bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of breast‐conserving surgery for patients with breast carcinoma associated with nipple discharge
Authors: Cabioglu Neslihan , Krishnamurthy Savitri , Kuerer Henry M. , Hunt Kelly K. , Singletary S. Eva , Meric‐Bernstam Funda , Ross Merrick I. , Feig Barry W. , Ames Frederick C. , Babiera Gildy V. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDFew studies in the literature address the surgical management of patients with breast carcinoma who present with associated nipple discharge. The purpose of the current study was to determine the feasibility of breast‐conserving surgery (BCS) for these patients.METHODSThe medical records of patients who presented with pathologic nipple discharge and underwent diagnostic or curative surgery between January 1990 and December 2002 were retrospectively reviewed.RESULTSA total of 188 patients presented with nipple discharge during the study period. Of those, 47 had breast carcinoma. One patient had metachronous bilateral nipple discharge associated with malignant disease. Therefore, medical records associated with a total of 48 cases were reviewed. The median patient age was 52 years (range, 29–87 years), and the median follow‐up duration was 45 months (range, 6–109 months). Twenty‐nine patients had ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 14 had Stage I disease, 3 had Stage II disease, and 2 had Stage III disease. Twenty‐four patients were ultimately treated with mastectomy. For 16 of these patients, mastectomy was required because extensive disease was found in reexcisional segmental mastectomy specimens. Among patients with Stage 0 or I disease, the incidence of occult nipple‐areola complex (NAC) involvement was 16% (3 of 19 patients). Twenty‐four patients were ultimately treated with BCS with (n = 13) or without (n = 11) adjuvant radiotherapy. Local disease recurrence was noted at 14, 28, and 40 months, respectively, in 3 patients who declined adjuvant radiotherapy after BCS for DCIS. Among patients treated with BCS, comedonecrosis, multifocality, and the absence of adjuvant radiotherapy were associated with decreased local recurrence–free survival (P = 0.0005, P = 0.045, and P = 0.013, respectively). However, disease‐free survival (mean ± standard error) was similar for patients who underwent mastectomy and patients who underwent BCS (90 ± 6 months; 95% confidence interval [CI], 78–101 months vs. 82 ± 6 months; 95% CI, 69–94 months; P = 0.528). One patient with Stage I disease died of distant metastases at 99 months.CONCLUSIONSPatients with breast carcinoma accompanied by nipple discharge presented primarily with early‐stage breast carcinoma associated with DCIS. Occult NAC involvement was not an uncommon finding in patients with early‐stage breast carcinoma. Nonetheless, BCS can be performed safely if negative margins are achieved and if appropriate adjuvant radiotherapy or systemic therapy is administered. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma are associated with an increased incidence of venothromboembolic disease
Authors: Srkalovic Gordan , Cameron Marte G. , Rybicki Lisa , Deitcher Steven R. , Kattke‐Marchant Kandice , Hussein Mohamad A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDVenous thromboembolic disease (VTD) is a recently recognized complication of thalidomide in combination therapy for patients with multiple myeloma (MM). The authors assessed the frequency of VTD and its risk factors in 612 consecutive patients with plasma cell dyscrasia (PCD) who were evaluated and followed from 1991 to 2001.METHODSIn the current study, 404 patients were diagnosed with multiple myeloma (MM), 174 with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), and 34 with other forms (excluding amyloidosis). Univariable correlates of VTD were assessed using Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards analysis.RESULTSThe authors identified several univariable correlates of VTD in patients with MGUS, including a family and medical history of VTD, immobility, low serum albumin level, and high leukocyte count. Patients with MGUS with immunoglobulin (Ig) G monoclonal immunoglobulin were found to be less prone to develop VTD. In patients with MM, a family and medical history of VTD and the presence of a hypercoagulable state were factors identified in univariable analysis to be associated with an increased risk of VTD. In patients with MM, for each unit increase in serum albumin, the risk of VTD was lower. The type of the treatment regimen did not appear to correlate with the development of VTD.CONCLUSIONSIn the current study, the risk for thromboembolic diseases among patients with PCD was increased compared with the risk in the general population. Further studies are necessary to define the mechanisms involved. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Risk assessment of patients with hematologic malignancies who develop fever accompanied by pulmonary infiltrates
