bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling and measuring the spectral bidirectional reflectance factor of snow‐covered sea ice: an intercomparison study
Authors: Li Shusun , Zhou Xiaobing 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBroadband albedo is a very important geophysical parameter in the Earth surface–atmosphere interaction in either global climate change or hydrological cycle and snowmelt runoff studies. To derive the broadband albedo accurately from satellite optical sensor observation at limited bands and at a single observation angle, the bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) has to be specified quantitatively. In the present albedo derivation algorithms from the satellite radiance data, the BRF is either modelled or observed. Questions may arise as to how well a BRF model can be in the broadband albedo derivation. To help answer such questions, we studied the performance of a snow‐surface BRF model for two specific cases under large solar zenith angles (65° and 85°). We measured snow‐surface spectral directional reflectance under clear skies. The snow physical properties, such as snow grain size and snow density, at the same sites were also measured. In situ snow physical data are used to simulate the snow‐surface BRF and hemispherical directional reflectance factor (HDRF) through a multilayered azimuth‐ and zenith‐dependent plane‐parallel radiative transfer model. The field measurements and BRF and HDRF simulations all reveal the forward‐scattering nature of snow surface under large solar incidence angles, but the BRF model results depict the strongest forward‐scattering patterns under such solar zenith angles. Because the HDRF is simulated through coupling of the surface BRF with radiative transfer in the atmosphere, the resulting HDRF patterns agree with the field measurements better than the simulated BRF does. The deviation of the simulated HDRF from field‐based clear‐sky directional reflectance (FCDR) is within ±10% for the central (viewing zenith angle <45° ) and lateral sides of the viewing hemisphere. This level of agreement between the simulated HDRF and FCDR also implies that the simulated BRF model can provide remote‐sensing estimates of spectral albedo with an uncertainty of ±10% for the same part of the viewing hemisphere. Further improvement in BRF model performance requires better handling of single scattering properties of snow grains, surface roughness, and atmospheric correction. Also, better procedures and techniques in field measurement are necessary for more accurate assessment of the performance of BRF models. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential role for platelet apheresis for post‐liver transplant thrombocytosis complicating portal vein thrombosis
Authors: Au W.Y. , Liu C.L. , Lo C.M. , Fan S.T. , Ma S.K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractExcept for patients with underlying myeloproliferative diseases (MPD), thrombocytosis is rarely encountered in cirrhotic patients after liver transplantation. Although the long‐term control of primary thrombocytosis is important for the prevention of graft thrombosis in MPD patients, the threshold for intervention and best mode for the control of persistent reactive thrombocytosis after liver transplantation is unclear. We present two patients with extreme reactive thrombocytosis (over 1,000 × 109/l) due to intra‐abdominal sepsis after liver transplantation. Furthermore, both patients suffered from bleeding problems as well as ongoing venous thrombosis of the graft. Rapid control of the platelet count was achieved using platelet apheresis. The use of cell separation procedures may be a relatively rapid, reversible, and reasonably safe way to control platelet counts peri‐operatively in liver transplant recipients. J. Clin. Apheresis 19:192–196, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biosorption and bioreduction of diamine silver complex by Corynebacterium
Authors: Zhang Haoran , Li Qingbiao , Lu Yinghua , Sun Daohua , Lin Xueping , Deng Xu , He Ning , Zheng Shuzhen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCorynebacterium strain SH09 separated from a silver mine was used for biosorption and bioreduction of diamine silver complex. The biosorption of the diamine silver complex was better than that of silver ions and the maximum of the former was about 350 (mg Ag) (g dried biomass)−1. After dried cells of SH09 were resuspended in the aqueous solution of diamine silver complex in the dark at 60 °C for more than 72 h, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations showed that a large quantity of black particles whose diameter ranged from 10 to 15 nm were formed on the cell wall. The particles were identified as being silver nanoparticles by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and UV‐vis spectroscopy. Under the same conditions, no bioreduction of silver nitrate was found. According to IR spectra, some functional groups, such as the amide of the proteins, were involved in the processes of biosorption and bioreduction. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Numerical simulation of compressible fluid flow in 3D domains with translating boundaries
