bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Dialogue between Author and Editor
Authors: Schachter Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Editor’s Note: This book gathers a selection of Carl Schachter’s most important and representative essays from the past thirty years. He and I have made some slight adjustments to correct a very small number of minor errors, to create stylistic uniformity, and to supplement the notes with references to more recent publications, particularly English translations of Schenker-but, for the most part, these essays are reprinted in their original form. We begin with three essays on rhythm, because these represent arguably Schachter’s most important and original work.
S-language
Authors: Selvin Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second most important command after Splus is q(_). This command ends an S-session and returns the computer to its operating system. The parentheses are an S-language convention that identifies input arguments, as will be seen. If only the command q is executed (no parentheses), SPLUS displays at the terminal the computer code invoked by the command and does not execute the command. This feature is a property of all S-functions.
Simulation: Random Values
Authors: Selvin Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parallel to the development of modem computing technology is the growth of interest in using this technology to simulate biological, physical, and statistical phenomena. Simulation on a computer is frequently achieved with a few lines of code producing simple quantities. On the other hand, there are huge pro gram systems to model such things as weather patterns and air pollution. Simple or complex simulation programs, at best, only approximate the real world process. Even a rough approximation, however, produces benefits in terms of organizing theory, improving understanding, checking analyses, assessing modifications of existing theory, and, perhaps, producing useful predictions. These benefits are achieved at relatively little cost and without risk or expensive experimentation.
The Mens Rea of Rape
Authors: Archard David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a rather formal way of describing the kind of case in which someone makes an honest but unreasonable mistake about the other person’s giving of consent to sex. Morgan was such a case and the judgment made in that case by the British House of Lords-to the effect that an honest but unreasonable mistake as to consent may constitute a defense to the charge of rape-has figured prominently in subsequent discussions of rape and its mens rea. Critics have argued strongly that a palpably unreasonable belief in the woman’s consent should not excuse a man from the charge of rape. Against that it has been urged that rape is not the sort of crime for which negligence should constitute mens rea. And an honest failure to see what a reasonable prudent person would have seen is negligence. Thus specific issues pertaining to the nature of rape as a crime, and general issues about whether guilt requires a person to be in a particular state of mind, have been raised by this kind of case. In what follows, I want to say something about the sort of mistake that is being made in this case and about the nature of the charge of unreasonableness being made with regard to this kind of mistake.
The Roots
Authors: Roberts John Storm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The music of Latin America is fully as varied as one would expect of an area containing almost thirty countries and encompassing both tropical and temperate climes. It makes use of two European languages, embraces three cultures-European, African, and Amerindian-and within each of these subdivisions, there are further variations. Brazil’s main European culture is Portuguese; the rest of Latin America’s is Spanish. Both French and Italian music were also highly influential in the 19th century, and American in the 20th; and even countries sharing common musical influences made use of them in different ways.
Sources of Data
Authors: Drotman D Peter , Strassburg Marc A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Data are defined as “factual information (as measurements or statistics) used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation” (Webster’s 1990). In a broader sense, data are the lifeblood of research, regardless of the discipline. Obtaining, analyzing, interpreting, evaluating, and communicating data are major activities of all scientists, not just those who concentrate on the epidemiology of infectious diseases. Arguably, thanks to computerization, data are now more readily available to researchers and the public alike than at any time in history. Why then include a chapter on data sources in a text called Epidemiologic Methods for the Study of Infectious Diseases? The reasons are manifold. First, attention to the judicious collection and evaluation of data is the major determinant of the quality of research, as opposed to the quantity of data collected.
Microbial Molecular Techniques
Authors: Herwaldt Loreen A , Pfaller Michael A , Weber Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An avalanche of new molecular typing tests has recently overwhelmed hospital epidemiologists, field epidemiologists, and infectious disease clinicians. The plethora of new acronyms confuse even experts in the field, many of whom have given up following each development unless it is related to their own research. In a letter published in the Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Achtmann coined several acronyms to describe the current state of the art: YATM (Yet Another Typing Method), TBCA (Totally Boring Clonal Analysis), and TATBSTM (Tried And True But Stodgy Typing Method) (Achtmann 1996). The extremely rapid pace of development is illustrated by the fact that a review of molecular typing methods published in December, 1989 referred to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and ribotyping as “newer methods” but did not mention pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), which is now one of the most commonly used typing methods (John, 1989). Even a cursory review of the literature documents that the number of published manuscripts describing molecular typing methods has grown exponentially.
