bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of a Hemoglobin‐Based Oxygen Carrier (HBOC‐301) on Left Ventricular Systolic Function in Anesthetized Dogs
Authors: Muir William W. , De Morais Autran Helio S. , Constable Peter D. 
Published: August 2002

Objective— To evaluate the effects of a hemoglobin‐based oxygen carrier (HBOC‐301) on left ventricular preload, afterload, contractility, and ventriculo‐arterial coupling in anesthetized dogs.Study Design— A prospective experimental study.Animals— Seven adult male dogs weighing 2.3 to 2.7 kg.Methods— The study was performed on intact, closed‐chest, chloralose‐anesthetized dogs. Heart rate, left ventricular end‐systolic and end‐diastolic volume and pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, blood resistivity, mean arterial pressure (MAP), dP/dtmax, end‐systolic elastance (Ees), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), effective arterial elastance (Ea), left ventricular‐arterial coupling (Ees/Ea), and myocardial oxygen consumption (MVo2) were determined during a 90‐minute infusion of 30 mL/kg (20 mL/kg/h) of HBOC‐301 and for 90 minutes thereafter.Results— The administration of HBOC‐301 significantly decreased packed cell volume, blood resistivity, heart rate, cardiac output, and dP/dtmax and significantly increased left ventricular end‐diastolic and end‐systolic pressure, MAP, and SVR. The Ea, Ees, Ees/Ea, and MVo2 did not change.Conclusions— HBOC‐301 produced insignificant changes in load independent indexes of cardiac performance (Ees, Ea, Ees/Ea) in anesthetized dogs. The collective directional changes in these variables, however, in conjunction with significant increases in SVR were most likely responsible for a decrease in cardiac output. Increases in SVR and the volume load (30 mL/kg) contributed to increases in left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure.Clinical Relevance— HBOC‐301 infusion should be monitored and administered cautiously to dogs with poor ventricular function.
One Percent Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose Prevents Experimentally Induced abdominal Adhesions in Horses
Authors: Hay William P. , Mueller P.O. Eric , Harmon Barry , Amoroso Lisa 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To evaluate the efficacy of 1% sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) for prevention of experimentally induced abdominal adhesions in horses.Study Design—Prospective, controlled, experimental study.Animal Population—Twelve healthy adult horsesMethods—The effect of 1% SCMC on adhesion formation was evaluated in 12 healthy horses by using an established model of serosal trauma to induce intraabdominal adhesions. After ventral median celiotomy, 2 separate areas of the jejunum were abraded, and three 2–0 chromic gut sutures were placed in each abraded area. Jejunal resection and end‐to‐end anastomosis was performed at 2 sites distant to the abrasion sites. In treated horses (n= 6), 2 L of 1% SCMC was applied to the intestine before and after intestinal manipulation. In control horses (n= 6), 2 L of saline solution were applied to the intestine before and after surgical manipulation. All horses were euthanatized 10 days after surgery, and the abdominal cavity was evaluated for adhesion formation. The frequency of intraabdominal adhesions between groups was compared with a chi‐square test. Statistical significance was set atP< .05.Results—All control horses had intraabdominal adhesions. Fibrous adhesions were associated with both jejunal abrasion sites in 5 control horses. Fibrous adhesions were also associated with 1 or both jejunal anastomotic sites in 5 control horses. Only 1 treated horse developed adhesions at the jejunal abrasion sites, and no adhesions were present at the anastomotic sites in the treated horses. There were significantly fewer adhesions in the SCMC treatment group compared with the control group (P< .05).Conclusion—In this experimental model, application of 1% SCMC reduced the frequency of intraabdominal adhesions at areas of serosal abrasion and at jejunal anastomotic sites.Clinical Relevance—In horses at an increased risk for developing intraabdominal adhesions after intestinal surgery, the use of 1% SCMC during celiotomy may decrease the frequency of adhesion formation.
