bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Game Theoretic Models
Authors: Roff Derek A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus far, frequency-dependent interactions have been assumed not to be present, although they are undoubtedly important in nature (Clarke 1969, 1979; Endler 1986, 1988; Sherratt and Harvey 1993; Sinervo and Calsbeek 2006; Bond 2007). Putative examples of traits under frequency-dependent selection in natural populations are resource polymorphisms (Smith and Skulason 1996), mating polymorphisms (Sinervo and Lively 1996), color polymorphisms (Bond 2007), plant defenses (NÙñez-Farfa´n et al. 2007), and blood group antigen genes (Fumagalli et al. 2009). Analysis of models involving frequency-dependence is the domain of game theory. In a general sense, game theory is concerned with interactions between individuals: The basic scenario is one in which two individuals, called the players, meet and interact and either suffer a loss in fitness or an increase in fitness, called in either case the payoff. The important element of game theory is the Payoff matrix, which designates the increase or decrease in fitness to each player. Analysis consists in locating the Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS), which, as previously noted, is defined as that strategy (or phenotype) which if adopted by all members of a population cannot be invaded by a mutant strategy (or phenotype) (Maynard Smith 1982). In general, game theoretic models are frequency-dependent but this is not an essential element of such models. Kokko (2007) gives an example of a frequency-independent model that involves the optimal growth rate of two neighboring trees. This case is considered in detail in Scenario 1. Here I shall examine the general elements of the analysis.
Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Edwards R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An immunoassay is undoubtedly the method of choice for the routine measurement of a peptide hormone. It has a potential for specificity and sensitivity. There are two basic types of immunoassay classified on the basis of relative reagent concentration (1). Immunoassay—antibody used at low or ‘limited’ concentration with a labelled antigen.
The molecular biology of polypeptide hormone expression and biosynthesis
Authors: Boam D S W , Clark A R , Shennan K I J , Docherty K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The techniques of molecular biology have made an important impact on our understanding of the regulation of polypeptide hormone expression and biosynthesis. Molecular cloning and sequencing of cDNAs encoding peptide hormones demonstrated that most are synthesized as larger precursors which undergo post-translational proteolysis to liberate the mature peptide. These precursors in many cases were shown to contain sequences for several peptide hormones or in some cases multiple copies of the same hormone. Different products could then be generated in different tissues. cDNAs have also served as probes for determining the site of hormone biosynthesis, and for studying the regulation of hormone gene expression.
The insulin receptor tyrosine kinase
Authors: White Morris F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Insulin controls metabolism and growth by modulating the activity of cellular enzymes and transport systems. The molecular events are initiated by insulin binding to the α-subunit of the insulin receptor, which stimulates tyrosyl autophosphorylation and activates a tyrosyl specific phosphotransferase in the β-subunit of the receptor (1). Thus, signal transduction may involve tyrosyl phosphorylation of cellular substrates by the activated insulin receptor kinase (2). Several putative substrates have been identified in the intact cell (3—6), including a protein which we call pp185 that is immunoprecipitated from insulin-sensitive cells with antiphosphotyrosine antibodies (7—9).
In situ hybridization and the three-dimensional reconstrt1ction of serial sections
Authors: Wilkinson David G , Green John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The advent of molecular biology has led to the identification of many genes with potential roles in the development of the mammalian embryo. These include homologues of Drosophila developmental genes; Multigene families of growth factors, receptors, kinases, and transcription factors; proto-oncogenes; and genes mapping to spontaneous or induced mutations. An important first step in the characterization of these genes is analysis of their pattern of developmental expression, particularly since this can yield clues as to their function. There are two major approaches used to determine sites of gene expression: the detection of protein by immunocytochemistry (see Chapter 7), and the detection of RNA by in situ hybridization. In situ hybridization takes advantage of the specific annealing that occurs between singlestranded nucleic acids of complementary sequence. The presence of a specific mRNA (designated by convention as sense-strand RNA) is revealed by using a labelled antisense probe of complementary sequence to hybridize a fixed tissue section. A major advantage of the in situ hybridization technique is the relative ease and speed with which specific probes can be produced from genomic or cDNA clones, or by the synthesis of oligonucleotides. However, determination of the sites of protein accumulation is also necessary in the longer term, in part because of the possibility that translational control occurs, and also since knowledge of the cellular location of the protein is important for further analysis of its developmental role.
