bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlled radical polymerization of styrene initiated by diethyldithiocarbamate‐mediated iniferters
Authors: Ishizu Koji , Katsuhara Hideya , Kawauchi Susumu , Furo Masahito 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe demonstrated that density functional theory calculations provide a prediction of the trends in C‐S bond dissociation energies and atomic spin densities for radicals using two model compounds as diethyldithiocarbamate (DC)‐mediated iniferters. On the basis of this information, we synthesized 2‐(N,N‐diethyldithiocarbamyl)isobutylic acid (DTCA) and (4‐cyano‐4‐diethyldithiocarbamyl)pentanoic acid (CDPA) as DC‐mediated iniferters. Free‐radical polymerizations of styrene (St) were carried out in benzene initiated by DTCA or CDPA under UV irradiation. The first‐order time‐conversion plots showed the straight line for the UV irradiation system initiated by CDPA indicating the first order in monomer. The number‐average molecular weight (Mn) of the polystyrene (PSt) increased in direct proportion to monomer conversion. The molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of the PSt was in the range of 1.3–1.7. It was concluded this polymerization system proceeded with a controlled radical mechanism. However, photopolymerization of styrene initiated by DTCA showed nonliving polymerization consistent with UV initiation. Theoretical predictions supported these experimental results. Methacrylic acid (MA) could also be polymerized in a living fashion with such a PSt precursor as a macroinitiator because PSt exhibited a DC group at its terminal end. This system could be applied to the architecture of block copolymers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 413–418, 2005
Die Jahrhunderthalle in Bochum – Eine Industriehalle wird zum Konzerthaus
Authors: Weischede Dietger , Herrmann Andreas , Held Karsten , Müller Thomas 
Published: November 2004

AbstractEine denkmalgeschützte Industriehalle, die Jahrhunderthalle in Bochum, wurde nach einem gewonnenen Gutachterwettbewerb von den Architekten Petzinka Pink Architekten, Düsseldorf, zu einem hochwertigen Konzerthaus umgebaut. Das engagierte Planungsteam konnte die hohen Erwartungen an Architektur, Technik und Funktion in besonderer Weise erfüllen.
Simultaneous determination of phytoestrogens in different medicinal parts of Sophora japonica L. by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection
Authors: Chu Qingcui , Fu Liang , Wu Ting , Ye Jiannong 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA high‐performance capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection (CE‐ED) method has been developed for the determination of phytoestrogens from the pericarps and seeds of Sophora japonica L. in this work. Genistin, genistein, rutin, kaempferol and quercetin are important bioactive constituents in these plants. The effects of several factors such as the acidity and concentration of running buffer, the separation voltage, the applied potential and the injection time on the CE‐ED procedure were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the ﬁve analytes could be well separated within 18 min in a 75 cm length capillary (i.d. 25 µm) at the separation voltage of 16 kV in a 50 mmol L−1 borax running buffer (pH 9.0). A 300 µm diameter carbon disk electrode was used as the working electrode positioned carefully opposite the outlet of the capillary in a wall‐jet conﬁguration at the potential of +950 mV (vs SCE). Detection limits (S/N = 3) ranged from 1.1 × 10−7 to 2.8 × 10−7 g mL−1 for all ﬁve analytes. This method was successfully used to analyse dried Flos sophorae immaturus, pericarps and seeds of dried Fructus sophorae after a relatively simple extraction procedure, and the assay results were satisfactory. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 7‐Oxasphingosine and ‐ceramide Analogues and Their Evaluation in a Model for Apoptosis
Authors: Rajan Roshini , Wallimann Kurt , Vasella Andrea , Pace Deborah , Genazzani Armando A. , Canonico Pier Luigi , Condorelli Fabrizio 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe 7‐oxasphingosine (1), 7‐oxaceramide (2), the thio‐oxaceramide 3, and N‐methyloxaceramide 4 were synthesised from D‐galactose via the building block 9. The apoptosis‐inducing properties of 1–4 were compared to those of sphingosine (Sph) and ceramide (Cer) using a human neuroblastoma (SK‐N‐BE) and a murine‐promyelocyte‐derived (32d) cell line. There were no differences between 2–4 and Cer in terms of their effects on the viability of cells and their ability to trigger cell proliferation. However, in the presence of N,N‐dimethylsphingosine, an inhibitor of sphingosine kinase (SPHK), Cer was more potent than thio‐ceramide 3 in 32d cells, while thio‐ceramide 3 was more potent and efficacious in SK‐N‐BE cells, where it showed an IC50 value of 3 nM compared to 100 nM for Cer. In both SK‐N‐BE and 32d cells, 7‐oxasphingosine (1) and Sph were equally toxic, even in the presence of N,N‐dimethylsphingosine.
