bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
261 Effect of Alga 1.0 on Reducing Enteric Methane Emissions from Cattle
Authors: Colin Reba L , Buse Kassidy K , Watson Andrea K , Erickson Galen E , Kononoff Paul J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Alga 1.0, an algae-derived product was used to evaluate the effect of inclusion on methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from cattle along with diet digestibility. Twelve non-lactating, non-pregnant Jersey cows were used in 4 replicated 3x3 Latin squares. Cows were blocked by intake and assigned randomly to three treatments. Three periods were utilized with each period being 21 days long. Three treatments were evaluated with 0, 69, and 103 grams per day Alga 1.0, fed as a top dress with modified distillers grains plus solubles (MDGS) as a carrier in a corn-based diet. Diet consisted of 60% dry-rolled corn, 20% corn silage, 15% MDGS, and 5% supplement. Headbox-style indirect calorimeters were utilized to evaluate gas production from individual cows with 2 non-consecutive 23-h collections in each period. Diet digestibility was measured using complete fecal collection the last 4 days of each period. Data were analyzed with GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with cow within period as experimental unit, cow and period as random effects, and treatment as fixed effect. Alga 1.0 inclusion decreased CH4 production measured as g/d (P &lt; 0.01) and g/kg DMI (P &lt; 0.01). A 39% percent reduction in CH4 was expressed as g/kg of DMI with 69 g inclusion; and a 63% reduction (g/kg DMI) with 103 g inclusion of Alga 1.0. Average eructated CH4 was 17.5 g/kg of DMI, 10.7 g/kg of DMI, and 6.4 g/kg of DMI, for the control, 69 g, and 103 g treatments, respectively. Emissions of CH4 reported as g/d were 164.9 for the control diet and decreased to 88.2 g/d for 69 g inclusion and 44.4 g/d for 103 g inclusion. Emissions of CO2 as g/d tended (P = 0.08) to be less for cattle receiving 103 g of Alga 1.0; but did not differ when calculated as g/kg of DMI (P = 0.39). Oxygen consumption (O2) amounts did not differ between treatments for g/day (P = 0.26) and g/kg DMI (P = 0.39). Respiratory quotient (RQ) was not significantly impacted (P = 0.32) by treatments. Alga 1.0 inclusion did influence organic matter (OM) intake (P = 0.01) with a 0.98 kg/d decrease with 69 g inclusion and a 1.27 kg/d decrease with 103 g inclusion compared with the control. Digestibility of OM was not influenced (P = 0.89) by the inclusion of Alga 1.0 and averaged 74.9%. Digestible Energy expressed as Mcal/kg did not differ (P = 0.67) between treatments. Feeding Alga 1.0 decreased OMI but did not affect digestibility. Alga 1.0 inclusion reduced CH4 emissions from cattle compared with a dry rolled corn control diet with no significant impact on CO2 emissions.
262 Evaluation of a Single Growing-Finishing Diet for Single Source, pre-Conditioned Beef Steers of Lighter (273 kg) and Heavier (356 kg) Initial Body Weight (BW)
Authors: Norman Tommy , Ribeiro Thiago Maia , Francis Forest L , Gubbels Erin R , Hanson Santana , Grimes Becca , Rusche Warren C , Smith Zachary K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine the influence that initial BW has on growth performance responses, efficiency of dietary net energy (NE) utilization, and carcass traits in feedlot steers. Crossbred Charolais steers from a single source, (n = 70; initial BW = 329 ± 72.6 kg) were used in feedlot experiment at the Ruminant Nutrition Center, in Brookings, SD, during a 209-day growing-finishing period. These steers represented the lightest and heaviest proportions of steers taken from a larger group of 265 steer calves. On d 0 and d 1 BW and hip height (HH) measurements were collected for allotment proposes, and the initial experimental BW was the average between d 0 and d 1 BW. Steers were allocated to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) lighter (276 ± 16 kg; LIW) or 2) heavier (356 ± 16 kg; HIW) initial BW and allotted to 10 pens (n = 7 steers/pen; 5 pens/treatment). Steers were fed a diet containing 16% roughage once daily. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit. Treatment was included as a fixed effect and block (location) was considered a random effect in the statistical model. The LIW steers had a greater cumulative HH change compared with HIW. Final BW and carcass-adjusted (HCW/0.625) BW were greater for HIW steers by 13.1% and 13.4% respectively (P ≤ 0.01). The HIW steers had a 14.4% greater DMI (P = 0.01) compared with LIW. Cumulative ADG was greater for HIW by 3% (P = 0.04). LIW steers had improved feed conversion (P = 0.01) by 11.3% compared with HIW. The HIW steers had greater (P &lt; 0.05) HCW (15.5%), marbling scores (6.8%), and Yield grade (16.0%), and decreased REA/HCW (P = 0.01) by 5.9% compared with LIW. Steers from HIW tended to have greater rib fat (P = 0.09) by 15% compared with LIW. The distribution of USDA Yield grade was altered by initial BW (P = 0.04) with a shift in proportions of steers with greater numerical Yield grades for steers in HIW compared with LIW. No differences were detected (P ³ 0.22) for the distribution of Quality grade or liver abscess prevalence and severity. In conclusion, HIW steers had greater growth, but poorer feed efficiency compared with LIW steers. Steers with a HIW produced fatter carcasses with a greater amount of marbling.
