bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cortical radial glial cells in human fetuses: Depth‐correlated transformation into astrocytes
Authors: deAzevedo Leonardo C. , Fallet Cathérine , Moura‐Neto Vivaldo , Daumas‐Duport Cathérine , Hedin‐Pereira Cecilia , Lent Roberto 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn the human brain, the transformation of radial glial cells (RGC) into astrocytes has been studied only rarely. In this work, we were interested in studying the morphologic aspects underlying this transformation during the fetal/perinatal period, particularly emphasizing the region‐specific glial fiber anatomy in the medial cortex. We have used carbocyanine dyes (DiI/DiA) to identify the RGC transitional forms and glial fiber morphology. Immunocytochemical markers such as vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were also employed to label the radial cells of glial lineage and to reveal the early pattern of astrocyte distribution. Neuronal markers such as neuronal‐specific nuclear protein (NeuN) and microtubule‐associated protein (MAP‐2) were employed to discern whether or not these radial cells could, in fact, be neurons or neuronal precursors. The main findings concern the beginning of RGC transformation showing loss of the ventricular fixation in most cases, followed by transitional figures and the appearance of mature astrocytes. In addition, diverse fiber morphology related to depth within the cortical mantle was clearly demonstrated. We concluded that during the fetal/perinatal period the cerebral cortex is undergoing the final stages of radial neuronal migration, followed by involution of RGC ventricular processes and transformation into astrocytes. None of the transitional or other radial glia were positive for neuronal markers. Furthermore, the differential morphology of RGC fibers according to depth suggests that factors may act locally in the subplate and could have a role in the process of cortical RGC transformation and astrocyte localization. The early pattern of astrocyte distribution is bilaminar, sparing the cortical plate. Few astrocytes (GFAP+) in the upper band could be found with radial processes at anytime. This suggests that astrocytes in the marginal zone could be derived from different precursors than those that differentiate from RGCs during this period. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 55: 288–298, 2003
Sex‐peptides bind to two molecularly different targets in Drosophila melanogaster females
Authors: Ding Zhaobing , Haussmann Irmgard , Ottiger Michael , Kubli Eric 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSex‐Peptide (SP) and the peptide DUP99B elicit two postmating responses in Drosophila melanogaster females: receptivity is reduced and oviposition is increased. Both are synthesized in the male genital tract and transferred into the female during copulation. To elucidate their function, we characterized the binding properties of SP and DUP99B in females. Cryostat sections of adult females were incubated with alkaline phosphatase (AP)‐tagged peptides. In virgin females, both peptides have specific target sites in the nervous system and in the genital tract. The binding pattern is almost identical for both peptides. Incubation of sections of mated females confirm that some of these target sites correspond to the in vivo targets of the two peptides. Neuronal binding is dependent on an intact C‐terminal sequence of SP, binding in the genital tract is less demanding in terms of amino acid sequence requirement. On affinity blots the AP–SP probe binds to membrane proteins extracted from abdomen and head plus thorax, respectively. The binding proteins in the nervous system and the genital tract differ in their molecular properties. Calculation of dissociation constants (Kd), and also determination of the minimal peptide concentrations necessary for binding, indicate that SP is the more important peptide inducing the postmating responses. Our results suggest that binding of SP in the nervous system is responsible for eliciting the postmating responses, whereas binding in the genital tract reflects the presence of a peptide transporter. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 55: 372–384, 2003
Dendritic growth induced by BMP‐7 requires Smad1 and proteasome activity
Authors: Guo Xin , Lin Yin , Horbinski Craig , Drahushuk Karen M. , Kim In‐Jung , Kaplan Paul L. , Lein Pamela , Wang Tongwen , Higgins Dennis 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) induce dendritic growth in cultured sympathetic neurons; however, the signaling pathways that mediate this dendrite‐promoting activity have not been previously characterized. Here we report studies of the signaling events that regulate the growth of these afferent processes. We find that Smad1 is expressed in sympathetic neurons and that BMPs rapidly induce its phosphorylation and translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Furthermore, a dominant negative form of Smad1 inhibits BMP‐7‐induced dendritic growth, suggesting a requirement for Smad1 activation in this biological activity of BMP‐7. A physical interaction between Smad1 and components involved in the proteasome‐mediated degradation system was detected with a yeast two‐hybrid screen, thereby prompting an examination of the effects of proteasome inhibitors on dendritic growth. Lactacystin and ALLN (N‐acetyl‐Leu‐Leu‐norleucinal) selectively blocked BMP‐7‐induced dendritic growth without adversely affecting either cell viability or axonal growth. Moreover, studies of transfected P19 cells suggest that the proteasome inhibitors directly block the effects of Smad1 on the transcriptional activity of the Tlx‐2 promoter. These data indicate that BMP‐induced dendritic growth requires Smad1 activation and involves proteasome‐mediated degradation events. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 48: 120–130, 2001
First prenatal diagnosis for Wolfram syndrome by molecular analysis of the WFS1 gene
