bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What are the signs of menopause?
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At some point in a woman’s life she will experience bodily changes that herald the onset of the menopause. Hot flashes, sleeplessness, night sweats, and mood swings are the most familiar signs, but there are many other significant changes as a woman enters a new phase of life. This period of life is frequently called “perimenopause.” It is usually defined as the years leading up to menopause and includes up to one year after the final menses. The complaint that usually prompts the first perimenopausal visit to the doctor’s office is a change in the pattern of menstrual bleeding. Women expect this change and can tell when it is happening. Except for the pathological condition of premature menopause, I cannot recall an instance of a patient registering surprise when I confirmed that the symptoms that brought her to my office were the first signs of menopause. Many women are aware of subtle changes in body composition. They are particularly concerned about a tendency to gain weight because of fat deposition around the hips and abdomen. With just a glance in a full-length mirror, a perimenopausal woman is aware that her body shape is changing. The changes a woman feels at this time of life are the result of increasing deviations from the pattern of hormonal changes characteristic of the normal menstrual cycle. Diminishing ovarian function is the main reason for this alteration.
The first designer androgen for men
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Designer estrogen” has become a household term. Now, the first designer androgen is in the research pipeline and may soon be available for use in androgen supplementation therapy. The term “designer” applied to either an estrogen or an androgen is meant to convey the idea that the hormone is designed to maximize certain effects and minimize others. A designer estrogen or androgen is an engineered drug that possesses some, but not all, of the actions of the original hormone. Designer estrogens are also referred to as SERMs, which stands for “selective estrogen receptor modulators.” This terminology is based on their mechanism of action at target cells. A comparable term for a designer androgen would be a SARM, a selective androgen receptor modifier. They, too, appear to have an important future for replacement therapy. In this case the user population will be aging men. What the acronym SARM conveys is that the compound is able to select androgen receptors in some tissues and exert an androgenic or anabolic effect, while avoiding cell stimulation and proliferation at other locations. Early work based on this principle led to development of antiandrogens that interfere with the action of testosterone without imparting replacement androgenic activity themselves. Cyproterone acetate is an anti-androgen that competes with testosterone at the receptor sites of target cells that are programmed to respond to androgens.
Can men safely use AST?
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An accurate term to describe the hormonal changes of older men is “partial androgen deficiency.” Androgens stimulate male anatomical structures such as the prostate gland and also effect other masculine characteristics. These hormones also influence many general metabolic functions, including bone mineral density, maintenance of muscle cells, and the hemoglobin content of blood. Strictly speaking, androgens cannot be called “male hormones” because the ovaries and adrenal glands of women also produce them. There are several androgenic hormones produced by the body or that chemists can synthesize in the test tube, but the obvious androgen to use for male replacement therapy is testosterone, the principal hormone produced by the testis. The level of testosterone production decreases in men as they age. By the time a man reaches 70 years of age, his level of biologically active testosterone has fallen to half its level at age 20. Whether this is the defining cause of aging changes, however, remains controversial. Although studies of large numbers of men show that in the general population, free testosterone (the component of the circulating hormone that is biologically active) concentrations decline by up to 1% per year, some doctors believe that a falling testosterone level is a measure of ill health in aging men. This point of view suggests that the percentage of healthy older men who need testosterone therapy is low.
Historical Setting Of Heat And Mechanics
Authors: Mccormmach Russell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of heat is itself a Chapter in the history of natural philosophy and cannot be fully understood apart from it. Our detour through natural philosophy in part 1 has prepared us for the subject of part 2. Let us begin with a brief overview. Heat, as it was understood in the eighteenth century, belongs either to the sense of touch or to a distinct sense. In either case, the sensation of heat is relative: Loss of heat from our body to another body occasions our sensation of cold; gain of heat occasions warmth. We perceive no heat in bodies if they are at the same temperature as our own, although we still speak of the thermometer as reading “sensible heat.” Our sensations, “imperfect and deceitful measures of heat,” are too imprecise to rely on in science, and in their place we substitute the effects of heat, which can be reduced to the expansion of bodies with heat, the principle of the thermometer.
How do we acquire language?
Authors: Napoli Donna Jo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How did you and I learn to speak and understand language? This is a difficult question to approach because even though we’ve all done it, we can’t remember doing it. Acquiring language begins in the womb, and our accessible memories don’t go back that far.
Nevertheless, many of us might be willing to attempt an answer. After all, we acquired language, so we must know something about the process. But is this true? We metabolize sugar, but unless we’ve studied chemistry, we don’t know how it’s done. It happens naturally; the body does it on its own.
