bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wideband contiguous‐band diplexer using interpolated coupling coefficient bandpass filters
Authors: Isota Yoji , Miyazaki Moriyasu , Ishida Osami , Hashimoto Tsutomu 
Published: November 2002

AbstractAs a simple method to realize a wideband contiguous‐band diplexer, interpolated coupling coefficient filters whose coupling coefficients are given by a linear interpolation of the coupling coefficients in a singly terminated filter and doubly terminated filter are applied. Its effectiveness is demonstrated by theoretical studies and experiment. First, with regard to the impedance characteristics of a broadband iris‐type waveguide filter with a coupling slot for the first cavity, the variations from the characteristics of a singly terminated filter are presented with an equivalent circuit. Next, it is shown that the impedance variations due to the frequency dependence of the coupling slot can be eliminated by using an interpolated coupling coefficient filter. Finally, test results in the Ka band demonstrate that a contiguous‐band diplexer with a filter bandwidth of about 4% can be obtained. The test diplexer has a filter bandwidth of about 4% × 2, a guard band of about 0.8%, an insertion loss of 0.5 dB, a VSWR of 1.2, and an isolation of 20 dB. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(12): 49–58, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ ecjb.10052
Sintering mechanism of the CaF2 on hydroxyapatite by a 10.6‐lμm CO2 laser
Authors: Wu Cheng‐Chei , Roan Rong‐Tai , Chen Jeng‐Huey 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesLaser has been reported as a heat source for melting and re‐crystallization. Occurring at about 1,100°C, the melting of surface dental enamel along with re‐crystallization might have an assistant role in the therapy of hypersensitive tooth, apical sealing of endodontic surgery in dentistry, preventive dentistry for pit and fissure sealing, and fluoridation. For laser to be accepted in clinical applications, it is desired that, studies must show the incorporation of CaF2 into hydroxyapatite could reduce the sintering temperature for the sake of safety.Study Design/Materials and MethodsIn this study, the Sharplan 20XJ CO2 laser with 10.6‐μm wavelength was set under the following parameters: power, 5 W; repetitive mode, 0.1 second; beam, focused. Fluorite was added to hydroxyapatite as a synthetic compound to lower the sintering temperature. Human dental enamel without caries was used for in vitro sintering test. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transforming infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetric analysis (DAT/TGA) were used for the investigation of sintering mechanism of CaF2.ResultsFusion between hexagonal shape crystals and cubic shape crystals (CaF2) were observed under SEM study. Hexagonal shape crystals indicated the formation of fluorapatite under XRD analysis. Under FTIR study, we examined reductions of water (3,445 cm−1) and hydroxyl bands (3,567 and 627 cm−1) in irradiated compounds. From the DTA pattern of synthetic compound, it showed the endothermic reaction reaching its peak point around 1,180 ± 20°C. It was attributed to the phase transformation and/or initial melting.ConclusionsIn this study, we proposed the interrelationship of the eutectics between initiator (CaF2) and the reaction product (calcium hydroxide) that reduced the sintering temperature. It appeared that the co‐eutectics interacted to reduce the sintering temperature of hydroxyapatite below 800°C and that the key eutectic was calcium hydroxide. The clinical feasibility of the melting and re‐crystallization of hydroxyapatite under 10.6‐μm CO2 laser would be therefore enhanced. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:333–338, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synergy is achieved by complementation with Apo2L/TRAIL and actinomycin D in Apo2L/TRAIL‐mediated apoptosis of prostate cancer cells: Role of XIAP in resistance
Authors: Ng Chuen‐Pei , Zisman Amnon , Bonavida Benjamin 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDTumors have an inherent immunogenicity that can be exploited by immunotherapy. However, often tumors develop mechanisms that render them resistant to most immunologic cytotoxic effector mechanisms. This study examines the underlying mechanism of resistance to Apo2L/TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis‐inducing ligand)‐mediated apoptosis.METHODSWe studied prostate tumor cell lines for their sensitivity to Apo2L/TRAIL‐mediated apoptosis in the presence and absence of the sensitizing agent actinomycin D (Act D). Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and signaling for apoptosis by Western blot.RESULTSTreatment with subtoxic concentrations of Act D significantly sensitizes the tumor cells (CL‐1, DU‐145, and PC‐3 prostate tumor cells) to Apo2L/TRAIL‐mediated apoptosis. The cytotoxicity of Act D‐sensitized prostate tumor cells was a result of synergistic activation of caspases (caspase‐3, ‐9, and ‐8), detectable after 6 hr of treatment. Treatment with Apo2L/TRAIL alone, although it was insufficient to induce apoptosis, resulted in the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm in the absence of significant caspases activation. These findings suggested that a major apoptosis resistance factor blocking the Apo2L/TRAIL apoptotic signaling events is present downstream of the mitochondrial activation. The expression of receptors and anti‐apoptotic proteins were examined in Act D‐sensitized CL‐1 cells. The earliest and the most pronounced change induced by Act D was down‐regulation of X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) and