bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No Woman No Cry: Claiming African American Women’s Place
Authors: Morgan Marcyliena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My work requires me to think about how free I can be as an African-American woman writer in my genderized, sexualized, wholly racialized world. To think about (and wrestle with) the full implications of my situation leads me to consider what happens when other writers work in a highly and historically racialized society. For them, as for me, imagining is not merely looking or looking at; nor is it taking oneself intact into the other. It is, for the purposes of the work, becoming.
Do Future Possible Children have a Just Claim to a Sufficiently Healthy Genome?
Authors: Fleck Leonard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The work that has been done in genetics over the past two decades is raising numerous questions related to health care justice. Certainly Rawls took as a fixed starting point the genetic endowment of each individual—individuals could be fortunate or unfortunate so far as their health prospects were concerned in relation to their genetic endowment, but there were no relevant matters of justice to be discussed. That is clearly no longer true today. Here is a sampling of the kinds of issues we are face with today.
Organ Transplantation when is Enough Enough?
Authors: Fleck Leonard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In exploring the ethical issues associated with organ procurement we start with the recognition that: organ transplantation represents a successful medical technology (nonexperimental, high probability of significant prolongation of life); but it is an expensive technology (in a society obviously concerned about escalating health costs and a broad range of competing unmet health needs), and there is a shortage of actually procured organs (relative to the pool of potentially procurable organs and need for these organs), which means that thousands of individuals die each year who could have been saved if we had been more aggressive in procuring these organs. This last phrase is suggestive of a certain moral urgency such that some might argue that failure to increase the supply of transplantable organs is morally blameworthy. But is this true? To what extent are we morally obligated as a society, or as health professionals in the transplant community, to maximize the supply of transplantable organs once we have reasonably successful transplant capacities? This is the fundamental moral question that will shape this chapter. Other questions of justice in organ transplantation that deserve our attention include retransplantation and multi-organ transplants. In both these cases, the perception is that individuals are getting “more than their fair share” of an absolutely scarce good. How should democratic deliberators think through that issue?
Introduction
Authors: Cappelli Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the headline-grabbing developments in the work place concern trends in the economy as a whole, such as the growth in employee involvement or the increase in downsizing. Our previous study for the New American Realities Committee, Change at Work, examined these trends. But it is an open secret that the attention given to trends in the workplace masks the fact that the range of experience with any of these practices is huge: Despite the downsizing trend, there are a great many employers that still provide employment security, just as there are those that never did. The overall trend toward increased employee participation comprises some employers that embrace the notion fully and others that continue to reject it. Relatively little popular attention has been given to understanding the range of experience with such workplace practices as these.
Introducing the Concept of Managing Death in the ICU
Authors: Curtis J Randall , Rubenfeld Gordon D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the medical professions and among the lay public, there is growing concern that excessive resources are used to provide un wanted life-sustaining medical care for patients at the end of their lives. Many authors have criticized the high cost of dying in our society and have proposed solutions to decrease the cost of end-of-life care/ while others have questioned whether changing the way we provide care at the end of life will save money. Several well-conceived and carefully executed interventions to decrease costs and improve the quality of end-of-life care have been unsuccessful. While the general public has expressed increasing concern that medical care at the end of life is poor and that death will be unnecessarily prolonged by technological, invasive, and impersonal treatment, patients and providers are worried that managed care may limit access to potentially life-saving, but expensive, treat ments. In this complex and contradictory environment, clinicians are struggling to provide the highest quality medical care for many dying patients in intensive care units around the world.
The Changing Nature of Death in the ICU
Authors: Luce John M , Prendergast Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intensive care units proliferated in the United States and other developed countries in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s alongside advances in medical knowledge, improvements in artificial ventilation, the introduction of cardiac monitoring, and the need for prolonged support following complex surgeries. This proliferation was influenced by physician demands that new technologies be made available for their patients and by willingness on the part of hospitals to meet these demands. Such willingness stemmed from the need to remain competitive, the desire to attract the best physicians and their patients—by providing state-of-the-art treatment—and the fact that hospitals and physicians alike were reimbursed on a fee-for-service basis. In the mid-1980s, over 90% of all American acute care hospitals had at least one ICU, and U.S. expenditures for critical care approached $15 billion, or 11% of all acute care costs.
