bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spinodal Decomposition in Binary Blend of Poly(methyl methacrylate)/Poly(α‐methyl styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile): Analysis of Early and Late Stage Demixing
Authors: Madbouly Samy A. , Ougizawa Toshiaki 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSummary: The phase separation kinetics of a poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, and poly(α‐methylstyrene‐co‐acrylonitrile), PαMSAN, blend exhibiting a LCST‐type phase diagram have been investigated as functions of temperature and demixing time for the near critical composition (PαMSAN/PMMA = 25:75) using a time‐resolved light scattering technique. We found that the scattering data in the early stage spinodal decomposition (SD) can be well described by the linearized Cahn–Hilliard theory. Spinodal temperature Ts ∼ 171 °C was determined from Dapp versus T and q versus T based on the analysis of Cahn theory in the early stage SD, where Dapp is the apparent diffusion coefficient and qm is the scattering vector at the maximum scattering intensity. The value of Ts obtained from the analysis of light scattering data was in good agreement with the phase diagram obtained visually at the equilibrium condition. The LCST‐type phase diagram of this blend was also calculated using the Flory–Huggen theory. The estimated interaction parameter used for the calculation of the phase diagram was found to be composition and temperature dependent. The coarsening behavior of the blend at the late stage SD was also studied by analyzing the magnitudes of qm and Im at various demixing times and temperatures based on the nonlinear statistical theories. Both of qm and Im obtained at different times and temperatures can be superposed and reduced to the respective master curves by horizontal shifting when they are plotted against log (t/aT) at a given reference temperature, where aT is the temperature‐dependent shift factor. The shape of the phase separation domain structures as a function of time during the SD was also considered. The scaling structure function F(x,t;T) = qm(t;T)3I(q,t;T) versus q/qm was found to be time independent and falls onto a universal curve in the late stage SD as a result of the dynamical self‐similarity accompanying with the phase separation process.Optical microscopy pictures for the structure development of spinodal decomposition for PαMSAN/PMMA = 25:75 blend at 180 °C for different demixing times.imageOptical microscopy pictures for the structure development of spinodal decomposition for PαMSAN/PMMA = 25:75 blend at 180 °C for different demixing times.
Customer‐oriented selling: Exploring the roles of emotional intelligence and organizational commitment
Authors: Rozell Elizabeth J. , Pettijohn Charles E. , Parker R. Stephen 
Published: April 2004

AbstractProfessional salespeople are often placed in situations where role conflict and ambiguity are prevalent. They are generally expected to sell a firm's products and services to generate immediate profits, while simultaneously building customer satisfaction and promoting lifetime customers and the long‐term economic viability of the firm. The concept of customer‐oriented selling illustrates the conflict, as salespeople are required to forgo immediate benefits in lieu of long‐term rewards. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships existing between customer‐oriented selling, emotional intelligence, and organizational commitment. The results indicate that a salesperson's customer orientation level is significantly related to emotional intelligence. Implications of the findings indicate that managers should consider using emotional intelligence as a selection and human‐resource development tool, as improvements in emotional intelligence are correlated with greater levels of customer orientation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Action control, proxy control, and consumers' evaluations of the service exchange
Authors: Namasivayam Karthik 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis article adopts a consumer's point of view, and extends current literature that models the relationships between consumers' control perceptions, service providers' fair behaviors, and consumers' satisfaction with the exchange. Perceived control is disassembled into action and proxy control and their differential actions in the service exchange discussed. This article models, for the first time, the joint effects of perceived control and service provider behaviors on consumer satisfaction by explicitly connecting service‐provider fair behaviors to consumers' perceptions of control. The results from two repeated‐measures experiments provide support for the hypotheses. Specifically, a multivariate analysis of the data demonstrated main effects for the experimental manipulations on perceived control, perceived fairness, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. An interaction effect between perceived control and perceived fairness was also evident in one experiment. Future research and managerial implications are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Natural history and syndromic associations of orthostatic tremor: A review of 41 patients
