bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of traditional processing methods of linseed oil on the composition of its triacylglycerols
Authors: van den Berg Jorrit D.J. , Vermist Nicoletta D. , Carlyle Leslie , Holčapek Michal , Boon Jaap J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractDifferent oil processing methods were performed, which included washing with water and treatment with lead‐based driers, with and without heating to different temperatures, giving a set of 7 oils to be investigated. The effects of the traditional processing methods of linseed oil on its triacylglycerol (TAG) composition were studied, using the following analytical methods: high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high‐performance liquid chromatography‐atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation‐mass spectrometry (HPLC‐APCI‐MS), direct temperature resolved mass spectrometry (DTMS), matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS), and electrospray ionisation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI‐FTICR‐MS). A decrease of the initial cis‐double bonds and the formation of trans‐double bonds upon heating of the oils was observed. Heating a lead and oil mixture to 150°C, or heating the oil alone to 300°C led to the highest degree of oxidation. A difference was observed for the oxidation patterns for oils with and without the addition of lead. Furthermore, levels of oxygen incorporation were higher when lead was added to the oil. High temperature treatment of the oils resulted in an increased average molecular weight. The changes in the initial conformation of the double bond systems observed with FTIR were supported by HPLC‐APCI‐MS measurements that showed the formation of a number of new isomeric TAGs in the heated oil compared to freshly pressed, untreated oil. Oligomerisation up to hexamers was observed with HPSEC, and MALDI‐TOF‐MS. The formation of oligomers up to trimers only, however, was observed with ESI‐FTICR‐MS. Incorporation of oxygen was mainly observed with MALDI‐TOF‐MS and ESI‐FTICR‐MS whereas with DTMS and FTIR hardly any evidence was found for this.
Identification of “insoluble” red dyewoods by high performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection (HPLC‐PDA) fingerprinting
Authors: Surowiec Izabella , Nowik Witold , Trojanowicz Marek 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe paper describes a high performance liquid chromatography‐UV/Vis spectrometry detection analytical approach to the identification of some redwood species of historical importance in textile dyeing. The group of extracted dyestuffs considered as “insoluble” because of their non‐aqueous or alkaline extraction conditions is present in the wood of the Pterocarpus family and Baphia nitida species. First, the crude extracts of tinctorial and related species and their chromatographic fingerprints were studied. This part of work shows that some species not yet mentioned in the literature have potential dyeing properties. Subsequent experiments performed on the redwood cargo of a 200‐year‐old archaeological shipwreck allowed identification of the waterlogged wood species. Furthermore, the different methods of dyestuff extraction used for dyeing according to traditional recipes and their impact on analytical results were studied. They show that standard recovery obtained by acid hydrolysis of dyestuff from dyed yarns is inadequate. Hence, alternative solvent‐based procedures were proposed. The identification of species in textile threads then becomes possible. The applied approach was validated by analysis of dyed reference yarns with some indications of crude material extraction mode. The employed method of analysis seems to be useful for “insoluble” wood species identification in cultural heritage artifacts as well as for phytochemical purposes, despite the fact that very few detected color compounds were chemically identified.
Characterisation of proteinaceous binders in artistic paintings by chromatographic techniques
Authors: Colombini Maria Perla , Modugno Francesca 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis review discusses the application of chromatographic techniques (GC, HPLC and Py‐GC) for the characterisation of proteinaceous materials in artistic paintings. The focus is on the various analytical steps that are needed to determine these natural materials in paint samples, from sampling and sample pre‐treatment, including various methods of hydrolysis and derivatisation for GC and HPLC, to approaches for data evaluation.
Impact of biological factors on binding media identification in art objects: Identification of animal glue in the presence ofAspergillus niger
Authors: Tsakalof Andreas K. , Bairachtari Kyriaki A. , Aslani Ioanna S. , Chryssoulakis Ioannis D. , Kolisis Fragiskos N. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe materials and especially organic materials used for creation of art objects can be utilized by various microorganisms for their growth and facilitate the microbial colonization of the object. An understanding of the chemical alterations in artefacts caused by the presence of microorganisms can be crucial for correct identification of the materials initially used for the artefact creation – nowadays an important step in restoration and/or art‐historical investigation of the art object. The present article describes a model experiment in which we investigated the possible chemical alterations in animal glue films used as substrate for growth of the fungusAspergillus niger. The sterilized animal glue solution was poured into Petri dishes, inoculated withAspergillus niger, and subsequently incubated at 15°C for 0, 7, 9, 14, and 28 days. After interruption of incubation, the content of the Petri dish was analyzed for amino acid composition by the GC‐MS based method. It was found that the growth ofAspergillus nigeron animal glue films did not cause significant changes in the amino acid composition of the film and had no impact on animal glue identification.
