bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
303 Interactive Effects of Pelleting and Particle Size Reduction of Corn on Ileal Digestibility of Starch and Amino Acids in Corn-Soybean Meal Diets Fed to Pigs
Authors: Lee Su A , Rodriguez Diego A , Stein Hans H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective was to determine the interactive effects of particle size reduction and pelleting on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of starch and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in corn-soybean meal diets fed to pigs. Six corn-soybean meal based diets were arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial with 3 particle sizes of corn (i.e., 700, 500, or 300 μm) and 2 diet forms (i.e., meal or pelleted). An N-free diet was also used and there were, therefore, a total of 7 diets. Pigs were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water. Pigs (n = 7; initial body weight = 59.30 kg; SD = 2.77) that were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were allotted to the 7 diets using a 7 × 7 Latin square design with 7 periods. Ileal digesta were collected for 2 days after 5 days of adaptation. The statistical model included diet as fixed effect and pig and period as random effects. Contrast coefficients were used to determine effects of diet form, linear effects of particle size, and the interaction. Results indicated that the AID of starch was linearly increased (P = 0.001) with reduced particle size of corn and pelleted diets had greater (P = 0.029) AID of starch than meal diets (Table 1). The SID of Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, and Val linearly increased with reducing particle size, but the increase was greater in pelleted diets than in meal diets (interaction, P &lt; 0.05). The SID of Arg, His, Ile, and Val also linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) as the particle size of corn was reduced, and the SID of all indispensable AA except Trp was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in pelleted diets than in meal diets. In conclusion, reducing the particle size of corn from 700 to 300 μm increased the AID of starch and the SID of AA, but the AID of starch and the SID of most indispensable AA was greater in pelleted diets than in meal diets. If there were interactions, the effects of reducing particle size were greater when corn particle size was reduced from 500 to 300 μm in meal diets and from 700 to 500 μm in pelleted diets.
300 Metabolizable Energy and Amino Acid Digestibility by Growing Pigs may be Reduced if Excessive Heat is Applied During Drying of Corn
Authors: de Oliveira Maryane Sespere Faria , Torres-Mendoza Leidy J , Wiltafsky-Martin Markus K , Stein Hans H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that both drying temperature and drying time affect the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and metabolizable energy (ME) in corn fed to growing pigs. A single source of corn was divided into 11 batches that were dried using a “drying chamber” at 80ºC for 1.5, 3.0, 24, or 48 h or at 130ºC for 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12, 24, or 48 h. Exp. 1 was designed to determine the concentrations of ME in the 11 batches of corn. Eleven diets based on each batch of corn were formulated. Growing barrows (n = 88; BW = 20.6 ± 1.2 kg) were allotted to the 11 diets in a randomized complete block design with 8 blocks of 11 pigs. Urine and fecal samples were collected for 4-days after 7-days of adaptation. Contrast statements were used to determine effects of temperature and drying time within temperature. Exp. 2 was designed to determine the SID of AA in the 11 batches of corn. An N-free diet and 11 diets that each contained one of the 11 batches of corn as the sole source of AA were formulated. All diets contained 0.40% chromic oxide as an indigestible marker. Twenty-four growing pigs (22.8 ± 5.1 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a replicated 12 × 4 Youden square with 12 diets and four 7-day periods in each square. Therefore, there were 8 replicate pigs per diet. Ileal digesta were collected on days 6 and 7 of each 7-days period. Data were analyzed as described for Exp. 1. Results indicated that ME (dry matter basis) was greater (P &lt; 0.01) if corn was dried at 130ºC than at 80ºC (Table 1). The ME (dry-matter basis) increased (quadratic, P &lt; 0.04) with drying time at 80ºC, whereas it decreased at 130°C (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05). The SID of AA did not differ between corn dried at 80°C and 130°C, except that the SID of Lys was less (P &lt; 0.05) if corn was dried at 130°C than at 80°C. The SID of most AA decreased (linear or quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) as time of drying increased at 130°C. In conclusion, the SID of AA and ME in corn are not reduced by extending the time of drying at 80°C. However, the digestibility of AA is reduced if corn is dried at 130°C and the longer the time of drying the more the SID of AA is reduced. Values for ME in corn are increased if corn is dried at 130°C rather than 80°C.