Authors: Offidani Massimo , Corvatta Laura , Malerba Lara , Marconi Monica , Bichisecchi Elisabetta , Cecchini Sara , Manso Esther , Principi Tiziana , Gasparini Stefano , Leoni Pietro 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe mortality rate associated with fever accompanied by pulmonary infiltrates after chemotherapy for hematologic malignancies remains higher than the corresponding rate associated with febrile neutropenia without pulmonary infiltrates. Nonetheless, few studies have focused on the factors that predict outcome for patients with lung infiltrates. The purpose of the current study was to construct a risk model for clinical use by assessing the factors that affect outcome for patients with fever and pulmonary infiltrates.METHODSA historical cohort of 110 patients with hematologic malignancies who developed fever and pulmonary infiltrates was examined. Using parameters for which data were available at the onset of lung infiltrates, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess factors affecting outcome. After a value of one point was assigned to each significant variable, a prediction score was calculated for each patient; scores were used to generate a system for identifying patients with a low risk of death due to fever accompanied by pulmonary infiltrates.RESULTSThe crude mortality rate associated with pulmonary infiltrates was 23%; factors associated with cure included a favorable change in white blood cell counts (odds ratio [OR], 5.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7–18.9; P = 0.001), C‐reactive protein levels < 10 mg/dL (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.6–13.8; P = 0.001), and serum albumin levels ≥ 3 g/dL (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.4–7.3; P = 0.004). Low‐risk patients (risk score, 2–3) and high‐risk patients (risk score, 0–1) had survival rates of 95% and 46%, respectively (P < 0.0001). The risk model had a specificity of 88% and a positive predictive value of 95%.CONCLUSIONSThe risk model tested in the current study accurately predicted the survival of patients with hematologic malignancies who developed fever with pulmonary infiltrates. Once prospectively validated, the model could be used to select patients for trials involving novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Glycosylation patterns are sexually dimorphic throughout development of the olfactory system in Manduca sexta
Authors: Gibson Nicholas J. , Hildebrand John G. , Tolbert Leslie P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn the moth Manduca sexta, development of the adult olfactory system depends on complex interactions between olfactory receptor neurons in the antenna, antennal‐lobe neurons in the brain, and several classes of glial cells. As one approach to characterizing molecules that may play roles in these interactions, we used lectins to screen antennae and antennal lobes at different stages of adult development. We find that each of the major neural cell types has a distinct pattern of labeling by lectins. Effects of enzymatic and other treatments on lectin labeling lead us to conclude that the predominant lectin ligands are: glycosphingolipids and an O‐linked, fucose‐containing glycoprotein on axons of olfactory receptor neurons, O‐linked glycoproteins on antennal‐lobe neurons, and N‐linked glycoproteins on all classes of glial cells in the primary olfactory pathway. Wheat germ agglutinin labels all olfactory axons uniformly during much of development, but labeling becomes restricted to the pheromone‐responsive olfactory receptor neurons in the adult male. Succinylated WGA reveals differences in these axon classes earlier, as glomerului develop from protoglomeruli. The adult female displays a less pronounced difference in labeling of axons targeting ordinary and sexually dimorphic glomeruli. Differences in labeling of receptor axons targeted to ordinary and sexually dimorphic glomeruli may be correlated with differences in function or connectivity in different regions of the antennal lobe. J. Comp. Neurol. 476:1–18, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cyto‐ and chemoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex of the Australian echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). I. Areal organization
