bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence And Originality In Blues Tradition
Authors: Meisel Perry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sound of urban or electric blues is, as we all know, uncanny, in Freud’s sense of the word-something at once strange and familiar. Hence its defining paradox-a witting confusion of the terms of the struggles it presumably represents, the struggles between country and city, youth and age, soul and machine, freedom and bondage, nature and culture. While the route of jazz from Armstrong to swing documents a successful transit of country blues to classic or city blues, electric blues is almost a step backward even though, like rhythm and blues, it follows classic blues chronologically: electric blues is a ferocious meditation on the difference between country and city itself and a willful undoing of the very urbanity that jazz by definition achieves. It focuses on the construction of the relation between country and city rather than on the relation itself. No mere expressive mode, electric blues is a highly critical or reflexive mode that doesn’t just register a crossing from country to city but performs a crossing back, a movement in reverse. The elegance of the Southern city bluesmen may contrast with the blasted agedness of their Chicago counterparts-the finish of T-Bone Walker of Houston, say, as distinct from the cragginess of Howlin’ Wolf-but in both cases the decidedly mannered result is testimony to a discovery of form rather than a discovery of directness. These are not moral terms but categorical ones. Instead of a line of progress from country to city, electric blues is a loop or crossing over that is always in both places at once.
Branchial Arch and Oral-Acral Disorders
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum (hemifacial microsomia, Goldenhar syndrome) In the 1960s, hemifacial microsomia was defined as a condition affecting primarily aural, oral, and mandibular development. The disorder varies from mild to severe, and involvement is limited to one side in many cases, but bilateral involvement is also known to occur, with more severe expression on one side. Goldenhar syndrome is considered a variant of this complex, characterized additionally by vertebral anomalies and epibulbar dermoids (55). The condition is now known to be extremely complex and heterogeneous. Thus, in the present edition we have employed the term oculo-auriculo-vertebral (OAV) spectrum.
Syndromes of the Eye
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rieger syndrome (hypodontia and primary mesodermal dysgenesis of the iris) Hypodontia in combination with malformation of part of the anterior chamber of the eye was described as early as 1883 by Vossius (43). However, the condition was not recognized as a heritable syndrome until the report of Rieger (34), in 1935. The syndrome has been expanded to include absent maxillary incisor teeth, malformations of the anterior chamber of the eye (Rieger anomaly), and umbilical anomalies (11,22,38). Its frequency has been estimated as 1/200,000 population (2).
Realism and Scientific Practice
Authors: Kukla Andre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the debate about scientific realism, both sides have made the claim that their position provides a better (or the only) account of some (or all) features of actual scientific practice. On the realist side, the most famous of this class of claims is undoubtedly Putnam’s (1975b) conjunction argument, which runs as follows. Suppose that scientists accept theories T1 and T2, and that the empirical hypothesis E is a consequence of the conjunction T1 & T2, but not of either T1 or T2 in isolation. In this situation, it is claimed, scientists are willing to believe that E is true. This inference is quite understandable under the realist hypothesis that acceptance ofT1 and T2 is a matter of believing that these theories are true-for if we believe both T1 and T2, then it’s rational also to believe any consequence of their conjunction. But the same inferential step would be a simple fallacy if scientists were in fact instrumentalists or van Fraassian constructive empiricists, in which case their acceptance of T1 and T2 would merely involve a belief in the empirical adequacy ofT1 and T2-for there’s no guarantee that the conjunction of two empirically adequate theories is itself empirically adequate. Thus, we must either accuse science of irrationality or admit that realism is true.
Realism and Theoretical Unification
Authors: Kukla Andre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michael Friedman (1983) has presented an ingenious analysis that at once provides a new argument for scientific realism and explains why theoretical unification is a valued scientific accomplishment. His argument for realism, in broad outline, runs as follows: (F1) Theoretical unification results in better confirmed accounts of the world than we would otherwise be able to obtain (this is why unification is valued). (F2) Only scientific realists have rational grounds for unifying theories. (F3) Therefore, we should be realists. In section 4-1, I claim that this argument is defective on two counts: the argument is circular, and F2, the second premise, is false. However, subsequent sections show that F1 is true and that its truth has an interest and significance that is independent of the role it plays in the argument for realism. Friedman’s argument for F1 makes reference to a mode of theoretical reasoning that has been largely neglected by philosophers of science. Friedman maintains that this mode of reasoning accounts for the epistemic benefit reaped by a successful theoretical unification. I agree that Friedman has succeeded in capturing one reason why some instances of unification constitute scientific progress (section 4.2). However, in section 4.3 I claim that there are epistemic benefits to some types of unification that require a different account. I then show that Friedman’s account and mine are two instances of a broader category of theoretical strategies, none of which has yet received its philosophical due (section 4.4). Finally, I close with a comparison between my account of the varieties of theoretical strategies and Laudan’s (1977) seminal analysis of”conceptual problems” (section 4.5). Some aspects of this protracted meditation on F1 figure in the analyses of following chapters. In particular, the mode of reasoning used by Friedman to establish F1 reappears in a refutation by Laudan and Leplin of a famous argument for antirealism (see section 6.2). However, a lot of the material in this chapter has no immediate bearing on the realism issue. It’s here because it emerges directly from the contemplation of F1.
