bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socialism and urbanization in Ethiopia, 1975–90: a tale of two Kebeles
Authors: Woube Mengistu , Sjöberg Örjan 
Published: March 2003

Where implemented, socialism and central planning have long been thought of as wielding powerful influence over the process of urbanization. Traits common to countries as diverse as China, the formerly socialist economies of Europe and third‐world socialist regimes are frequently found; conversely, well‐established patterns of convergence and divergence can profitably be used for analytical ends. However, by and large Africa has been overlooked by analysts of a comparative bent. As a result, on the one hand, potentially enlightening material may have been left unutilized. On the other, area specialists have often failed to avail themselves of comparative material. Based on the shortage economy approach to socialist urbanization, through the use of two local level case studies this paper endeavours to show how comparative insights can be used to illuminate issues of urbanization in socialist Ethiopia.On a longtemps pensé que la mise en application du socialisme et de la planification centrale influencent profondément le processus d'urbanisation. Des traits communs ont été trouvés à des pays aussi divers que la Chine, les anciennes économies socialistes d'Europe de l'est et les régimes socialistes du tiers monde; à l'inverse, des modèles de convergence et de divergence bien établis peuvent être utilement employés pour les analyses. L'Afrique a cependant été largement ignorée par les analyses comparatives. Par conséquent, d'un côté, des données qui pouvaient être pleines d'enseignements n'ont pas été utilisées. D'un autre côté, les spécialistes des régions ont souvent négligé certains éléments comparatifs. Cet article, qui s'appuie sur une approche d'économie de pénurie de l'urbanisation socialiste, et utilisant deux cas d'étude au niveau local, essaie de montrer comment les savoirs comparatifs peuvent être employés pour mieux comprendre les problèmes de l'urbanisation dans Éthiopie socialiste.
The Reassertion of Economics: 1990s Gentrification in the Lower East Side
Authors: Smith Neil , DeFilippis James 
Published: March 2003

This article utilizes property tax arrears data to trace the contraction of gentrification at the end of the 1980s and its resurgence in the 1990s in New York City’s Lower East Side. Contrary to the claims made during the recession about the end of gentrification, this article provides an important historical record of the resurgence of gentrification in the 1990s. The paper also argues that this new ‘third round’ gentrification has to be seen as a dramatic reassertion of economics in the central urban land market. That this shift is also expressed within the popular cultural discourses accompanying the process reveals an altered relationship between economics and culture in fin de siècle gentrification.Cet article utilise les données sur les arriérés des impôts sur la propriété pour retracer le déclin de l’embourgeoisement á la fin des années quatre‐vingt et son renouveau dans les années quatre‐vingt‐dix dans le Lower East Side de New York City. Contrairement á ce qui fut dit sur la fin de l’embourgeoisement durant la récession, cet article fournit un dossier historique important qui montre le renouveau de l’embourgeoisement dans les années quatre‐vingt‐dix. Cet article soutient aussi que ce nouveau ‘troisième tour’ d’embourgeoisement doit ?tre regardé comme une réaffirmation dramatique de l’économie politique dans le marché foncier urbain central. Le fait que ce changement est aussi perceptible dans les discours de la culture populaire qui accompagnent ce processus révèle une relation changée entre l’écomonie politique et la culture dans l’embourgeoisement de fin de siècle.
‘Territorial deregulation’: local authorities at risk from technical networks
Authors: Offner Jean‐Marc 
Published: March 2003

