bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Markerless head motion tracking and event-by-event correction in brain PET
Authors: Zeng Tianyi , Lu Yihuan , Jiang Weize , Zheng Jiaxu , Zhang Jiazhen , Gravel Paul , Wan Qianqian , Fontaine Kathryn , Mulnix Tim , Jiang Yulin , Yang Zhaohui , Revilla Enette Mae , Naganawa Mika , Toyonaga Takuya , Henry Shannan , Zhang Xinyue , Cao Tuoyu , Hu Lingzhi , Carson Richard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Objective. Head motion correction (MC) is an essential process in brain positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. We have used the Polaris Vicra, an optical hardware-based motion tracking (HMT) device, for PET head MC. However, this requires attachment of a marker to the subject’s head. Markerless HMT (MLMT) methods are more convenient for clinical translation than HMT with external markers. In this study, we validated the United Imaging Healthcare motion tracking (UMT) MLMT system using phantom and human point source studies, and tested its effectiveness on eight 18F-FPEB and four 11C-LSN3172176 human studies, with frame-based region of interest (ROI) analysis. We also proposed an evaluation metric, registration quality (RQ), and compared it to a data-driven evaluation method, motion-corrected centroid-of-distribution (MCCOD). Approach. UMT utilized a stereovision camera with infrared structured light to capture the subject’s real-time 3D facial surface. Each point cloud, acquired at up to 30 Hz, was registered to the reference cloud using a rigid-body iterative closest point registration algorithm. Main results. In the phantom point source study, UMT exhibited superior reconstruction results than the Vicra with higher spatial resolution (0.35 ± 0.27 mm) and smaller residual displacements (0.12 ± 0.10 mm). In the human point source study, UMT achieved comparable performance as Vicra on spatial resolution with lower noise. Moreover, UMT achieved comparable ROI values as Vicra for all the human studies, with negligible mean standard uptake value differences, while no MC results showed significant negative bias. The RQ evaluation metric demonstrated the effectiveness of UMT and yielded comparable results to MCCOD. Significance. We performed an initial validation of a commercial MLMT system against the Vicra. Generally, UMT achieved comparable motion-tracking results in all studies and the effectiveness of UMT-based MC was demonstrated.
Efficient estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters from breast dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI based on a convolutional neural network for predicting molecular subtypes
Authors: Zhang Liangliang , Fan Ming , Li Lihua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Objective. Tracer kinetic models allow for estimating pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, which are related to pathological characteristics, from breast dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. However, existing tracer kinetic models subject to inaccuracy are time-consuming for PK parameters estimation. This study aimed to accurately and efficiently estimate PK parameters for predicting molecular subtypes based on convolutional neural network (CNN). Approach. A CNN integrating global and local features (GL-CNN) was trained using synthetic data where known PK parameters map was used as the ground truth, and subsequently used to directly estimate PK parameters (volume transfer constant K
trans and flux rate constant K
ep) map. The accuracy assessed by the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity (SSIM), and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) was compared between the GL-CNN and Tofts-based PK parameters in synthetic data. Radiomic features were calculated from the PK parameters map in 208 breast tumors. A random forest classifier was constructed to predict molecular subtypes using a discovery cohort (n = 144). The diagnostic performance evaluated on a validation cohort (n = 64) using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was compared between the GL-CNN and Tofts-based PK parameters. Main results. The average PSNR (48.8884), SSIM (0.9995), and CCC (0.9995) between the GL-CNN-based K
