bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monaural detection with contralateral cue (MDCC). VI. Adding noise to the cue
Authors: Taylor M. M. , Smith S. M. 
Published: October 2005

Intense cues detract from performance in the monaural detection with contralateral cue (MDCC) situation. The addition of noise to the cue, so as to partially mask the cue, restores this performance and at the same time makes the intense cue sound softer. The performance level with the masked cue is roughly the same as that of the equally loud unmasked cue, but the phase effects are the same as those of the equally intense unmasked cue. The phase relations of binaural signals appear to be related to intensity, whereas loudness is probably a more central effect.
Subject Classification: 65.50, 65.58, 65.62, 65.75.
Is the effort dependence of speech loudness explicable on the basis of acoustical cues?
Authors: Glave R. D. , Rietveld A. C. M. 
Published: October 2005

Effort-dependent speech loudness (of sustained vowels) was investigated with the general intention of making a comparison between experimental loudness data and calculated loudness data (based on the Zwicker model). The adjustment method was used in the listening experiment as an alternative to the magnitude-estimation technique used in earlier experiments. The stimuli varied with respect to (1) vocal effort, (2) vowel quality, and (3) initial structure. Intensity, fundamental frequency, and duration were held constant. The speech stimuli, produced by five male speakers, were presented to 25 listeners. The equal loudness data of the listeners indicate that the speech loudness varies significantly with effort and vowel quality, while the initial structure does not have any significant influence. In the second part of the investigation, loudness was calculated on the basis of spectral information. The calculated loudness data were compared with the listener loudness data (phon level). With respect to the relative level, listener loudness and calculated loudness agree to a very large extent in effort-dependent loudness differences and loudness differences dependent on vowel quality. With respect to absolute loudness levels, the listener loudness and the calculated loudness differ almost constantly (by 9 phons). The comparative loudness data suggest that effort-dependent speech loudness changes are due to pure spectral changes, and that a special perceptual mechanism in the loudness perception of speech is questionable.
Subject Classification; 70.30, 70.20.
Attenuation of low-frequency sound in a turbulent duct
Authors: Takaku I. , Horiuchi T. 
Published: October 2005

Experimantal evidence that low-frequency sound up to 2 kHz attenuates after propagation through a turbulent field is described. A wave packet of duration 2 msec is passed through a turbulent jet of air flowing perpendicular to the incident wave. The attenuation constant is proportional to the jet velocity and the dependence of the attenuation on the frequency of the incident wave is measured. The result is compared with a phenomenological analysis in terms of an equivalent turbulent friction drag and a modification of the analysis is proposed.
Subject Classification: 28.60.
Surface wave modes on elastic cylinders
Authors: Frisk G. V. , Dickey J. W. , Überall H. 
Published: October 2005

Various surface wave modes may exist on solid elastic cylinders imbedded in a fluid. They fall into two classes, having velocities close to either the wave speed in the fluid (Stoneley- and Franz-type modes), or to the bulk wave speeds in the solid (Rayleigh- and Whispering Gallery-type modes). Using analytic and numerical methods, we present here a discussion of the modes of the first class, as well as of the Rayleigh mode. In the limit of infinite cylinder radius, the wavenumbers of the Rayleigh and Stoneley modes tend towards those of the Rayleigh and Stoneley waves on a flat elastic half-space, while the Franz-mode wavenumbers tend towards the wavenumber of sound in the ambient fluid. The sheet structure of the elastic surface waves is discussed in an appendix.
Subject Classification: 35.54; 40.26;30.50;20.35.
Ultrasonic parameters of freshly frozen dog tibia
Authors: Adler Laszlo , Cook K. V. 
Published: October 2005

Some experiments using ultrasonic wave propagation in freshly frozen dog tibia are reported. Longitudinal velocity measurements indicate significant directional variations. Absorption measurements resulted in a linear relationship between absorption coefficient and frequency. Shear velocity has also been measured in bones.
Subject Classification: 80.20.
Growth of pea roots exposed to pulsed ultrasound
Authors: Child Sally Z. , Carstensen Edwin L. , Miller Morton W. 
Published: October 2005

