bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crisis Intervention After Bioterrorism
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The degree of fear and terror created by actual or perceived unknown, undetectable, biological agents has the potential to outpace levels of terror and/or trauma experienced when exposed to natural disasters, or man-made disasters of known origin. The basis of this claim is the potential impact of the unknown factor associated with bioterrorism. Consequently, the single largest potential impact of a bioterrorism incident is the psychological response. This will likely be demonstrated initially in the form of mass panic, later ranging from acute stress disorder, anger, or guilt to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), phobias, sleep disorders, depression, or substance abuse (DiGiovanni, 1999). In general, when considering crisis intervention during a bioterrorism crisis ‘‘it will generally be the terror generated by a major event, not the event itself, that will have the greatest long-term negative impact on children and families throughout the nation’’ (National Advisory Committee on Children and Terrorism [NACCT, 2003], p. i).
On The Translation
Authors: Williams C K , Dickerson Gregory W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major difficulty in rendering the choruses is of course that they were originally set to music, sung, and danced, and that we have too little notion of what the music was to attempt to re-create it or ‘‘make it new.’’ There are, then, two problems: how can the choruses achieve an integral, energetic role in the drama, given the fact that they must be simply spoken poetry and not music; and what is a valid approach to their performance? I have tried to meet these problems first by trying to determine what the critical difference is between poetry and music.
Introduction: Why care about women in science?
Authors: Ceci Stephen J , Williams Wendy M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The plight of women who opt out of work because of family needs is an old one, and it has received a great deal of press attention. In a special report for the American Prospect Magazine in March 2007, Joan Williams, professor of Law at the University of California Hastings College of Law and director of the Center for Work Life Law, reviewed 119 news stories appearing between 1980 and 2006. These stories described the circumstances of women who felt pressured to leave jobs because of inflexible working conditions and unaffordable childcare. The women didn’t generally want to leave their jobs, and felt frustrated and economically vulnerable doing so. Williams argued that the idea that these women opted out of their jobs is misleading; rather, they were forced out due to a lack of options. Their jobs required that they work full time (for professional women this means at least 40 hours a week, often more), and there is a penalty for those who interrupt their careers. Future employers see gaps in employment as a lack of commitment. As one of the women in Williams’s study put it.
Challenges to the environmental position
Authors: Ceci Stephen J , Williams Wendy M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lest the reader assume that our critique of the role of hormones and brain volume lead us to endorse the role of social influences, we do not believe that many of the environmental claims hold up to scrutiny any better than the hormonal claims. Before delving into these environmental claims, we will complete our excursion through the remaining biological claims, then segue to the social and environmental claims. So in this chapter, we start by reprising other biological arguments against the strong environmental position. These consist of claims that fewer women are succeeding in math-intensive careers because of inherent sex differences in both general and specific cognitive abilities, and the neurological substrates that support them. We follow this with a consideration of nonbiological claims. ex differences are not always found, and even when they are found they are not observed across the board, but rather sometimes only in the cognitive.
Challenges to the biological position
Authors: Ceci Stephen J , Williams Wendy M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we examine claims and counterclaims about the role of parents and teachers in causing sex differences in mathematics achievement in grades K–12 and college. We also assess research claiming that bias and stereotypes are important causes of sex differences in graduate school and beyond. In addition to studying measures of what individuals can and cannot do and what they prefer to do, several researchers have studied how the environment shapes women and the differences women versus men elicit from their environment. Potential environmental influences include differential treatment by parents and teachers, as well as differences in the way children spend their time and, when it comes to older females, differences in the way colleagues, search committees, and grant review panels treat them. Some of the evidence we will describe may be surprising—even alarming—and some of it begs for replication and further exploration.
Background and trend data
Authors: Ceci Stephen J , Williams Wendy M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter and the following one, we delve into further evidence that calls into question the primacy of biology in explaining sex differences in STEM career success. None of this evidence is perfect, and some of it resembles “anecdata” rather than scientific data. But, taken as a whole, this body of evidence raises doubts about the role of biology as the major cause, or even perhaps as an important secondary cause, of the paucity of women in STEM careers. Our sense from reading this large literature, and integrating it with the studies described in previous chapters, is that biology is best viewed as one of many factors that collectively contribute to sex differences, although not nearly as significantly as some non-biological factors we describe in Chapter 8. We have organized the current biological evidence into the following categories.
