bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Complex Relationships of Genetics, Groups, and Health What It Means for Public Health
Authors: Clayton Ellen Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genetics offers real opportunities for public health actors. Increased understanding of genetics will illuminate some of the factors that affect disease and, in many cases, will lead to more effective treatments. The recognition that phenylketonuria was caused by a metabolic defect that led to the accumulation of toxic levels of phenyl alanine, an elevation that could largely be averted by adopting a low-phenylalanine diet, is an early example. Some cases of what was thought to be sudden infant death syndrome, a diagnosis used when no etiology is known, now appear to have been caused by metabolic defects in fatty acid oxidation and sodium channel defects. One of the tasks that has already been undertaken by the public health sector is to ensure that genomic information is incorporated into clinical care when the robust ness of findings and their clinical utility have been well defined. The focus of this paper is on the problems that arise when public health entities move beyond making sure that genetic tests are used appropriately to intervening directly into people’s lives on the basis of genetic information to improve health. Examples outside genetics illustrate some of the issues presented when one thinks about health in terms of providing services to populations. Many public health interventions, such as provision of clean water and efficient sewer systems, are directed at the entire population. Even such general interventions can be controversial, as the ongoing debate about fluoridation of public water supplies demonstrates.
The Road to Richmond
Authors: Labunski Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Drought that Plagued Richmond in the days leading up to the con vention may have been devastating to local farmers, but it made travel easier. With so little rain, rivers and creeks could be crossed on horse back. The city had few bridges, and if heavy rainfall had preceded the convention, some delegates would not have made it to the opening ses sions. From the hills overlooking the city, local residents could see clouds of dust as hundreds of horses made their way along parched roads lead ing to town. On horseback and in carriages, some of the most important political figures of the founding period, along with hundreds of specta tors who wanted to hear the debate, made their way to the state capital.
The Election
Authors: Labunski Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the Long Carriage Ride between New York and Virginia, James Madison had time to think about all that had been accomplished since the end of the War for Independence. He had been a witness and par ticipant at the most important events leading to the birth of a new gov ernment. Now he needed to look ahead to the country’s future and his own. A year earlier, he had reluctantly agreed to return to Virginia to stand for election to the ratifying convention, arriving in Orange County only one day before the March 24 election, which he won easily but ad mitted later he could have lost had he not appeared. This time, with so much at stake, he planned to arrive home just after Christmas, five weeks before voters would choose between him and James Monroe for repre sentative in the new Congress.
Madison Introduces the Bill of Rights
Authors: Labunski Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New York City desperately wanted to be the permanent capital of the new nation. The city had been the home of the Confederation Congress since 1784, and New Yorkers understood that the prestige, access to gov ernment officials, and financial benefits that came to the capital would be of great value to the whole state. The city’s recovery from seven years of British occupation during the Revolutionary War, when it suffered several major fires and lost half of its population and commerce, was helped significantly by the presence of the federal government. NewYork was determined to make members of Congress feel welcome when they arrived in April and May of 1789 to form the new government.
Penalty Box: Crime, Victimization, and Punishment in the
Deregulated Workplace
Authors: Simon Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Crime has always been part of the messy struggle for control of the workplace. The modern regime of labor by formally free and equal contract partners arose to dominance in the nineteenth century against a background of labor relations that looked far more like miniature monarchies with a master and his servants including slavery, indentured servitude, and merchants. In such settings, the power to govern work meant the power to define disobedience as crime and respond with sanctions, often physical. Discipline wielded by managers had an undeniably penal element that included ﬂogging, confinement, and loss of pay.
Renaissance
Authors: Stoesz David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By its very nature, a society predicated on pluralism invites multiple stake holders to engage in public endeavors. With respect to social welfare, the governmental sector, the voluntary sector, and the for-profit sector have all been involved in addressing the extensive needs of citizens. History has witnessed the rise, consolidation, and fall of structural interests that have, at various times, dominated American social welfare. For most of the twentieth century, the liberal paradigm of social policy, the welfare state, prevailed, providing an effective and accountable response to the needs of citizens. Since the 1980s, however, welfare liberalism has been under assault by conservatives who have slowed, then reversed, the liberal vector in social policy. The Right has employed multiple strategies with respect to the welfare state: proposing faith-based services as an alternative to public social programs, co-opting established programs like Medicare, and reducing vital revenues through tax cuts.
