bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agricultural Instability in China, 1931-1991
Authors: Kueh Y Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
China is particularly dependent upon her agricultural surplus for financing her ambitious industrialization programme, but the performance of the agricultural sector of the economy has been extremely unstable throughout the twentieth century. Professor Kueh provides a scholarly and authoritative account of this vital part of the Chinese economy during the period 1931-1990, based upon detailed statistical data and other sources of material. Professor Kueh has achieved a unique analysis of the interrelationships between natural, economic, and institutional factors, which lie at the heart of China's agricultural performance. He describes policy changes, technological advances, and natural factors such as climactic conditions, and distinguishes the effect of each factor in the varying level of agricultural production. The strength of this book lies not only in its collection and analysis of data but in the innovative methodological process used, including the construction of a `weather index', which will be invaluable not only for Chinese studies scholars but also for those wishing to undertake similar work for other countries.
Methods and Problems of Measurement
Authors: Kueh Y Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part II of our study examines long-term trends of agricultural instability in China from 1931 to 1984. We focus on the three major physical measures, i.e. total grain output, grain-sown area, and grain yield per sown hectare, in addition to the ‘gross value of agricultural output’ (GVAO) series, to show how the stability of farm output and input has changed over time. In other words, a particular time-period, say 1952-8, is compared with another period, say 1931-7 or 1979-84, in order to determine whether farm production has become more stable or unstable. Such a comparison between different periods promises to show historical trends and patterns of farm stability.
Reformulation of Standard Representative-Agent Models
Authors: Forni Mario , Lippi Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Part I we have dealt with aggregation of scalar stationary (up to suitable differencing) variables. We now enter the core of the book, i.e. aggregation of economic micro models. The latter contain both dependent (controlled by the agent) and independent variables. Thus we must deal with aggregation of stochastic vectors.
An Extension of the Alternative Principle
Authors: Forni Mario , Lippi Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapters 8 and 9 we have studied some of the properties of the aggregated model that can be analyzed on the basis of its MA representation in terms of the vector Ut. We now turn to problems involving the roots of the spectral density or the Wold representation of the aggregated vector. Such roots must be considered when we study Granger causality, while the Wold representation is necessary when we aim to study a vector autoregressive (VAR) model or an ARMAX linking the aggregate variables.
Wold Representation: VAR and ARMAX Models
Authors: Forni Mario , Lippi Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vector autoregressive models have been extensively employed in macroeconomics since Sims (1980). may be thought of as an approximation of the Wold representation of Xt, Secondly, identifying criteria are introduced which allow the determination of structural shocks and impulse response functions. Such criteria are usually based on economic theory, econometric testing, and any other kind of available information. In the early eighties VAR models were mainly identified by recursive schemes: for instance, the first variable affects all the others at time t, whereas none of the others affects the first at time t, the second affects all the remaining ones at time t whereas the latter do not affect the second at time t, etc. In turn, the contemporaneous causal ordering was usually based on the strength of lagged causality.
An Overview
Authors: Heller Frank , Pusić Eugen , Strauss George , Wilpert Bernhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What do we mean by participation? What forms does it take? Why has it been subject to so much interest? This introductory chapter deals with these issues and raises some fundamental questions which will be explored in later chapters at greater length.
Three broad arguments support participation: The first is humanistic-that is, that, by contributing to personal growth and job satisfaction, participation will enhance human dignity. The second argument, power-sharing, is that participation will redistribute social power, protect employees’ interests, strengthen unions, and extend the benefits of political democracy to the workplace. The third is that participation will promote organizational efficiency (Daehler and Wilpert 1978).
Myth and Reality: Valediction
Authors: Heller Frank , Pusić Eugen , Strauss George , Wilpert Bernhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We call this chapter Valediction rather than Conclusion because it attempts to close a period of very intensive activity in thinking and research, and it is, per-haps, a farewell to certain aspects of myth and reality implied by our topic.
In this chapter we set ourselves two objectives. One is to pull together the main streams of arguments and evidence produced in previous chapters. We will do this indirectly rather than by straight summaries, since Chapter 1 has already presented an extensive overview of the main topics and most chapters provide their own interim conclusions. So, in the next two sections we will review some of the early writing of Fred Emery as a way of drawing attention to the tendency in much of the literature to encapsulate participation narrowly within one or two levels of organization. We then go on to argue that the tentative and in part contradictory evidence from research on these encapsulated phenomena, including the policies often flagged under the banner of Human Resources Management (HRM), leads us to suggest that better results would be obtained from a coordinated approach which makes systematic use of consistent policies. Recent research seems to confirm this (see Chapter 6).
