bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain MRI abnormalities in schizophrenia: same genes or same environment?
Authors: RIJSDIJK F. V. , van HAREN N. E. M. , PICCHIONI M. M. , McDONALD C. , TOULOPOULOU T. , POL H. E. HULSHOFF , KAHN R. S. , MURRAY R. , SHAM P. C. 
Published: June 2005

Background. Structural brain volume abnormalities are among the most extensively studied endophenotypes in schizophrenia. Bivariate genetic model fitting (adjusted to account for selection) was used to quantify the genetic relationship between schizophrenia and brain volumes and to estimate the heritability of these volumes.Method. We demonstrated by simulation that the adjusted genetic model produced unbiased estimates for endophenotype heritability and the genetic and environmental correlations. The model was applied to brain volumes (whole brain, hippocampus, third and lateral ventricles) in a sample of 14 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs concordant for schizophrenia, 10 MZ discordant pairs, 17 MZ control pairs, 22 discordant sibling pairs, three concordant sibling pairs, and 114 healthy control subjects.Results. Whole brain showed a substantial heritability (88%) and lateral ventricles substantial common environmental effects (67%). Whole brain showed a significant genetic correlation with schizophrenia, whereas lateral ventricles showed a significant individual specific correlation with schizophrenia. There were significant familial effects for hippocampus and third ventricle, but the analyses could not resolve whether these were genetic or environmental in origin (around 30% each).Conclusions. Using genetic model fitting on twin and sibling data we have demonstrated differential sources of covariation between schizophrenia and brain volumes, genetic in the case of whole brain volume and individual specific environment in the case of lateral ventricles.
Effects of psychotherapy on hippocampal volume in out-patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: a MRI investigation
Authors: LINDAUER RAMÓN J. L. , VLIEGER ERIK-JAN , JALINK MARGJE , OLFF MIRANDA , CARLIER INGRID V. E. , MAJOIE CHARLES B. L. M. , DEN HEETEN GERARD J. , GERSONS BERTHOLD P. R. 
Published: June 2005

Background. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have especially reported smaller hippocampal volume in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), most of them war or sexual abuse victims. The present study compares the hippocampal volumes of out-patients with PTSD who had low co-morbidity rates to those of trauma-exposed control subjects without PTSD, and measures hippocampal volume changes in these patients after brief eclectic psychotherapy. We hypothesized that smaller hippocampal volumes are specific to PTSD and that hippocampal volume changes after effective psychotherapy would be measurable.Method. Eighteen patients with PTSD and 14 traumatized control subjects were examined with MRI. In a randomized clinical trial, the PTSD patients were assigned to treatment (n=9) or waiting-list group (n=9). After the former received psychotherapy for 4 months, the MRI was repeated on both PTSD groups. Three temporal lobe structures were manually segmented: hippocampus, amygdala, and parahippocampal gyrus. Volumetric analysis was used to measure grey matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid.Results. PTSD patients had significantly smaller hippocampal volumes at baseline (total 13·8%, right 13·5%, left 14·1%) compared to the control subjects. After effective psychotherapy, however, no volume changes were found in the smaller hippocampi.Conclusions. We confirmed previous findings of smaller hippocampal volume in PTSD in a new population made up of out-patients who experienced different types of traumas, reducing co-morbidity to a minimum. Smaller hippocampal volumes did not change after effective psychotherapy, even while symptoms resolved.
How is female mate choice affected by male competition?
Authors: Wong Bob B. M. , Candolin Ulrika 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThe plethora of studies devoted to the topics of male competition and female mate choice belie the fact that their interaction remains poorly understood. Indeed, on the question of whether competition should help or hinder the choice process, opinions scattered throughout the sexual selection literature seem unnecessarily polarised. We argue, in the light of recent theoretical and empirical advances, that the effect of competition on mate choice depends on whether it results in the choosy sex attaining high breeding value for total fitness, considering both direct and indirect fitness benefits. Specifically, trade‐offs may occur between different fitness benefits if some are correlated with male competitive ability whilst others are not. Moreover, the costs and benefits of mating with competitive males may vary in time and/or space. These considerations highlight the importance of injecting a life‐history perspective into sexual selection studies. Within this context, we turn to the sexual selection literature to try to offer insights into the circumstances when competition might be expected to have positive or negative implications for pre‐copulatory female choice. In this regard, we elaborate on three stages where competition might impact upon the choice process: (i) during mate detection, (ii) mate evaluation, and (iii) in dictating actual mating outcomes. We conclude by offering researchers several potentially rewarding avenues for future research.
