bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tiny Vessels
Authors: Vogel Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Harvey, for all his fastidious dissections, measurements, and calculations, could only postulate the existence of the most important vessels of the vertebrate circulatory system, the capillaries. But Harvey’s work, in the first half of the seventeenth century, antedated practical microscopes and microscopy, and the microcirculation is just that micro. Perhaps I ought to emphasize for the reader comfortably uninitiated into the relevant arcana that microscopes and microscopy are not at all the same thing. Squint through an ordinary microscope at practically any bit of biological material and you’ll see almost nothing. Light must be made to pass upward through very thin preparations in order to have much hope of visual revelation, and then it helps a great deal to provide optical contrast, whether just dark and light, or with contrasting colors. An elaborate contemporary technology concerns itself with how to preserve material without loss of structural integrity, how to embed it in wax or plastic or to freeze it, how to cut the stiffened result into slices a thousandth or ten-thousandth of an inch thick, and how to attach intense dyes to the slices so such thin pieces absorb enough light to be visible.
And, Finally
Authors: Vogel Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You’ve now come through what amounts to a textbook of circulatory physiology-a close approximation to what I’d have written had I been primarily interested in classroom use. The language has been less for mal than in most texts, and the analogies and allusions have been a more diverse lot, but the only real omission has been a lot of jargon. As far as rigor and depth, you’ve put up with about what is ordinarily asked of undergraduate physiology students. I say these things to suggest to the reader who is not a scientist that science isn’t all that formidable. One can join us at least intellectually and not be limited to looking in through some narrow window.
Raymond Robins and Discussions on Political and Economic Cooperation 1917-1918
Authors: McFadden David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I suppose that you know Raymond Robins personally. I did not till I met him here From what I see of him here, I judge that when he fights, he does it so wholeheartedly that his opponents do not quickly forget it. And I do not suppose that there is any great cordiality towards him in the camp of the Administration. But whether or not he has been on the right side before, he has been and is on the right side here. Of all the officials of our Government, whose trail I have encountered here, he has been the most important, the most intelligent, the most singleminded in his patriotism and the most sympathetic to democracy—in short, the best American. In those qualities he has been not only pre-eminent, but—unfortunately—almost unique He has done more than any other individual here to win a little
Chicherin-Poole Discussions, May-August, 1918
Authors: McFadden David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The death of United States Consul General Maddin Summers and the departure to the United States of Raymond Robins presented Ambassador David Francis an opportunity to consolidate informal contacts with the Bolsheviks during the second week of May 1918. Soviet Foreign Minister Georgi Chicherin took the occasion of Summers’ death to telegraph Francis directly, expressing condolences and requesting permission to attend the funeral service. Francis granted the request, and Chicherin sent Vladimir Voznesenski, Chief of the Far Eastern Division of the Foreign Commissariat, who gave a most friendly tribute to the United States.
The United States Responds: Red Scare and Definitive Policy, 1919-1920
Authors: McFadden David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Bolshevik economic initiatives of 1919 and 1920, despite initial receptiv ity by American businesses, met increasing hostility and a worsening political and economic climate in the United States. The United States’ response to Martens and his mission became caught up in the anti-radical hysteria that became known as the Red Scare. The Bolsheviks’ efforts to trade with the United States were continually stymied by the refusal of the United States government to lift the economic restrictions on such trade, even after the Allies had officially lifted the blockade imposed during the war. The Red Scare poisoned the political climate, and several government investigations launched as a part of it included serious harassment of the Martens bureau, leading eventually to a deportation order against Martens at the very end of 1920 and his departure from the United States early in 1921.
Fighting the War: 1965–1967
Authors: Schulzinger Robert D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the end of 1965 until the end of 1967 the war in Vietnam became more and more of an American affair. At the beginning of 1965 the United States stationed 23,000 troops in Vietnam. A year later the number was 184,000, rising to 385,000 at the end of the year and 535,000 by the beginning of 1968. Although the United States preferred conventional “big unit” confrontations with the NLF and the North Vietnamese, the enemy decided when to engage the Americans and ARVN forces, thereby limiting their own casualties until the time they expected the Americans would weary of the war.
