bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The consulting career in transition: from partnership to corporate
Authors: Adams Susan M. , Zanzi Alberto 
Published: July 2005

PurposeThe consulting industry is facing an inflection point as it shifts to being more populated by publicly traded entities than by private firms. Associated career patterns are affected in ways that have not yet been explored.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper we describe the industry shift to public ownership and resulting changes in consulting careers from a psychological contract perspective. We conclude by discussing the impact of emerging career dynamics that could impact the future effectiveness of the consulting industry.FindingsThere are dramatic transitions underway regarding career dynamics of professionals in major consultancies. We foresee a troublesome picture in some respects and a promising outlook in other respects for individuals and their firms in the consulting profession.Practical implicationsAspiring consultants will find this paper informative as a way to assess fit with career models offered by consulting firms. Firms can use points in the paper to understand their potential shortcomings associated with their current and evolving career models to manage career transitions and negative consequences.Originality/valueThis conceptual paper draws attention to the potentially negative consequences of inappropriate career models for consultancies in general, and with different firm strategies. It is a first look at career changes in consulting due to the drastic shift of the industry to public entities.
BODILY AND PICTORIAL SURFACES: SKIN IN FRENCH ART AND MEDICINE, 1790–1860
Authors: Fend Mechthild 
Published: July 2005

This essay argues for the shared quality of skin and painting as signifying surfaces. When representing the surface of the body the artist engages with questions about the borders of the body and relations between the interior and the exterior. Portraits by Jacques‐Louis David and Jean‐Auguste‐Dominique Ingres are considered in relation to several discursive fields: medical definitions of skin from the Enlightenment, nineteenth‐century artistic anatomy and art theory. While David's rendering of skin is understood in terms of Xavier Bichat's definition of skin as a ‘limite sensitive’, the hermetically sealed and opaque skin of Ingres's figures negates contemporary notions of skin as a communicative membrane. Scientific knowledge notwithstanding, these very different approaches to the representation of skin may be seen as reflecting upon different ways to produce meaning as well as different conceptions of the body. Mechthild Fend is a research scholar at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin, where she is working on a project on the history and representation of skin in late eighteenth‐ and nineteenth‐century France. Her recent books deal with the representation of masculinity: Männlichkeit im Blick. Visuelle Inszenierungen in der Kunst seit der Frühen Neuzeit (co‐edited with Marianne Koos, Cologne, 2004), and Grenzen der Männlichkeit. Der Androgyn in der französischen Kunst und Kunsttheorie Zwischen Aufkl.arung und Restauration (Berlin, 2003).
Hfr‐2, a wheat cytolytic toxin‐like gene, is up‐regulated by virulent Hessian fly larval feeding‡
Authors: PUTHOFF DAVID P. , SARDESAI NAGESH , SUBRAMANYAM SUBHASHREE , NEMACHECK JILL A. , WILLIAMS CHRISTIE E. 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARYBoth yield and grain‐quality are dramatically decreased when susceptible wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants are infested by Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) larvae. Examination of the changes in wheat gene expression during infestation by virulent Hessian fly larvae has identified the up‐regulation of a gene, Hessian fly responsive‐2 (Hfr‐2), which contains regions similar to genes encoding seed‐specific agglutinin proteins from Amaranthus. Hfr‐2, however, did not accumulate in developing seeds, as do other wheat seed storage proteins. Additionally, a separate region of the HFR‐2 predicted amino acid sequence is similar to haemolytic proteins, from both mushroom and bacteria, that are able to form pores in cell membranes of mammalian red blood cells. The involvement of Hfr‐2 in interactions with insects was supported by experiments demonstrating its up‐regulation by both fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and bird cherry‐oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) infestations but not by virus infection. Examination of wheat defence response pathways showed Hfr‐2 up‐regulation following methyl jasmonate treatment and only slight up‐regulation in response to salicylic acid, abscisic acid and wounding treatments. Like related proteins, HFR‐2 may normally function in defence against certain insects or pathogens. However, we propose that as virulent Hessian fly larvae manipulate the physiology of the susceptible host, the HFR‐2 protein inserts in plant cell membranes at the feeding sites and by forming pores provides water, ions and other small nutritive molecules to the developing larvae.
