bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health, Nutrition, and the Roots of World Population Growth
Authors: Marshall Carter L. 
Published: May 2005

As concern over the expansion of world population has grown, much of this “population explosion” has been attributed to the introduction of modern medical and public health techniques in developing countries. There is little evidence, however, to support this belief. Malaria eradication, immunization programs, improved sanitation, and the use of antibiotics are cited as examples of the kind of medical intervention that has sent death rates into downward spirals on a global basis. Yet what is often ignored is the fact that, while each of these measures is medically effective, none is universally applied, a condition that must be achieved before the potential value of these measures can be realized. Sustained population growth has been found to precede the development of medicine and public health as effective weapons against mortality, both in the population expansion of Europe, which began in the 17th century, and in that of modern developing countries. This article postulates that the roots of the present population crisis are to be found in a worldwide improvement in nutrition that is based less on the amount of food produced than on a greatly enhanced capacity to distribute it. Better food distribution in Europe followed in the wake of the Industrial Revolution and reached the developing countries late in the 19th century as the Third World came increasingly under the political domination of the West.
The Design, Implementation, and Acceptance of a Primary Care-Based Intervention to Prevent Depression Relapse
Authors: Ludman Evette , Von Korff Michael , Katon Wayne , Lin Elizabeth , Simon Greg , Walker Ed , Unützer Jürgen , Bush Terry , Wahab Stephanie 
Published: May 2005

Objective: This article describes the conceptual underpinnings, implementation, and participation rates of a twelve-month low-intensity primary care-based intervention to prevent depression relapse. The intervention was designed to address the inherent problems in delivery of effective maintenance treatment in a population based sample of primary care patients. Methods: Patients at high risk of relapse based on psychiatric history who recovered from depression six to eight weeks after initiation of pharmacotherapy by their primary care physician were eligible; 194 were randomized to receive the intervention. The intervention combined education about depression, motivation-enhancing shared decision-making regarding the use of maintenance pharmacotherapy, and cognitive-behavioral strategies. The program included two visits with a Depression Prevention Specialist working in tandem with the primary care physician at the primary care clinic, with supervision and back up from a consulting psychiatrist, proactive follow-up telephone calls and mailed personalized feedback. Results: Ninety-three percent of patients attended both in-person visits; 97 percent attended one visit. Eighty percent of patients completed all three follow-up telephone calls, and 85 percent returned at least one mailed feedback form; 48 percent returned all four forms. Offered a menu of options for self-management, most patients chose medication as well as a variety of behavioral strategies. At six months, 72 percent of patients and at twelve months 62 percent of patients remained on antidepressant medication. Conclusions: We conclude that it is feasible to integrate a low intensity, twelve-month relapse prevention intervention for depression into a primary care clinic.
Clozapine Therapy in Patients with Neurologic Illness
Authors: Sajatovic Martha , Ramirez Luis 
Published: May 2005

