bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The interaction of a large-scale nuclear wind with the high-velocity H ii region G0.17+0.15
Authors: Yusef-Zadeh F , Zhao Jun-Hui , Arendt R , Wardle M , Royster M , Rudnick L , Michail J 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT
We investigate the nature of a Galactic Centre source, G0.17+0.15, lying along the northern extension of the radio arc near l ∼ 0.2°. G0.17+0.15 is an H ii region located towards the eastern edge of the radio bubble, embedded within the highly polarized Galactic Centre eastern lobe where a number of radio filaments appear to cross through the H ii region. We report the detection of hydrogen and helium recombination lines with a radial velocity exceeding 140 km s−1 based on Green Bank Telescope and Very Large Array observations. The morphology of G0.17+0.15, aided by kinematics, and spectral index characteristics, suggests the presence of an external pressure dragging and shredding the ionized gas. We argue that this ionized cloud is interacting with a bundle of radio filaments and is entrained by the ram pressure of the radio bubble, which itself is thought to be produced by cosmic ray driven outflows at the Galactic Centre. In this interpretation, the gas streamers on the western side of G0.17+0.15 are stripped, accelerated from 0 to $\delta v\sim \, 35$ km s−1 over a time-scale roughly 8 × 104 yr, implying that ablating ram pressure is $\sim 700\, \mathrm{eV\, cm^{-3}}$, comparable to the $\sim 10^3\, \mathrm{eV \, cm^{-3}}$ cosmic ray driven wind pressure in the Galactic Centre region.
Observed epochal variations in X-ray lines from the O supergiant ζ Puppis do not require substantial changes in the wind mass flux
Authors: Gunderson Sean J , Gayley Kenneth G , Huenemoerder David P , Pradhan Pragati , Miller Nathan A 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT
We fit the high-resolution Chandra X-ray spectra of the O supergiant ζ Puppis using the variable boundary condition (VBC) line model to test the stability of its mass-loss rate between two epochs of observation: 2000 March and 2018 July – 2019 August. At issue is whether the observed variations are induced by global changes in the cool (unshocked) wind itself or are isolated to the local pockets of hot gas (i.e. changes in the frequency and location of the shocks). Evidence in the literature favoured the possibility of a 40 per cent increase in the mass flux of the entire stellar wind, based on X-ray reabsorption from a line-deshadowing-instability-inspired parametrization, whereas our fit parameters are consistent with a constant mass flux with a change in the velocity variations that determine the locations where shocks form. Our results suggest the shocks in the more recent data are formed at somewhat larger radii, mimicking the enhanced blueshifts and increased line fluxes interpreted in the previous analysis as being due to increases in both the X-ray generation and reabsorption from an overall stronger wind.
Quantitatively rating galaxy simulations against real observations with anomaly detection
Authors: Jin Zehao , Macciò Andrea V , Faucher Nicholas , Pasquato Mario , Buck Tobias , Dixon Keri L , Arora Nikhil , Blank Marvin , Vulanovic Pavle 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT
Cosmological galaxy formation simulations are powerful tools to understand the complex processes that govern the formation and evolution of galaxies. However, evaluating the realism of these simulations remains a challenge. The two common approaches for evaluating galaxy simulations is either through scaling relations based on a few key physical galaxy properties, or through a set of pre-defined morphological parameters based on galaxy images. This paper proposes a novel image-based method for evaluating the quality of galaxy simulations using unsupervised deep learning anomaly detection techniques. By comparing full galaxy images, our approach can identify and quantify discrepancies between simulated and observed galaxies. As a demonstration, we apply this method to SDSS imaging and NIHAO simulations with different physics models, parameters, and resolution. We further compare the metric of our method to scaling relations as well as morphological parameters. We show that anomaly detection is able to capture similarities and differences between real and simulated objects that scaling relations and morphological parameters are unable to cover, thus indeed providing a new point of view to validate and calibrate cosmological simulations against observed data.
Degeneration of the Olfactory System in a Murid Rodent that Evolved Diurnalism
Authors: Liao Ben-Yang , Weng Meng-Pin , Chang Ting-Yan , Chang Andrew Ying-Fei , Ching Yung-Hao , Wu Chia-Hwa 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In mammalian research, it has been debated what can initiate an evolutionary tradeoff between different senses, and the phenomenon of sensory tradeoff in rodents, the most abundant mammalian clade, is not evident. The Nile rat (Arvicanthis niloticus), a murid rodent, recently adapted to a diurnal niche through an evolutionary acquisition of daylight vision with enhanced visual acuity. As such, this model provides an opportunity for a cross-species investigation where comparative morphological and multi-omic analyses of the Nile rat are made with its closely related nocturnal species, e.g. the mouse (Mus musculus) and the rat (Rattus norvegicus). Thus, morphological examinations were performed, and evolutionary reductions in relative sizes of turbinal bone surfaces, the cribriform plate, and the olfactory bulb were discovered in Nile rats. Subsequently, we compared multiple murid genomes, and profiled olfactory epithelium transcriptomes of mice and Nile rats at various ages with RNA sequencing. The results further demonstrate that, in comparison with mouse olfactory receptor (OR) genes, Nile rat OR genes have experienced less frequent gain, more frequent loss, and more frequent expression reduction during their evolution. Furthermore, functional degeneration of coding sequences in the Nile rat lineage was found in OR genes, yet not in other genes. Taken together, these results suggest that acquisition of improved vision in the Nile rat has been accompanied by degeneration of both olfaction-related anatomical structures and OR gene repertoires, consistent with the hypothesis of an olfaction-vision tradeoff initiated by the switch from a nocturnal to a diurnal lifestyle in mammals.
