bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Real Author in Historical Context
Authors: Murphy Frederick J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is always difficult to move from story world to real world. Historical criticism often tries to use texts as windows onto the real worlds—social, political, religious, and so on—that produced them. Such an enterprise is valid, but it must be done cautiously. Placing a work like the Biblical Antiquities into its historical context is difficult. It certainly was not written at the time of the events it narrates or any time close to them. Neither is it an account of those events using trustworthy historical evidence independent of the author’s main source, the Bible. Indeed, the Biblical Antiquities contributes nothing to knowledge about the preexilic period. Rather, as a rewriting of the sacred text of the Bible, it reveals more about the author’s ideological point of view than about the events described. But this is itself historically important.
Emerson, Thoreau, Alcott, and the Orient
Authors: Versluis Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emerson was no American traditionalist. “Historical Christianity,” he said in his “Divinity School Address,” “has fallen into the error that corrupts all attempts to communicate religion.”1 But, Emerson went on, “I look for the hour when that supreme Beauty, which ravished the souls of those Eastern men, and chiefly of those Hebrews, and through their lips spoke oracles to all time, shall speak in the West also.”2 For Emerson, tradition is an encysting of the truth, whereas spiritual truth, linked to “those Eastern men,” is a kind of insanity, a rapture, a ravishment, a blasting excess of light.3 All traditions, or “attempts to communicate religion,” are corrupt in Emerson’s view, and he looks forward to the American worship of that supreme Beauty that ravished the souls of Eastern men. Emerson sought to resolve the tension be tween tradition and inspiration, between ritual and rapture, by extracting the moral and self-transcending aspects of traditional religions and by becoming a spokesman for “literary religion.”4
The Ambience: Orientalism in General-Interest American Magazines
Authors: Versluis Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the whole, American Transcendentalism entailed a sustained attempt at religious universalism. But at the same time, the Transcendentalists in general embraced and reflected the ideology of progress, the belief that America was the light of the world and that all traditional cultures should be subordinate to the superior American-European civilization. This ideology of progress governs the Orientalism that appeared in most articles on Asian religions and cultures in the nineteenth century. Hence, to understand the nature of American Transcendentalist Orientalism, we should consider the popular, often racist climate in which Transcendentalism arose, for it will help reveal the subtler prejudices apparent in Transcendentalism as well. The late Transcendentalist fascination with the Orient did not occur in a vacuum, but as part of a more general American discovery of the Orient, following on the heels of a new European Orientalist scholarly movement. Chief among the magazines that reflected this “discovery” in America were the liberal New England periodicals, above all the North American Review, the Atlantic Monthly, and the Christian Examiner. 1 Generally speaking, there was a constant battle between prejudice against the Asian religions and peoples and a more enlightened view of them. In discussing Orientalism in these three magazines, I will focus first on what we might call negative Orientalism hostile or deprecating depictions of Asian religions and cultures-then on positive Orientalism, or attempts at comparative religion, and finally widen our scope to consider Orientalism in popular magazines more generally. In virtually all cases, we will see reflected the ideology of progress.
The Divine Names
Authors: Rorem Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Divine Names is the longest Dionysian treatise, and the most complex in both content and structure. On the surface, it seems straightforward on both counts. It contains the author’s interpretations of the biblical names ascribed to God, such as good, light, beautiful, and so on. As to structure, chapters 1 through 3 present the introduction to his interpretive methodology and chapters 4 through the interpretations themselves. But on closer examination complexities abound. Whence this interest and the examples of the names for God? Why are these names chosen, and why are they presented in this order, and what doctrine of God prevails? What understanding of good and evil accompanies the divine name “good”? In general, what light does this treatise shed on the author’s profound and complicated combination of the Christian tradition, with its biblical names for God, and Neoplatonism, with its own interest in the divine names? Finally, what is the relationship of this work to the rest of the corpus? These questions, and others related to specific topics and passages, have challenged readers, starting with the lengthy expositions in the Scholia, for centuries. The best introduction to such complexities is the sequential presentation of the treatise according to its own order of chapters and topics, in the commentary form used so far. This will be followed by a discussion of the influence of this book and of its teachings upon medieval Latin theology.’ Divine Names. Chapter 1, Dionysius the Elder to Timothy the Fellow-Elder: What the goal of this discourse is, and the tradition regarding the divine names” (585A, 49). The same situation, and the very same wording, was encountered in the two treatises already discussed, along with the technical reasons for considering this statement to be an editorial addition.
