bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Damage to the gills, skin and other tissues by lysenin and the coelomic fluid of the earthworm Eisenia foetida in two teleosts, Tanichthys albonubes and Oreochromis mossambicus
Authors: Ohta Naoshi , Aizu Masako , Kaneko Toyoji , Sato Tetsuji , Kobayashi Hideshi 
Published: January 2003

AbstractLysenin is a 33‐kDa protein found in the coelomic fluid (CF) of the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Purified lysenin binds specifically to sphingomyelin (SM). In the present studies, we found that the white cloud mountain minnow Tanichthys albonubes and the Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus died in solutions of lysenin (at concentrations above 2.5 µg/ml) and CF (0.6%, v/v) within 2 h. The gills of both species of fish were damaged similarly by lysenin and by CF. Most gill lamellae became irregularly bent or curled, with swelling of the epithelial cells of the lamellae. Red blood cells in the lamellar vascular sinuses, in the central venous sinuses, and in the blood vessels of the entire body became swollen and lysed, choking the sinuses. Epithelial cells in the skin were also damaged. When fish of both species were treated with lysenin or CF that had been incubated with SM‐liposomes, they did not die. Their behavior remained normal and there was no damage to any cells or tissues. These findings suggest that SM might be involved in the lethal effects of lysenin and CF. It is likely that purified lysenin and lysenin in CF bound to SM in the cell membranes of the tissues mentioned above, damaging the cells. The presence of SM in the gills and skin was confirmed, supporting this hypothesis. The damage to gills and hemolysis might have resulted in lethal respiratory problems. Damage to the skin might disturb the exchange of ions through the skin, hastening death. Damage by lysenin and CF to epithelial cells of the cornea and the wall of the oral cavity was also recognized, but there was no such damage to the intestine. J. Exp. Zool. 295A:117–126, 2003. © 2003, Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Storage of red deer epididymides for four days at 5°C: Effects on sperm motility, viability, and morphological integrity
Authors: Soler Ana J. , Pérez‐guzmán Maria D. , Garde José J. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess the sperm motility, the plasma membrane integrity and the morphology of red deer spermatozoa when maintained within epididymides stored for 4 days at 5°C, and to evaluate whether such stored spermatozoa are able to withstand a refrigeration process. Thirty pairs of testes, with attached epididymides, were collected from 30 hunter‐killed mature stags (Cervus elaphus hispanicus), and spermatozoa from each one of the pairs were immediately collected in Triladyl™ medium, evaluated and refrigerated (Control Group). The remaining testes and epididymides were gradually cooled to 5°C and stored for 1, 2, 3, and 4 days (Experimental Groups), after which spermatozoa were processed as described previously for the control group. The effects on spermatozoa that had been stored within epididymides for various times were determined by assaying sperm motility index (SMI), plasma membrane integrity and sperm morphology (SM). In the same way, SMI and SM were assessed after spermatozoa refrigeration at 5°C for 3 hours in different groups (SMI‐R, SM‐R). There was no significant decrease in plasma membrane integrity of spermatozoa recovered from epididymides stored at 5°C for 4 days. Similarly, the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa remained unaffected during the first 3 days of storage. In contrast, during storage sperm motility evaluation revealed significantly (P<0.05) lower SMI values for samples from epididymides stored 2, 3, and 4 days (47.7±3.6, 45.5±4.4, 44.1±5.2) than that of the control group (57.6±1.6). Similar results were obtained after refrigeration of spermatozoa in Triladyl at 5°C. These data suggest that it might be possible to recover functional spermatozoa from red deer epididymides stored at 5°C during several days when epididymal spermatozoa cannot be collected and cryopreserved immediately. J. Exp. Zool. 295A:188–199, 2003. © 2003, Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparisons of calcium regulation in fish larvae
