bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporospatial gene expression and protein localization of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors during mouse molar tooth development
Authors: Yoshiba Nagako , Yoshiba Kunihiko , Stoetzel Corinne , Perrin‐Schmitt Fabienne , Cam Yves , Ruch Jean Victor , Lesot Hervé 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe gene expression and protein distribution of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) ‐2, ‐9, membrane type‐1 MMP (MT1‐MMP), as well as of TIMP‐1, ‐2, and ‐3 were analyzed during mouse molar development. Immunohistochemical data demonstrated that all the MMPs investigated were expressed in the dental epithelium and mesenchyme. In contrast, gene and protein expression analysis for TIMPs showed that they were differentially expressed. TIMP‐1 was expressed in the dental epithelium and mesenchyme between E13 and E16 and was transiently up‐regulated at E14, the cap stage. TIMP‐1 expression was also detected in differentiating odontoblasts. TIMP‐2 RNA transcripts were found in the peridental and dental mesenchyme, odontoblasts, and ameloblasts. Protein analysis revealed high expression on the lingual side of the dental epithelium and underlying mesenchyme together with transient expression in the enamel knot at E14 and expression in the gingival tissue and enamel matrix postnatally. TIMP‐3 RNA transcripts were found in discrete regions of the dental epithelium, including at high levels in the cervical loop at E16. Expression was also detected in preodontoblasts at E16 and transiently during ameloblast differentiation. Analysis of the protein distribution revealed a lower level of TIMP‐3 on the lingual side of the dental epithelium at E14. MT1‐MMP was expressed in the dental mesenchyme between E13 and E16, at relatively high levels in the cervical loop at E14, and in the odontoblasts and ameloblasts. The distinct temporospatial distribution patterns of the TIMPs suggest that these inhibitors play several intrinsic roles during tooth development. Developmental Dynamics 228:105–112, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mouse pigpen encodes a nuclear protein whose expression is developmentally regulated during craniofacial morphogenesis
Authors: Alappat Sylvia R. , Zhang Meifeng , Zhao Xiang , Alliegro Mary Anne , Alliegro Mark C. , Burdsal Carol A. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractPigpen, a nuclear protein with RNA‐binding motifs and a putative transcriptional activation domain (TAD), is expressed at high levels in proliferating endothelial cells and expression is down‐regulated when cells adopt a quiescent or differentiated phenotype. We cloned the mouse homolog of pigpen and investigated the regulation of its expression during embryogenesis. In situ hybridization demonstrated that a broad pattern of pigpen expression became restricted during tooth formation in the mandible. In the eye, pigpen showed a spatial restriction to the more proliferating and less differentiated regions of the lens and neural retina. Expression was also restricted in the developing vibrissae, lung, and kidney, all sites where epithelial‐mesenchymal interactions are vital for morphogenesis. In vitro assays, that focused on the mandible and tooth development, indicated that epithelial signals, mediated by fibroblast growth factor‐8, were required to maintain pigpen expression in the mandibular mesenchyme, whereas bone morphogenetic protein‐4 negatively regulated expression in that tissue during early odontogenesis. At the protein level, immunocytochemistry demonstrated that Pigpen was expressed diffusely in the cytoplasm and more concentratedly in focal granules within the nuclei of mouse embryonic cells. Lastly, CAT reporter assays showed that the N‐terminus of mouse pigpen encodes an active TAD. These data suggest that mouse Pigpen may activate transcription in vivo in response to specific growth factor signals and regulate proliferation and/or differentiation events during mouse organogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 228:59–71, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ephs and ephrins during early stages of chick embryogenesis
Authors: Baker Robert K. , Antin Parker B. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands, the ephrins, are membrane‐bound proteins that mediate bidirectional signals between adjacent cells. By modulating cytoskeleton dynamics affecting cell motility and adhesion, Ephs and ephrins orchestrate cell movements during multiple morphogenetic processes, including gastrulation, segmentation, angiogenesis, axonal pathfinding, and neural crest cell migration. The full repertoire of developmental Eph/ephrin functions remains uncertain, however, because coexpression of multiple receptor and ligand family members, and promiscuous interactions between them, can result in functional redundancy. A complete understanding of expression patterns, therefore, is a necessary prerequisite to understanding function. Here, we present a comprehensive expression overview for 10 Eph and ephrin genes during the first 48 hr of chick embryo development. First, dynamic expression domains are described for each gene between Hamburger and Hamilton stages 4 and 12; second, comparative analyses are presented of Eph/ephrin expression patterns in the primitive streak, the somites, the vasculature, and the brain. Complex spatially and temporally dynamic expression patterns are revealed that suggest novel functions for Eph and ephrin family members in both known and previously unrecognized processes. This study will provide a valuable resource for further experimental investigations of Eph and ephrin functions during early embryonic development. Developmental Dynamics 228:128–142, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coordinated and conserved expression of alphoid repeat and alphoid repeat‐tagged coding sequences
