bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shamans in Society and History
Authors: Humphrey Caroline , Onon Urgunge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the great ritual just described, shamans danced between the home trees, with their images of ancestral disasters, and the outer tree, bearing its spirits of double-edged fortune and maleficent void. Nothing in this shamanic universe was a single indivisible unit, and nothing was simple or devoid of threat. Such a universe arose, I suggest, from the shaman’s real-life practice, which was deeply implicated in the psychology of a knot of relationships. Although the individuals calling on the shaman’s services were different on each occasion, the shaman’s performance involved a necessary cast of intertwined roles. One can go further and say that shamans’ practice created its own social relations. Elucidating this can help us understand one of Urgunge’s most puzzling statements, his insistence that shamanism was about power, but Daur public life was without conflict.
Urgunge’s Way
Authors: Humphrey Caroline , Onon Urgunge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Shamanism’ as a whole conglomerate of beliefs and practices was not only about the knowledge we have, but about the various kinds of knowledge we ordinary people do not quite have. This knowing was not, however, thought of as supernatural. It was knowledge of what was there to be known, but only certain individuals were gifted to know it or discover it, and they did so in different ways. For this reason ‘shamanism’ could encompass and deepen ordinary knowledge of nature (including human nature), thus revealing what made the ordinary marvellous.
Regulatory Reform and Internationalization in Telecommunications
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After decades of stability, the 1980s and early 1990s witnessed large-scale regulatory reform in telecommunications in Western Europe, both at national level and European Community level. The previous regulatory arrangements were crucial in the relationship between governments and public telecommunications operators (PTOs), with the latter behaving as ‘national enterprises’. Over the 1980s and early 1990s, a new framework emerged which may both permit and oblige PTOs to internationalize, or at least Europeanize, by removing ‘special and exclusive rights’ in national markets in the EC. In examining the development of this framework, the focus of the analysis is the interaction between the changing strategies of governments and PTOs at national level, and regulatory reform at EC level.
Utilitarian Economics
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IF a person says that he undertakes to look after the welfare of a child, then he takes it upon himself to be concerned with everything which may affect the well-being of the child. We are in this book interested in economicwelfare. There is no part of well-being called ‘ economic well-being’. The word ‘ economic’ qualifies not well-being, but the causes of well-being or changes in it. If I am interested only in someone’s economic welfare, then I interest myself only in the economic things which may affect his well-being.
The New Welfare Economics (1): Welfare Criteria
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE New Welfare Economics is new in that it claims to have established the ‘ optimum’ conditions of production and exchange without adding the ‘ utilities’ of different persons. In this respect it has broken with the utilitarian tradition in economics. The founder of the New Welfare Economics was Pareto, who not only used the concept of ordinal preference, but also defined, for a society, an ‘ optimum’ position which was independent of any necessity for adding satisfactions, or comparing the satisfactions of different individuals.
Indivisibilities And Consumers’ Surplus
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE ‘ optimum’ conditions of exchange and production which were developed in Chapter VIII, and discussed in Chapter IX, apply only to marginal changes. That is sufficiently obvious. The whole analysis was conducted in terms of rates of exchange or transformation; and wherever it makes sense to speak of rates, there, by definition, the marginal analysis is applicable. Where, however, the amount of a thing bought or produced can only be varied in jumps, i.e. where there are ‘ indivisibilities’, there, again by definition, the marginal analysis cannot apply.
The Effects of Exercise and Nutrition on the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Cumming David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strenuous physical activity, particularly endurance training, is associated with delayed menarche, inadequate luteal phase, anovulatory cycles, and oligomenorrhoea. Sub-clinical changes occur in a majority of exercising women with as little as one month of strenuous physical activity (Prior, 1982a, 1982b; Bullen et al., 1985). However, the prevalence and long-term significance of exerciseassociated reproductive dysfunction are still debated. Suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis may also occur in male runners and other athletes.
