bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of vitamin E deficiency on the testis of the male fowl (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Adamstone F. B. , Card L. E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe effects of vitamin E deficiency in the fowl were observed in Rhode Island Red males over a period of approximately 2 years.Mating experiments showed that after 1 year on the E‐free diet all of the males were capable of fertilizing ova, but that after 2 years some of the males were sterile.Sperm smears showed that shortly after the beginning of the experiment, many of the mature spermatozoa exhibited an abnormal condition of the nuclear material of the head, while others remained normal.In histological sections of the testes made at the end of the 2 years, conditions varied from almost normal to complete atrophy, the latter being a condition that has already been described in the male mammal. Moreover, the conditions in any given section were not uniform for even in an advanced stage of E deficiency there were small islands of apparently normal tissue. However, in this case, as in the mammal, the process of degeneration affects the mature sperm cells first and gradually works to the outside of the seminiferous tubule thus attacking the youngest maturation stages last.The results of the experiment point definitely to destruction of the testis under prolonged E‐deficient conditions but it is also quite apparent that the testis of the fowl is extremely resistant to vitamin E deficiency.
A cytological study on the liver of the rat, with special reference to the ‘intracellular blood canaliculi,’ inter‐ and intracellular bile canaliculi, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus
Authors: Jay Edith M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn sections from livers injected through the vascular system with Carter's carminegelatin or Berlin‐blue gelatin masses at known, constant pressures, many cells were observed to contain ovoid or spherical bodies of the colored injection masses, similar to those described by Schäfer and his students, Herring and Simpson, as intracellular blood canaliculi.' In these livers practically all the cells were vacuolated. However, with livers injected with Berlin‐blue gelatin mass dissolved in Locke's solution instead of distilled water, there were no intracellular masses and the cells appeared normal, though the sinusoids were completely filled with injection mass. The so‐called ‘intracellular blood canaliculi’ described by Schäfer are interpreted as artefacts produced by a combination of factors, the most important of which is the difference in osmotic pressure. This is produced by the hypotonicity of the injection masses that are usually used, augmented perhaps by the effect of mechanical pressure used in administering the injection mass.Following impregnation of liver tissue by Golgi's rapid method, the usual network of intercellular bile canaliculi was revealed, but the presence of a permanent system of intracellular canaliculi was not observed. A few short, knobbed intracellular projections from the intercellular bile canaliculi were noticed; these probably represent the passage of secretion material into the intercellular bile canaliculi at the moment of excretion.
Maxillary breathing valves in the sharks Chlamydoselachus and Cetorhinus with notes on breathing valves in thirteen marine teleosts
Authors: Gudger E. W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractChlamydoselachus anguineus has, extending across the upper front mouth just behind the origin of the rear teeth of each row, a shelf of tissue forming a functional breathing valve. Valves of three types were found in five specimens. One has the hinder edge crescentic, another is like the head of a ‘broad arrow,’ and the third is intermediate in outline. A similar valve, crescentic in outline has been found in the upper front mouth of a 13‐foot specimen of Cetorhinus maximus dissected in the American Museum.Breathing valves are briefly described in thirteen marine teleosts at Tortugas, Florida. Some fishes had only maxillary valves, some mandibular, and a few had both. These consist of thin folds of tissue which swing back and forth as the fish breathes. A brief summary is given of breathing valves in other teleosts and in sharks and rays.The function of breathing valves in fishes is to prevent regurgitation of water during expiration as the fish swims along with partly open mouth. It is also correlated with feeding where the food is impaled on the teeth and held for swallowing, or where the fish feeds on pelagic organisms collected by swimming along with open mouth.
