bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of antibodies to identify satellite cells with a light microscope
Authors: Zhang Ming , McLennan Ian S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSatellite cells are essential for the growth and regeneration of skeletal muscles but the study of them has been difficult due to the need to use an electron microscope. This article describes a method which enables satellite cells to be identified with a light microscope. Satellite cells were distinguished from: (1) myonuclei on the basis of whether the nuclei were inside or outside the plasmalemma of a fiber (stained with antidystrophin) and (2) interstitial cells depending on whether they were inside or outside of a fiber's basal lamina (stained with anticollagen IV). Some satellite cells were stained by the antidystrophin which further aided their identification. The question of whether all satellite cells are myogenic has been investigated and discussed. This method will facilitate the study of satellite cells in biopsies of human muscles and the estimation of satellite cell number in laboratory animals. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nerve conduction and biopsy correlation in over 100 consecutive patients with suspected polyneuropathy
Authors: Logician Eric L. , Kelly John J. , Adelman Lester S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNeuropathy was classified physiologically and histologically as normal, axonal, demyelinative, or indeterminate using specific motor nerve conduction (NC) and sural sensory nerve biopsy (NB) criteria. Physiological and histological diagnoses were concordant in 63%, and minimally discordant in 14% of patients. The most important discordant patients were 6 with demyelinative neuropathy, 4 by NC, of which 2 were pure motor syndromes, and 2 by NB, both predominantly sensory syndromes. In the 55 patients with predominant axonal degeneration on biopsy, the extent of NC slowing was determined. As compound motor and sensory nerve action potential (CMAP and SNAP) amplitude declined, distal motor latency increased, whereas motor and sensory conduction velocity (CV) did not. Minimum F response latency increased as motor CV decreased, more in lower than upper extremity nerves. We conclude that: (1) except for sensory neuropathy, routine motor NC studies generally suffice in identifying demyelinative neuropathy; (2) NC slowing in axonal neuropathy is usually slight but may result in significantly prolonged distal motor latencies when CMAP amplitude is very low, and prolonged F wave latency when motor CV is slightly low; and (3) The physiologic criteria employed in this study rarely misclassifies neuropathy as demyelinative in patients with predominant axon loss on biopsy. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isometric contractile function following nerve grafting: A study of graft storage
Authors: Evans Peter J. , Awerbuck David C. , Mackinnon Susan E. , Wade Judith A. , McKee Nancy H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn order to assess the effects of storage on nerve grafts, the isometric contractile function of the gastrocnemius muscle was assessed 14 months following sciatic nerve autografting in the rat. Three‐centimeter sciatic nerve grafts were stored at either 5°C or 22°C for 6 h, 24 h, or 3 weeks in an organ transplant solution. Muscle mass and maximal force in the fresh control graft group returned to 47% and 36% of normal levels, respectively, which was similar to stored grafts. Storage at 5°C was superior to 22°C and there was no decrement in contractile function in grafts stored up to 3 weeks at 5°C. These findings suggest that the storage of nerve grafts is a feasible technique that might be applied to nerve allografts, thus permitting elective reconstruction of large peripheral nerve gaps. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Level of independence of motor unit properties from neuromuscular activity
Authors: Pierotti David J. , Roy Roland R. , Hodgson John A. , Edgerton V. Reggie 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNeuromuscular activity was eliminated in the tibialis anterior muscle of adult cats for 6 months by spinal isolation (Sl), i.e., complete spinal cord transections at T‐12–13 and at L‐7–S‐1, plus bilateral dorsal rhizotomy between the two transection sites. One motor unit from each muscle was isolated using ventral root teasing procedures and physiologically tested. The fibers belonging to each motor unit were visualized in PAS‐staired sections by the loss of glycogen following prolonged repetitive stimulation. Qualitatively, the normal enzymatic interrelationships among fibers identified by myosin heavy chain composition were unchanged by SI. Generally, each motor unit from SI cats were of a single myosin immunohistochemical type. The same physiological motor unit types that typify control muscles were found in SI cats. In Sl compared to control cats, there was approximately a 10% increase in the number of muscle fibers expressing fast myosin. Mean fiber activity levels of ATPase and SDH for a given fiber type (based on MHC antibody reactions) decreased by approximately 10% and 25%, whereas GPD activity increased approximately 35%. It is concluded that differential levels or patterns of activity are not essential to maintain the range of histochemical and physiological motor unit types found in the tibialis anterior of normal adult cats. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lymphocyte infiltration following allo‐and xenomyoblast transplantation in mdx mice
