bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative experimental study on treatment outcome of nerve transfer, using selective C7 nerve root vs. phrenic nerve
Authors: Xu Jian‐Guang , Gu Yu‐Dong , Wang Huan , Hu Shao‐Nan , Yong Chen Zheng 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe treatment outcome of nerve transfer using the C7 nerve root or phrenic nerve was compared in a rat experiment. One hundred and twenty SD rats were divided into two groups, one undergoing phrenic nerve transfer to the musculocutaneous nerve, and the other partial ipsilateral C7 (anteriolateral fascicles of the anterior division) to the musculocutaneous nerve. Neurotization outcomes of the two groups were evaluated by comparing the electrophysiologic, histologic, and myophysiologic changes of the biceps muscle. No significant differences were found between parameters from the phrenic nerve transfer group and those from the ipsilateral C7 nerve transfer group. This indicates that the treatment outcome of selective ipsilateral C7 transfer is comparable to that of phrenic nerve transfer. It is the surgery of choice in treating brachial plexus upper‐trunk avulsion accompanied by phrenic nerve injury. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infinite phase velocity as the boundary between positive and negative phase velocities
Authors: Lakhtakia Akhlesh , Mackay Tom G. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe concept of infinite‐phase velocity (IPV) is shown as the boundary between positive‐ and negative‐phase velocities (PPVs and NPVs). As materials displaying PPV and NPV are physically realizable, we conjecture that this applies IPV materials as well. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 165–166, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20081
A printed high‐gain monopole antenna for indoor wireless LANs
Authors: Luk K. M. , Wong Sai Hoi 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA printed high‐gain monopole antenna for wireless LAN applications is designed and tested. The meandering line is employed to compress the λ/2 element with phase that is opposite to that of the other constructive elements. The chokes on both sides are employed for reduction of the side lobes. An impedance bandwidth of 4.8 (VSWR ≤ 1.5) and average gain of 4dBi is achieved. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 177–180, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20085
Fixed‐wavelength conversion for contention resolution in optical packet switches
Authors: Li Yi , Xiao Gaoxi , Ghafouri‐Shiraz H. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWavelength conversion (WC) is highly useful for contention resolution in optical packet switches (OPS). However, the immature technology and the high cost of full‐range tunable‐wavelength converters (FTWCs) remain big challenges. We propose a new scheme in OPS where fixed‐wavelength converters (FWCs) instead of FTWCs are used in contention resolution. This scheme is cost‐effective and easier to implement. The performance of the FWC is compared with that of the FTWC. Our simulation results under different scenarios clearly show that the new scheme can achieve a performance comparable to that of the FTWC case, at significantly lower complexity and cost. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 185–187, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20087
Design of an ultra‐low‐noise 1.75‐GHz VCO using InGaP/GaAs HBT technology
Authors: Jeon Sungwon , Lee Sangseol 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAn integrated voltage‐controlled oscillator (VCO) operating at 1.75 GHz is designed using the InGaP/GaAs HBT process. The proposed noise‐removal circuit and FR‐4 substrate structure in this paper show an improved characteristic of phase noise and a smaller VCO dimension, respectively. The frequency‐tuning range of the VCO is about 200 MHz and the phase noise at 120‐KHz offset is −119.3 dBc/Hz. The power consumption of the VCO core is 11.2 mW at 2.8‐V supply voltage and the output power is −2 dBm. The calculated figure of merit (FOM) is 191.7, which shows the best performance, as compared with the previous FET or HBT VCOs. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 196–198, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20090
Improved tunable coplanar waveguide (CPW) bandstop filter
Authors: Her Man‐Long , Wang Yu‐Zhen , Lin Kun‐Ying , Chen Yu‐Wei 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAn improved tunable coplanar waveguide (CPW) bandstop filter, which exhibits good performance, is proposed in this paper. A novel tunable open stub and a useful formula for frequency shift and impedances are also presented. Further, air bridges and a special method of step compensation in the angle bends are employed to overcome differences in the radiation effects as much as possible. From the measured results, a 33% narrower rejection bandwidth with sharper roll‐off was achieved, particularly in comparison to that of the bent filter. An enormous size reduction of 53% was obtained, compared to the conventional open‐stub structure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 198–200, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20091
Shorted T‐shaped monopole antenna for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN operation
Authors: Su Chih‐Ming , Chen Wen‐Shyang , Cheng Yuan‐Tung , Wong Kin‐Lu 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA novel dual‐frequency shorted T‐shaped monopole antenna is proposed. The T‐shaped monopole is comprised of two horizontal arms of different lengths, which generate two separate resonant modes for the desired dual‐frequency operation, and one vertical arm is short‐circuited to a ground plane through an inverted‐L strip for good impedance matching. A prototype suited for WLAN operation in the 2.4‐ and 5‐GHz bands for a laptop as an internal antenna is constructed and tested. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 202–203, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20093