Authors: Domènech Enric , Kruyer Helena , Gómez Carolina , Calvo Maria Teresa , Nunes Virginia 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWolfram syndrome (WS) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by early onset diabetes mellitus and progressive optic atrophy in the first decade of life. Other clinical features such as diabetes insipidus, deafness, renal tract abnormalities or psychiatric illnesses are often present. The sequence of the Wolfram syndrome gene (WFS1) was described in 1998, and mutations in the gene have been reported in many populations.To date, the function of the putative protein remains unknown.Here we report prenatal diagnosis by analysing the WFS1 gene, in a foetus belonging to a family with a child diagnosed for Wolfram syndrome. The parents are carriers of the c.2206G > C (G736R) mutation. To our knowledge this is the first description of prenatal diagnosis for Wolfram syndrome, based on the molecular analysis of the WFS1 gene. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Symptoms and long‐term outcomes for children who have been sexually assaulted
Authors: Webster Raymond E. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractViolent behaviors by and toward children have become an increasing concern within the American school system, with a good deal of energy devoted to developing profiles about which children are likely to exhibit these behaviors (Goldstein & Huff, 1993). Unfortunately, much less publicity has been devoted toward children who are sexually abused, despite the fact that over 300,000 children and adolescents are sexually abused annually in this country (National Center of Child Abuse and Neglect, 1996). As such, this figure reflects about a 600% increase in actual reported cases since 1980 (Burgdoff, 1980). These data suggest that a large number of school‐aged children are experiencing this kind of personal assault and professional educators are likely to encounter these children in the routine course of the educational process. This article provides a summary of the issues involved in the determination of sexual assault against a child and reviews the empirical literature describing the symptoms which may be manifested by a child who has been sexually abused. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Use of stimulant medication for treatment of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A survey of middle and high school students' attitudes
Authors: Moline Scott , Frankenberger William 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSix hundred fifty‐one students (ages 11–18) completed a questionnaire that asked if they were taking stimulant medication for ADHD. Those who responded positively were then asked to answer a section of the questionnaire that asked them about their experiences and attitudes related to their treatment with the medication. If they responded that they were not diagnosed with ADHD and not receiving treatment with stimulant medication, they answered a section of the questionnaire that inquired about their perceptions of students who did take medication. Fifty students completed the taking‐medication portion of the questionnaire. Although the students reported that the medication helped them somewhat in the areas of behavior, social ability with friends, parents, and teachers, and attention, they reported that the medication did not help them in the area of academic achievement. The majority of the students reported some side effects from their medication. Thirty‐four percent of students taking ADHD medication reported being approached to sell or trade their medication, and 53% of students not taking ADHD medication reported that some students taking ADHD medication gave away or sold their medication. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Influence of acidity on the reaction between [PdCl(dien)]+andL‐cysteine or glutathione in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles
Authors: Vasić Vesna M. , Živanović Momir A. , Čakar Mira M. , Savić Jasmina Z. , Nedeljković Jovan M. , Bugarčić Živadin D. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe reaction mechanism and thermodynamic parameters of the complex formation between [PdCl(dien)]+and sulfur‐containing ligandsL‐cysteine and glutathione (GSH) were investigated in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles in the pH range 0.5–3.5. The reaction rates were determined under pseudo‐first‐order conditions (ligand in excess) in the temperature range 276–299 K by using the stopped‐flow technique. A reaction mechanism was proposed that consisted of at least two parallel paths involving protonated and zwitterionic forms of thiols. The pH effects on reaction rate were interpreted in terms of the electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged micelle surface and different ionic forms of the ligand species. The calculation of pH‐dependent activation parameters (ΔH≠and ΔS≠) revealed the considerable catalytic effects on the rate of complexation. The entropy of activation is strongly negative in the presence and absence of micelles, which is compatible with an associative reaction mechanism. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of photoreactive polyimide having indan structure
Authors: Tamai S. , Kamada J. , Ono T. , Kuroki T. , Goto K. , Yamaguchi A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPolyimide containing an indan unit and alkyl moiety with a high molecular weight was prepared from 5,7‐diamino‐1,1,4,6‐tetramethylindan and 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride. This polyimide was amorphous and soluble in common organic solvents, such as tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, and cyclopentanone. Thermogravimetry of the polyimide showed good thermal stability, indicating that a 10% weight loss of the polyimide was observed at 500 °C in nitrogen. The glass‐transition temperature of the polyimide was not observed by DSC measurement between room temperature and 400 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C/min (Apparatus: DSC3100 MAC Science Co., Ltd.). Transparency of the polyimide at 365 nm was 80%. The polyimide acted as a photosensitive resist of negative type by UV radiation. The resist had a sensitivity of 31 mJ/cm2 and a contrast of 2.3 when it was developed with cyclopentanone at room temperature. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 423–428, 2002
