bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Schistosomiasis vaccine development — the current picture
Authors: Waine Gary J. , McManus Donald P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDevelopment of a vaccine for schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease currently affecting over 200 million people worldwide, has been targeted as a priority by the World Health Organisation. Research demonstrating the ability of humans to acquire natural immunity to schistosome infection, together with the successful use of attenuated vaccines in animals both under laboratory and field conditions, suggest that development of a human vaccine is feasible. Attenuated vaccines for schistosomiasis are considered neither safe nor practicable for human use, however, and therefore other approaches must be considered. This review examines progress currently being undertaken in a number of different areas towards achieving the goal of a safe and effective human vaccine for schistosomiasis.
Genetic analysis of craniofacial development in the vertebrate embryo
Authors: Schilling Thomas F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEvery cartilage and bone in the vertebrate skeleton has a precise shape and position. The head skeleton develops in the embryo from the neural crest, which emigrates from the neural ectoderm and forms the skull and pharyngeal arches. Recent genetic data from mice and zebrafish suggest that cells in the pharyngeal segments are specified by positional information in at least two dimensions, Hox genes along the anterior‐posterior axis and other homeobox genes along the dorsal‐ventral axis within a segment. Many zebrafish and human mutant phenotypes indicate that additional genes are required for the development of groups of adjacent pharyngeal arches and for patterning along the mediolateral axis of the skull. The complementary genetic approaches in humans, mice and fish reveal networks of genes that specify the complex morphology of the head skeleton along a relatively simple set of coordinates.
PDZ Domains: Targeting signalling molecules to sub‐membranous sites
Authors: Ponting Christopher P. , Phillips Christopher , Davies Kay E. , Blake Derek J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPDZ (also called DHR or GLGF) domains are found in diverse membraneassociated proteins including members of the MAGUK family of guanylate kinase homologues, several protein phosphatases and kinases, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and several dystrophin‐associated proteins, collectively known as syntrophins. Many PDZ domain‐containing proteins appear to be localised to highly specialised submembranous sites, suggesting their participation in cellular junction formation, receptor or channel clustering, and intracellular signalling events. PDZ domains of several MAGUKs interact with the C‐terminal polypeptides of a subset of NMDA receptor subunits and/or with Shaker‐type K+ channels. Other PDZ domains have been shown to bind similar ligands of other transmembrane receptors. Recently, the crystal structures of PDZ domains, with and without ligand, have been determined. These demonstrate the mode of ligand‐binding and the structural bases for sequence conservation among diverse PDZ domains.
Ordering microtubules
Authors: Haimo Leah T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHow do cells order their cytoplasm? While microtubule organizing centers have long been considered essential to conferring order by virtue of their microtubule nucleating activity, attention has currently refocused on the role that microtubule motors play in organizing microtubules. An intriguing set of recent findings(1) reveals that cell fragments, lacking microtubule organizing centers, rapidly organize microtubules into a radial array during organelle transport driven by the microtubule motor, cytoplasmic dynein. Further, interaction of radial microtubules with the cell surface centers the array, revealing that centering information resides not with centrosomes but with organized microtubules.
Looking into the sea urchin embryo you can see local cell interactions regulate morphogenesis
Authors: Wilt Fred H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe transparent sea urchin embryo provides a laboratory for study of morphogenesis. The calcareous endoskeleton is formed by a syncytium of mesenchyme cells in the blastocoel. The locations of mesenchyme in the blastocoel, the size of the skeleton, and even the branching pattern of the skeletal rods, are governed by interactions with the blastula wall. Now Guss and Ettensohn(1) show that the rate of deposition of CaCO3 in the skeleton is locally controlled in the mesenchymal syncytium, as is the pattern of expression of three genes involved in skeleton formation. They propose that short range signals emanating from the blastula wall regulate many aspects of the biomineralization process.
Molecular aspects of the epithelial phenotype
Authors: Davies Jamie A. , Garrod David R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEpithelia can be defined morphologically as tissues that line surfaces, and ultrastructurally with reference to their cells' apico‐basal polarity and possession of specific cell‐cell junctions. Defining the epithelial phenotype at a molecular level is more problematic ‐ while it is easy to name proteins (e.g. keratins) expressed by a “typical” epithelium, no known molecules are expressed by every epithelium but by no other tissues. Cells can differentiate to and from the epithelial state as part of normal development, as a response to disease or when manipulated in culture. Many factors (matrix components, adhesion molecules, growth factors, transcription factors) have been identified that can trigger these transitions of phenotype in specific cases, but to date no general master regulators of the epithelial state have been found. The epithelial state may therefore be controlled by multiple regulatory genes so that there is no single molecule responsible for all of the diverse types of epithelium that exist in higher animals.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy and the neuromuscular junction: The utrophin link
Authors: Gramolini Anthony O. , Jasmin Bernard J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAlthough the precise function of utrophin at the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction still remains unclear, despite recent genetic ‘knockout’ experiments(1,2), a separate study in a transgenic mouse model system for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) has nonetheless shown that overexpression of utrophin into extrasynaptic regions of muscle fibers can functionally compensate for the lack of dystrophin and alleviate the muscle pathology(3). In this context, the next step is to identify the mechanisms presiding over expression of utrophin at the neuromuscular synapse in attempts to induce its expression throughout DMD muscle fibers. In fact, additional studies have shown that an important DNA element contained with the utrophin promoter may confer synapse‐specific expression to the utrophin gene(4,5). Identification of the events culminating in the transaction of the utrophin gene within synaptic myonuclei should provide important cues for the development of an effective therapeutic strategy for DMD.
