bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of presenile dementia
Authors: Harvey Richard J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Epidemiology is the study of disease in relation to populations. In the field of dementia epidemiological research is concerned with estimating the frequency of disease, its severity, and with identifying potential risk factors. Accurate epidemiological data on dementia is needed in many areas of science and health care. Within basic scientific research, estimates of frequency place findings in context of the importance of the disease, and guide funding priorities and decisions. Moreover, data on risk factors generate hypotheses relating to causes and mechanisms prompting new research questions.
Historical perspective
Authors: Rettig Richard A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the ethical issues associated with the provision of treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in their historical context as defined by the public policy issues of the day. The two therapies of dialysis and kidney transplantation raised the dilemma of how clinicians and the broader society should respond to the existence of life-saving treatments whose costs placed them beyond the reach of nearly all individuals. How should one act in a clinically, ethically, socially, and politically defensible way to affirm such fundamental societal values as saving lives when it is technically possible to do so but scarcity imposes limits on what can be done (Calabresi and Bobbitt, 1978.
Economic issues in nephrology practice: Ethical dilemmas
Authors: Bennett William M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On some positions, cowardice asks the question, is it expedient? And then expedience comes along and asks the question-is it politic? Vanity asks the question-is it popular? Conscience asks the question is it right? There comes a time when one must take a position that is neither safe nor politic nor popular-but he must do it because conscience tells him it is right. (Martin Luther King, Jr. 1968).
Patient-centredness in medicine
Authors: Stewart Moira , Brown Judith Belle 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter will present the patient-centred clinical method of which one component is particularly congruent with the concepts of shared decision making and patient choice—the component of finding common ground. The chapter begins with an account of concepts which have influenced the need for and articulation of the patient-centred clinical method. Next, the method itself is described. This is followed by a literature review of the studies of health benefits accruing from patient-centred approaches. Finally, emerging research issues are covered.
Shared decision making: the principles and the competences
Authors: Elwyn Glyn , Charles Cathy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Identifying, describing, and comparing different approaches to treatment decision making is an issue of interest to a surprisingly diverse range of health related disciplines, including medicine, nursing, bio-ethics, medical sociology, and health economics (Brody et al. 1984; Mishler 1984; Beisecker and Beisecker 1990; Emanuel and Emanuel 1992; Llewelyn and Hopkins 1993; Deber 1994; Ong et al. 1995; Quill and Cassel 1995; Deber et al. 1996; Quill and Brody 1996; Charles et al. 1997 1998 1999; Coulter 1997; Williams and Calnan 1991; Degner et al. 1997; Lupton 1997; Gafni et al. 1998; Gwyn and Elwyn 1999).
Towards a new health economics?
Authors: Dolan Paul , Olsen Jan Abel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This final chapter draws out some of the implications from each of the preceding chapters for the future of health economics, as it is applied to the issue of distributing health care. This chapter is loosely organized around the preceding eight chapters of the book. But rather than summarizing these chapters, we aim to provide material which enables us to suggest future directions for health economists. This agenda is largely driven by our own interests in the issue of how health care should be distributed in publicly funded health care systems, but, even in this sub-set of health economics, our suggestions are far from being exhaustive-they simply represent our own views about where priority should lie, and readers are of course free to disagree with us.
The anthropology of hysteria
Authors: Kirmayer Laurence J , Santhanam Radhika 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hysteria in its various guises has been a staple of anthropological studies of illness and healing. This is both because of the dramatic and colourful performances associated with many hysterical conditions and because of their obvious links with cultural beliefs and practices. A cross-cultural comparative perspective has much to offer researchers and clinicians approaching the problem of hysteria.
Psychodynamic psychotherapy in the treatment of conversion hysteria
Authors: Temple Nick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The history of hysteria is closely tied to the beginnings of psychotherapy and psycho- analysis. Patients with hysteria were the first patients Freud treated, at the outset with hypnosis and then with psychotherapy, and this work led to the development of the original principles of psychoanalysis. It is useful to examine the history to clarify the present status of psychodynamic psychotherapy in the treatment of conversion hysteria and to recognize the radical changes in the therapeutic methods employed by modern psychodynamic therapy from those of early psychoanalysis.
The progestogen-only pill
Authors: Szarewski Anne , Guillebaud John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As its name suggests, this type of pill contains no oestrogen, and it is thus completely different from the combined pill. Its old name, the ‘mini-pill’, unfortunately implies that it is merely some kind of low-dose combined pill, but this is certainly not true. In this book, we shall instead refer to the progestogen-only pill as the POP. Far too little use is at present being made of the POP, because few women, or even their doctors, know anything about it. In actual fact is a very useful method of contraception, especially when there is some reason why a woman cannot, or does not, want to take oestrogen.
