bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRAW—A PRivAcy model for the Web
Authors: Shapira Bracha , Elovici Yuval , Meshiach Adlay , Kuflik Tsvi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWeb navigation enables easy access to vast amounts of information and services. However, it also poses a major risk to users' privacy. Various eavesdroppers constantly attempt to violate users' privacy by tracking their navigation activities and inferring their interests and needs (profiles). Users who wish to keep their intentions secret forego useful services to avoid exposure. The computer security community has concentrated on improving users' privacy by concealing their identity on the Web. However, users may want or need to identify themselves over the Net to receive certain services but still retain their interests, needs, and intentions in private. PRAW—a PRivAcy model for the Web suggested in this paper—is aimed at hiding users' navigation tracks to prevent eavesdroppers from inferring their profiles but still allowing them to be identified. PRAW is based on continuous generation of fake transactions in various fields of interests to confuse eavesdroppers' automated programs, thus providing them false data. A privacy measure is defined that reflects the difference between users' actual profile and the profile that eavesdroppers might infer. A prototype system was developed to examine PRAW's feasibility and conduct experiments to test its effectiveness. Encouraging results and their analysis are presented, as well as possible attacks and known limitations.
Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis accompanied by maxillary compound odontoma and juvenile angiofibroma: Report of a case
Authors: Andreadis Dimitrios A. , Rizos Christos B. , Belazi Maria , Peneva Milena , Antoniades Demetrios Z. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDEncephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis (ECCL) is a rare neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by congenital cutaneous, ocular, and neurologic abnormalities, which may be pronounced in the head and neck.CASEIn this article we present a well‐documented case of a six‐year‐old boy with ECCL associated with oral manifestations. In this case, typical features such as large lipomatous brown pigmented plaques of the top of the skull with overlying alopecia, ptotic eyelid with decreased function, bulbar conjunctiva lipodermoid, microcalcifications and atrophy of cerebral parenchyma, and the widening of the frontal subarachnoid space and the fissure of Sylvius were accompanied by intraoral lesions, maxillary compound odontoma, and juvenile extranasopharyngeal angiofibroma of the gingiva.CONCLUSIONSAlthough cases of odontomas have already been described and angiofibromas are a quite common extraoral finding, to our knowledge this is the first case of intraoral evaluation of both extranasopharyngeal juvenile angiofibroma and maxillary compound odontoma in ECCL syndrome. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure and axis curvature in two dA6·dT6DNA oligonucleotides: Comparison of molecular dynamics simulations with results from crystallography and NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Dixit Surjit B. , Pitici Felicia , Beveridge D. L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMolecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed on the A6 containing DNA dodecamers d(GGCAAAAAACGG) solved by NMR and d(CGCAAAAAAGCG) solved by crystallography. The experimental structures differ in the direction of axis bending and in other small but important aspects relevant to the DNA curvature problem. Five nanosecond MD simulations of each sequence have been performed, beginning with both the NMR and crystal forms as well as canonical B‐form DNA. The results show that all simulations converge to a common form in close proximity to the observed NMR structure, indicating that the structure obtained in the crystal is likely a strained form due to packing effects. A‐tracts in the MD model are essentially straight. The origin of axis curvature is found at pyrimidine–purine steps in the flanking sequences. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Solid‐phase synthesis and conformational properties of angiotensin converting enzyme catalytic‐site peptides: The basis for a structural study on the enzyme–substrate interaction