General William C. Westmoreland, the U.S. commander, tried unsuccessfully to counter these tactics with an attrition strategy of his own. He sent giant B-52 bombers and smaller fighter bombers over South Vietnam to terrorize the Vietcong. After the bombers had prepared the battlefield, helicopter-borne American units descended on the countryside on search-and-destroy missions to root out and kill enemy soldiers. Americans would fly out from their bases in the morning, pursue the Vietcong or North Vietnamese in fire fights, and return to bases in the evening. The tokens of progress in the war became the “body count” of soldiers killed, rather than territory captured or decapitation of the enemy’s command and control structure. Westmoreland adopted the procedure because it seemed to provide the quantifiable data that McNamara insisted upon.
The Know Nothings in Office
Authors: Anbinder Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With more than 10,000 lodges and 1,000,000 members, the Know Nothings entered 1855 brimming with confidence.1 In the first weeks of January, Know Nothing governors were inaugurated in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts, and the Order believed (correctly, as it turned out) that upcoming spring elections in New England would provide additional victories. But Know Nothings soon discovered that they could not automatically parlay their electoral successes into legislative accomplishments. In New York, Know Nothing leaders anticipated using their legislative strength to defeat the re-election bid of their arch enemy, Senator William H. Seward. However, Know Nothing defections to the Seward camp enabled the senator to win a narrow victory. In Pennsylvania, too, the Order encountered difficulties. Factional divisions ran so deep within the Pennsylvania Order that although a majority of legislators were Know Nothings, they failed to elect anyone to the state’s vacant United States Senate seat, and the resentment generated by this stalemate paralyzed the legislature for the remainder of the session. Even in Massachusetts, where their 400-seat majority assured easy approval of the Know Nothing legislative agenda, the session’s achievements were partially overshadowed by the improprieties of one of their leaders. Nonetheless, when the legislative sessions of 1855 concluded, northern Know Nothings had enacted numerous laws addressing nativism, slavery, temperance, and political reform—the four major facets of the Know Nothing agenda.
“Our Order Must Be Nationalized”: Slavery Divides the Know Nothing Party
Authors: Anbinder Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many Know Nothing leaders attributed the Order’s early electoral success to the party’s ability to adapt to local political situations. But by early 1855 it became apparent that the loose coalition of councils that had sufficed for state and local contests could not elect a President. To win the White House in 1856 the Order would need to present a single agenda that appealed to voters in all sections of the Union and disseminate that agenda through a coordinated national organization.
‘‘Where Money Rules and Morals Rot”: The Vise of Modernity
Authors: Maclean Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soon after he reached the Paris Peace Conference, Woodrow Wilson received a communication from his secretary in Washington. “If America fails now,” Joseph Tumulty warned, “socialism rules the world.”1 That sense of a world poised on the brink of a precipice reached well beyond the halls of Versailles. Back home, the events of 1919 defied assumptions that millions of small-holding white men had constructed their lives on. As black Americans stood their ground and fought back, undaunted, against their white assailants in the nationwide race riots of that year, white supremacy appeared vulnerable. As the woman suffrage movement won its seventyyear-long battle for the right to vote, male prerogative no longer seemed assured. As one in every five American workers walked off their jobs to go on strike, the rights of property seemed less clear. And, finally, as Wilson set out to build a global League of Nations, the levers of power moved farther from the hands of non-elite white men than ever before. A middle-class man inclined to fear, in fact, could see in the events of 1919 the nightmare of the republic’s founders come true: growing economic inequality had bred concentrated power above and below a great mass with little stake in society.
