bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of intercensal population projections and error of closure on breast cancer surveillance: examples from 10 California counties
Authors: Phipps Amanda I , Clarke Christina A , Ereman Rochelle R 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Introduction
In 2001, data from the California Cancer Registry suggested that breast cancer incidence rates among non-Hispanic white (nHW) women in Marin County, California, had increased almost 60% between 1991 and 1999. This analysis examines the extent to which these and other breast cancer incidence trends could have been impacted by bias in intercensal population projections.

Method
We obtained population projections for the year 2000 projected from the 1990 census from the California Department of Finance (DOF) and population counts from the 2000 US Census for nHW women living in 10 California counties and quantified age-specific differences in counts. We also computed age-adjusted incidence rates of invasive breast cancer in order to examine and quantify the impact of differences between the population data sources.

Results
Differences between year 2000 DOF projections and year 2000 census counts varied by county and age and ranged from underestimates of 60% to overestimates of 64%. For Marin County, the DOF underestimated the number of nHW women aged 45 to 64 years by 32% compared to the 2000 US census. This difference produced a significant 22% discrepancy between breast cancer incidence rates calculated using the two population data sources. In Los Angeles and Santa Clara counties, DOF-based incidence rates were significantly lower than rates based on census data. Rates did not differ significantly by population data source in the remaining seven counties examined.

Conclusion
Although year 2000 population estimates from the DOF did not differ markedly from census counts at the state or county levels, greater discrepancies were observed for race-stratified, age-specific groups within counties. Because breast cancer incidence rates must be calculated with age-specific data, differences between population data sources at the age-race level may lead to mis-estimation of breast cancer incidence rates in county populations affected by these differences, as was observed in Marin County. Although intercensal rates based on population projections are important for timely breast cancer surveillance, these rates are prone to bias due to the error of closure between population projections and decennial census population counts. Intercensal rates should be interpreted with this potential bias in mind.
Phase III Study of Weekly High-Dose Infusional Fluorouracil Plus Folinic Acid With or Without Irinotecan in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Gastrointestinal Group Study 40986
Authors: Köhne C.-H. , van Cutsem E. , Wils J. , Bokemeyer C. , El-Serafi M. , Lutz M.P. , Lorenz M. , Reichardt P. , Rückle-Lanz H. , Frickhofen N. , Fuchs R. , Mergenthaler H.-G. , Langenbuch T. , Vanhoefer U. , Rougier P. , Voigtmann R. , Müller L. , Genicot B. , Anak Ö. , Nordlinger B. 
Published: June 2005

