bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidentials and other Grammatical Categories
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter we saw how evidentials interact with person. Evidentials interrelate, in different ways, with most other grammatical categories. Different evidentials may be available in a statement, in a question, or in a command. Which evidential is used may depend on whether a clause is positive or negative (that is, on choices made in the polarity system). The form or the semantics of an evidential may depend on tense-aspect or on mood.
Knowing as Desire: Dante’s Ulysses at the End of the Known World
Authors: Gherardi Silvia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do people and their organizations seek out knowledge? Most of the usual explanations emphasize the instrumental use of knowledge: we need knowledge in order to solve problems, gain competitive advantages, exploit innovation commercially, or contribute to the well-being of future generations. Alongside the practical necessity and purposefulness of knowledge gathering, however, there is another incentive that is perhaps undervalued in organization studies:
The Culture and Power of Criminological Research
Authors: Ericson Richard V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the research culture and influence of criminology. It makes three claims about criminology. First, regardless of its manifestations across academic disciplines, criminology is a policy field. Its primary research focus is principled courses of action that are or should be taken regarding conduct that is or could be criminalized. Secondly, criminology is a legal field.
Ministers and Modernisation: Criminal Justice Policy, 1997–2001
Authors: Windlesham Lord 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his first speech as Home Secretary after the General Election in June 2001 David Blunkett declared that he had been asked by the Prime Minister to chair a committee that included the Lord Chancellor and the Attorney General. Its remit was to oversee the modernization of the criminal justice system and drive up its performance.
Structure of a Negligence Claim
Authors: Cherie Booth QC , Squires Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following steps are generally taken when the courts consider negligence claims: Courts determine whether a claim is suitable or unsuitable for judicial determination. They do so primarily by considering whether the claim involves decisions relating to ‘policy’ or the allocation of resources, in which case it ought not to be considered by the courts. If the claim is suitable for judicial resolution, courts go on to consider whether a duty of care is owed. Courts determine, in the first instance, whether the claim falls within a category in which duties of care have been imposed in the past (eg directly inflicted personal injury) or whether it should be regarded as a ‘novel’ claim in which imposition of a duty would be new and potentially controversial.
Duty of Care
Authors: Cherie Booth QC , Squires Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to succeed in a negligence action, the claimant must establish that he or she was owed a ‘duty of care’ by the defendant. The following chapter examines the tests the courts apply to determine whether a duty is owed. It also considers the impact of jurisprudence of the European Court on Human Rights on imposition of a duty, and the particular difficulties imposing a duty in cases of pure economic losses, psychiatric harm and omissions.
Social ServiceS
Authors: Cherie Booth QC , Squires Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Various public authorities have responsibilities towards vulnerable individuals, and are accorded powers to protect such individuals from harm. Public authorities have powers to provide care for children, the elderly and those suffering from mental illnesses. The present chapter examines the potential liabilities of such authorities in relation to harm suffered because of failures in the provision of social services. Such harm can arise, for example, because claimants were abused while in the care of the authority, or because the authority has failed to protect children from abuse by their family.
Health and Safety Regulators
Authors: Cherie Booth QC , Squires Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Health and safety regulators’ are public authorities that are empowered to supervise the activities of third parties engaged in dangerous activities. Their aim is to provide protection to members of the public from physical harm. The present chapter examines the circumstances in which such regulators will be held liable in tort if their carelessness causes physical or economic losses to members of the public, or to those whose activities are the subject of the regulation. The chapter is structured as follows. This introduction gives a brief overview of the kinds of regulator that will be examined in the chapter, and the manner in which their regulatory activities are conducted.
Highways
Authors: Cherie Booth QC , Squires Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Damages claims brought against the public authorities responsible for the maintenance of highways are common. It has been suggested that claims brought against local authorities in their capacity as ‘highway authorities’ are far more prevalent than those arising from negligence in their roles, for example, as providers of educational or social services. This is unsurprising, given the total number of accidents that occur on the roads. While most accidents may be the fault of individual drivers, some could have been averted if the authority responsible for the highway had acted carefully in its maintenance of roads, its provision of signs, its removal of ice etc.
Armed Forces
Authors: Cherie Booth QC , Squires Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers claims brought against the Armed Forces where neg17.01 ligence of its members causes injuries to other members of the forces or to civilians. In order to understand the scope of liabilities where claimants are themselves members of the Armed Forces, it is necessary to consider the statutory immunity that was conferred upon the Forces. Section 10 of the Crown Proceedings Act 1947 provided the Crown with a broad immunity in relation to tort claims brought by members of the Armed Forces.
