bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing New Energy Dependencies
Authors: Boute Anatole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 2022 energy crisis has reinvigorated states’ concerns over their vulnerability to supply and infrastructure dependencies in the clean energy industry. The concept of energy security, which has traditionally been limited to securing the availability of fossil fuels, is being expanded to include the resilience of clean energy supply chains. The geopolitics of energy is no longer confined to fossil fuels, but now includes the international competition to control clean technologies, critical minerals, and clean energy investments. In this new energy landscape, what is the role of energy law in managing the investment, technology, and resources dependencies that are created as part of the clean energy transition? This chapter maps the new dependencies in the clean energy landscape and, on this basis, examines states’ responses to clean energy security and supply chain resilience, and their compatibility with international energy, trade, and investment law.
An Empire of Magnetism
Authors: Gillin Edward J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1840s and 1850s, the British government financed a worldwide investigation into how the Earth’s magnetic phenomena operated, consisting of a network of naval expeditions and colonial observatories. Questions surrounding terrestrial magnetism were not just philosophical, but also engendered urgent concerns over the accurate navigation on which Britain’s commercial and colonial power depended. With the guidance of a powerful lobby of scientific and social elites, the British state was able to mobilize the extensive resources of its empire to the collection of magnetic data through carefully coordinated observations. Yet, as An Empire of Magnetism argues, the experimental instruments and techniques required to conduct this work were to be found amid Britain’s booming industry, where the harnessing of coal and iron, and use of steam power, shaped a scientific culture prominently concerned with the relationship between heat, pressure, and motion. In particular, it was philosophical apparatus fashioned within the mines of Cornwall that the government conscripted within this worldwide magnetic investigation. These locally produced experimental techniques and technologies proved capable of transformation into a system for obtaining magnetic measurements over great expanses of time and space. As this book demonstrates, this not only resulted in the most eminent global science of the age, but also became inseparable from the proliferation of empire as British naval crews and natural philosophers surveyed previously unknown regions in the search for magnetic data. This vast scientific enterprise had crucial implications for the formation of the ‘modern state’, its use of empirical knowledge, and the expansion of nineteenth-century empire.
Expedition and Experiment
Authors: Gillin Edward J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how, between 1841 and 1843, Edward Sabine and Robert Were Fox collaborated to transform the British Magnetic Scheme into a truly global scientific experiment. Specifically, they worked to turn the collection of magnetic data from around the world into a system of synchronized measurement. This took place through a series of new expeditions, building on the success of James Clark Ross’s 1839–43 Antarctic voyage. Yet the results from this were mixed. While voyages to the Caribbean and Americas went well, the 1841 Niger Expedition was a disaster, with tropical disease ravishing the crew and forcing the venture’s speedy termination. Likewise, Henry Lefroy’s attempt to use Fox dipping needles to measure magnetic phenomena overland, across Canada, showed the limitations of this instrument. Throughout these trials, Fox busied himself in Falmouth, working to regulate and improve his dipping needles. For all that Fox and Sabine conceived of the British Magnetic Scheme as a systematized scientific project, such work on a global scale was, as this chapter demonstrates, immensely capricious.
Discovery, Disaster, and the Dipping Needle
Authors: Gillin Edward J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the mid-1840s, the British Magnetic Scheme was in full sway. Edward Sabine and Robert Were Fox were becoming highly adept at equipping expeditions of increasing ambition and examining the magnetic data they returned. This chapter examines the evolving system of the British state in the surveying of the Earth’s magnetic phenomena between 1843 and 1850 through the series of expeditions that sustained this enterprise. The voyages of HMS Samarang and HMS Rattlesnake to the Far East, Japan, and around the world, examined regions previously uncharted by European travellers and represented an escalation from the BMS’s initial ambitions in 1839. Yet this chapter also explores the disastrous Franklin Expedition that the Admiralty had charged with magnetically surveying the Arctic regions in 1845. Throughout this chapter, both the fulfilment and the failure of Britain’s imperial, scientific ambitions are analysed. And the place of Fox’s dipping needles is evaluated throughout. Questions of managing instruments and their fallibilities were inseparable from projects of imperial ambition that proclaimed the pursuit of science as their ultimate aim.
Scoreboards Without Scorekeepers
Authors: Dever Josh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theories in the tradition of Lewis’s “Scorekeeping in a Language Game” conceive of linguistic expressions as providing instructions for updating a public conversational scoreboard. Metaphysically, that scoreboard is typically conceived psychologistically, as grounded in epistemically-coordinated mental states of conversational participants. But we can depsychologize scoreboards, taking them instead as mind-independent informational entities manipulated by linguistic moves. The psychologism is then relocated to a story about our collective tracking of the public scoreboard. Having scoreboards that are not effluences of our scorekeeping requires reorganization of much of our linguistic theory. As a test case, a reoriented perspective on presupposition and accommodation is given.
