bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of intracameral injection of tissue plasminogen activator on corneal endothelium and intraocular pressure in dogs
Authors: Gerding Paul A. , Essex-Sorlie Diane , Yack Robert , Vasaune Steven 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Contact wide-field specular microscopy was performed on eyes of 16 healthy dogs after tissue plasminogen activator at a concentration of 25 μg/100 μl (group 1, n = 8) or 50 μg/100 μl (group 2, n = 8) was injected into 1 anterior chamber of each dog. The contralateral eye served as a nontreated control. Applanation tonometry was used to measure intraocular pressure in both eyes for up to 168 hours. By use of computerized morphometric analysis and pachymetry, changes from baseline values in endothelial cell density, cell morphologic features, and corneal thickness were evaluated at postinjection hours 24, 48, and 168. Significant mean differences in intraocular pressure were not detected between treated eyes of group-1 dogs and those in group 2 at designated times, or between treated and nontreated eyes of dogs in either group. Mean corneal thickness of treated and nontreated eyes was similar in both groups through postinjection hour 168. Changes in mean percentage of endothelial cell sides were observed only in treated eyes of group-2 dogs, with the mean percentage of hexagons at postinjection hour 168 decreasing by 18%, a decrease that was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than the decrease in nontreated eyes. The mean percentage of 6-sided cells in treated eyes of group-2 dogs was significantly (P < 0.05) less than that in treated eyes of group-1 dogs at postinjection hour 168.
Detection of hemorrhagic septicemia virus of salmonid fishes by use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay containing high sodium chloride concentration and two noncompetitive monoclonal antibodies against early viral nucleoproteins
Authors: Sanz Fernando A. , Coll Julio M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Inclusion of high-ionic strength buffers helped us to develop a sandwich elisa to detect hemorrhagic septicemia virus (hsv) in cell culture and infected trout tissue extracts. For maximal sensitivity of 0.1 to 0.2 ng/well/100 μl or about 10 to 50 tcld50/well/100 μl, trout extracts were diluted 1:1 and assayed for the earliest synthesized nucleoprotein N. Simultaneous binding of the N protein from hsv in the sample to the wells coated with monoclonal antibody (2D5 against the N protein) and to the peroxidase-labeled monoclonal antibody (2C9 against the N protein) proceeded during a 2-hour incubation at 20 to 22 C (room temperature). The response was linear between 6 to 60 ng/well of purified virus. Monoclonal antibodies used were noncompetitive with each other and reacted with F1, F2, 23.75, and 5 Spanish isolates of hsv, but not with infectious hematopoietic necrosis or infectious pancreatic necrosis viruses. Tissue specimens with low content of hsv virus may now be assayed directly without use of cell culture, rapidly, and with high precision, during the acute phase of the disease in salmonid fishes.
Effects of xylazine on ventilation in horses
Authors: Lavoie J. P. , Pascoe J. R. , Kurpershoek C. J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The effects of 3 commonly used dosages (0.3, 0.5, and 1.1 mg/kg of body weight, iv) of xylazine on ventilatory function were evaluated in 6 Thoroughbred geldings. Altered respiratory patterns developed with all doses of xylazine, and horses had apneic periods lasting 7 to 70 seconds at the 1.1 mg/kg dosage. Respiratory rate, minute volume, and partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood () decreased significantly (P < 0.001) with time after administration of xylazine, but significant differences were not detected among dosages. After an initial insignificant decrease at 1 minute after injection, tidal volume progressively increased and at 5 minutes after injection, tidal volume was significantly (P < 0.01) greater than values obtained before injection. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood () was insignificantly increased. After administration of xylazine at a dosage of 1.1 mg/ kg, the mean maximal decrease in was 28.2 ± 8.7 mm of Hg and 22.2 ± 4.9 mm of Hg, measured with and without a respiratory mask, respectively. Similarly, the mean maximal increase in PaCO2 was 4.5 ± 2.3 mm of Hg and 4.2 ± 2.4 mm of Hg, measured with and without the respiratory mask, respectively. Significant interaction between use of mask and time was not detected, although the changes in PaO2 were slightly attenuated when horses were not masked. The temporal effects of xylazine on ventilatory function in horses should be considered in selecting a sedative when ventilation is inadequate or when pulmonary function testing is to be performed.
