bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A rational‐expectations revision of Makadok's resource/capability synthesis
Authors: Makadok Richard 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMakadok has recently developed a mathematical model aimed at synthesizing the resource‐based and dynamic‐capabilities views of the rent creation process. One unstated implicit assumption in that model is that each bidding firm in the resource market is ignorant not only of the content of rival firms' private information, but also of the quality (i.e., the noisiness or reliability) of that information. Consequently, that model does not qualify as a rational‐expectations Bayesian Nash equilibrium—a fact that both generates questionable results (e.g., the possibility of negative expected profits) and impedes any effort to extend the model. The rational‐expectations critique in economics points out that this sort of nonrational assumption becomes increasingly implausible as economic actors learn more about each other's patterns over time through repeated interactions (in this case, as bidders repeatedly compete against each other to buy different resources over time). So, over the long run, the only truly stable, viable, and robust assumption would be rational‐expectations behavior. The primary purpose of this paper is to put Makadok's model on the firmer methodological footing of rational‐expectations Bayesian Nash equilibrium, so that it will no longer generate questionable results, and so that future researchers can more easily extend it. The secondary purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that this shift to rational‐expectations assumptions has little substantive impact on the testable hypotheses generated by Makadok's original model. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The strategic impact of external networks: subsidiary performance and competence development in the multinational corporation
Authors: Andersson Ulf , Forsgren Mats , Holm Ulf 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper explores the importance of relational embeddedness in external networks as a strategic resource for performance and competence development in multinational corporations (MNCs). Two different types of relational embeddedness at the subsidiary level—business embeddedness and technical embeddedness—are proposed to have an influence on the subsidiary's market performance as well as its importance for competence development in the MNC. Using data on 97 Swedish MNC subsidiaries, five hypotheses are tested in a LISREL model analysis. The results suggest that technical embeddedness has a positive impact on both the subsidiary expected performance and its role in the development of products and production processes in the MNC. Indirectly, through external technical embeddedness, external business embeddedness also influences the sister units' product and process development and subsidiary market performance. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management control systems and their effects on strategy formation at middle‐management levels: evidence from a U.K. organization
Authors: Marginson David E. W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe relationship between management control systems (MCS) and the strategy process is a largely unexplored area of strategic management. This paper reports the findings of an in‐depth, longitudinal case study of a major British‐based organization operating within the increasingly globalized telecommunications industry. Informed by Simons' (1991, 1994, 1995) theoretical model of the strategy process–MCS relationship, the study examines the nature and extent of this relationship at middle‐ and lower‐management levels. Of particular interest were the effects that the design and use of three groups of MCS have on the development of new ideas and initiatives. Findings suggest that beliefs systems influence managers' initiation or ‘triggering’ decisions, the use of administrative controls affects the location of strategic initiatives and may lead to the polarization of roles, and simultaneous emphasis on a range of key performance indicators can create a bias towards one set of measures and against another. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of R&D consortia: industry and company effects
Authors: Sakakibara Mariko 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study investigates economic and strategic inducements of R&D cooperation. We focus on industry and company factors that affect a firm's rate of participation in R&D consortia. These factors are analyzed in a dynamic context using a sample of 312 Japanese firms in 74 industries between 1969 and 1992. We find a firm in an industry with weak competition and appropriability conditions has a higher rate of consortia participation. A firm's R&D capabilities, network formation through past consortia, encounter with other firms in product markets, age, and past participation in large‐scale consortia also positively affect its tendency of consortia formation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Centers of excellence in multinational corporations
