bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polystyrene/Sn–Pb alloy blends. I. Dynamic rheological behavior
Authors: Zheng Qiang , Zhang Xiang‐Wu , Pan Yi , Yi Xiao‐Su 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe dynamic rheological behavior of polystyrene filled with low‐melting‐point (Tm) Sn–Pb was investigated at temperatures below and above the Tm of the alloy, 183°C. In the whole temperature range of interest, there existed a secondary plateau in the plot of the dynamic storage modulus versus frequency (ω) at low ωs, and the influences of alloy content and temperature on the plateau were related to the matter state (liquid or solid) of the alloy. We believe that the secondary plateau observed below the alloy Tm was due to the network‐type structure formed by the agglomeration of solid filler particles, whereas the plateau above Tm was due to the deformability and relaxation of the liquid alloy droplets. By analyzing the Cole–Cole diagrams, we suggest that the alloy fillers retarded the relaxation processes for polystyrene melt when the temperature was lower than the Tm. However, there existed two separated relaxation processes when the temperature was higher than the Tm, that is, the high‐ω relaxation of the phases and low‐ω relaxation of the droplets. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3166–3172, 2002
Thermal behavior and morphological and rheological properties of polypropylene and novel elastomeric ethylene copolymer blends
Authors: Di Yingwei , Iannace Salvatore , Nicolais Luigi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe thermal behavior including melting and crystallization behavior and morphological and rheological properties of the blends based on an isotactic polypropylene and a novel maleated elastomeric ethylene copolymer were investigated in this work. The addition of an elastomer to polypropylene (PP) was found not to change the PP crystalline structure significantly when cooled quickly from the melt. On recrystallization at a lower cooling rate, the elastomer promotes the formation of β−pseudohexagonal PP in PP‐rich blends. In elastomer‐rich compositions, heterogeneous nucleation is hindered and homogeneous nucleation takes place. These phenomena are revealed by morphology observation: that, with increasing of the elastomer content, the system undergoes PP continuous, dual‐phase continuity and PP‐dispersed morphologies. The blend viscosity at a low shear rate range increases continuously with increasing elastomer content and shows positive deviations from the additivity rule. In the terminal zone, the dynamic storage modulus of the blends shows positive deviation from the simple mixing rule and the maximum deviation lies in the composition range of dual‐phase continuity which could be caused by a large increase in the interfacial tension. The Cox–Merz rule does not hold for the blends because of the two‐phase heterogeneous structure and its variation in steady and oscillatory shear flow. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3430–3439, 2002
Confidant support and the mental wellbeing of lesbian and gay young adults: a longitudinal analysis
Authors: Vincke John , van Heeringen Kees 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLesbian and gay young adults can experience adverse life conditions associated with their sexual minority status. It is not always easy for them to obtain the necessary social support to cope with these challenges. We used short‐term longitudinal data from a survey of 197 lesbian and gay young adults (121 males and 76 females) to investigate how and to what extent the availability of confidants affects depression, hopelessness and self‐esteem. We also investigated whether and to what extent mental health outcomes are related not only to initial levels of confidant support but also to changes regarding the availability of confidants. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and hierarchical stepwise regression analysis. Results showed that confidant support at base level correlated only with the perceived quality of lesbian and gay friendships and not with parental acceptance. Also, change in confidant support over time seemed to be more important than its initial levels. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sameness and difference in research on lesbian parenting
Authors: Clarke Victoria 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMost psychological, social science and feminist work on lesbian parenting searches for similarities and differences between lesbian and heterosexual parents. Using a feminist constructionist approach, I identify four dimensions of difference that inform research and theorizing on lesbian parenting. These construct lesbian parenting as (i) no different from heterosexual parenting; (ii) different from heterosexual parenting and deviant; (iii) different from heterosexual parenting and transformative; and (iv) different from heterosexual parenting only because of oppression. I consider why lesbian parenting is constructed in these ways, by and for whom and for what purposes. I also assess the political costs and benefits of sameness and difference and ask whether psychologists, social scientists and feminists should abandon their search for similarities and differences in favour of a more radical research agenda. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced focal adhesion kinase and paxillin phosphorylation in BCR‐ABL‐transfected cells
