bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Tuned Out Are They?
Authors: Mindich David T Z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In late 2001, I was interviewed on CNN about how young people are following the news in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks. Miles O’Brien, the anchor, mentioned that there was an upward “trend” in news consumption among young people and he backed it up with the following statistic from the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press: Two months after the terrorist attacks, 61 percent of people under 30 were following the news of the terrorist attacks “closely.” Anyone in America on September 11 and during the days that followed knows that almost everyone was glued to their televisions. But, as I told O’Brien that day, Pew’s findings painted a mixed picture about how young people consume news.
Marriage
Authors: Frier Bruce W , McGinn Thomas A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a famous and much debated fragment, the late classical jurist Modestinus describes Roman marriage as “the union of a male and a female in a complete life partnership, the sharing of divine and human law” (D. 23.2.1: Nuptiae sunt coniunctio maris et feminae et consortium omnis vitae, divini et humani iuris communicatio). This august description, however, scarcely isolates Roman marriage as a distinct historical phenomenon. At best, Modestinus may be thought to identify an abiding cultural ideal rather than the real Roman marriage that emerges from legal and literary sources. Marriage is usually considered the most fundamental building block of human societies, and it is certainly the most persistent. But its configuration, and in particular its legal configuration, has varied extremely widely through the ages. Modestinus emphasizes above all the alliance between husband and wife, and their subsequent companionship. But even a quick glance at Roman literary sources will suggest that close spousal interrelationships were only one part of the picture, and in some respects not even the most important part. In the Roman world, as in human societies generally, marriage as an institution was deeply saturated with numerous social meanings and uses, which potentially conflict with one another in particular circumstances. First, a wedding between two individuals often served to create a link between their families; and if one or both of the new spouses were in the power of patres familias, a father’s heavy presence is also often detectable in the immediate background of a marriage ceremony. Second, the arrangements leading to a marriage could have major property implications for the two families, since a bride usually required a dowry; and more generally the issue of a couple’s maintenance was important to their marriage’s ultimate success. Third, the two families, as well as the public at large, might take an active interest in the marriage at least to the extent that procreation, and hence the renewal of a population, was regarded as an intrinsic and important aspect of marriage.
A Citizen’s Guide to Ecology
Authors: Slobodkin Lawrence B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earth is continuously changing and evolving yet it is unclear how environmental changes will affect us in years to come. What changes are inevitable? What changes, if any, are beneficial? And what can we do as citizens of this planet to protect it and our future generations? Larry Slobodkin, one of the leading pioneers of modern ecology, offers compelling answers to these questions in A Citizen's Guide to Ecology. He provides many insights into ecology and the processes that keep the world functioning. This important guide introduces observations that underlie arguments about all aspects of the natural environment--including both global and local issues. To clarify difficult concepts, Slobodkin uses lake, ocean, and terrestrial ecosystems to explain ecological energy flows and relationships on a global scale. The book presents a clear and current understanding of the ecological world, and how individual citizens can participate in practical decisions on ecological issues. It tackles such issues as global warming, ecology and health, organic farming, species extinction and adaptation, and endangered species. An excellent introduction and overview, A Citizen's Guide to Ecology helps us to understand what steps we as humans can take to keep our planet habitable for generations to come. "This beautifully written book brings together careful observation, personal reflection, and theoretical understanding to explain the major environmental problems that confront us. Dr. Slobodkin's superb and sweeping work invites us to contemplate a great many facts and a few large values to motivate a clear and compelling response to losses of biodiversity, the problem of invasive species, global warming, and other environmental concerns."--Mark Sagoff, School of Public Affairs, University of Maryland
Why Does Culture Increase Human Adaptability?
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Culture has made the human species a spectacular ecological success. Since the first appearance of tools and other evidences of culture in the archaeological record, the human species has expanded its range from part of Africa to the entire world, increased in numbers by many orders of magnitude, exterminated competitors and prey species, and radically altered the earth’s biota.
Why Culture Is Common, but Cultural Evolution Is Rare
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cultural variation is common in nature. In creatures as diverse as rats, pigeons, chimpanzees, and octopuses, behavior is acquired through social learning. As a result, the presence of a particular behavior in a population makes it more likely that individuals in the next generation will acquire the same behavior, which, in turn, results in persistent differences between populations that are not due to genetic or environmental differences.