FEATURED ARTICLE: CONVENIENTLY BLACK: Self-Delusion and the Racial Exploitation of African America
Authors: Baugh John 
Published: June 2005

Commentary on the Following PublicationsMcWhorter, John H.,Losing the Race: Self-Sabotage in Black America. New York: Free Press, 2000, 285 pages, ISBN 0 684 83669 6, $24.00.McWhorter, John H.,Authentically Black: Essays for the Black Silent Majority. New York: Gotham Books, 2003, 264 pages, ISBN 1 59240 001 9, $25.00.
DREAMIN' OF BLACK FREEDOM AND FIGHTING FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE
Authors: Ransby Barbara 
Published: June 2005

Manning Marable, The Great Wells of Democracy: The
Meaning of Race in American Life. New York: Basic Books, 2002, 304
pages, ISBN: 0-456-04393-3, $27.50.Robin D. G. Kelley, Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical
Imagination. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2002, 248 pages, ISBN:
0-8070-0976-8, $24.00.
Interfirm Modularity and Its Implications for Product Development*
Authors: Staudenmayer Nancy , Tripsas Mary , Tucci Christopher L. 
Published: June 2005

Industries characterized by interfirm modularity, in which the component products of different firms work together to create a system, are becoming increasingly widespread. In such industries, the existence of a common architecture enables consumers to mix and match the products of different firms. Industries ranging from stereos, cameras, and bicycles to computers, printing, and wireless services are now characterized by interfirm modularity. While the increasing presence of this context has been documented, the implications for the product development process remain underdeveloped. For the present study, in‐depth field‐based case studies of seven firms experiencing an environment of interfirm modularity were conducted in order to deepen understanding of this important phenomenon. What unique challenges did this context pose and why? What solutions did firms experiment with, and which seemed to work?Based on an inductive process of data analysis from these case studies, three primary categories of challenges raised by this environment were identified. First, firms were frustrated at their lack of control over the definition of their own products. The set of features and functions in products were constrained to a great extent by an architecture that the firm did not control. Second, while an environment of interfirm modularity should in theory eliminate interdependencies among firms since interfaces between products are defined ex‐ante, the present study found, ironically, that interdependencies were ubiquitous. Interdependencies continually emerged throughout the product development process, despite efforts to limit them. Third, firms found that the quantity and variegated nature of external relationships made their management exceedingly difficult. The sheer complexity was daunting, given both the size of the external network as well as the number of ties per external collaborator. Partners with whom control over the architecture was shared often had divergent interests—or at least not fully convergent interests.The solutions to these challenges were creative and in many cases counter to established wisdom. For instance, research has suggested many ways for a firm to influence architectural standards. While the firms in the present sample followed some of this advice, they also focused on a more neglected aspect of architecture—the compliance and testing standards that accompany modules and interfaces. By concentrating their efforts in a different area, even smaller firms in this sample were able to have some influence. Instead of focusing on the elimination of interdependencies, it was found that firms benefited from concentrating on the management of interdependencies as they emerged. Finally, while layers of management and “bureaucracy” are often viewed as unproductive, these firms found that adding structure, through positions such as Relationship Manager, was highly beneficial in handling the coordination and control of a wide range of external relationships.
Acute and chronic pain following craniotomy: a review
Authors: De Gray L. C. , Matta B. F. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryPostoperative pain is an important clinical problem that has received increasing attention in recent years. However, pain following craniotomy has been a comparatively neglected topic; this review seeks to redress this imbalance. A brief overview of the anatomy of the skull and its linings is given, with particular reference to innervation. The various approaches for craniotomies are classified, with their association with acute and long‐term effects on analgesic requirements. A comprehensive search of the literature was undertaken to ascertain the incidence of acute pain post craniotomy and current thoughts on pharmacological management, touching briefly on pre‐emptive treatment. Also discussed is the much neglected but nevertheless real incidence of chronic pain following craniotomy and its underlying pathogenesis, prevention and treatment.
