bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NMR spectroscopy in the study of carbohydrates: Characterizing the structural complexity
Authors: Bubb William A. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe combination of structural diversity at several levels and limited chemical shift dispersion ensures that NMR spectra of carbohydrates are relatively difficult to interpret. This introduction to applications of NMR spectroscopy for the study of carbohydrates provides guidelines for interpretation of their 1‐ and 2‐D spectra against a background of their tautomeric, configurational, and conformational equilibria in solution and consideration of their biosynthetic diversity. The influence of structural features on chemical shifts and coupling constants is illustrated by the consequences for both homo‐ and heteronuclear 2‐D NMR spectra. Some applications of NMR spectroscopy for studies of carbohydrate metabolism are briefly considered. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 19A: 1–19, 2003.
Development of galanin‐like immunoreactivity in the brain of the brown trout (Salmo trutta fario), with some observations on sexual dimorphism
Authors: Rodríguez Miguel Angel , Anadón Ramón , Rodríguez‐Moldes Isabel 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe development of galanin‐like immunoreactive (GAL‐ir) cells and fibers was investigated in the brain of brown trout embryos, alevins, juveniles, and adults (some spontaneously releasing their gametes). The earliest GAL‐ir neurons appeared in the preoptic region and the primordial hypothalamic lobe of 12‐mm embryos. After hatching, new GAL‐ir neurons appeared in the lateral, anterior, and posterior tuberal nuclei, and in late alevins, GAL‐ir neurons appeared in the area postrema. In juveniles, further GAL‐ir populations appeared in the nucleus subglomerulosus and magnocellular preoptic nucleus. The GAL‐ir neuronal groups present in juveniles were also observed in sexually mature adults, although the area postrema of males lacked immunoreactive neurons. Moreover, spawning males exhibited GAL‐ir somata in the olfactory bulb and habenula, which were never observed in adult females or in developing stages. In adults, numerous GAL‐ir fibers were observed in the ventral telencephalon, preoptic area, hypothalamus, neurohypophysis, mesencephalic tegmentum, ventral rhombencephalon, and area postrema. Moderate to low GAL‐ir innervation was seen in the olfactory bulbs, dorsomedial telencephalon, epithalamus, medial thalamus, optic tectum, cerebellum, and rhombencephalic alar plate. There were large differences among regions in the GAL‐ir innervation establishment time. In embryos, GAL‐ir fibers appeared in the preoptic area and hypothalamus, indicating early expression of galanin in hypophysiotrophic centers. The presence of galanin immunoreactivity in the olfactory, reproductive, visual, and sensory–motor centers of the brain suggest that galanin is involved in many other brain functions. Furthermore, the distribution of GAL‐ir elements observed throughout trout development indicates that galaninergic system maturation continues until sexual maturity. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:263–285, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential rostral projections of caudal brainstem neurons receiving trigeminal input after masseter inflammation
Authors: Ikeda Tetsuya , Terayama Ryuji , Jue Seong‐Suk , Sugiyo Shinichi , Dubner Ronald , Ren Ke 
Published: August 2003

AbstractTo understand the functional significance of orofacial injury‐induced neuronal activation, this study examined the rostral projection of caudal brainstem neurons that were activated by masseteric inflammation. Rats were injected with a retrograde tracer, Fluorogold, into the nucleus submedius of the thalamus (Sm), parabrachial nucleus (PB), lateral hypothalamus (LH), or medial ventroposterior thalamic nucleus (VPM) 7 days before injection of an inflammatory agent, complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), into the masseter muscle. Rats were perfused at 2 hours after inflammation, and brainstem tissues were processed for Fos‐Fluorogold double immunocytochemistry. Although there was no difference in Fos expression among the four groups (n = 4 per site), the rostral projection of Fos‐positive neurons showed dramatic differences. In the ventral portion of the trigeminal subnuclei interpolaris/caudalis (Vi/Vc) transition zone, the percentage of Fos‐positive neurons projecting to the Sm (39.7%) was significantly higher than that projecting to the LH (5.4%) or VPM (5.6%; P < .001). The anesthesia alone also induced Fos expression in ventral Vi/Vc neurons, but these neurons did not project to Sm. In the caudal laminated Vc and dorsal Vi/Vc, the PB was the major site of rostral projection of Fos‐positive neurons. In the caudal ventrolateral medulla and nucleus tractus solitarius, Fos‐positive neurons projected to the Sm, PB, and LH. Most VPM‐projecting neurons examined did not show Fos‐like immunoreactivity after masseter inflammation. These findings emphasize the importance of the trigeminal Vi/Vc transition zone in response to orofacial deep tissue injury. Furthermore, the results differentiate the ventral and dorsal portions of the Vi/Vc transition zone, in that the Sm received projection mainly from activated neurons in the ventral Vi/Vc. The activation of Vi/Vc neurons and associated ascending pathways may facilitate somatoautonomic and somatovisceral integration and descending pain modulation after orofacial deep tissue injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:220–233, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new ascending sensory tract to the calyces of the honeybee mushroom body, the subesophageal‐calycal tract
