bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochemical and pathological changes in tissues of Friesian cattle during the experimental induction of copper deficiency
Authors: Mills C. F. , Dalgarno A. C. , Wenham G. 
Published: May 2005

1. Copper deficiency was induced in five Friesian cattle offered a semi-synthetic diet containing < 1 mg Cu/kg. Changes in blood and liver Cu contents and in the Cu-containing enzymes, ferroxidase I (caeruloplasmin;EC1.16.3.1) and monoamine oxidase (EC1.4.3.4) of plasma and cytochrome oxidase (EC1.9.3.1) of liver and skeletal muscle were monitored during Cu depletion.2. Rapid decreases in blood and liver Cu and plasma ferroxidase I activity were found at least 80 d before the first appearance of overt clinical signs of deficiency. Plasma monoamine oxidase and liver cytochrome oxidase activities decreased less rapidly and thus may provide useful indices of chronic Cu depletion.3. Although results of these assays indicated that Cu depletion was occurring and metabolic defects supervening, none facilitated the early recognition of individuals that subsequently showed marked overt clinical signs of Cu deficiency compared with those less severely affected.4. Irrespective of their clinical appearance at slaughter, Cu-depleted cattle showed gross or microscopic lesions of the skeleton and cardiovascular system and, in some instances, lesions of the ligamentum nuchae and small intestine. The aetiology of these lesions is considered with particular respect to changes in the activities of the Cu-dependent enzymes studied and to the interpretation of field surveys based solely upon determination of blood or liver Cu content.5. A second group of five cattle was offered the same diet supplemented with Cu to provide 8 mg Cu/kg and, later, 15 mg Cu/kg. Although no pathological lesions attributable to Cu deficiency were detected at slaughter a marked reduction in liver Cu content, a decrease in plasma ferroxidase I activity and, in four animals, the development of a diarrhoea controlled by oral administration of Cu, suggested that 8 mg Cu/kg diet did not meet their requirement for Cu.
A comparative study of the nutritional and physiological significance of raw and heated soya beans in chicks and goslings
Authors: Nitsan Zafrira , Nir I. 
Published: May 2005

1. The comparative effects of raw soya beans on food intake, growth, digestive organ weight, and enzyme activities in goslings and chicks were studied.2. Goslings were more affected than chicks by the ingestion of a raw soya-bean diet (RSD) in the following ways: reduction in food intake and growth rate; increase in relative weight of the digestive organs; reduction in specific activities of lipase (EC 3.1.1.3), amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) and chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.4.5) in the pancreas (not affected in chicks); greater inhibition of trypsin (EC 3.4.4.4), chymotrypsin and amylase in the intestinal contents of goslings than of chicks.3. Addition of methionine to the RSD improved food intake and growth rate more in goslings than in chicks.4. The interrelationships between enzyme activities, food passage rate, nutrient absorption and food intake regulation are discussed.
Methionine sulphoxide as a source of sulphur-containing amino acids for the young rat
Authors: Gjøen Anne U. , Njaa L. R. 
Published: May 2005

1. Young male rats were used in five experiments to study the utilization for growth of methionine sulphoxide, and the relationship between the sulphoxide content in the diet and the level of microbiologically determined methionine activity in blood or blood plasma. In one nitrogen-balance experiment methionine and methionine sulphoxide were compared as supplements to a casein diet and a fish-meal diet.2. Methionine sulphoxide was poorly utilized for growth when tested as the sole sulphur amino acid in an amino acid diet. Substitution of one-third of the sulphoxide with cystine improved utilization so that it approached that of methionine.3. Methionine alone and in combination with methionine sulphoxide were added to a soya-bean-meal diet. The sulphoxide showed no adverse effect on growth.4. Fish meal in which methionine had been oxidized to methionine sulphoxide was tested alone and in combinations with unoxidized fish meal. Only when the oxidized meal was given alone was there an appreciable effect on growth. The fish meals used were low in cystine.5. Whereas both methionine and methionine sulphoxide improved the N balance when a casein diet was given, there was no effect when a fish-meal diet was given.6. There was a linear relationship between methionine sulphoxide content in the amino acid diets and the methionine activity in the blood plasma. Methionine sulphoxide added to a soya-bean-meal diet or present in oxidized fish meal gave a curvilinear relationship, and the observed activities were lower than with the amino acid diets. Methionine activity in blood could not be used as an indicator of moderate amounts of methionine sulphoxide in protein-containing diets.
Effect of diet on the metabolism of labelled tocopherol in sheep
Authors: Hidiroglou M. 
Published: May 2005