Vectorial finite‐element BPM scheme applied to the analysis of optical‐fiber couplers
Authors: da Silva J. P. , Brandão M. L. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAn efficient finite‐element formulation for dielectric media with transverse anisotropy is applied to the analysis of optical‐fiber couplers. The fibers' cores are curved in parabolic shapes, and between the cores there are index‐matching liquid layers whose refractive index and width are taken as variable parameters. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 204–206, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20094
A low‐conversion‐loss ring‐hybrid mixer using TS‐CMRC circuitry
Authors: Chiu L. , Yum T. Y. , Xue Q. , Chan C. H. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis paper presents a new fundamental single‐balanced ring mixer incorporating T‐shaped compact microstrip resonant cells (TS‐CMRCs). The measured minimum single side‐band (SSB) down‐conversion loss of 3.3 dB is achieved for a 10.4‐GHz RF signal and is better than 6 dB from 9.6–11.5 GHz with a 0.1‐GHz IF. In addition, our working prototype demonstrates an excellent linearity response, in which the third‐order intercept point (IP3) is 17 dBm with a spurious free‐dynamic range of more than 55 dB. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 206–209, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20095
MMIC's characterization by very near‐field technique
Authors: Nativel L. , Marchetti M. , Falgayrettes P. , Castagné M. , Gasquet D. , Gall‐Borrut P. , Castel M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis paper shows a method to characterize microwave circuits using a near‐field scanning microscope. Applied on various samples, it shows good resolution and weak disturbance for ICs operating with very common microwave components. Here, it is applied in an industrial surrounding to characterize the Bluetooth CMOS power amplifier. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 209–213, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20096
Theory of polychromatic microwave photons
Authors: Ishii T. Koryu 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn this paper, the possibility of superluminal speed of polychromatic microwave photons is analytically shown. The analytical results are correlated with previous experimental data. In this theoretical analysis, a generic‐wave equation is used as the basis and the Maxwellian phase‐velocity concept of monochromatic microwave photons is applied to microwave spectra of polychromatic photons. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 213–218, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20097
Broadband frequency filtering and mode matching using finline technology
Authors: Decoopman T. , Mélique X. , Vanbésien O. , Lippens D. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBroadband frequency filtering and mode‐matching transition using finline technology for high‐frequency nonlinear electronic applications is proposed. Based on homemade code and full‐wave three‐dimensional electromagnetic simulations, the validity of the concepts are assessed on a prototype aimed at operation between 18 and 26 GHz. Results show that very good performance (less than −0.5 dB for the insertion loss of the taper, as well as a rejection higher than −20 dB for the filtering action) can be maintained over the 30% bandwidth required for future space applications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 234–237, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20103
Tunable and self‐probed wavelength conversion in an SOA‐based fiber‐ring laser
Authors: Xinliang Zhang , Fan Xu , Junqiang Sun , Deming Liu , Dexiu Huang 
Published: March 2004

AbstractTunable all‐optical wavelength converters have been regarded as key opto‐electronic devices in intelligent next‐generation optical networks. A novel scheme for tunable wavelength conversion, based on cross‐gain modulation (XGM) in a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)‐based fiber‐ring laser, is proposed. Then, theoretical model for this novel scheme is established. Conversion output characteristics are calculated theoretically and measured experimentally under different conditions. The experimental results coincide with the theoretical results. Tunable wavelength conversion at 2.5 and 10 Gb/s with a 40‐nm tuning range are demonstrated experimentally. Experimental and theoretical studies show that this novel scheme is worthy of further investigation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 237–241, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20104
Autocrine and paracrine mechanisms regulating primordial germ cell proliferation
Authors: Kawase Eihachiro , Hashimoto Koichiro , Pedersen Roger A. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAlthough several mitogens and survival factors have been previously shown to act on primordial germ cells (PGCs) in culture, it is not clear whether they are responsible for controlling proliferation of PGCs in the embryo. We show here that during their migratory phase, PGCs do not express FGF‐4, FGF‐8, or FGF‐17, but these FGFs are expressed by neighboring cells. Thus, any FGF action on migrating PGCs would appear to be through a paracrine mechanism. We found that after entering into the gonads, PGCs start to express FGF‐4 and FGF‐8. On this basis, we hypothesize that FGF signaling is involved in both a paracrine manner in initiating PGC proliferation during their migration and an autocrine manner in sustaining PGC proliferation after their arrival in the gonads. We then studied the role of soluble stem cell factor (SCF), which acts as a survival factor or a mitogen in culture, to determine whether it interacts with FGFs. We found that SCF has a complex effect on PGC proliferation. On one hand, soluble SCF promoted PGC proliferation synergistically with FGF in the absence of membrane‐bound SCF. Conversely, soluble SCF inhibited FGF‐stimulated proliferation of PGCs in the presence of membrane‐bound SCF. We account for these findings in a model involving regulation of PGC proliferation, in which SCF modulates the response to FGFs. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 5–16, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factors affecting fertilization of porcine oocytes following intracytoplasmic injection of sperm
