bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intervention studies
Authors: Thomas Duncan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1970, the U.S. Congress enacted the Clean Air Act, empowering the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to set standards for certain categories of “criteria” air pollutants. The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment further required EPA to report periodically to Congress on the costs and benefits of this program. The first such report was published in 1997 and provided a retrospective assessment of the program from 1970 to 1990 (EPA 1997). In 1999, EPA published its second report (EPA 1999), a prospective assessment of projected costs and benefits from 1990 to 2010. Although in that report it announced its intent to provide updates every two years, this does not seem to have happened; to date, only an “analytical blueprint” for future reports has been made publicly available Nevertheless, the 1999 report provides arguably the most cogent case in support of the past and projected future accomplishments of the Clean Air Act. Table 14.1 summarizes the key findings of the report, showing a four-fold ratio of benefits to costs. Setting aside for the moment the controversial issue of the monetary valuation of health benefits, it is clear that the dominant benefit assessed by the EPA is for mortality, based on an estimate of 23,000 avoided cases over age 30 per year (95% CI 14,000–32,000). (This calculation does not take into account the amount of life shortening, however, a point we will return to later.) Congress subsequently directed the EPA to commission a report by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS 2002), which criticized many details about the EPA’s approach, but endorsed their main conclusions.
Risk assessment
Authors: Thomas Duncan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Environmental epidemiology forms one the most important pillars for setting environmental regulations. Policy makers distinguish two types of activities, risk assessment and risk management. Risk assessment refers to the scientific activity of combining evidence from all relevant sources to assess the likely health consequences of various possible regulatory strategies and the uncertainty about these predictions. Risk management combines this scientific advice with consideration of economic, legal, political, and other considerations to arrive at policy recommendations.
Responsive Regulation and Developing Economies1
Authors: Braithwaite John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Responsive regulation is an approach designed in developed economies.2 Most of the critiques of it are also framed within the context of developed economies.3 This chapter explores the potential of responsive regulation in the context of weak states and struggling civil societies. It addresses the limitations of responsive regulation as a strategy in developing economies and poses some solutions to those limitations. First, it is argued that developing countries mostly have less regulatory capacity than developed ones. Yet herein also lies some of the potential of responsive regulation for developing countries as a strategy that mobilizes cheaper forms of social control than state command and control.
Dream
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The Song of the Happy Shepherd’, placed as his first lyric from Yeats’s earliest canonical collection Poems (1895), asserts the visionary truth of dreaming. The shepherd/poet here strikes a characteristic Romantic attitude in rejecting the empiricist verities of Enlightenment science: there is no truth Saving in thine own heart. Seek, then, No learning from the starry men, Who follow with the optic glass.
Place Names
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This was also the form in which they appeared also a year later in The Second Book of the Rhymers’ Club. But when the poem was collected in The Wind among the Reeds, the reeds from which O’Driscoll disturbs the duck and drake were those ‘Of the drear Hart Lake’. From ‘Heart’ to ‘Hart’ is not a very significant change, one might well imagine.
Homes Sweet Homes: A Biographical Tour of Wallace’s Many Places of Residence*
Authors: Beccaloni George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alfred Russel Wallace lived in a great many houses during his long life, and even in his later years he moved house frequently, always choosing properties with pleasant views over the surrounding countryside (Richard Russel Wallace, pers. commun. 2006). In this chapter I discuss the houses he lived in for more than a few weeks, plus all the buildings he is known to have designed, even if he never occupied them. I will concentrate on his houses in Britain because of the difficulty of documenting the dozens of usually ephemeral dwellings he occupied during his travels in South America, South East Asia, and elsewhere.
The “Finest Butterfly in the World?”: Wallace and His Literary Legacy
Authors: Raby Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wallace offered a characteristically self-critical report of his own literary powers in his autobiography, My Life (S729 1908), noting that he had a serious defect in verbal memory, which, together with his “imperfect school training” and his “shyness and want of confidence,” put him at a great disadvantage as a public speaker. “I can rarely find the right word or expression to enforce and illustrate my argument, and constantly feel the same difficulty in private conversation.”
Wallace, Women, and Eugenics
Authors: Paul Diane B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Millgate Monthly interview, conducted the year before Wallace’s death, the interviewer expressed surprise at the intensity of his subject’s anti-eugenic feeling. Wallace explained that he was sensitive on the point, having recently been de- scribed in a scientific publication as an enthusiast for eugenics. Scornfully insisting that nothing could be further from the truth, he asserted: “Not a reference to any of my writings; not a word is quoted in justification of this scientific libel.