Demographic Research on Lactational Amenorrhoea
Authors: Ford Kathleen , Kim Young J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of lactational amenorrhoea as a determinant of fertility levels has long been recognized in demographic research. Breastfeeding practices vary widely across and within countries, and there is evidence of change in the extent of breastfeeding in several areas. Much work has been conducted in this area, including examination of data and measurement problems in population surveys, modelling of lactational amenorrhoea, and studies of its determinants. A sample of the range of international variation in the length of breastfeeding and post-partum amenorrhoea that has been found in demographic and epidemiological studies is shown in Table 21.1. The shortest mean or medianiength of post-partum amenorrhoea (1.8 months) occurred in Taiwan among women who did not lactate, while the longest lengths of post-partum amenorrhoea (14-15 months) were recorded where breastfeeding is prolonged: in Bangladesh and Guatemala. There is considerable variation within each geographical region shown in the table. These data are mainly from less developed countries. In more developed countries, the lengths of breastfeeding and amenorrhoea tend to be much shorter.
Breastfeeding and the Length of Post-Partum Amenorrhoea: A Hazards Model Approach
Authors: Rodriguez GermÁn , Diaz Soledad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now widely accepted that breastfeeding is associated with longer periods of post-partum amenorrhoea, a delay in the return of ovulation, and therefore longer birth ·intervals; see, for example, Van Ginneken (1977), SimpsonHebert and Huffman (1981), Howie and McNeilly (1982) and Diaz et al. (1982). Breastfeeding is also associated with reduced fecundability after the return of menses and ovulation (see McNeilly et al., 1982; John et al., 1987). There is also evidence that the effect of breastfeeding is substantially weakened with the introduction of food supplements (see, for example, Prema and Ravindranath, 1982). A key factor mediating the effect of breastfeeding on the length of post-partum amenorrhoea is the frequency of suckling through the day and night, as shown, for example, by Howie et al. (1982). Indeed, the apparent effect of the introduction of supplements could well be a consequence of a decrease in the frequency or intensity of suckling.
The Elements of Production Processes and the Role of Time
Authors: Scazzieri Roberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of this research it was found that the analysis of the relationship between scale and technical practice often requires a more detailed representation of production processes than is normally given in the economic literature. Both ‘neoclassical’ production functions and linear production models focus on the relationships between input quantities and output levels, and tend to overlook the complex organization of productive operations that is needed in actual processes. But there are important links between output levels and technical practices which cannot be seen at all, unless one looks behind the input-output relationships and examines how changes in output levels may depend on changes in the organization of productive operations within each productive establishment, or within any other type of productive unit.
Scale-Technology Contraction
Authors: Scazzieri Roberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the writings of the classical economists, changes of technical practice due to upper bounds on the scale of the production process have been thought to be a major cause of decreasing productive efficiency as the output scale expands.’ However, it seems to have passed unnoticed that the change of practice and the decline in efficiency have two quite distinct causes: the contraction of the set of feasible technical practices as the output scale expands, and the substitution by producers of a less for a more ‘efficient’ practice.
Scale, Technology, and Technical Behaviour
Authors: Scazzieri Roberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Changes of process scale are often associated with changes in the set of feasible technical practices. However, such changes do not necessarily bring about technical change: in many circumstances technology expansion and technology contraction may leave the technical practice unchanged. This is because the technical practice followed at any given scale of the production process is the result of two separate, though interrelated, causes: the scale, and the behaviour of producers, who each adopt precisely one of the feasible technical practices. Changes in process scale may change the set of feasible practices: new practices may become feasible and other practices may drop out of use. In general, however, more than a single practice is feasible at any given scale. This makes the technical practice in use depend on which practices are excluded by the producer at a given scale.
Introduction
Authors: Trussell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book emanates from a seminar on Event History Analysis, which was sponsored jointly by the Institut National d’Etudes Demographiques (INED) and the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP), held in Paris from 14 to 17 March I 988. A selection of the papers presented at that seminar, some of which have been extensively revised to reflect the discussion there, forms this volume. During the past few years, advances have been made in the study of individual life histories (e.g. family or occupational histories) for two reasons. First, the number of surveys undertaken throughout the world to collect detailed information on the timing of events in individual lives (including fertility surveys, surveys on the family, and occupation and migration histories) is increasing. Such detailed information cannot easily be analysed with conventional statistical methods such as ordinary linear regression, so that the increase in data has not necessarily led to commensurate advances in knowledge. Simultaneously, however, there has been great progress in developing methods to analyse such data. Hazard models (or multivariate life tables) permit the investigator to disentangle the effects of several explanatory variables on the risk that an event will occur; they also provide an attractive alternative to conventional simultaneous-equations techniques for analysing concurrent processes such as female labour force participation and fertility.
