bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Clinical Trial of a Rehabilitation Expert Clinician Versus Usual Care for Providing Manual Wheelchairs
Authors: Hoenig Helen , Landerman Lawrence R. , Shipp Kathy M. , Pieper Carl , Pieper Carl , Richardson Margaret , Pahel Nancy , George Linda 
Published: August 2005

Objectives: To determine the effect of differing methods of dispensing wheelchairs.Design: Quasi‐experimental by day of week.Setting: Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center.Participants: Eighty‐four community‐dwelling, cognitively intact patients prescribed a standard manual wheelchair.Intervention: A multifactorial intervention consisting of an expert physical/occupational therapist who used a scripted evaluation that included an evaluation based on medical record review and self‐reported and physical performance measures; individualization of the wheelchair and initiation of orders for additional occupational/physical therapy, equipment, or home modifications as needed; multimodal patient education; and telephone follow‐up at 3 and 6 weeks.Measurements: The primary outcome was amount of wheelchair use. Secondary outcomes were shoulder pain, wheelchair comfort and confidence, and home modifications.Results: The intervention group had significantly greater wheelchair use than usual care at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months (P=.01). Wheelchair use declined monotonically over time for the entire study sample (P<.001). There were no significant differences between the two groups in shoulder pain, wheelchair comfort or confidence, or home modifications.Conclusion: New wheelchair owners used the wheelchair more often if they received it from an expert therapist using a multifactorial intervention.
Ethnic Differences in the Frequency and Circumstances of Falling in Older Community‐Dwelling Women
Authors: Faulkner Kimberly A. , Cauley Jane A. , Zmuda Joseph M. , Landsittel Douglas P. , Nevitt Michael C. , Newman Anne B. , Studenski Stephanie A. , Redfern Mark S. 
Published: August 2005

Objectives: To examine ethnic differences in fall rates and fall circumstances in older community‐dwelling Caucasian and African‐American women.Design: Prospective analysis of incident falls and a nested retrospective analysis of fall circumstances over 5.7 years.Setting: Monongahela Valley, Pennsylvania.Participants: A total of 1,821 Caucasian and African‐American women (mean age±standard deviation 76±5) enrolled in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures and participating in 1993/94. Circumstances of 338 falls were collected on a subsample of 197 women who fell.Measurements: Fall rates and fall circumstances.Results: Women reported 4,547 falls in 9,508 person‐years, averaging 0.48 falls per woman annually (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.43–0.53). Age‐adjusted fall rates were nonsignificantly higher in Caucasians than African Americans (relative risk (RR)=1.30, 95% CI=0.93–1.83%). In women younger than 75, fall rates were similar in Caucasians and African Americans (RR=1.17, P=.46). In women aged 75 and older, fall rates were 50% higher in Caucasians than in African Americans (RR=1.50, 95% CI=0.90–2.49), although this difference was not significant (P=.12). Fall circumstances differed by ethnicity. Caucasian women were significantly more likely than African Americans to fall outdoors versus indoors (odds ratio (OR)=1.6, 95% CI =1.0–2.7) and laterally versus forward (OR=2.0, 95% CI =1.1–3.4) but less likely to fall on the hand/wrist (OR=0.6, 95% CI =0.3–1.0). Ninety‐eight percent of individuals falling on their hand/wrist reported that they extended their hand to attempt to break their fall.Conclusion: Although the circumstances of falling differed for older Caucasian and African‐American women, there were no differences in the frequencies of falling. These findings suggest that ethnic differences in fracture risk in older women may be due in part to the different ways in which older Caucasian and African‐American women fall, rather than how often they fall. More information will be needed on fall circumstances to determine whether interventions need to be tailored by ethnic group.
Genomics in Nursing Education
Authors: Prows Cynthia A. , Glass Merlyn , Nicol M.J. (Nick) , Skirton Heather , Williams Janet 
Published: August 2005

Purpose:

To review international efforts to incorporate genetics content into nursing education curricula.
Organizing Framework:

A discussion of the progress in nursing education programs in selected countries to educate students for genomics‐based health care. Information is based on review of the literature and curriculum change efforts by the authors.
Conclusions:

