bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To vote or not to vote: abstaining from voting in union representation elections
Authors: Hepburn C. Gail , Barling Julian 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe conducted two studies addressing abstaining from voting in union representation elections. In Study 1 of a faculty representation election, we showed that compared to voters abstainers possessed less extreme work and union attitudes, believed less in the ability of their vote to affect the election outcomes, and were less involved in the election (e.g., less interested, felt less responsibility to vote). To assess the practical utility of these findings, Study 2 used vignettes in a 2 (traditional bread‐and‐butter issues) × 2 (emerging issues related to fairness) × 2 (voting instrumentality) × 2 (responsibility to vote) experimental manipulation. Results showed that the likelihood of abstaining is reduced when efforts to emphasize the responsibility to vote are presented together with information on both traditional and emerging issues. The two studies show why people abstain from voting in union representation elections, and suggest how abstaining might be reduced. Conceptual implications, practical interventions and research directions raised by the two studies are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attachment, decay, and social network
Authors: Burt Ronald S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo study decay in attachment to an organization, I analyse data on women who obtained an MBA from the University of Chicago's Graduate School of Business (GSB). I measure attachment in terms of network embedding: an alumna is attached to the GSB to the extent that people close to her graduated from the GSB. Behavioral data corroborate the network data in that alumnae measured to be more attached are more likely to have joined an alumni club and made a financial contribution to the school. The hypothesis is that alumnae attachment will decay over time, more slowly when the school is deeply embedded in an alumna's network, more quickly when disruptive events compete for the alumna's time and energy. As expected, attachment declines across the years after graduation (linearly for the first 20 years to about half its initial level), and decay is inhibited when connections with GSB graduates are embedded in stable relations of family, work, or long‐term friendship. Decay is remarkably robust to events after graduation (which account for only 2 per cent of explained variance in attachment). In other words, an alumna's attachment today was largely determined while she was in school. The results should be of practical value to people who design programmes to build personal attachment to organizations, and of theoretical interest to scholars who study such connections. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mental health outcomes of job stress among Chinese teachers: role of stress resource factors and burnout
Authors: Tang Catherine So‐Kum , Au Wing‐Tung , Schwarzer Ralf , Schmitz Gerdamarie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study examined the mental health outcomes of job stress among Chinese teachers in Hong Kong. A total of 269 Chinese teachers participated in Study 1 which provided cross‐sectional data regarding the associations among stress resource factors, burnout, and negative mental health. Study 2 was a six‐month longitudinal study which aimed to establish the direction of the associations among the hypothesized variables across two time points with a separate sample of 61 Chinese secondary school teachers. Results of the structural equation modelling analyses on the cross‐sectional data at T1 showed that stress resource factors of self‐efficacy and proactive attitude were negatively related to burnout, which in turn had a direct effect on negative mental health. Stress resource factors were also directly linked to mental health status of teachers. Results of similar analyses on the longitudinal data at T2 further indicated that burnout at T1 had a direct impact on burnout at T2, which in turn had a direct effect on negative mental health at T2. Findings and limitations of the study were discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Principal sequence pattern analysis: a new approach to classifying the evolution of atmospheric systems