Studies of the growth of pea roots after exposure to pulsed ultrasound (2.3 MHz, 10 W/cm2 peak intensity) support the postulate that a cavitation-like mechanism may be responsible in part for a decrease in the growth rate. There is a significant, although reduced, effect on growth at pulse lengths as short as 3 μsec; this observation suggests that two nonthermal mechanisms may be involved.
Subject Classification: 80.40;+35.75.
Variational method and nonlinear oscillation of bubbles
Authors: Hsieh Din-Yu 
Published: October 2005

A new technique, i.e., the variational method, is introduced to solve the problem of nonlinear oscillation of a spherical gas bubble in liquid. The method is simple in concept and straight-forward in application. In a sinusoidal pressure field, it is shown that besides the fundamental response, harmonic oscillations of the bubble of order 2 and 3, and subharmonic responses of order 1/2 and 1/3 can also be generated. For illustration, the subharmonic response of order 1/2 is analyzed in detail. The amplitude and phase responses as well as the threshold pressures are explicitly exhibited for one branch of the solution. The existence of another complementary branch of solution is also indicated. Stability of the solution is finally discussed also from the variational approach.
Subject Classification: 30.60, 30.75.
Analysis technique for classifying wind- and ship-generated noise characteristics
Authors: Perrone Anthony J. , King Louis A. 
Published: October 2005

An analysis technique is described that permits the classification of ambient noise sources (wind generated and shipping) without the need for information concerning the environment or shipping in the area of interest. Wind-generated and ship-generated ambient noise, or a combination of the two, can be classified by finding the zero-axis crossing time of the autocorrelation function versus frequency of the long-term (greater than two weeks) ambient noise time series for a given geographic area. Results obtained from the zero-axis crossing times of the autocorrelation function of ambient noise level versus time (measured by omnidirectional hydrophones and processed through 1/3-octave filters) are bounded by two distinct zero-axis crossing times. Analysis of data from four widely separated geographic areas produces the same bounds, which suggests that they may be independent of area. In the region of the spectra where 1/3-octave bands were highly correlated with wind speed, the decorrelation time (i.e., zero-axis crossing) was found to range from 26 to 40 h. In the region of the spectra that was not wind correlated and, therefore, attributed to ship-traffic noise, the decorrelation time was found to range from 4 to 8 h. For spectra that were composites of both noise sources, the decorrelation time ranged between 8 and 26 h. The observed correlation functions were fitted to a two-term equation to aid in determining the decorrelation times for all values of the wind-generated to ship-generated noise-level ratios. Each term of the equation (one being wind related and the other ship related) is a sinusoid whose decay parameter is equal to its corresponding mean value decorrelation time and whose sinusoidal period is four times that value.
Subject Classification: 30.70, 30.80.
Multiple scattering by two cylinders
Authors: Young J. W. , Bertrand J. C. 
Published: October 2005

Theoretical calculations and experimental measurements of the backscattering of a plane acoustic wave by two parallel, rigid cylinders are presented. The effects of multiple scattering between cylinders are included in the calculations. Two methods of solution of the equations are discussed. Good agreement is found between theory and experiment. Multiple-scattering calculations show the influence of the shadow of one cylinder upon the other. Variations in level of the interference peaks are correctly predicted.
Subject Classification: 30.30, 30.40; 20.30, 20.15.
Perception of voicing in English affricates and fricatives
Authors: Cole Ronald A. , Cooper William E. 
Published: October 2005