Authors: Asselin Isabelle , Vilquin Jean Thomas , Tremblay Jacques P. , Guérette Benoǐt , Roy Raynald 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHuman and mouse (C57BL/10SnJ+/+) myoblasts were injected separately in the muscles of C57BL/10SnJ mdx/mdx mice. Mouse myoblasts (C57BL/10SnJ+/+) were also injected in normal mice (C57BL/10SnJ+/+ and BALB/c +/+). Some muscles that received a xenotransplantation (i.e., human myoblasts) were previously injected with a myotoxin, i.e., notexin. This treatment was not used for the allografts (i.e., mouse myoblasts). Human myoblast injections did not increase the number of dystrophin‐positive cells above the background level due to backmutation. Moreover, the human myoblasts detected with an anti‐HLA antibody decreased rapidly during the 6‐week followup. The injection of normal mouse myoblasts in mdx mice did, however, increase the number of dystrophin‐positive fibers. Moreover, numerous cells expressing mouse MHC class II, macrophages, granulocytes, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and a subset of T lymphocytes were detected by immunohistochemistry in cryostat sections of myoblast injected muscles. These cells were present within 1 week of the myoblast injection in the muscle regions containing injected human or mouse myoblasts, and progressively decreased during the 6‐week follow‐up in the human myoblast transplantation. Lymphocyte infiltration reached a significant level following xeno‐ and alloincompatible transplantations. Antibodies against the human myoblasts and against alloincompatible myoblasts were also detected in the serum of the recipients. These results suggest that humoral and cellular immune reactions are responsible for the poor outcome of myoblast transplantation in mice and could be involved in failure of transplantation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. These results indicate that adequate immunousuppression must be used in these patients.© 1995 John Wiley &Sons, Inc.
Monoclonal antibodies against ICAM‐1 and LFA‐1 prolong nerve allograft survival
Authors: Nakao Yasushi , Mackinnon Susan E. , Hertl M. Catherine , Hunter Daniel A. , Mohanakumar T. , Miyasaka Masayuki 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn a rat nerve allograft model, specific immunosuppression was approached with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against cell‐surface molecules. After engraftment, recipients were treated with antiintercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) and antilymphocyte function‐associated antigen‐1 (LFA‐1) MAbs for 14 days. Functional recovery was evaluated biweekly. Electrophysiological and histological assessments were performed at 6 and 16 weeks. Immunologic responsiveness in the recipients was assessed with a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assay at 16 weeks and skin grafts at 18 weeks. The untreated allograft group demonstrated complete disruption of fascicular architecture with poor nerve regeneration. The MAb‐treated allografts maintained well‐organized nerve architecture with a dense population of well‐myelinated fibers. These animals showed functional and electrophysiological recovery. Suppression of CTL activity was nerve donor specific and the survival time of nerve donor skin grafts was prolonged, suggesting induction of alloantigen‐specific tolerance. MAb therapy directed against ICAM‐1/LFA‐1 presents a new approach for the management of the peripheral nerve allograft response.© 1995 John Wiley &Sons, Inc.
Immunopathogenesis and treatment of the guillain–barré syndrome—part II
Authors: Hartung Hans‐Peter , Toyka Klaus V. , Pollard John D. , Harvey Graham K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the second part of our review the role of antecedent infections in the pathogenesis of GBS is discussed. The association with Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is highlighted and the concept of molecular mimicry, i.e., sharing of epitopes between microbes and peripheral nerve, explained. Alternative mechanisms to relate an infection with the immune‐mediated neuropathy are elaborated. Current therapies of the GBS include plasma exchange, high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulins, and supportive treatment directed to secondary complications. Published therapeutic trials are reviewed and future approaches are outlined. Principles of general care are also summarized.© 1995 John Wiley &Sons, Inc.
