bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Have Field Experiments Aided in the Understanding of Abundance and Dynamics of Temperate Reef Fishes?
Authors: Holbrook Sally J , Schmitt Russell J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central goal of ecology is to understand factors that determine the abundance of organisms and predict patterns of population size in space and time. Three different but related attributes of abundance have been identified and studied: the overall mean, spatial variation, and temporal variation. Although many different physical and biological processes potentially can impact these, it is often assumed that a process that affects one will automatically affect the other two. That is, a factor that has a strong effect on mean abundance will similarly affect spatial or temporal patterns of abundance. This assumption is often made in experimental studies of interspecific competition, because usually field experiments are designed to assess whether the interaction significantly reduces the average population size, with only limited evaluation of causes of spatial and temporal variation. In this essay, we explore and compare the mechanisms underlying the mean, spatial, and temporal abundance of two species of marine reef fish, striped surfperch (Embiotoca lateralis) and black surfperch (Embiotoca jacksoni), as well as consider the effects of interspecific competition.
The Logic of Community Resource Management in Latin America
Authors: Ascher William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Community management of natural resources is an increasingly credible strategy for sustainable development. A strong belief in state control of natural re sources prevailed for many years, followed by the more recent mania to privatize everything. The increased interest in community management of natural resources is a remarkable shift in thinking. This chapter begins by outlining the arguments for and against community resource management. It then discusses the requirements necessary for success. Finally, it describes several efforts to establish community management and some of the results of these strategies.
The Geography of Dry land Plant Formations in Central America
Authors: Ulate Gilbert Vargas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Regional studies of vegetation distribution in Central America are rare, particularly studies of the region’ s dry land herbaceous and shrub complexes. However, while regional studies are lacking, important research, touching either directly or indirectly on these vegetation types, has been conducted at the national level. This chapter calls on previous regional studies, data sets, research, and other technical information available for each of the Central American nations. This information is pooled to provide a Central American regional analysis with a geographic perspective and an emphasis on semiarid formations.
The Frija/ Tapado Agroecosystem: The Survival and Contribution of a Managed Fallow System to Modern Costa Rican Agriculture
Authors: Rosemeyer M , Schlather K , Kettler J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many agricultural development strategies have failed because local indigenous knowledge of agricultural techniques has not been taken into account. The under valuing of these traditional methods has often led to the transposition of inappropriate technologies onto socio economic and ecological conditions for which they are not adapted (Moock and Rhoades, 1992). These large technological jumps have not been sustained once the promoters of the nonindigenous technology have left the area. The term sustainable implies not only ecological soundness but also suitability for local use over time.
Reasoning about Right and Wrong
Authors: Bailey James Wood 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central task of political philosophy is to provide a coherent explanation of how individuals are related through moral duties to political institutions. This task cannot be avoided by any political theory, although in the case of utilitarianism it is particularly pressing. It is not pressing because the classical founders of utilitarianism—Bentham and the Mills—were themselves deeply interested in institutional questions in a way other moralists may not have been. My purpose should surely be greater than simply honoring past practices. Nor is it pressing just because it has often been claimed, by Brian Barry, for example, 1 that utilitarianism is somehow better suited for making decisions about affairs of state than it is about one’s personal life. After all, decisions about affairs of state will ultimately affect one’s personal life, often in intimate and painful ways. Rather, my claim in this book is that if we think seriously and carefully about the kinds of institutions that real-world utilitarians will create, that utilitarianism becomes a much more palatable theory than it has hitherto been represented as being.
Dynamic Aspects of Presynaptic Function 1n the Developing Mammalian Spinal Cord
Authors: Lev-Tov Aharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synaptic transmission in the central nervous system is modulated by numerous pre-and postsynaptic factors. These modulatory factors play a major role in determination of the input-to-output ratio of the activated synaptic projections (for review see Burke, 1987). Generally speaking, the term presynaptic modulation covers several processes that affect the release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic nerve endings. These include the rate of synaptic activation (frequency modulation, for review see Mendell, 1984), presynaptic inhibition by axoaxonic synapses (for review see Burke and Rudomin, 1977), and activation of autoreceptors residing on presynaptic elements (for review see Monaghan et al., 1989).
Presynaptic Inhibition Can Act as a Filter of Input from Tendon Organs During Muscle Contraction
Authors: Zytnicki Daniel , Jami Lena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The function of presynaptic inhibition in central processing of sensory messages has not received much attention so far. This chapter will briefly review recent evidence showing that, in cats, presynaptic inhibition of lb terminals can be elicited by inputs from muscle receptors during tetanic contraction of ankle extensors. The consequence of this contraction-induced presynap tic inhibition is that messages from contraction-activated tendon organs are filtered in spinal networks so that only some dynamic features of the on going contraction are signaled to targets of these messages such as motoneurons and cells of origin of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract.
