bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bacteremia in Children Following Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy or Colonoscopy
Authors: Byrne William J. , Euler Arthur R. , Campbell Margaret , Eisenach Kathy D. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryFifty children undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and 25 undergoing colonoscopy were studied prospectively with aerobic and anaerobic blood cultures for the development of bacteremia. Twenty‐six of the endoscopies and all the colonoscopies were done under general anesthesia. Cultures were obtained before, at 5 min, and at 30 min after the procedure. Only a single positive blood culture was obtained in an upper endoscopy patient. All cultures from the colonoscopy patients were negative. Biopsy or polypectomy were not important variables in the development of bacteremia. It is concluded that the risk of bacteremia in children following upper endoscopy or colonoscopy is minimal and should not be considered a contraindication to their performance.
De Novo Purine Nucleotide Synthesis in the Rat Small and Large Intestine
Authors: LeLeik Neal S. , Bronstein Andrew D. , Baliga B. Surendra , Munro Hamish N. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThis study assessed the pathway for de novo purine nucleotide synthesis in rat small intestinal and colonic mucosal cells, and determined the effects of dietary purines and protein on de novo purine nucleotide synthetic activity in the small intestine in vitro. Incubation of small intestinal mucosal scrapings with [14C]glycine failed to show an active pathway of de novo synthesis; in contrast, the colon showed incorporation of [14C]glycine into RNA. Rats fed a diet deficient in purines demonstrated increased incorporation of [14C]glycine into RNA‐adrenine in small intestinal mucosal cells. Measurement of glutamine‐amidophosphoribosyltransferase demonstrated that, regardless of the purine content of the diet, enzyme activity in the small intestine is significantly lower than in the colon or liver The results indicate that, in the small intestine of the rat, there is an inactive de novo pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis that can be stimulated when purines are omitted from the diet.
Stability of Vitamin and Mineral Concentrations of a Low‐Birth‐Weight Infant Formula During Continuous
Authors: Antonson Dean L. , Smith Jack L. , Nelson Robert D. , Anderson A. Kathryn , Vanderhoof Jon A. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe stability of several vitamins and minerals of a new formula for premature infants, Similac(r) Special Care, was examined following passage through a simulated continuous infusion apparatus designed to duplicate that used for continuous enteral feeding in infants. The concentrations of calcium, iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E were measured before and after infusion at rates appropriate for delivering 120 calories/kg to infants weighing 733 and 1,000 g. Following passage through this apparatus, significant reductions were noted for calcium (44–54%), iron (23–34%), and zinc (18–32%). Concentrations of copper, magnesium, and vitamins A, C, and E remained stable. When another formula commonly used for premature infants, Similac 24LBW, was subjected to similar analysis, the concentrations of all vitamins and minerals studied remained stable. Our study demonstrates that infants fed Similac Special Care by continuous infusion may not receive the quantity of calcium, iron, and zinc implied by the product label.
Concentrations and Total Daily Output of Micronutrients in Breast Milk of Mothers Delivering Preterm
Authors: Moran J. Roberto , Vaughan Ross , Stroop Steven , Coy Sam , Johnston Howard , Greene Harry L. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe number of preterm infants fed their own mother's milk appears to be increasing as a result of information suggesting certain benefits over milk from human milk banks or proprietary formulas. It is also apparent that the nutritional requirements of term and preterm infants differ. Thus, the finding of various deficiencies in small preterm infants indicates that studies which examine the nutrient content of milk from mothers who deliver prematurely are important to aid in suggesting appropriate supplementation. In order to provide appropriate recommendations, nutrient content must be assayed during the period of exclusive milk feedings. Accordingly, the concentrations and total daily output of breast milk zinc and copper, and vitamins A, C, and E, were examined in a group of 13 mothers delivering at or before 32 weeks gestation. Collections of a total 24‐h output were obtained every 7 days for the first 7 weeks after delivery. Concentrations of all micronutrients were similar to those reported previously during the first 5 weeks of lactation. Most striking, however, was the progressive decline in total output as well as concentration of zinc. After the first 2 weeks of lactation, levels of copper and vitamins A, C, and E were not affected by the duration of lactation. There was substantial variation between mothers in daily output of all the micronutrients. The low output of these micronutrients suggests that some attempt should be made at monitoring the mineral and vitamin status of small preterm infants fed exclusively human milk for the first 3 months of life. This is particularly true of zinc, and vitamins A, E, and C, which, because of the wide variation in output between mothers, may not always meet the recommended dietary intakes.
