bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substantive Grounds For Judicial Review
Authors: Müller Wolfgang , Khan Nicholas , Scharf Tibor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Article 230(2) EC provides that the Court may review the legality of acts of the institutions on grounds of lack of competence, infringement of an essential procedural requirement, infringement of the Treaty or misuse of powers. Although dealt with in turn below, there is a considerable overlap between these grounds of annulment and essentially the same argument can often be presented under more than one of the grounds enumerated in Article 230 EC. It should be emphasized that the role of the Court is not to carry out the investigation a second time; it is a constant refrain of judgments that measures adopted after an administrative investigation are based on, ‘an appraisal of complex economic situations’ and that it is not in the nature of judicial review for the Court to substitute its own appraisals of such matters for those of the Community institutions.In practice, the Court’s role in reviewing the legality of anti-dumping measures translates into rigorous control by the Court of procedural requirements,particularly those guaranteeing the rights of the defenceand verification of primary facts,whilst allowing the Community institutions a wide margin of discretion in their evaluation of primary facts.
Psychological Barriers To Gasoline Taxation
Authors: Hsu Shi-Ling 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economists are in almost universal agreement that, in concept, pollution taxes are the most cost-effective means of reducing pollution. Despite near unanimity among economists, however, pollution taxes remain widely unpopular among almost everyone else. While they are most unpopular in the United States and Canada, various other countries have also experienced varying degrees of political resistance towards pollution taxes. Some resistance is cultural, deriving from suspicion that government would waste the tax proceeds, or at least spend them in a way inconsistent with the stated purposes. However, most resistance is based on the notion that those polluters paying taxes would face extreme economic hardships, raising fairness issues.
Back to the Courts
Authors: Loadman John , James Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One person who did not have a stand at the Great Exhibition was Stephen Moulton, friend of Charles Goodyear, although he had started a rubber manufacturing business in the West Country in 1848. Because of his importance in the legal battles soon to be fought by Charles Macintosh Co., it is worth looking at his background in the rubber business. Born in 1794, he had emigrated to America with his wife, Elizabeth, and their nine children sometime before 1842, and there he struck up friendships with a number of rubber pioneers including Goodyear, Hayward, and the three Rider brothers.
James Lyne Hancock & Co.
Authors: Loadman John , James Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, Thomas Hancock passed his own company to h is nephew, James Lyne Hancock (Fig. 16.1), son of Thomasߣ eldest brother James and his wife, Elizabeth née Lyne, in 1842. James had worked with his uncle for a number of years and was considered his most able assistant. It was obvious therefore that if Thomas intended to keep the business in the family it should pass to him. Another point in James’ favour was that he held the same high principles and beliefs as Thomas and he was also a governor of the Wiltshire Society, thereby confirming his belief in the power of education and apprenticeship as the main route out of poverty for deprived children.
Introduction
Authors: Kingsmill Slg Edmée 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This verse in the Song of Songs occurs twice, at 2: 6 and 8: 3, and is one of many which have given rise in modern times to the view that the Song is a collection of love lyrics and concerns a pair of lovers engaged in a highly-charged sexual affair. But this view is very modern indeed. From Methodius of Olympus in the third century to the end of the nineteenth century the Song has been seen as an exhortation to chastity: in the earlier centuries for the sake of God; in the later centuries for the sake of morality. Paul Ricoeur, in a chapter on the Song called ‘The Nuptial Metaphor’, writes very positively about the change in the reader which has led ‘to the kind of assumption that today distinguishes the naturalistic from the allegoristic reading’.
Breast Imagery
Authors: Kingsmill Slg Edmée 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major image in the Song of Songs, which occurs eight times in the Masoretic text and five more times in the versions, is that of ‘breasts’, and it is this image which has been adduced in the modern era as evidence of erotic intent. But an examination of the two words for ‘breast’ throughout the Hebrew Bible reveals that they occur only in poetical contexts, where the image is symbolic of nurture, including Ezekiel’s allegories, first of Jerusalem in chapter 16, and then of Jerusalem and Samaria in chapter 23, as I hope to show. There are no references to breasts in narrative passages concerning sexual encounters.
Emissions Trading System From The Perspective Of Enterprises
Authors: Li Zhiping 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In China, the emissions trading system, the total pollutant discharge load control system, and pollutant-discharge permit system make up a complementary whole. Since 1987, 18 cities in China began applying the pollutant-discharge permit system, and from the mid-1980s, some cities began piloting projects for emissions trading.
Chinese Trade And Border Tax Adjustments Based On Environmental Protection: The Impact Of Wto Rules
Authors: Butcher Bill , Kreiser Larry , Sprohge, Hans , Sirisom Julsuchada 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second Trade Policy Review of China, completed by the World Trade Organization (WTO) Secretariat in April 2008, includes an examination of China’s environmental policies, with some reference to its use of tax-based trade policy measures to protect the environment. These include the granting of variable VAT rebates based partly on environmental considerations and a 5—15 per cent export tax on energy-intensive goods.
Exports And Imports Under A Carbon Tax
Authors: Kendall Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the major challenges facing the world is how to deal with pollution. While local and regional pollution has been around since the beginning of civilized society, only in much more recent times have many nations needed to find jointly a means to tackle pollution. Arguably the most pressing of these issues currently is carbon emissions. Even if the contribution of carbon emissions to climate change is ignored, carbon is a major contributor to other problems, such as smog and respiratory illness.
The Use Of Taxation Incentives To Create New Eco-Service Markets
Authors: Martin Paul , Werren Kip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Environmental taxation reform is an important impetus towards sustainability. However, governments have demonstrated a limited appetite to adopt ‘green taxation’ such as shifting from taxes on employment to taxes on energy use. We suggest a politically modest tax-reform model has a better chance of adoption than radical changes. This chapter demonstrates the potential to combine modest taxation reform with existing farming, financial, and social institutions to markedly improve the social and environmental performance of farming.
Exploring The ‘Real’ Obstacle To Implementing The ‘Polluter-Pays Principle’: Taking The Hong Kong Case,As A Touchstone
Authors: Gao Li 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The polluter-pays principle (PPP) is a general rule of international environmental law,2 imposing the pollution-abatement cost on polluters, rather than on their governments.3 Specifically, the PPP functions as a rationale for environmental taxation and other market-based environmental instruments. Since its establishment in the early 1970s, the PPP has been incorporated in many international or regional instruments and regarded as ‘the essential conceptual basis for a range of legal instruments at the core of environmental legislation’..
CLAVATA signaling in plant–environment interactions
Authors: Bashyal Sagar , Gautam Chandan Kumar , Müller Lena Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plants must rapidly and dynamically adapt to changes in their environment. Upon sensing environmental signals, plants convert them into cellular signals, which elicit physiological or developmental changes that allow them to respond to various abiotic and biotic cues. Because plants can be simultaneously exposed to multiple environmental cues, signal integration between plant cells, tissues, and organs is necessary to induce specific responses. Recently, CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related (CLE) peptides and their cognate CLAVATA-type receptors received increased attention for their roles in plant–environment interactions. CLE peptides are mobile signaling molecules, many of which are induced by a variety of biotic and abiotic stimuli. Secreted CLE peptides are perceived by receptor complexes on the surface of their target cells, which often include the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase CLAVATA1. Receptor activation then results in cell-type and/or environment-specific responses. This review summarizes our current understanding of the diverse roles of environment-regulated CLE peptides in modulating plant responses to environmental cues. We highlight how CLE signals regulate plant physiology by fine-tuning plant–microbe interactions, nutrient homeostasis, and carbon allocation. Finally, we describe the role of CLAVATA receptors in the perception of environment-induced CLE signals and discuss how diverse CLE-CLAVATA signaling modules may integrate environmental signals with plant physiology and development.
Initial validation of the 12-item Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia in a retrospective sample of adults with chronic headache
Authors: Sturgeon John A , Pierce Jennifer , Trost Zina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Introduction
An area of emerging interest in chronic pain populations concerns fear of pain and associated fear of movement (kinesiophobia)—a cognitive appraisal pattern that is well-validated in non-headache chronic pain. However, there is limited research on whether this construct can be measured in a similar manner in headache populations.

