bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural Sciences at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Gladfelter Elizabeth Higgins 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Are we currently producing the next generation of Agassiz’s heirs? In these pages, we had glimpses of the lives of some of the people who have discovered something new about our natural world, from before World War II to the present. While they have been fortunate to have inherited Agassiz’s legacy themselves, the world has changed in their lifetimes. Curtis Cate, in Antoine de Saint-Exupery: His Life and Times (New York: Putnam, 1970), pointed out, “For it is one of the great (and greatly overlooked) ironies of our age that while the last war [World War II] was fought by the western democracies in the name of liberty and the ‘dignity of the human individual,’ the values which are now everywhere in the ascendant are unindividual, quantitative, and collective” (571).
The Sacred Works
Authors: Timms Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given that Steffani began his musical education as a choirboy and died as a bishop, it is not surprising that the first and the last of his datable compositions are sacred. At the Basilica del Santo in Padua he presumably was taught plainsong and mensural notation by the maestro di cappella, Antonio Dalla Tavola;from performing as a boy in operas by Carlo Pallavicino he must have learnt something about Venetian stage music. As a teenager in Munich he experienced further sacred polyphony and opera and had organ lessons with the Kapellmeister, Johann Kaspar Kerll. It is probable that Kerll also taught him figured bass and counterpoint and gave him lessons in composition, for when Steffani went to Rome in 1672 to study with Ercole Bernabei, it was to ‘perfect’ himself in his art.
Introduction
Authors: Klein Donald F , Wender Paul H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Depression May be a normal human emotion—a response to loss, disappointment, or failure. Some depressions, however, should more properly be put in the category of common biological diseases, destructive to families, to careers, to relationships. Depression can be lethal. It has been estimated that perhaps somewhere between 10 and 30 percent of depressives and manic-depressives kill themselves. But the figure may actually be lower; obtaining exact figures is extremely difficult. What is known is that since the widespread use of the “selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors” (SSRIs) such as Prozac, suicide rates have declined substantially in a number of countries.
Biodiversity, Ecosystems, and Conservation: Prospects for Northern Mexico
Authors: Cartron Jean-Luc E , Ceballos Gerardo , Felger Richard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
conservation biology is a crisis discipline rooted in the realization that the world’s biodiversity is rapidly disappearing. Environmental problems (including loss of species and ecosystems) are mainly the result of explosive human population growth, with an ever-growing demand on natural resources and a steady increase in waste products. Minimizing the negative effects of human activities on the envi-ronment requires a conservation-minded culture, an adequate legal framework that is implemented and enforced, properly trained professionals, and fund-ing. Just as important, minimizing environmental damage requires solid scientific information on the biodiversity and functioning of every ecosystem and on conservation threats at a local, regional, and global scale.
Mexico’s Legal and Institutional Framework for the Conservation of Biodiversity and Ecosystems
Authors: Székely Alberto , Morales Luis Octavio Martínez , Spalding Mark J , Cartron Dominique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mexico’s environmental legislation has grown rapidly in the last 15 years to progressively de-velop constitutional provisions regarding the con-servation of natural resources that had been in force since 1917. In particular, 2 important amendments to the federal constitution were adopted. The amend-ment to Article 27, published in the Federal Offi-cial Gazette (Diario Oficial de la Federación) on August 10, 1987 (DOF 1987), establishes the power to dictate the necessary measures to preserve and restore ecological balance. At the same time, the new Section XXIX-G of Article 73 grants the federal congress the power to enact laws to ensure concur-rence among the federal, state, and municipal gov-ernments, when acting under their respective jurisdictions, in the areas of environmental protec-tion and preservation and restoration of ecological balance.
Prairie Dogs, Cattle, and Crops: Diversity and Conservation of the Grassland–Shrubland Habitat Mosaic in Northwestern Chihuahua
Authors: Ceballos Gerardo , List Rurik , Pacheco Jesús , Manzano-Fischer Patricia , Santos Georgina , Royo Mario 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the greatest surprises for the Spanish conquistadors, priests, and explorers during their discovery of what is now known as the Chihuahuan Desert Region was a harsh but highly diverse landscape, teeming with unusual wildlife and strange plants. The Camino Real, the historical route that linked Mexico City to Santa Fe in New Mexico, crossed a large part of the Chihuahuan Desert Region. Along that road, the Spaniards marvelled at the sight of apparently endless grasslands, which in fact extended practically uninterrupted from northern Mexico north beyond the Camino Real and the edge of the Chihuahuan Desert Region to southern Canada.
