bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐reported and actual physiological responses in social phobia
Authors: Edelmann Robert J. , Baker Sarah R. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. The aim of the current study was to compare physiological reactions and self‐reports of bodily sensations for social phobics, clinically anxious and non‐anxious controls across four tasks.Design. A within‐group design was used in which each participant took part in four tasks. Two were designed to be demanding, either physically (riding an exercise bicycle) or mentally (mental arithmetic task), while two, a mental imagery task (personally relevant situation) and a social conversation, were designed specifically to be anxiety provoking.Methods. Of the 54 participants, 18 were generalized social phobics, 18 were clinically anxious but not socially phobic (8 with panic disorder, 6 with generalized anxiety disorder and 4 simple phobics), and 18 were non‐anxious. Heart rate, skin conductance, and facial and neck temperatures were recorded continuously during four different tasks and rest periods with corresponding self‐report ratings of bodily sensations taken to reflect 13 sampling points.Results. There were no group differences on any of the physiological measures during any of the four tasks. However, there were a number of between‐group differences with regard to ratings of bodily sensations. Both clinical groups had higher ratings of racing heart than the non‐anxious control group during the imagery task. In addition, social phobics had significantly higher ratings of racing heart during the social conversation in relation to both comparison groups. With regard to ratings of body heat, the anxious group had greater ratings than the non‐anxious controls during the imagery task. Finally with regard to ratings of sweaty hands, both clinical groups had higher ratings than the non‐anxious controls during the social conversation. All three groups were generally inaccurate in their ratings of bodily sensations.
Deductive and inductive reasoning in obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Authors: Pélissier Marie‐Claude , O'Connor Kieron P. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. This study tested the hypothesis that people with obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) show an inductive reasoning style distinct from people with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and from participants in a non‐anxious (NA) control group.Design. The experimental procedure consisted of administering a range of six deductive and inductive tasks and a probabilistic task in order to compare reasoning processes between groups.Methods. Recruitment was in the Montreal area within a French‐speaking population. The participants were 12 people with OCD, 12 NA controls and 10 people with GAD. Participants completed a series of written and oral reasoning tasks including the Wason Selection Task, a Bayesian probability task and other inductive tasks, designed by the authors.Results. There were no differences between groups in deductive reasoning. On an inductive ‘bridging task’, the participants with OCD always took longer than the NA control and GAD groups to infer a link between two statements and to elaborate on this possible link. The OCD group alone showed a significant decrease in their degree of conviction about an arbitrary statement after inductively generating reasons to support this statement. Differences in probabilistic reasoning replicated those of previous authors.Conclusions. The results pinpoint the importance of examining inference processes in people with OCD in order to further refine the clinical applications of behavioural‐cognitive therapy for this disorder.
Predicting depressive symptoms with a new measure of shame: The Experience of Shame Scale
Authors: Andrews Bernice , Qian Mingyi , Valentine John D. 
Published: February 2003

Objective. To investigate whether previous findings from interview studies of a prospective relationship between shame and psychopathology (e.g. Andrews, 1995) could be replicated using questionnaires.Design. A total of 163 university students participated in a longitudinal questionnaire study.Method. The Experience of Shame Scale (ESS), a questionnaire based on a previous interview measure, and an established shame scale (TOSCA), were considered in their relation to depressive symptoms assessed at two time points 11 weeks apart.Results. Both scales made significant independent contributions to depressive symptoms at time 1. However, only the ESS predicted additional significant variance in time 2 symptoms when time 1 symptoms were controlled.Conclusions. It was concluded that the reason for the differential performance of the two scales was that the ESS, like the shame interview, assesses specific areas of shame related to self and performance, whereas the TOSCA assesses general shame and may therefore be more prone to mood‐state effects.
Death beliefs, superstitious beliefs and health anxiety
Authors: James Abigail , Wells Adrian 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. The present study explored the association between beliefs about death, superstitious beliefs, and health anxiety. It was hypothesized that negative beliefs about death and superstitious beliefs would be positively correlated with health anxiety. Conversely, positive beliefs about death were hypothesized to be negatively correlated with health anxiety.Design. A cross‐sectional, correlational and multiple regression design was adopted.Method. A sample of 106 Roman Catholics and 197 Atheists completed a questionnaire measuring aspects of health anxiety, spiritual beliefs, and control variables consisting of demographics.Results. Negative beliefs about death and superstitious beliefs were related to health anxiety within both the Roman Catholic and Atheist samples. The expected negative relationship between positive beliefs about death and health anxiety was not supported in either sample. Multiple regression analyses indicated that death beliefs and superstitious beliefs, in combination with background variables, significantly predicted health anxiety in the Roman Catholic sample. For Atheists, although death and superstitious beliefs were identified as significant predictors, when considered with other variables, the additional variance accounted for was not significant.Conclusions. Negative beliefs about death and superstitious beliefs appear to be positively associated with health anxiety. These types of beliefs may have the potential to offer a useful addition to cognitive‐behavioural models of health anxiety.
