bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor localization in the brain of a weakly electric fish (Apteronotus leptorhynchus) with emphasis on the electrosensory system
Authors: Berman Neil J. , Hincke Maxwell T. , Maler Leonard 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInositol 1, 4, 5‐trisphosphate is a widespread intracellular second messenger that mobilizes intracellular Ca2+ stores. The inositol 1, 4, 5‐trisphosphate receptor involved is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum in neurons. In mammalian brain, inositol 1, 4, 5‐trisphosphate receptor‐containing neurons are found in many diverse regions, with cerebellar Purkinje cells containing the highest density of these receptors.We used immunohistochemical methods to identify the distribution of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor‐containing neurons in the brain of the weakly electric fish and Western blotting to confirm that a protein similar to the inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor of mammalian brain was recognized in the fish brain.In the telencephelon, the dorsal forebrain regions had low amounts of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor. In the diencephalon, only the nucleus tuberis posterior was moderately immunoreactive. In the mesencephalon, only the optic tectum contained cells with intense immunoreactivity, similar to our findings for the ryanodine receptor (G. K. H. Zupanc, J. A. Airey, L. Maler, J. Sutko, and M. H. Ellisman, 1992, J. Comp. Neurol. 325:135–151), which also mobilizes intracellular calcium. In the rhombencephalon, a subset of the pyramidal cells of the electrosensory lateral line lobe contained inositol 1, 4, 5‐trisphosphate receptor. These cells have been shown to contain ryanodine receptor (Zupanc et al., 1992). However, unlike the ryanodine receptor, the distribution of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor in these cells is constrained to the soma and proximal dendrites. This compartmentalization may indicate the limit of the range of second‐messenger action. Other regions containing immunoreactive cells were the nucleus praeminentialis dorsalis (multipolar and boundary cells), nucleus medialis and crista cerebellaris, and the cerebellum, whose Purkinje cells were the most intensely labeled. The functional implications of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor localization in the electrosensory lateral line lobe are discussed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embryonic development of central nervous system myelination in a reptilian species, Eumeces fasciatus
Authors: Nadon Nancy L. , Crotzer David R. , Stewart James R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe myelin proteolipid proteins are a vital component of the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS), contributing essential functions to the development of the myelinating cells of the CNS and to the structure of CNS myelin. Alternative splicing of the proteolipid protein (PLP) gene to produce two related isoforms occurs in Mammalia, Ayes, and Reptilia, but not Amphibia. As part of a long‐term investigation into the function of the different isoforms of PLP, embryonic development, myelination, and PLP gene expression in reptilian CNS were examined. PLP gene expression was already substantial by day 19 (stage 39) of the 27‐day Eumeces fasciatus egg incubation period. By day 21 of incubation, also stage 39, PLP mRNA was at peak levels; there was a significant amount of CNS myelination as demonstrated by electron microscopy of the spinal cord; and the reflexive motor response was evident. Although most axons were myelinated by the time of hatching, myelin sheaths continued to increase in size and compactness after hatching. The correlation of physiological development, CNS myelination, and expression of the PLP gene in the lizard corresponded well with the developmental pattern seen in mammals. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
Amygdala efferents form inhibitory‐type synapses with a subpopulation of catecholaminergic neurons in the rat nucleus tractus solitarius
Authors: Pickel V. M. , Van Bockstaele E. J. , Chan J. , Cestari D. M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) integrates visceral responses to stress partially through efferent projections to portions of the medial nuclei of the solitary tracts (mNTS) containing catecholaminergic neurons. To determine anatomical sites for CNA modulation of these neurons, immunoperoxidase detection of anterogradely transported Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA‐ L) or biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was combined with immunogold silver labeling of the catecholamine‐synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase, in adult rat mNTS. From 350 anterogradely labeled terminals identified within the intermediate mNTS, 30% formed symmetric, inhibitory‐type synapses and the remainder lacked recognized junctions as seen within a single plane of section. Of the terminals forming symmetric synapses, 16% were presynaptic to tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive dendrites and the remainder to unlabeled dendrites. The level of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity as assessed by density of gold‐silver particles was significantly lower in dendrites receiving synaptic input from CNA efferents as compared with dendrites of the same sizes (2. 0 μm2 in mean area) which received synapses from unlabeled terminals or lacked recognizable synaptic inputs. When separately examined without regard to afferent input, the medium‐ and larger‐sized dendrites having mean cross‐sectional areas of 1–3 μ2m also contained significantly less tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity than small (<1 μ2m) dendrites. These results suggest that CNA efferents to the mNTS inhibit non‐catecholamine‐containing neurons and a subpopulation of catecholamin ergic neurons distinguished by their low levels of tyrosine hydroxylase. The findings also indicate that small, presumably more distal, dendrites in the intermediate mNTS may synthesize and/or release catecholamines. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
