bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Inexistence of Specifiers and the Nature of Heads
Authors: Starke Michal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that there is no such thing as a “specifier.” What we mistook for specifiers are heads (in the sense that they provide the “label” for the merger they enter into). Put differently, there is no such thing as second merge in any theoretically relevant sense: every instance of merge has the properties of first merge.
Introduction
Authors: Gregg Gary S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since I began writing this book, the escalation of Israeli-Palestinian strife, the attack on the World Trade Center, and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have put the Middle East even more prominently onto the center stage of world history. Samuel Huntington has ominously predicted that the twenty-first century would see a “clash of civilizations” pitting Islam against the West, and Samuel Barber described globalization as culminating in a struggle of “Jihad versus McWorld.” I hope this book might help put the daily headlines in a broader perspective, by describing psychological dimensions of traditional ways of life in Middle Eastern and North African societies, and of the impact of “modernization” and “underdevelopment.” It will not offer psychological explanations for the region’s economic and political problems, or for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. But it will consider what Arab social scientists have been writing about the inner consequences of economic stagnation and political despotism, and about Middle Easterners’ current attempts to “become modern” while conserving what they see as their authentic traditions.
Late Childhood
Authors: Gregg Gary S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Late childhood appears to be crucial for shaping the sentiments, motives, and social personae related to the honor-modesty system and to Islam—the second level of personality organization in the model I have adopted. During this period most children come to see and sense themselves as embedded in worlds animated by honor and Islam. They master a set of cultural etiquettes and moral imperatives associated with them, which come to be automatically experienced as a kind of second nature. Ethnographic studies suggest that the honor-related etiquettes shape sentiments and motives of deference, hospitality, assertive dependence, “‘ar” (a gesture imploring aid), intimidation, and mediation, and that religion-related practices develop sentiments and motives of purity-pollution, “baraka” (divine blessedness), awe/fear of God, divine mercy/compassion, and “fitna” (chaos, disorder). Mastering these etiquettes so that they become second nature signals that a child has developed “‘aql,” which means both “reason” and “social maturity.
Early Adulthood and Identity
Authors: Gregg Gary S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ethnographies of traditional MENA milieus suggest that a relatively clear-cut framework for identity was provided by two key contrasts—of gender (male versus female) and religion (Muslim versus non-Muslim)—that were woven through language, the etiquettes of daily life, ritual celebrations, and the cosmology of invisible beings. Age also appears to have provided salient contrasts, and in many areas, so did the contrasts between nomadic, village, and urban styles of life described by Ibn Khaldun. But if these core contrasts assigned what G. H. Mead termed a “Me” self in late childhood and early adolescence, identities based on them remained to be achieved. By late adolescence and early adulthood, the “I” increasingly responded, both by investing selected features of these contrasts with individuating personal meanings, and by improvising upon them in innovative ways. Distinctive acts of honor, modesty, and fertility (or of dishonor, immodesty, and troubled fertility), as well as poetic self-presentations and personalized forms of piety, confirm and individualize identities in early adulthood—and continue to do so throughout adulthood. Even in the most traditional communities, multiple cultural discourses (of honor-and-modesty, of piety, of sentimental poetry) appear to have facilitated the fashioning of multiple identities.
Neuroimaging and Rehabilitation
Authors: Levin Harvey S , Scheibel Randall S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neuroimaging studies are relevant to traumatic brain injury (TBI) rehabilitation because they can address issues such as reorganization of function, including changes associated with interventions such as training techniques. The results of neuroimaging can also be useful in evaluating the efficacy of an intervention in addition to elucidating the mechanism of action. For the purposes of this chapter, neuroimaging studies pertinent to rehabilitation of patients with TBI can be broadly divided between anatomic or structural imaging and functional brain imaging. Although the literature on structural brain imaging of TBI has been reviewed by Bigler (1999, 2001), it is presented briefly here. The sections on functional brain imaging are organized according to studies addressing cerebral hypometabolism and executive function after TBI, changes in distributed activation associated with cognitive performance, and studies reporting changes in the allocation of neural resources in relation to task demands following mild TBI. Although methodologic issues in functional imaging are discussed, a review focused on this topic is available (Hillary et al., 2002).
