bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antipsychotic medication and venous thrombosis
Authors: Thomassen René , Vandenbroucke Jan P. , Rosendaal Frits R. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundIn an autopsy series, 10 out of 27 deaths in which ‘idiopathic’ pulmonary emboli were discerned as the sole cause of death had occurred in psychiatric patients.AimsTo investigate whether antipsychotic medication is a risk factor for venous thrombosis.MethodA description of the 10 psychiatric patients was obtained from the pulmonary emboli autopsy reports. We carried out a brief historic overview of the literature. We re-analysed data from the Leiden Thrombophilia Study (LETS), a case–control study on patients with venous thrombosis.ResultsIn the autopsy reports, five out of 10 psychiatric patients with fatal pulmonary embolism had confirmed use of antipsychotic drugs. After the application of chlorpromazine and its analogues a higher incidence of venous thrombosis in psychiatric patients was described in the German literature between 1953 and 1977. In the re-analysis of the LETS case–control study, four patients used antipsychotic drugs versus none in the control group. Recent epidemiological studies of good methodological quality have confirmed these findings.ConclusionsVenous thrombosis appears to be associated with the use of antipsychotic drugs in psychiatric patients.
Carers' and Users' Expectations of Services – User version (CUES–U): A new instrument to measure the experience of users of mental health services
Authors: Lelliott Paul , Beevor Anne , Hogman Gary , Hyslop Jon , Lathlean Judith , Ward Martin 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundNo existing instrument measures all or even most of the issues considered important by users of mental health services.AimsTo develop and test a self-assessment instrument to enable users of mental health services to rate their experience across the range of domains that they consider to be important.MethodRelevant domains were identified and a new instrument was drafted and field tested to examine its psychometric properties.ResultsThe 17-item, self-rated Carers' and Users' Expectations of Services – User version (CUES–U) appears acceptable to most service users. Its items have reasonable test–retest reliability and a ‘total CUES–U score’ correlates significantly with a total score of the Health of the Nations Outcome Scales (Spearman's ρ=0.42; P<0.01).ConclusionsThe development and testing of CUES–U suggest that it might be feasible to apply a self-rated measure of the expectations and experience of users of mental health services.
Child sexual abuse, poor parental care and adult depression: evidence for different mechanisms
Authors: Hill Jonathan , Pickles Andrew , Burnside Elizabeth , Byatt Marie , Rollinson Lynn , Davis Rachel , Harvey Katie 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundChild sexual abuse (CSA) and poor parental care (neglect and institutional care) are associated with depression in adult life. Little is known about possible mechanisms underlying these associations.AimsTo examine the role of adult intimate-love relationships as differential mediators or moderators of the associations between CSA, poor parental care and adult depression.MethodSampling was carried out in two phases. In the first, questionnaires were sent to women aged 25–36 years in five primary care practices. Second-phase subjects for interview (n=198) were drawn from three strata defined on the basis of childhood adversities. Recalled childhood experiences and recent adult relationships and depression were assessed and rated independently. Frequencies of predictor and response variables, effect estimates and their confidence intervals were weighted back to the general population questionnaire sample.ResultsThe risk for depression associated with CSA was unaffected by quality of adult relationships, while the risk associated with poor parental care was substantially altered.ConclusionsThere may be different pathways linking CSA and poor parental care to adult depression.
Family settings and children's adjustment: differential adjustment within and across families
Authors: O'Connor Thomas G. , Dunn Judy , Jenkins Jennifer M. , Pickering Kevin , Rasbash Jon 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundChildren in stepfamilies and single-parent families exhibit elevated levels of behavioural and emotional problems compared with children in intact (biological) families, but there is variation within and across these family types.AimsTo examine the sources of variation in children's behavioural and emotional problems across diverse family settings.MethodLevels of behavioural and emotional problems in children from diverse stepfamilies and single-parent families were compared with children living with both biological parents. Psychosocial risks were measured at the individual child and family levels.ResultsBehavioural and emotional problems were elevated in children in stepmother/complex stepfamilies and single-parent families, but not in simple stepfather families, relative to ‘biological’ families. Psychopathology associated with family type was explained by compromised quality of the parent–child relationship, parental depression and socio-economic adversity. Sibling similarity in behavioural and emotional problems was most pronounced in high-risk family settings.ConclusionsFamily type is a proxy for exposure to psychosocial risks; the extent of family-wide influence on children's development may be strongest in high-stress settings.
