bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guidelines for pericardiectomy and surgical relief of cardiac tamponade
Authors: Hwang Dr Nian Chih , Sinclair Dr Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thickening of the pericardium causing constrictive pericarditis can be caused by scarring after acute pericarditis, recurrent or chronic inflammatory processes involving the pericardium, uraemia, neoplastic diseases, penetrating or non-penetrating trauma, and radiation. The restriction in diastolic filling of the heart is reflected as jugular venous distension and hepatomegaly. Atrial fibrillation may be present. Pronounced ascites and peripheral oedema are presentations seen in endstage disease. The surgical management is pericardiectomy. This can be performed via either a left anterolateral thoracotomy or a median sternotomy with or without cardiopulmonary bypass. Left thoracotomy gives good exposure of the left ventricle without the need to elevate the heart during dissection. However, median sternotomy allows a wide exposure and the institution of cardiopulmonary bypass if required.
Guidelines for surgical procedures via thoracotomy
Authors: Hwang Dr Nian Chih , Sinclair Dr Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ligation of a persistent ductus arteriosus, creation of a Blalock-Taussig shunt, correction of aortic coarctation, and banding of the pulmonary artery can be performed without cardiopulmonary bypass through a left thoracotomy. Ligation of the ductus arteriosus is indicated when a trial of indomethacin therapy has failed to close the duct or is performed in conjunction with other procedures for congenital cardiac disease (seep. 118 for information on persistent ductus arteriosus). The Blalock-Taussig shunt is an example of a systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt performed in the newborn to improve pulmonary blood flow and oxygenation. This is only a palliative procedure. A definitive correction of the cardiac abnormalities can be performed at a later stage when the morbidity or mortality of repair is less.
Male reproductive endocrinology (physiology)
Authors: Laycock John , Wise Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
See also Chapters 4 (Qs 4, 19, 20); Chapter 5 (Qs 5, 14) the phenotype is determined by the presence of either X or Y chromosomes development of the indifferent gonads into testes is initiated by the activation of a ‘sex-determining region of the Y chromosome’ (sry) gene the primitive Mullerian ducts develop into the male reproductive tract d the developing Sertoli cells are stimulated to produce tesrosterone
Non-pharmacological methods for the treatment of pain in children
Authors: Wood C , Vieyra M , Poulain P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is increasing interest in the use of non-pharmacological methods for alleviating pain in children. This interest does not imply that the aetiology of children’s pain is psychological in nature. The Cartesian dichotomy between the ‘psyche’ and the ‘soma’, and the resulting ‘psychosomatic’ ideas about the psychological aetiology of physical pain have been largely abandoned, in favour of a more multi-factorial biopsychosocial model. The gate control theory explains the complexity in the modulation of pain which is located at 3 levels: the gating of the oncoming nociceptive input in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord; the modulation at the level of the limbic system through descending pathways to the dorsal horn; and modulation at the level of the cerebral cortex by a range of cognitive (understanding, meaning, expectation, control, and attention) and affective factors (depression, anxiety, and fear) that can affect the pain experience (Tarbell 1999).
Bioanalytical methods for anticancer drugs
Authors: Beijnen Jos H , Rosing Hilde 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most anticancer agents exhibit a narrow therapeutic window with small margins between toxic and subtherapeutic exposure. Inter-individual pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variabilities are usually substantial and may explain why some patients experience chemotherapy as a relatively mild treatment while others suffer from severe side effects. Antitumour activity also varies greatly in cohorts of patients even though they are treated with the same dose of anticancer agent.
Clinical implications and mechanisms of variability in the response to anticancer agents
Authors: Schellens Jan H M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents in general have a narrow therapeutic index, and as a result the exposure resulting in the required therapeutic effect (tumour cell kill) and that inducing significant side effects is relatively close. Exposure to anticancer agents is traditionally measured by the area under the plasma concentration—time curve (AUC). It is common practice in oncology to apply standard dosage regimens of anticancer drugs. However, this approach results in wide inter-patient variation in exposure (AUC), owing to variable absorption and elimination processes, and therefore the dose—exposure relationship is highly variable due to pharmacokinetic variation between patients.
Sharing the dilemma
Authors: Maslin Anna M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To set the scene for this book, here is the true account of one patient’s journey through her diagnosis, decision-making process, and treatment for breast cancer. It 1s her story and unique to her. It does not represent the experiences of all women and yet there are themes which recur in many accounts. This patient was chosen at random, not because her story was a ‘good’ experience or a ‘bad’ experience. As professionals we often only see in part what the patient experiences as a whole. On occasions it is sometimes helpful to see the situation from the patient’s point of view.