Transmission of mitochondrial DNA ‐ playing favorites?
Authors: Boore Jeffrey L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMitochondria are essential subcellular organelles containing an extranuclear genome (mtDNA). Mutations in mtDNA have recently been identified as causing a variety of human hereditary diseases. In most of these cases, the tissues of the affected individual contain a mixture of mutant and normal mtDNA, with this ratio determining the severity of symptoms. Stochastic factors alone have generally been believed to determine this ratio. Jenuth et al.(1), however, examining mice that contain a mixture of mtDNA types, show evidence of strong selective forces at work in favoring one mtDNA variant over another in some tissues.
The molecular genetics of male infertility
Authors: Elliott David J. , Cooke Howard J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSpermatogenesis is an elaborate process involving both cell division and differentiation, and cell‐cell interactions. Defects in any of these processes can result in infertility, and in some cases these can be genetic in cause. Mapping experiments have defined at least three regions of the human Y chromosome that are required for normal spermatogenesis. Two of these contain the genes encoding the RNA binding proteins RBM and DAZ, suggesting that the control of RNA metabolism is likely to be an important control point for human spermatogenesis. A similar analysis in mice has shown that at least two regions of the mouse Y chromosome are essential for spermatogenesis. Both genetic and reverse genetic approaches have been used to identify mouse autosomal genes required for spermatogenesis. These studies have shown that genes in a number of different pathways are essential for normal spermatogenesis, and also provide putative models of human infertility.
The chromosomal signal for sex determination in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Meneely Philip M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn Caenorhabditis elegans, sex is determined by the number of X chromosomes which, in turn, determines the expression of the X‐linked gene xol‐1. Recent work(1) has shown that xol‐1 expression is controlled by least two distinct regulatory mechanisms, one transcriptional and another post‐transcriptional. The transcriptional regulator is a repressor acting in XX embryos; although the specific gene has not been identified, the chromosome region has been defined. A previously defined regulator of xol‐1, known as fox‐1, maps to a different region of the X chromosome and works post‐transcriptionally, consistent with the identification of the fox‐1 gene product as a putative RNA binding protein(2).
Root development: Signaling down and around
Authors: Wysocka‐Diller Joanna W. , Benfey Philip N. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBecause of its elegant simplicity, the Arabidopsis root has become a model for studying plant organogenesis. In this review we focus on recent results indicating the importance of signaling in root development. A role for positional information in root cell specification has been demonstrated by ablation analyses. Through mutational analysis, genes have been identified that play a role in radial pattern formation. The embryonic phenotypes of these mutants raised the possibility that division patterns in post‐embryonic roots are dependent on signaling that originates during embryonic development. Analysis of expression of the SCARECROW gene indicates that it may play a role in this ‘top‐down’ signaling process. Characterization of root epidermis development has led to the identification of negative regulators of root‐hair formation. These appear to set up a prepattern which is reinforced by signaling by plant hormones.
Budding of enveloped viruses from the plasma membrane
Authors: Cadd Tamarra L. , Skoging Ulrica , Liljeström Peter 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMany enveloped viruses are released from infected cells by maturing and budding at the plasma membrane. During this process, viral core components are incorporated into membrane vesicles that contain viral transmembrane proteins, termed ‘spike’ proteins. For many years these spike proteins, which are required for infectivity, were believed to be incorporated into virions via a direct interaction between their cytoplasmic domains and viral core components. More recent evidence shows that, while such direct interactions drive budding of alphaviruses, this may not be the case for negative strand RNA viruses and retroviruses. These viruses can bud particles in the absence of spike proteins, using only viral core components to drive the process. In some cases the spike proteins, without the viral core, can be released as virus‐like particles. Optimal budding and release may, therefore, depend on a ‘push‐and‐pull’ concerted action of core and spike, where oligomerization of both components plays a crucial role.
