bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Begomoviruses Associated with Leaf Curl Disease of Tomato in Java, Indonesia*
Authors: Sukamto  , Kon T. , Hidayat S. H. , Ito K. , Hase S. , Takahashi H. , Ikegami M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe report that several begomoviruses are associated with tomato leaf curl disease in Java, Indonesia. Tomato plants with leaf curl symptoms were collected from Bandung (west Java), Purwokerto (central Java), Magelang (central Java) and Malang (east Java) of Indonesia, the major tomato‐growing areas of the country. Viruses were detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with universal primers for the genusBegomovirus. PCR‐amplified fragments were cloned and sequenced. Based on sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses, the viruses were divided into three groups. With respect to amino acid (aa) identities of the N‐terminal halves of the coat proteins compared in this study, group I was most closely related toAgeratum yellow vein virus(AYVV) (97%),Ageratum yellow vein China virus‐[Hn2] (AYVCNV‐[Hn2]) (96%) andAgeratum yellow vein virus‐[Taiwan] (AYVV‐[Tai]) (95%), and ageratum‐infecting begomovirus from Java (99%). Group II had high sequence identity with a tentative species of tomato leaf curl Java virus (ToLCJAV) (96% aa) for the CP. Group III was most closely related to a proposed species of Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (PepYLCIDV) (90% aa identity) by its partial CP sequence.
Pilot study of the effects of local pressure on microvascular function in the diabetic foot
Authors: Newton D. J. , Bennett S. P. , Fraser J. , Khan F. , Belch J. J. F. , Griffiths G. , Leese G. P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAim  The aim of the study was to determine whether areas of the diabetic foot that experience high pressures during normal activity also demonstrate reductions in cutaneous microvascular flow and/or endothelial function.Methods  Sixteen patients with diabetes mellitus and eight healthy, age‐matched control subjects were recruited. Maps of dynamic pressure on the plantar aspect of both feet were recorded during a normal gait cycle, and the skin microvascular blood flow response to the endothelium‐dependent vasodilator acetylcholine was assessed at the sites of highest and lowest plantar pressure over the metatarsal heads.Results  Patients with diabetes had higher plantar pressures than control subjects (P = 0.002), but there were no significant differences in basal skin blood flow or acetylcholine response between the groups. In the patients, baseline flow was increased (P = 0.041) but the acetylcholine response reduced (P = 0.03) at the high‐pressure compared with the low‐pressure site; this was most apparent in those who were particularly at risk of ulceration due to high plantar pressures.Conclusions  Chronically raised plantar pressure in the diabetic foot is associated with increased basal skin blood flow, compared with lower pressure areas on the same foot. Further work is required to determine whether, and under what conditions, this additional hyperaemia is protective or maladaptive. In addition, high‐pressure areas have a reduced responsiveness to an endothelium‐dependent vasodilator, although the clinical significance of these changes is not clear.
Screening for Type 2 diabetes in the accident and emergency department
Authors: George P. M. , Valabhji J. , Dawood M. , Henry J. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAim  To assess the proportion of patients, aged 40 years and over, attending an inner city accident and emergency department that have Type 2 diabetes, and the proportion previously undiagnosed, and to assess whether the identification of undiagnosed Type 2 diabetes is feasible in this setting.Methods  Five hundred unselected people participated. All completed a demographic questionnaire regarding risk factors for diabetes. In those without known diabetes, random capillary blood glucose (CBG) was measured. If this was greater than 7.0 mmol/l, patients were asked to return for two fasting blood glucose tests. Diagnosis of diabetes was based on World Health Organization criteria.Results  Of the 500 participating subjects, 73 were already known to have Type 2 diabetes. Of the remaining 427 subjects, 36 had CBG > 7.0 mmol/l. All 36 returned for fasting blood tests: 13 fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for Type 2 diabetes, eight for impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and 15 had normal fasting glucose values. The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes was therefore 17.2%, including 2.6% with a new diagnosis, and 14.6% with pre‐existing disease; 1.6% were found to have IFG. Body mass index was greater in those with Type 2 diabetes (previously and newly diagnosed) [27.1 (5.15) (mean ± standard deviation)] vs. 25.8 (4.70) kg/m2; unpaired t‐test P = 0.0213), and those with Type 2 diabetes were more likely to be of black and minority ethnic origin (57 vs. 28%; χ2P < 0.001) and to have a first‐degree family history of diabetes (45 vs. 23%; χ2P < 0.001).Conclusions  It can be estimated from this survey that, annually, this case‐finding methodology could identify 539 (95% CI 249–828) people aged 40 years and over attending our accident and emergency department with previously undiagnosed Type 2 diabetes.
