bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progress in mechanism design of functional composites for anti-ice/deicing materials
Authors: Zhao Zhongxian , Li Xiaofeng , Li Wenge , Liu Minghui , Hu Zhaowei , Jiang Tao , Wang Haoran , Zhao Yuantao 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIcing as a regular natural phenomenon in life poses a serious threat to human production and life, traditional mechanical deicing, chemical deicing, and other methods have the shortcomings of high pollution, high energy consumption, and low efficiency, which limits their applicability and effectiveness of the scene of the above methods. With the expansion of global economic activities in recent years, the solution to the icing problem has become imminent. As a result, researchers have gradually deepened their studies related to anti-icing. Inspired by the lotus leaf effect, hogwash, polar, marine shellfish, and other natural organisms, anti-icing/deicing coatings can be designed functional biomimetic through both surface micro-nano structures and the physicochemical properties of the material. Superhydrophobic design is based on Young’s wetting equations, Wenzel’s wetting equations, and the Cassie-Baxter model of the superhydrophobic behavior of the interface formed by the liquid droplets and the surface, which prevents the droplets from spreading out and penetration to form heat exchange. The physicochemical properties are based on the slow-release behavior of chemical mediators inside the coating with properties such as super-lubrication and anti-freezing, which reduce the residence time and nucleation temperature of droplets on the surface. The coating effectively blocks the occurrence of icing behavior by passive means such as ultra-low interfacial wetting, interfacial slip, and lowering the freezing point of droplets, which has become a hot research direction. Meanwhile, the active anti-icing of photo-thermal, electro-thermal, phase change and other effects with the passive anti-icing to play a synergistic and complementary role for further enhance the anti-icing effect of the coating. To clarity the design mechanism and preparation process of the anti-icing/ice-removing surfaces, the article firstly classifies and introduces the coatings functioned according to the different mechanisms of action, and sums up the biomimetic super-hydrophobic design, the sacrificial type physicochemical characteristic. The article firstly classifies and introduces the functional types of coatings according to different mechanisms of action, and the latest research progress on the mechanism design of anti-icing coatings and their performance modification such as bionic superhydrophobic design, sacrificial physicochemical property design, microregion modulus control design and multifactorial coupling design were summarized. The problems of single-functionality and imbalance of performance of the existing coating mechanism design were analyzed and discussed, the view of the development trend and outlook of the development and application of icephobic coatings were put forward.
Archaeological Collections and the Public—It Isn't All about Us
Authors: Eichner Katrina C. L. , Campbell Renae J. , Warner Mark S. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThere is much discussion in archaeological circles about challenges associated with the millions of artifacts generated by fieldwork. Most of these discussions are limited to issues within the profession, such as care of collections, accessibility for research, orphaned collections, and shortcomings in training on collections awareness. An underrecognized third party in these discussions is the public. Despite a broadly held ethos of the importance of archaeology for all, archaeologists have paid comparatively little attention to sharing/exposing collections (and the outcomes of excavations) with audiences outside of the profession. This research discusses negative ramifications of not sharing collections with broader audiences and then presents some options for broadening this much-needed engagement through developing more public outreach efforts, providing alternative uses of collections, collaborating with private collectors, and using digital technology to increase access to collections.
The yield of tuberculosis contact investigation on relapsed TB patients and analysis of associated risk factors: Singapore’s experience
Authors: Kyaw Win M. , Lim Leo K.-Y. , Tay Jun Y. , Cutter Jeffery L. , Ng Deborah H. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The yield of contact investigation on relapsed tuberculosis (TB) cases can guide strategies and resource allocation in the TB control programme. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to review the yield of contact investigation in relapsed TB cases and identify factors associated with TB infection (TBI) among close contacts of relapsed TB cases notified between 2018 and 2022 in Singapore. TB infection positivity was higher among contacts of relapsed cases which were culture-positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex compared to those who were only polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive (14.8% vs. 12.3%). On multivariate analysis, after adjusting for age and gender of the index, gender, and existing comorbidities of contacts, factors independently associated with TBI were culture and smear positivity of the index (AOR 1.41, 95%CI 1.02–1.94), higher odds with every 10 years of increase in age compared to contacts below aged 30, contacts who were not Singapore residents (AOR 2.09, 95%CI 1.46–2.97), and household contacts (AOR 2.19, 95%CI 1.44–3.34). Although the yield of screening was higher for those who were culture-positive compared to only PCR-positive relapsed cases, contact tracing for only PCR-positive cases may still be important in a country with moderate TB incidence, should resources allow.