Purpose To demonstrate that adding irinotecan to a standard weekly schedule of high-dose, infusional fluorouracil (FU) and leucovorin (folinic acid [FA]) can prolong progression-free survival (PFS). Patients and Methods Four hundred thirty patients with measurable or assessable metastatic colorectal cancer were randomly assigned to receive either FA 500 mg/m2 as a 2-hour infusion and FU 2.6 g/m2 by intravenous 24-hour infusion, both administered weekly for 6 weeks, followed by a 2-week rest (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Internistische Onkologie [AIO] arm, n = 216), or a similar schedule but with FU 2.3 or 2.0 g/m2 preceded by irinotecan 80 mg/m2 administered over 30 minutes (experimental group, n = 214). Results The median PFS time in the experimental group was 8.5 months (95% CI, 7.6 to 9.9 months) compared with 6.4 months (95% CI, 5.3 to 7.2 months) in the AIO arm (P < .0001). The median overall survival time was increased from 16.9 to 20.1 months (P = .2779). The objective response rate was 62.2% (95% CI, 55.0% to 69.5%) in the experimental group and 34.4% (95% CI, 27.5% to 41.3%) in the AIO arm (P < .0001). Conclusion The addition of irinotecan to the standard AIO FU/FA regimen was associated with a highly significant improvement in PFS and response rate and was well tolerated. The results of this study confirm that irinotecan in combination with high-dose infusional FU/FA is a reference first-line treatment.
Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 Mutants Causing Familial Tumoral Calcinosis Are Differentially Processed
Authors: Larsson Tobias , Davis Siobhan I. , Garringer Holly J. , Mooney Sean D. , Draman Mohamad S. , Cullen Michael J. , White Kenneth E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFamilial tumoral calcinosis (TC, OMIM 211900) is a heritable disorder characterized by hyperphosphatemia, normal or elevated serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and often severe ectopic calcifications. Two recessive mutations in fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23), serine 71/glycine (S71G) and serine 129/phenylalanine (S129F), were identified as causing TC. Herein, we undertook comprehensive biochemical analyses of an extended TC family carrying the S71G FGF23 mutation, which revealed that heterozygous (serine/glycine, S/G) individuals had elevated serum FGF23 C-terminal fragments compared with wild-type (serine/serine, S/S) family members (P &lt; 0.025). To understand the differential processing of FGF23 in TC patients, we transiently expressed S71G as well as S129F FGF23. FGF23 ELISA in tandem with Western analyses revealed increased proteolytic cleavage of mutant FGF23 and a limited secretion of intact protein. Furthermore, S71G and S129F FGF23 carrying mutations that disrupt the furin-like protease RXXR motif in FGF23 rescued the secretion of the intact protein, and both TC mutant proteins harboring the R176Q mutation revealed no altered sensitivity to trypsin compared with the native (R176Q)FGF23. Finally, S71G, but not S129F mutant FGF23, is rescued by temperature. In summary, FGF23 mutations causing TC lead to increased intracellular proteolysis of FGF23, most likely by furin-like proteases, due to conformational changes of the mutant protein. The destabilizing nature of these mutations provides new insight into the pathophysiology of TC and exemplifies the physiological importance of FGF23 in phosphate and vitamin D metabolism.
The proatherogenic cytokine interleukin-18 is secreted by human adipocytes
Authors: Skurk Thomas , Kolb Hubert , Müller-Scholze Sylvia , Röhrig Karin , Hauner Hans , Herder Christian 
Published: June 2005

Objective: Interleukin (IL)-18, an important mediator of innate immunity and strong risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease, was shown recently to be elevated in obesity. The aim of our study was to investigate whether human adipocytes produce IL-18.Methods: Human adipose tissue was obtained from lean women undergoing elective plastic surgery and from obese individuals undergoing laparoscopic surgery (gastric banding). Preadipocytes from mammary adipose tissue were isolated and differentiated under defined adipogenic conditions. IL-18 expression was analyzed by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR, ELISA and immunocytochemistry.Results: Human preadipocytes of all differentiation stages spontaneously secreted IL-18. In parallel significant amounts of IL-18 mRNA were detected. Freshly isolated mature adipocytes from subcutaneous and omental depots also released IL-18. IL-18 release from adipocytes from obese donors was about 3-fold higher compared to adipocytes from non-obese donors.Conclusions: We conclude that human adipose tissue produces IL-18 and thereby contributes to systemic IL-18 concentrations. This finding supports the concepts that adipocytes behave as primitive immune cells and that IL-18 may mediate some of the detrimental complications of obesity such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.
The impact of chronic in vivo glucocorticoid excess on the functional characteristics of human skin fibroblasts obtained from patients with endogenous Cushing’s syndrome
Authors: Zervolea Irene , Pratsinis Harris , Tsagarakis Stylianos , Karavitaki Niki , Stathakos Dimitri , Thalassinos Nikos , Kletsas Dimitris 
Published: June 2005

