bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social dynamics of intergroup encounters in the capped langur (Presbytis pileata)
Authors: Stanford Craig B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData from a 15–month field study of the capped langur (Presbytis pileata) in moist deciduous forest in Bangladesh show that during intergroup encounters males respond more aggressively to extra‐group males and to the resident males of unfamiliar one‐male groups than they do toward familiar males. Lone males followed established one‐male groups and attempted to interact with group females. During intergroup encounters males responded to the approach of unfamiliar males with significantly more displays than were given to familiar (frequently encountered) males. The frequency of displays given to approaching groups showed a negative correlation with the frequency of encounters with those groups. In 50% of intergroup encounters males pushed and bit their group females if the females strayed from the immediate proximity of the group male. Further observations suggest that males obtain females that have emigrated from established groups or attempt to interact with them in established onemale groups. Males had a tenure from at least 13 months to at least 26 months, and between 1986 and 1988 no male changes were seen. Capped langur males defended females from other males, but females did not defend resources or participate in intergroup encounters. The implications of this sex difference in behavior during encounters is discussed with regard to ecological models of female‐bonded primate groups.
Mirror‐induced social facilitation in stumptailed macaques (Macaca arctoides)
Authors: Straumann Christophe , Anderson James R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSeven adult female stumptailed macaques (Macaca arctoides) were confronted alternately with their reflection in a mirror and with the mirror covered. The reflection elicited significantly more visual attention and social responding than the control stimulus, replicating previous findings. Mirror‐image stimulation did not significantly affect the subjects' manipulation of unfamiliar objects, but it did increase bout‐lengths of episodes of drinking from a bottle containing orange juice. Possible explanations for the ability of the mirror to induce social facilitation of drinking but not of object manipulation are discussed, along with possible underlying mechanisms. Mirror‐induced social facilitation is further evidence that monkeys interpret their reflection as a conspecific.
Laboratory assessment of temperament and environmental enrichment in rhesus monkey infants (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Schneider Mary L. , Moore Colleen F. , Suomi Stephen J. , Champoux Maribeth 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study investigated the combined effects of early temperamental characteristics and environmental enrichment on a variety of developmental measures in nursery‐reared rhesus monkey infants. Twenty‐three infants, reared in either standard laboratory cages or enriched environments, were tested during the 1st month of life for interactive, motor, and temperamental capabilities and characteristics. At 8 months of age, all subjects were assessed on a second series of tests designed to measure their problem‐solving skills, motor capabilities, and temperamental responses under challenge. Results indicated that enrichment was associated with higher scores on subsequent problem‐solving and motor tests. However, such effects were found to combine with early temperament ratings. Specifically, individuals performing best on the 8‐month tests had not only been reared in enriched environments, but also had been rated low on fearfulness during the early assessment. In addition, individuals scoring poorest had been rated as fearful initially in addition to being reared without enrichment. Results indicated that while high ratings on early laboratory assessments of fearfulness may be predictive of poorer problem‐solving performance under challenging conditions, these adverse effects may be partially attenuated by environmental enrichment.
Reproduction of the emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator) in captivity, with comparisons to cotton‐top and golden lion tamarins
Authors: Baker Andrew J. , Woods Francine 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLittle information has been published on the reproductive biology and behavior of the emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator). We analyzed twelve years of data on emperor tamarins at the Los Angeles Zoo and made comparisons with data on cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus o. oedipus) and golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) from the same collection. Secondary sex ratios did not differ significantly from 50:50. Births were not strictly seasonal for any species. The number of infants reared had a significant effect on interbirth interval for all species, with shorter intervals when only one or no infants were reared, but females did sometimes conceive early in lactation. In emperor tamarin families, all fathers and most older siblings carried new infants, usually beginning within a few days after a birth. Previous exposure to younger siblings did not appear to be critical to the development of competent parental behavior by zooborn emperor tamarin females.
