bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Republicanism
Authors: Pettit Philip 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe long republican tradition is characterized by a conception of freedom as non‐domination, which offers an alternative, both to the negative view of freedom as non‐interference and to the positive view of freedom as self‐mastery. The first part of the book traces the rise and decline of the conception, displays its many attractions and makes a case for why it should still be regarded as a central political ideal. The second part of the book looks at the sorts of political and civil institutions that would be required in a society in which freedom as non‐domination is systematically fostered. It outlines the causes and policies, the constitutional and democratic forms, and the regulatory controls that a republican state ought to endorse. And it argues for a vision of the state's relation to civil society in which there is no pretence of doing without widespread civility and trust; the argument is that the state ought, at once, to foster and build on such extra‐political foundations.
Liberty, Equality, Community
Authors: Pettit Philip 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFreedom as non‐domination is a significantly egalitarian good. Maximizing the intensity of the non‐domination that people enjoy will require that people enjoy non‐domination with equal intensity, even though maximizing the extent of undominated choice—maximizing the resources and opportunities that people enjoy—need not require its equal distribution; the project supports structural equality but not material equality. Freedom as non‐domination is also a communitarian good. It can be realized only under an arrangement involving people in communal interaction. And it can be realized for one person only so far as it is realized for others in the vulnerability classes to which that person belongs: thus, a woman can be fully free in this sense only so far as womanhood is not a badge of vulnerability, only so far as all women are free. The communitarian character of freedom as non‐domination means that the freedom of a community is as basic a notion as the freedom of individuals, and that there is every reason, as communitarians require, why people should be able to identify with a state that promotes such freedom.
The Implementation of Constitutional Social Rights
Authors: Fabre Cécile 
Published: October 2003

AbstractI consider the claim that social rights cannot be constitutionalized and protected by the judiciary, because the latter is unable to adjudicate rights which, by nature, are vague and cannot constitute a solid basis for assessing governmental policy‐making. I reject this practical objection to constitutional social rights whilst taking on board some of its insights, by looking at the ways in which social rights are given specific content by institutions such as the ILO and the UN, and at the way constitutional social rights are dealt with by some domestic constitutional courts.
Round Up the Usual Suspects!: Globalization, Domestic Politics, and Welfare State Change
Authors: Schwartz Herman 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe first of three chapters on the sources of pressure on contemporary national welfare states, all of which seek to show how examining the sources of strain carries implications for identifying who is likely to fight with whom over what; the authors of the three chapters are not of one mind on this issue. Schwartz, for whom social protection includes regulatory arrangements in sectors such as telecommunications and transportation, is most convinced that some aspects of globalization do play a critical role, and he reviews a series of broad claims about the sources of pressure on the welfare state, arguing that the impact of globalization is often misconstrued. He distinguishes alternative possible causal connections between changes in the international economy and welfare state distress, and, in many cases, finds little evidence for these causal pathways, or evidence that only supports an assessment of modest impact. He argues, however, that one dimension of globalization has been crucial: a wave of deregulatory pressures emanating from changes in the US political economy, which has led to a dramatic erosion of forms of protected employment in the affected sectors of other countries.
Welfare State and Production Regimes in the Era of Retrenchment
Authors: Huber Evelyne , Stephens John D. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis is the first of three chapters on the role of economic interests, and of systems for representing those interests, in the politics of welfare state reform. They explore the linkages between national welfare states and national economies, and examine the processes through which economic actors press their interests on policy makers. Huber and Stephens explore at length the linkages between different types of welfare states and different production regimes, and demonstrate that there are in fact quite different configurations within the universe of affluent democracies, with particular types of welfare states strongly associated with distinct systems of economic organization. Their analysis proceeds in three steps: first, a conceptualization is provided of welfare state and production regimes, with an analysis of their performance up to the 1980s; second, an analysis is made of pressures on these regimes and the resulting welfare state retrenchments since the 1980s; and third, an assessment is made of possible future paths to adaptation, recovery, and consolidation.
