bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of biochemically driven metal precipitation in synthetic landfill leachate
Authors: Samaranayake Rajika , Singhal Neresh , Lewis Gillian , Hyland Margaret 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis study investigates the effectiveness of using metal sulphide and carbonate precipitation mechanisms
combined with a landfill‐derived mixed bacterial population. The study was conducted under controlled
substrate conditions in anaerobic batch reactors. High chemical oxygen demand (COD):sulphate ratios,
butyrate, propionate, and acetate were used anaerobically by bacteria for growth with associated sulphate
reduction as well as sulphide and carbonate generation. Propionate and butyrate degradation occurred during
sulphate reduction by sulphate‐reducing bacteria while acetate degradation was associated with
methanogenesis by methanogenic bacteria. Using low COD, sulphate ratios showed limited acetate utilization, but
sulphate reduction still occurred. Precipitation of Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Fe sulphides occurred quickly and was
completed in 15 to 30 days, while Ca, Mn, and Mg carbonates formed after 40 to 50 days and some soluble metal
remained even after 120 days. The rate of metal precipitation was in the order of
Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Fe>Mn>Mg>Ca. Bacterially mediated metal precipitation occurred slower than that
recognized for chemical precipitation. These findings suggest that contaminant transport models based on chemical
equilibrium metal behaviors may over‐predict metal removal by bio‐precipitation. © 2002 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
Non‐inferiority trials: design concepts and issues – the encounters of academic consultants in statistics
Authors: D'Agostino Ralph B. , Massaro Joseph M. , Sullivan Lisa M. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractPlacebo‐controlled trials are the ideal for evaluating medical treatment efficacy. They allow for control of the placebo effect and are most efficient, requiring the smallest numbers of patients to detect a treatment effect. A placebo control is ethically justified if no standard treatment exists, if the standard treatment has not been proven efficacious, there are no risks associated with delaying treatment or escape clauses are included in the protocol. Where possible and justified, they should be the first choice for medical treatment evaluation. Given the large number of proven effective treatments, placebo‐controlled trials are often unethical. In these situations active‐controlled trials are generally appropriate. The non‐inferiority trial is appropriate for evaluation of the efficacy of an experimental treatment versus an active control when it is hypothesized that the experimental treatment may not be superior to a proven effective treatment, but is clinically and statistically not inferior in effectiveness. These trials are not easy to design. An active control must be selected. Good historical placebo‐controlled trials documenting the efficacy of the active control must exist. From these historical trials statistical analysis must be performed and clinical judgement applied in order to determine the non‐inferiority margin M and to assess assay sensitivity. The latter refers to establishing that the active drug would be superior to the placebo in the setting of the present non‐inferiority trial (that is, the constancy assumption). Further, a putative placebo analysis of the new treatment versus the placebo using data from the non‐inferiority trial and the historical active versus placebo‐controlled trials is needed. Useable placebo‐controlled historical trials for the active control are often not available, and determination of assay sensitivity and an appropriate M is difficult and debatable. Serious consideration to expansions of and alternatives to non‐inferiority trials are needed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Application of Starch 3, 5‐Dinitrobenzoate
Authors: Yu Jiugao , Yang Dongzhi 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA novel starch ester was prepared by the reaction of starch and 3, 5‐dinitrobenzoyl chloride (DNBZ‐Cl). The product (starch 3, 5‐dinitrobenzoate, DNBZ‐ST) was characterized by means of elemental analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The influences of molar ratio of DNBZ‐Cl to anhydroglucose (AGU), reaction temperature and time, and amount of pyridine on the degree of substitution (DS) were studied. The esterification reaction is essentially complete after 2 h. Increase in the molar ratio of DNBZ‐Cl to AGU leads to an increase in DS when the former varies from 2:1 to 5:1. DS increases with the reaction temperature when the latter is varied from 70 to 100 °C. DS first increases and then decreases with amount of pyridine, the highest DS was obtained when V(pyridine)/m(starch) was 53 mL/g. The thermal stability of DNBZ‐ST increases when the DS increases, and the degradation starts at 353 °C for the sample of DS 2.14. Creatinine is a toxin accumulated in the blood of chronic renal failure (CRF) patients and a special adsorbent for creatinine is not reported in literature. DNBZ‐ST displayed specific adsorption ability for creatinine, the adsorption equilibrium is reached after 4 h. The adsorption capacity increases with the DS of adsorbent and creatinine concentration. When the creatinine concentration is higher than 300 mg/L, concentration has no apparent effect on the adsorption capacity. As the temperature of the solution is varied from 19 to 49 °C, adsorption capacity first decreases and then increases, being lowest at 37 °C. The adsorption capacity first increases and then decreases as the pH value increases, and is highest at pH 8.The highest adsorption capacity obtained was 25 mg of creatinine per gram of adsorbent at 37 °C, pH 7 and a creatinine concentration of 100 mg/L. The study on the FTIR and UV‐VIS spectra suggested that some chemical reaction took place between the DNBZ‐ST and creatinine in buffer solution.
