bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impulse to Legislate
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Nam ista mendicorum frequentia arguit et in privatis malitiam ac inhumanitatem, et in magistratibus neglegentium boni publici,” the humanist scholar Juan Luis Vives admonished the citizens of Bruges in 1526 in an unadorned Latin, exhorting them to provide for the poor in their midst. “ For that throng of beggars,” he was saying, “argues both the ill-will and inhumanity of private citizens and a neglect of the public good on the part of the magistrates.” Whatever they thought of the medieval Christian tradition of sacred poverty, the reformers of the sixteenth century saw corruption-not beatitude-in the daily public jostling of beggars in the urban centers of an increasingly mercantile society. It was corruption of the human spirit, the reformers thought, in private citizens who lacked the good will to help their fellows extricate themselves from the degradation of a beggar’s’s life; it was corruption of the will in those magistrates who allowed such a state of affairs to persist, when it was in the interest of the community as a whole to tum idle hands to productive labor and to make true citizens of the outcast poor. Vives captures in a sentence the recurrent themes underlying the modem impulse to eliminate public begging.
“Provisional Dépóts”
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Laver dy’s commission had moved quickly to frame a stiff law against vagabonds. The preamble of the “Declaration of the King concerning vagabonds and shiftless persons” of August 3, 1764, unmistakably echoes the words of the semiofficial propagandist Le Trosne. Banishment was deemed ineffective against those whose life was “a perpetual banishment.” Therefore vagabonds were to be punished by a fixed sentence to the galleys in the case of able-bodied males, and confinement elsewhere for those excepted by reason of age, infirmity, or sex. The first article gave jurisdiction over the arrest of vagabonds to the marechaussee, in conformity with the Declaration of February 5, 1731.
Philosophy and Bureaucracy
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1774 the critics of the depots had undermined the schemes of Joly de Fleury, breached the defenses of the system confided to the energetic younger Bertier, and resurrected all the issues that Laverdy’s commission had swept under the rug in 1767. The controller-general of finance, Turgot, had spoken with the voice of the Encyclopediste, urging that citizens’ energies be mobilized by means of more ra tional institutions. His close relationship with provincial spokesmen for “advanced” opinion-the archbishops of Aix and Toulouse-seemed to promise a new era of cooperation between the king’s council and provincial elites in sharing the tasks of reform.
Old Medicine and New
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Looking back in 1778, Bertier could allude to Turgot’s ministry as an unfortunate episode that had only momentarily frustrated a lengthy campaign to eradicate mendicity: “the dearness of grains and the suspension ordered by M. Turgot arrested the complete success that had been expected.” Since Turgot’s departure, the lieu tenant de police of Paris (the restored Lenoir) and Bertier had devised new measures.
Laboratory of Virtue
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not long after Turgot’s fall from office, the academy of Chalons-sur-Marne an nounced a prize-essay contest on the subject, “How to make beggars useful to the state without making them unhappy?”There was nothing extraordinary about the academy’s desire to serve as critic and counsellor of authority. The provincial academies were, in Daniel Roche’s phrase, “daughters of administration” in several senses: they were promoted by royal authority and protected by royal intendants; they counted among their members a high proportion of officials and consultants in royal bureaucracies; and when they addressed policy issues, they cast themselves in the role of experts whose critical diagnosis of a problem would reflect credit both on the civic zeal of a local elite and on the beneficent intentions of the king and his ministers.
Founding a New Regime
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One result of the growth of clinical medicine in the eighteenth century, according to Michel Foucault, was that doctors began to lift their gaze from the individual case history to the environment in which the phenomena of disease and health were constituted. Foucault’s interpretation applies particularly well to the depots, which functioned in the narrow sense as medical clinics, but which also provided amphi theaters for observing social pathology case by case. The revolutionary Comite de Mendicite carried this panoptic impulse to its logical conclusion, subjecting an en tire society to diagnostic scrutiny. Two sets of issues linked the work of the Comite de Mendicite of the Constituent Assembly with the experience of the depots under the Old Regime. The problem of maintaining standards of hygiene within an institution became linked with an effort to monitor the welfare of the 1mpulation at large. Likewise, the challenge of rehabilitating inmates through work came to be predicated on a broader social question: could every citizen expect to attain well being through work? Work, well-being, and citizenship could no longer be defined in isolation from each other.
