bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silicones
Authors: Moretto Hans‐Heinrich , Schulze Manfred , Wagner Gebhard 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Linear and Cyclic Polyorganosiloxanes2.1.Production2.1.1.Hydrolysis2.1.2.Methanolysis2.1.3.Cyclization2.1.4.Polymerization2.1.5.Polycondensation2.1.6.Industrial Production of Linear Polysiloxanes2.2.Polydimethylsiloxanes2.3.Siloxane‐Based Copolymers3.Silicone Fluids3.1.Methylsilicone Fluids3.2.Methylphenylsilicone Fluids3.3.Other Types of Silicone Fluids3.4.Properties3.5.Formulation3.6.Applications4.Silicone Rubbers and Elastomers4.1.General Properties4.2.Rubber Compounds4.3.Rheology4.4.Curing Systems4.4.1.Radical Curing with Peroxides4.4.2.Hydrosilylation Curing4.4.3.Condensation Curing4.4.4.Radiation Curing4.4.5.Oxidative Coupling4.5.Peroxide‐Cured High‐Temperature Vulcanizing Silicone Rubbers4.6.Liquid Silicone Rubbers4.7.Room Temperature Curing Silicone Rubbers4.7.1.Two‐Component RTV Systems4.7.2.One‐Component RTV Systems4.8.Paper and Textile Coatings4.8.1.Paper Coating4.8.2.Textile Coating4.9.Properties of Silicone Elastomers4.10.Applications5.Silicone Resins5.1.Structure and General Properties5.2.Production5.3.Curing5.4.Properties5.5.Applications6.Block and Graft Copolymers6.1.Polysiloxane ‐ Polyether Copolymers6.2.Other Block Copolymers6.3.Graft Copolymers6.4.Applications of Block and Graft Copolymers7.Analysis8.Toxicology9.Environmental Aspects10.Economic Aspects
Spirits
Authors: Watson Dennis C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Typesof Spirit Drinks3.Typical Production Processes3.1.Cereal‐Based Processes3.1.1.Malt Whisky Production3.1.2.Grain Whisky Production3.2.Pot‐Distilled Rum3.3.Cognac4.World Production Figures5.Taxation6.Legislation7.Analysis
Stains, Microscopic
Authors: Schmidt Ute , Schulte Erik K. W. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Historical Survey

3.

Characteristics of Microscopic Stains

4.

Nomenclature, Sources of Supply

5.

Classification of Biological Stains for Microscopy

5.1.

Basic or Cationic Stains

5.2.

Acid or Anionic Stains

5.3.

Mordant Stains

5.4.

Oil‐Soluble Stains

5.5.

Chromogenic Reactions

6.

Enzyme Histochemical Reactions

7.