312 Evaluation of Dietary Roughage Manipulation During the Feeding of Ractopamine Hydrochloride as a Method to Improve Ruminal Health and Control Liver Abscess Severity in Feedlot Steers
Authors: Francis Forest L , Gubbels Erin R , Hanson Santana , Norman Thomas , Ribeiro Thiago Lauro Maia , Rusche Warren C , Smith Zachary K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if additional roughage inclusion to feedlot steer finishing diets during the feeding of ractopamine hydrochloride (RH) is an effective method to improve rumen health and control liver abscess severity. Steers [n = 64; initial shrunk body weight (SBW) = 633 kg ± 35.1 kg] were sourced from an unrelated trial and remained in their previous study pens; pens (n = 8) were assigned to dietary treatment in a completely randomized design. All steers on trial were fed a common 7% [dry matter (DM) basis] roughage equivalent (RE) finishing diet composed of dry-rolled corn, dried distillers grains plus solubles, corn silage, and grass hay for the 58 d preceding study initiation. Steers were fitted with rumination tags to track daily rumination. Dietary treatments were CON: no diet change; and 12R: 5% (DM basis) RE addition to diet via grass hay during the feeding of RH. Steers were fed RH (300 mg/steer/d), finished on treatment diets for 28 d, and harvested at a commercial beef processor. Growth performance, efficiency of dietary net energy (NE) utilization, and continuous carcass data were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit (EU) and fixed effect of treatment. Minutes ruminating was analyzed as an analysis of covariance with individual animal as the EU, fixed effects of treatment, days on feed (DOF) and their interaction, and baseline minutes ruminating as a covariate in the model. Liver abscess prevalence, rumen health, and categorical carcass data were analyzed with the Fisher’s exact test to determine differences between treatments. No difference (P ≥ 0.19) was observed for final SBW, average daily gain, dry matter intake, feed conversion efficiency, dressing percentage, hot carcass weight, calculated yield grade, marbling score, 12th rib fat thickness, calculated empty body fat, observed dietary NE for maintenance and gain, observed-to-expected dietary NE for maintenance and gain, or distribution of liver abscess prevalence, ruminitis score, or USDA yield grade. Ribeye area tended (P = 0.10) to differ between treatments with 12R steers exhibiting a 3.5% larger ribeye. Distribution of USDA quality grade differed (P = 0.003) between treatments with 12R steers having 25% more carcasses grading USDA average choice or better. A treatment × DOF interaction (P = 0.045) was observed for minutes ruminating per day. Daily minutes ruminating was increased (P ≤ 0.05) for 12R on d 1, 2, and 20 and tended to be increased (P ≤ 0.10) for 12R on days 10, 13, 24, and 25. Inclusion of an additional 5% RE to finishing cattle diets during a 28 d RH feeding period can be a management strategy to decrease risk of digestive upsets without sacrificing growth performance or carcass quality.
