bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Doing Public Management the Egalitarian Way
Authors: Hood Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn the four chapters of Part II, public management ideas that loosely correspond to each of the four polar world views identified by cultural theory are discussed; here the cultural‐theory framework is mixed with a historical perspective to survey recurring approaches to public management that can be loosely characterized as hierarchist (Ch. 4), individualist (Ch. 5), egalitarian (this chapter), and fatalist (Ch. 7). Like individualism and hierarchism, egalitarianism embodies a particular vision of control of public management both within organizations and by the society at large, and that approach to organization can be linked to a broader vision of good government that takes groupism rather than bossism, choicism, or chancism as the point of departure or central organizing principle for co‐operative behaviour. The egalitarian approach to organization involves at least three closely interrelated elements: these are group self‐management, control by mutuality, and maximum face‐to‐face accountability. A fourth idea often associated with egalitarianism is the view that the process by which decisions are reached in an organization or group is just as important, if not more so, than the results or outcomes in a narrow sense—i.e. the achievement of the substantive policy goals of egalitarians is not held to be more important than reaching the process goal of decision‐making through high‐participation weak‐leadership structures. The main sections are: What Egalitarians Believe; The Managerial Critique of Egalitarianism; and Varieties of Egalitarianism.
Identity and Diversity
Authors: Mackie J. L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Mackie sets out Locke's general theory of identity and raises some difficulties with the account. Hume's claim that the notion of identity is a fiction is critically assessed. Mackie argues that there is a relation between Locke's notion of identity and the notion that individuals can have essences. He presents an argument for what he calls Locke's thesis about the relativity of identity. The relevance of Kripke's discussion of identity and named individuals is examined. It is argued that Locke's thesis about the relativity of identity can provide a means of understanding some problems concerning identity through time.
Empiricism and Innate Notions
Authors: Mackie J. L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines the relation between empiricism and realism. Mackie criticizes Locke's arguments against innate ideas. He draws a distinction between ‘minimal’ and ‘authoritative’ senses of knowledge and claims that innate knowledge is only possible in the minimal sense. Mackie argues that there is no necessary conflict between empiricism and realism. He concludes that it is possible to endorse both an empirical basis for our actual knowledge of the world as well as to accept the importance of certain innate propensities that contribute to that knowledge.
Value Judgement
Authors: Griffin James 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe book asks how, and how much, we can improve our ethical standards—not lift our behaviour closer to our standards but refine the standards themselves. To answer this question requires answering most of the major questions of ethics. So the book includes a discussion of what a good life is like, where the bounds of the natural world come, how values relate to that world (e.g. naturalism, realism), how great human capacities—the ones important to ethics—are, and where moral norms come from. Throughout the book, the question of what philosophy can contribute to ethics arises. Philosophical traditions, such as most forms of utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics, are, the book contends, too ambitious. Ethics cannot be what philosophers in those traditions expect it to be because agents cannot be what these philosophies require them to be. The book starts by questioning the adequacy of both appeals to intuition and the coherence method of justification in ethics (e.g. wide reflective equilibrium) and ends with a description of the sort of justification available to us.
The Boundaries of the Natural World
Authors: Griffin James 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Can values be reduced to facts about nature? There are different forms of ethical naturalism: conceptual naturalism (that value‐terms are definable in natural terms, a view that G.E. Moore famously denounced as ‘the naturalistic fallacy’) and substantive naturalism (that certain matters of value in effect come down to certain matters about the natural world). Both these forms of naturalism bring us up against the fuzziness of the notion of the ‘natural’. In this connection, the chapter considers whether values supervene on natural properties, and ends with doubts that they do. The chapter then proposes a third form of naturalism: expansive naturalism, in which the boundaries of the ‘natural’ are pushed outward a bit, in a duly motivated way, with the effect that they now encompass basic human interests and so prudential values.
The Fixwage Path
Authors: Hicks John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the Fixwage path in the Standard Case. It begins with a steady state under an old technique. This states that at time 0 (which is the start of year 0) there is a change in technology, by which new processes become available that were not available before. At the given wage (carried over from the old steady state and remaining inflexible), there will be some particular process which is now the most profitable. Since the wage is fixed and remains fixed, that same new technique will continue to be dominant, throughout the Traverse which is discussed. Thus, there is no more than a single switch, from the old technique (C*) to the new technique (C). The chapter completes the determination of the Fixwage path, under a Q-assumption, then asks how much difference would be made, if that assumption were relaxed.
