bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elitism:From the Many to the Few
Authors: Lee Philip J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aprivate, anti-Church view of Christianity of necessity correlates with religious elitism. When the self effectively becomes the center of God’s activity in the world, then the self must be seen as holy, set apart from all common, unworthy selves. When the self is thought to have attained special knowledge, then the self must be distinguished from those quite different others which have not attained special knowledge. “ ‘Knowledge’ fgnosis] puffs up, but love [agape] builds up,” writes the Apostle Paul. Already, the New Testament had found itself having to oppose gnostic elitism. The early Church Fathers continued to resist any elitist attempts to separate the pneumatics from the psychics or the gnostikoi from the ordinary Christians. Although the gnostic Gospel of Philip was concerned that many baptizands “go down into the water and come up without having received anything,” orthodoxy maintained that all those who had received baptism, confessed the creed, participated in the Eucharist and agreed to obey the Church were Christians. As Elaine Pagels has observed, “To become truly catholic-universalthe church rejected all forms of elitism, attempting to include as many as possible within its embrace. “
The Degnosticizing of Protestantism: The Renewal of Hope
Authors: Lee Philip J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As THE familiar hymn expresses it, the Church is always “by heresies distressed.” This work has attempted to state what it is that is particularly distressing about a revitalized gnostic heresy in our own day. It would be a serious mistake, however, to conclude that the problems confronting contemporary Protestantism are overwhelming or insoluble. Every generation of the Church has been threatened in one way or another by a teaching counter to biblical truth. Often the counter-teaching has been so attractive that it has almost captured the Church itself. Gnosticism in its various guises has on several occasions been especially powerful and apparently close to victory. “Mani,” as Runciman reminds us, “began his preaching at Ctesiphon in Mesopotamia in A.D. 242 ... [and] within a century of his death ... it seemed not unlikely that Mani’s faith would dominate the world.” Valentinus, often considered the ablest theologian among the ancient heresiarchs, was in the running for and perhaps almost achieved the bishopric of Rome. The extent of gnostic appeal in the fourth century is evident in the fact that the young Ambrose had been a Marcionite and Augustine a Manichee. If those spiritual sojourners could find their way out of the alluring mists of gnostic thought into the clear atmosphere of orthodox faith, indeed to become teaching doctors of that faith, surely there is hope for us.
Electra
Authors: lembke Janet , Reckford kenneth J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FARMER Age-old valley of my shining land, how yciur rivers gleamed as they saw war launched in a thousand ships when Lord Agamemnon sailed against Troy. And after he’d killed Troy’s ruler, Priam, and burnt and leveled that famous city, he came back to Argos to hang many spoils seized from those barbarians high on our temple walls. Away from home he found good luck, but in his own house he was killed by Clytemnestra’s treachery and the hand of Thyestes’ son Aigisthos. A long line of kingship was broken when he died. Now Aigisthos wears the country’s crown and holds both Agamemnon’s scepter and his wife. When the king sailed for Troy, he left at home the baby Orestes and his little girl, Electra. Orestes would have died by Aigisthos’ hand, but his father’s old tutor smuggled him away and gave him to Strophios in the north for protection. Electra stayed in her father’s house. When her youth reached its flower, the foremost young men of Greece came courting. But, terrified that she’d bear princely sons to avenge Agamemnon, he held her under house arrest, Aigisthos did, and denied her any marriage. Yet, when he planned to kill her out of great fear that she might take a highborn lover in secret and bear him sons, her mother-a savage woman did save her from Aigisthos’ hand. Reason is, Clytemnestra had excuses for her husband’s death but dreaded blame for murdering her children.
Preliminaries
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One or more myths about a god or hero killing a dragon or other reptilian adversary, usually just called ‘snake, serpent’, is found in a vast number of cultures around the world; it may be a quasi-universal. We cannot speak of an exclusively Indo-European dragon; our task rather is to sort out the Indo-European modalities of the myth as a verbal message and to underline the peculiarities which characterize the Indo-European version and which allow us to assert that it existed.
Musical Life in the Central European Jewish Village
Authors: Bohlman Philip V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Taking a tip from Kümmerly and Frey’s Strassen-Atlas Deutsch/and-Europa (1982), with its bright yellow emphasis on sehenswerte Orte (sites worth seeing), one enters Sulzburg in the southwestern part of the German state of Baden-Württemberg expecting to find a village that is both picturesque and rich in history. The village, whose population today consists of only a few thousand, has a fairly unpretentious location, straddling a small stream as it falls from the Hochschwarzwald into the flood plain of the Rhine. There are no signs leading to the “sites worth seeing,” though the flow of traffic through the village pulls one first through the town gate-a quaint medieval portal now looking rather baroque-along the one main street suitable for motorized traffic, briefly across the stream to the chapel of St. Cyriac, a Carolingian monastery church from the early Middle Ages, and then back to the main thoroughfare, which leads up through a valley to Bad Sulzburg, which at 1414 meters is the eventual goal of most who pass this way.