Molecular analysis of the interaction between Olea europaea and the biotrophic fungus Spilocaea oleagina
Authors: BENITEZ YOSELIN , BOTELLA MIGUEL A. , TRAPERO ANTONIO , ALSALIMIYA MOHAMMED , CABALLERO JOSE LUIS , DORADO GABRIEL , MUÑOZ‐BLANCO JUAN 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARYThe mitosporic fungus Spilocaea oleagina is an obligate biotroph of olive (Olea europaea) causing a scab disease associated with leaf fall and substantial losses in production. Using differential display we have identified 162 cDNA fragments corresponding to transcripts that show altered abundance during the defence response of a resistant olive cultivar to S. oleagina. Detailed analyses of 21 selected genes by real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR revealed different kinetics of induction. Genes involved in signalling, transcriptional control, oxidative stress, biotic and abiotic stress, and several genes with unknown function were found to be induced rapidly after infection. In contrast, genes involved in metabolism and cellular maintenance showed delayed induction. The induction of the selected genes in a susceptible cultivar was delayed and/or reduced during the response to S. oleagina. Interestingly, the basal expression of some genes in the uninfected resistant cultivar was higher than in the susceptible one, suggesting a constitutive activation of defence responses. Expression of these genes in response to salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, a mixture of both, ethephon, hydrogen peroxide, menadione and wounding was also investigated. The results are discussed in relation to the molecular bases and signalling events involved in this biotrophic interaction.
Genotypic and phenotypic diversity in Colletotrichum acutatum, a cosmopolitan pathogen causing anthracnose on a wide range of hosts
Authors: SREENIVASAPRASAD S. , TALHINHAS PEDRO 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARY Colletotrichum acutatum causes anthracnose on a wide range of hosts including woody and herbaceous crops, ornamentals, fruits and conifers. Almond, citrus, lupin, olive and strawberry are some of the crops in which C. acutatum diseases are economically important. With the application of molecular markers and diagnostic PCR over the last 10–15 years, C. acutatum was identified as a major pathogen on a number of hosts instead of or along with C. gloeosporioides. C. acutatum displays high levels of genotypic and phenotypic diversity. The global populations of this cosmopolitan pathogen fit into at least eight distinct molecular groups, A1–A8, which show some degree of correlation with the morphological characteristics and varying patterns of host association and geographical distribution. The pathogen has complex epidemiology, exhibiting pathogenic and non‐pathogenic lifestyles on target hosts, non‐target crops and weeds. C. acutatum populations also show pathogenic variability and cross‐infection potential in relation to a number of hosts. Molecular genetic tools are being developed to investigate the pathogenicity mechanisms of this key pathogen. This article mainly focuses on the global population diversity in C. acutatum, pathogen epidemiology and diagnosis, host colonization processes, and the development of tools for the identification and analysis of genes associated with pathogenicity. Background information on the pathogen origin, host range, disease symptoms and disease management strategies is also provided.