Introduction The Conflicting Claims of Creditors and the Family
Authors: Miller Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability of a family to continue to live in the family home and to maintain their standard of living may be seriously affected by the claims of their creditors. This may happen even though there is no dispute between the spouses or cohabitants, though in practice financial problems will often accompany a breakdown of the relationship. If their relationship does break down then the conflict is likely to become three sided. In these situations family law and family lawyers have to take into account the impact of those aspects of law dealing with debt recovery and insolvency.
Enforcing the Security
Authors: Miller Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the event of default by a borrower, the mortgagee has a number of possible remedies. The mortgagee could seek foreclosure of the mortgage, ie an order terminating the borrower’s right to redeem the mortgage, but resort to this remedy is now very rare. The mortgagee also has power to appoint a receiver, but this will normally only be appropriate where the subject matter of the mortgage is let and there is income from tenants. The most likely remedy to which a mortgagee will resort is that of sale of the mortgaged property so that the amount due under the mortgage can be recovered from the proceeds of sale. If there is a balance due after satisfaction of the mortgagee’s claim and expenses then the borrower will be entitled to this. If there is a shortfall then the mortgagee can pursue a personal claim against the borrower for the shortfall.
Insolvency and the Enforcement of Orders for Financial Provision
Authors: Miller Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The bankruptcy of a person against whom an order for financial provision or property adjustment has been made may create serious difficulties for the person in whose favour such an order has been made. An order for periodical payments involves a continuing obligation on the part of the person against whom it is made with the continuing risk of insolvency and bankruptcy on his part and the position is often aggravated by the accumulation of arrears. The obligations imposed by other forms of provision are normally expected to be discharged within a short time of the making of the order by the provision of security, the payment of a lump sum, or the transfer or settlement of property as the case may be, but the person against whom such orders are made may become bankrupt before they have been completed or become effective.
Trading, Plantations, and Chemicals
Authors: Jones Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between the 1960s and the 1990s the single most important characteristic of Unilever which distinguished it from its major international competitors in branded consumer goods was that the borders of the firm extended over a far wider span of industries and services. Unilever’s ownership of a huge Africancentred trading company, worldwide plantations, and—by the 1980s—a substantial speciality chemicals business was unique.
Human Resources
Authors: Jones Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Our employees ‘, Unilever’s Annual Report for 1990 observed, ‘are our most important asset. ‘ Before the Second World War, Unilever already employed around 100,000 people, but the post-war decades saw the number of employees expand dramatically, to reach around 350,000 in 1974. As Fig. 8.1 shows, Unilever employment then fell until the acquisition of Brooke Bond in 1984, with its large number of plantation workers, led to a surge in numbers again. Thereafter disposals and further rationalization reduced numbers to 300,000 by 1990.
Innovation
Authors: Jones Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unilever was among the largest corporate spenders on research in the world consumer packaged goods industries. By 1980 over 7,000 people were employed in the company’s research laboratories spread worldwide. Yet there was a persistent concern that Unilever was not realizing its full potential in innovation. In 1972 a McKinsey report on ‘Achieving Profitable Innovation ‘ concluded that, despite a level of spending which matched its competitors, Unilever was ‘not a consistent leader in significant innovation ‘. Eighteen years later another McKinsey report concluded that Unilever appeared ‘to lag ‘ in ‘pioneering major new businesses ‘, in part because its ‘excellent scientific base ‘ was ‘not being fully exploited ‘.
Organization: From Substance to Image?
Authors: Alvesson Mats 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last ten years the ideational dimensions of organizations and management have been heavily emphasized both in corporate practice and in organization theory. The interest in organizational culture and symbolism, corporate identity, images, visions, etc. is, however, often understood in an a-historical and a-sociological way. The broader lines of development in society and organizations that make these dimensions salient and more significant than before have hardly been investigated.
Collective Agreements and Employment Contracts
Authors: Brodie Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the UK, statute creates a conclusive presumption that collective agreements are not intended by the parties to be legally enforceable unless a number of specified conditions are met.1 These conditions are that the agreement is in writing, and contains a provision which (however expressed) states that the parties intend that the agreement shall be a legally enforceable contract. How explicit must that intention be? It seems clear that it would not be legitimate to infer an intention from the nature of the agreement or its wording in general.
