bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Randomized clinical trial of multimodal optimization and standard perioperative surgical care
Authors: Anderson A D G , McNaught C E , MacFie J , Tring I , Barker P , Mitchell C J 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

Background
Multimodal optimization of surgical care has been associated with reduced hospital stay and improved physical function. The aim of this randomized trial was to compare multimodal optimization with standard care in patients undergoing colonic resection.

Methods
Twenty-five patients requiring elective right or left hemicolectomy were randomized to receive a ten-point optimization programme (14 patients) or conventional care (11). The groups were similar in terms of age (64 versus 68 years), male : female sex ratio (6 : 8 versus 5 : 6) and Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity (POSSUM) score (both 26). Outcome measures were recorded before operation and on postoperative days 1, 7 and 30. They included hand grip strength, lung spirometry, and pain and fatigue scores. Further outcome measures included time to achieve a predetermined mobilization target, time to resumption of normal diet, and length of stay.

Results
Optimization was associated with maintained grip strength, earlier mobilization (46 versus 69 h; P = 0·043), and significantly lower pain and fatigue scores. Patients in the optimization group tolerated a regular hospital diet significantly earlier than controls (48 versus 76 h; P &lt; 0·001). Optimization significantly reduced the median length of hospital stay (3 versus 7 days; P = 0·002).

