bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partnerships, Buy‐Out Options and Investment in Emerging Markets
Authors: Møllgaard H. Peter , Overgaard Per Baltzer 
Published: March 2003

Asymmetric information and fear of acquiring a “lemon” may explain the paucity of foreign investment in emerging market economies. If investors are uncertain about the profitability of investments, intrinsically inefficient, temporary partnerships or joint ventures may serve as mechanisms through which information is transmitted. Temporary partnerships with joint investments by the domestic firm and the investor, together with a buy‐out option to the investor, may sometimes separate good and bad investment prospects in equilibrium. However, separating equilibria may fail to exist. Implications for foreign direct investment are traced and briefly related to the experience of transition economies.JEL classification: D8; F2; L14; O12
R&D, Human Capital and International Technology Spillovers: A Cross‐country Analysis
Authors: Frantzen Dirk 
Published: March 2003

This paper is based on recent developments in the theory of innovation‐driven growth that emphasize both the importance of R&D efforts — domestic as well as foreign — for explaining national productivity, and the complementarity between R&D and human capital investments. Estimates of specifications, in growth terms and in level terms, on a cross‐section of OECD countries from the early 1960s to the early 1990s lend strong support to this thesis. The data show a significant influence of both domestic and foreign R&D. Moreover, there is clearly a net positive impact of human capital. The level and growth rate of human capital are shown to affect productivity growth and there is evidence of interaction with the catch‐up process.JEL classification: O33; O47
Are Family Transfers Crowded Out by Public Transfers?
Authors: GÜth Werner , Offerman Theo , Potters Jan , Strobel Martin , Verbon Harrie A. A. 
Published: March 2003

We give an account of an overlapping–generations experiment with multiple families in which voluntary transfers can take the form of support to the elderly or grants to children. Support to the old is a purely intergenerational (intra–family) transfer, whereas grants to children also involve an element of intra–generational (inter–family) redistribution through a compulsory pension system. Our data show that higher compulsory inter–family transfers lead subjects to place relatively more emphasis on support instead of grants: grants are crowded out, but support is not significantly affected. The efficiency of voluntary transfers increases, however. Furthermore, if subjects give transfers, they do not use tokens of direct reciprocity; evidence of indirect reciprocity in transfer behavior can only be obtained for the case where compulsory transfers are high. JEL classification: C91; H55
Errors in subtractions: Judged and observed frequencies
Authors: Hedenborg Maj‐Lene , Svenson Ola 
Published: March 2003

In a first study 10 adults, aged 24–44 years, solved all 105 subtraction problems in the form M − N = , where 0 ≤ M ≤ 13, 0 ≤ N ≤ 13 and N ≤ M. Each participant solved every problem 10 times and in total there were 10 500 answers. Answers, response latencies and errors were registered. Retrospective verbal reports were also given, indicating how a solution was reached: (1) via a (conscious) reconstructive cognitive process or (2) via an (unconscious) reproductive (retrieval) process. The participants made 291 errors (2.8%) when solving the subtractions in study 1. The rate of self‐correction was very high, 92%. In a second study 27 undergraduate students estimated overall error rates, including self‐corrected errors for the 105 subtraction problems used in the first study. Judged and actual error rates were compared. The participants systematically underestimated error rates for error prone problems and overestimated error rates for error free problems. The participants were fairly accurate when they predicted problems that were most error prone, with a hit rate of 0.67 for the (18) problems predicted as the most error prone ones. In contrast, predictions of which problems were error free were very poor with a hit rate of only 0.20 of the problems predicted as error free really having no errors in study 1. The correlation between judged error rates and frequencies for actually made errors was 0.69 for answers belonging to reconstructive solutions. In contrast, there was no significant correlation between judged and actual error rates at all for retrieved solutions, possibly reflecting the inaccessibility to consciousness of quick retrieval processes.
Perceived structure from optic flow: Consistent versus variable mapping of 3‐D Euclidean structure
Authors: Lind Mats , Börjesson Erik 
Published: March 2003

In an earlier study (Börjesson & Lind, 1996), the perception of Euclidean structure from polar projected two‐frame apparent motion sequences was studied. The results showed that Euclidean structure is not perceived. However, at larger visual angles a certain consistency in the mapping between distal and perceived structure exists. The aim of the present study was to more precisely examine how this degree of consistency varies as a function of visual angle. In Experiments 1 and 2, slant judgments of simulated and real planes indicated that the degree of consistency is a positive function of visual angle. No definite sign of a Euclidean mapping could, however, be found even in the full view condition. Experiment 3 examined texture gradients and the response method used. The results showed that texture gradients did not influence the degree of consistency of the mapping between distal and judged depth and that the response method was both reliable and valid. However, texture gradients did influence the absolute values of the slant judgments.The role of Euclidean and affine mappings of distal structure is discussed and it is proposed that the perceptually important distinction is not between affine and Euclidean mapping, but rather between two types of affine mappings—consistent and variable.
Deconstructing ‘Feminist Linguistics’
Authors: Preisler Bent 
Published: March 2003