Simple Models of Complex Phenomena: The Case of Cultural Evolution
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A great deal of the progress in evolutionary biology has resulted from the deployment of relatively simple theoretical models. Staddon’s, Smith’s, and Maynard Smith’s contributions illustrate this point. Despite their success, simple models have been subjected to a steady stream of criticism. The complexity of real social and biological phenomena is compared to the toy like quality of the simple models used to analyze them and their users charged with unwarranted reductionism or plain simplemindedness.
Organization of the Endocrine System
Authors: Ojeda Sergio R , Griffin James E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evolutionary appearance of multicellular organisms dictated the necessity of establishing coordinating systems to regulate and integrate the function of the different cells. Two basic regulatory mechanisms developed to perform this delicate function: the nervous system and the endocrine system. Whereas the former employs electrochemical signals to send commands to peripheral organs and to receive information from them, the latter performs its regulatory function by producing chemical agents that, in general, are transported by the bloodstream to the target organs.
Feeling and Facing Fear
Authors: Schneider Pat , Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing is talking. It is hunkering down around the cave fire at night and telling about the day. And however it may be disguised, fear is close to the center of the first stories we will want to tell. We will tell about the hunt, the animal at the mouth of the cave, the fear that made the mother’s arms strong as she protected the child; the wild boar, how it turned and faced the hunter. And as we try to tell our tales, fear will rise. At times, fear keeps us from writing at all, or keeps us from writing as truly, clearly, and brilliantly as we might. Fear has good reason for being; understanding it can make all the difference.
The Form Your Writing Takes
Authors: Schneider Pat , Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is not intended as a thorough examination of various forms—that would take many books! Rather, it is an invitation to the writer who has worked in one form, and perhaps has not experimented much with a range of forms. I am offering only brief observations and some suggestions of where to go for more information, in the hope that it might be helpful as ideas for further writing practice, or as enticements toward experimentation.
Trout Cod (Muccullochella macquariensis) in the Murray River, Southeast Australia: Prioritizing Rehabilitation Efforts
Authors: Nicol Simon , Todd Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trout cod (Muccullochella macquariensis Cuvier) were formerly distributed over a substantial proportion of the Murray-Darling Basin in eastern Australia (Douglas et al. 1994). In the last 50 years they have undergone a dramatic contraction in range and are now classified as critically endangered (Australian Society for Fish Biology 2001). At present only two breeding populations are known: a naturally occurring population in a 200-km reach of the Murray River below Lake Mulwala, and a translocated population in an 8-km reach of Seven Creeks below Polly McQuinns Weir (Richardson and Ingram 1989, Ingram et al. 1990). Alteration or destruction of habitat is widely recognized as a major cause of decline in fish native to Australia (Cadwallader 1978; Koehn and O’Connor 1990a, 1990b; Lintermans 1991). In combination with angling pressure, it is thought to be the primary threat to remaining populations (Douglas et al. 1994). Fish habitat has been degraded in the Murray-Darling Basin by the construction of instream barriers to fish passage, alteration of flow regimes and water extraction, reduction in water quality, loss of floodplain habitat, and the removal of instream physical habitat such as woody debris and pools (Lawrence 1991). Large woody debris from trees that have fallen into a river is an important habitat attribute for many Australian freshwater fish species (Treadwell et al. 1999), including trout cod (Koehn and Nicol 1998). The reach of the Murray River where trout cod still occur is large, deep, and slow flowing; has a sand, silt, and clay substrate; and contains abundant large woody debris (Australian Capitol Territory Government 1999). There has been little removal of large woody debris in this reach (Department of Land and Water Resources, unpublished records) in contrast to areas where trout cod no longer occur (Treadwell et al. 1999).
Houston Toad (Bufo houstonensis) in Bastrop County, TexasNeed for Protecting Multiple Subpopulations
Authors: Hatfield Jeff S , Price Andrew H , Diamond David D , True C Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Houston toad (Bufo houstonensis) was listed as an endangered species in 1970 under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and is currently found in nine counties in east-central Texas (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2003). This species is thought to require habitat consisting of deep sandy soils among pine (Pinus) or oak (Quercus) woodlands. The reasons for its decline are believed to be habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, competition and hybridization with other species of Bufo (Hillis et al. 1984), and competition or predation by introduced species (e.g., fire ants, Solenopsis invicta). Bastrop County, Texas, is believed to support the largest remaining population of the Houston toad. Because this area (and nearby Austin) is undergoing significant development, habitat loss and fragmentation are major concerns, especially because of the effect of roads on some amphibian populations (Hels and Buchwald 2001). Currently, two relatively large, forested tracts of land within Bastrop County, separated by a minimum distance of 2222 m, contain breeding populations of the Houston toad (Figure 26.1). Although it is unknown whether either area will be able to support this species indefinitely, it is clear that management actions within and between these areas may make extinction less likely. For example, maintaining corridors for dispersal between these two areas might be beneficial for the long-term maintenance of this species in Bastrop County, although this option may be difficult because there is a two-lane highway separating these areas.