Cladosporium fulvum (syn. Passalora fulva), a highly specialized plant pathogen as a model for functional studies on plant pathogenic Mycosphaerellaceae
Authors: THOMMA BART P. H. J. , VAN ESSE H. PETER , CROUS PEDRO W. , DE WIT PIERRE J. G. M. 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARYTaxonomy:  Cladosporium fulvum is an asexual fungus for which no sexual stage is currently known. Molecular data, however, support C. fulvum as a member of the Mycosphaerellaceae, clustering with other taxa having Mycosphaerella teleomorphs. C. fulvum has recently been placed in the anamorph genus Passalora as P. fulva. Its taxonomic disposition is supported by its DNA phylogeny, as well as the distinct scars on its conidial hila, which are typical of Passalora, and unlike Cladosporium s.s., which has teleomorphs that reside in Davidiella, and not Mycosphaerella.Host range and disease symptoms:  The presently known sole host of C. fulvum is tomato (members of the genusLycopersicon). C. fulvum is mainly a foliar pathogen. Disease symptoms are most obvious on the abaxial side of the leaf and include patches of white mould that turn brown upon sporulation. Due to stomatal clogging, curling of leaves and wilting can occur, leading to defoliation.C. fulvum as a model pathogen:  The interaction between C. fulvum and tomato is governed by a gene‐for‐gene relationship. A total of eight Avr and Ecp genes, and for four of these also the corresponding plant Cf genes, have been cloned. Obtaining conclusive evidence for gene‐for‐gene relationships is complicated by the poor availability of genetic tools for most Mycosphaerellaceae–plant interactions. Newly developed tools, including Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation and RNAi, added to the genome sequence of its host tomato, which will be available within a few years, render C. fulvum attractive as a model species for plant pathogenic Mycosphaerellaceae.Useful websites:  http://www.sgn.cornell.edu/help/about/index.html; http://cogeme.ex.ac.uk
Odontoglossum ringspot virus host range restriction in Nicotiana sylvestris maps to the replicase gene
Authors: RABINDRAN SHAILAJA , ROBERTSON CECILE , ACHOR DIANN , GERMAN‐RETANA SYLVIE , A. HOLT CURTIS , DAWSON WILLIAM O. 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARYThe experimental host range of Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV), a member of the tobamoviruses, includes several species of Nicotiana, but not N. sylvestris. However, ORSV was able to replicate in protoplasts from N. sylvestris leaves. By using the green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker inserted into ORSV, it was found that a small number of single epidermal cells became infected in mechanically inoculated leaves, but the virus did not move cell to cell. The ORSV movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP) were examined for their ability to effect movement by substitution into Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) hybrids. Both proteins and the 3′ non‐translated region (NTR) of ORSV allowed movement of TMV hybrids in N. sylvestris. These results suggested that the inability of ORSV to move in N. sylvestris was due to the replicase gene or the 5′NTR. One possibility was that the replicase gene could indirectly affect movement by failing to produce subgenomic (sg) RNAs for expression of MP or CP, but this appeared not to be the case as ORSV replicated and produced MP and CP sgRNAs, both of which were translated in N. sylvestris protoplasts. Additionally, genomic RNA was encapsidated into virions in N. sylvestris protoplasts. Because the 5′NTR permitted efficient replication and production of replicase proteins, these findings suggest that the replicase of ORSV is responsible for the defect in cell‐to‐cell movement of ORSV in N. sylvestris.
Conifer root and butt rot caused by Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. s.l.
Authors: ASIEGBU FRED O. , ADOMAS ALEKSANDRA , STENLID JAN 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARYThe root and butt rot caused by Heterobasidon annosum is one of the most destructive diseases of conifers in the northern temperate regions of the world, particularly in Europe. Economic losses attributable to Heterobasidion infection in Europe are estimated at 800 million euros annually. The fungus has been classified into three separate European intersterile species P (H. annosum), S (H. parviporum) and F (H. abietinum) based on their main host preferences: pine, spruce and fir, respectively. In North America, two intersterile groups are present, P and S/F, but these have not been given scientific names. The ecology of the disease spread has been intensively studied but the genetics, biochemistry and molecular aspects of pathogen virulence have been relatively little examined. Recent advances in transcript profiling, molecular characterization of pathogenicity factors and establishment of DNA‐transformation systems have paved the way for future advances in our understanding of this pathosystem.Taxonomy:  Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref., H. parviporum Niemelä & Korhonen and H. abietinum Niemelä & Korhonen; kingdom Fungi; class Basidiomycotina; order Aphyllophorales; family Bondarzewiaceae; genus Heterobasidion.Identification:  presence of the fungus fruit bodies, basidiocarps whitish in the margins, upper surface is tan to dark brown, usually irregular shaped, 3.5 (−7) cm thick and up to 40 cm in diameter; pores 5–19, 7–22 and 13–26 mm2 for the P, F and S groups, respectively. Small brownish non‐sporulating postules develop on the outside of infected roots. Asexual spores (conidiospores) are 3.8–6.6 × 2.8–5.0 µm in size. Mating tests are necessary for identification of intersterility groups.Host range:  The fungus attacks many coniferous tree species. In Europe, particularly trees of the genera Pinus and Juniperus (P), Picea (S), Abies (F) and in North America Pinus (P) and Picea, Tsuga and Abies (S/F). To a lesser extent it causes root rot on some decidous trees (Betula and Quercus).Disease symptoms:  symptoms (e.g. exhudation of resin, crown deterioration) due to Heterobasidion root rot in living trees are not particularly characteristic and in most cases cannot be distinguished from those caused by other root pathogens. Heterobasidion annosum s.l. is a white rot fungus. Initial growth in wood causes a stain that varies in colour depending on host tree species. Incipient decay is normally pale yellow and it develops into a light brown decay to become a white pocket rot with black flecks in its advanced stage.Control:  silvicultural methods (e.g. stump removal), chemicals (urea, borates) and biological control agent (Phlebiopsis gigantea, marketed as PG Suspension® in the UK, PG IBL® in Poland and Rotstop® in Fennoscandia) are commonly used approaches for minimizing the disease spread.