The lack of agreed‐upon minimum competencies impedes efforts to educate nurses for genomics‐based health care. Nationally and internationally recognized documents are useful for collaborative efforts to establish minimal competencies in knowledge, skills, and attitudes for nurses with basic and advanced education. Curriculum change that incorporates minimum competencies will require nursing faculty to improve their knowledge base in genomics‐based health care. Partnerships among nurses in different countries are needed for successful genomics education programs for faculty.
Design and Psychometric Evaluation of the Psychological Adaptation to Genetic Information Scale
Authors: Read Catherine Y. , Perry Donna J. , Duffy Mary E. 
Published: August 2005

Purpose:To develop and psychometrically evaluate the Psychological Adaptation to Genetic Information Scale (PAGIS).Design:A cross‐sectional, Web‐based survey of participants (n=323) recruited via Internet electronic mailing lists or Websites for people affected by genetic diseases.Methods:Item analysis, confirmatory principal components analysis, and internal consistency reliability using Cronbach's alpha were used to construct the 26‐item PAGIS.Findings:Five factors (nonintrusiveness, support, self‐worth, certainty, and self‐efficacy) explained 57.7% of the variance in psychological adaptation to genetic information. The internal consistency reliability of the total PAGIS was .90, and the subscale reliabilities ranged from .77 to .87.Conclusions:Psychological adaptation to genetic information is a multidimensional phenomenon comprised of nonintrusiveness, support, self‐worth, certainty, and self‐efficacy. The PAGIS has initial reliability and validity for use in future research.
Cancer Risk Factors of Vietnamese Americans in Rural South Alabama
Authors: Xu Yu , Ross M. Candice , Ryan Rebecca , Wang Bin 
Published: August 2005

Purpose:

To identify aggregate‐specific cancer risk factors of Vietnamese Americans in south Alabama and present a comparison with available national data and Healthy People 2010 targets.
Design:

Cross‐sectional survey.
Methods:

A convenience sample of 284 Vietnamese community residents 18 years and over completed an investigator‐designed questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive correlational analysis.
Findings:

Aggregate‐specific cancer risk factors included high prevalence of hepatitis, high smoking and drinking rates in men, extended sun exposure without protection, knowledge deficit of cancer and cancer screenings, and low cancer screening rates. Educational level was significantly related to many cancer risk factors.
Conclusions:

Significant cancer risk factors exist in the target population in comparison to available national data and Healthy People 2010 targets. More focused cancer prevention and early detection efforts should be initiated for this underserved population. Future research is needed to (a) determine the effect of acculturation on cancer risk factors and (b) develop culturally appropriate interventions to improve the effectiveness of cancer prevention and early detection interventions in this subgroup of Asian Americans.
Testing an Intervention to Reduce Negative Thinking, Depressive Symptoms, and Chronic Stressors in Low‐Income Single Mothers
Authors: Peden Ann R. , Rayens Mary Kay , Hall Lynne A. , Grant Elizabeth 
Published: August 2005

Purpose:

To test the effectiveness of a cognitive‐behavioral group intervention in reducing depressive symptoms, negative thinking, and chronic stressors in low‐income, single mothers at risk for depression.
Design and Methods:

A randomized, controlled prevention trial was conducted with 136 low‐income, single mothers with children between the ages of 2 and 6 years. Each participant was screened before enrollment and was determined to be at risk for depression. Participants were randomly assigned to either the control or experimental group. The experimental group was invited to participate in a 4‐ to 6‐week cognitive‐behavioral group intervention. Data on depressive symptoms, negative thinking, and chronic stressors were collected via self‐report questionnaires from control and experimental groups at baseline, 1 month, and 6 months after the intervention to assess the effects of the intervention.
Findings:

Compared with those in the control group, women who received the intervention had a greater decrease in depressive symptoms, negative thinking, and chronic stressors; these beneficial effects were maintained over a 6‐month period.
Conclusions:

The findings indicate the effectiveness of this cognitive‐behavioral group intervention and show the beneficial effects of reducing negative thinking via the use of affirmations and thought‐stopping techniques.
Accuracy of image‐guided implantology
Authors: Brief Jakob , Edinger Dieter , Hassfeld Stefan , Eggers Georg 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObjectives: The accuracy of two commercially available systems for image‐guided dental implant insertion based on infrared tracking cameras was compared with manual implantation.Material and methods: Phantoms of partially edentulous mandibles were used. In a master phantom, pilot boreholes for dental implants were placed. These boreholes were reproduced in slave phantoms using either of the two image‐guided systems and manual implantation. The resulting positions were determined using a coordinate measurement machine and compared with the master model.Results: In comparison with manual implantation, the difference of borehole positions to the master phantom was significantly lower using either of the systems for image‐guided implant insertion.Conclusion: Image‐guided insertion of dental implants is significantly more accurate than manual insertion. However, the accuracy that can be achieved with manual implantation is sufficient for most clinical situations.
Partial generation of periodontal ligament on endosseous dental implants in dogs
Authors: Jahangiri Leila , Hessamfar Ramin , Ricci John L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObjectives: The objective of this pilot study was to investigate the feasibility of periodontal ligament (PDL) generation on an implant surface by approximating a tooth‐to‐implant contact using orthodontics.Methods: Maxillary second premolars of six beagle dogs were extracted bilaterally. After 2 weeks of healing, hydroxyapatite (HA) coated titanium implants, 5 mm in length and 3.3 mm in diameter, were placed in the extraction sites. One side of the arch was used as control. Orthodontic tooth movement was initiated following implant placement to tip the first premolar roots into contact with the implant. This was achieved in 4–6 weeks as confirmed radiographically. Tooth‐to‐implant contact was maintained for further 6 weeks after which time, teeth were separated from implant contact orthodontically. After further 2 weeks of stabilization, the animals were sacrificed. Samples were analyzed by Faxitron radiographs before histology. Histology samples were prepared with Stevenel's Blue and Van Gieson stain and were subjected to polarized light microscopy.Results: Histologic analysis revealed transfer and formation of PDL‐like structure with formation of cellular cementum on the implant surfaces, in four out of six animals, where tooth‐to‐implant contact had been achieved. Direct bone‐to‐implant contact was noted in the areas coronal to the PDL‐like tissue, an important sign to distinguish between PDL‐like tissue and connective tissue that could originate from the coronal portion of a failing implant. Additionally, at the site of contact, the implant surface revealed some resorption of the HA coating.Conclusion: An animal model was established in which the proximity of tooth‐to‐implant contact lead to partial generation of PDL on a bioactive implant surface in four out of six animals.
Lichtschutz: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen
Authors: Elsner Peter , Beissert Stefan , Luger Thomas A. 
Published: August 2005