Skeptical Linguistic Essays
Authors: Postal Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paul Postal is a distinguished Research Professor at New York University whose specialties are syntactic theory, English syntax, and the foundations of linguistics. This volume consists of an introduction and two groups of essays, each with a connecting theme. The first, positive group, contains five previously unpublished studies of English syntax. These include a long study of so-called ‘locative inversion’, two investigations related to raising to non-subject status, an argument for the existence of a hitherto ignored nominal grammatical category and a study of vulgar negative polarity items. Each investigation of specific English details is argued to have significant theoretical consequences. The link between them is that each chapter reveals how much of even a well-studied language remains mysterious. Part One ends with a new theoretical essay that argues in a novel fashion for the controversial conclusion that it is literally impossible for a natural language to have a generative grammar due to a variety of theoretically neglected phenomena including so-called direct speech and metalinguistic uses. The second, negative group of papers, contains seven essays each of which seeks to show that aspects of contemporary linguistic activity are in part contaminated by elements of what is called ‘junk linguistics’. Postal uses the term to denote work which advances proposals, puts forward claims and asserts deep results which, he argues, can only be accepted by ignoring serious standards of inquiry and scholarship. The fact that much of this work is nonetheless currently considered not only serious but prestigious reveals, Postal says, the problem to exist at the core of the field, not its periphery. These chapters include long, detailed studies of the strong crossover phenomenon and English passive structures as well as documentation of “junk linguistic” aspects in National Science Foundation refereeing, work on the foundations of linguistics, and even in widespread terminological usages. The negative section final chapter briefly lists personal suggestions for dealing with this problem.
First Encounters
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On September 19, 1946, a week after I had arrived in the United States for the first time, a meeting of the American Physical Society began, held in the building of the Engineering Societies in Midtown Manhattan. From the minutes of that meeting: “Many guests from overseas were present . . . over a thousand people attended.” I had been asked to give an invited paper at this gathering of physicists, the biggest I had ever seen.
University Studies
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In September 1922 Oppenheimer entered Harvard College, majoring in chemistry. In high school he had been called Bob. Now he became Robert. “At Harvard I did a great deal; the maximum number of courses you could take was six but I audited two or three more in my third year . . . the free availability of the whole library . . . got me reading very widely.
Atomic Politics in the Early Postwar Years
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here and there in the preceding I have recorded snippets of Oppenheimer’s opinions and activities regarding political aspects of atomic energy: his first correspondence with the secretary of war and his reply on accepting the certificate of appreciation for the work in Los Alamos, from the secretary of war; his credo; and his involvement with the May-Johnson and the McMahon proposals, as well as his appointment to the GAC. I recall a few dates mentioned earlier.
Bridging Health Care’s Divides
Authors: Charon Rita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Narrative medicine is a very practical undertaking. It arises from the day-in, day-out events of the doctor’s or nurses’ office—right there off the crowded waiting room, the desk drawers filled with prescription blanks and rubber hammers, the gauze and the scalpels and the needles and the betadine, the telephones ringing and the computer screens filled with lab test results. Or it arises in the anonymous hospital room, strangers overhearing, through the green cloth curtain, a doctor telling a patient bad news, sad news, news of defeat, and sometimes—though it seems rarely—news of success and cure. Here, relative strangers meet—one prepared to deploy clinical knowledge and the other prepared for the worst.
The Patient, the Body, and the Self
Authors: Charon Rita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 51-year-old man came to see me with diarrhea and abdominal pain. A successful writer of nonfiction, he had been physically healthy except for a completely resolved sports injury of some years ago. He had suffered through a major depression about 20 years ago, had undergone intensive long-term psychotherapy, and was now not clinically depressed. When he experienced persistent left upper quadrant abdominal pain and developed a dramatic change in his bowel habits, he came to the quick and irrevocable decision that he had pancreatic cancer. A rapid loss of around eight pounds confirmed this medical suspicion in his own mind.
