bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: responding to violence against women
Authors: Jones Richard F , Horan Deborah L 
Published: November 2002

AbstractDomestic violence is a significant social and public health problem that disproportionately affects women and girls and often results in injury, chronic health problems, and death. Obstetrician–gynecologists are in a unique position to identify such patients and to provide intervention. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) has responded to this problem and encouraged its members to act. ACOG activities reflect the mission of the organization and can serve as a template for like societies.
Domestic violence and postnatal depression in a Chinese community
Authors: Leung W.C. , Kung F. , Lam J. , Leung T.W. , Ho P.C. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractObjectives: To study the relationship between domestic violence and postnatal blues/depression in a Chinese community. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study on 838 women after delivery in a local university teaching hospital. Between October, 2000 and February, 2001, all Chinese speaking women after delivery were invited to be interviewed by a designated research nurse using the Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS) to detect the incidence of domestic violence, the nature of violence and the perpetrator of abuse. Demographic data, pregnancy outcome, Stein's Daily Scoring System (SDSS) scores on day 2 or 3 postdelivery, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores on day 2 or 3 postdelivery, 1–2 days after discharge from hospital and at 6 weeks postdelivery were compared between the abused and non‐abused groups using Student's t‐test, χ2‐test and Fisher's exact test as appropriate. Results: A total of 139 women (16.6%) had been abused in the last year (the abused group). Of these, 87 (10.4%) had been abused during the current pregnancy. The nature of abuse was mainly verbal. Fourteen women (1.7%) had been sexually abused in the last year. The husband/boyfriend, mother‐in‐law and employer/colleague were the most common perpetrators of abuse. Socio‐demographic factors did not differ between the two groups except that pregnancy was more likely to be unplanned in the abused group (P=0.002). The pregnancy outcome did not differ. However, the abused group had significantly higher SDSS and EPDS scores at all stages of screening (P=0.003, P=0.000, P=0.010 and P=0.001, respectively). Conclusion: The findings supported our hypothesis that the effect of domestic violence on Chinese pregnant women is mainly on their psychological well‐being.
Infertility in rural Ghana
Authors: Geelhoed D.W. , Nayembil D. , Asare K. , Schagen van Leeuwen J.H. , van Roosmalen J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractObjectives: This study measured the prevalence of self‐reported infertility, as well as the level of knowledge of causes of infertility. Infertility was defined as failure to achieve conception after a minimum of 12 months of exposure. Methods: Prevalence and knowledge of infertility were assessed in a representative community‐based survey using a structured questionnaire in a rural district in Ghana among a random sample of 2179 men and women from 15 to 49 years. Results: The prevalence of infertility was 11.8% among women and 15.8% among men. The knowledge of causes of infertility was limited; only 46.5% of the respondents reported any cause. Most respondents failed to identify reproductive tract infections as causes of infertility. Conclusions: Infertility in Ghana and other sub‐Saharan countries deserves more recognition as a public health problem. Prevention and treatment of infertility should be incorporated in reproductive health programs, while male participation in reproductive health programs and research needs to be encouraged. Public education about the causes of infertility is recommended.
Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy
Authors: Wen L.Z. , Xing W. , Liu L.Q. , Ao L.M. , Chen S.H. , Zeng W.J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractObjectives: To investigate the effects of intrauterine human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection on pregnancy outcomes and infant development. Methods: The study group consisted of the HCMV‐IgM‐positive offspring of 75 pregnant women, and a control group of the non‐infected offspring of 73 pregnant women. Chorionic villi, amnionic fluid, and umbilical blood were obtained to detect HCMV–late mRNA with a reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) assay. The pregnancy outcomes were followed up. For all offspring, neurological development was evaluated with neurosonography, audiologic development with the brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP), and psychomotor development with the Beyley Scale of Infant Development (BSID). Results: In the study group the positive rate of late mRNA was 50% in the chorionic villi and 67.65% in the amnionic fluid and the umbilical blood; the incidence of abnormal pregnancy outcomes (abortion, preterm delivery, stillbirth, etc.) was much higher than in the control group (40% vs. 6.57%; χ2=24.06; P=0.001); the abnormal rate of neurosonography results at birth and 3 months after birth was higher in the study group than in the control group (P<0.05), as were BAEP values 4 months after birth (χ2=8.960; P=0.003). Scores for the Infant Mental Development Index (MDI) were apparently lower than in the control group. When congenitally infected children were tested at the age of 5.5–6.5 years with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI), their rate of mental retardation was still found to be approximately 20%. Conclusions: Intrauterine HCMV infection is closely related to abnormal pregnancy outcomes, infant neurological damage, mental retardation, and hearing loss.
