bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fine mapping supports previous linkage evidence for a bipolar disorder susceptibility locus on 13q32
Authors: Liu Chunyu , Badner Judith A. , Christian Susan L. , Guroff Juliet J. , Detera‐Wadleigh Sevilla D. , Gershon Elliot S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA region between D13S71 and D13S274 on 13q32 showed linkage to bipolar disorder (BP) based on a genome scan using markers with an average spacing of ∼6 cM and an average heterozygosity of ∼60% [Detera‐Wadleigh et al., 1999: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:5604–5609]. In an attempt to confirm this finding and achieve fine mapping of the susceptibility region, nine additional microsatellite markers with average heterozygosity of ∼86%, located between D13S71 and D13S274, were typed in the same sample. The strongest linkage evidence was detected by multipoint linkage analysis (ASPEX program) around D13S779–D13S225 with maximum LOD score of 3.25 under Affection Status Model II (ASM II; P = 0.0000546). Data from additional nine markers resulted in a decrease of the 95% confidence interval of the linkage region. Association analyses with GASSOC TDT and ASPEX/sib_tdt detect potential linkage disequilibrium with several markers, including D13S280 (ASPEX TDT P = 0.0033, ASM I). These data generated using a higher marker density within the proposed susceptibility region strengthen the validity of our previous findings and suggest a finer localization of the susceptibility gene(s) on 13q32. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No association between CHRNA7 microsatellite markers and attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Kent Lindsey , Green Elaine , Holmes Jane , Thapar Anita , Gill Michael , Hawi Ziarah , Fitzgerald Michael , Asherson Philip , Curran Sarah , Mills John , Payton Anthony , Craddock Nick 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAttention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable, common psychiatric disorder of childhood that probably involves several genes. There are several lines of evidence suggesting that the nicotinic system may be functionally significant in ADHD. First, nicotine promotes the release of dopamine and has been shown to improve attention in adults with ADHD, smokers, and nonsmokers. Second, ADHD is a significant risk factor for early initiation of cigarette smoking in children and maternal cigarette smoking appears to be a risk factor for ADHD. Finally, animal studies in rats and monkeys also suggest that nicotine may be involved in attentional systems and locomotor activity. The nicotinic system has previously been studied in schizophrenia where the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 subunit gene (CHRNA7) has been implicated in decreased P50 inhibition and attentional disturbances in patients with schizophrenia and in many of their nonschizophrenic relatives. Three known microsatellite markers (D15S165, D15S1043, and D15S1360) near the nicotinic acetylcholine α7 receptor gene, CHRNA7, were studied in 206 ADHD parent‐proband trios of children aged 5–16 with ADHD according to DSM‐IV criteria. Children with known major medical or psychiatric conditions or mental retardation (IQ < 70) were excluded from the study. Markers D15S165 and D15S1360 were in linkage disequilibrium. The extended Transmission Disequilibrium Test analyses demonstrated no evidence that variation at the microsatellite markers D15S1360, D15S1043, and D15S165 influences susceptibility to ADHD. However, it remains possible that the CHRNA7 gene and other nicotinic system genes may be involved in conferring susceptibility to ADHD. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between platelet‐activating factor concentration in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) spermatozoa and sperm motility
Authors: Roudebush William E. , Gerald Melissa S. , Cano Jose A. , Lussier Isabelle D. , Westergaard Greg , Higley J. Dee 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPlatelet‐activating factor (PAF) is a potent signaling phospholipid that has been implicated in a number of biological activities. PAF concentration in primate spermatozoa has a positive correlation with fertility. While PAF is present in rhesus spermatozoa, there are no relational reports on its concentration and the cell’s motility. The study objective was to determine if PAF concentration in rhesus spermatozoa was correlated with motility indices (percent motility and forward progression). Semen was collected from sexually mature males and cell counts, and percent motilities and forward progressions were recorded prior to PAF measurement by radioimmunoassay. Spermatozoa‐derived PAF concentration ranged from a low of 0.9 picomoles/106 cells to a high of 13.0 picomoles/106 cells. The overall mean (±SEM) PAF concentration was 4.6 (±1.6) picomoles/106 