Development and validation of imaging-free myocardial fibrosis prediction models, association with outcomes, and sample size estimation for phase 3 trials
Authors: Black Nicholas , Bradley Joshua , Lewis Gavin , Lagan Jakub , Orsborne Christopher , Soltani Fardad , Farrant John P. , McDonagh Theresa , Schmitt Matthias , Cavalcante João L , Ugander Martin , Butler Javed , Petrie Mark C. , Miller Christopher A. , Schelbert Erik B. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBackground and AimsPhase 3 trials testing whether pharmacologic interventions targeting myocardial fibrosis (MF) improve outcomes require MF measurement that does not rely on tomographic imaging with intravenous contrast.MethodsWe developed and externally validated extracellular volume (ECV) prediction models incorporating readily available data (comorbidity and natriuretic peptide variables), excluding tomographic imaging variables. Survival analysis tested associations between predicted ECV and incident outcomes (death or hospitalization for heart failure). We created various sample size estimates for a hypothetical therapeutic clinical trial testing an anti-fibrotic therapy using: a) predicted ECV, b) measured ECV, or c) no ECV.ResultsMultivariable models predicting ECV had reasonable discrimination (optimism corrected C-statistic for predicted ECV ≥27% 0.78 (95%CI 90.75-0.80) in the derivation cohort (n=1663) and 0.74 (95%CI 0.71-0.76) in the validation cohort (n=1578)) and reasonable calibration. Predicted ECV associated with adverse outcomes in Cox regression models: ECV ≥27% (binary variable) HR 2.21 (1.84–2.66). For a hypothetical clinical trial with an inclusion criterion of ECV ≥27%, use of predicted ECV (with probability threshold of 0.69 and 80% specificity) compared to measured ECV would obviate the need to perform 3940 CMR scans, at the cost of an additional 3052 participants screened and 705 participants enrolled.ConclusionsPredicted ECV (derived without tomographic imaging) associates with outcomes and efficiently identifies vulnerable patients who might benefit from treatment. Predicted ECV may foster the design of phase 3 trials targeting MF with higher numbers of screened and enrolled participants, but with simplified eligibility criteria, avoiding the complexity of tomographic imaging.Structured Graphical AbstractKey QuestionPhase 3 trials targeting myocardial fibrosis (MF) to improve outcomes require MF measurement that does not rely on tomographic imaging with intravenous contrast. So, we developed and validated extracellular volume (ECV) prediction models incorporating clinical data, excluding tomographic imaging.Key FindingPredicted ECV had reasonable discrimination and associated with outcomes. For a hypothetical trial with an ECV ≥27% inclusion criterion, using predicted ECV versus measured ECV would avoid 3940 cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) scans, but require an additional 3052 participants screened and 705 enrolled.Take-home MessagePredicted ECV (derived without imaging) associates with outcomes and efficiently identifies vulnerable patients. Predicted ECV may foster phase 3 trials targeting MF with higher numbers of screened and enrolled participants, but simplified eligibility criteria, avoiding the complexity of tomographic imaging.For a hypothetical trial requiring 1812 participants with measured ECV ≥27%, 3940 patients would need to undergo screening with CMR. If predicted ECV is used, an additional 3052 patients would need to be screened and an additional 705 patients enrolled, but no patients would require CMR. If no screening is used, an additional 2128 patients would need to be enrolled.