Men in the Middle: Te Class Composition of the Klan
Authors: Maclean Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“It has worried me to think,” Klansman S. B. Yarborough would muse in the 1930s, “that I’ve worked hard all my life and just can’t seem to make no headway.” Surveying his years of effort, Yarborough concluded forlornly, “It’s right down disheartening to try so hard and never git nowhare.” Like his older brother, Roy, Kligrapp of the Athens Klan, Scott Yarborough had ample reason for frustration with his life. The Yarborough brothers had grown up in a mill community outside Athens in a family with ten children. Only six survived infancy. Their father, B. F. Yarborough, had lost an arm in the Civil War. Relegated to teaching in a rural public school, he developed a reputation for bitterness and cruelty toward his students and his own children. The pay from school-teaching being too paltry even to buy shoes for all of his family, Ben Yarborough sent his sons and daughters to work early “doing everything that come to hand,” from hired labor in the fields to mill work.
Paramilitary Paternalism: The Politics of Terror
Authors: Maclean Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In September of 1917, the body of Rufus Moncrief, a thirty-yearold black man, was found riddled with bullets on a country road just south of Athens. Above his corpse was tacked a terse note: “You have assaulted one white girl but you will not assault another.” The murder of Moncrief, carried out by just two carloads of men operating under cover of darkness, was mild compared with those that followed as the war aggravated social tensions. A year later, a posse of enraged white men pursued and caught Obe Cox, whom they accused of raping and murdering the wife of a prominent white farmer in neighboring Oglethorpe County. As several thousand spectators gathered, they chained Cox to an iron post, assembled a pyre beneath him, and burned him alive.1 Prior to these two cases, no lynching had occurred in Clarke County for more than forty years. So tranquil was it that Athens appeared a haven to many black Georgians fleeing harsher territory.2 Then, suddenly, things changed. Between 1917 and 1921, four lynchings took place in the vicinity, each one involving an allegation of some threat to the purity or safety of a white woman. The Klan rode the crest of this wave of killings, encouraged as much by the tacit approval they received from most whites as by the acts themselves. In their wake, it set to work with its own campaign of intimidation and terror. Escalating the attacks on African Americans and including deviant whites among its targets, the Klan would test the limits of that community acceptance.
Manly Resistance, Slavish Submission, and the Political Culture of the Low Country
Authors: Mccurry Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The political history of the lowcountry yeomanry poses more than the ordinary challenges of evidence and analysis. For the contradictions of American republicanism were played out larger than life in that corner of the United States, and they left an indelible mark on the historical record. In the Low Country, the historian is confronted at once with the most apparently “aristocratic” political culture in the nation in the arrogation of political power by a small and fabulously wealthy planter elite and with a political culture as authentically “democratic” as any other in its broad extension of the franchise to all adult free white men. The appearance of yeoman farmers in the political record primarily in the blurry figure of “the people” testifies to the first characteristic; the posturing evident everywhere in the same record to claim the mantle of “the people” testifies to the second. Critical to but barely discernible in the region’s politics, yeoman farmers have a political history as important to tell as it is difficult to grasp.
Generative Semantics 1: The Model
Authors: Harris Randy Allen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Chomskyan universe was unfolding as it should in the middle of that optimistic and captious decade, the 1960s. The Bloomfieldians were driven to the margins. There was a cadre of feisty, clever, dedicated linguists and philosophers working on generative grammar. Young linguists everywhere were clamoring for their thoughts. The graduate program was up and running, generating an impressive, indemand, soon-to-be-influential string of philosophical doctors. MIT was a strong-hold of truth and wisdom in l guage studies, Chomsky was the uniformly acknowledged intellectual leader, spects was the new scripture.
The central, defining concern o the work codified, extended, and enriched in that scripture was to get beneath the literal surface oflanguage and explore its subterranean logical regularities, to find its deep structures, to get at meaning. “In general,” Chomsky had told the troops, “as syntactic description becomes deeper, what appear to be semantic questions fall increasingly within its scope; and it is not entirely obvious whether or where one can draw a natural bound between grammar and ‘logical grammar’” (1964d [1963]:51). Aspects not only endorses the KatzPostal principle which enacts this concern, and the principle’s attendant innovations, like semantic interpretation rules and trigger morphemes and reevaluations of problematic data, Aspects strengthens it, by adding base-recursion to the model, discarding an entire class of semantic interpretation rules in the bargain, and consequently inventing deep structure.
