bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric risk
Authors: Nathanson Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychiatric complications following anaesthesia and surgery are feared by both patients and anaesthetists. Patients are fearful of ‘losing control’ and embarrassing or injuring themselves, whereas for anaesthetists, these complications may appear difficult to diagnose, prevent, or manage. Many patients are frightened of developing postoperative cognitive dysfunction and can recall family stories of an uncle or aunt who was ‘never the same’ after his/her operation. Furthermore, all psychiatric conditions still have a stigma attached to them. Many doctors will have faced a combative postoperative patient, unsure what to do and hesitant of giving any medication that may make the situation worse. Many of these complications are due to an underlying cause (Table 16.1) that in some cases can be easily remedied. However, some are idiosyncratic reactions or associated with much more complicated underlying conditions. This chapter describes in detail two problems: postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction, the risk of developing these complications, and the factors that can be modified. Neurocognitive problems after cardiac surgery are also described.
Temperature
Authors: Holbrook Simon P , Hopkins Philip M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans are homeothermic, that is, in the face of considerable variation in the temperature of the environment, the core body temperature is kept comparatively constant. The enzyme reactions that preserve homeostasis operate most favourably when body temperature is maintained within a narrow range. Normal core body temperature follows a circadian pattern, varying by 0.5 to 0.7°C, being highest in the evening and lowest at approximately 06:00 h; the morning oral temperature averages at 36.7°C, but in 95% of young adults this value lies between 36.3 and 37.1°C. Therefore, core body temperature values outside this range may be normal. In addition, the luteal phase or latter half of the menstrual cycle is associated with an increase of 0.3 to 0.5°C in basal body temperature. Maintenance of a normal body temperature depends on equilibrium between the production of heat and heat loss. Cell metabolism, muscular activity, and food ingestion are the major sources of heat. Heat is lost through the processes of radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation. The control centre for temperature regulation is the hypothalamus, which integrates afferent information from peripheral and central thermoreceptors to primarily produce appropriate autonomic and behavioural responses. The principal effectors triggered by cold are vasoconstriction, particularly of arteriovenous shunts in fingers and toes, and shivering. Those triggered by heat are sweating and active cutaneous vasodilatation. These mechanisms maintain tight control of core body temperature around a set point, for example, 37°C. When heat loss exceeds heat production, body temperature falls: when the threshold temperature, say 36.8°C, is breached, vasoconstriction occurs; shivering may not commence though until 35.5°C is reached. The threshold for sweating may typically be 37.1°C. The difference between the thresholds for vasoconstriction and sweating is defined as the inter-threshold range and is approximately 0.2 to 0.4°C.
Drug reactions and drug errors
Authors: Glavin Ronnie J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As anaesthetists, we rely on drugs for our professional practice. We use drugs to interfere with the normal physiological controls of our patients to allow them to undergo diagnostic or therapeutic surgical procedures. We need to have an understanding of the nature and extent of adverse reactions to those drugs, not only so that we can disclose such facts to the patient before anaesthesia, but also so that we can engage in a meaningful dialogue with those patients. Quoting frequencies and incidences is only the first stage in a process of helping a patient make sense of the possible implications for the journey through the perioperative period. The aim of this chapter is to equip the anaesthetist with the necessary information to enable such a process to take place. The first section provides a framework into which different kinds of adverse reaction can be placed. The second section deals with those reactions that are immunologically based; although not very frequent, their potential severity makes them of particular relevance. The third section describes some of the more important possible adverse reactions associated with each of the major classes of drugs which anaesthetists use. The fourth section discusses drug error, as this is not only an unfortunately common source of adverse reaction but has gone beyond the previous confines of the medical literature into the popular press. The final section contains a very short review of possible future directions, especially in the field of pharmacogenetics.
Consent in anaesthesia
Authors: Leigh Bertie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Respect for the autonomy of the patient in the eyes of the law has increased, is increasing, and ought to be diminished. This chapter will examine the truth of this proposition, describe the mischief to which it gives rise, and identify steps that anaesthetists can take to protect themselves until the fashion changes. This remark is now regarded as an axiom, having been cited with approval by the House of Lords on at least two occasions. The proposition is not in any way surprising, reflecting as it does the ancient principle in English Common Law that any intentional touching of a person is unlawful and amounts to the tort of battery unless it is justified by consent or some other lawful authority. In practice, this means that doctors operate on patients only when they consent or when they are incapable of consent. What is much newer, and has developed only during the last 50 years, is the idea that the doctor seeking the consent of a patient owes a duty to act as a reasonable doctor would act in advising of the risks involved.