Out of “the Limbo of ‘Unpractical Politics’ “: The Origins and Essence of Wallace’s Advocacy of Land Nationalization
Authors: Stack David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the winter of 1839–40 Wallace and his brother William were surveying in Kington and Radnorshire. When their work at Llanbister was complete they travelled ten miles south to undertake a task that, according to his 1905 autobiography My Life (S729), was new to Wallace: “the making of a survey and plans for the enclosure of common lands.” He was later to describe enclosure as “a legalised robbery of the poor for the aggrandisement of the rich,” but in 1840 Wallace thought nothing of the “simple robbery” he was helping to perpetrate on the tenants, leaseholders, and scattered cottagers of Llandrindod Wells.
Introduction
Authors: Clark Gordon L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tms book is an exercise in political economy and economic geography. It is about the structure and organization of pension fund capitalism focusing upon the institutional framework of the investment process. I explain the growing significance of pension funds in relation to the limited fiscal powers of government, the changing balance of power between banks and new non-banking financial institutions, and the financial services industry. All this is set within the astonishing growth of Anglo-American pension fund assets over the past thirty years (Langbein 1995).1 Not surprisingly, the project involves analysis of com petition and innovation in the investment management industry as well as analysis of the nature and mediation of agency relationships within the industry, and between the institutions of pension fund capitalism.
Four Models of Financial Intermediation
Authors: Clark Gordon L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Compared to most governments’ social security programmes, pension schemes are normally funded as an individual’s benefit entitlement grows with their paid income and length of service. Thus, as the baby boom generation has moved through the workforce, as more workers have become entitled to participate in pension schemes, and as benefit levels have increased in proportion to paid wages, pension funds have grown astronomically, in terms of their total funds and their significance with respect to other sources of savings and investments.
Provision of Urban Infrastructure
Authors: Clark Gordon L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding the role that private financial institutions may play in mobilizing pension fund investment in urban infrastructure is an essential theoretical and practical task. In doing so, this chapter is part of a growing interest in urban studies in the structure and performance of financial institutions (see Pryke 1994, and Pryke and Lee 1995), and has relevance for those studying the connection between money and the built environment (Harvey 1989). Here we are particularly interested in the design and management of financial intermediaries, an aspect of the investment process which has received less attention in the urban literature (but see Baxter 1994).
Common Patterns
Authors: Glennerster Howard , Hills John , Travers Tony , Hendry Ross 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Earlier chapters have examined the development of funding mechanisms, the ways in which they currently operate in England, and views about these mechanisms among both policy elites and those implementing services at the local level. One of the main reasons for undertaking this study was the development in recent years within health, education, and housing of two tiers of formula-based allocations from central government to an intermediary body and then from the intermediary body to the local level. In the past, there had only been a single formula for health and education, allocating money from the centre to local/health authorities.
A New Approach to Local Development Analysis
Authors: Moulaert Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the main problems in evaluating the impact of globalization on the action space of local development strategies and policies is the choice of an appropriate methodological framework. Such a framework should respond to a number of criteria guaranteeing both analytical relevance and an easy transition to the formulation oflocal development policies and strategies. In this chapter, we deliberately choose regulation theory as the privileged analytical structure through which to organize the analysis of local dynamics. In Chapter 2, we presented regulation theory as a tool to analyse the crisis of Fordism and the rise of post-Fordism, and to reveal the relativity of the glob alization thesis.
Integrated Area Development and Social Innovation
Authors: Moulaert Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Relative and absolute poverty are increasing considerably. This is the result of a lack of social aid for unemployed labour, the exclusion of the long-term unemployed from social compensations, the depreciation of the status of the unemployed to that of ‘poor’ (a transition from the social security sector of unemployment to the welfare sector), and the shrinkage in the lowest wages that has led to a growth in the number of the ‘working poor’. Moreover, ‘liber ated’ economic mechanisms have generated an unacceptable distortion between the purchasing power of disfavoured groups of the population on the one hand, and the cost of housing and the use values of the information society (information networks and technology, quality education and culture, etc.) on the other.
Experiences in Integrated Area Development
Authors: Moulaert Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines first the mechanisms of social exclusion and socio economic disintegration in six specific cities (Antwerp, Hamburg, Rostock, Charleroi, Bilbao, and Girona) and their selected neighbourhoods. Second, the strategies in these cities for local redevelopment and social reintegration, from the perspective of the Integrated Area Development model, are scrutinized. Third, the chapter offers a brief evaluation of the governance dynamics in each of these localities, especially with respect to their relationship to alternative development strategies.
