bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Presynaptic Inhibition and Facilitation of Transmitter Release in the Hippocampus
Authors: Thompson Scott M , Capogna Marco , Scanziani Massimo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The amount of neurotransmitter released in response to a presynaptic action potential, or more accurately stated, the probability with which the action potential triggers the fusion of a synaptic vesicle at a given release site, is not constant but rather is determined by the interplay among a number of biologically important regulatory processes. In this chapter, two prominent forms of presynaptic modulatory influences seen in the hippo campus, which very probably occur elsewhere in the CNS, will be described: receptor-mediated inhibition and protein-kinase-mediated facilitation.
Two Types of Inhibition in the Spinal Cord
Authors: Curtis David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a brief review of the evidence that GABA is the transmitter of spinal presynaptic inhibition, which is of longer latency and duration than strychnine-sensitive, glycine-mediated inhibition in the cord. It is now widely accepted that GABA hyperpolarizes spinal neurons and depolarizes primary afferent terminals by activating bicuculline-sensitive GABAA receptors, thus increasing chloride conductance. Only recently, however, have bicuculline-insensitive GABAB receptors also been shown to be important.
Presynaptic Inhibition and the Anatomy of Group Ia Afferents
Authors: Burke Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1957, Frank and Fuortes (1957) described depression of group Ia excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in hindlimb extensor motoneurons in the cat when preceded by stimulation of group I afferents in flexor muscle nerves. This depression occurred without any detectable postsynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) or changes in the motoneuron’s excitability, which seemed to rule out conventional postsynaptic inhibition as it was then understood.
A Contribution of Dorsal Root Reflexes to Peripheral Inflammation
Authors: Willis William D , Rees Jr. Kathleen A Sluka Huw , Westlund Karin N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pain is the most frequent reason for seeking medical attention. There are many kinds of pain, but a very common type is that associated with inflammation. Rarer forms of pain include reflex sympathetic dystrophy following tissue injury, neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury, and central pain following central nervous system injury (Bonica, 1990). Inflammatory pain is thought to result from the effects of a variety of endogenous chemical agents released from damaged cells released from immune cells, or entering the damaged region by way of the circulation.
Primate cognition
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soon after Charles Darwin formulated his theory of evolution, primate cognition became a major area of research. In this book, Michael Tomasello and Josep Call assess the current state of our knowledge about the cognitive skills of non-human primates. They integrate empirical findings on the topic from the beginning of the century to the present, placing this research in theoretical perspective. They begin with an examination of the way primates adapt to their physical world, mostly for the purpose of foraging. The second part of the book looks at primate social knowledge and focuses on the adaptations of primates to their social world for purposes of competition and cooperation. In the third section, the authors construct a general theory of primate cognition, distinguishing the cognition in primates from that of other mammals (human in particular). Their broad-ranging theory provides a guide for future research. Primate Cognition is an enlightening exploration of the cognitive capacities of our nearest primate relatives and a useful resource for a wide range of researchers and students in psychology, behavioral biology, primatology, and anthropology.
Love is a Story
Authors: Sternberg Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this groundbreaking work, Robert Sternberg opens the book of love and shows you how to discover your own story—and how to read your relationships in a whole new light. What draws us so strongly to some people and repels us from others? What makes some relationships work so smoothly and others burst into flames? Sternberg gives us new answers to these questions by showing that the kind of relationship we create depends on the kind of love stories we carry inside us. Drawing on extensive research and fascinating examples of real couples, Sternberg identifies 26 types of love story—including the fantasy story, the business story, the collector story, the horror story, and many others—each with its distinctive advantages and pitfalls, and many of which are clashingly incompatible. These are the largely unconscious preconceptions that guide our romantic choices, and it is only by becoming aware of the kind of story we have about love that we gain the freedom to create more fulfilling and lasting relationships. As long as we remain oblivious to the role our stories play, we are likely to repeat the same mistakes again and again. But the enlivening good news this book brings us is that though our stories drive us, we can revise them and learn to choose partners whose stories are more compatible with our own. Quizzes in each chapter help you to see which stories you identify with most strongly and which apply to your partner. Are you a traveler, a gardener, a teacher, or something else entirely? Love is a Story shows you how to find out.