Authors: Frost Tony S. , Birkinshaw Julian M. , Ensign Prescott C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper seeks to understand the conditions under which ‘centers of excellence’ emerge in foreign subsidiaries of multinational firms. We define a center of excellence as an organizational unit that embodies a set of capabilities that has been explicitly recognized by the firm as an important source of value creation, with the intention that these capabilities be leveraged by and/or disseminated to other parts of the firm. Drawing on overlapping research in international business and strategic management, we argue that the formation of centers of excellence is shaped by conditions in the subsidiary's local environment as well as by various aspects of the subsidiary's relationship with other parts of the multinational firm. Based on a survey of 99 foreign units in Canada, our results highlight the fundamental role played by parent firm investment as well as the role of internal and external organizations in the development of subsidiary capabilities. Performance implications of the center of excellence phenomenon are also explored. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adenosine A2A antagonism reverses levodopa‐induced motor alterations in hemiparkinsonian rats
Authors: Bové J. , Marin C. , Bonastre M. , Tolosa E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo evaluate the possible involvement of adenosine A2A receptor‐mediated mechanisms in levodopa‐induced motor fluctuations, we investigated the effects of CSC (8‐(3‐chlorostryryl) caffeine), a selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, on levodopa‐induced motor alterations in rats with unilateral 6‐OHDA lesion. Acute and chronic administration of CSC was studied to evaluate the possible reversion or prevention of these levodopa effects. In a first set of experiments, rats were treated with levodopa (25 mg/kg with benserazide, twice daily, i.p.) for 22 days and on day 23 CSC (5 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered immediately before levodopa. In a second set of experiments, rats were treated daily for 22 days with levodopa and CSC (5 mg/kg/day, i.p.). The duration of the rotational behavior induced by chronic levodopa decreased after 22 days (P < 0.05). Acute administration of CSC on day 23 reversed levodopa‐induced shortening in motor response duration (P < 0.01). Chronic CSC administration did not prevent the shortening in response duration induced by levodopa. Our results demonstrate that the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist CSC reverses but does not prevent levodopa‐induced motor alterations in parkinsonian rats. These results suggest a role for adenosine A2A receptor‐mediated mechanisms in the pathophysiology of levodopa‐induced motor response complications. These findings suggest that the antagonism of adenosine A2A receptors might confer clinical benefit to parkinsonian patients under levodopa therapy suffering from motor complication syndrome. Synapse 46:251–257, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Repeated cocaine administration differentially affects NMDA receptor subunit (NR1, NR2A‐C) mRNAs in rat brain
Authors: Yamaguchi Mika , Suzuki Toshihito , Abe Shuzo , Hori Takafumi , Kurita Hirofumi , Asada Takashi , Okado Nobuo , Arai Heii 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe investigated the effects of intermittent intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of cocaine (20 mg/kg) on subunit mRNAs of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NR1/NR2A‐2C) in the rat brain by in situ hybridization using phosphor screen analysis. The level of NR1 subunit mRNA significantly increased in hippocampal complexes 1 h after a single i.p. injection of cocaine. After repeated cocaine injection, the mean scores of stereotyped behavior were increased with the number of injections. The level of NR1 subunit mRNA was obviously decreased in the striatum and cortices 24 h (early withdrawal) after a final injection following 14 days of subchronic administration. During the early withdrawal period, the amount of the NR1 subunit decreased in the nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, and subiculum. In the dentate gyrus, the NR1 mRNA level significantly increased during early withdrawal in rats subchronically treated with cocaine. Levels of NR2B subunit mRNA were reduced in the cortices and striatum. During late withdrawal from cocaine, the level of NR2C subunit mRNA in the cerebellum was also reduced. These findings suggest that the disruption of NR1, NR2B, and NR2C subunits in the discrete brain regions occurs under the cocaine‐related behavioral abnormalities and would be closely implicated in the initiation and expression of behavioral sensitization induced by repeated cocaine administration. Further studies on the changes in non‐NMDA receptors are required to elucidate the biological significance of glutamate receptors for the mechanisms underlying the development of behavioral sensitization. Synapse 46:157–169, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amphetamine‐sensitized animals show a marked increase in dopamine D2 high receptors occupied by endogenous dopamine, even in the absence of acute challenges
Authors: Seeman Philip , Tallerico Teresa , Ko Françoise , Tenn Catherine , Kapur Shitij 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWhile a range of dopamine D2‐related behaviors are exaggerated in amphetamine‐sensitized animals, studies of the dopamine D2 receptor have reported either no change or a decrease in dopamine D2 receptor density—especially when measured using radioraclopride. We hypothesized that a decrease in D2 receptors may actually be “apparent” and that these receptors may still be present, but are noncompetitively “occupied” by endogenous dopamine. Animals sensitized to amphetamine (and their saline controls) were examined 4 weeks after their last injection. We first measured the [3H]raclopride binding in vivo, and observed that sensitized animals showed a 29% lower level of raclopride binding in vivo, suggesting an apparently