Conclusion
Optimization of surgical care significantly improved patients' physical and psychological function in the early postoperative period and facilitated early hospital discharge.
Chemical neuroanatomy of the fly's movement detection pathway
Authors: Sinakevitch Irina , Strausfeld Nicholas J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn Diptera, subsets of small retinotopic neurons provide a discrete channel from achromatic photoreceptors to large motion‐sensitive neurons in the lobula complex. This pathway is distinguished by specific affinities of its neurons to antisera raised against glutamate, aspartate, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and a N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate type 1 receptor protein (NMDAR1). Large type 2 monopolar cells (L2) and type 1 amacrine cells, which in the external plexiform layer are postsynaptic to the achromatic photoreceptors R1–R6, express glutamate immunoreactivity as do directionally selective motion‐sensitive tangential neurons of the lobula plate. L2 monopolar cells ending in the medulla are accompanied by terminals of a second efferent neuron T1, the dendrites of which match NMDAR1‐immunoreactive profiles in the lamina. L2 and T1 endings visit ChAT and GABA‐immunoreactive relays (transmedullary neurons) that terminate from the medulla in a special layer of the lobula containing the dendrites of directionally selective retinotopic T5 cells. T5 cells supply directionally selective wide‐field neurons in the lobula plate. The present results suggest a circuit in which initial motion detection relies on interactions among amacrines and T1, and the subsequent convergence of T1 and L2 at transmedullary cell dendrites. Convergence of ChAT‐immunoreactive and GABA‐immunoreactive transmedullary neurons at T5 dendrites in the lobula, and the presence there of local GABA‐immunoreactive interneurons, are suggested to provide excitatory and inhibitory elements for the computation of motion direction. A comparable immunocytological organization of aspartate‐ and glutamate‐immunoreactive neurons in honeybees and cockroaches further suggests that neural arrangements providing directional motion vision in flies may have early evolutionary origins. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:6–23, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlation of expression of the actin filament‐bundling protein espin with stereociliary bundle formation in the developing inner ear
Authors: Li Huawei , Liu Hong , Balt Steve , Mann Sabine , Corrales C. Eduardo , Heller Stefan 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe vertebrate hair cell is named for its stereociliary bundle or hair bundle that protrudes from the cell's apical surface. Hair bundles mediate mechanosensitivity, and their highly organized structure plays a critical role in mechanoelectrical transduction and amplification. The prototypical hair bundle is composed of individual stereocilia, 50–300 in number, depending on the animal species and on the type of hair cell. The assembly of stereocilia, in particular, the formation during development of individual rows of stereocilia with descending length, has been analyzed in great morphological detail. Electron microscopic studies have demonstrated that stereocilia are filled with actin filaments that are rigidly cross‐linked. The growth of individual rows of stereocilia is associated with the addition of actin filaments and with progressively increasing numbers of cross‐bridges between actin filaments. Recently, a mutation in the actin filament‐bundling protein espin has been shown to underlie hair bundle degeneration in the deaf jerker mouse, subsequently leading to deafness. Our study was undertaken to investigate the appearance and developmental expression of espin in chicken inner ear sensory epithelia. We found that the onset of espin expression correlates with the initiation and growth of stereocilia bundles in vestibular and cochlear hair cells. Intense espin immunolabeling of stereocilia was colocalized with actin filament staining in all types of hair cells at all developmental stages and in adult animals. Our analysis of espin as a molecular marker for actin filament cross‐links in stereocilia is in full accordance with previous morphological studies and implicates espin as an important structural component of hair bundles from initiation of bundle assembly to mature chicken hair cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:125–134, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Basement membrane proteins promote progression of intraepithelial neoplasia in 3‐dimensional models of human stratified epithelium
Authors: Andriani Frank , Garfield Jackie , Fusenig Norbert E. , Garlick Jonathan A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWe have developed novel 3‐dimensional in vitro and in vivo tissue models that mimic premalignant disease of human stratified epithelium in order to analyze the stromal contribution of extracellular matrix and basement membrane proteins to the progression of intraepithelial neoplasia. Three‐dimensional, organotypic cultures were grown either on a de‐epidermalized human dermis with pre‐existing basement membrane components on its surface (AlloDerm), on a Type I collagen gel that lacked basement membrane proteins or on polycarbonate membranes coated with purified extracellular matrix proteins. When tumor cells (HaCaT‐II4) were mixed with normal keratinocytes (4:1/normals:HaCaT‐II4), tumor cells selectively attached, persisted and proliferated at the dermal‐epidermal interface in vitro and generated dysplastic tissues when transplanted to nude mice only when grown in the presence of the AlloDerm substrate. This stromal interface was permissive for tumor cell attachment due to the rapid assembly of structured basement membrane. When tumor cells were mixed with normal keratinocytes and grown on polycarbonate membranes coated with individual extracellular matrix or basement membrane components, selective attachment and significant intraepithelial expansion occurred only on laminin 1 and Type IV collagen‐coated membranes. This preferential adhesion of tumor cells restricted the synthesis of laminin 5 to basal cells where it was deposited in a polarized distribution. Western blot analysis revealed that tumor cell attachment was not due to differences in the synthesis or processing of laminin 5. Thus, intraepithelial progression towards premalignant disease is dependent on the selective adhesion of cells with malignant potential to basement membrane proteins that provide a permissive template for their persistence and expansion. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TGSA‐Flex: Extending the capabilities of the Topo‐Geometrical superposition algorithm to handle flexible molecules
Authors: Gironés Xavier , Carbó–Dorca Ramon 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this work, an extension of the already studied Topo‐Geometrical Superposition Approach (TGSA) is presented. TGSA, a general‐purpose, fast, automatic, and user‐intuitive three‐dimensional molecular alignment procedure, was originally designed to superpose rigid molecules simply based on atomic numbers, molecular coordinates, and connectivity. The algorithm is further developed to enable handling rotations around single bonds; in this way, common structural features, which were not properly aligned due to conformational causes, can be brought together, thus improving the molecular similarity picture of the final alignment. The present procedure, implemented in Fortran 90 and named TGSA‐Flex, is deeply detailed and tested over four molecular sets: amino acids, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) derivatives, HIV‐1 protease inhibitors, and 1‐[2‐hydroxyethoxy)methyl]‐6‐(phenylthio)thymine (HEPT) derivatives. TGSA‐Flex performance is evaluated by means of computational time, number of superposed atoms (also comparing it with respect to the rigid approach), and index of fit between the compared structures. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 153–159, 2004
Theoretical study on the excited states of psoralen compounds bonded to a thymine residue
Authors: Nakata A. , Baba T. , Takahashi H. , Nakai H. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTime‐dependent density functional theory calculations have been performed for the excited states of psoralen, 5‐methoxypsoralen, and 8‐methoxypsoralen in systems and furan and pyrone monoadducts bonded to a thymine residue. The theoretical assignments to ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectra of isolated systems have been performed. The present calculations have clarified that the excitation energies of the first singlet excited (S1) state of monoadducts are blue‐shifted compared with the isolated systems. It is shown that, in particular, the S1excitation energy of the pyrone monoadduct is significantly blue‐shifted and, therefore, the pyrone monoadduct is not excited by UV‐A light (300–400 nm), which is used in the photochemotherapy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 179–188, 2004
Microscopically‐viewed structural changes in solvent‐induced phase transitions of synthetic polymers
Authors: Tashiro Kohji , Yoshioka Akiko , Hashida Tomoko 
Published: November 2003

AbstractStructural changes occurring in the solvent‐induced phase transition have been investigated by carrying out the time‐resolved measurements of X‐ray diffraction, infrared spectra and Raman spectra. First example is about the solvent‐induced crystallization of syndiotactic polystyrene glass. By comparing the time evolution of the various infrared and Raman bands and the X‐ray reflections, the process of nucleation, growth, and aggregation of regular helical sequences in the crystalline lattice could be traced concretely. It was also found experimentally that the amorphous chain segments started an active motion immediately after absorbing solvent molecules and became a trigger to induce the local regularization of random coils into regular helical segments. The second example is the reversible solid‐state phase transition of poly(ethylene imine) between the anhydrate of doubly‐stranded helices and the hydrates of planar zigzag chains. By carrying out the time‐resolved infrared spectral measurements in water vapor atmosphere (H2O or D2O), the characteristic bands could be identified for these crystalline phases and the structural transformation in the hydration process could be clarified in detail.
Depth profiling of polymer films by confocal Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Spells Stephen J. , Reinecke Helmut , Sacristán Javier , Yarwood Jack , Mijangos Carmen 
Published: November 2003

