bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gottfried Feder, Let There Be Light
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From out of chaos the world came forth, from the subordinate came order, from raw eddying energy the organic. Today chaos reigns on earth, confusion, struggle, hate, envy, conflict, oppression, exploitation, brutality, egotism. Brother no longer understands brother. Fellowcountrymen fight each other, beating men to death just because they wear a swastika.[... ) The victims of the chaos were simple, unassuming, good-natured.
R. Walther darre, Breeding a New Nobility
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now let us get back to human beings! At the outset we said that breeding is a technique which tries in a considered way to produce offspring whose quality is at least not inferior to that ofits parents, and where possible offers the prospect of an improvement in its hereditary characteristics over time. The crucial point here is the phrase ‘in a considered way’. It means that the breeder should be clear what the breeding is designed to achieve. Thus a ‘breeding objective’ must be set. For breeding without a goal would be a contradiction in terms, quite simply because in every case breeding involves attaching value to given hereditary traits in the light ofa future objective.
German Fascism in Power 1933-1945
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The seven extracts in Section Bi capture some of the sense of relief and of expectancy that convinced Nazis experienced on Hitlers seizure of power. This heady palingenetic fervour was also shared by those former cultural pessimists or German fascists who now persuaded themselves that Nazism would stop the rot as it promised, or was an effective and unique vehicle for the realization of their vision of a reborn Germany.
Hermann Goering, The Third Reich As Saviour Of The West
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last election campaign in Germany coincided with Germany’s withdrawal from the League ofNations.23 This time there were not countless domestic forces confronting each other, but a truly united nation had closed ranks to defend itself, committed to assert its rights in a concerted fight for Germany’s honour against foreign countries which had hostile intentions towards her. The German people showed the world that it had every intention to work honestly and with all its might for every policy which served the true cause of peace. On the other hand it also showed the world that if other countries want to deal with Germany they must first accord her the same respect, the same rights, and the same honour as they claim for themselves. The German people, almost to a man and to a woman, stood united behind its Fuhrer and his policy of honour and peace. Germany will continue in the future to avoid harming the interests of any other country. Germany renounces foreign conquests. Germany wishes to take nothing away from other countries, but the same Germany refuses to allow anything to be taken away from her, or harm her interests.
Carl Schmitt, The Legal Basis Of The Total State
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
National Socialism does not think in abstractions and cliches. It is the enemy of all normative and functionalist ways of proceeding. It supports and cultivates every authentic substance of the people wherever it encounters it, in the countryside, in ethnic groups[Stiimme] or classes. It has created the hereditary f.mn law; saved the peasantry; purged the Civil Service of alien [fremdgeartet] elements and thus re· stored it as a class. It has the courage to treat unequally what is unequal and enforce necessary differentiations.[... ] In a different way, but out of the same awareness of the specific properties of what has its own organic development, National Socialism is able to do justice to the concrete differences between the village, rural town, industrial community, city, and metropolis in the sphere of communal autonomy without being impeded by the erroneous concepts of equality imposed by a liberal democratic scheme of things.
Adolf Hitler, The Place Of Art In Gennany’s Political Reawakening
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On February 27th 1933, when the blaze from the dome of the Reichstag was reflected in a red 1!).ow from the sky, it seemed as if Fate had chosen the torch of the Communist incendiaries to illuminate the grandeur of that historical turningpoint before the eyes of the nation. The final menace of the Bolshevik revolution hovered like a dark shadow over the Reich. A terrible social and economic catastrophe had brought Germany to the verge of annihilation. The foundations of social life had crumbled.[ ] During the months that followed it was still very difficult to discover and employ such measures as might still avert the final disaster, and doubly difficult to withstand and overthrow the last assault launched by those who wanted to wreck the Nation and the Reich. It was veritably a savage strugf!).e against all those causes and symptoms of German internal disintegration and against our enemies abroad who were hopefully expecting the final debacle.
Martin Heidegger, Natlonal Socialism As The Custodian Of European Being
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
reached on its road to annihilation, then it can only be reached because of the unfolding of new historically spiritual forces from the centre. annihilation because In order to underpin values which have been raised to the level of a moral imperative, the values themselves are attributed Being. But in this context Being basically means no more than the presence of what exists. Only that what is meant is not as crude and palpable as tables and chairs. Once values are endowed with Being the high-point of confusion and rootlessness has been arrived at. However, since the expression ‘value’ is gradually coming to sound hackneyed, especially since it still plays a role in economic theory, values are now called ‘totalities’. In1928 there appeared the first volume of a complete bibliography of the concept value; 661 works concerning the concept of value are cited. They have presumably grown to a thousand by now.