Technical networks (transport, telecommunications, energy etc.) possess paradoxical virtues. They produce ‘structuring effects’ on space, obtaining comparative advantages for the places they serve. But they are ubiquitous factors which also enable a homogenization of space. The myths of deterritorialization and dual space are refuted by empirical analyses of the interaction between networks and territories. Networks ‘format’ market areas and political territories. They create matrixes which until now were controlled by the public powers. Linked to current transformations – globalization, deregulation – the present mode of development of the technical macro‐systems brings about a telescoping of geographical scales which is having an adverse effect on the historic compromise between networks and territories. The boundaries of traditional political space have become obsolete and an economic rationale in the form of an extension of the technical networks predominates. In order to rediscover their policy‐making capacity, local authorities must pay more attention to controlling the occupation of public space as well as to the design and organization of the networks’ hubs. They should encourage the emergence of users as players in the regulation of public utilities so that debates on universal service and territorial equality may be activated.Les réseaux techniques (transport, télécommunication, énergie etc.) sont parés de vertus paradoxales. Ils produiraient des ‘effets structurants’ sur l’espace, procurant des avantages comparatifs aux lieux desservis. Mais, facteurs d’ubiquité, ils permettraient aussi une homogénéisation de l’espace. Ces mythes de la déterritorialisation et de la dualisation de l’espace sont réfutés par les analyses empiriques des interactions entre réseaux et territoires. Les réseaux ‘formatent’ des aires de marché et des territoires politiques; ils fabriquent des métriques, dont les pouvoirs publics avaient jusquà présent la maîtrise. Liées aux transformations en cours – globalisation, dérégulation – le mode de développement actuel des macro‐systèmes techniques entraîne un télescopage des échelles géographiques qui met à mal le compromis historique entre réseaux et territoires. Il y a obsolescence des frontières des espaces politiques traditionnels et prédominance de la logique économique dans l’extension des réseaux techniques. Afin de retrouver des capacités d’action, les collectivités locales doivent porter plus d’attention au contrôle de l’occupation de l’espace public ainsi qu’à la conception et à l’organisation des noeuds de réseau. Elles ont aussi à favoriser l’émergence des usagers comme acteurs de la régulation des services en réseau, afin que soient activés les débats sur le service universel et sur l’équité territoriale.
Explaining Urban Regimes
Authors: Dowding Keith 
Published: March 2003

This article examines the history of the use of regimes in urban politics. It argues the highlight is Stone's Regime politics because he uses the concept of regime to answer a specific problem – why did politicians with different electoral bases of support create similar governing coalitions? Stone's answer acknowledges the need for the ‘capacity to act’ within structures of power. Broadening the account to different types of regime makes analysis more descriptive and less explanatory. But rather than dismissing broader accounts, it is better to unpick the components underlying different regime forms to understand the capacity to act in different contexts. Here we find that factors which go into explaining collective action provide the foundations for regime analysis.Cet article étudie, dans une perspective historique, l'application du concept de ‘régime’ en politique urbaine. Il présente Regime politics de Stone comme l'ouvrage‐clé, son auteur employant le concept de régime pour résoudre un problème particulier – pourquoi les politiciens issus de bases électorales différentes créent‐ils, pour diriger, des coalitions similaires? La réponse de Stone admet la nécessité de la ‘capacité d'agir' au sein des structures de pouvoir. Élargir le propos à divers types de régime rend l'analyse plus descriptive, quoique moins explicative. Toutefois, plutôt que d'écarter une généralisation, il vaut mieux négliger les éléments qui sous‐tendent diverses formes de gouvernement afin d'appréhender la capacité d'agir dans des contextes variés. C'est ainsi que l'on peut identifier des facteurs qui, tout en entrant dans l'explication de l'action collective, fournissent les bases pour une analyse des régimes.
Contingent Chicago: Restructuring the Spaces of Temporary Labor
Authors: Peck Jamie , Theodore Nik 
Published: March 2003