Singularism vs. Descriptivism?
Authors: Goodman Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter’s most general aim is to illuminate the disagreement between singularists about thought (who claim there are non-descriptive thoughts about ordinary external objects) and descriptivists about thought (who claim all thought about ordinary external objects is descriptive). It does this by clarifying the common claim that singular thoughts have an anchoring role with respect to thought in general and by making two further claims: 1) some of the putative disagreements between singularists and descriptivists are illusory once properly understood; and 2) singularists can more productively argue for their view by separating it from some of the framework in which it is commonly packaged. Separating the singular/descriptive thought distinction from the structured content framework, and casting the singularist’s central claim as one about the structure or form of what I will call referentially anchored thoughts, allow us to move past a common kind of impasse.
Being a Jewish Soldier in Nazi Captivity
Authors: Linenberg Yorai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 deals with the issue of being a Jew in a Nazi POW camp and maintaining the POW’s Jewish identity, beginning at the time of joining the army and the decision whether to declare one’s ethnicity and have it inscribed on his identification discs, to the moment they became POWs. The chapter also describes the way the POWs displayed their Jewish identity as it related to religious activities, cultural activities, and funerals, and their interaction with their doomed civilian brethren. The chapter demonstrates how maintaining the POWs’ Jewish identity not only helped them to strengthen their spirit and resolve during their time in captivity, but was also used as an act of defiance against their captors.
Segregation of American and British Jewish POWs
Authors: Linenberg Yorai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 deals with the segregation of American and British Jewish POWs from their non-Jewish comrades and uses cases of segregation to assess to what extent orders related to Jewish POWs were actually implemented by commanders of POWs in the military districts and by their subordinates, the POW camp commandants. The chapter reviews cases of segregation of these POWs and the response their non-Jewish comrades, as well as western governments and international organizations, had to the segregations, and suggests explanations as to why, when it came to American and British Jewish POWs, camp commandants in most cases chose to ignore segregation orders, even after the POW Office was taken over in October 1944 by SS General Gottlob Berger, who was known as ‘der allmächtige Gottlob’ (‘the almighty Gottlob’).
Why Were They Kept Alive? Explaining the Nazi Treatment of Jewish POWs
Authors: Linenberg Yorai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 reviews the Wehrmacht’s approach to Jewish POWs and describes the involvement that different levels in the Wehrmacht’s chain of command, starting with its Commander-in-Chief, Adolf Hitler, through to the German High Command and the POW Office, had with setting POW policies, both in the East and in the West. It also looks at the level of influence that state bodies such as the RSHA and the NSDAP had on POW policies. The chapter reviews the role played by the OKW’s POW Office in the treatment of Jewish POWs, analyses the way that POW policies were reflected in the orders issued by the POW Office which related to Jewish POWs, and suggests several explanations as to why these policies resulted in American and British Jewish POWs—and in fact, non-Soviet Jewish POWs in general—being treated in most cases in accordance with the 1929 Geneva Convention, despite the radicalization that took place throughout the war in Germany’s anti-Semitic and POW policies.
Conclusion
Authors: Schaefer Stephan M. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main argument and the theoretical framework of the book and discusses its purpose to build, enrich, and extend an interpretive repertoire of how to understand key dimensions, research findings and critiques related to the subject of organizational creativity. It further explicates how the multidimensional framework of the book provides a basis for analyzing varying configurations of organizational creativity. The theoretical framing can be considered a conceptual contribution to the field of organizational creativity studies as it provides an analytical framework which combines various established perspectives on the subject of organizational creativity. It allows scholars and practitioners alike to assess different configurations of organizational creativity and to make sense of situations when attempting to organize creativity. Overall, it is suggested that the neologism ‘organizating creativity creatively’ may be an apt way of capturing the essence of the book’s arguments.
Toyota
Authors: Brooker Paul , Hayward Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Taiichi Ohno was never CEO of Japanese car company, Toyota (he was instead a partner with CEOs in dual-leadership teams), but his innovative ‘lean’-production system made a key contribution to Toyota’s development into a globally iconic corporation. The chapter begins by describing the pioneering contribution of Toyota founder, Kiichiro Toyoda, who invented the notion of just-in-time production in the 1930s. In the 1950s, Ohno’s emphasis on innovative adaptation to Japan’s (distinctive) car market and factory environment led to a new production system. It included just-in-time, continuous-flow, and kanban aspects that would soon be internationally famous. Ohno also used both quantitative and strategic calculation, particularly in his grand strategy of reducing cost/waste in production. The chapter’s final section looks at Toyotaism versus Fordism: the rivalry between American and Japanese production systems.
