bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevention of breast cancer in women who carry BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations: A critical review of the literature
Authors: Calderon‐Margalit Ronit , Paltiel Ora 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe purpose of our study was to review the evidence for the efficacy of surveillance for early detection, bilateral prophylactic mastectomy, prophylactic oophorectomy and chemoprevention in preventing breast cancer and improving survival of BRCA1 or BRCA2 carriers. A critical review of journal articles published between 1998 and 2004 identified by searches of MEDLINE, PubMed and references of retrieved articles was undertaken. None of the current evidence is based on randomized studies. The efficacy of surveillance for early detection of breast cancer among BRCA1 or BRCA2 carriers is not yet established. Screening with clinical breast examination and mammography showed lower sensitivity in BRCA1 or BRCA2 carriers than in the general population. Screening with MRI might offer higher sensitivity rates than mammography. Prophylactic mastectomy was shown to significantly reduce the risk of breast cancer by 89.5–100%. However, of all strategies reviewed, mastectomy was the least acceptable to women at high risk. Tamoxifen use was associated with breast cancer prevention among BRCA2 carriers (RR=0.38, 95%CI: 0.06–1.56). In BRCA1 or BRCA2 carriers with breast cancer, tamoxifen use was associated with the prevention of secondary breast cancer (OR= 0.50, 95% CI: 0.28–0.89). Prophylactic oophorectomy was associated with hazard ratios for breast cancer of 0.47 (95%CI:0.29–0.77) and 0.32 (95%CI: 0.08–1.20), in retrospective and short follow‐up prospective cohort studies, respectively. There is a pressing need for more studies in order to determine which of the 4 strategies alone, or in combination, is the most effective for the prevention of breast cancer and for the improvement of survival of BRCA mutation carriers. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HLA‐DRB alleles are differentially expressed by tumor cells in breast carcinoma
Authors: Oldford Sharon A. , Robb J. Desmond , Watson Peter H. , Drover Sheila 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe biologic and prognostic significance of HLA‐DR expression and T‐cell infiltration in breast carcinoma are presently controversial. To test the hypothesis that these factors are influenced by particular HLA‐DRB alleles, 52 breast tumor samples, composed of 26 DRB1*04 and 26 non‐DRB1*04 tumors, were assessed using immunohistochemistry for expression of DR and its associated invariant chain (Ii) and for infiltrating CD3+ T cells. While DR expression by tumor cells was significantly associated with T‐cell infiltration, DRB1*04 tumors were more frequently DR+Ii+ and contained smaller CD3+ infiltrates than non‐DRB1*04 tumors. This difference was largely attributable to DRB1*07 tumors, which were typically DR−Ii−, although they contained similar numbers of T cells to DR+Ii+ tumors. Further analysis of DR+ tumors using allotype discriminating antibodies revealed that DRB1*04 alleles were always expressed, while non‐DRB1*04 alleles were inconsistently expressed. The results of this study provide the first reported evidence that DRB alleles influence DR expression and T‐cell infiltration in breast carcinoma and suggest that multiple factors contribute to DR expression. Ongoing studies aimed at elucidating the molecular and immunologic mechanisms controlling differential DR expression and implications for prognosis and outcome should further our understanding of the antitumor immune response and evasion strategies employed by tumor cells. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of genetic algorithms for irrigation water scheduling
Authors: Wardlaw Robin , Bhaktikul Kampanad 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe development of a genetic algorithm (GA) to solve an irrigation water scheduling problem is described. The objective is to optimize the utilization of water resources in irrigation systems operating on a rotational basis. An objective function for the water scheduling problem is presented along with constraints that relate to in‐field soil moisture balances as well as canal capacities.The approach was applied to a simple and to a more complex test system. Solutions are presented using a GA in different formulations and comparisons made between these. Results demonstrate that GAs are capable of solving water scheduling problems, including those with water stress. In water stress conditions the GA approach can provide uniformity in soil moisture content in schemes within a system if formulated with a 0–1 approach.An application to the Pugal branch canal in the Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana (IGNP) irrigation system in north‐west India has demonstrated that the approach is robust and can produce appropriate schedules under extreme conditions of water stress. The GA approach is a useful tool for water scheduling in complex systems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A tessellationless integration grid for the polarizable continuum model reaction field
Authors: Pomelli Christian Silvio 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA new integration grid for the Polarizable Continuum Model reaction field is presented. In this scheme (called TsLess) the molecular surface is not partitioned in tesserae, but a set of sampling points is chosen. These points are weighted according to they position on the surface. The new procedure is tested against the GEPOL tesselation method. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 1532–1541, 2004
Are the solvent effects critical in the modeling of polyoxoanions?
