bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LixH12‐x‐y+z[P12OyN24‐y]Xz(X = Cl, Br) ‐ Oxonitridophosphate mit NPO‐Zeolithstruktur
Authors: Correll Sascha , Stock Norbert , Oeckler Oliver , Senker Jürgen , Nilges Tom , Schnick Wolfgang 
Published: October 2004

AbstractDie Oxonitridophosphate LixH12‐x‐y+z[P12OyN24‐y]Clz(1a) und LixH12‐x‐y+z[P12OyN24‐y]Brz(1b) wurden durch Reaktion von Li2S, SP(NH2)3, OP(NH2)3und NH4Cl bzw. NH4Br in geschlossenen Ampullen bei 700 °C im Röhrenofen erhalten. Die Kristallstruktur von LixH12‐x‐y+z[P12OyN24‐y]Xz(X = Cl, Br) (1) wurde an Einkristallen von1aund Mischkristallen1abmittels Röntgenbeugung (Pna21;a= 475.3(1) pm,b= 1420.8(3) pm,c= 820.3(2) pm (1a) bzw.a= 476.6(1) pm,b= 1426.3(3) pm,c= 823.5(2) pm (1ab); Z = 1) und an Pulverproben von1amittels Röntgenbeugung, Neutronenbeugung, Elektronenbeugung und Festkörper‐NMR‐Spektroskopie aufgeklärt. Das anionische Netzwerk ist aus allseitig eckenverknüpften P(O, N)4Tetraedern unter Ausbildung von Zwölferring‐Kanälen aufgebaut. Die Lithium‐ und Halogenid‐Ionen befinden sich in diesen Kanälen. Die chemische Zusammensetzung der Proben wurde über EDX‐ und Elementaranalysen bestimmt. IR‐ und Raman‐spektroskopische Eigenschaften sowie das thermische Verhalten wurden untersucht. Impedanzspektroskopische Messungen zeigten eine Lithium‐Ionen‐Leitfähigkeit.
Phosphate‐inhibition of lipase activity in peanuts
Authors: Jacks T. J. , Yatsu L. Y. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractCompetitive inhibition of lipase activity in extracts of germinating peanuts occurred in media containing inorganic phosphate in concentrations above 10 mM. Lipase activity in germinating castor, cotton, and pumkin seeds and in quiescent castor seed was not similarly affected. Applications of this finding to peanut processing are suggested.
Prevalence of Low Glomerular Filtration Rate in Nondiabetic Americans
Authors: Clase Catherine M. , Garg Amit X. , Kiberd Bryce A. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT.
End-stage renal disease is an important and costly health problem. Strategies for its prevention are urgently needed. Knowledge of the population-based prevalence of renal insufficiency in nondiabetic adults would inform such strategies. Black and white nondiabetic adult participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. The analysis was stratified by age, gender, and race, and four clinically applicable methods were used to assess renal function. There were 13,251 complete records for analysis. By the Modification of Diet in Renal Diseases (MDRD) GFR (GFR) prediction Equation 7, 58% (95% confidence interval [CI], 56 to 60%) of the total adult nondiabetic black and white US population had MDRD GFR below 80 ml/min per 1.73m2, 13% (95% CI, 11 to 14%) below 60 ml/min per 1.73m2, and 0.26% (95% CI, 0.19 to 0.33%) below 30 ml/min per 1.73m2. By the Cockcroft-Gault formula, the equivalent figures were 39% (95% CI, 37 to 41%), 14% (95% CI, 12% - 16%), and 0.81% (95% CI, 0.46 to 1.2%), respectively. The findings of an unexpectedly high prevalence of low clearance and the increased prevalence of low clearance with age were consistent across the four clearance estimation methods used and for each race-sex stratum. The absolute magnitude of the prevalence of low clearance was, however, dependent on the clearance method used. Assessed by estimation from serum creatinine, low clearance may be very common, particularly with advancing age. The prognosis (in terms of risk for progression and end-stage renal disease) of low clearance in unreferred populations may differ from that in referred populations and requires further study.
Vasodilatory N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors Are Constitutively Expressed in Rat Kidney
Authors: Deng Aihua , Valdivielso Jose M. , Munger Karen A. , Blantz Roland C. , Thomson Scott C. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT.
