bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Invasion of Paris
Authors: Diamond Hanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As reports of the German invasion reached the capital, Parisians at First remained calm. Populations from Belgium and the north of the country gradually began to arrive in the city. Their plight was increasingly visible as they camped out in railway stations and adjacent areas. Arrangements were quickly put into place for the majority to be transported to departments in the south and west but the widespread belief in victory had meant that there were no contingency plans in the event of invasion and defeat. As the military situation continued to deteriorate, the government prevaricated. Its uncertainty gave the impression that it was overwhelmed. Finally, the French Prime Minister Paul Reynaud took the decision to evacuate the government from the capital, a move which triggered a surge of departures of civilians from the city. Paris was left almost abandoned.
The Scurvy Wars
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of scurvy and its eventual conquest embodies all the best and the worst elements of human nature. There is horror and heroism, wisdom and acumen wrestling with ignorance and obscurantism, greed and vanity; and there is self-sacrifice, vying with a heedless indifference to suffering and death. Many more sailors in the world’s navies were lost to scurvy than in battle, and more explorers died of it than from any other cause. Scurvy, also written scurvie, skyrvie, or scorbie in old English manuscripts, was known to the Greeks and Romans, and was given the name Purpura nautica, although a spurious distinction was generally made between ‘sea scurvy’ and ‘land scurvy’.
Cheats and Poisoners
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adulteration began when men started to trade in food. The literature of Greece and Rome contains allusions to the illicit addition of flavouring and colouring matters to wine; Pliny the Elder denounced the bakers who added chalk and cattle-feed to bread. The first legal measures to curb such abuses in Europe date from the Middle Ages. In England concerns were heard about the quality (and selling short) of bread as early as the 13th century: in 1202 King John set up the Assize of Bread to regulate the bakers ‘trade. The sizes of loaves were fixed by law, and selling short, as well as’ expanding ‘the flour with ground peas or beans, became a crime. In London, delinquent bakers could be dragged through the streets on a hurdle and put in the pillory, to be pelted with stones and offal.
Skin and bones
Authors: Horne Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Well, yes and no. Measure your height before going to sleep and again immediately on awakening next morning and there is an extra centimetre or more. Unfortunately, soon after getting up and walking around, it has gone! Lying down for several hours, whether it be asleep or awake, allows the cartilaginous discs between the vertebrae to absorb water, expand a little, and lengthen the backbone. Standing up afterwards causes the body’s weight and gravity to compress the discs once more. This applies particularly to children, and even to the length of their arms and legs, because physical rest allows the more ‘spongy’ cartilaginous ends of the limb bones, where the growth occurs, to absorb water and lengthen a little. However, the activity of wakefulness again squeezes this water out.
Time of life
Authors: Horne Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our lives are very much influenced by our body’s circadian clock, which affects the timing of sleep and the daily rhythm of alertness, body temperature, and many other functions. In fact, body temperature is the best measure of this clock, because the two are very closely linked. Body temperature and alertness are normally at their daily lowest around 2–6am and at their highest around 6–8pm. The changes in alertness are seen in Figure 4, where alertness rises fairly quickly around the normal wake-up time, at about 7–8am, followed by a levelling off and, often, a small trough or ‘dip’ around mid- afternoon. There is a final rise to the evening peak, and then a fairly rapid fall up to bedtime and beyond.
Good night
Authors: Horne Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The simplest way of measuring sleep is to ask people to keep a ‘sleep diary’, and write down each night when they go to bed, switch off the light, etc. Next morning they note when they wake up and get out of bed and, on a rating scale, how well they slept, for example: extremely well, very well, cannot say, rather badly, very badly. Sometimes it is best to remove ‘cannot say’ and substitute a term such as ‘fairly well’, to encourage people to make a more definite decision. Also, we could ask whether they woke up in the night, what caused it, and whether they can remember for how long they were awake. All this is very subjective, of course, and can contain many inaccuracies and omissions. However it is easy to gather such information.
‘A ruffled mind makes a restless pillow’
Authors: Horne Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We worry about our sleep, maybe unduly. In going to the doctor, even patients without a sleep problem will probably be asked ‘and how are you sleeping?’—which may only be the doctor’s stock phrase for breaking the ice, so to speak, but it reinforces the need for a ‘good night’s sleep’ and ‘beauty sleep’. It might even make the patient start thinking about their sleep and fret about it, or worsen anxieties over their sleep.
