bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation of single‐lumen silicone implant integrity with chemical shift artifact on T2‐weighted magnetic resonance images
Authors: Murphy Timothy J. , Piccoli Catherine W. , Mitchell Donald G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeTo correlate the integrity of single‐lumen silicone gel implants with chemical shift artifact (CSA) associated with infolding of the elastomer shell.Materials and MethodsThe T2‐weighted images of presurgical MRI examinations of 54 implants were retrospectively reviewed by two breast radiologists blinded to the operative and pathologic findings. CSA associated with intraluminal membranes was quantified by determining the fraction of membranes with it and categorized as minimal (0–⅓ of membranes involved), moderate (>⅓ – <⅔), and marked (⅔ to all). CSA was qualified by noting whether CSA intensity of the membranes was less than or similar to that of blood vessels. The CSA was correlated with the surgical or pathology findings to judge integrity of the implant.ResultsNineteen implants were intact, 35 were dysfunctional (gel leakage or rupture). Twenty‐eight of 29 (97%) with a minimal fraction of membranes with CSA were dysfunctional; 17/21 (81%) with CSA associated with a marked fraction of membranes were intact (P < 0.001). All 28 implants with CSA intensity less than vessels were dysfunctional, 19/26 (73%) with CSA equal to vessels were intact (P < 0.001). All 25 implants with minimal CSA and intensity less than vessels were dysfunctional. Seventeen of 19 (89%) implants with CSA associated with a marked fraction of membranes and intensity equal to vessels were intact (P = 0.02). The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signs were combined with strong CSA as a predictor of integrity, and 22 of 26 (85%) implants were correctly diagnosed, 4 dysfunctional and 18 intact (P < 0.0001).ConclusionCSA correlates with integrity of silicone gel implants on T2‐weighted images and can be used with other MRI signs to improve diagnosis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:159–164. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Partial left ventriculectomy in severe idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: Assessment of short‐term results and their impact on late survival by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Parga Jose R. , Avila Luiz F.R. , Bacal Fernando , Moreira Luiz F.P. , Stolf Noedir G. , Ramires Jose A.F. , Bocchi Edimar A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe evaluated short‐term effects of partial ventriculectomy on left ventricular (LV) parameters and its impact on late survival by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Twenty patients and 10 normal volunteers were studied, and LV volumes (EDV, ESV), ejection fraction (EF), short‐ and long‐axis dimensions (SA, LA), wall thickness (Wth), shape (LA/SA), geometry (Wth/SA), a geometry index (Phi), and wall‐motion score index (WMSI) were evaluated pre‐ and postoperatively. Also, we compared results and survival of patients with preoperative EF ≤17% vs. EF >17%. Short‐term results showed significant changes (P < 0.001) in: EF (17.3 ± 7.3% vs. 30.4 ± 9.5%), EDV (391.9 ± 118 vs. 272.7 ± 90 mL); ESV (308.2 ± 102.8 vs. 190.3 ± 68.4 mL); SA (80.5 ± 10.4 vs. 71.7 ± 7.8 mm); LA/SA (1.13 ± 0.1 vs. 1.34 ± 0.1); Wth (8.35 ± 0.99 vs. 9.75 ± 1.41 mm); Wth/SA (0.10 ± 0.01 vs. 0.14 ± 0.02), diastolic( 0.80 ± 0.16 vs. 0.58 ± 0.13) and systolic (0.78 ± 0.18 vs. 0.55 ± 0.12) Phi; and WMSI (−2 vs. −1) (P = 0.032). The EF division showed differences in: LA/SA (1.26 ± 0.10 vs. 1.49 ± 0.12) (P < 0.001); Wth/SA (0.13 ± 0.02 vs. 0.15 ± 0.02) (P = 0.023); diastolic (0.65 ± 0.11 vs. 0.48 ± 0.11) and systolic (0.63 ± 0.09 vs. 0.46 ± 0.09) Phi (P < 0.001); and WMSI (−2 vs. −1) (P = 0.033). Finally, correlation between pre/postoperative EF showed for EF < 17%, r = 0.32 and for EF >17%, r = 0.83, which had different late survival. Our study showed significant changes on LV parameters after ventriculectomy. Patients with EF >17% showed better EF correlation between pre/postoperative values and higher survival rate. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:781–786. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integration of breast MRI in clinical trials