Complement Clause Type and Complementation Strategies in Goemai
Authors: Hellwig Birgit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses one complement clause type and several complementation strategies in Goemai, a West Chadic language (Afroasiatic, Chadic, West Chadic A, Angas-Goemai, Southern Branch) that is spoken in the Jos Plateau area of Central Nigeria.
Complement Clause Type and Complementation Strategy in Kambera
Authors: Klamer Marian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kambera is spoken by approximately 150,000 speakers in the eastern region of the island of Sumba (province Nusa Tenggara Timur) in Eastern Indonesia. In non-coastal and rural areas of the region, the language is still being spoken by children, while the absence of secondary education and mass media in these areas also limits the inXuence of Indonesian. Kambera is thus not an endangered language in number of speakers. It is classified as belonging to the Central Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of Austronesian languages (cf. Blust 1993).
Payment
Authors: Scott Katharine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having completed the summary assessment of costs, and arrived at a figure that the paying party must pay to the receiving party, the court must determine what provisions it will make as to the payment of that sum from one party to another. There is no reason why the assessed sum should not be paid as soon as reasonably practicable. If no date is specified in the order, the payment should be made within 14 days. If the hearing that has led to the summary assessment is an interim application, or a trial of a preliminary issue, different issues arise. In the first place, it may not always be appropriate for the monies to be paid over to the receiving party. The paying party may, for example, want the order not to be enforced until the conclusion of the claim, so that they can set off any monies they have to pay against any monies they may eventually be paid. It is entirely a matter for the discretion of the judge whether he accedes to such an application. A further complication arises in claims in which the receiving party is funded by way of a CFA. The court must not make an order for payment out of any assessed costs to the receiving party unless the court is satisfied that the receiving party has a liability to pay those costs to his legal representative following an interim application. This will depend on the terms of the CFA. The solicitor’s signature on the bottom of the statement of costs (the N260) will usually be sufficient proof of the party’s liability to pay those costs at an interim stage.
Chali: Front-Line Garrison
Authors: James Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Omda Talibel Fil seems to have avoided getting too closely involved in the events surrounding the initial destruction of his district. He was certainly present in Chali, however, after it was reclaimed by the army in early 1988, and then he sent for his wife Hergke. She had spent a year away, partly because she needed treatment for a bad leg.
Blue Nile South: Ethiopian Turmoil, SPLA Protection, 1990–1992
Authors: James Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I heard the news that the Assosa camp had been evacuated under fire, in early 1990, and some months later that the people had shown up in the notorious Itang refugee camp much further south, I was astonished, and began to think about visiting there. But by early 1991 it was clear that the Mengistu regime was in a fragile condition, and in April that year during a conference visit to Addis Ababa I met Russians who told me that they and the Cuban advisers in Itang were already leaving.
The Extradition Hearing In Category 1 Cases
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter the appropriate judge’s duties and functions in an extradition hearing under Part 1 of the EA 2003 are considered. This is the hearing at which the appropriate judge must decide whether the defendant in respect of whom a Part 1 warrant has been issued is 1 In England and Wales the appropriate judge is a district judge (Magistrates’ Courts) designated for the purposes of Part 1 by the Lord Chancellor (s 67(1)(a)). The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 abolishes the office of Lord Chancellor and when the amendments to the EA 2003 made by the 2005 Act come into the force the duty of designation will fall upon the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales. Part 1 and Part 2 of the EA 2003 are both structured so that the appropriate judge must decide a sequential series of issues before the extradition order can be made.
The Extradition Hearing In Category 2 Cases
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter the appropriate judge’s duties and functions in an extradition hearing under Part 2 of the EA 2003 are considered. This is the hearing at which the appropriate judge is to deal with a request for extradition to a Category 2 territory (s 140(1)). As in Category 1 cases, in England and Wales the appropriate judge is a district judge (Magistrates’ Courts) designated for the purposes of Part 2 by the Lord Chancellor (s 140(1)(a)).