Methods
The current project details a confirmatory factor analysis of the 12-Item Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-12) using a clinical data set from 210 adults with diverse headache diagnoses presenting for care at a multidisciplinary pain clinic. One item (concerning an “accident” that initiated the pain condition) was excluded from analysis.

Results
Results of the confirmatory factor analysis for the remaining 12 items indicated adequate model fit for the previously established 2-factor structure (activity avoidance and bodily harm/somatic focus subscales). In line with previous literature, total TSK-12 scores showed moderate correlations with pain severity, pain-related interference, positive and negative affect, depressive and anxious symptoms, and pain catastrophizing.

Discussion
The current study is the first to examine the factor structure of the TSK-12 in an adult headache population. The results support the relevance of pain-related fear to the functional and psychosocial status of adults with chronic headache, although model fit of the TSK-12 could be characterized as adequate rather than optimal. Limitations of the study include heterogeneity in headache diagnosis and rates of comorbid non-headache chronic pain in the sample. Future studies should replicate these findings in more homogenous headache groups (eg, chronic migraine) and examine associations with behavioral indices and treatment response.
The behaviour of a forced spherical pendulum operating in a weightless environment
Authors: Grundy R E 
Published: November 2023

Summary
In this article, we show that by subjecting the pivot of a simple inextensible pendulum to small amplitude high frequency rectilinear oscillations it is possible to make it operate in a weightless environment. The axis of vibration of the pivot defines a preferred direction in space and a consequential dynamical structure which is completely absent when the pivot is fixed. Using spherical polar coordinates centred at the pivot, we show that the motion of such a pendulum has fast and slow-scale components which we analyse using the method of multiple scales. The slow scale equation for the polar angle is autonomous, and a phase plane analysis reveals the essential orbital structure including the existence of conical solutions analogous to the terrestrial fixed pivot conical pendulum. In the absence of an azimuthal velocity component, its behaviour can provide a direct simulation of a plane terrestrial simple fixed pivot pendulum with a correspondingly simple form for the small amplitude period. We can also use a two-scale analysis to examine the effects of damping. Here, the slow scale polar equation has two asymptotically stable states, and we employ a combination of numerical and asymptotic analyses to elicit the slow scale orbital trajectories.
Market Discipline in the Direct Lending Space
Authors: Davydiuk Tetiana , Marchuk Tatyana , Rosen Samuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Using the exclusion of business development companies (BDCs) from stock indexes, this paper studies the effectiveness of market discipline in the direct lending space. Amid share sell-offs by institutional investors, a drop in BDCs’ valuations limits their ability to raise new equity capital. Following this funding shock, BDCs do not adjust their capital structure. At the same time, they are reducing the risk exposure of their portfolios. We document a greater reduction in risk for BDCs subject to stronger market discipline from their debtholders. BDCs pass through the capital shock to their portfolio firms by reducing their investment intensity.
Leveraged speculators and asset prices
Authors: Jiang Wenxi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I test the hypothesis that the use of leverage by market speculators can increase the likelihood and magnitude of crashes in asset prices. Using a direct leverage measure derived from US public filings, I find that (1) stocks held by highly leveraged hedge funds subsequently have more negatively skewed returns than stocks held by less leveraged funds and (2) upon extremely negative earnings surprises or funding liquidity shocks, stocks owned by high-leverage funds exhibit abnormal price declines and subsequent reversal. Consistent with the fire sale and contagion hypothesis, high-leverage funds tend to reduce the position following negative news about a stock, and such selling can extend to other stocks in the portfolio, increasing the crash proneness of the stocks they hold.
When passive funds affect prices: evidence from volatility and commodity ETFs
Authors: Todorov Karamfil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article studies exchange-traded funds’ (ETFs) price impact in the most ETF-dominated asset classes: volatility (VIX) and commodities. I propose a new way to measure ETF-related price distortions based on the specifics of futures contracts. This allows me to isolate a component in VIX futures prices that is strongly related to the rebalancing of ETFs. I derive a novel decomposition of ETF trading demand into leverage rebalancing, calendar rebalancing, and flow rebalancing, and show that trading against ETFs is risky. Leverage rebalancing has the largest effects on the ETF-related price component. This rebalancing amplifies price changes and exposes ETF counterparties to variance.
Where is Home without Legal Status? Understanding the Choice to Stay Among Post-Cessation Liberians in Nigeria