Making Sense of the Molly Maguires
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twenty Irish immigrants, suspected of comprising a secret terrorist organization called the Molly Maguires, were executed in Pennsylvania in the 1870s for the murder of sixteen men. Ever since, there has been enormous disagreement over who the Molly Maguires were, what they did, and why they did it, as virtually everything we now know about the Molly Maguires is based on hostile descriptions of their contemporaries. Arguing that such sources are inadequate to serve as the basis for a factual narrative, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires examines the ideology behind the contemporary evidence to explain how and why a particular meaning came to be associated with the Molly Maguires in Ireland and Pennsylvania. At the same time, this book examines new archival evidence from Ireland that establishes that the American Molly Maguires were a rare transatlantic strand of the violent protest endemic in the Irish countryside. Combining social and cultural history, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires offers a new explanation of who the Molly Maguires were, as well as why people wrote and believed such curious things about them. In the process, it vividly retells one of the classic stories of American labour and immigration.
From the Stone Age to Volcano Myths
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Written records of ideas regarding volcanoes do not reach beyond the fifth century B.c., but legends and art come down to us from ancient times that give insight into earlier thought about volcanic activity. The earliest visual representation of volcanic eruption dates to one of the oldest village cultures on Earth, one that thrived on the Anatolian Plateau in southeastern Turkey more than 8,000 years ago. The site, known as &lt;:atal Hiiyiik, was painstakingly excavated by the British archaeologist James Mellaart and his collaborators from 1961 to 1963.
The Chimneys of Hell
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scholarly work on the nature of the Earth ceased with the end of the Classical period and the fall of the Roman Empire in the Dark Ages (ca. A.D. 400 to 1000), and it can be said that with the rise of Christianity, the European continent suffered a scholarly amnesia during the Middle Ages to about A.D. 1300.1 Some learning and knowledge of nature inherited from the writers of antiquity survived in monasteries, but little progress was made in philosophical or scientific inquiry-and studies into the nature and origin of the Earth were virtually nonexistent.
Chemical Reactions as the Source of Heat in the Earth
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sulfur, called apyron by the Greeks, was one of the first true chemical elements recognized by our ancestors, along with carbon in the form of charcoal and the metals of gold, silver, and copper. This bright yellow and stony substance, which was readily available around the craters of volcanoes, was found to burn with a strange, sputtering blue flame, giving off evil-smelling and choking vapors like those that belched from volcanoes. It was no wonder that early philosophers attributed volcanic heat to the combustion of sulfur in the Earth, and the idea that this heat was generated by chemical reactions within the Earth had gained strong support by the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
The Source of Magmas
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once it had been established that magmas were generated by the melting of solid rock within the Earth, the nature and chemical composition of the source rock became the focus of much research. Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, two principal hypotheses were debated on the nature of the source. Because the principal type of magma erupted was basalt, it appeared logical to some that the source region was basaltic in composition, possibly the high-pressure form of basalt known as eclogite. The basaltic magma would then be derived by wholesale melting of the source.
Introduction
Authors: Cota-Robles Eugene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost ten years ago I met with a number of individuals at the National Academy of Sciences to discuss many of the concerns that underlie the call to this NACME gathering. At that time, I expressed concern for the limited presence of minority scientists and engineers on the faculties ofAmerica’s top research universities. In a burst of hyperbole, I maintained that unless we pressed for the appointment of talented African American, Latino, and American Indian scholars to these faculties, by the year 2000 we would face the reality of Academic Apartheid. Today one finds that the proportion of African Americans receiving new research project grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) is less than 1 percent. Specific data show that in 1991, only 25 out of 5,217 investigators funded by the National Institutes of Health were African American. Recognizing that the success rate at NIH is approximately 25 percent, one can assume that no more than 100 African American scientists submitted research grant proposals. This indicates that we still have a significant absence of minorities on the faculties of American colleges and universities; thus the extreme view I expressed in 1986 may not have been so extreme after all. The data for the National Science Foundation are not much different: in 1993, minorities (American Indians, African Americans, Hispanics, and Pacific Islanders) received 287 out of the 7,800 research grants awarded.