Realism and Underdetermination I Does Every Theory Have Empirically Equivalent Rivals?
Authors: Kukla Andre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main argument for antirealism is undoubtedly the argument from the underdetermination of theory by all possible data. Here is one way to represent it: (1) all theories have indefinitely many empirically equivalent rivals; (2) empirically equivalent hypotheses are equally believable; (3) therefore, belief in any theory must be arbitrary and unfounded. It’s obviously unprofitable to question the deductive validity of the argument from underdetermination. This leaves the realist with two broad lines of defense: to claim that one of the argument’s premises is incoherent, or that one of them is false. Among recent incoherence claims have been attacks on the distinction between empirical and theoretical consequences (e.g., Churchland 1985) and on the distinction between believing a theory to be true and the supposedly weaker epistemic attitudes recommended by antirealists (e.g., Horwich 1991). These important issues are dealt with in later chapters. In chapters 5-7, it is a presupposition of the discussion that the premises of the argument are coherent. Let’s call the first premise of the argument EE (for “empirical equivalence”) and the conclusion UD (for “underdetermination”). Chapter 5 is devoted to an exploration of the status of EE. The second premise-the thesis that EE entails UD-is taken up in chapters 6 and 7.
The Vulnerability Criterion of Belief
Authors: Kukla Andre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The attentive reader will have noticed that none of the arguments against the second premise, that empirical equivalence entails underdetermination, has managed to survive the critical scrutiny of chapter 6. To my knowledge, there are no persuasive refutations of this thesis. Of course, the failure to show that a thesis is false doesn’t imply that it’s true. This chapter begins with an examination of antirealist attempts to convince us to adopt the second premise.. Actually, to speak of”attempts” in the plural is already to be overly sanguine about the prospects for success. Combing the literature of antirealism turns up only two passages, both by van Fraassen, that might be construed as arguments for the second premise, and the second of these passages merely supplies a part of the analysis that’s missing from the first. So there’s really only one argument for the second premise on the table. Moreover, this one and only argument has several strikes against it before the analysis even begins. For one thing, both passages have the character of passing remarks; to find a coherent argument in them requires a fair amount of speculative reconstruction. For another, there are portions of the reconstructed argument that are inconsistent with some of van Fraassen’s other published opinions. Finally, there are still other portions of van Fraassen’s body of work which suggest that the second of the two cited passages shouldn’t even be construed as an attempt at rational persuasion. To refer as I do to “van Fraassen’s argument” is to take considerable liberties.
The Theory-Observation Distinction I Fodor’s Distinction
Authors: Kukla Andre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What do Jerry Fordor and Bas van Fraassen, the archetypical scientific realist and his antirealist shadow, have in common? They’re both defenders of the theoryobservation distinction (van Fraassen 1980; Fodor 1984). It isn’t surprising that a realist and an antirealist should agree about something, but it is curious that van Fraassen’s and Fodor’s defenses of the theory-observation distinction play diametrically opposite roles in their philosophical agendas. Van Fraassen needs it to support his antirealism; Fodor wants it in support of his realism. Van Fraassen needs the distinction to protect antirealism from the charge of incoherence. Antirealists wish to ascribe a more exalted epistemic status to the observational import of a theory than to its nonobservational claims. This position would be utterly untenable if the observational import couldn’t be distinguished from the rest. And, in fact, denying the coherence of the theory-observation distinction has been a popular realist gambit in the debate about scientific realism (Maxwell 1962; Friedman 1982; Foss 1984; Creath 1985; Musgrave 1985).
