bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
APPROXIMATELY INNER FLOWS ON SEPARABLE C*-ALGEBRAS
Authors: KISHIMOTO AKITAKA 
Published: August 2002

We present two types of result for approximately inner one-parameter automorphism groups (referred to as AI flows hereafter) of separable C*-algebras. First, if there is an irreducible representation π of a separable C*-algebra A such that π(A) does not contain non-zero compact operators, then there is an AI flow α such that π is α-covariant and α is far from uniformly continuous in the sense that α induces a flow on π(A) which has full Connes spectrum. Second, if α is an AI flow on a separable C*-algebra A and π is an α-covariant irreducible representation, then we can choose a sequence (hn) of self-adjoint elements in A such that αt is the limit of inner flows Ad eithn and the sequence π(eithn) of one-parameter unitary groups (referred to as unitary flows hereafter) converges to a unitary flow which implements α in π. This latter result will be extended to cover the case of weakly inner type I representations. In passing we shall also show that if two representations of a separable simple C*-algebra on a separable Hilbert space generate the same von Neumann algebra of type I, then there is an approximately inner automorphism which sends one into the other up to equivalence.
QUANTUM 'ax + b' GROUP
Authors: WORONOWICZ S. L. , ZAKRZEWSKI S. 
Published: August 2002

'ax + b' is the group of affine transformations of the real line R. In quantum version ab = q2ba, where q2 = e-i ℏ is a number of modulus 1. The main problem of constructing quantum deformation of this group on the C*-level consists in non-selfadjointness of Δ(b) = a ⊗ b + b ⊗ I. This problem is overcome by introducing (in addition to a and b) a new generator β commuting with a and anticommuting with b. β (or more precisely β ⊗ β) is used to select a suitable selfadjoint extension of a ⊗ b + b ⊗ I. Furthermore we have to assume that [Formula: see text], where k = 0,1,2, ·. In this case, q is a root of 1. To construct the group, we write an explicit formula for the Kac–Takesaki operator W. It is shown that W is a manageable multiplicative unitary in the sense of [3,19]. Then using the general theory we construct a C*-algebra A and a comultiplication Δ ∈ Mor (A,A ⊗ A). A should be interpreted as the algebra of all continuous functions vanishing at infinity on quantum 'ax + b'-group. The group structure is encoded by Δ. The existence of coinverse also follows from the general theory [19].
KMS, ETC.
Authors: BIRKE LOTHAR , FRÖHLICH JÜRG 
Published: August 2002

A general form of the "Wick rotation", starting from imaginary-time Green functions of quantum-mechanical systems in thermal equilibrium at positive temperature, is established. Extending work of H. Araki, the rôle of the KMS condition and of an associated anti-unitary symmetry operation, the "modular conjugation", in constructing analytic continuations of Green functions from real- to imaginary times, and back, is clarified. The relationship between the KMS condition for the vacuum with respect to Lorentz boosts, on one hand, and the spin-statistics connection and the PCT theorem, on the other hand, in local, relativistic quantum field theory is recalled. General results on the reconstruction of local quantum theories in various non-trivial gravitational backgrounds from "Euclidian amplitudes" are presented. In particular, a general form of the KMS condition is proposed and applied, e.g., to the Unruh- and the Hawking effects.
A SIMPLE FACTOR-2/3 APPROXIMATION ALGORITHM FOR TWO-CIRCLE POINT LABELING
Authors: WOLFF ALEXANDER , THON MICHAEL , XU YINFENG 
Published: August 2002

Given a set P of n points in the plane, the two-circle point-labeling problem consists of placing 2n uniform, non-intersecting, maximum-size open circles such that each point touches exactly two circles. It is known that this problem is NP-hard to approximate. In this paper we give a simple algorithm that improves the best previously known approximation factor from [Formula: see text] to 2/3. The main steps of our algorithm are as follows. We first compute the Voronoi diagram, then label each point optimally within its cell, compute the smallest label diameter over all points and finally shrink all labels to this size. We keep the O(n log n) time and O(n) space bounds of the previously best algorithm.
PLANAR LACES
Authors: JIN GYO TAEK , KIM HUN 
Published: August 2002