Abnormalities in flatfishes (heterosomata) I. Reversal of sides a comparative study of the known data
Authors: Gudger E. W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFlatfishes lying on one side and that blind and colorless, but having the upper side two‐eyed and colored are abnormal fishes which in their own group are perfectly normal. Some normally lie right side up (dextral) others point left (sinistral). Any departure from these normal conditions constitutes such a specimen an abnormal flatfish. The simplest departure is reversal‐i.e., a normal dextral fish lies on its right side and points left and vice‐versa. Sixteen reversed fishes have been described, but in various species from 3 to 100 per cent reversals have been noted.Reversal might be thought dependent on the structure of the optic chiasma. The Psettodidae (lowest family) have a dimorphic chiasma (right or left nerve dorsal) and are indifferently dextral or sinistral. But the dextral Soleidae and the sinistral Cynoglossidae (highest families) have dimorphic chiasmas with only five recorded reversals. In between, the monomorphic sinistral Bothidae have the right nerve dorsal even in the five indifferent species. And the monomorphic dextral Pleuronectidae include three indifferent species (one having up to 100 per cent reversed) with the left nerve dorsal even in reversed fish. The explanation of reversal must be found in genetics.
The lymphatic system of the snake
Authors: Conklin Ruth E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe anatomy of the lymphatic system of the snake is described, together with some preliminary observations of the blood vascular system. Lymphatic vessels are numerous and thin‐walled, chiefly periangious, but some are in close relation to the vertebral, column. The aortic lymphatic enlarges to form a sac in the abdominal region which encloses several of the viscera and in many cases communicates with their connective tissue sheaths. Lymph vessels in the skin and body musculature form a regularly arranged segmental network. The system communicates with the blood vascular system in two places: by means of a pair of posterior lymph hearts in the region of the cloaca, and at the jugular lymph sac just craniad to the heart. The arrangement and distribution of lymphatic structures is of interest in relation to phylogenetic development and because of the specialization of structure due to the elongate form of the snake.
Morphology and development of the femoral chordotonal organs of melanoplus differentialis (orthoptera, acrididae)
Authors: Slifer Eleanor H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractChordotonal organs are present in the prothoracic, mesothoracic and metathoracic femora of Melanoplus differentialis. These have been described and their development traced from ectodermal invaginations located at the proximal and distal ends of the prothoracic and mesothoracic and at the distal end of the metathoracic femora of the embryo.
The histology of the paraphysis of Amblystoma
Authors: Roofe Paul Gibbons 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe paraphysis of adult Amblystoma is made up of low columnar ependymal epithelit m which forms the paraphyseal tubules which end blindly and which communicate with one another by a common mouth with the third ventricle. Between the paraphyseal tubules venous sinusoids anastomose freely with one another forming a complicated rete. The sinusoids are made up entirely of endothelium. The blood supply to the paraphysis is entirely venous.Mitochondria were found in great abundance in the paraphysis of one female just previous to laying. Other specimens showed very few present. No conclusions can be drawn from these few observations as to the relationship between physiological activity and cellular structures.The Golgi apparatus was observed definitely localized between the nucleus and the ventricular end of the cell.Many large crystalloids were also observed to be localized between the nucleus and the ventricular end of the cell.Intercellular spaces are readily observed in sections stained with Mallory's connective tissue stain. Nassonow's osmic acid technique for the Golgi apparatus and Benda's crystal violet and alizarin stain clearly bring out the intercellular canals. Acid fuchsin stained particles within the intercellular spaces are more abundant toward the sinusoids than the cavities of the paraphyseal tubules. The intercellular canals have not been seen to communicate with either the sinusoids or the cavities of the paraphyseal tubules in any of the preparations observed.
