bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance evaluation for IEEE 802.11e enhanced distributed coordination function
Authors: Chen Yunli , Zeng Qing‐An , Agrawal Dharma P. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe IEEE 802.11e working group aims to enhance the current 802.11 medium access control (MAC) to support integrated data and voice (or video) communications. Till now, a draft of the IEEE 802.11e enhanced distributed coordination function (EDCF) has been proposed. In the literature, there is very limited analysis about EDCF since it is a new protocol, and most related work are only confined to simulation or saturation state. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of EDCF by dividing the traffic into two groups, namely real‐time packets and non‐real‐time packets, and use an analytical model to quantify the performance of both IFS priority and contention window (CW) priority in the EDCF. In our analysis, we assume that the traffic arrival is a Poisson process. We provide a queue model for EDCF. Since there are multiple stations contending for one channel in the system, the queue model for EDCF cannot be a regular M/G/1 model. We redefine the service time and the waiting time so that we can still use M/G/1 model in the analysis. To validate the accuracy of our analytical results, we have done extensive simulations and we observed that EDCF does provide service differentiation between different traffic categories. But due to the inherent contention characteristic of carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) MAC protocol, the delay cannot be guaranteed, even for the highest priority traffic. A lot more work needs to be done for the MAC protocol to effectively support service differentiation in the future. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient channel allocation scheme for cellular network using maximum channel packing
Authors: Ma Gary H. K. , Zomaya Albert Y. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis paper introduces a channel assignment scheme called the maximum channel packing (MCPCA) for mobile cellular network. As the title suggests, the scheme reduces future call blocking probability by increasing the frequency of channel reuse (or channel packing). The scheme is simulated along with the simple fixed channel allocation scheme and a variation of the channel borrowing allocation scheme, under different traffic patterns and intensity. The results show that MCPCA scheme performs better than the other schemes under all conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond NIMBYism: towards an integrated framework for understanding public perceptions of wind energy
Authors: Devine‐Wright Patrick 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIt is widely recognised that public acceptability often poses a barrier towards renewable energy development. This article reviews existing research on public perceptions of wind energy, where opposition is typically characterized by the NIMBY (not in my back yard) concept. The objectives of the article are to provide a critical assessment of past research and an integrated, multidimensional framework to guide future work. Six distinct strands of research are identified, summarized and critiqued: public support for switching from conventional energy sources to wind energy; aspects of turbines associated with negative perceptions; the impact of physical proximity to turbines; acceptance over time of wind farms; NIMBYism as an explanation for negative perceptions; and, finally, the impact of local involvement on perceptions. Research across these strands is characterized by opinion poll studies of general beliefs and case studies of perceptions of specific developments. In both cases, research is fragmented and has failed to adequately explain, rather than merely describe, perceptual processes. The article argues for more theoretically informed empirical research, grounded in social science concepts and methods. A multidimensional framework is proposed that goes beyond the NIMBY label and integrates previous findings with social and environmental psychological theory. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of Cm and cross product coefficients in influence coefficient algorithms for quantitative XRF analysis
Authors: Vrebos Bruno A. R. , Willis James P. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe use of influence coefficients in algorithms for the correction of matrix effects in quantitative XRF analysis is discussed. In principle, multi‐element influence coefficients should be used. In practice, many algorithms are based on the use of binary influence coefficients, even when dealing with multi‐component specimens. This involves approximations which may affect the accuracy of the analysis. It is shown that the effects of this approximation can be reduced, provided that the binary influence coefficients are calculated for the correct composition (this involves the use of Cm, where Cm is the sum of the concentrations of the matrix elements, i.e. Cm = 1 − Ci) and by applying cross‐product coefficients. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phallacidin stains the mitotic spindle of the diatom Pinnularia spp.
Authors: Sampson K. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractMitotic spindles of the diatom Pinnularia viritiformis stained with the fluorescent actin‐labelling reagent bodipyphallacidin revealed actin among the chromosomes and extending along the spindle to the poles. This is the first report of actin's presence within spindles of this ecologically important group of organisms. Since diatom mitoses have a number of marked differences compared to that of many other eukaryotes (Int Rev Cytol 128 (1991) 63; Cell 14 (1978) 455), the present observations substantially extend the diversity of mitotic spindle types in which there is evidence of spindle actin.
Endoscopic Rehabilitation of Vocal Cord Paralysis with a Silicone Elastomer Suspension Implant
Authors: Duruisseau Olivier , Wagner Isabelle , Fugain Claude , Chabolle Frédéric 
Published: September 2004

