bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Redistribution and Subsidies for Higher Education
Authors: Bevia Carmen , Iturbe–Ormaetxe Inigo 
Published: March 2003

The financing of higher education through public spending imposes a transfer of resources from taxpayers to university students and their parents. We provide an explanation for this phenomenon. Those who attend institutions of higher education will earn more income in the future and will pay more taxes. People whose children do not receive higher education, however, should agree to help pay the cost of such education, providing that taxes are sufficiently high to ensure an adequate redistribution in favor of their own children at some time in the future. JEL classification: D71; H21; H52
Knowledge Spillovers in Europe: A Patent Citations Analysis
Authors: Maurseth Per Botolf , Verspagen Bart 
Published: March 2003

This paper addresses the pattern of knowledge flows as indicated by patent citations between European regions. Our findings support the hypothesis that there are important barriers to knowledge flows in Europe. Patent citations occur more often between regions which belong to the same country and which are in geographical proximity. Furthermore, patent citations are industry specific and occur most often between regions that are specialised in industrial sectors with specific technological linkages between them. Patent citations are also more frequent when the citing region belongs to the same linguistic group as the cited region. JEL classification: O30; O33; R19
Outsourcing, Imports and Labour Demand
Authors: Falk Martin , Koebel Bertrand M. 
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the effects of purchased services and imported intermediate materials on the labour demand for different skills in German manufacturing sectors. We derive and estimate a factor demand system based on the generalised Box–Cox cost function nesting both the normalised quadratic and the translog functional form. We find that the impacts of output and capital growth are more important in explaining the demand for heterogeneous labour than substitution effects between labour and non–labour inputs. Similarly, the increasing use of both imported materials and purchased services is a consequence of output growth rather than input substitution. JEL classification: J23; O33
More Than One Way to Change: A Study of Course Heterogeneity During and After Short‐term Psychiatric In‐patient Treatment
Authors: Gude Tore , Havik Odd, E. 
Published: March 2003

This study describes differences in course and outcome, defined by GSI (SCL‐90) at admission, discharge, and one‐year follow‐up, in 458 patients receiving in‐patient treatment for long‐standing symptom and/or personality disorders.A K‐mean cluster analysis identified seven subgroups of patients, representing four clinical distinct, meaningful patterns of change: early improvement, late improvement, relapsing after discharge, and a severe chronic course.Main findings: the subgroups had unique correlates among socio‐demographic, diagnostic, and treatment‐related characteristics. One of the relapsing groups had a high rate of Cluster C personality disorders, whereas the other had low participation in the anxiety programme. The group with severe chronic course showed occupational maladjustment and high number of both Axis I and II disorders.Implications: anxiety patients should participate in anxiety‐treatment programmes, Cluster C patients should be followed and monitored for relapse, and severe chronic patients should be offered specialised treatment for their co‐existing substance abuse and/or eating disorders.
Relational Aggression and Victimization in Young Adults' Romantic Relationships: Associations with Perceptions of Parent, Peer, and Romantic Relationship Quality
Authors: Linder Jennifer Ruh , Crick Nicki R. , Collins W. Andrew 
Published: March 2003

Abstract This study had three goals: (a) To investigate gender differences in relational aggression and victimization within young adults' romantic relationships, (b) to investigate associations between romantic relational aggression and victimization and perceptions of romantic relationship quality, and (c) to explore parent and peer predictors of romantic relational aggression and victimization. College students (70 females and 34 males) completed self‐reports of romantic relational aggression and victimization, and parent, peer, and romantic relationship quality. Men and women reported equal levels of romantic relational aggression, and men reported higher levels of victimization than women. Aggression and victimization were positively correlated with negative romantic relationship qualities and negatively correlated with positive relationship qualities. Regression analyses indicated that both romantic relational victimization and romantic relational aggression explained variance in romantic relationship quality. There were several significant associations between parent and peer relationship quality and romantic relational aggression and victimization, which suggest that poor relationships with parents and peers may play a role in the development and maintenance of these behaviors.
Poverty and Social Policy in Latin America
Authors: Gilbert Alan 
Published: March 2003

