bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sociobiology and Science
Authors: Alcock John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having devoted a chapter to demonstrate that sociobiologists are not unreasoning genetic determinists, I’d like to explain what sociobiologists really are. Here’s the bottom line: sociobiologists are scientists who employ standard scientilfic logic in trying to reach publishable conclusions about the evolutionary or ultimate purpose of a behavior of interest. To illustrate this point, we shall return to the question, Why do some female red-winged blackbirds mate with more than one male?
As already noted, female songbirds mating with more than one male create a Darwinian puzzle because a female’s primary partner typically provides her with a resource-rich nesting area, all the sperm she is likely to need, and assistance in rearing her young. Therefore, it is hard to imagine why in ultimate terms a female would take the time to leave her home territory on occasion to visit other males who may not provide her with anything other than sperm. To heighten the puzzle, male songbirds that have been cuckolded may withhold assistance from their unfaithful mates [252].
The Problem with Culturtil Determinism
Authors: Alcock John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many people have no particular objection to (nor, sadly, any great interest in) an evolutionary analysis of helping at the nest in Seychelles warblers or sperm competition in damselflies. But as soon as the conversation turns to evolution and human beings, voices are raised and strong opinions fly through the air with the greatest of ease. As mentioned earlier, E. 0. Wilson almost surely would have avoided the brickbats that came his way had he simply omitted the last chapter of Sociobiology. But since he had analyzed human social behavior from an evolutionary perspective, he stimulated an opposition eager to argue with him and the discipline he represented. Although Wilson was surprised at how uncivil his critics proved to be, perhaps he should not have been because an evolutionary approach to human behavior really does threaten a great many religious, political, and academic positions, a point made by Daniel Dennett in Darwin’s Dangerous Idea [102].
The sociobiological study of humans does not appeal to those people, academics and no academics alike, who believe that to understand human behavior, one can ignore evolutionary biology, and focus only on the process of cultural indoctrination, which they believe is shaped by the accidents of human history and the power of the human imagination.
The Triumph of Sociobiology
Authors: Alcock John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen in previous chapters, sociobiologists have faced a whole range of charges, including claims that they are reductionist determinists intent on finding a gene for every human action, ultra-Darwinians incapable of grasping that evolution is influenced by more than natural selection, purveyors of just-so stories ready to accept the wildest speculation at the drop of a hat, or socially irresponsible pseudoscientists at best, reactionary neo-Nazis at worst, whose views in either case could contaminate the body politic, a risk that makes all manner of opposition morally appropriate, indeed imperative.
Not one of these claims is correct. In reality, sociobiologists do not commit the sin of genetic or biological determinism because they explore the ultimate, not proximate, causes of behavior. In fact, they could not study “genetically determined” behavior even if they wanted to because it does not exist, nor do they seek out genes “for” particular behaviors. Instead, they make use of a particular evolutionary perspective, the adaptationist approach, to examine the possible contribution of interesting traits to the genetic success of individuals (not the survival of the species).
Toni Morrison The Art of Fiction
Authors: Schappell Elissa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
She seems to think that the attention that has been paid to the lyricism of her work marginalizes her talent and denies her stories their power and resonance. As one of the few novelists whose work is both popular and critically acclaimed, she can afford the luxury of choosing what praise to accept. But she does not reject all classifications and embraces the title “black woman writer.” Her ability to transform individuals into forces and idiosyncrasies into inevitabilities has led some critics to call her the “D. H. Lawrence of the black psyche.” She is also a master of the public novel, examining the relationships between the races and genders and the struggle between civilization and nature, while at the same time combining myth and the fantastic with a deep political sensitivity.
