bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Race, Gender, and Imperialism in Stephen Crane A Monstrous Case
Authors: Rowe John Carlos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only four paragraphs into the first chapter of Stephen Crane’s The Red Badge of Courage, the reader encounters “A negro teamster who had been dancing upon a cracker box with the hilarious encouragement of twoscore soldiers.” “Deserted” suddenly by the soldiers who “scattered into small arguing groups” to debate the news that they are about to move into battle positions, the “negro teamster” “sat mournfully down.” As several critics have pointed out, notably Ralph Ellison in his 1960 introduction to the novel, this is the only African American who appears in The Red Badge of Courage, despite the centrality of the issue of slavery in the Civil War and the presence of African-American Union soldiers fighting that war. It is indeed one of the strangest features of an American novel notable for its curious twists that Crane selected the Civil War as the setting for an otherwise dehistoricized and overtly depoliticized account of the social psychology of war.
Word against Image
Authors: O’connell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a theologically startling moment in Erasmus’ “Paraclesis,” the introduction to his editio princeps of the Greek New Testament. In his eagerness for the “philosophy of Christ,” presented now in the original language and in his new Latin translation, Erasmus goes so far as to wonder whether the Christ portrayed in the printed gospels does not live “more effectively” than when he dwelt among men. For Christ’s contemporaries, Erasmus asserts, saw and heard less than readers may see and hear in the text Erasmus has just edited. The written gospels “bring you the living image of His holy mind and the speaking, healing, dying, rising Christ himself, and thus they render Him so fully present that you would see less if you gazed upon Him with your very eyes” (my emphasis). This startling devaluation of the actual incarnation in comparison with the textual record of it may not be a fully considered position of Erasmus. In context it seems rather an expression of the enthusiasm of presenting the first typographical edition of the Greek New Testament to Europe. But it is an illustration, and a characteristic one at that, of the intensity of Erasmus’ conviction that Christ was to be encountered most fully in the word, and not in any visual, material form.
Introduction
Authors: Lass Andrew , Quandt Richard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1990, The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation initiated a program of support in Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia ( the latter two being Czechoslovakia at that time). While the initial functional objectives of the support were somewhat more limited, at present they include economics and management training; the development of market economies; support for higher education, in the form of assistance to research libraries and universities; agricultural-technology transfer; and a substantial program of short-term research fellowships for scholars in the humanities and social sciences.
Developing National Information Infrastructures in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Borgman Christine L , Caidi Nadia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The continuing convergence of telecommunications, computing, and broadcasting technologies is fueling debates over the future of an information society. Central to these debates are issues surrounding the technology and policy for the development of information infrastructures on the national and global levels. Information infra­ structures are social and technological systems that interact with their environments (Hughes, 1989; Law, 1989). We can study multiple aspects of such systems, including institutional factors-players and stakes, technology and industrial policies, and the regulation of telecommunications on the national and international levels; technical factors-network development and architecture, equipment choices, and standards, including their influence on usability, flexibility, functionality, and compatibility; and societal factors-general attitudes of users toward technology and innovations, adoption and implementation strategies, privacy, consumer rights, equity of access, universal service, and values.
Libraries of Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Steinerová Jela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to identify the basic dilemmas that plague the development of libraries in Central and Eastern Europe, as evidenced by the Slovak library system and by the results of a 1996 manpower survey of library and information market needs. The survey was conducted by the Department of Library and Information Science (DUS), Comenius University, Bratislava. My discussion here considers library automation within its broader social and economic context and looks at future developments in light of some basic practical and theoretical needs. In the first section of the chapter the rather poor conditions of library and information work are related to several key dilemmas that characterize this region. I then present the details of a survey of Slovak libraries (including references to two appendixes), together with a discussion of the survey’s methodology and of some conclusions drawn from it. Finally, I present some remarks on library integration, intellectual power, and education.
Some Problems with Library Automation in the KOLIN Library Consortium
Authors: Kozuchova Darina , Soltesova L'Ubomira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although libraries have been important institutions of society for ages, automation is a modern phenomenon designed to make their work more effective and to provide faster, higher quality services. The new age of library automation in Slovakia commenced in the early 1990s when The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation arrived in the Czechoslovak library environment with support for the CASLIN project. In contrast to the previous, mostly independent automation efforts, the new approach stressed networks and cooperative access to library automation, while insisting on international standards aimed at mutual compatibility on the national and worldwide levels.
Evolution of Authority File Work in Poland
Authors: Paluszkiewicz Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1989, intensive work was begun at the Warsaw University Library (WUL) to prepare for the implementation of an integrated library system. The library took advantage of a research grant from the State Office for Scientific and Technological Development (Urzad Postepu Naukowo-Technicznego i Wdrozen) to develop a MARC bibliographic format for Polish scientific libraries-the resulting format was a FOKA (based on UNIMARC), for books and serials. There was one other important result: We realized how crucial authority files are for modern integrated library systems.