Thermal Behavior of Zein‐based Biodegradable Films
Authors: Wang Ying , Rakotonirainy Andrianaivo M. , Padua Graciela W. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIn previous work, zein was plasticized with oleic acid to obtain flexible films. However, it was observed that film properties were affected by the preparation method employed. Our objective was to investigate the effect of processing methods on thermal behavior of zein films by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Films containing 41% oleic acid were prepared by casting ethanol solutions of its components on flat surfaces or by extrusion of zein resins prepared by cold water precipitation of ethanol solutions of zein and oleic acid. Extrusion was carried out in single‐screw or twin‐screw extruders. Zein films were finished by hot rolling or heated in a Carver press. DSC thermograms showed large oleic acid melting peaks for cast films, smaller peaks for resin films, and no apparent peaks for heat‐treated samples. It was suggested that the resin formation process enhanced zein‐oleic acid interactions and promoted plasticization. All samples showed glass transitions at low temperatures.
Canavalia ensiformis Tailing Starch: A Functional Source of Dietary Fiber
Authors: Novelo‐Cen Loraine , Betancur‐Ancona David 
Published: January 2003

AbstractPhysicochemical and functional characteristics of the tailing starch isolated from the legume Canavalia ensiformis were determined. Proximal composition was 2.86% protein, 4.05% fiber, 0.37% fat, 1.51% ash and 91.33% carbohydrates as nitrogen‐free extract. Total dietary fiber content was 21.3%, soluble fiber was 2.2%, and insoluble fiber was 19.1% as determined by the Prosky method. Amylose content as quantified by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was 39.35%. Gelatinization temperature range as determined by DSC was from 77.9 °C to 88.1 °C, with 81.6 °C being the peak temperature. Transition enthalpy was 10.1 J/g. Swelling power ranged from 4.36 g water/g starch at 60 °C to 11.87 g water/g starch at 90 °C. Water solubility, analyzed within the same temperature interval, ranged from 3.29% to 16.93%. Water absorption capacity was 4.22 g water/g starch at 60 °C and 10.33 g water/g starch at 90 °C. Syneresis in a 6% gel stored at 4 °C for 24 h was 25.66 mL water/50 mL gel. Clarity, expressed as transmittance, was 10.46%. Initial pasting temperature was 93 °C, breakdown was —22 Brabender Units (BU), consistency was ‐5 BU, and setback was 17 BU.
Cyanoethylation of Cassia tora Gum
Authors: Sharma Brij Raj , Kumar Vineet , Soni Purshottam L. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractCyanoethylation of Cassia tora gum was carried out with acrylonitrile in presence of sodium hydroxide under different reaction conditions. Variables studied were concentrations of sodium hydroxide and acrylonitrile, reaction temperature and time. The degree of substitution, reaction efficiency and total extent of etherification were determined. The optimum conditions for preparing cyanoethyl Cassia tora gum (DS 0.44) were 0.608 mol acrylonitrile and 0.625 mol sodium hydroxide at 30 °C for 4 h. Rheological properties of cyanoethyl Cassia tora gum solutions showed non‐Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior regardless of the degree of substitution (DS). At a constant rate of shear the apparent viscosity of cyanoethyl Cassia tora gum solutions increased with the increase in %N of the product.
Non‐contact Atomic Force Microscopy of Starch Granules Surface. Part II. Selected Cereal Starches
Authors: Juszczak Lesław , Fortuna Teresa , Krok Franciszek 
Published: January 2003

AbstractAtomic Force Microscopy (non‐contact method) was used to examine the surface of starch granules of selected cereals. Depressions which might be typical surface pores or ends of penetrating channels were observed in case of all examined granules. The size and shape of these depressions depended on the botanical origin of the starch. Regions of relatively flat surface without visible structures, pores and protrusions could be detected on the granules studied.
