bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Granulocyte‐derived elastase and gelatinase B are required for dermal–epidermal separation induced by autoantibodies from patients with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and bullous pemphigoid
Authors: Shimanovich Iakov , Mihai Sidonia , Oostingh Gertie J , Ilenchuk T Toney , Bröcker Eva‐B , Opdenakker Ghislain , Zillikens Detlef , Sitaru Cassian 
Published: November 2004

AbstractEpidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) and bullous pemphigoid (BP) are two clinically and immunologically distinct autoimmune subepidermal blistering skin diseases associated with IgG autoantibodies against the dermal–epidermal junction. BP antibodies are directed against the hemidesmosomal antigens BP180 and BP230, and those in patients with EBA target type VII collagen, a major component of anchoring fibrils. While the pathogenetic mechanisms of subepidermal blistering in BP have been previously studied using a passive transfer mouse model, the effector pathways of blister formation in EBA are largely unknown. Autoantibodies to type VII collagen and BP180 have recently been shown to induce leucocyte‐mediated subepidermal cleavage in cryosections of human skin. The aim of the present study was to identify human leucocyte protease(s) instrumental in dermal–epidermal separation induced by autoantibodies to type VII collagen and BP180. When incubated with cryosections of human skin pretreated with IgG from patients with EBA or BP but not from patients with anti‐laminin 5 mucous membrane pemphigoid or healthy controls, granulocytes were recruited to the dermal–epidermal junction and induced subepidermal splits. A combination of broad‐range protease inhibitors as well as inhibitors of serine and matrix metalloproteases completely abolished dermal–epidermal separation induced by EBA or BP autoantibodies. When characterizing the proteases involved more specifically, selective inhibition of human leucocyte elastase or gelatinase B/MMP‐9 was also found to result in suppression of blistering. These findings strongly suggest that elastase and gelatinase B are essential for granulocyte‐mediated proteolysis resulting in dermal–epidermal separation in EBA and BP patients' skin. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solution proprieties of dendritic triazine/poly(ethylene glycol)/dendritic triazine block copolymers
Authors: Namazi Hassan , Adeli Mohsen 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDendritic–linear–dendritic triblock copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as the core and dendritic triazine blocks were synthesized. The micellar and aggregation characteristics of the compounds were investigated with NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy. The NMR investigations were carried out in a variety of solvents. In those solvents in which both moieties of the linear–dendritic compounds were completely soluble, the NMR spectra of the linear–dendritic compounds were in the normal form, and all of the signals were as expected. However, in other solvents in which one of the moieties of the compounds was not very soluble, the NMR spectra of the compounds were not in the normal form, and some of the signals were broad or disappeared. The results could be related to the aggregation behavior of the block copolymers with extended or packed conformations of PEG in the solvents, as previously observed in similar systems. Also, fluorescence investigations of some of the isolated compounds in aqueous solutions displayed micellar behavior. The critical micelle concentrations of the copolymers were determined with a fluorescence technique. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 28–41, 2005
Synthesis of nanocylinders consisting of graft block copolymers by the photo‐induced ATRP technique
Authors: Ishizu Koji , Kakinuma Hirokazu 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPhotoinduced atom transfer radical polymerizations (ATRP) of t‐butyl methacrylate (BMA) were carried out, initiated by model initiator benzyl N,N‐diethyldithiocarbamate (BDC) in the presence of CuCl/bipyridine (bpy) under UV irradiation. We performed the first‐order time‐conversion plots in this polymerization system, and the straight line in the semilogarithmic coordinates indicated a first‐order in the monomer. The molecular weight of poly(t‐butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) increased in direct proportion to monomer conversion. The molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of PBMA was about 1.3. The initiator efficiency, f, was close to 1.0, which indicated that no side reactions occurred. A copper complex, CuCl/bpy, reversibly activated the dormant polymer chains via a N,N‐diethyldithiocarbamate (DC) transfer reaction such as Cu(DC)Cl/bpy, and it was dynamic equilibrium that was responsible for the controlled behavior of the polymerization of BMA. On the basis of this information, we established a preparation method of nanocylinders consisting of graft block copolymers by grafting from photoinduced ATRP of multifunctional polystyrene having DC pendant groups with vinyl monomers [first monomer, BMA; second monomer, styrene or methyl methcrylate (MMA)]. We have carried out the characterization of such nanocylinders in detail. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 63–70, 2005
