bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Genetic Locus Necessary for Rhamnose Uptake and Catabolism in
Rhizobium leguminosarum
bv. trifolii
Authors: Richardson Jason S. , Hynes Michael F. , Oresnik Ivan J. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT

Rhizobium leguminosarum
bv. trifolii mutants unable to catabolize the methyl-pentose rhamnose are unable to compete effectively for nodule occupancy. In this work we show that the locus responsible for the transport and catabolism of rhamnose spans 10,959 bp. Mutations in this region were generated by transposon mutagenesis, and representative mutants were characterized. The locus contains genes coding for an ABC-type transporter, a putative dehydrogenase, a probable isomerase, and a sugar kinase necessary for the transport and subsequent catabolism of rhamnose. The regulation of these genes, which are inducible by rhamnose, is carried out in part by a DeoR-type negative regulator (RhaR) that is encoded within the same transcript as the ABC-type transporter but is separated from the structural genes encoding the transporter by a terminator-like sequence. RNA dot blot analysis demonstrated that this terminator-like sequence is correlated with transcript attenuation only under noninducing conditions. Transport assays utilizing tritiated rhamnose demonstrated that uptake of rhamnose was inducible and dependent upon the presence of the ABC transporter at this locus. Phenotypic analyses of representative mutants from this locus provide genetic evidence that the catabolism of rhamnose differs from previously described methyl-pentose catabolic pathways.
Identification of a Distinct, Cryptic Heparosan Synthase from
Pasteurella multocida
Types A, D, and F
Authors: DeAngelis Paul L. , White Carissa L. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT

The extracellular polysaccharide capsules of
Pasteurella multocida
types A, D, and F are composed of hyaluronan,
N
-acetylheparosan (heparosan or unsulfated, unepimerized heparin), and unsulfated chondroitin, respectively. Previously, a type D heparosan synthase, a glycosyltransferase that forms the repeating disaccharide heparosan backbone, was identified. Here, a ∼73% identical gene product that is encoded outside of the capsule biosynthesis locus was also shown to be a functional heparosan synthase. Unlike PmHS1, the PmHS2 enzyme was not stimulated greatly by the addition of an exogenous polymer acceptor and yielded smaller- molecular-weight-product size distributions. Virtually identical
hssB
genes are found in most type A, D, and F isolates. The occurrence of multiple polysaccharide synthases in a single strain invokes the potential for capsular variation.
Family Waqf Entitlements in British Palestine (1917-1948)
Authors: Reiter Yitzhak 
Published: December 2004

AbstractUsing endowment deeds (waqfiyyāt) and court decisions (aḥkām) recorded in the sijill of the Sharīʿa Court of Jerusalem during the period of British rule in Palestine (1917-1948), I analyze three aspects of family Waqf: The right of females to transmit their entitlement to the next generation; the treatment of males and females; and the entitlement of orphaned grandchildren. These patterns are compared to the patterns of devolution that result from the application of Islamic inheritance law.
Model ShurūṬ Works and the Dialectic of Doctrine and Practice
Authors: Hallaq Wael 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe relationship between documents emanating from the world of judicial practice and model formulae recorded in juristic manuals has been viewed differentially by modern scholars. Whereas Joseph Schacht posited the existence of a close relationship between the the realia of judicial practice and juristic manuals, others did not. Going one step beyond Schacht, I argue that the relationship between model ShurūṬ and documents originating in practice was dialectical, involving complex processes of editing, interpolation and selection, processes that functioned — almost imperceptibly — within the conventional legal dynamics of the madhhab. If this view is accepted, it follows that the conventional wisdom regarding a gap between Islamic legal doctrine and judicial practice is untenable, at least in the areas of the law covered by ShurūṬ manuals.
