bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causal effects of point-of-sale cigarette promotions and subjective social status on cigarette craving: a randomised within-person experiment
Authors: Andrews Mary , Cooper Nicole , Mattan Bradley D , Carreras-Tartak José , Paul Alexandra M , Strasser Andrew A , Henriksen Lisa , Falk Emily B 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundCigarette smoking continues to be a leading cause of preventable deaths in the USA, in part because the USA has not adopted the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. One way the tobacco industry counteracts tobacco control policies is by heavily advertising cigarettes at the point of sale in retailers (eg, at the cash register) and by offering discounts on cigarettes.DesignA within-subject experimental design with adults who smoke cigarettes daily (n=281) investigated whether: (1) exposure to images of cigarette promotions in an online experiment is associated with greater cigarette craving relative to viewing images of non-smoking cues, and (2) if exposure to images of point-of-sale cigarette promotions with a discount (vs without) increases cigarette craving. The study also examined how participants’ subjective social status (compared with others in the USA) relates to cigarette craving after exposure to images of cigarette promotions with and without a discount.ResultsIn an online experiment, exposure to images of smoking cues, including point-of-sale cigarette promotions, elicited greater craving relative to non-smoking cues (all p<0.001). In addition, images of promotions with a discount elicited higher levels of craving compared with those without a discount (b=0.09, p=0.001). Although participants with a higher (vs lower) subjective social status craved cigarettes less overall (b=−0.12, p=0.012), there was no difference in their craving between images of promotions with and without a discount, while craving was higher for images of promotions with a discount than without for participants with higher subjective social status (b=0.06, p=0.021).ConclusionViewing images of point-of-sale cigarette promotions can causally increase cravings to smoke, which may also apply to real-world retail settings that display cigarette promotions. Restricting point-of-sale promotions generally, and discounts specifically, could help reduce cigarette smoking and address tobacco use disparities in the USA.
Identifying the Most Significant Features for Stress Prediction of Automobile Drivers: A Comprehensive Study
Authors: Al-Nashashibi May Y. , El-Khalili Nuha , Hadi Wa’el , Al-Banna Abedal-Kareem , Issa Ghassan 
Published: November 2023

Objective: This paper used three feature selection methods on a Jordanian automobile drivers’ dataset to identify the most significant features for stress prediction algorithm performance. The dataset contains “stress” and “no-stress” classes with 30 features, categorised into physiological and contextual subsets. Methods: Eighteen classifiers from six prediction algorithm categories were evaluated: Rule-based, Tree-based, Ensemble-based, Function-based, Naïve Bayes-based and Lazy-based. Three Feature Subset Selection (FSS) methods were used: Gain Ratio, Chi-square and feature separation. Eight evaluation measures included [Formula: see text]1, Accuracy, Specificity, Sensitivity, Kappa Statistics, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Area Under Curve (AUC) and Precision Recall Curve Area (PRCA). Results: Among the classifiers, Lazy-based LocalKNN performed significantly well in [Formula: see text]1, Accuracy, Kappa and MAE. Naïve Bayes-based Bayesian Network excelled in other measures. The original dataset with all features yielded the best overall performance, followed by the physiological-only subset. Gain Ratio and Chi-square FSS methods also showed promising results, though not significant. Conclusion: Four physiological (EMG, EMG Amplitude, Heart rate, Respiration Amplitude) and seven contextual (time range of driving, gender, age, driving skills, general accidents, last year’s accidents, stress frequency) features contributed to the best prediction outcomes. The study highlights the importance of proper feature selection and identifies optimal algorithms for specific measures.
Innate Immune System Regulated by Stimulator of Interferon Genes, a Cytosolic DNA Sensor, Regulates Endothelial Function
Authors: Pham Phuong Tran , Bavuu Oyunbileg , Kim‐Kaneyama Joo‐Ri , Lei Xiao‐Feng , Yamamoto Takayuki , Otsuka Kenichiro , Suto Kumiko , Kusunose Kenya , Yagi Shusuke , Yamada Hirotsugu , Soeki Takeshi , Shimabukuro Michio , Barber Glen N. , Sata Masataka , Fukuda Daiju 
Published: November 2023

