bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apolipoprotein E genotype and schizophrenia: further negative evidence
Authors: S&aacute;iz P. A. , Morales B. , G‐Portilla M. P. , Alvarez V. , Coto E. , Fern&aacute;ndez J. M. , Bouso&ntilde;o M. , Bobes J. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To investigate the association between apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype and schizophrenia.Method: We genotyped 106 schizophrenic out‐patients [Diagnostic Statistic Manual IV (DSM‐IV) criteria] and 250 healthy volunteers (hospital staff and blood donors) from Asturias (Northern Spain). The ApoE genotypes (&epsiv;2, &epsiv;3, &epsiv;4 &ndash; alleles) were determined after polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, followed by digestion with the restriction enzyme CfoI and electrophoresis on a 4% agarose gel.Results: No significant differences in ApoE‐allele frequencies between patients and controls was found, although an increased &epsiv;4‐frequency was recorded in patients compared with controls [9.0% vs. 6.2%, P&equals;0.124; odds ratio (OR)&equals;1.49; 95% confidence interval (CI)&equals;0.82&ndash;2.70]. ApoE‐genotype frequencies did not differ between both groups. The mean age of onset for schizophrenic patients that carried the &epsiv;4‐allele was not significantly different from that of patients without this allele.Conclusion: Variation in the ApoE gene was not associated with the development of schizophrenia in our population. ApoE‐genotypes did not modify the age of onset of the disease.
Do cenesthesias and body image aberration characterize a subgroup in schizophrenia?
Authors: Röhricht Frank , Priebe Stefan 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To identify and characterize a subgroup of schizophrenia patients with marked and dominating bodily sensations (cenesthesias and body image aberration).Method: We assessed cenesthesias and different aspects of body image aberration systematically along with common (general, positive and negative symptoms) and ego‐psychopathology in 60 patients with acute paranoid schizophrenia. Cluster analysis was applied to identify subgroups. Psychopathology scores of the clusters were compared at admission and after 2 weeks of hospital treatment.Results: One of the three clusters comprised of 14 patients (23.3%) with marked disturbances of body experience (underestimation of lower extremities, desomatization, boundary loss and diminution). The subgroup was further characterized by significantly higher ego‐psychopathology scores at admission. Some of the differences held true over a 2‐week period.Conclusion: The findings from the present study suggest that cenesthesias and body image aberration might represent an additional dimension of psychopathology that might be used for defining a nosological subtype of schizophrenia.
Age, period and cohort effects on suicide rates in Australia, 1919–1999
Authors: Snowdon J. , Hunt G. E. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To examine age, period and cohort effects on Australian suicide rates. Method: Male suicide rates for successive 5‐year periods between 1919 and 1998, and for 1999 were displayed graphically to examine interactions between age, period and cohort effects. Results: There has been a pronounced period effect on male suicide rates in all age groups over the last few decades, with lower rates in wartime and peak rates for most cohorts in the 1960s. Peak rates of all adult female 5‐year age cohorts occurred in the 1960s or early 1970s. Conclusion: Most so‐called cohort effects appear to be associated with environmental changes that may not be a function of the cohort itself. While much attention has focused on the rising suicide rates in young males in Australia, local media and health authorities have given little emphasis to the high rates found in elderly males.
Quality of life in schizophrenia measured by the MOS SF‐36 and the Lancashire Quality of Life Profile: a comparison
Authors: Meijer C. J. , Schene A. H. , Koeter M. W. J. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To compare two Quality of Life (QoL) instruments on reliability, feasibility and conceptual overlap in a group of schizophrenic out‐patients. Method: The Lancashire Quality of Life Profile (LQoLP) and the MOS SF‐36 were used to assess the QoL of 143 schizophrenic out‐patients. Results: Feasibility and reliability for both instruments were satisfying. Second order factor analysis on 10 LQoLP and eight MOS SF‐36 scales resulted in three factors: one health related QoL factor and two general QoL factors; an internal and an external factor. Conclusion: QoL measures in schizophrenia studies are not exchangeable. Validity of a specific QoL instrument depends upon the purpose of the study. The LQoLP allows suggestions for specific improvements in mental health care for long‐term psychiatric patients. The SF‐36 is a good choice when comparison with other patient groups on health related QoL is relevant.
