bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Qu’est-ce qu’une thérapeutique ? Analyse conceptuelle de la notion de placebo, d’effet placebo, d’effet spécifique et de thérapeutique
Authors: Boussageon Rémy , Gueyffier François , Moreau Alain , Serrau Virgile , Ferchakhi Widiane 
Published: February 2024

Les concepts de thérapeutique, de placebo, d’effet placebo sont polysémiques et source de confusion. Nous proposons un éclairage et tentons de définir au mieux ces concepts. Cela fait apparaître le rôle crucial de l’évaluation de l’effet causal des traitements par l’essai clinique randomisé contre placebo en triple insu et en intention de traiter (contrôlant le risque de faux positif), qui est la seule étude permettant de s’assurer de la causalité et de la spécificité, et ainsi de définir ce qu’est une thérapeutique. Au final, que ce soit avec un véritable médicament (démontré efficace) ou avec un placebo, c’est bien l’organisme/la personne (vivante) qui réagit à sa prise. Dans le cas du médicament, cette réaction est à la fois liée à la molécule pharmacologique et au « signal » que constitue cette prise de médicament ; signal qui a du sens pour la personne dans un contexte culturel donné. Cette clarification permet de réintégrer dans la médecine soignante les traitements et les facteurs de guérison qui sont habituellement mal pris en compte, car ils ne seraient efficaces que par leur « effet placebo ». D’un point de vue pragmatique, ces thérapeutiques ou facteurs d’autoguérison sont utiles au soin, même si leur efficacité est liée à un effet placebo optimisé. Il s’agit donc de les étudier pour eux-mêmes.
« Informer est devenu plus compliqué »
Authors: Antheaume Alice , Hervieu-Léger Benoît , Fouilland Brigitte 
Published: February 2024

Entre violences et défiance, l’ère connectée pose aux journalistes de nouvelles difficultés. Comment les écoles de journalisme s’adaptent-elles aux évolutions du métier ? Entretien avec Alice Antheaume, directrice de l’École de journalisme de Sciences Po Paris.
L’OTAN, l’élargissement et le problème russe : la quadrature du cercle ?
Authors: Marineau Sophie , Marineau Sophie , Schulz Matthias , Schulz Matthias 
Published: February 2024

Contrairement aux messages du Kremlin, les élargissements de l’OTAN depuis les années 1990 n’étaient pas imposés par l’OTAN à une URSS/Russie impuissante, mais bien le résultat de plusieurs « do ut des » (dons, contre-dons) négociés entre 1990 et 1997. La seule promesse donnée en 1990 par rapport à l’OTAN fut celle donnée par les deux États allemands de ne pas stationner des troupes de l’OTAN dans la partie orientale de l’Allemagne unifiée, en temps de paix, pour rassurer les États voisins. Puis l’URSS a reconnu, dans la Charte de Paris adoptée fin 1990, le droit de chaque État de choisir librement ses alliances. En retour, les États-Unis et le Royaume-Uni concédèrent, ainsi que le Kazakhstan, Biélorussie et l’Ukraine, que la Russie obtienne le monopole des armes nucléaires en Europe de l’Est. Malgré le nouveau dilemme de sécurité ressenti par les pays d’Europe centrale et orientale et à la première guerre de Tchétchénie, les pays de l’OTAN choisissent de conclure d’abord un partenariat spécial avec Moscou pour éviter son isolement, avant de procéder à un élargissement largement symbolique et inoffensif, selon les termes agréés au préalable avec le gouvernement russe et exportant de la sécurité. La thèse poutinienne (et de John Mearsheimer) d’une OTAN expansionniste et responsable des guerres russo-ukrainiennes ne tient pas face aux documents.
La Hongrie et l’Alliance atlantique : contextes et logiques d’adhésion
Authors: Békés Csaba , Békés Csaba , D. Kecskés Gusztáv , D. Kecskés Gusztáv 
Published: February 2024

L’intégration euro-atlantique était un objectif clé de la politique étrangère hongroise après le changement de régime en 1989-1990, étroitement lié à la modernisation du pays. L’article présente les conditions internationales du processus d’adhésion qui a duré environ 9 ans, les aspirations des dirigeants hongrois, la dynamique des interactions de l’OTAN et de ses pays membres avec la Hongrie, ainsi que les circonstances, les principales étapes et l’efficacité de la préparation de la Hongrie. L’étude examine le sujet pour la première fois à partir de sources d’archives, de documents diplomatiques hongrois et français, ainsi que d’entretiens avec d’anciens diplomates hongrois et français et des chefs militaires hongrois.
Use of Biomarkers to Objectively Evaluate Pain in Critically Ill Children: A Scoping Review
Authors: Tamvaki Eleni , Giannakopoulou Margarita , Bozas Evangelos , Zachpoulou Danai 
Published: February 2024

Background
Many studies have been conducted recently to identify biomarkers that could potentially be used to objectively evaluate pain.

