bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INVESTIGATION OF ENHANCED ELECTROCOAGULATION-MEMBRANE PROCESS FOR WATER RECLAMATION FROM PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENTS
Authors: Amina Tahreen  , Jami Mohammed Saedi , Ali Fathilah , NIK RASHIDA NIK ABDUL GHANI  , Nedjai Radhia 
Published: January 2024

The process of electrocoagulation (EC) enhanced with adsorbent addition, as a pre-treatment for ultrafiltration membrane, is widely unexplored in oil palm-based wastewater treatment. Utilizing predetermined EC operational parameters and a defined activated carbon (AC) dosage for biotreated palm oil mill effluents (BPOME), membrane fouling was studied during crossflow membrane filtration at 0.5 bar transmembrane pressure and 1 kDa membrane pore size. The dominant fouling mechanism in membrane filtration without EC-AC pretreatment of BPOME, was cake formation, which was determined through Hermia’s pore blocking models. However, after EC-AC pre-treatment, the membrane fouling was mitigated. Moreover, the pre-treatment process, AC assisted EC, sustainably enhanced the final treated effluent quality in addition to enhancing fouling mitigation in the subsequent membrane filtration. The removal of Total Suspended Solids (TSS), turbidity and color were nearly 100% and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) was 99.7% removed with final value of 5±1 mg/L, which is within the range of reusable water standards.
ABSTRAK: Proses elektrokoagulasi (EC) yang ditingkatkan dengan bahan penyerap, adalah pra-rawatan bagi membran penuras ultra. Walau bagaimanapun ianya masih belum luas diterokai dalam sistem rawatan air buangan berasaskan kelapa sawit. Mengguna pakai parameter operasi EC pra-tentu dan dos karbon aktif tentu (AC) bagi bio-rawatan efluen kilang kelapa sawit yang terawat (BPOME), mendakan membran telah dikaji menggunakan teknik penurasan membran aliran silang pada tekanan transmembran 0.5 bar dan saiz liang membran 1 kDa. Mekanisme mendakan membran kotoran dominan dalam penurasan membran tanpa pra-rawatan EC-AC BPOME, adalah pembentukan kek, iaitu terhasil melalui model penyumbatan liang Hermia. Walau bagaimanapun, selepas pra-rawatan EC-AC, mendakan kotoran membran dapat dikurangkan. Tambahan, proses pra-rawatan AC-EC, secara mampan dapat menambah kualiti akhir efluen terawat selain dapat meningkatkan mitigasi kotoran mendakan dalam penurasan membran seterusnya. Penyingkiran Total Pepejal Terampai (TSS) adalah 99.7%, kekeruhan dan warna adalah hampir 100%. Keperluan Oksigen Kimia (COD) tersingkir sebanyak 99.7% dengan nilai akhir sebanyak 5±1 mg/L, iaitu dalam julat piawaian air boleh guna semula.
INFLUENCE OF CURING CONDITIONS ON THE EARLY STRENGTH OF LOW TEMPERATURE BELITE CEMENTS
Authors: Haliru Sambo Gwandu , Zawawi Rodiah 
Published: January 2024