What role do extracellular matrix changes contribute to the cardiovascular disease burden of diabetes mellitus?
Authors: Tayebjee M. H. , Lip G. Y. H. , MacFadyen R. J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMatrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and their inhibitors (TIMP) are central factors in the control of extracellular matrix turnover. They are important in normal physiology and also during a range of pathological states. In this review, we have systematically identified clinical articles relevant to cardiovascular disease in diabetes from the last 10 years. Our aim was to outline the structure, function and regulation of metalloproteinases and their key roles in cardiomyopathy and vasculopathy in diabetes. We also explore the effects of drug intervention on both human subjects with diabetes and experimental animal models. The modulation of MMP and TIMP activity using drugs that affect the expression and function of these proteins may provide us with new ways to treat this serious and disabling disease, and we explore potential mechanisms and treatments.
Rural Vincentians’ (Caribbean) beliefs about the usage of non‐prescribable medicines for treating Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Moss M. C. , McDowell J. R. S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAims  To explore beliefs among persons in St. Vincent, a rural Caribbean Community, regarding the usage of non‐prescribable medicines for treating Type 2 diabetes.Methods  A phenomenological enquiry explored people's experiences and the manner in which they interpret these. One focus‐group interview was conducted of persons attending a rural diabetes clinic in St Vincent to generate insights into the phenomenon. Analysis was undertaken using the four steps utilized in phenomological studies of bracketing, intuiting, analysis and description. The findings result in deeper understanding and definition of the phenomenon.Results  A variety of non‐prescribable, predominantly herbal and folk, medicines were commonly used as a means of self care in diabetes. Usage was underpinned by a system of lay beliefs about diabetes and beliefs in the treatment efficacy of folk medicine. A strong religious influence formed the basis of diabetes treatment and offered some symptom relief and therefore treatment satisfaction through spiritual revelations about remedies. Conventional medicines were taken in conjunction with non‐prescribable treatments or else not at all.Conclusions  Non‐prescribable medicines were believed by participants to be efficacious. Conventional medication was perceived as an access to medical care. Study findings may be relevant to other rural populations with strong social and religious mores.
Stability of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measurements from frozen whole blood samples stored for over a decade
Authors: Selvin E. , Coresh J. , Jordahl J. , Boland L. , Steffes M. W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObjective  Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), a measure of long‐term glycaemic control, is at the centre of the clinical management of diabetes mellitus. However, the reproducibility of HbA1c measurements from whole blood samples which have been in long‐term storage is unknown. We undertook this study to assess the reproducibility of HbA1c measurements from whole blood samples that had been in storage at −70°C for over a decade.Research design and methods  Three hundred and thirty‐six samples of frozen whole blood from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, stored at −70°C for 11–14 years assayed for HbA1c using a dedicated ion‐exchange HPLC assay (Tosoh A1c 2.2 Plus HPLC) were compared with measurements on these same samples conducted prior to storage (in 1990–92) using a Diamat (Bio‐Rad) HPLC instrument.Results  HbA1c measurements from long‐term stored samples were strongly correlated with values obtained prior to long‐term storage (r = 0.97). The difference between HbA1c from long‐ and short‐term stored samples had a mean of 0.35% HbA1c (sd = 0.35) and a CV of 5.8%, which was approximately three times that of duplicate assays (CV 1.3 to 2.5%).Conclusions  These data demonstrate that highly correlated but more variable and slightly higher HbA1c results were obtained from frozen whole blood samples that have been in storage for more than a decade. This highly reproducible assay performance would lead to comparable ranking of individuals and unbiased estimates of relative risks and odds ratios in epidemiological studies (case‐control and cohort designs), but results should be realigned when the absolute value is of interest. These results have important implications for epidemiological studies and clinical trials which have stored whole blood specimens.
