bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti‐Party Sentiments in Southern Europe
Authors: Torcal Mariano , Gunther Richard , Ramón Montero José 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPolitical scientists who have written about party decline (the ‘crisis of parties’) fall into two broad categories: one group includes those who focus their analysis on the organizational structures, functions and membership of parties, and their performance in government and in representative institutions; a second group has been more concerned with citizens’ attitudes towards political parties, although their empirical studies have rarely focused on the question of the decline in public support for parties, and have instead been primarily concerned with themes such as the evolution of party identification, electoral participation, and the traditional social ties linking parties to citizens. Despite widespread interest in this theme, there have been surprisingly few empirical studies of the extent and possible origins of anti‐party attitudes. Aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically exploring the hypothesis of the ‘decline of parties’ from the standpoint of citizen support for these key institutions in four Southern European democracies, although the existing literature on the topic has produced contradictory findings. Has four complementary objectives: (1) to develop and discuss attitudinal indicators that can serve as adequate measures of anti‐party sentiments; (2) to observe the evolution of these indicators over time in a variety of contexts; (3) to discuss their relationship with other aspects of political behaviour; and (4) to speculate about the origins of anti‐party sentiments. While most of the analysis focuses on Spain, similar attitudes are also explored in Portugal, Italy, and Greece, in an effort to determine the extent to which an increase in anti‐party sentiments represents a general feature of contemporary West European democracies, and to what extent it maybe linked to a broader concept of political disaffection; also examined are some of the consequences of this phenomenon with regard to electoral behaviour, to psychological identification of citizens with parties, and to the overall level of involvement of citizens in public life.
Conclusion
Authors: Kahn Jeffrey 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A broad continuum of approaches to federal government exists. What choices are available to ruling elites at any given political moment depends greatly on previous institutional and political choices. The importance of a culture of legality, democratic governance, and a shared appreciation for the concepts and goals behind federal choices cannot be understated. The author concludes that weak conceptual, democratic, and rule‐of‐law foundations continue to threaten the new Russian Federation.
Inference Principles
Authors: Neale Stephen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractChs. 7 (and 6) set out and clean the formal tools that are needed in the remaining chapters to prove that Donald Davidson's and Richard Rorty's cases against facts and the representation of facts are unfounded, and their slingshot (collapsing) arguments for discrediting the existence of facts unsatisfactory. The previous chapter clarified what is meant by such terms as ‘extensions’, ‘extensionality’ and ‘scope’, and this one separates various inference principles common in extensional logic. The six sections of the chapter are: Introductory Remarks; A Principle of Substitutivity for Material Equivalents; A Principle of Substitutivity for Singular Terms; A Principle of Substitutivity for Logical Equivalents; An Inference Principle Involving ‘Exportation’; and A Principle of Substitutivity for Definite Descriptions.
Between Positivism and Republicanism: Émile Littré and the Founding of the Third Republic
Authors: Hazareesingh Sudhir 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Explores the political thought of Littré, examining his conversion to Comte's positivism and his later attempt to effect a synthesis between Comtian positivism and republicanism; the chapter demonstrates the tensions and ambiguities in his republican ideology during the 1870s, at the time of the founding of the Third Republic.
Neo‐Kantian Moralist and Activist: Jules Barni and the Establishment of the Municipalist Republic
Authors: Hazareesingh Sudhir 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Concludes with an examination of the political thought of Jules Barni, one of the leading republican philosophers of his generation. Barni was the French translator of the works of Kant, and during the 1850s and 1860s his republicanism was deeply influenced by Kantian principles (notably in his commitment to international peace and anti‐militarism). In the 1870s Barni's writings played an important role in the emergence of the doctrine of ‘republican municipalism’, which underpinned the new political order in France.
The Truth in Particularism
Authors: Raz Joseph 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Particularism's model of explanation is challenged on the ground that a sensible intelligibility principle requires that there must be an explanation for the difference between a good and a bad action. Raz is concerned with what it is to be guided by reason, as well as with the results of the fact that reason can often undermine particular outcomes. What determines the moral status of an action must extend beyond what the agent's reason for acting is. It is argued that there is a clear distinction between the evaluative and guiding functions of reasons.
Linear Quadratic Approximations: An Introduction
Authors: Díaz‐Giménez Javier 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This is a brief introduction to dynamic programming and the method of using linear quadratic (LQ) approximations to the return function; the method is an approximation because it computes the solution to a quadratic expansion of the utility function about the steady state or the stable growth path of model economies. The main purpose of the chapter is to review the theoretical basis for the LQ approximation and to illustrate its use with a detailed example (social planning). The author demonstrates that, using the LQ approximation approach and the certainty equivalence principle, solving for the value function is a relatively easy task. The different sections of the chapter describe the standard neoclassical growth model, present a social planner problem that can be used to solve the model, give a recursive formulation of the social planner's problem, and describe an LQ approximation to this problem. Exercises are included throughout, and an appendix presents a MATLAB program to illustrate the LQ method.