Low temperature belite cements are produced using techniques that stabilize the more reactive high temperature polymorphs of dicalcium silicate (C2S) to improve early strength, but the effect of curing conditions on them is not well studied. The focus of this work is to assess the improvement of their early strength in different curing conditions. During the synthesis of the cements at 1000 ºC, the more reactive polymorphs, -C2S and ?-C2S, were stabilized using gypsum and hydrothermal treatment with potassium hydroxide. The phase composition of the synthesized cements was analysed using X-ray powder diffraction. The morphology and elemental composition of the C2S crystals and hydrated pastes was determined using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray system. Mortar samples were cured in different conditions that include hot air and hot water curing at 60 ºC and 90 ºC. The 28-day strength development, capillary water porosity, water absorption, and ultrasonic pulse velocity were tested. The formation of hydration products and strength was dependent on the type of C2S polymorph. Curing at elevated temperatures improved the transport properties of mortars. Samples cured at 90 ºC in hot air obtained the highest early strength. The presence of -C2S and elevated curing temperatures significantly improve the early strength of the mortar samples.
ABSTRAK: Simen belite suhu rendah dihasilkan melalui teknik menstabilkan reaktif polimof dikalsium silikat (C2S) bersuhu tinggi bagi meningkatkan kekuatan awal, tetapi kesan keadaan pengawetan ke atasnya tidak dikaji dengan baik. Fokus kerja ini adalah bagi menilai peningkatan kekuatan awal pada keadaan pengawetan berbeza. Sintesis simen pada suhu 1000 ºC, iaitu pada polimof lebih reaktif, -C2S dan ?-C2S, telah distabilkan menggunakan rawatan gipsum dan hidroterma dengan kalium hidroksida. Fasa komposisi simen tersintesis dianalisa menggunakan pembelauan serbuk sinar-X. Komposisi morfologi dan unsur kristal C2S dan pes terhidrat ditentukan menggunakan pengimbas mikroskop elektron yang dilengkapi sistem sinar-X penyebar tenaga. Sampel mortar telah diawetkan dalam keadaan berbeza termasuk pengawetan udara panas dan air panas pada suhu 60 ºC dan 90 ºC. Perkembangan kekuatan keliangan kapilari air, penyerapan air, dan halaju nadi ultrasonik telah diuji pada hari ke 28. Pembentukan produk penghidratan dan kekuatan adalah bergantung kepada jenis polimof C2S. Pengawetan pada suhu tinggi meningkatkan sifat pengangkutan mortar. Sampel yang diawet pada 90 ºC dalam udara panas memperoleh kekuatan awal tertinggi. Kehadiran -C2S dan suhu pengawetan tinggi dengan ketara meningkatkan kekuatan awal sampel mortar.
ADVANCING SYSTEM INTEGRATION: VERILOG-BASED HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ASIC INTERFACE FOR THREE AMBA PROCESSORS
Authors: Motakabber S.M.A. , Rokon Mohammad Iqbal Rahman , Alam AHM Zahirul , Islam Gazi Zahirul , Matin Mohammad Abdul , Mahmud Md. 
Published: January 2024

This paper presents the development of a multi-AMBA system processor interface employing multiple AMBA processors. The primary goal of this interface is to establish connections between various AMBA AHB interfaces and external memory units such as RAM and REGISTER, leveraging the high-performance capabilities of AMBA AHB. The research delves into the utilization of ASICs to integrate processors and functional blocks into a System-On-Chip (SoC) configuration, enabling the execution of intricate applications. Within the ASIC environment, the research explores how processors communicate with their designated targets through an interface that standardizes the communication protocol for all targets. It underscores the challenges posed by data throughput and inter-processor/RTL communication in contemporary processors and suggests the concurrent use of multiple AMBA processors for accessing their respective targets. Additionally, the paper introduces an arbitration system for managing multiprocessor access and investigates the optimization of bulk data access while prioritizing crucial ASIC design constraints, including speed, low power consumption, and efficient area utilization. The proposed system was rigorously validated through simulation using Verilog HDL, yielding positive and promising results.
ABSTRAK: Kajian ini adalah mengenai pembangunan antara muka, sistem pemproses berbilang AMBA yang mengandungi berbilang pemproses AMBA. Tujuan antara muka ini adalah bagi mewujudkan hubungan pelbagai antara muka AMBA AHB dengan unit memori luaran seperti RAM dan REGISTER, ini sekaligus memanfaatkan keupayaan tinggi AMBA AHB. Kajian ini mengguna pakai ASIC bagi menyatukan pemproses dan blok berfungsi pada konfigurasi Sistem-Atas-Cip (SoC), membolehkan pelaksanaan aplikasi rumit. Pada persekitaran ASIC, kajian ini meneroka cara pemproses berkomunikasi dengan sasaran yang ditetapkan melalui perantaraan antara muka yang menyeragam protokol komunikasi bagi semua sasaran. Ia menggariskan cabaran yang ditimbulkan oleh pemprosesan data dan komunikasi antara pemproses/RTL dalam pemproses kontemporari dan mencadang penggunaan secara serentak pemproses berbilang AMBA bagi mengakses sasaran masing-masing. Selain itu, kertas kerja ini memperkenalkan sistem timbang tara bagi mengurus akses berbilang pemproses dan mengkaji akses data pukal yang optimum sambil mengutamakan kekangan reka bentuk ASIC, seperti kelajuan, penggunaan kuasa rendah dan penggunaan kawasan secara cekap. Sistem ini telah disahkan dengan teliti melalui simulasi menggunakan Verilog HDL, memberikan dapatan positif dan harapan baik.
IMAGINER: improving accuracy with a mixed reality navigation system during placement of external ventricular drains. A feasibility study
Authors: Grunert Ronny , Winkler Dirk , Wach Johannes , Kropla Fabian , Scholz Sebastian , Vychopen Martin , Güresir Erdem 
Published: January 2024