Let S be a connected open subset of 2-sphere S2 which is identified with the extended plane R2 ∪ {∞}. We assume that S contains the n segments {1, 2, …, n} × [-1, 1]. An n-lace ℓ (in S) is the union ℓ1 ∪ … ∪ ℓn of disjoint simple arcs in S such that ∂ ℓi = {(i, 1), (π (i),-1)}, i = 1, …, n, for some permutation π of {1, 2, …, n}. In this paper we will do present mapping class group description of n-laces, and 1-lace in 1-punctured plane, and 2-laces in S2. We will also describe the isotropy subgroup of the trivial lace in [Formula: see text].
Stigma
Authors: Smith Michael 
Published: August 2002

‘Medicine is a social science, and politics nothing but medicine on a grand scale.’ (Rudolph Virchov, 1848, quoted in Link & Phelan, 1996)Discrimination and prejudice against people with mental illnesses is ubiquitous, pernicious and wrong. The overwhelming case against such stigma has been recognised by initiatives from the UK government, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, the US Surgeon General, the World Psychiatric Association and many other organisations
Identifying and challenging unhelpful thinking
Authors: Williams Chris , Garland Anne 
Published: August 2002

In the first two articles of this series (Williams & Garland, 2002; Wright et al, 2002), we looked at the different areas of human experience that alter during times of mental illness. The Five Areas Assessment model (Williams, 2001; see also Fig. 1 of Williams & Garland, 2002) provides a clear summary of the range of problems and difficulties faced by the individual in each of the following domains:1life situation, relationships, practical problems2altered thinking3altered emotions (moods or feelings)4altered physical feelings/symptoms5altered behaviour or activity levels.
Knowledge management
Authors: Sensky Tom 
Published: August 2002