Motor unit recruitment pattern during low‐level static and dynamic contractions
Authors: SØGaard Karen 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMotor unit (MU) recruitment patterns were studied during dynamic and static contractions at workloads corresponding to 10% of maximal voluntary contraction force. The dynamic contraction consisted of a 20% flexion and extension of the elbow performed with a velocity of 10μ/s. Motor unit potential trains were recorded from the branchial biceps muscle of 6 healthy females using a quadripolar needle electrode and a computerized decomposition program. Properties of the identified MUs were derived from concentric needle EMG. A total of 119 MUs were identified during dynamic contractions, 107 MUs during static anisotonic contractions, and 96 MUs during static isotonic contractions. The main result was that MUs recruited during different contractions showed similar properties and may belong to the same part of the motoneuron pool. This indicates that MU recruitment patterns during dynamic contractions may be almost as stereotypical as during static contractions and may even activate the same MUs.© 1995 John Wiley &Sons, Inc.
Motor neuron disease: A primary disorder of corticomotoneurons?
Authors: Pamphlett Roger , Kril Jillian , Hng Tien Ming 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIt has been suggested that the primary site of damage in motor neuron disease (MND) is the cortical motor neuron, with secondary degeneration of spinal motor neurons. To test this hypothesis, we sought to determine if loss of corticomotoneurons in MND precedes spinal motor neuron loss. The density of corticomotoneurons was measured in 18 MND and 9 control cases using 10‐μm horizontal sections of motor cortex in the hand/arm region. The density of spinal motor neurons was measured in 10‐μm transverse sections of the lower cervical spinal cord. Corticomotoneuron and spinal motor neuron densities were decreased in MND cases compared to controls, but in MND cases there was poor correlation (r2 = 0.06) between corticomotoneuron and spinal motor neuron densities. The results indicate that corticomotoneuron and spinal motor neurons are lost at different rates in different MND patients, and that corticomotoneuron loss is unlikely to be a primary event in MND.© 1995 John Wiley &Sons, Inc.
Direct spinal stimulation for intraoperative monitoring during scoliosis surgery
Authors: Phillips Lawrence H. , Blanco John S. , Sussman Michael D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntraoperative electrophysiological monitoring of the spinal cord has traditionally been done by recording somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP). There is a risk that SEPs can be unaltered when significant injury to the anterior spinal cord has occurred. The purpose of this report is to describe a simple technique for intraoperative spinal cord stimulation which monitors descending pathways in the anterior spinal cord. Stimulation occurs through needle electrodes inserted into spinous processes in the rostral surgical wound, and recordings are made from electrodes in the popliteal spaces. We report our experience in monitoring spinal instrumentation in 45 patients with idiopathic scoliosis and 20 with some form of neurological disease causing scoliosis. The neurogenic motor evoked potentials (NMEP) are stable and easily recorded from the popliteal spaces in the majority of patients. We describe the case of 1 patient with Friedreich's ataxia in whom no SEPs could be recorded, but NMEPs were used successfully for monitoring. We have found that combining traditional SEP monitoring with NMEP recording provides a safe and effective method to monitor the spinal cord during surgical procedures where it is at risk.© 1995 John Wiley &Sons, Inc.