Authors: Galanis Athanassios S. , Spyroulias Georgios A. , Pairas George , Manessi‐Zoupa Evy , Cordopatis Paul 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe solution NMR conformational properties of two angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) Zn catalytic‐site 36‐residue peptides, with the general sequence HEMGHX23EAIGDX3, synthesized through solid‐phase 9‐flourenylmethyoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) chemistry, is reported. The 1H resonance assignment of Zn‐bound peptides is presented and the characteristic features of the NMR solution models of the two ACE Zn(II)‐bound peptides are reported. The solid‐state and solution structures of the ACE C‐domain catalytic site are compared while biologically important structural similarities and differences of the N‐ and C‐terminal catalytic sites are discussed. Additionally, the structural features of the ACE substrate, the angiotensin I (AI) decapeptide, are studied using NMR spectroscopy, in order to set the structural basis for the ACE–substrate interaction in solution. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci), 2004
Structural Investigation of the HIV‐1 Envelope Glycoprotein gp160 Cleavage Site 3: Role of Site‐Specific Mutations
Authors: Falcigno Lucia , Oliva Romina , D'Auria Gabriella , Maletta Massimiliano , Dettin Monica , Pasquato Antonella , Di Bello Carlo , Paolillo Livio 
Published: November 2004

AbstractProteolytic processing of HIV gp160 to produce gp120 and gp41 is performed by PC enzymes. This process is a prerequisite for the virus infectivity, since both gp120 and gp41 participate in the virus HIV‐1 entry mechanism. The structure of the gp120/gp41 junction remains to be elucidated, and the structural features required for molecular recognition between HIV‐1 gp160 and proteolytic enzymes have not been clarified. Furin is the best PC candidate for the gp160 proteolytic processing known to date.In previous studies on model peptides, we have shown the relevance of an N‐terminal helix for the proper recognition of the gp160 processing site by furin. Here we analyze the effect of point mutations in peptides lacking a regular N‐terminal helix. To this end, we present the structure–activity characterization of three peptide analogues of the HIV gp160 processing site that all present mutations in proline at positions P3 and/or P2′, while sharing the same N‐terminal sequence, containing helix‐breaking D‐amino acids. Conformational analysis of the peptides was carried out in solution by NMR techniques, and furin’s efficiency in cleaving them was measured. Structural findings are presented and discussed in relation to the different exhibited activity.
Gaseous Supramolecules of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids: “Magic” Numbers and Intrinsic Strengths of Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Gozzo Fabio C. , Santos Leonardo S. , Augusti Rodinei , Consorti Crestina S. , Dupont Jairton , Eberlin Marcos N. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractElectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) is found to gently and efficiently transfer small to large as well as singly to multiply charged [X+]n[A−]m supramolecules of imidazolium ion (X+) ionic liquids to the gas phase, and to reveal “magic numbers” for their most favored assemblies. Tandem mass spectrometric experiments (ESI‐MS/MS) were then used to dissociate, via low‐energy collision activation, mixed and loosely bonded [A‐ ‐ ‐ ‐X‐ ‐ ‐ ‐A′]− and [X‐ ‐ ‐ ‐A‐ ‐ ‐ ‐X′]+ gaseous supramolecules, as well as their higher homologues, and to estimate and order via Cooks' kinetic method (CKM) and B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p) calculations the intrinsic solvent‐free magnitude of hydrogen bonds. For the five anions studied, the relative order of intrinsic hydrogen‐bond strengths to the 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium ion [X1]+ is: CF3CO2− (zero) > BF4− (−3.1) > PF6− (−10.0) > InCl4− (−16.4) and BPh4− (−17.6 kcal mol−1). The relative hydrogen‐bond strength for InCl4− was measured via CKM whereas those for the other anions were calculated and used as CKM references. A good correlation coefficient (R=0.998) between fragment ion ratios and calculated hydrogen‐bond strengths and an effective temperature (Teff) of 430 K demonstrate the CKM reliability for measuring hydrogen‐bond strengths in gaseous ionic liquid supramolecules. Using CKM and Teff of 430 K, the intrinsic hydrogen‐bond strengths of BF4− for the three cations investigated is: 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium ion (0) > 1,3‐di‐[(R)‐3‐methyl‐2‐butyl]‐imidazolium ion (−2.4) > 1,3‐di‐[(R)‐α‐methylbenzyl]‐imidazolium ion (−3.0 kcal mol−1). As evidenced by “magic” numbers, greater stabilities are found for the [(X1)2(BF4)3]− and [(X1)5A4]+ supramolecules (A≠InCl4−).
