bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Goddess, the Emperor, and the Adept
Authors: Cahill Suzanne E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During this long period from the fifteenth century bce through medieval times, the goddess's transformations were many. Perhaps originally an imperial ancestress, she came to be considered the ultimate embodiment of yin: the dark, female force. The first certain textual reference to the Queen Mother appears in an early classic of natural mysticism and self-cultivation known as the Zhuangzi, after its purported author. This text, dating to the third century bce, was later incorporated into their canon by the Daoists, who regard it as a major source of their beliefs and practices. The author of the Zhuangzi lists the Queen Mother of the West, in a chapter entitled “Great Instructors,” as one who has attained the Dao, or the Way. (The list also includes the sun, the moon, and the Yellow Emperor.) The Dao he characterizes as invisible and imminent, preceding and outlasting heaven and earth, underlying yet extending beyond the cosmos.
Goddesses and Sovereignty in Ancient Egypt
Authors: Hollis Susan Tower 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Egyptologists have concerned themselves for over a century about just what constitutes kingship or sovereignty in ancient Egypt. The task is not made the easier by either the long time span-just under 3,000 years--or the available evidence, which is severely constrained by a number of factors: the chanciness of finds, the locations of modern towns, climate and ground water changes, and so on. The most recent scholarship on the topic makes all these issues clear (Baines 1995; Leprohon 1995; Silverman 1995). These same materials also make abundantly evident that the ancient Egyptians’ own concepts surrounding kingship and sovereignty changed through the millennia and that the divinity of the ruler constitutes a significant feature from the earliest times.
Religious Liberty; Same-Sex Marriage, and the Case of Reconstructionist Judaism
Authors: Alpert Rebecca T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The performance of the marriage ceremony by clergy provides an interesting location for a discussion of the ways in which religious claims on sexual practices are played out in the public sphere in the United States. Clergy routinely perform the civil function of marriage, which is delegated to them by the state. “By the power vested in me by the state of____/and by my religious denomination, I now pronounce you husband and wife” are words included in wedding ceremonies performed by clergy. This speech act, accompanied by the signing of appropriate licenses, makes the clergy person an agent of the state. Civil and religious marriage in the United States are thus linked together.
Images And Relics
Authors: Dillenberger John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Dillenberger has written the first comprehensive account of the relation between the visual arts and theological currents in Europe during the first half of the sixteenth century. With an astute knowledge of the theology of the period and a keen interest in the lives and work of prominent artists, Dillenberger makes incisive connections that illuminate the cultural movements of the time. Images and Relics considers both popular and professional art within distinct religious contexts. It examines the works of Matthias Grunewald, Albrecht Durer, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Michelangelo, Hans Holbein the Younger, Hans Baldung Grien, and Albrecht Altdorfer, and demonstrates how these artists expressed and transformed the reigning theological ideas of their day. The book also addresses the range of iconoclastic movements from the 1520s to the 1570s, particularly in northern Europe. Finally, Dillenberger reflects on the ambiguity of the history of this period and its continuing impact on modern-day life.
Three artists with Distinctive accents
Authors: Dillenberger John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While Grunewald, Durer, Cranach The Elder, and Michelangelo each reflect a lifetime of wrestling with the religious currents of reform in relation to their art, Holbein the Younger, Hans Baldung Grien, and Albrecht Altdorfer represent unique accents in their art, though each of them also executed works with traditional religious subject matter. Holbein turned an aversion to the religious conflicts of his time into a new arena of work, what we might call the cult of the portrait. Baldung stressed the fateful con sequences of human sin, which in his art is interpreted mainly in sexual, misogynous terms. Altdorfer manifested the problems of an artist who was also an important citizen in the politics of Regensburg, with the consequence that his art mirrors his own cultural/religious pilgrimage. Both Baldung and Altdorfer reflect the darker side of human nature, which might be termed the undertow of Renaissance humanism.
“Associations,” Solon’s Law, and the Democracy
Authors: Jones Nicholas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of this work identifies as its subject the associations of classical Athens. It is of course incumbent upon us, as a preliminary to our investigation, to define the meaning of the term “association.” As it turns out, this is not as easy a task as it might at first seem. For one thing, any naive philological approach involving the isolation of a Greek synonym for the English “association” must be ruled out as a possibility. To be sure, several Greek terms are used on occasion with something like this meaning. Some, such as koinonia, homilia, and synousia, often possess an active, strongly verbal connotation of being together, social intercourse, or interpersonal dealings, but carry no necessary implication of the existence of an organization possessing a structure or unified purpose.
