bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE INTERACTION OF TWO FRAGMENTS OF PULSATING HEART TISSUE
Authors: Fischer Albert 
Published: June 2004

Fragments of heart from the same species, when cultivated in vitro, are capable of uniting and pulsating synchronously. This happens not only in fragments derived from the same heart but with those from different individuals of the same species. It was not possible, on the other hand, to obtain, under the conditions of experiment, any physiological union of a heart fragment from a duck embryo with one from a chicken embryo, though both pulsated in the same medium and though the tissue cells of the duck were capable of growth and multiplication.
From the experiments it is evident that cell contact is essential for the development of physiological identity as just described. Since such a physiological identity cannot be obtained through the union of a fragment of a duck heart and a fragment of a chicken heart, one may suppose that anastomosis between the cells must play a very significant rôle in it.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES WITH A SPIRAL ORGANISM FOUND IN A WILD RAT
Authors: Mooser H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Two cases of rat-bite fever with a typical fever course and a maculopapular exanthem came under my observation in Mexico.
2. A spiral organism morphologically identical with one known in Japan as the causative agent of Sodoku was found in a Mus decumanus caught in Mexico City.
3. The organism was found to be pathogenic for white rats and guinea pigs, the infection being fatal for guinea pigs.
4. The bite of an infected guinea pig led in one of two instances to infection and death of the animal bitten.
5. The microscopical findings in the guinea pigs infected with this microorganism closely resemble in many respects the findings in Blake's case and in Kaneko and Okuda's first case, the only ones of human rat-bite fever which have been closely studied at post mortem.
6. Eye lesions were found in all the infected guinea pigs and the spiral organisms were demonstrated in the discharge from the eyes and also within the cornea.
7. Similar eye lesions were found in most of the infected rats and the secretion from the eyes of one of them was demonstrated to be infectious for guinea pigs.
8. The eye lesions constitute an evident source for the spiral organisms transmitted by biting, and not improbably the only one.
My experiments may give an explanation for the transmission of some other spirochetal diseases besides rat-bite fever. Cases of Weil's diseases are reported to be caused by the bite of a rat and it is noteworthy that eye lesions occur in spirochætosis icterohæmorrhagica (Manson).
THE REVERSE SELECTIVE BACTERIOSTATIC ACTION OF ACID FUCHSIN
Authors: Burke Victor , Skinner Charles E. 
Published: June 2004

1. The reverse selective action attributed to acid fuchsin can be explained on the basis of spore resistance. This action does not apply to the vegetative cells of Gram-positive spore bearers. It cannot be extended to include the Gram-negative spore bearers.
2. The selective action of acid fuchsin is that of an ordinary weak disinfectant and is not comparable to the selective action of the triphenylmethane dyes.
3. A lack of parallelism between the bactericidal and bacteriostatic action of acid fuchsin can be explained on the basis of spore resistance and it does not exist when spores are excluded.
4. Acid fuchsin is a weaker disinfectant than basic fuchsin for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The process of sulfonation by which acid fuchsin is made from basic fuchsin results in a reduction in the bactericidal action of the dye for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
5. The most significant fact in the action of the dyes on bacteria is the toxic effect of the triphenylmethane dyes on Gram-positive spore-bearing organisms.
EXPERIMENTS ON ANAPHYLAXIS TO AZOPROTEINS
Authors: Landsteiner K. 
Published: June 2004

