bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A national antimicrobial guide with local, customizable versions: how is it used? A two-year analysis
Authors: Schuts Emelie C , Boyd Anders , Natsch Stephanie , Veenman Arjen , Prins Jan M ,   SWAB-ID Study Group, Bax Hannelore I , de Jong Eefje , Lambregts Merel M C , Leverstein-van Hall Maurine A , van der Linden Paul D , Melles Damian C , Natsch Stephanie , Sebens Fre W , Wolfs Tom F , Prins Jan M 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Guideline adherence is one of the most important objectives for antibiotic stewardship. The Dutch Working Party on Antibiotic Policy (SWAB) developed an online national guide (SWAB-ID) in 2006. Every Dutch hospital is offered the opportunity to customize the national version to their local context and distribute it through an independent website. We studied user data to see how often the guidelines on therapy, prophylaxis and medication are used.

Methods
Data on usage between 19 June 2020 and 30 June 2022 were extracted through Google Analytics for the national site and the 53 hospitals using a customized version of the national guide. User data were divided into three main groups: users of the national guide SWAB-ID, and users of the sites of general hospitals and university hospitals.

Results
A total of 1 837 126 searches were analysed, of which 1 393 681 (75.9%) concerned therapy, 111 774 (6.1%) prophylaxis and 331 671 (18%) medication. Of these searches, 456 854 (24.9%) were performed on the national site, 950 887 (51.8%) by general hospitals and 429 385 (23.4%) by university hospitals. The most commonly searched tracts among all user groups were lower respiratory tract (21.8%), kidney and urinary tract (16.6%) and skin and soft tissues (11.8%). The most commonly searched conditions were community-acquired pneumonia (15.3%), cystitis (13.5%) and sepsis (11.3%). The top ranked pages on medication differed for the three categories of users.

Conclusions
The SWAB-ID antimicrobial guide is used extensively by both general and university hospitals. The online guide can help in prescribing therapy according to the guideline.
Semi-supervised ROC analysis for reliable and streamlined evaluation of phenotyping algorithms
Authors: Gao Jianhui , Bonzel Clara-Lea , Hong Chuan , Varghese Paul , Zakir Karim , Gronsbell Jessica 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Objective
High-throughput phenotyping will accelerate the use of electronic health records (EHRs) for translational research. A critical roadblock is the extensive medical supervision required for phenotyping algorithm (PA) estimation and evaluation. To address this challenge, numerous weakly-supervised learning methods have been proposed. However, there is a paucity of methods for reliably evaluating the predictive performance of PAs when a very small proportion of the data is labeled. To fill this gap, we introduce a semi-supervised approach (ssROC) for estimation of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) parameters of PAs (eg, sensitivity, specificity).

Materials and Methods
ssROC uses a small labeled dataset to nonparametrically impute missing labels. The imputations are then used for ROC parameter estimation to yield more precise estimates of PA performance relative to classical supervised ROC analysis (supROC) using only labeled data. We evaluated ssROC with synthetic, semi-synthetic, and EHR data from Mass General Brigham (MGB).

Results
ssROC produced ROC parameter estimates with minimal bias and significantly lower variance than supROC in the simulated and semi-synthetic data. For the 5 PAs from MGB, the estimates from ssROC are 30% to 60% less variable than supROC on average.

Discussion
ssROC enables precise evaluation of PA performance without demanding large volumes of labeled data. ssROC is also easily implementable in open-source R software.

Conclusion
When used in conjunction with weakly-supervised PAs, ssROC facilitates the reliable and streamlined phenotyping necessary for EHR-based research.
Exploring the impact of missingness on racial disparities in predictive performance of a machine learning model for emergency department triage
Authors: Teeple Stephanie , Smith Aria , Toerper Matthew , Levin Scott , Halpern Scott , Badaki-Makun Oluwakemi , Hinson Jeremiah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Objective
To investigate how missing data in the patient problem list may impact racial disparities in the predictive performance of a machine learning (ML) model for emergency department (ED) triage.