Effects of Ehrlichia phagocytophila infection on serum thyroid hormone concentrations and on antipyrine clearance and metabolite formation in dwarf goats
Authors: Offiah Veronica N. , Nijmeijer Sandra M. , van Duin Cock T. M. , Witkamp Renger F. , van Miert Adelbert S. J. P. A. M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The influence of infection with Ehrlichia phagocytophila (ep) on serum thyroid hormone concentrations and on antipyrine (25 mg/kg of body weight, iv) plasma elimination and urinary metabolite excretion was studied in castrated male dwarf goats. Mean thyroid hormone concentrations moderately decreased in ep-infected goats, with maximal decrease in total and free triiodothyronine and thyroxine serum concentrations of 56, 64, 23, and 19%, respectively. The estimated pharmacokinetic values of antipyrine (ap) in ep-infected goats were similar to those in the goats when healthy. However, glucuronidation of the ap-metabolites 3-hydroxymethyl-ap, 4,4′-dihydroxy-ap, and 4-hydroxy-ap was reduced during the febrile episode of the acute-phase response to ep infection.
Efficacy of orally administered moxidectin against naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle
Authors: Zimmerman Gary L. , Hoberg Eric P. , Pankavich John A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Anthelmintic efficacy of moxidectin, an experimental antiparasitic macrocyclic lactone, was evaluated in a group of 15 calves harboring naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematodes. Three groups of 5 calves each served as untreated controls (group 1) or principals that were given moxidectin po at the rate of 0.2 mg/kg (group 2) or 0.4 mg/kg (group 3) of body weight. Equal numbers of control and treated calves were necropsied for parasite recovery on days 10 (3 control and 3 of each treatment group) and 11 (2 control and 2 of each treatment group) after treatment. Efficacies at both doses were > 99.8 and 99.9% against active and inhibited larvae and adults of Ostertagia spp, respectively. The overall mean efficacy of each dose was > 99.9%.
Pathogenicity of porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli that do not express K88, K99, F41, or 987P adhesins
Authors: Casey Thomas A. , Nagy Bela , Moon Harley W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Three-week-old weaned and colostrum-deprived neonatal (< 1 day old) pigs were inoculated to determine the pathogenicity of 2 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates that do not express K88, K99, F41, or 987P adhesins (strains 2134 and 2171). Strains 2134 and 2171 were isolated from pigs that had diarrhea after weaning attributable to enterotoxigenic E coli infection. We found that both strains of E coli adhered in the ileum and caused diarrhea in pigs of both age groups. In control experiments, adherent bacteria were not seen in the ileum of pigs < 1 day old or 3 weeks old that were noninoculated or inoculated with a nonpathogenic strain of E coli. These control pigs did not develop diarrhea. Antisera raised against strains 2134 and 2171 and absorbed with the autologous strain, grown at 18 C, were used for bacterial-agglutination and colony-immunoblot assays. Both absorbed antisera reacted with strains 2134 and 2171, but not with strains that express K99, F41, or 987P adhesins. A cross-reaction was observed with 2 wild-type K88 strains, but not with a K12 strain that expresses K88 pili. Indirect immunofluorescence with these absorbed antisera revealed adherent bacteria in frozen sections of ileum from pigs infected with either strain. We concluded that these strains are pathogenic and express a common surface antigen that may be a novel adhesin in E coli strains that cause diarrhea in weaned pigs.
Serum free and total iodothyronine concentrations in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Ferguson Duncan C. , Peterson Mark E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Serum concentrations of total and free thyroxine (T4 and FT4, respectively), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) were measured in 42 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, and were compared with values determined in clinically normal dogs. Mean total T4 concentration in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (14.3 nmol/L) was significantly (P < 0.001) lower than the normal value (25.7 nmol/L), with 38% of the dogs having low serum T4 concentration. Although 16 (38%) of the 42 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism had a high FT4 fraction, indicative of diminished serum T4 binding, normal FT4 concentration was found in only 6 of the 16 dogs (38%) with low total T4 values. Mean serum T3 concentration in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (0.79 nmol/L) was also significantly (P < 0.001) lower than the normal value (1.16 nmol/L), with 39% of the dogs having T3 values below the normal range. Individual T3-to-T4 and T3-to-FT4 ratios, indices of T3 production and/or clearance, were above the normal range in 29 and 24% of dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, respectively. Mean reverse T3 concentration in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (0.17 nmol/L) was also significantly (P < 0.001) lower than the normal mean value (0.39 nmol/L), with 48% of the dogs having reverse T3 values below the normal range. Of the 21 dogs in which all iodothyronines were measured, 6 (29%) had undetectable values for all hormones. Therefore, of dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, a subgroup had reduced serum T4 binding and another group had low values for all iodothyronines consistent with secondary hypothyroidism, but few dogs had low T3-to-FT4 ratio (indicative of inhibition of T4 to T3 conversion) commonly seen in human patients with Cushing's syndrome. The pattern of changes in dogs was reminiscent of the changes observed in rats with chronic glucocorticoid excess, in which pituitary thyrotropin secretion is suppressed and T3 production and degradation are depressed. Despite the severity of the changes in FT4 concentration in some dogs, it is possible that overt hypothyroidism is averted by maintenance of serum T3 concentration.
Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole and its concentration in body fluids and endometrial tissues of mares
Authors: Specht T. E. , Brown Murray P. , Gronwall Ronald R. , Rib Wendy J. , Houston A. E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Serum concentrations of metronidazole were determined in 6 healthy adult mares after a single iv injection of metronidazole (15 mg/kg of body weight). The mean elimination rate (K) was 0.23 h-1, and the mean elimination half-life (t1/2) was 3.1 hours. The apparent volume of distribution at steady state was 0.69 L/kg, and the clearance was 168 ml/h/kg.
Each mare was then given a loading dose (15 mg/kg) of metronidazole at time 0, followed by 4 maintenance doses (7.5 mg/kg, q 6 h) by nasogastric tube. Metronidazole concentrations were measured in serial samples of serum, synovia, peritoneal fluid, and urine. Metronidazole concentrations in csf and endometrial tissues were measured after the fourth maintenance dose. The highest mean concentration in serum was 13.9 ± 2.18 μg/ml at 40 minutes after the loading dose (time 0). The highest mean synovial and peritoneal fluid concentrations were 8.9 ± 1.31 μg/ml and 12.8 ± 3.21 μg/ml, respectively, 2 hours after the loading dose. The lowest mean trough concentration in urine was 32 μg/ml. Mean concentration of metronidazole in csf was 4.3 ± 2.51 μg/ml and the mean concentration in endometrial tissues was 0.9 ± 0.48 μg/g at 3 hours after the fourth maintenance dose.
Two mares hospitalized for treatment of bacterial pleuropneumonia were given metronidazole (15.0 mg/kg, po, initially then 7.5 mg/kg, po, q 6 h), while concurrently receiving gentamicin, potassium penicillin, and flunixin meglumine iv. Metronidazole pharmacokinetics and serum concentrations in the sick mares were similar to those obtained in the healthy mares.
Effect of hypertonic and isotonic saline solutions on plasma constituents of conscious horses
Authors: Bertone Joseph J. , Shoemaker Katherine E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Blood constituents and vascular volume indices were determined in 5 standing horses by use of 2-period crossover experimental design. Horses were either administered hypertonic (2,400 mosm/kg of body weight, iv) or isotonic (300 mosm/kg, iv) saline solution. Each solution was administered at a dosage of 5 ml/kg (infusion rate, 80 ml/min). Samples for determination of pcv, plasma volume, blood volume, plasma osmolality, total amount of plasma protein and plasma concentrations of protein, Na, K, and Cl were collected at 0 hour (baseline, before fluid infusion) and 0.5 hour (at the end of fluid infusion), and subsequently, at 0.25- or 0.5-hour intervals for 4.5 hours. All horses were given the predetermined dose of fluids by 0.5 hour after beginning the saline infusion. Values of P ≤ 0.05 were considered significant.
Administration of hypertonic saline solution was associated with decreased mean body weight by 4.5 hours, but weight change after isotonic saline administration was not significant. Other than body weight and plasma protein concentration, between-trial difference (treatment effect) was not observed for any measured variable or index. The F values indicated that increasing the number of horses would have not changed these results. A time effect was evident across both trials, so that mean (±sd) plasma volume increased (12.3 ± 1.07%) and mean plasma protein concentration (−12.1 ± 1.03%) and pcv (−11.9 + 0.67%) decreased proportionately and transiently in association with administration of either fluid at that volume. Other time effects included increased plasma osmolality and Na and Cl concentrations. Blood volume estimates and total amount of plasma protein remained unchanged. These data indicate that in conscious clinically normal horses, changes in plasma protein concentration reflect changes in plasma volume and that blood volume may be regulated by alterations in plasma volume and red cell mass. These data also indicate that changes in plasma volume and constituent concentrations may be similar in response to administration of either 0.9% (300 mosm/kg) or 7.2% (2,400 mosm/kg) NaCl solutions (5 ml/kg) and that clinically normal horses can rapidly regulate variable Na loads.