Veränderungen der mechanischen Eigenschaften von Magnesium‐Druckgusslegierungen nach langzeitiger thermischer Beanspruchung
Authors: Regener D. , Dietze G. , Heyse H. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractDie thermische Belastbarkeit von Magnesium‐Druckgusslegierungen ist noch nicht ausreichend untersucht. Um die Auswirkung einer thermischen Belastung auf die Gefügestabilität und damit auf das Festigkeits‐ und Verformungsverhalten einschätzen zu können, werden die Legierungen AZ91, AM50 und AE42 bei 150 °C und 200 °C einer 1000 h‐Langzeitglühung unterworfen. Nach der Glühung werden Zugversuche, in situ‐Zugversuche und Mikrohärtemessungen bei Raumtemperatur durchgeführt und die Ergebnisse anhand der mikrostrukturellen Veränderungen diskutiert.
Three‐dimensional vibration analysis of rectangular thick plates on Pasternak foundation
Authors: Zhou D. , Cheung Y. K. , Lo S. H. , Au F. T. K. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe free‐vibration characteristics of rectangular thick plates resting on elastic foundations have been studied, based on the three‐dimensional, linear and small strain elasticity theory. The foundation is described by the Pasternak (two‐parameter) model. The Ritz method is used to derive the eigenvalue equation of the rectangular plate by augmenting the strain energy of the plate with the potential energy of the elastic foundation. The Chebyshev polynomials multiplied by a boundary function are selected as the admissible functions of the displacement functions in each direction. The approach is suitable for rectangular plates with arbitrary boundary conditions. Convergence and comparison studies have been performed on square plates on elastic foundations with different boundary conditions. It is shown that the present method has a rapid convergent rate, stable numerical operation and very high accuracy. Parametric investigations on the dynamic behaviour of clamped square thick plates on elastic foundations have been carried out in detail, with respect to different thickness–span ratios and foundation parameters. Some results found for the first time have been given and some important conclusions have been drawn. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two kinds of tube elements for transient thermal–structural analysis of large space structures
Authors: Xue Mingde , Ding Yong 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTwo kinds of thin‐walled tube elements are presented for transient thermal–structural analysis of large space structures by the finite element method. Not only the average temperature, but also the perturbation temperature in the cross‐section of the tube is considered in the present elements. These two temperatures are decoupled in the deduction about the new elements and the non‐linear analysis is restricted to solving the equations of average temperature. Therefore, the magnitude of the non‐linear analysis can be reduced by the presented method. The main difference between the two kinds of thin‐walled tube elements is in the shape functions of the temperature along the circumference of cross‐section. Corresponding to the transient temperature field, quasistatic thermo‐elastic analysis is also introduced. Three examples are shown and the effectiveness of the new elements is discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exact determinant for infinite order FEM representation of a Timoshenko beam–column via improved transcendental member stiffness matrices
Authors: Williams F. W. , Kennedy D. , Djoudi M. S. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTranscendental stiffness matrices for vibration (or buckling) have been derived from exact analytical solutions of the governing differential equations for many structural members without recourse to the discretization of conventional finite element methods (FEM). Their assembly into the overall dynamic structural stiffness matrix gives a transcendental eigenproblem, whose eigenvalues (natural frequencies or critical load factors) can be found with certainty using the Wittrick–Williams algorithm. A very recently discovered analytical property is the member stiffness determinant, which equals the FEM stiffness matrix determinant of a clamped ended member modelled by infinitely many elements, normalized by dividing by its value at zero frequency (or load factor). Curve following convergence methods for transcendental eigenproblems are greatly simplified by multiplying the transcendental overall stiffness matrix determinant by all the member stiffness determinants to remove its poles. In this paper, the transcendental stiffness matrix for a vibrating, axially loaded, Timoshenko member is expressed in a new, convenient notation, enabling the first ever derivation of its member stiffness determinant to be obtained. Further expressions are derived, also for the first time, for unloaded and for static, loaded Timoshenko members. These new expressions have the advantage that they readily reduce to corresponding expressions for Bernoulli–Euler members when shear rigidity and rotatory inertia are neglected. Additionally, the total equivalence of the normalized transcendental determinant with that of an infinite order FEM formulation aids understanding and evaluation of conventional FEM results. Examples are presented to illustrate the use of the member stiffness determinant. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A procedural guide to metacarpal radiogrammetry in archaeology
Authors: Ives R. , Brickley M. B. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe technique of metacarpal radiogrammetry was devised in 1960 as a clinical method to aid in the identification of thinned cortical bone, which may help in diagnosis of osteoporosis. Through taking measurements from radiographs, calculations of the amount of cortical bone can be made. The technique is relatively simple and is not destructive. This paper examines the value of the application of this technique to archaeological remains. A standardized methodology of bone assessment is incorporated to enhance the comparability of future research. Statistical tests demonstrate that the technique is robust, as the position of the bone on the film, radiographic enlargement and use of either the left or right metacarpal will not affect the results obtained. However, differences in film type and measurement position can introduce unacceptable variance into the results. Therefore, guidance is given on future applications of the technique. The technique does have value as a widely available, non‐destructive technique for assessing cortical bone loss and the probable prevalence of osteoporosis in archaeological collections. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two cases of atlar anomalies
