bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRODUCTION OF RUNT DISEASE IN TOLERANT MICE BY THE INJECTION OF SYNGENEIC LYMPHOID CELLS
Authors: Hilgard Henry R. , Martinez Carlos , Good Robert A. 
Published: June 2004

When chimeric A strain mice tolerant of (A x C57BL/1)F1 hybrid skin grafts are injected with spleen cells from normal A donors the recipients develop weight loss, clinical evidence of runting, and death in some animals. Similar recipients injected with spleen cells from A strain donors immunized against C57BL/1 tissue show a more rapid onset of the runting process and increased mortality. Runting in. these experiments therefore results from an immune attack by the injected A strain lymphoid cells against the (A x C57BL/1)F1 hybrid tissue harbored by the chimeric recipients. Since the hybrid tissues of the chimeric recipients were derived from spleen cell populations we conclude that the immunologic rejection of lymphoid and hematopoietic tissue is sufficient to cause the runting syndrome.
C3H mice tolerant of A strain skin grafts because of the prior injection of viable or disrupted A strain spleen material were given 400 r of x-irradiation and an injection of C3H spleen cells. Only the chimeric C3H mice harboring viable A strain cells developed weight loss and clinical evidence of disease, showing again that runting occurs only when an attack can be made against viable lymphoid and hematopoietic tissue.
Normal A strain mice injected intravenously with 850 million (A x C57BL/1)F1 hybrid spleen cells reject hybrid skin grafts and do not develop runting, whereas the rejection of similar hybrid tissue present in chimeric A strain mice results in runting. It is concluded that runting will occur only when the immunologic attack is directed against lymphoid and hematopoietic tissue which has become established within host tissues. The possibility that runting may result from hypersensitivity reactions occurring in the lymphoid tissues is discussed.
ENHANCED RESISTANCE TO STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION INDUCED IN MICE BY CELL WALL MUCOPEPTIDE
Authors: Rotta Jiri , Prendergast Thomas J. , Karakawa Walter W. , Harmon Charles K. , Krause Richard M. 
Published: June 2004

The streptococcal cell wall mucopeptide when injected into mice either intraperitoneally or intravenously enhances the resitance to subsequent challenge with virulent Group A streptococci. Rabbits which are injected intravenously with solubilized mucopeptide develop a fever response which has a resemblance to that achieved with endotoxin.
Mice which survive 6 to 7 weeks after challenge with virulent Group A streptococci yield at autopsy search Group A streptococci serologically identical to the challenge organisms. A preparative dose of cell walls injected into mice prior to challenge diminished this late recovery of streptococci.
Group A-variant streptococci were recovered from mice which survived challenge and carried the organisms for several weeks. Filterable bacterial forms, which grew on L form media, were recovered from infected mice. The serologic type of the L forms was identical to that of the challenge organisms.
COLICINE K
Authors: Goebel Walther F. , Staub Anne Marie 
Published: June 2004

1. The immunization of horses with the colicinogenic bacillus E. coli K235 L + O(m) stimulates antibodies which precipitate and neutralize colicine K and neutralize the heterologous colicine I as well.
2. Unlike rabbits, horses evoke predpitating antibodies for the sialic acid-containing polysaccharide colominic acid.
STUDIES OF ADENOVIRUS SV40 HYBRID VIRUSES
Authors: Rowe Wallace P. , Baum Stephen G. 
Published: June 2004

E46+ virus purified by limiting dilution and plaque isolation in AGMK cells consists of a mixture of hybrid and non-hybrid virus particles. Of 102 plaque isolates obtained in HEK cells, 98 contained no detectable hybrid virus, while 4 contained a small proportion of hybrid virus. Plaque isolates from AGMK cells uniformly induced SV40 neoantigen, but when these plaque isolates were plaqued in HEK cells the progeny were again non-hybrid adenovirus. It thus appears impossible to obtain a pure line of hybrid virus.
The proportion of hybrid virus produced in HEK cells fell progressively with decreasing multiplicity of infection, and plaque induction by E46+ virus in AGMK followed 2-hit kinetics, indicating that the hybrid virus particles are defective and require dual infection with non-hybrid virus for their propagation.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF RILEY VIRUS
Authors: Rowson K. E. K. , Mahy B. W. J. , Salaman M. H. 
Published: June 2004