Nitric Oxide Synthase-Mediated Phytoalexin Accumulation in Soybean Cotyledons in Response to the Diaporthe phaseolorumf. sp. meridionalis Elicitor
Authors: Modolo Luzia Valentina , Cunha Fernando Queiroz , Braga Márcia Regina , Salgado Ione 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Phytoalexin biosynthesis is part of the defense mechanism of soybean (Glycine max) plants against attack by the fungus Diaporthe phaseolorum f. sp.meridionalis (Dpm), the causal agent of stem canker disease. The treatment of soybean cotyledons with Dpm elicitor or with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, resulted in a high accumulation of phytoalexins. This response did not occur when SNP was replaced by ferricyanide, a structural analog of SNP devoid of the NO moiety. Phytoalexin accumulation induced by the fungal elicitor, but not by SNP, was prevented when cotyledons were pretreated with NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors. The Dpm elicitor also induced NOS activity in soybean tissues proximal to the site of inoculation. The induced NOS activity was Ca2+- and NADPH-dependent and was sensitive to the NOS inhibitors NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, aminoguanidine, and l-N6-(iminoethyl) lysine. NOS activity was not observed in SNP-elicited tissues. An antibody to brain NOS labeled a 166-kD protein in elicited and nonelicited cotyledons. Isoflavones (daidzein and genistein), pterocarpans (glyceollins), and flavones (apigenin and luteolin) were identified after exposure to the elicitor or SNP, although the accumulation of glyceollins and apigenin was limited in SNP-elicited compared with fungal-elicited cotyledons. NOS activity preceded the accumulation of these flavonoids in tissues treated with the Dpm elicitor. The accumulation of these metabolites was faster in SNP-elicited than in fungal-elicited cotyledons. We conclude that the response of soybean cotyledons to Dpm elicitor involves NO formation via a constitutive NOS-like enzyme that triggers the biosynthesis of antimicrobial flavonoids.
Pilot study to evaluate the safety and therapeutic efficacy of topical oxifulvic acid in atopic volunteers
Authors: Snyman J.R. , Dekker J. , Malfeld S.C.K. , van Rensburg C.E.J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe study objectives were to establish first the safety and second the therapeutic efficacy of topically applied oxifulvic acid compared to 1% hydrocortisone and placebo creams. Oxifulvic acid has established antiinflammatory properties in vitro. It also inhibits elicited ear inflammation in mice at concentrations of 4.5 and 9%. In this double‐blind cross‐over study, 23 healthy volunteers allergic to grass or house dust mite allergen were recruited and included after signing informed consent. During the initial run‐in period all volunteers were randomized to apply either 4.5 or 9% oxifulvic acid for 2 weeks on the volare aspect of one forearm (100 mm diameter) and rechallenged 21 days later to establish sensitization. Thereafter, volunteers were randomized to either placebo. 1% hydrocortisone, 4.5 or 9% oxifulvic acid creams. Creams were applied under occlusions 1 h prior to intradermal allergen challenge and every 8 h thereafter for 3 days (21‐day intervals). The surface areas of the immediate and late phase skin reactions were calculated. Liver and kidney function tests as well as full blood counts were done at screening and thereafter weekly for the first 2 weeks and then at each follow‐up visit. Topically applied oxifulvic acid had no significant effect on any of the safety parameters and also did not induce sensitization when applied on the skin. Oxifulvic acid (4.5%) caused inhibition of the elicited inflammatory reaction at 15 min and differed significantly from the 9% cream at 24 h. These changes were similar to that caused by hydrocortisone. No other significant changes were detected. Drug Dev. Res. 57:40–43, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What is multi‐impulsive bulimia and can multi‐impulsive patients benefit from supervised self‐help?