Authors: Chen Yi‐yen , Lu Fu‐i , Hwang Pung‐pung 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to compare the ability of larvae of different species, goldfish (Carassius auratus), zebrafish (Danio rerio), and ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis), to regulate their calcium balance. Whole‐body Ca2+ content and Ca2+ influx in the larvae of the three species, which were incubated in low‐ (0.02 mM), mid‐ (0.2 mM), and high‐ (2.0 mM) Ca2+ artificial fresh water from embryonic stages, were compared. The Ca2+ uptake kinetics were determined in zebrafish and goldfish incubated in high‐ or low‐Ca2+ artificial fresh water. Ca2+ content of both zebrafish and ayu acclimated to low‐Ca2+ media were significantly lower than those acclimated to mid‐ or high‐Ca2+ media. However, Ca2+ contents of goldfish in low‐, mid‐, and high‐Ca2+ groups showed no significant differences. In goldfish, Ca2+ influx in the low‐Ca2+ group was significantly higher than those of the mid‐ and high‐Ca2+ groups. In contrast, the Ca2+ influx rate in the low‐Ca2+ group was significantly lower than those in the mid‐ and high‐Ca2+ groups in zebrafish and ayu. Compared to the high‐Ca2+ group, the low‐Ca2+ group of goldfish showed a 13% increase in the maximal velocity (Jmax) and an 84% decrease in the Michaelis constant (Km) for Ca2+ influx. Smaller changes, i.e., an 8% increase in Jmax and a 67% decrease in Km, were found in zebrafish larvae. Goldfish possess a more effective Ca2+ regulatory capacity than do zebrafish and ayu. Differences in the strategies for Ca2+ balance may be associated with different development patterns and environments in which these fish naturally occur. J. Exp. Zool. 295A:127–135, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molting in the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus Pallas): Seasonal or continuous process?
Authors: Kuhlmann Michael T. , Clemen Günter , Schlatt Stefan 
Published: January 2003

AbstractAfter transfer into a short daylight regimen, the brownish summer pelage of the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) changes into the whitish winter phenotype. Although changes in serum prolactin levels are identified as the initiating hormonal signal, morphological data about molting in that species are sparse. The aim of this study was to characterize in detail the summer and winter pelage of the Djungarian hamster and to analyze the alterations in the skin and pelage induced by photoperiodic changes. The main difference between summer and winter hair types is the pattern of pigmentation. In contrast to other mammalian species showing seasonal changes, the winter coat of the Djungarian hamster is not characterized by an increase in hair density. Molting patches were observed at all times, even in the winter coat, showing that the light regimen does not control the process of molting itself but the pattern of pigmentation and eventually the loss of hair during the single molting wave. J. Exp. Zool. 295A:160–171, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution and characteristics of D‐amino acid and D‐aspartate oxidases in fish tissues
Authors: Sarower Mohammed Golam , Matsui Takashi , Abe Hiroki 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe distributions of D‐amino acid oxidase (D‐AAO, EC 1.4.3.3) and D‐aspartate oxidase (D‐AspO, EC 1.4.3.1) activities were examined on several tissues of various fish species. Both enzyme activities were commonly high in kidney and liver and low in intestine with some exceptions. After oral administration of D‐alanine at 5 μmol /g body weight−1day−1 to carp for 30 days, D‐AAO activity increased by about 8‐, 3‐, and 1.5‐fold in intestine, hepatopancreas, and kidney, respectively, whereas no increase was found in brain. In contrast, oral administration of D‐glutamate or D‐aspartate did not show any increase of D‐AspO activity in any tissues. D‐AAO and D‐AspO of common carp kidney and hepatopancreas were subcellularly localized in peroxisomes, as clarified in mammals. D‐proline was the best substrate for D‐AAO in rainbow trout kidney, common carp kidney, and hepatopancreas, followed by D‐alanine and D‐phenylalanine. N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate was the best substrate for D‐AspO in rainbow trout kidney and common carp hepatopancreas. The optimal pH for D‐AAO in rainbow trout kidney was broad, from 7.4 to 8.2, and that for D‐AspO was around 10. D‐AAO was inhibited by benzoate known as D‐AAO inhibitor and D‐AspO was strongly inhibited by meso‐tartarate as D‐AspO inhibitor. From these results, at least D‐AAO in fish is considered to work as a metabolizing agent of exogenous and endogenous free D‐alanine that is abundant in aquatic invertebrates such as crustaceans and bivalve mollusks, which are potential food sources of these fishes. J. Exp. Zool. 295A:151–159, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lipids as energy source during salinity acclimation in the euryhaline crab Chasmagnathus granulata dana, 1851 (crustacea‐grapsidae)
Authors: Luvizotto‐santos Ricardo , Lee James tony , Branco Zelionara pereira , Bianchini Adalto , Nery Luiz eduardo maia 
Published: January 2003