Demographic, family, and occupational characteristics associated with major depression: the Harvard study of moods and cycles
Authors: Harlow B. L. , Cohen L. S. , Otto M. W. , Liberman R. F. , Spiegelman D. , Cramer D. W. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: This study assesses the extent to which women with and without major depression differ by demographic, familial, and occupational characteristics. Method: From a community‐based sample, the authors identified 332 women with and 644 women without current or past major depression based on Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM‐IV. Demographic and background interviews were conducted in‐person. Results: Depressed women were more likely to have gained ≥35 lbs between age 18 and study enrolment (OR=1.6, 95% CI 1.1–2.5), experienced divorce (OR=2.0, 95% CI 1.4–2.8), or changed occupations (OR=1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.1) compared with non‐depressed women. Compared with women with no brothers, those with ≥1 brothers were less likely to have a history of depression (OR=0.8, 95% CI 0.6–1.1), whereas compared with women with no sisters, those with ≥1 sisters were more likely to have current or past depression (OR=1.4, 95% CI 1.0–1.9). These findings were not influenced by family sibship size. Conclusion: These results illustrate demographic differences between women with and without major depression and that sibship gender rather than size may also influence risk.
Obstetrical complications, parenting practices and risk of criminal behaviour among persons who develop major mental disorders
Authors: Hodgins S. , Kratzer L. , McNeil T. F. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: The present study examined whether socio‐economic status (SES) of the family of origin, inadequate parenting, and pre and perinatal factors are antecedents of criminality among men and women who develop a major mental disorder. Method: The sample included the 82 men and 79 women from the 1953 Stockholm birth cohort who developed a major mental disorder by age 30. Information was extracted from obstetric files, health, social and work records and official criminal records. Results: Among males, neonatal complications increased the risk of offending two‐fold, the risk of violent offending 2.5 times, and the risk of early start offending 3 times. Neither pregnancy or birth complications, inadequate parenting, or SES of the family of origin increased the risk for offending. Among females, none of the factors that were examined were associated with offending. Conclusion: Complications in the neonatal period are associated with offending among men who develop major mental disorders.
Social desirability and eating disorders. A community study of an Italian school‐aged sample
Authors: Miotto P. , De Coppi M. , Frezza M. , Rossi M. , Preti A. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To explore the links between social desirability and eating disorders in a sample of adolescents in a north‐east area of Italy. Method: A mixed male–female sample of 1000 school‐aged adolescents, corresponding to 10% of the young population aged 15–19 years living in the district, were investigated with self‐reported questionnaires, including the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), the Bulimic Investigatory Test of Edinburgh (BITE), the Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAT), and an Italian version of the Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MC‐SDS). Results: Females scored higher than males at all eating disorder inventories. In both genders there was a negative relationship (in all cases P < 0.01) between scores at the eating disorder inventories and those at the MC‐SDS. When analysing eating disorder `caseness', as measured by cut‐off, `cases' reported significantly lower scores than `non‐cases' at the MC‐SDS in both genders. Conclusion: Personality traits measured by the MC‐SDS, such as defensiveness, self‐esteem, and dependence from approval, might contribute to the development of abnormal eating patterns at risk of eating disorders.
Panic attacks in psychosis
Authors: Goodwin Renee , Davidson Larry 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To determine the prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity and suicidal ideation associated with co‐occurring non‐affective psychosis and panic attacks, compared with non‐affective psychosis without panic attacks, in the general population.Method:Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey (n=8098). Statistical analyses were used to identify differences in sociodemographic characteristics, psychiatric comorbidity, suicidal ideation, and familial psychopathology between those with non‐affective psychoses with and without panic, as well as to identify correlates of non‐affective psychosis and panic.Results:Co‐occurring panic attacks and non‐affective psychosis, compared with non‐affective psychosis without panic, was associated with elevated psychiatric comorbidity and increased odds of suicidal ideation.Conclusion:Consistent with clinical findings, these data suggest that panic attacks commonly co‐occur with psychosis in the community. Results indicate that the co‐occurrence of panic and psychosis is associated with increased likelihood of psychiatric comorbidity and suicidality. These findings need replication.