OBJECTIVE
The placement of a ventricular catheter, that is, an external ventricular drain (EVD), is a common and essential neurosurgical procedure. In addition, it is one of the first procedures performed by inexperienced neurosurgeons. With or without surgical experience, the placement of an EVD according to anatomical landmarks only can be difficult, with the potential risk for inaccurate catheter placement. Repeated corrections can lead to avoidable complications. The use of mixed reality could be a helpful guide and improve the accuracy of drain placement, especially in patients with acute pathology leading to the displacement of anatomical structures. Using a human cadaveric model in this feasibility study, the authors aimed to evaluate the accuracy of EVD placement by comparing two techniques: mixed reality and freehand placement.

METHODS
Twenty medical students performed the EVD placement procedure with a Cushing’s ventricular cannula on the right and left sides of the ventricular system. The cannula was placed according to landmarks on one side and with the assistance of mixed reality (Microsoft HoloLens 2) on the other side. With mixed reality, a planned trajectory was displayed in the field of view that guides the placement of the cannula. Subsequently, the actual position of the cannula was assessed with the help of a CT scan with a 1-mm slice thickness. The bony structure as well as the left and right cannula positions were registered to the CT scan with the planned target point before the placement procedure. CloudCompare software was applied for registration and evaluation of accuracy.

RESULTS
EVD placement using mixed reality was easily performed by all medical students. The predefined target point (inside the lateral ventricle) was reached with both techniques. However, the scattering radius of the target point reached through the use of mixed reality (12 mm) was reduced by more than 54% compared with the puncture without mixed reality (26 mm), which represents a doubling of the puncture accuracy.

CONCLUSIONS
This feasibility study specifically showed that the integration and use of mixed reality helps to achieve more than double the accuracy in the placement of ventricular catheters. Because of the easy availability of these new tools and their intuitive handling, we see great potential for mixed reality to improve accuracy.
Innovations in craniovertebral junction training: harnessing the power of mixed reality and head-mounted displays
Authors: Ganeshkumar Akshay , Katiyar Varidh , Singh Prachi , Sharma Ravi , Raheja Amol , Garg Kanwaljeet , Mishra Shashwat , Tandon Vivek , Garg Ajay , Servadei Franco , Kale Shashank Sharad 
Published: January 2024

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to analyze the potential and convenience of using mixed reality as a teaching tool for craniovertebral junction (CVJ) anomaly pathoanatomy.

METHODS
CT and CT angiography images of 2 patients with CVJ anomalies were used to construct mixed reality models in the HoloMedicine application on the HoloLens 2 headset, resulting in four viewing stations. Twenty-two participants were randomly allocated into two groups, with each participant rotating through all stations for 90 seconds, each in a different order based on their group. At every station, objective questions evaluating the understanding of CVJ pathoanatomy were answered. At the end, subjective opinion on the user experience of mixed reality was provided using a 5-point Likert scale. The objective performance of the two viewing modes was compared, and a correlation between performance and participant experience was sought. Subjective feedback was compiled and correlated with experience.

RESULTS
In both groups, there was a significant improvement in median (interquartile range [IQR]) objective performance with mixed reality compared with DICOM: 1) group A: case 1, median 6 (IQR 6–7) versus 5 (IQR 3–6), p = 0.009; case 2, median 6 (IQR 6–7) versus 5 (IQR 3–6), p = 0.02; 2) group B: case 1, median 6 (IQR 5–7) versus 4 (IQR 2–5), p = 0.04; case 2, median 6 (IQR 6–7) versus 5 (IQR 3–7), p = 0.03. There was significantly higher improvement in less experienced participants in both groups for both cases: 1) group A: case 1, r = −0.8665, p = 0.0005; case 2, r = −0.8002, p = 0.03; 2) group B: case 1, r = −0.6977, p = 0.01; case 2, r = −0.7417, p = 0.009. Subjectively, mixed reality was easy to use, with less disorientation due to the visible background, and it was believed to be a useful teaching tool.