trans map and ground truth were significantly higher than those between the Tofts-based K
trans map and ground truth. The GL-CNN-based K
trans obtained significantly better diagnostic performance (AUCs = 0.7658 and 0.8528) than the Tofts-based K
trans for luminal B and HER2 tumors. The GL-CNN method accelerated the computation by speed approximately 79 times compared to the Tofts method for the whole breast of all patients. Significance. Our results indicate that the GL-CNN method can be used to accurately and efficiently estimate PK parameters for predicting molecular subtypes.
Analysis of the neutral fluxes in the divertor region of Wendelstein 7-X under attached and detached conditions using EMC3-EIRENE
Authors: Boeyaert Dieter , Feng Yuhe , Frerichs Heinke , Kremeyer Thierry , Naujoks Dirk , Reimold Felix , Schmitz Oliver , Winters Victoria , Bozhenkov Sergey , Fellinger Joris , Jakubowski Marcin , König Ralf , Krychowiak Maciej , Perseo Valeria , Schlisio Georg , Wenzel Uwe ,   the W7-X Team
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper analyzes the neutral fluxes in the divertor region of the W7-X standard configuration for different input powers, both under attached and detached conditions. The performed analysis is conducted through EMC3-EIRENE simulations. They show the importance of the horizontal divertor to generate neutrals, and resolve the neutral plugging in the divertor region. Simulations of detached cases show a decrease in the number of generated neutrals compared to the attached simulations, in addition to a higher fraction of the ion flux arriving on the baffles during detachment. As the ionization takes place further inside the plasma during detachment, a larger percentage of the generated neutral particles leave the divertor as neutrals. The leakage in the poloidal and toroidal direction increases, just as the fraction of collected particles at the pumping gap. The fraction of pumped particles increases with a factor two, but stays below one percent. This demonstrates that detachment with the current target geometry, although it improves the power exhaust, is not yet leading to an increased particle exhaust.
A randomized benchmarking suite for mid-circuit measurements
Authors: Govia L C G , Jurcevic P , Wood C J , Kanazawa N , Merkel S T , McKay D C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mid-circuit measurements are a key component in many quantum information computing protocols, including quantum error correction, fault-tolerant logical operations, and measurement based quantum computing. As such, techniques to quickly and efficiently characterize or benchmark their performance are of great interest. Beyond the measured qubit, it is also relevant to determine what, if any, impact mid-circuit measurement has on adjacent, unmeasured, spectator qubits. Here, we present a mid-circuit measurement benchmarking suite developed from the ubiquitous paradigm of randomized benchmarking. We show how our benchmarking suite can be used to both detect as well as quantify errors on both measured and spectator qubits, including measurement-induced errors on spectator qubits and entangling errors between measured and spectator qubits. We demonstrate the scalability of our suite by simultaneously characterizing mid-circuit measurement on multiple qubits from an IBM Quantum Falcon device, and support our experimental results with numerical simulations. Further, using a mid-circuit measurement tomography protocol we establish the nature of the errors identified by our benchmarking suite.
Imperfect many-body localization in exchange-disordered isotropic spin chains
Authors: Siegl Julian , Schliemann John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We investigate many-body localization in isotropic Heisenberg spin chains with the local exchange parameters being subject to quenched disorder. Such systems incorporate a nonabelian symmetry in their Hamiltonian by invariance under global SU(2)-rotations. Nonabelian symmetries are predicted to hinder the emergence of a many-body localized phase even in the presence of strong disorder. We report on numerical studies using exact diagonalization for chains of common spin length

