bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metal-on-metal resurfacing of the hip in patients under the age of 55 years with osteoarthritis
Authors: Daniel J. , Pynsent P. B. , McMinn D. J. W. 
Published: March 2004

The results of conventional hip replacement in young patients with osteoarthritis have not been encouraging even with improvements in the techniques of fixation and in the bearing surfaces. Modern metal-on-metal hip resurfacing was introduced as a less invasive method of joint reconstruction for this particular group. This is a series of 446 hip resurfacings (384 patients) performed by one of the authors (DJWM) using cemented femoral components and hydroxyapatite-coated uncemented acetabular components with a maximum follow-up of 8.2 years (mean 3.3). Their survival rate, Oxford hip scores and activity levels are reviewed. Six patients died due to unrelated causes. There was one revision (0.02%) out of 440 hips. The mean Oxford score of the surviving 439 hips is 13.5. None of the patients were told to change their activities at work or leisure; 31% of the men with unilateral resurfacings and 28% with bilateral resurfacings were involved in jobs that they considered heavy or moderately heavy; 92% of men with unilateral hip resurfacings and 87% of the whole group participate in leisure-time sporting activity. The extremely low rate of failure in spite of the resumption of high level occupational and leisure activities provides early evidence of the suitability of this procedure for young and active patients with arthritis.
Musculoskeletal stress markers in Natufian hunter‐gatherers and Neolithic farmers in the Levant: The upper limb
Authors: Eshed Vered , Gopher Avi , Galili Ehud , Hershkovitz Israel 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis paper attempts to quantify the changes in activity patterns of early farming populations in the Levant through the musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) of the upper limb as seen in skeletal remains. The transition to an agricultural way of life resulted in higher loads on the upper limb in Neolithic populations compared to the Natufian hunter‐gatherer populations that preceded them. The MSM pattern for males and females indicates a gender‐based division of labor both in the Natufian and the Neolithic. It may also suggest that people in the Neolithic period were engaged in different (new) activities and occupations compared to the Natufian. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Petrosal orientation and mandibular ramus breadth: Evidence for an integrated petroso‐mandibular developmental unit
Authors: Bastir Markus , Rosas Antonio , Kuroe Kazuto 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe absolute and relative breadths of the mandibular ramus (MRB) display substantial variation in modern humans, and are of analytical value in paleoanthropology. According to Enlow et al. ([1969] Am. J. Orthod. 56:6–23), the ramus is the growth counterpart of the middle cranial fossa (MCF) and the pharynx. Such counterpart principles state that variation in ramus breadth is a frequent function of the horizontal alignment of the MCF, and both structures tend to covary within and between populations. These authors also suggested that lateral parts of the basicranium have a particular importance in the positioning of facial components. In the present study, this hypothesis is tested, and relationships between midline and lateral basicranial elements and ramus breadth variation are explored. Two‐dimensional landmarks taken from lateral radiographs of adult crania representative of three modern human populations (Europeans, West Africans, and Japanese) were analyzed by geometric morphometry. Our results are consistent with previous counterpart analyses. Furthermore, our findings highlight the significance of the orientation of the petrous temporal to modern human mandibular ramus variation. Variation in the orientation of the petrosal bone appears to alter the spatial position of the mandible and influences MRB. Developmental integration of a petroso‐mandibular unit may have important paleoanthropological implications. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of birthplace and individual genetic admixture on lung volume and exercise phenotypes of Peruvian Quechua
Authors: Brutsaert Tom D. , Parra Esteban , Shriver Mark , Gamboa Alfredo , Palacios Jose‐Antonio , Rivera Maria , Rodriguez Ivette , León‐Velarde Fabiola 