Nitrogen‐responsive genes are differentially regulated in planta during Fusarium oxyspsorum f. sp. lycopersici infection
Authors: DIVON HEGE H. , ROTHAN‐DENOYES BEATRICE , DAVYDOV OLGA , DI PIETRO ANTONIO , FLUHR ROBERT 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARYNitrogen is an essential growth component whose availability will limit microbial spread, and as such it serves as a key control point in dictating an organism's adaptation to various environments. Little is known about fungal nutrition in planta. To enhance our understanding of this process we examined the transcriptional adaptation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, the causal agent for vascular wilt in tomato, during nutritional stress and plant colonization. Using RT‐PCR and microarray technology we compared fungal gene expression in planta to axenic nitrogen starvation culture. Several expressed sequence tags, representing at least four genes, were identified that are concomitantly induced during nitrogen starvation and in planta growth. Three of these genes show similarity to a general amino acid permease, a peptide transporter and an uricase, all functioning in organic nitrogen acquisition. We further show that these genes represent a distinguishable subset of the nitrogen‐responsive transcripts that respond to amino acids commonly available in the plant. Our results indicate that nitrogen starvation partially mimics in planta growth conditions, and further suggest that minute levels of organic nitrogen sources dictate the final outcome of fungal gene expression in planta. The nature of the identified transcripts suggests modes of nutrient uptake and survival for Fusarium during colonization.
The immune response to fungal infections
Authors: Shoham Shmuel , Levitz Stuart M. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryDuring the past two decades, invasive fungal infections have emerged as a major threat to immunocompromised hosts. Patients with neoplastic diseases are at significant risk for such infections as a result of their underlying illness and its therapy. Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcus and emerging pathogens, such as the zygomycetes, dark walled fungi, Trichosporon and Fusarium, are largely opportunists, causing infection when host defences are breached. The immune response varies with respect to the fungal species and morphotype encountered. The risk for particular infections differs, depending upon which aspect of immunity is impaired. This article reviews the current understanding of the role and relative importance of innate and adaptive immunity to common and emerging fungal pathogens. An understanding of the host response to these organisms is important in decisions regarding use of currently available antifungal therapies and in the design of new therapeutic modalities.
Molecular mechanisms of fibrinolysis
Authors: Cesarman‐Maus Gabriela , Hajjar Katherine A. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryThe molecular mechanisms that finely co‐ordinate fibrin formation and fibrinolysis are now well defined. The structure and function of all major fibrinolytic proteins, which include serine proteases, their inhibitors, activators and receptors, have been characterized. Measurements of real time, dynamic molecular interactions during fibrinolysis of whole blood clots can now be carried out in vitro. The development of gene‐targeted mice deficient in one or more fibrinolytic protein(s) has demonstrated expected and unexpected roles for these proteins in both intravascular and extravascular settings. In addition, genetic analysis of human deficiency syndromes has revealed specific mutations that result in human disorders that are reflective of either fibrinolytic deficiency or excess. Elucidation of the fine control of fibrinolysis under different physiological and pathological haemostatic states will undoubtedly lead to novel therapeutic interventions. Here, we review the fundamental features of intravascular plasmin generation, and consider the major clinical syndromes resulting from abnormalities in fibrinolysis.