Objective: This review will analyze the use of clozapine in patients with neurologic illness. Methods: A review of the literature was performed. Attention is focused particularly on patients with seizure disorder, head injury, mental retardation, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, tardive dyskinesia, and selected other neurological disorders. Results: This review discusses clinical difficulties/issues associated with clozapine therapy in patients with a variety of neurological disorders. Conclusion: Although clozapine therapy should be reserved for those patients who are refractory to conventional psychotropic medications, when used appropriately it may offer a safe and effective way of improving quality of life for patients with behavioral symptoms and neurologic illness.
Brief Intervention for Co-Occurring Anxiety and Depression in Primary Care: A Pilot Study
Authors: Lang Ariel J. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief cognitive-behavioral intervention for co-occurring anxiety and depression in primary care patients. Method: Participants in this study were 35 veterans seeking care from a VA primary care clinic. Patients were selected for inclusion in this study based on mild to moderate levels of self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression. Participants received four weekly sessions of cognitive behavioral intervention for their symptoms. The effectiveness of this intervention was compared with the passage of time alone. Measured outcomes included symptoms of anxiety and depression and quality of life. Results: Statistical testing demonstrated that the intervention led to significant reductions in depression and anxiety and improved role functioning. These changes were maintained except for some return of anxiety over a one-month follow-up period following the end of treatment. Conclusions: This study shows that primary care patients with co-occurring anxiety and depression can be successfully treated with a brief cognitive-behavioral intervention. It is also a test of a flexible treatment approach, whereby the patient and clinician together select the focus of the intervention. Limitations of this pilot work, including patient attrition, are discussed. Further research will be necessary to refine the intervention for primary care patients and to test its effectiveness.
Training Family Practice Residents in Psychiatry: An Ambulatory Care Training Model
Authors: Matorin Anu A. , Ruiz Pedro 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To demonstrate the importance of providing psychiatric training to primary care practitioners in ambulatory care settings. Additionally, to describe the model used for this purpose in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences of the University of Texas Medical School at Houston in order to further stimulate educational opportunities on this topic. Method: A review of the psychiatric curriculum offered to family practice residents during their PGY-2 year one-month rotation in psychiatry at the University of Texas Mental Sciences Institute is provided. Emphasis is given to key areas of the curriculum such as: knowledge, skills, and attitude development. Special focus on the clinical and educational experiences is also offered for the purpose of providing unique perspectives about the curriculum methodology. Results: The careful assessment of the feedback obtained from the family practice residents who were exposed to this ambulatory training model demonstrates that this type of setting was satisfactory for the teaching of psychiatry to primary care residents. Conclusions: Primary care residents have always treated a large number of psychiatric patients. Given the current status of our health care system, primary care practitioners should have even a greater role in the future delivery of psychiatric services. In this article, we offer a model of training for primary care residents in psychiatry, which emphasize cost-effectiveness, high quality of care, and ambulatory care settings.
Mood Disorders Associated with Acoustic Neuromas
Authors: Kalayam Balu , Young Robert C. , Tsuboyama Gabriel K. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The primary purpose of this article is the presentation of three cases of manic and mixed states associated with an acoustic neuroma, and review of the literature on psychiatric symptoms accompanied by the tumor. Methods: The cases were identified from 830 consecutive inpatient psychiatric admissions over age fifty-five years. Patients were assessed using a Structured Clinical Interview (SCID-R), and met DSM-III-R criteria for the diagnosis of bipolar disorder. The psychopathology seen in acoustic neuroma patients and the pathophysiologic mechanisms proposed to explain them are reviewed. Results: The cases we report differ from other cases in the literature in that psychiatric symptoms began pre-operatively and remained for long periods post-operatively. The psychiatric signs and symptoms reported in acoustic neuroma patients are usually described as transient, and these include mood changes, agitation, persecutory delusions, hallucinations, and memory loss and confusional episodes. The disruption of brainstem structures including the auditory pathways, the cerebellum and the ascending reticular system may contribute to mood changes. Systematic studies are necessary to examine their relationship. Although psychological reactions attributable to surgery and facial paralysis may serve as contributory factors the evidence for their role was not striking in the cases we report.
Impact Evaluation of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)
Authors: Becker Harold K. , Agopian Michael W. , Yeh Sandy 
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) on fifth-grade students in the Long Beach Unified School District in Long Beach, California. The research suggests that DARE does not significantly change the amount of drug use, which is minimal at the fifth grade level. In general, children receiving DARE during the study period maintained existing levels of drug abuse. Approximately 3,000 students participated in the study. A pretest and posttest self-report survey was utilized during the Fall 1989 semester for experimental and control groups. As DARE programs gain popularity in other school districts, school administrators need more information on the program to decide if DARE should be presented in their schools. Administrative decision-making must consider program effectiveness and curriculum time constraints.
Social Support and Social Action Organizing in a “Grey Ghetto”: The Tenderloin Experience
Authors: Minkler Meredith , Frantz Sheryl , Wechsler Robin 
Published: May 2005

The Tenderloin Senior Outreach Project (TSOP) is presented as a case study of effective community-based organizing among the isolated elderly in one of America's large “grey ghettos.” Based on the theoretical underpinnings of social support theory and Freire's “education for critical consciousness,” the Project has attempted to address the interrelated problems of poor health, social isolation and powerlessness endemic among the elderly in Single Room Occupancy hotels. The Project's metamorphosis is traced from a university-sponsored community development effort to a community-controlled organization focused on broad social action objectives. The transference of leadership from health education facilitators to indigenous elderly leaders within the hotels is examined, as are some of the strategies employed in increasing Project visibility, preventing burn-out, and facilitating replication in other areas.
Clock Tests in Depression, Alzheimer's Disease, and Elderly Controls
Authors: Herrmann N. , Kidron D. , Shulman K. I. , Kaplan E. , Binns M. , Leach L. , Freedman M. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: While clock-drawing tests are commonly used to screen for cognitive impairment in the elderly, little is known about the performance of elderly depressives. Methods: We compared thirty-three patients with major depression to forty-two Alzheimer's disease and thirty age-matched controls on clock-drawing, copying, and reading. Results: Patients with Alzheimer's disease had significantly lower scores on clock-drawing, copying, and reading than patients with depression or the controls (p < 0.05). Patients with depression did not differ significantly from controls on quantitative scores or qualitative errors. Conclusions: Clock tests may be useful for identifying depressed patients with underlying dementia.
Instant Communication Processes
Authors: Laner Frances J. 
Published: May 2005

