bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
α7 but not α4 AChR subunit expression is regulated by light in developing primary visual cortex
Authors: Aztiria Eugenio , Gotti Cecilia , Domenici Luciano 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn the present paper we analyzed the expression pattern of the α4 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits in the rat visual cortex through postnatal development, to clarify whether their expression is developmentally regulated and whether eventual developmental changes are regulated by visual experience. We found that both α4 and α7 mRNA levels accumulate from postnatal day 12 (P12) before eye opening, to around P35. The immunohistochemical results indicated that both subunits are expressed throughout all cortical laminae, except layer I. α4 subunit immunohistochemistry revealed significant increments in the number of positive cells in layers V and VI after eye opening. In the case of the α7 subunit, the number of immunoreactive cells increased in all cortical layers soon after eye opening, except in layer VI, matching the results found at the transcriptional level. In animals reared in darkness from P9 to P22, the relative amount of the α4 mRNA and the number of immunoreactive cells exhibited no changes. 3H‐epibatidine binding experiments showed that the number of heteromeric nAChR subunitsin dark‐reared rats did not change with respect to age‐matched controls, thus confirming the immunohistochemical results. The mRNA of the α7 subunit remained stable in dark‐reared rats, whereas the number and distribution of immunoreactive cells changed. Moreover, the number of 125I αbungarotoxin‐binding nAChRs was significantly increased in dark‐reared animals. These results indicate that visual cortex stimulation by visual input is an essential step for α7 nAChR normal expression, suggesting a possible role for these receptors in an experience‐dependent fashion on the maturation of this cortical area. J. Comp. Neurol. 480:378–391, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TrkC kinase expression in distinct subsets of cutaneous trigeminal innervation and nonneuronal cells
Authors: Fünfschilling Ursula , Ng Yu‐Gie , Zang Keling , Miyazaki Jun‐Ichi , Reichardt Louis F. , Rice Frank L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractNeurotrophin‐activated receptor tyrosine kinases (Trks) regulate sensory neuron survival, differentiation, and function. To permanently mark cells that ever express TrkC‐kinase, mice with lacZ and GFP reporters of Cre recombinase activity were crossed with mice having IRES‐cre inserted into the kinase‐containing exon of the TrkC gene. Prenatal reporter expression matched published locations of TrkC‐expression. Postnatally, more trigeminal neurons and types of mystacial pad innervation expressed reporter than immunodetectable TrkC, indicating that some innervation transiently expresses TrkC‐kinase. Reporter‐tagged neurons include all those that immunolabel for TrkC, a majority for TrkB, and a small proportion for TrkA. TrkA neurons expressing TrkC‐reporter range from small to large size and supply well‐defined types of mystacial pad innervation. Virtually all small neurons and C‐fiber innervation requires TrkA to develop, but TrkC‐reporter is present in only a small proportion that uniquely innervates piloneural complexes of guard hairs and inner conical bodies of vibrissa follicle‐sinus complexes. TrkC‐reporter is expressed in nearly all presumptive Aδ innervation, which is all eliminated in TrkA knockouts and partially eliminated in TrkC knockouts. Many types of Aβ‐fiber innervation express TrkC‐reporter including all Merkel, spiny, and circumferentially oriented lanceolate endings, and some reticular and longitudinally oriented lanceolate endings. Only Merkel endings require TrkC to develop and survive, whereas the other endings require TrkA and/or TrkB. Thus, TrkC is required for the existence of some types of innervation that express TrkC, but may have different functions in others. Many types of nonneuronal cells affiliated with hair follicles and blood vessels also express TrkC‐reporter but lack immunodetectable TrkC. J. Comp. Neurol. 480:392–414, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural evidence for a direct excitatory pathway from the nucleus retroambiguus to lateral longissimus and quadratus lumborum motoneurons in the female golden hamster
Authors: Gerrits Peter O. , Mouton Leonora J. , Weerd Henk De , Georgiadis Janniko R. , Krukerink Marco , Holstege Gert 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDuring mating, the female golden hamster displays a stereotyped specific receptive posture, characterized by lordosis of the back, elevation of the tail, and extension of the legs. Muscles involved in this posture are thought to be iliopsoas, cutaneus trunci, lateral longissimus (LL), and quadratus lumborum (QL). Lesion studies in rats suggest that mating behavior is controlled by the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG). The PAG does not project directly to the motoneurons innervating the muscles involved in mating, but is thought to make use of the nucleus retroambiguus (NRA) as relay. The NRA is located ventrolaterally in the most caudal medulla, and projects directly to iliopsoas and cutaneus trunci motoneuronal cell groups. The question is whether this is also true for LL and QL muscles. Retrograde HRP tracing experiments revealed that LL and QL motoneurons are located medially in the ventral horn of the T12–L6 and T13–L4 segments, respectively. A subsequent ultrastructural study combined wheatgerm agglutinin‐conjugated horseradish peroxidase injections in the NRA with cholera‐toxin B‐subunit injections in LL and QL muscles. The results revealed monosynaptic contacts between anterogradely labeled NRA‐fiber terminals with retrogradely labeled dendrites of both LL and QL motoneurons. Almost all these terminals had asymmetrical synapses and contained spherical vesicles, suggesting an excitatory function of this NRA‐motoneuronal pathway. These results correspond with the hypothesis that in hamster the PAG‐NRA‐motoneuronal projection not only involves motoneurons of iliopsoas and cutaneus trunci but also of LL and QL. J. Comp. Neurol. 480:352–363, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subsurface addition emission model