McDonald’s
Authors: Brooker Paul , Hayward Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ray Kroc established a globally iconic corporation by franchising the fast-food-restaurant operation invented by the McDonald brothers. Kroc used an innovative franchising system plus a family-oriented marketing strategy that stressed the formula QSC&V (Quality, Service, Cleanliness, and Value). Kroc in fact used all six rational methods and also used dual-leadership teams, comprising company chairman Kroc and a subordinate CEO as the junior member of the team. After McDonald’s became a public company in the 1960s, it continued to expand throughout America and then worldwide. Its global expansion was thanks largely to a pioneering joint-venture system that is described in the chapter’s final section. This international joint-venture system helped McDonald’s to adapt to different cultures and markets around the world, even communist China.
Leaders Rationally Redeveloping Corporations
Authors: Brooker Paul , Hayward Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is an introduction to the chapters of Part II, where the focus is shifting to a special form of development: remedial renewal of a corporation by redevelopment. A successful redevelopment solves the problems of a troubled, stagnating, or declining corporation and gives it a bright new future—perhaps even iconic status. Rational redeveloping leaders use specialized rational means, namely a ‘tool kit’ of five change-making organizational processes. They are cultural or structural transformation, a diversifying or prioritizing reorientation of the product range, and a hybridizing merger with another company. The appropriate tools are discerningly selected and capably used by rational leaders. Five classic cases of this rational redeveloping will be presented in the Part II chapters, including autobiographical leader’s-eye views. The remainder of this chapter illustrates the use of individual redeveloping tools. Satya Nadella is shown culturally transforming Microsoft, Risto Siilasmaa prioritizing Nokia’s product range, and Carly Fiorina hybridizing Hewlett-Packard.
Apple
Authors: Brooker Paul , Hayward Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Steve Jobs, the departed co-founder of Apple Computer, returned to the corporation in 1996/7 and led a three-stage redevelopment that culminated in the late 2000s diversification into mobile phones. Apple was in decline when Jobs became CEO in 1997, so he had to finish a cost-cutting turnaround while beginning the redevelopment. The first stage of the redevelopment used both a cultural and a structural transformation. The second stage was an early 2000s diversification into mobile-tech music, specifically the iPod mobile music-player, iTunes software, and the cyberspace iTunes Music Store. The third stage of Apple’s redevelopment was the diversification into mobile phones. With the 2007/8 arrival of the iPhone and cyberspace App Store, Apple had completed its reorienting renewal: the corporation was now a largely mobile-tech firm. The chapter’s final and comparative section examines the Google corporation’s developmental diversification into mobile-phone software, starting with the 2005 acquisition of Android.
General Electric
Authors: Brooker Paul , Hayward Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CEO Jeff Immelt used too few redeveloping tools when he unsuccessfully redeveloped the huge General Electric (GE) corporation in the 2010s. This venerable corporation had been famously redeveloped in the 1980s by CEO Jack Welch, who became the most celebrated business leader of the 1990s. But in 2001 he left a problematic cultural and product-range legacy to his successor, Immelt. In particular, Welch’s culture inhibited innovation, as is described in a book about innovation by ex-GE marketer Beth Comstock. GE needed an innovation-encouraging cultural transformation, to encourage employees to come up with a breakthrough product that would revive stagnant GE. Yet the cultural-transformation tool was not used by Immelt when he finally—in the 2010s—tried to redevelop GE. His tools were a small-scale diversification and a prioritizing that had turned sour by the time he retired in 2017. This is a classic case of insufficiently rational, failed redevelopment.
A Phenomenological Approach to Quantum Mechanics
Authors: French Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The measurement problem remains one of the outstanding issues in the foundations of quantum theory: how do we go from the multiple options encoded in the wave-function to the definite outcome that we observe? One of the most well-known solutions to this problem maintained that it is the observer’s consciousness that somehow causes the wave-function to collapse. Now widely dismissed for introducing an irreducible element of subjectivity into science, both advocates and critics cited a ‘little book’, La Théorie de L’Observation en Mécanique Quantique, by Edmund Bauer and Fritz London (1938; English trans. 1983) as giving the clearest presentation of this solution. However, as well as being an extremely accomplished physicist, London was also trained in the phenomenological tradition that was initiated by the philosopher Edmund Husserl. This casts his work with Bauer in an entirely new and different light, and by assigning a very different and more profound role to consciousness in resolving the measurement problem, yields an understanding of quantum theory that has not hitherto been fully explored. The aim of this book is to initiate just such an exploration. It begins by setting London and Bauer’s ‘little book’ in its historical and philosophical context and then draws out the implications for not only quantum physics but our view of science and the world more generally.