Most indicators of human development in Latin America improved considerably until the early 1980s. Unfortunately, the debt crisis which hit most countries in the region during the 1980s badly dented the social record. Not only did it increase the number of people living in poverty but it led to a profound change in the nature of the development model. Neo‐liberal economic thought and the lessons of the debt crisis convinced one Latin American state after another that it should follow a different development path.Economic stabilization and structural adjustment had a profound effect on poverty in the region. Most families became poorer, particularly those living in the cities. Structural adjustment and the new economic model also modified the role of the state. Increasingly, Latin American governments stopped giving general subsidies and introduced a strategy of targeting subsidies at the poor. In places, the new strategy will no doubt provide an adequate safety net, but in others it will fail to provide sufficient help for the poor. All we can predict is that poverty will long remain regrettably common in most parts of Latin America. In places, economic growth will undoutedly reduce poverty but it is not at all easy to predict where it will be reduced. In this respect Latin America is very much like the rest of the world. Globalization has opened up local economies to international competition and offered them the prospect of selling local goods to foreign markets. How many Latin American economies will benefit from the new situation will determine how the poor will fare. Unfortunately, the state’s ability to deal with any subsequent poverty has been greatly reduced. That, too, is part and parcel of the process of globalization.
Japan's Radical Reform of Long‐term Care
Authors: Campbell John Creighton , Ikegami Naoki 
Published: March 2003

AbstractJapan's mandatory long‐term care social insurance system started in 2000. Many important choices about the basic shape and size of the system, as well as a host of details, were necessary when the program was being planned. It represents a reversal from earlier steps toward a tax‐based direct‐service system, and is based on consumer choice of services and providers. The benefits are in the form of institutional or community‐based services, not cash, and are aimed at covering all caregiving costs (less a 10 percent co‐payment) at six levels of need, as measured by objective test. Revenues are from insurance contributions and taxes. The program costs about $40 billion, and is expected to rise to about $70 billion annually by 2010 as applications for services go up. There are about 2.2 million beneficiaries, about 10 percent of the 65+ population. The program has operated within its budget and without major problems for two years and is broadly accepted as an appropriate and effective social program.
Fordism in the fast food industry: pervasive management control and occupational health and safety risks for young temporary workers
Authors: Mayhew Claire , Quinlan Michael 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA growing body of international research points to an association between precarious employment or contingent work arrangements and a higher incidence of injury, disease and psychological distress as well as inferior knowledge/compliance with occupational health and safety (OHS) standards. Despite this, published research on the OHS problems of young workers in hospitality and other service industries largely ignores the fact that many are engaged on a temporary basis. To address this gap we surveyed 304 young temporary workers employed in Australian outlets of a well‐known multinational fast food chain. Indices assessed included work‐related injuries, exposure to occupational violence, and knowledge of OHS practices and legislative rights. In trying to explain the adverse OHS outcomes associated with contingent work, researchers have repeatedly identiﬁed three sets of factors; economic and reward pressures, work disorganisation and regulatory failure. Like most other multinational fast food companies, this ﬁrm adopted a Fordist production system. Given suggestions that Fordist systems adversely affect worker health and wellbeing, it seemed plausible that the combination of Fordism with reliance on a young casualised workforce would result in markedly inferior OHS outcomes. Contrary to this expectation, workers surveyed had an incidence of injury around the norm for full‐time permanent workers, and an excellent knowledge of risk control measures and OHS legislation. On the other hand, they had limited knowledge of their workers’ compensation entitlements and faced an elevated risk of low‐level occupational violence.Far from exacerbating the situation, the primary reason for the positive injury and knowledge outcomes was the Fordist system that tightly speciﬁed tasks and incorporated detailed risk assessment and control procedures. This system was shaped by an overriding concern for the company’s bottom line (hence the worker’s poor knowledge of worker’s compensation – a result more typical of contingent workers) but pervasive controls had beneﬁts for an otherwise vulnerable workforce. Ritzer (2000) and others have portrayed the Fordist regimes of fast food chains as integral to a system where workers are indoctrinated, class relations obfuscated and covert threats to continued employment used to undermine solidarity. Without denying this, these systems may still constitute a less hazardous working environment for temporary workers than more disorganised work settings. Further research is needed to determine whether the study ﬁndings can be generalised or are restricted to this chain or its Australian outlets.
Gender and risk assessment in contraceptive technologies
Authors: Kammen Jessika van , Oudshoorn Nelly 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper concerns a comparison of risk assessment practices of contraceptives for women and men. Our analysis shows how the evaluation of health risks of contraceptives does not simply reflect the specific effects of chemical compounds in the human body. Rather, we show how side‐effects were rated differently according to the risk model that was adopted. Our analysis shows an important new aspect of risk assessment: lay perspectives of men are taken more seriously by experts and policymakers than those of women. In the case of male contraceptives, men’s wellbeing when using contraceptives was a central issue from the very beginning. Men’s emotional wellbeing and sexuality has been put on the international research agenda by the reproductive scientists themselves, and the need for long‐term data about male contraceptives has been emphasised by the pharmaceutical industry. In the case of female contraceptives, the concern for the long‐term effects of contraceptives was put forward by women’s health movements, and research into women’s mental health and libido when using hormonal contraceptives was initiated only at the instigation of women’s health advocates. We therefore conclude that the incorporation of lay interests in the experts’ methods of risk assessment shows a clear gender pattern. Whereas the perspectives of male contraceptive users have been emphasised and negotiated by authoritative spokespersons within the medical establishment, the incorporation of the interests and needs of female contraceptives users depended on women’s health advocates.
Food Consumption in the Mediterranean Region
Authors: Grigg David 
Published: March 2003