Knowledge management sounds superficially like yet another of those topical expressions describing something that has been developed outside medicine and is possibly ill-suited for application within the field, but offering an excuse for yet more change. However, one of the distinguishing features of every profession is that it applies a body of specialist knowledge and skills to a defined purpose. Knowledge in medicine is growing exponentially. In a recent survey of just 22 general practices, the practice guidelines identified weighed 28 kg (Hibbleet al, 1998)! In psychiatry, about 5500 papers which potentially have clinical relevance are published annually. Keeping pace with knowledge as it grows is a major challenge for all clinicians. This is reflected in the National Health Service (NHS) information strategy, which identifies three specific needs of clinicians (NHS Executive, 1998). These are:•fast, reliable and accurate information about patients in their care;•access to knowledge to inform clinical practice;•access to information to underpin evaluation of clinical practice, planning and research, clinical governance and continuing professional development.
Fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm
Authors: Owens David , Horrocks Judith , House Allan 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundNon-fatal self-harm frequently leads to non-fatal repetition and sometimes to suicide. We need to quantify these two outcomes of self-harm to help us to develop and test effective interventions.AimsTo estimate rates of fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm.MethodA systematic review of published follow-up data, from observational and experimental studies. Four electronic databases were searched and 90 studies met the inclusion criteria.ResultsEighty per cent of studies found were undertaken in Europe, over one-third in the UK. Median proportions for repetition 1 year later were: 16% non-fatal and 2% fatal; after more than 9 years, around 7% of patients had died by suicide. The UK studies found particularly low rates of subsequent suicide.ConclusionsAfter 1 year, non-fatal repetition rates are around 15%. The strong connection between self-harm and later suicide lies somewhere between 0.5% and 2% after 1 year and above 5% after 9 years. Suicide risk among self-harm patients is hundreds of times higher than in the general population.
Beds, budgets and burdens: Learning disability expenditure v. workload across English health authorities
Authors: Forsyth Bunny , Winterbottom Paul 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundFollowing the closure of asylums and widespread changes in the population distribution of people with learning disabilities, there has been little investigation of changing expenditure requirements of health authorities in England.AimsTo compare expenditure on learning disability health services across England with the burden of services regionally, as estimated by numbers of people with learning disabilities.MethodA national database was set up using data from the National Audit Commission and the Department of Health. The spend/burden ratio was calculated and correlation tests for likely causes of inequality were applied.ResultsThere is widespread discrepancy from the median spend/burden ratio of £10 260 per person with learning disability. There is a positive correlation between ratios and levels of net exports of people funded by their local authority social services to reside ‘out of area’. Comparative underspending occurs in rural areas.ConclusionsThere are inequalities in levels of spending on learning disability services. Comparison of regions suggests resources may not be allocated fairly. Health authorities should ensure that population increases are mirrored by appropriate adjustments in expenditure.
Duration of major depressive episodes in the general population: Results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS)
Authors: Spijker Jan , De Graaf Ron , Bijl Rob V , Beekman Aartjan T. F. , Ormel Johan , Nolen Willem A. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundData on the duration of major depressive episodes (MDE) in the general population are sparse.AimsTo assess the duration of MDE and its clinical and socio-demographic determinants in a study group drawn from the general population with newly originated episodes of major depression.MethodThe Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study is a prospective epidemiological survey in the adult population (n=7076), using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Duration of MDE over 2 years was assessed with a Life Chart Interview.ResultsThe median duration of MDE was 3.0 months; 50% of participants recovered within 3 months, 63% within 6 months, 76% within 12 months and nearly 20% had not recovered at 24 months. Determinants of persistence were severity of depression and comorbid dysthymia. A recurrent episode predicted shorter duration.ConclusionsAlthough half of those affected with MDE recovered rapidly, the risk of chronicity (duration 24months or more) was considerable. This underlines the necessity of diagnosing and treating those at risk.
Residential care in Italy
Authors: De Girolamo G. , Picardi A. , Micciolo R. , Falloon I. , Fioritti A. , Morosini P. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundIn Italy, where all mental hospitals have been gradually phased out since 1978, psychiatric patients requiring long-term care are being treated in non-hospital residential facilities (NHRFs). However, detailed data on these facilities are sparse.AimsThe Progetto Residenze (PROGRES) residential care project is a three-phase study, the first phase of which aims to survey the main characteristics of all Italian NHRFs.MethodStructured interviews were conducted with the manager of each NHRF.ResultsOn 31 May 2000 there were 1370 NHRFs with 17138 beds; an average of 12.5 beds each and a rate of 2.98 beds per 10 000 inhabitants. Residential provision varied ten-fold between regions and discharge rates were very low. Most had 24-hour staffing with 1.42 patients per full-time worker.ConclusionsThere is marked variability in the provision of residential places between different regions; discharge rates are generally low.
Self-help for bulimic disorders: A randomised controlled trial comparing minimal guidance with face-to-face or telephone guidance
Authors: Palmer Robert L. , Birchall Helen , Mcgrain Lesley , Sullivan Victoria 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundThere is great potential demand for treatment of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Skilled therapists are in short supply. Self-help and guided self-help based upon books have shown some promise as an economical alternative to full therapy in some cases.AimsTo investigate the efficacy and effectiveness of self-help with and without guidance in a specialist secondary service.MethodA randomised controlled trial comparing three forms of self-help over 4 months with a waiting-list comparison group and measurement of service consumption over the subsequent 8 months.ResultsSelf-help delivered with four sessions of face-to-face guidance led to improved outcome over 4 months. There is also some evidence to support the use of telephone guidance. A minority of participants achieved lasting remission of their disorder in relation to self-help, but there was no significant difference in final outcome between the groups after they had progressed through the stepped care programme. Patients initially offered guided self-help had a lower long-term drop-out rate.ConclusionsGuided self-help is a worthwhile initial response to bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. It is a treatment that could be delivered in primary care and in other non-specialist settings.
2020 Vision
Authors: Needham-Bennett Humphrey 
Published: September 2002