The effects of temporary removal of the alpha male on the behavior of subordinate male vervet monkeys
Authors: Hector Anne Keddy , Raleigh Michael J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects of temporary removal of the alpha male on the behavior of subordinate adult male vervet monkeys were evaluated. Twelve subordinate males from six captive multimale, multifemale vervet monkey groups were observed in two conditions: when all group members were present and when the alpha male was temporarily removed from each group. In the absence of the alpha male, subordinate males initiated more affiliative behavior and increased the amount of time spent in proximity to females but their rates of aggression were unaltered. Increased affiliative behavior was selectively directed to high‐ranking females and their offspring. Under removal conditions, subordinate male behavior did not resemble that of alpha males in intact conditions: they differed in their proximity to and affiliative behavior towards other group members. In the absence of the alpha male, females increased their aggression towards subordinate males.These observations suggest that the presence of alpha males strongly inhibits subordinate males' behavior. When the constraints of the alpha male's presence are removed, subordinate males rapidly engage in behavior that may enhance their likelihood of attaining high rank. In combination with prior studies, the data also indicate that the behaviors involved in the maintenance of high rank by alpha males differ from those subordinates use to acquire dominance. Finally the current study supports the view that aggression by female vervets may be highly influential in determining male ascendency to dominant rank.
Control of postpartum mating behavior in free‐ranging rhesus monkeys
Authors: Malik Iqbal , Johnson Rodney L. , Berman Carol M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper explores the effect that a dependent rhesus macaque infant (Macaca mulatta) has on the timing of its mother's resumption of mating. Toward this end, behavioral data from the rhesus populations at Tughlaqabad, India, and Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, are compared. Specifically, the intervals between parturition and subsequent resumption of mating for individual parous females are examined in order to shed light on the relative importance of environmental and internal factors (such as lactational infertility) in the control of rhesus mating behvior. At both study sites it was found that the later a given female gave birth during a birth season the shorter was her parturition‐mating interval and the younger was her infant when she resumed mating activity. It is suggested that this finding is the result of an interaction of environmental and internal factors; both act in concert to determine how soon after parturition a particular rhesus female will resume mating activity.
Reversible, long‐term inhibition of ovulation with a gonadotropin‐releasing hormone antagonist in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Hodges J. K. , Lightman S. L. , Cottingham P. G. , Shaw Helen J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects of weekly injections of a gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist (GnRHa) ([N‐acetyl‐DβNal1‐D‐pCl‐Phe2‐D‐Phe3‐D‐Arg6‐Phe7‐Arg8D‐Ala10] NH2 GnRH) on pituitary and ovarian function were examined in the marmoset monkey, Callithrix jacchus. In experiment 1, five cyclic females were given weekly injections of vehicle (50% propylene glycol in saline) for 6 weeks followed by GnRHa for 20 weeks, animals receiving either 200 μg GnRHa/injection (n = 2) or 67 μg GnRHa/injection (n = 3) for 10 weeks, after which the treatment was reversed. Bioactive luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone (Po) were measured in blood samples (0.2–0.4 ml) collected twice weekly until at least 8 weeks after the last GnRHa injection. GnRHa treatment, timed to begin in the midluteal phase, caused a rapid decline in LH and Po and luteal regression after a single injection (both doses). Po levels were consistently low (<10 ng/ml), and ovulation was inhibited throughout 200 μg treatment in all animals. Short periods of elevated Po (>10 ng/ml) were, however, occasionally seen during 67 μg treatment, indicating incomplete ovarian suppression. Mean LH levels were significantly lower during GnRHa treatment compared with the period of vehicle injection (all animals 200 μg; three animals 67 μg), and there were significant differences in LH levels between GnRHa treatments (200 μg vs. 67 μg) in four animals. Four animals resumed normal ovarian cycles after the end of GnRHa treatment (15/16 days, three animals; 59 days, one animal); the fifth animal died of unknown causes 32 days after the last GnRHa injection. In a second experiment, pituitary responsiveness to exogenous GnRH was tested 1 day after a single injection of vehicle or antagonist (200 or 67 μg). Measurement of bioactive LH indicated that pituitary response to 200 ng native GnRH was significantly suppressed in animals receiving the antagonist, the degree of suppression being dose related. A third experiment examined the effect of four weekly injections of 200 μg GnRHa on follicular size and granulosa cell responsiveness to human follicle‐stimulating hormone (hFSH) in vitro. Follicular development beyond 1 mm was inhibited by GnRHa treatment (preovulatory follicles normally 2‐4 mm) although granulosa cell responsiveness to FSH during 48 hr of culture was not impaired. These results suggest that the GnRHa‐induced suppression of follicular development and ovulation was mediated primarily by an inhibition of pituitary gonadotropin secretion and not by a direct action at the level of the ovary.