Suffering in Chronic Illness
Authors: Cassell Eric J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SUFFERING THAT OCCURS during acute illness seems to arise largely from sources external to the person-from the injury or the disease. This appears true to those who suffer, even though the factors that convert even severe pain into suffering depend on the particular nature of the individual, and although painful sensations may arise from deep inside the body. Thus, if suffering results from the pain of cancer, both the pain and the cancer are not considered part of the suffering person. The cancer is a “thing” that afflicts the patient and the pain arises from that distinct alien thing. In fact, the cancer is not so easily separable from the tissues of the patient, and the factors that have promoted its growth are part of the patient’s physiology.
Patriarchy and Paternalism
Authors: Bowman Shearer Davis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One Can NOT study the historical literature on either planters or Junkers without encountering questions about the degree to which each landed elite and its regional society were characterized by “patriarchy” and “paternalism.” It is hardly surprising that scholars have provided different answers to these questions, and that the differences sometimes reflect disagreement about the precise meanings and proper usage of the key terms. This chapter has two interrelated goals: to investigate the etymological roots and historical usages of the terms patriarchy and paternalism, and to explore questions about the patriarchal and paternalistic characteristics of the planter and Junker elites in a comparative context.
A Moral History of Indian-White Relations Revisited
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Studies in Inter-Ethnic confligt are Rife with Moral Judgments, Some intended by their authors, others unnoticed. Scholarly disinterestedness seems to be especially difficult to achieve when the conflicts studied are between the (native, Native, first) Americans and (imperial, invading, intrusive) Europeans, as a sample choice of adjectives graphically shows. Recognizing in myself strong if shifting feelings about Indian-white relations over a dozen years of teaching and writing about them, I wanted to explore the philosophical status of normative judgments in historical thought to see if it was legitimate to have such feelings and to register them in writing.
Some Thoughts on the Ethnohistory of Missions
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While Engaged in Long-term Projects, scholars–Unless they have preternatural reservoirs of patience–often get the itch to write something finite. Usually a request comes over the transom about that time for a conference paper, a guest lecture, or an article to fill the thematic issue of a journal. With alacrity he accepts and bolts from the library to the typewriter to write what is half-affectionately known as a “spin-off,” a piece that can be ripped from or is suggested by a problem or theme in the larger work.
“Some Thoughts” was born of such tergiversation during the twelve-year gestation of The Invasion Within.
Colonial America Without the Indians
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Historical Profession can often be as hard to move as a cemetery. At other times it rolls over for the latest and least fad. Before the media maneuvers of the American Indian Movement in the early 1970s, American historians and their textbooks paid virtually no attention to the native role in American history. But the disenchantment with the white, male “Establishment” growing out of the civil-rights movement and protests over U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia, and the simultaneous popularity of “the New Social History,” led many teachers and textbook writers to add Indians to a growing syllabus of new subjects worthy of attention. This venture in mostly compensatory history was often flawed by quick-fix ideology and frustrated greatly by a lack of ethnohistorical scholarship which focused at least in part on the Euro-American side of the frontier. Too often good intentions and political zeal stood in for viable history.
Square One: Veritas or Hallucination
Authors: Diamond Sigmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Square One —The point of departure for the entire investigation —consisted of my article on Seymour Martin Lip set and David Riesman, Education and Politics at Haroard (New York, 1976), one of more than a hundred reports and volumes produced under the direction of the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education; McGeorge Bundy’s reply to that article and my rejoinder; a lengthy letter from Professor Robert Bellah setting forth his experience at Harvard during the Bundy regime, together with comments by Bundy and me; and letters from Clark Kerr, director of the Carnegie study and president of the University of California, Lip set, and some of Bundy’s Harvard associates.
More on Harvard: Public Masks, Private Faces
Authors: Diamond Sigmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We Now Know that Harvard had an institutional “arrangement” with the FBI and, at least so far as the Russian Research Center is concerned, with the CIA as well. The relationship with the intelligence agencies was sufficiently close for the FBI to consider talking directly to President Conant about getting information concerning the research center and other parts of Harvard. It is possible for the head of an organization not to know all the activities carried on by his subordinates, but it is also likely that some of Conant’s subordinates had reason to feel that their cooperation with the intelligence agencies had his sympathetic understanding, even if not his open support. The statements to the FBI of a number of Conant’s closest friends and associates, made during the security investigation at the time of his appointment as high commissioner to Germany, attest to the depth of Conant’s feelings about the dangers of communism.
Ivy-covered Surveillance
Authors: Diamond Sigmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How did I learn that Yale University had on its staff a liaison officer with the FBI named Harry B. Fisher? An FBI memorandum concerning Buckley, from SAC New Haven to the director, September 28, 1949, refers to “[named deleted], Liaison Officer at Yale University.” The phrase suggests that relations between the FBI and Yale were so formalized that a special office-—that of “Liaison Officer” —-had been created to handle them. It was impossible to determine from the text of the memorandum whether the deleted name was that of an FBI employee who had liaison responsibilities with Yale or that of a Yale employee who had liaison responsibilities with the FBI.