From the experiments which have been reported, it follows that animals sensitized with one azoprotein react not only to the antigen used for the sensitization, but also to other azoproteins made up from the same simple azo-compounds and another protein. Although the specificity of the reaction has not yet been tested with various azo-components, its actual existence can reasonably be assumed on the basis of the phenomena observed in precipitation reactions. The sensitization is brought about with less facility than sensitization against the usual antigens and the effects are not uniform. Still, after sufficient treatment, 40 per cent of the animals succumbed with typical anaphylactic symptoms, mostly within a short time while 16 per cent showed severe symptoms.
The experiments show that it is possible to make animals hypersensitive against a simple chemical group like para-arsanilic acid, and from this point of view connection would seem to be established with the phenomena of drug allergy in human beings.
There is an essential difference, however, in that the sensitized animals did not react on injections of simple compounds such as para-amino-phenyl-arsanilic acid and phenyl-4-arsonic-acid-azo-tyrosine uncombined with protein. It remains to be determined whether under changed conditions positive results in this direction can be obtained. For this purpose it seems advisable to make experiments with isolated organs, according to the method of Schultz and Dale. While the simple substances failed to elicit direct reactions, they protected (as was foreseen by Doerr) against a subsequent injection of the active antigen. Similar compounds not containing the arsanilic acid group were considerably less active. The phenomenon is comparable to the inhibition of precipitin reactions already described. Considering the protection as a condition of antianaphylaxis, one would suppose that the simple substances mentioned are fixed by the cells in which the anaphylactic reaction takes place.
It may be concluded that:
1. Animals can be sensitized through injections of one azoprotein—protein combined with diazotized para-arsanilic acid—against another compound containing the same azo-component but a different protein.
2. Injections of related simple compounds, as for instance para-arsanilic acid and phenyl-4-arsonic-acid-azo-tyrosine did not cause shock in the sensitized animals under the conditions of the present experiments.
3. The simple compounds mentioned and other related substances as well protect against the anaphylactic action of azoprotein, by inducing a state of antianaphylaxis.
STUDIES ON THE RESPIRATORY MECHANISM IN LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Authors: Binger Carl A. L. , Brow George R. 
Published: June 2004

1. The functional residual air (defined as the lung volume at the end of normal expiration) has been determined in a series of normal individuals and in ten patients with lobar pneumonia at different stages of the disease.
2. The rate, depth, and minute volume of respirations were measured in the same individuals by a graphic method.
3. When appreciable cyanosis was present the oxygen content and capacity of the arterial blood were determined.
4. A constant relationship has been found to exist between the persistence and disappearance of symptoms (fever, accelerated heart rate, rapid and shallow breathing, cyanosis) and fluctuations of the functional residual air. When these symptoms persisted the functional residual air decreased; during their disappearance the volume of the functional residual air rose towards normal. The rise was detected soon after the crisis.
5. A close parallelism has been observed also between alterations in radiographic shadow, physical signs, and the volume of the functional residual air. The lung volume, measured at normal expiration, is diminished during the persistence of pathological signs in the lungs, and returns to normal as the pathological signs disappear. The average time required, in cases which recovered, for the functional residual air to become constant was 11 to 12 days, counting from the onset of the disease.
THE INFLUENCE OF RESISTANCE ON THE CHARACTER OF DISEASE IN EXPERIMENTAL RESPIRATORY INFECTION
Authors: Jones F. S. 
Published: June 2004

An organism of the Pasteurella group (Pasteurella avicida) has been shown to possess considerable pathogenicity for rabbits when injected into the trachea. 1 cc. of bouillon containing 1/100 cc. of a 24 hour bouillon culture introduced by means of a curved metal tube passed through the larynx gives rise to a rapidly fatal septicemia in which the lungs are not particularly involved. Rabbits may be made completely resistant to this intratracheal infection by means of intratracheal, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous injections of killed cultures. Vaccination and subsequent injection of living culture beneath the skin resulted in extensive abscess formation about the site of inoculation. Vaccines sprayed on the mucous membranes of the nose and throat failed to raise appreciably the resistance against subsequent intratracheal injection.
Rabbits whose resistance has been stimulated within narrow limits by a small dose of vaccine beneath the skin become more resistant to the experimental respiratory infection. The character of the disease is changed from a rapidly fatal septicemia without lung involvement to a more prolonged pneumonia. The blood remains sterile for varying periods. Consolidations of the more dependent lobes occur with considerable regularity. In two instances a characteristic empyema developed in the course of the experiments.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF A RABBIT RESPIRATORY INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