Communication, as a basic process for exchanges between individuals or groups, involves the development and use of various systems. Focusing on fundamental elements of one system—speech (language) and its formalized extension, writing, the author describes instant techniques or processes for overcoming obstacles to effective communications. In particular, emphasis will be given to the role of the communicator-educator involved in the development and training efforts to improve day-to-day exchanges among working groups. Such efforts have been retarded through complicated language structures and an overconfident reliance on elaborate devices and myriads of machines and equipment. In addition, the escalating changes in many fields have contributed to frustrations and complexities in achieving goals. To overcome the problems, recommendations stress the importance of a recall of basic principles of communication in the language-writing system and an understanding of the processes involved. Techniques described represent simple practical solutions available for instant adoption by the educator in meeting current needs.
Psychiatric Symptomsc, Functional Impairment, and Receptivity toward Mental Health Treatment among Obstetrical Patients
Authors: Birndorf Catherine A. , Madden Alison , Portera Laura , Leon Andrew C. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To examine psychiatric symptomatology and associated functional impairment among pregnant women; and to examine the obstetrical patient's receptivity to discussion of and intervention regarding emotional distress. Methods: Fifty-seven patients 16 weeks or less pregnant presenting for routine obstetrical appointments at a faculty practice at a major medical center participated in this study. Each completed a self-administered assessment packet regarding psychopathology, functional impairment and service utilization attitudes. Statistical analyses were performed using chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: Seventeen subjects (29.8 percent) screened positive for at least one anxiety disorder. Fourteen of those subjects also screened positive for depression. Those with positive screens for either anxiety and/or depression had significantly higher levels of functional impairment. Only five (29.4 percent) of the 17 subjects with positive screens reported having discussed an emotional issue with their Ob/Gyn, although 14 (82.4 percent) said that they would be willing to do so. All subjects (100 percent) reported that they would see a mental health professional if their Ob/Gyn referred them. Conclusion: Routine screens for mental disorders in early pregnancy appear to be a useful adjunct in an obstetrical setting. Although most had never discussed their emotional concerns with their Ob/Gyn, a substantial proportion of our study sample reported psychiatric symptomatology and significant levels of functional impairment that had not been recognized by their Ob/Gyn. All of the patients in our study sample reported a willingness to see a mental health professional if their Ob/Gyn referred them. Further studies investigating the benefits of antenatal diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders are warranted.
Gender Differences in the Sexual Behavior of Latino Adolescents: An Exploratory Study in a Public High School in the San Francisco Bay Area
Authors: Marchi Kristen S. , Guendelman Sylvia 
Published: May 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with sexual behavior among urban, first-generation Latino adolescents. Methods: Data were collected with self-administered questionnaires on 176 (98 girls and 78 boys) Latino high school students between the ages of Fifteen and nineteen years, of whom 76 percent were born in Latin America and 34 percent had lived in the United States for two years or less. The outcome variables measured three levels of sexual activity, defined as: sexual abstinence, “making out” (kissing passionately, or kissing “using one's tongue”), and sexual intercourse. The key predictors were gender and acculturation. Other variables included information on socio-demographics, self and body-image, college aspirations, and family structure/relationships. Stratified analysis was conducted for each gender. Results: Twenty percent of boys and 27 percent of girls were abstainers. Whereas girls were more likely than boys to “make out” only (47% vs. 26%), boys were more likely to engage in sexual intercourse (54% vs. 26%). For girls, there was a negative association between making out and maternal punishment, feeling close to both parents and paternal love. Sexual intercourse was inversely associated with having educational goals beyond high school and presence of parental love, and positively correlated with age and maternal communication about sex. In boys, the predictors of “making out” were feeling close to both parents and Spanish language spoken with friends, and for sexual intercourse the significant predictors were feeling close to both parents, presence of an older sister, and body-image. Conclusions: The results indicate that family structure and relationships, personal characteristics, and acculturation play important but different roles in the sexual development of Latino adolescent girls and boys. Sex education curricula should take these gender and family influences into account.
Application of the Weed System to Psychiatric Records
Authors: Grant Richard L. , Maletzky Barry M. 
Published: May 2005