Comparative Institutional Advantages of Welfare State Regimes and New Coalitions in Welfare State Reforms
Authors: Manow Philip 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis is the second of three chapters on the role of economic interests, and of systems for representing those interests, in the politics of welfare state reform. They explore the linkages between national welfare states and national economies, and examine the processes through which economic actors press their interests on policy makers. Section 1 of Manow's chapter offers a critical account of contributions that predict the formation of new political coalitions along the cleavage line between those firms and workers that are forced to adjust to international market pressures and those that enjoy domestic shelter from globalized markets; a brief discussion is included of the relative importance of the electorate in current welfare reforms as compared with the role played by organized interests of capital and labour. Section 2 presents a transaction cost argument that seeks to identify one central logic linking production and protection in continental welfare states and coordinated market economies, respectively; the central argument is that generous welfare state programmes may enhance and not diminish international competitiveness and can be part of the comparative institutional advantage of an economy rather than solely contributing to its comparative cost disadvantage. Section 3 concludes by briefly discussing the implications of the argument presented in Sect. 2 for the present debate on the compensatory role of the welfare state in a globalized economy.
The Political Economy of Social Pacts: ‘Competitive Corporatism’ and European Welfare Reform
Authors: Rhodes Martin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis is the third of three chapters on the role of economic interests, and of systems for representing those interests, in the politics of welfare state reform; they explore the linkages between national welfare states and national economies, and examine the processes through which economic actors press their interests on policy makers. Here Rhodes explores the implications for welfare states of nationally negotiated social pacts in bridging and making innovative linkages between social security systems and employment rules and wage bargaining. The essential argument of Sect. 1 is that the emergence of social pacts is linked to common domestic and external pressures for welfare state reform in the European Union, and that contrary to the expectations of many commentators, these pressures are neither ‘disorganizing’ European capitalism nor neutralizing the power of the state; furthermore, rather than fragmenting political‐economic structures, pressures for reform have in many instances modified or even bolstered efforts at coordination via bargaining. Section 2 introduces the notion of ‘competitive corporatism’, and shows that underpinning these social pacts are varying degrees of associational cohesion, and two types of coalition — seeking distributional deals and productivity gains — which have complex linkages and overlaps. In ideal typical terms, it can be suggested that competitive corporatism is successfully achieved if underpinned by a close but flexible interlocking of these two types of coalition, although in practice it is not always possible, as has been demonstrated in various continental European countries.
Political Institutions and Welfare State Restructuring
Authors: Swank Duane 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe first of three chapters on the implications of electoral politics and the design of political institutions for welfare state adjustment. Swank first provides an overview of two key domestic and international pressures on developed welfare states: domestic fiscal stress and international capital mobility. He then outlines the theoretical argument that democratic institutions fundamentally determine government responses to domestic and international structural change, focusing on formal and informal institutions and drawing on and fusing insights from ‘power resources’ theory, the new institutionalism, and new cultural arguments about the determinants of social policy in advanced capitalist democracies. The next two sections utilize new data on social welfare effort, national political institutions, and internationalization to provide an econometric assessment of the social policy impacts of domestic fiscal stress and capital mobility during the period 1965 to 1995, looking first at the direct impacts of rises in public sector debt and in international capital mobility on social welfare provision, and second at the welfare state effects of fiscal stress and global capital flows across nationally and temporally divergent democratic institutional contexts; the initial focus is on total social welfare effort and then the analysis is shifted to changes in cash income maintenance and social services. The conclusion assesses the implications of the arguments and findings for the future course of social policy in developed democracies, and potentially bolsters the evidence for the central assertion that domestic institutions systematically determine the direction of welfare state restructuring.
Who Pays for Health Care Reform?
Authors: Giaimo Susan 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn this second of three chapters on the distinctive policy dynamics of particular areas of social provision, Susan Giaimo addresses the issue of whether the success of the reformed welfare state in the shape of payers’ and policy makers’ cost‐containment projects have had as their price the sacrifice of equity and solidarity. These questions are explored through the lens of health care reform in Britain, Germany, and the US since the late 1980s: each a country with a distinctive health care system, which undertook major reform initiatives designed to control health care outlays, and addressed the efficiency and equity goals in markedly different ways. Section I provides a broad background to situate the contemporary politics of health care reform, explaining how and why health care systems in Western countries have come under the stress of increasing cost pressures even as governments and employers have become more apprehensive about the possible effects of the welfare state on economic competitiveness. Section 2 develops the argument in greater depth, explaining how existing health care and political systems provide different opportunities or constraints for payers and the state to pursue unilateral cost‐containment strategies, how health care institutions themselves shape policy preferences and strategies of payers, and how some systems require compromise solutions that reconcile equity with efficiency. Section 3 presents each country's case, and the concluding section considers the broader lessons from health care reform for the contemporary politics of welfare state adjustment.
