bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Approximations and empirics for stochastic war equations
Authors: Hausken Kjell , Moxnes John F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe article develops a theorem which shows that the Lanchester linear war equations are not in general equal to the Kolmogorov linear war equations. The latter are time‐consuming to solve, and speed is important when a large number of simulations must be run to examine a large parameter space. Run times are provided, where time is a scarce factor in warfare. Four time efficient approximations are presented in the form of ordinary differential equations for the expected sizes and variances of each group, and the covariance, accounting for reinforcement and withdrawal of forces. The approximations are compared with “exact” Monte Carlo simulations and empirics from the WWII Ardennes campaign. The band spanned out by plus versus minus the incremented standard deviations captures some of the scatter in the empirics, but not all. With stochastically varying combat effectiveness coefficients, a substantial part of the scatter in the empirics is contained. The model is used to forecast possible futures. The implications of increasing the combat effectiveness coefficient governing the size of the Allied force, and injecting reinforcement to the German force during the Campaign, are evaluated, with variance assessments. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.
Chronic granulomatous disease in Latin American patients: Clinical spectrum and molecular genetics
Authors: Agudelo‐Flórez Piedad , Prando‐Andrade Carolina Cardoso , López Juan Alvaro , Costa‐Carvalho Beatriz Tavares , Quezada Arnoldo , Espinosa Francisco Jose , de Souza Paiva Maria Aparecida , Roxo Persio , Grumach Anete , Jacob Cristina Abe , Carneiro‐Sampaio Magda Maria Salles , Newburger Peter E. , Condino‐Neto Antonio 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackgroundChronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by early onset of recurrent and severe infections. The molecular defects causing CGD are heterogeneous and lead to absence, low expression, or malfunctioning of one of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase components. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical features and to investigate the molecular genetic defects of Latin American patients with CGD.ProceduresThe study included 14 patients. The diagnosis was based on a history of recurrent severe infections, impaired respiratory burst, and the demonstration of an underlying mutation by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) or RT‐PCR analysis, followed by genomic DNA or cDNA sequencing.ResultsSeven unrelated patients were found to have the X‐linked form of CGD (X‐CGD). Heterogeneous mutations affected the CYBB gene: two insertions, one substitution, and four splice site defects; two of them are novel. Seven patients presented with one of the autosomal recessive forms of CGD (A47‐CGD); all had the most common mutation, a ΔGT deletion in exon 2 of the NCF1 gene. Pneumonia was the most frequent clinical feature, followed by pyoderma, sinusitis, otitis, and liver abscess. Patients with X‐CGD were more likely to have initial infections before age 2 years and to have inflammatory obstructive granulomas later. None of the patients had severe adverse reactions to BCG immunization.ConclusionsX‐CGD patients from Latin America showed a high degree of molecular heterogeneity, including two novel mutations. Their clinical characteristics included early onset of infections and eventual obstructive granulomas. A47‐CGD represented 50% of the reported cases, a higher prevalence than reported in other series. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MALT lymphoma in children: A report from the NHL‐BFM study group
Authors: Claviez Alexander , Meyer Ulrike , Dominick Christoph , Beck James F. , Rister Manfred , Tiemann Markus 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMarginal zone lymphomas of MALT type comprise a considerable group of indolent B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in adult patients. In childhood, however, these tumors are extremely rare, as nearly all pediatric patients have aggressive NHL. Among 2,703 children and adolescents registered into the prospective multicenter NHL‐BFM treatment studies since 1986, only 4 patients (0.1%) displayed features of MALT lymphoma. These tumors were localized in the stomach, breast, lower lid, and conjunctiva, respectively and they were associated with H. pylori infection in two patients. All children are alive but long‐term follow‐up will be mandatory to assess the behavior of MALT lymphoma in this age group. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Small‐scale sorted nets on glacial till, Fláajökull (Southeast Iceland) and Elisbreen (Northwest Spitsbergen)
