bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breve revisión de la literatura del comercio electrónico y sus implicaciones económicas en el Ecuador
Authors: Santamaría-Mendoza Adriana , Uzcátegui-Sánchez Carolina , Vélez-Yaguana Paola 
Published: February 2024

La economía digital ha redefinido el comercio, situando al e-commerce en la vanguardia de esta transformación. Desde sus inicios, basados en simples transacciones electrónicas, el e-commerce ha evolucionado hasta convertirse en un ecosistema que elimina barreras geográficas y temporales. Aunque ha potenciado la economía y el marketing, también ha presentado retos, especialmente en áreas como tributación y jurisdicción. El e-commerce, además, es una herramienta poderosa para analizar el comportamiento del consumidor y personalizar estrategias de marketing, beneficiándose de tecnologías y la digitalización de procesos. Desde una perspectiva legal, necesita un marco especializado para garantizar la seguridad y derechos en las transacciones digitales. En cuanto a su clasificación, diversas plataformas actúan como marketplaces, respaldadas por economías de escala y efectos de red, con modelos variados desde B2B hasta C2C. En el contexto ecuatoriano, el e-commerce ha mostrado un crecimiento robusto, con la penetración de internet y la influencia de las redes sociales como catalizadores. Sin embargo, para aprovechar al máximo su potencial, las empresas deben centrarse en estrategias que maximicen el valor del cliente en un entorno digital.
Palabras clave:
E-commerce, digitalización, consumidor, estrategias.

ABSTRACT
The digital economy has redefined commerce, placing e-commerce at the forefront of this transformation. From its beginnings, rooted in simple electronic transactions, e-commerce has evolved to become an ecosystem that eliminates geographical and temporal barriers. Although it has empowered the economy and marketing, it has also presented challenges, especially in areas such as taxation and jurisdiction. E-commerce is also a powerful tool for analyzing consumer behavior and personalizing marketing strategies, benefiting from technologies and the digitalization of processes. From a legal perspective, it requires a specialized framework to ensure security and rights in digital transactions. Regarding its classification, various platforms act as marketplaces, supported by economies of scale and network effects, with varied models ranging from B2B to C2C. In the Ecuadorian context, e-commerce has shown robust growth, with internet penetration and the influence of social media acting as catalysts. However, to fully harness its potential, businesses must focus on strategies that maximize customer value in a digital environment.
Keywords:
E-commerce, digitalization, consumer, strategies.
Mystery Shopping, revelando a magia da Compra Misteriosa
Authors: Dimitrakaki Ioanna , Palomeque-Jaramillo Jean , Sousa-Barros Izabele 
Published: February 2024

O presente artigo examina em profundidade a técnica de Mystery Shopping no contexto da pesquisa de mercado. Originada na década de 1940 como uma estratégia para avaliar a integridade do pessoal, esta metodologia se expandiu para além das avaliações presenciais, abrangendo interações digitais e telefônicas, bem como o comércio eletrônico. O estudo destaca como o Mystery Shopping oferece insights valiosos sobre a experiência do cliente em uma variedade de contextos, desde interações em lojas físicas até a eficiência de plataformas digitais e chatbots baseados em IA. Sua adaptabilidade e versatilidade são enfatizadas, demonstrando sua aplicabilidade em um amplo espectro de cenários e sua evolução no ritmo da economia digital. Além disso, são discutidas metodologias específicas e ferramentas associadas ao Mystery Shopping, sublinhando a importância de um planejamento e execução estratégicos. O artigo também aborda as implicações éticas e considerações práticas de sua implementação, fornecendo uma análise abrangente desta técnica essencial no campo contemporâneo da pesquisa de mercado.
Palavras-chave:
Avaliação da Experiência do Cliente, Técnicas de Pesquisa de Mercado, Inovação em Serviços ao Cliente, Tecnologia e Comércio Electrónico, Análise e Melhoria de Serviço.

