bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shyness, Friendship Quality, and Adjustment During Middle Childhood
Authors: Fordham Kathryn , Stevenson‐Hinde Joan 
Published: September 2003

Whereas many young children show initial wariness on meeting a stranger, shyness that lasts into middle childhood may be indicative of concurrent problems and subsequent disorder. Adjustment problems of an internalising nature, such as low self‐esteem, loneliness, and anxiety may occur. Special significance has, however, been ascribed to preadolescent friendships as a means of validating self‐worth and buffering against loneliness and anxiety. The main aim of the present study is to examine associations between shyness, perceptions of friendship quality, and indices of adjustment related to internalising problems.The study involves a sample of 8.4–10.6‐year‐olds (N= 50), preselected at 4.5 years to include a high proportion of shy children. Ratings of shyness to an unfamiliar adult had been made by different observers at 4.5 and 7 years, and at the present ages by another observer, mothers, and teachers. Observer‐rated shyness was highly consistent over time and was significantly correlated with mothers' and teachers' ratings, although both significantly underestimated children's shyness relative to observer ratings. Compared with the younger children (mean age of 9 years), observed shyness (a composite over all three age points) increased in salience for the older children (mean age of 10 years), becoming significantly correlated with trait anxiety as well as low global self‐worth. Indeed, global self‐worth took on a central role for the older children, showing significant correlations not only with observed shyness and internalising problems (loneliness and anxiety), but also with perceptions of social acceptance and classmate support as well as friendship quality, with a named “best friend”. Thus by 10 years of age, aspects of peer relationships may influence and be influenced by global self‐worth, with a possible buffering effect on any potential detrimental effects of shyness.
The Association of Reading Disability, Behavioral Disorders, and Language Impairment among Second‐grade Children
Authors: Tomblin J. Bruce , Zhang Xuyang , Buckwalter Paula , Catts Hugh 
Published: September 2003

Children with language impairment (LI) have been shown to be at risk for reading disability (RD) and behavior disorder (BD). Previous research has not determined the specific pattern of these conditions associated with LI. This study sought to determine if the behavior disorder and reading problems represented different outcomes or if these conditions occurred together when found with LI. A group of 581 second‐grade children, including 164 children with LI, were examined for spoken language, reading, and behavior disorder. The data for each of these areas were examined as dimensional traits and as clinical categorical traits.Reading and spoken language were found to be strongly correlated (r= 68); RD was found in 52% of the children with LI and in only 9% of the controls. Scores of parent ratings for BD were also significantly correlated with spoken language scores (r= 29). Clinical levels of BD were found in 29% of the children with LI and 19% of the controls. An examination of the co‐occurrence of clinical levels of BD, RD, and LI showed BD in children with LI to be conditioned by the child's reading status. The data indicated that whereas RD was directly associated with BD, the association of LI with BD required the mediation of RD.
Emanuel Miller Lecture From Pogroms to “Ethnic Cleansing”: Meeting the Needs of War Affected Children
Authors: Yule William 
Published: September 2003

Children are both the direct and indirect targets during wars. They are directly affected by violence aimed at them and their families; they are indirectly affected by the distress caused to their families; they may be internally displaced or find themselves crossing borders as asylum seekers. Their experiences during and immediately after war militate against their developing in a safe, secure, and predictable environment. Their human rights are compromised and their mental health put at risk.Whether in the country at and after war, or in the country that offers refuge, children's mental health needs have to be properly assessed and met. In many cases, children may only require a sense of safety and support via their family and school. In other cases, they require more complicated psychosocial interventions that address the various stress reactions they manifest.This paper addresses these issues against the context of a major community‐based programme in Mostar in Bosnia during the recent civil war there. It argues that we have reasonably good screening measures to identify children at high risk of developing mental health problems. It presents an hierarchical model of support and intervention whereby psychosocial help is delivered primarily through schools with only a small proportion of more complex needs being met by specially trained mental health professionals. There is a strong need to evaluate various methods of delivering help and to develop new ways of reaching needy children in a nonstigmatising way.