1. Eighteen crossbred wethers were allotted at random (six per treatment) to each of the following diets: (1) maize-silage; (2) grass-silage; and (3) chopped hay. After 6 months a single oral dose of D-α-[5-Me-3H]tocopherol was given to each sheep on these three treatments.2. Blood plasma, rumen liquor and urine radioactivity were measured for 4 d and, at the end of this period, the animals were killed and tissue distribution of3H was determined.3. Maize-silage generally contained less α-tocopherol than grass-silage or hay. Tissue uptake of3H was greater on maize-silage than other diets.4. In muscle, spleen and liver, tocopherol concentrations were lower in the maize-silage than the grass-silage fed animals.5. A tendency to higher uptake of radioactivity was recorded at all times in the plasma and its lipid extract of sheep fed on maize-silage than those fed on grass-silage or hay.6. Urine clearance of radioactivity tended to be higher in animals fed on the maize-silage than those fed on grass-silage or hay. This difference of magnitude in urinary excretion was probably related to the rate of metabolism of the ingested radiotocopherol.
The effect of wheat fibre on plasma lipids and faecal steroid excretion in man
Authors: Kay R. M. , Truswell A. S. 
Published: May 2005

1. The effect of isoenergetic substitution of bran and wholemeal bread for white flour and white bread was investigated in six healthy volunteers in a metabolic unit.2. A 21 d high-fibre experimental period was preceded and followed by a 14 d control period, so that each experiment lasted 7 weeks. Blood samples were taken on each of the last 3 d and faeces collected (using carmine markers) for the last 6 d of each diet period.3. Plasma cholesterol, triglycerides and serum calcium concentrations were not altered by the addition of wheat fibre.4. Wheat fibre caused a significant increase in faecal bulk and frequency. Faecal steroid excretion was the same in the last week of the first control and the high-fibre periods but increased in the subsequent control period.
The vitamin B6status of pigs given a diet containing linseed meal
Authors: Bishara H. N. , Walker H. F. 
Published: May 2005

1. Pigs consuming a diet containing 300 g linseed meal/kg and a pyridoxine supplement showed greater growth, nitrogen retention, blood packed cell volume and haemoglobin than those receiving only the basal diet.2. Tryptophan-load tests on unsupplemented pigs revealed an increased excretion of kynurenine, Nα-acetylkynurenine and xanthurenic acid compared to those receiving additional pyridoxine.3. The results suggest that the unsupplemented pigs were marginally deficient in vitamin B6.4. When the same diet was fed to rats there was no evidence of vitamin B6deficiency.
Fractional catabolic rates of myosin and actin estimated by urinary excretion ofNT-methylhistidine: the effect of dietary protein level on catabolic rates under conditions of restricted food intake
Authors: Nishizawa N. , Shimbo M. , Hareyama S. , Funabiki R. 
Published: May 2005

1. Critical studies on the distribution ofNT-methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine; Me-His) among organs and tissues in adult rats are reported. Adult rats contained 46.5 ± 3.6 mg Me-His/kg body-weight. Almost 90% of the Me-His in the body was recovered from skeletal muscle. These results support the hypothesis that fractional catabolic rates of myosin and actin in skeletal muscle can be estimated by measuring urinary excretion of Me-His.2. Dietary protein level did not affect the total amount of Me-His in the body. However, urinary excretion of Me-His increased as dietary protein intake was increased.3. From these results it was concluded that fractional catabolic rates of myosin and actin increase as dietary protein intake increases.
Carbohydrate digestion by the domestic cat (Felis catus)
Authors: Morris J. G. , Trudell Jeanette , Pencovic Terri 
Published: May 2005

