bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compliance With National Immunization Guidelines for Children Younger Than 2 Years, 1996-1999
Authors: Mell Loren K. , Ogren David S. , Davis Robert L. , Mullooly John P. , Black Steven B. , Shinefield Henry R. , Zangwill Kenneth M. , Ward Joel I. , Marcy S. Michael , Chen Robert T. ,   for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vaccine Safety Datalink Project
Published: February 2005

Objectives. To evaluate compliance with national immunization guidelines among a large cohort of children cared for at health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and to examine effects on immunization status.Methods. A cohort study of 176134 children born between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 1997, and monitored from birth to the second birthday was performed. Subjects belonged to the Vaccine Safety Datalink Project, a study of children enrolled in 1 of 4 HMOs. Children were continuously enrolled in a HMO for the first 2 years of life. Prevailing recommendations regarding optimal ages of immunization and intervals between doses were applied to define appropriate immunization timing and immunization status. Noncompliance was defined as having a missing or late immunization or an immunization error. Immunization errors included invalid immunizations (too early to be acceptable), extra immunizations (superfluous immunizations or make-up immunizations for invalid immunizations), and missed opportunities resulting in late or missing immunizations.Results. Although 75.4% of children in these HMOs were up to date for all immunizations at 2 years, only 35.6% of children were fully compliant with recommended immunization practices. Less than 8% of children received all immunizations in accordance with strict interpretation of recommended guidelines. Fifty-one percent of children had at least 1 immunization error by age 2 years; 29.7% had a missed opportunity with subsequent late or missing immunization, 20.4% had an invalid immunization, and 11.6% had an extra immunization. Common reasons for noncompliance included missed opportunities for the fourth Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (14.6%), invalid fourth diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis/acellular pertussis immunizations (11.0%), and superfluous polio immunizations (9.8%).Conclusions. Approximately 35.6% of children were compliant with prevailing childhood immunization recommendations from 1996 to 1999. Efforts to improve compliance with guidelines are recommended, to optimize childhood infectious disease prevention.
Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk
Authors:   Section on Breastfeeding
Published: February 2005

This Policy Statement was revised. See https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-057988.
Considerable advances have occurred in recent years in the scientific knowledge of the benefits of breastfeeding, the mechanisms underlying these benefits, and in the clinical management of breastfeeding. This policy statement on breastfeeding replaces the 1997 policy statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics and reflects this newer knowledge and the supporting publications. The benefits of breastfeeding for the infant, the mother, and the community are summarized, and recommendations to guide the pediatrician and other health care professionals in assisting mothers in the initiation and maintenance of breastfeeding for healthy term infants and high-risk infants are presented. The policy statement delineates various ways in which pediatricians can promote, protect, and support breastfeeding not only in their individual practices but also in the hospital, medical school, community, and nation.
Internetworking of factors affecting successive searches over multiple episodes
Authors: Lin Shin‐jeng 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSuccessive information searches are fairly common. To enhance the understanding of the behavior, this study attempted to improve both the descriptive and explanatory power of the Multiple Information Seeking Episodes (MISE) model, a conceptual model characterizing factors affecting successive searches. It empirically observed how the key factors in the information seeking process in the MISE model evolve over multiple search sessions and explained how those factors are affected by other factors associated with searchers, search activity, search context, systems, information attainment, and information–use activities. The validated and enriched MISE model can be extended to serve the basis for future studies in other complex searches process such as multi‐tasking and collaborative searches, and can also help identify problems that users face and thus derive requirements for system support.
Orthogonal PbS Nanowire Arrays and Networks and Their Raman Scattering Behavior
Authors: Ge Jian‐Ping , Wang Jin , Zhang Hao‐Xu , Wang Xun , Peng Qing , Li Ya‐Dong 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThree‐dimensional, orthogonal lead sulfide (PbS) nanowire arrays and networks have been prepared by using a simple, atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) method. These uniform nanowires (average diameter 30 nm) grow epitaxially from the surface of the initial PbS crystal seeds and form orthogonal arrays and networks in space. The growth mechanism has been explored, and the process was classified as homogeneous, epitaxial growth in the 〈200〉 directions. Furthermore, Raman spectra of PbS nanowires are reported here, and their characteristic Raman peak (190 cm−1, no shoulder) could be used as a unique probe for the study of PbS nanomaterials.
