bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selection of Antifungal Drugs for Deep Mycoses
Authors: Pappas Peter G , Edwards John E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are among the most difficult infections to treat successfully. Furthermore, the incidence of invasive fungal infections has markedly increased over the last several years due to the increased use of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents and prosthetic devices, the large number of patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy, the growing number of solid organ and bone marrow transplant recipients, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic, and other factors.
Conclusion: Combating Impunity
Authors: Roht-Arriaza Naomi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is time now to sum up the experiences of the case studies, drawing out the commonalities and lessons to be learned. These lessons are theoretical and practical, legal, ethical, and political. They point to dilemmas for future attempts to come to grips with the past, and to some future directions for the contribution of international law and outside actors in assisting the transitional process.
Introduction
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This Book is by no means the first portrait of the life and career of Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes and it will assuredly not be the last. The abiding interest of Americans in Holmes has been a phenomenon in itself. Several reasons suggest themselves as explanations for why Holmes, uniquely among American judges, has been a figure that generation after generation of scholars and laypersons has found intriguing. There is first the simple fact of his distinctively long and accomplished life, spanning a space of time (1841-1935) that made it possible for his grandmother to have remembered the Revolutionary War and for him to have been intimately acquainted with individuals, such as Alger Hiss, who are still alive at this writing. Not only was Holmes’ life long, it was conspicuously successful, at least by the ordinary indices of professional success in America. He wrote arguably the most original work of legal scholarship by an American, The Common Law; he served with distinction as a judge on the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts and the Supreme Court of the United States for nearly fifty years; in his scholarship and his opinions he wrote phrases that have become staples of legal literature.
Heritage
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On July 2, 1861, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., twenty years old and a senior at Harvard College, composed an autobiographical sketch for his college album. Holmes, at the time, was attempting to secure a commission in a Massachusetts volunteer regiment in order to fight in the Civil War, which had begun that April when Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter in South Carolina. Since the fall of Fort Sumter Holmes had spent very little time with college affairs, enlisting as a private in the Fourth Battalion of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry in late April and drilling for the remainder of the spring at Fort Independence in Boston Harbor. In June, on hearing the disappointing news that the Fourth Battalion was being treated as a militia guard, and would not be leaving Massachusetts to fight, he had returned to Cambridge and taken and passed his final examinations. He would officially graduate from Harvard in two weeks.1 Eventually, sometime in late July,2 he would receive a commission in the Twentieth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers, and in September would be dispatched to Washington, D.C., to see action.
Travel and Romance
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the time he returned from Civil War service in the summer of 1864 until his departure to Washington to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States in December 1902 Holmes’ life was overwhelmingly centered in Boston and overwhelmingly oriented toward his professional pursuits. He lived with his parents while attending law school and during his first years in practice, and after his marriage in 1872 continued to live in his father’s household for two years. In October 1873 Wendell and Fanny Holmes purchased a farm in Mattapoisett, Massachusetts, on Buzzards Bay, where Holmes’ partner George Shattuck was a summer resident, and spent at least three weeks of every summer from 1873 to 1888, excluding 1882, in Mattapoisett. They initially owned one-half of the house, with the caretaker living in the other, and in 1883 purchased the whole. In the spring of 1888 the house burned to the ground in a brushfire.
The Supreme Court, 1903-1916
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
IN February, 1901, Holmes was asked to make some remarks on “John Marshall Day,” the 100th anniversary of the day on which Marshall took his seat as Chief Justice of the United States. Sixty-five years after his death Marshall had become a legend, and the legal journals and reports were filled with lush praise of his accomplishments. Holmes’ comments were more reserved. At one point he said that “I should feel a. .. doubt whether, after Hamilton and the Constitution itself, Marshall’s work proved more than a strong intellect, a good style, personal ascendancy in his court, courage, justice, and the convictions of his party.”
