bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A staging system for malignant melanoma
Authors: Ketcham Alfred S. , Christopherson William O. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe American Joint Committee for Cancer Staging and End Results Reporting has developed a classification system for staging malignant melanoma. Based on the TNM classification system of the International Union Against Cancer, the American system uses information derived from over 1700 cases. Characteristics including level of invasion, thickness of penetration, nodal involvement, and incidence of metastases are considered and rules for classification are included.
Papillary ureteroneocystostomy in renal transplantation: An experimental and clinical study
Authors: Marks Charles , Marks Peter H. , Rees Riley S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe need to avoid leakage, stenosis, or reflux of urine after ureteroneocystostomy in renal transplantation has led to the development of a new technique consisting of a simple end‐to‐side ureterovesical anastomosis. The technique has special merit in the case of a short donor ureter and obviates the difficulty in creating a submucous vesical tunnel.In a series of 18 dogs, renal transplantation was performed, and the open end of the distal ureter was everted to provide a mucosal cuff 2 cm in length and fixed in position with sutures of 6‐0 plain catgut. A small cystotomy was then made in the bladder dome and a direct mucosa‐tomucosa anastomosis was established between the vesical mucosa and the upper end of the mucosal cuff, permitting projection of 2 cm of everted mucosally lined ureter into the bladder as a small nipple or papilla. Two months later, cystography and intravenous pyelography showed a patent anastomosis, and gross and microscopic examination of the ureterovesical ostia upon sacrifice of the dogs confirmed absence of stenosis.This technique has been used in 7 human renal transplants and examination by intravenous pyelography, cystoscopy, cystometry, and retrograde pyelography demonstrated absence of reflux, stenosis, or leakage with graft survival ranging between 1 and 3 years. In 1 case, nephroureterectomy of the transplanted kidney became necessary because of rejection, providing the opportunity to confirm a well‐healed anastomosis.
Interrelationship between serum gastrin concentration, gastric acid secretion, and gastric emptying rate in recurrent peptic ulcer
Authors: Amdrup Erik , Brandsborg Margrethe , Brandsborg Ole , Løvgreen Nils Axel 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn 36 patients with recurrent peptic ulcer after surgery (11 partial gastrectomy, 25 vagotomy with or without drainage), 12 had a gastric and 24 an intestinal recurrence. Gastric recurrence after partial gastrectomy was characterized by retained antral tissue and a marked serum gastrin response to feeding. Fasting serum gastrin concentration and gastric acid secretion were not correlated with the location of the recurrent ulcer. Gastric recurrences in patients treated by vagotomy correlated mainly with prolonged gastric emptying, and basal acid secretion was significantly lower than in patients with intestinal recurrence. Following complete vagotomy, the recurrence was usually gastric, but it was intestinal after incomplete vagotomy. In the vagotomy group, no correlations between location of ulcer and pentagastrin‐stimulated acid secretion, or fasting and foodstimulated serum gastrin concentrations were found.
A fourteen‐year experience with nonoperative instrument extraction of retained bile duct stones
Authors: Mazzariello R. M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis is a report of nonoperative extraction of residual biliary stones in 1,086 patients over a period of 14 years. Successful stone extraction was accomplished in 95.9% of patients, including extractions effected through the most complex accesses of the cystic duct. The author favors the use of a variety of extraction instruments because so doing makes it possible to cope with the various situations which may arise. It is strongly recommended that surgeons leave short, large diameter drainage tubes in the common bile duct, so as to facilitate the instrumental extraction of residual stones should this need arise.
Progress in the surgical management of hiatal hernia
Authors: Hill Lucius D. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA median arcuate repair which anchors the gastroesophageal junction posteriorly has been used in 559 patients operated on for primary hiatal hernia. With 95% follow‐up, there have been 5 (0.89%) recurrences and 2 (0.35%) deaths. Since the introduction of intraoperative manometrics, there have been no recurrences in the last 120 patients operated on for hiatal hernia. A study of the first 126 patients operated on with the use of intraoperative manometry indicates that sphincter competence was restored. The operation, used by surgeons other than the author with equal success when done properly, offers a surgical option for relief of hiatal hernia in those cases when medical treatment has failed or is contraindicated.