Rigidity Versus Openness in Late Classical Islamic Law: The Case of the Seventeenth-Century Palestinian Muftī Khayr al-Dīn al-Ramlī
Authors: Gerber Haim 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this study I reexamine some well-known generalizations about Islamic law prior to the impact of the West, e.g., the contention that Islamic law became increasingly closed, based more and more on blind imitation. My examination of the fatwā collection of the seventeenth-century Palestinian Muftī Khayr al-Dīn al-Ramlī suggests that increasing closure never took place. On the one hand al-Ramlī faithfully continues the tradition of his classical predecessors, or, in other words, he practices taqlīd by obligating himself to earlier authorities. On the other hand, his fatwās convey a sense of openness, flexibility, and liveliness. These characteristics are concretized in some of the major terms that he uses: ijtihād, or free discretion of the jurist in areas of the law that remained open; iṣtiḥsān, or relaxation of formal rules; and ʿurf, or local customary law, which, by definition, is changeable over time. In my view, the flexibility of Islamic law has been underemphasized in the scholarly literature, and hence it is on this factor in particular that I have chosen to concentrate.
Avoiding Ribā: Credit and Custodianship in Nineteenth- and Early-Twentieth Century ḥaḍramawt
Authors: Boxberger Linda 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis essay examines a little-known economic institution known as ʿuhda sale which was highly elaborated in the ḥaḍramawt region of southern Arabia, where it was used to facilitate the availability of credit by allowing people to benefit from extending credit without breaking the Qurʾānic prohibition of Ribā. After considering the history of the practice in ḥaḍramawt and controversies associated with it, I analyze how the transactions worked and who participated in them, as reflected in nineteenth- and twentieth-century contracts. In addition, evidence culled from contemporary fatāwā shed light on some of the questions and problems which arose in the course of these transactions. The ʿuhda transaction in ḥaḍramawt illustrates the development of a utilitarian economic institution through the combined influences of local usage based on practical needs and local juristic decisions as to religious legitimacy. The transaction exemplifies the flexibility of the local legal system in response to economic need and social practice. It also illustrates the degree to which people of different genders, ages, and social backgrounds participated in financial transactions in this society.
Forme et Substance en Droit Musulman
Authors: Meron YaʿAkov 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLa distinction aristotélicienne entre forme et substance a laissé son empreinte sur le droit musulman pas moins que sur d'autres systèmes de droit et en fait bien plus que sur ces derniers. L'étude qui suit montre son application dans trois domaines du droit musulman privé.
A Reconsideration of the Development of Basil's Trinitarian Theology: the Dating of Ep. 9 and Contra Eunomium
Authors: Hildebrand Stephen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBasil of Caesarea's Trinitarian thought changed in the 360s, and the dates of his Trinitarian works, especially ep. 9 and Contra Eunomium determine the nature of the change. Most have dated these works such that Basil must be judged at least inconsistent if not duplicitous. The evidence recon- sidered, though, yields a date early in the 360s for both ep. 9 and Contra Eunomium. Since it cannot be determined which came first, Basil should be presumed consistent.
Effects of sodium butyrate on glucose transporter and glucose-phosphorylating enzyme gene expression in RINm5F insulinoma cells
Authors: Tiedge M , Lenzen S 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT
RINm5F insulinoma cells show a defective physiological insulin secretory response to glucose stimulation. The short chain carbonic acid sodium butyrate induced a growth arrest during a 72-h tissue culture period. In contrast to control RINm5F cells, 2 mm glucose increased insulin secretion by more than 70% in these sodium butyrate-treated cells (1 mm) without any further increase of the secretory rate between 2 and 20 mm glucose. This effect of sodium butyrate on insulin secretion was assessed in comparison with its effect on gene expression of the GLUT1 and GLUT2 glucose transporter, hexokinase type I and type II, glucokinase and insulin. Sodium butyrate at a 1 mm concentration decreased GLUT1 gene expression by nearly 50%, but did not induce gene expression of the low-affinity GLUT2 glucose transporter above the detection limit. Furthermore, sodium butyrate increased glucokinase gene expression by more than 50% and hexokinase type II gene expression by more than 100%, while insulin gene expression was increased only by 24%. Hexokinase type II enzyme activity was increased by more than 100% without a concomitant significant change of the glucokinase enzyme activity. Sodium butyrate (2 mm) caused effects comparable with those of 1 mm sodium butyrate. Thus the improved insulin secretory responsiveness of RINm5F insulinoma cells after sodium butyrate treatment at low non-physiological millimolar glucose concentrations can be interpreted as a result of an increased hexokinase-mediated metabolic flux rate through the glycolytic chain.
