bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The coloring problem in intermetallics: bonding and properties of Tb3Zn3.6Al7.4 with the La3Al11 structure type
Authors: Han Mi-Kyung , Morosan Emilia , Canfield Paul C. , Miller Gordon J. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Single crystals of the new compound Tb3Zn3.6(1)Al7.4(1) were obtained from Al and Zn-rich ternary solutions. The title compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic La3Al11 structure type (space group Immm (No. 71), Z = 2; a = 4.2334(1) Å, b = 9.9725(3) Å, c = 12.4659(1) Å). The inverse susceptibility above ca. 50 K shows Curie-Weiss behavior, and a metamagnetic transition is apparent in the T = 2 K field-dependent magnetization around Hc
∼ 20 kG. The resistivity increases with temperature in a roughly linear fashion, indicating the metallic character of this material. TB-LMTO-ASA electronic structure calculations indicate that this new intermetallic phase has all bonding states optimized in the [Zn4–xAl7+x] network, which classifies this compound among the so-called “polar intermetallics”. The calculations also provide a rationalization of the nonrandom ordering of Zn and Al atoms, which can be attributed to optimizing (Zn, Al)—(Zn, Al) orbital interactions.
Slow Food in a Fat Society: Satisfying Ethical Appetites
Authors: paxson heather 
Published: February 2005

Slow Food in a Fat Society
Using historian Hillel Schwartz's utopian conception of a "fat society" as inspiration, this essay considers the potential contribution of the Slow Food movement to American notions of dietary ethics. In the United States, eating has been morally evaluated largely in terms of self-control, in relation to personal health and body image. In contrast, the dietary ethos of Slow Food is notable for its disregard of bodily aesthetics and secondary attention to nutrition. Slow Food might offer a path for redirecting moral consideration of food and eating away from the narcissistic, singular body, and toward a culinary ethic emphasizing our responsibilities to human and animal others, to cultural heritage, and to the environment.
The Cooking Ape: An Interview with Richard Wrangham
Authors: townsend elisabeth 
Published: February 2005

Humans: The Cooking Ape
Perhaps the first to suggest that humans were cooking as early as 1.9 million years ago, Richard Wrangham shows through his new research and his imagination how and possibly when cooking changed humans dramatically. Wrangham, Harvard University primatologist and MacArthur Fellow, has been studying the evolution of human cooking. After 25 years of primate research at his site in Kibale, Uganda, Wrangham is best known for explaining the similarity and differences across species of primate social organizations. In Kibale, he has analyzed chimpanzees’ behavior: how it’s changed when they interact with the environment and how their social groups have evolved. In particular, he noticed how food changed their interactions with each other. Like that of chimps, human behavior has been affected by food, especially as they shifted from raw to cooked food. Moving from eating food as it was discovered to collecting edibles and cooking them altered our social relationships. Cooked food has changed Homo sapiens physically by making food more digestible thereby altering jaws, teeth, and guts, and providing more calories for more expensive organs such as the brain. Wrangham discusses when and how humans may have started using fire to cook food, what they cooked, and the transition from cooking in an outdoor fire to hearths and open ovens.
Sicilian Manna: A Sweet Gift of Nature
Authors: lanza anna tasca 
Published: February 2005

An Unusual Ingredient – Manna
Manna, a gift from nature, comes from a kind of ash called “Fraxinus angustifolia” or “Fraxinus ornus” found in the surrounding areas of the towns of Castelbuono, Pollina and Cefalù (Italy). In the past, it was grown extensively in the Mediterranean basin though all traces of it seem to be lost. The history is pieced together with historical references from the Bible, health manuals from ancient civilizations, and references to the implements used to harvest it. Its mysterious or miraculous properties are presented; two kinds of manna were thought to exist, one from Heaven, and the other from a tree.