Authors: Gerschlager Willibald , Münchau Alexander , Katzenschlager Regina , Brown Peter , Rothwell John C. , Quinn Niall , Lees Andrew J. , Bhatia Kailash P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractOrthostatic tremor (OT) is a rare condition characterized by unsteadiness when standing still that is relieved when sitting or walking and is thought to arise from a central generator in the cerebellum or brainstem. OT is considered to be a distinct, discrete condition, and little is known about its demographic characteristics, natural history, associated features, and treatment response. We have reviewed these aspects in 41 OT patients fulfilling current diagnostic criteria, seen at our institution between 1986 and 2001. We classified 31 (75%) as having idiopathic “primary OT” either with (n = 24) or without an associated postural arm tremor. We found that 10 of 41 (25%) cases had additional neurological features, and we defined this group as having “OT plus” syndrome. Of these 10, 6 had parkinsonism; 4 of these had typical Parkinson's disease (PD), 1 had vascular and 1 had drug‐induced parkinsonism. Among the remaining 4 patients, 2 had restless legs syndrome (RLS), 1 had tardive dyskinesia, and 1 orofacial dyskinesias of uncertain etiology. One patient with PD and the patient with vascular parkinsonism also had RLS. Age at onset was significantly earlier in the “primary OT” (mean ± SD, 50.4 ± 15.1) than in the “OT plus” (61.8 ± 6.4; z = 2.7; P = .006) group. In 7 of the 10 “OT plus” patients, OT leg symptoms preceded the onset of additional neurological features. OT appeared to be underdiagnosed, and on average, it took 5.7 years from the initial complaints until a diagnosis was made. In general, treatment response to a variety of drugs such as clonazepam, primidone, and levodopa was poor. In most cases, OT symptoms remain relatively unchanged over the years, but in 6 of 41 cases (15%), the condition gradually worsened over the years, and in some of these cases, symptoms spread proximally to involve the trunk and arms. OT may not be a discrete disorder as commonly believed and associated features like parkinsonism present in nearly 25% of cases. Dopaminergic dysfunction may have a role in the pathophysiology of this disorder. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Weak solutions for time‐dependent boundary integral equations associated with the bending of elastic plates under combined boundary data
Authors: Chudinovich Igor , Constanda Christian , Gómez Eduardo Aguilera 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe existence, uniqueness, stability, and integral representation of distributional solutions are investigated for the equations of motion of a thin elastic plate with a combination of displacement and moment‐stress components prescribed on the boundary. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global controllability between steady supercritical flows in channel networks
Authors: Gugat Martin , Leugering Günter , Schmidt E. J. P. Georg 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe consider a tree‐like network of open channels with outflow at the root. Controls are exerted at the boundary nodes of the network except for the root. In each channel, the flow is modelled by the de St. Venant equations. The node conditions require the conservation of mass and the conservation of energy. We show that the states of the system can be controlled within the entire network in finite time from a stationary supercritical initial state to a given supercritical terminal state with the same orientation. During this transition, the states stay in the class of C1‐functions, so no shocks occur. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymptotic behaviour of the energy for electromagnetic systems with memory
Authors: Muñoz Rivera Jaime E. , Grazia Naso Maria , Vuk Elena 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSome linear evolution problems arising in the theory of hereditary electromagnetism are considered here. Making use of suitable Liapunov functionals, existence of solutions as well as asymptotic behaviour, are determined for rigid conductors with electric memory. In particular, we show the polynomially decay of the solutions, when the memory kernel decays exponentially or polynomially. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive stabilization of the sine‐Gordon equation by boundary control
