bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
smdi: an R package to perform structural missing data investigations on partially observed confounders in real-world evidence studies
Authors: Weberpals Janick , Raman Sudha R , Shaw Pamela A , Lee Hana , Hammill Bradley G , Toh Sengwee , Connolly John G , Dandreo Kimberly J , Tian Fang , Liu Wei , Li Jie , Hernández-Muñoz José J , Glynn Robert J , Desai Rishi J 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Partially observed confounder data pose a major challenge in statistical analyses aimed to inform causal inference using electronic health records (EHRs). While analytic approaches such as imputation are available, assumptions on underlying missingness patterns and mechanisms must be verified. We aimed to develop a toolkit to streamline missing data diagnostics to guide choice of analytic approaches based on meeting necessary assumptions.

Materials and methods
We developed the smdi (structural missing data investigations) R package based on results of a previous simulation study which considered structural assumptions of common missing data mechanisms in EHR.

Results
smdi enables users to run principled missing data investigations on partially observed confounders and implement functions to visualize, describe, and infer potential missingness patterns and mechanisms based on observed data.

Conclusions
The smdi R package is freely available on CRAN and can provide valuable insights into underlying missingness patterns and mechanisms and thereby help improve the robustness of real-world evidence studies.
Montenegro in the Works of Patrick Mac Swiney de Mashanaglass
Authors: Burzanović Slavko , Popović Olivera 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This article analyzes texts about Montenegro of the Catholic Irish publicist Patrick Mac Swiney de Mashanaglass, who visited the country in 1899. He published two works about his experience and the information he collected: a travel account and a historical overview. The article discusses the motive for his arrival on the eastern Adriatic coast, the historical, political, and cultural context of this visit, and the factors that influenced the creation of a certain image of Montenegro in his works. Special attention is paid to the issues of the relationship between Montenegro and the Holy See, which Swiney analyzed from various standpoints, and which contributed to the growing interest in Catholic circles in the small Balkan principality. The key events in that sense were the signing and implementation of the Concordat between Montenegro and the Holy See, the first legal act of this type signed between the Vatican and an Orthodox country, and the political-religious problem that emerged around an institute in Rome dedicated to St Jerome.
Cultivation of recombinant Aspergillus niger strains on dairy whey as a carbohydrate source
Authors: Crament Teagan C , Arendsen Kayline , Rose Shaunita H , Jansen Trudy 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Agricultural waste valorisation provides a sustainable solution to waste management, and combining waste utilisation with commodity production allows for responsible production processes. Recombinant Aspergillus niger D15 strains expressing fungal endoglucanases (Trichoderma reesei eg1 and eg2 and Aspergillus carneus aceg) were evaluated for their ability to utilise lactose as a carbon source to determine whether dairy waste could be used as a feedstock for enzyme production. The recombinant A. niger D15[eg1]PyrG, D15[eg2]PyrG, and D15[aceg]PyrG strains produced maximum endoglucanase activities of 34, 54, and 34 U/mL, respectively, on lactose and 23, 27, and 22 U/mL, respectively, on whey. The A. niger D15[eg2]PyrG strain was used to optimise the whey medium. Maximum endoglucanase activity of 46 U/mL was produced on 10% whey medium containing 0.6% NaNO3. The results obtained indicate that dairy whey can be utilised as a feedstock for recombinant enzyme production. However, variations in enzyme activities were observed and require further investigation.
The rise of the metaverse: tethering effect and intellectual property of crypto tokens
Authors: Wyczik Jakub 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Tokens, as digital content and virtual goods, require a comprehensive, multi-layered approach for analysis. This approach, which is generally applicable to various such goods, examines the legal status of tokens on three distinct layers: first, the rights to the virtual good itself; second, the rights to the assets linked to the virtual good; third, the rights to the intellectual property (IP) intricately associated with the token. This article examines issues of the associated rights concerning the general tethering effect, formal requirements for the transfer of IP rights, licensing, the doctrine of first sale (exhaustion), the concept of the lawful acquirer and other crucial cross-border aspects of IP in the realm of virtual goods, particularly in the emerging metaverse. The present contribution provides practitioners and researchers with a guide to tethering effects and IP in the context of tokens. It also highlights the need to change current paradigms due to the growing importance and actual existence of virtual property.