The Orthodox Solution, Its History and Multiplicity
Authors: French Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The orthodox solution to the measurement problem is often presented in terms of ‘consciousness causes collapse’. It is widely taken to have been developed and presented by the mathematician von Neumann in his classic book, Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (1932/1955) which lays down the core theoretical framework of quantum mechanics. However, the ‘problem’ was not even presented as such until the 1950s, which is when von Neumann’s book was finally translated into English, and there is barely any mention of consciousness in it. It is partly for this reason that London and Bauer are typically regarded as having clearly articulated what von Neumann only hinted at. This chapter examines what von Neumann actually wrote about measurement in quantum mechanics. It presents his ‘psychophysical parallelism’ and the famous ‘chain’ argument which concludes that something non-physical must induce the wave-function to collapse. The chapter concludes with brief comments on von Neumann’s later thoughts concerning the comparison between computers and the human brain.
Many Worlds, Many Minds, and (Many) Relations
Authors: French Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accounts of quantum theory that bring to the fore the relationship between the system and the observer, or measuring device, include Everett’s ‘Many Worlds’ interpretation and Rovelli’s ‘Relational Quantum Mechanics’, both of which are considered in Chapter 9. The former understands the state of a system as relative to that of the observer and in Everett’s original formulation, the definite outcomes obtained through measurement were manifested via the observer’s memory sequences. The subjectivist aspect of this interpretation is made even more explicit in the so-called ‘Many Minds’ variant. Relational Quantum Mechanics likewise adopts a relational or perspectival approach to the states of the system under observation. In this chapter both approaches are considered as offering a way of aligning quantum theory with the correlationist feature of phenomenology. Both are then compared with QBism and the pros and cons of all three are considered in terms of possible avenues for developing a phenomenological form of quantum theory.
Witch Crafts
Authors: Webster Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 considers the reception of the British slave ship on the African coast. It asks: how did the communities supplying the slave trade conceptualize the enormous wooden vessels anchored off their coastlines? And in what ways did African understandings of European slave ships and their sailors change over time? While images of European ships were not a common feature of African representational practices, the contexts in which ships do appear are very significant, being produced mainly by coastal communities directly involved in trade with Europeans and occurring principally in courtly and ritual settings. It is argued that, in such contexts, Africans controlled and manipulated the European ship image for their own purposes. This chapter also examines African understandings of the slave trade as a form of witchcraft, and of the slave ship as a ‘witch craft’.
Other Cargoes
Authors: Webster Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
British slave ships leaving Africa transported supplementary cargoes ranging from gold and pepper to parakeets and ivory—all shipped home to Britain at the end of the voyage. These cargoes are the focus of Chapter 8, which outlines their impact on daily life in Britain. It is argued that the home reception of these goods facilitates an analysis of the role of the slave ship in the circum-Atlantic movement of things, as well as of people. Ethnographic and natural ‘curios’ from Africa were in some demand at home, and Chapter 8 also considers the activities of sailors who contributed to the development of British collections. The final section turns to the wooden chest in which the abolitionist Thomas Clarkson housed his own collection of the ‘productions of Africa’, exploring its use and purpose.
Discipline and Punish
Authors: Webster Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 10 identifies the daily routines that, for some three hundred years, facilitated the shipping of human cargoes across the Atlantic. By the mid-eighteenth century, these routines, and their associated assemblages, had standardized to an extraordinary degree. The outcome was an assemblage of practice evidenced in many of the primary sources central to this book and collated here. It is argued that the routines of surveillance, discipline, and punishment on British slave ships shared much with those of the prison and convict transport systems. It is also argued that exposure to these practices gave captives an initial familiarity with many aspects of the plantation regimes they would later encounter in the Americas.
Surviving the Middle Passage
Authors: Webster Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like Chapter 10, this chapter considers the daily regimes of the slave ship, but Chapter 11 explores them from the perspective of the ship’s African captives. Overt resistance (‘insurrections’) are considered here, as is suicide. It is argued that greater attention needs to be paid to coping mechanisms and small-scale acts of resistance (infrapolitics) through which the majority of Africans were able both to challenge and to survive their captive passage. Particular attention is paid to women and boys, who had greater freedom of movement than other captives on a British vessel, and often played key roles in acts of resistance. This chapter also asks whether it was possible for small personal possessions to cross the Atlantic on African bodies and explores the role of artefacts in shipboard resistance.