Employing bimodal representations to predict DNA bendability within a self-supervised pre-trained framework
Authors: Yang Minghao , Zhang Shichen , Zheng Zhihang , Zhang Pengfei , Liang Yan , Tang Shaojun 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The bendability of genomic DNA, which measures the DNA looping rate, is crucial for numerous biological processes of DNA. Recently, an advanced high-throughput technique known as ‘loop-seq’ has made it possible to measure the inherent cyclizability of DNA fragments. However, quantifying the bendability of large-scale DNA is costly, laborious, and time-consuming. To close the gap between rapidly evolving large language models and expanding genomic sequence information, and to elucidate the DNA bendability’s impact on critical regulatory sequence motifs such as super-enhancers in the human genome, we introduce an innovative computational model, named MIXBend, to forecast the DNA bendability utilizing both nucleotide sequences and physicochemical properties. In MIXBend, a pre-trained language model DNABERT and convolutional neural network with attention mechanism are utilized to construct both sequence- and physicochemical-based extractors for the sophisticated refinement of DNA sequence representations. These bimodal DNA representations are then fed to a k-mer sequence-physicochemistry matching module to minimize the semantic gap between each modality. Lastly, a self-attention fusion layer is employed for the prediction of DNA bendability. In conclusion, the experimental results validate MIXBend’s superior performance relative to other state-of-the-art methods. Additionally, MIXBend reveals both novel and known motifs from the yeast. Moreover, MIXBend discovers significant bendability fluctuations within super-enhancer regions and transcription factors binding sites in the human genome.
The SMC5/6 complex: folding chromosomes back into shape when genomes take a break
Authors: Roy Shamayita , Adhikary Hemanta , D’Amours Damien 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
High-level folding of chromatin is a key determinant of the shape and functional state of chromosomes. During cell division, structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) complexes such as condensin and cohesin ensure large-scale folding of chromatin into visible chromosomes. In contrast, the SMC5/6 complex plays more local and context-specific roles in the structural organization of interphase chromosomes with important implications for health and disease. Recent advances in single-molecule biophysics and cryo-electron microscopy revealed key insights into the architecture of the SMC5/6 complex and how interactions connecting the complex to chromatin components give rise to its unique repertoire of interphase functions. In this review, we provide an integrative view of the features that differentiates the SMC5/6 complex from other SMC enzymes and how these enable dramatic reorganization of DNA folding in space during DNA repair reactions and other genome transactions. Finally, we explore the mechanistic basis for the dynamic targeting of the SMC5/6 complex to damaged chromatin and its crucial role in human health.
Evolution of microRNAs in Amoebozoa and implications for the origin of multicellularity
Authors: Edelbroek Bart , Kjellin Jonas , Biryukova Inna , Liao Zhen , Lundberg Torgny , Noegel Angelika A , Eichinger Ludwig , Friedländer Marc R , Söderbom Fredrik 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important and ubiquitous regulators of gene expression in both plants and animals. They are thought to have evolved convergently in these lineages and hypothesized to have played a role in the evolution of multicellularity. In line with this hypothesis, miRNAs have so far only been described in few unicellular eukaryotes. Here, we investigate the presence and evolution of miRNAs in Amoebozoa, focusing on species belonging to Acanthamoeba, Physarum and dictyostelid taxonomic groups, representing a range of unicellular and multicellular lifestyles. miRNAs that adhere to both the stringent plant and animal miRNA criteria were identified in all examined amoebae, expanding the total number of protists harbouring miRNAs from 7 to 15. We found conserved miRNAs between closely related species, but the majority of species feature only unique miRNAs. This shows rapid gain and/or loss of miRNAs in Amoebozoa, further illustrated by a detailed comparison between two evolutionary closely related dictyostelids. Additionally, loss of miRNAs in the Dictyostelium discoideum drnB mutant did not seem to affect multicellular development and, hence, demonstrates that the presence of miRNAs does not appear to be a strict requirement for the transition from uni- to multicellular life.
