bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Dear Sammy” Samuel Wesley Jr. School Correspondence
Authors: Charles Wallace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The next grouping of letters was sent to the Wesleys’ eldest child, Samuel Jr., between March 1704 and February 1707, his first years away from home. Young Samuel had been born in London in 1690 before the family moved to Lincolnshire, first to South Ormsby and finally to Epworth. Education at his mother’s knee did not begin propitiously: the family story had it that he did not speak until the age of four or five, though then, quite suddenly, in a complete sentence.1 Nevertheless, he became the first object of the home-schooling enterprise, which Susanna Wesley later detailed in a famous letter to her son John, included in part III of this volume.
The Iconographies of Sati
Authors: Courtright Paul B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word sati conjures up a mental picture of a Hindu wife meeting her violent death amidst the flames of her deceased husband’s funeral pyre. This violent image usually expresses the notion that the woman is under-going her death out of a sense of duty, even love, and in the belief that her self-sacrifice will bring great reward in a future incarnation. Perhaps, too, she will for many generations be honored as a goddess by the community she leaves behind.
Sati as Profit Versus Sati as a Spectacle: The Public Debate on Roop Kanwar’s Death
Authors: Nandy Ashis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The peculiar mix of fascination, fear, dramatics, moral self-righteousness, and anger with which India’s Westernized middle classes reacted to the sati committed by Roop Kanwar at Deorala in Rajasthan in 1987 should have been a psychologist’s delight. Evidently, the very idea of suicide on the funeral pyre of one’s husband-or the possibility that someone might exploit this ancient and rare rite to hide the murder of a young widow—had its own strange fascination for the modem mind. For a small minority of thinking Indians, however, the middle-class reaction to the sati only deepened the tragedy of the death of a teenage widow.
Surviving Victoria
Authors: Dickson Jay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the British modern period must be given a starting date, we might do well to propose January 22, 1901, the day Queen Victoria died. The modernist imagination consistently seized upon the notion of a moment of historical rupture when human character and the old ways and mores of the nineteenth century irreversibly changed. Most of the dates proposed (such as Virginia Woolf’s suggestion of December 1910, the month of the opening of the Post-Impressionist Show, and D. H. Lawrence’s selection of 19153) acquired significance retrospectively. Yet even at the time of Victoria’s death, almost all of her subjects were aware of its epochal importance, and they remembered it long after. “In spite of all the excitements which have crowded upon us since:’ Edmund Gosse wrote in 1923, “noone can forget the emotion of emerging into the cold night of January 22, 1901, and seeing the newspaper boys, for once discreetly silent, hurrying hither and thither with a huge announcement that the Queen was dead.
Religious Melancholy and Protestant Experience in America
Authors: Rubin Julius H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This original examination of the spiritual narratives of conversion in the history of American Protestant evangelical religion reveals an interesting paradox. Fervent believers who devoted themselves completely to the challenges of making a Christian life, who longed to know God’s rapturous love, all too often languished in despair, feeling forsaken by God. Ironically, those most devoted to fostering the soul’s maturation neglected the well-being of the psyche. Drawing upon many sources, including unpublished diaries and case studies of patients treated in nineteenth-century asylums, Julius Rubin’s fascinating study thoroughly explores religious melancholy—as a distinctive stance toward life, a grieving over the loss of God’s love, and an obsession and psychopathology associated with the spiritual itinerary of conversion. The varieties of this spiritual sickness include sinners who would fast unto death (“evangelical anorexia nervosa”), religious suicides, and those obsessed with unpardonable sin. From colonial Puritans like Michael Wigglesworth to contemporary evangelicals like Billy Graham, among those who directed the course of evangelical religion and of their followers, Rubin shows that religious melancholy has shaped the experience of self and identity for those who sought rebirth as children of God.
The Assurance of Things Hoped For
Authors: Avery Dulles S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Christian theology has from the earliest years pointed to faith as the necessary path by which humans were to enter into a saving relationship with God. Faith has been taken to be the fundamental Christian virtue, the indispensable prerequisite for hope, charity, and good works. In this book, a leading Roman Catholic theologian provides an overview of the massive classical and contemporary literature on faith, and presents his own systematic theology of this essential factor of Christian life. In the first part of the book, Avery Dulles considers the biblical foundations of the theology of faith, and examines in detail the history of theological reflection on the subject, from the fathers of the early church through such modern thinkers as Tillich, Barth, Rahner, and Lonergan. The second part offers Dulles's own systematic synthesis, exploring such topics as the nature and object of faith; the birth, growth, and loss of faith; and faith and salvation. A major contribution by one of America's foremost contemporary theologians, this book will be of great interest to an ecumenical cross-section of Christian scholars and students of theology.