lower level of dopamine D2 receptors. To assess the reason for this we examined the density of receptors (using Scatchard analysis in vitro) measured by [3H]raclopride in the presence and absence of guanilylimidodiphosphate. This guanine nucleotide converts the dopamine‐bound high‐affinity state of D2 receptors into low‐affinity states, thereby making measurable the absolute density of the sites. As previously reported, the amphetamine‐sensitized animals showed a 31% lower number of D2 receptors in conventional binding (Bmax 15.6 vs. 22.7 pmol/g). However, with the addition of guanilylimidodiphosphate there was an equalization of both groups (Bmax 25.9 vs. 25.6 pmol/g), revealing an additional 10.3 pmol/g in the sensitized animals, but only 2.9 pmol/g in saline controls. There were no changes in the dissociation constant of [3H]raclopride for the receptors. The nearly four‐fold increase of dopamine D2 receptors in the high‐affinity state occupied by dopamine may explain why amphetamine‐sensitized animals show almost an order of magnitude greater response to dopamine‐releasing challenges or dopamine agonists, even though the absolute receptor number is unchanged and the “apparent” receptor number is decreased. Synapse 46:235–239, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A three‐dimensional model for system design evolution
Authors: Tomer Amir , Schach Stephen R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe represent the life cycle of the design of a system in a three‐dimensional space with engineering, reengineering, and reuse axes. The three‐dimensional model is evolution‐oriented. It incorporates not only the evolution that occurs after the product has been produced and delivered, but also three types of system design evolution that take place before the product is produced. Associated with each axis are a mathematical operator and its inverse. These operators, together with their inverses, can describe the various systems engineering activities. The model can be used to describe the life cycle of a product line, the evolution of an individual product within that product line, and even the evolution of an individual artifact. The model can be used in conjunction with any life‐cycle model and any set of artifacts. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 5, 264–273, 2002
Professional development for university scientists around issues of equity and diversity: Investigating dissent within community
Authors: Bianchini Julie A. , Hilton‐Brown Bryan A. , Breton Therese D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe investigated the role of dissent in a community of university scientists, engineers, mathematicians, and social scientists engaged in a 2‐year professional development project around issues of equity and diversity. Members of this teacher learning community explored issues related to gender and ethnicity in science education, and attempted to develop course materials and instructional strategies inclusive of students from underrepresented groups. We focused our attention on those professional development sessions (6 of the 19) devoted to a contentious yet integral topic in science education: the gendered and multicultural nature of science. We examined conversations initiated by a member's concerns to learn how dissent led (or failed to lead) to new insights into feminist science studies scholarship or to greater understanding of ways to address equity issues in undergraduate science education. We also explored how teacher learners' resulting views of feminist science studies scholarship informed (or failed to inform) changes in their own educational practices. From our qualitative analyses, we highlight the challenges in balancing respect for members' individual voices with collective progress toward project goals, and in structuring conversations initiated by dissent to provide adequate space for deliberation and movement toward deeper understanding of equity and excellence. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 738–771, 2002
Integration of DNA sample collection into a multi‐site birth defects case‐control study
Authors: Rasmussen Sonja A. , Lammer Edward J. , Shaw Gary M. , Finnell Richard H. , McGehee Robert E. , Gallagher Margaret , Romitti Paul A. , Murray Jeffrey C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundAdvances in quantitative analysis and molecular genotyping have provided unprecedented opportunities to add biological sampling and genetic information to epidemiologic studies. The purpose of this article is to describe the incorporation of DNA sample collection into the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS), an ongoing case‐control study in an eight‐state consortium with a primary goal to identify risk factors for birth defects.MethodsBabies with birth defects are identified through birth defects surveillance systems in the eight participating centers. Cases are infants with one or more of over 30 major birth defects. Controls are infants without defects from the same geographic area. Epidemiologic information is collected through an hour‐long interview with mothers of both cases and controls. We added the collection of buccal cytobrush DNA samples for case‐infants, control‐infants, and their parents to this study.ResultsWe describe here the methods by which the samples have been collected and processed, establishment of a centralized resource for DNA banking, and quality control, database management, access, informed consent, and confidentiality issues.ConclusionsBiological sampling and genetic analyses are important components to epidemiologic studies of birth defects aimed at identifying risk factors. The DNA specimens collected in this study can be used for detection of mutations, study of polymorphic variants that confer differential susceptibility to teratogens, and examination of interactions among genetic risk factors. Information on the methods used and issues faced by the NBDPS may be of value to others considering the addition of DNA sampling to epidemiologic studies. Teratology 3:177–184, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fractal analysis of Daphnia motion for acute toxicity bioassay