The Isolation of the Demes
Authors: Jones Nicholas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the previous chapter it will be clear that the Kleisthenic deme was bounded in two different ways: by the rule whereby membership was determined by descent (the constitutional deme) or by declared and possibly marked boundaries (the territorial deme). It is natural to ask, next, whether, and to what degree, these social and physical boundaries served to separate a given deme from other demes or from the outside world of Attica generally. Did the deme turn in upon itself? Or was it an extroverted organization, its members regularly venturing beyond its limits? While the problem is notoriously bedeviled by the portability and inheritability of the de motikon, study of the many tombstones bearing the names of Athenians has, as noted in the preceding chapter, begun to provide some answers.
Finds from the east Asian Experience
Authors: Dedrick Jason , Kraemer Kenneth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous three chapters have shown how Japan and the Asian NIEs have succeeded in building competitive computer industries. Each country’s history is unique and helps answer questions such as the following: What are the forces that have made so many U.S. PC makers turn to Taiwanese companies to design and build their computers? Why did all the major disk drive makers set up production in Singapore? How did Korea become a world leader in DRAMs yet fail to make a mark in PCs or peripherals? Why does Japan control so many key components technologies yet remain weak in systems and software? How has Hong Kong been able to maintain a critical managerial function for southern China’s computer manufacturing base even as its own production has shrunk? The focus of this chapter, however, is on more general questions that can be answered by comparing the experiences of companies and countries.
Usable Women the Tales of Amba and MadhavI
Authors: Dasgupta Madhusraba 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Mahābhāratian is well known for the moral dilemmas it explores. The most notable example is, of course, Arjuna’s anguish over his duty as a warrior and his affection for those he may have to kill in battle, but there are many others, such as Yudhi thira’s choice between heaven and his faithful dog. The frequency of these tales of moral choice suggests that these narratives function as exemplars of ethical problem solving, providing in each instance a rationale for the choice made and ultimately correlating the separate rationales to an uniform underlying moral code. Not surprisingly, Hindus have been exhorted through the ages to consider the Mahābhāratian’s stories both as historical precedents and as ethical methodology. Yet the validity of precedents and methodologies depends on certitude. Many if not most of the Mahābhāratian’s stories, however, are so deeply etched by moral incertitude that their problems are solved only by the forced imposition of arbitrary rules or assumptions and the suppression of countervailing principles. This ambiguity seems particularly located in the legends of women, good and bad.
Women Saints in Medieval Maharashtra
Authors: Zelliot Eleanor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Bhakti movement, the spread of devotional religion in medieval India, seems to have been the most inclusive and open of all facets of Hinduism. Saint-poets of all classes and castes, women as well as men, were recorded in the song literature in Tamil, Kannada, Marathi, and Hindi especially; in Maharashtra, an extraordinary number of women sang their devotional songs in Marathi. Their householder and family situations were also extraordinary. Most women saint-poets in other areas left husbands or never married and found that their devotion could flower only if they had no household responsibilities. In contrast, the women saint singers of Maharashtra, with one exception, found ways to be close to the god of the Marathi Bhakti movement, Vighal or Vithoba, while remaining close to brothers, husbands, and sons.
The Construction of Gender in History and Religion
Authors: Jakobsh Doris R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role and status of Sikh women in history have not been given a great deal of attention in Sikh studies. Although Sikh apologetics repeatedly insist that men and women are inherently equal in the Sikh worldview, in reality, historical writings say virtually nothing about women, apart from minimal asides about the occasional exceptional woman who has been deemed worthy enough to have made the pages of history. They then are typically held up as the standard by which to measure the egalitarian ethos of the Sikh tradition.
Control Processes in Remembering
Authors: Koriat Asher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines some of the processes that take place in attempting to probe memory for a needed piece of information. In presentday conceptualization memory processes are divided into three phases: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Strangely enough, the distinction between storage and retrieval, so basic in current memory theorizing, is relatively new (see Baddeley, 1997; Roediger & Guynn, 1996). In classical, S-R learning theory, based primarily on animal research, storage, and retrieval were lumped together, and even the distinction between encoding and storage was not explicitly made. It was the extension of S-R principles to human verbal behavior that has brought to the fore the importance of distinguishing among encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Brain Imaging of Memory
Authors: Nyberg Lars , Cabeza Roberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Functional brain imaging makes it possible to study the human brain at work. There has been an explosive growth in this field during the last few years, and the expansion seems to continue. Several different techniques can be used for brain imaging. The focus here is on positron emission tomography (PET) and to a somewhat lesser extent on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An important characteristic of these and related techniques is that they can simultaneously measure activity in the whole brain.