Background commentary on the Researching the Obesogenic Food Environment (ROFE) project
Authors: Annan Reginald Adjetey , Agyapong Nana Ama Frimpomaa , Thow Anne Marie , Swart Elizabeth Catherina 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective:
The objective of this commentary is to provide an overview of the rationale and objectives of the Researching the Obesogenic Food Environment (ROFE) project that was conducted in Ghana and South Africa.

Design:
Narration has been used to describe the main objectives, phases as well as the methods used for the conduct of this project.

Setting:
The project described in this commentary was conducted in Khayelitsha and Mount Frere in South Africa and Ahodwo and Ejuratia for Ghana.

Participant:
Participants of the study described here include households in South Africa and Ghana, stakeholders and policymakers, and various actors within the food chain in both countries.

Results:
The ROFE findings provide a good understanding of the extent of the impact of the food environment on consumption, characteristics of value chains of healthy and unhealthy foods, as well as the potential for improved governance and policy that is relevant to the region. The supplement provides the opportunity to share the extensive findings of the ROFE project. Nine papers that describe the process and findings of the three phases of the ROFE project have been presented. Some of the papers focus on phases of the ROFE, while others cut across different phases and explore the linkages between the phases. Briefly descriptions of key findings of some of the papers in the supplement are provided.

Conclusion:
Together, the findings of the ROFE study presented in this supplement have increased understanding of how communities in SA and Ghana interact with their food supplies and have led to identification of specific opportunities to improve food supply policies, in ways that create incentives for the production and consumption of healthy, relative to unhealthy foods.
Healthcare professionals’ perceptions and experiences of obesity and overweight and its management in primary care settings: a qualitative systematic review
Authors: Jeffers Laura , Manner Jillian , Jepson Ruth , McAteer John 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Aim:
This qualitative systematic review aimed to synthesise existing qualitative research on HCPs’ perceptions and experiences of obesity and its management in primary care settings.

Background:
Healthcare professionals (HCPs), particularly those in primary care, play a key role in policy implementation around weight management. Overweight and obese individuals are subject to weight stigma which has negative health consequences and reduces the likelihood of healthcare service usage. An understanding of HCPs’ perceptions of obesity and weight management in primary care is necessary for the development and delivery of effective initiatives.

Methods:
A search strategy developed using the SPIDER framework was applied to Medline and CINAHL databases. Inclusion criteria were applied, and quality assessment was undertaken using the CASP framework. Fifteen papers meeting the inclusion criteria were analysed thematically.

Findings:
Four themes were identified: conflicting discourses surrounding obesity, medicalisation of obesity, organisational factors, and lack of patient knowledge and motivation. Conflicting discourses around obesity refers to the differing views of HCPs regarding what it means to have and treat obesity. Medicalisation of obesity considers whether obesity should be treated as a medical condition. Organisational factors were identified as knowledge, resources and time that affected HCPs’ ability to provide care to overweight or obese. Finally, the review discovered that patients required their own knowledge and motivation to lose weight. This review has highlighted the need to provide safe, non-judgemental spaces for HCPs and patients to discuss weight and weight loss. This is essential to the therapeutic relationship and the provision of effective obesity management.
