bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Sulfur Content in Crude Oil Using On-Line X-ray Transmission Technology
Authors: Fess S 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This paper describes the function and use of X-ray Transmission (XRT) analytical instrumentation as applied to the classification and blending of crude oil that contains 0.1–3.3% sulfur by weight. In the XRT method, sulfur absorbs X-rays transmitted between an X-ray source and detector. The technique compensates for density changes in the oil and minimizes the effects of variations in the C/H ratio of the oil. When used on-line the instrument obtains the sulfur measurement in the high-pressure flow conditions required to pump crude oil, typically 800 psig in pipelines. Automatic compensation for variations in oil density and temperature are achieved using integrated densitometer and temperature sensor readings taken by the instrument as the sulfur is being measured. In this paper calibration, precision, and long-term stability results are shown. Experimental data were obtained using a commercially available on-line XRT analyzer.
Measuring Pavement Friction Characteristics at Variable Speeds for Added Safety
Authors: Jackson NM , Choubane B , Holzschuher C , Gokhale S 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Pavement friction testing is frequently conducted in accordance with the provisions outlined in ASTM E 274, “Standard Test Method for Skid Resistance of Paved Surfaces Using a Full-Scale Tire.” The standard speed of testing in Florida is 40 mph (64.4 km/h). However, due to safety concerns related to testing on high-speed facilities, considerable attention has been focused in recent years on height-sensor based (non-contact) technology. It is potentially well suited for surveying the surface texture characteristics of pavement sections while operating at highway speed.
Although the height-sensor based technology has been available since the 1960s, it continues to mature. A considerable amount of research has been conducted to gain further understanding on the factors affecting high-speed pavement surface surveying from both the analytical and experimental points of view. Still some problems have not fully been resolved, particularly in the interpretation of the measured data and selection of adequate sensing technology (or sensor designs).
The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) initiated the present study to assess the feasibility of using high-speed, laser-based sensors to quantify the texture and friction characteristics of asphalt pavements. The main objective of this study is to provide for a safer, faster and more appropriate method of estimating pavement friction characteristics on high-speed facilities, ramps, and at other potentially hazardous sites. Further, it is also intended to provide for a means to obtain a measure of International Friction Index (IFI) in accordance with ASTM E 1960.
This paper presents a description of the FDOT testing program, the data collection effort, as well as the subsequent analyses and findings.
Determination of Beryllium Compounds by NIOSH 7303
Authors: Amer S , Smieja D , Loughrin J , Reichmann L 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The fourth edition of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Manual of Analytical Methods contains a new, simplified procedure for elemental analysis in workplace atmospheres by Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) titled NIOSH 7303. This method uses hot block digestion with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO3). The method was presented as fully valid for elemental beryllium. It was further investigated and also found to be valid for beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate and has a recovery efficiency of about 80 % for beryllium oxide. Additionally, no matrix effect on beryllium analysis is apparent by NIOSH 7303 for five common sampling media: polyvinylchloride filters, mixed cellulose ester filters, Whatman® 42 filters, Ghost™ wipes, and Palintest® wipes. Finally, the method has been reevaluated and found to produce a beryllium detection level of 0.0002 μg/mL (0.005 μg/sample for air samples) and a quantifiable level of 0.0005 (0.0125 μg/sample). At this detection limit, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of 0.002 mg/m3 can be achieved at the method's detection level with an air sample of 2.5 L or one tenth of the PEL with a sample of 25 L under the prescribed preparation and analytical conditions.
Use of Herbicides to Control the Spread of Aquatic Invasive Plants
Authors: Poovey AG , Getsinger KD 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Invasive aquatic plants have become problematic in lakes and reservoirs across the United States. Infestations should be aggressively controlled to prevent degradation of water quality, fish and wildlife habitat, and the reduction of biodiversity. Operating under the purview of the US Army Corps of Engineers Aquatic Plant Control Research Program, the Chemical Control and Physiological Processes Team (CCPPT) develops and evaluates environmentally sound strategies for managing invasive aquatic and wetland plants using herbicides. Evaluations are conducted using a multi-tiered approach in customized controlled-environmental chambers, greenhouses, outdoor mesocosms, and pond facilities. The CCPPT employs methods consistent with the herbicide modes of action when conducting herbicide efficacy studies in small-scale experimental systems. Results from these studies are verified in aquatic and wetland field sites throughout the US. Coordination with the US Environmental Protection Agency and state regulatory agencies is undertaken to support the review and registration of new aquatic herbicides and amendments to established labels. Information and technology developed via research efforts are transferred to natural resource managers, the private sector, and the general public.