Authors: Compagnucci Rosa H. , Araneo Diego , Canziani Pablo O. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new eigentechnique approach, Principal Sequence Pattern Analysis (PSPA), is introduced for the analysis of spatial pattern sequence, as an extension of the traditional Principal Component Analysis set in the T‐Mode. In this setting, the variables are sequences of k spatial fields of a given meteorological variable. PSPA is described and applied to a sample of 256 consecutive daily 1000 hPa geopotential height fields. The results of the application of the technique to 5‐day sequences demonstrate the advantages of this procedure in identifying field pattern sequences, thereby allowing the determination of the evolution and development of the systems, together with cyclogenesis and anticyclogenesis processes. In order to complete the study, the more traditional Extended Empirical Orthogonal Function (EEOF) analysis, which is the S‐mode equivalent of the PSPA, was applied to the same dataset. For EEOF, it was not possible to identify any real sequences that could correspond to the sequences of patterns yielded by the EEOF. Furthermore, the explained variance distribution in the EEOF was significantly different from that obtained with PSPA. Conversely, the PSPA approach allowed for the identification of the sequences corresponding to those sequences observed in the data. Using diagrams of the squares of the component loadings values, as a function of time, the study of the times of occurrence of dominant field characteristics was also possible. In other words, successful determination of periods where the basic flow was dominant and times when strongly perturbed transient events with a significant meridional component occurred, was facilitated by PSPA. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Modelling summer extreme rainfall over the Korean peninsula using Wakeby distribution
Authors: Park Jeong‐Soo , Jung Hyun‐Sook , Kim Rae‐Seon , Oh Jai‐Ho 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAttempts to use the Wakeby distribution (WAD) with the method of L‐moments estimates (L‐ME), on the summer extreme rainfall data (time series of annual maximum of daily and 2‐day precipitation) at 61 gauging stations over South Korea have been made to obtain reliable quantile estimates for several return periods. The 90% confidence intervals for the quantiles determined by WAD have been obtained by the bootstrap resampling technique. The isopluvial maps of estimated design values corresponding to selected return periods have been presented. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Investigating the link between early season Caribbean rainfall and the El Niño + 1 year
Authors: Anthony Chen A. , Taylor Michael A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Caribbean rainfall season is best characterized by its bimodal nature, with an initial peak in May–June and a second more prominent one in September–October. This allows for a convenient division into an early and a late rainfall season. In this study we examine the rainfall patterns of the early rainfall season (mid April to July) for links with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Whereas traditionally ENSO events have been identified with dry conditions during the later Caribbean rainfall season, recent research suggests a second signal that manifests itself as a wet early rainfall season of the year of ENSO decline (the El Niño + 1 year). Two leading empirical orthogonal function modes of early season Caribbean rainfall are examined for evidence of this. Strong correlations are shown to exist between the first mode and wintertime equatorial Pacific anomalies. The first mode explains nearly half of the early season variability. The idea that the wintertime Pacific anomalies alter the early Caribbean rainfall season via the warm spring sea surface temperature anomalies they induce in the north tropical Atlantic is also investigated. An atmospheric general circulation model is also used to show that, when warm/cold anomalies exist across the north tropical Atlantic, this results in a large‐scale atmospheric circulation that is more/less favourable to rainfall production over the Caribbean. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Colour fixation in ripe olives. Effects of type of iron salt and other processing factors
Authors: García Pedro , Brenes Manuel , Romero Concepción , Garrido Antonio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA detailed study has been made of the colour fixation stage of ripe olive processing. The effects of the degree of iron oxidation and the colour‐fixing liquid on iron availability have been investigated and an explanation is given for the greater effectiveness of ferrous salts compared to ferric salts. Likewise, a 24 factorial design was used to study the influence on olive colour of the pH of the aeration solution, the type of colour‐fixing liquid, the type of ferrous salt and the aeration system. The data were analysed by multivariate and univariate analysis of variance (MANOVA/ANOVA), the best results being obtained with low pH (4.0), tap water, ferrous lactate and no aeration during the first 3 h of immersion in the colour‐fixing solution. These results can be explained by the iron availability averages having been altered by differences in the concentration of organic matter, the pH of the solution and the diffusion of iron into the olive flesh. The results can be used to reduce iron residues in ripe olives.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
