bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression in the Early Phase ofTrypanosoma brucei rhodesienseInfection in Vervet Monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)
Authors: Maina Naomi , Ngotho Joseph Maina , Were Tom , Thuita John Kibuthu , Mwangangi David Mumo , Kagira John Maina , Ndung'u Joseph Mathu , Sternberg Jeremy 
Published: April 2004

ABSTRACTA vervet monkey model of trypanosomiasis was used to study inflammatory cytokine responses in serum and cerebrospinal fuid (CSF). Gamma interferon levels were transiently up-regulated in serum between days 6 and 8 of infection, followed by a sustained up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and soluble TNF receptor 1. At no time were these cytokines detectable in the CSF.
Nonlinear Population Codes
Authors: Shamir Maoz , Sompolinsky Haim 
Published: April 2004

Theoretical and experimental studies of distributed neuronal representations of sensory and behavioral variables usually assume that the tuning of the mean firing rates is the main source of information. However, recent theoretical studies have investigated the effect of cross-correlations in the trial-to-trial fluctuations of the neuronal responses on the accuracy of the representation. Assuming that only the first-order statistics of the neuronal responses are tuned to the stimulus, these studies have shown that n the presence of correlations, similar to those observed experimentally in cortical ensembles of neurons, the amount of information in the population is limited, yielding nonzero error levels even in the limit of infinitely large populations of neurons. In this letter, we study correlated neuronal populations whose higher-order statistics, and in particular response variances, are also modulated by the stimulus. We ask two questions: Does the correlated noise limit the accuracy of the neuronal representation of the stimulus? and, How can a biological mechanism extract most of the information embedded in the higher-order statistics of the neuronal responses? Specifically, we address these questions in the context of a population of neurons coding an angular variable. We show that the information embedded in the variances grows linearly with the population size despite the presence of strong correlated noise. This information cannot be extracted by linear readout schemes, including the linear population vector. Instead, we propose a bilinear readout scheme that involves spatial decorrelation, quadratic nonlinearity, and population vector summation. We show that this nonlinear population vector scheme yields accurate estimates of stimulus parameters, with an efficiency that grows linearly with the population size. This code can be implemented using biologically plausible neurons.
The functional roles of passive electroreception in non-electric fishes
Authors: Collin Shaun , Whitehead Darryl 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Passive electroreception is a complex and specialised sense found in a large range of aquatic vertebrates primarily designed for the detection of weak bioelectric fields. Particular attention has traditionally focused on cartilaginous fishes, but a range of teleost and non-teleost fishes from a diversity of habitats have also been examined. As more species are investigated, it has become apparent that the role of electroreception in fishes is not restricted to locating prey, but is utilised in other complex behaviours. This paper presents the various functional roles of passive electroreception in non-electric fishes, by reviewing much of the recent research on the detection of prey in the context of differences in species' habitat (shallow water, deep-sea, freshwater and saltwater). A special case study on the distribution and neural groupings of ampullary organs in the omnihaline bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas, is also presented and reveals that prey-capture, rather than navigation, may be an important determinant of pore distribution. The discrimination between potential predators and conspecifics and the role of bioelectric stimuli in social behaviour is discussed, as is the ability to migrate over short or long distances in order to locate environmentally favourable conditions. The various theories proposed regarding the importance and mediation of geomagnetic orientation by either an electroreceptive and/or a magnetite-based sensory system receives particular attention. The importance of electroreception to many species is emphasised by highlighting what still remains to be investigated, especially with respect to the physical, biochemical and neural properties of the ampullary organs and the signals that give rise to the large range of observed behaviours.
Major sex differences in the development of myelination are prominent in song system nucleus HVC but not lMAN
Authors: Nixdorf-Bergweiler Barbara , von Bohlen und Halbach Viola 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Myelination of axonal processes is an important feature for setting up the connectivity in the neuronal network. Processes of myelination are also indicatives for changes in neuronal plasticity. The primary objective of this paper was to determine the time course of myelination—expressed in the number of myelinated profiles and the overall coverage of myelinated profiles per unit area of tissue—in two well-known song nuclei (HVC and lMAN) that have been implicated in song recognition in both male and female birds. While large sex differences have been described for many aspects of morphology in HVC, lMAN is much less dimorphic. Therefore, we wanted to know: 1) whether these differences in the extent of sexual dimorphism are also reflected in the extent of myelination; and 2) whether spatial and temporal features of myelin appearance differ in these two song nuclei in males. We analysed toluidine blue-stained Epon-embedded semithin sections with high resolution light microscopy using a computer-based morphometric system. Myelination in HVC increases substantially in males at 60 days of age, whereas, in lMAN, myelination starts early in development with an additional increase between 60 days and adulthood. In contrast to female HVC, where no changes in myelination can be observed throughout development, myelination in female lMAN increases. This increase, however, is of a different dynamic and of lesser extent in comparison to males. Henceforth, myelination in males lasts until adulthood, indicating long lasting plastic changes in both song nuclei, HVC and lMAN, whereas in females myelination is only prominent in lMAN.
A Welfare Benefits Outreach Project to Users of Community Mental Health Services
Authors: Frost-Gaskin Mary , O'Kelly Rory , Henderson Claire , Pacitti Richard 
Published: April 2004