Insulin sensitivity independently influences brachial–ankle pulse‐wave velocity in non‐diabetic subjects
Authors: Kasayama S. , Saito H. , Mukai M. , Koga M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAims  Measurement of pulse‐wave velocity (PWV) is a non‐invasive technique for assessing arterial stiffness. Although insulin resistance is associated with intimal–medial thickness of the carotid artery evaluated by B‐mode ultrasonography, it is not known whether it is related to PWV. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between homeostasis model assessment insulin sensitivity index (HOMA‐%S) and PWV in non‐diabetic subjects. We also examined the effects of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 2‐h glucose and plasma high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (CRP) on PWV, as these two parameters are associated with atherosclerosis.Methods  A 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test was performed in 1934 Japanese subjects who were undergoing health examinations. Of these subjects, we recruited 1541 non‐diabetic subjects without chronic or acute inflammation, malignant diseases, autoimmune disorders, elevated serum creatinine levels, and abnormal hepatic function tests. Subjects who had an abnormal ankle/brachial blood pressure index of less than 0.9 were also excluded. Brachial‐ankle PWV and plasma high‐sensitivity CRP were measured on 1541 subjects who satisfied the admission criteria.Results  PWV was 12.55 ± 1.61 (mean ± sd) m/s and plasma CRP concentration was 0.4 mg/l (median, range, 0.1–5.8 mg/l) in the study subjects. By multivariate regression analysis, HOMA‐%S was found to be an independent negative risk factor for PWV, while systolic blood pressure, age and triglycerides were positively associated with PWV. OGTT 2‐h glucose was weakly and independently related to PWV in male subjects. Plasma CRP was not independently associated with PWV.Conclusions  Insulin resistance is independently associated with PWV in non‐diabetic subjects.
INCOMMENSURABLE ALTERNATIVES AND RATIONAL CHOICE
Authors: Andreou Chrisoula 
Published: August 2005

AbstractI consider the implications of incommensurability for the assumption, in rational choice theory, that a rational agent's preferences are complete. I argue that, contrary to appearances, the completeness assumption and the existence of incommensurability are compatible. Indeed, reflection on incommensurability suggests that one's preferences should be complete over even the incommensurable alternatives one faces.
THE ESSENTIAL AND THE ACCIDENTAL
Authors: Gorman Michael 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe distinction between the essential and the accidental is nearly always understood in modal terms. After criticizing some recent writings by Kit Fine that question that understanding, I develop a theory according to which whether a given feature of a thing is essential turns on whether it is explained by other features of that thing. The theory differs from the modal view by leaving room for features that are accidental even though their bearers cannot exist without them. The theory has the additional advantage of being open to the results of scientific theory.
EASY's GETTIN’ HARDER ALL THE TIME: THE COMPUTATIONAL THEORY AND AFFECTIVE STATES
Authors: Megill Jason , Cogburn Jon 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe argue that A. Damasio's (1994) Somatic Marker hypothesis can explain why humans don’t generally suffer from the frame problem, arguably the greatest obstacle facing the Computational Theory of Mind. This involves showing how humans with damaged emotional centers are best understood as actually suffering from the frame problem. We are then able to show that, paradoxically, these results provide evidence for the Computational Theory of Mind, and in addition call into question the very distinction between easy and hard problems in the contemporary philosophy of mind.
MONKEYS, TYPEWRITERS, AND OBJECTIVE CONSEQUENTIALISM
Authors: Wiland Eric 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThere have been several recent attempts to refute objective consequentialism on the grounds that it implies the absurd conclusion that even the best of us act wrongly. Some have argued that we act wrongly from time to time; others have argued that we act wrongly regularly. Here I seek to strengthen reductio arguments against objective consequentialism by showing that objective consequentialism implies that we almost never act rightly. I show that no matter what you do, there is almost certainly something else you could do that would have even better consequences. If objective consequentialism is true, the ratio of the number of your right actions to the number of your wrong actions is very close to zero.
