bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brief report: Body water estimates in normally grown baboon neonates
Authors: Brans Yves W. , Kuehl Thomas J. , Hayashi Robert H. , Shannon Donna L. , Reyes Patty 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWater contents of various body water compartments were estimated within nine hours of birth in 11 preterm and eight term baboon (Papio cynocephalus neonates. Estimated water contents of all body compartments (in ml) increased linearly with birthweight (r = 0.52 to 0.90, P ≦ 0.007) and with gestational age (r = 0.46–0.94, P ≤ 0.05). When body water estimates were expressed in proportion to bodyweight (in ml/kg), preterm neonates had significantly larger mean antipyrine space and intracellular water than their term peers. Mean corrected bromide space, interstitial water, plasma volume, blood volume, and red cell volume were similar in preterm and term neonates. Although there are minor differences in body water contents and distribution between baboon and human neonates, baboon data are sufficiently similar to human data to justify using the baboon fetus and neonate as a model for investigations of human development.
Radioimmunoassay of somatomedin‐C in the baboon (Papio cynocephalus): A comparison of multiple techniques of measurement
Authors: Copeland K. C. , Johnson D. M. , Underwood L. E. , Van Wyk J. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study was undertaken to assess the nature of somatomedin‐C (SM‐C) in baboon (Papio cynocephalus) blood and to compare various methods for estimating SM‐C concentrations. Parallel dose‐response curves were obtained with normal baboon serum, normal human serum, and purified SM‐C. Recovery of purified SM‐C added to baboon serum over a wide dosage range (n = 17) was 111 ± 12%, with slightly better recovery at higher potencies. Chromatography of normal baboon serum on Sephadex G‐200 at neutral pH produced a profile similar to that observed in the human, as did samples chromatographed on Sephadex G‐50 in acid. Although the SM‐C content in acid chromatographed plasma was approximately 2.5 times higher than in native unprocessed plasma, there was excellent correlation between the values (r = 0.9143, p < 0.0001). The SM‐C in baboon plasma which had been preincubated with glycine HCl was approximately twice that of unprocessed plasma, but the correlation between the two methods was excellent (r = 0.9593, p < 0.0001). The correlation between values obtained after simple acid‐ethanol extraction and those observed in unextracted plasma were also significant (r = 0.7689, p < 0.0001). Following a series of four injections of human growth hormone (hGH) to a normal baboon, plasma SM‐C rose approximately sevenfold above the initial concentration and returned to basal levels five days after the final injection. These studies show that although the radioimmunoassay (RIA) for SM‐C in unprocessed baboon plasma does not measure all of the SM‐C present, it provides a reliable index of the total SM‐C concentration and reflects GH status in the baboon.
Mirror‐image responses in pygmy marmosets (Cebuella pygmaea)
Authors: Eglash Anne R. , Snowdon Charles T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOnly a few nonhuman species (chimpanzees and orangutans) have displayed mirror‐image recognition of themselves by grooming at a spot that can only be seen with the mirror. Pygmy marmosets have never been observed to self‐groom, but they do behave toward mirrors in a manner suggestive of the early stages of mirror‐image recognition. They displayed a rapid extinction of social threat responses to their own image and of novelty responses to mirrors, but continued to show mirror‐specific responses such as following their own image, playing peek‐a‐boo, and looking at their image throughout a 28‐day period of mirror exposure. The pygmy marmosets used a mirror to locate otherwise unseen conspecifics from other groups and directed threat responses toward the real location of these animals rather than to their mirror‐image. Pygmy marmosets displayed the precursor behaviors to mirror‐image recognition.
Food choice from endemic North Carolina tree species by captive prosimians (Lemur fulvus)
Authors: Glander Kenneth E. , Rabin Dori P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSeven captive‐born lemurs (Lemur fulvus) at the Duke University Primate Center were presented with leaves of different maturity from five species of North Carolina trees. The animals demonstrated three distinct behaviors toward the novel plant material. They sniffed, tasted, and/or ingested it. New leaves were sniffed, but little tasting and ingestion was observed. Intermediate pine needles were sniffed and ingested but little tasted. Mature leaves were sniffed equally, but the mature leaves of tulip trees and honeysuckle were tasted significantly more than pine, sweetgum, and red maple. Pine, sweetgum, and red maple were ingested significantly more than tulip trees and honeysuckle. Male lemurs ate significantly more mature pine needles and new sweetgum leaves than did the females. Chemical analysis of these plant materials indicated that the new and mature leaves of tulip tree and honeysuckle contained alkaloids. Captive‐born lemurs apparently use their sense of smell and taste in choosing what to eat and seem just as capable as free‐ranging animals in finding food when faced with the chemical defenses that protect trees from insect predation.