1. Three experiments were conducted on the ability of cats to utilize dietary carbohydrates. In two experiments, the digestibilities of carbohydrates were measured by the chromic oxide-marker technique using a balanced Latin-Square allocation of treatments: in the third experiment, the effect of age and diet on the activity of intestinal β-galactosidase (lactase) (EC3.2.1.23) and β-fructofuranosidase (sucrase) (EC3.2.1.26) of kittens was measured.2. In Expt 1 the digestibilities of six individual carbohydrates, glucose, sucrose, lactose, dextrin, raw maize starch and wood cellulose added to a meat-based basal diet were measured.3. In Expt 2, a similar meat-based basal diet was used and the effect of three processing methods (fine and coarse grinding, and cooking) on the apparent digestibility of the starch in maize and wheat grain was measured.4. In Expt 3 the effects of the inclusion of either 200 g lactose or 200 g sucrose/kg in an all-meat diet and of age on the β-galactosidase and β-fructofuranosidase activities of the small intestine of weanling kittens were measured.5. Adult cats efficiently (> 0.94) digested all six individual carbohydrates added to the diet with the exception of cellulose, which was indigestible. The digestibility coefficients of glucose, sucrose and lactose were significantly (P< 0.01) greater than that of starch. The inclusion of lactose caused diarrhoea in some cats and significantly (P< 0.01) reduced apparent digestibility of crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) in the total ration.6. Fine grinding significantly enhanced the digestion of starch in wheat and maize grain, but the effect was greatest for maize grain. Cooking had a similar effect to fine grinding for wheat grain, but an effect intermediate between coarse and fine grinding for maize grain.7. Intestinal β-galactosidase activity decreased with age in kittens (71-106 d). Neither β-fructofuranosidase nor β-galactosidase activities were significantly affected by the addition of sucrose and lactose to the all-meat diet.
Human protein requirements: evaluation of the 1973 FAO/WHO safe level of protein intake for young men at high energy intakes
Authors: Garza C. , Scrimshaw N. S. , Young V. R. 
Published: May 2005

1. Six Caucasian male Massachusetts Institute of Technology students participated in a 77–87 d metabolic balance study to determine the adequacy of the 1973 FAO/WHO egg protein allowance for men (0.57 g/kg body-weight per d). Each subject was given an initial energy allowance calculated to meet his particular requirements, and these intakes were raised by increments of 10% approximately every 2 weeks until a slightly positive balance was achieved. Each individual's energy intake was maintained at this final level for the remainder of the study.2. At energy intakes sufficient to meet their estimated requirements, five of six subjects were in negative nitrogen balance. In five subjects, N balance improved with increased energy intake until N balance was achieved. The mean change in N balance was 0.335 mg N/additional kJ consumed. All of the subjects gained weight at the higher energy intakes.3. Serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities increased with continued intake of the experimental diet and reached abnormal levels in five of the six subjects. In the two subjects showing the earliest increases in serum transferase activity, the levels returned towards normal when protein intake was raised to 0.73–1.0 g/kg body-weight per d. All subjects showed normal serum transferase values on an ad lib. diet 2–3 weeks after termination of the study.4. The findings indicate that at energy intakes necessary to bring subjects into slightly positive N balance at the level of 0.57 g egg protein/kg per d, a significant proportion of young adults continue to gain weight for as long as 70 d.5. These findings suggest that the 1973 FAO/WHO safe allowance of 0.57 g egg protein/kg per d is not sufficient for most healthy young men receiving dietary energy intakes appropriate for long-term maintenance of body-weight.
Increased thirst and hunger in adult rats undernourished as infants: an alternative explanation
Authors: Smart J. L. , Dobbing J. 
Published: May 2005

1. Rats were undernourished in early life by feeding their mothers a restricted quantity of a good-quality diet throughout lactation. Their undernutrition continued postweaning from 25 to 42 d of age, after which they were fed ad lib. Control rats were well nourished at all times.2. Behavioural assessment of thirst was carried out on adult males. These were deprived of water for 23 h/d throughout the period of testing. Compared to control rats, previously-undernourished (PU) rats pressed a lever at a higher rate in a Skinner box to gain a water reward, drank more frequently during their first 5 min in an unfamiliar cage, and tended to run more quickly down an alleyway for water. PU rats also drank more (/kg body-weighta0.75) of a quinine solution (1 g/l) when this was available to them ad lib. as their only source of fluid.3. A second group of rats was growth-retarded during gestation and the suckling and early postweaning periods. The rats had free access to food from 42 d of age. In adulthood their ad lib. food and water consumption was measured. PU males ate and drank more (/kg body-weight0.75) than control males.4. These results indicate that adult rats which have been undernourished in early life display increased thirst. An attempt is made to explain this finding, together with their previously-demonstrated enhanced hunger drive, purely in terms of gross anatomical and physiological differences.
Effects of diet on the protozoa population in permeable continuous cultures of rumen contents
Authors: Abe M. , Iriki T. 
Published: May 2005