1

/

2

and 1. The averaged consecutive-gap ratios display a transition compatible with a crossover from an ergodic phase at small disorder strength to an incompletely localized phase at stronger disorder. Studying the sample-to-sample variance of the averaged consecutive-gap ratio, we distinguish this incompletely localized phase from the fully many-body localized phase by its scaling behavior.
Longitudinal spatial coherence of computational ghost imaging through atmospheric turbulence
Authors: Deng Hanling , Ren Yichong , Tao Zhiwei , Li Xinmiao , Abdukirim Azezigul , Li Yanling , Rao Ruizhong , Wu Pengfei 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The resolution and imaging quality of ghost imaging is determined by the longitudinal spatial coherence (LSC) of speckle beams on the signal and reference arms. Based on the cross-correlation function, long-exposure and short-exposure computational ghost imaging through turbulent atmosphere is investigated analytically and numerically in the framework of the traditional imaging theory. According to the point spread function (PSF), the modulation transfer function (MTF) is derived, both of which are utilized to evaluate imaging resolution and imaging quality of computational ghost imaging (CGI), respectively. By simulating long-exposure and short-exposure ghost imaging through atmospheric turbulence, the comprehensive effects of atmospheric turbulence and beam initial parameters on the complex degree of coherence (CDC), PSF, and MTF are studied, respectively. It is found that the degradation of LSC between the two planes on the reference and signal path implies a narrower PSF and increased MTF values, which represent the better resolution and imaging quality. Thus, reducing the atmospheric turbulence strength, the speckle particle size, the wavelength and the propagation distance, and increasing the source size contribute to improving resolution and image quality of CGI because of the degradation of LSC. Furthermore, short-exposure CGI can provide imaging performance superior to long-exposure CGI in terms of resolution and imaging quality due to the decrease of LSC.
Evaluating the performance of an AlGaN based deep ultraviolet laser diode using graded waveguide layer and graded cladding layer
Authors: Sang Xien , Di Haotian , Zong Shanchun , Xu Yuan , Yin Mengshuang , Wang Fang , Liou Juin J , Liu Yuhuai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To improve the output power and reduce electron leakage of a deep ultraviolet laser diode and optimize its performance,in this paper, the graded waveguide layer was first applied to a traditional AlGaN based deep ultraviolet laser diode, and four different combinations of the waveguide layer structure were simulated. Then a graded cladding layer structure with reduced thickness was added. Finally, the carrier concentration, energy band diagram, P-I curve, and optical confinement factor were numerically analysed and studied. The results demonstrate that, by using an Al-graded waveguide layer/p-cladding layer structure, the optical confinement factor of a laser diode with an emission wavelength of 267 nm, was 29.34%, and the maximum power was 89.81 mW at 100 mA current.
Simulation study of organosilicon coating of a spherical nanoparticle immersed in a low-pressure HMDSO/O2 plasma
Authors: Rayatnia M , Foroutan G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Using numerical simulations of the multi-fluid equations along with a surface model, the deposition of thin organosilicon films on a spherical nanoparticle immersed in a low-pressure HMDSO/O2 plasma is studied. The effects of variation in the O2 fraction, electron temperature, gas pressure, and the processing temperature on the incident fluxes of the film precursors, the deposition rate, and film thickness, as well as on the relative concentrations of the silicon, oxygen, and carbon in the film structure are investigated. The results revealed that the deposition dynamics is dominated by the SiOC3H9 radical, produced mainly by the electron impact dissociation of the HMDSO molecules.

