bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurological assessment
Authors: Wrightson Philip , Gronwall Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a previous chapter we discussed the cognitive and behavioural symptoms seen when recovery from mild head injury is delayed or incomplete. here we will deal with the somatic symptoms, describing the clinical features, the examination, concepts of mechanism, and specific treatment. Some of the conditions can be managed by the generalist to whom this book is addressed, others will need to be referred to specialists.
Headache is the commonest symptom recorded in most studies of mild head injury. Most patients expect to have a headache in the first few days after injury. When symptoms persist or recur later it may be more natural to complain of headache than of the more subtle problems of memory and concentration or of anxiety and depression. Often therefore it is the first symptom mentioned, though others may be more disabling. It is nevertheless a symptom which means a great deal to the patient and needs to be managed efficiently and with respect.
Medication
Authors: Wrightson Philip , Gronwall Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most pressing part of the management of MHI is to set up and support a practical daily programme which addresses cognitive and behavioural problems and the all-important factor of fatigue. Sometimes this is not enough and a patient’s progress is halted by poor sleep, by irritability or impulsive behaviour, and particularly by depression. Early onset of fatigue may still be preventing the return to full-time work, and the patient may only be able to think constructively for the first few hours of the day.
Sports injuries
Authors: Wrightson Philip , Gronwall Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the authors’ city sport is responsible for about 20 per cent of the head injuries seen at emergency departments and allowed home, and for about 7 per cent of those admitted to hospital. Sports injuries themselves are usually mild but several considerations give them a special importance. The player will want to continue playing, at once or later, and so will risk another injury. Further injury within a week or two of the first risks a catastrophic reaction. Multiple minor injuries can cause a permanent loss of brain function.
Vascular access for the ‘difficult’ patient
Authors: McCann Richard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The population of patients dependent upon dialysis therapy for survival continues to expand both in the United States and abroad. The patients being added to this group are older and more medically challenging every year. Data from the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) indicate that the median age at which patients begin hemodialysis therapy has steadily increased during the past decade and now exceeds 63 years of age.
Primary Care for Older People
Authors: Iliffe Steve , Drennan Vari 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Primary Care for Older People is a contemporary reference work on health problems in later life written exclusively by primary care professionals for primary care professionals that: integrates nursing and medical perspectives on clinical practice and service organisation. understands that well-intentioned changes in practice and service provision can have harmful effects on patients, professionals and the health service is still able to offer positive guidance to individual practitioners, practices and Primary Care Groups, about best practice and innovative multi-disciplinary care for an ageing population. It is aimed at doctors, nurses, health visitors and social workers who are trying to combine care of individuals with an understanding of the needs of whole communities. Its themes are relevant to teachers in different professional disciplines, to members of Primary Care Group and Trust Boards, to planners and managers of primary care services, as well as to practitioners. The authors bring to this book their experience in general practice and community nursing, their expertise in service development and management, and their awareness of primary care research. Dr. Steve Iliffe has been an inner-city general practitioner in London since 1978, and is Reader in General Practice at the Royal Free and University College Medical School, where he is co-director of the Centre for Ageing Population Studies (CAPS) and manages the Primary Care for Older People research and development programme. He can be contacted at s.iliffe@ucl.ac.uk. Vari Drennan has been a community health service manager , specialist health visitor for older people and health visitor since 1980 and is currently a senior lecturer in primary care nursing in the Department of Primary Care & Population Sciences at the Royal Free and University College Medical School. She can be contacted at v.drennnan@ucl.ac.uk,
Balanced chromosome rearrangements
Authors: Young Ian D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Balanced chromosome rearrangements are those in which there is no overall loss or gain of chromosome material. Unlike single gene disorders, for which precise calculation of risks to offspring is usually possible, the segregation of chromosome rearrangements does not readily conform to any mathematical model which permits exact risk figures to be derived. Therefore the genetic counselor faces a difficult task when presented with an individual known to carry a balanced chromosome rearrangement. To some extent this role is eased by the widespread availability of prenatal diagnostic cytogenetic services, so that the provision of a precise risk for malsegregation might be seen as of minor importance and very much subsidiary to a discussion of the hazards and limitations of chorion villus sampling and/or amniocentesis. Nevertheless many individuals, particularly those for whom selective termination of pregnancy is unacceptable, will wish to be given some idea of the likelihood that a pregnancy could result in an abnormal baby.
