bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Smoother Pebble
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book takes a novel look at the topics of school mathematics--arithmetic, geometry, algebra, and calculus. In this stroll on the mathematical seashore we hope to find, quoting Newton, “...a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary...” This book assembles a collection of mathematical pebbles that are important as well as beautiful.
What is to be Done?
Authors: Hey Jody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One agreeable aspect of the explanation of the species problem is that it does not entail a radical or utopian corrective. Biologists have figured out some good ways to study species, notwithstanding a fair bit of confusion and miscommunication, and so it is not surprising that many of our traditions of studying species and referring to species remain fairly well justified even after we come to an understanding of the species problem. For example, it is clear that many definitions of species are roughly synonymous with the idea of large evolutionary groups, and so necessarily I do not think that we have been off base when we think of real species in these ways.
Introduction: Reading Texts and Building Context
Authors: Ferraro Joanne M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do you think all the good qualities of men and all the good qualities of women that historians claim are true? You should know that it is men that have written these things, and that they never tell the truth if not in error; and because of their envy and ill will towards women, they rarely say good things about us. Rather they praise their own sex in general and themselves in particular.
An Anti-American Revolt
Authors: Connelly Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dillon was equally frank. He said that “the French deficit was so huge that there was nothing the United States could do unless the French took steps to rectify this situation.” Marjolin described plans for new taxes and spending reductions, but Dillon knew not to take these pledges at face value. Under his successor, Amory Houghton, the U.S. embassy in Paris had continued to forward inside information on the faltering economic reforms. Since Schweitzer’s “unauthorized” conversation with Charles Yost in February, 27 billion francs had been added to the special budget for the war.3
Drawing the Line
Authors: Connelly Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even after it became obvious to all but a few holdouts that Algeria was not France, there remained many more lines to draw or redraw across the Maghreb if Algerians were to have peace as well as independence. First, there were the contested boundaries of the new state. Would it be allowed to come into being only at the price of permanent territorial enclaves — such as the base at Mers el-Kebir — or even partition? And would Algeria make good its claim to so great a share of the Sahara? It was also necessary to parcel out the various competencies that came with statehood. In particular, Algerian negotiators would have to clarify the distinction they drew between French multicommunautaire proposals and what they considered to be more acceptable forms of economic and cultural association within and between states. Finally, they had to draw a line in time indicating when and how they would accept these responsibilities — either from France or some transitional authority. Organizing the transfer of power first appeared as a pressing, practical matter.
Electrical Signaling in Neurons
Authors: B.Levitan Irwin , Kaczmarek Leonard K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although neurons have many features in common with other cells, they are unique because their primary functions are to receive, modify, and transmit messages. This includes information transfer from one cell to the next, as well as between different parts of the same cell. In this and the following four chapters we will focus on the nature and mechanisms of the electrical signals that neurons use both for intracellular communication and as stimuli for the generation of intercellular messages.
How Neurons Communicate: Gap Junctions and Neurosecretion
Authors: B.Levitan Irwin , Kaczmarek Leonard K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within any organism, cells must be able to communicate. This is of course important in tissues other than the brain, but is essential for proper nervous system function. There are three general ways in which cells talk to each other: 1. Direct transfer of molecules and ions from the cytoplasm of one cell into that of another. As we mentioned in Chapter 1, this is mediated by gap junctions. 2. The release of a chemical that diffuses to, and acts on, another cell. This release process is termed secretion. 3. Direct physical contact. A cell can be influenced profoundly by events triggered when molecules in its plasma membrane interact with the membranes of adjacent cells. This chapter will deal with the first two of these modes of communication, modes that neurons use on a day-to-day basis to generate specific behaviors. The third pattern of communication plays a very important role in the development of neurons and their connections, and we shall discuss it in more detail in Chapters 15 through 18.
Neural Networks and Behavior
Authors: B.Levitan Irwin , Kaczmarek Leonard K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As cells go, neurons are not loners. Every function of the nervous system, from regulation of autonomic activities such as heartbeat to the control of complex animal behaviors such as dating and mating, reflects the coordinated action of a network of interacting neurons. A major challenge of neurobiology is to understand the nature of the interactions and computations that neural networks carry out. In this chapter, we describe a number of simple neural networks whose biological roles are known. These representative examples have been chosen to illustrate how specific cellular properties of different neurons in a network are essential to the function of the network as a whole.
