bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Palatalizations and the Vowel System
Authors: Gussmann Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapter presents the phonology of palatals and palatalized consonants. The discussion is placed against the background of the earlier descriptions within the structuralist and the generative traditions which viewed the palatalization complex in largely divergent ways. What is common to all traditions is the mutual dependence of consonantal and vocalic units (phonemes, segments) and relations (rules). This insight is adopted here and consonantal palatalization phenomena are studied in close connection with vocalic variability (vowel alternations).
The Morphophonology of Polish Palatalizations
Authors: Gussmann Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on the results arrived at in the preceding chapter we argue for a full-fledged morphophonological description of alternations involving palatals and palatalized consonants on the one hand and plain segments on the other. Morphophonological regularities, in contradistinction to phonological ones, are partly conditioned by grammatical (morphological) and lexical factors. This does not mean that they are necessarily erratic or irregular. Some of the alternations are regular and productive with both inflectional and derivational sufixes. The non-phonological conditioning is also seen in the absence of any non-arbitrary connection between the phonological environment and the nature of the changes the alternations reflect. We formulate several replacement statements which account for the alternations. A number of derivational suffixes are surveyed with a view to determining their palatalizational properties.
Morphophonology of Vowel Alternations
Authors: Gussmann Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mid vowel [ɛ] alternates with the back vowel [ɔ] and the low [a] before a non-palatalized coronal. The alternations are morphophonological as shown by the fact that the context of the alternations is often made opaque: the alternation is found in forms contradicting the context and is not found in others which meet the conditions specified. It is argued that the best method of handling the facts is by introducing relatedness statements into appropriate lexical entries.
Introduction
Authors: Chihara Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of philosophy is divided into a number of specialties. Among these, there is philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, philosophy of logic, philosophy of art, philosophy of history, philosophy of religion, and so on. For practically any area X of intellectual study, there is a philosophy of X. As a general rule, one can say that the philosophy of X is aimed at achieving a kind of understanding of X that is unique to philosophy. One might call this sort of understanding “Big Picture understanding”.
Structuralism
Authors: Chihara Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What has emerged from the preceding chapter is an inchoate view of pure mathematics that has much in common with the philosophical accounts of the nature of mathematics being developed and defended in great detail by Resnik and Shapiro—views that have been called “mathematical structuralism” or more simply “structuralism”. In this chapter, I shall examine various aspects of the structuralist philosophies of mathematics of both Resnik and Shapiro, with the aim of clarifying, by way of contrast with their accounts, my own view of mathematics. I hope, in this way, to avoid having to defend my views against misguided objections that are only suitably directed against structuralism.
Applications
Authors: Chihara Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One test of a philosophical view of mathematics is to see whether it helps us to understand, at least in a general way, how mathematics is used or “applied” in the empirical sciences, logic, and everyday life. An adequate view of mathematics should facilitate obtaining insights into the role mathematics plays in our theorizing about the physical world and about valid scientific reasoning—it should not make scientific and everyday uses of mathematics a complete mystery. This chapter, then, is concerned with the sort of Big Picture first described in the Introduction: we want to see how mathematics fits in with science, logic, and everyday reasoning. We wish to see if the account of mathematics provided thus far allows us to see how mathematics is suited to play the sort of role it has been given in science, logic, and everyday life.
Field’s Account of Mathematics and Metalogic
Authors: Chihara Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My anti-realist position throughout this work has been that the theorems of mathematics, literally and Platonically construed, are not true. Such a position may suggest to some that I am a (mathematical) “fictionalist”—where a fictionalist is one who holds that the assertions of mathematics express, for the most part, “untruths”, as do the sentences of works of fictions.1 Now the best-known fictionalist is Hartry Field, so it may be enlightening to the reader to learn just how my view of mathematics differs from Field’s. As I shall emphasize below, our views on mathematics are, in several respects, quite similar.
Conceptualizing ‘Transition’
Authors: Hohnen Pernille 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tremendous changes have taken place during the last fifteen years all over the former ‘Eastern bloc’, i.e. the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. These changes are by far the most important European political events in the second half of the twentieth century. However, the road to democracy and market economy has proved to be more difficult and involved more hardship, poverty, political conflicts, and civil wars than was anticipated by either Eastern or Western Europe when the Berlin Wall was pulled down in 1989.
From ‘Speculation’ to Trading
Authors: Hohnen Pernille 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The market may not only be regarded as ‘a site’ but can also be seen as a specifically morally invested ‘practised place’ as well as a specific phase in the process of change within the economic field. Although illegal trading practices have long formed an important factor within the Lithuanian economy, it was not until Gariū nai was established that such practices and the people engaged in them became publicly recognized. The establishment of the market therefore entails and indicates fundamental processes of reorganization within the economic field.