Brief report: Circadian variation in insulin response in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)
Authors: Meis Paul J. , Rose James C. , Sperling Mark A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAmong a group of African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), plasma insulin concentrations were greater following either intravenous (IV) glucose infusion or oral feeding at 0800 compared with IV glucose or oral feeding at 1700. Glucose clearance rates after IV infusion were similar at the two test times. Insulin/glucose ratios were greater following either IV glucose infusion or oral feeding at 0800 compared with 1700. These circadian variations in plasma insulin response are similar to reports of human studies and suggest this nonhuman primate species may be an appropriate animal model for chronobiological metabolic studies.
Attacks on neonates by a male mangabey (Cercocebus atys)
Authors: Busse Curt D. , Gordon Thomas P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAggressive behavior by an adult male toward selected infants and their mothers was observed during a long‐term study of reproduction in a captive social group of sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys). The highest‐ranking adult male in this group was observed to attack and bite three neonates out of a total of 13 infants born in 1982. All three attacks were directed attacks in which infants were grabbed from their mothers and bitten in the head. The first infant was fatally injured; the other two probably would have sustained fatal wounds had the male's canines not been blunted beforehand and had observers not intervened. The attacks were preceded by a pattern in which the male persistently stalked or chased the mother‐infant pairs, a behavior first observed in the hours immediately following parturition. Unlike attacks in wild baboon groups following male immigration, these attacks on infants occurred in a stable social group in which the male attacker had been a lifelong resident. This male, however, had gained alpha rank only 3 months before attacking the first infant. These attacks, in the context of other evidence of aggression and wounding, are discussed relative to current models of infanticide in primates.
Infant carrying by adult male mangabeys (Cercocebus atys)
Authors: Busse Curt D. , Gordon Thomas P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSixty‐five interactions where an adult male carried an infant in the proximity of a second male were observed during a 19‐mo period in a captive sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys) social group. The behavior was distributed nonrandomly in both the adult male and infant classes. In all but three of the interactions, the recently deposed alpha male carried an infant in the presence of the newly ascendant dominant male. In the first phase of the study, infants that were carried included the entire unweaned infant cohort (n = 5) born before the rank reversal. The rate of carrying in this class declined as a function of increasing infant age and time since the rank reversal. Infant carrying was not observed in the context of fighting, which was rare, and intermale aggression never preceded the behavior. However, in 40% of the cases, carrying occurred after an infant had been threatened by the dominant male. These results suggest that infant carrying served to protect the infant from aggression rather than to exploit the infant as an agonistic buffer. The data did not unequivocally support the postulate that carrying may be a form of paternal care since paternity could not be assessed. The similar structural and contextual patterns of infant carrying in this species suggest a common origin for triadic male‐infant interactions in mangabeys and baboons.
The effect of social environment on estrogen excretion, scent marking, and sociosexual behavior in tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)
Authors: French Jeffrey A. , Abbott David H. , Snowdon Charles T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe influence of various social environments on estrogen excretion, scent marking, and the expression of sociosexual behavior was examined in cotton‐top tamarins (Sanguinus o. oedipus). Behavioral observations and urine collections were conducted on five females while first housed in their natal family group or in the presence of another cycling adult female and then while housed with an unrelated adult male in a separate cage. Behavioral observations only were conducted on males in natal family groups and while housed with an unrelated adult female. Levels of urinary estrone and estradiol for females were measured by specific radioimmunoassays. Females housed in family groups or in the presence of an adult cycling female showed low and noncyclic patterns of estrogen excretion. Removal from these environments resulted in a rapid increase in urinary estrone and estradiol and three of five females demonstrated cyclic patterns of estrone excretion. Rates of anogenital marking in females were elevated after the social change, and sexual interactions, virtually absent in the original environments, were observed in all five females. In males, similar manipulations of the social environment affected the expression of sexual behavior, but not scent marking. The social environment, therefore has a profound impact on fertility and sociosexual behavior in cotton‐top tamarin groups, with implications for callitrichid social structure and behavior.