Emergency contraception: not only for the morning after
Authors: Szarewski Anne , Guillebaud John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The idea of trying to shut the stable door after the horse has gone has been around since ancient times. Various methods have been suggested, including jumping several times immediately after sex, in an attempt to dislodge the sperm, and douching with various mixtures, some quite extraordinary: American students in the 1960s are even said to have used Coca Cola. However, since sperm reach the womb within seconds of ejaculation, none of these methods can prevent pregnancy. ‘We were having such a lovely evening, and I realized he really was a great guy. I had planned to wait at least a few more months, to be sure, but I was sure already. I hoped he would use something, but he didn’t.’
Undifferentiated Arthritis
Authors: Southwood Taunton R , Kimura Yukiko 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to discuss the clinical features of the variety of arthritides classified under the heading of Undifferentiated Arthritis. The differing clinical courses of this disease and the impact on prognosis, as well as predictors of outcome, are discussed. One of the greatest challenges in clinical medicine is to discern relev- ant disease patterns in a morass of clinical and laboratory features. It becomes even more difficult if recognition of new patterns requires a shift away from traditional diagnostic or classification paradigms.
The Russian Revolution
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Russian Revolution had a decisive impact on the history of the twentieth century. Now, following the collapse of the Soviet regime and the opening of its archives, it is possible to step back and see the full picture. In this classic work, the author incorporates data from archives that were previously inaccessible not only to Western but also to Soviet historians, as well as drawing on important recent Russian publications such as the memoirs of one of the great survivors of Soviet politics, Vyacheslav Molotov. Impeccable in its scholarship and objectivity, the book tells a gripping story of a Marxist revolution that was intended to transform the world, visited enormous suffering on the Russian people, and, like the French Revolution before it, ended up by devouring its own children. In a concluding section that will be of great interest to scholars in the field as well as the general reader, the author treats the Stalinist Great Purges as the last act of the drama of the Russian Revolution.
The First World War
Authors: Robbins Keith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The tragic slaughter of the trenches is imprinted on modern memory; but it is more difficult to grasp the wider extent and significance of the First World War. This book gives a clear chronological account of the campaigns on the Western and Eastern Fronts and then moves on to investigate areas that many studies ignore - the war poets, the diplomacy of war aims and peace moves, logistics, and ‘the experience of the war’. It was soon seen that `war has nothing to do with chivalry any more’, but it was harder to say what the First World War was fought for, or what the combatants gained. Professor Robbins approaches this problem from two angles: he analyses the complex political and diplomatic background to the alliances between the Great Powers; he also explores the mood of Europe between 1914 and 1918 by examining the experience of war from the different standpoints of the nations and individuals caught up in it.
Vietnam at War
Authors: Bradley Mark Philip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Vietnam War tends to conjure up images of American soldiers battling an elusive enemy in thick jungle, the thudding of helicopters overhead. But there were in fact many Vietnam wars - an anticolonial war with France, a cold war turned hot with the United States, a civil war between North and South Vietnam and among the southern Vietnamese, a revolutionary war of ideas over what should guide Vietnamese society into its postcolonial future, and finally a war of memories after the official end of hostilities with the fall of Saigon in 1975. This book looks at how the Vietnamese themselves experienced all of these conflicts, showing how the wars for Vietnam were rooted in fundamentally conflicting visions of what an independent Vietnam should mean that in many ways remain unresolved to this day. Drawing upon twenty years of research, Mark Philip Bradley examines the thinking and the behaviour of the key wartime decision-makers in Hanoi and Saigon, while at the same time exploring how ordinary Vietnamese, northerners and southerners, men and women, soldiers and civilians, urban elites and rural peasants, radicals and conservatives, came to understand the thirty years of bloody warfare that unfolded around them - and how they made sense of its aftermath.
Blessed Days Of Anaesthesia
Authors: Snow Stephanie J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Among all the great discoveries and inventions of the nineteenth century, few offer us a more fascinating insight into Victorian society than the discovery of anaesthesia. Now considered to be one of the greatest inventions for humanity since the printing press, anaesthesia offered pain-free operations, childbirth with reduced suffering, and instant access to the world beyond consciousness. And yet, upon its introduction, Victorian medics, moralists, clergymen, and scientists, were plunged into turmoil. This vivid and engaging account of the early days of anaesthesia unravels some key moments in medical history: from Humphry Davy’ s early experiments with nitrous oxide and the dramas that drove the discovery of ether anaesthesia in America, to the outrage provoked by Queen Victoria’ s use of chloroform during the birth of Prince Leopold. And there are grisly ones too: frequent deaths, and even notorious murders. Interweaved throughout the story, a fascinating social change is revealed. For anaesthesia caused the Victorians to rethink concepts of pain, sexuality, and the links between mind and body. From this turmoil, a profound change in attitudes began to be realised, as the view that physical suffering could, and should, be prevented permeated through society, most tellingly at first in prisons and schools where pain was used as a method of social control. In this way, the discovery of anaesthesia left not only a medical and scientific legacy that changed the world, but a compassionate one too.