Structure and properties of polyethylene prepared via low‐frequency vibration‐assisted injection molding
Authors: Youbing Li , Yongheng Liao , Xueqin Gao , Yi Yuan , Wenti Ke , Kaizhi Shen 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA self‐made low‐frequency vibration‐assisted injection‐molding (VAIM) device was adopted to explore the relationship between mechanical property and morphology for high‐density polyethylene injected moldings. The main processing variables for the VAIM are vibration frequency and vibration pressure amplitude, and tensile properties and morphology were investigated under different VAIM processing conditions with conventional injection molding for comparison. The moldings prepared by VAIM exhibit a very well defined laminated morphology composed of a layered structure with enhanced crystallinity. Increased with vibration frequency at constant vibration pressure amplitude, the shish‐kebab structure is exhibited in the shear layer of the specimen prepared by VAIM, whereas row nucleation lamella exists in the same layer produced by enhanced vibration pressure amplitude at a constant vibration frequency. These oriented structures and enhanced crystallinity, confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry, serve to obtain stronger injection moldings. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 13–21, 2005
Effect of chlorpyrifos and monocrotophos on locomotor behaviour and acetylcholinesterase activity of subterranean termites, Odontotermes obesus
Authors: Venkateswara Rao J , Parvathi K , Kavitha P , Jakka NM , Pallela R 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos and monocrotophos to subterranean termites, Odontotermes obesus (Rambur), has been studied by a paper contact method. The LC50 values for chlorpyrifos and monocrotophos were 0.046 and 0.148 µg cm−2, respectively. Chlorpyrifos was 3.22‐fold more toxic than monocrotophos. The effect of the pesticides on locomotor behaviour (velocity) and head acetylcholinesterase (AChE: EC 3.1.1.7) activity was estimated in LC50‐exposed termites at intervals of 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h. Chlorpyrifos‐ and monocrotophos‐treated termites showed, respectively, 97 and 88% reduction in locomotor behaviour (velocity) after 24 h. At all time intervals the chlorpyrifos‐treated termites exhibited more AChE inhibition and showed greater distorted behaviour than those exposed to monocrotophos. In vitro studies indicated that the I50 value (50% inhibition) for chlorpyrifos against AChE was 8.75 times that of monocrotophos. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Site‐specific carbohydrate profiling of human transferrin by nano‐flow liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Satomi Yoshinori , Shimonishi Yasutsugu , Hase Toshiharu , Takao Toshifumi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractGlycopeptides derived from a lysylendopeptidase digest of commercially available human transferrin were analyzed by nano‐flow liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS), which permitted the carbohydrate profiles at Asn432 and Asn630 to be determined. Both are located in a well‐known motif for N‐glycosylation, Asn‐Xaa‐Ser/Thr. The contents of the carbohydrates at each site were significantly different from each other, and consisted of a variety of minor types of oligosaccharides in addition to the major one, a biantennary complex‐type oligosaccharide. Nano‐flow ESI tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) of the glycopeptides (Cys421‐Lys433 and Ile619‐Lys646) containing these two sites yielded predominantly ions originating from the non‐reducing termini (oxonium ions) and reducing terminus, resulting from cleavage of the glycosidic bonds of the carbohydrate moieties; this permitted the structural read‐out of a small minority of the carbohydrate moieties. In particular, the observation of oxonium ions at m/z 512.2 and 803.2 is useful for probing outer non‐reducing terminal fucosylation, which represented carbohydrate structures consisting of Hex, dHex, and HexNAc, and NeuNAc, Hex, dHex, and HexNAc, respectively, from which the Lewis X structure (Galβ1‐4(Fucα1‐3)GlcNAc) was readily deduced. Moreover, fucosylation at the reducing‐terminal GlcNAc (Fucα1‐6GlcNAc) specifically occurred at Asn630, as demonstrated by treatment of the glycopeptides with α1‐3/4‐L‐fucosidase. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nutritional recovery does not reverse the activation of brain serotonin synthesis in the ontogenetically malnourished rat
