bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
"Universal Science" Versus "Chinese Science": The Changing Identity of Natural Studies in China, 1850-1930
Authors: Elman Benjamin A. 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
This article is about the contested nature of "science" in "modern" China. The struggle over the meaning and significance of the specific types of natural studies brought by Protestants (1842-1895) occurred in a historical context in which natural studies in late imperial China were until 1900 part of a nativist imperial and literati project to master and control Western views on what constituted legitimate natural knowledge. After the industrial revolution in Europe, a weakened Qing government and its increasingly concerned Han Chinese and Manchu elites turned to "Western" models of science, medicine, and technology, which were disguised under the traditional terminology for natural studies. In the aftermath of the 1894-95 Sino-Japanese War, Chinese reformers, radicals, and revolutionaries turned to Japanese and Western science as an intellectual weapon to destroy the perceived backwardness of China. Until 1900, the Chinese had interpreted the transition from "Chinese science" to modern, universal scientific knowledge - and its new modes of industrial power - on their own terms. After 1900, the teleology of a universal and progressive "science" first invented in Europe replaced the Chinese notion that Western natural studies had their origins in ancient China, but this development was also challenged in the aftermath of World War One during the 1923 debate over "Science and the Philosophy of Life."
Naitō Konan (1866-1934) and Chinese Historiography
Authors: Fogel Joshua A. 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Naitō Konan (1866-1934) was one of towering figures of twentieth-century
Sinology, in Japan, China, and elsewhere. His theories concerning Chinese
history continue to influence us all, often through secondary or tertiary means.
Among his many books and articles is a large volume entitled Shina
shigaku shi (History of Chinese historiography), arguably the first
such comprehensive work in any language and still unsurpassed to this day,
roughly eighty years after the chapters which comprise it were first delivered
as lectures in Kyoto.
Naitō argued that Chinese historical writing was divided, as we all know now,
into two traditions: the comprehensive style (tongshi) launched
by Sima Qian and the single-period style (duandai shi) begun
somewhat later by Ban Gu. Naitō himself always favored the former, and he showed
a marked predilection for the major historical works over the centuries by
Chinese with the character tong in their titles: such as Liu
Zhiji's Tong shi, Du You's Tong zhi (about
which he lectured before the Japanese emperor in 1931), Ma Duanlin's
Wenxian tongkao, and most notably Zhang Xuecheng's
Wenshi tongyi. He did not disragrd or disrespect the
duandai shi approach, but he did believe that by cutting
off chunks of history one could not get a proper sense of the long-term forces
at work in the historical process, what the great French historians later would
call la longue durée.
Trends in Track Forecasting for Tropical Cyclones Threatening the United States, 1970–2001
Authors: Franklin James L. , McAdie Colin J. , Lawrence Miles B. 
Published: September 2003

Previous studies have identified statistically significant long-term improvements in forecasts issued by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) for Atlantic basin tropical cyclones. Recently, however, attention has been focused on the forecast accuracy of landfall location and timing, and the long-term improvement trends for this relatively small sample of forecasts were mixed. These results may lead some to conclude that the accuracy of NHC forecasts close to the United States has not improved over time.
A statistically robust dataset can be obtained by considering “landfall-threatening” storms, defined as one for which tropical cyclone watches or warnings are in effect for some portion of the continental United States. In this study, long-term trends in accuracy are determined for NHC forecasts issued during these periods of threat and compared to trends for the Atlantic basin overall. A second set of trends are determined for forecasts verifying during the periods of threat.
The analysis shows that NHC forecasts for land-threatening tropical cyclones are improving. These improvement trends are statistically significant, although the improvement rates for the land-threatening storms are smaller than those for the basin overall. Over the period 1970–2001, forecasts issued during the watch/warning stage improved at annual average rates of 0.7%, 1.6%, and 1.9% at 24,48, and 72 h, respectively.
A Critical Assessment of Hygroscopic Seeding of Convective Clouds for Rainfall Enhancement
Authors: Silverman Bernard A. 
