bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explaining Addiction
Authors: Flanagan Owen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Understanding and explaining addiction require a credible view of the mind-body relationship, the relation of the conscious mind to unconscious mental processes and to an individual’s life history. The chapter offers such a theory, subjective realism. Subjective realism insists we are animals, material beings, but that there are two different modes of access to mind, one objective, one subjective. Subjective realism is metaphysically entirely naturalistic (no immaterial mental states), but epistemically dualist, which entails the necessity of the subjective point of view. Addiction is a psychobiosocial behavioral disorder that requires cooperation across the sciences, anthropology, sociology, psychology, and neuroscience, which we call the extended natural method. Many examples are provided.
Willing Addiction
Authors: Flanagan Owen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We distinguish among willing addicts, unwilling addicts, and resigned addicts. Unwilling addicts want to undo their addiction but have not as yet found a way out. Resigned addicts wanted and tried to undo their addiction but have thrown in the towel. Willing addicts prefer, all things considered, to live their lives as addicts. Some question whether willing addicts exist. The chapter provides six examples, some of well-known people, who are willing addicts. This existence of willing addicts matters to the science and the ethics of addiction. Willing addicts are in whatever brain states addicts are allegedly in, but for them they do not judge that their addiction is bad. The existence of unwilling and resigned addicts, the large majority of addicts, call upon us to develop ethical, medical, and public policies that undo their terrible suffering.
The Phenomenal Authority of Alcoholics Anonymous
Authors: Flanagan Owen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Alcoholics Anonymous speaks with authority and confidence about the nature, causes, and cure (such as there is one) of alcoholism and, in its progeny Narcotics Anonymous (NA), for other substance addictions, not just narcotic addiction. Two-thirds of treatment programs in North America are based on AA twelve-step principles. AA began not as a scientific or medical program. It began as an offshoot from an early twentieth-century Christian perfectionist movement. Many experts think that what AA and NA say about the nature of addicts and what ails them, and about what addiction is, is largely false, but that nonetheless AA and NA work. The chapter explores the extraordinary influence of AA and NA on the theory and treatment of addiction; whether what AA and NA say about addicts and addiction is true or not; and how AA could work even if they are false.
Evaluativity
Authors: Stojanovic Isidora 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
While traditional philosophy of language focuses on the use of language to convey factual information, there has been an increasing interest in how we use language to convey values and emotions. This chapter is devoted to evaluative language. It articulates two approaches to evaluativity: one approach that relies on the notion of (positive or negative) valence and another approach that appeals to (essentially gradable) value scales. The chapter then discusses a series of linguistic criteria that delineate evaluative terms, and compares evaluativity to the closely related notion of subjectivity. The chapter concludes by outlining further research issues for the topic.
The Metatheoretic Foundation for Racial Epithets
Authors: Hom Christopher , May Robert 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
There is an underappreciated historical–theoretical divide in literature on racial epithets. On one side is cognitivism: the view that racial epithets should be explained via semantic, truth-conditional content; on the other, non-cognitivism: the view that racial epithets should be explained via content that is somehow pragmatic or expressive. The philosophical literature has overwhelmingly sided with the second. We counteract this trend by pointing out that much of the non-cognitivist criticism of cognitivism commits what we call the framework fallacy (FF), basically to assume one’s framework in order to criticize the other. The two major, cross-theoretical arguments are the projection argument (against cognitivism) and the racist Frege puzzle (against non-cognitivism). In offering an assessment of each, we argue that the first commits the FF, while the second does not. This shows that, from the appropriately abstracted point of view, the final theoretical tally favors a cognitivist explanation of racial epithets.
The Language of Secrecy
Authors: Johnson Paul Christopher 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Secrecy and graded access to knowledge are key dimensions of many forms of ritual. Secrets are rarely revealed as denotative content, however. More often secrets are referred to obliquely, spoken about, hinted at, referred to in coded terms, or couched in esoteric or other forms of non-vernacular speech. Secrets may also be described in locative terms both spatial and temporal—the secret is “in that room,” or from another time. The chapter considers how secrets entail constant linguistic deferrals and displacements in ritual contexts, and how secrets are at once a part of language and made by language.