AbstractConfocal Raman microspectroscopy has many potential applications in the study of polymer‐solvent interactions, including the determination of solvent and polymer‐solvent complex depth profiles. This contribution focuses on preventing the formation of polymer‐solvent complexes, using surface chemical modification of PVC films. While the surface‐specific nature of the film modification is easily demonstrated,[1] confocal Raman measurements clearly show the effects of film refractive index: the modifier depth profile shows a lack of symmetry and the film thickness is underestimated. A spectral normalisation method is described, and this is shown to result in a modifier depth profile which is in good agreement with data obtained by Raman microspectroscopy following physical cross‐sectioning of a sample. Alternative techniques for Raman depth profiling are also discussed.
Evaluation of the fractionated crystallization of isotactic polypropylene and high density polyethylenes in their blends with Cycloolefin copolymers
Authors: Pimbert Sylvie 
Published: November 2003

AbstractCrystallization of semi‐crystalline polyolefins (i‐polypropylenes and HD‐polyethylenes) in their blends with amorphous cycloolefin copolymers (COC) were studied. The thermal behaviour of the blends was characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) whereas blend morphologies were investigated by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). In iPP/COC blends, a phenomenon of fractionated crystallization is evidenced when i‐PP is finely dispersed in the COC matrix. Such a behavior is generally observed when the number of droplets is much larger than the number of heterogeneities originally present in the bulk polymer. In HDPE/COC blends, complex morphologies are observed which do not fit good correlation with DSC results. The nucleation and crystallization modes seem to be largely influenced by the characteristics of the micro‐dispersed phase, largely dependent on the PE molecular weights and polydispersity indices.
Dynamic crack propagation with cohesive elements: a methodology to address mesh dependency
Authors: Zhou F. , Molinari J. F. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this paper, two brittle fracture problems are numerically simulated: the failure of a ceramic ring under centrifugal loading and crack branching in a PMMA strip. A three‐dimensional finite element package in which cohesive elements are dynamically inserted has been developed. The cohesive elements' strength is chosen to follow a modified weakest link Weibull distribution. The probability of introducing a weak cohesive element is set to increase with the cohesive element size. This reflects the physically based effect according to which larger elements are more likely to contain defects. The calculations illustrate how the area dependence of the Weibull model can be used to effectively address mesh dependency. On the other hand, regular Weibull distributions have failed to reduce mesh dependency for the examples shown in this paper.The ceramic ring calculations revealed that two distinct phenomena appear depending on the magnitude of the Weibull modulus. For low Weibull modulus, the fragmentation of the ring is dominated by heterogeneities. Whereas many cracks were generated, few of them could propagate to the outer surface. Monte Carlo simulations revealed that for highly heterogeneous rings, the number of small fragments was large and that few large fragments were generated.For high Weibull modulus, signifying that the ring is close to being homogeneous, the fragmentation process was very different. Monte Carlo simulations highlighted that a larger number of large fragments are generated due to crack branching. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enrichment of enhanced assumed strain approximations for representing strong discontinuities: addressing volumetric incompressibility and the discontinuous patch test
Authors: Dolbow J. E. , Devan A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWe present a geometrically non‐linear assumed strain method that allows for the presence of arbitrary, intra‐finite element discontinuities in the deformation map. Special attention is placed on the coarse‐mesh accuracy of these methods and their ability to avoid mesh locking in the incompressible limit. Given an underlying mesh and an arbitrary failure surface, we first construct an enriched approximation for the deformation map with the non‐linear analogue of the extended finite element method (X‐FEM). With regard to the richer space of functions spanned by the gradient of the enriched approximation, we then adopt a broader interpretation of variational consistency for the construction of the enhanced strain. In particular, in those elements intersected by the failure surface, we construct enhanced strain approximations which are orthogonal to piecewise‐constant stress fields. Contrast is drawn with existing strong discontinuity approaches where the enhanced strain variations in localized elements were constructed to be orthogonal to constant nominal stress fields. Importantly, the present formulation gives rise to a symmetric tangent stiffness matrix, even in localized elements. The present modification also allows for the satisfaction of a discontinuous patch test, wherein two different constant stress fields (on each side of the failure surface) lie in the solution space. We demonstrate how the proposed modifications eliminate spurious stress oscillations along the failure surface, particularly for nearly incompressible material response. Additional numerical examples are provided to illustrate the efficacy of the modified method for problems in hyperelastic fracture mechanics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Octasection‐based refinement of finite element approximations of tetrahedral meshes that guarantees shape quality