Immunohistochemical Staining Methods
Textile Printing
Authors: Koch Robert , Nordmeyer Johann Heinrich 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.History2.Introduction3.Textile Printing Technology3.1.Classification3.2.Preparation of a Master Pattern for the Printing Form3.3.Relief Printing3.4.Gravure Printing3.4.1.Roller Printing3.4.2.Screen Printing (Stencil Printing)3.4.3.Economic Developments in Gravure Printing3.5.Transfer Printing3.5.1.Wet‐Transfer Printing3.5.2.Heat‐Transfer Printing3.6.Special Printing Methods3.6.1.Carpet Printing3.6.2.Other Processes3.7.Two‐Phase Printing3.8.Drying3.9.Steaming and Other Fixation Processes3.10.Washing Operations4.Thickening Agents and Thickeners in Textile Printing4.1.Introduction4.1.1.Purpose and Effect of a Thickener4.1.2.Demands Imposed upon Thickening Agents and Thickeners4.2.Types of Thickening Agents4.2.1.Emulsions4.2.2.Nonionic Unmodified Polysaccharides4.2.3.Nonionic Modified Polysaccharides4.2.4.Anionic Polysaccharides4.2.5.Cationic Polysaccharides4.2.6.Synthetic Polymeric Thickening Agents5.Printing on Cellulose5.1.Pretreatment5.2.Printing Methods: Classification and Significance5.3.Substantive (Direct) and Acid Dyes5.4.Cationic and Mordant Dyes5.5.Vat Dyes5.5.1.All‐In (Sulfoxylate) Printing Processes5.5.2.Two‐Phase Printing Processes5.5.3.Discharge Printing Processes5.5.4.Resist Printing Processes5.6.Sulfur Dyes5.7.Leuco Esters of Vat Dyes5.8.Azoic Dyes Produced by Coupling5.9.Phthalocyanine Developing Dyes5.10.Reactive Dyes5.10.1.Introduction5.10.2.Reaction Mechanism5.10.3.Important Reactive Dyes5.10.4.Pretreatment of the Fabric5.10.5.Printing Pastes5.10.6.Fixation (One‐Phase Method)5.10.7.Two‐Phase Application5.10.8.Washing of the Prints5.10.9.Fastness5.10.10.Special Printing Processes6.Printing on Synthetic Fibers6.1.2,5‐Acetate6.2.Triacetate6.3.Polyamide6.3.1.Pretreatment6.3.2.Printing Processes6.3.3.Dyes and Printing Pastes6.3.4.Fixation6.3.5.Aftertreatment6.3.6.Discharges and Resists6.3.7.Reactive Dyes6.3.8.Polyamide Blends6.4.Polyacrylonitrile6.4.1.Pretreatment6.4.2.Printing Processes6.4.3.Dyes and Printing Pastes6.4.4.Fixation6.4.5.Aftertreatment6.4.6.Discharges and Resists6.4.7.Other Classes of Dyes6.4.8.Blends with Other Fibers6.5.Polyester6.5.1.Pretreatment6.5.2.Printing Processes6.5.3.Dyes and Printing Pastes6.5.4.Fixation6.5.5.Aftertreatment6.5.6.Discharges and Resists6.5.7.Direct Printing on Polyesters with an Affinity for Basic Dyes6.5.8.Blends of Polyester with Other Fibers6.6.Other Synthetics7.Printing on Protein Fibers7.1.Pretreatment7.2.Direct Printing7.2.1.Printing with Acid Dyes7.2.2.Printing with Metal‐Complex Dyes7.2.3.Printing with Reactive Dyes7.2.4.Printing with Chrome Dyes7.3.Discharge Printing7.4.Printing on Blends Containing Protein Fibers8.Pigment Printing9.Acknowledgement
Striatal monoamine terminals in Lewy body dementia and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Gilman Sid , Koeppe Robert A. , Little Roderick , An Hyonggin , Junck Larry , Giordani Bruno , Persad Carol , Heumann Mary , Wernette Kris 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe used positron emission tomography (PET) with (+)‐[11C]dihydrotetrabenazine ([+]‐[11C]DTBZ) to examine striatal monoaminergic presynaptic terminal density in 20 patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), 25 with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 19 normal elderly controls. Six DLB patients developed parkinsonism at least 1 year before dementia (DLB/PD) and 14 developed dementia before parkinsonism or at about the same time (DLB/AD). Striatal mean binding potential was decreased by 62 to 77% in the DLB/PD group and 45 to 67% in the DLB/AD compared to AD and control. Binding was lower in the DLB/PD group than the DLB/AD, but the differences reached only marginal significance in the caudate nucleus. No differences were found between AD and control groups though a few AD patients had binding values below the range of the controls. Subsequent neuropathological examination in one AD patient revealed both AD and DLB changes despite the absence of clinical parkinsonism. Both DLB groups had an anterior to posterior binding deficit gradient relative to controls, largest in posterior putamen, smaller in anterior putamen, smallest in caudate nucleus. The DLB/AD group showed significant binding asymmetry only in posterior putamen. We conclude that PET with (+)‐[11C]DTBZ differentiates DLB from AD, and decreased binding in AD may indicate subclinical DLB pathology in addition to AD pathology. Ann Neurol 2004
Synthesis and characterization of poly(dimer acid–brassylic acid) copolymer and poly(dimer acid–pentadecandioic acid) copolymer
Authors: Guo Wen‐xun , Huang Kai‐xun 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPoly(dimer acid–brassylic acid) [P(DA–BA)] copolymers and poly(dimer acid–pentadecandioic acid) [P(DA–PA)] copolymers were prepared by melt polycondensation of the corresponding mixed anhydride prepolymers. The copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle x‐ray powder‐diffraction, and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). In vitro studies show that all the copolymers are degradable in phosphate buffer at 37°C, and leaving an oily dimer acid residue after hydrolysis for the copolymer with high content of dimer acid. The release profiles of hydrophilic model drug, ciprofloxcin hydrochloride, from the copolymers, follow first‐order release kinetics. All the preliminary results suggested that the copolymer might be potentially used as drug delivery devices. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
