bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Theory of Peasant Supply Response under Shortages
Authors: Bevan David , Collier Paul , Gunning Jan Willem , Bigsten Arne , Horsnell Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we develop a simple theory of peasant supply response under conditions of rationing. The model presented here is simplified in two important respects. First, the stochastic nature of shortages gives rise to extremely complex multi-period dynamics. These are finessed in the present model and it appears unlikely that any model could fully incorporate them and retain analytic tractability. A more complex modelling of stochastic dynamics which generates the same results as the present model is given in Controlled Open Economies. Secondly, the aggregative structure of the model is kept extremely simple; the alternatives to the production of cash crops, namely leisure or the production of food, are treated as a single aggregate. We assume that food is produced only for own consumption. In Tanzania during our period this is not such an unrealistic assumption as might first appear. Dar es Salaam, the major urban centre, was largely fed by means of food imports rather than purchases from peasants. Hence, net sales of food by peasants in exchange for urban-supplied consumer goods were probably modest relative to non-food cash crops. In Controlled Open Economies, we discuss disaggregation of this model and demonstrate that the results presented here are robust, generalizing to all disaggregations which preserve the key assumption.
Time Series Tests of Aggregate Supply Response
Authors: Bevan David , Collier Paul , Gunning Jan Willem , Bigsten Arne , Horsnell Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter uses time series data to estimate the elasticity of aggregate supply response to changes in availability. The theory developed in Chapter 9 predicts that the coefficient on availability should be significant, positive, and less than unity. The test of this hypothesis is complicated by the unusual and specific data required. Indeed, the central innovative feature of the analysis is the construction of two data sets each of which permits the elasticity to be estimated. Since the data sets are independent, the results constitute a check o:n each other. Section 10.2 discusses the measurement problems and their resolution and Section 10.3 presents the results.
An Analysis of the Effects of Public Service Provision
Authors: Bevan David , Collier Paul , Gunning Jan Willem , Bigsten Arne , Horsnell Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are three ways, broadly, of tracking the impact of public expenditure. The first assumes that there is a rather direct relationship between the costs of providing a service and the effect it has. The second draws inferences from household behaviour as to the valuation users place on the service. The third uses statistical techniques to try to establish some empirical relation between the service and some variable of interest, such as the output of a crop. Investigations in this third category may be more or less successful in establishing the existence and magnitude of effects. It may be possible only to establish that there is (or is not) a relationship, without determining causality. It may be possible to establish a causal relationship and its associated quantitative dimension, without being able to place a value on this. Finally, it may be possible not only to measure the impact, but also to value it. The remainder of this introduction discusses each of these possibilities in turn.
Peasants and Governments
Authors: Bevan David , Collier Paul , Gunning Jan Willem , Bigsten Arne , Horsnell Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Governments affect peasants by delivering certain services and by altering the prices at which peasants trade, either by regulation or taxation. In this volume we have investigated instances of all three of these interventions. Part IV examined the effects of the provision of rural health, education, and water services, Part III the effects of price regulation, and Part II the effects of indirect taxation designed to stabilize crop prices. Broadly, the normative effects of these three interventions ranged from highly beneficial, in the case of some services, through greatly over-rated, in the case of price-stabilizing taxation, to highly detrimental in the case of price regulation. Perhaps the major overall conclusion to be drawn from our study is that governments are currently implementing policies whose effects span this wide range.
1925-1931: The Old World Restored and Found Wanting
Authors: Tomlinson Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1925 the central economic policy objective of the previous five years was achieved, and Britain returned to gold. This restoration of the old framework of policy was ill-matched to the new conditions of both the British and the world economy. The hope that the restoration of gold would restore pre-war normality was urealized, and with the onset of the world slump from 1929 the policy became increasingly fragile. In 1931 Britain was forced off gold, never to return.
1945—1951: Domestic Reconstruction: Building a New Jerusalem?
Authors: Tomlinson Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first majority Labour government, elected in 1945, presided over six years of radical changes in British economic policy. These changes were partly a consequence of its own reformist initiatives; partly of the inescapable requirement to re-orientate the economy from a wartime to a peacetime basis; partly of an attempt to come to terms with a very different international economic context than that of the 1930s. The result of all these diverse forces was a reconstruction of the economy which laid the basis for much of the economic development of the next two decades, and for much of the pattern of economic policy that prevailed in these years.
