bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐invasive detection and monitoring of pregnancy and the postpartum period in goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii) using urinary pregnanediol‐3α‐glucuronide
Authors: Jurke M. H. , Pryce C. R. , Döbeli M. , Martin R. D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPregnanediol‐3α‐glucuronide (PdG) was measured in the urine of six Goeldi's monkeys during pregnancy and the postpartum period. A stress‐free, non‐invasive urine sampling technique permitted frequent collection of urine from members of the breeding group. A comparison of the periovulatory profiles of PdG and estrone conjugates revealed close agreement. The day of ovulation was defined as that immediately preceding a 2‐4 day period with two consecutive urine samples for which the PdG content was in excess of 0.20 μg/mg Cr and 0.40 μg/mg Cr, respectively. In urine samples collected from parturition to the next ovulation, 70.9% of the PdG‐values were below 0.20 μg/mg Cr, whereas 99.2% of the urinary PdG concentrations measured during pregnancy were greater than this “threshold concentration”. A conception cycle was therefore defined as one in which the concentration of urinary PdG remained above 0.20 μg/mg Cr in all urine samples collected between day 1 and day 20 after ovulation. Gestation length was 151.5 ± 1.6 days (mean ± SEM, n = 6; range 147‐157 days). The postpartum ovulation occurred 22.6 ± 4.7 days (mean ± SEM, n = 9; range 11‐53 days) following birth. With the exception of two non‐conception postpartum cycles observed in one female, with inter‐ovulatory intervals of 26 and 27 days, postpartum ovulation resulted in conception, giving a 77.8% conception rate for nine observed cycles. The simple and rapid radioimmunoassay used in this study requires 5 h from urine collection to the final result, hence permitting daily monitoring of a large sample of females. It thus has important potential for conservation breeding programs and for other scientific investigations carried out with this endangered primate species. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Grooming in brown howler monkeys, Alouatta fusca
Authors: Chiarello Adriano Garcia 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe grooming behavior of a group of brown howler monkeys was studied for one year in an Atlantic forest reserve of southeastern Brazil. A total of 290 grooming bouts were recorded and analyzed. The two adult females directed most of the grooming (91%), while the adult male was the major recipient (37%). Grooming between females, and between them and their siblings, also occurred quite often. On average, the group spent 2% of its daily time grooming, with a higher frequency around noon. There were significant differences, however, in time spent grooming between seasons; grooming was more abundant during the coldest seasons (autumn–winter) and rarer in hotter ones (spring–summer). A significant negative correlation was found between grooming time and temperature, but contrary to expectations, grooming time failed to correlate with both the group' diet and the demands of food‐gathering, as measured by travelling time and day range length. A comparison of grooming behavior with other species of the genus suggests that brown, red (A. seniculus), and black howler monkeys (A. caraya) are more similar to each other than to mantled howlers (A. palliata), a result that probably is linked with the differing social structure and group size of the latter species. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dominance style of Japanese macaques compared with rhesus and stumptail macaques
Authors: Chaffin Charles L. , Friedlen Karen , De Waal Frans B. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn the present study, we seek to relate dominance style with group cohesion in a captive group of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Social data were gathered on approach rate, result, and direction, aggression rate and intensity, grooming rate and direction, and conciliatory tendency. Data were collected using focal animal sampling and instantaneous scan sampling. Reconciliation data were collected using ad libitum observations of aggression with ten‐minute post‐conflict and matched‐control focal observations. Data were compared to prior studies on rhesus (M. mulatta) and stumptail macaques (M. arctoides) living in similar environments. Each species demonstrated the presence of a formalized dominance hierarchy based on the teeth‐baring display. The Japanese macaque group showed a lower rate of approach with a higher proportion of negative outcomes than either of the other species. Rates of aggression and reconciliation were also lower in the study troop, suggesting a strict hierarchy while maintaining an optimal nearest‐neighbor distance. Overall, this group of Japanese macaques was less sociable than other groups of the same species, perhaps due to a history of individual removals. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The phyletic position and systematics of the douc langurs of Southeast Asia
