bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of sex steroid hormone receptors in the avian brain: Functional implications for neural sex differences and sexual behaviors
Authors: Gahr Manfred 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDevelopmental and seasonal changes in the production of androgens, estrogens, and progestins seem to control sex‐specific differentiation and seasonal changes in appetitive and consummatory sexual behaviors of birds. This results in profound sex differences in the quality (sex‐specific) or quantity (sex‐typical) of behaviors such as courtship, territoriality, or copulation. Steroids affect the brain by binding to intracellularly located receptors. The same brain areas express androgen, estrogen, and progesterone receptors in male and female brains. Sex differences in these genetically determined patterns occur in the size of neuron populations that intrinsically express sex steroid receptors. Further permanent sex differences are subsequent to degenerative fates of receptor expressing neuron populations during ontogeny. Transient sex differences in receptor expression appear to be due to area‐specific up‐ and down‐regulation of receptor levels, reflecting transient changes in the level of circulating steroids, changes in environmental conditions, or in the physiological status of the individuals. In particular, intrinsic sex differences in the expression pattern of sex steroid receptors and steroid‐independent regulation of the expression level of these receptors in the brain are limiting mechanisms for gonad‐dependent sexual development and activities. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:1–11, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vitellogenin from female and estradiol‐stimulated male river lampreys (Lampetra fluviatilis L.)
Authors: Mewes Karsten Rüdiger , Latz Martin , Golla Holger , Fischer Albrecht 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe influence of estradiol‐17β (E2) on vitellogenesis is well documented for a number of oviparous craniates. We have examined the role that estradiol‐17β plays in the induction and regulation of vitellogenin synthesis in the maturing European river lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis. In both females and males the estradiol‐17β concentrations in the plasma reached comparable maximum values in March, only a few weeks before spawning. Throughout the spawning run, the vitellogenin titer in the blood of females remains rather constant while the ovary volume increases. In contrast, we never found circulating VTG in untreated male lampreys. The synthesis and secretion of the yolk precursor molecule can be induced in males, however, by high doses of estradiol injected into the coelom. Lamprey vitellogenin was isolated from the blood of maturing females as well as from hormone‐stimulated males and identified by its immunological and electrophoretic properties. In the blood plasma of both maturing female and estradiol‐treated male lampreys it always appears simultaneously in two different molecular forms: a vitellogenin monomer with an apparent molecular weight of 310–330�kDa and a dimer. After SDS treatment, vitellogenin is represented as a 212‐kDa polypeptide. J. Exp. Zool. 292:52–72, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sperm storage and motility in the ovary of the marine sculpin Alcichthys alcicornis (Teleostei: Scorpaeniformes), with internal gametic association
Authors: Koya Yasunori , Munehara Hiroyuki , Takano Kazunori 
Published: August 2002

AbstractElkhorn sculpin, Alcichthys alcicornis, is a marine teleost with a unique reproductive mode called “internal gametic association,” in which sperm introduced into the ovary by copulation enter the micropylar canal of ovulated eggs in the ovarian cavity, but actual sperm‐egg fusion does not occur until the eggs have been released into sea water. It is also known that this fish is a multiple spawner, which spawns at intervals of a few days for one month, and the sperm introduced into the ovary at the beginning of the spawning season retain their fertilizability for the entire period. To clarify how the fertilizability of sperm is maintained internally, the ultrastructure of sperm, the morphological characteristics related to sperm storage in the ovary, and the characteristics of sperm motility were investigated. Mature sperm generally have the normal form of teleost sperm, devoid of acrosomal structures. However, it was found that the midpiece is comparatively elongated and has a compact aggregation of many small‐size mitochondria. The intraovarian sperm remained floating in the ovarian fluid throughout the spawning season. The sperm showed high motility in isotonic and weak alkaline solution, containing sodium ions, which was similar to the ovarian fluid of this fish. Sperm continued to move in artificial ovarian fluid for 7–14 days. Considering these results together, it is thought that the intraovarian sperm move throughout the spawning season due to the plentiful energy generated by the many mitochondria. J. Exp. Zool. 292:145–155, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Function of the mammalian oviductal sperm reservoir
Authors: Töpfer‐Petersen Edda , Wagner Andrea , Friedrich Julia , Petrunkina Anna , Ekhlasi‐Hundrieser Mahnaz , Waberski Dagmar , Drommer Wolfgang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSperm are stored in the isthmic region of the oviduct under conditions that maintain sperm viability and suppress motility. This region is also the site in which essential steps of the capacitation process are coordinated with the appearance of the ovulated egg. The influx of Ca2+ and phosphorylation of sperm proteins are features of the ongoing capacitation process. Using a cell‐culture system of oviductal epithelial cells, it was found that sperm bound to the epithelial cells showed a reduced Ca2+ uptake and almost no tyrosine phosphorylation as shown by indirect immunofluorescence. Furthermore, sperm viability, measured as membrane integrity with propidium iodide, is significantly prolonged as compared to sperm in suspension. The formation of the sperm reservoir appears to be mediated by carbohydrate‐protein interaction. In the pig, it has been found that mannosyl‐oligosaccharides exposed by the epithelial cells are high‐affinity ligands for sperm‐associated lectins. Ovalbumin and mannopentaose are effective inhibitors of sperm binding to explants of oviductal epithelium. Spermadhesins, a new class of animal lectins and the major secretory products of the porcine seminal vesicle, associate with the sperm surface at ejaculation and are candidate molecules for the receptors of the epithelial carbohydrates. J. Exp. Zool. 292:210–215, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lipovitellins derived from two forms of vitellogenin are differentially processed during oocyte maturation in haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus)