Victoria L. Bergvall, Janet M. Bing and Alice F. Freed (eds.). Rethinking Language and Gender Research: Theory and Practice.Jennifer Coates. Women Talk: Conversation between Women Friends.Mary Crawford. Talking Difference: On Gender and Language.Kira Hall and Mary Bucholtz (eds.). Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self.Sally Johnson and Ulrike Hanna Meinhof (eds.). Language and Masculinity.
Real Sex/Fake Gender: A Reply to Robert Willmott
Authors: Hood-Williams John 
Published: March 2003

A series of claims relating to the sociological problematic of sex/gender are made by Robert Willmott in a critique of my article Goodbye to Sex and Gender (Hood-Williams, 1996). In his account he claims that: sociology is ‘impossible’ and feminism ‘impotent’ without the sex/gender distinction; that sex belongs to an order of real world objects that is ontologically distinctly from, and irreducible to, gender and that to oppose this view is to favour conflation; that men are ontologically distinct from women. In reply I argue that it is absurd to say that sociology, which pre-dates the sex/gender distinction by two hundred years, or feminism (also historically prior), cannot function without it; that the distinction between the real and the ideational rests on an ontology that is itself discursive and that the critique of the general distinction made between sex and gender does not necessitate conflating the objects of biological and sociological discourses; that men and women are no more ontologically distinct than people with black skins are from those with white. The ‘real world’ – an idea no longer of any use, not even a duty any longer – an idea grown useless, superfluous, consequently a refuted idea: let us abolish it! (Nietzsche)
Money in Remarriage: Keeping Things Simple — And Separate
Authors: Burgoyne Carole B. , Morison Victoria 
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates money matters in remarried couples. The number of such couples is on the increase, and their financial affairs are likely to be more complex and conflictual than for first-married couples, but there has been little research attention paid to this group in Britain. The present study explores patterns of control and management of money by means of data from semi-structured interviews with 20 couples in which one partner or both had been married before. The men and women were interviewed separately, but in the majority of cases, simultaneously, in separate rooms. This yielded data from 38 interviews since two men declined to take part in the study. Ages of respondents ranged from 28 to 83, with the majority in the 30–55 range. At the time of the study, only half still had dependent children, and not all of the latter were co-resident. A key finding of the study is a degree of separateness in financial arrangements that is in sharp contrast to earlier findings. As many as half of the couples were using an Independent Management system, compared with less than 2 per cent of couples in general. For those with children from previous relationships, this separateness was especially marked in the way they wished their assets to be treated after their death. However, in line with earlier studies, the balance of economic power in second and subsequent marriages still appeared to favour the men, who generally had larger incomes and owned more assets in their own names.
The Unaccommodated Woman: Home, Homelessness and Identity
Authors: Wardhaugh Julia 
Published: March 2003

‘Home’ and ‘homelessness’ serve to define each other at a phenomenological level. For the settled population, homelessness is a source of fascination and repulsion, an embodiment of their fears (of poverty and alienation) and their dreams (of freedom and simplicity). The ‘unaccommodated woman’ in particular is an aberration and a contradiction in terms: the gender renegade who has rejected, or been rejected by, traditional family and domestic structures. The home has been constructed as a source of identity and as an essential foundation of social order. Such order, however, is based on the experiences of many women of the home as a prison. These ‘homeless-at-home’ women experience abuse, violence and the suppression of self within the supposed safe haven of the domestic home. The article draws on the author's own ethnographic research with homeless women and men within the Three Cities Project on youth homelessness and crime, and concludes by examining two ways of being homeless: identity work and the management of bodily space.
Globalism's ‘Siren Song’: The United Nations and International Law in Christian Right Thought and Prophecy
Authors: Herman Didi 
Published: March 2003

The role of the American Christian Right (CR) as an international social movement has perhaps received less attention than it is due. In this article, I explore the underlying global vision of the CR, and the ways in which this vision shapes the CR's international political activism. I focus on the CR's construction of the United Nations, examining various CR genres including movement publications, fiction, and prophecy writing. I also attempt to analyse the CR's ideological stance in light of the literature on ‘religion and globalisation’. Imperatives for the future include: To take energetic action within the NGO process to blunt or prevent new assaults on family integrity; to identify, protect, and help advance existing ‘friends of the family’ within the U.N. Secretariat; to ‘place’ such friends in positions of current or potential influence within the U.N. Secretariat; And to build an international movement of ‘religiously grounded family morality systems’ that can influence and eventually shape social policy at the United Nations (Carlson, 2000).
Contesting the text: Canadian media depictions of the conflation of mental illness and criminality
Authors: Olstead Riley 
Published: March 2003