Authors: Hassiotis Maria , Paxinos George , Ashwell Ken W.S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe have examined the topography of the cerebral cortex of the Australian echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), using Nissl and myelin staining, immunoreactivity for parvalbumin, calbindin, and nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein (SMI‐32 antibody), and histochemistry for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and NADPH diaphorase. Myelinated fibers terminating in layer IV of the cortex were abundant in the primary sensory cortical areas (areas S1, R, and PV of somatosensory cortex; primary visual cortex) as well as the frontal cortex. Parvalbumin immunoreactivity was particularly intense in the neuropil and somata of somatosensory regions (S1, R, and PV areas) but was poor in motor cortex. Immunoreactivity with the SMI‐32 antibody was largely confined to a single sublayer of layer V pyramidal neurons in discrete subregions of the somatosensory, visual, and auditory cortices, as well as a large field in the frontal cortex (Fr1). Surprisingly, SMI‐32 neurons were absent from the motor cortex. In AChE preparations, S1, R, V1, and A regions displayed intense reactivity in supragranular layers. Our findings indicate that there is substantial regional differentiation in the expanded frontal cortex of this monotreme. Although we agree with many of the boundaries identified by previous authors in this unusual mammal (Abbie [1940] J. Comp. Neurol. 72:429–467), we present an updated nomenclature for cortical areas that more accurately reflects findings from functional and chemoarchitectural studies. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:493–517, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunocytochemical localization of three vesicular glutamate transporters in the cat retina
Authors: Fyk‐Kolodziej Bozena , Dzhagaryan Arturik , Qin Pu , Pourcho Roberta G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractVesicular transporters play an essential role in the packaging of glutamate for synaptic release and so are of particular importance in the retina, where glutamate serves as the neurotransmitter for photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells. In the present study, we have examined the distribution of the three known isoforms of vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) in the cat retina. VGLUT1 was localized to all photoreceptor and bipolar cells, whereas VGLUT2 was found in ganglion cells. This basic pattern of complementary distribution for the two transporters among known populations of glutamatergic cells is similar to previous findings in the brain and spinal cord. However, the axon terminals of S‐cone photoreceptors were found to express both VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 and some ganglion cells labeled for both VGLUT2 and VGLUT3. Such colocalizations suggest the existence of dual modes of regulation of vesicular glutamate transport in these neurons. Staining for VGLUT2 was also present in a small number of varicose processes, which were seen to ramify throughout the inner plexiform layer. These fibers may represent axon collaterals of ganglion cells. The most prominent site of VGLUT3 immunoreactivity was in a population of amacrine cells; the axon terminals of B‐type horizontal cells were also labeled at their contacts with rod spherules. The presence of the VGLUT3 transporter at sites not otherwise implicated in glutamate release may indicate novel modes of glutamate signaling or additional roles for the transporter molecule. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:518–530, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noradrenergic innervation of the developing and mature septal area of the rat
Authors: Antonopoulos John , Latsari Maria , Dori Ioanna , Chiotelli Maria , Parnavelas John G. , Dinopoulos Athanasios 
Published: June 2004

AbstractABSTRACT The noradrenergic innervation of the developing and mature septal area of the rat was examined with light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry using an antibody against dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase. At birth, a small number of relatively thick noradrenergic fibers were found to innervate the lateral septum (mainly its intermediate part) and the nuclei of the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band of Broca. By postnatal day 7, a substantial increase in their density was observed. At this age some labeled fibers left the medial forebrain bundle and invaded the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band. These fibers then ran in a ventrodorsal direction and innervated the nucleus of the vertical limb before entering the medial septum. Immunoreactive fibers were finer and more varicose than at birth. In the subsequent 2 weeks, the density of labeled fibers in the septal area was further increased. By postnatal day 21, the distribution pattern and density of the noradrenergic innervation appeared similar to the adult. In the adult, noradrenergic fibers exhibited more varicosities than in younger rats. Electron microscopic analysis revealed a low proportion (peaked at P7) of noradrenergic varicosities engaged in synaptic contacts throughout development. The overwhelming majority of these synapses were symmetrical, predominantly with small or medium‐sized dendrites. The present findings provide the morphological basis for the functional interactions between noradrenergic afferents and neuronal elements in the septal area. The low proportion of synaptic contacts found in this study suggests that noradrenaline may exert its action in the septal area mainly through transmission by diffusion (volume transmission), as has been suggested for other areas of the developing and adult brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 476:80–90, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of spinal nerve ligation on immunohistochemically identified neurons in the L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia of the rat
