bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMPAIRMENT OF ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN PYRIDOXINE-DEFICIENT RATS
Authors: Stoerk Herbert C. , Eisen Herman N. , John Hedda M. 
Published: June 2004

Striking impairment of the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes was found in pyridoxine-deficient rats. Deficiencies in the three other B factors required by the rat, and low protein feeding, having effects on body weight comparable to pyridoxine deficiency, failed to influence the antibody response studied.
Confirming previous observations, a striking loss of thymic and lymphoid tissue occurred in the pyridoxine-deficient animals. A marked deficit in thymus weight also resulted from the feeding of a diet low in thiamin. Histologically, however, lymphoid atrophy was less pronounced in thiamin-deficient rats than in those deprived of pyridoxine.
STUDIES ON STREPTOCOCCAL FIBRINOLYSIS
Authors:   Commission on Acute Respiratory Diseases
Published: June 2004

A method for the measurement of fibrinolysin production by beta hemolytic streptococci is described. The test was shown to be highly accurate in that repeated determinations showed only small variations. A study of 766 strains of beta hemolytic streptococci isolated from normal soldiers and patients with respiratory disease showed that fibrinolysin was produced by Lancefield groups A, C, and G, and, in addition, by a few strains of groups B and F.
Group A streptococci produced more fibrinolysin on the average than the other groups. The median titers were 117 for group A, 61 for group C, and 20 for group G streptococci. In a study of 388 typed group A streptococci from different subjects the fibrinolytic capacity of an organism was shown to be related to the serological type. The importance of this observation in relation to the role of streptococcal fibrinolysis in infections is discussed.
Finally, it was demonstrated that strains of streptococci which produced large amounts of fibrinolysin were capable of stimulating antifibrinolysin formation in patients whereas strains that produced small amounts only occasionally caused antibody formation.
THE ANTIRICKETTSIAL EFFECT OF THIONINE DYES
Authors: Peterson Osler L. , Fox John P. 
Published: June 2004

Methylene blue (MB) and toluidine blue (TB) when administered in maximum tolerated oral doses to mice and to cotton rats are highly effective in preventing the usual lethal outcome of intraperitoneally induced infections with R. orientalis. This activity is manifest even when dye administration is delayed until a systemic infection has been well established. Methylene blue is also effective in cerebral infections in mice.
The toxicity of MB, however, limits parenteral (subcutaneous) administration of the dye to dosage levels which are much less effective than the maximum tolerated oral levels. The inability of mice to tolerate an adequately effective parenteral dose of MB suggests that the properties of the dye responsible for its toxicity may be separated from those upon which its antirickettsial effect depends.
The relationship between the response of mice to oral treatment with MB and such factors as the size of the infecting dose and the times of initiation and of withdrawal of treatment may be summarized as follows:
1. With a constant infecting dose, the time of initiation of treatment largely determines the degree of therapeutic effect.
2. The interval after infection beyond which further treatment does not increase the survival rate depends not upon the previous duration of treatment but upon the size of the infecting dose. Paradoxically, treatment can be discontinued sooner after a massive infecting dose than after a smaller one.
HISTOLOGICAL AND SEROLOGICAL SEQUENCES IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: Hawn Clinton Van Zandt , Janeway Charles A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Groups of normal rabbits were given, single intravenous injections of foreign proteins in doses of 1 gm. per kilo, bled at regular intervals for serologic studies, and sacrificed after varying lengths of time for pathological studies. The protein solutions used were of crystallized bovine serum albumin, bovine serum gamma globulin, and bovine serum. The experiments were planned, first, to correlate the sequence of pathological and immunological changes, and second, to compare the responses to two chemically and immunologically distinct plasma protein fractions and to the whole serum of the same species.
2. (a) The principal pathological lesions in rabbits given bovine serum were similar to those which have been previously observed following, the injection of horse serum and were characterized by widely dispersed but segmental acute inflammatory lesions of the arteries. These lesions were at their height 2 weeks after injection and showed marked repair at 4 weeks.
(b) Crystallized bovine serum albumin produced lesions almost exclusively confined to the arteries which were at their height at 2 weeks, were healing at 3, and healed by 4 weeks. The lesions were less numerous and less intense than in animals given whole serum and were only found in some of the animals.
(c) Bovine serum gamma globulin elicited quite different histologic sequences. The most striking lesions involved the glomeruli of the kidneys, and to a lesser degree, the heart. Lesions in the liver and joints were present but less conspicuous, and arterial lesions were rare and slight in degree. The lesions not only differed from those in rabbits given albumin in distribution but in timing, since they were most widespread and acute at 1 week and were healing at 2 weeks after injection. Moreover, lesions were observed in almost every animal.
3. Results of immunological studies were consistent with the interpretation that the pathological lesions were due to an antigen-antibody reaction in the tissues, as shown by the following:
(a) Acute lesions were only observed when antigen was present and before antibody appeared in the circulation.
(b) Healing of lesions was only observed (with one exception) when antigen had almost or completely disappeared from the circulation, usually with the appearance of antibody.
(c) There was a correlation between the rapidity of evolution of the lesions and the rapidity with which the antigen disappeared from the circulation.
(d) There was a rough correlation between the proportion of animals showing lesions and the proportion developing antibodies after the injection of a particular protein solution.
INFECTION OF MICE WITH MAMMALIAN TUBERCLE BACILLI GROWN IN TWEEN-ALBUMIN LIQUID MEDIUM
Authors: Pierce Cynthia , Dubos René J. , Middlebrook Gardner 
Published: June 2004