Without Reverence
Authors: Woodruff Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The signs say, “God voted against Proposition Two.” They are everywhere in this city of many churches—painted on bill- boards, scrawled on wooden signs, assembled from movable letters on rented panels that are wheeled out from churches to the sidewalks. No one in the city could miss the message. The issue is benefits. Should the city offer the same package to same-sex partners as it did to the husbands and wives of its employees? The council has approved a plan to do so, but opponents have brought on this referendum—in which, if the signs are true,
Music and a Funeral Finding Reverence
Authors: Woodruff Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bonds and gestures pushed to one side”—this is the paradise that the poet says he knows will come when people are able to abandon marriage as empty ceremony. It is paradise in imagination only, as the third and fourth stanzas bring home to us, and we expect the poem to end in bitterness. But then, suddenly, in place of the expected irony, the poet sends us “the thought of high windows”—a moment of inarticulate awe.
Reverence Across Religions
Authors: Woodruff Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Religions come and go, but ritual survives. Often a practice continues with new meanings long after old meanings have been forgotten. Ritual is more robust than belief and has more staying power, but wherever there is ritual, there must be the reverence to take that ritual seriously. In these fast-changing times, many people feel the ground of religion shifting underneath them. They should be comforted to learn that religious ground has shifted before. Faith changes over history, but reverence remains. We should, therefore, be able to trace reverence back to cultures that have religions very different from modern ones. That’s what I plan to do in this chapter, with special attention to religions that seem most repugnant to modern Christian taste. One very hard case is religion that is agnostic, or that places no emphasis on belief, such as classic Confucianism or Jainism.
Relativism
Authors: Woodruff Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Complete relativist—like a die-hard traditionalist—would tie reverence to tradition so strongly as to make it to break with tradition and not violate reverence. But sometimes it is right to break with a tradition, and in those cases, if reverence is a virtue, breaking with tradition cannot be irreverent. A good relativist is hard to find. A well-tuned mind cannot overlook the differences in faith and morals between one religion and another. It is not reverent to say that all religions are the same deep down. Well-meaning people who say that they are the same may be setting the issue of belief aside (as would be fair enough for those whose religions do not involve belief). But if they are speaking of belief-based religions, then they are betray- ing either their own beliefs or the truth. If they don’t really care whether their beliefs are true, they betray their beliefs; if they think that every religious belief is true, they betray the truth. The same goes for morals: if you think that every religious system gives equal place to justice, you betray justice.
Bacteriophage T5
Authors: Sayers Jon R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several features of phage type 5 make this a very interesting and rather unusual lytic bacteriophage. Phage T5 does not encode an RNA polymerase, unlike the T7 phage, nor does it contain unusual DNA modifications such as the 5-hydroxymethyl deoxycytidine present in phage T4. T5 DNA carries some of the strongest known prokaryotic promoters but they are regulated in a strictly controlled temporal sequence. Perhaps the most unusual feature is that the phage’s DNA enters the host in a two-step transfer mechanism. Transfer of the viral genome from the virion to host pauses after injection of the first 10 kb of the 120 kbp linear genome, until the pre-early phage-encoded proteins have been produced. The DNA itself is unusual in that it contains a number of cryptic nicks in one strand of its double-stranded genome. The phage is able to destroy host cell DNA rapidly, yet can quickly inactivate the nuclease responsible for this degradation. The T5 group includes phages BF23, 29a, BG3, and PB (52). Of these only T5 and BF23 have been studied in any detail. However, in comparison with phages l, T4, and T7, relatively little work has been published on these fascinating phages. This chapter will present a general overview of what is known about their life cycles and will concentrate particularly on advances made since the last major review of the group was published (56).
Bacteriophage P1
Authors: Lehnherr Hansjörg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first edition of this volume, Michael B. Yarmolinsky and the late Nat L. Sternberg wrote a 147-page chapter filled to the brim with scientific, historical, and anecdotal information about bacteriophage P1 (198). Their work was the first comprehensive review covering 35 years of P1 research. Following in their footsteps, this review inevitably relies heavily on its predecessor. Any reader with an interest in P1 is strongly advised to also read the Yarmolinsky and Sternberg review, which extensively covers aspects of P1 biology that are still valid and up todate and therefore not covered here. It is the aim of this account to provide the reader with a general overview of bacteriophage P1 biology, with special focus on developments during the last 15 years. The data are arranged to reflect a lytic phage infection cycle, with an inbuilt detour covering the plasmid life style of P1 during lysogeny.