Anthropology Art or Science? A Controversy about the Evidence for Cannibalism
Authors: Salmon Merrilee H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since anthropology’s inception as an academic discipline, participant-observation has stood as the method for obtaining knowledge of cultural, social, linguistic, and physical features of other peoples. Franz Boas and Bronislaw Malinowski, who are primarily responsible for this state of affairs, were both trained as physical scientists before they turned to anthropology. Not surprisingly, they and their followers regard fieldwork as the anthropological equivalent of a scientific laboratory. Needless to say, the analogy is imperfect. Fieldwork involves talking with subjects, often with the aid of an interpreter, and trying to make sense of what they say as well as classifying their nonverbal behavior in terms of its meaning. Thus, field observations have a greater interpretive component than judgments made about instrument readings in scientific laboratories. In addition, most—though not quite all—anthropological fieldwork is confined to what John Stuart Mill called “natural experiments.” Replication is problematic because so many anthropological experiments are natural rather than artificial.
Sharing
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
STUDENT: I didn’t used to respect writers. I thought they were just people who wrote things down easily. I didn’t realize that writing took courage, took so much out of you. I don’t like to give. The essential human act at the heart of writing is the act of giving. There’s something implacable and irreducible about it: handing something to someone because you want her to have it; not asking for anything in return; and if it is a gift of yourself-as writing always is-risking that she won’t like it or even accept it. Yet though giving can sound rare and special if you rhapsodize about it, it is of course just a natural and spontaneous human impulse.
A Catalogue Of Reader-Based Questions
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometimes a reader can tell us without difficulty or hesitation exactly what was going on in him as he read our words-either because he was surprised by his reactions or because he was in a particularly meditative, self-reflective mood. But often it is difficult for readers to tell in any detail what was happening to them as they read. Nor is this necessarily a fault. One of the marks of good reading is wholehearted investment in the words and meanings and no attention to the self. If a reader can remember nothing at all about what was happening as he read your words that may be a sign of total success.
Creep of Silicon Nitride
Authors: Wiederhorn S M , Luecke W E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because of its high strength and resistance to tensile creep, silicon nitride has become a leading candidate for use in high-temperature structural applications such as blades and nozzles for stationary gas turbines. Current commercial grades of silicon nitride are capable of operating at temperatures of approximately 300 °C higher than the best A fracture mechanism map for silicon nitride, SN-88, comparing the creep rupture behavior, expressed as 1000 h lifetime, of this material with CMSX-4 [l], a commercial single-crystal superalloy. The creep rupture lifetime curve of the silicon nitride is about 300 °C higher than the curve for the superalloy. This figure is taken from data published in reference [16].
Insights on Deformation Mechanisms From Atomistic Modeling of Structural Instability In Solids
Authors: Jayanthi C S , Tang M , Wu S Y , Cocks J A , Yip S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Atomistic simulations such as molecular dynamics (MD) can provide a wealth of structural and dynamical details at the microscopic level pertaining to the formation of crystalline defects and their subsequent rearrangements during the onset of a structural instability. It is relatively simple to appreciate the kind of information one can obtain from seeing the atoms directly, whether as instantaneous snapshots or in some kind of time sequence. What is less obvious is how to gain other insights through various analyses of the raw data, namely, the atomic coordinates of the system under deformation.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Sintering Process of β-Sic Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Shi-He , Clapp Philip C , Rifkin Jon A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sintering process of nanosized β-SiC particles was simulated using the Molecular Dynamics method and a Tersoff potential function. Particle rotation was seen in the sintering process and the possible contribution of this mechanism to the densification is discussed. The simulation of the sintering of several groups of cylinders and spheres were carried out. The results confirm that surface energy plays an important role as a driving force for sintering, and it has been determined that “atomic force driven surface diffusion” (which is much more rapid than conventional surface diffusion) is the dominant mechanism for the pressureless sintering of pure nanosized, single phase β-SiC.
First-Principles Silica Pseudopotential Data Base of Silica
Authors: Yang L H , Mailhiot C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is one of most complex materials which occupies a very important niche in mineralogical and materials science research. SiO2 constitutes about 45% by weight of the earth’s mantle, and close to 60% of the crust. In its various mineral fonns it plays an important role in the glass and ceramics industry. Moreover, silica is one of the technologically most useful wide-gap materials. Thus, the properties of various phases of silica are of great interest to earth and materials scientists. However, the nature of bonding in SiO2 remains poorly understood.
Development of a Variational Augmented Plane Wave Method and Its Application to the Electronic Structure of Ionic Compounds
Authors: Iyetomi Hiroshi , Kikuchi Hideaki , Hasegawa Akira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The augmented plane wave (APW) method, originally developed by Slater [l], is now a standard tool to calculate electronic properties of solids in the framework of the density-functional theory with the local-density approximation [2-4]. The muffintin (MT) approximation [5] is usually employed to solve the Kohn-Sham equation self-consistently. Such a conventional computational scheme however faces difficulties in studying materials where anisotropic effects due to the lattice symmetry play an important role in determining the electronic structures and/or where multi-species of atoms are involved. The Kohn-Sham potential in the MT approximation is assumed to be spherically symmetric inside the MT sphere and to be constant outside. And there is no definite prescription to choose the MT radii.