Authors: Hatfield Allen 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSubsurface addition is commonly used in the chemical industry as a means of ensuring that the incoming reagent is distributed uniformly within a batch as the addition proceeds. The difference between subsurface addition and the typical above‐surface addition is in how the inlet liquid stream enters the vessel. When calculating the process vent emissions for an above‐surface addition one considers the partial pressure of the inlet stream components along with the batch components. This is because both mixtures have direct exposure to the vessel headspace during the addition process. For subsurface addition, volatile compounds that are contained in the inlet stream are exposed to the headspace only as they appear in the batch during the addition process. The purpose of this paper is to present a model for estimating the vent emissions for subsurface addition processes based on the integrated average liquid‐phase composition. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2004
Kinetic evaluation of a field‐scale activated sludge system for removing petroleum hydrocarbons from oilfield‐produced water
Authors: Tellez Gilbert T. , Nirmalakhandan N. , Gardea‐Torresdey Jorge L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractProduced water is the single largest volume of wastewater generated by the oil and gas industry. Toxic petroleum hydrocarbons found in oilfield‐produced waters have increasingly become the major environmental problem facing the U.S. and world oil and gas industry. Uncontrolled releases to the environment using outdated and inefficient technological control systems and methods have continually put surface and ground water environments at risk. In turn, this has placed the oil and gas industries with increasing environmental regulatory compliance costs. With the decline in oil and natural gas prices and the introduction of more stringent produced water surface discharge permit actions, many of these wells are nearing their economic limit. These low‐volume marginal wells are being plugged and abandoned because the production, maintenance, treatment, and disposal costs are higher than the selling price. Therefore, in an effort to keep many of our nation's mature oil and gas fields productive, alternative technologies must be evaluated. This research project provided a comprehensive treatment of produced waters using an activated sludge system. The kinetic coefficients determined resulted in a total petroleum hydrocarbon removal efficiency of 99% at a produced water flow rate of 1890 L/day, and a mean cell residence time of 20 days. Kinetic coefficients were determined to be 0.69 (mg/MLSS)/mg total n‐alkanes (TNA) and 0.01, 0.44, 2.00, and 0.27 day−1 for Y, kd, k, Ks, and μmax, respectively. © American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2004
Multivariate mixed proportional hazard modelling of the joint retirement of married couples
Authors: An Mark Y. , Christensen Bent Jesper , Gupta Nabanita Datta 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe analyse the joint distribution of the durations until retirement of Danish husbands and wives. We estimate a multivariate mixed proportional hazards model that allows for interdependence in the times to retirement of spouses. We find evidence of strong complementarities in leisure times. Symmetrically for husband and wife, low own income and poor health are found to induce individual retirement (prior to spouse's retirement), whereas low spousal income is not, and neither party is found likely to substitute own for purchased care when the spouse is in poor health. Furthermore, high wealth and low income are found to spur joint (simultaneous) retirement. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the distribution and dynamics of health care costs
Authors: French Eric , Jones John Bailey 
Published: November 2004

AbstractUsing data from the Health and Retirement Survey and the Assets and Health Dynamics of the Oldest Old survey, we estimate the stochastic process that determines both the distribution and dynamics of health care costs. We find that the data‐generating process for log health costs is well represented as the sum of a white noise process and a highly persistent AR(1) process. We also find that the innovations to this process can be modelled with a normal distribution that has been adjusted to capture the risk of catastrophic health care costs. Simulating this model, we find that in any given year 0.1% of households receive a health cost shock with a present value of at least $125,000. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How large is the bias in self‐reported disability?