Osorio and Machiavelli: From Open Hostility to Covert Approbation
Authors: Anglo Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long before Pole wrote his Apologia, the Emperor Charles V, for whom it was intended, had been offered Nifo’s De regnandi peritia. There is no evidence that Charles ever read that cynical manipulation of Machiavelli’s ideas, though he was later said to have been a devoted student of Machiavelli.1 On the other hand we do know that the Emperor had been deeply unimpressed by Pole’s diplomacy in 1539, and it is unlikely that the platitudinous political morality of the Apologia, written at the same period, would have pleased him better had it been presented to him. Yet, despite the fact that this critique remained in an unregarded manuscript version for more than two centuries, there is one tiny morsel of evidence to suggest that Pole was deemed knowledgeable concerning Machiavelli.
Writers on the Art of War
Authors: Anglo Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The war epidemic which afflicted Europe in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries was accompanied by a marked increase in the publication of military books-ranging from up-to-date, practical, technical manuals to treatises on classical military institutions and procedures-and it is remarkable that, despite all the changes in organization, weaponry, and fortification since Machiavelli’s time, the military observations which filled his works continued to provide nourishment for many authors concerned with the art of war. All his books remained available; and intermediary sources, too, such as Fourquevaux’s Instructions sur le faict de la guerre and Diego de Salazar’s Tratado de re militari, were still being reprinted in the closing decades of the sixteenth century, as were the classical sources which formed the basis of Machiavelli’s thinking.
Introduction to Part I
Authors: Vendler Z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The science of computational linguistics requires a variety of tools, both theoretical and practical. In order to process temporal information in natural language, we need core theories from linguistics, computational approaches to interpreting tense, aspect, and discourse structure, as well as temporal reasoning capabilities. The papers in this part cover the core linguistic theories dealing with tense and aspect, as well as computational approaches to interpreting them.
An Empirical Approach to Temporal Reference Resolution
Authors: Wiebe Janyce , ‘Hara Tom O , Mckeever Kenneth , M-Sandgren Thorsten O¨ Hrstro¨ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Temporal information is often a significant part of the meaning communicated in dialogs and texts, but is often left implicit, to be recovered by the listener or reader from the surrounding context. Determining all of the temporal information that is being conveyed can be important for many interpretation tasks. For instance, in machine translation, knowing the temporal context is important in translating sentences with missing information. This is particularly useful when dealing with noisy data, as with spoken input (Levin et al. 1995). In the following example, the third utterance could be interpreted in three different ways.
Politics and Reform in Spain and Viceregal Mexico
Authors: Toledo Cayetana Alvarez De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book examines the relationship between Spain and America in the seventeenth century through the life and thought of Juan de Palafox (1600-1659), a proteg of the count-duke of Olivares who became bishop of Puebla and Visitor General of New Spain. A witness to the catastrophic consequences of Olivares' plan to abrogate the political heterogeneity of the Spanish monarchy, and more sensitive than his patron to the constitutional diversity of the empire, Palafox developed an alternative programme for reform which involved delegating power to the American municipalities controlled by the creoles. His support for creole aspirations and attempt to carry out a radical plan for administrative decentralization threatened to overturn the established viceregal system and met with strong opposition in government circles. Faced with domestic revolt and war in Europe, ministers in Madrid chose to stand by the status quo and preserve a model of overseas government which, although in many ways defective and prone to abuse, at least seemed to offer the crown the measure of authority required for satisfying its growing financial requirements. Reform in America was sacrificed to the preservation of Spain's reputation in Europe. Yet the fact that Palafox failed in no way undermines the importance of his endeavour. By promoting a different political arrangement between Spain and the Indies, he thrust under the spotlight the main problem faced by Spanish statesmen of this period, that of ruling a composite monarchy at a time of mounting international pressure. This book contributes, therefore, to our understanding of the way in which the transatlantic relationship worked and developed; it redresses the deficit of studies of the Spanish practice of empire and raises questions that are relevant to other composite political structures. It does so at the same time as it revises and throws new light on the figure of Palafox, whose achievements and failures have been analysed so far almost exclusively with reference to his famous dispute with the Jesuits. By setting Palafox firmly in the context of his time, this study revises old commonplaces and assists current efforts to reconstruct the human fabric of the Spanish empire, a field of research which is only just beginning to receive the attention it deserves.
