bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alterations in blood and urine parameters in two florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) from simulated conditions of release following rehabilitation
Authors: Manire Charles A. , Walsh Catherine J. , Rhinehart Howard L. , Colbert Debborah E. , Noyes David R. , Luer Carl A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIn an effort to manage the existing population of the endangered Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris), as many individuals as possible are rehabilitated from illness or injury and released back into the waters of the state of Florida. It is not uncommon, however, for manatees recaptured for health assessment following release from rehabilitation to have elevated concentrations of serum creatinine. Although such elevated levels would be indicative of kidney failure in most other mammals, problems associated with renal function have not been evident in these recaptured manatees. To determine the possible cause(s) of the serum creatinine increase, two captive Florida manatees were manipulated to simulate many of the environmental and physical changes that occur during and shortly after release. Routine chemical analyses of serum and urine, complete blood counts, serum cortisol concentrations, and lymphocyte proliferation responses were measured. Serum creatinine concentrations increased significantly in response to decreased food intake and changes in food type. The increases differed depending on the salinity of the water in which the animals were maintained. It was found that significant changes in urinary creatinine and serum creatine kinase occurred as well, but serum cortisol concentrations were elevated only during simulated transport. Lymphocyte proliferation assays indicated that immune function was potentially impaired by extreme levels of dietary restriction and by changes in salinity. These results suggest that serum creatinine elevations and subsequent effects on the immune system might be minimized by adapting manatees undergoing rehabilitation to the diet and salinity they would encounter following release. Zoo Biol 22:103–120, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gut loading to enhance the nutrient content of insects as food for reptiles: A mathematical approach
Authors: Finke Mark D. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA variety of commercially raised insects are fed to insectivorous reptiles, but information concerning appropriate diets used to feed these insects is limited. In the present study, house crickets (Acheta domesticus adults and nymphs), mealworms (Tenebrio molitor larvae), and silkworms (Bombyx mori larvae) were fed diets containing graded levels of calcium (Ca) and/or vitamin A–nutrients that are low or absent in most insects. Diets and insects were analyzed for moisture, Ca, phosphorus (P), and vitamin A. For adult crickets and cricket nymphs, body Ca and vitamin A concentrations increased in a linear fashion with increasing levels of dietary Ca or vitamin A. Ca concentrations of silkworms also increased in a linear fashion with increasing levels of dietary Ca. For mealworms, body Ca and vitamin A concentrations increased in a nonlinear fashion with increasing levels of dietary Ca or vitamin A. These regression equations, in conjunction with insect nutrient composition, allow for the calculation of the optimum nutrient concentration for gut‐loading diets. Final recommendations were based on National Research Council (NRC) requirements for rats, adjustments for the energy content of the insects, and nutrient overages as appropriate. Gut‐loading diets for crickets (adults and nymphs) should be supplemented to contain the following nutrients, respectively: Ca (51 and 32 g/kg), vitamin A (8,310 and 5,270 µg retinol/kg), vitamin D (300 and 190 µg cholecalciferol/kg), vitamin E (140 and 140 mg RRR‐α‐tocopherol/kg), thiamin (31 and 21 mg/kg), and pyridoxine (20 and 10 mg/kg). Gut‐loading diets for mealworms should be supplemented to contain the following nutrients: Ca (90 g/kg), iron (51 mg/kg), manganese (31 mg/kg), vitamin A (13,310 µg retinol/kg), vitamin D (460 µg cholecalciferol/kg), vitamin E (660 mg RRR‐α‐tocopherol/kg), thiamin (5 mg/kg), vitamin B12 (650 µg/kg), and methionine (29 g/kg). Gut‐loading diets for silkworms should be supplemented to contain the following nutrients: Ca (23 g/kg), iodine (0.7 mg/kg), vitamin D (140 µg cholecalciferol/kg), vitamin E (70 mg RRR‐α‐tocopherol/kg), and vitamin B12 (226 µg/kg). Zoo Biol 22:147–162, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acceptability of a new modular protein substitute for the dietary treatment of phenylketonuria
Authors: Rohr F. J. , Munier A. W. , Levy H. L. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe major source of protein in the dietary treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU) is a phenylalanine‐free amino acid mixture. Traditionally, these medical products have also contained other nutrients and have been in powder form. However, their disagreeable taste and odour, the large volume required to provide sufficient protein and the inconvenience of their preparation and storage have hindered compliance with consumption among adolescents and adults. We studied the acceptability of a new medical product for the treatment of PKU. This product, Phlexy‐10 (SHS North America, Gaithersburg, MD, USA), is available in three forms: sachets of premeasured powder to be constituted as a drink, fruit‐flavoured bars and prefilled capsules. A vitamin–mineral mixture is separately provided. The forms are interchangeable because each component (one sachet, one bar or 20 capsules) provides 10 g of amino acids. Since the product is primarily a source of amino acids, protein requirements can be met using a smaller volume than with traditional medical products. Eleven subjects enrolled in a 24‐week trial that included clinical and laboratory evaluations. Nine subjects completed the study and 8 remained on the Phlexy‐10 after the study. The powder drink was the favourite module used. One‐third of the subjects included the bars and another third included the capsules in their regimens. The vitamin–mineral mixture was the least acceptable component. Mean weekly blood phenylalanine decreased by 40% from mean baseline levels. Blood concentrations of vitamins and minerals were normal except for a low zinc concentration in two subjects and a low vitamin B12 concentration in another. The lower caloric content and the separate vitamin–mineral mixture require careful monitoring of these nutrients. Phlexy‐10 appears to be an adequate medical product for the treatment of PKU. Its convenience, flexibility of form and improved taste are appealing to many individuals on diet for PKU.
Genetic Counseling: Clinical Geneticists' Views
Authors: Michie Susan , Smith Jonathan A. , Heaversedge Jonty , Read Simon 
Published: April 2003