Si

2

OC

5

H

15

+

is the most populated ion and plays a prominent role in the deposition process via both direct incorporation and ion-induced stitching. The deposition rate and consequently the film thickness are enhanced with an increase in the electron temperature and the total gas pressure but are reduced with an increase in O2 fraction and the gas temperature. The increase in O2/HMDSO ratio and also the elevation of the electron and gas temperatures lead to an enhanced oxygen/carbon ratio in the film structure, an indication of a high degree of cross-linking. As the pressure rises, the oxygen content of the film increases initially while the carbon content declines, but the reverse is true at higher pressures, due to less effective fragmentation.
Pressure sensor based on Hetero-stack L-shape TFET: simulation study
Authors: Shukla Prajjwal , Khosla Mamta , Sood Neetu , Singh Sarabdeep , Chawla Tulika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper, the first-time-ever pressure sensor based on Hetero-stack L-shape TFET has been proposed and investigated through the SILVACO ATLAS TCAD tool. Owing to the hetero-stacking of Germanium material and Silicon material, an enhanced Ion and reduced sub-threshold swing is obtained by the proposed device leading to enhanced Pressure sensor sensitivity. The basic working principle of this proposed pressure sensor device is when pressure is applied to the diaphragm, the diaphragm bends which varies the metal-dielectric thickness of the oxide layer which further alters the electrical characteristics of the proposed pressure sensor. The diaphragm bendings considered in the study are 0, 1, 2, and 2.5 nm. The performance of the proposed pressure sensor device is analyzed through different electrical performance characteristics such as energy band diagrams, electric field, potential, Ion, sub-threshold swing, electron band-to-band tunneling rate, and various other analog/RF parameters at different diaphragm bendings. The effects of ITCs at various bendings are also analyzed to provide an in-depth effect of the factors that might affect the performance of the sensor. The proposed sensor design will be proven as a milestone in the array of sensors built for ultra-sensitive pressure sensing applications.
The spiral phase spectrum of the composite power Gaussian vortex beam in plasma sheath turbulence
Authors: Chen Maike , Wang Xinguang , Qin Changjian , Yuan Qiujie , Wang Le 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper establishes an evolution model for the spiral phase spectrum of a composite power Gaussian (CPG) vortex beam in plasma sheath turbulence (PST) based on the Rytov approximation theory and the modified von Karman spectrum. The impact of various parameters, including turbulence and beam attributes, on the spiral phase spectrum of the CPG vortex beam in PST is investigated through numerical simulations. Our numerical results reveal that the spiral phase spectrum of beam exhibits asymmetry which modulated by the structural parameter. Meanwhile, the resistance of the CPG vortex beam against turbulence strengthens as the wavelength increases and the topological charge decreases. The findings also demonstrate that the spiral phase spectrum of the CPG vortex beam incorporates a broader range of modes in isotropic PST compared to anisotropic PST. Furthermore, the impact of PST on the beam is intensified with a higher refractive index undulation variance and a smaller outer scale parameter.
The universe is worth 643 pixels: convolution neural network and vision transformers for cosmology
Authors: Hwang Se Yeon , Sabiu Cristiano G. , Park Inkyu , Hong Sungwook E. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We present a novel approach for estimating cosmological parameters, Ω
m
, σ8
, w
0, and one derived parameter, S
8, from 3D lightcone data of dark matter halos in redshift space covering a sky area of 40° × 40° and redshift range of 0.3 < z < 0.8, binned to 643 voxels. Using two deep learning algorithms — Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Vision Transformer (ViT) — we compare their performance with the standard two-point correlation (2pcf) function. Our results indicate that CNN yields the best performance, while ViT also demonstrates significant potential in predicting cosmological parameters. By combining the outcomes of Vision Transformer, Convolution Neural Network, and 2pcf, we achieved a substantial reduction in error compared to the 2pcf alone. To better understand the inner workings of the machine learning algorithms, we employed the Grad-CAM method to investigate the sources of essential information in heatmaps of the CNN and ViT.
Our findings suggest that the algorithms focus on different parts of the density field and redshift depending on which parameter they are predicting. This proof-of-concept work paves the way for incorporating deep learning methods to estimate cosmological parameters from large-scale structures, potentially leading to tighter constraints and improved understanding of the Universe.
Optical design of a novel near-infrared phase contrast imaging (NI-PCI) diagnostic on the HL-2A tokamak
Authors: XU 徐 Hao 皓 , GONG 龚 Shaobo 少博 , YU 余 Yi 羿 , XU 许 Min 敏 , LAN 兰 Tao 涛 , WANG 王 Zhibin 志斌 , SHI 石 Zhongbing 中兵 , NIE 聂 Lin 林 , ZHAO 赵 Guangyi 光义 , LIU 刘 Hao 灏 , ZHOU 周 Yixuan 艺轩 , YUAN 袁 Zihao 子豪 , XIAO 肖 Chenyu 晨雨 , CHEN 陈 Jian 坚 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The optical design of near-infrared phase contrast imaging (NI-PCI) diagnosis on HL-2A is introduced in this paper. This scheme benefits from the great progress of near-infrared laser technology and is a broadening of traditional phase contrast technology. This diagnostic can work as a keen tool to measure plasma wavenumber spectra by inferring string-integrated plasma density fluctuations. Design of both the front optical path which is the path before the laser transmitting into the tokamak plasma and the rear optics which is the path after the laser passing through the plasma is detailed. The 1550 nm laser is chosen as the probe beam and high-precision optical components are designed to fit the laser beam, in which a phase plate with a 194-nm-deep silver groove is the key. Compared with the conventional 10.6