Alkylchlorotins Grafted to Cross‐Linked Polystyrene Beads by a (CH2)n Spacer (n=4, 6, 11): Selective, Clean and Recyclable Catalysts for Transesterification Reactions
Authors: Camacho‐Camacho Carlos , Biesemans Monique , Van Poeck Manu , Mercier Frédéric A. G. , Willem Rudolph , Darriet‐Jambert Karine , Jousseaume Bernard , Toupance Thierry , Schneider Uwe , Gerigk Ursula 
Published: February 2005

AbstractInsoluble polystyrene grafted compounds of the type (PH)(1−t){P(CH2)nSnBupCl3−p}t, (PH)(1−t){P(CH2)nSnBuO}t and (PH)(1−t)[{P(CH2)nSnBuCl}2O]t/2, in which (PH) is a cross‐linked polystyrene; n=4, 6, and 11; p=0 and 1; and t the degree of functionalisation, were synthesised from Amberlite XE‐305, a polystyrene cross‐linked with divinylbenzene. The compounds were characterised by using elemental analysis, and IR, Raman, solid‐state 117Sn NMR, and 1H and 119Sn high‐resolution MAS NMR spectroscopy. The influence of the spacer length and the tin functionality on the catalytic activity of these compounds, as well as their recycling ability, was assessed in the transesterification reaction of ethyl acetate with various alcohols. These studies showed significant differences in the activity of the catalysts interpreted in terms of changes in the mobility of the catalytic centres. Some of the supported catalysts could be recycled at least seven times without noticeable loss of activity. The residual tin content in the reaction products was found to be as low as 3 ppm.
Bullvalene Trisepoxide and Its Stereospecific Rearrangement to 2,8,12‐Trioxahexacyclo[8.3.0.03,904,605,1307,11]tridecane: Two New C3‐Symmetrical Oligocycles with Propeller Chirality
Authors: Liang Shelue , Lee Chi‐Hung , Kozhushkov Sergei I. , Yufit Dmitrii S. , Howard Judith A. K. , Meindl Kathrin , Rühl Stephan , Yamamoto Chiyo , Okamoto Yoshio , Schreiner Peter R. , Rinderspacher B. Christopher , de Meijere Armin 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEpoxidation of bullvalene (1) with a neutralized solution of Oxone gave racemic trisepoxide rac‐6 in 93 % isolated yield. Its structure was examined by X‐ray crystallography. The two enantiomers of 6 were separated by preparative HPLC and exhibited specific rotations of [α]${{{25\hfill \atop {\rm D}\hfill}}}$=+160, [α]${{{25\hfill \atop 365\hfill}}}$= +567 (c=0.946, CHCl3) for the firstly eluted and [α]${{{25\hfill \atop {\rm D}\hfill}}}$=−157, [α]${{{25\hfill \atop 365\hfill}}}$=−554 (c=0.986, CHCl3) for the secondly eluted enantiomer of 6. The geometry of (+)‐6 and the absolute configuration of (−)‐6 were determined by X‐ray crystal structure analysis and anomalous diffraction, respectively. According to this, (−)‐6 possesses (3R,5S,7S,9R,11R,13S)‐ and (+)‐6 has (3S,5R,7R,9S,11S,13R)‐configuration. Upon treatment with BF3⋅Et2O at −78 °C, trisepoxide rac‐6 rearranges with retention of the skeletal three‐membered carbocycle to give the cage trisether rac‐8, as proved by X‐ray crystal structure analysis, in virtually quantitative yield. Enantiomers of rac‐8 were separated by preparative HPLC and exhibited specific rotations of [α]${{{25\hfill \atop {\rm D}\hfill}}}$=+49, [α]${{{25\hfill \atop 365\hfill}}}$=+170 (c=1.01, CHCl3) (firstly eluting) and [α]${{{25\hfill \atop {\rm D}\hfill}}}$=−46, [α]${{{25\hfill \atop 365\hfill}}}$=−160 (c=1.02, CHCl3) (secondly eluting enantiomer). The absolute configuration of (−)‐8 was determined by anomalous diffraction to be (1R,3R,7R,9R,11R,13R). DFT computations at the TD‐B3 LYP/6‐31+G(d,p)//B3 LYP/6‐31+G(d) level of theory for (3R,5S,7S,9R,11R,13S)‐6 and (1R,3R,7R,9R,11R,13R)‐8 predicted specific rotations of −206.7 and −83.4, respectively. Acid‐catalyzed isomerization of the enantiomerically pure (+)‐6 proceeded without racemization to give exclusively (−)‐8, and (−)‐6 provided only (+)‐8. Thus, this isomerization occurs with ring opening of the three CO bonds in the epoxide moieties in the α‐position relative to the three‐membered carbocycle rather than in the β‐position.