Published: September 2003

During the past decade, statistically positive results have been reported for four major, randomized hygroscopic seeding experiments, each in a different part of the world. Experiments on cold convective clouds using hygroscopic flares were carried out in South Africa and Mexico. Experiments on warm convective clouds using hygroscopic particles were carried out in Thailand and India. The scientific evidence for enhancing rainfall from convective clouds by hygroscopic seeding from these four randomized experiments is examined and critically assessed. The assessment uses, as a measure of proof of concept, the criteria for success of any cloud seeding activity that were recommended in the Scientific Background for the 1998 AMS Policy Statement on Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modifications, criteria that required both statistical and physical evidence.
Based on a critical examination of the results of these four major, randomized hygroscopic seeding experiments, it has been concluded that they have not yet provided either the statistical or physical evidence required to establish that the effectiveness of hygroscopic seeding of convective clouds to increase precipitation is scientifically proven. The impressive statistical results from these experiments must be viewed with caution because, according to the proof-of-concept criteria, credibility of the results depends on the physical plausibility of the seeding conceptual model that forms the basis for anticipating seeding-induced increases in rainfall. The credibility of the hygroscopic seeding for microphysical effects hypothesis has been seriously undermined because it cannot explain the magnitude and timing of the statistically significant increases in precipitation that were observed. Theories suggesting that the microphysical effects of seeding-enhanced downdraft circulations to produce longer-lived clouds have been advanced; however, in the absence of any supporting physical or model evidence, they must be considered to be in the realm of speculation.
These results do not alter this author's basic position; cloud seeding is advocated in situations where it is scientifically and operationally appropriate, and it is strongly recommended that an independent evaluation accompany each research or operational project in order that the science of weather modification benefit from the experience.
Photoinduced Reduction of Methylviologen with TiO2/Polymer Films
Authors: Sagawa Takashi , Kotani Makoto , Nada Hideaki , Ji Xiaoli , Yoshinaga Kohji , Ohkubo Katsutoshi 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
TiO2/polymer films on quartz substrate were fabricated by layer-by-layer method and the ultrathin films showed photocatalytic activity for reduction of 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride on the irradiation of UV light.
Highly Enantioselective Cr(salen)-catalyzed Reaction of 2-(Trimethylsilyloxy)furan and Aldehydes. Effect of Alcohol on Enantioselectivity
Authors: Onitsuka Satoaki , Matsuoka Yuko , Irie Ryo , Katsuki Tsutomu 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Reactions of 2-(trimethylsilyloxy)furan 1 and aldehydes catalyzed by a chiral cationic Cr(salen) complex proceeded with remarkably improved enantioselectivity, when a secondary alcohol was added. The role of the alcohol is acceleration of the conversion of an intermediary 1-aldehyde adduct into the final product.
Plasmodium vivax malaria complicated by hemophagocytic syndrome in an immunocompetent serviceman
Authors: Park Tae Sung , Oh Seung Hwan , Choi Jae Cheol , Kim Hyung Hoi , Chang Chulhun L. , Son Han Chul , Lee Eun Yup 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe describe a 23‐year‐old retired military officer who was immunocompetent but diagnosed with hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) by Plasmodium vivax infection. Initially, the patient was suspected to have toxic hepatitis related to heavy drinking. But abnormal hematologic findings required a further bone marrow examination and the diagnosis of HPS was made. Antimalarial chemotherapy then brought complete remission. Plasmodium falciparum, a species causing more severe malarial infection, was listed as one of the major causes of HPS. However, P. vivax was not mentioned, and only one case was reported in the literature. In this study, we suggest that P. vivax malaria should be included in the differential diagnosis of HPS, even in an immunocompetent person. Am. J. Hematol. 74:127–130, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
Case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia presenting with t(14;18)/BCL2, t(8;14)/cMYC, and t(1;2)/FCGR2B
