bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corporate Social Responsibility as Oxymoron
Authors: Cloud Dana L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since 1997, I have been studying the situation of workers at the Boeing Company in Wichita, Kansas, and the Puget Sound area (Everett and Seattle, Washington). Drawing from about 40 hours of interviews with dissident unionists at this company, my project has focused mainly on ordinary workers’ experience of and resistance to layoffs, outsourcing, benefits reduction, and the implementation of “new” management models. I tell the story of worker resistance not only to the company but also to a top-heavy and conservative union leadership. This project shows that many workers at Boeing understand corporate responsibility in ways that could inform and deepen corporate social responsibility (CSR) research.
Sustainable Development Discourse and the Global Economy
Authors: Ganesh Shiv 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The very publication of this book both presupposes and establishes the proliferation of discourse about corporate social responsibility (CSR), so it is not my aim to rehearse the contours of this trend. Rather, I wish to expand the scope of such collective assessment of CSR discourse by examining it with reference to other dominant discourses in late industrial global capitalism that attempt to connect issues of economic growth with social and environmental concerns.
Silent Fifties
Authors: Hockenos Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Fischer family—Joschka now six years old—resettled about fifty miles to the southwest in a Catholic hamlet outside Stuttgart called Öffingen. There, the five Fischers rented three rooms in a small house owned by a Hungarian e´migre´. In 2005 his German widow still lived in the unassuming white stucco building and remembered the Fischers fondly, especially the devout, hard-working Elisabeth. The prewar size of the village of about 2,000 had grown by half again with the influx of postwar refugees. The newcomers lived in one part of the village, the locals in another. “Our parents always told us not to go there, where the refugees were. It was offlimits,” explains Irene Fritz, who, at the age of ten, had a special interest in classmate Joschka.
Evolution of the Human Sex Chromosomes and a Portrait of the Human X
Authors: Migeon Barbara R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aside from self-preservation, the most pressing issue for an organism is to repro- duce itself. Reproduction can be as simple as cleaving one cell into two; in this case, the daughter cells produced are exact copies of the cell from which they were de- rived. However, reproduction of most organisms involves contributions from two nonidentical gametes, the egg and sperm—each supplies different genetic at- tributes to the progeny of their mating. Sexual reproduction of this kind provides infinite numbers of new combinations of the parental genes. Some of these may specify novel traits that enable the offspring to better adapt to a changing ecological niche than could their parents.
Variations 1 Stability of the Inactive X
Authors: Migeon Barbara R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In stating her hypothesis, Mary Lyon clearly implied that X inactivation was a general mechanism shared by most mammals. Yet, it seems that the details of the inactivation process may differ among mammals. Nonetheless, because most of the recent experimental evidence comes from manipulating mouse embryos and embryonic stem cells, findings in the mouse have been considered to be the -whole truth” and valid for all mammals. What has not been appreciated enough is that the process of X inactivation itself has been subject to its own evolution, resulting in many variations on the themes. Because so few species of worms and flies have been studied, we do not know how much interspecies variation has occurred in their mechanisms of dosage compensation.
The Single Active X
Authors: Migeon Barbara R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapters have dealt with the biology of X inactivation. We have considered the means of equalizing the expression of X-linked genes in males and females of our species, and how it differs from other mammals. The major feature of X dosage compensation in all mammals is the creation of a single active X chromosome in diploid cells of both sexes. Men have one X because the Y lost most of the X homologous genes during its evolution. Women have effectively a single X because only one is functional in each of their cells. Having only one working X chromosome in each cell has implications for the health of males and females. This chapter and the next deal with the medical consequences of the single X in both sexes and of the cellular mosaicism in females. Chapter 10 considers how the single active X affects the phenotype of normal individuals and those with chromosome abnormalities that change the dos- age of X- and Y-linked genes, (sex chromosome aneuploidies).
Determinants of Female Phenotypes
Authors: Migeon Barbara R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The biology leading to the masculinization of the male fetus has been relatively well worked out. We know a good deal about the complicated pathways induced by the Y-linked SRY gene that triggers differentiation of the testes and the cascade of events needed to masculinize the XY fetus (reviewed in [302]). Although quite a bit is known about the genetic program for maleness, considerably less is known about the one for femaleness. Those who write about feminization of the fetus usually say that it is the constitutive or default pathway to sexual de- velopment—which is the prevailing thought [303]. Although a functional testis is essential for the physical appearance characteristic of males, a functional ovary is not needed for the phenotype of females, at least the exterior manifestations of one. However, Yao [304] reminds us that even if the ovary-determining gene has not been identified, there must be one—because the ovary is as structurally and functionally complex as other organs. Even though it develops only when the testis pathway is absent or loses its command, there certainly must be an active genetic pathway controlling its formation.
