bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Students’ perceived experience of university admission based on tests and interviews
Authors: Röding K. , Nordenram G. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe aim of the study was to generate an impression, from the perspective of graduating dental students, of the individualised admissions procedures, which they had undergone 5 years before. The subjects comprised 10 randomly selected students, five male and five female, from two different admission rounds. Qualitative research was used and data were collected by means of semi‐structured interviews. The results show that even 5 years later, the students remember clearly the different steps in the selection procedure and they found the procedure relevant. In particular, the admission interviews made a lasting impression. The students consider that being interviewed by one admissions committee member at a time reduces the applicant's apprehension and allows a more personal interview. Several believe that the admissions procedure influences academic achievement or improves self‐confidence: implicit in their selection by a committee of experienced professionals is affirmation that they have the potential to become good dentists. The students therefore feel encouraged to aspire to higher achievement. All students believe that motivation is an important non‐cognitive attribute for success and that students selected through this mode are not only highly motivated but also well informed, with realistic expectations of the undergraduate programme and their future professional career.
The influence of context on students’ approaches to learning: a case study
Authors: Kieser J. , Herbison P. , Harland T. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis paper gives an account of a small‐scale longitudinal study that examined changes in conceptions and approaches to learning as 14 students experience a problem‐based learning (PBL) curriculum for the first time. The course in oral biology aimed to encourage conceptual understanding of the topic and improve student learning through its PBL curriculum and assessment method. Those who entered the course with a surface approach and fragmented conception of learning left with a deep‐learning approach, cohesive conception and quality learning outcomes. There were no observable changes in the students who started the course with a deep‐learning approach and cohesive conception, except for two who reported surface approaches and fragmented conceptions at the end. These two students also achieved the lowest examination scores. To help explain these findings we examine the wider context for student learning including student motivation.
Oral self‐care behaviours: comparing Greek and Japanese dental students
Authors: Polychronopoulou Argy , Kawamura Makoto 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAim:  This study explored cross‐cultural differences of self‐reported oral health behaviours between Greek and Japanese dental students.Participants:  The sample population included 877 dental students, 539 students registered at the University of Athens Dental School, and 338 registered at the Hiroshima University Dental School.Material and methods:  Oral health behaviour was assessed using the Greek and Japanese versions of a 20‐item questionnaire entitled Hiroshima University‐Dental Behavioural Inventory (HU‐DBI).Results:  The mean questionnaire score of the Japanese students (7.40) was significantly greater than that of the Greek peers (6.86, P = 0.001), indicating better oral self‐care behaviour amongst the Japanese students; however, the overall difference was mainly attributed to their additional sixth study year. Greek and Japanese students provided significantly different answers to 14 of 20 HU‐DBI items. Greeks significantly more often were required by their dentist to evaluate their brushing technique (OR = 14.4, P < 0.01), checked their teeth in the mirror after brushing (OR = 8.1, P < 0.01), worried about bad breath (OR = 6.7, P < 0.01), and believed that gum disease is preventable by tooth brushing alone (OR = 2.1, P < 0.05), whereas their Japanese peers significantly more often felt comfortable to clean their teeth without the use of a toothpaste (OR = 0.3, P < 0.01), believed that they take much time to brush their teeth (OR = 0.3, P < 0.01), used a child‐sized toothbrush (OR = 0.2, P < 0.01), and put off going to the dentist until having toothache (OR = 0.4, P < 0.01).Conclusions:  Considerable differences in dental health attitudes/behaviour exist amongst students in the two countries reflecting the different culture and the health education system of the students; moreover, it is possible to distinguish Greek dental students from Japanese peers with a probability of more than 89% by using the HU‐DBI instrument.
Psychological and Interpersonal Dimensions of Sexual Function and Dysfunction
Authors: Althof Stanley E. , Leiblum Sandra R. , Chevret-Measson Marie , Hartmann Uwe , Levine Stephen B. , McCabe Marita , Plaut Michael , Rodrigues Oswaldo , Wylie Kevan 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTIntroductionThere are limited outcome data on the efficacy of psychological interventions for male and female sexual dysfunction and the role of innovative combined treatment paradigms.AimTo highlight the salient psychological and interpersonal issues contributing to sexual health and dysfunction; to offer a four-tiered paradigm for understanding the evolution and maintenance of sexual symptoms; and to offer recommendations for clinical management and research.MethodsAn International Consultation assembled over 200 multidisciplinary experts from 60 countries into 17 committees. The recommendations of committee members represent state-of-the-art knowledge and opinions of experts from five continents were developed in a process over a 2-year period. Concerning the Psychological and Interpersonal Committee of Sexual Function and Dysfunction, there were nine experts from five countries.Main Outcome MeasureExpert opinion was based on grading of evidence-based medical literature, widespread internal committee discussion, public presentation, and debate.ResultsMedical and psychological therapies for sexual dysfunctions should address the intricate biopsychosocial influences of the patient, the partner, and the couple. The biopsychosocial model provides a compelling reason for skepticism that any single intervention (i.e., a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, supraphysiological doses of a hormone, processing of childhood victimization, marital therapy, pharmacotherapy of depression, etc.) will be sufficient for most patients or couples experiencing sexual dysfunction.ConclusionsThere is need for collaboration between healthcare practitioners from different disciplines in evaluation, treatment, and education issues surrounding sexual dysfunction. In many cases, neither psychotherapy alone nor medical intervention alone is sufficient for the lasting resolution of sexual problems. Assessment of male, female, and couples’ sexual dysfunction should ideally include inquiry about: predisposing, precipitating, maintaining, and contextual factors. Treatment of lifelong and/or chronic dysfunction will be different from acquired or recent dysfunction. Research is needed to identify efficacious combined and/or integrated treatments for sexual dysfunction.
Heart failure from diastolic dysfunction related to hypertension: Guidelines for management
Authors: Thomas‐Kvidera DeAnn 
Published: October 2005

