bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hamman's Sign and Syndrome: A Reminder of Important Clinical Clues
Authors: Mendes Jacinta , Boas Nuno V. , Gomes Catarina , Santos Sara D. 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTIntroductionPneumomediastinum is an uncommon condition in pediatrics with a peak incidence in adolescence. The most common symptom of spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM) is chest pain; however, most patients are asymptomatic. Hamman's sign is a rare but pathognomonic sign of pneumomediastinum. This clinical sign is characterized by a crunching, rasping sound, synchronous with the heartbeat, heard over the precordium. Hamman's syndrome is a SPM associated with subcutaneous emphysema.Case DescriptionWe report the case of a previously healthy 15‐year‐old adolescent male, an elite athlete, who was admitted to hospital with a 3‐day history of chest pain. There was no history of previous respiratory infections, invasive procedures, or trauma. On physical examination, he had a palpable subcutaneous neck edema and a crackle on cardiac auscultation. Chest and neck radiographs confirmed ectopic air in the mediastinum and subcutaneous neck emphysema. Given the identification of Hamman's sign and the presence of emphysema, the diagnosis of Hamman's syndrome was made and symptomatic treatment was given with complete resolution.ConclusionThis case highlights the value of physical examination and medical semiology in the diagnosis of Hamman's syndrome, especially in the presence of the pathognomonic Hamman's sign.
Resolution dependence of the turbulent atmospheric boundary layer in global storm‐resolving climate simulations
Authors: Huusko Linnea , Þórarinsson Páll Ágúst , Pyykkö Joakim , Svensson Gunilla 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe current generation of state‐of‐the‐art global climate models are being run at increasingly higher horizontal resolutions, with the goal of resolving organised deep convection explicitly. How a kilometre‐scale resolution impacts the representation of the atmospheric boundary layer is, however, not well known. Using statistical analysis on global fields as well as high‐frequency data at selected locations, produced with the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) model for the Next Generation Earth‐system Models (nextGEMS) project, we investigate the horizontal resolution dependence of some boundary‐layer processes. We find that a change in resolution from 9 to 2.8 km causes no substantial changes to boundary‐layer properties and processes at most of the locations studied, although some global changes are detected that indicate circulation changes. Small changes to the boundary‐layer depth and structure are found in the Tropics. The short simulation length and lack of data for optimal boundary‐layer analysis limits the conclusions, especially in relation to the connection between the boundary layer and the atmosphere general circulation.
Synthesis and Characterization of Sodium Alginate Spheres Functionalized with Dicarboxylic Acids for Copper Removal in Aqueous Media
Authors: Neto João G. de Oliveira , Abreu Kamila R. , Neto Otávio C. da Silva , de Oliveira Jorge D. , dos Santos Adenilson O. , Souto Eliana B. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractNew polymeric spheres of sodium alginate (AlgNa) containing dicarboxylic acids—maleic acid (MA) and oxalic acid (OA)—were developed for adsorption of copper metal from water. Water adsorption capacity, elementary composition, structural, morphological, vibrational, and thermal properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), intumescence degree (IG), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. SEM data revealed that functionalization with dicarboxylic acids affects the morphology and surface of the AlgNa matrix. Sample containing MA (0.35 ± 0.004 g) absorbs more water than the OA sphere (0.28 ± 0.007 g). XRD patterns showed that the AlgNa–MA and AlgNa samples exhibit an amorphous nature, whereas the AlgNa–OA sample has a partially crystalline phase. Adsorption experiments were conducted to analyze whether the synthesized spheres could be optimized to reach the best performance in copper adsorption. The adsorbents were most efficient at the highest dosage used (250 mg), corresponding to removal percentages of 84.54 ± 3.97% (AlgNa), 94.21 ± 3.04% (AlgNa–MA), and 84.22 ± 3.39% (AlgNa–OA). The energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy maps validated the incorporation of Cu2+ ions on the surface of the adsorbents. Kinetic and isotherm assays confirmed the highest efficiency of AlgNa–MA spheres.