The impact of ecotourism on livelihood and natural resource management in Eselenkei, Amboseli Ecosystem, Kenya
Authors: Ogutu Z. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents the impact of ecotourism on livelihood and natural resource management in the periphery of Amboseli Biosphere Reserve in Kenya. Ecotourism initiatives that have been introduced by Porini Ecotourism, a private investor, are benefiting Eselenkei Group Ranch in terms of income, improved infrastructure, employment opportunities and exposure. Over US$5000 is received annually as land rent, gate fee and bed charges. Twenty‐six Maasai men are employed for the upkeep of project facilities. The community's capacity to facilitate resource‐related conflicts has improved following support from development institutions. An expanding livelihood base is reducing local vulnerability to disaster and people–wildlife conflicts. The numbers of resident wildlife species in the conservation area have increased due to regeneration of woody species and reduced frequency of livestock.Despite the achievements, ecotourism is threatened by cultivation. The latter is jeopardizing conservation efforts, as the area frequented by wildlife is being lost and people–wildlife conflicts intensified. Another dilemma is that the Eselenkei community is not effectively participating in ecotourism a situation that is associated with inadequate management and negotiation skills in the group ranch committee. The latter requires leadership and microenterprise management skills if earnings from ecotourism are to be effectively invested in alternative sources of livelihood, to reduce current and potential conflicts. There is also need to build the community's capacity for the promotion of activities that compliment ecotourism. Frequent breakdown of community boreholes lead to dependence on the conservation area for water during prolonged drought, intensifying conflicts between livestock and wildlife. Referring to low‐impact nature‐based tourism packages that benefit local communities and the national government while helping to conserve the resource base (Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), unpublished report, 2001).
Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser treatment of congenital facial port‐wine stains: Long‐term efficacy and complication in Chinese patients
Authors: Ho Wai Sun , Chan Henry H , Ying Shun Yuen , Chan Pik Chu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivePulsed dye laser (585 nm, 450 μs) and variable pulse width frequency doubled Nd:YAG 532 nm laser have been proven to be effective in treating vascular lesions in Caucasians especially in facial port‐wine stain. Their roles in dark‐skinned Asian have not been determined. The objective of this study was to assess the long‐term outcome and complication of laser treatment of congenital facial port‐wine stain in Chinese patients retrospectively.Study Design/Materials and MethodsFiles of all patients with port‐wine stains who had received laser treatment in a major regional laser center in a 5‐year period were reviewed. Chinese patients with congenital facial port‐wine stains were recruited for the study. They were called back for questionnaire assessment of their degree of clearance and clinical examination for treatment complication. Detail demographics, result of questionnaire and clinical examination were entered into a database and statistical analyses were conducted where applicable.ResultsOne hundred and seven patients with congenital facial port‐wine stain were recruited for the study. Thirty‐six patients had received PDL treatment, 40 patients had VP532 treatment and 31 patients had been treated by both laser systems. A total of 665 treatment sessions had been performed with an average of 6.1 ± 2.8 sessions (range 3–12). They had been followed‐up from 2 to 5 years with a mean period of 3.4 ± 1.1 years. Over 60% of patients had more than 25% of clearing and the majority of patients (41.1%) had 25–50% of clearing. Less than one‐quarter of patients (23%) experienced a clearing more than 50% and no patient had complete clearing. There was no significant difference in the subjective assessment of clearing between patients that had different forms of laser treatments. No patient had recurrence of pigmentation after treatment. Fourteen percent of patients experienced complications and the majority of them had pigmentary changes. Sex, age, number of treatment session, and type of laser machine used were not related to a higher complication rate using the multiple regression analysis.ConclusionsChinese patients were less responsive to laser treatment with higher complication rate. In addition, more treatment sessions were required to achieve a maximum clearing. However, most of our patients were satisfied with laser treatment (Patient Satisfaction Score = 7.25). Dark‐skinned patients should not be excluded from laser therapy provided that treatment expectations and risks are fully discussed. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:44–47, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PHOTOFRIN‐mediated photodynamic therapy for treatment of early stage oral cavity and laryngeal malignancies*