spermatozoa. Regression analysis revealed a positive and significant relationship between PAF concentration in the spermatozoa and percent motility (R2 = 0.914; P < 0.01) as well as forward progression (R2 = 0.849; P < 0.05). A receiver‐operator characteristic curve and the calculation of the probability that a positive forward progression will be predicted indicated a cutoff limit of 1.5 picomoles/106 cells for PAF concentration in rhesus sperm. Rhesus monkey spermatozoa motility was significantly greater (P < 0.01) in the high‐PAF (≥2 picomoles/106 cells) group (31.0 ± 7.6) than in the low‐PAF (<2 picomoles/106 cells) group (6.8 ± 2.1). Rhesus monkey spermatozoa forward progression was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the high‐PAF (≥2 picomoles/106 cells) group (3.0 ± 1.0) than in the low‐PAF (<2 picomoles/106 cells) group (0.7 ± 0.3). The data demonstrate that PAF concentration in rhesus spermatozoa has a significant relationship with percent motility and the cell’s forward progression. Determining PAF concentration in spermatozoa may be a significant predictor of fertility in the primate. Additional studies will elucidate the role of PAF in spermatozoa function and the significance PAF plays in primate fertility. Am. J. Primatol. 56:1–7, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extreme mtDNA homogeneity in continental Asian populations
Authors: Oota Hiroki , Kitano Takashi , Jin Feng , Yuasa Isao , Wang Li , Ueda Shintaroh , Saitou Naruya , Stoneking Mark 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in continental Asia has not been well‐studied. Here, we report mtDNA HV1 sequences for 84 Xi'an and 82 Changsha Han Chinese, 89 Honshu Japanese, and 35 Vietnamese. Comparison of these sequences with other Asian mtDNA sequences reveals high variability within populations, but extremely low differentiation among Asian populations. Correlations between genetic distance and geographic distance, based on mtDNA and Y chromosome variation, indicate a higher migration rate in females than in males. This may reflect patrilocality, as suggested previously, but another plausible hypothesis is that the demographic expansion associated with the spread of agriculture in Asia may be responsible for the extreme genetic homogeneity in Asia. Am J Phys Anthropol 118:146–153, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Case of metastatic carcinoma from end of the 8th–Early 9th century Slovakia
Authors: Šefčáková Alena , Strouhal Eugen , Němečková Alena , Thurzo Milan , Staššíková‐Štukovská Danica 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe first case of metastatic carcinoma ever detected in Slovakia comes from a Slavonic cemetery at Borovce, in the district of Piešt'any, which is dated from the end of the 8th to the middle of the 12th century AD. The disease afflicted a 50–60‐year‐old male, buried in a grave from the older phase of inhumation (8th–early 9th century AD). A number of osteolytic metastases were found in all bones of the skull and postcranial skeleton except for the forearms, hands, lower legs, and feet. They were studied macroscopically by standard X‐rays, and by scanning electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy. Analogous finds from Central European countries were also obtained. They are discussed in relation to their chronology, which shows a tendency of increasing occurrence culminating in the Middle Ages. Some demographic and paleopathological characteristics of the burials in the Borovce cemetery are also provided. Am J Phys Anthropol 116:216–229, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Environmental enrichment slows disease progression in R6/2 Huntington's disease mice
Authors: Hockly Emma , Cordery Patricia M. , Woodman Benjamin , Mahal Amarbirpal , Van Dellen Anton , Blakemore Colin , Lewis Cathryn M. , Hannan Anthony J. , Bates Gillian P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHuntington's disease is a genetic disorder that causes motor dysfunction, personality changes, dementia, and premature death. There is currently no effective therapy. Several transgenic models of Huntington's disease are available, the most widely used of which is the R6/2 mouse, because of its rapid disease progression. Environmental enrichment alters gene expression in the normal mouse brain, and modulates the course of several neurological disorders. Environmentally enriched mice may actually mimic human disease more accurately. We found that even limited environmental enrichment slows decline in RotaRod performance in R6/2 mice, despite rapid disease progression, whereas in normal littermates, maximal enrichment was required to induce a marked improvement in behavioral tests. Enrichment also delayed the loss of peristriatal cerebral volume in R6/2 brains. These results could provide the basis for a rational approach to ameliorate the effects of Huntington's disease.