Global Traveling Realisms from Literature to Film
Authors: Holland Kate 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines the narrative and ethical influences of Russian realism (Fedor Dostoevskii, Lev Tolstoi, and Anton Chekhov) on New Turkish Cinema and on Iranian new wave cinema. While Turkish film directors Nuri Bilge Ceylan and Zeki Demirkubuz openly acknowledge their engagement with Chekhov and Dostoevskii, second wave Iranian auteurs Abbas Kiarostami and Mohsen Makhmalbaf and third wave directors Jafar Panahi and Asghar Farhadi engage with Russian realism more obliquely. Nineteenth-century Russia shares with late twentieth and twenty-first-century Turkey and Iran anxieties about art’s relationship to power as well as its ability to represent a world fragmented by rapid modernization. The chapter traces the historical and cultural parallels of the Russian, Ottoman, and Persian Empires, seeing them as the source for the similar preoccupations of Russian realist literature and Turkish and Iranian cinema. They share Dostoevskian themes of incarceration, philosophical nihilism, suicide, and power relations; Chekhovian themes of small-town loneliness and communication breakdown in human relationships; and Tolstoian visions of finding other ways of living on the periphery, as well as similar ideological situations like art’s resistance in the face of state censorship. The chapter shows how the aesthetic and ethical structures of Russian realism prove themselves to be surprisingly durable at the turn of the twenty-first century in the Middle East.
Boccaccio and the Decameron
Authors: Olson K. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Eroticism is inextricable from Boccaccio’s poetic experimentation in the Decameron and its iconic status as a collection of ribald tales. This chapter considers the Decameron’s erotic language through the lens of modern anti-vice societies and censorship legislation in the US and the UK from the early twentieth century. Taking inspiration from the “whole book” measurement adopted by the judiciary, this chapter analyzes the figurative language employed throughout the tales of the Third Day. At different points in the frame narrative, the Authorial voice defends the instances of erotic language in the brigata’s tales. Early Italian and English readers scrutinized the Decameron for its sexual content, leading to omissions or rewritings of the frame narrative and select novelle by redactors, editors, and translators. Many centuries later, modern English translators incorporated aspects of the Authorial definition of obscenity to explain the Decameron’s content in their prefatory materials. Such interpretations of Boccaccio’s erotic language by authors and translators in the early twentieth century gave new life to the Decameron as world literature.
Emotions and Interpersonal Diplomacy
Authors: Wong Seanon S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
It would be impossible to think of any negotiation—including those that happen between leaders and officials in the world of diplomacy—that does not involve emotions. Even a lack of emotional expressions may be a statement. Yet, in international relations, scholars coming from a wide range of theoretical traditions and approaches—neorealism, neoliberalism, rationalism, constructivism, and more recent works on the “micro” processes of diplomacy—have construed the role and explanatory significance of emotions in interpersonal diplomacy very differently. Some consider them crucial; others dismiss them as epiphenomenal and therefore nonessential to make sense of world politics. This chapter details their reasoning and shortcomings. In addition, it outlines three areas for future research: understanding the cultural context of interactions, the relationship between public and private audiences, and the need for methodological innovation.
Sidney and Animals
Authors: Raber Karen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The recent ‘animal turn’ in literary studies has inspired the articulation of the concept of zoopoetics, described by Aaron Moe as the idea that animals ‘dwell imaginatively, rhetorically and culturally on the earth’ and that poetry can be understood as a ‘multispecies event’. As Derrida observes, in The Animal That Therefore I Am the question of ‘the animal’ has always been a question of language: who claims possession of it, who practises recognisable versions of it, who is language’s ‘prey’, and who or what is inscribed by it. Through an analysis that focuses on Kalander’s hunt and Philisides’ ‘Ister Bank’ eclogue in the Arcadia, the chapter argues that Sidney practises a version of zoopoetics: his works demonstrate that—while metaphor and symbolism may be the primary and problematic processes by which animals are made present in poetic discourse—forms of poetic language can emerge from and among animals and poets in acts of co-creation.
Reading Sidney
Authors: Fallon Samuel 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores Sidney’s reception from three angles. First, it traces the circulation of his writings, from coterie to manuscript network to print, arguing that their prestige was shaped by a persistent tension between popularity and exclusivity. Second, it examines the ideologies of class and gender that shaped Sidney’s reception, as his works became available to non-elite readers, and as the Arcadia entered the crowded market of romance, a genre associated with women readers. Third, it considers the range of reading practices that Sidney’s writings inspired, from recreative immersion to pragmatic fragmentation to imitative expansion. Early modern readers mined his texts for commonplaces; they detected subtextual allegories; they wrote continuations of the Arcadia themselves. Sidney’s reception indexes the major fault lines of early modern reading: the intersection of manuscript and print cultures, the overlap of elite and non-elite reading, and the proliferation of different modes of interpretation and book use.