Refugee Movements: Causes and Consequences
Authors: Loescher Gil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Refugee movements constitute one of the most important and difficult problems facing the international community in the post–Cold War era. During the last decade, the forced mass movement of people across international boundaries has appeared with increasing frequency on the agendas of international affairs. It is now clear that we are living in an era in which fundamental political and economic changes in the international system result in large-scale movements of people. It is also a time when mass migrations themselves affect political, economic, and strategic developments worldwide. Indeed, it was the outpouring of refugees from East to West Germany in late 1989 that brought down the Berlin Wall, led to the unification of the two Germanies, and generated the most significant transformation in international relations since World War II. Two years later, in the first major post–Cold War refugee crisis, the huge buildup of Iraqi Kurds at the Turkish and Iranian borders constituted such a serious threat to international security that the UN Security Council authorized an international intervention in the domestic affairs of a member state. In 1992, the Security Council approved a United States–led intervention in Somalia to provide humanitarian relief to starving civilians caught in interclan warfare.
The Origins of the International Refugee Regime
Authors: Loescher Gil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many people today are inclined to perceive refugees as a relatively new phenomenon that primarily occurs in countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, and in rapidly disintegrating countries in the Balkans and the ex–Soviet Union. Certainly during the past few decades most refugees have fled violent conflicts or persecution in the developing countries; but mass refugee movements are neither new nor unique to the Third World. They have been a political as well as a humanitarian issue for as long as mankind has lived in organized groups where intolerance and oppression have existed. The difference is that, before this century, refugees were regarded as assets rather than liabilities; countries granted refuge to people of geopolitical, religious, or ideological views similar to their own; and rulers viewed control over large populations, along with natural resources and territory itself, as an index of power and national greatness.
Resolving Refugee Problems: Addressing Political Causes
Authors: Loescher Gil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Throughout most of the twentieth century, international responses to refugee movements have been motivated by the political self-interest of states as well as by humanitarian interests. In the Nansen era, because refugees were seen as an irritant in interstate relations and as conflicting with the formation and consolidation of new states, governments established an international framework for regularizing the status and control of stateless people in Europe. In the post–World War II era, East–West ideological rivalry and geopolitical considerations provided a sufficient basis in self-interest for Western governments to fund and assist the emerging international refugee regime. The Cold War is finally over, and much has been said about the emergence of a new world order. Refugee movements played a key role both in bringing down the Berlin Wall, the most sinister symbol of the old era, and in ushering in the post–Cold War period by precipitating UN-approved intervention in the internal affairs of Iraq in the aftermath of the Gulf War.
Introduction
Authors: Clark Charles E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In his entry for April 24, 1704, that grave Puritan councilor, man-aboutBoston, and inveterate diary keeper Samuel Sewall recorded one of the many hundreds of such events to which he attributed both private and public significance. He gave to President Samuel Willard of Harvard “the first News-Letter that ever was carried over the River. He shew’d it the Fellows.”‘
Genealogy
Authors: Clark Charles E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The English-language newspapers of the eighteenth century evolved not from one ancestor but from several. Put another way, the newspaper developed in England within several literary, technological, and political contexts; one must take account of all of them to see the evolutionary process as a whole. The origin and early development of the newspaper took place during a remarkable era of change in communications, but the change did not result from any new technologies. Instead, existing technologies, examples, and traditions were adapted and combined in such a way as to meet new opportunities and new needs.
The Provinces
Authors: Clark Charles E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A simplified road map of Britain in 1700 would make it clear that London was “metropolis” in more than overwhelming size alone. Like the hub of an eccentric wheel or the off-center core of an incomplete spider’s web, it sent off spokes, as it does today, to every part of the kingdom. Counting clockwise from east northeast around to north, the six main spokes were post roads connecting London with Harwich on the North Sea, with Dover on the Channel, with the West Country towns of Exeter, Plymouth, and Falmouth by way of Salisbury, with the principal Atlantic port of Bristol, with Chester and the Welsh port of Holyhead on the Irish Sea, and with Edinburgh by way of the four-hundred-mile Great North Road. The Harwich and Dover roads provided part of a land-sea link between London and the European continent, while through Holyhead the London-based political and commercial leaders of England kept in touch with their dependency of Ireland. The Cornish and Bristol roads had a part in London’s Atlantic commerce, though the bulk of England’s overseas shipping still sailed directly out of the Thames.