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) is an amino acid receptor and membrane calcium channel. NMDA-R is activated by binding of coagonists, L-glutamine and L-glycine. In the brain, calcium entry via NMDA-R activates type I nitric oxide synthase (NOS I). The kidney also contains NOS I and vasodilates in response to L-glycine. In this study, NMDA-R mRNA was demonstrated in rat kidney cortex by reverse transcriptase–PCR and cDNA sequencing. NMDA-R protein was demonstrated in kidney cortex by immunoblotting. To study the functional role of renal NMDA-R, renal hemodynamic effects of NMDA-R inhibition were assessed in rats using a blocker of the NMDA calcium channel (75 mg/kg MK-801 intraperitoneally) or an inhibitor of glycine binding to NMDA-R (30 mg/kg 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid intraperitoneally). Renal blood flow was measured by perivascular pulse Doppler. GFR was measured by 3H-inulin clearance. Measurements were made before and during glycine infusion. Both NMDA-R antagonists caused renal vasoconstriction and attenuated the renal vasodilatory response to glycine infusion. These effects were not mediated by the renal nerves. The glycine response was not inhibited by aortic snare used to mimic the effects of NMDA-R inhibitors on basal renal blood flow. NMDA-R are expressed in kidney cortex, where they exert a tonic vasodilatory influence and may account for the vasodilatory response to glycine infusion.
Low Tonicity Mediates a Downregulation of Cyclooxygenase-1 Expression by Furosemide in the Rat Renal Papilla
Authors: Castrop Hayo , Vitzthum Helga , Schumacher Karl , Schweda Frank , Kurtz Armin 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT.
It is well known that loop diuretics enhance the renal excretion of prostanoids; therefore, this study aimed to characterize the influence of loop diuretics on the intrarenal expression of cyclooxygenases, which are the key enzymes for prostanoid formation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were infused with furosemide (12 mg/kg per d) for 6 d, and the expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (Cox-1 and Cox-2) was analyzed in the different kidney zones. Furosemide increased Cox-2 mRNA expression approximately twofold in the cortex, but it left Cox-1 mRNA expression unaltered there. In the outer medulla, furosemide changed neither Cox-1 nor Cox-2 mRNA expression. In the inner medulla, however, furosemide decreased Cox-1 and Cox-2 mRNA levels to approximately 30% and 60% of their control levels, respectively. The downregulation of mRNA was paralleled by a decrease of Cox protein in the collecting ducts and interstitial cells. Moreover, tissue prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations in the papilla were markedly decreased by furosemide to about 30% of the control level. Furosemide lowered urine osmolality from 1550 mosmol/kg to 480 mosmol/kg; therefore, further consideration was given to the influence of tonicity as a possible mediator of the effects of furosemide on the Cox expression. Water loading was therefore used to reduce the medullary tonicity by a second maneuver. Water loading led to a similar reduction in papillary Cox mRNA expression and PGE2 content like furosemide. To investigate the influence of the osmolarity on the expression of Cox and the production of PGE2 under defined in vitro conditions, inner medullary collecting duct cells were incubated with culture medium containing graded amounts of NaCl ranging from 200 mmol/L to 600 mmol/L, and Cox-1 and Cox-2 mRNA abundance were determined after 24 h an 48 h. Cox-1 and Cox-2 mRNA abundance changed in parallel with the osmolarity. The data suggest that loop diuretics decrease the expression of cyclooxygenases and consequently tissue PGE2 concentrations in the kidney inner medulla. This effect could be related to the breakdown of the papillary osmotic gradient induced by loop diuretics.
N-Linked Glycosylation Is Critical for the Plasma Membrane Localization of Nephrin
Authors: Yan Kunimasa , Khoshnoodi Jamshid , Ruotsalainen Vesa , Tryggvason Karl 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT.
The expression pattern, subcellular localization, and the role of glycosylation of the human nephrin was examined in transfected cells. Stable cell lines, constitutively expressing a full-length human nephrin cDNA construct, were generated from transfected immortalized mouse podocytes (IMP) and a human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK-293). Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy of transfected cells showed plasma membrane localization of the recombinant nephrin. Immunoblotting showed that the recombinant nephrin expressed in transfected cell lines migrated as a double band with a molecular weight of 185 kD. When cells were treated with the N-glycosylation inhibitor, tunicamycin, the molecular weight of nephrin was decreased to a single immunoband of 150 kD, indicating that the shift in the electrophoretic migration of nephrin is due to N-linked carbohydrate moieties. It was further shown that this glycosylation process is highly sensitive to inhibition by tunicamycin, which is a naturally occurring antibiotic, leading to retention of nonglycosylated nephrin molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum. It was concluded that N-glycosylation of nephrin is crucial for its proper folding and thereby plasma membrane localization; therefore, inhibition of this process might be an important factor in the onset of pathogenesis of some acquired glomerular diseases.
