bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metagenomic Analyses of an Uncultured Viral Community from Human Feces
Authors: Breitbart Mya , Hewson Ian , Felts Ben , Mahaffy Joseph M. , Nulton James , Salamon Peter , Rohwer Forest 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACT
Here we present the first metagenomic analyses of an uncultured viral community from human feces, using partial shotgun sequencing. Most of the sequences were unrelated to anything previously reported. The recognizable viruses were mostly siphophages, and the community contained an estimated 1,200 viral genotypes.
Isometries of Orbifolds Double-Covered by Lens Spaces
Authors: Jeevanjee Theresa L. 
Published: October 2003

Let K be a two-bridge knot in S3. Then K is also denoted as the four-plat, b(p,q) to indicate its association with some rational number p/q. The lens space L = L(p,q) admits an isometry, τ, of order 2, such that the quotient space L modulo the involution τ is an orbifold whose exceptional set is K. In this paper, the isometries of these orbifolds are classified; this is equivalent to computing the isometries of (S3,K).
Ethics in Conflict Resolution: The Ties That Bind
Authors:   Barry,   Robinson
Published: October 2003

AbstractEthical dilemmas are inevitable in negotiation and other conflict resolution situations as parties seek to guard self-interest while reconciling competing interests. There is a developing body of research on the psychology of ethics in conflict, but a relative dearth of scholarly attention to the wider field of ethics in conflict resolution. In this introductory essay, we describe and comment on the diversity of approaches and contexts featured in the articles that comprise this themed issue of International Negotiation. We identify the ethical dimensions of relationships among disputing parties and interveners as a common thematic element that may represent a fruitful avenue for thinking about the distinctive role of ethics in the resolution of conflict.
Relational Frames and Their Ethical Implications in International Negotiation: An Analysis Based on the Oslo II Negotiations
Authors:   Hoobler,   Donohue
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn a recent set of papers, Donohue and colleagues used Relational Order theory to describe the relational context that evolved during the first Oslo negotiations held in 1992–1993. However, many relational shifts have developed between Palestinians and Israelis since Oslo. The question is have these shifts established a context that allows for the parties to bargain in good faith? Negotiations conducted to satisfy political agendas that are likely to fail because of stressed relationships between the parties make it difficult for parties to bargain in good faith. Relational Order Theory was used in the current article to better understand the relational context leading to the 1995 Oslo II accords and thus, the ethical sanction of the negotiations. Editorials and interviews from Palestinian and Israeli leaders leading up to the negotiations were analyzed to determine the extent to which the relational context was more affiliation-oriented or more focused on power and domination. The results indicate that the relational context leading up to Oslo II shifted dramatically over the course of several months as parties shaped their perspectives on the negotiations. However, the competition for power expressed by the exchanges suggested a less ethically defensible context for negotiations. The ethical implications of forcing negotiation in the face of a fairly aggressive relational context are discussed.
Moral Compromise: Owen and Holbrooke Mediating the Bosnia Conflict
Authors:   van Es
Published: October 2003

AbstractTo analyze moral notions in conflict dynamics, several conceptions of negotiation, moral notions in conflict perspectives, and elements of moral compromise are examined. Together, these indicators provide a framework for analyzing the moral dimensions of the mediator's role in complex negotiations. These ideas are illustrated through a discussion of the actions of two mediators in the Bosnia conflict during the 1990s. The analysis considers why these mediators were so different in their effectiveness and capacity to reach compromise. It also becomes clear when moral compromise is feasible.
Lambs Among Lions? The Impact of Ethical Ideology on Negotiation Behaviors and Outcomes
Authors:   Parks,   Banas
Published: October 2003

