bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Harvesting on and near the U.S. Department of Energy’s Savannah River Site: Utility of Metapopulation Modeling for Prediction and Management of Hunter Risk
Authors: Gaines Karen F , Novak James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding the toxicodynamics of wildlife populations in contaminated ecosystems is one of the greatest challenges in ecotoxicology today. The goal is to manage these populations to minimize risk to ecosystem integrity as well as human health. Ecological risk assessments (ERAs) in the United States are designed to meet the regulatory mandates of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, an ERA evaluates the potential adverse effects that human activities have on the Rora and fauna that defene an ecosystem (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1997). When conducted for a particular geographic location, the ERA process can be used to identify vulnerable and valued resources, prioritize data collection, and link human activities with their potential effects. Risk assessment results provide a common framework for comparing different management options, thus enabling decision makers and the public to make better informed decisions about the management of ecological resources. The ERA uses available toxicological and ecological information to estimate the occurrence of a specified undesired ecological event or endpoint. The types of endpoints targeted for investigation depend on the objectives and the constraints imposed upon the risk assessment process (Newman and Strojan 1998) based on all of the relevant stakeholders; therefore, multiple endpoints at different scales may be necessary but are not commonly used (Gaines et al. 2004).
Population-Level Effects of PCBs on Wood Frogs (Rana sylvatica) Breeding in Vernal Pools Associated with the Housatonic River, Pittsfi eld to Lenoxdale, Massachusetts,
Authors: Tucker W Troy , Litzgus J D , Ferson Scott , AkçAkaya H Resşit , Thompson Michael E , Fortm Douglas J , Lortie John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a well-established fact that amphibian populations are declining worldwide (Blaustein and Wake, 1990; Houlahan et al., 2000; Stuart et al., 2004). Several factors have been implicated in global amphibian losses, including habitat degradation, pollution, overexploitation, introduced species, emerging infectious diseases, and climate change (Kiesecker et al., 2001; Collins and Storfer, 2003). Chemical stressors, such as pesticides, heavy metals, and nitrogen-based fertilizers, can have lethal, sublethal, direct, and indirect effects on amphibians (e.g., Blaustein et al., 2003; Hayes et al. 2002). Some of these effects include death, decreased growth rates, developmental and behavioral abnormalities, decreased reproductive success, and weakened immune systems. There has been a recent increase and widespread occurrence of malformations in natural populations of amphibians (e.g., Sessions 2003), and this is perceived as a major environmental problem.
Leptocheirus plumulosus in the Upper Chesapeake Bay Sediment Toxicity Effects at the Metapopulation Level
Authors: Bridges Todd S , Akçakaya H Res¸it , Bunch Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it has been known for some time that spatial heterogeneity of the environment (including the spatial distribution of toxicity) may have important effects on the quantification of ecotoxicological impacts, practical methods for incorporating spatial structure into ecotoxicological assessment has only recently been developed (Hallam and Lika 1997; Ares 2003). Among the spatially explicit methods of population-level ecotoxicological assessment are metapopulation models of target or sensitive species (Spromberg et al. 1998; Johnson 2002; Landis 2002; Chaumot et al. 2003). The metapopulation concept (and spatial structure in general) is important because species that exist in a metapopulation face particular issues related to environmental impacts and have management and mitigation options that can be evaluated more completely, or only, in a metapopulation context (Akçakaya et al. 2007).
Applications of Life Table Response Experiments to the Evaluation of Toxicant Effects at the Population Level with the Polychaete Dinophilus gyrociliatus
Authors: Simonini Roberto , Prevedelli Daniela , Mauri Marina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Heavy metals are among the most widespread pollutants in harbor environments and coastal habitats subject to anthropogenic impact, and their harmful effects have been demonstrated on various species of polychaetes, depending on the metal and its role in physiological processes (Reish and Gerlinger, 1997; Reish, 1998). An evaluation of the impact of contaminants at both individual and population levels can be obtained through life table response experiments, a method for estimating the effect of pollutants on biological fitness (Caswell, 2000). This approach has been recently adopted to study the biological effects of pollutants on marine environments utilizing the polychaetes Capitella capitata, Streblospio benedicti, and Dinophilus gyrociliatus as bio-indicator species (Levin et al., 1996; Hansen et al., 1999; Mauri et al., 2002, 2003). In this chapter, we compare the sensitivity of some population parameters such as the population growth rate, λ, the life expectancy, e0, and the net growth rate, R , estimated for cohorts of D. gyrociliatus exposed to zinc and chromium.