Approaching the Data
Authors: Tanenbaum Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this final chapter we move to a discussion of the material contained in the CD-ROM and demonstrate some of the ways in which this may be utilized and extended. The CD-ROM contains the data described in the earlier chapters of this book, organized to ease the execution of further analyses suggested in those chapters. This chapter begins by describing that organization. It continues with suggestions about how the data could be used to answer questions about party policy positions within and among the 24 OECD countries (and Israel) discussed in the text. It concludes with suggested procedures for incorporating new party manifestos in the MRG context.
The Context of Cultivation: Social and Economic Organization and the General Nature of Cropping
Authors: Whitmore Thomas M , II B L Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cultivation practices of pre-Hispanic Middle America, like those for any other time and place, were etched into nature. Yet, these were not simple reflections of the opportunities and constraints afforded by the natural land scape (Chapter 1 ). They emerged from the complex interactions among nature, the material culture, social organization, as well as etchings from the previous cultivation. A thorough unfolding of this complexity lies beyond our expertise and the purpose of this work. Nevertheless, an overview of these conditions and contexts is provided here to enhance the understanding of the character and distribution of the cultivation practices that follow in subsequent chapters.
A Dictionary of Legal Theory
Authors: Bix Brian H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern legal theory contains a wide range of approaches and topics: from economic analysis of law to feminist legal theory to traditional analytical legal philosophy to a range of theories about justice. This healthy variety of jurisprudential work has created a problem: students and theorists working in one tradition may have difficulty understanding the concepts and terminology of a different tradition. This book works to make terminology and ways of thinking accessible. This dictionary covers topics from 'the autonomy of law' to the 'will theory of rights', from 'autopoiesis' to 'wealth maximization', and from 'John Austin' to 'Ludwig Wittgenstein'. The most important concepts and ideas are presented in a simple dictionary format. There are also many longer entries, where the initial definition gives an accessible explanation, but the entry goes on to give more detailed information about the history of an idea and the debates currently surrounding it.
F
Authors: Bix Brian H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
fairness A basic term within morality, indicating morally appropriate treatment, though what is required for treatment to be fair, and what deviates from that requirement, is pervasively controversial. Within legal theory, fairness is sometimes put forward as the key concept for understanding justice, as in John Rawls ’s (1921-2002) theory of justice. Rawls ’s theory, which he sometimes labelled as ‘justice as fairness ‘, analysed justice in terms of which principles hypothetical bargainers, ignorant of their place in society or their values, would choose for organizing society.
G
Authors: Bix Brian H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gadamer, Hans-Georg German philosopher (1900-2002) whose most important work, Truth and Method (1960), contributed to modern hermeneutic theory. In particular, Gadamer argued that the interpret¬ation of texts is done in a context in which both the authors and the readers are affected by the culture in which they are situated. According to Gadamer, we are all historically conditioned, and interpretation involves an effort to find a ‘fusion of horizons ’ between the two different perspectives. Like other writers within the hermeneutic tradition, Gadamer has been cited and discussed by some theorists working on legal interpretation, but it has never been obvious how to translate Gadamer ’s abstract observations directly into useful prescriptions or insights for the interpretation of legal texts.
L
Authors: Bix Brian H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
law and economics The application to various legal questions of the forms of analysis found in economics-‘economics ‘ here understood broadly as including neo-classical economics, public choice theory, and game theory. Economic analysis can be used to predict what effects legal rules will have, to argue for legal reform in favour of more economically ‘efficient ’ rules, and to predict how legal rules will change in the future. Economic analysis has also been used as an explanation of existing rules, describing in economic terms why these rules were chosen (or have developed) rather than alternative rules.
N
Authors: Bix Brian H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
narrative scholarship An approach to legal scholarship that diverges sharply from traditional case and doctrinal analysis, to tell stories. Sometimes these are autobiographical stories exploring the author ’s own experiences; sometimes stories of other people ’s experiences; and sometimes fictional stories or fables with no claims to historical truth, but with ambitions to reveal some deeper truth. Narrative scholarship is most frequent within, and associated with, critical race theory, though it has also been common within feminist legal theory, and used by scholars of a wide variety of other perspectives.
Vaccination: The United States Campaigns
Authors: Smallman-Raynor M R , Cliff A D , Trevelyan B , Nettleton C , Sneddon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost half a century after the first major epidemic of poliomyelitis in the United States (Sect. 5.3), the development and mass administration of poliovirus vaccines served to curb disease activity. As Figure 10.1 indicates, the licensing of Salk’s inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in the United States in April 1955 was accompanied by a dramatic reduction in disease incidence. But it was the introduction and mass administration of Sabin’s live attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in the early 1960s that finally broke the chain of wild poliovirus transmission. Following a large-scale trial of OPV in Cincinnati in 1960, with further testing and licensing of the vaccine in 1961, the first mass vaccination programmes with monovalent OPV were implemented in the counties of Maricopa and Pima, Arizona, in January 1962 (Johns et al., 1963).