Authors: Li Yin‐Xiong , Kirby Margaret L. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractWe have found an alpha‐like simple‐sequence DNA repeat that is differentially expressed during early embryogenesis in both chick and zebrafish. Before and during the primitive streak stage, transcripts of the alphoid repeat sequence were ubiquitously expressed throughout zebrafish and chick embryos. After headfold formation, expression was limited to the cardiac neural crest, the head, and the heart. Two types of alphoid repeat sequence transcripts were identified: alphoid repeat RNA and alphoid repeat‐tagged mRNA (ESαT). Several of the ESαTs were identified by (1) searching expressed sequence tag databases, (2) arbitrary rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), and (3) screening embryonic cDNA libraries. The alphoid element was located in the 3′ untranslated region of one ESαT that was obtained by RACE. The ESαT sequences encoded a variety of different types of proteins, but all were expressed within tissues that were positive for the alphoid repeat RNA. The presence of two types of coordinately expressed alphoid‐like repeat transcripts in maternal RNA with subsequent restriction to the head and heart, and the conservation of these features in disparate vertebrate embryos, suggest that the alphoid repeat sequence may serve as a control element in the gene regulation network. Developmental Dynamics 228:72–81, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Germ‐line transmission of a myocardium‐specific GFP transgene reveals critical regulatory elements in the cardiac myosin light chain 2 promoter of zebrafish
Authors: Huang Chiu‐Ju , Tu Chi‐Tang , Hsiao Chung‐Der , Hsieh Fong‐Jou , Tsai Huai‐Jen 
Published: August 2003

AbstractIn response to the lack of a transgenic line of zebrafish labeled with heart‐specific fluorescence in vivo to serve as a research model, we cloned a 1.6‐kb polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ‐product containing the upstream sequence (−870 bp), exon 1 (39 bp), intron 1 (682 bp), and exon 2 (69 bp) of the zebrafish cardiac myosin light chain 2 gene, (cmlc2). A germ‐line transmitted zebrafish possessing a green fluorescent heart was generated by injecting this PCR product fused with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene with ends consisting of inverted terminal repeats of an adeno‐associated virus. Green fluorescence was intensively and specifically expressed in the myocardial cells located both around the heart chambers and the atrioventricular canal. Neither the epicardium nor the endocardium showed fluorescent signals. The GFP expression in the transgenic line faithfully recapitulated with the spatial and temporal expression of the endogenous cmlc2. Promoter analysis showed that the fragment consisting of nucleotides from −210 to 34 (−210/34) was sufficient to drive heart‐specific expression, with a −210/−73 motif as a basal promoter and a −210/−174 motif as an element involved in suppressing ectopic (nonheart) expression. Interestingly, a germ‐line of zebrafish whose GFP appeared ectopically in all muscle types (heart, skeletal, and smooth) was generated by injecting the fragment including a single nucleotide mutation from G to A at −119, evidence that A at −119 combined with neighboring nucleotides to create a consensus sequence for binding myocyte‐specific enhancer factor‐2. Developmental Dynamics 228:30–40, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel regulatory sequence −82/−62 functions as a key element to drive the somite‐specificity of zebrafish myf‐5
Authors: Chen Yau‐Hung , Lee Hung‐Chieh , Liu Chia‐Feng , Lin Cheng‐Yung , Tsai Huai‐Jen 
Published: August 2003

AbstractMyf‐5, a transcription factor that controls muscle differentiation, is expressed in somites during early embryogenesis. However, gene regulation of myf‐5 is poorly understood and detailed functional analysis of the regulatory cis‐elements is needed. In zebrafish, the myf‐5 upstream sequence from −82 to −62 (−82/−62) was fused with a basal promoter and transferred to fertilized zebrafish eggs. The −82/−62 cassette drove green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene expression specifically in the somites. Moreover, GFP signals were detected exclusively in the somites of 28‐hpf embryos derived from eggs injected with pCMV‐5×(−82/−62), which contained five copies of the −82/−62 cassette inserted within cytomegalovirus promoter/enhancer. Thus, the −82/−62 cassette, conserved in mouse myf‐5, functions to drive somite‐specific expression and to repress nonspecific expression during the early development of zebrafish embryos. Mutated sequence analysis of −82/−62 cassette showed that the −70/−62 sequence was the key element for controlling myf‐5 specificity. The putative CCAAT‐like box, located at −66/−62, could not direct somite‐specific expression. A DNA‐protein complex was specifically formed between the −70/−62 probe and embryonic nuclear extracts. We conclude that the −70/−62 motif is essential for controlling somite‐specific expression and the CCAAT‐like box is essential for activating gene transcription. Developmental Dynamics 228:41–50, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ece1 and Tbx1 define distinct pathways to aortic arch morphogenesis