Cascade Alkenyl Amination/Heck Reaction Promoted by a Bifunctional Palladium Catalyst: A Novel One‐Pot Synthesis of Indoles from o‐Haloanilines and Alkenyl Halides
Authors: Barluenga José , Fernández M. Alejandro , Aznar Fernando , Valdés Carlos 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA novel approach for the synthesis of the important indole ring is described. Indoles are obtained from o‐bromoanilines and alkenyl halides in a Pd‐catalyzed cascade process that involves an alkenyl amination followed by an intramolecular Heck reaction. The overall process represents the first example of the participation of alkenyl amination reactions in Pd‐catalyzed cascade reactions. Initially, the relative reactivity of aryl and alkenyl bromides and chlorides towards Pd‐catalyzed amination was investigated. Competition experiments were carried out in the presence of primary and secondary amines, and these revealed the reactivity order alkenyl bromides > aryl bromides > alkenyl chlorides > aryl chlorides, as well as very high chemoselectivity; the more reactive halide was always favored. Thereafter, optimized reaction conditions for the sequential alkenyl amination/Heck cyclization to give indoles were investigated with the model reaction of o‐bromoaniline with α‐bromostyrene. An extensive screening of ligands, bases, and reaction conditions revealed that the [Pd2(dba)3]/DavePhos, NaOtBu, toluene combination at 100 °C were the optimized reaction conditions to carry out the cascade process (dba= dibenzylideneacetone, DavePhos=2‐dicyclohexylphosphino‐2′‐N,N‐dimethylaminobiphenyl). The reaction proceeds with aryl, alkyl, and functionalized substitutents in both starting reactants. The cyclization was also studied with N‐substituted o‐bromoanilines (which would give rise to N‐substituted indoles); however, in this case, indole formation occurred only with 1‐substituted‐2‐bromoalkenes. Finally, the application of this methodology to o‐chloroanilines required further optimization. Although the catalyst based on DavePhos failed to promote the cascade process, a catalytic combination based on [Pd2(dba)3]/X‐Phos promoted the formation of the indole ring also from the less reactive chloroanilines.
Composition of the volatile oils of Phlomis lanceolata Boiss. & Hohen., Phlomis anisodonta Boiss. and Phlomis bruguieri Desf. from Iran
Authors: Sarkhail Parisa , Amin Gholamreza , Surmaghi Mohammad Hossein Salehi , Shafiee Abbas 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe composition of hydrodistilled essential oils of three species of Phlomis (Lamiaceae), P. lanceolata, P. anisodonta and P. bruguieri, were investigated by GC and GC–MS, and 31, 28 and 21 compounds, representing 94.1%, 96.0% and 96.8%, respectively, of the total oils, were identified. In all three samples, sesquiterpenes were the main components. In P. lanceolata oil the main components were germacrene D (47.0%), (E)‐β‐farnesene (10.5%), α‐pinene (8.7%), germacrene B (8.0%), bicyclogermacrene (5.9%); in P. anisodonta, germacrene D (65.0%) and β‐caryophyllene (11.0%); and in P. bruguieri, germacrene D (60.5%), γ‐elemene (16.5%), germacrene B (7.1%) and bicyclogermacrene (4.1%). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making company directors liable: a comparative analysis of wrongful trading in the United Kingdom and insolvent trading in Australia
Authors: Keay Andrew , Murray Michael 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe separate legal entity doctrine in corporate law means that directors are not generally liable for their company's liabilities. However, there have been actions taken by governments and courts to make directors liable in certain cases. This article examines and compares legislative provisions in the United Kingdom and Australia to make directors liable for the debts of their companies. These provisions, namely section 214 of the UK's Insolvency Act 1986 (wrongful trading) and section 588G of the Australian Corporations Act 2001 (insolvent trading), had the same starting point, but now differ substantially, even though, arguably, they retain very similar objectives. The article investigates: the reasons for these differences; the criteria on which each of the provisions focus; and the ramifications for the different approaches. It also endeavours to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the respective approaches adopted in each country. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel indication for cancer therapy: Chk1 inhibition sensitizes tumor cells to antimitotics