Authors: Schröter Ulrike , Menzel Randolf 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe mushroom bodies of the honeybee are important neuropils for learning and memory. Therefore, knowledge about their input and output connections is essential to understanding how these neuropils function. A newly described input tract to the mushroom body is presented here, which is called the subesophageal‐calycal tract (SCT) and connects the subesophageal ganglion with the calyces of the mushroom bodies. The neuronal somata of the SCT neurons lie in one cluster between the lobula of the optic lobe and a neuropil area that is formed from the fusion of the tritocerebrum and the subesophageal ganglion. Within the subesophageal ganglion, the dendritic fibers of SCT neurons overlap with terminals of sensory neurons from the proboscis1. Therefore, we conclude that the SCT neurons might process gustatory and mechanosensory information from the proboscis. Individual SCT neurons receive unilateral input within the subesophageal ganglion and may connect to either the ipsilateral or the contralateral mushroom body. On their way to the mushroom bodies, the SCT neuron axons meet the roots of the antennocerebralis tracts (ACTs) and from this point follow the same path as the median ACT neurons for a short distance. Within the calyces, the SCT neurons innervate two separate areas, a small area within the dorsal collar just below the lip and a part of the basal ring. Double‐labeling experiments show that the projections of the SCT neurons do not overlap with the projections of the olfactory projection neurons and visual projection neurons from the dorsal medulla. The possible function of the SCT neurons and the relation of the SCT to known input tracts of the mushroom bodies in other insects are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:168–178, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Presynaptic membrane of inhibitory crayfish axon terminals is stained by antibodies raised against mammalian GABAA receptor subunits α3 and β2/3
Authors: Feinstein N. , Fritschy J.M. , Parnas I. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe opener muscle of the dactyl of the walking leg of crayfish is innervated by one excitatory axon releasing glutamate and one inhibitory axon releasing GABA. Functional GABAA receptors are present postsynaptically on the muscle and presynaptically on terminals and release boutons of the excitatory axon, whereas presynaptic GABAA autoreceptors have not been reported on terminals or release boutons of the inhibitory axon. Using antibodies raised against mammalian GABAA receptor subunits α3 and β2/3, we obtained highly specific staining of the presynaptic membrane of the inhibitory bouton and of the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle. Using pre‐ and postembedding techniques, staining was localized to only presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes of synaptic active zones. We also found extrasynaptic receptor subunit immunoreactivity near (up to 100 nm) to the active zones. Staining with antibodies for the α3 and β2/3 subunits showed colocalization of particles of the two subunits. We suggest that presynaptic inhibitory boutons of the crayfish possess GABAA‐like autoreceptors composed of at least the α3 and β2/3 subunits. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:250–262, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes of immunocytochemical localization of vesicular glutamate transporters in the rat visual system after the retinofugal denervation
Authors: Fujiyama Fumino , Hioki Hiroyuki , Tomioka Ryohei , Taki Kousuke , Tamamaki Nobuaki , Nomura Sakashi , Okamoto Keiko , Kaneko Takeshi 
Published: August 2003

AbstractTo clarify which vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluT) is used by excitatory axon terminals of the retinofugal system, we examined immunoreactivities and mRNA signals for VGluT1 and VGluT2 in the rat retina and compared immunoreactivities for VGluT1 and VGluT2 in the retinorecipient regions using double immunofluorescence method, anterograde tracing, and immunoelectron microscopy. Furthermore, the changes of VGluT1 and VGluT2 immunoreactivities were studied after eyeball enucleation. Intense immunoreactivity and mRNA signal for VGluT2, but not for VGluT1 immunoreactivity, were observed in most perikarya of ganglion cells in the retina. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that VGluT1‐ and VGluT2‐immunolabeled terminals made asymmetrical synapses, suggesting that they were excitatory synapses, and that VGluT1‐immunolabeled terminals were smaller than VGluT2‐labeled ones in many retinorecipient regions, such as the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGd) and superior colliculus (SC). Double immunofluorescence study further revealed that almost no VGluT2 immunoreactivity was colocalized with VGluT1 in the retinorecipient regions. After wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) injection into the eyeballs, WGA immunoreactivity was colocalized in the single axon terminals of LGd and SC with VGluT2 but not VGluT1 immunoreactivity. After unilateral enucleation, VGluT2 immunoreactivity in the LGd, SC, nucleus of the optic tract, and nuclei of the accessory optic tract in the contralateral side of the enucleated eye was clearly decreased. Although only a small change of VGluT2 immunoreactivity was observed in the contra‐ and ipsilateral suprachiasmatic nuclei, olivary pretectal nucleus, anterior pretectal nucleus, and posterior pretectal nucleus, moderate reduction of VGluT2 was found in these regions after bilateral enucleation. On the other hand, almost no change in VGluT1 immunoreactivity was found in the structures examined in the present enucleation study. Thus, the present results support the notion that the retinofugal pathways are glutamatergic, and indicate that VGluT2, but not VGluT1, is employed for accumulating glutamate into synaptic vesicles of retinofugal axons. J. Comp. Neurol. 465: 234–249, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Failure criteria for quasi‐brittle materials in lattice‐type models
Authors: Davie C. T. , Bićanic N. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractFailure criteria for quasi‐brittle materials are considered in the context of a lattice‐type modelling framework. The criteria are implemented and assessed in macro‐scale lattice‐type models realised through bonded, linked particle assemblies constructed in a DEM framework. Several simple strategies consider failure of individual lattice elements based either on the local conditions at link elements or on the ‘homogenized’ conditions at an associated continuum point, with both elastic‐brittle and elastic‐ softening plasticity models employed. In spite of observed solution noise, model performance in coarse, macro‐scale triangular lattice‐type assemblies supports the importance of including both softening and homogenized failure criteria in order to objectively reproduce softening behaviour of an equivalent continuum. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Master–slave approach for the modelling of joints with dependent degrees of freedom in flexible mechanisms
Authors: Muñoz J. , Jelenić G. , Crisfield M. A. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe analysis of multibody systems requires an exact description of the kinematics of the joints involved. In the present work the master–slave approach is employed and endowed with the possibility of including several more complex types of joints. We present the formulation for joints where some relation between the different released degrees of freedom exists such as the screw joint, the rack‐and‐pinion joint or the cam joint. These joints are implemented in conjunction with geometrically exact beams and an energy‐momentum conserving time‐stepping algorithm. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling coupled heat and mass transfer in drying non‐hygroscopic capillary particulate materials
Authors: Malan A. G. , Lewis R. W. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe modelling of the coupled heat and mass transfer processes prevalent in drying non‐hygroscopic capillary particulate materials is dealt with. An improved unstructured vertex‐centred edge‐based finite volume algorithm is employed for this purpose. Enhancements include reformulation of boundary integral flux‐averaging as well as the use of a compact stencil in the computation of diffusive terms. A notable increase in accuracy is demonstrated. The developed algorithm is further validated against experimental data. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrete dynamics of implicit time integration schemes for a dissipative system
Authors: Bornemann P. B. , Galvanetto U. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractA dissipative one degree of freedom dynamical system is investigated. Three time integration schemes are applied to the time continuous system leading to time discrete systems. Their energy dissipation and phase space contraction behaviour is analysed and differs from the properties of the differential equation. One of the schemes guarantees energy dissipation, whereas another is characterized by phase space contraction; the third scheme does not accurately discretize both properties. It was found that the scheme with unconditional phase space contraction and the standard scheme possess spurious steady states, higher order fixed points, as a result of tangled stable and unstable manifolds of a saddle. However, the consistently energy dissipative scheme exhibits no spurious steady states. It was concluded that the property of correct energy dissipation has a beneficial influence on the quality of the numerical solution. This result is analogous to that obtained for Hamiltonian mechanical systems for which algorithms with energy‐conservation are often considered preferable to symplectic schemes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Locking in the incompressible limit: pseudo‐divergence‐free element free Galerkin