Internet Topology: Discovery and Policy Impact, Part II
Authors: Tangmunarunkit Hongsuda , Govindan Ramesh , Shenker Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we present our initial findings of the impact of policy on Internet paths. In particular, our findings reveal answers to the following questions: How does policy based routing inflate Internet paths? For a source-destination pair, does there exist a detour path and how good is the best detour path compared to the policy path? Does policy routing funnel Internet paths through larger autonomous systems (ASs).
Computation in the Wild
Authors: Forrest Stephanie , Balthrop Justin , Ackley Matthew Glickman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The explosive growth of the Internet has created new opportunities and risks by increasing the number of contacts between separately administered computing resources. Widespread networking and mobility have blurred many traditional computer system distinctions, including those between operating system and application, network and computer, user and administrator, and program and data. An increasing number of executable codes, including applets, agents, viruses, e mail attachments, and downloadable software, are escaping the confines of their original systems and spreading through communications networks. These pro grams coexist and coevolve with us in our world, not always to good effect.
Origins and Outbreak of the Plague (Spring 1770-Winter 1770/71)
Authors: Alexander John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporaries believed that the plague came to Moscow in 1770 from Constantinople through the Danubian Principalities, Poland, and the Ukraine. Nobody may ever know precisely where the epidemic started, for there were several possibilities. Enzootic both in the Balkans and the Middle East, plague frequented those regions well into the nineteenth century. The decades before 1770 recorded nearly annual outbreaks, several of which affected southern Poland and approached Russian territory. Natural foci of plague evidently existed along the Black and the Caspian seas and also in the Caucasus. In theory, plague could originate within Russian borders, arrive by avenues other than the Danubian Principalities, or strike several regions simultaneously from different sources. In practice, covert spread over any great distance would be most unlikely.
That the epidemic began on Ottoman territory seems probable, however, because Constantinople constantly harbored and periodically spread plague. The Ottoman imperial capital and giant emporium suffered outbreaks in 1765 and 1768. Newspaper reports attributed rioting in Constantinople in November 1769 to “the increasing pestilential contagion.” Across the Aegean Sea the port of Smyrna, described as “the Magazine of all Asia,” sustained plague annually throughout the period 1757-72, the local French consulate classifying seven of those sixteen manifestations as “very severe.” Plague raged there from February to October 1769 and doubtless afflicted other Ottoman localities. The Ottoman declaration of war on Russia in October 1768 entailed enormous transfers of men and supplies into Bulgaria and the Danubian Principalities, where the Turks ravaged widely. Early in 1769, the Crimean Tatars raided the Ukrainian steppes, but bitter frosts stopped them short of Elizavetgrad. Either these war-related activities or ordinary commerce could have introduced plague-infected rats and infective fleas into the Danubian Principalities, if they were not there already.
The Orlov Mission and the Plague Commission (September 1771-January 1772)
Authors: Alexander John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Plague Riot dramatized the disasters that unchecked pestilence could inflict on the Russian Empire. To Catherine and her councilors, Moscow’s sudden, violent collapse signified a breakdown of imperial authority in the heartland and the bankruptcy of their piecemeal antiplague efforts. The volatile situation demanded an immediate, revised response from Petersburg. Indeed, this crisis captured Catherine’s full attention for several months and haunted her long afterward. Pressured to act, the Empress hastily improvised a special mission to Moscow to restore order and precautions in concert with a medical administrative council.
As the reports from Moscow worsened, Catherine felt agitated, even ill; “my whole left side aches from head to toe.” But on 10 September her spirits rose in the belief that “the distemper at Moscow, glory to God, has begun to decline.” She still placed hope in her proclamation dispatched on 13 September “for the city of Moscow alone, in order to make the people, if possible, reasonable.” On 15 September, however, her council heard Count Bruce present Eropkin’s report that up to 600 persons were dying each day. Two days later the councilors blanched at Saltykov’s plea for permission to leave the plague-ridden metropolis. Catherine had already resolved to dispatch “a trusted personage” from Petersburg with full authority to save Moscow “from utter ruin.” While the councilors considered whom to send, they endorsed Saltykov’s release for the duration of the crisis and placed Eropkin in charge until Petersburg’s plenipotentiary arrived. Although Catherine granted Saltykov’s wishes, in private she fumed at his ill-timed departure, the more so as she had just received word of the violence at Lefortovo three weeks earlier.
Toward Death
Authors: Isaac Rhys 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Four little diary books survive from the year 1777. Only the months of February, April, July, and August are covered. The whole Landon as we have come to know him is still there, however. He wrote still as an angry observer of wideworld politics; he continued as a testy reporter of his own domestic scene. More or less reconciled to independence, Landon was now more concerned at what he thought was the unjust disregard of his own historic role in the great political struggle of his age.