The Expression of the Emotions In Man And Animals
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To mark the birthday of the world's most renowned evolutionary biologist, Oxford University Press has reissued the definitive edition of Darwin's classic-a brilliantly entertaining and accessible exploration of human and animal behavior. Renowned psychologist Paul Ekman's edited version of this book is the first to appear the way Darwin ultimately intended, with all of the corrections and additions that were in Darwin's notes for a revision that was never published during his lifetime. "Why do we shrug? Why do dogs wag their tails? Why do we scowl when angry and pout when sad rather than the other way around? What is the difference between guilt and shame? This would be an extraordinary book even if it had only answered these and scores of similar questions about the emotions in 1872 . . . Darwin enriched his arguments with hundreds of insightful observations, many with the pathos and humor of great literature, as when he describes the terror of a man being led to his execution or the comical dejection of his dog as soon as it sensed that a walk might end . . . This edition has the feel not of a lovingly restored museum piece but of a recent seminal work."--Steven Pinker, Science "Darwin's most readable and human book . . . undiminished and intensely relevant even 125 years after publication."--Oliver Sacks, author of Musicophilia and The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat "The Expression of the Emotions predates Freud, and it will still be illuminating human psychology long after Freud's discrediting is complete."--Richard Dawkins, author of The God Delusion "Highly original . . . this is scholarship at its best."--Simon Baron-Cohen, Nature "Ekman's edition is no mere reprint plus introduction."--Mark Ridley, Scientific American
Imagining the king’s Death
Authors: Barrell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is high treason in British law to 'imagine' the king's death. But after the execution of Louis XVI in 1793, everyone in Britain must have found themselves imagining that the same fate might befall George III. How easy was it to distinguish between fantasising about the death of George and 'imagining' it, in the legal sense of 'intending' or 'designing'? John Barrell examines this question in the context of the political trials of the mid-1790s and the controversies they generated. He shows how the law of treason was adapted in the years following Louis's death to punish what was acknowledged to be a 'modern' form of treason unheard of when the law had been framed. The result, he argues, was the invention of a new, an imaginary, a 'figurative' treason, by which the question of who was imagining the king's death, the supposed traitors or those who charged them with treason, became inescapable.
Later Medieval English Literature
Authors: Gray Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The remarkable and diverse literature produced in the fascinating later medieval period - one of war, transitions, and challenges - is not as widely known as it deserves to be. In this descriptive guide the pre-eminent scholar of medieval literature Douglas Gray provides the non-specialist reader with an illuminating account of the extensive literature written in English from the death of Chaucer to the early sixteenth century . Placing the works under consideration in their landscape of cultural history, Gray's survey includes a valuable chronology, an informative introductory survey, and detailed sections on prose, poetry, Scottish writing, and drama.
Introduction
Authors: Knox Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike the other contributors to this volume, I have never enjoyed the privilege of studying under the direction of the eminent scholar whose 75th birthday it celebrates. He began his undergraduate studies at Oxford in 1940 and resumed them in 1946 after military service in the Far East; I went down from Cambridge in 1936 and did not pursue further study of the classics until 1946, as a graduate student at Yale University in the USA. I did not meet him until some time in the 1960s, when he came to read a paper at the Center for Hellenic Studies in Washington, of which I was at that time Director. We became friends, so that although he is now Sir Hugh, I will adapt Falstaff’s formula —Sir Hugh with all Europe but Hugh to his friends —and refer to him throughout as Hugh.
Plain Words in Sophocles
Authors: West Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing a commentary on Oedipus at Colonus has made me think about how to do justice to the extraordinary poise and power of Sophoclean language, despite its seeming simplicity in this late play. Hence the ‘plain words’ of my title, but plain in the spirit of Shakespeare’s Lear: What I mean by ‘plain words’ or ‘dealing plainly’ is not artless naivety or homely colloquialism; I am well aware that Sophoclean discourse—like Shakespeare’s-is typically artful in the extreme, relying on a range of vocabulary that includes many abstract nouns and many synonyms, often coinages, which make possible an elaborate use of variatio. This subtlety of variation is evident too in syntax, in word-order, sentence-structure, and the rhetorical shaping of arguments, not to mention verse rhythm, and there is a network of references to other texts that further enriches
Sophocles’ Philoctetes: A Problem Play?
Authors: Heath Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus Oliver Taplin. I concur, and propose in this paper to examine some of the problems which the Philoctetes poses. This may seem a paradoxical aim, in view of the footnote attached to Taplin’s statement: ‘I am not persuaded that I should give up this sort of interpretation by M. Heath’s The Poetics of Greek Tragedy .. .’. But although, on rereading that book a decade after publication, I can see how readily it lends itself to misconstruction, it was in fact no part of my aim in writing the book to persuade its readers that they should give up that sort of interpretation. I wish therefore to begin by clarifying some aspects of the view of Greek tragedy for which I was then arguing. This will bring to light one important respect in which that view is inadequate; acknowledging the defect will in turn lead us to the larger questions that I have in mind in the present chapter. Readers impatient of such prolegomena should feel free to proceed directly to §II, where the discussion of the Philoctetes it self commences.