Early breast cancer — medical treatment options
Authors: Smith I E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The most significant advance m breast cancer management during the last quarter century has come from the realization that this is a systemic disease from the outset in the majority of patients. In other words most patients, when they first present with a malignant lump to the breast, already have microscopic metastases which have spread, principally through the blood, to other parts of the body. This means that systemic medical treatments are usually required in addition to (or as adjuvant to) local treatment to the breast itself.
The course of cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Weickert Thomas W , Goldberg Terry E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although a vast literature pertaining to neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia has amassed over the past 45 years, the exact timing and course of the neuropsychological deficits remains obscure. Some authors have provided evidence for a decline of intellect from premorbid levels subsequent to the onset of schizophrenia, while others have failed to obtain evidence for such a decline of intellect. Finally, some studies have suggested that patients with schizophrenia suffer severe cognitive and intellectual damage early in their development, while other studies would, by inference, imply that there is no basis for such severe cognitive deficits early in the development of patients with schizophrenia. The focus of this chapter will be to review the literature pertaining to the nature and extent of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia including studies pertaining to the presence or absence of intellectual decline in an effort to synthesize these disparate findings into a unified description of the course of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.
Cognitive functioning, social adjustment and long-term outcome in schizophrenia
Authors: Mueser Kim T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This review evaluates the evidence suggesting a link between cognitive functioning in schizophrenia and long-term outcome. In considering the course and outcome of schizophrenia, special emphasis is given to impairments in social (including vocational) functioning, which both characterize the illness and present the greatest challenge to treatment providers and families. While I review research on the association between cognitive functioning and outcome for patients who receive routine treatment (e.g. psychopharmacology and case management), I examine more closely the relationship between cognitive impairment and response to psychosocial rehabilitation. Understanding whether cognitive functioning limits (or precludes) the ability to benefit from psychosocial rehabilitation has important implications for the development, evaluation and modification of interventions designed to improve social functioning in schizophrenia.
Cognitive functioning and negative symptoms in schizophrenia
Authors: Addington Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The 19th century British neurologist Hughlings Jackson was one of the first to use the terms negative and positive symptoms in psychiatry. Jackson speculated that negative symptoms were a result of a disease-induced loss of higher mental functioning (1958). It was not until 1974 that John Strauss and his colleagues (Strauss et al., 1974) suggested that these phenomenologies of positive and negative symptoms represented distinct pathophysiologies within schizophrenia. Crow in the UK, who postulated that there were two syndromes in schizophrenia (1980, 1985), developed this hypothesis more fully. He called these two syndromes type 1 and type 2 schizophrenia. Patients with type 1 had predominantly positive symptoms that were considered to be responsive to neuroleptics, with good premorbid functioning, an acute onset, a better long-term course and outcome, and cognitive deterioration. Type 2 was characterized by mainly negative symptoms that were drug resistant, with poorer premorbid functioning, an insidious onset, a poorer long-term course and outcome, and cognitive deterioration. Crow believed that type 1 reflected reversible hyperdopaminergic activity in a structurally normal brain, and type 2 irreversible neuronal loss in a structurally abnormal brain (1980, 1985).
Cognitive impairments as causes of positive symptoms in schizophrenia
Authors: Phillips Mary L , David Anthony S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Neuropsychological theories of symptomatology in schizophrenia have linked the abnormal behaviors and cognitive processes demonstrated in patients with the illness with underlying brain dysfunction (David and Cutting, 1994). Several such theories have been developed to explain the deficit syndrome in particular, in which negative symptoms such as reduced motivation, apathy, social withdrawal and alogia occur (Andreasen, 1983).
Cognitive rehabilitation and remediation in schizophrenia
Authors: Wykes Til 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Every man is born with a live computer of limitless possibilities but without the instruction manual. The most important job of science today is to draw up that manual. Machado (1980) The whole of this book is devoted to persuading its readership of the importance of problems of cognition to the disorder of schizophrenia. Not only is cognitive deficit part of current definitions of the disorder, but its severity is also predictive of future service use. Our patients also consider cognition as important. They describe problems with concentrating on simple everyday tasks not only at the time of an acute exacerbation of the illness but also between episodes. These problems may be so severe that they affect every aspect of their life. However, only recently has the focus of treatment development been on changing the cognitive disability itself rather than reducing the symptoms of schizophrenia, although in the UK these too are being changed through cognitive behavioral approaches (Wykes et al., 1998)
Acute Cardiac Care
Authors: Jennings Kevin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Heart attack is the most common cause of death in developed countries, and there is now clear evidence that early and appropriate treatment can significantly reduce this mortality. This practical book provides clear and up-to-date guidance on diagnosis and management and covers both community and hospital care. Early management of acute chest pain and cardiac arrest in the community is discussed and the rationale behind effective community care is presented. The whole area of diagnosis and management are detailed, making this an indispensable summary for all those responsible for the immediate care of heart attack patients.