Authors: Greer Wenda L. , Lee Christine L.Y. , Callanan Mary B. , Zayed Ekram , Sadek Irene 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe majority of follicular lymphoma and Burkitt's lymphoma are associated with reciprocal translocations involving BCL2 and cMYC, respectively. Unusual reports of aggressive lymphoma presenting with both translocations have been described as well as rare cases with a third structural alteration usually involving BCL6. The patient described here presented with aggressive high‐grade lymphocytic leukemia, FAB subtype L2 (ALL‐L2), and three reciprocal translocations, t(14;18)(q32;q21), t(8;14)(q24.1;q32), and t(1;2) (q22–23;p13). Despite immature morphology the leukemic blasts had a mature B‐cell phenotype; they were positive for surface immunoglobulin heavy chains and negative for CD34, TdT, and CD10. Most reported dual t(14;18)/t(8;14) cases have not shown sIg and were positive for CD10. Molecular genetic analyses showed the typical rearrangements of BCL2 and cMYC as well as the FCGR2B gene on chromosome 1q23. The occurrence of a third oncogene rearrangement in association with the dual BCL2, cMYC translocations in ALL patients is very rare. To our knowledge, this is the first case where the third hit involves the FCGR2B locus. This report reiterates the poor prognosis associated with activation of cMYC together with elevated Bcl‐2 expression. These data also support recent evidence that dysregulation of FCGR2B may play a role in tumor progression. Am. J. Hematol. 74:112–118, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
Hemoglobinopathy case finding by pulse oximetry
Authors: Bruns Cristin M. , Thet Lyn A. , Woodson Robert D. , Schultz John , Hla K. Mae 
Published: September 2003

AbstractPulse oximetry is a widely used, noninvasive instrument for monitoring oxygen saturation. Its use, however, is limited in the setting of dyshemoglobinemias. We report a case of hemoglobin Rothschild in an Asian patient diagnosed as a result of routine pulse oximetry. This case reiterates the limitations of pulse oximetry in patients with dyshemoglobinemias, while introducing its use as a case‐finding tool for such conditions. Am. J. Hematol. 74:142–143, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
Lung carcinoma development after radiotherapy for breast carcinoma
Authors: Buchholz Thomas A. 
Published: September 2003

Treatment‐induced cancer is one of the greatest fears of patients receiving radiotherapy for breast carcinoma. Recent data suggest that radiation also may increase the risk of developing lung carcinoma. In their article, Deutsch et al. report rates of lung carcinoma development in 3515 breast carcinoma patients treated on the National Surgical Bowel and Breast Project (NSABP) B‐04 and B‐06 trials. These data are particularly valuable because both trials tested radiation as a randomized variable and both studies now have 20‐year outcome information.See also pages 1362–8.
REG gene expression is associated with the infiltrating growth of gastric carcinoma
Authors: Yonemura Yutaka , Sakurai Shigeru , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Endou Yoshio , Kawamura Taiichi , Bandou Etsurou , Elnemr Ayman , Sugiyama Kazuo , Sasaki Takuma , Akiyama Takako , Takasawa Shin , Okamoto Hiroshi 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe Reg gene is known to be involved in the growth of not only pancreatic B‐cells, but also epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and carcinoma of its lineage.METHODSBecause, to the authors' knowledge, no studies have been reported regarding REG expression in gastric carcinoma, the authors investigated REG mRNA and REG protein expression using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemical study and correlated the results with the clinical features of gastric carcinoma.RESULTSUsing RT‐PCR and Western blot analyses, reg mRNA and 16‐kilodalton REG proteins were detected in two of eight human gastric carcinoma cell lines. Cytoplasmic localization of REG proteins in the cell lines was confirmed by fluorescent immunocytochemistry. The RT‐PCR analysis revealed the presence of REG mRNA in as many as 77% (87 of 112 tumors) of primary gastric carcinoma tumors. Screening of a total of 195 patients with primary gastric carcinoma using immunoperoxidase staining revealed positive REG immunoreactivity in 60 of the 195 primary tumors (31%). REG expression in infiltrating tumors was found to be significantly higher compared with localized tumors (P < 0.05). Strong REG expression was noted in the cytoplasm of signet ring cell carcinoma tumors at a significantly higher incidence than in nonsignet ring cell tumors. Moreover, patients with REG‐negative differentiated adenocarcinoma were found to have a significantly better prognosis compared with patients with REG‐positive tumors. The incidence of venous invasion of REG‐positive tumors was significantly higher than that of REG‐negative tumors.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current study suggest that the expression of the REG gene is closely related to the infiltrating property of gastric carcinoma, and may be a prognostic indicator of differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Cancer 2003;98:1394–400. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11658