England’s American Colonies And Race Theories
Authors: Gossett Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ALTHOUGH in the seventeenth century race theories had not as yet developed any strong scientific or theological rationale, the contact of the English with Indians, and soon afterward with Negroes, in the New World led to the formation of institutions and relationships which were later justified by appeals to race theories. In the area of race relations the experience of the English as colonists was both similar to and different from that of the Spanish. Like the Spaniards, the Englishmen frequently professed that conversion of the Indians and Negroes was one of their chief aims. On the other hand, they did not succeed so well as did the Spanish in converting the Indians or in assimilating Indians and Negroes into their own society.
Eighteenth-Century Anthropology
Authors: Gossett Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN 1684, Franc;;ois Bernier, a French physician who had traveled widely, published an article in a Paris journal on the subject of human differences. “The geographers up until this point,” says Bernier, “have divided the world only according to the different countries or regions.” His own travel had suggested to him a different method of classification-that based upon the facial lineaments and bodily conformations of the people. For Bernier, there are four general classifications of what would now be called races-the Europeans, the Far Easterners, the “blacks,” and the Lapps. The Indians of America are not a separate people, he maintains, although he does not specify to which of the four categories they belong.’
The Study of Language and Literature
Authors: Gossett Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A MOVEMENT similar to the Teutonic origins theory was the attempt to equate race and language. Since languages were known to have a long history, so the theory ran, perhaps it would be possible by philological comparison to determine basic racial affinities among peoples. Those peoples whose languages were similar might generally be assumed to be of the same race or at least of closely related races. Toward the end of the eighteenth century, Sir William Jones, the British orientalist, was contending that the relationships of most of the languages of modern Europe could be explained only under the assumption that they all had a common ancestral tongue. The original language, Jones believed, had long since disappeared, but Sanskrit was its closest surviving relative. Jones’s theory was later greatly expanded by the German linguist Franz Bopp, who argued that all modern European languages except Finnish, Turkish, Magyar, and Basque were related to one another and that they had a common ancestral tongue similar to Sanskrit. Neither Jones nor Bopp, however, was moved to draw racial implications from the suggestion that the languages were related.1
The Social Gospel and Race
Authors: Gossett Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT IS HARD to think of any period in which religious thought underwent a more painful readjustment than in that following the publication of Darwin’s Origin of Species in 1859. It was not merely that conceptions of man’s origin and the inerrancy of scripture had to be revised, although these are the aspects of the battle that are best known. Nor was it merely that the theory of evolution led to the Social Darwinist thought in which it was considered wrong to help the poor and helpless, an idea difficult to square with Christianity. The clergymen of the time who made an effort to keep abreast of contemporary thought could hardly afford to ignore evolution or fail to realize that the theory had important implications for their faith. Still another effect of the theory of evolution—and the one which most directly concerns us here—was that it provided new arguments for the superiority and inferiority of races, arguments which the clergy-men had to face.
The Status of the Negro: 1865-1915
Authors: Gossett Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FOR A LONG TIME the opponents of racial injustice were obliged to appeal almost exclusively to the altruism of the dominant white race. They could, of course, point out the equivocal nature of many of the racists’ conclusions, but the racists had the immense advantage of the strong backing of scientists and social scientists. A striking feature of the literature of racism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is the patient way in which the racists explain “scientific fact” to their opponents. The attitude of the anti-racists is frequently hesitant, especially when they are dealing with questions of inherent inequality among the races. And often this “anti-racism” is—by modern standards, at least—filled with ideas which are themselves racist.1 When a modern reader comes across the extreme racism of southern political leaders of sixty years ago, he is likely to equate their statements with those of the more extreme White Citizens Councils of today.
Imperialism and The Anglo-Saxon
Authors: Gossett Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ALTHOUGH A BELIEF in the superiority of the Anglo-Saxon was not the ostensible cause for which the United States went to war with Spain in 1898, this theme often engaged the attention of proponents of the war. The war was no exception to Dr. Albert Shaw’s thesis that “the power and persistence of ideas lie at the base of all historical movements.” The great theme of the war was, of course, that Spain was a malefactor nation who deserved the punishment of losing her colonies; but it was also argued that the peculiar virtues of the Anglo-Saxon made it desirable as well as necessary that he should expand his dominion abroad.
Racism in the 1920’s
Authors: Gossett Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DURING THE wAR, the energies of the American people were mainly channeled into immediate practical objectives. When the victory had been won, however, the passions and resentments which usually had been restrained for the sake of national unity were freer to indulge themselves. The factory and industrial workers—many of whom were immigrants or the children of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe—were determined to improve their economic position, through strikes if necessary. The Negro, aware from his experience in Europe that ideas of racial caste were by no means universal, was determined to better his position in this country. And the Americans of the older ethnic groups were more and more intent upon holding the line against the rise in status of ethnic groups they believed to be inferior.