New Possibilities for Information Retrieval
Authors: Bakonyi Géza 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem I deal with here is not a new one: Library patrons nowadays face so much information, both in terms of the amount of it and the varied content, that they either become helpless or, in their state of alarm, are satisfied with only a partial answer to the problem. It is even a problem for many that within the electronic environment of the modern library, they have evolved from being traditional readers to users, and thus they find it difficult to formulate their search terms (and in most cases they are not even aware that they are the ones who have to formulate queries).
Why, and How to, Translate a Subject Heading System
Authors: Koltay Klára 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The old card catalogs were difficult to handle; in fact, libraries had to keep several catalogs if they wanted to provide various types of access to their holdings. Copies of the same card had to be filed at their various access points in the author/title catalog, the subject catalog, the serial-title catalog, and the UDC catalog. With the emergence of machine-readable catalogs, catalog records indexed word by word promised much easier access to bibliographic data. However, librarians and their patrons soon discovered that while it might be easier to find a particular document in a catalog of this type, it would never give any information about the nature of a library’s collection as a whole and about the hierarchy of disciplines it covers.
The Sequencing of Automation in Central and East European Research Libraries
Authors: Hollender Henryk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When trying to evaluate the automation efforts of Central and East European libraries, we have to pose the question of how particular projects were scheduled and managed. It is obvious that implementation of an automated system involves an arduous, multiphase, and multilayer process. Looking at the social, institutional, and economic contexts in which libraries operate in this region, we would not be surprised if these phases and layers were indeed numerous and distinctively interrelated. What is, after all; a model of library automation? It is a model of the execution of certain library routines, in such a way that these routines can be explained as work flows, and that particular work flows are encompassed by subsequent modules of an automated system. It is then the job of a manager to select a system that will affect the work flows in the manner in which they need to be affected, and then to choose which modules are to be implemented first. The whole undertaking is thus ordered or arranged; it uses system modules as equivalents of subsequent phases of the project.
Introduction1
Authors: Evans-Wentz Donald S , Lopez Donald S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Introduction is-for the most part-based upon and suggested by explanatory notes which the late Lima Kazi Dawa-Samdup, the translator of the Bardo TltiJdol, dictated to the editor while the translation was taking shape, in Gangtok, Sikkim. The Lima was of opinion that his English rendering ot the Bardo Thodol ought not to be published without his exegetical comments on the more abstruse and figurative parts of the text. This, he thought, would not only help to justify his translation, but, moreover, would accord with the wishes of his late guru (see p. Bo) with respect to all translations into a European tongue of works expository of the esoteric lore of the Great Perfectionist School into which that guru had initiated him. To this end, the translator’s exegesis, based upon that of the translator’s guru, was transmitted to the editor and recorded by the editor herein.
A Summary View of Politics and Religion in the Continental Congress
Authors: Davis Derek H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Religious Differences and Political Consensus On 20 January 1775, in the British House of Lords, the illustrious Lord Chatham (William Pitt) delivered a very remarkable speech. Formerly prime minister, he was an outspoken defender of the struggling colonists of America in their protracted controversy with the British king and parliament. He vindicated, in the fullest and clearest manner, the right of the colonists to refuse to be taxed without their consent. “The spirit,” he said, “which now resists your taxation in America, is the same which formerly opposed loans, benevolences and ship money in England; the same spirit which called all England on its feet, and by its bill of rights vindicated the English Constitution, the same spirit which established the great, fundamental, essential maxim of your liberties, that no subject of England shall be taxed but by his own consent.” On this great principle, and in this cause, the American colonists, he added, “are immovably allied; it is the alliance of God and nature, immutable, eternal, fixed as the firmament of Heaven.”
Virtue and the Continental Congress
Authors: Davis Derek H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ocction was the commencement of Massachusetts’s new constitution in October 1780. In attendance at the Brattle Street Congregational Church for the inaugural ceremony were members of the state’s senate and house of representatives. At their head sat the governor, John Hancock, a wealthy Bostonian who had served as president of the Continental Congress and who had the distinction of being the first to sign the Declaration of Independence. Dr. Samuel Cooper, pastor of the church, chose Jeremiah 30:20-21 as his text: “Their congregation shall be established before me: and their nobles shall be of themselves, and their governor shall proceed from the midst of them.” Dr. Cooper remarked first on the appositness of the verse. “The prophecy seems to have been made for ourselves,” he assured Mr. Hancock and the others assembled, “[for] it is so exactly descriptive of that comprehensive, that essential civil blessing, which kindles the lustre, and diffuses the joy of the present day.”1 Then, in a marvel of hermeneutics, the theologian cum patriot declared that the form of government given the Hebrews at Mount Sinai had been a “free republic” in which “sovereignty resided in the people,” and which comprised magistracy, council, and an assembly. Dr. Cooper moved forward through the centuries, briefly adverting to the “immortal writings of Sidney and Locke, and other glorious defenders of the liberties of human nature,” as well as to the thoughts and accomplishments of Louis XVI and Edmund Burke. But the special focus on that October day was the merit of the state’s new constitution.