Outcome Prediction in the ICU
Authors: Kollef Marin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major goals of intensive care can be simplified as the following: to save the lives of salvageable patients with reversible medical conditions and to offer the dying a peaceful and dignified death. Prognostic information can be viewed as a tool for accomplishing and facilitating these primary goals. This may occur, in part, by enabling clinicians to provide understandable information to patients and their families to facilitate decision making processes regarding the level of desired medical support. The accurate prediction of patient-specific outcomes is, and will continue to be, an important area of clinical research that has the real potential to influence medical practices. Physicians, nurses, patients and their families, health care administrators, government agencies, and health insurance companies all require accurate and assessible data on which to base their decision-making processes. Within ICUs, with their large quantity of clinical data (e.g., ventilator alarms, laboratory re ports, family questions and concerns, medication infusions, hemodynamic monitoring data), refinements in our ability to identify important data, collect and process that data accurately and inexpensively, and use it to guide medical decision-making at the bedside will be the necessary focus of future research efforts. To effectively achieve the major goals of intensive care, especially as they relate to the management of the dying patient, we may need to develop new strategies for the delivery of health care at the end of life.
Transdisciplinary Research to Understand the Role of Bias and Heuristics
Authors: Cook Deborah J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Results from biomedical, social science, and psycho logical studies of end-of-life decision making are just beginning to be integrated into care for patients in the ICU. Concurrent with this trend are qualitative investigations into decision making at the end of life, an increasing understanding of the ICU as a social world, and calls to assess the ethical and social inffuences of the use of life support technologies. In this chapter the use of these methods toward understanding end-of-life care in the ICU will be discussed by means of examples from the critical care literature and through a transdisciplinary perspective.
The Role of the Physician Sacred End-of-life Rituals in the ICU
Authors: Miles Steven H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The alien and overwhelming power of the ICU often eclipses a patient’s personal identity. Ordinarily this submersion of a patient’s personal life in the culture, behaviors, expectations, values, dress, and language of this technical milieu is acceptable for the pursuit of technical healing. Sometimes, however, the ICU is needed to palliate dying or to manage a life support technology—dependent patient as its tools are judiciously removed. In such situations, the overwhelming culture of the ICU can fail to accommodate the ways those patients and their families draw meaning and solace from their personal lives and culture in the face of death. Many people find such strength, purpose, and solace in affirming faiths, rituals, and membership in spiritual communities. Physicians must understand why spiritual life should be accommodated in medical settings during dying. They must learn that this accommodation is equally important and especially difficult in ICUs. An ICU can accommodate a meaningful death.
An International Perspective on Death in the ICU
Authors: Fisher Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The complex rituals and practices associated with death and dying vary among countries. Over the last 15 years, developed countries have shown a major interest in the period of dying, particularly as to the appropriate application and withdrawal of artificial forms of life support. The provision of a comfortable, dignified death was once a priority for the medical and nursing professions. In learning to use life support technology, medicine in developed countries focused on prolonging life, which, for some patients, led to a prolongation of suffering. This focus on life preservation led to the loss of the traditional skills of the healing professions in dealing with the dying patient. Much of the current literature on appropriate care of the dying stems from a desire to recapture those skills. Many factors, from both within the health professions and society at large, influence the international variability in end of-life care in the ICU. Unfortunately, there is relatively little data on which to base formal comparisons between countries. Five factors that influence the variability in practice across countries are economic, cultural and religious, and legal issues and medical training.
Cancer
Authors: Back Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients with cancer are most commonly admitted to an ICU for postoperative recovery, respiratory failure, sepsis, or multiorgan system failure. Less commonly, the indication for admission is a complication of progressive cancer (such as pericardial tamponade) or a complication of anticancer therapy (such as neutropenic sepsis). Overall, the most common cause of death for patients with cancer in ICUs is infection, rather than pro gressive cancer. However, the exact cause of death may be difficult to identify clinically, and in one autopsy study that included 69% of the deaths in a medical oncology ICU, the clinically identified cause of death was correct in only 41% of cases.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Heffner John E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pre sents considerable challenges and unique opportunities for physicians who care for critically ill patients at the end of life. This disease is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States, afflicting 30 to 35 million Americans, one half of whom have symptomatic disease. Patients with symptomatic disease follow a progressive course over several decades, experiencing a more rapid loss of lung function than age-matched, nonsmoking individuals. This gradual and predictable deterioration of lung function provides an opportunity for patients and their physicians to anticipate the general nature of future respiratory health events and initiate timely advance care planning.