Impaired glutamine metabolism in NMDA receptor hypofunction induced by MK801
Authors: Brenner Eiliv , Kondziella Daniel , Håberg Asta , Sonnewald Ursula 
Published: August 2005

AbstractParadoxically, glutamate receptor antagonists have neurotoxic and psychotogenic properties in addition to their neuroprotective potential during excessive glutamate release. In the present study the non‐competitive N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK801 was used to examine glial–neuronal interactions in NMDA receptor hypofunction. Rats were given a subanesthetic dose of MK801 together with [1‐13C]glucose and [1,2‐13C]acetate, and brains were removed 20 min later. Analyses of extracts from cingulate, retrosplenial plus middle frontal cortices (CRFC) and temporal lobe were performed using HPLC and 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Hypofunction of the NMDA receptor induced similar changes in both brain areas investigated; however, the changes were most pronounced in the temporal lobe. Generally, only labeling from [1‐13C]glucose was affected by MK801. In CRFC and temporal lobe amounts of both labeled and unlabeled glutamine were increased, whereas those of aspartate were decreased. In the CRFC the decrease in labeling of aspartate was greater than the decrease in concentration, leading to decreased 13C enrichment. In temporal lobe, not in CRFC, increased concentrations of glutamate, GABA, succinate, glutathione and inositol were detected together with increased labeling of GABA and succinate from [1‐13C]glucose. 13C Enrichment was decreased in glutamate and increased in succinate. The results point towards a disturbance in glutamate–glutamine cycling and thus interaction between neurons and glia, since labeling of glutamate and glutamine from glucose was affected differently.
Metabolic correction in microglia derived from Sandhoff disease model mice
Authors: Tsuji Daisuke , Kuroki Aya , Ishibashi Yasuhiro , Itakura Tomohiro , Itoh Kohji 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSandhoff disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by a defect of the β‐subunit gene (HEXB) associated with simultaneous deficiencies of β‐hexosaminidase A (HexA; αβ) and B (HexB; ββ), and excessive accumulation of GM2 ganglioside (GM2) and oligosaccharides with N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues at their non‐reducing termini. Recent studies have shown the involvement of microglial activation in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration of this disease. We isolated primary microglial cells from the neonatal brains of Sandhoff disease model mice (SD mice) produced by disruption of the murine Hex β‐subunit gene allele (Hexb–/–). The cells expressed microglial cell‐specific ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1)‐immunoreactivity (IR) and antigen recognized by Ricinus communis agglutinin lectin‐120 (RCA120), but not glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐IR specific for astrocytes. They also demonstrated significant intracellular accumulation of GM2 and GlcNAc‐oligosaccharides. We produced a lentiviral vector encoding for the murine Hex β‐subunit and transduced it into the microglia from SD mice with the recombinant lentivirus, causing elimination of the intracellularly accumulated GM2 and GlcNAc‐oligosaccharides and secretion of Hex isozyme activities from the transduced SD microglial cells. Recomibinant HexA isozyme isolated from the conditioned medium of a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line simultaneously expressing the human HEXA (α‐subunit) and HEXB genes was also found to be incorporated into the SD microglia via cell surface cation‐independent mannose 6‐phosphate receptor and mannose receptor to degrade the intracellularly accumulated GM2 and GlcNAc‐oligosaccharides. These results suggest the therapeutic potential of recombinant lentivirus encoding the murine Hex β‐subunit and the human HexA isozyme (αβ heterodimer) for metabolic cross‐correction in microglial cells involved in progressive neurodegeneration in SD mice.
Runx1 expression defines a subpopulation of displaced amacrine cells in the developing mouse retina
Authors: Stewart Lee , Potok Mary Anne , Camper Sally A. , Stifani Stefano 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAML1/Runx1 (Runx1) is a mammalian transcription factor that plays critical roles in regulating the differentiation of a number of different cell types. In the present study, we have utilized mice expressing β‐galactosidase (β‐gal) under the control of the Runx1 promoter to characterize the spatiotemporal expression pattern of Runx1 during retinogenesis. Expression of β‐gal was first detected at embryonic day 13.5 in post‐mitotic cells located in the inner retina and overlapped with expression of the early amacrine and ganglion cell marker protein Islet1. During subsequent developmental stages, the number of β‐gal‐positive cells increased in a central‐to‐peripheral gradient until late embryogenesis but then decreased in the early post‐natal retina. β‐gal‐positive cells were located primarily in the ganglion cell layer by late embryonic/early post‐natal stages and were identified as a subpopulation of displaced amacrine cells by the continued expression of Islet1, as well as Pax6, and the coexpression of the amacrine cell subtype‐specific markers choline acetyltransferase, calretinin and the 65‐kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase. These findings identify Runx1 as a novel marker for a restricted amacrine cell subtype and suggest a role for this gene in regulating the post‐mitotic development of these cells.