Robert ley, The Ultimate Turning-Point: Total War
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The moral front of the war experienced a decisive turning-point at the end of 1942 and the beginning ofi943. We National Socialists knew that the people we had become by 1939 was different from that of 1914. The work of the Party had borne fruit. From out of the chaos of the earlier bourgeois and Marxist parties, of trade unions and associations, there had grown up a unified and concerted national community.[... ] National Socialist Germany no longer had political parties, it only had one party, which was called Germany and was borne along by a single will and faith, united behind one flag, and led by one leader.
Alexander raven Thomson, A Corporate Britain
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the contrary, it is the organic form through which the nation can find expression. Fascism is no materialist creed like Communism, which sets up, as its only purpose, the material benefit of the masses. Fascism is essentially idealistic, and refuses any such limitation. Fascism recognises the nation as an organism with a purpose, a life and means of action transcending those of the individuals of which it is composed. To limit such an organism to a purpose within itself, to the mere service of its constituent parts, would be a denial of the whole philosophic concept of the Corporate State.
Arthur Kenneth Chesterton, A Spiritual Typhus
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the tragedies of the democratic drift is that profound truths may become truisms without being incorporated in legislative action, especially those truths that require to be imaginatively perceived. Should forty million people find their white blood corpuscles called forth to fight against the deadly germs of typhus, their need would be sufficiently obvious for the politician to bring the resources of the State his soul’s health demands, by the simple expedient of being able to work upon the task of bringing order and decency into his own occupation, thereby functioning normally and realistically as a social being in a world where idealism and realism no longer spell antithesis Herein is both the meaning and the mechanism of the Corporate State of Fascism-normalfunctioning which is the solvent of neurosis and the conqueror of decay.
Ramiro Ledesma Ramos, The Voice Of Spain
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was in association with the Montreux conference of the Fascist International held in 1934 that Jose Antonio made his declaration that the Palange was not a fascist movement, one often quoted by scholars reluctant to recognize the existence of generic fascism. It is clear, however, from this speech, made three months later, that he was prepared to portray Falangism as a Spanish variant of fascism, recognizing that as ageneric phenomenon every national permutation of fascism would be unique.
Jacques Doriot, Saving France
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we had a State able to carry out this recovery it would be one strong enough to reorganize France and the Empire. It would restructure the economy of France by creating professional organizations which regulate problems of production and the relationships between the various elements involved in production. It would reorganize France into large economico-administrative regions. Once its authority had been restored it would be strong enough to decentralize the outmoded and antiquated system of administration which is now stifling the country instead of stimulating activity.
By encouraging regionalism it would foster the blossoming of the culture in our beautiful French provinces, which live on in the memory and in the great traditions of our country. Under the uncontested authority of France, it could thus carry out reforms which would be dear to our friends in Alsace and Lorraine.
Pierre Drieu La Rochelle, The Rebirth Of European Man
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A certain way of thinking characteristic of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century had provided European humanity with the basis of a renaissance such as it had not seen for centuries, for a revolution as total as that of an hour-hand returning to the same point on a clock-face.
In this moment the new ways of being have fused with the ways of thinking which called them forth. A new man has been born, reacting against the city, half-way between the countryside and the town, restoring to the soul and the body the values of force, of courage, of affirmation, eager to experience and to be tested and to base his life on an immediate and constant relationship between what is thought and what is accomplished. This fusion of practice with reason, transcending the diverging excesses of rationalism and romanticism, could not help but enter the political sphere and seek its crowning expression within it.
Elias Si Mojo Ki, The Revolution Ofthe Finnish Heart
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The continuity between the AK.S and the IKL is illustrated in these extracts from two speeches by the Reverend Elias Simojoki, who made the first one as a founding member of the AKS, and the second thirteen years later as IKL deputy and head of the Blue Blacks.
A revolution in the hearts of our people-that is what we are preparing and that is what we believe in. It is a tremendous goal, next to which even goals such as a Greater Finland, a free Karella, and a liberated lngria may be secondary. We firmly believe that only a national reawakening can furnish the basis for victory in that great marathon which we are approaching minute by minute; in the hour of that reawakening our dreams of Greater Finland and a free family of Finnish peoples will come true as ifby themselves, as the result ofnatural necessity. We shall charge onward towards this goal and will not have the time to look out for those who may be trampled by our feet. In the struggle which lies ahead we shall demand nothing for ourselves. We accept being small as long as our Fatherland and our people become great.