AbstractRelationships between individuals' ethical orientations (classified on dimensions of idealism and relativism), their negotiation strategies, their views of ethically ``marginal'' tactics, and their outcomes in dyadic negotiation are examined. Results indicate a relationship between ethical orientation and negotiation strategy. Specifically, absolutists (high on idealism, low on relativism) tended to employ more assertive negotiation strategies than did those of other ethical orientations. Individuals in no one category of ethical ideology outperformed those in any other category in terms of integrativeness of agreements or outcomes. Absolutists viewed ethically questionable tactics as less acceptable, whereas subjectivists found them more acceptable. We found that individuals less accepting of questionable tactics (``lambs''), who negotiated against those more accepting of such tactics (``lions''), were able to achieve better outcomes and a greater percentage of joint outcomes.
Negotiating Global Change: Progressive Multilateralism in Trade in Telecommunications Talks
Authors: Ives Paula Murphy 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis article provides an analysis of negotiated change within the global telecommunications regime. It examines how agreements are achieved in the area of trade and telecommunications, particularly within the aegis of the Geneva-based World Trade Organization (WTO). It argues that, in the negotiations examined, the interplay between unilateral action, bilateral, plurilateral and multilateral processes and the ensuing alchemy of coercion and concord led to an overall reframing of the central problem and thereby facilitated multilateral consensus. Drawing upon evidence from Japan-U.S. bilateral, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and multilateral trade and telecom talks, this research tests the proposition that coercive pressure is the predominant factor in bringing about negotiated change. It also considers the alternate thesis that integrative reframing, involving the search for mutual gains, was paramount in facilitating change. Qualitative observations signal the phenomenon of progressive multilateralism, or the sequential interplay of unilateral action, bilateral, and multilateral processes, wherein undercurrents of coercion reorient perceptions of the outcome from uncertain gains towards loss avoidance. Together with information exchange and interaction, one observes position change. Understanding the dynamics at important impasse points facilitates a critical, political-economy reading of these international negotiations as well as more general conclusions about the nature of governance in this area.
When the Weak Bargain with the Strong: Negotiations in the World Trade Organization
Authors: Drahos Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWhen a developing country negotiates with a large developed country it generally faces the problem of unequal bargaining power. Within the context of trade negotiations, forming coalitions is one natural response to this. However, even in multilateral contexts, the sources of bargaining power still operate to advantage the large developed state and developing states do not always gain strength from numbers. The experience of the Uruguay Round, especially the negotiations over intellectual property rights, suggests that developing countries have to think much more creatively about group life rather than focusing on the institutional reform of the World Trade Organization. Informaland formal groups have different advantages and disadvantages. A more formal structure along the lines proposed in this article would help developing countries to overcome the weaknesses of informal groups, especially the two-track dilemma. Developing countries need groups that encourage communication among themselves, especially in the hard bargaining stages of a trade round. Better communication among developing countries is the basis for making calculative trust more robust and allows for the possibility of forming some level of social identity trust.
The Mediator as Coalition Builder: George Mitchell in Northern Ireland
Authors: Curran Daniel , Sebenius James 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn 1996, George Mitchell became the co-chairman of the All-Party Talks in a polarized Northern Ireland where the extremes had the dominant voice while the center was relatively mute politically. In analyzing Mitchell's actions, we seek to break new ground in the study of mediation. First, we explicitly assess the context to identify key barriers and opportunities. Second, we move beyond general categories of mediator approach – such as communication, formulation, and manipulation – to match classes of mediator action to barriers. Finally,we place these discrete actions in service of a larger purpose by exploring the "mediator as coalition-builder."Whether explicit or implicit, Mitchell's overarching approach in the All-Party Peace Talks can be interpreted as a drive toward creating an outward rippling "coalition of the center against the extremes."Mitchell's effort to forge a coalition of the center led him to follow coordinated and multi-pronged process, issue and timing strategies, which are the main focus of this article. In principle, Mitchell might have sought to forge agreement via very different potential coalitional approaches: for example, seeking to bridge the extremes, seeking consensus among all parties, seeking to forge a dominant coalition on one side or the other that could have prevailed over its opponents, or seeking a sequential divideand-conquer approach to isolate and overwhelm the opposition, etc. Yet for this particular context, the centrist coalitional approach led to significant progress.
The Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor ARNO mediates the activation of ARF and phospholipase D by insulin
Authors: Li Hai-Sheng , Shome Kuntala , Rojas Raúl , Rizzo Megan A , Vasudevan Chandrasekaran , Fluharty Eric , Santy Lorraine C , Casanova James E , Romero Guillermo 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Background
Phospholipase D (PLD) is involved in many signaling pathways. In most systems, the activity of PLD is primarily regulated by the members of the ADP-Ribosylation Factor (ARF) family of GTPases, but the mechanism of activation of PLD and ARF by extracellular signals has not been fully established. Here we tested the hypothesis that ARF-guanine nucleotide exchange factors (ARF-GEFs) of the cytohesin/ARNO family mediate the activation of ARF and PLD by insulin.

Results
Wild type ARNO transiently transfected in HIRcB cells was translocated to the plasma membrane in an insulin-dependent manner and promoted the translocation of ARF to the membranes. ARNO mutants: ΔCC-ARNO and CC-ARNO were partially translocated to the membranes while ΔPH-ARNO and PH-ARNO could not be translocated to the membranes. Sec7 domain mutants of ARNO did not facilitate the ARF translocation. Overexpression of wild type ARNO significantly increased insulin-stimulated PLD activity, and mutations in the Sec7 and PH domains, or deletion of the PH or CC domains inhibited the effects of insulin.