Introduction of the bacilli by the mtravenous route or by feeding gives rise to a disease predominantly localized in the lungs. Following intracerebral infection, the bacilli first multiply rapidly in the brain tissue, and then invade other organs, producing lesions especially in the lungs. Injection of the bacilli by the intraperitoneal route is less effective than by either the intravenous or intracerebral routes; however, admixture of the bacilli with some of the components of egg yolk increases both the infectivity and the pulmonary localization.
Different strains of mice differ markedly in their susceptibility to experimental tuberculous infection; the highest susceptibility was observed among the pigmented strains (line 1 dba and C57 black). Greater resistance does not appear to depend on the ability to prevent the establishment of infection, but rather corresponds to a slower rate of progression of the infectious process.
It is possible to produce in mice tuberculosis presenting any desired degree of acuteness or chronicity by controlling certain factors which condition the initiation and the progression of the infection.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF RECOVERY IN PNEUMONIA DUE TO FRIEDLÄNDER'S BACILLUS
Authors: Sale Llewellyn , Wood W. Barry 
Published: June 2004

Experimental pneumonia due to Friedländer's bacillus was produced in white rats by the intrabronchial inoculation of the bacilli suspended in mucin. The pneumonia was lobar in type, was almost uniformly fatal, and simulated the acute form of the natural disease in human beings.
The pathogenesis of the pneumonic lesion was studied by examination of microscopic sections of the lungs of animals killed at frequent intervals during the course of the infection. The histologic characteristics of the various stages of the pneumonia were essentially the same as those previously described in experimental pneumococcal (Type I) pneumonia except for the following differences: (1) In isolated areas of the lung in Friedländer's pneumonia many more bacteria were encountered in the alveoli than were ever noted in experimental pneumococcal pneumonia. (2) Abscess formation was common in the late stages of Friedländer's infection, whereas it was not noted in the pneumococcal lesion. (3) Organization of the alveolar exudate, rarely observed in experimental pneumococcal pneumonia, was a prominent feature of the pneumonia due to Friedländer's bacillus.
The mechanism of spread of Friedländer's lesion appeared to be the same as that of pneumococcal pneumonia. Likewise there was noted the same phagocytosis of organisms in the lungs of even bacteremic animals dying of the infection.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF RECOVERY IN PNEUMONIA DUE TO FRIEDLÄNDER'S BACILLUS
Authors: Sale Llewellyn , Smith Mary Ruth , Wood W. Barry 
Published: June 2004