Authors: Vidal Yolanda , Villon Pierre , Huerta Antonio 
Published: August 2003

AbstractLocking in finite elements has been a major concern since its early developments. It appears because poor numerical interpolation leads to an over‐constrained system. This paper proposes a new formulation that asymptotically suppresses locking for the element free Galerkin (EFG) method in incompressible limit, i.e. the so‐called volumetric locking. Originally it was claimed that EFG did not present volumetric locking. However, recently, performing a modal analysis, the senior author has shown that EFG presents volumetric locking. In fact, it is concluded that an increase of the dilation parameter attenuates, but never suppresses, the volumetric locking and that, as in standard finite elements, an increase in the order of reproducibility (interpolation degree) reduces the relative number of locking modes. Here an improved formulation of the EFG method is proposed in order to alleviate volumetric locking.Diffuse derivatives are defined in the thesis of the second author and their convergence to the derivatives of the exact solution, when the radius of the support goes to zero (for a fixed dilation parameter), it is proved. Therefore, diffuse divergence converges to the exact divergence. Since the diffuse divergence‐free condition can be imposed a priori, new interpolation functions are defined that asymptotically verify the incompressibility condition. Modal analysis and numerical results for classical benchmark tests in solids corroborate this issue. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plane wave basis finite‐elements for wave scattering in three dimensions
Authors: Laghrouche O. , Bettess P. , Perrey‐Debain E. , Trevelyan J. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractA three‐dimensional finite‐element model for the solution of Helmholtz problems is presented. The element is based on the Melenk and Babuška technique which uses a plane wave basis in combination with conventional polynomial shape functions. This element offers the possibility to compute many wavelengths per nodal spacing. It is constructed by multiplying the shape functions by plane waves propagating in different directions in space. A standard Galerkin–Bubnov weighting is used. The problem of a plane wave scattered by a sphere is presented and the numerical results are compared to the analytical results obtained from the closed‐form series solution. This paper represents the first application of this approach to three dimensions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High pressure die casting simulation using a Lagrangian particle method
Authors: Kulasegaram S. , Bonet J. , Lewis R. W. , Profit M. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractMould filling simulation in high pressure die casting has been an attractive area of research for many years. Several numerical methodologies have been attempted in the past to study the flow behaviour of the molten metal into the die cavities. However, many of these methods require a stationary mesh or grid which limits their ability in simulating highly dynamic and transient flows encountered in high pressure die casting processes. In recent years, the advent of meshfree methods have expanded the capabilities of numerical techniques. Hence, these methods have emerged as an attractive alternative for modelling mould filling simulation in pressure die casting processes. In the present work, a Lagrangian particle method called corrected smooth particle hydrodynamics (CSPH) is used to simulate fluid flow in the high pressure die casting cavity. This paper mainly focuses on deriving the fundamental governing equations based on a variational formulation and presents a number of mould filling examples to demonstrate the capabilities of the CSPH numerical model. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coronary atherosclerosis in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Birmingham Carl Laird , Lear Scott A. , Kenyon Jennifer , Chan Sammy Yat Man , Mancini G.B. John , Frohlich Jiri 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBackgroundChest pain is a common complaint in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). Of those who experience chest pain, about 20% meet the diagnostic criteria for typical or atypical angina.MethodsWe compared the intima‐medial thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery measured by ultrasound in AN with controls and found no difference.Results and DiscussionAlthough clinically relevant atherosclerosis can occur in patients with a normal IMT, there is a strong correlation between carotid IMT and coronary atherosclerosis. This suggests that an atherosclerotic origin of chest pain in AN patients is unlikely. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 375–377, 2003.