Chapter I
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“BE quick, sir; you have no time to lose!” cried an officious porter in the Charing Cross Station, as he bustled me into a first-class carriage; and I found myself in the same compartment with a Queen’s messenger bound for St. Petersburg. Time fled rapidly by, and I had hardly realized to myself that London was left behind, ere I was walking down those very uncomfortable steps which lead to the Calais boat. A rough passage with a number of Gauls, who all talked loud at starting, but whose conversation gradually died away in mournful strains, and we steamed into Calais Harbour; five hours later I was having my luggage examined in the waiting-room in Paris.
chapter II
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE following morning my servant awoke me with the announcement that we had arrived in the Bosphours, and that he had not been able to eat his supper. By this last piece of intelligence he wished to convey to my mind that the storm had been more than usually violent. I was soon dressed, and, going on deck, found it crowded with interpreters from the different hotels. During previous sojourns in Constantinople, I had learnt by experience the discomfort of some of the purely British establishments. I had made up my mind on this occasion to try a French hotel. My hands were filled with cards announcing the merits of the different inns. The commissionnaires were deafening me with their shouts, each man bawling louder than his fellow, when the silkmerchant declared in a loud voice that there was nothing like the Hotel de Luxembourg, and he added that the per
chapter III
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I HAD ordered the porter at my hotel to call me early on the following morning, as the train started at seven, and it was quite half an hour’s walk to the station. Luckily I awoke myself, and on looking at my watch, found it was about halfpast six. Hastily dressing, I hurried downstairs, and found the individual whose business it was to awake me, fast asleep under a billiard table in the cafe belonging to the hotel. He grumbled at being disturbed, and did not fancy the idea of carrying my box to the station. It was necessary to use a little persuasive force, so, seizing a billiard cue, I gave him a violent poke in the side.
chapter VI
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE proprietor of the establishment, a Greek, slowly raised himself from a recumbent position. His head was bound up in what appeared to be a red stocking; the toe part of this article of attire hung carelessly over his left shoulder. He was a dirty-looking little fellow, and had a large wen on one side of his forehead. Nature had determined to make him as hideous as possible, and some fellow-mortal had added to her handiwork, for a large scar, barely cicatrized, and apparently inflicted by a knife, extended right across his face. This scar and the wen were, in the daytime, a perpetual resort for bluebottle flies. These insects, I subsequently observed, had a great affection for the frontispiece of the proprietor.
chapter X
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THERE was something on my English servant’s mind that evening. He did not look happy, and eyed Osman from time to time with lowering looks.
“My brother is angry with me, Effendi,” said the Turk, in answer to my inquiries. “When he speaks I do not understand, when I speak he does not know what I say.”
“What is the matter, Radford?” I asked.
“Please, sir, I ain’t had no dinner. I did not prepare anything for you as the cook in the house was a preparing it. Well, when you had finished, and Osman had brought out the dishes, I thought that I should get something to eat. But, no sir! for Osman invited a lot of dirty Turks to come and sit round the victuals. Some of the chaps had just come out of the stable, and their hands were that dirty. Then they began a shoving them into the dishes and a licking their fingers. It turned me hup, that it did. Osman ought to know better, sir. Whenever I cooks for you I always give him a tit-bit for himself.”
chapter XIV
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MY host was up at daybreak to see me off. “Come and see me in England,” I said.
“If Allah pleases, I will,” was my friend’s reply, and I only hope that I may have the opportunity of returning Suleiman Effendi’s hospitality.
The road was hard and good for a few miles, we rode for some time by the Ayash river.
After marching for about five hours, we came to a small farm-house. It was on the opposite bank of the river to ourselves; but there was a ford, and as there was no wood on our side of the stream, I determined to cross and halt an hour for lunch. The house belonged to an Armenian. It was filthily dirty. Vermin could be seen crawling in all directions on the rugs. In consequence of this, I resolved to make our fire outside, and lunch in the open air. There were some turkeys in the farm-yard, and the proprietor coming up, I desired Osman to purchase one of the birds.
chapter XVII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MY host now returned, and informed me that M. Perrot, a French author who wrote a book about Asia Minor, had resided beneath this roof. On turning over the leaves of the work, which had found its way to Yuzgat, I came to a page in which M. Perrot observes that “one day I inquired of my host why he did not introduce me to the lady of the house?”
“It is our custom,” was the reply. “And I find it a wise one. What good does it do me if other men see my wife? I took her for myself; she is my property. I have heard that you Europeans spoil your wives; mine is educated properly. When I enter my harem, she comes to kiss my hand, then she stands upright before me in a respectful attitude, and she only opens her mouth when I address her.”
chapter XXII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT is only a few hours’ march from Bazar to Tokat, the track running parallel to the river of the same name. There are many villages by the side of the stream. The valley widens, and then narrows again as we proceed towards the town. Tokat at last lies before us. It is a long, straggling city, and on the left bank of the river.
We were met by a Zaptieh. He conducted me to a house set apart for travellers. Shortly afterwards I received a visit from the Caimacan (governor). This official was an active, bustling little man, and much more energetic than any of the governors I had previously met.