Published: March 2004

AbstractForced vital capacity (FVC) and maximal exercise response were measured in two populations of Peruvian males (age, 18–35 years) at 4,338 m who differed by the environment in which they were born and raised, i.e., high altitude (Cerro de Pasco, Peru, BHA, n = 39) and sea level (Lima, Peru, BSL, n = 32). BSL subjects were transported from sea level to 4,338 m, and were evaluated within 24 hr of exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. Individual admixture level (ADMIX, % Spanish ancestry) was estimated for each subject, using 22 ancestry‐informative genetic markers and also by skin reflectance measurement (MEL). Birthplace accounted for the ∼10% larger FVC (P < 0.001), ∼15% higher maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max, ml . min−1 . kg−1) (P < 0.001), and ∼5% higher arterial oxygen saturation during exercise (SpO2) (P < 0.001) of BHA subjects. ADMIX was low in both study groups, averaging 9.5 ± 2.6% and 2.1 ± 0.3% in BSL and BHA subjects, respectively. Mean underarm MEL was significantly higher in the BSL group (P < 0.001), despite higher ADMIX. ADMIX was not associated with any study phenotype, but study power was not sufficient to evaluate hypotheses of genetic adaptation via the ADMIX variable. MEL and FVC were positively correlated in the BHA (P = 0.035) but not BSL (P = 0.335) subjects. However, MEL and ADMIX were not correlated across the entire study sample (P = 0.282). In summary, results from this study emphasize the importance of developmental adaptation to high altitude. While the MEL‐FVC correlation may reflect genetic adaptation to high altitude, study results suggest that alternate (environmental) explanations be considered. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population history of native groups in pre‐ and postcontact Spanish Florida: Aggregation, gene flow, and genetic drift on the Southeastern U.S. Atlantic coast
Authors: Stojanowski Christopher M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractEvolutionary trends and population history and structure are discussed for a series of late prehistoric and historic‐period skeletal samples from the Georgia coast and interior (the Guale). Phenotypic dental measurement data were collected for nine samples from the late prehistoric (AD 1200–1400) and historic (AD 1608–1702) periods and subjected to population genetic and statistical analyses. The primary trends were for an increase in tooth size through time, and for an initial increase in dental variability in the early historic period, followed by a subsequent decline in dental variability in the late historic period. Given the increasing stress levels, evidenced by previous bioarchaeological analyses (Larsen [2001] Bioarchaeology of Spanish Florida, Gainesville: University Press of Florida), an environmental explanation for the increase in tooth size is unlikely. It is proposed that the early historic period witnessed aggregation and gene flow with extraregional populations, possibly African slaves or nonlocal Native American population groups. The late historic period may have experienced significant loss of phenotypic variability due to genetic drift. In both time periods, the evolutionary mechanism increased average tooth size, with independent variance effects.Because microevolutionary trends obscure patterns of gene flow and population ancestry, the data were detrended following Konigsberg ([1990a] Hum. Biol. 62:49–70), and submitted to standard population genetic analyses (Relethford et al. [1997] Hum. Biol. 69:443–465). Analysis of the precontact samples in isolation (Irene Mound, Irene Mortuary, and an aggregate coastal sample) indicated little genetic microdifferentiation (FST = 0.008), limited extralocal gene flow, and a small distinction between interior and coastal samples. The inclusion of the historic data dramatically increased variability levels (FST = 0.019). The analysis of extralocal gene flow indicates that the late mission period experienced significantly less external gene flow, which is consistent with historic models that suggest the social organization of the Guale during this time period may have been significantly altered. Genetic distances also indicate a primary division between inland and coastal precontact samples and a maintenance of biological populations along the coast. In other words, the coastal, early historic, and late historic period samples are phenotypically homogenous, supporting the notion that the mission populations were drawn from the local population base. The late mission period sample was also, however, more closely related to the interior samples. This may suggest that the late mission period population was an aggregate sample composed of both remnant interior and coastal population groups. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is cribra orbitalia synonymous with anemia? Analysis and interpretation of cranial pathology in Sudan