Surgical management of acquired short esophagus with dilatable peptic stricture
Authors: Pearson F. G. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBetween 1964 and 1975, 175 patients were managed by gastroplasty combined with the Belsey Mark IV repair, for peptic stricture (87), esophagitis without stricture (25), recurrent hiatal hernia without stricture (25), incarcerated hiatal hernia (25), and primary motor disorder without stricture (13). Of the 175 patients, 163 (93%) were followed up from 1 to 13 years after repair. The clinical results obtained are good to excellent in more than 90% of the 175 patients. There was no postoperative mortality, morbidity is small, and no patient was considered to have such an unsatisfactory functional result as to warrant further surgery. A more critical and complete follow‐up of the first 33 patients operated on from the series of 175 confirmed these findings. With a 5‐to 13‐year follow‐up, 5 patients died of unrelated disease before the fifth postoperative year, 4 of whom were free of symptoms of stricture and reflux; 2 were lost to follow‐up, but were improved at last contact; 1 patient developed recurrent stenosis without evidence of esophagitis; 1 developed recurrent reflux due to peptic ulceration and pyloric stenosis; and 24 patients have no symptomatic reflux. The addition of gastroplasty to the Belsey Mark IV procedure is conceptually superior to some of the alternative operative procedures used in dealing with acquired short esophagus and stricture. However, a detailed, uniform reporting of long‐term follow‐up data and clearly defined case selection are necessary before an accurate and meaningful comparison of the results of various procedures can be accomplished.
Comparison of catgut and polyglycolic acid sutures in colonic anastomoses
Authors: Clark Charles G. , Wyllie John H. , Haggie Stephen J. , Renton Peter 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn a randomized prospective trial performed on patients undergoing colonic surgery, comparison was made between catgut and polyglycolic acid sutures as a continuous all‐coats layer in a two‐layer anastomosis, where the seromuscular layer in all cases was interrupted silk. The incidence of anastomotic dehiscence was significantly less when polyglycolic acid sutures were used.
Exploring the functions of RNA interference pathway proteins: some functions are more RISCy than others?
Authors: JARONCZYK Katarzyna , CARMICHAEL Jon B. , HOBMAN Tom C. 
Published: April 2005

PPD (PAZ Piwi domain) proteins and the Dicer family have been the subjects of intense study over the last 6 years. These proteins have well-established roles in RNAi (RNA interference), a process that relies on siRNAs (small interfering RNAs) or miRNAs (microRNAs) to mediate specificity. The development of techniques for applying RNAi as a laboratory tool and a molecular therapeutic technique has rapidly outpaced our understanding of the biology of this process. However, over the last 2 years, great strides have been made towards elucidating how PPD proteins and Dicer regulate gene-silencing at the pre- and post-transcriptional levels. In addition, evidence is beginning to emerge that suggests that these proteins have additional siRNA-independent roles as cell-cycle regulators. In the present review, we summarize the well-known roles of these two classes of proteins in gene-silencing pathways, as well as explore the evidence for novel roles of PPD and Dicer proteins.
Temperature Gradients in Reacting Systems
Authors: Benson Sidney W. 
Published: April 2005

A study of the heat conduction equation for reactions going on in a spherical flask leads to a calculation of three parameters, τ the mean lifetime for the establishment of stationary states, ΔTm the maximum temperature difference between the walls of the vessel and the reacting gas, and the average temperature difference 〈ΔTm〉Av. These are given by τ=ρcvr02π2K,  ΔTm=RHr026K,  〈ΔTm〉Av=RHr0215K in which ρ is the density, cv the specific heat at constant volume, r0 the radius of the vessel, K the coefficient of thermal conductivity, R the specific rate of reaction, and H the heat of reaction.
