bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Central inhibitory microcircuits controlling spike propagation into sensory terminals
Authors: Watson Alan , Le Bon‐Jego Morgane , Cattaert Daniel 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe phenomenon of afferent presynaptic inhibition has been intensively studied in the sensory neurons of the chordotonal organ from the coxobasal joint (CBCO) of the crayfish leg. This has revealed that it has a number of discrete roles in these afferents, mediated by distinct populations of interneurons. Here we examine further the effect of presynaptic inhibition on action potentials in the CBCO afferents and investigate the nature of the synapses that mediate it. In the presence of picrotoxin, the action potential amplitude is increased and its half‐width decreased, and a late depolarizing potential following the spike is increased in amplitude. Ultrastructural examination of the afferent terminals reveals that synaptic contacts on terminal branches are particularly abundant in the neuropil close to the main axon. Many of the presynaptic terminals contain small agranular vesicles, are of large diameter, and are immunoreactive for γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA). These terminals are sometimes seen to make reciprocal connections with the afferents. Synaptic contacts from processes immunoreactive for glutamate are found on small‐diameter afferent terminals. A few of the presynaptic processes contain numerous large granular vesicles and are immunoreactive for neither GABA nor glutamate. The effect that the observed reciprocal synapses might have was investigated by using a multicompartmental model of the afferent terminal. J. Comp. Neurol. 484:234–248, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Run‐time evaluation of opportunities for object inlining in Java
Authors: Lhoták Ondřej , Hendren Laurie 
Published: February 2005

AbstractObject‐oriented languages, such as Java, encourage the use of many small objects linked together by field references, instead of a few monolithic structures. While this practice is beneficial from a program design perspective, it can slow down program execution by incurring many pointer indirections. One solution to this problem is object inlining: when the compiler can safely do so, it fuses small objects together, thus removing the reads/writes to the removed field, saving the memory needed to store the field and object header, and reducing the number of object allocations. The objective of this paper is to measure the potential for object inlining by studying the run‐time behaviour of a comprehensive set of Java programs. We study the traces of program executions in order to determine which fields behave like inlinable fields. Since we are using dynamic information instead of a static analysis, our results give an upper bound on what could be achieved via a static compiler‐based approach. Our experimental results measure the potential improvements attainable with object inlining, including reductions in the numbers of field reads and writes, and reduced memory usage. Our study shows that some Java programs can benefit significantly from object inlining, with close to a 10% speedup. Somewhat to our surprise, our study found one case, the db benchmark, where the most important inlinable field was the result of unusual program design, and fixing this small flaw led to both better performance and clearer program design. However, the opportunities for object inlining are highly dependent on the individual program being considered, and are in many cases very limited. Furthermore, fields that are inlinable also have properties that make them potential candidates for other optimizations such as removing redundant memory accesses. The memory savings possible through object inlining are moderate. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two nodal‐responsive enhancers control left–right asymmetric expression of Nodal
Authors: Saijoh Yukio , Oki Shinya , Tanaka Chinatsu , Nakamura Tetsuya , Adachi Hitoshi , Yan Yu‐Ting , Shen Michael M. , Hamada Hiroshi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAsymmetric expression of Nodal in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) plays the major role in left–right (L‐R) patterning. A Nodal‐responsive enhancer located in the intron 1 (ASE) regulates asymmetric Nodal expression, but it is unknown how Nodal expression is initiated in the left LPM. Here, we have identified a second asymmetric enhancer (left side‐specific enhancer, LSE) in the upstream region of mouse Nodal gene. LSE is also located in the corresponding region of human NODAL. L‐R specificity of LSE is affected by iv and inv mutations. The requirement of a conserved FoxH1‐binding sequence for LSE activity and the dependence of LSE activity on Nodal coreceptor Cryptic indicate that LSE is activated by Nodal signal. However, the mutant mouse lacking LSE does not show obvious L‐R patterning defects. These results suggest that Nodal expression in the left LPM is induced by a combination of two Nodal‐responsive autoregulatory enhancers, ASE and LSE. Developmental Dynamics 232:1031–1036, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The MLC1v gene provides a transgenic marker of myocardium formation within developing chambers of the Xenopus heart