Introduction: Cultural Diversity and the Problem of Aesthetics
Authors: Elliott Emory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When one person makes an aesthetic judgment about another in declaring that person to be physically or spiritually beautiful or, more important to our work here, in decreeing the other’s cultural expression and artistic productions to possess superior qualities, the aesthetic functions as a positive bridge across the gap of difference. At the same time, however, when the person making such a judgment is in a dominant position politically, legally, or economically over the other and renders aesthetic judgments that demean and subordinate the other by pronouncing the person or his or her cultural production to be inferior, beneath consideration, or objectionable, the aesthetic may operate as a tool of divisiveness, enmity, and oppression.
The Aesthetics of Wounding: Trauma, Self-Representation, and the Critical Voice
Authors: Mchugh Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trauma involves a violent event and a body which registers its effects. Historically a medical term deriving from the Greek “wound” and “to pierce,” trauma referred to a bodily wound, especially one produced by sudden physical injury that usually pierced or ruptured the skin (Laplanche and Pontalis, 465). Today, trauma has come to shape or haunt many and diverse discourses. Two features are crucial to its contemporary applications: the sudden, unexpected occurrence of the traumatic event and the disturbance it wreaks on organs or systems that otherwise would receive, “understand” and incorporate the significance of the event on the organism.
Becoming Evil
Authors: Waller James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Political or social groups wanting to commit mass murder on the basis of racial, ethnic or religious differences are never hindered by a lack of willing executioners. In Becoming Evil, social psychologist James Waller uncovers the internal and external factors that can lead ordinary people to commit extraordinary acts of evil. Waller debunks the common explanations for genocide- group think, psychopathology, unique cultures- and offers a more sophisticated and comprehensive psychological view of how anyone can potentially participate in heinous crimes against humanity. He outlines the evolutionary forces that shape human nature, the individual dispositions that are more likely to engage in acts of evil, and the context of cruelty in which these extraordinary acts can emerge. Illustrative eyewitness accounts are presented at the end of each chapter. An important new look at how evil develops, Becoming Evil will help us understand such tragedies as the Holocaust and recent terrorist events. Waller argues that by becoming more aware of the things that lead to extraordinary evil, we will be less likely to be surprised by it and less likely to be unwitting accomplices through our passivity.
The “Mad Nazi”: Psychopathology, Personality, and Extraordinary Evil
Authors: Waller James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On November 20, 1945, “the greatest trial in history”—the indictment of alleged Nazi war criminals—opened. The Nuremberg Trials, held at the site of annual Nazi Party rallies and one of the few German cities that did not lie in almost total ruins (even after eleven Allied air raids), were the first trials in history for “crimes against the peace of the world.”
Who Are the Killers? Identities of the Perpetrators
Authors: Waller James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ultimately, a contest between dispositional and situational explanations is not productive. Overreliance on either type of influence runs the risk of unnecessarily constraining our understanding of how ordinary people commit extraordinary evil. Instead, what we should be concerned with is the relative importance of dispositional and situational factors in explaining extraordinary human evil.
What Is the Immediate Social Context? A Culture of Cruelty
Authors: Waller James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I pointed out in chapter 6, mainstream social psychology has long believed that what really matters is not who you are, but where you are. Decades of research have hammered home the power of the situation in influencing our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Generally, social psychologists believe that personality variables have little predictive utility because they depend on forecasts of future actions based on past reactions in similar situations— but rarely based on the exact situation currently being encountered. Thus, predictions based mainly on personality variables often misinterpret or underestimate the dominating and pervasive impact of the immediate social context.
From Myth to Personality Disorder
Authors: Ronningstam Elsa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paradoxically, the Narcissus myth by Ovid (Melville, 1986, pp. 61–66), which in our time has come to represent self-love or self-reflection, actually described the tragic inability to love at all (Winge, 1967). It is the story of a beautiful young man, son of the river nymph Liriope and the river god Cephisus, whose destiny—to die young if he gets to know himself—had been early prophesied. Because of his cold, hard pride, Narcissus could not be touched by the many young boys and girls who loved him, not even by Echo, whose “heart was fired” by the sight of him. When Narcissus fell in love with the image in the pool, he mistakenly took it for a real body and did not understand that it was a reflection of his own body. In other words, Narcissus could not conceive that he was in love with his own reflection; he was caught in an illusion. All efforts to converse with the unreachable image in the spring left Narcissus disheartened and filled with despair. Finally he realized: “I am he! Oh, now I know for sure the image is my own; it’s for myself I burn with love; I fan the flames I feel” (Melville, 1986, pp. 64–65). Heartbroken, he wished he could separate himself from his own body so that the image he loved would go away. He then sensed that death was the only solution as “now we two—one soul—one death will die” (p. 65). He faded away, and when the nymphs came to bury his body, they found a flower at its place.