An In Vitro Biomechanical Comparison of Interlocking Nail Constructs and Double Plating for Fixation of Diaphyseal Femur Fractures in Immature Horses
Authors: Radcliffe Rolfe M. , Lopez Mandi J. , Turner Tracy A. , Watkins Jeffrey P. , Radcliffe Catherine H. , Markel Mark D. 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To compare the biomechanical properties of intact immature horse femurs and 3 stabilization methods in ostectomized femurs.Animal or Sample Population—Eighteen pairs of femurs from immature horses aged 1 to 15 months, and weighing 68 to 236 kg.Methods—Thirty‐four immature horse femurs were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 test groups: 1) interlocking intramedullary nail (IIN) (n = 6); 2) IIN with a cranial dynamic compression plate (I/DCP) (n = 6); 3) 2 dynamic compression plates (2DCP) (n = 8); 4) intact femurs tested to failure in lateromedial (LM) bending (n = 6); and 5) intact femurs tested to failure in caudocranial (CaCr) bending (n = 8). Mid‐diaphyseal ostectomies (1 cm) were performed in all fixation constructs. Biomechanical testing consisted of 4 nondestructive tests: CaCr bending, LM bending, compression, and torsion, followed by bending to failure. All groups were tested to failure in LM bending with the exception of 1 group of intact femurs tested to failure in CaCr bending. Stiffness and failure properties were compared among groups.Results—The 2DCP‐femur construct had greater structural stiffness in nondestructive bending than the IIN‐femur construct in either LM or CaCr bending, and the I/DCP‐femur construct in LM bending. Only the I/DCP and 2DCP fixations were similar to intact bone in nondestructive‐bending tests. In addition, the 2DCP‐femur construct had greater structural and gap torsional stiffness than the I/DCP‐femur construct, and greater gap torsional stiffness than the IIN‐femur construct. However, all of the fixation methods tested, including the 2DCP‐femur construct, had lower structural stiffness in torsional loading compared with intact bone. No significant differences in structural stiffness were found between intact bones and femur constructs tested nondestructively in compression. In resistance to LM bending to failure, the 2DCP‐femur construct was superior to the IIN‐femur construct, yet similar to the I/DCP‐femur construct. Also, evaluation of yield and failure loads revealed no significant differences between intact bone and any of the femur constructs tested to failure in LM bending.Conclusions—In general, the 2DCP‐femur construct provided superior strength and stiffness compared with the IIN and I/DCP‐femur constructs under bending and torsion.Clinical Relevance—Double plating of diaphyseal comminuted femoral fractures in immature horses may be the best method of repair, because in general, it provides the greatest strength and stiffness in bending and torsion.
An in vitro biomechanical study of bone plate and interlocking nail in a canine diaphyseal femoral fracture model
Authors: Bernarde Antoine , Diop Amadou , Maurel Nathalie , Viguier Eric 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To compare the structural properties and the interfragmentary motion in ostectomized canine femurs stabilized with either an 8‐mm interlocking nail system (IN) or a 10‐hole dynamic compression broad plate (DCP).Animal or Sample Population—Ten pairs of adult canine femurs with a 25‐mm mid‐diaphyseal gap.Methods—Bone specimens were divided into 2 groups (10 femurs each). Left femurs were stabilized with a DCP and 8 bicortical screws; right femurs were stabilized with an IN and 3 screws. Mechanical tests were performed in eccentric axial loading and in craniocaudal bending. The testing was first conducted nondestructively and then until breakage. Structural properties, ie, stiffness, yield limits, and failure limits, were determined. Interfragmentary motion was measured during nondestructive tests with the use of an optoelectronic device. Axial, transverse, and rotational motions were calculated. Mean values of stiffness, yield and failure limits, and axial and shear motions for each fixation method were compared using a pairedttest within each group (P< .05).Results—Mean (±SD) values of stiffness and failure limit were significantly higher for IN constructs than for DCP constructs in compression, while there was little difference in the results between each tested group in bending. Mean yield load values were significantly higher for IN than for DCP specimens in compression as well as in bending. The axial‐motion analysis revealed significant differences between IN and DCP groups during bending tests only. The highest score of transverse motion at the gap was recorded during bending tests, and was higher for DCP than for IN specimens. There were insignificant differences between the two groups with regard to rotation around the diaphyseal axis.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Structural properties and interfragmentary shear motion analysis demonstrated a much higher rigidity in the IN‐bone than in the DCP‐bone constructs.