Sulfonamide chemotherapy was found to cure rats of an otherwise fatal form of experimental Friedländer's bacillus pneumonia when treatment was begun 6 hours after inoculation. Most of the pneumonic lesions cleared completely, but an occasional animal exhibited small residual abscesses in the previously consolidated lung.
The recovery process taking place in the lungs was studied histologically at various intervals during therapy. As in the case of pneumococcal pneumonia, the principal action of the sulfonamide was upon the bacteria in the advancing edema zone at the periphery of the pneumonic lesion. The bacteriostatic action of the drug appeared to stop the spread of the pneumonia, and the Friedländer bacilli were ultimately ingested and destroyed by the phagocytic cells in the alveolar exudate.
The phagocytosis of bacteria in the lung was shown to be unrelated to the presence of antibody in the blood.
PREPARATION OF DRIED HEMOGLOBIN WITHOUT LOSS OF ACTIVITY
Authors: Farr Lee E. , Hiller Alma , Van Slyke Donald D. ,   With the Technical Assistance of John Plazin
Published: June 2004

The technique for freezing, drying, and preserving in vacuo which is in common use for plasma can be successfully applied to hemoglobin solutions when the hemoglobin is first deoxygenated to the extent of 99.7 per cent or more.
In confirmation of Morrison and Hisey, the preliminary deoxygenation of the solution is found necessary to avoid formation of methemoglobin during drying. If a solution of oxyhemoglobin is frozen and dried, 20 to 30 per cent is changed to methemoglobin.
Deoxygnated hemoglobin dried and preserved in vacuo retained all its oxygenbinding activity for 180 days, when stored at temperatures from 4° to 30°C. Storage at 38°C. for 92 days, or at 56° for 7 days, caused no loss in activity. The dried hemoglobin had a foam structure which caused it to dissolve immediately upon contact with water.
Deoxygnated hemoglobin in the dry state was partly converted to methemoglobin by even momentary contact with oxygen. When, however, the deoxygnated hemoglobin was dissolved before it was exposed to air, the hemoglobin in solution was relatively stable, and could be stored for months at 4° in contact with air without significant loss of activity.
STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
Authors: Chase Merrill W. 
Published: June 2004

Evidence is presented to show that guinea pigs actively sensitized to simple chemical compounds form serum antibodies capable of sensitizing the skin of normal guinea pigs. Skin sites prepared as for the Prausnitz-Küstner test develop immediate-type ("evanescent") reactions with erythema and edema, upon subsequent injection of the corresponding simple compounds or protein conjugates thereof, and give effects resembling transferred reaginic reactions as seen in human beings. The antibodies were obtainable after sensitization by acyl chlorides, acid anhydrides, and also substances of lesser reactivity, picryl chloride and 2:4 dinitrochlorobenzene, which are human allergens. Observations are reported on the specificity of the antibodies and on various details of the reaction.
Like effects result when antiprotein immune sera and their corresponding antigens are employed for the test, making it highly probable that the antibodies secured after sensitization to drugs result from immunization by conjugates formed in vivo.
The sera obtained after sensitization with simple chemical compounds readily confer passive anaphylaxis, and their capacity for sensitizing the skin declines gradually with progressive heating.
It was observed that following a reaction of substantial degree in guinea pig skin the area involved does not fully recover for some days its capacity to react, the effect being a manifestation, it would seem, of what has been termed "non-specific antianaphylaxis."
THE LETHAL EFFECT OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON AIR-BORNE BACTERIA
Authors: Dunklin Edward W. , Puck Theodore T. 
Published: June 2004

The viability of pneumococcus, Type I, sprayed into the atmosphere from a liquid suspension was measured as a function of the relative humidity. When broth, saliva, or 0.5 per cent saline solution is employed as the suspending medium, a very high mortality rate is observed at relative humidities in the vicinity of 50 per cent. However, at humidities above or below this value the microorganisms survive for long periods.
Measurement of the rate of settling of droplets employed in these experiments demonstrated that the disappearance of microorganisms from the air is a true lethal process, rather than a manifestation of aerosol collision processes.
When a saline-free fluid was used, the sharp peak in death rate at intermediate relative humidities disappears.
The lethal effect of intermediate relative humidities on pneumococci atomized from a saline-containing suspension is increased when the particle size of the atomized droplets is increased or when the temperature is raised.
Cultures of hemolytic streptococcus group C and staphylococcus sprayed from a broth medium exhibit the same general survival pattern as a function of relative humidity although the mortality rates are smaller than that of the pneumococcus.
These effects can be explained by assuming the existence of a critical degree of cellular dehydration at which microorganisms become much more sensitive to toxic agents than in states where either more or less water is bound to the cell.
The results presented here may be significant in elucidating certain aspects of the epidemiology of air-borne infections.
THE EFFECT OF DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE ON BLOOD PRESSURE, RENAL FUNCTION, AND ELECTROLYTE PATTERN IN THE INTACT RAT
Authors: Friedman Sydney M. , Polley John R. , Friedman Constance L. 
Published: June 2004