Identifying Pathological Narcissism
Authors: Ronningstam Elsa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The terms “pathological narcissism,” “narcissistic disorder,” and “narcissistic personality disorder” (NPD) have often been used interchangeably in the clinical literature. Other terms such as “narcissistic” and narcissistic “disturbances,” “features,” and “traits” also frequently occur in both clinical and social psychological discussions, often without any further definition. This chapter outlines and describes strategies for identifying pathological narcissism and NPD in terms of self-esteem and affect regulation, interpersonal relativeness, and superego functioning, as well as the clinical presentation of some of the significant narcissistic characteristics. For the purposes of clarity, the following definitions of pathological narcissism, narcissistic traits/features/characteristics, narcissistic disorder, and NPD will be used throughout this volume.
The Impact of Kinship on Mating and Reproduction
Authors: Paul Andreas , Kuester Jutta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theories of sex and kinship have long been among the favorites of the humanities, and the study of incest and incest avoidance, in particular, has often been regarded as being at the very heart of anthropological theory (see e.g., Shepher 1983, Thornhill 1991, Wolf 1995). The reason for this was succinctly stated by Claude Levi-Strauss(] 969: 24, 25): “The prohibition of incest ... is the fundamental step because of which, by which, but above all in which, the transition from nature to culture is accomplished Before it, culture is still nonexistent; with it, nature’s sovereignty over man is ended. The prohibition of incest is where nature transcends itself It brings about and is in itself the advent of a new order.”
“Recognizing” Kin: Mechanisms, Media, Minds, Modules, and Muddles
Authors: Rendall Drew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The explosion of research on kin-biased behaviors (the observable preferential treatment of genetic relatives) following Hamilton’s theory of inclusive fitness has encompassed various issues, but one of special interest has been the proximate (unobservable internal) mechanisms by which kin are actually recognized. After all, the ability to recognize kin is an essential prerequisite to accruing the hypothesized advantage to inclusive fitness. Hence, in addition to comprehensive studies of the form and extent of kin-biased behaviors in diverse animal taxa, the decades following Hamilton’s (1964) landmark articles have seen considerable focused research on the specific mechanisms by which organisms recognize their kin.
The Recognition of Other Individuals’ Kinship Relationships
Authors: Cheney Dorothy L , Seyfarth Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What does it mean to say that someone has knowledge of his or her social companions? At the most basic level it is essential to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar individuals. This relatively simple form of social knowledge has been documented in many species and appears to be controlled by specific genes. Recent research with congenic mice, for example, has demonstrated that a gene controlling the regulation of oxytocin is necessary for forming social memories (Ferguson et al. 2000). Mice lacking this gene are unable to recognize familiar individuals, although the gene has no apparent influence on spatial or other types of memory. Evidently, social memory has a neural basis distinct from other forms of memory.
Prologue
Authors: Bremer Francis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Winter 1606. The winds blow hard over the marshes of south- east Essex at this time of year, bringing the piercing cold from Siberia and Scandinavia across the North Sea. The cold cuts through woolen clothes and cloaks, and its effects are intensified with the damp that is a year-round feature of this bleak landscape. The sun offers little comfort, rising late and setting early. Even today, when piers and beaches might draw crowds in summertime, the winter is a hard season in towns like Southend-on-Sea, Great Stambridge, and Rochford. In the seventeenth century, with no electricity to bring comfort or entertainment, it was an even bleaker place.
Under Attack
Authors: Bremer Francis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
May 1645. The heat was oppressive for the crowd gathered in and around the Boston meetinghouse. Men and women who were unable to find places inside were jostling for position by the door and windows in the hope that they would be able to hear the proceedings within. There was a mix of tension and excitement in the crowd, because of the word that charges were to be brought against the colony’s deputy governor, John Winthrop, for abusing his authority and trampling the rights of citizens.