Authors: Dabski Maciej 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSmall sorted nets occur on glacial tills deposited since the end of 19th century by the Fláajökull (southeast Iceland) and Elisbreen (northwest Spitsbergen) glaciers. The nets have mesh diameters of 0.1 to 1.2 m. They possess a relatively flat microrelief and depth of sorting of 5 to 15 cm. Clasts within the coarse domain (stony borders) and till fabric analysis display chaotic orientation. The nets within the Fláajökull moraine are more active compared with nets from the Elisbreen moraines. Despite major differences in climatic conditions between southeast Iceland and northwest Spitsbergen, it is inferred that there is no distinct difference in the sorted patterns that have developed upon the young moraines of the two glaciers. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A portable earth‐drill system for permafrost studies
Authors: Calmels Fabrice , Gagnon Olivier , Allard Michel 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis technical note presents a light drill specially designed for coring in permafrost. The drill was improved over several years at Université Laval's Centre d'études nordiques. More efficient than the conventional CRREL coring kit, the equipment allows total‐length recovery of cores 10 cm in diameter nearly without alteration, and works in most kinds of frozen soils. Drilling is possible to 7 m using a two to three‐person operating crew. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature distribution in dc Joule‐heated amorphous ribbons
Authors: Aştefănoaei I. , Radu D. , Chiriac H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe model presented here allows us to find the temperature distribution in an amorphous ribbon through which a dc current passes. With this end in view, we have taken into account the most important dc Joule heating effects: conduction, convection and radiative heat losses as well as the structural changes that appear in the crystallization process. In the domain situated above the temperature that corresponds to the onset of the crystallization process, we have studied the thermal behavior of the sample and we have analyzed the kinetics of the crystallization phenomenon for both the isothermal process and for the nonisothermal crystallization process (based on the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami equation). The computed temperature values (corresponding to amorphous phase) are experimentally verified through magnetic measurements using a fluxmeter method (performed on amorphous ribbons with known Curie temperature), while those corresponding to the crystallization process are experimentally verified using differential scanning calorimetry analysis and X‐ray difraction. We conclude that the dc Joule heating of ribbon is accurately described by this model, the analytically and numerically obtained results being in good agreement with experimental data. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Vagus nerve stimulation suppresses pain but has limited effects on neurogenic inflammation in humans
Authors: Kirchner Annette , Stefan Hermann , Bastian Katrin , Birklein Frank 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLeft vagus nerve stimulation reduces pain perception in humans. In animal studies it has been shown that beyond the inhibitory effect, which the vagus nerve exerts via its widespread central connections, there might be also a peripheral effect on nociceptors. In humans, the exact mechanisms of VNS‐mediated analgesia are still unclear.To test whether VNS also affects activation of primary nociceptive afferents in humans, we investigated 11 patients before and after implantation of a vagus nerve stimulator by using tonic pressure as pain stimulus. Vasodilator axon reflexes (“neurogenic” inflammation) were quantified by laser‐Doppler‐imaging and served as surrogates for primary afferent activation. Pain was measured on a visual analogue scale (VAS). The squeezing experiment was performed three times at 15 min intervals in each session. As controls 9 healthy age‐ and gender‐matched subjects were studied.As shown in our previous study, VNS significantly reduces pain to tonic pressure. Likewise, there was a moderate reduction of the blood flow within the area of the axon reflex, which indicates a possible but limited inhibitory effect of VNS on peripheral nociceptors.Our data suggests that VNS might affect peripheral nociceptor function in humans. Since VNS has been shown to be more effective in experimental procedures in which pain magnitude is amplified by central processing, further studies are warranted to elucidate whether the central or peripheral effect is most important for VNS‐mediated analgesia.