Objective: Chronic exposure to elevated glucocorticoid (GC) concentrations induces detrimental effects in several tissues. In the skin, GCs provoke intense alterations on various parameters of the physiology of fibroblasts, cumulatively leading to skin atrophy and impaired wound healing. As there are concerns that GCs may generate permanent adverse functional changes, we have investigated whether chronicin vivoexposure to GC excess results in persisting defects in skin fibroblasts.Design and methods: We have studiedin vitroprimary skin fibroblast cultures obtained from patients suffering from endogenous Cushing’s syndrome (CF), as well as from sex- and age-matched normal donors (NF). The following functional parameters were investigated: cell proliferation, secretion of collagen, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases; TIMPs) and contractile capacity.Results: CFs, grown under standard culture conditions in the absence of a hypercortisolemic milieu, exhibited an increased proliferative capacity and a higher final cell culture density compared with NFs. Collagen synthesis, in the absence or presence of transforming growth factor-β, was equal to that of NFs. However, CFs secreted comparatively lower levels of MMP-1, MMP-2 and TIMP-1, and nearly equal levels of TIMP-2. CFs also exhibited an increased ability to contract gels of polymerized collagen.Conclusions: Collectively, these functional characteristics of CFs are in contrast to the known catabolic effects of GCs, and suggest that prior exposure to GC excess is not associated with a persisting adverse outcome in the functional phenotype of the fibroblasts.
Adequacy of androgen replacement influences bone density response to testosterone in androgen-deficient men
Authors: Aminorroaya Ashraf , Kelleher Sharyn , Conway Ann J , Ly Lam P , Handelsman David J 
Published: June 2005

Objective: Androgen deficiency (AD) leads to bone loss and contributes to osteoporotic fractures in men. Although low bone mineral density (BMD) in AD men is improved by testosterone replacement, the responses vary between individuals but the determinants of this variability are not well defined.
Design and methods: Retrospective review of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) of the lumbar spine and proximal femur in men with established AD requiring regular androgen replacement therapy (ART). After a DEXA scan all men were treated with testosterone implants (800 mg, ~6 month intervals). Patients were classified as having a congenital, childhood, or post-pubertal onset, as well as according to the adequacy of treatment prior to their first DEXA scan as untreated, partially treated or well treated.
Results: Men with AD requiring regular ART (n = 169, aged 46.3±1.1 years, range 22–84 years) underwent a DEXA scan prior to being treated with testosterone implants (800 mg, ~6 month intervals). In cross-sectional analysis at the time of the first DEXA scan untreated men (n = 24) had significantly reduced age-adjusted BMD at all four sites (L1–L4, femoral neck, Ward’s triangle and trochanter). Well-treated men (n = 77) had significantly better age-adjusted BMD at all four sites compared with those who were partially treated (n = 66) or untreated (n = 24) with their age-adjusted BMD being normalized. In a longitudinal assessment of men (n = 60) who had two or more serial DEXA scans, at the second DEXA scan after a median of 3 years, men who were previously partially treated (n = 19) or untreated (n = 11) had proportionately greater improvements in BMD, significantly for Ward’s triangle (P = 0.025) and the trochanter (P = 0.044) compared with men (n = 30) previously well treated.
Conclusions: The present study demonstrates a positive relationship between adequacy of testosterone replacement and BMD in men with overt organic AD. Additionally, the BMD of well-treated AD men approximates that of age-matched non-AD controls. The greatest BMD gains are made by those who have been either untreated or partially treated, and optimal treatment over time (median 3 years) normalizes BMD to the level expected for healthy men of the same age.
The utility of three different methods for measuring urinary 18-hydroxycortisol in the differential diagnosis of suspected primary hyperaldosteronism
Authors: Reynolds R M , Shakerdi L A , Sandhu K , Wallace A M , Wood P J , Walker B R 
Published: June 2005