AbstractLipids seem to be the major energy store in crustaceans. Moreover, they are extremely important in maintaining structural and physiological integrity of cellular and sub cellular membranes. During salinity adaptation, energy‐demanding mechanisms for hemolymph osmotic and ionic regulation are activated. Thus, the main goal of this work was to verify the possible involvement of lipids as an energy source in the osmotic adaptation process. The estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulata was captured and acclimated to salt water at 20‰ salinity and 20 ± 2°C, for 30 days. After acclimation, crabs were divided into groups of ten and transferred to fresh water (0‰), salt water at 40‰ salinity, or maintained in salt water at 20‰ salinity (control group), without feeding. Before and seven days after the salinity change, wet weight and lipid concentration in gills, muscle, hepatopancreas, and hemolymph were determined according to the colorimetric assay of sulphophosphovanilin. Results show that hepatopancreas lipids were not mobilized during osmotic stress regulation. Gill and muscle lipids were significantly lower in crabs subjected to hypo‐osmotic stress than those subjected to the hyper‐osmotic stress or maintained at the control salinity. Our results point to the occurrence of lipid mobilization and involvement of these compounds in the osmotic acclimation process in C. granulata, but with differences between tissues and the osmotic shock (hypo or hyper) considered. J. Exp. Zool. 295A:200‐205, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal sex ratios influence sexual dimorphism in a reptile
Authors: Uller Tobias , Olsson Mats 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe prenatal environment influences offspring traits in a variety of ways and in a wide range of taxa. For example, maternal allocation of steroids to the eggs influences offspring traits in birds, and in some mammals the intrauterine position influences morphological, behavioural, and physiological traits due to sex‐related steroid transfer between sibling fetuses. We show that similar phenomena occur in the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara), a viviparous reptile. Females developing in male‐biased clutches had a more masculine allometry (relatively larger heads) at parturition than females developing in female‐biased clutches. Males were correspondingly feminized in female‐biased clutches. The effects could either be due to diffusion of steroids produced by the offspring or by a general tendency for females to allocate steroids according to the sex ratio of her clutch. Subsequent to parturition, the sexes differed in their growth trajectories depending on sex ratio environment. In males, the difference in allometry between sex ratio environments remained over time, whereas in females the corresponding effect disappeared. J. Exp. Zool. 295A:183–187, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for a direct link between stress and immunity in the mollusc Haliotis tuberculata
Authors: Malham Shelagh K. , Lacoste Arnaud , Gélébart Florence , Cueff Anne , Poulet Serge A. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractStress is thought to cause increased disease outbreaks and mortality in a number of invertebrates but currently very little information is available on mechanisms linking physiological states of stress and reduced disease resistance in these organisms. In the present study, we examined the possibility that stress alters immune functions, the principal line of defense against pathogens, in a molluscan model, the abalone Haliotis turbeculata. Immune parameters were investigated in abalones subjected to a 15 min mechanical disturbance which, as indicated by noradrenaline and dopamine hemolymphatic levels, resulted in a transient state of physiological stress. During the application of the stressor, immune parameters such as the number of circulating hemocytes, the migratory activity, the phagocytic capacity and the respiratory burst responses of hemocytes, decreased significantly. All parameters returned to initial values within 15–30 min after the end of the disturbance and a transient period of immunostimulation occurred between 100 and 480 min after the stress for all immune parameters except intracellular superoxide anion production. These results indicate that in the abalone H. tuberculata, as in vertebrates, a link exists between stress and the immune system. This may begin to answer why stress and disease outbreaks are linked in shellfish. J. Exp. Zool. 295A:136–144, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Iron uptake by hepatopancreas brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) of the lobster (Homarus americanus)