Obstacles to Policy Formation
Authors: Ward Antony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Malcom and Anderson (in this volume) have noted, Starting Points, the report of the Carnegie Task Force on Learning and the Primary Grades (1994), caused quite a stir by alerting the American public to the importance of good nutrition and environment for proper brain development in the period after birth. I think people now realize that th is not a period when the child is a kind of small vegetahie that can be carried around. The lifelong process of learning is well underway and at a crucial stage during th is early period. What we a re striving for is the alignment of all of the elements in a child’s development: the prenatal and postnatal care the child receives, family conditions, the kind of preschool and elementary school the child will attend, and the role of community institutions, ranging from educational museums and libraries to social and recreation groups, and religious organizations. Television, too, can be a major force in stimulating a child’s learning process. All of these elements together form what Malcom and Anderson call a coherent learning community for children during the early years.
Advancing Middle Grade Refom1: Research
Authors: Baker Anita M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The work of the Urban Schools Science and Mathematics Program (USSAMPJ helped to identity factors influencing the teaching and learning of mathematics and science and to develop strategies to change and improve these factors. USSAMP was a program jointly sponsored by the Ford Motor Company and the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and coordinated by the Academy for Educational Development. The program was initiated in response to growing concern about the underrepresentation of African Americans, Latinos, and females in precollege mathematics and science courses and in careers in science and technology, particularly in the automotive industry and specifically at Ford.
It Takes a Village to Raise a Scientist
Authors: Beane Deanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In “Influences on IV minority Participation in Mathematics, Science and Engineering,” Clewell and Braddock quite appropriately introduce their review of the research with a brief overview of the psychological development of adolescents. For the practitioner, as well as the reseacher, the academic achievement of adolescents should not be explored in total isolation from the findings of behavioral scientists. There is a considerable body of knowledge on the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development of children as they make the transition to young adulthood. To facilitate the cognitive development so important to success in mathematics and science, it is imperative that we become more consistent in designing educational environments and experiences based on what we are learning from cognitive science and what we now know about the physical, social, and emotional developmental needs of young adolescents.
Pol icy Matters
Authors: Vickers R Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a mature ex-jock, I am amazed that we can identify athletes in grades four and five and track them for success. not knocking athletics or organized sports; I’m from that community. But I look at what happens across college campuses when we bring in blue-chip athletes. provide the best services and facilities for them; nurture, encourage, and pamper them; and do everything necessary to help them achieve success. Then I look at what we do with the bright students we attract to our college campuses. We make them jump through hoops, over hurdles, and tell them that one out of three will fail. We really need to take a hard look at what we are doing to these students, for it is a major factor in driving kids away, particularly from the math and science majors.
Financing Opportunity for Postsecondary Education
Authors: Mortenson Thomas G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reginald Wilson has effectively identified a broad range of influences affecting opportunities for minorities in science, math, and engineering programs. I would like to more fully develop one of these areas, name]y, financial aid for college students. Financial aid is by no means a guarantee of academic success in college, but I can assure you that it is a necessary condition for success. By any measure, the financial aid system in the United States today is in serious trouble, with no apparent prospects for improvement. The consequences for the distribution of opportunities for postsecondary education and training across all segments of the population are absolutely devastating to the futures of young people and the country as a whole.
The Preparation of Minorities for Acaden1ic Careers in Science and Engineering How ’ell Are We Doing?
Authors: Brown Shirley Vining 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we approach the end of the final decade of th is century and enter the next, diversifying America’s faculty is part of a larger discussion about how to meet the needs of institutions and a society with expanded missions. One mission in higher education is to increase the number of non-Asian minority and women faculty in scientific careers. In order to assess the status and advancement of minorities in the science and engineering (S/E) academy, this chapter will address two related educational policy questions: why are there so few minority faculty in S/E departments? what can be done to alleviate minority shortages on S/E faculties? Scanning current research, we find only partial answers to these questions. Thus, the thesis of this chapter is twofold. First, the position of minorities in the S/E academic work force is complex and the problems they encounter call for different solutions. Second, although the answers are not simple, they do exist. By reviewing the literature, what is known and still remains to be discovered will inform new questions and policy directions raised later in the discussion.
Figure
Authors: Turner Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The classical Greek word (schema) had a range of commonplace meanings that cluster around a central prototype: a schema is a pairing of two patterns at unequal levels. The steps of a dance are a schema of the dance. A stately bearing is a schema of a dignified character. Human dress is a schema of the human body, and a fashion of dress is a schema of an aspect of the body. Posture is a schema of attitude. The imperative mode of the verb is a schema of command. Plato called the concrete circle traced in the sand a schema of the single, transcendent, and metaphysically prior ideal circle. Aristotle reversed the direction of abstraction, preferring to see abstract mental forms as epistemological schemata of concrete realities they represent.