Decreased muscle cell proliferation in chicks with a deletion in the GH receptor gene
Authors: Goddard C , Johnson R , Gilhooley H J , Gardner J O , Gray A , Wilkie R S , Butterwith S C 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT
The increase in muscle weight in neonatal animals is a consequence of increased protein accretion and DNA content. GH increases protein accretion but direct effects of GH on myogenic cell proliferation have not been demonstrated. Sex-linked dwarfism in the chick is caused by mutation or deletion in the GH receptor gene and has provided a useful model to study the physiological consequences of GH insensitivity. This study determined the consequences of GH receptor gene mutation on muscle cell proliferation in vivo. Northern and Southern blotting and PCR analysis revealed restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns and a 1·7kb deletion of the intracellular domain of the GH receptor gene in commercial dwarf broiler chicks, similar to the Connecticut strain in which there is a dysfunctional GH receptor. Cell proliferation was measured in muscle sections from normal and dwarf chicks after incorporation of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU; 25 mg/kg) in vivo at 2, 5 and 13 days of age. Incorporation of BrdU into nuclei was measured in frozen sections, counterstained with propidium iodide to estimate the total number of nuclei by quantitative image analysis, and the labelling index was calculated. Paraffin-embedded sections of breast muscle were stained using an anti-human IGF-I polyclonal antibody. Expression of IGF-I mRNA in muscle from each genotype at 5 days of age was measured by RNAse protection assay.
The labelling index was similar in 2-day-old chicks from both genotypes (normal, 20·14 ± 2·39%; dwarf, 19·79 ± 5·83%). By day 5 the labelling index had decreased but was significantly higher (P<0·02) in normal (12·53 ± 3·36%) compared with the dwarf (6·25 ± 1·39%). By 13 days of age, there was a further decrease in labelling index but no difference between the groups (normal, 4·92 ± 1·28%; dwarf, 4·96 ± 1·51%). IGF-I mRNA was expressed and IGF-I peptide was identified in muscle sections but there was no difference between genotypes. The results show that cell division in breast muscle in vivo is high in neonatal chicks but it declines with increasing age. The absence of a functional GH receptor in the dwarf is associated with a greater decline in DNA synthesis and suggests that GH may directly affect a proportion of cells, since there was no difference in IGF-I mRNA or peptide.
Regenerating (reg) and insulin genes are expressed in prepancreatic mouse embryos
Authors: Perfetti R , Raygada M , Wang Y , Zenilman M E , Egan J M , Denno K M , Sadler T W , Shuldiner A R 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT
The pancreatic regenerating (reg) gene is proposed to be involved in pancreatic β-cell growth. Up- or down-regulation of reg gene expression has been shown to parallel variations in β-cell mass and function in the adult pancreas. In several species at least two nonallelic reg genes have been identified. In this study we investigated the expression of each individual reg gene (reg-I and reg-II) during embryogenesis in the mouse. Single mouse embryos were harvested at 8·5, 9, 10, and 12 days of development, homogenized and subjected individually to reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, with a single primer pair to amplify both reg-I and -II mRNAs. Southern blot analysis of the RT-PCR products revealed the presence of reg mRNA at day 9 of embryogenesis, just before the beginning of pancreatic organogenesis. Slot-blot analysis with internal oligonucleotide probes that specifically recognize reg-I or -II sequences demonstrated that only reg-I mRNA was present in day 9 and day 10 prepancreatic embryos. Reg-II mRNA was not detected until day 12, a stage corresponding to late organogenesis. RT-PCR for insulin mRNA from the same samples used for the amplification of reg mRNA showed that the earliest insulin expression occurred at day 8·5, and coincided with the onset of reg-I expression. Hybridization with gene-specific oligonucleotide probes revealed that only insulin-II mRNA was detectable at this time. Insulin-I mRNA was not detectable until day 12 and coincided with early reg-II expression. These results suggest that the two nonallelic reg genes and the two insulin genes are expressed differentially during early embryogenesis. Differential expression of reg-I and -II suggests that they may be induced by different and independent stimuli and have distinct functions.