Authors: López Xavier , Fernández Jorge A. , Romo Susanna , Paul Jean François , Kazansky Leonid , Poblet Josep M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDFT calculations were driven for a set of differently charged polyoxoanions in the gas phase and in solution. We have calculated and analyzed their geometries and orbital energies to trace simple rules of behavior regarding the modeling of anions in isolated form. We discuss the quality of the results depending on the molecular charge, q, and the size of the cluster in terms of the number of metal centers, m. When the q/m ratio reaches a value of ∼0.8, DFT calculations for the isolated anion fail to describe the gap between the band of occupied oxo orbitals and the set of unoccupied orbitals delocalized among the metal atoms. In these cases the incorporation of the stabilizing external fields generated by the solvent through continuum models improves the geometries and orbital energies. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 1542–1549, 2004
Raman studies of cubic BC2N, a new superhard phase
Authors: Hubble H. W. , Kudryashov I. , Solozhenko V. L. , Zinin P. V. , Sharma S. K. , Ming L. C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractUV and visible Raman scattering spectra of a new superhard phase, cubic BC2N, were measured for the first time. The Raman band at 1326 cm−1 was attributed to the longitudinal optical (LO) mode of cubic BC2N, whereas the transverse optic (TO) mode is missing in the spectra. Raman scattering was found to be a sensitive method for detecting new diamond‐like BCN phases. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering from analytes adsorbed on gold nanoparticles inside polymer beads
Authors: Larsson Mina , Lu Jun , Lindgren Jan 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPorous polymer beads with a large inner area were used as a stabilizing matrix for SERS‐active gold particles. A commercially available ion exchanger (SOURCETM) was used together with HAuCl4. Absorbance measurements and an x‐ray diffraction study confirmed that nanocrystalline gold was obtained in the polymer beads. Transmission electron microscope measurements were performed and showed that larger nanoparticles, 20–100 nm, were obtained on the surface, whereas in the interior smaller particles, approximately 2–10 nm, could be found. Three analytes, mercaptoethanesulfonate, mercaptopropionic acid and thiocyanate, were adsorbed on the gold particles inside the polymer beads. From all analytes enhanced Raman spectra could be obtained. The distribution of analytes adsorbed on gold nanoparticles was investigated by confocal Raman spectroscopy. SERS spectra from the analytes could be observed throughout the polymer bead, indicating a fairly uniform distribution of analytes adsorbed on gold nanoparticles. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of soil degradation and management practices on the surface water dynamics in the Talgua River Watershed in Honduras
Authors: Hanson D. L. , Steenhuis T. S. , Walter M. F. , Boll J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWhen tropical forests are felled, subsequent land uses affect surface runoff, soil erosion, and soil compaction. In some cases, they can markedly change the hydrology of a region with disastrous effects on human life. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of rainfall on stream hydrology due to conversion of primary forests to agriculture. Near surface water dynamics were compared for three land uses on the steep hillsides in the Talgua River Watershed in Honduras: degraded grass‐covered field; traditional coffee plantation; and primary forest. Infiltration and surface runoff rates were measured using several methods. A clear difference was observed in hydraulic conductivity between the degraded and non‐degraded lands. The degraded grass‐covered hillslopes developed a surface restrictive layer with a low saturated hydraulic conductivity of 8 to 11 mm/hr, resulting in more frequent overland flow than traditional coffee plantation and primary forest. Soils under the latter two land‐use types maintained high infiltration capacities and readily conducted water vertically at rates of 109 and 840 mm/hr, respectively. Dye tests confirmed that the coffee plantation and primary forest both maintained well‐connected macropores through which water flowed readily. In contrast, macropores in the degraded soil profile were filled by fine soil particles. Soils in the degraded grass‐covered field also showed more compaction than soils in the coffee plantation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semiarid land rehabilitation by direct drilling in the South Island, New Zealand—plant species and establishment technology