ABSTRACT
This article provides an in-depth examination of the Mystery Shopping technique within the context of market research. Originating in the 1940s as a strategy to assess staff integrity, this methodology has expanded beyond in-person evaluations to include digital and telephone interactions, as well as e-commerce. The study highlights how Mystery Shopping offers valuable insights into customer experience across a variety of contexts, from interactions in physical stores to the efficiency of digital platforms and AI-based chatbots. Its adaptability and versatility are emphasized, demonstrating its applicability across a broad spectrum of scenarios and its evolution in pace with the digital economy. Additionally, specific methodologies and tools associated with Mystery Shopping are discussed, underlining the importance of strategic planning and execution. The article also addresses the ethical implications and practical considerations of its implementation, providing a comprehensive analysis of this essential technique in the contemporary field of market research.
Keywords:
Customer Experience Evaluation, Market Research Techniques, Customer Service Innovation, Technology and E-commerce, Service Analysis and Improvement.
Clima organizacional en empresas: conceptualización y variables para su evaluación
Authors: Del Toro-Prada José Javier , Fernández-Rodríguez Fernando Teófilo , Zayas-Batista Reol 
Published: February 2024

La capacidad de las empresas para lograr mayores resultados está muy influida por el clima organizacional. Gestionar este componente implica previamente su adecuada evaluación. La conceptualización del clima organizacional, así como la identificación de las variables que lo conforman en función de identificar pautas para su evaluación, constituye el objetivo de este artículo. Los métodos teóricos utilizados fueron el análisis-síntesis y la inducción-deducción y el análisis de contenido y como método empírico la revisión documental. Se indagó en trabajos de los últimos cinco años (2019-2023), lo que permitió identificar rasgos que definen este concepto y las variables más recurrentes que se utilizan para su caracterización. Los resultados apuntan a la no existencia de consenso con relación a las características que definen el clima organizacional como concepto y ante la numerosa presencia de variables o dimensiones que hacen los investigadores estudiados, se sugiere concertar con los implicados y otros especialistas o expertos externos, aquellas que tengan un mayor impacto en el cumplimiento de la misión de las organizaciones y utilizar más de un instrumento, de tal forma que se pueda triangular metodológicamente la información como herramienta para la obtención de resultados más fiables, que no pueden descansar solo en una encuesta.
Palabras clave:
Clima organizacional, evaluación, variables, gestión organizacional.

ABSTRACT
The ability of companies to achieve greater results is greatly influenced by the organizational climate. Managing this component previously implies its adequate evaluation. The conceptualization of the organizational climate, as well as the identification of the variables that make it up in order to identify guidelines for its evaluation, constitutes the objective of this article. The theoretical methods used were analysis-synthesis and induction-deduction and content analysis and documentary review as an empirical method. Work from the last five years (2019-2023) was investigated, which made it possible to identify features that define this concept and the most recurrent variables used for its characterization. The results point to the non-existence of consensus in relation to the characteristics that define the organizational climate as a concept and given the numerous presence of variables or dimensions made by the researchers studied, it is suggested to agree with those involved and other specialists or external experts, those that have a greater impact on the fulfillment of the mission of the organizations and use more than one instrument, so that the information can be methodologically triangulated as a tool to obtain more reliable results, which cannot rely solely on a survey.
Keywords:
Organizational climate, evaluation, variables, organizational management.
Guillaume Devin : une démarche de sciences sociales de l’international
Authors: Dudouet François-Xavier , Petiteville Franck , Vion Antoine , wihtol de Wenden Catherine 
Published: February 2024

Les relations internationales sont un objet sociologique comme les autres. À la différence des pères fondateurs de la discipline outre-Manche et outre-Atlantique, très attachés à une ligne de séparation entre les affaires du dedans (recherche de la vie bonne) et les affaires du dehors (recherche de la survie), Guillaume Devin n’entend pas embrasser une lecture théorique figée de la réalité internationale, mais à ouvrir les manières de la saisir et ce, en mobilisant une pluralité de références sociologiques, mais aussi au-delà. L’objet de cet article sera de mettre en relief les singularités de ce geste scientifique en prenant en considération l’ensemble des disciplines connexes qui lui ont servi en partie de matrices (droit, histoire) et en insistant sur quelques prolongements et enseignements méthodologiques de ce geste.
Manager de rayon en intégré ou en indépendant ?
Authors: Racine Florent 
Published: February 2024

Afin de comprendre la dynamique du groupe des managers de rayon des grandes
surfaces alimentaires, cet article propose de comparer l’évolution des conditions de travail
et d’emploi sur ses deux principaux segments professionnels et de saisir la relation qui en
découle. Ces managers travaillent en effet soit dans une enseigne dite « intégrée », soit
dans une enseigne dite « indépendante », structure juridique qui a une influence
déterminante sur leurs conditions de travail et d’emploi. C’est particulièrement le cas
depuis le tournant des années 2010 où les difficultés économiques croissantes des enseignes
intégrées les poussent à réorganiser les rayons et le poste de manager. Chez les
indépendants — qui phagocytent les parts de marchés de leurs concurrents —, la situation est
tout autre et le poste de manager n’a que peu évolué depuis les années 2000. Ce qui
interroge inévitablement sur l’évolution des relations entre les segments.
Psychoacoustic Foundations of Major-Minor Tonality
Authors: Parncutt Richard 
Published: February 2024