Objective
To synthesize and critically analyze primary studies of endogenous biomarkers and their associations with pain to identify suitable biomarkers for the objective evaluation of pain in critically ill children.

Methods
PubMed, Scopus, and Ovid databases were searched; searches were restricted by publication date, language, species, and participant age. Critical appraisal tools and the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist were used to evaluate quality of evidence.

Results
All included articles were coded according to methods and findings. Saliva, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and gingival crevicular fluid were used to detect biomarkers. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used in most studies (64%). Appropriate statistical analyses were performed at a significance level of P &lt; .05 in included studies. Cytokines, peptides, and hormones were associated with pain, stress, and inflammatory response, suggesting that they can be used to screen for pain in children during painful conditions. Only 1 study in neonates did not show any correlation between saliva biomarkers and pain.

Conclusion
According to this literature review, various biomarkers that are easily obtained and measured in a clinical setting are associated with pain in children. Further investigation of these biomarkers through observational studies is suggested to evaluate their suitability for pain assessment in critically ill children.
Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activities of Plumbago zeylanica Roots in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Zia Ghazala , Gupta Tinku , Garg Vandana , Chauhan Mahima , Dutt Rohit 
Published: February 2024

Objective:
The concurrent usage of oral hypoglycemic agents produces side effects, and the herbal medicine Plumbago zeylanica L. (PZ) is being studied to reduce these effects. The antioxidant and antidiabetic effects of PZ roots on streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats were investigated.

Materials and Methods:
Triple maceration method was used for the development of PZ extracts. Standardization of the plant extract and in vitro study was carried out by the physicochemical study, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, and α-amylase methods. Animals were divided into seven groups, and the experiment was designed into two parts. Seven groups were taken normal control, diabetic control, hydroalcoholic extract of PZ at different doses (100–200 mg/kg), and metformin (MET, 25 mg/kg) for 21 days. The coadministration of a low dose of PZ (100 mg/kg) and MET (100 mg/kg) was administered orally. Blood glucose level (BGL) was measured continuously for 3 weeks of overnight-fasted animals. Biochemical estimation was assessed by total protein, catalase, nitric oxide, and reduced glutathione content. Histological features of the β-cells were observed through histopathological study.

Results:
Hydroalcoholic PZ (HAPZ) showed the highest antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, respectively. Oral administration of HAPZ extract (200 mg/ml) for 21 days diminished the BGL significantly from 298 ± 7.05 to 230 ± 5.69 mg/dL, whereas coadministration of HAPZ (100 mg/kg) with MET (10 mg/kg) also reduced BGL from 286 ± 4.10 to 231 ± 5.75 mg/dL. The best outcomes were obtained when PZ extract (100 mg/kg) was combined with a low dose of MET (10 mg/kg).

Conclusions:
We can conclude that PZ might be the alternative to synthetic medicines for the management of diabetic disorders.
Investigating the Mechanism of Qu Du Qiang Fei 1 Hao Fang Formula against Coronavirus Disease 2019 Based on Network Pharmacology Method
Authors: Wang Yuan-Hua , Zhou He-Yang , Ma Jin-Yun , Ding Gui-Qing , Yu Hua , Jin Yong-Sheng , Cheng Xiao-Dong 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Objective:

Qu Du Qiang Fei 1 Hao Fang (QDQF1) is a novel Chinese herbal medicine formula used to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the pharmacological mechanisms of action of QDQF1 remain unclear. The objective of this study was to identify the effective ingredients and biological targets of QDQF1 for COVID-19 treatment.

Materials and Methods:
The effective ingredients and mechanisms of action of QDQF1 were analyzed by using network pharmacology methods, which included an analysis of the effective ingredients and corresponding targets, COVID-19-related target acquisition, compound-target network analyses, protein-protein interaction network analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses, and molecular docking studies.