Jews and Hungarians in Modem Hungarian Musical Culture
Authors: Frigyesi Judit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1990, an article by Gyorgy Domokos entitled “Minority and Dictatorship” appeared in the Hungarian daily paper Népszabadság. It struck a clearly antisemitic tone, the author claiming that Hungarian Jews in the postwar era were engaged in a struggle for dictatorial power over their fellow Hungarians. The publication of Domokos’s article caused much anxiety among Hungarian Jews; it was widely interpreted abroad as illustrative of the growing ethnic intolerance in the post-Communist East European countries. The broader context of this article, however, did not receive such extensive coverage, although it was no less significant. “Minority and Dictatorship” was one of several dozen articles on the Jewish question in Hungary, written both by Jews and non-Jews, and published as a series in the same newspaper. The great majority of these articles were pro-Jewish, and they explained in detail-often with remarkable insight-the nature of the “symbiosis” of the Hungarian and Jewish intelligentsia. Ivan Vitányi’s article, quoted above, was part of this series.
New Directions in the Music of the Sephardic Jews Edwin Seroussi (bar-ilan university)
Authors: Seroussi Edwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The redefinition of meaning and content in a musical tradition exposed to radical new circumstances does not necessarily imply the extinction of its identity but rather its power to revitalize itself. In discussing the social and cultural transformations affecting the Sephardic Jews since the mid-nineteenth century, several authors have raised the likelihood of the eventual disappearance of vital portions of their musical traditions.1 As indicated in its title, this article takes an alternative point of view. The phrase “new directions” assumes a departure from established patterns of musical creativity and behavior, not necessarily confined to the renewal of musical materials (e.g., new melodies added to the repertory), but also including changes in music appreciation, aesthetic values, performance practices and the social functions of music. Such changes, however, may be seen as part of a dynamic process in which music rooted in traditional repertories continues to be one of the most salient features contributing to the maintenance of a worldwide Sephardic Jewish identity.
The Eretz Israeli Song and the Jewish National Fund
Authors: Shahar Natan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Keren Kayemet Leyisrael, or the Jewish National Fund (JNF), was established by the Fifth Zionist Congress in Basel in December 1901 for the purpose of raising funds to purchase land in Palestine.1 Operating on the principle that even small sums eventually added up, the JNF introduced a number of fund-raising staples-the JNF stamp, the blue-and-white collection box and the Golden Book-that soon became commonplace throughout the Jewish world. Within a relatively short period of time a consensus emerged that contributing to the JNF was tantamount to redeeming Jewish land. Thanks to this consensus, the JNF was able to function freely in a wide range of communities, coordinating its efforts through a number of national bureaus staffed in the main by volunteers. Operating for the most part in an autonomous manner, these bureaus collected and transferred money to JNF headquarters, which was located for the first twenty years of its existence outside Palestine, first in Vienna, then in Cologne and then in the Hague. In 1922, the JNF relocated to Jerusalem; in the following year, Menahem Ussishkin took over as chairman.
Music of Holy Argument: The Ethnomusicology of a Talmud Study Session
Authors: Wolberger Lionel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dynamic nature of Ashkenazic Jewish talmudic study is obvious to anyone who would compare, say, a library and a beis medresh (study hall).2 In the former, books are silently read and activity-even moving the lips-is considered an impediment to the process. In the latter, to murmur while reading is a minimum requirement, and there is a hustle, hubbub and roar of voices as people read, chant, hum melodies, gesticulate and debate. As the quotations above illustrate, the resulting scene often described with musical vocabulary, and there is in fact a small body of talmudic sources and modem research that articulates the musical dimensions of study. By and large, however, scholastic inquiry has been focused on issues of text and language, and little effort has been made to analyze the ways in which music and movement form a coherent communication that accompanies the learning of Talmud.
Education for Jewish Girls in the East: A Portrait of the Galata School in Istanbul, 1879-1912
Authors: Benbassa Esther 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Galata School in Istanbul belonged to the educational network set up by the Alliance Israélite Universelle during the years 1862-1914. The express purpose of these schools was to promote both the emancipation of the Jews and their moral, intellectual and material improvement. In principle, Alliance institutions were open to all regardless of religion, nationality, sex or socioeconomic background. Except for its being restricted to girls, this was true of the Galata establishment.