Background: Many psychiatric service users are entitled to welfare benefits, but work from the UK and the USA suggests many are either unaware of their entitlements or find the benefits system difficult to access. Aims: This study has four aims: 1) to assess the extent to which people using a range of community mental health services receive the welfare benefits to which they are entitled; 2) to calculate the impact on income of receiving help from specialist benefits advisors; 3) to ascertain sociodemographic risk factors for under-claiming; and 4) to identify reasons for under-claiming related to the claims system itself, in order to make recommendations for routine practice. Methods: This report makes use of data collected during a welfare benefit uptake project by Mind in Croydon staff (MF-G, RO, RP). Benefit assessments were offered to a total of 153 people attending any Croydon resource centre (run by the Health Service) other than the pilot site, or day centre (run by Social Services) for people with mental health problems. All those who were identified as under-claiming were offered help pursuing claims through to conclusion. We used quantitative methods to address the first three aims; qualitative methods in the form of case studies were used to address the fourth. Results: One-third (34%) of people seen were getting their correct entitlement and two-thirds (66%) were under-claiming. All those found to be under-claiming who accepted all the help offered (87 out of 99 underclaimants) did gain additional benefits as a result, of a mean annual amount of £3079 each. Under-claiming was more frequent in those under 65 years of age, but having had previous advice or having a care manager did not protect against under-claiming. A number of reasons for under-claiming were identified. Conclusions: For a large and possibly increasing proportion of people using community mental health services, the current benefits system necessitates frequent advice and help by expert advisers to avoid poverty due to under-claiming. The adverse effects on quality of life and mental health may be significant, as are the economic implications of correcting this level of under-claiming.
Karl Kleist (1879–1960) – A Pioneer of Neuropsychiatry
Authors: Neumärker Klaus-Jürgen , Bartsch Andreas Joachim 
Published: April 2004

Karl Kleist (1879–1960) was instrumental in pioneering German neuro-psychiatry and neuropsychology, including the description of frontal, constructional, limb-kinetic (innervatory) and psychomotor apraxias, frontal akinesia and aspontaneity, as well as object and form blindness. Besides isolating episodic twilight states, involutional paranoia and symptomatic (especially influenza) psychoses, he was particularly involved in applying Wernicke’s syndromatic and Kraepelin’s prognostic and aetiological principles to classify ‘neurogenous’ psychoses by refuting the assumption of mixed entities whenever possible. Thus, his phasophrenias denoted manic-depressive illness, unipolar affective disorders and marginal, i.e., atypical psychoses. The rather benign cycloid psychoses form the most prominent examples of the latter. Schizophrenias, on the other hand, were limited to poor long-term catamnestic outcomes. Kleist conceptualized the core group of schizophrenic illnesses as psychic system diseases – hence the origin of the term ‘systematic schizophrenias’ within the Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard School. Kleist was mainly influenced by Wernicke and his psychic reflex arc, but Ernst Mach’s empiriocriticism, Theodor Meynert’s cerebral connectionism, and associationism also shaped his outlook. Kleist’s localization of cerebral functions by lesion analyses was indeed the best available at the time and continues to reveal insights to the interested reader. From his Frankfurt School, which may have been the last of a completely unified neuropsychiatry, came sound representatives of psychiatry, neurology and neurosurgery. His technical mastery and achievements seem indisputable, but his balancing acts during the Third Reich may today be questioned. Despite joining the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) and the local Court of Genealogical Health (Erbgesundheitsgericht), Kleist was, however, one of the few German physicians who continued to treat Jewish patients, to employ Jewish colleagues and to voice evident criticism of the policies of ‘eugenics’ and ‘euthanasia’. This paper attempts to illuminate Kleist’s biography and life’s work in the relevant historical context.
Of Mania: Introduction
Authors: Berrios G. E. 
Published: April 2004

