bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain drain in declining organizations: toward a research agenda
Authors: Rosenblatt Zehava , Sheaffer Zachary 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBrain drain (BD) is one of the more detrimental implications of organizational decline and crisis, yet it has only been fleetingly addressed in organization studies. In light of this lacuna, the current paper introduces a conceptual framework of BD during decline. A model featuring both BD antecedents (predictors) and consequences is presented, including an analysis of leavers' behavioral characteristics. The paper offers a set of research propositions and concludes with directions for future study. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculation of direct solar and diffuse radiation in Israel
Authors: Becker Stefan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study deals with the calculation of direct solar radiation and diffuse radiation for locations in Israel as hourly values. The model is based on the calculation of the Linke turbidity factors for the stations Bet‐Dagan, Jerusalem, Beer Sheva, Sedom and Eilat, which have been determined from radiation measurements. The turbidity factors for clear sky conditions showed a characteristic yearly pattern and the differences between the stations were related to their geographical locations. The model requires different algorithms for calculations in the Rift Valley system and the rest of Israel. The calculations proved to be very accurate for clear sky conditions with high radiation values (average deviation: 7.3% or 61.6 W/m2 for values above 600 W/m2). The presence of clouds and lower sun angles lead to less accurate results, which are nevertheless still acceptable within the range for further applications. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Patterns of convection in the tropical pacific and their influence on New Zealand weather
Authors: Kidson John W. , Renwick James A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCharacteristic patterns of convection in the tropical Pacific Ocean have previously been inferred from analysis of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), and associated with year‐to‐year variations in El Niño (EN)–Southern Oscillation events. This study examines both the effects of these convection patterns on the New Zealand climate, and the more general influence of tropical convection on the New Zealand sector of the Southern Hemisphere.The Southern Hemisphere circulation, as a whole, is found to be most strongly influenced by equatorial convection near the Philippines, and in a broad band over the central Pacific. Where increased convection occurs west of 160°E, La Niña‐like (LN) conditions prevail. When the anomalous convective activity is located near the dateline, in ‘moderate’ EN conditions, SW flow prevails over New Zealand. This gives way to stronger WSW anomalies as the centre of convection is displaced further eastwards and a second centre of reduced convection becomes prominent west of the dateline in strong EN (EN+) events.The changes in wind regimes over the New Zealand region implied by the hemispheric 1000 hPa height fields are supported by mean sea‐level pressure differences between a number of New Zealand and adjacent island stations. Indices of the zonal flow show a weak reduction in strength of the westerlies for LN OLR composites, and no apparent effects for EN composites, whereas EN+ conditions strongly favour above‐normal westerlies. The meridional flow over New Zealand is skewed towards more frequent southerlies in both the EN and EN+ composites, whereas LN conditions favour northerly flow anomalies.A change is also observed in the frequency of New Zealand‐area ‘weather regimes’. Enhanced convection centred on 5°S and east of the dateline, as found in the EN+ composites, leads to an increase in zonal regimes and a corresponding decrease in blocking regimes. The direct influence of tropical OLR variations on New Zealand temperature and precipitation has also been assessed. These indicate that the response is not simply one of degree. Different spatial anomaly patterns in the climatic elements result from the varying regional circulation patterns, and these need to be considered if present climate‐forecasting schemes are to be improved. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Transient resonance Raman spectroscopic and ab initio MO investigation of substituent effects on the T1 triplet states of halobiphenyls
Authors: Lee Cheong Wan , Pan Duohai , Shoute Lian C. T. , Phillips David Lee 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNanosecond transient resonance Raman spectra of the T1 states and Raman spectra of the S0 states of nine halogenated biphenyl compounds were obtained and ab initio computations were performed to determine the optimized geometry and vibrational wavenumbers of the T1 and S0 states of 10 halogenated biphenyl compounds. Substitution of halogen atoms at meta or para positions relative to the interring C—C bond leads to little change in the structure of the halogenated biphenyl compounds relative to the corresponding S0 and T1 states of biphenyl. Substitution of halogen atoms at ortho positions results in significant increases in the twisting between the two phenyl rings of the S0 and T1 states of the halogenated biphenyl compounds relative to the S0 and T1 states of biphenyl. The degree of twisting between the two phenyl rings in ortho‐substituted halogenated biphenyls appears to depend on the steric, electronegativity and/or polarizability properties of the halogen atom. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorescence suppression in resonance Raman spectroscopy using a high‐performance picosecond Kerr gate
