bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Near‐infrared spectroscopy can detect brain activity during a color–word matching Stroop task in an event‐related design
Authors: Schroeter Matthias L. , Zysset Stefan , Kupka Thomas , Kruggel Frithjof , von Cramon D. Yves 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBrain activity can be monitored non‐invasively by near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), which has several advantages in comparison with other imaging methods, such as flexibility, portability, low cost and biochemical specificity. Moreover, patients and children can be repetitively examined. Therefore, the objective of the study was to test the feasibility of NIRS for the event‐related approach in functional brain activation studies with cognitive paradigms. Thus, changes in the concentration of oxy‐, deoxy‐, and total hemoglobin were measured by NIRS in 14 healthy subjects while performing a color–word matching Stroop task in an event‐related design. The hemodynamic response (increase in the concentration of oxy‐/total hemoglobin and decrease in the concentration of deoxy‐hemoglobin) was stronger during incongruent compared to congruent and neutral trials of the Stroop task in the lateral prefrontal cortex bilaterally. This stronger hemodynamic response was interpreted as a stronger brain activation during incongruent trials of the Stroop task, due to interference. A new method for NIRS data evaluation that enables the analysis of the hemodynamic response to each single trial is introduced. Each hemodynamic response was characterized by the parameters gain, lag and dispersion of a Gaussian function fitted by nonlinear regression. Specific differences between the incongruent and neutral condition were found for gain and lag. Further, these parameters were correlated with the behavioral performance. In conclusion, brain activity may be studied by NIRS using cognitive stimuli in an event‐related design. Hum. Brain Mapping 17:61–71, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new explanation for the difference between time trade‐off utilities and standard gamble utilities
Authors: Bleichrodt Han 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper gives a new explanation for the systematic disparity between standard gamble (SG) utilities and time trade‐off (TTO) utilities. The common explanation, which is based on expected utility, is that the disparity is caused by curvature of the utility function for duration. This explanation is, however, incomplete. People violate expected utility and these violations lead to biases in SG and TTO utilities. The paper analyzes the impact on SG and TTO utilities of three main reasons why people violate expected utility: probability weighting, loss aversion, and scale compatibility. In the SG, the combined effect of utility curvature, probability weighting, loss aversion, and scale compatibility is an upward bias. In the TTO these factors lead both to upward and to downward biases. This analysis can also explain the tentative empirical finding that the TTO better describes people's preferences for health than the SG. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using stated preference discrete choice modelling to evaluate the introduction of varicella vaccination
Authors: Hall Jane , Kenny Patricia , King Madeleine , Louviere Jordan , Viney Rosalie , Yeoh Angela 
Published: October 2002

AbstractApplications of stated preference discrete choice modelling (SPDCM) in health economics have been used to estimate consumer willingness to pay and to broaden the range of consequences considered in economic evaluation. This paper demonstrates how SPDCM can be used to predict participation rates, using the case of varicella (chickenpox) vaccination. Varicella vaccination may be cost effective compared to other public health programs, but this conclusion is sensitive to the proportion of the target population immunised. A choice experiment was conducted on a sample of Australian parents to predict uptake across a range of hypothetical programs. Immunisation rates would be increased by providing immunisation at no cost, by requiring it for school entry, by increasing immunisation rates in the community and decreasing the incidence of mild and severe side effects. There were two significant interactions; price modified the effect of both support from authorities and severe side effects. Country of birth was the only significant demographic characteristic. Depending on aspects of the immunisation program, the immunisation rates of children with Australian‐born parents varied from 9% to 99% while for the children with parents born outside Australia they varied from 40% to 99%. This demonstrates how SPDCM can be used to understand the levels of attributes that will induce a change in the decision to immunise, the modification of the effect of one attribute by another, and subgroups in the population. Such insights can contribute to the optimal design and targeting of health programs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of age on clinical care pathway length of stay after complex head and neck resection
