bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between satellite‐derived spectral brightness and evapotranspiration from a grassland
Authors: Kondoh A. , Higuchi A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a correlation between evapotranspiration calculated by the heat budget method using eddy correlation and visible plus near‐infrared information from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images of a grass‐covered site at the Terrestrial Environment Research Center, University of Tsukuba. Eighty Landsat TM images from its 1984 launch until 1998 were collected, and the digital numbers at the site were extracted. The spectral brightness and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are compared with measured evapotranspiration. These data suggest that the vegetation index is a good index of transpiration; however, the relationship differs between the growing season and the mature period. The reflected brightness in the near‐infrared band increased during the spring–summer growing season, whereas red brightness decreased during the same period. Since the red wavelength plays an important role in photosynthetic activity, the data in the red band seems to contain information on the physiological activity of the grass. In the mature season after summer, the red brightness value becomes almost constant and evapotranspiration is best correlated with the near‐infrared brightness, which is related to incident solar radiation. The relationship between NDVI and evapotranspiration should be considered separately for the growing and mature seasons because the inherent physics in the relationship differs according to phenological stages. Understanding the relationship between satellite‐derived vegetation phenology and surface flux is useful for delineating basin‐wide hydrological characteristics, since satellite data covers an extensive area and the time changes in spectral brightness were found to provide information about surface flux. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Software for parallel computing: the LAM implementation of MPI
Authors: Swann Christopher A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMany econometric problems can benefit from the application of parallel computing techniques, and recent advances in hardware and software have made such application feasible. There are a number of freely available software libraries that make it possible to write message passing parallel programs using personal computers or Unix workstations. This review discusses one of these—the LAM (Local Area Multiprocessor) implementation of MPI (the Message Passing Interface). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation of color Doppler sonographic findings with pH measurements in gastroesophageal reflux in children
Authors: Jang Hye Suk , Lee Joon Sung , Lim Gye Yeon , Choi Byoung Gil , Choi Gyu Ho , Park Seog Hee 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPurposeWe conducted a prospective study of color Doppler sonography in children with suspected gastroesophageal reflux (GER). The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of color Doppler sonography with that of continuous 24‐hour pH monitoring of the esophagus in diagnosing GER and to determine how to interpret the reflux episodes detected on color Doppler sonography in children at high risk for reflux.MethodsColor Doppler sonography and 24‐hour esophageal pH monitoring were performed in 54 children ranging in age from 2 months to 10 years (mean, 3 years). The stomach of each patient was filled for adequate gastric distention just before the color Doppler sonographic examination. We counted the number of reflux episodes over a period of 15 minutes. One day after the sonographic examination, the reflux was evaluated with esophageal pH monitoring, and the resultant reflux index (ReI) was obtained. The ReI was considered to be pathologic when it was equal to or greater than 11.99%. The number of refluxes on color Doppler sonography and the ReI were correlated for each patient.ResultsThe 2 tests showed an 81.5% agreement in the detection of GER. When pH monitoring was taken as the reference test, color Doppler sonography had a high sensitivity (95.5%) for diagnosing GER but a very low specificity (11.0%), with a positive predictive value of 84.3% and a negative predictive value of 33.3%. There was no statistically significant correlation between the frequencies of GER detected on color Doppler sonography and the ReIs on pH monitoring (p = 0.1103). There was no correlation between the reflux grades on sonography and the ReI grades on pH monitoring (p = 0.422).ConclusionsColor Doppler sonography is highly sensitive and easier to use than pH monitoring. Although there are no definite criteria for evaluating the severity of GER on color Doppler imaging, this modality may be useful in screening children for GER. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:212–217, 2001.