Authors: Horváth András , Horváth Zoltán 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn our paper we present a method to the computational simulation of flow problems on domains with translating boundaries. Our moving mesh algorithm, defined on special tetrahedral meshes, avoids global interpolation and re‐meshing, thus it works quite efficiently on problems with strongly deforming domains while ensures conservativity. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Conservative Velocity Interpolation for PDF Methods
Authors: Meyer D. W. , Jenny P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn many particle methods the accurate interpolation of a velocity field represented on a computational grid to arbitrary positions is crucial [2, 5]. Here, the importance of mass conservation and order of the interpolation scheme were analyzed. Initially equally distributed particles were tracked in a stationary, incompressible 2d flow field using different interpolation schemes. It could be demonstrated that especially mass conservation is of great importance, in particular in the case of complex flow patterns. The ideas presented in this paper are more general and the methods can be extended for unsteady, compressible 3d flow problems. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Viscous compressible stability investigations in cylindrical coordinates
Authors: Müller S. B. , Keiderling F. , Kleiser L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA viscous stability code based on the linearized compressible Navier‐Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates was developed. In this contribution, we discuss general aspects of its application and present some results on the stability of swirling jet flow at high subsonic Mach number. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the Influence of Thermal Convection in Classical Taylor‐Couette Flows
Authors: Bonczek P. , Egbers C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe presented work deals with the instabilities that occur in the flow of a viscous fluid between axisymmetric cylinders with a rotating inner and stationary outer cylinder. The results of a numerical study of convective flows are presented. The inner cylinder is rotating and heated from within, while the outer cylinder is stationary and cooled outside. Stationary horizontal endplates are used to seal the annulus, forming an enclosure. The working fluid is silikon oil M3. The flow of oil was rendered visible by injecting aluminium powder. By increasing the Reynolds number with angular velocity of the driving inner cylinder, the flow bifurcates into different types of instabilities. Investigation was aimed to find the values of critical Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers corresponding to the critical speeds and temperature differences at which these instabilities set in. The three‐dimensional problem was modelled numerically using software package FLUENT in which discretization is performed by means of finite volume techniques. Computational grid was created in preprocessor Gambit. Numerical experiments are conducted to determine the interdependence between the heat transfer mechanism and the structure of secondary flows
Experimental investigation of natural convection in rotating and non rotating wide spherical annuli
Authors: Brucks Antje , Sitte Bernd 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe axisymmetric and stationary basic flow due to the unstable stratification in the lower region of a spherical annulus cooled from inside has already been investigated in some detail ([5], [4]). The same applies to the columnar cell flow regime of high Taylor numbers dominated by the force component perpendicular to the rotation axis ([2] and [3]). Yet the question of the initial mechanism of symmetry breaking at medium Taylor numbers has still not been investigated. Therefore the present paper investigates the onset of natural convection in a differentially heated wide spherical gap. The stability curves for radius ratio η = 0.4 and a silicon oil fluid with Pr = 39 are determined by varying Rayleigh and Taylor number. The m = 2 vortex is investigated in detail using quasi 3D Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Periodical Convective Flow in Spherical Shells
Authors: Futterer B. , Hollerbach R. , Egbers C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNatural convection in wide spherical shells of aspect ratio β = 1 changes in fundamental ways, when the Rayleigh number Ra reaches critical values. For low Ra the convection is steady and axisymmetric, but above a critical value it becomes timedependent, with plumes dripping of the ‘south pole’ periodically. At higher Ra these still two‐dimensional convective pulses become irregular in time, the transition occuring with period‐doubling bifurcation. Our numerical investigations of the flow show this transition scheme from steady to periodic to chaotic behaviour to be independent for Prandtl numbers Pr greater than 100. For decreasing Pr down to 6 the steady, axisymmetric basic state is observed up to higher and higher Ra . For β ≠ 1 the onset of periodicity appears at higher Ra , too. Small gap‐width reveal a crescent‐eddy type flow, wide gap‐width reveal a varied kidney‐shaped eddy type.