Antimicrobial peptide defense in Drosophila
Authors: Meister Marie , Lemaitre Bruno , Hoffmann Jules A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDrosophila responds to a septic injury by the rapid synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. These molecules are predominantly produced by the fat body, a functional equivalent of mammalian liver, and are secreted into the hemolymph where their concentrations can reach up to 100 μM. Six distinct antibacterial peptides (plus isoforms) and one antifungal peptide have been characterized in Drosophila and their genes cloned. The induction of the gene encoding the antifungal peptide relies on the spätzle/Toll/cactus gene cassette, which is involved in the control of dorsoventral patterning in the embryo, and shows interesting structural and functional similarities with cytokine‐induced activation of NF‐ϰB in mammalian cells. An additional pathway, dependent on the as yet unidentified imd (for immune‐deficiency) gene, is required for the full induction of the antibacterial peptide genes. Mutants deficient for the Toll and imd pathways exhibit a severely reduced survival to fungal and bacterial infections, respectively. Recent data on the molecular mechanisms underlying recognition of non‐self are also discussed in this review.
Relationship between hormone receptor status and tumour size, grade and comedo necrosis in ductal carcinoma in situ
Authors: Barnes N L P , Boland G P , Davenport A , Knox W F , Bundred N J 
Published: February 2005

Abstract

Background
Results of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project B-24 trial indicate that adjuvant tamoxifen therapy is of benefit only in oestrogen receptor (ER)- positive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). In the UK, ER status is not routinely determined in DCIS. The aim of this study was to assess the ER status in women with DCIS to determine whether any clinicopathological factors could predict positivity instead of immunohistochemical assessment.

Methods
The ER and progesterone receptor (PR) status of consecutive women diagnosed with DCIS during 2001 and 2002 was determined by immunohistochemistry.

Results
One hundred and nineteen tumours diagnosed between 2001 and 2002 were analysed; 73·0 per cent were ER positive and 61·1 per cent were PR positive. PR positivity was associated with ER positivity (P &lt; 0·001). Increasing tumour grade correlated with a decrease in ER and PR positivity (both P = 0·002). Comedo necrosis was associated with ER negativity (P = 0·026), PR negativity (P = 0·033) and a lower percentage of ER expression in ER-positive tumours (mean(s.d.) 82(27) versus 93(10) per cent; P = 0·021).

Conclusion
Tumour grade and comedo necrosis were not strong enough predictors to be used as surrogates for immunohistochemical assessment. ER status should be determined before commencing endocrine therapy.
Analysis of antioxidant compounds in sweet orange peel by HPLC–diode array detection–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Anagnostopoulou Maria A. , Kefalas Panagiotis , Kokkalou Eugenios , Assimopoulou Andreana N. , Papageorgiou Vassilios P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHPLC–diode array detection–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to determine qualitatively and quantitatively the ﬂavonoid content of several fractions and residues of extracts of Greek navel sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis) from the region of southern Greece (Leonidi‐Tripoli). The main groups of ﬂavonoids found according to HPLC retention times, spectral data and literature references were polymethoxylated ﬂavones, C‐glycosylated ﬂavones, O‐glycosylated ﬂavones, O‐glycosylated ﬂavanones, ﬂavonols and phenolic acids and their derivatives. The ethyl acetate fraction which has been shown in previous work to possess the best radical scavenging activity among the others was found to contain C‐glycosylated ﬂavones, polymethoxylated ﬂavones, O‐glycosylated ﬂavones, O‐glycosylated ﬂavanones, two phenolic acid derivatives and two unknown compounds, all in low concentrations. The group of C‐glycosylated ﬂavones was reported for the ﬁrst time in the peel of Navel sweet orange. The C‐glycosylated ﬂavones found according to their spectral characteristics and literature were 6‐C‐β‐glucosyldiosmin, 6,8‐di‐C‐glucopyranosylapigenin, 6,8‐di‐C‐β‐glucosyldiosmin and two unknown. The results suggest that the ethyl acetate fraction of navel Citrus sinensis peel consists of signiﬁcant antioxidant compounds and can be used as a food additive of natural origin or a pharmaceutical supplement using as a source of peel the byproducts of the orange juice industry. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Closure devices and vascular complications among percutaneous coronary intervention patients receiving enoxaparin, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, and clopidogrel