Conclusions
Small ARF-GEFs of the cytohesin/ARNO family mediate the activation of ARF and PLD by the insulin receptor.
Mitigation of Pennyroyal Oil Hepatotoxicity in the Mouse
Authors: Sztajnkrycer Matthew D. , Otten Edward J. , Bond G. Randall , Lindsell Christopher J. , Goetz Robert J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract Objectives: Pennyroyal oil ingestion has been associated with severe hepatotoxicity and death. The primary constituent, R‐(+)‐pulegone, is metabolized via hepatic cytochrome P450 to toxic intermediates. The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of the specific cytochrome P450 inhibitors disulfiram and cimetidine to mitigate hepatotoxicity in mice exposed to toxic levels of R‐(+)‐pulegone. Methods: 20‐g female BALB/c mice were pretreated with either 150 mg/kg of cimetidine intraperitoneal (IP), 100 mg/kg of disulfiram IP, or both. After one hour, mice were administered 300 mg/kg of pulegone IP and were killed 24 hours later. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. Post‐hoc t‐tests used Bonferroni correction. Results: There was a tendency for lower serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase in the disulfiram and cimetidine groups compared with the R‐(+)‐pulegone group. The differences were significant for both the cimetidine and the combined disulfram and cimetidine groups compared with the R‐(+)‐pulegone group. Pretreatment with the combination of disulfiram and cimetidine most effectively mitigated R‐(+)‐pulegone–induced hepatotoxicity. Conclusions: Within the limitations of a pretreatment animal model, the combination of cimetidine and disulfiram significantly mitigates the effects of pennyroyal toxicity and does so more effectively than either agent alone. These data suggest that R‐(+)‐pulegone metabolism through CYP1A2 appears to be more important in the development of a hepatotoxic metabolite than does metabolism via CYP2E1.
Development of a Porcine Excisional Wound Model
Authors: Singer Adam J. , McClain Steve A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract Objectives: To develop a porcine model for cutaneous tangential excisional wounds. Methods: This was a prospective, longitudinal, blinded experiment on four isoflurane‐anesthetized swine. Forty standardized excisional wounds (1 square inch each) were created with an electric dermatome set at a depth of 300, 600, 750, or 900 μm. Full‐thickness wounds were created with a surgical blade (n= 8 for each depth). Wounds were treated with polyurethane film. Full‐thickness punch biopsies were taken after one, two, three, four, five, and 14 days for blinded histopathological evaluation. The main outcome was the percent wound reepithelialization (REP) calculated by dividing the length of neoepidermis in cross‐section by the specimen's diameter (interobserver correlation = 0.99). Analysis of variance was used to compare percent REP among wound depths. This study had 80% power to detect a 33% difference in REP across groups (two‐tailed α= 0.05). Results: There were significant differences in percent REP across wound depths for days 2–5 (p < 0.001 for all days). The more superficial wounds (300 to 600 μm) were mostly reepithelialized by day 4, whereas wounds ranging in depth from 750 to 900 μm were mostly healed by day 5. Full‐thickness wounds had no evidence of REP even after 14 days. Conclusions: The authors describe an excisional wound model in swine. Rapid reepithelialization occurs within three to five days in wounds <900 μm deep.
Comparison of the Rapid Emergency Medicine Score and APACHE II in Nonsurgical Emergency Department Patients
Authors: Olsson Thomas , Lind Lars 
Published: October 2003

Abstract Objectives: To improve the Rapid Acute Physiology Score (RAPS) as a predictor of in‐hospital mortality in the nonsurgical emergency department (ED) by including age and oxygen saturation, and to compare this new system, Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (REMS), with the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Examination (APACHE II) with reference to predictive accuracy. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study. One hundred sixty‐two critically ill patients consecutively admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) during the period of one year, and 865 nonsurgical patients presenting to an adult emergency department (ED) and admitted to a medical department of a 1,200‐bed university hospital during two months, were enrolled. For all entries to the ED, RAPS was calculated and developed to include noninvasive peripheral oxygen saturation and patient age (REMS), as well as laboratory tests (APACHE II). These scores were calculated for each patient. Results: REMS was found to be superior to RAPS in predicting in‐hospital mortality both in the critically ill patients admitted to the ICU and in the total sample (area under receiver‐operating characteristic curve [AUC] 0.910 ± 0.015 for REMS compared with 0.872 ± 0.022 for RAPS, p < 0.001). An increase of 1 point in the 26‐point REMS scale was associated with an odds ratio of 1.40 for in‐hospital death (95% confidence interval = 1.36 to 1.45, p < 0.0001). The more advanced APACHE II was not found to be superior to REMS (AUC: 0.901 ± 0.015, p = 0.218). Conclusions: RAPS could be improved as a predictor of in‐hospital mortality in the nonsurgical ED by including oxygen saturation and patient age to the system. This new scoring system, REMS, had the same predictive accuracy as the well‐established, but more complicated, APACHE II.
General Competencies Are Intrinsic to Emergency Medicine Training: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Reisdorff Earl J. , Hayes Oliver W. , Reynolds Brian , Wilkinson Keith C. , Overton David T. , Wagner Mary Jo , Kowalenko Terry , Portelli David , Walker Gregory , Carlson Dale 
Published: October 2003