Wilder Hobson: “Introducing Duke Ellington” (1933)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leaders are not so fortunate. Manager Mills wastes considerable money buying Ellington special arrangements of standard tunes. By the time the orchestra plays them they are Ellingtonian-lustered with his own harmonies, pungent with his rhythm. Ellington spends his spare moments writing a score for a Negro musical show to be produced next season by John Henry Hammond Jr., son of the New York lawyer John Henry Hammond, and one of the leading jazz con noisseurs of the country. Ellington is also conceiving a suite in five parts, tentatively entitled Africa, The Slave Ship, The Plantation, Harlem-the last being a climactic restatement of themes. Whether this will be arranged for his band as now constituted or for an augmented group has not been decided. The composer expects to leave the piano, taking a baton in the form of a drumstick which, while conducting, he will beat on an elaborate choir of tom toms. And he is trying desperately to find a reed instrument lower even than a contrabassoon with which to produce voodoo accents in the opening section. His friends say he will ultimately invent one.
Interview in Los Angeles: On Jump for Joy, Opera, and Dissonance as a “Way of Life” (1941)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Edward Kennedy Ellington came to San Francisco this week to head the stage show at the Golden Gate Theater, that was big news in the enter tainment world. It’s always big news in the entertainment world of every city here and abroad-when the Duke arrives. Ellington’s name is a synonym for the best in modern popular music. To attempt to “gild the lily” would be presumptuous.
“Interpretations in Jazz: A Conference with Duke Ellington” (1947)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jazz today is no longer the jazz of twenty years ago. When I began my work jazz was a stunt, something different. Not everybody cared for jazz and those who did felt that it wasn’t the real thing unless they were given a shock sensation of loudness or unpredictability along with the music. For that rea son, I feel that I was extremely lucky to enter the picture when I did! I had to teach myself to read music. I relied on instinct rather than knowledge to guide me, and had to develop many techniques in spotlight positions. When I was playing at the Cotton Club, for instance, I had the luck to be engaged for three days at a theater in mid-town. All went well, and on the third day, kind of music. In addition, it requires a peculiar awareness of form and of the human thoughts and feelings these forms express. The young musician will do well to reflect on the needs of jazz before he gets himself a drum and starts out on a career.
“Changing Woman” and the Politics of Difference
Authors: Anderson Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Work Seeks to provide historical perspectives on the lives of American Indian, African American, and Mexican American women in the United States over the course of the last century. It places racial ethnic women at the center of its inquiry in order to illuminate the historical processes revealed and shaped through their lives and actions. It also does so in the hope that Cornel West is right that
Empathy is precisely an attempt to identify with the other fellow citizen’s frustration, anxieties—what it’s like to walk a mile in their shoes, to get inside their skin. One can do that most easily when one has a sense of history that keeps track of what they are up against, their conditions and circumstances.
In focusing in part on the ways in which exclusionary definitions of “fellow citizens” have inflicted harm on women of color (and others), this book also calls into question the emancipatory possibilities of identities based in national “citizenship.”
An Expensive Luxury
Authors: Anderson Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beginning with The Dawes Acr, Native Americans faced intensified efforts by whites to “civilize” them through a process of gender-specific acculturation. White acculturative goals for Indian women included the abandonment of their traditional cultural values and activities, subordination to and economic dependence on husbands, and the loss of meaningful authority over their children. For men, whites urged the assumption of a power over women and children that was ostensibly to be secured by masculine privilege in a capitalist economy and in political life. The degree of Indian conformity to the normative gender division of labor and authority became the measure of Indian “civilization.”
Introduction
Authors: Harris Barbara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Lady Lettice Treesham wrote her will in June 1557, she could look back with satisfaction on a life during which she had married three times; borne eight children; launched her eldest son’s, Francis’s, political career; and triumphantly defended her property against her stepson. Her ambitions and the basic course of her life resembled those of hundreds of other aristocratic women who lived between 1450 and 1550. Like Lady Tresham, they married more than once, bore large numbers of children, became rich through consecutive marriages, arranged their children’s careers and marriages, litigated successfully against their stepsons or in-laws, exploited their connections at court, and carefully distributed their property when they died.