Withdrawal of Cyclosporine or Prednisone Six Months after Kidney Transplantation in Patients on Triple Drug Therapy
Authors: Smak Gregoor Peter J. H. , de Sévaux Ruud G. L. , Ligtenberg Gerry , Hoitsma Andries J. , Hené Ronald J. , Weimar Willem , Hilbrands Luuk B. , van Gelder Teun 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT.
Uncertainty exists regarding the necessity of continuing triple therapy consisting of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), cyclosporine (CsA), and prednisone (Pred) after kidney transplantation (RTx). At 6 mo after RTx, 212 patients were randomized to stop CsA (n = 63), stop Pred (n = 76), or continue triple drug therapy (n = 73). The MMF dose was 1000 mg twice daily, target CsA trough levels were 150 ng/ml, and Pred dose was 0.10 mg/kg per d. Follow-up was until 24 mo after RTx. Biopsy-proven acute rejection occurred in 14 (22%) of 63 patients after CsA withdrawal compared with 3 (4%) of 76 in the Pred withdrawal group (P = 0.001) and 1 (1.4%) of 73 in the control group (P = 0.0001). Biopsy-proven chronic rejection was present in one patient in the control group, in nine patients after CsA withdrawal (P = 0.006 versus control group); and in four patients after discontinuation of Pred (NS). Graft loss occurred in two versus one patient after CsA or Pred withdrawal, respectively, and in two patients in the control group (NS). Patients who successfully withdrew CsA had a significantly lower serum creatinine during follow-up. Pred withdrawal resulted in a reduction in mean arterial pressure, and the total cholesterol/HDL ratio increased. In conclusion, rapid CsA withdrawal at 6 mo after RTx results in a significantly increased incidence of biopsy-proven acute and chronic rejection. Pred withdrawal was safe and resulted in a reduction in mean arterial pressure. However, patient and graft survival and renal function 2 yr after RTx were not different among groups.
Riboflavin Is a Determinant of Total Homocysteine Plasma Concentrations in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients
Authors: Skoupy Sonja , Fo[Combining Diaeresis]dinger Manuela , Veitl Mario , Perschl Agnes , Puttinger Heidi , Ro[Combining Diaeresis]hrer Claudia , Schindler Karin , Vychytil Andreas , Ho[Combining Diaeresis]rl Walter H. , Sunder-Plassmann Gere 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT.
The effect of thiamine (vitamin B1) or riboflavin (vitamin B2) availability on fasting total homocysteine (tHcy) plasma levels in end-stage renal disease patients is unknown. A cross-sectional study was performed in a population of non–vitamin supplemented patients maintained on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Red blood cell availability of thiamine (α-ETK) and of riboflavin (α-EGR), along with other predictors of tHcy plasma levels, was considered in the analysis. There was a linear association of α-EGR with tHcy plasma concentrations (P = 0.009), which was not observed for α-ETK. Among red blood cell vitamins, α-EGR was the only predictor of tHcy levels (P = 0.035), whereas α-ETK, red blood cell pyridoxal-5-phosphate supply (α-EGOT) and red blood cell folate levels had no effect. The risk for having a high tHcy plasma levels within the fourth quartile (plasma tHcy >38.3 μmol/L) was increased by an α-EGR > median (odds ratio, 4.706; 95% confidence interval, 1.124 to 19.704; P = 0.026). By way of contrast, α-ETK had no effect in these analyses. Independent predictors of tHcy plasma levels were serum albumin, α-EGR, red blood cell folate, and certain MTHFR genotypes. A logistic regression analysis showed that the MTHFR genotype is a predictor for having a tHcy plasma concentration within the fourth quartile. In summary, riboflavin availability, as measured by α-EGR, is a determinant of fasting tHcy plasma levels in peritoneal dialysis patients. This finding may have implications for tHcy lowering therapy in individuals with end-stage renal disease.
Sgk1 Gene Expression in Kidney and Its Regulation by Aldosterone
Authors: Hou Jianghui , Speirs Helen J. L. , Seckl Jonathan R. , Brown Roger W. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT.
