bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Migration, Displacement, and Violence: Prosecuting Romanian Street Children at the Paris Palace of Justice
Authors: Terrio Susan J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper examines the displacement and vulnerability associated with the migration of unaccompanied illegal Romanian minors who came as economic migrants to Western Europe, found no legal opportunities for work or education, and were forced into criminal activity on the streets of French cities such as Paris, Lyon, and Nice. Beginning in 1997 growing numbers of unaccompanied Romanians, mostly boys, some as young as age ten, many younger than age 15, were subject to systematic prosecution rather than protection in Paris, the site of the largest and most influential juvenile court in the nation. They were arrested, detained, indicted, released pending trial, judged, and sentenced in absentia, multiple times with different identities. The Romanian minors were caught without legal papers or visas, claimed to be squatters living in abandoned buildings, trailers, or camps outside Paris, and gave little reliable information about their families or lives. Initially arrested for the destruction of city property and the theft of the proceeds from city parking meters, they gradually turned to begging, shoplifting, and prostitution when the city switched from coin to card payment. Deeply concerned by the penalization of a vulnerable population, the president of the Paris juvenile court created a special court to deal more humanely with unaccompanied minors in general, and Romanian children in particular, by establishing their identities and reconnecting them with their families. This article explores the contradictions that emerged between the representation of Romanian children in the media, the legal establishment, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and the Government, on the one hand, and their treatment in the juvenile justice system, on the other. It examines the discourse and the context of judging as well as the interactions between court personnel and Romanian minors from in‐take interviews in jail and indictment hearings in chambers to judgment in absentia in the formal court. It compares and contrasts cases heard before and after the creation of the special court and centres on the gaps between official rhetoric, legal norms, and judicial practice. It concludes that the creation of the special court may be having the unintended effect of reinforcing and institutionalizing the very judicial practice it was designed to prevent, namely the penalization of marginality.
The road to homeownership: a longitudinal analysis of tenure transition in urban China (1949–94)
Authors: Huang Youqin 
Published: December 2004

With ongoing housing reform and profound changes in housing consumption in urban China, this article aims to understand tenure transition from rental to homeownership. Because of different housing systems in China over time, and thus different connotations attached to homeownership, tenure transition should be understood within its historic context. Using a sample survey of life history in 20 cities and the method of event history analysis, this article examines the tenure transition to the first homeownership during 1949–94, a period covering both the socialist era and the early stage of housing reform. In contrast to conventional wisdom, older and married people, and those working in the public sector and living in public housing were less likely to change to homeownership before housing reform, mainly because the socialist housing system was ironically in favor of those households with higher socio‐economic positions. In the reform era, while there are remnants of the socialist housing system, tenure transition has different dynamics with factors such as marital status, work units and previous housing tenure no longer important, at least by the mid‐1990s. In addition, crowded housing conditions and long duration in the rental sector generally encourage the transition to homeownership, and there are significant regional variations.Face à la réforme actuelle du logement et aux mutations de consommation de l'habitat dans la Chine urbaine, cet article cherche à comprendre le passage de la location à la propriété. Les systèmes de logement ayant varié avec le temps, donnant à la propriété différentes connotations, il faut appréhender la transition du mode d'occupation dans son contexte historique. S'appuyant sur une étude biographique effectuée par sondage dans 20 villes et sur la méthode de l'analyse historique des événements, l'article examine la transition vers la première accession à la propriété entre 1949 et 1994, période couvrant l'ère socialiste et le stade initial de la réforme du logement. Contrairement à l'avis traditionnel, les individus mariés et plus âgés, ainsi que les employés du secteur public qui vivent dans des logements sociaux, avaient moins tendance à opter pour la propriété avant la réforme, essentiellement parce que l'habitat socialiste favorisait bizarrement les ménages aux positions socio‐économiques élevées. Pendant la période de réforme, malgré une survivance du système socialiste, le changement de mode d'occupation présente une autre dynamique; ainsi, des facteurs tels que le statut marital, les unités de travail et le mode de jouissance antérieur n'ont plus d'importance, du moins jusqu'au milieu des années 1990. De plus, les conditions de surpopulation des logements et une durée prolongée dans le secteur locatif encouragent généralement le passage à la propriété, sans oublier des variations régionales significatives.