Authors: Tyrrell A. J. , Benedix D. C. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWe present two cases with first cervical (atlas) vertebral anomalies. The individuals exhibiting these anomalies were recovered as part of the United States Army Central Identification Laboratory, Hawaii's global mission to recover missing United States service personnel. Both of these anomalies were potentially clinically significant to the individuals in vivo but it appears that both managed to survive the hardships of military life until the incidents associated with their loss. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drugs used for euthanasia in Flanders, Belgium
Authors: Vander Stichele R. H. , Bilsen J. J. R. , Bernheim J. L. , Mortier F. , Deliens L. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractPurposeOur aim was to describe and assess the medicinal products and doses used for euthanasia in a series of cases, identified within an epidemiological death certificate study in Belgium, where euthanasia was until recently legally forbidden and where guidelines for euthanasia are not available.MethodsIn a random sample of the deaths in 1998 in Belgium, the physicians who signed the death certificates were identified and sent an anonymous mail questionnaire. The questionnaires of the deaths classified as euthanasia cases were reviewed by a multi‐disciplinary panel.ResultsA total of 22 among 1925 questionnaires pertained to voluntary euthanasia. In 17 cases, detailed information on the euthanatics (medicinal substances used for euthanasia) used was provided. Opioids were used in 13 cases (in 7 as a single drug). Time between last dose and expiry ranged from 4 to 900 min. The panel judged that only in 4 cases effective euthanatics were used.ConclusionsIn the end‐of‐life decision cases perceived by Belgian physicians as euthanasia, pharmacological practices were disparate, although dominated by the use of morphine, in the very late phase of dying, in doses which were unlikely to be lethal. Most physicians clandestinely engaging in euthanasia in Belgium seemed unaware of procedures for guaranteeing a quick, mild and certain death. Information on the pharmacological aspects of euthanasia should be included in the medical curriculum and continuing medical education, at least in countries with a legal framework permitting euthanasia under specified conditions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Naratriptan for the treatment of acute migraine: meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Ashcroft Darren M. , Millson David 
Published: February 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the comparative efficacy and tolerability of naratriptan in the treatment of acute attacks of migraine.DesignMeta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials using a random effects model.SubjectsA total of 4499 patients suffering from moderate or severe attacks of acute migraine reported in ten trials.Main outcome measuresResponse rate ratios for headache relief, pain‐free response and sustained relief (4–24 hours). Adverse events were estimated with the rate ratio (RR), risk difference and number needed to harm.ResultsPooled RRs relative to placebo for pain‐free response at 2 and 4 hours for naratriptan 2.5 mg were 2.52 (95% CI: 1.78–3.57) and 2.58 (1.99–3.35). Naratriptan 2.5 mg was more effective than naratriptan 1 mg; the corresponding RRs for pain‐free response at 2 and 4 hours were 1.54 (95% CI: 1.28–1.86) and 1.35 (1.20–1.51). In contrast, naratriptan 2.5 mg was less effective in pain‐free response than either rizatriptan 10 mg at 4 hours (RR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.55–0.85) or sumatriptan 100 mg at 4 hours (RR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.67–0.93). However, significantly fewer patients experienced adverse effects with naratriptan 2.5 mg than with rizatriptan 10 mg (RR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.56–0.97) or sumatriptan 100 mg (RR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.55–0.86).ConclusionsNaratriptan is an effective and well‐tolerated treatment for acute attacks of migraine. Head‐to‐head comparisons suggest that naratriptan 2.5 mg is significantly more effective than the 1 mg dose. Rizatriptan 10 mg and sumatripatn 100 mg were superior to naratriptan in terms of headache relief, while zolmitriptan 2.5 mg seemed to have comparable efficacy. Randomised controlled trials have shown that at licensed doses (1 and 2.5 mg), naratriptan is associated with a lower incidence of adverse effects than rizatriptan, sumatriptan and zolmitriptan. The incidence rates of adverse effects were similar to placebo. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between language and social competence: How language impairment affects social growth
Authors: McCabe Paul C. , Meller Paul J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractGiven the research that suggests the social use of language is the latest developing aspect of language, it was hypothesized that children with speech/language impairment (SLI) are particularly susceptible to social interaction difficulties, resulting in diminished social competence. This hypothesis was explored with SLI and non‐language‐impaired (NLI) 4‐ and 5‐year‐old children by gathering measures of social problem solving ability (as rated by teachers, parents, and peers), emotion knowledge, and language development. Results provided partial support for the hypothesis above. Speech/language‐impaired children were rated significantly lower on parent ratings of self‐control and higher in internalizing behaviors, and lower on teacher ratings of assertiveness, than the NLI controls. There were no differences noted on peer sociometric ratings or mutual friendships. However, SLI children scored lower on a stereotypical test of emotional knowledge, while scoring similarly to NLI controls on a nonstereotypical test. A test of language development (TELD‐2) differentiated the SLI and NLI groups, both expressively and receptively. In addition, the TELD‐2 indicated a significant difference in semantic processing errors, but not syntax errors, between the two groups. The differential effects of speech/language impairment on the development of social competence were explored. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 313–321, 2004.