A fascinating interdisciplinary approach to how everyday Western music works, and why the tones, melodies, and chords combine as they do.
Despite the cultural diversity of our globalized world, most Western music is still structured around major and minor scales and chords. Countless thinkers and scientists of the past have struggled to explain the nature and origin of musical structures. In Psychoacoustic Foundations of Major-Minor Tonality, music psychologist Richard Parncutt offers a fresh take, combining music theory—Rameau's fundamental bass, Riemann's harmonic function, Schenker's hierarchic analysis, Forte's pitch-class set theory—with psychology—Bregman's auditory scene, Terhardt's virtual pitch, Krumhansl's tonal hierarchy. Drawing on statistical analyses of notated music corpora, Parncutt charts a middle path between cultural relativism and scientific positivism to bring music theory into meaningful discourse with empirical research.
Our musical subjectivity, Parncutt explains, depends on our past musical experience and hence on music history and its social contexts. It also depends on physical sound properties, as investigated in psychoacoustics with auditory experiments and mathematical models. Parncutt's evidence-based theory of major-minor tonality draws on his interdisciplinary background to present a theory that is comprehensive, creative, and critical. Examining concepts of interval, consonance, chord root, leading tone, harmonic progression, and modulation, he asks:
• Why are some scale tones and chord progressions more common than others?
• What aspects of major-minor tonality are based on human biology or general perceptual principles? What aspects are culturally arbitrary? And what about colonial history?
Original and provocative, Psychoacoustic Foundations of Major-Minor Tonality promises to become a foundational text in both music theory and music cognition.
سفری به یک رهسپار سرد
Authors: مهاجر سولماز , اونه ویبکه , پانیری جولیانا , اودونه داویده , آب نیکی محمد , همتی نژاد فرشته 
Published: February 2024

تمرکز: تراوش های سرد کجا هستند و درآنجا چه اتفاقی می افتد و دانشمندان چگونه آنها را مطالعه می کنند.

اهداف یادگیری: پس از این درس، دانش آموزان باید بتوانند:
۱. با مشاهده و توصیف نقشه های علمی مجموعه داده های مختلف را به هم مرتبط کنند.
۲. بین دی اکسید کربن و گاز متان تفاوت قائل شوند.
۳. باورهای غلط در مورد گازهای گلخانه ای تصریح کنند.
۴. توضیح دهند که تراوش سرد چیست و چرا بیشتر هیدرات های گاز متان در حاشیه قاره رخ می دهد.
۵. برخی از روش هایی را که دانشمندان برای مکان یابی و مطالعه هیدرات های گاز متان استفاده می کنند، شرح دهید.

پیش نیازها :قبل از این درس، دانش آموزان باید با درک نقشه ها، ساختار مولکولی و پیوند، و اثر گلخانه ای و گازها آشنا شوند.

کلید واژه ها: اقیانوس منجمد شمالی، متان، دی اکسید کربن، هیدرات گاز، تراوش سرد، گازهای گلخانه ای.
مجسمه سازی درشت، نیمه بزرگ و ریز زیاگان
Authors: ماریچ فیلیپ , پوتو مارگریتا پائولا , زیمرمن هایکه جین , پانیری جولیانا , آب نیکی محمد , همتی نژاد فرشته 
Published: February 2024

تمرکز
درک از تنوع زیستی اقیانوس منجمد شمالی و کف اقیانوس، با تمرکز ویژه بر گونه های کمتر شناخته شده. چه نوع درشت، نیمه بزرگ و ریز زیاگان (گونه هایی) در کف اقیانوس زندگی می کنند و چه شکلی هستند؟

اهداف آموزشی
در این فعالیت، دانش‌آموزان (یک، دو یا چند) گونه‌هایی را که در یا نزدیک به کف اقیانوس منجمد شمالی زندگی می‌کنند شناسایی می‌کنند و با استفاده از خاک رس مدل‌سازی می‌کنند. از طریق این فعالیت، دانش آموزان امیدوارند که تفاوت های درشت، نیمه بزرگ و ریز زیاگان اقیانوس منجمد شمالی را درک کنند.