Authors: Manjarrez G.G. , Magdaleno V.M. , Chagoya G. , Hernández‐r J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn the present work we confirm that gestational malnutrition affects body and brain composition and results in an activation of the synthesis of the brain neurotransmitter 5‐hydroxytryptamine. These results also demonstrate more activity of the rate‐limiting enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase in the malnourished fetal and postnatal brain. However, the activity of this enzyme remains increased in the brain of nutritionally recovered animals accompanied by an increase in the synthesis of 5‐hydroxytryptamine. We therefore suggest that, in the nutritionally recovered animal, the mechanism of activation of this biosynthetic path in the brain may be not dependent on the increased availability of free l‐tryptophan observed in malnourished animals, but might be due to a specific change in the enzyme complex itself. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that plasma free and brain l‐tryptophan return to normal in the recovered animal.
Effects of prenatal exposure to amphetamine in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat
Authors: Tavares M.A. , Silva M.C. , Silva‐Araújo A. , Xavier M.R. , Ali S.F. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis study was designed to investigate the effects of prenatal exposure to amphetamine in the organization of the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat, by an evaluation of growth, morphometric and neurochemical parameters. Pregnant Wistar rats were given 10 mg/kg body weight/day of D‐amphetamine sulfate, subcutaneously, from gestational days 8 to 22. Control groups of pregnant rats were injected with saline, pair‐fed or non‐manipulated; litters were culled to eight pups (four males and four females), weighed every other day until postnatal day 30 and every week until day 90. The Gompertz model was used to study body weight evolution and the estimated growth parameters were not significantly different in the experimental groups. At postnatal days 14 and 30, the volumes of the prefrontal cortex, the fraction of neuropile occupied by neurons and the number of neurons per unit surface area were determined. The number of neurons per unit volume of reference area was calculated using the stereological technique of the dissector. For neurochemical analysis, the medial prefrontal cortex was dissected to measure the concentration of dopamine, serotonin and their metabolites. The allometric relationship of forebrain/body growth pointed to a mechanism of sparing and compensatory growth in the amphetamine exposed group. The changes found in the number of neurons per unit volume at postnatal day 14 show a catch‐up at postnatal day 30. A decrease in serotonin levels was found in the amphetamine group compared with the pair‐fed control, which was reflected in the ratio of serotonin to its metabolite, 5‐hydroxyindolacetic acid. These changes, whether permanent or transitory, raise the possibility that some of the effects of prenatal exposure to amphetamine may be due to modifications in the neurotransmitter levels of serotonin.
Tryptophan restriction causes long‐term plastic changes in corticofrontal pyramidal neurons
Authors: González‐Burgos I. , Del Angel‐Meza A.R. , Barajas‐López G. , Feria‐Velasco A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA Golgi study of third‐layer pyramidal neurons from the corticofrontal cortex of tryptophanrestricted rats was carried out. At 40 days of age, dendritic arborization from treated rats was less profuse than that seen in control rats, and enlargement of dendritic processes, as well as an increase of the number of dendritic spines, were observed in 60‐day‐old rats. These plastic responses could be mediated either by a decrease in serotonin, which acts on the serotoninergic receptors of pyramidal neurons, or through an indirect mechanism mediated by cortical interneurons, or by serotoninergic modulation of the activity of other cortical neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine. Also, it could represent compensatory mechanisms underlying behavioral performance in some paradigms related to several cognitive processes.