The bacteria constituting the nasal flora of rabbits at The Rockefeller Institute may be enumerated as follows in the order of their frequency: (1) Micrococcus catarrhalis group, 80 per cent; (2) Bacterium lepisepticum, 70 per cent; (3) Gram-negative cocci which ferment dextrose, lactose, saccharose, maltose, and mannite, but not salicin and Bacillus bronchisepticus, 40 per cent; (4) Staphylococci, streptococci, and various intestinal bacilli which probably are localized at the external nares, 10 per cent.
Bacterium lepisepticum is the predominating organism in the nasal passages of the rabbits affected with snuffles.
THE CONCENTRATION OF THE PLASMA PROTEINS IN NEPHRITIS
Authors: Linder G. C. , Lundsgaard C. , Van Slyke D. D. 
Published: June 2004

In nephrosclerosis (Volhard and Fahr classification of nephritis) there was no decrease in the plasma proteins. With heart failure the ratio of albumin to globulin fell from the normal 1.7 ± 0.3 to about 1.
There is a sharp difference between the two types of glomerulonephritis in the effect on plasma proteins. In the vascular-interstitial type the effect was the same as in nephrosclerosis. There was no decrease in the plasma proteins until shortly before death.
In the glomerulotubular or nephrotic type, active or recently active, the total plasma proteins were less than 5 gm. per 100 cc. This decrease from the normal 5.5 to 7.5 occurred whether edema was present or absent. The decrease affected chiefly the albumin, the globulin being usually diminished but little, and sometimes slightly increased. Consequently the ratio of albumin to globulin was reduced to less than 1, and occasionally to 0.6.
In nephrosis similar changes were found in the total protein concentration but in severe cases the decrease in albumin was greater than in nephrotic glomerulonephritis while the globulin was either very slightly reduced or was increased. The albumin : globulin ratio was therefore lower than in nephrotic glomerulonephritis, ranging down to 0.26.
With the disappearance of edema there was usually an increase in the plasma protein concentration, but this was not invariable, and concentrations of 4.5 per cent or less were compatible with the persistent absence of edema. The ratio of albumin to globulin showed an irregular tendency to rise. Whenever the total concentration was less than 4 per cent there was some edema present, but it was sometimes slight in amount.
With recovery in acute cases, and remission with decrease of proteinuria in chronic cases, normal concentrations were regained. The albumin : globulin ratio remained low in some instances for a longer period on account of an absolute increase in globulin concentration.
In "functional proteinuria" no change in plasma proteins was found.
Low plasma protein concentrations were always associated with considerable losses of protein in the urine, but these losses did not provide an explanation for all our observations. A disturbance in the production of the plasma proteins appears probable.
FAT METABOLISM IN NEPHRITIS
Authors: Hiller A. , Linder G. C. , Lundsgaard C. , Van Slyke D. D. 
Published: June 2004

Determinations of the plasma lipoids and of the respiratory quotient and total metabolism (Tissot method) have been performed with nephritics and normal subjects before and after they ingested fat in the proportion of 1 gm. per kilo body weight.
After fat ingestion a greater increase of fatty acids and lecithin was noted in the plasma of nephritics with initially high blood lipoids than in the plasma of normal subjects or of nephritics without constant lipemia. In cholesterol no differences were found.
The nephritic patients with constant lipemia were able to burn fat as efficiently as normal individuals.
The accumulation of fat in their blood may be due to a disturbance in the mechanism for transferring lipoids from the blood to the tissue depots.
ACTION OF FORMALDEHYDE ON ENZYMES AND ON CERTAIN PBOTEIDS
Authors: Bliss C. L. , Novy F. G. 
Published: June 2004