Primitive Growth Models — Adam Smith and Ricardo
Authors: Hicks John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter analyses Adam Smith's Original Model, which is shown to be standing behind Smith and also standing behind Ricardo. The single-period, in this Original Model, is a natural period, the agricultural year. The initial capital comes from last year's harvest — a certain quantity of ‘corn’. This is transformed, by the production of the year, into another, presumably larger, quantity of corn. That is done in two ways: by natural reproduction, the use of corn for seed, and by employing labour in cultivation.
Stocks and Flows
Authors: Hicks John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter attempts to define the concept of stock equilibrium, which is a key point of the Fixprice theory. Stock equilibrium is an equilibrium at a point of time; in accounting terms, it is an equilibrium of the balance-sheet. Although that sounds simple, the balance-sheet of a business, even as it is in practice, is quite a peculiar construction. It is important to realize that its counterpart in economic theory is also a peculiar construction, in much the same way.
Structural Disequilibrium — Traverse
Authors: Hicks John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The chief thing which has emerged from the Harrod-type theory considered in Chapter 12 is that an economy which has been in long-term equilibrium at fixed prices (which are to maintained) cannot adjust to a change in its desired growth rate, unless the propensity to save is varied, or the capital-output ratio is varied. If there is a difference between the propensities to save out of wages and out of profits, and it is these propensities that are fixed, a new equilibrium can be found, provided that there is a suitable change in the rate of profit. Indeed, if anything emerges to change the overall propensity to save out of income in the right direction, along any channel, the Harrod difficulty can be got over. And if the change in the growth rate affects the capital-output ratio in the right direction, that also will help. But suppose the Harrod difficulty has been got over: that a suitable change in the propensity to save, for whatever reason, has occurred — will that be the end of the trouble? The magic that used to be attributed to a Keynesian fiscal policy assumed that it would; but there is a school of economists who have been maintaining, all along, that it is not. They do have something to say; this chapter looks for a method which will give it attention.
Discrimination in Terms of the Long‐Run Component: A Test for Trend Stationarity
Authors: Hatanaka Michio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter analyses a measure of long-run component, b(1). It is argued that the non-parametric variance ratio used to measure the importance of long-run components in economic time series cannot be used to discriminate the difference and the trend stationarity. The MA unit-root test is derived, which is the locally best test on the basis of the invariance principle. It is shown that the MA unit-root test for the Δxt is useful in testing for the trend stationarity of xt against the difference stationarity.
Viewing the Discrimination as a Model Selection Problem Including Deterministic Trends
Authors: Hatanaka Michio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The discrimination between trend stationarity (TS) and difference stationarity (DS) depends on the valid selection of models for deterministic trends. This chapter introduces polynomial trends and linear trends with intercept and slope changes. The encompassing theory in Mizon (1984) and Mizon and Richard (1986) is extended into a comparison of P-values to test for DS against TS, and TS against DS. Simulation results are presented to investigate the separability of DS and TS models and the fairness of the comparison.
Bayesian Discrimination
Authors: Hatanaka Michio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter reviews Bayesian studies of the unit root. It identifies three different categories of discrimination that have emerged in Bayesian unit-root literature, where stationarity is discriminated from non-stationarity in the first category, and a point-null hypothesis, ρ = 1, is compared with alternative hypotheses in the second and third. It is shown that the third category, which contains only Schotman and van Dijk (1991a, b, 1993), deals with the discrimination between difference stationarity and trend stationarity.
Asymptotic Inference Theories on Co‐Integrated Regressions
Authors: Hatanaka Michio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter analyses co-integrated regressions. It considers the cases where Δxt is i.i.d without a drift, Δxt is still i.i.d. but has a deterministic drift, and Δxt is serially correlated. It discusses testing for co-integration, and co-integrated regression models’ assumption of some basic aspect of the co-integration space called the location of non-singular submatrices in B’.
Cointegration and Representation of Integrated Variables
Authors: Johansen Søren 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Contains the mathematical and algebraic results needed to understand the properties of I(1) and I(2) processes generated by autoregressive and moving average models. The basic result is Grangers representation theorem, which gives necessary and sufficient conditions on the coefficients of the autoregressive model for the process to be integrated of order 1 and 2. We introduce the error correction model for I(1) and I(2) processes.
