bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wood
Authors: Nimz Horst H. , Schmitt Uwe , Schwab Eckart , Wittmann Otto , Wolf Franz 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Morphology and Properties1.1.Introduction1.2.Biology of Wood1.2.1.Anatomy1.2.1.1.Cell Types1.2.1.2.Softwoods1.2.1.3.Hardwoods1.2.2.Secondary Changes1.2.3.Cell Wall Formation and Architecture1.3.Chemistry of Wood1.3.1.Chemical Components of Wood1.3.2.Distribution of Components in the Cell Wall1.3.3.Macromolecular Structure of Cell Wall Components1.4.Physical Properties2.Wood‐Based Materials2.1.Introduction2.2.Laminate Bonding2.2.1.Laminated Structural Timber (Glulam)2.2.1.1.Development2.2.1.2.Construction and Production2.2.1.3.Properties2.2.2.Veneers, Plywood, and Derived Products2.2.2.1.Development2.2.2.2.Production of Veneers2.2.2.3.Principal Types of Plywood2.2.2.4.Adhesives and Additives2.2.2.5.Production of Veneer Plywood2.2.2.6.Properties, Testing, and Uses2.2.2.7.Engineered Wood2.3.Particle Bonding2.3.1.Particle Board2.3.1.1.Development2.3.1.2.Types of Particle Board2.3.1.3.Raw Materials2.3.1.4.Adhesives and Additives2.3.1.5.Production2.3.1.6.Properties, Testing, and Uses2.3.2.Fiberboard2.3.2.1.Development2.3.2.2.Types of Fiberboard2.3.2.3.Raw Materials2.3.2.4.Binders and Additives2.3.2.5.Production Processes2.3.2.6.Properties, Testing, and Uses2.3.3.Wood‐Based Materials with Mineral Binders2.3.3.1.Cement‐Bonded Boards2.3.3.2.Gypsum‐Bonded Board2.3.3.3.Magnesia‐Bonded Boards2.4.Surface Treatment2.4.1.Veneers2.4.2.Liquid Paints and Coatings2.4.3.Coating with Sheets, Short‐Cycle Films, and Decorative Laminates2.4.3.1.Coating with Foils2.4.3.2.Decorative Films (Short‐Cycle Films)2.4.3.3.Decorative Laminates2.4.4.Properties, Testing, and Uses2.5.Environmental and Toxicological Aspects2.5.1.Wood Dust2.5.2.Emissions2.5.2.1.Emissions during Production of Wood‐Based Materials2.5.2.2.Emissions from Finished Materials2.5.3.Disposal2.6.Polymer Wood2.7.Economic Aspects
Linkage and association with the NOS2A locus on chromosome 17q11 in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Barcellos Lisa F. , Begovich Ann B. , Reynolds Rebecca L. , Caillier Stacy J. , Brassat David , Schmidt Silke , Grams Sarah E. , Walker Karen , Steiner Lori L. , Cree Bruce A. C. , Stillman Althea , Lincoln Robin R. , Pericak‐Vance Margaret A. , Haines Jonathan L. , Erlich Henry A. , Hauser Stephen L. , Oksenberg Jorge R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA large body of research supports a multifactorial cause in multiple sclerosis (MS), with an underlying genetic susceptibility likely acting in concert with undefined environmental exposures. Here, we used a highly efficient multilocus genotyping assay to study single nucleotide polymorphisms representing variation in 34 genes from inflammatory pathways in a well‐characterized MS familial data set. Evidence of transmission distortion was present for several polymorphisms. Results for the NOS2A locus (exon 10 C/T, D346D) on chromosome 17q11 remained significant after correction for multiple testing and were reproduced in a second independent African American MS data set. In addition, linkage to a NOS2A promoter region polymorphism, (CCTTT)n, was present in a third data set of multicase MS families. Our results provide strong evidence for linkage and association to a new candidate disease gene on chromosome 17q11 in MS and suggest that variation within NOS2A or a nearby locus contributes to disease susceptibility. Ann Neurol 2004
Metastable and stable states of xanthan polyelectrolyte complexes studied by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Maurstad Gjertrud , Stokke Bjørn T. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe compaction of the semiflexible polysaccharide xanthan with selected multi‐ and polyvalent cations was studied. Polyelectrolyte complexes prepared at concentrations of 1–2 μg/ml were observed by tapping mode atomic force microscopy. High‐molecular‐weight xanthan compacted with chitosan yields a blend of mainly toroidal and metastable structures and a small fraction of rod‐like species. Polyelectrolyte complexes of xanthan with polyethylenimine and trivalent chromium yielded similar structures or alternatively less well packed species. Racquet‐type morphologies were identified as kinetically trapped states occurring on the folding path toward the energetically stable state of the toroids. Thermal annealing yielded a shift of the distribution