Small doses of DCA administered at intervals in pellet form are capable of raising the blood pressure, altering renal function, and changing the electrolyte pattern in the intact rat. The concomitant feeding of 1 per cent saline intensifies the process.
The elevation in blood pressure occurs prior to demonstrable changes in renal excretory function.
The alteration in renal function consists first of a reduction in CPAH with the maintenance of a normal filtration rate. Filtration fraction is elevated while there is no reduction in renal plasma flow per unit of tubular excretory tissue. Later, filtration is interfered with and renal ischemia occurs.
The electrolyte change is characterized by a sustained fall in plasma K and Cl, a rise in plasma Na, an increase in the Na/Cl ratio, and finally an elevation of Na plus K. Plasma Ca is unaffected.
These observations suggest the possible etiological significance of the adrenal cortex in some types of hypertension.
PROTEINURIA RELATED TO HYPERPROTEINEMIA IN DOGS FOLLOWING PLASMA GIVEN PARENTERALLY
Authors: Terry Roger , Hawkins David R. , Church Edwin H. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Proteinuria in normal dogs can be produced at will by parenteral injections of dog plasma.
As the plasma injections are continued the plasma protein concentration rises and at some point protein begins to appear in the urine. The level of plasma protein concentration at which proteinuria appears in normal dogs ranges from 9.6 to 10.4 gm. per cent. This may be termed the renal threshold for proteinuria. Repeat experiments in the same dog show threshold levels to be practically identical.
An interval of days (4 to 26 days) has been noted between the start of plasma protein injections and the appearance of the proteinuria. Larger doses of plasma shorten this interval and the critical plasma protein level is attained sooner.
Considerable amounts of protein may appear in the urine—298 gm. protein during a 52 day period in one instance studied—yet the urine clears in 1 to 4 days after cessation of protein injections. Autopsy shows undamaged kidneys.
Maximal levels of plasma protein concentration range from 10.0 to 11.5 gm. per cent. The highest levels are usually associated with maximal output of protein in the urine.
It seems clear that plasma proteins readily pass cell barriers (or membranes) within the body, including the endothelium and epithelium of the renal glomerulus.
CIRRHOSIS AND OTHER HEPATIC LESIONS PRODUCED IN DOGS BY THYROIDECTOMY AND BY COMBINED HYPOPHYSECTOMY AND THYROIDECTOMY
Authors: Chajkoff I. L. , Gillman T. , Entenman C. , Rinehart J. F. , Reichert F. L. 
Published: June 2004

1. The reactions of the dog's liver to (a) thyroidectomy and (b) both hypophysectomy and thyroidectomy are described.
2. Fatty changes of varying severity were detected in 8 of the 9 hypophysectomized-thyroidectomized dogs, hepatic fibrosis in 7, and severe cirrhosis in 4 animals of this group.
Among the thyroidectomized animals histologically demonstrable fatty livers were present in all 8, mild fibrosis was observed in 4, while early and mild cirrhosis was diagnosed in only one dog.
3. Two pathogenetically distinct forms of cirrhosis were present in the livers of dogs with the two operations, namely (a) cirrhosis initiated and developing around the radicles of the hepatic veins, and (b) periportal cirrhosis.
Both forms of cirrhosis occurred in dogs that were subjected to the same experimental procedures, and both forms could be found in the same liver.
The pathogenesis of these two forms of cirrhosis is described.
4. The relation between fatty change in the liver and the genesis of fibrosis is discussed, and it is suggested that, while fatty change may facilitate the evocation of cirrhosis, this reaction on the part of the supporting and vascular elements of the liver is not solely dependent on the fatty change in the liver cells.
5. The relation between the endocrines and hepatic cirrhosis is discussed. Since cirrhosis was slight in the fatty livers of thyroidectomized dogs, whereas it was often advanced in hypophysectomized-thyroidectomized dogs, it is suggested that in the absence of the pituitary cirrhogenic mechanisms are facilitated in the dog.
THE REACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HUMAN SERA WITH MUMPS COMPLEMENT FIXATION ANTIGENS
Authors: Henle Gertrude , Harris Susanna , Henle Werner 
Published: June 2004