Authors: Wapler Ulrike , Crubézy Eric , Schultz Michael 
Published: March 2004

AbstractCribra orbitalia is a porotic or sieve‐like lesion in the bony orbital roof. Its cause has been the object of research and discussion since the end of the 19th century. Since about 1960, most scientists have started to agree on the hypothesis that the lesion is a result of hypertrophy of the red bone marrow, and therefore is proof of anemia. However, recent investigations showed that in some cases, the histologic bone structure does not support the diagnosis of anemia. The status of cribra orbitalia as an indicator then becomes uncertain. We carried out a histologic examination of thin‐ground sections in polarized light to clarify the possible sources of orbital roof lesions in a Nubian population from Missiminia, northern Sudan (n = 333). In at least 56.5% of cribra orbitalia cases, there were no histologic features indicating changes due to anemia. Signs of other pathological conditions, such as inflammation or osteoporosis, as well as pseudopathological cases, were found. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic analysis and ethnic affinities from two Scytho‐Siberian skeletons
Authors: Ricaut François‐Xavier , Keyser‐Tracqui Christine , Cammaert Laurence , Crubézy Eric , Ludes Bertrand 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe extracted DNA from two skeletons belonging to the Sytho‐Siberian population, which were excavated from the Sebÿstei site (dating back 2,500 years) in the Altai Republic (Central Asia). Ancient DNA was analyzed by autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) and by the sequencing of the hypervariable region 1 (HV1) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region. The results showed that these two skeletons were not close relatives. Moreover, their haplogroups were characteristic of Asian populations. Comparison with the haplogroup of 3,523 Asian and American individuals linked one skeleton with a putative ancestral paleo‐Asiatic population and the other with Chinese populations. It appears that the genetic study of ancient populations of Central Asia brings important elements to the understanding of human population movements in Asia. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Illness, injury, and disability among Shiwiar forager‐horticulturalists: Implications of health‐risk buffering for the evolution of human life history
Authors: Sugiyama Lawrence S. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractHuman life history is distinguished by long lifespan, delayed reproduction, intergenerational asymmetric benefit transfers from adults to juveniles and between adults, and a large brain able to engage in unprecedented levels of learning, reasoning, and insight. The evolution of these traits depends on relatively low human mortality. Understanding why humans have low mortality is therefore critical for understanding the evolution of key human traits. One explanation is that the evolution of food provisioning during periods of health crisis reduced mortality. This hypothesis turns on health risk having posed a significant adaptive problem that could be effectively buffered by healthcare provisioning. Unfortunately, the frequency, duration, and fitness effects of temporary disability are difficult to estimate based on osteological evidence alone, and systematic ethno‐biological research on these issues among extant small‐scale societies with little access to Western medical care is lacking. Here I present data on 678 injuries and illnesses suffered by 40 Shiwiar forager‐horticulturalists, based on physical evidence and informant reports. A subsample of 17 individuals provided data on incidence and duration of disability for 215 pathological incidents. Results indicate that injury and illness occur frequently across the lifespan. Most living individuals have suffered temporarily disabling health crises likely to have been lethal without provisioning. The fitness effects of surviving these episodes are high, suggesting that the Shiwiar population structure and lifeway are dependent on infrequent extended provisioning to temporarily disabled individuals, and that provisioning of aid during healthcare crises effectively lowers mortality in this small‐scale society. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early population differentiation in extinct aborigines from Tierra del Fuego‐Patagonia: Ancient mtDNA sequences and Y‐Chromosome STR characterization