AbstractResearchers have identified that portrayals of mentally ill people as violent and criminal are among the most common depictions of mental illness in the popular media (Nunnally 1961, Wahl and Roth 1982, Day and Page 1986). Little attention, however, has been paid to assessing the textual strategies whereby such representations gain currency. This research is interested in investigating the reporting techniques utilised by the popular press including the ways in which power, knowledge and ideology articulates in and through media reports about mental illness. This study draws on Foucault (1972) and van Dijk (1998), to assess data generated out of a discourse analysis of 195 articles from two major Canadian newspapers over the past decade (1990–1999). Findings suggest that the linkages between criminality and mental illness are achieved through the use of ideological, polarised talk that creates distinctions between Us and Them, as well as through a hierarchy of mental illness. Within the hierarchy of illness, three portrayals are explored including the mentally ill criminal, the passive patient and class based illness depiction. A major finding reveals that, throughout the various representations, a central reporting feature is of mentally ill people as simultaneously rational and irrational. Furthermore, varying degrees of agency are afforded mentally ill subjects on class lines, which has implications for the substantiation of responsibility and blame.
Actor networks, policy networks and personality disorder
Authors: Manning Nick 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn this paper two disparate areas of social science theory, actor‐network theory and policy networks, will be brought to bear on the problem of explaining the rapid development of an area of medical science and health policy in the UK. There has been a surge of interest in the treatment and management of personality disorder from within both the psychiatric profession and government ministries, and particularly those personality disorders deemed to be severe or dangerous. This has resulted in the development of a new psychiatric classification, the ‘dangerous and severe personality disorder’ (DSPD), and the funding and development of a new service to deal with it. Major new mental health legislation has been set in train to provide legal backing for the pre‐emptive detention of patients with such a diagnosis, despite widespread uncertainty over its status, reliability or predictive capability. In the process of presenting and analysing this development, actor‐network theory and policy networks will themselves be reviewed and compared, and common and incompatible elements, foci and mechanisms identified.
N‐final relative clauses: The Amharic case
Authors: Demeke Girma A. 
Published: March 2003

Kayne develops a unique analysis for the relative clause construction based on the Linear Correspondence Axiom (LCA). According to Kayne (1994) outside the relative CP relative clauses do not have a nominal head. For him, the determiner directly selects the relative CP. Borsely (1997) and Platzack (1997/2000) argue that this kind of analysis has many drawbacks. However, their arguments come from N‐initial relative clause constructions. This paper examines how Kayne's approach handles N‐final relative clause constructions.We will immediately note that Kayne (1994) proposes the empirically erroneous generalisation that N‐final relative clauses lack an overt complementizer. Contrary to Kayne, languages such as Amharic clearly have a complementizer.This paper argues that from an empirical and theoretical point of view Kayne's proposal to N‐final relative clause construction has a lot of problems. In line with Platzack (1997/2000), this paper argues that N‐final relative clauses can be treated uniformly with N‐initial relative clauses as a complement of a “head” noun and moved to the functional definiteness Agr category to check the definiteness feature in the sense of Chomsky (1993).
Overt vs. Covert Movements
Authors: Kayne Richard S. 
Published: March 2003

In a number of cases (involving, e.g., negation, only, reverse scope of some and every, ACD) where covert (LF) phrasal movement has been postulated, it is possible and advantageous to dispense with covert movement (including feature raising) and replace it with a combination of overt movements of phonetically realized phrases.The strongest interpretation of this conclusion is that the cases explicitly considered are typical. UG leaves no choice: Scope must be expressed hierarchically, there are no covert LF phrasal movements permitted by UG, and neither can the effect of covert phrasal movement be achieved by feature raising. Scope reflects the interaction of merger and overt movement.
“I Had Never Been Exposed to Teaching like That”: Progressive Teacher Education at Bank Street during the 1930s
Authors: Grinberg Jaime Gerardo Alberto 
Published: March 2003