Tetraalkylammonium salt as photoinitiator of vinyl polymerization in organic and aqueous media: A mechanistic and laser flash photolysis study
Authors: Gómez María L. , Palacios Rodrigo E. , Previtali Carlos M. , Montejano Hernán A. , Chesta Carlos A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractN‐Dimethyl‐N‐[2‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)ethyl]‐N‐(1‐methylnaphthyl)ammonium tetrafluoroborate (I) was synthesized with the aim of obtaining a versatile photoinitiator for vinyl polymerization in organic solvents and water. Salt I was able to trigger the polymerization of acrylamide, 2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate and styrene even at very low concentrations of the salt (∼1.0 × 10−5 M). Using laser flash photolysis and fluorescence techniques and analyzing the photoproduct distribution, we were able to postulate a mechanism for the photodecomposition of the salt. With irradiation, I undergoes an intramolecular electron‐transfer reaction to form a radical ion pair (RIP). The RIP intermediate decomposes into free radicals. The RIP and the free radicals are active species for initiating the polymerization. Depending on the concentration of the vinyl monomers studied, the initiation mechanism of the polymerization reaction changes. At large monomer concentrations, the RIP state is postulated to trigger the reaction by generating the anion radical of the olefin substrate. At a low monomer concentration, the free radicals produced by the decomposition of I are believed to start the chain reaction. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 901–913, 2002; DOI 10.1002/pola.10166
Synthesis of amphiphilic particles in the presence of inert solvents and their application to lipase immobilization
Authors: Yasuda Masahiro , Kobayashi Miho , Watanabe Shinji , Ogino Hiroyasu , Ishimi Kosaku , Ishikawa Haruo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTo develop monodisperse amphiphilic polymer particles on which a large amount of lipase could be immobilized, we performed seed polymerizations of glycidyl methacrylate and allyl methacrylate in the presence of nonpolar inert and polar inert solvents. The amphiphilic porous polymer particles, which had both hydrophilic guanidino groups and hydrophobic stearoyl groups, were synthesized in the presence of n‐decane and had a large amount of macropores with diameters of 50–1000 nm. The amount of lipase immobilized on the amphiphilic particles synthesized in the presence of n‐decane was 3.85 times that of the lipase immobilized on the amphiphilic particles synthesized in the absence of a solvent. The immobilized lipase prepared with the amphiphilic particles synthesized in the presence of n‐decane exhibited a high transesterification activity in n‐hexane and could be used repeatedly without a considerable activity loss. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 874–884, 2002; DOI 10.1002/pola.10178
Effects of humidity on environmental stress cracking behavior in poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Ishiyama C. , Sakuma T. , Shimojo M. , Higo Y. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractEnvironmental stress cracking (ESC) in poly(methyl methacrylate) under different humidity conditions has been investigated. Constant stress‐intensity factor (K) ring‐type specimens were prepared, and all specimens were equilibrated at five different humidity conditions for about two years. ESC tests were carried out under the same humidity as specimens had been stored. Acoustic emission (AE) signals during ESC tests were also measured to examine the crack‐growth behavior. The threshold K value (Kth) tended to increase with increasing humidity. At a relative humidity (RH) of 11%, crack growth occurred gradually until 40 ks under a K value of 0.70 MPam1/2, and then the crack‐growth rate began to increase and AE events were observed. A laser microscopic observation indicated that the crack extended by the coalescence between a main crack and a microcrack ahead of the main crack tip. AE signals generated are considered to be associated with the coalescence. At 98% RH, an incubation period where no crack growth was observed existed under a K value of 0.94 MPam1/2, but the crack began to grow suddenly after that incubation period. This suggests that the craze at the crack tip may become weaker with increasing loading time under high humidity. Although the crack‐growth rate at 98% RH was higher than that at 11% RH, no AE events were observed. This suggests that the crack extended stably in the craze at a crack tip, and sorbed water may make the craze growth easy. All the results suggest that two different ESC mechanisms are activated depending on sorbed water that are varied by humidity. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1–9, 2002
Correlation between crystallization kinetics and microdomain morphology in block copolymer blends exhibiting confined crystallization