Association of N-terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide with survival among US cancer survivors
Authors: Cao Chao , Yang Lin , Nohria Anju , Mayer Erica L , Partridge Ann H , Ligibel Jennifer A 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background
N-terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a cardiac biomarker associated with the risk of heart failure and death in the general population, but it has not been explored in cancer survivors.

Methods
Using a US nationally representative sample of adults 20 years of age and older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2004, this study compared NT-proBNP levels between adults without cancer (n = 12 574) and adult cancer survivors (n = 787). It examined the association of NT-proBNP with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among cancer survivors.

Results
Cancer survivors had higher NT-proBNP levels than adults without cancer (median [interquartile range] = 125.4 pg/mL [52.4-286.0] vs 43.2 pg/mL [20.3-95.0]). In particular, survivors of breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers had higher NT-proBNP levels than adults without cancer (multivariable-adjusted P &lt; .05). In total, 471 survivors died (141 from cancer; 95 from cardiac disease) during a median follow-up period of 13.4 years (9393 person-years). Among cancer survivors, higher NT-proBNP levels were statistically associated with increased risks of all-cause death (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.18 to 1.46) and cardiac death (HR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.21 to 2.00) but not with death from cancer (HR = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.92 to 1.32]). Higher NT-proBNP levels were associated with elevated overall mortality in survivors of prostate cancer (HR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.22 to 1.81) and colorectal cancer (HR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.00 to 3.16) (P = .169 for interaction). Nonlinear dose-response relationships were observed between NT-proBNP and mortality, with statistically significant relationships emerging above 125 pg/mL.

Conclusions
Cancer survivors had higher NT-proBNP levels than adults without cancer, and elevated NT-proBNP levels were associated with higher risks of all-cause and cardiac mortality in cancer survivors.
Parameterization of height–diameter and crown radius–diameter relationships across the globe
Authors: Song Xiang , Li Jinxu , Zeng Xiaodong 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The tree height–diameter at breast height (H–DBH) and crown radius–DBH (CR–DBH) relationships are key for forest carbon/biomass estimation, parameterization in vegetation models and vegetation–atmosphere interactions. Although the H–DBH relationship has been widely investigated on site or regional scales, and a few of studies have involved CR–DBH relationships based on plot-level data, few studies have quantitatively verified the universality of these two relationships on a global scale. This study evaluated the ability of 29 functions to fit the H–DBH and CR–DBH relationships for six different plant functional types (PFTs) on a global scale, based on a global plant trait database. Results showed that most functions were able to capture the H–DBH relationship for tropical PFTs and boreal needleleaf trees relatively accurately, but slightly less for temperate PFTs and boreal broadleaf trees (BB). For boreal PFTs, the S-shaped Logistic function fitted the H–DBH relationship best, while for temperate PFTs the Chapman–Richards function performed well. For tropical needleleaf trees, the fractional function of DBH satisfactorily captured the H–DBH relationship, while for tropical broadleaf trees, the Weibull function and a composite function of fractions were the best choices. For CR–DBH, the fitting capabilities of all the functions were comparable for all PFTs except BB. The Logistic function performed best for two boreal PFTs and temperate broadleaf trees, but for temperate needleleaf trees and two tropical PFTs, some exponential functions demonstrated higher skill. This work provides valuable information for parameterization improvements in vegetation models and forest field investigations.