Non‐contact Atomic Force Microscopy of Starch Granules Surface. Part I. Potato and Tapioca Starches
Authors: Juszczak Lesław , Fortuna Teresa , Krok Franciszek 
Published: January 2003

AbstractAtomic Force Microscopy (non‐contact method) was used in the present study to investigate the surface of potato and tapioca starch granules. Surface structures and pores or protrusions were observed both in the case of potato and tapioca starches. It was observed that tapioca starch granules seem to be smoother than those of potato starch, however also in the former case surface structures and protrusions were found. Regions of relatively flat surface without visible structures, pores and protrusions could be detected on the granules studied.
Identification of the molecular chaperone alpha B‐crystallin in demineralized bone powder and osteoblast‐like cells
Authors: Behnam Keyvan , Murray Samuel S. , Whitelegge Julian P. , Brochmann Elsa J. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractBone is subjected to a variety of physiological, as well as cell‐deforming biomechanical stresses, including hydrostatic compression and fluid flow. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that protect bone cells from mechanical, ischemic, or oxidative damage. Crystallins are 20 kD heat shock proteins that function as molecular chaperones. We tested the hypothesis that alpha B‐crystallin (αB‐crystallin), the most widely expressed vertebrate crystallin, is present in bone and osteoblast‐like cells. Noncollagenous proteins (NCPs) were extracted from human demineralized bone matrix with 4 M guanidine HCl containing 0.5 M CaCl2 and protease inhibitors, defatted, dialyzed against 0.2% (v/v) Triton X‐100 in 100 mM Tris‐HCI (pH 7.2) and water, centrifuged, and lyophilized. The NCPs were separated by 2D IEF/SDS‐PAGE. The two most abundant 20 kD spots, with apparent pIs of 7.85 and 7.42 in urea gels, were excised, subjected to matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, and identified as αB‐crystallins. Indirect immunofluorescence localized αB‐crystallin to the interphase nucleus, cytoskeleton and cytoplasm of proliferating MC3T3‐El mouse osteoblast‐like cells, as well as the cytoskeleton and cytoplasm of confluent cells. In conclusion, αB‐crystallin is present in bone and osteoblast‐like cells. We hypothesize that αB‐crystallin may play a role in protecting the osteoblast cytoskeleton from mechanical stress and may be important in modulating nuclear or cellular functions, such as transcription or apoptosis, as observed in other tissues.Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. On behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society.
A comparison of within‐ and between‐day reliability of discrete 3D lower extremity variables in runners
Authors: Ferber R. , McClay Davis I. , Williams D. S. , Laughton C. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIt is important to understand the day‐to‐day variability that is attributed to repositioning of markers especially when assessing a treatment effect or response over time. While previous studies have reported reliability of waveform patterns, none have assessed the repeatability of discrete points such as peak angles, velocities and angular excursions which are often used when making statistical and clinical comparisons. The purpose of this study was to compare the within‐ and between‐day variability of discrete kinematic, kinetic, and ground reaction force (GRF) data collected during running. Comparisons for 20 recreational runners were evaluated for within‐ and between‐day reliability of discrete 3D kinematic, kinetic, and GRF variables. The results indicated that within‐day comparisons were more reliable than between‐day. Joint angular velocity and angular excursion values were more reliable between‐days as compared to absolute peak angle measures and may be more useful in interpreting changes in treatment over time. Between‐day kinematic and kinetic sagittal plane values were more reliable than secondary plane values. Reliability of GRF data was greater than kinematic and kinetic data for between‐day comparisons.© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
COX‐2 selective NSAID decreases bone ingrowth in vivo