Authors: Xiao Zhan , Xue John , Semizarov Dimitri , Sowin Thomas J. , Rosenberg Saul H. , Zhang Haiying 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPaclitaxel (Taxol) is the most‐prescribed anti‐mitotic agent for a variety of advanced metastatic cancers. It induces mitotic arrest leading to apoptosis through microtubule stabilization. Chk1 is the major cell‐cycle checkpoint kinase mediating S‐ and G2‐arrests in response to various DNA‐damages. Chk1 inhibitor is anticipated and has been demonstrated to potentiate the cytotoxicity of DNA‐damaging agents through abrogation of cell‐cycle checkpoints. Paclitaxel does not, however, induce Chk1 activation, and Chk1 has not been shown to function in mitotic checkpoint. Thus, Chk1 inhibitor is not expected to enhance the toxicity of paclitaxel. Here we show that downregulation of Chk1 sensitizes tumor cells to the toxicity of paclitaxel in cell proliferation assay. Fluorescence microscopy showed that Chk1 knockdown augments mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis in paclitaxel‐treated cancer cells. Further, we elucidated the mechanism of this sensitization. Chk1 inhibition facilitates paclitaxel‐induced M‐phase entry by activation of Cdc2 kinase and accumulation of cyclin B1, the required cofactor for Cdc2 kinase activity. Moreover, Chk1 downregulation inhibits M phase exit through induction of the anaphase inhibitor, securin/PDS1. Collectively, Chk1 elimination sustains a more effective mitotic arrest as demonstrated by the more efficient accumulation of M‐phase marker phospho‐histone H3. We show that Chk1 elimination attenuates the paclitaxel‐induced activation of the anti‐apoptotic p42/p44 (ERK1/2) MAP kinase pathway, additionally contributing to the sensitization. Our results suggest that in addition to its well‐established role as an enforcer of S and G2‐checkpoints in response to genotoxic stress, Chk1 also plays a protective role in mitotic checkpoint to lessen mitotic catastrophe and thereby limits cell‐death. Therefore Chk1 downregulation can not only potentiate DNA‐damaging agents, but also enhance the toxicity of anti‐microtubule agents, which significantly broadens its therapeutic applications. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Residential and occupational exposure to 50‐Hz magnetic fields and brain tumours in Norway: A population‐based study
Authors: Klaeboe Lars , Blaasaas Karl Gerhard , Haldorsen Tor , Tynes Tore 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOur case‐control study was conducted to investigate whether residential and occupational exposure to magnetic fields increased the risk for brain tumours in adults. Data from an occupational exposure matrix was also evaluated. The study population in this nested case‐control study was made up of subjects aged 16 years and older who had resided in a broad corridor around a high‐voltage power line in 1980 or during one of the years from 1986–1996. The cases were incident cases diagnosed during 1980–96. Two controls were matched to each case by year of birth, sex, municipality and first year entering the cohort. The time‐weighted average exposure to residential magnetic fields generated by the power lines was calculated for the exposure follow‐up from 1 January 1967 to diagnosis. In addition, job titles and branches of industry were classified as categories of hours per week in a magnetic field above background level (0.1 μT). Exposures were cumulated over occupationally active years for the exposure follow‐up from 1 January 1955 to diagnosis. When residential magnetic fields are evaluated, the 2 upper residential, time‐weighted, average magnetic field categories showed elevated odds ratios (ORs) for all brain tumours (OR = 1.6; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.9–2.7 and OR = 1.3; 95% CI 0.7–2.3). Occupational exposure showed no association to exposure for any site. We found an elevated risk for residential exposure to magnetic fields and brain tumours, although the risk was not significant, and no clear exposure‐response pattern was found. The findings for the occupational exposure groups showed an inverse association. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Natural history and screening model for high‐risk human papillomavirus infection, neoplasia and cervical cancer in the Netherlands