The Epistolary Ambush of Monte Libretti How Nobles Met the Challenge of the Papacy in the Early Eighteenth Century
Authors: Castiglione Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Papal Congregation of the Buon Governo presented the greatest new institutional challenge to the Barberini governing of the stato of Monte Libretti. The noble family’s old institutional rival, the village communes, remained by turns adversarial and compliant in the eighteenth century, with conﬂict dominating over deference as the century progressed. But the Buon Governo was a rival at the level of society where the Barberini thought they rightfully belonged as rulers of their fiefs, and this shaped how the noble family responded to its competition. The Buon Governo, charged with overseeing communal affairs, was over one hundred years old when Pope Clement XI (ruled 1700– 1721), in the first decade of the eighteenth century, extended its authority in the countryside to the greatest extent it had hitherto achieved. He called special congregations to consider taxation on baronial lands and to extend the control of the papacy into the administration of baronial communes. He put the decisions of these congregations into action through the activities of the Buon Governo. The Congregation’s purpose in the baronial communes was simple— to tax the wealth of the barons and to promote better accounting practices in the villages that would generate more revenue for Rome and prevent embezzlement of communal resources at the local level.
Armistice and Aftermath
Authors: Kennedy David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the first of November 1918, the end was near. On November 6, Berlin dispatched envoys to carry an armistice proposal to Supreme Allied Commander Marshal Ferdinand Foch. Waiting in his railway carriage in the forest at Compiegne, Foch guided the Germans by wire less to the designated frontier crossing-point. As they approached the French lines on November 7, he ordered his guns in that sector to stand silent, so that the truce party might safely pass. Somehow, a war-zone correspondent from United Press mistook the momentary stand-down in that single sector for a general cease fire.
“By Hammer and Hand”: Artisans in the Mercantile City
Authors: Wilentz Sean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In February 1815, a sloop arrived in New York harbor with first news of the signing of the Treaty of Ghent. Almost immediately, a spontaneous festival erupted, and for over a week, New Yorkers rejoiced at the expected return of commerce after four years of diplomatic wrangling and nearly three years of war. None were more jubilant than the city’s artisans. At closing time, masters, journeymen, and apprentices filled their shops with their finest wares and snake-danced tipsy through the streets, their paths lit by shimmering transparencies, of eagles and dollars spilling from a cornucopia, of brawny arms lifting mallets, above the legends “Peace, The Mechanic’s Friend” and “By Hammer And Hand All Arts Do Stand.” At dawn, they wobbled back to the shops, only to begin another round of patriotic toasting. An exultant artisan rhymester named Werckmeister caught the mood well with a pun: “Work is over, Peace is master I Friend ship ties her knot now faster.”
Metropolitan Industrialization
Authors: Wilentz Sean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1825 and 1850, New York became the most productive manufacturing city in the United States-the metropolitan center of a manufacturing complex that reached as far south as Delaware and that by the late 1840s was probably the fastest-growing large industrial area in the world.1 These extraordinary developments utterly changed the city’s crafts, but in ways very different from those evoked by the usual images of early industrial growth. Huge firms absorbed thousands of craft workers-but did not eradicate the city’s small producers. New, highly sophisticated steam-powered machines thundered in the factory districts-but most of New York’s largest manufacturers intensified the division of labor already underway rather than invest in labor-saving machinery. Although a few, rapidly growing trades dominated the city’s manufacturing economy, hundreds more remained, leaving New York with a manufacturing sector of almost baffiing diversity. Then, as now, Americans looked elsewhere to interpret the coming industrial era. Nevertheless, at midcentury the most productive manufacturing center in the nation was neither a mechanized contrivance like Lowell nor a single-trade boomtown like Lynn, but a metropolitan labyrinth of factories and tiny artisan establishments, central workrooms and outworkers’ cellars, luxury firms and sweatwork strapping shops.
Entrepreneurs and Radicals
Authors: Wilentz Sean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gradually but decisively, the artisan republic disintegrated in the late 1820s. Rapid inflation punctuated by brief sharp depressions in 1825-26 and 1829 disrupted commerce and broke artisan businesses (Figure 1 ) belying the brimming confidence that had arrived with the Erie Canal. Journeymen quieted their union activities after 1825, but a few strikes broke out, the most important of them led by laborers, semiskilled workers, and women. In politics, the unraveling of the “one-party” factionalism of the Era of Good Feelings and the rise of the Jacksonian Democrats anticipated the collapse of the old mechanics’ interest. With these events, the ideological divisions within the trades became more complex, more profound, and more charged. New ideas and reformulations of old ones filtered through the shops. Two main lines of argument developed, one tending toward defenses of capitalist entrepreneurship, the other advancing one of several radical critiques of the emerging order. Advocates of each position proffered different explanations for the problems besetting the trades. All claimed to be championing the artisan republic.