From nation‐building to globalization: an account of the past and present in recent urban studies in Turkey
Authors: Icduygu Ahmet 
Published: December 2004

Sema Erder Istanbul'a Bir Kent Kondu, Ümraniye [A City Disembarked to Istanbul, Ümraniye].Yildiz Sey (ed.) 75 Yilda Degisen Kent ve Mimarlik [Changing city and architecture in 75 years].Caglar Keyder (ed.) Istanbul, between the global and the localSibel Bozdogan Modernism and nation building: Turkish architectural culture in the early RepublicOguz Isik and Melih Pinarcioglu Nöbetlese yoksulluk, gecekondulasma ve kent yoksullari: Sultanbeyli örnegi [Poverty in turn: squatter housing and urban poor: the example of Sultanbeyli]Ayse Bugra and Caglar Keyder New poverty and the changing welfare regime of Turkey
Impact of human herpesvirus‐6 after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Hentrich Marcus , Oruzio Daniel , Jäger Gundula , Schlemmer Marcus , Schleuning Michael , Schiel Xaver , Hiddemann Wolfgang , Kolb Hans‐Jochem 
Published: December 2004

SummaryWe studied 228 consecutive stem cell transplant recipients, screened for reactivation of human herpesvirus‐6 (HHV‐6) in peripheral blood and other specimens as clinically indicated by means of qualitative polymerase chain reaction. Among them, 197 received an allograft and 31 autograft. Ninety‐six of 228 patients (42·1%) showed HHV‐6 reactivation in peripheral blood and 129 of 228 (56·6%) demonstrated HHV‐6 in at least one of the specimens tested. 41·9% of patients were asymptomatic when HHV‐6 was identified. Clinical features, noted when HHV‐6 was detected, included interstitial or alveolar pneumonia, gastroduodenal and colorectal disease, bone marrow suppression and liver disease. However, based on clinical and histopathological criteria, HHV‐6 was considered a causal agent in only a minority of patients, in particular, those suffering from bone marrow suppression (n = 11), gastroduodenitis (five), colitis (three), interstitial/alveolar pneumonia (five), skin rash (one), pericarditis (two) and encephalitis (one). HHV‐6 reactivation was significantly associated with the occurrence of graft‐versus‐host disease [odds ratio (OR) 5·31], Epstein–Barr virus coinfection (OR 8·89) and unrelated donor transplantation (OR 5·67) indicating an increased stage of immunosuppression.
Peripheral blood CD34 count in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: a prospective evaluation of prognostic value in 94 patients
Authors: Arora Brijesh , Sirhan Shireen , Hoyer James D. , Mesa Ruben A. , Tefferi Ayalew 
Published: December 2004

SummaryIn a prospective study, peripheral blood (PB) CD34 count, bone marrow histology and other clinical parameters were concurrently evaluated in 94 patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM) and the study cohort followed for a minimum of 3 years. Median PB CD34 count was 0·0547 × 109/l (range 0–5·345 × 109/l) with 86% of the patients displaying above normal levels (>0·005 × 109/l). In a multivariate analysis, only leucocyte count and PB blast percentage correlated with PB CD34 count in an independent and consistent fashion. After a median follow up of 41 months from PB CD34 analysis, 43 patients (46%) have died with a projected 5‐year survival of 50%. In a univariate analysis, PB CD34 count above 0·1 × 109/l correlated significantly with shortened survival, leukaemic transformation and clinical progression. However, such statistical significance was lost during multivariate analysis, which identified only anaemia and leucocytosis as independent risk factors for shortened survival. Furthermore, sequential analysis of PB CD34 count was performed in 53 patients and 43% of those who progressed clinically did not display a concomitant rise in their PB CD34 count. The current prospective study does not support an independent prognostic value for PB CD34 count in MMM.