Populism and the scales of statehood. Localism and populist attitudes in Western Europe
Authors: Kübler Daniel , Strebel Michael A. , Marcinkowski Frank 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe rise of populism in Western Europe is often portrayed as a reaction to globalisation and supra-national integration processes. However, the domestic-international divide is only one aspect of the scalar organisation of government. In this article, we explore the relationship between populist attitudes and orientations towards state scales more generally. Drawing on a representative survey of 4033 citizens in Britain, France, Germany and Switzerland, we show that populist attitudes are linked to preferences for those state territories viewed as ‘closer to the people’ not only in a metaphorical but also in a scalar sense. The results suggest that the rise of populism should not only be considered a response to a crisis of party government in a context of globalisation but also as a response to a crisis of national statehood.
Moisture Recycling in the Colombian Andes
Authors: Bedoya‐Soto J. M. , Poveda G. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe Colombian Andes (CA) are located over the northwestern corner of tropical South America (NW‐TropSA), where land and atmosphere interchange moisture and energy in a complex way owing to the orographic influence on the recycling of moisture over land. We aim to understand where and when water vapor evaporated from land turns into rainfall through moisture recycling, using the Water Accounting Model‐2layers (WAM‐2), an offline model to track atmospheric moisture forced with data from ERA‐5 at its native 0.25° resolution during 1980–2020. We define the spatiotemporal distribution of sources (high evaporation recycle ratios, ϵC) and receptors (high precipitation recycle ratios, ρC) of continental moisture at diverse timescales, including monthly, seasonal, annual and interannual (ENSO). Referring to the regional runs of WAM‐2 over NW‐TropSA (4°S–12°N/80°W–66°W), at elevations above 1,000 m.a.s.l., the CA has a mean annual ρC of 11% (ranging 6%–16%) and a mean annual ϵC of 35% (ranging 27%–40%). Moisture recycling in the CA exhibits a strong annual cycle over the region. The seasonal dynamic of moisture recycling shows two clear‐cut sources of moisture: the eastern foothills of the Eastern and Central ranges of the CA. Both foothills are also regions of high rainfall, although moisture recycling mechanisms differ. Sources of continental moisture grow spatially during September‐October‐November and March‐April‐May. The seasonal availability of moisture recycled coincides with regions where orography interacts with low level jets sourcing humidity. At interannual timescales, sources and receptors of continental moisture in the CA are modulated by the extreme phases of ENSO.
Identification of Rare Multiple Core‐Mantle Boundary Reflections PmKP Up To P7KP With Deep Learning
Authors: Dong Sheng , Chen Yulin , Zhang Baolong , Ni Sidao , Chen Xiaofei , Wang Yi 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe core‐mantle boundary (CMB) marks the most dramatic changes in physical properties within the Earth, and plays a critical role in the understanding of the Earth's dynamics. PmKP waves are seismic phases that reflect (m − 1) times under the CMB and are useful for studying the complex CMB structure. We present an automated workflow for detecting PmKP phases using multi‐station records from global seismic stations. We employ a novel sampling method to extract PmKP waveforms into a 2‐D matrix. Two deep neural networks are then utilized for initial phase detections and subsequent slowness validations. Numerous PmKPab (3 ≤ m ≤ 7) and their CMB diffracted signals were identified for deep earthquakes (magnitude >6) occurred from 2000 to 2020, including diffracted P7KPab waves with diffraction lengths of nearly 20°. Our approach significantly improves the efficiency of PmKP phase identification and holds the capability to detect other weak core phases, such as PKiKP.