The development of magnetic brain stimulation
Authors: Mills K R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that nerve cells could be excited by magnetic fields is not new. It was in 1896 that D’Arsonval first reported to the Societe de Biologie in Paris that when a subject’s head was placed in a strong time-varying magnetic field, phosphenes were perceived. He states: About one month ago, in a verbal communication to the society, I reported that an intense alternating magnetic field of 110 V/30 Amp and 42 Hz gave rise to phosphenes and dizziness when the head was placed within it, making some subjects feel faint. It is not necessary to have so powerful a field to produce phosphenes. With a coil consisting of a bundle of soft iron wires 5 cm diameter and 30 cm long, phosphenes appear. This alternating magnetic field also modifies the state of muscular contraction and easily produces in human subjects other effects, the study of which I am following at the moment.
Anatomy and physiology
Authors: Mills K R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will consider the anatomy and physiology of motor areas of the cerebral cortex and spinal cord. The effects of cortical stimulation in primates, which has greatly facilitated interpretation of responses in humans, will be reviewed. The action of afferent inputs to the motor cortex and cord whereby motor actions may be modified are also covered as is the use of magnetic brain stimulation to investigate a number of other physiological phenomena such as muscle fatigue and sleep.
Affective disorders
Authors: Evans Mavis , Patricia Mottram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of affective disorders in a general hospital setting. Pertinent diagnostic issues are covered with particular reference to common depressive signs and symptoms. Diagnostic pitfalls are considered, such as the effects of culture, comorbid depression and dementia, depressive pseudodementia, and somatization. The role of depression screening instruments is reviewed. Important management issues are reviewed in the context of the prognosis of depressive disorders. Guidelines for management are provided. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of manic disorders is examined. Management issues are considered.
Organic mental disorders
Authors: Taylor David G , Shah Ajit K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to give an overview of the principal organic mental disorders encountered in old age psychiatry consultation liaison settings. A brief overview is given of those aspects of the diagnostic process having particular relevance to organic mental disorders. Individual disorders are then covered, including delirium, dementia, amnestic disorder, and other disorders. The dementia section places special emphasis on the three most common conditions of old age, namely dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (DAT), vascular dementia (VaD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Emerging pharmacotherapeutic interventions for DAT in the form of cholinesterase-inhibitor therapy are reviewed. Finally, a number of other conditions are considered, including aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, executive disorder, and personality change. Case studies occur throughout the text, to illustrate commonly encountered liaison consultation scenarios.
Holistic approaches to cancer: general principles and the assessment of the patient
Authors: Daniel Rosy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rosy Daniel has specialized in holistic medicine since completing her GP vocational training in 1989. She worked for ten years at the Bristol Cancer Help Centre (1989–99), becoming Medical Director in 1995. Since leaving this post she has been working to help develop Integrated Healthcare Systems in Britain as well as Health Creation initiatives for the promotion of health and well-being among the general public. Day to day she works as a holistic doctor in Bristol and London as well as teaching, writing, and broadcasting on the subject of the Holistic Approach to Health.
Acupuncture: Jacqueline Filshie and Adrian White
Authors: Barraclough Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jacqueline Filshie is a Consultant in Anaesthesia and Pain Management at the Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey and London and Honorary Senior Lecturer, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK. Adrian White is Senior Lecturer, Department of Complementary Medicine, University of Exeter, UK. Acupuncture is a form of therapy in which needles are inserted into skin and underlying tissues in special sites, known as acupuncture points, either as a treatment or in order to improve health. It may have evolved from massage therapy, the points being sites of particular tenderness. By the time of the first written records, the Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine dating from about 150 BC, acupuncture was already an established and systematic therapy in which clinical observations and deductions were interpreted according to the philosophy of the age, Taoism.
The role of nutrition
Authors: Goodman Sandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explaining the role of nutrition in relation to cancer prevention and treatment does not rightfully belong in a book devoted to complementary approaches to cancer care; it should be part of mainstream medical care for cancer patients. Health-promoting nutrition, recognized by leading epidemiologists, oncologists, and molecular biologists alike to be a factor in reducing cancer risk by some 30–40% (WCRF 1997), should form a major part of the curriculum for medical students, be taught to all children from primary school age, practised within our daily lives, and should form an integral part of cancer treatment for all cancer patients.
