bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COAGULATION AND LIQUEFACTION OF SEMEN
Authors: Huggins Charles , Neal William 
Published: June 2004

Certain specimens of human semen shorten the coagulation time of whole blood because of the presence of active thromboplastic agents, while other samples prolong its coagulation time. Human prostatic fluid in large amounts always delays or abolishes blood coagulation. The delay or absence of clotting is counteracted by adding calcium ions and is due to the large concentration of citrate in prostatic fluid and in some semens.
While most specimens of dog semen shorten the coagulation time of blood because of their thromboplastic activity, certain specimens render blood incoagulable or delay coagulation; in contrast to human semen, this adverse effect on coagulation is not overcome with calcium ions and is due to a different mechanism, the lysis of fibrinogen. The citrate content of dog prostatic fluid is small.
Human semen which has become liquefied does not contain thrombin or prothrombin, but fibrinogen and thromboplastic substances are present. Beef fibrinogen added to semen is destroyed by incubation for 18 hours, but added prothrombin and thromboplastic substances are still present after this treatment. Dog semen, in some instances, contains small amounts of thrombin.
The semens of man and dog contain a fibrinolysin for human blood which seems not to differ greatly from the fibrinolysin associated with hemolytic streptococci. The blood of the donor of prostatic fluid is susceptible to fibrinolysis by this fluid. However, the blood of persons with some diseases, is absolutely resistant to the action of seminal fibrinolysin. In how many diseases this happens has not yet been determined.
The semens of man and dog both contain an agent capable of inactivating fibrinogen, but in different amounts. This activity may be called fibrinogenase. Human semen is rich in fibrinolysin, poor in fibrinogenase; dog semen is rich in fibrinogenase, poor in fibrinolysin. These species differences, together with the fact that it is easy by appropriate dilution to retain the stronger proteolytic agent and eliminate the weaker one, imply that fibrinolysin and fibrinogenase are different entities.
Dog semen, and less constantly human semen, contain very small amounts of trypsin.
All of these proteolytic agents derive from the prostate gland; their secretion in prostatic fluid constitutes a hitherto undescribed function for the prostate gland.
STUDIES CONCERNING THE SITE OF RENIN FORMATION IN THE KIDNEY
Authors: Friedman Meyer , Kaplan Alex 
Published: June 2004

1. The administration of tartrate to adult rabbits was found to produce in some of them, a profound and widespread necrosis of the proximal convoluted tubular epithelium without affecting the other portions of the nephrons.
2. The markedly damaged kidneys were found to be almost completely devoid of pressor substance (renin), indicating that in the mammalian kidney, the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubules is concerned in the formation or storage of renin.
THE EFFECT OF SALICYLATES ON THE PRECIPITATION OF ANTIGEN WITH ANTIBODY
Authors: Coburn Alvin F. , Kapp Eleanor M. 
Published: June 2004

1. Sodium salicylate modifies the precipitation of normal rabbit serum protein by sodium tungstate, and partially inhibits the precipitation of horse serum euglobulin by rabbit antiserum. Sodium salicylate added to a system containing crystalline egg albumin and its antibody partly prevents the formation of precipitate, the degree of inhibition being related to the concentration of salicylate.
2. Precipitation in the equivalence zone is more readily prevented by salicylate than precipitation in the region of antibody excess, the immune system becoming progressively less sensitive to the action of salicylate as the excess of antibody becomes larger.
3. Formed precipitates were partly dissolved following resuspension in the presence of salicylate.
4. The salicylate effect on immune precipitation is reversible, and appears to be due to inactivation of antibody.
5. Salicylate was more effective in preventing specific precipitation than other anions of a lyotropic series tested.
ISOLATION OF CHROMATIN THREADS FROM THE RESTING NUCLEUS OF LEUKEMIC CELLS
Authors: Claude Albert , Potter James S. 
Published: June 2004