Special Concerns for Infants and Children
Authors: Robinson Walter M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The death of a child in the pediatric ICU is an important but relatively rare occurrence. The total number of deaths from all causes in all locations under the age of 14 is 15,000 per year, with the major causes of mortality being accidents, congenital malformations, and malignant neoplasm. In the United States, the incidence of children needing intensive care is approximately 200 per 100,000. Intensive care for children is generally segregated by age, with neonates being treated in separate intensive care nurseries and those born healthy and older children being cared for in pediatric ICUs. There are similarities but also some important differences in the management of death in the different locations.
An Industry Transformed
Authors: Belzer Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The new regulatory regime—designed to subject the trucking industry to market forces—has changed the economic environment for the industry and its workers. Before 1977 the trucking industry was a utility, regulated and tied to the public trust. Regulatory restructuring forced carriers to repackage themselves as niche producers, focusing their energies on definable markets and customer needs. Compelled by the market to redesign business strategies forged over decades, successful carriers that could find markets which fit their expertise and capital structures succeeded. Those that could not went out of business.
The Background for Organization Ethics
Authors: Spencer Edward M , Mills Ann E , Rorty Mary V , Werhane Patricia H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scrutiny of the ethical operations of larger non-healthcare-related corporations is not new. Beginning shortly after the Watergate scandal, both governmental watchdog agencies and private groups have been showing an increasing interest in how corporations address ethical issues. Recent specific cases of ethically problematic activities in a number of corporations have received particular attention and criticism, and, within the corporations themselves, have led to the development of compliance and ethics programs as attempts to meet the criticism. Originally, the mission of these programs was not always focused on the ethical climate of the organization or on the details of the decision-making process within the organization. Rather, illegal activities such as fraud, improper handling of funds, unscrupulous practices, or overtly immoral behavior (usually sexual harassment issues) constituted the majority of cases of concern. Such programs that developed along these lines were more clearly compliance programs than ethics programs, although they were often labeled “ethics.” The aim of a compliance program is to make sure a company complies with regulations, laws, and those societal norms for which there is general consensus.
Business Ethics and Organization Ethics
Authors: Spencer Edward M , Mills Ann E , Rorty Mary V , Werhane Patricia H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Business ethics, as an area of applied ethics, is the study of ethics and economics, the analysis of individual and company decision making, and the examination of codes, rules, and principles that govern business conduct. Business ethics also seeks to understand, describe, and evaluate business practices, institutions, and managerial actions in light of some concept of human good or human rights. Business is usually identified with certain utilitarian ends, e.g., profitability, economic sustainability, productivity, innovation, growth, and/or economic well-being, and ordinarily these are goals that also increase human satisfaction. A business that was unprofitable, engaged in risky choices that undermined its survivability, did not grow, or lost jobs for its employees would be judged as poorly managed and detrimental to human good.
We also appeal to other values in evaluating business decision making, actions, and outcomes: those of commonly accepted morality. A firm that consistently mistreats or does not respect its employees, that engages in unfair business practices, cheats its suppliers or customers, wantonly pollutes, or misrepresents its assets and liabilities is judged to be a bad company. Managers that perpetuate these practices, even if they are within the letter of current law, are judged to be morally bad managers.
Conclusion
Authors: Spencer Edward M , Mills Ann E , Rorty Mary V , Werhane Patricia H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have defined organization ethics, we have applied various ethics approaches to organization ethics, and we have called attention to numerous divergent forces that have a negative impact on healthcare organizations today. Before moving to the practical task of instituting organization ethics programs, let us summarize our argument.
In Chapter 1 we suggested some provisional definitions of organization ethics. There we quoted the Virginia Bioethics Network definition:
Organization ethics consists of a process to address ethical issues associated with patient care, with the business, financial, and management areas of healthcare organizations, as well as with professional, educational, and contractual relationships affecting the operation of the HCO.