311 Evaluation of Rumen Protected B-Vitamin Blend on Finishing Steer Growth Performance, Efficiency of Dietary net Energy Utilization, Carcass Trait Responses, and Liver Abscess Prevalence and Severity
Authors: Ribeiro Thiago Lauro Maia , Gubbels Erin R , Francis Forest L , Heldt Jeff S , Hanson Santana , Norman Thomas , Rusche Warren C , Smith Zachary K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the influence that a rumen-protected B-vitamin (RPBV) blend (containing pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, folic acid, biotin, and cyanocobalamin; Vivalto, Trouw Nutrition, Isola Vicentina, Italy) had on growth performance, efficiency of dietary net energy utilization, carcass trait responses, and liver abscess severity and prevalence in beef steers fed a finishing diet. Steers (n = 246; initial shrunk body weight (BW) = 411 ± 25.8 kg) from two sources, were used in a 126-d randomized complete block design experiment. Within 48 h after arrival, steers were individually weighed and allotted to one of 24 pens (n = 10 to 12 steers; 8 pens/treatment) and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) No RPBV; 2) RPBV1 at 1 g/hd/d; 3) RPBV2 at 2 g∙animal-1∙d-1/. During the first 14 d cattle received two transition diets. From d 15 to d 126 cattle were fed the final diet containing 53% dry-rolled corn; 23% corn silage; 20% MDGS; and 4% suspended supplement. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 with treatment as the fixed effect and block (Pen location) as the random effect; pen was considered the experimental unit. No differences (P ≥ 0.13) were found for dry matter intake, final live BW, average daily gain (ADG), or feed efficiency (G:F) among treatments. Carcass-adjusted final BW, ADG, and G:F were not influenced by treatment (P ≥ 0.59). Hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, marbling score, kidney-pelvic-heart fat, or BW at 28% empty body fat did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.11). Rib eye area (REA) was altered (quadratic effect, P = 0.02) by treatment; steers from RPBV 1g had decreased REA compared with others. Additionally, calculated yield grade (YG) and calculated retail yield (RY) were altered (quadratic effect, P ≤ 0.01) by treatment; steers from RPBV 1 g had increased YG and decreased RY compared with others. Estimated empty body fatness tended (P = 0.06) to be greater from steers fed RPBV compared with control. Overall USDA YG distribution was altered by dietary treatment (P = 0.01). The proportions of YG1 and YG5 carcasses were unaffected by treatment, but there was a shift in the proportion of carcasses that graded YG2, YG3, and YG4 among treatments. Distribution of USDA Quality Grade was not altered by treatment (P = 0.53). No differences were observed on liver abscesses among treatments. The use of RPBV altered carcass muscularity and rib fat accumulation which impacted the overall YG distribution. However, RPBV did not appreciably influence any cumulative growth performance measures liver abscess incidence or severity.
202 Evaluation of Increasing Levels of Mycotoxin-Containing Corn Fines fed to Nursery Pigs on Growth Performance
Authors: Paczosa Duncan B , Chevalier Tyler B , Zheng Lan , Berry Frank , Lindemann Merlin D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The effects of feeding corn fines (screenings) containing mycotoxin levels at greater than the FDA cautionary levels were evaluated using crossbred pigs [n = 150, 90 barrows and 60 gilts; mean initial body weight (BW) = 6.42 ± 0.06 kg; n =] that were blocked by BW and sex, randomly allotted within block to 6 dietary treatments, and housed 5 pigs/pen resulting in a total of 5 replicates. The corn fines used in this study contained mycotoxin levels that were analyzed to be 20,334 ppb total fumonisin, 1,499 ppb zearalenone, and 5,075 ppb total deoxynivalenol. The corn fines were added into a corn-soybean meal basal diet at 0, 20, 40, and 60% total dietary corn fines (Diets 1-4, respectively). Diet 5 was created by adding 40 ppm of boron (as sodium tetraborate decahydrate, 11.34% B) to Diet 4. Diet 6 was created by adding 0.25% Biofix Plus with FUMzyme (DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ) to Diet 4. Dietary treatments were fed for a total of 6 weeks; thereafter, all pigs received a common corn-soybean meal basal diet without fines for about 2 weeks. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using the GLM procedure of SAS with the pen being the experimental unit. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effects with increasing dietary levels of corn fines in Diets 1-4 as well as preplanned single degree of freedom comparisons. Increasing fines linearly decreased ADG during week 1-6 (P = 0.03), as well as linearly decreased gain/feed ratio during week 1-6 (P = 0.04; Table 1). Comparing Diets 4 and 5 to Diet 1 during week 1-6, there was a decrease in ADG and gain/feed ratio (P &lt; 0.05) but no effect on ADFI (P &gt; 0.05); subsequently, the difference in Diets 4 and 5 compared with Diet 1 was no longer significant for week 1-8. Comparing Diet 6 to Diets 1 and 4 during week 1-6, pigs fed Diet 6 were able to recover 57% of the lost ADG and 30% of the lost BW gain/feed ratio that occurred when corn fines were increased from 0 to 60%. During week 6-8 (all pigs on a common diet), pigs on Diet 5 and 6 had an increase in ADG compared with Diet 1. In conclusion, as mycotoxins increased pigs exhibited negative effects on ADG and gain/feed ratio but the enzyme FUMzyme ameliorated a portion of these effects. Further, the recovery from week 6-8 from all pigs does show the importance of feeding clean corn to optimize ADG, ADFI and gain/feed ratio.