Genetic moderation of environmental risk for depression and anxiety in adolescent girls
Authors: Silberg Judy , Rutter Michael , Neale Michael , Eaves Lindon 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundThere is huge individual variation in people's response to negative life events.AimsTo test the hypothesis that genetic factors moderate susceptibility to the environmentally mediated risks associated with negative life events.MethodThe Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development (VTSABD) was used to study the effects of independent life events (assessed from maternal interview) on depression/anxiety (assessed from child interview) in 184 same-gender female twin pairs, aged 14–17 years, measured on two occasions.ResultsThere was no genetic effect on the independent negative life events studied. A significant gene–environment interaction was found using structural equation modelling. There was no effect of independent life events on adolescents' depression in the absence of parental emotional disorder, but a significant effect in its presence.ConclusionsThere is an environmentally mediated effect of life events on depression/anxiety. Genetic factors play a significant role in individual differences in susceptibility to these environmentally mediated risks.
Approaches to gene mapping in complex disorders and their application in child psychiatry and psychology
Authors: Asherson Philip J. , Curran Sarah 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundTwin studies demonstrate the importance of genes and environment in the aetiology of childhood psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Advances in molecular genetics enable the identification of genes involved in complex disorders and enable the study of molecular mechanisms and gene–environment interactions.AimsTo review the role of molecular genetics studies in childhood behavioural and developmental traits.MethodMolecular approaches to complex disorders are reviewed, with examples from autism, reading disability and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).ResultsThe most robust finding in ADHD is the association of a variable number tandem repeat polymorphism in exon 3 of the DRD4 gene. Other replicated associations with ADHD are outlined in the text. In autism, there is a replicated linkage finding on chromosome 7. Linkage studies in reading disability have confirmed a locus on chromosome 6 and strongly suggest one on chromosome 15.ConclusionsIn the next 5–10 years susceptibility genes for these disorders will be established. Describing their relationship to biological and behavioural function will be a far greater challenge.
Hyperphagic short stature and Prader–Willi syndrome: A comparison of behavioural phenotypes, genotypes and indices of stress
Authors: Gilmour Jane , Skuse David , Pembrey Marcus 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundThe clinical features of hyperphagic short stature (HSS) include short stature secondary to growth hormone insufficiency, excessive appetite (hyperphagia) and mild learning disabilities. Affected children characteristically live in conditions of high psychosocial stress. Symptoms resolve when the child is removed from the stressful environment. Family studies indicate a genetic predisposition.AimsTo compare the behavioural and stress profiles of HSS with those of Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS), and to test the hypothesis that the genetic locus that predisposes to HSS co-inherits with the PWS locus at 15q11–13.MethodTwenty-five children with HSS, mean age 9.1 (s.d. 3.8) years, 28% female, were compared with 30 children with PWS, mean age 8.8 (s.d. 2.8) years, 33% female.ResultsThe clinical profiles were largely similar across the conditions, but no evidence was found in HSS of co-inheritance of the PWS critical region.ConclusionsHyperphagic short stature is one of the very few behavioural diseases associated with a pathognomonic physiological abnormality. Investigations of the suggested genetic dysregulation, which is so sensitive to environmental influences, may well be of importance in a broader context.