up‐regulation of Bcl‐xL/‐xS proteins. The role of XIAP in resistance was demonstrated by overexpression of Smac/DIABLO, which inhibited inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) and sensitized the cells to Apo2L/TRAIL. Apo2L/TRAIL receptors (DR4, DR5, DcR1, and DcR2), c‐FLIP, Bcl‐2, and other IAP members (c‐IAP1 and c‐IAP2) were marginally affected at later times in the cells sensitized by Act D.CONCLUSIONThis study suggests that the combination of Act D‐induced down‐regulation of XIAP (Signal I) and Apo2L/TRAIL‐induced release of cytochrome c (Signal II) leads to the reversal of resistance to Apo2L/TRAIL‐mediated apoptosis in the tumor cells. The sensitization of tumor cells to Apo2L/TRAIL by Act D is of potential clinical application in the immunotherapy of drug/Apo2L/TRAIL refractory tumors. Prostate 53: 286–299, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of human polyomaviruses and papillomaviruses in prostatic tissue reveals the prostate as a habitat for multiple viral infections
Authors: Zambrano Alberto , Kalantari Mina , Simoneau Anne , Jensen Jerald L. , Villarreal Luis P. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo determine whether human polyomavirus (hPy) genomes are present in prostate tissues, we have carried out a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening in two sets of prostate samples, archival and fresh frozen, as well as performing in situ hybridization (ISH). The frozen prostate samples as well as the urine from the same patients were also screened for human papillomavirus (HPV) sequences.METHODSHighly sensitive nested‐PCR assays were used. The detection of subpopulations of JC virus (JCV) ‐transcriptional control regions (TCRs) was also evaluated by Southern analysis and by direct DNA sequencing. An in situ hybridization technique was also used to detect JCV DNA in prostatic tissue.RESULTSThe paraffin‐embedded archival samples gave variable, unsatisfactory results. Results from the fresh frozen samples, however, were consistent and were frequently positive for JCV and less frequent for BK virus DNA. ISH confirmed the presence of JCV DNA in prostatic glandular epithelium. The TCR region of JCV from prostate tissue and urine from prostate cancer patients showed the presence of both archetypal and rearranged TCRs, including several new sequence variants. HPV DNA was also frequently detected and in some cases also mixed with hPy DNA from frozen tissue and urine.CONCLUSIONThe use of fresh frozen samples proved to be essential for consistent and reproducible detection of HPV and hPy viral DNAs. The presence of JCV DNA by ISH and the occurrence of a subpopulation of JCV TCR regions suggests that the prostate is a site for virus replication. The prostate is a complex habitat where mixed infections with oncogenic DNA viruses frequently occur and opens the discussion to the potential role of these viruses in the cancer of the prostate. Prostate 53: 263–276, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Androgen‐mediated resistance to apoptosis
Authors: Coffey Ronan N.T. , Watson R. William G. , O'Neill Amanda J. , Mc Eleny Kevin , Fitzpatrick John M. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDPrevious studies demonstrate that androgen is capable of exerting a protective effect in the androgen‐sensitive human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Limited studies, however, have addressed the underlying mechanisms involved, in particular the effects of androgen on both pro‐ and anti‐apoptotic gene expression.METHODSWe investigated the effects of androgen on apoptotic sensitivity and the expression of the caspases and specific members of the Bcl‐2 family in the LNCaP cell line. The effects of androgen on NF‐κB activation were also investigated by using a gel mobility shift assay.RESULTS5α‐Dihydrotestosterone (5‐αDHT) conferred resistance to radiation (5 Gy) and etoposide‐induced apoptosis in the LNCaP cell line. This finding was associated with a time‐dependent decrease in the expression of the caspases and pro‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 family members. 5‐αDHT did not confer protection against apoptosis in the LNCaP line transfected with the IκB super repressor of NF‐κB, nor in the androgen insensitive PC‐3 and DU‐145 cell lines.CONCLUSIONThe ability of 5‐αDHT to raise the apoptotic threshold in the LNCaP cell line by altering specific pro‐apoptotic gene expression suggests that androgen may serve as a general survival signal against diverse pathways that ultimately signal for apoptosis. We hypothesize that NF‐κB serves as an important mediator in androgen survival signaling. Prostate 53: 300–309, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MixedH∞/H2design of digital phase‐locked loops with polytopic‐type uncertainties
Authors: Suplin V. , Shaked U. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractA robustH∞control method is applied to the design of loop filters for digital phase locked loop carrier phase tracking. The proposed method successfully copes with largeS‐curve slope uncertainty and with a significant decision delay in the closed‐loop that may stem from the decoder and/or the equalizer there. The design problem is transformed into a state‐feedback control problem where phase and gain‐margins should be guaranteed in spite of the uncertainty. Of all the loop filters that achieve the required margins the one that minimizes an upper‐bound on the effect of the phase and the measurement noise signals is derived. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated De Novo Identification of Repeat Sequence Families in Sequenced Genomes
Authors: Bao Zhirong , Eddy Sean R. 