The level of viraemia was determined in serial blood samples obtained from 2 mice after the injection of Riley virus. The plasma virus titre rose rapidly to a peak value of 109 to 1010 ID50 per ml by 24 hours after infection, and then fell slowly to a level of 105 to 106ID50 per ml by the 10th day after infection, where it remained relatively stable.
Neither blockade of the RES with thorotrast, zymosan, or carbon, nor stimulation of the RES with stilboestrol or zymosan, before the injection of Riley virus, produced any observable alteration in the level of viraemia attained 24 hours after infection. However 10 days or more after infection with Riley virus blockade of the RES with thorotrast caused a transitory rise, and stimulation of the RES with stilboestrol caused a slight but prolonged fall, in the level of viraemia. Zymosan injection at this period of infection caused an initial rise, followed by a fall, in the level of viraemia; these changes correlated with the initial period of blockade and the subsequent period of stimulation of the RES observed in carbon clearance studies.
The clearance of injected Riley virus particles from the plasma over a period of 3 hours after injection was measured in previously uninfected mice and mice which had been infected with Riley virus for 3 weeks. The mice which had been infected 3 weeks before the test cleared rather more of the injected virus than the previously uninfected mice.
It is concluded that although the activity of the RES affects, and may determine, the level of viraemia, the permanence of the viraemia in Riley virus-infected mice does not appear to be due to a failure of the RES to clear virus particles from the plasma.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS
Authors: Hammarström Sten , Lagercrantz Rutger , Perlmann Peter , Gustafsson Bengt E. 
Published: June 2004

Sera from patients with ulcerative colitis contain antibodies which hemagglutinate sheep red cells, sensitized with phenol-water extracts from. colon, cecum, or feces of germfree rats. Minor concentrations of such antibodies are also present in a certain fraction of normal human sera. Hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition experiments with human erythrocytes and with the rat extracts showed that the latter contained an antigen similar to human blood group A antigen. In contrast, a blood group B-like antigen could not be detected in these extracts. However, experiments with eel serum indicated that these extracts also contained an antigen similar to the H antigen of the human ABO system.
Absorption of ulcerative colitis sera with human A1 erythrocytes but not that with B or O erythrocytes gave, in a few cases, a slight reduction of the hemagglutinating titers against rat cecum-sensitized sheep erythrocytes. In contrast, this treatment considerably reduced such titers when found in sera from healthy persons or from patients with unrelated diseases. It could be concluded that the rat extracts also contained a "colon" antigen, detected with antibodies, present at elevated titers, in the sera of ulcerative colitis patients, but not in those of the controls. This colon antigen is immunologically distinct from the blood group antigens studied.
Hemagglutination inhibition experiments indicated that A, H and colon antigen were widely distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract of the germfree rats. The colon antigen was found to be enriched in the extracts from colon, cecum, and feces. Fluorescent antibody staining provided evidence that both the colon antigen and the A antigen were present in similar sites of the colon and cecum mucosa, particularly in goblet cells of the crypts, and in the mucus.
GM AND INV FACTORS IN SUBCLASSES OF HUMAN IGG
Authors: Terry William D. , Fahey John L. , Steinberg Arthur G. 
Published: June 2004

Human G myeloma (7S γ2-myeloma) proteins were investigated for relationships between Gm and Inv genetic factors and the different antigenic types of heavy polypeptide chains (γ-chains) and light polypeptide chains.
Myeloma proteins were isolated from the sera of 1 Chinese, 60 white and 28 Negro individuals. These 89 proteins were tested for eight Gm factors [Gm(a), Gm(x), Gm(b2), Gm(f), Gm(b1), Gm(b3), Gm(b4), and Gm(c)], and two Inv factors [Inv(l) and Inv(b)]. Results of the tests were correlated with the four γ-chain subclasses (γ2a, γ2b, γ2c and γ2d) and the two types of light polypeptide chains, κ-chains (type K or I) and λ-chains (type L or II) found in human IgG molecules.
1. Gm factors were limited to myeloma proteins with heavy polypeptide chains of the γ2b- and γ2c-subclasses. No Gm factors were detected on γ2a- and γ2d-myeloma proteins or on a "heavy-chain" disease protein of subclass γ2d.
2. γ2b-Proteins were positive for at least one Gm factor and were either Gm(a+), Gm(a + x+), or Gm(b2+ f+).
3. γ2c-Myeloma proteins, and one γ2c-"heavy-chain" disease protein, were positive for at least one Gm factor and contained various combinations of factors Gm(b1), (b2), (b4), and (c). Myeloma proteins from 3 Negroes were included in this group.
4. Inv factors (l) and (b) were limited to myeloma proteins with κ-light polypeptide chains. These Inv factors were not detected on proteins with λ-light polypeptide chains.
5. Most (70 per cent) of the γ2b- and γ2c-proteins with κ-chains were Inv(l+) or Inv(b+). None of the γ2a- or γ2d-proteins with κ-chains, however, contained these Inv factors.
STUDIES OF A MYXOVIRUS RECOVERED FROM PATIENTS WITH INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS
Authors: Liebhaber Harvey , Krugman Saul , McGregor Dorothy , Giles Joan P. 
Published: June 2004

