bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revoicing Silenced Sirens: A Changing Motif in Works by Franz Kafka, Frank Wedekind and Barbara Köhler
Authors: Boa Elizabeth 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe episode of Odysseus’ encounter with the Sirens in Horkheimer's and Adorno's Dialektik der Aufklärung follows on a long history of images of Sirens and other water‐women in modernist literature which proliferated around the turn of the nineteenth to the twentieth century, when masculine and feminine roles were hotly contested under the impact of rapid social change and of the first feminist movement. At issue here is a shift in this discourse from uncannily demonic figures towards travesty in two modernist writers, Wedekind and Kafka. Whereas the uncanny erotic force of the demonic feminine remains strong in Wedekind's Lulu plays and in the figure of Leni in Der Proceß, a cynical or parodic tendency increases in later work. Common to Kafka's ‘Das Schweigen der Sirenen’ and Wedekind's Der Kammersänger is the silencing of the Sirens as the uncanny modulates into travesty, a shift reflecting the authors’ growing sense of their collusion in a culture which was oppressive to women, yet at the same time an inability to break free from the prevailing gender ideology. In both texts the Sirens lose their song, which is appropriated to fuel the supposedly androgynous creativity of the male artist. Barbara Köhler, by contrast, revoices the Sirens in her poem ‘(Sirenen 2)’. This achieves an interpenetrating and fluid unity which yet is controlled by the technology of print, by witty play on words and through a sophisticated game of intertextual allusion. ‘(Sirenen 2)’ offers an assured, eloquent revoicing of the Sirens for our time.
Christa Wolf's Kassandra and Medea: Continuity and Change
Authors: Bridge Helen 
Published: January 2004

AbstractWhen Christa Wolf's Medea: Stimmen appeared in 1996, some critics accused the work of being little more than a pale repetition of the earlier Kassandra project. This paper argues that, while broad continuities in Wolf's concerns are obvious, the shift from monologue in Kassandra to a polyphony of voices in Medea is symptomatic of subtle, yet important shifts in her approach to myth and her understanding of history. Although Wolf's archaeological understanding of myth and the problems this raises remain unchanged, the focus has shifted from the effects myth has on the individual to the human needs which give rise to it. The more psychological exploration of myth in Medea reveals interesting shifts in Wolf's understanding of the individual's role in history. In Kassandra, just as we assume that individuals exercise sovereign control over the myths they circulate, so we have the impression that history results from human agency in accordance with the will of those in power. In Medea, Wolf seems more doubtful about the ability of individuals to control events, even those they have caused. The idea of a coherent historical development, albeit a negative one, which is central to the Kassandra project, is absent from the later work.
Trade union shopfloor representation in Germany
Authors: Klikauer Thomas 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTMost publications on German industrial relations tend to focus on works councils but miss trade union delegates and senior delegates. Seeking to address this lack of research, a case study of a large manufacturing plant is used to examine the role of union delegates and senior delegates and their relationship to works councils. The case study seeks to show why works councils are inextricably linked to the union movement, even though both are structurally separated. Research findings support the notion that both are in a mutually supportive relationship. Furthermore, the evidence also suggests that trade union shopfloor representation is of crucial importance for works councils, industrial democracy and trade unions in German industrial relations.
Career priorities within dual career households: an analysis of the impact of child rearing upon gender participation rates and earnings
Authors: Hardill Irene , Watson Robert 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTThe impact of child rearing upon male and female participation rates and earnings within 130 dual career households is investigated. Female participation rates and earnings in households with children are significantly lower than both comparable males and females without children. No significant gender differences exist in pay in childless households.
Should Intangibles Be Measured: What Are the Economic Trade‐Offs?
Authors: KANODIA CHANDRA , SAPRA HARESH , VENUGOPALAN RAGHU 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACTWe investigate whether a firm's intangible investments should be measured and separated from operating expenses. We find that the information extracted from accounting reports of investments and earnings is different when intangibles are measured and identified separately from operating expenses than when intangibles are left commingled with operating expenses. This difference in the market's information causes a change in the behavior of market prices, inducing changes in the firm's investments and cash flows. Thus, from a real effects perspective, measuring intangibles is not unambiguously desirable. We identify the conditions under which providing information on intangibles may be desirable. This study also shows the inadequacy of statistical associations between accounting numbers and prices as a basis for evaluating the desirability of measuring intangible investments. We show that the measurement of intangibles alters the very distribution of cash flows about which the measurement regime is seeking to provide information.
Formation of Thiolated Nucleosides Present in tRNA from
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium Occurs in Two Principally Distinct Pathways
Authors: Leipuviene Ramune , Qian Qiang , Björk Glenn R. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT

tRNA from
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium contains five thiolated nucleosides, 2-thiocytidine (s
2
C), 4-thiouridine (s
4
U), 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (mnm
5
s
2
U), 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (cmnm
5
s
2
U), and
N
-6-(4-hydroxyisopentenyl)-2-methylthioadenosine (ms
2
io
6
A). The levels of all of them are significantly reduced in cells with a mutated
iscS
gene, which encodes the cysteine desulfurase IscS, a member of the ISC machinery that is responsible for [Fe-S] cluster formation in proteins. A mutant (
iscU52
) was isolated that carried an amino acid substitution (S107T) in the IscU protein, which functions as a major scaffold in the formation of [Fe-S] clusters. In contrast to the
iscS
mutant, the
iscU52
mutant showed reduced levels of only two of the thiolated nucleosides, ms
2
io
6
A (10-fold) and s
2
C (more than 2-fold). Deletions of the
iscU
,
hscA
, or
fdx
genes from the
isc
operon lead to a similar tRNA thiolation pattern to that seen for the
iscU52
mutant. Unexpectedly, deletion of the
iscA
gene, coding for an alternative scaffold protein for the [Fe-S] clusters, showed a novel tRNA thiolation pattern, where the synthesis of only one thiolated nucleoside, ms
2
io
6
A, was decreased twofold. Based on our results, we suggest two principal distinct routes for thiolation of tRNA: (i) a direct sulfur transfer from IscS to the tRNA modifying enzymes ThiI and MnmA, which form s
4
U and the s
2
U moiety of (c)mnm
5
s
2
U, respectively; and (ii) an involvement of [Fe-S] proteins (an unidentified enzyme in the synthesis of s
2
C and MiaB in the synthesis of ms
2
io
6
A) in the transfer of sulfur to the tRNA.
Direct Glutaminyl-tRNA Biosynthesis and Indirect Asparaginyl-tRNA Biosynthesis in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PAO1
Authors: Akochy Pierre-Marie , Bernard Dominic , Roy Paul H. , Lapointe Jacques 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT

The genomic sequence of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PAO1 was searched for the presence of open reading frames (ORFs) encoding enzymes potentially involved in the formation of Gln-tRNA and of Asn-tRNA. We found ORFs similar to known glutamyl-tRNA synthetases (GluRS), glutaminyl-tRNA synthetases (GlnRS), aspartyl-tRNA synthetases (AspRS), and trimeric tRNA-dependent amidotransferases (AdT) but none similar to known asparaginyl-tRNA synthetases (AsnRS). The absence of AsnRS was confirmed by biochemical tests with crude and fractionated extracts of
P. aeruginosa
PAO1, with the homologous tRNA as the substrate. The characterization of GluRS, AspRS, and AdT overproduced from their cloned genes in
P. aeruginosa
and purified to homogeneity revealed that GluRS is discriminating in the sense that it does not glutamylate tRNA
Gln
, that AspRS is nondiscriminating, and that its Asp-tRNA
Asn
product is transamidated by AdT. On the other hand, tRNA
Gln
is directly glutaminylated by GlnRS. These results show that
P. aeruginosa
PAO1 is the first organism known to synthesize Asn-tRNA via the indirect pathway and to synthesize Gln-tRNA via the direct pathway. The essential role of AdT in the formation of Asn-tRNA in
P. aeruginosa
and the absence of a similar activity in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells identifies AdT as a potential target for antibiotics to be designed against this human pathogen. Such novel antibiotics could be active against other multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens such as
Burkholderia
and
Neisseria
as well as all pathogenic gram-positive bacteria.
Regulation of Transcription of Compatible Solute Transporters by the General Stress Sigma Factor, σB, inListeria monocytogenes
Authors: Cetin Mehmet Sevket , Zhang Chaomei , Hutkins Robert W. , Benson Andrew K. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTListeria monocytogenesis well known for its durable physiological characteristics, which allow the organism to grow at low temperature and pH and high osmolarity. Growth under high osmolarity depends on the accumulation of compatible solutes, among which glycine betaine and carnitine are the preferred solutes for this organism. Three different transport systems, Gbu, BetL, and OpuC, have been identified inL. monocytogeneswhich serve to scavenge the preferred compatible solutes. The general stress response regulator σBhas been shown to play an important role in osmotic adaptation inL. monocytogenes, presumably by directing transcription from one or more of the solute transport genes. In the studies presented here, we have used primer extension analyses to identify the promoter elements responsible for transcription of theopuC,gbuA, andbetLgenes. All three genes are osmotically inducible to some degree.betLis transcribed from a σB-independent promoter, whilegbuAis transcribed from dual promoters, one of which is σBdependent.opuCis transcribed exclusively from a σB-dependent promoter. ThebetLpromoter is similar in sequence to the σB-independentgbuAP1 promoter. Kinetic analysis of transcript accumulation after osmotic upshift demonstrated that σB-dependent transcripts fromgbuAP2 andsigBaccumulate for an extended period after upshift, suggesting that σBactivity may provide a mechanism for sustained high-level expression during osmotic challenge. In contrast to osmotic upshift, expression from the σB-dependentopuCandgbuAP2 promoters after temperature upshift and ethanol stress was minimal, suggesting that additional mechanisms may also participate in regulating transcription from these σB-dependent promoters.
Transferrin-Binding Protein B of
Neisseria meningitidis
: Sequence-Based Identification of the Transferrin-Binding Site Confirmed by Site-Directed Mutagenesis
Authors: Renauld-Mongénie Geneviève , Lins Laurence , Krell Tino , Laffly Laure , Mignon Michèle , Dupuy Monique , Delrue Rose-May , Guinet-Morlot Françoise , Brasseur Robert , Lissolo Ling 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT

A sequence-based prediction method was employed to identify three ligand-binding domains in transferrin-binding protein B (TbpB) of
Neisseria meningitidis
strain B16B6. Site-directed mutagenesis of residues located in these domains has led to the identification of two domains, amino acids 53 to 57 and 240 to 245, which are involved in binding to human transferrin (htf). These two domains are conserved in an alignment of different TbpB sequences from
N. meningitidis
and
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
, indicating a general functional role of the domains. Western blot analysis and BIAcore and isothermal titration calorimetry experiments demonstrated that site-directed mutations in both binding domains led to a decrease or abolition of htf binding. Analysis of mutated proteins by circular dichroism did not provide any evidence for structural alterations due to the amino acid replacements. The TbpB mutant R243N was devoid of any htf-binding activity, and antibodies elicited by the mutant showed strong bactericidal activity against the homologous strain, as well as against several heterologous
tbpB
isotype I strains.
Four Novel Genes Required for Optimal Photoautotrophic Growth of the Cyanobacterium
Synechocystis
sp. Strain PCC 6803 Identified by In Vitro Transposon Mutagenesis
Authors: Zhang Shulu , Laborde Susan M. , Frankel Laurie K. , Bricker Terry M. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT

Four novel
Synechocystis
sp. strain PCC 6803 genes (
sll1495
,
sll0804
,
slr1306
, and
slr1125
) which encode hypothetical proteins were determined by transposon mutagenesis to be required for optimal photoautotrophic growth. Mutations were also recovered in
ccmK4
, a carboxysome coat protein homologue, and
me
, the decarboxylating NADP
+
-dependent malic enzyme. This is the first report that these known genes are required for optimal photoautotrophy.
Motility of Urease-Deficient Derivatives of
Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Tan Shumin , Berg Douglas E. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT

Early studies of a
ureB
mutant derivative of
Helicobacter pylori
had suggested that urease is needed for motility and that urease action helps energize flagellar rotation. Here we report experiments showing that motility is unaffected by deletion of
ureA
and
ureB
(urease genes) or by inactivation of
ureB
alone, especially if
H. pylori
strains used as recipients for transformation with mutant alleles are preselected for motility. This result was obtained with the strain used in the early studies (CPY3401) and also with 15 other strains, 3 of which can colonize mice. We conclude that urease is not needed for
H. pylori
motility.
Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Control of Cable Pilus Gene Expression in
Burkholderia cenocepacia
Authors: Tomich Mladen , Mohr Christian D. 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACT

Burkholderia cenocepacia
is an important member of the
Burkholderia cepacia
complex, a group of closely related bacteria that inhabits a wide variety of environmental niches in nature and that also colonizes the lungs of compromised humans. Certain strains of
B. cenocepacia
express peritrichous adherence organelles known as cable pili, thought to be important in the colonization of the lower respiratory tract. The genetic locus required for cable pilus biogenesis is comprised of at least five genes, designated
cblB
,
cblA
,
cblC
,
cblD
, and
cblS
. In this study a transcriptional analysis of
cbl
gene expression was undertaken. The principal promoter, located upstream of the
cbl
locus, was identified and characterized. By using
lacZ
transcriptional fusions, the effects of multiple environmental cues on
cbl
gene expression were examined. High osmolarity, temperature of 37°C, acidic pH, and low iron bioavailability were found to induce
cbl
gene expression. Northern hybridization analysis of the
cbl
locus identified a single, stable transcript corresponding to
cblA
, encoding the major pilin subunit. Transcriptional fusion studies combined with reverse transcription-PCR analysis indicated that the stable
cblA
transcript is the product of an mRNA processing event. This event may ensure high levels of expression of the major pilin, relative to other components of the assembly pathway. Our findings lend further insight into the control of cable pilus biogenesis in
B. cenocepacia
and provide evidence for regulation of
cbl
gene expression on both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels.
Proteomic Analysis of the Sarcosine-Insoluble Outer Membrane Fraction ofHelicobacter pyloriStrain 26695
Authors: Baik Seung-Chul , Kim Kyung-Mi , Song Su-Min , Kim Do-Su , Jun Jin-Su , Lee Seung-Gyu , Song Jae-Young , Park Jeong-Uck , Kang Hyung-Lyun , Lee Woo-Kon , Cho Myung-Je , Youn Hee-Shang , Ko Gyung-Hyuck , Rhee Kwang-Ho 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACTHelicobacter pyloricauses gastroduodenal disease, which is mediated in part by its outer membrane proteins (OMPs). To identify OMPs ofH. pyloristrain 26695, we performed a proteomic analysis. A sarcosine-insoluble outer membrane fraction was resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradient strips. Most of the protein spots, with molecular masses of 10 to 100 kDa, were visible on the gel in the alkaline pI regions (6.0 to 10.0). The proteome of the OMPs was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Of the 80 protein spots processed, 62 spots were identified; they represented 35 genes, including 16 kinds of OMP. Moreover, we identified 9 immunoreactive proteins by immunoblot analysis. This study contributes to the characterization of theH. pyloristrain 26695 proteome and may help to further elucidate the biological function ofH. pyloriOMPs and the pathogenesis ofH. pyloriinfection.
NEO-LEFT AND NEO-RIGHT IN POST-TIANANMEN CHINA
Authors: Misra Kalpana 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Post-Tiananmen neo-left and neo-right theorizing is characterized by a new emphasis on central power and normative legitimacy to redress the problems of ideological and political fragmentation associated with reform. This development has strengthened the Chinese government but also undermined the Communist Party's role as the fount of ideological authority.
Mikhail Larionov's Still Life with Crayfish
Authors: Bekkerman Sonya 
Published: February 2004

Mikhail Larionov's Still-Life with Crayfish is a result of the artist sintense engagement with Russian folk art traditions. In attempting to liberate Russian art from the influence of the West, Larionov discovered new formal languages by looking to his heritage and bringing into his paintings images derived from icons, lubki (popular prints) as well as painted shop signs and children sart. Although Larionov did not spearhead the Russian crafts revival, his participation became critical for its dissemination.
Still-Life with Crayfish exemplifies Larionov's insistence on russifying Western forms. The lessons of Czanne and the bold experiments of the Fauves figure prominently;however, the artist's conception of line, depth and color is a clear reference to lubki. The strident palette reflects Eastern influences, and the feast itself conveys an essentially Russian character. Larionov spassionate interest in creating new art forms inclined him to draw upon a diversity of sources. His admiration for the stability and timelessness of Russian peasant culture, life and art played a critical role in developing his oeuvre and allowed him to create a distinctive style independent of the West without wholly rejecting it.
Statistical Features and Perceived Similarity of Folk Melodies
Authors: Eerola Tuomas , Järvinen Topi , Louhivuori Jukka , Toiviainen Petri 
Published: February 2004