This paper deals with the present diet in the Mediterranean. Many of the plants and animals used in the traditional Mediterranean diet were domesticated in the Near East and spread from there around the Mediterranean. There is a clear distinction between the food consumption of the countries around the Mediterranean Sea and those north of the Alps; but there are regional differences within the Mediterranean.In the West Mediterranean meat consumption is high, and cereal consumption low, but North Africa has a high consumption of cereals, and little meat or dairy foods. In the East Mediterranean olive oil consumption is being replaced by oilseed, but the former remains dominant from Portugal to Greece. Fruit and vegetables are particularly significant in the East Mediterranean. Rapid economic growth in the European countries of the Mediterranean since 1960 has ended the traditional Mediterranean diet and diminished the unity that the basin once had in diets.
EIL, ESL, EFL: Global Issues and Local Interests
Authors: Widdowson Henry G.` 
Published: March 2003

This paper by Henry G. Widdowson was originally presented at a conference in Senegal in December 1995. The author submitted it to WE for consideration for publication with a note saying that ‘I wanted to raise a number of questions for discussion, so the paper is provocative. ... You might indeed want to consider it as a possible contribution to World Englishes, where it might provoke some of the reaction it was originally designed to do’ (January 29, 1996).We believe that this would be an appropriate paper for initiating this new section in WE entitled the Forum. We hope that the readers of WE will find this contribution as provocative as does the author, and that some will share their reactions with us for publication in future issues of WE.The perspective presented in the paper is important since Widdowson is one of the most articulate and knowledgeable members of the profession. The points he makes in this paper have earlier been articulated within various theoretical conceptualizations, with persuasive empirical data from West Africa, Southern Africa, and from South and Southeast Asia. Almost five decades ago, India’s Raja Rao (1938) provides a credo for his creativity which has become almost classic and has extensively been quoted by Asian, African, and Western scholars interested in creativity in English. And now in the 1990s, the voice from a guru of the ELT profession is particularly significant. This voice is indeed a mild indicator of a slow but sure increase in the degree of awareness of the paradigm shift among the professional leadership.Professor Widdowson represents the profession as an educator, as a prolific researcher and as an academic administrator. He is active in two professional organizations of the Inner Circle which are extremely influential: The International Association for Teachers of English as a Foreign Language (IATEFL) and the Teaching of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL). Editors,
Long overdue? Another look at the National Literacy Strategy
Authors: Beard Roger 
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses the teaching approaches which English primary schools are encouraged to use as part of the National Literacy Strategy (NLS) and the ways in which the case for their increased use is supported by research and inspection evidence.This evidence suggests that, in the years immediately before the NLS was implemented, early reading in English primary schools was largely taught by individualised methods. The skills for dealing with information texts were taught rather patchily. Links between reading and writing were often not directly made. The paper argues that the reasons for this individualised pedagogy can be traced back to the influence of the Plowden Report of 1967. The limitations of individualised teaching with whole classes have subsequently been highlighted by school effectiveness research. The paper outlines the studies which have influenced the NLS in promoting greater direct interactive teaching of literacy and notes some critical issues which are still to be resolved.
Cohabitation in Great Britain: Not for Long, but Here to Stay
Authors: Ermisch John , Francesconi Marco 
Published: March 2003