I've been in psychiatry now for around 20 years – since the millennium in fact. I was just finishing my specialist registrar training in 2001, as the Dome was being finished off.Things were really bad back then. I remember we had people with schizophrenia living in the community. I mean — how naive can you get. There was a reason the asylums were built in the first place. There was a run of murders, people with schizophrenia killing innocent members of the public, the same public that had been selflessly trying to help them integrate back into the community, giving them jobs and self-respect.
Complaints about care in a mental health trust
Authors: Pitarka-Carcani Iris , Szmukler George , Henderson Claire 
Published: September 2002

Aims and MethodA retrospective review of a random sample of written complaints made by, or on behalf of, users of psychiatric services to determine: (a) the number and nature of written complaints against clinical aspects of services in a mental health trust over a 1-year period; and (b) what information complaints provide about deficiencies in the quality of care.ResultsOut of 325 recorded complaints in 1997, 192 concerned clinical aspects of services; 89% of complainants complained once. There was a roughly equal split between complaints about technicalv. interpersonal aspects of care. Complaints were far higher from in-patient than from out-patient settings. Evidence that the complaints related to psychotic symptoms was rare. All complaints were resolved locally, but 28 responses by the team were judged unsatisfactory. In 39 cases further action was taken as a result of the complaint, but no disciplinary action was taken against medical staff.Clinical ImplicationsPoor communication is likely to be at the root of many complaints. Room for improvement was found with respect to responses to complaints.
The Care Programme Approach and risk assessment of borderline personality disorder
Authors: Whewell Peter , Bonanno Daria 
Published: September 2002

Aims and MethodsThis paper describes the validation of self-report of risk by patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) as compared with the judgement of experienced psychotherapists in regular contact with them. The aim was to validate the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation System (CORE) self-report in order to be able to use it to monitor risk change for patients with BPD in psychotherapy and general psychiatric settings.ResultsThere was significant separation correlation between CORE risk sub-scales for self-harm, suicide and risk to others and therapists' estimation of significant risk v. no significant risk.Clinical ImplicationsUsing the cut-offs described, we suggest that the CORE questionnaire risk sub-scales can be used to assess significant risk for patients with BPD in psychotherapy, and in psychiatric and community health teams. The sub-scales should also prove valuable in allocating Care Programme Approach status.
Consultant psychiatrists' experiences of using supervised discharge Results of a national survey
Authors: Franklin Donna , Pinfold Vanessa , Bindman Jonathan , Thornicroft Graham 
Published: September 2002

Aims and MethodSupervised discharge orders (SDOs) enable a degree of compulsion to be exerted over patients in the community. We aimed to establish the level of, and reasons for, their use and consultants' perceptions of their effectiveness. All mental health provider NHS trusts in England were surveyed, and a random sample cohort of cases was identified. Community responsible medical officers (CRMOs) were surveyed using a semi-structured questionnaire.ResultsWe identified 596 cases subject to SDOs in 170 mental health provider trusts (100%) in England, involving 18% of consultant psychiatrists. Responses were obtained from the CRMOs of 185 patients (84%) from a sample of 221 cases. The SDO was described as helpful or very helpful in 77% of cases in which it had been in place for over 2 months. In 58% of cases the SDO was intended to improve medication compliance, and in 46% of these cases it was perceived to be effective in doing so.Clinical ImplicationsSDOs are not widely used in England. However, for those patients who are made subject to supervised discharge, the order appears to be effective and may improve medication compliance, despite the absence of the legal power to enforce treatment.
Impact of counsellors in primary care on referrals to secondary mental health services
Authors: White Mel , Bijlani Natasha , Bale Rob , Burns Tom 
Published: September 2002

Aims and MethodA questionnaire survey of all general practices in one health authority plus an assessment of a random sample of referrals were used to evaluate the impact of counsellors in primary care on referrals to mental health services.ResultsA total of 91.1% of practices responded to the survey. A counsellor was present in 20.3% of these practices. A random sample of 180 referrals to community mental health teams was reviewed. There was a significantly higher referral rate from practices that employed a counsellor (P = 0.003). There was no evidence of a difference in rates of caseness of referrals between practices that employed a counsellor and those that did not.Clinical ImplicationsPractices employing counsellors had significantly higher referral rates to mental health services, with no difference in the level of caseness between the two groups of referrals.
Postcode prescribing in psychiatry
Authors: Purcell Helen , Lewis Shôn 
Published: September 2002