Small Isolated Populations
Authors: Hochachka Wesley M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The number of offspring that an individual produces in its lifetime, its lifetime reproductive success (LRS), has been of interest to many evolutionary ecologists as a measure of an individual’s realized fitness (Newton 1989b; Partridge 1989). Much of the original interest in measuring LRS stemmed from a desire to identify selection pressures on organisms (Clutton-Brock 1988; Newton 1989b). However, various studies have shown that LRS is only a true measure of fitness under a relatively narrow set of conditions, in particular, when populations are constant in size (e.g., Benton and Grant 2000; Brommer et al. 2002). Even stochastic variation in population size reduces the value of LRS as an approximation of fitness, because young born early and late in a parent’s life may differ in value when a population is increasing or decreasing in size (Cole 1954). The search continues for a robust empirical measure of fitness, because all currently proposed measures have some weaknesses (Brommer et al. 2002; Link et al. 2002).
Segregation Analysis
Authors: Thomas Duncan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Segregation analysis refers to the process of fitting genetic models to data on phenotypes of family members. For this purpose, no molecular data are used, the aim being to test hypotheses about whether one or more major genes and/or polygenes can account for the observed pattern of familial aggregation, the mode of inheritance, and to estimate the parameters of the best-fitting genetic model. As in the previous chapter on familial aggregation, the technique can be applied to various types of traits, including continuous and dichotomous traits and censored survival times. However, the basic techniques are essentially the same, involving only appropriate specification of the penetrance function Pr(Y / G) and the ascertainment model.
Toward a Cartography of Subject Positions
Authors: Cardinaletti Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
His chapter aims to contribute to the current debate on clause structure by discussing the distribution of subjects. Starting from Chomsky (1981, 1986), the sentences in (1) have been assigned the basic clause structure in (2). The preverbal DP position accounts for the distribution of the thematic subject a man in (1a and b) and the expletive subject there in (le). In (le), the grammatical subject a man occupies the complement DP position of the unaccusative verb come: Since then, much work on subjects has shown that this view is too simplistic. A thematic, VP-internal subject position has been argued for also in the case of transitive and intransitive verbs (Koopman and Sportiche 1991, among many others), and a middlefield subject position, spent in a split left model, has been proposed to account for the intermediate placing of the subject in Transitive Expletive Constructions (TECs) in Icelandic (Bobaljik and Jonas 1996) (see (7a) below).
Clitics: Cooccurrence and Mutual Exclusion Patterns
Authors: Manzini M Rita , Savoia Leonardo M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our starting point for this discussion is a set of assumptions, motivated in section 1, which include the idea that clitics correspond to specialized categories and are inserted directly into the positions where they surface. Such categories are ordered in a universal hierarchy. In sections 2-5, we show that within such a framework, it is possible to account for some basic facts about the clitic string without having recourse to anything but a minimalist syntactic component. In particular, no use is made of a specialized morphological component or of optimality-type comparisons between derivations or representations. The main facts addressed include parametrization of the order of clitics (dative-accusative vs. accusative-dative), mutual exclusion of clitics (accusative and dative, object and subject), and the emergence of what are described in the literature as default clitics (“spurious” se) or as opaque forms.
Breath Management
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before addressing the question more directly, some comment about the appoggio is essential. The term is not narrowly related to the management of airflow during singing. It encompasses a complete system of structural support, during which the muscles of exhalation and those of inspiration maintain an antagonistic balance, inciting a stable but dynamic relationship among the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, which in turn are fully supported by the external laryngeal frame-support system.
Laryngeal And Intralaryngeal Function
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Janwillem van den Berg, noted Dutch scientist and researcher, in his seminal article “Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of Voice Production” (Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1: 227–244, 1958), convincingly promulgated the hypothesis that vocal-fold vibration is produced by the coordination of muscle tension and breath pressure. He did so in rejoinder to Raoul Husson’s neurochronaxic principle, which suggested vocal-fold vibration is determined by events initiated by rapid excitation of cells of the recurrent nerve that consequently place the vocal folds into vibration.
Resonance Balancing
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vocal tract is the supraglottal resonator system, extending from the internal laryngeal lips (vocal folds) to the external lip bastion. (See figures 4.1 and 4.2.) It is a flexible, non fixated system that responds to the articulatory demands of speaking and singing. In its response to the vibrating larynx, it influences the timbres of the singing voice.
Registration
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do you designate the passaggio points of male voices over a wider range than those of female voices? For example, you indicate a number of specific pitch designations as passaggi for the several tenor categories, and quite a few for baritones and basses. But you show only a semitone or whole-tone difference among soprano and mezzo-soprano categories, and only about a half-step difference between the mezzo and the contralto.