Two series of experiments were conducted to study the effects of consonant and vowel duration on the perception of the voiced–voiceless distinction for the English affricates [?] vs [?] and the fricatives [v] vs [f] and [z] vs [s]. The voiceless members of each pair of speech sounds were recorded by a male speaker in a CV environment with the vowel [a] ([?a], [fa}, and [sa]) and then duplicated a number of times. The frication of each syllable was then shortened in small steps by removing frication from just prior to the vowel and then closing the gap. Additional series were constructed by shortening the vowel duration of these syllables, and the resulting series were presented to listeners in randomized sequences for identification. The results of the first series of experiments showed that shortening the duration of frication for a voiceless affricate or fricative produced a change in the percept from voiceless to voiced (i.e., from [?a] to [?a], from [fa] to [va], and from [sa] to [za]). Whereas shortening the duration of frication produced a marked shift in the percept from voiceless to voiced, shortening the duration of the vowel produced only a weak effect, and the interaction between the two shortening effects was small. The small effect of vowel duration on perception of voicing for syllable-initial affricates and fricatives was contrasted with the strong effects of vowel duration on voicing for fricatives in syllable-final position observed in prior work, and this contrast was accounted for in terms of the perceptual processing required for CVC syllables in normal listening. In the second series of experiments, the frication of [sa] was shortened to produce a series of syllables ranging from [sa] to [za] to [-a]. In selective adaptation tests, repeated presentation of these three syllables resulted in shifts in the listeners’ phonetic boundaries. Results of the selective adaptation experiment were compared to results of prior work using stop consonants.
Subject Classification: 70.30, 70.70.
Characteristics of high-frequency sea reverberation and their application to turbulence measurement
Authors: Rasmussen R. A. , Head N. E. 
Published: October 2005

By using both continuous and pulsed insonification of a fixed volume at 160 kHz, measurements of scattering strength, scatterer target strengths, and reverberation spectra were made at a single location near San Diego at depths up to 90 m. Scattering strength and density of scatterers decrease slightly with depth while the short-term fluctuation increases somewhat. Dimensions of the scatterers are estimated to be of the order of millimeters. The scatterers apparently do not migrate vertically over a 24-hour period and reverberation spectra indicate that they are nonmoving or very slowly moving obstacles carried along with the current. Application of the apparatus in the detection and measurement of turbulence at considerable ranges is considered, and analyses indicate that turbulent speeds of the order of centimeters per second might be observed at ranges of approximately 100 m with a transmitted power of a few hundred watts.
Subject Classification: [43]30.40; [43]80.20; [43]28.60.
Sonic cameras
Authors: Jones C. H. , Gilmour G. A. 
Published: October 2005

Westinghouse is developing two different types of sonic cameras for real time imaging in turbid water. A 2-MHz side-look sonic camera has been built for viewing the ocean bottom at angles from 35° to 55°. The plane of the bottom is mapped into an image plane behind the lens. Ninety-eight line transducers are used in the image plane to form 98 simultaneous beams. Range resolution is determined by time, as in a side-look sonar, and angular resolution is determined by the lens. A 25-cm lens obtains resolutions of 1.5 to 6 cm at ranges from 3 to 12 m. A circular-scan camera has been built to operate at 3 MHz. This camera maps a plane orthogonal to the direction of view into the image plane behind the sonic lens. The image is swept out by a row of 128 transducers rotating in the image plane. A 27-cm lens makes it possible to achieve resolutions of 1 to 3 cm at ranges from 3 to 9 m. Lens data applicable to both cameras is given and initial pictures taken with both types of cameras are shown.
Subject Classification: [43]35.80; [43]30.80; [43]35.65.
Effect of activating signal bandwidth on acoustic-reflex thresholds
Authors: Popelka Gerald R. , Margolis Robert H. , Wiley Terry L. 
Published: October 2005

Acoustic-reflex thresholds were determined as a function of activating-signal bandwidth in ten subjects with normal hearing sensitivity and eight subjects with noise-induced sensorineural hearing loss. Results from the normal-hearing group indicated that reflex thresholds decreased in a curvilinear fashion as a function of signal bandwidth in log frequency. Sensorineural hearing loss altered the functions by elevating reflex thresholds for signals in which the spectral content of the activating signal corresponded to the frequency region of the hearing loss. A method was proposed in which reflex thresholds for various tonal and bandlimited signals were used for predicting hearing sensitivity by frequency region.
Subject Classification: [43]65.24, [43]65.22, [43]65.75.
Intensity perception. V. Effect of payoff matrix on absolute identification
Authors: Lippmann R. P. , Braida L. D. , Durlach N. I. 
Published: October 2005