Cholelithiasis in Children with Immunoglobulin A Deficiency
Authors: Danon Yehuda L. , Dinari Gabriel , Garty Ben‐Zion , Horodniceanu Charlotte , Nitzan Menachem , Grunebaum Michael 
Published: January 2024

SummaryIn view of the role of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the local host defenses of the gut and biliary tract, and the association of IgA deficiency with various intestinal disorders, an ultrasonographic study was performed to determine the prevalence of gallstones in selective IgA deficiency. Eight of 13 children (three girls and five boys) with selective IgA deficiency had abnormal biliary sonograms. Four had cholelithiasis, and four had biliary sludge only. IgA deficiency may predispose to gallbladder infection, and thus to the development of gallstones. Decreased bile acid pool due to intestinal losses, and biliary stasis due to reduced hormonal gallbladder stimulation may also play a role in some cases, but further studies are needed. This association adds a new gastrointestinal abnormality to those known to be associated with selective IgA deficiency.
Potential for Mucosal Adaptation Following Massive Small Bowel Resection in 3‐Week‐Old Versus 8‐Week‐Old Rats
Authors: Vanderhoof Jon A. , Burkley Karen T. , Antonson Dean L. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryIn order to determine the relative capacity for bowel adaptation in young versus older rats, 60% bowel resections were performed in seven 3‐week‐old and seven 8‐week‐old rats. These animals were then pair‐fed with control animals that had undergone sham operations, and after 2 weeks, all animals were killed. Segments of remaining jejunum, midileum, and distal ileum were removed, and mucosa was scraped free using a glass slide. Mucosal wet weight, protein, RNA, DNA, and sucrase content were measured. Data were expressed as percent increase of each mucosal parameter in resected as opposed to control animals, and the two age groups were compared by unpaired t test. When data were examined per centimeter of bowel, increases in all parameters in each segment were substantially greater in the older animals, suggesting that older animals have a greater capacity for mucosal adaptation following massive bowel resection than do young animals. These findings correlate well with clinical experience which suggests that infants with massive bowel resection may require years of parenteral nutrition before total enteral nutrition is possible.
Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome in Chickens as an Animal Model for Reye's Syndrome
Authors: Awrich Paula , Madge Gordon E. , Wolf Barry 
Published: January 2024

SummaryFatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS), a naturally occurring but experimentally reproducible disease in chickens, has several clinical, pathological, and biochemical features in common with Reye's syndrome. Because of this, it has been suggested that FLKS may serve as an animal model of Reye's syndrome. We have examined, therefore, various parameters characteristic of Reye's syndrome in chickens affected with FLKS to further delineate the similarities and differences between the two disorders. Plasma glucose concentrations were significantly lower in chickens affected with FLKS which may be caused by the significantly reduced activity of pyruvate carboxylase in all FLKS‐affected animals. The activity of propionyl CoA carboxylase was low in only the most severely affected chickens, and †‐methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase showed no difference when compared with controls. This may be due to variable sensitivities of the three carboxylases to marginal biotin deficiency which occurs with FLKS. Plasma ammonia concentrations and activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase, however, were not elevated in the affected birds. Histological changes in the liver and kidney were noted in affected chickens, but these changes were not identical with those observed in Reye's syndrome. Although the mechanisms of nitrogen elimination in fowl differ from those in humans, failure to demonstrate hyperammonemia, elevated serum transaminase activities, or similar histological changes in tissues of affected birds indicates that FLKS is not an appropriate model for the study of Reye's syndrome.