The Domains of Divine Revelation and Rabbinic Activity and Their Relationship
Authors: Berger Michael S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any analysis of the authority of the Sages must be preceded by a clarification of the domain of Rabbinic activity. Unless the precise contours of the subject are outlined first, any attempt at understanding the grounds of Rabbinic authority will prove futile, for we will not know what sorts of activity—legislative, interpretive, or otherwise—are being justified.
The Sages as the Sanhedrin
Authors: Berger Michael S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter, the ground for the Sages’ authority was sought in a divine commandment, namely, the verses in Deuteronomy requiring obedience to the decisions of “the judge in charge at the time.” Despite my conclusion that only a very indeterminate reading of the passage could apply to the Sages, Rabbinic literature historically saw this verse as specifically referring to the High Court in Jerusalem, known as the Sanhedrin. In this chapter we will examine the claim that the Sages’ authority is, in fact, that of the Sanhedrin. This is a form of excathedra authority: the oce is authoritative for various reasons, and these per sons-the talmudic Sages-occupy that oce.
The Authority of Texts
Authors: Berger Michael S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter, we focused on Maimonides’ remarks regarding the broad acceptance of the Sages’ decrees and enactments as a possible basis for understanding Rabbinic authority, admittedly with respect to Rabbinic legislation only. Our analysis led us to inquire into the nature of the authority of accepted practice, forcing us to explore a more sophisticated notion, at least within the Jewish context, of the interplay and interdependence of communities and their leadership. In the context of organic theories of the community and the individual, the authority of Rabbinic legislation was seen to have evolved from an initial phase of a court representing the “tmc” interests and will of the collective, to the practices ultimately becoming part of a body of tradition binding on the members of that community.
Value . . . and What Follows
Authors: Kupperman Joel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How can we know what is worth seeking or avoiding in life? Is there anything to know? If so, is it in some sense personal? This fresh and engaging work by noted philosopher Joel Kupperman addresses these questions as it examines the epistemology of value. Kupperman looks first at how judgments of values manifest themselves, whether there can be evidence for them, and whether a realistic account is appropriate. Focusing on emotional states, he rejects the notion that there is one primary value, arguing instead for a pluralistic understanding of value. He contends that value is strongly contextual; the value of a particular set of experiences in one’s life can depend heavily on how they fit in with or provide contrast to other elements. Kupperman argues both for a realistic account of value--some things really do have a value about which we can have reasonable confidence--and for skepticism about how much we can actually know about value. The study moves on to explore the relations between judgments of value, and moral or social policy decisions of how we should behave. Acknowledging strong objections to the attempt by any group to impose its vision of a good life in a pluralistic society, Kupperman nevertheless argues that proper attention to value leads to perfectionism in social policy. Emphasizing the importance of detail in ethics, he focuses on variations among cases, and examines the weight cultural values can have in the social policy of a liberal society. Going further than previous works in determining what counts as evidence for a judgment of value, this book fills a substantial gap in the literature of ethical philosophy. Tackling difficult issues in an accessible manner, it will interest philosophers and students of ethics, epistemology, and social theory.
Moral Obligations to Do What Is Not for the Best
Authors: Kupperman Joel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last two chapters have left us with a complicated image of what it is best to do. We sometimes could recommend that Smith not do what is optimific if she does not feel like it, or if she reasonably on this occasion can ask, “Why me?” or complain about disruption of projects central to her life. Much depends on what is at stake, both for Smith and for the people affected by her choice. Morality complicates the picture still further. The previous chapter has developed an image of morality as relying on stances and policies that normally will not be constantly adjusted, so that often a moral person will decide what it is best to do without the reckoning of consequences required to determine what is for the best.
Do Perfectionism and Liberalism Conflict?
Authors: Kupperman Joel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been widely taken in the last quarter of a century that the answer to the question in this chapter’s title is “Yes.” Perfectionism has been defined by John Rawls as a teleological doctrine (governing what social policy should be) that advocates “the realization of human excellence in the various forms of culture” (Rawls 1971, 25). The promotion of excellence presupposes a set of ideas as to what constitutes excellence. To be guided by such ideas in the allocation of resources is not to be neutral about values or about what count as important goals.
The Archaeology of Ancestors
Authors: Antonaccio Carla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many studies on Greek burial practices, but little on the transformation process after death described here by Sally Humphreys. We might add to her list of transformations, but we would have to agree that the various possibilities not only may be difficult to sort out, but may in fact function together. This essay examines a variant of one model - whereby society reincorporates the dead as ancestors - for Iron Age and early archaic Greece.
The Athenian Revolution of 508/7 B.C.E.