Authors: Kobayashi Toshihiro 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper is concerned with adaptive global stabilization of the sine‐Gordon equation without damping by boundary control. An adaptive stabilizer is constructed by the concept of high‐gain output feedback. The closed‐loop system is shown to be locally well‐posed by the Banach fixed point theorem and then to be globally well‐posed by the Lyapunov method. Moreover, using a multiplier method global exponential stabilization of the system is proved. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential isolation of a gyroelectric InSb disc
Authors: Ng Zee M. , Davis Lionel E. , Sloan Robin 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA 15‐GHz InSb circulator supported with microstrip‐slotline transitions is reported for the first time. The device showed a differential isolation of 15 dB over a fractional bandwidth of 6.7% at a temperature of 77°K with bias flux density of 0.78 Tesla. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 433–434, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20161
Polarization‐dependent electromagnetic band gap (PDEBG) structures: Designs and applications
Authors: Yang Fan , Rahmat‐Samii Yahya 
Published: April 2004

AbstractEBG structures exhibit an in‐phase reflection coefficient, which makes them desirable for low‐profile antenna designs. However, a conventional EBG structure has an identical reflection phase for a normally incident plane wave in spite of its polarization state. This paper presents novel polarization‐dependent EBG (PDEBG) structures whose reflection phases are different, depending upon the polarization state of the incident plane wave. This polarization‐dependent reflection‐phase feature is realized by changing the unit geometries, for example, by using a rectangular patch to replace the square patch, by cutting slots into the patch, or by offsetting the vias. By properly tailoring the phase difference between different polarizations, a useful EBG reflector is introduced, which can control the polarization state of the reflected wave. One attractive application of this reflector is that the reflected wave of a circularly polarized incident plane wave can maintain its polarization sense. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 439–444, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20164
Evaluation of time‐domain OCDMA performances using a Gaussian model for an optical amplified channel
Authors: Lourdiane Mounia , Gallion Philippe B. , Vallet Robert A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe performances of time‐domain optical code‐division multiple access (OCDMA), using a Gaussian model for an optical amplified channel, are evaluated. Interest in spectral spreading to take advantage of low‐cost optical filtering conditions is pointed out and the simultaneous effects of multiaccess interference (MAI) and optical noise on optical detection are demonstrated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 463–465, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20172
Simulation and measurements of current‐injected gain control in semiconductor optical amplifiers
Authors: Gallep Cristiano M. , Bordonalli Aldário C. , Conforti Evandro 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA semiconductor optical amplifier simulator (SOASim), used to analyze in‐line optical amplifiers, current‐injected space switches, and electro‐optical regenerators, is presented. The effects of amplitude‐modulated injected current in the techniques of feed‐forward gain control (FFGC) and pre‐impulse‐step injected current (PISIC) are included. Experimental results are in good agreement with simulations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 477–481, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20177
Nonuniform layer model of an image‐guide millimeter‐wave phase shifter
Authors: Fickenscher T. , Schwolen A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractOptically controllable millimeter‐wave phase shifters in image‐guide technology with rectangular dielectric strips made of semiconductor material are investigated with special regard to the inherent diffusion‐controlled nonuniform plasma‐density distribution due to bandgap‐radiation excitation. This analysis is based on the effective dielectric constant (EDC) method. Numerical examples are presented and discussed, taking single‐moded Si and GaAs image guides at W‐band frequencies into consideration. Furthermore, low‐loss silicon‐on‐quartz sandwich structures are proposed and analysed for use in image‐guide phase shifters. It is clearly observed that phase shifters designed for low loss and high phase shift will require a sandwich structure with a thin plasma layer. The results obtained for the image‐guide phase shifter are compared to those for the dielectric‐waveguide phase shifter. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 486–490, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20180