82 The Ominous Storm: How to Plan and Execute a Feeding and Management Program in Poor Health Situations
Authors: Kellner Trey A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The majority of presentations, podcasts, and panels are based on how to prevent viral and bacterial challenges within sow farm populations. However, this presentation will cover how to plan and execute a feeding and management program when poor health situations are likely and do occur. Most research is conducted on how to maximize pigs weaned per sow per year in ideal conditions; however, how should one feed and manage sows to maximize pigs weaned per sow per year when health is not ideal? What preparation steps must be taken in terms of diet formulation, characterizing body condition, feeding the individual sow, and preparing the sow and gilts immune system and microbiota before a health insult occurs? What if any management action items or formulation strategies are available to employees during and once a health challenge has occurred? How can we maximize the pigs weaned during a health challenge? Last, what should be done if the health challenge is chronic or after a health challenge is finished to return the sow herd to a high level of production? This presentation is not going to have the sole and exact answer to solve each of these critical questions. Still, it will provide multiple tools and strategies to employ before, during, and post a health challenge within a sow farm.
104 Investigation Into the Serum Metabolome and Identification of Biomarkers for Early Detection of Postpartum Dysgalactia Syndrome in Sows
Authors: Studer Jamie M , Kiefer Zoe E , Koester Lucas R , Johnson Erika M , Baumgard Lance H , Schmitz-Esser Stephan , Greiner Laura L , Keating Aileen F , Farkas Attila , Galina Lucina , Vonnahme Kimberly A , Ross Jason W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The swine industry is comprised of highly productive and healthy sows capable of weaning large litters for multiple parities. This prolificacy has resulted in greater metabolic demands during lactation due to increased capacity and demand for milk production. Modern sows also have increased genetic merit for leanness which has altered the amount of energy reserves available for mobilization to support the growing demands of lactation. Together, these factors may render modern sows more vulnerable to metabolic disorders such as postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PDS) or mastitis-metritis-agalactia (MMA). Described as a metabolic and hormonal disturbance, a hallmark of PDS is a reduction (dysgalactia) or cessation (agalactia) in milk production after farrowing. Insufficient milk production by the sow leads to increased piglet mortality, causing substantial economic losses, reducing sow welfare, and resulting in premature removal of sows from the herd. Our prior reports have shown differences in circulating analytes and inflammatory markers between healthy sows and sows affected with PDS following parturition. However, very few differences were observed before clinical signs were evident, rendering these analytes ineffective in early detection of PDS. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to utilize gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) to further characterize the biological conditions and metabolic pathways contributing to PDS in sows. Through this, we aimed to identify small molecules in circulation with the potential for use as a biomarker to aid in early detection of PDS. To accomplish this, a study was conducted on a commercial sow farm with a history of poor lactation performance. Sows (n = 36) with clinical signs of PDS were matched by parity and day of lactation with healthy control (CON) sows (n = 36) that remained unaffected. Blood samples collected at farrowing (timepoint 1) and at onset of clinical PDS (timepoint 2) were subjected to GC-MS. As expected, piglets from PDS sows had decreased (P &lt; 0.01) average daily gain and greater mortality than piglets from control sows. Following GC-MS analysis, 16 and 41 molecules were identified as significantly different between CON and PDS sows at timepoint 1 and timepoint 2, respectively (P &lt; 0.10). A difference in 2-hydroxybutyric acid, an early marker for insulin resistance and impaired glucose regulation, was observed at timepoint 1. Additional molecules identified as significantly different at timepoint 1 include D-pinitol, D-glucose, inositol (3,6)-bisphosphate, and others. These differentially abundant molecules at timepoint 1 represent potential biomarkers for early detection of PDS.