Nucleus medialis‐nucleus interpositus interface: Its olivary and cerebellocortical projections in the rat
Authors: Yatim N. , Buisseret‐Delmas Catherine , Buisseret P. , Compoint C. , Angaut P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe nuclear target of the X zone of the cerebellar cortex was identified in rats as clusters of neurons scattered at the interface between the nuclei medialis (NM) and interpositus (NI). In a previous study, we had outlined these target neurons and termed them “interstitial cell groups” (icg). In order to determine whether the icg should be considered as part of either the NM or the medial NI, we analyzed two efferent pathways from the icg: their nucleocortical and nucleoolivary projections. These were compared to their homologues from the NM and the NI. This analysis is based on mapping retrograde cell labeling and anterograde terminal labeling following microinjections of tracers in either the cerebellar cortex, the cerebellar nuclei, or the inferior olive.Nucleocortical projections originating from the icg are of the three types described previously: a “reciprocal” projection to the ipsilateral X zone, a “nonreciprocal” projection to the ipsilateral A zone, and a “symmetrical” projection to the contralateral X zone. These features can be considered as the summed characteristics of the nucleocortical projections from the NM and from the medial NI. Nucleoolivary projections from the icg target the lateral‐rostral portion of the dorsal accessory olive as well as the centrocaudal part of the medial accessory olive. These pathways converge with the nucleoolivary projections from the medial NI and from the NM, respectively. The icg receives olivary afferents from both the regions of the dorsal and medial accessory olives to which it projects.On the basis of similarities shown here between the two types of efferents originating from the icg and those from the NM as well as the medial NI, the icg may be regarded as a “mosaic” of neuron clusters alternately belonging to the NM and the medial NI. Therefore, the icg would be reciprocally connected with the inferior olive. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the spinocerebellar projection in the prenatal mouse
Authors: Grishkat Holly L. , Eisenman Leonard M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn abundance of information is available concerning the spinocerebellar projection in adult mammals. However, only a few studies have attempted a developmental analysis of this important projection system in early postnatal and/or prenatal animals. The present study provides an analysis of the development of the projection from the spinal cord to the cerebellum in fetal mice using anterograde tracing techniques in an in vitro preparation. After applications of biocytin to the caudal cervical spinal cord, anterogradely labelled fibers were present in the brainstem of embryonic day 12 (E12/13) mice, however, there was no indication of label in the cerebellum. At E13/14, labelled fibers were evident in the rostrolateral portions of the cerebellum/isthmus region. By E15/16, labelled spinocerebellar fibers had progressed farther into the cerebellum and were seen crossing the midline in a very superficial position. At older ages, the number of crossing fibers increased, and they became more ventrally positioned within the cerebellum. At E17/18 and E18/19, labelled spinocerebellar fibers were observed to branch and invade deeper portions of the cerebellum including the cerebellar nuclei. However, at E18/19, there was no indication of the parasagittal organization characteristic of this projection in the adult animal. The results of this study indicate that spinocerebellar fibers are present within the cerebellum significantly earlier than the development and differentiation of their primary targets, the granule cells. Furthermore, these data suggest that spinocerebellar fibers may form associations with cerebellar nuclear cells during fetal development. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphologically heterogeneous met‐enkephalin terminals form synapses with tyrosine hydroxylase‐containing dendrites in the rat nucleus locus coeruleus
Authors: Van Bockstaele Elisabeth J. , Branchereau Pascal , Pickel Virginia M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPhysiological and anatomical studies have suggested that the endogenous opioid peptide, methionine‐enkephalin (ENK), may directly modulate noradrenergic neurons. Additionally, chronic opiate administration has been shown to increase the levels of a number of G‐proteins and phosphoproteins including the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). We combined immunogold‐silver localization of tyrosine hydroxylase and immunoperoxidase labeling for ENK in single sections through the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) in the rostral pons to determine potential substrates for the divergent actions of this opioid peptide. Light microscopic analysis of ENK immunoreactivity in the LC area indicated that ENK fibers are dense and highly varicose. In coronal sections, ENK‐immunoreactive processes were punctate and appeared to envelop LC cell bodies. More rostrally, in the region of catecholamine immunoreactive extranuclear dendrites, ENK‐immunoreactive varicose processes were inter digitated with TH‐labeled processes. Electron microscopy of this rostral region revealed that ENK‐immunoreactive axon terminals contained small clear as well as large dense core vesicles. The large dense core vesicles (1‐10/terminal) were consistently the most immunoreactive and were identified toward the periphery of the axon terminal distal to the active zone of the synapse. Unlabeled axon terminals and glial processes were the most commonly observed elements located adjacent to the plasmalemma of axons containing the labeled dense core vesicles. Axon terminals containing ENK immunoreactivity varied in size (0.3 μm to 2.0 μm) as well as formation of synaptic specializations (i. e., asymmetric versus symmetric). The ENK labeled terminals formed synapses with dendrites with and without detectable TH immunoreactivity. These results provide the first direct ultrastructural evidence that morphologically heterogeneous terminals containing ENK immunoreactivity form synapses with catecholamine dendrites within the LC. The formation of asymmetric and symmetric synaptic specializations suggests that the opioid peptide, ENK, may be colocalized with other neurotransmitters. Furthermore, the distribution of ENK immunoreactivity in axon terminals apposed to other unlabeled afferents or astrocytic processes suggests that actions of ENK may also include presynaptic modulation of other transmitters and/or effects on astrocytes. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Connections between the reticular nucleus of the thalamus and pulvinar‐lateralis posterior complex: A WGA‐HRP study