Attic Script
Authors: Immerwahr Henry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this study is to place the inscriptions found on Athenian vases in the context of the early development of writing in Athens from the time of the invention of the alphabet in the eighth century BC to the early fourth, when the local alphabet had been supplanted by the common Ionic script. Other sources include the inscriptions on stone, both public and private, scratched inscriptions on pottery, among them the political ostraca, and some inscriptions on lead tablets; they are, however, insufficient to give a full picture of actual writing practices in a period from which we have no papyri. Although the vase inscriptions are brief, they number in the thousands, and being autographs of the period, they give a more accurate picture of the art of writing and the state of literacy in the Classical period. This book presents a selection of inscriptions, with many illustrations, that will help students of ancient vase painting to properly appreciate the individuality, writing competence, and level of education of the members of the pottery workshops, and epigraphists to get a better feel for the different styles of the well-known stone inscriptions. Professor Immerwahr has been working for many years on a complete collection of the inscriptions on Attic pottery, which he hopes will help contribute to a wide-ranging study of aspects of ancient life.
Inscriptions of the Protottic Period, 700–620 Bc
Authors: Immerwahr Henry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the seventh century we find a small group of painted inscriptions on vases.1 Several of the inscribed vases were found in Aegina (9, 10, 15) and some have recently been attributed by Morris to a separate Aeginetan workshop.2 The inscription on 10 is certainly not Attic. Only one inscription is dated substantially earlier than c.660 BC:
Characteristics of Early Greek Writing
Authors: Immerwahr Henry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we consider the thoroughness with which the antiquities of Athens have been explored, the scarcity and low quality of extant Attic inscriptions of the eighth and seventh centuries cannot be accidental. Before the time of Draco Athens was a cultural backwater—not a suitable location for the composition of the Homeric poems, as some have thought. The only very early inscription on stone is a graffito, 8. The earliest Attic stone inscriptions are dated by Jeffery to the last quarter of the seventh century, a date perhaps too early for one of them (below, p. 23). The Attic script between 750 and 625 BC cannot be reconstructed for lack of evidence, since the largest group of published inscriptions, the Hymettus graffiti, were written by persons of limited writing skill. On the whole, the types of inscriptions found in this period resemble those of later periods, with some exceptions such as signatures. Unusual among them, however, are the egraphsen texts from Hymettus, probably connected with dedications, and the names on storage amphorae.3 All these inscriptions are informal and written by vase-painters and by the general run of users of vases; none are professional.
The Corinthianizing Period, 620–570BC
Authors: Immerwahr Henry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We saw earlier that while painted inscriptions appear on vases from the late eighth century on, the first such inscriptions (9) is from Aegina and not certainly Attic. Likewise, the earliest mythological name, from the second quarter of the seventh century, is clearly Aeginetan (10); it is contemporary with the appearance of such names on Protocorinthian vases. It is not before the last quarter of the century that we get more than the occasional painted inscription on Attic pottery. Corinth clearly took the lead in the custom of applying inscriptions to vases. The style of Attic dipinti imitates the Corinthian: the letters are large and broad, and are arranged in bands which fill empty spaces rather than following the contours of the figures. This writing style prevails until the end of the first quarter of the sixth century, when both in Corinth and in Athens, though independently, a certain modernization takes place.
The François Vase and its Contemporaries
Authors: Immerwahr Henry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Jeffery has shown, a new style of writing develops in Attica early in the second quarter of the sixth century; its hallmark is the dotted theta. The great vase-painters of this period, Kleitias and Nearchos, are also masters of the new script. The Francois Vase (Florence 4209), painted by Kleitias and fashioned by Ergotimos, may serve as the principal example of the new style, even though it still maintains some of the Archaic features of the writing of the preceding period.
Cyprus and Assyria
Authors: Reyes A T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I had lying upon a chair a volume of Layard’s ‘Nineveh,’ and selecting a page upon which was an engraving as nearly resembling the object I knew the man had concealed as I could find, I told him that this book was a book of divination, and that by it I could discover whether or not he had secreted any of the antiquities. Then, boldly turning to the engraving, I pointed it out to him, and demanded its immediate restitution, but with the promise of a good backsheesh if complied with at once.