Social influences on estrogen excretion and ovarian cyclicity in saddle back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis)
Authors: Epple Gisela , Katz Yair 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects of different social living conditions on estrogen excretion and on the ovarian cycle of saddle back tamarins were investigated. Urinary estrogens were monitored as indices of ovarian cyclicity in groups of adult females living under the following experimental conditions: (1) five parous females, each living with an adult castrated male (in one of the females plasma estradiol and progesterone were also measured); (2) five adult daughters living with their families. Each daughter was then removed from her family and paired with a vasectomized male. After pairing, scent marks collected from the family were introduced daily to one of the daughters and her mate. Scent exposure was then discontinued and hormone excretion measured for several weeks. The remaining four daughters were not exposed to family scent. The females living with castrated males showed urinary estrogen cycles of an average length of 17.5 ± 1.0 days. The plasma estrogen cycle was of the same length. The females studied under condition 2 showed low, noncycling estrogen levels while living in their families. They responded to pairing with an increase in the level of urinary estrogens, and four out of five showed regular estrogen cyclicity. The fifth female exposed to family scent marks after pairing also showed an increase in urinary estrogens. However, as long as scent transfer was maintained, no cycle was observed. Estrogen excretion increased again, and cyclicity commenced when scent transfer was discontinued. It is concluded that ovarian estrogen production is suppressed and cyclicity does not occur as long as daughters live in their families. Release from suppression and perhaps stimulation by the male cause a rapid increase in estrogen levels and the onset of cyclicity. Chemical stimuli produced by the family, perhaps particularly by the mother, may be involved in reproductive suppression.
Male endocrine responses to females: Effects of social cues in cynomolgus macaques
Authors: Glick Barbara Beckerman 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study tested the hypothesis that the hormonal responses of male macaques to sexually receptive females are mediated by specific socioenvironmental cues. Twelve, socially living male Macaca fascicularis were exposed to two‐ovariectomized, estrogen‐primed females under pair test, peer group, and peer group without dominant male conditions. Preexposure to postexposure changes in serum cortisol levels and testosterone levels were examined in relation to male dominance rank, age, and conditions of access to stimulus females. The males displayed significantly lower cortisol increases and greater testosterone increases with females under peer group than pair test conditions. Dominant males displayed greater testosterone increases than subordinate males under peer group conditions. The testosterone levels of subordinate males were greatly enhanced by removing the dominant male from each group. Adult males displayed greater cortisol responsivity to changes in conditions of access to females than did subadult males. Subadult males displayed greater testosterone responsivity to removal of the dominant male from the group than did adult males. It is concluded that specific social cues can greatly influence the endocrine responses of males to receptive females, and further, that there may be optimal socioenvironmental parameters for eliciting testosterone increases in male primates.
Evidence for insectivory in two primate species (Callicebus torquatus lugens and Lagothrix lagothricha lagothricha) from northwestern Amazonia
Authors: Milton Katharine , Nessimian Jorge L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractInsects were recovered and identified from stomach contents of two Callicebus torquatus lugens and one Lagothrix lagothricha lagothricha collected in a remote area of northwestern Amazonia. Both C. torquatus lugens showed little insect matter in stomach contents. Conversely, a minimum of 133 individual insects were recovered from stomach contents of the L. lagothricha lagothricha. These included various larger, rapid forms (Cicadellidae) unlikely to have been inadvertently consumed while the animal was eating fruit.
Effects of sibling‐rearing experience on future reproductive success in two species of callitrichidae
Authors: Tardif Suzette D. , Richter Conrad B. , Carson Robert L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe survival rate for offspring of mothers who either had or did not have previous experience rearing younger siblings was compared in two callitrichid species, Callithrix jacchus and Saguinus oedipus. Offspring of mothers with sibling‐rearing experience had a higher survival percentage than offspring of inexperienced mothers in both species. While 50–60% of offspring of inexperienced C. jacchus mothers survived, no offspring of inexperienced S. oedipus mothers survived. The results suggest that sibling‐rearing experience is necessary for adequate maternal behavior in S. oedipus, but not necessary to the development of maternal behavior in C. jacchus. Effects of previous sibling‐rearing experience of S. oedipus fathers on offspring survival were also examined. Whether the father had rearing experience was not related to the survival of their offspring.
Ontogeny of mirror behavior in two species of great apes
Authors: Robert S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMirror image reactions of two infant apes, a female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and a male orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), born at the Zoo de Vincennes and the Jardin des Plantes of Paris, France, respectively, were studied and compared with those of children. Self‐recognition was also tested following 46.5 hours of mirror exposure by application of red marks on parts of the body invisible to the animal without the aid of the mirror. Results indicated that the behavior of the two young apes followed a developmental trend similar to that of human babies. At the end of the study, the female chimpanzee (11 months of age) expressed social behavior, searched for the image behind the mirror, and showed interest in imaged movement. The orangutan (2 years and 5 months old) had begun to test movement synchronism and to display self‐directed behaviors. The tests of self‐recognition yielded negative results in both animals.