Spatial Velocity and Temperature Measurements in Non‐Isothermal Liquid Flows
Authors: Heiland H. G. , Wozniak G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA surface tension driven flow in the liquid vicinity of an air bubble on a heated wall is studied experimentally. The liquid flow caused by the temperature gradient along the surface of the bubble is termed thermocapillary convection. The surface tension force and the buoyancy force oppose one another. The measurement technique is the 3D particle tracking velocity and thermometry, 3D PTV/T, using thermochromic liquid crystals and digital image processing. The paper describes the method in some detail and presents quantitative results for different Marangoni numbers. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Physical Modelling of Point Source Dispersion Inside Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Authors: Uruba Václav , Jonáš Pavel , Mazur Oton , Bezpalcová Klára 
Published: December 2004

AbstractOne of the most important problems in the turbulence theory is the process of turbulent mixing. Although many theoretical and experimental studies on the structure functions of a passive scalar as well as the probability density functions of its increment and gradient in a turbulent fluid have been published so far, the instantaneous feature of an advected scalar has not been explored very well. There are only a few experimental studies on a scalar concentration fluctuation analysis in turbulent flows. In this study the time‐series of both longitudinal velocity component and concentration analysis are to be presented. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Deformation von Belebtschlammflocken in Dehnströmungen
Authors: Höfer Christine , Hartmann Christoph , Delgado Antonio 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIm vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Deformation von Belebtschlammflocken (BSF) in einer Dehnströmung betrachtet. Dazu werden BSF aus einer kommunalen Kläranlage in einem entsprechend geformten Kanal einer laminaren, dehnungsbehafteten Strömung ausgesetzt. Eine Dehnung der Flocken sowie Desintegration größerer Flockenaggregate durch diese mechanische Belastung können nachgewiesen werden. Diese strömungsinduzierte Desintegration erlaubt eine Vergrößerung der aktiven Oberfläche und verhindert eine metabolische Limitierung der inneren Bereiche der Flocken. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multi‐Block Solution Algorithm for Joint PDF Methods
Authors: Jenny P. , Rembold B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA multi‐block grid (MBG) based algorithm to solve the joint velocity‐frequency‐composition PDF transport equation for turbulent reactive flow is presented. The algorithm is based on a previously developed hybrid finite‐volume/particle approach which has significant advantages over stand alone particle PDF methods. It is demonstrated that the new solution method, due to the flexibility of MBGs, allows to perform simulation studies which involve very complex 3D geometries. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Waves in Reciprocating Compressors
Authors: Aigner Roland , Steinrück Herbert 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn case of fast running reciprocating compressors an oscillating momentum on the piston has been observed. This oscillation has been attributed to internal waves. The aim of this paper is to present a simple model to show how such waves are initiated. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Macroscopic pulse evolution for a nonlinear oscillator chain
Authors: Giannoulis Johannes , Mielke Alexander 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe are interested in the macroscopic evolution of the modulation of a pulse which captures dispersive effects in a nonlinear discrete model. In the weakly nonlinear setting the associated modulation equation turns out to be the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. We focus on the mathematical justification of this macroscopic limit. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of the degree of deacetylation and the substitution of carboxymethyl chitosan on its aggregation behavior
Authors: Chen Lingyun , Du Yumin , Tian Zhigang , Sun Liping 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe aggregation behavior of carboxymethyl chitosan (CM‐chitosan) with various degrees of deacetylation (DD) and substitution (DS) was characterized with viscometry, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and GPC coupled with laser light scattering (GPC‐LLS). The results indicate that CM‐chitosan has a strong tendency to form aggregates in aqueous solution and the aggregation behavior depends on DD and DS values. The apparent aggregation number (Nap), the gyration radius (Rg), and the weight fraction of the aggregates (Fa) reached maximum at a DD value of 50%, then decreased, with the DD value deviating from 50%. A higher DS value helped to form aggregates; when the DS value increased from 0.65 to above 1.0, Nap and Rg increased sharply. The dependence of the refractive index increment (dn/dc) on the DD and DS values was related to variation of the charge density and the hydrophobic interaction along the molecular chains. The conformations of CM‐chitosan aggregates were studied by the LLS method. The aggregates showed a spherical shape, and the chain stiffness increased with introduction of the acetyl groups. The DS value had no clear influence on the chain conformation that was observed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 296–305, 2005
Crystallization and morphology of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) blends. III. Crystallization and phase diagram by differential scanning calorimetry
Authors: Liu Jieping , Qiu Zhaobin , Jungnickel Bernd‐J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe crystallization of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) blends was studied with differential scanning calorimetry, from which the phase diagram was derived. Strong miscibility was underlined by the large negative Flory–Huggins interaction parameter (−0.25). The crystallization of the blend components differed remarkably. Whereas PVDF always crystallized in the surroundings of a homogeneous melt, PHB crystallized in a volume that was confined by the already existing PVDF spherulites, partly in their surroundings and partly inside. Under isothermal conditions, PVDF usually crystallized regularly in three dimensions with predominant quench‐induced athermal nucleation. The Avrami exponent for PVDF dendritic spherulitic growth was, however, distinctly smaller than that for compact growth, and this revealed the two‐dimensional lamellar growth inside. This deviation from ideal Avrami behavior was caused by the development of compositional inhomogeneities as PVDF crystallization proceeded, and this decelerated the kinetics. PHB crystallized three‐dimensionally with mixed thermal and athermal nucleation outside the PVDF spherulites. Inside the PVDF spherulites, PHB crystallization proceeded in a fibrillar fashion with thermal nucleation; the growth front followed the amorphous paths inside the dendritic PVDF spherulites. The crystallization was faster than that in the melt of uncrystallized PVDF. Solid PVDF acts possibly heterogeneously nucleating, accelerating PHB crystallization. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 287–295, 2005
