bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural and functional maturation of teratocytes of Apanteles kariyai
Authors: Tanaka Toshiharu , Wago Haruhisa 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEggs and larvae of Apanteles kariyai avoid the host defense reactions of Pseudaletia separata due to the action of calyx and venom fluids injected by females during oviposition and the teratocytes originated from the embryonic serosal cells 3.5 day postoviposition. Phenoloxidase (PO) activity in host larvae was unaffected during early stages of parasitization (4–6 days postoviposition), relative to unparasitized larvae, but was greatly reduced to 25% during the late stage of parasitization (days 7–10). Hemolymph PO activity was not affected, in vitro, by calyx and venom fluids but was reduced in the presence of teratocytes. An apparent PO inhibitor was detected in older teratocyte cells. First instar parasitoid larvae implanted into unparasitized hosts, following transfer of either young teratocytes (4 day postoviposition) or old teratocytes (8 day post‐oviposition) with calyx and venom fluids resulted in avoidance of encapsulation only when calyx and venom fluids with young (4 day) teratocytes were injected. These results indicated that during early parasitization of the host, teratocytes just released from the embryonic serosal cells (4 day) function in conjunction with calyx and venom fluids injected into the host with the parasitoid egg to prevent its encapsulation by host hemocytes. During late parasitization, the older teratocytes (8 day) may also function in preventing host encapsulation by producing an PO inhibitor suppresses host hemolymph PO activity at the time of parasitoid egression.
Physiological relationship between a diapausing endoparasitoid (Ascogaster quadridentata) and its dormant host (Cydia pomonella)
Authors: Brown John J. , Reed‐Larsen Darcy , Ahl Joanna 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe facultative diapause of Ascogaster quadridentata depends upon the photoperiod experienced by its host. A host exposed to short day lengths (12L:12D) ceases development in its fourth stadium, spins a cocoon, and remains dormant throughout the winter. A first stadium parasitoid larva overwinters in a true diapause, within its dormant host.Dormancy of both animals is due to a failure of the host's endocrine system. Upon transfer of the host from dormancy‐maintaining (OL:24D, 4°C) to dormancy‐terminating conditions (DTC = 16L:8D, 25°C) a host cephalic factor is released. The cephalic factor blocked by host ligation within 48 h of transfer to DTC was circumvented by an injection of the host with 20‐hydroxyecdysone. Parasitoid larvae that were either isolated within the abdomen of 20‐hydroxyecdysone‐injected hosts or held in vitro with the molting hormone initiated apolysis.An increased titer of hemolymph juvenile hormone, which was present 48 h after the host was transferred to DTC, may have had a prothoracicotropic effect upon the host/parasitoid unit. A topical application of 1 ng of methoprene, concurrent to host transfer to DTC, accelerated parasitoid development. No parasitoid development was evident if the host was neck‐ligated at the time of its methoprene treatment and transfer to DTC. These data suggest that the prothoracicotropic effect of methoprene was via the host head, rather than directly on the host prothoracic glands, or the parasitoid itself.
Developmental relationships between Drosophila larvae and their endoparasitoid Leptopilina (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) as affected by crowding
Authors: Wajnberg Eric , Boulétreau Michel , Prévost Geneviève , Fouillet Pierre 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCrowding of Drosophila larvae modifies their suitability to the cynipid endoparasitoid Leptopilina boulardi. The success of parasitic development rises from 40% in uncrowded host larvae to 90% in crowded ones. Crowding reduces the imaginal size of both wasps and uninfested hosts, but it has opposite effects on their development time: That of flies is increased, whereas that of wasps is reduced.