AbstractEvaluation of genetic counseling requires a clear consensus about its objectives, which is not evident in published definitions and guidelines. This study aims to investigate clinical geneticists' beliefs and thoughts about their practice.Structured interviews with eight clinical geneticists addressed the aims, skills, and expectations of genetic counseling. Analysis of transcribed interviews revealed four key themes, with contradictory aspects:1. Providing information that is objective, full, and accurate versus information that is contingent on circumstances and tailored to individual needs.2. Eliciting emotion and dealing with it directly versus dampening down and containing emotion.3. Communicating nondirectively versus directively.4. Expecting to perform a range of sophisticated tasks while having minimal training in the necessary skills to achieve these.These results have implications for the nature of the professional role, the development of training required for it, and the evaluation of genetic counseling.
Case Report: Object Relations Family Therapy as a Model for Genetic Counseling
Authors: Diekmann‐Tapon Dagmar 
Published: April 2003

AbstractObject relations family therapy (ORFT) is a psychoanalytically based approach for the treatment of couples and families which stresses the importance of past relationships. The therapist assumes a parentlike role and provides a holding environment in which clients can explore unconscious motivations. This paper will discuss the applicability of this method to genetic counseling. The case of a couple seen for recurrent trisomies will be presented and used as an example to discuss how ORFT might serve as a framework in a genetic counseling session.
Neighborhood Structure, Parenting Processes, and the Development of Youths' Externalizing Behaviors: A Multilevel Analysis
Authors: Beyers Jennifer M. , Bates John E. , Pettit Gregory S. , Dodge Kenneth A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractAssociations among neighborhood structure, parenting processes, and the development of externalizing behavior problems were investigated in a longitudinal sample of early adolescents (from age 11 to 13). Mothers' reports of parental monitoring (at age 11), mothers' and youths' reports of the amount of youths' unsupervised time (at age 11), and youths' reports of positive parental involvement (at age 12) were used to predict initial levels (at age 11) and growth rates in youths' externalizing behavior as reported by teachers. Census‐based measures of neighborhood structural disadvantage, residential instability, and concentrated affluence were expected to moderate the effects of parenting processes (e.g., parental monitoring) on externalizing behavior. Hierarchical linear modeling results revealed that less parental monitoring was associated with more externalizing behavior problems at age 11, and more unsupervised time spent out in the community (vs. unsupervised time in any context) and less positive parental involvement were associated with increases in externalizing behavior across time. Furthermore, the decrease in externalizing levels associated with more parental monitoring was significantly more pronounced when youths lived in neighborhoods with more residential instability.
Identity and Oppression: Differential Responses to an In‐Between Status
Authors: Sonn Christopher C. , Fisher Adrian T. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractOppression operates at various levels, with varying degrees of negativity, and groups respond in markedly different ways. In this paper, the in‐between status of the colored South African group is used to illustrate issues of identity and oppression under the Apartheid system—and differing ways in which oppression was experienced and used. The colored group had many social advantages over Blacks, but were also used to oppress that group. Habituation, accommodation, and relative advantage were identified as dynamics within the broader context of power and privilege that contributed to cultural and psychological marginality and status ambivalence of the coloreds. These processes must be understood within the historical, social, and political context of the community. What is evident from the data is that groups and individuals can take up various positions along a continuum of oppressor—oppressed, depending upon the contexts, time, and social and legal relationships involved in their interactions.
Prevention Science and Neighborhood Influences on Low‐Income Children's Development: Theoretical and Methodological Issues
Authors: Roosa Mark W. , Jones Sarah , Tein Jenn-Yun , Cree Willa 
Published: April 2003