Judaism and Jewishness
Authors: Mendelsohn Jonathan Frankel Peter Y Medding Ezra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the authors of the books and contributors to the anthologies under review address themselves to the debate on the present condition and future of American Jewry following on the works of the so-called “revisionists”: Charles E. Silberman’s A Certain People (1985), Calvin Goldscheider’s and Alan S. Zuckerman’s The Transformation of the Jews (1984) and Steven Cohen’s earlier work American Modernity and Jewish Identity (1983). The revisionists presented an optimistic counter perspective to the pessimistic view that the assimilation of American Jewry was proceeding at such an accelerated pace that the community’s survival beyond a few more generations was in doubt. The revisionists argued that the pessimistic view was based on faulty calculations and assumptions and that, when the evidence was analyzed in a sophisticated manner, it was evident that American Jewry was not only surviving but was in a most healthy state. The majority may have abandoned the social and cultural features that had suited segregated and antisemitic societies, but they were replacing them with new patterns that were adaptive to an open and tolerant society.
The Case of the Kovno Ghetto
Authors: Mendelsohn Jonathan Frankel Peter Y Medding Ezra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Kovno ghetto diary of Avraham Tory has been translated twice so far: once from Yiddish into Hebrew by David Shlomi, and then from Hebrew, with use of the original Yiddish text, into English. But this English version is not only a translation. The book has been edited by the well-known historian and writer Martin Gilbert and includes Dina Porat’s helpful textual and historical annotations. While in the Hebrew edition the diary was separated from the documents collected by Tory during the war years, here the documents are interspersed with the diary text in chronological order, making the work an organic literary entity.
Penelope as Moral Agent
Authors: Foley Helene P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his Poetics, Aristotle defines tragic character in relation to tragic choice. Character, Aristotle argues, reveals a prohairesis or a process of undertaking moral commitment in which a person chooses to act or to abstain from action in circumstances where the choice is not obvious (Poetics 1450b8-10).1 The central moral decision on which the action of the Odyssey turns is Penelope’s.
Les Femmes Fatales: Skylla and the Sirens in Greek Art
Authors: Neils lenifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Homer’s Odyssey contains many femmes fatales, irresistible women who attempt to detain Odysseus on his homeward journey. The “lovely haired” goddesses Kirke and Kalypso are the most obvious temptresses, and the bulk of the hero’s ten-year odyssey is spent in their thrall. In a more subtle way, even young, innocent Nausikaa, “like the immortal goddesses in form and size” (6.16), plots, through her parents’ offer of marriage, to keep him forever on her isle. But surely the most fatal of all the females in the Odyssey are the creatures that Odysseus and his men encounter in Book 12: the Sirens, Skylla, and Charybdis.
Moods as Barometers of Well-Being
Authors: Thayer Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our energy level tells us a great deal about our body’s overall well being. Tension level also is important. And the combination of energy and tension, together with the thoughts they influence, produce what most people call moods. In fact, our moods are infallible indicators, or barometers, of our most basic functions at any given moment. For example, our feelings about how energetic or how tired we are convey vital information about our physical and psychological health, as well ac our readiness for action or our need for rest and recuperation. Tension and calmness, on the other hand, are signals indicating how safe or threatened we feel, both consciously and un consciously.
The Evolutionary Biology of Moods
Authors: Thayer Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans have evolved over millions of years, with virtually every complex system of the body having developed through natural selection. We are resilient because we have retained those characteristics that enabled our ancestors to survive and pass on their genes. This is not an inconsequential fact; indeed, it is quite an optimistic point. Be cause of the test of survival, we are not weak and vulnerable creatures. In a sense, we are designed to survive under the harshest conditions because we have inherited the bodies of the survivors, not the weak ones.
The Physiology and Anatomy of Mood
Authors: Thayer Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far, we have looked at the physiology and psychology of moods, without carefully examining the complex physiological concepts. Now I will be more explicit. Some years ago, I set up a psychophysiological laboratory to study how a variety of physiological processes correlate with conscious awareness. The main problem with which my students and I were concerned was the wider relationships among different physiological and psychological systems of the body. We wished to know how closely these systems were related to one another.
Overcoming Tense-Tiredness by Increasing Energy
Authors: Thayer Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much evidence indicates that tense-tiredness helps create the most undesirable moods and probably underlies depression, low self esteem, negative thoughts of all sorts, and many kinds of dysfunctional behavior, including the use of drugs and alcohol to alter mood. When we say we are in a bad mood, chances are that it is some form of tense-tiredness. This mood probably has a clear biological function: It signals the need for rest and recuperation, together with caution we sense potential danger, and tension is the result.