of xanthan–chitosan morphologies toward this stable state. Ensembles of toroidal and rod‐like morphologies of the xanthan–chitosan structures, collected using an asphericity index, were analyzed. The mean height of the toroids increased upon heating, with a selective increase in the height range above 2 nm. It is suggested that the observed metastable structures are formed from the high‐molecular‐weight fraction of xanthan and that these are driven toward the toroidal state, being a low‐energy state, following annealing. Considered a model system for condensation of semiflexible polymers, the compaction of xanthan by chitosan captures the system at various stages in the folding toward a low‐energy state and thus allows experimental analyses of these intermediates and their evolution. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Paraoxonase 55 and 192 polymorphism and its relationship to serum paraoxonase activity and serum lipids in Turkish patients with non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: Agachan Bedia , Yilmaz Hulya , Karaali Zeynep , İsbir Turgay 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe investigated the effect of PON 55 and PON 192 polymorphisms on serum PON1 activity and lipid profiles in 213 non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) individuals and 116 non‐diabetic controls among Turkish subjects. The distribution of PON 55/192 gene polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction–based restriction fragment length polymorphism. Serum lipid levels were measured enzymically. PON activity was measured by spectrophotometric assay of p‐nitrophenol production following addition of paraoxon. We found that PON 55 and 192 genotype distribution was similar in patients and controls and paraoxonase activity was generally lower in diabetics than in control subjects. We showed that PON 55 and 192 genotypes have a major effect on serum PON activity. PON 192 BB homozygotes had significantly higher PON activity than AA and AB genotypes among the control and NIDDM populations (p<0.001). PON 55 MM homozygotes had significantly lower PON activity than did LL and LM genotypes in control and NIDDM populations (p<0.05). The PON1 55 and 192 polymorphisms did not consistently influence the serum lipid profiles in either population. In conclusion, our results suggest that the paraoxonase activities are affected by PON1 genetic variability in Turkish NIDDM patients and controls. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of cardiovascular complications accompanying AIDS
Authors: Pugliese A. , Gennero L. , Vidotto V. , Beltramo T. , Petrini S. , Torre D. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractManifestations of cardiovascular system involvement are not uncommon complications of HIV infection, especially in AIDS patients. However, the frequency of these manifestations is influenced by different variables including: survival prolongation in HIV‐infected patients, because of advances in antiretroviral treatment; improvement of immunodepression and reduction in the occurrence of opportunistic infections; adverse effects of some drugs. At present, on the whole cardiovascular complications that are HIV correlated in the western world, including Italy, occur less frequently than in the past. However complications associated with alterations in lipometabolism prevail because they can be promoted by some protease inhibitors in predisposed subjects. The most frequently reported questions and a careful analysis of recent data in the medical literature regarding the most common HIV‐correlated cardiovascular complications are discussed in this review. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The prognostic significance of multiple morphologic features and biologic markers in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast
Authors: Cornfield Dennis B. , Palazzo Juan P. , Schwartz Gordon F. , Goonewardene Shanth A. , Kovatich Albert J. , Chervoneva Inna , Hyslop Terry , Schwarting Roland 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDA number of conventional histopathologic features have been associated with recurrence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) after surgery alone and are included in the Van Nuys Pathologic Classification and Prognostic Index. To the authors' knowledge, very little is known regarding the prognostic significance of the many biologic markers that have been studied in DCIS in the past decade.METHODSClinical and pathologic data were analyzed from 151 patients who underwent wide local excision alone for DCIS that was diagnosed by mammography or as an incidental finding between 1982 and 2000. Using local disease recurrence as an endpoint, the authors sought to determine the prognostic significance of a large number of histopathologic parameters as well as biologic markers (estrogen receptor [ER], progesterone receptor [PR], p53, HER‐2/neu, Ki‐67, p21, and bcl‐2), as determined by immunohistochemical staining of contemporary or archival tissue.RESULTSWith a median follow‐up of 65 months, 42 recurrences were reported to occur between 11 months and 97 months after definitive surgery. In a univariate analysis, tumor size, Van Nuys pathologic classification, and degree of necrosis demonstrated significant correlations with the rate of recurrence. Tumor size, necrosis, nuclear grade, and comedonecrosis were found to be associated significantly with the time to disease recurrence. None of the biologic markers demonstrated a significant association with the rate of recurrence or the time to disease recurrence. In a multivariate analysis, only large tumor size (Van Nuys 2 or 3) and higher degrees of necrosis (Van Nuys 2 or 3) were found to be associated significantly with both the rate of recurrence and the time to recurrence. No biologic marker showed a significant correlation with recurrence. Using Classification and Regression‐Tree Analysis and Tree‐Structured Survival Analysis, PR > 3.5% and bcl‐2 < 97.5% were associated with a higher recurrence rate in the subgroup of patients with small tumor size (Van Nuys size 1) and higher degrees of tumor necrosis (Van Nuys 2 or 3).CONCLUSIONSThe current results confirmed the value of conventional histopathologic parameters, as outlined in the Van Nuys classification system, in predicting local recurrence of DCIS. Using traditional logistic analyses, no significant correlation was found between a variety of biologic markers and disease recurrence. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Novel Prospects of the Acidic Thermal Rearrangement of Spiro[cyclopropane‐1,5′‐isoxazolidines] to β‐Lactams
Authors: Cordero Franca M. , Salvati Maria , Pisaneschi Federica , Brandi Alberto 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMonocyclic β‐lactams were synthesized by a 1,3‐cycloaddition/thermal rearrangement process in the presence of a protic acid, starting from methylenecyclopropane derivatives and acyclic nitrones. Five‐membered cyclic nitrones failed to give carbapenam structures under the same conditions, affording exclusively the corresponding N‐trifluoroacetyl β‐amino acid derivatives in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis and Structural Properties of New Oligodeoxynucleotide Analogues Containing a 2′,5′‐Internucleotidic Squaryldiamide Linkage Capable of Formation of a Watson−Crick Base Pair with Adenine and a Wobble Base Pair with Guanine at the 3′‐Downstream Junction Site
Authors: Sato Kousuke , Tawarada Ryuya , Seio Kohji , Sekine Mitsuo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA TpT dimer analogue (U2′sq5′T), in which the 3′‐5′ phosphodiester linkage was replaced by a 2′‐5′ squaryldiamide linkage and the 5′‐upstream T was replaced by a 3′‐deoxyuridine, was synthesized in almost quantitative yield from diethyl squarate. This new dimer structural motif was designed to eliminate the squaryldiamide skeleton‐induced overall strain in T3′sq5′T, previously incorporated into DNA fragments as a new TpT mimic, through the change in the connection mode from the 3′‐5′ linkage to a 2′‐5′ linkage. Spectral analyses of U2′sq5′T suggest that the overall structure of this dimer mimic is basically similar to that of TpT. A DNA 10mer 5′‐d(CGCAU2′sq5′TAGCC)‐3′ incorporating this dimer was synthesized. From the CD analysis, it turned out that the overall structure of a DNA duplex of 5′‐d(CGCAU2′sq5′TAGCC)‐3′/3′‐d(GCGTAATCGG)‐5′ is closer to that of the unmodified duplex than the DNA duplex of 5′‐d(CGCAT3′sq5′TAGCC)‐3′/3′‐d(GCGTAATCGG)‐5′. Interestingly, extensive Tm experiments suggest that d(CGCAU2′sq5′TAGCC)‐3′ exhibits intriguing inherent hybridization affinity not only for the completely complementary oligodeoxynucleotide 3′‐d(GCGAATCGG)‐5′, but also for 3′‐d(GCGTAGTCGG)‐5′, with a mismatched dG. The unique property of the 3′‐downstream dT moiety of U2′sq5′T − the ability to recognize both dA and dG − was also supported by more detailed computational analysis of U2′sq5′T and TpT. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis of Enantiopure 9‐Oxabicyclononanediol Derivatives by Lipase‐Catalyzed Transformations and Determination of Their Absolute Configuration
