bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prophecy And History In The Crisis Of The Roman Empire
Authors: Potter D S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Sibylline Oracles (sacred prophecies) which provide narratives of Roman history are our best sources for popular understanding of contemporar y events, since they were written by those with no obvious connection with the government. The thirteenth is of particular interest because it remains the only first-hand narrative of the critical years of the mid-third century AD when the empire teetered on the brink of political collapse. This book contains a full introduction describing the political history of the third century, the other historiography of the period, and the development of the tradition of Sibylline Oracles, their authorship and readership. There follows a new edition of the text (the first since 1902) and a detailed commentary which discusses disputed points of chronology, and the impact on the authors (living in Roman Syria) of the Persian invasions, which culminated in the sack of Antioch in 252, and the capture of the emperor Valerian by the Persian King Sapor in 260.
The Sibylline Oracles
Authors: Potter D S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The surviving corpus of Sibylline Oracles consists of two collections, of which one (henceforth collection A) may have been compiled after the late fifth century AD by the redactor of the ‘Sibylline Preface’. This preface opens with an exhortation to read the oracles and provides some further information about Sibyls.1 It gives the ‘Sibylline Canon’, the list of ten Sibyls which Lactantius derived from Varro,2 and the story of Tarquinius Priscus’ dealings with the Cumaean Sibyl, and it assures the reader that Sibyls knew the truth about the Christian God.
Turin’s Two Senators
Authors: Birley Anthony R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Senators and consuls, that is one way of assessing cities or regions. Consuls and consular legates lead to emperors. In the year 69 fate or chance, with help from human effort and from known agents, consigned the power to Vespasian. A low-class Italian issuing from the Sabine country furnished incentives to the western aristocrats, alert, ambitious, and linked by family alliances. The first provincial dynasty derives from Spain and Narbonensis.
The Divided Self in Greek Poetry
Authors: Gill Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I consider the question of the model of personality which is displayed in a number of notable passages of self-division in Homer and Greek tragedy.1 As elsewhere, my claim is that these passages are best interpreted in the light of the objective-participant conception of personality rather than the subjective or individualist conceptions sometimes used to interpret them. I want especially to explore links between the kind of objective (non-subject-centred) psychological model and the kind of participant ethical model that we find in Greek poetry. I do so partly by examining the connections between three of the ideas associated with this conception, and with the image of the self in dialogue which symbolizes this. These ideas, in outline, are: (1) that human psychological life centres on the inter play or ‘dialogue’ between parts or functions; (2) that ethical life is shaped and expressed by participation in interpersonal and communal dialogue; (3) that reflective or dialectical debate constitutes the means by which human beings can properly determine the basis of this shared ethical life.2 I begin by reviewing the way in which this book has so far illustrated these ideas (as they figure in Greek thinking), and then explain how the analysis of the poetic examples of self-division fits into the exploration of this conception of personality.
The Sophists, Plato, and Aristotle
Authors: Cairns Douglas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of aidōs in the doctrines of the sophists is a topic to which the preceding chapters have already alluded; the present chapter, therefore, begins by following up some of these indications of the trends in fifth-century thought that are most important for our study. Consideration of aidōs in Sophocles and Euripides, in particular, has identified a growing recognition of the interaction of that concept with the internalized self-regulatory mechanism that we call conscience, as well as insight into the role of aidōs as an important factor in the development of character. Accordingly, we look first at the evidence for the popular conception of ‘conscience’ in later fifth-century Athens, before turning to the evidence for the doctrines of some of the major contemporary thinkers themselves, with particular reference to one particular controversy (that concerned with the problem of ‘doing wrong in secret’) which sheds considerable light on ancient views of the nature of aidōs, and, indeed, brings the view expressed in our ancient sources into relationship with the modern discussions of the nature of shame and guilt with which we began our study. This focus on the essence of aidōs, on its relation to internal or external sanctions, on its nature as a feature of the ethical and psychological outlook embedded in the texts under discussion, and on its relevance or otherwise to the concept of ‘conscience’, is then extended into the discussion of its place in the ethics and moral psychology of Plato and Aristotle. Essentially, our discussion now comes full circle, as we consider ancient views which reveal important perspectives on the issues raised in the Introduction.
The Pindar Scholia
Authors: Lefkowitz Mary R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
References to scholars like Aristarchus, Chaeris, Chrysippus, Aristodemus, and Didymus indicate that the Pindar scholia are based, however remotely, on Alexandrian hypomnemata. At some point, or more likely, at several different points, scholarly opinions on individual words and phrases were compiled and paraphrases (sometimes in duplicate and triplicate) recorded into a large book, from which the marginal notes in our manuscripts are derived. The scholia in the Vatican recension (V), which cover in various manuscripts all four books of the odes, offer the kind of information provided by scholia to other poetic texts for use in Byzantine schools, prose paraphrases, background information, and summaries of opposing views on disputed interpretations. The scholia to the Ambrosian manuscript (A), which are preserved only for the first twelve Olympian odes, tend to cite more authorities than the scholia to the manuscripts of the V tradition, which often reproduce opinions only, without individual names; but I have not distinguished here between the two traditions, because the A scholia, despite their greater detail, do not seem to represent more accurately than the V scholia the substance of the original commentaries.