Authors: Harms Steven E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractClinical trials are the mechanism for implementing new treatment methods into clinical practice. A number of organizations have been developed to facilitate the initiation, implementation, and data analysis for clinical trials. Imaging is important for patient selection and establishment of endpoints, yet imaging expertise has been underrepresented in most clinical trial groups. The integration of breast MRI in clinical trials is an important step toward the establishment of this method of imaging in routine practice. In addition, these data will be important in justifying the expense of MRI to payer organizations. The potential roles of breast MRI in clinical trials are reviewed. These breast MRI applications are linked with some of the studies that are under development. It is important for the MRI community to be aware of the importance of clinical trials in the future clinical establishment of breast MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:830–836. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spectroscopic increase in choline signal is a nonspecific marker for differentiation of infective/inflammatory from neoplastic lesions of the brain
Authors: Venkatesh Sudhakar K. , Gupta Rakesh K. , Pal Lily , Husain Nuzhat , Husain Mazhar 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe report in vivo proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopic findings in three benign infective/inflammatory lesions (one case each of tuberculoma, fungal granuloma, and xanthogranuloma), which showed high choline along with the presence of lipid/lactate, a feature characteristically described in neoplastic lesions. Histopathology of the lesions showed inflammatory cellular infiltrates with areas of necrosis/caseation. The spectroscopic‐visible increased choline resonance in these lesions is probably the result of cellularity. We conclude that increased choline, along with the presence of lipid/lactate is a nonspecific finding and may not be of much value in the differentiation of neoplastic from nonneoplastic infective/inflammatory intracranial mass lesions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:8–15. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An apparatus for MR‐guided breast lesion localization and core biopsy: Design and preliminary results
Authors: Schneider Erika , Rohling Kenneth W. , Schnall Mitchell D. , Giaquinto Randy O. , Morris Elizabeth A. , Ballon Doug 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSystem design and initial results are presented from a new unilateral MR‐guided breast lesion localization and core biopsy system. Over 150 imaging studies, an accuracy study on phantoms with 50 localization wire deployments and 33 core biopsy trials, and 19 clinical procedures are reported. The mean spatial accuracy from the lesion center for a 20‐gauge (G) needle (N = 13) was within 1.2 ± 1.4 mm (SD) and for a 14G biopsy (N = 4) 0.8 ± 1.1 mm. For sampling using a 16G core through a 14G needle, the mean accuracy was 5.6 mm (N = 2). The needle guide geometry imposed a small, calculable targeting error. For phantom measurements using the 20G device, the mean geometry‐induced error was 0.73 ± 0.43 mm. However, this contribution was, on average, 42% of the mean measured 2.35 ± 1.65 mm offset. The new device design provided an accurate and simple guidance method for localization or core biopsy of MR‐visible breast lesions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:243–253. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Numerical modelling of equilibrium charge separation in poled devices
Authors: De Francesco A. , Town G. E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe describe an efficient numerical procedure for the equilibrium solution of the internal electric field distribution resulting from poling of photo‐refractive materials. This technique has been developed to model the equilibrium state in poled bulk devices requiring bulk charge neutrality to facilitate the modelling of blocking boundaries for a high externally applied voltage (bias) in the kV range for a small number of points. This technique is an improvement on existing conventional numerical techniques employed for modelling semiconductor devices that are intended for low bias. This method can also accommodate the modelling of planar insulators and organic optical materials. We develop an algorithm incorporating the existing Newton–Raphson method for solving Kukhtarev's equations that enforces conservation of charge within the modelled system. We apply this technique to model one‐dimensional charge separation in ultraviolet (UV) excited poling of glass and, report numerical equilibrium electric field distribution for a 2 kV bias. The convergence behaviour of the algorithm is investigated and compared against the Newton–Raphson method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nerve growth factor‐mediated increases in protein methylation occur predominantly at type I arginine methylation sites and involve protein arginine methyltransferase 1