Neuropsychological analyses of impulsiveness in childhood hyperactivity
Authors: Rubia K. , Taylor E. , Smith A. B. , Oksannen H. , Overmeyer S. , Newman S. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundNeuropsychological analyses of impulsiveness are needed to refine assessment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).AimsTo investigate specific impairments in hyperactive children in a neuropsychological task battery of impulsiveness, the Maudsley Attention and Response Suppression (MARS) task battery, and to identify the neural substrates.MethodImpulsiveness was assessed using different tasks of inhibitory control and time management (MARS) in 55 children with ADHD, other diagnoses and controls. Functional magnetic resonance images were obtained from adolescents with and without ADHD during three of the tasks.ResultsChildren with ADHD, but not psychiatric controls, were impaired on tests of response inhibition, but not of motor timing. Reduced right prefrontal activation was observed in hyperactive adolescents during higher level inhibition and delay management, but not during simple sensorimotor coordination.ConclusionsAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is characterised by specific deficits in tasks of motor response inhibition, but not motor timing, and by dysfunction of frontostriatal brain regions.
Autonomic reactivity and psychopathology in middle childhood
Authors: Boyce W. Thomas , Quas Jodi , Alkon Abbey , Smider Nancy A. , Essex Marilyn J. , Kupfer David J. ,   MacArthur Assessment Battery Working Group of the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Psychopathology and Development
Published: August 2002

BackgroundBetter indicators are needed for identifying children with early signs of developmental psychopathology.AimsTo identify measures of autonomic nervous system reactivity that discriminate children with internalising and externalising behavioural symptoms.MethodA cross-sectional study of 122 children aged 6–7 years examined sympathetic and parasympathetic reactivity to standardised field-laboratory stressors as predictors of parent— and teacher-reported mental health symptoms.ResultsMeasures of autonomic reactivity discriminated between children with internalising behaviour problems, externalising behaviour problems and neither. Internalisers showed high reactivity relative to low-symptom children, principally in the parasympathetic branch, while externalisers showed low reactivity, in both autonomic branches.ConclusionsSchool-age children with mental health symptoms showed a pattern of autonomic dimorphism in their reactivity to standardised challenges. This observation may be of use in early identification of children with presyndromal psychopathology.
Timing of initial exposure to maternal major depression and children's mental health symptoms in kindergarten
Authors: Essex Marilyn J. , Klein Marjorie H. , Miech Richard , Smider Nancy A. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundLittle is known about the influence on child mental health symptoms of the timing of initial exposure to maternal major depression or whether the timing is associated with ‘pure’ or co-occurring internalising and externalising symptoms.AimsTo address these issues, while also taking account of child gender and family socio-economic status.MethodIn a prospective community-based study, 421 kindergarten teachers rated children's symptoms. Previous assessments of maternal major depression indicated whether children were first exposed during infancy, in the toddler/pre-school period, or never.ResultsExposure during infancy was associated with high internalising symptoms, especially when co-occurring with high externalising symptoms. Initial exposure in the toddler/pre-school years increased the risk of ‘pure’ externalising symptoms among girls.ConclusionsThe association of child mental health symptoms with the timing of initial exposure to maternal depression highlights the need for effective prevention and intervention strategies addressed to the developmental issues of each period.
Influence of psychiatric disorder on the controlling behaviour of mothers with 1-year-old infants
Authors: Stein Alan , Woolley Helen , Murray Lynne , Cooper Peter , Cooper Sandra , Noble Fiona , Affonso Nicky , Fairburn Christopher G. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundCertain styles of parental controlling behaviour influence child development. Work with mothers with eating disorders suggests that they may be particularly controlling of their infants.AimsTo examine the nature and specificity of maternal controlling behaviour in mothers with eating disorders compared with mothers who had experienced postnatal depression and a healthy comparison group.MethodMothers with eating disorders (n=34), postnatal depression (n=39) and a healthy comparison group (n=61) and their 12-month-old infants were observed during play and mealtimes, and blind ratings made of verbal and non-verbal control exerted by the mother.ResultsMothers in the eating disorder group used more verbal control, especially strong control. There were no differences between the groups on gentle verbal control and physical contact. Maternal dietary restraint was the one feature of eating disorder psychopathology associated with the use of verbal control. Marital criticism was also associated with the extent of verbal controlling behaviour.ConclusionsAspects of maternal control of infants were found to be specific to maternal eating disorder psychopathology.