In previous work (e.g., Durlach and Braida, 1969; Braida and Durlach, 1972), we have implicitly assumed that sensitivity in absolute identification of sound intensity is independent of the payoff matrix. There are a number of reasons, however, to question the validity of this assumption. For example, if the payoff matrix causes the subject to focus his attention on a particular subrange of stimuli at the expense of the remaining stimuli, the sensitivity between pairs of stimuli in this subrange might be increased relative to the sensitivity between pairs of stimuli outside this range. This paper reports the results of a series of experiments designed to test the above-mentioned assumption. On the whole, the results are consistent with this assumption. The only significant exception is that, for one of the five subjects tested, the total sensitivity varies with the payoff matrix (in a manner that appears unrelated to the specific properties of the payoff matrix). Also, the observed changes in response bias associated with the changes in payoff matrix are generally in the same direction as, but somewhat smaller than, the changes in bias that would occur in an optimal Bayes receiver.
Subject Classification; [43]65.75, [43]65.50.
Scattering of a Rayleigh wave by the edge of a thin surface layer of negligible inertia
Authors: Simons Donald A. 
Published: October 2005

The problem of the scattering of a Rayleigh wave by the edge of a thin surface layer of negligible inertia is solved by means of Fourier transforms and the Wiener–Hopf technique. The effect of the layer is approximated by a pair of boundary conditions applied at the surface of the half space. The condition that the traction on the edge of the layer vanish is explicitly enforced. Expressions are given for amplitudes of the transmitted and reflected surface waves, and the power transmission and reflection coefficients are evaluated.
Subject Classification: [43]20.15, [43]20.30, [43]35.54.
Pinna disparity processing: A case of mistaken identity?
Authors: Hebrank J. H. 
Published: October 2005

Searle et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 57, 448–455 (1975)] conclude that disparities between right and left pinna filtering are used as median-plane localization cues. Their experiments fail to separate elevation cues due to pinna disparities from elevation cues due to binaural IAD and ITD information caused by slight misalignment of subjects’ heads with the median plane defined by the sound source.
Subject Classification: [43]65.62, [43]65.20.
Localized cochlear microphonics recorded from the spiral lamina
Authors: Yates Graeme K. , Johnstone Brian M. 
Published: October 2005

A greatly improved localization of the cochlear microphonic (CM) recording is obtained by the technique described in this report. CM tuning curves are obtained from the spiral lamina, immediately adjacent to the basilar membrane, when the first turn of the cochlear scala tympani is opened and drained. High-frequency slopes of −85 to −110 dB/octave are recorded, compared with the best slopes of only −30 dB/octave recorded by the differential electrode technique, and the tuning curves closely resemble published mechanical tuning curves for the basilar membrane. The technique should aid considerably the study of CM generator mechanisms.
Subject Classification: [43]65.20, [43]65.40.
Time coherence of acoustic signals transmitted over resolved paths in the deep ocean
Authors: Williams R. E. , Battestin H. F. 
Published: October 2005

Long-term coherence measurements have been made of the stability of broad-band acoustic signals transmitted on single paths through the deep ocean over distances of 145, 250, 495, and 635 NM. The stability of individual ray paths was measured by separating the arrivals in time and angle. Twenty-nine acoustic phase records with durations from 5 to 32 h were analyzed. Typical coherence intervals of 2 to 8 min were found in which the phase of the cross-correlation of the received signal with a replica varied by no more than ±π/2 rad (±0.6 msec) at 400 Hz. Coherent intervals of 8- to 12-min duration at 400 Hz were common, while occasional long periods on the order of 20 min could be found. The spectra of these phase records possess a dominant low-frequency peak overlapping the 12- and 24-h tidal frequencies, but also show much weaker peaks at periods of 1 1/2, 3, and 5 h. The latter could be caused by internal waves, nonlinear overtides, or atmospheric pressure variations. No other effects of the moving ocean surface or of higher-frequency internal ocean instabilities were found.
Subject Classification; [43]30.20; [43]60.30; [43]30.82; [43]60.20.
Cavitation inception thresholds in water and nuclei spectra by light-scattering technique
Authors: Yilmaz E. , Hammitt F. G. , Keller A. 
Published: October 2005