Authors: Cimato Thomas R. , Tang Jie , Xu Ye , Guarnaccia Corrado , Herschman Harvey R. , Pongor Sandor , Aletta John M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNerve growth factor (NGF)‐specific signal transduction leads to changes in protein methylation during neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells (Cimato et al. [1997] J. Cell Biol. 138:1089–1103). In the present work, we demonstrate that, among NGF‐regulated proteins, arginine methylation is more prevalent than carboxylmethylation. Type I protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) activity produces asymmetric dimethylation of the terminal guanidinonitrogen of arginines in substrate proteins, particularly glycine and arginine‐rich (GAR) segments of proteins. Several GAR peptides were used to assay for methyltransferase activity and to compete with endogenous cellular proteins for the PRMT activity in PC12 cell extracts. Peptides derived from fibrillarin and nucleolin, as well as a synthetic GAR peptide containing a repetitive GRG motif, are each extremely effective at blocking in vitro methylation of the NGF‐regulated PC12 cell methylated proteins. Myelin basic protein, a substrate for type II PRMT, selectively inhibits a 45 kDa protein but is a much less effective inhibitor of total methylation at an equimolar concentration. In addition, the fibrillarin‐ and nucleolin‐derived peptides were used to detect elevated PRMT activity in homogenates of NGF‐treated PC12 cells. Finally, immunoprecipitation of PRMT1 from PC12 cells provides the first demonstration of an NGF‐activated methyltransferase and implicates PRMT1 in NGF signal transduction. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nicotine modulates the spontaneous synaptic activity in cultured embryonic rat spinal cord interneurons
Authors: Fucile Sergio , Lax Pedro , Eusebi Fabrizio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe nicotine‐induced modulation of the synaptic activity was studied in cultured spinal cord neurons from embryonic rats, using the patch‐clamp technique, alone or in combination with Ca2+ imaging. Morphologically, neurons could be divided into two populations: multipolar nerve cells and bipolar, spindle‐shaped neurons. Neurons were predominantly GABAergic, with ∼70% of bipolar cells and 60% of multipolar cells positive for GABA immunostaining. Nicotine (Nic) did not affect the activity of the spontaneous postsynaptic current (sPSC) in multipolar neurons, whereas bipolar cells responded to Nic applications with an enhancement of both inhibitory and excitatory synaptic activity (threefold for 100 μM Nic). No change in the mean event amplitude was observed. The increase of sPSC frequency was detectable at 1–10 μM Nic, and was prevented by dihydro‐β‐erythroidine (DHβE) but not by α‐bungarotoxin. Choline, a selective α7‐nAChR agonist, did not mimic the Nic action. Simultaneous treatment with inhibitors of ionotropic glutamate receptors, CNQX (20 μM) and AP5 (20 μM), completely blocked the excitatory sPSC activity but did not prevent the Nic‐induced enhancement of inhibitory sPSC activity. Tetrodotoxin (1 μM) reduced the basal spontaneous activity but did not block the Nic‐induced effects on bipolar neurons. In a subset of bipolar neurons (12%) exposed to AP5 and CNQX, Nic activated DHβE‐sensitive inward currents, associated with an elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). Our results provide the first evidence of modulation of both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter release in embryonic spinal cord interneurons by non‐α7‐containing nicotinic receptors. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ceramide‐induced cell death in primary neuronal cultures: Upregulation of ceramide levels during neuronal apoptosis
Authors: Toman Rachelle E. , Movsesyan Vilen , Murthy Shvetha K. , Milstien Sheldon , Spiegel Sarah , Faden Alan I. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCeramide is a sphingolipid that has been implicated both in apoptosis and protection from cell death. We show that in both rat cerebellar granule cells and cortical neuronal cultures application of C2‐ceramide causes cell death in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Similar effects were observed with the exogenous application of bacterial sphingomyelinase, which hydrolyzes sphingomyelin located on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and leads to endogenous ceramide accumulation. Furthermore, endogenous ceramide levels were increased during apoptosis induced by nutrient deprivation or etoposide treatment. These findings suggest that upregulation of ceramide levels, which may be generated through activation of sphingomyelinase, contributes to neuronal apoptosis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modification of representational difference analysis applied to the isolation of forskolin‐regulated genes from Schwann cells