Authors: Morishima Masae , Yanagisawa Hiromi , Yanagisawa Masashi , Baldini Antonio 
Published: August 2003

AbstractPharyngeal arch artery (PAA) remodeling defects account for several cases of congenital heart disease. Mutations in the Endothelin‐1 genetic pathway or Tbx1, a candidate
gene for DiGeorge syndrome, cause similar aortic arch defects. Previous research suggests that Tbx1 may trigger diffusible signals from the pharyngeal arches to support the growth of the PAAs that
contribute to the mature aortic arch. The demonstration of genetic interaction between Tbx1 and Fgf8 pointed to FGF signaling as a possible candidate. Because Fgf8 interacts with
Endothelin‐1 signaling and because Endothelin‐1 signaling interacts with neural crest‐derived cells in the pharyngeal apparatus, we hypothesized that Tbx1 and
Endothelin‐1 signaling may contribute to the same pathway required for aortic arch morphogenesis. Therefore, we have analyzed mice mutated for the endothelin converting enzyme
(Ece1) or Tbx1 genes and compound mutants. Results show that the two genes have different roles in the remodeling of the PAAs and do not interact. We propose that Tbx1
is required for the formation and early growth and remodeling of the PAAs, whereas Ece1 is necessary for regression of the cranial arch arteries and growth of the most caudal arch arteries. The
latter function is likely related to the known role of the Endothelin‐1 pathway in neural crest function. Developmental Dynamics 228:95–104, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of NG2 proteoglycan during endochondral and intramembranous ossification
Authors: Fukushi Jun‐ichi , Inatani Masaru , Yamaguchi Yu , Stallcup William B. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractWe have used immunohistochemistry to study the distribution of the NG2 proteoglycan during bone development in the mouse. At embryonic day 15.5, NG2 was strongly detected in the immature cartilage of developing limbs. After transient down‐regulation in mature chondrocytes, NG2 was up‐regulated during primary ossification, colocalizing with alkaline phosphatase and tenascin C. In the epiphyseal growth plates of newborn mouse tibia, NG2 and alkaline phosphatase exhibited overlapping patterns of expression by hypertrophic chondrocytes and by osteoblasts surrounding newly formed bone trabeculae. NG2 was down‐regulated after puberty, being only faintly detectable in the tibial growth plates of 3‐month‐old mice. In cranial sutures, NG2 was strongly labeled in osteogenic bone fronts and in the suture matrix. Our results indicate that NG2 expression is up‐regulated during both endochondral and intramembranous ossification, but is down‐regulated as ossification is completed. Developmental Dynamics 228:143–148, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epidemiology and risk factors of eating disorders: A two‐stage epidemiologic study in a Spanish population aged 12–18 years
Authors: Rojo Luis , Livianos Lorenzo , Conesa Llanos , García Angeles , Domínguez Alberto , Rodrigo Gloria , Sanjuán Lluis , Vila Marisa 
Published: August 2003

AbstractObjectiveThe authors studied the prevalence rates of eating disorders (ED) and their risk factors in a Spanish population aged 12–18 years.MethodA two‐stage epidemiologic study was conducted in the province of Valencia. Educational centers, classrooms, and individuals were selected randomly. The initial sample comprised 544 subjects. During Stage 1, subjects were screened with the 40‐item Eating Attitude Test and a sociodemographic questionnaire that evaluates risk factors. During Stage 2, a semistandardized clinical interview was conducted with each participant. A random control group was paired by class, age, and sex. Comorbid psychiatric disorders and partial and subclinical forms were detected using criteria in the 4th ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐IV).ResultsUsing DSM‐IV criteria, the morbidity rate was 2.91%, women comprised 5.17% of the sample, men comprised 0.77% of the sample, and the sex ratio was 6.71. Using DSM‐IV criteria, including subclinical forms, the morbidity rate was 5.56%, women comprised 10.3% of the sample, men comprised 1.07% of the sample, and the sex ratio was 9.63. Six risk factors were isolated: psychiatric comorbidity, friend on a diet in the last year, desire to lose weight, desire to be less corpulent, sentimental problems, and diet in the last year.DiscussionThis is the first Spanish two‐stage epidemiologic study to include a control group and to investigate risk factors. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 281–291, 2003.