205 Relationship of Resiliency to Weaning Stress with Growth, Carcass, and Meat Quality Traits in Pigs
Authors: Luttman Andrea M , Schmidt Grace E , Raney Nancy E , Steibel Juan P , Ernst Catherine W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Acute stress before slaughter has been demonstrated to have a detrimental impact on pork quality, but little is known about whether early life stress has a similar effect. Our objective was to identify if stress resiliency or vulnerability at weaning had an impact on long-term performance resulting in differences in growth, carcass, or meat quality traits. At weaning, blood samples were collected from all gilt piglets from 26 crossbred litters (n = 170) at -1 d, 0 d, and +4 d pre- and post-weaning. For each litter, serum cortisol was used to identify the gilt most capable of returning to baseline levels by +4 d as stress resilient (SR, n = 26) and the gilt least capable as stress vulnerable (SV, n = 26). The SR and SV gilts were processed at the Michigan State University Meat Laboratory and carcass and meat quality data were collected. Carcass traits included finished live weight, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, loin muscle area, and 10th-rib backfat depth. Meat quality traits included 45-min and ultimate pH, marbling score, subjective color score, Minolta colorimeter L*, a* and b*, and drip loss. Data were analyzed using Gaussian linear models. The base model included stress group and farrowing group as fixed effects and age at slaughter as a covariate. The SR gilts showed decreased ADG at the grow-finish stage resulting in lighter finished weight (P = 0.089 and P = 0.070, respectively). The SR gilts also had a lighter hot carcass weight (P = 0.05); however, no differences were observed in dressing percentage ( P= 0.924). the SR and SV gilts did not differ in backfat depth, but SR gilts had smaller loin muscle area (P = 0.019). No differences were observed in any of the meat quality measures. In summary, we found resiliency to weaning stress to have a minimal impact on carcass merit or meat quality. Future studies will aim to determine if the observed difference in loin muscle area is associated with gene expression differences.
204 Effects of Feeding Cellutein to Pigs at Various Concentrations from Weaning Through Finishing
Authors: Vaughn Mathew A , Barnas Mike , McNaughton James L , Gonzalez John M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The study objective was to evaluate the effects of celluTEIN (CT) on growth performance and feed efficiency during nursery and grow-finish phases. Barrows (n = 96; average BW 7.5 kg) were assigned to 32 pens with 3 pigs per pen. Pens were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: 0 ppm CT throughout (CON), 175 ppm CT during the nursery (TRT2), 100 ppm CT during grow-finish (TRT3), and 175 ppm CT during nursery and 100 ppm CT during grow-finish (TRT4) phases. The nursery phase consisted of trial day 0 to 42 and grow-finish was trial day 43 to 119. There were no treatment effects on d 0 BW and nursery feed consumption (FC; P &gt; 0.05), but there were effects on d 42 BW, and nursery average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR; P &lt; 0.05). Pigs in TRT2 and 4 did not differ ( P&gt; 0.05) in BW, ADG, and FCR, but had greater measures than pigs in the other two treatments (P &lt; 0.05). Treatment affected all measures in the grow-finish phase (P &lt; 0.05). Control pig d 119 BW was less than all other treatment pigs (P &lt; 0.05), TRT4 pigs had greater BW than TRT2 and 3 (P &lt; 0.05), who did not differ (P &gt; 0.05). All treatments had different ADG, with TRT4 being the greatest followed by TRT3, TRT2, and CON (P &lt; 0.05). Pigs in TRT4 had greater FC than pigs in all other treatments (P &lt; 0.05), who did not differ (P &gt; 0.05). Control pigs had greater FCR than pigs in all other treatments (P &lt; 0.05), who did not differ (P &gt; 0.05). Throughout the entire 119-day study, treatment affected all measures (P &lt; 0.05), except FC (P &gt; 0.05). Control pig ADG was less than all other treatment pigs (P &lt; 0.05), TRT4 pigs had greater ADG than TRT3 and 4 (P &lt; 0.05), who did not differ (P &gt; 0.05). All treatments had different FCR, with TRT4 being was the least followed by TRT3, TRT2, and CON (P &lt; 0.05). These data illustrate pig performance improved when CT was supplemented in either the nursery or the finisher. The greatest feed efficiency and gain benefit was observed when CT was supplemented during both phases.