Plinio Salgado, The Soul Of The Nation Awakens
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This passage from Salgado’s Let’s Wake up the Nation expresses sentiments about nationalism and the precondition of national renewal which would ring true to aU fascists.
The soul of a nation does not awaken with laws; it does not spring into creative activity simply through the actions of administrations, even when they are honest and well-intentioned; it does not rise up through simple governmental measures, however well conceived they may be.
The best governments in the world cannot succeed in pulling a country out of the quagmire, out of apathy, if they do not express themselves as national energies. At most they will be able to construct good roads, sound bridges, excellent dams, beautiful buildings, magnificent scientific laboratories.
Nakano Seigo ,The Need For A Totalitarian Japan
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1940 his frustration led him to resort to verbal attacks on the Tojo regime, becoming especially scathing of the Imperial Rule Assistance Association (formed in October 1940 as a single organization welding together all political parties), criticizing it for being a bureaucratic institution aloof from the minds and lives of the people. AfterJapan had so dramatically declared war on the USA, such criticism became intolerable to the Tojo regime. Nakano was forbidden to make public speeches or publish articles. Finally he was placed under house arrest in October 1943, whereupon he committed seppuku (ritual disembowelling) near a five-volume biography of Saigo (see Najita 1971).
Nakano Seigo, Write Your Own Mein Kampf
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some people say that neither Fascism nor Nazism are appropriate for our nation. However, I believe that there are nodifferences in the ultimate spirit of people who try to overcome difficulties, whether it is Germany, Italy, orJapan [applause]. Both Fascism and Nazism are clearly different from the despotism of the old period. They do not represent the conservatism which lags behind democracy, but are a form of more democratic government going beyond democracy. Democracy has lost its spirit and decayed into a mechanism which insists only on numerical superiority without considering the essence of human beings. It says that the majority is all good. I do not agree, because it is the majority which is the precise cause of contemporary decadence. Totalitarianism must be based on essentials, superseding the rule of numbers [applause].
Kenneth Roberts, A Plague Of Amateur Mussolinis
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The observations on contemporary Italy and Gennany offered by the American writer Kenneth Roberts are of interest on several counts: (i) his book is a detailed acco1tnt of ‘pre-totalitarian’ Fascism; (ii) it invites the reader to see in Fascism a role model of a benign form of military dictatorship through which a nation-state can protect itself from the menace of communism to which weak democratic governments expose it; (iii) it portrays Nazism (even before the abortive putsch of November 1923) as a perverted form of Fascism based on fanaticism and anti-Semitism, thus anticipating the debate about Nazism’s relationship to fascism in general and Italian fascism in particular which is still alive today.
H. G. Wells, a bad good thing
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
H. G. Wells (1866-1946) became famous for his prolific output as a writer of science fiction and .futuristic novels. He was also a keen essayist on political and social issues and a writer of popularized non-fiction, such as A Short History of the World. Before 1914 he shared the prevailing optimism of the time concerning the benefits which science might bring to humankind, though even then A Modern Utopia looked forward to a world state ruled by an enlightened ‘Samurai Order’. The First World War shattered his optimism and The Shape of Things to Come, a.futuristic novel which was the basis for the 1936.film Things to Come, foresaw the decade ending in the collapse of liberal democracy in horrendous wars. The orgy of destruction would reduce the world to pre-industrial levels of technology
Karl Polanyi, The Hopeless Task
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
R. A. Brady wrote his Marxist analysis of the Third Reich when he was Associate Professor of Economics at the University of California, applying an orthodox Marxist diagnosis of it as the tool of monopoly capitalism. In his chapter ‘The Looming Shadow of Fascism over the World’, he portrays ‘the people of every nation’ being ‘slowly separated into warring camps. Left and right, Popular Front and Fascist, red and reactionary, capital and labour-the terms vary with time and circumstance, but the cleavage remains the same.’ Another feature typical of Marxist analysis is the way he sees Italy and Germany as ‘the major exponents of Fascism’, but ‘only less so are Portugal, Hungary, Austria, Greece, Romania, Brazil, Bolivia and Japan’. In Spain too, where civil war is in the air, the struggle is between the Popular Front and fascists. For Brady fascism is the ‘wedding of a condition and a myth’: the condition is the application to the whole of society of the hierarchical organizational structure and authoritarian ethos of big business and the military; the myth, the Social Darwinian concept of the survival of the most predatory, already firmly entrenched within the capitalist business ethic.
Wilhelm Reich, Forcing Elephants Into Foxholes
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The case of fascism, in contrast to liberalism and genuine revolution, is quite different. Its essence embodies neither the surface nor the depth, but by and large the second, intermediate character layer of secondary drives.