Classic Text No. 57 is meant to illustrate the way in which the old, pre-1800 clinical notion of mania was transformed into its current counterpart. In Classical times, the term ‘mania’ had been used to refer to three orders of objects: medical (as featured in this introduction and in the Classic text), theological (two Greek deities) (Smith, 1870) and epistemological. In regard to the last, a mania of ‘divine’ origin is mentioned by Plato in the Phaedrus, as a way to gain full knowledge, i.e., to journey from the sensible world to the ideal or intelligible world. By the end of the nineteenth century, however, the clinical category ‘mania’ had changed its referent completely: it now named a different symptom-cluster, was inscribed in a novel nosological frame, and was explained by new mechanisms. This metamorphosistook about sixty years to complete, and the extract reprinted below instances the way in which such a process took place within English alienism.
A CAD-augmented Reality Integrated Environment for Assembly Sequence Check and Interactive Validation
Authors: Liverani A. , Amati G. , Caligiana G. 
Published: April 2004

An integrated environment based on CAD assembly software and on an Augmented Reality wearable system is used to improve the overall integration between engineering design and real prototypes manufacturing. The environment following called – Personal Active Assistant (PAA) – exploits a CAD tool connection to remarkably improve object recognition, best assembly sequence optimization, and operator instructions generation. PAA is real-time and wirelessly linked to a remote server or designer workstation where project geometric database is stored. The PAA head-mounted camera is also able to acquire the human-driven assembly sequence and check the efficiency and correctness via object recognition: an incremental sub-assembly detection algorithm has been developed in order to achieve complex dataset monitoring. On the other hand, the Augmented Reality-based assembly evaluation tool allows engineers to interact directly with the assembly operator while manipulating the real and virtual prototype components. Information from the assembly planner can be displayed, directly superimposed, on the real scene by using a see-through head-mounted display. Thus the new combined software and hardware equipment may be considered a step ahead in the support of true concurrent engineering and remote collaboration, strongly improving this latter through a better heterogeneous task integration. Several tests have been performed also to achieve personnel training and warehouse part seeking.
Determination of the Liquid Water Diffusivity from Transient Moisture Transfer Experiments
Authors: Carmeliet J. , Hens H. , Roels S. , Adan O. , Brocken H. , Cerny R. , Pavlik Z. , Hall C. , Kumaran K. , Pel L. 
Published: April 2004

The Boltzmann transformation method is used to determine the liquid water diffusivity from moisture content profiles as measured in a capillary water absorption experiment. An inter-laboratory comparison for analyzing the reliability of the determination method showed that the inaccuracy in the liquid water diffusivity is caused by scatter in the transformed data and by uncertainty in the boundary conditions at the intake surface and ahead of the steep moisture front. A methodology is proposed based on (1) the evaluation of the validity of the diffusion approach, (2) a simplified handling of the boundary conditions, (3) smoothing of the scattered data and (4) the evaluation of the quality of the determined liquid water diffusivity. For HAM (Heat-Air-Moisture transport) calculations values of the liquid water diffusivity for moisture contents higher than the capillary moisture content are disregarded. The liquid water diffusivity can be described by an exponential function limited at a lower moisture content bound. To describe the moisture diffusivity including liquid water and water vapour transports, a new parametric description of the moisture diffusivity is presented, which shows sufficient flexibility both in the hygroscopic and overhygroscopic ranges. When permeability is calculated from diffusivity, the permeability should monotonically increase with decreasing capillary pressure. In the hygroscopic region it should coincide with the measured water vapour permeabilities.
Exact determination of Indium incorporation in (In
x
Ga1–

x
N/GaN)-multiple quantum well structures by X-ray diffraction and -reflectivity and its impact on optical properties
Authors: Schulze Fabian , Bläsing Jürgen , Dadgar Armin , Krost Alois 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
We studied the structural and optical properties of In
x
Ga1–