The secretion of bioactive and immunoreactive follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) throughout the menstrual cycle of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Matteri Robert L. , Bridson William E. , Dierschke Donald J. , Wegner Frederick H. , Durning Maureen 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe present study provides the first evaluation of related changes in serum levels of bioactive FSH (Bio FSH) and immunoreactive FSH (iFSH), and concurrent dynamics of LH and FSH bioactivity throughout the menstrual cycle of the rhesus monkey. Mean concentrations of Bio FSH were elevated on days 0 and 1 (n = 7; P < 0.05; day 0 = preovulatory LH surge). Data from individual animals revealed that an average (± SEM) of 1.43 ± 0.29 and 2.71 ± 0.61 discrete surges of Bio FSH occurred in each monkey's follicular and luteal phase, respectively. Analysis of the collective data indicated that periods of increased Bio FSH secretory activity spanned days −1 to 1 and 8 to 10 (P < 0.025). Increases in serum Bio FSH and iFSH concentrations were not precisely correlated on a daily basis (38.9%), although 72.2% of the peaks of Bio FSH and iFSH surges occurred within a day of one another. Similarly, only 36.1% of the Bio FSH surges were accompanied by elevations in bioactive LH (Bio LH). A significant rise in Bio LH, but not Bio FSH, occurred on day −1 (P < 0.01). Concentrations of Bio LH, but not Bio FSH, were elevated in the early luteal phase (P < 0.01). The bioactivity/immunoactivity ratios (Bio/I) of LH and FSH were maximal on the day of the preovulatory surge (P < 0.01). On day −1, LH Bio/I significantly increased (P < 0.05), but no change in FSH Bio/I was detected. The Bio/I of LH, but not FSH, remained elevated in the early luteal phase. In summary: the relative increase in Bio FSH exceeds iFSH during the preovulatory surge. Surges of Bio FSH occur during the follicular and luteal phases which potentially could support follicle selection/maturation. Divergencies between circulating LH and FSH biopotency may reflect a differential regulation of secretion and/or biosynthesis of these hormones. The prolonged early luteal elevation of LH Bio/I is consistent with the idea of a functional role of elevated LH biopotency in the maintenance of the corpus luteum.
Locomotor and postural behavior in Alouatta palliata and Cebus capucinus
Authors: Gebo Daniel L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPositional behavior of two platyrrhine monkeys, Alouatta palliata and Cebus capucinus, was observed at La Pacifica and Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. Frequency data for locomotion, postures, support diameters, orientation of supports, and use of canopy were recorded on focal males and females. Alouatta palliata is a frequent user of arboreal quadrupedalism (47%) and climbing (37%), with bridging (10%) representing the next most frequent type of locomotion. Intraspecific comparisons show the smaller‐sized females of Alouatta to prefer very small diameter supports, the lower canopy, and to climb more frequently than the larger males—a pattern opposite to that which has been documented to occur with increasing body size across species. A more limited study on Cebus capucinus shows this species to be highly quadrupedal (54%) with moderately high locomotor frequencies for climbing (26%) and leaping (15%).
