bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A multivariate curve resolution analysis of multicenter proton spectroscopic imaging of the prostate for cancer localization and assessment of aggressiveness
Authors: Stamatelatou Angeliki , Bertinetto Carlo Giuseppe , Jansen Jeroen J. , Postma Geert , Selnæs Kirsten Margrete , Bathen Tone F. , Heerschap Arend , Scheenen Tom W. J. ,   the PCa‐MAP consortium
Published: November 2023

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the potential of the multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares (MCR‐ALS) algorithm for analyzing three‐dimensional (3D) 1H‐MRSI data of the prostate in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. MCR‐ALS generates relative intensities of components representing spectral profiles derived from a large training set of patients, providing an interpretable model. Our objectives were to classify magnetic resonance (MR) spectra, differentiating tumor lesions from benign tissue, and to assess PCa aggressiveness. We included multicenter 3D 1H‐MRSI data from 106 PCa patients across eight centers. The patient cohort was divided into a training set (N = 63) and an independent test set (N = 43). Singular value decomposition determined that MR spectra were optimally represented by five components. The profiles of these components were extracted from the training set by MCR‐ALS and assigned to specific tissue types. Using these components, MCR‐ALS was applied to the test set for a quantitative analysis to discriminate tumor lesions from benign tissue and to assess tumor aggressiveness. Relative intensity maps of the components were reconstructed and compared with histopathology reports. The quantitative analysis demonstrated a significant separation between tumor and benign voxels (t‐test, p < 0.001). This result was achieved including voxels with low‐quality MR spectra. A receiver operating characteristic analysis of the relative intensity of the tumor component revealed that low‐ and high‐risk tumor lesions could be distinguished with an area under the curve of 0.88. Maps of this component properly identified the extent of tumor lesions. Our study demonstrated that MCR‐ALS analysis of 1H‐MRSI of the prostate can reliably identify tumor lesions and assess their aggressiveness. It handled multicenter data with minimal preprocessing and without using prior knowledge or quality control. These findings indicate that MCR‐ALS can serve as an automated tool to assess the presence, extent, and aggressiveness of tumor lesions in the prostate, enhancing diagnostic capabilities and treatment planning of PCa patients.
Diazoxide choline extended‐release tablet in people with Prader‐Willi syndrome: results from long‐term open‐label study
Authors: Miller Jennifer L. , Gevers Evelien , Bridges Nicola , Yanovski Jack A. , Salehi Parisa , Obrynba Kathryn S. , Felner Eric I. , Bird Lynne M. , Shoemaker Ashley H. , Angulo Moris , Butler Merlin G. , Stevenson David , Goldstone Anthony P. , Wilding John , Lah Melissa , Shaikh M. Guftar , Littlejohn Elizabeth , Abuzzahab M. Jennifer , Fleischman Amy , Hirano Patricia , Yen Kristen , Cowen Neil M. , Bhatnagar Anish ,   the C601/C602 Investigators
Published: November 2023

AbstractObjectiveThis study assessed the effect of 1‐year administration of diazoxide choline extended‐release tablet (DCCR) on hyperphagia and other complications of Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS).MethodsThe authors studied 125 participants with PWS, age ≥ 4 years, who were enrolled in the DESTINY PWS Phase 3 study and who received DCCR for up to 52 weeks in DESTINY PWS and/or its open‐label extension. The primary efficacy endpoint was Hyperphagia Questionnaire for Clinical Trials (HQ‐CT) score. Other endpoints included behavioral assessments, body composition, hormonal measures, and safety.ResultsDCCR administration resulted in significant improvements in HQ‐CT (mean [SE] −9.9 [0.77], p < 0.0001) and greater improvements in those with more severe baseline hyperphagia (HQ‐CT > 22). Improvements were seen in aggression, anxiety, and compulsivity (all p < 0.0001). There were reductions in leptin, insulin, and insulin resistance, as well as a significant increase in adiponectin (all p < 0.004). Lean body mass was increased (p < 0.0001). Disease severity was reduced as assessed by clinician and caregiver (both p < 0.0001). Common treatment‐emergent adverse events included hypertrichosis, peripheral edema, and hyperglycemia. Adverse events infrequently resulted in discontinuation (7.2%).ConclusionsDCCR administration to people with PWS was well tolerated and associated with broad‐ranging improvements in the syndrome. Sustained administration of DCCR has the potential to reduce disease severity and the burden of care for families.