Authors: Hegemann Klaus , Fröhlich Roland , Haufe Günter 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMixtures of endo,endo‐9‐oxabicyclo[4.2.1]nonane‐2,5‐diol (meso‐2) and endo,endo‐9‐oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane‐2,6‐diol [(±)‐3] were prepared from cycloocta‐1,5‐diene (1) upon treatment with peracids by transannular O‐heterocyclization and subsequent saponification of the formed diol monoesters such as (±)‐4 and (±)‐5. The corresponding diacetates, meso‐6 and (±)‐7, were formed by acetylation of either meso‐2 and (±)‐3 or (±)‐4 and (±)‐5 with acetic anhydride/pyridine. These diacetates were enantioselectively hydrolyzed by microbial enzymes such as the lipases from Candida antarctica (CAL) or Candida rugosa (CRL). The corresponding enantiomers were formed by lipase‐catalyzed acetylation of the diols meso‐2 and (±)‐3 with vinyl acetate. The skeletal isomers can also be separated in this way because the enantiopure monoacetates 4 were formed from the meso‐compounds 2 or 6, while one enantiomer of the racemic diacetate (±)‐7 [or the diol (±)‐3] was transformed into the enantiopure diol 3 (or the enantiopure diacetate 7, respectively) via the corresponding enantiomers of the monoacetate 5. The other enantiomer remained untouched in both cases. The lipases reacted enantioselectively to give the R isomer. Cycloocta‐1,5‐diene (1) was also used to synthesize 2‐oxa‐6‐thiatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane‐4,8‐diol [(±)‐11] in a four‐step sequence. This racemic diol was also acetylated selectively (R isomer) with vinyl acetate and CRL. Reductive desulfuration of (±)‐11 gave exo,exo‐9‐oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane‐2,6‐diol [(±)‐12], which was acetylated selectively (S isomer) with CRL under the same conditions. The similarity in size and particularly in shape is responsible for the observed stereoselectivity of the lipases for the racemic endo,endo compounds (±)‐3 and (±)‐7 on the one hand and the exo,exo compound (±)‐12 on the other hand. The absolute configuration and crystal packing of the products was determined by X‐ray structural analysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
A Simple and Useful Synthetic Protocol for Selective Deprotection of tert‐Butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) Ethers
Authors: Khan Abu T. , Ghosh Subrata , Choudhury Lokman H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA wide variety of tert‐butyldimethylsilyl ethers 1 can be easily cleaved to the corresponding parent hydroxyl compound 2 in the presence of 5 mol % of acetonyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (ATPB) at room temperature. In addition, tert‐butyldiphenylsilyl ethers can also be cleaved by using 20 mol % of the same catalyst. Alkyl tert‐butyldimethylsilyl ethers can be deprotected to the hydroxyl compounds chemoselectively in the presence of aryl tert‐butyldimethylsilyl ethers. Some of the major advantages are mild reaction conditions, no aqueous workup, high efficiency and chemoselectivity and compatibility with other protecting groups; no brominations occur in the aromatic ring under these experimental conditions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Cover Picture: Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Carbon−Carbon Bond Formation with Grignard Reagents − Novel Reactions with a Classic Reagent (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 10/2004)
Authors: Shinokubo Hiroshi , Oshima Koichiro 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe cover picture shows a concept that the combination of a Grignard reagent (RMgX) with various transition metal catalysts opens up an opportunity to explore new reactions for carbon−carbon bond formation. Grignard reagents are the most classical organometallics and useful compounds in organic synthesis. The addition of transition metal salts to this classic reagent gives novel reaction patterns such as carbometallation, rearrangement, electron transfer, cross‐coupling, and so forth. Manganese‐, chromium‐, iron‐, and cobalt‐catalyzed carbon−carbon bond formation reactions with Grignard reagents are discussed in the Microreview by H. Shinokubo and K. Oshima on p. 2081 ff.
