bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF CORTICOSTEROIDS ON HOST RESISTANCE TO INFECTION IN RELATION TO CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
Authors: Fauve Robert M. , Pierce-Chase Cynthia H. 
Published: June 2004

In a comparative study concerning the effect of corticosteroids on host resistance to infections, five compounds were found to decrease host resistance, while three did not have this property, although all eight compounds were highly antiinflammatory.
The compounds capable of decreasing host resistance were (I) hydrocortisone acetate; (III) 9α-fluoro, 16α-methylprednisolone acetate; (IV) 9α-fluoro, 16α-hydroxyprednisolone; (V) 9α-fluoro, 16α-hydroxyprednisolone, 16α–17α-acetonide; and (VII) 9α-fluoro, 16α-hydroxypredmsolone, 16α-, 17α-acetonide, 21 disodium phosphate. Following a single injection of 10 mg of any of these compounds, latent corynebacterial infection was provoked into active pseudotuberculosis. Also, mice injected with these corticosteroids were more susceptible to infection with Corynebacterium kutscheri, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Listeria monocytogenes. These same corticosteroids inhibited the ability of mouse peritoneal macrophages to spread on glass surfaces.
The three compounds incapable of decreasing host resistance, although highly antiinflammatory, were: (II) 6α-methylprednisolone, 21 sodium hemisuccinate: (VI) 9α-fluoro, 16α-hydroxyprednisolone, 16α-, 17α-acetonide, 21 hemisuccinate; and (VIII) 9α-fluoro, 16α-hydroxyprednisolone, 16, 21 dihemisuccinate. These three compounds were also unable to inhibit the spreading of macrophages on glass.
The importance of succinate group bound to the corticosteroid molecule as hemisuccinate is emphasized since it is seen that the infection-provoking property can be dissociated from the antiinflammatory property. This finding may be of practical consequence in selecting a corticosteroid for treatment in disease, and also shows that one cannot use, indifferently, corticosteroids only on the basis of their common antiinflammatory property.
STUDIES ON CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE-INDUCED TOLERANCE TO SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Aisenberg Alan C. 
Published: June 2004

Complete immunological tolerance to sheep cells can be induced in mice when cyclophosphamide is injected together with sheep cells or up to 72 hr before or 48 hr after the antigen. As is true for radiation-induced immune suppression, the drug is most effective when given in the 24 hr prior to antigen. Complete cyclophosphamide-induced immunological suppression requires large doses of sheep cells (6.2 x 109 cells), presumably to enable antigen to reach sequestered receptor sites.
The cyclophosphamide tolerance system has been analyzed with the Jerne technique to determine plaque-forming cells and with isotopic methods to measure rates of nucleic acid synthesis. This drug suppression has been found to consist of two components. The first is nonspecific injury to the lymphoid system caused by the cytotoxic drug and is related to the proportion of spleen cells killed. The second is antigen-specific immunological tolerance and appears to correlate with profound depression of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the surviving cells. This tolerance is thought to be most consistent with a mechanism in which antigenic stimulation in the presence of cyclophosphamide-inhibited DNA synthesis and mitosis leads to the elimination or death of the specific immunological clone.
Tolerance induction with cyclophosphamide is associated with loss of the 19S hemolysin plaques which are seen in nonstimulated mouse spleen, implicating these cells in immune responsiveness. The ability to induce tolerance is lost on the 3rd postantigen day at the end of a 24-hr period in which 19S cells have increased 8-fold and 7S cells 200-fold. The data suggest that loss of sensitivity is due to the emergence on day 3 of drug-resistant plaque-forming cells, particularly those of the 19S variety. In the succeeding days after antigen injection there is a progressive increase in the resistance of plaque-forming cells to cyclophosphamide administration.
MECHANISMS OF THE INHIBITION OF CHEMOTAXIS BY PHOSPHONATE ESTERS
Authors: Ward Peter A. , Becker Elmer L. 
Published: June 2004