Introduction
Authors: Oberg Barbara B , Stout Harry S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is difficult, if not impossible, to think of two more widely studied colonial figures than Benjamin Franklin and Jonathan Edwards. On Edwards alone there have been more than 1,500 books, articles, and dissertations published in the last century. Scholarship on Franklin is no less impressive: historians of politics, science, literature, and culture have produced close to 4,000 works-scholarly and popular-on Franklin.1 Most recently, two collections of essays have appeared detailing the present “state of the art” in Franklin and Edwards scholarship.2 Nor have their own writings been ignored. Modern editions housed at Yale University have been providing a steady volume of their work in critical editions designed to preserve their words into the twenty-first century.3 As Franklin and Edwards have been studied individually over the generations, so also have they been looked at together in comparative exercises dating back at least as far as George Bancroft in the 1840s.4 In all of those studies the two emerge as quintessential “representative men.” Like all representative figures, Franklin and Edwards considered together have not been studied for their own sake or simply to cast light on their age. Rather, they are selected because in some profound sense they prefigure or anticipate a subsequent era. In this case, while other colonial figures exerted comparable, or even greater, influence on their age, none so completely anticipated the subsequent shape of an American culture, at once material and spiritual, piously secular and pragmatically sacred, as did Edwards and Franklin. It is thus in the intersection of Franklin’s and Edwards’s colonial times with an ever changing American “present”
Religious Affections and Religious Affectations: Antinomianism and Hypocrisy in the Writings of Edwards and Franklin
Authors: Breitenbach William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I received the letter inviting me to participate in a conference on Benjamin Franklin and Jonathan Edwards, I was somewhat startled to read in it the assertion that “there has been little serious effort to bring the thought and intellectual legacy of these figures into a scholarly dialogue.” If it startled me, this statement would have stunned my students, who for years have struggled with paper assignments and examination questions asking them to compare the ideas of these two great thinkers. Perhaps the key phrase in the letter was “serious effort,” for I cannot swear that my students always undertook their task with the appropriate solemnity. In any event, I’m sure they would be pleased to know that their doctor has finally been dosed with his own medicine. Let me begin with the same broad questions that I pose to my students.
Humanizing the Monster: Integral Self Versus Bodied Soul in the Personal Writings of Franklin and Edwards
Authors: Prospo R C DE 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I should begin by thanking David Shields for reminding me that the ancient Greeks can make a distinction between pneuma and psyche: between soul proper, which is supreme in the subhierarchy of the creature, and mind, which, no matter how gifted, focused, trained, stands one rank lower. Shields does his best work when alert to the apparently merely curious and anomalous arcana of the past, including the otherthan-exclusively American past, as is true, I think, also of the many fine older scholars of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century culture in the British colonies of North America1 and the early United States, many of whom are here at this conference. The assemblage and preservation of such arcana enables the perception of unanticipated, sometimes even “extra vaganf’ structures-recall Thoreau’s philological play in the conclusion of Walden.2 It is fastidious research such as Shields’s that enables extravaganzas, like the teratology I’m going to propose here.
“Leave the Rest to Us”: The Assertive Republic, 1815–1837
Authors: Herring George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During a tense exchange on January 27, 1821, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and the British minister to the United States, Stratford Canning, debated the future of North America. Emphasizing the extravagance of Britain’s worldwide pretensions, Adams pointedly remarked: “I do not know what you claim nor what you do not claim. You claim India; you claim Africa; you claim—” “Perhaps,” Canning sarcastically interjected, “a piece of the moon.” Adams conceded he knew of no British interest in acquiring the moon, but, he went on to say, “there is not a spot on this habitable globe that I could affirm you do not claim.” When he dismissed Britain’s title to the Oregon country, implying doubts about all its holdings in North America, an alarmed Canning inquired whether the United States questioned his nation’s position in Canada. No, Adams retorted. “Keep what is yours and leave the rest of the continent to us.”
A Dose of Arsenic: Slavery, Expansion, and the Road to Disunion, 1837–1861
Authors: Herring George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United States will conquer Mexico,” philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson predicted at the outbreak of war in May 1846, “but it will be as the man swallows the arsenic, which brings him down in turn. Mexico will poison us.”1 Emerson correctly predicted that America’s first major foreign war would have disastrous consequences, but he was wrong about what they would be. The assumptions of Anglo-Saxon superiority he shared with his countrymen caused him to fear that absorption of Mexico’s alien people would sully the purity of America’s population and the strength of its institutions. In fact, it was the cancer of slavery within U.S. society that, when linked with disposition of the territory taken from Mexico, poisoned the body politic, provoking the irrepressible crisis that eventually sundered the Union.
