bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To Shade or not to Shade (and how)? Annual heating energy balance and internal temperature in low energy houses in Wrocław, Poland.
Authors: Baborska-Narożny Magdalena , Bandurski Karol , Grudzińska Magdalena 
Published: December 2023

AbstractOne of the important areas of occupant–building fabric interaction with IEQ consequences is windows’ shading. The relevance of shading has been explored through modeling studies in the context of energy, daylighting and thermal comfort, typically aiming to inform the design stage. In owner occupied housing the architectural design sets the scene for subsequent residents’ decisions concerning windows treatment. Here, based on varied treatments for 20m2living room window observed during an in-depth building performance evaluation in same homes, dynamic modeling in TRNSYS is used to establish the related heating loads and internal temperatures. The results allow to rank five shading usage scenarios for three physical settings, namely lack of shading, external blind and internal curtain on lower half of the window, in terms of their overheating mitigation potential, based on simplified assumptions for heating, ventilation and shading practices. The modelling points towards severe overheating issue and crucial impact of shading usage patterns on its mitigation. Yearly modelled share of overheating hours (>26 °C) are almost double for unshaded scenario compared to the most effective shading strategy (25% and 13%). The simulation contributes to understanding of the field monitoring results where the unshaded living rooms experience more severe overheating, and the two shading settings in place are associated with comparable internal thermal conditions, respectively 22% vs. 5% and 6% of yearly share of overheating hours. The simplification of human-HVAC-building interaction model likely obfuscates solar heat gain control contribution to heating load.
Benchmarking Heating System Performance in Office Buildings through Grey-box Modeling
Authors: Fjerbæk Esben Visby , Hviid Christian Anker 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The transition to renewable energy sources requires that larger shares of heating production should come from heat pumps both on individual level and in district heating networks. The efficiency of heat pumps is highly dependent on the temperature lift. Therefore, it is key to assess the possibilities of low-temperature heating in buildings. This paper proposes a data-driven methodology to analyse and benchmark the performance of radiator heating systems, by estimating parameters for the building’s envelope and heating system using Modelica with ModestPy. The methodology requires little a-priori knowledge and common data sources and provide valuable insights on the potentials of lowered operating temperatures. The methodology was tested on a newly renovated office building in Copenhagen and was able to consistently estimate characteristics of the envelope and capacity of the heating system. By using information on the actual capacity of the heating system, the methodology demonstrated the potential for lowering the heating supply temperatures, thereby reducing heat pump electricity consumption with 9 %.
Novel functional materials capable of humidity regulation and thermal storage for building energy conservation
Authors: Hou Pu Ming , Qin Menghao 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Functional materials with large hygrothermal inertia can passively mitigate indoor temperature and humidity variations, thus improving indoor environmental quality and reducing energy demand for heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. In this study, a novel functional phase-change humidity control material (PCHCM) was developed based on the integration of microencapsulated phase-change material (MicPCM) and novel moisture adsorbent: Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs). The novel MOF-based PCHCM is a dual-functional composite material. It can simultaneously uptake/release heat and humidity from indoor air and control the hygrothermal environment passively. The materials characterizations show that the new MOF-based PCHCM has better thermal and moisture buffering ability than most conventional building materials. The effect of the new material on building energy conservation was calculated by a newly developed HAMT-enthalpy model. The simulation results show that MOF-based PCHCM can effectively moderate the fluctuations of temperature and relative humidity and reduce building energy consumption in most climates worldwide. The maximum energy-saving potential could reach up to 35% in hot-dry climates. The paper will guide the application and further development of dual-functional PCHCM composites under different climates.
Effects of coating a drying Calcium Sulphate Floor on the relative humidity of the Structure
Authors: Raunima T , Tuominen E , Vinha J 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Cast structures must be allowed to dry sufficiently before they can be covered with impermeable coatings. During a commissioned study on the drying rate of calcium sulphate screed cast floor, it was observed that the measured relative humidity of the structure increased significantly after a vinyl flooring was glued to the surface of the structure. The cause for the phenomenon could not be determined based on the carried-out test arrangements. Therefore, a follow-up study with identical test structures was conducted to isolate the cause of the increase in measured relative humidity after coating. Tests confirmed that the effect was caused by the water contained in the adhesive. The adhesive was initially dosed by applying it with a trowel with specified notching as instructed. In the follow-up study, weighing the applied amount of adhesive revealed that the instructed amount was exceeded significantly. Due to the shape of the material’s equilibrium moisture content curve, even a small increase in moisture content significantly increases the structure’s relative humidity. Therefore, dosing instructions of applied adhesive must be followed precisely, as overdosing can potentially lead to moisture damages in related structures.