Probability Properties of I (1) Processes
Authors: Johansen Søren 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The basic properties of I(1) processes defined by the vector autoregressive model with a constant term are given. We discuss the behaviour of the process in different directions, and apply these results to find asymptotic properties of various product moment matrices needed to derive properties of likelihood ratio tests and estimators. Estimators and test statistics are derived under the assumption of Gaussian errors, but the limit results are proved under the more general assumption that the errors are independent with the same distribution with mean zero and finite variance.
The Birth of Political Economy
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Starts by characterizing the end of the Middle Ages and the beginnings of the modern world. Then considers mercantilism, with special emphasis on demographic and monetary theories and policies. Finally, exposes the contributions of some relevant forerunners of classical political economy (W. Petty; J. Locke; D. North; B. Mandeville; R. Cantillon).
The Years of High Theory: I
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Assesses the reasons for the crisis of neoclassical theory in the inter‐war period in the light of 1929 crisis and the ensuing depression. Reconstructs the emergence of the Keynesian theoretical system and evaluates the political philosophy of Keynesianism. Finally, considers the contributions of M. Kalecki and J. Schumpeter.
The Years of High Theory: II
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Deals with the reaction of the Neoclassical School to the criticism levied against it in the inter‐war period. Emphasizes the developments of general equilibrium theory and the birth of the new welfare economics due to L. Robbins. Examines the debate on economic calculation under socialism and the birth of the institutional school due to T. Veblen.
Organizational Change
Authors: Domberger Simon , Domberger Simon 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter and the previous three consider the alternative means through which a contracting strategy is devised and implemented. Chapter 8 discusses the problems of organizational change associated with the introduction of contracting out––problems that are frequently the major obstacles to structural adjustment. The different parts of the chapter are as follows: Contracting out and organizational change; Impact on staff; Clean break or negotiated transfer? Terms and conditions of transfer; TUPE––the Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Act in the UK, which is an implementation of the European Community Acquired Rights Directive (ARD, 1977); Managing transition; and Impact on customers and suppliers.
Introduction and Motivations
Authors: Gouriéroux Christian , Monfort Alain 
Published: October 2003

AbstractReviews the standard parametric or semi‐parametric methods (Maximum Likelihood, Pseudo‐Maximum Likelihood, GMM). Then, considers models in which the likelihood function or the conditional moments do not admit a tractable form. Finally, describes a general non‐linear framework in which path simulations or conditional simulations will be useful.
Utilitarianism
Authors: Hare R. M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Through consideration of another practical case, this chapter opens the way to a generalization of the method of argument outlined previously. Multilateral cases raise the question of how the interests of all parties can be resolved into a determinate moral conclusion, which brings the discussion to a standpoint that has affinities with classical utilitarianism. Like the principle of universalizability, the form of the utilitarian principle espoused is purely logical. In both cases, the moral substance comes from fleshing out the parties’ actual inclinations and interests. The chapter embarks on a short survey of the challenges faced by a utilitarian system of this kind, before considering the concept of happiness, act‐utilitarianism, and rule‐utilitarianism.
The Distribution of Individual Earnings
Authors: Phelps Brown Henry 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter follows the examination in the previous chapter of differences in the dispersion of individual pay about the average in the presence of a given structure of pay by occupation. The differences are explored by another approach here, which tries to account for some of the remarkable properties of the statistical form of the distribution of individual earnings, and thereby to contribute to a philosophy of the inequality of pay between one person and another. The different sections of the chapter are: The form of the distribution of individual earnings; Processes by which distributions are formed; An index of ability to work; The generation of the distribution of ability to work by factors impinging in successive stages of personal development; The link between ATW [ability to work] and pay; and The influence of particular factors upon individual earnings. The last section reviews and discusses the material presented, drawing out six main points.
The Struggle for a Hegemonic Presidency
Authors: Gill Graeme , Markwick Roger D. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
With the fall of the Soviet Union and the emergence of Russia as an independent state, the Russian political elite sought to mould a new political system. Yeltsin and those around him set out to create a hegemonic presidency, with significant power vested in the office of the president and the presidential apparatus he constructed. In contrast, the majority in the legislature seemed to favour a system in which presidential power was more restricted and the legislature had a dominant role to play. Such political differences, heightened by conflict over the policies of economic shock therapy introduced by the Gaidar government, culminated in Yeltsin's sacking of the legislature and his dispersal of it by force in a Bonapartist coup, ratified by legislative elections and a constitutional referendum.