The serine-threonine kinase sgk1 was recently identified as a gene rapidly induced by mineralocorticoids, resulting in increased sodium transport in vitro. To carefully localize and quantify the renal sgk1 expression response to aldosterone, in situ hybridization was performed on kidneys of mice having aldosterone excess over a range of doses and durations. In control and adrenalectomized animals, the glomeruli and inner medullary collecting ducts were the major sites of sgk1 expression, which was maintained independent of aldosterone. Sgk1 upregulation induced by aldosterone excess exhibited spatio-temporal heterogeneity. Both acute (3-h) and chronic (6-d) aldosterone excess stimulated sgk1 expression in the distal nephron, i.e., from the distal convoluted tubules through to the outer medullary collecting ducts. Treatments for 6 d with low sodium diet (0.03% [I]) and aldosterone infusions (50 μg/kg per d [II], 150 μg/kg per d [III], and 750 μg/kg per d [IV]) generated elevation of circulating aldosterone. Across these treatments (I through IV), the circulating level correlated with the progressive induction of sgk1 expression, with highly stimulated tubules first appearing in cortex (I) and continuing downward (II) until there was a strong stimulation throughout outer medulla (III and IV). Interestingly, chronic but not acute aldosterone excess caused a slight increase of sgk1 expression in glomerulus (30 to 50%; P < 0.01) and a dramatic downregulation in the initial portion of inner medulla, which could result from diminished interstitial osmolarity. Relative quantification (versus control) of sgk1 upregulation in individual tubules revealed: (1) a 1.8-fold increase of sgk1 mRNA at 3 h (150 μg/kg injection) and (2) a dose-dependence of chronic upregulation reaching a ceiling of eightfold elevation.
Henoch-Scho[Combining Diaeresis]nlein Purpura in Adults
Authors: Pillebout Evangéline , Thervet Eric , Hill Gary , Alberti Corinne , Vanhille Philippe , Nochy Dominique 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT.
Henoch-Scho[Combining Diaeresis]nlein Purpura nephritis (HSPN) has been extensively studied in children but, its natural history in adults is much less known. A cohort of 250 adults suffering HSP was retrospectively analyzed for a median follow-up period of 14.8 yr. All patients had biopsies consistent with HSP (predominant IgA mesangial deposits) associated with purpura, bowel angina, and/or abdominal pain. At presentation, palpable purpura was present in 96% of patients, and arthritis was reported in 61%, and gastrointestinal involvement in 48%. Thirty-two percent of the patients showed renal insufficiency (Creatinine clearance [CrCl] <50 ml/min), usually associated with proteinuria (99%) and/or hematuria (93%). Endocapillary glomerulonephritis was the most frequent lesion on renal biopsy (61%). At the end of follow-up, patient survival was only 74%. The first cause of death was carcinoma (most of them of respiratory or digestive tract). Regarding renal function, 11% of patients reached end-stage renal failure, 13% exhibited severe renal failure (CrCl <30 ml/min), and 14% moderate renal insufficiency (CrCl <50 ml/min). Clinical remission defined as the absence of proteinuria, hematuria, and a normal renal function was achieved in only 20%. This is a retrospective study; therefore, it is not possible to demonstrate any steroid and/or cyclophosphamide efficacy in diminishing the incidence of renal insufficiency. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that renal function impairment and proteinuria level at presentation and, on renal biopsy, the degree of interstitial fibrosis, percentage of sclerotic glomeruli, and presence of glomeruli with fibrinoid necrosis were associated with a poor renal prognosis. The data indicate that clinical presentation of HSPN in adults is severe and its outcome relatively poor, worse than in children. Identification of clinical and histologic prognostic factors may permit the design of appropriate therapeutic prospective studies.
Comparison of Arteriovenous Grafts in the Thigh and Upper Extremities in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Miller Christopher D. , Robbin Michelle L. , Barker Jill , Allon Michael 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT.