Progress in the isolation and characterization of a host hemolymph ovipositional kairomone for the endoparasitoid Microplitis croceipes
Authors: Health Robert R. , Ferkovich Stephen M. , Greany Patrick D. , Eller Fred J. , Dueben Barbara D. , Tilden Robert L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to (1) define further the bioassay parameters of an ovipositional stimulating kairomone (OSK) for Microplitis croceipes found in the hemolymph of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea; (2) purify and isolate the OSK; and (3) determine the viability of the eggs oviposited into an artificial ovipositional substrate (AOS). Phenylthiourea (PTU), added to hemolymph to prevent melanization, and host feces which contains a host‐seeking stimulant (Jones et al.: Sciences 173:842, 1971) [1], were eliminated as possible factors influencing egg laying in the bioassay. Extraction of hemolymph with ether, hexane, and to a lesser degree with methylene chloride removed lipids without loss of OSK activity. In contrast, extraction with polar solvents such as methanol tetrahydrofuran, and acetonitrile resulted in a loss of OSK activity. After ether extraction, the sample could be concentrated by rotoevaporation (90°C) or lyophilization without loss of OSK activity. Fractionation of the sample by gel permeation chromatography indicated a molecular weight of between 100–300 daltons. The OSK was extracted to a specific activity higher than crude hemolymph on two disposable solid‐phase adsorbants, a normal‐phase diol, and a reverse‐phase phenyl material. Subsequent fractionation of hemolymph on a phenyl adsorbent column by HPLC indicated that the OSK contained at least two components. Ovipositional activity was obtained only when two fractions with different retention volumes were combined. Preparation of the AOS's from agar plus Goodwin's tissue culture medium maintained viability of the oviposited eggs. Thirty‐seven percent of the eggs that were removed from the AOS's and held in culture media eventually hatched.
Mechanism of activation of 1,2‐dehydro‐N‐acetyldopamine for cuticular sclerotization
Authors: Sugumaran Manickam , Schinkmann Karin , Dali Hemalata 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe mechanism of oxidation of 1,2‐dehydro‐N‐acetyldopamine (dehydro NADA) was examined to resolve the controversy between our group and Andersen's group regarding the reactive species involved in β‐sclerotization. While Andersen has indicated that dehydro NADA quinone is the β‐sclerotizing agent [Andersen, 1989], we have proposed quinone methides as the reactive species for this process [Sugumaran, 1987; Sugumaran, 1988]. Since dehydro NADA quinone has not been isolated or identified till to date, we studied the enzymatic oxidation of dehydro NADA in the presence of quinone traps to characterize this intermediate. Accordingly, both N‐acetylcysteine and o‐phenylenediamine readily trapped the transiently formed dehydro NADA quinone as quinone adducts. Interestingly, when the enzymatic oxidation was performed in the presence of o‐aminophenol or different catechols, adduct formation between the dehydro NADA side chain and the additives had occurred. The structure of the adducts is in conformity with the generation and reactions of dehydro NADA quinone methide (or its radical). This, coupled with the fact that 4‐hydroxyl or amino‐substituted quinones instantly transformed into p‐quinonoid structure, indicates that dehydro NADA quinone is only a transient intermediate and that it is the dehydro NADA quinone methide that is the thermodynamically stable product. However, since this compound is chemically more reactive due to the presence of both quinone methide and acylimine structure on it, the two side chain carbon atoms are “activated.” Based on these considerations, it is suggested that the quinone methide derived from dehydro NADA is the reactive species responsible for cross‐link formation between dehydro NADA and cuticular components during β‐sclerotization.
Developmental expression, synthesis, and secretion of insecticyanin by the epidermis of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta
Authors: Riddiford Lynn M. , Palli Subba Reddy , Hiruma Kiyoshi , Li Wan‐Cheng , Green Janell , Hice Robert H. , Wolfgang William J. , Webb Bruce A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractInsecticyanin was found to be synthesized in several isoelectric forms and stored in the pigment granules in the epidermis. Both major epidermal forms (INS‐a, pl 5.5; INS‐b, pl 5.7) were found in the cuticle, but only the most basic form, INS‐b, was present in the hemolymph. In vitro the epidermis synthesized and secreted both forms into both the cuticle and the medium. Isolation of two cDNA clones for insecticyanin followed by hybridization to epidermal mRNA showed the presence of only one 1.1 kb mRNA, but transcription of the longer cDNA yielded a RNA which produced INS‐a but no INS‐b. Insecticyanin mRNA was present during the intermolt feeding stages of the 4th and 5th instars and absent during the larval molt and after the onset of metamorphosis. Exposure of either day 2 4th‐instar or day 1 5th‐instar larval epidermis to 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20HE) in vitro caused a dose‐dependent decline in this mRNA that was not prevented by simultaneous exposure to JH. When synthesis resumes just before ecdysis, INS‐b appears before INS‐a; then on the final day of feeding, synthesis of INS‐a ceases before that of INS‐b.