Authors: Ober Josiah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE periodization of history is, of course, a product of hindsight, and most historians realize that any past era can accurately be described as an “age of transition.’’ The problem of fixing the end of the archaic period and the transition to the classical is thus a historiographic problem, one that reflects contemporary scholarly inclinations more than it does ancient realities. Nevertheless, since historians cannot work without periodization, and since English-language historiography seems to be entering a post-Annales phase characterized by a renewed interest in the significance - especially the symbolic and cultural significance - of events,’ it may be worthwhile to look at a series of events that can be taken as the beginning of a new phase of Greek history. The events we choose to mark the transition will be different for any given region or polis, but for those interested in Athenian political history, the end of the archaic and the beginning of something new may reasonably be said to have come about in the period from ca.
Imperial Purāṇas
Authors: Inden Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For more than fifteen years I have been at work on a text called the Viṣṇudharmottara purāṇa (VDhP). When I first opened the printed version of this text, I had no intimation of the trouble we would cause each other. As a result of the dialogue I have had with this text and its authors, most of my views about the issues of texts, authors, genres, contexts, and cultural history have undergone a radical transformation. Most lndologists have considered the Purāṇas, the large genre of texts to which the VDhP belongs, to be of great importance.
Buddhist History
Authors: Walters Jonathan S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For more than a century scholars have relied upon the Pali Vaṃsas—Dīpavaṃsa (Dpv), the “Chronicle of the Island” (early fourth century), Mahāvaṃsa (Mhv), the “Great Chronicle” (a fifth-century revision of Dīpavaṃsa), and Vaṃsatthappakāsinf (VAP), the “early medieval” commentary on Mahavaṃsa—as “primary sources.” From them they have gleaned countless “historical facts” now to be found in the histories of ancient India and Sri Lanka.
Persons, Divine and Human
Authors: Coffey David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is time now to take a critical look at the concept of person, which hitherto I have been using rather uncritically. On this subject, both in general and in regard to the Trinity, there exists an extensive body of literature, only a small part of which can be invoked here. But, despite the fact that many others have labored over the subject, I need to address it anew, as for all its apparent obviousness and simplicity it remains a puzzle and a challenge. To give just one example of its elusiveness, and a striking one at that: though Rahner addressed it constantly in the course of his theology and even devoted two lexicon articles explicitly to it, he failed to convince his critics that he had really mastered it.
Recent Theology
Authors: Coffey David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter and the next we shall consider four theologians, two Protestant, two Catholic, with whose work on the Trinity my own invites some comparison. The purpose of the exercise is partly to contextualize my work, partly to discover what can be learned from them. Then will follow the conclusion, which will sum up what I have to say at present about the doctrine of the Trinity. The Protestants are Jurgen Moltmann and Eberhard Jungel, and the Catholics, Heribert Muhlen and Hans Urs von Balthasar. What we all share is that, following Karl Barth, our reflections on the Trinity take their point of departure from the New Testament statements about Jesus Christ, Son of God, about the God to whom he prayed as Father, and about the Holy Spirit sent by him from the Father upon the Church, rather than from the psychological analogy of the Trinity pioneered by St. Augustine and completed by St. Thomas Aquinas.
how did the gospels get to be this way?
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we saw that the gospels contain stories that didn’t happen, or at least that didn’t happen as they are told, but how can this be? to begin answering the question, I should say something about the authors of these books. Who were they, and where did they get their information? The titles of the Gospels in our English Bibles, of course, name their authors.
not in word only: the associates, deeds, and controversies of jesus in apocalyptic context
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that words are always bound to contexts that help determine their meaning. Contexts affect not only words, but everything we see, do, and experience as well—every gesture, action, and activity, every natural event, every movement, every tactile substance. Everything has a context, and when you change the context, you change what it means.
the last days of jesus
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand the death of socrates, it’s not enough to know that he drank hemlock in his prison cell while talking to a group of his admirers. You need to know something about the social and political situation in Athens and about Socrates’ teachings—both those that his enemies found dangerous and those that enabled him to take his own life philosophically and cheerfully, with a clever witticism on his lips before breathing his last. To understand the death of Martin Luther King Jr., it’s not enough to know that he was shot on the balcony of a motel in Memphis. You need to know something about the social and political turmoil in the United States during the Civil Rights Movement and about his message, which inspired his followers and terrified his enemies. To understand the death of Jesus, it’s not enough to know that he was flogged and then crucified outside the walls of Jerusalem. You need to know something about the social and political world of first-century Palestine and about the message that he delivered, a message that brought hope of deliverance to the powerless but a fear of uprising to the powerful.