A New Structural Basis of Dutch Voting Behaviour?
Authors: Harteveld Eelco , van der Pas Daphne 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines realignment in Dutch politics and investigates the influence of social divisions on citizens’ political choices. It explores the erosion of traditional cleavages rooted in religion and class, and the emergence of new structural foundations for political competition. It focuses on education, urbanity, gender, race/ethnicity, and age as predictors of vote choice, drawing on comparative and Dutch literature. The chapter provides a literature review on the role of these social attributes in Dutch politics and presents longitudinal data on the changing association between social attributes and vote choice. These suggest that social alignment in the Dutch context is characterized by both change and continuity. There is stability in the continued importance of religion and class, while tertiary education has gained importance as a factor structuring political behaviour, and ethnicity seemingly plays an increasing role. Overall, the chapter contributes to understanding realignment in Dutch politics and its implications for political behaviour.
General Yet Unequal Substantive Representation in the Netherlands
Authors: Schakel Wouter , Hakhverdian Armèn 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter reviews substantive representation in Dutch politics—that is, the link between public preferences and political outcomes. It describes how scholars have used a range of measures and approaches to operationalize this relationship. Studies of ideological congruence show relatively high levels of overlap between mass- and elite-level attitudes, although representatives tend to be more economically right wing and culturally left wing than the general electorate. In a similar vein, studies of responsiveness reveal that public policy responds to public opinion, albeit more so to the preferences of richer and academically trained citizens. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain these patterns of general yet unequal representation, including a lack of descriptive representation, differences in participation, and government composition. The chapter closes by highlighting some priorities for a future research agenda on these matters.
The Politics of Dutch Climate Change Mitigation Policy
Authors: Groen Lisanne , Huitema Dave 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter considers the political dynamics of Dutch climate policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. The main question that this chapter answers is: how have these policies evolved since the 1980s, and how can the developmental pattern be understood and explained? The authors conclude that in the political and bureaucratic arenas where climate policy is made, economic interests have often received greater weight than sustainability concerns. Although the Dutch made a fast start and were an important actor internationally, implementation of lofty goals has been and continues to be the Achilles heel of Dutch climate policy. More recently, the Dutch courts have become more active in this domain and have effectively required greater levels of government activity. At present, there is less disagreement about the goals that need to be attained, but polarization is still evident regarding the concrete policies to be introduced to achieve these goals.
International and Domestic Security Policy in the Netherlands
Authors: Koops Joachim A. , Muller Erwin R. , Bakker Edwin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines the policy field of and scholarship on Dutch security policy in both the domestic and international contexts. It focuses on two core subsectors: national security approaches to tackling terrorism and the Dutch approach to external security (in relation to its role within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union, and United Nations (UN) security policies). On the former, it documents evolution from the rude awakening to the realities of terrorism that the Dutch experienced in the 1970s, when the country experienced several traumatic episodes, and responses had to be largely improvised, to the institutionalized, multifaceted, institutionally complex, and internationally embedded ‘broad approach’ of the present era. On the latter, it reviews the evolution of the Dutch engagement with NATO, the European Common Defence and Security Policy, and the UN’s peacekeeping operations.
Dating the bacterial tree of life based on ancient symbiosis
Authors: Wang Sishuo , Luo Haiwei 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Obtaining a timescale for bacterial evolution is crucial to understand early life evolution but is difficult owing to the scarcity of bacterial fossils. Here, we introduce multiple new time constraints to calibrate bacterial evolution based on ancient symbiosis. This idea is implemented using a bacterial tree constructed with genes found in the mitochondrial lineages phylogenetically embedded within Proteobacteria. The expanded mitochondria-bacterial tree allows the node age constraints of eukaryotes established by their abundant fossils to be propagated to ancient co-evolving bacterial symbionts and across the bacterial tree of life. Importantly, we formulate a new probabilistic framework that considers uncertainty in inference of the ancestral lifestyle of modern symbionts to apply 19 relative time constraints (RTC) each informed by host-symbiont association to constrain bacterial symbionts no older than their eukaryotic host. Moreover, we develop an approach to incorporating substitution mixture models that better accommodate substitutional saturation and compositional heterogeneity for dating deep phylogenies. Our analysis estimates that the last bacterial common ancestor (LBCA) occurred approximately 4.0-3.5 billion years ago (Ga), followed by rapid divergence of major bacterial clades. It is generally robust to alternative root ages, root positions, tree topologies, fossil ages, ancestral lifestyle reconstruction, gene sets, among other factors. The obtained timetree serves as a foundation for testing hypotheses regarding bacterial diversification and its correlation with geobiological events across different timescales.