Identification of VaD and AD prodromes: The Cache County Study
Authors: Hayden K.M. , Warren L.H. , Pieper C.F. , Østbye T. , Tschanz J.T. , Norton M.C. , Breitner J.C.S. , Welsh‐Bohmer K.A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackgroundIt is unclear whether vascular dementia (VaD) has a cognitive prodrome, akin to the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) prodrome to Alzheimer's dementia (AD). To evaluate whether VaD has a cognitive prodrome, and if it can be differentiated from prodromal AD, we examined neuropsychological test performance of participants in a nested case‐control study within a population‐based cohort aged 65 or older.MethodsParticipants (n = 485) were identified from the Cache County Study, a large population‐based study of aging and dementia. After an average of 3 years of follow‐up, a total of 62 incident dementia cases were identified (14 VaD, 48 AD). We identified a number of neuropsychological tests (executive and memory) that discriminated between diagnosed VaD and AD cases. Multivariate analyses sought to differentiate between these same groups 3 years before clinical diagnosis.ResultsThe Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Word List Recognition Test correct recognition of foils (mean difference, 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.42 to 2.07; p < 0.01), Logical Memory I (mean difference, 7.16; 95% CI, 0.78 to 13.55, p < 0.05), Logical Memory II delayed recall (mean difference, 8.67; 95% CI, 1.59 to 15.74, p < 0.05), and percent savings (mean difference, 51.07; 95% CI, 32.58 to 69.56, p < 0.0001) differentiated VaD from AD cases after adjustment for age, sex, education, and dementia severity. Three years before dementia diagnosis, word list recognition (“no” responses mean difference, 1.40; 95% CI, 0.64 to 2.17; p < 0.001, and “yes” responses mean difference, –1.14; 95% CI, –2.14 to –0.13; p < 0.03) discriminated between prodromal VaD and AD.ConclusionThese results suggest that VaD has a prodromal syndrome, the cognitive features of which are distinguishable from the cognitive prodrome of AD.
Alzheimer's research: Can it help save our nation's entitlement programs?
Authors: McConnell Stephen , Riggs Judith 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDemographics and government budget policies are on a collision course. The aging of the massive baby boom generation is threatening the future solvency of the nation's entitlement programs. The budget‐driven response by policy makers is to cut entitlements and reduce spending on discretionary programs, such as funding for research supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Sadly, this response is likely to exacerbate the problem by limiting program changes that can better respond to the aging population and draining resources away from scientific inquiry that can help alleviate future fiscal burdens. A more viable solution would be to reform health and long‐term care programs to better address the chronic care needs of the aging population and to fully fund science that can delay onset and slow progression of life‐threatening diseases like Alzheimer's.
Treatment of hypertension and prevention of dementia
Authors: Hanon Olivier , Forette Françoise 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBecause of the aging population, the frequency of dementia will dramatically increase in the coming years. Prevention of cognitive disorders and dementia has become a major public health challenge. High blood pressure is a major risk factor for cerebrovascular diseases and is also correlated closely with cognitive decline and dementia. Several epidemiologic studies have found that cognitive functions are often inversely proportional to blood pressure values measured 15 or 20 years previously. Moreover, the use of antihypertensive drugs has been shown to help prevent cognitive decline, opening the way to the prevention of dementia (vascular or Alzheimer's type). These results indicate that incidence of dementia should constitute a major outcome of future trials comparing different classes of antihypertensive drugs.
Hematologic and Cytogenetic Findings in Myelodysplastic Syndromes Treated with Recombinant Human Granulocyte Colony‐stimulating Factor
Authors: Ohyashiki Kazuma , Ohyashiki Junko H. , Toyama Keisuke , Takaku Fumimaro 
Published: August 2005

We administered recombinant human granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (rhG‐CSF) to four patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and three patients with non‐MDS (two malignant lymphoma and one lung cancer) as a part of a phase II trial and analyzed the effects of rhG‐CSF on the neoplastic cells of MDS by performing sequential chromosome analyses on the bone marrow cells. A greater than 3‐fold increase in neutrophil count was observed in the MDS patients after rhG‐CSF infusions, whereas the number of blasts in the bone marrow did not increase and none of them progressed into the leukemic phase. After rhG‐CSF treatment, the bone marrow cells obtained from patients without MDS did not show any particular chromosome abnormalities such as chromosomal breakage. On the contrary, two of the four MDS patients with acquired chromosome abnormalities showed a change in the frequency of marrow cells with clonal abnormalities after rhG‐CSF treatment; the proportion of metaphase cells with additional numerical chromosome abnormalities decreased in these two MDS patients. After discontinuation of the treatment, the constitution of marrow cells with chromosome changes reverted to that before treatment. The remaining two MDS patients did not show any particular chromosome changes after the rhG‐CSF treatment, indicating that rhG‐CSF may not promote the characteristics of dyshematopoiesis in MDS, and act on cells derived from an MDS clone.