Authors: Cheng Keding , Kurzrock Razelle , Qiu Xiangguo , Estrov Zeev , Ku Stella , Dulski Kim M. , Wang Jean Y. J. , Talpaz Moshe 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDBCR‐ABL formation is critical to oncogenic transformation in chronic myelogenous leukemia and has been implicated as a key event leading to alterations in cytoskeletal structures and adhesion in the leukemic cells. The authors therefore investigated the effect of p210BCR‐ABL on actin polymerization as well as on the expression and phosphorylation state of the adhesion proteins paxillin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK).METHODSTransfection with BCR‐ABL constructs abrogated the ability of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts to adhere and the cells underwent striking morphologic changes.RESULTSScanning electron microscopy revealed that the cells lost their elongated appearance and became rounded. This alteration was associated with significantly reduced actin polymerization. In addition, steady‐state levels of paxillin and FAK protein were increased. However, while the overall level of phosphotyrosines was also increased, the amount of tyrosine phosphorylated paxillin and FAK was reduced in the BCR‐ABL‐transfected cells as compared to the parental cells. Culture on extracellular fibronectin matrix partially reversed the morphologic changes and resulted in a return, albeit incomplete, of filamentous actin in BCR‐ABL‐transfected 3T3 fibroblasts. In addition, phosphorylation of paxillin and FAK in the BCR‐ABL‐transfected NIH 3T3 cells was restored.CONCLUSIONSThe authors conclude that, in the current system, transfection of BCR‐ABL attenuates FAK and paxillin phosphorylation and reduces actin polymerization, events accompanied by significant alterations in cellular morphology. The observation that exposure of the cells to fibronectin partially reverses all these changes suggests that the focal adhesion proteins and actin structures nevertheless remain responsive to singnaling from the outside. Cancer 2002;95:440–50. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10670
Influence of p53 mutations on prognosis of patients with glioblastoma
Authors: Shiraishi Shoji , Tada Kenji , Nakamura Hideo , Makino Keishi , Kochi Masato , Saya Hideyuki , Kuratsu Jun‐ichi , Ushio Yukitaka 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe influence of p53 mutations on the biology of astrocytic tumors is controversial. p53 is thought to be inactivated in the early stage of gliomagenesis; however, what role its inactivation plays in the malignancy of gliomas remains unknown. To understand the significance of p53 inactivation, the authors identified the locus of p53 gene mutation in glioma samples at different stages of progression and studied the correlation between the mutation and clinical behavior.METHODSSamples from newly diagnosed gliomas, including pure and mixed astrocytomas, were analyzed for p53 mutations using a yeast functional assay. To determine the locus of the gene mutations, DNA sequencing was performed.RESULTSThe incidence of p53 mutations was higher in anaplastic astrocytomas (AA, 48%) than glioblastomas (GBM, 31%). There was no significant difference in the average ages of GBM patients with and without p53 mutations (54.9 years ± 2.3 and 53.2 years ± 4.6, respectively). In GBM patients, the mutation did not affect progression free survival or overall survival. Astrocytomas and GBM differed in the distribution of p53 mutation loci.CONCLUSIONSThe p53 gene mutation does not markedly affect the survival of GBM patients. The difference in the location of p53 mutations between AA and GBM suggests that in gliomas, the p53 mutation may contribute not only to tumorigenesis (as an early event) but also to progression to malignancy (as a late event). Cancer 2002;95:249–57. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10677
Prophylactic bilateral mastectomy
Authors: Metcalfe Kelly A. , Goel Vivek , Lickley Lavina , Semple John , Narod Steven A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDMany women who are at an elevated risk of developing breast carcinoma choose prophylactic mastectomy to decrease their risk. We conducted a population‐based study to review the indications for, and patterns of practice of prophylactic mastectomy in Ontario, Canada, since 1991.METHODSA medical chart review was conducted at 33 hospitals that were identified as having conducted at least one prophylactic mastectomy. All bilateral mastectomy patients with no diagnosis of invasive or in situ breast carcinoma were eligible.RESULTSThe number of prophylactic bilateral mastectomies performed varied from 6 to 19. The mean age of women undergoing prophylactic mastectomy was 43.5 years. Eighty percent of the women had prophylactic mastectomy performed because of a family history of breast carcinoma (89 of 99) or because of a known BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation (10 of 99). Twenty percent of the women had no family history, but had the surgery for other benign breast conditions. Women with a family history of breast carcinoma were much more likely to have a total mastectomy (89%) than a subcutaneous mastectomy (11%). Sixty percent of the women had reconstructive surgery following mastectomy.CONCLUSIONSProphylactic mastectomy is not performed on a large scale. The introduction of genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 has the potential to change the patterns of practice for prophylactic mastectomy. Cancer 2002;95:236–42. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10680
A controlled comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing versus exposure plus cognitive restructuring versus waiting list in the treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Power Kevin , McGoldrick Theresa , Brown Keith , Buchanan Robin , Sharp Donald , Swanson Vivien , Karatzias Athanasios 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA total of 105 patients with post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were randomly allocated to eye‐movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) (n = 39) versus exposure plus cognitive restructuring (E + CR) (n = 37) versus waiting list (WL) (n = 29) in a primary care setting. EMDR and E + CR patients received a maximum of 10 treatment sessions over a 10‐week period. All patients were assessed by blind raters prior to randomization and at end of the 10‐week treatment or waiting list period. EMDR and E + CR patients were also assessed by therapists at the mid‐point of the 10‐week treatment period and on average at 15 months