Women, Sex, And Suffering
Authors: Snow Stephanie J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘ Inever was better or got through a confinement so comfortably, I feel proud to be the pioneer to less suffering for poor, weak womankind,’ enthused Fanny Longfellow, wife of poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, who inhaled ether during the birth of her daughter Fanny, on 7 April 1847. Fanny was the first mother to use ether in childbirth in the USA-she had struggled to find a physician willing to administer it. Eventually Nathan Keep, Dean of Dentistry at Harvard University, agreed to help. Keep had used ether successfully in dental surgery and Henry Longfellow visited him to discuss its potential use in childbirth.
The Restoration Army 1660–1702
Authors: Childs John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On the return of Charles II to England in May 1660, four British armies existed. The core of the New Model Army under General George Monck was quartered in and around London; Sir William Lockhart commanded a brigade of the New Model Army in Dunkirk and Mardyke; Charles II’s army of exiled Irish and royalists was also billeted in Dunkirk; and there remained the Cromwellian garrison in Ireland. Charles and his lord chancellor, the Earl of Clarendon, viewed the New Model Army in all its guises as a potential threat to the restored monarchy and set about its demolition. Between September and Christmas1660, the New Model Army was disbanded at a cost of £835,819.
The Most Southern Place On Earth
Authors: Cobb James C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Mississippi Delta, an alluvial basin bordered on the Mississippi River, 150 miles at its widest extent, is said to begin ‘in the lobby of the Peabody Hotel in Memphis and end on Catfish Row in Vicksburg.” Ironically, the Delta’s greatest economic days were in the post-Civil War period when its rich land was fully exploited for cotton cultivation. It is a region of contrasts, with wealthy pleasure-loving planters controlling its wealth and nearly two-thirds of its population poor blacks. It reacted most strongly against the racial changes of the 1950s and 1960s and was a leading centre of the White Citizens Councils’ resistance to desegregation. Cobb breaks new ground in describing the economic development of the Delta since the 1930s. The Federal Government provided the money for this revival, but Cobb shows how these funds went almost exclusively to the wealthy, established planters, since the appropriations were funnelled through Mississippi’s reactionary congressmen. Further, the Civil Rights revolution has brought the vote to Delta blacks but has kept economic power still in control of the planters. The Delta is a region with a rich cultural heritage. It is the subject of William Faulkner’s and Eudora Welty’s fiction; it fostered such writers as Shelby Foote. Willie Moris, Walker Percy, Elizabeth Spencer; a great heritage of black blues singers comes from the region, among them Muddy Waters and B.B. King. Cobb’s book is a cultural history that explores the political, economic, social, and cultural heritage of the region, accounts for its uniqueness, and criticizes its parochialism and racism.
The Road Back
Authors: Fond John Q La , Durham Mary L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The forces for change have proved powerful. Persuaded by the special pleading of influential coalitions, shocked by highly publicized murder cases, and pressured by constituents whose cities have been overrun by legions of homeless squatters, state legislators have moved to make involuntary hospitalization of the mentally ill easier. Mayors and city councils have used executive action to get mentally ill people off the streets. Policymakers, law enforcement officials, and citizens ‘ action groups have insisted that government coercion be extended through new and creative means such as outpatient commitment.
Does Legal Reform Make a Difference?
Authors: Fond John Q La , Durham Mary L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Obviously, legislators, bureaucrats, and the public expect the new laws regarding involuntary commitment and mentally ill criminals to change individual behavior and to improve public safety. But do the new laws actually work? Frequently, lawmakers enact statutes without any evidence that the new laws will bring about the desired changes. This may be because they are unaware of existing information that might help them make decisions or because no informative research exists. Sometimes policymakers simply ignore useful information if it does not fit neatly into their agenda. Consequently, legal initiatives may not work in the manner intended or they may have unexpected side effects.
Land and Society around Strokestown
Authors: Scally Robert James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Peasants and landlords of-the nineteenth century lived in an economy of arrears. Nearly everywhere in the Old World debt was as intrinsic a pan of the tenant-farmer’s life as the smell of manure or the fickle weather. But debt, being man-made, was often the source of great bitterness and conflict. In the peasant nostalgia of Ireland, the weight of debt was always thought to have been lighter on all previous generations and the penalties for default far more devastating than they used to be. Arrears of all kinds, outstanding pledges and “fines,” promises of labor, crop shares, or grazing rights between neighbors and kin were not only expected and tolerated as an unavoidable necessity of life but formed an important bond within the townland community: a concrete expression of belonging and of adherence to traditional codes of conduct. But money debts in the cash-poor countryside divided both classes and cultures.