Authors: Goodman Stuart , Ma Ting , Trindade Michael , Ikenoue Takashi , Matsuura Ippe , Wong Neal , Fox Nora , Genovese Mark , Regula Don , Smith R. Lane 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWhether non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID)—induced suppression of bone ingrowth is due to cyclooxygenase‐1 (COX‐1) inhibition, cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibition, or through a yet unidentified pathway is unknown. In this study, the effects of a non‐specific COX‐1 and COX‐2 inhibitor, versus a specific COX‐2 inhibitor on bone ingrowth and tissue differentiation are examined in vivo. Harvest chambers were implanted unilaterally in the tibiae of eight mature, New Zealand white rabbits. After a 6‐week period for osseointegration of the chamber, the following oral treatments were given for 4 weeks each, followed by a harvest in each case: drinking water with no NSAID (control 1), Naproxen sodium–a COX‐1 and COX‐2 non‐specific inhibitor at a dose of 110 mg/kg/day in the drinking water, drinking water with no NSAID (control 2), and Rofecoxib—a COX‐2 inhibitor at a dose of 12.5 mg/day inserted directly into the rabbit's mouth. Harvested specimens were snap frozen, cut into serial 6 μm sections and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for general morphological characterization, and alkaline phosphatase (osteoblast marker). Sections were also processed for immunoperoxidase staining using monoclonal antibodies to identify cells expressing the vitronectin receptor (osteoclast‐like cells). With drinking water alone, the percentage of bone ingrowth averaged 24.8 ± 2.9% and 29.9 ± 4.5% respectively. Naproxen sodium in the drinking water and oral Rofecoxib decreased bone ingrowth significantly (15.9 ± 3.3%, p = 0.031 and 18.5 ± 2.4%, p = 0.035 compared to drinking water respectively). Both Naproxen sodium (p = 0.026) and Rofecoxib (p = 0.02) decreased the number of CD51 positive osteoclast‐like cells per section compared with drinking water alone. Rofecoxib decreased the area of osteoblasts per section area (p = 0.014) compared to controls, although the value for Naproxen sodium did not reach statistical significance. The results of the present study suggest that bone formation is suppressed by oral administration of an NSAID which contains a COX‐2 inhibitor. COX‐2 inhibitors currently taken for arthritis and other conditions may potentially delay fracture healing and bone ingrowth.© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Demonstration of functional M3‐muscarinic receptors in ventricular cardiomyocytes of adult rats
Authors: Pönicke Klaus , Heinroth‐Hoffmann Ingrid , Brodde Otto‐Erich 
Published: January 2003

Muscarinic receptors (M‐receptors) in the mammalian heart are predominantly of the M2‐subtype. The aim of this study was to find out whether there might exist an additional myocardial non‐M2‐receptor.
For this purpose, we assessed, in adult rat isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes, carbachol‐induced [3H]‐inositol phosphate (IP) formation, and its inhibition by M‐receptor antagonists.
Carbachol (10−7–10−3 mol l−1) increased IP‐formation (maximal increase: 14±3% above basal, n=6). This increase was significantly enhanced by pretreatment with pertussis toxin (PTX, 250 ng ml−1 for 20 h): maximal increase was 31±5%, pEC50‐value was 5.08±0.33 (n=6).
In PTX‐pretreated cardiomyocytes 100 μmol l−1 carbachol‐induced IP‐formation was inhibited by atropine (pKi‐value: 8.89±0.10) and by the M3‐receptor antagonist darifenacin (pKi‐value: 8.67±0.23) but was not significantly affected by the M1‐receptor antagonist pirenzepine (1 μmol l−1) or the M2‐receptor antagonists AF‐DX 116 and himbacine (1 μmol l−1).
In conclusion, in adult rat cardiomyocytes there exists an additional, non‐M2‐receptor, that is coupled to activation of the phospholipase C/IP3‐pathway; this receptor is very likely of the M3‐subtype.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 138, 156–160. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704997
Regulation of muscarinic receptor function in developing oligodendrocytes by agonist exposure
Authors: Molina‐Holgado Eduardo , Khorchid Amani , Liu Hsueh‐Ning , Almazan Guillermina 
Published: January 2003

Oligodendrocytes, the myelin forming cells in the CNS, express muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR), primarily M3, coupled to various signal transduction pathways.
In the present study we have investigated whether mAChR undergo functional agonist‐induced regulation in cultured oligodendrocyte progenitors and differentiated oligodendrocytes.
The muscarinic agonist, carbachol (CCh) caused a time‐dependent desensitization of phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis, and the internalization and down‐regulation of receptors. Short‐time desensitization (5 min) of PI hydrolysis occurred without receptor internalization and reached 54% by 1 h. The same treatment decreased cell surface receptors labelled with the non‐permeable ligand [3H]‐NMS by 47%, while total receptor density ([3H]‐scopolamine binding) decreased by 30%. Longer CCh treatment down‐regulated receptors by 70% and desensitized the PI response by 80%.