Nuclear reorganization processes in Paramecium aurelia, with descriptions of autogamy and ‘hemixis’
Authors: Diller William F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn a study of the nuclear behavior of Paramecium aurelia, a process of self‐fertilization, autogamy, has been discovered and traced through its essential steps. Autogamy is the counterpart, in a single animal, of conjugation. In autogamy, three micronuclear divisions lead to the formation of the gametic nuclei. These divisions are considered to be maturation divisions. The first division is characterized by a great increase in the size of the two vegetative micronuclei and the occurrence of long thread‐like crescents. The second division results in the formation of eight nuclei, variable numbers of which continue to divide giving rise to the potential gametic nuclei. Two of the latter unite to form a synkaryon. The old macronucleus disintegrates. The fusion nucleus divides twice: two of the daughter nuclei become macronuclear anlagen, while the other two remain micronuclei. The macronuclear anlagen are distributed to two daughter cells at the time of the first cell division, when the micronuclei divide.The macronuclear changes in hemixis can be classified into three main types: (1) the extrusion of a relatively small number of spherical chromatin fragments; (2) the splitting of the macronucleus into two (generally) large independent portions—accompanied, or not, by the extrusion of smaller spherical bodies; (3) the complete disorganization by fragmentation of the macronucleus.
Histological changes accompanying the growth of the mid‐intestine of Japanese beetle larvae (Popillia japonica Newman)
Authors: Ludwig Daniel , Abercrombie W. Fulton 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA study was made of the changes in the mid‐intestinal epithelium accompanying the growth of first and scond instar Japanese beetle larvae. The columnar cells were counted and measured in the region limited by the second and third rings of gastric caeca.During the first 4 days of each instar (at 25°C.), there is no increase in the number of columnar cells, growth being due entirely to an increase in the size of cells already present. The number of columnar cells begins to increase about the fifth day of each instar and continues to increase until the larva prepares for the succeeding molt. New columnar cells are produced by divisions of the basal or interstitial cells and their transformation into columnar cells. The new cells become elongated and push between adjacent columnar cells. They continue to grow until they have reached the size of columnar cells already present. Cell multiplication and differentiation occur simultaneously, and most rapidly near the end of each instar.
The innervation of the muscle of accommodation in the eye of the teleost, Holocentrus
Authors: Meader Ralph G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSerial sections and dissections of the eye and orbit of Holocentrus ascensionis (Osbeck) reveal a relatively well‐developed accommodation muscle (m. retractor lentis or campanula Halleri) supplied by a ramus of the short ciliary nerve which traverses the region of the vitreous humor in an invaginated fold of choroid, the processus falciformis. The ramus contains chiefly heavily myelinated nerve fibers with a few finely myelinated or unmyelinated fibers. The type, origin and probable function of these constituents follows:

Medullated postganglionic processes of ciliary ganglion cells about which end the preganglionic fibers of the oculomotor nerve.
Medullated postganglionic fibers from the trigeminal sympathetic ganglion which traverse the ciliary ganglion to join the nerve. These and (4) may supply accompanying blood vessels.
Medullated sensory fibers to the profundus ganglion.
Unmedullated or finely medullated fibers from the trigeminal sympathetic ganglion.
The effects of x‐radiation on limb development and regeneration in Amblystoma
Authors: Puckett William O. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe regeneration of the early fore limb bud of Amblystoma larvae has been prevented by exposure to x‐radiation. Histological studies show that the failure to regenerate is due to a destruction of the undifferentiated mesenchyme cells which normally furnish the materials for regeneration. Data have also been gathered as to the minimal dosage of x‐rays necessary to prevent the regeneration of the early limb bud.By properly governed radiations the development of unamputated limb buds can also be controlled; larvae with permanent two‐, three‐ or four‐digit limbs can be produced. The effect here is primarily on the differentiation processes of the limb. These limbs in which digit formation has been controlled by x‐radiation also fail to regenerate if subsequently amputated. After amputation there is a complete dedifferentiation of all the formed structures of the limb stump. The dedifferentiated cells of the limb stump. The dedifferentiated cells of the limb stump regain their power of mitotic cell division 30 to 35 days after amputation, but are never able to differentiate into the components of a new limb. The primary effects of radiation in this case appears to be on cellular differentiation rather than on cellular proliferation.