Materials and Methods
Racial disparities may exist in the missingness of EHR data (eg, systematic differences in access, testing, and/or treatment) that can impact model predictions across racialized patient groups. We use an ML model that predicts patients’ risk for adverse events to produce triage-level recommendations, patterned after a clinical decision support tool deployed at multiple EDs. We compared the model’s predictive performance on sets of observed (problem list data at the point of triage) versus manipulated (updated to the more complete problem list at the end of the encounter) test data. These differences were compared between Black and non-Hispanic White patient groups using multiple performance measures relevant to health equity.

Results
There were modest, but significant, changes in predictive performance comparing the observed to manipulated models across both Black and non-Hispanic White patient groups; c-statistic improvement ranged between 0.027 and 0.058. The manipulation produced no between-group differences in c-statistic by race. However, there were small between-group differences in other performance measures, with greater change for non-Hispanic White patients.

Discussion
Problem list missingness impacted model performance for both patient groups, with marginal differences detected by race.

Conclusion
Further exploration is needed to examine how missingness may contribute to racial disparities in clinical model predictions across settings. The novel manipulation method demonstrated may aid future research.
The bigger you are, the weaker you are: Multispecies evidence for the weakening combatant hypothesis
Authors: Levinton Jeffrey S 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
As fiddler crabs increase in size, closing force weakens proportionally because claw growth is not isometric. As a result, mechanical advantage decreases at the tip with increasing claw length. Closing force at an interior tubercle is greater at the tip, and a previous study of two species claimed evidence for compensation by relative movement of tubercles toward the hinge as size increases. I reconsidered this hypothesis with a biometric analysis of eight species from five genera and all three major biogeographic regions. I tested test two null hypotheses: 1) as claw length increases, mechanical advantage did not increase at the tubercle, relative to the claw tip, and 2) closing force did not increase at the tubercle, relative to the claw tip, as claw size increased. Both null hypotheses are largely supported, which in turn supports the weakening combatant hypothesis. In all cases, log force as a function of log claw length at an interior tubercle is 1.40, which is less than 2, the slope value expected if there was complete compensation. This is only slightly greater than the slope at the dactyl tip, which is 1.21. Thus, as a fiddler crab gets larger, with an incremental increase of claw length its closing force proportionally decreases, supporting the idea of a weakening combatant. But it gains a large showy claw with relatively narrow pincers and relatively less mass required to swing around while waving. This is indeed a beautiful weapon, but not for sheer closing force.
Biodiversity and genetic connectivity of Brachyura and Anomura (Decapoda) from artificial reefs in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Womacks Cara H , Janosik Alexis M 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Artificial reefs act as islands of biodiversity that provide substrate where sessile organisms can settle and mobile invertebrates and fishes can find shelter and food. Though these structures are common and widespread in the Gulf of Mexico, their community composition is not well understood. We aimed to ameliorate understanding of the invertebrate communities living on artificial reefs in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico by using molecular techniques and morphological examination to describe the biodiversity and genetic connectivity of crabs (Infraorders Anomura and Brachyura) living on and among artificial reefs near Pensacola, FL, USA. Specimens (N = 1,241) were collected from six artificial reefs using Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) after four, six, and ten months of submergence, respectively, and were identified using DNA barcoding and morphological examination. Spatial and temporal trends in biodiversity were examined by comparing Hill-Shannon and Hill-Simpson diversities, richness, and canonical correspondence analysis. Population genetic analyses were performed on the two most commonly recovered species, Pseudomedaeus agassizii (A. Milne-Edwards, 1880) and Hexapanopeus paulensis (Rathbun, 1930). A total of 11 taxa were identified, and artificial reef shape was found to be influential in shaping spatial patterns of biodiversity. Species turnover was common across the ten months of sampling, and richness peaked at the ten-month mark. Population genetics revealed that there is high gene flow between the six sampling locations. This study is the first to describe the biodiversity of crab communities on artificial reefs in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico.
On the function of a female-like signal type in the vibrational repertoire of Enchenopa male treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae)