Cost‐effectiveness and lung cancer clinical trials
Authors: Du Wei , Reeves Jaxk H. , Gadgeel Shirish , Abrams Judith , Peters William P. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the U.S., with an estimated annual economic burden of $5 billion. Clinical trials offer innovative therapeutic options with potentially better outcomes, but their effects on health care costs are disputed.METHODSThe authors analyzed the 1‐year facility‐based treatment cost and survival of 336 newly diagnosed nonsmall cell lung cancer patients who were deemed eligible for clinical trials between 1994 and 1998 at the Karmanos Cancer Institute. The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) of clinical trial treatments with adjustment for confounders was calculated along with its 95% confidence interval (CI) using the bootstrap resampling method.RESULTSOf the 336 patients, 76 (22.6%) were treated on clinical trials. Trial participation was associated significantly with race (P < 0.01), gender (P = 0.01), age (P = 0.02), and insurance type (P = 0.02). The average 1‐year cost for trial enrollees was $41,734 with a median survival of 1.3 years, whereas the average 1‐year cost for nonenrollees was $34,191 with a median survival period of 0.9 years. Differences in survival and 1‐year cost between enrollees and nonenrollees were significant when controlling for age, race, gender, insurance, stage, performance status, and comorbidities. The ICER for trial participation after adjustment for confounders was $9741 per life year saved (95% CI, $3089–$19,149).CONCLUSIONSEnrollment in lung cancer clinical trials was found to be associated with improved survival at a moderate incremental cost. Cancer 2003;98:1491–6. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11659
Willingness‐to‐pay for community‐based insurance in Burkina Faso
Authors: Dong Hengjin , Kouyate Bocar , Cairns John , Mugisha Frederick , Sauerborn Rainer 
Published: September 2003

AbstractPurpose: To study the willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) for a proposed community‐based health insurance (CBI) scheme in order to provide information about the relationship between the premium that is required to cover the costs of the scheme and expected insurance enrolment levels. In addition, factors that influence WTP were to be identified.Methods: Data were collected from a household survey using a two‐stage cluster sampling approach, with each household having the same probability of being selected. Interviews were conducted with 2414 individuals and 705 household heads. The take‐it‐or‐leave‐it (TIOLI) and the bidding game were used to elicit WTP.Results: The average individual was willing to pay 2384 (elicited by the TIOLI) or 3191 (elicited by the bidding game) CFA (US$ 3.17 or US$ 4.25) to join CBI for him/herself. The head of household agreed to pay from 6448 (elicited by the TIOLI) or 9769 (elicited by the bidding game) CFA (US$ 8.6 or US$ 13.03) to join the health insurance scheme for his/her household. These results were influenced by household and individual ability‐to‐pay, household and individual characteristics, such as age, sex and education. The two methods yielded similar patterns of estimated WTP, in that higher WTP was obtained for higher income level, higher previous medical expenditure, higher education, younger people and males. A starting point bias was found in the case of the bidding game.Conclusions: Both TIOLI and bidding game methods can elicit a value of WTP for CBI. The value elicited by the bidding game is higher than by the TIOLI, but the two approaches yielded similar patterns of estimated WTP. WTP information can be used for setting insurance premium. When setting the premiums, it is important to consider differences between the real market and the theoretical one, and between the WTP and the cost of benefits package. The beneficiaries of CBI should be enrolled at the level of households or villages in order to protect vulnerable groups such as women, elders and the poor. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The value of life: individual preferences and social choice. A comment to Magnus Johannesson