Teratogen testing
Authors: Steele Christopher E , Copping Graham P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapters 1 to 10 of this book deal primarily with normal postimplantation development. In this chapter (see also Chapters 12 and 15) we consider the problem of abnormal embryogenesis. In humans, 65-70% of malformations are without known cause, approximately 20% result from genetic transmission, 3-5% from chromosomal aberrations, 4-6% from various extrinsic factors, and 3--4% from exposure to drugs and other chemicals (1). The substances responsible for the defects in this last category are known as teratogens and, although they are implicated in only a small proportion of the total malformations in humans, they are the most amenable to control. It is the identification and investigation of these substances that form the subject of this chapter.
Bacteria
Authors: Daniels Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of the most serious diseases of crops are caused by bacteria. Although bacterial diseases can be found in all parts of the world, they are particularly important in tropical and subtropical countries where warm, humid conditions are ideal for bacterial growth. The pioneering work of Smith (1) nearly a century ago laid the foundations for our knowledge of plant pathogenic bacteria although these organisms have been somewhat neglected by plant pathologists until recently. With the emergence of ‘molecular plant pathology’, there has been an upsurge of interest in the major groups of plant pathogenic bacteria which represent excellent systems for detailed study.
Diffusion-limited growth
Authors: Wimpenny Julian W T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Molecular diffusion is a fundamental process of solute movement essential to all living organisms. Nevertheless, on a macroscopic level it is also a slow process. To produce fast predictable growth in laboratory fermentors, molecular diffusion is speeded up manyfold by incorporating eddy diffusion generated by agitators. In nature, the limitations of molecular diffusion are overcome for many systems in a similar fashion: in water bodies by convective, gravitational, and rotationally induced currents, by wave action and by the motion of living organisms themselves. In soils and sediments, percolation, the motion of gases and the activity of fauna and flora all assist molecular diffusion. Having said this, natural microbial ecosystems are quite unlike the simplified models used in most microbiological laboratories. Spatial heterogeneity and the general paucity of nutrients mean that molecular diffusion is the dominant transport process in a wide range of habitats. Examples of these include stratified water bodies, sediment ecosystems, the soil, and biofilm that forms on almost all surfaces exposed to appropriate levels of water and nutrients. These ecosystems have been reviewed in detail (Wimpenny, 1981; Wimpenny, 1989).
Protein Engineering of Antibody Combining Sites
Authors: Hilyard Kate L , Staunton David , Jones, Alison E , Rees Anthony R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction The immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecule consists of a tetramer of two identical 25 kDa polypeptides (the light chain, L) and two identical 50 kDa polypeptides (the heavy chain, H). Crystal structures of IgG and IgG fragments have shown the antibody combining site (ACS) to be formed by the juxtaposition of six hypervariable loops or complementarity determining regions (CDRs), three from the light chain variable domain and three from the heavy chain variable domain. The CDRs of each chain are supported on a framework region which consists of conserved 13-strands that fold to form a β-sandwich. When a light and heavy chain come together, one surface of each sandwich associates to form a β-barrel structure (Figure la, b). Supported on this β-barrel scaffold the six CDRs, pack together in the tertiary structure to form a relatively flat platform with a surface area of about 700 Å2 (1). This variable domain, which contains all the determinants of antigen recognition, is one of six domains in the lgG molecule, the remaining five being Constant or C-type domains. The relative positions of these domains in the characteristic Y-shaped IgG and their nomenclature are shown in Figure lc.
Expression of Proteins in Yeast
Authors: Kikuchi Masakazu , Ikehara Morio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction With the advent of recombinant DNA technology, it is now possible to express and produce many proteins in Escherichia coli (see Chapter 13). The coli expression system, however, has not always been found suitable for protein production, such as in the case of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (1, 2). Further, post-translational processing and modification differ in E.coli and mammalian cells. Although mammalian cells can secrete biologically active proteins directly into the culture medium, genetic manipulation and cultivation on a large scale are not easy.
Emerging strategies for the determination of human carcinogens: detection, identification, exposure monitoring, and risk evaluation
Authors: Wright S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now generally accepted that most chemical carcinogens and probably all chemicals that induce cancer, de novo, i.e. cancer initiators, operate via a genotoxic mechanism. DNA is regarded as the key (primary and critical) target of genotoxic carcinogens although many chemicals classified as genotoxic are in fact inactive precursors requiring metabolic conversion into reactive forms (electrophiles) in order to undergo chemical reactions with DNA. Primary products of these reactions are generally promutagenic (or lethal) and their occurrence leads to an increased risk of mutation and cancer. Among the reaction products, DNA adducts have been singled out for special attention not only because of their mutagenic propensity but also because of the sensitivity and specificity of the methods for their analysis. DNA adducts and generalized DNA damage can also arise indirectly, e.g. via the agency of reactive oxygen species formed as a consequence of chemical or radiation-induced perturbations in normal cellular metabolism.