A wavelet‐based radial‐basis function neural network approach to the inverse scattering of conducting cylinders
Authors: Aşık Ulaş , Günel Tayfun , Erer Işın 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA new approach, based on the radial‐bias function neural network (RBF‐NN) combined with wavelet transform, is presented for the estimation of the locations and radii of conducting cylindrical scatterers. The discrete wavelet transform coefficients of the electric‐field values scattered by the cylinder are fed into the RBF‐NN, whose outputs are the location and the radius of the cylinder. The efficiency of the proposed approach is compared with the approach where the field values are directly used. The performance of the wavelet‐based approach for noisy field measurements is also investigated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 506–511, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20186
Experimental investigation of a tri‐band frequency‐selective surface
Authors: Sarkar D. , Sarkar P. P. , Chowdhury S. K. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe frequency‐selective property of an array of rectangular dipole microstrip patches, resonant at two frequencies in the J band and two other frequencies in the Ku band, has been investigated experimentally. Measured data indicate that the electromagnetic wave transmits well through the frequency‐selective surface (FSS) in the frequency range of 8.2 to 11.4 GHz and scatters well (around 20 dB) from the FSS in the frequency ranges of 6.3 to 7.7 GHz and 12.4 to 13.9 GHz. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 511–512, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20187
A dual‐frequency dual‐polarized microstrip antenna fed by an inclined slot
Authors: Row Jeen‐Sheen 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper presents the design of a single‐feed microstrip antenna with dual‐frequency and dual‐polarization operations. Two fundamental modes, TM01 and TM10, are excited in a single long rectangular patch through an inclined slot to achieve the two operating frequency bands centered at 2.43 and 5.2 GHz, respectively. To increase the bandwidths of the two operating frequency bands, the resonant slot and additional parasitic patches are used to couple with the TM01 and TM10 modes, respectively. The experimental results show that 10‐dB impedance bandwidths of 5% and 23% are obtained for the two operating frequency bands. Good agreement is also observed between the measured and simulated results. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 512–514, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20188
Perfusion MRI of U87 brain tumors in a mouse model
Authors: Sun Yanping , Schmidt Nils O. , Schmidt Karl , Doshi Sameer , Rubin Joshua B. , Mulkern Robert V. , Carroll Rona , Ziu Mateo , Erkmen Kadir , Poussaint Tina Y. , Black Peter , Albert Mitchell , Burstein Deborah , Kieran Mark W. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractContinuous arterial spin labeling (CASL) was used to obtain an index of cerebral blood flow (ICBF) in the normal mouse brain and in an orthotopic mouse model of human U87 high‐grade glioma at 8.5 T. Under the assumption of a constant tissue:blood partition coefficient for water in different tissues, the mean ICBF (n = 14) was found to be 50 ± 9 mL/100g/min for tumor core and 209 ± 11 mL/100g/min for normal tissue. The apparentT1(T1app) was 2.01 ± 0.06 sec for tumor core and 1.66 ± 0.03 sec for normal tissue. The ICBF and theT1appvalues were significantly different (P< 0.001) between these two regions. The detailed changes of ICBF andT1appin the transition from the tumor core through the tumor periphery to surrounding tissue were studied. Immunohistochemistry indicated that tumor vascularity was not uniform, with microvessel density highest in normal brain and the tissue surrounding the tumor and lowest in the tumor core. The large difference in ICBF between the tumor core and normal tissue suggests that this index might be useful for the assessment of the efficacy of antiangiogenic therapy. Magn Reson Med 51:893–899, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of intracellular pH and compartmentation using diffusion‐weighted NMR spectroscopy with pH‐sensitive indicators