Authors: Schweitzer Vanessa Gayl 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveTo determine the efficacy of PHOTOFRIN‐mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) for treatment of diffuse “field cancerization” of the oral cavity and Cis‐T2N0M0 squamous cell carcinoma (SqCCa) of the larynx in patients not amenable or that have failed conventional head and neck treatment.Study Design/Materials and MethodsOver the past 15 years 10 patients with early stage Tis‐T2N0M0 SqCCa of the oral cavity and oropharynx and 10 patients with Tis‐T2N0M0 SqCCa of the larynx were treated. Intravenous PHOTOFRIN (porfimer sodium) (dose 2.0 mg/kg) was administered outpatient, followed 48–60 hours later by intraoperative light photoactivation at 630 nm via fiberoptic microlens (ML) delivery (surgical light dose, 50–100 J/cm2) and/or cylindrical diffuser (CD) delivery (80–100 J/cm).ResultsComplete responses (CRs) (follow up 6 months–9 years) were achieved in eight of 10 patients with diffuse field cancerization of the oral cavity. CRs (follow up 6 months–8 years) were achieved in eight of 10 patients with superficial laryngeal cancer obviating the need for total laryngectomy in previously treated radiation therapy patients.ConclusionPHOTOFRIN‐mediated PDT provides a surgical oncologic modality for potentially curative treatment of early stage oral cavity and laryngeal malignancies with minimal side effects, absence of systemic toxicity, preservation of oral function and voice quality, with multiple drug administration, and laser light retreatment capability. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:305–313, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determinants of mail‐survey response: Survey design factors and respondent factors
Authors: Helgeson James G. , Voss Kevin E. , Terpening Willbann D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWith the use of a hierarchy‐of‐effects model, the decision to complete a mail survey was modeled as a process moving through several stages. A set of variables thought to influence the survey‐completion decision process was examined. These variables include survey design factors, which were manipulated by the researchers, and respondent factors, such as attitudinal and personal constructs. Based on the research findings, the hierarchy‐of‐effects model is an appropriate way to model the mail‐survey‐response process. The data indicate that among the survey design factors included in the study, the monetary incentive had the most effect on the decision process, with a pervasive impact throughout the process. Importantly, respondent factors such as attitude toward research were of critical importance in moving respondents through the survey‐response process. Research into the response‐rate phenomenon is likely to benefit by considering how both survey design and respondent factors affect specific stages of the response process and enhance participation in surveys. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quinoxaline 1,4‐dioxides: Hypoxia‐selective therapeutic agents
Authors: Diab‐Assef Mona , Haddadin Makhluf J. , Yared Pierre , Assaad Chafika , Gali‐Muhtasib Hala U. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA problem that confronts clinicians in the treatment of cancer is the resistance of hypoxic tumors to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Thus, the development of new drugs that are toxic to hypoxic cells found in solid tumors is an important objective for effective anticancer chemotherapy. We recently showed that the heterocyclic aromatic N‐oxides, quinoxaline 1,4‐dioxides (QdNOs), are cytotoxic to tumor cells cultured under hypoxia. In this study, we evaluated the hypoxia‐selective toxicity of four diversely substituted QdNOs and determined their effect on the expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) 1α in the human colon cancer cell line T‐84. The various QdNOs were found to possess a 50‐ to 100‐fold greater cytotoxicity to T‐84 cells cultured under hypoxia compared with oxia. Interestingly, the hypoxia cytotoxicity ratio (HCR), the ratio of equitoxic concentrations of the drug under aerobic/anoxic conditions, was highly structure related and depended on the nature of the substituents on the QdNO heterocycle. The most cytotoxic 2‐benzoyl‐3‐phenyl‐6,7‐dichloro derivative of QdNO (DCQ) was potent at a dose of 1 μM with an HCR of 100 and significantly reduced the levels of HIF‐1α transcript and protein. The 2‐benzoyl‐3‐phenyl derivative (BPQ) had a hypoxia potency of 20 μM and an HCR of 40. By contrast, the 2‐aceto‐3‐methyl and the 2,3‐tetramethylene (TMQ) derivatives of QdNO were much less cytotoxic under hypoxia (HCRs of 8.5 and 6.5, respectively) and reduced the expression of HIF‐1α mRNA to a much lesser extent. Because the nonchlorinated analogue BPQ did not demonstrate behavior similar to that of DCQ, we hypothesize that the C‐6, C‐7‐chlorine of DCQ might play a significant role in the selective hypoxic cytotoxicity of the drug. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The probability and timing of price reversals in the property market