A visual exploration apparatus for infant monkeys
Authors: Levin Edward D. , Boehm Kirk M. , Hagquist William W. , Bowman Robert E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn apparatus was constructed to study visual exploration in infant rhesus macaques. It consisted of an enclosed two‐chamber box with a peephole at each end. The floor was made of stainless steel bars, and the walls and top were made of Plexiglas covered with Masonite. The peepholes were recessed in alcoves. An infrared photobeam crossed the alcoves in front of each peephole so that whenever the monkey looked out its head broke the photobeam. Slides of complex scenes were projected on back‐lit frosted plexiglas screens. The monkey's position in the box was monitored by its resistance across the floor bars. Whenever the monkey went from one side of the box to the other, a new slide was projected on the side just entered. The session progressed until either 40 slides had been displayed on each side or 30 minutes had elapsed. The primary behavioral measures taken were session length, number of slides displayed, time spent looking, number of looks, and time spent looking at the first slide on each side. Serveral other performance measures were derived from these basic measures: time looked/slide, number of looks/slide, and average length of look (time looked/number of looks). The monkeys readily performed in this apparatus, looking out through the peepholes for an average of about 14% of each session with attentional episodes of just under 3 seconds. This apparatus has proven useful for automatically measuring visual exploration behavior in infant monkeys and can be readily adapted for use in many types of studies.
Measurement of body segment mass, center of gravity, and determination of moments of inertia by double pendulum in Lemur fulvus
Authors: Wells James P. , DeMenthon Daniel F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe collection of data on physical parameters of body segments is a preliminary critical step in studying the biomechanics of locomotion. Little data on nonhuman body segment parameters has been published. The lack of standardization of techniques for data collection and presentation has made the comparative use of these data difficult and at times impossible. This study offers an approach for collecting data on center of gravity and moments of inertia for standardized body segments. The double swing pendulum approach is proposed as a solution for difficulties previously encountered in calculating moments of inertia for body segments. A format for prompting a computer to perform these calculations is offered, and the resulting segment mass data for Lemur fulvus is presented.
Female social dominance and basal metabolism in a malagasy primate, Propithecus verreauxi
Authors: Richard Alison F. , Nicoll M. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTight energetic constraints on reproductively active females are hypothesized to be an important determinant of the phenomenon of female dominance in Propithecus verreauxi, a primate endemic to Madagascar. Five wild sifakas were captured in the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve in southern Madagascar, and resting metabolic rates (RMR) were measured. Levels were low, as predicted, with the exception of a possibly pregnant female.; Although the data were not conclusive, they were consistent with the hypothesis.
Reproduction in the crowned lemur (Lemur coronatus) in captivity
Authors: Kappeler Peter M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFour pairs of captive crowned lemurs (Lemur coronatus) were studied during their annual breeding season in order to obtain baseline data on their reproductive biology for comparison with other Lemur species and to enhance their captive breeding success. Vaginal smears, testicular measurements, and records of the Duke University Primate Center provided the presented data. During a single breeding season, females cycled an average of three times, with an average cycle length of 34 days. Cycles were detected between November and March. Vaginal estrus and copulations were limited to one day per cycle. After 125 days of gestation females gave birth to one or two young. Both sexes attained sexual maturity at an age of about 20 months. Mean male testis size peaked in late December; at the same time, three of the females experienced their first estrus. Based on all available data, there was a significant positive correlation between cycle length and gestation length in the genus Lemur.
Effects of age, rearing, and separation stress on immunoglobulin levels in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Scanlan James M. , Coe Christopher L. , Latts Adam , Suomi Stephen J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe study reported here examined the effect of different rearing conditions and psychological stress on immunoglobulin levels in rhesus monkey infants. In the first experiment, 24 rhesus neonates were placed in one of the three following rearing conditions: Separated from their mothers and reared in the laboratory nursery; kept with their biological mothers; or removed at birth from their biological mothers and cross‐fostered to adoptive rhesus mothers. Plasma samples were obtained from the nursery‐reared infants immediately after birth and at weekly intervals for the next 30 days. Samples were also obtained from mother‐reared and foster‐reared infants on days 15 and 29. All samples were tested for IgG and IgM levels. The results indicated that neither rearing nor diet affected Ig levels. IgG levels were highest at birth and decreased progressively for the first 30 days, suggesting that placental transfer of maternal IgG is the critical determinant of IgG levels in primate infants as in humans. IgM changes were also similar to those in human infants: Low levels at birth, a significant increase from birth to day 15, and a moderate decline from day 15 to day 30. When IgG levels and IgM levels were correlated across the first month, many significant correlations were found which were consistent with human data relating both infant IgG and IgM levels to infant maturation. In the second experiment, 11 of the previously tested nursery infants were subjected to four consecutive social separations from peer groups at 6 months of age. Plasma samples were obtained before and after the first and fourth weeks of separation and tested for IgG and IgM levels. Small but significant decreases in both immunoglobulins were detected after 4 days of separation, particularly on the fourth week.