Who wins and who loses in global SDGs rankings? Clarifying the influence of the North‐South divide and foreign direct investment on spillover effects
Authors: Chen Chong‐Wen 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe Sustainable Development Report (SDR) provides comprehensive global rankings based on countries’ performance and efforts toward the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, the spillover effects reflecting how one country’s actions influence others remain underexplored, especially regarding their interplay with SDGs performance. This paper delves into the cross‐border adverse impacts on the environment and society arising from these spillovers, examining their correlation with SDGs rankings within the context of the North‐South divide and foreign direct investment (FDI). The analysis reveals a pronounced association between higher SDGs scores and amplified negative spillover effects. While this trend is predominant among advanced Northern countries, certain developing Southern nations also exhibit similar tendencies, potentially obstructing the SDGs of more vulnerable states. This paper argues that many countries achieve their SDGs by exploiting the ecological and social resources of others, suggesting a deviation from genuine sustainability and the core ethos of the 2030 Agenda: “Leave No One Behind.” To provide a clearer perspective on countries’ developmental trajectories, this paper proposes conceptual metrics and utilizes data visualization to re‐assess sustainability progression over time. It also introduces four developmental tendencies: exploitative, degraded, waning, and sustainable development. The findings emphasize that countries aiming to transition from exploitative or degraded development to sustainability must address consumerism, prioritize SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and counteract the degradation of SDG 13 (Climate Action). Crucially, a competitive mindset and a lack of international collaboration will hinder SDGs, underscoring the pressing need for collective action on environmental and social justice and equity.
Stories Grounded in Decades of Research: What We Truly Know about the Teaching of Reading
Authors: Compton‐Lilly Catherine , Spence Lucy K. , Thomas Paul L. , Decker Scott L. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe recent dissemination of selective research findings related to reading privileges a narrow body of reading scholarship and a singular, unproven solution—teaching phonics. We offer a research‐based correction by presenting two compelling bodies of research to argue that reading instruction must be responsive to individual children. While this confluence of complexity does not deny the importance of phonics, it highlights the significant findings related to: (1) the brain and reading, and (2) the systematic observation of young readers. We argue that reductive and singular models of reading fail to honor the cultures, experiences, and diversity of children. This confluence of research findings reveals an unequivocal need for caution as states, universities, schools, and teachers adopt assumedly universal and narrow approaches to teaching reading.
Three‐Dimensional Particle‐In‐Cell Simulations of Electron‐Only Magnetic Reconnection Between Laser‐Produced Plasma Bubbles
Authors: Huang Hongtao , Hu Yanting , Ping Yongli , Yu Tongpu 
Published: November 2023

AbstractElectron‐only magnetic reconnection, a novel type of reconnection where only electron dynamics is involved, has recently been observed in turbulent plasmas in the Earth's magnetosphere. In this letter, using particle‐in‐cell simulations, we demonstrate that electron‐only reconnection can be created via laser‐plasma interactions. The reconnection current sheet is carried by electrons, and its width is at the electron inertial scale. Moreover, only electron outflow is observed, while the ion outflow is negligible. The duration of the reconnection is found to be within the electron scale, thus there is no sufficient time for ions to respond. The energy conversion during electron‐only reconnection mainly occurs in the vicinity of the X‐line, and is dominated along the perpendicular direction. By analyzing the Poynting flux patterns, we find that the reconnection electric field dominates the whole energy conversion. This study advances our knowledge of the energy dissipation mechanism in the electron‐only reconnection regime.