Oxide Ion Conductivity and Chemical Stability of Lanthanum Fluorides Doped with Oxygen, La(Sr,Na)F3‐2xOx.
Authors: Ando Masaki , Enoki Makiko , Nishiguchi Hiroyasu , Ishihara Tatsumi , Takita Yusaku 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Processing‐Dependent CMR Properties of Ca(Cu,Mn)7O12 Manganites.
Authors: Itkis Daniil M. , Goodilin Eugene A. , Pomerantseva Ekaterina A. , Lobanov Maxim V. , Greenblatt Martha , Sivov Roman , Noudem Jacques G. , Tretyakov Yuri D. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Giant Dielectric Constant of Hexagonal BaTiO3 Crystal Grown by Containerless Processing.
Authors: Yu Jianding , Paradis Paul‐Francois , Ishikawa Takehiko , Yoda Shinichi , Saita Yutaka , Itoh Mitsuru , Kano Fumihisa 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ni‐Catalyzed, ZnCl2‐Assisted Domino Coupling of Enones, Alkynes, and Alkenes.
Authors: Ikeda Shin‐ichi , Sanuki Reiko , Miyachi Hiroko , Miyashita Hitoshi , Taniguchi Masami , Odashima Kazunori 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel and Facile Synthesis of Thiophene, Thiazole, 2H‐Pyran‐2‐one Benzimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine and Pyridine Derivatives Containing Antipyrine Moiety.
Authors: El‐Taweel F. M. A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design, Synthesis and Antimalarial Activity of a Glyoxylylhydrazone Library.
Authors: Ryckebusch A. , Fruchart J.‐S. , Cattiaux L. , Rousselot‐Paillet P. , Leroux V. , Melnyk O. , Grellier P. , Mouray E. , Sergheraert C. , Melnyk P. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Substituted 3‐(5‐Amino‐[1,3,4]thiadiazol‐2‐yl)‐2H‐pyrano[2,3‐c]pyridin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Zhuravel Irina O. , Kovalenko Sergiy M , Ivachtchenko Alexandre V. , Chernykh Valentin P. , Shinkarenko Pavlo E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Synthesis of [1,2‐a]Benzimidazolo‐1,3,5,2‐triazaphosphorines and [1,2‐a]Benzimidazolo‐1,3,5,2‐triazaphosphorine‐2‐thiones.
Authors: Raouafi Noureddine , Boujlel Khaled , BenKhoud Mohamed Lamine 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Indium(I) Iodide‐Promoted Cleavage of Diaryl Diselenides and Disulfides and Subsequent Condensation with Alkyl or Acyl Halides. One‐Pot Efficient Synthesis of Diorganyl Selenides, Sulfides, Selenoesters, and Thioesters.
Authors: Ranu Brindaban C. , Mandal Tanmay 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Topotactic Conversion of an Organically Templated Vanadyl Phosphate Framework into Layered Structures
Authors: Asnani Minakshi , Sharma Sanjeev , Lofland Samuel E. , Ramanujachary Kandalam V. , Buffat Philippe A. , Ramanan Arunachalam 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis paper reports a novel topotactic exchange reaction of the ethylenediammonium intercalated mixed‐valent vanadyl phosphate, (H3NCH2CH2NH3)0.5[V4+0.45V5+0.55O2PO4{P(OH)2}0.483], with monovalent cations at room temperature. Alkali metal ions and other monovalent cations (e.g. K+, Rb+, Tl+, NH4+) behave similarly, leading to intercalated layered vanadyl phosphates (basal spacing about 6.3−6.5Å). The amount of cations incorporated between the layers is essentially dictated by the charge present on the layers (equivalent to the amount of V4+ present). The present approach has enabled us to obtain a new phase, Tl0.45VOPO4·0.33H2O, under ambient conditions. All the layered solids show low‐temperature magnetic behaviour similar to hydrothermally synthesised products. Treatment with silver ions resulted in a new silver vanadium(V) phosphate Ag3.5VP1.5O8 [monoclinic; a = 22.557(4), b = 7.973(3), c = 12.430(3) Å and β = 112.26(2)°] coated with silver metal nanospheres (ca. 15 nm) which, on heating above 400 °C, yielded a 2:1 mixture of two thermodynamically stable phases, Ag2VO2PO4 and Ag3PO4. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Oligonucleosides with a Nucleobase‐Including Backbone. Part 11
Authors: Eppacher Simon , Solladié Nathalie , Vasella Andrea 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA linear and a convergent synthesis of uridine‐derived backbone‐base‐dedifferentiated (backbone including) oligonucleotide analogues were compared. The Sonogashira cross‐coupling of the alkyne 1 and the iodide 2 gave the dimer 4 that was C‐desilylated and again coupled with 2 to give the trimer 6 (Scheme 1). Repeating this linear sequence led to the pentamer 10. Coupling yields were satisfactory up to formation of the trimer 6, but decreased for the coupling to higher oligomers. Similarly, coupling of the alkynes 5, 7, and 9 with the iodouridine 3 gave, in decreasing yields, the trimer 12, tetramer 13, and pentamer 14, respectively. The dimeric iodouracil 20 was synthesized by coupling the alkyne 17 with the iodide 16 to the dimer 18, followed by iodination at C(6/I) to 19 and O‐silylation (Scheme 2). The iodinated dimer 23 was prepared by iodinating and O‐silylating the known dimer 21. Coupling of 20 and 23 with the dimer 5, trimer 7, and tetramer 9 gave the tetramers 8 and 13, the pentamers 10 and 14, and the hexamer 15, respectively (Scheme 3). The oligomers up to the pentamer 14 were deprotected to provide the trimer 24, tetramer 25, and pentamer 26 (Scheme 4). There was no evidence for the heteropairing of the pentamer 26 and rA7 , nor for the pairing of rU5 and rA7, while a UV melting experiment showed the beginning of a sigmoid curve for the interaction of rU7 with rA7. Therefore, the pentamer 26 does not pair more strongly with rA7 than rU5.