Hiring‐halls, specializing in the placement of day‐laborers in temporary jobs, have in recent years been proliferating along major transport arteries in Chicago's low‐income neighborhoods. This article examines the phenomenon of low‐wage temporary work in Chicago from the perspective of the principal institutional actors in these highly ‘flexibilized’ or ‘contingent’ labor markets – the ‘temp’ agencies. Particular emphasis is placed on the labor‐market effects of temp‐agency strategies, both in respect to patterns of labor segmentation and in terms of the spatial (re)constitution of urban job markets. It is suggested that temp agencies are actively engaged in both the exploitation and facilitation of contingent labor‐market conditions. In this sense, they are assuming important new roles as privatized ‘labor‐market intermediaries’, with apparently deleterious effects for job security and social segregation in the lower reaches of urban labor markets. Their strategies can also be related to the social and geographic restructuring of these job markets, because the growth and polarization of temp employment has been associated with a ‘hardening’– and indeed ‘stretching’– of extant ethnic, gender and spatial inequalities.Des bureaux d'embauche, spécialisés dans le placement de journaliers sur des postes temporaires, ont récemment proliféré le long des grands axes de transport dans les quartiers défavorisés de Chicago. Cet article étudie le phénomène du travail temporaire à faible revenu dans cette ville, et ce, du point de vue des principaux acteurs institutionnels sur ces marchés du travail hautement ‘flexibilisés’ ou ‘aléatoires’: les agences de travail temporaire. Il insiste sur les conséquences des stratégies de ces agences pour le marché de l'emploi, à la fois au niveau des schémas de segmentation du travail et en termes de (re)constitution spatiale des marchés du travail urbains. Aussi peut‐on suggérer que ces agences sont activement impliquées dans l'exploitation et la facilitation des conditions aléatoires du marché du travail. En ce sens, elles jouent un rôle important et nouveau comme ‘intermédiaires du marché du travail’ privatisés, avec des effets apparemment néfastes pour la sécurité de l'emploi et la ségrégation sociale dans les circuits inférieurs des marchés urbains. Leurs stratégies peuvent aussi être liées à la restructuration sociale et géographique de ces marchés, la croissance et la polarisation de l'emploi temporaire ayant ètè associées à un ‘durcissement’, et assurément à une ‘extension’, des inégalités existantes au plan ethnique, spatial et des sexes.
Grounded Speculations on Theories of the City and the City of Theory
Authors: Crang Mike 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:G. LeClerc, R. Villa and M. Dear, (eds.) La vida Latina en L.A.: urban Latino culturesM. Featherstone, and S. Lash (eds.) Spaces of culture: city — nation — worldM. Dear, The postmodern urban conditionB. Meyer, and P. Geschiere (eds.) Globalization and identity: dialectics of flow and closureS. Lash, Another modernity, a different rationalityR. Beauregard, and S. Body‐Gendrot (eds.) The urban moment: cosmopolitanessays of the late‐20th‐century city
Hidden Cities
Authors: Gandy Mathew 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:Borden, Iain, Joe Kerr and Jane Rendell (eds.) with Alicia Pivaro The unknown city: contesting architecture and social spaceCoutard, Olivier (ed.) The governance of large technical systemsEasterling, Keller Organization space: landscapes, highways, and houses in AmericaMelosi, Martin V. The sanitary city: urban infrastructure in America from colonial times to the present
Private or public: debating the meaning of tenure legalization
Authors: Varley Ann 
Published: March 2003