In liquid systems under usual conditions τ is of the order of r02 minutes (r0 in cm) while 〈ΔTm〉Av is about ±0.2°C (for H = ±10 kcal, half-life = 1 hour, r0 = 5 cm) so that such effects are usually negligible. In gases on the other hand 〈ΔTm〉Av can be of the order of magnitude of 2°C or higher depending on the various conditions, resulting in significant errors in observed rate constants and activation energies. The effects of added inert gases, pressure, vessel packing, and other parameters are discussed. A very crude treatment of convection shows that it is not expected to alter appreciably the magnitude of 〈ΔTm〉Av.
Electronic Structure of Disordered One-Dimensional Chains
Authors: Landauer Rolf , Helland Joseph C. 
Published: April 2005

The positions of the electronic levels in a variety of finite one-dimensional models of disordered alloys and of liquids have been evaluated numerically over a wide range of energies. The disordered alloys consist of two types of potential wells thrown together in a random sequence, but in equal proportions. In the disordered case the tightly bound states give rise to narrow bands in which the distribution of states cannot be described by a smooth function. The distribution of states can be interpreted in terms of an approximation in which each electron is confined to its own group of adjacent identical atoms. At high energy levels the disordered alloys obey perturbation theory, at least in a qualitative fashion, and the ordered alloy differs from the disordered one because of the effect of Bragg reflections from the superlattice. At high energies the distribution of states can be described by a reasonably smooth density function. Between the high energy range and the tightly bound levels, in some of the cases a transition region occurs, in which the levels are distributed irregularly, but without well-defined gaps and without being susceptible to the simple explanation of localized states. The total number of states (not counting the two spin possibilities as separate states) up to a well-pronounced energy gap is always an integral multiple of one-half the total number of atoms in the chain.
The liquids consist of a series of identical wells separated by a variable well-to-well space. In a liquid the forbidden energy ranges are either smaller than in the strictly periodic crystal, or else nonexistent. The extent to which an energy gap in the strictly periodic crystal will be affected by the introduction of dispersion in the spacing depends on the original gap width as well as on the sensitivity of the gap position, in the strictly periodic case, to uniform dilations. In both the liquid cases and the disordered alloy models a distinction must be made between energy ranges in which the density of states is very low and ranges in which it is strictly zero.
Ionization of Strong Electrolytes. III. Proton Magnetic Resonance in Nitric, Perchloric, and Hydrochloric Acids
Authors: Hood G. C. , Redlich O. , Reilly C. A. 
Published: April 2005

Since the proton magnetic resonance shift in an acid is a colligative property, the derivation of degrees of dissociation requires assumptions which cannot be tested directly. Results derived from measurements of this resonance shift in nitric acid and in perchloric acids are in sufficient agreement with earlier results obtained from a specific property (intensity of Raman lines) to confirm the interpretation of the shift. The value 22 has been found for the thermodynamic dissociation constant of nitric acid, the value 38 for perchloric acid.
The association of nitric acid in aqueous solutions containing more than 50 mole percent of acid is reflected in the shift. Differences in the limiting slopes of the resonance shift of the proton in various acids at high dilution are interpreted as due to different influences of the anions on the association of water.
The Relation between Energy Levels of Substituent Groups and Electron Migration Effects in Some Monosubstituted Benzenes
Authors: Nagakura Saburo , Tanaka Jiro 
Published: April 2005

Determinations of the highest occupied (HB, HS) and the lowest vacant levels (VB, VS) were made with benzene and some substituent groups using experimental knowledge of their ionization potentials and their near ultraviolet absorption spectra. On the basis of the relative height of these levels, monosubstituted benzenes can be classified into following three groups: (1) | VS–HB | &lt; | VB–HS | for meta-directing molecules: (2) | VS–HB | &gt; | VB–HS | for ortho-, para-directing molecules: (3) | VS–HB | ≈ | VB–HS | for styrene. By the aid of a simple quantum-mechanical treatment, it becomes sure that in the case of (1) the interaction between levels VS and HB is predominant and the migrating electron flows out of benzene into the substituent: on the other hand in the case of (2) the interaction between levels VB and HS is the stronger and the migrating electron moves in the reverse direction: and finally, in the case of (3), both interactions referred to in the foregoing should be taken into account with almost equal importance.