Neuronal K+/Cl– co‐transporter (KCC2) transgenes lacking neurone restrictive silencer element recapitulate CNS neurone‐specific expression and developmental up‐regulation of endogenous KCC2 gene
Authors: Uvarov Pavel , Pruunsild Priit , Timmusk Tõnis , Airaksinen Matti S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe K+/Cl– co‐transporter KCC2 maintains the low intracellular chloride concentration required for fast synaptic inhibition and is exclusively expressed in neurones of the CNS. Here, we show that the KCC2 gene (alias SLC12a5) has multiple transcription start sites and characterize the activity of 6.8 kb of mouse KCC2 gene regulatory sequence (spanning 1.4 kb upstream from exon 1 to exon 2) using luciferase reporters. Overexpression of neurone‐restrictive silencer factor repressed the reporter activity in vitro, apparently via a neurone restrictive silencer element (NRSEKCC2) within intron 1 of the mouse KCC2 gene. In transgenic mice, however, KCC2 reporters with or without deletion of the NRSEKCC2 were expressed exclusively in neurones and predominantly in the CNS with a similar pattern and developmental up‐regulation as endogenous KCC2. Moreover, a third transgene with just a 1.4‐kb KCC2 promoter region lacking the NRSEKCC2‐bearing intron 1 was still expressed predominantly in neural tissues. Thus, developmental up‐regulation of the KCC2 gene does not require NRSEKCC2 and the 1.4‐kb KCC2 promoter is largely sufficient for neurone‐specific expression of KCC2.
Isolation and characterization of eight microsatellite loci from Phaedranassa tunguraguae (Amaryllidaceae)
Authors: OLEAS NORA H. , MEEROW ALAN W. , FRANCISCO‐ORTEGA JAVIER 
Published: August 2005

Abstract Phaedranassa tunguraguae is an endangered species endemic to Ecuador. Eight highly polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from an enriched genomic library for this species. Levels of polymorphism were evaluated using a total of 31 individuals from a single natural population. An average of 14.1 alleles per locus was detected, and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.387 to 0.903. All but one locus depart significantly from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. These loci are the first microsatellite primers isolated for Amaryllidaceae and will be utilized to investigate patterns of genetic variation of P. tunguraguae, which will contribute data relevant to the conservation of the species.
Development and characterization of novel di‐ and tetranucleotide microsatellite markers in Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus)
Authors: CANINO MICHAEL F. , SPIES INGRID B. , HAUSER LORENZ 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) supports large commercial fisheries in the northern Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. Here we characterize 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated from enriched genomic libraries. Loci were screened on a sample of 96 spawning adults. The average number of alleles per locus was 25.3 (range 12–44), with expected heterozygosities (HE) ranging from 0.54 to 0.97. No significant deviations of genotypic proportions from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium or linkage equilibrium were detected. These markers will be used in future studies of population structure and mixed stock analysis of this important gadid species.
locuseater and shadowboxer: programs to optimize experimental design and multiplexing strategies for genetic mark–recapture
Authors: HOYLE SIMON D. , PEEL DAVID , OVENDEN JENNY R. , BRODERICK DAMIEN , BUCKWORTH RIK C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractGenetic mark–recapture requires efficient methods of uniquely identifying individuals. ‘Shadows’ (individuals with the same genotype at the selected loci) become more likely with increasing sample size, and bias harvest rate estimates. Finding loci is costly, but better loci reduce analysis costs and improve power. Optimal microsatellite panels minimize shadows, but panel design is a complex optimization process. locuseater and shadowboxer permit power and cost analysis of this process and automate some aspects, by simulating the entire experiment from panel design to harvest rate estimation.