Authors: Benítez‐Silva Hugo , Buchinsky Moshe , Man Chan Hiu , Cheidvasser Sofia , Rust John 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA pervasive concern with the use of self‐reported health measures in behavioural models is that individuals tend to exaggerate the severity of health problems in order to rationalize their decisions regarding labour force participation, application for disability benefits, etc. We re‐examine this issue using a self‐reported indicator of disability status from the Health and Retirement Study. We study a subsample of individuals who applied for disability benefits from the Social Security Administration (SSA), for whom we can also observe the SSA's decision. Using a battery of tests, we are unable to reject the hypothesis that self‐reported disability is an unbiased indicator of the SSA's decision. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic programming model estimates of Social Security Disability Insurance application timing
Authors: Burkhauser Richard V. , Butler J. S. , Gumus Gulcin 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis paper develops a dynamic programming model of the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) application timing decision. We estimate the time to application from the point at which a health condition first begins to affect the kind or amount of work that a currently employed person can do. We use Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and restricted access Social Security earnings data for estimation. Our results show that the type of work‐limiting health condition, presence of employer accommodation, and the relative value of income in the application state to income in the work state significantly affect the timing of SSDI application. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nerve growth factor and acetyl‐L‐carnitine evoked shifts in acetyl‐CoA and cholinergic SN56 cell vulnerability to neurotoxic inputs
Authors: Szutowicz Andrzej , Bielarczyk Hanna , Gul Sylwia , Zieliński Piotr , Pawełczyk Tadeusz , Tomaszewicz Maria 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDifferent groups of brain cholinergic neurons display variable susceptibility to similar neurotoxic inputs. The aim of this work was to find out whether changes in cholinergic phenotype may alter the availability of acetyl‐CoA in mitochondrial compartment and thereby the viability of cholinergic neurons. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) and retinoic acid caused differentiation (DC) of T17 TrkA(+) cholinergic neuroblastoma cells. In addition, it increased the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, Ca2+ accumulation and cytoplasmic acetyl‐CoA level, but decreased mitochondrial acetyl‐CoA and cell resistance to amyloid‐β(25–35) (Aβ) toxicity. Nerve growth factor (NGF) caused similar alterations in the nondifferentiated cells (NC). On the other hand, in DC NGF suppressed ChAT activity and elevated mitochondrial level of acetyl‐CoA but also caused a further increase of Ca2+ content and cell susceptibility to Aβ. The significant inverse correlation was found between ChAT activity and mitochondrial levels of acetyl‐CoA. Aβ markedly reduced the expression of cholinergic phenotype, acetyl‐CoA content, and viability of DC. These effects were absent or much less pronounced in NC. Acetyl‐L‐carnitine reversed suppressing effects of Aβ on acetyl‐CoA levels and ChAT activity but did not reverse increased mortality in DC. Presented data indicate that increased transmitter activity in highly differentiated cholinergic neurons, decreased acetyl‐CoA level in their mitochondrial compartment, and increased Ca2+ accumulation can make them more prone to neurotoxic conditions. Phenotype‐dependent changes in intracellular distribution of acetyl‐CoA thus play an important role in regulation of viability and transmitter function in brain cholinergic neurons. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ex vivo NMR study of lactate metabolism in rat brain under various depressed states