The New World
Authors: Toledo Cayetana Alvarez De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Back in Madrid from his European tour, Palafox took up his post as public prosecutor in the Council of the Indies. It was not long before he was promoted. On 14 July 1633, following the death of don Busto de Bustamante, he was appointed councillor and, under the direction of don Garcia de Haro y Avellaneda, second count of Castrillo, president of the Council from 1632, discovered the complicated art of governing a remote and unfamiliar New World. All those questions on the limits of political obligation and the best form of government which Palafox had addressed in relation to the European territories of the Spanish Monarchy, he would now have to raise with regard to the Indies. In order to fully understand his views on the overseas government and the reforms which he believed it required, it is first necessary to examine how the administration of the American territories operated, on what premises royal authority was exercised, and what were its conceptual and practical limitations; in other words we must examine the logic of empire in the seventeenth century. It is also important to take into account the objectives which the central government of the Spanish Monarchy, in particular the person at its helm, the count-duke of Olivares, set for itself concerning the New World in the 1620s and 1630s.
The Case for Referential Descriptions
Authors: Devitt Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
De finite descriptions (‘de finites’) typically have the form, ‘the F ’, but may also have forms like ‘his F ’ (equivalent to ‘the F of him’). Indefinite descriptions (‘indefinites’) have the form, ‘a/an F ’. According to Russell’s theory of descriptions (1905), ‘the F is G ’ is equivalent to ‘there is something that is alone in being an F and it is G ’; and ‘an F is G ’ is equivalent to ‘there is something that is an F and it is G ’. So descriptions are to be understood in terms of quantifiers and the nominal ‘F ’. Under the impudence particularly of Keith Donnellan (1966, 1968), many now think that de finites are ‘ambiguous’, having not only the ‘attributive’ meaning captured by Russell1 but also a ‘referential’ meaning like that of a name or demonstrative. Under the impudence particularly of Charles Chastain (1975),2 some now think the same of indefinites.
Would You Believe It? The King of France is Back! (Presuppositions and Truth-Value Intuitions)
Authors: Fintel Kai von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the contrast between two kinds of sentences involving de finite descriptions. When people are asked to assign truth-values, they feel ‘squeamish’ about The king of France is bald , while they confidently and without hesitation judge My friend went for a drive with the king of France last week to be false. This contrast has often been taken to show that the first sentence has no truth-value because its presupposition (that there is a king of France) is not satisfied, while the second sentence has no presupposition of existence (of a king of France) and is thus simply false.
Phonology
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jarawara has a small inventory of phonemes just eleven consonants and four vowels. Syllable structure follows a simple (C)V pattern. There are contrastive long vowels, but with limited occurrence. Counting a long vowel as two moras and a short vowel as one mora, stress falls on the syllable containing the penultimate mora and every second mora before that, in a phonological word.
Grammatical Overview
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents an introductory overview of the grammatical system of Jarawara. Each topic that is mentioned here is dealt with in more detail in a later chapter. All of the discussion here and in the chapters that follow is in terms of basic syntactic functions, referred to by abbreviatory letters: intransitive subject S transitive subject A transitive object O A copula clause shows quite different syntactic functions: copula subject CS copula complement CC Copula subject behaves in many ways like intransitive subject. For this reason, there is no specific mention of CS for many of the grammatical statements in the body of the grammar.
Predicate Structure: Secondary Verbs, Mood, and Negation
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the remaining elements from the end of the predicate. 7.1 discusses the two secondary verbs ama ‘extended in time ‘ and awine/awa ‘seems ‘, which go in slot I. Then 7.2 considers the indicative mood suffixes together with other suffixes that are asso- ciated with slot J (imperative and interrogative mood suffixes are dealt with in chapter 15). Finally, the category of negation is discussed, in 7.3. In Jarawara this is shown by the predicate suffix - ra, which appears either in miscellaneous slot F6 d or in the post-mood slot, K, depending on which of tense-modal suffix, mood suffix, and secondary verb are included in the predicate.
Verbal Derivations: Causative and Applicative
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses two further predicate constituents the third order prefix (coming immediately before verb or auxiliary root) causative na-niha- ( 8.1), and the second order prefix (coming immediately before causative), applicative ka- ( 8.2). The causative prefix always increases the valency of a verb and can be added to intransitive or transitive roots. Applicative has a wide range of functions, one of which is to increase valency (only when used with an intransitive verb); it can also have when used with intransitive or transitive verbs a range of semantic effects.