Analysis of the Relationship Between the Morphological Characteristics of Lightning Channels and Turbulent Dynamics Based on the Localization of VHF Radiation Sources
Authors: Li YuRui , Zhang Yang , Zhang YiJun , Krehbiel Paul R. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractLightning channel morphology depends on the thunderstorm cloud charge structure, which in turn is influenced by the thunderstorm dynamics. In this paper, based on three‐dimensional radiation source localization data from the Lightning Mapping Array and radar‐based data, our analysis shows that the overall morphology and detailed morphology of the lightning channel correspond to different eddy dissipation rate (EDR) characteristics. Lightning with complex channel morphology occurs in regions with large EDRs. In single lightning events, channels that extend directly within a certain height range without significant bifurcation and turning tend to propagate in the direction of decreasing EDRs, while channel bifurcations and turns usually occur in regions with large radial velocity gradients and large EDRs. This study shows the relationship between channel morphology and thunderstorm dynamics and provides a new method for the direct application of channel‐level localization data to understand thunderstorm dynamics characteristics.
Topography‐Incorporated Adjoint‐State Surface Wave Traveltime Tomography: Method and a Case Study in Hawaii
Authors: Hao Shijie , Chen Jing , Xu Mijian , Tong Ping 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIn this study we recast surface wave traveltime tomography as an inverse problem constrained by an eikonal equation and solve it using the efficient adjoint‐state method. Specifically, recognizing that large topographic variations and high surface wave frequencies can make the topographic effect too significant to ignore, we employ an elliptically anisotropic eikonal equation to describe the traveltime fields of surface waves on undulated topography. The sensitivity kernel of the traveltime objective function with respect to shear wave velocity is derived using the adjoint‐state method. As a result, the newly developed method is inherently applicable to any study regions, whether with or without significant topographic variations. Hawaii is one of the most seismically and magmatically active regions. However, its significant topographic variations have made it less accurate to investigate using conventional surface wave traveltime tomography methods. To tackle this problem, we applied our new method to invert ambient noise Rayleigh wave phase traveltimes and construct a 3D shear wave velocity model. Our results reveal features that are consistent with geological structures and previous tomography results, including high velocities below Mauna Loa Volcano and Kilauea Volcano, and low velocities beneath the Hilina Fault Zone. Additionally, our model reveals a high‐velocity anomaly to the South of Hualalai's summit, which may be related to a buried rift zone. Our findings further demonstrate that including topography can lead to a correction of up to 0.8% in the shear wave velocity model of Hawaii, an island spanning approximately 100 km with volcanoes reaching elevations exceeding 4 km.
Improving Below‐Cloud Scavenging Coefficients of Sulfate, Nitrate, and Ammonium in PM2.5 and Implications for Numerical Simulation and Air Pollution Control
Authors: Yao Liquan , Kong Shaofei , Nemitz Eiko , Vieno Massimo , Cheng Yi , Zheng Huang , Wang Yuanlin , Chen Nan , Hu Yao , Liu Dantong , Zhao Tianliang , Bai Yongqing , Qi Shihua 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBelow‐cloud scavenging (BS) is often underestimated in chemical transport models (CTMs) due to inaccurate parameterizations of BS coefficient for fine particle (Λ) caused by a shortage of high‐time resolution field observations. Rainfall ions and related air pollutants were measured hourly in Central China (CC) during 2019. BS contributed to 37%–68% of wet deposition for , , and (SNA). By a bulk method coupled with brute‐force search, the Λ (10−2–10 hr−1) was parameterized for SNA in PM2.5, which was 1–3 orders of magnitudes higher than theoretical calculations in CTMs. These chemical‐specific Λ parameterizations were validated by EMEP model. Compared to baselines, updated simulations for annual SNA wet deposition increased by 3.3%–20.4% and for mean PM2.5 SNA concentrations reduced by 1.2%–40%, capturing measurements better. The contributions of scavenged gases to wet deposition below cloud were calculated as 9%–73%, exhibiting discrepancies (2%–17% for HNO3 and 19%–90% for SO2) with previous modeling results as different Λ schemes adopted in CTMs. The nonlinearity between Λ and precipitation intensity causes frequency exerting stronger impact on aerosol burden than intensity and duration. Periodic light rain with a precipitation amount of 1–10 mm per event can eliminate 60% of SNA in PM2.5 and is suggested as a routine procedure to improve local air quality. Analyzing a typical washout process after a haze event in CC, BS could reduce PM2.5 SNA concentrations by 44%–54% derived from improved parameterizations.