Haemoglobin adduct formation by acrylonitrile in rats and mice
Authors: Fennell T R , Macneela J P , Turner M J , Swenberg J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acrylonitrile (AN) is widely used in the manufacture of acrylic fibres and plastics. It is carcinogenic in the rat following long-term exposure either by inhalation or by oral administration, producing tumours in the stomach, brain, and Zymbal’s gland. No other species has been tested in a chronic bioassay. Epidemiological studies have provided limited evidence for acrylonitrile carcinogenicity in humans.
A comparison of P-postlabelling, immunoassay, and scintillation counting for the quantitation of benzo [β] pyrene adducts in mouse skin
Authors: King M M , Schell, C , Garner R C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Initiation of chemical carcinogenesis is thought to involve covalent binding of chemical carcinogens or their reactive metabolites to DNA, forming DNA adducts. Evidence suggests that carcinogenic potency of a number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) correlates with their ability to form specific adducts. Thus the detection of such adducts could be useful as markers of biologically effective dose.
Postlabelling of the DNA binding products of anticancer agents dacarbazine and cisplatin
Authors: Mustonen Riitta , Hietanen Paivi , Hemminki Kari 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several anticancer agents exert cytotoxicity by binding to DNA as their principle mechanism of action. However, limited information is available on the structural products of anticancer agents with DNA and measurements in humans have been carried out for cis-platin adducts only.
The detection of new genetic defects in man
Authors: Rossiter Belinda J F , Caskey C Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A large number of genes involved in diseases are located on the X chromosome and many of the mutations at these loci are genetically lethal. It follows, therefore, that many of the mutations observed within these genes are new and constantly arising in the population.1 The continuous generation of new mutations provides a technical challenge for the efficient detection of a variety of genetic defects at these loci. Procedures using modern nucleic acid technology have been developed for the detection of such new and heterogeneous mutations, taking as examples Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD, dystrophin), Lesch-Nyhan syndrome [LN, hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) deficiency], and ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC) deficiency. Each of these genes presents a different challenge for the detection of new mutations within it.
Contribution of occupation, diet, and smoking to PAH-DNA adduct load in peripheral blood cells
Authors: Strickland P T , Liou S H , Poirier M C , Nguyen D , Tockman M S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are introduced into the environment of industrialized societies by a number of combustion processes. These include heat and power generation, coke production, open refuseburning and motor vehicle emissions. In addition to these general sources of PAH exposure, individuals can be exposed to PAHs through their occupation, diet, or smoking habits.
Lipoprotein separation and analysis for clinical studies
Authors: Mackness Michael I , Durrington Paul N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is fitting to open this volume by considering clinical investigation since much of the impetus for research into lipoproteins in recent years stems from their likely relevance to atherosclerotic vascular disease. A prime purpose of the lipoprotein system is to transport lipids, but its theme has undergone a variety of evolutionary variations in different animal species. It is becoming apparent that lipoproteins have wider biological significance than simply lipid transport and are involved in such diverse processes as immune reactions (1), coagulation (2), and tissue repair (3). At the same time it is realized that lipoprotein metabolism may follow very different pathways in different species and that observations made in animals are frequently inapplicable to man. There is thus very often no substitute for clinical studies in man. Lipoproteins were first observed by the medieval physicians when venesection was popular and the milky serum associated with diabetes mellitus, nephrotic syndrome, and overindulgence in alcohol was well described. However, the discovery that this appearance was due to circulating fat particles secreted by the gut into lymphatics after fat absorption was not made until 1771 by Hewson (4). There followed the finding that fat was also present in fasting serum (5), the discovery of cholesterol (6), and early descriptions of the various clinical syndromes associated with hyperlipidaemia (7).
Analysis of tissue lipoproteins
Authors: Pitas Robert E , Mahley Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes in detail procedures we have used to analyse the lipoproteins present in cerebrospinal fluid (1) and tissue extracts (2) and to detect apolipoproteins in tissues (2). These procedures include extraction of apolipoproteins and lipoproteins from tissue and their subsequent analysis, as well as the detection of apolipoproteins within tissues and cells by immunocytochemistry. The coverage is not meant to be all-inclusive but rather to describe techniques that are in routine use in our laboratory and that may be applied to other systems.
PCR of TG microsatellites
Authors: Litt Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is less than 10 years since the proposal was made to construct a genetic linkage map of man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) (1). Since that time more than 3000 RFLPs have been described (2) and linkage maps have been published for many human chromosomes. Using these tools, numerous Mendelian diseases of man have been genetically mapped and it is generally agreed that, in principle, any human Mendelian trait may now be localized. However, certain practical considerations limit the application of linkage mapping in man.