AbstractDespite the rapid growth of research on neighborhood influences on children, little of this research may be useful to prevention scientists. Most studies have ignored processes by which neighborhood conditions influence individual outcomes. To encourage neighborhood research that can better guide the development of preventive interventions, we propose a model that focuses attention on mediating and moderating processes, is appropriate for studies interested in individual differences in outcomes, acknowledges the transactions between residents and neighborhoods, and is sensitive to how neighborhood influences may differ for children at different developmental stages. Furthermore, we argue that greater attention to several methodological issues also can make neighborhood research more useful for the next generation of prevention programs to help low‐income urban families and children cope successfully with the challenges posed by their neighborhoods.
The Challenge of a Positive Self‐Image in a Colonial Context: A Psychology of Liberation for the Puerto Rican Experience
Authors: Varas-Díaz Nelson , Serrano-García Irma 
Published: April 2003

AbstractCommunity psychology and the psychology of liberation provide a framework to analyze colonization. Puerto Rico has always been a colony. This experience has direct negative effects on Puerto Ricans' national identities and their emotions. The purpose of this study was to explore emotions associated with Puerto Rican national identities in a sample of 35 high school students. While participating in 4 focus groups, the youths discussed negative and positive emotions associated to their national identities. The most frequent ones were shame and pride. They also identified situations which promoted negative and positive emotions. The role of a community psychology of liberation in understanding these phenomena as well as in embracing resistance to colonization is discussed.
Sociopolitical Development
Authors: Watts Roderick J. , Williams Nat Chioke , Jagers Robert J. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThis paper examines theories and concepts relevant to sociopolitical development (SPD). As an emerging theory, SPD expands on empowerment and similar ideas related to social change and activism in community psychology—oppression, liberation, critical consciousness, and culture among them. SPD is the process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, analytical skills, emotional faculties, and the capacity for action in political and social systems necessary to interpret and resist oppression. Equally as important is a vision of liberation that is an alternative to oppressive conditions. All of these concepts have been underemphasized in the social change literature of U.S. community psychology. In our view, sociopolitical development is vital to human development and the creation of a just society. As part of identifying and illustrating concepts and processes relevant to SPD theory, we will draw from the words of young African American activists who were interviewed as part of a research study.
16S Ribosomal DNA Sequence-Based Analysis of Clinically Significant Gram-Positive Anaerobic Cocci
Authors: Song Yuli , Liu Chengxu , McTeague Maureen , Finegold Sydney M. 
Published: April 2003

ABSTRACT
Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene represents a highly accurate and versatile method for bacterial classification and identification, even when the species in question is notoriously difficult to identify by phenotypic means. However, its use for identification based on public sequence databases is not without limitation due to the presence of ambiguous data in the databases. In this study, we evaluated the utility of 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing as a means of identifying clinically important gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) by sequencing 13 type strains of established GPAC species and 156 clinical isolates that had been studied only by phenotypic tests. Among the 13 type strains of GPAC species we tested, only 4 gave a “perfect” match with their corresponding sequences in GenBank, whereas the other 9 had lower sequence similarities (<98%). This indicates that data in the public database may be inaccurate at times. Based on the sequences of the 13 type strains obtained in this study, 84% (131 of 156) of the clinical isolates were accurately identified to species level, with the remaining 25 clinical strains revealing nine unique sequences that may represent eight novel species. This finding is in contrast to the phenotypic identification results, by which only 56% of isolates were correctly identified to species level.
Diagnosis of
Plasmodium falciparum
Malaria at Delivery: Comparison of Blood Film Preparation Methods and of Blood Films with Histology
Authors: Rogerson Stephen J. , Mkundika Patrick , Kanjala Maxwell K. 
Published: April 2003

ABSTRACT

We compared peripheral and placental blood films (made by different techniques) with placental histology for diagnosis of
Plasmodium falciparum
malaria in pregnancy. Samples from 464 women were examined, of whom 124 (26.7%) had active
P. falciparum
infection and 148 (31.9%) had past infection. Placental histology was more sensitive (91%) than peripheral blood film (47%) or placental blood film (63%) examination and also detected past infection. Few women had microscopically detectable infection without a positive histology. Infection detected by histology only and past infection were both associated with significantly lower infant birth weight and with lower hemoglobin concentrations compared to the results for uninfected women. Thick blood films were prepared with blood obtained by placental incision or scraping of the incision margin (263 samples) or by washing of placental tissue (235 samples). Each gave similar sensitivities (76 to 78%), specificities (98 to 99%), positive predictive values (92 to 98%), and negative predictive values (93 to 94%); but the median levels of parasitemia were lower for incision samples (840 parasites/μl) than scrapings (2,295 parasites/μl) (
P
= 0.02). Placental histology is the most sensitive method for the diagnosis of malaria in pregnancy. Methods for preparation of placental films may affect the density, but not the prevalence, of
P. falciparum
infection detected.
Evaluation of the MicroSeq System for Identification of Mycobacteria by 16S Ribosomal DNA Sequencing and Its Integration into a Routine Clinical Mycobacteriology Laboratory
Authors: Hall Leslie , Doerr Kelly A. , Wohlfiel Sherri L. , Roberts Glenn D. 
Published: April 2003