Authors: Serres Sébastien , Bezancon Eric , Franconi Jean‐Michel , Merle Michel 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBrain endogenous lactate metabolism was investigated by ex vivo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy study after the infusion of rats with a solution of glucose and lactate labeled as either [3‐13C]lactate or [1‐13C]glucose, when their cerebral activity was more or less depressed under the influence of either pentobarbital, αchloralose, or morphine. We found that: (1) the ratio between the enrichment of alanine C3 and that of glutamate C4, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) C2, glutamine C4, or aspartate C3 decreased from pentobarbital to αchloralose and morphine whatever the labeled precursor, indicating a link between metabolic and cerebral activity; (2) under glucose + [3‐13C]lactate infusion, alanine C3 and acetyl‐CoA C2 enrichments were higher than that of lactate C3, revealing the occurrence of an isotopic dilution of the brain exogenous lactate (arising from the blood) by lactate from the brain (endogenous lactate), and that the latter was synthesized from glycolysis in a compartment other than neurons; and (3) the contribution of labeled glucose and lactate to acetyl‐CoA and amino acid enrichment indicated that the involvement of blood glucose relative to that of blood lactate to brain metabolism was correlated with cerebral activity. The evolution of metabolite enrichments, however, indicated that the cerebral activity‐dependent increase in the contribution of blood glucose relative to that of blood lactate to brain metabolism occurred partly via the increase in lactate metabolism generated from astrocytic glycolysis. These findings support the hypothesis for an astrocyte–neuron lactate shuttle component in the coupling mechanism between cerebral activity and energy metabolism. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nitric oxide from inflammatory‐activated glia synergizes with hypoxia to induce neuronal death
Authors: Mander Palwinder , Borutaite Vilma , Moncada Salvador , Brown Guy C. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractInflammatory‐activated glia are seen in numerous central nervous system (CNS) pathologies and can kill nearby neurons through the release of cytotoxic mediators. Glia, when activated, can express the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) producing high levels of nitric oxide (NO), which can kill neurons in certain conditions. We show, however, that inflammatory activation of glia in a mature culture of cerebellar granule neurons and glia causes little or no neuronal death under normal (21%) oxygen conditions. Similarly, hypoxia (2% oxygen) or low levels of an NO donor (100 μM DETA/NO) caused little or no neuronal death in nonactivated cultures. If inflammatory activation of glia or addition of NO donor was combined with hypoxia, however, extensive neuronal death occurred. Death in both cases was prevented by the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker MK‐801, implying that death was mediated by the glutamate receptor. Low levels of NO were found to increase the apparent KM of cellular oxygen consumption for oxygen, probably due to NO‐induced inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, in competition with oxygen, at cytochrome oxidase. Necrotic death, induced by hypoxia plus DETA/NO, was increased further by deoxyglucose, an inhibitor of glycolysis, suggesting that necrosis was mediated by energy depletion. Hypoxia was found to be a potent stimulator of microglia proliferation, but this proliferation was not significant in inflammatory‐activated cultures. These results suggest that low levels of NO can induce neuronal death under hypoxic conditions, mediated by glutamate after NO inhibition of respiration in competition with oxygen. Brain inflammation can thus sensitize to hypoxia‐induced death, which may be important in pathologies such as stroke, neurodegeneration, and brain aging. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diversity and abundance of Bacteria and Archaea in the Bor Khlueng Hot Spring in Thailand
