bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The remarkable role of nutrition in learning and behaviour
Authors: Dani Jennifer , Burrill Courtney , Demmig‐Adams Barbara 
Published: July 2005

PurposeThe purpose of this review is to examine the effect of nutrition on mental functions of children and adolescents.Design/methodology/approachThe approach taken is to evaluate published research on key dietary factors, including recent, rigorously designed supplementation studies.FindingsThe result of this analysis is that nutrition has potent effects on brain function. It is concluded that protein, iron, iodine, and the consumption of breakfast all impact on a child’s learning capability and behaviour. Moreover, recent research has identified additional, potent roles of micronutrients, such as essential fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins, in the prevention of learning and behavioural disorders. Among the latter, this review focuses particularly on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Research limitations/implicationsWhile several controlled supplementation trials with supplementation are now available, the limitation of the present analysis is that more large‐scale trials are needed before final conclusions can be reached.Practical implicationsThe practical implication of this review for health‐care providers, nutritionists, teachers, and parents at this time is that enough promising evidence has be accumulated to warrant a recommendation to include adequate levels of minerals, vitamins, essential fatty acids, and other nutrients in children’s diets to improve learning and behaviour.Originality/valueThis review is unique in its comprehensive nature and provides a synopsis of the power of diet in influencing learning and behavior for professionals and parents.
Organic‐mineral content of the main Brazilian cereals and legumes
Authors: Lúcia Valente Mesquita Vera , de Lourdes Reis Giada Maria 
Published: July 2005

PurposeIn Brazil there is a lack of food composition data and the nutrition professionals frequently need to consult compiled tables of international reference. It is known that the extrapolation of international food data to the regional level is not accurate and requires caution because it may result in nutritional problems. Thus, the purpose of this work was to determine and compare the organic‐mineral content of the main Brazilian cereals and legumes with those of the available reference in this country.Design/methodology/approachThe chemical composition of the samples was examined according to AOAC methods. The energy value for each sample was calculated using the specific Atwater energy factors.FindingsThe moisture as well as lipids and ash content were found to accord with the consulted bibliography for most of the samples. The protein values were the same as those found by some authors and different from others.Originality/valueThe results obtained showed the need for elaborating a Brazilian food composition table able to better reproduce the real nutritive value of food produced in this country.
Human resource management practice and institutional constraints The case of Mozambique
Authors: Webster Edward , Wood Geoffrey 
Published: July 2005

PurposeThis article aims to explore the nature of contemporary HRM practice in Mozambique, and the extent to which “best practice” HRM strategies are likely to emerge, given present institutional realities.Design/methodology/approachThe research was based on an extensive survey of Mozambican employers concentrated in the major urban centres of the country.FindingsThe survey revealed little evidence of innovation or of leading edge practices, other than in a small minority of firms. It is concluded that the diffusion of higher value added managerial strategies is only likely to take place in a more supportive institutional context.Practical implicationsThe failure of innovative HRM techniques to diffuse across the economy, despite heightened external pressures, highlights organizational inertia, including the continued reliance of many firms on low‐paid and low‐skilled workers, and on autocratic paternalism. It remains uncertain whether a more “high value” added path is viable in a context of cut‐throat competition from abroad.Originality/valueThe Mozambique experience underscores the importance of an institutional context which encourages firms to buy into mutually advantageous sets of rules governing fair play and limits the rewards accruing to bad practice. Whilst the more efficient enforcement of legislation may encourage the broader adoption of “high road” practices, their sustainability is, at least in part, contingent on the diffusion and reconstitution of supportive conventions; regrettably, this makes it extremely difficult to depart from the low value added path.
Ten years of European works councils in Ireland: testing the regulatory capacity of soft‐style EU directives
Authors: O’Hagan Emer 
Published: July 2005