Arthroscopic Anatomy of the Equine Temporomandibular Joint
Authors: May Kimberly A. , Moll H. David , Howard Rick D. , Pleasant R. Scott , Gregg John M. 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To develop an arthroscopic approach to, and describe the arthroscopic anatomy of, the equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ).Study Design—Cadaveric study, after which the technique was tested in horses.Animals or Sample Population—Ten cadaveric equine heads and 5 normal horses (age, 5–13 years; weight, 425–545 kg).Methods—Specimens or horses were positioned in right lateral recumbency. After fluid distention of the TMJ, arthroscopic portals were made in the dorsal compartment over the most prominent portion of the joint outpouching (caudodorsal approach) and in rostral and intermediate locations. The joint was explored and photographed. Positional changes in the mandible were made to determine if observation of the joint could be improved. Instrument portals were created to assess the feasibility of surgical arthroscopy. Cadaveric heads were dissected to assess iatrogenic damage, whereas experimental horses were observed for postoperative complications for 30 days.Results—A caudodorsal arthroscopic approach provided the best evaluation of the dorsal compartment of the TMJ. The approach allowed observation of the rostral and caudal synovial pouches and the lateral aspect of the joint including the articular disc. Examination of the medial aspect of the joint was limited to the most rostral and caudal aspects. Access to the lateral aspect of the ventral compartment of the TMJ was precluded by the position of the transverse facial artery and vein. In specimens, iatrogenic damage was minimal and limited to the articular fibrocartilage, articular disc, and penetration of the parotid salivary gland. If the latter also occurred in horses, no adverse effects were noted. In horses, mild fluid extravasation occurred and resolved within 1 day. All horses ate normally after surgery but had periarticular swelling and mild pain upon palpation of the TMJ for 2 days.Conclusions—A caudodorsal arthroscopic approach to the TMJ allowed adequate observation of the lateral aspect of the dorsal compartment of the joint. Access to the ventral compartment was precluded by the location of the transverse facial artery and vein.Clinical Relevance—Conditions affecting the lateral and caudal aspects of the dorsal compartment of the TMJ should be visible by arthroscopy.
An Evaluation of Combined Immunosuppression with MNA 715 and Microemulsified Cyclosporine on Renal Allograft Rejection in Mismatched Mongrel Dogs
Authors: Kyles Andrew E. , Gregory Clare R. , Griffey Stephen M. , Jackson Joshua , Bernsteen Lynda , Morris Randall E. 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To evaluate a combination of MNA 715 and microemulsifed cyclosporine for the prevention of renal allograft rejection in mismatched mongrel dogs.Study design—Randomized, experimental study.Animals—Fourteen female mismatched mongrel dogs.Methods—Heterotopic renal transplantation and bilateral nephrectomy were performed in each dog. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive either MNA 715 and cyclosporine (n = 8) or cyclosporine alone (n = 6). Dogs were killed at 100 days after transplantation or when plasma creatinine exceeded 7 mg/dL.Results—In the cyclosporine and MNA 715 group: 4 dogs survived to 100 days with normal plasma creatinine concentrations; 2 dogs with intestinal intussusceptions were killed at 5 and 8 days, 1 dog with a wound infection and sepsis was killed at 14 days, and 1 dog with a serum creatinine concentration >7 mg/dL was killed at 51 days postoperatively. In the cyclosporine‐alone group: 3 dogs with acute rejection were killed at 6 to 9 days and 3 dogs survived to 100 days. In dogs treated with cyclosporine and MNA 715, survival to histologically confirmed acute rejection was significantly longer (P= .044) and the degree of mononuclear cell infiltration was significantly reduced (P= .040), compared with dogs treated with cyclosporine alone.Conclusions—MNA 715 combined with cyclosporine prolonged allograft survival and reduced the severity of histologic rejection in a clinically relevant renal transplant model.Clinical relevance—An immunosuppressive regimen consisting of MNA715 and microemulsified cyclosporine may be effective in preventing allograft rejection in canine renal transplant patients.