It is difficult, however, to spell out the ethics of an organization, in contrast to the ethics of the individuals, such as professionals, managers, clinicians, and patients, who act independently and as agents for an organization. To begin, we argued in Chapter 2 that organizations, like individuals, are moral agents, but unlike individual people they are collective moral agents that depend on other agents (individuals and groups of individuals) to act on their behalf. We discussed the shortcomings of thinking about organizations as self-contained, closed, formal entities, analogous to autonomous individuals.
Menstruation in Western Civilization
Authors: Coutinho Elsimar M , Segal Sheldon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the hundreds of thousands of years of the prehistoric epoch, with life based on hunting and gathering, the role of women was perceived as producing a child, preferably a man-child. The status of human females began to change when people moved into collective groups, taking up agriculture and abandoning nomadic life. The beginning of agriculture permitted the development of villages, towns, and cities. Social organization began, with tasks and roles allotted to men and women. Agriculture started around eight thousand years before Christ in the plateaus of the Middle East and later extended to the valleys and riverbanks of that region. People abandoned nomadic existence in exchange for a more stable life.
Western civilization is believed to have begun in Sumer and other nearby settlements of southernmost Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, around three thousand five hundred years before the common era (B.C.). People came together in one area, shared their skills and knowledge, and began urban life. From primitive writings in Mesopotamia, modern man has acquired knowledge of the history of the Sumerians, the Babylonians, and the Syrians. The thousands of documents left as clay tablets by the writers of that distant age make it possible to imagine today the lives of those early ancestors at the dawn of civilization.
Menstruation: The Basis of Therapeutic Bloodletting
Authors: Coutinho Elsimar M , Segal Sheldon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When ancient Greece stood as the fountain of medical knowledge in the Western world, menstruation was considered beneficial to women’s health. This positive interpretation reflected the opinion of prestigious doctors, influenced by the legendary Hippocrates, the father of medicine. Not understanding why women bled periodically, Hippocrates based his favorable opinion on the observation that the arrival of the menstrual period brought noticeable relief of symptoms for women who suffered severe headaches, nervous tension, and other physical symptoms in the premenstrual days. Unaware of ovulation or even of blood circulation, the founder of observation-based medicine could only interpret the menstrual flow as the natural way to alleviate the monthly distress of many women. He had no way of knowing that the premenstrual days were physiologically a part of the cyclical events that centered around ovulation and terminated with menstruation itself. He reasoned that since neither men nor pregnant women suffered from the periodic mood changes and physical symptoms that affected non-pregnant women, they had no reason to bleed.
Process Theories and Narrative Explanation
Authors: Poole Marshall Scott , Van de Ven Andrew H , Dooley Kevin , Holmes Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the variance approach offers good explanations of continuous change driven by deterministic causation, this is a limited way to conceptualize change and development. It overlooks many critical and interesting aspects of change processes. However, because most organizational scholars have been taught a version of social science that depends on variance methods and because methods for narrative research are not well developed, researchers tend to conceptualize process problems in variance terms. One can see the “law of the hammer” in operation here: Give a child a hammer, and everything seems made to be hit; give a social scientist variables and the general linear model, and everything seems made to be factored, regressed, and fit.
Conclusion
Authors: Poole Marshall Scott , Van de Ven Andrew H , Dooley Kevin , Holmes Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the vast majority of research to date has focused on the first question, recently there has been a growing interest in the second question, which is concerned with the temporal sequence of events that unfold as an organizational entity changes over time. Process studies are fundamental to understanding the dynamics of organizational life and to the development and testing of theories of organizational creation, innovation, adaptation, and termination. However, a dearth of systematic and codified research methods for studying question 2, relative to the abundance of methods for studying question 1, has impeded many scholars in their attempts to conduct process studies. We wrote this book to address this problem by presenting a theoretical framework and a family of research methods for studying processes of organizational change.
Guillain-Barr é Syndrome
Authors: Kissel John T , Cornblath David R , Mendell Jerry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As recently as 1980, Cuillain-Barre syndrome was considered an idiopathic peripheral nervous system disorder defined by clinical, electrophysiologic, and spinal fluid findings, which was poorly understood in terms of pathophysiologic mechanisms . No specific treatment was known or proven, and management consisted entirely of supportive care. Since that time, there has been an explosion of knowledge concerning the causes and pathogenesis of the group of conditions classified under the term “Cuillain-Barre syndrome” (Table 9-1), and several treatment modalities have been demonstrated to be effective for the condition.