Studies in the time course of the response of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) to the complement-associated chemotactic factor have revealed that the response is virtually complete by 60 min with less than 15% additionally responding cells thereafter.
Phosphonate esters with a well defined capacity to inhibit serine esterases have been used to study the cell-associated enzymes of the rabbit PMN required for the chemotactic response. Two types of inhibition of the cell response to the chemotactic factor have been found: (a) cell-dependent inhibition occurring as a result of pretreatment of PMN's with phosphonate esters; and (b) chemotactic factor-dependent inhibition demonstrated only when the phosphonate ester is present during the chemotactic response.
Differences were found in these two modes of inhibition caused by various phosphonates, in terms of their time course of inhibition, in the dose response curves, and in the structure-activity relationships.
It has been conclusively demonstrated that the phosphonate esters have no direct inhibitory effect on the chemotactic factor. This has been shown by retention of activity of the chemotactic factor following incubation with phosphonate esters and subsequent removal by dialysis. In addition, the activity of the chemotactic factor and its physical-chemical characteristics in density gradient ultracentrifugation were unaltered in the continued presence of a potent phosphonate inhibitor of chemotaxis.
The uptake of the dye trypan blue was studied in cells treated with phosphonate in such a manner to induce cell-dependent inhibition of chemotaxis. Even when 84% cell-dependent inhibition of chemotaxis occurred, no uptake of the dye by leukocytes was found. Thus, phosphonate-induced inhibition of cell responsiveness in chemotaxis was not associated with generalized cell damage as defined by exclusion of the dye.
It is concluded that cell-dependent inhibition is due to the presence of a cell-bound esterase which is already activated and thus susceptible to inhibition by phosphonate esters before contact of the cell with the chemotactic factor. The second type of inhibition, chemotactic factor-dependent inhibition, is considered due to a cell-bound esterase which becomes susceptible to inhibition by phosphonate esters only after contact of the PMN with the chemotactic factor. It is postulated that the chemotactic factor activates this phosphonate-resistant precursor making it susceptible to the inhibitory action of the phosphonate ester.
THE EFFECT OF CROSS-REACTING ANTIGENS ON THE TOLERANT STATE
Authors: Cinader B. , St. Rose J. E. M. , Yoshimura M. 
Published: June 2004

Rabbits were rendered tolerant to human albumin (HA) and were then injected with azo and oxazolonated derivatives of human albumin. These injections were continued to a time at which all animals would have lost tolerance if they had not been injected. Injection of cross-reacting antigens prolonged the duration of tolerance, as judged by the mode of elimination of lightly iodinated human albumin (HA.131I). Different derivatives of HA differed in their capacity to prolong tolerance.
Those neonatally injected rabbits which were immunized with cross-reacting antigens and lost tolerance, responded much more promptly to HA.131I than animals which were not immunized. Animals immunized with cross-reacting antigen which went on to eliminate HA.131I triphasically, usually had responded earlier by making antibodies. These antibodies contained a fraction which was reactive with HA, and which was usually equally well adapted to determinants on HA and on the cross-reacting antigen.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE GROUP AND TYPE ANTIGENS OF GROUP F STREPTOCOCCI AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF A GROUPLIKE CARBOHYDRATE IN A TYPE II STRAIN WITH AN UNDESIGNATED GROUP ANTIGEN
Authors: Michel Marc F. , Krause Richard M. 
Published: June 2004

Two antigens, the group-specific carbohydrate and the Type II carbohydrate, have been isolated by cellulose column chromatography from a formamide extract of a Group F streptococcus. Chemical and immunologic analyses indicate that both antigens are free of other cellular components. Both antigens are components of the cell wall although the Type II antigen is probably more superficial than the group antigen. The Type II antigen is composed of rhamnose, glucose, galactose, and galactosamine. The Group F antigen is composed of rhamnose, glucose, galactosamine and a small percentage of glucosamine.
A grouplike carbohydrate and the Type II carbohydrate have been isolated from a streptotoccal strain which lacks a serologically detectable streptococcal group antigen. This grouplike carbohydrate, which does not cross-react immunologically with Group F serum, is composed of rhamnose, galactose, and glucosamine.
No chemical or immunological differences were observed between the Type II antigen isolated from the Group F strain and the Type II antigen isolated from the nongroupable strain.
THE EFFECT OF PASSIVELY ADMINISTERED ANTIBODY ON ANTIBODY SYNTHESIS
Authors: Dixon Frank J. , Jacot-Guillarmod Hubert , McConahey Patricia J. 
Published: June 2004