Point Mutations of c‐ras Genes in Human Bladder Cancer and Kidney Cancer
Authors: Nagata Yasuhiko , Abe Masumi , Kobayashi Kohmei , Saiki Shigeru , Kotake Toshihiko , Yoshikawa Kazuhiro , Ueda Ryuzo , Nakayama Eiichi , Shiku Hiroshi 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTPoint mutations of c‐ras genes at codons 12, 13 and 61 were analyzed in 26 cases of bladder cancer and 16 cases of kidney cancer. DNA prepared from either frozen tissues or 10% formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues were amplified by means of polymerase chain reaction methods, and mutations were analyzed by dot blot hybridization assays with oligonucleotide probes. In three cases of bladder cancer c‐ras mutations were found, at codons 13 and 61 of c‐Ha‐ras and at codon 61 of c‐Ki‐ras, while no mutation was found in kidney cancer. No mutation was found in normal bladder epithelial tissues from the same patients. Our findings, taken together, may indicate relative scarcity of c‐ras mutations in these types of human cancer. The results of dot blot hybridization assays and DNA sequencing showed a G‐to‐C transition of the first nucleotide at codon 13 of c‐Ha‐ras. This is the first time that such a point mutation has been detected in human cancer tissues.
Philadelphia Chromosome‐positive Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia with Deleted Fusion of BCR and ABL Genes
Authors: Ohyashiki Kazuma , Ohyashiki Junko H. , Iwabuchi Hirotaka , Tauchi Tetsuzo , Iwabuchi Atsuhiro , Toyama Keisuke 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTIn the great majority of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) the reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, t(9;22)(q34;q11), resulting in the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome produces fusion DNA sequences consisting of the 5′ part of the major breakpoint cluster region‐1 (M‐BCR‐1) and the ABL protooncogene which encodes for the P210BCR‐ABL phosphoprotein with tyrosine kinase activity implicated in the pathogenesis of CML. Molecular analysis was performed on 25 patients with Ph‐positive CML using 2 breakpoint cluster region (bcr) probes within the M‐BCR‐1 DNA sequences, and two of them did not contain either detectable rearranged DNA homologous to the 5′ side bcr probe or ABL‐related fusion mRNA. The chromosomal in situ hybridization technique revealed that these two Ph‐positive CML cases did not carry DNAs homologous to the 5′bcr or ABL probes on the Ph chromosome. Furthermore, one of the two Ph‐positive CML cases did not show either rearranged DNA or regions homologous to the 3′bcr probe on a 9q+ chromosome, while the other CML case showed a rearrangement detected by the 3′bcr probe and transposition of the 3′bcr homologous to the 9q+ chromosome. Thus, the possibility is raised that the BCR/ABL fusion DNA has been deleted in rare CML cases, and that the deletion possibly occurred in a stepwise manner following the formation of the Ph chromosome at any stage of the disease.
Identification of a Protein Increasing in Serum of Nagase Analbuminemic Rats Bearing Intestinal Tumors as an Isotype of T‐Kininogen
Authors: Kanda Shinji , Sugiyama Kenji , Takahashi Masakazu , Shumiya Seigo , Tomino Shiro , Nagase Sumi 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTIncrease in an unidentified protein was observed in serum of Nagase analbuminemic rats (NAR) bearing intestinal tumors induced by azoxymethane. This protein seemed to be a polymer of a protein of 73 kDa as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and so was tentatively named 73K‐protein. The serum concentration of 73K‐protein in NAR bearing intestinal tumors was 11.9 ± 2.2 mg/ml (mean ± SD, n = 5), whereas that in control NAR was 2.0 ± 0.2 mg/ml. Increase of the serum 73K‐protein level was also observed in Sprague‐Dawley rats bearing intestinal tumors, skin tumors, subcutaneous sarcomas, or mammary tumors and in ACI rats bearing urinary bladder tumors. On double immunodiffusion analysis, the 73K‐protein was not detected in mouse, guinea pig, pig, horse, or human serum. A cDNA clone bearing the sequence encoding 73K‐protein was isolated from a cDNA library constructed from rat liver mRNA. The nucleotide sequence of the 73K‐protein showed 98.8% and 96.9% homologies with the sequences of the 3′‐proximal domains of the cDNAs for TI‐ and TII‐kininogen, respectively. Therefore, the 73K‐protein was concluded to be an isotype of T‐kininogen.