x
N/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) on Si(111) grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy by means of photoluminescence, X-ray reflectometry (XRR), and high resolution X-ray diffractometry (HRXRD). The combination of both X-ray analysis methods allows a very precise determination of the structural parameters of the layer systems. In particular, the Indium incorporation and the well thickness of the optically active layers were investigated. Thus, in dependence on crystallographic quality and thicknesses, their error bars of determined values could be reduced to an accuracy of lower than 0.2 nm of well thickness and Δx = 0.02 of Indium proportion. By growing systematic series with various MOVPE deposition temperatures and times the correlations to the optical properties were determined.
X-ray and VIS light scattering from light-induced polymer gratings
Authors: Henneberg Oliver , Panzner Tobias , Pietsch Ullrich , Geue Thomas , Saphiannikova Marina , Rochon Paul , Finkelstein Ken 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Sinusoidally shaped surface relief gratings made of polymer films containing azobenzene moieties can be created by holographic illumination with laser light of about λ ≈ 500 nm. The remarkable material transport takes place at temperatures far (100 K) below the glass transition temperature of the material. As probed by visible light scattering the efficiency of grating formation crucially depends on the polarization state of the laser light and is maximal when circular polarization is used. In contrast to VIS light scattering X-ray diffraction is most sensitive for periodic surface undulations with amplitudes below 10 nm. Thus, combined in-situ X-ray and visible light scattering at CHESS were used to investigate the dynamics of surface relief grating formations upon laser illumination. The time development of grating peaks up to 9th order at laser power of P = 20 mW/cm2 could be investigated, even the onset of grating formation as a function of light polarization. A linear growth of grating amplitude was observed for all polarizations. The growth velocity is maximal using circularly polarized light but very small for s-polarized light.
Regulation of Glucose Metabolism in the Liver
Authors: Newgard Christopher B. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe liver plays a critical role in control of glucose homeostasis via its dual capacities for glucose disposal and glucose production. This chapter provides a review of the mechanisms by which key pathways of glucose metabolism are regulated in liver. This includes a detailed discussion of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism, and glucose transport, and changes in activity of these pathways in response to changes in nutritional status and in diabetes. The advent of modern molecular biology and genetics has resulted in many fresh insights into new regulatory proteins and transcription factors that influence key steps of hepatic glucose metabolism, as well as a new appreciation for the importance of spatial organization and compartmentalization in control of flux through the relevant pathways. These new findings are highlighted and integrated with the large body of prior knowledge in the field.
New Drugs for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Bailey Clifford J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis chapter reviews agents other than insulin that are being considered or recently introduced for the treatment of hyperglycemia. These include agents that lower blood glucose by delaying the intestinal digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, increase insulin concentrations, or potentiate insulin action. Other agents under investigation act independently of insulin to enhance glucose utilization, reduce glucose production, decrease obesity, or increase glucose elimination. Intestinal carbohydrate digestion is delayed by fiber supplements and by agents that competitively inhibit α‐glucosidase enzymes (e.g., miglitol and voglibose), thereby decreasing postprandial glucose excursions. Several insulin secretagogues have been designed to rapidly and transiently close ATP‐sensitive potassium channels in the pancreatic B‐cells (e.g., novel meglitinides and imidazolines). Analogues of the intestinal incretin glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) (7‐36 amide), which are more stable and longer acting than the native peptide, act predominantly via the cAMP pathway within the B‐cells to potentiate nutrient‐induced insulin secretion, and enhance insulin biosynthesis. Additionally these agents delay gastric emptying, promote satiety, and, most interestingly, appear to increase formation of new B‐cells. Inhibitors of the circulating enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4 augment the effects of GLP‐1 by slowing the degradation of GLP‐1. Non‐peptide compounds have been identified that can activate insulin receptor signaling and prevent normal deactivation of insulin receptor signaling (e.g., inhibitors of certain protein tyrosine phosphatases). Several new thiazolidinedione and non‐thiazolidinedione peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPAR‐γ) agonists are in development, along with dual PPAR‐γ and ‐α agonists to address both hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. Various anti‐obesity agents have been shown to benefit glycemic control, including new β3‐adrenoceptor agonists to stimulate thermogenesis. The amylin analogue pramlintide, which acts centrally to reduce appetite, suppress glucagon secretion, and slow gastric emptying offers an adjunct to insulin therapy, without causing weight gain. Further agents are being considered to antagonize glucagon receptors, reduce the metabolic effects of glucocorticoids, and directly stimulate glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle. Approaches to reduce hepatic glucose output include compounds that inhibit glycogen phosphorylase, glucose‐6‐phosphatase, or other enzymes of gluconeogenesis. Increased glucose elimination is being considered by inhibiting renal glucose reabsorption.
Effective Insulin Therapy
Authors: Bergenstal Richard M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractEffective insulin therapy begins with an understanding of the clinically effective time actions of the insulin preparations available today. Rapid and long acting insulin analogues have been a great advance in the management of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes by improving glucose control and flexibility in schedules while minimizing hypoglycemia. Insulin is a key therapy often under‐utilized in type 2 diabetes. The barriers to initiating insulin in type 2 diabetes must be understood and overcome. A systematic approach to insulin therapy, which emphasizes the importance of patient self‐management and the use of team care, enhances the prospect of achieving optimal glucose control while maintaining a flexible and high‐quality lifestyle for each individual with diabetes.