Comparison of transcutaneous bilirubin under patch-covered skin with total serum bilirubin in neonates undergoing phototherapy
Authors: Charan Krishna , Chaurasia Suman , Priyadarshi Mayank , Singh Poonam , Naithani Manisha , Bhat Nowneet Kumar , Basu Sriparna 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Transcutaneous bilirubinometry (TcB) is a recognized tool to monitor neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, demonstrating a high correlation with total serum bilirubin (TSB) before phototherapy. However, once phototherapy is started, TcB may become unreliable. To evaluate the correlation and agreement of TcB measured under variously patched skin at different sites (a coin over the sternum, eye shield over the forehead, and diaper area at the back) with TSB. One hundred and ten neonates requiring phototherapy were enrolled. TcB was noted at the three sites using a Drager JM-105 bilirubinometer. TSB was measured before and after phototherapy. Paired t-test, correlation, and Bland–Altman limits of agreement (LOA) analysis were performed. Before phototherapy, the mean TcB values (mg/dl) at the forehead, sternum, and back were 14.4 ± 3.25, 14.8 ± 3.06, and 12.05 ± 3.05, respectively, compared to TSB of 14.71 ± 3.35. All three sites showed a strong positive correlation between TcB and TSB, and the range of LOA (mg/dl) was the narrowest over the sternum (−2.99, 3.18). After phototherapy, the mean TcB values at the forehead, sternum, and back were 8.97 ± 2.98, 10.27 ± 2.87, and 7.92 ± 2.29, respectively, compared to the TSB of 10.78 ± 2.70. A decrease in correlation between TcB and TSB was noted over all the sites, with the best correlation remaining over the sternum (0.83). To conclude, the sternum showed the best LOA (−3.74, 2.73) among the three patch-covered sites. TcB at sternum with coin-patch displayed the best correlation and agreement with TSB, before and after phototherapy compared to the forehead and back.
The changing landscape of emergency contraception
Authors: Hellier Susan 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT
NPs play a pivotal role in preventing unintended pregnancies in the US. This article provides a comprehensive update on emergency contraception (EC) trends, emphasizing the persistent challenge of reducing unintended pregnancies—a key health priority in the Healthy People 2030 initiative. Despite a declining trend in unintended pregnancy rates from 2010 to 2019, national goals have not been met, and healthcare disparities persist. NPs should be aware of EC methods and prescribing implications. In addition, NPs should be aware of ongoing research focusing on EC options such as levonorgestrel intrauterine devices and the promising addition of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors to oral EC options.
A Military–Civilian Training Partnership for Army Nurses
Authors: Danford Joseph R. , Hearn Kayla , Barrigan Cynthia , Bickett Elisa , Dennis Bradley M. , Stinner Daniel J. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT

Background:
In 2018, the U.S. Army Surgeon General created the Army Medical Department Military-Civilian Trauma Team Training (AMCT3) program to enhance the clinical proficiency of medical personnel serving on Army trauma teams called forward resuscitative surgical detachments (FRSDs). FRSDs provide resuscitative and surgical care to wounded patients in the deployed environment until they can be medically evacuated to a higher level of care. Through AMCT3, FRSD personnel work at civilian trauma centers while not deployed in order to maintain their combat casualty care competency.

Purpose:
This article describes an innovative nursing-specific AMCT3 program model in which Army nurses serving on an FRSD are embedded within a level 1 trauma center for a 3-year assignment. The goal of the program, which was established at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) in Nashville, Tennessee, is to improve participants' clinical proficiency and skills in preparation for the next major military conflict, with the aim of reducing preventable battlefield deaths.

Methods:
The VUMC Military Affairs Committee, in consultation with Army medical leaders, developed a unique 3-part model for a nursing partnership program at VUMC. This model includes separate tracks for critical care and emergency nurses. The nurses receive training in their specialty, cross-training in the opposite track, and other professional development opportunities. A critical care nurse and an emergency nurse were assigned to the program in January 2022 and September 2022, respectively.

Results:
Between January 2022 and June 2023, the critical care nurse completed all the required individual critical task lists—specialty-specific clinical skills Army medical personnel must be competent in before deployment—except for 1, obtaining intra-abdominal pressure.

Conclusion:
The VUMC AMCT3 nursing partnership training model ensures that Army nurses are highly prepared to function as part of the FRSD and to provide superior combat casualty care in a resource-limited environment.