bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survival by radiation therapy oncology group recursive partitioning analysis class and treatment modality in patients with brain metastases from malignant melanoma
Authors: Buchsbaum Jeffrey C. , Suh John H. , Lee Shih‐Yuan , Chidel Mark A. , Greskovich John F. , Barnett Gene H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn a population of patients with brain metastases from melanoma, the authors sought to determine whether various therapies provided any benefit at all, whether local therapy was better than whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT), and whether combined local therapy and WBRT provided any advantage over local therapy alone. They also analyzed survival according to a Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) to determine how well the RTOG RPA classes predicted survival in this patient population and whether treatments varied in effectiveness from category to category.METHODSA total of 74 patients with brain metastases from melanoma were treated at The Cleveland Clinic Foundation between 1984 and 1998. For this study, the authors reviewed patient charts and confirmed survival status. Survival was compared by treatment modality (surgical resection, WBRT, stereotactic radiosurgery, or WBRT combined with local therapy). Survival also was compared according to the RTOG RPA prognostic classes (Class 1, Class 2, or Class 3), which has not been validated previously in patients with malignant melanoma.RESULTSThe median survival was 5.5 months for all patients. Survival varied significantly by RTOG prognostic class; The median survival was 10.5 months (range, 2.2–99.2 months) for patients in Class 1, 5.9 months (range, 0.2–43.9 months) for patients in Class 2, and 1.8 months (range, 0.1–6.9 months) for patients in Class 3 (P < 0.0001). Survival analysis showed that combined treatment offered significantly better survival (P < 0.0001; combined vs. other). The median survival was 8.8 months (range, 1.8–99.2 months) for the combined therapy group, 4.8 months (range, 1.2–27.8 months) for the local therapy alone group, 2.3 months (range, 0.2–9.6 months) for the WBRT alone group, and 1.1 months (0.1–3.0 months) for the group that received no therapy.CONCLUSIONSAdding WBRT to local therapy may improve survival in this group of patients: Combined therapy was superior to WBRT alone. The RPA classification scheme likely has prognostic value for patients with brain metastases from malignant melanoma. Prospective studies are required to overcome selection bias and confirm these results. Cancer 2002;94:2265–72. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10426
Follow‐up surveillance strategies for genitourinary malignancies
Authors: Evans Christopher P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDGenitourinary cancers account for more than 20% of all malignancies in the United States. These cancers do not usually yield rapid mortality, thereby necessitating longer‐term surveillance strategies.METHODSA review and analysis of relevant studies were performed. Follow‐up strategies are proposed to reflect effective methods to detect recurrent prostate, bladder, renal, and testicular cancers. Cost analysis was performed using Medicare reimbursement rates.RESULTSFor genitourinary tumors, follow‐up tests can be planned rationally based on detection rates and patterns. Tumor grade and stage drive follow‐up strategies, along with therapeutic implications of detecting a recurrence. Symptomatic recurrences often obviate the need for radiographic tests and can minimize costs. Stage‐ specific plans for these four urologic malignancies are outlined specifically.CONCLUSIONSNot all surveillance approaches have been critically tested for follow‐up of genitourinary tumors, but ample data are available to propose sound medical and economic strategies. Cancer 2002;94:2892–905. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10525
Serum tissue polypeptide specific antigen as a noninvasive prognostic indicator for early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection
Authors: Yao Wei‐Jen , Wang Shan‐Tair , Chow Nan‐Haw , Chang Ting‐Tsung , Lin Pin‐Wen , Tu Dom‐Gene 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDSerum tissue polypeptide specific antigen (TPS) is a useful cell proliferation marker in diagnosing and monitoring patients with a variety of malignancies. The objective of this study was to determine the usefulness of serum TPS as a noninvasive prognostic factor for early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after patients undergo curative resection.METHODSSerum TPS levels were measured by monoclonal TPS immunoradiometric assay in 54 patients shortly before they underwent curative resection for HCC. The recurrence time was correlated with the TPS level and with other prognostic factors using the log‐rank test in univariate analysis and a Cox regression in multivariate analysis. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to examine the power of the various prognostic factors to distinguish between patients with recurrent tumors and patients who were disease free.RESULTSPatients who had higher levels of TPS (≥ 150 U/L) had earlier recurrences compared with patients who had lower levels of TPS (< 150 U/L; P = 0.016) in univariate analysis. Tumor size, the number of tumors, portal vein invasion, and the resection margins also were associated significantly with the time to tumor recurrence (P = 0.015, P = 0.004, P = 0.003, and P = 0.003, respectively). Serum α‐fetoprotein was not a significant risk factor for tumor recurrence. In multivariate analysis, the TPS level, tumor size, and resection margins were independent prognostic factors (P = 0.025, P = 0.018, and P = 0.016, respectively). The inclusion of TPS in addition to tumor size and resection margins increased the rate of corrective prediction from 0.72 to 0.80.CONCLUSIONSThe current study demonstrated that the preoperative serum TPS level was a significant factor in predicting early recurrence of HCC after curative resection. Patients with high serum TPS levels warrant more aggressive treatment and close follow‐up after they undergo tumor resection. Cancer 2002;95:112–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10626
Serotoninergic and noradrenergic axons make contacts with neurons of the ventral spinocerebellar tract in the cat
Authors: Hammar Ingela , Maxwell David J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractContacts between monoaminergic fibers and electrophysiologically identified neurons of the ventral spinocerebellar tract were investigated in the cat. Five neurons were labeled intracellularly with rhodamine dextran, and monoaminergic fibers were revealed with antibodies against serotonin and dopamine beta‐hydroxylase. The distribution of appositions between monoaminergic varicosities and the soma and the whole length of dendrites of these neurons was examined by using a three‐channel confocal microscope. The analysis showed that close appositions between monoaminergic fibers and labeled processes occurred over the whole surface of the neurons. The highest percentage of such appositions was found on proximal dendrites, for both serotonin (37%) and noradrenaline (57%). The total number of serotoninergic contacts (66–134 per neuron) by far exceeded that of noradrenergic contacts (3–36 per neuron). Contacts between serotoninergic fibers and two neurons were analyzed by using electron microscopy. These neurons were labeled intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase, and serotoninergic varicosities were identified by immunocytochemistry. Six of 10 serially analyzed boutons in apposition to proximal dendrites were found to form morphologic synapses. The identification of the remaining four was inconclusive. These results indicate that many of the appositions seen in confocal microscopy may represent direct synaptic contacts. They also indicate that monoaminergic neurons may modulate activity of neurons of the ventral spinocerebellar tract by direct postsynaptic actions in addition to any effects evoked by means of volume transmission. J. Comp. Neurol. 443:310–319, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereological analysis of Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase IIα‐containing dorsal root ganglion neurons in the rat: Colocalization with isolectin Griffonia simplicifolia, calcitonin gene‐related peptide, or vanilloid receptor 1
Authors: Carlton Susan M. , Hargett Gregory L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe enzyme Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is widely distributed in the nervous system. A previous report describes immunostaining for CaMKIIα in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. In this study, CaMKIIα is colocalized in the rat with three putative markers of nociceptive DRG neurons, isolectin Griffonia simplicifolia (I‐B4), identifying small‐diameter, “peptide‐poor” neurons; calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), identifying “ peptide‐rich” neurons; or the vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1), identifying neurons activated by heat, acid, and capsaicin. Lumbar 4 and 5 DRG sections were labeled using immunofluorescence or lectin binding histochemistry, and percentages of single and double‐labeled CaMKIIα neurons were determined. Stereological estimates of total neuron number in the L4 DRG were 13,815 ± 2,798 and in the L5 DRG were 14,111 ± 4,043. Percentages of single‐labeled L4 DRG neurons were 41% ± 2% CaMKIIα, 38% ± 3% I‐B4, 44% ± 3% CGRP, and 32% ± 6% VR1. Percentages of single‐labeled L5 DRG neurons were 44% ± 5% CaMKIIα, 48% ± 2% I‐B4, 41% ± 7% CGRP, and 39% ± 14% VR1. For L4 and L5, respectively, estimates of double‐labeled CaMKIIα neurons showed 34% ± 2% and 38% ± 17% labeled