Results:
In total, 288 effective QDQF1 ingredients were identified. We identified 51 core targets from the 148 targets through an overlap between putative QDQF1 targets and COVID-19-related targets. Six key components, including formononetin, kaempferol, luteolin, naringenin, quercetin, and wogonin were identified through component-target network analyses. GO functional enrichment analysis of the core targets revealed 1296 items, while KEGG pathway enrichment analysis identified 148 signaling pathways. Nine central targets (CCL2, CXCL8, IL1B, IL6, MAPK1, MAPK3, MAPK8, STAT3, and TNF) related to the COVID-19 pathway were identified in the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis suggested that the docking scores of the six key components to the nine central targets were better than those to remdesivir.

Conclusions:
QDQF1 may regulate multiple immune-and inflammation-related targets to inhibit the progression of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and thus, may be suitable for the treatment of COVID-19.
Evaluation of the Relationship between Cognitive Impairment and Atria Score Systems in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Özdemir Emre , Ekinci Ayşen S. , Emren Sadık V. , Balaban Simge , Tiryaki Muhammet M. , Karaca Mustafa , Tiryaki Enise N. Özlem , Nazlı Cem 
Published: February 2024

Background:
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the main arrhythmia associated with thromboembolic complications and cognitive impairment. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between cognitive impairment and different scoring systems developed for AF to improve the medical follow-up of cognitive impairment.

Methods:
Between January 2019 and December 2020, 124 patients between the age of 30 and 80 years, diagnosed with AF for at least 5 years and complaining about memory impairment during cardiological follow-up, were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups based on their cognitive status as assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination group 1 consisted of 52 patients with cognitive impairment and group 2 comprised 72 patients without cognitive impairment.

Results:
The ATRIA bleeding score had a positive moderate correlation (r = 0.454, P < 0.001), the ATRIA stroke score had a strong correlation (r = 0.738, P < 0.001), and the SAMe-TT2R2 score had a strong correlation (r = 0.688, P < 0.001) with cognitive impairment. However, CHADS2 and CHA2DS2VASc scores were not statistically correlated with cognitive impairment. According to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the area under the curve (AUC) of the ATRIA bleeding score was 0.761 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.678–0.844 and P < 0.001; also, for the ATRIA stroke score, AUC was 0.930 with a 95% CI of 0.886–0.974 and P < 0.001. In addition, for the SAMe-TT2R2 score, AUC was 0.895 with a 95% CI of 0.838–0.952 and P < 0.001. In the pairwise comparison of AUC on ROC curves, the ATRIA stroke score and the SAMe-TT2R2 score were statistically similar (P = 0.324). ATRIA bleeding, ATRIA stroke, and SAMe-TT2R2 scores were greater than CHADS2 stroke score (P: 0.0004, P < 0.0001, and P < 0.0001, respectively), but CHA2DS2-VASc and CHADS2 stroke scores were statistically similar (P: 0.402).

Conclusion:
Both ATRIA stroke and SAMe-TT2R2 scoring systems can provide a better correlation than CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores in patients with AF to evaluate their cognitive status. These two scores can be more useful to monitor the patients with AF for medical follow-up of cognitive status.
Simultaneous square wave voltammetric determination of two anti-inflammatory drugs using a bare carbon paste electrode
Authors: El-Attar Rehab O. , Fathi Ahlam M. , Habib Ibrahim H.I. 
Published: February 2024

Background
Diclofenac (DIC) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is more potent than indomethacin. There is an extended-release form of this drug available for long-term treatment.
Diflunisal (DIF) is a NSAID with less anticoagulant activity than aspirin. It is more potent than aspirin and is not converted to salicylic acid in vivo.

Objectives
A simple, direct, and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of two types of NSAIDs, namely, diclofenac ‘DIC’ and diflunisal ‘DIF’ by square wave adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetry and applied at the same time in synthetic and pharmaceutical samples.

Materials and methods
In this method, both cited ingredients were oxidized by a bare carbon paste electrode (CPE) forming two well-separated peaks at the potential of 0.65 and 0.85 V, respectively, in 0.04 M universal buffer solution at pH 5 with 100 mV/s scan rate by square wave adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetry technique with an Autolab system of potentiostat/galvanostat.