Temperate Bacteriophages of Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Fink Pamela S , Zahler Stanley A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bacillus subtilis strains, like many other bacteria, contain temperate bacteriophage genomes within their chromosomes. Some of these bacteriophages form viable infective particles upon induction, for example f105 and SP b. Other bacteriophages, such as PBSX, appear to be remnants of intact viruses that no longer have a complete genome but package fragments of the bacteria1 chromosome during phage maturation. • subtilis temperate bacteriophages come in a variety of shapes and sizes, which will be detailed in the next section. Despite physical differences, these phages have one thing in common: only linear, double-stranded DNA, be it bacteriophage or bacterial chromosome in origin, is packaged in the phage particle. There have been no reports of single-stranded DNA phages in Bacillus species, and only one report of an RNA phage, AP50, which is specific for Bacillus anthracis (89). A chapter on B. subtilis temperate bacteriophages appeared in the first edition of The Bacteriophages (151). Since that time, a wealth of information has been reported about these phages. New isolates have been identified, phage-specific gene products have been characterized, and the DNA sequences of the entire SPb and PBSX genomes have been determined.
Phage in Display
Authors: Lindqvist Bjorn H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phage display is a process by which a peptide or a protein is expressed as an exterior fusion to a surface protein of a phage particle. The peptide or protein sequence can be deduced from its encoding DNA sequence that resides in the phage particle or in a transductant. Amplification of the DNA of interest can take place by phage/transductant propagation or by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). By producing large populations of phage particles, each expressing a unique peptide or protein, peptide/protein libraries can be obtained. Peptides or proteins, interacting with defined molecular targets most often proteins can be isolated from such libraries by enrichment through repeated cycles of panning. Hence, phage display can be thought of as a ‘‘search engine’’ of protein^target interactions. The pioneering work of Smith (113) first demonstrated surface display of peptides in filamentous phage fd. This innovation was extended to peptide libraries of fd and M13 (19, 22, 108) and phagemid display was introduced (6). The display of proteins such as antibody domains and combinatorial antibody libraries soon followed (5, 59, 75). From the beginning of the 1990s phage-display-related publications have grown exponentially (128). Several reviews (some general, e.g., 58, 125; and many specialized) are available. There are numerous reports and several laboratory manuals (4) describing development and use of filamentous phage display in identification of peptide or protein interactions with simple organic compounds, antibodies, receptors, etc. Phage display is also a useful tool in protein engineering and directed evolution (44). Then there is the large sector of phage antibody display (64) and the more recent field of immune profiling and its implication for vaccine development (15, 112). Furthermore, complex targets such as cells (92) and whole tissues/organs (91) have been subjected to phage display analysis. These studies explore novel approaches for in vivo homing in gene/drug delivery (78), cancer surveillance/treatment (2, 86, 103), and imaging (127).
June 15 Macbeth
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Word from Boston spread around town on the afternoon of May 31 that Kelsey Grammer’s Macbeth-the first new Broadway show of the season-was about to disband its band of witches and shutter four days later, on Tony Award Sunday. This in the face of the worst pre-Broadway reviews in-well, nine weeks, when Elaine May’s Taller Than a Dwarf met similar resistance from the same critics at the same theatre in the same town. Terry Byrne of the Boston Herald noted that the play-which “usually incites gut-wrenching terror, sadness and, finally, redemption”-in Grammer’s hands “elicits only snickers and the kind of horror that comes from seeing a production go completely awry:’ Ed Siegel in the Boston Globe called it a “two-hour freight train of an adaptation:’ Markland Taylor of Variety called it “a reasonably competent, underlit staged reading:’ finding the star “a stolid, somewhat flat-footed middle-class, middle-aged man:’ Here, you had a surefire crowd nonpleaser. But you also had a major television star in tow.