Authors: García‐Bour Jaume , Pérez‐Pérez Alejandro , Álvarez Sara , Fernández Eva , López‐Parra Ana María , Arroyo‐Pardo Eduardo , Turbón Daniel 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAncient mtDNA was succesfully recovered from 24 skeletal samples of a total of 60 ancient individuals from Patagonia‐Tierra del Fuego, dated to 100–400 years BP, for which consistent amplifications and two‐strand sequences were obtained. Y‐chromosome STRs (DYS434, DYS437, DYS439, DYS393, DYS391, DYS390, DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II, and DYS388) and the biallelic system DYS199 were also amplified, Y‐STR alleles could be characterized in nine cases, with an average of 4.1 loci per sample correctly typed. In two samples of the same ethnic group (Aonikenk), an identical and complete eight‐loci haplotype was recovered. The DYS199 biallelic system was used as a control of contamination by modern DNA and, along with DYS19, as a marker of American origin. The analysis of both mtDNA and Y‐STRs revealed DNA from Amerindian ancestry. The observed polymorphisms are consistent with the hypothesis that the ancient Fuegians are close to populations from south‐central Chile and Argentina, but their high nucleotide diversity and the frequency of single lineages strongly support early genetic differentiation of the Fuegians through combined processes of population bottleneck, isolation, and/or migration, followed by strong genetic drift. This suggests an early genetic diversification of the Fuegians right after their arrival at the southernmost extreme of South America. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Offene Metallcarboxylat‐Architekturen
Authors: Rao C. N. R. , Natarajan Srinivasan , Vaidhyanathan R. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAlumosilicate und Metallphosphate sind die wichtigsten Beispiele für anorganische Materialien mit offenen Gerüsten. In den letzten Jahren stieß zu dieser Gruppe die Familie der Metallcarboxylate, zu der nicht nur Mono‐ und Dicarboxylate von Übergangs‐, Seltenerd‐ und Hauptgruppenmetallen, sondern auch eine Vielzahl von Hybridstrukturen zählen. Einige Carboxylate weisen neuartige magnetische Eigenschaften und Adsorptionseigenschaften auf. Mithilfe von Dicarboxylaten und verwandten Verbindungen kann man effektiv neue poröse Hybridstrukturen erhalten. In einigen dieser Strukturen verbrücken die Dicarboxylateinheiten zwei anorganische Einheiten. Bemerkenswert sind auch die neuen Hybridnanokomposite, in denen Gitter aus Cadmiumoxalat als Wirte für aufgeweitete Alkalimetallhalogenidstrukturen dienen. In diesem Aufsatz beschreiben wir die Synthesen, Strukturen und Eigenschaften von Metallcarboxylaten mit verschiedenartigen offenen Gerüsten.
Metal Carboxylates with Open Architectures
Authors: Rao C. N. R. , Natarajan Srinivasan , Vaidhyanathan R. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe field of inorganic open‐framework materials is dominated by aluminosilicates and phosphates. The metal carboxylates have emerged as an important family in the last few years. This family includes not only mono‐ and dicarboxylates of transition, rare‐earth, and main‐group metals, but also a variety of hybrid structures. Some of the carboxylates possess novel adsorption and magnetic properties. Dicarboxylates and related species provide an effective means of designing novel hybrid structures with porous and other properties. In some of these structures, the dicarboxylate acts as a linker between two inorganic units. Hybrid nanocomposites are also of particular note, for example, cadmium oxalate host lattices that can accommodate extended alkali‐metal halide structures. This Review discusses the synthesis, structure, and properties of various types of open‐framework metal carboxylates.
