bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction:Understanding the Blood Feuds
Authors: Bayer Ronald , Feldman Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Blood—its color, its flow, its scientific— properties, its social significance-has long captured the imagination. With magical associations that exceed its biological functions, blood encompasses a spectrum of meanings that are complex, controversial, and often contradictory. Blood has been viewed as the apogee of purity and the nadir of filth; cited as both the basis for unity and the justification for war; analyzed as a gift that brings life and a source of death; and sold as a commodity that has been called priceless. Only in the twentieth century did it become possible to use blood therapeutically: initially for battlefield transfusions, later in response to accidents and in surgery, and finally as pharmaceutical products made from technologically transformed blood components. Blood thus became a lifesaving medical intervention. The healing uses of blood inevitably would have unintended side effects; along with the new curative powers flowed dangerous pathogens that made blood and its components a medium for disease transmission.
The Circulation of the Blood AIDS, Blood, and the Economics of Information
Authors: Glied Sherry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of HIV and blood systems can be usefully divided into three eras: pre-1982, 1982-1985, and post-1985. The institutional structures of the blood systems in the 10 developed countries studied in the project from which this volume emerged were quite similar in the pre-1982 period. None of these systems implemented decisive measures for improving the quality of blood before 1985 (other than very limited efforts at donor exclusion), yet none failed to implement HIV testing and heat treatment by 1986. They differed mainly in the pace of implementing screening and heat treatment in the brief 1985-1986 period. Prior to 1982, these 10 countries developed similar institutional structures of blood collection and distribution that solved a common problem of asymmetric information about the quality of blood. Although this structure may have been optimal for dealing with the information problem presented by the principal threats to blood quality prior to 1982, the blood supply in each country became contaminated by HIV in 1982-1985. In every large developed country (population greater than 1 million) in Europe, Australia, and North America, people developed AIDS as a consequence of the transfusion of blood or blood products. My analysis will address why this happened and why all the national systems in our study failed to respond effectively over the 1982-1985 period, a failure that had particularly adverse con sequences in countries with relatively high rates of non-transfusion-related AIDS. Finally, I will examine the response of these national systems in the aftermath of the development of an HIV test in 1985.
Soprano Vocal Registration and Vowel Modification (Aggiustamento)
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As indicated in chapter 2, the long soprano middle voice typically extends from E♭ 4 to F♯ 5, with C♯ 5 the dividing midpoint between the lower middle and upper middle ranges. In light soubrette voices, the long middle register is negotiated from bottom to top, and from top to bottom, with little awareness of a dividing point between the lower middle and upper middle segments or of the need to alter breath energy to accommodate ascending pitch.
World War II Normandy American Cemetery And Memorial
Authors: Cobb James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like many people who study the American South, I believe that our attachment to places, especially the places that are familiar and special only to us, can tell a us a great deal about who we are. I am also struck, however, by the power of places of universally recognized importance, places where history actually “happened:’ to speak to many people in many ways. Certainly, my connection to one particularly significant site, the World War II Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial, has shown me that the monumental challenges of history can shape the identities not only of those who faced them but of those who did not as well. Long a popular attraction for Americans visiting France, the World War II Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial has drawn unprecedented attention since it was featured in the opening and closing scenes of Steven Spielberg’s blockbuster World War II film, Saving Private Ryan.
The Fundamentals Of Clinical Neuropsychiatry
Authors: Taylor Michael Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Increasingly, psychiatrists make little distinction between psychiatric and neurologic disorders, considering them all as dysfunctions of the central nervous system. This is a practical how to book intended primarily for trainees and practicing clinicians unfamiliar with the relatively new field of neuropsychiatry. It is written as the author might teach the material during clinical rounds and in small group seminars. In a clear and engaging style, he explains what to do and how to do it, giving the rationale for each step, and synthesizing neuropsychiatric principles with practical guidelines for diagnosis and management of adult patients. Many tables are included for quick reference and to help the reader to quickly see the big picture of a given topic. The book covers personality and personality disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, psychiatric disorders, alcohol and substance abuse, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury and stroke, anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders, headache and violence. It can be used as an introductory text for psychiatric residents, medical students, and others who care for persons with behavioral disorders. It can also be used as a clinical manual or reference by practitioners in psychiatry and neurology.