Authors: Bermingham John R. , Shumas Sue , Whisenhunt Tom , Rosenfeld Michael G. , Scherer Steven S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMany aspects of the response of Schwann cells to axonal cues can be induced in vitro by the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin, yet the role of cAMP signaling in regulating Schwann cell differentiation remains unclear. To define better the relationship between cAMP signaling and Schwann cell differentiation, we used a modification of cDNA representational difference analysis (RDA) that permits the analysis of small amounts of mRNA and identified additional genes that are differentially expressed by forskolin‐treated and untreated Schwann cells. The genes that we have identified, including MKP3, a regulator of ERK signaling, and the sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor edg3/lpB3, may play important roles in mediating Schwann cell differentiation. J. Neurosci. Res. 63:516–524, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glutamyl cysteine synthetase catalytic and regulatory subunits localize to dopaminergic nigral neurons as well as to astrocytes
Authors: Yantiri Ferda , Gasparyan Anna , Andersen Julie K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGlutathione (GSH) is considered one of the primary antioxidant compounds in the brain, important for the removal of peroxides from this organ. GSH levels have been reported to be significantly lower in the substantia nigra (SN) of Parkinson patients vs. age‐matched controls. Curiously, GSH has been proposed to be present in brain astrocytes rather than in neurons even though these cells are not lost in Parkinson disease. We report that the catalytic and regulatory subunit proteins of glutamyl cysteine synthetase (GCS), the primary enzyme involved in GSH synthesis, are present not only in astrocytes but also in dopaminergic neurons of the SN. This may have important implications in terms of GSH loss associated with Parkinson disease. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:203–206, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Decreases in calmodulin binding proteins and calmodulin dependent protein phosphorylation in the medial preoptic area at the onset of maternal behavior in the rat
Authors: O'Day Danton H. , Lydan Michael , Watchus Jason , Fleming Alison S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe onset of maternal behavior is characterized by the action of certain hormones, neuropeptides and neurotransmitters and a concomitant increase in the expression of c‐Fos in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) but the signaling events that lie between have not been characterized. Because several of these hormones, neuropeptides and neurotransmitters function by activating Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) mediated signaling pathways, many of which can lead to c‐Fos expression, the goal of the current work was to identify calmodulin binding proteins (CaMBPs) or specific CaM‐dependent phosphoproteins that might be involved. Probing of SDS‐PAGE gels of extracts from the hippocampus, parietal cortex, basolateral amygdala and MPOA with recombinant 35S‐VU1‐calmodulin (CaM) revealed 30 Ca2+‐dependent and 4–6 Ca2+‐independent CaMBPs. Statistically significant maternal behavior‐related decreases in four Ca2+‐dependent CaMBPs (∼31 kDa, 50% decrease; ∼33 kDa, 32%; ∼50 kDa, 35%; ∼60 kDa, 33%) were observed specifically in the MPOA. Numerous proteins were phosphorylated in a Ca2+ CaM‐dependent manner with two (MWs ∼61 Da, ∼58 kDa) showing a lack of phosphophorylation only in the MPOA. The selective decrease in CaMBPs coupled with the absence of CaM‐dependent phosphoproteins implies that changes in Ca2+/CaM‐mediated signaling may mediate some of the MPOA‐specific processes during the onset of maternal behavior in the rat. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:599–605, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor transcripts by neuronal activation in rat hypothalamic neurons
Authors: Marmigère Frédéric , Rage Florence , Tapia‐Arancibia Lucia 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBrain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) belongs to the neurotrophin family and regulates the survival, differentiation, and maintenance of function in different neuronal populations. BDNF is strongly expressed in hypothalamic neurons, where it exerts long‐ or short‐lasting actions. Because glutamate has been associated with regulations of hypothalamic hormones, we examined the regulation of the four promoters of the BDNF gene by glutamate in fetal hypothalamic neurons. The expression levels of BDNF transcripts were investigated using semiquantitative RT‐PCR. BDNF protein was determined by enzyme immunoassay, and BDNF and Trk B (BDNF receptor) gene variations were determined by RNAse protection assay. By RT‐PCR, we showed that, under basal conditions, BDNF transcripts from exons I, II, and III but not from IV were expressed in the hypothalamic neurons. Glutamate increased expression of both the protein and the four transcripts via N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors, with maximal stimulations after 3 hr of application for exon I and II mRNAs and after 1 hr for exon III and IV mRNAs. Actinomycin D blocked the increase of all transcripts, whereas cycloheximide treatment inhibited stimulation only of exon I and II mRNAs. Trk B mRNA was rapidly and transiently reduced after glutamate application. Our results demonstrate that glutamate 1) regulates BDNF mRNA expression at an early developmental stage in hypothalamic neurons and 2) exerts a differential regulation of BDNF transcripts. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:377–389, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Silica‐supported silver nano‐particles for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Liu Feng Xian , Xiao Yun , Li Ying‐Sing 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have developed and prepared a new type of substrate by impregnating silica with silver for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The effects of several experimental conditions of preparation, including the drying temperature, the molar ratio of Ag to Si, the calcination time and the calcination temperature, were investigated and varied to give a better surface enhancement efficiency of the substrate. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to measure the relative abundance of silver metal and the size of silver particles in the substrates. The results provided useful information that would be helpful in explaining the surface‐enhanced performance of silica‐supported silver substrates prepared under different conditions. The SERS spectra of several organic dyes were used to demonstrate the performance of the silver–silica substrate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eating soup with a fork: how informal social networks influence innovation in high‐technology firms
Authors: Davies Philip N. , Koza Mitchell P. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract

High‐technology firms need to innovate effectively to survive and prosper. However, one aspect of innovation that needs more consideration is the influence of the social networks of the innovators and the decision‐makers on the innovation process.

This paper develops a model for innovation using the concept of reputation management. It is suggested that differences in the social networks of the actors involved — specifically whether they are in strong, weak or new networks — can influence the success or otherwise of that innovation.

Innovators and decision‐makers are strongly influenced by the requirement to protect and enhance their reputations. These arguments are illustrated with data from a case study from the aerospace sector.

Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The development of a strategic control system for the management of strategic change
Authors: Tavakoli Iraj , Perks Keith J. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract
The role of goal setting in the management of strategic change and control is examined.
Three factors driving strategic change are identified that are only superficially discussed in parts of the strategy literature: Competitive Advantage, Strategic Capabilities and Industry Key Success Factors. These factors address the control requirements of emergent as well as planned strategies.
A five‐factor model is proposed which underpins the importance of planning. It recognizes the importance of emergent strategies that develop in response to changes in the internal and external environments of the firm and will assist managers in assessing, anticipating and responding to changes in industry structures and competitive forces.
Managing the outsourced workforce: strategic challenges for human resource management
Authors: Hiltrop Jean M. , Jenster Per V. , Martens Herna 
Published: August 2002

Abstract
For most of the twentieth century, the number of tasks and levels in large organizations grew incrementally, adding new job and career opportunities to full‐time employees. In recent years this pattern has fundamentally changed.
Global developments, both technological and economic, have led to many organizations cutting back their operations, closing facilities or outsourcing non‐core activities to specialist providers.
As we move further into the twenty‐first century, we can realistically expect that the need for cost reduction, speed and flexibility will become even greater, leading organizations to reduce the number of full‐time employees.
As labour markets are becoming tighter and supply‐driven, finding qualified staff will become more difficult and companies will increasingly have to depend on temporary staff and other types of non‐permanent employees to meet their staffing requirements.
Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.