Changes in Nutrient and Fibre Content of DecomposingPhragmites australisLitter
Authors: Dinka Mária , Ágoston‐Szabó Edit , Tóth István 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA litter bag experiment was performed in a healthy and a die‐back reed stand of Lake Fertő/ Neusiedler See. Mass loss, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, C, N, S and P concentrations ofPhragmites australisleaves and culms were determined. Leaves decomposed faster than culms at both sites. After 33 months 82–90% of the leaf and 39–43% of the culm mass was lost, corresponding to a fibre loss of 82–90% and 32–35%, respectively. The N, C and S concentrations increased as decomposition proceeded, while the P concentrations decreased. The decaying coefficient model gave the best fit of the mathematical models tested (single exponential, decaying coefficient and composite exponential model). No significant differences in decomposition rates were detected between the two sites. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Relationship of the Processes in the Rhizosphere of Common Reed Phragmites australis, (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel to Water Fluctuation
Authors: Urbanc‐Berćić Olga , Gaberśćik Alenka 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIntermittent Lake Cerknica is characterised by extreme water level fluctuations. It is neither a lake, nor a terrestrial ecosystem. The decomposition processes in the rhizosphere of extended reed stands are essential for the entire ecosystem. The influence of intermittent water regime on the microbial activity and availability of nutrients in the rhizosphere in a terrestrial reed stand was investigated. The measurements revealed a relatively high soil water content, that was not related to underground water table. Mineralization processes in a soil profile were estimated by measuring microbial activity as electron transport system (ETS) activity and by nutrients in soil water. The microbial activity was determined in the whole depth profile. The highest ETS activity of a soil was 0.23 mg O2 g DW–1 h–1, while the average value was 0.05 mg O2 g DW–1 h–1. The values were not related to underground water table. All forms of nutrients were constantly present, showing no correlation with the soil water content. ANOVA revealed significant decrease of nitrate with depth, but not for nitrite, ammonium and ortho‐phosphate. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Olfaction and the homing ability of pigeons raised in a tropical area in Brazil
Authors: Benvenuti Silvano , Ranvaud Ronald 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSeveral workers have investigated the effect of anosmia on pigeon navigation in different geographical locations because it has been suggested that homing behavior is based on different cues, such as olfactory cues, the Earth's magnetic field or infrasound, and that in the absence of one cue another would be used. In this situation, no cue is universally indispensable, including olfactory ones. In order to extend such observations to a novel biome, we observed the behaviour of 192 young inexperienced birds raised in southeastern Brazil, a tropical area where olfactory tests had never been run before. The birds were released from eight symmetrically distributed sites 17 to 44 km from the loft. Half of these birds (experimentals) had been made temporarily anosmic by washing their olfactory mucosae with 4% solution of ZnSO4 the day before release, while controls were treated with Ringer solution. The results of release tests showed that anosmia totally impaired the navigational performance of experimental birds, which were unable to home from sites at relatively short distances from home (34–44km) and whose pooled initial bearings produced a (negative) homeward component not significantly different from 0. Homing performance of controls was significantly better, and their pooled vanishing bearings had a significant homeward component, in spite of much scatter in individual releases. We conclude that pigeon homing in the study area depends on olfactory information, even though local environmental conditions in the interior of the State of São Paulo, as in several other parts of the world, do not appear to be as favorable as Italy for the development of efficient olfactory navigation. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:961–967, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Futile cycling of lactate through the plasma membrane of C6 glioma cells as detected by (13C, 2H) NMR