Silk Fibroin‐CF Hybrid Nanofiller Endowing Epoxy Coating with Outstanding Anticorrosion and Anti‐erosion Properties
Authors: Shen Lu , Wang Yingxuan , Lu Miaomiao , Ni Chengbo , Zhou Pengfei , Zhao Liping 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe exceptional protective coating can extend the service life of the equipment in a severe marine environment. Carbon fibers (CFs), characterized by high tensile strength, elastic modulus, and excellent chemical resistance, serve as an appropriate filler for coating reinforcement. However, the inadequate fiber/matrix interfacial adhesion makes it difficult to prepare high performance CF‐reinforced composites. Therefore, we synthesized a kind of silk fibroin modified CF (CF─SF) as a reinforced‐additive for strengthening the corrosion resistance and anti‐erosion properties via improving the interfacial adhesion between CFs and resin matrix. The impedance value of composite coating including 1 wt% CF—SF (CF—SF/EP) was 1.65 × 108 Ωˑcm2 after immersion, which was two orders of magnitude greater than that of the pure EP coating. In addition, the erosion experiments results showed that the volume loss of EP/CF—SF coating was 132.6 mm3, which decreased by 36.4% and 17.4% compared with EP/CF and EP/CF─O, respectively. The average depth of the CF—SF/EP coating (0.27 mm) was the shallowest among the coatings. Ultimately, we examined the protective mechanism of the CF–SF/EP coating.
Advancing High‐Performance Organic Solar Cells with Carbazole‐Modified 2PACz for Scalable Large‐Area Fabrication
Authors: Liu Chunhui , Song Jiali , Gao Jiaxin , Tang Zheng , Liu Jie , Woo Han Young , Jee Min Hun , Sun Yanming 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe self‐assembling molecule 2PACz tends to aggregate in thin films, which negatively impacts the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs) when used as a hole‐transporting layer (HTL), particularly in large‐area devices. To overcome this, a binary conjugated molecular system incorporating carbazole (Cz), which shares a similar backbone with 2PACz, is introduced. Despite the strong aggregation tendencies of 2PACz and Cz individually, their blend forms homogeneous films due to hydrogen bonding interactions between the two molecules. These interactions suppress 2PACz aggregation, resulting in smooth and well‐ordered films. Devices with the modified HTL show significantly enhanced charge transfer, achieving a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.10%, a fill factor of 80.3%, and a short‐circuit current of 28.98 mA cm−2, outperforming those with unmodified 2PACz. Large‐area devices (1.0 cm2) with the modified HTL achieve a record‐high PCE of 18.56% and a retention rate of 92.7%, compared to 43% for devices with 2PACz. These findings highlight the potential of carbazole‐modified 2PACz to improve both efficiency and stability in OSCs, offering a promising strategy for high‐performance HTL development.
Structuring Semantic‐Aware Relations Between Bugs and Patches for Accurate Patch Evaluation
Authors: Zhao Lingxiao , Li Hui , Chen Yongqian , Pan Xiaowei , Guo Shikai 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTPatches can help fix security vulnerabilities and optimize software performance, thereby enhancing the quality and security of the software. Unfortunately, patches generated by automated program repair tools are not always correct, as they may introduce new bugs or fail to fully rectify the original issue. Various methods for evaluating patch correctness have been proposed. However, most methods face the challenge of capturing long‐distance dependencies in patch correctness evaluation, which leads to a decline in the predictive performance of the models. To address the challenge, this paper presents a method named Qamhaen to evaluate the correctness of patches generated by APR. Specifically, text embedding of bugs and patches component address the challenge of long‐distance dependencies across functions in patch correctness evaluation by using bug reports and patch descriptions as inputs instead of code snippets. BERT is employed for pretraining to capture these dependencies, followed by an additional multihead self‐attention mechanism for further feature extraction. Similarity evaluator component devises a similarity calculation to assess the effectiveness of patch descriptions in resolving issues outlined in bug reports. Comprehensive experiments are conducted on a dataset containing 9135 patches and a patch correctness assessment metric, and extensive experiments demonstrate that Qamhaen outperforms baseline methods in terms of overall performance across AUC, F1, +Recall, ‐Recall, and Precision. For example, compared to the baseline, Qamhaen achieves an F1 of 0.691, representing improvements of 24.2%, 22.1%, and 6.3% over the baseline methods, respectively.
Monitoring Dynamic Conformations of a Single Fluorescent Molecule Inside a Protein Cavity
Authors: Sosa Santiago , Szalai Alan M. , Lopez Lucía F. , Prieto Juan Manuel , Zaza Cecilia , Adamczyk Aleksandra K. , Bonomi Hernán R. , Marti Marcelo A. , Acuna Guillermo P. , Goldbaum Fernando A. , Stefani Fernando D. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractFluorescence nanoscopy and single‐molecule methods are entering the realm of structural biology, breaking new ground for dynamic structural measurements at room temperature and liquid environments. Here, single‐molecule localization microscopy, polarization‐dependent single‐molecule excitation, and protein engineering are combined to determine the orientation of a fluorophore forming hydrogen bonds inside a protein cavity. The observed conformations are in good agreement with molecular dynamics simulations, enabling a new, more realistic interplay between experiments and simulations to identify stable conformations and the key interactions involved. Furthermore, jumps between conformations can be monitored with a precision of 3° and a time resolution of a few seconds, confirming the potential of this methodology for retrieving dynamic structural information of nanoscopic biological systems under physiologically compatible conditions.