101 Evaluation of Vaginal Infusion with Ampicillin on Incidence of Pelvic Organ Prolapse in Late Gestation Sows
Authors: Kiefer Zoe E , Johnson Erika M , Studer Jamie M , Moura Cesar A A , Ross Jason W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Within the last decade, increased sow mortality resulting from pelvic organ prolapse (POP) has become a growing concern in the swine industry. Despite being widely acknowledged as a prevailing sow welfare and production issue, mitigation strategies are lacking. Previous studies have demonstrated changes in the vaginal microbiome are associated with increased risk for POP during late gestation. Therefore, the vaginal microbiome represents a potential target for prevention strategies. The objective of the current study was to evaluate effects of vaginal infusion using ampicillin on POP incidence. We hypothesized that altering the vaginal microbiome through the use of antibiotics would reduce POP risk during late gestation. Ampicillin was infused into the vagina at two timepoints during late gestation. The first dose (10 mL at 200 mg/mL) was administered approximately three weeks prior to farrowing followed by a second, equivalent dose at approximately three days pre-farrowing. Sows were randomly assigned to treated (TRT; n = 824) and non-treated (CON; n = 739) groups based on gestation pen. Eighty-seven percent of sows in the TRT group received both infusions of ampicillin. At gestation week 15, sows (n = 1076) were evaluated for prolapse risk using a 3-point perineal scoring system. Briefly, a perineal score (PS) of 1 (PS1) presumes little to no risk of prolapse, a PS of 2 (PS2) presumes moderate risk of POP, and a PS of 3 (PS3) presumes high risk of prolapse. From the 1,076 sows assigned a PS, 46.5%, 49.7% and 3.8% of sows were scored PS1, PS2, or PS3, respectively. Ampicillin treatment did not affect PS (P = 0.20) during late gestation, with 45.6%, 51.6% and 2.8% of CON sows and 47.2%, 48.1% and 4.7% of TRT sows scoring a PS1, PS2, or PS3, respectively. Additionally, treatment did not affect POP incidence (P = 0.74), with 4.5% of CON sows and 4.7% of TRT sows subsequently experiencing POP. When evaluating litter characteristics, ampicillin treatment did not affect number of total born, liveborn, or stillborn piglets (P ≥ 0.54). However, an effect of PS was observed on total born and stillborn piglets (P ≤ 0.01), and a tendency to effect number of liveborn piglets (P = 0.06). Sows assigned a PS3 during late gestation had fewer piglets born alive, presumably due to the increased number of stillborn piglets. Additionally, PS3 sows had 1 more total piglet on average within their litters compared with PS1 assigned sows (P = 0.01). In conclusion, vaginal infusion of ampicillin had no effect on PS, POP incidence or litter characteristics, but PS did have an effect on the number of piglets born alive. This project was supported by the National Pork Board and the Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research.
24 Intestinal Function and Integrity in Health and Disease: Current Knowledge in Swine
Authors: Gabler Nicholas K , Burrough Eric R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Optimal lean tissue accretion is contingent on the ability of the pig to efficiently establish and maintain host defenses, and to digest and absorb nutrients and water. Epithelial cells in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract interconnect with each other by tight junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes, forming a complete intestinal barrier. Of the secretory cells in this epithelial barrier, mucus secreting goblet cells and hormone producing enteroendocrine cells can be found interspersed, while Paneth cells lie in the base of the crypts and secrete antimicrobial proteins/peptides into the mucus layer. In the small intestine, enterocytes lining the villi allow for efficient nutrient transport. Maintenance of the epithelial barrier and its function is dependent on intestinal stem cells residing at the crypt base. Two major signaling pathways controlling intestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation are the β-catenin/Wnt and Notch signaling pathways. Thus, achieving and maintaining optimal nutrient absorptive capacity requires an intricate balance amongst β-catenin/Wnt and Notch signaling pathways, wherein dysregulation of either can result in inefficiency of nutrient absorption. Weaning transition, off-feed events, hypophagia, and enteric and respiratory diseases can all compromise the structural and secretory barrier of the gastrointestinal tract mucosa via changes in tight and adherens junction proteins and mucin production. As a result, these stressors can increase the incidence of gastric ulcers, villous atrophy, and colitis in pigs. Depending on the severity and duration of the mucosal damage, repair and restitution occurs due to increased stem cell proliferation, migration, and repolarization. Thus, efficiency of digestive and absorptive function depends on several factors, including the types of epithelial cells present and their functionality, the rate of cell renewal, and epithelial surface area. This paper will discuss what we know about the regulation and repair of the mucosal epithelium in growing pigs during health, stress, and disease.