Generalized lattice model of multicomponent equilibrium and nonequilibrium systems
Authors: Zakharov A. Yu , Zakharov M. A. , Lebedev V. V. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHelmholtz free energy functional in generalized lattice model is reduced to Ginzburg–Landau–like form. Connection between interatomic potentials characteristics and parameters of Ginzburg–Landau–like functional is obtained. Equations for equilibrium distributions of species in multicomponent systems are derived. Conditions of well‐posedness of the Ginzburg–Landau approximation are established. Corrections to Gorsky–Bragg–Williams condition of phase separation are founded. System of equations of rearrangement kinetics of multicomponent systems is derived. Description of the rearrangement processes via nonclassical partial differential equations is proposed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Report on three aliphatic dimethylarsinoyl compounds as common minor constituents in marine samples. An investigation using high‐performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Sloth Jens J. , Larsen Erik H. , Julshamn Kåre 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThree water‐soluble aliphatic arsenicals, dimethylarsinoyl acetate (DMAA), dimethylarsinoyl ethanol (DMAE), and dimethylarsinoyl propionate (DMAP), were identified in marine biological samples. Sample extracts in methanol/water (1 + 1) were analysed by cation‐exchange high‐performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC/ICPMS). Eluate fractions from the HPLC/ICPMS analyses containing the compounds in question were collected and subjected to analysis by electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS), which provided supportive evidence for the structures of the three compounds. The concentrations of the three arsenicals were determined in 37 marine organisms comprising algae, crustaceans, bivalves, fish and mammals by HPLC/ICPMS. The three arsenicals DMAA, DMAE and DMAP, which occurred at μg kg−1 concentrations, were detected in 25, 23 and 17 of the 37 samples analysed, respectively. The limits of detection were 2–3 μg kg−1 dry mass. The data illustrate that the three compounds are common minor constituents in marine samples. This is the first report on DMAE and DMAP as naturally occurring species in marine samples. The presence of DMAA and DMAE supports a proposed biosynthesis of arsenobetaine (AB) from dimethylarsinoylribosides. Alternative proposals, which explain the presence of the compounds in marine samples, are addressed briefly in the paper. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The contribution of All Quiet on the Western Front to our understanding of psychological trauma
Authors: Hunt Nigel 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe most effective way of coping with a traumatic event is to develop a narrative, which can take many forms, e.g., talking to friends and family, formal treatment, written accounts. Autobiographical works and novels by ex-soldiers are good examples of texts, which can aid psychologists’ understanding of traumatic stress, providing powerful insights not normally obtained through traditional psychological methods. Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front, illustrates the psychological problems experienced by men in battle. Psychologists have rarely used novels as sources of data, yet they provide a rich insight into the problems associated with traumatic events. The issues raised in the book include: an account of battle experience, civilian understanding, memory and coping. This approach can be used to extend our understanding of traumatic situations.
The fractal box dimension on human eyeball movement—objective, biological marker of schizophrenia?
Authors: Kleszczewski Tomasz , Rutkiewicz Wiesław 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe authors developed a method of measuring the fractal box dimension of the human eyeball movement.We found a fractal property in schizophrenic subjects (n = 20) and normal controls (n = 20). The value of the fractal box dimension for schizophrenic patients differs from the results obtained in the control group.
Build‐to‐order supply chain management: a literature review and framework for development
Authors: Gunasekaran A. , Ngai E.W.T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe build‐to‐order supply chain management (BOSC) strategy has recently attracted the attention of both researchers and practitioners, given its successful implementation in many companies including Dell computers, Compaq, and BMW. The growing number of articles on BOSC in the literature is an indication of the importance of the strategy and of its role in improving the competitiveness of an organization. The objective of a BOSC strategy is to meet the requirements of individual customers by leveraging the advantages of outsourcing and information technology. There are not many research articles that provide an overview of BOSC, despite the fact that this strategy is being promoted as the operations paradigm of the future. The main objective of this research is to (i) review the concepts of BOSC, (ii) develop definitions of BOSC, (iii) classify the literature based on a suitable classification scheme, leading to some useful insights into BOSC and some future research directions, (iv) review the selected articles on BOSC for their contribution to the development and operations of BOSC, (v) develop a framework for BOSC, and (vi) suggest some future research directions. The literature has been reviewed based on the following four major areas of decision‐making: organizational competitiveness, the development and implementation of BOSC, the operations of BOSC, and information technology in BOSC. Some of the important observations are: (a) there is a lack of adequate research on the design and control of BOSC, (b) there is a need for further research on the implementation of BOSC, (c) human resource issues in BOSC have been ignored, (d) issues of product commonality and modularity from the perspective of partnership or supplier development require further attention and (e) the trade‐off between responsiveness and the cost of logistics needs further study. The paper ends with concluding remarks.