for I‐B4, 25% ± 14% and 19% ± 10% labeled for CGRP, and 37% ± 7% and 38% ± 5% labeled for VR1. Conversely, for L4 and L5, respectively, 39% ± 14% and 38% ± 7% I‐B4 binding neurons, 24% ± 12% and 23% ± 10% CGRP neurons, and 42% ± 7% and 35% ± 7% VR1 neurons labeled for CaMKIIα. The mean diameter of CaMKIIα‐ labeled neurons was approximately 27 μm, confirming that this enzyme was preferentially localized in small DRG neurons. The results indicate that subpopulations of DRG neurons containing CaMKIIα are likely to be involved in the processing of nociceptive information. Thus, this enzyme may play a critical role in the modulation of nociceptor activity and plasticity of primary sensory neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:102–110, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurochemistry of nerve fibers apposing sympathetic preganglionic neurons activated by sustained hypotension
Authors: Minson Jane B. , Arnolda Leonard F. , Llewellyn‐Smith Ida J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN) in rat spinal cord were activated by the reflex stimulation of bulbospinal sympathetic neuronal pathways after a nitroprusside‐induced hypotension. Hypotension‐sensitive SPN, identified by immunoreactivity (IR) to the product of the immediate early gene c‐fos and to choline acetyltransferase, were localized in the intermediolateral cell column of thoracic and upper lumbar cord, particularly middle to lower thoracic cord. Putative neurotransmitters, or their markers, in varicose fiber networks around SPN were identified. Nearly all hypotension‐sensitive (Fos‐IR) SPN were apposed by varicose fibers immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase, serotonin, substance P, or enkephalin. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)‐ or phenylethanolamine‐N‐methyl transferase (PNMT)‐IR varicose fibers apposed Fos‐IR SPN in the upper and middle thoracic spinal cord, but in lower thoracic segments some Fos‐IR SPN lacked these appositions. In thoracic segment 12, 51% ± 5% of Fos‐IR SPN (n = 9 rats) lacked PNMT contacts and 25% ± 3% of Fos‐IR SPN (n = 8 rats) lacked NPY contacts. In contrast to other chemically defined afferents, galanin‐IR varicose fibers apposed fewer than half of the Fos‐IR SPN in the middle to lower thoracic cord. Neurotransmitters/neuromodulators that might influence the activity of SPN acting in the baroreflex‐mediated control of blood pressure have been identified. Uniformity in the neurochemistry of some fibers making connections with Fos‐IR SPN, regardless of their segmental origin, suggests that common sets of neurons provide convergent inputs to all hypotension‐sensitive SPN. Other fibers show topographic differences in their contacts with Fos‐IR SPN, suggesting that subgroups of hypotension‐sensitive SPN are targeted by particular neuron groups. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:307–318, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Jaw‐muscle spindle afferent pathways to the trigeminal motor nucleus in the rat
Authors: Luo Pifu , Moritani Masayuki , Dessem Dean 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNeural pathways conveying proprioceptive feedback from the jaw muscles were studied in rats by combining retrograde and intracellular neuronal labeling. Initially, horseradish peroxidase was iontophoresed unilaterally into the trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmo). Two days later, 1–5 jaw‐muscle spindle afferent axons located in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus were physiologically identified and intracellularly stained with biotinamide. Stained mesencephalic trigeminal jaw‐muscle spindle afferent axon collaterals and boutons were predominantly distributed in the supratrigeminal region (Vsup), Vmo, dorsomedial trigeminal principal sensory nucleus (Vpdm), parvicellular reticular formation (PCRt), alpha division of the parvicellular reticular formation (PCRtA), and dorsomedial portions of the spinal trigeminal subnuclei oralis (Vodm), and interpolaris (Vidm). Numerous neurons retrogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase from the trigeminal motor nucleus were found bilaterally in the PCRt, PCRtA, Vodm, and Vidm. Retrogradely labeled neurons were also present contralaterally in the Vsup, Vpdm, Vmo, peritrigeminal zone, and bilaterally in the dorsal medullary reticular field. Putative contacts between intracellularly stained mesencephalic trigeminal jaw‐muscle spindle afferent boutons and trigeminal premotor neurons retrogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase were found in the ipsilateral Vodm, PCRtA, and PCRt, as well as the contralateral Vsup, Vmo, Vodm, PCRt, and PCRtA. Thus, multiple disynaptic jaw‐muscle spindle afferent‐motoneuron circuits exist. These pathways are likely to convey long‐latency jaw‐muscle stretch reflexes and may contribute to stiffness regulation of the masticatory muscles. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:341–353, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The number of morphological synapses between neurons does not predict the strength of their physiological synaptic interactions: A study of dendrites in the nematode Ascaris suum