Rural Clergymen and the Communication Networks of 18th-Century New England
Authors: Brown Richard D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in May 1770 a recent Yale graduate who was about to accept a call from the church at Danbury, Connecticut, reflected on his decision in a letter to his sister at home in Norwich:The Body of the People I fear are rather too close and contracted-tho’ some Particular Gentlemen seem sufficiently liberal. The town is considerably large and Pleasant for a country Place. I expect you will tell me, whenever you come to see me, that the People are not genteel Eno’, and that you wonder I would settle in such a Place where there are no more Gentlefolks. But Plain, honest, wealthy Farmers, I believe are generally the best People to a Minister-They are in general such kind of People as the old fashion folks at our End of the Town.... They are in general I believe a kind People in their Way. They don’t seem altogether Agreeable at Present, but I trust I shall soon get used to them.
Creating Responsibly
Authors: Kamm F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall consider problems with the cut off abortion argument and then examine two alternative arguments for the permissibility of abortion. The cut off abortion argument has many problems. The one that I want to focus on now is that when creating new people, just making sure that they will be no worse off than if they had never existed and will not be harmed relative to prospects they had before being conceived are not sufficient conditions.
Gender Rules Women and the Regulation of Brewing
Authors: Bennett Judith M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historians of women can only be grateful for the very close regulation to which commercial brewing was subject from a very early date. Because local officers wanted not only to ensure an honest trade in ale but also to extract income from it, we know more about brewing than any other aspect of women’s work in the middle ages. But medieval women themselves felt little gratitude. Some women, such as Gillian wife of Richard Pykard, actively resisted supervision. In 1275, when the aletasters of her hamlet in Wakefield manor (Yorkshire) came to look over her work, she brazenly told them that she would sell ale against their regulations, adding that she cared not at all about the orders of the bailiffs or even the earl. And some women, such as the brewsters of Exeter, even joined together to object to what they considered to be unreasonable restraints on their trade. In 1317, they were so upset by the proclaimed prices at which they had to sell their ale that they took down their ale signs and refused to sell at all. Yet such protests, whether individual or collective, were not very common, and most brewsters seem to have endured regulation as a necessary fact of the trade. None of them, however, could have welcomed the persistent efforts of aletasters, bailiffs, and others to interfere in the small profits they made from brewing and selling ale.
These Things Must Be If We Sell Ale Alewives in English Culture and Society
Authors: Bennett Judith M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1948, Felix Frankfurter, writing a majority opinion for the Supreme Court of the United States, drew on his memory of the traditional English “alewife, sprightly and ribald;’ to review a Michigan law that proscribed women from selling liquor unless they worked in establishments owned by their husbands or fathers. Noting that the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution “did not tear history up by the roots,” Frankfurter accepted that “bartending by women may ... give rise to moral and social problems.” Living hundreds of years and thousands of miles away from the “historic calling” of alewives, Frankfurter drew on his cultural memory of them to conclude that women who serve liquor, especially women who are unsupervised by fathers or husbands, are unruly, disruptive, and troublesome. Armed with such assumptions, one of the greatest jurists of the twentieth century allowed a law to stand that discriminated on the basis of not only sex but also marital status.
“Since the War Broke Out”: The Marriage of Kate and William Mclure
Authors: Cashin Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scholars are just beginning to examine how the upheavals of the Civil War affected sex roles and married life among white southerners. Thus far two schools of thought have emerged on the impact the war may have had on the ways that men and women related to each other. Some historians argue that women’s lives were essentially unchanged by the war, as women continued to adhere to traditional 0sex roles, while another scholar contends that the war opened up opportunities for more women to go to school and participate in voluntary activities outside the home. We know very little about how the war may have affected men’s personal lives or about how relationships between men and women may have begun to shift during the war itself. A close examination of one couple’s experiences can begin to answer these questions, and it may suggest the ways that other Southern marriages were being transformed.