Science in Antiquity
Authors: Healy John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lloyd,1 in his work on early Greek science, somewhat illogic- ally, points out that there is no exact equivalent to our modern definition of the term ‘science’, although Western science may still be said to originate with the Greeks. Greenaway2 makes a similar point, although admitting that Pliny’s world did recognize that the material substances which we must use are susceptible of consistent and rational examination for fitness of purpose and therefore for making everyday technical and economic decisions.
The Natural History and Technical Literature
Authors: Healy John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Schilling, assessing the place of Pliny’s Natural History in technical literature,1 states, “La Naturalis Historia... n’est certainement pas la premiere oeuvre latine qui traite de sujets techniques et “scientifiques”, mais elle constitue sans doute 1’ouvrage le plus representatif.’
Facts and Figures
Authors: Stockton David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One day, during the Cuban missile crisis of 1962, President Kennedy and his advisers were discussing the pros and cons of mounting an invasion of Cuba. They had as good as decided to go ahead, at which point they called into the room a senior officer of military intelligence to ask for his informed appreciation. He had come prepared, and produced a large map of the United States, which he pinned up on a board. ‘Mr President, gentlemen,’ he said, ‘if I were to place the eastern tip of Cuba on New York City, would you like to say how far the island would stretch across this map?. Various estimates were offered, the most generous reckoning that it might reach about as far as to Philadelphia. The officer said nothing, but took out a cut-out of Cuba to the same scale and placed it over the larger map. It reached from Manhattan Island to Chicago. There were gasps of surprise; but there was more to come. The officer proceeded to place a minute black spot onto the map. ‘Is that Havana?’, asked the President. ‘No, sir, that is Iwo Jima to the same scale. You will recall that Iwo Jima cost us over twenty thousand casualties.’ The invasion idea was shelved for further consideration.
From Solon to Ephialtes
Authors: Stockton David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most authoritative account of Solon’s reforms is that which we are given by Aristotle in a brief paragraph in his Politics (1273b–1274a), which dates from about, 330: Now, as to Solon, there are those who see him as a truly radical reformer who put an end to an over-extreme oligarchy, released the body of the people [the demos] from subjection, and established the excellent constitutional blend which they call ‘the ancestral democracy’. In the view of these men, the Areopagus Council was the oligarchic element, the elective magistracies the aristocratic, the courts the democratic. In fact, however, it looks as if two of the elements in this blend, the Council and the elective character of the magistracies, Solon had found already in existence and continued in being, while himself introducing the dêmos as a factor by throwing participation in the courts open to all.
Politics and Politicians
Authors: Stockton David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a well-known passage of his Memorabilia (3. 6) Xenophon tells of a conversation between Socrates and Plato’s brother Glaucon. Glaucon, though still less than twenty years old, has his heart set on making a name for himself as a public speaker and becoming a leading politician, and despite all the efforts of his family and friends to deter .him, persists in making a laughing-stock of himself and having to be forcibly removed from the speaker’s platform. So Socrates takes him in hand: ‘Are you going to aim at increasing the wealth of our city?’ ‘Of course!’ ‘Tell me then, what are the sources of our current public revenues, and what do they add up to? You’ve obviously gone into this question to see whether any of them need increasing or if any new ones are required.’
Hieronymi
Authors: Scourfield J H D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Grandes materias ingenia parva non sufferunt, et in ipso conatu ultra vires ausa succumbunt; quantoque maius fuerit quod dicendum est, tanto magis obruitur qui magnitudinem rerum verbis non potest explicate. Nepotianus meus, tuus, noster, immo Christi et, quia Christi, idcirco plus noster, &lt;nos&gt; reliquit senes et desiderii sui iaculo vulneratos intolerabili dolore confecit. quern heredem putavimus, funus tenemus. cui iam meum sudabit ingenium? cui litterulae placere gestient? ubi est ille eργoδιtκτηs noster et cycneo canore vox dulcior? stupet animus, manus tremit, caligant oculi, lingua balbutit. quidquid dixero, quia ille non audiet, mutum videtur. stilus ipse quasi sentiens et cera subtristior vel rubigine vel situ obducitur. quotienscumque nitor in verba prorumpere et super tumulum eius epitaphii huius flores spargere, totiens inplentur oculi et renovate dolore totus in funere sum. moris quandam fuit ut super cadavera defunctorum in contione pro rostris laudes liberi dicerent, et instar lugubrium carminum ad fletus et gemitus audientium pectora concitarent; en rerum in nobis ordo mutatus est, et in calamitatem nostram perdidit sua iura natura: quod exhibere senibus iuvenis debuit, hoc iuveni exhibemus senes.