Comparative Approaches
Authors: Heinzerling Lisa , Tushnet Mark V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces you to some comparative perspectives on the problem of regulating risk. The materials are drawn from studies of environmental regulation in Great Britain and Japan. As with all study of comparative law, there are gains and risks from reading these materials. The main advantage, for our purposes, is that the materials can open our minds to alternative ways of doing things that might not be apparent if we simply looked at the United States. The main risk is that we might end up thinking that the comparative materials provide “models” for alternative approaches that could simply be transplanted to the United States. However, the ways a legal system approaches a problem are deeply embedded in the nation’s general culture. At the very least, transplants must be adapted to the legal culture into which they are imported.
Not a Suicide Pact
Authors: Posner Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eavesdropping on the phone calls of U.S. citizens; demands by the FBI for records of library borrowings; establishment of military tribunals to try suspected terrorists, including U.S. citizens--many of the measures taken by the Bush administration since 9/11 have sparked heated protests. In Not a Suicide Pact, Judge Richard A. Posner offers a cogent and elegant response to these protests, arguing that personal liberty must be balanced with public safety in the face of grave national danger. Critical of civil libertarians who balk at any curtailment of their rights, even in the face of an unprecedented terrorist threat in an era of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, Posner takes a fresh look at the most important constitutional issues that have arisen since 9/11. These issues include the constitutional rights of terrorist suspects (whether American citizens or not) to habeas corpus and due process, and their rights against brutal interrogation (including torture) and searches based on less than probable cause. Posner argues that terrorist activity is sui generis--it is neither "war" nor "crime"--and it demands a tailored response, one that gives terror suspects fewer constitutional rights than persons suspected of ordinary criminal activity. Constitutional law must remain fluid, protean, and responsive to the pressure of contemporary events. Posner stresses the limits of law in regulating national security measures and underscores the paradoxical need to recognize a category of government conduct that is at once illegal and morally obligatory. One of America's top legal thinkers, Posner does not pull punches. He offers readers a short, sharp book with a strong point of view that is certain to generate much debate. OXFORD'S NEW INALIENABLE RIGHTS SERIES This is inaugural volume in Oxford's new fourteen-book Inalienable Rights Series. Each book will be a short, analytically sharp exploration of a particular right--to bear arms, to religious freedom, to free speech--clarifying the issues swirling around these rights and challenging us to rethink our most cherished freedoms.
A New and Solemn Volume Opens
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly after arriving in washington, holmes wrote to his English friend Frederick Pollock that his professional and personal life in Boston seemed like “a finished book-locked up far away, and a new and solemn volume opens.”1 In other letters to friends written soon after beginning his work in December 1902, he spoke of the “mighty panorama of cases from every part of our great empire,”2 the quality of the lawyers who argued cases before the Court (“the strongest men in the country”3), the appearance of legal questions “l had never heard of,”4 and the presence of “some very powerful men”5 among his new colleagues on the Court. The Supreme Court of the United States, he concluded, was “a center of great forces,”6 and the justices interpreted the law “as statesmen governing an empire.”7 This was Holmes’s initial reaction to becoming a Supreme Court justice, and there were other changes that suggested that he had indeed entered a new stage of his life.
Copley and Edwards: Self, Consciousness, and Thing
Authors: Novak Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first mature American master, John Singleton Copley (fig. 1.1), offers us a plethora of p’s with which to explore the enigma of selfhood. To philosophical and perceptual, we might add the words phenomenological, pragmatic, practical, provincial, primitive, precursor, and even puritanical. Yet on some levels, Copley seems to have been far from a Puritan. Copley was an Anglican, born of Anglo-Irish lineage. His sensual handling of stuffs indicates an a-puritanical love of luxe. Yet he is practicing his art in Boston, a cradle of American Puritanism. He is painting portraits not only of Anglicans but mostly of Congregationalists, and he marries a Congregationalist, Sukey Clarke, whose father had his tea tossed overboard at the Boston Tea Party. Copley is working not long after the Great Awakening—indeed, he is a child in the crucial decade after the Awakening of 1740. Thus he is situated in time close to the Awakening’s great theologian, Jonathan Edwards (fig. 1.2), who dies in 1758, five years after Copley’s earliest paintings.