The characteristics and growth of cultured cells
Authors: Butler Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, mammalian cells have become the preferred cell type for the large-scale production of a range of commercially valuable compounds (biologicals). The technology developed to exploit animal cell production is closely associated with traditional microbial fermentation processes used for bacteria and fungi. The characteristics of animal cell cultures are, however, significantly different from such microbial cultures. In general, growth is slower, the cells are more fragile, and the nutrient requirements are more complex.
Serum and its fractionation
Authors: Macleod Alex J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Media for maintenance of animal cells in vitro are usually aqueous solutions of a number of chemically defined low-molecular-weight components such as amino acids, vitamins, and salts, to which it is normally necessary to add a protein supplement. Animal blood serum is a well established medium supplement being a multifunctional reagent satisfying both nutritional and environmental requirements of the cells.
Growth factors
Authors: Jenkins Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The proliferation of mammalian cells is not only governed by the availability of simple nutrients (as found in microbial cultures), but also by the actions of peptide growth factors found in serum. These factors bind to specific receptors on the cell surface which stimulate the cell into a new round of mitosis. The importance of such events (often mediated via protein kinases) is underlined by the fact that many oncogenes in cancer cells are related to growth factors or their receptors. Several growth factors also play a role in controlling cell differentiation or in the uptake of essential nutrients.
Downstream processing: protein recover y
Authors: Lyddiatt Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biochemical recovery (or downstream processing to adopt the popular sobriquet) encompasses those operations necessary to isolate and purify target product molecules from source feedstocks to specifications defined by applications. In respect of studies of cell physiology and metabolism, mammalian cell culture can be an end in itself, but the majority of technologies introduced in this volume have been developed with molecular productivity in mind. Current and near-future capabilities for native and recombinant protein production in animal cell systems have been reviewed elsewhere (1, 2). Such products will ultimately be representative of the broadest classification of protein molecules including monomeric and multimeric associations, hydrophilic and hydrophobic characters, and varying degrees of conjugation with carbohydrate, nucleic acid, lipid, and metal groups. Current and future progress in protein recovery from mammalian cell culture will thus largely depend upon universal advance in the design and implementation of biochemical downstream processing. There are few special circumstances surrounding mammalian cell culture which need elevate the molecular recovery of its products to a state of special technical status.
Theoretical aspects of practical centrifugation
Authors: Spragg S Peter , Steensgaard Jens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides the reader with the theory and numerical bases upon which the practices of centrifugation are based. It particularly emphasizes the quantitative features of practical aspects of centrifugation such as sedimentation and determination of the efficiency of rotors. An in-depth knowledge of the various mathematical aspects of centrifugation is not an essential prerequisite for the average person. Hence the reader can omit this chapter if the protocols required are given in subsequent chapters of the book. However, if it is necessary to devise new centrifugation procedures, then an understanding of this chapter will provide an insight into the different parameters which should be modified to define the optimum conditions for centrifugal separations. For the sake of clarity the number of equations in the text has been kept to a minimum and, where derivations of equations are new or not readily available, these have been included in Appendix A of this chapter; derivations of equations that have been widely published (e.g. derivation of the Lamm equation) are not given here but readers are provided with appropriate references where these derivations can be found.
Introduction
Authors: Roberts Gordon C K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is based on the fact that atomic nuclei oriented by a strong magnetic field (2-14 Tesla) absorb radiation at characteristic frequencies (typically a few hundred megahertz, in the radiofrequency part of the spectrum). The usefulness of NMR to the chemist and biologist results largely from the fact that nuclei of the same element in different environments give rise to distinct spectral lines. This makes it possible to observe signals from individual atoms even in complex biological macromolecules in solution. The parameters that can be measured from the resulting spectra can be interpreted in terms of molecular structure, conformation, and dynamics.
Resonance assignment strategies for Small Proteins
Authors: Redfield Christina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prior to 1982, assignment of resonances in the complex NMR spectra of proteins was achieved, using ID NMR, and was based, for the most part, on the assumption that the structure of the protein in solution was the same as in the available X-ray structure. The introduction of 2D NMR techniques such as COSY and NOESY in the early 1980s dramatically increased the resolution of protein NMR spectra and as a result the amount of information which could be obtained from these spectra also increased. In 1982 With rich and co-workers introduced a systematic method for the full assignment of the 2D NMR spectra of proteins which relied only on information about the amino acid sequence of the protein; this method is the sequential assignment procedure (1,2). This approach is now used by most researchers who apply NMR spectroscopy to the study of proteins.