Segmental median nerve conduction measurements discriminate carpal tunnel syndrome from diabetic polyneuropathy
Authors: Hansson Sture 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMedian nerve conduction has been compared in CTS, with or without diabetes, and diabetic polyneuropathy. Approximately 90% of hands were correctly predicted as CTS or diabetic polyneuropathy by a comparison including the median antidromic sensory nerve conduction velocities in the elbow‐to‐wrist segment, wrist‐to‐palm segment, palm‐to‐finger segment, and the amplitude of the sensory nerve action potential. CTS with diabetes could not be distinguished from CTS without diabetes. The association between proximal and distal nerve conduction velocities was similar in CTS and diabetic polyneuropathy. A study in motor fibers showed that the hands could be classified through a combination of M‐wave latency and the more proximal motor nerve conduction velocity measurements. Independent of severity, motor and sensory nerve conduction was influenced to an equal degree in CTS and diabetic polyneuropathy. The hypothesis that both CTS and diabetic polyneuropathy can be associated with neural ischemia is discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Paradoxical heat sensation in uremic polyneuropathy
Authors: Yosipovitch Gil , Yarnitsky David , Mermelstein Victor , Sprecher Elliot , Reiss Jonathan , Witenberg Clara , Hemli Jeshayachu A. , Boner Geoffrey 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSensory aspects of uremic neuropathy were studied in 36 patients using clinical assessment and quantitative sensory tests (QST). The outstanding abnormality in sensory quality was perception of heat in response to low temperature stimuli. This paradoxical heat sensation was found in the foot in 42% (15) of patients, far beyond the normal prevalence of 10%. Paradoxical sensation was positively related to cold hypoesthesia (P = 0.0004) suggesting disinhibition as a possible mechanism. Paradoxical heat sensation also positively related to creatinine level (P = 0.0012). Pruritus was present in 20 patients (56%), intensity not related to any biochemical or clinical parameter. Signs of sensory polyneuropathy (PNP), based on at least two abnormal parameters in the clinical assessment or QST, were found in 39% of patients (14), of whom 11 had paradoxical heat sensation. Thus, in 4 patients (11%), this sensory aberration preceded other signs for PNP. Paradoxical heat sensation seems to be a common and often early expression of the sensory neuropathy in uremia. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Recovery of sensation and somatosensory evoked potentials following toe‐to‐digit transplantation in man
Authors: Chu Nai‐Shin , Wei Fu‐Chan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRecovery of digital nerve function in 21 patients with toe‐to‐digit transplantation was evaluated by clinical sensory tests and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) to median and digital nerve stimulation. The mean interval between injury and surgery was 7 months, and that between surgery and study was 31 months. The transplanted toes achieved a satisfactory but incomplete recovery in temperature (warm and cold), pinprick, touch, vibration, and two‐point discrimination in that order. The overall sensory status of the transplanted toes appeared to be closer to normal toes than to normal fingers. In SEPs from the transplanted side, median N9, N13, and N20 components had normal latency but reduced amplitude, whereas digital N9 component was usually absent, but N13 and N20 components had prolonged latency and reduced amplitude. Transplantation performed within 1 month after injury prevented amplitude reduction in median SEPs and latency prolongation in digital SEPs. The SEP data suggest that timing of surgery was critical in preventing retrograde effect on the median nerve, and that recovery of digital nerve function was incomplete correlating with clinical sensory findings. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Restoration of conduction in the spinal roots correlates with clinical recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Chalk Jonathan B. , McCombe Pamela A. , Pender Michael P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the Lewis rat, acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by inoculation with myelin basic protein (MBP) and adjuvants is characterized by tail and hindlimb weakness that resolves spontaneously after several days. In rats with neurological signs of this form of EAE (MBP‐EAE) we have previously demonstrated demyelination and nerve conduction block in the proximal peripheral nervous system (PNS) and in the central nervous system (CNS). The present study was performed to assess conduction in the PNS and CNS, after recovery from acute MBP‐EAE, using direct recordings from surgically exposed spinal roots and spinal cord dorsal columns. The study revealed that 1–2 weeks after clinical recovery from tail paralysis there was almost complete restoration of conduction in the sacral spinal roots but persistent severe conduction abnormalities in the dorsal columns. Significant restoration of conduction through the dorsal columns occurred over the following 2 weeks. These findings indicate that PNS conduction block due to a demyelinating polyradiculitis is a major cause of the neurological signs of acute MBP‐EAE in the Lewis rat.© 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Characteristics of motor unit discharge in subjects with hemiparesis