Results and conclusion
The prepared sensor showed good linear regression curves over the concentration ranges of 1–6 and 5–25 μg/ml for DIC and DIF, respectively, while the detection limit ‘LOD’ and quantification limit ‘LOQ’ and were 0.204 and 0.68 μg/ml for DIC and 1.366 and 4.553 μg/ml for DIF, in turn. The cited sensor was applied with accurate and precise results for determining DIC and DIF at the same time in synthetic and pharmaceutical samples and gave close results in comparison with the official method, specifically by UV-high performance liquid chromatography.
Ferulic acid attenuated diethylnitrosamine-provoked hepato-renal damage and malfunction by suppressing oxidative stress, abating inflammation and upregulating nuclear factor erythroid related factor-2 signaling
Authors: Sawie Hussein G. , Ahmed Osama M. , Shabana Marwa E. , Elqattan Ghada M. , EL-Kassaby Mahitab I. , Abou- Seif Howida S. 
Published: February 2024

Background
Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) is a potent environmental toxin that can reach humans through the food chain. It induces proliferative, degenerative and cancerous lesions in the liver and kidneys.

Objective
The principal goal of the existing research was to assess the preventive impacts of ferulic acid (FA) versus DEN- provoked hepato-renal damage and malfunction.

Materials and methods
Adult male rats were divided into four groups: group 1 (normal control) animals orally received saline every day for 14 weeks; group 2 (DEN) animals intraperitoneally received DEN (150 mg/kg twice a week) for 2 weeks; group 3 (DEN + FA) animals were injected intraperitoneally twice a week with DEN for 2 weeks besides to oral administration of FA (100 mg/kg/day) for 14 weeks; group 4 (FA) animals were given a similar dose of FA for a similar period.

Results
The results revealed that FA treatment reversed the DEN-mediated elevation in serum values of the liver enzymes activities as well as urea and creatinine levels; it also augmented the hepato-renal antioxidant system that overcame DEN-induced oxidative stress deteriorations. Moreover, FA markedly reduced the DEN-induced elevated hepato-renal levels of immuno-inflammatory markers (IL-1β and TNF-α) as well as downregulated the inflammatory mediators (Bcl-2, NF-κB, and nuclear factor erythroid related factor-2 (Nrf-2)), reflecting its protective potential.

Conclusion
The existing results elucidate that ferulic acid could prevent and ameliorate DEN-induced hepato-renal toxicological changes and can restore livers and kidneys’ functions; this effect could be mechanized through activation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant systems, as well as regulation of NF-κB, Bcl2, and nuclear factor erythroid related factor-2 expression.
Myositis ossificans of lumbar paraspinal muscles masquerading as soft tissue sarcoma
Authors: Kommu Venkateswara Rao , Kodandapani Suseela , Challa Sudamram , Mandava Anitha 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Myositis ossificans (MO) is a benign heterotopic bone formation within the muscle or soft tissue that is predominantly initiated by trauma. The diagnostic challenge is to discriminate it from bone and soft tissue malignancies. Clinical and pathological appearances of MO are variable depending on the time march on after heterotopic bone formation. The most common locations are muscles of the thigh and arm but very rarely involve the lumbar paraspinal muscles. A wide variety of theories exist in the literature regarding the etiology of MO but minor or major trauma can be found in every case. In our case, there is no history of trauma present.
Comparison and Evaluation of Fracture Toughness of Milled, 3D-Printed, and Conventional Polymethyl Methacrylate: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Adsare Prashanti , Patil Amit , Raj Pooja , Puranik Shivakumar , Menga Rajesh , Rajendra Koineni 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Dentures aim to replicate natural dentition’s esthetics and functions as much as possible. With computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology, dentistry had a new renaissance with workflow and materials.

Aim:
The aim is to compare the fracture toughness of the milled, 3D-printed, and conventional polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) to those processed conventionally.

Materials and Methods:
10 CAD MILLED PMMA BLOCKS, 10 3D PRINTED PMMA BLOCKS, and 10 CONVENTIONAL (HEAT CURE) PMMA BLOCKS.

Results:
A significant difference was seen in the mean flexural module when compared among three study groups as P < 0.05. It was found to be maximum in CAD/CAM PMMA, followed by conventional heat cure and 3D-printed PMMA.