Culture, Citizenship, and Community
Authors: Carens Joseph H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractContributes to contemporary debates about justice, multiculturalism, citizenship, and democratic theory. The book argues that the conventional liberal understanding of justice as neutrality needs to be supplemented by a conception of justice as evenhandedness. It also argues that theorists ought to pay attention to the moral wisdom that is sometimes embedded in practice. Claims about the moral relevance of culture and identity appear in many different forms in politics. There is no master principle that enables us to determine when we should respect such claims and when we should challenge them, but the idea of evenhanded justice often points us in the right direction. The book demonstrates this through a comparative and contextual analysis that pays close attention to the actual claims about culture and identity advanced by immigrants, national minorities, aboriginals, and other groups in a number of different societies. While the main focus is on a range of familiar and unfamiliar cases, the book includes an extended critical analysis of the work of Michael Walzer and Will Kymlicka. Finally, the book also contends that the conventional conception of citizenship is an intellectual and moral prison from which we can be liberated by adopting an understanding of citizenship that is more open to multiplicity and that grows out of practices that we judge, upon reflection, to be just and beneficial.
Multiple Political Memberships, Overlapping National Identities, and the Dimensions of Citizenship
Authors: Carens Joseph H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractCriticizes the conventional unitary understanding of the relationship between citizenship and the state by showing how poorly this model fits with contemporary political practices in Canada and elsewhere. Instead of unique, exclusive, compartmentalized forms of political membership, we find multiple memberships and overlapping identities along three dimensions of citizenship: the legal, the psychological and the political. The chapter argues that these ways of recognizing collective identity are generally morally permissible and sometimes even morally required under a conception of justice as evenhandedness.
Plotinus
Authors: O'Meara Dominic J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This book is a guide to those wishing to read the works (the Enneads) of Plotinus, one of the greatest figures of ancient philosophy. The book provides an outline of Plotinus’ life and of the composition of the Enneads, placing Plotinus in the intellectual context of his time. Selected Plotinian texts are then discussed in relation to central issues in metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics: soul and body, intelligible and sensible reality, Intellect, the One, speaking of the ineffable, the production of reality, evil, beauty, the human good, and mysticism. Plotinus’ historical importance is indicated. The book includes a guide to further reading, arranged by themes, and a bibliography.
The Derivation of All Things from the One (II)
Authors: O'Meara Dominic J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Concerns the last stage of derivation, that of the physical world from soul. Plotinus’ interpretation of Plato's Timaeus is presented, as is his rejection of an ‘artisanal’ mode of production (the demiurge) of the world, in favour of contemplation as productive. Nature, time, and matter, as aspects of cosmology, are also discussed.
Propositions and Utterances
Authors: Horwich Paul 
Published: October 2003

AbstractInsofar as our aim is merely to understand our conception of truth, and not to promote some allegedly better one, we have no choice but to acknowledge that truth is primarily attributed to what we believe, question, suppose, etc.—i.e. to so‐called propositions. However, there are a couple of influential sources of scepticism about this article of common sense—an article wholly embraced by minimalism—and the aim of this chapter is to respond to them. First, a case is sketched in favour of propositions (based on the logical form of belief attributions); and the usual counter‐arguments (which derive from their supposed weirdness and the alleged intransitivity of translation) are undermined. Second, there is a tendency to think that our conception of ‘proposition’ presupposes the notion of truth, so that the minimalist order of explanation would seem to be the wrong way round. In reply, it is suggested that we employ a Wittgensteinian account of meaning—hence ‘proposition’—in terms of use, which would not require a prior grasp of truth. Finally, for those who are not convinced by these arguments, it is shown how minimalist theories of ‘truth’ for utterances and belief‐states can be given without making a commitment to propositions.
Household Economics
Authors: Bardhan Pranab , Udry Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe basic model of household structure and behaviour in the field of economic development is that of a household that is jointly engaged in production and consumption—an ‘agricultural household model’. With complete markets, household production is separable from consumption. This separation property breaks down when there are multiple incomplete markets. A related issue is that of the strong assumptions required for the validity of the unitary household representation. Relaxing these assumptions leads us to models that apply bargaining theory to intrahouse allocation, and to the ‘efficient household’ model.
