bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jenny: Regaining Quality of Life Following a Horseback Riding Accident
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jenny was 17-yr-old when she had a devastating accident in May 1981. An excellent horsewoman, who had won many prizes, she had just returned from a 20 mile ride with her prize-winning horse. Jenny followed the same routine as she did every evening. She untacked and fed the horse. After that she mounted the horse in order to jump the hedge into the field before dismounting and leaving the horse for the night. Jenny always jumped the hedge without a bridle or saddle. This was something she could accomplish with ease. On this particular night, however, something happened. Jenny mounted the mare bareback but instead of jumping the hedge, the horse went in the opposite direction down into the lane for about 400 yards with Jenny clinging on, straight into the road. A car was coming, the driver braked but at that moment there was a failure in the brake pipe system (discovered later when the spilled brake fluid covered the roadway for several yards). The car hit Jenny and the horse. Jenny was thrown 30 feet. The horse was badly mutilated and had to be destroyed immediately.
Jim: Improving Concentration and Reducing Behavior Problems
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the referral form sent out by the rehabilitation center, Jim’s social worker described him as “a bit of a drifter and a loner.” He had left school at 16-apparently of average ability-and for the next 10 yr held a succession of short-term jobs on building sites, at supermarkets, and in garages. He lived with his elderly widowed mother and had never married. In 1979, when he was 26 yr old, Jim was involved in a motorcycle accident, sustained a very severe head injury, and was in a coma for 3 wk. Soon after the accident Jim developed epilepsy.
Chemical Fractionation During Formation Of The Earth’s Core And Continental Crust: Clues From As, Sb, W, And Mo
Authors: Sims K W W , Newsom H E , Gladney E S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have analyzed suites of continental crustal rocks of different geologic ages, as well as midocean ridge and ocean island samples for As, Sb, W, and Mo, using radiochemical, thermal, and epithermal neutron activation analysis. The oceanic data show that Mo, As, and Sb have the same incompatible behavior as the light rare earth elements ( e.g., Ce) during igneous fractionation, while W behaves as a highly incompatible element and correlates with Ba The Mo/Ce ratio is the same in oceanic and crustal materials. However, crustal-derived materials, including Archean shales, appear to be enriched in As and Sb relative to Ce, and W relative to Ba, compared to the correlations in the oceanic rocks. A similar enrichment in crustal material has been previously observed for the element Pb. The suite of affected elements (Pb, As, Sb, and W) suggests that the enrichment is probably due to hydrothermal processes during crustal formation. The question of core formation through geologic time has been examined using Mo/Ce ratios; no significant change in this ratio has been observed in samples ranging from recent back to 3.8 Ga in age. The depletions of these siderophile elements relative to CI chondrites in the Earth’s primitive mantle ( silicate portion of the Earth) provide clues to the accretion and core formation history of the Earth. Our new depletion value for W differs significantly from the previous estimate based only on oceanic samples, and now overlaps the depletion of Co and Ni. The depletion of Mo is confirmed to be greater than that of Co and Ni, but less than that of the highly siderophile elements. The new data therefore provide additional support to the heterogeneous accretion theory, but are also consistent with the inefficient core formation theory.
Human Consanguinity Effects Revisited: Why is the Measurable Impact of Inbreeding So Small?
Authors: Neel James V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between the years 1958 and 1964, Jack Schull was the senior partner in a series of joint studies in Japan on consanguinity effects, a series that provides the most comprehensive view of the results of human inbreeding in a defined population to this date. The results have been presented and analyzed in a book and a series of papers published between 1965 and 1972. At that time, studies on inbreeding effects were seen as one of the two or three strongest approaches to understanding the amount and significance of the genetic variation present in the human genome. Given the theme of this symposium, it seemed particularly appropriate to review these studies in light of some of the developments in biochemical, molecular, and population genetics since this last analysis. Not only do they recall one of Jack’s very significant contributions to the genetic literature, but, considered in conjunction with more recent developments, they will pose some searching issues for those interested in evaluating the biological significance of the avalanche of genetic variation now upon us. In brief, I will first suggest that there is an apparent gap between the results of inbreeding and what we now know about human mutation rates and the amount of variation at the protein and DNA level, and will then raise some questions concerning ways to bridge this gap.
Generalized Occupancy Problem and Its Applications in Population Genetics
Authors: Chakraborty Ranajit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analysis of categorical observations constitutes one of the principal ways of handling genetic data, evidenced in the contributions of the honoree of this symposium in relation to his studies on inbreeding effects (Schull and Neel, 1965), genetic effects of radiation exposure (Schull et al., 1981) and adaptation effects of high altitude hypoxia (Schull and Rothhammer, 1990). In the context of hypothesis testing based on specific genetic models in such data analysis, often we need to contrast frequencies of different endpoints in samples of unequal sizes or predict expected frequencies in populations from observations in samples of small sampling proportions. For example, Neel (Chapter 4, this volume) illustrates one such problem where the frequencies of different genetic variants are contrasted in two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, where the sample sizes are widely different. In a previous study (Chakraborty et al., 1988) the issue of sample size adjustment was addressed by deriving the expectation and variance of the observed number of alleles in samples of fixed sizes.