The ideal conditions for growing the trees and harvest are described with plentiful folklore, local customs, special vocabulary and tools mentioned. Manna is harvested in summertime when the plant is “in love”, from June to September or until the first rains, which would dissolve it, start to fall. The people of Pollina romantically call manna, “a sweet gift of nature”. It tastes like honey mixed with carob. The sap flows through a gash made with a special technique, using a curved cutter called a “mannarolo,” on the vein of the trunk of the tree, and it is left to drip for several days. The sap crystallizes and forms long clumps similar to stalactites, which are called “cannolo” in the manna-world vocabulary. The juice is violet and very bitter when it drips, but the contact with the air and the strong Sicilian sun dries and sweetens it. “Cannoli” are harvested with an “archetto.” There is a second and third grade of sap, which doesn’t crystallize or form cannoli. Prickly-pear leaves act as a sort of spout to catch the manna.
Its medicinal qualities include its mild laxative effect, its natural sweetness for dietary purposes, and its use in digestive alcoholic drinks and cosmetics is noted. It is sold at pharmacies and tobacco stores.
““Take One More Bite for Me””: Clara Davis and the Feeding of Young Children
Authors: scheindlin benjamin 
Published: February 2005

Clara Davis and the Feeding of Young Children
Parents often worry about their children’s nutrition. Children under six engender particularly high parental anxiety, because of their young age and their naturally variable eating habits. In the 1920s, pioneering Midwestern pediatrician Clara Davis set out to determine if young children instinctively know what to eat, in her “self-selection of diet experiment.”
Davis offered newly weaned infants, aged seven to nine months, a wide variety of nutritious, unmixed meats, grains, vegetables, and fruits. She allowed them to eat whichever foods they chose, in whatever quantity they wanted, without adult guidance or interference. She measured the amounts eaten carefully, even weighing bibs to subtract the amount spilled, and calculated the children’s intake of calories, carbohydrate, fat, and protein. The study period lasted six to twelve months. The children tended to eat widely varying amounts from meal to meal, often displaying “food jags” during which they ate considerable quantities of a favored food. Overall they ate a wider variety and greater amount of foods than pediatricians of the day thought advisable, without any of the “pickiness” that plagued parents and pediatricians then as now. Furthermore, all the children grew and developed well and were quite healthy.
Subsequent research has confirmed Davis’ findings, in shorter, smaller-scale studies, some of which are discussed. Comment is made about the ethical complexion of Davis’ long term experiment from today’s viewpoint. Davis was always quick to point out what she herself called “the trick” of her experiment, that the infants and toddlers only had foods of high nutritional value to choose from, and never saw any junk food.
Measuring Ingredients: Food and Domesticity in Mexican Casta Paintings
Authors: scott nina m. 
Published: February 2005

Measuring Ingredients: Food and Domesticity in Mexican Casta PaintingsMexican casta paintings flourished as a popular art form in the eighteenth century. No one is sure of the exact origin of this type of painting, which depicted racial mixtures accompanied by local foods; most likely it was an export item for wealthy Spaniards who were returning home and wanted a souvenir of colorful and exotic Mexico.Casta paintings were generally created in sets of sixteen canvases, and depicted all manner of racial hybridization among Whites, Blacks and Amerindians. The common trope was to portray a father, a mother, and an offspring, beginning with the Spanish male with Indian and Black consorts, and ending with an Indian couple, groupings which reflected social hierarchies of the colonial world. Most were painted by anonymous artists, though the canvases analyzed in this study are by known painters. Because of the emphasis on domestic relations, couples were often portrayed in kitchens or markets, which gives us valuable information on this aspect of daily life. The foods associated with the different castes also reflected socio-economic hierarchies, as well as reinforced the idea of America as land of bounty.Colonial artists generally imitated European models, but with the casta paintings Mexican artists were instead urged to paint what distinguished their country from Spain, hereby contributing to a growing sense of independence from the metropolis.
Solving the Puzzle of Barolo and Barbaresco
Authors: smith brian 
Published: February 2005

Solving the Puzzle of Barolo and Barbaresco
The Northeastern Italian region of Piedmont is home to the red wines of Barolo and Barbaresco, both of which have fascinated wine lovers for centuries. Part of their fascination is the Nebbiolo grape that is used to produce these wines – in the right hands, Nebbiolo can produce extremely attractive wines, full of exciting flavors and capable of aging for many years. But there are other elements that might be more important for the overall character of the wine than the hands of the winemaker, and those include the location of the vineyards, the environment that the grapes grow in, and, especially, the soil structure beneath the vines. Variations from one place to another mean that two wines labeled Barolo will not necessarily offer the same flavor profile.