The expression of parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein in developing rat parathyroid glands
Authors: Tucci J , Russell A , Senior P V , Fernley R , Ferraro T , Beck F 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT
Secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) by sheep fetal parathyroid glands is reported to be an important factor in the maintenance of a placental calcium pump. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the developing rat parathyroid glands express PTHrP or parathyroid hormone (PTH), or both. Hybridisation histochemistry was used to detect transcription of PTHrP and PTH in serial paraffin sections through the 12·5- and 13·5-day rat embryo parathyroid anlage, as well as in sections through the 17·5-day embryonic and adult parathyroid glands. Results show strong expression of PTH in the 13·5-day embryonic parathyroid anlage, as well as in the parathyroid gland of the 17·5-day embryo and adult. Transcription of the PTHrP gene was not detected.
The more sensitive technique of reverse transcription PCR was then performed. The pharyngeal region of 11·5-, 12·5- and 13·5-day rat embryos was dissected out and, at each stage, RNA was extracted from these tissues, as well as pooled tissues from the rest of the embryo. RNA that had been extracted from adult thyroid/parathyroid tissue was also tested. After reverse transcription, the resulting cDNAs were amplified by PCR (50 cycles) using specific PTH and PTHrP primers. The results show an abundance of PTH mRNA, specific to the pharyngeal region of the 13·5-day embryo, as well as to adult thyroid/parathyroid tissue. PTHrP expression was detected at very low levels in both parathyroid and extraparathyroid tissues. The presence of immunoreactive PTHrP and immunoreactive PTH in the pharyngeal region and rest of the body of 12·5- and 13·5-day rat embryos was assessed by specific RIAs. Whilst immunoreactive PTHrP was not detected in any of the tissues assayed, immunoreactive PTH was detected only in the pharyngeal region of the 13·5-day embryo. This confirms the results obtained from the gene expression studies.
We conclude then that, in the developing rat embryo, PTH rather than PTHrP is more likely to play a role in calcium regulation. This is in contrast with the reported situation in the sheep, and suggests that fundamental species differences in fetal calcium regulation exist in mammals.
The 5′ flank of the rat estrogen receptor gene: structural characterization and evidence for tissue- and species-specific promoter utilization
Authors: Freyschuss B , Grandien K 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT
Published data on the rat estrogen receptor (rER) gene have so far provided evidence for only one promoter. In contrast, the human ER (hER) gene has been reported to be transcribed from three different promoters A, B and C.
In order to facilitate a more in-depth analysis of the promoter organization in the rER gene 4·5 kb of its 5′ flanking region were isolated. Sequence analysis suggests that the rER gene is transcribed from a promoter homologous to promoter B in the hER gene. However, the region corresponding to the human promoter A is much more divergent between the species and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR as well as RT-PCR experiments support the notion that the rER gene does not contain a functional A promoter.
Interestingly, a novel rER mRNA isoform containing a previously unknown 5′ untranslated exon was isolated by RACE-PCR, suggesting the existence of a second, distal promoter in the rER gene. Our results show that this ER mRNA isoform C is the only one expressed in rat liver. It thus appears that the rER gene contains two promoters that are utilized in a tissue-specific fashion.
Structure of an ovine interferon receptor and its expression in endometrium
Authors: Kaluz S , Fisher P A , Kaluzova M , Sheldrick E L , Flint A P F 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT
A sheep type I interferon receptor (oIFNAR1) cDNA was isolated from a λ-ZAP library using a reverse transcription (RT)-PCR product probe generated from oestrous endometrial RNA. The oIFNAR1 cDNA was 79, 66 and 95% homologous to human, murine and bovine IFNAR1 cDNAs respectively. The encoded receptor was a 560-amino acid transmembrane protein 80, 66 and 95% similar to human, murine and bovine IFNAR1 respectively. Northern blot analysis of endometrial mRNA revealed the presence of 6·5, 4·3 and 3·7 kb transcripts. Using semi-quantitative RT-PCR the oIFNAR1 mRNA was not found to be down-regulated after 72 h treatment with bovine recombinant IFN-αI in in vitro experiments with endometrial explants.