Super adsorbent bio-polymer additive to improve hygroscopic and acoustic properties of a conventional lime plaster
Authors: Gentile Vincenzo , Libralato Michele , Fantucci Stefano , Shtrepi Louena , Autretto Giorgia 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The paper introduces a new lime plaster composition, with a Super Bio-Polymeric Adsorbent (SABP), for interior applications to improve hygrothermal and acoustic comfort. Alginate SABP is added to a conventional lime plaster to improve hygroscopic and acoustic performance. The hygrothermal and acoustic properties of the modified plaster are compared with the ones of the original plaster with a preliminary moisture uptake test, the evaluation of the sorption isotherm, the moisture buffering value (MBV), and the acoustic absorption. The results show a significant increase in the equilibrium moisture contents and the MBV (from 0.7 to 6.2 g/(m2⋅%RH)). At the same time, the sound absorption coefficient is slightly improved, increasing 0.1-0.2 at frequencies higher than 500 Hz compared to the reference conventional lime plaster. The paper describes the material characterization: the sorption isotherm and the MBV are obtained using a dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) analyzer. The acoustic absorption is measured using the impedance tube method.
How to design the drying of porous materials?
Authors: Fei Linlin , Derome Dominique , Carmeliet Jan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The convective drying of porous materials is studied at the pore scale using a two-component two-phase Lattice Boltzmann model. Capillary pumping from coarse to fine pores is found to enhance the drying in first drying period at high rate. A ‘toy’ model of four connected channels is developed to design the drying of porous materials. This approach has to be seen to supplement the continuum modelling of drying using known moisture transport properties and convective moisture transfer coefficient, allowing to better understand convective drying and design the pore structure to optimize the drying rate.
Protection of pre-treated wood and construction materials using intumescent coatings
Authors: Markert F , González I , De La Parra Rogero C , Hosta E Serra 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Intumescent paints’ behaviour is investigated for protecting wood pre-treated with phosphate or a silicate-based flame retardant. Additionally, the ageing effects of intumescent paint under several conditions are investigated. The cone calorimeter is applied, measuring the reaction to heat responses and the char development. Pre-treatment showed an improved fire performance of samples with intumescent coatings. The effects depend on the moisture contents and the homogeneity of the pre-treatments. Also, the experiments showed differences in fire resistance depending on the ageing method. UV exposure ageing retained the heat-insulating properties, while samples immersed in acid suffered a drastic reduction of their fire resistance. The latter ageing test increased the char’s pore size resulting in a reduced expansion factor and reduced thermal insulation performance of the intumescent coating.
Experimental characterization of exhaled flow dynamics of human breathing and vocalization
Authors: Pan Shihai , Ren Yijing , Li Na , Ma Weiqiang , Xu Chunwen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
During the onging pandemic of COVID-19, there are numerous asymptomatic patients who are infectious. The exhaled droplets from their daily respiratory activities like breathing or speaking can be the sources of airborne disease transmission of COVID-19. The understanding of the airflow dynamics of these respiratory activities may be helpful to develop effective measures to prevent and control the spread of the disease. In this study, the exhaled flows from human breathing and vocalization of specific syllables are characterized using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and smoke visualization. The exhaled flow generated by ten phonemes including vowels, fricatives, affricates, plosives and nasals as well as mouth breathing are studied. The dynamic developments of the airflow processes are described by a series of parameters, including peak velocity, peak velocity time, duration time, propagation velocity and distance. Results show that vocalization of affricates and plosives as well as mouth breathing tend to have higher peak velocities and propagation distances. The evolutions of exhaled flows generated from these respiratory processes are found to have different jet structures, which are related to the stroke ratio (L/D). The flow field of a small L/D only has a pair of dominant vortices. Whereas that of a large L/D presents both a pair of dominant vortex ring and a trailing jet. Certain phoneme (e.g., /t/) is found to display a two-stage jet similar to a cough with the starting jet and an interrupted jet. The characterization of human exhaled flow of this study may be helpful to provide basis of CFD simulations and a better understanding of the spread of airborne diseases from human breathing.
Assessment of the Effects of the Cavity in BIPV Applications
Authors: Alzade Abdella , Saelens Dirk 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
As building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) become a promising application of decentralized PV systems, it is important to accurately assess their behavior in buildings energy simulations. The module temperature is a major factor in assessing its lifetime and generated power. High module temperatures lead to significant performance deteriorations. The addition of cavity ventilation contributes to decreasing the cavity temperature and is expected to improve the overall performance of BIPV. Thus, the aim of this paper is to explore the impact of the dimensioning of the BIPV cavity and its inlets on the cavity temperature which directly affects the module’s operating temperature. The simulation model developed in previous work was then validated and expanded in order to add an adjustable opening to conduct a sensitivity analysis on the BIPV cavity inlet opening dimension. The projected model consisted of two main parts: a thermal model and an airflow model. These models interact to predict the impact of airflow through the cavity on the cavity’s temperature. The sensitivity analysis included a range of simulations while modifying the dimensions for the ventilation cavity geometry of the BIPV module. The results of the sensitivity analysis revealed that the cavity temperature decreased when the cavity opening was implemented. Different degrees of influence on the cavity temperature were observed by widening or tightening the opening to certain degrees.