Whereas there is a general set of characteristics that can be attributed to the wines of Barolo and Barbaresco, the influence of place is such that there are nuances that are enhanced by some soil structures, or reduced by others. Combining information about the different geological influences with empirical tasting experiences, this article breaks down the regions of Barolo and Barbaresco into their respective communes, with specific comments about the nature of the wines produced from Nebbiolo grapes grown within each individual commune.
Second Sight: The Art of Joan Steiner
Authors: wood d 
Published: February 2005

Feast for the Eye
Joan Steiner has created a series of children’s picture books, entitled Look-Alikes, based on her observations that some objects look like others. Each book consists of about 10 illustrations intended as puzzles; readers are invited to enumerate the substitutions of look-alikes for their real counterparts. A barn, for instance, is a green metal toolbox and its silo is an aerosol can with toy train tracks as its ladder. The high incidence of food and food-related items in her work flaunts our expected purpose for and context of edibles. Steiner’s inventiveness is reminiscent of the Italian mannerist painter Arcimboldo whose portraits also employ food substitutions.
Modeling and kinetics of allylation of phenol in a triphase‐catalytic membrane reactor
Authors: Wu Ho‐Shing , Lo May‐Huey 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe reaction of allyl bromide with phenol, in the presence of quaternary methyl ammonium membrane in a 1,2‐dichloroethane/aqueous solution in a membrane reactor, was investigated. The reaction mechanism of this system was described by combining the experimental data and Langmuir–Hinshelwood theory. Theoretical models and calculations were performed to predict the kinetic behavior of the reaction system. Experimental results confirmed the developed model. The parameters of selectivity coefficient, adsorbing rate constant, and activation energy were obtained. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 960–970, 2005
Kinetics of dibenzylether hydrothermolysis in supercritical water
Authors: González Guillermo , Montané Daniel 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe kinetics of dibenzylether (DBE) hydrothermolysis in hot compressed water has been investigated in a continuous tubular reactor system at a pressure from 225 to 362 bar, temperature from 325 to 390°C, and a constant water load of ΘW = 100 molwater/molDBE. Thermal scission of DBE yielded equimolar amounts of benzaldehyde and toluene; the rate constant in supercritical water decreased with water density showing that the volume of activation was positive, as expected for an unimolecular scission reaction. Benzyl alcohol was produced by DBE reversible hydrolysis catalyzed by free protons from water dissociation. Density and dielectric constant of water decreased the rates of hydrolysis and DBE formation, which means that the transition state complex has a positive volume of activation, and a lower dipolar moment than the reactants. As the dielectric constant raises the reaction rates are lowered, but the equilibrium shifts toward the formation of benzyl alcohol, which is more polar than DBE. The low dipole moment of the transition state complex was further supported by the negative effect of the ionic strength on the rate constant for DBE hydrolysis. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 971–981, 2005
Design of micro‐scale fuel processors assisted by numerical modeling
Authors: Cao Chunshe , Wang Yong , Holladay Jamie D. , Jones Evan O. , Palo Daniel R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractComputer‐aided design (CAD) of a micro‐scale fuel processor is described. Transport phenomena and reaction processes in a methanol steam reformer and a selective carbon monoxide methanator have been mathematically illustrated with a three‐dimensional pseudo‐homogeneous model based on fundamental conservation laws of mass and energy. Simulations provide carbon conversion as well as local temperature distributions in the micro‐scale fuel processors. Various reactor design options were evaluated by such numerical modeling predictions. The tailored temperature profile in the optimized reactor configuration and process conditions give high efficiency in generating low‐CO–content hydrogen‐rich gas stream for miniature fuel cell applications. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 982–988, 2005
Deactivation dynamics of rough catalytic surfaces