October 19 Proof
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manhattan Theatre Club has enjoyed a long and distinguished life since it began operations in 1970. Under the guidance of artistic director Lynne Meadow and executive producer Barry Grove, who arrived in 1972 and 1974, respectively, it has provided audiences with a steady stream of entertainment. Intimate plays have been its mainstay, with multiple offerings from playwrights such as Terrence McNally, A. R. Gurney, Athol Fugard, Beth Henley, Alan Ayckbourn, David Margulies, and Charles Busch. MTC’s biggest “hit” was its early musical revue Ain’t Misbehavin’, which enjoyed worldwide success when it transferred to Broadway in 1977.
November 13 Matters of the Heart
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The curse of the Broadway theatre, real estate-wise, is that it is a limited-use facility. You get eight performances a week-when you’ve got a show running, that is-which means you’re open to the public roughly twenty-four hours a week. The rest of the time, you pay your electricity and heating and mortgage and insurance and everything else without the possibility of collecting any income. Most Broadway attractions play a Tuesday through Sunday matinee schedule, which leaves them dark two nights a week-nights when you could otherwise fill some seats.
November 14 Betrayal
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I went to the 2000 revival of Betrayal as someone who had never quite connected with the work of Harold Pinter. His early plays were produced before I started attending serious drama. Three of them made quite a stir on Broadway: The Birthday Party (London, 1958; New York, 1967), The Caretaker (1960/1961), and The Homecoming (1965/1967). I read them, all three together, when I was about fifteen. Not the optimal introduction to Pinter, I suppose. Still, I found them absorbing, and I dutifully went to see the next Pinter play to make it across the pond. But Old Times (1970/1971) left me totally unengaged. I have duly attended the other two Pinter plays that have made it to The 1980 Broadway production of Broadway, but I found No Man’s Betrayal was so pallid that it made no Land (1974/1976) stodgy and Be-impression on me whatsoever.
March 22 Bloomer Girl
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
W hen the 1944 musical comedy Bloomer Girl began its preBroadway tour in Philadelphia, it was hailed as the new Oklahoma! But a new Oklahoma! it wasn’t, despite the presence of six stalwarts from the 1943 Rodgers and Hammerstein classic (choreographer Agnes de Mille; set designer Lemuel Ayres; costume designer Miles White; orchestrator Russell Bennett; and leading players Celeste Holm and Joan McCracken). Bloomer Girl came into town with a strong advance sale, received strong but not ecstatic reviews, and enjoyed a thenimpressive 654-performance run.
March 26 Judgment at Nuremberg
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abby Mann’s Judgment at Nuremberg first appeared in 1959 as a television play, with a stellar cast (including Austrian actor Maximilian Schell). Producer-director Stanley Kramer brought Judgment at Nuremberg to the big screen in 1961, with Mann adapting his teleplay into a screenplay. (Mann won an Oscar for his efforts, as did Schell.) In 2001, Mann brought Nuremberg to Broadway, with Schell once more heading the cast. No awards, this time, and little acclaim. Why? Several reasons leap to mind. The medium; the stars; the time; and the times.
March 29 The Invention of love
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
W illiam Goldman, in his 1969 book The Season, defined what he called the “Snob Hit!’ More or less, it is a so­phisticated play that gets great reviews on Broadway and sells a lot of tickets (for a sophisticated play). Only a few people like it, and even fewer understand it. The play must be British, Goldman tells us; it must be at least partially unintelligible; and “the audience that goes to the Snob Hit must be convinced that the ‘average’ theatregoer wouldn’t understand it!’ Goldman was not writing about Tom Stoppard’s The Invention of Love, not back in 1969. (He did point out, though, that most Snob Hits incorporate “poets, clerics, historical figures from various ages”). Goldman was discussing Stoppard’s Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead.