Authors: Escalante Ignacio , Kellner Jerald R , Desjonquères Camille , Noffsinger Gianna M , Cirino Lauren A , Rodríguez Ariel N , DeLong Sage A , Rodríguez Rafael L 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Animals often mimic the behaviours or signals of conspecifics of the opposite sex while courting. We explored the potential functions of a novel female-like signal type in the courtship displays of male Enchenopa treehoppers. In these plant-feeding insects, males produce plant-borne vibrational advertisement signals, to which females respond with their own duetting signals. Males also produce a signal type that resembles the female duetting responses. We experimentally tested whether this signal modifies the behaviour of receivers. First, we tested whether the female-like signal would increase the likelihood of a female response. However, females were as likely to respond to playbacks with or without them. Second, we tested whether the female-like signal would inhibit competing males, but males were as likely to produce displays after playbacks with or without them. Hence, we found no evidence that this signal has an adaptive function, despite its presence in the courtship display, where sexual selection affects signal features. Given these findings, we also explored whether the behavioural and morphological factors of the males were associated with the production of the female-like signal. Males that produced this signal had higher signalling effort (longer and more frequent signals) than males that did not produce it, despite being in worse body condition. Lastly, most males were consistent over time in producing the female-like signal or not. These findings suggest that condition-dependent or motivational factors explain the presence of the female-like signal. Alternatively, this signal might not bear an adaptive function, and it could be a way for males to warm up or practice signalling, or even be a by-product of how signals are transmitted through the plant. We suggest further work that might explain our puzzling finding that a signal in the reproductive context might not have an adaptive function.
Geographic and seasonal variation of theforgene reveal signatures of local adaptation inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Padilla Perez Dylan J 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn the early 1980s, the observation that Drosophila melanogaster larvae differed in their foraging behaviour laid the foundation for the work that would later lead to the discovery of the foraging gene (for) and its associated foraging phenotypes, rover and sitter. Since then, the molecular characterization of the for gene and our understanding of the mechanisms that maintain its phenotypic variants in the laboratory have progressed enormously. However, the significance and dynamics of such variation are yet to be investigated in nature. With the advent of next-generation sequencing, it is now possible to identify loci underlying the adaptation of populations in response to environmental variation. Here, I present the results of a genotype–environment association analysis that quantifies variation at the for gene among samples of D. melanogaster structured across space and time. These samples consist of published genomes of adult flies collected worldwide, and at least twice per site of collection (during spring and fall). Both an analysis of genetic differentiation based on Fs⁢t values and an analysis of population structure revealed an east–west gradient in allele frequency. This gradient may be the result of spatially varying selection driven by the seasonality of precipitation. These results support the hypothesis that different patterns of gene flow as expected under models of isolation by distance and potentially isolation by environment are driving genetic differentiation among populations. Overall, this study is essential for understanding the mechanisms underlying the evolution of foraging behaviour in D. melanogaster.
Copyright, platforms and NFT digital collections: exploring the proper regulatory mode in China
Authors: He Tianxiang , Zhang Huan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Non-fungible token (NFT) technology heralds a transformative era for the creative industry, offering unprecedented advantages to individual creators. For a robust and sustainable NFT trading ecosystem, it is imperative to ensure rigorous copyright protection. This article posits that an NFTized digital copyrighted work should be perceived as a virtual property, with its intrinsic value residing in the token itself. Given that NFT transactions implicate the exclusive rights of copyright holders, they ought to be under the purview of these rights holders. Yet, it is crucial to recognize that NFTs, in isolation, are not a panacea for addressing copyright infringements related to them. Given the pivotal role of NFT platforms in facilitating these transactions, this article advocates for a holistic regulatory framework that governs the conduct of these platforms, thereby fostering the sustainable growth of the NFT ecosystem in China.
Imported malaria into Australia: surveillance insights and opportunities
Authors: Sohail Asma , Barry Alyssa , Auburn Sarah , Cheng Qin , Lau Colleen L , Lee Rogan , Price Ric N , Furuya-Kanamori Luis , Bareng Paolo , McGuinness Sarah L , Leder Karin 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
Malaria continues to pose a significant burden in endemic countries, many of which lack access to molecular surveillance. Insights from malaria cases in travellers returning to non-endemic areas can provide valuable data to inform endemic country programmes. To evaluate the potential for novel global insights into malaria, we examined epidemiological and molecular data from imported malaria cases to Australia.