The focused mind: hypnosis, relaxation, guided imagery, and meditation
Authors: Edmonds Claire , Phillips Catherine , Cunningham Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The authors are based in Toronto, Canada. Claire Edmonds is a research associate at the Ontario Cancer Institute, where she studies the effects of psychosocial interventions on both the quality of life and survival of cancer patients. She is also a psychotherapist, leading groups that focus on support, coping, and the spiritual concerns of cancer patients. Catherine Phillips is a researcher and therapist with the Healing Journey Program at Princess Margaret Hospital. Alastair Cunningham is a senior scientist and psychologist at the Ontario Cancer Institute. His research interests include mind-body theory, and investigating the effects of adjunctive psychological therapy on quality and length of life in cancer patients.
Psychospiritual therapy
Authors: Cunningham Alastair , Stephen Joanne , Phillips Catherine , Watson Kimberley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The authors are based in Toronto, Canada. Alastair Cunningham is a senior scientist and psychologist at the Ontario Cancer Institute. His research interests include mind-body theory, and investigating the effects of adjunctive psychological therapy on quality and length of life in cancer patients. Catherine Phillips is a researcher and therapist with the Healing Journey Program at Princess Margaret Hospital. Joanne Stephen and Kimberley Watson are doctoral candidates and researchers with the Healing Journey Program.
Complementary care and the sceptical surgeon
Authors: Baum Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michael Baum is a Professor of Surgery at the Royal Free and University College Medical Schools, and Consultant Surgeon to the University College London Hospitals Trust. Prior to this he served as Professor of Surgery at King’s College, London and the Royal Marsden Hospital, London. His research interests include clinical trials in the development of treatment for early breast cancer. He chairs the largest collaborative group for clinical trials in this country. He was recently appointed chairman of a national steering committee to introduce arts and humanities into the undergraduate curriculum, and has written extensively on the social anthropology of alternative medicine and the philosophy and ethics of clinical research.
Hormone therapy
Authors: Mason Malcolm , Moffat Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prostate cancer requires the male sexual hormone, testosterone, in order to continue growing. It has been known for over 50 years that by interfering with or depriving the tumour of testosterone, its cells will die. Testosterone deprivation (also called ‘androgen deprivation’, or simply ‘hormone therapy’) will keep a tumour under control for some time - maybe for some years. However, it usually does not completely eradicate it, but rather, reaches a state of ‘detente’ between the body and the tumour. The most obvious means of androgen deprivation, is to remove the testicles.
Alternative treatments
Authors: Mason Malcolm , Moffat Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Medical Establishment can frequently appear as very authoritarian. When patients suggest alternative treatments, they are often greeted with a shrug, but rarely with any genuine interest on behalf of the physician. There are a number of physicians who are prepared to entertain alternative treatments, but almost all reputable physicians will suggest alternative treatments as an addition to stand, ard treatment, and not as a substitute.
Prostate cancer and sex
Authors: Mason Malcolm , Moffat Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sex is part of healthy living for all of us. The sexual urge decreases in most men with time. Nonetheless, it is well known that men can father children well into their 80s. A woman’s interest in sex may decrease after the menopause, but this is not necessarily so. Most men who have prostate cancer are not in the first flush of youth and for some couples sexual activity may have virtually stopped in any case. For some men, even elderly men, the inability to have intercourse can be devastating. For others, it may not matter. Neither instance is fright’ or wrong’.
Infections
Authors: Fortune Farida 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fever is caused by the release of endogenous pyrogens from monocytes. Microorganisms, endotoxins, drugs, tumours, sensitized lymphocytes, and immune complexes may all release pyrogens when triggered. The core body temperature varies between 37.0 and 37.5 °C and is controlled from the hypothalamus. Body temperature has a circadian rhythm with the core body temperature being 0.5–1.0 °C higher in the evening: an increase in temperature to above the normal core temperature is defined as fever. Incidence of fever is independent of sex, age, race, and geography.
Endocrine disorders and disorders of bone metabolism
Authors: Fortune Farida 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pituitary gland produces hormones which regulate the function of the endocrine organs such as the thyroid gland, the adrenal cortex, the breast, and the gonads, as well as targeting non-endocrine organs and tissues. Each pitu- itary hormone is regulated by hypothalamic-derived substances as well as regulated in a negative-feedback loop by substances produced by its target organs. Negative feedback occurs at both hypothalamic and pituitary levels.