Studies of Endamoeba blattae (Bütschli)
Authors: Morris Samuel 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA detailed study of the life history and cytology of Endamoeba blattae (Bütschli, 1878) has confirmed many of the findings of earlier workers and added to the knowledge of the processes of mitosis, excystation, metacystic and later development of this animal.Metacystic transformation has been seen to give rise to a form indistinguishable from E. thomsoni Lucas ('27). The number of chromosomes found in dividing stages of this trophozoite appears to be half that found in the large adults and indicates the possibility of a gametogenic type of reproduction differing from that described by Mercier ('10).Upon the basis of these findings and of a reclassification of the nuclear types found among the larger endozoic amoebae, it is proposed to erect, within the genus Endamoeba Leidy (1879), three sub‐genera to serve until further knowledge permits a more permanent arrangement, as follows: Genus Endamoeba Leidy (1879). Type—E. blattae (Bütschli, 1878). Sub‐genus Endamoeba. Type—E. (E.) blattae (Bütschli, 1878). Sub‐genus Placoidia. Type—E. (P.) minchini Mackinnon ('14). Sub‐genus Poneramoeba. Type—E. (P.) histolytica Schaudinn ('03).
The jaw musculature of the phytosaur, machaeroprosopus
Authors: Anderson Howard T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe phytosaur of the Triassic exhibits many interesting adaptive modifications of the diapsid skull. The modifications of the muscle attachment areas for the jaw muscles have been examined in comparison with the musculature of the recent forms Sphenodon and Alligator. It has been determined that the development of the fleshy anterior pterygoid and of the intramandibular muscles is an adaptation concomitant with the elongation of the snout. The modification of the temporal region in the phytosaur with the posterior extension of the squamosal is also seen to be an adaptation to gain speed in closing the great mouth. The forward position of the head‐neck joint would appear to gain advantage in the support of the heavy head. Such similarities as are seen between the phytosaur and the crocodilian may be accounted for as parallel adaptation.
The segmentation of the abdomen of Lipeurus heterographus Nitzsch (Mallophaga)
Authors: Wilson F. H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEleven segments are recognized in a comparative study of the abdomens in immature and adult instars of Lipeurus heterographus Nitzsch.The abdomen of the first instar appears ten segmented but with the apparent first segment twice as long as any one of the others and with two transverse rows of hairs on the tergum while the other abdominal segments have but one. This indicates that the apparent first segment is the true first and second abdominal segments which have fused. The apparent tenth segment of the abdomen is the true eleventh segment. A fusion of the true ninth and tenth segments occurring in the third molt further reduces the number of segments to nine which is the apparent number of segments found in the adult.
A comparative study of the contents of the gelatinous accumulations of the culture media and the contents of the cytoplasm of Amoeba proteus and Arcella vulgaris
Authors: Miller E. DeWitt 
Published: February 2005

AbstractComparative data give the basis for reinterpreting alleged chromidia, mitochondria and Golgi material described for certain rhizopods.Three distinct groups of granules can be demonstrated in both Amoeba and Arcella by techniques ordinarily employed for revealing chromatin elements of a cell, mitochondria or Golgi material. With respect to physico‐chemical properties the granules appear identical with certain forms of bacteria in the culture media. They are not destroyed by alcohol, ether, or Altmann's fluid containing 5% acetic acid.These granules are apparently bacteria; two groups representing permanent cytoplasmic entities either as symbionts or commensals, the third possibly temporary invaders.None of the cytoplasmic inclusions of these rhizopods have given the characteristic mitochondrial reaction when treated with Janus green. Spherules and granules, or alleged Golgi material, in Amoeba blackened with osmic acid can be revealed by techniques ordinarily employed for demonstrating the chromatin elements of a cell. Similar spherules and granules occur in the gelatinous material of the culture media, free or in bodies similar to those sometimes found in food vacuoles.In Arcella, neutral‐red‐stainable and osmiophilic bodies, apparently identical with granules or small globules found individually distributed in the cytoplasm, can be observed both in food bodies in food vacuoles and in similar food organisms in the medium. Those occurring in the cytoplasm may represent indigestible material.