Power, Lady, and Linguistic Politeness in Language and Woman’s Place
Authors: Holmes Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robin Lakoff is undoubtedly the linguist who has most profoundly influenced the direction of language and gender research worldwide —most especially perhaps in its infancy, with her groundbreaking article (1973) and book Language and Womans Place (LWP) (1975). But even thirty years later, as this volume testifies, she continues to contribute insightfully and incisively to the field. LWP addressed two fundamental dimensions of the interaction of language and gender, namely the language used by and about women, dimensions which have continued to attract the attention of researchers and which have increasingly been regarded as simply different facets of one issue —the role of language in the construction of gender identity (see Holmes 2001).
“Women’s Language’’ and Martha Stewart: From a Room of One’s Own to a Home of One’s Own to a Corporation of One’s Own
Authors: Davies Catherine Evans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whereas recent research on gender and language has typically abstracted away from the gendered individual to attempt to generalize about the linguistic behavior of the social category, especially about the occurrence of selected linguistic features, a more comprehensive treatment of gendered style, inspired by Robin Lakoffs work in Language and Womans Place (LWP) (1975), also exists within the tradition of interactional sociolinguistics (e.g., Tannen 1996). Meanwhile, Barbara Johnstone (1996, 1999) has drawn our attention to the linguistic individual (see also Bean & Johnstone, this volume).
Strabismus Surgery
Authors: Buckley Edward G , Plager David A , Repka Michael X , Wilson M Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A concise, readable description of the best current surgical strategies and examination techniques in the treatment of strabismus, this book comprehensively covers the management of esotropia, exotropia, oblique muscle dysfunction, dissociated strabismus complex, paralytic strabismus, restrictive strabismus, and nystagmus, along with a chapter on reoperation strategies.
Nystagmus Surgery
Authors: Repka Michael X 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The decision to treat surgically a patient with nystagmus is a serious one. Such a plan is undertaken after considering each of the patient’s symptoms and informing the patient and family of the likelihood of improvement. Three symptoms lead the ophthalmologist to consider surgical correction of nystagmus: anomalous head posture, decreased vision, and oscillopsia. Surgery may also be performed for strabismus at the same operation.
The History of Cerebral Trauma
Authors: rose F Clifford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A murder committed over 1 million years ago provides the first evidence of brain injury. At that time, the human’s predecessor was a semierect hominid now named Australopithecus africanus. A damaged skull from this species found in South Africa revealed two posterior fractures close together that fit the condyles of an antelope humerus discovered nearby, which was therefore presumed to be the instrument used for the clubbing to death from behind. Such fractured skulls have been found in later hominids who walked more erectly (Homo erectus), such as Java man (more than 300,000 years ago), Peking man (more than 100,000 years ago), and Neanderthal man (more than 40,000 years ago). “The literature of trepanation is large, well over 1000 references.” “Not all holes in skulls were made by human hands and these have been grouped as pseudo-trephination. The earliest known trephined skulls date from 10,000 bc and were found in North Africa.
Low-Back Pain and Sciatica: Evaluation and Treatment
Authors: Howard James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unquestionably, the patient with low-back pain often is a diagnostic challenge for the physician irrespective of whether the physician is a neurologist, neurosurgeon, orthopedist, physiatrist, internist, or generalist.
This is due, in part, to the fact that the patient’s complaint is a symptom, not a clinical sign or diagnosis, and the anatomical substrates for causing the problem are myriad (Fig. 16.1). The etiologies are diverse, if not legion, and there is poor correlation with symptoms, laboratory study findings, and pathological findings. This accounts for the fact that in 85% of patients with acute low-back pain and in 50% of patients with chronic low-back pain, no diagnosis is ever established.64,156,209 Further the problem may be complicated by other factors, resulting in an exaggeration of symptoms by nonphysiological processes (psychological, remunerative, occupational, etc.).
Electrodiagnostic Studies in the Evaluation of Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Authors: Katirji Bashar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Injuries to peripheral nerves are most prevalent in young adults between the age of 18 and 35 years and result in substantial disability. These lesions are much more common during wartime, but they also often accompany civilian trauma that results from motor vehicle accidents, motorcycle accidents, industrial accidents, and gunshot or knife wounds.12,13,15 Traumatic nerve injuries may be direct (such as with stab wounds) or indirect (such as with radial neuropathy following humeral fracture). Also, a significant percentage of peripheral nerve injuries encountered in clinical practice are iatrogenic, occurring in the setting of surgical or radiological procedures, needle injuries, and, occasionally, following medical therapy, such as with the use of anticoagulation.