The Battle Against Prejudice
Authors: Gossett Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AN ADEQUATE HISTORY of the rebels against racial prejudice would be a lengthy book, but—at least up until the last forty years or so—it would consist mainly of a discouraging repetition of humanitarian protests against injustice, protests which were generally either derided or ignored. It may be, however, that we owe more than we realize to early opponents of racism. Prejudice against ethnic minorities in this country has been immensely strong. Sometimes it has approached the point at which it seemed doubtful whether some ethnic groups were to be considered human at all, but there has always remained a nagging doubt that they might be. Prejudice never reached the point in this country, as it did in Nazi Germany, at which there was a widespread and concerted effort to destroy a whole people. That it did not is largely owing to the people who kept the conscience of the nation alive with regard to the injustice done to minority groups.
The Gospel of John in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Farmer Craig S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study of Johannine exegesis in the sixteenth century covers nearly every important commentator on John from the first half of the century, and examines the medieval and patristic traditions on which they drew. But while comprehensive in its scope, this book centers on the John commentary of Wolfgang Musculus (1497- 1563), an influential leader of the Protestant Reformation in the cities of Augsburg and Bern. As a theologian and biblical scholar, he authored a large number of theological and exegetical works which remained popular well into the seventeenth century. Despite his influence, however, Musculus has been virtually ignored by modern scholarship on the Reformation.
Sixth Ezra
Authors: Bergren Theodore A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
6 Ezra is a short, oracular writing that is included in the biblical Apocrypha as the final two chapters (chapters 15-16) of 4 Ezra or 2 Esdras. Cast as the words of God mediated through an unnamed prophet, the main part of the work sets forth predictions of impending doom for the world. It is reminiscent of, and stands in the tradition of, Jewish and Christian prophetic writings that enunciate God’s woes and threats against a sinful humanity, and envisage imminent destruction on the earth as a result. 6 Ezra is also concerned to exhort a group of God’s chosen people to remain faithful and resist sin in order to escape the impending destruction. There has never been a major study of 6 Ezra or even a complete critical edition of the book, and indeed little has been written about it since the nineteenth century. This book is designed to fill that gap, offering a detailed analysis of the text itself, and addressing the question of its social setting, provenance, date, religious affiliation, and recensional situation of the text. It will also serve to make this important text accesible to a wider audience, while laying the foundations for its further study.
Introduction
Authors: Warren Heather A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THIS IS THE STORY of how a group of Protestant theologians forged a theology of international engagement for America in the 1930s and ‘40s. It tells how in doing so they informed the public rationale for the United States’ participation in World War II and stimulated American leadership in establishing both secular and religious international organizations for the promotion of world order. Among the members of this group were Henry P. Van Dusen, Reinhold Niebuhr, John Bennett, Francis P. Miller, Georgia Harkness, and Samuel McCrea Cavert. In creating a coherent, theologically derived position and then bringing it to bear on contemporary international issues, this group combined ideas with public action in a way that set the standard for American theologians’ social activism in the years to come. They did this by explaining the import of world events in religious terms that the laity understood, providing a moral calculus to apply to the particular issues leading to war, such as racist nationalisms. They established a reputation for themselves as a “prophetic” band by criticizing the then-dominant liberal theological tradition and the existing social order.
Fontes argumentorum and capita doctrinae: Method and Argument in Calvin’s Construction of loci and disputationes
Authors: Muller Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reader of any modern edition of Calvin’s Institutes could easily infer, from the most cursory glance at the text, that Calvin envisaged a profound relationship between the study of his Institutes and the understanding of Scripture, for citations of Scripture abound on every page.
Emerging From Nonduality Koan Practice In The Rinzai Tradition Since Hakuin
Authors: Mohr Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent Debates on methodological issues applied to Buddhist studies have both multiplied the approaches at our disposal and refined our perceptions of the domain under study by questioning some common convictions about the nature of the Buddhist tradition. The first steps in this direction have been critical assessments of how the tradition has presented itself as well as how many Westerners have wanted to interpret and epitomize it. However, this useful task of analyzing the tradition and its reception by the scholarly and nonscholarly audience leaves us with a number of new difficulties. For example, some interpreters have overlooked crucial issues in historical criticism by focusing instead on a questioning of the centrality of “awakening” in Buddhism, as if the word itself cannot be used without quotation marks, perhaps to show that nobody really gives credence to the “mystical claim” implied in what is actually a technical term used in a variety of ways in the source materials.
