bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cannabinoid CB2 receptor activation inhibits mechanically evoked responses of wide dynamic range dorsal horn neurons in naïve rats and in rat models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain
Authors: Elmes Steven J. R. , Jhaveri Maulik D. , Smart Darren , Kendall David A. , Chapman Victoria 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPeripheral cannabinoid 2 receptors (CB2 receptors) modulate immune responses and attenuate nociceptive behaviour in models of acute and persistent pain. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether peripheral CB2 receptors modulate spinal processing of innocuous and noxious responses and to determine whether there are altered roles of CB2 receptors in models of persistent pain. Effects of local administration of the CB2 receptor agonist JWH‐133 (5 and 15 µg/50 µL) on mechanically evoked responses of spinal wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons in noninflamed rats, rats with carrageenan‐induced hindpaw inflammation, sham operated rats and spinal nerve‐ligated (SNL) rats were determined in anaesthetized rats in vivo. Mechanical stimulation (von Frey filaments, 6–80 g) of the peripheral receptive field evoked firing of WDR neurons. Mechanically evoked responses of WDR neurons were similar in noninflamed, carrageenan‐inflamed, sham‐operated and SNL rats. Intraplantar injection of JWH‐133 (15 µg), but not vehicle, significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited innocuous and noxious mechanically evoked responses of WDR neurons in all four groups of rats. In many cases the selective CB2 receptor antagonist, SR144528 (10 µg/50 µL), attenuated the inhibitory effects of JWH‐133 (15 µg) on mechanically evoked WDR neuronal responses. The CB1 receptor antagonist, SR141716A, did not attenuate the inhibitory effects of JWH‐133 on these responses. Intraplantar preadministration of JWH‐133 also inhibited (P < 0.05) carrageenan‐induced expansion of peripheral receptive fields of WDR dorsal horn neurons. This study demonstrates that activation of peripheral CB2 receptors attenuates both innocuous‐ and noxious‐evoked responses of WDR neurons in models of acute, inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
Vigilance states in a parkinsonian model, the MPTP mouse
Authors: Monaca Christelle , Laloux Charlotte , Jacquesson Jean‐Marie , Gelé Patrick , Maréchal Xavier , Bordet Régis , Destée Alain , Derambure Philippe 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSleep disturbances and vigilance disorders are frequently observed in Parkinson's disease. Despite the fact that the 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse is one of the best‐known animal models of Parkinson's disease, sleep analysis has never previously been performed in this system. In the present study, we explored sleep–wakefulness cycles in MPTP‐treated mice and compared the results to data from untreated mice. MPTP (25 mg/kg) was injected daily for 5 days. After recovery, polysomnography was recorded over 48 h. Dopaminergic lesions of the substantia nigra and striata were evaluated using immunohistochemical markers. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a loss of dopaminergic neurons in MPTP mice. Compared with controls, MPTP‐treated mice presented changes in sleep architecture throughout the nycthemeral period, with longer wakefulness and paradoxical sleep episodes and an increase in the amount of paradoxical sleep. We observed changes in sleep architecture in MPTP‐treated mice, compared with saline‐treated mice. MPTP mice show more consolidated vigilance states with higher amount of paradoxical sleep than controls. Although the MPTP‐treated mouse is not a good model of sleep disturbances in PD, our results suggest that it could be a good pharmacological model for studying the effects of dopaminergic treatments on animal sleep–wakefulness cycles.
Regenerating corticospinal fibers in the Marmoset (Callitrix jacchus) after spinal cord lesion and treatment with the anti‐Nogo‐A antibody IN‐1
Authors: Fouad K. , Klusman I. , Schwab M. E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractNeutralizing the myelin‐associated growth inhibitor Nogo‐A in adult spinal cord‐injured rats can promote regeneration of injured and compensatory sprouting of uninjured axons. Nogo‐A is present in humans, making its neutralization a possible novel treatment option for paraplegic patients. In this study we examined the effects of an extensively used anti‐Nogo‐A antibody (mAb IN‐1) on the regenerative capabilities of lesioned corticospinal tract (CST) axons in a primate, the Marmoset monkey. Unilateral thoracic lesions of the CST were performed in six adult Marmosets, followed by the application of mAb IN‐1 into the cerebrospinal fluid circulation by a graft of hybridoma cells. A unilateral injection of biotin dextran amine into the motor cortex was performed to analyse sprouting and regeneration of the lesioned axons. In the control antibody‐treated animal CST fibers stopped rostral to the lesion site and often showed retraction bulbs. In contrast, in four out of five mAb IN‐1‐treated animals fine labeled neurites had grown into, through and around the lesion site. Thus, this study provides first anatomical evidence that in primates, the neutralization of the myelin‐associated inhibitor Nogo‐A results in increased regenerative sprouting and growth of lesioned spinal cord axons.