PurposeTo provide advanced practice nurses with a greater understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnostics, and management of diastolic dysfunction resulting from hypertension.Data sourcesElectronic database searches were performed using Medline and CINAHL. Data were obtained from medical textbooks and research and review articles.ConclusionsAs the number of older adults with heart failure (HF) continues to increase, so will the need for effective care and guidance. In addition to further testing of appropriate pharmacologic regimens, adherence factors such as medication costs and patients’ functional abilities must be considered.Implications for practiceHF resulting from diastolic dysfunction has emerged as a separate entity over the past 10–15 years. One of the most common causes of diastolic dysfunction is uncontrolled hypertension. Populations at greatest risk include elders, particularly women, and African Americans.
An Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Gas and Solid
Particle Interaction on the Heat Transfer Effectiveness of a Falling-Bed Heat
Exchanger
Authors: Frain Matthew J. , Schmidt David P. , Fiveland Woodrow A. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The objective of this investigation is to quantify and understand the performance of falling-bed heat exchangers. Experimental steady-state heat transfer data, whose quality is demonstrated with an accurate energy balance between the gas and particle streams, are presented. Measured temperatures, pressures, and overall heat transfer rates are compared to predicted values from a one-dimensional analytical model, and the capabilities and deficiencies of the model are discussed. In addition, the effect of a particle distributor on the performance of the falling-bed heat exchanger is measured. While the model is shown to be unable to provide a quantitatively accurate prediction of the performance of the heat exchanger, it does provide an estimate of the maximum possible effectiveness of the heat exchanger. A simple particle distributor is shown to provide relatively poor effectiveness, while the use of a more complex distributor causes the effectiveness of the heat exchanger to approach the upper bound. The combination of experimental data and model results offers useful insight for developing falling-bed heat exchangers and provides a useful test case for future modeling efforts.
The Measurement of Sound Absorption Coefficients by the Reverberation Method
Authors: Sabine Paul E. 
Published: September 2005

The paper reports the results of an experimental study of the Reverberation Method. The assumptions made in the Reverberation Theory are critically examined. The fundamental equation at1 = 9.2Vv log10 4Eaı̣v affords two independent means of measuring the change produced in the quantity a for a given room, using a source whose acoustic power may be varied in known ratios. Outstanding differences in the experimental results of the two methods, are reported and possible explanations therefor are discussed. Effects of size and shape of test sample, and quality of test tones on measured values of the absorption coefficients are reported.
For detailed account of some of the matter reported reference may be made to Journal of the Franklin Institute for March 1929. Later work included experimental verification of a linear relation between the amplitude of vibration of the electrically driven piston source and the magnitude of the driving current.
The Tube Method of Measuring Sound Absorption Coefficients
Authors: Wente E. C. 
Published: September 2005