A class II‐restricted cytotoxic T‐cell clone recognizes a human minor histocompatibility antigen with a restricted tissue distribution
Authors: Holloway Penny A. , Kaldenhoven Niels , Kok‐Schoemaker Henriette M. , Dijk Mirjam van , Otten Hennie G. , Tilanus Marcel , Postma Saskia , Mutis Tuna , Lokhorst Henk M. , Bloem Andries C. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryFollowing a human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐identical allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo‐SCT), minor histocompatibility antigens (mHags) play an important role in the induction of graft‐versus‐leukaemia (GvL) and graft‐versus‐myeloma (GvM). Many mHags show ubiquitous tissue expression and are associated with GvL and graft‐versus‐host disease. Here we describe a cytotoxic CD4+ T lymphocyte line and a cytotoxic, CD4+ T cell clone (CTC), 3AB11, which recognized a tissue‐restricted mHag. This CTC was isolated from a multiple myeloma patient with clinical GvM following an HLA‐matched allo‐SCT. CTC 3AB11 was activated in a HLA‐DP*0401 restricted fashion and the antigen was expressed by 27% of HLA‐DP*0401 positive Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐transformed B‐cell lines (EBV‐B). Tissue distribution analysis of antigen 3AB11 showed it to be expressed by patient‐derived EBV‐transformed B cell lines (EBVp), the myeloma plasma cell‐line UM9 and monocytes. It was weakly expressed by peripheral blood‐derived phytohaemagglutinin‐induced T‐cell blasts and absent on CD40L stimulated peripheral B (CD40L B) cells and stromal cells. The relatively high prevalence of the HLA class II‐restricted 3AB11 antigen, together with its apparent haematopoietic‐restricted expression, makes it an antigen of interest for cellular immunotherapy.
New insights into the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy: from haemodynamics to molecular pathology
Authors: Wolf G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAlthough debated for many years whether haemodynamic or structural changes are more important in the development of diabetic nephropathy, it is now clear that these processes are interwoven and present two sides of one coin. On a molecular level, hyperglycaemia and proteins altered by high blood glucose such as Amadori products and advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs) are key players in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Recent evidence suggests that an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation induced by high glucose‐mediated activation of the mitochondrial electron‐transport chain is an early event in the development of diabetic complications. A variety of growth factors and cytokines are then induced through complex signal transduction pathways involving protein kinase C, mitogen‐activated protein kinases, and the transcription factor NF‐κB. High glucose, AGEs, and ROS act in concert to induce growth factors and cytokines. Particularly, TGF‐β is important in the development of renal hypertrophy and accumulation of extracellular matrix components. Activation of the renin‐angiotensin system by high glucose, mechanical stress, and proteinuria with an increase in local formation of angiotensin II (ANG II) causes many of the pathophysiological changes associated with diabetic nephropathy. In fact, it has been shown that angiotensin II is involved in almost every pathophysiological process implicated in the development of diabetic nephropathy (haemodynamic changes, hypertrophy, extracellular matrix accumulation, growth factor/cytokine induction, ROS formation, podocyte damage, proteinuria, interstitial inflammation). Consequently, blocking these deleterious effects of ANG II is an essential part of every therapeutic regiment to prevent and treat diabetic nephropathy. Recent evidence suggests that regression of diabetic nephropathy could be achieved under certain circumstances.
Alcohol and polyphenolic grape extract inhibit platelet adhesion in flowing blood
Authors: Lange D. W. de , Scholman W. L. G. , Kraaijenhagen R. J. , Akkerman J. W. N. , Van De Wiel A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground  Moderate and prolonged alcohol consumption has been associated with decreased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Inhibition of platelet function in suspension attributes to these effects. Whether alcohol, red wine, or polyphenolic grape extracts (PGE) inhibit platelet adhesion is not known. We investigated platelet adhesion to fibrinogen and collagen in whole blood under standardised flow.Materials and methods  Before perfusion was started, citrated whole blood from 95 volunteers was preincubated for five min with different alcohol concentrations, unfractioned red wine and PGE. Then, blood was perfused in a single‐passage flow chamber over coverslips coated with human fibrinogen or collagen type III at shear rates of 300 s−1 and 1600 s−1.Results  Alcohol inhibited platelet adhesion to human fibrinogen at high shear rate (concentrations ≥ 0·15‰) and low shear rate (only at a concentration of 4·8‰), whereas red wine (concentrations ≥ 0·15‰) inhibited platelet adhesion to human fibrinogen at both shear rates. In contrast, PGE (concentrations ≥ 0·0225 g L−1) inhibited platelet adhesion to human fibrinogen only at low shear rate. None of these incubations affected adhesion to collagen.Conclusions  Alcohol, red wine and PGE inhibit adhesion to fibrinogen but not to collagen. This inhibition might contribute to the cardioprotective effects of moderate alcohol consumption.