Furthermore, it was shown that the difference in the ionization potential between the meta- and the ortho-, para-directing monosubstituted benzenes can be interpreted by taking into consideration the interaction of HB with HS or VS, and that the absorption bands in the wavelength region 2300∼2600A, observed with meta-directing molecules, may be regarded as due to the transition between two levels which occur by the interaction between levels VS and HB.
Use of Nuclear Attraction Integral Approximations in Molecular Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Barker Roland S. , Eyring Henry 
Published: April 2005

Most molecular quantum-mechanical studies of today make use of eigenfunctions composed of atomic orbitals. Such eigenfunctions give rise to difficult multicenter integrals which are usually evaluated by approximate methods. A study of the accuracy of such methods and of their derived results has long been desirable. Certain approximations for three-center nuclear attraction integrals are here examined.
Complete sample calculations are made with the approximate integral values for the triatomic activated complex molecule, H3. The use of the Mulliken approximate evaluation of integrals in the Heitler-London treatment for H3 gives a binding energy 7.6 kcal/mole less than does the use of exact integrals. On modifying the Heitler-London treatment by inclusion of screening constants for the outer and central atomic orbitals the Mulliken type approximate integrals gave for a trial calculation a binding energy 5.3 kcal/mole better than the best previous determination. This trial calculation (using the parametric values R = 1.8, Z0 = 1, Zm = 1.08) while the best of several tried is not likely the best that can be found. However, the binding energy of 72.7 kcal/mole calculated is 26 kcal/mole better than the Heitler-London value (53.4 kcal/mole) and 5 kcal/mole better than the Wang-like covalent-bond-plus-ionic-terms determination using a single screening parameter.
The cited trial calculation indicates that similar determinations now in progress using exact integral evaluations will give a substantial increase in the calculated binding energy of H3. This would be, for this simplest polyatomic molecule, the first major advance since 1936. That the approximate calculation is essentially correct is substantiated by the increase in binding energy obtained with the proper screening constant variation for the diatomic molecule. In the H2 case Wang obtained an improvement from 72.4 kcal/mole to 86.7 kcal/mole over the best covalent-plus-ionic term calculations.
Silver-Activated Alkali Halides
Authors: Etzel H. W. , Schulman J. H. 
Published: April 2005

The emission, excitation, and absorption spectra of silver-activated alkali halides have been investigated. Three absorption bands due to ionic silver have been observed in NaCl, NaBr, KCl, and KBr, and the growth of these bands with silver concentration has been studied. In each of these crystals the two shorter-wavelength bands are ascribed to isolated silver ions, while the band of longest wavelength is ascribed to pairs of silver ions.
Upon x-ray irradiation as many as five new absorption bands arise in certain alkali halides in addition to the F band. Excitation into three of these bands (designated as the B, C, and D bands) produces luminescence, the emission spectrum being different for each band. The B band is attributed to a center consisting of an electron trapped at a silver ion adjacent to a halogen-ion vacancy; the C band to an electron trapped at a complex of two silver ions adjacent to a halogen-ion vacancy; and the D band to a hole trapped at an alkali-ion vacancy adjacent to a silver ion.
Radical Ethics: Race, Women, and Holiness Considered and Reconsidered
Authors: Robins Roger Glenn 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter argues the existence of antimodern elements in radical holiness culture, but the weight of its habits and values were plainfolk modernist. This is evident in its social and demographic contours, its language and values, its message and the means by which this message was propagated, the facility with which it perceived and exploited social change, and in the self-understanding of the holiness of saints. These antimodern elements within radical holiness, in light of the movement’s modernity, demonstrates how thoroughly it bore the imprint of its times.