Neither Paid Nor Forced The Myth of the King’s Army
Authors: Restall Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Columbus returned on his second voyage to the Caribbean island that he had named Hispaniola, he was accompanied by a Spanish army. At least, this is the impression given by a dramatic scene in the 1992 movie 1492: Conquest of Paradise, in which Spanish soldiers line up on the beach in disciplined ranks, in uniforms and with standard-issue weapons, banners waving, awaiting a drum roll before marching forward.
The Indians Are Coming to an End
Authors: Restall Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in the seventeenth century, a descendent of the imperial dynasty of the Incas, don Felipe Huaman Poma de Ayala, wrote a book-length letter to the king of Spain, describing all that was wrong with the colony of Peru. His denunciations of the practices of corrupt colonial officials were particularly vivid, periodically punctuated by the declaration that the situation was beyond remedy and by an apparent prediction of native Andean extinction.1 An echo of Huaman Poma’s lament can be found in French historian Nathan Wachtel’s 1971 study of the Conquest of Peru, La vision des vaincus (The Vision The Indians Are Coming to an End 101 of the Vanquished).
Jonathan Low: Value Drivers for Intangibles
Authors: Chatzkel Jay L . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this conversation, Jonathan Low explores issues that form a perspective and a set of principles for operating in our intangible assets, knowledge based economy. His research has given him cutting-edge insights as well as a basis for assessing intangibles, which make up the bulk of wealth in the new economy. He discusses how decisions are based on nonfinancial information, the major recent changes in the world’s wealth, the nine factors of value and how they work in different types of organizations, and trends that will be shaping the next phase of our era.
Hubert saint-once: Creating and Implementing a Knowledge Strategy
Authors: Chatzkel Jay L . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this conversation, Hubert Saint-Onge delves into the perspectives, experiences, policies, and practices of one of the shapers of emerging knowledge-based enterprises. For more than a decade, Saint-Onge has been refining a model known as the Knowledge Assets Framework for the strategic integration of business plans with people management systems, using technology architecture and organizational infrastructure. Saint-Onge was formerly senior vice president for strategic capabilities at Clarica Life Insurance Company.
Clarica is a Canadian-based financial services firm offering a wide range of life and health insurance, saving and retirement products, and other financial services. One of the key elements of Saint-Onge’s man date at Clarica was to facilitate the leveraging of the firm’s business through the systematic application of knowledge management and learning organization principles.
Defending Against Rivals As A Dominant Firm: The Role Of Deterrent Actions
Authors: Grimm Curtis M , Lee Hun , Smith Ken G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For almost 100 years, American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT & T) had a monopoly in providing long-distance telephone services. In the late r96os, the long-distance market was opened to competition, and AT & T responded aggressively to new competitors such as MCI by sharply lowering prices. Despite the subsequent divestiture of its local Bell System companies in 1984 and the deregulation of the industry in 1996, which allowed long-distance and local telephone companies to compete in each other’s markets, AT & T has been able to maintain its leadership in the long-distance market, holding steady with market share of about 35 percent in 2003. Its closest rival, MCI, has less than 20 percent of the market.1 General Motors has dominated its industry since r93r, when it moved past Ford Motor Company to become the number I U.S. automobile maker. Between 1976 and 1983, GM products accounted for nearly 60 percent of domestic auto production; over that period, GM engaged in aggressive product proliferation, fully occupying the available product space to discourage entry, and established a ubiquitous, exclusive distribution network that constituted a considerable entry barrier.
Strategy As Action: Integration and Evolution of Resource Positions
Authors: Grimm Curtis M , Lee Hun , Smith Ken G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our starting point was the notion that today’s business environment has become dramatically more competitive and will become even more so in the future. Chapter 2 contained a review of the prominent economic approaches to understanding competition and competitive advantage, and chapters 3 and 4 presented frameworks to understanding a firm’s relative market and resource position. Chapter 5 introduced the action model of advantage, which extends the action-based approach and integrates elements of a firm’s relative market and resource positions. At its core, the model posits that relative internal and external resources determine actions and reactions, which in turn determine competitive advantage. Figure 11.1, the action model of advantage, highlights those relationships. Firm resources are defined as all information, knowledge, capabilities, organizational processes, and tangible assets controlled by a firm that enable the firm to undertake competitive action. Resources are heterogeneous across firms, and a key determinant of a firm’s actions is its comparative resource position in relation to that of rivals at a given point in time. Competitive actions and reactions are the crux of the model. A competitive action is a specific and observable competitive move, such as a new product introduction, advertising campaign, or price cut, initiated by a firm to build, exploit, or defend its relative competitive position. Reactions are rivals’ responses to such actions, which can be fast or slow and imitative or nonimitative.