Kinetics of Conventional and New Cardiac Radiotracers
Authors: Klein Ran , deKemp Robert A. , Rotstein Benjamin , Yoshinaga Keiichiro 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Cardiac nuclear imaging relies on the principles of tracer kinetics for the assessment of cardiovascular physiology, including perfusion, metabolism, neurohormonal signaling, and cell signaling. Tracer kinetics are used to describe the exchange between blood and tissue, and between different biochemical forms within the physical tissue spaces. Properties such as a high extraction fraction are desirable for quantification of myocardial blood flow, whereas a high retention fraction is essential for myocardial perfusion imaging with high tissue-to-blood contrast. Tracer washout rates can be used to measure metabolic substrate utilization or clearance of metabolic byproducts. The combination or balance of tracer uptake and washout rates can be used to measure the apparent volume of distribution, reflecting the combined density and affinity of a receptor or transporter. Appropriate selection of tracer and kinetic parameters provides a powerful means to study a wide range of biological processes in the living body.
Artifacts
Authors: Van Decker William A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Artifacts are not unique to nuclear cardiac imaging and are observed in many aspects of patient care. All imaging modalities (such as echocardiography, chest x-rays, computed tomography of any type, magnetic resonance imaging, coronary angiography, and electrocardiography) may have artifacts due to the imaging technique. Their recognition and correction improves precision and patient management. With nuclear cardiology, artifacts could be observed with SPECT and PET as well as with radionuclide angiography. The greater number of SPECT studies means that more artifacts are observed with SPECT than PET. Artifacts may affect interpretation of perfusion pattern, LV function, and myocardial blood flow. Artifacts are simply defined as changes in any of the above measurements that are created by the imaging process itself rather than any real biologic or physiologic process. Some are obvious, but others are much more subtle. They could be due to image acquisition, processing, software, hardware, automation, and extracardiac activity. Understanding the causes of the common artifacts will allow recognition of the signature “footprint” on final images. Some artifacts lend themselves to image generation mitigation and others to classic pattern recognition. This chapter will characterize artifacts and explain common ways to manage each for clinically improved interpretation.
Nuclear Cardiac Imaging in Women
Authors: Taqueti Viviany R. , de Souza Ana Carolina do A. H. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Heart disease is the number-one cause of death in women worldwide, and important sex differences in the rates of diagnosis, utilization of care, response to therapy and clinical outcomes have been described. Conventional diagnostic testing approaches in the evaluation of ischemic heart disease, which were designed primarily for identification of obstructive CAD, can lead to under- or over-testing in women without differentiating those most at risk. Unique factors related to the presentation, diagnosis, and underlying pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease in women underscore the need for a more tailored risk assessment strategy. Extensive evidence supports that MPI with SPECT and PET can effectively risk stratify women with ischemic heart disease. This chapter reviews how advances in nuclear cardiology techniques, including the addition of (1) absolute quantification of coronary blood flow and reserve, (2) multiparametric imaging approaches with MPI and CT, and (3) strategies to reduce radiation dose with the use of ultra-low-dose protocols involving stress-only imaging, solid-state detector SPECT, and PET, are being applied to better capture pathologic phenotypes prevalent in women, including ischemia with no obstructive CAD and coronary microvascular dysfunction, which may be important contributors to their morbidity and mortality.
Approach to the Patient With Abnormal Liver Test Results and Acute Liver Failure
Authors: Poterucha John J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Abnormal liver test results are defined as abnormal results for aminotransferases (aspartate aminotransferase [AST] or alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) or hepatic alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Determination of currently used “normal” values most likely included patients who had clinically unrecognized liver disease such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. It has been suggested that the upper limit of the normal value for ALT should be 33 U/L for men and 25 U/L for women. Population-based studies suggest that 25% of the population has an abnormal ALT value and 33% an abnormal ALP value. Abnormal liver test results are generally defined as acute if the duration is less than 3 months or chronic if the duration is more than 3 months.
Clinical Approach to Liver Mass Lesions
Authors: Roberts Lewis R. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The clinical approach to liver mass lesions requires attention to the clinical context within which the mass is identified, the symptoms of the patient, and the physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. With the advent of frequent ultrasonographic or cross-sectional imaging of the abdomen for various abdominal symptoms, many liver mass lesions are now discovered incidentally during imaging performed for unrelated symptoms. These incidentally discovered lesions should be evaluated fully because a large proportion of them indicate the presence of malignant or premalignant disease that requires appropriate management. This chapter describes the overall approach to the evaluation and diagnosis of liver mass lesions and summarizes the clinical features and management of the most common benign and malignant liver masses.