Verbal Reduplication
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reduplication is used a fair amount in derivation between word classes. A free noun may be formed from a verb by initial CV. (occasionally by initial CVCV.) reduplication, e.g. kokosi ‘whip’ from kosina- ‘to whip, spank’. Sometimes an object noun is incorporated, e.g. jama jo.jowi ‘broom’ from noun jama ‘thing’ and verb jowi na- ‘to sweep ’. There are also some examples of a verb being derived from an adjective, a possessed noun or a free noun by reduplication; e.g. hi.hinita -na- ‘to be empty of fish (said of a stream)‘ from adjective hinita ‘empty, alone ‘, tone.tone -na- ‘to be skin-and-bones‘ from possessed noun tone/tone ‘bone ‘, and fafanawina- ‘to be like a woman‘ from free noun fanawi ‘woman ‘.
Complement Clauses
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some verbs, as predicate head, require just NPs as core arguments, whereas others may accept an NP or a complement clause in certain roles. For instance, in English one can say IA tried [ the pudding]O, with an NP in O slot, or IA tried [ to eat the pudding]O, with a complement clause in O slot. There are three main types of complement clause in English, each with distinctive meaning‘sing, that, and (for) to. In English, complement clauses most frequently occur in O slot, for example: For a full account of complement clauses in English, see Dixon (1991: 32-84, 207-66). Jarawara has just one type of complement clause that can function as core argument in the main clause.
Syntactic Organization
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter completes the review of Jarawara syntax, by describing relative clauses and juxtaposed coordinate clauses (neither of which has any morphological marking), and com- paring the properties of different clause types. 24.4 briefly reviews f/m forms ending in -ro-/-ri, which recur throughout the grammar. Note that relative clauses in Jarawara all have a ‘restrictive‘ meaning, providing further specification of the reference of the CA in the main clause. I have not encountered any with a clearly ‘non-restrictive‘ meaning. As a natural consequence of this, all examples of relative clause constructions have the CA as 3rd person; there are no instances of 1st or 2nd person as CA.
Word Class Derivations
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jarawara has a number of ways of changing the word class of a lexical stem—by reduplication, by suffixation, and by altering the quality of the final vowel. These are dealt with in terms of the word class of the derived stem—possessed nouns in x25.1, free nouns in x25.2, verbs in x25.3, and adjectives in x25.4. Compounding is briefly dealt with in x26.1.2.
Prehistory
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter recapitulates some of the unusual and apparently irregular features of Jarawara grammar, and suggests a diachronic scenario which accounts for and explains a number of them. The discussion builds on earlier remarks-in 4.5.2 on the original - ha/-hi ending on verbs; in 6.1-2 on reconstruction of the original forms for tense-modal suffixes; in 16.4.5 on the biclausal origin for secondary verb constructions; and in 16.5 on occurrence of Oc ‘s in proto-Arawa‘ and developments in Jarawara. 27.1 states the main facts to be explained, and then 27.2 sets out a putative series of historical changes. Some other points in need of explanation are summarized in 27.3.
The soundscape of East and Southeast Asia
Authors: Goddard Cliff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we first compare phoneme inventories in a sample of languages, and look at the patterns which govern how sounds can be combined to form syllables and words. Then we revisit the question of lexical tone. Finally we survey some ways in which phonology and morphology interact.
A word of caution at the onset. Linguists sometimes give the impression that identifying the phonemes of a language is a straightforward matter, but in reality there is often room for disagreement on matters of phonemic analysis. In the literature on certain languages of East and Southeast Asia the same phonemes are sometimes described in quite different terms and written with completely different symbols. Opinions can differ even about the number of phonemes in a particular language.
Writing systems
Authors: Goddard Cliff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Western linguists have often been disdainful of the written language. They have regarded language itself as primarily the spoken word, and writing merely as a medium for capturing the spoken word in a visible and stable form. For many people, however, especially in East Asia, the written form of a language is the language, and speech is regarded as an imperfect rendition of written words. In this book we take the view that people’s writing practices, and their ideas about writing, are an important part of the language culture of any society, and, as such, are worthy of study in their own right.
How to Know (that Knowledge-that is Knowledge-how)
Authors: Hetherington Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper I revive, refine, and apply an idea that has received undeservedly little epistemological attention over the past forty or so years. It concerns the nature of knowledge; and if it is correct, then knowledge is fundamentally not what most contemporary philosophers seemingly take it to be. I will try to render the basic idea more appealing, by showing how to embed it quite deeply within epistemology, and thereby how to redirect some core epistemological discussions. In short, I will suggest why the idea in question deserves to be more prominent in epistemology’s future than it has been in epistemology’s past.