Organization of medical care
Authors: Taylor Ross J , Smith Blair H , Teijlingen Edwin R van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
been to provide all necessary health care for everyone in the country, regardless of means and free at the point of need. One problem has been that as medicine becomes more technical and expensive (e.g. coronary artery by-pass grafts for heart disease), and as people become more educated and assertive, public expectation of what the NHS should be able to provide has risen progressively. At the same time it is not widely appreciated that the USA government spends just as much on public provision of health care as does the UK government (Table 14.2), but gets much less for its money. In the USA public health care covers only the very elderly and the poor.
Parent-child interaction and children’s well-being: reducing conduct problems and promoting conscience development
Authors: Gardner Frances , Ward Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conduct problems in childhood are clearly detrimental to emotional well-being, in both the short and long term. Children with conduct problems have increased rates of depression, peer problems, and school failure. Longitudinal studies indicate that their long-term outlook is also poor. In adulthood, not only are these children at greater risk of physical and mental illness but they also tend to fare much less well academically, in employment, and in relationships with others (Robins 1991). The WHO defines health in these broad terms, as ‘a state of total emotional and physical well-being, not merely the absence of illness’.
Musculoskeletal ultrasound in rheumatology
Authors: O’Connor Philip J , Wakefield Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rheumatology is one of the last remaining imaging areas in which new applications are currently being developed. The ability of ultrasound (US) to image both soft tissues and the bone surface at high resolution lends itself well to the assessment of musculoskeletal conditions. For both radiologists and clinicians highresolution US is an increasingly popular imaging tool for the management of musculoskeletal conditions. Technological improvements in image quality and user interface have facilitated this growth in clinical interest.
Thermography and laser Doppler imaging in rheumatology
Authors: Newton David J , Khan Faisel , Belch Jill JF 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the field of rheumatology, imaging has proved to be the most objective way of assessing joint disease and its progression. For many years this was confined to conventional radiography, where radiographic changes in bones signified joint damage that could be quantified if necessary. Conventional radiographs have been used as diagnostic aids, and X-ray features and measurements are well established. The advances in rheumatological medicine have, however, increased demands for earlier and more accurate evaluation of these diseases.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Cobby Mark , Kirwan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disease with great variability within and between patients. It is a relatively common condition and the prevalence of RA in Europe ranges from 1 to 3 per cent. The median age of onset is 30–50 years, it is more frequent in women, and the prevalence increases with age as, once acquired, it remains for life. RA is the most common type of inflammatory arthritis treated by rheumatologists, and comprises up to 25 per cent of all referrals to rheumatology clinics and 75 per cent of follow-up work.
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Bickerstaff Maria C M , Renton Peter , Isenberg David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a syndrome of multifactorial aetiology, which principally affects women during the childbearing years. Although the skin and joints are the most commonly affected, virtually every organ and/or system of the body may be involved. The course of the disease is typically one of remission and exacerbation. In the past 50 years mortality figures have improved radically from 50 per cent 5-year survival to approximately 80 per cent 15-year survival.
Seronegative spondylarthropathies
Authors: Wordsworth Paul , McNally Eugene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The seronegative spondylarthropathies comprise a group of related disorders with certain shared clinical, immunogenetic, and radiographic characteristics. In addition to peripheral joint disease, there is a varying predilection for involvement of the axial skeleton, particularly the sacroiliac joints. Many of these disorders are associated with the HLA-B27 gene, in addition to showing other weaker immunogenetic associations. Typically, they are not associated with the presence of rheumatoid factor.
Soft-tissue rheumatism and sports medicine
Authors: Cooper Robert , Till Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the fact that the majority of sports-related injuries involve the soft tissues, a considerable number of acute and chronic bone and joint conditions are also associated with sport. The full scope of sports medicine lies beyond the remit of this chapter. We will illustrate the role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of those soft-tissue conditions that present most frequently to the rheumatologist without a special interest in sports medicine, and briefly describe some of the common problems seen by the sports medicine practitioner as we demonstrate a regional approach to establishing a differential diagnosis.
Child abuse and primary care
Authors: Carter Yvonne H , Bannon Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
General practice and primary care are at the centre of the British National Health Service (De Maeseneer et al. 2000). They offer an effective, efficient service that is highly valued by patients. Recently The NHS Planfor England has stimulated debate on the core values of general practice, its quality and training, and hence on its ability to deliver high quality patient care (Secretary of State for Health 2000). This chapter will describe the roles of the general practitioner and other members of the primary health care team (PHCT) generally in patient care and more specifically in the detec- tion and management of child abuse.