Some Issues in the Quantitative Characterization of Heterogeneous Populations
Authors: Manton Kenneth G , Singer Burton , Woodbury Max A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss the analytic issues that arise in identifying, controlling, and-under certain circumstances-estimating the effects of unobserved variables in demographic analyses of a wide variety of time-to-occurrence data. In this discussion, we will argue that the treatment of the effects of unobservable variables in demographic modelling is a direct and natural extension of the evaluation of model specification for analyses where all relevant variables are assumed to be observed. Indeed, it will be suggested that model specification evaluation must involve considering the likelihood and testing for the presence of effects of unobservable variables in order to be considered complete. We begin by identifying necessary steps in the general evaluation of demographic time-to-occurrence models based on observed variables alone. With this foundation at hand, we then introduce the additional subtleties associated with unobservable variables.
Is there a correct answer?
Authors: Haslett D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The critics of capitalism see the vast differences in wealth and opportunities between rich and poor that this system breeds, they see the unfair burdens that it places upon ordinary working people, and they conclude that capitalism cannot be justified. These vast inequalities and unfair burdens are indeed grave, moral deficiencies of capitalism, as it exists today. Can, however, these deficiencies be overcome, without abandoning capitalism and its traditional strengths? Or, as the critics contend, should we turn instead to some form of socialism; if not to central-planning socialism, which has fallen out of favour recently, then perhaps to market, or worker-control socialism? These are the questions to which this book is addressed.
Reciprocal Study of Interactions between Two Events
Authors: Courgeau Daniel , Éva Leliévre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We shall now examine the bivariate case, which makes it possible to study the interactions between two events-marriage and departure from the farming community, for example. We shall present the concepts underlying the analysis before formalizing it. In the univariate case, the problems posed by competing risks arise when only one occurrence is observed out of all the possible occurrences. However, study of behaviour patterns leads to the consideration of the more complex aspects of individual life-courses. As was seen in the introduction, individuals are not confronted with single choices: rather, their decisions are the result of arbitrage processes, whether objective or not, between systems in which they are implicated, and among which coherence must be maintained. Thus, if a demographic phenomenon is studied independently of its context, the analysis will be oversimplifying. In the same way, it is not enough to study the influence of a series of factors on a phenomenon. It is necessary to take account of the distribution of several competing phenomena in the course of an individual’s life.
Introduction
Authors: Papandreou Andreas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than a century ago Alfred Marshall had an idea which he felt identified a systematic blemish on the proverbial invisible hand. He called this idea ‘external economy ’. Naturally it attracted attention, not only because of Marshall ’s stature, but because it raised the ever-contentious issue of governmental management of the economy. Not too long afterwards Sir John Clapham called Marshall ’s idea an ‘empty box’; a category that was empty because nothing in the real world corresponded to it. This was but one incident in a long, often heated, and largely unsettled battle over the significance of what came to be known as ‘externality ’.
A History of the Notion of Externality
Authors: Papandreou Andreas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At least one hundred years have passed since ‘external economies ’ entered into economists ‘ vocabulary. The concept has been used widely, but no precise and agreed-upon meaning of the term seems yet to have emerged. This might not be of much concern if it were just marginal differences of interpretation that were under discussion. But this is not the case, as the differ¬ences in meanings attributed to this notion are often fundamental in nature. Despite concerted attempts over the years by very prominent economists to zero in on the basic notion of externality, the claims regarding the true nature of externality have not converged. This is all the more striking given both the wide use of the notion, and the steadily growing volume of work done in the area known broadly as the ‘theory of externalities ’.
General-Equilibrium Approach
Authors: Papandreou Andreas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A different perspective on the nature of extemality was provided by economists approaching the question from a more analytical vantage point; specifically attempting to identify its meaning and place within the general-equilibrium framework. Rather than trying to identify some event or some feature of an agent ’s control variables, the focus was on finding the boundaries between such concepts as market failure, public goods, non-convexities, and externality. The main motivation was to fully grasp the sources, or causes, of market failure within the rigorous Arrow-Debreu framework. Understanding the consequences of externality in terms of efficiency took primacy over establishing its existence as a phenomenon.