Objective: Urine 18-hydroxycortisol (18-OHF) measurements are claimed to discriminate between primary hyperaldosteronism due to Conn’s syndrome/adrenal adenoma or idiopathic bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (BAH), and also to identify cases of glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism (GSH). We have evaluated three urine 18-OHF methods using a panel of urine samples from patients with hypertension.Design: Clinical methods comparative study.Methods: Urine samples from patients with primary hyperaldosteronism due to either adenoma (n= 6), BAH (n= 6), GSH (n= 9), or essential hypertension (n= 38) were analysed without knowledge of the diagnosis using three different methods in different laboratories. These included ‘in-house’ radioimmunoassay (RIA), ‘in-house’ time-resolved fluorometric assay (DELFIA), and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Results: The three assays showed good correlation, but there were large bias differences: RIA bias was greater than DELFIA which was greater than GC-MS. Discrimination between adenoma and BAH patients was best for the DELFIA method, with no overlap between results for these two groups. All three methods gave significantly elevated results for the GSH group compared with the BAH and essential hypertension groups. No assay distinguished BAH from essential hypertension.Conclusion: Measurement of urine 18-OHF may be a useful additional test in the differential diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism. The clinical diagnostic value of urinary 18-OHF measurements is method-dependent with the DELFIA assay having the best discriminatory value.
Estimation of the false-negative rate in newborn screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Authors: Votava Felix , Török Dóra , Kovács József , Möslinger Dorothea , Baumgartner-Parzer Sabina M , Sólyom János , Pribilincová Zuzana , Battelino Tadej , Lebl Jan , Frisch Herwig , Waldhauser Franz , _ _ 
Published: June 2005

Objective: Newborn screening based on measurement of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) in a dried blood spot on filter paper is an effective tool for early diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Its most important rationale is prevention of a life-threatening salt-wasting (SW) crisis; in moderate forms of CAH, early diagnosis and treatment may prevent permanent negative effects of androgen overproduction. Our target was to analyse if all CAH patients who had been identified clinically before puberty would have been detected by the newborn screening.Methods: Newborn screening cards of 110 CAH patients born between 1988 and 2000 in five Middle-European countries and diagnosed prior to puberty (77 SW and 33 moderate) and cards from 920 random, healthy newborn controls were analysed. CAH screening had not yet been introduced during this time. The diagnosis was based on clinical and laboratory signs and, in most cases, on CYP21 gene mutation analysis. All 17-OHP measurements in dried blood spots were carried out using a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay kit.Results: In the newborn screening blood spots, the median of 17-OHP levels was 561 nmol/l (range 91–1404 nmol/l) in subjects with the SW form and 40 nmol/l (4–247 nmol/l) in the moderate form. All 77 SW patients would have been detected by newborn screening using the recommended cut-off limits (30 nmol/l). However, 10 of 33 patients with moderate CAH would have been missed. 17-OHP levels of all controls were below the cut-off.Conclusion: Newborn screening is efficient for diagnosing the SW form of CAH, but is inappropriate for identifying all patients with a moderate form of CAH. It appears that the false-negative rate is at least one-third in children with the moderate form of CAH.
Daily Duration of Vitamin D Synthesis in Human Skin with Relation to Latitude, Total Ozone, Altitude, Ground Cover, Aerosols and Cloud Thickness
Authors: Engelsen Ola , Brustad Magritt , Aksnes Lage , Lund Eiliv 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTVitamin D production in human skin occurs only when incident UV radiation exceeds a certain threshold. From simulations of UV irradiances worldwide and throughout the year, we have studied the dependency of the extent and duration of cutaneous vitamin D production in terms of latitude, time, total ozone, clouds, aerosols, surface reflectivity and altitude. For clear atmospheric conditions, no cutaneous vitamin D production occurs at 51 degrees latitude and higher during some periods of the year. At 70 degrees latitude, vitamin D synthesis can be absent for 5 months. Clouds, aerosols and thick ozone events reduce the duration of vitamin D synthesis considerably, and can suppress vitamin D synthesis completely even at the equator. A web page allowing the computation of the duration of cutaneous vitamin D production worldwide throughout the year, for various atmospheric and surface conditions, is available on the Internet at http://zardoz.nilu.no/~olaeng/fastrt/VitD.html and http://zardoz.nilu.no/~olaeng/fastrt/VitD‐ez.html. The computational methodology is outlined here.
Development of Practical Culture Methods for Rainbow Smelt Larvae
Authors: Ayer Matthew H , Benton Christopher , King William , Kneebone Jeffrey , Elzey Scott , Toran Marcos , Grange Katherine , Berlinsky David L 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax, collected in the wild and strip-spawned during the 2002 and 2003 spawning seasons, produced fertilization and hatching rates as high as 99% and 86%, respectively. During the 2002 spawning season, embryos were stocked into petri dishes and the effects of temperature (5, 10, 15, and 20°C) and salinity (0, 10, 20, and 30‰) on hatching success were determined. Hatching was significantly greater at 10°C and 15°C than at 5°C and 20°C, regardless of salinity. No hatching occurred at 20‰ or 30‰ salinity at any temperature. In separate experiments, the effects of light intensity, green water (200,000 microalgal cells/mL), temperature, and salinity on larval growth and survival were tested. Growth and survival were significantly improved by the addition of green water, but no significant differences were found between light intensity treatments. In studies conducted during the 2003 spawning season, there was no difference in survival between rainbow smelt larvae reared at 15°C and 20°C or among salinity levels of 2, 10, or 20‰. Larval growth was inversely proportional to salinity level. As salinity decreased, larval growth rates increased significantly. Larvae were reared for 77 d at 20°C and sequentially fed enriched rotifers, nauplii of brine shrimp Artemia spp., and a commercial marine finfish diet. The results from this study suggest that rainbow smelt are tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions and are a good baitfish candidate for culture in the northeastern United States.
“Whistle While You Work”: A Historical Account of Some Associations Among Music, Work, and Health
Authors: le Roux Gordon Marc 
Published: June 2005