Authors: Cohen Jack S. , Motiei Menachem , Carmi Shani , Shiperto Dana , Yefet Odeya , Ringel Israel 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe intracellular pH (pHi) of a series of cancer cell lines was determined using the pH‐sensitive indicators imidazole (Im) or histidine (His) and diffusion‐weighted (DW) proton NMR spectroscopy. The DW method allows the observation at high magnetic field gradient values of only the slow‐moving (intracellular) components, thus ensuring complete separation between intra‐ and extracellular components. Using the chemical shift difference (Δδ) between the imidazole ring C2‐H and C4(5)‐H peaks, we were able to measure the pHi independently of chemical shift standardization. With His, the cell lines gave pHi values of ∼6.5–7.0, whereas with Im, a second, more acidic compartment (pHi = 5.5–5.8) was also observed. An inverse correlation was also found between pHi and the intracellular lactate concentration. This method may be applicable to in vivo pH determinations. Magn Reson Med 51:900–903, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Artifact reduction in undersampled projection reconstruction MRI of the peripheral vessels using selective excitation
Authors: Du J. , Thornton F.J. , Fain S.B. , Korosec F.R. , Browning F. , Grist T.M. , Mistretta C.A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe projection reconstruction (PR)‐HyperTRICKS (time resolved imaging of contrast kinetics) acquisition integrates the benefits of through‐plane Cartesian slice encoding and in‐plane undersampled PR. It provides high spatial resolution both in‐plane (about 1 mm2) and through‐plane (1–2 mm), as well as relatively high temporal resolution (about 0.25 frames per second). However, undersampling artifacts that originate from anatomy superior or inferior to a coronal imaging FOV may severely degrade the image quality. In coronal MRA acquisitions, the slice coverage is limited in order to achieve high temporal resolution. In this report we describe an artifact reduction method that uses selective excitation in PR‐HyperTRICKS. This technique significantly reduces undersampling streak artifacts while it increases the slice coverage. Magn Reson Med 51:1071–1076, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MRI monitoring of heating produced by ultrasound absorption in the skull: In vivo study in pigs
Authors: McDannold Nathan , King Randy L. , Hynynen Kullervo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to test the utility of MR thermometry for monitoring the temperature rise on the brain surface and in the scalp induced by skull heating during ultrasound exposures. Eleven locations in three pigs were targeted with unfocused ultrasound exposures (frequency = 690 kHz; acoustic power = 8.2–16.5 W; duration = 20 s). MR thermometry (a chemical shift technique) showed an average temperature rise in vivo of 2.8°C ± 0.6°C and 4.4°C ± 1.4°C on the brain surface and scalp, respectively, at an acoustic power level of 10 W. The temperature rise on the scalp agreed with that measured with a thermocouple probe inserted adjacent to the skull (average temperature rise = 4.6°C ± 1.0°C). Characterization of the transducer showed that the average acoustic intensity was 1.3 W/cm2 at an acoustic power of 10 W. The ability to monitor the temperature rise next to the skull with MRI‐based thermometry, as shown here, will allow for safety monitoring during clinical trials of transcranial focused ultrasound. Magn Reson Med 51:1061–1065, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measuring blood volume and vascular transfer constant from dynamic, T‐weighted contrast‐enhanced MRI
Authors: Johnson Glyn , Wetzel Stephan G. , Cha Soonmee , Babb James , Tofts Paul S. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDynamic, contrast‐enhanced MRI (deMRI) is increasingly being used to evaluate cerebral microcirculation. There are two different approaches for analyzing deMRI data. Intravascular indicator dilution theory has been used to estimate blood volume (and perfusion), usually from T2‐ or T‐weighted images of the first pass of the bolus. However, the theory assumes that the tracer (i.e., contrast agent) remains intravascular, which is often not the case when the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is damaged. Furthermore, the method provides no information on the vascular transfer constant. Pharmacokinetic modeling analyses of T1‐weighted images after first pass do give values of the vascular transfer constant and the volume of the extravascular, extracellular space (EES), but they generally are unable to give estimates of blood volume. In this study we apply pharmacokinetic modeling to dynamic T‐weighted imaging of the first pass of a tracer bolus. This method, which we call first‐pass pharmacokinetic modeling (FPPM), gives an estimate of the blood volume, vascular transfer constant, and EES volume. The method was applied to a group of 26 patients with surgically proven tumors (10 glioblastomas multiforme (GBMs), six lymphomas, and 10 meningiomas). The measurements of the blood volume and transfer constant were consistent with the known physiology of these tumors. Magn Reson Med 51:961–968, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.