Background
Sterile inflammation caused by metabolic disorders impairs endothelial function; however, the underlying mechanism by which hyperglycemia induces inflammation remains obscure. Recent studies have suggested that stimulator of interferon genes (STING), a key cytosolic DNA sensor in the innate immune system, contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. This study examines the role of the STING in endothelial dysfunction in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic mice.

Methods and Results

Injection of streptozotocin promoted the expression of STING and DNA damage markers in the aorta of wild‐type mice. Streptozotocin elevated blood glucose and lipid levels in both wild‐type and STING‐deficient mice, which showed no statistical differences. Genetic deletion of STING ameliorated endothelial dysfunction as determined by the vascular relaxation in response to acetylcholine (
P
<0.001) and increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation in the aorta (
P
<0.05) in STZ‐injected mice. Endothelium‐independent vascular response to sodium nitroprusside did not differ. Treatment with a direct STING agonist, cyclic GMP‐AMP, or mitochondrial DNA increased inflammatory molecule expression (eg,
VCAM1
and
IFNB
) and decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, partially through the STING pathway. Cyclic GMP‐AMP significantly impaired endothelial function of aortic segments obtained from wild‐type mice, which was ameliorated in the presence of C‐176, a STING inhibitor, or a neutralizing interferon‐β antibody. Furthermore, the administration of C‐176 ameliorated endothelial dysfunction in STZ‐induced diabetic mice (
P
<0.01).

Conclusions
The DNA damage response regulated by STING impairs endothelial function. STING signaling may be a potential therapeutic target of endothelial dysfunction caused by hyperglycemia.
Pattern and Prognostic Impact of Regional Wall Motion Abnormalities in 255 697 Men and 236 641 Women Investigated with Echocardiography
Authors: Playford David , Stewart Simon , Harris Sarah Ann , Chan Yih‐Kai , Strange Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Background
Regional wall motion abnormalities (WMAs) after myocardial infarction are associated with adverse remodeling and increased mortality in the short to medium term. Their long‐term prognostic impact is less well understood.

Methods and Results
Via the National Echo Database of Australia (2000–2019), we identified normal wall motion versus WMA for each left ventricular wall among 492 338 individuals aged 61.9±17.9 years. The wall motion score index was also calculated. We then examined actual 1‐ and 5‐year mortality, plus adjusted risk of long‐term mortality according to WMA status. Overall, 39 346/255 697 men (15.4%) and 17 834/236 641 women (7.5%) had a WMA. The likelihood of a WMA was associated with increasing age and greater systolic/diastolic dysfunction. A defect in the inferior versus anterior wall was the most and least common WMA in men (8.0% and 2.5%) and women (3.3% and 1.1%), respectively. Any WMA increased 5‐year mortality from 17.5% to 29.7% in men and from 14.9% to 30.8% in women. Known myocardial infarction (hazard ratio [HR], 0.86 [95% CI, 0.80–0.93]) or revascularization (HR, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.82–0.92]) was independently associated with a better prognosis, whereas men (1.22‐fold increase) and those with greater systolic/diastolic dysfunction had a worse prognosis. Among those with any WMA, apical (HR, 1.08 [95% CI, 1.02–1.13]) or inferior (HR, 1.09 [95% CI, 1.04–1.15]) akinesis, dyskinesis or aneurysm, or a wall motion score index >3.0 conveyed the worst prognosis.