“A Novel Burden Far from Our Shores”: Truman, the Cold War, and the Revolution in U.S. Foreign Policy, 1945–1953
Authors: Herring George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With a touch of modesty—and no small hyperbole—former secretary of state Dean Acheson titled his 1969 memoir Present at the Creation and in the introduction called the Truman administration’s task after World War II “just a bit less formidable than that described in the first chapter of Genesis.” The challenge, Acheson remembered, was to create from the chaos left by war “half a world, a free half … without blowing the whole to pieces in the process.” Acheson took understandable pride at “how much was done.” In fact, the results in terms of U.S. foreign policy were more revolutionary than even he allowed. Responding to the turmoil that was the new world “order” and to a perceived global threat from the Soviet Union, the Truman administration between 1945 and 1953 turned traditional U.S. foreign policy assumptions upside down. A country accustomed to free security succumbed to a rampant insecurity through which nations across the world suddenly took on huge significance. Unilateralism gave way to multilateralism. Through the policy of containment, the Truman administration undertook a host of international commitments, launched scores of programs, and mounted a peacetime military buildup that would have been unthinkable just ten years earlier. The age of American globalism was under way.
“A Unique and Extraordinary Moment”: Gorbachev, Reagan, Bush, and the End of the Cold War, 1981–1991
Authors: Herring George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On November 11, 1983, millions of Americans gathered around their television sets to watch The Day After, a chilling account of the impact on ordinary people of a nuclear attack on the middle-American town of Lawrence, Kansas. Unbeknownst to these viewers, several days earlier, in response to NATO’s annual Able Archer military exercises, a nervous Soviet government, convinced that a nuclear attack was imminent, went on full alert and put its nuclear-capable aircraft on standby. The world had come “frighteningly” close to the nuclear abyss, a Soviet defector later recalled.
A Description Of Magnetically Confined Plasmas
Authors: Wakatani Masahiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we introduce fundamental equations for applications in the rest of this book. First, we describe the properties of high-temperature plasmas in section 3.2. For the study of collective phenomena, the Vlasov equation is introduced by using a phase space description for a many-particle system in section 3.3. Then magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) approximation is described. For the investigation of plasma dynamics in an inhomogeneous magnetic field, or particularly in a three-dimensional magnetic field such as the stellarator and the heliotron, one-fluid magnetohydrodynamic equations are the most appropriate and reasonable theoretical tool, and are explained in section 3.4. An extension to include the anisotropic pressure in MHD approximation is also given. The anisotropy appears between the parallel and perpendicular pressures, where the direction of the magnetic field vector is the reference for these pressures. When the MHD equations are linearized for the study of the dynamics of small-amplitude perturbations, three types of MHD waves appear, as shown in section 3.5 these are also important ingredients in the study of MHD instabilities in chapter 5. As an approximation to the Vlasov equation, the drift-kinetic equation is shown in section 3.6, which is useful in the study of collisional transport of magnetically confined toroidal plasmas. In order to study the transport phenomena of toroidal plasmas, the collision term in the phase space description is important. In the transport equations based on the moments of the Boltzmann equation (or the Vlasov equation with the collision term) collisional effects are included through resistivity, viscosity, and transport coefficients for density and temperature (see section 3.7). Finally, for an approximate description of heliotron plasma, we introduce averaged MHD equations in section 3.8: these are widely used to discuss the macroscopic behavior of heliotron plasma in this book.
Revolutionary Exhumations in Spain
Authors: Lincoln Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three times between 1931 and 1936 elections were held (June 1931, November 1933, February 1936), a procedure that can be described as the normal ritual whereby modern democratic states are periodically reconstructed. For here, not only are the formal structures and dominant ideologies of such societies legitimated, but rival parties and factions are also integrated as they cooperate in waging a rule-governed competition for (temporary) control of state power. In this case, however, little was gained either by way of political stability or of national unity. Rather, all three campaigns—the first and third of which were won by the Left, the second by the Right—were bitterly fought, and the rival segments of Spanish society emerged from each one more deeply estranged than ever before. In parliament both blocs sought to press their advantage when they had the upper hand and sought to stymie the other’s programs when in opposition.
The Dialectics of Symbolic Inversion
Authors: Lincoln Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toward the end of the last chapter, I suggested that among the instruments through which sociotaxonomic structures can be attacked or undermined, anomaly and inversion figure prominently, and of these, it is inversion that has been most discussed in recent years.1 At times, the threat posed by acts of inversion to entrenched sociopolitical orders (and the symbolico-ideological orders on which they depend) has been taken quite seriously: Headstands are said to have been forbidden at the imperial Chinese court as images of social and cosmic chaos.2 In other instances, however, dominant classes have themselves employed processes of inversion to defend the status quo. In this chapter, I hope to explore two questions: First, how it is possible for an inversion to challenge a given order successfully, forcing significant modifications in it; second, why it is that inversions frequently contribute more to enhanced sociopolitical stability than to dynamic change.