Authors: Kagan Sarah H. , Chalian Ara A. , Goldberg Andrew N. , Rontal Matthew L. , Weinstein Gregory S. , Prior Barbara , Wolf Patricia F. , Weber Randal S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveThis article investigates the effect of patient age on postoperative pathway length of stay (LOS) for head and neck surgery. Aggregate clinical results for 43 patients, enrolled in the CCP from June 1996–July 1997, are described. Patient age, comorbid status, and postoperative complications are analyzed with respect to impact on LOS.SettingTertiary level academic medical center with an operative otorhinolaryngology volume of approximately 1200 cases per year.PatientsForty‐three patients undergoing head and neck resection with primary closure, local flap, or free flap closure were enrolled on CCP from June 1996–July 1997. Length of stay, frequency of selected aggregated comorbidities, and frequencies of complications are analyzed with nonparametric statistics. A pre‐pathway group of 87 consecutive patients is used for comparison.Main Outcome MeasuresLength of stay and age.ResultsMedian actual LOS post‐pathway for the patients enrolled in the first year of the pathway was 8 days. This met the CCP target and improved on pre‐pathway LOS by 5 days (p < .001). The average LOS increased 25% from 8 days to 10 days for patients older than 65 years of age (p = .036, Mann–Whitney U test). Presence of a comorbidity and a complication concomitantly was statistically associated with increased LOS though not with advancing age (p = .003).ConclusionsThe CCP‐reported performance improvement achieved by this pathway suggests improved resource use, and improved patient outcomes are achieved for postoperative care of head and neck surgery patients. Our experience suggests that advancing age creates a clinically significant increase in resource use represented by our finding of increasing LOS. This finding warrants further investigation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 545–548, 2002
The sarcomatous guise of cervical ectopic hamartomatous thymoma
Authors: Marschall Jeff , Kanthan Rani 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundEctopic hamartomatous thymoma is a rare benign neoplasm occurring in the deep soft tissues adjacent to the sternoclavicular joint. Although clinical presentation and diagnostic imaging can be consistent with a malignant lesion such as a sarcoma, recognition of pathologic features can readily exclude such a diagnosis. However, this remains a challenge caused by their unusual histologic features and diverse composition. Recognition of this tumor is, however, important, because it follows a benign clinical course, and conservative surgical excision is the therapy of choice.MethodsA literature review of all reports of ectopic hamartomatous thymoma was undertaken and compared with our indexed case.ResultsFrom this review, we identified 26 previous reports. Most patients were men, with a 4.5:1 predominance. There was a wide range of ages at presentation, from 26 to 79 years. All tumors were located in the lower neck, with the exception of one arising presternally. Treatment predominantly consisted of tumor resection, with no reported recurrences on follow‐up.ConclusionsWe conclude that ectopic hamartomatous thymoma is an extremely rare neoplasm usually presenting in the lower neck. Correct identification of this tumor is important, because it follows a benign course, and surgical excision is adequate therapy. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 800–804, 2002
Multisource assessment programs in organizations: An insider's perspective
Authors: Brutus Stéphane , Derayeh Mehrdad 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study is an overview of multisource assessment (MSA) practices in organizations. As a performance
evaluation process, MSA can take various forms and can be complex for an organization to use. Although the
literature on MSA is extensive, little information exists on how these programs are perceived by the individuals
responsible for their implementation and maintenance. The purpose of this study was twofold: to describe the current
MSA practices used in organizations and to assess the issues associated with implementation and management of these
practices from the perspective of the individual responsible for managing an MSA program. One hundred one companies
located in Canada were surveyed for the study; almost half of these organizations (43 percent) were
using MSA. Interviews of managers responsible for MSA in various organizations and some archival data on these
organizations were the main source of data for the study. The study revealed that the use of MSA differs widely from
one company to another. In addition, results show that, once implemented, MSA requires a number of adjustments. The
source of these adjustments centered on employee resistance, lack of strategic purpose for MSA, poor design of the
instrument, and problems with the technology used to support MSA. These results are discussed and a proposed
research agenda is outlined.
Cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype does not predict SSRI (fluoxetine or paroxetine) induced hyponatraemia
Authors: Stedman Catherine A. M. , Begg Evan J. , Kennedy Martin A. , Roberts Rebecca , Wilkinson Timothy J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAimsThe aims of this study were to determine if patients with SSRI‐related hyponatraemia were (1) genetically poor metabolizers of CYP2D6, and/or (2) had excessive plasma concentrations of the SSRI antidepressant.MethodsPlasma DNA from 20 people with hyponatraemia attributable to fluoxetine or paroxetine was analysed for the CYP2D6 alleles *1–*16. Trough plasma concentrations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine, or paroxetine were assayed in nine people who remained on the antidepressant.ResultsGenotype results were compared with those published in a large population study. The poor metabolizer PM/PM genotype was present in one subject only, or 5% of the study population, compared with 7.2% of a general population. The 95% Cl of this result was 0–21%, suggesting that it is most unlikely that hyponatremia is related to the PM/PM genotype. The intermediate IM/PM genotype was present in 5% compared with 19.7% of a general population. All differences were not statistically significant. Antidepressant concentrations of fluoxetine (n = 5, all EM) and paroxetine (n = 1 IM/PM and n = 3 EM) were all within the lower half of the reference range.ConclusionsThese results do not support the hypothesis that SSRI‐related hyponatraemia is linked to genetically poor metabolizers, or excessive drug concentrations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Operational snowmelt runoff forecasting in the Spanish Pyrenees using the snowmelt runoff model
Authors: Gómez‐Landesa E. , Rango A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe snowmelt runoff model (SRM) is used to simulate and forecast the daily discharge of several basins of the Spanish Pyrenees. We describe a method for snow mapping using NOAA–AVHRR data and a procedure to estimate retrospectively the accumulated snow water equivalent volume with the SRM. A linear combination of NOAA channels 1 and 2 is used to obtain a snow cover image in which the product is the percentage of the snow‐covered area in each pixel. Real‐time snowmelt forecasts are generated with the SRM using area snow cover as an input variable. Even in basins with a total absence of historical discharge and meteorological data, the SRM provides an estimation of the daily snowmelt discharge. By integrating the forecasted streamflow over the recession streamflow, snowmelt volume is obtained as a function of time. This function converges asymptotically to the net stored volume of water equivalent of the snowpack. Plotting this integral as a function of time, it is possible to estimate for each basin both the melted snow water equivalent (SWE) and the SWE remaining in storage at any point in the snowmelt season Spanish hydropower companies are using results from the SRM to improve water resource management. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extreme rainfall in a changing climate: regional analysis and hydrological implications in Tuscany
Authors: Crisci A. , Gozzini B. , Meneguzzo F. , Pagliara S. , Maracchi G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA comprehensive analysis of the extreme rainfalls in Tuscany, Italy, is carried out with the aim of understanding and quantifying the uncertainties connected with the estimation of the design storms, which is very important for a sound basin management at urban or larger scales. The historical extreme rainfall series of durations 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h collected at 81 rain gauges located at representative sites in Tuscany are computed to detect a possible trend by means of two tests: the Pearson linear correlation coefficient and the Mann–Kendall test. The generalized extreme value distribution is employed to compute design storms with a 30 years return period; hence a preliminary map of the most hazardous areas is built up. The design storms are then computed for several consecutive 20 year moving time windows (1 year step) to evaluate intrinsic (climatological) uncertainties in the series. A regionalization of the difference between the design storms calculated for different periods is performed. The hydrological consequences of this kind of climate variability are demonstrated to have a major impact on the design of hydraulic works in a basin. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implications of heterogeneous flood‐frequency distributions on traditional stream‐discharge prediction techniques