1951—1973: The Long Boom
Authors: Tomlinson Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In retrospect the period from the Korean War to the first OPEC crisis appears one of unprecedented success for economic policy. Output and output per head grew at rates previously unattainable, at least for such a sustained period. Unemployment averaged under 2 per cent, inflation under 5 per cent. This rosy picture must however be qualified in a number of ways. Whilst British growth was high by historic standards, it was low by the standards of most advanced capitalist countries (Table 9.1). Unemployment (judged from cyclical low to cyclical low) showed a rising trend, especially from 1968 (Table 9.5). Inflation, too, was clearly rising from the late 1960s (Table 9.6). Indeed, it can be argued that the boom was clearly running out of steam by the late 1960s, and only staggered on to be dealt a death-blow by OPEC l.
1973—1979: From Crisis to Crisis
Authors: Tomlinson Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The long boom was already breaking up in the late 1960s and early 1970s, but the OPEC oil price rise (from $3.45 to $11.58 per barrel at the end of 1973) heralded the arrival of a wholly new phase in post-war British policy. Whilst the OPEC price rise was far from the only cause of the problems of the 1970s, its effects were serious and widespread. For Britain it meant a sharp deterioration in the trade balance (see Table 10.2) and hence a substantial deflationary pressure, which was reinforced by the effects on exports of similar effects in other oil-importing countries. In addition, the generality of oil use in the economy imparted a sharp upward twist to prices. This latter effect came on top of a pre-existing sudden upward movement in commodity prices in general, brought about by the simultaneous and rapid expansion of demand in the advanced industrial countries in the early 1970s. The resulting ‘stagflation’ posed economic policy-makers with unprecedented problems and turned the 1970s into a decade of crisis.
Demographic Transition: The Current Position
Authors: Chesnais Jean-Claude 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A population in the course of transition begins by seeing its rate of growth increase, gradually peak, and finally decrease until it reaches a new balance of low growth. In other words, in the absence of migratory exchanges with the outside world, it is possible, from the sequence of a given country’s growth alone, to deduce the pattern of transition already undergone, and to project a plausible future trajectory.
The Decline in Mortality
Authors: Chesnais Jean-Claude 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Until the mid-twentieth century, mortality trends played a primordial role in the demographic evolution of developed countries. In fact, it is the decline in mortality, more than the factor of fertility exceeding replacement level, that has long explained the phenomenon of population increase and the maintenance of relatively young age structures. Above all, it is the unexpected extension of the average length of human life which is the motivating factor behind the demographic transition and which is at the base of one of the most monumental changes experienced by the human race in the course of its history.
The Notion of the Cycle in Demography: Is Post-Transitional Fertility Cyclical?
Authors: Chesnais Jean-Claude 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Easterlin’s hypothesis refers specifically to the pattern subsequent to transition. It assumes that post-transitional fertility oscillates cyclically around a level which ultimately guarantees the replacement of generations. It is still too early to confirm with any certainty the validity of this assumption, as the final stage of transition has only been reached by a small number of countries and, relatively speaking, only very recently. Any attempt at generalization would thus appear premature. Nevertheless, there exist some 20 countries in which the net period reproduction rate has bordered on unity for almost half a century. A preliminary study is thus possible, from which a provisional typology of patterns of post-transitional fertility may be derived.
The Transitional Multiplier of Population
Authors: Chesnais Jean-Claude 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the characteristics of demographic trans1t10n is that it does not everywhere manifest the same rhythm and periodicity. Its temporal displacements and differences of scale are evident in the growing diversity of national population profiles. In the eighteenth century, all countries shared a com parable situation of high mortality, compensated to a greater or lesser degree by high fertility. Progressively, a differentiation emerged between the developed and less developed worlds, and, since the 1950s and especially the 1960s, the latter has itself split into two or three subgroups, each distinguished by given changes in fertility. This accentuation of demographic disparity has resulted in some new and complementary trends, but also in tensions and imbalances, number being one of the props of power.
Contemporary Transitions: The Strength of the Model
Authors: Chesnais Jean-Claude 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Demographic transitions in Europe arc sometimes thought an unsuitable source of lessons on demographic change in less developed countries. This view takes as its starting-point the relatively disadvantaged situation of the latter. The argument proceeds thus: following the introduction of Western medical techniques, Third World mortality declined very rapidly after the Second World War, thereby bringing about the demographic revolution, but without a parallel industrial revolution. Precipitated from without, and independent of economic level and the state of institutions (Davis 1967; Petersen 1969), mortality decline took place in societies which were not prepared for economic modernization and even less so for the changes in mental attitude demanded by family planning.