Introduction: Islam in Asia in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Esposito John L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the dawn of the twenty-first century, Islam is the second largest of the world’s religions. The 1.3 billion Muslims of the world are spread across more than fifty-six Muslim majority countries and in a matter of decades have become a significant presence in Europe and America, where Islam is the second and third largest religion, respectively. Despite its global profile, Islam in the popular imagination— and often in the media—still tends to be disproportionately identified with the Arab world or the Middle East. Yet, in fact, the vast majority of Muslims are in Asia and Africa.
Thai and Cambodian Muslims and the War on Terrorism
Authors: Yusuf Imtiyaz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The state of relationship between the world of Islam and the West since the event of 9/11 and the subsequent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq has been topic of many discussions with which we are familiar— for example, ‘‘Unholy Terror,’’ ‘‘A Fury for God,’’ ‘‘The Crisis of Islam,’’ and ‘‘Clash of Ignorance.’’ All these discussions have focused on the Middle Eastern political scenario. But in view of the worldwide presence of Islam, it is necessary that we also look at and understand the Asian Muslim interpretations and responses to the same events, including those of Muslim minorities in Thailand and Cambodia.
Conclusion: Asian Islam at a Crossroads
Authors: Voll John O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every society and human tradition is experiencing major transformations at the beginning of the twenty-first century. An examination of Islam in Asia must place itself firmly in this context of global transformations. Asian Islam is at a major and significant crossroads, and this is an experience shared by virtually every other society around the world. Old and long-established patterns of politics and society are rapidly disappearing and being replaced by new ways of thinking and doing things. Yet, the underlying historical and cultural foundations continue to shape events in significant ways. In this present time of turmoil and rapid change, it is clear that conscious and unconscious decisions of leaders and the general public are determining which paths are being taken in this crossroads era of history.
Parade of Faiths
Authors: Joselit Jenna Weissman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the seventeenth century, millions of people from every continent have settled in America. Seeking a better life for themselves and their children, they braved deprivations, studied an unfamiliar language, adapted to a different way of life, and battled prejudices and hostility. Most of them held on to their faith as well, re-establishing churches and meeting-houses, synagogues and mosques, temples and cathedrals, and electing priests, rabbis, imams, and other spiritual leaders from among their number. Immigration irreversibly altered the face of the new republic, and it still moulds the political and spiritual fabric of the nation even to this day. Joselit surveys the history of immigration--which is actually the history of this country--and its effect on both political and religious issues through the centuries. The book explores the immigrant experience through case studies representative of all major newcomers' groups. The vividly rendered stories of courage and perseverance will alternately inspire and horrify.
The Ethnic Churches
Authors: Erickson John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a 1916 report to the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox church, Archbishop Evdokim Meshchersky was enthusiastic about the current state and future prospects of his North American archdiocese: “Have you encountered the same labor in your country? Have you seen the same rivers of gold which are poured out here by the private people and not by the government or state institutions? Have you seen such intense service rendered to those who suffer? Have you seen such multitudes of self-denying workers who voluntarily, without any pay, toil in Christ’s vineyard?” After pointing out the growing strength of the archdiocese-and also the difficulties it encountered because it remained dependent on distant Russia-he concluded: “It is necessary to grant some kind of autocephaly to the mission”-in other words, to make the American branch of Orthodoxy an independent, or self headed, body.
Buddhists Adapt and Explore
Authors: Mann Gurinder Singh , Numrich Paul David , Williams Raymond B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The laws excluding immigrants of various countries that were passed in the early part of the twentieth century brought Asian emigration to the United States to a near stand still from the late 1920s to the mid-1940s. During these years the immigrant Buddhist communities already in the United States-mostly Chinese and Japanese-settled into the task of adapting to their new home. “For some time,” explained Reverend Koyu Uchida, director of the Buddhist Mission of North America in the early 1900s, “special emphasis has been laid on the necessity of the Americanization of our people, and all the clergy located at different churches [temples] strive to educate the members in the American way of life.” But the Americanization of the Japanese in these years took on a unique poignancy. Despite their efforts to blend into American society, Japanese living in the United States would face the harsh reality of their “differentness” when the United States entered into a war with Japan in 1941.
Hindus at Home
Authors: Mann Gurinder Singh , Numrich Paul David , Williams Raymond B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Dr. Ravindra Marri left his home in Bangalore, India, to enter a medical residency program at a hospital in New York City, his mother carefully handed him doth-wrapped religious objects from their home shrine. They included a small image of Ganesh, a copy of the Bhagavad Gita, images of Krishna and Radha, a picture of the family’s guru in a silver frame, a small oil lamp, and an incense holder. In his New York apartment, Marri placed these objects on a shelf beside the bed. Later he went back to India to get married and returned to New York with his wife. She brought sacred objects from her home and set up a small shrine in the kitchen. They consolidated the sacred objects in a home shrine in the family room of their first house.