Conclusion
Authors: Webb Paul 
Published: October 2003

AbstractStarts by presenting a summary of the findings of the national case studies covered in the study of political parties and democratic control in advanced democratic societies. The summary excludes the case of the European Union, and the findings are presented under the same three headings used in the case studies: party legitimacy; party organizational strength, and systemic functionality. The following section discusses political parties and democratic theory, and a concluding section looks at parties and democratic reform.
Imagines Intextae: Images Interwoven in the Text
Authors: Conybeare Catherine 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A continuation of Ch. 4, this offers two extended examples of Paulinus’ imagistic meditations. It includes observations about the representational art of the period, its preference for abbreviated scenes, and the way in which they are linked – through biblical or parabiblical texts that are not necessarily alluded to explicitly. The passages discussed are both from Letter 23 of Paulinus: (1) links images of Christ as bridegroom and as Head of the Church – and the symbolism around his hair (deriving from the Song of Songs); (2) shows how these patterns of imagistic thought facilitate the association of Christ as man with Christ as word.
Theorizing Indigenous Rights
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter reviews the book “Indigenous Peoples in International Law” by James Anaya. The book explores the theory that indigenous peoples are a distinct category, and should not be classified under the heading of national minorities. It is argued that this theory conflicts with the realities of international law and the self-understandings of many defenders of indigenous rights. It also appears to justify only transnational rather than permanent differences in the rights of indigenous peoples and stateless nations.
Truth and Justifiability
Authors: Künne Wolfgang 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
According to alethic anti‐realism, truth does not outrun justifiability. I first expound three classical versions of alethic anti‐realism,––Brentano's foundationalism, neo‐Hegelian and neopositivist coherentism, and Peircean consensualism,––and point at problems that are peculiar to them. I go on to scrutinize the very liberal variety Putnam upheld for a while (truth is idealized rational acceptability), comparing it with Dummett's conception of ‘global anti‐realism’ and with kindred proposals made by Goodman (truth is permanent credibility) and, in an exploratory spirit, by Wright (truth is superassertibility). I give various reasons for dissatisfaction, among them why Putnam himself recanted. Then I try to support this recantation by presenting an objection, inspired by what has come to be called the Fitch Argument, against all versions of alethic anti‐realism: the argument from blind spots in the field of justification. I conclude my case against Frege's redundancy/omnipresence thesis, and I close with a brief sermon against alethic pluralism.
Equality and Responsibility
Authors: Lake Christopher 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
These days, arguments about distributive justice—i.e. arguments about who should get what—often centre around two ideas. One is that goods should be distributed equally. The other is that how people fare in life should depend on what they are responsible for. In a wide‐ranging discussion, the author asks what it is that draws us to these two ideas and whether they lend themselves to being combined, in the way contemporary egalitarian thinkers seek to combine them, or whether they necessarily pull in different directions. Along the way, he examines how arguments about responsibility and natural talents bear upon the standing of market rewards and he looks at recent theoretical attempts to show that the recipients of social benefits should be willing to engage in contributive activity in return. The conclusion is clear—there is no natural tendency for a commitment to equality to support an attachment to responsibility nor for an attachment to responsibility to support a commitment to equality.
The Delors Report: From Intentions to Action
Authors: Padoa‐Schioppa Tommaso 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
An examination is made of the prospects for European Monetary Union following the publication of the Delors Report (Report on Economic and Monetary Union in the European Community) in 1989. Three main aspects are addressed: the definition of monetary union; the link between economic union and monetary union; and the question of gradualism.
Existence
Authors: McGinn Colin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The ‘naïve view’ of existence, according to which ‘exists’ is a genuine predicate, expressing a genuine property, is defended against the orthodox Russellian view, which maintains that to predicate existence of an object is really to say of some property that it is instantiated. It is argued that the orthodox view faces intractable problems, which the naïve view does not face, and that the latter fares better than the former in three specific contexts in which the notion of existence plays a central role: the cogito, essentialism, and the ontological argument.
Necessity
Authors: McGinn Colin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The view that modal expressions can be successfully paraphrased by means of quantification over possible worlds is rejected on the grounds that such translations are either circular or inadequate. It is argued instead that modal expressions function as ‘copula modifiers’, specifying whether an object instantiates a property in the ‘necessary mode’ or in the ‘contingent mode’. The chapter concludes with a brief examination of some metaphysical issues about modality, including whether it constitutes a sui generis ontological category and whether it is causally efficacious.