Competition, 1719-1732
Authors: Clark Charles E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Newspaper publishing in America, monopolized for fifteen years by the postmaster of Boston, entered a new phase at the end of 1719. John Campbell acquired a head-on competitor in the person of his successor in the Boston postmastership, and a young printer of Philadelphia began a newspaper that for most of the decade to come would have to itself the news and advertising market from Ne”‘ York to the Chesapeake. By contrast with the long monopoly of the Boston News-Letter in British America, the provincial cities of England were sprouting newspapers for a vastly larger readership at a rapid rate. By the end of 1715, there were 2 3 country newspapers in 11 English towns outside of London; over the next decade, when exactly four newspapers would be founded in the mainland colonies and one in Jamaica, another 25 would appear in provincial England.
The Ritual: The Reader’s World
Authors: Clark Charles E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When a subscriber to one of America’s earliest newspapers sat down for communion with the fellowship of readers that had been gathered by print, he entered a very much larger mental world than the one in which he was likely to live from day to day. It was, nevertheless, a world with definite limits, both geographic and perceptual. From east to west, it extended from St. Petersburg and Constantinople to the western limits of the thirteen continental American colonies. From north to south, it reached from Sweden to the islands of the Mediterranean in the Old World and from Cape Breton to the Spanish Main in the New. Only rarely, and then only if accompanied by a printed warning of exoticism, was a reader able to venture beyond these limits of the world that mattered to most literate eighteenth-century Englishmen. Not even India, where British interests were already well entrenched but would not rise to prominence in the imperial scheme until later in the century, found its way very often onto the pages of an American newspaper.
The Newspaper in Culture
Authors: Clark Charles E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is fitting that a book that began with an episode from the diary of Samuel Sewall should return to that worthy person to open the final full chapter. Even before the coming of the Boston News-Letter, both he and that other stalwart of the traditional Boston establishment, Increase Mather, were readers of newspapers. For them, the events of human history and the natural world were more than just events. In them were to be sought portents, evidence of the fulfillment of divine prophecy. In New England, as David Paul Nord has well argued, this was the first meaning of news and the first purpose of recording and reporting it.
Anais Nin, Djuna Barnes, And The Critical Feminist Unconscious
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We have seen that the social marginality of Betty, in Nathanael West’s Miss Lonelyhearts, and Faye, in The Day of the Locust, is rooted in these characters’ alienation from the process of linguistic signification. It is equally clear that their position in the world of the novels is a typical reflection of women’s historical alienation from the centers of social and political power. The conjunction of the factors of gender and linguistic significance makes for the works’ peculiar conception of the nature of the female subject, exemplified in Tod Hackett’s apprehension of Faye Greener’s “egglike self-sufficiency” (West, 320). Tod’s perception of Faye as “egglike” underscores not only the “selfsufficiency” he himself notes in Faye’s alienation from signification but also her femaleness, suggesting an essential correspondence between femininity and self-sufficiency, completeness, wholeness. This female wholeness is then held up to counter men’s status as beings irremediably fragmented in their accession to language, and yet doomed futilely to attempt to mend their fragmentation through linguistic signification itself. Thus West’s works, while explicating the reality of the split subject as it is known in the twentieth century, yet specify that subject as male, positing women’s condition as a foil against which the “general” existential dilemma of all “mankind” can be emphasized.
“To Become One And Yet Many”: Psychic Fragmentation and Aesthetic Synthesis in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To a great degree, the difficulty confronted in the constitution of the African-American subject is a function of the social interrelation of blacks and whites in the United States. The nature of that interrelation casts black identity necessarily as a problem, an objective never to be realized, hardly to be imagined, so that the black subject exists not so much as the negativity conventionally believed to emblematize it but rather always as potentiality unfulfilled, simultaneous promise and disappointment.1 Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man (1952) is the classic text of the problems and possibilities of black (male) identity, and in its figuration of the difficulties of the marginalized subject, it suggests the degree to which individual subjectivity generally will become problematized in the postmodern era. The unrealized nature of black identity is manifested on many levels in Ellison’s novel-in the fact, for instance, that its protagonist has no name; more complexly, the character’s very assertions of self-identity indicate his incompleteness as a subject: “I am nobody but myself,” he says at one point, and later, “I am who I am” (263). These declarations seek to gain force through their tautologousness, but their very redundancy bespeaks a line of reasoning that, in its figurative circularity, suggests nothing so much as the zero that actually represents the protagonist’s identity.