Automatic Detection and Classification of Spread‐F From Ionosonde at Hainan With Image‐Based Deep Learning Method
Authors: Wang Zheng , Zhan Meiyi , Gao Pengdong , Wang Guojun , Qiu Chu , Qi Quan , Shi Jiankui , Wang Xiao 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAn intelligent Spread‐F image detection and classification method is presented in this paper based on an ionogram image set using deep learning models. The ionogram images from the Hainan station, spanning from 2002 to 2015, have been manually labeled into five categories, resulting in a unique ionogram image set for supervised learning models. To balance the number of different types, simulated noises were added to these images. Based on 80,000 samples with Spread‐F and 20,000 samples without, numerous experiments have been conducted to train VGG, ResNet, EfficientNet, ViT, MobileNet, and other networks. The results on the test set indicate that these models except VGG have a good ability of exacting features of different types, leading to a high level of accuracy in detecting Spread‐F and a relatively accurate classification of it. The ionogram images in 2016 are then employed as another test set to further examine the performance of the trained models. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses have demonstrated the results obtained by deep learning models are highly consistent with manual identification.
Statistical modeling for identifying chikungunya high-risk areas of two large-scale outbreaks in Thailand's southernmost provinces
Authors: Ammatawiyanon Lumpoo , Tongkumchum Phattrawan , McNeil Don , Lim Apiradee 
Published: November 2023

AbstractChikungunya fever (CHIKF) has re-emerged in the southernmost Thailand and presents a significant threat to public health. The problem areas can be identified using appropriate statistical models. This study aimed to determine the geographic epidemic patterns and high-risk locations. Data on CHIKF’s case characteristics, including age, gender, and residence sub-district, were obtained from the Office of Disease Prevention and Control of Thailand from 2008 to 2020. A logistic model was applied to detect illness occurrences. After removing records with no cases, a log-linear regression model was used to determine the incidence rate. The results revealed that two large-scale infections occurred in the southernmost provinces of Thailand between 2008 and 2010, and again between 2018 and 2020, indicating a 10-year epidemic cycle. The CHIKF occurrence in the first and second outbreaks was 28.4% and 15.5%, respectively. In both outbreaks of occurrence CHIKF, adolescents and working-age groups were the most infected groups but the high incidence rate of CHIKF was elderly groups. The first outbreak had a high occurrence and incidence rate in 39 sub-districts, the majority of which were in Narathiwat province, whilst the second outbreak was identified in 15 sub-districts, the majority of which were in Pattani province. In conclusion, the CHIKF outbreak areas can be identified and addressed by combining logistic and log-linear models in a two-step process. The findings of this study can serve as a guide for developing a surveillance strategy or an earlier plan to manage or prevent the CHIKF outbreak.
Occurrence and management of two emerging soil-dwelling pests ravaging cabbage and onions in Kenya
Authors: Ouma Lawrence O. , Muthomi James W. , Kimenju John W. , Beesigamukama Dennis , Subramanian Sevgan , Khamis Fathiya M. , Tanga Chrysantus M. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractCabbage and Onion production in sub-Saharan Africa face numerous pest constraints that needs to be overcome to feed the rapidly growing population. This study aimed to establish the occurrence, incidence, and severity of soil-dwelling pests of cabbage and onions, and current management practices in five Counties of Kenya. Our findings revealed that most farmers grew hybrid vegetables on a small scale, which were highly dominated by various pest species (Delia platura, Maladera sp., and Agriotes sp. for cabbage and Atherigona orientalis and Urophorus humeralis for onion. The occurrence, incidence and severity of the various pest species on both crops varied considerably. Over 95% of the farmers relied on synthetic insecticides, which were applied weekly or bimonthly with limited success. Our findings demonstrate that invasive and polyphagous A. orientalis and D. platura were the most devastating pests of onion and cabbage without effective control options. Therefore, effective, sustainable, and affordable management strategies are required to control the spread of these pests to other crops in the region.