Authors: Jablonski Nina G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn recent years, two major questions concerning the phyletic relationships and systematic position of the douc langurs have arisen. These concern, firstly, the taxonomic level at which the doucs as a group should be distinguished and, secondly, the number of taxa of doucs that should be recognized. It has recently been demonstrated on the basis of an exhaustive phylogenetic analysis that the doucs are generically distinct from the snub‐nosed langurs and that they should be referred to as species of Pygathrix and Rhinopithecus, respectively [Jablonski and Peng, Folia Primatologica 60:36–55, 1993]. The present investigation was directed toward testing this conclusion using an expanded data set and a different method of character coding, and toward addressing the question as to the number of species or subspecies of doucs that should be recognized. A wide variety of data from large samples of doucs (n = 38), snub‐nosed langurs (n = 53), and an out group (macaques; n = 191) were assembled, coded, and analyzed using an interactive computerized program for phylogenetic analysis. The specimens of Pygathrix examined included skeletal specimens, skins, and, when possible, living animals representing the three recognized taxa of doucs, nemaeus nigripes, and moi. The data base for the study comprised 178 characters, including measurements of skeletal specimens (98 characters), qualitative (presence or absence) morphological features (36 characters), characteristics of the pelage (39 characters), and 5 miscellaneous characters.The conclusions of the study were that 1) as a group, the taxa of Pygathrix preserved a larger number of primitive features for the Pygathrix‐Rhino‐pithecus clade than did the taxa of Rhinopithecus; 2) the taxa of Pygathrix were less different from one another than are the species of Rhinopithecus were from one another; 3) the subspecies Pygathrix nemaeus moi Kloss, 1926 be synonymized with Pygathrix nemaeus nigripes, as suggested by Napier [Catalogue of Primates in the British Museum (Natural History) and Elsewhere in the British Isles. Port III Family Cercopithecidae, Sub‐Family Colobinae. London, 1985]; 4) the extant doucs were best recognized as two subspecies, P. nemaeus nemaeus for the red‐shanked douc and P. nemaeus nigripes for the black‐shanked douc; and 5) the phylogeny of the doucs and snub‐nosed langurs proposed by Jablonski and Peng[op cit.,1993] was found to be robust. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recognition of social relationships in bridging behavior among Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana)
Authors: Ogawa Hideshi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBridging behavior among male Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) was studied in a free‐ranging group at Mt. Huangshan, China. This behavior was defined as a type of affiliative behavior in which two individuals simultaneously lifted up one infant. Bridging behavior occurred after an adult male carried an infant to another male or approached another male who was holding an infant. Each male frequently held and groomed a particular infant in the group, which was named an “affiliated” infant of the male. Males were more frequently provided with their affiliated infant by other males than with other non‐affiliated infants. This finding suggests that male Tibetan macaques recognized the affiliative relationship between a male and his affiliated infant, and chose that infant for bridging behavior on the basis of this knowledge. Such choice might be important for effective bridging behavior or other affiliative interactions between males. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Climbing test to measure gross motor development in monkeys
Authors: Robinette R. , Ha J. , Kimpo C. , Sackett G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis report describes an apparatus, protocol, and coding procedure to quantify gross motor skills in infant Macaca nemestrina, and presents data obtained from this system. The apparatus consists of a 1.8‐m‐tall Plexiglas tube extending from the top of a standard stainless steel cage. Animals climb the tube to reach a food reward. Measures of climbing ability included time and number of contacts with the tube. Data were collected on 336 climbs to the highest level (1.5 m) on eight normal infants. Three subjects began training at two months of age, three began at three months, and two began at four months. Exploratory data analysis revealed that Time Up was the best measure due to low variability between and within subjects, high motivation of the subjects to reach the food reward, and ease of measurement. Though this pilot study is based upon a limited sample size, two‐month‐olds were consistently slower and more variable than the three‐ and four‐month‐olds. Relatively few sessions are required to train the subject and obtain measures of a subject's motor ability. The advantages of the climbing tube are that it is inexpensive to operate, provides a large amount of data, and appeals to the subject's natural propensity to climb. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of heterosexual relationships in wied's black tufted‐ear marmosets (Callithrix kuhli)
Authors: Schaffner Colleen M. , Shepherd Rebecca E. , Santos Cristina V. , French Jeffrey A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn tamarins and marmosets, long‐term stable sociosexual relationships are formed between heterosexual adults, but these “monogamous” relationships are often formed in groups that contain multiple adults of both sexes. The patterning of interactions during pair formation may therefore be shaped by this demographic profile. We evaluated the development of sociosexual relationships in six captive pairs of Wied's black tufted‐ear marmosets (Callithrix kuhli) during the 80 days from the initial day of pairing. Social behavior, sexual behavior and activity profiles were recorded. Social behaviors, including allogrooming, grooming solicitation, and intragroup monitoring calls, increased across the four 20‐day time blocks. Males were more responsible than females for maintaining intrapair proximity during the first 40 days of pairing. Females and males were equally responsible for intrapair proximity maintenance after this time. The highest rates of sexual behavior, including copulation and proceptive open mouth displays, occurred upon pairing and then decreased non‐significantly over time. The results indicate that sexual relationships in callitrichid primates are not dependent on the prior existence of a social relationship between males and females. Higher rates of copulation, greater male responsibility for proximity maintenance, and male initiative in sexual interactions early in pairing are consistent with a male reproductive strategy in which male‐male competition may be common. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytogenetic study of Allocebus trichotis, a Malagasy prosimian