Authors: Angstadt James D. , Donmoyer Judith E. , Stretton Antony O.W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrevious electrophysiological and anatomical studies of Ascaris suum motor neurons demonstrated a strong correlation between functional interactions and the presence of anatomically defined synapses. However, one example of a physiologically robust synaptic connection was encountered for which no anatomical evidence of direct chemical synapses was found. This involved synaptic transmission from an identified excitatory motor neuron to its inhibitory partner. In this study, pressure injection of horseradish peroxidase or nickel lysine into inhibitory motor neurons revealed numerous spines projecting from the main neuronal process toward the neuromuscular surface that then branched and extended fine, longitudinal processes up to 130 μm in length. Subsequent examination of nickel lysine‐injected spines by electron microscopy revealed numerous chemical synapses, including for the first time direct inputs from the excitatory neuron. However, the numbers of synapses from this motor neuron were very small relative to inputs from other identified cells. Thus, direct synapses are unlikely to explain the robust nature of this physiological interaction. J. Comp. Neurol. 432:512–527, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in synaptic inputs to sympathetic preganglionic neurons after spinal cord injury
Authors: Llewellyn‐Smith Ida J. , Weaver Lynne C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSpinal cord injury (SCI) leads to plastic changes in organization that impact significantly on central nervous control of arterial pressure. SCI causes hypotension and autonomic dysreflexia, an episodic hypertension induced by spinal reflexes. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) respond to SCI by retracting and then regrowing their dendrites within 2 weeks of injury. We examined changes in synaptic input to SPNs during this time by comparing the density and amino acid content of synaptic input to choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)‐immunoreactive SPNs in the eighth thoracic spinal cord segment (T8) in unoperated rats and in rats at 3 days or at 14 days after spinal cord transection at T4. Postembedding immunogold labeling demonstrated immunoreactivity for glutamate or γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) within presynaptic profiles. We counted the number of presynaptic inputs to measured lengths of SPN somatic and dendritic membrane and identified the amino acid in each input. We also assessed gross changes in the morphology of SPNs using retrograde labeling with cholera toxin B and light microscopy to determine the structural changes that were present at the time of evaluation of synaptic density and amino acid content. At 3 days after SCI, we found that retrogradely labeled SPNs had shrunken somata and greatly shortened dendrites. Synaptic density (inputs per 10‐μm membrane) decreased on ChAT‐immunoreactive somata by 34% but increased on dendrites by 66%. Almost half of the inputs to SPNs lacked amino acids. By 14 days, the density of synaptic inputs to dendrites and somata decreased by 50% and 70%, respectively, concurrent with dendrite regrowth. The proportion of glutamatergic inputs to SPNs in spinal cord‐transected rats (≈40%) was less than that in unoperated rats, whereas the GABAergic proportion (60–68%) increased. In summary, SPNs participate in vasomotor control after SCI despite profound denervation. An altered balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs may explain injury‐induced hypotension. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:226–240, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of gonadal steroid receptor–containing neurons in the preoptic–periaqueductal gray–brainstem pathway: A potential circuit for the initiation of male sexual behavior