Ecologic momentary assessment of eating‐disordered behaviors
Authors: Stein Karen Farchaus , Corte Colleen M. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractObjectiveThis pilot study evaluated the feasibility of ecologic momentary assessment (EMA) to measure five eating disorder behaviors and to examine reactivity of these behaviors to this measurement approach. The pattern of correspondence between EMA and the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) was also examined.MethodsWomen with threshold or subthreshold anorexia and bulimia nervosa (N= 16) recorded their eating disorder behaviors for 4 weeks on a hand‐held computer. Upon completion of the EMA procedure, the EDE was administered.ResultsEighty‐eight percent of the sample completed the EMA behavioral recording. No differences in behavioral frequency were found in the first and second halves of the EMA measurement period, suggesting that behaviors were not reactive to the methodology. Binging and excessive exercise were lower when measured by EMA compared with the EDE.DiscussionThese results suggest that EMA is a feasible and valid approach to the measurement of disordered eating behaviors. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 349–360, 2003.
Synthesis, Properties, and Reactions of Trinuclear Macrocyclic Nickel(II) and Nickel(I) Complexes: Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 by Nickel(II) Complex
Authors: Lee Eun Young , Hong Daewon , Park Han Woong , Suh Myunghyun Paik 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe trinuclear NiII complex of trismacrocyclic ligand 1, [Ni3(1)](ClO4)6, where 1 is 8,8′,8"‐(2,2′,2"‐nitrilotriethyl)tris(1,3,6,8,10,13,15‐heptaazatricyclo[11.3.1.13,15]octadecane), has been synthesized by template condensation reactions and shown to have poor axial binding ability. Cyclic voltammetry of the complex shows a three‐electron reversible reduction at −1.59 V and an irreversible oxidation at +1.25 V vs. Ag/Ag+ (0.01 M). Differential pulse voltammetry and Osteryoung square‐wave voltammetry indicate that the three NiII ions are electrochemically independent. A single crystal was obtained as [Ni3(1)](ClO4)3·Cl3·10H2O and its X‐ray structure was determined. When [Ni3(1)](ClO4)6 was reduced to a NiI species by reaction with Na(Hg) in MeCN, [Ni3(1)](ClO4)3 was isolated. [Ni3(1)](ClO4)6 shows catalytic activity for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO in MeCN/H2O (9:1, v/v), as revealed by cyclic voltammetry and controlled‐potential coulometry. The catalytic efficiency of [Ni3(1)]6+ is lower than that of [Ni(cyclam)]2+. It gives a greater ip(CO2)/ip(N2) value but produces less CO per nickel center (3: 8‐methyl‐1,3,6,8,10,13,15‐heptaaza‐tricyclo[11.3.1.13,15]octadecane) compared with monometallic [Ni(3)]2+. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Heteronuclear Metal−Metal Contacts between Gold(I) and Group‐11, ‐12, and ‐13 Centers
Authors: Bardajía Manuel , Laguna Antonio 
Published: August 2003

AbstractClosed‐shell interactions occur mainly for some heavy late transition metals and main‐group elements. In fact, these are dispersion forces reinforced by relativistic effects and by ionic components, of which the former are maximized in heteronuclear interactions. Heteronuclear compounds containing gold(I) and group‐11, ‐12, and ‐13 metals display d10−d10 or d10−s2 closed‐shell interactions of intermediate strength relative to the homonuclear metal−metal interactions. The number of examples of gold(I)−gold(I) contacts is large, but representatives of heteronuclear gold(I)−metal contacts are still scarce. There are two general types of derivatives displaying short gold−metal distances: those with bridging ligands and those with unbridged ones, of which the latter are always the more indicative of the presence of a real bond. Derivatives featuring unsupported gold−metal bonds have been obtained mainly through reactions between basic gold(I) complexes and acid complexes, and also by encapsulation of metal centers in metallocryptands. Most derivatives with supported gold−metal bonds have been synthesized by use of C‐donor ligands or ambidentate ligands. The gold−metal contacts dramatically affect the conformations and the aggregation of the molecules, and also their optical properties. Some of these derivatives are, in fact, intensely luminescent. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Relativistic Density Functional Study of the Dinuclear Uranyl Complex [(UO2)2(μ2‐OH)2Cl2(H2O)4] in Its Crystalline Environment
Authors: Schlosser Florian , Krüger Sven , Rösch Notker 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe hexavalent dinuclear uranyl dichloride complex [(UO2)2(μ2‐OH)2Cl2(H2O)4] was studied computationally with an all‐electron scalar relativistic density functional method. This suggested hydrolysis product of uranyl in the presence of chlorine ions is one of the few polynuclear uranyl species for which a crystal structure is known. The calculated gas‐phase structure is similar to the experimental crystal geometry; any major deviations are due to hydrogen bonds in the crystal. If the eight strongest hydrogen bonds are included in a model of the complex’s crystalline environment, the calculated structure improves significantly. Based on this model, the hydrogen bond lengths and angles were determined, indicating that they are moderate and strong with an average binding energy of 39 kJ/mol. These computational results corroborate earlier suggestions based on experimental results concerning the location and strength of the hydrogen bonds. In addition, a valuable reference for relativistic quantum chemical methods is provided by the gas‐phase results. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
The First Structurally Characterized Aluminum Squaraine Complex: L2(AlMe2)4·2THF·2toluene [L = Bis(2,6‐diisopropylanilino)squaraine]
Authors: Rong Junfeng , Peng Ying , Roesky Herbert W. , Li Jiyang , Vidovic Denis , Magull Jörg 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBis(2,6‐diisopropylanilino)squaraine (1) was prepared by condensation of squaric acid and 2,6‐diisopropylaniline. Treatment of 1 with trimethylaluminum affords a novel dimeric aluminum squaraine complex: L2(AlMe2)4· 2THF·2toluene [L = bis(2,6‐diisopropylanilino)squaraine] (2), which was characterized by X‐ray diffraction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Metal Complexes of a Novel Achiral Symmetric Pentadentate Ligand − Crystal Structures of Monohelical Zinc(II) and Cadmium(II) Complexes
Authors: Pedrido Rosa , Bermejo Manuel R. , García‐Deibe Ana M. , González‐Noya Ana M. , Maneiro Marcelino , Vázquez Miguel 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBy both electrochemical synthesis and a traditional chemical procedure the interaction of the pentadentate ligand 2,6‐bis{1‐[2‐(tosylamino)phenylimino]ethyl}pyridine (H2DAPATs), with MnII, FeII, CoII, NiII, CuII, ZnII and CdII gives rise to neutral mononuclear complexes that have been characterised by elemental analyses, FAB mass spectrometry, IR, 1H and COSY NMR spectroscopy and magnetic measurements, where appropriate. Recrystallisation of the zinc complex obtained electrochemically yielded single crystals of [Zn(DAPATs)] (1), while recrystallisation of cadmium complexes obtained by both techniques afforded the same structure, [Cd(DAPATs)(H2O)] (2). Both 1 and 2 are monohelical single‐stranded compounds with different coordination geometries. In the zinc complex, the metal ion assumes a distorted trigonal‐bipyramidal geometry involving the N5 atoms of the dianionic ligand. For cadmium complexes the metal ion is in a distorted pentagonal‐pyramidal environment, as the result of coordination to the N5 ligand donor set and an additional water molecule. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)