The general principles underlying the tube method of measuring sound absorption can be derived conveniently from the analogous equations for the electrical transmission line. These equations show that the actual method of measurement is capable of many modifications, some of which have already been adopted by various experimenters. However, if reliable results are to be obtained, it is important that the apparatus be so designed that the propagation along the tube be rectilinear and the attenuation small, and that the tone be kept free from harmonics.
In the tube method the absorption is measured at perpendicular incidence, whereas in the reverberation method it is measured at random incidence. A theoretical study of the absorption of sound by porous materials as a function of the angle of incidence shows that in some cases there may be a considerable discrepancy between the values obtained by the two methods. The tube method may also give impracticable results for materials which are to be used in the form of large panels and absorb sound largely by virtue of inelastic bending rather than because of their porosity.
Variation of Sound Absorption Test Data
Authors: Waterfall Wallace 
Published: September 2005

In the acoustical treatment of rooms, an accurate knowledge of sound absorption coefficients is necessary. Test data on Type B Acousti-Celotex from seven different laboratories is presented showing a variation from .40 to .47 in values obtained by the reverberation method and from .23 to .40 by the “tube” method. The values .23, .40 and .47 were all obtained on the same samples shipped to the different laboratories. The desirability of standardizing test methods is apparent.
To determine which absorption values should be used in engineering work, a study was made of a large number of completed installations. A small 512 cycle organ pipe was calibrated for acoustic output both at the University of Illinois and at the Bureau of Standards. The 3A Audiometer was used to determine the amount of noise, if any, in the rooms and it was found possible to correct the measurements for the threshold shift caused by the noise. From the data, 45 installations are selected as typical. Using .47 as the coefficient, the total absorption in each room was calculated. In 24 of the rooms the test absorption was greater than the calculated absorption by an average of 9.7%. In 21 of the rooms the test absorption was less than the calculated absorption by an average of 12.1%.
An Instrumental Measurement of Reverberation
Authors: Ross Ira G. 
Published: September 2005

In measuring the time of reverberation in a room instrumentally, the usual practice of timing the decay of intensity from the maximum produceable by a given source to the threshold of audibility, possesses the disadvantage of requiring very sensitive sound detectors even when the “threshold” value is fixed at a relatively high level. It is proposed to measure, rather, the time of building-up of sound in the room from quiet conditions to some fixed fraction of the maximum intensity. This method presents the advantage of definitely fixing the low-intensity end of the time interval as the instant of starting emission at the sound source, while the end point lies in the region of high intensity and may be more readily determined instrumentally.
The sound intensity increase is followed by a condenser microphone, amplifier and valve voltmeter, a short-period galvanometer relay in the plate circuit of the latter being actuated when the sound intensity reaches a predetermined level. The time of building-up, between the starting of the sound source and the closing of the relay, is equally as useful as the time of reverberation and from it the latter may readily be computed if desired.
An Instrumental Method of Reverberation Measurement
Authors: Norris R. F. , Andree C. A. 
Published: September 2005

The usual method of measuring the period of reverberation with organ pipe and stop watch is uncertain, due to extraneous noises, variation in sensitivity of the ear, and other difficulties. Attempts to determine the period through measurements of the sound intensity level established by a calibrated source were unsuccessful.
A new method is here described in which a regular succession of equally timed and constant strength sounds are emitted. At desired instants in the intervals between the emission of sound the intensity is measured. From this data the period of reverberation is determined as tp = 6t′/log10 (Eave/E′ave), where t′ is the time in which the intensity decays from Eave to E′ave, these three quantities being directly observable.
Chief of the advantages listed is the elimination of errors due to variations in the observer's acuity of hearing. The method is also applicable to the measurement of the sound-absorption coefficients of materials.
Mechanism of Speech
Authors: Russell G. Oscar 
Published: September 2005

Past experiments have been confined mostly to an examination of the recorded speech curves or of speech phenomena after the sound emits from the vocal passages. And the physiological cause was imagined. Various conflicting vowel theories have resulted.
A new method of attack has been carried out in the present investigation. Wheatstone harmonic or Willis cavity tone (erroneously called Helmholtz) theories are checked upon by direct physiological processes. Not only the forms but the exact dimensions of the speech cavities have been ascertained by means of X-rays, palatograms and larnygoperiskopik measurements, made simultaneously and instantaneously so that exact measurements of the vocal tract resonators are had in three planes making it possible to reconstruct these cavities with a high degree of accuracy. By attaching an artificial glottis to the model it should be theoretically possible to reproduce the vowel if the total air volume functioning as a resonator were responsible for vowel quality. I am sorry to have to admit however that although 116 different types of reeds and other sound stimuli were used for such a purpose, the results were negative. All vowel cavities gave sounds which were much alike and but poor imitations of the original, just as are all other mechanical imitations of human speech which we have heard.
Theory of Vibration of the Larynx
Authors: Wegel R. L. 
Published: September 2005