Authors: Shimizu Nobuaki , Ogino Chiaki , Kawanishi Takuya , Hayashi Yoshishige 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo quantify individual behavioral responses to toxic chemicals, the swimming motion of individual Daphnia magna was continuously monitored using a motion analysis system. The fractal dimension was introduced to compare the straightness or complexity of the swimming trajectory before and after exposure to toxic chemicals. Analysis indicated that the swimming trajectory of individual Daphnia has a fractal structure. The basal fractal dimension in the control medium was 1.35±0.01 (n = 50 Daphnia). Exposure to CuSO4 (10 μg/L), organophosphorus (Dichlorvos; 10 μg/L), and carbamate (Propoxur; 500 μg/L) pesticide caused a significant increase in the fractal dimension with a latency of 60 min, reaching a maximal level of 2.26±0.34, 2.43±0.19, and 2.51±0.21, respectively, after a 120‐min exposure. The magnitude of the change in the fractal dimension was related to the toxic chemical concentration and the exposure time. Threshold concentrations determined at 60 min of exposure were 10 μg/L for CuSO4, 5 μg/L for Dichlorvos, and 500 μg/L for Propoxur. The toxicity index (EC50) values after 120 min of exposure were 6.31 μg/L, 7.64 μg/L, and 466 μg/L for CuSO4, Dichlorvos, and Propoxur, respectively. Thus, the fractal dimension seems useful for analyzing and comparing complex trails, such as swimming trajectories, which could be used as the endpoint for an acute bioassay. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 441–448, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10077
Sublethal responses of wolf spiders (Lycosidae) to organophosphorous insecticides
Authors: Van Erp S. , Booth L. , Gooneratne R. , O'Halloran K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe activities of cholinesterase (ChE) and glutathione S‐transferase (GST) enzymes were assessed in the wolf spider (Lycosa hilaris) as biomarkers of organophosphate contamination in agricultural ecosystems. Spiders were exposed to simulated field rates of two commercially available organophosphorous insecticides [Basudin (diazinon) and Lorsban (chlorpyrifos)] under laboratory conditions. In terms of survival, chlorpyrifos and diazinon were more toxic to male than to female wolf spiders, but gender‐specific differences in ChE activities were not evident. Cholinesterase activity in male spiders was inhibited to 14% and 61% of control activity by Basudin and Lorsban, respectively. Gluthathione S‐transferase activity was not affected by either pesticide. Mortality and biomarker responses in the wolf spider were further investigated following the application of Basudin to pasture. Wolf spiders were deployed into field mesocosms; after 24 h mortality was 40%, and surviving spiders displayed significant inhibition of ChE activity (87%) compared with controls. Cholinesterase activity in spiders exposed for subsequent 24‐ or 48‐h time periods was monitored until it returned to control levels 8 days post‐application. Inhibition of ChE activity after a single application of Basudin indicate the potential use of this enzyme in wolf spiders as a biomarker for evaluating organophosphate contamination. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 449–456, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10078
Sites of toxicity of specific photooxidation products of anthracene to higher plants: Inhibition of photosynthetic activity and electron transport in Lemna gibba L. G‐3 (Duckweed)
Authors: Mallakin Ali , Babu T. Sudhakar , Dixon D. George , Greenberg Bruce M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSites of toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were examined to determine if inhibition of photosynthetic activity could be correlated to whole‐organism toxicity. The inhibition of photosynthesis was observed by detecting the induction kinetics of endogenous chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence. Anthracene (ANT) photooxidation products were applied to the aquatic higher plant Lemna gibba L. G‐3 at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10 ppm. The impact on Chl a fluorescence was found to correlate with whole‐organism toxicity for the 13 PAH compounds tested in this in vivo study. The mechanism of toxic action starts with inhibition of photosystem I (PSI) or the cytochrome‐b6/f complex, followed by photooxidative damage to photosystem II (PSII). To study the effects of oxygenated ANTs on photosynthesis in vivo, the IC50s for FV/FM (PSII activity) and FQ/FM (activity downstream from PSII) were determined. The IC50s for a decrease of FQ/FM for all 13 chemicals were on average twofold lower than those for FV/FM. FV/FM was found to be a measure of acute toxicity, whereas FQ/FM was found to be a measure of chronic toxicity. Thus, Chl a fluorescence by use of the whole organism was able to detect the impacts of photomodified ANT products and indicate a site of action for the chemicals. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 462–471, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10080