Extradition And Human Rights
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the relationship between the UK’s extradition process under the EA 2003 and the European Convention on Human Rights (‘the ECHR’). It also considers the substantive content of the Convention rights relevant to extradition. The Human Rights Act 1998 came into force on 2 October 2000. Since then district judges hearing extradition cases have been under a duty to act compatibly with the defendant’s Convention rights in the manner in which they conduct the hearing.
Consent To Extradition; Withdrawal Of Claims For Extradition
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some defendants do not wish to contest the request for their extradition and want to return as quickly as possible to the requesting state. The EA 1870 did not provide any mechanism for expedited return. This was recognized as undesirable in 1982 by the Home Office Working Party on Extradition, and it made appropriate recommendations in its Report. In the EA 1989 Parliament introduced a simplified procedure in s 14 and para 9 of Sch 1 by which the defendant could waive his rights under the Act. Appropriate forms of consent were contained in the Schedule to the Magistrates Court (Extradition) Rules 1989. However, these provisions gave rise to some difficulties in their application, and the European Union Extradition Regulations 2002 introduced significant changes to the procedure for consenting to return in EU cases.
Mutual Recognition Of Driving Disqualifications Within The European Union
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part 3 of CICA 2003 is entitled ‘Road Traffic’. Chapter 1 of Part 3 implements the Convention on Driving Disqualifications 1998. Chapter 2 deals with the mutual recognition between Great Britain and Northern Ireland of driving licences and the powers of the Secretary of State to revoke licences. The Convention on Driving Disqualifications was drawn up in 1998 on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union. The Explanatory Report to the Convention explains the mischief which the Convention is designed to address.
Innovation, Competition, and Enterprise: Foundations for Economic Evolution in Learning Economies
Authors: Metcalfe J Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews a triad of related ideas at the core of how an understanding of the connections between the growth of human cap- ability and the growth of material standards of living are related. It outlines a framework in which this triad—innovation, enterprise, com- petition—and the development and growth of an economy are woven together in a fabric of change. The framework defines the restless nature of modern capitalism, its incessant capacity to transform itself from within in a continuous process of creative destruction. Capitalism can never be stationary. Its dynamic and transformative powers have marked effects across time and space.
Prospective Structures of Science and Science Policy
Authors: Lente Harro van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Science policy’s evolution over the last decades can be understood as a strategic change of direction. Firms have a new orientation towards promises about future use of scientific findings. These promises about eventual usefulness not only legitimize the policy decisions and instruments, but also contribute to the actual development of technical-scientific fields. A rhetorical analysis is used to highlight these dynamics. The interlocking of policies and local activities creates irreversible developments in technical-scientific fields. Using the example of the rise of genomics, this implicit and emergent coordination of knowledge production and learning is captured as what might be termed a ‘prospective structure’ in which science policy has to operate.
Insights for R&D Managers
Authors: Norling Parry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is nothing more difficult . . . more perilous to conduct, or more uncertain in its success, than to take the lead in the introduction of a new order of things. Because the innovator has for enemies all those who have done well under the old conditions, and lukewarm defenders in those who may do well under the new. This coolness arises partly from fear of opponents who have the laws on their side, and partly from the in- credulity of men, who do not readily believe in new things until they have had a long experience of them. (Machia- velli: The Prince, Chapter VI: 1515) To create competitive advantage, growth, and value for their firms, R&D managers must do more than develop strategies, manage budgets, deal with difficult scientists, prepare reviews and reports, and act as all-knowing scientists.
Overview of the book
Authors: Gulati Ranjay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Introduction, I stated that the purpose of this book is to provide a more socialized account of firm behavior. By applying a social network perspective to some of the key questions associated with interorganizational ties, I hope to provide new insights on important social factors that may influence both firm behavior and performance. An important goal of this book is to make salient the concept of network resources, which refers to valuable resources based in the multitude of ties a firm may have with key constituents outside its formal boundaries, including partners, suppliers, and customers. As I have suggested in the Introduction, network resources can benefit participating firms by serving as conduits of not only valuable material resources but also information. Such resources can benefit firms by reducing their search costs for new ties. They can also mitigate uncertainty by providing access to timely information and creating reputational circuits that limit moral hazards. In some instances, a firm’s network resources also provide signals to critical third parties that offer potential benefits to those firms.