Exploring #MentholBan on TikTok: A Thematic and Semantic Network Analysis
Authors: Feng Miao , Binns Steven , Emery Sherry 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIntroductionIn April 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced its intention to ban the sale of menthol cigarettes and cigars. Decades of research support the premise that a menthol ban will reduce initiation and disparities in tobacco-related disease among menthol smokers. The tobacco industry opposed such a policy and worked for decades to shape public opposition. Social media discourse can inform our understanding of public opinion about the proposed ban and guide communication strategies and policy implementation.Aims and MethodsThis research employed a mixed-methods design to explore TikTok posts discussing the announced menthol ban. Using a TikTok web scraper to extract all content in the #mentholban hashtag (n = 171), we coded for 11 themes, characterized content with descriptive statistics, and created a semantic network of co-occurring hashtags.ResultsWe found primarily negative attitudes towards the U.S. ban announcement and a large volume of menthol “hacks” to circumvent the bans. Our semantic network analysis revealed strong co-occurrences between #mentholban and popularity-seeking hashtags. The metadata associated with each TikTok demonstrated that most posters in #mentholban are not “influencers” in the sense of having many followers, aside from a few niche organizations with multiple posts. We found that perceived political and racial motivations shaped posters’ assessments of the menthol ban. Furthermore, we uncovered how individuals and organizational actors shaped menthol ban content on TikTok.ConclusionsOur study indicates targeted marketing from alternative menthol product companies and advocacy organizations. The latter of these organizations is more likely to saturate the TikTok landscape with multiple posts and strategic hashtags.ImplicationsThis study pursued an exploration of tobacco policy discussion on TikTok, specifically related to the FDA-proposed menthol ban. TikTok is a newer platform and our study provides early evidence of policy discussion emerging there, including the types of accounts creating the content and their valence toward the policy.
Molecular dissection of an intronic enhancer governing cold-induced expression of the vacuolar invertase gene in potato
Authors: Zhu Xiaobiao , Chen Airu , Butler Nathaniel M , Zeng Zixian , Xin Haoyang , Wang Lixia , Lv Zhaoyan , Eshel Dani , Douches David S , Jiang Jiming 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is the third most important food crop in the world. Potato tubers must be stored at cold temperatures to minimize sprouting and losses due to disease. However, cold temperatures strongly induce the expression of the potato vacuolar invertase gene (VInv) and cause reducing sugar accumulation. This process, referred to as “cold-induced sweetening,” is a major postharvest problem for the potato industry. We discovered that the cold-induced expression of VInv is controlled by a 200 bp enhancer, VInvIn2En, located in its second intron. We identified several DNA motifs in VInvIn2En that bind transcription factors involved in the plant cold stress response. Mutation of these DNA motifs abolished VInvIn2En function as a transcriptional enhancer. We developed VInvIn2En deletion lines in both diploid and tetraploid potato using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 (Cas9)-mediated gene editing. VInv transcription in cold-stored tubers was significantly reduced in the deletion lines. Interestingly, the VInvIn2En sequence is highly conserved among distantly related Solanum species, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and other non-tuber-bearing species. We conclude that the VInv gene and the VInvIn2En enhancer have adopted distinct roles in the cold stress response in tubers of tuber-bearing Solanum species.
How persuasive is AI-generated propaganda?
Authors: Goldstein Josh A , Chao Jason , Grossman Shelby , Stamos Alex , Tomz Michael 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Can large language models, a form of artificial intelligence (AI), generate persuasive propaganda? We conducted a preregistered survey experiment of US respondents to investigate the persuasiveness of news articles written by foreign propagandists compared to content generated by GPT-3 davinci (a large language model). We found that GPT-3 can create highly persuasive text as measured by participants’ agreement with propaganda theses. We further investigated whether a person fluent in English could improve propaganda persuasiveness. Editing the prompt fed to GPT-3 and/or curating GPT-3’s output made GPT-3 even more persuasive, and, under certain conditions, as persuasive as the original propaganda. Our findings suggest that propagandists could use AI to create convincing content with limited effort.
Paradigmatic stability, ideational robustness, and policy persistence: exploring the impact of policy ideas on policy-making
Authors: Migone Andrea , Howlett Michael , Howlett Alexander 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the policy world, the idea of ideational robustness deals with why and how policy elements can be maintained over time and the implications this has for government strategy and activity. Past approaches to ideas and their influence on public policy stressed the disparate roles of multiple policy mechanisms such as path dependency or the nature of policy networks in either driving policy change forward or ensuring persistence of a policy. Ideational robustness on the other hand allows for the possibility of some changes occurring in policy environments and components while motivating cognitive and normative policy ideas are adapted and retained. While ideational persistence has often been identified as a source of policy stability, the possibility that some ideas allow lesser or greater levels of change in policy components while basic policy content remains more or less intact (ideational robustness) is much less well understood. The article reviews the literature on policy change and stability which highlights the influence of different policy processes on overall policy dynamics and the role played by policy learning in promoting ideational robustness. Using evidence from military doctrines and procurement in Canada and Australia, the study finds that the two countries drew different defence policy lessons from the end of the Cold War which contributed heavily to the extent of robustness of their defence policy ideas. The case studies show that ideational robustness is important but also that its study must be combined with that of other policy mechanisms and processes in order to explain overall policy change patterns.