Some Theoretical Predictions for Electrophoretic Polymorphisms Maintained by Balancing Selection
Authors: Smouse Peter E , Chakraborty Ranajit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the development of electrophoretic assay methods for proteins in the 1960s, it became clear that genetic variation was more widespread in natural organisms than we had imagined. The neo-Darwinian predilection was to invoke widespread balancing selection, but the theoretical implications of overdominant genetic load for a large fraction of the genome (Hubby and Lewontin, 1966; Lewontin and Hubby, 1966) quickly led to the conclusion that most of the variation must be selectively neutral (Kimura, 1968; King and Jukes, 1969). The neutralist/selectionist debate is still with us two decades later (e.g., Clarke, 1975; Gillespie, 1986a,b; Nei et al., 1976), and while the genetic load argument has lost some of its apparent theoretical force in the interim, there is almost no compelling direct evidence for widespread selective maintenance of these electrophoretic polymorphisms (e.g., Mukai, 1964; Mukai and Yamazaki, 1980). The obvious alternative to neutrality is balancing selection, possibly heterosis of some sort, although frequencydependent selection would also be adequate to explain the results (Clarke, 1964; Clarke and O’Donald, 1964; Cockerham and Burrows, 1971; Cockerham et al., 1972; Kojima and Yarbrough, 1967; Lewontin, 1958; Schutz et al., 1968; Wright, 1948). There is a large agricultural literature on heterosis (reviewed in Bush, 1988), but attempts to find it in natural populations have met with only mixed success.
Genetic Variation and Evolution of Human Populations
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Livshits Gregory , Ota Tatsuya 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genetic variation within and between populations provides important information on the evolutionary history of the populations. To obtain a reliable picture of the evolutionary history, however, one must use gene frequency data from a large number of loci because gene frequency changes are known to be subject to large stochastic errors. Yet, experimentalists often use data from a single locus or a small number of loci. This is particularly so when DNA polymorphism data are used. For example, Wainscoat et al. (1986) constructed a phylogenetic tree for human populations using a DNA region that involves a part of the β-globin gene cluster. Phylogenetic trees from mitochondrial DNA are also often used for inferring the evolutionary history of human populations (Cann et al., 1987; Vigilant et al., 1989), though mtDNA is inherited as a single genetic entity and therefore is equivalent to a single genetic locus.
Compositional Statistics Evaluated by Computer Simulations
Authors: sidow Arend , Wilson Allan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phylogenetic hypotheses testable with DNA sequences span the entire range of evolutionary relationships, from trees relating individuals within a species (Vigilant et al., 1989), to the tree of life (Fox et al., 1980; Lake, 1988; Gouy and Li, 1989; Sidow and Wilson, 1990). A number of methods are available for inferring evolutionary relationships among homologous and aligned DNA sequences.
Statistical Methods for Testing Molecular Phylogenies
Authors: Li Wen-Hsiung , Gouy Manolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although numerous methods have been developed for reconstructing phylogenetic trees, there exist few methods for evaluating the statistical confidence of an inferred phylogeny or for testing whether one phylogeny is significantly better than another. In fact, the statistical methodology for testing phylogenies is in a rather primitive state. This has occurred for two reasons. First, although phylogenetic reconstruction has long been recognized as a problem in statistical inference (Edwards and Cavalli-Sforza, 1964), few authors have formulated the problem in a statistical framework.
Developmental Neuropsychology
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides the most detailed overview of child neuropsychology available today. The second edition has been thoroughly revised and updated. It includes new discussions of such conditions as infant HIV infection and Tourette’s syndrome, as well as new chapters on newborn and infant assessment and on cognitive development in relation to brain functions.
Critical Periods, Plasticity, and Recovery of Function
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first glance the concepts of critical periods and plasticity seem to be opposites, one suggesting rigidity, the other flexibility. On closer scrutiny, however, the ideas are not incompatible. At some developmental stages the organism is more receptive or vulnerable to environmental influences than at other stages, and it is at these times that the labels “critical” or “sensitive” are applied. The ability of the CNS to change in response to these environmental influences is referred to as “plasticity.” Both concepts have a direct bearing on the recovery of function after brain lesions.Essentially, the critical period is the time between the emergence anatomically or functionally of a given biobehavioral system and its maturation. The system may be affected in this emergent but immature state (for better or worse) by exogenous stimuli and this effect can be permanent should the system “harden” to maturity (Colombo 1982, p. 263).The concept of critical periods has its origins in experimental embryology. Working on the effects of inorganic compounds on the development of Fun dulus eggs, Stockard (1921) first thought that the development of one-eyed fishes was caused specifically by magnesium ion. Further experiments showed that similar malformations could be produced by other inorganic chemicals ad ministered at appropriate times during development.