When this book was first written, fascism was generally regarded as a ‘political party’, which, as other ‘social groups’, advocated an organized ‘political idea’. According to this appraisal the fascist party was instituting fascism by means of force or through ‘political manreuvre’.
Contrary to this, my medical experiences with men and women of various classes, races, nations, religious beliefs, etc., taught me that ‘fascism’ is only the organized political expression of the structure of the average man’s character, a structure that is confined neither to certain races or nations nor to certain parties, but is general and international. Viewed with respect to man’s character, ‘fascism’ is the basic emotional attitude of the suppressed man of our authoritarian machine civilization and its mechanistic-mystical conception oflife.
Bernt Hagtvet And Stein Rokkan, Defective Nation-Building
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This passage is taken from the attempt by two Norwegian professors to develop a sophisticated model of the structural factors which enabled ‘fascist-type’ forces to seize power in
the world economy, that the likelihood of fascist-type victories was greatest in the semi-peripheralized territories of earlier city-studded empires-and that the probability of communist-type victories was greatest in the much more markedly peripheral areas of earlier empires of the ‘agrarian bureaucracy’ type, empires with poorly developed commercial-industrialbourgeoisies.
Gerald m. Platt, making sense
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
permits a transition to the new sources of meaning, a new mode of constructing meaning without a total abdication of the past. As the dialectical interplay between the failing and rising modes of construction of the new system is sharpened, the population becomes attuned to the failures of the traditional sources and the effectiveness of the new interpretive procedures. Finally, a leadership for the new sources arises in society either expressing or simply codifying the new rules of interpretation. And if this leadership gains access to sources of power it makes attempts at superimposing the new interpretive system upon broad ranges of the society’s population. The new interpretive system is codified in the language ofideology, determining
Ernst Nolte, Resisting Transcendence
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is common to attribute to Three Faces of Fascism (1965) by the West German scholar Ernst Nolte the merit of reviving scholarly interest in generic fascism and establishing the need to take fascist ideology seriously. The work concentrates on underlying parallels between the Action Fra1tfaise (which most historians do not consider to have been a fascist movement), Fascism, and Nazism. In the concluding section he erects a highly abstract theory of generic fascism which centres on its anti-Marxism (though stressing its underlying kinship with Marxism), and its bid to ‘resist transcendence’. By this he seems to mean that fascism aimed to reverse or find a refage from the forces of secularization, democratization, and globalization-sometimes equated with ‘modernization’-which both in theory (that is, ideologically) and in practice (the type of society created) have led to the breakdown of the closed material and spiritual social system of tradition. In other words Nolte’s theory is a highly abstruse and convoluted version of the common theory of fascism as a bourgeois revolt against Enlightenment rationalism (Text 148) and modernization (Text 16o), a position which obscures the fact that fascism offers to believers both its own form of transcendence from the anomie of modern society (Text 157), and an alternative form of modernity (Text 161). Nor was its social basis only middle-class.
James gregor, the total charismatic community
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like Nolte, the American scholar A.]. Gregor also takes both ideology and structural factors seriously in his analysis of fascism. On the basis of a thorough study of Fascist social and political thought he comes to see the core of generic fascism in anattempt made by modem States, based on a relatively coherent social theory, to integrate the masses within societies which have been sul,ject to rapid economic development. He sees Fascism in Italy as paradigmatic of totalitarian mass-regimenting regimes in many developing nations, such as the one that farmed in Russian and Communist China, Latin America, and the Third World.
What have been traditionally identified in the literature as a ‘fascist’ regime can best be characterized as totalitarian, revolutionary mass movements that have come to power in relatively or partially advanced industrial environments; environments in which there already exist entrenched and vital propertied classes as well as peripheral elements threatened with status deprivation. Fascist movements thus come topower in circumstances in which some accommodation with established interest groups must, at least initially, be effected if the revolution is not to drown in blood and/or the productionist aspirations of the movement are not to be faulted.
Juan b. Linz, the latecomer
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How can we define fascism? Any definition of this latecomer movement has to emphasize the things against which it stood; we noted earlier its anti-dimension but we should also consider its new appeal and its conception of man and society. In addition to those ideological elements, no definition can ignore the importance of its distinctive style, its rhetoric and its symbolism, its chants, ceremonies, and shirts that attracted so many young people in the years between the two wars. But neither ideology nor style, given its electoral weakness, except in Germany, would have made it a decisive factor in the political life of many societies without the new forms of organization and political action.