Assessing Skeletal Muscle Glucose Metabolism With Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Kelley David E. , Price Julie C. , Cobelli Claudio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInsulin has a marked effect to stimulate the transport and metabolism of glucose in skeletal muscle in healthy individuals, whereas an impaired response, termed insulin resistance, is a major risk factor for diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases. Studies of the molecular physiology of insulin action in skeletal muscle indicate that a principal loci of control resides within the proximal steps of glucose transport and phosphorylation. Deoxyglucose, the metabolism of which is limited to these proximal steps, is widely used for in vitro studies of insulin action on glucose transport. The technologies of PET imaging provide a unique opportunity to carry out similar studies in vivo in human skeletal muscle. In this instance, a short‐lived positron labeled tracer, [18F] FDG, can be given at sufficiently high specific activity to image not only glucose uptake, but by dynamic PET imaging, by monitoring the time course of [18F] FDG tissue activity, data can be generated to examine the kinetics of glucose transport and phosphorylation. The experimental procedures of this approach, including an overview of the mathematical modeling, are described in this review, along with some of the key findings of the initial applications of PET for the study of glucose metabolism in human skeletal muscle.
Distributive mixing profiles for co‐rotating twin‐screw extruders
Authors: Shearer Gifford , Tzoganakis Costas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDistributive mixing was experimentally measured during polymer melt blending along the length of a co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder. A mixing limited interfacial reaction between two reactive polymer tracers was employed to gain direct evidence of the generation of interfacial area. Model reactions were performed to validate this novel experimental method. In particular, the conversion was a direct indicator of the interfacial area available for the reaction. Specially designed sampling ports were used to obtain polymer samples along the length of the extruder during its continuous operation. The mixing capabilities of conveying sections and kneading blocks were compared over a wide range of operating conditions. In conveying sections, distributive mixing was controlled by the fully filled fraction. The mixing in kneading blocks depended on the combination of the operating conditions and the stagger angle. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 20: 169–190, 2001
Injection molding of ribbed plastic plates with a superplastic Zn–22% Al sheet
Authors: Yang S. Y. , Parng S. H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article presents the development of a hybrid process combining the forming of a superplastic zinc–aluminum sheet with injection molding. The product is a plastic part covered with a superplastic zinc–aluminum layer used mainly for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. This hybrid process involves not only molding a plastic plate, but also forming a superplastic zinc–aluminum sheet with features such as ribs. This research observes the process of filling the cavity and forming the superplastic sheet with the aid of short‐shot experiments. By understanding the molding and forming process, guidelines for process control will be derived. This research further investigates the moldability of SIM systems. To make satisfactory parts, sheet thickness, melt temperature, injection parameters, and other process parameters determine the “moldability” of a specific system. The first part of the moldability study is to identify the relative importance of these process parameters. Results show that melt temperature and injection pressure are the two most critical parameters. The second part of this moldability study is to develop the moldability diagrams based on the molding area on the plane of these two key parameters. Moldability diagrams are employed to evaluate the effects of sheet thicknesses and melt inlets. It is found that a thick sheet, high melt temperature, and an inlet providing short flow length improve moldability. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 20: 216–225, 2001
Reduced vitamin E antioxidant capacity in sickle cell disease is related to transfusion status but not to sickle crisis