Published: November 2002

Repetitive sequences make up a major part of eukaryotic genomes. We have developed an approach for the de novo identification and classification of repeat sequence families that is based on extensions to the usual approach of single linkage clustering of local pairwise alignments between genomic sequences. Our extensions use multiple alignment information to define the boundaries of individual copies of the repeats and to distinguish homologous but distinct repeat element families. When tested on the human genome, our approach was able to properly identify and group known transposable elements. The program,RECON, should be useful for first-pass automatic classification of repeats in newly sequenced genomes.[The following individuals kindly provided reagents, samples, or unpublished information as indicated in the paper: R. Klein.]
Normal modes of deep atmospheres. I: Spherical geometry
Authors: Thuburn John , Wood Nigel , Staniforth Andrew 
Published: November 2002

AbstractNumerical weather‐ and climate‐prediction models have traditionally applied the hydrostatic approximation and also, in particular, the shallow‐atmosphere approximation. In addition, and probably as a result, studies of the normal modes of the atmosphere too have made the shallow‐atmosphere approximation. The approximation appears to be based on simple scaling arguments. Here, the forms of the unforced, linear normal modes for the deep atmosphere on a sphere are considered and compared with those of the shallow atmosphere. Also, the impact of ignoring the vertical variation of gravity is investigated. For terrestrial parameters, it is found that relaxing either or both of these approximations has very little impact on the spatial form of the energetically significant components of most normal modes. The frequencies too are only slightly changed. However, relaxing the shallow‐atmosphere approximation does lead to significant changes in the tropical structure of internal acoustic modes. Relaxing the shallow‐atmosphere approximation also leads to non‐zero vertical‐velocity and potential‐temperature fields for external acoustic and Rossby modes; these fields are identically zero when the shallow‐atmosphere approximation is made.For a finite‐difference numerical model to be able to represent well the behaviour of the free atmosphere it must be able to capture accurately the structures of the normal modes. Therefore, the structures of normal modes can have implications for the choice of prognostic variables and grid staggering. In particular, the vertical structure of normal modes suggests that density and temperature should be analytically eliminated in favour of pressure and potential temperature as the prognostic thermodynamic variables, and that potential temperature and vertical velocity should be staggered in the vertical with respect to the other dynamic prognostic variables, the so‐called Charney– Phillips grid. © Royal Meteorological Society, 2002. N. Wood's and A. Staniforth's contributions are Crown copyright.
Intersensory redundancy facilitates discrimination of tempo in 3‐month‐old infants
Authors: Bahrick Lorraine E. , Flom Ross , Lickliter Robert 
Published: November 2002

AbstractL. Bahrick and R. Lickliter (2000) proposed an intersensory redundancy hypothesis that states that information presented redundantly and in temporal synchrony across two or more sensory modalities selectively recruits infant attention and facilitates perceptual learning more effectively than does the same information presented unimodally. In support of this view, they found that 5‐month‐old infants were able to differentiate between two complex rhythms when they were presented bimodally, but not unimodally. The present study extended our test of the intersensory redundancy hypothesis to younger infants and to a different amodal property. Three‐month‐olds' sensitivity to the amodal property of tempo was investigated. Results replicated and extended those of Bahrick and Lickliter, demonstrating that infants could discriminate a change in tempo following bimodal, but not unimodal, habituation. It appears that when infants are first learning to differentiate an amodal stimulus property, discrimination is facilitated by intersensory redundancy and attenuated under conditions of unimodal stimulation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 352–363, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10049
Microwave resonators with internal structure
Authors: Awai Ikuo 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIf it is possible to divide a resonator in such a way that its specific modal electromagnetic fields are not disturbed, the resonant frequency of such a mode should change very little. On the other hand, the frequencies of other modes should change significantly. Hence, by using this approach, the spurious characteristics of the resonator can be controlled. Also, this division can be used as a means of improving the Q characteristic and the temperature behavior. In addition, it is possible to form a resonator by collecting many small particles. This is a concept for artificial media. By selection of particles and their assembly configuration, various resonant characteristics should become possible. In this paper, a method for improving the resonator characteristics by the above two dual methods is proposed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(12): 38–48, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10058
Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization
Authors: Donoghue Philip C.J. , Sansom Ivan J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractData from living and extinct faunas of primitive vertebrates imply very different scenarios for the origin and evolution of the dermal and oral skeletal developmental system. A direct reading of the evolutionary relationships of living primitive vertebrates implies that the dermal scales, teeth, and jaws arose synchronously with a cohort of other characters that could be considered unique to jawed vertebrates: the dermoskeleton is primitively composed of numerous scales, each derived from an individual dental papilla; teeth are primitively patterned such that they are replaced in a classical conveyor‐belt system. The paleontological record provides a unique but complementary perspective in that: 1) the organisms in which the skeletal system evolved are extinct and we have no recourse but to fossils if we aim to address this problem; 2) extinct organisms can be classified among, and in the same way as, living relatives; 3) a holistic approach to the incorporation of all data provides a more complete perspective on early vertebrate evolution. This combined approach is of no greater significance than in dealing with the origin of the skeleton and, combined with recent discoveries and new phylogenetic analyses, we have been able to test and reject existing hypotheses for the origin of the skeleton and erect a new model in their place. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:352–372, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mineralization patterns in elasmobranch fish
Authors: Sasagawa Ichiro 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis article reviews current findings on the organic matrix and the mineralization patterns in elasmobranchs, including an analysis of the role of the dental epithelial cells and the odontoblasts during odontogenesis. Our electron micrographs demonstrated that tubular vesicles limited by a unit membrane occupied the bulk of the elasmobranch enameloid matrix during the stage of enameloid matrix formation. It is likely that the tubular vesicles originated from the odontoblast processes. Two types of electron‐dense fibrils, with cross‐striations at intervals of approximately either 17 nm or 55 nm, respectively, were detected in the enameloid matrix. These data suggest that odontoblasts were strongly involved in enameloid matrix formation and in initial enameloid mineralization. Two types of odontoblasts, dark and light cells, were recognized during the stage of dentinogenesis. The light cells contained numerous mitochondria, intermediate filaments, and microtubules that extended their processes into the dentin. The darks cells possessed a well‐developed Golgi apparatus and many cisternae in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which suggests that the dark cells are involved in the formation of dentin. The inner dental epithelial (IDE) cells exhibited a well‐developed Golgi apparatus, many mitochondria, cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, vacuoles, and granules during the mineralization and maturation stages. During the stages of mineralization and early maturation, ACPase‐positive granules were visible in the IDE cells and ALPase and Ca‐ATPase activities were found at the lateral and proximal cell membrane of the IDE cells, suggesting that the IDE cells are involved in the removal of enameloid organic matrix and in the process of mineralization during later stages of enameloid formation. Our data indicate that elasmobranch enameloid is distinct from teleost enameloid, based on its organic content, on the mechanisms of its mineralization, and on the role of IDE cells concerning enameloid formation. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:396–407, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetic thermal response and damage in laser coagulation of tissue
Authors: Zhu Dan , Luo Qingming , Zhu Guangming , Liu Wei 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesLaser induced interstitial coagulation has become a method of treating different types of tumors. Theoretical modeling and analysis may be used to better understand the complex process involved in the laser coagulation and optimized the dosimetry of laser thermotherapy.Study Design/Materials and MethodsA full dynamic theoretical model was developed to simulate the dynamic evolution of coagulation in tissue, which accounted for the dynamics of the temperature and damage dependence of optical properties, thermal properties, and blood‐perfusion rate. The simulation of the temperature distribution, coagulation depth and its hysteresis during laser thermotherapy for full‐dynamic model are compared with the calculations from other models.ResultsIncreased scattering in the near surface of applicator prevents light penetration into deeper region. Moreover, rise in temperature increases both blood flow at the periphery of coagulation region and thermal properties, which reduces the damage depth and its hysteresis. It results in a considerable overestimation of the temperature distribution and damage depth ignoring the dynamic of optical properties. The coagulation would be limited in a smaller region and there is no hysteresis if blood perfusion is regarded as a constant. In contrast, the hysteresis is overestimated if blood perfusion is ignored. Ignoring the dynamics of thermal parameters, there is also overestimation of the rise in temperature and damage depth.ConclusionsMathematical modeling techniques that simulate laser coagulation may not provide reliable information unless they take into account these dynamic parameters. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:313–321, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.