Characteristics of and interventions for fever in Japan
Authors: Ikematsu Y. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPurpose:  As part of a larger multinational validation study of the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®) alpha version, a survey was conducted in Japan to determine characteristics of ‘fever’ and interventions to treat febrile patients.Sample:  Three hundred and fifty‐six acute and critical care Japanese nurses participated in this study.Method:  The major and minor characteristics of ‘fever’ perceived by Japanese nurses and interventions used by the nurses in managing febrile patients were identified using the Diagnostic Content Validity (DCV) model.Results:  Two characteristics, ‘increased body temperature’ and ‘chills’ were selected as major characteristics from the standardized list of the ICNP® alpha version validation study. Nine characteristics among the standardized list of characteristics were rated as minor characteristics, and six of the ICNP® characteristics were rejected. ‘Shivering’ and ‘infectious lab data’ were added with a level of representativeness similar to a major characteristic by nine of the nurses. A variety of interventions to treat fever were reported. The most frequently reported intervention was cooling, followed by warming and medication. Nine dimensions were derived from all reported interventions.Discussion:  As well as perceived characteristics of fever, these interventions may have aspects unique to Japanese nursing practice and to the acute and critical care settings. These results can be compared to those of other populations in future studies.
Tackling drug and alcohol misuse in Brazil: priorities and challenges for nurses
Authors: Rassool G. H. , Villar‐Luis M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAims:  To provide an overview of the extent of drug and alcohol misuse in Brazil and the policies and approaches in tackling substance misuse. An examination of the challenges facing the nursing profession in working with substance misusers is presented.Background:  Alcohol, cocaine, and cannabis are the most commonly misused psychoactive substances in Brazil. One of the biggest public health problems is the interface between the misuse of psychoactive substances and HIV prevalence and other sexually transmitted diseases. Findings from a recent study suggest that undergraduate nurses in Brazil are not adequately prepared in the care and management of substance misuse problems. The nursing profession in Brazil faces numerous challenges in the development of professional competence of nurses in this field.Conclusion:  A strategy proposed is the creation of regional centres in Brazil to study the integration of substance use and misuse in the nursing undergraduate curriculum and the giving of specific support in teaching and research to nurse teachers. Nurses have a key role to play in the early recognition, assessment, prevention, and treatment of substance misuse.
Nursing diagnosis with the ICNP® in the teaching context
Authors: Zarzycka D. , Górajek‐Jóźwik J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackground:  The premise for the research study was the authors’ conviction that the use of nursing diagnostic taxonomies allows the nurse to formulate a thorough and valid diagnosis. Aim: To verify the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®) in the context of a Polish academic nursing programme.Research questions:  Do nursing diagnoses made traditionally and those made with the ICNP® reflect the patient’s/client's condition? Is the range and type of the two kinds of diagnoses similar or different? Is the level of detail in both types of diagnoses compatible?Methods:  Quasi‐experiment in which the experimental group diagnosed patients by means of the ICNP® and the control group formulated nursing diagnoses by means of an intellectual decision‐making process.Study groups:  44 students in a MNurs. Programme, Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Medical University in Lublin, Poland.Conclusions:  The range and type of nursing diagnoses do not depend on the method used in their formulation. The ICNP® diagnoses are compatible with the traditionally formulated ones. The unbalanced size of the experimental and the study groups negatively influenced the validity of conclusions.