کلمات کلیدی
تنوع زیستی اقیانوس منجمد شمالی، گونه ها، جانوران.
Treatment of wastewater containing Pb and Fe using ion‐exchange techniques
Authors: Srinivasa Rao K , Dash PK , Sarangi D , Roy Chaudhury G , Misra VN 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTreatment of wastewater containing lead and iron was examined using two different ion‐exchange resins namely Duolite ES 467 (containing amino‐phosphonic functional groups) and a chelating ion‐exchange resin (containing hydroxamic acid functional groups). Initially different sorption parameters such as contact time, pH, concentrations of sorbent, sorbate and chloride ion were studied. The sorption kinetics was observed to be fast and equilibrium could be reached within 30 min. Lead sorption efficiency increased with increase in pH whereas the opposite trend was observed with iron. The presence of chloride ions greatly reduced the Pb sorption efficiency in the case of Duolite ES 467. Column studies were carried out to recover Pb and Fe individually using Duolite ES 467 resin. The maximum uptake of Pb at pH 2 and 3 was observed to be 11.63 and 33.96 g dm−3 of resin respectively. Similarly, for Fe at pH 2 and 3 the uptake was observed to be 10.07 and 6.96 g dm−3 of resin respectively. In the presence of chloride ions, column studies were carried out using Duolite ES 467 for iron and chelating ion‐exchange resin containing hydroxamic acid functional groups for lead sorption. Hydroxamic acid resin's loading capacity remains constant for at least up to 20 cycles. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of intra‐peritoneal injection with NH4Cl, urea, or NH4Cl+urea on nitrogen excretion and metabolism in the African lungfish Protopterus dolloi
Authors: Ip Yuen K. , Peh Bee K. , Tam Wai L. , Wong Wai P. , Chew Shit F. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis study aimed to (1) determine if ammonia (as NH4Cl) injected intra‐peritoneally into the ureogenic slender African lungfish, Protopterus dolloi, was excreted directly rather than being converted to urea; (2) examine if injected urea was retained in this lungfish, leading to decreases in liver arginine and brain tryptophan levels, as observed during aestivation on land; and (3) elucidate if increase in internal ammonia level would affect urea excretion, when ammonia and urea are injected simultaneously into the fish. Despite being ureogenic, P. dolloi rapidly excreted the excess ammonia as ammonia within the subsequent 12 h after NH4Cl was injected into its peritoneal cavity. Injected ammonia was not detoxified into urea through the ornithine‐urea cycle, probably because it is energetically intensive to synthesize urea and because food was withheld before and during the experiment. In addition, injected ammonia was likely to stay in extracellular compartments available for direct excretion. At hour 24, only a small amount of ammonia accumulated in the muscle of these fish. In contrast, when urea was injected intra‐peritoneally into P. dolloi, only a small percentage (34%) of it was excreted during the subsequent 24–h period. A significant increase in the rate of urea excretion was observed only after 16 h. At hour 24, significant quantities of urea were retained in various tissues of P. dolloi. Injection with urea led to an apparent reduction in endogenous ammonia production, a significant decrease in the hepatic arginine content, and a significantly lower level of brain tryptophan in this lungfish. All three phenomena had been observed previously in aestivating P. dolloi. Hence, it is logical to deduce that urea synthesis and accumulation could be one of the essential factors in initiating and perpetuating aestivation in this lungfish. Through the injection of NH4Cl + urea, it was demonstrated that an increase in urea excretion occurred in P. dolloi within the first 12 h post‐injection, which was much earlier than that of fish injected with urea alone. These results suggest that urea excretion in P. dolloi is likely to be regulated by the level of internal ammonia in its body. J. Exp. Zool. 303A:272–282, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
K+‐Phosphatase activity of gill (Na+, K+)‐ATPase from the blue crab, Callinectes danae: Low‐salinity acclimation and expression of the α‐subunit
Authors: Masui D.C. , Furriel R.P.M. , Mantelatto F.L.M. , Mcnamara J.C. , Leone F.A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe kinetic properties of a microsomal gill (Na+, K+) ATPase from the blue crab, Callinectes danae, acclimated to 15 ‰ salinity for 10 days, were analyzed using the substrate p‐nitrophenylphosphate. The (Na+, K+)‐ATPase hydrolyzed the substrate obeying Michaelian kinetics at a rate of V=102.9±4.3 U.mg−1 with K0.5=1.7±0.1 mmol.L−1, while stimulation by magnesium (V=93.7±2.3 U.mg−1; K0.5=1.40±0.03 mmol.L−1) and potassium ions (V=94.9±3.5 U.mg−1; K0.5=2.9±0.1 mmol.L−1) was cooperative. K+‐phosphatase activity was also stimulated by ammonium ions to a rate of V=106.2±2.2 U. mg−1 with K0.5=9.8±0.2 mmol.L−1, following cooperative kinetics (nH=2.9). However, K+‐phosphatase activity was not stimulated further by K+ plus NH4+ ions. Sodium ions (KI=22.7±1.7 mmol.L−1), and orthovanadate (KI=28.1±1.4 nmol.L−1) completely inhibited PNPPase activity while ouabain inhibition reached almost 75% (KI=142.0±7.1 μmol.L‐1). Western blotting analysis revealed increased expression of the (Na+, K+)‐ATPase α‐subunit in crabs acclimated to 15‰ salinity compared to those acclimated to 33‰ salinity. The increase in (Na+, K+)‐ATPase activity in C. danae gill tissue in response to low‐salinity acclimation apparently derives from the increased expression of the (Na+, K)‐ATPase α‐subunit; phosphate‐hydrolyzing enzymes other than (Na+, K+)‐ATPase are also expressed. These findings allow a better understanding of the kinetic behavior of the enzymes that underlie the osmoregulatory mechanisms of euryhaline crustaceans. J. Exp. Zool. 303A:294–307, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An increase of uricogenesis in the Kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus under nitrite stress
Authors: Cheng Sha‐Yen , Lee Won‐Chung , Chen Jiann‐Chu 
Published: March 2005

AbstractKuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus Bate, under the stress of 0.36 and 1.39 mM nitrite at 30 ‰ (parts per thousand, g kg−1) for 48 h, were examined for nucleotide‐related compounds, specific activities of xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), xanthine oxidase (XOD), and uricase. The levels of total nucleotide‐related compounds, including xanthine and hypoxanthine, in the gill increased directly with ambient nitrite, whereas the levels of total nucleotide‐related compounds, including xanthine and hypoxanthine, in the hepatopancreas were inversely related to ambient nitrite. Specific activity of XOD in the hepatopancreas increased directly with ambient nitrite, whereas no significant difference in uricase activity in the hepatopancreas was observed among three treatments. In another experiment, M. japonicus, following 48 h exposure to 0.36 and 1.39 mM nitrite, were examined for ammonia, urea, and urate levels in tissues. Hemolymph urea and exoskeleton urate levels increased directly with ambient nitrite, whereas hemolymph urate and exoskeleton urea levels were inversely related to ambient nitrite. It is concluded that M. japonicus exhibited uricogenesis and uricolysis, and an increase of uricogenesis occurred for the shrimp under nitrite stress. Urate produced in the hepatopancreas was transported and accumulated in the epidermis, and removed along with the exoskeleton at the time of molting. J. Exp. Zool. 303A:308–318, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Static SIMS studies of fatty alcohols, amines and esters on gold and aluminium–magnesium alloy surfaces
Authors: Miller D. J. , Sun L. , Walzak M. J. , McIntyre N. S. , Chvedov D. , Rosenfeld A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractStatic secondary ion mass spectrometry was used to study the chemical reactions and lateral distributions of fatty amines, alcohols and esters spin coated onto gold surfaces and commercial aluminium–magnesium (Al–Mg) alloy surfaces, cleaned using UV–ozone. The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the interactions of model lubricants with metal surfaces, such as gold and aluminium. This static SIMS study of organic thin films has been able to identify specific reaction products on the aluminium surface for each functional group. This work demonstrates that organic molecules with alcohol, ester and amine functional groups undergo specific chemical reactions with oxidized Al–Mg alloy surfaces. For example, films composed of the fatty alcohol dodecanol were observed to emit monomers, dimers and trimers with discrete distributions. In addition, negative secondary ion mass spectra indicate that a surface carboxylate is formed from the alcohol. The formation of carboxylate reaction products was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. On Al–Mg alloy surfaces, a direct interaction with the amine and aluminium oxide surface is observed by the detection of a molecular ion that corresponds to the mass of dodecylamine and AlO−, characteristic of aluminium oxide. Ethyl laurate was shown to eliminate the ethyl group, leaving the laurate anion. This study demonstrates the ability of time‐of‐flight (ToF) SIMS to discriminate and detect chemical reaction products formed between model lubricant molecules and metal surfaces. As a result of this study, the use of ToF‐SIMS to identify reaction products of model lubricants can be extended to provide a better understanding of the interactions of lubricants and metal surfaces at high temperatures and pressures that more closely resemble the conditions encountered in industrial rolling processes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.