Authors: Rodrigues Tiago B. , Gray Heather L. , Benito Marina , Garrido Susana , Sierra Alejandra , Geraldes Carlos F. , Ballesteros Paloma , Cerdán Sebastián 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe report a novel (13C, 2H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) procedure to investigate lactate recycling through the monocarboxylate transporter of the plasma membrane of cells in culture. C6 glioma cells were incubated with [3‐13C]lactate in Krebs‐Henseleit Buffer containing 50% 2H2O (vol/vol) for up to 30 hr. 13C NMR analysis of aliquots progressively taken from the medium, showed: (1) a linearly decreasing singlet at ∼20.85 parts per million (ppm; −0.119 μmol/mg protein/hr) derived from the methyl carbon of [3‐13C]lactate; and (2) an exponentially increasing shifted singlet at ∼20.74 ppm (0.227 μmol/ mg protein/hr) from the methyl carbon of [3‐13C, 2‐2H]lactate. The shifted singlet appears because during its transit through the cytosol, [3‐13C]lactate generates [3‐13C, 2‐2H]lactate in the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) equilibrium, which may return to the incubation medium through the reversible monocarboxylate carrier. The methyl group of [3‐13C, 2‐2H]lactate is shifted −0.11 ppm with respect to that of [3‐13C]lactate, making it possible to distinguish between both molecules by 13C NMR. During incubations with 2.5 mM [1‐13C]glucose and 3.98 mM [U‐13C3]lactate or with 2.5 mM [1‐13C]glucose and 3.93 mM [2‐13C]pyruvate, C2‐deuterated lactate was produced only from [1‐13C]glucose or [U‐13C3]lactate, revealing that this deuteration process is redox sensitive. When [1‐13C]glucose and [U‐13C3]lactate were used as substrates, no significant [3‐13C]lactate production from [1‐13C]glucose was detected, suggesting that glycolytic lactate production may be stopped under the high lactate concentrations prevailing under mild hypoxic or ischemic episodes or during cerebral activation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The psychology of error in relation to medical practice
Authors: Pani John R. , Chariker Julia H. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThere is a broad effort underway to reduce the frequency of medical error. This effort will be facilitated by understanding the causes of human error and the methods that serve to reduce it in settings comparable to medical practice. To serve this end, this article is a review of cognitive psychology as it relates to the origins of human error and an application of that material to issues that arise in medical practice. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;88:130–142. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Harmonic phase MR tagging for direct quantification of lagrangian strain in rat hearts after myocardial infarction
Authors: Liu Wei , Chen Junjie , Ji Songbai , Allen J. Stacy , Bayly Philip V. , Wickline Samuel A. , Yu Xin 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe utility of harmonic phase (HARP) analysis was recently demonstrated in humans and large animals as a technique for rapid and automatic analysis of tagged magnetic resonance images. In the current study, the applicability and accuracy of HARP analysis for automatic strain quantification in small animals were investigated. A validation study was performed on seven postinfarct rats and seven age‐matched controls. A method for direct computation of 2D Lagrangian strain fields from spatial derivatives of HARP images was also developed in this paper. The results of HARP analysis were evaluated by comparison with those of homogeneous strain analysis employing finite element method and manual tag tracking. Both methods were validated with simulated digital images. Compared to conventional homogeneous strain analysis, HARP analysis yielded similar results in the assessment of regional strain patterns in both control and infarct rats. Both methods detected a reduction in maximal stretch and shortening in infarct rats. Our results suggest that HARP analysis can also be applied to quantify alterations in regional myocardial wall motion in small animals. Magn Reson Med 52:1282–1290, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exogenous contrast agent improves sensitivity of gradient‐echo functional magnetic resonance imaging at 9.4 T