Authors: Alila Younes , Mtiraoui Ahmed 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTraditional flood‐frequency analysis involves the assumption of homogeneity of the flood distribution. However, floods are often generated by heterogeneous distributions composed of a mixture of two or more populations. Differences between the populations may be the result of a number of factors, including seasonal variations in the flood‐producing mechanisms, changes in weather patterns resulting from low‐frequency climate shifts and/or El Niño/La Nina oscillations, changes in channel routing owing to the dominance of within‐channel or floodplain flow, and basin variability resulting from changes in antecedent soil moisture. Not recognizing these physical processes in conventional flood‐frequency analysis probably is the main reason that many frequency distributions do not provide an acceptable fit to flood data. In this paper, we use long‐term hydroclimatic records from the Gila River basin of south‐east and central Arizona in the USA to explore the extent and significance of mixed populations. First, we discuss the probable causes of heterogeneity in the frequency distribution of annual flood and present evidence of its occurrence. Second, we investigate the implications of using various popular homogeneous distributions for predicting peak flows for basins that exhibit mixed population characteristics. Third, we demonstrate how alternative frequency models that explicitly account for floods generated by a mixture of two or more populations are both hydrologically and statistically more appropriate. We illustrate how the selection of the most plausible distribution for flood‐frequency analysis also should be based on hydrological reasoning as opposed to the sole application of the traditional statistical goodness‐of‐fit tests. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a conceptual model of hydrological change on an abandoned cutover bog, Quebec
Authors: Van Seters Tim E. , Price Jonathan S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCutover bogs do not return to functional peatland ecosystems after abandonment because re‐establishment of peat‐forming mosses is poor. This paper presents a conceptual model of bog disturbance caused by peat harvesting (1942–1972), and the hydrological evolution that occurred after abandonment (1973–1998). Two adjacent bogs of similar size and origin, one harvested and the other essentially undisturbed, provide the basis for understanding what changes occurred. The model is based on historical trends evident from previous surveys of land‐use, bog ecology and resource mapping; and from recent hydrological and ecological data that characterize the current condition. Water balance data and historical information suggest that runoff increased and evapotranspiration decreased following drainage, but tended towards pre‐disturbance levels following abandonment, as vegetation recolonized the surface and drainage became less efficient over time. Dewatering of soil pores after drainage caused shrinkage and oxidation of the peat and surface subsidence of approximately 80 cm over 57 years. Comparisons with a nearby natural bog suggest that bulk density in the upper 50 cm of cutover peat increased from 0·07 to 0·13 g cm−3, specific yield declined from 0·14 to 0·07, water table fluctuations were 67% greater, and mean saturated hydraulic conductivity declined from 4·1 × 10−5 to 1·3 × 10−5 cm s−1. More than 25 years after abandonment, Sphagnum mosses were distributed over broad areas but covered less than 15% of the surface. Areas with ‘good’ Sphagnum regeneration (>10% cover) were strongly correlated with high water tables (mean −22 cm), especially in zones of seasonal groundwater discharge, artefacts of the extraction history. Forest cover expanded from 5 to 20% of the study area following abandonment. The effect of forest growth (transpiration and interception) and drainage on lowering water levels eventually will be countered by slower water movement through the increasingly dense soil, and by natural ditch deterioration. However, without management intervention, full re‐establishment of natural hydrological functions will take a very long time. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel camptothecin derivative BNP1350 in experimental human ovarian cancer: Determination of efficacy and possible mechanisms of resistance