Networks and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Sargent Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes some artificial devices that display ‘intelligence.’ Some of them memorize and recall patterns. Others represent and learn nonlinear decision rules. Most of the devices come from the recent ‘connectionist’ literature on neural networks. As Halbert White has taught, a student of econometrics will recognize many parallels between the connectionist literature and his own, in terms of problems and the methods. The connections between the literatures on neural networks and econometrics provide additional perspective on our characterization of bounded rationality as a program to populate models with devices that mimic econometricians.
Experiments
Authors: Sargent Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arthur (1991) and Rust, Palmer, and Miller (1992) have used adaptive algorithms to mimic and interpret the behavior of human subjects in experiments. In this chapter we describe some experiments that have been performed on two models of monetary economies that appeared in earlier chapters. Among the goals of the experimenters was to shed light on the quality of guidance supplied by rational expectations and adaptive dynamics in selecting among multiple stationary equilibria. The first example is an overlapping-generations monetary economy with two stationary equilibria. The second is the exchange rate model with indeterminate equilibria.
Changing Trends in Mortality Decline during the Last Decades
Authors: Arriaga Eduardo E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been a general concern about recent trends of mortality in developing countries. This concern emerged because in most of the developing countries for which there is information, mortality decline slowed down during the 1960s (as it also did in some developed countries). Data from most of these countries had shown significant gains in life expectation at birth during the 1950s; hence, optimistic predictions of future trends of mortality were made. However, life-tables for some developing countries in the early l 970s showed that the expected fast pace of mortality decline had not continued during the 1960s. Those populations for which information was available had mortality rates during the 1950s which declined rapidly at practically all ages, but during the 1960s most of the gain in life expectation was due to the reduction of infant mortality. At adult ages male mortality rates were only slightly reduced, or, in some countries, even tended to increase (Arriaga, 1981; Sivamurthy, 1981).
Living in the Global
Authors: Amin Ash , Thrift Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Globalization’ is now seen too often as an all-pervasive force in the modern world. Yet, even now, there is still considerable dispute over what the term might mean, let alone what it might portend (Robertson 1990; King 1991). Commentators seem willing to agree that the term must be linked in some way to the wilting of the idea of a cohesive and sequestered national economy and society (Giddens 1989). They seem willing to agree that a global economy and society now exists, and not just in embryonic form. They seem convinced that as a result of these changes, everyday life, in developed countries at least, has in some senses, changed, if only because no one can opt out of the changes taking place (Giddens 1991). Finally, commentators seem sure that there is a ‘dialectic’ between the global and the local, that in some sense what counts as the local has been transformed by globalization (Massey 1991).
Regulating Labour: The Social Regulation and Reproduction of Local Labour-Markets
Authors: Peck Jamie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his analyses of the degrading and degenerative effects of the self regulating market, Polanyi mounted an attack on those liberal doctrines which associated markets with freedom and regulation with the denial of freedom. Polanyi’s critique of nineteenth-century capitalism demonstrated that—contrary to the nostrums of free-market ideology—the development of markets for ‘fictitious’ commodities such as labour was dependent upon the existence of a set of institutional forms which had the effect of countering, or containing, the self-destructive dynamic of the market system (1944: 68-76). This later led to the revelation that economic structures are, in different ways, ‘socially embedded’, that economic processes are ‘instituted processes’ (Polanyi 1957: 243-5). This institutionalization of economic processes, moreover, was seen to be the source of stability and unity in the political-economic system as a whole (ibid. 246-50). Understanding the way in which an economy was institutionally embedded, then, provided the key to understanding how that economy was able to reproduce itself.
Engineers in the Boardroom: Britain and France Compared
Authors: Shaw Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Misguided and prejudiced attitudes to engineering and to engineers in Britain have been seen as forming one of the most serious cankers to weaken and cripple British industry in the twentieth century. Indeed these prejudices have, notoriously, been detected well back into the nineteenth century. ‘For the century after about 1850 or 1860 ‘, wrote Donald Coleman and Christine Macleod, ‘a mountain of apparently damning evidence on the British businessman can be built up. He can be presented as sliding into incompetence, displaying the while an attitude to new techniques which combined ignorance, indifference, hostility, prejudice and complacency in a dosage which ranged from the damaging to the lethal. ‘1 One of the central arguments of G. C. Allen ‘s famous and influential essay The British Disease was that ‘Britain ‘s industrial progress was gravely hindered by the strong prejudice in government and many branches of industry itself against the expert, a prejudice rooted in social and educational tradition, a prejudice which carried into a technological age the practices and attitudes of mind inherited from a pre-scientific time. ‘2
The Bank of England and the City
Authors: Roberts Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The City’ is a term with two meanings. Traditionally, it was an abbreviation for the City of London, the physical area of roughly one square mile that is the oldest inhabited part of the metropolis. Today the term is usually used as a shorthand collective term for the banking and other financial services which are the principal activities conducted in the square mile. It is in this latter functional sense that the relationship between the Bank and the City is discussed below. But a brief point about the physical dimension is a pertinent prologue.