Two case studies of applicative morphosyntax
Authors: Peterson David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this first main chapter, I will look at the morphosyntax of two applicative construction families in some detail, both to illustrate the phenomenon and to give some initial coverage of the relevant morphosyntactic and semantic characteristics for which applicative constructions may vary; this variability will be considered from a wider cross-linguistic perspective in the following chapter. These case studies might additionally serve as models for persons describing applicative constructions in the languages they work on, which, as we will see later, will be crucial to developing a more sophisticated understanding of their typology. Minimally, the types of questions asked here for these languages should be asked by any researcher working on these issues in another language.
Adjective Classes: What can we Conclude?
Authors: Hajek John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To many linguists, the claim made by Dixon in Chapter 1 that all languages will have three major word classes (noun, verb, adjective) is challenging and provocative. Cross-linguistically, it is generally considered that the distinction between noun and verb is, with rare exceptions, a robust one and relatively easy to establish, according to basic grammatical functions. Nouns prototypically head noun phrases which function as core arguments and appear in copula complements (or verbless clauses), whilst verbs prototypically function as heads of (in)transitive predicates which also bear all tense, aspect, and mood (hereafter TAM) marking. Our ability lo distinguish adjectives has long been known to be more difficult across languages (e.g. Dixon 1982, Bhat 1994, Wetzer 1992, 1996), since none of these basic grammatical functions arc associated only with adjectives, as opposed lo either nouns or verbs. Grammatical differences that allow for adjectives to be distinguished, when they occur, arc often much more subtle and diffuse. As a result, and as Dixon points out, many linguists arc reluctant lo recognize the existence of an independent adjective class in a language they arc describing.
The Late Modern Prison and the Question of Values
Authors: Liebling Alison , Arnold Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we provide an account of some of the transformations to have taken place in penal practices, values, and sensibilities between 1990 and 2003. Our argument is that the failure of the liberal penal project, a project that looked so promising early on in the last decade, came about partly because of a failure to understand the meaning of the term ‘liberal’ in the penal context. We shall illustrate the turbulent nature of this period and its relation to the prison empirically. The history of this period led us to a more general preoccupation with the meaning and application of key terms, particularly those terms embracing the language of values in prison. The remainder of the book will address these broader, related themes.
The Treatment of Cultural Property
Authors: Carruthers Janeen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interest in cultural property is ever increasing, witnessed by the creation and expansion of numerous museums and galleries, a growing number of exhibitions, a ‘constantly increasing flow of visitors to collections, monuments and archaeological sites, and the intensification of cultural exchanges’.2 This escalating curiosity is accompanied by an aggravated risk of theft and illicit trafficking. The art market, almost by definition, is an international market, and theft and illicit trafficking continue to be lucrative industries.
The Treatment of Securities Held with an Intermediary
Authors: Carruthers Janeen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Formulation of choice of law rules concerning the nature and transfer of shares and other securities was premised upon the existence of a direct relationship between the issuer and the investor. This relationship is rep- resented or evidenced, in the case of registered securities, by registration of the investor’s name in the books of the issuer, and in the case of bearer securities, by physical possession by the investor of a certificate. Transfer of the investor’s interest is achieved by means of registration in the issuer’s books, and/or by physical delivery of the relevant certificate.1 The traditional system is one of direct, materialized, mobilized holding.
The Situs Rule: For and Against
Authors: Carruthers Janeen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In view of the unquestionable support for application of the law of the situs to property disputes, it is interesting to consider some of the arguments which have been promulgated in support of this seemingly ineluctable connecting factor.1 There is a wide variety of arguments, and it is revealing to note Wolff’s remark that, ‘There is … no unanimity on the reason why the law of the situs should be decisive.’ It has even been suggested that the law of the situs has attained a special place as a connecting factor, not by merit, but by ‘history aided by frequent repetition of often superficial argument by textwriters and judges’.
Modern Company Law-Making
Authors: Wymeersch Eddy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this contribution to the study of the Report of the High Level Group of Company Law Experts on ‘A modem Regulatory Framework for Company Law In Europe’ (the ‘Report’ or ‘Winter Report’) is to reflect on the more formal aspects of regulating private companies in Europe. The Report contains some interesting proposals, both for regulating and for deregulating companies, while allowing the use of alternative forms of regulation. As a rule, substantive issues of Company Law in Europe will not be dealt with here.