Building an American Catholic Community
Authors: Fisher James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
0n April 30, 1789, on the balcony of New York City’s Federal Hall, General George Washington was inaugurated the first President of the United States. Several weeks later, at Whitemarsh Plantation in Maryland, John Carroll was elected the first American bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. Carroll was elected by his peers in the American priest hood, who numbered fewer than 30 in active service at the time. Many, like Carroll himself, were Jesuits who had been serving in a freelance capacity since the suppression of their order in 1773 by Pope Clement XIV; who had feared the Jesuits’ growing international influence. In 1784 Pope Pius VI, with the urging of U.S. Minister to France Benjamin Franklin, named Carroll the Prefect Apostolic, or chief administrator of the church in the United States. In 1788 the pope granted a request of the U.S. clergy that they be empowered to choose their first bishop. John Carroll’s election as bishop in 1789 confirmed his stature as the most revered and influential leader of Catholics living in the new American nation.
The People of God Divided?
Authors: Fisher James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In October 1958 Pope Pius XII died after leading the Roman Catholic Church for two eventful decades. The College of Cardinals, the body responsible for electing a new pope, chose as his successor Angelo Roncalli, the popular bishop of Venice, Italy. The cardinals could hardly have selected a man more different from the aloof, aristocratic Pius XII. Roncalli, who reigned as John XXIII, came from a peasant family with 13 children. Despite his background as a papal diplomat in several countries, he was known more for his personal warmth than for political or theological talents. Because he was 76 it was widely assumed that his would merely be a caretaker papacy, filling time until a more viable candidate for a lengthier reign emerged. But just three months after his election, John XXIII shocked the Vatican elite by declaring his intention to convene a general council of the church, the first in nearly a century.
Prophecy as Ethical Instruction
Authors: Barton John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘prophetic’ books of the Old Testament contain, in various blends, narrative, prediction, and ethical pronouncements. The critical reader will often want to ask which was uppermost in the mind of a particular author. Thus we perceive Ecclesiastes primarily as a wisdom book, that is, a book of ethical instruction and reflection on the meaning of life and its moral coherence; the ‘autobio¬ graphical’ material about the author (1:1; 2:1-11) we sec as merely a fictitious frame.
War, State Formation, and the Evolution of Military Institutions in Ancient China and Rome
Authors: Rosenstein Nathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Warfare in Bronze Age China during the Xia, Shang, and Western Zhou periods (c.2000–770 B.C.E.) constituted one of the two great affairs of the state—the other being the sacrifice of animals and humans. These “affairs” were the exclusive prerogative of the aristocracy and formed the basis for legitimating its rule as well as its self-definition. Consequently, war was central to state formation in this era. The aristocracy at this date formed a seminary lineage system, that is, a group of clans and households that organized and ranked itself according to their genealogical proximity to the ruling lineage. Monarchs enjoyed primacy in honor but a rough degree of social parity with their aristocratic peers. The members of this class thought of themselves as sharing a common nobility but jealously guarded the honor to which each believed his rank entitled him. It is not surprising, therefore, that the personal slights, real or imagined, formed an endless source of feuding or that such feuds regularly issued in violence among members of a class that defined itself in large part through war. Monarchs became progressively less able to control these conflicts owing to the inherent weakness of the governments they headed. The seminary lineage system not only shaped the social hierarchy of the aristocracy but the political landscape of Bronze Age kingdoms. Lineages’ rankings within the system determined which of the various ministries at court and territories of the realm a clan controlled.
Male Lament in Greek Tragedy
Authors: Suter Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much work has been done recently on the dramatic use of ritual lament in tragedy. A pervasive assumption of this work is that, because ritual lament was a female responsibility in real life, it was a female activity in tragedy. McClure even calls it the ‘‘normative’’ speech genre for women in tragedy; it has come to be seen as the female genre par excellence both in real life and onstage. In this essay I question that assumption and attempt to redress the imbalance in the focus of current scholarship by marshaling new material from tragedy. It will be seen that, if we had only the evidence of tragedy to inform us, we might not see lament as a particularly gendered genre. At the same time, it seems clear that ritual lament was a female activity in real life in fifth-century b.c.e. Athens, and it is argued that lamentation was perhaps discouraged, even scorned, in men in real life.
Greek Comedy’S Parody of Lament
Authors: Karanika Andromache 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay analyzes the parody of lament in Aristophanes’ Thesmophoriazusae, and discusses how lament is represented in a comic context and what this tells us about the lament genre. Much of current scholarship on lament focuses on reconstructing ritual lamentation based on evidence from early Greek epic poetry and Classical tragedy. As it has been argued, lament in epic poetry fulfils an important position of complement to heroic activity and “becomes the linguistic and generic inverse of heroic kleos.”1 Likewise, in elegy and tragedy it forms an integral part of the protagonists’ situation.