Bronchoscopy of the horse
Authors: Sweeney Corinne Raphel , Weiher Janice , Baez Jennifer L. , Lindborg Susan R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The endobronchial anatomy of 12 lung specimens from horses and 12 healthy, standing, sedated horses was evaluated, using a 200-cm-long, 9.5-mm-diameter videoendoscope. On the basis of these findings, the nomenclature system of Amis and McKiernan was modified for identification of airways of horses during bronchoscopy. Lobar bronchi are identified on the basis of the side of the bronchial tree on which they were found and the order in which they originated from the primary bronchus. Thus, RB1, RB2, and RB3 referred to right cranial lobar bronchus, respectively. On the left side, the designation of LB1 and LB2 refer to the left cranial lobar bronchus and the left caudal lobar bronchus, respectively. Segmental bronchi are identified by consecutive numbers in the order of origination from the lobar bronchus. The direction of the segmental bronchus was denoted by the capital letter D (dorsal), V (ventral), L (lateral), M (medial), R (rostral), and C (caudal). Subsegmental bronchi were identified in the order of origination from the segmental bronchi, using lower case letters (eg, RB2, 1V, a or RB2, 1V, aV). For subsequent branching of the subsegmental bronchi, the branches were numbered consecutively by their order of origination (eg, RB2, 1V, aV, 1D).
Immunotoxicity of ochratoxin A to growing gilts
Authors: Harvey Roger B. , Elissalde Marcel H. , Kubena Leon F. , Weaver Elizabeth A. , Carrier Donald E. , Clement Beverly A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Ochratoxin A (oa) was incorporated in the diets of growing gilts (mean body weight, 20.1 kg) at a concentration of 2.5 mg of oa/kg of feed and was fed continuously for 35 days. Humoral and cell-mediated immunologic measurements were evaluated to determine the effects of oa on immune function in swine. Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity to phytohemagglutinin (pha), delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin, pha-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis, interleukin-2 production, total and isotype immunoglobulin concentrations, antibody response to chicken rbc, and macrophage activation were used to evaluate immune function. Gilts treated with oa had reduced cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response to pha, reduced delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin, decreased stimulation index for lymphoblastogenesis, decreased interleukin-2 production when lymphocytes were stimulated with concanavalin A, and decreased number and phagocytic activity of macrophages. Differences were not observed for total and isotype immunoglobulin concentrations, or humoral hemagglutination (chicken rbc) titer. These data indicate that oa may suppress cell-mediated immune response in growing swine.
Physiologic effects of administration of interleukin 1β in cows
Authors: Goff Jesse P. , Naito Yoshihisa , Kehrli Marcus E. , Hayes Phillip , Daley Michael 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The immunomodulating polypeptide interleukin 1β (il-1β) has been shown to be homologous to osteoclast-activating factor and is capable of stimulating increased osteoclastic bone resorption. This effect prompted an investigation into the potential use of il-1β for prevention of parturient paresis, a disease of dairy cows characterized by hypocalcemia and poor osteoclastic resorption of bone. Six nonpregnant cows were treated with a high dosage of il-1β (166 ng/kg of body weight) every 8 hours for 4 days. The il-1β treatment significantly (P < 0.05) increased urinary hydroxyproline excretion, an index of osteoclast activity, indicating that bone calcium resorption might be stimulated by il-1β treatment of cows. However, il-1β treatment also caused transient fever, inappetence, increased pulse and respiratory rate, and diuresis. The acute, but transient, effect of il-1β treatment was to cause a decrease in plasma calcium and phosphorus concentrations. The pleiotropic effects of il-1β administration negated the positive effects on osteoclastic bone resorption, and indicates that this cytokine may be of minimal benefit for prevention of parturient paresis.