Conclusions
Authors: Swann G M Peter , Prevezer Martha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this final chapter is to pull together the most important lessons from this study. We conclude by identifying some implications for policy to be drawn from the work. We have seen that, at least since the industrial revolution, there are many different forces causing clusters to emerge. While the initial location of a cluster may be a little arbitrary, when it has started to forge ahead it will tend to stay ahead, at least for a while. When clusters get large, saturation and congestion start to set in. At this stage the cluster may stop growing, and may even decline if it does not have and cannot attract new industries to replace the old. Some clusters never recover; others do. While some recovery may derive from the price mechanism, some through urban renewal, and some through the attractiveness of an old city’s cultural capital, there is an important role here for convergence between old and new technologies in sustaining the resuscitation of a cluster.
Transnational Corporations and the Nation State
Authors: Kozul-Wright Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The end of over a quarter century of growth and economic stability—appropriately christened a ‘Golden Age’ —has given way to a period of unstable growth, increased economic uncertainty, and widespread political instability. It has also seen the continuation and, in important respects, acceleration of a trend towards greater international specialization and economic integration that had already begun during the Golden Age. National states and labour movements, both important pillars of the Golden Age, have found it difficult to adapt to these changed circumstances. Their weakness contrasts, markedly, with the rising influence of transnational corporations (TNCs). This rise of the TNC, on many accounts, marks a transition from the Golden Age to a ‘globalising age’ (Dunning, 1994). In these accounts, the role of TNCs as long-standing organizers of a broad range of cross-border economic assets and activities has been transformed by new technologies and the relaxation of regulatory controls; free from their national setting and with a fully internalized governance structure these firms can now pursue global strategies of production, marketing, and profit seeking.
Germany: The Invention of Interventionism
Authors: Feldenkirchen Wilfried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than any other Westem European nation, industrial development in Germany has been marked by political, economic, and social upheavals. The years between 1914 and 1990 included the First World War, inflation, the Weimar economic recovery, the Great Depression, National Socialist re-armament, the Second World War, the post-war occupation, the emergence of the Federal Republic of Germany, and the nation’s reunification. These radical changes are reflected in Germany’s GDP (Fig. 4.1). The question naturally arises whether and to what extent changes in the ‘economic order’ precipitated new directions in industrial policy. After a short survey of the development of the economic order in Germany, the chapter explains the Gennan conception of industrial policy and the relationship between private economy and the state since the end of the last century. It then discusses the central components of German industrial policy, cartel and com petition policy, tariffs and subsidies, infrastructure policy, and public ownership.
Italy: Stalling and Surpassing
Authors: Federico Giovanni , Giannetti Renato 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One hundred years ago, Italy was a backward agricultural country with a glorious past. Nowadays, it is the fifth or sixth industrial power in the world. How much did industrial policy contribute to this achievement? Unsurprisingly, the issue is highly controversial. Opinions cover almost the whole possible range, from (conditional) praise to harsh criticism. The differences depend on the period each author is dealing with and perhaps on his academic specialization. Historians, who take into account the long-run achievements, are on average more sanguine than economists, and among these latter the policies of the 1950s enjoy a much better reputation than those of the 1970s. Yet most authors share the common belief that the Italian state was very active. Vera Zamagni (1994: 154) reckons Italy to have been the ‘most interventionist’ country among advanced ones, alongside Japan and Germany. And this belief justifies the interest for industrial policy and its role in the overall debate on Italian development.