Lament in Lucan’s Bellvm civile
Authors: Keith Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lament in Classical antiquity has been studied extensively in Greek ritual and literature, primarily from the perspectives of anthropology, feminism, and literary criticism. Roman codes and conventions of funerary lamentation, however, have received far less attention, although Vergil’s Aeneid has been the focus of some discussion. In this study I explore the literary representation of lament in Classical Rome but press the investigation beyond Vergil to Lucan, beyond female lamentation to male, and beyond public lament to private lament. In a stimulating article surveying lament in the growth and eclipse of Roman epic, Elaine Fantham has suggested that “[c]ommunal public lament is . . . used by Lucan . . . to anticipate the catastrophe of Pompey’s death” throughout his epic. My study complements her discussion of public lament by focusing on the private personal laments for Pompey of his wife Cornelia and of his quaestor Cordus in conjunction with Cato’s public eulogy of Pompey.
The Father As An Idea
Authors: Hertz Rosanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I sat on my living room floor with all these anonymous donor profiles around me. I had spent hours earlier that day downloading them from the Cryobank Web site. I was trying to look them over before my best friend from college came over to help me. Well, not really help me-she was more there for moral support. I was both excited and nervous, having prepared for this evening for a long time.
Adoption And Fitting In
Authors: Hertz Rosanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I had tried to get pregnant with the help of the fertility clinic for four years, on and off, starting when I was thirty-six years old. A couple years into it, I started moving through the adoption steps, like attending workshops for prospective adoptive parents. By the time I’d run out of sperm, I had started my home study. As hard as that was to finally give up becoming pregnant, I decided to stop trying. At least in terms of turning my energy to a new set of activities. At that time, the adopting part just came out of wanting to have a baby and then continuing on that path.
Beyond the Borders (1959-1963)
Authors: D'Elia John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the 1950s came to a close, Ladd crystallized his assessment of evangelical thought-and his vision for improving its content and image-in an address celebrating the opening of a library at the North American Baptist Theological Seminary in South Dakota. His presentation, titled “Renaissance in Evangelicalism,” was an in dictment of the pervasive and contentious anti-intellectualism of the conservative evangelical movement, as well as a call to participation in the life of the mind of the broader culture.1 He argued that evangelicals had surrendered their intellectual and spiritual leadership in American life.
Twentieth-Century Muslim Immigrants: From the Melting Pot to the Cold War
Authors: Curtis Edward E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mary Juma arrived in Ross, North Dakota, in 1902. Like most immigrants who traveled to the United States during the first decade of the twentieth century, she did not come from a country in northern or western Europe. In this period, the majority of immigrants hailed from eastern and southern Europe. But Mary Juma and her husband, Hassin, were not from Italy or Russia. They were from Syria, then a part of the Ottoman Empire. Following the lead of other immigrants who sought riches in America, they sold all of their possessions, asked relatives to take care of their two daughters, and pledged their small farm as collateral for the loan they needed to pay for their travel from Lebanon to France and then to Montreal, Canada. Though many European and Middle Eastern immigrants in this era entered the United States through Ellis Island in New York, others came via Canada. After arriving in Montreal, the Jumas went first to Nebraska and then settled in North Dakota.
Stochastic Models of Propagule Pressure and Establishment
Authors: Drake John M , Jerde Christopher L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most research on risk analysis for species invasions has focused on predicting species that are capable of invading on the basis of biological characteristics (Ricciardi and Rasmussen 1998; Kolar and Lodge 2001; Keller et al. 2007; see also chapter 3) and/or a match between species biology and environments (Herborg et al. 2007). In what follows, we presuppose that a focal species or set of species has already been identified. We focus on the next step in the risk analysis and management process—identifying conditions under which establishment is likely to occur and when (Carlton 1996; Sakai et al. 2001). In particular, we focus on theories that assign probabilities to establishment events. Such estimated probabilities could be useful for evaluating the economic costs and benefits of preventing invasions (Leung et al. 2002) and optimizing management plans (see chapter 7).
Uncertain Invasions: A Biological Perspective
Authors: Jerde Christopher L , Bossenbroek Jonathan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the absence of perfect knowledge about how a system or process works, there is unexplained variability in observations and predictions, or uncertainty. Uncertainty is the reason biologists experience difficulty identifying the properties of successful invaders and predicting invasions (Kolar and Lodge 2001). Prior to and following Elton’s (1958) treatise, invasion biology received mainly disparate scientific interest, and it has only recently gained general ecological popularity (Davis et al. 2001; Puth and Post 2005) because of threats to biodiversity and Financial losses (Pimentel et al. 2000, 2005). Now scientists are faced with the challenge of predicting and ideally preventing invasions without fully understanding the mechanisms that lead to successful invasion. Some have argued that predicting invasions in light of such uncertainty is futile (Gilpin 1990).