Which Way Do Concrete Cracks Run?
Authors: Neville A 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A high stress causes development of cracks, which may fracture aggregate particles or skirt around them. Numerous factors influence the path taken by a crack. No direct studies are available, but the relevant factors are: properties of the parent rock; shape, size, and texture of coarse aggregate particles; properties of the interface and bond; moduli of elasticity of the aggregate and of the matrix; and strength of the matrix relative to the strength of the aggregate. At very early ages, fracture parameters change, but later on, age is not a factor influencing the crack path. The crack path influences the shear strength of beams, in that cracks passing through the aggregate reduce the contribution of aggregate interlock: some aggregates result, therefore, in a low shear strength. This has been found only recently. Establishing experimentally the influences on the crack path would enable us to design mixes economically with balanced properties of strength and ductility.
Biocomposites: Exploring Surface Texture for Cell Adhesion
Authors: Ribeiro R , Asthana P , Ingole S , Shi B , Kuhn T , Liang H 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This paper discusses the principles behind effects of surface roughness and porosity of materials on cell adhesion, an important question in biocomposites. Literature provided controversial reports of surface roughness effects. We used new evidence to illustrate how cells are attached to polymeric materials.
Migration Depths of Adult Spring and Summer Chinook Salmon in the Lower Columbia and Snake Rivers in Relation to Dissolved Gas Supersaturation
Authors: Johnson Eric L. , Clabough Tami S. , Bennett David H. , Bjornn Theodore C. , Peery Christopher A. , Caudill Christopher C. , Stuehrenberg Lowell C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHigh spill volume at dams can create supersaturated dissolved gas conditions that may have negative effects on fish. Water spilling over Columbia and Snake River dams during the spring and summer creates plumes with high dissolved gas that extend downstream of dam spillways and throughout reservoirs and creates gas‐supersaturated conditions throughout the water column. During the spring and summer of 2000, 228 adult Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were tagged at Bonneville Dam with archival radio data storage transmitters (RDSTs) that recorded depth and water temperature as the fish migrated through dams and reservoirs of the lower Columbia and Snake rivers. Swimming depths from 131 of the 228 adult spring and summer Chinook salmon tagged with RDSTs were used to estimate the potential for gas bubble formation given in‐river dissolved gas concentrations and hydrostatic compensation. We found that adult spring and summer Chinook salmon spent a majority of the time at depths that would have provided adequate hydrostatic compensation for in‐river dissolved gas conditions during this study, which were at or slightly below long‐term averages. Adult spring and summer Chinook salmon spent a majority of their time at depths deeper than 2 m, interspersed with periods lasting minutes at depths shallower than 2 m. Statistical associations were weak between the percent and duration of time fish occupied depths near the surface and dissolved gas concentrations, suggesting a lack of behavioral avoidance. Collectively, these data suggest little potential for negative effects of gas supersaturation on adult spring and summer Chinook salmon under average river conditions, despite the fact that fish tissues were probably supersaturated with dissolved gases. However, additional research over a broader range of dissolved gas conditions is needed to confirm that short, but frequent, exposure to conditions conducive to gas bubble formation does not affect survival and reproductive potential.
Stable Isotope Variability in Tissues of Temperate Stream Fishes
Authors: Jardine Timothy D. , Gray Michelle A. , McWilliam Sherisse M. , Cunjak Richard A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPrevious measurements of stable isotope ratios in fishes have typically used white muscle, but potential applications exist for the use of other tissues. We tested three tissues (liver, fin, and gonad) in three freshwater species (juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus, and brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis) to investigate potential ecological applications of stable isotopes in tissues other than muscle. Caudal fin tissue correlated closely with muscle tissue for Atlantic salmon and brook trout for δ13C (r = 0.96 and 0.94, respectively) and δ15N (r = 0.80 and 0.74). Liver δ13C values were tightly linked to muscle values, and differences were due to lipid effects. Associations between liver and muscle δ15N suggested subtle changes in nutritional status. Isotope ratios of gonads differed markedly between male and female slimy sculpin; these differences were probably governed by differences in the allocation of specific nutrients. Knowledge of isotopic fractionation among tissues will aid fish biologists in nonlethal sampling of fishes for stable isotope analysis and in using stable isotopes to assess nutritional status and the allocation of nutrients to reproduction.