Dementia in Young Adults
Authors: Panegyres P K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of all the problems facing the clinician none is more challenging than the young person with a dementing illness. This problem confronts us with a sense of helplessness as the implications for patient and family become realized. This chapter deals with the clinical approach and manage- ment of these patients and specifically deals with the genetic, metabolic, and endocrine disorders that present as a dementing illness in young people.
Prognostic Factors In Management Of Invasive Bladder
Authors: Stein John P , Skinner Donald G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The optimal management of invasive bladder cancer requires the early detection and accurate assessment of the tumour’s true biological potential. Histological evaluation, including determination of tumour grade and stage, have been and continue to be the primary variables which provide prognostic information and help dictate treatment strategies for patients with bladder cancer. Although these two conventional histopathological variables (grade, stage) provide a certain degree of stratification of a tumour’s biological potential, there remains a significant degree of tumour heterogeneity even within various subgroups. This makes the accurate and reliable prediction of the tumour’s aggressiveness difficult. Furthermore, the ability to predict precisely an individual tumour’s true biological potential would in turn facilitate better treatment selection decisions for patients who may benefit from adjuvant therapy, and also identify patients who may require less aggressive treatment strategies.
The Management Of Superficial Bladder Cancer
Authors: Erps P Van , Denis L J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Seventy to 80% of patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder have superficial tumours without invasion of the detrusor muscle at initial presentation. The standard primary treatment of superficial bladder cancer is a wide transurethral resection (TUR) of all visible tumours. This surgical therapy has a high success rate in eradicating the existing lesions: the persistence of incompletely resected tumours and regrowth is low. Despite this complete resection, most patients will develop new bladder tumours in remote areas of the bladder. This phenomenon called tumour recurrence is in fact a new occurrence and pre-existing areas of dysplasia or carcinoma in situ (CIS) account for the high frequency of tumour recurrence. The majority of these recurrent tumours are also superficial; however, about 15% of those patients with superficial bladder carcinoma will develop tumour progression with bladder muscle invasion (1). Once the tumour has invaded the detrusor muscle, the prognosis is grim, with a high risk for the development of metastases and death from bladder cancer.
Back and Neck Pain the Facts
Authors: Burn Loïc 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Recent years have seen a virtual revolution occur in the treatment and management of back pain - a massive problem for so many people world-wide, and one that costs staggering amounts of money in terms of days lost from work and health care treatment. In the USA, The Agency for Health Care Policy and Research published guidelines advocating major new changes in the way back pain was treated. In the UK, The Clinical Standards Advisory Group and the Royal College of Physicians published further guidelines, advocating important new changes of considerable significance to sufferers. Now for the first time, in Back and neck pain: The Facts, these guidelines have been translated for sufferers of back and neck pain. Providing user-friendly and clear advise, this book shows you how to take control of your problem, find relief from your pain, and ensure that you are armed with the facts you need to know about all the possible treatments. Loic Burn is the Medical Advisor to the National Back Pain Association, and a well regarded authority on the subject. He is the author and advisor on several books, and has appeared on national TV and Radio.
Psychosis in dementia
Authors: Ballard Clive , O’Brien John , James Ian , Swann Alan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The current chapter covers the definition and measurement of psychotic symptoms in the context of dementia and the impact upon dementia sufferers and their care givers. The frequency, natural course and associations of psychosis are described. A summary of the main points is given at the end of the chapter. The text deals with the occurrence of psychotic symptoms in the common late-onset dementias, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Issues relating to psychosis arising in people with pre-senile dementia, or other specific conditions such as Pick’s disease and Huntington’s chorea are not discussed, largely because there is so little literature covering these areas.