Anabolic steroid abuse: physiological and anaesthetic considerations
Authors: Kam P. C. A. , Yarrow M. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThis review summarises the physiological and pharmacological effects of the anabolic steroids used to enhance performance in sports. The anabolic steroids promote muscle growth and protein synthesis. Side‐effects of anabolic steroids include cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, hypercoagulopathy, hepatic dysfunction, and psychiatric and behavioural disturbances. It is therefore appropriate that the anaesthetist be familiar with the abuse of anabolic steroids, their potential adverse effects, and the peri‐operative risk associated with the use of these drugs.
Anaesthesia for Caesarean section and neonatal acid‐base status: a meta‐analysis*
Authors: Reynolds F. , Seed P. T. 
Published: June 2005

SummarySpinal anaesthesia is generally preferred for Caesarean section. Its superiority for the baby is often assumed. Umbilical artery acid‐base status provides a valid index of fetal welfare. Twenty‐seven studies reporting neonatal acid‐base data with different types of anaesthesia were used to compare umbilical artery or vein pH and base deficit, using random‐effect meta‐analysis. Cord pH was significantly lower with spinal than with both general (difference: −0.015; 95% CI −0.029 to −0.001; 13 studies, 1272 subjects) and epidural anaesthesia (difference −0.013; 95% CI −0.024 to −0.002; 11 studies, 828 subjects). Larger doses of ephedrine contributed to the latter effect (p = 0.023). Sixteen studies reported a base deficit, which was significantly higher for spinal than for general (difference 1.109; 95% CI 0.434–1.784 mEq.l−1; seven studies, 695 subject) and epidural anaesthesia (difference 0.910; 95% CI 0.222–1.598 mEq.l−1; seven studies, 497 subjects). Spinal anaesthesia cannot be considered safer than epidural or general anaesthesia for the fetus.
Movement of the upper cervical spine during laryngoscopy: a comparison of the Bonfils intubation fibrescope and the Macintosh laryngoscope
Authors: Rudolph C. , Schneider J. P. , Wallenborn J. , Schaffranietz L. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThe movements of the upper cervical spine were measured by fluoroscopy in 20 patients during laryngoscopy with the Bonfils intubation fibrescope and the Macintosh laryngoscope. Laryngoscopy with both the Bonfils intubation fibrescope and the Macintosh laryngoscope resulted in significant extension of the cervical spine as compared to the neutral position but this extension was significantly less with the Bonfils intubation fibrescope than with the Macintosh (p = 0.001). However, the atlanto‐occipital distance was significantly greater during laryngoscopy with the Bonfils intubation fibrescope (p = 0.002), and the angle between the occiput and C1 differed significantly between the two techniques (p = 0.001). With the Bonfils intubation fibrescope, significantly less extension was also found at the C1/C2 and C3/C4 levels (p = 0.001 and p = 0.049, respectively). There is therefore significantly less movement of the upper cervical spine during laryngoscopy with the Bonfils fibrescope compared with the Macintosh laryngoscope.