The interaction of haemoglobin, magnesium, organic phosphates and band 3 protein in nucleated and anucleated erythrocytes
Authors: De Luca G. , Gugliotta T. , Scuteri A. , Romano P. , Rinaldi C. , Sidoti A. , Amato A. , Romano L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe anion influx was measured in order to study the interaction among organic phosphates, magnesium, haemoglobin and the N‐terminal of the cytoplasmic domain of band 3 protein in human, chicken and trout erythrocytes. The rate constant for SO42− influx in human and trout erythrocytes increased significantly when it was measured with an increased concentration of intracellular Mg2+. The SO42− influx was also measured in human erythrocyte ghosts in the presence and absence of Mg2+. The smaller activation provoked by Mg2+ in ghosts could be caused by the presence of a small quantity of haemoglobin which remained inside. The SO42− uptake in chicken erythrocytes in the presence and in absence of Mg2+ was characterized by very similar rate constants. The results suggest that the small increase in intracellular Mg2+ in the erythrocytes involves an increase in the formation of Mg2+‐ATP and Mg2+‐2,3 BPG complexes reducing the affinity of the organic phosphates for Hb. This new situation may influence the functions of the anion transporter with consequent variations of SO42− influx throughout the erythrocyte membrane in human and in trout erythrocytes, whereas in chicken RBCs this function cannot occur and, in fact, no increase in sulphate influx was noticeable. The measurement of Hb/O2 affinity by the use of alternating fixed and variable concentrations of organic phosphates and Mg2+, confirms the interactions between these elements and their effect on the mechanism of the affinity. When we measured the sulphate influx in the presence of DIDS we found some differences in the three types of cells. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cloning and expression analysis of the mouse stroma marker Snep encoding a novel nidogen domain protein
Authors: Leimeister Cornelia , Schumacher Nina , Diez Holger , Gessler Manfred 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe vertebrate kidney develops through a series of mesenchymal–epithelial interactions between the ureteric bud and the metanephrogenic mesenchyme to form nephrons and the collecting system, which are both embedded in the renal interstitium. The interstitial stromal cells are an essential prerequisite for regular kidney development, but their origin and function is poorly understood. They are found in the kidney periphery and the medulla and are likely derived from the kidney mesenchyme and/or from migrating neural crest cells. During late kidney development, stromal cells are lost through massive apoptosis. We have identified a novel marker of kidney stroma cells, Snep (stromal nidogen extracellular matrix protein), that is additionally expressed in mesenchymal cells of other embryonic tissues and within the nervous system. Of interest, Snep transcripts are also found at sites of embryonic apoptosis. Furthermore, comparative expression analysis of kidney stroma markers suggests that Snep is expressed in a specific subpopulation of stromal cells and may provide environmental cues to support regular development. Developmental Dynamics 230:371‐377, 2004 © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of N3S, N3O, N2S2, N2O2, N2SO and N2OS Porphyrins with One meso‐Unsubstituted Carbon
Authors: Punidha Sokkalingam , Agarwal Neeraj , Burai Ritwik , Ravikanth Mangalampalli 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA simple straightforward synthesis of N3S, N2S2, N2O2, N2SO and N2OS porphyrins and an improved method for the synthesis of an N3O porphyrin with one meso‐unsubstituted carbon atom are reported from readily available precursors. The reactivity of the meso‐unsubstituted carbon atom was demonstrated by carrying out bromination followed by Heck coupling reactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Chemical composition and variability of the essential oil of Inula graveolens from Corsica
Authors: Blanc Marie‐Cécile , Muselli Alain , Bradesi Pascale , Casanova Joseph 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe essential oil of Inula graveolens was investigated by GC, GC–MS and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. First, a commercial sample was repeatedly chromatographed and analysis of the fractions led to the identiﬁcation of 89 components. The main constituents were bornyl acetate (56.8%), borneol (7.6%) and τ‐cadinol (7.8%). In the second part, six samples of I. graveolens essential oil, obtained at different stages of development of the plant, were investigated. Bornyl acetate and borneol were always the two major compounds. Then, in order to study the chemical variability, we analysed 22 samples obtained from several plants collected in a restricted area in different localities during the ﬂowering stage. Bornyl acetate (43.1–73.1%) and borneol (3.7–32.2%) were the main compounds for 20 samples. Sample 21 exhibited borneol (41.9%) and bornyl acetate (16.6%) as the major components, while the composition of sample 22 was atypical (borneol 41.9% and τ‐cadinol 23.8%). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two chemotypes within Lippia alba populations in Guatemala