Bone density 11 years after anorexia nervosa onset in a controlled study of 39 cases
Authors: Wentz Elisabet , Mellström Dan , Gillberg Christopher , Sundh Valter , Gillberg I. Carina , Råstam Maria 
Published: August 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition 11 years after the onset of anorexia nervosa (AN).MethodThirty‐nine AN subjects (36 females, 3 males), selected from a population‐based sample, and 46 matched controls (COMP; 43 females, 3 males) were examined by using double‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA). Only 2 women still had AN. None of the men had AN.ResultsThe females in the AN and COMP groups did not differ regarding BMD, nor was there a difference across female groups concerning body mass index (BMI). The female AN group had a significantly lower percentage of body fat. BMD among females in the AN group was related to lowest BMI ever. There was an inverse relationship between lumbar BMD and AN duration.DiscussionLow BMD is not overrepresented among weight‐restored AN patients at long‐term follow‐up compared with healthy women. However, the inverse relationship between BMD and AN duration may be indicative of a risk for osteopenia in patients with subchronic and chronic AN. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 314–318, 2003.
Influence of sexual orientation and age on disordered eating attitudes and behaviors in women
Authors: Moore Fiona , Keel Pamela K. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractObjectiveWe evaluated the influence of age on the association between sexual orientation and disordered eating attitudes and behaviors in women.MethodHeterosexual (n = 47) and homosexual (n = 45) women recruited from the community completed self‐report questionnaires including the Body Esteem Scale, the Eating Disorders Inventory‐2, the Reasons for Exercise Inventory, and the Self Esteem Scale.ResultsA multivariate analysis of variance of eating disorder variables revealed a main effect for sexual orientation on drive for thinness and exercise to control weight and a main effect for age on body mass index (BMI) and body dissatisfaction, but it did not reveal a significant interaction between sexual orientation and age.DiscussionSexual orientation may influence certain types of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors in women such as endorsing an extreme ideal of thinness. However, homosexual and heterosexual women reported more similarities than differences. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 370–374, 2003.
Predictors of childbirth following treatment for bulimia nervosa
Authors: Carter Frances A. , McIntosh Virginia V.W. , Frampton Christopher M. , Joyce Peter R. , Bulik Cynthia M. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractObjectiveThis study examined women who had babies during 5 year follow‐up after having been treated for bulimia nervosa.MethodsOne hundred twenty‐five heterosexual women participated in a randomized controlled trial that evaluated cognitive‐behavior therapy. They attended at least one follow‐up assessment over 5 years of follow‐up.ResultsPoor functioning following treatment for bulimia nervosa, in combination with demographic variables, was strongly predictive of not conceiving a baby.DiscussionWomen with bulimia nervosa who wish to have a baby should be encouraged and supported to gain whatever benefit they can from treatment. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 337–342, 2003.