Authors: Fitzgibbon T. , Tevah L. V. , Sefton A. Jervie 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe present study utilises the capacity of wheat germ agglutinin‐conjugated horseradish peroxidase to label both afferent and efferent projections from selected regions of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) to the pulvinar lateralis‐posterior complex (Pul‐LP) of the cat. Fourteen injections into the TRN located between anterior‐posterior levels 8.5 and 4.5 were analysed. The projection of the TEN to the Pul‐LP complex is roughly organised in a topographic manner and is not widespread within the thalamus. Anterograde labelling in the Pul‐LP extended rostrocaudally with a slight oblique dorsoventral orientation. Projections to the medial LP were predominantly but not exclusively from rostral areas of TRN, while projections to the lateral LP were largely from caudal areas of the TRN. Projections to other areas of the Pul‐LP were sparse. The connections between TRN and Pul‐LP were reciprocal, although the distribution of labelled cells and anterograde labelling was not completely overlapping. Reciprocal connections with the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus were largely with the C‐laminae and the medial interlaminar nucleus. The results are discussed with reference to the corticothalamic projections and the visuotopy of the Pul‐LP. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Observations on the weight and length of the central nervous system and of the legs, in bull‐frogs of different sizes
Authors: Donaldson Henry H. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
In the Bull‐frog the relative weight of the brain compared to that of the spinal cord decreases as the frog increases in size. The relative weight of the brain is temporarily increased in frogs kept dry for twenty‐four hours before death.
The weight of the leg muscles compared with the weight of the entire frog, slightly decreases as the frog increases in size. In frogs of all sizes, the muscles of the thight weight 1.8 times as much as those of the rest of the leg.
In frogs of all sizes, the sum of the lengths of the leg bones is a nearly constant fraction of the length of the entire frog. The proportional lengths of the several bones are also nearly constant.
The total number of functional cells in the cerebral cortex of man, and the percentage of the total volume of the cortex composed of nerve cell bodies, calculated from Karl Hammarberg's data; together with a comparison of the number of giant cells with the number of pyramidal fibers
Authors: Thompson Helen Bradford 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
The total number of functional nerve cells in the cerebral cortex of the adult man is, in round numbers, 9200 million.
The proportion of the total volume of the cerebral cortex of the adult man composed of functional nerve cell bodies, is 1.37%.
The number of giant cells in the cerebral cortex of man is almost the same as the number of pyramidal fibers passing to the spinal cord.
Excitatory effects of hydergine on intracranial self‐stimulation
Authors: Poschel B. P. H. , Ninteman F. W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effect of Hydergine on intracranial self‐stimulation was tested in male albino Holtzman rats. The rats had monopolar electrodes implanted in the medial forebrain bundle of the posterior hypothalamus. Hydergine was given orally at 40 and 80 mg/kg. A dose‐dependent excitatory effect occurred which was rapid in onset, large, long‐lasting, and evidenced in acute trials of the drug. The results suggest that a major portion of Hydergine's action in aged patients is stimulatory and antidepressant in nature.
Effects of morphine, fentanyl, sufentanil, and the short‐acting morphine‐like analgesic alfentanil on the EEG in dogs
Authors: Wauquier A. , Van Den Broeck W. A. E. , Niemegees C. J. E. , Janssen P. A. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractVisual and computerized methods were used to analyze the effects of intravenously injected narcotic analgesics on the EEG of dogs implanted with cortical and subcortical electrodes. The drugs were morphine (1.6 mg/kg), fentanyl (0.004 mg/kg), sufentanil (0.0004 mg/kg), and a new potent and very short‐acting compound under clinical trial in anaesthesia, alfentanil (0.04, 0.16 and 0.63 mg/kg). All compounds increased the amplitude of the EEG, decreased the frequency of the EEG, and produced spindle‐like bursts of biphasic waves. These bursts were more frequent and of a higher amplitude following alfentanil than after the other compounds. A computerized on‐line power spectral analysis was applied to three derivations (frontal‐occipital cortex, dorsal hippocampus, amygdala). The power of the total band width (0–40 Hz) increased following all narcotic analgesics. The duration of this increase was coincident with the period of loss of righting. Spectral analysis of various frequency bands revealed significant differences between the compounds, specifically with regard to fentanyl and alfentanil as compared to morphine and sufentanil. Sleep‐wake patterns of the night following injection of alfentanil were studied. This compound did not produce significant post‐drug effects.