Ascites, Hepatorenal Syndrome, and Encephalopathy
Authors: Kulai Tasha B. , Simonetto Douglas A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The portal hypertension and hepatic synthetic dysfunction of cirrhosis cause 3 main complications as liver disease progresses from compensated to decompensated disease: variceal bleeding, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy. Ascites is the most common major complication of cirrhosis and occurs within 10 years in about 50% of patients who have compensated cirrhosis. The development of ascites denotes the transition from compensated to decompensated cirrhosis as it is often the first decompensating event.
Gallstones
Authors: Vargas Valls Eric J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Over 20 million people in the US are affected by gallbladder-related diseases, and the estimated direct annual costs exceed $6.3 billion. The formation of gallstones, cholelithiasis, affects people throughout the world, but the prevalence varies among different groups, ranging from 60% to 70% among American Indians to 5% among persons in sub-Saharan Africa. In the US, 20% of patients with cholelithiasis have gallstone-related complications (annual incidence rate, 1%-4%), and more than 700,000 cholecystectomies are performed annually. This chapter reviews the anatomy, development, physiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of gallstone and gallstone-related diseases.
A 63-Year-Old Woman With Recurrent Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Kanj Amjad N. , Nelson Darlene R. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction benefits a subset of patients who have severe emphysema and are still symptomatic after receiving optimal medical therapy. Target lobe selection and careful assessment of collateral ventilation are important for successful bronchoscopic lung volume reduction. An important risk for patients undergoing bronchoscopic lung volume reduction is pneumothorax.
A 67-Year-Old Woman With Hyperglycemia
Authors: Subat Yosuf W. , Nguyen Kianna M. , Oeckler Richard A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Small cell lung cancer can cause ectopic corticotropin release and development of Cushing syndrome. Life-threatening complications of rapidly progressive hypercortisolemia include severe electrolyte abnormalities and infections. Etomidate is a highly effective inhibitor of adrenal steroidogenesis and should be considered in patients who require urgent correction of cortisol levels. A low-dose infusion of etomidate is unlikely to cause sedation and may serve as a bridge to surgical intervention in patients with refractory hypercortisolemia.
A 51-Year-Old Man With Fatigue, Dyspnea, and Lung Nodules
Authors: Koslow Matthew , Baqir Misbah , Ryu Jay H. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The evaluation of pulmonary nodules requires consideration of several factors, including the patient’s underlying risk for malignancy, nodule characteristics, and systemic conditions associated with pulmonary manifestations. Society guidelines and prediction equations may support management decisions, which should ultimately be made on a case-by-case basis.
A 48-Year-Old Man With Recurrent Pneumonia
Authors: Egan Ashley M. , Limper Andrew H. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Although relatively rare, blastomycosis should be considered when patients present with pulmonary symptoms suggestive of pneumonia that have not responded to traditional treatment, especially if other organs are involved. Blastomycosis warrants treatment with antifungal therapy, usually itraconazole, although amphotericin B is appropriate in specific circumstances.
A 37-Year-Old Man With Sudden Loss of Vision
Authors: del Valle Kathryn T. , Edell Eric S. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The fungal pathogen C gattii commonly occurs in the Pacific Northwest and most often affects the lungs, central nervous system, and eyes. Unlike its better-known relative, C neoformans, C gattii occurs more often in immunocompetent rather than immunocompromised hosts and is notably more likely to cause large pulmonary and brain mass lesions known as crytococcomas. If a diagnosis of C gattii infection is strongly suspected, lumbar puncture, funduscopic examination, and head and chest imaging should be routinely performed. Standard treatment typically includes induction antifungal therapy with amphotericin B and flucytosine with subsequent prolonged treatment with fluconazole.