Authors: Marwah S.S. , Blann A.D. , Rea C. , Phillips J.D. , Wright J. , Bareford D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn homozygous sickle cell disease (SCD), decreased serum Vitamin E is present. Excessive transfusions may lead to iron overload. We hypothesised a relationship between the two and found that Vitamin E type antioxidant capacity was significantly lower in 30 SCD patients than in 30 age‐ and sex‐matched controls (P < 0.001). Antioxidant capacity was lower in 10 transfused patients compared with 20 non‐transfused patients (P < 0.001). Transfusional iron overload in SCD may increase the potential for oxidative damage, and low antioxidant capacity may compound this effect. Am. J. Hematol. 69: 144–146, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful long‐term control with lamivudine against reactivated hepatitis B infection following intensive chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma: Experience of 2 cases
Authors: Nakagawa Masashi , Simizu Yoshifumi , Suemura Masaki , Sato Bunzo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt is well documented that cytotoxic treatment in patients carrying the hepatitis B virus (HBV) enhances the risk of severe hepatic damage. Recently lamivudine has been reported to be effective in suppressing the replication of HBV under such conditions. Here we report two cases with HBV carrier status and with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma who were successfully treated with high‐dose chemotherapy followed by autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation with the administration of lamivudine to prevent HBV flare‐up. The antiviral effect of lamivudine was fair, and no objective side effect was experienced during the transplant procedure. Both patients were followed carefully for more than a year without the appearance of the resistant virus. The rebound phenomenon in which HBV proliferates abruptly has not been experienced after withdrawal of lamivudine. We suggest that lamivudine is indicated both in the treatment of HBV viremia and in the prevention of proliferation of HBV in patients with HBV carrier status undergoing high‐dose myeloablative chemotherapy. Am. J. Hematol. 70:60–63, 2002.
Introduction: Evolutionary theory and the search for a unified theory of fertility
Authors: Bock John 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDemography and evolutionary biology share common origins but have divergent emphasis on the role of theory in understanding population phenomena. A unified theory of fertility would be beneficial in explaining variation in demographic characteristics across geographic and temporal gulfs and in integrating disparate perspectives. The six papers in this thematic collection represent a nascent but vital field: human evolutionary demography. These papers examine the ways in which evolutionary theory can inform, strengthen, and focus research on topics of long‐standing interest to demographers by explicitly modeling the relationship of socioecological variables to life history traits. The papers demonstrate that an understanding of human life history evolution and the use of evolutionary theory as an organizing framework can lead to a productive reassessment of five areas, which are of long‐standing concern to demographers, and which conventional demographic approaches have had limited success in understanding. These are conflicts of interest between parents and children and between men and women, the allocation of resources to competing and/or alternative forms of investment in reproduction and parenting, resource flow within the household, demographic transitions and particularly the fertility transition associated with economic development, and variation in life history characteristics such as fertility and mortality across populations. Future research integrating models of trait‐environment correlation with models of individual information processing and decision‐making will help identify areas of focus, revitalize current models, and play a leading role in the development of a unified theory of fertility applicable across societies and times. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14: 145–148, 2002.© 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of surnames for a demo‐ecological analysis: A study in southwest Sardinia
Authors: Caravello Gianumberto , Tasso Miro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study used surnames collected in 12 municipalities of Sulcis, a historic‐geographical region located in southwest Sardinia (Italy). An ecological index of similarity was drawn as the main analysis. The distribution of surnames was also used to determine the diversity of municipality populations by using another ecological index. Two municipalities have a high percentage of Genoese surnames and this element reflects a specific history and culture, different from other Sardinian localities. These peculiarities are evident in the topological representation, which graphically emphasizes the links between the populations studied. Two other municipalities can be distinguished from the remaining eight. Above all, historical, socioeconomic, cultural, and geographic considerations are useful in the appropriate interpretation of the results. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:391–397, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.