Authors: Endres Lance , Krysl Petr 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAdaptive refinement of finite element approximations on tetrahedral meshes is generally considered to be a non‐trivial task. (We wish to stress that this paper deals with mesh refinement as opposed to remeshing.) The splitting of individual finite elements needs to be done with much care to prevent sig‐ nificant deterioration of the shape quality of the elements of the refined meshes. Considerable complexity thus results, which makes it difficult to design (and even more importantly, to later maintain) adaptive tetrahedra‐based simulation codes. An adaptive refinement methodology, dubbed CHARMS (conforming hierarchical adaptive refinement methods), had recently been proposed by Krysl, Grinspun, and Schröder. The methodology streamlines and simplifies mesh refinement, since conforming (compatible) meshes always result by construction. The present work capitalizes on these conceptual developments to build a mesh refinement technique for tetrahedra. Shape quality is guaranteed for an arbitrary number of refinement levels due to our use of element octasection based on the Kuhn triangulation of the cube. Algorithms and design issues related to the inclusion of the present technique in a CHARMS‐based object oriented software framework (http://hogwarts.ucsd.edu/∼pkrysl/CHARMS) are described. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of high‐rise braced frames with outriggers
Authors: Hoenderkamp J. C. D. , Bakker M. C. M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSummaryA graphical method of analysis for the preliminary design of tall building structures comprising braced frames with outrigger trusses subjected to horizontal loading is presented. For this method of analysis it is necessary to determine five stifnesses for the uniform structure: bending and racking shear stiffnesses of the braced frame and outriggers in addition to a stiffness parameter representing the axial lengthening and shortening of the exterior columns. The analysis allows a simple procedure for obtaining the optimum location of the outrigger up the height of the structure and a rapid assessment of the impact of the outrigger on the behaviour of the high‐rise structure. It is concluded that all five stiffnesses should be included in the preliminary analysis of a proposed tall building structure as the reductions in horizontal deflections and bending moments of the braced frame are influenced by all stiffness parameters. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vertical distribution of pre-settled sandeel (Ammodytes marinus) in the North Sea in relation to size and environmental variables
Authors: Jensen Henrik , Wright Peter J , Munk Peter 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Vertical distribution patterns of larval and juvenile sandeels were investigated at four locations in the North Sea. Sandeels between 6 and 65 mm were found to depths of 80 m, with vertical distributions dependent on both length and environmental factors. At one location with a stratified water column, the highest densities were found during the day in midwater where food concentration was also highest. In areas without marked vertical hydrographic gradients, larvae were relatively more abundant in surface waters during the day. At all locations, larvae of all sizes were generally more homogeneously distributed in the water column during night than during day. The extent of vertical migration, as measured by the standard deviation of the mean depth, increased generally with length. Gear avoidance was evident for larvae ≥20 mm. Catch efficiency generally depended on both length class and surface light intensity. A simulated drift pattern of larvae, based on ADCP current measurements from two locations, predicts that the horizontal drift trajectory would only be affected slightly by the vertical positioning of the larvae in the water column during the time of sampling. The implication of vertical migrations for dispersal of larvae away from the spawning grounds is discussed.
Social Distribution of Social Support: The Mediating Role of Life Events
Authors: Mickelson Kristin D. , Kubzansky Laura D. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAlthough the relation of socioeconomic status (SES) to social support has been discussed for some time, researchers have rarely systematically examined the social patterning of this resource. In addition, potential explanatory mechanisms have not been investigated. This study examined both the social distribution of social support and the role of life events in the association between SES and social support in a nationally representative probability sample of adults from the National Cormorbidity Survey. Higher education and income were related to more emotional support and fewer negative interactions. Individuals with higher incomes were also less likely to report acute and chronic life events. Finally, acute (but not chronic) life events mediated the relation between SES and social support (both emotional support and negative interactions). These results suggest the inability of lower SES individuals to mobilize social support in times of need may be explained by their more frequent experience of acute life events.
The Towers of Silence: creative and destructive issues for therapeutic teams dealing with sexual abuse
Authors: Dale Peter , Waters Jim , Davies Murray , Roberts Wilf , Morrison Tony 
Published: November 2003

Intra‐familial sexual abuse of children is a peculiarly potent area for subsequent inter‐agency responses and interventions to become inappropriate, irrational, and damaging. A major component of the damaging responses by the inter‐agency system is the mirroring processes which occur between that system and the family.A case example is presented in some detail to illustrate the ways in which such mirroring processes also effect therapeutic teams dealing with such families. Some therapeutic techniques from an experiential base are described. It is argued that productive therapeutic work can only occur if the mirroring processes within the inter‐agency system, and the therapeutic team system, are considered systemically.