Dickinson and Ryder: Immortality, Eternity, and the Reclusive Self
Authors: Novak Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I think of Emily Dickinson and Albert Ryder I visualize them in the uniforms of their eccentricity: she in the white gown that named her the White Moth of Amherst, he in his top hat strolling along the Bowery, admiring the silvery moonlight. She (according to her own statement) is very small. He—to judge from Marsden Hartley’s memory portrait of him in his daily uniform of knitted sailor’s cap and sweater—is quite large (fig. 6.1). Small and large, they shared a remarkable number of contingent situations: both shy and called reclusive, both considered eccentric, both perceived as childlike, both with eye troubles, both born New Englanders. Both created works that were small in size and large in ambition. Both worked in the latter part of the nineteenth century (Dickinson more than a decade and a half earlier) at a time when Darwinism had placed God in doubt.
Pollock and Olson: Time, Space, and the Activated Bodily Self
Authors: Novak Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jackson Pollock and Charles Olson had many things in common, Herman Melville among them. Few books seem to have affected Pollock, but those that did were very significant. Moby-Dick was important enough for some of his paintings to have that title: Untitled (Blue (Moby-Dick)) and Pasiphaë (in its original title). Possibly even more telling, he named his dog Ahab. Lee Krasner once remarked that Pollock’s favorite work by Melville was Moby-Dick, while hers, because of the way it treated good and evil, was Billy Budd. Is Pollock’s 1945 Portrait of H.M. a portrait of Melville? What kinship did Pollock feel with Melville—as artist, and as man? Olson’s more profound involvement with Melville is easier to chart. Olson, author of the epic Maximus Poems, was one of the greatest of Melville scholars, whose imaginative Call Me Ishmael I find more exciting and provocative than any academic treatise on him. For Olson, Melville was a nineteenth-century prophet or forerunner of “projective space,” an active principle that also fuses Pollock and Olson within their cultural moment.
The Sheriff’s Wagon
Authors: Bouton Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When it comes to symbols for the spirit of 1776, Pennsylvania has almost a monopoly. After all, it is home to the Liberty Bell, Valley Forge, and Independence Hall. It was the location of the First Continental Congress and the birthplace of the Declaration of Independence. These symbols speak of the triumph of liberty and democracy and have been celebrated, with good reason, by Americans ever since. There is, however, another symbol of the Revolution that complicates the ending to the traditional story. And although this symbol has disappeared from cultural memory, in the years after the War for Independence, it was to many Pennsylvanians the most potent icon of the Revolution’s outcome. The image was this: the heavily loaded wagon of a county sheriff bearing the foreclosed property of debt-ridden citizens. The power of this icon came from its ubiquity. During the postwar decade, the sheriff ‘s wagon could be seen nearly everywhere.
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Mccaffrey Stephen C , Main Thomas O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Litigation in domestic courts that has some connection with another country or countries is hardly a new phenomenon, but it is one that is increasing in frequency. Everything from people and diseases to goods and communications are now in constant motion around the globe at a speed, and in quantities, that would not have been imaginable even several decades ago. At the same time, concerns about immigration are leading to calls to build walls and seal borders in some developed countries; international borders are in other ways becoming ever more porous—even almost irrelevant, for some purposes, such as communication via the Internet.
Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards
Authors: Mccaffrey Stephen C , Main Thomas O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arbitration can provide a neutral and effective forum for the resolution of transnational disputes. At the conclusion of such a proceeding, arbitrators typically enter an award declaring a victor and describing the appropriate relief. Losing parties who have been ordered by arbitrators to pay some amount or to perform or discontinue some act, might voluntarily comply at that time. But when these parties fail to perform promptly, arbitrators lack the vast authority of courts to enforce their awards. So prevailing parties—and, in a sense, the whole enterprise of arbitration—turn to courts for help.
Male Youth and Honor
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the key objectives in the raising of Southern white children was the early enforcement of sexual ascriptions, a prerequisite for the maintenance of the traditional ethic. The process began in earnest when a little boy “dropped the slips,” that is, received his first pair of pants and no longer wore a small shift. The change usually occurred about age four. Alexander Stephens recalled the event, which had an almost ritual significance for him: “This was a momentous event with me, changing my ideas, giving me entirely new notions of myself, hitherto undreamed of.” With the change in status and dress came also a sterner attitude on the father’s part. Obedience was more regularly demanded. The switch appeared with greater frequency. Nevertheless, corporal punishment was not much more than a reactive device, in contrast to the pattern of the Northern evangelical household. There the usual practice in the decades of the early nineteenth century was to resort to the birch rod when all else failed and to accompany the beatings with lectures on the meaning of vice and the rightfulness of adult displeasure. By such means the justice of the adult choice was supposed to be internalized. The child knew what to expect but also how to exercise self-control and forswear immediate gratification.