Thermoregulatory behaviour of gravid and non‐gravid female grass snakes (Natrix natrix) in a thermally limiting high‐latitude environment
Authors: Isaac Leigh Anne , Gregory Patrick T. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAll else being equal, ectotherms should maintain body temperatures (Tbs) favourable for temperature‐sensitive biological functions, such as digestion and locomotion. Physical environments in the temperate zone are often thermally variable, however, thus making it difficult to maintain optimum Tbs. Radiotelemetry and a semi‐natural enclosure were used to monitor Tbs of grass snakes Natrix natrix at Canterbury, Kent, U.K. Operative temperatures (Tes) were measured using snake models (copper‐pipe models) placed in a variety of microhabitats to determine availability of thermoregulatory opportunities. A modification of Huey & Slatkin's (1976) regression model, piecewise regression, was used to evaluate thermoregulatory behaviour. Grass snakes could achieve high mean Tbs (> 30°C) most often during midday (08:00–20:00), but only for 55–61% of the study period. Overall, non‐gravid snakes maintained higher and less variable mean daytime Tbs than gravid snakes. From piecewise regression, it was determined that grass snakes initiated thermoregulation at a Te of 38.44 °C, corresponding to a Tb of 27.7 °C. Three main conclusions can be drawn from this study: (1) thermoregulatory opportunities for grass snakes were limited; (2) nonetheless, when conditions were sufficiently warm, there was clear evidence that grass snakes could thermoregulate; (3) contrary to expectation, gravid females actually maintained lower and more variable Tbs than non‐gravid females. The consequences of these thermoregulatory patterns for the fitness of snakes have yet to be determined.
Cardiovascular effects of sphingosine‐1‐phosphate and other sphingomyelin metabolites
Authors: Alewijnse Astrid E , Peters Stephan L M , Michel Martin C 
Published: November 2004

Upon various stimuli, cells metabolize sphingomyelin from the cellular plasma membrane to form sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) or ceramide. The latter can be further metabolized to sphingosine and then sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P). Apart from local formation, S1P and SPC are major constituents of blood plasma.
All four sphingomyelin metabolites (SMM) can act upon intracellular targets, and at least S1P and probably also SPC can additionally act upon G‐protein‐coupled receptors. While the molecular identity of the SPC receptors remains unclear, several subtypes of S1P receptors have been cloned and their distribution in cardiovascular tissues is described.
In the heart SMM can alter intracellular Ca2+ release, particularly via the ryanodine receptor, and conductance of various ion channels in the plasma membrane, particularly IK(Ach). While the various SMM differ somewhat in their effects, the above alterations of ion homeostasis result in reduced cardiac function in most cases, and ceramide and/or sphingosine may be the mediators of the negative inotropic effects of tumour necrosis factor.
In the vasculature, SMM mainly act as acute vasoconstrictors in most vessels, but ceramide can be a vasodilator. SMM‐induced vasoconstriction involves mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores, influx of extracellular Ca2+ via L‐type channels and activation of a rho‐kinase.
Extended exposure to SMM, particularly S1P, promotes several stages of the angiogenic process like endothelial cell activation, migration, proliferation, tube formation and vascular maturation.
We propose that SMM are an important class of endogenous modulators of cardiovascular function.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 666–684. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705934
Contribution of the endothelin and renin–angiotensin systems to the vascular changes in rats chronically treated with ouabain
Authors: Xavier Fabiano E , Yogi Álvaro , Callera Gláucia E , Tostes Rita C , Alvarez Yolanda , Salaices Mercedes , Alonso María J , Rossoni Luciana V 
Published: November 2004

Renin–angiotensin and endothelin systems are involved in the cardiovascular effects produced by treatment with ouabain. We recently demonstrated that the contractile response to phenylephrine is decreased in ouabain‐treated rats. The present study investigated whether endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) and angiotensin II (Ang II) contributes to the vascular changes observed in rats chronically treated with ouabain.