Characterization of a Schwann cell enhancer in the myelin basic protein gene
Authors: Taveggia Carla , Pizzagalli Antonella , Fagiani Ernesta , Messing Albee , Feltri M. Laura , Wrabetz Lawrence 
Published: November 2004

AbstractOligodendrocytes and Schwann cells use diverse regulatory elements to transcribe myelin basic protein (Mbp). For example, an enhancer 9.0 kb upstream ofMbp(MbpSCE1) activated either the proximalMbporhsp68promoters only in Schwann cells in transgenic mice. Here, we analyzeMbpSCE1in vitroandin vivoand show thatMbpSCE1 also activates another myelin gene,Mpz, specifically in Schwann cells in transgenic mice. Surprisingly, althoughMbpSCE1 behaves as an enhancer in Schwann cells, we show here for the first time that it also activates transcription robustly in cultured oligodendrocytes, but only from its original genomic position. Diverse nuclear proteins binding at distinct combinations of DNA elements in the two cell types may account for cell‐specificMbpSCE1 function. A further surprise is thatMbpSCE1 activation does not depend on consensus binding sites for the myelin‐associated PPARβ or Krox 20 transcription factors. Finally, chromatin context augments activation ofMbpSCE1. Therefore,MbpSCE1 is active in both Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes, but by diverse mechanisms.
Involvement of gangliosides in proliferation of immortalized neural progenitor cells
Authors: Yanagisawa Makoto , Liour Sean S. , Yu Robert K. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe CNS consists of neuronal and glial cells generated from common neural progenitor cells during development. Cellular events for neural progenitor cells, such as proliferation and differentiation, are regulated by multiple intrinsic and extrinsic cell signals. Although much is known on the importance of the proteinous factors in regulating the fate of neural progenitor cells, the involvement of other molecules such as gangliosides, sialic acid‐containing glycosphingolipids, remains to be clarified. To elucidate the biological functions of gangliosides in neural progenitor cells, we transfected an immortalized neural progenitor cell line, C17.2, which does not express GD3 ganglioside, with a fusion protein of GD3‐synthase (ST‐II) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (ST‐II‐EGFP). Analysis of the ST‐II transfectants revealed the ectopic expression of b‐ and c‐series gangliosides. In the ST‐II transfectants, proliferation induced by epidermal growth factor (EGF) was severely retarded. EGF‐induced proliferation of C17.2 cells was dependent on the Ras‐mitogen‐activated protein kinase (Ras‐MAPK) pathway, and the EGF‐induced activation of this pathway was significantly repressed in the transfectants. Thus, ST‐II overexpression retarded proliferation of C17.2 cells via repression of the Ras‐MAPK pathway. The result supports the concept that gangliosides may play an important role in regulating the proliferation of neural progenitor cells.
Involvement of OCTN2 and B0,+in the transport of carnitine through anin vitromodel of the blood–brain barrier
Authors: Berezowski Vincent , Miecz Dorota , Marszałek Mariusz , Bröer Angelika , Bröer Stefan , Cecchelli Roméo , A. Nałęcz Katarzyna 
Published: November 2004

AbstractCarnitine is known to accumulate in brain, therefore transport of carnitine through the blood–brain barrier was studied in anin vitrosystem using bovine brain capillary endothelial cells (BBCEC) grown on filter inserts in a co‐culture system with glial cells. Long‐term exposure of BBCEC to carnitine resulted in a high accumulation of long‐chain acyl carnitines, which decreased dramatically upon removal of carnitine. Kinetic analysis of carnitine accumulation indicated a possibility of functioning of more than one transporter. BBCEC were incubated in the presence of substrates and inhibitors of known carnitine transporters added from either apical or basolateral side. Inhibition by replacement of sodium and expression of OCTN2 (RT‐PCR) were in agreement with earlier reports on the functioning of OCTN2 in apical membrane. For the first time, functioning of OCTN2 was demonstrated in the basolateral membrane, as well as functioning in both membranes of a low affinity carnitine transporter B0,+. Expression of B0,+in BBCEC was confirmed by RT‐PCR. These results suggest that OCTN2 and B0,+could be involved in carnitine transport in both the apical and basolateral membrane.