m laser-based PCI system on HL-2A, NI-PCI significantly overcomes the unwanted phase scintillation effect and promotes the measurement capability of high-wavenumber turbulence with an increased maximal measurable wavenumber from 15 cm−1 to 32.6 cm−1.
Associations of Anti–COVID-19 Measures and Lifestyle Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic With Sleep Patterns in the Netherlands: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Sandoval-Diez Nekane , Smit Lidwien A M , Boer Jolanda M A , de Rooij Myrna M T , Koppelman Gerard H , van Kersen Warner , Vonk Judith M , Vermeulen Roel , Gehring Ulrike , Huss Anke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although there is scientific evidence for an increased prevalence of sleep disorders during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there is still limited information on how lifestyle factors might have affected sleep patterns. Therefore, we followed a large cohort of participants in the Netherlands (n = 5,420) for up to 1 year (September 2020–2021) via monthly Web-based questionnaires to identify lifestyle changes (physical activity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, electronic device use, and social media use) driven by anti–COVID-19 measures and their potential associations with self-reported sleep (latency, duration, and quality). We used the Containment and Health Index (CHI) to assess the stringency of anti–COVID-19 measures and analyzed associations through multilevel ordinal response models. We found that more stringent anti–COVID-19 measures were associated with higher use of electronic devices (per interquartile-range increase in CHI, odds ratio (OR) = 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.40, 1.53), less physical activity (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.90, 0.98), lower frequency of alcohol consumption (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.60, 0.66), and longer sleep duration (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.16). Lower alcohol consumption frequency and higher use of electronic devices and social media were associated with longer sleep latency. Lower physical activity levels and higher social media and electronic device use were related to poorer sleep quality and shorter sleep duration.
Longitudinal Transitions Between Use of Combustible, Noncombustible, and Multiple Cannabis Products From Adolescence to Young Adulthood and Intersections With Nicotine Use
Authors: Han Dae-Hee , Cho Junhan , Vogel Erin A , Harlow Alyssa F , Tackett Alayna P , Eckel Sandrah P , McConnell Rob , Barrington-Trimis Jessica L , Leventhal Adam M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding transitions across use of different types of cannabis products and multiple cannabis products and how they intersect with nicotine use in young people can inform etiology and prevention. In this study, we examined transitions across use of combustible and noncombustible forms of cannabis and multiple types of cannabis from adolescence to young adulthood and the role of nicotine use in transitions. In a Southern California longitudinal cohort study (n = 3,298; baseline mean age = 16.1 (standard deviation, 0.4) years) with 9 semiannual survey waves (2015–2021), we used Markov multistate transition modeling to estimate short-term (2-wave) and long-term (9-wave) probabilities of transition across 5 cannabis use states: never use of any product, prior use with no past-6-month (P6M) use of any product, and P6M use of exclusively noncombustible products, exclusively combustible products, and multiple (noncombustible + combustible) products. Sizable transition probabilities from prior and exclusive P6M noncombustible or combustible cannabis use to P6M poly–cannabis-product use were observed in short-term (10.7%–38.9%) and long-term (43.4%–43.8%) analyses. P6M nicotine use increased risk of transitioning from never and prior use to exclusive P6M noncombustible and combustible cannabis use. Cannabis use in any form, even temporary use, during midadolescence may often be followed by poly–cannabis-product use. Nicotine use may amplify the probability of future cannabis use onset or recurrence.