Neuropsychiatric Evaluation
Authors: Taylor Michael Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neuropsychiatric evaluation is the medical examination of the brain. The mental status examination, and the psychiatric interview are terms from the era of a mind-body dichotomy. There is no “mental” to it. The mind, in a neuroscience sense, is a shorthand metaphoric term for summing up what our brains do that reaches our awareness (e.g., internal speech subserved by the dominant hemisphere, emotional experience generated by the limbic system, body image and its physical limits subserved in part by the parietal lobes, and memory acquisition, storage, and recall subserved by several brain systems). When you assess “mental functions” and behavior you are assessing brain functions.
Substance-Induced Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Authors: Taylor Michael Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About 10% of U.S. women and 20% of U.S. men have abused alcohol (lifetime risks), and about 4% of U.S. women and 10% of U.S. men are dependent on alcohol. Alcohol abuse is highest in 20-35 year olds, Hispanic men and Native Americans, urbanites, persons living in states outside the “deep south,” and tobacco users. European-Americans and African-Americans have similar lifetime rates. Waiters, bartenders, longshoremen, musicians, authors, reporters, and police have relatively high rates of consumption and abuse. Among general medical patients, about 40% have alcohol-related problems.
Sunshine and Sock-Time
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mike Fritzel recognized an opportunity when he saw one. It arrived in the person of a guy from New Orleans, a young trumpet player named Paul Mares, who’d begun renting a room from Tommy Harrison, a cop Fritze! knew. The guy talked a good line, mostly about all the great musicians he’d worked with, friends from back home who were now jobbing around the Midwest, some of them on Mississippi excursion boats. If he could round up a few and form a band, he said, he could guarantee steady business for the club Fritzel spent his evenings managing.
Monk
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Ernest Moenkhaus, born in Bloomington June 30, 1902, was a child of two cultures. His father, a professor of physiology at Indiana University, spoke German and French, spent summers traveling on the European continent, and remained convinced of the innate superiority of European education to any homegrown American equivalent. He made no secret of his intention that both his sons, once old enough, pursue their secondary studies in Germany.
Washboard Blues
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carmichael takes his place at the Book Nook piano. Come on out, melody; don’t be shy. I know you’re in there somewhere. One of the questions most frequently asked of composers, and least often answered satisfactorily, is one of the simplest: what’s the process? How do you, does anybody, write a great song? Are melodies indeed “found” rather than created? Or are they slowly, painstakingly, hewn, phrase by phrase, bar by bar, out of the rock face of imagination? In later years, Hoagy embellished his description of this moment almost beyond recognition, interpolating conversational exchanges drawn shamelessly from the realm of fiction.
Stardust Melody
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“For a while there”-Bud Dant’s eyes took on an almost mischievous twinkle as he uttered the words-”I didn’t want anything more to do with Hoagy Carmichael, ever.” He paused, letting the thought sink in. “He, Hoagy, kept calling me on the phone, every morning at seven. He says, ‘Bud, you gotta come down to Bloomington.’ And I’d listen awhile to him, and then say, ‘Hoagy, good bye,’ and hang up. He was a pest.’’
The Medicare Program in Rural Areas
Authors: Mueller Curt D , Schoenman Julie A , Dorosh Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medicare provides health insurance coverage for over 38 million Americans. Program payments in 1995 were $184 billion, over 20% of personal health care expenditures (United States Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], 1997). Medicare is an important part of the nation’s health care financing system, but it is especially important for rural America because a higher proportion of the rural population is elderly. Estimates obtained by the Walsh Center for Rural Health Analysis from the U.S. Bureau of the Census indicate that in 1997, about 14% of the population in nonmetropolitan counties was over age 65, versus 11 % in metropolitan counties.
The Mechanisms Of Atmospheric Oxidation Of The Alkenes
Authors: Calvert J G , Atkinson R , Kerr J A , Madronich S , Moortgat G K , Wallington, T J , Yarwood G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The formation of smog in urban atmospheres involves the interaction of sunlight with an air mixture containing nitrogen oxides and reactive hydrocarbons—the most reactive class of these hydrocarbons being alkenes. This important new book, by a team of leading atmospheric chemists, reviews and evaluates the existing literature on the atmospheric chemistry of these compounds, focusing on the search for a more quantitative understanding of the phenomenon which can then be applied to control methods. It includes detailed examinations of the reactions of alkenes and even suggests areas for further laboratory studies. This book is ideal for climatologists, meteorologists, and scientists studying the chemistry of the atmosphere and can also serve as a valuable text for graduate courses in atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric science.