Human sera taken at various stages of mumps have been analyzed in regard to their reactivity with two serologically distinct complement fixation antigens which were derived from the infected chick embryo. Antibodies to the soluble or S antigen appear earlier in the disease and, as a rule, reach high levels before antibodies against the virus-bound or V antigen commence to rise. In early convalescence, both antibodies reach high levels. Subsequently antibodies against the S antigen decrease usually at a faster rate than those against V, so that after a period of several years, frequently only anti-V may be left.
These findings were found helpful in diagnostic procedures. The use of both the V and S antigens has permitted the early diagnosis of manifestations of mumps in the absence of parotitis, such as meningoencephalitis, since the finding of high levels of anti-S and of low titers of, or no, anti-V is considered diagnostically significant for the first few days of illness. For the determination of resistance the use of the V antigen appears more useful.
Following vaccination or skin testing, antibodies against both antigens may develop; those against V increase more regularly and to higher titers than those against S.
THE EFFECT OF SPHINGOMYELIN ON THE GROWTH OF TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Dubos René J. 
Published: June 2004

All preparations of sphingomyelin tested, whatever the tissues from which they originated, were found to enhance the growth of tubercle bacilli in vitro. Cerebrosides were inactive in this respect.
Sphingomyelin promotes growth through two independent mechanisms:
(a) It neutralizes the toxicity of long chain fatty acids probably by forming with them inert complexes. This protective effect facilitates initiation of growth from small inocula.
(b) It supplies to the bacteria lignoceric acid (or its amide) which is utilized for growth. The base sphingosine, another component of sphingomyelin, does not favor and probably inhibits proliferation of tubercle bacilli.
THE RATE OF BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF PENICILLIN IN VITRO AS A FUNCTION OF ITS CONCENTRATION, AND ITS PARADOXICALLY REDUCED ACTIVITY AT HIGH CONCENTRATIONS AGAINST CERTAIN ORGANISMS
Authors: Eagle Harry , Musselman A. D. 
Published: June 2004

1. The concentrations of penicillin G which (a) reduced the net rate of multiplication, (b) exerted a net bactericidal effect, and (c) killed the organisms at a maximal rate, have been defined for a total of 41 strains of α- and ß-hemolytic streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus albus, Diplococcus pneumoniae, and the Reiter treponoma.
2. The concentration which killed the organisms at a maximal rate was 2 to 20 times the minimal effective level ("sensitivity" as ordinarily defined). With some organisms, even a 32,000-fold increase beyond this maximally effective level did not further increase the rate of its bactericidal effect. However, with approximately half the strains here studied (all 4 strains of group B ß-hemolytic streptococci, 4 of 5 group C strains, 5 of 7 strains of Streptococcus fecalis, 2 of 4 other α-hemolytic streptococci, and 4 of 9 strains of staphylococci), when the concentration of penicillin was increased beyond that optimal level, the rate at which the organisms died was paradoxically reduced rather than increased, so that the maximal effect was obtained only within a relatively narrow optimal zone.
3. There were marked differences between bacterial species, and occasionally between different strains of the same species, not only with respect to the effective concentrations of penicillin, but also with respect to the maximal rate at which they could be killed by the drug in any concentration. Although there was a rough correlation between these two factors, there were many exceptions; individual strains affected only by high concentrations of penicillin might nevertheless be killed rapidly, while strains sensitive to minute concentrations might be killed only slowly.
4. Within the same bacterial suspension, individual organisms varied only to a minor degree with respect to the effective concentrations of penicillin. They varied strikingly, however, in their resistance to penicillin as measured by the times required to kill varying proportions of the cells.