Use of sertraline, paroxetine and fluvoxamine by nursing women
Authors: Hendrick Victoria , Fukuchi Alan , Altshuler Lori , Widawski Mel , Wertheimer Amy , Brunhuber Martina V. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundThe pharmacological treatment of depression in nursing women requires information on the magnitude of medication exposure to the infant that may occur through breast milk.AimsTo examine serum concentrations of antidepressants in infants exposed to these medications through breast-feeding.MethodMaternal and infant serum concentrations of sertraline, paroxetine and fluvoxamine were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography (limit of detections=1 ng/ml).ResultsNo detectable medication was present in any infant exposed to paroxetine (n=16) or fluvoxamine (n=4). Among infants exposed to sertraline (n=30), detectable medication was present in 24% of serum samples. A significant negative correlation was found between infant age and infant serum concentration. Sertraline was significantly more likely to be detected in an infant if the mother's daily dose was 100 mg or higher. No adverse sequelae occurred in any infant.ConclusionsThis study shows that paroxetine, fluvoxamine and sertraline produce minimal exposure to infants when taken by nursing mothers.
Association of autonomic dysfunction and clozapine
Authors: Cohen Hagit , Loewenthal Uri , Matar Michael , Kotler Moshe 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundAntipsychotic medications cause a wide range of adverse effects and have been associated with sudden death in psychiatric patients.AimsTo supply power spectral analysis of heart rate variability as a tool to examine the arrythmogenic effects of neuroleptics.MethodHeart rate analysis was carried out in patients with schizophrenia on standard doses of neuroleptic monotherapy − 21 were on clozapine, 18 on haloperidol and 17 on olanzapine – and in 53 healthy subjects.ResultsPatients with schizophrenia on clozapine had significantly higher heart rate, lower heart rate variability and lower high-frequency and higher low-frequency components compared with patients on haloperidol or olanzapine and matched control subjects. Prolonged QTc intervals were more common in patients than controls.ConclusionsPatients treated with neuroleptic medications, especially clozapine, showed autonomic dysregulation and cardiac repolarisation changes. Physicians should be aware of this adverse reaction.
Increased first-contact rates for very-late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis in African— and Caribbean-born elders
Authors: Reeves Suzanne J. , Sauer Justin , Stewart Robert , Granger Annabel , Howard Robert J. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundStudies have consistently shown a higher incidence of schizophrenia with onset in early adult life in African and Caribbean migrants to the UK.AimsTo establish the incidence (first-contact rates) of very-late-onset (>60 years) schizophrenia-like psychosis (SLP) in south London and to test the hypothesis that this is higher among African— and Caribbean-born than indigenous elders.MethodWe identified all new referrals of SLP to the Maudsley Hospital between 1995 and 2000. Demographic details, including age, ethnicity and electoral ward (address), were obtained from case notes. Incidence was estimated using 1997 census data to determine the denominator population for each ethnic group.ResultsThe incidence of SLP was significantly higher in African— and Caribbean-born than indigenous elders: 172.4 per 100 000 population (95% Cl=579–286.8) in African— and Caribbean-born males and 323.5 per 100 000 population (95% Cl 167.8–479.1) in African— and Caribbean-born females. Rates also were increased in elders from other immigrant groups, but the numbers involved were too small to reach accepted levels of significance.ConclusionsLarge-scale epidemiological studies are needed to determine both the incidence of and the coexistent risk factors for SLP among all elderly migrants, who may constitute a group with high service needs.