The observed impact of training on competence in clinical supervision
Authors: Milne Derek L. , James Ian A. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. The present study analysed the impact and relative effectiveness of routine training (consultancy) versus routine training plus feedback on clinical supervision.Design. The behaviours of one supervisor and six supervisees were observed longitudinally, and comparisons made between a baseline condition and two subsequent experimental training conditions (with and without feedback) and a maintenance period.Method. An observational instrument was used to code N = 1387 interactions between the supervisor and the supervisees. Supervisees' satisfaction with supervision was also recorded longitudinally.Results. The inter‐observer reliability was very good initially (K ≥ 0.81) and did not ‘drift’. Supervision improved during the experimental phase, but most markedly during the maintenance phase. The results appear to reflect a lag effect for the interventions, which can be most readily explained in terms of a socialization period during which both supervisor and supervisee adapted their styles of interaction.Conclusion. Competence in supervision appears to require training. The present methodology affords a promising approach to developing and analysing the effectiveness of supervision.
Memory bias against threat in social phobia
Authors: Wenzel Amy , Holt Craig S. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. The present study examined whether social phobia is an anxiety disorder associated with a memory bias toward threat.Design. Social phobic (N = 16) and non‐anxious (N = 17) individuals were compared on their recall of evaluative threat and neutral prose passage content.Method. Participants were presented with two evaluative threat and two neutral prose passages and completed an immediate free recall task after each trial.Results. Contrary to expectation, individuals with social phobia recalled a smaller percentage of units from the evaluative threat passages than non‐anxious individuals.Conclusion. Consistent with the vigilance‐avoidance theory, it is suggested that social phobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by the avoidance of elaborate processing of threatening material.
A comparison of auditory hallucinations in a psychiatric and non‐psychiatric group
Authors: Johns Louise C. , Hemsley David , Kuipers Elizabeth 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. To compare auditory hallucinations in a psychiatric and non‐psychiatric sample.Design. Between‐participants group design: a psychiatric group of 14 patients with schizophrenia, and a non‐psychiatric group of 16 participants with tinnitus.Method. Participants were interviewed using the Mental Health Research Institute Unusual Perceptions Scale (MUPS).Results. The type of hallucinations differed: participants with tinnitus predominately heard music, whereas the patients with schizophrenia heard voices speaking. The groups also differed in their explanations of the hallucinations. However, there were similarities in contributory factors, emotional responses and coping strategies.Conclusions. The study highlights the multi‐dimensional nature of the auditory hallucinatory experience, and opportunities for intervention.
The impact of current media events on hallucinatory content: The experience of the intensive care unit (ICU) patient
Authors: Skirrow Paul , Jones Christina , Griffiths Richard D. , Kaney Sue 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. To investigate the influence of current media events on hallucinatory content in ICU patients.Design and methods. Patients were interviewed over a one‐year period, and their descriptions of hallucinatory experiences, together with weekly media stories, were assessed for themes of war.Results. Media coverage for war‐related stories rose significantly during the period of war in Kosovo (24/3/99‐20/6/99). Patients whose ICU stays coincided with this conflict were more likely to have hallucinatory experiences involving themes of war or the military. Older adults (> 70) were also more susceptible to this effect.Conclusions. Contextual variables such as current media events can have a significant impact upon the contents of hallucinatory experiences.
Brief cognitive screening and self concepts for children with low intellectual functioning
Authors: Russell Lesley , Bornholt Laurel , Ouvrier Robert 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. To evaluate the use of brief assessments for children with low intellectual functioning.Methods. Assessments used the SYSTEMS cognitive screening test and ASK‐KIDS self‐concept inventory. Participants were children recruited through the hospital and special education classes (N = 39).Results. Results showed that cognitive screening accurately classified children, and their scores correlated closely with full cognitive assessment and achievement. Most children could respond to the self‐concept inventory, scales were internally consistent, and profiles were similar to those for children in the normative sample.Conclusions. Findings support the use of brief assessments of cognitive functioning and self concepts, and suggest further studies with children in clinical settings.