ABSTRACT
An evaluation of the MicroSeq 500 microbial identification system by nucleic acid sequencing and the Mayo Clinic experience with its integration into a routine clinical laboratory setting are described. Evaluation of the MicroSeq 500 microbial identification system was accomplished with 59 American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strains and 328 clinical isolates of mycobacteria identified by conventional and 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing by using the MicroSeq 500 microbial identification system. Nucleic acid sequencing identified 58 of 59 (98.3%) ATCC strains to the species level or to the correct group or complex level. The identification results for 219 of 243 clinical isolates (90.1%) with a distance score of <1% were concordant with the identifications made by phenotypic methods. The remaining 85 isolates had distance scores of >1%; 35 (41.1%) were identified to the appropriate species level or group or complex level; 13 (15.3%) were identified to the species level. All 85 isolates were determined to be mycobacterial species, either novel species or species that exhibited significant genotypic divergence from an organism in the database with the closest match. Integration of nucleic acid sequencing into the routine mycobacteriology laboratory and use of the MicroSeq 500 microbial identification system and Mayo Clinic databases containing additional genotypes of common species and added species significantly reduced the number of organisms that could not be identified by phenotypic methods. The turnaround time was shortened to 24 h, and results were reported much earlier. A limited number of species could not be differentiated from one another by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing; however, the method provides for the identification of unusual species and more accurate identifications and offers the promise of being the most accurate method available.
Combined Use of
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Recombinant 27-Kilodalton and Purified 87-Kilodalton Antigens in an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Serodiagnosis of Paracoccidioidomycosis
Authors: Díez Soraya , Gómez Beatriz L. , McEwen Juan G. , Restrepo Angela , Hay Rod J. , Hamilton Andrew J. 
Published: April 2003

ABSTRACT
The diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) has relied on the identification of the host's humoral response by using a variety of immunological methods, such as complement fixation and immunodiffusion. Although these approaches are useful, historically their sensitivity and specificity have often been compromised by the use of complex mixtures of undefined antigens. The use of combinations of purified, well-characterized antigens appears preferable and may yield optimum results. Accordingly an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using combinations of the previously described 27-kDa recombinant antigen and the 87-kDa heat shock protein were used for diagnosis and follow-up of patients with PCM. A total of 37 patients classified according to their clinical presentations (7 with the acute or subacute form of the disease, 22 with the chronic form of the disease, and 8 with the chronic unifocal form) were studied. Eighteen of these patients were also evaluated at every follow-up appointment. Forty serum samples from patients with other diseases and 50 serum samples from healthy individuals were also studied. Detection of anti-27-kDa and anti-87-kDa antibodies in sera of patients with PCM by ELISA using a combination of the two purified proteins showed a sensitivity of 92% with a specificity of 88% in comparison with normal human sera and 90% in comparison with the heterologous sera. These results demonstrated a significant increase in sensitivity and specificity compared to results when the antigens were used separately. Thus, the use of combinations of well-defined antigens appears to offer clear advantages over the use of single antigens when diagnosing PCM.
Molecular Characterization of
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
and
Borrelia burgdorferi
in
Ixodes scapularis
Ticks from Pennsylvania
Authors: Courtney Joshua W. , Dryden Richard L. , Montgomery Jill , Schneider Bradley S. , Smith Gary , Massung Robert F. 
Published: April 2003

ABSTRACT

Ixodes scapularis
ticks were collected in 2000 and 2001 from two areas in Pennsylvania and tested for the presence of
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
and
Borrelia burgdorferi
by PCR and DNA sequencing. Of the ticks collected from northwestern and southeastern Pennsylvania, 162 of 263 (61.6%) and 25 of 191 (13.1%), respectively, were found to be positive for
B. burgdorferi
. DNA sequencing showed >99% identity with
B. burgdorferi
strains B31 and JD1. PCR testing for
A. phagocytophilum
revealed that 5 of 263 (1.9%) from northwestern Pennsylvania and 76 of 191 (39.8%) from southeastern Pennsylvania were positive. DNA sequencing revealed two genotypes of
A. phagocytophilum
, the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) agent and a variant (AP-Variant 1) that has not been associated with human infection. Although only the HGE agent was present in northwestern Pennsylvania, both genotypes were found in southeastern Pennsylvania. These data add to a growing body of evidence showing that AP-Variant 1 is the predominant agent in areas where both genotypes coexist.