Liverpool and the Celtic Sea
Authors: Scally Robert James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Liverpool was a much less distant magnet than America, exerting its pull not on the minds of prospective emigrants but on their bodies, drawing them into its domain whether they wished to be there or not and taking its toll on each of them whether they stayed or merely passed through. By 1848 it was as intrinsic to the great emigration from Ireland as the potato or the failing land system itself. At least two of every three emigrants from Ireland during the 1830s and 1840s passed through Liverpool whether their ultimate destination was Manchester, London, New York, Quebec, or the Antipodes. To their number were added the bulk of Scots, Welsh, and English migrants into the North and the midlands, including the many unfortunates swept out of the poorhouses and prisons in the great “shovelling out of paupers” that followed the reform of the Poor Law. And behind these, already, were growing numbers of westward migrants from the continent transshipping from North Sea, Baltic, and even Mediterranean ports as Liverpool began to corner the market on the Atlantic passenger trade.
Conclusion: What Judges Can Do to Improve Prisons and Jails
Authors: Dilulio John J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1971 an Alabama inmate filed a lawsuit charging that six inmates had died in the state prison hospital because of improper treatment. The following year, Federal District Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr., ordered major changes in Alabama’s prison health system. As a result of Judge Johnson’s intervention, the state’s prison health system improved somewhat.
The Great Powers and the Cable Crisis, 1900-1913
Authors: Headrick Daniel R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After the crises of the turn of the century, the attitude of the great powers towards communications changed perceptibly. No longer could anyone rely on the kindness of strangers. Every great power needed its own communications, independent of others, with those parts of the world where it had vital interests. Some succeeded better than others, as Table 6.1 shows. Let us now consider the major participants in the cable-laying boom of the first decade of this century: Great Britain, the United States, France, and Germany. As usual, the British were first.
Evolutionary Theory Since Darwin
Authors: Goldsmith Timothy H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Our understanding of evolution is built on a Darwinian tripod of three fundamental observations: (1) living organisms are units of organization that reproduce; (2) individuals differ from one another, and some of their differences are inherited, and (3) in a population, individuals enjoy differing degrees of reproductive success based at least in part on these heritable differences. This differential reproduction is what is meant by natural selection.
Getting from Genes to Behavior
Authors: Goldsmith Timothy H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is often said that there is no more sterile exercise than attempting to attribute particular behaviors to either heredity or environment. The effort is indeed without point or merit for most of the behavior of vertebrates. What is astonishing, however, is the frequency with which the presumption of which “either nature or nurture” recurs and the forms it takes. Virtually every account of sociobiology in “science” sections of the popular press is reduced to this simplistic notion, but one does not have to search far to find serious scholars who have unwittingly garroted themselves on the same clothesline.
Evolutionary Perspectives on Volition, Learning, and Language
Authors: Goldsmith Timothy H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
More than a century has passed since the publication of The Origin of Species, and the full implications of the Darwinian revolution are still being absorbed. The vast majority of persons who have acquainted themselves with the evidence understand that earth’s great variety of plants and animals, including Homo sapiens, is the result of slow but ongoing processes of organic change. Evolution, as exhibited by morphological differences between species, is readily accepted by most educated people, if not through firsthand examination of the data then through a comfortable acceptance of the conclusions of those who have examined it.
Decisions, Decisions!
Authors: Goldsmith Timothy H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The single most important feature in the evolution of the mammalian brain has been the elaboration of new tissue—the neocortex—over phylogenetically more ancient structures—the limbic system and hypothalamus. The human cerebral cortex is a mantle of nerve cells that envelops the rest of the brain; it is what one would see if the skull were transparent. The neocortex made its first appearance as a relatively small bit of tissue in certain reptiles, but it is only in mammals, and particularly in pirimates, that it has become a major part of the brain. Interestingly, the neocortex, almost like hair, is a peculiarly mammalian innovation. Although birds, like mammals, have relatively large brains, their cortical tissue is not homologous to the neocortex of mammals, and the main visual and motor pathways have evolved in somewhat different ways. The cortex of birds has its mammalian counterpart in a struc-ture called the corpus striatum or basal ganglia, which in mammals are primarily involved in organizing motor commands to the muscles. Whatever common functions are provided by the mammalian and the avian cortex therefore represent examples of convergent evolution.