Suppression of the primary response of rabbits to intravenously administered KLH can be achieved with very small amounts of hyperimmune anti-KLH administered a day later since the rabbit apparently rapidly eliminates most of the KLH by nonimmunologic means. The amount of passive anti-KLH needed to achieve immunosuppression was directly proportional to the dose of injected antigen.
Antibody passively administered as much as 6–8 days after antigen still can be strongly immunosuppressive, which suggests that the antibody must be reacting with immunogen in or on responding cells or perhaps in the process of transfer between cells.
There was no evidence that the presence of passively administered hyperimmune anti-KLH prior to the injection of antigen had any immunosuppressive action beyond the direct neutralization of the injected antigen.
When KLH was injected in Freund adjuvant, anti-KLH incorporated with the KLH in the adjuvant was much more efficient in causing immunosuppression than anti-KLH given intravenously.
The primary responses to 2 mg KLH given intravenously and 2 µg given in adjuvant reached approximately equal peaks and were suppressible by comparable amounts of intravenously administered anti-KLH.
Two observations suggest that passive antibody neutralizes the immunogenic stimulus at the level of individual antigenic determinants and not merely by aggregating or precipitating entire antigenic molecules. First, anti-abalone hemocyanin (AH) which cross-reacts approximately 50% with KLH was only partially immunosuppressive even in extremely large amounts, i.e., amounts which could react with and precipitate much more KLH than could the smaller but more suppressive doses of anti-KLH. Second, when KLH and anti-KLH were given together in adjuvant, effective immunosuppression was achieved only with amounts of anti-KLH sufficient to saturate or cover virtually all available antigenic determinants.
The immunosuppressive quality of passive antibody increases with time after immunization and with repeated immunization of the donor. In view of their relatively weak immunosuppressive properties, antibodies formed in the first weeks of a primary response may not contribute significantly to the turning off of the antibody response. In any event, results obtained by passive transfer of hyperimmune antibody to animals early in a primary response cannot be applied to the natural events in a primary response.
RELEASE OF AN ENDOGENOUS PYROGEN IN VITRO FROM RABBIT MONONUCLEAR CELLS
Authors: Atkins Elisha , Bodel Phyllis , Francis Lorraine 
Published: June 2004

The capacity of rabbit mononuclear cells to release an endogenous pyrogen (EP) in vitro has been studied.
After incubation with tuberculin, preparations of predominantly monocytic cells, derived from the respiratory passages of the lungs of rabbits sensitized with BCG, were activated to release EP. Pyrogen production occurred more slowly with lung monocytes than with blood leukocytes of similarly sensitized rabbits and 9 to 10 hr incubation in a fully supportive medium was required to produce clear-cut results. As previously reported with blood leukocytes, mononuclear cells from the lungs of normal animals were also activated by tuberculin but to a lesser degree than were those from specifically sensitized rabbits.
Under a variety of conditions, mononuclear cells from either spleen or lymph nodes of the same sensitized rabbits failed to release detectable amounts of pyrogen when incubated with tuberculin in vitro but were activated in a majority of instances when phagocytosis of heat-killed staphylococci was used as the stimulus.
Release of pyrogen from lung monocytes appears to be an active process that is both temperature-dependent and requires protein synthesis. Neither serum antibody nor complement appears to play a role in this process.
Evidence is presented that the granulocyte is the main source of pyrogen evolved by blood leukocytes incubated in vitro with OT or heat-killed staphylococci, whereas the lung macrophage and/or monocyte is responsible for most of the pyrogen released from the lung cell preparations.
From these studies, it is concluded that mononuclear cells can be activated in vitro by several microbial stimuli and must be considered an additional cellular source of EP. The clinical implications of these findings for the pathogenesis of fever in granulomatous diseases where the monocyte is the predominant cell are discussed.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES TO INFERTILITY IN UTERI CONTAINING FOREIGN BODIES
Authors: Parr Earl L. , Schaedler Russell W. , Hirsch James G. 
Published: June 2004