Childhood cerebellar hemangioblastoma does not predict germline or somatic mutations in the von Hippel‐Lindau tumor suppressor gene
Authors: Fisher Paul Graham , Tontiplaphol Art , Pearlman Eric M. , Duffner Patricia K. , Hyder Douglas J. , Stolle Catherine A. , Vortmeyer Alexander O. , Zhuang Zhengping 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTumor suppressor gene “knockout” models would predict that children who present with hemangioblastoma are likely to harbor germline mutation of the von Hippel‐Lindau gene. We screened 6 pediatric patients with cerebellar hemangioblastoma for germline or somatic mutations of the von Hippel‐Landau gene. Two had prior clinical manifestations of von Hippel‐Lindau disease and, as expected, had germline von Hippel‐Lindau gene mutations. Four children with solitary hemangioblastoma did not have a detectable germline deletion, rearrangement, or point mutation in their von Hippel‐Landau gene, and tumor specimens in 3 of these 4 showed no somatic von Hippel‐Landau allelic loss. Solitary cerebellar hemangioblastoma in children does not predict a germline or somatic mutation in the von Hippel‐Landau tumor suppressor gene. The tumorigenesis of hemangioblastoma in younger patients may differ from that in adults, and may involve a molecular process unrelated to the von Hippel‐Lindau tumor suppressor pathway.
Adaptive functional changes in the cerebral cortex of patients with nondisabling multiple sclerosis correlate with the extent of brain structural damage
Authors: Rocca Maria A. , Falini Andrea , Colombo Bruno , Scotti Giuseppe , Comi Giancarlo , Filippi Massimo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn multiple sclerosis, the mechanisms underlying the accumulation of disability are poorly understood. Recently, it has been suggested that adaptive cortical changes may limit the clinical impact of multiple sclerosis injury. In this study, functional magnetic resonance imaging and a general search method were used to assess patterns of brain activation associated with a simple motor task in 14 right‐handed, nondisabled relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis patients that were compared to those from 15 right‐handed, sex‐ and age‐matched healthy volunteers. Also investigated were the extent to which the functional magnetic resonance imaging changes correlated with T2 lesion volume and severity of multiple sclerosis pathology in lesions and normal‐appearing brain tissue, measured using magnetisation transfer and diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Compared to controls, multiple sclerosis patients showed increased activation in the contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex, bilaterally in the supplementary motor area, bilaterally in the cingulate motor area, in the contralateral ascending bank of the sylvian fissure, and in the contralateral intraparietal sulcus. T2 lesion volume was correlated with relative activation in the ipsilateral supplementary motor area, and in the ipsilateral and contralateral cingulate motor area. Average lesion magnetisaiton transfer ratio and average lesion water diffusivity were correlated with relative activation in the contralateral sensorimotor cortex. Average lesion magnetisation transfer ratio was also correlated with relative activation in the ipsilateral cingulate motor area. Average water diffusivity and peak height of the normal‐appearing brain tissue diffusivity histogram were both correlated with relative activation in the contralateral intraparietal sulcus. This study shows that cortical activation occurs over a rather distributed sensorimotor network in nondisabled relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis patients. It also suggests that increased recruitment of this cortical network contributes to the limitation of the functional impact of white matter multiple sclerosis injury.
Neuronal activity in the globus pallidus in chorea caused by striatal lacunar infarction
Authors: Hashimoto Takao , Morita Hiroshi , Tada Tsuyoshi , Maruyama Tetsuhiro , Yamada Yuzo , Ikeda Shu‐Ichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPallidotomy was performed in a patient with hemichorea caused by lacunar infarction in the striatum. Chorea in the lower limb was reduced after a neurosurgical lesion in the medial portion of the sensorimotor territory of the internal segment of the globus pallidus, and chorea in the upper limb disappeared after an additional lesion in the lateral portion of that same area. Intraoperative neuronal recording revealed that mean firing rates were low, and that firing was irregular in the globus pallidus compared with off‐state parkinsonian patients. These results suggest that chorea with striatal infarction is driven by phasic neuronal activity with a low firing rate in the globus pallidus and that the neural pathway of chorea has a functional somatotopical organization in the globus pallidus.