The Continental Congress, Original Intent, and Modern Constitutional Adjudication
Authors: Davis Derek H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Continental Congress and Original Intent The primary goal of this study has been to examine the record of the Continental Congress on religion for the purpose of discovering what that record might contribute toward a resolution of the modern debate over the original intent of the constitutional framers regarding the interplay of government and religion in the United States. Conclusive statements toward this end do not come easily, due primarily to the fact that the Continental Congress on the one hand, and the Constitutional Convention and First Congress on the other, acted at different times and with different ends. The men of the Continental Congress were called upon first and foremost to prosecute a war, whereas those who framed the Constitution and Bill of Rights were charged with prescribing a comprehensive public philosophy that would ensure the success of a new constitution. The former readily put religion to use, whereas the latter had to think more critically about the long-term role of religion in an untested regime.
Noche Buena and Religious Dramas
Authors: Jaramillo Cleofas M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the twenty-fourth of December the snow lay heavily on the deep valley, half burying the silent little villages nestling among the white hills. As the last rays of the setting sun turned the highest snow-capped peaks into gold and rose, the men and boys of the three villages busied themselves clearing the snow from the front yards in every house.
The Good Eve
Authors: González Jovita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“But it is not like being under the stars, waiting for the angels to sing, Little Mouse. I like to watch here in the pasture until midnight on the Good Eve. The sky becomes silvery then and the stars shine as they have never shone before. Everything hushes and if you listen closely you may even hear faintly but distinctly the singing of the angels in Heaven.”
Legend of the First Christmas at the Alamo
Authors: Zavala Adina de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the first Christmas season celebrated at Mission San Antonio de Valero (The Alamo), in 1718, the good padres made the Crib of Bethlehem as realistic as possible, and the Indian children and neophytes were taking part in adorning the crib and bringing gifts to the Christ-Child.
The Day We Went to See the Snow
Authors: Villanueva-Collado Alfredo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That day it dawned all of a sudden, with the sun grabbing the venetian blinds as if it wanted to melt them. I heard my mother in the kitchen already preparing breakfast, my father in the bathroom flushing the toilet, and Roberto rummaging around in cabinets in the room next to mine. I suddenly remembered what day it was and my heart began to beat faster. I rushed to wash up and get dressed. I put on a cream-colored sweater, some corduroy pants and thick socks. On seeing me in such attire, Marni began to laugh.
Christmas Was a Time of Plenty
Authors: Mohr Nicholasa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Compared to the rest of the year, Christmas was a time of plenty when I was a child. That was saying a great deal for me and my six older brothers. We were the children of Puerto Rican migrants, living in New York City at the height of the Great Depression. Where and how my parents and the older folks were to get money for Christmas each and every year depended on “un milagro,” “God’s mercy,” or “just plain luck.”
Those with Less Shared More
Authors: Thomas Piri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Christmas to me, from childhood on, has been a kaleidoscope of things. Christmas was, as I remember it, Momma’s version of Sev­enth Day Adventist Christ and having to deal with hopped-up prices. Poppa was always the kind of pops that strained his brains digging up ways on the WPA to make the extra pesos needed at Christmas times.
A Sad Christmas Eve
Authors: Calderon Salvador 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Well, then, the Holy Child was born in Bethlehem. He was as sweet as dawn, as luminous as the stars and as peaceful as the Aurora ... Every year, this is the way I begin my story about the coming of Baby Jesus, and my little ones, hanging onto my knees, restless and astonished, insistently ask me to tell the details of this tender and delicate poem.
The Good Night
Authors: Fernández Roberto G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was the Good Night, and Mirna was boiling cassava and cutting radishes to garnish the Christmas Eve Pig. She had cut her fingers six times. The cuts looked accidentally inflicted, but they were n’t. Mirna was hoping for a wound deep enough to be hospitalized so she could avoid preparing the meal. Unfortunately, her wounds were mere nicks.