Multilevel Algorithms For Computational HighTemperature Materials Research
Authors: Nakano Aiichiro , Campbell Timothy , Kalia Railv K , Vashishta Priya 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A new concept is emerging in materials development. The “multiscale structure control” attains seemingly contradictory properties (such as superior porosity and mechanical stability for catalytic applications) by controlling structures extending over multiple length scales [1,2].
Thermoelastic Properties of Layered Perovskites: A Non-Empirical Density Functional Theory Approach
Authors: Chizmeshya Andrew.V G , Petuskey W T , Wolf G H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper describes an effort to develop an efficient simulation-based counterpart to the study of the properties of layered soft-ceramics, surfaces and interfaces. Our work is motivated by a perceived need for interpretation and elucidation of observed materials properties, and buoyed by our success in applying newly developed nonempirical modeling schemes to materials problems in our high-pressure synthesis laboratory. Typically they employ rigid ion/atom pair potentials whose parameters are obtained from a fit of the simulated system properties (equation of state, vibrational spectra, etc.) to their real-world counterparts. Classical molecular dynamics simulations are relatively cheap to perform and can be applied to large computational cells containing thousands of atoms.
Introduction Of the Coming of the New Red Negro
Authors: Smethurst James Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1930s and 1940s saw the publication of significant works by such African-American poets as Gwendolyn Brooks, Sterling Brown, Countee Cullen, Waring Cuney, Frank Marshall Davis, Owen Dodson, Robert Hayden, Langston Hughes, Melvin Tolson, Margaret Walker, and Richard Wright. While some of these writers retain a relatively “minor”status within current assessments of African-American poetry, others, especially Brooks, Brown, Cullen, Hayden, and Hughes (and Wright for his fiction), figure prominently in virtually any survey of twentieth-century AfricanAmerican literature. With the exception of Cullen, and to a certain extent Hughes, the poets listed above developed their mature style during the 1930s and 1940s. Even Hughes, who was certainly an accomplished artist before the 1930s, developed more fully the poetic stance rooted in popular urban African-American culture with which he is most frequently associated by both “popular”and “literary”audiences.
I Am Black and I Have Seen Black Hands The Narratorial Consciousness and Constructions of the Folk in 1930s African-American Poetry
Authors: Smethurst James Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any argument for the coherence of poetry produced by African Americans during the 1930s has to contend with the formal and thematic variety of that poetry. In his Negro Poetry and Drama (1937), Sterling Brown claimed that “contemporary Negro poets are too diverse to be grouped into schools.”Nonetheless, Brown went on to divide poets between those influenced by the modernist “new poetry revival”(to which Brown applied the pejorative “so called poets writing after the manner of Victorian and Pre-Raphaelite poets, and those who “have taken folk-types and folk-life for their province.”Brown clearly did not conceive of these as mutually exclusive categories.
The Popular Front, World War II, and the Rise of Neomodernism in African-American Poetry of the 1940s
Authors: Smethurst James Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the obvious differences between the “popular”neomodernism exemplified by the work of Hughes in the 1940s and the “high”neomodernism of which Brooks was the leading exponent, both neomodernist tendencies had in common an urban and largely northern landscape in which the ghetto, rather than the plantation or tenant farm, increasingly became the locus of authentic African-American culture. African-American communities in the North, notably Harlem and the South Side of Chicago, were seen not as either a “refuge”or as a place of alienation where the urculture of the rural immigrant is distorted or destroyed, but instead as “home”(as Amiri Baraka was to later title a collection of essays describing his intellectual journey to cultural nationalism mirroring his physical journey from the Lower East Side to Harlem). If life in the ghettos of the North and West was depicted as alienating, it was an alienation that was seen increasingly as typical of African-American life in the United States.There were, of course, certain empirical pressures for such a redefinition of “home,”the most important being that by the 1940s African Americans in the cities outnumbered those in the country for the first time in U.S. history. By the end of the decade, 62 percent of the African-American population was urbanized.2 In the 1940s, changes in agricultural technology greatly reduced sharecropping. At the same time, the new demand for labor by the war industries and the relatively egalitarian policies of the CIO unions, particularly those led by the Communist Left, vastly increased the number and status of African-American industrial workers.