The use of the stroke risk index to predict neurological complications following coronary revascularisation on cardiopulmonary bypass*
Authors: Elahi M. , Battula N. , Swanevelder J. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate the validity of the stroke risk index (SRI) in identifying patients who develop a stroke following coronary artery bypass grafting on cardiopulmonary bypass. Retrospective data were analysed from 6846 patients who underwent adult coronary artery surgical procedures on cardiopulmonary bypass between 1997 and 2003. Patients were risk stratified pre‐operatively using the SRI assessment model into low (Group A ≤ 50), medium (Group B, 51–100) and high risk (Group C, > 100). A total of 217 patients (3.2%) with a mean age 65.9 ± 11.7 years developed adverse neurological events following surgery. The CNS injury risk was 4% in Group A, 23% in Group B, and 8% in Group C. Pre‐operatively, patients in Group B were older (p < 0.05), had a greater proportion of redo operations (OR 3.02; p < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR 2.51; p < 0.05), hypertension (OR 1.64; p < 0.01), myocardial infarction (OR 3.79; p < 0.05), ejection fraction < 30% (OR 1.46; p < 0.01) and absence of sinus rhythm (OR 2.52; p < 0.05) when compared with their counterparts. CNS events increased the patients' hospital stay by 40% in Groups A and C (p = 0.04) and 72% in Group B (p < 0.001). Only 31% returned home, compared with 85% of patients without cerebral complications (p < 0.001). These findings demonstrate that factors such as a pre‐operative history of redo procedures, myocardial infarction, ejection fraction < 30% and absence of sinus rhythm play an important role in identifying the at‐risk population. We conclude, therefore, that a further refinement and validation of the SRI is necessary.
Effects of short‐term propofol administration on pancreatic enzymes and triglyceride levels in children
Authors: Gottschling S. , Meyer S. , Krenn T. , Kleinschmidt S. , Reinhard H. , Graf N. , Shamdeen G. M. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThis prospective, clinical trial evaluated the effects of short‐term propofol administration on triglyceride levels and serum pancreatic enzymes in children undergoing sedation for magnetic resonance imaging. Laboratory parameters of 40 children, mean age (SD; range) 67 (66; 4–178) months undergoing short‐term sedation were assessed before and 4 h after having received propofol. Mean (SD) propofol loading dose was 2.2 (1.1) mg.kg−1 followed by continuous propofol infusion of 6.9 (0.9) mg.kg−1.h−1. Serum lipase levels (p = 0.035) and serum triglyceride levels (p = 0.003) were raised significantly after propofol administration but remained within normal limits. No significant changes in serum pancreatic‐amylase levels were seen (p = 0.127). In two (5%) children, pancreatic enzymes and in four (10%) children triglyceride levels were raised above normal limits; however, no child showed clinical symptoms of pancreatitis. We conclude that even short‐term propofol administration with standard doses of propofol may have a significant effect on serum triglyceride and pancreatic enzyme levels in children.
Distance between the skin and the thoracic paravertebral space
Authors: Naja M. Z. , Gustafsson A. C. , Ziade M. F. , El Rajab M. , Al‐Tannir M. , Daher M. , Lönnqvist P.A. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryA fundamental requirement for the safe and effective performance of paravertebral blockade is reliable estimates of the depth from skin to paravertebral space at different thoracic levels. This distance was assessed using a nerve stimulator guided paravertebral blockade technique in 527 separate blocks in 186 patients scheduled for various surgical procedures on the trunk. The median skin‐paravertebral depth was 55.0 mm. The skin–paravertebral distance at upper (T1–3) and lower (T9–12) thoracic levels were significantly greater than mid‐thoracic levels (T4–8) (p < 0.05). Body mass index significantly influences this depth at upper and lower thoracic levels (p < 0.001) but not in the mid‐thoracic region.
Patterns of genetic variation do not correlate with geographical distance in the reef‐building coral Pocillopora meandrina in the South Pacific
Authors: MAGALON H. , ADJEROUD M. , VEUILLE M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDispersal may be a critical factor in the ability of reef‐building corals to recover after major disturbances. We studied patterns of geographical structure using four microsatellite markers in seven South Pacific populations of Pocillopora meandrina, a major coral species from Polynesia. Variation within populations showed evidence of heterozygote deficiency. Genetic differentiation between populations was detected at a large scale (2000 km) between the Tonga and the Society Islands. Within the Society Islands, four of the five studied populations from Bora Bora, Moorea and Tahiti were not significantly different from each other. Unexpectedly, one of the three populations surveyed in Moorea was genetically different from the other two populations of this island (that were 5 and 10 km apart), and from the populations of the other two surveyed islands in this archipelago. We cannot rule out the possibility that this pattern is an equilibrium state, whereby short‐range dispersal is locally more differentiating than long‐range dispersal, as has been suggested by similar patterns reported in other studies. An alternative explanation that is globally consistent with all observations is that this is the signature of a large‐scale destruction event, as for instance a bleaching event, followed by the recent restoration of populations by new colonists.