Two different Ca2+‐dependent inhibitory mechanisms of spontaneous firing by glutamate in dopamine neurons
Authors: Kim Shin Hye , Choi Yu Mi , Chung Sungkwon , Uhm Dae Yong , Park Myoung Kyu 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate, generates a characteristic burst‐pause type of firing in midbrain dopamine neurons in association with the reward behavior, but the cellular mechanism by which glutamate generates these bursts is unknown. Here, we show that the bursts in spontaneously firing dopamine neurons can be generated by the combinative actions of the brief stimulatory and the subsequent Ca2+‐dependent inhibitory signals in response to glutamate stimulation. The two Ca2+‐dependent firing‐extinction signals are activated by different glutamate receptors. Although the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors rapidly stopped the enhanced firing through the Ca2+ release from intracellular stores, the activation of NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptors abolished the firing immediately after termination of the stimulation due to the Ca2+ accumulation in the cell. These two Ca2+‐dependent inhibitory mechanisms appear to participate in the generation of characteristic bursts in dopamine neurons by controlling the maximum firing number of single bursts and the duration of post‐firing pauses.
First direct demonstration of extensive GABA synthesis in mouse cerebellar neuronal cultures
Authors: Sonnewald Ursula , Olstad Elisabeth , Qu Hong , Babot Zoila , Cristòfol Rosa , Suñol Cristina , Schousboe Arne , Waagepetersen Helle 
Published: November 2004

AbstractCulturing mouse cerebellar neurones (predominantly glutamatergic) in the presence of [1−13C]glucose for 7 days resulted in a surprisingly extensive labelling of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, the average content and labelling of which were 20 ± 4 nmol/mg protein and 20 ± 4%, respectively. Cultures of neocortical neurones (predominantly GABAergic) had under similar conditions a GABA content and labelling of 32 ± 2 nmol/mg protein and 21 ± 2%. The cerebellar cultures contained only 6% glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)‐positive neurones when immunolabelled using a GAD67 antibody, while a dense network of neurones in the neocortical cultures stained positively for GAD67. Exposure of the cerebellar cultures to 50 µm kainic acid (KA) which is known to eliminate vesicular release of GABA, only marginally affected GABA labelling and cellular content. Likewise this treatment had no effect on the number of GAD67‐positive neurones but a massive punctate immunostaining observed in control cultures was essentially eliminated. Increasing the KA concentration to 0.5 mm in the culture medium for 7 days led to a reduction of GABA labelling and content compared to cerebellar cultures not exposed to KA. Although it is likely that this large capacity for GABA synthesis resides in the relatively few GAD‐positive neurones, it seems unlikely that they could account for the large average GABA content in the cultures. Therefore it must be concluded that the newly synthesized GABA is redistributed among the majority of the cells in these cultures, i.e. the glutamatergic neurones.
Evidence from the small and large ribosomal RNA structure suggests that Anoplostoma rectospiculum Gal'tsova, 1976 (Nematoda: Anoplostomatidae) is a member of the superfamily Enoploidea, not Oncholaimoidea
Authors: Pegova Anna N. , Krasnova Elena D. , Aleshin Vladimir V. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Analyses of the primary structure of the 18S rRNA gene and D3 segment of the
28S rRNA, as well as evidence from the secondary structure of the SSU rRNA
V7 region, suggest that Anoplostoma rectospiculum (Anoplostomatidae) has
closer relationships to the family Enoplidae than to the Oncholaimidae. In
phylogenetic trees derived from full length SSU rRNA gene and partial LSU
rRNA gene (D3 expansion segment) sequence analyses, A. rectospiculum
exhibits long branches. The associated artefacts of long branch attraction
(LBA) are circumvented because of the presence of an undoubted molecular
synapomorphy – a low homoplastic 1. b. p. insertion in helix 43 of the SSU
rRNA which is shared jointly by Anoplostomatidae and Enoplidae. Analysis of
low homoplastic apomorphic characters is considered to be a tool for testing
phylogenies against LBA artefacts.
A Dutch contribution to knowledge on phytosanitary risk and host status of various crops for Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden et al., 1980 and M. fallax Karssen, 1996: an overview
Authors: den Nijs Loes , Brinkman Henk , van der Sommen Anton 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The results of experiments, performed in The Netherlands during the last
decade, on the host range of Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallax are
presented and discussed. Opinions are expressed on the host status of the
tested plants and the phytosanitary status of the commercial product
(defined as that part of the plant that enters trade) separately, as
interest for both categories may differ. Information for each category is
given for a variety of plants such as vegetables, arable crops, flowering
bulbs and plants, and ornamental plants and trees. Data obtained from
glasshouse experiments are given in a separate table. Many plants are a good
host for one or both nematode species, and the commercial product, such as
some bulbs and potatoes, might form a phytosanitary risk as a carrier of the
juveniles inside the product, this risk being increased when that commercial
product has roots.