Visualizing Agrippina
Authors: Ginsburg Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Representations of Agrippina in the visual sources are conspicuously different from those we have examined in the literary tradition, Gone is the ruthless power-seeker, the wicked stepmother, the seducer turned poisoner of husbands, the mother who commits incest with her son, These constructs are now replaced by much more flattering ones, the products of the culture of the imperial dynasty itself, its supporters, or those wishing to obtain its favour. But the hostile tradition of the literary sources, as we will see, continues to leave its mark on even the most respected scholars as they confront the Agrippina of coins, sculpture, and cameos. My purpose here is to offer a survey of the images of Agrippina found in the visual media and to ask what we might make of them when they are placed in their historical context.
Infant Memory Development:New Questions, New Answers
Authors: Hayne Harlene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do you remember your wedding day? The birth of your first child? What about where you left your keys when you came home from the supermarket earlier today or what you need to do tomorrow at work? These everyday memory tasks are universally familiar to adults. In order to function effectively in the world, we frequently reflect on events that have happened in the past (retrospective memory) and plan for events that we know will happen in the future (prospective memory). The fundamental question for memory researchers is, how do these memory skills emerge during the course of human development? That is, do infants or young children think about the past and plan for the future? What memory skills do infants possess at birth and what skills emerge over the course of development? As Piaget articulated decades ago, the way in which we evaluate empirical “facts” in psychology is heavily influenced by our current, theoretical views of the phenomena that we study.
In the Language of Multiple Memory Systems:Defining and Describing Developments in Long-Term Declarative Memory
Authors: Bauer Patricia J , Deboer, Tracy , Lukowski Angela F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Memory is a fundamental cognitive capacity. Without it, we would live only for the moment. Although we might do well to heed advice to “live for today,” appreciation of today is significantly enhanced by the ability to remember yesterday and to anticipate tomorrow. Memory permits these functions by allowing us to store and reflect upon previous experience and use it to guide present as well as future behavior. The continuity afforded by memory is readily apparent as soon as children develop the capacity to use language to share mental experiences. The status of the capacity before language has been a source of active debate. The perspective that infants and preverbal children lack the capacity for storage and retrieval of accessible memory representations is well represented in the traditional (e.g., Piaget, 1952) as well as the contemporary (e.g., K. Nelson & Ross, 1980; Pillemer, 1998; Pillemer & White, 1989) literature. The perspective in this chapter is that the capacity begins to develop well before language and undergoes significant age-related change before first memories are expressed verbally. We develop this perspective by addressing each of the questions posed to contributors to this volume.
Child Of War
Authors: Cohen Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing in the political background of Mario Savio’s family even hinted that he would emerge as a radical. Mario was born on December 8, 1942, the eldest son in a working-class Italian American family in New York City. Neither his father, Joseph, who had immigrated from Sicily in 1928, nor his mother, Dora, whose family came from northern Italy, was on the left politically. For the first three years of his life Mario’s household was headed by an Italian Fascist, his maternal grandfather, Armando, while Joseph was serving in the U.S. Army during World War II.
The Making Of A Civil Rights Activist
Authors: Cohen Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Mario Savio’s last act as a high school student was delivering a politically conscious speech, one might expect him to have emerged quickly as a college student activist. But this did not happen. He devoted his freshman year at Manhattan College in 1960–61 to his studies rather than to politics. The direction of his scholarship was, however, somewhat subversive. Although attending college on a science scholarship and majoring in physics, he focused on the classics, in effect using courses in ancient Greek history, philosophy, and literature to help distance himself from Catholicism. Savio “fell in love with the Greeks,” who epitomized for him “a pre- and hence non-Christian culture . . . Greek literature and philosophy provided me a position to examine the Church critically Although hardly the intent” of the Christian Brothers who ran the college, Manhattan was, for Savio “an ideal setting in which he could “think my way out of the Church.” Thus while not yet a political activist, Savio was intellectually and spiritually, as he put it, a “sort of school rebel.”
Dying In The Saddle
Authors: Cohen Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The final political battle of Mario Savio’s life erupted at Sonoma State University in fall 1996. The issue was a proposed $300 fee hike that he believed regressive; sneaking in tuition under another name, it made the university too expensive for low-income students. This “differential fee,” proposed by President Armiñana, would have to be approved by a referendum before it could be implemented. To Savio the process by which the administration promoted the fee proposal seemed unethical: the administration used its influence to discourage opposition and its resources to flood the campus with pro-fee-hike propaganda while failing to provide equal access to the fee’s critics. He saw this as a free speech issue, since one side’s views were privileged over the other’s without a fair hearing, making a mockery of the democratic process.