Authors: Lee Wenchuan , Chen Hsin‐Lung , Lin Tsang‐Lang 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe crystallization kinetics of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) blocks in poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐poly(1,4‐butadiene) (PEO‐b‐PB)/poly(1,4‐butadiene) (PB) blends were previously found to display a one‐to‐one correlation with the microdomain morphology. The distinct correlation was postulated to stem from the homogeneous nucleation‐controlled crystallization in the cylindrical and spherical PEO microdomains, where there existed a direct proportionality between the nucleation rate and the individual domain volume. This criterion was valid for confined crystallization in which the crystallization was spatially restricted within the individual domains. However, it was possibly not applicable to PEO‐b‐PB/PB, in that the melt mesophase was strongly perturbed upon crystallization. Therefore, it may be speculated that the crystal growth front developed in a given microdomain could intrude into the nearby noncrystalline domains, yielding the condition of cooperative crystallization. To establish an unambiguous model system for verifying the existence of microdomain‐tailored kinetics in confined crystallization, we crosslinked amorphous PB blocks in PEO‐b‐PB/PB with a photoinitiated crosslinking reaction to effectively suppress the cooperative crystallization. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering revealed that, in contrast to the noncrosslinked systems, the pre‐existing domain morphology in the melt was retained upon crystallization. The crystallization kinetics in the crosslinked system also exhibited a parallel transition with the morphological transformation, thereby verifying the existence of microdomain‐tailored kinetics in the confined crystallization of block copolymers. Homogeneous nucleation‐controlled crystallizations in cylindrical and spherical morphologies were demonstrated in an isothermal crystallization study in which the corresponding crystallinity developments followed a simple exponential rule not prescribed by conventional spherulitic crystallization. Despite the effective confinement imposed by the crosslinked PB phase, crystallization in the lamellar phase still proceeded through a mechanism analogous to the spherulitic crystallization of homopolymers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 519–529, 2002; DOI 10.1002/polb.10121
Two‐dimensional Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study of biosynthesized poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyhexanoate) and poly(hydroxybutyrate‐ co‐hydroxyvalerate)
Authors: Tian Ge , Wu Qiong , Sun Suqin , Noda Isao , Chen Guo‐Qiang 
Published: October 2004

AbstractGeneralized two‐dimensional (2D) Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy was used to investigate the effect of the comonomer compositions on the crystallization behavior of two types of biosynthesized random copolymers, poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyhexanoate) and poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate). The carbonyl absorption band around 1730 cm−1 was sensitive to the degree of crystallinity. 2D correlation analysis demonstrated that the 3‐hydroxyhexanoate units preferred to remain in the amorphous phase of the semicrystalline poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyhexanoate) copolymer, resulting in decreases in the degree of crystallinity and the rate of the crystallization process. The poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate) copolymer maintained a high degree of crystallinity when the 3‐hydroxyvalerate fraction was increased from 0 to 25 mol % because of isodimorphism. The crystalline and amorphous absorption bands for the carbonyl bond for this copolymer, therefore, changed simultaneously. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 649–656, 2002; DOI 10.1002/polb.10126
Hodgkin's disease and ataxia telangiectasia with pulmonary cavities
Authors: Yalçin Bilgehan , Kutluk M. Tezer , Sanal Özden , Akyüz Canan , Anadol Deniz , Çağlar Melda , Göçmen Ayhan , Büyükpamukçu Münevver 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAtaxia telangiectasia (AT) homozygotes have an increased risk for development of Hodgkin's disease (HD). Parenchymal lung involvement is not uncommon in HD; however, cavitary pulmonary lesions are quite unusual. We report on 3 cases of AT with HD who had mediastinal disease and parenchymal pulmonary involvement with cavitation. Of 6 AT patients in our HD series, 3 developed pulmonary cavities. The patients displayed pulmonary infiltration, cavitation in the lung parenchyma, and mediastinal enlarged lymph nodes on both plain chest X‐rays and thoracic computed tomographies. No infectious etiologies were established for the pulmonary findings. Histopathological examination of open lung and mediastinal biopsies revealed HD, and all patients received multiagent chemotherapies. The outcome was fatal in all 3 patients.Respiratory infections are the principle cause for morbidity and mortality in AT patients. Reports on cavitating pulmonary lesions in HD are quite rare. Furthermore, data regarding the patterns of pulmonary involvement in AT patients with or without HD are lacking. The increased incidence of malignancies in AT patients may relate to immunodeficiency and to the chromosomal alterations identified. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:399–403. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Quantum Mechanical Molecular Dynamics Study of Binary Collisions of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN): Its Correlation to Shock Sensitivity
Authors: Wu Christine J. , Ree Francis H. , Yoo Choong‐Shik 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe have carried out semi‐empirical quantum mechanical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations involving collisions of two pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) molecules at different molecular orientations and at several intermolecular separations. The common features of reactive scattering among all molecular orientations are (1) the dissociation mechanism of PETN remains unimolecular and (2) the dominant reaction channel is the breaking of an ONO2 bond. However, the probability of collision‐induced decomposition of PETN depends strongly on initial conditions, in agreement with the experimentally observed sensitivity of shock‐initiated detonation in bulk PETN along different crystalline orientations. In addition, the next most frequent reaction path shows a dependence on initial orientations.