Authors: Lee Jang‐Won , Yang Xiangzhong 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe objective of this study was to optimize intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and to assess the effects of membrane‐damaged sperm on development of porcine oocytes following ICSI. For optimization of development following the ICSI process, sperm injected oocytes were activated 0.5–1.0 hr after ICSI with 1 × 30 μs pulse of 1.2, 1.7, 2.2, and 2.7 kV/cm DC in experiment 1. After 7‐days of culture ICSI oocytes activated with [×1]2.2 kV/cm produced more blastocyts ([×2]34.4%, P < 0.05) than other treatment groups. In experiment 2, oocytes were activated with 1 × 30 μs pulse of 2.2 kV/cm at either 0, 1.5, 3, or 6 hr after ICSI. Oocytes activated 1.5 hr after [×3]ICSI yielded more blastocysts (27.6%)[M4] than in other treatments. In experiment 3, sperm were briefly exposed to 0.1% Triton X‐100 to induce membrane damage. Live‐dead staining of Percoll‐sorted untreated spermatozoa (frozen‐thawed) used in this study showed that over 96% were “alive” whereas none were “alive” after Triton X‐100 treatment. The rate of development to blastocyst of oocytes injected with Triton X‐100 treated sperm combined with electrical activation (EA) at 1 × 30 μs pulse of 2.2 kV/cm (EA, 40.0%) was the best, when compared with those injected with untreated sperm plus EA (P < 0.05). In experiment 4, the development rate of oocytes to the blastocyst stage ([×5]32.1%) following injection of a sperm head only was not significantly different from that of oocytes injected with whole sperm (31.0%). In conclusion, we found that an intact membrane and tail structures of pig spermatozoa are not essential for embryo development by ICSI, and furthermore, dead porcine spermatozoa, at an early stage of necrosis caused by plasma membrane damage, support better embryo development than do live non‐damaged sperm. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 96–102, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A critical state model for sands dependent on stress and density
Authors: Yao Y.P. , Sun D.A. , Luo T. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAn elastoplastic model for sands is presented in this paper, which can describe stress–strain behaviour dependent on mean effective stress level and void ratio. The main features of the proposed model are: (a) a new state parameter, which is dependent on the initial void ratio and initial mean stress, is proposed and applied to the yield function in order to predict the plastic deformation for very loose sands; and (b) another new state parameter, which is used to determine the peak strength and describe the critical state behaviour of sands during shearing, is proposed in order to predict simply negative/positive dilatancy and the hardening/softening behaviour of medium or dense sands. In addition, the proposed model can also predict the stress–strain behaviour of sands under three‐dimensional stress conditions by using a transformed stress tensor instead of ordinary stress tensor. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poroplastic modelling of the excavation and ventilation of a deep cavity
Authors: Hoxha D. , Giraud A. , Blaisonneau A. , Homand F. , Chavant C. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA plastic deviatoric model with hardening is developed on the basis of geomechanical tests performed in the saturated case on low permeable porous material such as argillite. This model is a generalized Mohr–Coulomb plastic criterion combined with a Drucker–Prager plastic potential and the hardening parameter is the plastic distortion. Three different hardening functions have been introduced on the basis of triaxial tests: an increase of friction angle, a decrease of cohesion after a threshold and a contractancy to dilatancy transition for volumetric plastic strain. This plastic model has been adapted to the partially saturated case. The effective stress is expressed thanks to the equivalent interstitial pressure π. Numerical results are presented for the excavation and monotonous ventilation of a deep cylindrical cavity. A first plastification due to excavation is followed by a second one due to desaturation. The extent of the non‐saturated zone provokes an extent of a plastic zone in the rock mass. Analysis shows that the origin of the plastification can be found in the deviatoric stresses because mean effective stresses are compressive during drying. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hybrid multicommodity routing algorithm for traffic engineering
Authors: Ouaja Wided , Richards Barry 
Published: March 2004

AbstractTraffic engineering seeks to route traffic demands in data networks to guarantee certain quality of service (QoS) parameters while efficiently utilizing network resources. MPLS, for example, provides the essential capabilities to achieve this with explicit routing. Finding paths for all the demands which meet QoS requirements is a nontrivial task. Indeed, guaranteeing just bandwidth is known to be 𝒩𝒫‐hard. In this paper, we propose a new complete (exact) algorithm for solving this problem, which is a hybrid that tightly integrates Lagrangian optimization and Constraint Programming search. We evaluate its performance on a set of benchmark tests, based on a large well‐provisioned commercial backbone. The tests involve demand sets of varying size, mostly between 100 and 600 demands. We compare the results with those achieved by several other well‐known algorithms, some complete and some heuristic. This reveals that the hybrid algorithm typically yields the most informative results in the most effective way. It resolves most of the test cases either by finding a solution or by proving infeasibility, each taking only a few seconds. Moreover, the solutions found for solvable problems are provably near‐optimal. The results show, perhaps surprisingly, that the routing task can be difficult even in a very well‐provisioned network. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bisectored unit disk graphs