Hernando de Soto’s book The mystery of capital has renewed debate about illegality in low–income housing in Latin America, Asia and Africa. De Soto and others argue that property titles provide the poor with collateral for loans to improve their housing or set up a business. Critics argue that incorporation into the formal market will displace the original inhabitants. In this article I analyse these debates about legalization as expressions of the dualisms that have shaped western thought. The relation between legal and illegal can be understood as a variant of the public/private dichotomy. Challenging the opposition of legal to illegal, I argue that the difference between them is not as great as the proponents of legalization assume. This questions the efficacy of legalization as an engine of change. In Mexico, the beneficiaries of legalization have little interest in formal credit, preferring loans from friends or relatives, and legalization does not lead to displacement. The failure of theories about legalization to predict the outcome is a product of their reliance on dualistic thinking and of the exclusion of the private from their accounts of the process.Le livre d’Hernando de Soto, The mystery of capital, a relancé le débat sur l’illégalité de l’habitat à faible revenu en Amérique latine, Asie et Afrique. Selon de Soto et d’autres, les titres de propriété procurent aux pauvres une garantie pour emprunter afin d’améliorer leur logement ou de créer une entreprise. Les opposants affirment qu’une intégration au marché officiel déplacerait les habitants d’origine. L’article analyse ces débats sur la légalisation en tant qu’expressions des dualismes qui ont façonné la pensée occidentale. On peut appréhender la relation entre le légal et l’illégal comme une variante de la dichotomie public–privé. En contestant l’opposition légal–illégal, on peut affirmer que la différence n’est pas aussi importante que le supposent les partisans de la légalisation, ce qui remet en cause l’efficacité de celle–ci en tant que moteur de changement. Au Mexique, les bénéficiaires de la légalisation s’intéressent peu au crédit officiel, préférant les prêts entre amis ou parents, et cette légalisation ne provoque pas de déplacement. Les théories sur la légalisation ont échoué dans leur prédiction des résultats, car elles s’appuient sur une réflexion dualiste et excluent le privé de leur évaluation du processus.
The Question of Discrimination: Skilled Migrants’ Access to Australian Employment
Authors: Hawthorne Lesleyanne 
Published: March 2003

Following a decade of increasing non English‐speaking background (NESB) migration to Australia, including the migration of unprecedented levels of NESB professionals, this article examines two recent studies which report cases of direct and indirect labour market discrimination. The first relates to qualifications recognition for migrant doctors. Key findings include a growing trend to federal government intervention (in alliance with the medical professional bodies) to limit the entry and registration of migrant doctors, as well as the potential for English language ability to negatively impact on pre‐registration examination outcomes.The second study concerns labour market outcomes achieved by an élite sample of Australia’s skilled migration programme – migrant engineers of prime workforce age and advanced level English, with fully recognized qualifications pre‐migration. Based on longitudinal research conducted over a three year period, this study reports significant evidence of employer bias by region of origin, operating in favour of English‐speaking background (ESB) and European origin engineers, compared with those of Asian or Middle Eastern origin.The findings of both studies are contextualized by reference to a 1997 study (based on the Australian census) which reports the employment outcomes obtained by migrant professionals by country of origin, including the length of time taken to achieve professional integration.
Mexico and Central America
Authors: Bronfman Mario 
Published: March 2003

This article covers migrants from Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua and Panama. While their main destination is the US, Mexico is also a destination for Central Americans and a transit place on their way to the US.Central America’s migrant population comprises mainly illiterate and unqualified men, rural in origin and of economically active age. Many are heads of families and significant numbers are from marginal groups, including indigenous peoples. Mexican migrants are similar in age, but most come from urban zones. Whether Central American or Mexican, the majority are undocumented. Many return home after having lived in the US for a time.The little data that are available on HIV/AIDS in the region relate more to Mexico than to Central America. Honduras is the most affected country in Central America, with more than a half all reported cases. Currently, rural cases make a small but rapidly growing percentage of the total in both Mexico and Central America, an indicator of the growing impact of migra‐tion on epidemiological trends.Available data on HIV/AIDS in the migrant populations of Central America mostly concern migrants in their places of destination (i.e., Mexico and the US). In contrast, a number of research projects on migratory conditions in Mexico shed some light on HIV diffusion, particularly research on Mexican migration towards the US. Among current AIDS cases in Mexico, 10 per cent have a history of residence in the US. This group is clearly differentiated from the rest of People Living With HIV/AIDS’s (PLWHA) recorded in the country, with a demographic profile similar to that of temporary migrants.Studies assessing risk behaviours and levels of knowledge of HIV/AIDS among migrants to the US show a descending gradient: almost everyone has heard of condoms, few know about its preventive possibilities, fewer still have appropriate information about its correct use, only a minority use it, and even fewer do so correctly. Widespread risk and vulnerability factors among migrants include highly stressful living environments, high rates of alcohol use and sexual intercourse, and sex with sex workers and/or multiple sexual partners.Migration in Mexico and Central America is profoundly related to economic and political conditions. Police and restrictive measures in the US have resulted in high levels of undocumented migration which has had significant and broadly documented consequences for the spread of HIV, while restricting migrants’ use of services.Two priorities are suggested. First, more research on Central American migrant flows to Mexico and the US. Second, reducing illegal migration will require intense political and technical work to convince decision makers of the risks that restrictive measures generate for the public health.
Trends of International Migration since 1965: What Existing Data Reveal
Authors: Zlotnik Hania 
Published: March 2003