Authors: Matousek P. , Towrie M. , Ma C. , Kwok W. M. , Phillips D. , Toner W. T. , Parker A. W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA high‐performance Kerr gate designed for the suppression of fluorescence in both time‐resolved and steady‐state resonance Raman spectroscopy is described and its performance illustrated. This is an improved version of a system described recently, with superior extinction ratio, higher throughput and wider usable spectral range. Specially designed polarizers are an essential feature of the system. The gate opens for ∼4 ps at 1 kHz repetition rate, throughput in the open state is up to ∼40% (excluding Fresnel losses on optical elements), the extinction ratio in the closed state is 10−5 and the usable spectral range is 300–700 nm with a single set of polarizers. The Kerr gate is driven by ∼500 µJ, 1 kHz, 1 ps laser pulses at 800 nm and we believe that it is currently the most powerful device in operation for the temporal rejection of fluorescence from Raman spectra. It increases the general applicability of Raman spectroscopy as illustrated by picosecond time‐resolved resonance Raman spectra of the intramolecular charge transfer state of 4‐dimethylaminobenzonitrile and by the ground‐state Raman spectrum of unleaded petrol at 400 nm probe wavelength. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman scattering study of liquid ethylene glycol confined to nanoporous silica glasses
Authors: Luo Ren‐Sheng , Jonas Jiri 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Raman spectra of liquid ethylene glycol (EG) and EG confined to series of nanoporous silica glasses with pores ranging from 30.7 to 68.5 Å were recorded at 303 K. Using vibrational assignments of specific Raman bands to the trans and gauche conformers of EG allowed us to follow the effect of confinement on the equilibrium of these conformers. With decreasing pore size an increase in the trans conformer fraction was observed. This increase in the trans conformer fraction can be related to the hydrogen bonding of EG molecules to pore surface silanol groups of the silica glasses. In surface modified glasses where the silanol groups were replaced by more hydrophobic—O—Si—(CH3)3 groups the trans/gauche ratio does not change with increasing confinement, thus providing evidence for the dominant role of the hydrogen bonding ability of silanols in non‐modified glasses to change the conformer equilibrium. The plot of the fraction of the trans conformer Ft as a function of the reciprocal of the pore radius 1/R showed good linearity. This indicates that the two‐state exchange model can be applied to the analysis of the Raman data allowing the determination of the fraction of the trans conformer in the surface layer liquid. Assuming a surface layer thickness of one molecular diameter of EG one determines Ft≈0.97 in the surface layer liquid. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soft tissue sarcomas involving the pelvis
Authors: Lewis S. J. , Wunder J. S. , Couture J. , Davis M. , Catton C. , Kandel R. A. , Kotwall C. , O'Sullivan B. , Bell R. S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and Objectives:Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) of the true pelvis are rare tumors and there is little information in the literature related to pelvic STS. The purposes of this review were to understand the anatomic extension of these tumors to better plan surgical treatment and to determine the outcome of these patients.Methods:Eighteen consecutive patients presenting between 1987 and 1995 with soft tissue sarcomas involving the true pelvis were retrospectively reviewed at minimum follow‐up of 18 months. Cross‐sectional imaging was reviewed for each patient to determine the anatomical location of the lesions.Results:The tumors were confined to the true pelvis in 4 patients, extended to the retroperitoneum in three cases, and extended to the thigh in 11 patients. Adjuvant radiation was administered to all but 2 patients who had received radiation to the region in the past and all patients underwent surgical resection (local resection in 13 patients and hindquarter amputation in 5 patients). Surgical resection had a high rate of morbidity and complications including positive resection margins in nine individuals. Of the 18 patients, 11 died at a mean time of 15.5 (2–58) months from surgery, 4 were alive with evidence of disease at a mean time of 44.3 (18–68) months, and 3 were alive with no evidence of disease at a mean time of 57 (43–71) months.Conclusions:Soft tissue sarcoma of the pelvis is fortunately a rare disease with a high risk of local and systemic disease progression despite treatment with irradiation and surgical resection. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001; 77:8–14. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lung cancer in patients younger than 40 years of age