Authors: Fischer Ursula , Lopez Rolando , Pöll Elfriede , Vetter Stefan , Novak Johannes , Franz Chlodwig M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe essential oil composition of 16 populations of Lippia alba collected from all over Guatemala was screened. Fourteen populations belonged to the myrcenone chemotype, containing myrcenone and (Z)‐ocimenone as main compounds, while two populations were classiﬁed as belonging to the citral chemotype, containing 1,8‐cineol, neral and geranial. Additionally, the two morphotypes identiﬁed, correlated highly with the chemotypes. This correlation allows a presumption of the existence of two subspecies within Lippia alba in Guatemala. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative investigations of the essential oils of two scented geranium (Pelargonium spp.) cultivars grown on Reunion Island
Authors: Gauvin Anne , Lecomte Hélène , Smadja Jacqueline 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe essential oils of two scented geranium (Pelargonium spp.) cultivars grown on Reunion Island were investigated by GC–MS. The speciﬁc odour attributes of each single constituent were correlated with the olfactory impression of the two essential oils. The scent of the essential oil extracted from the well‐known rose‐scented geranium cultivar, Pelargonium cv. Rosé, is based on the rosy, fruity, minty and faintly citrusy aromas of the main components, citronellol (21.9%), geraniol (18.3%), linalool (16.0%), citronellyl formate (11.6%) and isomenthone (7.6%), accompanied by minor compounds of olfactory signiﬁcance, including geranyl formate (4.0%), nerol (1.7%), geranyl tiglate (1.6%) and neryl propanoate (1.5%) in particular. The volatile constituents of the essential oil of a second geranium cultivar (Pelargonium sp.) are dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons, of which the most abundant is p‐cymene (35.8%). This oil possesses a very unusual, although very pleasant, ‘citrusy‐peppery‐spicy’ and herbaceous scent, somewhat pungent, which is rather reminiscent of thyme. Chemotaxonomic considerations about the genus Pelargonium are also discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Skull base cerebrospinal fluid fistula: a novel detection method based on two‐dimensional electrophoresis
Authors: Ricchetti Alma , Burkhard Pierre R. , Rodrigo Neftali , Gamulin Zdravko , Côte Mélanie , Reverdin Alain , Trussart Catherine , Landis Basile N. , Lacroix Jean‐Silvain 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDue to a processing error, this manuscript was inadvertently published online in Head & Neck on January 16, 2004, without Table 1. The publisher has replaced the incorrect version of the published article with the correct version containing Table 1. For archival purposes, the earlier version is available by contacting the publisher at headandneck@wiley.com. This should be considered the definitive version of this article.Background.The detection of the presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in nasal secretions contaminated with blood and mucus remains a challenging clinical problem.Methods.A prospective study was conducted from November 1998 to February 2002, including 42 patients. Samples (250 μL) of nasal secretions were analyzed by two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2‐DE). Plasma, mucus, and CSF were identified by specific proteins markers corresponding to characteristic trains of spots. Intrathecal injection of fluorescein followed by the detection of fluorescein on endoscopic examination of the nasal cavities was considered a positive reference for CSF rhinorrhea.Results.In all cases of positive fluorescein test, we unambiguously observed the presence of several specific CSF markers onto the 2‐DE gels. Conversely, all negative fluorescein tests were associated with the absence of CSF‐specific spots.Conclusions.Two‐DE analyses of biologic fluids of nasal origin should be considered as a reliable diagnostic tool in case of suspicion of CSF leak. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25: 464–469, 2003
Molecular dynamics implementation in MSINDO: Study of silicon clusters
Authors: Nair Nisanth N. , Bredow Thomas , Jug Karl 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBorn–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics is implemented in the semiempirical self‐consistent field molecular orbital method MSINDO. The method is employed for the investigation of the structure and dynamics of silicon clusters of various sizes. The reliability of the present parameterization for silicon compounds is demonstrated by a comparison of the results of simulated annealing and of density functional calculations of Sin clusters (n = 5–7). The melting behavior of the Si7 cluster is investigated and the MSINDO results are compared to previous high‐level calculations. The efficiency of the present approach for the treatment of large systems is demonstrated by an extensive simulated annealing study of the Si45 and Si60 clusters. New Si45 and Si60 structures are found and evaluated. The relative stability of various energy minimum structures is compared with density functional calculations and available literature data. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 1255–1263, 2004
BRD7, a novel bromodomain gene, inhibits G1–S progression by transcriptionally regulating some important molecules involved in ras/MEK/ERK and Rb/E2F pathways