The following general conclusions may be drawn from the preceding work:
Fibrin is altered by formaldehyde and is then less easily digested by pepsin and by trypsin. Papaïn is apparently unable to digest fibrin even when this is exposed to very weak formaldehyde (1:1000) for a very short time.
The casein of milk, on contact with formaldehyde, undergoes rapid alteration and is as a result not coagulated by rennet, or but very slowly. Such altered casein, like similar fibrin, is not readily digested by the proteolytic ferments. The longer the formaldehyde acts on casein and on fibrin the more marked is the result.
Pepsin is not affected by a one per cent solution of formaldehyde, even when the mixture has stood for four weeks. Even a five per cent solution of formaldehyde acting for three weeks has no effect on pepsin. Contrary results obtained by others are due to an alteration of the fibrin by the formaldehyde. A putrid solution of pepsin in distilled water one month old digests fibrin as readily as a fresh solution.
Rennet is not affected even by a four per cent solution of formaldehyde acting for several weeks. The absence of coagulation at times is due to the action of formaldehyde on the casein of the milk and not on the rennet ferment.
Papaïn is very quickly altered by formaldehyde, even in very dilute solution. Moreover, it is unable to digest fibrin that has been exposed to the action of a very dilute solution of formaldehyde for a short time.
Trypsin is altered by formaldehyde to such an extent that digestion of fibrin will not take place, or but very slowly. The extent to which trypsin is affected by formaldehyde depends largely upon the amount of organic matter present, as well as on the amount of ferment in the solution.
Amylopsin is not destroyed by very dilute solutions of formaldehyde, but stronger solutions decrease the activity of the ferment, and if used in sufficient concentration will destroy it completely.
Ptyalin, like the diastatic ferment of the pancreas, is not destroyed by dilute solutions of formaldehyde. If the latter is used in rather strong concentration and allowed to act for some time it will destroy the ferment. The action of formaldehyde is more rapid and more marked at a slightly elevated temperature than at ordinary room temperature.
Malt diastase, unlike the diastatic ferments of the saliva and pancreatic solution, is not destroyed by formaldehyde when this is used in moderate amount and at ordinary temperature. Unlike pepsin, a solution of malt diastase readily undergoes decomposition on standing even for one or more days. This destruction is undoubtedly due to bacteria since it does not take place when formaldehyde is present. Consequently the favoring action which formaldehyde apparently exerts on diastase really consists in the inhibition of the growth of micro-organisms, and hence the diastase is protected against decomposition.
STUDIES ON THE TOTAL BILE
Authors: McMaster Philip D. 
Published: June 2004

The development of a method for the collection of total bile from dogs in a sterile state and uninfluenced by the gall bladder, day after day for weeks, has rendered possible an accurate study of the influence of diet upon the cholesterol output of the secretion.
When a diet rich in cholesterol is given the amount of the substance in the bile greatly increases. Not only this but the concentration per cc. is, in almost every instance, greater. An increase in the total food intake, by the addition to the ordinary ration of a bone mash diet containing only a slight additional amount of cholesterol (200 mg.) produces a similar, though lesser, increase. In the fasting dog, the cholesterol yield is greatly cut down.
The increase in the cholesterol after food rich in the substance does not depend on the cholagogue action of this latter, though it is true that the concentration of cholesterol in the bile usually increases with the bile volume.
Though fasting cuts down the cholesterol of bile, the concentration of the substance per cc. is greatly increased. On an ordinary diet the yield of it fluctuates abruptly and considerably from day to day. In general the rule holds that an animal eating largely puts out not only much more bile but much more cholesterol. The relation between bile quantity and cholesterol yield is anything but a fixed one, however.
The cholesterol yield of the bile does not parallel that of bilirubin. The pigment output from day to day remains relatively constant as compared with that of cholesterol.
THE PERMEABILITY OF THE LINING OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT FOR ANTIBODIES
Authors: Jones F. S. 
Published: June 2004