Beck's cognitive theory of depression: A test of the diathesis‐stress and causal mediation components
Authors: Abela John R. Z. , D'Alessandro David U. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives: This prospective study tested the diathesis‐stress and causal mediation components of Beck's (1967, 1983) cognitive theory of depression.Design: In order to allow for a stringent test of the aetiological component of Beck's theory, we used a short‐term longitudinal design in which participants' dysfunctional attitudes were assessed prior to the occurrence of a negative event.Methods: In all, 136 high school seniors applying to the University of Pennsylvania completed measures of depressed mood and dysfunctional attitudes 1‐8 weeks before receiving their admissions decision (Time 1). The assessment of dysfunctional attitudes was preceded by a priming task designed to activate latent depressogenic schemata. Participants also completed measures of depressed mood, negative views of the self, and negative views of the future shortly after they received their admissions decision (Time 2) and four days later (Time 3).Results: Consistent with the diathesis‐stress component of Beck's theory, dysfunctional attitudes predicted increases in depressed mood immediately following a negative admissions outcome (Time 2). In addition, consistent with the causal mediation component of the theory, in negative outcome students, the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and increases in depressed mood was mediated by negative views of the future. Contrary to predictions, however, this relationship was not mediated by negative views of the self. In addition, contrary to predictions, dysfunctional attitudes did not predict enduring depressed mood after a negative outcome (Time 3).Conclusions: Individuals with dysfunctional attitudes are likely to show increases in depressed mood following the occurrence of negative events. The relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and increases in depressed mood following the occurrence of negative events is mediated by negative views of the future.
Autobiographical memory and emotion in a non‐clinical sample of women with and without a reported history of childhood sexual abuse
Authors: Henderson Dawn , Hargreaves Isabel , Gregory Sarah , Williams J. M. G. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives: This study focused on the relationship between reported CSA history, subsequent autobiographical memory retrieval, intrusive and dysfunctional thoughts, and mood in a non‐clinical sample. The main hypothesis was that specificity in autobiographical memory recall would differentiate between women with a reported history of CSA and those without, and that this finding would be independent of current mood.Design: A between‐group comparison of women (female undergraduates) with and without a reported history of CSA. Within group correlations were also examined for the reported CSA group.Method: Participants were 79 female students, of whom 22 (28%) reported a history of CSA. All participants completed questionnaires requesting information on a history of CSA, a questionnaire version of the autobiographical memory test, the profile of mood states, the dysfunctional attitude scale, and the impact of events scale.Results: The reported CSA group gave significantly fewer specific autobiographical memories, were significantly more anxious, depressed and angry, and held more dysfunctional beliefs than the comparison group. However, specificity of memory was not correlated with the degree of this mood disturbance or with the impact of event scale or extent of dysfunctional beliefs.Conclusions: Models of the long‐term effects of CSA should incorporate the effects CSA may have on subsequent retrieval for memory of non‐abuse events. To improve treatment outcome, clinicians may have to directly address these deficits in therapy.
Distractor cueing effects on choice reaction time and their relationship with schizotypal personality
Authors: Steel C. , Hemsley D. R. , Pickering A. D. 
Published: February 2003

Background and objectives: Although usually displaying increased distractibility, schizophrenic patients sometimes show a reduced influence of distractors during selective attention tasks. This study explored whether reduced distractor processing effects can also occur in healthy individuals with high levels of schizotypal personality traits.Design and method: In all, 36 healthy volunteers completed schizotypal personality scales and a choice reaction time (RT) task in which they responded to the central letter of triads (XMX, YCY), ignoring the flanking distractors. RT increases on low‐probability probe trials (YMY, XCX) measured distractor processing (‘the distractor cueing effect’). Correlations between schizotypy scores and distractor cueing were evaluated.Results: Healthy participants with high positive schizotypy scores (i.e. those reporting more hallucination‐like experiences and delusion‐like beliefs) showed smaller distractor cueing effects than those with lower scores. This association was independent of the influence of other schizotypal personality traits (disorganized, negative or asocial schizotypy) and was significant only for right‐hand responses. These findings closely parallel the previously reported reduced distractor cueing effect, for right‐hand responses, among acute‐phase schizophrenic patients.Conclusion: Finding reduced distractor cueing effects in healthy participants with high levels of positive schizotypy increases confidence that reduced distractor cueing is a specific feature, rather than a non‐specific consequence, of acute‐phase schizophrenia.