A theoretical derivation of the equations of motions of the larynx is given and the analogy with the simple vacuum tube oscillator pointed out. This simple circuit consists of two meshes, the grid and plate circuits which are coupled by a unilateral mutual impedance, the amplifier constant, and a bilateral “feed back.” Sustained oscillation takes place when these constants, which may have a variety of forms, have certain relative values. The vocal cords of the larynx are analogous to the grid, the glottis (the space between the vocal cords) to the plate circuit. A charge on the grid alters the resistance of the plate circuit and the displacement of the vocal cords alters the resistance of the glottis. The “B” battery corresponds to the lung pressure and the plate current to the air stream. The “feed back” of the larynx is the impedance of the lungs and that of the upper air chambers added to a “gyrostatic” coupling due to modulation of the mass of air in the glottis. The latter is most important and has no analog in electrical circuits.
Theory is given showing effects of relative values of the evaluated constants on sustained oscillation as in singing, and on subsidence or accretion of vibration as in speaking.
Frequency of Occurrence of Speech Sounds in Written English
Authors: Dewey Godfrey 
Published: September 2005

There has been much qualitative research by fonetists and acoustic engineers dealing with the speech sounds of English, but until lately very little quantitative analysis, which is equally important in determining the relative importance of the various speech elements—words, syllables, and sounds—as measured by their relative frequency of occurrence.
The author's recent study entitled “Relative Frequency of English Speech Sounds” (Harv. Univ. Press) gives a classified quantitative analysis of the commoner words and syllables and all the sounds of 100,000 words of representative written English.
The word count data show that 10 words—the of and to a in that it is I—make up over 25% of all writing; that 100 words, including of course these 10, make up over 50%; and justify the conclusion that the 1,000 commonest words of English will make up about 75% of all ordinary non-technical writing.
The data on syllables and sounds, impossible to summarize briefly, are of far more important practical significance to the acoustic engineer than the word count data, and, unlike the latter, are at present the only authentic and comprehensive data in that field.
A Spark Chronograph Developed for Measuring Loudness of Piano Tones
Authors: Hickman C. N. 
Published: September 2005

This chronograph was developed for use in recording the loudness of blows from piano hammers as an artist is making an Ampico record. It records accurately the velocity of each hammer at the moment it strikes the strings.
The chronograph, which is of the spark type, records on either stationary or slowly moving paper. A cylindrical drum with a spiral conductor distributes the time interval sparks at right angles to the motion of the paper.
A new method of making visible the spot, where the secondary spark punctures the paper, is described. This method permits the use of a very feeble current. A secondary spark energy sufficient to puncture the paper is all that is needed. The punctured spot may be made visible regardless of its size.
A simplified electrical circuit for producing the secondary spark is described.
Curves and data are given showing the relationship between the velocity of the hammer and the loudness of the piano tone in sesation units.
The chronograph with its auxiliary system of recording feeble sparks is applicable to many fields of scientific investigation.
Scientific Measurements of Piano Playing as Used in Making Ampico Records
Authors: Stoddard Charles Fuller 
Published: September 2005

This paper, illustrated by 30 lantern slides, was in the nature of a demonstration of the making of an Ampico record showing the various processes through which a record passes in its development between the time of playing to the finished reproduction.
The complete recording apparatus from the Ampico Laboratories was moved to the hall, and at the beginning of the reading of the paper, a record was taken of an artist's actual playing in person of Chaminade's Air de Ballet. Mr. Leslie Loth of New York was the artist. The paper explained in detail how every characteristic of the pianist's playing including quality of tone, feeling of “touch,” exact loudness of every individual note, etc. was translated into note sheet performations which give a facsimile perfect enough to reproduce the emotional characteristics of the artist's performance.
After the reading of the paper, the Ampico reproduced Mr. Loth's playing of the Air de Ballet from a record which had been taken in the Ampico Laboratories three weeks previously and produced by the method explained in the paper.