The experimental results indicate that the walls of the lower respiratory tract are relatively as impermeable for antibodies as they are for serum proteins. The kind of serum employed does not influence this fact. Antibodies contained in homologous (rabbit) serum failed to enter the blood stream when injected into the trachea in greater concentration than those contained in heterologous (guinea pig and cow) sera.
That a little serum and its contained substances are absorbed after intratracheal injection has been shown both by the experiments dealing with sensitization and anaphylaxis previously reported and by the experiments recorded in this paper.
Besredka's assertion that the laryngotracheal method is an efficient one for the administration of serum in the treatment of disease has not been borne out by the experimental evidence here presented. From the results one would conclude that it is one of the least efficient routes for administration.
In contrast to the relative impermeability for proteins of the mucous membranes of the lower respiratory tract is the relative permeability of the endothelium of the peritoneal cavity. Antibody is there absorbed readily, whether it be in heterologous or in homologous serum. The indications are that a considerable portion of the antibody injected into the peritoneal cavity reaches the blood stream in 2 or 3 hours.
CAUSE OF IMMEDIATE DEATH BY LARGE DOSES OF BOTULINUS TOXIN
Authors: Bronfenbrenner Jacques J. , Schlesinger Monroe J. , Orr Paul F. 
Published: June 2004

Parenteral introduction of amounts of the culture filtrate of Bacillus botulinus greatly in excess of the minimum lethal dose has been observed to cause the practically immediate death of mice. This result is due to the presence in the filtrates of a chemical poison possessing properties distinct from those of the contained botulinus toxin which itself acts only after a well defined period of incubation. This chemical poison is not neutralized by botulinus antitoxin; it is effective only when large amounts of the culture filtrate are given; it is thermostable, not being destroyed when heated in the autoclave in a sealed tube, though when it is heated in an open container its toxicity diminishes with a coincidental volatilization of basic material. The volatile substance can be identified as ammonia.
Death resulting from the injection of comparatively large amounts of ammonium salts (0.1 gm.) is easily distinguished from that due to botulism, both through the character of the symptoms and the absence of an incubation period. However, when the amount of toxic salts injected is smaller (0.01 gm.), the symptoms of poisoning are not so characteristic and death may be delayed long enough to suggest a period of incubation similar to that observed in botulism (Table IV). This circumstance is of importance in connection with the examination of partly decomposed food products in which the presence of botulinus toxin is suspected. As a rule such suspected material is injected in massive doses (0.5 to 1 cc.) in mice. It is conceivable that such spoiled foods may be contaminated with common putrefactive bacteria yielding ammonia during their growth and thus may cause death of the test animals. If in such tests mice passively protected by the preliminary injection of an excess of antitoxin be used in addition to normal animals, the chances of an error in the interpretation of the results will be materially reduced, though not ruled out. Unfortunately for such a procedure, botulinus antitoxin is not readily available, while furthermore, recent findings indicate that it may not always be effective owing to the existence of a group of toxin-producing bacteria very similar to Bacillus botulinus, but not homologous immunologically with either of the known types of the latter.
The test of thermostability of the toxic constituents of suspected food may conceivably help to determine the true nature of the poison.
ON THE SPECIFICITY OF AGGLUTININS AND PRECIPITINS
Authors: Landsteiner K. , van der Scheer James 
Published: June 2004

The results of the partial saturation of precipitins with antigens related in derivation to the homologous one give no conclusive evidence of the regular existence in a single immune serum of multiple antibodies which act specifically on various chemical groups of the antigenic proteins. It seems possible to explain at least a part of the facts by the assumption that a single antibody will react to different degrees with several similar substances.
By the partial absorption of hemagglutinins with heterologous blood, specific fractions were obtained. By such means one may readily differentiate the blood of related species, even when precipitins show but little difference.
The peculiarities in specificity manifested by precipitinogens and agglutinogens suggest an essential difference in the chemical structures which determine the specificity of the two kinds of antigens.