Authors: Hammond Donna L. , Ackerman Laurie , Holdsworth Ryan , Elzey Brian 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis study examined the effect of spinal nerve ligation on different populations of immunohistochemically identified neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of the rat. The optical fractionator method was used to count neurons in the ipsilateral L4 and L5 DRG 1–20 weeks after ligation of the L5 and L6 spinal nerves, sham surgery, or no surgery. One week after ligation, neurons in the L5 DRG that were labeled by IB4, a marker of unmyelinated primary afferent neurons, were largely absent. The numbers of IB4‐labeled neurons then progressively increased to reach control values by 20 weeks. A smaller, sustained decrease occurred in the number of small‐, medium‐ and large‐sized neurons immunoreactive for calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), a marker for peptidergic primary afferents, in the L5 DRG. There was a proportionately greater decrease in the numbers of medium‐ to large‐sized CGRP‐like immunoreactive neurons. The number of myelinated afferents in the L5 DRG, identified by their staining for neurofilament protein (N52), did not change after ligation. However, closer examination revealed a significant decrease in the numbers of large‐sized neurons, coupled with an increase in the numbers of small‐ to medium‐sized neurons, and the appearance of a novel population of very small‐sized neurons labeled by N52. The numbers and cell size distributions of IB4‐labeled, CGRP‐like immunoreactive, and N52‐labeled neurons were unchanged in the adjacent L4 DRG. Unlike the L5 DRG, injury‐induced changes in the expression of various receptors, neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors in the L4 DRG are not confounded by a change in the immunohistochemical phenotype of primary afferent neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:575–589, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An electron microscope immunocytochemical study of GABABR2 receptors in the monkey basal ganglia: A comparative analysis with GABABR1 receptor distribution
Authors: Charara Ali , Galvan Adriana , Kuwajima Masaaki , Hall Randy A. , Smith Yoland 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFunctional γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)Breceptors are heterodimers made up of GABABR1 and GABABR2 subunits. The subcellular localization of GABABR2 receptors remains poorly known in the central nervous system. Therefore, we performed an ultrastructural analysis of the localization of GABABR2 receptor immunoreactivity in the monkey basal ganglia. Furthermore, to characterize better the neuronal sites at which GABABR1 and GABABR2 may interact to form functional receptors, we compared the relative distribution of immunoreactivity of the two GABABreceptors in various basal ganglia nuclei. Light to moderate GABABR2 immunoreactivity was found in cell bodies and neuropil elements in all basal ganglia nuclei. At the electron microscope level, GABABR2 immunoreactivity was commonly expressed postsynaptically, although immunoreactive preterminal axonal segments were also frequently encountered, particularly in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra, where they accounted for the third of the total number of GABABR2‐containing elements. A few labeled terminals that displayed the ultrastructural features of glutamatergic boutons were occasionally found in most basal ganglia nuclei, except for the subthalamic nucleus, which was devoid of GABABR2‐immunoreactive boutons. The relative distribution of GABABR2 immunoreactivity in the monkey basal ganglia was largely consistent with that of GABABR1, but some exceptions were found, most noticeably in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra, which contained a significantly larger proportion of presynaptic elements labeled for GABABR1 than GABABR2. These findings suggest the possible coexistence and heterodimerization of GABABR1 and GABABR2 at various pre‐ and postsynaptic sites, but also raise the possibility that the formation of functional GABABreceptors in specific compartments of basal ganglia neurons relies on mechanisms other than GABABR1/R2 heterodimerization. J. Comp. Neurol. 476:65–79, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mesostructured Dye‐Doped Titanium Dioxide for Micro‐Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Vogel Robert , Meredith Paul , Kartini Indriana , Harvey Michael , Riches Jamie D. , Bishop Alexis , Heckenberg Norman , Trau Matt , Rubinsztein‐Dunlop Halina 