Prevention of Perinatally Transmitted Hepatitis B Virus Infection by Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin Immunoprophylaxis
Authors: Foschini Maria , De Toni Antonio , Padula Deborah , Pizzocolo Giuseppe , Arrighini Alberto , Zunin Carlo 
Published: January 2024

SummaryOf 5,327 pregnant women who were screened between July 1981 and July 1983, 5.2% were found to be hepatitis Bs antigen (HBsAg) carriers. This high percentage of carriers accentuates the importance of vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus in our area. In view of this we sought to verify the effectiveness of hyperimmune immunoglobulins in the prevention of infection. We studied 201 babies born to HBsAg‐positive mothers. These babies had regular checkups until 12 months of age. One hundred forty‐nine received prophylactic hyperimmune globulin (two to seven doses according to risk ranking), while 52 did not. A higher percentage of infection was found in the babies who had no prophylaxis (25%) than in the babies who had prophylaxis (7.4%). Furthermore, hepatitis appeared earlier (from the 2nd to the 6th month) in the babies who had no prophylaxis than in the babies who had prophylaxis (from the 9th to the 12th month). No infection was observed during prophylaxis or up to 6 months.
Erythrocyte Lipid Alterations in Pediatric Cholestatic Liver Disease
Authors: Cynamon Harry A. , Isenberg J. Nevin , Gustavson Lillian P. , Gourley William K. 
Published: January 2024

SummarySpur cell anemia of liver disease is a hemolytic process characterized by spiculated erythrocytes and an elevated red cell membrane cholesterol/phospholipid (C/ PL) molar ratio. This form of anemia is associated almost exclusively with adults in the advanced stages of alcoholic cirrhosis. We were therefore surprised to identify two unrelated infants with cholestatic liver disease and hemolytic anemia who had spiculated erythrocytes as the major abnormal cell form on peripheral smear. Erythrocyte membrane cholesterol and phospholipid determinations from these patients were compared with six infants with extrahepatic biliary atresia and target‐shaped erythrocytes and with five normal adults. Erythrocyte C/PL molar ratio distinguished target cells from normal erythrocytes (p < 0.01). The spur cell patients' erythrocyte C/PL molar ratios were clearly greater than either target cell patients or normal controls (1.30 vs. 1.02 vs. 0.84). Both patients' spur cell anemia resolved and target cells became the major abnormal erythrocyte form. These studies identify a transient form of spur cell anemia associated with infantile cholestatic liver disease. The factors leading to the formation of spur cell anemia in infancy require further investigation
Esophageal Stricture Dilatation in Awake Children
Authors: Orenstein S. R. , Whitington P. F. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryDilatation of esophageal strictures in children has generally been performed in the hospital under general anesthesia, or under deep sedation. We report here a series of 211 dilatations in 13 pediatric patients who had these procedures performed in the outpatient department, 72% of them without any sedation, during a 4‐year period. This report characterizes the children, the method of outpatient dilatation, and our results. At the end of the study period, six of the patients no longer required dilatation after five to 14 procedures; four patients still required dilatation at twice‐yearly intervals; and three patients remained on an active schedule of dilatations at intervals less than 5 months. Esophageal lumen diameter increased and symptoms improved in all of the children. Catch‐up weight gain occurred in one‐half of those initially below the 10th percentile. Dilatation without anesthesia or sedation was preferred by all of the parents, and by those children old enough to express a preference. Estimated reduction of medical costs by more than $100,000 was realized, compared with boug‐inage using general anesthesia. No episode of perforation, significant hemorrhage, documentable aspiration, or neurologic complication occurred. Outpatient dilatation without anesthesia is an effective method of treating esophageal strictures in children.
Intestinal Resection in the Neonatal Rat
Authors: Andrew Ford W. D. , Kleinman Ronald E. , Walter W. , de Vries Johannes E. , Boelhouwer Roelof U. , Ross Jeffrey S. , Malt Ronald A. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryTo investigate whether intestinal resection accelerates mucosal maturation in suckling rats, macromolec ular absorption, sucrase and lactase activity, RNA/DNA ratios, and intestinal morphology were determined 5 days after partial small intestinal resection or intestinal transection in 15 day old rats. Villous height and crypt depth, lactase and sucrase activity, and RNA/DNA ratios were significantly increased in remaining intestine in animals that underwent surgery. These animals, together with normal control animals, were also gavaged with 100 mg bovine serum albumin, and serum levels were determined after 2.5 h. Mean serum levels of bovine serum albumin were 0.135 ± 0.034 μg/ml/cm of residual intestine after trans section, 0.257 ± 0.078 μg/ml/cm after resection, and 0.404 ± 0.030 μg/ml/cm in controls. These studies demonstrate that intestinal resection during the suckling period of the infant rat results in several morphologic and physiologic changes that resemble precocious maturation of the small intestine.