Network, exposure and rhetoric: Italian occupational fields and heterogeneity in constructing the globalized self
Authors: Monaci Massimiliano , Magatti Mauro , Caselli Marco 
Published: September 2003

AbstractDrawing on the findings of a broad inter‐university research programme conducted in Italy, in this article we explore how individuals' transnational networks combine with other dimensions of their social experience in the production of a self‐perception of their own ‘global identity’. In particular, attention is focused on the structures and social spaces of everyday life in five crucial occupations (corporate managers, financial services workers, artists, media professionals and schoolteachers) where people's professional action is performed simultaneously along local and global axes. Within these groups the globalized self does not merely reflect individuals' engagement in transnational networks, but is also the outcome of a complex process including two added dimensions of social life in the job setting: (1) the degree and type of non‐filtered exposure to pressures stemming from the global environment, which both constrain and enable subjective practices of coping with change and ambiguity; and (2) the degree and type of competence in the rhetorics of globalization, namely the level of access to well‐known repertoires of interpretive resources for making sense of global trends. This analysis is consistent with social science conceptualizations arguing for a more nuanced understanding of globalization. In this light, not only is globalization a multidimensional process but it also produces a variety of responses and meanings by differently positioned actors.
No Evidence for a Major Effect of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Gene Polymorphisms in Periportal Fibrosis Caused bySchistosoma mansoniInfection
Authors: Eboumbou Moukoko Carole , El Wali Nasureldin , Saeed O. K. , Mohamed-Ali Qurashi , Gaudart Jean , Dessein Alain J. , Chevillard Christophe 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTHepatic periportal fibrosis (PPF), associated with portal hypertension, is a major pathological consequence of infections withSchistosoma mansoniandSchistosoma japonicum. Indeed, affected subjects may die from portal hypertension. Previous studies have indicated that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) may aggravate fibrosis. We therefore investigated whether PPF was associated with certain polymorphisms of the TNF-α gene. Four polymorphisms (TNF-α −376 G/A, −308 G/A, −238 G/A, and +488 G/A) were investigated in two Sudanese populations living in an area in whichS. mansoniis endemic. These polymorphisms were analyzed for 105 Sudanese subjects with various grades of PPF, from mild to advanced; all subjects were from two neighboring villages (Taweela and Umzukra). They were then analyzed for 70 subjects with advanced liver disease and for 345 matched controls from the Gezira region. We found no evidence of associations between these four polymorphisms and PPF in both of these studies. Thus, these four polymorphisms, two of which (TNF-α −376 and −308) were found to increase TNF-α gene transcription, are unlikely to have a major effect on PPF progression in these populations. However, this result does not exclude the possibility that these polymorphisms have a minor effect on PPF development.
