bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Clarence-Smith William Gervase , Vos Jelmer 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter builds on the Handbook contributions to propose a new approach to commodity history that seeks to sidestep the enduring pitfalls of core-periphery thinking. The editors recommend a deeper integration of south-south, north-north, and north-south commodity flows into historical narratives, enhancing an understanding of global relationships from non-Western viewpoints. The editors further suggest that historians take a more nuanced view of the economic and environmental consequences of the production, trade, and consumption of commodities. A multi-centred approach can account for a variety of causal relationships in global commodity chains, and can help to assess the contributions of different places and actors, in terms that would have made sense to the people involved.
Early-Modern Commodity Routes
Authors: Faroqhi Suraiya 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Silk was particularly important to intra-empire/inter-regional commerce across the vast Ottoman empire, in addition to trade with bordering polities. Historians have approached the interrelated issues of import substitution, political control of trade, trade linked to manufacture, and consumption through Braudel and Wallerstein’s concepts of ‘world economy’ and ‘world-empire’—in which significant sections of the late-eighteenth- and nineteenth-century-Ottoman Empire were incorporated as peripheral territories into a world economy dominated by Europe. Yet, this approach has been little used for the early-modern period, when Ottoman manufacturers supplied luxury silks to Poland, Russia, and the principalities forming present-day Romania, while artisans from the island of Chios successfully substituted their own silks for costly imports from Venice, Iran, and India. Well into the eighteenth century, Ottoman strength derived from control of overland trade routes, more secure than the pirate-infested Indian and Atlantic Oceans—and the war-torn Mediterranean.
Risky and Antisocial Behavior in Adolescence
Authors: Manasse Michelle E. , Rebellon Cesar J. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an interdisciplinary review of research concerning risky and antisocial behavior during the adolescent years. In particular, it summarizes and integrates existing research concerning two fundamental issues. First, it describes the developmental factors that contribute to the general tendency for risky and antisocial behavior to increase during adolescence. Second, it describes potential sources of interpersonal variation in risky and antisocial behavior during this stage of the life course. For both issues, the chapter discusses research bearing on the ways in which biological factors, family dynamics, the peer group, and the broader community collectively influence risky and antisocial behavior, paying special attention to the ways in which these factors interact to amplify or suppress one another’s influences.
Adolescent Incarceration
Authors: Viljoen Jodi L. , Li Shanna M. Y. , Schillaci-Ventura Julia M. , Cochrane Dana M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Adolescence is a period marked by heightened risk taking, including illegal behaviors. In response to such behaviors, thousands of adolescents around the world are held in custodial facilities every year. This chapter considers whether incarceration is an appropriate response to adolescent offending. Through a review of the literature, the chapter discusses past and present incarceration trends and examines the impacts of incarceration on recidivism, family and peer relationships, mental and physical health, psychosocial development, and victimization while in custody. It also highlights an overrepresentation of diverse groups within the justice system, including adolescents of color as well as adolescents who are transgender, gender nonconforming, and sexual minorities. Ultimately, although the quality of research is variable, the breadth of current research suggests that incarceration not only fails to reduce recidivism but also is linked to a number of additional adverse impacts. The chapter concludes by presenting strategies and initiatives aimed to reduce the incarceration of adolescents.
Adolescents and Youth Justice
Authors: Grisso Thomas 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This conclusion chapter uses issues raised in the Adolescent subsection to reflect on what types of research can best assist the youth justice system and youth who encounter it. After a brief historical note, the chapter uses three lenses to examine the value of the research the field has done thus far and to reveal worthwhile future research. The first lens reviews how translational studies of adolescent and youth justice contribute to discrete phases in the applied research enterprise. The second lens anticipates what will be needed to sustain the progress made thus far in the developmental era of youth justice reform. The third lens is determining whether there is an ideal model to which youth justice law and policy could aspire. The chapter closes with a reflection on how our research can best be done to improve its impact on law and legal practice.
The Relational Context of Early Development
Authors: Stacks Ann M. , Rice Danielle , Walton Allen Kathleen , Rabior Eleanor 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
During pregnancy and the first three years of life, the environment impacts gene expression and neurobiology, which has a cascading effect on health and development across the lifespan. Understanding these effects is critical to assessing and responding to the impact of maltreatment during this developmental window. The current chapter provides this background knowledge. First, the science of child development is presented together with child welfare laws that support the well-being of maltreated children. Next, the impact of maltreatment during the embryonic, fetal, and infant periods of human development is reviewed. Finally, promising relationship-based interventions for maltreating families are described.