Although protein kinase C (PKC) activation desensitized mAChR, CCh‐mediated desensitization was independent of PKC.
Inhibition of receptor endocytosis by low temperature during the pre‐stimulation period or in the presence of hyperosmotic sucrose (0.5 M) blocked desensitization, receptor internalization and down‐regulation.
Recovery of surface mAChR and their functional activity following down‐regulation was slow, returning to control levels by 24 h after agonist removal. In progenitor cells, dose‐response curves for CCh‐mediated PI hydrolysis and c‐fos mRNA expression showed that newly synthesized mAChR were supersensitive after recovery.
Overall, the present results provide evidence of functional agonist‐mediated mAChR regulation in brain oligodendroglial cells.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 138, 47–56. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705002
Activation of vanilloid receptor 1 by resiniferatoxin mobilizes calcium from inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate‐sensitive stores
Authors: Marshall Ian C B , Owen Davina E , Cripps Tim V , Davis John B , McNulty Shaun , Smart Darren 
Published: January 2003

Capsaicin and resiniferatoxin (RTX) stimulate Ca2+ influx by activating vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1), a ligand‐gated Ca2+ channel on sensory neurones. We investigated whether VR1 activation could also trigger Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular Ca2+ stores.
Human VR1‐transfected HEK293 cells (hVR1‐HEK293) were loaded with Fluo‐3 or a mixture of Fluo‐4 and Fura Red and imaged on a fluorometric imaging plate reader (FLIPR) and confocal microscope respectively.
In Ca2+‐free media, RTX caused a transient elevation in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration in hVR1‐HEK293 cells (pEC50 6.45±0.05) but not in wild type cells. Capsaicin (100 μM) did not cause Ca2+ mobilization under these conditions.
RTX‐mediated Ca2+ mobilization was inhibited by the VR1 receptor antagonist capsazepine (pIC50 5.84±0.04), the Ca2+ pump inhibitor thapsigargin (pIC50 7.77±0.04), the phospholipase C inhibitor U‐73122 (pIC50 5.35±0.05) and by depletion of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate‐sensitive Ca2+ stores by pretreatment with the acetylcholine‐receptor agonist carbachol (20 μM, 2 min). These data suggest that RTX causes Ca2+ mobilization from inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate‐sensitive Ca2+ stores in hVR1‐HEK293 cells.
In the presence of extracellular Ca2+, both capsaicin‐mediated and RTX‐mediated Ca2+ rises were a ttenuated by U‐73122 (10 μM, 30 min) and thapsigargin (1 μM, 30 min). We conclude that VR1 is able to couple to Ca2+ mobilization by a Ca2+ dependent mechanism, mediated by capsaicin and RTX, and a Ca2+ independent mechanism mediated by RTX alone.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 138, 172–176. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705003
In vitro evidence for the presence of [3H]‐haloperidol uptake in rat brain
Authors: Ruiu Stefania , Marchese Giorgio , Saba Pier Luigi , Satta Rosalba , Gessa GianLuigi , Vaccari Andrea , Pani Luca 
Published: January 2003

The neuroleptic [3H]‐haloperidol (HP) was taken up in synaptosomes prepared from rat brain, in a temperature‐, sodium ion‐, and energy‐dependent process.
The highest concentration of uptake sites (Vmax=2.37 pmol mg−1 protein min−1) was in the striatum with the other brain areas displaying lower (by 50–70%) values.
The affinity values (Km∼40 nM) were similar in all brain areas considered.
The pharmacological characterization did not indicate a well‐defined group of inhibitors, which suggested that HP might not use a transporter for recognized neurotransmitters.
The HP metabolites tested, including HPTP, were competitive inhibitors of [3H]‐HP uptake, an indirect indication that they may actively enter the striatal nerve endings through the same carrier.
Since the uptake process was partially affected by the incubation of [3H]‐HP in the presence of several antagonists of HP‐transforming cytochrome P450 isoforms, the binding of HP at some enzyme sites inside the synaptosome cannot be excluded.
In conclusion, the present results suggest that HP may be actively transported in the rat brain.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 138, 188–192. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705009