A 49-Year-Old Man With Dizziness, Fatigue, Muscle Weakness, and Shortness of Breath
Authors: Wegner Wippel Catherine , Schiavo Dante N. , Kern Ryan M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Pulmonary carcinoids are a subgroup of well-differentiated lung neuroendocrine tumors. Typical carcinoids have a more indolent course and carry a better prognosis than atypical carcinoids. Most tumors arise in the proximal airways, and patients present with cough, wheeze, hemoptysis, chest pain, and recurrent pneumonia. The preferred treatment is surgery. Radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy can be considered for patients who are not surgical candidates.
A 46-Year-Old Woman With Progressive Shortness of Breath
Authors: Teague Taylor T. , Midthun David E. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chylothorax is a rare cause of pleural effusion. Fluid may not appear chylous, so a high degree of awareness is required, especially when patients have compatible risk factors. Pleural fluid from chylothorax usually has a milky appearance, exudative characteristics, and a predominance of lymphocytes. The diagnosis can be made confidently if the pleural fluid triglyceride level exceeds 110 mg/dL in the appropriate clinical context. Treatment is multimodal and incorporates conservative measures such as the use of dietary modification, TPN, and somatostatin analogues. If conservative therapy is unsuccessful, more aggressive measures, such as pleurodesis or thoracic duct ligation or embolization, can be pursued.
A 59-Year-Old Man With Progressive Shortness of Breath and Fatigue 18 Months After Bilateral Lung Transplant
Authors: Tarmey Tara , Roden Anja C. , Kennedy Cassie C. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The differential diagnosis is broad when patients have late-onset dyspnea after lung transplant. After acute and reversible causes have been excluded, chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) is an important consideration if the patient has a marked, sustained decrease in forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration. Early recognition and appropriate subtyping of CLAD aid in providing a prognosis and tailoring the therapy.
GW190425: Pan-STARRS and ATLAS coverage of the skymap and limits on optical emission associated with FRB 20190425A
Authors: Smartt S J , Nicholl M , Srivastav S , Huber M E , Chambers K C , Smith K W , Young D R , Fulton M D , Tonry J L , Stubbs C W , Denneau L , Cooper A J , Aamer A , Anderson J P , Andersson A , Bulger J , Chen T -W , Clark P , de Boer T , Gao H , Gillanders J H , Lawrence A , Lin C C , Lowe T B , Magnier E A , Minguez P , Moore T , Rest A , Shingles L , Siverd R , Smith I A , Stalder B , Stevance H F , Wainscoat R , Williams R 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT
GW190425 is the second of two binary neutron star (BNS) merger events to be significantly detected by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave (GW) Observatory (LIGO), Virgo and the Kamioka Gravitational Wave (KAGRA) detector network. With a detection only in LIGO Livingston, the skymap containing the source was large and no plausible electromagnetic counterpart was found in real-time searching in 2019. Here, we summarize Asteroid Terrestrial-Impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) and Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS) wide-field optical coverage of the skymap beginning within 1 and 3 h, respectively, of the GW190425 merger time. More recently, a potential coincidence between GW190425 and a fast radio burst FRB 20190425A has been suggested, given their spatial and temporal coincidences. The smaller sky localization area of FRB 20190425A and its dispersion measure led to the identification of a likely host galaxy, UGC 10667 at a distance of 141 ± 10 Mpc. Our optical imaging covered the galaxy 6.0 h after GW190425 was detected and 3.5 h after the FRB 20190425A. No optical emission was detected and further imaging at +1.2 and +13.2 d also revealed no emission. If the FRB 20190425A and GW190425 association were real, we highlight our limits on kilonova emission from a BNS merger in UGC 10667. The model for producing FRB 20190425A from a BNS merger involves a supramassive magnetized neutron star spinning down by dipole emission on the time-scale of hours. We show that magnetar-enhanced kilonova emission is ruled out by optical upper limits. The lack of detected optical emission from a kilonova in UGC 10667 disfavours, but does not disprove, the FRB–GW link for this source.