1. A method for the separation of chromatin threads from the resting nucleus of leukemic cells has been described.
2. The isolation of the chromatin strands was accomplished by purely mechanical means, and the separation, including extraction and purification in the centrifuge, required only about 1 hour.
3. Evidence is presented to show that the chromatin strands are morphologically related to the chromosomes, if not identical.
4. It seems probable that, by the present technique, chromatin strands can be obtained from different mammalian tissues for direct microscopical examination and biochemical analysis.
THE METABOLISM OF THE ISCHEMIC KIDNEY
Authors: Raska Sigwin B. 
Published: June 2004

The consumption of oxygen by slices of kidney tissue of dogs made hypertensive by the Goldblatt technique was studied manometrically. The respiration of the ischemic kidney tissue was found to be much less than that of the normal kidney. Further, a marked reduction in oxidizing ability, as measured by the oxygen uptake and ammonia formation in the presence of the added amines and amino acids, tyramine, isoamylamine, dl-alanine, and l-aspartic acid, was observed.
Extracts of the kidneys were made and tested for amine oxidase, amino acid oxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activity by measuring the increased oxygen consumption and ammonia formation in the presence of the substrates listed above with the addition of l-epinephrine, histamine, and dl- and l-dihydroxyphenylalanine. The preparations from ischemic kidneys of dogs and rabbits showed much lower activity. Animals with varying degrees of constriction of the renal arteries and therefore varying degrees of renal ischemia were prepared and studied. The results with these animals suggested a direct relationship between the degree of renal ischemia and the decrease in oxidizing power of the tissue.
The product of the enzymic oxidation of tyramine was identified as p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde by isolation as the dinitrophenylhydrazone of p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde.
STUDIES ON THE ANTIGENIC COMPOSITION OF GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Proteolytic enzymes destroy the type-specific M antigen of group A hemolytic streptococci not only when the M substance is contained in cell-free extracts but also when it is a component of the living cell.
2. The injection of enzyme-treated cultures into rabbits fails to induce the formation of M antibodies, but does result in the production of T antibodies and, therefore, provides a method of preparing anti-T sera free from M antibodies.
3. Exposure to these enzymes does not kill the bacteria. Virulence and the ability to form M substance are restored on subculture and animal inoculation.
4. The study of the effect of proteolytic enzymes on group A hemolytic streptococci provides new techniques for analyzing the antigenic composition of these microorganisms.
THE RÔLE OF THE MUCOID POLYSACCHARIDE (HYALURONIC ACID) IN THE VIRULENCE OF GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Kass E. H. , Seastone C. V. 
Published: June 2004

1. A quantitative turbidimetric method for the estimation of hyaluronidase activity, based on the ability of the enzyme to decrease the capacity of the polysaccharide to precipitate acidified protein has been developed. Two units of hyaluronidase, by this method, are equivalent to one viscosity-reducing unit.
2. Hyaluronidase added to a phagocytic system containing defibrinated human blood, immune or non-immune, greatly increases the rate of phagocytosis of group A streptococci. Phagocytosis of Type I pneumococci is not affected by hyaluronidase under the same conditions.
3. The bactericidal activity of non-immune blood against group A streptococci is increased by hyaluronidase; the activity of immune blood is, however, somewhat inhibited by the enzyme. Killing of pneumococci is not affected by the presence of the enzyme.
4. Mice can be protected against group A streptococcal infection by frequent treatment with 200 turbidity-reducing units of hyaluronidase; the protective action of the enzyme is removed by heating at 60°C. for 1 hour. Mice infected with Type I pneumococcus and treated with hyaluronidase die somewhat sooner than the untreated controls.
STUDIES ON LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM
Authors: Rake Geoffrey , Jones Helen P. 
Published: June 2004