Solving Nonlinear Rational Expectations Models by Eigenvalue–Eigenvector Decompositions
Authors: Novales Alfonso , Domínguez Emilio , Pérez Javier J. , Ruiz Jesús 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDiscusses the main issues involved in practical applications of solution methods that have been proposed for rational expectations models, based on eigenvalue–eigenvector decompositions. It starts by reviewing how a numerical solution can be derived for the standard deterministic Cass–Koopmans–Brock–Mirman economy, pointing out the relevance of stability conditions. Next the general structure used to solve linear rational expectations models, and its extension to nonlinear models, is summarized. The solution method is then applied to Hansen's (1985) model of indivisible labour, and comparisons with other solution approaches are discussed. It is then shown how the eigenvalue–eigenvector decomposition can help to separately identify variables of a similar nature (as is the case when physical capital and inventories are inputs in an aggregate production technology), and how the solution method can be adapted to deal with endogenous growth models.
Aquinas' Metaphysics of the Incarnation
Authors: Stump Eleonore 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Stump presents Aquinas's interpretation of the metaphysics of the incarnation—his attempt to make sense out of a theological doctrine bequeathed to him as a traditional and central part of Christian belief. This chapter aims to clarify and support both his understanding of doctrine and his metaphysics. Stump begins by laying out the parts of Aquinas's metaphysics, which are particularly important for the doctrine of the incarnation. Then she turns to his interpretation of the doctrine itself. She is concerned particularly with the way in which Aquinas understands the Chalcedonian formula, the resources, which his interpretation of the formula has for handling familiar objections to the doctrine of the incarnation, and the view of the mind(s) of Christ to which his interpretation is committed.
How Technological Competencies Help Define the Core (Not the Boundaries) of the Firm
Authors: Patel Pari , Pavitt Keith 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe chapter studies technological capabilities across around 400 of the world's largest technologically active firms, as measured by their patenting activities. There found a robust evidence of competences diversified across multiple technological fields, quite inertial— although slowly changing over time—and distinctly different across firms—even if influenced by the sector of principal production activity of the firms themselves. Interestingly, these large firms show a range of technologies, which firms may acquire from outside, and in‐house knowledge necessary to utilize them. Most of these firms in addition to core technological competences possess ‘background’ competences located in broad technologies—such as machinery and chemical process—and ‘niche’ competences in particular technological sub‐fields: these firm‐specific technological profiles are proximate predictors of the core activities of the firm.
Political Economy and Industrial Policy
Authors: Laffont Jean‐Jacques 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter considers a variety of issues in industrial policy by modelling the trade‐off between informational rents and efficiency distortions. It is shown that political imperfections affect regulatory rules and that the ownership structure of firms matters. Price distortions and the rationale behind prohibiting price discrimination are analysed and the models are extended to include the possibility of lump sum transfers by the government.
Political Economy and the Marginal Cost Pricing Controversy
Authors: Laffont Jean‐Jacques 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter traces the intellectual history of the marginal cost‐pricing rule from Adam Smith to Hotelling. A democratic game is modelled under imperfect information and incentive constraints and it is shown that the rent captured by the majority is very costly to the other group. As a result, the politician–economist relationship is shown to be welfare enhancing if the economist recommends rules that decrease the politician's discretion even at the cost of efficiency.
The Economics of Regional Trading Arrangements
Authors: Pomfret Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractRegional trading arrangements have been a recurring, and often challenging, feature of the global trading system established after 1945. This book analyses the economic, historical, and political reasons behind these challenges, which arose even though the multilateral trading system was serving the world well over the second half of the twentieth century. The book's three main parts deal with the history, theory, and empirical evidence on the effects of discriminatory trade policies in general, and of regionalism in particular.
Trade Preferences for Developing Countries
Authors: Pomfret Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAnalyses the effects of non‐reciprocal tariff preferences granted by high‐income countries to less‐developed countries. Section 1 reports the gross trade effects, which have often been small because of low export supply elasticities of the beneficiaries and exclusion of products for which supply might have been responsive. Section 2 deals with measures of trade creation, trade diversion, and the net welfare effects. Section 3 draws conclusions.
Introduction
Authors: Geroski P. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Introduces the subject of the book: the common features in early phases of development of a new market. Illustrating with the surge of internet and the market for supercomputers as examples, it postulates that the ‘new economy’ is not much different from the ‘old economy’. It then sketches the main arguments that will be analysed in the book highlighting the role of innovation, the conditions for entry in a new market, the emergence of a dominant design, and dynamics of the early markets.