Specificity and heterogeneity in children's responses to profound institutional privation
Authors: Rutter Michael L. , Kreppner Jana M. , O'Connor Thomas G. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundThe sequelae of profound early privation are varied.AimsTo delineate the behavioural patterns that are specifically associated with institutional privation.MethodA group of 165 children adopted from Romania before the age of 42 months were compared at 4 years and 6 years with 52 non-deprived UK children adopted in infancy. Dysfunction was assessed for seven domains of functioning. The groups were compared on which, and how many, domains were impaired.ResultsAttachment problems, inattention/overactivity, quasi-autistic features and cognitive impairment were associated with institutional privation, but emotional difficulties, poor peer relationships and conduct problems were not. Nevertheless, one-fifth of children who spent the longest time in institutions showed normal functioning.ConclusionsAttachment disorder behaviours, inattention/overactivity and quasi-autistic behaviour constitute institutional privation patterns.
Association between behaviour at age 3 years and adult criminality
Authors: Stevenson Jim , Goodman Robert 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundThe continuity in antisocial behaviour into adulthood from middle childhood is well established but it is not clear whether this is also true of the pre-school period.AimsTo determine whether preschool behaviour problems increase the risk of later criminal convictions and add to risk associated with family and social circumstances.MethodThe records of adult convictions were traced for a general population sample (n=828) initially assessed at age 3 years.ResultsThe risk of having any adult conviction was related to soiling, daytime enuresis, activity level and management difficulties, and that of having an adult violent offence to recent-onset daytime enuresis, management difficulties and temper tantrums. The only other predictors of later convictions were the child's gender and social competence at age 3 years.ConclusionsThe presence of specific behaviour problems in the pre-school period places the child at increased risk of being convicted of an adult offence. Family and social circumstances at age 3 years did not predict later convictions.
Adolescents' self-reported problems as predictors of psychopathology in adulthood: 10-year follow-up study
Authors: Hofstra Marijke B. , Van Der Ende Jan , Verhulst Frank C. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundKnowledge of the course of psychopathology from adolescence into adulthood is needed to answer questions concerning origins and prognosis of psychopathology across a wide age range.AimsTo investigate the 10-year course and predictive value of self-reported problems in adolescence in relation to psychopathology in adulthood.MethodSubjects from the general population, aged 11–19 years, were assessed with the Youth Self-Report (YSR) at initial assessment, and with the Young Adult Self-Report (YASR), the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and three sections of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) 10 years later.ResultsOf the subjects with deviant YSR total problem scores, 23% (males) and 22% (females) had deviant YASR total problem scores at follow-up. Subjects with initial deviant YSR total problem, internalising and externalising scores had higher prevalences of DSM–IV diagnoses at follow-up.ConclusionsAdolescent problems tended to persist into adulthood to a moderate degree. High rates of problems during adolescence are risk factors for psychiatric disorders in adulthood.
The Maudsley long-term follow-up of child and adolescent depression
Authors: Fombonne Eric , Wostear Gail , Cooper Vanessa , Harrington Richard , Rutter Michael 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundStrong links exist between juvenile and adult depression but comorbid conduct disorder in childhood may mitigate this continuity.AimsTo test the impact of comorbid conduct disorder on psychiatric adult outcomes.MethodA group of 149 subjects assessed at the Maudsley Hospital in the period 1970–1983 and meeting DSM–IV criteria for major depressive disorder with (n=53) or without (n=96) conduct disorder were interviewed 20 years later. Data were collected on the lifetime history of psychiatric disorders.ResultsAdult depressive recurrence was high for major depression (62.4%) and any depression (75.2%), and survival analyses showed no difference between the two groups. The group with conduct disorders had higher rates of drug misuse and dependence, alcoholism and antisocial personality disorders.ConclusionsAdolescent depression carries an elevated risk of adult depression irrespective of comorbidity. Comorbid conduct disorder in childhood is associated with raised rates of other psychiatric outcomes.