Relevant Causality
Authors: Papandreou Andreas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A recurring theme in the literature on externalities is that of uncovering the causes of market failure. Although this is a central concern in the general-equilibrium approach, it is also an issue with the phenomenological characterizations when absence of property rights or consent are viewed with an eye to their effects. Is the non-existence of property rights a cause of market failure? Is the non-existence of markets a cause of market failure? It has been argued that the ultimate cause of market failure cannot be any institution, but the cost associated with institutions, that is the presence of transaction costs. Both Bator (1958) and Arrow (1969) treated the presence of high transaction costs as a cause of market failure. I argued that the simple presence of high transaction costs impeding the formation of property rights or markets was not sufficient for failure. It could be that no property rights should be assigned or enforced in the case in question, and this would be optimal. Lack of market or high transaction costs would not necessarily imply failure, On the other hand, if market institutions were present when other non-market institutions could allocate resources better, or at less organizational cost, then this would be market failure. The market would fail relative to other organizational modes.
Evaluating Institutional Change
Authors: Papandreou Andreas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Externality has proven to be a rather poor and often misleading classificatory principle. Attempts to define a certain class of events or phenomena, or a special cause of market failure, floundered as distinctions were made that were not differences. The few clear and consistent understandings, or characterizations of externality, do not seem to warrant a special distinction as ‘externality ’. The generic sense of externality as general interdependence should be called just that: general interdependence. Likewise the generic sense of externality as activity escaping the purview of institutions could be called institutional inefficiency. This way also they are not confused for one another. Efforts to narrow these broad categories, either by trying to form a special kind of interdependence, or a subset of causes of market failure, ultimately Jacked a good criterion demarcating external and internal activity, or associating this ‘external ’ activity with causes of market failure.
National Trends and Patterns of Instability, 1931-1984
Authors: Kueh Y Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The computed instability indices for the national grain-sown area, yield, and output, are presented in Fig. 3.1 for 1931-7 and the different post war policy periods. Breakdowns for the major grain crops are also given. The indices are plotted against the four categories of instability indices defined by Walker in order to suggest the relative magnitude of long-run changes in agricultural instability. Note that the periods are slightly different from those set out in Table 1.1. The modifications are necessary in order to align the national series with available weather and provincial data. This facilitates consistent verification of the national trends of instability against the regional sources of disturbance.
Regional Variations
Authors: Kueh Y Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines regional trends in agricultural instability and its intraregional differentiation in terms of changes in provincial instability indices from 1931-7 to 1979--84. We focus exclusively on the three physical grain measures, i.e. sown area, yield per sown hectare, and total output, in order to show, first, how interregional differences in the degree of instability changed over time and whether there was an equalizing trend as a result of technological progress and enhanced collective control in the post-war years. In the second section, we examine the various provincial trends in each of our seven regions, with a view to verifying the sources of change in regional instability trends.
Precipitation Evidence of Yield Losses in 1959-1961
Authors: Kueh Y Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main purpose of this chapter is to compare the relative magnitude of grain-yield losses sustained in 1959-61 in a selected number of provinces (for which both sown area and output data are available) with the com parable loss rates which may be obtained by applying the available precipitation data for 1959-61 to the precipitation-yield regression as estimated in the previous chapter for the related agricultural areas for 1931-5. Such a comparison is based on the fact that the two periods, 1931-5 and 1959-61, are roughly comparable in terms of farm technology (as it bears on farm productivity), but diametrically different in the government’s agricultural policy and rural organization. Any observed discrepancy between actual yields and precipitation-predicted yields may thereby help to isolate the possible impact of the policy factors (as they may bear on peasants’ incentives or rural resource allocations) in 1959-61.
Introduction to an International Comparative Replication Study
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Replication studies in the social sciences are a rare event: they are costly; they require repeated access to research sites; they demand the sustained interest and motivation of researchers over extended periods. No wonder then that international comparative replications of organization studies are seldom carried out (exceptions: Kern and Schumann 1984; Heller et al. 1987). There is a further deterring reason: the complexities of maintaining the co-operation of a large research team against the odds of long-distance communication, different time-schedules, lack of resources for international collaboration, the fear that replications might show deficiencies in earlier studies. However, this study tells the story of such a rare realization.
Are We Running Out of Time?
Authors: Gershuny Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the heart of the current discussions of the relationship between economic development and the distribution of time lies the question of whether leisure increases or decreases as societies get richer.
There are two views of the historical evolution of the balance between work and leisure in societies. Some people believe in the possibility of progress through the development of new techniques for manipulating the physical environment so as to satisfy human wants, and for organizing the human efforts involved in the satisfaction of these wants.