Authors: Partington Graham , Stevenson Max 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we develop models for estimating the time varying probability that there will be a price reversal in the property market. Knowledge of such price reversals may be helpful in forming property trading strategies, and providing confirming evidence of turning points in property cycles. Using an index from the UK property market, we obtain the time varying probabilities by estimating state transition rates. State transition rates are estimated for cases where the up‐state (a run of positive price changes) switches to the down‐state (price falls) and vice versa. We also estimate a model for absolute transitions, where we take no account of the direction of the state transition. The predictive power of our models is assessed using data from a holdout period. We find that the absolute transition model performs worse than separate state transition models for the up‐state and the down‐state. For these latter models, the more rapid the decline in the forecast probability of a run continuing beyond a certain time, the less likely it is that the run will actually continue. Further, the probability profiles provide a perfect rank ordering of the length of runs in the holdout period. This suggests that the probabilities could be used to predict whether a sequence of price rises or falls will be long‐ or short‐lived. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parkinsonism after glycine‐derivate exposure
Authors: Barbosa Egberto R. , Leiros da Costa Maria D. , Bacheschi Luiz A. , Scaff Milberto , Leite Claudia C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis 54‐year‐old man accidentally sprayed himself with the chemical agent glyphosate, a herbicide derived from the amino acid glycine. He developed disseminated skin lesions 6 hours after the accident. One month later, he developed a symmetrical parkinsonian syndrome. Two years after the initial exposure to glyphosate, magnetic resonance imaging revealed hyperintense signal in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra, bilaterally, on T2‐weighted images. Levodopa/benserazide 500/125 mg daily provided satisfactory clinical outcome.
Resting regional cerebral glucose metabolism in advanced Parkinson's disease studied in the off and on conditions with [18F]FDG‐PET
Authors: Berding Georg , Odin Per , Brooks David J. , Nikkhah Guido , Matthies Cordula , Peschel Thomas , Shing Mona , Kolbe Hans , van den Hoff Jörg , Fricke Harald , Dengler Reinhard , Samii Madjid , Knapp Wolfram H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStudies of resting regional cerebral glucose consumption (rCMRGlc) in nondemented patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have produced conflicting results, reporting both reduced and normal metabolism in advanced disease and reduced or normal metabolism after dopaminergic therapy. To investigate these issues, [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) was performed in 11 nondemented PD patients with advanced disease and 10 age‐matched controls. PD patients were studied after withdrawal of all dopaminergic medication to produce a practically defined off condition, and a second time 1 hour after levodopa, resulting in a clinical on state. Dynamic PET scans and simultaneous arterialised venous blood samples of [18F] acticvity were obtained. A graphical approach was used to generate parametric images of rCMRGlc and statistical parametric mapping to localise significant metabolic changes in PD. Compared with controls, global rCMRGlc was reduced in the on but not in the off condition in PD. In both states, significant regional reductions of glucose uptake were found in the parietal, frontal, temporal cortex, and caudate nucleus. Reductions correlated with the severity of disability in frontal and temporal cortex. Direct comparison between on and off conditions revealed relatively greater reductions of uptake in the ventral/orbital frontal cortex and the thalamus during on. Results suggest that cortical and caudate hypometabolism are common in advanced PD and that caution is mandatory if [18F]FDG PET is being used to differentiate advanced PD from dementia and progressive supranuclear palsy where similar reductions are seen. Furthermore, in PD, administration of levodopa is associated with further hypometabolism in orbitofrontal cortex; an area known to be relevant for reversal learning where performance is typically impaired after dopaminergic treatment. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.