Catalytic epoxide oxidation: a novel access to ﬂavouring and odorant α‐diketones
Authors: Antoniotti Sylvain , Alezra Nathalie , Fernandez Xavier , Duñach Elisabet 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe catalytic oxidation of epoxides to α‐diketones provides a novel access to a variety of ﬂavouring compounds and odorants. This alternative synthetic strategy involves an oxidation reaction catalysed by commercially available reagents and affords four cyclic and acyclic α‐diketones presenting interesting organoleptic properties. The availability of epoxides, easily obtained by oleﬁn epoxidation, and the possibility of obtaining α‐diketones with a variety of structures gives a high potential to this method. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regression methods for covariate adjustment and subgroup analysis for non‐censored cost‐effectiveness data
Authors: Willan Andrew R. , Briggs Andrew H. , Hoch Jeffrey S. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe current interest in undertaking cost‐effectiveness analyses alongside clinical trials has lead to the increasing availability of patient‐level data on both the costs and effectiveness of intervention. In a recent paper, we show how cost‐effectiveness analysis can be undertaken in a regression framework. In the current paper we develop a direct regression approach to cost‐effectiveness analysis by proposing the use of a system of seemingly unrelated regression equations to provide a more general method for prognostic factor adjustment with emphasis on sub‐group analysis. This more general method can be used in either an incremental cost‐effectiveness or an incremental net‐benefit approach, and does not require that the set of independent variables for costs and effectiveness be the same. Furthermore, the method can exhibit efficiency gains over unrelated ordinary least squares regression. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Circadian variations of bone marrow engraftability
Authors: D'Hondt Lionel , McAuliffe Christina , Damon Jeffrey , Reilly Judith , Carlson Jane , Dooner Mark , Colvin Gerald , Lambert Jean‐François , Hsieh Chung‐Cheng , Habibian Houri , Stencel Kimberly , Quesenberry Peter J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractCircadian rhythms exist for hematopoiesis, but little is known about circadian variation of bone marrow engraftability and host “acceptability”. Using a B6.SJL to C57BL/6J congenic transplant model, we chose 3‐times with light on: Hours After Light Onset (HALO) 4, 8, and 12 and 3‐times with light off: HALO 16, 20, and 24. The mice were conditioned on a 12‐h light/dark cycles. Recipient mice (100 cGy) received 40 million cells. We demonstrated a significant variation of bone marrow engraftability into bone marrow, spleen, and thymus when donor animals were subjected to changes in their light/dark cycles. Two statistically significant nadirs in all three organs were observed at HALO 8 and 24 in experiments carried out in July, while an identical set of experiments in February analyzing engraftment in marrow and spleen showed nadirs at HALO 8, but not at HALO 24. Marrow progenitors from the July experiments showed nadirs at HALO 12 and 24. The percentage of progenitors in S phase peaked at HALO 8 and 24. Interestingly, there were no changes in the ability of host to accept grafts with changes in the light/dark cycles of host animals. Circadian variations of bone marrow engraftability are important and should be considered in bone marrow transplant strategies. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The application of the acoustic spectrophonometer to biomolecular spectrometry: a step towards acoustic ‘fingerprinting’
Authors: Stevenson A. C. , Araya‐Kleinsteuber B. , Sethi R. S. , Mehta H. M. , Lowe C. R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA tunable acoustic biosensor for investigating the properties of biomolecules at the solid–liquid interfaces is described. In its current, format the device can be tuned to frequencies between 6.5 MHz and 1.1 GHz in order to provide a unique detection feature: a variable evanescent wave thickness at the sensor surface. The key to its successful implementation required the careful selection of antennae designs that could induce shear acoustic waves at the solid–liquid interface. This non‐contact format makes it possible to recover resonant shear acoustic waves over 100 different harmonic frequencies as a result of the electrical characteristics of the spiral coil. For testing this multifrequency sensing concept the surface of a quartz disc was exposed to solutions of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to form an adsorbed monolayer, whence protein A and IgG were added again in order to form multilayers. Spectra at frequencies between 6 and 600 MHz were generated for each successive layer and revealed two characteristic phases: an initial phase at the low megahertz frequencies consistent with the conventional Sauerbrey relation, and a possible additional phase towards the high megahertz to gigahertz frequencies, that we believe relates to the structure of the biomolecular film. This two‐phase behaviour evident from differences between high and low frequencies, rather than from any distinct frequency transition, was anticipated from the reduction in evanescent wave thickness down to nanometre dimensions, and thin film resonance phenomena that are known to occur for film and fluid systems. These measurements suggested that the single element acoustic biosensor we present here may form the basis from which to generate acoustic molecular spectra, or ‘acoustic fingerprints’, in a manner akin to optical spectroscopy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The tunnelling conductance of molecularly ordered metalloprotein arrays
Authors: Davis J. J. , Wrathmell C. L. , Zhao J. , Fletcher J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMetalloproteins can be self‐assembled in molecularly ordered, electrochemically addressable arrays. We report here on a study of the transport characteristics of the blue copper protein, azurin, from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, by a combination of electrochemical and scanning probe techniques (scanning tunnelling microscopy and conducting atomic force microscopy). Redox‐switchable chemisorbed molecular arrays can be formed from both wild‐type and mutant proteins using the strong affinity of cysteine residue thiolates for pristine gold surfaces. The molecular transconductance of single protein molecules within these arrays has been studied under controllable conditions where it has been additionally possible to resolve the effects of protein mechanical perturbation. Although tunnelling appears to be non‐resonant and adequately explained through the use of a square barrier model, under some conditions the contribution of the redox‐active copper centre to conductance is resolvable. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.