Characterization and Pathogenic Significance of
Vibrio vulnificus
Antigens Preferentially Expressed in Septicemic Patients
Authors: Kim Young Ran , Lee Shee Eun , Kim Choon Mee , Kim Soo Young , Shin Eun Kyoung , Shin Dong Hyeon , Chung Sun Sik , Choy Hyon E. , Progulske-Fox Ann , Hillman Jeffrey D. , Handfield Martin , Rhee Joon Haeng 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT

Many important virulence genes of pathogenic bacteria are preferentially expressed in vivo. We used the recently developed in vivo-induced antigen technology (IVIAT) to identify
Vibrio vulnificus
genes induced in vivo. An expression library of
V. vulnificus
was screened by colony blot analysis by using pooled convalescent-phase serum that had been thoroughly adsorbed with in vitro-expressed
V. vulnificus
whole cells and lysates. Twelve clones were selected, and the sequences of the insert DNAs were analyzed. The DNA sequences showed homologies with genes encoding proteins of diverse functions: these functions included chemotaxis (a methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein), signaling (a GGDEF-containing protein and a putative serine/threonine kinase), biosynthesis and metabolism (PyrH, PurH, and IlvC), secretion (TatB and plasmid
Achromobacter
secretion [PAS] factor), transcriptional activation (IlvY and HlyU), and the activity of a putative lipoprotein (YaeC). In addition, one identified open reading frame encoded a hypothetical protein. Isogenic mutants of the 12 in vivo-expressed (
ive
) genes were constructed and tested for cytotoxicity. Cytotoxic activity of the mutant strains, as measured by lactate dehydrogenase release from HeLa cells, was nearly abolished in
pyrH
,
purH
, and
hlyU
mutants. The intraperitoneal 50% lethal dose in mice increased by ca. 10- to 50-fold in these three mutants. PyrH and PurH seem to be essential for in vivo growth. HlyU appears to be one of the master regulators of in vivo virulence expression. The successful identification of
ive
genes responsible for the in vivo bacterial virulence, as done in the present study, demonstrates the usefulness of IVIAT for the detection of new virulence genes.
CadC Is the Preferential Target of a Convergent Evolution Driving Enteroinvasive
Escherichia coli
toward a Lysine Decarboxylase-Defective Phenotype
Authors: Casalino Mariassunta , Latella Maria Carmela , Prosseda Gianni , Colonna Bianca 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT

Enteroinvasive
E. coli
(EIEC), like
Shigella
, is the etiological agent of bacillary dysentery, a particularly severe syndrome in children in developing countries. All EIEC strains share with
Shigella
the inability to synthesize lysine decarboxylase (the LDC phenotype). The lack of this function is considered a pathoadaptive mutation whose emergence was necessary to obtain the full expression of invasiveness. Cadaverine, the product of lysine decarboxylation, is a small polyamine which interferes mainly with the inflammatory process induced by dysenteric bacteria. Genes coding for lysine decarboxylase and its transporter constitute a single operon (
cadBA
) and are expressed at low pH under the positive control of CadC. This regulator is an inner membrane protein that is able to sense pH variation and to respond by transcriptionally activating the
cadBA
genes. In this study we show that, unlike in
Shigella
, mutations affecting the
cad
locus in the EIEC strains we have analyzed are not followed by a novel gene arrangement and that the LCD
−
phenotype is dependent mainly on inactivation of the
cadC
gene. Introduction of a functional CadC restores cadaverine expression in all EIEC strains harboring either an IS
2
element or a defective
cadC
promoter. Comparative analysis between the
cad
regions of
S. flexneri
and EIEC suggests that the LDC
−
phenotype has been attained by different strategies within the
E. coli
species.
Interleukin-8 Is Differentially Expressed by Human-Derived Monocytic Cell Line U937 Infected withMycobacterium tuberculosisH37Rv andMycobacterium marinum
Authors: Song Chang-Hwa , Lee Ji-Sook , Kim Hwa-Jung , Park Jeong-Kyu , Paik Tae-Hyun , Jo Eun-Kyeong 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTAlthoughMycobacterium marinumis closely related toMycobacterium tuberculosisH37Rv genomically, the clinical outcome in humans is quite different forM. marinumandM. tuberculosisinfections. We investigated possible factors in the host macrophages for determining differential pathological responses toM. tuberculosisandM. marinumusing an in vitro model of mycobacterial infection. Using suppression-subtractive hybridization, we identified 12 differentially expressed genes in the human monocytic cell line U937 infected withM. tuberculosisandM. marinum. Of those genes, the most frequently recovered transcript encoded interleukin-8 (IL-8). Northern hybridization revealed that IL-8 mRNA was highly upregulated inM. tuberculosis-infected U937 cells compared withM. marinum-infected cells. In addition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that IL-8 protein secretion was significantly elevated inM. tuberculosis-infected U937 cells, human primary monocytes, and monocyte-derived macrophages compared with that inM. marinum-infected cells. The depressed IL-8 expression was unique inM. marinum-infected cells compared with cells infected with other strains of mycobacteria, includingM. tuberculosisH37Ra,Mycobacterium bovisBCG, orMycobacterium smegmatis. When the expression of NF-κB was assessed in mycobacterium-infected U937 cells, IκBα proteins were significantly degraded inM. tuberculosis-infected cells compared withM. marinum-infected cells. Collectively, these results suggest that differential IL-8 expression in human macrophages infected withM. tuberculosisandM. marinummay be critically associated with distinct host responses in tuberculosis. Additionally, our data indicate that differential signal transduction pathways may underlie the distinct patterns of IL-8 secretion in cells infected by the two mycobacteria.