In Defense Of Affirmative Action: The Case Against Proposition 209
Authors: Cohen Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Affirmative action is under attack in California. Proposition 209, on California’s November ballot, is one of the most important measures that state voters will ever be called upon to decide. This proposition, misleadingly referred to as the California Civil Rights Initiative (CCRI), would end all affirmative action in state government hiring, contracting and college admissions. Its deceptive clause (c) would seriously erode legal protections for women. If passed, this initiative could set back the cause of equality to a time when people’s only legal recourse was mass demonstrations.
The Petite Predator
Authors: Hansen Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We keep the big carnivores in here,” announces Karen Cebra, pulling open the doors of a large wooden cabinet. From the shelves within, rows of enormous skulls stare down at us with large, empty eye sockets. The bone has a yellow cast under the fluorescent light. There are bear, jaguar, and African lion. “The lynxes and bobcats are over here,” she says turning to face a row of five metal specimen cabinets. “Skulls and postcranial skeletons here,” she says pointing to one of the end cabinets. “And study skins over here.” She steps forward and removes each containers’ front panel. Both are filled with stacked wooden drawers. We are in the main collection room of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco. As Collections Manager in the Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy, Karen oversees one of the largest bird and mammal collections in North America. She also assists the hundreds of academics, scholars, students, writers, and artists who use the collection each year. “The mammal collection has 23,931 specimens,” she explains. “We’re in the process of inventorying and updating the scientific names of all specimens, as well as putting the names on a computerized database. Come get me if you have any questions,” she smiles, then disappears around a corner.
From Den to Death
Authors: Hansen Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Harley Shaw walks over and follows my gaze to the ground at my feet. Slipping off his pack, he squats for a closer examination. Nestled in the loose dirt is the outline of a mountain lion track—a big one. “Good eyes,” he says, smiling. “Looks like you’re getting the hang of it. It’s a big tom—the first male we’ve seen this year.” As I try to burn the image of the track into my mind, Harley glances around. “Here’s some more,” he says, pointing at the ground farther up the road. He squats to examine the others, then glances up the canyon with a puzzled look. “What is it?” I ask. “I think he has a kill cached up this canyon somewhere. These tracks are going up the canyon,” he says pointing at the ones near his feet, then gestures to the ones near my feet, “those are coming back down.”
From Predator to Pelt
Authors: Hansen Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dave Fjelline was born 150 years too late. His wiry build, weathered face, and full beard make him seem better suited for sharing a campfire with Jedediah Smith or John Colter. Dave is a man at home in the outdoors, and he makes his living as a professional trapper and houndsman. Employed by Placer County, a 1,500-square-mile area in northern California that extends from the agricultural Central Valley to the high Sierra Nevada, Fjelline is responsible for catching and killing wildlife that cause damage to private property. “Most of my daily control work now is coyote and beaver,” he says, feeding chunks of wood into a pot-bellied stove. “Coyote because of attacks on sheep, and beaver because of the damage they cause to irrigation levees and mitigation sites. Beaver are the biggest pest. They are the largest contributor to financial loss in Placer County. In addition to the levee damage, they girdle fruit trees. Just today I looked at one 300-year-old blue oak tree that had been girdled by a beaver.”
Work Effort among the Poor
Authors: Cherry Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The belief that there are intergenerational communal norms, causing the poor to have dysfunctional behavioral traits, has been characterized as the “culture-of-poverty” thesis. In the United States, a repository of these negative stereotypes has been the black community, which has been perceived to lack a strong work ethic and other proper behavioral traits. Courtland Milloy lamented: Not a whole heck of a lot has changed since that 1991 General Social Survey by the National Opinion Research Center, which found that most whites think blacks are lazy, violence-prone, less intelligent and less patriotic. Even sadder, nearly 30 percent of black people felt the same way about themselves.
Domestic Violence, Teen Childbearing, and Race
Authors: Cherry Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1985, the birth rate for black women 15–17 years of age was 69.2 (per 1,000), almost triple the rate for comparably aged white women. After having continuously declined for more than 20 years, the rate increased over the next five years by almost 20 percent to 82.3, and the rate for black women 18–19 years of age increased by 15 percent to 152.9. Most troubling to some, 95 percent of these black births were to unwed mothers.