160 Effect of Nexpro on Immune Response and Performance of Finishing Steers
Authors: McLaughlin Amy M , Loy Daniel D , McGill Jodi , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of NexPro on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and markers of immune function in finishing cattle. Angus-cross steers (n = 210) weighing 465 ± 48 kg were used for this 89-day study. Steers were blocked by BW into four treatments: SBM; a control diet with 11% soybean meal on DM basis; NP9 (9% NexPro), NP12 (12%), and NP15 (15%). NexPro replaced dry-rolled corn in the diet as NP inclusion increased. NexPro treatments each had 9 pens and SBM had 8 pens (6 steers per pen). On day 0, steers were implanted with Component TE-200 (Elanco Animal Health). The BW of all steers and bunk refusals were measured on d -1, 0, 26, 61, 75, and 89 and were used to calculate pen gain, DMI and feed efficiency for each period. One steer per pen was selected for blood collection and muscle biopsies collected on d 26 and 75. From d 61 to 89 steers received 300 mg/d of ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC; Actogain; Zoetis). Fresh blood samples were used for immune cell population determination using flow cytometry. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedures of SAS with pen as the experimental unit and fixed effects of treatment and block. Performance data were analyzed using d 0 BW as covariate. During the pre-RAC period (d 0 to 61) steers fed the SBM treatment ate more (P &lt; 0.001) than steers fed the NP diets. Steers on the SBM diet had the greatest ADG, with NP12 and NP15 intermediate, and NP9 lowest (P ≤ 0.06), with no treatment differences in G:F (P = 0.26). However, during RAC DMI improved in all NP treatments, and were not different (P = 0.32) from SBM. During the RAC period, ADG tended to be greater (P = 0.09) in NP15 than all other treatments, and G:F was improved (P = 0.01) in NP15 compared with other treatments. Carcass-adjusted BW and ADG, and HCW were less in NP9 (P ≤ 0.02) but similar between SBM, NP12 and NP15. Carcass-adjusted G:F did not differ by treatment (P = 0.50). On d 26, NP12 and NP15 had greater frequencies of live gamma-delta T cells, and on d 75, NP15 had the greatest frequency of these cells (P ≤ 0.016). All NexPro treatments had greater percentages of CD45RO positive B cells on d 75 (P = 0.03) and increased frequency of live total natural killer cells from d 26 to 75 (P = 0.06). The less than expected DMI and greater rumen undegradable protein in NexPro may have caused NP9 to be RDP deficient. However, the greater inclusions of NexPro supported excellent cattle gains, similar or better than SBM.