Are You My Type?: Blood Groups, Individuality, and Difference
Authors: Lederer Susan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the great achievements in understanding blood and advancing transfusion in the twentieth century was the discovery of difference. As historian Pauline Mazumdar has noted in her elegant reconstruction of the early twentieth-century science of serology, “species and specificity are the concepts that lie at the heart of the modern science of immunology.” Earlier experiences with transfusion had already suggested that blood from one animal might be harmful when introduced into the body of an animal of another species. In the early nineteenth century, James Blundell offered this as rationale for his resolution to use only human blood when attempting a transfusion.
Medicalizing Miscegenation: Transplantation and Race
Authors: Lederer Susan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Americans,” noted historian David Hollinger, “have mixed in some ways and not others, and they have talked about it in certain ways and not others.” Hollinger was referring to the American experience of “amalgamation,” the word generally used before the Civil War to describe race mixing and, after 1863, “miscegenation,” a word introduced by an anonymous American to characterize “mistaken mixtures” between the races. In American history, intimacies across the color line have a long and complex history, punctuated by violence, legislation, and Supreme Court decisions.
Restoring Rationality in Punishment Policy
Authors: Blumstein Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the dominant features of Norval Morris’s concerns over his entire professional career was seeking ways to maintain a level of reasonableness and rationality in the punishment process. This is clearly reflected in his The Honest Politician’s Guide to Crime Control (1970) with Gordon Hawkins. His volume with Michael Tonry, Between Prison and Probation: Intermediate Punishments in a Rational Sentencing System (1990), called attention to the many opportunities possible with community-based treatment. Given the punitive context of the times, they obviously felt that they had to label such treatments as “punishment” in order to make it politically acceptable for their proposals to be implemented. Yet however much they worked at it, intermediate punishments—to create meaningful alternatives between the intensity of prison and the extreme casualness of most probation—still have a hard time getting much attention in most jurisdictions. Perhaps states facing severe budget problems will begin to give them more attention in the near future.
Nutritional Support Following Injury
Authors: Mayes Theresa , Gottschlich Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The stress of trauma invokes a multitude of physiological events that affect the individual’s nutritional status by altering substrate production and utilization, thus changing the dietary requirements. In addition, the hypermetabolism and hypercatabolism that accompany critical injury result in rapid weight loss, erosion of muscle mass, severe nitrogen depletion, and decreased visceral protein nutriture. Untoward outcomes such as poor wound healing, depressed lung function, increased risk of infection, extended hospital stay, and higher mortality are characteristic of the posttrauma state. Appropriate provision of nutrients after injury promotes anabolic adaptation and thus improves these outcomes.
Nutrients, Neurotransmitters, And Brain Dysfunction
Authors: Ekvall Valli K , Ekvall, Shirley W , Bonsall Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the executive center of the central nervous system (CNS), the brain modulates the complex, dynamically integrated biological network that determines mood, cognition, and behavior and controls physiological homeostasis. The brain comprises only 2% of the adult body weight but requires 15% of the total cardiac output and, remarkably, consumes 20% to 30% of the body’s resting metabolic energy. Afferent inputs provide signals to the CNS for the control of satiety or food seeking, and an organism’s subsequent nutritional status affects CNS chemistry. The brain does not have large energy stores and thus depends on a continuous supply of oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients for optimal development and function. In a multifactorial study in Chile, the prenatal nutritional indicators were the most important independent variables for head size. The CNS is impacted greatly by various neurotransmitters and neuropeptides that are affected by diet and specific dietary precursors. This chapter reviews the current research linking nutritional state with CNS activity and the role of nutrients in the modulation of neurotransmitter synthesis and action related to cognition and the maintenance of homeostasis.
Down Syndrome
Authors: Capone George , Muller, David , Ekvall Shirley W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a chromosomal disorder that occurs in approximately 1 in 700 live births. It typically results from trisomy of chromosome 21 due to nondisjunction during gamete formation, which is generally of maternal origin. The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21 was published in 2000 and is predicted to contain 225 genes, many of which probably contribute to the phenotype of the condition. Despite the rapid increase in knowledge of chromosome 21, the mechanism(s) by which trisomy, and therefore increased gene dosage, results in the characteristic phenotype is largely unknown. A presumptive diagnosis of DS is usually made by a physician or other hospital staff member shortly after birth. In the newborn period, infants with DS may be difficult to distinguish from infants with other chromosome anomalies. A karyotype performed on blood lymphocytes or skin fibroblasts is mandatory to confirm the diagnosis, even in cases where the phenotypic appearance is obvious. For purposes of genetic counseling, it is critical to distinguish complete trisomy 21 from trisomy 21/mosaicism or an unbalanced translocation. However, mothers on a vegetarian diet while pregnant may show a false positive screening test of the alpha-fetoprotein and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin reference levels for Down syndrome.