A virus has been isolated from the serum and urine of patients with infectious hepatitis. This virus is a member of the parinfluenza group. It is serologically distinct from the known members of the group, but apparently is antigenically related to the simian type-2 parainfluenza viruses.
A causal relationship between WB virus and infectious hepatitis has not been established.
STUDIES OF A MYXOVIRUS RECOVERED FROM PATIENTS WITH INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS
Authors: Prose Philip H. , Balk Samuel D. , Liebhaber Harvey , Krugman Saul 
Published: June 2004

WB virus has been shown to have a fine structure which is characteristic of members of the mumps-NDV-parainfluenza group of viruses.
Viral internal component has been demonstrated within the cytoplasm of infected cells. The incorporation of internal component into virus filaments at the cell surface has also been demonstrated. The evidence presented suggests that virus filament formation occurs by a process of invagination of the cell membrane about the coiled strands of internal component lying beneath the membrane.
STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE SUBSTANCE INDUCING TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES
Authors: McCarty Maclyn , Avery Oswald T. 
Published: June 2004

1. An improved method is outlined for the isolation and purification of the pneumococcal transforming substance. This method makes use of the fact that citrate inhibits the destructive action of the enzyme, desoxyribonuclease, which is released together with the active material during lysis of the living bacterial cells. A fivefold greater yield of purified transforming agent is obtained by the present method than by the procedure previousiy described.
2. The specific transforming substance has been isolated from pneumococci of types II and VI, in addition to Type III. In each instance the biologically active material has been found to consist of desoxyribonucleic acid.
STUDIES ON THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION ANTIGENS OF INFLUENZA VIRUSES TYPES A AND B
Authors: Wiener Maria , Henle Werner , Henle Gertrude 
Published: June 2004

Two types of specific particles can be obtained from allantoic fluid preparations of influenza A and B virus. The larger particle which possesses all the attributes of the virus and which shows a sedimentation constant of about 600 S was compared with the smaller component (30 S) by complement fixation technic.
The 30 S component can be differentiated from the 600 S particle by the patterns of the optimal antigen-antibody relationships and by cross-absorption of the sera with the two particles.
Some of the 30 S-type antigen can be demonstrated in higher concentrations of the 600 S particles by the use of sera containing only anti-30 S; i.e., sera carefully absorbed with 600 S component. Also, upon sonic vibration of the 600 S particle, serologically active material was released which behaved in every respect like the 30 S antigen.
The response of human beings to these antigens was found to vary. Antibodies to the 30 S component developed in the majority of subjects exposed to active virus either under epidemic or experimental conditions, but only rarely following vaccination with three different vaccines.
In selecting sera without 30 S antibodies a fairly close correlation between the antibody titers obtained by inhibition of hemagglutination and complement fixation with the 600 S component was obtained. The presence of 30 S antibodies prevented such a correlation.
The reaction with the 30 S antigen may be of value in the diagnosis and study of the epidemiology of influenza.
PERIOD OF INFECTIVITY OF PATIENTS WITH HOMOLOGOUS SERUM JAUNDICE AND ROUTES OF INFECTION IN THIS DISEASE
Authors: Havens W. Paul 
Published: June 2004