follow‐up. Patients were assessed on a variety of assessor‐rated and self‐report measures of PTSD symptomatology including the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), the Impact of Events Scale (IOE) and a self‐report version of the SI‐PTSD Checklist. Measures of anxiety and depression included the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM‐A) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). A measure of social function, the Sheehan Disability Scale was also used. Drop‐out rates between the three groups were 12 EMDR, 16 E + CR and five WL. Treatment end‐point analyses were conducted on the remaining 72 patients. Repeated measures analysis of variance of treatment outcome at 10 weeks revealed significant time, interaction and group effects for all the above measures. In general there were significant and substantial pre–post reductions for EMDR and E + CR groups but no change for the WL patients. Both treatments were effective over WL. The only indication of superiority of either active treatment, in relation to measures of clinically significant change, was a greater reduction in patient self‐reported depression ratings and improved social functioning for EMDR in comparison to E + CR at the end of the treatment period and for fewer number of treatment sessions for EMDR (mean 4.2) than E + CR (mean 6.4) patients. At 15 months follow‐up treatment gains were generally well‐maintained with the only difference, in favour of EMDR over E + CR, occurring in relation to assessor‐rated levels of clinically significant change in depression. However, exclusion of patients who had subsequent treatment during the follow‐up period diminished the proportion of patients achieving long‐term clinically significant change. In summary, at end of treatment and at follow‐up, both EMDR and E + CR are effective in the treatment of PTSD with only a slight advantage in favour of EMDR. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of the cognitive processing of trauma scale
Authors: Williams Rhonda M. , Davis Mary C. , Millsap Roger E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe developed a 17‐item scale to measure cognitive processing of traumatic experiences in two samples of college students. The Cognitive Processing of Trauma Scale (CPOTS) measures five aspects of cognitive processing: (1) Positive Cognitive Restructuring, (2) Downward comparison, (3) Resolution, (4) Denial and (5) Regrets. Confirmatory Factor Analysis confirmed the factor structure of the scale, and reliability was further established by computing the internal consistency and test–retest reliability of each subscale. Discriminant and convergent validity for the CPOTS were demonstrated by correlating the subscales with two existing measures, the Impact of Event Scale and the Stress Related Growth Scale. The scale is recommended for use in empirical studies incorporating written or spoken disclosure about a trauma as an intervention, and should also be considered for clinical use in populations who have experienced a major stressor or trauma. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast screening of anabolic steroids and other banned doping substances in human urine by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Marcos J. , Pascual J. A. , de la Torre X. , Segura J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA fast and sensitive method for the comprehensive screening of anabolic agents and other banned doping substances using gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) with an external ionization ion trap mass spectrometer is presented. The method takes advantage of the resolving power of MS/MS to eliminate background interferences, thus speeding up the chromatographic analysis. For each compound, different fragmentation reactions were studied and their collision energies optimized to obtain the best sensitivity in terms of their signal‐to‐noise ratio (S/N). A dramatic reduction in overall analysis time was achieved compared with other common approaches. More than 50 substances could finally be monitored in less than 7.4 min with detection limits (S/N >3) lower than 0.5 ng ml−1 for most of the compounds with special sensitivity requirements according to the International Olympic Committee (IOC). A validation procedure for qualitative analysis was performed. The selectivity of the method showed that no interfering peaks were observed at the retention time of the analytes. Good intermediate precision, below 25% for most of the compounds, and robustness were observed. The optimized method was successfully applied to analyse more than 100 real human urine samples with optimum sensitivity and specificity rates. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differentiation of proliferated NG2‐positive glial progenitor cells in a remyelinating lesion
Authors: Watanabe Masahiko , Toyama Yoshiaki , Nishiyama Akiko 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCells that express the NG2 proteoglycan (NG2+ cells) constitute a large cell population in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS). They give rise to mature oligodendrocytes in culture and are thus considered to be oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). They proliferate in response to a variety of insults to the CNS, but their ability to differentiate into oligodendrocytes in vivo has not been established. We used bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to trace the fate of NG2+ cells that proliferated in response to a chemically induced demyelinating lesion in the adult rat spinal cord. Cells that were proliferating 24 hr after lesioning were labeled by a single injection of BrdU, and their antigenic phenotype was examined at various times up to 28 days post‐lesioning (28 dpl). Initially, at 2 dpl, NG2+/BrdU+ cells were found almost exclusively at the periphery of the lesion. At 7 dpl, the number of NG2+/BrdU+ cells increased in the lesion center and decreased from the surrounding areas. The number of NG2+/BrdU+ cells inside the lesion further decreased with time, concomitant with progression of remyelination and appearance of BrdU+ mature oligodendrocytes. Double labeling with 3H‐thymidine and BrdU combined with NG2 immunohistochemistry showed that some NG2+ cells in the lesion had undergone at least two rounds of cell division. These observations strongly suggest that NG2+/BrdU+ cells that appeared in response to the demyelinating insult gave rise to mature remyelinating oligodendrocytes, providing an in vivo evidence for the differentiation of NG2+ cells into oligodendrocytes. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurons tend to stop migration and differentiate along the cortical internal plexiform zones in the Reelin signal‐deficient mice