Authors: Wills B. J. , Trainor K. D. , Littlejohn R. P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractLarge areas of the east coast and inland basins of the South Island, New Zealand, are affected by periodic drought and/or semiarid climatic conditions, particularly during cyclic El Niño climatic events. The severity of these environmental conditions places great stress on introduced and native pasture species and frequently results in poor establishment of new pastures using standard drilling techniques. The objective of this study was to determine effective, practical means of rehabilitating semiarid land (about 470 mm annual rainfall) on a site in Central Otago.A comparison of two direct drilling methods, a novel strip‐seeder drill and a standard hoe‐coulter drill, was conducted in a trial initiated during spring 1998. Five drought‐tolerant forage species were established: wheatgrass (Thinopyron intermedium), tall oat grass (Arrhenatherum elatius), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), hairy dorycnium (Dorycnium hirsutum) and bluebush (Kochia prostrata).For the 2000/2001 growing season, species established with the strip‐seeder drill had an overall mean herbage biomass of 235 g m −2 , three‐times that for the hoe‐coulter drill (77 g m −2 , P < 0·001). Differences in herbage biomass between species were observed, with hairy dorycnium (mean 328 g m −2 ) producing significantly (P < 0·001) more herbage biomass than the other species.After the third spring, the percentage ground cover recorded from transects across the strip‐seeder drill plots (cf. the hoe‐coulter drill) was: wheatgrass—41 per cent (10 per cent); tall oat grass—44 per cent (25 per cent); birdsfoot trefoil—25 per cent (5 per cent); hairy dorycnium—50 per cent (19 per cent); and bluebush—4 per cent (0 per cent). The native plant content of the resident vegetation was reduced as a result of the drilling treatments and also when fertilizer was added to undistrubed pasture.The strip‐seeder drill is capable of providing superior plant growth on dryland sites even during adverse drought conditions. It produces a furrow approximately 16 cm wider than the hoe‐coulter drill, exerts a greater shattering effect on the soil structure and places fertilizer at depth. It is suggested that this assists plant establishment by providing good seedling protection from wind and sun, and subsequent plant growth by allowing easier root penetration to the subsoil where nutrients and moisture are available. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurosyphilis masquerading as corticobasal degeneration
Authors: Benito‐León J. , Alvarez‐Linera J. , Louis E.D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe report on a patient with a syndrome resembling corticobasal ganglionic degeneration (CBD), including slight cognitive impairment, asymmetric akinesia, rigidity with myoclonus, and arm levitation, which can be one of the features of alien limb phenomenon; however, further diagnostic testing was consistent with neurosyphilis. Syphilis, “the great imitator,” may also masquerade as CBD. Because neurosyphilis is treatable, it should be considered in the workup of patients with cognitive impairment and motor signs of CBD. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
An analytical solution of one‐dimensional consolidation for soft sensitive soil ground
Authors: Chen Yun‐Min , Tang Xiao‐Wu , Wang Jun 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAn analytical solution of one‐dimensional consolidation for soft sensitive soil ground is presented. The moving boundary is introduced to indicate the notable change of consolidation behaviour of sensitive soil with the increase of stress level. It is assumed that the soil structure of the upper subsoil gradually destroys downwards with the dissipation of pore pressure, and the coefficient of consolidation as well as the coefficient of permeability of the upper subsoil become small, which hinders the dissipation of pore pressure of the lower subsoil. The consolidation degree curve obtained from the present solution is found to lie between the two curves obtained from Terzaghi one‐dimensional consolidation solution with the parameters of the undisturbed soil and the remolded soil. The calculated results provide a new explanation for a general phenomenon in the consolidation of soft sensitive soil ground, as that for high loadings the consolidation is longer than for small ones. It should be pointed out from this study that both the deep mixing method and the long vertical drains methods are effective techniques for improving deep sensitive soil ground. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time‐domain dynamic analysis of dam–reservoir–foundation interaction including the reservoir bottom absorption