Authors: van Hattum Annemarie H. , Schlüper Hennie M.M. , Hausheer Frederick H. , Pinedo Herbert M. , Boven Epie 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe novel camptothecin derivative BNP1350 (7‐[2‐trimethylsilyl)ethyl]‐20(S)‐camptothecin), also known as Karenitecin, has been developed for superior oral bioavailability and increased lactone stability. In our study, we describe the antiproliferative effects of BNP1350, SN‐38 and topotecan in 4 human ovarian cancer cell lines. BNP1350 was found to be slightly more potent than SN‐38 (p<0.01) and was considerably more potent than topotecan (p<0.01). We extended these studies to well‐established human ovarian cancer xenografts in which we compared the growth inhibition induced by BNP1350 with that of topotecan given in equitoxic schedules. The growth inhibition in all 3 xenografts induced by BNP1350 was ≥75%, which was significantly better than that resulting from topotecan (p<0.05). We then selected BNP1350‐resistant variants of the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line, 2780K4 (resistance factor: 41) and 2780K32 (resistance factor: 90), to analyze possible resistance mechanisms. These variants exhibited cross‐resistance against all camptothecins tested. In comparison with 2780K4 cells, 2780K32 cells were relatively more resistant against SN‐38, topotecan, DX‐8951f and BNP1350. In addition, 2780K32 cells were highly cross‐resistant against mitoxantrone. In both 2780K4 and 2780K32, the amount of topoisomerase I was not changed but the catalytic activity was reduced. Furthermore, 2780K32 cells clearly overexpressed the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), as demonstrated for both the gene and the protein. In contrast to topotecan, BNP1350 proved not to be a good substrate for BCRP. Overall, we conclude that BNP1350 offers advantages over topotecan expressed by high efficacy in experimental human ovarian cancer and poor affinity for BCRP. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attributable risks for familial breast cancer by proband status and morphology: A nationwide epidemiologic study from Sweden
Authors: Hemminki Kari , Granström Charlotta , Czene Kamila 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPopulation attributable factions (PAFs) show the proportion of the disease that could be prevented if the cause could be removed. The PAF for familial breast cancer has not been precisely determined. We used the nationwide Swedish Family‐Cancer Database on 10.2 million individuals and 190,000 mothers' and 26,000 daughters' breast cancers to calculate familial standardized incidence ratios (SIRs), proportion of cases with a family history and familial PAFs for all invasive and in situ and morphology‐specific breast cancers in daughters who were 0–66 years old. The data were calculated by mother only, sister only or both as probands. More than 5,500 familial breast cancers were recorded. The familial SIRs for all invasive breast cancer were 1.79 by breast cancer in the mother only, 2.03 by breast cancer in a sister only and 2.82 by breast cancer in both a mother and sister. The familial PAFs were 3.61, 3.01 and 0.43%, respectively, giving a total PAF of 7.05%. Age‐specific risks were shown for the mother and sister history of breast cancer. The PAF values decreased by age when the daughter had a mother history of breast cancer but not when she had a sister history. PAFs did not depend on the morphologic type of breast cancer. The data show that the familial PAF of breast cancer among a 0–66‐year‐old population of daughters was 7% and independent of the morphologic type. If contribution from the paternal side was allowed for, the PAF would be 11%. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Single‐nucleotide polymorphism in the E‐cadherin gene promoter modifies the risk of prostate cancer
Authors: Verhage Bas A.J. , van Houwelingen Kjeld , Ruijter T. Emiel G. , Kiemeney Lambertus A. , Schalken Jack A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractE‐cadherin plays a major role in intercellular adhesion, cell polarity and tissue architecture. We determined the relative risk of PCa associated with a previously reported C/A SNP at −160 bp relative to the transcription‐start site of the E‐cadherin gene promoter. Eighty‐two PCa patients and 188 controls were genotyped. Genotype and allele frequencies differed significantly among cases and controls. A‐allele carriers had a higher relative risk of PCa (OR = 3.6, 95% CI 2.0–6.4) compared to C‐only carriers. AC and AA genotypes had an increased risk of PCa (OR = 3.8, 95% CI 2.1–6.8 and OR = 1.7, 95% CI 0.4–6.6, respectively) compared to CC genotypes. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.