April 24 The Gathering
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arje Shaw, the author of the Holocaust-themed drama The Gathering, “arrived in New York City in 1949 at the age of eight with his parents and sister from a displaced persons camp in Bergen Belsen, Germany:’ This from his Playbill bio, which concludes with “Mr. Shaw would like to dedicate this play to the martyrs and survivors who found the strength to pick up the pieces and rebuild their lives:’ Mr. Shaw was very much in earnest, and one can only admire his intentions. But his play was clunky. You might get the benefit of the doubt at the West Coast Jewish Theatre in Los Angeles, where The Gathering had its first reading with a cast headed by Ed Asner, or even at New York’s Jewish Repertory Theatre, where it was produced in 1999 with Theodore Bikel in the lead. But Broadway is a tough-hearted place, especially when you’re one of seven shows opening within the final sixteen days of the season.
April 26 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mark Twain placed the famous fence-painting scene right near the beginning of his 1876 novel, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, in chapter 2. You remember: Tom has been commanded to whitewash a fence, as Saturday afternoon punishment for some minor misdeed. He quickly maneuvers his friends into doing the work-and paying him for the privilege (half-eaten apples, old doorknobs, and such). As the chapter draws to a close, Twain notes that Tom “had discovered a great law of human action, without knowing it-namely, that in order to make a man or a boy covet a thing, it is only necessary to make the thing difficult to attain.
May 1 King Hedley II
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider the response if you or I or Jon Robin Baitz or Edward Albee announced, back in 1984, that we were going to write a new play every two years for the next twenty years and have them all produced on Broadway. Then, add in that the plays would be well received; and that they would win two Pulitzers, six Critics Circle Awards, one Tony, and five additional Tony nominations among them. And add in that they would all deal with African-American culture, utilizing almost exclusively African-American casts and directors.
May 2 42nd Street
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The big, brassy, bountiful Broadway musical died a cruel death in the mid-196os. Ineffective shows, aging creators, a changing public, and rising costs combined to bring an era to an end. Top-dollar Broadway musicals started to become smaller and smaller. The full-bodied ensemble, back in the 1950s, was typically built on four eights: eight male singers, eight female singers, eight male dancers, eight female dancers. This started to diminish, until they might hire only twelve or sixteen altogether. (The 1975 musical A Chorus Line was built around an audition to select four “boys” and four “girls:’) Increased labor and material costs took their toll, as shows became less and less lavish. Exceptions, like the 1971 production of Follies and the 1973 revival of Irene, had enormous losses despite lengthy runs. By the middle of the decade, the big Broadway musical was but a memory.
cowboys to Girls’’ (1968)
Authors: Jackson John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If There Was One Particular Year In Which American Society threatened to disintegrate, that year was 1968. Mired in a increasingly unpopular war in Vietnam, with any signs of a negotiated settlement dashed by the Communist-led Tet Offensive in January, President Johnson told the nation that he would not seek reelection that fall. Weeks later, a white gunman assassinated Martin Luther King Jr. in Memphis, igniting black rioting and violence in some 12 5 cities and causing more than thirty deaths and thousands of injuries and arrests. That June, Robert Kennedy-perhaps the only white politician with an enthusiastic black following-was murdered in Los Angeles. Over 100,000 blacks and whites marched together in Kennedy’s processional, but many wondered whether nonviolence itself was at an end as subsequent rioting left forty-six dead. The Democratic Convention, held in Chicago that summer, symbolized the country’s internal bleeding, as antiwar demonstrators, in full view of the mass media, were beaten mercilessly by police. That fall, Republican Richard Nixon eked out a narrow victory over his opponent. To many blacks-90 percent of whom voted Democratic-Nixon’s victory signaled the perpetuation of institutional racism. While America had always been racially divided, the situation had not engendered such direct conflict for over a century.