1. Pooled specimens of serum obtained from 3 human volunteers three-fourths through their respective 56, 66, and 70 day incubation periods of homologous serum jaundice produced the disease in 1 out of 4 human volunteers following parenteral inoculation.
2. Serum specimens obtained from these same 3 patients during the acute, pre-icteric phase of their homologous serum jaundice produced the disease in 3 out of 4 human volunteers following parenteral inoculation.
3. These same sera, proven to be infectious by parenteral inoculation, failed to produce disease when ingested by 10 other human volunteers.
4. Pooled specimens of serum obtained in the convalescent phase (28 to 32 days after onset) of these 3 patients failed to produce apparent infection when inoculated parenterally into 5 human volunteers.
5. Pooled specimens of feces of 3 patients obtained in the acute phase of homologous serum jaundice, when virus was proven to be in the serum, were not demonstrably infectious when fed to 6 volunteers.
6. These findings are slightly different from those encountered in a similar study with infectious material from cases of infectious hepatitis.
TYPE-SPECIFIC PROTECTION AND IMMUNITY FOLLOWING INTRANASAL INOCULATION OF MONKEYS WITH GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Watson Robert F. , Rothbard Sidney , Swift Homer F. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Gilbert de Mello
Published: June 2004

1. Nasopharyngeal carrier states of several weeks to several months duration were induced in the Macaca mulatta by the intranasal inoculation with matt strains of group A streptococci.
2. Following such a successful inoculation with a particular type of group A streptococcus, the animal was usually resistant to reimplantation with that same type for several months to a year or more, although reimplantation with a heterologous type could generally be easily effected.
3. This resistance was shown to be closely correlated with the antibodies directed toward the type-specific M antigen, not toward the T antigen of the strains employed.
4. A majority (83.8 per cent) of the animals in which intranasal inoculation was followed by successful implantation developed significant increases in the antistreptolysin O titres of their sera; and in a limited number of instances, type-specific agglutinins and bacteriostatic antibodies were demonstrable in the animals' sera following successful implantation.
5. Nasopharyngeal carrier states could not be induced with the glossy, avirulent variants of group A streptococci; these animals, moreover, failed to show antibody responses and were susceptible to implantation with the matt variants of the homologous glossy strains.
6. The findings are in accord with the known facts regarding immunity to group A streptococci gained through experiments on rodents; and the possible relationship of these observations to the problem of type-specific immunity in human beings is discussed.
EFFECT OF IN VITRO CULTIVATION ON THE PATHOGENICITY OF VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Koprowski Hilary , Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: June 2004

Continued in vitro cultivation in a Maitland type medium resulted in a marked modification of the extraneural pathogenicity of the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus.
The ability of the virus to induce lethal infections after peripheral inoculation was almost completely lost for mice 42 or more days of age, was somewhat reduced for mice 28 days of age, but was still retained for mice 21 or less days of age. The virulence of the virus by the cerebral route remained essentially unaffected for mice of any of the experimental age groups.
Prolonged cultivation also resulted in almost complete attenuation of the virus for rabbits and guinea pigs by the intraperitoneal route.
STUDIES ON THE FLEXNER GROUP OF DYSENTERY BACILLI
Authors: Perlman Ely , Goebel Walther F. 
Published: June 2004

A quantitative study of the serological cross-reactions of the somatic antigens of Types I, III, and I-III Shigella paradysenteriae has been made.
From the results obtained it has been concluded that the somatic antigens of Shigella paradysenteriae (Flexner) Types I, III, and I-III are single chemical substances. The specificity and serological cross-reactions exhibited by these antigens are dependent upon similarities in their chemical constitutions.
FURTHER STUDIES ON EFFECTS OF TISSUE EXTRACTS ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Nutini Leo G. , Lynch Sister Eva Maria 
Published: June 2004

1. The ability of alcoholic-precipitated extracts of beef tissue—brain, spleen, heart, and kidney—to stimulate the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, in vitro, and to convert the yellow S form to a white R variant with altered biochemical characteristics conforming to those of an avirulent organism, has been confirmed.
2. The avirulence of the white R variant has been established by tests in vivo on mice.
3. Staphylococcus aureus infections induced subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, and intravenously in mice responded favorably to brain extract following subcutaneous or oral administration. The mortality was 2 per cent in 444 experimental animals and 81 per cent in 448 control animals.
4. The extracts appeared equally efficient when used therapeutically (mortality 2 per cent of 162 experimental animals and 90 per cent in the control series) or prophylactically (mortality 2 per cent of 282 experimental animals and 76 per cent in 286 control mice). Extracts of brain and spleen were more effective than those of either heart or kidney.
5. Studies concerning the mechanism of action of the tissue extracts indicate that they prevented the formation of toxin by Staphylococcus aureus, and had but little effect on toxin actions.
6. Toxicity tests revealed that the brain and spleen extracts were relatively non-toxic, dosages equivalent to 2 per cent of the body weight being well tolerated. Kidney and heart extracts were much more toxic, producing mortality in dosages as low as 0.3 per cent of the body weight.
NUTRITION OF THE HOST AND NATURAL RESISTANCE TO INFECTION
Authors: Schneider Howard A. 
Published: June 2004