Two new species of the genus Aphanonchus Coomans & Raski, 1991 (Nematoda: Aphanolaimidae) and a revised taxonomy of the genus
Authors: Holovachov Oleksandr , Sturhan Dieter 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Two new species of Aphanonchus are described from Germany and Ivory Coast.
Aphanonchus europaeus sp. n., from Germany, is best characterised by 1.1-1.4
mm long body, presence of 50-96 lateral epidermal glands; female without
neck setae, with straight vagina without sclerotisations and three to nine
prevulval alveoli; male with a pair of neck setae, 15 tubular and 20
alveolar supplements, one pair of precloacal and four pairs of caudal setae,
39 μm long spicules. Aphanonchus africanus sp. n., from Ivory Coast, is
characterised by 1.0-1.3 mm long body, presence of 37 to 71 lateral
epidermal glands; female with a pair of neck setae, straight to slightly
sinuous vagina without sclerotisations, and without alveoli; male with a
pair of neck setae, 12-18 tubular and 54-80 alveolar supplements, a pair of
precloacal and four pairs of caudal setae, 35.5-43 μm long spicules.
Morphological data, based on specimens of A. bayensis from Costa Rica, A.
multipapillatus from Colombia and Suriname, A. obesus from Ivory Coast and
the type locality in Vietnam, and type specimens of A. longiceras, are
presented and supplement the descriptions of these four species. An emended
diagnosis and a revised classification of Aphanonchus are proposed and a key
to the species of the genus is provided.
Two Ways of Articulating Outsider's Knowledge of Polynesian Culture and Religion: Melville's Typee and Mardi
Authors: Despland Michel 
Published: November 2004

AbstractTwo of Melville's early works are contrasting attempts to report on what he saw and experienced during his stay in some islands of the South Pacific. Typee is presented as a sober, philosophical account of mores and religion, thus in keeping with the more ethnographic interests of travelers's reports. Mardi is an avowed work of fiction. While cannibalism serves to focus interest in the first, human sacrifice has this function in the second. Melville could find previous authors to support his approach in the first book but, even though he studied available works on mythologies, found no scholarship to help with the second issue. It is argued that the second work, albeit a fiction, makes the greater cognitive advance and helps discern the perils scholars had to face in the colonialist era.
The InDeVal insertion/deletion evaluation tool: a program for finding target regions in DNA sequences and for aiding in sequence comparison
Authors: Stoneberg Holt Sierra D , Holt Jason A 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Background
The program InDeVal was originally developed to help researchers find known regions of insertion/deletion activity (with the exception of isolated single-base indels) in newly determined Poaceae trn L-F sequences and compare them with 533 previously determined sequences. It is supplied with input files designed for this purpose. More broadly, the program is applicable for finding specific target regions (referred to as "variable regions") in DNA sequence. A variable region is any specific sequence fragment of interest, such as an indel region, a codon or codons, or sequence coding for a particular RNA secondary structure.

Results
InDeVal input is DNA sequence and a template file (sequence flanking each variable region). Additional files contain the variable regions and user-defined messages about the sequence found within them (e.g., taxa sharing each of the different indel patterns).
Variable regions are found by determining the position of flanking sequence (referred to as "conserved regions") using the LPAM (Length-Preserving Alignment Method) algorithm. This algorithm was designed for InDeVal and is described here for the first time.
InDeVal output is an interactive display of the analyzed sequence, broken into user-defined units. Once the user is satisfied with the organization of the display, the information can be exported to an annotated text file.

Conclusions
InDeVal can find multiple variable regions simultaneously (28 indel regions in the Poaceae trn L-F files) and display user-selected messages specific to the sequence variants found. InDeVal output is designed to facilitate comparison between the analyzed sequence and previously evaluated sequence. The program's sensitivity to different levels of nucleotide and/or length variation in conserved regions can be adjusted. InDeVal is currently available for Windows in Additional file 1 or from http://www.sci.muni.cz/botany/elzdroje/indeval/.