Wistar rats were treated with ouabain (8.0 μg day−1, s.c. pellets for 5 weeks) alone or in combination with an endothelin type A receptor (ETA) antagonist, BMS182874 (40 mg kg−1 day−1, per gavage) or an angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist, losartan (15 mg kg−1 day−1, p.o.).
Treatment with ouabain increased systolic blood pressure and treatment with either losartan or BMS182874 prevented the development of ouabain‐induced hypertension.
The sensitivity and maximal response for phenylephrine were reduced in aortic rings from ouabain‐treated rats. Removal of the endothelium or in vitro exposure to an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), N‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME, 100 μM) increased the responses to phenylephrine, an effect that was more pronounced in aortas from ouabain‐treated rats. Endothelial NOS protein (eNOS) expression was increased after ouabain treatment. Treatment with BMS182874, but not with losartan, prevented the effects of ouabain on the reactivity of phenylephrine and in eNOS protein expression.
Gene expression of pre–pro‐ET‐1 and ETA receptors was increased in aortic rings from ouabain‐treated rats. ETB receptor gene expression was not altered by ouabain treatment.
In conclusion, our results suggest that endothelin and angiotensin systems play an important role in the development of ouabain‐induced hypertension. However, ET‐1, by activation of ETA receptors, but not Ang II, contributes to changes in vascular reactivity to phenylephrine induced by chronic treatment with ouabain.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 794–802. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705994
A new fragment of the historian Theseus
Authors: Corcella Aldo 
Published: November 2004

In the collection of oracular responses included in Book 14 of thePalatine Anthology, the oracle which bears the number 77 is introduced by the lemma χρησμòς ⋯ν τοῖς θησ⋯ως β⋯οις ⋯ναφερόμενος its text is as follows:The same oracle, with the same introductory formula, is also quoted as a scholium in the margin to the text of Herodotus 1.65.3 (the famous oracle given to Lycurgus that will be discussed below) in the manuscript Flor. Laur. 70.3; first discovered by Jacob Gronovius, it can now be read in the editions of Stein, Rosen and Asheri.
A note on Catullus 63.5
Authors: Currie Bruno 
Published: November 2004

At Catullus 63.5, OGR read:deuoluit iletas acuto sibi pondere silices. The gist of this (‘he rolled down from (?) himself flints with sharp mass’) is improbable, and in particular the formiletasis a non-existent word and two syllables too long for the metre.
Strategic competence and how to teach it
Authors: Dörnyei Zoltán , Thurrell Sarah 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Applied linguists have for some time suggested that communicative competence includes a major component, usually termed strategic competence, the development of which largely determines the learner's fluency and conversational skills. Practising teachers, however, are usually unaware of the significance of this competence, and hardly any activities have been developed to include strategy training in actual language teaching. The aim of this article is to bridge the gap between theory and practice by first describing strategic competence and then presenting language exercises to facilitate its development.
Learning the language of loved ones: on the generative principle and the technique of mirroring
Authors: Butzkamm W 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Practising communication is an important classroom activity, but communication is not everything. Learners must also learn to divide messages into their component parts, otherwise each new message would have to be taken over from others and memorized, in which case there would never be any really new messages. Language only comes into its own when the learner discovers its sequential combinatorial system. Intuitively, parents have always taken pains to assist their children in this task. In language learning and teaching, the generative principle is just as important as the communicative principle. The two should be seen as companions rather than opposites: techniques are available to breathe communicative life into structural exercises.
Poverty, Gender and Incarceration in Sixteenth-Century Paris
Authors: Broomhall Susan 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The experience of prison remains a relatively little-studied aspect of late-medieval and early-modern criminalization of the activities of the poor. This study examines how poverty and gender influenced incarceration practices, treatment and release in sixteenth-century Paris. A study of the archives of the ecclesiastical gaol at Saint-Germain-des-Prés from 1537 to 1579 suggests that both poverty and gender affected the crimes for which women and men were imprisoned, the length of time they remained in detention and the reasons for their release.