Authors: Reith Michael , Munholland Janet , Kelly John , Finn Roderick Nigel , Fyhn Hans Jørgen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the process of cloning vitellogenin (Vtg) cDNAs from haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), two related, but distinct, mRNAs were identified. Full‐length cDNA sequences were determined for both Vtg types (Had1 and Had2), and the deduced amino acid sequences were found to be 54% identical to each other and 48–58% identical to other teleost Vtgs. To investigate the expression of the two Vtg mRNAs, proteins from prehydrated oocytes and fertilized eggs were separated on SDS–polyacrylamide gels. Only a single lipovitellin I band was detected in each sample, and the egg lipovitellin I was smaller (97 vs. 110 kDa) than the oocyte protein, indicative of proteolytic processing during oocyte hydration. Mass spectrometric (MALDI‐TOFMS and tandem mass spectrometry) analyses of tryptic fragments from the haddock oocyte and egg lipovitellin I revealed that the lipovitellin I from prehydrated oocytes contained tryptic fragments that matched the sequences of both types of Vtg, suggesting that there were two proteins in this band, while the egg lipovitellin I contained tryptic fragments that only matched the Had1 cDNA sequence, indicating that the Had2 lipovitellin had been degraded during hydration. Physiological data from haddock oocytes and eggs demonstrate that, as in other marine fish that spawn pelagic eggs, the free amino acid content increases during oocyte hydration and apparently contributes to hydration by driving the osmotic uptake of water. The correlation of the disappearance of one lipovitellin I with the increase of free amino acids in the oocyte suggests that this protein is a major source of the free amino acids for oocyte hydration. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 291:58–67, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polyethyleneimine‐based immunopolyplex for targeted gene transfer in human lymphoma celllines
Authors: Guillem Vicent M. , Tormo Mar , Revert Fernando , Benet Isabel , García‐Conde Javier , Crespo Antonio , Aliño Salvador F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundSpecific and efficient delivery of genes into targeted cells is a priority objective in non‐viral gene therapy. Polyethyleneimine‐based polyplexes have been reported to be good non‐viral transfection reagents. However, polyplex‐mediated DNA delivery occurs through a non‐specific mechanism. This article reports the construction of an immunopolyplex, a targeted non‐viral vector based on a polyplex backbone, and its application in gene transfer over human lymphoma cell lines.MethodsTargeting elements (biotin‐labeled antibodies), which should recognize a specific element of the target cell membrane and promote nucleic acid entry into the cell, were attached to the polyplex backbone through a bridge protein (streptavidin). Immunopolyplex transfection activity was studied in several hematological cell lines [Jurkat (CD3+/CD19−), Granta 519 (CD3−/ CD19+), and J.RT3‐T3.5 (CD3−/CD19−)] using the EGFP gene as a reporter gene and anti‐CD3 and anti‐CD19 antibodies as targeting elements. Transfection activity was evaluated via green fluorescence per cell and the percentage of positive cells determined by flow cytometry.ResultsA significant selectivity of gene delivery was observed, since the anti‐CD3 immunopolyplex worked only in Jurkat cells while the anti‐CD19 immunopolyplex worked only in the Granta cell line. Moreover, transfection of a CD3+/CD3− cell mixture with anti‐CD3 immunopolyplexes showed up to 16‐fold more transfection in CD3+ than in CD3− cells. Several non‐specific transfection reagents showed poor or no transfection activity.ConclusionIt is concluded that immunopolyplex is a good non‐viral vector for specific and selective nucleic acid delivery. Immunopolyplex design allows easy replacement of the targeting element (antibody) – the streptavidin–polyplex backbone remaining intact – thereby conferring high versatility. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Negotiating illness: Doctors, patients, and families in the nineteenth century
Authors: Theriot Nancy M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article is based on medical literature published in American and British monographs and medical journals in which physician‐authors utilized case histories of women's nervous and mental disease and related gynecological complaints. I argue that the interaction of physicians, patients, and families was a relationship in which women patients contributed to the formation of medical knowledge and forged a modern sense of body and self. After an introductory section on reading case studies, I call attention to the ways in which physicians, patients, and patients' families educated each other about wellness and illness, which formed the basis of physicians' interpretation of disease. Next, I point out how the case histories structured an ideal script for doctor, patient, and family, based on physicians' sympathetic authority and patients' willingness to tell and show all. And finally, I suggest that the doctor–patient dialogue encouraged women patients to see themselves as medically manageable bodies and as individuals separate from families. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The World Development Report 2000/01: HIV/AIDS still not properly considered!