ZusammenfassungDurch sinnvollen Lichtschutz gegen ultraviolette (UV) Strahlung können akute Hautschäden sowie chronische Hautveränderungen vermieden werden. Unter den verschiedenen Lichtschutzpräparaten wird besonders durch die Anwendung von Sonnencremes mit höherem Lichtschutzfaktor neben der Unterdrückung eines UV‐induzierten Erythems auch die UV‐induzierte Immunsuppression verhindert. Dieser Schutz wird teilweise durch die Hemmung der Freisetzung von mehreren immunsuppressiven Mediatoren aus der Epidermis erzielt. Besonders der Schutz vor Immunsuppression dürfte für die reduzierte Entwicklung von UV‐induzierten Hauttumoren nach regelmäßiger Anwendung von Sonnencremes mitverantwortlich sein. Neben Immunsuppression kann UV‐Strahlung auch DNS‐Mutationen induzieren, die häufig in Zellzyklus‐regulierenden Genen nachweisbar sind. Durch die topische Applikation von DNS‐Reparaturenzymen können diese DNS‐Schäden behoben werden und es entwickeln sich daher weniger Hautmalignome. Zukünftige Entwicklungen von effektiveren Lichtschutzpräparaten, die möglicherweise auch DNS‐Reparaturenzyme oder Substanzen enthalten, welche die endogene DNS‐Reparatur induzieren, werden weiterhin die Lichtschutzmöglichkeiten verbessern. Bis diese Entwicklungen in die Realität umgesetzt werden, bleibt ein der unterschiedlichen Komplexion entsprechender Lichtschutz vorrangiges Ziel.
A Mean-Value Model for Control of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engines
Authors: Rausen D. J. , Stefanopoulou A. G. , Kang J.-M. , Eng J. A. , Kuo T.-W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA Mean Value Model (MVM) for a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine is presented. Using a phenomenological zero-dimensional approach with five continuous and three discrete states we first model the effects of the Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) valve, the exhaust Rebreathing Lift (RBL), and the fueling rate on the state of charge in the cylinder at intake valve closing. An Arrhenius integral is then used to model the start of combustion, θsoc. A series of simple algebraic relations that captures the combustion duration and heat release is finally used to model the state of charge after the HCCI combustion and the Location of Peak Pressure (LPP). The model is parametrized and validated using steady-state test data from an experimental gasoline engine at the General Motors Corporation. The simple model captures the temperature, pressure, air-to-fuel ratio, and inert gas fraction of the exhausted mass flow. This characterization is important for the overall HCCI dynamics because the thermodynamic state (pressure, temperature) and concentration (oxygen and inert gas) of the exhausted mass flow affect the next combustion event. The high dilution level in HCCI engines increases the significance of this internal feedback that generally exists to a smaller extent in conventional spark-ignition and compression-ignition internal combustion engines.
Helicobacter hepaticus
Hydrogenase Mutants Are Deficient in Hydrogen-Supported Amino Acid Uptake and in Causing Liver Lesions in A/J Mice
Authors: Mehta Nalini S. , Benoit Stephane , Mysore Jagannatha V. , Sousa Renato S. , Maier Robert J. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Helicobacter hepaticus
, a causative agent of chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma in mice, expresses a nickel-containing hydrogen-oxidizing hydrogenase enzyme. Growth of a
hyaB
gene-targeted mutant was unaffected by the presence of hydrogen, unlike the wild-type strain, which showed an enhanced growth rate when supplied with H
2
. Hydrogenase activities in
H. hepaticus
were constitutive and not dependent on the inclusion of H
2
during growth. Addition of nickel during growth significantly stimulated both urease (for wild-type and
hyaB
) and hydrogenase (for wild-type) activities. In a 5-h period, the extent of
14
C-labeled amino acid uptake by the wild type was markedly enhanced in the presence of hydrogen and was >5-fold greater than that of the
hyaB
mutant strain. In the presence of H
2
, the short-term whole-cell amino acid uptake
V
max
of the parent strain was about 2.2-fold greater than for the mutant, but the half-saturation affinity for amino acid transport was the same for the parent and mutant strain. The liver- and cecum-colonizing abilities of the strains was estimated by real-time PCR quantitation of the
H. hepaticus
-specific cytolethal distending toxin gene and showed similar animal colonization for the
hyaB
mutant and the wild type. However, at 21 weeks postinoculation, the livers from mice inoculated with wild type exhibited moderate lobular lymphoplasmacytic hepatitis with hepatocytic coagulative necrosis, but the hydrogenase mutants exhibited no histological evidence of lobular inflammation or necrosis.
Sequence Variation within Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotypes Impacts Antibody Binding and Neutralization
