bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An improved 33S nuclear magnetic shielding scale from the gas‐phase study of COS
Authors: Jackowski Karol , Makulski Włodzimierz , Koźmiński Wiktor 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe 33S NMR signal of gaseous carbonyl sulfide (COS) was monitored as a function of density for the first time. An extrapolation to the zero‐density limit permitted the measurement of nuclear magnetic shielding of an isolated COS molecule. An improved 33S shielding scale was established taking the value of 817(12) ppm as the absolute shielding of COS. The new 33S shielding scale is certainly more accurate than any previous estimation and contains some reference standards, e.g. an isolated SF6 molecule, a saturated solution of (NH4)2SO4 in D2O, 2 M aqueous Cs2SO4 solution or liquid SF6, CS2 and SO2. The latter results can be applied for the easy estimation of sulfur shielding available from all the measurements of 33S NMR chemical shifts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The bonding situation in 1,3,2‐diazaphospholene derivatives as studied by solid‐state NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Gudat Dietrich , Haghverdi Asadollah , Hoffbauer Wilfried 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe 31P chemical shift (CS) tensors of the 1,3,2‐diazaphospholenium cation 1 and the P‐chloro‐1,3,2‐diazaphospholenes 2 and 3 and the 31P and 19F CS tensors of the P‐fluoro‐1,3,2‐diazaphospholene 4 were characterized by solid‐state 31P and 19F NMR studies and quantum chemical model calculations. The computed orientation of the principal axes system of the 31P and 19F CS tensors in the P‐fluoro compound was found to be in good agreement with experimentally derived values obtained from evaluation of P–F dipolar interactions. A comparison of the trends in the chemical shifts of 1–4 with further available literature data confirms that the unique high shielding of δ11 in the cation 1 can be related to the effective π‐conjugation in the five‐membered heterocycle, and that a further systematic decrease in δ11 for the P‐halogen derivatives 2–4 is attributable to the increased perturbation of the π‐electron distribution by interaction with the halide donor. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Embryonic and foetal development of bovine oocytes treated with a combination of butyrolactone I and roscovitine in an enriched medium prior to IVM and IVF
Authors: Ponderato Nunzia , Crotti Gabriella , Turini Paola , Duchi Roberto , Galli Cesare , Lazzari Giovanna 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCattle oocytes were maintained at germinal vesicles (GV) stage for 24 hr using a combination of two specific and potent inhibitors of M‐phase promoting factor (MPF) kinase activity, butyrolactone I (BL‐I) and roscovitine (ROS). The media used for inhibition were (a) TCM‐199 only and (b) TCM‐199 supplemented with serum, hormones and growth factors. The effective doses of inhibitors were 6.25 μM BL‐I and 12.5 μM ROS in medium (a) and 50 μM BL‐I and 12.5 μM ROS in medium (b). After inhibition, about 90% of the oocytes resumed meiosis and reached the metaphase II (MII) stage during 24 hr of maturation. Following fertilisation the percentage of cleavage (D +2), compacted morula (D +6), blastocysts on D +7 and D +8 and the survival to freezing and thawing of grade 1 embryos frozen on D +7 were not different between the experimental treated groups and the control. In order to evaluate early foetal development, two groups of five grade 1 D +7 blastocysts derived from treated oocytes and two groups of five control embryos were transferred nonsurgically in four synchronised recipient heifers. On D +27, the recipients were slaughtered and the foetuses were recovered. In both groups, six foetuses developed out of the 10 embryos transferred. In conclusion, several supplements can be added to the prematuration medium of bovine oocytes without reducing the quality of inhibition but also without improving their subsequent developmental competence versus treated oocytes in TCM‐199 only and versus untreated control. Furthermore, the prematuration step used in this study does not interfere with normal foetal development during the first stages of organogenesis. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 62:513–518, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antibodies generated in response to plasmid DNA encoding zona pellucida glycoprotein‐B inhibit in vitro human sperm–egg binding
Authors: Rath Archana , Choudhury Sangeeta , Hasegawa Akiko , Koyama Koji , Gupta Satish K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo investigate the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA encoding bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) zona pellucida (ZP) glycoprotein‐B (bmZPB), the cDNA corresponding to bmZPB, excluding the N‐terminal signal sequence and C‐terminus transmembrane‐like domain, was cloned in mammalian expression vector VR1020 downstream of tissue plasminogen activator signal sequence under cytomegalovirus promoter (VRbmZPB). In vitro transfection of COS‐1, COS‐7, CHO, HEK‐293, and UM‐449 mammalian cells with VRbmZPB plasmid DNA led to the expression of bmZPB. Expression of bmZPB in transfected cells was cytosolic. Flow cytometry analysis of COS‐1 cells transfected with VRbmZPB revealed that ∼15% cells expressed bmZPB. The expressed bmZPB has an apparent molecular weight of 57 kDa. Immunization of male BALB/cJ mice with VRbmZPB plasmid DNA in saline as compared to VR1020 immunized group, elicited significant antibodies against E. coli expressed recombinant bmZPB as evaluated in ELISA. The antibodies generated by VRbmZPB plasmid DNA recognized bonnet monkey as well as human ZP. The immune sera obtained from mice immunized with VRbmZPB plasmid DNA also inhibited, in vitro, the binding of spermatozoa to the ZP in the hemizona assay. These studies, for the first time, demonstrate the feasibility of DNA vaccine to generate antibodies against ZP that recognize native protein and inhibit human sperm–oocyte binding. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 62:525–533, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mapping the fiber orientation in articular cartilage at rest and under pressure studied by 2H double quantum filtered MRI