The value of crossmatch tests and panel tests as a screening tool to predict the outcome of platelet transfusion in a non‐selected haematological population of patients
Authors: Levin M.‐D. , Van Der Holt B. , De Veld J. C. , Gratama J. W. , De Vries W. , Van't Veer M. B. 
Published: December 2004

Background and Objectives  Alloantibodies against platelets can be detected by using different laboratory tests. Most of these tests, which use panel cells or antigens as a target, perform poorly in non‐selected haematological patients. In relation to these tests, a crossmatch test of transfused platelets and patient's serum may be viewed as the standard and may be superior in predicting donor platelet destruction by alloimmunization.Materials and Methods  In 95 randomly selected thrombocytopenic patients with haematological malignancies, who were receiving leucodepleted blood products, 184 serum samples were studied in an in vitro crossmatch test by using the technique of the platelet immunofluorescence test (crossmatch‐PIFT), in an in vivo crossmatch test detecting in vivo binding of immunoglobulins to transfused platelets according to the PIFT technique (in vivo‐PIFT), in the indirect PIFT using five random donors as a target (panel‐PIFT) and in an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay using immobilized human leucocyte antigens (HLAs) of 100 standardized donors (ELIHLA). The results of all these methods were related to the recovery at 1 and 16 h post‐transfusion.Results  The results of the crossmatch‐PIFT were not associated with platelet recovery at 1 and 16 h after transfusion. Even in a subgroup of patients, in whom predefined clinical factors were excluded, no association with platelet recovery was found. The results of the crossmatch‐PIFT correlated with those of the in vivo‐PIFT (P = 0·02); however, 35 (19%) discrepant results were identified between these tests. The results of the crossmatch‐PIFT were not related to the panel‐PIFT (P = 0·25), but did relate to those of the ELIHLA (P = 0·02), still revealing 36 (20%) discrepant results. None of the in vivo‐PIFT, the panel‐PIFT or the ELIHLA was associated with platelet recovery after 1 h, whilst only a positive panel‐PIFT was associated with poor platelet recovery at 16 h after transfusion (P = 0·03).Conclusions  In a population at low risk for alloimmunization, the correlation of test outcome and platelet recovery is poor. None of these crossmatch tests or screening tests was identified as superior to any other in this population.
ASSESSMENT OF MISS AND INCIDENCE RATES OF NEOPLASTIC POLYPS AT COLONOSCOPY
Authors: Kasugai Kunio , Miyata Mitsuki , Hashimoto Takashi , Todoroki Isami , Tsutsui Shigeru , Nagase Fumitaka , Wada Yuko , Sato Mari , Takahashi Kuniyuki , Tokura Yoshifumi , Kanazawa Tamotsu , Kakumu Shinichi 
Published: December 2004

Background:  The incidence rate after a colonoscopic polypectomy includes the true incidence rate of new polyp formation and miss rate of polyps at the initial colonoscopy. It is therefore important to assess accurate incidence rates of polyps as well as those of missing polyps with colocoscopy.Methods:  Six hundred and eighty‐eight patients who underwent total colonoscopy twice within 30 days were investigated to determine the miss rates of neoplastic polyps under colonoscopy. The cumulative incidence rates of neoplasm were evaluated by the Kaplan‐Meier method in another series of investigations on 864 patients who underwent surveillance total colonoscopy over 31 days.Results:  In 157 (22.8%) patients out of 688, 200 neoplastic lesions (all adenomas) were missed during the first examination. The miss rate was 16% for adenomas ≤ 5 mm and 2% for adenomas > 10 mm. The miss rates of patients with 0, 1, 2, or > 2 neoplastic polyps on the first examination was 5.3%, 19.6%, 23.5% and 35.5%, respectively. One year cumulative incidence rates of patients with 1, 2, or > 2 neoplastic polyps on the first examination were 18.4%, 21.1% and 34.2%, respectively.Conclusion:  Detection of multiple neoplasms on index colonoscopy predicts a high miss rate and cumulative incidence rate on surveillance colonoscopy. A substantial proportion of neoplasms detected at nearly 1‐year postpolypectomy surveillance colonoscopy were missed at the initial total colonoscopy.