Authors: Murphy Anne Z. , Hoffman Gloria E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present study used anterograde and retrograde tract tracing techniques to examine the organization of the medial preoptic—periaqueductal gray—nucleus paragigantocellularis pathway in the male rat. The location of neurons containing estrogen (alpha subtype; ERα) and androgen receptors (AR) were also examined. We report here that injection of the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the medial preoptic (MPO) produced dense labeling within the periaqueductal gray (PAG); anterogradely labeled fibers terminated in close juxtaposition to neurons retrogradely labeled from the nucleus paragigantocellularis (nPGi). Dual immunostaining for Fluoro‐Gold (FG) and ERα or FG and AR showed that over one‐third of MPO efferents to the PAG contain receptors for either estrogen or androgen. In addition, approximately 50% of PAG neurons retrogradely labeled from the nPGi were immunoreactive for either ERα or AR. These results are the first to establish an MPO→PAG→nPGi circuit and further indicate that gonadal steroids can influence neuronal synaptic activity within these sites. We reported previously that nPGi reticulospinal neurons terminate preferentially within the motoneuronal pools of the lumbosacral spinal cord that innervate the pelvic viscera. Together, we propose that the MPO→PAG→nPGi circuit forms the final common pathway whereby MPO neural output results in the initiation and maintenance of male copulatory reflexes. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:191–212, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crossed and uncrossed projections to the cat sacrocaudal spinal cord: III. Axons expressing calcitonin gene‐related peptide immunoreactivity
Authors: Ritz Louis A. , Murray Constance R. , Foli Kim 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have investigated the projection patterns of peptidergic small‐diameter primary afferent fibers to the cat sacrocaudal spinal cord, a region associated with midline structures of the lower urogenital system and of the tail. Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP)‐immunoreactive (CGRP‐IR) primary afferent fibers were observed within the superficial laminae, rostrally as the typical inverted U‐shaped band that capped the separate dorsal horns (S1 to rostral S2) and caudally as a broad band that spanned the entire mediolateral extent of the fused dorsal horns (caudal S2 and caudal). Within the dorsal gray commissure, labeling was seen as a periodic vertical, midline band. CGRP‐IR labeling was prevalent in an extensive mediolateral distribution at the base of the dorsal horn, originating from both lateral and medial collateral bundles that extend from the superficial dorsal horn. Some bundles, in part traveling within the dorsal commissure, conspicuously crossed the midline. In addition to the robust projection to the superficial dorsal horn, there was a more extensive distribution of CGRP‐IR fibers within the deeper portions of the cat sacrocaudal dorsal horn than has been reported for other regions of the cat spinal cord. Presumably, these deep projections convey visceral information to projection or segmental neurons at the neck of the dorsal horn and in the region of the central canal. This deep distribution overlaps the reported projections of the pelvic and pudendal nerves. In addition, the contralateral projections of CGRP‐IR fibers may form an anatomical substrate of the bilateral receptive fields for selective dorsal horn neurons. The density and variety of CGRP‐IR projection patterns is a reflection of the functional attributes of the innervated structures. J. Comp Neurol. 438:388–398, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diurnal variation of c‐Fos expression in subdivisions of the dorsal raphe nucleus of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)
Authors: Janušonis Skirmantas , Fite Katherine V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent studies suggest that the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) of the brainstem contains several subdivisions that differ both anatomically and neurochemically. The present study examined whether variation of c‐Fos expression across the 24‐hour light‐dark cycle may also be different in these subdivisions. Animals were kept on a 12:12 light‐dark cycle, were perfused at seven different time points, and brain sections were processed by using c‐Fos immunocytochemistry. At all coronal levels of the DRN, c‐Fos expression reached a peak 1 hour after the light‐dark transition (lights‐off) and reached its lowest levels in the middle of the light period. In contrast to the light‐dark transition, c‐Fos levels did not change significantly after the dark‐light transition (lights‐on). One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the diurnal variation of c‐Fos expression was highly significant in the caudal ventral DRN. Similar variation in c‐Fos expression also was observed in the other DRN subdivisions, but this variation appeared to gradually diminish in the caudal‐to‐rostral and ventromedial‐to‐dorsomedial directions. Double‐label immunocytochemistry revealed that, 1 hour after lights‐off, only 11% of c‐Fos‐positive neurons in the caudal ventral DRN were serotonin (5‐HT)‐immunoreactive. These results suggest that DRN subdivisions may differ functionally with regard to the diurnal cycle, and that these differences may be reflected in the activity of nonserotonergic cells in the DRN. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:31–42, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.