The Developmental Science of Children in Criminal and Dependency Court
Authors: Enriquez Rayna , Brown Lily F. , Goodman Gail S. , Metcalf Stacy , Quas Jodi A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Children at times play key roles in legal cases as victims of or witnesses to crimes. This is most notable in criminal cases involving alleged sexual abuse. It also occurs with cases involving other types of crimes, both in criminal and juvenile dependency courts, the latter when children are suspected of having been exposed to intrafamilial maltreatment. Involving children is complicated, due to their prior experiences of trauma and their incomplete cognitive or socioemotional development and dependence on family members and legal authorities for assistance. How both the criminal and dependency systems involve children and the consequences of that involvement for children and the pursuit of justice have been heavily debated. This chapter reviews extant research concerning children’s participation in criminal and dependency proceedings as victims or witnesses. It includes a discussion of methodological issues that arise when pursuing this research, as well as findings concerning both the socioemotional and attitudinal consequences of children’s participation. The chapter closes with suggestions for future research and legal recommendations.
Attachment and Parenting Time for Children Under 3 Years of Age
Authors: Fabricius William V. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Attachment theory is the current standard model for how infants and toddlers develop emotional connections to their caregivers. This chapter is focused on implications that can be drawn from attachment theory and research for legal policies regarding overnight parenting time for children under 3 years of age whose parents either never cohabitated after the birth of the child or cohabitated for a period of time before separating. First, the basic principles of modern attachment theory are presented, followed by a brief review of research on the importance of the emotional security that children can derive from parent-child relationships for their healthy social, emotional, and stress-related physical health development. Second, the recent heated debate about overnight parenting time for infants and toddlers is reviewed, and the relevant studies and findings are discussed. Third, the implications that can be drawn from the current state of theory and findings are considered, and are found to support policies to encourage equal parenting time for children under 3 years of age. Finally, it is argued that equal parenting time not only serves children’s best interest in terms of their long-term health but also serves gender equality. Thus, gender equality could provide the needed principled legal framework on which to found consistent new custody policies presuming equal parenting time.
Child Development and the Family Regulation System
Authors: Huntington Clare 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Child abuse and neglect clearly harm children, but the risks that accompany involvement with the family regulation system (also known as the child welfare system), especially placement in foster care, also present considerable risks to child development. This chapter describes these competing risks to child development, the legal framework governing the family regulation system, and scholarly debates in the field. It then analyzes the system in the broader context of the legal regulation of children, showing that the family regulation system is out of step with other areas and in need of significant reform. A core problem with the system is its crisis orientation, paying too little attention to family support and the prevention of child maltreatment. Equally problematic, the family regulation system reflects and reinforces racial and economic inequality. Black and Native American children are significantly overrepresented in the system and have worse outcomes than other children. Addressing these issues would help foster healthy child development.
Defoe, Philosophy, and Religion
Authors: Richetti John 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the philosophical and religious bases of Daniel Defoe’s thought and applies these to an interpretation of the Robinson Crusoe trilogy (1719–20). Although Defoe did not attempt any kind of systematic philosophy, he was interested in the nature of reality, moral relativism, the genesis of knowledge and understanding, and religious doctrine as it shaped the individual’s conduct. The chapter demonstrates that Crusoe is an experiment in exactly rendered empirical observation, but it also dramatizes the limits of empiricism as an explanatory approach to reality. In the process of this dramatization, Defoe tackles Providential organization of the cosmos, the standards by which ‘heathens’ such as cannibals bereft of divine revelation can be judged, the passions as a driver of human agency, and above all the dynamic competition between religious and secular outlooks in his era.
Defoe and Colonialism
Authors: Ellis Markman 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Daniel Defoe defended colonial endeavour throughout his writing career, including in his periodical journalism and his surveys of global trade. In his outlook, colonialism serves a commercial purpose and yields profits for promoters and their countries, but it also organizes the world into hierarchies of civilization and barbarism. The defence and promotion of colonial projects preoccupied Defoe in his non-fiction writing, particularly in tracts and essays, such as those he wrote at the time of the formation of the South Sea Company in 1711. His prose fictions and novels, especially Robinson Crusoe (1719) and A New Voyage Round the World (1724), constitute significant thought experiments in colonial foundation, plantation management, settlement practice, and labour management, including slavery. The chapter demonstrates that Defoe was a mercantilist and a gold bug, an apologist of trade, a philosopher of colonialism, and an imagineer of imperialism.