Interleukin-18 Facilitates the Early Antimicrobial Host Response toEscherichia coliPeritonitis
Authors: Weijer Sebastiaan , Sewnath Miguel E. , de Vos Alex F. , Florquin Sandrine , van der Sluis Koen , Gouma Dirk J. , Takeda Kiyoshi , Akira Shizuo , van der Poll Tom 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTTo determine the role of endogenous interleukin-18 (IL-18) during peritonitis, IL-18 gene-deficient (IL-18 KO) mice and wild-type mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) infected withEscherichia coli, the most common causative agent found in septic peritonitis. Peritonitis was associated with a bacterial dose-dependent increase in IL-18 concentrations in peritoneal fluid and plasma. After infection, IL-18 KO mice had significantly more bacteria in the peritoneal lavage fluid and were more susceptible for progression to systemic infection at 6 and 20 h postinoculation than wild-type mice. The relative inability of IL-18 KO mice to clearE. colifrom the abdominal cavity was not due to an intrinsic defect in the phagocytosing capacity of their peritoneal macrophages or neutrophils. IL-18 KO mice displayed an increased neutrophil influx into the peritoneal cavity, but these migratory neutrophils were less activate, as reflected by a reduced CD11b surface expression. These data suggest that endogenous IL-18 plays an important role in the early antibacterial host response duringE. coli-induced peritonitis.
Construction and Evaluation of a Safe, Live, Oral
Vibrio cholerae
Vaccine Candidate, IEM108
Authors: Liang Weili , Wang Shixia , Yu Fenggang , Zhang Lijuan , Qi Guoming , Liu Yanqing , Gao Shouyi , Kan Biao 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT

IEM101, a
Vibrio cholerae
O1 El Tor Ogawa strain naturally deficient in CTXΦ, was previously selected as a live cholera vaccine candidate. To make a better and safer vaccine that can induce protective immunity against both the bacteria and cholera toxin (CT), a new vaccine candidate, IEM108, was constructed by introducing a
ctxB
gene and an El Tor-derived
rstR
gene into IEM101. The
ctxB
gene codes for the protective antigen CTB subunit, and the
rstR
gene mediates phage immunity. The stable expression of the two genes was managed by a chromosome-plasmid lethal balanced system based on the housekeeping gene
thyA
. Immunization studies indicate that IEM108 generates good immune responses against both the bacteria and CT. After a single-dose intraintestinal vaccination with 10
9
CFU of IEM108, both anti-CTB immunoglobulin G and vibriocidal antibodies were detected in the immunized-rabbit sera. However, only vibriocidal antibodies are detected in rabbits immunized with IEM101. In addition, IEM108 but not IEM101 conferred full protection against the challenges of four wild-type toxigenic strains of
V. cholerae
O1 and 4 μg of CT protein in a rabbit model. By introducing the
rstR
gene, the frequency of conjugative transfer of a recombinant El Tor-derived RS2 suicidal plasmid to IEM108 was decreased 100-fold compared to that for IEM101. This indicated that the El Tor-derived
rstR
cloned in IEM108 was fully functional and could effectively inhibit the El Tor-derived CTXΦ from infecting IEM108. Our results demonstrate that IEM108 is an efficient and safe live oral cholera vaccine candidate that induces antibacterial and antitoxic immunity and CTXΦ phage immunity.