Kinetics of Internalization and Cytotoxicity of Transferrin‐Neocarzinostatin Conjugate in Human Leukemia Cell Line, K562
Authors: Kohgo Yutaka , Kondo Hitoshi , Kato Junji , Sasaki Katsunori , Tsushima Nobuyasu , Nishisato Takuji , Hirayama Michiaki , Fujikawa Koshi , Shintani Naoaki , Mogi Yoshihiro , Niitsu Yoshiro 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTHuman serum transferrin was conjugated with an anticancer‐active polypeptide, neocarzinostatin, by using N‐succinimidy1‐3‐(2‐pyridyldithio)propionate. The conjugate consisted of 1.8 mol of neocarzinostatin per 1 mol of transferrin on average and retained cytotoxic activity against human tumor cells. This conjugate was capable of binding to the transferrin receptor of human myelogenous leukemia K562 cells and was internalized by endocytosis. The LD50 values of the conjugate and neocarzinostatin alone in the presence of excess native bovine transferrin were 0.20 μ/ml and 1.80 μ/ml, respectively, suggesting that the effect of the conjugate was greater than that of neocarzinostatin alone. A pulse‐chase experiment using 125I‐labeled conjugate revealed that 25% of the internalized conjugate was degraded in lysosomes and the rest was recycled back to the cell surface without degradation. About 75% of this conjugate recycled back to the cell surface in 18.3 min (3.4 min for receptor binding and 14.9 min for recycling to the cell surface through the acidosomes), while the rest was delivered from the cell surface to the lysosome in 19.6 min. This phenomenon was confirmed by chasing the radioactivity in subcellular fractions separated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. Therefore, it was concluded that this conjugate is internalized specifically by transferrin receptors and is at least partly transferred to and accumulated in lysosomal compartments, resulting in the inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis.
Spending on substance abuse treatment: how much is enough?
Authors: Meara Ellen , Frank Richard G. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTAim  To describe a framework that can be used to determine optimal spending on substance abuse treatment in the United States.Methods  Selective review of the literature on spending for substance abuse treatment combined with an economic analysis of how to determine when spending is optimal, defining optimal spending as that which minimizes the social costs of substance use disorders.Results  In 1997, only $11.9 billion of the $294 billion estimated social costs of substance abuse was spent on treatment. The discrepancy between the high indirect costs of illness relative to the level of spending on treatment of addictive disorders leads many to believe that the United States spends too little on treatment. In this paper, we argue that information on the social costs of substance abuse disorders and the level of spending on treatment is insufficient to determine whether current spending is optimal. We develop a framework that could be used to determine optimal spending on substance abuse treatment in the United States. We develop this framework in four steps. First, we provide background on the unique financial and delivery features of substance abuse treatment. Secondly, we outline the points raised by advocates of expanded substance abuse treatment: substance abuse has high social costs, yet few people receive the many effective treatments available partly because of financial barriers to treatment. Thirdly, we provide a framework that can be used to judge the additional benefits of alternative levels and types of spending on substance abuse treatment. Finally, we discuss the distinction between the potential impact of spending on substance abuse treatment and its actual impact, using productivity as an example of one significant portion of the costs of substance abuse.Conclusion  To determine optimal spending on substance abuse treatment, research should describe who receives treatment, the quality of treatment received, and how treatments relate to outcomes that comprise a large share of the economic burden of substance abuse.