The Revolution in Mental Attitudes and Demographic Revolution
Authors: Chesnais Jean-Claude 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is in fertility studies that this imbalance is strongest. Reading the innumerable works addressed to possible causes of secular fertility declines, one is impressed by the great confusion which exists on the subject. ‘The map of fertility [in France, in 1861] recalls no known economic, cultural or religious structure,’ write Le Bras and Todd (1981). Originally intended as a systematic approach which would at last sort out the historical circumstances leading to individual control of fertility, the massive Princeton study, ad dressed to 700 European geographic units covering six countries, certainly drew attention to the significance of cultural boundaries.
Economic Stagnation and Neo-Malthusianism: Two Falsely Opposed Models
Authors: Chesnais Jean-Claude 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Before embarking on an analysis of the data, it is well to review a number of theoretical issues which arise consistently in studies of economy and population. Theoretical presuppositions will be discussed and tested empirically wherever possible. Fortunately, the work of economic historians since Colin Clark and Simon Kuznets has resulted in considerable breakthroughs, including recent efforts to harmonize national accounting systems, particularly in less developed countries.
General Conclusion
Authors: Chesnais Jean-Claude 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The analysis of long time series in international perspective makes it possible to place national history in a world context. But in the twentieth century, with the abolition of distances, everything that touches upon changes in human life has become not only increasingly international, but a-national. The same applies to modern population history: the nature of demographic upheavals has evolved in an almost identical manner from country to country.
The Birth of Intermediaries
Authors: Lesourne Jacques 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Any market, even if its fundamental parameters are constant, remains in a situation of disequilibrium as long as convergence to a stable state has not been attained. Very often, this stable state is itself very sensitive to the particularities in agents’ behaviour. Hence the possibility of new actors appearing who will try to take advantage of market dynamics or statics for personal ends and in this way contribute to accelerating the convergence to a stable state or to slowing it down by destabilizing the market. This chapter will deal with the birth of two categories of this type of actor: recruitment agencies which contribute to improving the opera tion of the labour-market; speculators who, depending on the case, can reduce or raise the variability of market prices for durable goods.
Utility Charges and the Quality of Public Services
Authors: Kostoris Fiorella Padoa Schioppa , Powell John E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In setting public-utility charges, it is important to avoid on the one hand the Scylla of prices held excessively low for fear of competition, which would have to be avoided if it threatened to become destructive, and on the other the Charybdis of prices kept excessively high by the absence of competition. From an allocative point of view, charges for natural monopolies should as a rule cover average long-term costs. If the natural monopoly is non-contestable, the problem of pricing is the same, whether the services are provided by a public corporation or a regulated private company, whereas the market will achieve similar results if the monopoly is contestable. The relationship between prices and average costs of public utilities is less clear if public corporations in the market of the non-contestable natural monopoly are causing specific distortions due to government failures.
General Instruments of Industrial Policy
Authors: Kostoris Fiorella Padoa Schioppa , Powell John E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite its particularities, the problem of growth in the Mezzogiorno is part of the more general problem of Italian development. This has been tackled in many of our studies, some of which try to identify the lines along which the Italian economy has evolved while others endeavour to show the effects various public policy instruments have on it.
Public Employment, Unemployment Benefits, and Dirigistic Regulation of the Labour Market
Authors: Kostoris Fiorella Padoa Schioppa , Powell John E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It would be impossible to understand fully the strategic motivation behind Italian economic policy without examining the state’s constant commitment to tackle what is perceived as perhaps Italy’s greatest structural problem and one that is growing worse, namely unemployment. As we have already shown in Tables 7.5, 7.6, 8.2 and 8.3, it is so closely bound up with the problem of the Mezzogiorno that we have already had to discuss it at length when dealing with that strategic sector in Sections 7.3̄8.2.
Classical̄Keynesian Unemployment and Incomes Policy
Authors: Kostoris Fiorella Padoa Schioppa , Powell John E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As well as affecting the rate of wage increases and thus employment, changes in the level and structure of taxation also influence the supply of labour and, to a lesser extent, savings decisions. The analyses carried out for us by Quintieri and Rosati (1986a, 1986b, 1988, 1990) show that progressive taxes harm workers not only through their effects on the demand for labour, as we have seen, but also by causing a contraction in the volume of labour they supply. Conversely, a reduction in the progressivity of personal income tax accompanied by an increase in indirect taxation or wealth taxes is shown to induce individuals to increase the amount of labour they are willing to supply. For a given tax liability, it is therefore possible to identify different fiscal policies that encourage a rise in labour participation rates.