PurposeThe European Works Council (EWC) Directive reflects a shift to a softer style of governance which has been adopted by the EU in recent years. This article sets out to explore how successful this soft style governance is when implemented at the national level.Design/methodology/approachThe paper introduces the literature on the subject and shows that two main theses have been developed to date; one which favours the softer mechanism of governance and one which is critical of it. Two propositions are developed from the literature. The article explores them by examining them in light of the manner in which the Directive has bedded down in the Irish context. It does this through a micro and macro analysis of material available on the EWC in Ireland and a series of interviews. Ireland is regarded as a suitable arena in which to explore these propositions.FindingsThe article finds that the EWC Directive was implemented in Ireland in a manner which was deemed suitable for its smooth integration into the Irish context. However, the transposition’s flexible nature is such that it is unclear that it has made any significant contribution to Ireland’s system of industrial relations. It is suggested that the EU may not yet have developed a form of governance suitable for a disparate, expanding community.Originality/valueThe paper provides a micro‐analysis of how the EWC Directive has been transposed in one Member State (Ireland). It combines this with a macro‐analysis which enables us to compare the Irish transposition with other Member States. This approach indicates that the Directive has been applied in a very heterogeneous style throughout the Member States, which tends to reproduce indigenous industrial relations systems rather than reform or challenge them.
Effects of HRM on client satisfaction in nursing and care for the elderly
Authors: Ott Marlies , van Dijk Han 
Published: July 2005

PurposeHRM is supposed to increase job satisfaction. But does it also increase client satisfaction? Sets out to discuss this issue.Design/methodology/approachThe unit of analysis is the home. Using data from a benchmark study among Dutch homes for elderly care, 154 homes were scored on three groups of indicators: HRM activities as experienced by employees, employee satisfaction, and client satisfaction. Scores were based on interviews with 3,542 patients and surveys of 12,193 employees.FindingsHRM does affect job and client satisfaction. Correlations between HRM and client satisfaction were generally rather low. Employees’ satisfaction with their organisation is a better predictor of client satisfaction than job satisfaction. Job‐related training showed no relation with job satisfaction, but a clear relation with client satisfaction, while leadership style of their manager had a significant relation with job satisfaction, and a more limited one with client satisfaction. Regular performance reviews are important for job satisfaction and client satisfaction. Employee and client satisfaction can also conflict: more regular schedules increase employee satisfaction, but decrease client satisfaction.Research limitations/implicationsTo decide on best practices the correlations found need to be explained. For instance, why do performance reviews correlate with employee satisfaction and with client satisfaction about employee expertise?Practical implicationsThese results confirm the importance of the leadership style of line managers. Helping middle management to develop a supportive and transparent leadership style can improve employee satisfaction. The HRM activity most relevant for client satisfaction seems to be job‐related training.Originality/valueThe paper is unique in combining data on employee and client satisfaction. It is of interest both to HRM researchers and to health‐care management.
Improving strategic thinking: a multilevel approach
Authors: Bonn Ingrid 
Published: July 2005

PurposeFollowing a multilevel approach, the purpose of this paper is to develop a framework of strategic thinking, which integrates the micro‐domain's focus on individuals and groups with the macro‐domain's focus on organisations.Design/methodology/approachThe paper first defines strategic thinking, outlines its elements and examines some of the conceptual issues surrounding the construct, especially those concerning levels of analysis. The following questions are addressed. What are the characteristics of an individual strategic thinker? What are the dynamics that take place within groups and how do they influence strategic thinking? What are the contributions of the organisational context to strategic thinking?FindingsStrategic thinking at the individual level is discussed in terms of diversity in representational systems. Strategic thinking at the group level looks at heterogeneity and conflict. Strategic thinking within the organisational context examines middle management involvement, the role of organisational structure, and reward and compensation systems.Practical implicationsThe paper may help senior managers to develop practical interventions for improving strategic thinking in their organisations. This includes the design of appropriate selection, recruitment and development strategies as well as paying attention to group and organisational level factors that create the enabling conditions for the individual characteristics associated with strategic thinking to be utilised.Originality/valueThe paper outlines a theoretical framework of strategic thinking that integrates previous fragmented research from a number of areas and disciplines into a more comprehensive theory of strategic thinking. It represents an important antecedent to strategic decision making and may provide a key to a better understanding of organisational change phenomena and, ultimately, organisational performance and survival.
Leaders lost in transformation
Authors: Emiliani M.L. , Stec D.J. 
Published: July 2005

PurposeTo examine why most Lean transformations achieve only modest favorable results, despite years of effort.Design/methodology/approachComparative/evaluative discussion of efforts made by senior managers to implement the Lean management system, with commentary on a published example.FindingsPresents common obstacles and identifies common implementation errors that must be avoided in order to realize the full benefits of the Lean management system.Research limitations/implicationsIllustrates the ease by which Lean transformation efforts can lead to less desirable outcomes when senior managers fail to fully grasp the implicit and explicit aspects of both task and behavioral elements of a new management system.Practical implicationsProvides specific suggestions that will enable senior managers and organizations to achieve improved outcomes.Originality/valueIdentifies numerous common errors made by senior managers, the rationale for why the errors have occurred, and suggests improvements for implementing the Lean management system.
Establishment of energy management tools for facilities managers in the tropical region
Authors: Haji‐Sapar Majid , Eang Lee Siew 
Published: July 2005