Toxins, which resemble in most respects bacterial endotoxins, are associated with the agents of lymphogranuloma venereum, meningopneumonitis, and mouse pneumonitis as they grow in the yolk sac of the chick embryo. They are labile and are not readily separated from the bodies of the agent. They kill mice rapidly after intravenous, and in some cases after intraperitoneal, injection but the minimal lethal dose is relatively large and, in those freshly harvested yolk sacs which have been tested, has corresponded to about 36 million infective units. Characteristic lesions are produced in all mice except those which die very rapidly, and are found especially in the liver where necrosis of the midzone of the lobule occurs.
Antitoxic sera which are effective against a few lethal doses of the toxin can be produced in rabbits or chickens by using either toxin or toxoid as antigen. Such sera behave in a manner analogous to antiendotoxins against bacterial endotoxins and they do not neutralize by the law of multiple proportions. Antitoxic sera can also be obtained from human beings convalescent from at least one of these diseases. The toxins and antitoxins appear to be highly specific and they may offer a useful tool in distinguishing between different members of this closely interrelated group.
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Lurie Max B. 
Published: June 2004

1. Hereditary resistance to attack by air-borne tubercle bacilli is distinct from the resistance to the ensuing disease.
2. One inbred rabbit family has little resistance to attack: by the microorganism but has considerable resistance against the ensuing disease.
3. Another inbred family has considerable resistance against attack by the tubercle bacillus but has little resistance against the ensuing disease.
4. Increasing concentrations of tubercle bacilli in the environment of the family of high genetic resistance to the disease increase the incidence of infection, accelerate the onset of the disease, and affect its essential character in proportion to the concentration of the microorganism.
5. Up to a certain concentration of tubercle bacilli in the environment of the families of low genetic resistance to the disease, increasing concentrations of the infectious agent also increase the incidence of the disease and accelerate its onset, although its anatomical character is always of a uniform rapidly progressive type. Beyond this concentration further increment of the infectious agent exercises no effect.
SPECIFICITY IN THE EFFECTS ON BRAIN METABOLISM OF TWO DIFFERING NEUROTROPIC VIRUSES
Authors: Nickle Margaret , Kabat Herman 
Published: June 2004

1. Brain tissue infected with the virus of Western equine encephalomyelitis shows specific differences in metabolism from brain tissue infected with the virus of poliomyelitis.
2. With added glucose concentration of 121 mg. per cent, oxygen utilization of poliomyelitic brain is significantly below normal and that of encephalitic brain is not.
3. With added glucose concentration of 217 mg. per cent, oxygen utilization of encephalitic brain is significantly below normal and that of poliomyelitic brain is not.
4. With lactate-glucose as the substrate, oxygen utilization of encephalitic brain is significantly below normal and that of poliomyelitic brain is not.
5. With pyruvate-glucose as the substrate, neither encephalitic brain nor poliomyelitic brain differs significantly from normal in oxygen consumption.
6. With succinate-glucose as the substrate, oxygen utilization of poliomyelitic brain is significantly above that of the normal control in the 1st hour.
7. With added glucose concentration of 37.5 mg. per cent, anaerobic metabolism of encephalitic brain is significantly below the normal whereas that of poliomyelitic brain is not.
8. With added glucose concentration of 229.5 mg. per cent, anaerobic metabolism of both encephalitic brain and poliomyelitic brain is significantly below the normal.
THE SPIROCHETICIDAL ACTION OF PENICILLIN IN VITRO AND ITS TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT
Authors: Eagle Harry , Musselman Arlyne D. 
Published: June 2004