USEFUL ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY TO ASSESS THE EFFICACY OF NEOADJUVANT THERAPY FOR ADVANCED ESOPHAGEAL CARCINOMA: BASED ON THE RESPONSE EVALUATION CRITERIA IN SOLID TUMORS
Authors: Ota Masaho , Murata Yoko , Ide Hiroko , Eguchi Reiki , Nakumura Tsutomu , Hayashi Kazuhiko , Narumiya Kousuke , Oi Itaru , Takasaki Ken 
Published: December 2004

Objective:  The aim of the present study was to assess the usefulness of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) for evaluating the efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy for advanced esophageal carcinoma based on the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST).Patients and Methods:  Sixty‐two patients with advanced esophageal carcinoma underwent surgical resection after neoadjuvant therapy. The maximal tumor thickness was measured by EUS before and after neoadjuvant therapy, and the percent reduction was compared with the pathological response. Based on the RECIST, PD‐SD (progressive disease‐stable disease) was defined as < 30% reduction of tumor thickness on EUS, PR (partial response) as ≥ 30% reduction of tumor thickness, and CR (complete response) as no detectable tumor (100%).Results:  The percent reduction of the thickness of Grade 0–1, Grade 2 and Grade 3 tumor was 11.5 ± 21.0%, 48.2 ± 17.0% and 74.9 ± 21.1%, respectively. There were significant differences in the extent of reduction among the three groups. Based on the RECIST, 80% of Grade 0–1 cases, 91% of Grade 2 cases and 22% of Grade 3 cases were PD‐SD, PR, and CR according to EUS, respectively. EUS correctly identified 80% of non‐responders and 94% of responders.Conclusions:  The percentage reduction of tumor thickness on EUS closely reflected the pathological evaluation. EUS evaluation based on the RECIST seems to be useful for monitoring neoadjuvant therapy in patients with esophageal carcinoma.
An evaluation of current perspectives on consciousness and pain in fishes
Authors: Chandroo Kristopher Paul , Yue Stephanie , Moccia Richard David 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThere is growing societal and scientific interest in the welfare status of fish used for commercial enterprise. As animal welfare is primarily concerned with the quality of life of a conscious, sentient organism, the question of whether fishes are even capable of consciousness must first be addressed in order to assess their welfare status. Recently, there has been a resurgence of research investigating the biological basis for human consciousness, and our current understanding of the cognitive mechanisms underlying fish behaviour has likewise improved significantly. Combined, these research perspectives create an opportunity to better comprehend the phylogeny of traits associated with consciousness, as well as the emergence of consciousness itself during vertebrate evolution. Despite the availability of this literature, contemporary reviews or published studies investigating the probability of conscious states occurring in fishes often do so without considering new perspectives or data. In this paper, we review and critique recent publications that report equivocal conclusions favouring the absence or presence of consciousness in various fishes. By introducing other data into these analyses, we demonstrate that there are alternative perspectives which support the existence of consciousness in fishes as a plausible concept. An accurate assessment of the mental capacity of fishes will require enhanced knowledge of their forebrain neuroanatomy, an understanding of how such structures mediate behavioural responses, and an analysis of that information within the context of contemporary theory related to the evolution of consciousness in higher vertebrates.