Psychological stress, distress and disability in patients with psoriasis: Consensus and variation in the contribution of illness perceptions, coping and alexithymia
Authors: Fortune Dónal G. , Richards Helen L. , Griffiths Christopher E.M. , Main Chris J. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the relative contribution of medical variables, illness perceptions, coping and alexithymia to the variance in stress, distress and disability in patients with psoriasis.Design: Cross‐sectional study.Method: A group of 225 patients with psoriasis completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), The Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), the COPE, the Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS‐20), and two measures specific to psoriasis, the Psoriasis Disability Index (PDI), and the Psoriasis Life Stress Inventory (PLSI). The severity of patients' psoriasis was clinically assessed by dermatologists on the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI).Results: In general, demographic variables, clinical history and extent of disease were consistently the least useful variables in terms of explaining variance in stress, distress or disability. Their utility was limited to accounting for small but significant variations in disability, but even in this case, they accounted for just over half as much variance as illness perceptions. Illness perceptions were uniformly the most important variables in terms of the variance accounted for in outcome. Coping varied widely in its explanatory power; its effects were negligible in both disability (PDI) and everyday stress (PLSI), and it was moderately important in accounting for additional variance in depression and anxiety. However, coping was important in explaining the variance in pathological worrying. Alexithymia accounted for significant additional variance chiefly for anxiety and to a lesser extent for depression, worrying and psoriasis‐related life stress.Conclusion: The observed importance of cognitive factors in stress, distress and disability invite us to consider the utility of multivariate models of outcome in psoriasis.
The relationship between behaviour motivation and social functioning in persons with intellectual impairment
Authors: Matson Johnny L. , Mayville Erik A. , Lott Julia D. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives: To assess the social functioning of individuals with severe and profound intellectual impairment who displayed maladaptive behaviour for one particular reason, as assessed by a functional analysis checklist.Design: The social skills of 100 persons with severe and profound intellectual impairment were studied. The Matson Evaluation of Social Skills for the Individuals with Severe Retardation (MESSIER) was used to assess social functioning. Participants were placed into one of four groups according to function of maladaptive behaviour as assessed by the Questions About Behaviour Function Scale (QABF).Methods: A multivariate analysis of variance and follow‐up univariate F‐tests were conducted using MESSIER subscales as the dependent variables and QABF function as the independent variable. To identify specific social skill strengths and weaknesses associated with each function group, the means of MESSIER items were calculated for each function group, and the 10 most frequently endorsed items were displayed.Results: Significant differences were found for all the MESSIER subscales except one. A list of most commonly displayed behaviours for each function group was identified.Discussion: This research represents the first attempt to systematically identify social strengths and weaknesses associated with behaviour function. Results revealed a pattern of social behaviours among groups, indicating that positive and negative social behaviour varies somewhat with behaviour motivation. The implications of these findings for clinical utility are discussed.
Development of the Children's Body Image Scale
Authors: Truby Helen , Paxton Susan J. 
Published: February 2003

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a gender‐appropriate pictorial scale to measure body image in young children based on a measurable index of adiposity.Method: Pictorial scales for boys and girls containing seven body pictures representing standard percentile curves for body mass index (BMI) for healthy children were developed. The Children's Body Image Scale (CBIS) was administered to 312 children aged between 7 and 12 years.Results: Accuracy of body size perception, indicated by the correlation between actual and perceived BMI category figure, developed with age, girls acquiring accuracy earlier than boys. Whereas girls developed a good accuracy (r = .60, p < .001, 10‐12 years), in boys, the correlation, though significant, was not strong (r = .35, p < .01, 10‐12 years). There was a consistent bias towards underestimation of body size using this technique. There was a high frequency of body size dissatisfaction across all the age ranges, 48% girls and 36% boys wished to have a smaller body figure than their own, and only 10% of girls and 20% boys wished to have a larger body figure. Construct validity was assessed in a subset of 153 children in which additional measures of restrained eating (DEBQ‐R) and body esteem were available. From the age of 8 years, the CBIS provides a good measure of body dissatisfaction.Conclusions: The CBIS provides a good measure of body size perception in girls and an adequate measure in boys aged 8 years and older. It also provides a good measure of body size dissatisfaction in children. Internalization of a thin body ideal takes place at a young age, many children desiring a BMI below the average norm.