Authors: Maruyama Riichiroh , Yoshino Ichiro , Yohena Tomofumi , Uehara Tadashi , Kanematsu Takanori , Kitajima Masachika , Teruya Takao , Ichinose Yukito 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesWe investigated whether the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of lung cancer in younger patients differ from those of older patients.MethodsAmong 2,763 lung cancer patients treated during the period from April of 1972 to April of 1997, we retrospectively investigated the clinical features and prognosis of 53 patients under 40 years of age (young group) and compared them with the findings of 1,886 patients with 60 years of age or older (elderly group).ResultsThe proportion of female patients in the younger group was significantly higher than that in the elderly group (39.6% vs. 24.1%). The young group had a significantly higher proportion of adenocarcinoma (75.5% vs. 44.8%) and stage III‐IV disease (73.6% vs. 59.2%) and a significantly lower proportion of squamous cell carcinoma (3.8% vs. 32.1%). Regarding the selection of therapy, in the young group, a significantly lower proportion of patients underwent surgical therapy (35.8% vs. 41.5%) and a significantly higher proportion of those (37.7% vs. 16.4%) received chemotherapy. The overall survival between the young and elderly groups was not significantly different. Moreover, the 5‐year survival rate of the patients undergoing a surgical resection was 56.1% in the young group and 44.8% in the elderly group (P = 0.0615).ConclusionsThis study suggests that the prognosis of young patients with lung cancer is at least equivalent to that of older patients; therefore, they should be managed according to the general therapeutic guidelines. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;77:208–212. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Benzylmalonic acid reaction with iodine and behavior in a Briggs–Rauscher oscillator
Authors: Cervellati Rinaldo , Furrow Stanley D. , Pompeis Silvia De 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBenzylmalonic acid (BzMA) reacts via an enol mechanism with aqueous iodine to form rather stable iodobenzylmalonic acid. In the presence of iodate, which oxidizes iodide to di‐iodine, the reaction goes to completion. The kinetics of the reaction BzMA + I2 + IO3− + H+ have been studied and the results were interpreted with a suitable mechanism. In a mixture with acidic iodate, hydrogen peroxide, and manganous ions, BzMA can serve as a substrate for a Briggs–Rauscher‐type oscillating reaction. The behavior of this oscillator has been studied in detail. A mechanistic interpretation of the oscillations based on a new kinetic model is also given. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 357–365, 2002
Editorial: Sense making in marketing organizations and consumer psychology: Theory and practice
Authors: Woodside Arch G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSense making includes both explicit and implicit mental processes of constructing, framing, creating, and rendering a view (e.g., an executive's mental model of “how things get done in my organization.” Related to decision making, sense making includes automatic and controlled scanning of memory and environments for framing issues. Sense making is meaning creation based on current and prior interpretations of thoughts generated from three sources: external stimuli, focused retrieval from internal memory, and seemingly random foci in working memory; such sense making is constructed on cultural pilings held unconsciously in long‐term memory. Consequently, meta‐sense‐making efforts are always incomplete; that is, all of us possess an incomplete ability to understand the process and outcomes of our own sense making. This P&M special issue includes five articles related by their focus on understanding how marketing executives and consumers go about sense making, as well as how sense‐making processes are transformed to result in new mental models of perceived realities. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Symmetric coupling of finite and boundary elements for exterior magnetic field problems
Authors: Kuhn M. , Steinbach O. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe consider a coupled finite element (fe)–boundary element (be) approach for three‐dimensional magnetic field problems. The formulation is based on a vector potential in a bounded domain (fe) and a scalar potential in an unbounded domain (be). We describe a coupled variational problem yielding a unique solution where the constraints in the trial spaces are replaced by appropriate side conditions. Then we discuss a Galerkin discretization of the coupled problem and prove a quasi‐optimal error estimate. Finally we discuss an efficient preconditioned iterative solution strategy for the resulting linear system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculation of resonant frequencies of LS higher order modes in a dielectrically loaded grooved waveguide
Authors: Che Wenquan , Ma Jin‐Ping , Yung Edward Kai‐Ning 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA simple and efficient variation method is presented in this letter, which is employed to calculate the resonant frequencies of LS higher order modes in a dielectrically loaded grooved waveguide. Emphasis is placed on the calculation of the resonant frequencies of LSE11 and LSM11 modes since, certainly the first, and most probably the second will propagate in a practical device. The validity of this method is verified by experiments. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 442–446, 2001.