OBJECTIVESBecause of the side effects of Teflon, the risk of infection from the use of collagen, autologous fat resorption, and the lack of alternative substances, injection laryngoplasty tends to be replaced by laryngeal framework surgery as the method of choice for the treatment of unilateral vocal cord recurrent paralysis (LP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the results, for morbidity and voice quality, of treating this paralysis by injection of a silicone suspension elastomer implant (SSEI).STUDY DESIGNThe study was retrospective, and 19 patients were included. Average follow‐up was 25 months (range: 8.3‐43).METHODSEach patient underwent clinical and videostroboscopic assessment, and had an electroglottographic recording. Subjective assessment was obtained by self‐evaluation. Results were classified as good, fair, or poor, and were based on 2 objective and 3 subjective criteria. A search was made for biologic signs of autoimmune disorders.RESULTSGood, fair, and poor results were respectively 79%, 16%, and 5%. Each set of subjective data showed voice improvement (P < 0.05). The fundamental frequency range, percentage of irregularity, and aspiration decreased significantly (P < 0.05). There was only one case of postoperative dyspnea, which resolved after steroid injection. No biologic signs of autoimmune disorders were found.CONCLUSIONSThe use of SSEI is safe. Injection laryngoplasty is easy to perform and avoids cervical scarring. Its results are comparable to those obtained with other techniques, including laryngeal framework surgery, even if there is no standard criterion for the evaluation of voice quality. SSEI injection can reasonably be proposed as a surgical treatment for permanent unilateral vocal cord LP.
The role of CD8+ cells in the establishment and maintenance of a Trichuris muris infection
Authors: Humphreys N. E. , Worthington J. J. , Little M. C. , Rice E. J. , Grencis R. K. 
Published: September 2004

SUMMARY Chronic infection by the caecal‐dwelling intestinal murine nematode Trichuris muris occurs if given as a high‐dose infection to ‘susceptible’ AKR mice or as a low‐dose infection to the normally ‘resistant’ C57BL/6 mouse strain. Both regimes result in a type 1 cytokine response, i.e. high levels of IFN‐γ and IL‐12. Here we show this susceptible response is associated with a large population of CD8+ IFN‐γ+ cells within the mesenteric lymph nodes and numerous CD8+ cells infiltrating the caecal mucosa. Despite this, the in vivo abolition of CD8+ cells within AKR and C57BL/6 mice, either prior to infection or once infection has become established, failed to affect chronicity, implying that CD8+ T cells are not essential for the initiation or maintenance of the susceptible response to T. muris. Interestingly, the percentage of IFN‐γ+ CD4+ cells increased in treated groups, perhaps in a compensatory role. The majority of antigen‐specific cytokine responses were comparable in both treated and control groups, although IL‐5 was fivefold higher in animals receiving anti‐CD8 mAbs and IFN‐γ was also raised in treated mice. Mastocytosis was unaltered by CD8 depletion, however, paradoxically, eosinophilia within the caecum was reduced in treated mice. Together these data clearly demonstrate that CD8+ T cells are associated with chronic T. muris infection; however, these cells are dispensable for both the early and late phases of this response, but do appear to play a role in the regulation of certain cytokines and caecal eosinophilia.
Human metapneumovirus in children with bronchiolitis or pneumonia in New Zealand
Authors: Werno AM , Anderson TP , Jennings LC , Jackson PM , Murdoch DR 
Published: September 2004

Objectives:  To confirm the presence of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in New Zealand and establish its prevalence in selected paediatric patient groups.Methods:  Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected in two separate paediatric studies enrolling children clinically diagnosed with either bronchiolitis or pneumonia and tested for hMPV by polymerase chain reaction.Results:  Nucleic acid detection tests demonstrated 5.3% of paediatric bronchiolitis cases were positive for hMPV RNA and 2.7% of children admitted with pneumonia tested positive for hMPV RNA.Conclusions:  The presence of hMPV in New Zealand has been confirmed in two selected paediatric patient groups, namely children diagnosed with bronchiolitis and pneumonia. These results indicate that hMPV is associated with a minority of cases of bronchiolitis or pneumonia in this patient group.
Analysis of Human Peripheral Blood Samples from Fatal and Nonfatal Cases of Ebola (Sudan) Hemorrhagic Fever: Cellular Responses, Virus Load, and Nitric Oxide Levels
Authors: Sanchez Anthony , Lukwiya Matthew , Bausch Daniel , Mahanty Siddhartha , Sanchez Angela J. , Wagoner Kent D. , Rollin Pierre E. 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACT

Peripheral blood samples obtained from patients during an outbreak of Ebola virus (Sudan species) disease in Uganda in 2000 were used to phenotype peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), quantitate gene expression, measure antigenemia, and determine nitric oxide levels. It was determined that as the severity of disease increased in infected patients, there was a corresponding increase in antigenemia and leukopenia. Blood smears revealed thrombocytopenia, a left shift in neutrophils (in some cases degenerating), and atypical lymphocytes. Infected patients who died had reduced numbers of T cells, CD8
+
T cells, and activated (HLA-DR
+
) CD8
+
T cells, while the opposite was noted for patients who survived the disease. Expression levels of cytokines, Fas antigen, and Fas ligand (TaqMan quantitation) in PBMC from infected patients were not significantly different from those in uninfected patients (treated in the same isolation wards), nor was there a significant increase in expression compared to healthy volunteers (United States). This unresponsive state of PBMC from infected patients despite high levels of circulating antigen and virus replication suggests that some form of immunosuppression had developed. Ebola virus RNA levels (virus load) in PBMC specimens were found to be much higher in infected patients who died than patients who survived the disease. Similarly, blood levels of nitric oxide were much higher in fatal cases (increasing with disease severity), and extremely elevated levels (≥150 μM) would have negatively affected vascular tone and contributed to virus-induced shock.
Multiple Domains of the Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus Envelope Protein Are Required for Transformation of Rodent Fibroblasts
Authors: Hofacre Andrew , Fan Hung 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACT
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is an exogenous retrovirus of sheep that induces a contagious lung cancer, ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma. We previously showed that the gene encoding JSRV envelope protein (Env) appears to function as an oncogene, since it can transform mouse NIH 3T3 cells. The cytoplasmic tail of the Env transmembrane protein (TM) is necessary for the transformation. However, previous experiments did not exclude the involvement of the Env surface protein (SU) in transformation. In this study, we created a series of nested deletion mutants through the SU domain and assessed their ability to transform rodent fibroblasts. All SU deletion mutants downstream of the predicted signal peptide were unable to transform murine NIH 3T3 or rat 208F cells. Transport to the plasma membrane of selected deleted Env proteins was confirmed by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy of hemagglutinin-tagged versions. Additional sequential SU deletion mutants lacking 50-amino-acid (aa) blocks throughout SU also were unable to transform. Furthermore, minimal insertion mutants of two amino acids (Leu/Gln) at various positions in SU also abolished transformation. These data indicate that domains in SU facilitate efficient JSRV transformation. This could reflect a necessity of SU for appropriate configuration of the Env protein or independent activation by SU of a signaling pathway necessary for transformation. Complementation between SU and TM mutants for transformation supported the latter hypothesis. Cotransfection with ΔGP Y590F (mutant in the TM cytoplasmic tail) with ΔGP SUΔ103-352 (lacking most of SU) resulted in efficient transformation. The resulting transformants showed evidence for the presence and expression of both mutant plasmids.
The efficacy of duloxetine: A comprehensive summary of results from MMRM and LOCF_ANCOVA in eight clinical trials
Authors: Mallinckrodt Craig H , Raskin Joel , Wohlreich Madelaine M , Watkin John G , Detke Michael J 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Background
A mixed-effects model repeated measures approach (MMRM) was specified as the primary analysis in the Phase III clinical trials of duloxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Analysis of covariance using the last observation carried forward approach to impute missing values (LOCF_ANCOVA) was specified as a secondary analysis. Previous research has shown that MMRM and LOCF_ANCOVA yield identical endpoint results when no data are missing, while MMRM is more robust to biases from missing data and thereby provides superior control of Type I and Type II error compared with LOCF_ANCOVA. We compared results from MMRM and LOCF_ANCOVA analyses across eight clinical trials of duloxetine in order to investigate how the choice of primary analysis may influence interpretations of efficacy.

Methods
Results were obtained from the eight acute-phase clinical trials that formed the basis of duloxetine's New Drug Application for the treatment of MDD. All 202 mean change analyses from the 20 rating scale total scores and subscales specified a priori in the various protocols were included in the comparisons.

Results
In 166/202 comparisons (82.2%), MMRM and LOCF_ANCOVA agreed with regard to the statistical significance of the differences between duloxetine and placebo. In 25/202 cases (12.4%), MMRM yielded a significant difference when LOCF_ANCOVA did not, while in 11/202 cases (5.4%), LOCF_ANCOVA produced a significant difference when MMRM did not. In 110/202 comparisons (54.4%) the p-value from MMRM was lower than that from LOCF_ANCOVA, while in 69/202 comparisons (34.2%), the p-value from LOCF_ANCOVA was lower than that from MMRM. In the remaining 23 comparisons (11.4%), the p-values from LOCF_ANCOVA and MMRM were equal when rounded to the 3rd decimal place (usually as a result of both p-values being < .001). For the HAMD17 total score, the primary outcome in all studies, MMRM yielded 9/12 (75%) significant contrasts, compared with 6/12 (50%) for LOCF_ANCOVA. The expected success rate was 80%.