A New Ambulatory System for Extended Esophageal pH Monitoring
Authors: Newman Leonard J. , Berezin Stuart , San Filippo J. Anthony , Halata Michael , Medow Marvin S. , Schwarz Steven M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary:A new 24‐h ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring system (AMBI 24) was evaluated in 72 pediatric patients with suspected gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Fortyseven of these patients were monitored at home and the other 25 in our hospital. This system was employed without complication in infants and a full range of pediatric patients, as well as in older children with severe psychomotor delay. The data obtained were consistent with those reported utilizing standard monitoring equipment, and the results served as the basis for subsequent medical management. The results of this study, therefore, suggest that this method of esophageal pH monitoring is a safe and effective means of evaluating GER while allowing for patient mobility.
Comparison of Fatty Acid Composition of Plasma Lipid Fractions in Well‐Nourished Nigerian and German Infants and Toddlers
Authors: Koletzko B. , Abiodun P. O. , Laryea M. D. , Schmid S. , Bremer H. J. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe dietary intake of essential fatty acids is reflected by the plasma lipid composition. Only scanty data is available on the pattern of plasma fatty acids in young children and the influence of different environments. We analyzed the fatty acid composition of plasma sterolesters, triglycerides, and phospholipids in well‐nourished‐appearing children from Benin City, Nigeria (n = 8; aged 14.1 ± 7.2 months) and Düsseldorf, FRG (n = 17; aged 15.2 ± 5.1 months). The Nigerian group tended to have bigger proportions of the essential ‐6‐fatty acids, linoleic acid, and its metabolites, and by far higher values for long‐chain co‐3‐fatty acids, which are considered to be protective against atherogenesis. The saturated and nonessential monoenoic fatty acids tended to be lower in the Nigerian children, and the ratio of polyun‐saturated to saturated fatty acids was higher. We conclude that the quality of dietary fat in the German children was worse and may imply an increased risk for development of atherosclerosis.
Autoradiographic Localization of (3H)‐Thymidine Incorporation in the Small Intestinal Epithelium of Fetal Sheep
Authors: Trahair J. F. , Perry R. A. , Silver M. , Robinson P. M. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryAspects of the cell kinetics of the developing intestinal epithelium of fetal sheep were investigated by autoradiography. The sites of (3H)‐thymidine uptake were localized in the small intestinal epithelium of fetal sheep from 60 to 145 days' gestation. Labeled cells were always confined to the intervillus progenitive zone, either between the bases of adjacent villi in the younger fetuses or in crypts. There were no labeled cells within the villus epithelium. Labeled and unlabeled cells within the progenitive zones were counted in proximal and distal regions of the small intestine. The proportion of cells labeled (PCL) was unaffected by the route of administration of (3H)‐thymidine into the fetus. There was no clear age‐related trend in PCL of the distal region (mean distal PCL, 0.23 ± 0.03). On the other hand, in proximal regions, PCL was at its highest value at 60 days (0.33), falling to a minimum of 0.14 at 130 days, before rising to 0.25 (± 0.04) at 136 days. These results demonstrate that the proliferation of enterocytes in utero is qualitatively similar to that in the adult, being confined to a distinct progenitive zone. Such a finding is an important first step in understanding changes in enterocyte structure and function, since this may, as seen in the adult, be largely determined by the rates of division and renewal.
Duodenal Gangliocytic Paraganglioma Occurring in Adolescence
Authors: Sando William C. , Mills Stacey E. , Rodgers Bradley M. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryA 15‐year‐old boy complained of abdominal pain and massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Endoscopic evaluation demonstrated an ulcerated, submucosal mass involving the ampulla. This was locally excised and found to show the characteristic histologic and ultrastructural features of a gangliocytic paraganglioma. Similar lesions have been reported in 29 patients with a mean age of 55 years (range, 32–80). Twenty‐six patients complained of abdominal pain or gastrointestinal bleeding, symptoms that mimic those of peptic ulcer disease. These tumors are uniformly benign, nonencapsulated, and submucosal. They usually arise in the second portion of the duodenum and are treated by simple excision. This patient is the youngest reported, and his case is presented as an illustration of an unusual tumor that can masquerade clinically and radiologically as a duodenal ulcer. The importance of endoscopic evaluation is stressed.