CONCLUSIONS
Mixed reality is an effective teaching tool for CVJ pathoanatomy, particularly for young neurosurgeons and trainees. The versatility of mixed reality and the intuitiveness of the user experience offer many potential applications, including training, intraoperative guidance, patient counseling, and individualized medicine; consequently, mixed reality has the potential to transform neurosurgery.
Accuracy of routine external ventricular drain placement following a mixed reality–guided twist-drill craniostomy
Authors: Eom Sangjun , Ma Tiffany S. , Vutakuri Neha , Hu Tianyi , Haskell-Mendoza Aden P. , Sykes David A. W. , Gorlatova Maria , Jackson Joshua 
Published: January 2024

OBJECTIVE
The traditional freehand placement of an external ventricular drain (EVD) relies on empirical craniometric landmarks to guide the craniostomy and subsequent passage of the EVD catheter. The diameter and trajectory of the craniostomy physically limit the possible trajectories that can be achieved during the passage of the catheter. In this study, the authors implemented a mixed reality–guided craniostomy procedure to evaluate the benefit of an optimally drilled craniostomy to the accurate placement of the catheter.

METHODS
Optical marker–based tracking using an OptiTrack system was used to register the brain ventricular hologram and drilling guidance for craniostomy using a HoloLens 2 mixed reality headset. A patient-specific 3D-printed skull phantom embedded with intracranial camera sensors was developed to automatically calculate the EVD accuracy for evaluation. User trials consisted of one blind and one mixed reality–assisted craniostomy followed by a routine, unguided EVD catheter placement for each of two different drill bit sizes.

RESULTS
A total of 49 participants were included in the study (mean age 23.4 years, 59.2% female). The mean distance from the catheter target improved from 18.6 ± 12.5 mm to 12.7 ± 11.3 mm (p = 0.0008) using mixed reality guidance for trials with a large drill bit and from 19.3 ± 12.7 mm to 10.1 ± 8.4 mm with a small drill bit (p < 0.0001). Accuracy using mixed reality was improved using a smaller diameter drill bit compared with a larger bit (p = 0.039). Overall, the majority of the participants were positive about the helpfulness of mixed reality guidance and the overall mixed reality experience.

CONCLUSIONS
Appropriate indications and use cases for the application of mixed reality guidance to neurosurgical procedures remain an area of active inquiry. While prior studies have demonstrated the benefit of mixed reality–guided catheter placement using predrilled craniostomies, the authors demonstrate that real-time quantitative and visual feedback of a mixed reality–guided craniostomy procedure can independently improve procedural accuracy and represents an important tool for trainee education and eventual clinical implementation.
A patient-specific, interactive, multiuser, online mixed-reality neurosurgical training and planning system
Authors: Wang Jingyue , Zhao Yining , Xu Xinghua , Wang Qun , Li Fangye , Zhang Shiyu , Gan Zhichao , Xiong Ruochu , Zhang Jiashu , Chen Xiaolei 
Published: January 2024

OBJECTIVE
Mixed-reality simulation is an emerging tool for creating anatomical models for preoperative planning. Its use in neurosurgical training (NT) has been limited because of the difficulty in real-time interactive teaching. This study describes the development of a patient-specific, interactive mixed-reality NT system. The authors took cases of intracranial tumor resection or neurovascular compression (NVC) as examples to verify the technical feasibility and efficacy of the mixed-reality NT system for residents’ training and preoperative planning.

METHODS
This study prospectively enrolled 40 patients who suffered from trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasms, or intracranial tumors. The authors used a series of software programs to process the multimodal imaging data, followed by uploading the holographic models online. They used a HoloLens or a standard iOS device to download and display the holographic models for training. Ten neurosurgical residents with different levels of surgical experience were trained with this mixed-reality NT system. Change in surgical strategy was recorded, and a questionnaire survey was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the mixed-reality NT system.