Model predictive control for demand response in all-electric school buildings
Authors: Morovat N , Athienitis A K , Candanedo J A 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This paper presents predictive control strategies for all-electric school buildings in cold regions to activate energy flexibility based on changes in electricity prices. A fully electric school building near Montreal, Canada, is used as a case study. This study investigates three scenarios: 1) Reference case with a proportional–integral controller and flat rate electricity price, 2) Model predictive control with flat rate electricity price, and 3) Model predictive control with dynamic electricity price. These scenarios are modelled using the resistance-capacitance thermal networks model, and energy performance is determined and compared over a typical heating season. The proposed approach takes into account the physical parameters of the building, weather predictions, and thermal comfort constraints to maintain optimal energy consumption. A building energy flexibility index is used to quantify the building energy flexibility with a focus on peak demand reduction when the electricity prices are higher than usual. The results show that the MPC strategy can reduce peak power demand by up to 100% and minimize the cost of electricity during demand response events while maintaining acceptable comfort conditions.
Analysis of the influence of district thermal properties for enhancing energy flexibility through thermal mass activation
Authors: Jafarinejad Tohid , Erfani Arash , Ritosa Katia , Saelens Dirk 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study investigates the use of thermal mass within a smart sustainable district (SSD) to facilitate the renewables’ integration. The aim is to pinpoint the most suitable archetypes in a SSD and the most optimal energy flow to each of them; moreover, to establish a relation between the suitability to activate thermal mass and the properties of the archetypes, namely Heat Loss Coefficient (HLC), Structural mass (SM) and time constant (TC). First a dummy residential district is defined, then using construction and envelope properties, archetypes are defined. Based on the archetypes, the district is clustered and then it is modelled using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The energy optimization and renewable integration is casted as an Optimal Control Problem (OCP). Solving this OCP ensures thermal comfort within the building clusters and the renewable energy is stored optimally through the thermal mass. Finally, conclusions are drawn on which clusters of buildings offer the most opportunities to store the renewables through their thermal mass within a district and which criteria best reflect on that. The results signify that HLC and TC are more suitable criteria.
Hygrothermal performance of corners and floor junctions of timber-framed exterior walls: a simulation study
Authors: Moisio Topi , Valovirta Ilkka , Laukkarinen Anssi , Vinha Juha 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Corners and basement junctions of different timber-framed walls were studied by computer simulation using Delphin 5.8.3 software. Wooden cladding and brick veneer were compared with each other, as well as different wind barrier solutions. Both internal and external corners were studied, first assuming them airtight and then modelling an air leak. Simulations were performed both in present and future climate conditions. According to the results, the walls with wooden cladding and brick veneer had a big difference in their hygrothermal behaviour. Mould index rose considerably after construction in sole plate of brick clad wall, even if the plate was originally dry. Wet sole plates dried up very slowly. Almost all corner junctions of walls with wooden cladding performed well when there was no air leak. Corners of brick clad walls were more problematic. With an air leak, all studied walls developed considerably high mould indices, underlining the importance of building airtightness.
Evaluating Floor Losses in the Context of QUB Measurements of a Passivhaus Dwelling
Authors: Collett Mark , Hardy Adam , Meulemans Johann , Glew David 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Measuring the performance of building fabric is increasingly important as stakeholders wish to compare as-built performance with design expectations. When measuring whole house performance (Heat Transfer Coefficient) heat losses through the floor in slab-on-ground type constructions are intractable and introduce uncertainty into measurements. As such efforts are often made to isolate them from measurements. The QUB method is a practical method of measuring whole house building performance. Previous work has shown floor losses can successfully be isolated from measurement through use of heat flux measurements and additional calculation steps. To further test this isolation procedure, three QUB tests were performed on a slab-on-ground Passivhaus dwelling. Whilst the whole house performance measurements agree with the design performance (all results within 11% of the design) the floor losses measured appear unrealistically high. The conditions of the tests, conducted in late summer and in a highly insulated property, are likely causing the heat flux measurements to capture heat being stored in the floor construction rather than heat being lost from the property. Follow up measurements in more preferable conditions are planned which will assist in determining the cause of these observations.