Authors: Nolan John 
Published: March 2004

AbstractUnit disk graphs form a natural model for cellular radio channel assignment problems under the assumption of equally powerful, omnidirectional transmitters located on a uniform, flat plane. Here, we introduce and give motivation for an extension of this model, namely, sectorization at transmitter sites. We define and analyze properties of one case of sectorization, bisectored unit disk graphs, in particular, investigating properties concerning their chromatic number. Finally, we provide some experimental evidence to draw comparisons between graphs of this model and other classes of graphs. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamic selection effects in means‐tested, urban school voucher programs
Authors: Howell William G. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractMuch of the controversy surrounding school vouchers, and privatization schemes generally, stems from concerns
about social stratification. This paper identifies the form and magnitude of selection effects in a
means‐tested New York City voucher program. It compares students who applied for vouchers, with the
eligible population of public‐school students; those who initially used vouchers, with those who
declined them; and those who remained in private schools, with those who eventually returned to public
schools. Differences along the lines of ethnicity, residential mobility, mother's education, and income are
observed. In addition, specific aspects of a child's education—parental satisfaction, school uniform
requirements, and larger class sizes—all increased the length of time voucher students remained in private
schools. Throughout the program's life span, however, the largest and most consistent effects revolved around
families' religious identity and practices. © 2004 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and
Management.
Changes in living arrangements during the late 1990s: Do welfare policies matter?
Authors: Acs Gregory , Nelson Sandi 
Published: March 2004

AbstractUsing data from the 1997 and 1999 National Surveys of America's Families, the authors examine the
consequences of state welfare policies and practices on the living arrangements of low‐income families with
children. Results from a multivariate difference‐in‐difference‐in‐differences model
suggest that more effective collection of child support and family cap policies are correlated with declines in
single parenting and increases in dual parenting. Other policies such as sanctions and special restrictions that
apply to two‐parent families have no clear, consistent association with living arrangements. © 2004 by
the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Relationship between nucleophilicity/electrophilicity indices and reaction mechanisms for the nucleophilic substitution reactions of carbonyl compounds
Authors: Campodonico Paola , Santos José G. , Andres Juan , Contreras Renato 
Published: March 2004

AbstractTheoretical electrophilicity and nucleophilicity scales, defined in terms of electronic reactivity indices, were tested for the reaction of a series of carbonates with neutral and charged reagents of varying nucleophilicity. The electrophilicity and nucleophilicity scales were used to rationalize some mechanistic aspects developed by these reacting systems: the greater the electrophilicity/nucleophilicity difference, the more concerted the reaction mechanism will be. Conversely, a small electrophilicity/nucleophilicty gap will in general be associated with a stepwise reaction mechanism. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mutual relationships between magnetic aromaticity indices of heterocyclic compounds
Authors: Sadlej‐Sosnowska Nina 
Published: March 2004

AbstractFor three sets of aromatic compounds, namely various five‐membered heterocycles, derivatives of 2H‐tetrazole and six‐membered heterocycles, a number of the aromaticity indices, especially magnetic ones, were calculated. The tables of correlation coefficients between the individual indices revealed that mutual relationships between them depend on their composition in the set and that some magnetic characteristics themselves may be orthogonal to others. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concave reagents: Part 40—The copper(II) complex of a concave reagent as a selective catalyst for ester methanolysis
Authors: Cacciapaglia Roberta , Di Stefano Stefano , Fahrenkrug Frank , Lüning Ulrich , Mandolini Luigi 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe have shown that the CuII complexes of the concave ligand 1 and its model compound 2 are efficient catalysts of ester methanolysis under conditions close to neutrality. Turnover catalysis without product inhibition was demonstrated by the clean first‐order release of a greater than stoichiometric amount of product. Compared with background methanolysis, the metal catalysts give greater rate accelerations for methyl acetate methanolysis than for the p‐nitrophenyl acetate methanolysis.Analysis of electronic and steric effects on rates of metal‐mediated vs metal‐free methoxide addition to the esters has provided compelling evidence that transfer of methoxide from the metal to the carbonyl carbon is accompanied by extensive Lewis acid activation of the carbonyl via a four‐membered chelate transition state that includes the metal ion. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.