Authors: Kanokratana Pattanop , Chanapan Supavadee , Pootanakit Kusol , Eurwilaichitr Lily 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe prokaryotic diversity in the Bor Khlueng hot spring in Ratchaburi province, Thailand was investigated by a culture‐independent molecular approach. This hydrothermal pool is located in the central part of Thailand and contains sulfide‐rich mineral water that is believed to relieve muscle ache and pain. The water flow year‐round with temperature ranging between 50–57 °C. Community DNA was extracted directly from sediment samples by coring to depth of ∼20–30 cm. Small‐subunit rRNA genes (16S rDNA) were amplified by PCR using primers specific for the domains Archaea and Bacteria. The PCR products were cloned and sequenced. For the bacterial rDNA clone library, 200 clones were randomly selected for further analyses. After restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of rDNA clones and exclusion of chimeric sequences 36 phylotypes were obtained. The Bor Khlueng phylotypes spanned a wide range within the domain Bacteria, occupying eleven major lineages (phyla). Almost a quarter (23%) of the clones were classifed as Acidobacteria. The other clones were grouped into the Bacteriodetes (19%), Nitrospirae (13%), Proteobacteria (12%), Deinococcus‐Thermus lineage (11%), planctomycetes (6%), and Verrucomicrobia (5%). The four remaining phyla, 5% each, were assigned to Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, and the candidate division “OP10”. For the archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequence library, 25 distinct phylotypes were obtained, 17 clones were found to be associated with Crenarahaeota and 8 clones were associated with Euryarachaeota. The findings of the molecular survey of this so far not investigated site showed that Bor Khlueng hot spring is a potential rich source of unique bacterial and archaeal species. The great majority (∼80%) of the prokaryotic sequences detected in Bor Khlueng were unknown. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparison of Botryosphaeran production by the ascomyceteous fungus Botryosphaeria sp., grown on different carbohydrate carbon sources, and their partial structural features
Authors: Steluti Rosangela M. , Giese Ellen C. , Piggato Mariane M. , Sumiya Andressa F. G. , Covizzi Luiz G. , Job Aldo E. , Cardoso Marilsa S. , De Lourdes Corradi Da Silva Maria , Dekker Robert F. H. , Barbosa Aneli M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe influence of glucose concentration and other carbohydrates (monosaccharides: fructose, galactose, mannose; polyols: mannitol and sorbitol; disaccharides: lactose, sucrose and commercial sucrose; and industrial sugarcane molasses) were compared as sole carbon sources for the production of Botryosphaeran, an exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Botryosphaeria sp. The optimum glucose concentration for EPS production was 50 g l–1. With the exception of mannitol, the fungus produced EPS on all carbon sources studied, with highest yields occurring with sucrose followed by glucose. All EPS showed exclusively glucose after acid hydrolysis and monosaccharide analysis. FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated the presence of β‐anomers indicating that all the EPS produced by Botryosphaeria sp. on the different carbon sources were essentially of the β‐D‐glucan type. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Selection of cultivation medium for production of late stationary phase serine proteinases from Bacillus intermedius
Authors: Balaban Nelly , Gabdrakhmanova Leila , Sharipova Margarita , Sokolova Evgeniya , Malikova Lilia , Mardanova Ayslu , Rudenskaya Galina , Leshchinskaya Inna 
Published: November 2004

AbstractB. intermedius have been shown previously to secrete two serine proteinases: glutamyl endopeptidase 2 and subtilisin 2 during the late stationary phase, with maximal levels of the enzymes activities recorded at the 40th and 44th hours of growth, respectively. In the current study, we analyzed the impact of various culture medium components on biosynthesis of these proteinases. Yeast extract and gelatin did not stimulate the enzymes biosynthesis. However, on the medium containing 0.1% casein subtilisin 2 production increased to reach 140%. Biosynthesis of both serine proteinases, produced by B. intermedius at the late stationary phase, were found to be inhibited by individual amino acids, and to be insensitive to catabolite repression. In order to maximise enzyme production, the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ at concentration of 5 mM was shown to be necessary. Based on the results of this work, the composition of a complex culture media for the effective production of late stationary phase proteinases by B. intermedius was developed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)