Published: June 2004

AbstractOptically transparent, mesostructured titanium dioxide thin films were fabricated using an amphiphilic poly(alkylene oxide) block copolymer template in combination with retarded hydrolysis of a titanium isopropoxide precursor. Prior to calcination, the films displayed a stable hexagonal mesophase and high refractive indices (1.5 to 1.6) relative to mesostructured silica (1.43). After calcination, the hexagonal mesophase was retained with surface areas >300 m2 g−1. The dye Rhodamine 6G (commonly used as a laser dye) was incorporated into the copolymer micelle during the templating process. In this way, novel dye‐doped mesostructured titanium dioxide films were synthesised. The copolymer not only directs the film structure, but also provides a solubilizing environment suitable for sustaining a high monomer‐to‐aggregate ratio at elevated dye concentrations. The dye‐doped films displayed optical thresholdlike behaviour characteristic of amplified spontaneous emission. Soft lithography was successfully applied to micropattern the dye‐doped films. These results pave the way for the fabrication and demonstration of novel microlaser structures and other active optical structures. This new, high‐refractive index, mesostructured, dye‐doped material could also find applications in areas such as optical coatings, displays and integrated photonic devices.
Ion–Dipole Interactions in Concentrated Organic Electrolytes
Authors: Chagnes Alexandre , Nicolis Stamatios , Carré Bernard , Willmann Patrick , Lemordant Daniel 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAn algorithm is proposed for calculating the energy of ion–dipole interactions in concentrated organic electrolytes. The ion–dipole interactions increase with increasing salt concentration and must be taken into account when the activation energy for the conductivity is calculated. In this case, the contribution of ion–dipole interactions to the activation energy for this transport process is of the same order of magnitude as the contribution of ion–ion interactions. The ion–dipole interaction energy was calculated for a cell of eight ions, alternatingly anions and cations, placed on the vertices of an expanded cubic lattice whose parameter is related to the mean interionic distance (pseudolattice theory). The solvent dipoles were introduced randomly into the cell by assuming a randomness compacity of 0.58. The energy of the dipole assembly in the cell was minimized by using a Newton–Raphson numerical method. The dielectric field gradient around ions was taken into account by a distance parameter and a dielectric constant of ε=3 at the surfaces of the ions. A fair agreement between experimental and calculated activation energy has been found for systems composed of γ‐butyrolactone (BL) as solvent and lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6), and lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) as salts.
Search for Resolution of Chiral Fluorohalogenomethanes and Parity‐Violation Effects at the Molecular Level
Authors: Crassous Jeanne , Monier Franck , Dutasta Jean‐Pierre , Ziskind Michaël , Daussy Christophe , Grain Christophe , Chardonnet Christian 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe first observation of a parity‐violation effect in molecules induced by weak interactions is still a dream that requires the synthesis and, eventually, the resolution of the enantiomers of well‐chosen simple chiral molecules together with an appropriate experimental set‐up for high‐resolution spectroscopy. Performing IR spectroscopy on highly enantiomerically enriched samples of bromochlorofluoromethane succeeded in giving an upper limit of 10−13 for the relative vibrational energy difference between the two enantiomers. These results led us to conceive a new experimental set‐up based on a supersonic molecular beam and to work on other chiral molecules, such as chlorofluoroiodomethane. A synthesis of (±)‐CHClFI from racemic chlorofluoroiodoacetic acid should, in the near future permit the preparation of optically active samples of this haloform. The development of molecular beam spectroscopy using a two‐photon Ramsey‐fringes experiment should allow us to reach the precision needed to observe parity violation. These experimental challenges, which stimulate a close collaboration between chemists and physicists, are presented. The success of these projects would open the route to new information on the molecular Hamiltonian, a better knowledge of the electroweak interaction, and a better control of the various chirality‐related properties of simple molecules.