Authors: Barnett Tony , Whiteside Alan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe consequences of the evolving HIV/AIDS epidemic have not been properly considered by any agency. Most existing development indicators do not pick up the impact of AIDS nor do they measure the complex adverse consequences the disease may have in the decades ahead. Incomplete and conflicting demographic and health indicators compound the problem. This epidemic is a ‘long wave’ event and its effects will be seen in Africa and elsewhere for many decades ahead. The result is that development targets may be unattainable and the way development is carried out may need to be rethought in many countries. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consumer preferences and the uptake of animal healthcare by the poor: a case study from Kenya
Authors: Heffernan Claire 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper examines issues in the delivery of veterinary services to the poor in Kenya. Utilising a simplified livelihood approach, the study found that livestock most often functioned as a means of gaining social approbation rather than a risk mitigation strategy. In regard to the delivery of veterinary services, three key parameters were evaluated: access, acceptability and affordability. The assessment revealed that access to veterinary services rather than affordability is the primary constraint. However, few herders and farmers were spending close to the estimated ‘ideal’ on livestock drugs. Knowledge regarding livestock health was poor, further contributing to the overall low uptake of veterinary goods and services. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Getting online: Australian international development agencies and ICT use
Authors: Kiraka Ruth N. , Manning Karen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe paper discusses a study on the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) by Australian international development agencies. ICT use was considered in two contexts—within industrialized countries, and between industrialized and developing countries (DCs). In these contexts, the use of ICTs at operational and strategic levels was examined. Findings show that ICT use was most common at operational levels within industrialized countries. ICT use in DCs was complicated by poor infrastructure and technology—culture conflicts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The phantom of liberty?: economic growth and the vulnerability of small states
Authors: Armstrong Harvey W. , Read Robert 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the relationship between economic growth in small states and their vulnerability. A critical argument in much of the literature on small states, particularly small island states, is that their growth performance is greatly constrained by their vulnerability to exogenous shocks because of their size. These shocks include economic, political and environmental factors, which together dampen the long‐run growth rate of these economies. The paper makes use of a global small state data set and appropriate quantitative techniques to test the relationship between growth and vulnerability using the results of Briguglio's Vulnerability Index. The results highlight some of the conceptual shortcomings in the analytical literature on small states, particularly islands, as well as suggesting that the Vulnerability Index is mis‐specified. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studying group dynamics: an alternative analytical framework for the study of microfinance impacts on poverty reduction
Authors: Marr Ana 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGroup dynamics have been largely neglected when the impacts of microfinance on poverty reduction are assessed. This paper presents an analytical framework in which the study of group dynamics is central, and new channels of impact effects on the individuals participating in microfinance schemes, their households, enterprises and communities are assessed. Four potential outcomes of this fresh approach to the analysis of poverty impacts are argued; they may have dramatic implications for the way we look at the effectiveness of microfinance today. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of deuterated 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenyl‐1H‐imidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP) and its N‐hydroxy derivative
Authors: Tanga Mary J. , Bupp James E. , Bradford Wallace W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe syntheses of the deuterium‐labeled food mutagen 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenyl‐1H‐imidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP) and its N‐hydroxy metabolite are described. Unlabeled PhIP is deuterated using a boron trifluoride phosphoric acid complex in one step. Labeled PhIP–2H5 is nitrosated to give nitro‐PhIP, which is then reduced to N‐hydroxy–PhIP–2H5. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorine‐18 labeling of peptide nucleic acids
Authors: Kuhnast Bertrand , Dolle Frédéric , Tavitian Bertrand 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPeptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are a unique class of synthetic macromolecules, originally designed as ligands for the recognition of double stranded DNA. From a chemical point of view, the deoxyribose phosphate backbone of DNA is replaced by a pseudo‐peptide N‐(2‐aminoethyl)glycyl backbone, while the nucleobases of DNA (adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine) are retained. Due to the increasing interest in the labeling of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) as potent diagnostic agents in nuclear medicine, we have used and adapted the reliable methodology developed for the fluorine‐18 labeling of oligonucleotides and have now demonstrated that it is possible to label PNAs in sufficient quantity and with high specific radioactivity for PET studies in a time compatible with the half life of fluorine‐18. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, labelling and biological characteristics of derivatives of Mercaptoacetyltriglycine with two amide functions