Conclusions
In a large real‐world clinical cohort, twice as many men as women have a WMA, with inferior WMA the most common. Any WMA confers a poor prognosis, especially inferoapical akinesis/dyskinesis/aneurysm.
Association Between Self‐Rated Medication Adherence and Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Hypertension
Authors: Ibrahim Shirin , Nurmohamed Nick S. , Collard Didier , de Weger Anouk , Hovingh G. Kees , van den Born Bert‐Jan H. , Reeskamp Laurens F. , Stroes Erik S. G. , Brouwer Tom F. 
Published: November 2023

Background
Medication nonadherence contributes to poor health outcomes but remains challenging to identify. This study assessed the association between self‐rated adherence and systolic blood pressure, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, cardiovascular events, and all‐cause mortality in SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial).

Methods and Results
A total of 9361 patients randomized to 2 systolic blood pressure target groups, <120 mm Hg (intensive) and <140 mm Hg (standard), self‐rated their medication adherence at each visit by marking a scale, ranging from 0% to 100%. Lower and high adherence were defined as scores ≤80% and >80%, respectively. Linear mixed effect regression models and Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the association between self‐rated adherence and systolic blood pressure and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular events and all‐cause mortality, respectively. A total of 9278 participants (mean age 68±9.4 years, 35.6% female) had repeated self‐rated adherence measurements available, with a mean of 15±4 measurements per participant over 3.8 years follow‐up. Of these, 2694 participants (29.0%) had ≥1 adherence measurements ≤80%. Compared with high‐adherent patients, patients with lower adherence had significantly higher estimated on‐treatment systolic blood pressure at 2‐year follow‐up: 128.7 (95% CI, 127.6–129.9) versus 120.0 (95% CI, 119.7–120.2) mm Hg in the intensive arm; and 139.8 (95% CI 138.4–141.1) versus 135.0 (95% CI 134.7–135.2) in the standard arm. Moreover, lower adherence was associated with an estimated 11 mg/dL higher low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol level, more cardiovascular events (hazard ratio [HR], 1.69 [95% CI, 1.20–2.39]), and higher all‐cause mortality (HR, 1.63 [95% CI, 1.16–2.31]).