PurposeTo establish national energy performance benchmarks and an energy efficiency classification system for commercial office buildings from whole building to sub‐systems level for building professionals including facility managers.Design/methodology/approachIssuing of survey form and questionnaires to 16 building owners before field interview. Building physical data and systems nameplate, quantities and types were verified on site. The past 24 months electricity consumption bills were also collected from building owners. Physical environmental conditions and short‐term power measurement on building systems were done to determine the level of energy consumption and performance.Research limitations/implicationsThe classification and benchmarking methodology developed is useful for the regions to establish their own database and tools.Practical implicationsThe building energy performance assessment and auditing methodology are useful to both building owner/manager and energy services companies (ESCOs) in carrying out systematic assessment and analysis on building energy characteristics. The benchmark system established will also serve as a reference to building professionals to adopt a more holistic approach in designing an energy efficient building. Useful also for building owners who are considering carrying out retrofitting works on their existing building or systems.Originality/valueThe study provides detailed whole building and systems benchmarks for Singapore. The results provide an objective evaluation system of commercial office building energy performance.
Modelling water closet demand in shopping centres
Authors: Wong L.T. , Yau C.L. 
Published: July 2005

PurposeTo quantify water closet (WC) provisions in shopping malls in order to help building professionals to determine effective sanitary designs at certain service standards in terms of the user's probable waiting time.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed WC provision takes account of the probable waiting time corresponding to certain demand patterns of shopping malls. The probable waiting time for a WC and the failure rate of the closet in providing immediate service to the users at various WC provision levels described by a simple queuing process are evaluated by the Monte Carlo simulations. Model parameters such as the maximum waiting time expected by the users, the frequency distributions of the time between user arrivals and the service time at sanitary facilities were determined from a survey of a large shopping mall in Hong Kong.FindingsThe suitable provision of WCs was determined by the user's acceptable waiting time, and compared with those provision levels determined by the limiting failure rate of providing immediate service.Research limitations/implicationsThe model parameters are not exhaustive, with assumptions made for the queuing process of washroom users and have only been determined from a recent survey in Hong Kong, which perhaps will limit the model's usefulness elsewhere.Practical implicationsA useful source of reference in planning the sanitary facilities of shopping malls for various user demands. The methodology can be used in a modified form for most building types.Originality/valueThis paper proposes mathematical expressions for WC provision in shopping malls and presents a template to determine the required model parameters. The model offers practical help to professionals involved in planning, designing and managing the sanitary facilities of shopping malls.
Optimal reliability allocation under uncertain conditions, with application to hybrid electric vehicle design
Authors: Allella Flavio , Chiodo Elio , Lauria Davide 
Published: July 2005

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is the investigation of the main aspects of optimal reliability allocation with respect to the design of hybrid electric vehicles. In particular, with reference to the hybrid electric vehicle propulsion system, the problem of data uncertainty, due to a scarce knowledge of the components' reliabilities, is taken into account. This problem is crucial for new technology systems and it is faced with a Bayesian approach: components' reliabilities are considered as random variables, characterised in the paper by negative log‐gamma distributions.Design/methodology/approachThe main aspects of optimal reliability allocation with the design of hybrid electric vehicles are presented, pointing out the opportunity of a reliability evaluation in the planning stage.FindingsThe topic of a series hybrid vehicle reliability is addressed, nevertheless results can be easily extended to the parallel configuration. In particular, the opportunity of a reliability evaluation of the propulsion system in the design stage is highlighted, mainly when new technology components are involved.Originality/valueThe value of the paper consists in the methodology allowing to express the system reliability uncertainty as a function of component uncertain data. Then, as far as concern the practical implications, the optimal allocation of the components' reliabilities can be efficiently performed, in order to minimise the system total cost respecting a prefixed value of the system reliability. In the final part of the paper, a numerical application, related to a series hybrid electric vehicle propulsion system, is presented to show the feasibility of the approach.
Lossy three‐phase transmission line transient analysis by Park approach
Authors: Leva Sonia , Paolo Morando Adriano 
Published: July 2005