Authors: Shinar Hadassah , Seo Yoshiteru , Ikoma Kazuya , Kusaka Yoshiaki , Eliav Uzi , Navon Gil 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe one‐dimensional 2H double quantum filtered (DQF) spectroscopic imaging technique was used to study the orientation of collagen fibers in articular cartilage. The method detects only water molecules in anisotropic environments, which in cartilage is caused by their interaction with the collagen fibers. A large quadrupolar splitting was observed in the calcified zone and a smaller splitting in the radial zone. In the transitional zone the splitting was not resolved and a small splitting was again detected in the superficial zone. From measurements performed at two orientations of the plug relative to the magnetic field it was deduced that in the calcified and radial zones the fibers are oriented perpendicular to the bone, bending at the transitional zone and flattening at the superficial zone. The effect of load applied to the cartilage–bone plug was monitored by the same technique. At low loads there is a small decrease in the quadrupolar splitting in the calcified zone, a marked decrease in the radial zone, and an increase of the splitting accompanied by a thickening of the superficial zone. Under high loads, while the thickening and the splitting of the superficial zone further increase, the splitting in the radial and calcified zones completely collapse. Pressure‐induced changes in the thickness of the surface zone indicate flattening of the collagen fibers near the surface. The marked collapse of the splitting near the bone at high pressures may result from crimping of the collagen fibers. Magn Reson Med 48:322–330, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attenuated HSP70 response in skeletal muscle of aged rats following contractile activity
Authors: Vasilaki Aphrodite , Jackson Malcolm J. , McArdle Anne 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the production of HSP70 in gastrocnemius muscles from adult (6‐month‐old) and aged (28‐month‐old) rats following contractile activity. At 24 h following a period of repeated isometric contractions, muscles from adult rats contained significantly elevated levels of HSP70 compared with nonexercised muscle. This was not evident in muscles from aged rats. This attenuated response may play a major role in development of the age‐related functional deficit that occurs in skeletal muscle. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 25: 000–000, 2002
Effect of reference electrode position on the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) onset latency
Authors: Phongsamart Gulapar , Wertsch Jacqueline J. , Ferdjallah Mohammed , King John C. , Foster D. Terrence 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCompound muscle action potential (CMAP) onset latency is interpreted to reflect the arrival time at the muscle of impulses in the fastest‐conducting motor nerve fiber. However, we have observed that the position of the reference or indifferent electrode (E2) affects CMAP onset latency. Motor nerve conduction studies (NCS) of the median, ulnar, and deep ulnar motor (DUM) nerves on 20 normal hands were performed using both traditional bipolar and experimental monopolar (referenced to the contralateral hand) montages. As the position of E2 was altered, the CMAP onset latency varied 0.1–0.5 ms for the median NCS, 0.1–0.3 ms for the ulnar NCS, and 0.1–1.5 ms for the DUM NCS. This study demonstrates that E2 recorded potentials are significant and vary with positioning, affecting motor onset latency. This has implications both for reference values and the physiologic interpretation of the CMAP waveform. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 25: 000–000, 2002
GDNF is regulated in an activity‐dependent manner in rat skeletal muscle
Authors: Wehrwein Erica A. , Roskelley Eric M. , Spitsbergen John M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGlial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is produced by skeletal muscle and affects peripheral motor neurons. Elevated expression of GDNF in skeletal muscle leads to hyperinnervation of neuromuscular junctions, whereas postnatal administration of GDNF causes synaptic remodeling at the neuromuscular junction. Studies have demonstrated that altered physical activity causes changes in the neuromuscular junction. However, the role played by GDNF in this process in not known. The objective of this study was to determine whether changes in neuromuscular activity cause altered GDNF content in rat skeletal muscle. Following 4 weeks of walk‐training on a treadmill, or 2 weeks of hindlimb unloading, soleus, gastrocnemius, and pectoralis major were removed and analyzed for GDNF content by enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay. Results indicated that walk‐training is associated with increased GDNF content. Skeletal muscle from hindlimb‐unloaded animals showed a decrease in GDNF in soleus and gastrocnemius, and an increase in pectoralis major. The altered production of GDNF may be responsible for activity‐dependent remodeling of the neuromuscular junction and may aid in recovery from injury and disease. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 26: 206–211, 2002
Reduced thrombomodulin in human peripheral nerve microvasculature