On graphs with small Ramsey numbers*
Authors: Kostochka A. V. , Rödl V. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractLet R(G) denote the minimum integer N such that for every bicoloring of the edges of KN, at least one of the monochromatic subgraphs contains G as a subgraph. We show that for every positive integer d and each γ,0 < γ < 1, there exists k = k(d,γ) such that for every bipartite graph G = (W,U;E) with the maximum degree of vertices in W at most d and $|U|\leq |W|^{\gamma }$, $R(G)\leq k|W|$. This answers a question of Trotter. We give also a weaker bound on the Ramsey numbers of graphs whose set of vertices of degree at least d + 1 is independent. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 37: 198–204, 2001
Governance and institutional development of the Chilean economy
Authors: Lahera Eugenio , Cabezas Mabel 
Published: September 2002

AbstractChile's economic growth process during the 1990s is often considered as exemplary, therefore, it is worthwhile to examine its institutional development and governance. By the end of the decade there were signs that economic governance was weakening in Chile: the political economy of reforms looked increasingly difficult and the institutional flexibility to accommodate and support the changes required by a dynamic economy did not seem assured. This is the background against which the socialist Ricardo Lagos was sworn in as the new president of Chile in March 2000. Developments in Chile give insights to other countries' experiences. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The supply response of basmati rice growers in Punjab, Pakistan: price and non‐price determinants
Authors: Farooq Umar , Young Trevor , Russell Noel , Iqbal Muhammad 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPakistan's stated policy is to increase basmati rice production through price support measures and liberalization of input markets. The present study assesses the scope for price support policy to achieve growth targets and whether additional assistance is needed from non‐price policy measures. The econometric analysis is based on a profit function using farm household survey data from the Punjab. Pakistan for 1995–1996. The results reveal that to achieve production targets, very high support prices are required. Since these price levels may not be feasible, a more appropriate option may involve some inducements to expand paddy area and the area allocated to modern varieties. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Achieving agricultural pumpset efficiency in rural India
Authors: Reidhead William 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThroughout India, the operation of lift irrigation systems (‘pumpsets’) is grossly inefficient, resulting in massive over‐consumption of energy and inadequate irrigation, limiting agricultural productivity growth and resulting in the reduced welfare of smallholder farmers. This paper examines the potential for pumpset ‘rectification’, a development intervention being considered for large‐scale programmes by a number of state agencies in India. Assessing the energy demand for centrifugal pumpsets at the national level, it outlines a practical methodology for applying rectification in the field. The results of the analysis indicate that rectifications can be very cost‐effective and can be applied on a broad scale. Institutional and policy implications are derived for ensuring that rectifications will be effective, sustainable, and will maximize the benefits to India's farmers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding the emergence of terminator technologies
Authors: Srinivasan C. S. , Thirtle Colin 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe emergence of terminator technology has generally been viewed with a great deal of apprehension on account of its potential to bring far‐reaching changes in the seed industry and in long‐standing agricultural practices. This paper argues that terminator technology must be seen as an induced response to the inadequacies and weaknesses of existing intellectual property rights institutions. The technology could have a significant impact on the appropriability of returns from investment in plant breeding and consequently on the development of new plant varieties. The potential of this technology for accelerating innovations in plant breeding needs to be carefully harnessed by public policy. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Economic reform versus food security: Kerala's Gordian knot
Authors: Suryanarayana M. H. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWith high levels of poverty and inadequate domestic food grain production, Kerala has been one of the most food insecure states in India. Its adverse implications, however, have been mitigated through active state government intervention and highly subsidized public distribution system operated under public vigil. As a result, per capita cereal consumption has increased in spite of a decline in domestic cereal production. Yet, about 80 per cent of the population suffer from inadequate calorie intake. The scale of the public distribution system is substantial; but its effective utilization is less than 50 per cent of the potential due to inadequate economic access and poor quality of food grains. Still the system is not sustainable for fiscal reasons. The ongoing adjustment programme has sought to streamline the food distribution programme by reforming its pricing rule and by targeting it only to the poor. The present article examines its implications for food security and social development in Kerala. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Occurrence of hepatitis E virus IgM, low avidity IgG serum antibodies, and viremia in sporadic cases of non‐A, ‐B, and ‐C acute hepatitis