Single Women and Compulsory Marriage
Authors: Harris Barbara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristocratic wives enjoyed the fullest careers open to women of their class except for the small number who combined wifehood with appointments at court. In a class in which the female marriage rate was just under 94 percent, their lives provided the dominant model of adult womanhood. No comparable careers or opportunities existed for the tiny group of Yorkist and early Tudor aristocratic women who neither married nor entered convents. Whatever their personal qualities and capacities, never-married laywomen remained perpetual daughters and life-long dependents, residing in the households of their relatives or friends and functioning as gentlewomen servants and companions of their hosts. The scanty surviving information about them accurately mirrors their marginality in aristocratic society. There is not a single example of a never-married aristocratic woman who accumulated large amounts of property, real or movable, or who occupied a central position in her immediate or extended kin network. The narrow scope and relative insignificance of their activities contrasts dramatically with those of their married and widowed sisters.
The Thirties’ Literary Left
Authors: Coiner Constance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter and the following one describe the historical parameters in which Le Sueur and Olsen fluctuated, consciously and unconsciously, between a full volumed accord with and a muted dissent from the Party’s positions on literature and “the woman question.” This chapter deals with the American Left literary milieu in the late ‘20s and ‘30s by identifying the major debates within the Left, especially those between proponents of a new proletarian literature and writers influenced by Trotsky’s Literature and Revolution. Although Le Sueur and Olsen were not major participants in these discussions, they were aware of and affected by their central issues. For the most part, Le Sueur, Olsen, and other women are absent from this chapter. Indeed, as much as anything I have written in this book, their noticeable absence comments on the patriarchal character of the literary Left. I have organized this chapter in ways that will be familiar to those acquainted with the history of ‘30s literary radicalism: Drawing on primary sources as well as the valuable work of Daniel Aaron, James Burkhart Gilbert, Richard H. Pells, Walter B. Rideout, and Alan M. Wald, I discuss the CPUSA’s shifting political and literary policies as well as literary debates between Party regulars and the anti Stalinist Left. But I do so in order to provide, for those unfamiliar with ‘30s literary radicalism, the background necessary to understand how Le Sueur and Olsen, oscillating between versions of literary orthodoxy and heterodoxy, complicate the schema that have generally been used to map the literary Left during this period.
“No One’s Private Ground”1: Olsen’s Tell Me a Riddle and Silences
Authors: Coiner Constance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The areas on which Yonnondio focused-domestic labor, familial relations, thwarted creativity, and the complex realm of consciousness-hindsight finds noticeably absent not only from Olsen’s other ‘30s writing but also from most proletarian literature and from discussions of its “proper” settings and subjects. From the ‘50s on, however, these areas constitute Olsen’s central concerns. While Olsen’s “message” continues to be agitational in her “second period,” the rhetorical model is more heteroglossic than that of her ‘30s publications. Moreover, like Yonnondio, Tell Me a Riddle and Silences foreground institutionalized mother hood, exposing what Olsen has rightly termed a “taboo area; the last refuge of sexism [the] least and last explored, tormentingly complex core of women’s oppression.”3 As it has been socially constructed, motherhood is an Achilles heel of the women’s movement: Even the women whom the movement has most benefited, the educated professionals, learn that in our social system the pretense of equal opportunity collapses around the issue of responsibility for children. Tell Me a Riddle’s title story and Silences are virtually unique in American writing for their uncompromising look at the anguish of women who must choose between having children and the need to carry on other serious work. That more women than men have valued Olsen’s fiction reminds us that textual meaning, rather than being fixed, is a consequence of a reader’s particular situation in the world.
A Dominion Materializes: The Children s Bureau, 1903-1917
Authors: Muncy Robyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1905, Florence Kelley claimed: “The noblest duty of the Republic is ... so cherishing all its children that they ... may become self-governing citizens The care and nurture of childhood;’ she continued, “is thus a vital concern of the nation:’ These assertions indicated the direction that Hull House women would take in the early twentieth century: they and their growing network of reforming women would begin seeking national influence, and child welfare policy would provide the field for their broader authority.
Introduction
Authors: Cooper Sandi E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1989-1990, as the fin de siecle of the twentieth century begins, Europeans again seriously debate the possibility of transforming their continent from a geographic expression to a formal political-cultural community. If they succeed, they will realize a recurrent dream of their nineteenth-century ancestors. A German executive, relishing the fruits that the [re]awakening giant will pluck, observed that what was about to happen was what should have happened in 1914:
The European challenge is to restore the Europe of 1914, when Europe was the biggest economic power in the world and had the best-educated population, one that is twice the population of the United States and four times the population of Japan.’