The Translator
Authors: Ellis Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present chapter considers, in some detail, the activity of major figures whose work spans the whole time scale of this volume, from the late ninth century to the end of the fifteenth: King Alfred (late ninth century); Robert Grosseteste (mid-thirteenth); Geoffrey Chaucer and William Langland (late fourteenth); and William Caxton (late fifteenth). Their work, snapshots from a history of almost 1,000 years of translation, represents, in little, the great achievements of translation throughout the Middle Ages.
Principles and Norms of Translation
Authors: France Peter , Haynes Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How should we distinguish between a ‘norm’ and a ‘principle’? One view might be that norms tend to inhere in and define societies while principles belong to individuals. From this angle, Edward FitzGerald can be described as sensing a disparity between his principle and the norm when, thinking of publishing a version of Calderón in 1853, he worried that ‘my Translation would be so free as to be rather a dangerous Experiment’ (FitzGerald 1980: II, 53; on FitzGerald’s Calderón see further p. 270, below). The norm he both feared and hoped to threaten (‘dangerous’ cuts both ways) was widely evident around him. Prominent journals such as Fraser’s Magazine and the Edinburgh Review habitually prized ‘fidelity’ and ‘accuracy’ in the many translations they discussed.
The Translator
Authors: France Peter , Haynes Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the careers of the men and women who made the translations, their social situation and motivation, the part translation played in their lives. They are presented in five groups: the professionals, for whom translation offered a way of earning at least a partial living; the amateurs and enthusiasts, for whom it was above all a pastime or a passion; the major literary figures, for whom it was only a part of their writing activity; the academics, whose translations were an extension and an application of their scholarly work; and finally the women, for whom translation might present particular possibilities.
Texts for Music and Oral Literature
Authors: France Peter , Haynes Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nineteenth century is a high point in the translation of hymns into English. The principal examples were from Latin and from German, although Greek hymns were not far behind, and there were some translations from Danish and other languages. The activity was remarkable: Julian’s Dictionary of Hymnology lists 133 translations of the ‘Dies Irae’, 38 of ‘Adeste fideles’, 37 of ‘Vexilla regis prodeunt’, and 34 of ‘Veni sancte Spiritus’, together with 68 of ‘Ein’ feste Burg ist unser Gott’.
Introduction
Authors: Luckhurst Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has three aims. The first is to provide an account of the origin and early career of the concept of telepathy, coined in 1882 by the poet, classicist, amateur psychologist, and schools inspector Frederic Myers. What telepathy names—that is, forms of occult relation or communication between people at distance—is an ancient belief, common to many cultures. The reasons for why, when, and where this relation was conceptualized as telepathy, an oxymoronic distant (tele-) intimacy or touch (pathos), are located in the overlapping contexts of late Victorian culture. This will mean exploring the fields of science and technology, the explosion of mass print culture, the experimental laboratory and the music hall, the drawing room and the colonial frontier, the lowly pleasures of the Gothic and the high cultures of Modernism.
Terrains of Emergence, 1870-1882
Authors: Luckhurst Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The experience of modernity has been aptly Conjured up by Marshall Berman in Marx’s evocative phrase ‘all that is solid melts into air’. The uprooting of traditions, the instabilities of capitalism, and the reorganization of space and time in Western societies have been portrayed as simultaneously exhilarating and traumatic: as intrinsically ambivalent. Traditional institutions lose authority, but new bureaucracies of the state routinize experience. Mobility holds promise, but can also mean displacement and exile. Intellectual and affective liberation can transform social relations, hut can also be experienced as alienation and loss.
Telepathic Doxai: Knowledge and Belief at the Imperial Margin
Authors: Luckhurst Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Telepathy was coined as a strategy to protect a terrain of scientific legitimacy. Stead’s enthusiasms blurred any division of psychical research from a general flowering of the occult, whilst lambasting the Society for its donnish snobbery and tactics of exclusion. Yet Stead was not someone who ‘distorted’ a pure body of knowledge through popularization, for the discourse of psychical research always incorporated the voices of its lay constituencies. Most histories of psychical research focus on the experimental tests in Dean’s Yard and the subsequent theoretical elaboration of psychical concepts by the elite figures of the Society, rather than its broad membership.