Authors: Smith Stuart J. , Ataliotis Paris , Kotecha Surendra , Towers Norma , Sparrow Duncan B. , Mohun Timothy J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMany details of cardiac chamber morphogenesis could be revealed if muscle fiber development could be visualized directly within the hearts of living vertebrate embryos. To achieve this end, we have used the active promoter of the MLC1v gene to drive expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the developing tadpole heart. By using a line of Xenopus laevis frogs transgenic for the MLC1v‐EGFP reporter, we have observed regionalized patterns of muscle formation within the ventricular chamber and maturation of the atrial chambers, from the onset of chamber formation through to the adult frog. In f1 generation MLC1v‐EGFP animals, promoter activity is first detected within the looping heart tube and delineates the forming ventricular chamber and proximal outflow tract throughout their development. The 8‐kb MLC1v promoter faithfully reproduces the embryonic expression of the endogenous MLC1v mRNA. At later larval stages, weak patches of EGFP fluorescence are found on the atrial side of the atrioventricular boundary. Subsequently, an extensive lattice of MLC1v‐expressing fibers extend across the mature atrial chambers of adult frog hearts and the transgene reveals the differing arrangement of muscle fibers in chamber versus outflow myocardium. The complete activity of the promoter resides within the proximal 4.5 kb of the MLC1v DNA fragment, whereas key elements regulating chamber‐specific expression are present in the proximal‐most 1.5 kb. Finally, we demonstrate how cardiac and craniofacial muscle expression of the MLC1v promoter can be used to diagnose mutant phenotypes in living embryos, using the injection of RNA encoding a Tbx1‐engrailed repressor–fusion protein as an example. Development Dynamics 232:1003–1012, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retinoid signaling competence and RARβ‐mediated gene regulation in the developing mammalian telencephalon
Authors: Liao Wen‐Lin , Wang Hsiao‐Fang , Tsai Hsiu‐Chao , Chambon Pierre , Wagner Michael , Kakizuka Akira , Liu Fu‐Chin 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTo study retinoid signaling in the developing telencephalon, we transfected a retinoid reporter gene into different regions of developing telencephalon. We found that the ventral telencephalon was more competent to retinoid signaling than the dorsal telencephalon. Moreover, among all retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs), RARβ was strongly induced by retinoic acid in the ventral telencephalon, suggesting that RARβ might be involved in retinoid signaling competence. The RT‐PCR analysis indicated that RARβ was selectively expressed in the developing striatum of ventral telencephalon. We then demonstrated that null mutations of RARβ gene resulted in reduction of striatal‐enriched tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) mRNA in the striatum of RARβ−/− mutant mice. Conversely, the gain‐of‐function study showed that ectopic expression of RARβ1 in the cerebral cortex enhanced STEP expression, and the effect was RARβ‐isoform specific. Our study identified RARβ as an important molecule for transducing retinoid signals in developing ventral telencephalon. Developmental Dynamics 232:887–900, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐Dimensional Lanthanoid‐Containing Coordination Frameworks: Structure, Magnetic and Fluorescent Properties
Authors: Zhang Hong‐Tao , Song You , Li Yong‐Xiu , Zuo Jing‐Lin , Gao Song , You Xiao‐Zeng 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTwo lanthanoid‐containing 3D coordination polymers, [Gd2L3(H2O)2]n (1) and {[TbL1.5(H2O)]·0.5H2O}n (2) (L = succinate), have been prepared by hydrothermal reaction. The difference in structure between the two 3D coordination polymers is a result of the flexibility of the ligand conformation. The magnetic properties of 1 and 2 have been investigated in the 1.8–300 K range. Both complexes exhibit ferromagnetic interaction between lanthanoid ions. AC magnetic measurements revealed long‐range magnetic order in complex 2. Especially 2 integrates the ferromagnetic, fluorescent and porous properties into a single entity. This motif may be developed to achieve new multifunctional molecular‐based materials. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Porcine small intestine submucosa (SIS) is not an acellular collagenous matrix and contains porcine DNA: Possible implications in human implantation