1. Penicillin was found to be actively spirocheticidal in vitro against the Reiter, Kazan, Nichols, and Noguchi strains of so called S. pallida, and a strain of mouth spirochetes. The threshold concentration was 0.01 unit per Cc. (1–160,000,000 penicillin). The rate and degree of action increased with the concentration of penicillin up to a level of approximately 0.1 to 0.25 unit per cc., which rendered more than 99 per cent of the organisms non-viable within 12 hours. Higher concentrations did not appreciably accelerate the effect.
2. Within the range 4 x 104–107 organisms per cc., the initial rate at which the spirochetes were killed was not affected by their number. Consistent with that observation, no demonstrable penicillin was bound or inactivated by thick suspensions. The amount of penicillin required to sterilize suspensions of varying density nevertheless varied to a large extent with the initial number of organisms. This was only in part due to the progressive deterioration of the penicillin with prolonged incubation; and the persistence of organisms resistant to the drug, and perhaps an adaptative change after prolonged exposure to penicillin, may be contributing factors.
3. The organisms remained actively motile for a period of 8 to 24 hours after they had been rendered non-viable by the action of penicillin. Even 500 units of penicillin per cc., or approximately 10,000 times an effectively spirocheticidal concentration, did not accelerate that delayed immobilization. It follows that, although penicillin rapidly renders the organisms non-viable, the metabolic system affected is not immediately essential to the life of the cell, and the motility and presumably other vital functions remain unaffected for a significant number of hours.
4. The rate at which the organisms were killed by penicillin increased with temperature in the range 8–40°C. With an original inoculum of 106 spirochetes per cc., the percentage of organisms surviving after 24 hours at 39–40°, 36–37°, 32–33°, 22–23°, and 8°C. was 0.02, 0.2, 1, 10, and 100 respectively; and those results were independent of the concentration of penicillin in the range 0.25 to 250 units per cc. If these observations with a non-pathogenic organism in vitro are applicable to the pathogenic organism in vivo, they suggest that the combined use of fever and penicillin in the treatment of syphilis may be more effective than either alone.
AN ETIOLOGIC CONSIDERATION OF DONOVANIA GRANULOMATIS CULTIVATED FROM GRANULOMA INGUINALE (THREE CASES) IN EMBRYONIC YOLK
Authors: Anderson Katherine , DeMonbreun W. A. , Goodpasture E. W. 
Published: June 2004

1. A microorganism identical with that originally described by Anderson has been cultivated in pure strain from two additional cases of granuloma inguinale by means of inoculating the yolk of chick embryos with uncontaminated human tissue containing Donovan bodies.
2. The morphological and cultural characteristics of the three isolated strains are described and discussed.
3. This microorganism has been cultivated in vitro only in media containing embryonic yolk. It failed to grow on any of a variety of artificial media.
4. It has not proved to be pathogenic for common experimental animals.
5. The Donovan body is reproduced in the epithelial cells of the yolk sac and in the yolk. The microorganism evidently reproduces both extracellularly and intracellularly.
6. The microorganism produces in culture antigens that elicit immune reactions in the skin and serum of granuloma inguinale patients.
7. This microorganism is judged to be a bacterium and the etiological agent of granuloma inguinale.
8. It is proposed that these strains of the bacterium be the type of a new genus, Donovania, in recognition of Donovan's original description of the pathognomonic bodies of granuloma inguinale; and that the specific name granulomatis be applied to designate its relationship to the characteristic lesion of the disease.
NUTRITION OF THE HOST AND NATURAL RESISTANCE TO INFECTION
Authors: Schneider Howard A. , Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

1. A diet of whole wheat and whole dried milk has been shown to promote a higher survival rate, among W-Swiss mice subjected to S. enteritidis infection, than that promoted by a "synthetic" diet.
2. The demonstration of this ability of diet to condition natural resistance has been found to depend upon the genetic constitution of the mice employed. The demonstration has been possible in W-Swiss mice, a strain only moderately inbred and retaining a degree of genetic variability. The demonstration has not been possible in three highly inbred strains of mice selected so that they differed predictably from one another in natural resistance.
3. The nutritional factors involved are present in whole wheat and are absent or negligible in dried whole milk. Their nature has not yet been determined.
BACTERIOSTATIC EFFECT OF HUMAN SERA ON GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Rothbard Sidney 
Published: June 2004