Exploratory Charts
Authors: Taplin Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Walcott’s epic has, I find, a deeper affinity with Homer-in scope and humanity as well as in its many reverberations-than anything in English poetry since Tennyson-deeper and perhaps greater even than David Jones’s In Parenthesis. One crucial affinity is the ever-presence of the sea, its traversability and its danger. Walcott’s Aegean is the Caribbean that surrounds St Lucia and the other islands, crossed by slaves from Africa, colonizers from Britain, tourists from America, as well as by exiles and homecomers: Of all the metaphors that have been applied to Homer over the centuries-the sun, a great edifice, a deep-browed king, a copious nursery-the most widespread has been the sea.2 Poet and poem become fused in this image.
Turnings Towards Death
Authors: Taplin Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Patroklos, you must have thought that you would sack our city, and take the day of freedom from the women of Troy and carry them off in your ships to your own native land—poor fool! In their defence Hektor’s swift horses speed into battle, and I am renowned for my spear among all the war-loving Trojans, for keeping the day of compulsion from them—but you, the vultures will eat you here. Poor wretch, not even Achilleus, for all his greatness, could help you. He must have given you firm instructions when he stayed behind and sent you out, saying, ‘Let me not see you back at the hollow ships, horseman Patroklos, until you have ripped and bloodied murderous Hektor’s tunic on his chest. That is what he will have said, and swayed your foolish heart.’
Quantification
Authors: Dover Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some years ago a music critic, reviewing a new recording of Bruckner’s symphonies, remarked: There is no composer whose style is more individual; Bruckner is recognisable from a single bar, whereas with Brahms one frequently needs eight. A listener who is enthusiastic and fairly knowledgeable, but neither performer nor musicologist nor professional critic, might well fail to identify Bruckner from a single bar and yet identify him (or Vivaldi, or Sibelius, or many another) from forty-eight bars—without necessarily being able to tell us why. Such a listener is reminded of familiar work by a piece previously unheard, and can say, ‘this is like that passage in ... ‘, but the perception of likeness is notoriously subjective, because one person may treat as highly significant a similarity or difference which another person does not even notice.
Speeches, Stories, and Talk
Authors: Dover Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us put ourselves in the position of the first Greek, whoever he was and wherever and whenever he lived, who committed a prose composition to papyrus, whether he allowed it to go into circulation or retained it for his own recitation to friends. The second such writer could, if he wished, take the style of the first as a model, and at least is unlikely to have disregarded it altogether if he knew of it.
A Sophist in Court: The Apologia
Authors: Harrison S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A partial view (in all senses) of the circumstances surrounding Apuleius’ Apologia’ is given us in some detail in the work itself, at Apol. 72-98, the main narrative section of the speech. This view need not be taken as wholly truthful, but provides a convenient guide to the sequence of events from Apuleius’ own perspective, certain to be strongly biased in his own favour, and is summarized here in the absence of other evidence. In the winter of AD 156-7,2 Apuleius arrived at the town of Oea, modern Tripoli in Libya, travelling eastwards to the sophistic centre of Alexandria. There he stayed with some friends, the Appii, for a number of days, recovering from exhaustion brought on by the journey (perhaps from Carthage, a major journey whether by land or sea, or perhaps even from Athens or Rome).
Popular Philosophy: De Deo Socratis
Authors: Harrison S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The De Deo Socratis is the only one of the three extant philosophical books transmitted together under the name of Apuleius of which the authenticity is not disputed. It is neither a tralatician doxographical treatise like the De Platone, nor a translation of a known Greek philosophical text like the De Mundo (for these two works see Chapter 5), but a popular philosophical lecture of the kind widespread in the Greek Second Sophistic, adapted for a Latin-speaking audience.1 This chapter will not engage with the extensive technical discussions of the philosophical colour and influences shown in the De Deo Socrati, though it assumes a generally Platonist stance consistent with Apuleius’ self-presentation as a philosophus Platonicus; nor will it deal with the finer points of ancient demonology raised by the Apuleian text, which have been more than adequately treated by others.
Epic of Myth: Valerius Flaccus’ Argonautica and Statius’ Thebaid
Authors: Feeney D C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last two epics of our study treat subjects from the time before the heroes of Homer. The voyage of the Argonauts is already a famous topic of poetry in the Odyssey. Circe speaks to Odysseus of ‘Argo, which is in the minds of al!’ (Od. 12. 70). On our present evidence, this was the myth that first broke history’s gnp on Roman epic after one hundred and fifty years, when Vergil’s contemporary, Varro of Atax, adapted Apollonius’ Argonautica into Latin hexameters. The subject of Statius’ epic, the expedition of the Seven against Thebes, was likewise a long-standing favour ite in the Greek world, which had also been treated by at least one earlier Roman epic poetz It remains to see if these topics still have life in them, and if the gods are a part of that life.