Aberrant somatic hypermutation and expression of activation‐induced cytidine deaminase mRNA in mediastinal large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Bödör Csaba , Bognár Ágnes , Reiniger Lilla , Szepesi Ágota , Tóth Erika , Kopper László , Matolcsy András 
Published: July 2005

SummaryTo determine the possible role of aberrant somatic hypermutation (ASHM) and activation‐induced cytidine deaminase (AID) expression in the pathogenesis of mediastinal large B‐cell lymphoma (MBL), the mutational status of genes affected by ASHM, including c‐MYC, PAX‐5 and RhoH, was analysed, and the expression level of AID mRNA in tumour specimens from six patients with MBL was determined. Mutations in one or more genes and high expression of AID mRNA were detected in all the six cases of MBL. These results suggest that ASHM and AID expression may have a role in the pathogenesis of MBL.
Killing of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma cells by autologous CD19 engineered T cells
Authors: Cheadle Eleanor J. , Gilham David E. , Thistlethwaite Fiona C. , Radford John A. , Hawkins Robert E. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryAdoptive immunotherapy with tumour‐specific T cells is an emerging technology that may be applicable to a broad range of cancers. However, tumours can avoid T cell‐mediated attack through multiple mechanisms including downregulation of major histocompatability complex (MHC). Consequently, engineering T cells to target intact protein antigen directly, thus bypassing the need for MHC presentation, can facilitate T cell targeting of tumour cells. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from nine of nine patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) were successfully gene‐modified to express a receptor consisting of a CD19 single chain variable fragment (scFv) fused to the T cell CD3ζ signalling molecule. These T cells were functionally active against the CD19+ Raji Burkitt's lymphoma cell line. Importantly, engineered T cells from seven of nine NHL patients efficiently lysed autologous lymph node tumour biopsy cells. There was a clear correlation between levels of CD19 expression on the tumour and effective killing by the engineered T cells. For two patients with a low or absent CD19+ cells within the biopsy, no significant killing was observed. These results demonstrate that patients with CD19+ NHL would be suitable candidates for this form of therapy in the setting of a phase I clinical trial.
Somatic PTPN11 mutations in childhood acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Tartaglia Marco , Martinelli Simone , Iavarone Ivano , Cazzaniga Giovanni , Spinelli Monica , Giarin Emanuela , Petrangeli Valentina , Carta Claudio , Masetti Riccardo , Aricò Maurizio , Locatelli Franco , Basso Giuseppe , Sorcini Mariella , Pession Andrea , Biondi Andrea 
Published: July 2005

SummarySomatic mutations in PTPN11, the gene encoding the transducer SHP‐2, have emerged as a novel class of lesions that upregulate RAS signalling and contribute to leukaemogenesis. In a recent study of 69 children and adolescents with de novo acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), we documented a non‐random distribution of PTPN11 mutations among French–American–British (FAB) subtypes. Lesions were restricted to FAB‐M5 cases, where they were relatively common (four of 12 cases). Here, we report on the results of a molecular screening performed on 181 additional unselected patients, enrolled in participating institutions of the Associazione Italiana Ematologia Oncologia Pediatrica–AML Study Group, to provide a more accurate picture of the prevalence, spectrum and distribution of PTPN11 mutations in childhood AML and to investigate their clinical relevance. We concluded that PTPN11 defects do not represent a frequent event in this heterogeneous group of malignancies (4·4%), although they recur in a considerable percentage of patients with FAB‐M5 (18%). PTPN11 lesions rarely occur in other subtypes. Within the FAB‐M5 group no clear association of PTPN11 mutations with any clinical variable was evident. Nearly two third of the patients with this subtype were found to harbour an activating mutation in PTPN11, NRAS, KRAS2 or FLT3.