An order had arrived for him to send 1000 men immediately to Samsoun. The battalion would march the following morning at daybreak. He proposed that I should go and see the start. An engineer now called, a Pole by birth, but a naturalized Englishman. He was engaged in making a road from Tokat to Sivas; he had been in Tokat five years, and the work was not half completed. Indeed, judging by the system adopted for the construction of public work in Anatolia, it will be a wonder if the road is ever finished.
chapter XXXIX
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I NEXT visited the Mutasarraf Pacha, the civil governor of Erzingan. He was an active little man, of about sixty years of age, full of energy. He seemed to have more of the Gaul than the Osmanli in his disposition. Formerly he had been civil governor at Widdin. Whilst he occupied this post some of his Zaptiehs had arrested a Russian. The latter had documents on his person which clearly showed that he was an agent of a society in Moscow, formed with the object of creating a revolution in Bulgaria. Abdul Aziz was then Sultan, and the Mutasarraf Pacha forwarded the documents to
chapter LV
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
VILIAGE after village were left behind us, still there were no signs of Khoi. We had been told that it was only an eight hours’ march from Melhamee, two more sped by ere the walls of the city were in sight. Soon afterwards we rode through a narrow gate which gives access to the town, and presently pulled up at a house belonging to the Turkish Consul, who is the only diplomatic agent to be found in this city. He had been educated in Constantinople, and spoke a little French. For the last two years he had been established in Khoi, and he greatly bewailed his thus being cut off from all European society.
chapter LX
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WE reached Akserai. I was informed by my host, an Armenian, that the Christians in this district live in constant dread of their warlike neighbours, the Kurds-and the more particularly of the Kurds from Persia. These mountaineers sometimes made raids upon the villages, and committed all sorts of excesses on the women. Only three months previous a scene of this description had taken place at Akserai. The halting-places, he ordered an old Yezeed farmer to provide us with accommodation for the night.
chapter LXIII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE rest had done me good. Mohammed’s febrifuge seemed to agree. Later on, the doctor’s medicine arrived. I took a dose, and felt myself much worse in consequence. I determined to stick to the native remedy. Day after day passed by. At last I was able to raise myself a little from the floor. My appetite gradually returned; and one fine morning I determined to make an attempt to reach Kars. My servants lifted me on my horse: once on his back, I made them strap me to the high pommel in front of the saddle-a Turkish one.
London and Salzburg, 1920–3
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary result of Walton’s ‘adoption’ was practical and financial: not only the Sitwells but Dr Strong, the composer Lord Berners,1 and the poet Siegfried Sassoon combined to guarantee him an income of £250 a year, sufficient in those days to enable him to devote his life to composition without the need of a daily job. A secondary result was that the Sitwells provided a background, almost comically different from anything he could have expected in Oldham, in which his character and genius could mature and flower, in which art was paramount and war must continually be waged against the Philistines.
Post-war Quartet, 1944–7
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was perhaps just as well that Walton did not proceed with his Henry Wood Te Deum. The jubilee season of 1944 was beset by disasters. This was the year of the flying-bombs (the Vls), popularly known as ‘doodle-bugs’, which caused considerable devastation to lives and property in London and the south-east and also shook the Londoners’ morale. (As Walton wrote to Julian Herbage from Ashby on 7 July 1944: ‘I won’t pretend that the hazards of the flying-bomb and more so the difficulty of getting on the train haven’t anything to do with my not coming to London just now.’) The prospect of one of these weapons diving into a Royal Albert Hall Prom was too much for the Government, who ended the season after less than three weeks.
Partita and Second Symphony, 1957–60
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Towards the end of 1955 Walton was one of ten composers invited to write works for the fortieth anniversary season of the Cleveland Orchestra, of which the conductor was Georg Szell, who had for many years been a champion of his music. The result was the Partita,completed towards the end of 1957 and one of the unqualified successes among his post-1945 works, a jeud’espritwhich is witty, brilliant, and, in its central ‘Pastorale Siciliana’, delicate and touching.
