bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preference and Family: Commentary on Parts III and IV
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most controversial areas in which law and public policy are confronted with ideas of “nature” and “social construction” is the area of same-sex sexual orientation and conduct. Same-sex relations are an especially obvious case of the ways in which laws and institutions shape the intimate personal lives of many Americans. The sexual conduct of gays and lesbians is limited by the sodomy laws that still exist in twenty-three states. Although only five states restrict the prohibition of oral and anal sex acts to same-sex actors, the constitutionality of sodomy laws has been upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court only insofar as they prohibit same-sex conduct, and “sodomy” is frequently understood to be definitive of same-sex conduct.1 Lesbians and gays cannot serve in the military unless they conceal their sexual practices-although many nations, including Israel, Canada, Germany, Australia, France, and the Netherlands, and the police forces of several major U.S. cities, including New York, San Francisco, and Chicago, have all removed barriers to their full participation with no serious problems. Lesbians and gays cannot marry and cannot therefore enjoy the social privileges and benefits of marriage, including favorable tax, inheritance, and insurance status; immigration and custody rights; the right to the privileges of next kin in hospital visitations, decisions about burial, and so forth. Gays and lesbians frequently lose custody of children they have had in previous relationships and cannot adopt children should they wish to. Finally, gays and lesbians suffer discrimination of many types in the workplace, in housing, in social life generally.
The Parenting Couple
Authors: Zahavi Amotz Avishag 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For animals who reproduce sexually to have offspring, two individuals must collaborate. In chapter 3, we discussed the conflict of interests between the genders during courtship, when each has to choose a partner to mate with and must convince that partner to mate with it. But it is not just the selection of a mate that creates conflict between the genders.1 The pair must then cooperate mate-in order to bring forth offspring. Some of their roles are innately different: only females can supply eggs, and among mammals they are the only ones who can bear and suckle the young; only males can fertilize. But either or both can take care of the offspring, and that very possibility creates more potential conflicts.
Information Centers
Authors: Zahavi Amotz Avishag 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The white wagtail is a common winter migrant in Israel. Its social behavior varies. Some individuals wander around in flocks and look for such sporadic sources of food as a tractor plowing or reaping or a herd of sheep grazing and stirring up insects. Others find a more permanent source of food, such as a barnyard, a collection of trash containers, the corner of a landfill, or a vegetable garden and establish a territory that they defend against other wagtails. Each territory is defended by one male-but not necessarily the first to stake a claim, since stronger males often expel weaker ones and take over their territories.
Communication and Labor in Late 19th Century
Authors: Schiller Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 19th-century United States, criticism of communication institutions and practices was rife and often sharp. The widest and most significant antipathetic current, during the century’ s final decades, streamed through labor organizations and oppositional political movements. Lodging repeated protests against the accelerating integration of major media-both the press and the wireline systems of telegraphy and telephony-into the expanding circuits of corporate capital, a broad span of reform groups proposed various collectivist and mutualistic alternatives for the ownership and operation of communications.
From the Time That the Resolution of the Council Was Confirmed in Modified Form to My Arrival in Paris
Authors: Lane Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is certain that I no longer had any intention of bowing to the iniquity of the Council or to the whims of Leon, whose one thought was also to win time. Promising to do me justice after having forced me to serve out the archbishop s sentence was a mockery. But I had no money to live on. The Council, as a result of the royal decree, issued an order to the representative of my Province to provide for my needs in Salamanca and make arrangements for my journey, giving me the money necessary to meet my expenses. In order to collect this aid, I hatched a plan with a calash driver, who went with me to the representative s; early the following morning I made as if I were leaving, left my cell in the Indies block of San Francisco monastery, received an ounce of gold from the representative and went into hiding.
How the Free Will Debate Depends on Metaphilosophy (II)
Authors: Double Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I continue to illustrate the way that recent discussions of the free will problem depend on disagreements over metaphilosophy and intermediate-level philosophical principles. In section 1, I display an analogy between normative ethics and metaethics on the one side and lower-level free will theorizing and the metaphysics of free will on the other. Metaphilosophical moves available to the normative theorist who lacks a meta-ethical solution are mirrored by those available to free will theorists who lack a solution to the problem of the metaphysics of free will. In section 2, I argue that the importance of Peter van Inwagen’s celebrated consequence argument depends squarely on metaphilosophical premises. In section 3, I make the same case in a different way regarding Harry Frankfurt’s equally famous principle of alternative possibilities. In section 4, I examine the question of whether philosophers should endorse a sliding scale of demands for various philosophical subject matters or whether they should demand equal proof for all philosophical claims. In that section I consider some arguments from Thomas Nagel and J. R. Lucas. In section S, I argue that Peter French’s non-standard view of the relation between moral responsibility and ascriptions of moral responsibility is plausible just in case we adopt a non-standard metaphilosophy.
