidal effect of doses of serum given intramuscularly is equal to that of the same doses given intravenously in the cases of mild and moderately severe bacteremias.
3. The intramuscular method of serum administration in human beings with lobar pneumonia deserves a carefully controlled clinical trial.
THE ANEMIA OF SCURVY
Authors: Mettier Stacy R. , Chew William B. 
Published: June 2004

1. Weight loss, progressive anemia, and a moderate increase in reticulated red blood cells occurred in seventeen guinea pigs on a diet deficient in vitamin C.
2. The histological changes of the bone marrow removed from guinea pigs with scurvy showed large numbers of erythrogenic cells, but scant evidence of active maturation to the adult erythrocyte.
3. A reticulocyte response was induced in guinea pigs with scurvy when fed orange juice daily.
4. The histological changes of the bone marrow removed from guinea pigs during the reticulocyte response showed large numbers of mitotic figures and relatively more adult red blood cells than in the bone marrow from guinea pigs with scurvy that had not been treated with orange juice.
5. It is concluded from this study that the anemia of experimentally induced scurvy in the guinea pig is largely dependent upon vitamin C deficiency resulting in retarded maturation of the red blood cell.
STUDIES ON GALL BLADDER FUNCTION
Authors: Riegel Cecilia , Johnston C. G. , Ravdin I. S. 
Published: June 2004

The data obtained from the experiments on dogs reported in this paper lead us to conclude that bile pigment is not absorbed from the gall bladder bile. The mean loss of pigment is so small when compared with the amount of water lost that it is negligible.
Our cholesterol data do not support the concept that this substance is secreted into the gall bladder bile of the dog under normal conditions. In the majority of experiments there was a loss of cholesterol. Indeed we have failed to find any evidence of definite secretion or absorption save in the case of the infected gall bladder. We are led to conclude, as did Rous and McMaster (15) with regard to bile pigment, that normally there is no absorption of cholesterol.
PROPERTIES OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF A CHICKEN TUMOR
Authors: Murphy James B. , Sturm Ernest 
Published: June 2004

The presence of an inhibiting substance in the chicken tumor is shown by the fact that a desiccate of the tumor is more active after it has been washed two or three times with water, and that an extract of the tumor is more potent after some factor is removed by adsorption on aluminum hydroxide.
When the tumor-producing factor in an extract of a slow-growing tumor has been destroyed by heating at 55°C. it is found to have the property of neutralizing a highly active tumor extract. This inhibiting property is destroyed by heating over 65°C.
STUDIES ON VIRULENCE
Authors: Felton Lloyd D. 
Published: June 2004

From the study of different tissue extracts as media for the growth of pneumococci used in an automatic transfer device, certain inferences are warranted:
1. Media made from calf lung or heart, or from horse skeletal muscle maintain virulence over a long period of time. Conversely, media made from calf spleen lead to a decrease in virulence.
2. Lung medium causes an increase in virulence of seven strains of pneumococci.
3. Virulence is maintained in normal horse serum; but, it rapidly decreases in immune serum, or in pneumococcus antibody solution, a finding which confirms the work of Stryker. Immune serum freed from protective antibody gives results similar to normal serum.
4. Rabbit medium made from the entire animal apparently is less suitable for the maintenance of virulence of pneumococci than medium made in the same way from guinea pig.
TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Pinkerton Henry , Hass G. M. 
Published: June 2004

In tissue cultures grown at 32°C., typhus Rickettsiae increase rapidly within the cytoplasm of infected cells up to about the 14th day. At this time practically every cell is infected and the majority of cells are distended with organisms.
This condition remains constant as long as successful cultures of the cells can be maintained (up to 52 days).
Loss in virulence does not take place during this period in vitro.
The number of Rickettsia-filled cells found in sections and the incubation period of the infection resulting from inoculation of cultures from each age group are definitely correlated.
The behavior of typhus Rickettsiae in dividing cells is described and methods of spread of the infection other than by mitosis of cells are discussed.
Normal tissues do not become infected in vitroto any considerable extent in spite of prolonged proximity to heavily infected cultures of scrotal sac exudate.
Complete anaerobiosis and alterations in pH do not alter the intracellular location of the organism in tissue cultures.
The organisms are not seen within nuclei of infected cells. They remain intact and infective for several weeks in cells which are kept alive but not multiplying. They disappear in less than 1 week, however, when the cells undergo degeneration.
CELLULAR REACTIONS IN THE MENINGES OF RABBITS TO TUBERCULO-LIPOID, PROTEIN, AND POLYSACCHARIDE, COMPARED WITH THE EFFECTS OF TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Bickford J. Van Allen 
Published: June 2004

1. Both living and dead tubercle bacilli, as well as tuberculophosphatide, give rise to lesions in which the same type of cell is found, a cell which may prove characteristic of the meningeal reaction. After the phosphatide this cell is produced by the phagocytosis of lipoidal material. The vacuoles of these cells are slowly broken into smaller and smaller size until they correspond to the type found in the epithelioid cells with coarse vacuoles. This change is much slower in the cells of the meninges than in the cells of the omentum and subcutaneous tissue.
2. Intrathecal injections of tuberculo-protein produce a characteristic rise in temperature in normal and tuberculous rabbits. Both normal and tuberculous rabbits, after repeated intrameningeal injections of a given dose of tuberculo-protein, may fail to give a rise in temperature and later react to a larger dose.
BODILY CHANGES AND DEVELOPMENT OF PULMONARY RESISTANCE IN RATS LIVING UNDER COMPRESSED AIR CONDITIONS
Authors: Smith F. J. C. , Heim J. W. , Thomson R. M. , Drinker C. K. 
Published: June 2004