A chronic infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was invariably found in the infertile regions of uteri containing foreign bodies in conventional rats, germfree rats, mice, and rabbits. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were never found in the fertile regions of these uteri.
A foreign body in the uterus of the rat, and probably also the mouse, was associated with a bacterial infection which spread the inflammatory response throughout the horn containing the foreign body, and in the mouse occasionally into the control horn as well. No bacteria could be cultured from the rabbit uterine horn containing a foreign body.
In the germfree rat, both the infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the uterus and fertility were significantly different from that observed in the conventional rat. Whereas in the conventional rat the inflammation and infertility extended along the entire length of the uterine horn containing a small foreign body, in the germfree rat the inflammation and infertility were closely correlated to the position of the foreign body.
As judged by measurements of lysozyme in the uterine lumens of rats and rabbits, polymorphonuclear leukocytes released their contents into solution in the uterine lumen. It is concluded that some substance derived from polymorphonuclear leukocytes may exert toxic effects on fertilized ova or on spermatozoa and thus be responsible for the infertility of uteri containing foreign bodies.
ALLOGRAFT REJECTION IN C'6 DEFECTIVE RABBITS
Authors: Rother Ursula , Ballantyne Donald L. , Cohen Carl , Rother Klaus 
Published: June 2004

27 skin allografts were transplanted in duplicate to 13 rabbits defective in the sixth component (C'6) of complement (C'). 14 were rejected within the normal period of time and 9 only after a significant delay. In four grafts, no rejection was observed. Grafts exchanged between C' active and C' defective littermates tended to persist viable longer on the C' defective partners.
It is concluded that in a species of higher vertebrates, the rabbit, allograft rejection can proceed in the absence of C'6 and the biological functions depending on it. This includes the cytotoxic function of complement. However, the prolonged survival in C'6 defective rabbits of some allografts strongly suggests that two pathways may be operative in the rejection reaction. The results are consistent with the view that a mechanism independent of C'6 was alone fully effective in the majority of the donor-host combinations. A C'6-dependent mechanism became influential only in some specific donor-host combinations.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE MIXED LYMPHOCYTE INTERACTION IN RATS
Authors: Wilson Darcy B. 
Published: June 2004

Some of the conditions and parameters of the proliferative response in the mixed lymphocyte interaction have been studied with the use of culture inocula consisting of lymphoid cells from various immunogenetically diverse, isogenic strains of rats. Procedures are described by which consistent culture responses can be obtained which are measurable in terms of incorporation of radioactive thymidine into a trichloroacetic acid precipitable cell fraction. Results of experiments with this "mixed lymphocyte interaction" show that
(a) Incorporation of thymidine into the mixed cultures is detectable only during and after the 4th day of incubation. Use of culture inocula derived from the thoracic duct or partially purified suspensions of lymphocytes from the peripheral blood provides further evidence that it is the small lymphocyte which synthesizes DNA in these cultures. The addition of peritoneal exudate cells, presumably containing some macrophages, to the mixed lymphocyte cultures does not alter the kinetics of the response.
(b) Proliferative responses occur in mixed cultures of cells only when the donors differ by alleles at the important Ag-B histocompatibility locus.
(c) Proliferative reactivity in mixed cultures of lymphocytes from parental and hybrid donors is unidirectional. With the use of chromosomally marked cells from donors of different sexes, it was established that only parental lymphocytes are dividing in mixed cultures of parental and hybrid cells.
The results of these experiments strongly support the premise that the proliferative response in mixed cultures of lymphocytes represents a de novo immunologic reaction on the cellular level against histocompatibility antigens.
M ANTIGENS AMONG GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM SKIN LESIONS
Authors: Top Franklin H. , Wannamaker Lewis W. , Maxted W. R. , Anthony Bascom F. 
Published: June 2004