Methods
We analysed malaria cases reported in Australia from 2012 to 2022 using National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System data. Molecular data on imported malaria cases were obtained from literature searches.

Results
Between 2012 and 2022, 3204 malaria cases were reported in Australia. Most cases (69%) were male and 44% occurred in young adults aged 20–39 years. Incidence rates initially declined between 2012 and 2015, then increased until 2019. During 2012–2019, the incidence in travellers ranged from 1.34 to 7.71 per 100 000 trips. Cases were primarily acquired in Sub-Saharan Africa (n = 1433; 45%), Oceania (n = 569; 18%) and Southern and Central Asia (n = 367; 12%). The most common countries of acquisition were Papua New Guinea (n = 474) and India (n = 277). Plasmodium falciparum accounted for 58% (1871/3204) of cases and was predominantly acquired in Sub-Saharan Africa, and Plasmodium vivax accounted for 32% (1016/3204), predominantly from Oceania and Asia. Molecular studies of imported malaria cases to Australia identified genetic mutations and deletions associated with drug resistance and false-negative rapid diagnostic test results, and led to the establishment of reference genomes for P. vivax and Plasmodium malariae.

Conclusions
Our analysis highlights the continuing burden of imported malaria into Australia. Molecular studies have offered valuable insights into drug resistance and diagnostic limitations, and established reference genomes. Integrating molecular data into national surveillance systems could provide important infectious disease intelligence to optimize treatment guidelines for returning travellers and support endemic country surveillance programmes.
Exogenous methylglyoxal alleviates drought-induced ‘plant diabetes’ and leaf senescence in maize
Authors: Lin Yi-Hsuan , Zhou Ya-Ning , Liang Xiao-Gui , Jin Yu-Ka , Xiao Zu-Dong , Zhang Ying-Jun , Huang Cheng , Hong Bo , Chen Zhen-Yuan , Zhou Shun-Li , Shen Si 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Drought-induced leaf senescence is associated with high sugar levels, which bears some resemblance to the syndrome of diabetes in humans; however, the underlying mechanisms of such ‘plant diabetes’ on carbon imbalance and the corresponding detoxification strategy are not well understood. Here, we investigated the regulatory mechanism of exogenous methylglyoxal (MG) on ‘plant diabetes’ in maize plants under drought stress applied via foliar spraying during the grain-filling stage. Exogenous MG delayed leaf senescence and promoted photoassimilation, thereby reducing the yield loss induced by drought by 14%. Transcriptome and metabolite analyses revealed that drought increased sugar accumulation in leaves through inhibition of sugar transporters that facilitate phloem loading. This led to disequilibrium of glycolysis and overaccumulation of endogenous MG. Application of exogenous MG up-regulated glycolytic flux and the glyoxalase system that catabolyses endogenous MG and glycation end-products, ultimately alleviating ‘plant diabetes’. In addition, the expression of genes facilitating anabolism and catabolism of trehalose-6-phosphate was promoted and suppressed by drought, respectively, and exogenous MG reversed this effect, implying that trehalose-6-phosphate signaling in the mediation of ‘plant diabetes’. Furthermore, exogenous MG activated the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway, promoting the production of lignin and phenolic compounds, which are associated with drought tolerance. Overall, our findings indicate that exogenous MG activates defense-related pathways to alleviate the toxicity derived from ‘plant diabetes’, thereby helping to maintain leaf function and yield production under drought.
IgA is the predominant isotype of anti-β2 glycoprotein I in patients with COVID-19
Authors: Melayah Sarra , Omrani Nouha , Alouini Hela , Ghozzi Mariam , Mrad Sawssen , Boussarsar Mohamed , Chaouch Houda , Hachfi Wissem , Letaief Amel , Mankaï Amani , Ghedira Ibtissem 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this research was to determine the frequency of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in patients with COVID-19.