The property of a diet of whole wheat and whole dried milk to promote a higher survival rate among a stock of heterogenetic, outbred W-Swiss mice subjected to S. enteritidis infection, over that promoted by a "synthetic" diet, has been shown to be a function of the infecting bacterial population.
Broth cultures so prepared as presumably to yield S. enteritidis organisms of uniform character have consistently failed to reveal an effect of diet on natural resistance, even though the parent bacterial populations revealed a dietary effect.
The dietary difference effect on natural resistance could not be demonstrated with an avirulent culture of S. typhimurium, or with a freshly prepared virulent culture of S. typhimurium presumably uniform in character.
The dietary effect on natural resistance was demonstrated by employing a 1:1 mixture of avirulent and virulent cultures of S. typhimurium.
IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS
Authors: Havens W. Paul 
Published: June 2004

1. 9 human volunteers, convalescent from infectious hepatitis experimentally induced by a strain of virus employed in this laboratory, were resistant when reinoculated with the same strain of virus, 6 to 9 months later.
2. 8 out of 12 previously healthy control subjects developed infectious hepatitis with jaundice following administration of this same material.
3. The demonstration of homologous immunity produced by this strain of virus is in agreement with the demonstration by others of homologous immunity produced by another strain of infectious hepatitis virus.
THE PROPERTIES OF T ANTIGENS EXTRACTED FROM GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C. , Dole Vincent P. 
Published: June 2004

1. T antigens of group A hemolytic streptococci have been obtained in soluble form by digestion of the bacterial cells with pepsin or trypsin. Large quantities of this antigen were readily extracted from type 1 strains, whereas only small amounts could be obtained from strains of other types.
2. The T antigen, prepared in this way from a type 1 strain, was partially purified by chemical precipitation and further enzymatic digestion. An active fraction, apparently protein in nature, was separated electrophoretically at pH 7.00. The separated material, pooled and analyzed at the same pH, gave only a single peak. The isoelectric point of this substance was about pH 4.50. An elementary analysis was obtained. Although the T antigen was resistant to digestion with proteolytic enzymes and ribonuclease, it was readily inactivated by heat, especially in acid media and in strong salt solutions. The serological activity of this purified T substance was lost after exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
3. Analysis by means of the ultracentrifuge showed that the material was polydisperse and therefore probably impure.
4. The soluble form of the T substance was active in the precipitin reaction, in the fixation of complement, in inhibition of T agglutination, and as an antigen when injected into rabbits. The antibodies produced did not protect mice against infection with virulent strains of hemolytic streptococci containing the same T antigen.
5. The immunological specificity of T antigen in soluble form is the same as that of the T antigen in the intact streptococcus from which it was derived
THE ACTIVATING EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM AND OTHER CATIONS ON THE HEMOLYTIC FUNCTION OF COMPLEMENT
Authors: Mayer Manfred M. , Osler Abraham G. , Bier Otto G. , Heidelberger Michael 
Published: June 2004

1. The evidence presented indicates that Mg++, or other cation such as Ca++, Ni++, or Co++, is essential for the hemolytic action of C'. Ca++, Ni++, and Co++ are less effective than Mg++. The hemolytic system usually does not contain sufficient Mg++ for optimal hemolytic activity so that a marked enhancement can be obtained by addition of extra Mg++.
2. The enhancing action of tissue fluids can be ascribed to their contribution of Mg++.
3. Substances which bind Mg++ and Ca++ are anticomplementary when added to the usual hemolytic system which contains only a small quantity of Mg++. This type of anticomplementary effect can be overcome by addition of extra Mg++.
4. Ca++ may also be essential to the lytic process but its action is much less pronounced than that of Mg++.