Authors: Aslamkhan Amy G. , Ahearn Gregory A. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe uptake of 55Fe2+ and solubilized 55Fe3+ into brush border membrane vesicles prepared from the hepatopancreas of the Atlantic lobster (Homarus americanus) was investigated. Non‐specific surface binding of 55Fe2+ at equilibrium to the vesicular surface approximated 57% of total 55Fe2+ uptake. 55Fe2+ uptake showed temperature sensitivity and was trans‐stimulated by a Ca2+ gradient (at 5mM) directed out. Equilibrated 59Fe2+ exchanged for both Cd2+ and cold Fe2+. The data obtained in this study are suggestive that at least a portion of ferrous iron absorption may occur by a divalent exchanger mechanism. J. Exp. Zool. 295A:145–150, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Yolk testosterone varies with sex in eggs of the lizard, Anolis carolinensis
Authors: Lovern Matthew B. , Wade Juli 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIn the green anole (Anolis carolinensis), a lizard with genotypic sex determination, yolk testosterone (T) concentration is greater in male‐producing than female‐producing eggs at oviposition, but the source and potential effects were not clear from previous studies. If yolk T levels are also sex‐specific before eggs are laid, a period during which embryonic steroidogenesis is unlikely, it would strongly suggest that the difference in yolk T is maternally derived. We collected yolk samples from eggs shelling within the oviducts of anesthetized females, and then allowed these females to lay the eggs naturally. Eggs were incubated to hatching to determine sex morphologically, and yolk T concentrations were analyzed by radioimmunoassay. As is the case just after they are laid, yolk T is higher in male than female oviductal eggs. To our knowledge, this is the earliest sex difference reported for any yolk steroid. We suggest that maternally derived yolk T levels could influence sex by differentially affecting male‐ and female‐inducing sperm, because fertilization occurs after yolk deposition and ovulation, while the egg is in the oviduct. Our results, together with those of an increasing number of studies, suggest that a relationship between hormones and vertebrate sex determination may be more widespread than generally appreciated. J. Exp. Zool. 295A:206–210, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Partial cloning and expression of the cyclin B gene in the ovary of the bullseye puffer (Sphoeroides annulatus)
Authors: Gutiérrez Jesús Neftalí , Duncan Neil John , Estañol Perla Verónica , García‐aguilar Noemí , García‐Gasca Alejandra 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe bullseye puffer is a marine fish species with great potential for aquaculture in Mexico, and the understanding of its reproductive physiology at every level of biological organization is essential in order to succeed. Several molecules orchestrate the complex process of oocyte maturation and spawning. One of these molecules is cyclin B, which is the regulatory subunit of the maturation‐promoting factor. In this study, a fragment of the cyclin B gene was isolated from the ovary of the bullseye puffer using an RT‐PCR approach. The gene fragment was homologous to the cyclin B2 gene of other vertebrate species. Similar levels of cyclin B gene expression were detected in ovaries at different developmental stages, except for atretic ovaries from captive fish which did not spawn. However, cyclin B gene expression was maintained in captive fish treated with LHRH‐a to induce spawning, and appeared to be similar to the pattern observed in wild fish. It is possible that the reduced expression of cyclin B in atretic ovaries is the result of mRNA degradation during atresia. Alternatively, reduced gene expression could be a controlling factor in the process of oocyte reabsorption since cyclin B is required for final oocyte maturation and ovulation. J. Exp. Zool. 295A:211–216, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hox genes as synchronized temporal regulators: Implications for morphological innovation
Authors: Crawford Michael 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIn vertebrates, clusters of Hox genes express in a nested and hierarchical fashion to endow the embryo's segments with discrete identities. Later in development, members of the same gene family are employed again to pattern the limb, intestinal, and reproductive systems. A careful analysis of the morphologies of Hox mutant mice suggests that the genes provide qualitatively different cues during the specification of segments than they do during the development of more recently derived structures. In addition to the regulatory differences noted by others, the activity of Hox genes during specification of the vertebrate metameres in some recent deletion experiments is inconsistent with a role for them as strictly spatial determinants. On the contrary, the phenotypes observed are suggestive of a role for them as elements of a generic time‐keeping mechanism. By contrast, the specification of more recent evolutionary structures appears to be more spatial and gene‐specific. These differences in role and effect may suggest some simple mechanisms by which the Hox clusters operate, and rules by which gene networks can be diverted to create new structures over the course of evolution. Specific predictions and experiments are proposed. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 295B:1–11, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparison of parthenogenetic and sexual embryogenesis of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea)