The European Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (SOHO) study: rationale, methods and recruitment
Authors: Haro J. M. , Edgell E. T. , Jones P. B. , Alonso J. , Gavart S. , Gregor K. J. , Wright P. , Knapp M. ,   on behalf of the SOHO Study Group
Published: March 2003

Objective:  The objective of the European Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (SOHO) study is to understand the comparative costs and outcomes of antipsychotic drug treatment, with specific focus on olanzapine. The study will also provide a large database for research into the treatment and outcome of schizophrenia. The role of observational studies in the assessment of the effectiveness of antipsychotic agents is reviewed, and the rationale, design and recruitment issues surrounding the SOHO study are presented.Method:  SOHO is a 3‐year, prospective, observational study of the health outcomes associated with antipsychotic treatment in Europe.Results:  Over 10 000 patients have been recruited from 10 countries. Baseline evaluation included measures of clinical status, social functioning, quality of life, service use and pharmacological treatment. Patients will be followed for 3 years.Conclusion:  The SOHO study will complement randomized controlled trial findings on the treatment of schizophrenia and will address relevant clinical and policy research questions.
Prevalence of mental disorders among 15–17‐year‐old male adolescent remand prisoners in Denmark
Authors: Gosden N. P. , Kramp P. , Gabrielsen G. , Sestoft D. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To determine the past year prevalence of mental disorders of 15–17‐year‐old adolescent remand prisoners in east Denmark.Method: One hundred 15–17‐year‐old boys from east Denmark consecutively remanded during 1 year were interviewed with diagnostic instruments to obtain ICD‐10 diagnoses. All were screened in The Danish Psychiatric Case Register and The Danish Criminal Register.Results: Past year prevalence of ‘any mental disorder’ was 69%, substance use disorders 41%. Two per cent had schizophrenia and 2% schizotypal disorder. Thirty‐six per cent had ‘probable personality disorder’. Conduct disorder was found in 31% and 1% had a hyperkinetic disorder. Ten per cent had previous registered psychiatric contact.Conclusion: The prevalence of mental disorders was found substantially higher compared with literature of population‐based samples. With an association between mental disorders and violence, early detection and treatment of mental disorders in adolescent delinquents is of importance in the prevention of violence.
Asperger's disorder: a case report of repeated stealing and the collecting behaviours of an adolescent patient
Authors: Chen P. S. , Chen S. J. , Yang Y. K. , Yeh T. L. , Chen C. C. , Lo H. Y. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To discuss special behavioural problems shown by a patient with Asperger's disorder from adolescence onward.Method: The case and treatment of a 21‐year‐old male patient is described.Results: A 21‐year‐old male developed obstinate stealing behaviours when he was 17 years old. He was regarded as a schizophrenic at first, and was suspected of kleptomania later. Asperger's disorder was diagnosed after we reconsidered the relationship between the schizoid psychopathy in childhood and the stealing behaviours which occurred in adolescence.Conclusion: A wide variety of bizarre behaviours and so‐called borderline behaviours occur in late adolescence and adult life of patients with Asperger's disorder. But classic schizophrenia is very rare. Psychiatrists unacquainted with the clinical diagnosis/context may find it difficult to evaluate ‘concrete’, ‘childish’, or ‘bizarre’ symptoms in patients with Asperger's disorder, and thus are prone to misdiagnose them as having schizophrenia disorders or other similar disorders.
Functional and dysfunctional impulsivity: contribution to the construct validity
Authors: Caci H. , Nadalet L. , Baylé F. J. , Robert P. , Boyer P. 