Authors: Bell Lorraine , Newns Kathryn 
Published: November 2002

AbstractDefinitions of multi‐impulsivity and sample characteristics between studies of impulsivity vary widely leading to inconsistent results. Outcome data was examined to assess the comparative response of multi‐impulsive and non multi‐impulsive bulimic patients to a supervised self‐help CBT programme. Multi‐impulsivity was defined as the presence of two or more impulsive behaviours in the last 2 months in addition to bulimia nervosa as reported with the Multi‐Impulsivity Scale. Multi‐impulsive patients reported similar levels of bulimic behaviours but higher levels of depression at pre‐treatment. They achieved similar levels of change by the end of treatment. However, despite improvements, their levels of depressive symptoms remain high and bulimic symptoms subclinical and may be at higher risk of relapse. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Myogenin—A more specific target for RT‐PCR detection of rhabdomyosarcoma than MyoD1
Authors: Michelagnoli Maria P. , Burchill Susan A. , Cullinane Catherine , Selby Peter J. , Lewis Ian J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBackgroundMyoD1 and myogenin are differentially expressed in early myogenesis and have been identified in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). This study evaluates reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) for MyoD1 and myogenin mRNA as diagnostic markers of RMS, and the potential application of this method for the detection of small volume disease in bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB).ProcedureExpression of MyoD1 and myogenin mRNA was examined by RT‐PCR in RMSs (9 alveolar RMS, 10 embryonal RMS, 1 pleomorphic RMS), and 21 other paediatric tumor samples (10 neuroblastoma, 10 Ewing sarcomas, and 1 Sarcoma (not otherwise specified) (S(NOS)). BM (n = 19) and PB (n = 22) samples from the same RMS study population were also examined for MyoD1 and myogenin mRNA expression.ResultsPositive expression of both markers was demonstrated in adult muscle, but not in normal PB. Myogenin mRNA was expressed in 16/18 and MyoD1 mRNA in 12/12 RMSs studied. Myogenin was not expressed in 10/10 neuroblastomas, but was present in 2/10 Ewing sarcomas. However, MyoD1 mRNA was detected in 10/10 Ewing sarcomas and 7/10 neuroblastomas. Myogenin mRNA was detected in two BM samples from children with histologically negative BM and in 1/22 PB samples. Detection of MyoD1 mRNA in BM and PB was compromised by the amplification of a similar sized, non‐specific product.ConclusionsMyogenin mRNA is a more specific marker than MyoD1 for the diagnosis of RMS. Myogenin mRNA is potentially a useful target for the assessment of small volume disease in RMS. Med Pediatr Oncol 2003;40:1–8, © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure and dynamics of solutions of a polystyrene–polybutadiene pentablock copolymer in a styrene‐selective solvent
Authors: Bansil Rama , Nie Huifen , Koňák Čestmír , Helmstedt Martin , Lal Jyotsana 
Published: November 2002

AbstractWe have examined solutions of a polystyrene–polybutadiene pentablock copolymer in 1,4‐dioxane, a slightly selective solvent for polystyrene and a θ solvent for polybutadiene, with static light scattering (SLS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS). The SANS data have been analyzed with the Percus–Yevick model to represent the scattering from interacting cores, approximated as hard spheres, and with a Lorentzian function to represent the scattering from unassociated and associated polymer chains. The SANS data at 25 °C clearly reveal interacting domains, approximately 6 nm in radius, formed by the association of the insoluble polybutadiene block in the 20% sample. The 4% sample does not show such domains, whereas the 7% sample represents an intermediate situation, with both unassociated polymer and associated polymer. At higher temperatures, the domains dissolve. The DLS data for samples with concentrations of 2–22% show two diffusive modes: a fast mode corresponding to the cooperative dynamics of concentration fluctuations and a slow mode corresponding to the diffusion of clusters. The large length‐scale heterogeneities, indicated by the strong angular dependence of SLS, implies that the small microdomains of about 10–15 polybutadiene blocks are bridged by the polystyrene chains, forming large aggregates with randomly distributed crosslinks on length scales much larger than the domain size. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2807–2816, 2002