Authors: Zheng M. H. , Chen J. , Kirilak Y. , Willers C. , Xu J. , Wood D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPorcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) has been recommended as a cell‐free, biocompatible biomaterial for the repair of rotator cuff tendon tear. However, we have observed noninfectious edema and severe pain in patients who have undergone SIS implantation for tendon repair. The aim of this study was to conduct an independent assessment of the safety and efficacy of Restore™ SIS membrane. The Restore™ orthobiologic implant was examined by histology and the nested PCR technique using porcine immunoreceptor DAP12 gene to examine if SIS membrane contained porcine cells or DNA, respectively. The material was also implanted into mice and rabbits for the evaluation of biological reaction and inflammatory response. Restore™ SIS was found to contain multiple layers of porcine cells. Chloroacetate esterase staining showed that some of these cells were mast cells. Nested PCR of the DAP12 gene demonstrated that Restore™ SIS contained porcine DNA material. Subcutaneous implantation of Restore™ SIS membrane in mice, and in rabbits for rotator cuff tendon repair, showed that the membrane caused an inflammatory reaction characterized by massive lymphocyte infiltration. In conclusion, Restore™ SIS is not an acellular collagenous matrix, and contains porcine DNA. Our results contradict the current view that Restore™ SIS is a cell‐free biomaterial, and that no inflammatory response is elicited by its implantation. We suggest that further studies should be conducted to evaluate the clinical safety and efficacy of SIS implant biomaterials. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 73B: 61–67, 2005
Effect of porosity on the fluid flow characteristics and mechanical properties of tantalum scaffolds
Authors: Shimko Daniel A. , Shimko Valerie Franz , Sander Edward A. , Dickson Kyle F. , Nauman Eric A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn many cases of traumatic bone injury, bone grafting is required. The primary source of graft material is either autograft or allograft. The use of both material sources are well established, however, both suffer limitations. In response, many grafting alternatives are being explored. This article specifically focuses on a porous tantalum metal grafting material (Trabecular Metal™) marketed by Zimmer. Twenty‐one cylindrical scaffolds were manufactured (66% to 88% porous) and tested for porosity, intrinsic permeability, tangent elastic modulus, and for yield stress and strain behavior. Scaffold microstructural geometries were also measured. Tantalum scaffold intrinsic permeability ranged from 2.1 × 10−10 to 4.8 × 10−10 m2 and tangent elastic modulus ranged from 373 MPa to 2.2 GPa. Both intrinsic permeability and tangent elastic modulus closely matched porosity‐matched cancellous bone specimens from a variety of species and anatomic locations. Scaffold yield stress ranged from 4 to 12.7 MPa and was comparable to bovine and human cancellous bone. Yield strain was unaffected by scaffold porosity (average = 0.010 mm/mm). Understanding these structure–function relationships will help complete the basic physical characterization of this new material and will aid in the development of realistic mathematical models, ultimately enhancing future implant designs utilizing this material. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater
Quantitative studies on colony‐forming units in isogenic radiation chimeras
Authors: Playfair John H. L. , Cole Leonard J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractLethally irradiated LAF1 mice were protected by various numbers of isogenic bone marrow cells. At intervals, cells from femoral bone marrow and spleen were assayed for their content of colony forming units (CFU) by retransplantation into other lethally irradiated mice and counting of spleen nodules at eight days. CFU numbers in femoral marrow were restored to preirradiation levels by about eight weeks. In the spleen, restoration was earlier and more rapid and for several weeks the CFU content exceeded the normal level. Prior splenectomy did not alter the pattern of CFU restoration in the femoral marrow postirradiation. However, splenectomy did appear to slightly improve survival of irradiated marrow‐protected mice. It is argued that the CFU may not be the essential protective cell, and the existence of a precursor “stem” cell in normal marrow is postulated.
Karyology of permanent human cell line, W‐18VA2, originated by SV40 Transformation
Authors: Weinstein David , Moorhead Paul S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe karyology of a permanent human cell line, which retains a viral induced complement‐fixing antigen as a result of its original transformation with simian virus 40, is described. This line, W‐18VA2, is primarily subdiploid after more than two and one‐half years of cultivation in vitro and exhibits high variability of chromosome number and form in the parental line as well as in various clones and sublines.