Prostaglandin Metabolism in Children With Diabetes Mellitus. I. Plasma Prostaglandin E2, F2α, TXB2, and Serum Fatty Acid Levels
Authors: Arisaka M. , Arisaka O. , Fukuda Y. , Yamashiro Y. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryTo study prostaglandin (PG) metabolism in children with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus, plasma levels of PGE2, PGF2α, and thromboxane B2 and the composition of serum fatty acids were measured. Platelet aggregation, a risk factor in diabetic vascular complications, was also measured. The mean levels of plasma PGE2 and PGF2α were high and serum dihomo‐gamma‐linolenic acid and arachidonic acid were low in the diabetic children. The plasma thromboxane B2 levels of the diabetic children and normal controls were not significantly different. Platelet aggregation was also increased in diabetic patients. These results suggest that the insulin deficiency and high blood sugar in diabetic children may disturb the supply of dihomo‐gamma‐linolenic acid from cis‐linoleic acid, decreasing prostaglandin formation in series 1. Then feedback regulation may increase production of PGE2 and PGF2α in series 2. Altered PG metabolism may be responsible for the occurrence and progression of vascular complications in the diabetic children.
Ultrastructural Findings in the Jejunal Mucosa of Children With IgA Deficiency
Authors: Giorgi Pier Luigi , Catassi Carlo , Sbarbati Andrea , Bearzi Italo , Cinti Saverio 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe primary aim of this work was to investigate the ultrastructural morphology of the small intestinal mucosa in children affected by selective IgA deficiency (SIgAD). Absorptive tests and intestinal biopsies were performed in a group of nine children with SIgAD, none of them presenting with diarrhea. Biopsy specimens were processed for routine histology and scanning or transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). By light microscopy, the jejunal mucosa appeared normal in all but one patient with patchy villous atrophy. By SEM, two further biopsies showed small areas of flat mucosa surrounded by villous ridges of nearly normal height. By TEM, four out of the nine mucosal specimens showed degenerative changes of the surface epithelium, including enlargement of the mitochondria, apical accumulation of primary and secondary lysosomes, and shortening and branching of the microvilli. These findings suggest that the small intestinal mucosa of children with SIgAD often shows pathological changes, some of which are recognizable only at the ultrastructural level. The study of biopsy specimens by SEM seems to be a useful diagnostic tool when patchy mucosal damage may occur, as in some of our patients with SIgAD.
Diagnosis of Congenital Glucose‐Galactose Malabsorption by Measuring Sugar‐ and Amino Acid‐Evoked Potential Differences in Jejunum in Vivo
Authors: Igarashi Y. , Ohkohchi N. , Kikuta A. , Suzuki J. , Tada K. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryA girl who was clinically suspected of having congenital glucose‐galactose malabsorption was investigated for sugar‐ and amino acid‐evoked potential differences in the jejunum in vivo using a jejunal perfusion technique. She was fed an ordinary diet without suffering diarrhea at the time (at age 2) of this study. Her nutritional condition and development were normal. The disaccharidase activities of a biopsy specimen of the jejunal mucosa, which were assayed at 1 year of age when she was not having diarrhea, were normal. Jejunal perfusion of 100‐m M solutions of D‐glucose or D‐maltose evoked no significant change in the electrical potential difference. On the other hand, 100 m M of L‐glycine or L‐leucine solution evoked a normal increase of the lumen negative potential difference (4.4 mV and 3.6 mV, respectively). Therefore, the patient was diagnosed as having congenital glucose‐galactose malabsorption due to a defect of Na‐dependent glucose‐galactose active transport. These findings indicate that the measurement of sugar‐ and amino acid‐evoked potential differences is a simple and reliable method for the diagnosis of congenital glucose‐ galactose malabsorption.