Reducing Tension to Overcome Tense-Tiredness
Authors: Thayer Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen in previous chapters, tense-tiredness is the mood that brings with it undesirable feelings as well as negative thoughts. We found in our research, and the research of others, that this mood can be counteracted by enhancing energy and that some of the most effective methods include the various forms of exercise that I de scribed in the last chapter. Because tense-tiredness represents a dynamic balance between energy and tension, this negative state also may be eliminated by reducing tension and related states such as anxiety and nervousness.
Systematic Self-Observation: The First Step in Mood Change
Authors: Thayer Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of us can improve our daily moods if we have accurate information about why they occur. Knowing what to look for is often the most difficult part of obtaining this information. But with a few basic variables to monitor, self-study yields immediate information about how to make changes in our daily life that can lead to a better mood, more energy, and less tension. Moreover, your behavior is most likely to remain changed if insights about it are discovered in your own self-analyses.
Framing the Margins of Philodemus and Poetry
Authors: Clay Diskin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Socrates alludes to an ancient quarrel between poetry and philosophy in his sustained assault on the cognitive status and ethical dangers of poetry in Book 10 of the Republic (607B). Plato knew well of what Socrates spoke, for according to one tradition Plato began his career as a poet, and the voice of poetry can be heard in almost every one of the dramatic dialogues Plato wrote. Nevertheless, he banished poetry from his heavenly city, since he heard no voice raised in her defense. But Aristotle soon appeared as the advocate of exiled poetry, and, by the end of the fourth century B.c., the quarrel between poetry and philosophy seems to have spent some of the energies that had fed it on the side of philosophy. Aristotle, who was himself a poet, turned his serious and sympathetic attention to the study of poets and poetry, and led poetry back into the city of philosophy after her brief banishment. But the situation becomes complicated once again with the emergence towards the middle of the first century B.c. of a poet who was also a philosopher. So far as we know, none of his contemporaries was shocked by Lucretius’ decision to write poetry, but the students of Epicureanism in the twentieth century have discovered an antinomy in the precept and example of Lucretius’ “master,” Epicurus, and his powerful Latin hexameter poem of six books, On the Nature of Things.
Epicurean Poetics
Authors: Asmis Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If one were to ask people to rank the contributions made by the Epicureans to philosophy, I would not be surprised if poetic theory were near the bottom of most people’s lists, or altogether missing, whereas poetry itself might well be at the top. The ancient quarrel between philosophy and poetry seems to have played itself out in an extreme paradox in Epicureanism. Epicurus has the reputation of being the most hostile to poetry of any Greek philosopher. But some of his later followers were clearly devoted to poetry, and one of them, Lucretius, achieved a remarkable reconciliation between philosophy and poetry.
The Impossibility of Metathesis: Philodemus and Lucretius on Form and Content in Poetry
Authors: Armstrong David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All of us know well enough that the stars and the elements once had magical and divine qualities ascribed to them, and the sober sciences of “astronomy” and “chemistry” were difficult for any but the most determinedly scientific minds to separate from astrology and alchemy. That the mere elements of literacy, the letters of the alphabet themselves, were once equally involved with magic in the popular mind is not so familiar a thought. But, if we think of it, most of us have smiled at the derivation of the word “glamour” by which the medieval Scots expressed their awe at the magical science of grammata, and can remember, if we think of it, that “abracadabra” expresses the belief that the letters of the alphabet read in order cast a spell.
Framing Disputes in the Movement Against Capital Punishment
Authors: Haines Herbert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disagreements occur within all social movements over the best way to present issues or the best strategies to employ. For instance, labor activists once fell into two broad categories: those who demanded worker control of the means of production and those who sought only the right to bargain with their employers for better wages and working conditions. In the 1960s, the civil rights movement was torn by questions of whether racial integration or selfdetermination was the proper objective of African Americans and whether violent tactics were ever justified. Some environmentalists portray the natural environment as “natural resources” to be “conserved”; for others, it is a separate realm over which humankind has no claim of proprietorship. At times, disputes such as these have broken movements apart, whereas in other cases such disagreement has been downplayed in order to preserve at least a modicum of unity.
Robert Benford (1993) has devised a useful vocabulary for understanding internal divisions within movements. Based on the frame alignment perspective, he conceptualized such disagreements as “frame disputes,” and identified three major forms they may take. Diagnostic disputes are disagreements over the correct way of perceiving the problem that a movement is addressing. The nuclear disarmament groups Benford studied, for example, clashed over whether to focus on nuclear weapons alone or to address factors that increased the threat of military conflict between nations. Prognostic disputes have to do with either the solutions a movement endorses or the strategies and tactics it employs. Some of Benford’s antinuclear organizations wanted to endorse a moratorium on the installation of medium-range ballistic missiles in Europe, whereas more radical activists saw this as a sellout.