Comparing the epistemologies of scientific disciplines in two distinct domains: modern physics versus social sciences. II: Epistemology and knowledge characteristics of the ‘new’ social sciences
Authors: van Gigch John P. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractPart II is devoted to the epistemology and knowledge characteristics of the ‘new’ social sciences. Part II also explains epistemological and methodological differences and similarities among scientific disciplines such as the physical sciences and the social sciences and their respective fields of application.Part I treated the same topics in relation to the physical sciences, represented by modern physics. (SeeSystems Research and Behavioral Science, 19: 199–209 (2002)). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How process philosophy can contribute to strategic management
Authors: Styhre Alexander 
Published: November 2002

AbstractProcess philosophy can contribute with alternative perspectives and views to traditional strategic management theory. The Western tradition of thinking, the metaphysics of Being as presence, based upon the binary separation between transcendental ideas and appearances in the real world, has been challenged by process philosophy, from Hellenic and classical philosophy through contemporary philosophy and modern physics. Process philosophy is increasingly relevant for strategic management as everyday strategic management practice has to deal with fluid, changing and complex realities. The aim of this paper is to discuss the notion of process philosophy as being a unifying label for theoretical models that emphasize change over stability, novelty over uniformity, and becoming over being. The contribution of process philosophy to strategic management theory is not primarily ‘theoretical’ but conceptual, and aims at providing alternative perspectives on the concept of strategy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effective strategic and operational practices of manufacturing, service, and public sector organizations: An empirical examination
Authors: Yasin Mahmoud M. , Wafa Marwan 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe objective of this empirical investigation is to gain insights into the operational strategies, practices and characteristics of 130 manufacturing, 61 services and 86 public sector organizations. Based on this survey‐based research conducted in the USA, it is concluded that operational lessons learned from the manufacturing experience may improve the operations of service and public sector organizations. In this context, benchmarking manufacturing organizations' operational know‐how may prove to be a worthy investment for service and public sector organizations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vezimfilho: a model for health sector response to gender violence in South Africa
Authors: Jacobs Tanya , Jewkes Rachel 
Published: November 2002

AbstractVezimfilho, a model program for the training of health care workers was developed, implemented and evaluated in close collaboration with government and non‐government partners in South Africa. It was implemented and evaluated in two districts in the Eastern Cape and Western Cape provinces, respectively. This initiative represents one of the first attempts to build capacity in the health sector to address gender‐based violence and has been a leading example of how to address within the South African context. Outputs have been the development of a model for the health sector response to gender violence, a training package Vezimfilho! and a partnership with the Department of Health to address the sustained integration of capacity building in this area.
Signal intensity changes in T2-weighted MR image of the human trapezius muscle upon cold pressor stimulation.