Authors: Miura Toru , Braendle Christian , Shingleton Alexander , Sisk Geoffroy , Kambhampati Srinivas , Stern David L. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractAphids exhibit divergent modes of embryogenesis during the sexual and asexual phases of the life cycle. To explore how a single genome can give rise to these alternative developmental modes, we have initiated embryological studies of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Here we present a detailed description of parthenogenetic, viviparous embryonic development in the pea aphid. We compare and contrast development of the parthenogenetic embryo with that of the embryo resulting from sexual reproduction. The primary difference between the embryos is the scale on which development occurs: early parthenogenetic development occurs in a volume approximately three orders of magnitude smaller than the sexual egg, largely because of the apparent absence of yolk in the parthenogenetic egg. This results in a drastically different duration of syncytial energid cleavage and, presumably, patterning processes in the two embryos must act at scales that differ by orders of magnitude. The eggs also develop on time scales that differ approximately by an order of magnitude and the timing of the embryonic movements, collectively called blastokinesis, have temporally shifted relative to growth of the embryo. In addition, the endosymbiotic bacteria are transferred from mother to embryo in different ways in the two embryos. Finally, the function of the serosa has diverged greatly in the two embryos: in the sexual egg the serosa deposits a thick cuticle that protects the egg, whereas the serosa of the parthenogenetic embryo is greatly reduced and its function is unclear. The pea aphid is a useful model system for examining how a single genome has evolved to allow divergent modes of development. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 295B:59–81, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Positive Darwinian selection operating on the immunoglobulin heavy chain of Antarctic fishes
Authors: Ota Tatsuya , Nguyen Thuy‐Ai , Huang Eric , Detrich H. William , Amemiya Chris T. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe cooling of the Southern Ocean to the freezing point of seawater (−1.9°C) over the past 25 million years played a dominant selective role in the evolution of the Antarctic fish fauna. During this period, the perciform suborder Notothenioidei, which is largely endemic to the Antarctic, diversified and developed numerous cold‐adapted characters. In this report, we provide compelling evidence that the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) of the notothenioid fishes has undergone adaptive selection. Two and four IgH clones were isolated, respectively, from spleen cDNA libraries prepared from the Antarctic icefish Chaenocephalus aceratus and the yellowbelly rockcod Notothenia coriiceps. The transmembrane region of the membrane form of the rockcod IgM heavy chain was located at the end of the second constant (CH) domain, in contrast to other teleost IgMs in which the transmembrane region is located at the end of the third constant domain. Phylogenetic analyses of CH regions revealed that rates of nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution were higher than rates of synonymous nucleotide substitution. Many of the nonsynonymous substitutions introduced charge changes, consistent with positive Darwinian selection acting to adapt the structure of the notothenioid immunoglobulins. The rates of nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions were higher than the rates of synonymous nucleotide substitutions in complementarity determining regions of variable regions, suggesting that diversity at antigen binding sites is enhanced by genomic and/or somatic selection. Results of Southern blot hybridization experiments were consistent with a translocon type of IgH gene organization reminiscent of bony fishes and tetrapods. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 295B:45–58, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.