Authors: Smith T. J. , Lou J. , Geren I. N. , Forsyth C. M. , Tsai R. , LaPorte S. L. , Tepp W. H. , Bradshaw M. , Johnson E. A. , Smith L. A. , Marks J. D. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTThe botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are category A biothreat agents which have been the focus of intensive efforts to develop vaccines and antibody-based prophylaxis and treatment. Such approaches must take into account the extensive BoNT sequence variability; the seven BoNT serotypes differ by up to 70% at the amino acid level. Here, we have analyzed 49 complete published sequences of BoNTs and show that all toxins also exhibit variability within serotypes ranging between 2.6 and 31.6%. To determine the impact of such sequence differences on immune recognition, we studied the binding and neutralization capacity of six BoNT serotype A (BoNT/A) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to BoNT/A1 and BoNT/A2, which differ by 10% at the amino acid level. While all six MAbs bound BoNT/A1 with high affinity, three of the six MAbs showed a marked reduction in binding affinity of 500- to more than 1,000-fold to BoNT/A2 toxin. Binding results predicted in vivo toxin neutralization; MAbs or MAb combinations that potently neutralized A1 toxin but did not bind A2 toxin had minimal neutralizing capacity for A2 toxin. This was most striking for a combination of three binding domain MAbs which together neutralized >40,000 mouse 50% lethal doses (LD50s) of A1 toxin but less than 500 LD50s of A2 toxin. Combining three MAbs which bound both A1 and A2 toxins potently neutralized both toxins. We conclude that sequence variability exists within all toxin serotypes, and this impacts monoclonal antibody binding and neutralization. Such subtype sequence variability must be accounted for when generating and evaluating diagnostic and therapeutic antibodies.
Biochemical Characterization and Functional Studies of
Acanthamoeba
Mannose-Binding Protein
Authors: Garate Marco , Cubillos Ibis , Marchant Jeffrey , Panjwani Noorjahan 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Acanthamoebae produce a painful, sight-threatening corneal infection. The adhesion of parasites to the host cells is a critical first step in the pathogenesis of infection. Subsequent to adhesion, the parasites produce a potent cytopathic effect (CPE) leading to target cell death. Recent studies showing that acanthamoebae express a mannose-binding protein (MBP) and that free α-mannose (α-Man) specifically inhibits the adhesion of parasites to host cells suggest that the MBP plays a key role in the pathogenesis of
Acanthamoeba
infection by mediating host-parasite interactions. However, direct evidence showing that
Acanthamoeba
MBP is a virulence protein has been lacking. In this study, we demonstrate that the polyclonal immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibodies prepared against affinity-purified
Acanthamoeba
MBP markedly inhibit the adhesion of parasites to host cells. The antibody also inhibited the
Acanthamoeba
-induced CPE on host cells. In contrast, preimmune IgY did not influence either the adhesion of the parasites to host cells or the amoeba-induced CPE. Using a variety of approaches, including affinity chromatography on an α-Man gel, electrophoresis under native and denaturing conditions, biotinylation of cell surface proteins, and immunostaining, it was conclusively established that
Acanthamoeba
MBP is located on the surface membranes of the parasites. Neutral-sugar analysis and lectin binding experiments using succinylated concanavalin A, a plant lectin with high affinity for mannose, revealed that
Acanthamoeba
MBP is itself a mannose-containing glycoprotein.
N
-Glycanase treatment to remove N-linked oligosaccharides shifted the subunit molecular mass of MBP from 130 kDa to 110 kDa. Hexosamine analysis revealed that
Acanthamoeba
MBP lacks detectable levels of GalNAc, suggesting the absence of O-linked oligosaccharides. In summary, we have characterized
Acanthamoeba
MBP and have shown that it is a major virulence protein responsible for host-parasite interactions and the parasite-induced target cell destruction.
Toward a Novel Experimental Model of Infection To Study American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused byLeishmania braziliensis
Authors: de Moura Tatiana R. , Novais Fernanda O. , Oliveira Fabiano , Clarêncio Jorge , Noronha Almério , Barral Aldina , Brodskyn Claudia , de Oliveira Camila I. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTLeishmaniaspp. cause a broad spectrum of diseases collectively known as leishmaniasis.Leishmania braziliensisis the main etiological agent of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. In the present study, we have developed an experimental model of infection that closely resembles ACL caused byL. braziliensis. In order to do so, BALB/c mice were infected in the ear dermis with 105parasites and distinct aspects of the infection were evaluated. Following inoculation, parasite expansion in the ear dermis was accompanied by the development of an ulcerated dermal lesion which healed spontaneously, as seen by the presence of a scar. Histological analysis of infected ears showed the presence of a mixed inflammatory infiltrate consisting of both mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells. In draining lymph nodes, parasite replication was detected throughout the infection. In vitro restimulation of draining lymph node cells followed by intracellular staining showed an up-regulation in the production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and in the frequency of IFN-γ-secreting CD4+and CD8+T cells. Reverse transcription-PCR of ears and draining lymph node cells showed the expression of CC chemokines. The dermal model of infection withL. braziliensisherein is able to reproduce aspects of the natural infection, such as the presence of an ulcerated lesion, parasite dissemination to lymphoid areas, and the development of a Th1-type immune response. These results indicate that this model shall be useful to address questions related to the concomitant immunity to reinfection and parasite persistence leading to mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.