Occom’s Razor and Ridge’s Masquerade (18th-19th Century)
Authors: Weaver Jace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Did Samson Occom shave? His portrait shows no hint of shadow. In his depiction, he resembles nothing so much as an ever so slightly dusky Dr. Johnson. Occom’s implement of the title refers, in this case, neither to a straight-edged blade nor to the rule of logic and theology but to the precise, careful, subtle, and razorlike manner in which he employed the only tools at his disposal, a shrewd intellect and a gift with words, in order to promote communitist values by critiquing the White power structure of his day even while being a marginal figure it it.
Assimilation, Apocalypticism, and Reform (1900—1967)
Authors: Weaver Jace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last massacre of Indians in the United States occurred on February 26, 1911, at Rabbit Creek, near Winnemucca, Nevada. Five months later, Ishi (Yahi), “the last wild Indian,” was discovered outside an abattoir near Oro ville, California, and on September 4 he took up residence at the University of California Museum of Anthropology in Berkeley. Ishi expired of respiratory failure on March 25, 1916. The last survivor of the Rabbit Creek Massacre, Mary Josephine Estep, died in 1993 after being given the wrong medication at a home for the aged. Yet, for the majority of the American public, the Indian Wars were won decisively, the “Indian Problem” solved finally, and Indians ceased to exist on December 29, 1890, with the report of Hotchkiss guns at Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Reservation. “Waiting for the word from the West” was no longer a necessary pastime for worried easterners.
Anger
Authors: Schimmel Solomon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the emotions, anger is one of the most common and most powerful. It assumes various forms designated by terms such as fury, wrath, ire, rage, resentment, vengeance, and indignation. Hardly a day goes by without most of us experiencing some measure of angereither our own or that of someone with whom we interact, often a family member. The news regularly reports acts of violence unleashed by long-festering anger, a hidden desire for revenge, or a sudden, impetuous fit of rage. Anger plays a central role in assault, child abuse, murder and many rapes, and in interethnic and international violent conflict. Of the seven deadly sins, anger is the most pervasive, injurious to self and others, and most responsible for unhappiness and psychopathological behavior. It is also inextricably linked to the other cardinal sins, particularly pride and envy, as well as to hatred, and it is regularly aroused by frustrated greed and lust. As a psychotherapist I spend more time helping clients deal with their anger than with any other emotion.
Gluttony
Authors: Schimmel Solomon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The amount and variety of food on display in the average American supermarket would put to shame the lavish Roman banquet hosted by Trimalchio, Petronius’s satiric symbol of hedonistic decadence.1 We are a society inundated with food and drink. New immigrants to the United States, from less economically fortunate countries, are awestruck by this abundance, although it doesn’t take them long to accept it as natural, and if they can afford it, to indulge in the offerings. No less abundant than food itself are the stimuli that induce us to partake of it. Everywhere we turn we are bombarded with information (and misinformation) about food. Newspapers have their gourmet food sections and television saturates us with delectable commercials that arouse our lust in hopes that we will sublimate it by eating.2 Hundreds of cookbooks and magazines and thousands of hours of broadcasting are devoted to whetting and satisfying our appetites for food and drink. Our gluttony and the greed of the food industry and its advertisers are responsible for this saturation of our consciousness with eating and drinking. Our preoccupation with food has many undesirable physical and emotional effects.
Greed
Authors: Schimmel Solomon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1990 Congress passed a law that provided for life imprisonment for certain financial crimes in recognition of the social damage and danger of greed gone amok. This law was a reaction to public anger at the Savings and Loan scandal of the 1980s in which avaricious bankers, lawyers, and accountants, seeking easy riches, fraudulently deprived thousands of Americans of their savings, causing immeasurable suffering. The greed of the 1980s brought with it a surge in criminal and unethical schemes, such as insider trading on the stock market, company takeovers that resulted in massive layoffs followed by bankruptcies, and scientific fraud. Greed inflicted catastrophe on many innocent victims, and its adverse social consequences will be felt for many years.
This should come as no surprise, since the pursuit of wealth is a dominant value in our society. The media feature adulatory stories about thirty-year-old multimillionaires who have achieved their college goal of amassing a fortune within a decade of graduation.
Anna and Mary
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
She who was, from the beginning, the Virgin of virgins and the Immaculate Mother of the universe, appeared in due time as Mary, the daughter of Joachim and Anna. According to St. Jerome, Joachim was from the town of Nazareth in Galilee, and Anna from the City of David- Bethlehem; and the two were just and godly folk who divided their wealth into three parts-one for the Temple, one for the poor, and one for their own needs. Anna, however, was barren and lived for twenty years with her husband without bearing him a child.