Adaptation, Natural Selection, and Optimal Life-History Allocation in the Face of Genetically based Trade-offs
Authors: Sinervo Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Optimality arguments from life-history theory predict that females investing an intermediate level of energy in reproduction will have higher fitness compared to females with the smallest or largest investment. Adaptational concepts of optimal life-history allocation were tested in the side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana, by measuring whether natural selection on reproduction is stabilizing in the long run. Five years (generations) of selection data were analyzed for female side-blotched lizards. Clutch size and egg size of free-ranging lizards were significantly heritable, and a negative genetic correlation was also found between the two traits. I was specifically interested in how natural selection acts on the genetically based trade-off between clutch size and egg-mass. Accordingly, I used a path analytic model to decompose variation in reproductive allocation about the trade-off between clutch size and egg-mass. Clutch-size residuals were computed from the regression of clutch size on body size and year-to-year factors. Egg-mass residuals were computed from the regression of egg-mass on clutch size, body size, and year-to-year factors. Egg-mass residuals represent deviations from the trade-off between clutch size and egg-mass. Natural selection on clutch size and egg-mass residuals was decomposed into two life-history episodes: (1) survival selection of adult females from the first to later clutches as a function of current allocation and (2) number of progeny that survived to maturity from first and later clutches. A striking pattern of multivariate selection acted on the clutch size and egg-mass trade-off.
Evaluation of Programs to Change Human Factors Voluntarily
Authors: Robertson Leon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Programs aimed at changing human factors without resort to law are of three types: (1) attempts to change abilities, such as driving skills among drivers and strength and gait among the elderly; (2) attempts to change behaviors that are presumed or known to contribute to risk, such as storage of materials hazardous to children, violent responses to peer challenges, speeding, and alcohol use; and (3) attempts to increase use of protection, such as child restraints, seat belts, motorcycle and bicycle helmets, and certain sports equipment. Various techniques are used to promote behavioral change—information and motivation by education in schools and media campaigns, outreach programs for children and the elderly, behavior modification using incentives or punishments, and enhancement of perception.
Summation of Principles
Authors: Robertson Leon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Injury is a public health problem that is neglected relative to its importance in lost years of life and disability. Injury control has more immediate health and economic benefits than does chronic disease control. The infectious model—agent, carrier, host—can be applied to injuries. Interventions can reduce injuries, their severity, or consequences by modifying these factors at specific phases of the injury—before and during the acute phase and afterward.
Combining Housing and Services
Authors: Kane Rosalie A , Kane Robert L , Ladd Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the cliche has it, everyone needs a place called home. Home health programs, home care programs, personal-assistant services, day care, home modifications, and a host of other offerings in the armamentarium of long-term care are predicated on the long-term care consumer having a place to live. Moreover, almost since the advent of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965, long-term care analysts have set as a goal that long-term care clients continue to live in their own homes. Movement to a nursing home or other institution has been perceived as a last resort when a care plan cannot be arranged at home for anything resembling a reasonable cost.
The Basics
Authors: Clark Colin W , Mangel Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Law (1979) introduced the notion of a Darwinian demon. Such an organism “starts to produce progeny almost immediately after its own birth, producing very large numbers at frequent intervals as it grows older. It experiences no mortality, and its capacity for dispersal and finding mates knows no bounds” (p. 82). We immediately react to such a proposition as ridiculous, and as Law points out, thinking about why Darwinian demons do not exist leads us to useful insights about ecology and evolution.
Winter Survival Strategies
Authors: Clark Colin W , Mangel Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we use dynamic state variable models to study winter foraging and fat-reserve strategies for two vertebrate species: willow tits (Parus montanus) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). In both examples we define fitness in terms of winter survival. Both species are subject to predation risk while foraging, so they both face critical trade-offs between starvation and predation. The main source of stochasticity assumed to face willow tits in winter is variable costs of thermoregulation induced by cold weather periods. For the salmon, daily foraging success is variable. Field or laboratory tests of model predictions are also described.