The Remuneration of Executive and Non-Executive Directors
Authors: Ferrarini Guido , Moloney Niamh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the current controversy as to the effectiveness of executive remuneration as a tool of corporate governance but places the analysis in the particular context of the dispersed ownership/blockholding ownership faultline which runs across European corporate governance. It reveals that there is a close relation ship between governance systems and the sophistication and rigour of the regulatory response to executive remuneration.
European Union Communications Law
Authors: Walden Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The past 20 years has seen an extraordinary level of regulatory activity in the telecommunications sector within the European Union (EU). Well over 100 different directives, decisions, regulations, recommendations, and resolutions, relating to every aspect of the industry, have been officially adopted since 1984.1 Such activity brings into sharp relief a point raised in the introduction to this book: that market liberalization must not be confused with concepts of market deregulation.
Computational Approaches to Morphology and Syntax
Authors: Roark Brian , Sproat Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book will appeal to scholars and advanced students of morphology, syntax, computational linguistics and natural language processing (NLP). It provides a critical and practical guide to computational techniques for handling morphological and syntactic phenomena, showing how these techniques have been used and modified in practice. The authors discuss the nature and uses of syntactic parsers and examine the problems and opportunities of parsing algorithms for finite-state, context-free and various context-sensitive grammars. They relate approaches for describing syntax and morphology to formal mechanisms and algorithms, and present well-motivated approaches for augmenting grammars with weights or probabilities.
Introduction and Preliminaries
Authors: Roark Brian , Sproat Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Computational approaches to morphology and syntax are generally concerned with formal devices, such as grammars and stochastic models, and algorithms, such as tagging or parsing. They can range from primarily theoretical work, looking at, say, the computational complexity of algorithms for using a certain class of grammars, to mainly applied work, such as establishing best practices for statistical language modeling in the context of automatic speech recognition. Our intention in this volume is to provide a critical overview of the key computational issues in these domains along with some (though certainly not all) of the most effective approaches taken to address these issues. Some approaches have been known for many decades; others continue to be actively researched.
The Bureau as Unit of Governance
Authors: Goodsell Charles T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The bureau, or administrative department of government, is stereotypically thought of as not engaging in ‘governance’ writ large. It is seen as confined to implementation in the purely instrumental sense. Its work is regarded as carrying out the laws, policies, and instructions handed down by elected officials or issued by the regime as a whole­thus characterizing it a crucial but dependent link in the governing process. In the following pages I question this view. I ask that we reconsider the bureau as performing a central and multifaceted role in modern democratic governance. I present the bureau not as performer of one aspect of governance but as integral to the entire process. Hence it is analysed as a ‘unit’ rather than a ‘part’ of governance. The purpose of this word choice is to reject the traditional public administration dichotomies of politics versus administration and policymaking versus policy implementation, since they conceive of the bureau as involved in only the second half of each distinction. The value of the bureau is that it contributes greatly to governance as a whole, a point that can be made only by employing other distinctions than the usual. In fact, compared to other governing institutions the bureau’s contributions may be uniquely broad.
Bureaucracy and the Controversy between Liberal Interventionism and Non­Interventionism
Authors: Armbruster Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Critics of bureaucracy typically present a twofold argument for why public administration in democracies needs to be reduced. One part of the argument is economic; it says that public bureaux are inefficient and waste taxes. Private firms, contracted by higher authorities and ideally exposed to market forces, can conduct the work more efficiently and save taxpayers’ money. The other part of the argument is political rather than economic. It says that state authorities represent unresponsive and unaccountable organizations, develop their own self­referential and opaque procedures, undermine the elected government’s control over them, and limit the freedom of citizens. Based on these arguments, the quest for a privatization of state bureaucracies is associated with treating citizens as clients rather than as administrative subjects, and with applying market principles to the procedures of public bureaux. The most prominent books in this context,
How are Global Markets Global? The Architecture of a Flow World
Authors: Cetina Karin Knorr 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A few years into the twenty-first century, globalization has captured the public and scholarly imagination. For many, globalization epitomizes the sense of rupture with the past that pervades the public perception, as well as whatever future lies ahead. Globalization, some think, will take us beyond modernity with its projects of rationality, nation state dominance, and industrialization.
Emotions on the Trading Floor: Social and Symbolic Expressions
Authors: Hassoun Jean-Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Passions and the Interests (1977), Albert 0. Hirschman surveyed the his tory of ideas in an effort to understand how lucrative activities such as commerce, banking, and speculation could, at different times in the same places, be either stigmatized and counted among the worst social defects, such as greed and avarice, or become legitimate, and ultimately come to stand as behavior models.