Polarization‐preserving reflected beam splitter
Authors: Habli Mohamad A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe design of a polarization preserving reflected beam splitter (PPRBS) is presented. The PPRBS consists of a V‐shaped absorbing substrate coated with a single thin‐film layer. The PPRBS operates in the UV region. The power reflection coefficient ranges from 69 to 90% for angles of incidence ranging from 85 to 89°, respectively. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 484–487, 2001.
Combined chemotherapy and local treatment in the management of intraocular retinoblastoma
Authors: Brichard Bénédicte , De Bruycker Jean Jacques , De Potter Patrick , Neven Bénédicte , Vermylen Christiane , Cornu Guy 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundTo assess the efficacy of chemotherapy (chemoreduction) plus local treatments as an alternative to external beam and enucleation for intraocular retinoblastoma.Materials and MethodsA prospective study was performed on 21 patients with retinoblastoma treated in our institution from September 1997 to December 2000 to study the ocular outcome of those 33 eyes.ResultsThere were 9 unilateral and 12 bilateral retinoblastoma cases. There were 12 eyes with Reese‐Ellsworth group I–IV and 21 eyes with group V. Among 33 eyes, nine eyes (27%) were initially managed by enucleation. The remaining 24 eyes (73%) were initially treated with chemoreduction (maximum of six cycles of carboplatin, vincristine, etoposide) or chemothermotherapy. Among those 24 eyes, 20 were successfully treated with local treatments (thermotherapy plus cryotherapy in 16 eyes and thermotherapy plus cryotherapy plus 125I plaque radiotherapy in 4 eyes), enucleation eventually underwent in two eyes and was proposed but refused in one child with bilateral group V retinoblastoma. With a median follow‐up of 21 months, conservative management without external beam radiation was successful in all 12 eyes with group I–IV and in a total of 20/33 eyes (60%). Among the nine cases of unilateral retinoblastoma, eight were enucleated but among the 24 eyes with bilateral retinoblastoma, 19 (79%) were successfully treated with conservative therapy.ConclusionsIt may be possible to eradicate viable tumor in all eyes with Reese‐Ellsworth group I–IV retinoblastoma by chemoreduction followed by local treatments. Although 8 out of 21 eyes (38%) with group V retinoblastoma may be salvaged after chemoreduction and local therapies, enucleation remained the treatment of choice in those eyes with total retinal detachment and diffuse vitreous seeding. Med Pediatr Oncol 2002;38:411–415. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Models of white matter injury: Comparison of infectious, hypoxic‐ischemic, and excitotoxic insults
Authors: Hagberg Henrik , Peebles Donald , Mallard Carina 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhite matter damage (WMD) in preterm neonates is strongly associated with adverse outcome. The etiology of white matter injury is not known but clinical data suggest that ischemia‐reperfusion and/or infection‐inflammation are important factors. Furthermore, antenatal infection seems to be an important risk factor for brain injury in term infants. In order to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms of WMD and to better understand how infectious agents may affect the vulnerability of the immature brain to injury, numerous novel animal models have been developed over the past decade. WMD can be induced by antenatal or postnatal administration of microbes (E. coli or Gardnerella vaginalis), virus (border disease virus) or bacterial products (lipopolysaccharide, LPS). Alternatively, various hypoperfusion paradigms or administration of excitatory amino acid receptor agonists (excitotoxicity models) can be used. Irrespective of which insult is utilized, the maturational age of the CNS and choice of species seem critical. Generally, lesions with similarity to human WMD, with respect to distribution and morphological characteristics, are easier to induce in gyrencephalic species (rabbits, dogs, cats and sheep) than in rodents. Recently, however, models have been developed in rats (PND 