Expression of IGF-II and H19 mRNA in the neonatal rat during normal maturation and after dexamethasone administration
Authors: Senior P V , Tucci J , Blythe N L , Beck F 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT
In this study, the expression of IGF-II and H19 was examined in the liver, skeletal muscle and choroid plexus of the neonatal rat during normal maturation and after the administration of dexamethasone. If the two genes share common regulatory elements as postulated by an enhancer competition system, their patterns of expression should remain similar throughout maturation and after treatment with dexamethasone. In the liver, down-regulation of IGF-II and H19 during maturation and after dexamethasone administration was shown. This is consistent with the hypothesis that IGF-II and H19 are regulated by common enhancers. In the secretory cells of the choroid plexus, where expression of IGF-II is known to be biallelic, IGF-II was expressed in both untreated and dexamethasone-treated animals, regardless of age, whereas H19 expression was not detectable. This is consistent with the postulate that only one gene from each allele can be engaged by the enhancers. In skeletal muscle, H19 continues to be expressed in the adult after IGF-II is switched off suggesting that IGF-II can also be regulated independently of H19.
Two variants of the pituitary specific transcription factor Pit-1 in Atlantic salmon
Authors: Lorens J B , Aasland R , Brunstad H , Bergh H , Male R 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT
We have cloned two 1·6 kb cDNAs encoding variants of the POU-type pituitary-specific transcription factor Pit-1 from Atlantic salmon. Sequence comparison with mammalian Pit-1 revealed that the POU domain was highly similar while flanking regions were less conserved. The N-terminal region contained three insertions relative to mammalian Pit-1, one of these corresponded to the insertion found in the alternatively spliced Pit-1a isoform. While two different salmon Pit-1 transcripts were expressed, alternative splicing in the 5′-region did not appear to contribute to further transcript diversity. Both salmon Pit-1 cDNAs encoded 39·5 kDa proteins that specifically bind a consensus Pit-1 recognition sequence in vitro. The salmon Pit-1 proteins also recognized the classical octamer motif; however, a point mutation in the POU homeodomain abolished this interaction.
Expression of a prolactin-like factor in preneoplastic and neoplastic mouse mammary gland and cells
Authors: Jahnke G D , Trempus C S , Kari F W , DiAugustine R P 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT
Prolactin is a member of the growth hormone family and is required for the growth and terminal differentiation of the mammary gland. Ectopic production of this hormone has been reported in several species, including rat, sheep, goat and human mammary tissues. In this study, mouse mammary cell lines, xenographs in the mammary gland from these cell lines and from hyperplastic alveolar nodules, spontaneous tumors, and normal tissues were studied for de novo production of this growth factor. Prolactin transcripts were found by reverse transcriptase PCR in some neoplastic and preneoplastic tissues and in mouse mammary cell lines, NOG8 and CDNR4, but were not detected in the normal mouse mammary gland. Northern analysis revealed a 1 kb transcript for both cell lines that co-migrated with the prolactin pituitary transcript. Conditioned medium from NOG8 cells was positive for prolactin bioactivity by the Nb2 rat lymphoma cell proliferation assay, and Western analysis revealed the presence of immunoreactive proteins at Mr 14 000 and 60 000. Prolactin-like bioactivity was not detected in conditioned medium from CDNR4 cells, but an immunoreactive protein of Mr 60 000 was detected by Western analysis. The mouse mammary cell line, Comma D, was negative for prolactin transcripts; however, adenocarcinomas derived from inoculation of Comma D cells into the cleared mammary fat pad were positive by reverse transcriptase PCR in two of four cases. Hyperplastic outgrowths maintained in the cleared mammary fat pad as well as spontaneous tumors were positive for prolactin transcripts in one of four cases. These results suggest that prolactin can be produced ectopically by the neoplastic mouse mammary gland.