1. Responses of the protozoa population to the composition and the components of the diet were studied in permeable continuous cultures of rumen contents.2. In Expt I a study was made of responses to diets containing different combinations of rice straw, lucerne meal and mixed concentrates given to the cow supplying inocula for cultures. It was found that (1) when a diet devoid of concentrates was fed, entodiniomorphs decreased in numbers; (2) their numbers increased with the increase in the amount of concentrates; (3) holotrich numbers were hardly affected by the type of diet; (4) rice straw and lucerne meal were not essential for protozoa to survive in culture medium.3. In Expt 2 responses were determined to diets containing different combinations of maize, maize starch, sugars (glucose-sucrose (1:1, w/w)), soya-bean meal and isolated soya-bean protein. The results suggested the following relationship between dietary component and protozoa population. (1) The diet rich in both starch and sugars sustains the increased numbers of protozoa on the whole. (2) The diet rich in starch and deficient in sugars decreases selectively Dasytricha and small species of Entodinium such asEntodinium minimumandE. nanellum.The other species of protozoa, especially large entodiniomorphs such as Ophryo-scolex and Polyplastron, are maintained at relatively high levels. (3) The diet deficient in starch and abundant in sugars decreases general entodiniomorphs except small species, while the numbers of Holotrichs are kept at relatively high levels.
The similarity between alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) and phytase (EC 3.1.3.8) activities in rat intestine and their importance in phytate-induced zinc deficiency
Authors: Davies N. T. , Flett A. A. 
Published: May 2005

1. The activities of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) and phytase (EC3.1.3.8) were similarly distributed in the small intestine of rats. Regional differences in activity were reflected by similar differences in the capacity of ligated intestinal segments to hydrolyse phytate in vivo. Activities were greatest in the duodenum and lowest in the terminal ileum.2. Specific activities of both enzymes were tenfold greater in the brush border fraction of duodenal mucosa compared with entire mucosal homogenates.3. Brush-border alkaline phosphatase and phytase activities required both magnesium and zinc ions for maximal activity.4. Zn deficiency induced by feeding a diet low in Zn (0.5 mg Zn/kg) caused similar reductions in activity of both enzymes.5. Zn deficiency induced by feeding diets marginally adequate in Zn (12 mg/kg) and phytate (10g/kg) caused reductions in alkaline phosphatase, phytase activities and phytate hydrolysis in vivo.6. It is suggested that phytase activity is a manifestation of alkaline phosphatase and the significance of this in relation to phytate-induced Zn deficiency is discussed.
Effects of dietary molybdenum and sulphur on the distribution of copper in plasma and kidneys of sheep
Authors: Bremner I. , Young B. W. 
Published: May 2005

1. A 30-week study has been made in growing ewe lambs of the effects of dietary supplementation with molybdenum, or Mo plus inorganic sulphate on the distribution of copper in their blood plasma and kidneys.2. The addition of 25 mg Mo and 5 g SO42-/kg diet increased Cu concentrations in plasma and kidney and decreased those in liver. Plasma caeruloplasmin activities (ferroxidase; EC 1.16.3.1) were unaffected.3. Subcellular fractionation of the kidney cortex and gel filtration of the plasma and kidney cortex cytosol showed that the increased Cu content of these tissues was associated with abnormalities in the distribution of Cu. It appeared that both Cu and Mo were associated with the same proteins.4. Dietary supplementation with Mo alone (25 mg/kg) had no effect on plasma or kidney Cu concentrations, suggesting that S metabolism is involved in the formation of the abnormal Cu-binding proteins in plasma and kidney.5. The results are discussed in relation to the induction of Mo-induced Cu-deficiency states and the possible involvement of thiomolybdates.
Methane production in the rumen and lower gut of sheep given lucerne chaff: effect of level of intake
Authors: Murray R. M. , Bryant A. M. , Leng R. A. 
Published: May 2005