Explaining American Exceptionalism
Authors: Quadagno Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Half a century ago the Carnegie Foundation invited the Swedish economist, Gunnar Myrdal, to take a hard look at American race relations. Myrdal was not only an eminent scholar but also a foreigner, capable of scrutinizing American society with an objectivity no native could muster. Captivated by a nation he saw as simultaneously energetic, moral, rational, pragmatic, and above all, optimistic, Myrdal nonetheless discerned a disturbing contradiction between what he termed “the American creed” and the treatment of blacks. Rooted in an abiding liberal ethos, the American creed embodied ideals of liberty, justice, and equality of opportunity. Americans espoused this creed with a remarkable unanimity, regardless of national origin, race, or social class.
The Dilemma of Conscientious Objection for Afro-Americans
Authors: Stanfield II John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conscientious objection has posed a particular problem for Afro-Americans. The military has offered an area of opportunity for blacks and other members of lower-income groups. In addition, many black Americans have been willing and even eager to serve in the armed forces of the United States in most of the nation’s wars in support of their claim to equal rights and opportunities of citizenship. Nevertheless, a lesser-known tradition of opposition to military service and war also exists within the Afro-American community. The current literature about conscientious objection in America and abroad is quite Eurocentric. Whether these writings are content analyses of pacifist biographies, peace church statements, or government reports, Eurocentric moral, political, and social definitions and policy analyses enjoy an uncritical dominance. In view of the historical and the growing contemporary demographic presence and politicaleconomic importance of American racial minorities and Third World populations in the world system, there is a critical need to examine systematically the attitudes and actions regarding peace and war resistance among nonwhites.
Alternative Service in a Future Draft
Authors: Eberly Donald J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If a draft is instituted again in the United States, under the present formula it will include a system for handling conscientious objectors among those drafted that was created in the 1980s to avoid the problems of the 1960s and 1970s. The Military Selective Service Act of 1980 and the regulations established by the various directors of the Selective Service System in the past dozen years form the basis for the operation of the draft system. In such a system, judgments about CO status would be made by local draft boards that would be more representative of a pluralistic community, when activated, and would apply more uniform standards than the draft boards of past years. Under such a draft, registrants would be able to apply for CO status if they were conscientiously opposed to war in any form and to combatant training and service. Those COs who could accept noncombatant training and service, if they met the other requirements, would be drafted into the armed forces and given noncombatant duties. Those COs who were conscientiously opposed to any participation in military service would be required to meet their service obligation by completing a period of alternative civilian service. If this scenario materializes, the major figures will be the COs themselves, a number of CO-oriented religious groups, and the U.S. Selective Service System.
Norway: Toward Full Freedom of Choice?
Authors: Gleditsch Nils Petter , Agøy Nils Ivar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although most of the Scandinavian countries have been in the vanguard of the liberalization of conscientious objection, their individual traditions and sociopolitical conditions have created national variations. Norway, for example, has a strong tradition of egalitarian conscription dating back to the eleventh century and reinforced by the modem constitution of 1814, when the nation gained its independence from Denmark. National service remains compulsory in Norway: all men between the ages of eighteen and forty-four are eligible for conscription for twelve months’ service in the army or fifteen months in the navy or air force. The military, however, has been challenged by a strong peace movement in modem times. In the aftermath of World War I, the Norwegian government recognized religious and secular conscientious objectors and offered them the option of performing alternative civilian service. The number of COs has grown dramatically, especially since the late 1960s, but several issues concerning conscientious objection in Norway remain unresolved.
The German Democratic Republic: Dissidence That Prevailed
Authors: Bredow Wilfried Von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The political system and the social structure of the German Democratic Republic (gdr) is literally history. The unification of the gdr with the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990 brought a final end to the old Soviet-socialist regime. This chapter on conscientious objection in the gdr is therefore of necessity a retrospective one. It is difficult to trace the development of conscientious objection in the gdr because of the sparse sources available. Under the old regime conscientious objection was regarded as hostile behavior by the communist party and its allies. There are no official statistics or open debates and no empirical research; only silence “from above” and the courageous, but of course often repressed, attempts of those who tried to bring conscientious objection into the political arena. All this changed in the fall of 1989.