Taste papillae of the blowfly
Authors: Dethier V. G. , Hanson F. E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEach interpseudotracheal papilla on the oral surface of the labellum of the blowfly contains four bipolar neurons. An electrophysiological analysis has shown that one of these cells is a receptor which responds specifically to carbohydrates. The response consists of a rapid initial discharge which typically adapts to one‐half maximum frequency in 300–400 msec. The response remains normal even in the presence of choline chloride (1.5–2.0 M), NaCl (0.01–2.0 M), and CaCl2 (0.01–1.0 M). The various sugars tested showed the following order of increasing effectiveness: sorbitol < sorbose < inositol < fucose < arabinose < glucose < sucrose < fructose. Mannose, a nutritive sugar, is non‐stimulating. D‐arabinose, an acceptable sugar, is more stimulating than L‐arabinose, an unacceptable sugar. L‐arabinose, in contrast to D‐, also stimulates other neurons in the papilla.Another cell responds when the electrode contains salt or certain carbohydrates such as L‐arabinose. It is believed that its activity initiates behavioral rejection of compounds. It does not exhibit a high initial discharge or adaptation but waxes and wanes randomly. Its response to monovalent and divalent cations is similar although the latter produces volleys of high frequency.Mechanical deformation causes an increase in frequency of a third spike. Mechanosensitive units may be classified by their responses into three classes: push, pull, or push‐pull.No evidence for a water receptor was found.
Amphibian acoustico‐lateralis efferents
Authors: Schmidt Robert S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEfferent spikes were recorded from the nerves supplying the papilla amphibiorum, ampullae, and lateral‐line neuromasts of the mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus). Increased efferent activity was associated with rotatory, vibratory, and tactile stimulation and gill movements. In a single experiment it was possible to record efferents from the nerve to the papilla basilaris of a leopard frog (Rana pipiens). The function of acoustico‐lateralis efferents is not restricted to or closely associated with a single habit, habitat, phylogenetic group, or acoustico lateralis receptor. It seems likely that all acoustico‐lateralis receptors in all vertebrates receive efferent input.
The band forming rhythm of Neurospora mutants
Authors: Berliner Martha D. , Neurath Peter W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe growth rhythm in several strains of “clock” mutants of Neurospora crassa has been observed to have several unusual non‐circadian characteristics. The period may range between 18 and 110 hours, depending upon strain and environmental condition. The phase of the rhythm, even when its period is 24 hours, is not related to a specific time of day, nor is it “set” or phased by light‐dark cycles. Instead, the phase can be set by transfer to fresh medium; moreover, its specific chemical composition influences the length of the period. The period is significantly influenced by temperature; the growth rate is a different function of temperature. All the strains show striking similarities in the functional dependence of period and growth rate on temperature, even though the absolute magnitudes differ widely.
A study of the crustacean axon repetitive response: I. The effect of membrane potential and resistance
Authors: Tomita Tadao , Wright Ernest B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe transmembrane electrical properties of the crustacean axon have been examined by a new technique which allows for quantitative evaluation of the electrical and excitable characteristics across a microscopic area, “patch,” of fiber membrane using external electrodes. Data from repetitive firing and from non‐repetitive firing fibers compare as follows:	(1) Membrane potential, resting, 82 mv repetitive; 67 mv non‐repetitive; 70–75 mv transition level repetitive to non‐repetitive. (2) Membrane potential, active, 132 mv, 50 mv overshoot repetitive; 100–120 mv, 30–50 overshoot, non‐repetitive. (3) Membrane resistance, 7.6 × 106 ohms or 2300 ohms cm2 repetitive; 2.8 × 106 ohms or 880 ohms cm2 non‐repetitive. (4) Membrane time constant, 2.5 ms repetitive; 1.5ms non‐repetitive. (5) Membrane capacity 1.0μf repetitive; 1.7 μf non‐repetitive. (6) Repetitive firing property may be restored to non‐repetitive axons by increasing the Vm value with a polarizing inward current. This increases Rm also. (7) Non‐repetitive fibers show considerable inactivation, give rise to “more or less” spikes particularly during refractory period following a spike, and respond to anode‐break stimulation. Repetitive firing axons do not. (8) The action potential has two active components, one to depolarize (sodium) one to repolarize (potassium), both of which drive the membrane potential. toward predetermined levels. (9) The repetitive firing axons show little or nc inactivation with weak prolonged depolarization producing trains of spikes. There is a slow rise in critical firing level which ultimately causes the spike train termination. There is a slow increase in the undershoot (diphasic repolarization) amplitude.