Authors: Küçükarslan Semih 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn this paper, time‐domain dynamic analysis of dam–reservoir–foundation interaction is presented by coupling the dual reciprocity boundary element method (DRBEM) in the infinite reservoir and foundation domain and the finite element method in the finite dam domain. An efficient coupling procedure is formulated by using the sub‐structuring method. The effects of the reservoir bottom absorption are included in the formulations. Sharan's boundary condition for the far‐end of the infinite fluid domain is implemented. To verify the proposed scheme, numerical examples are carried out by comparing with the available exact solutions and finite–finite element coupling results for the dam–reservoir interaction. A complete dam–reservoir–foundation interaction is also studied by including the bottom absorption effects. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A semi‐implicit time‐stepping model for frictional compliant contact problems
Authors: Song Peng , Pang Jong‐Shi , Kumar Vijay 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn this paper, we formulate a semi‐implicit time‐stepping model for multibody mechanical systems with frictional, distributed compliant contacts. Employing a polyhedral pyramid model for the friction law and a distributed, linear, viscoelastic model for the contact, we obtain mixed linear complementarity formulations for the discrete‐time, compliant contact problem. We establish the existence and finite multiplicity of solutions, demonstrating that such solutions can be computed by Lemke's algorithm. In addition, we obtain limiting results of the model as the contact stiffness tends to infinity. The limit analysis elucidates the convergence of the dynamic models with compliance to the corresponding dynamic models with rigid contacts within the computational time‐stepping framework. Finally, we report numerical simulation results with an example of a planar mechanical system with a frictional contact that is modelled using a distributed, linear viscoelastic model and Coulomb's frictional law, verifying empirically that the solution trajectories converge to those obtained by the more traditional rigid‐body dynamic model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
Material instability in fatigue of fibre composites
Authors: Tesar Alexander 
Published: June 2004

AbstractResearch of the ultimate behaviour of the carbon fibre composites is treated in the present paper. The material instability on the basis of the fibre kinking theory is adopted for the treatment of the failure process in the problem. The micromechanical modelling adopting the FETM‐wave approach is used for the numerical analysis of the problem. Some numerical and experimental results obtained are submitted in order to demonstrate the efficiency of the procedures suggested. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Presidential personnel innovation for Presidential appointees in Korea: toward an institutional Presidency
Authors: Kim Pan Suk 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMost presidents may come to realise that a successful individual, gifted though he may be, cannot do everything himself. The president must be assisted by a capable staff and trusted advisors. They are key to policy effectiveness. Surprisingly, in Korea, the past record of presidential performances in these respects has been less than exemplary. Under the current incumbency President Roh (2003–2008), there is accordingly growing public expectation that improvements might take place in his nascent administration.Accordingly, this article assesses the personnel problems of Presidential appointees in the previous as well as the current administration. After a brief but critical examination of the personnel selection system, it considers the ongoing efforts to undertake reform and its innovative direction.In conclusion, it observes that whilst the personnel system for merit‐based civil servants is reasonably well established in the Korean government, the presidential personnel system for political appointments is seriously underdeveloped. The author accordingly suggests some improvements of the system for ‘spoils‐based’ appointees. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cobaltic accelerator for the methylene blue photoinitiation system in aqueous acrylate solution