Relying on data from a variety of sources, this article sketches the main trends of international migration during 1965–1996, thus documenting the changes that both the character and the direction of international migration have undergone over the course of time. In doing so, it provides a quantitative basis to assess the validity of certain common tenets regarding the evolution of migration at the end of the twentieth century.The article concludes that the changes observed are generally less striking than usually claimed, although major historical events, such as the end of the cold war and the transformations it entailed, have had a determining influence in shaping many of the key migration movements occurring since 1985.In particular, migration originating in the former Eastern bloc countries increased markedly and the dynamics of population mobility within the former Soviet space underwent important modifications. In addition, the end of the bi‐polar era allowed the resolution of some long‐standing conflicts that permitted the repatriation of large numbers of refugees.However, the proliferation of ethnic or civil conflict that has accompanied the nation‐building process in several regions has led to a series of forced migration movements. These developments plus the social, economic and demographic differentials that persist between countries at different levels of development have continued and will continue to fuel international migration.By reviewing the quantitative evidence available at the regional level, this article sets recent developments in perspective.
Peopling Skilled International Migration: Indian Doctors in the UK
Authors: Robinson Vaughan , Carey Malcolm 
Published: March 2003

This article uses a case‐study approach in relation to the migration of Indian doctors to the UK in order to illustrate the complexity and multi‐levelled nature of explanations for international migration.It argues that whereas, at the level of discursive consciousness, the movement of Indian doctors to the UK appears an economically driven and shapedphenomenon akin to other examples of highly skilled international migration, when the practical consciousness of participants is investigated through qualitative methods, the migration can also be seen as a cultural and social phenomenon.Although migrants move to “better themselves”, they also make choices based on factors such as the kind of novels they read as children or “taken for granted” familial obligations rooted in the everyday life of their culture.
Averting Forced Migration in Countries in Transition
Authors: Martin Susan 
Published: March 2003

Many countries of emigration are in transition from conflict to peace and from authoritarian to democratic governments. Addressing population movements from these countries requires more than economic opportunities; equally important is the establishment of the rule of law, respect for human rights, and, in countries recovering from conflict, reconstruction of destroyed infrastructure and housing. Otherwise, fragile peace and democratization processes can easily break down, creating new waves of forced migrants and hampering efforts towards repatriation and reintegration of already displaced populations.This background paper discusses the nature of forced migration, pointing out that the end of the Cold War has produced new pressures and new opportunities to address these flows. While extremism, particularly rampant nationalism, has provoked massive forced migration in many parts of the world, the changing geopolitical relations has also led to peace settlements in some countries and humanitarian intervention to reduce suffering in others.Addressing forced migration pressures in countries in transition requires comprehensive policy approaches. Four types of best practices are considered in this paper.First, mechanisms to ameliorate the causes of forced movements, including the role that expatriate communities can play in strengthening the rule of law and respect for human rights, particularly minority rights.Second, mechanisms that enhance refugee protection while minimizing abuses of asylum systems, including enhanced respect for the refugee convention, adoption of complementary forms of protection when the refugee convention does not apply, strengthened regional protection, and the establishment of in–country processing of refugee claims.Third, mechanisms to resolve the longer–term status of forced migrants, including decisions on when to cease refugee status and temporary protection and encourage/permit return or integration.Fourth, mechanisms for more effective repatriation when return is possible, particularly programs to help returnees reintegrate and communities reconstruct themselves.