The Rise and Fall of the Working Men
Authors: Wilentz Sean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1829 was an extraordinary year. It began with New York’s economy locked in depression and with the city’s politicians contemplating the coming to power of Andrew Jackson. By December, a radical popular movement led by a committee composed primarily of journeymen mechanics-had emerged as a political force. For a season, the normal conventions of party politics were suspended and artisan voters pondered, not the usual rhetoric of the bone and sinew, but some of the most radical political proposals of the age of revolution. Ultimately, the movement was doomed, and its demise only reinforced the strength of the Tammany Democrats and the emerging Whig opposition. Even so, the brief history of the Working Men was a decisive episode, a moment of conflict that helped popularize and politicize radical ideas and that foreshadowed the class conflicts of the 1830s.
Introduction
Authors: Fulcher Jane F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since Julien Benda’s impassioned indictment of apostate intellectuals in La trahison des deres (1927), there has largely been consensus on the intellectual’s true “charge.” Edward Said, for example, concurs with Benda that the intellectual attempts to be “the conscience of mankind,” implacably and courageously up-holding “eternal standards of truth and justice.” Inherent in this conception is the intellectual’s oblivion to both professional and material advantage: acting as moral adjudicator, the intellectual speaks out publicly, and regardless of the consequences. Perpetually vigilant, he or she intrepidly exposes half-truths, received ideas, faulty logic, or empty rhetoric-integrally including that dispensed by “power.”
These associations, of course, developed originally in the period of the Dreyfus affair, which Benda himself experienced, and which helped to solidify the social rubric “intellectual.” For by the later 1890s, amid efforts to establish the innocence of a Jewish army officer accused of treason, the essential characteristics of the then derisively labeled “intellectuals” emerged.
The “Defense” of French Culture in the Thirties
Authors: Fulcher Jane F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was not without relief and relish that members of Les Six and the Ecole d’Arcueil embraced the scarce official commissions for the Universal Exposition of 1937, in Paris. Perhaps most compelling for these “modernist” composers in this extravaganza of the now leftist government was the class of fetes, on which the ruling coalition, the Popular Front, lavished its resources. The politically ambidextrous Jacques Rouche, still entrenched at the Opera, and aptly placed in charge of the fetes, had no problem in adapting to this government, and again proving his mastery of the politics of spectacle.
Society
Authors: Benn Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Tang China cannot be called feudal, at least in the sense that Europe of the same time was, it was a highly stratified, hierarchical society. The state regulated everything-the allocation of resources; access to education and political office; tax obligations and exemptions; legal accountability and punishment; and more-on the basis of an individual’s status. Sumptuary laws dictated the quantity, quality, size, and adornment of clothes, transportation, homes, and other facets of life. The notion of equality, so cherished in modern times, did not exist in the Tang.
Travel and, Transportation
Authors: Benn Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late seventh or early eighth century a county magistrate stopped at a prefecture in south eastern China during a journey. The governor of the district, who entertained the magistrate daily with sumptuous feasts, offered to purchase two of his maidservants, but the magistrate refused to sell them. After the magistrate’s party departed, the governor sent a band of brigands to pursue them. The bandits stole everything and slew everyone, returning only with the magistrate’s wife and daughter. The wife begged to be taken in as a slave, but the governor rejected her plea and had her strangled.
life Cycle
Authors: Benn Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gaozu, the founder of the Tang, was an extraordinary man in more ways than one. He had a purple birthmark shaped like a dragon, a sure sign of a future emperor, below his left armpit. He was also a superb archer and used his skills to win his wife. The woman’s father was so impressed with her that he decided he could not marry her to just anyone. She should have a worthy man for a husband. So he had two peacocks painted on the leaves of his gate and gave suitors two chances to shoot them.
Death and the Afterlife
Authors: Benn Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the Chinese believed that breath, qi, was the vital energy on which life depended, they took the cessation of breathing as evidence that death had occurred. A family member, friend, or outsider leaned over and placed his face close to the mouth of the unconscious person in order to determine if there was any movement of air coming from the lips. If there was not, he or she assumed that the person had expired, and made funeral arrangements. There was a certain danger in using that method. In some cases the breathing was too slight to detect. In 801 an official awoke after lying in his coffin for thirty days.