Aims and MethodWe aimed to examine variations in clozapine prescribing in all 12 NHS trusts with catchment area mental health services in one English county, over a 2-year period. We tested a series of hypotheses to explain the variation in prescribing of clozapine.ResultsA 34-fold variation between trusts in rates of clozapine provision was found after adjusting for measures of local population need. This variation did not change over the 2 years examined. It was not explained by differences in resource level.Clinical ImplicationsThe evidence base is strong for the effectiveness and likely cost-effectiveness of clozapine in severe schizophrenia. Our data indicate that variations in evidence-based clinical practice at the provider level led to the wide variation in clozapine prescribing.
Clinical governance
Authors: Gralton Ernest , James Adrian , Oxborrow Sue 
Published: September 2002

Aims and MethodTo describe the introduction of a clinical governance programme within a regional forensic psychiatric service.ResultsThe established programme meets the objectives of clinical governance. It affords regular appraisal of model practice and dissemination of information among staff. It provides a forum for continuing professional development, assessment of users' views and input of its staff to service development.Clinical ImplicationsA functional clinical governance programme is possible, and likely to produce considerable benefits, but requires substantial commitment from clinical, secretarial and managerial staff. To be sustainable in the long term it may require additional funding. It is still too early to seek to evaluate any long term changes produced in patient care by the process.
Patient or client? The opinions of people attending a psychiatric clinic
Authors: Ritchie C. W. , Hayes D. , Ames D. J. 
Published: September 2002

Aims and MethodThe use of the term ‘client’ has become increasingly popular among non-medical staff in psychiatric practice. We sought to describe the preferences and attitudes of people attending a psychiatric clinic to the terms patient and client. A questionnaire and case note review was employed.Results147 people completed the questionnaire, of these 77% preferred the term patient. There was no subgroup that preferred the term client. Attitudes towards the two terms were significantly different, with a greater antipathy demonstrated towards the term client.Clinical ImplicationsThe majority of people attending a psychiatric clinic prefer the use of the term patient; the term client is disliked.
Clozapine – a survey of patient perceptions
Authors: Taylor D. , Shapland L. , Laverick G. , Bond J. , Munro J. 
Published: September 2002

Aims and MethodWe aimed to find out how patients on clozapine felt about clozapine treatment. A structured questionnaire was given to 1284 consecutive patients attending 27 clozapine clinics in the UK.ResultsThe response rate was 44.4% (570 forms returned). This cohort of responders to the questionnaire consisted, for the most part, of Caucasian males who had been taking clozapine for more than 2 years. Respondents expressed largely favourable views on clozapine treatment. For example, 86.1% claimed to feel better on clozapine and 88.6% claimed to prefer to remain on clozapine than to change to another drug. Many patients stated that they disliked having to undergo blood testing, but a large majority (87.0%) felt that the advantages of clozapine outweighed disadvantages. All other responses supported this overall favourable view of clozapine therapy.Clinical ImplicationsPatients stabilised on clozapine are largely content with their treatment. These results suggest that clozapine is effective as assessed by patients' own standards and that adherence to therapy is likely to be good.
Teachers' attitudes towards child mental health services
Authors: Ford Tamsin , Nikapota Anula 
Published: September 2002

Aims and MethodTo improve liaison between local schools and child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) by exploring teachers' experiences and perceptions of CAMHS. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 25 volunteer primary school teachers.ResultsTeachers reported exhausting education-based resources before seeking external advice. Most had positive experiences of child mental health services and were keen to be more involved. They favoured a service that provided rapid advice and ongoing support. Many complained about problems in communication.Clinical ImplicationsChild psychiatrists should collaborate more effectively with teachers to promote mental health and manage children with behavioural and psychological problems.