Music has long been a uniting force among workers. Music can improve team spirit and provide an enjoyable diversion, but it is most useful in expressing the true feelings of a sometimes desperate community. Over time, a variety of musical media have emerged to match the prevailing conditions at work: the folk songs of 19th-century handloom weavers, the songs of industrial Britain’s trade union members, the workers’ radio programs of the 1940s. Associations have arisen to encourage and coordinate musical activities among workers, and public awareness of the hazards of some occupations has been promoted through music.
Contribution of geophysics to outlining the foundation structure of the Islamic Museum, Cairo, Egypt
Authors: Abbas A. M. , Kamei H. , Helal A. , Atya M. A. , Shaaban F. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Islamic museum was erected in 1896. The building is situated in the heart of Cairo (capital of Egypt) and holds marvellous Islamic antiquities and priceless ancient hand‐writing and rare books. Recently, a restoration scheme has been planned to secure the old building which suffers from weakened foundations. In addition, the wooden roofs will be replaced by concrete ones and an extra floor will be integrated into the building. Unfortunately, the architecture construction charts were neither available nor obtainable. Therefore, the structure of the foundations and the base walls of the building had to be outlined. At the time of construction, three major fundamental wall designs were dominant and were to be considered during the work approach.Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and dipole–dipole resistivity imaging have been integrated to (define the structure of the foundation walls of the building. A Ramac2 system connected to a 500 MHz antenna has been utilized for conducting the GPR survey. In addition, a Terrameter SAS 1000 single channel device has been used for performing the resistivity profiles. At accessible spaces around the building GPR and resistivity profiles were obtained. The GPR analysis has revealed the depth of the foundation walls to be about 0.9 m from the ground surface with a width close to 0.6 m. The wall design is close to a straight wall style. Furthermore, the analysis of the dipole–dipole resistivity measurements has matched the geology of the area, where subsoil anomalies may be due to the scattered limestone blocks that occur in the area. Moreover, the foundation walls have resistivity values that fall into the range of fractured limestone or limestone blocks. A step‐wise or inclined foundation wall style has not been indicated through the parallel resistivity profiles. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.