1. 244 albino rats from standard Wistar Institute stock have been kept for periods up to 72 days under the following conditions.
(a) Barometric pressure: 3040 mm. Hg. This means a partial pressure of oxygen of 635 mm. Hg and is equivalent to an 83.6 per cent oxygen mixture at normal barometric pressure.
(b) Temperature: 28°C.
(c) Humidity: 50 per cent relative.
(d) Rate of ventilation: 2660 liters per minute for all animals.
(e) Food and daily care were provided which induced normal growth in rats in the usual laboratory quarters.
2. The harmful factor in this environment was the increased oxygen tension. In our experiments the acute effects were active hyperemia and edema of the lungs, just as have been described by many investigators.
3. Only a small percentage of rats die from acute oxygen poisoning at the pressure employed. The majority return to good health objectively and survive several months of exposure.
4. Rats under 1 month of age display no clinical signs of acute oxygen poisoning, while in older animals the severity of the reaction and the mortality is directly proportional to the advance in age.
5. The symptoms of acute oxygen poisoning appear on the 3rd day of exposure in adults and reach maximum intensity during the 4th day, all deaths occurring at this time.
6. A continued weight loss is found in old rats, while the young gain weight, but not with normal vigor.
7. Adaptation to this toxic oxygen tension occurs in the albino rat during the first exposure, so that on reexposure acute oxygen poisoning does not develop.
8. Respiratory infection occurred sporadically in roughly 20 per cent of the normal adult rats in our laboratory colony. About the same incidence was found in the experimental rats during exposure; in most of these, chronic bronchiectasis and bronchopneumonia followed and proved fatal, indicating a lowered resistance in exposed animals.
9. Most rats exposed to an 80 per cent oxygen tension late in pregnancy have premature litters and die of acute oxygen poisoning, but if exposed early in pregnancy the majority survive.
10. Litters born during the first exposure of the mother are approximately 50 per cent underweight and die during the first 24 hours after birth.
11. A female, rendered resistant by a first exposure, produced a healthy litter during second exposure.
12. The continuous failure of adults to gain in weight and the fact that young animals grow slowly, together with the slowly progressing pulmonary pathology (11), indicate that high oxygen tensions not only produce acute changes in the lungs but also some alteration in the normal physiological processes, which may be termed "chronic oxygen poisoning."
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION
Authors: Menkin Valy 
Published: June 2004

A concentrated urea solution effectively dissolves fibrin.
The injection into the peritoneal cavity of a urea solution (30 or 50 per cent) together with or after an inflammatory irritant (aleuronat) prevents wholly or in part the local fixation of graphite particles or ferric chloride introduced subsequently. The histologic picture in the retrosternal lymphatics explains how this comes about. When free dissemination of graphite to the retrosternal nodes occurs, the lumen of the lymphatic vessel is unobstructed, whereas partial dissemination is accompanied by small fibrinous thrombi occluding the lumen in part only.
Trypan blue injected at the periphery of an inflamed skin area treated with a concentrated urea solution and bacteria (Staph. aureus) penetrates readily into the area, whereas it fails to do so when introduced around an inflamed area consequent on the injection of distilled water and bacteria (Staph. aureus).
Concentrated urea per se is an inflammatory irritant. Graphite particles injected into a peritoneal cavity previously treated with concentrated urea penetrate freely to the retrostemal lymphatic nodes; the lymphatic vessel is relatively unobstructed. Trypan blue injected into the circulating blood accumulates rapidly in cutaneous areas almost immediately after the latter have been treated with concentrations of urea ranging from 50 per cent down to 20 per cent.
The results of this study furnish evidence, in addition to that already provided, that fixation of foreign substances is primarily due to mechanical obstruction caused by a fibrin network and by thrombosed lymphatics at the site of inflammation. The significance of fixation in relation to immunity and its bearing upon some of the other processes involved in the inflammatory reaction have been stressed.
THE EFFECT OF LYMPHOCYTOSIS INDUCED WITH EMBRYONIC EXTRACT ON THE COURSE OF EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS IN RABBITS
Authors: Smithburn Kenneth C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Chick embryo extract given intravenously did not favorably influence the course of experimental tuberculosis in rabbits, although it did cause lymphocytosis and lymphoid hyperplasia.
2. The tuberculous animals treated with chick embryo extract showed lower values for hemoglobin and red blood cells than tuberculous controls inoculated from the same suspension.
3. Under the conditions of these experiments an increase in the number of young, immature cells in the lymph nodes was accompanied by more extensive tuberculous lesions in the lymph nodes and especially in the germinal centers of the nodes. A possible analogy to lymphatic tuberculosis in children is suggested.
4. The observations of previous investigators on the progression and later regression of lesions in experimental tuberculosis have been confirmed. The distribution, character, and extent of lesions have been studied and are presented in tabular form.
5. The presence and significance of tuberculous thrombi in the lungs are discussed.