RESULTS
The system allows the trainer and trainee to view the mixed-reality model with either a HoloLens or an iPad/iPhone simultaneously online at different locations. Interactive manipulation and instant updates were able to be achieved during training. A clinical efficacy validation test was conducted. The surgeons changed their exploration strategy in 48.3% of the NVC cases. For residents with limited experience in surgery, the exploration strategy for 75.0% of all patients with NVC was changed after the residents were trained with the mixed-reality NT system. Of the 60 responses for intracranial tumors, the trainee changed the surgical posture in 19 (31.7%) cases. The change of the location (p = 0.0338) and size (p = 0.0056) of craniotomy are significantly related to the experience of the neurosurgeons.

CONCLUSIONS
The mixed-reality NT system is available for local or real-time remote neurosurgical resident training. It may effectively help neurosurgeons in patient-specific training and planning of surgery for cases of NVC and intracranial tumor. The authors expect the system to have a broader application in neurosurgery in the near future.
Intraoperative mixed-reality spinal neuronavigation system: a novel navigation technique for spinal intradural pathologies
Authors: Caliskan Kadri Emre , Yavas Gorkem , Cagli Mehmet Sedat 
Published: January 2024

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to assess the intraoperative accuracy and feasibility of 3D-printed marker-based mixed-reality neurosurgical navigation for spinal intradural pathologies.

METHODS
The authors produced 3D segmentations of spinal intradural tumors with neighboring structures by using combined CT and MRI, and preoperative registration of pathology and markers was successfully performed. A patient-specific, surgeon-facilitated application for mobile devices was built, and a mixed-reality light detection and ranging (LIDAR) camera on a mobile device was employed for cost-effective, high-accuracy spinal neuronavigation.

RESULTS
Mobile device LIDAR cameras can successfully overlay images of virtual tumor segmentations according to the position of a 3D-printed marker. The surgeon can visualize and manipulate 3D segmentations of the pathology intraoperatively in 3D.

CONCLUSIONS
A 3D-printed marker-based mixed-reality spinal neuronavigation technique was performed in spinal intradural pathology procedures and has potential to be clinically feasible and easy to use for surgeons, as well as being time saving, cost-effective, and highly precise for spinal surgical procedures.
Navigating the calvaria with mobile mixed reality–based neurosurgical planning: how feasible are smartphone applications as a craniotomy guide?
Authors: Dogan Ihsan , Eray Halit Anil , Ozgural Onur , Tekneci Ozan , Hasimoglu Savas , Terzi Macit , Mete Emre Bahir , Kuzukiran Yusuf Cem , Elmas Hasan , Orhan Ozgur , Abbasoglu Bilal , Bayatli Eyup , Zaimoglu Murat , Caglar Sukru 
Published: January 2024

OBJECTIVE
Virtual simulation and imaging systems have evolved as advanced products of computing technology over the years. With advancements in mobile technology, smartphones, and tablets, the quality of display and processing speed have gradually improved, thanks to faster central processing units with higher capacity. Integrating these two technologies into the fields of healthcare and medical education has had a positive impact on surgical training. However, contemporary neurosurgical planning units are expensive and integrated neuronavigation systems in operating rooms require additional accessories. The aim of this study was to investigate the compatibility of smartphone applications in augmented reality (AR)–based craniotomy planning, which can be available even in disadvantaged workplaces with insufficient facilities.

METHODS
Thirty patients diagnosed with supratentorial glial tumor and who underwent operations between January 2022 and March 2023 were included in the study. The entire stages of the surgical procedures and the surgical plans were executed with neuronavigation systems. The patient CT scans were reconstructed using software and exported as a 3D figure to an AR-enhanced smartphone application. The evaluation of the application’s success was based on the spatial relationship of the AR-based artificial craniotomy to the neuronavigation-based craniotomy, with each AR-based craniotomy scaled from 0 to 3.

RESULTS
In the comparison between neuronavigation-based and AR fusion-based craniotomies, 8 of 30 (26.6%) patients scored 0 and were considered failed, 6 (20%) scored 1 and were considered ineffective, 7 (23.3%) scored 2 and were considered acceptable, and 9 (30%) scored 3 and were considered favorable.

CONCLUSIONS
AR technology has great potential to be a revolutionary milestone of neurosurgical planning, training, and education in the near future. In the authors’ opinion, with the necessary legal permissions, there is no obstacle to the integration of surgical technological systems with mobile technology devices such as smartphones and tablets that benefit from their low-budget requirements, wide-range availability, and built-in operating systems.