The Demosthenic Canon
Authors: Rutherford Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hermogenes cites from over half the Demosthenic speeches that have come down to us, particularly from the public speeches, but also from private speeches, and from the Epistles (not from the Erotikos or the Epitaphios). If one compares his citations with those of other rhetoricians, such as the author of Peri Politikou Logou, no really striking differences emerge, with the possible exception that an unusually high proportion of citations come from De Corona, cited over 120 times, three times more than the nearest rival, and a source of examples for almost all of the ideai. This was probably not an untypical view; Aelius Aristides even dreams about the speech.
Hector and Andromache
Authors: Schadewaldt W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the advice of the seer Helenus, Hector has gone from the battlefield to the city (6. 237). His mother Hecuba and the women of Troy are to make a supplication to Athena, to ask the goddess to restrain the onslaught of Diomedes, who is causing havoc among the Trojans outside the city. Hector has gone from his mother to Paris, to fetch that dilatory warrior back to battle. He finds him busy with his weapons, and Helen among her women (6. 321). He speaks seriously to him: the men are dying outside, around the wall and the city, and yet it was for his sake that the war had flared up. Paris is ready; he will soon catch him up within the city. Helen curses herself and her life with this dis honourable husband, but still (she says) her brother-in-law should sit down; he has so many troubles because of her and Paris; to both of them Zeus has given such an evil fate, of which men will still speak in the future. Hector declines; he must go back to the Trojans, who have great need for him out there. But he asks her to get her husband moving, and let him hurry himself up, to catch him up still within the city. ‘I myself will in the meantime go to my house, to see my servants and my dear wife and my little son. For I do not know whether I shall come back to them again, or whether the gods will overcome me this time at the hands of the Danaans ‘ (6. 360-8).
Form and Content in the Tusculan Disputations
Authors: Douglas A E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Readers of Cicero’s philosophical writings are sometimes tempted to hasten through the prefaces as at best pleasant reading, but not really important, in order to get to the real substance, the presentation of philosophical views. Yet the prefaces often tell us things we should know, even if not all of them (especially the earlier apologetic ones, defending the philosophical enterprise in general) were specifically written for the place where they now appear.
Prodigy Lists and the Use of the Annales Maximi
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is generally supposed that on the publication of the Annales Maximi in the Gracchan period (if not already at some point before their formal publication) historians, or some historians influential on the tradition, eagerly made use of this new source of material. The yearly lists of publicly expiated prodigies in Livy and related authors are usually considered to form the best evidence for this view. For given the elder Cato’s remark about the famines and eclipses of sun and moon recorded on the tabula dealbata which is said to have formed the basis of the published work, and given the only two fragments of the latter dealing with the republican period, that from Cicero recording an eclipse (perhaps of 400 BC) and that from Aulus Gellius about lightning striking the statue of Horatius Codes (the date is undetermined but a hostile Etruria is presup posed), no one can doubt that prodigies were indeed to be found in the Annales Maximi. It is of course agreed that the lists given by Livy and others include only an incomplete selection of each year’s prodigia and that they are deformed by repetition and errors. But in fact certain features of these lists suggest, at least, that rewriting and corruptions go pretty deep; even, perhaps, that it was not the Annales Maximi at all from which they were drawn. It is the purpose of this paper to draw attention to these disquieting peculiarities, and to the even more disquieting consequences that follow.
The First Latin Annalists
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fragments of the early Roman historians are of capital importance for our understanding of the way in which the tradition about early Roman history was formed, and also for intellectual history in the second century BC. But the few certain fragments are brief and often unhelpful; while attempts to extend our knowledge by proving their authors also to be reflected anonymously in later writings have tended of late to meet with the scepticism that ‘Quellenkritik’, with some justification, often now arouses. Such work as has been done recently on the first Roman historians to write in Latin has suggested that it is not easy to make striking advances, although some distinguished scholars have been involved. I want to sum up what has been achieved so far, and to try and go a little further in establishing the standards and interests of L. Cassius Hemina and L. Calpurnius Piso, with a glance also at Cn. Gellius. Some of my main points, at least for the first two, have several times been made ‘en passant’, but never worked out in detail: first, that they reflect a moment, at Rome, of eager antiquarian interest, but shaky antiquarian scholarship-just before, it should be added, the special studies of more specialized grammarians and antiquarians, of whom L. Aelius Stilo was the most prominent, split the two genres of annals and antiquarian investigation almost completely, with disastrous results (to our eyes) for the former, though with benefit, no doubt, to the latter.
