Beyond the boundaries of ward-based services – exploring the scope of “non-traditional” clinical pharmacy practice in a tertiary referral teaching hospital
Authors: Cheng C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Hospital clinical pharmacy practice in the UK has developed beyond traditional boundaries of ward-based inpatient services. Royal Pharmaceutical Society Hospital Pharmacy Standards recommend pharmacy team members are integrated into multidisciplinary teams across the organisation to ensure safe and appropriate medicines use whatever the setting1. Pharmacy professionals provide pharmaceutical care and specialist services in outpatient and ambulatory settings and through participation in multidisciplinary team (MDT) meetings. Within the outpatient setting, research typically focusses on single outpatient clinics within specific disciplines, little evidence describes the overall contribution to patient care across whole pharmacy services2.

Aim
To describe the scope of clinical pharmacy services occurring beyond traditional ward-based services in a tertiary hospital; including quantification of outpatient clinics and MDT meetings provided by pharmacy professionals.

Methods
The Deputy Chief Pharmacist invited clinical Principal Pharmacists to participate in semi-structured interviews exploring the scope of “non-traditional” services across the Trust during March 2023. Non-traditional services were defined as direct clinical care outside of ward-based inpatient clinical pharmacy services. Indirect clinical care activities such as guideline writing, drug expenditure and governance activities were excluded. Inpatient board rounds/ward rounds and any service not currently provided due to vacancy were excluded. Participants were asked to quantify services provided, advise who provided the services and to describe contributions provided by the pharmacy team. The study was deemed service evaluation and ethical approval waived.

Results
100% invited pharmacists participated. Pharmacists attended and contributed to over 150 MDT meetings monthly across 24 sub-specialities; 80% were for outpatients. In tertiary/quaternary services, these frequently covered patients beyond local geography. MDT meetings were typically attended by specialist, principal or consultant pharmacists. Common contributions included: provision of pro-active advice/responding to queries; medicines optimisation; monitoring; income or compliance assurance; prescribing/deprescribing. Specialist pharmacists provided 80-100 outpatient clinic sessions across 17 sub-specialities through a mix of face-to-face and virtual appointments, advanced pharmacy technicians provided on-treatment and counselling clinics. Activities included: initiation, monitoring, adjustment and cessation of medicines; patient counselling and MDT referral. Medicines prescribed were typically high cost, complex and higher risk. Pharmacists prescribed and clinically verified homecare medicines and provided ongoing annual review of outpatient medicines, including prescribing/deprescribing. Teams described medicines reconciliation and counselling in ambulatory haematology settings, off-site units and infusion suites. The team organised, optimised and provided advice and counselling for patients requiring antimicrobial therapies at home. Clinical pharmacists and pharmacy technicians provided medicines information to patients, internal and external healthcare professionals.

Discussion/Conclusion
This study provides evidence of the broad scope of clinical pharmacy practice beyond the boundaries of traditional ward-based services in a tertiary teaching hospital. This study was limited to a single organisation, specific clinical pharmacy activities and outcomes of these services were not fully quantified. Formal collation of clinical pharmacy activities within “non-traditional” outpatient and ambulatory settings is limited because activity data collection forms in hospital pharmacy are typically validated in traditional ward-based pharmacy services. We recommend further studies to validate activity collection tools to benchmark the activities of clinical pharmacy professionals providing services in outpatient and ambulatory settings both within and between hospital Trusts.

References
1. Royal Pharmaceutical Society, Professional Standards for Hospital Pharmacy Practice, November 2022. Accessed via https://www.rpharms.com/recognition/setting-professional-standards/hospital-pharmacy-professional-standards May 2023
2. Snoswell CL, Draper MJ, Barras M. An evaluation of pharmacist activity in hospital outpatient clinics. J. Pharm. Pract. Res, 2021, 51(4), 328-332. https://doi.org/10.1002/jppr.1729