Movement and Habitat Use of Yearling and Juvenile Lake Sturgeon in Black Lake, Michigan
Authors: Smith Kregg M. , King Donna K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractInformation about the distribution, movement, and home ranges of lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens was incomplete in the Great Lakes region; therefore, the objective for this study was to determine habitat selection and the extent of movement by two life stages of lake sturgeon in Black Lake, Michigan. Ultrasonic transmitters were surgically implanted into yearling (age‐1) and juvenile (age‐5–13) lake sturgeon. The yearling lake sturgeon implanted with transmitters averaged 36.04 cm total length (TL) and 207.2 g, while the juvenile lake sturgeon tracked during this survey averaged 97.23 cm TL. Previous studies of movements and habitat use by lake sturgeon have noted distinct areas of use by groups of adult lake sturgeon in riverine environments. In contrast to these findings, yearling and juvenile lake sturgeon in the present study used individual areas of activity. Comparisons between our study and studies conducted in lotic environments suggest that core areas of activity for groups of lake sturgeon may be more important for lake sturgeon inhabiting flowing environments. Two distinct mean depths (nearshore and deep offshore habitats) were used by yearlings, while juveniles utilized deep, flat‐bottomed offshore habitat. Yearling lake sturgeon were associated significantly with sand and organic substrate types rather than clay or sand–organic substrate, while juveniles were associated with organic substrate types. Median distances moved between locations were significantly different between yearlings that used nearshore habitat and those that used offshore habitat. Juvenile lake sturgeon larger than 90 cm displayed longer median daily linear movements and occupied larger home ranges than did juveniles smaller than 90 cm. The findings from this study illustrate the different habitats used at various lake sturgeon life history stages in a lake environment.
Zooplankton Size Selection Relative to Gill Raker Spacing in Rainbow Trout
Authors: Budy Phaedra , Haddix Tyler , Schneidervin Roger 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss are one of the most widely stocked salmonids worldwide, often based on the assumption that they will effectively utilize abundant invertebrate food resources. We evaluated the potential for feeding morphology to affect prey selection by rainbow trout using a combination of laboratory feeding experiments and field observations in Flaming Gorge Reservoir, Utah–Wyoming. For rainbow trout collected from the reservoir, inter–gill raker spacing averaged 1.09 mm and there was low variation among fish overall (SD = 0.28). Ninety‐seven percent of all zooplankton observed in the diets of rainbow trout collected in the reservoir were larger than the interraker spacing, while only 29% of the zooplankton found in the environment were larger than the interraker spacing. Over the size range of rainbow trout evaluated here (200–475 mm), interraker spacing increased moderately with increasing fish length; however, the size of zooplankton found in the diet did not increase with increasing fish length. In laboratory experiments, rainbow trout consumed the largest zooplankton available; the mean size of zooplankton observed in the diets was significantly larger than the mean size of zooplankton available. Electivity indices for both laboratory and field observations indicated strong selection for larger‐sized zooplankton. The size threshold at which electivity switched from selection against smaller‐sized zooplankton to selection for larger‐sized zooplankton closely corresponded to the mean interraker spacing for both groups (∼1–1.2 mm). The combination of results observed here indicates that rainbow trout morphology limits the retention of different‐sized zooplankton prey and reinforces the importance of understanding how effectively rainbow trout can utilize the type and sizes of different prey available in a given system. These considerations may improve our ability to predict the potential for growth and survival of rainbow trout within and among different systems.
Breeding Structure of Steelhead Inferred from Patterns of Genetic Relatedness among Nests
Authors: Kuligowski David R. , Ford Michael J. , Berejikian Barry A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTen polymorphic microsatellite loci were used to infer kinship among steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss sampled from nest sites in the Hamma Hamma River, Washington. Fertilized eggs were removed from 8 of 11 redds (i.e., individual nests within redds) surveyed in 1998, tagged with unique identifiers, and reared until adulthood as part of a conservation program. On average, individuals sampled from the same redd were more closely related than individuals sampled from different redds, and a tree generated from the pairwise relatedness estimates shows clear clustering of individuals by redd. Despite this general pattern, there was substantial overlap in the pairwise relatedness estimates within and among most redds. Of the eight redds, seven contained more than four alleles at a minimum of one locus and five contained more than six alleles, indicating that most redds were the result of matings by more than a single pair of parents. In total, the eight redds were created by a minimum of 21 parents, which we inferred to consist of at least 5 females and 16 males based on the location and timing of redd construction. The male‐biased sex ratio is probably due to matings by either male resident trout or precocial steelhead parr with female steelhead. The results of this study indicate that although multiple matings by both sexes are common in this population, the variance in reproductive success is much higher for males than females.