Botanicals in Pediatrics
Authors: Bauer Rudolf , Hrastinger Andrea , Dietz, Birgit , Mahady Gail 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consumers in the United States are increasingly using botanical dietary supplements (herbal preparations) to treat or prevent a wide array of ailments, including the common cold, depression, and other non-life-threatening medical conditions. In a recent survey of women between the ages of 40 and 60 years, 79% were found to be using botanical dietary supplements, with over 20% using three or more different ones. Since women make up the largest percentage of botanical users, it is not unexpected that many of these women would also be administering herbal remedies to their children. Results from a recent survey of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practices have suggested that the use of CAM by parents/caretakers was the single best predictor of CAM use in children. In fact, a number of national and international surveys indicate that herbal use in pediatric patients is on the rise. It is estimated that approximately 28%–40% of children may be exposed to herbal preparations for the management of asthma, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, insomnia, and respiratory infections. Unfortunately, many women never discuss these treatments with their attending pediatrician. This trend presents both interesting opportunities and dilemmas for health-care professionals and parents, as many supplements have not been clinically tested for safety and efficacy in pediatric populations.
Chronic Renal Disease In Children
Authors: Beto Judith , Bansal Vinod 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The kidney is an excretory organ that filters, reabsorbs, and excretes electrolytes, protein by-products, glucose, amino acids, and toxic substances. Through nephron filtration and urine production, all these substances are removed from the body. The kidney also functions as an endocrine gland, producing hormones involved in growth (human growth factor), blood pressure regulation (renin), red blood cell production (erythropoietin), and the absorption of calcium (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol). Chronic renal disease involves a progressive decline in the number of functioning nephrons that may result ultimately in kidney failure. The rate of progression is fastest with children with glomerulonephropathies, followed by hereditary nephropathies and renal dysplasia, and is slowest in children with urinary tract malformations. The National Kidney Foundation (NKF) has established the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI), which convenes work groups to develop clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with renal impairment and failure. The clinical practice guidelines are focused on the predominantly adult population, but modifications are included for children when sufficient evidence or professional opinion existed. The NKF K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) defined stages for classification based on stratifications of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), a measure of kidney function. These are listed in Table 33–1.
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Authors: Singh Rani 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a heterogeneous genetic disorder resulting from over 50 known mutations that impair the mitochondrial branched-chain a-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKD) complex. The components of the BCKD complex include E1, a decarboxylase; E2, an acyl transferase; and E3, a lipomide dehydrogenase (dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase). The defect in this multienzyme complex results in accumulation of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine, and valine and their respective a-ketoacids (BCKAs) in body fluids (Fig. 38–1). Maple syrup urine disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Its incidence varies with the population studied, from 1/760 in selective screening of an inbred Mennonite group to 1/290,000 in a New England newborn screening program. Molecular mutation analysis has not revealed a strong genotype-phenotype correlation to date. Numerous variant forms of MSUD resulting in a spectrum of BCKD insufficiency (3% to 40% normal) have been reported. The clinical outcome appears to be associated with the age at diagnosis, the degree of enzyme impairment, the time at which diet therapy is begun, and the degree of metabolic control. Five clinical and biochemical phenotypes have been reported and used based on clinical presentation and therapeutic responses to thiamin observed in patients.
Urea Cycle Pathway
Authors: Huntington Kathleen , Harding Cary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The function of the urea cycle is twofold: (1) to convert waste nitrogen into urea and (2) to synthesize the amino acid arginine. Waste nitrogen in the form of ammonia is derived from the breakdown of protein in the tissues and bowel. It is transported in the blood to the liver, where it is converted to urea (Fig. 41–1). The urea cycle operates primarily in the liver and is compartmentalized between the cystolic and mitochondrial components of the cell. At each of the six steps of the pathway, enzyme deficiencies have been identified that lead to the accumulation of ammonia and associated toxicity. Inherited disorders of dibasic amino acid transport (lysinuric protein intolerance), mitochondrial ornithine transport (HHH syndrome), and the mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier (citrullinemia type II) also result in hyperammonemia and are therefore included under the umbrella of urea cycle disorders (see Table 41–1, which describes enzymes, general symptoms, treatment, and monitoring parameters). Clinical monitoring should also include growth assessment and developmental and neurological assessment as well as liver examination.