PAD and Modulation of Group II Evoked Flexion Reflexes During MLR Evoked Fictive Locomotion
Authors: McCrea David A , Perreault Marie-Claude 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In cat hindlimb muscle nerves, most of the afferent fibers with conduction velocities in the group II range (24-72 m/s) are spindle secondary afferents arising from the “flower spray” endings contacting nuclear chain and bag type 2 fibers in the muscle spindle (for review see Jack, 1978; Hunt, 1990). The firing of spindle secondaries is well correlated with maintained stretch of the spindle (Matthews, 1981; Hunt, 1990), and in many situations firing can be predicted rather well from the overall length of the muscle in which it is situated (Prochazka et al., 1989).
Modulation of Nociceptive Information at the Presynaptic Terminals of Primary Afferent Fibers
Authors: Schmidt Robert F , Schaible Hans-Georg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The very first opportunity to modify nociceptive information entering the brainstem or the spinal cord via fine afferent fibers (nociceptive group III and IV primary afferents) is at the central presynaptic terminals of the fine afferents themselves before they transmit their messages to the second-order neurons. At these terminals the amount of transmitter being released upon activation of the presynaptic endings may be increased or decreased. Such modulation would lead to an amplification or, respectively, a reduction of the impact the nociceptive information has on the second-order neurons.
Geometrical Constructions. The Algebra Of Number Fields
Authors: Courant Richard , Robbins Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Construction problems have always been a favorite subject in geometry. With ruler and compass alone a great variety of constructions may be performed, as the reader will remember from school: a line segment or an angle may be bisected, a line may be drawn from a point perpendicular to a given line, a regular hexagon may be inscribed in a circle, etc. In all these problems the ruler is used merely as a straight-edge, an instrument for drawing a straight line but not for measuring or marking off distances. The traditional restriction to ruler and compass alone goes back to antiquity, although the Greeks themselves did not hesitate to use other instruments.
Topology
Authors: Courant Richard , Robbins Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the middle of the nineteenth century there began a completely new development in geometry that was soon to become one of the great forces in modern mathematics. The new subject, called analysis situs or topology, has as its object the study of the properties of geometrical figures that persist even when the figures are subjected to deformations so drastic that all their metric and projective properties are lost.
Functions And Limits
Authors: Courant Richard , Robbins Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The number of primes less than n is a function 1r(n) of the integer n. When a value of n is given, the value 1r(n) is determined, even though no algebraic expression for computing it is known. The area of a triangle is a function of the lengths of its three sides; it varies as the lengths of the sides vary and is determined when these lengths are given definite values. If a plane is subjected to a projective or a topological transformation, then the coordinates of a point after the transformation depend on, i.e. are functions of, the original coordinates of the point. The concept of function enters whenever quantities are connected by a definite physical relationship. The volume of a gas enclosed in a cylinder is a function of the temperature and of the pressure on the piston. The atmospheric pressure as observed in a balloon is a function of the altitude above sea level. The whole domain of periodic phenomena-the motion of the tides, the vibratiuns of a plucked string, the emission of light waves from an incandescent filament-is governed by the simple trigonometric functions sin x and cos x.
Recent Developments
Authors: Courant Richard , Robbins Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many different polynomials that produce primes are now known. They add little to our knowledge of prime numbers; instead, they demonstrate that polynomials can have very strange properties. In his celebrated address to the 1900 International Congress of Mathematicians, David Hilbert posed 23 problems whose solution he felt would be of the highest importance to the advancement of mathematics. Hilbert’s tenth problem is to find out whether there exists a general method-what we would now call an algorithm-for testing whether a Diophantine equation has a solution. In 1970, following earlier work by Martin Davis, Hilary Putnam, and Julia Robinson, the Russian mathematician Yuri Matijasevic proved that no such “decision algorithm” exists. Because the method effectively uses polynomials as a rather cumbersome “programming language” in which to simulate computer algorithms, the polynomials produced are absolutely enormous. James Jones discovered an explicit system of polynomial equations for which no decision algorithm exists: it comprises 18 equations in 33 variables with maximum degree 560.
What Is Love?
Authors: Sternberg Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no magic bullet to making love better—that should be clear by now. Books about the seven steps to a better relationship, or whatever they are called, are likely only to work for those people who view their relationship as a cookbook story and thus want to and really can follow a recipe, or for those who genuinely want to try a recipe from someone else. For the most part, though, there cannot be a magic bullet that works for everyone, because people have such diverse stories of love.