Cavitation inception thresholds in water are measured and correlated with nuclei spectra, measured by the laser-light-scattering technique. The effects of temperature, settling time, total air content, various impurity particle additions, and polymer addition are examined and compared with theoretical predictions.
Subject Classification: [43]30.60, [43]30.70; [43]35.65; [43]25.60.
Technique for measuring the adiabatic compressibility, density, and sound speed of submicroliter liquid samples
Authors: Apfel Robert E. 
Published: October 2005

An acoustical technique for measuring a known function of the adiabatic compressibility and density of a very small liquid sample (4×10−6 −4×10−3 ml) has been developed. The technique involves a comparison of the conditions required for the acoustic levitation of the sample at a given position in a known, immiscible ’’host’’ liquid and the levitation of a reference droplet of known properties at the same position. Since the success of this technique depends on the predictions of the theory for the ’’Acoustic Radiation Pressure on a Compressible Sphere’’ [K. Yosioka and Y. Kawasima, Acustica 5, 167–173 (1955)] as applied to instances when buoyancy and acoustic forces balance, it was decided to test the validity of the procedure by using liquids of known properties so that a comparison with our results would be possible. Using the known density ρ, the experiment plus theory allows us to calculate the adiabatic compressibility βs and the sound speed = (1/ρβs)1/2. Results for the sound speed of a number of common organic liquids (n-pentane, benzene, n-hexane, O-xylene, and toluene) are within 2% of the results of traditional measurements. Two particularly attractive features of this procedure are that (1) the results are independent of droplet size and (2) the parameters of the sound field need not be known. This technique should be directly applicable to measurements of properties of superheated and supercooled liquids.
Subject Classification: [43]35.24.
Transmission of sound through sandwich panels: A reconsideration
Authors: Dym Clive L. , Ventres C. Samuel , Lang Mark A. 
Published: October 2005

A reconsideration of a previous study of the transmission loss of sandwich panels is presented. An erroneous calculation of the transmission loss is corrected, and new results are presented. Also, some interesting implications for the design of walls of high transmission loss are pointed out.
Subject Classification: [43]55.75.
An approximate bivariate density function for orthogonal filtered Poisson processes with applications to volume reverberation problems
Authors: Ehrenberg John E. 
Published: October 2005

A bivariate density function approximation for orthogonal filtered Poisson processes is derived. The approximation has the proper impulsive behavior at the origin. This is a significant improvement over the Edgeworth series approach used previously to obtain the first-order density approximation of this type of process. The bivariate density function approximation is used to evaluate expressions for the level crossing rate of a reverberation process and the probability of false alarm for an active sonar operating in a reverberation-limited environment. The accuracy of the level crossing rate expression is investigated using a Monte Carlo simulation.
Subject Classification: [43]60.20; [43]30.40.
Propagation in an inversion and reflections at the ground
Authors: Embleton T. F. W. , Thiessen G. J. , Piercy J. E. 
Published: October 2005

The propagation of sound is considered for an atmosphere in which the sound velocity increases linearly with height. For source and receiver separation large compared with their heights above the ground, there are in general four possible ray paths between source and receiver having a given number of ground reflections n≳1. For n=0, i.e., no reflections, there is one ray path; and for n=1 there are three possible ray paths. By suitable grouping of the ray paths it is possible to evaluate the effects of reflection at a ground of known, finite impedance (especially near the source), assuming coherence between neighboring rays; and also to evaluate the net sound intensity of waves traveling via more widely separated paths in the normally turbulent atmosphere assuming incoherence. A temperature inversion is found, using ray theory, to increase the sound level at large horizontal distances inside the shadow region due to finite surface impedance, that is otherwise predicted by wave theory for a neutral atmosphere.
Subject Classification: [43]28.40; [43]20.20, [43]20.30.