An examination of the contributions of interactive peer play to salient classroom competencies for urban head start children
Authors: Fantuzzo John , Sekino Yumiko , Cohen Heather L. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractRelations between children's peer play competence and other relevant competencies were investigated using two samples of urban Head Start children. Dimensions of peer play were examined concurrently with emotion regulation, autonomy, and language. Children exhibiting high levels of peer play interaction were found to demonstrate more competent emotional‐regulation, initiation, self‐determination, and receptive vocabulary skills. Assessments of positive engagement in play early in the year were associated with lower levels of aggressive, shy, and withdrawn adjustment problems at the end of the year. Children who successfully interacted with peers early in the year evidenced greater cognitive, social, and movement/coordination outcomes. Disruptive and disconnected peer play behaviors were associated with negative emotional and behavioral outcomes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 323–336, 2004.
The effects of parental teaching on compliance behavior of children
Authors: Marchant Michelle , Young K. Richard , West Richard P. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn this study, we examined how effectively parents learn and apply the techniques of reinforcement, effective praise, instructive praise, direct teaching, and corrective teaching with noncompliant children in their homes. Four children considered at risk for antisocial behavior problems participated with their parents in the project. The parents received training from a parent coach in techniques that they then implemented to teach their child to be compliant. A multiple baseline‐probe design was used to evaluate the procedures. Throughout the study, the parents' implementation of the techniques and the children's responses were observed. The results showed an increase in the parents' application of these skills and an increase in the children's overall compliance in the home. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 337–350, 2004.
Adolescents' attachment and coping with stress
Authors: Howard Michelle S. , Medway Frederic J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis study examined how high school students cope with stress as a function of their attachment style. Data were gathered from 75 adolescent–parent pairs in Texas and included measures of attachment, coping style, life stress, and whom the respondent would turn to in times of stress. Adolescents' attachment security was positively related to family communication and negatively related to negative avoidance behaviors such as drinking or using drugs. Attachment insecurity was positively related to negative avoidance. Parent and child attachment ratings were related for secure and preoccupied but not fearful or dismissing styles. Research limitations and implications for school psychologists are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 391–402, 2004.
Mastectomy patients' decision‐making for or against immediate breast reconstruction
Authors: Harcourt Diana , Rumsey Nichola 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis multi‐centred study examined how 93 women due to undergo mastectomy had elected for (n=37) or against (n=56) immediate breast reconstruction. Initial semi‐structured interviews were conducted prior to undergoing surgery whilst follow‐up interviews 6 and 12 months later examined particpants' experiences of surgery and their views on their decision.Three decision‐making styles were identified. Most women (76) reported making quick, ‘instant’ decisions, whilst 14 sought further information before making their choice. Three women deliberated over their options and found decision‐making particularly difficult.Decision‐making was influenced by the perceived salience of alternatives, prevailing ‘norms’ regarding surgical practice within each hospital system and interactions with health professionals. Experiences of surgery often failed to match patients' pre‐surgical expectations and the process of adjusting to the impact of surgery continued throughout the following year, during which women contended with a range of problems including pain, scarring and adjusting to a reconstructed breast. However, most women reported themselves satisfied with their decision and justified their choices by focussing on positive aspects of their surgery.Whilst many women make a quick decision about breast reconstruction, research needs to explore ways of facilitating decision‐making amongst those who find this decision particularly difficult. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.