Authors: Filoche M. , Sapoval B. , Andrade J. S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe dynamics of deactivation due to parallel fouling is investigated in the case of a rough reactive interface under diffusion‐limited conditions. For a first‐order reaction, a mathematical method is introduced that permits to analyze the response of the system for any type of interface geometry or input condition. Exact analytical results, such as the lifetime of the catalyst or its total production are calculated. The deactivation dynamics in specific geometries, such as a flat catalytic surface, an infinite pore or a rough surface, are examined. Through these three examples, a general picture of the role of the morphology on the system response is provided. Even more, this approach shows that the determination of a single time response function of a catalyst of unknown morphology provides a means to control the dynamics of the production process. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 998–1008, 2005
Electrochemically enhanced biosynthesis of gluconic acid
Authors: Gros Pierre , Bergel Alain 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA bioelectrochemical interface was designed by entrapping glucose oxidase (GOx) in a polypyrrole film electrosynthesized on a platinum electrode. The efficiency of the modified electrodes for synthesis was evaluated with the reaction of glucose oxidation into gluconic acid by oxygen. Glucose transformation was carried out with or without the electrochemical step. The electrochemical step led to the regeneration of oxygen, which also ensured the oxidation of the hydrogen peroxide produced as a by‐product, thus protecting GOx against denaturing. The experimental results were first analyzed according to the “effectiveness factor/Thiele modulus” classic approach. They were confirmed theoretically by a model based on the resolution of glucose mass balance equation. Second, the simulation of the concentration profiles of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide inside the polymer film explained the experimental data, highlighting the protection of the enzyme by the electrochemical step. The maximum conversion yield was obtained with a 500‐nm‐thick polymer. As a consequence of the combined effects of oxygen regeneration and enzyme protection, the electrochemical step increased by a factor of 2 the transformation ratios obtained with immobilized GOx. Furthermore, the electrochemically enhanced process was 50% more efficient than the equivalent homogeneous process carried out for 24 h with the same amount of enzyme. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 989–997, 2005
Superior verbal ability and nonverbal learning disability in a child with a novel 17p12p13.1 deletion
Authors: Steele D.L. , Chisholm A.K. , McGhie J.D.R. , Gardner R.J.M. , Scheffer I.E. , Slater H.R. , Dawson G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe report the case of a 10‐year‐old girl with the karyotype 46,XX,del(17)(p12p13.1) who presented a remarkable incongruence in higher cerebral functioning. Certain language skills were very superior, with reading and spelling at a 17–19 year‐old level of proficiency. Nonverbal skills, however, were mostly below average, executive functioning and socialization were impaired, and a diagnosis of “nonverbal learning disability” is applied. We speculate that the genes deleted include one or some which code for certain specific categories of neural substrate that subserve aspects of visual processing and higher functioning, but that no “language loci” have been deleted. The particular neuropsychological profile that we describe may assist diagnosis of this chromosomal deletion. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association analysis of the monoamine oxidase A and B genes with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in an Irish sample: Preferential transmission of the MAO‐A 941G allele to affected children
Authors: Domschke Katharina , Sheehan Karen , Lowe Naomi , Kirley Aiveen , Mullins Celine , O'Sullivan Roderick , Freitag Christine , Becker Tim , Conroy Judith , Fitzgerald Michael , Gill Michael , Hawi Ziarih 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPharmacological and genetic studies suggest the importance of the dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems in the pathogenesis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Monoamine oxidases A and B (MAO‐A and MAO‐B) degrade biogenic amines such as dopamine and serotonin and thereby control the levels of these neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. We examined four polymorphisms in the MAO‐A gene (30 bp promoter VNTR, CA microsatellite in intron 2, 941G/T SNP in exon 8, and A/G SNP in intron 12) as well as two markers in the MAO‐B gene (CA microsatellite in intron 2 and T/C SNP in intron 13) for association with ADHD in an Irish sample of 179 nuclear