Conclusion:
Formlabs and Dentca (3D-printed) were significantly weaker in fracture toughness compared to Leucitone 199 (conventional) (P < 0.05). Leucitone 199 (conventional) was significantly weaker in fracture toughness compared to Avadent (CAD CAM) (P < 0.05).
The validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire
Authors: Najafabadi Mohammad Mandegar , Angoorani Hooman , Charest Jonathan , Samuels Charles H , Bagherzadeh Kiana , Nazari Ahmad , Mazaherinezhad Ali 
Published: February 2024

Background:
Sleep as a biological phenomenon is effective in the performance and recovery of athletes. Questionnaires can be used as a cost-effective initial assessment tool for sleep. The Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) demonstrated a clinically valid instrument for screening relevant sleep issues in athletic populations. Due to the lack of validated tools for adequate screening for sleep difficulties in the Iranian athlete population, the present study was conducted to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the ASSQ.

Materials and Methods:
The translation process was performed using instructions by Beaton et
al. Content validity was assessed by a panel of experts. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed for two 5-item sleep difficulty scores (SDS) and a 4-item chronotype score. Internal consistency based on Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega and stability reliability were used to evaluate reliability.

Results:
The ASSQ achieved conceptual and semantic equivalence with the original scale. The item-level content validity index (I-CVI) of each item ranged from 0.87 to 1, and the averaging scale-level CVI/average was 0.95. In factor analysis, one factor for SDS and one factor for chronotype score were identified and confirmed. The internal consistency of the SDS scale (a =0.77, W =0.83) and chronotype (a =0.74, W =0.77) was acceptable. Stability reliability was confirmed for SDS scale (intra-class correlation [ICC] =0.87) and for chronotype (ICC = 0.83).

Conclusion:
Persian ASSQ has acceptable psychometric measurement properties as a screening tool to assess sleep in Iranian athletes.
Anatomical and functional results of femtosecond laser-assisted descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty compared to microkeratome-assisted descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty
Authors: Chacón-Zambrano Daniela , Suárez-Garavito Jaime Andrés , Casas José Leonardo Ramírez , Rosenstiehl Shirley M. , Mora Matilde 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
Femtosecond laser devices have been praised for their precision in corneal surgery; however, their performance in endothelial corneal graft surgery is still in development compared to the standard microkeratome technique. The purpose of this study is to describe the anatomical and functional differences in surgical outcomes between microkeratome (mk) and femtosecond laser (fs) assisted Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK).

Methods:
This is an analytic, observational, pilot study of patients who underwent mk-DSAEK or fs-DSAEK. The data were obtained from the clinical records and the institutional transplant registry with a focus on graft measurements, survival, transparency, visual acuity and was further analyzed.

Results:
A total of 37 participants were included in the study with 70.3% (n = 26) of them being female and 29.7% of them being male (n = 11). Of the 37 eyes, 23 (62.2%) of them underwent mk-DSAEK and 14 (37.8%) of them underwent fs-DSAEK. Optimized femtosecond laser parameters are reported. There was a statistically significant difference in donor graft thickness which was thinner in the fs-DSAEK group with a median of 110 mm interquartile range (IQR) (102.25–117.5) versus a median of 233 mm IQR (219–243.75) P = 0.00 in the mk-DSAEK group. There were no significant differences for other variables between techniques.

Conclusion:
Fs-DSAEK allowed significantly thinner graft obtention in comparison to mk-DSAEK; however, there were no significant differences between mk-DSAEK and fs-DSAEK in terms of transparency, graft survival, or visual acuity.
Vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy: A review of indications, techniques, outcomes, and complications
Authors: Patel Nimesh C. , Hsieh Yi-Ting , Yang Chung-May , Berrocal Maria H. , Dhawahir-Scala Felipe , Ruamviboonsuk Paisan , Pappuru Rajeev Reddy , Dave Vivek Pravin 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most severe forms of retinopathy and a leading cause of blindness all over the world. Of a greater concern is proliferative diabetic retinopathy which leads to vitreous haemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment in such cases. A majority of these cases require a surgical intervention to improve vision and prevent further vision loss. Surgical manouevers in these cases require a complex combination of vitrectomy, membrane dissection, judious usage of endodiathermy, endolaser, vital dyes, bimanual dissection and usage of intraoperative and post-operative tamponades. Each case presents a unique challenge and necessitates an appropriate combination of the steps mentioned above. In the current review we present the current understanding of the need for surgery in diabetic retinopathy, various surgical approaches and a summary of current literature on the same. Multiple surgical video clips demonstrating these steps are also included in this review.