Reflection Comics: Draw Attention to Intercultural Communication in Context
Authors: Bunning Lucy , Feng Yuzhe 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTMultilingual students learning English face changes in developing intercultural communicative competence outside the classroom. This Classroom Exploration, informed by frameworks of intercultural communicative competence, willingness to communicate, and cultural adaptation, explores the use of reflection comics in a service‐learning course for first‐year international university students. Students created comics depicting key moments during their volunteer work. Analysis of a comic reveals how the medium of a comic with images, speech bubbles, and thought bubbles focuses a student's attention on verbal and nonverbal communication with other participants within a specific social context.
Use of Syzygium cumini biomass as reinforcing filler in polyvinyl chloride and their antibacterial and biodegradation properties
Authors: Arun K. J. , Muthukrishnan Meena , Thiagamani Senthil Muthu Kumar , Khan Anish , Alzahrani Khalid A. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThis study explores the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass derived from Syzygium cumini seeds (S. Cumini) as an eco‐friendly reinforcing filler for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) composites. The need for sustainable and biodegradable materials in polymer applications motivated this work, particularly to address environmental concerns associated with conventional PVC. Composite films with varying concentrations of S. Cumini seed filler were prepared using solution casting technique. The structural integrity and interactions within the composites were confirmed through X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The SEM analysis showed an average particle size of 6–14 μm and also revealed the modifications in morphology upon filler addition. Biodegradability was assessed using hydrolytic degradation and soil‐burial tests, indicating enhanced environmental compatibility compared to pure PVC. The hydrophilicity of the composites improved, as indicated by an increasing in the water contact angle from 79.4° (hydrophilic) to 107° (hydrophobic). Suppressed S. aureus activity of the PVC composite film has shown its antimicrobial behavior. These properties suggest that S. Cumini – reinforced PVC composites can serve as promising materials for polymer‐based medical devices, offering enhanced resistance to bacterial contamination while addressing sustainability challenges.Highlights
Lignocellulosic biomass S. Cumini was used as reinforcing filler in PVC films.
S. Cumini extract improved the antimicrobial properties of the films.
Hydrolytic dehydration and soil‐burial tests showed enhanced biodegradability.
Hydrophilicity increased, as evidenced by a rise in the water contact angle.
Better bacterial resistance enhances the use in polymer‐based medical devices.
Efficient removal of ciprofloxacin from waste activated sludge by electroactivation of peroxymonosulfate
Authors: Li Zonglin , Wang Junsen , Fu Bomin , Meunier Frederic C. , Sleiman Mohamad , Chovelon Jean‐Marc , Wang Hongtao 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe waste activated sludge (WAS) generated from sewage treatment accumulates antibiotics including ciprofloxacin (CIP), which may be released into the environments if WAS is not handled properly. Therefore, there is a need to develop technologies aiming at removing CIP from sludge. In this study, electrically activated peroxymonosulfate (E/PMS) was investigated to remove CIP from WAS. The optimal conditions for the degradation of CIP in sludge by E/PMS were determined by response surface methodology (RSM) simulations combined with experimental validation. The highest CIP removal level of 93.8% was achieved in 10 min at a dosage of 250 mg/g dry solid (DS) PMS, and an electrolysis voltage of 23 V. E/PMS facilitated the generation of radicals involved in the elimination of CIP. The contribution of free radicals showed that SO4•− is more important than HO• in this process. A degradation pathway for CIP in sludge was proposed based on the detected byproducts and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The E/PMS process also promoted sludge disintegration, dewatering, heavy metal removal, and morphological transformation. The total content of all six heavy metals decreased, with As and Cr being converted into more stable forms, thereby reducing their leaching rates. The E/PMS process also reduced the toxicity of the sludge filtrate. Finally, the analysis of economic feasibility and energy consumption showed that E/PMS has a significant potential for controlling antibiotics and promoting the harmlessness of sludge.Practitioner Points
Effective removal of ciprofloxacin (CIP) from waste activated sludge by electrically activated peroxymonosulfate (E/PMS).
Reaction time has little effect on CIP removal from sludge.