Authors: Zhang J.‐Z. , Im Stanley W.K. , Lau S.H. , Chau T.N. , Lai S.T. , Ng S.P. , Peiris Malik , Tse Cindy , Ng T.K. , Ng M.H. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSerum samples were taken from 57 patients with sporadic non‐A, ‐B, and ‐C (Non A, B, C) acute hepatitis at different times after onset of the disease and tested for the presence of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA, IgM, and low avidity IgG antibodies. The viral antibodies were detected using two ELISA. One assay (GL) was produced using a mixture of recombinant peptides specified by ORF2 and ORF3 of the viral genome. The other was produced with an ORF2 specified peptide, pE2. The latter occurs naturally as homodimer, it is recognized strongly in its dimeric form by human sera and, in the primate model, it confers protection against experimental HEV infection. Nineteen samples were positive for one or more of these acute markers of HEV infection, 14 of which were acute sera with elevated ALT levels and 5 were convalescent sera with normal ALT level. The results showed that icteric phase of sporadic hepatitis lasts for about 17 days and it coincides with a period when viremia is subsiding as HEV antibodies are developing. Viremia was intermittent and all but one of the 5 instances were confined to the icteric phase with elevated ALT levels. On two of these occasions, viremia preceded detection of HEV antibody, on another 2 occasions it was concurrent with the detection of pE2 specific IgM and/or low avidity IgG and only in one case of protracted viremia was the viral genome detected concurrently with avid pE2 IgG antibody. Ten (71%) of the 14 acute sera were reactive for pE2 IgM, eight (57%) were reactive for low avidity pE2 IgG, and six (43%) for the GL IgM. The sensitivity for the diagnosis of acute hepatitis E may be increased to 87% by combining pE2 IgM and viremia. GL IgM was detected later, but persisted for a longer period of time than the pE2 antibodies, and it was the only acute antibody detected in the convalescent sera. J. Med. Virol. 66:40–48, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High prevalence of hepatitis E antibodies among Danish prisoners and drug users
Authors: Christensen Peer B. , Engle Ronald E. , Jacobsen Svend Erik H. , Krarup Henrik B. , Georgsen Jørgen , Purcell Robert H. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractInjecting drug users and prisoners have high prevalences of antibodies to hepatitis A–C. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus (anti‐HEV) in two Danish high‐risk populations and correlate anti‐HEV with risk factors for transmission. Three hundred thirty male prisoners and 137 patients at a drug treatment center were tested for anti‐HEV with an in‐house enzyme‐linked immunoassay (EIA) utilizing antigens derived from open reading frame 2 (ORF2). This was compared with a commercial test with antigens derived from ORF2 and ORF3 (Abbott HEV EIA). In addition the samples were tested for antibodies against hepatitis A–C viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1 and 2, human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) I and II and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2). The participants were interviewed about risk factors for transmission. The anti‐HEV prevalence was 16.9% (95% CI 14–21) for the in‐house assay compared to 4.1% (95% CI 2.5–6.3) with the commercial assay. The correlation between the two assays was low (87% overall agreement; κ value 0.32). One sample was strongly anti‐HEV IgM positive, suggesting recent HEV infection inside Denmark. The presence of anti‐HEV was associated significantly with anti‐HAV among prisoners and increased with age in both groups. In contrast, associations were not found with injecting drug use or sexual risk factors. With the commercial assay an increased prevalence of anti‐HEV was found among participants who had spent more than 5 years outside Northern Europe. In conclusion, anti‐HEV was highly prevalent among Danish prisoners and drug users but not related to risk factors for blood‐borne or sexual transmission. J. Med. Virol. 66:49–55, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Late‐glacial and Holocene high‐altitude environmental changes in Vallée des Merveilles (Alpes–Maritimes, France): insect evidence
Authors: Ponel Philippe , Andrieu‐Ponel Valérie , Parchoux Franck , Juhasz Imola , de Beaulieu Jacques‐Louis 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA series of sedimentary profiles derived from the Lac Long Inférieur peat‐bog (2090 m altitude, southern Alps) enabled the tracing of the evolution of successive fossil insect assemblages (Coleoptera, Hymenoptera Formicidae, Diptera Bibionidae, Trichoptera, Megaloptera and Nevroptera) from the Würm deglaciation to the present in this part of Vallée des Merveilles. This evolution reflects the climatic changes and hence the vegetation changes, as well as the human impact on the environment since neolithic times. During deglaciation, an episode marked by very poor fossil insect assemblages was followed by one with abundant boreo‐alpine Coleoptera dependent on melting snow and steppe Coleoptera. This episode corresponds to the Younger Dryas climatic deterioration (10 970 ± 210yr BP; 10 430 ± 210yr BP) during which a steppe vegetation prevailed. The sudden fall in the number of insects belonging to cold environments marks the beginning of the Holocene warming. During the Preboreal and the Boreal period (8801 ± 54 yr BP; 8692 ± 53 yr BP) these insects disappear almost totally. On the other hand, Coleoptera mostly living at the tree‐line and at forest margins increase and reach a maximum at the end of the Boreal. Thereafter (Atlantic, 8087 ± 58yr BP; 5678 ± 50yr BP) they decrease to the benefit of forest insects. This development corresponds to an elevation of the tree‐line during the Atlantic and the Sub‐boreal (4770 ± 300yr BP; 3740 ± 160yr BP) and to a thicker forest cover. Coleoptera dependent on Abies and Larix appear at this time. The final entomological event occurs at the end of the Sub‐boreal and in the Subatlantic (2660 ± 190yr BP): it is characterised by a regular decrease of tree‐dependent taxa. This development is attributed to human action. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Options for increasing carbon sequestration in West African soils: an exploratory study with special focus on Senegal