Authors: Tabata Hidenori , Nakajima Kazunori 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe Reelin molecule plays a fundamental role in corticogenesis. After Reelin binds to its receptors, the Reelin signal is transduced through tyrosine phosphorylation of the intracellular adaptor protein disabled 1 (Dab1). The reelin‐gene‐deficient mouse, reeler, and Dab1‐deficient mouse, yotari, show disrupted positioning of neurons. Several molecules have been identified recently as being involved in Reelin signaling, however, the biological function of Reelin during cortical plate development was still unknown. We observed the migrating behavior of neurons during development in Reelin‐signal‐deficient mice. To visualize the migrating neurons directly, we introduced green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐expression vectors into the ventricular zone with an in utero electroporation system and allowed the embryos to develop in utero until they were analyzed. The result showed that the migrating cells in the mutants were morphologically indistinguishable from those of normal mice. At the stage when the GFP‐expressing cells reached the marginal zone near the pial surface and began dendrite formation in normal mice, the GFP‐positive cells were found at various deeper positions in the mutant cortex. They had the morphology of migrating cells extending leading processes toward the pial surface. By contrast, in the mutants these cells tended to stop migration along the borders of the internal plexiform zone, the irregular structure consisting mainly of dendrites in the mutant cortex. Postnatally, these neurons began to develop dendrites later than the cells in the normal cortex. During this process, some neurons above the internal plexiform zone extended and developed dendrites in the opposite direction into the internal plexiform zone. These results suggest that the abnormal positioning of neurons in the Reelin‐signal‐deficient mice is caused, at least in part, by abnormal formation of the internal plexiform zone in the mutant cortex. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimal conditions for in vivo induction of dopaminergic neurons from embryonic stem cells through stromal cell‐derived inducing activity
Authors: Morizane Asuka , Takahashi Jun , Takagi Yasushi , Sasai Yoshiki , Hashimoto Nobuo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA method of inducing dopamine (DA) neurons from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells by stromal cell‐derived inducing activity (SDIA) was previously reported. When transplanted, SDIA‐induced DA neurons integrate into the mouse striatum and remain positive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression. In the present study, to optimize the transplantation efficiency, we treated mouse ES cells with SDIA for various numbers of days (8–14 days). SDIA‐treated ES cell colonies were isolated by papain treatment and then grafted into the 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA)‐lesioned mouse striatum. The ratio of the number of surviving TH‐positive cells to the total number of grafted cells was highest when ES cells were treated with SDIA for 12 days before transplantation. This ratio revealed that grafting cell colonies was more efficient for obtaining TH‐positive cells in vivo than grafting cell suspensions. When we grafted a cell suspension of 2 × 105, 2 × 104, or 2 × 103 cells into the 6‐OHDA‐lesioned mouse striatum, we observed only a few surviving TH‐positive cells. In conclusion, inducing DA neurons from mouse ES cells by SDIA for 12 days and grafting cell colonies into mouse striatum was the most effective method for the survival of TH‐positive neurons in vivo. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Notch signaling promotes astrogliogenesis via direct CSL‐mediated glial gene activation
Authors: Ge Weihong , Martinowich Keri , Wu Xiangbing , He Fei , Miyamoto Alison , Fan Guoping , Weinmaster Gerry , Sun Yi Eve 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn the developing central nervous system (CNS), Notch signaling preserves progenitor pools and inhibits neurogenesis and oligodendroglial differentiation. It has recently been postulated that Notch instructively drives astrocyte differentiation. Whether the role of Notch signaling in promoting astroglial differentiation is permissive or instructive has been debated. We report here that the astrogliogenic role of Notch is in part mediated by direct binding of the Notch intracellular domain to the CSL DNA binding protein, forming a transcriptional activation complex onto the astrocyte marker gene, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In addition, we found that, in CSL–/– neural stem cell cultures, astrocyte differentiation was delayed but continued at a normal rate once initiated, suggesting that CSL is involved in regulating the onset of astrogliogenesis. Importantly, although the classical CSL‐dependent Notch signaling pathway is intact and able to activate the Notch canonical target promoter during the neurogenic phase, it is unable to activate the GFAP promoter during neurogenesis. Therefore, the effect of Notch signaling on target genes is influenced by cellular context in regulation of neurogenesis and gliogenesis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.