Introduction
Authors: Chin Ko-lin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past decade, the confluence of gangs and violence has fueled political perceptions of American crime problems. Since 1985, adolescent homicide rates have risen sharply in cities such as Los Angeles, San Diego, and Chicago where gangs are prevalent. The crack crisis of the mid-1980s and the violence that accompanied it further contributed to perceptions that there were more gangs, more teenagers in gangs, and more violent gangs in urban centers throughout the United States than there had been before. These concerns were amplified in the popular culture through movies and hip-hop music that depicted gang life as a stew of violence, guns, drug money, police repression, and exploitation of women.
Gangs have always provided an organizational context that leads to elevated rates of violence. Studies comparing gang and nongang members show that gang members engage in more violent crimes than do nongang delinquent youths (Tracy, 1987; Fagan, 1990). Adolescents have higher rates of violence during periods of gang membership than they do either before joining or after leaving a gang (Thornberry et al., 1993). Gang participation during adolescence also appears to increase the proclivity toward and seriousness of adult violent crime, especially among core gang members who have leadership roles in their gangs (Spergel, 1990). Accordingly, whether they are called “sets,” “klikas,” or “nations,” gangs evidently provide a fertile organizational context for individual and collective acts of violence.
Severity of Gang Victimization
Authors: Chin Ko-lin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most prevalent forms of crime committed by Chinese gang members is extortion (Penn, 1980; Kerber and Gentile, 1982; Louttit, 1982; President’s Com mission on Organized Crime, 1984). Sensational newspaper headlines such as “Street Crime Casts a Pall of Fear over Chinatown,” “The Tongs’ Hammer Lock: Merchants Silent in Face of Extortion,” “How Gangs Are Terrorizing S.F. China town,” and “Young Hoodlums, Scorning Tradition of Hard Work, Plague San Francisco Chinatown” underscore the pervasiveness of extortion in the Chinese American community.
The term extortion requires some explanation. In the context of the Chinese communities, it must be understood in its broadest connotations: it refers not just to the demand under threat of violence for money on either a regular or irregular basis, but to other forms of intimidation specific to the Chinese community. These include the forced sale of items to merchants, and the coercion of free meals and goods or services from local businesses (Chin, 1990). Accordingly, extortion in Chinatown may be classified into four types. The first is “protection.” Protection denotes a demand for a fixed amount of money from a business to ensure that the business will not be disturbed by a gang or by other predators. The amount of money is negotiated between the business owner and the gang member; the money then is paid fairly regularly, for example, monthly. This type of extortion is closely related to territorial rights because theoretically only members of a gang that controls the area where the victim operates his or her business are supposed to ask for protection money.
“The Murders in the Rue Morgue”
Authors: Lemire Elise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Edger allan poe’s younger contemporary and fellow Philadelphian Charles God frey Leland (1824-1903)Wrote in his Memoirs (1893) that “Whoever shall write a history of Philadelphia from the Thirties to the era of the Fifties will record a popular period of turbulence and outrages so extensive as to now appear almost incredible” (216), Leland was referring to a time when many whites felt compelled to shape social life as they saw fit and by whatever means required, no matter how violent. On numerous occasions and in response to various perceived outrages, white mobs took to the streets of Philadelphia and other cities, wrecking buildings and other personal property and attacking—and sometimes killing—the human subjects of their wrath. Free blacks and white abolitionists were frequent targets, undergoing numerous assaults across the Northeast, particularly in the 1830s. One of Philadelphia’s worst riots occurred in May 1838, during the second Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women. Antiabolitionist whites attacked and burned the Friends Shelter for Colored Orphans, a black church, and the Pennsylvania Hall for Free Discussion, the city’s newest and largest building and the site of the convention. Poe lived in Philadelphia at the time of this riot; he had moved there sometime in early 1838 and stayed until 1844.
Poe’s Philosophy of Amalgamation
Authors: Person Leland S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emphasizing the “horror, and thick gloom, and a black sweltering desert of ebony,” as well as the “southward” drift of his ship, the narrator of Poe’s early story “Ms. Found in a Bottle” (1833) discovers “black stupendous seas” swelling above him and then a gigantic ship, whose “huge hull” is a “deep dingy black,” bearing clown upon him (Mabbott, 2:139, 140). When he is hurled from his own ship to the other, he quickly secretes himself in the hold because, he says, “I was unwilling to trust myself with a race of people who had offered, to the cursory glance I had taken, so many points of vague novelty, doubt, and apprehension” (Mabbott, 2:141). As he becomes convinced that his new, “terrible,” ship is doomed, he finds himself on deck, “unwittingly” daubing with a black tar brush upon the “edges of a neatly-folded studding-sail.” When it is unfurled, he reports, the black-on-white message he has unwittingly written reads “Discovery” (Mabbott, 2:142).