The British Diploma in Public Health: birth and adolescence
Authors: Acheson Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Diploma in Public Health was born in Dublin on 12June 1871, and lived for 103 years. This was only 13 years after the General Council for Medical Education and Registration had been created, and at a time when there was neither structure nor organization in medical education. Much of clinical practice was unethical and unsafe. The Diploma died on 1 October 1974, when the National Health Service, in place for 25 years, was bringing high quality health care, free of direct cost, to everyone who sought it. The occasion of the Diploma’s death was the first of a series of Acts of Parliament which restructured the health service. With this restructuring, the post of Medical Officer of Health ceased, and with it the need for a Diploma in Public Health. Neither had sustaining relevance in a changing world.
Recovery in the central nervous system and the experimental background of central functional stimulation
Authors: Illis L S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Central functional stimulation (spinal cord stimulation) has never been shown to have any effect on normal function. The only changes ever reported have been in circumstances where there is abnormal function. This suggests that any attempt to understand the effect of spinal cord stimulation should be based on the way in which the central nervous system (CNS) reacts to a lesion and produces abnormal function.
Experimental nerve–muscle stimulation
Authors: Vrbová G , Lowrie M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Skeletal muscle fibres are among the few excitable cells that have only one afferent input and no efferent connection, their input being the branches of the axon of the motor neuron that supplies them. The motor neuron has been referred to as the ‘final common path’ and the muscle fibres supplied by it are its final part. A single motor neuron supplies many muscle fibres, and together they form a functional unit, commonly referred to as ‘the motor unit’. When the neuron is activated, excitation is transmitted to all the muscle fibres it supplies so that the motor unit is then the final functional element that produces movement. Individual muscle fibres are usually supplied by only one axon and are totally dependent for their activation on the motor neuron that supplies them. Their normal day-to-day activity is thus regulated by that simple motor neuron. However, motor neurons and their inputs are not homogeneous, and neither are the muscles that are supplied by them.
Functional electrical stimulation of the anal sphincter
Authors: Hallan R I , Patel, U J , Williams N S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary function of the anal sphincters is to maintain faecal continence and to allow rectal evacuation at socially propitious moments. In health the anal sphincers are remarkably efficient, but they may fail if diseased, resulting in faecal incontinence. Faecal incontinence can be defined as the frequent uncontrolled and inopportune passage of faeces.
The effect on sexual function of anticonvulsant, antiparkinsonian, and other miscellaneous drugs
Authors: Peet Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Erectile and other sexual dysfunctions are relatively common in the general population. The prevalence of sexual problems increases with age and is higher in populations with medical or psychiatric illness than in the general population. Sexual dysfunction which is presumed to be drug related must be assessed against this background prevalence. Drug treatment can be associated with non-specific effects on sexual function, for example due to anxiety produced by medical diagnosis and treatment. Side-effects such as sedation can lead to a general non-specific lowering of interest and drive, including libido. Conversely, sexual dysfunction associated with illness can in some cases be improved by successful drug treatment of that illness. It follows that anecdotal reports of sexual effects from medication in individual patients are highly unreliable. The effect of drugs on sexual function can be assessed only in the setting of a randomized placebo-controlled trial with careful psychosexual assessment. Unfortunately, virtually all medication trials depend on self-reporting of sexual side-effects and this is very unreliable. There is thus a serious dearth of adequate research in this field, and the present chapter must be set in that context.