Kinetic Study of Phosphorylation‐Dependent Complex Formation between the Kinase‐Inducible Domain (KID) of CREB and the KIX Domain of CBP on a Quartz Crystal Microbalance
Authors: Matsuno Hisao , Furusawa Hiroyuki , Okahata Yoshio 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe report quantitative analysis of peptide–peptide interactions on a 27 MHz quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) in aqueous solution. The KID (kinase‐inducible domain) of transcription factor CREB (cyclic AMP response element binding protein) is known to interact with the KIX domain of coactivator CBP (CREB binding protein), facilitated by phosphorylation at Ser‐133 of the KID. The KIX domain peptide (86 aa) was immobilized on the QCM gold electrode surface by means of a poly(ethylene glycol) spacer. Binding of the KID peptide (46 aa) to the KIX peptide was detected by frequency decreases (mass increases) of the QCM. Both maximum binding amount (Δmmax) and association constants (Ka) obtained from the QCM measurements increased as a result of phosphorylation of Ser‐133 of the KID peptide. The Ka values for KIX peptide to the phosphorylated (pKID) and unphosphorylated KID peptides were (93±2)×103 and (5±1)×103 M−1, respectively. This difference was explained by the dissociation rate constant (k−1) of the pKID being 20 times smaller than that of the KID, while association rate constants (k1) were independent of phosphorylation.
Trends in mortality from major cancers in the European Union, including acceding countries, in 2004
Authors: Levi Fabio , Lucchini Franca , Negri Eva , La Vecchia Carlo 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn May 2004, 10 additional countries joined the European Union (EU), including a total of 75 million inhabitants. Most of these were from central and eastern European countries with comparably high cancer mortality rates and with relatively unfavorable trends. Therefore, it is important to provide updated mortality data regarding major cancers in various countries and to analyze trends for the current population of the EU.METHODSThe authors considered mortality rates (directly standardized to the world standard population) for all cancers and for 8 major cancer sites in the year 2000 in the 25 countries of the EU and analyzed corresponding trends since 1980 using data derived from the World Health Organization data base.RESULTSFor men, overall cancer mortality in the year 2000 varied by a factor > 2 between the highest rate of 258.5 per 100,000 men in Hungary and the lowest rate of 122.0 per 100,000 men in Sweden. Central and Eastern European accession countries had the highest rates not only for lung and other tobacco‐related cancers but also for gastrointestinal cancers and leukemias. The geographic pattern was different and the range of variation was smaller for women, i.e., between 136.7 per 100,000 women in Denmark and 76.4 per 100,000 women in Spain in the year 2000. In the EU as a whole, lung cancer mortality in men peaked at 55.4 per 100,000 men in 1988 and declined thereafter to 46.7 per 100,000 men in 2000. Gastric cancer steadily declined from 19.7 per 100,000 men in 1980 to 10.1 per 100,000 men in 2000. Other major sites showed moderately favorable trends over the last few years. In women, breast cancer peaked at 21.7 per 100,000 in 1989 and declined to 18.9 per 100,000 in 2000. Mortality from gastric, (cervix) uterus, and intestinal cancers demonstrated steady decreases, but lung cancer increased from 7.7 per 100,000 women in 1980 to 11.1 per 100,000 women in 2000. The increase in lung cancer mortality in women age < 55 years was 38% between 1990 and 2000 (from 2.16 per 100,000 women to 2.99 per 100,000 women), reflecting the spread of tobacco smoking among women in the EU over the last few decades.CONCLUSIONSThe priority for further reduction of cancer mortality in the EU remains tobacco control together with more widespread availability of modern diagnostic and treatment procedures for neoplasms that are amenable to treatment. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Cytokines in pancreatic carcinoma
Authors: Ebrahimi Behnam , Tucker Susan L. , Li Donghui , Abbruzzese James L. , Kurzrock Razelle 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDCytokines have been implicated in diverse processes that are relevant to pancreatic carcinoma, including cachexia, asthenia, and tumor growth. The objective of this study was to examine the association between serum levels of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory or angiogenic cytokines and the outcomes of patients with pancreatic carcinoma.METHODSSerum cytokine levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay from 51 patients with pancreatic carcinoma and from 48–62 healthy volunteers. Cytokine levels were compared with disease manifestations and overall survival.RESULTSCirculating levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α), and IL‐1β were not elevated significantly in patients with pancreatic carcinoma, but levels of IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, and IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1RA) were elevated significantly (P < 0.05). Cytokine levels were dichotomized based on an analysis of null Martingale residuals. Patients who had IL‐6 levels > 5.2 pg/mL or IL‐10 levels > 9.8 pg/mL had significantly worse survival compared with patients who had lower IL‐6 or IL‐10 levels (P < 0.05). IL‐8 levels were not associated with survival differences. Patients who had IL‐1RA levels < 159 pg/mL had significantly worse survival compared with patients who had higher IL‐1RA levels (P < 0.05). Higher IL‐6, IL‐10, and IL‐8 levels were associated with poor performance status and/or weight loss. In multivariate analysis, only T4 tumors and high IL‐6 levels were selected as independent prognostic factors for poor survival.CONCLUSIONSCirculating levels of several cytokines were high in patients with pancreatic carcinoma, and their association with weight loss and poor performance status suggested that they may be involved in these disease manifestations. Furthermore, serum cytokine levels, in particular IL‐6, may be a useful prognostic marker. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Neurokinin B‐producing projection neurons in the lateral stripe of the striatum and cell clusters of the accumbens nucleus in the rat
Authors: Zhou Ligang , Furuta Takahiro , Kaneko Takeshi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractNeurons producing preprotachykinin B (PPTB), the precursor of neurokinin B, constitute 5% of neurons in the dorsal striatum and project to the substantia innominata (SI) selectively. In the ventral striatum, PPTB‐producing neurons are collected mainly in the lateral stripe of the striatum (LSS) and cell clusters of the accumbens nucleus (Acb). In the present study, we first examined the distribution of PPTB‐immunoreactive neurons in rat ventral striatum and found that a large part of the PPTB‐immunoreactive cell clusters was continuous to the LSS, but a smaller part was not. Thus, we divided the PPTB‐immunoreactive cell clusters into the LSS‐associated and non‐LSS‐associated ones. We next investigated the projection targets of the PPTB‐producing ventral striatal neurons by combining immunofluorescence labeling and retrograde tracing. After injection of Fluoro‐Gold into the basal component of the SI (SIb) and medial part of the interstitial nucleus of posterior limb of the anterior commissure, many PPTB‐immunoreactive neurons were retrogradely labeled in the LSS‐associated cell clusters and LSS, respectively. When the injection site included the ventral part of the sublenticular component of the SI(SIsl), retrogradely labeled neurons showed PPTB‐immunoreactivity frequently in non‐LSS‐associated cell clusters. Furthermore, these PPTB‐immunoreactive projections were confirmed by the double‐fluorescence method after anterograde tracer injection into the ventral striatum containing the cell clusters. Since the dorsalmost part of the SIsl is known to receive strong inputs from PPTB‐producing dorsal striatal neurons, the present results indicate that PPTB‐producing ventral striatal neurons project to basal forebrain target regions in parallel with dorsal striatal neurons without significant convergence. J. Comp. Neurol. 480:143–161, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An experimental study of the connections of the telencephalon in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). I: Olfactory bulb and ventral area
Authors: Folgueira Mónica , Anadón Ramón , Yáñez Julián 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe fluorescent carbocyanine dye 1,1′‐dioctadecyl 3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) was used in fixed tissue to comprehensively analyze the connections of the olfactory bulbs and the different regions of the ventral (V) area of the telencephalic lobes (subpallium) of the rainbow trout. With this goal, DiI was applied to the different telencephalic nuclei and zones, as well as to the olfactory nerve, the olfactory bulb, the retina, and to several structures in the diencephalon and brainstem of juvenile trout. The olfactory bulbs maintain reciprocal connections with several regions of the telencephalon [ventral nucleus of V (Vv), supracommissural nucleus (Vs), posterior zone of D (Dp), preoptic nucleus], and also project to the diencephalon (posterior tuberal nucleus, posterior hypothalamic lobe). Vv receives afferents from Vs, the dorsal nucleus of V (Vd), the preoptic nucleus, and from several nuclei in the diencephalon and brainstem (suprachiasmatic nucleus, anterior and lateral tuberal nuclei, preglomerular complex, tertiary gustatory nucleus, posterior tubercle, inferior hypothalamic lobes, thalamus, torus semicircularis, secondary gustatory nucleus, locus coeruleus, superior raphe nucleus, central gray, and reticular formation), and projects to dorsal (pallial) regions and most of the nuclei afferent to Vv. The dorsal nucleus of V (Vd) and Vs mainly project to the dorsal area. In an accompanying article (Folgueira et al., 2004), we present the results of application of DiI to dorsal (pallial) telencephalic regions, as well as of several experiments of tracer application to extratelencephalic regions. The results presented here, together with those of the accompanying article, reveal a complex connectional pattern of the rainbow trout ventral telencephalon, most of these connections having not been described previously in salmonids. J. Comp. Neurol. 