Margaret Garner and Seven Others
Authors: May Samuel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About ten o’clock on Sunday, 27th January, 1856, a party of eight slaves-two men, two women, and four children-belonging to Archibald K. Gaines and John Marshall, of Richwood Station, Boone, County, Kentucky, about sixteen miles from Covington, escaped from their owners. Three of the party are father, mother, and son, whose names are Simon, Mary, and Simon, Jr.; the others are Margaret, wife of Simon, Jr., and her four children. The three first are the property of Marshall, and the others of Gaines.
‘Of Good and Ill Repute’: The Limits of Community Tolerance
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not all crimes, trespasses, slanders, and irritations are prosecuted or end in some sort of settlement; this is a given in studying the latitude of social behavior in enforcing laws, getting satisfaction, or even registering disapproval. To be labeled “of ill repute” or “of no account” in medieval society or in any society implies that the person has committed a violation of accepted standards of social interaction and has stepped beyond the bounds of permissible behavior. Labeling is complex, because members of the medieval nobility committing “fur-collar crime” might have had considerable leeway to oppress their neighbors and countryside with violence and legal violations before they offended so flagrantly that the king had to reprimand and control them. On the other hand, a woman who was caught without appropriate attire and without the proper escort outside the milieu of her daily life hazarded the label “a woman of ill repute.” To have the reputation of being of “good repute,” on the other hand, was a sufficient reason for jurors to acquit suspects. Gender, class, social status, wealth, connections, bribes, friends, and community all played a role in how quickly or how permanently a person’s reputation could be damaged, but so too did unwritten and sometimes written codes of behavior that determined who was of good repute and who was not. Medieval sermons, advice books, manuals of penance, ballads, laws, legal treatises, court records, and city and guild ordinances drew lines between good and bad behavior, but in practice dichotomies of behavior were less common than a range of actions that damaged a person’s good name. Social regulation and stigmatization were so complex that no simple measure explains how people arrived at their decisions about condemnation and exoneration or what behavior moved a person beyond community tolerance. This chapter looks at a variety of measurements expressing the limits of medieval community tolerance.
Introduction
Authors: Leafstedt Carl S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two decades prior to World War I embraced a period of tremendous vitality in the creative arts in Hungary. As in the rest of Europe, a brilliant array of minds blossomed during this period, challenging accepted modes of expression in literature, music, drama, and the visual arts, and creating a multitude of strongly defined, individual styles. Figures like the poet Endre Ady, the painters Robert Bereny and Karoly Kernstock, musicians Bela Bart6k, Erno Dohnanyi, and Zoltan Kodaly, author Ferenc Molnar, and writer/ philosopher Georg Lukacs all experienced their formative years in the first decade of the twentieth century, lending their voices to the early modernist strivings of that era. The members of this “generation of 1900;’ as they have sometimes been called, reacted in various complex ways to the society that surrounded them, often revealing dissatisfaction with the cultural values held by the bourgeois, industrial society of which they were a part. In many respects, the issues that engaged them paralleled the issues that engaged creative artists all over Europe: the relationship between the sexes, the role of the artist in society, and the creation of a unique personal style.
BArt6K,Balazs,And The Creation Of Bluebeard’s Castle
Authors: Leafstedt Carl S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite its importance to Bart6k’s career, and to the history of twentieth-century opera, B!ueheard’.J Ca.Jtle remains a piece ofclosed doors to many musicians interested in its deeper background. The basic facts of its composition are well known and, while still open to minor refinements in chronology, faithfully transmitted in most studies of the composer’s life and works. Bart6k himself, in response to a request from the Budapest journal Magyar Szinpad, traced the outlines of the opera’s creation in a statement made at the time of its premiere in 1918:
16
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Juan Yupanqui and Marcela, who had left Lucia’s house after the events we witnessed earlier, had gone home with Margarita and Rosalia, those two stars that shed cheer on their hut and whose destinies were already sealed with the mark that God puts on those He chooses to play a part in the transformation of society. There was no room now in Juan Yupanqui’s brain for his criminal thoughts of the day before. No more would he stand at the gloomy threshold of a suicide that steeps the hearts of those who remain in mourning and kills the hopes of those who believe. God had sent Lucia to restore Juan’s faith in Providence, torn from his heart by Father Pascual, the governor, and the collection agent or headman, that frightful trinity that embodied a single injustice. Juan once more believed in goodness, he felt renewed, and he would undertake life’s labors with fresh zeal to show his eternal gratitude to his benefactors. No longer would Marcela be the widow of a suicide, of a deserter from life, whose corpse, buried on the bank of some river or by the side of some lonely path, would draw from his dear ones no sighs, no prayers, no peace.