159 Impact of Constant Inclusion or Decreasing Inclusion of Distillers Grains with High-Quality or low-Quality Roughage on Finishing Cattle Performance
Authors: Lorences Sofia Suarez , Troyer Braden C , Norman Mitch M , MacDonald Jim C , Erickson Galen E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Crossbred, calf-fed steers (n = 480; initial body weight = 292 ± 19 kg) were used in a randomized block design finishing experiment with a 2 × 3 arrangement of treatments to evaluate the impact of constant inclusion or decreasing inclusion of modified distillers grains plus solubles (MDGS) with high-quality or low-quality roughage on finishing cattle performance. Dietary treatments included two roughage sources to provide similar neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from forage (6% corn stalks versus 12% corn silage DM basis) in three diets containing 0, 15, or decreasing inclusion of distillers (30, 15, then 0% across the feeding period). A total of 48 (10 steers/pen) pens were used with 8 pens/treatment. There was an interaction (P = 0.04) between roughage source and MDGS inclusion for dry matter intake (DMI). Cattle fed stalks with decreasing inclusions of MDGS (30-0%) had greater DMI than those fed silage as roughage source, but at 0% inclusion of MDGS there was no difference between roughage sources. No other significant interactions were observed, so main effects will be presented. Cattle fed the diet with 0% MDGS inclusion had reduced (P &lt; 0.05) hot carcass weight (HCW), DMI, average daily gain (ADG), and 12th rib fat, and poorer G:F compared with cattle fed diets where MDGS was at 15% inclusion continuously or when MDGS decreased from 30% to 0%. For the treatment where MDGS was decreased from 30% to 0%, performance differed from that of cattle fed 15% distillers continuously. Cattle fed decreasing inclusions of MDGS (30-0%) had less (P &lt; 0.01) DMI, ADG and tended (P = 0.07) to have lighter HCW. But G:F was not (P = 0.25) affected compared with when distillers was fed at 15% continuously. Marbling score was impacted by distillers inclusion (P = 0.03), where cattle fed 15% MDGS had greater (P = 0.01) marbling score than 0% inclusion and tended (P = 0.06) to be greater than cattle fed 30-0% MDGS. Even though there are differences in marbling score across treatments, all three treatments were within the choice grade and reflect ADG differences across treatments. Cattle fed silage consumed less, gained the same, and had greater G:F (P &lt; 0.01). Based on numerically less HCW, ADG, and poorer G:F, these data suggest that feeding 6% corn stalks did not produce similar performance as feeding 12% corn silage. These data suggest that feeding 15% distillers was not enough to offset decreased quality roughage (stalks) compared with silage as roughage which contradicts previous studies when 30% distillers were fed.
264 Evaluation of Precision Feeding on Production Efficiency Responses in Finishing Beef Cattle
Authors: Hanson Santana , Rusche Warren C , Smith Zachary K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Charolais-Angus cross steers (n = 128; initial shrunk BW = 505 ± 32.1 kg; n = 16 pens; 8 replicate pens/treatment) were used in a 94-day finishing phase experiment to evaluate animal growth performance outcomes, efficiency measures, and carcass characteristics when varying degrees of ingredient inclusion tolerances were imposed. Treatments included: 1) Normal feeding with 0.454 kg tolerance for all ingredients (FXD) and 2) Variable inclusion strategy where each ingredient was randomly increased or decreased but the targeted as-fed quantity for the daily delivery was met (VAR). All steers were fed twice daily with all bunks managed using a slick bunk approach. Ractopamine HCl was fed (300 mg per head daily) for the final 28 d. Individual BW measures were captured at processing approximately every 35 d. Diets consisted of high-moisture corn (HMC), dry-rolled corn (DRC), dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS), liquid supplement (LS), and grass hay (GH) for the first 40 days of the finishing period. Days 41-94 diets consisted of DRC, LS, DDS, GH, and corn silage (CRNSIL). Ingredient inclusions were randomized by assigning independently a random integer to HMC, GH and DDGS with each integer corresponding to the deviation from targeted inclusions; LS inclusion was held constant. As-fed inclusion rates varied from formulated targets by -20, -15, -10, -5, 0, +5, +10, +15, or +20%. DRC or CRNSIL was adjusted so that the targeted as-fed amount of the diet was delivered each day. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit and block as random effect. VAR steers had increased (P ≤ 0.01) dry matter intake (DMI) and reduced (P ≤ 0.02) kg of gain to kg of feed (G:F). However, no differences (P = 0.75) were detected between treatments for ADG. In addition, net energy for maintenance and gain was decreased (P ≤ 0.01) in VAR. Carcass characteristics for both treatments showed no significance (P ≥ 0.38) in HCW, dressing percentage, rib eye area, rib fat, KPH, yield grade, retail yield, empty body fat, or body weight at 28% estimated EBF. A tendency for increased USDA marbling score (P &gt; 0.08) was noted in VAR. Under the conditions of this experiment, randomly altering ingredient proportions did impact growth performance and efficiency measures. However, despite the difference in growth efficiency carcass characteristics were not impacted.