a
Authors: Feather Leonard , Gitler Ira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A cooperative, nonprofit alliance of musicians strongly oriented toward avant-garde jazz. The AACM was an outgrowth of the Experimental Band, organized by pnst. Muhal Richard Abrams in 1961. Stimulated by NYC’s Jazz Composers’ Guild and created as a kind of interactive musical networking environment to provide a forum for rehearsals, perfs., and the sympathetic exchange of new musical ideas, the AACM was formalized in May ’65, w. Abrams as president. The AACM incl., at various times, Roscoe Mitchell, Anthony Braxton, Joseph Jarman, Lester Bowie, Chico Freeman, Leroy Jenkins, et al. Activities incl. rec. sess., radio shows, and concerts, many of which took place at the U. of Chi.; AACM Festival in NYC, ’77; many grants funneled to individuals fr. NEA, Ill. Arts Council, etc. Of the many ensembles that emerged fr. the AACM, among the most prominent were the gp. Air and the gps. of Chico Freeman and George Lewis.
d
Authors: Feather Leonard , Gitler Ira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Da costa, paulhino, perc, comp; b. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 5/31/48. Started on perc. 1955, working w. samba gps. and tour. w. Brazilian bands. Moved to US in ’73, pl. w. Sergio Mendes for four yrs. He has played on hundreds of pop, jazz, and soul rec. dates incl. sess. for Dizzy Gillespie; Milt Jackson; Freddie Hubbard; Joe Pass; Anita O’Day; and Ella Fitzgerald. A three-time winner of the NARAS Most Valuable Player award ’80–82, DB called him “one of the most talented percussionists of our time.” CDs: Pab.; A&M; w. Terence Blanchard; Fitzgerald (Pab.); H. Hancock (Col.); Gillespie; Pass; M. Davis (WB).
i
Authors: Feather Leonard , Gitler Ira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ibrahim, abdullah (Adolphe Johannes Brand aka Dollar Brand), pno, comp, sop sax, fl, cello; b. Capetown, South Africa, 10/9/34. Studied priv. fr. age 7, pl. in church; then self-taught. Listened to Louis Jordan in his teens. First prof. job w. vocal gp. Streamline Bros.; also subbed w. Tuxedo Slickers. As Dollar Brand, pl. w. Willy Max in Capetown 1959; led own gp., Jazz Epistles, w. Hugh Masekela, Makaya Ntshoko, Kippie Moeketsi ’60–1. Moved w. wife, singer Sathima Bea Benjamin, to Zurich ’62. Led trio in Eur. ’62–5. Duke Ellington, who heard him at a club in Zurich, rec. him for Reprise ’63. Pl. at festivals in Juan-les-Pins, Palermo ’63; Montmartre club, Copenhagen ’64–5. Came to the US and app. at NJF ’65. Pl. w. Elvin Jones, also subbed for Ellington on tour ’66, then tour. Eur. w. Don Cherry, Gato Barbieri, M. Ntshoko, Johnny Gertze ’66–8. Stud. w. Hall Overton. Converted to Islam ’68; known by Muslim name fr. mid ’70s. Ret. to Africa ’68, living in Swaziland, Capetown, and Johannesburg ’68–76. Tour. Eur. frequently in mid ’70s, mainly as solo pno.; also w. 10–pc. band ’74. Moved to NYC ’76. Pl. in duo w. Carlos Ward fr. ’76; led own spt. Ekaya fr. ’83. Led perf. of mixedmedia opera, Kalahari Liberation, in Eur. ’82. Much of Ibrahim’s work reflects the influences of South African popular and folk musics, Ellington, and Thelonious Monk. Some of his orchestral work has an impressive African rhythmic sensitivity. Polls: DB critics TDWR ’75. Fests: prod. fests in Swaziland; all major in Eur. fr. ’60s. TV: Eur. TV, incl. apps. w. Danish Radio bb in ’60s and ’70s. Film: mus. for Chocolat ’87; No Fear No Die. CDs: Enja; BL; Japo; Tiptoe; Kaz; Rep. (as Dollar Brand); w. Barbieri (Aff.).