Roaring Fanfares, 1972–7
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Walton’s return to London in September 1972 was to attend a London Symphony Orchestra-Previn Promenade Concert which not only included Scapinoand Belshazzar’sFeastbut the revised Act II of TroilusandCressidawith Richard Lewis and Jill Gomez. Back in Ischia he wrote on 4 October to Malcolm Arnold, apologizing for failing to telephone him, ‘but life was a bit too hectic what with the performance and recording of the Violin Concerto with Previn and Kyung-Wha Chung. What a girl! She has to be heard to be believed. In addition she’s very easy on the eye. I will have the record sent to you when it is out. Did you receive the copy of B’s F?’ This query referred to Previn’s recording, which he had also sent to Britten. Walton discussed it in a letter to Arnold dated 15 October:
The Haunted End, 1977–83
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although confined to a wheelchair, Walton attended his seventy-fifth birthday concerts in London in March 1977. He still felt neglected, although not as much as fifteen years earlier. He had semi-seriously written to Alan Frank on 9 February 1976: ‘And now I think I ought to be given a prize for my 75th, the Aspen-Ravel what have you. But I think with a little Lockheeding something could be arranged. B.B.’s had the lot and I think I might be allowed one! Approach who shall be approached. B. and H. obviously know who.’ He naughtily broached the same subject to Diana Rix:
Bangalore, Singapore and Cambridge
Authors: Stripp Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rail journey from Abbottabad to Bangalore took five days, not simply because there were no expresses on that route, nor even because it covers 1,550 miles (London—Sofia) as the crow flies, but because we again stopped at station restaurants for our main meals. It was tedious; the countryside was rarely varied enough to hold the interest, though my eye was caught somewhere near Nagpur where wagons were being shunted, one at a time, by three men who pushed them. Our meal stops marked the passage of time. The further south we went, the stickier it became, and even the punkah-boys had scarcely enough energy to swing the large punkah fan, hung from the ceiling and swung by a string pulled by hand or toe, enough to produce the semblance of a breeze. I was lucky to reach Madras, a notoriously sweltering city, at night, and to catch an early train next morning for the remaining 400 miles to Bangalore—a far more interesting trip, with small hillside stations showing their polysyllabic names in Tamil as well as Roman script.
How were they sent?
Authors: Stripp Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us follow a typical message from start to finish, remembering that the finish may be a dead heat, or at least a close-run thing, between friend and foe. The details will vary from one system to the next; I have chosen to illustrate the pattern by the reciphered code which was my daily or nightly bread-and-butter for several years.
General Slim and Signals Intelligence
Authors: Stripp Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Burma campaign bequeaths us two puzzling legacies. Both have been identified by Louis Allen, whose penetrating and compassionate account, Burma, The Longest War, sheds so clear a light on that war. Although, on the evidence available, I find myself disagreeing with his conclusions, he has done us a service in pointing out the discrepancies which led him to form his suspicions. The first puzzle is this: if we consider the volume and value of signals intelligence, yielding comprehensive and up-to-date information on the enemy’s positions, resources and intentions, and often the very orders he is giving and receiving, it seems clear that even without intelligence from any other source sigint must have served General Slim, commanding 14 Army in Burma, as well as any other Allied HQ. We now trip over an apparent contradiction.
Songs
Authors: Routledce Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature of any period necessarily reflects the preoccupations of that period, or else it fails to be popular. However, in the Middle Ages, neither ‘literature’ nor ‘popular’ mean quite what they would mean now. The popular songs of, for example, the First and Second World Wars were popular because there was some form of mass diffusion: in the former case, sheet music, which depended on mass literacy and a relatively large number of musically literate people, and music-halls, so that something like ‘Tipperary’ reached millions of people in a relatively short time. In the case of the Second World War, diffusion of this kind of material through gramophone records and radio was even more widespread and practically instantaneous. Yet such material would hardly be labelled ‘literature’, popular though it was.
Information about Khiva—Cold in Russia—East Wind—Russian Authorities —Count Schouvaloff—General Milutin—Christianity and Civilization— Anglo-Russian Railways in Central Asia—Preparations for the Journey —The Sleeping Bag—Cockle’s Pills—Arms—Instruments—Apparatus for Cooking
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having once resolved to go to Central Asia, the next question was how to execute my intention. On returning to England from Africa I eagerly read every book that could be found, and which seemed likely to give any information about the country which I proposed to visit. Vambdry’s “Travels,” Abbott’s “From Herat to Khiva,” and MacGahan’s “ Campaigning on the Oxus,” were each in turn studied. Judging by the difficulties that the gallant correspondent of the New York Herald had to overcome before he carried his project of reaching Khiva into execution, I felt convinced that the task I had laid out for myself was anything but an easy one.
The Guardian of the Forests—No Sleigh Bells Allowed in the Town—Hotel Anaeff— A Curiously-shaped Vehicle—Law about Libel—Price of Provisions at Samara—Rate of Mortality amongst the Infant Population—Podorojnayas, or Road Passports—The Grumblers’ Book—Difference of Opinion between my Horses and the Driver.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Guardian of the Forests stepped into the dwelling whilst we were waiting for fresh horses. He said that there were many wolves in the neighbourhood, and that they did a great deal of damage to the flocks ; at the same time informing us that he had shot several wolves that winter, and one only two days before. The keeper was a well-built, sturdy fellow, and seeing my gun, proposed that we should stop a day or so, remarking that he could show us some capital sport. But my companion was obliged to hasten to his property; and as for myself, the 14th of April—the termination of my leave of absence—rose up like a bugbear in my mind’s eye.