Authors: Berkhof Johannes , de Bruijne Martine C , Zielinski Gilda D , Meijer Chris JLM 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA simulation model is presented that assumes that persistent infection with high‐risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) is a necessary cause of cervical cancer. For the estimation of the model parameters, data of recent Dutch follow‐up studies were reanalyzed. The predicted incidences of cervical cancer, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN1, CIN2 and CIN3) and abnormal cytology were validated with nationwide figures and population‐based screening results. The model predicted a lifetime risk for cervical cancer of 2.9% with a peak at age 48 years. The predicted lifetime risk dropped to 0.4% when attending cervical screening. For women who were not hrHPV infected at 30 years, the lifetime risk was 1.6%. Sensitivity analyses were performed to check natural history assumptions that were only weakly identified from available data sets. The incidence of CIN3 observed with screening appeared a useful clinical end point as the predicted incidence was robust against changes in the sensitivity of cervical cytology and the duration to CIN3. The model can be used to study the health‐economic benefits that can be achieved in nationwide screening when including an hrHPV test. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oncolysis of human ovarian cancers by echovirus type 1
Authors: Shafren Darren R. , Sylvester Dianne , Johansson E. Susanne , Campbell Ian G. , Barry Richard D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA small number of enteroviruses possess the capacity to induce rapid and marked lytic infections in cells of various human malignancies. During screening of representative human enteroviruses for their oncolytic capacity, we observed that echovirus type 1 (EV1) displayed a high level of tropism for human ovarian cancer cells. EV1 is an enterovirus which largely causes asymptomatic infections in humans and whose tissue tropism is primarily regulated via interactions with the I domain of the α subunit of cell surface–expressed integrin α2β1. We evaluated the capacity of wild‐type EV1 to act as an oncolytic agent of ovarian cancers propagated as cell monolayers, multicellular spheroids or xenografts in SCID mice. EV1 infection of in vitro propagated ovarian cell lines expressing high levels of integrin α2β1 was assessed for specific viral attachment, antibody blockade, induction of cytopathic effect and production of progeny virions. EV1 lytically infected all 8 human ovarian cancer cell lines tested (2008, DOV13, JAM, OVCA‐429, OVCAR‐3, OVHS‐1, OAW‐42 and IGROV‐1) but not the immortalized normal ovarian surface epithelial cell line (HOSE) or human PBMCs. EV1 challenge was equally effective in the oncolysis of human ovarian cancer cells whether in monolayer or spheroidal environments. The therapeutic efficacy of EV1 was demonstrated by rapid reduction of tumor burden by a single viral intratumoral injection in SCID mice bearing multiple preformed s.c. xenografts. Using an in vivo i.p. human ovarian cancer xenograft model, administration of EV1 was further shown to significantly inhibit the formation and burden of ascites tumors. These findings demonstrate an important proof of principle for employing wild‐type EV1 as a potential oncolytic agent in the control of human ovarian cancers. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of resveratrol on the development of spontaneous mammary tumors in HER‐2/neu transgenic mice
Authors: Provinciali Mauro , Re Francesca , Donnini Alessia , Orlando Fiorenza , Bartozzi Beatrice , Di Stasio Grazia , Smorlesi Arianna 
Published: February 2005

AbstractResveratrol (Res) has been reported to possess cancer chemopreventive activity on the basis of its in vitro effects on tumor cells and in vivo experimental models of rodents transplanted with parental tumors or treated with carcinogens. We investigated the effects of Res on the development of mammary tumors appearing spontaneously in HER‐2/neu transgenic mice at an early age. The mechanisms involved in the Res antitumor effect were evaluated by studying the immune effectiveness, tumor apoptosis and expression of mRNA and protein for HER‐2/neu in tumoral mammary glands from Res‐treated mice and in tumor cell lines. Res supplementation delayed the development of spontaneous mammary tumors (p < 0.001), reduced the mean number and size of mammary tumors (p < 0.0001) and diminished the number of lung metastases in HER‐2/neu transgenic mice. The effects of Res were associated with downregulation of HER‐2/neu gene expression and increased apoptosis both in tumoral mammary glands and in murine (N202) and human (SKBr3) tumor cell lines. Neither the basal, the IL‐2‐induced NK activity nor the lymphocyte number and proliferation was modified in Res‐supplemented compared to control mice. Our results demonstrate that Res supplementation delays the development and reduces the metastasizing capacity of spontaneous mammary tumors in HER‐2/neu transgenic mice. The antitumor effect of Res might be related to the downregulation of HER‐2/neu expression and the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.