Improved spinnerette design for extrusion of polymeric large internal diameter hollow fiber membranes
Authors: Sonnenschein Mark F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSpinnerettes for extrusion of large (∼ 1 mm) internal diameter (i.d.) hollow fiber membranes must possess certain features to extrude fibers with the proper tensile and geometrical properties. Spinnerette designs that properly extrude small i.d. (< 200 μm) hollow fibers will produce large i.d. hollow fibers with low burst strengths because of poor flow patterns and insufficient time in the spinnerette to knit a strong seam interface. In this report, an alternative design is offered that provides much better fiber properties without creating high pressure drops or shear stresses at the spinnerette wall that would normally result in melt fracture. The equations that guide the presented spinnerette design are provided and the suggested design is successfully guided by the results. The new spinnerette design also has the feature of allowing rapid change of hollow fiber wall thickness by making the core fluid pin replaceable. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2157–2163, 2002
Interfacial tension of polycaprolactone/polystyrene blends by the imbedded fiber retraction method
Authors: Biresaw G. , Carriere C. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPolycaprolactone (PCL) is a biodegradable polyester that is widely used in blends with synthetic and natural polymers for various applications. PCL is blended with biopolymers such as starch to improve its wet mechanical properties without impairing the biodegradability and other useful properties of starch. In spite of its importance, little is known about the interfacial tension of PCL blends. Indirect estimates of the room‐temperature interfacial tension of PCL blends using wettability methods have been reported. However, direct measurements of the interfacial tension of PCL blends have not been achieved until now, mainly because of the unsuitability of existing equilibrium methods for measuring the interfacial tension of high viscosity blends. We have measured the interfacial tension of PCL/PS blends using the imbedded fiber retraction (IFR) method. The IFR is a dynamic method that allows for the measurement of interfacial tension of high viscosity polymer blends in a relatively short period of time. The interfacial tension of PCL/PS blends was measured from 160 to 200°C. In this temperature range, the interfacial tension of PCL/PS blends is independent of temperature and has a value of 7.6 ± 1.8 dyn/cm. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 3145–3151, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10178
Impact modification of polyacetal by thermoplastic elastomer polyurethane
Authors: Mehrabzadeh M. , Rezaie D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe main goal of this study was impact modification of polyacetal [polyoxymethylene (POM)] with thermoplastic elastomer polyurethane (TPU). We modified the impact strength of POM 10‐fold. The mechanical properties, thermal behavior, and morphology of POM/TPU blends consisting of 5 to 50% of TPU were studied. It was found that the best impact modification of the blends was at 15% concentration of TPU and the maximum elongation at break was at 30% concentration of TPU. The impact strength of POM/TPU blends can be improved by using diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) as compatibilizer. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 2573–2582, 2002
Improved adhesion property and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of electroless Cu‐plated layer on poly(ethylene terephthalate) by plasma treatment
Authors: Oh Kyung Wha , Kim Dong Jun , Kim Seong Hun 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo develop high‐quality electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials, the effect of plasma pretreatment with various gases prior to Cu plating was investigated. Plasma treatment increased the surface roughness in the decreasing order of Ar > O2 > NH3, but adhesion of the Cu layer on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film increased in the following order of O2 < Ar < NH3, indicating that the appropriate surface roughness and introduction of an affinitive functional group to Pd on the surface of the PET film were key factors for improving adhesion of the Cu layer. As investigated by XPS analysis, plasma treatment with NH3 produced N atoms on the PET film, which enhances the chemisorption of Pd2+ on PET film, resulting in improved adhesion and shielding effectiveness of the Cu layer deposited on the Pd‐catalyzed surface, because of the high affinity of Pd2+ for nitrogen. Comparatively, O2 plasma treatment allowed the chemisorption of more Sn2+ than of Pd2+ due to a lack in the affinity of Pd2+ for oxygen, resulting in the lowest Pd3d/Sn3d ratio; thereby, the lowest EMI–shielding effectiveness (SE) value was obtained. In addition, fairly low adhesion was obtained with Ar plasma‐treated PET, even though the PET surface was significantly etched with Ar plasma, due to introduced oxygen groups on the PET surface. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1369–1379, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10272