Altering the strength of the heart: basic mechanisms
Authors: Lee John A , Allen David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The function of the heart is to circulate unoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the peripheral tissues in an amount necessary to satisfy their metabolic requirements. Since these requirements vary greatly, depending for example on whether an organism is resting or engaging in vigorous activity, it is clear that there must be mechanisms for regulating the amount of blood circulated by the heart. In an intact animal there are three principal factors influencing the cardiac output at any given heart rate, namely the preload, the afterload, and the inotropic state or ‘contracti lity’ of the heart muscle itself. The effects of preload in an intact heart are summarized by Starling’s law of the heart, which states that as diastolic filling increases, so does the quantity of blood pumped into the aorta.
Changes in myofibrillar calcium responsiveness in the post-ischaemic heart (stunned myocardium)
Authors: Marban Eduardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Stunning’ describes the impairment of contraction observed in myocardium reperfused after brief periods of ischaemia.1-3 The critical feature of the definition lies in the supposition that no permanent injury has occurred; hence, stunning resolves entirely, albeit slowly (hours to days). Histrocially and metabolically, the stunned heart exhibits no clear evidence of injury.
The Optical Effects
Authors: Born Max , Huang Kun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE theories of dispersion discussed in previous chapters (see§§ 7-9 and §§ 33-35) are partly based on phenomenological considerations. We have taken the macroscopic Maxwell equations for granted and used microscopic models only in so far as they are necessary for the derivation of the dispersion formula. We shall now consider a microscopic theory, which gives a self-contained account of the optical waves without the aid of the macroscopic Maxwell equations for dielectric media.
Webs and new worlds
Authors: Taylor Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brainwashing is about changing beliefs. To understand brainwashing, therefore, it is necessary to understand what beliefs are and how they change. In the previous chapter I set out the argument that mental activities are represented by highly changeable patterns of connections between neurons in the brain, and that over time these patterns can become grouped, by repeated co-activation of member neurons, into schemas. What does this view of brain function tell us about beliefs? I will begin by considering beliefs in the traditional fashion, as mental (rather than neuroscientific) constructs, asking what psychology has to say about beliefs. How do they form, what factors influence them, and how do they relate to behaviour?
Swept away
Authors: Taylor Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emotions are one of the most potent tools in a brainwasher’s armoury. As we saw in Chapter 2, arousing strong emotions can glue a group together, make dubious ideas desirable, and sometimes lead to lethal consequences. Even in weaker forms of influence emotions have an important role to play. What is it about emotions which makes them so useful to influence technicians? To answer this question, we need to investigate what emotions do to brains.
Victims and predators
Authors: Taylor Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Time to recap. So far we have looked at the history and usage of the term ‘brainwashing’ since Edward Hunter created it in 1950. As brainwashing necessarily involves brains, we have also delved into neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy, replacing the old Cartesian ‘diamond mind’ with a much more flexible and composite construction. We have learned about how brains and their beliefs can change suddenly, or slowly over time. Sudden change can occur when the energy from strong emotions pours into the cogweb encoding a concept, strengthening it from mere idea to deep conviction. Slow change occurs by imperceptible degrees, like learning a habit. We have also seen that brains keep a record of what they can and cannot change in the world about them, and that this changeability signal provides the basis for our feelings of freedom and its negative counterpart, reactance.
Relativity Theory and Quantum Theory
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In all the history of physics, there has never been a period of transition as abrupt, as unanticipated, and over as wide a front as the decade 1895 to 1905. In rapid succession the experimental discoveries of X-rays (1895), the Zeeman effect (1896), radioactivity (1896), the electron (1897), and the extension of infrared spectroscopy into the 3 µm to 60 µm region opened new vistas. The birth of quantum theory (1900) and relativity theory (1905) marked the beginning of an era in which the very foundations of physical theory were found to be in need of revision. Two men led the way toward the new theoretical concepts: Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, professor at the University of Berlin, possessed—perhaps obsessed—by the search for the universal function of frequency and temperature, known to exist since 1859, when Gustav Robert Kirchhoff formulated his fundamental law of blackbody radiation (19a)*; and Albert Einstein, technical expert at the Swiss patent office in Bern, working in an isolation which deserves to be called splendid (3).