Abstract Objectives: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) has promulgated six areas called General Competencies (GCs) that residency programs are required to evaluate. The authors sought to determine if these domains were an intrinsic part of emergency medicine (EM) residency training by using a global assessment evaluation device. Methods: This was an observational, multicenter, cross‐sectional study that compared GC acquisition between first‐, second‐, and third‐year (EM1, EM2, and EM3) residents. Five postgraduate year (PGY) 1 to PGY 3 allopathic EM programs in Michigan participated. A global assessment form using a 1 through 9 ordinal scale with 86 scoring items was given to program directors for each resident in their programs. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the means between EM1, EM2, and EM3 scores. Results: Five EM programs evaluated 150 residents. The GC scores were as follows: Patient Care: EM1 4.92, EM2 5.79, and EM3 6.40; Medical Knowledge: EM1 4.90, EM2 5.80, and EM3 6.46; Practice‐based Learning and Improvement: EM1 4.60, EM2 5.48, and EM3 6.16; Interpersonal and Communication Skills: EM1 4.99, EM2 5.39, and EM3 6.01; Professionalism: EM1 5.43, EM2 5.68, and EM3 6.27; Systems‐based Practice: EM1 4.80, EM2 5.48, and EM3 6.21. ANOVA showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) for all GCs. Conclusions: EM residents from several residency programs showed statistically significant progressive acquisition of the ACGME GCs using a global assessment device. This suggests that the GCs may be an intrinsic component in the training of EM residents.
The Overcrowded Emergency Department: A Comparison of Staff Perceptions
Authors: Reeder Timothy J. , Burleson Deeanna L. , Garrison Herbert G. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract Objectives: To study perceptions of physicians and nursing staff about real‐time demands and capacity of an emergency department (ED). To use ED data to calculate proposed demand ratios called Real‐time Emergency Analysis of Demand Indicators (READI) scores. To compare the READI scores with ED staff perceptions of demand and capacity. Methods: This prospective study used a computerized clinical management system to provide data about ED demand and capacity. Physicians and staff charge nurses were surveyed about perceptions of ED demand and capacity. Results were compared with mathematical READI scores, which are proposed to objectively assess ED demand. Kappa scores were used to measure intrarater reliability between the physicians' and charge nurses' assessment of demand and between the staff assessments and the READI scores. Results: Kappa scores of the perception of excess demand were as follows: between two physician groups, κ= 0.392; between one physician group and charge nurses, κ= 0.453; and between a second physician group and charge nurses, κ= 0.243. Comparing respondents who indicated that demand had or had not exceeded capacity, one of the READI ratios, the Bed Ratio, showed a significant difference in mean, 0.245 (95% confidence interval = 0.153 to 0.336), between groups. Conclusions: Real‐time data may be used to predict ED demand and resource needs. Subjective assessment of excess ED demand did not correlate between physician groups or between physicians and charge nurses. Although there was a trend toward predicting excess demand with one of the READI scores, these scores did not correlate to staff perceptions.
Panic Disorder and Emergency Services Utilization
Authors: Zane Richard D. , McAfee Andrew T. , Sherburne Summer , Billeter Gabrielle , Barsky Arthur 
Published: October 2003

Abstract Objectives: The characteristics of patients with panic disorder in emergency department (ED) patient populations are unknown. This study compares demographic information and emergency care use among patients identified as having a high likelihood of having panic disorder with that of patients who tested negative on the screening test for panic disorder. Methods: Prospective cross‐sectional study of a convenience sample of patients presenting to an urban ED. Patients were excluded if they were aged 18 years or younger, were unstable, or could not speak English or Spanish. Of 968 patients, 813 agreed to participate. Over a period of 23 days, patients were administered a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)‐IV screening questionnaire (PRIME‐MD) for panic disorder along with a survey assessing their use of medical services during the prior year. Results: One hundred patients (12.3%) met PRIME‐MD criteria for having a high likelihood of panic disorder. Patients with Medicare were 2.84 times more likely to have a positive result on the screening test than those without insurance. Patients who had four to seven ED visits or eight or more ED visits in one year were 2.63 and 3.10 times more likely to screen positive on the PRIME‐MD, respectively, compared with those who had one to three visits. Patients who activated 911 two to ten times or 11 or more times in one year were 2.02 and 4.99 times more likely to screen positive for panic disorder, respectively, compared with those who had never activated 911. Conclusions: Patients who screen positive for panic disorder use emergency medical services and ED services more frequently. In addition, the overall prevalence of screening positive for panic disorder in an ED is higher than previously reported.