What happens in a teacher education program when control is neither exercised by formal professional or state standards nor by traditional dominant “disabling” market influences (Labaree, 1994)? To answer this question, the focus of this paper is on looking at teacher education through the lenses of pedagogical practices and discourses not in traditional institutions such as normal schools, colleges, and universities but in an alternative institution. Thus, this paper presents detailed accounts and analyzes the practice of the preparation of teachers in a progressive program during the 1930s in New York at Bank Street College of Education. Mostly, these accounts are grounded in the participants’ perspectives, providing data about how this progressive teacher-education program was experienced, and in particular on Lucy Sprague Mitchell's teaching based on data especially composed to describe two courses: (1)Environment (a mix of what today can be called social foundations and social studies methods) and (2)Language (mostly about the writing process). Bank Street, initially called the Cooperative for Student Teachers and intrinsically connected with experimental schools and a well-known institution among practitioners and progressive educators, was formed in 1930, which were times with heavy ideological discussion given the social and economic American and international contexts. Teaching at Bank Street centered on making experience a subject matter of study, while making connections between learning about children, the self, the world (the social contexts), and schooling, to foster progressive practices in the classroom. This case about pedagogical practices suggest a need to pay closer attention to the teaching of progressive teachers as an important aspect of learning to teach and teacher education improvement beyond dominant discussions about standards, organization, regulations and control of teacher education. This paper shows that it was possible to have a highly intellectual and inquiry-oriented teacher-education program, with a rigorous study of experience, with passion to understand children, subject matter, social contexts, and the self, and with a commitment to justice.
Design of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Intervention Trials in Developing Countries
Authors: Hayes R. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
Randomized controlled trials are recognized as the ‘gold standard’ for evaluating the effect of health interventions, yet few such trials of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preventive interventions have been conducted. We discuss the role of randomized trials in the evaluation of such interventions, and we review the strengths and weaknesses of this and other approaches. Randomization of clusters (groups of individuals) may sometimes be appropriate, and we discuss several issues in the design of such cluster-randomized trials, including sample size, the definition and size of clusters, matching and the role of base-line data. Finally we review some general issues in the design of HIV prevention trials, including the choice of the study population, trial end points and ethical issues. It is argued that randomized trials have an important role to play in the evolution of HIV control.
The Zero-Inflated Poisson Model and the Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth Index in Dental Epidemiology
Authors: Böhning Dankmar , Dietz E. , Schlattmann P. , Mendonça L. , Kirchner U. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
For frequency counts, the situation of extra zeros often arises in biomedical applications. This is demonstrated with count data from a dental epidemiological study in Belo Horizonte (the Belo Horizonte caries prevention study) which evaluated various programmes for reducing caries. Extra zeros, however, violate the variance–mean relationship of the Poisson error structure. This extra-Poisson variation can easily be explained by a special mixture model, the zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) model. On the basis of the ZIP model, a graphical device is presented which not only summarizes the mixing distribution but also provides visual information about the overall mean. This device can be exploited to evaluate and compare various groups. Ways are discussed to include covariates and to develop an extension of the conventional Poisson regression. Finally, a method to evaluate intervention effects on the basis of the ZIP regression model is described and applied to the data of the Belo Horizonte caries prevention study.
A Comparison of Population Average and Random-Effect Models for the Analysis of Longitudinal Count Data with Base-Line Information
Authors: Crouchley R. , Davies R. B. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
The generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach to the analysis of longitudinal data has many attractive robustness properties and can provide a ‘population average’ characterization of interest, for example, to clinicians who have to treat patients on the basis of their observed characteristics. However, these methods have limitations which restrict their usefulness in both the social and the medical sciences. This conclusion is based on the premise that the main motivations for longitudinal analysis are insight into microlevel dynamics and improved control for omitted or unmeasured variables. We claim that to address these issues a properly formulated random-effects model is required. In addition to a theoretical assessment of some of the issues, we illustrate this by reanalysing data on polyp counts. In this example, the covariates include a base-line outcome, and the effectiveness of the treatment seems to vary by base-line. We compare the random-effects approach with the GEE approach and conclude that the GEE approach is inappropriate for assessing the treatment effects for these data.
Statistical Review by Research Ethics Committees
Authors: Williamson P. , Hutton J. L. , Bliss J. , Blunt J. , Campbell M. J. , Nicholson R. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
This paper discusses some of the issues surrounding statistical review by research ethics committees (RECs). A survey of local RECs in 1997 revealed that only 27/184 (15%) included a statistician member at that time, although 70/175 (40%) recognized the need for such. The role of the statistician member is considered and the paper includes a summary of a meeting of the Royal Statistical Society to discuss statistical issues that frequently arise in the review of REC applications. A list of minimum qualifications which RECs should expect from anyone claiming to be a statistician would be useful, together with a list of statisticians who are well qualified and willing to serve on RECs, and a list of training courses for REC members covering the appropriate statistical issues.