Network resources and the proclivity of firms to enter into alliances
Authors: Gulati Ranjay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While there are numerous theoretical and empirical accounts of the formation of alliances, their primary focus is on understanding the intra-organizational resource-based considerations that promote alliance formation (e.g. Berg, Duncan, and Friedman 1982; Mariti and Smiley 1983; Hagedoorn 1993). By focusing on the existing material means and competence (or lack thereof) that may propel firms to enter into new alliances, scholars approaching alliance formation from a resource-based perspective have generally paid less attention to important social factors that could influence the availability of and access to alliance opportunities in the first place. That is to say, they have overlooked the role of network resources in determining the opportunity set firms may perceive.
The contingent role of network resources emanating from board interlocks in alliance formation
Authors: Gulati Ranjay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the last two chapters focused on prior alliance networks as a source of network resources, this chapter considers how additional interorganizational networks may also provide network resources that in turn influence the formation of strategic alliances by selectively channeling information and resultant opportunities to organizations. This additional source of network resources may not only shape the alliance behavior of firms but also beget more network resources by increasing firms’ proclivities for alliances. One such source is the network of board interlocks, whose influence on firm behavior has been considered in a wide variety of settings, none of which include the formation of alliances. Director boards are unique formal mechanisms that create network resources by providing an opportunity for corporation leaders to exchange information and observe the leadership practices and style of their peers, along with the consequences of those practices. Thus, board ties to other firms have a strong influence over corporate policy and strategy decisions. Because of this influence, the board interlock network can be considered an important element of network resources and an ideal arena in which to develop and test the role of such resources in shaping firm behavior.
The effects of network resources arising from upper echelon affiliations on underwriter prestige and performance
Authors: Gulati Ranjay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research on entrepreneurship in technology-intensive settings is closely linked with research on alliances because partnering is a critical activity for high-tech start-ups. As in other arenas, interorganizational networks and the resources they create are a key factor in determining both the success of start-ups and the antecedent conditions that enable these firms to attract partners in the first place. Start-up enterprises in technology-intensive settings operate amidst considerable uncertainty and information scarcity. As a result, social networks in which such firms are embedded create valuable network resources that can provide information and thus influence both behavior and economic outcomes.
Conclusions and future directions
Authors: Gulati Ranjay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of interorganizational networks has broadened significantly in the last decade, extending and building on past research that focused primarily on interpersonal networks. While early studies in this area helped to establish the role of networks in shaping organizational behavior and outcomes, recent research has explored nuances of the mechanisms underlying this inter- action, delving into the contingencies around network effects. Along with this growth has come an explosion of new terminology, which, while seemingly related, often refers to somewhat distinct network constructs, making the accumulation of knowledge a greater challenge. The excessive use of jargon has now diluted the network metaphor almost to the point of irrelevance.
Robbery
Authors: Ormerod David , Williams David Huw 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robbery was a common law offence and was never defined in the Larceny Acts. A definition is now contained in s 8(1) of the Theft Act 1968:
A person is guilty of robbery if he steals, and immediately before or at the time of doing so, and in order to do so, he uses force on any person or puts or seeks to put any person in fear of being then and there subjected to force.
Both robbery and assault with intent to rob, contrary to s 8(2), are punishable with life imprisonment.
Offences of Temporary Deprivation of Property
Authors: Ormerod David , Williams David Huw 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been seen that an intention permanently to deprive is an essential constituent of theft, as it was of larceny. The CLRC considered the matter and came down against either extending theft to include temporary deprivation, or (ii) creating a general offence of temporary deprivation of property.
The former course seems to the Committee wrong because in their view an intention to return the property, even after a long time, makes the conduct essentially different from stealing.
Finance and Property
Authors: Dunbabin J P D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1753 Sir William Blackstone wrote proudly of the All Souls accounts that they made it impossible for the manciple ‘to wrong the College even to the Amount of forty shillings, without being immediately detected’; indeed, two minor instances apart, ‘I cannot conceive that any Alteration can possibly be made in them for the better. . .’. But in 1869 his successors had to report ‘that up to this time no regular account has been furnished to the College of its gross annual income and expenditure’. Something indeed was audited each year, but the rents actually received were some 19 per cent above those there shown. ‘In the absence of any account of the sinking fund, the committee are unable to state what has become of ... [this] difference ... but they presume that it was regularly paid into the College bankers, and ... formed a fund from which sums were from time to time taken as required, to compensate fellows for fines lost by the non-renewal of leases.”