Columnar Basalt and the Neptunists
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some rocks, which were later found to be of volcanic origin, were thought by medieval philosophers to have originated by precipitation from water. Thus, the Swiss philosopher Konrad Gesner was convinced that the perfectly symmetrical and hexagonal basalt columns of many lava flows had precipitated as giant crystals from a primordial ocean (Figure 9.1). The oldest known pictorial representation of such a formation is found in his book on rocks, De Rerum Fossilium (1565). The basalt columns he illustrated were derived from a drawing by Kentmann, who was so struck with the strong resemblance of them to quartz crystals that he decorated them with the pyramidal terminations typical of that crystal.
The First Field Volcanologists
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New perspectives toward Nature in the mid-eighteenth century led to increased familiarity with the Earth, and as travelers ranged more widely, interest in volcanoes and volcanic activity grew rapidly. Attention often focused on Vesuvius-with its frequent eruptions in the latter part of the century, it provided major displays of volcanic action, much to the delight of the cosmopolitan north European travelers on the Grand Tour. Other volcanic phenomena also became popular, requiring stops on travelers’ tours, including volcanoes in the Auvergne region in France, Mount Etna in Sicily, and the columnar formations of the Giant’s Causeway in Ireland and on the Scottish island of Staffa. Some travelers, among the rich and cultured of the Enlightenment, perhaps viewed themselves as the new philosophers of the world-admiring Nature for its grandeur and emphasizing its permanence, activity and creativity-but often had contempt for the narrow views of Christian religion.
Melting by Decrease in Pressure
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discovery that the Earth beneath the crust was essentially solid completely eliminated an “undercrust fire-sea” that Dana and others had proposed as a source of the magmas that feed the Earth’s volcanoes. Scholars, now faced with the formidable task of showing how hot magma could be derived from within a solid Earth, found in the science of thermodynamics a partial solution to the problem. Thermodynamics is the science of the power of heat to do work and of the dissipation of that power. The conversion of motion to heat had been known ever since humans rubbed sticks together to light a fire.
Radioactive Heat and Convection
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In concluding his analysis of the Sun’s heat and the secular cooling of the Earth, Lord Kelvin made the following cautionary statement in 1862: “As for the future, we may say, with equal certainty, that inhabitants of the earth cannot continue to enjoy the light and heat essential to their life, for many million years longer, unless sources now unknown to us are prepared in the great storehouse of creation.” He added, however, “I do not say there may not be laws we have not discovered.” Only thirty-four years later a new source of heat, radioactivity, was discovered-one that would revise Kelvin’s findings drastically, supplying a virtually inexhaustible heat source for the Earth’s interior.
Who Offers Help and Does It Make a Difference?
Authors: Beutler Larry E , Bongar Bruce , Shurkin Joel N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the second time this year, Mrs. R, who is thirty-four, has lost her job. For the past eighteen months she has been trying to pull her life together after her husband took their four children and left with another woman. She drinks too much; she has no money, no hope, no friends. She sees her choices as either suicide or one last effort to get help. Where does she go? Whom does she see? If she goes to the typical Yellow Pages, she may find a list of approximately 135 names under “Marriage and Family Counselors”; 87 under “Social Workers”; another 97 under “Psychologists”; and 48 others under “Psychiatrists.” There are also lists of “Alcohol Counselors” and a cross-reference to “Licensed Practical Nurses.” Some names are on more than one list.
How Treatment is Kept Accountable
Authors: Beutler Larry E , Bongar Bruce , Shurkin Joel N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rex was suffering from panic attacks. They began suddenly one day while he was driving home from work. Work had been stressful, but Rex didn’t think that this was much of a problem. His work was often stressful. He sought advice from his family physician who prescribed the tranquilizer Xanax and then referred him to a new psychologist who had just opened an office in the same building. Rex’s doctor had recently met the psychologist and was impressed with him. Rex began seeing Dr. J in August. But by January, he still was not feeling any better and his panic attacks were becoming more frequent. He was now afraid of driving, afraid of having a panic attack and not being able to get home, or having an accident. He began to miss work and was developing a sleeping problem. It took him a very long time to fall asleep and he frequently awoke during the night, unable to return to sleep. Some nights he didn’t sleep at all.
How Helpful is Diagnosis?
Authors: Beutler Larry E , Bongar Bruce , Shurkin Joel N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A New Yorker cartoon shows a cocktail party obviously in a posh, upper-class apartment. Each guest is wearing a sign-”schizophrenic,” “manic-depressive,” “depressed,” “paranoid”-you get the picture. Harold, who is attaching the signs, is confronted by a woman who demands, “Harold, why must you always label everyone?” Sometimes, jumping to a diagnosis in the field of mental health can have tragic results. In 1935, the great American composer George Gershwin went to seek help for severe headaches. He ended up at the office of a psychoanalyst, who assumed he had a “neurotic” disorder and put Gershwin into deep therapy. The therapy lasted for two years. On July 11, 1937, Gershwin died of a brain tumor.