Authors: Rumpler Y. , Warter S. , Hauwy M. , Meier B. , Peyrieras A. , Albignac R. , Petter J. J. , Dutrillaux B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA cytogenetic study of a female Allocebus trichotis was conducted using R‐, G‐, and C‐banding. Its karyotype does not differ from those of the other Cheirogaleinae (Microcebus, Cheirogaleus, and Mirza). The absence of chromosomal rearrangement in speciation in this group is discussed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of ultrasound to monitor prenatal growth and development in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Jaquish Cashell E. , Toal Robert L. , Tardif Suzette D. , Carson Robert L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe increasing use of non‐human primates to study fetal development and neonatal management has necessitated the availability of fetuses of known gestational history. In this study, prenatal development and growth were investigated in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) using ultrasound. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the accuracy of ultrasound for monitoring prenatal growth and development in common marmosets, (2) to determine if litter size influences prenatal growth trajectories, and (3) to assess growth discordancy among litter mates. Fifty pregnancies were monitored longitudinally using real‐time abdominal sonography. During each examination the number of fetuses was recorded, and crown‐rump length (CRL) and biparietal diameter (BPD) were measured. The results indicate that ultrasound is a reliable method for observation of gross morphological changes during prenatal development in this species. Measures of CRL and BPD taken early in gestation using ultrasound were in agreement with those from gross specimens. Triplets were significantly (P < 0.05) smaller than twins for both BPD and CRL. No significant relationship was found between litter size and within litter variation in CRL or BPD. This study is the first longitudinal investigation of prenatal growth and development in C. jacchus. The observations from this study will be of use for determining approximate gestational age of fetuses, as well as providing guidelines for routine monitoring of pregnancy in this species. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of matrilineal rank instability by the alpha male in a group of Japanese macaques
Authors: Chapais Bernard , Lecomte Michel 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDestabilizing alliances and ensuing rank changes occur infrequently in matrilineal dominance systems, and consequently very little is known about their dynamics. In one such type of alliance, called bridging, dominant individuals are ultimately responsible for subordinate monkeys out‐ranking intermediate‐ranking animals. Previously reported bridging alliances were based on sexual attraction, kinship ties, or special affinitive bonds between partners. In this paper we describe bridging alliances involving the alpha male in a group of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) housed at the University of Montreal Laboratory of Behavioral Primatology. The comparison of rank relations in the presence and absence of the alpha male indicates that the latter was responsible for the destabilization of more than half of rank relations between members of the first and second matrilines. Another experiment revealed that the alpha male also induced extensive intermatriline reversals in priority of access to concentrated and highly prized food. These effects could be attributed to the male's consistent pattern of agonistic interventions in favor of the second matriline. However, the alpha male was not engaged in preferential affinitive relationships or reciprocally supportive interactions with the members of the second matriline. On the other hand, various lines of evidence indicate that the alpha male competed for dominance with the matriarch of the first matriline, suggesting that he might have consistently joined other individuals against that female and her kin in this context. The present data constitute further evidence for the nonaltruistic nature of aggressive interventions and the effectiveness of bridging alliances. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of liquefaction time on semen parameters in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) ejaculates
Authors: Young L. G. , Smithwick E. B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEjaculates were obtained from eight adult male chimpanzees trained to use an artificial vagina. Spontaneously liquefied fractions were collected at 0–1, 1–2 and 2–4 h after ejaculation. The mean volumes of the spontaneously liquefied fractions did not differ significantly among the three fractions. The total number of sperm, the percentage of motile sperm and the percentage of live sperm decreased significantly (P < 0.005) between the 0–1 and 1–2 h fractions. Citrate concentration and alpha‐glucosidase activity (mU/ml) decreased significantly (P < 0.005) from 0–1 to 1–2 to 2–4 h fractions. The volume of the liquefied fraction correlated positively (P < 0.001) with total protein and with total citrate at 0–1, 1–2 and 2–4 h. The total number of sperm correlated positively total with total alpha‐glucosidase activity at 0–1, 1–2 and 2–4 h. Among the biochemical parameters measured, total protein and total citrate correlated positively at 0–1, 1–2 and 2–4 h. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Home range and birth seasonality ofSaguinus nigricollis graellsiin Ecuadorian Amazonia