Authors: Hafer‐Macko Charlene E. , Ivey Frederick M. , Gyure Kymberly A. , Sorkin John D. , Macko Richard F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThrombomodulin (TM), a vascular endothelial receptor, terminates the actions of thrombin and accelerates activated protein C formation. TM is ubiquitous throughout the systemic microcirculation but is reduced in brain regions predisposed to lacunar infarction. We investigated whether TM is present within human nerve and differentially expressed according to vessel caliber and proximity to the blood–nerve barrier. Vascular endothelial TM was detected on sural nerve biopsies with immunohistochemistry. The proportion of TM‐positive microvessels was expressed relative to total von Willebrand factor (vWF)–positive vessels. Although vWF was detectable in all microvessels, TM expression was absent from the perineurial vessels. TM was detected in 47% (15–80%, 95% confidence level) of larger epineurial arterioles, in 43% (30–61%) of smaller epineurial vessels, and in 30% (19–47%) of endoneurial vessels. These findings demonstrate that TM is present in human nerve microvasculature but is regionally deficient in proximity to the blood–nerve barrier, which may predispose nerve to microvascular ischemia in inflammatory/prothrombotic conditions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 26: 218–224, 2002
Propriospinal transmission of part of the corticospinal excitation in humans
Authors: Pierrot‐Deseilligny Emmanuel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn humans a substantial part of corticospinal excitation to upper limb motoneurons is mediated through cervical premotoneurons located rostral to motoneurons, analogous to the feline system of C3–C4 propriospinal neurons. The indirect (disynaptic) component of the corticospinal command passing through the propriospinal relay may be updated by the extensive convergence at this level of afferent inputs (both excitatory and inhibitory) from the moving limb. Propriospinal neurons are potently inhibited by feedback inhibitory interneurons facilitated from the motor cortex, and this explains why artificial volleys delivered to the pyramidal system by itself have failed to demonstrate this indirect corticospinal projection. The strength of this indirect corticospinal projection may be estimated in routine practice by the amount of suppression elicited by a cutaneous volley on the ongoing electromyogram of extensor carpi radialis, and is increased in patients recovering from hemiplegia and in early Parkinson's disease. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 26: 155–172, 2002
Simulation of localization failure with strain‐gradient‐enhanced damage mechanics
Authors: Zhou Weiyuan , Zhao Jidong , Liu Yuangao , Yang Qiang 
Published: October 2002

AbstractStrain gradient implies an important characteristic in localized damage deformation, which can be observed in the softening state of brittle materials, and strain gradients constitute the basic behaviours of localization failure area of the materials. The most important point in strain gradient is its damaging function including an internal length scale, which can be used to express the scale effects of mechanical responses of brittle rock mass. By extending the strain gradient theory and introducing an intrinsic material length scale into the constitutive law, the authors develop an isotropic damage model as well as a micro‐crack‐based anisotropic damage model for rock‐like materials in this paper. The proposed models were used to simulate the damage localization under uniaxial tension and plain strain compression, respectively. The simulated results well illustrated the potential of these models in dealing with the well‐known mesh‐sensitivity problem in FEM. In the computation, elements with C1 continuity have been implemented to incorporate the proposed models for failure localization. When regular rectangle elements are encountered, the coupling between finite difference method (FDM) and conventional finite element method (FEM) is used to avoid large modification to the existing FEM code, and to obtain relatively higher efficiency and reasonably good accuracy. Application of the anisotropic model to the 3D‐non‐linear FEM analysis of Ertan arch dam has been conducted and the results of its numerical simulation coincide well with those from the failure behaviours obtained by Ertan geophysical model test. In this paper, new applications of gradient theories and models for a feasible approach to simulate localized damage in brittle materials are presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designing a screening experiment for highly reliable products
Authors: Yu Hong‐Fwu , Tseng Sheng‐Tsaing 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWithin a reasonable life‐testing time, how to improve the reliability of highly reliable products is one of the great challenges to today's manufacturers. By using a resolution III experiment together with degradation test, Tseng, Hamada, and Chiao (1995) presented an interesting case study of improving the reliability of fluorescent lamps. However, in conducting such an experiment, they did not address the problem of how to choose the optimal settings of variables, such as sample size, inspection frequency, and termination time for each run, which are influential to the correct identification of significant factors and the experimental cost. Assuming that the product's degradation paths satisfy Wiener processes, this paper proposes a systematic approach to the aforementioned problem. First, an intuitively appealing identification rule is proposed. Next, under the constraints of a minimum probability of correct decision and a maximum probability of incorrect decision of the proposed identification rule, the optimum test plan (including the determinations of inspection frequency, sample size, and termination time for each run) can be obtained by minimizing the total experimental cost. An example is provided to illustrate the proposed method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 49: 514–526, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/nav.10024