Endocrine interrelationship between the parasitoid Chelonus sp. and its host Trichoplusia ni
Authors: Grossniklaus‐Bürgin Christa , Lanzrein Beatrice 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe egg‐larval parasitoid Chelonus sp. induces the precocious onset of metamorphosis in the 4th (penultimate) stadium of its host Trichoplusia ni, emerges from the prepupa, and then feeds on it. Qualitative and quantitative changes in ecdysteroids and juvenile hormone were measured. Hemolymph of 3rd‐to 4th‐instar host larvae and the parasitoids they contained, as well as nonparasitized and parasitized eggs, were analyzed. In the host hemolymph a broad peak of ecdysteroids during molting into the 4th stadium and a continuous increase from day 2 (onset of precocious wandering) until day 4 (emergence of parasitoid) were observed; 20‐hydroxyecdysone and 20,26‐dihydroxyecdysone were predominant. The juvenile hormone titer fluctuated in the 3rd and early 4th stadium and fell to undetectable levels shortly before the precocious onset of wandering. The parasitoid's ecdysteroids started to increase on the molt to the 2nd instar ( = early 4th instar of the host) and thereafter fluctuated on a high level, 20‐hydroxyecdysone, 20,26‐dihydroxy‐ecdysone, and ecdysone being predominant. The juvenile hormone titer was high in late 1st‐instar parasitoids, decreased to low levels at ecdysis into the 2nd instar, and increased again to high levels in the 2nd‐instar larvae at the time when their shape changed from flat to cylindrical. After ecdysis to the 3rd instar the juvenile hormone titer fell. A comparison revealed that both ecdysteroids and juvenile hormone fluctuate independently in parasitoid and host at most stages, suggesting that the parasitoid produces its own hormones.The first data on ecdysteroids and juvenile hormones in the egg stage of a parasitoid/host system are reported. At the stage of eye pigmentation parasitized eggs contained more immunoreactive midpolar ecdysteroids than nonparasitized ones. 20‐Hydroxyecdysone and 20,26‐dihydroxyecdysone were the predominant ecdysteroids in both nonparasitized and parasitized eggs, but the latter contained several additional ecdysteroids which were not seen in nonparasitized egges. The titer of juvenile hormone was similar in both. Shortly before hatching the ecdysteroids were low in parasitized and nonparasitized egges, but the content of juvenile hormone was much higher in the former. At this stage the majority of parasitoids have already eclosed and teratocytes are released. The results of HPLC analysis indicated the presence of juvenile hormone lll together with juvenile hormones l and ll in parasitized eggs, but only juvenile hormones l and ll in nonparasitized eggs.
Sex‐linked control of sex pheromone behavioral responses in European corn‐borer moths (Ostrinia nubilalis) confirmed with TPI marker gene
Authors: Glover Thomas , Campbell Marlene , Robbins Paul , Roelofs Wendell 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn two races of European corn‐borer moths (ECB), the E‐race females emit and males respond to 99:1 sex pheromone blend of (E)/(Z)‐11‐tetradecenyl acetates, whereas the Z‐race females and males produce and respond to the opposite 3:97 pheromone blend of (E)/(Z)‐11‐tetradecenyl acetates, respectively. We previously have shown that female production of the final blend ratio is under control of a major autosomal locus but that the sequence of male upwind flight responses to the blend is controlled by a sex‐linked (Z‐linked) locus. This sex‐linked control of behavioral responses in crosses of E and Z ECB now is confirmed by use of sex‐linked TPI (triose phosphate isomerase) allozyme phenotypes to determine the origin of the sex chromosomes in F2 populations.F1 males from reciprocal E × Z crosses generate similar behavioral‐response profiles in wind‐tunnel studies, with moderate numbers responding to the Z pheromone and intermediate blends (35%–65% Z), but very few responding to the E pheromone. The F2 behavioral‐response profiles indicate that they are composed of 1:1 mixtures of hybrids and paternal profiles. Analysis of TPI allozyme differences allowed us to separate male F2 populations into individuals whose Z chromosomes both originated from their grandfathers, and individuals who had one Z chromosome originating from each grandparent. With these partitioned F2s, the TPI homozygotes exhibited behavioral‐response profiles very much like their grandfathers, whereas the TPI hybrids produced response profiles similar to their heterozygous F1 fathers. These results demonstrate incontrovertibly that the response to sex pheromone in male ECB is controlled by a sex‐linked gene that is tightly linked to the TPI locus and therefore is independent of the locus controlling pheromone blend production in females.