Portrait of the Patriarch as a Young Man
Authors: Robins Roger Glenn 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter chronicles the life of Ambrose Jessup Tomlinson from childhood to adulthood. A.J. enjoyed a fair amount of privilege as the only son of his grandparents’ eldest child, and as a member of a locally prominent family. As a teenager, he was known as a fun-loving and carefree young man noted for his pranks and good humor. He married Mary Jane Taylor in 1889. He later joined the Chester Preparative Meeting of the Society of Friends which heralded the beginning of his spiritual journey.
The Arrow of Radiation
Authors: Frisch Mathias 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the relations between the arrow of radiation and other temporal arrows. It looks at the ‘puzzle of the arrow of radiation’ by Einstein and Popper, partly to correct misinterpretations of their views and introduce several themes that will be relevant in Chapter 7 when an answer is proposed for this puzzle. Two proposed solutions to the puzzle: Rohrlich’s discussion of an asymmetric particle equation, and Anderson’s appeal to a finite energy requirement are considered.
New States, New State Involvement
Authors: Lavelle Kathryn C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter argues that stock exchanges organized in the post-colonial era were created to indigenize a degree of foreign direct investment. Transnational corporations listing shares on exchanges in the developing world sought a quotation for the benefit of local employees and recognition as a truly transnational firm. Generally these listings were expensive and illiquid, and managerial control remained foreign. However, states found them attractive in an era of “anti”-foreign investment since they dampened criticism of foreign investment, and the capital raised usually remained in the country in question.
Gregory of Nyssa and the Concept of Divine Persons
Authors: Turcescu Lucian 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The concept of personhood is central to a wide range of contemporary issues, ranging from reproductive rights to the death penalty and euthanasia. We may think that the concept of person is a modern development. In fact, however, this idea does not originate with our discovery of human rights, consciousness, and individuality. This study shows that the fourth-century theologian Gregory of Nyssa developed a very sophisticated concept of the person in the context of his attempts to clarify the paradox of the Trinity—a single God comprising three distinct persons. The book offers the first in-depth analysis of Gregory’s writings about the divine persons. It shows that Gregory understood personhood as characterized by uniqueness, relationality, and freedom. He reasoned that the three persons of the Trinity have distinctive properties that make them individuals, that is, capable of being enumerated and circumscribed. But this idea of individuation, inherited from the neo-Platonists, falls short of expressing a clear notion of personal uniqueness. By itself it would suggest that a person is merely a collection of properties. Gregory’s great contribution was to perceive the importance of relationality to personhood. The three divine persons know and love each other, are in communion with each other, and freely act together in their common will. This understanding adds up to a concept of personal uniqueness much like our modern one. The book not only contributes to our knowledge of the history of Trinitarian theology but can be helpful to theologians who are dealing with issues in contemporary ethics.
The Notion of Person in Antiquity
Authors: Turcescu Lucian 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter considers whether or not a concept of person existed in antiquity. It demonstrates that for various reasons the ancients did not identify, nor were they interested in elaborating on, the human individual. Although Plotinus came closest to recognizing a distinctive human individuality, he actually did not achieve this. Another step forward was made by Plotinus’s best-known disciple, Porphyry, who gave a definition of an individual as a unique collection of properties.
On Simplicity and Complexity
Authors: Lederach John Paul 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter discusses the essence of peacebuilding. This essence is composed of a small set of disciplines, or practices, out of which the complexity of peacebuilding emerges. When held together and practiced, these disciplines form the moral imagination that make peacebuilding possible. This essence is found in four disciplines: relationship, paradoxical curiosity, creativity, and risk.
On the Gift of Pessimism
Authors: Lederach John Paul 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter addresses two questions: what do people who live in settings that are moving from war to peace teach us about the challenge of understanding the nature of genuine constructive social change? And in turn, what do these insights and challenges suggest to us about the nature and place of the moral imagination in human affairs? Insights and lessons learned from interaction with people in these settings are discussed. It argues that to sustain constructive change, the moral imagination will need to address the challenges posed by the paradoxes of what makes change genuine.