Authors: Gemperline Judith J. , Allen Sarah , Walk David , Rymer William Z. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe studied the discharge rates recruitment characteristics of single motor units in paratic and contralateral arm muscles of 6 hemiparetic subjects. Motor unit activity in bicapes brachii was recorded at different elbow torques, and the activity related both to the mean level of surface electromyographic activity, and to the degree of weakness. In 3 of the 6 subjects, there were significant reductions in mean discharge rate of motor units in the paretic muscle. All 6 subjects showed compression of the range of motoneuron recuitment forces, and a failure to increase motor unit discharge rate during voluntary force increases in paretic muscles. These rate reductions could potentially alter the precise match of motoneuron properties to the mechanical properties of the innerved muscle fibers, and reduce the efficiency of muscle contraction. This reduction could lead, in turn to increased effort, to fatigue, and ultimately to a sense of weaknes for voluntary force generation.© 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dystrophin‐positive fibers in duchenne dystrophy: Origin and correlation to clinical course
Authors: Fanin Marina , Danieli Gian Antonio , Cadaldini Morena , Miorin Marta , Vitiello Libero , Angelini Corrado 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn 132 DMD muscle biopsies we investigated the presence of dystrophin‐positive fibers and the relationship of dystrophin immunohistochemical pattern to the clinical severity of the disease. Reverted fibers were detected in 37% of patients; their prevalence increased significantly in each biopsy with age of patients. We suggest that reversion occurs in satellite cells, when muscle differentiation is completed. The longitudinal extent of dystrophin‐positive domain spans a maximum length of 900 μm. No correlation was found between the presence of reverted fibers and the clinical severity of DMD, whereas a milder form of Duchenne dystrophy was observed in patients showing a faint reaction in all fibers. The occurrence of reverted fibers is independent of the type of gene mutation; however, a higher proportion of cases with reverted fibers was found among patients with gene duplications.© 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Facilitation of magnetic motor evoked potentials during the mixed nerve silent period
Authors: Young Michael S. , Triggs William J. , Gerstle Gabriella 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe studied motor nueron excitability during the mixed nerve silent period (MNSP) in a hand muscle using magnetic motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and F‐waves. MEPs elicited between the V1 and V2 potentials of the MNSP were much larger than control MEPs elicited at rest, and were even comparable in size to control MEPs occured without shortening of MEP latency, suggesting a supraspinal mechanism. MEPs were facilitated during the MNSP when elicited with a figure‐8‐shaped coil in a posterior–anterior orientation, but not when MEPs of the same size were elicited with the coil held in a lateral–medial orientation. F‐waves elicited during the MNSP were variable between subjects, and not consistently different from control F‐waves elicited at rest. Our findings may reflect increased cortical motor excitability during the MNSP, possibly related to activation of muscle afferents by mixed nerve stimulation. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Manganese toxicity upon overexposure
Authors: Crossgrove Janelle , Zheng Wei 
Published: January 2005

AbstractManganese (Mn) is a required element and a metabolic byproduct of the contrast agent mangafodipir trisodium (MnDPDP). The Mn released from MnDPDP is initially sequestered by the liver for first‐pass elimination, which allows an enhanced contrast for diagnostic imaging. The administration of intravenous Mn impacts its homeostatic balance in the human body and can lead to toxicity. Human Mn deficiency has been reported in patients on parenteral nutrition and in micronutrient studies. Mn toxicity has been reported through occupational (e.g. welder) and dietary overexposure and is evidenced primarily in the central nervous system, although lung, cardiac, liver, reproductive and fetal toxicity have been noted. Mn neurotoxicity results from an accumulation of the metal in brain tissue and results in a progressive disorder of the extrapyramidal system which is similar to Parkinson's disease. In order for Mn to distribute from blood into brain tissue, it must cross either the blood–brain barrier (BBB) or the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB). Brain import, with no evidence of export, would lead to brain Mn accumulation and neurotoxicity. The mechanism for the neurodegenerative damage specific to select brain regions is not clearly understood. Disturbances in iron homeostasis and the valence state of Mn have been implicated as key factors in contributing to Mn toxicity. Chelation therapy with EDTA and supplementation with levodopa are the current treatment options, which are mildly and transiently efficacious. In conclusion, repeated administration of Mn, or compounds that readily release Mn, may increase the risk of Mn‐induced toxicity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.