Authors: Mandeville Joseph B. , Jenkins Bruce G. , Chen Yin‐Ching I. , Choi Ji‐Kyung , Kim Young R. , Belen Deniz , Liu Christina , Kosofsky Barry E. , Marota John J. A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractRelative to common clinical magnetic field strengths, higher fields benefit functional brain imaging both by providing additional signal for high‐resolution applications and by improving the sensitivity of endogenous contrast due to the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) mechanism, which has limited detection power at low magnetic fields relative to the use of exogenous contrast agent. This study evaluates the utility of iron oxide contrast agent for gradient echo functional MRI at 9.4 T in rodents using cocaine and methylphenidate as stimuli. Relative to the BOLD method, the use of high iron doses and short echo times provided a roughly twofold global increase in functional sensitivity, while also suppressing large vessel signal and reducing susceptibility artifacts. Furthermore, MRI measurements of the functional percentage change in cerebral blood volume (CBV) showed excellent agreement with results obtained at much lower magnetic field strengths, demonstrating that MRI estimates of this quantity are roughly independent of magnetic field when appropriate techniques are employed. The derived field dependencies for relative sensitivity and MRI estimates of the percentage change in CBV suggest that the benefits provided by exogenous agents will persist even at much higher magnetic fields than 9.4 T. Magn Reson Med 52:1272–1281, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative “magnetic resonance immunohistochemistry” with ligand‐targeted 19F nanoparticles
Authors: Morawski Anne M. , Winter Patrick M. , Yu Xin , Fuhrhop Ralph W. , Scott Michael J. , Hockett Franklin , Robertson J. David , Gaffney Patrick J. , Lanza Gregory M. , Wickline Samuel A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractUnstable atherosclerotic plaques exhibit microdeposits of fibrin that may indicate the potential for a future rupture. However, current methods for evaluating the stage of an atherosclerotic lesion only involve characterizing the level of vessel stenosis, without delineating which lesions are beginning to rupture. Previous work has shown that fibrin‐targeted, liquid perfluorocarbon nanoparticles, which carry a high payload of gadolinium, have a high sensitivity and specificity for detecting fibrin with clinical 1H MRI. In this work, the perfluorocarbon content of the targeted nanoparticles is exploited for the purposes of 19F imaging and spectroscopy to demonstrate a method for quantifiable molecular imaging of fibrin in vitro at 4.7 T. Additionally, the quantity of bound nanoparticles formulated with different perfluorocarbon species was calculated using spectroscopy. Results indicate that the high degree of nanoparticle binding to fibrin clots and the lack of background 19F signal allow accurate quantification using spectroscopy at 4.7 T, as corroborated with proton relaxation rate measurements at 1.5 T and trace element (gadolinium) analysis. Finally, the extension of these techniques to a clinically relevant application, the evaluation of the fibrin burden within an ex vivo human carotid endarterectomy sample, demonstrates the potential use of these particles for uniquely identifying unstable atherosclerotic lesions in vivo. Magn Reson Med 52:1255–1262, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self‐navigated interleaved spiral (SNAILS): Application to high‐resolution diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Liu Chunlei , Bammer Roland , Kim Dong‐hyun , Moseley Michael E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA fat‐saturated twice‐refocused spin echo sequence was implemented on a GE Signa 1.5‐T whole‐body system for diffusion‐weighted imaging. Data were acquired using an analytically designed interleaved variable‐density (VD) spiral readout trajectory. This flexible design algorithm allowed real‐time prescription on the scanner. Each interleaf of the VD spiral oversampled the center of k‐space. The oversampling provided an inherent motion compensation capability. The resultant diffusion‐weighted images showed good quality without any retrospective motion correction. An iterated motion correction algorithm was developed to further reduce the signal cancellation artifact caused by motion‐induced phase error. In this algorithm, a low‐resolution phase map was estimated using the oversampled data in the center of k‐space in order to correct for phase error in image space.In vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies were performed on the brains of healthy volunteers. High‐quality isotropic diffusion‐weighted images, trace maps, and FA maps from axial, sagittal, and coronal slices were obtained using a VD spiral readout trajectory with matrix size 256 × 256. To our knowledge, this was also the first time in vivo 512 × 512 DTI results were reported. Magn Reson Med 52:1388–1396, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.