Authors: Batjes N. H. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe organic matter content of many soils in West Africa has been depleted due to overgrazing, agricultural mismanagement, deforestation and overexploitation of the natural resources. Degraded agro(eco)systems can be managed to increase carbon sinks in vegetation and soil, and to reduce carbon emissions to the atmosphere. The capacity for sequestering carbon will increase as annual precipitation increases, and generally as mean temperature decreases, provided the soil and terrain conditions are not limiting for crop (biomass) growth. The agroecological suitability of three pilot sites, proposed for soil carbon sequestration projects in Senegal, is assessed and the feasibility of various management options to increase organic carbon levels in the soil is discussed. For the future, a Land Resources Information System should be developed to consider detailed data on climate, soil and terrain conditions, status of soil degradation, and land‐use systems for West Africa. Upon its linkage to a dynamic soil carbon model and a socio‐economic module, such an integrated system can be used to assess the ecotechnological and socio‐economic potential for carbon sequestration projects in the context of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) proposed under article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. If adopted, this mechanism could confer funds to West African countries for the sustainable use and conservation of their natural resources, thereby providing economic, environmental and societal benefits for local populations, while simultaneously contributing to climate change mitigation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytoplasmic changes in relation to nuclear maturation and early embryo developmental potential of porcine oocytes: Effects of gonadotropins, cumulus cells, follicular size, and protein synthesis inhibition*
Authors: Sun Qing‐Yuan , Lai Liangxue , Bonk Aaron , Prather Randall S. , Schatten Heide 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMorphological and biochemical changes indicative of cytoplasmic maturation in relation to nuclear maturation progression and early embryo developmental potential was studied. Fluorescently labeled microfilaments and cortical granules were visualized by using laser scanning confocal microscopy. The mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphorylation and cyclin B1 levels were revealed by Western blot. With the maturation of oocytes, cortical granules and microfilaments were localized at the cell cortex. A cortical granule‐free domain (CGFD) and an actin‐thickening area were observed over both the MII spindle of a mature oocyte and chromosomes of a nocodazole‐treated oocyte, suggesting that chromosomes, but not the spindle, determined the localization of CGFD and actin‐thickening area. In oocytes that are incompetent to resume meiosis, as indicated by the failure of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), peripheral localization of cortical granules and microfilaments, phosphorylation of MAP kinase and synthesis of cyclin B1 did not occur after 44 hr in vitro. These cytoplasmic changes were also blocked when GVBD of meiotically competent oocytes was inhibited by cycloheximide. Culture of oocytes in a chemically defined medium showed that biological factors such as gonadotropins, cumulus cells and follicle size affected both nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation as well as embryo developmental potential. Absence of gonadotropins or removal of cumulus cells alone did not significantly influence GVBD or cyclin B1 levels, but decreased the final maturation and developmental ability of oocytes. A combination of gonadotropin absence and cumulus removal decreased GVBD, MAP kinase phosphorylation and embryo development. A high proportion of oocytes derived from small follicles were able to resume meiosis, synthesize cyclin B1, phosphorylate MAP kinase and translocate CGs, but their maturation and embryo developmental ability were limited. Removal of cumulus cells from small follicle‐derived oocytes severely affected their ability to undergo cytoplasmic and nuclear maturation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 59:192–198, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved lumen visualization in metallic vascular implants by reducing RF artifacts
Authors: Bartels Lambertus W. , Bakker Chris J.G. , Viergever Max A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn this study, a method is proposed for MRI of the lumen of metallic vascular implants, like stents or vena cava filters. The method is based on the reduction of artifacts caused by flow, susceptibility, and RF eddy currents. Whereas both flow artifacts and susceptibility artifacts are well understood and documented, RF artifacts are not. Therefore, the present study comprises an in‐depth theoretical explanation of the factors governing the severity of these RF artifacts. It is explained that the RF caging inside cage‐like implants is caused by disturbances of the send and receive sensitivities due to coupling between the loops in the implant and the MR scanner's send and receive coils. A scaled excitation angle model describing the behavior of the signal intensity inside the implants as a function of the applied nominal excitation angle is introduced. This theoretical model was validated in phantom experiments. Reduced signal from within implants due to the caging problem could be restored by increasing the applied RF power in the excitation pulse, without exceeding the generally accepted SAR safety limits. The method was tested in vitro and in vivo in a pig model and allowed adequate depiction of the interior of a nitinol stent and that of a vena cava filter in contrast‐enhanced MR angiograms. Magn Reson Med 47:171–180, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of sodium ions in anisotropic environments through spin‐lock NMR
Authors: Hancu Ileana , van der Maarel Johan R.C. , Boada Fernando E. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA new method for selectively detecting sodium ions in anisotropic environments is presented. A spin‐lock (SL) sequence, followed by a coherence transfer pulse, generates rank‐two zero‐quantum coherences, and converts them into observable transverse magnetization. The quadrupolar polarization is only generated when there are residual quadrupolar couplings in the sample, and provided the SL field strength is comparable to these couplings. This filter has proved to be more efficient than a double‐quantum magic‐angle (DQ‐MA) filter in generating observable signal from ions in anisotropic media in both a nasal bovine cartilage sample and a liquid crystalline DNA sample. Finally, the SL filtering technique does not rely on a flip angle effect for the selection of the desired signal component, as does a DQ‐MA filter, and may therefore prove desirable in an imaging experiment, due to its better tolerance to phase and flip angle imperfections. Magn Reson Med 47:68–74, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.