Prevalence of African DNA RELP alleles in neotropical African honeybees
Authors: Muralidharan Kasinathan , Hall H. Glenn 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA few queens of the honeybee, Apis mellifera scutellata, were imported from Africa and released in Brazil in 1957. Progeny of these bees have now largely colonized the American tropics. Their imminent arrival in the United States poses a serious threat to the beekeeping industry and to agriculture dependent on honeybee pollination. African and European bees are morphologically very similar. DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms are proving successful in distinguishing between the two. Several DNA markers specific to European honeybees have been described previously. Reported here are three cloned honeybee DNA probes that reveal polymorphisms that appear to be either African or European specific. Of fourteen alleles or haplotypes identified, five were present only in African and neotropical (Venezuelan and Mexican) African bees but absent in European‐derived bees, two were present only in European‐derived bees but absent in samples from South Africa. Another allele showed apparent frequency differences among populations. Such markers are useful in studying the genetics of neotropical African bee populations. Venezuelan and Mexican honeybee colonies show a preponderance of the African alleles with low levels of the European alleles. These observations of nuclear DNA, revealing limited paternal European introgression, together with previous mitochondrial DNA findings showing negligible European maternal gene flow into feral African populations, indicate that neotropical African bees are primarily African.
Occurrence of 28‐ and 27‐Carbon ecdysteroids and sterols in developing worker pupae of the leaf‐cutting ant acromyrmex octospinosus (reich) (hymenoptera, formicidae: Attini)
Authors: Maurer Patricia , Royer Corinne , Mauchamp Bernard , Porcheron Patrick , Debieu Danièle , Riba Guy 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe major ecdysteroids in large worker pupae of the leaf‐cutting ant Acromyrmex octospinosus were characterized at the peak ecdysteroid concentration by using high‐performance liquid chromatography, enzyme immunoassay, and mass spectrometry. In decreasing amounts, they were determined to be makisterone A, an unidentified C28 ecdysteroid bearing a molecular weight of 494, 20‐hydroxyecdysone (ratio of 1 to 6 as compared to makisterone A), and putative but negligible ecdysone. The presence of both C28 and C27 ecdysteroids is discussed in relation to the content of 4‐desmethylsterols determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to be ergosta‐5,7,24 (28)‐trien‐3β‐ol, ergosterol, ergosta‐5,7‐dien‐3β‐ol and ergosta‐7,24(28)‐dien‐3β‐ol for the main sterols, and with a small amount of cholesterol.
Action of Taurine, 3‐aminopropanesulfonic acid, and GABA on the hindgut and heart of the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae
Authors: Wagner Renée M. , Cook Benjamin J. , Cooper June F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTaurine, glycine, glutamate, and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) were all present in concentrations of greater than 1% of the total free amino acid content in the brain, thoracic, and abdominal ganglia of Leucophaea maderae. Hemolymph, subesophageal ganglia, and hindgut had substantial amounts of glutamate and glycine, but less than 0.3% taurine or GABA. Taurine, 3‐aminopropanesulfonic acid (3‐APS), cysteine‐sulfinic acid (CSA), and GABA each had myotropic activity on the isolated cockroach hindgut, with 3‐APS having the most consistent effect (ED50 = 0.63 mM), while taurine and CSA activities were similar to that of GABA on the hindgut. Both taurine and 3‐APS had anti‐arrhythmic effects on semi‐isolated heart preparations of L. maderae, while GABA was inhibitory and induced arrhythmia. Bicuculline was antagonistic to the effects of GABA, taurine, and 3‐APS on the hindgut, and induced arrhythmia in heart preparations; this arrhythmia was reversible by taurine, but not by GABA or 3‐APS.
Two‐step regulation of sex‐pheromone decline in mated gypsy moth females
Authors: Giebultowicz Jadwiga M. , Raina Ashok K. , Uebel Edward C. , Ridgway Richard L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe regulation of post‐mating decline of sex‐pheromone in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, was studied. An initial, transient suppression of pheromone production was found to be caused by the introduction of male genitalia into the bursa copulatrix, which results in mechanical pressure being transmitted via innervation of the bursa. However, if sperm was not transferred during mating, pheromone production resumed and females returned to calling behavior. Permanent suppression of pheromone production resulted from an adequate supply of sperm in the spermatheca and could be prevented in females from which spermatheca was removed. During the initial period of suppression of pheromone production females were sexually receptive and could remate. They became nonreceptive only when pheromone production was terminated and oviposition begun.