From Comity to Estrangement
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beginning with the Crimean War, the era of cordial Russian-U.S. relations lasted through the 1860s and intensified during the Civil War. The sale of Alaska to the United States in 1867 marked the high point. Thereafter, continuing to the 1914 European emergency, bilateral relations became ever strained. This decline in mutual confidence was caused by American impatience (on official and popular levels) with anti-Jewish pogroms and other persecutions in the empire. Incipient Russian-U.S. rivalry for influence in the Far East produced additional complications. This second concern in the United States was dissipated by Japan’s startling victory over czarist forces in the 1904/1905 war, which incidentally strengthened the disdain felt by many Americans for Russian institutions and backwardness. Yet there was never serious threat of an open breach. Relations between St. Petersburg and Washington remained correct to the end of the Romanov dynasty. The quality of U.S. diplomats in Russia was uneven during the final decades of the czars. Able men were assigned to St. Petersburg, of whom the best were John Foster, Andrew Dickson White, and George von Lengerke Meyer. On the other hand, incompetents were also sent. Cases in point were the ministers during the crisis of southern rebellion: disreputable Simon Cameron and maladroit Cassius Marcellus Clay.
War and Revolution
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American diplomacy in St. Petersburg seemed to mock the Provisional Government’s herculean effort to prosecute military operations against Germany while establishing democracy. Against the background of Bolshevik audaciousness and despite Washington’s need for reliable analysis of shifting conditions, U.S. diplomacy was hesitant and uncomprehending. In contrast to compelling Americans on Russian soil, from the romantic John Reed to the Red Cross’s exuberant Raymond Robins, Ambassadors George Marye and David Francis stood out because of their nai’vete. Wartime Diplomacy Nowhere more than in Russia did the Great War prove the wisdom of Clausewitz’s injunction against making warfare into “something pointless and devoid of sense.” Casualties in 1914 to 1918 were unimaginable to St. Petersburg as it considered the course to take during the weeks following Francis Ferdinand’s assassination. Of the 12,000,000 men who were mobilized for military service, approximately 1,700,000 were killed in battle, 4,950,000 wounded, 2,410,000 captured.1 Additional fatalities from disease, suffering among civilians, and damage to property were equally fearful. Acquisition of the Black Sea Straits, Constantinople, and other Turkish territories could not have justified these costs, let alone the unleashing of destructive revolution and civil war.
After Stalin
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Radio Moscow announced on March 5, 1953, the death of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, lauded in his lifetime as the Guiding Light of Communism, the Genius Leader of Progressive Mankind. This bulletin, broadcast throughout the USSR, was accompanied by funereal music and exhortations to the public to resist panic and despair. There was also official reassurance: the government, composed of his dedicated lieutenants, stood united; the country was ever strong. Thus a nervous new leadership-temporarily led by Beria, Malenkov, Molotov-inaugurated its coming to power and an era of political uncertainty. Reared on the myth of Stalin’s marvelous achievements, citizens throughout the empire wept openly or were stunned by grief into silence. Crowds in Moscow, hoping to glimpse his body as it lay in state, surged past police control, and in the alarm hundreds of people (perhaps two thousand) were trampled to death. At the time, Andrei Sakharov was carried away by the mourning and melancholy thoughts on the universality of death. Although aware of Stalin’s responsibility for destroying countless innocent people, he could still write tenderly about him: “I am under the influence of a great man’s death. I am thinking of his humanity.”1
Toward an Understanding of Nonpathological Mood States: Evidence, Speculations, and Applications
Authors: Thayer Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a number of features that any comprehensive understanding of mood must incorporate. After first indicating what these essential features are, some observations and speculations will be provided about the ways in which energy and tension moods meet these criteria. Parts of this understanding were more fully developed elsewhere in this book, but ideas specific to mood will be added in the present discussion. This chapter also includes hypothetical scenarios of mood relations that might occur in life circumstances characterized by varying degrees of stress, and some theory is provided about the ways in which food and drugs are often used as mood modulators. Last, practical applications will be offered concerning maintenance of optimal moods based on this understanding.