families. TDT analysis of the examined MAO‐A markers revealed a significant association of the more active MAO‐A 941G allele with the disorder (χ2 = 5.1, P = 0.03, OR = 1.7). In addition, haplotype analysis revealed a significantly increased transmission of a haplotype consisting of the shorter allele of the promoter VNTR (allele 1), the 6‐repeat allele of the CA microsatellite and the G‐allele of the 941G/T SNP (famhap global statistic 34.54, P = 0.01) to ADHD cases. No significant distortion in the number of transmitted alleles was observed between the two examined MAO‐B polymorphisms and ADHD. These findings suggest the importance of the 941G/T MAO‐A polymorphism in the development of ADHD at least in the Irish population. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and properties of poly(aryl ether sulfone ether ketone ketone) (PESEKK)
Authors: Wen Hong‐Li , Song Cai‐Sheng , Tong Yong‐Fen , Chen Lie , Liu Xiao‐Ling 
Published: February 2005

Abstract4,4′‐bis(Phenoxy)diphenyl sulfone (DPODPS) was synthesized by reaction of phenol with bis(4‐chlorophenyl) sulfone in tetramethylene sulfone in the presence of NaOH. Two poly(aryl ether sulfone ether ketone ketone)s (PESKKs) with high molecular weight were prepared by low temperature solution polycondensation of DPODPS and terephthaloyl chloride (TPC) or isophthaloyl chloride (IPC), respectively, in 1,2‐dichloroethane and in the presence of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) andN‐methylpyrrolidone (NMP). The resulting polymers were characterized by various analytical techniques, such as FT‐IR,1H‐NMR, DSC, TG, and WAXD. The results show that theTgandTdof PESEKKs are much higher, but itsTmis lower than those of PEKK. The other results indicate that PESEKKs exhibit excellent thermostabilities at 300 ± 10°C. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 489–493, 2005
DABCO‐Directed Self‐Assembly of Bisporphyrins (DABCO=1,4‐Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane)
Authors: Ballester Pablo , Costa Antoni , Castilla Ana M. , Deyà Pere M. , Frontera Antonio , Gomila Rosa M. , Hunter Christopher A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThree isomeric zinc bisporphyrins have been prepared by covalently linking together two aminoporphyrins with an isophthalic acid derivative. The porphyrins differ in the substitution pattern on the meso phenyl groups, that is, ortho, meta, or para. Titrations carried out by UV‐visible and 1H NMR spectroscopy have been used to map out the stabilities and the stoichiometries of the complexes formed with 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) in chloroform. The ortho‐ and meta‐substituted bisporphyrins form 1:1 intramolecular sandwich complexes. The para‐substituted bisporphyrin cannot adopt the cofacial conformation required for this type of complex and forms a higher order 2:2 intermolecular assembly, which is stable over a wide range of DABCO concentrations.
The prognostic impact of the ubiquitin ligase subunits Skp2 and Cks1 in colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Shapira Ma'anit , Ben–Izhak Ofer , Linn Shai , Futerman Boris , Minkov Ira , Hershko Dan D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDLoss of the cell‐cycle inhibitory protein p27Kip1 is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal carcinoma. The decrease in p27Kip1 levels is the result of increased proteasome‐dependent degradation, mediated and rate‐limited by its specific ubiquitin ligase subunits S‐phase kinase protein (Skp) 2 and cyclin‐dependent kinase subunit (Cks) 1. Recently, Skp2 and Cks1 expression were found to be increased in some colorectal carcinomas, but their potential role as prognostic markers for survival is unknown. The present study was undertaken to assess the prognostic value of both Skp2 and Cks1 in colorectal carcinoma.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe expression of Skp2, Cks1, and p27Kip1 was examined by immunohistochemistry using highly specific antibodies on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue sections from 80 patients with colorectal carcinoma.RESULTSOverexpression of Skp2 and Cks1 strongly correlated with loss of p27Kip1 and loss of tumor differentiation. A significant decrease in overall survival was observed in patients expressing high Skp2 or Cks1 levels, and in particular, patients with Stage II and III disease. Each protein provided significant additional prognostic information to that given by disease stage, tumor grade, or p27Kip1 expression.CONCLUSIONSResults suggest that overexpression of Skp2 or Cks1 is strongly associated with poor prognosis and may thus be used as prognostic markers for overall survival in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.