Methods
The frequency and titers of anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) and anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodies (aβ2GPI) were determined in sera of adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA, IgM aCL, and aβ2GPI were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results
Eighty-three patients were included in the study. The mean age of patients was 62 ± 13.9 years, ranging from 23 to 86 years. Stratification according to severity of infection divided patients in 2 groups: 45 patients with moderate infection and 38 patients with critical or severe infection. Out of the 83 patients suffering from COVID-19, aPL (aCL or aβ2GPI) were detected in 24 patients (28.9%). IgG, IgA and IgM aβ2GPI were positive in 2.4%, 16.9% and 8.4%, respectively. IgG, IgA and IgM aCL showed positivity in 7.2%, 0%, and 4.8%, respectively. The frequency of aPL was 36.8% in patients with critical/severe infection and 22.2% in patients with moderate infection. In critical/severe patients, the frequency of aβ2GPI was significantly higher than aCL (34.2% vs 13.2%, P = .03) and aβ2GPI-IgA were significantly more frequent than aβ2GPI-IgG (21.1% vs 2.6%, P = .028).

Conclusion
In this cross-sectional study, aPL and particularly aβ2GPI-IgA were common in patients with COVID-19.
Evolution of stellar bars in spinning dark matter haloes and stellar bulges
Authors: Li Xingchen , Shlosman Isaac , Pfenniger Daniel , Heller Clayton 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT
We use numerical simulations to follow evolution of barred galaxies in a suite of models with progressively more massive stellar bulges, with bulge-to-total (disc+bulge) mass ratios of B/T ∼ 0–0.25, embedded in dark matter (DM) haloes with spin $\lambda\sim 0\!-\!0.09$. We focus on models with a sequence of initial rotational support for bulges, and analyse their spinup and spindown. We find that (1) the presence of a bulge affects evolution of bars, i.e. the time-scale of bar instability, bar pattern speed, and its decay, and the vertical buckling instability. Bar strength is nearly independent of B/T in haloes with spin $\lambda=0$, and is suppressed by a factor ∼2 for haloes with $\lambda=0.09$; (2) The main effect of the bulge is the destruction of the harmonic core which affects the buckling; (3) The bulge plays a minor role in the exchange of angular momentum between the barred disc and the DM halo, during its spinup and spindown; (4) Buckling process triggers different response above/below the disc mid-plane, which anticorrelates with the bulge mass; (5) In spinning haloes, the buckling process has a prolonged amplitude tail, extending by few Gyr, as verified by measuring distortions in the Laplace plane; (6) Furthermore, as verified by orbital spectral analysis, the bulge gains its spin from the bar mainly via the inner Lindblad resonance, while losing it via a number of resonances lying between the outer and inner Lindblad resonance. The corollary is that we do not expect to find non-rotating bulges in barred galaxies.
The flipped orbit of KELT-19Ab inferred from the symmetric TESS transit light curves
Authors: Kawai Yugo , Narita Norio , Fukui Akihiko , Watanabe Noriharu , Inaba Satoshi 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT
Dozens of planets are now discovered with large orbital obliquity, and have become the proof for the dynamical evolution of planetary orbits. In the current samples, there is an apparent clustering of planets around 90°, and also an absence of planets around 180° although the latter is expected by some theories. Statistical extrapolation using Hierarchical Bayesian Analysis have recently refuted the significant clustering around 90° and suggested that the distribution may actually be broader. In this work, the symmetric TESS transit light curve of KELT-19Ab is analysed using gravity darkening to measure its true obliquity. Its large sky projected obliquity $\lambda = -179.7^{\circ +3.7^\circ }_{\, \, -3.8^\circ }$ makes KELT-19Ab the only currently known planet with obliquity potentially close to 180°. We apply spectroscopic constraints on vsini and λ as well as theoretical constraints on the limb-darkening coefficients to find that the KELT-19Ab’s obliquity is $\psi = 155^{\circ +17^\circ }_{\, \, -21^\circ }$, in favour of a flipped orbit. The result is consistent with the statistically inferred uniformity of obliquity distribution, and also highlights the applicability of the gravity darkening technique to symmetric light curves.