Conclusions
Self‐rated adherence allows identification of lower medication adherence and correlates with blood pressure control, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and adverse outcomes.
Shifting incubation rhythms in response to predation risk and the length of the response in mountain bluebirds
Authors: Tkaczyk Simon P. , Chivers Douglas P. , Wiebe Karen L. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parent birds may alter incubation rhythms in response to predation risk but few studies have examined the recovery time immediately after exposure to a predator. Here, we examined incubation rhythms in mountain bluebirds (Sialia currucoides) in response to a simulated nest predator, a taxidermy-mounted squirrel. We used data loggers (iButtons) to measure the recess (off-bout) length, recess rate, and constancy of incubation and found no relationship between incubation rhythms and female age, body size and aggressiveness. Incubating females reacted to the predator by reducing nest visitation rates and increasing recess length but did not change incubation constancy. Instead, constancy was negatively associated with ambient temperature. Changes in incubation behaviour lasted about 48 h before returning to pre-exposure patterns. Our results suggest that modifying incubation rhythms is costly for female birds and the demand to regulate egg temperature efficiently limits the length of behavioural responses to the threat of nest predation.
Hold Fast the Reins and Be Guided: Embodied Expressions of Taqwā in Prophetic Hadith and Orations of ʿ⁠⁠Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib
Authors: Atwell Erin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay examines the interplay of form and content in early Islamic expressions of taqwā (translated variously as piety, or fear or consciousness of God), with a primary focus on prophetic hadith and the orations of ʿ⁠Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib. Through this analysis, two major observations can be made. First, expressions of taqwā in these sources are indelibly corporeal, articulated through forms of bodily intimacy, whether between rider and mount, or as the cure for bodily sickness. Second, attention to both form and content and their interstices elucidates a picture of taqwā that expands our notion of embodiment to encompass the realm of the internal. Taqwā involves techniques of the limbs, tongue, eyes, and ears as well as techniques of the heart. To demonstrate this, I explore both the ways that believers are enjoined to seek taqwā as well as how taqwā is articulated as enacting transformations in/on those believers.
Impacts of Multiscale Components of Initial Perturbations on Error Growth Characteristics and Ensemble Forecasting Skill
Authors: Wang Jingzhuo , Chen Jing , Zhang Hanbin , Ma Ruoyun , Chen Fajing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To compare the roles of two kinds of initial perturbations in a convection-permitting ensemble prediction system (CPEPS) and reveal the effects of the differences in large-scale/small-scale perturbation components on the CPEPS, three initial perturbation schemes are introduced, including a dynamical downscaling (DOWN) scheme originating from a coarse-resolution model, a multiscale ensemble transform Kalman filter (ETKF) scheme, and a filtered ETKF (ETKF_LARGE) scheme. First, the comparisons between the DOWN and ETKF schemes reveal that they behave differently in many ways. Specifically, the ensemble spread and forecast error for precipitation in the DOWN scheme are larger than those in the ETKF; the probabilistic forecasting skill for precipitation in the DOWN scheme is better than that in the ETKF at small neighborhood radii, whereas the advantages of the ETKF begin to appear as the neighborhood radius increases; DOWN possesses better spread–skill relationships than ETKF and has comparable probabilistic forecasting skills for nonprecipitation. Second, the comparisons between DOWN and ETKF_LARGE indicate that the differences in the large-scale initial perturbation components are key to the differences between DOWN and ETKF. Third, the comparisons between ETKF and ETKF_LARGE demonstrate that the small-scale initial perturbations are important since they can increase the precipitation spread in the early times and decrease the forecast errors while simultaneously improving the probabilistic forecasting skill for precipitation. Given the advantages of the DOWN and ETKF schemes and the importance of both large-scale and small-scale initial perturbations, multiscale initial perturbations should be constructed in future research.
Diagnosing the Quasi-Equilibrium Response of ENSO Variability under a Range of CO2 Levels
Authors: Zhu Mengke , Ren Hong-Li , Hu Zizhan , Wright Jonathon S. , Xu Shiming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several recent studies have highlighted differences in simulated properties of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) under transient and equilibrium responses to increasing CO2. However, the reasons behind these disparate responses and the extent to which they are robust to different scales of CO2 forcing remain unclear. In this study, we adopt a climate system model with reduced SST bias in the eastern tropical Pacific and incrementally apply abrupt increases in CO2, analyzing outputs after each simulation reaches quasi-equilibrium with the imposed forcing. The results suggest that ENSO activity under quasi-equilibrium first increases and then decreases with increasing CO2, peaking in simulations with CO2 concentrations similar to the present day. Bjerknes–Jin stability analysis indicates that changes in the ENSO growth rate result primarily from changes in the thermocline feedback and thermodynamic damping terms. While thermodynamic damping increases monotonically with increasing CO2, the positive thermocline feedback varies within the range of internal variability up to twice the preindustrial value of CO2 and then weakens sharply with further increases. The mechanisms behind these changes include weaker mean ocean upwelling and weaker dynamical coupling between the atmosphere and subsurface ocean associated with substantial near-surface freshening at higher levels of CO2. These changes steepen the thermodynamic barrier to mixing between the surface and subsurface, weakening the east–west temperature gradient in the mean state and suppressing variability in the cold tongue. Analysis of similar model simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) archive indicates that changes in the Bjerknes–Jin stability index are robust but do not establish a consensus as to the mechanisms behind them.