Using hybrid metaheuristics for the one‐way and two‐way network design problem
Authors: Drezner Zvi , Salhi Said 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA network with traffic between nodes is known. The links of the network can be designed either as two‐way links or as one‐way links in either direction. The problem is to find the best configuration of the network which minimizes total travel time for all users. Branch and bound optimal algorithms are practical only for small networks (up to 15 nodes). Effective simulated annealing and genetic algorithms are proposed for the solution of larger problems. Both the simulated annealing and the genetic algorithms propose innovative approaches. These innovative ideas can be used in the implementation of these heuristic algorithms for other problems as well. Additional tabu search iterations are applied on the best results obtained by these two procedures. The special genetic algorithm was found to be the best for solving a set of test problems. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 49: 449–463, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/nav.10026
Distributions of estrogen receptors alpha and beta in sympathetic neurons of female rats: Enriched expression by uterine innervation
Authors: Zoubina Elena V. , Smith Peter G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEstrogen modulates many features of the sympathetic nervous system, including cell numbers and ganglion synapses, and can induce uterine sympathetic nerve degeneration. However, distributions of estrogen receptors α and β within sympathetic neurons have not been described, and their regulation by target tissue or estrogen levels has not been explored. We used immunofluorescence and retrograde tracing to define estrogen receptor expression in sympathetic neurons at large in pre‐ and paravertebral ganglia and in those projecting to the uterine horns. Estrogen receptor α immunoreactivity was present in 29 ± 1%, while estrogen receptor β was expressed by 92 ± 1% of sympathetic neurons at large. The proportions of neurons expressing these receptors were comparable in the superior cervical and thoraco‐lumbar paravertebral ganglia from T11 through L5, and in the suprarenal, celiac, and superior mesenteric prevertebral ganglia. Injections of FluoroGold into the uterine horns resulted in labeled neurons, with peak occurrences in T13, L1, and the suprarenal ganglion. Uterine‐projecting neurons showed small but significantly greater incidence of estrogen receptor β expression relative to the neuronal population at large, whereas the proportion of uterine‐projecting neurons with estrogen receptor α‐immunoreactivity was nearly threefold greater. Numbers of estrogen receptor‐expressing neurons were not altered by acute estrogen administration. We conclude that the vast majority of sympathetic neurons express estrogen receptor β immunoreactive protein, whereas a smaller, presumably overlapping subset expresses the estrogen receptor α. Expression of the latter apparently can be enhanced by target‐mediated mechanisms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 52: 14–23, 2002
Improved implicit integrators for transient impact problems—geometric admissibility within the conserving framework
Authors: Laursen T. A. , Love G. R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe value of energy and momentum conserving algorithms has been well established for the analysis of highly non‐linear systems, including those characterized by the nonsmooth non‐linearities of an impact event. This work proposes an improved integration scheme for frictionless dynamic contact, seeking to preserve the stability properties of exact energy and momentum conservation without the heretofore unavoidable compromise of violating geometric admissibility as established by the contact constraints. The physically motivated introduction of a discrete contact velocity provides an algorithmic framework that ensures exact conservation locally while remaining independent of the choice of constraint treatment, thus making full conservation equally possible in conjunction with a penalty regularization as with an exact Lagrange multiplier enforcement. The discrete velocity effects are incorporated as a post‐convergence update to the system velocities, and thus have no direct effect on the non‐linear solution of the displacement equilibrium equation. The result is a robust implicit algorithmic treatment of dynamic frictionless impact, appropriate for large deformations and fully conservative for a range of geometric constraints. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of waves in a functionally graded cylinder
Authors: Han X. , Liu G. R. , Xi Z. C. , Lam K. Y. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn analytical‐numerical method is presented for analysing characteristics of waves in a cylinder composed of functionally graded material (FGM). In this method, the FGM cylinder is divided into a number of annular elements with three‐nodal‐lines in the wall thickness. The elemental material properties are assumed to vary linearly in the thickness direction so as to better model the spatial variation of material properties of FGM. The Hamilton principle is used to develop the dispersion equations for the cylinder, and the frequency and the group velocity are established in terms of the Rayleigh quotient. The method is applied to analyse several FGM cylinders, and its efficiency is demonstrated. Numerical results demonstrate that the ratio of radius to thickness has a stronger influence on the frequency spectra in the circumferential wave than on that in the axial wave, that negative group velocity presents at a range of smaller wave numbers and that the range varies as the wave normal and the ratio of radius to thickness of FGM cylinders. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.