Belgium: Liberalism by Default
Authors: Hens Luc , Solar Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last century Belgium has rarely had a clearly articulated industrial policy. Perhaps the only occasion was around 1960 when a series of measures designed to liberalize economic activity and to encourage physical capital fonnation, particularly that by foreign enterprises, was implemented. During the rest of the century one can only search the actions and inactions of successive governments for coherent patterns, and such coherence often proves difficult to find. This lack of coherence, as well as a serious shortage of empirical work by historians and economists on the effects of particular policies, makes it difficult to judge the overall impact of Belgian industria1 policy. But it will be suggested here that, especially since the 1930s, state policy towards industry has often been counterproductive and at best ineffective.
The Free-Standing Company, in Theory and Practice
Authors: Corley T A B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Business history can be studied either from the historical or from the scientific viewpoint. The historical approach tends to concentrate on the unique aspects of past occurrences, with some (but limited) comparisons with similar events being made. By contrast, the scientific method involves observing and seeking to analyses regularities. It likewise requires a continuous search for new and improved techniques for processing the available empirical evidence. Most business historians broadly follow the historical approach. However, some have looked to the social sciences, and most notably to economics, in order to find techniques to analyses and to explain these regularities and hence go some way towards making business history into more of a rigorous academic discipline than it clearly is at present. Mira Wilkins ‘s concept and descriptions of the free-standing company are urgently in need of re-examination along the scientific lines referred to above. She first unveiled the concept at an international conference in 1983, her paper being published three years later. A full length article, partly entitled ‘The Free-Standing Company, 1870-1914 ‘, followed in 1988. She has made use of this concept in various other works, most of which are noted in the present chapter. Although a number of scholars have identified historical cases of free-standing companies in various countries, no comprehensive academic critique has until now appeared in the literature.
Free-Standing Companies in Italy, 1883 1912
Authors: Hertner Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Italy was, economically speaking, a country of the European periphery from the second half of the seventeenth well into the twentieth century, after having been at the heart of Europe ‘s cultural and economic development during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance period. During the second half of the nineteenth century, despite Italy ‘s overall ‘economic backwardness ‘, its more advanced parts, mainly in the north-west, received considerable flows of financial and human capital as well as technology from abroad. Some of these flows, but only a relatively small amount, went also into the less developed central and southern parts of the peninsula.
British Free-Standing Companies and Investment Groups in India and the Far East
Authors: Chapman Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature on British overseas investment has demonstrated that free-standing companies (FSCs) were by no means the only vehicle for the transmission of capital to imperial and foreign countries. The enterprise of merchant partnerships setting up companies and private ventures was evidently no less significant. Merchant investment certainly pre-dated FSCs by several generations, while merchants ‘ investment groups were among the biggest in the whole British economy, several times the size of the major FSCs. In India and the Far East, if not elsewhere, investment groups were the most important form of organization in the various national economies, as well as in the international movements of capital. The reasons for this continuing mercantile supremacy form the subject matter of this chapter.
Terms of Trade and the Real Exchange Rate in the CFA Zone: Implications for Income Distribution in Niger
Authors: Dorosh Paul , Essama-Nssah, B , Samba-Mamadou Ousmane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dependence on primary commodity exports characterizes the economies of a number of countries in sub-Saharan Africa. During most of the 1970s, when commodity prices reached historic highs, real incomes rose along with exports in Cote d’Ivoire (cocoa and coffee), Cameroon (petroleum) and Guinea (bauxite). Subsequent reversals in the terms of trade contributed to balance of payments crises and led to the adoption of stabilization and structural adjustment measures. For Niger, a sharp increase in both the volume and price of uranium exports in the 1970s spurred an economic boom. Subsequent declines in uranium earnings in the early 1980s, combined with drought and macroeconomic reforms in Niger’s large neighbor to the south, Nigeria, reduced foreign exchange earnings, real incomes, and the stock of wealth.
Life after Public Sector Job Loss in Guinea
Authors: Mills Bradford , Sahn David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Donors and policy-makers continue to emphasize reducing the role, and improving the efficiency, of the state as a key component of reform in sub-Saharan Africa economies. Macroeconomic stabilization efforts inevitably focus attention on the size of the wage bill and the attendant strain that is placed on the government’s limited budgetary resources. However, public sector wage and employment policies also have important direct impacts on the efficiency of the sector, as well as numerous indirect impacts on the rest of the economy.1 Thus, the retrenchment of government workers, as well as the rationalization of public sector pay scales and employment policies, have become essential components of structural adjustment programs in sub-Saharan Africa. This paper will focus on the Republic of Guinea’s successes and costs of implementing a public sector retrenchment program. Guinea’s experience is particularly poignant because of the public sector’s initial dominance of economic activity and the presence of severe institutional constraints to effective program implementation.