Effects of viloxazine with and without alcohol on performance tests related to driving in normal volunteers
Authors: Wilson William H. , Petrie William M. , Ban Thomas A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of single doses of 50 mg of viloxazine, 100 mg of viloxazine, 50 mg of imipramine, and placebo given alone and in combination with alcohol on perceptual‐motor performance potentially related to driving were studied in eight normal subjects. The study design permitted testing of visual reaction time, pursuit rotor performance, and depth perception when blood levels of the active drugs and alcohol were at or near peak. Analyses revealed that the effects of alcohol increased visual reaction time and decreased pursuit rotor performance. None of the drugs produced statistically significant changes on any of the measures. None of the effects of the combined drug and alcohol conditions differed significantly from the effects of alcohol alone.
Synthesis of biologically active proteins by recombinant DNA technology
Authors: Miller Walter L. , Baxter John D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDNA from a variety of sources may be inserted into the DNA of bacteria (cloned) by means of bacteriophage or plasmid vectors. DNA to be cloned may originate from the genome of another organism (genomic DNA), it may be copied enzymatically from messenger RNA (complementary DNA), or it may be synthesized by purely chemical means. In general, cloning of genomic DNA is useful for studying gene structure, but not useful for inducing bacteria to synthesize the proteins coded by the DNA. This is because the genes of higher organisms usually consist of stretches of DNA coding for parts of a protein which are separated from one another by other DNA (intervening sequences) which does not code for protein. Bacterial genes are not interrupted by intervening sequences, hence bacteria cannot make protein accurately from genes containing such interruptions. The use of complementary DNA or chemically synthesized DNA circumvents this problem. These sources of DNA have been used successfully to produce an increasing number of pharmacologically useful proteins. The bacterial synthesis of insulin, growth hormone, and endorphin are reviewed as examples of the applications of this technology.
A neurochemical differentiation between exposure to stress and the development of learned helplessness
Authors: Petty Frederick , Sherman Arnold Dr. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBoth learned helplessness and stress produce deficits in escape/avoidance behavior. The yoked control paradigm was used to compare these two phenomena, with pairs of animals exposed to the same amount of shock—in one case controllable (stress) and in the other uncontrollable (learned helplessness). Stressed animals demonstrated a transient (one day) elevation in serotonin levels in the septal synaptosomal pellet. On the other hand, animals subjected to uncontrollable footshock sustained a significant decrease in septal synaptosomal serotonin for five days. Similar differences were found in the anterior cortex, but not in the posterior cortex or hippocampus. This work demonstrates the importance of using appropriate controls in neurochemical and pharmacologic research with learned helplessness.
Lack of Na+ ‐independent binding of [3H]GABA or [3H]Muscimol to subcellular particles of C6 glioma cells
Authors: Ossola L. , DeFeudis F. V. , Rebel G. , Varga V. , Prasad C. R. , Mandel P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractUsing several different experimental conditions, centrifugation assays revealed that no “specific” high‐affinity Na+‐independent binding of [3H]GABA (3–15 nM) or [3H]muscimol (6–92 nM) occurred to subcellular particles prepared from C6 glioma cells. Therefore, like the membranes of glial cells grown in primary culture and like the modified oligodendroglial membranes of myelin, the transformed glial membranes of C6 cells do not appear to possess GABA‐receptors. These results provide further evidence that the depolarizing actions of GABA on glia that have been recorded in electrophysiological studies occur indirectly rather than by activation of glial GABA‐receptors.
A three‐day study with miconazole gelatin capsules in vaginal candidosis
Authors: Akbar M. R. , Ahmadi S. M. , Hedayati A. H. , Khami M. A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOne hundred (50 pregnant) women with vaginal candidosis (age range: 14–60 years) inserted 1 gelatin capsule, containing 400 mg of miconazole, into the vagina on 3 consecutive evenings. Excellent results (90–100% cure) were obtained for clinical symptoms (vaginal discharge, pruritus vulvae, dysuria, dyspareunia, eczematous aspect of vulva), microscopic examinations, and Nickerson's cultures. No adverse reactions were reported.