Migration patterns among global populations of the pathogenic fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola
Authors: BANKE S. , MCDONALD B. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDNA sequences from five nuclear loci and data from three microsatellites were collected from 360 isolates representing 14 globally distributed populations of the plant pathogenic fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola. Haplotype networks were constructed for the five sequence loci and population subdivision was assessed using Hudson's permutation test. Migration estimates were calculated using six regional populations for both the sequence and microsatellite loci. While subdivision was detected among the six regional populations, significant gene flow was indicated among some of the populations. The European and Israeli populations contributed the majority of historical immigrants to the New World. Migration estimates for microsatellite loci were used to infer more recent migration events among specific New World populations. We conclude that gene flow was an important factor in determining the demographic history of Mycosphaerella graminicola.
Host plant‐associated genetic differentiation in the snakeweed grasshopper, Hesperotettix viridis (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: SWORD G. A. , JOERN A. , SENIOR L. B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractStudies of herbivorous insects have played a major role in understanding how ecological divergence can facilitate genetic differentiation. In contrast to the majority of herbivorous insects, grasshoppers as a group are largely polyphagous. Due to this relative lack of intimate grasshopper–plant associations, grasshopper–plant systems have not played a large part in the study of host‐associated genetic differentiation. The oligophagous grasshopper, Hesperotettix viridis (Thomas), is endemic to North America and feeds on composites (Asteraceae) within the tribe Astereae. Previous work has shown both preference and performance differences between H. viridis individuals feeding on either Solidago mollis or Gutierrezia sarothrae. Using 222 AFLP markers, we examined the genetic relationships among 38 H. viridis individuals feeding on these plants both in sympatry and allopatry. Neighbour‐joining analysis resulted in two distinct host‐associated clades with 71% bootstrap support for host‐associated monophyly. Analyses of molecular variation (amova) revealed significant genetic structuring with host plant accounting for 20% of the total genetic variance while locality accounted for 0%. Significant genetic differentiation was detected between S. mollis‐feeders and G. sarothrae‐feeders even when the two were present at the same locality. These results are consistent with observed differences in preference and performance between H. viridis grasshoppers feeding on either G. sarothrae or S. mollis and indicate that H. viridis is comprised of at least two genetically distinct host plant‐associated lineages.
Genetic entities and mating system in hermaphroditicFucus spiralisand its close dioecious relativeF. vesiculosus(Fucaceae, Phaeophyceae)
Authors: ENGEL C. R. , DAGUIN C. , SERRÃO E. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo date, molecular markers have not settled the question of the specific status of the closely related, but phylogenetically unresolved, brown seaweeds, hermaphroditicFucus spiralisand dioeciousFucus vesiculosus, nor their propensity for natural hybridization. To test the degree of species integrity and to assess effect of the mating system on the population genetic structure, 288 individuals coming from parapatric (discontinuous) and sympatric (contiguous) spatial configurations at two sites were genotyped with five microsatellite loci. Using a Bayesian admixture analysis, our results show thatF. spiralisandF. vesiculosuscomprise clearly distinct genetic entities (clusters) generally characterized by cosexual and unisexual individuals, respectively. Genetic diversity within each entity suggests thatF. spiralisreproduces primarily through selfing whileF. vesiculosusis characterized by an endogamous breeding regime. Nevertheless, aberrant sexual phenotypes were observed in each cluster, no diagnostic alleles were revealed and 10% of study individuals were intermediate between the two genetic entities. This pattern can be explained by recent divergence of two taxa with retention of ancestral polymorphism or asymmetrical, introgressive hybridization. However, given (i) coincident monomorphism at three loci inspiralisclusters and (ii) that significantly more intermediates were observed in sympatric stations than in parapatric stations, we argue that interspecific gene flow has occurred after divergence of the two taxa. Finally, we show that whether recently separated or recently introgressive, the divergent breeding systems probably contribute to species integrity in these two taxa.