196 Serum Trace Minerals and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Concentrations in Prolapsed and Non-Prolapsed Sows
Authors: Harshman Jared A , Carter Scott D , Daniels C Scanlon , Coble Kyle , Madson Darin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since 2014, pelvic organ prolapse (POP) has become a growing concern in the U.S. swine industry. Pelvic organ prolapse is one of the three leading causes of sow mortality today. While research has increased over the years investigating the cause and occurrence of POP, the reason for the increase in POP is not fully understood. Trace mineral status is one area of interest proposed to be associated with POP. We conducted a study to determine if there was a difference in serum trace minerals and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) concentration between prolapsed and non-prolapsed sows. The study utilized 44 prolapsed sows and 44 non-prolapsed sows of the same parity, location, management, and stage of production. Blood was collected from the prolapsed and non-prolapsed sows upon discovery and processed at a local lab where serum was collected and stored until further analyses were performed. Serum samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for trace mineral content (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, P, Se, and Zn). Additionally, TNF-α concentration was determined from the serum using ELISA testing. Data were analyzed using the PROC GLIMMIX procedure in SAS. Prolapsed sows had decreased (P &lt; 0.05) Fe (2.77 vs 3.76 ppm), Mo (9.22 vs 13.02 ppb), and Zn (1.07 vs 1.19 ppm) trace mineral concentration in the serum compared with the non-prolapsed sows. However, Mg was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in prolapsed sows compared with non-prolapsed sows (23.24 vs 21.36 ppm). Selenium was marginally (P = 0.08) less in prolapsed sows compared with non-prolapsed sows (191 vs 206 ppb). There were no differences (P &gt; 0.10) between prolapsed and non-prolapsed sows trace mineral concentrations for Ca (97.1 vs 99.1 ppm), Cu (2.07 vs 2.03 ppm), Mn (3.77 vs 3.72 ppb), P (52.5 vs 50.2 ppm), and K (264 vs 264 ppm). There was a difference (P &lt; 0.05) in TNF-α concentration between the prolapsed and non-prolapsed sows (233.1 vs 178.9 pg/mL). This study suggests that there is a decreased concentration of various serum trace minerals found in prolapsed sows compared with non-prolapsed sows and an increased TNF-α response in prolapsed sows.
11 Evaluation and Application of Technology in Swine Production Systems
Authors: Rosero David S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The rapid development of smart farming technology is improving our real-time and continuous monitoring of animal health status, improvement of animal well-being, and monitoring of growth and performance to maximize revenue capture. Significant innovations are emerging to solve complex tasks in swine barns and to augment the capacity of farmers. Special attention has been given to computer vision technologies because of the low cost of cameras and the advancements in edge computing systems that automatically extract, analyze, and understand complex problems from a single image or a sequence of images. In swine production systems, computer vision technologies have been applied to monitor animal behavior, counting of pigs, estimation of pig body weight, monitoring of feed bin levels, among others. As farmers adopt new technologies, we propose that field evaluation of smart farming tools must include a scientific assessment of accuracy and reliability. Internal validation of the technology PigVision, a smart camera system that estimates the body weight of pigs, used a total of 32 smart cameras installed in a research-commercial finish barn (100 pens, capacity for 2,400 pigs) in Iowa. Estimation of body weights by cameras were compared with pen weights using a built-in pen scale every 2 months for more than 2 years. The initial results of the accuracy of cameras were &lt; 90%. After adjustments on the algorithms related to height of the ceiling and lighting conditions, the accuracy improved to &gt; 96%. The average accuracy during 2022 was 96.7%. Field validation of cameras overtime allowed to assess the reliability of the system by measuring the uptime of cameras. We defined uptime of cameras as the percentage of daily body weight estimations reported to end users relative to the number of cameras placed in the barn. During the first cycle of production (April to July 2020), the uptime averaged 97.2%. The uptime decreased to 85.6% in the next cycle (August to December 2020). Improvements in the hardware, internet reliability and periodicity in lense cleaning resulted in uptimes to &gt; 98.5% during the last 2 cycles tested (February to October 2022). As accuracy and reliability of smart cameras meet expectations, we envision that these can be used to monitor and predict changes in the growth of pigs, early detection of health challenges and support marketing strategies. We anticipate that technology smartness for continuous monitoring of animal growth and health will drive a major shift from our conventional methods of production to more advanced and efficient systems. We expect that the implementation of computer vision technologies in swine barns will accelerate as they continue to prove accuracy, reliability, and cost-effectiveness.