What Works with What Problems?
Authors: Beutler Larry E , Bongar Bruce , Shurkin Joel N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now turn our attention to the actual procedures you will encounter in the therapist’s office once treatment begins. Here, we outline some of the major treatments, particularly psychotherapies, found to be helpful for the treatment of different problems-depression, anxiety, various phobias, and so forth. Obviously, neither our lists of problems nor treatments are exhaustive, but we have picked and described those treatments that have been adopted as guidelines by consensus panels and scientific summaries for meeting at least the minimal criteria of having generated a body of supportive scientific research. We repeat: The absence of a particular approach in our listing should not be of concern if you think your treatment is progressing satisfactorily. But, if your treatment is not proceeding well, the treatments described here might enable you to initiate a conversation with your therapist about changing the nature of your treatment.
How Genes work
Authors: Orme Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A little boy races across a soccer field, intercepts the ball, and kicks with all his might. Minutes later he is writhing on the ground in tears, his legs burning with pain. He does not know it, but he could die from what is happening inside the cells of his legs. His exertion has triggered chemical and physical reactions that with deadly swiftness are turning his normally life-giving red blood cells into killers. The usually disc-shaped, round-edged, and pliable oxygen¬ carriers are being wrenched and twisted into the shapes of crescents, or sickles. Like nails trying to flow through a garden hose, they jam. In the narrow capillaries, only wide enough to admit red blood cells single file, the sickled cells stop flowing altogether, blocking the delivery of oxygen to tissues. The cells of the child’s leg muscle, because they have just run up an oxygen deficit by working so hard, are the first to succumb. Because the blood cannot flow fast enough, the muscle cells are not getting enough oxygen. They are suffocating and they begin to die.
One Life Becomes Two
Authors: Orme Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Item: You accidentally bite your lip or cut yourself shaving. Or, let’s say, a child skins a knee. In a matter of days, the wound heals and the tissue is as good as ever. Even major injuries, given enough time, commonly heal. Item: A cancer arises somewhere in the body. It starts indetectably small, a single cell gone awry, but the cell multiplies. When the mass of proliferating cells is big enough, surgeons may remove the tumor and hope to cure the patient, but all too often, it already will have seeded new tumors throughout the body, hopelessly beyond the surgeon’s knife. Item: From a single cell, a fertilized human egg, an embryo develops. Within months it becomes a baby weighing several pounds and made up of several trillion cells. Underlying all these commonplace events is one of the most extraordinary natural phenomena known to science—the ability of one living cell to transform itself into two living cells.
Population Distributions
Authors: Salzmann David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rapid ionization-recombination processes in the plasma determine the relative abundance of the various charge states. For example, in plasma in which the rate of the ionization is larger than the rate of the recombinations, more and more electrons are stripped off the ions so that the ions’ charge is increasing continually. Such a plasma is called an ionizing plasma. On the other hand, in a plasma in which the rate of the recombinations is larger than the rate of the ionizations, the ions are filling up with electrons, and the plasma is called a recombining plasma.
Rhetorical Inclinations
Authors: Savage-Rumbaugh Sue , Shanker Stuart G , Taylor Talbot J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For example, when he heard “Would you put some grapes in the swimming pool?” he got out of the swimming pool, walked over to where a number of foods were placed on a towel, and picked up the grapes and tossed them in the water. When he knew we were playing a game of hiding surprises, and he heard a clue such as “1 hid the surprise by my foot” or “Rose hid the surprise under her shirt,” he immediately raced to the correct location and retrieved his surprise. When asked on a walk in the woods, “Would you please give Panbanisha an onion?” Kanzi looked around for a patch of onions and, when he found one, pulled out a bunch and took it back to Panbanisha. When he had a new ball that he wanted to take into the colony room with him when he went to visit Matata, he was told “Your ball stays here”; he placed it by the door while visiting Matata but of course retrieved it immediately after he left.
Rhino Illusion
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sack in Namibia, bursts of rain punctuated summer’s humid days. Mosquitoes still plagued everyone; while tourists used prophylactic drugs, most Namibians didn’t, and many became sick and lethargic. The Etosha Pan no longer shimmered. Its surface was bone dry and muddy by turns. Flamingoes, which breed successfully once every four years on average, renewed mating attempts. The veld water was widely dispersed, remaining in a few humanmade dams and natural depressions. Waist-high grasses concealed rutted, two-track roads, some with holes half a meter deep, sites where elephants walked and sank. To reach our second study site within Etosha, an area we called Calcrete Basin, would be nearly impossible even though it was only 100 kilometers from Okaukuejo. Our time would best be spent on other activities.