Discovery of a Dust Sorting Process on Boulders Near the Reiner Gamma Swirl on the Moon
Authors: Rüsch Ottaviano , Hess Marcel , Wöhler Christian , Bickel Valentin T. , Marshal Rachael M. , Patzek Markus , Huybrighs Hans L. F. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIn a database of lunar fractured boulders (Rüsch & Bickel, 2023, https://doi.org/10.3847/psj/acd1ef), we found boulders with reflectance features dissimilar to previously known morphologies. We performed a photo‐geologic investigation and determined that the features correspond to a dust mantling on top of boulders with a unique photometric behavior. We next performed a photometric model inversion on the dust mantling using Bayesian inference sampling. Modeling indicates that the dust photometric anomaly is most likely due to a reduced opposition effect, whereas the single scattering albedo is not significantly different from that of the nearby background regolith. This implies a different structure of the dust mantling relative to the normal regolith. We identified and discussed several potential processes to explain the development of such soil. None of these mechanisms can entirely explain the multitude of observational constraints unless evoking anomalous boulder properties. Further study of these boulders can shed light on the workings of a natural dust sorting process potentially involving dust dynamics, a magnetic field, and electrostatic dust transport. The presence of these boulders appears to be limited to the Reiner K crater near the Reiner Gamma magnetic and photometric anomaly. This close spatial relationship further highlights that poorly understood processes occur in this specific region of the Moon.
A Perspective on Probing Coral Resilience to Climate and Environmental Changes Using Stable Isotopes of Bio‐Utilized Metal Elements
Authors: Chen Xuefei , Deng Wenfeng , Xiao Hangfang , Guo Yangrui , Wei Gangjian 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIn the face of diverse challenges like global warming, ocean acidification, and human activities, the world's coral reefs are confronting a severe ecological crisis. Understanding the historical coevolution of corals with their environment and their resilience to current climate change is crucial for protecting these ecosystems and predicting their future. In this context, metal stable isotopes in corals present a novel and alternative methodology. Their significant fractionation during coral biological processes, persistent presence in coral skeletons, and relatively straightforward sources make them a valuable tool. However, the complexity of coral biology necessitates a deeper investigation into the fundamental mechanisms behind the isotopic fractionation of these biologically utilized metal elements. A comprehensive and systematic study of the roles of metal stable elements in coral biological processes is essential. This includes examining the fractionation of metal isotopes across different parts of the corals, such as tissues, zooxanthellae, and skeletons. To achieve these goals, multidisciplinary collaborations are essential. They should focus on several key areas: interpreting metal stable isotopes data in the context of coral physiology and ecology; conducting controlled laboratory experiments on coral cultivation; engaging in comparative studies with inorganically precipitated aragonites; and developing a holistic understanding within the framework of coral biomineralization models.
The Largely Ignored but Important Role of Non‐Rooted, Submersed Vegetation and Small Waterbodies on Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Authors: Hassett Erin , Morin Timothy H. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractSmall, shallow waterbodies are abundant globally and are associated with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions disproportionate to their size. One reason for this is the prevalence of non‐rooted, submersed (NRS) macrophytes that often dominate these systems. Despite these plants' significant role in the carbon ecology of their ecosystems, they are often excluded from climate change models due, in part, to the lack of clarity of their effects. Theus et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JG007758) provides new insights into the role that NRS macrophytes have on GHG emissions, demonstrating that increasing densities of these macrophytes lead to increases in both CO2 and CH4 gas fluxes. Here, we highlight the importance of both shallow waterbodies and NRS vegetation within the context of the field of aquatic ecosystem biogeochemistry. We identify a need for the inclusion of these drivers into climate change models based partly on the findings of Theus et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JG007758).