The degradation sites of CIP in sludge were the piperazine ring, the quinolone fraction, and the cyclopropyl.
Promotion of sludge decomposition and dewatering, heavy metal stabilization, and decrease of sludge filtrate toxicity by the E/PMS process.
Bridging Divides: The Evolution of Marine Genetic Resource Governance Beyond National Jurisdiction
Authors: Humphries Fran , Berry Todd , Gottlieb Hiroko Muraki 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Part II of The Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement) is a story of innovation, ambition, and compromise for a framework of information and benefit sharing concerning marine genetic resources of areas beyond national jurisdiction and associated digital sequence information and Traditional Knowledge. Understanding the scope, purpose and proposed implementation of the new treaty requires reflection on the (over) twenty years of preparation leading up to the final treaty text. This introductory chapter for the edited collection ‘Decoding Marine Genetic Resource Governance under the BBNJ Agreement’ analyzes the need for knowledge on marine biodiversity and genetic resources, the jurisdictional context and gaps in ocean governance that the treaty aimed to fill, the preparatory work leading to the negotiations, and the key areas of convergence and divergence during the intergovernmental conference treaty negotiations. It outlines how subsequent chapters in this collection build on this context, by analyzing and interpreting the obligations under the Part II framework and offering practical considerations for its implementation under national law and good scientific practice.
Marine Genetic Resources and Digital Sequence Information Under the BBNJ Agreement—Interlinkages with Other Access and Benefit-Sharing Frameworks
Authors: Kachelriess Daniel , Dunshirn Paul , Langlet Arne , Brown Abbe E. L. , Scholz Amber H. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The BBNJ Agreement, including its access and benefit-sharing provisions for marine genetic resources and digital sequence information, was negotiated against the backdrop of an existing tapestry of international law. Considerations of potential future interactions with other relevant instruments, frameworks, and bodies have shaped parts of the BBNJ Agreement and such interactions will play an important role in its future successful implementation. This chapter discusses the BBNJ Agreement’s general approach to regime interaction, highlights several instruments, frameworks, and bodies of particular relevance to the BBNJ negotiations and the future implementation of the BBNJ Agreement, and explores concrete scenarios and possible challenges of future regime interactions.
Benefit Sharing Under the BBNJ Agreement in Practice
Authors: Lavelle Jessica , Wynberg Rachel 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines different models and examples of benefit sharing to explore how article 14 of the BBNJ Agreement may be implemented in practice. It describes monetary and non-monetary benefits, as differentiated in the BBNJ Agreement, and considers the different modalities that may be employed for their distribution. Special attention is given to existing access and benefit sharing (ABS) frameworks to highlight possibilities for streamlining and alignment. A focus is placed on approaches to strengthen the capacity of low- and middle-income countries and enhance the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction.
BBNJ Agreement: Considerations for Scientists and Commercial End Users of MGR at Research, Development and Commercialization Stages
Authors: Rabone Muriel , Horton Tammy , Humphries Fran , Lyal Christopher H. C. , Muraki Gottlieb Hiroko , Scholz Amber H. , Vanagt Thomas , Jaspars Marcel 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The research, development and commercialization pipeline for accessing, using and sharing marine genetic resources (MGR) of areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) is highly varied and complex. Equally complex is the governance framework under the 2023 agreement on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of ABNJ, for which many practical details, including procedures, are yet to be decided by treaty Parties. This chapter draws from real world examples to analyse ways in which current scientific practice is supported or challenged by framework elements, including notification, monitoring and benefit sharing systems and associated infrastructure such as the BBNJ Standardized Batch Identifier and data management plans. It compares how the elements and infrastructure may work in practice using six R&D scenarios ranging from an idealized linear pathway to more complex pathways involving automation, sequence information and traditional knowledge associated with MGR in different geographical and temporal scales. For an efficient and ‘future proofed’ framework that supports innovation and fulfils treaty objectives, it is proposed that treaty bodies and policy makers need to look beyond the idealized R&D pathways envisaged in the treaty and engage directly with scientists and commercial end users when designing the practical details of implementation.
The Place of Intellectual Property Under the BBNJ Agreement
Authors: Brown Abbe E. L. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores the place of intellectual property (IP) in the negotiations of the BBNJ Agreement and the approach ultimately taken in the BBNJ Agreement. The chapter considers possible steps which could be taken in implementing the BBNJ Agreement in relation to IP regarding access and benefit sharing in respect of marine genetic resources in digital and physical form and to the interaction of the BBNJ Agreement with other international agreements.