Authors: Okarvi S. M. , Verbeke K. , Adriaens P. , Verbruggen A. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEight novel derivatives of MAG3, containing in their structure two instead of three amide functions, have been synthesized and evaluated. The synthesized ligands were labelled with 99mTc by exchange labelling at 100°C and/or by a direct labelling method at room temperature. After labelling with 99mTc, the reaction mixtures were analyzed by radio‐HPLC. Biological evaluation of different 99mTc‐diamide complexes in mice and a baboon indicated that substitution in one amide function of MAG3 structure greatly influences the renal handling of these compounds. It was found that the diamide derivatives containing at least one inverted amide exhibit biological behavior comparable to that of 99mTc‐MAG3. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Embryogenesis of the dipluranLepidocampa weberiOudemans (Hexapoda: Diplura, Campodeidae): Formation of dorsal organ and related phenomena
Authors: Ikeda Yatsukaho , Machida Ryuichiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe developmental changes of embryonic membranes of a dipluranLepidocampa weberi, with special reference to dorsal organ formation, are described in detail by light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopies. Newly differentiated germ band and serosa secrete the blastodermic cuticle at the entire egg surface beneath the chorion. Soon after, the serosal cells start to move dorsad. All the serosal cells finally concentrate at the dorsal side of the egg and form the dorsal organ. During their concentration, the serosal cells attenuate their cytoplasm to form filaments. The extensive area from which the serosa has receded is occupied by a second embryonic membrane, the amnion, which originates from the embryonic margin. The embryo and newly emerged amnion then secrete three fine cuticular layers, “cuticular lamellae I, II, and III,” above which the filaments of the (developing) dorsal organ are situated. With the progression of definitive dorsal closure, the amnion reduces its extension, the dorsal organ is incorporated into the body cavity of the embryo, and the amnion and dorsal organ finally degenerate.The dorsal organ of diplurans is formed by the concentration of whole serosal cells, while that of collembolans is formed by the direct differentiation of a part of serosal cells. However, the dorsal organs of diplurans and collembolans closely resemble each other in major aspects, including that of ultrastructural features, and there is no doubt regarding their homology. The amnion, which has been regarded as being a characteristic of Ectognatha, also develops in the Diplura. This might suggest a closer affinity between the Diplura and Ectognatha than previously believed. J. Morphol. 249:242–251, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exquisite specificity and peptide epitope recognition promiscuity, properties shared by antibodies from sharks to humans
Authors: Marchalonis John J. , Adelman Miranda K. , Robey Ian F. , Schluter Samuel F. , Edmundson Allen B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis review considers definitions of the specificity of antibodies including the development of recent concepts of recognition polyspecificity and epitope promiscuity. Using sets of homologous and unrelated peptides derived from the sequences of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor chains we offer operational definitions of cross‐reactivity by investigating correlations of either identities in amino acid sequence, or in hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profiles with degree of binding in enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Polyreactivity, or polyspecificity, are terms used to denote binding of a monoclonal antibody or purified antibody preparation to large complex molecules that are structurally unrelated, such as thyroglobulin and DNA. As a first approximation, there is a linear correlation between degree of sequence identity or hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity and antigenic cross‐binding. However, catastrophic interchanges of amino acids can occur where changing of one amino acid out of 16 in a synthetic peptide essentially eliminates binding to certain antibodies. An operational definition of epitope promiscuity for peptides is the case where two peptides show little or no identity in amino acid sequence but bind strongly to the same antibody as shown by either direct binding or competitive inhibition. Analysis of antibodies of humans and sharks, the two most divergent species in evolution to express antibodies and the combinatorial immune response, indicates that the capacity for both exquisite specificity and epitope recognition promiscuity are essential conserved features of individual vertebrate antibodies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BIACORE J: a new platform for routine biomolecular interaction analysis†
Authors: Rich Rebecca L. , Myszka David G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSPR biosensor technology continues to evolve. The recently released platform from Biacore AB (Uppsala, Sweden), BIACORE J, is designed for the routine analysis of biomolecular interactions. Using an antibody–protein A and a ligand–receptor system, we demonstrate the utility of BIACORE J in determining active concentration and binding affinities. The results from these studies illustrate the high sensitivity of the instrument and its ability to generate reproducible binding responses. The BIACORE J is easy to operate and useful in diverse applications, making SPR technology widely accessible as a research tool. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.