Defoe and London
Authors: Hammond Brean S. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Daniel Defoe was a Londoner born and bred, and across his writings he explores the significance of the capital at a time when London underwent rapid growth and modernization. Defoe chronicles, celebrates, and wrestles with the implication of that growth, recognizing it as a sign of national prosperity but contemplating it in the wake of the South Sea Bubble as a potential sign of corruption. The chapter analyses Defoe’s representations of London in tracts about economics, in periodicals, and in A Tour thro’ the whole Island of Great Britain (1724–6). It also examines representations of London in Defoe’s fiction, both the historical novel A Journal of the Plague Year (1722), which depicts a city in peril during the 1665 Great Plague, and criminal narratives such as Moll Flanders and Colonel Jack (both 1722), in which Defoe’s conception of personal identity and agency is bound up with urban experience.
Defoe on Screen
Authors: Mayer Robert 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the animated film Michaël Dudok de Wit’s The Red Turtle (2016) as a filmic ‘Robinsonade’, the name for a text that adapts or appropriates Daniel Defoe’s archetypal castaway narrative. The chapter first surveys the history of Defoe on screen, taking in film and television reworkings of Moll Flanders (1722), A Journal of the Plague Year (1722), and above all Robinson Crusoe (1719). (It also provides a selective checklist of Defoe screen adaptations.) Turning to The Red Turtle, the essay interprets the film as following in the tradition of using Defoe’s writings to address contemporary debates. In this case, The Red Turtle reworks the adversarial relationship between humans and nature central to Crusoe by centralizing the relationship between the eponymous animal and a castaway. It feeds into debates about animal rights and ethics by replacing a paradigm of humanity’s ‘dominion’ over nature with an ‘interactive’ or ‘independent’ relationship.
The Celebrated Daniel De Foe
Authors: Seager Nicholas 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The story of Daniel Defoe’s publication, from his death in 1731 to the mid-twentieth century, shows three things that have been inadequately acknowledged in accounts of his posthumous reputation. First, his writings were extensively republished, and not just major novels like Robinson Crusoe, but also non-fiction works. Second, Defoe’s writings were repeatedly reissued to provide commentary on topical events of later eras. And third, Defoe’s writings were commonly adapted and appropriated when republished, refitted to serve the tastes and attitudes of new readers, even if they preserved his original anonymity. This chapter surveys a broad range of Defoe’s works: political and historical writings, books on commerce and travel, religious and didactic treatises, and the novels. It attends to illustrated and collected editions, as well as international publishing contexts and translations. Ultimately, it attests to the enduring availability and diverse influence of Defoe’s works in the two centuries after his death.
Defoe and Economics
Authors: Seager Nicholas 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines Daniel Defoe’s economic ideas, first situating his periodical essays, pamphlets, and economic tracts in the context of the financial revolution, then considering anxieties he expresses about the new ‘culture of commerce’, and finally applying these contexts to his novels. Defoe was a wholehearted supporter of Britain’s home trade, promoting vigorous circulation, generous wages, and high employment as conditions of national prosperity. He was also a mercantilist who advocated the state’s cultivation of favourable trade balances with foreign competitors, promoting high exports and colonial development. Defoe believed that trade improved society and the men who practised it, that it was part of God’s plan for fallen humanity, and that its operations matched the beauty of the creation and encouraged human ingenuity and progress. But he was concerned that credit and commerce posed insoluble moral challenges for his contemporaries, and his novels capture this ambivalence.
The Brief Outline
Authors: Nimmo Paul T. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores Schleiermacher’s landmark work of theological encyclopedia, the Brief Outline of Theological Study. In a first section, the chapter surveys the contexts within which this work arose, considering both Enlightenment challenges to theological education and Schleiermacher’s own teaching career. A second section explores the content of the Brief Outline, offering a concise account of its four principal sections—its introduction, and its sections on philosophical theology, historical theology, and practical theology. In a third section, the chapter attends to the reception of the work and its attempt to hold the academic and the ecclesial together, exploring its historical influence and some critical responses. The conclusion reflects briefly upon the contemporary relevance of the Brief Outline.