Dissemination of information on legislative mandates and consensus‐based programs addressing payment of the costs of routine care in clinical trials through the World Wide Web
Authors: Kelahan Andrew M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDLegislative and consensus‐based programs that ensure payment for routine care costs in a trial have been enacted by a number of states and government‐sponsored health benefits programs. To eliminate the potential for denial of payment by a health plan that can act as a barrier to participation, the public must be aware that these programs exist and what they entail.METHODSWorld Wide Web sites are utilized by patients and their surrogates as a prime source of healthcare‐related information. A review of cancer research organization and advocate group web sites was performed to document the degree to which these sites provided information on clinical trial coverage programs. The objective was to determine whether patients were being given sufficient information to overcome barriers to participation related to the existence of clinical trials, their potential benefits, and health plan payment.RESULTSFewer than 5% of the 373 sites reviewed provided sufficient information to communicate to a patient that 1) the institution participates in sponsored cancer clinical research, 2) patients can derive direct benefits by participating in a clinical trial, and 3) payment for treatment in a clinical trial is largely provided by their health plan.CONCLUSIONSSites on the World Wide Web are a key source of healthcare‐related information for patients and their surrogates. Organizations involved in clinical cancer research should examine their web sites to ensure that the content it contains is sufficiently detailed, accessible, and readable to inform potential participants fully of the clinical trial options. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
The impact of testicular carcinoma and its treatment on sperm DNA integrity
Authors: Ståhl Olof , Eberhard Jakob , Jepson Katarina , Spano Marcello , Cwikiel Magdalena , Cavallin‐Ståhl Eva , Giwercman Aleksander 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn patients with testicular germ cell carcinoma (TGCC), spermatogenesis and fertility are impaired. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection has improved their possibility of fatherhood, but might also impose a risk of transmitting DNA defects to the offspring. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of chemotherapy and irradiation on sperm DNA integrity.METHODSThe study included 74 patients with TGCC. Semen samples were collected before and at specific time points after patients received therapy. Sperm DNA integrity was assessed by the sperm chromatin structure assay. Controls comprised 278 military conscripts.RESULTSThere was no significant difference in the fraction of sperm with fragmented DNA (DNA fragmentation index [DFI]) between controls and patients with TGCC before postoperative cancer treatment (11% vs. 13%). Men treated with adjuvant radiotherapy had a transiently (up to 2 years) higher DFI than nontreated patients (18% vs. 13%; P = 0.03). Patients who received 1–2 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy had a significantly lower DFI 6 months after treatment than after 1–2 years (9.1% vs. 13%; P = 0.004). Higher doses of chemotherapy among patients resulted in a significantly lower DFI compared with controls (7.3% vs. 11%; P = 0.028), which persisted throughout the 5 years of follow‐up.CONCLUSIONSPostorchiectomy, the DFI in sperm samples from patients with testicular carcinoma was at the level of controls. Radiotherapy caused a transient increase in the proportion of DFI, whereas this value decreased after chemotherapy. The biologic implications of such changes in sperm DNA after cancer therapy need to be elucidated. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Is concurrent chemoradiation the treatment of choice for all patients with Stage III or IV head and neck carcinoma?
Authors: Garden Adam S. , Asper Joshua A. , Morrison William H. , Schechter Naomi R. , Glisson Bonnie S. , Kies Merrill S. , Myers Jeffrey N. , Kian Ang K. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDMany patients with small primary tumors of the oropharynx have AJCC Stage III/IV disease on the basis of lymphadenopathy. In the current retrospective study, the authors hypothesized that these patients have high rates of locoregional control when treated with radiotherapy, either alone or combined with neck surgery, and may not require concurrent chemotherapy.METHODSTwo hundred ninety‐nine patients met staging and inclusion criteria. Stage distribution was as follows: T1, 99 patients (33%); T2, 182 patients (61%); Tx, 18 patients (6%); N1, 74 patients (25%); N2, 170 patients (57%); N3, 39 patients (13%); and Nx, 16 patients (5%). Primary tumor resection or tonsillectomy had been performed in 36 patients (12%) and excisional lymph node biopsy or formal neck dissection in 192 patients (64%). Thirty‐three additional patients (10%) received chemotherapy and were analyzed separately.RESULTSThe median follow‐up was 82 months (range, 8–299 months). The actuarial 5‐year rates of locoregional failure, distant metastases, and overall survival were 15%, 19%, and 64%, respectively. T status was associated with the 5‐year rate of locoregional control: 95% for patients with T1‐/Tx disease, compared with 79% for patients with T2 disease (P < 0.01). The 5‐year rate of distant metastases for patients with N1/2a disease was 11%, compared with 28% for patients with N2b/N2c/N3 disease (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSPatients with early–T status oropharyngeal carcinoma, which is considered advanced due to the presence of lymphadenopathy, have high rates of locoregional control when treated with radiotherapy without or with neck surgery. Local treatment intensification by the addition of concurrent chemotherapy to radiotherapy would not significantly benefit most of these patients. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.