Placement of a thigh graft is an option in hemodialysis patients who have exhausted all upper extremity sites for permanent vascular access. The outcome of thigh grafts has been reported only in retrospective studies. The outcomes of 409 grafts placed at a single institution during a 3.5-yr period were evaluated prospectively, including 63 thigh grafts (15% of the total). Information was recorded on surgical complications, dates of radiologic and surgical interventions, and date of graft failure. The technical failure rate was approximately twice as high for thigh grafts, as compared with upper extremity grafts (12.7 versus 5.8%; P = 0.046). Intervention-free survival was similar for thigh and upper extremity grafts (median, 3.9 versus 3.5 mo; P = 0.55). Thrombosis-free survival was also comparable for thigh and upper extremity grafts (median, 5.7 versus 5.5 mo; P = 0.94). Cumulative survival (time to permanent failure) was similar for thigh and upper extremity grafts (median, 14.8 versus 20.8 mo; P = 0.62). When technical failures were excluded, the median cumulative survival was 27.6 mo for thigh grafts and 22.5 mo for upper extremity grafts (P = 0.72). The frequency of angioplasty (0.28 versus 0.57 per year), thrombectomy (1.58 versus 0.94 per year), surgical revision (0.28 versus 0.18 per year), and total intervention rate (2.15 versus 1.70 per year) was similar between thigh and upper extremity grafts. Access loss as a result of infection tended to be higher for thigh grafts than for upper extremity grafts (11.1 versus 5.2%; P = 0.07). In conclusion, placement of thigh grafts should be considered a viable option among hemodialysis patients who have exhausted all options for a permanent vascular access in both upper extremities. E-mail mdallon@uab.edu
Intrinsic Renal Cell Expression of CD40 Directs Th1 Effectors Inducing Experimental Crescentic Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Ruth Amanda-Jane , Kitching A. Richard , Semple Timothy J. , Tipping Peter G. , Holdsworth Stephen R. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT.
Evidence suggests that human and experimental crescentic GN results from Th1-predominant immunity to glomerular antigens. CD40/CD154 signaling plays a key role in initiating Th1 responses and may direct Th1 effector responses. The role of CD40 in the development of GN was assessed in murine experimental anti-glomerular basement membrane GN. In this model, C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice sensitized to sheep globulin develop crescentic GN resulting from Th1 effector responses when challenged with sheep globulin planted in glomeruli. CD40−/− mice do not develop immunity in response to sheep globulin and thus fail to develop effector responses or significant GN. CD40 is expressed in nephritic glomeruli, suggesting a potential role for intrarenal CD40-CD154 interactions in injurious effector responses. Immune neutralization of the CD40 ligand (CD154) at the time of challenge significantly reduced accumulation of Th1 effectors and injury. The role of CD40 expression by renal cells was assessed by comparing GN in WT→CD40−/− chimeras (absent renal but intact bone marrow CD40) and sham chimeric mice (WT→WT). Both groups developed strong antigen-specific immune responses (antibody and IFN-γ production). However, WT→CD40−/− chimeras demonstrated reduced renal monocyte chemotactic protein 1 and IFN-inducible protein 10 mRNA levels and minimal T cell and macrophage influx and were protected from renal injury. Sham chimeric mice developed reduced GFR, with prominent renal expression of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 and IFN-inducible protein 10 mRNA and effector cell accumulation. In conclusion, the expression of CD40 by nonimmune renal cells plays a major role in Th1 effector responses by inducing Th1 chemokine production. Therefore, CD40-CD154 interactions are a potential therapeutic target in GN. E-mail: Stephen.Holdsworth@med.monash.edu.au
Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Termorshuizen Fabian , Korevaar Johanna C. , Dekker Friedo W. , van Manen Jeannette G. , Boeschoten Elisabeth W. , Krediet Raymond T. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT.
Various studies indicate that fair comparisons of mortality rates between hemodialysis (HD) patients and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients are difficult because of differences in patient characteristics, because of nonconstant relative risks of death (RR), and because the survival times of patients who switch treatment modalities can be censored in different ways. The differences in mortality rates between HD and PD patients were investigated in an analysis in which these potential sources of bias were taken into account. The Netherlands Cooperative Study on the Adequacy of Dialysis is a multicenter, prospective, observational, cohort study in which new patients with ESRD are monitored until transplantation or death. A multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to analyze the mortality data according to treatment modality (HD, n = 742; PD, n = 480). No statistically significant differences in adjusted mortality rates between HD and PD patients were observed during the first 2 yr of dialysis. In the years thereafter, increases in mortality rates for PD patients and resulting decreases in RR in favor of HD were observed (e.g., months 24 to 36, adjusted RR, 0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.31 to 0.91). This tendency was observed especially among patients ≥60 yr of age and was not influenced by the censoring strategy. These results suggest that long-term use of PD, especially among elderly patients, is associated with increases in mortality rates. Further analyses are required to determine the potential role of dialysis adequacy in the observed long-term differences in mortality rates between HD and PD patients and to establish the possible survival benefits for PD patients who switch to HD in time. E-mail: FTermorshuizen@cs.com