Modular Organization of Information Processing in the Normal Human Brain: Studies with Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Raichle Marcus E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Substantial evidence supports the hypothesis that the human brain is structurally and functionally modular. One of the great challenges in neuroscience is to understand how this modularity is organized in support of mental activity. Such an understanding must at least accompany, if not precede, a knowledge of how specific components of a mental operation are implemented in individual modules (e.g., local ensembles of neurons). Modern imaging techniques substantially improve our ability to identify and study widely distributed component modules supporting specific mental operations. One approach is the measurement of local brain blood flow with positron emission tomography (PET). Changes in neuronal activity are accompanied by rapid (&lt;1 s) changes in local blood flow and metabolism in the brain (Raichle, 1987). Positron emission tomography accurately and rapidly measures changes in local blood flow (Raichle, 1983, 1986). Assuming all mental activity is accompanied by changes in local blood flow, PET is ideally suited to accomplish the task of relating changes in local neuronal activity to mental activity. These studies reveal the distributed, modular nature of mental activity implemented in the normal human brain (Petersen, Fox, Posner, Mintun, & Raichle, 1988, 1989; Petersen, Fox, Snyder, & Raichle, 1990). This technique is especially important because it permits an examination of these distributed modular relationships in the normal human brain.
Mnemonic Functions of the Cholinergic Septohippocampal System
Authors: Olton David S , Givens Bennet S , Markowska Alicja L , Shapiro Matthew , Golski Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many lines of evidence suggest that the cholinergic projection from the medial septal area (MSA) to the hippocampus has an important role in mnemonic processing. Anatomically, these neurons project to areas that have fundamental roles in memory, the hippocampus and temporal cortex. Neurochemically, the system contains acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter that has been closely linked to mnemonic functions. Clinically, pathology in the MSA is correlated with amnesia, and many attempts to improve impaired mnemonic function focus on compounds that alter the cholinergic system. Experimentally, neurotoxic lesions of the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS) produce impairments in tasks that involve recent memory, and the pattern of impairments suggests that one of the psychological processes disrupted by these lesions is memory.
The gene as a unit of selection
Authors: Williams George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Well-reasoned treatments of Darwinism for wide audiences (e.g. Sober 1984; Lloyd 1988; Brandon 1990) have recently had the benefit of Dawkins’ (1976, 1982b) and Hull’s (1988) concepts of replicators and interactors. The concepts are general in scope, but replicators usually mean genes, and interactors the individual organisms that transmit their genes in varying degrees to future generations. Organisms do the reproducing; genes direct development and provide the heritability on which response to selection depends.
The Real Line
Authors: Wise Gary L , Hall Eric B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The real line is the playground of real analysis. Although many introductory treatments of the real line might lead one to believe that the real line is rather lackluster and dull, such is not the case. In this chapter we will explore several pathological properties and subsets of the real line. Before proceeding, however, we will first present some useful definitions. A subset P of JR is said to be perfect if it is closed and if every point of P is a limit point. A subset A of JR is said to be nowhere dense if its closure has an empty interior. A subset of JR is said to be of the first category if it is a countable union of nowhere dense sets and otherwise is said to be of the second category. A subset of JR is said have the property of Baire if it is given by the symmetric difference of an open set and a set of the first category. A Hamel basis H for JR over Q is a subset of JR such that each nonzero real number may be uniquely represented as a finite linear combination of distinct elements from H with nonzero rational coefficients. That such a set exists is a consequence of the axiom of choice and is shown in Example 1.29.
Differentiation
Authors: Wise Gary L , Hall Eric B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Note that for any positive integer k, g has k derivatives at the point a and they are all equal to zero. Now consider the set of functions mapping R into R given by{f+ bg; b€R}. For each positive integer k, the kth derivative at the point a of any function in this set is equal to the kth derivative at the point a of f. Thus, each function in this set of functions has the same Taylor’s series at the real number a, and the cardinality of this set is c.
Conditioning
Authors: Wise Gary L , Hall Eric B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The topic of u-algebras is basic to the subject of conditioning since conditioning is conventionally taken with respect to au-algebra. In many cases the u-algebra of interest is that generated by some random variables representing data. Hence, in applications, it is common to treat u-algebras as somehow representing knowledge or information associated with data. The following example from Billingsley [1986] shows that associating u algebras with knowledge or information, as commonly understood, may lead to incorrect conclusions. Consider the probability space ([0, 1], B([0, 1]), .X), where A denotes Lebesgue measure on B([0, 1]) and consider the u-sub algebra g given by the family of all subsets of [0, 1] that are either countable or co-countable. Now, for BE B([0, 1]), consider the conditional probability P(B IQ). Since g contains all singletons {w}, and hence might be seen as being completely informative, one might suppose that P(B IQ) is equal to 18 . In other words, one might rationalize that to know the sets in g implies that one knows w itself and hence knows whether or not w is contained in B, leading to the conclusion that P(B IQ) should be one when w is contained in Band zero otherwise. It follows quickly, however, from the definition of conditional probability that P(B IQ)= P(B), except possibly off a countable subset of [0, 1]. D