PurposeTo provide a unified analytical tool, based on Park transformation, for the theoretical and practical analysis of a lossy three‐phase transmission line.Design/methodology/approachThe results obtained in the study of TEM waves propagation in two‐wire line can be extended to a symmetric m‐wire line by employing the modal analysis. This approach relates the dynamic of m‐wire guided field to the propagation of m modal voltages and currents acting on m single‐wire decoupled transverse electromagnetic (TEM) lines. In the symmetric three‐phase system case, the modal analysis includes, as a particular case for m=3, the symmetric component theory. In previous papers, the authors applied the Park transformation to study the wave propagation of (TEM) three‐phase symmetrical lines. The formulation proposed and tested considers the lossless TEM wave propagation of a three‐phase line without consideration to the dissipations phenomena present in the line itself. Taking into account the obtained results, the extension of the developed approach to the lossy three‐phase transmission line transient analysis is very useful on both theoretical and practical points of view.FindingsThe symmetrical three‐phase line Park model for the lossy transmission line transient analysis, regarded as vector formulation of the line modal analysis, has been presented. The proposed examples highlight how, thanks to the Park model, the dynamic analysis of the three‐phase line in distorted and unsymmetrical systems becomes an integral part of the more general and well‐established power electric system dynamic theory.Originality/valueThe three‐phase transmission line transient analysis presented in this paper emphasizes the conceptual contents, specific to the Park approach. Furthermore, it gives some results very important for the practical analysis of a lossy three‐phase transmission line.
Scalar and vector potentials' coupling on nonmatching grids for the simulation of an electromagnetic brake
Authors: Flemisch Bernd , Wohlmuth Barbara , Rapetti Francesca , Maday Yvon 
Published: July 2005

PurposeWe present a method for the simulation of the dynamical behavior of a coupled magneto‐mechanical system given in terms of a conductor moving through an electromagnetic field.Design/methodology/approachFor the magnetic part, we consider a model based on an electric vector and a magnetic scalar potential, whereas the mechanical part is modelled by the equation of a rigid body motion. A weak coupling is employed: at each time step the resulting forces are calculated yielding the new displacement of the conductor.FindingsNumerical results are given for the simulation of an electromagnetic brake with axisymmetric geometry. They indicate that the proposed method is especially well suited for eddy current problems involving moving conductors.Research limitations/implicationsFurther research should be undertaken toward the application of the proposed method to real 3D problems.Originality/valueThe spatial discretization of the problem relies on the use of two independent triangulations to approximate the two involved potentials. Whereas the scalar magnetic potential is discretized by means of nodal H1‐conforming finite elements on a grid covering the global computational domain, the vector electric potential is approximated by Hcurl‐conforming edge elements on another grid only covering the conductor. The coupling between the two grids is accomplished via the mortar finite element method. At each time step, only the coupling matrix has to be reassembled, all other involved matrices remain the same. Moreover, no remeshing is necessary when the conductor changes its position. The paper should be valuable for any researcher interested in the numerical simulation of eddy current problems.
Experimental design method applied to a multiphysical model
Authors: Vivier S. , Hecquet M. , Ait‐Hammouda A. , Brochet P. 
Published: July 2005

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to use an analytical multi‐physical model – electromagnetic, mechanic and acoustic – in order to predict the electromagnetic noise of a permanent magnet synchronous machine.Design/methodology/approachThe aim of this work is to develop and use an analytical multi‐physical model – electromagnetic, mechanic and acoustic – of a synchronous machine with permanent magnets. The complete model is coded in order to predict acoustic noise. A study of sensitivity is presented in order to deduce the influential – or significant – factors on the noise. For that, the technique of the experimental designs is used. More particularly, the modeling of the noise will be achieved due to the new “trellis” designs.FindingsThree models are presented: electromagnetic, mechanical of vibration and acoustic. For each of them, comparisons with finite element method and experiments have been made. Several response surfaces are given; they represent the noise according to influential factors, with respect to different speeds of the machine. These surfaces are useful to deduce the parts of the design space to avoid.Originality/valueDifferent multi‐physical aspects are considered: electromagnetic, mechanic and acoustic phenomena are taken into account due to a single analytical model. The experimental design method is the privileged tool used to make the complex relationships between the main variables appear.