Assessing the effects of candidate genes on quantitative traits in primate populations
Authors: Blangero J. , Williams‐Blangero S. , Hixson J. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRecent progress in molecular and biochemical genetics has led to the identification of numerous polymorphic candidate genes likely to be important in the determination of quantitative variation in physiological processes. In this paper, we review a statistical framework (“measured genotype analysis”) for assessing the effects of candidate genes on quantitative traits in primate populations. We consider situations in which pedigree information is available and also when such knowledge is absent. We also extend the method to allow for cases in which there is missing candidate locus data. Using likelihood methods, we show how to test a variety of genetic hypotheses.As an example of this type of analysis, we analyzed serum levels of apolipoprotein AI and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, in 585 pedigreed baboons, as a function of genotypic variability at an APOA1 PstI RFLP locus. Our analyses revealed that 7.5% of the total phenotypic variation in apo AI serum levels and 2% of variation in HDL‐C levels is attributable to this locus. Future use of such methods will help to clarify the genetic basis of normal variation in physiological traits. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sequence of late DNA replication in Cebus capucinus chromosomes and a standardized G‐banded karyotype
Authors: Campa Maria Cristina Carla , Stanyon Roscoe 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe proposed a standardized G‐banded idiogram (about 400 bands) for Cebus capucinus and established the complete late replication sequence for about 200 bands. Many chromosomes thought to be homologous on the basis of R‐banding and gene mapping showed similar replication sequences to human and macaque chromosomes. Other supposed homologs had no good correspondence. Asynchrony was observed in some bands and a few of these are apparently evolutionarily conserved. A full understanding of the evolution of chromosome replication sequences can only be obtained when secure chromosomal homology has been established on a molecular DNA level; preferably with in situ suppression CISS hybridization of human chromosomal libraries. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavioral effects of enrichment on pair‐housed juvenile rhesus monkeys
Authors: Schapiro Steven J. , Bloomsmith Mollie A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAmong captive primates, inanimate environmental enrichment can lead to measurable changes in behavior indicative of an improvement in psychological well‐being. Although this has been demonstrated repeatedly for singly caged primates, the relationship is not as well studied for pairhoused animals. Study of the pair‐housed setting has become increasingly relevant because of the social housing mandate of the Animal Welfare Act regulations. We therefore observed 68 juvenile rhesus monkeys born in 1988 and 1989 and living in mixed‐sex pairs from the ages of 2 to 3 years. All pairs were compatible. Half of the pairs received two types of enrichment, while the remaining pairs served as controls. Enriched and control juvenile subjects differed in the amount of time that they spent being inactive, playing, and drinking, but did not differ in the amount of time they spent interacting with their partner. Grooming and play were the two most common socially directed activities in both groups, a species‐appropriate pattern. Males played more and vocalized less than did females. Overall, enriched and control subjects spent equivalent amounts of time located within a social distance of one another, but there was some difference between groups in allocation of behaviors while near the pairmate. Environmental enhancers were frequently utilized, and led to relatively small changes in behavior between control and enriched subjects, suggesting that the presence of a partner for juvenile rhesus monkeys acts as a form of enrichment that may dilute the effects of inanimate environmental enhancements. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age‐related hormonal differences in cycling squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis)
Authors: Helvacioglu Ahmet , Aksel Sezer , Yeoman Richard R. , Williams Lawrence E. , Abee Christian R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study was planned to evaluate the poor reproductive performance of aged squirrel monkeys in a self‐sustaining breeding colony. Two groups of monkeys aged 6–8 years (Group 1), and >12 years (Group 2) were evaluated. During the midbreeding season, daily blood samples were obtained for a period of 35 days from 10 animals in each group. Blood samples were assayed for serum estradiol (E), progesterone (P), and bioassayable luteinizing hormone (bio‐LH) concentrations and the data were analyzed by ANOVA (analysis of variance). Bio‐LH surges were less frequent in the aged breeders (Group 2). Total P output during periovulatory period (day −;3 to day + 3) and the total P output during the luteal phases of the estrus cycles were significantly lower in aged squirrel monkeys (Group 2, P < 0.003). Although E peaks occurred less frequently in Group 2, they had higher concentrations as compared to Group 1 (P < 0.003). Cumulative periovulatory and luteal phase E levels did not differ between the two groups. The reduction in P output in aged squirrel monkeys may interfere with proper implantation, thus contributing to the lower pregnancy rate observed in this age group. The decreased frequency of bio‐LH surges indicated less frequent ovulations in the aged animals which may further impair reproduction with aging. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population status of nonhuman primates in Asia, with emphasis on rhesus macaques in India