Authors: Exaire J. Emilio , Tcheng James E. , Kereiakes Dean J. , Kleiman Neal S. , Applegate Robert J. , Moliterno David J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to explore the rate of vascular complications using closure devices (CDs) vs. manual compression (MC) among percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) patients receiving enoxaparin, clopidogrel, aspirin, and GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors. The Evaluating Enoxaparin Clotting Times (ELECT) study enrolled patients receiving enoxaparin, clopidogrel, and GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors when necessary. Any approved CD or MC was allowed post‐PCI, and clinical outcome data were prospectively collected. Four hundred forty‐five patients had anti‐Xa levels measured by a core laboratory and by a novel point‐of‐care device that reports ENOX® times. All received enoxaparin, aspirin, and clopidogrel, and 75% received a concomitant GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor. Major and minor bleeding were defined according to TIMI criteria. “Any bleeding” included the occurrence of access site complications including hematoma, significant rebleeding, or bleeding delaying hospital discharge. TIMI major plus minor bleeding occurred in 1.5% of the patients who received CD vs. 1.8% of patients with MC (P = 0.83). Any bleeding occurred in 12.2% of CD vs. 5.7% MC (P = 0.02), and in 9.5% of patients receiving GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor vs. 2.8% (P = 0.01) among those who did not. For patients receiving both a GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor and CD, any bleeding was observed in 13.7% vs. 3.4% (P = 0.006) among patients who received neither. While minor and major TIMI bleeding remained very low in both groups, CD was associated with a twofold increase in risk of any‐bleeding event when compared to MC, especially when using GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005;64:369–372. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Randomized comparison between Inoue balloon and metallic commissurotome in the treatment of rheumatic mitral stenosis: Immediate results and 6‐month and 3‐year follow‐up
Authors: Guérios Ênio E. , Bueno Ronaldo R.L. , Nercolini Deborah C. , Tarastchuk José C.E. , Andrade Paulo M.P. , Pacheco Álvaro L.A. , Perreto Sônia 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe metallic commissurotome (MC) technique is a cheaper alternative to the Inoue balloon (IB) technique for percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (PMV). There are no randomized trials comparing these techniques with longer follow‐up of the patients. The objective of this study was to compare the immediate results and short‐ and medium‐term follow‐up of PMV using either the IB or the MC technique. Fifty patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis were randomly assigned to PMV using the IB (n = 27) or the MC (n = 23) technique. There were no significant differences between the groups regarding baseline clinical, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic data. Clinical and echocardiographic follow‐up were done 6 months and 3 years after the procedure. The success rate was 100% in the IB group and 91.3% in the MC group (P = 0.15); two patients in the latter group developed mitral regurgitation grade 3/4, requiring elective surgery. The mean final mitral valve area was bigger in the MC group (2.17 ± 0.13 vs. 2.00 ± 0.36 cm2; P = 0.04), but after 6‐month and 3‐year follow‐up, this difference was no longer significant (2.06 ± 0.27 vs. 1.98 ± 0.38 cm2, P = 0.22, and 1.86 ± 0.32 vs. 1.87 ± 0.34 cm2, P = 0.89, respectively). This finding suggests valve stretching as an important mechanism of valve dilation with the MC. Three patients in the MC group and two patients in the IB group (P = 0.65) developed mitral valve restenosis; one of them underwent repeat PMV and the other four, all asymptomatic, were clinically followed. PMV performed either with the IB or the MC technique is effective and provides excellent short‐ and medium‐term outcomes regardless of the technique employed. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005;64:301–311. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Starc II, a multicenter randomized placebo‐controlled double‐blind clinical trial of trapidil for 1‐year clinical events and angiographic restenosis reduction after coronary angioplasty and stenting
Authors: Maresta Aleardo , Balducelli M. , Latini R. , Bernardi G. , Moccetti T. , Sosa C. , Barlera S. , Varani E. , Ribeiro da Silva E.E. , Monici Preti A. , Maggioni A.P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of trapidil 200 mg t.i.d. in preventing the occurrence of death, of myocardial infarction and the need for repeat revascularization at 12 months after balloon PTCA with or without stenting. Coronary restenosis after stenting is still a major drawback of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) for 30–40% of patients. Trapidil has been shown to prevent restenosis after PTCA. Eligible patients were randomized to placebo or oral trapidil 200 mg t.i.d. at least 48 hr before PCI and continuing 6 months after a successful balloon angioplasty or stent implantation. Aspirin was given to all patients, and ticlopidine 250 mg b.i.d. to those who received a stent for 4 weeks. In a randomized subgroup of 216 patients, quantitative coronary angiography was performed also at 6‐month follow‐up. Out of the 933 patients enrolled, primary endpoint incidence was 20.3% in trapidil and 18.0% in placebo (P = 0.37). When recurrence or deterioration of angina was added to the combined endpoint, incidence was 27.4% in trapidil and 23.0% in placebo (P = 0.12). Restenosis rate in patients with 6‐month angiography was 25.0% in trapidil arm vs. 30.1% in placebo (P = 0.43). Stent restenosis rate was similar in patients randomized to trapidil or placebo (30.2% vs. 23.8%, respectively; P = 0.44), while in patients treated with balloon angioplasty, it was lower in trapidil (17.1%) than in placebo (40.0%; P = 0.03). Oral trapidil 200 mg t.i.d. for 6 months in addition to aspirin did not influence the occurrence of major cardiac events after coronary angioplasty with or without stenting. In a prespecified subgroup of 191 patients treated with balloon angioplasty only, trapidil reduced angiographic restenosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005;64:375–382. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.