Schleiermacher as a Scriptural Exegete
Authors: Patsch Hermann 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
From the beginning of his time as a professor in Halle and Berlin, Schleiermacher continually lectured on the New Testament, while at the same time, as a preacher, giving sermons on New Testament texts. For him, pulpit and lectern belonged together. His few scientific publications in this area have played an important role in the history of research in this field. His monograph on the First Epistle to Timothy proved foundational for critical research on the pastoral epistles. The monograph on Luke’s writings, which dealt only with the Gospel but was to comprise three volumes, anticipated later developments in form criticism. His later essay on Colossians 1:15–20 marked the beginning of historical-critical exegesis of this text. His analysis of Papias’ testimonies about the Gospels of Mark and Matthew resulted in the term “logia source.” The lectures on the introduction to the New Testament and on the life of Jesus were not published until Schleiermacher’s death.
Practical Theology
Authors: Weyel Birgit 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Friedrich Schleiermacher’s definition of practical theology is first developed on the basis of his Brief Outline. In addition, his definition of theology as a theory of church leadership is expounded. Historical, philosophical, and practical theology form the context of reference in Schleiermacher’s work. Theology’s reference to the historical-empirical form of Christianity, which precedes theology as a positive science, is essential. The second part presents the structure of Schleiermacher’s lecture notes on practical theology as well as essential points of the “rules of art” (Kunstregeln) on practical theology. This includes the distinction between church service and church government, as well as central insights into worship, preaching, and pastoral care. Finally, Schleiermacher’s concept of practical theology as a theory of practice is highlighted against the background of contemporary university reform and the foundation of church seminars as an institutional supplement for practical theology.
Demonstratives
Authors: Diessel Holger 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Demonstratives are a particular class of deictic expressions that can serve a variety of grammatical functions. Traditionally, demonstratives are categorized as pronouns and adjectives; but recent research in typology has argued that demonstratives can also function as determiners (Himmelmann 1997), adverbs of space, manner, and degree (König 2012, 2017), nonverbal predicators (Killian 2021), and verbs (Guérin 2015; Breunesse 2019). Building on this research, this chapter provides a cross-linguistic overview of the way demonstratives are organized in grammatical word classes. It is argued that, while the word-class categories of demonstratives are language-particular (Croft 2001), there is a cross-linguistic tendency for demonstratives to grammaticalize into certain categories, e.g. pronouns, determiners, adverbs, identifiers, and verbs. The chapter builds on the typology of demonstrative word classes proposed in Diessel (1999) but draws on a larger and more balanced database and integrates the results of recent cross-linguistic research on demonstrative verbs, predicators, and manner adverbs.
Ideophones
Authors: Dingemanse Mark 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Many of the world’s languages feature an open lexical class of ideophones, words whose marked forms and sensory meanings invite iconic associations. Ideophones (also known as mimetics or expressives) are well known from languages in Asia, Africa, and the Americas, where they often form a class on the same order of magnitude as other major word classes and take up a considerable functional load as modifying expressions or predicates. Across languages, commonalities in the morphosyntactic behaviour of ideophones can be related to their nature and origin as vocal depictions. At the same time, there is ample room for linguistic diversity, raising the need for fine-grained grammatical description of ideophone systems. As vocal depictions, ideophones often form a distinct lexical stratum seemingly conjured out of thin air; but, as conventionalized words, they inevitably grow roots in local linguistic systems, showing relations to adverbs, adjectives, verbs, and other linguistic resources devoted to modification and predication.
Word-Class Universals and Language-Particular Analysis
Authors: Haspelmath Martin 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The study of cross-linguistic word-class variability and its limits needs to be based on clear comparative concepts because languages have different grammatical structures. This chapter shows that the notions of (i) function indicators and (ii) semantic root classes give us a way of formulating universals and of distinguishing cross-linguistic macro-classes in a rigorous way. The root classes are action, property, and object; function indicators are markers that signal an unusual propositional act function (e.g. a copula signals predicative use of an object root, and a relativizer signals modifying use of an action root). The chapter argues for distinguishing clearly between comparison and language-particular analysis, because analysis must be based on language-particular constructions and is thus a rather different enterprise from the search for language universals.
Word Classes in Iroquoian Languages
Authors: Michelson Karin 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The Iroquoian languages do much with verbs, and the ‘verbi-ness’ of the languages might be considered extraordinary. At one extreme, the languages have been argued to have only one major word class, i.e. verbs, but it has also been claimed that there is strong evidence for a distinction between nouns and verbs. This chapter reviews the syntactic motivations for word classes, the evidence from inflectional paradigms, and the ways in which reference and predication are reflected in discourse patterns in the Iroquoian languages. The chapter concludes with the observation that the meaning of roots and their inflectional paradigms is straightforward, but at the level of words, Iroquoian is unusual to the extent that inflected verbs can have a referring function.