Performance Concerns
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No matter how hard it may seem to awaken artistic instincts in some individuals, it must never be overlooked that performance communication can be taught and learned, just as can vocal technique. Standing alone in the niche of the piano, in front of an audience, is not a form of everyday behavior that leads to normal channels of communication. It requires the mastery of certain conventions that go with performance, which are both teachable and learnable. They are not simply the result of an innate ability to communicate; they are acquirable through learning by doing.
A Most Fateful Form of Commerce: The Fall of the Cotton Kingdom
Authors: Deyle Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In late November 1860, a short article entitled “A Tall Price for a Negro” appeared in the Charleston Courier. It told of a local estate sale where one enslaved man, a carpenter named George, “brought the enormous sum of thirty-five hundred dollars!” The report noted that George “was purchased by Rev. J.P. Boyce” and “that Mr. Boyce was afterwards offered four thousand dollars for him!” Its author added that “judging from the present price of negros, we should say that the ‘peculiar institution’ was far from being unpopular. We don’t wonder that some men are in favor of re-opening the slave trade.” At first glance, this remark calling for a reopening of the transatlantic trade might seem surprising, since the trade in Africans had been outlawed for more than fifty years.
Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Schwartz Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Substance abuse is often overlooked as a relevant clinical issue despite being a signi1cant cause of medical and psychiatric illness and disability in nursing home residents. The nonspeci1city of alcoholor drug-related presentations in the elderly coupled with a lack of adequate training of health-care professionals in the area may lead to signs of alcoholism or drug abuse being mistaken for age-related changes. Furthermore, physicians seldom screen for problems.
General Approaches to Behavioral Disturbances
Authors: Boyle Lisa L , Porsteinsson, Anton P , Tariot Pierre N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Careful surveys have documented that 90% or more of nursing home patients have at least one form of behavioral disturbance, with as many as half exhibiting four or more (Rovner et al., 1986; Tariot et al., 1993). In some cases, the severity of these behavioral syndromes is equivalent to that encountered among psychiatric inpatients (Tariot et al., 1993). Despite the complexity of these problems, most caregivers have little or no mental health training; indeed, most are nonprofessionals. The frequency and severity of behavioral disturbances, combined with the lack of preparedness in most nursing homes, are suf1cient justi1cation for devoting an entire textbook to the subject.
Cognitive and Behavioral Therapy
Authors: Karuza Jurgis , Katz Paul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of cognitive and behavioral interventions primarily in nursing home settings. The 1rst section de1nes behavioral and cognitive therapies, and discusses their need with frail elderly institutionalized populations. The next section presents a selected review of the empirical literature on behavioral and cognitive interventions in nursing homes. The 1nal section discusses issues in the implementation of these procedures in nursing homes. Although increasing numbers of older adults are residing in assisted-living facilities, and the prevalence of dementia, behavioral problems, and depression are high (e.g., Guber-Baldini, Boustani, Sloane and Zimmerman, 2004), there are few studies examining the effectiveness of cognitive and behavioral-based interventions speci1cally in assisted-living facilities. A reasonable expectation would be that cognitive and behavioral therapeutic approaches could be implemented effectively in assisted-living settings, but additional empirical work is needed to determine the generalizability of these approaches, especially given the different staf1ng and organizational structure, and regulatory environment, in assistedliving facilities.
Psychiatric Consultation and Liaison
Authors: Moak Gary S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As has been made abundantly clear elsewhere in this volume, the prevalence of psychopathology among residents of nursing facilities is high and the need for psychiatric services great. Dementia, depression, and delirium, with their high rates of mood symptoms, psychosis, and behavioral disturbance, represent the most pressing needs of many residents. Contemporary nursing homes are de facto geriatric psychiatry facilities (Reichman et al., 1998). Yet nursing homes are primarily designed for the care of residents’ medical and surgical problems. Despite two decades of regulatory pressure on facilities to address mental health issues and ensure that effective psychiatric treatment is provided to those residents who need it, there has been no redesign of nursing homes to facilitate the internal provision of mental health care. Thus, a mismatch exists between needs of residents and types of services available.
An Overview of Residents, Care Providers, and Regulation of Medical Practice in the Long-Term-Care Continuum
Authors: Gillespie Suzanne M , Katz Paul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The complexity of care within the long-term-care (LTC) continuum has increased dramatically over the past several years. This reLects not only increased acuity in the context of exceedingly frail LTC residents but also a demanding regulatory environment. Insight into these factors is vital to optimizing the care rendered by practitioners in LTC settings. In addition, a basic understanding of how general medical care is provided in LTC is a necessary foundation to providing complementary psychiatric care. In this vein, this chapter will provide an overview of nursing homes, their residents, and care providers. Current 1nancing of LTC and legislative inLuences to care will also be described. Finally, recognizing the recent expansion in assisted living facilities providing LTC, this chapter brieLy discusses trends in assisted living, their regulations and 1nancing.