Authors: Nord Erik , Menzel Paul , Richardson Jeff 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn order to avoid undue discrimination of disabled people, we have suggested that all life years gained by the disabled should count as 1 in QALY calculations as long as the health states in question are preferred to being dead by those concerned. Johannesson noted that such a convention could lead to inconsistencies between societal and individual preferences. We believe the problem derives from the structure of preferences in the real world, rather than from our specific choice of model. The inconsistency is at any rate a much smaller practical problem than Johannesson suggests. Johannesson's alternative model has some virtues, but it does not resolve the inconsistency problem. It also leads to counter intuitive results. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Independent Hox‐cluster duplications in lampreys
Authors: Fried Claudia , Prohaska Sonja J. , Stadler Peter F. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe analysis of the publicly available Hox gene sequences from the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus provides evidence that the Hox clusters in lampreys and other vertebrate species arose from independent duplications. In particular, our analysis supports the hypothesis that the last common ancestor of agnathans and gnathostomes had only a single Hox cluster which was subsequently duplicated independently in the two lineages. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 299B:18–25, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
18q− Syndrome: Brain MRI shows poor differentiation of gray and white matter on T2‐weighted images
Authors: Linnankivi Tarja T. , Autti Taina H. , Pihko S. Helena , Somer Mirja S. , Tienari Pentti J. , Wirtavuori Kari O. , Valanne Leena K. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractPurposeTo study brain MRI findings in patients with 18q− syndrome and to correlate these findings with the results of the molecular breakpoint analysis.Materials and MethodsBrain MR images of 17 patients with 18q− syndrome were evaluated. Segregation analysis was performed with 15 microsatellite markers to determine the deletion breakpoints and whether the deletion included the myelin basic protein (MBP) gene.ResultsOne patient had an interstitial deletion of 18q which spared the MBP gene. He was the only one with normal brain MRI. All 16 patients with deletions including the MBP gene had abnormal white matter in MRI. The main finding was poor differentiation of gray and white matter on T2‐weighted images due to increased white matter signal intensity. In addition, measured signal intensity of the white matter was significantly increased in patients compared with controls.ConclusionsPoor differentiation of gray and white matter on T2‐weighted images is the most typical MRI finding of the 18q− syndrome. These results support the postulation that abnormal myelination in 18q− syndrome is due to haploinsufficiency at or near the MBP locus. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:414–419. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional navigator coronary MRA with the aid of a blood pool agent in pigs: Improved image quality with inclusion of the contrast agent first‐pass
Authors: Dirksen Martijn S. , Kaandorp Theodorus A.M. , Lamb Hildo J. , Doornbos J. , Corot Claire , de Roos Albert 
Published: September 2003

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the effect of including the first‐pass of a blood pool agent (BPA) on the image quality of three‐dimensional navigator coronary MRA.Materials and MethodsA pig model was used to perform: 1) T1 simulation of the BPA, based on actual blood samples, and 2) BPA‐enhanced three‐dimensional navigator coronary MRA, with or without inclusion of the first‐pass of the BPA. The acquisitions with inclusion of the first‐pass were timed with the use of a test bolus. The acquisitions without first‐pass were started one minute after bolus injection (steady‐state). A gradient echo acquisition technique with centric k‐space sampling was applied. Comparison of both acquisitions was based on determination of contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR), signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), and vessel length.ResultsT1 simulation shows a distinct T1 reduction during first‐pass (to a level below 50 msec), increasing to 190 msec during steady‐state. Images obtained with first‐pass inclusion showed improved CNR (8.6 ± 1.7 vs. 4.5 ± 1.8), SNR (11.9 ± 1.6 vs. 7.4 ± 2.0), and vessel length (99.2 ± 10.9 mm vs. 60.5 ± 21.8 mm) as compared to the acquisitions during steady‐state only (all: P< 0.05).ConclusionThe image quality of three‐dimensional navigator coronary MRA combined with a gadolinium BPA in pigs is improved when starting the image acquisition during first‐pass of the bolus. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:502–506. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.