Three new provisional types of Group A streptococci have been identified among strains isolated from skin infections of American Indian children. A previously established type, Type 41, was also recognized among the pyoderma strains.
Most of the skin streptococci with T-agglutination pattern 3/13/B3264 could be identified as Type 41 or as one of two new provisional types, Schoenborn (Type 52) and Hanson (proposed Type 53). Strains of the third new provisional type, Kingbird (proposed Type 54), agglutinated as 15/17/19/23/47, a T pattern not associated with skin infections in studies of other populations.
Approximately half of the pyoderma strains examined were found to produce an M antigen; the proportion of M-typable strains from skin infections was found to be similar to that currently found in throat cultures of children with pharyngitis. The demonstration of M antigens in streptococci from skin lesions provides evidence of their potential virulence and should facilitate their classification in subsequent epidemiological studies.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN SYNTHESIS IN MICE
Authors: Herzenberg Leonore A. , Herzenberg Leonard A. , Goodlin Robert C. , Rivera Edna C. 
Published: June 2004

In the mouse, antibody directed against an immunoglobulin allotype, Ig-1b, passed from mother to offspring or injected into neonates, suppresses synthesis of immunoglobulin carrying Ig-1b. In allotype homozygotes as well as heterozygotes the allotype suppression is manifested both by a delay of several weeks in attaining initial detectable allotype levels and a reduction in allotype level continuing into adulthood. A possible mechanism for the differentiation of the immune system consistent with both the kinetics of suppression reported here for the mouse and the comparatively longer lived and more complete allotype suppression described for the rabbit is discussed.
Evidence for a strong intralitter (as opposed to interlitter) correlation of age of onset of immunoglobulin allotype synthesis is presented.
THE INTERACTION IN VITRO BETWEEN GROUP B MENINGOCOCCI AND RABBIT POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES
Authors: Roberts Richard B. 
Published: June 2004

The interaction in vitro between group B meningococci and rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes has been described. Phagocytosis did not occur in the presence of normal rabbit serum. Antiserum collected 12–21 days following one subcutaneous inoculation of living log phase meningococci exhibited opsonic activity with type specificity; this opsonic action depended on both heat-labile and heat-stable factors. Following ingestion by granulocytes, meningococci were rapidly killed. These studies suggest that group B meningococcal strains contain specific antiphagocytic surface factors of an as yet unknown chemical nature.
Antisera obtained 4 or more wk after immunization showed bactericidal activity with the same type specificity as opsonic activity. This bactericidal activity was also lost after heating and restored by the addition of normal serum.
Further studies on opsonins and bactericidins for meningococci may shed light on virulence factors in these microorganisms, and may prove useful for a more precise classification of meningococci according to type rather than group specificity.
RENAL TRANSPLANTATION IN THE INBRED RAT
Authors: Guttmann R. D. , Carpenter C. B. , Lindquist R. R. , Merrill J. P. 
Published: June 2004

Heterologous rabbit anti-rat thymocyte sera, its immunoglobulin G fraction, and the bivalent and univalent antibody fragments obtained by pepsin digestion are potent immunosuppressive reagents when tested in a system of renal allotransplantation between the LBN F1 hybrid and Lewis rat strains.
The AT F(ab')2 is not lymphocytotoxic in vitro but has agglutinating ability, while the AT Fab' neither agglutinates nor is cytotoxic to rat lymphocytes, but will inhibit the in vitro reaction. The AT IgG and the F(ab')2 are more immunogenic in their host than normal rabbit IgG and F(ab')2, probably due to increased delivery of the antibody to the immune system.
Donor pretreatment studies demonstrate that a cross-reacting, highly immunogenic antibody with anti-lymphocyte specificity may bind to renal sites and be transferred to the new host after transplantation. In addition, the crude unabsorbed anti-thymocyte antisera may induce a nephritis characteristic of immune complex disease which can be eliminated by complete absorption with serum proteins. Further in vivo and in vitro evidence is presented that the AT IgG contains small amounts of antibody to glomerular basement membrane antigens and may induce an autologous phase-nephrotoxic nephritis. The amount of in vivo binding by AT IgG to GBM was reduced by subcutaneous rather than intravenous administration.
Most of the rabbit antisera tested contain antibody in low titer to sheep erythrocytes and in vivo experiments indicate that the nature of the immunodepressive effect of AT globulin to sheep erythrocytes is due in part to the passive transfer of antibody and is not necessarily due to a specific anti-lymphocyte effect.