480:180–203, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Afferent projections to nucleus reuniens of the thalamus
Authors: McKenna James Timothy , Vertes Robert P. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe nucleus reuniens (RE) is the largest of the midline nuclei of the thalamus and the major source of thalamic afferents to the hippocampus and parahippocampal structures. Nucleus reuniens has recently been shown to exert powerful excitatory actions on CA1 of the hippocampus. Few reports on any species have examined afferent projections to nucleus reuniens. By using the retrograde anatomical tracer Fluorogold, we examined patterns of afferent projections to RE in the rat. We showed that RE receives a diverse and widely distributed set of afferents projections. The main sources of input to nucleus reuniens were from the orbitomedial, insular, ectorhinal, perirhinal, and retrosplenial cortices; CA1/subiculum of hippocampus; claustrum, tania tecta, lateral septum, substantia innominata, and medial and lateral preoptic nuclei of the basal forebrain; medial nucleus of amygdala; paraventricular and lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus; zona incerta; anterior, ventromedial, lateral, posterior, supramammillary, and dorsal premammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus; and ventral tegmental area, periaqueductal gray, medial and posterior pretectal nuclei, superior colliculus, precommissural/commissural nuclei, nucleus of the posterior commissure, parabrachial nucleus, laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei, nucleus incertus, and dorsal and median raphe nuclei of the brainstem. The present findings of widespread projections to RE, mainly from limbic/limbic‐associated structures, suggest that nucleus reuniens represents a critical relay in the transfer of limbic information (emotional/cognitive) from RE to its major targets, namely, to the hippocampus and orbitomedial prefrontal cortex. RE appears to be a major link in the two‐way exchange of information between the hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 480:115–142, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dorsal root ganglion neurons up‐regulate the expression of laminin‐associated integrins after peripheral but not central axotomy
Authors: Wallquist Wilhelm , Zelano Johan , Plantman Stefan , Kaufman Stephen J. , Cullheim Staffan , Hammarberg Henrik 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe favorable prognosis of regeneration in the peripheral nervous system after axonal lesions is generally regarded as dependent on the Schwann cell basal lamina. Laminins, a heterotrimeric group of basal lamina molecules, have been suggested to be among the factors playing this supportive role. For neurons to utilize laminin as a substrate for growth, an expression of laminin binding receptors, integrins, is necessary. In this study, we have examined the expression of laminin binding integrin subunits in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons after transection to either their peripherally projecting axons, as in the sciatic nerve, followed by regeneration, or the centrally projecting axons in dorsal roots, followed by no or weak regenerative activity. In uninjured DRG, immunohistochemical staining revealed a few neurons expressing integrin subunit α6, whereas integrin subunits α7 and foremost β1 were expressed in a majority of neurons. After an injury to the sciatic nerve, mRNAs encoding all three integrins were up‐regulated in DRG neurons. By anterograde tracing, immunoreactivity for all studied integrins was also found in association with growing axons after a sciatic nerve crush lesion in vivo. In contrast, mRNA levels remained constant in DRG neurons after a dorsal root injury. Together with previous findings, this suggests that integrin subunits α6, α7, and β1 have an important role in the regenerative response following nerve injury and that the lack of regenerative capacity following dorsal root injury could in part be explained by the absence of response in integrin regulation. J. Comp. Neurol. 480:162–169, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.