The Introduction of Logical Organization in Roman Prose Literature
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a commonplace to talk, in general terms, of the dependence of all European thought and learning on Greek philosophy, and more particularly on Greek logic. It is a commonplace, also, to analyse the structure of individual works of Latin literature in terms of the divisions and subdivisions in the treatment of the subject involved, with their frequent prefatory definitions. This is a method that may in many cases be taken from recent Greek models of various kinds, in particular works on rhetoric or grammar, but which for Cicero goes back to the dialectic of the philosophers, and which Fuhrmann has traced even beyond Socrates to the sophists. It is perhaps less of a commonplace, though doubtless rash, to try to take a comprehensive view of the Romans’ attempt, over a wide spectrum of subjects, to apply this method, to try to see how important they felt it to be, and how far they were successful in it. The extent to which they regarded it as the transformation of the subjects in question into rtxvm or artes must also be considered. I want to stress that we arc not merely dealing with an expository method used in introductory handbooks of little intellectual originality, as Fuhrmann’s useful Das Systematische Lehrbuch might suggest, but that it came to seem to the Romans simply the best way to think and write about a serious subject, to be applied both on a large scale, i.e. to works in a number of books, and on a small one, i.e. inside a single book.
Caerellii, Juno Populona,and Aquinum
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
C. Caerellius Sabinus, legionary legate of XIll Gemina under Commodus (who is now known to have gone on to govern Raetia) set up, together with his wife Fufidia Pollitta, three well-known dedications at Apulum in Dacia: one to Jupiter Optimus Maximus, one ]unoni Reginae Populoniae Deae Patriae, and one to Minerva partner of Jupiter’s counsels (CIL 3. 1074-6). These divinities clearly constitute in some sense the Capitoline Triad; though Juno Populonia had her own templum in Rome-the ius Papirianum, according to Macrobius, referred to the sacred table, rather than altar, in it (found also in some other cults of Juno), and Palmer’s conclusion that this temp/um was in fact in the eel/a of Juno in the Capitoline Temple is not very likely; for one thing, Juno Populona or Populonia seems, originally at any event, to have been worshipped separately from Jupiter or any other god: Seneca, quoted by Augustine, CD 1o. 1o lists Populonia (without identifying her as Juno, and perhaps she was indeed originally independent) as among the goddesses who are viduae, without any consort.
History, Historiography, And Cicero’S Expositio Consiliorum Suorum
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Later antiquity knew and quoted a work by Cicero which it called an expositio consiliorum suorum (Asconius, in T. C. 6 5 St.; Augustine, contra Jul. Pelag. 5. 23), or a book quem de consiliis suis composuit (Boethius, de inst. mus. I. 1 p. 184 Friedl.), or ratio consiliorum suorum (Charisius r p. 146K); Dio 39. rn shows that the book, to which he says its author had given the title JrEQl rwv fovwv f3ovlwµarwv, could be described as a {3t{3liov a]tOQQrJWv; he dared not publish it, owing to what it said about Crassus, Caesar and others, but sealed it and gave it to his son to bring out after his death. It has therefore, doubtless rightly, been identified with the avfaoorn which in spring 59 Cicero was proposing to write, and which he says he will read to Atticus alone: they will be Theopompio genere aut etiam asperiore multo, for odisse improbos is all his political programme these days (Att. 2. 6. 2); and also with what Cicero in May 44 calls librum meum i-llum avf:xoowv, not yet polished to his satisfaction, which Atticus wants chronologically extended, but which really in that case needs a separate volume; this work involves attacks on Caesar and illas nefarias partes (Att. 14. 17. 6). It is perhaps also referred to in November 44 at 16. 17. 6 librum quem ragas perpoliam et mittam.
Crassorum Funera
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent appearance of two would-be biographies of M. Crassus (the subject, as reviewers have observed, is recalcitrant to the proposed treatment) has led to a good deal of concentration upon him, at least in the English-speaking world. And yet not much solid advance has been, or perhaps can be, made. All I wish to do is to make one more unprovable suggestion, and to reconsider the motive for Crassus’ final, and disastrous, campaign.
Cassius and Brutus: The Memory of the Liberators
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the historian Crcmutius Cordus was accused of maiestas in AD 25 the, or a, main charge against him was that he had praised Marcus Brutus and called Gaius Cassius ‘the last of the Romans,i (probably in fact he quoted approvingly Brutus’ supposed salutation of Cassius as such on learning of his death).2 Cremutius, according to the speech that Tacitus gives him, claimed that a great many authors had recounted the deeds of Cassius and Brutus, and ‘nemo sine honore nominavit’; Livy had written of them as ‘insignes viros’, Asinius Pollio’s history had passed on ‘cgrcgiam corundem memoriam’, Mcssalla Corvinus had been wont to call Cassius ‘impcratorem suum’.