Poverty Alleviation: Efficiency and Equity Issues
Authors: Bardhan Pranab , Udry Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFocuses on the equity‐efficiency trade‐off that is central to the analysis of poverty, looking in particular at cases in which a consideration of aspects such as information, externalities, and transaction costs reveals the trade‐off to be false or exaggerated. A brief note on the measurement of poverty is followed by a discussion on the trickle‐down effect of growth and on the linkage between redistribution and growth. Next, asset redistribution policies such as land reforms with tax‐transfer policies in terms of efficiency are compared, and a model with private information where a lump‐sum transfer is shown to be superior to a credit –subsidy is presented. Then, the targeting and cost‐effectiveness of government transfer programmes are discussed, with the focus on programmes that work through self‐selection and on the externalities involved in group‐ or area‐specific targeting. Finally, governance structure and role of decentralization through local self‐governing institutions in improving policy effectiveness are considered.
Democracy and the Environment: A Radical Theory of Participation
Authors: de‐Shalit Avner 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWhat sort of democracy is more likely to sustain environment‐friendly policies? Unlike a number of recent works that have praised representative democracy as the optimal form of democracy for the environment, it is argued that the more deliberative and participatory the democracy the more environment friendly it will be. It is shown that many environmental activists support such conclusions.
US Democracy Promotion: Realist Reflections
Authors: Schweller Randall L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Offers an appraisal of the democratic peace theory from the perspective of both classical and structural realism. It argues that while democracy can ameliorate some of the causes of war cited by realists, it cannot entirely eliminate them, and that the validity of the democratic peace proposition seems to depend on democracies being prosperous, satisfied, and developed states.
National Security Liberalism and American Foreign Policy
Authors: Smith Tony 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the concept of ‘national security liberalism’, i.e. the idea that promoting democracy abroad is not only morally correct but is also in the self‐interest of US. It examines the role played by liberalism in American foreign policy throughout history, both as an expression of America's values and as a means to achieve pragmatic ends. In the last section, it underlines the limits of democracy promotion as an American foreign policy tool.
America's Liberal Grand Strategy: Democracy and National Security in the Post‐War Era
Authors: Ikenberry G. John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Analyses democracy promotion as part of America's ‘liberal grand strategy’, i.e. the notion that the US is better able to pursue its interests, reduce security threats, and foster a stable political order when other states are democracies. It provides answers to the following questions: What are the elements of the liberal grand strategy? Why has it been so persistent? Which groups support it within the foreign policy community? How significant is the liberal democratic orientation in current American foreign policy?
Promotion of Democracy as Popular Demand?
Authors: Holsti Ole R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Discusses the impact of public opinion upon American democracy promotion after the Cold War. It seeks to answer the following questions: How strong is public support for promoting democracy abroad? To what extent do the views of the general public diverge from those of opinion leaders? How has the end of the Cold War affected support for democracy promotion? Has this goal served to bridge the partisan and ideological gap over foreign policy issues within the US political class?
Taking Stock of Democracy Assistance
Authors: Carothers Thomas 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Democracy assistance is one of the most important policy tools available to the US for the promotion of democracy and it is an increasingly significant component of American foreign aid. This chapter traces the rise of US democracy aid since the 1960s and outlines the basic types, sources, and forms of such aid. It analyses the strengths and problems derived from the specific models of democracy and democratization that underlie US democracy programmes and concludes that rarely these programmes can produce decisive effects.
Promoting Capitalist Polyarchy: The Case of Latin America
Authors: Robinson William 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Argues that the shift in the US policy from supporting authoritarianism to promoting polyarchy in much of the Third World corresponds to the emergence of a global capitalist economy and is meant to ‘make the world safe for capital’. Authoritarianism is seen as an increasingly ineffective mechanism of social control and is replaced by polyarchic regimes that do not pursue any fundamental class redistribution of political and economic power. The author examines some instances of US polyarchy promotion in Latin America.
American Power, Neo‐liberal Economic Globalization, and Low‐Intensity Democracy: An Unstable Trinity
Authors: Gills Barry K. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Argues that the US promotes a ‘low‐intensity democracy’, i.e. a formal electoral democracy that is not conducive to real economic progress for the majority, and is designed to facilitate the expansion of the neoliberal economic globalization. The paradox is that while neoliberal globalization weakens labour and other dissenting social forces, it also stimulates the mobilization of these social forces into active resistance. This can ultimately destabilize the global and national orders.