Authors: Yang Jianwen , Neckers Douglas C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA helium‐neon laser was used as a light source to induce the photopolymerization of ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate in aqueous solution. A near‐infrared spectrometer was used to follow the polymerization. Methylene blue (MB) and triethanolamine were used as the basic photoinitiation system, and novel accelerators to the two‐component initiation system were investigated. The three‐component photoinitiation systems containing cobaltic complexes as accelerators were found to be very efficient in initiating the polymerization of the aforementioned water‐soluble monomer, and the efficiency was higher than that initiated by MB/triethanolamine/diphenyl iodonium chloride, which has been reported previously. Twin redox cycles between MB and cobaltic complexes was proposed to explain the acceleration effect of the cobaltic complexes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3836–3841, 2004
Spontaneous polymerization mechanism of electron‐accepting substituted quinodimethane with vinyl ether and cyclic ketene acetal
Authors: Mitsuda Yukihiro , Fujikawa Takashige , Nakasaka Katsumi , Uno Takahiro , Kubo Masataka , Itoh Takahito 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe spontaneous reactions of 1‐(2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxane‐4,6‐dione‐5‐ylidene)‐4‐(dicyanomethylene)‐2,5‐cyclohexadiene (QM‐1) with a vinyl ether, butyl vinyl ether (BVE), and a cyclic ketene acetal, 2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxepane (MDOP), were investigated. The reaction of QM‐1 with BVE produced a terpolymer composed of QM‐1, 7‐butoxy‐8,8‐dicyanoquinodimethane, and BVE units as a hexane‐insoluble product and a one‐to‐one adduct of methylene Meldrum's acid and BVE as a hexane‐soluble product. The spontaneous reaction of QM‐1 with BVE produced, in the presence of 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxy (TEMPO), a terpolymer carrying TEMPO units in the chain ends, and in the presence of methanol, a one‐to‐one‐to‐one adduct of QM‐1, BVE, and methanol was isolated. The spontaneous reaction with bulkier, electron‐donating MDOP produced a low‐molecular‐weight alternating cooligomer of QM‐1 with MDOP. The spontaneous polymerization was proposed to proceed via a zwitterionic intermediate taking two forms, gauche and trans, depending on the bulkiness of the comonomer. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3800–3811, 2004
Safety testing of new chemicals: The regulatory framework worldwide
Authors: West A. S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractKey elements of the testing requirements for new chemical substances under the various chemical control laws throughout the industrialized world are reviewed. Important issues in all of the systems are described. The influence of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is discussed. Similarities and differences in the testing requirements are outlined leading to a suggested strategy for introduction of new chemicals in the international markets.
A novel, thermal instability in a ‘semi‐batch’ reactor
Authors: Gray B. F. , Coppersthwaite D. P. , Griffiths J. F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAn unusual type of oscillatory, thermal instability in a reaction which takes place in a semi‐batch reactor, (i.e., when one reactant is admitted slowly to the reaction vessel and mixes with another reactant already present in the system) is investigated experimentally and theoretically. We show not only that oscillatory temperature changes may occur that are sufficiently large to constitute a formidable explosion hazard but also that the conditions under which such a hazard may take place could be entered unwittingly, in a mistaken belief that a move away from a potentially hazardous zone is being made. The theoretical background is formulated analytically in the context of a first order exothermic reaction. However, from the experimental study of the exothermic gaseous reaction between hydrogen and chlorine, we confirm the existence of oscillations and we show that the main features predicted by the simple theory transpose to more complex kinetic systems. In this particular system, temperature changes in excess of 200 K were measured in the unstable oscillatory region. The experimental study is linked to the theoretical foundations through numerical modelling of the non‐isothermal process, based on a detailed kinetic mechanism of the H2 + Cl2 reaction. Similar oscillatory phenomena are also shown by numerical simulation to be possible in a semi‐batch reactor in an exothermic reaction between two liquids.