Significance Statement
This study investigates how El Niño–Southern Oscillation changes with increasing CO2 forcing by using a global model with improved tropical Pacific climate. The simulations roughly correspond to scenarios in which emissions are reduced to maintain CO2 concentrations at near-constant values over a long period, with levels ranging from about 2/3 to more than 5 times the present-day concentration. Analysis of these simulations suggests that ENSO activity is strongest when CO2 concentrations are similar to the present-day and becomes substantially weaker when CO2 is more than double its present-day value. Reduced ENSO activity with further increases in CO2 is caused by weaker interactions between the atmosphere and the subsurface ocean. Both the amplitude of warm (El Niño) events and the occurrence frequency of warm and cold (La Niña) events decrease as ENSO events become first more difficult to grow and then more difficult to trigger with increasing CO2.
Revisiting the Relationship between the North Pacific High and Upwelling Winds along the West Coast of North America in the Present and Future Climate
Authors: Ding Hui , Alexander Michael A. , Ting Mingfang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The wind-driven circulation is an important driver of upwelling in the California Current System, a key factor in maintaining a productive ecosystem. In summer, the North Pacific high (NPH) dominates the atmospheric circulation, including the nearshore winds. The impact of the NPH on the surface winds along the North American west coast during summer is examined using the ECMWF Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) and the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1) large ensemble of simulations. The strength, latitude, and longitude of the sea level pressure (SLP) and subsidence at 500 hPa are used to assess the NPH and its variability. While both the surface high pressure cell and subsidence are related to the interannual variability of the surface winds over the North Pacific, the strength of subsidence has a much larger effect on the coastal winds than the variability in SLP. Based on the mean of the 40 CESM simulations, future changes in upwelling also more strongly coincide with changes in subsidence than in SLP. Subsidence and southward upwelling-favorable winds increase off the Canadian coast, with the reverse occurring off the U.S. West Coast, by the end of the twenty-first century. In particular, the intermember correlation between the changes in the nearshore surface winds and the 500-hPa pressure vertical velocity reaches 0.75 and 0.87 in the southern and northern portions of the northeast Pacific, respectively. The effect of the subsidence on upwelling winds in the future is confirmed by the CESM2 large ensemble.
Improved Acoustic Tracking of RAFOS-Enabled Profiling Floats through the New Software Package artoa4argo
Authors: Hancock Cathrine , Boebel Olaf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In sea ice–covered polar oceans, profiling Argo floats are often unable to surface for 9 months or longer, rendering acoustic RAFOS tracking the only method to obtain unambiguous under-ice positions. Tracking RAFOS-enabled floats has historically relied on the ARTOA3 software, which had originally been tailored toward nonprofiling floats in regions featuring the sound fixing and ranging (SOFAR) channel with acoustic ranges of approximately 1000 km. However, in sea ice–covered regions, RAFOS tracking is challenged due to (i) reduced acoustic ranges of RAFOS signals, and (ii) enhanced uncertainties in float and sound source clock offsets. A new software, built on methodologies of previous ARTOA versions, called artoa4argo, has been created to overcome these issues by exploiting additional float satellite fixes, resolving ambiguous float positions when tracking with only two sources and systematically resolving float and sound source clock offsets. To gauge the performance of artoa4argo, 21 RAFOS-enabled profiling floats deployed in the Weddell Sea during 2008–12 were tracked. These have previously been tracked in independent studies with a Kalman smoother and a multiconstraint method. The artoa4argo improves tracking by automating and streamlining methods. Although artoa4argo does not necessarily produce positions for every time step, which the Kalman smoother and multiconstraint methods do, whenever a track location is available, it outperforms both methods.

Significance Statement
Argo is an international program that collects oceanic data using floats that drift with ocean currents and sample the water column from 2000-m depth to the surface every 7–10 days. Upon surfacing, the float acquires a satellite position and transmits its data via satellite. In polar regions, with extensive seasonal sea ice coverage, floats are unable to surface for many months. Thus, any under-ice samples collected are missing positions, hampering their use in scientific endeavors. Since monitoring of polar regions is imperative to better understand and predict the effects of climate change, hydroacoustic tracking is employed there. Here a new acoustic tracking software, artoa4argo, is introduced, which improves tracking of these floats.