Enlightened Nationalism
Authors: Levinger Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Enlightened Nationalism provides the first synthesis in English of Prussian political culture from the Napoleonic era to the Revolution of 1848. Matthew Levinger challenges the conventional notion that Prussia lagged behind Western Europe in its political development, demonstrating that Prussian leaders embraced a distinctive program of political modernization in response to their country’s defeat by Napoleon in 1806-1807. Building on the eighteenth-century tradition of enlightened absolutism, Prussian leaders attempted to unite a rationalized monarchy with a politically active “nation,” thus mobilizing the populace to resist the French oppressors. The new culture of “enlightened nationalism” influenced the political theory and program of both liberals and conservatives in nineteenth-century Prussia. The book has important implications for understanding both subsequent German history and the history of nationalism in general. The author shows that the so-called authoritarian tendencies in Prussia’s political culture resulted from its distinctive response to the challenges of the French Revolution and Napoleonic era, rather than from the persistence of premodern cultural or socioeconomic patterns. Likewise, by showing how nationalist activists drew on the cultural legacy of the Enlightenment, Levinger demonstrates that German nationalism cannot be understood as a uniquely pathological political phenomenon. Inspired by recent work exploring the role of discourse in historical change, the book analyzes how the word “nation” functioned in day-to-day debates and how this limited and shaped political options. Enlightened nationalism produced a mixed legacy: it promoted the reform of the education system, popular participation in local self-government, and administrative rationalization. But it also resulted in exaggerated fears of political dissent, reinforcing the authority of the monarchical state and inhibiting the formation of a vibrant system of parliamentary rule.
A Nation Of Aristocrats
Authors: Levinger Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When King Frederick William III dismissed Freiherr Karl vom Stein from office in November 1808, he approved his first minister’s final wish for a decree reorganizing the Prussian administration. Stein hoped that the edict, which concentrated supreme administrative authority in a new Council of State (Staatsrat) and called for a national representative assembly, would carry forward the reform movement by instilling in the government the “greatest possible unity, force, and responsiveness … and laying claim to the energies of the entire nation and of the individual in the most practical and simple way.”1 This decree, issued on 24 November 1808 but never implemented, linked all the elements of Stein’s great reform memoranda of the previous two years. By establishing popular “participation in the administration,” it sought to mold the nation and forge a common spirit, thus fortifying and unifying the state. Through this plan Stein believed that “the cultivation of the nation will be furthered, common spirit awakened, and the entire conduct of business become simpler, more forceful, and less costly.”2
MANOVA: Multiple Response Variables and Multispecies Interactions
Authors: Scheiner Samuel M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecological questions very often ask how multiple components might respond to some change in the environment or might differ among groups. Ecologists are often most interested in the interactions among those components and how the interactions might change as the environment changes. Studies in population biology commonly address issues of constraints or trade-offs among traits, for example, seed size versus seed number, sprint speed versus endurance, or development time versus size at maturity. Studies in community ecology often address questions regarding how a number of coexisting species respond to the removal of a keystone predator or to a change in the environment. In statistical parlance, these multiple components are referred to as multiple response variables.
ANCOVA: Nonparametric and Randomization Approaches
Authors: Petraitis Peters. , Beaupre Steven J , Dunham Arthur E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecological data often fail to meet required parametric assumptions. When this occurs, randomization approaches can provide a good alternative to more familiar parametric methods such as analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and regression analysis. Randomization methods are quite easy to use, and because standard parametric ANCOVA is well known to ecologists, we use it to motivate our discussions of the benefits and problems associated with using nonparametric and randomization methods.
Nonlinear Curve Fitting: Predation and Functional Response Curves
Authors: Juliano Steven A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The number of prey that an individual predator kills (or the number of hosts a parasitoid attacks) is a function of prey density and is known as the functional response (Holling 1966). In general, the number of prey killed in a fixed time approaches an asymptote as prey density increases (Holling 1966). There are at least three types of curves that can be used to model the functional response (Holling 1966; Taylor 1984; Trexler et al. 1988) that represent differences in the proportion of available prey killed in a fixed time.
Law, Democracy and Moral Disagreement Reciprocity, Slavery, and Abortion
Authors: George Robert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One hears much these days about the decline of civility, decorum, and respect among adversaries in public discourse and civic affairs in the United States and elsewhere. Some find the possibility of a palliative in variously articulated notions of why it is important, on many morally divisive issues, to “agree to disagree.” Many of these notions tend in the direction of skepticism about the possibility of objective truth, practical consensus, or both on such issues. Others tend toward the formal exclusion of substantive moral debate from the realm of politics, lest the passions inevitably unleashed in morally charged political disputation jeopardize social stability. A different tendency is evident, however, in Democracy and Disagreement: Why Moral Conflict Cannot Be Avoided in Politics, and What Should Be Done about It, by political philosophers Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson. These authors eschew both skepticism and the exclusion of moral ideals from political debate. They offer thoughtful reflections on the implications of moral disagreement for the conduct of civic life and measured advice about how our polity can best cope with deeply entrenched moral disagreement.