1–7), using either bilateral carotid occlusion or combined hypoxia‐ischemia, that produce predominantly white matter lesions. LPS is the infectious agent most often used to produce WMD in immature dogs, cats, or fetal sheep. The mechanism whereby LPS induces brain injury is not completely understood but involves activation of toll‐like receptor 4 on immune cells with initiation of a generalized inflammatory response resulting in systemic hypoglycemia, perturbation of coagulation, cerebral hypoperfusion, and activation of inflammatory cells in the CNS. LPS and umbilical cord occlusion both produce WMD with quite similar distribution in 65% gestational sheep. The morphological appearance is different, however, with a more pronounced infiltration of inflammatory cells into the brain and focal microglia/macrophage (“inflammatory WMD”) in response to LPS compared to hypoperfusion evoking a more diffuse microglial response usually devoid of cellular infiltrates (“ischemic WMD”). Furthermore, low doses of LPS that by themselves have no adverse effects in 7‐day‐old rats (maturation corresponding to the near term human fetus), dramatically increase brain injury to a subsequent hypoxic‐ischemic challenge, implicating that bacterial products can sensitize the immature CNS. Contrary to this finding, other bacterial agents like lipoteichoic acid were recently shown to induce tolerance of the immature brain suggesting that the innate immune system may respond differently to various ligands, which needs to be further explored. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:30–38. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Juvenile onset Huntington's disease—clinical and research perspectives
Authors: Nance Martha A. , Myers Richard H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHuntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder. The mutation which causes the disease is an expansion in the number of repetitions of three nucleotides, C, A, and G in exon 1 of the huntingtin gene. The gene normally has 15 to 30 repeats and an expansion to 40 or more is associated with HD. HD usually has a mid‐life onset, but a juvenile form, defined by onset of symptoms before the age of 21 years, is present in about 7% of HD cases. Juvenile HD is characterized by (1) transmission from an HD affected father, (2) an unusually large repeat size, usually of 60 or more units, and (3) unique clinical features, including rigidity and seizure disorder. Although juvenile onset is associated with a more severe neuropathological involvement, the neuropathological characteristics of juvenile HD are similar to those seen in the adult form in that the striatum bears the brunt of the illness. Clumps of protein, termed inclusion bodies, which stain positive for huntingtin and ubiquitin, are found primarily in the nucleus but also in the cytoplasm and axons in HD neurons. Research suggests that these inclusion bodies sequester a deleterious protein fragment and prolong cell life during the degenerative process of the disease. MRDD Research Reviews 2001;7:153–157. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Half‐Fourier single‐shot STEAM MRI
Authors: Finsterbusch Jürgen , Frahm Jens 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAs a high‐speed imaging technique based on stimulated echoes single‐shot STEAM MRI is insensitive to chemical shift artifacts and magnetic susceptibility differences. The achievable signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) is limited by the fact that high flip angles of the read‐out excitation pulses cause a steep decay of the stimulated echo train and therefore degrade the point‐spread function of the resulting image. The present work investigates the use of half‐Fourier phase encoding which weakens the flip angle constraint by reducing the number of necessary excitations. Single‐shot STEAM MRI of the normal human brain at 2.0 T demonstrates that half‐Fourier versions either reduce the measurement time by almost a factor of two without sacrificing the SNR or increase the SNR by about 40% while keeping the measurement time constant. Magn Reson Med 47:611–615, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.