A Young Man’s Career: Cultural and Familial Limits
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In all the strategies for individual male advance in the South, from the choosing of a career to marriage to a wealthy first cousin, as the case might be, the party ordinarily to be reckoned with was the young man’s father. He ensured the stability of the family system, even when he was sometimes a cause of frustration. The situation very much resembled the English gentry world, with its desperate and hard-headed young people and mistrusting elders. One can find them well described in such novels as Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility and Anthony Trollope’s Palliser series and Castle Richmond. So slow was the young man’s professional advance, blocked by older occupiers of positions standing in the way, that enforced idleness and the need for security and wealth often prompted even respectable men to bend principle to whatever opportunities arose, however slim they were. The pressures at home and in the world at large were such that the system generated quantities of that familiar Southern figure, the “black sheep.” There seemed to be at least one in every generation of established families: men who repudiated religious precept and conventional morality and gave authenticity to the common sobriquets of the day: scoundrel, rogue, ne’er-do-well.
Women 1n a Man’s World: Role and Self-Image
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The encounter of antebellum Southern male and female was intense, competitive, and almost antagonistic. Intense, because all exchanges were, in a society that placed so much value upon personal contact and close relationships. Competitive, since independence was a social goal that women, despite the contrary requirement of subordination, shared with men. The struggle, however, had to be subterranean and devious, for men alone were given the privilege of expressing their feelings openly. Antagonisms grew out of the conflict, but also out of the misogyny that arose from male fear of female power.
Law, Property, and Male Dominance
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foundation of woman’s status in marriage was her legal unity with her husband, as defined in common law. It is a curious but not unexpected fact that whereas woman’s social existence largely de pended upon her being married, her legal identity ended the moment the ceremony was performed. Sir William Blackstone, whom American jurists of both sections cited as often as they did the Constitution, bluntly put the issue in perspective in his Commentaries in 1765: “By marriage, the husband and wife are one person in law,” so much so that her “legal existence” was “suspended” for the duration of the marriage. This heavy and complacent dictum was slightly mitigated in Chancellor Kent’s Commentaries on the American Law, published 1826 to 1830. Whereas Blackstone stressed the consolidation of the wife’s interest with that of her husband, “under whose wing, protection, and cover, she performs everything,” Kent boasted that a new “Christian” era had begun to provide “equality and dignity” for women. It had all been done, he thought, in a manner flattering to “the female character,” a distinctly different order of being. Kent was not altogether misleading.
Policing Slave Society: Insurrectionary Scares
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lynch law, vigilantism, and charivaris were the ultimate expressions of community will. They established the coercive lines between acceptable and unacceptable behavior for all members of the South ern social order. Most especially, these ancient rituals demarcated the separate spheres of racial life, but they also imposed upon the entire spectrum of Southern white ranks the ethical principles to which the consensus of a locale was dedicated: the integrity of family life and the rule of men over women, of “respectability” over the shameless, sometimes of the honor-conscious poor over the rich deviant. Within the rubric of lynch law the slave insurrectionary scare must be most carefully considered-a phenomenon that out lasted, under modification, the “domestic institution” itself. It may seem perverse to categorize the prosecution of the white South’s most dreaded crime, black insurgency, as a facet of community action. But the standards of evidence used in court trials were so low, the means of obtaining damaging testimony so dubious, the impotence of constituted authority so evident, that insurrectionary prosecutions at law must be seen as a religious more than a normal criminal process.
The Global Campaign Against Epilepsy: Epilepsy Out of the Shadows
Authors: Meinardi Harry , de Boer Hanneke M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the occasion of an International Congress of Medicine, held in 1909 in Budapest, a group of doctors involved in epilepsy decided to start an international organization called the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). Their objectives were presented in its constitution: “The League intends by the cooperation of all countries to make the epilepsy problem the object of special study and to make practical use of the results of such study.” By papers, demonstrations, and personal exchange of ideas, knowledge of the disease was advanced, and its deleterious effects diminished. The First World War (and later the Second World War) interrupted the activities of the ILAE. The ILAE made a new start in 1935 at a meeting in London and formulated new objectives. As mentioned by the chairman of that meeting, the first aim of the reorganized League was the social care of persons with epilepsy, rather than scientific research into epilepsy. However, since doctors are perhaps more inclined to what has been called the sciences than to the humanities, in 1961 a group within the ILAE called for the establishment of an International Bureau for Epilepsy to attend to the social aspects of epilepsy. In 1971, the ILAE was accepted by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a nongovernmental organization (NGO) with official relations to WHO. WHO did not have a department concerned with neurological disorders. That field was taken care of by the department of mental health.