Cross-reactivity between a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a tumor-associated antigen on bovine lymphosarcoma cells and blood lymphocytes from various mammalian species
Authors: Aida Yoko , Okada Kosuke , Kageyama Rena , Amanuma Hiroshi 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Tumor-associated antigens that are expressed in lymphosarcoma B cells of cattle with enzootic bovine leukosis had been analyzed in terms of their reactivity with 13 monoclonal antibodies (mab). By use of flow cytometry and radioimmunoprecipitation, 1 of the mab (c143) that recognized a tumor-associated antigen cross-reacted with blood lymphocytes (bl) from various mammalian species. By use of flow cytometry, the c143 mab reacted with 10 to 49% of bl derived from human beings, mice, dogs, horses, pigs, llamas, sheep, goats, and cattle. Titer of the c143 mab with bl from horses, pigs, human beings, and llamas ranged between 1:6.0 × 104 and 1:5.3 × 105; titer associated with bl of goats and sheep was 1:1.6 × 106; and that associated with bl of cattle was 1:4.3 × 107. The c143 mab specifically immunoprecipitated 3 homologous proteins from cell extracts of caprine, ovine, and bovine bl (32-, 34-, and 36- to 37-kDa bovine proteins; 31-, 32-, and 36- to 37-kDa caprine proteins; and 31.5-, 33-, and 36- to 37-kDa ovine proteins), but none was immunoprecipitated from human, murine, canine, porcine, and llama bl. These results indicate that the avidity of the c143 mab in binding to bl from ruminants (eg, goats, sheep, and cattle) is higher than that to bl from human beings, mice, dogs, horses, pigs, and llamas. In sheep, the c143 mab could immunoprecipitate the aforementioned proteins from bl of the Suffolk breed, but not bl from the Corriedale breed, whereas the c143 mab immunoprecipitated apparently identical proteins from bl of 4 breeds of cattle.
Evaluation of a modified-live virus vaccine administered in ovo to protect chickens against Newcastle disease
Authors: Ahmad Jamil , Sharma Jagdev M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The B1 strain of Newcastle disease virus (ndv-B1), which is nonpathogenic for newly hatched chickens, killed embryos when it was used to inoculate chicken eggs at embryonation day 18. Treatment of ndv-B1 with an alkylating agent, ethylmethane sulfonate (ems) markedly reduced the pathogenicity of the virus for 18-day-old chicken embryos. Eggs inoculated with the modified virus (ndv-B1-ems) hatched, and the virus was isolated from lungs and spleen of 1-day-old chickens. The hatched chickens developed antibody to ndv and were protected against challenge exposure (at 4 weeks of age) with a highly virulent GB-Texas strain of ndv. Presence of maternal antibody to ndv in embryonating eggs did not influence the protective ability of ndv-B1-ems, which also induced protective immunity when administered to 4-week-old chickens. The 50% protective dose of ndv-B1-ems in maternal antibody-negative and -positive embryos was calculated to be 10.77 and 17.70 embryo 50% lethal doses, respectively. Results of the study indicated that ndv-B1-ems may be used as an embryo vaccine to protect chickens against Newcastle disease.
Arterial-venous difference in atrial natriuretic peptide concentration during exercise in horses
Authors: McKeever Kenneth H. , Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , Cooley Jodi L. , Lamb David R. , Muir William W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Six nontrained mares were subjected to steady-state, submaximal treadmill exercise to examine the effect of exercise on the plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide (anp) in arterial, compared with mixed venous, blood. Horses ran on a treadmill up a 6° grade for 20 minutes at a speed calculated to require a power equivalent to 80% of maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2MAX). Arterial and mixed venous blood samples were collected simultaneously from the carotid and pulmonary arteries of horses at rest and at 10 and 20 minutes of exercise. Plasma was stored at − 80 C and was later thawed; anp was extracted, and its concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay. Exercise caused significant (P < 0.05) increases in arterial and venous plasma anp concentrations. Mean ± sem arterial anp concentration increased from 25.2 ± 4.4 pg/ml at rest to 52.7 ± 5.2 pg/ml at 10 minutes of exercise and 62.5 ± 5.2 pg/ml at 20 minutes of exercise. Mean venous anp concentration increased from 24.8 ± 4.3 pg/ml at rest to 67.2 ± 14.5 pg/ml at 10 minutes of exercise and 65.3 ± 13.5 pg/ml at 20 minutes of exercise. Significant differences were not evident between arterial or mixed venous anp concentration at rest or during exercise, indicating that anp either is not metabolized in the lungs or is released from the left atrium at a rate matching that of pulmonary metabolism.