Weights and linear dimensions of the skull and some of the long bones of the skunk (Mephitis mesomelas avia)
Authors: Latimer Homer B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe skull, mandible, atlas, scapula and the six long bones from seventy‐four male and sixty‐nine female skunk skeletons were weighed. Nine dimensions of the skull, two dimensions of the mandible and of the scapula, the length of the os coxa and the lengths of the same six long bones, were measured from 99 male and 109 female skeletons.The weights of the skull and of the nine bones are significantly heavier in the male skunks and all but one of the linear measurements are likewise significantly greater in the males. The weights and the linear dimensions of the skull and the mandible are more variable in the males but the lengths of the long bones are more variable in the females.The rather high positive correlations of the skull weight and the weights of the other parts of the skeleton studied, show that the weight of the skull is a good criterion of the weights of the other bones. These correlations are slightly higher in the males. The nineteen linear dimensions are likewise well correlated with the skull length. They average somewhat higher in the females.The data on the symmetry of the paired bones are not very conclusive, but there is a preponderance of heavier and longer right bones and a crossed symmetry is suggested.
Studies on the anatomy of the respiratory system of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Haskins C. P. , Enzmann E. V. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA description is given of the gross anatomy of the tracheal system of the larva of Drosophila melanogaster. Comparisons of findings are made with those of Lowne for Calliphora, Wahl for Eristalis, Simms for Hylemyia, Dufour for Sarcophaga, Wandolleck for Platycephala, Trägårdh for Ephydra, and De Meijere for Lonchoptera.
Division and conjugation in Nyctotherus cordiformis (EHr.) Stein (Protozoa, Ciliata) with special reference to the nuclear phenomena
Authors: Wichterman Ralph 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA cytological study of the complete life cycle of Nyctotherus cordiformis (Ehr.) Stein, a heterotrichous ciliate from the large intestine of tadpole and adult Hyla versicolor hosts is presented. In division a partial dedifferentiation of parental ingestatory structures occurs, then redifferentiation, to be retained by the anterior daughter. For the posterior daughter, the ingestatory apparatus arises de novo. In conjugation, two ciliates fuse along their peristomes. The macronucles undergoes complete fragmentation while the micronucleus divides three times. The first pregamic division results in two micronuclear products; the second division, four micronuclear products, three of which degenerate. The remaining product enters into the third pregamic division to produce the two functional, migratory and stationary, pronuclei. Interchange of migratory pronuclei follows at the fused anterior ends of the conjugants to form the amphinucleus which divides once to produce the micronucleus and the macronuclear anlage. Development and behavior of the unusual macronuclear anlage (‘spireme‐ball’ of Stein and Schneider) is described for the first time. At the end of the conjugation process, ingestatory structures of each conjugant completely dedifferentiate while a complete new set arises de novo posterior to the old ones. In this case, conjugation occurs only in tadpoles which are metamorphosing into frogs. Conjugation here is interpreted as an effort made by the ciliates to overcome a physiological crisis during the drastic host transformation changes.
The segmentary structure of the human X‐chromosome compared with that of rodents
Authors: Oguma Kan 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTesticular cells obtained from Manchurians were chiefly employed for the study. In the primary spermatocyte the X‐chromosome presents a three‐segmented structure similar to that of rats. This was not clear in our previous studies, probably due to some technical failure. Of the three segments, one frequently assumes a shape suggestive of the Y‐chromosome to some authors, but this never disjoins in the first maturation division, and accordingly it cannot be regarded as a true Y. The three segments are designated as P, D1 and D2 segment, the latter two are occasionally combined to form a single D segment. The P segment presents such a great modification of shape, that it led some authors to misinterpretation. The identification of the X‐chromosome was uncertain in the spermatogonial group of chromosomes, but in every case of good fixation forty‐seven distinct chromosomes were found.