Authors: Southwick Charles H. , Siddiqi M. Farooq 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOver 50 species of nonhuman primates live in 20 nations in Asia, interacting ecologically with over 3 billion people. The population status of different species of primates ranges from rare and endangered to abundant and relatively secure. The distribution, numbers, and trends of most species are not known, even for those such as Macaca fascicularis which are extensively used in biomedical research. Field surveys of rhesus populations since 1959 showed a serious 90% decline in population numbers in northern India throughout the 1960s and 1970s, followed by a partial recovery throughout the 1980s. Factors probably responsible for this recovery include a ban on trapping for export, increased agricultural production and economic development, increased conservation efforts, and perhaps a renewal of respect and tolerance for wildlife by the people of India. The history of rhesus populations in India can provide guidelines for conservation and management programs for other species. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Africa's primates in 1992: Conservation issues and options
Authors: Oates John F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThere are about 60 species of African primates, and over 50% of these are generally considered to be vulnerable to extinction. Planning for the conservation of these primates, and the objective assessment of the degree of endangerment faced by different species and subspecies is hampered, however, by poorly resolved taxonomy and inadequate data on geographic distributions, ecology, and population biology. The African primate species at most imminent risk of extinction may be Sclater's guenon, threatened by forest destruction and hunting in an area of Nigeria with a very dense human population. The most endangered African subspecies may be Bouvier's red colobus, whose continued existence in Congo is uncertain. The taxonomic position of each of these monkeys is debated. Their predicaments illustrate some general phenomena: almost all threatened African primates are forest dwellers; habitat destruction and/or hunting are the major threats to the survival of forest primates; endangerment is the result of an interaction of external threats with features intrinsic to particular primates. The African primates most widely used in biomedical research are savanna‐zone species that are not generally endangered at present, although there are disturbingly high levels of trapping in certain countries. Ideally, all Africa's primates would be protected by a network of large reserves, but in a few cases such a conservation strategy may not be a viable option; population manipulations may become important management tools, and these manipulations may be aided by new techniques developed by reproductive biologists. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolution of sexual dimorphism in body weight in platyrrhines
Authors: Ford Susan M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNeotropical primates show a remarkable range in body size, spanning two orders of magnitude from the tiny pygmy marmosets (100 g) to the woolly spider monkeys (11,000+ g). Even among the “smaller” platyrrhines, the range is large. In addition, these primates demonstrate a wide diversity in degrees and directions of sexual dimorphism, in both body size and canine size, from marked positive dimorphism (males larger than females), through monomorphic species, to negative dimorphism. Potential correlates or causes of the patterns of dimorphism in body size are investigated, including overall body size, natural selection for life history strategies, sexual selection, diet, habitat, and phylogenetic inertia. Focus is especially on those genera that show species‐specific variation in dimorphism (e.g., Saguinus, Pithecia). Results are contrary to those for cross‐primate or catarrhine studies, but complementary to recent studies on strepsirhines. They suggest that sexual selection is the primary determinant of degree and pattern of sexual dimorphism in platyrrhines, but that there is also a dietary effect. Natural selection may have some effect, although not the parameters analyzed here. Body size, habitat (primary vs. secondary forest preference), and phylogenetic inertia or constraints do not have any effect on the presence of sexual dimorphism in body weights in New World monkeys. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.