Panderers or Shirkers? Politicians and Public Opinion
Authors: Erikson Robert S , Mackuen, Michael B , Stimson James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 3 and in an earlier award-winning book (Jacobs and Shapiro 2000 ), Jacobs and Shapiro argue that “politicians don’t pander.” What does this mean? Jacobs and Shapiro make a compelling case that politicians are more complicated than mere machines seeking reelection. Politicians, they say, are also motivated by policy considerations. Politicians try to create public policies that, from their diverse ideological perspectives, they perceive to be in the public interest. Jacobs and Shapiro assert, moreover, that when facing the dilemma of satisfying public opinion to stay elected or making good policy, politicians often try to educate the public. For politicians, the policy decision comes first, then the crafting of a message to sell it to the public. When politicians successfully nudge the public’s policy preferences closer to their own, they improve their chances both for reelection and achieving desirable public policies.
Policy Elites Invoke Public Opinion: Polls, Policy Debates, and the Future of Social Security
Authors: Cook Fay Lomax , Barabas, Jason , Page Benjamin I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central tenet of democratic theory and practice holds that policy elites are responsive to citizens’ preferences. The increasing number of opinion surveys since the 1930s suggests that at least the potential for public opinion to play a major role in political processes has increased dramatically. Thus, one might expect that political leaders, policy experts, and others would draw on data from these polls to learn about public opinion-perhaps to respond faithfully to the public or at least to buttress the claim that their own positions affirm the popular will. And one might expect that their claims about the public’s preferences would be accurate, backed by evidence.
How State-Level Policy Managers “Read” Public Opinion
Authors: Herbst Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although all engaged American citizens have an interest in the nature of public opinion on policy matters, our leaders think about public opinion constantly, as an environmental factor that guides all of their work. While this volume focuses primarily on national public opinion and decision making among national leaders, this chapter turns to state policymaking. The relationship between public opinion and the activity of state legislatures is vitally important, yet it has received little attention in the political science literature (cf. Erikson, Wright, and Mclver 1993).
Hope and Hopelessness
Authors: Kristin C R Snyder , Wrobleski Kahle , Parenteau Stacy C , Berg Carla J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary care psychologist will encounter many patients without hope. The patient who is referred to the primary care psychologist often has difficulty finding the motivation to follow the treatment regimen or cannot find a way to over-come the many obstacles that result from several comorbid conditions. Although hope has not been a clear focus of cognitive–behavioral thera-pists or clinical psychologists in general, the treat-ment approach can be enhanced by including it.
Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Esler Jeanne L , Weisberg Risa B , Sciamanna Christopher N , Bock Beth C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The majority of patients suffering from anxiety and other psychological disorders in primary care settings are not recognized, and even fewer are treated effectively. There are significant numbers of such patients, and their anxiety disorders often have a chronic and persistent course, especially panic disorder with agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and social anxiety disor-der (Weisberg, Culpepper, & Keller, 2002). Be-cause anxiety disorders are chronic in nature, typ-ically displaying patterns of exacerbation and remission often associated with life stress, these patients form a substantial core of the practices of primary care physicians (PCPs) (Barlow, 2001; Brown & Barlow, 1995).
Infertility
Authors: Weinshel Margot , Meyers Mimi , Scharf Constance N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infertility is defined as the inability to achieve a pregnancy after a year of regular sexual relations without the use of contraception or to carry a pregnancy to live birth (Merck Manual, 1992). For women who are 35 years or older, diagnostic testing may begin after as few as 6 months be-cause this is a group whose fertility rates are steadily decreasing and for whom infertility treat-ments become less effective with age. If a couple has had three or more miscarriages, they are also considered to have infertility problems.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Other Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Authors: Burnett Charles K , Drossman Douglas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the pathophysiology, epide-miology, and treatment of functional gastrointes-tinal disorders (FGIDs). Although a number of FGIDs have been described, the majority of data on the course and treatment of these conditions have focused on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Throughout the chapter, we will focus on IBS as the prototypical FGID, unless specific reference is made to other conditions. Interest in FGIDs in chil-dren is growing, but far less information is avail-able for pediatric populations and FGIDs. Conse-quently, this chapter focuses exclusively on adults.
Sexual Disorders Affecting Men
Authors: LoPiccolo Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The male sexual dysfunctions include low sexual desire, premature ejaculation, male orgasmic dis-order, and erectile dysfunction. Although some men may seek treatment of these problems from a “sex therapist” or a mental health practitioner, it is more common for a man with a sexual con-cern to go to his general practitioner or to a urolo-gist. Men generally do not like to think of the cause of their sexual problem as “in their head,” but rather seek a physical cause and a quick, med-ical solution to the problem (Pridal, 2001).