The Use of Heparin, Low Molecular Weight Heparin, and Oral Anticoagulants in the Management of Thromboembolic Disease
Authors: Pineo Graham F , Hull Russell D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients with cancer, regardless of the site of origin, are prone to develop venous thromboembolic disease. Cancer has been known to be a risk factor for the development of thromboembolism since the time of the original publication by Trousseau. Patients presenting with idiopathic venous thrombosis who do not have cancer at presentation are at risk for the development of cancer later on. The incidence of cancer in patients with recurrent idiopathic venous thrombosis is higher than in patients with secondary venous thrombosis. Cancer is also a significant cause of death during follow-up in patients who present with deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism.
Assessment of Symptoms in the Cognitively Impaired
Authors: Stein Wendy M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on symptom assessment in the cognitively impaired, one of the more challenging assessment problems faced by clinicians in the practice of palliative medicine. Pain is the symptom best researched to date in cognitively impaired patients, and the majority of the data presented pertains to this symptom. The challenge in assessment predominantly affects the elderly; this chapter emphasizes research in this rapidly growing segment of the population. Clinical suggestions for cogent treatment strategies will be offered on the basis of the data presented and recent clinical trials.
Clearing the Way
Authors: Hallett Garth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plantinga recounts of his wife that “on first hearing she thought the thesis of God and Other Minds—which might be summarized as the idea that belief in God and belief in other minds are in the same epistemological boat—was one of the sillier things she had heard:’ The two beliefs did not strike her as at all comparable. Why not? The likeliest answer I can surmise is that the existence of other minds appears so evident and sure compared with the existence of God. Whereas sane people doubt the existence of God, surely sane people do not doubt the existence of other minds with thoughts, feelings, and desires other than their own. Here, it has been said, is a great and evident difference between belief in God and belief in other minds.
Teleology
Authors: Hallett Garth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our exploration continues, in search of evidence for other minds and evidence for God, preparing a final comprehensive comparison between the two beliefs. Having examined more or less immediate experience of God and of other minds, then analogical indications on both sides, now we turn to what many have judged the strongest evidence for God’s existence—the kind formulated in one or other version of the “teleological argument.” Hume’s classic statement of this argument reads in part: “The curious adapting of means to ends, throughout all nature, resembles exactly, though it much exceeds, the productions of human contrivance; of human design, thought, wisdom and intelligence.
Concluding Comparisons
Authors: Hallett Garth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The heart of the case for belief in God and belief in other minds has, I believe, now been explored; chapters 4 to 7 have reviewed the most important evidence. However, since people have advanced many other arguments for the existence of God and several others for the existence of other minds, I shall illustrate the reasons for this assessment of the evidence and for my limited sampling by adding two more arguments, one for God and one for other minds, and examining the arguments’ credentials. At the same time, with this inquiry’s sampling of evidence drawing to a close, I shall need to address the problem that confronts any arguments which, not sufficing individually, form a cumulative case—namely, the problem of the arguments’ common reference.
Experimental Design and Practical Problems of Implementation
Authors: Boutin Stan , Krebs Charles J , Nams Vilis O , Sinclair A R E , Boonstra Rudy , O’donoghue Mark , Doyle Cathy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we summarize the experimental design and explore the reasons for particular choices among competing designs. For any given experimental design, the difficulty is in the details of implementing the design, and here we present the practical is­ sues we faced. Part of this discussion may be useful to anyone contemplating a long-term, multidisciplinary ecological field study, but the thrust of this chapter is to discuss the experiments we did at Kluane Lake from 1986 to 1996, why we did them, and how. The experimental design is the Achilles heel of all field ecological research, and it al­ ways involves compromise because many ecological factors can impinge on any population or community and one cannot study all of them. Three choices dictate the experimental design. One must first decide on the treatments to be studied. Given the treatments, decisions about the size of the treatment unit and the spatial interspersion of the treatments are next. And finally, one must decide on the level of replication of the treatments. All of these issues have been discussed extensively in the statistical literature (e.g., Fisher 1966, Sokal and Rohlf 1995), and we apply these general statistical principles to the particular question of understanding how the boreal forest community functions.