The Larger Legal Framework for Human Tissue Research: Moore and Beyond
Authors: Weir Robert F , Olick Robert S , Murray Jeffrey C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Federal policy for research with human participants establishes the core legal parameters for investigators and institutions, but it does not constitute the sum total of pertinent law. As we have seen, various provisions of the Common Rule defer to other law regarding such matters as informed consent and privacy. Moreover, the regulations do not offer answers to important related questions about the risks of genetic discrimination or ownership of removed tissues. This chapter places genetics research with stored tissue samples in its larger legal and, to an extent, social context. Our account of the existing legal landscape is descriptive, though various points of interpretation may have normative features. While legal remedies for violations of a sample source’s rights are discussed at various points, this is not a central focus, and we refrain from theorizing about possible legal claims for alleged violations of participants’ rights and interests.
Environmentalism for a New Millennium
Authors: Thiele Leslie Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For hundreds of years, Americans have claimed the right to use and abuse their land for pleasure and profit. Whether aided or opposed by government, individuals and corporations have vehemently and at times militantly asserted the prerogative to exploit natural resources. In the late 1970s, a collective assertion of such rights arose in the western states. It came to be known as the Sagebrush Rebellion. Fostered chiefly by energy companies and wealthy public lands ranchers, but significantly supported by grassroots westerners, the Sagebrush Rebels set themselves the goal of having most if not all federal lands, including national parks and wilderness areas, turned over to the states. The idea was that these lands would subsequently be made more easily available for private exploitation. In support of the rebellion, a number of western states laid claim to federal lands in court. The Sagebrush Rebels pitted themselves against the national government in its role as the caretaker of public lands. To a lesser extent, they also pitted themselves against environmentalists who advocated the further regulation and better caretaking of public lands. Identifying himself as a Sagebrush Rebel, Ronald Reagan set in motion the quick sale of federal public lands to private individuals and corporations.
What Is Complexity?
Authors: Mitchell Melanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brazil: The Amazon rain forest. Half a million army ants are on the march. No one is in charge of this army; it has no commander. Each individual ant is nearly blind and minimally intelligent, but the marching ants together create a coherent fan-shaped mass of movement that swarms over, kills, and efficiently devours all prey in its path. What cannot be devoured right away is carried with the swarm. After a day of raiding and destroying the edible life over a dense forest the size of a football field, the ants build their nighttime shelter—a chain-mail ball a yard across made up of the workers’ linked bodies, sheltering the young larvae and mother queen at the center. When dawn arrives, the living ball melts away ant by ant as the colony members once again take their places for the day’s march.
Nigel Franks, a biologist specializing in ant behavior, has written, “The solitary army ant is behaviorally one of the least sophisticated animals imaginable,” and, “If 100 army ants are placed on a flat surface, they will walk around and around in never decreasing circles until they die of exhaustion.” Yet put half a million of them together, and the group as a whole becomes what some have called a “superorganism” with “collective intelligence.”
Schumann’s Process of Composing a Cycle
Authors: Ferris David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Eichendorff Liederlcrei.J provides us with an especially good opportunity to reevaluate the way in which we conceive Schumann’s song cycles, because there are two related circumstances concerning its genesis that have challenged our traditional assumptions about the genre. First, the poems that Schumann set were selected by Clara Wieck from Eichendorff’s collected edition and were never intended by the poet as a cycle. Second, the only complete set of manuscript sources that survives for the songs reveals that the order in which Schumann composed them bears virtually no relationship to the order in which they stand in the published opus. Our conventional understanding of the song cycle carries such powerful “implications of order and interdependence,” as Patrick McCreless puts it, that “the omission of any of the songs, or the rearrangement of their order, constitutes a threat to or negation of its cyclic character.”
Ragtime Then and Now
Authors: Morath Max 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The opening chapter tracks this unruly American music as it coalesced in the late nineteenth century from undocumented folk origins. Early performers and composers left few fragments of their life and times, which have long since taken on a mythic quality. Urban tenderloins and a scruffy infant show business intersected a vigorous black culture, and a richly syncopated new music was spawned. Like other upheavals in popular music to come, it bubbled up from young people on hard times.
The Blues in Jazz
Authors: Porter Bob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The blues is the music of black Americans. Originating in the South and first discovered in Mississippi, it is music that developed from field hollers, work songs, religious music, and folk melodies. Undergoing continuous change through the years, it has kept its characteristics throughout. The blues means different things to different people. Simultaneously a form and a feeling, it has provided inspiration for singers and musicians for over a century. Blues influence can be heard in each form of American popular music.