Morphological prediction and its application to the synthesis of polyacrylate/polysiloxane core/shell latex particles
Authors: Kan Cheng You , Kong Xiang Zheng , Yuan Qing , Liu De Shan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA theoretical analysis and a morphological prediction of polyacrylate (PA)/polysiloxane (PSi) latex particles with core/shell morphologies were first conducted based on interfacial tensions and relative volumes of the two polymers in the latex system. The results indicated that the normal core/shell morphology particles (PSi/PA), with hydrophobic polysiloxane as the core and with hydrophilic polyacrylate as the shell, can be easily formed. Although the inverted core/shell morphology particles (PA/PSi) with polyacrylate as the core could not be formed in most cases, even if the fraction volume of polysiloxane was larger than 0.872, which is the smallest value of forming a PA/PSi particle, the PSi/PA particles were unavoidably formed simultaneously with PA/PSi particle formation. The synthesis of PA/PSi particles containing equal amounts of polyacrylate and polysiloxane was then carried out using seeded emulsion polymerization. Before the cyclosiloxane cationic polymerization, 3‐methacryloyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (MATS) was introduced into the polyacrylate seed latex to form an intermediate layer and chemical bonds between the core and the shell polymers. The characterization by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that the perfect PA/PSi core/shell particle is successfully synthesized when both the core and the shell polymers are crosslinked. The experiments showed that both the hardness and water adsorption ratio characteristics of latex films of the PA/PSi particles are in good agreement with those of the polysiloxane film. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2251–2258, 2001
An investigation of water crosslinking reactions of silane‐grafted LDPE
Authors: Shieh Yeong‐Tarng , Liau Jia‐Sheng , Chen Tzung‐Kai 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFactors—including time, temperature, morphology, and thickness of sample, the extent of silane grafting, and water concentration—that affect the rate and degree of water crosslinking reactions of the silane‐grafted LDPE are investigated. The gel content of the water‐crosslinked sample increases with increasing time, temperature, and water concentration, but with decreasing content of the crystalline component in the sample and thickness of the sample. The relationship between the gel content and the crosslinking time is dependent on thickness and morphology of the sample, and the extent of silane grafting in the sample. The crosslinking rates and the resultant gel content are inversely proportional to the content of crystalline component of the sample, suggesting that the crosslinking reactions occur mainly in the amorphous domain of the sample. For those samples with high resultant gel contents, the crystallizations of the samples are significantly enhanced by crosslinking when the gel contents are higher than about 40%, leading to a dual relationship between the gel contents of the samples and the crosslinking times. For low temperatures, the rate‐determining step of the crosslinking reactions is the diffusion of water, rather than the hydrolysis and the subsequent condensation reactions of the silyl trimethoxy groups. For high temperatures and high extents of silane grafting in the samples, however, the chemical reactions dominate the crosslinking process. The overall activation energy of the crosslinking reactions is dependent on thickness of the sample. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 186–196, 2001
Study of the kinetics, mass transfer, and particle morphology in the production of high‐impact polypropylene
Authors: Kittilsen P. , McKenna T. F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA sequence of experimental steps was perfected to produce high‐impact modified polypropylene (PP), and to study the influence of particle morphology and rubber content on the reaction kinetics, especially in terms of mass transfer limitations. It was found that after a critical copolymer content at approximately 40% (with respect to total weight), it was impossible to obtain high reaction rates. This is thought to be the result of a fundamental change in particle morphology attributed to the presence of a soft EPR copolymer phase in the micropores. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 1047–1060, 2001