Postmodern Narrative/ Biographical Imperative
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The novels we have considered thus far depict personages whose social marginalization results in a range of symptomatic psychic effects: the waywardness that distinguishes West’s characters; the fragmentation that plagues Nin’s and Barnes’s women and Ellison’s Invisible Man; the consumerist logic that drives Brooks’s Maud Martha. That these same effects can be discerned in examples of postmodern ism “proper” suggests the need to examine these latter works for the potential implication within them of the politics of marginality, in order to determine the extent to which they conceive such marginality as constitutive of the psychosocial phenomena they represent. This undertaking may have a tautological appearance, insofar as identifying these effects in the works I am about to examine seems to entail merely enumerating precisely the qualities that constitute them as postmodernist, thus begging the question of how we are to recognize postmodernist literary practice in the first place. In fact, however, I derive my authority for claiming these works as postmodernist from the extensive theorization of such practice that has been undertaken by numerous commentators from the 1970s through the mid-1980s. Indeed, many of these commentators themselves have-conveniently enough for my purposes hereactually drafted lists of artists whose work they take to embody most strongly a postmodernist impulse. My objective, then, is not to identify various textual effects as postmodernist but rather to examine more closely the effects that other observers have already identified as postmodernist in order to interrogate their relation to the aesthetics of marginality that I have traced in the foregoing chapters. And, as regards selecting the works that we might examine toward this objective, it seems to me that the aforementioned lists of postmodernist practitioners provide us with a good place to begin.
German-American Relations within the International Eugenics Movement before 1933
Authors: Kühl Stefan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In an interview for the Berliner Tageblatt, Alfred Ploetz, the German founder of the science of racial hygiene, discussed his experience at the first International Congress for Eugenics held in London in 1912. Ploetz, who served as president of the International Society for Racial Hygiene, described the United States as a bold leader in the realm of eugenics. His comments foreshadowed the development of a relation ship between German and American eugenicists that was grounded in an emerging international community of scientists dedicated to the goal of race improvement.
The International Context: The Support of Nazi Race Policy through the International Eugenics Movement
Authors: Kühl Stefan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1934, one and a half years after the Nazis came to power in Germany, the International Federation of Eugenic Organizations (IFEO), meeting in Zurich, passed a resolution to which Nazi propaganda frequently referred in order to illustrate the international acceptance of their race policies. In this unanimously passed resolution, sent to the prime ministers of all the major Western powers, the IFEO stated that, despite all differences in political and social outlooks, the organization was ‘‘united by the deep conviction that eugenic research and practice is of the highest and most urgent importance for the existence of all civilized countries.’’ It recommended that all governments ‘‘make themselves acquainted with the problems of heredity, population studies, and eugenics.’’ It stated that eugenic principles should be adopted as state policies ‘‘for the good of their nations.
The Influence of Nazi Race Policies on the Transformation of Eugenics in the United States
Authors: Kühl Stefan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The reaction of the eugenics movement to Nazi race policy must be seen within the context of the scientific community in the United States. In the 1930s, important scientific and political groups grew more skeptical about the policy of the eugenics movements toward ethnic minorities. The “scientific basis” for discrimination against blacks and Jews was questioned by prominent figures, such as socialist geneticists Hermann J. Muller and Walter Landauer, liberal geneticist L.C. Dunn, and anthropologist Franz Boas. Muller, Landauer, andother geneticists enjoyed increasing prestige in the scientific community due to the research successes and growing importance of genetics.
The Temporary End of the Relations between German and American Eugenicists
Authors: Kühl Stefan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When relations between the eugenics movement in the United States and German racial hygienists began to cool in the late 1930s, it was not primarily because American eugenicists recognized the negative consequences of the implementation of eugenics principles. Rather, a combination of different factors was at work: gradual recognition by the public and the scientific community that anti-Semitism was at the core of Nazi race policy; a power shift inside the scientific community of the United States toward a group of more progressive socialist eugenicists and liberal geneticists; and the rapid decline in the late 1930s of the reputation of Nazi Germany within the United States.