Stated‐Preference Methods for Valuing Environmental Amenities
Authors: Adamowicz Wiktor L. , Boxall Peter C. , Louviere Jordan J. , Swait Joffre , Williams Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The stated preference (SP) approach allows the individual features or attributes that make up a good to be valued. Experimental design to array attributes and attribute levels into choice sets is fundamental to SP. Respondents typically select one of two choice sets, along with the status quo alternative. SP has a number of advantages over other environmental valuation methods, such as orthogonality in attributes, which avoids colinearity problems of revealed preference methods. An application of SP to mouse hunting in Canada is presented.
Household Demand for Improved Sanitation Services: A Case Study of Calamba, the Philippines
Authors: Lauria Donald T. , Whittington Dale , Choe Kyeongae , Turingan Cynthia , Abiad Virginia 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The average WTP for a sewer connection and treatment plant was less than 1% of income for most households. Respondents given time to think about their willingness‐to‐pay consistently bid less than those who were given no time to think. Average WTP showed little variation, whether calculated directly from discrete choice data using a logit model or from a final question on the households’ maximum WTP for a sewer connection.
Contingent Valuation Methodology and the EU Institutional Framework
Authors: Bonnieux François , Rainelli Pierre 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The environmental legislation process in the EU originated in the First Environmental Action Programme in 1973. A consistent set of principles emerged in successive Environmental Action Programmes: polluter pays; precaution; subsidiarity; and sustainability. There has been a notable absence in the use of valuation techniques within EU decision‐making, which has relied instead on Environmental Impact Assessment. Individual national governments within the EU have used valuation techniques on an ad hoc basis.
Turkmenistan
Authors: Grotz Florian 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Turkmenistan since 1990. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Turkmenistan's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates in presidential elections and referendums, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Singapore
Authors: Rieger Hans Christoph 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections held in Thailand since the ‘revolution’ of 1932 that ended absolute monarchy. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Thailand's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for parties in parliamentary elections at both national and regional level, the electoral participation of political parties, the national and regional distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Japan
Authors: Klein Axel 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections held since the proclamation of the North Korean Republic in 1948. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of North Korea's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes available electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Korea (Republic of Korea/ South Korea)
Authors: Croissant Aurel 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Mongolia since formal independence in 1921. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Mongolia's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums at both the national and regional level, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Kiribati
Authors: Somoza Alexander 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in the Marshall Islands since 1975. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Marshall Islands’ political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast in parliamentary elections and referendums, etc.).
Marshall Islands
Authors: Stöver Philip 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections held in Nauru since its independence in 1968. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Nauru's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes available electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters and votes cast in parliamentary elections, etc.).
Palau
Authors: Shuster Donald R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections held in Papua New Guinea since its independence in 1975. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of PNG political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for parties in parliamentary elections, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Tuvalu
Authors: Somoza Alexander 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections held in Vanuatu since the introduction of self‐government in 1978. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Vanuatu's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for parties in parliamentary elections, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
The EU and East Asia
Authors: Youngs Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of European democracy promotion strategies in East Asia, in particular, within the ASEM process, and outlines the debates that emerged over the nature of European commercial and strategic interests during the 1990s. The contrast in strategies adopted towards individual Asian states is analysed, along with a more detailed examination of EU policy towards Indonesia both prior to and after the country's 1998 transition. A final section examines the European response to the Asian financial crisis and analyses the significance of this for the EU's democracy and good governance agenda.
The Obligation to Keep a Promise
Authors: Prichard H. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A promise to do some action seems to create a binding obligation to do that action. And yet, paradoxically, an obligation seems not to be a fact that we can create or bring into existence; we can create an obligation only by creating or bringing into existence something else. The only way to avoid the paradox is to show that the act of promising creates something other than an obligation, which nonetheless binds us to perform the action in question. After considering and rejecting various options such as the promisee's expectation and the promisor's resolve, Prichard locates the bindingness of a promise in a prior general promise, which allows the noises we make when promising to generate an obligation to perform the promised action.
Exchanging
Authors: Prichard H. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The act of exchanging one thing for another seems to involve a promise. The confidence needed to relinquish something one has on the understanding that one will receive what another has in exchange can be expressed in terms of resolve. In binding oneself, one thinks that if the other binds himself or herself to perform a given action (if he or she finds a certain condition fulfilled), then he or she will do that action (if he or she finds the condition fulfilled). In cases in which one person's action does not precede the other's, one's promise involves thinking that if the other binds himself or herself, then he or she will carry out the promised action.
Difference Democracy: The Consciousness‐Raising Group Against the Gentlemen's Club
Authors: Dryzek John S. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDifference democrats claim that deliberation is exclusive and constraining in the kinds of voices and kinds of people that it can hear. Rational argument, in particular, is said to be coercive and exclusive. This chapter argues that deliberation across difference is possible, while admitting the alternative kinds of communication favoured by difference democracy. Deliberation across difference is conceptualized in terms of the contestation of discourses, which can be influenced by networks in civil society.