Authors: Durodola Tosin Samuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article examines the experiences of “residual” Liberian refugees in Nigeria, individuals who remained in their country of asylum after the UNHCR terminated their refugee status. This study explores how the diverse interpretations of home and flight contribute to their decision to “stay” rather than opt for voluntary repatriation. In the context of transnationalism, the concept of simultaneity, where individuals feel a sense of belonging in both their home country and their host nation, underscores the need to consider the dynamics of movement and attachment in both places, and how these connections evolve over time. However, the idealisation of home as an unchanging and secure haven can result in flawed policy decisions that overlook the fact that many refugees have been displaced precisely because their homeland is no longer safe. The findings shed light on the aftermath of cessation, which might place “residual refugees” in a precarious position where they must navigate the intricate interplay between agency and constraint without state protection. This article offers a broader perspective on their ability to manoeuvre within these confines, balancing between two aspects: legal status and social leverage as responses to their precarious legal situation and transitional efforts to establish new homes.
Mesenchymal Cells Retain the Specificity of Embryonal Origin During Osteogenic Differentiation
Authors: Lobov Arseniy , Kuchur Polina , Khizhina Aigul , Kotova Anastasia , Ivashkin Andrei , Kostina Daria , Klausen Polina , Khokhlova Evgeniia , Repkin Egor , Postnikova Kseniia , Perepletchikova Daria , Denisov Evgeny , Gerashchenko Tatiana , Tikhilov Rashid , Bozhkova Svetlana , Sereda Andrey , Karelkin Vitaliy , Enukashvily Natella , Malashicheva Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely used in therapy, but the differences between MSCs of various origins and their ability to undergo osteogenic differentiation and produce extracellular matrix are not fully understood. To address this, we conducted a comparative analysis of mesenchymal cell primary cultures from 6 human sources, including osteoblast-like cells from the adult femur, adipose-derived stem cells, Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal cells, gingival fibroblasts, dental pulp stem cells, and periodontal ligament stem cells. We analyzed these cells’ secretome, proteome, and transcriptome under standard and osteogenic cultivation conditions. Despite the overall similarity in osteogenic differentiation, the cells maintain their embryonic specificity after isolation and differentiation in vitro. Furthermore, we propose classifying mesenchymal cells into 3 groups: dental stem cells of neural crest origin, mesenchymal stem cells, and fetal stem cells. Specifically, fetal stem cells have the most promising secretome for various applications, while mesenchymal stem cells have a specialized secretome optimal for extracellular matrix production. Nevertheless, mesenchymal cells from all sources secreted core bone extracellular matrix-associated proteins. In conclusion, our study illuminates the distinctive characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells from various sources, providing insights into their potential applications in regenerative medicine and enhancing our understanding of the inherent diversity of mesenchymal cells in vivo.
A 1.5-Mb continuous endogenous viral region in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis
Authors: Zhao Hongda , Zhang Ruixuan , Wu Junyi , Meng Lingjie , Okazaki Yusuke , Hikida Hiroyuki , Ogata Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most fungal viruses are RNA viruses, and no double-stranded DNA virus that infects fungi is known to date. A recent study detected DNA polymerase genes that originated from large dsDNA viruses in the genomes of basal fungi, suggestive of the existence of dsDNA viruses capable of infecting fungi. In this study, we searched for viral infection signatures in chromosome-level genome assemblies of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. We identified a continuous 1.5-Mb putative viral region on a chromosome in R. irregularis strain 4401. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the viral region is related to viruses in the family Asfarviridae of the phylum Nucleocytoviricota. This viral region was absent in the genomes of four other R. irregularis strains and had fewer signals of fungal transposable elements than the other genomic regions, suggesting a recent and single insertion of a large dsDNA viral genome in the genome of this fungal strain. We also incidentally identified viral-like sequences in the genome assembly of the sea slug Elysia marginata that are evolutionally close to the 1.5-Mb putative viral region. In conclusion, our findings provide strong evidence of the recent infection of the fungus by a dsDNA virus.
A Comparison of High and Usual Protein Dosing in Critically Ill Patients With Obesity: A Post Hoc Analysis of an International, Pragmatic, Single-Blinded, Randomized Clinical Trial*
Authors: Tweel Lauren E. , Compher Charlene , Bear Danielle E. , Gutierrez-Castrellon Pedro , Leaver Susannah K. , MacEachern Kristen , Ortiz-Reyes Luis , Pooja Lakhani , León Angélica , Wedemire Courtney , Lee Zheng Yii , Day Andrew G. , Heyland Daren K. 
Published: November 2023