1. Heparin was more satisfactory for preventing blood from clotting than defibrination, potassium and ammonium oxalate, or sodium citrate in bacteriostasis of group A streptococci in the presence of streptococcal antibodies in convalescent serum.
2. Blood from rabbit, guinea pig, or sheep could not be substituted for human blood in promoting bacteriostasis when human antibody was used. Mixtures of human leukocytes and plasma of each of these animals or of animal leukocytes and human plasma were also not effective with human antibody.
3. Complement, leukocytes, and a thermostable factor which was found in human plasma were essential in the indirect bacteriostatic technique employed for the inhibition of streptococcal growth in the presence of convalescent human serum.
4. The thermostable component was active in human serum, as well as in plasma, in 1:12 dilution, withstood storage at 4° C. for at least 7 weeks, and was destroyed by heating at 70° C. for 30 minutes.
THE METABOLISM OF THE KIDNEY IN EXPERIMENTAL RENAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Raska Sigwin B. 
Published: June 2004

These investigations are part of an attempt to study and interpret the intermediary metabolism of the kidneys in experimental renal hypertension. Hypertension was produced in dogs by the clamping procedure of Goldblatt and associates or by the silk perinephritis method of Page. Enzymatic studies were made by means of Warburg's manometric method. Cytochrome c was in addition determined spectrophotometrically. Tissue slices, homogenized tissue, and tissue extracts were used.
A study of the cytochrome c concentration and the activities of the cytochrome oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase systems of kidneys from normal dogs and dogs with experimental renal hypertension was made. It was found that the cytochrome c concentration and the activities of the cytochrome oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase systems were markedly lower in the kidney slices and in the tissue suspensions from hypertensive dogs.
Tissue suspensions and extracts of kidneys from hypertensive dogs showed an inhibitory effect on the activity of the cytochrome oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase, and the amine oxidase systems. Renin preparations also showed a marked inhibitory effect on the activities of cytochrome oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, l-amino acid oxidase, and amine oxidase systems.
A significant increase was found in the kidney of dogs whose other kidney had been removed or subjected to Goldblatt's or Page's technique in the activities of the cytochrome-cytochrome oxidase system, the succinic dehydrogenase system, and in the concentration of nucleotide-bound phosphorus, of flavin-adenine dinucleotide, and of the nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotides (coenzymes I and II). From the results of these studies it can be concluded that an increase in the concentration and activity of the respiratory enzymes precedes hypertrophy of the kidney. This can be explained by the assumption that an increase in the activity of the respiratory biocatalysts acts as a stimulus for cell growth and multiplication.
HEREDITARY ACHONDROPLASIA IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Brown Wade H. 
Published: June 2004

Pathological observations on hereditary achondroplasia in the rabbit have been described. At autopsy, the chief features of interest are: reduced size with disproportionately shortened extremities and large head, cutaneous and subcutaneous edema of variable degree and distribution, small shortened bones with a cartilaginous appearance and texture, immature teeth, and cleft palate in one-fourth the cases; blood-stained fluid in the thoracic and abdominal cavities; a comparatively small heart pointing to the right of the midline, a very large firm thymus, a large pale soft spleen, a large swollen liver with red mottling, and a stomach distended with thin greenish mucus but no milk.
The mean relative weights of all organs in terms of the net body weight were larger than those of normal new-born litter mates. The mean actual weights of the kidneys, the brain, and especially the spleen and the thymus were also larger than their respective normal values, those of the heart, liver, and adrenals were slightly smaller, while that of the pituitary was the same.
Histologically, all endochondral cartilages show marked abnormalities of differentiation with pronounced deficiency of ossification. Calcification of membranous bones is likewise deficient. The histological abnormalities of the long bones are very similar to, if not identical with, those characteristic of human fetal chondrodystrophy, the creeper fowl condition, the "bull-dog" calf, and achondroplasia of the dog.
No histological evidence was found in any organ which would suggest a basis for a responsible causal agent of the abnormality. Minor to marked vascular dilatation and congestion and edema is a variable feature but is fairly widely distributed. The changes in the thyroid indicate an active gland. The cellular pattern of the pituitary is characterized by some increase in basophilic cells. The lymphoid elements of the spleen are more or less depleted. The hemopoietic tissue in the spleen and liver is reduced in amount. In blood obtained from the heart, there is a reduction in the numbers of red and white cells and platelets and in the hemoglobin content as well; immature cells and particularly normoblasts are comparatively numerous.