Authors: Zhou Jie , Ma Jian , Zhang Bi‐Cheng , Li Xiao‐Ling , Shen Shou‐Rong , Zhu Shi‐Guo , Xiong Wei , Liu Hua‐Ying , Huang He , Zhou Ming , Li Gui‐Yuan 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBromodomain is a 110 amino acid domain. It is evolutionally conserved and is found in proteins strongly implicated in signal‐dependent transcriptional regulation. BRD7 is a novel bromodomain gene and it is downexpressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) biopsies and cell lines; its function is poorly understood. In the present study, tet‐on inducible expression system was used to investigate the role of BRD7 in cell growth and cell cycle progression. We found that ectopic expression of BRD7 in NPC cells inhibited cell growth and cell cycle progression from G1 to S. We further performed cell cycle cDNA array to screen potential transcriptional targets of BRD7 in cell cycle. Thirteen important signaling molecules, mainly implicated in ras/MEK/ERK and Rb/E2F pathways, were differentially expressed by induction of BRD7. Moreover, we observed that BRD7 could regulate the promoter activity of E2F3, one of its targets. Taken together, the present study indicated that BRD7 inhibited G1–S progression by transcriptionally regulating some important molecules involved in ras/MEK/ERK and Rb/E2F pathways and suggested that BRD7 may present a promising candidate of NPC™ associated tumor suppressor gene. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The design, synthesis and evaluation of affinity ligands for prion proteins
Authors: Renou Emma N. Soto , Gupta Geeta , Young Duncan S. , Dear Denise V. , Lowe Christopher R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBifunctional affinity ligands based on a triazine scaffold were rationally designed to target prion protein and shown to bind recombinant prion protein with high affinity and selectivity. The ligands were capable of discriminating between prion protein glycoforms and monomeric and dimeric forms of the prion protein. The ligands also discriminate between conformational differences in the prion protein, resulting from point mutations in the prion protein gene. These results suggest that derived compounds could be used selectively to detect the disease‐associated form of the prion protein, and as such, could provide diagnostic or therapeutic tools for prion diseases. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is there a rational method to purify proteins? From expert systems to proteomics
Authors: Asenjo J. A. , Andrews B. A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe purification of recombinant proteins for therapeutic or analytical applications requires the use of several chromatographic steps in order to achieve a high level of purity. A range of techniques is available such as anion and cation exchange chromatography, which can be carried out at different pHs, and hence used at different steps, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, gel filtration and affinity chromatography. Evidently when confronted with a complex mixture of partially unknown proteins or a clarified cell extract there are many different routes one can take in order to choose the minimum and most efficient number of purification steps to achieve a desired level of purity (e.g. 98, 99.5 or 99.9%). In this review we will show how an initial ‘proteomic’ characterization of the complex initial mixture of target protein and protein contaminants can be used to select the most efficient chromatographic separation steps in order to achieve a maximum level of purity with a minimum number of steps. The chosen methodology was implemented in a computer based expert system. The first algorithm developed was used to select the most efficient purification method to separate a protein from its contaminants based on the physicochemical properties of the protein product and the protein contaminants. The second algorithm developed was used to predict the number and concentration of contaminants after each separation as well as protein product purity. The successful application of the expert system approach, based on an initial proteomic characterization, to the practical cases of protein mixtures and clarified fermentation supernatant is presented and discussed. The purification strategy proposed was experimentally tested and validated with a mixture of four proteins and the experimental validation was also carried out with an ‘unknown’ supernatant of Bacillus subtilis producing a recombinant β‐1,3‐glucanase. The system was robust to errors <10% which is the range that can be found in the experimental determination of the properties in the database of product and contaminants. On the other hand, the system was sensitive both to larger variations (>20%) in the properties of the contaminant database and the protein product and to variations in one protein property (e.g. hydrophobicity). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancement of Productivity, Molecular Weight and Stereoregularity of 1‐Butene Polymerization by MAO Modification
Authors: Fujita Masayuki , Seki Yoshinori , Miyatake Tatsuya 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSummary: The modification of MMAO using water and pentafluorophenol enhances the productivity, molecular weight, regioregularity and stereoregularity of the polymer obtained from the polymerization of 1‐butene with TBPTiCl2. The structural changes in water modified‐MMAO (WM‐MMAO) and water/pentafluorophenol‐modified‐MMAO (W/PM‐MMAO) were revealed by 27Al MAS NMR. Although only 4‐ and 6‐coordinated aluminium species existed in the MMAO, a new peak derived from a 5‐coordinated Al species appeared when the water or water/phenol modification was carried out. This result suggests that a 5‐coordinated aluminium species of WM‐ or W/PM‐MMAO might significantly influence the behavior of the single‐site catalyst.Structure of the here used catalyst.imageStructure of the here used catalyst.