Musca domestica larval lipoprotein
Authors: de Bianchi Antonio G. , de L. Capurro Margareth 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA larval specific high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) has been isolated from Musca domestica hemolymph by a combination of density gradient and glycerol gradient ultracentrifugations. The larval lipoprotein has a density of 1.134 g/ml and is formed by at least four apoproteins with molecular weights equal to 26,000, 23,000, 21,000, and 20,000. This lipoprotein contains large amounts of hydrocarbons and phospholipids and minor amounts of diacylglycerols and cholesterol. The larval lipoprotein is completely distinct from lipophorin in regard to apoprotein composition, lipid moiety, physiological pattern, and immunological reactions. Larval lipoprotein is accumulated until the end of the feeding period. During the pupal molt this protein is utilized and is no longer detected after 2 days of pupal stadium. The results obtained imply a possible role of this protein in the puparia and/or pupal cuticle formation. Judging from the properties shown, the Musca domestica larval lipoprotein is a completely new type of insect lipoprotein.
Identification of vitellogenin in the ant, camponotus festinatus: Changes in hemolymph proteins and fat body development in workers
Authors: Martinez Teresa , Wheeler Diana 
Published: February 2005

AbstractVitellogenin has been identified in the ant Camponotus festinatus, both in queens and workers. In the workers, it is already present before adult eclosion in low concentrations (<1 μg/μl hemolymph). Vitellogenin and vitellin are immunologically identical and are composed of a single type of apoprotein with an apparent Mr = 185,000. The molecular weight of the native molecules was estimated as ∼460,000 by pore limiting gradient electrophoresis. Vitellogenin was detected as a major protein in the hemolymph of young workers, both under queenright and queenless conditions. Thus, in spite of their sterility in the presence of the queen, C. festinatus workers are able to synthetize vitellogenin which is identical both in size and immunologically to the queen vitellogenin. About 6–7 weeks after adult eclosion, however, vitellogenin was usually undetectable in the hemolymph of queenright workers, particularly the minor workers, while it constituted about 30% of total protein in queenless workers. Protein concentration in the hemolymph of queenless insects increased up to 20‐fold as compared to 1‐day‐old insects. Queenless workers also developed large amounts of perivisceral fat body, while queenright workers, particularly the minor workers, showed a dramatic fat body regression about 6 weeks after emergence.
Binding of vitellogenin to membranes isolated from mosquito ovaries
Authors: Dhadialla Tarlochan S. , Raikhel Alexander S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe presence of specific receptors for vitellogenin (Vg) in ovary membranes of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti, was demonstrated by an in vitro binding assay. The binding reaction, which is dependent on pH and Ca2+, uses 4 μg membrane protein, 35S‐Vg labeled metabolically by fat body culture in vitro, and unlabeled vitellin (Vn) for competition. At pH 7.0 and in the presence of 5 mM Ca2+, the binding of Vg to its receptor reaches equilibrium within 60–90 min at both 4 and 25°C. The binding is specific to membranes prepared only from ovaries. While mosquito Vg and Vn bind with equal affinity to Vg receptors on ovary membranes, neither locust Vg nor mouse IgG has any measurable affinity towards these sites. Nonlinear least square analysis of the saturation isotherms is consistent with the presence of a single class of Vg receptors on ovary membranes with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.18 μM.
Makisterone C: A 29‐carbon ecdysteroid from developing embryos of the cotton stainer bug, Dysdercus fasciatus
Authors: Feldlaufer Mark F. , Weirich Gunter F. , Lusby William R. , Svoboda James A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAn ecdysteroid RIA was used to determine the ecdysteroid titer in developing embryos of Dysdercus fasciatus and revealed that peak titer occurred approximately 120 h post‐oviposition. Analysis of neutral sterols at this time indicated sitosterol to be the predominant neutral sterol with lesser amounts of campesterol. Embryonic sterols were highly reflective of the sterols found in the cotton seed diet upon which previous generations of the bugs had fed. Analysis of the embryonic extract for ecdysteroids indicated the presence of both makisterone A and the 29‐carbon ecdysteroid makisterone C. Isolation of these compounds was accomplished by reversed‐phase and silica HPLC in conjunction with RIA, and the identification of both compounds was confirmed by mass spectrometry. No ecdysone or 20‐hydroxyecdysone was detected in the embryonic sample.