Authors: Inoue-Minakuchi M , Kuboki T , Maekawa K , Yanagi Y , Inoue E , Wakasa T , Kishi K , Yatani H , Clark G T 
Published: November 2002

OBJECTIVE The ability to measure hemodynamics of skeletal muscle proper is one of the major goals for muscle pain researchers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of signal intensity (SI) in T2-weighted trapezius muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect intramuscular hemodynamic changes during cold pressor stimulation (CPS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen healthy volunteers (mean age, 25.9+/-2.1 years) participated in this study. T2-weighted MRI was acquired using a 1.5 tesla MR unit with a body array coil. The slice level was set perpendicular to the muscle long axis at the mid-point of the horizontal portion of the right trapezius muscle. Cold pressor stimulation (4 degrees C) was applied to each subject's right foot and ankle for 2 min. The SI changes were recorded continuously for 7 min before, 2 min during, and 6 min after withdrawal of cold pressor stimulation. Six of these subjects also underwent a mock-CPS trial. RESULTS The mean SI level in T2-weighted trapezius muscle MRI significantly increased during CPS (P<0.0001, one way repeated measure ANOVA) and returned to the baseline level after cold pressor withdrawal. No statistically significant signal changes were observed across the mock-CPS trial subjects. These findings are identical to the cold pressor-induced hemodynamic changes documented in the trapezius muscle by near-infrared spectroscopy evaluation. CONCLUSIONS SI measurement in T2-weighted trapezius muscle MRI is sufficiently sensitive to detect intramuscular hemodynamic changes during CPS.
Alteration of the horizontal mandibular condyle size associated with temporomandibular joint internal derangement in adult females.
Authors: Kurita H , Ohtsuka A , Kobayashi H , Kurashina K 
Published: November 2002

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyse the relationship between horizontal size of the mandibular condyle and internal derangement (ID) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). METHODS One hundred and thirty-nine joints in 88 women aged over 18 years were included in this study. The horizontal condylar size was measured in the antero-posterior and medio-lateral (ML) dimensions using axial magnetic resonance (MR) images. Radiological findings of ID were also assessed from MR imaging. RESULTS The condyles in the joints with permanent disk displacement were smaller than those in joints without displacement in both dimensions (Fisher's protected least significant difference, P<0.05). There were statistically significant correlations between horizontal condylar size in the ML dimension and both disk morphology and radiological stage of ID (Spearman's correlation coefficient by rank, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest a possible relationship between horizontal condylar size and disk displacement. It is also suggested that the condyle becomes smaller in the ML dimension with advancement of ID.
Isolation and Characterization of a Rice Dwarf Mutant with a Defect in Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis
Authors: Mori Masaki , Nomura Takahito , Ooka Hisako , Ishizaka Masumi , Yokota Takao , Sugimoto Kazuhiko , Okabe Ken , Kajiwara Hideyuki , Satoh Kouji , Yamamoto Koji , Hirochika Hirohiko , Kikuchi Shoshi 
Published: November 2002

AbstractWe have isolated a new recessive dwarf mutant of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv Nipponbare). Under normal growth conditions, the mutant has very short leaf sheaths; has short, curled, and frizzled leaf blades; has few tillers; and is sterile. Longitudinal sections of the leaf sheaths revealed that the cell length along the longitudinal axis is reduced, which explains the short leaf sheaths. Transverse sections of the leaf blades revealed enlargement of the motor cells along the dorsal-ventral axis, which explains the curled and frizzled leaf blades. In addition, the number of crown roots was smaller and the growth of branch roots was weaker than those in the wild-type plant. Because exogenously supplied brassinolide considerably restored the normal phenotypes, we designated the mutantbrassinosteroid-dependent 1(brd1). Further, under darkness, brd1showed constitutive photomorphogenesis. Quantitative analyses of endogenous sterols and brassinosteroids (BRs) indicated that BR-6-oxidase, a BR biosynthesis enzyme, would be defective. In fact, a 0.2-kb deletion was detected in the genomic region ofOsBR6ox (a rice BR-6-oxidase gene) in thebrd1 mutant. These results indicate that BRs are involved in many morphological and physiological processes in rice, including the elongation and unrolling of leaves, development of tillers, skotomorphogenesis, root differentiation, and reproductive growth, and that the defect of BR-6-oxidase caused thebrd1 phenotype.