Inheritance Studies Implicate a Genetic Mechanism for Apparent Sex Reversal in Chinook Salmon
Authors: Williamson Kevin S. , May Bernie 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe apparent increase in altered sexual differentiation in Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. is a growing concern. Previous studies suggest that incongruence between genetic and phenotypic sex in Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha may be a result of altered sexual differentiation through exposure to endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Artificial crosses between genotypically normal Chinook salmon, or between genotypically normal males and apparent sex‐reversed males (XY females), were performed to test the validity of OtY1 and growth hormone pseudogene (GHΨ) genetic markers as indicators of phenotypic sex in fall‐run Chinook salmon. The offspring produced were genotyped with the Y‐chromosome‐specific markers and were dissected to observe gonad morphology. The results of the breeding experiments indicate that approximately half of the phenotypic female offspring of XY females have a male genotype according to both Y‐chromosome markers. These results refute an earlier hypothesis that phenotypic female Chinook salmon with a male genotype (XY females) are the result of altered sexual differentiation caused by EDC exposure. Instead, either the OtY1 and GHΨ markers have recombined between the Y and X chromosomes or an autosome, or a mutation has inactivated the sex‐determining region of the Y chromosome. In none of the 2,384 Chinook salmon evaluated did the genetic markers contradict one another in a single individual. These results present evidence that both OtY1 and the GHΨ genetic markers appear to not be diagnostic for sex in fall‐run Chinook salmon in the Central Valley of California.
Estimation of Stock Composition and Individual Identification of Sockeye Salmon on a Pacific Rim Basis Using Microsatellite and Major Histocompatibility Complex Variation
Authors: Beacham Terry D. , Candy John R. , McIntosh Brenda , MacConnachie Cathy , Tabata Amy , Kaukinen Karia , Deng Langtuo , Miller Kristina M. , Withler Ruth E. , Varnavskaya Natalia 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe variation at 14 microsatellite loci and one major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus was surveyed for over 48,000 sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka sampled from 299 localities ranging from the Columbia River to Japan. For the microsatellite loci, the number of alleles observed at a locus was related to the power of the locus in providing accurate estimates of stock composition of single‐population mixtures. In an analysis of single‐population mixtures where the Pacific Rim baseline was used for estimation of stock identification, 80% accuracy for the average population was achieved by employing approximately 80 alleles in the analysis. Increasing the accuracy of estimated stock compositions to 90% for the average population required approximately 400 microsatellite alleles. When all loci were used to estimate stock compositions, estimates were above 80% for all sampling sites or populations, above 90% for the lake of origin, and generally above 95% for the region of origin. Analysis of known‐origin samples indicated that accurate lake or regional estimates of stock composition were obtained. The accuracy of identification of individual fish to the correct lake of origin was above 90%, regardless of whether the lakes were geographically widespread or within a single watershed. The estimated stock compositions of mixed‐fishery samples from the western Bering Sea, from the continental shelf near Kodiak Island in the Gulf of Alaska, from Southeast Alaska, and from Johnstone Strait in southern British Columbia were markedly different among samples. These stock compositions reflected geographical variation in fishery locations and variation in the migration pathways of either juvenile or maturing sockeye salmon. Variation of DNA enabled us to estimate accurately the origin of individual fish and the composition of mixed‐stock samples from any location in the Pacific Rim distribution of sockeye salmon.
Uptake and Transport of Radioactive Nickel and Cadmium into Three Vegetables after Wet Aerial Contamination
Authors: Fismes Joëlle , Echevarria Guillaume , Leclerc‐Cessac Elisabeth , Morel Jean Louis 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTKnowledge of radionuclide or trace element retention and translocation to plants following an aerial contamination event, for example, sprinkling with contaminated water, is necessary for the evaluation of human exposure through consumption of contaminated vegetables. The fate of 63Ni and 109Cd in all plant parts of three different vegetables after wet deposition on leaves or on fruits was studied. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown under controlled conditions in a growth chamber were contaminated with 63Ni and 109Cd either on leaves, by means of two different contamination methods (a single early contamination and a repetitive one), or on bean husks (third contamination method: a single contamination at a late stage). Spiked and nonspiked organs were harvested at maturity and radionuclide contents were measured. The fraction retained was on average 56% of the initially administered doses of 63Ni and 87% of 109Cd. The leaf‐to‐other organ translocation factor was considerably higher for 63Ni (on average 43% of retained radioactivity) than for 109Cd (8%). Nickel‐63 migrated throughout the whole plant following foliar contamination, and mainly toward young leaves, seeds in formation, and sink organs, whereas 109Cd migrated to a much lesser extent and only to the organs that were closest to the spiked one, and not at all into fruit. After a fruit contamination event, both radionuclides were translocated into the seeds of spiked fruits. Radionuclide retention and translocation were not affected by plant species, but principally by the type of organ contaminated.