17
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Black shadow walked back and forth uneasily and impatiently from one side of the totally dark room to the other, afraid to light the linseed-oil lamp common in Killac or the tallow candle manufac tured by the local candlemaker, who adds small amounts of myrtle and boiled rosemary to the grease to make it whiter and firmer. Crime is always most comfortable with the blackness of the night. Almost opposite a small window with wooden bars and shutters painted with yellow ochre stood an ancient bedstead of noble zumbaillo wood with a correspondingly ancient canopy of silk damask curtains over the comfortable wide bed. A handsome quilt composed of countless pieces of cashmere of different colors, ingeniously combined by the skill of some good housewife or by the hand of some pious city lady, had been partially pulled aside and lay somewhat rumpled. On an adjacent wooden bench, and leaning slightly toward the pillows, sat a woman who had entered the house secretly, and whose arrival the pongo had already announced early in the evening while the priest was holding his meeting.
25
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The man who, admitting that he is on the path of evil, stops to re trace his steps and ask for the help of the virtuous arouses a powerful sympathy in his fellow-creatures. No matter how heartless and egotistical our century may be, it is not true that repentance awakens no interest and merits no respect. Father Pascual’s words might have so moved the noble sentiments of Don Fernando Marin as to incline him unreservedly toward helping, or rather defending, the priest in any complications arising from the judicial process then under way; but Senor Marin was a man of the world who knew the human heart, and he saw more in Father Pascual’s de mean or than would an ordinary person and said to himself, “This is an explosion of fear, the nervous shock produced by fear.
26
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lofty peaks of the mountains that surround Killac were bathed in that pale light that the lord of day sometimes pours forth as he sinks into the west, and that locally is called “the pagan sun.” It was a peaceful afternoon, and the first chirping of the crickets announced the approach of night. Luda and Manuel, accompanied by Don Sebastian, were busy making final arrangements for Marcela’s burial, when Don Fernando came into the room and was asked by his wife, “What do you say to all this, Fernando? Is our poor priest still repentant?” “My dear, Father Pascual is dying of fever, and in his delirium he says things that make you tremble,” Don Fernando replied, smoothing his brow with his hand.
8
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand how events in our story are linked to each other, we must now go back to the characters we have left behind. Father Pascual’s lofty sentiments of Christian repentance, his confession by Marcela’s death-bed, and the serious condition in which he was taken back to his empty house all produced their natural effect in Lucia’s generous heart, arousing an intense concern for the fate of that forlorn creature. The nurse of Killac, skilled in the battle against typhus, which was endemic in that town, cared for the priest and saved him; and once on the road to recovery, Father Pascual decided to head for the city, leaving a substitute in his place. The demands of moral purity can rarely be met for long by an organ ism corrupted by vice. The man who has sullied his youth in the mire of excesses far removed from the moderate pleasures of chaste love, who has spent his nervous energy in those physical passions that weaken the mechanism of his body until it has neither the strength nor the coordination to fulfill the functions that an all-wise nature has assigned to it, who has not husbanded his physical vigor by subjecting it to the moral law that governs human nature and has, instead, perversely followed only his animal instinct and squandered his life in debauchery, that man is seriously ill, and cannot simply recover his health whenever it suits him. Nonetheless, the rehabilitation of a man banished from the ranks of the virtuous is within the realm of the possible as long as those delicate fibers of his heart that vibrate in sweet response to the mention of God, fatherland, and family are not paralyzed.
16
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Don Fernando found Manuel still immersed in the impressions left by Margarita’s sudden departure. “Hello there, Don Manuel,” he said as he entered the room and held out his hand to the young man. “Excuse me for coming at this inopportune time, Don Fernando, but in cases like this the urgency of our business has to serve as an open sesame, ”Manuel answered, shaking his friend’s hand. “Please, no formalities, Don Manuel. You know I’m your friend, and that should be enough,” said Don Fernando, pulling up a chair and inviting the young man to sit down. “I do know that, and without that friendship I’d have gone crazy: the awkward situation in which I stood with you after that attack; all the delicate and contradictory matters that have developed since I came to this town, where the leading citizens respect neither law nor religion; and everything I’ve been thinking and meditating-it’s enough to drive anyone mad.”