Published: March 2003

Objective:Impulsivity has been found to be an important trait of personality, whose consequences are not always negative although available questionnaires focused on its ‘dysfunctional’ aspect.Method:Dickman's Functional and Dysfunctional Impulsivity questionnaire has been translated into French, and filled out by students. The tetrachoric correlation matrices were factor analysed.Results:The psychometric properties are very close to those of the English version, and we recovered both factors in males and females. The factor similarities between the genders (in our sample) and between the languages (English vs. French) are very good. The Dysfunctional scale is correlated with the Motor Impulsivity subscale of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, and both scales are grossly independent from Spielberger's Trait‐Anxiety Inventory.Conclusion:Our results support a two‐factor solution similar to the English one. Nevertheless, the validity of the functional factor remains to be investigated in further studies.
Emotional reactivity to daily life stress in psychosis and affective disorder: an experience sampling study
Authors: Myin‐Germeys I. , Peeters F. , Havermans R. , Nicolson N. A. , DeVries M. W. , Delespaul P. , Van Os J. 
Published: March 2003

Objective:  To investigate the emotional reactivity to small disturbances in daily life in patients with non‐affective psychosis (NAP), bipolar disorder (BD) and major depression [major depressive disorder (MDD)].Method:  Forty‐two patients with NAP, 38 with BD, 46 with MDD, and 49 healthy controls were studied with the experience sampling method to assess (i) appraised subjective stress of small disturbances in daily life and (ii) emotional reactivity, reflected in changes in positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA).Results:  Multilevel regression analyses showed an increase in NA in MDD, a decrease in PA in BD and both an increase in NA and a decrease in PA in NAP in association with the subjectively stressful situations, compared with the control subjects.Conclusion:  Individuals with NAP, MDD and BD display differences in emotional stress reactivity. Type of mood disorder may exert a pathoplastic effect on emotional reactivity in individuals with MDD and BD. Individuals with NAP may be most vulnerable to the effects of daily life stress.
Change of immunoglobulins and complement factors in patients with self‐injurious behaviour
Authors: Moe T. J. , Mykletun A. , Matre R. , Skovlund E. , Bassøe C‐F. , Dahl A. A. 
Published: March 2003

Objective:  As stress activates the inflammatory response system, and attempted suicide is connected with severe stress, we hypothesized that patients hospitalized for self‐injurious behaviour have changed immunocompetence.Method:  The concentration of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM, and the complement components C3 and C4 in 73 patients hospitalized for self‐injurious behaviour was compared with those of 122 healthy controls. The immunoglobulins and complement were quantified by nephelometric technique.Results:  The levels of IgG and IgM were significantly lower, and the complement C3 and C4 were significantly higher in self‐injurious patients compared with controls. This was valid in both genders and the effects did not interact with gender.Conclusions:  This controlled study showed that the concentrations of immunoglobulins were reduced and complement components were increased in patients who are admitted to hospital for self‐injurious behaviour.
Taking cognizance of mental illness in schizophrenics and its association with crime and substance‐related diagnoses
Authors: Munkner R. , Haastrup S. , Jørgensen T. , Andreasen A. H. , Kramp P. 
Published: March 2003

Objective:  To analyse how committed crimes and substance‐related diagnoses are associated with the age on the first contact with the psychiatric hospital system and the age at diagnosing of schizophrenia among schizophrenics.Method:  In a register‐based study including all Danes diagnosed with schizophrenia born after November 1, 1963, data on criminality, substance‐related diagnoses and contacts with the psychiatric hospital system were analysed.Results:  Compared with the non‐convicted schizophrenics the convicted were older on first contact with the psychiatric hospital system and older when the diagnosis of schizophrenia was first given. In contrast, having a substance‐related diagnosis was associated with a younger age on first contact but did not influence the age at which the diagnosis of schizophrenia was given.Conclusion:  It is important that both psychiatrists and the judicial system are aware of possible psychotic symptoms in criminal and abusing individuals to enable earlier detection and treatment.