The Budget Deficit and the Public Debt
Authors: Kostoris Fiorella Padoa Schioppa , Powell John E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The tax-reform hypotheses formulated so far may not appear sufficiently draconian to tackle the imbalances in Italy’s public finances. This is not in fact true; as explained above, since the sphere of direct and indirect public intervention in the Italian economy has to be reduced, we believe it is inappropriate to think of increasing the overall tax burden in order to achieve the perennial objective laid down in every policy document from the so-called Amato Plan1 to the latest Finance Bill, namely to eliminate the primary budget deficit (i.e. the budget deficit net of interest payments on the public debt).
1945-1951: Socialism and the Supply Side
Authors: Tomlinson Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Labour came into power in 1945 with a clear programme of major economic and social reforms, many of which had been developed in the 1930s, especially in For Socialism and Peace (1934) and Labour ‘s Immediate Programme (1937). These embraced a broad commitment to economic planning, especially focused on a National Investment Board, and a major expansion of the nationalized sector. By these means Labour aimed at providing greater economic and social security on the basis of full employment, greater industrial efficiency, and the creation of a welfare state. The 1945 manifesto Let us Face the Future broadly followed the ideas of the 1930s, but also reflected the legacy of war. On the one hand the war gave new urgency to some objectives, e.g. housing; on the other it had created a comprehensive system of economic controls which seemed to fit Labour ‘s commitment to planning.
1961-1970 New Frontiers and National Champions
Authors: Tomlinson Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The election of the Labour Government in 1964 marked a significant shift in British economic policy, and in the succeeding six years industrial policy probably had its highest political profile in post-war Britain. But this new departure had at least some of its origins in an earlier shift in policy perceptions which need to be taken into account in looking at Labour ‘s policies. In his assessment of policy from 1951 to 1964 Brittan (1964) called his chapter on the early 1960s ‘The Great Reappraisal ‘, and argued that this reappraisal began in 1960, ‘The year in which everything really happened but which no one really re members ‘ and that ‘It was about this time that the first papers were written on the conditions of long-term growth and that interest blossomed in French planning methods, and in the Common Market ‘ (204, 207). As the quotations indicate, 1960 began the process by which the rhetoric of growth was to frame discussion of the economy, and the related theme that planning was to be the route to faster growth.
Households and Life Cycles in Mng’aru: Norms and Patterns
Authors: Lockwood Matthew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In order to understand how demographic events and the evolution of households may affect people’s patterns of work, we need accounts of the life cycle of the household and of individual lifecourses. The first step is to grasp what a household in Rufiji is, and how it relates to the organization of labour, consumption, accumulation, and residence, and to the development of families. There are two ways of looking at this. The first is in terms of norms, or social ideals of what a proper household is like, or what a normal life cycle is. The second is the varied pattern of actual life cycles and household structures.
Price Rigidity
Authors: Andersen Torben M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book grew out of lecture notes from a course given at the Department of Economics, University of Aarhus. The aim of the book is to provide an overview and evaluation of recent attempts to provide a better foundation for Keynesian macroeconomics by explaining why prices do not adjust instantaneously and fully to changes in market conditions. The text provides a comprehensive introduction to theories of price rigidity and integrates existing results from the literature with new results. Rather than collecting conclusions, the text is set up so as to provide the reader with the intuition and the mechanics needed to evaluate the role of different assumptions for price adjustment. To focus on the economics of the problem, mathematical rigour is kept to a minimum and the models worked through in the text should therefore be regarded as examples. Hence specific parametrizations of the models are usually made to avoid cluttering the exposition with mathematical technicalities. The mathematical skills needed to read the text are thus modest, and the book should be accessible to advanced undergraduate and graduate students.
Asynchronization
Authors: Andersen Torben M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is by now a standard result that predetermination of nominal prices leaves room for real effects of nominal shocks which are unanticipated given the information going into price formation (see Chapter 1). As an example, consider a monopolist firm which at time t - n has to quote a price for period t; i.e. we have an n-period contract.
Price-Wage Interactions
Authors: Andersen Torben M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The adjustment of wages is often stressed as important for macroeconomic adjustment, and ad hoc models typically feature rigid nominal or real wages. A voluminous literature has recently addressed the issue of (real) wage adjustment. Hence there is a need to analyse both the interaction between wage- and price-setting and its implications for nominal rigidities, as well as to consider the importance of real wage rigidity for price adjustment. A feature of wage-setting is that wages are often set contingent on prices; that is, wages are indexed to prices. Is it optimal to index wages fully to prices to avoid nominal shocks having real effects, and how does indexation affect price formation? To analyse the interaction between wage and price determination, we need a model that explicitly distinguishes between product and labour markets. To this end we shall supplement the model of monopolistic competition (cf. Section 3.6) with a model of wage formation.