OBJECTIVES:
Across guidelines, protein dosing for critically ill patients with obesity varies considerably. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate whether this population would benefit from higher doses of protein.

DESIGN:
A post hoc subgroup analysis of the effect of higher protein dosing in critically ill patients with high nutritional risk (EFFORT Protein): an international, multicenter, pragmatic, registry-based randomized trial.

SETTING:
Eighty-five adult ICUs across 16 countries.

PATIENTS:
Patients with obesity defined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2 (n = 425).

INTERVENTIONS:
In the primary study, patients were randomized into a high-dose (≥ 2.2 g/kg/d) or usual-dose protein group (≤ 1.2 g/kg/d).

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Protein intake was monitored for up to 28 days, and outcomes (time to discharge alive [TTDA], 60-d mortality, days of mechanical ventilation [MV], hospital, and ICU length of stay [LOS]) were recorded until 60 days post-randomization. Of the 1301 patients in the primary study, 425 had a BMI greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2. After adjusting for sites and covariates, we observed a nonsignificant slower rate of TTDA with higher protein that ruled out a clinically important benefit (hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.58–1.05; p = 0.10). We found no evidence of difference in TTDA between protein groups when subgroups with different classes of obesity or patients with and without various nutritional and frailty risk variables were examined, even after the removal of patients with baseline acute kidney injury. Overall, 60-day mortality rates were 31.5% and 28.2% in the high protein and usual protein groups, respectively (risk difference, 3.3%; 95% CI, –5.4 to 12.1; p = 0.46). Duration of MV and LOS in hospital and ICU were not significantly different between groups.

CONCLUSIONS:
In critically ill patients with obesity, higher protein doses did not improve clinical outcomes, including those with higher nutritional and frailty risk.