Labour supply reactions to basic income: Insights from 60 years of research
Authors: Francisco Cyrille , Otto Adeline , Van Lancker Wim 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Basic income (BI) has lately re-emerged as a topic of debate, without having lost its explosiveness and contentiousness. Of particular interest in this debate is the labour supply effect of a BI, which holds significant implications for its societal desirability, economic sustainability and political feasibility. To shed light on this issue and facilitate more informed policy discussions, this article delves into six decades of research, encompassing negative income tax and BI experiments, lottery studies and unconditional cash transfers (UCTs). In an effort to advance existing knowledge, we not only review the labour supply outcomes of existing studies but also systematically examine their design features, implementation characteristics and analyses. Our examination reveals the presence of significant methodological shortcomings in much of the empirical research. Great caution is thus advised when making broader inferences about the impacts of a BI.
The Clandestine Hands of the State: Dissecting Police Collusion in the Drug Trade
Authors: Stitt Mary Ellen , Sobering Katherine , Auyero Javier 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Police collusion with drug market organizations is widespread around the world, but the nature of this collaboration remains poorly understood. This article draws on a unique data source to dissect the inner workings of police collusion: transcripts of wiretapped conversations, embedded in thousands of pages of court cases in which state agents have been prosecuted for collaborating with drug market groups. We catalogue and analyze the wide range of social interactions that constitute police collaboration with drug market groups and show that those interactions are often embedded in trust networks constituted by residential, professional, friendship, and kinship ties. Our findings signal the importance of reciprocal social ties surrounding police corruption and cast light on what we refer to as the clandestine hands of the state.
The Stress of Injustice: Public Defenders and the Frontline of American Inequality
Authors: Baćak Valerio , Lageson Sarah Esther , Powell Kathleen 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Fairness in the criminal legal system is unattainable without effective legal representation of indigent defendants, yet we know little about the experience of attorneys who do this critical work. Using semi-structured interviews, our study investigated occupational stress in a sample of 78 attorneys representing indigent clients across the United States. We show how the chronic stressors experienced at work culminate in what we define as the stress of injustice: the social and psychological demands of working in a punitive system with laws and practices that target and punish those who are the most disadvantaged. Respondents positioned their professional stress around structural, not individual, aspects of the American criminal legal system, specifically punitive excess, underfunding of indigent defense, and the criminalization of mental illness and substance use. Working within these interrelated structural constraints makes public defenders highly vulnerable to stress and attrition.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Geographic Availability of Buprenorphine
Authors: Drake Coleman , Nagy Dylan , Meiselbach Mark K. , Zhu Jane M. , Saloner Brendan , Stein Bradley D. , Polsky Daniel 
Published: February 2024

Objectives
Overdose mortality has risen most rapidly among racial and ethnic minority groups while buprenorphine prescribing has increased disproportionately in predominantly non-Hispanic White urban areas. To identify whether buprenorphine availability equitably meets the needs of diverse populations, we examined the differential geographic availability of buprenorphine in areas with greater concentrations of racial and ethnic minority groups.

Methods
Using IQVIA longitudinal prescription data, IQVIA OneKey data, and Microsoft Bing Maps, we calculated 2 outcome measures across the continental United States: the number of buprenorphine prescribers per 1000 residents within a 30-minute drive of a ZIP code, and the number of buprenorphine prescriptions dispensed per capita at retail pharmacies among nearby buprenorphine prescribers. We then estimated differences in these outcomes by ZIP codes’ racial and ethnic minority composition and rurality with t tests.

Results
Buprenorphine prescribers per 1000 residents within a 30-minute drive decreased by 3.8 prescribers per 1000 residents in urban ZIP codes (95% confidence interval = −4.9 to −2.7) and 2.6 in rural ZIP codes (95% confidence interval = −3.0 to −2.2) whose populations consisted of ≥5% racial and ethnic minority groups. There were 45% to 55% fewer prescribers in urban areas and 62% to 79% fewer prescribers in rural areas as minority composition increased. Differences in dispensed buprenorphine per capita were similar but larger in magnitude.

Conclusions
Achieving more equitable buprenorphine access requires not only increasing the number of buprenorphine-prescribing clinicians; in urban areas with higher racial and ethnic minority group populations, it also requires efforts to promote greater buprenorphine prescribing among already prescribing clinicians.