Evidence-based Patient Choice
Authors: Edwards Adrian , Elwyn Glyn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book's focus is on the decisions taken in consultations between health care patients and professionals. Clinician- patient partnerships in health care decisions are increasingly advocated. Evidence- based patient choice describes a model of health care in which the evidence-based approach can integrate with the promotion of consumer choice. The book examines the traditional approach and the changing experience and expectations of consumers. It describes with many clinical examples and patient narratives how to practice evidence-based patient choice, and explores the ethical, sociological and economic issues raised. It also addresses the future modifications to professional training and organisational change which are required if evidence-based patient choice is to become the norm and speculates about what is likely to be achieved in the next few years. The book provides a summary of current perspectives in this area, which will be of interest to consumers, their representative groups, and to professionals in practice and training alike. From the foreword by Richard Grol: 'An enormous challenge lies before us. In this new and challenging field Evidence-based patient choice is manna from heaven. It summarises the current state of knowledge about these new patient involvement approaches. It is by far the most comprehensive account of scientific and ethical thinking about patient choice at this moment. And, it manages to show us the way to a potential future: health care provision where patients and professionals operate as real partners with shared goals...'
Emotional Adjustment to Sport Injury
Authors: Brewer Britton W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When athletes sustain injuries, the primary focus of sports medicine practitioners is, understandably, on the physical aspects of treatment and recovery. In addition to the physical consequences of sport injury, the psychological functioning of athletes may also be profoundly affected by injury. In particular, injury may have an impact on the emotional status of athletes. How athletes react emotionally to injury has important implications not only for their subjective we U-being, but also for their rehabilitation behavior and clinical outcome.
Clinical Judgement
Authors: Downie R S , Macnaughton Jane , Randall Fiona 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is a widespread view that modern medicine is primarily a scientific enterprise and that the decisions of clinicians follow from evidence-based science. In terms of this view the need for clinical judgement is minimal. The aims of this book are to make a case for the centrality and irreplaceability of clinical judgement, to identify the elements of good clinical judgement, and to suggest how these might be developed by using the humanities in medical undergraduate and postgraduate education. The authors argue that good clinical judgement requires both technical evidence and a humane attitude. But technical evidence is not always quantifiable or even scientific; it can be like that of the detective or the literary scholar. A humane attitude involves ethical sensitivity, but also a broad educated perspective which can be derived from the arts. The authors illustrate their argument by examining decisions made by doctors in clinical situations, in public health, and (in a chapter contributed by a hospital consultant) in resource management. About the authors: Robert S. Downie is Professor of Moral Philosophy at Glasgow University since 1969. He is a member of the BMA Ethics Committee and co-editor of the Journal of Medical Ethics. He has published extensively in the field of medical ethics. Jane MacNaughton has recently taken the position of Director of Centre for Arts, Humanities, Health and Medicine at the University of Durham. Previously she was Clinical Lecturer in General Practice at Glasgow University and a part-time GP.
Distributing health care: Economics and ethical issues
Authors: Dolan Paul , Olsen Jan Abel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a new health economics textbook with a difference. It is based firmly in the discipline of economics and, as such, it fills a gap in the health economics market. But, unlike other texts in the area, it is very explicit about the distributive implications of economic models and it provides clear rationale for public involvement in the market for health care. It separates the efficiency reasons for public involvement (based on notions of 'market failure') from the equity reasons (based on the views of society that health care should be distributed according to the notion of health needs rather than according to ability to pay). The book illustrates the distributional aspects of money flows in the financing and provision of health care, and discusses who are the gainers and who are the losers under different financing arrangements. A central part of the book contains a discussion of those techniques that are increasingly being used to aid decisions about how to distribute health care. Beyond the parameters included in economic evaluation techniques such as cost- benefit analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis, the book discusses some key ethical issues that are relevant for decision-makers when setting health care priorities.
All in the mind? The history of hysterical conversion as a clinical concept
Authors: Mace Chris 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘Hysteria’ became ‘conversion hysteria’ almost a century ago. Despite many changes in nomenclature, the underlying concept has been surprisingly resilient. Any worthwhile history needs to account for this. The present account will do so by considering significant factors within clinical thinking over the last two centuries or so. In an era when social histories are all pervasive, this is an unpopular, even disparaged, approach. Improperly used, it will produce only myopic revisionism - a projection of present prejudice of the kind Butterfield abhorred as the ‘whig interpretation’ of history (Butterfield, 1931). However, it can also stimulate reconstruction of the kind commended by the Oxford historian, R. G. Collingwood. Collingwood (1939) proposed a key test of validity of historical accounts - that they should unearth the (often hidden) questions to which the seeming chaos of actions and artefacts met by the historian represent answers.