There is no trace of the blues before 1890. Many suggest that “Joe Turner Blues” may be the first blues to have found some recognition with a wide audience. This blues was originally named for Joe Turney, a man responsible for moving black prisoners from Memphis to the penitentiary in Nashville and brother to Pete Turney, former governor of Tennessee. Joe Turney was famous for his method of handcuffing eighty prisoners to forty links of chain. While the lyric of “Joe Turner” referred specifically to the area around Tennessee, the melody was known all over the South. Each locale had its own lyric. By the end of the first decade of this century, the term the blues was in general circulation among southern blacks.
Bessie Smith
Authors: Albertson Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the years after World War I, the burgeoning record industry’s catalogs were dominated by operatic arias, warhorse overtures, Sousa marches, and “foreign language” series, a euphemism for ethnic music. Oddly enough-considering that they would become the dominant influence on American music black people did not figure into record company marketing plans, neither as customers nor artists, until 1920. That’s when Perry Bradford, a black songwriter, finally persuaded Fred Hager of OKeh Records to record a vaudeville singer named Mamie Smith. Her first release, “That Thing Called Love,” sold well beyond Hager’s expectations, so he authorized another session. Bradford had Ms. Smith sing “Harlem Blues,” a tune from a 1918 revue, Made in Harlem, but changed the title to “Crazy Blues.” It was an even bigger success, and it started the blues craze of the twenties.
By early 1923 the major labels were scouting for blues-singing ladies for their newly established “race” records divisions. Talent scouts tapped the vaudeville and minstrel shows and came up with singers who easily slipped into a blues repertoire.
Louis Armstrong
Authors: Morgenstern Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In preparation for a fiftieth-birthday issue dedicated to Louis Armstrong, the editors of the magazine The Record Changer asked a number of musicians for tributes. The most succinct of these came from trombonist Benny Morton, who simply said: “What would we have done without Louis?”
Though he was never billed as the King of Jazz, Armstrong is the only legitimate claimant to that title. Without him there would of course have been the music called jazz, but how it might have developed is guesswork. This extraordinary trumpeter and singer was the key creator of the mature working language of jazz. Three decades after his death and more than three-quarters of a century since his influence first began to spread, not a single musician who has mastered that language fails to make daily use, knowingly or unknowingly, of something that was invented by Louis Armstrong. Or as Miles Davis put it: “You can’t play anything on your horn that Louis hasn’t played already.”
Nor was his influence limited to jazz. Brass players in all branches of music expanded the range and expressive power of their instruments in the wake of Armstrong’s unprecedented flexibility and range on the trumpet. He created a new kind of virtuosity.
Coleman Hawkins
Authors: Berger Kenny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coleman Hawkins occupies a unique position in the history of jazz. He was born at the dawn of the twentieth century, and thus at the dawn of jazz history. His professional career began at roughly the same time that the first jazz recordings were made and continued through the swing and bebop eras, ending in the late 1960s, by which time the jazz avant-garde was firmly established. Though many of Hawkins’s contemporaries could boast equal or greater musical longevity, Coleman Hawkins was unique in that his musical style continuously evolved with the times. Though he was called the “father of the tenor saxophone,” he was never content to rest on his laurels. In Hawkins’s case, quite the opposite was true, for Coleman Hawkins was an artist who was obsessive about being on the cutting edge. He could not tolerate being thought of as old-fashioned, or past his prime, either as a musician or as a man, and found it impossible to grow old gracefully. The role of esteemed elder statesman, played with impeccable grace by contemporaries of his, such as Benny Carter and Doc Cheatham, was one which Coleman Hawkins couldn’t allow him-self to live long enough to play.
Lester Young
Authors: Schoenberg Loren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lester Young introduced a new sensibility to jazz: one that was at once close to the swinging New Orleans roots of the music and yet malleable enough in its basic abstraction to appeal to any and all contemporary artists. With an arsenal of fresh and daring devices, Young created melodies and phrases that remain a vital part of the jazz language. His solos revealed an architectural perfection that contrasted with their seemingly effortless nature. For Young, it had to flow, and flow in a speech like manner befitting his New Orleans-based patois, which he eventually transformed into a James Joyce-like double-talk based on all manner of veiled allusions, double entendres, and hoo-hah. His speaking voice was high for a man of his stature (over six feet) and at times bordered on the feminine; he was a master of the poetic potential of curse words, which he used with taste and with humor. Lester Young was above all a speech like player. He reveled in sounds for their own sake. The actual notes sometimes took a back seat to the timbre and the shape.