Authors: De La Torre Stella , Campos Felipe , De Vries Tjitte 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA field study ofSaguinus nigricollis graellsiin the Cuyabeno Faunal Production Reserve, Ecuadorian Amazonia, established the characteristics of the home range and some reproductive aspects of the species. Field data were collected in two climatic seasons: dry, from December 1989 through March 1990, and rainy, from May through August 1990. Eight groups visited and/or lived in the study area during the dry season and ten during the rainy season. Group sizes ranged from two to nine individuals. Population density was estimated at 22–33 individuals per square km. The central group, which was followed intensively, had a home range which included both flooded and non‐flooded forests.Terra firmeforest was most used by the species. The home range of this group was reduced from 56.2 hectares (ha) in the dry season to 41.7 ha in the rainy season, probably as a result of a differential distribution of food plants between seasons. The presence of dense undergrowth where monkeys could hide to avoid predation and or a high concentration of food plants seem related to the preferential use of certain areas in the home range. The home ranges of neighboring groups overlapped considerably and peaceful temporary large groups were frequently observed. A generalized birth peak occurred in January 1990, dry season. In June 1990, rainy season, 40% of the groups exhibited a second birth peak. This reproductive bimodality ofS. nigricollis graellsiindicates a high productivity of the forests at the Cuyabeno site. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Visual preference for closely related species by Sulawesi macaques
Authors: Fujita Kazuo , Watanabe Kunio 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFive species of Sulawesi macaques were exposed to pictures of macaques, including all seven species living in Sulawesi island, Indonesia. The subjects were either pets or monkeys kept at the zoo. The duration of visual fixation to the pictures was in general longer for pictures of the subject's own species than those of the others. Such visual preference was in general clearer in males than in females. This suggests that Sulawesi macaques discriminate closely related species visually and the sharpness of this discrimination might be related to the sex. This visual preference may be considered as one of the possible factors to suppress general intergradation among Sulawesi macaques. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Do female rhesus macaques choose novel males?
Authors: Manson Joseph H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPrior research has shown that estrous female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatto) maintain spatial proximity preferentially to lower‐ranking males. In this paper, 657 h of focal individual follows of 48 free‐ranging estrous female rhesus macaques of two social groups during two mating seasons are used to evaluate the hypothesis that this phenomenon is attributable to female mate choice for novel males. This hypothesis is plausible because of the positive correlation between dominance rank and the length of time since a male immigrated into a group or matured in his natal group (i.e., his breeding tenure). However, partial correlation analysis showed that after removing the effect of dominance rank, there was no significant tendency for estrous females to maintain proximity preferentially to males of shorter breeding tenure. In contrast, removing the effect of breeding tenure did not eliminate the result that estrous females maintained proximity preferentially to lower ranking males. Novel (i.e., extra‐group, new immigrant, and newly matured natal) males did not consistently experience more estrous female proximity maintenance than non‐novel males, although sample sizes are too small to conclusively falsify this hypothesis. Within male‐estrous female dyads, responsibility for proximity maintenance did not tend to shift from the female to the male between consecutive mating seasons. Male breeding tenure was not significantly correlated with year‐to‐year change in responsibility for proximity maintenance. Male breeding tenure was not consistently correlated with female sexual refusal. In one of two social groups, in one of two mating seasons, females appeared to choose novel males. These data provide, at most, weak support for the hypothesis that female primates in multi‐male groups exercise mate choice for novel males. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heterochromatin and cytogenetic polymorphisms in Cebus apella (Cebidae, Platyrrhini)
Authors: Ponsà M. , García M. , Borell A. , Garcia F. , Egozcue J. , Gorostiaga M. A. , Delprat A. , Mudry M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCytogenetic studies have been carried out in 39 specimens of C. apella of different origins. Three different morphologies, one affecting the long arm of chromosome 4 and two affecting pair 17, have been detected. In each case, they can be related by paracentric inversions. Heterochromatin polymorphisms affecting terminal or interstitial C+ regions have also been observed. The length of the terminal heterochromatic region in the long arms of chromosome 11 is variable in C. apella sp., in C. a. paraguayanus and absent in the C. a. nigritus specimens studied. Interstitial C + bands can be observed in the long arms of the biarmed chromosomes 4 and 6, and in the long arms of the acrocentric pairs 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21. Interstitial C + bands in the long arms of chromosomes 4, 12, 17, and 19 are present in all animals studied, although their size is variable, especially in the case of chromosomes 17 and 19. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.