Pre-Adoption Counseling And Evaluation Of The Referral
Authors: Miller Laurie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The decision to adopt is often followed by a call to the pediatrician. Pediatric advice and suggestions are eagerly sought by most families interested in international adoption. Adoption-friendly practices offer pre-adoption visits as an opportunity for prospective parents to discuss concerns and questions. Once an individual child is offered to the family for consideration (known as the “referral” in adoption parlance), the pediatrician may become very involved in counseling the family about health risks. This chapter offers general guidelines for the pediatrician or family physician who offers pre-adoption counselling and reviews referrals for prospective adoptive families. dressed throughout this book. If a pediatrician does not feel qualified to address all of these topics; referral to social workers, adoption agencies, or mental health professionals may be necessary. Some of the more common questions, however, could be posed for biologic parenthood as well.
Understanding French Verse
Authors: Hunter David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Advice to young singers often follows the standard line of the great French singer Claire Croiza: “Study the poem away from the music, so that you know what the words really mean.” But Croiza’s advice is notoriously difficult to follow when performing French mélodies. Just how do you approach a French poem? In the lyric poetry on which the mélodie is based, meaning is conveyed not just through the words but also through the poem’s formal structure. Understanding French Verse: A Guide for Singers explains this formal structure and sets out the basics of French versification, using examples drawn from a wide range of well-known song settings. Its chapters examine French meters, stanzaic forms, sonnets, rondels and other fixed forms, rhyme and sound patterning, and free verse poems. Written in a clear and concise way, it explains the Alexandrine, how to distinguish different meters by counting syllables, and how to identify stresses in French verse. The book also illustrates how rhyme works and the ways in which a French sonnet differs from its counterpart in English. And it demonstrates how the understanding of verse techniques enhances the interpretation and enjoyment of the mélodie. The book also offers valuable resources, including a brief history of French versification, detailed analysis of several poems, a glossary of technical terms, and suggestions for further reading. While other books help singers with French diction, or offer translations of French texts, no other book helps a singer understand the meaning behind what they are singing. Understanding French Verse is an essential tool for singers, accompanists, and other musicians who want to understand more about the French texts with which they are working. It also provides a useful basic introduction to students of French poetry.
Common French Meters
Authors: Hunter David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We Have Seen That syllable count matters in French verse—indeed, it is the feature that distinguishes different meters. In the first part of this chapter, I look at common meters in more detail. In each case, I summarize the meter’s history and structure, as well as the interpretative issues it raises. The second part of the chapter examines mixed meters and the “vers impair” (meters with odd numbers of syllables).
Reading, Revelation, and Rebellion: The Textual Communities Of Gabriel, Denmark Vesey, and Nat Turner
Authors: Sidbury James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One Sunday late in the summer of 1800, a group of slaves gathered at a spring near their Richmond, Virginia, Baptist Church to discuss a planned rebellion. A conspirator named Ben Woolfolk had second thoughts about the pending insurrection and warned that he “had heard that in the days of old, when the Israelites were in Servitude to King Pharoah [sic], they were taken from him by the Power of God,—and were carried away by Moses—God had blessed them with an Angel to go with him, But that I could see nothing of that kind in these days.”
Prologue Washington, D.C., 1932
Authors: Ritchie Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An army of the unemployed marched on Washington in 1932, disrupting the capital and the sedate existence of its press corps. A good many Washington reporters had grown accustomed to gathering news through press releases and briefings, routines they called “no more exciting than knitting.” Now they were sent out to cover a “bonus expeditionary force” of desperate veterans of the World War, who had come to urge the passing of a bill that would grant early payment of a promised veteran’s bonus, not due for another dozen years. When the government attempted to dislodge the marchers from their camps near Pennsylvania Avenue, the protest turned violent. United Press reporter Bill Kerby normally patrolled the quiet corridors of the Interior Department, but he was standing on Pennsylvania Avenue, just a few blocks from the Capitol, when the first fighting erupted between the veterans and the police. Bricks flew, shots rang out, and in the commotion some of the bonus marchers seized Kerby as a hostage.
Flash: The Wire Services
Authors: Ritchie Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the busload of reporters in the motorcade arrived at the Dallas Trade Mart, where President John F. Kennedy was due to deliver a luncheon address on November 22, 1963, the presidential party was nowhere in sight. Marianne Means of the Hearst Headline Service took advantage of the lull to call her bureau in Washington. “How’s Kennedy?” the deskman immediately asked. He had just read a UPI dispatch that the president had been shot. Means shouted to the pack of reporters, who scrambled back on the bus and headed for the hospital. They were in Texas, covering the president, Means mused, “but we had less idea what had happened to him than those in Washington reading the wire services.”