Cerebral tissue alterations and daily life stress experience in psychosis
Authors: Marcelis M. , Myin‐Germeys I. , Suckling J. , Woodruff P. , Hofman P. , Bullmore E. , Delespaul P. , Van Os J. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To examine whether the total volumes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), cerebral grey matter and white matter were correlated with the experience of environmental stress in daily life situations.Method: Twenty‐seven patients with psychosis underwent magnetic resonance imaging scanning and a random time‐sampling self‐assessment technique (Experience Sampling Method) to determine subjective daily life stress experiences. Total cerebral tissue volumes were derived from an automated segmentation procedure.Results: CSF volume was positively associated with daily life event‐related stress (β=0.016, P=0.002), while the association with total white matter was negative (β=−0.013, P=0.005). The effects were independent of each other and of total cerebral volume and other confounders. No large or significant association was found with grey matter volume.Conclusion: Subjective stress experience in daily life is associated with increased CSF and reduced white matter volumes in patients with psychosis, suggesting functional significance of these cerebral measures.
Are patients with pituitary adenomas at an increased risk of mental disorders?
Authors: Korali Z. , Wittchen H. U. , Pfister H. , Höfler M. , Oefelein W. , Stalla G. K. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: Retrospective clinical studies suggest that patients with pituitary adenoma (PA) have an increased risk of mental disorders. However, empirical evidence for this hypothesis is deficient because of out‐dated methodology. Therefore, we investigated the occurrence of mental disorders in 93 patients with PA within a limited time frame of 2 years.Method: Patients were subjected to a comprehensive, standardized lifetime and cross‐sectional psychopathological symptom and diagnostic assessment, including an evaluation of psychosocial conditions and life events (CIDI, SCL‐90) during the past years.Results: We could not find an increased risk of mental disorders as compared with a representative population sample of 481 subjects matched by age and gender.Conclusion: As for our random sample, neither suffering from any type of PA nor the extent of the pituitary deficiency represent factors having significant effect on the risk of the subject to develop psychopathology as compared with the general population.
Does extra staff change clinical practice? A prospective study of the impact of extra resources in mental health teams
Authors: Kent A. , Fiander M. , Burns T. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To compare patterns of clinical activity amongst existing staff in two inner‐city community mental health teams before and after their enhancement with extra resources using a new activity schedule containing 11 comprehensive and mutually exclusive practice categories.Method: Patterns of clinical activity amongst existing members of two inner‐London community mental health teams were compared before and after the addition of extra resources.Results: The amount of time spent in face‐to‐face contact with patients and carers showed no meaningful change following team enhancement. Patterns of clinical activity amongst team members remained relatively static.Conclusion: Adding resources to community mental teams without considering how to target the time released amongst existing staff may reduce their capacity to work more innovatively.
Methodological pitfalls in early detection studies – the NAPE Lecture 2002
Authors: Friis S. , Larsen T. K. , Melle I. , Opjordsmoen S. , Johannessen J. O. , Haahr U. , Simonsen E. , Rund B. R. , Vaglum P. , McGlashan T. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To identify and discuss methodological pitfalls that may help explain why many questions around early detection (ED) and duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) are still unsolved.Method: This paper concentrates on pitfalls in the following areas: sampling, measurement and data analyses.Results: The main problems seem to be: Sampling: Referral bias, exclusion of patients, patient refusal, and patients lost to follow‐up. Measurement: Reliability, which is particularly cogent for multisite investigations, and validity, which includes: Start of illness, start of psychosis, diagnoses, start of treatment, the relationship between ED and DUP and choice of outcome measures.Data analyses:  Overlooking threshold effects of DUP, improper control for baseline scores, and lack of control for confounders.Conclusion: Methodological pitfalls may bias ED studies. Several pitfalls are unavoidable, but proper design and quality assurance can reduce their impact. Researchers ought to identify the pitfalls, and to estimate and discuss their influence.