The medical record is being called upon to play an increasingly important role in medical education and effective patient care. The Weed system of “problem-oriented” medical record-keeping can enhance the effectiveness of the medical chart for these purposes and also for the various goals of chart audit. There has been increasing acceptance and application of this system both in medical schools and by practicing physicians. The psychiatric record has been particularly lacking in consistent organization, clarity, accuracy and readability. We have combined, in our approach to psychiatric records in a general hospital, a strongly behavioral and social psychiatric perspective with the Weed system to provide a psychiatric record that is a usable and practical document for teaching, research, effective continued patient care, and medical and fiscal audit.
Long-Term Unresolved Grief: Applying Bowlby's Variants to Adult Survivors of Early Parental Death
Authors: Dilworth Jennie Long , Hildreth Gladys J. 
Published: May 2005

Previous research efforts studying the long-term adjustment of persons bereaved in childhood have produced sometimes questionable findings due to the often exclusive focus on psychiatric populations. Current research on long-term outcomes for normative early parental death survivors has explored selected characteristics and needs of this population. With this article, we encourage researchers to conduct further study of normative participants and their adjustment to early bereavement. In an extension of Bowlby's (1980) disordered variants of childhood grief, we propose behavioral and thought manifestations in adult survivors of early bereavement as indicators of unresolved grief. Variants addressed include persistent anxiety, desire to die, persistent blame and guilt, compulsive self-reliance, and aggressive outbursts. Topics needing further research using appropriate methodological controls are proposed. The bereavement reaction can be an impetus for creative effort, a force for good, or it can have the effect of stunting personality growth and producing the concomitant antisocial acts, destruction of social relationships, and even the taking of one's own life (Eisenstadt, 1978, p. 220).
The Education Satellite: A Systems Model
Authors: Vest C. R. 
Published: May 2005

The educational satellite is a new innovation under the broad concept of educational technology. While satellites have been used for nearly a decade for various kinds of scientific experimentation and military applications, they have only recently been programmed into the problem solving process in areas generally considered social in nature. Moreover, in the education category of social services, the educational satellite experimentation is just getting underway. Personnel of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, for example, in cooperation with researchers of the Federation of Rocky Mountain States and the Appalachian Regional Commission, are presently undertaking a series of experiments to determine the feasibility of using a satellite in the educational process. Such an undertaking is a new experience for the educational community. While educators have a background in the introduction of technology at the classroom level, their experience with the systems approach to the use of educational technology is very limited. Consequently, a frame of reference for integrating such technology into an educational system is needed. Such a frame of reference is developed in this paper. A systems model is suggested, based upon the flow of educational material, feedback information, and support activities. Various system elements are identified, designated as subsystems, and named according to the function to be performed at various points in the process. A total of nine subsystems are developed, and named as follows: 1) The Design and Production Subsystem, 2) The Transmission Subsystem, 3) The Satellite Subsystem, 4) The Reception and Distribution Subsystem, 5) The Classroom Subsystem, 6) The Evaluation Subsystem, 7) The Logistics Subsystem, 8) The Administrative Subsystem, and 9) The Maintenance Subsystem.
Self-Reported Compliance with Diabetes Self-Management during Pregnancy
Authors: Ruggiero Laurie , Spirito Anthony , Coustan Donald , McGarvey Stephen T. , Low Kathy Graff 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The current study examined regimen compliance in pregnant women with pre-existing (overt) diabetes across multiple self-care tasks at three times during the pregnancy: mid-second, early third, and late third trimesters. Method: Forty-nine pregnant women with Type I (68%) or Type II (32%) diabetes completed measures to assess compliance with the diabetic regimen, major and minor life stressors, and social support for the diabetic regimen. Results: Pregnant women with overt diabetes generally reported being compliant with their self-care regimen. There were, however, notable differences in reported compliance levels across different regimen tasks. Specifically, 74 to 79 percent of women reported being always compliant with dietary recommendations compared to 86 to 88 percent for insulin administration, 85 to 89 percent in managing insulin reactions, and 94 to 96 percent for glucose testing. Furthermore, stress in the form of major and minor life events and regimen-related social support were significantly related to self-reported compliance with dietary recommendations. There was no relationship between compliance and blood glucose levels. Conclusions: These findings suggest that psychiatric consultants focus on ways to increase social support as one means of improving compliance in pregnant women with diabetes.