The sodium and potassium activated ATPase of intestinal epithelium. I. Location of enzymatic activity in the cell
Authors: Berg G. G. , Chapman B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe location of sodium and potassium activated Mg‐ATPase (Na‐K ATPase) was studied in columnar epithelial cells of the small intestine of rats. Cell components were segregated in centrifuge fractions by a mild procedure (sucrose medium), which preserved mitochondria and vesicular inclusions, and by a drastic procedure, designed to preserve the striated borders selectively. The contents of fractions were characterized by phase contrast and electron microscopy and by the assay of alkaline phosphatase (E.C.3.1.3.1), cytochome oxidase (E.C.1.9.3.1), invertase (E.C.3.2.1.26) and Mg‐ATPase (E.C.3.6.1.4).Na‐K ATPase was found to be most concentrated in fractions containing mitochondria on one hand, and striated borders on the other. Its distribution differed from the distributions of the other four enzymes. The physiological implications of finding the “sodium pump” enzyme in the membrane at the apical pole of the epithelial cell were discussed.
Binding of Ca and Mg by lipoprotein and nucleoprotein subfractions of rat liver cell microsomes
Authors: Carvalho Arselio P. , Sanui Hisashi , Pace Nello 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRat liver cell microsomes were subfractionated in D2O‐sucrose solutions of various densities into three subfractions with densities > 1.23, 1.18–1.23 and 1.12–1.18. There was an inverse correlation between the nucleic acid and lipid contents of these subfractions; the highest density subfraction had a relatively high nucleic acid (20.9%) and low lipid (15.1%) content and the lowest density subfraction had a low nucleic acid (3.4%) and a high lipid (45.2%) content. Whole microsomes were determined to be composed of 55.0% protein, 8.6% nucleic acid and 36.4% lipid. This composition of microsomes was calculated to reflect a nucleoprotein and lipoprotein content of 28% and 72%, respectively. Investigation of Ca and Mg binding by the three microsome subfractions and by the whole microsome fraction after equilibration for 12 hours in a medium of pH 6.7 containing 8–9 meq Ca or Mg/liter indicated that all fractions retained considerable amounts of the divalent cations (1.5–2.6 meq/g N). The nucleoprotein fraction was calculated to bind 0.35–0.40 meq Ca or Mg/g dry weight of nucleoprotein and the lipoprotein fraction 0.12 meq Ca or Mg/g dry weight of lipoprotein. Nevertheless, the lipoprotein fraction of microsomes is responsible for 45% of the total binding of Ca or Mg by the whole microsome fraction. These observations support the contention that cellular membrane structures, composed essentially of lipoprotein, can bind considerable quantities of the divalent cations.
The accumulation of sodium and calcium in a specific layer of frog skin
Authors: Imamura Akira , Takeda Hitoshi , Sasaki Nagayo 
Published: February 2005

Abstract22Na‐autoradiography was carried out in frog skin, using the freeze‐drying method. Sodium was found to have accumulated between the papillary and reticular layer in the corium. This region was slightly stained with hematoxylin and metachromatically stained with both toluidine blue and azur‐A, suggesting the presence of mucopolysaccharide. Furthermore the 45Ca‐autoradiogram revealed that calcium was strongly absorbed in this layer. The chemical nature of the substance which retained Na+ and Ca++ in this layer has not yet been identified and awaits further analyses. It can not also be decided whether or not this layer is responsible for the active sodium transport. But from the results obtained in this study, it was suggested that the mucous substance is anyhow related to and plays a role in the ion transport across the frog skin.