Watertight insertion of heavy sliding doors in exterior walls
Authors: Andenæs Erlend , Raugstad Torill , Strid Jonas , Gullbrekken Lars , Kvande Tore 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The joints around heavy terrace doors are considered a weak point in rain-exposed façades, as it is vulnerable to defects in design and construction. The insertion process of heavy sliding doors is a notable challenge. Design recommendations from manufacturers as well as national advisory agencies are currently lacking. This paper presents a full-scale laboratory study on the water tightness of heavy sliding doors with joints waterproofed according to five different solutions. The door assembly is mounted in a pressurized cabinet with water spray nozzles to simulate wind-driven rain. The interior side of the joint around the door is monitored for moisture leaks at steadily increasing pressure levels. It was found that leaks most often occur in the corners of the frame. Sealant mounted before the door itself was hoisted in place tended to be twisted or distorted as the door was adjusted in the frame, spoiling the waterproofing. A common feature of the most watertight solutions was that the sealant was mounted after the door itself was fastened to the frame. The sealant should be continuous, flexible, mounted in a single plane, and preferably be accessible during the assembly process. Waterproofing recommendations for the design and insertion of sliding doors should account for practical challenges brought on by the heavy weight.
Experimental analysis of thermal behavior of latent heat thermal energy storage coupled to opaque ventilated façade
Authors: Colinart T , Batard M , Fuentes A , Noël H , Glouannec P 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Opaque ventilated façades are increasingly used in building envelopes due to their potential to reduce summer overheating. During cold seasons, such façades can be used to preheat air before indoor blowing. However, to overcome the mismatch between energy supply and demand, using thermal energy storage may be appropriate. This work investigates the experimental thermal behavior of opaque ventilated façade coupled to latent heat thermal energy storage. The experimental set-up includes a mobile and tilting façade, an air/PCM heat exchanger and a ventilation unit. This system is instrumented with numerous thermocouples, heat flux sensors, mass flow sensors and anemometers. The system is tested in the campus of Université Bretagne Sud (Lorient, France) under various weather and operating conditions. The measurements are analyzed in detail to assess the thermal performance of the system, particularly the energy collected by the façade and the energy stored by the system.
Wind-driven rain tightness of building-integrated photovoltaics panels
Authors: Moschetti R , Gullbrekken L , Asphaug SK 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The exposure to wind-driven rain (WDR) is a key factor impacting the performance and the durability of the building envelope. Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) panels are increasingly used as roofing and façade materials, but little information is available on their weather protection performance. Although WDR exposure has been qualitatively investigated in laboratories, only few studies have directly quantified the water intrusion through BIPV. This article presents the results from a WDR laboratory test of a BIPV product, where water intrusion was both qualitatively and quantitatively investigated. Furthermore, as roof integration is the primary function of the studied BIPV panels, the results from the same test performed on another traditional roofing material, i.e., concrete tiles, are described and discussed. The test results showed that the BIPV panels performed better as façade cladding than as roofing material, since no quantifiable water leakages were detected at 90° inclination. At 15° and 30° inclinations, the total water leakages through the BIPV system were around 90% lower than those of the concrete tile roofing. This article’s findings demonstrate that the quantification of water intrusion through BIPV panels is feasible and can provide significant information for further developing and improving the design of BIPV systems as climate screens.
Capturing Building Fabric Thermal Performance and Solar Heat Gains Through a Whole House Heat Loss Test – an In-Situ Study in Poland
Authors: Baborska-Narożny Magdalena , Grudzińska Magdalena , Bandurski Karol 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Determining a building’s “as built” heat loss coefficient (HLC) is one of the key starting points to understand the role of residents’ practices in heating or cooling-related energy consumption. It is also a starting point for white-box modelling of different behaviour scenarios within a given home environment. Co-heating test is a recognised experimental method to evaluate the building’s fabric thermal performance. It involves a quasi-stationary homogeneous heating experiment performed on an unoccupied dwelling. This paper discusses the results of a co-heating test carried out in a low-energy semi-detached house in Wrocław, Poland between 6th-12th December 2021. The periods of different types of solar operation are captured to evaluate HLC: night-time with no solar gains, daytime with direct solar gains, and daytime with only the diffuse component of solar radiation. Internal solar gains in the building are calculated using the TRNSYS simulation program, assuming detailed modelling of the radiation incident on the vertical partitions (including the anisotropy of the diffused radiation component and complex analyses of the sun path geometry inside the building). Based on the results, the HLC values excluding infiltration and ventilation corresponding to different solar operation types are calculated and compared. This contributes to a more nuanced understanding of HLC under different external conditions.