Summary
This paper uses a new source of data to study the dramatic increase in cohabiting unions in Great Britain. It analyses, in turn, entry into first partnership, the stability of cohabiting unions and repartnering after dissolution of cohabitation. In excess of 70% of first partnerships are now cohabitations, and these last a relatively short time before being either turned into marriage or dissolved. The shift to cohabitation as the dominant mode of first partnership plays an important role in the delay of first marriage and motherhood. The paper also investigates the factors that are associated with the outcome of cohabitations.
Correcting for Regression Dilution Bias: Comparison of Methods for a Single Predictor Variable
Authors: Frost Chris , Thompson Simon G. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
In an epidemiological study the regression slope between a response and predictor variable is underestimated when the predictor variable is measured imprecisely. Repeat measurements of the predictor in individuals in a subset of the study or in a separate study can be used to estimate a multiplicative factor to correct for this ‘regression dilution bias’. In applied statistics publications various methods have been used to estimate this correction factor. Here we compare six different estimation methods and explain how they fall into two categories, namely regression and correlation-based methods. We provide new asymptotic variance formulae for the optimal correction factors in each category, when these are estimated from the repeat measurements subset alone, and show analytically and by simulation that the correlation method of choice gives uniformly lower variance. The simulations also show that, when the correction factor is not much greater than 1, this correlation method gives a correction factor which is closer to the true value than that from the best regression method on up to 80% of occasions. We also provide a variance formula for a modified correlation method which uses the standard deviation of the predictor variable in the main study; this shows further improved performance provided that the correction factor is not too extreme. A confidence interval for a corrected regression slope in an epidemiological study should reflect the imprecision of both the uncorrected slope and the estimated correction factor. We provide formulae for this and show that, particularly when the correction factor is large and the size of the subset of repeat measures is small, the effect of allowing for imprecision in the estimated correction factor can be substantial.
Proposals for 2001 Samples of Anonymized Records: An Assessment of Disclosure Risk
Authors: Dale Angela , Elliot Mark 
Published: March 2003

Summary
In 1991 Marsh and co-workers made the case for a sample of anonymized records (SAR) from the 1991 census of population. The case was accepted by the Office for National Statistics (then the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys) and a request was made by the Economic and Social Research Council to purchase the SARs. Two files were released for Great Britain—a 2% sample of individuals and a 1% sample of households. Subsequently similar samples were released for Northern Ireland. Since their release, the files have been heavily used for research and there has been no known breach of confidentiality. There is a considerable demand for similar files from the 2001 census, with specific requests for a larger sample size and lower population threshold for the individual SAR. This paper reassesses the analysis of Marsh and co-workers of the risk of identification of an individual or household in a sample of microdata from the 1991 census and also uses alternative ways of assessing risks with the 1991 SARs. The results of both the reassessment and the new analyses are reassuring and allow us to take the 1991 SARs as a base-line against which to assess proposals for changes to the size and structure of samples from the 2001 census.
The Role of Tobacco Taxes in Starting and Quitting Smoking: Duration Analysis of British Data
Authors: Forster Martin , Jones Andrew M. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
The annual 5% increase in tobacco taxes in real terms proposed in the recent White Paper on smoking has reaffirmed the commitment of successive UK Governments to above-inflation increases in tobacco taxation to encourage people to stop smoking. This paper presents evidence on the determinants of starting and quitting smoking by using data from the British Health and Lifestyle Survey and is the first to identify tax elasticities for starting and quitting smoking using British data. Self-reported individual smoking histories are coupled with a long time series for the tax rate on cigarettes to construct a longitudinal data set. Estimates are obtained for the effect of above-inflation tax rises on the age of starting smoking and the number of years of smoking. The estimates of the tax elasticity of the age of starting smoking are 0.16 for men and 0.08 for women. The estimates of the tax elasticity of quitting are −0.60 for men and −0.46 for women. These are robust to different specifications.
Modelling the Data Measurement Process for the Index of Production
Authors: Patterson K. D. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryMany statistical series that are available from official agencies, such as the Office for National Statistics in the UK and the Bureau of Economic Analysis in the USA, are subject to an extensive process of revision and refinement. This feature of the data is often not explicitly recognized by users even though it may be important to their use of the data. The starting-point of this study is to conceptualize and model the data measurement process as it is relevant to the index of production (IOP). The IOP attracts considerable attention because of its timely publication and importance as an indicator of the UK's industrial base. This study shows that there is one common stochastic trend (and one common factor in terms of observable variables) ‘driving’ 13 vintages of data on the IOP. Necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for the ‘final’ vintage of data on the IOP to be the permanent component of the series in the Gonzalo–Granger sense, and the revisions to be the transitory components. These conditions are not satisfied for the IOP; hence, the per-manent component is a function of all the published vintages.