Economy
Authors: Bertman Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the contemporary Western world, a nation’s economy is conceptualized in secular terms: it is the product of human effort and choice, on the one hand, and the operation of impersonal forces such as supply and demand, on the other. In ancient Mesopotamia, however, the economy was ultimately a sacred entity: however human its participants might be, its success was dependent upon the favor of divine powers. Moreover, while today’s economy is interpreted by specialists called economists, the ancient economy was guided by specialists called priests.
Ecological Network Meltdown from Habitat Loss and Fragmentation
Authors: Solé Ricard V , Montoya José M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human-induced habitat alteration is the major cause leading to biodiversity loss and eventually to ecosystem collapse. The response of communities to habitat loss depends on both species’ characteristics and the extent to which species interact. In this sense, habitat destruction may yield qualitatively new consequences when considering species that are embedded in an intrincate web of ecological relationships. Here we review the theory linking habitat loss and food webs, from single predator-prey interactions to large food webs. We present a new multitrophic model for simulating the dynamics of multispecies ecosystems in fragmented landscapes. The model shows that as habitat destruction increases, predators are lost first, then herbivores and finally producers. But the interaction between trophic levels yields new outcomes not predicted when a single trophic level is observed alone, as trophic cascades. Our analysis of multispecies ecosystems indicates that the effects of habitat loss and those of network structure interact in new but predictable ways, and, therefore, their integration is necessary and useful for a deep understanding of the effects of habitat alteration on ecosystems.
Peter at the Passion
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The New Testament Gospels have sometimes been called “Passion narratives with long introductions.” The scholar who came up with this phrase meant that these books are largely about the suffering, death, and resurrection of Jesus. Everything else in Jesus’ life—his entire public ministry—is a preliminary to these key events. This can be seen to some extent simply in the amount of space the Gospel writers devote to the events of Jesus’ last days. Our earliest Gospel, Mark, for example, devotes six of its sixteen chapters to the last week of Jesus’ life. Our latest canonical Gospel, John, covers three years of Jesus’ ministry in the first eleven chapters, and the final week in the other ten.
The Apostle Paul: Polling Our Sources
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Has there ever been a Christian figure as controversial as the apostle Paul? It was a new understanding of Paul’s letters that led Martin Luther to split from the Catholic Church, leading to the Protestant Reformation and a division within Christendom that continues down to our own day. Churches of all description continue to wrangle over Paul’s teachings: some insist that his writings oppose women in the ordained ministry, while others argue just the opposite; some claim that his letters denounce same-sex relations, and others assert the contrary; some argue that his letters support Western forms of capitalism, while others say it is just the opposite.
Paul’s Impassioned Allies
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paul, as we have seen, was a highly controversial figure, both in his own time and afterward. Charismatic figures always are. Charisma is like a magnet, ineluctably drawing some people in and, when the polarity is reversed, forcefully pushing others away. Just think of the reactions generated by public figures with charisma in our own day, from politicians as different as Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton to political commentators as diverse as Rush Limbaugh and Michael Moore. Or think of the extreme range of reactions to such religious leaders as Jerry Falwell and Bishop John Spong. As different as all these people are, as avidly as they are adored or despised, they all have had one thing in common: an inordinate measure of personal charisma.
Mary During the Ministry of Jesus
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is extremely difficult to know about people who lived in the past. That’s why we need historians. Most of the billions of people who have ever lived on this planet are completely unknown and unknowable: they lived and died, leaving no trace. Of course that’s less true today than in earlier centuries. For most people in the American context, at least, there are obituaries. And as the computer age continues to advance, with e-mail and blogs joining the frenzy at breakneck speed, the record of our individual existences grows apace. Presumably some of these electronic traces of our lives are stored somewhere, for the amusement of future researchers (and the chagrin of some people who thought for some reason that e-mail was private).
Jesus and Mary in Conversation
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People attach themselves to religious leaders for all sorts of reasons. Sometimes it is because of the message, a teaching so powerful and life-transforming that it is worth giving up everything to follow. Sometimes it is because of personal charm or charisma that naturally and irresistibly draws people in. Sometimes it is because of a personal interaction—special attention paid to one in need, repaid by a complete devotion to the cause. And sometimes it is all of these things.