Judgment Misguided
Authors: Baron Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People often follow intuitive principles of decision making, ranging from group loyalty to the belief that nature is benign. But instead of using these principles as rules of thumb, we often treat them as absolutes and ignore the consequences of following them blindly. In Judgment Misguided, Jonathan Baron explores our well-meant and deeply felt personal intuitions about what is right and wrong, and how they affect the public domain. Baron argues that when these intuitions are valued in their own right, rather than as a means to another end, they often prevent us from achieving the results we want. Focusing on cases where our intuitive principles take over public decision making, the book examines some of our most common intuitions and the ways they can be misused. According to Baron, we can avoid these problems by paying more attention to the effects of our decisions. Written in a accessible style, the book is filled with compelling case studies, such as abortion, nuclear power, immigration, and the decline of the Atlantic fishery, among others, which illustrate a range of intuitions and how they impede the public's best interests. Judgment Misguided will be important reading for those involved in public decision making, and researchers and students in psychology and the social sciences, as well as everyone looking for insight into the decisions that affect us all.
Maternal Control of Fly Diapause
Authors: Denlinger David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Very few insects, even in the tropics, sustain continuous development throughout the year. Seasonal changes in temperature, rainfall, and food availability are powerful driving forces promoting seasonal development. For most insects the solution to this periodic, but predictable, environmental challenge is to enter diapause, a stage-specific developmental arrest characterized by suppressed metabolism. Seasonal changes in day length, supplemented by temperature cues, are the signals most widely exploited by insects for determining the correct time for diapause entry (reviewed by Saunders 1982; Tauber et al. 1986; Danks 1987; Zaslavski 1988). Depending on the species, diapause may be expressed in the embryo, larva, pupa, or adult. The environmental cues used to program diapause are perceived by the brain, which in turn controls the hormonal milieu that directs the insect’s developmental fate (reviewed by Denlinger 1985).
A Better Way to Think About Business
Authors: Solomon Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is business ethics a contradiction in terms? Absolutely not, says Robert Solomon. In fact, he maintains that sound ethics is a necessary precondition of any long-term business enterprise, and that excellence in business must exist on the foundation of values that most of us hold dear. Drawing on twenty years of experience consulting with major corporations on ethics, Solomon clarifies the difficult ethical choices all people in business are faced with from time to time. He takes an “Aristotelian” approach to ethical questions, reminding readers that a corporation--like an individual--is embedded in a community, and that corporate values such as fairness and honesty are meaningless until transformed into action. Values--coupled with action--become virtues, and virtues make possible any good business corporate relationship. Without a base of shared values, trust and mutual benefits, today’s national and international business world will fall apart. In keeping with his conviction that virtue and profit must thrive together, Solomon both examines the ways in which deficient values actually destroy businesses, and debunks the pervasive myths that encourage unethical business practices. Complete with a working catalog of virtues designed to illustrate the importance of integrity in any business situation, this compelling handbook contains a goldmine of wisdom for either the small business manager or the corporate executive struggling with ethical issues.
Emotional Response as Conceptual Coherence
Authors: Niedenthal Paula M , Halberstadt Jamin B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do certain stimuli seem to belong in groups whereas others do not? How do categories cohere? Interested theorists in cognitive science have offered several answers. Some propose that perceptual or structural similarity is the “glue” that binds objects and events. However, others have claimed that similarity is insufficient to account for the acquisition and use of categories (e.g., Goodman, 1972; Quine, 1977; but see Goldstone, 1994b; Medin, Goldstone, & Gentner, 1993) and have proposed more abstract forms of coherence. Barsalou (1983, 1985, 1987), for example, suggests that objects or events cohere because they facilitate a common goal or serve the same function, such as getting one to a high, nearly inaccessible place or holding belongings together. Murphy and Medin (1985) explain coherence as the basis of a common causal theory. Similarity, goals, and theories have all been tested as bases of conceptual coherence. Measures of coherence include the speed with which a concept is learned, the treatment of plausible members as equivalent, and perhaps the concept’s relation to linguistic structure (e.g., Medin, 1989; Murphy & Medin, 1985; Rosch, 1975).