Chimeric Dr Fimbriae with a Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Epitope as a Model for a Recombinant Vaccine
Authors: Zalewska Beata , Piątek Rafał , Konopa Graz˙yna , Nowicki Bogdan , Nowicki Stella , Kur Józef 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT

The potential of the major structural protein DraE of
Escherichia coli
Dr fimbriae has been used to display an 11-amino-acid peptide of glycoprotein D derived from herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1. The heterologous sequence mimicking an epitope from glycoprotein D was inserted in one copy into the
draE
gene in place of a predicted 11-amino-acid sequence in the N-terminal region of surface-exposed domain 2 within the conserved disulfide loop (from Cys21 to Cys53). The inserted epitope was displayed on the surface of the chimeric DraE protein as evidenced by immunofluorescence and was recognized by monoclonal antibodies to the target HSV glycoprotein D antigen. Conversely, immunization of rabbits with purified chimeric Dr-HSV fimbriae resulted in a serum that specifically recognized the 11-amino-acid epitope of HSV glycoprotein D, indicating the utility of the strategy employed.
Kinome Analysis of Host Response to Mycobacterial Infection: a Novel Technique in Proteomics
Authors: Hestvik Anne Lise K. , Hmama Zakaria , Av-Gay Yossef 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTAn array of mammalian phospho-specific antibodies was used to screen for a host response upon mycobacterial infection, reflected as changes in host protein phosphorylation. Changes in the phosphorylation state of 31 known signaling molecules were tracked after infection with live or heat killedMycobacterium bovisBCG or after incubation with the mycobacterial cell wall component lipoarabinomannan (LAM). Mycobacterial infection triggers a signaling cascade leading to activation of stress-activated protein kinase and its subsequent downstream target, c-Jun. Mycobacteria were also shown to inhibit the activation of protein kinase C ε and to induce phosphorylation of proteins not yet known to be involved in mycobacterial infection, such as the cytoskeletal protein α-adducin, glycogen synthase kinase 3β, and a receptor subunit involved in regulation of intracellular Ca2+levels. The mycobacterial cell wall component LAM has been identified as a trigger for some of these modulation events.
Up-Regulation of Interleukin-8 by Novel Small Cytoplasmic Molecules of NontypeableHaemophilus influenzaevia p38 and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Pathways
Authors: Wang Beinan , Cleary P. Patrick , Xu Haidong , Li Jian-Dong 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTNontypeableHaemophilus influenzae(NTHI) is an important etiological agent of otitis media (OM) and of exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). Inflammation is a hallmark of both diseases. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), one of the important inflammatory mediators, is induced by NTHI and may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Our studies demonstrated that a soluble cytoplasmic fraction (SCF) from NTHI induced much greater IL-8 expression by human epithelial cells than did NTHI lipooligosaccharides and envelope proteins. The IL-8-inducing activity was associated with molecules of ≤3 kDa from SCF and was peptidase and lipase sensitive, suggesting that small lipopeptides are responsible for the strong IL-8 induction. Moreover, multiple intracellular signaling pathways were activated in response to cytoplasmic molecules. The results indicated that the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Src-dependent Raf-1-Mek1/2-extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK MAPK) pathways are required for NTHI-induced IL-8 production. In contrast, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway did not affect IL-8 expression, although this pathway was concomitantly activated upon exposure to NTHI SCF. The PI3K-Akt pathway was also directly activated by IL-8 and significantly inhibited by an antagonist of IL-8 receptors during NTHI stimulation. These results indicated that the PI3K-Akt pathway is activated in response to IL-8 that is induced by NTHI and may lead to other important epithelial cell responses. This work provides insight into essential molecular and cellular events that may impact on the pathogenesis of OM and COPD and identifies rational targets for anti-inflammatory intervention.