Listeners are sensitive to pitch distributional information in music (N. Oram & L. L. Cuddy, 1995; C. L. Krumhansl, J. Louhivuori, P.Toiviainen, T. Järvinen, & T. Eerola, 1999). However, it is uncertain whether frequency-based musical features are sufficient to explain the similarity judgments that underlie listeners' classification processes. A similarity rating experiment was designed to determine the effectiveness of these features in predicting listeners' similarity ratings. The material consisted of 15 melodies representing five folk music styles. A multiple regression analysis showed that the similarity of frequency-based musical properties could account for a moderate amount (40%) of listeners' similarity ratings. A slightly better predictive rate (55%) was achieved by using descriptive variables such as number of tones, rhythmic variability, and melodic predictability. The results suggest that both measures were able to capture some aspects of the structures that portray common salient dimensions to which listeners pay attention while categorizing melodies.Aikaisemmissa tutkimuksissa on osoitettu, että musiikin tilastollisilla tapahtumilla, kuten sävelten määrillä ja tyypillisillä intervalleilla, on merkitystä, kun kuulijat muodostavat käsityksiään musiikin rakenteesta (N. Oram & L. L. Cuddy, 1995; C. L. Krumhansl, J. Louhivuori, P. Toiviainen, T. Järvinen, & T. Eerola, 1999). Näiden piirteiden voidaan olettaa olevan tärkeitä myös musiikin luokittelussa. Toistaiseksi ei kuitenkaan tiedetä, miten hyvin tilastollisilla piirteillä voitaisiin musiikin luokittelua selittää. Tätä testattiin kuulijoille järjestetyn samanlaisuusarviointitehtävän avulla. Tutkimuksen materiaali koostui 15 melodiasta, jotka edustivat viittä eri kansanmusiikkityyliä. Regressioanalyysi paljasti, että musiikin tilastollisten piirteiden samanlaisuus pystyi selittämään kohtuullisen määrän (40%) kuulijoiden antamista samanlaisuusarvioista. Hieman parempi selitysaste (55%) saavutettiin kuvaavilla muuttujilla, joita olivat melodian laajuus ja ennakoitavuus sekä rytmin vaihtelevuus. Näin ollen tulokset antavat aiheen olettaa, että musiikin tilastolliset piirteet ja kuvailevat muuttujat vaikuttavat kuulijoiden luokittelupäätöksiin.
Newlands, Old Lands: Native American Labor, Agrarian Ideology, and the Progressive-Era State in the Making of the Newlands Reclamation Project, 1902–1926
Authors: Campbell Robert B. 
Published: February 2004

Historical interpretations focusing on the development of irrigated agricultural communities in the early twentiethcentury American West have consistently repeated the neat division between "family" and "industrial" modes of production. However, these distinctions collapse when one recognizes that the seasonal demand for harvest labor could not be met from within the smallholders' households. Transient labor, as well as year-round wage work by property-less workers, appears to have been the rule even on the irrigated West's family farms.
In the case of the Newlands Reclamation Project, dispossessed Native Americans provided essential labor, ensuring the nominal success of this initial Reclamation Service project during the first three decades of the twentieth century. In Nevada, Paiute and Shoshone laborers provided a local and low-cost work force. This irrigation culture could not avoid the pitfalls of capitalist agriculture that relied upon the dispossession of Indian lands and resources and the coerced labor of an underclass of Indian workers. While Paiute and Shoshone labor was certainly coerced, there were limits. This article demonstrates the degree to which these people maintained an autonomous community and culture. Drawing on precolonial roots, Native North American communities shared in the challenges and creative adaptations exhibited by indigenous communities globally in response to settler capitalism.