1. Methane production rates were estimated simultaneously in the rumen and caecum of sheep given 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 g lucerne (Medicago sativa) chaff/d using isotope dilution techniques. Estimates were also made of volatile fatty acid (VFA) production in the rumen at each level of feeding. In all studies three to four animals were used at each level of intake.2. Production of VFA and of methane were both related to digestible energy (de) intake. Regression lines for both VFA production and methane productionv.deintake had significant intercepts indicating an input of endogenous, fermentable organic matter into the rumen in excess of 50 g/d.3. The values obtained for rates of methane production were compared with those calculated from stoicheiometric equations relating rates of methane and VFA production. Comparisons of methane production with that predicted fromdeintake were also made.4. Balances for digestion of food determined for the rumen indicated that the energies in the end-products were more than 100% of thedeintakes at low intakes of lucerne chaff. Correction for fermentation of apparent endogenous materials resulted in more realistic values. Endogenous materials appeared to make a significant contribution to VFA and methane production, particularly at low levels of intake.
Calcium digestibility in cows as influenced by the excess of alkaline ions over stable acid ions in their diets
Authors: Lomba F. , Chauvaux G. , Teller E. , Lengele L. , Bienfet V. 
Published: May 2005

1. Statistical analyses were carried out on results obtained under strictly-controlled conditions in metabolism stalls with forty-one different rations fed to 127 adult non-pregnant dry cows, and with fourteen other different rations fed to thirty-five adult non-pregnant lactating cows that had calved 2–6 months earlier and whose daily milk production ranged from 11 to 20 kg.2. Correlations between calcium digestibility and values for the sum of the alkaline ions sodium and potassium minus the sum of the stable acid ions chloride, sulphate and phosphate were calculated for all fifty-five experimental diets.3. The results showed that the excess of the anions over the cations, in rations maintaining a positive Ca balance but not in rations allowing a negative Ca balance, increases the absorption of Ca from the intestine. Phosphorus, not alone but with chloride and sulphate, is the most important component of this effect.
A human calorimeter for the direct and indirect measurement of 24 h energy expenditure
Authors: Dauncey M. J. , Murgatroyd P. R. , Cole T. J. 
Published: May 2005

1. A calorimeter for the continuous measurement of heat production and heat loss in the human subject, for at least 24 h, is described. The calorimeter operated on the heat-sink principle for direct calorimetry and an open-circuit system for indirect calorimetry.2. Sensible heat loss was measured using a water-cooled heat exchanger, and the temperature of water entering the heat exchanger was controlled to maintain a mean temperature gradient of zero across the chamber walls.3. Evaporative heat loss was determined from ingoing and outgoing wet-and-dry bulb temperatures and air flow-rates.4. Problems associated with the calculation of evaporative heat loss and the estimation of the volume of incoming air in open-circuit systems are considered.5. The calibration, limits of accuracy, sources of error and experiments with subjects are discussed.
Necessity of vitamin B12for growth of rats fed on an odd- or even-carbon-number fat
Authors: Bitman J. , Weyant Joan R. , Wood D. L. , Wrenn T. R. 
Published: May 2005

1. The effect of vitamin B12on growth was studied in young male and female rats fed on diets sufficient (+B12) or deficient (−B12) in vitamin B12containing 30% of the dietary energy as fat, either maize oil (CO) or triundecanoin (TUD).2. Vitamin B12deficiency severely depressed growth. After 6 weeks the weight gain of CO(−B12) rats was only 72% of that of CO(+B12) rats and the gain of TUD(−B12) rats was only 47% of TUD(+B12) rats.3. After fasting 24 or 96 h TUD-fed rats, both + B12and −B12, had greater glycogen reserves and higher plasma glucose levels than CO-fed rats.4. It is concluded that vitamin B12is required for the metabolism and utilization of both an odd-carbon-number medium-chain fat, TUD, and an even-C-number long-chain fat, CO, during growth in rats.