Conclusions
Important differences exist between MMRM and LOCF_ANCOVA. Empirical research has clearly demonstrated the theoretical advantages of MMRM over LOCF_ANCOVA. However, interpretations regarding the efficacy of duloxetine in MDD were unaffected by the choice of analytical technique.
Impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions: Prevalence and associations among persons living with HIV/AIDS in British Columbia
Authors: Rusch Melanie , Nixon Stephanie , Schilder Arn , Braitstein Paula , Chan Keith , Hogg Robert S 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Background
To measure the prevalence of and associations among impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions in persons living with HIV in British Columbia to inform support and care programs, policy and research.

Methods
A cross-sectional population-based sample of persons living with HIV in British Columbia was obtained through an anonymous survey sent to members of the British Columbia Persons With AIDS Society. The survey addressed the experience of physical and mental impairments, and the experience and level of activity limitations and participation restrictions. Associations were measured in three ways: 1) impact of types of impairment on social restriction; 2) impact of specific limitations on social restriction; and 3) independent association of overall impairments and limitations on restriction levels. Logistic regression was used to measure associations with social restriction, while ordinal logistic regression was used to measure associations with a three-category measure of restriction level.

Results
The survey was returned by 762 (50.5%) of the BCPWA participants. Over ninety percent of the population experienced one or more impairments, with one-third reporting over ten. Prevalence of activity limitations and participation restrictions was 80.4% and 93.2%, respectively. The presence of social restrictions was most closely associated with mental function impairments (OR: 7.0 for impairment vs. no impairment; 95% CI: 4.7 – 10.4). All limitations were associated with social restriction. Among those with ≤ 200 CD4 cells/mm3, odds of being at a higher restriction level were lower among those on antiretrovirals (OR: 0.3 for antiretrovirals vs. no antiretrovirals; 95% CI: 0.1–0.9), while odds of higher restriction were increased with higher limitation (OR: 3.6 for limitation score of 1–5 vs. no limitation, 95%CI: 0.9–14.2; OR: 24.7 for limitation score > 5 vs. no limitation, 95%CI: 4.9–125.0). Among those with > 200 CD4 cells/mm3, the odds of higher restriction were increased with higher limitation (OR: 2.7 for limitation score of 1–5 vs. no limitation, 95%CI: 1.4–5.1; OR: 8.6 for limitation score > 5 vs. no limitation, 95%CI: 3.9–18.8), as well as by additional number of impairments (OR:1.2 for every additional impairment; 95% CI:1.1–1.3).

Conclusions
This population-based sample of people living with HIV has been experiencing extremely high rates of impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions. Furthermore, the complex inter-relationships identified amongst the levels reveal lessons for programming, policy and research in terms of the factors that contribute most to a higher quality of life.
Potential cellular conformations of the CCN3(NOV) protein
Authors: Kyurkchiev Stanimir , Yeger Herman , Bleau Anne-Marie , Perbal Bernard 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Aim
To study the cellular distribution of CCN3(NOV) and to determine if the carboxyterminus of CCN3 is hidden or masked due to high affinity interactions with other partners. CCN3 was detected using affinity purified antibodies (anti-K19M-AF) as well as a Protein A purified anti-K19M antibodies (anti-K19M IgG) against a C-terminal 19-aminoacid peptide (K19M) of human CCN3 protein. The antibodies were applied in indirect immunofluorescence tests and immunoenzyme assays on glial tumor cell line, G59, and its CCN3-transfected variant G59/540 and the adrenocortical cell line, NCI-H295R.

Results
Anti-K19M-AF antibodies reacted against K19M peptide in ELISA and recognized two bands of 51 kDa and 30 kDa in H295R (adrenocortical carcinoma) cell culture supernatants by immunoblotting. H295R culture supernatants which contained CCN3 as shown by immunoblotting did not react with anti-CCN3 antibodies in liquid phase. Anti-CCN3 antibodies stained the surface membranes of non-permeabilized H295R and cytoplasm in permeabilized H295R cells. Similarly, anti-CCN3 stained surface membranes of G59/540, but did not react with G59 cells. Prominent cytoplasmic staining was observed in G59/540, as well as the cell footprints of G59/540 and H295R were strongly labeled.

Conclusions
The K19M-AF antibody directed against the C-terminal 19-aminoacid peptide of CCN3 recognized the secreted protein under denaturing conditions. However, the C-terminal motif of secreted CCN3 was not accessible to K19M-AF in liquid phase. These anti-CCN3 antibodies stained CCN3 protein which was localized to cytoplasmic stores, cell membranes and extracellular matrix. This would suggest that cytoplasmic and cell membrane bound CCN3 has an exposed C-terminus while secreted CCN3 has a sequestered C-terminus which could be due to interaction with other proteins or itself (dimerization). Thus the K19M-AF antibodies revealed at least two conformational states of the native CCN3 protein.