20
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dona Petronila had visited the Marfns not only to introduce Teodora and bring the news from Saucedo, but also to ask Don Fernando to intercede with the new subprefect; and therefore, as soon as Martina, the sexton’s wife, had left, she said, “My dear Don Fernando, “I do know him, but very slightly; still... what did you have in mind?”“Too bad! I wanted a letter to certify that my friends Teodora and Don Gaspar are worthy citizens entitled to be treated with respect. After all that’s happened, you can imagine how those poor folks are trem bling when they think they may get other boorish visitors like that colonel,” said Dona Petronila, fastening her shawl. “I’m sorry to say I can’t help you directly, but I’ll try to use the influence of a friend,” Marin answered. “Salas is related to the new subprefect,” Lucia pointed out. “Yes, but I don’t plan to appeal to him but to Guzman, because he’ll help me to work on behalf oflsidro Champi.” ‘‘And meanwhile you, Dona Petronila, could see how Don Sebastian might take care of this matter of the sexton,” Lucia recommended.
Riis and Charity Writing
Authors: Andal Keith G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though in many ways Jacob Riis’s How the Other Half Lives follows in the tradition of nineteenth-century charity writing, portions of his book are unlike any previous American writings on poverty. His description of the infamous Mulberry Bend is one. It is touristic.
What a birds-eye view of “the Bend” would be like is a matter of bewildering conjecture. Its everyday appearance, as seen from the corner of Bayard Street on a sunny day, is one of the sights of New York.
The Touristic Ethic and Photography
Authors: Andal Keith G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When How the Other Half Lives was advertised, it was not marketed strictly as a reform piece, exclusively as “an indictment of the tenement system.” One advertisement for the book declared:
No page is uninstructive, but it would be misleading to suppose the book even tinctured with didacticism. It is from beginning to end as picturesque in treatment as it is in material. The author’s acquaintance with the latter is extremely intimate. The reader feels that he is being guided through the dirt and crime, the tatters and rags, the byways and alleys of nether New York by an experienced cicerone. Mr. Riis, in a word, though a philanthropist and philosopher, is an artist as well. He has also the advantage of being an amateur photographer, and his book is abundantly illustrated from negatives of the odd, the out-of-the-way, and characteristic sights and scenes he has himself caught with his camera. No work yet published—certainly not the official reports of the charity societies—shows so vividly the complexion and countenance of the “Down-town Back Alleys,” “The Bend,” “Chinatown,” “Jewtown,” “The Cheap Lodging-houses,” the haunts of the negro, the Italian, the Bohemian poor, or gives such a veracious picture of the toughs, the tramps, the waifs, drunkards, paupers, gamins, and the generally gruesome population of this centre of civilization.
Self-Esteem and the Tough
Authors: Andal Keith G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Riis has a strange investment in the tough—what we would today call the thug. “I have certain theories concerning toughs which my friend the sergeant says are rot,” Riis declares in Out of Mulberry Street.’ For one thing, he claims that he prefers the tough to the pauper, despite the fact that the tough regularly robs, injures, and even kills, while, as Riis admits, the pauper is rarely violent. Riis has no illusions about his favored subject: within half an hour after a camera session with an accommodating gang of toughs, Riis found at the police station “two of my friends … under arrest for robbing a Jewish pedlar who had passed that way after I left them, and trying to saw his head off, as they put it, ‘just for fun’” (168–169). It was one thing to romanticize or sympathize with harmless “street Arabs” and mischievous newspaper boys, as Charles Loring Brace and Horatio Alger did. It was another to spend time with and entertain an empathy for the accomplished tough, thief, or gang member, as Riis does.
The Shape and Limits of the Church’s Contributions to Democratization
Authors: Burgees John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In retrospect, it appears that the democratization of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union was historically inevitable. At the time, however, the events beginning with the “new thinking” of Mikhail Gorbachev and coming to symbolic climax in the dismantling of the Berlin Wall took the entire world by surprise, most especially the very people living under communism.
Marcel and Bisiach: The Language of Awareness
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To casual inspection, the history of the universe would appear to have been marked by three great upsurges. In the beginning, came matter in spaceparticles, planets, galaxies. Physics is the science of this primordial being: it seeks to say what the laws of matter are, and (if possible) how matter came to exist in the first place. After this initial upsurge, nothing essentially novel came on the scene for an unconscionably long time. Then living organisms arrived. Self-replicating macromolecules begat single-cell organisms, which led eventually to big, complex, warm animals like ourselves. Matter became intricately arranged into living forms. Biology is the science of this new arrival, and evolutionary biology the study of how it came about. The third major upsurge was consciousness. Now here was a genuine novelty, scarcely predictable from what preceded it. Consciousness would need a science all of its own, as special as it is, a science that would try to understand its inner workings, why some things have consciousness and some don’t, how it emerged from what came before, how it develops in the individual, how it relates to behavior, and so on. Psychology sounds like a good name for such a science: the systematic study of perhaps the most remarkable of nature’s products.