bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perturbing and evaluating numerical programs without recompilation—the wonglediff way
Authors: Eggert P. R. , Parker D. S. 
Published: December 2004

Abstractwonglediff is a program that tests the sensitivity of arbitrary program executables or processes to changes that are introduced by a process that runs in parallel. On Unix and Linux kernels, wonglediff creates a supervisor process that runs applications and, on the fly, introduces desired changes to their process state. When execution terminates, it then summarizes the resulting changes in the output files. The technique employed has a variety of uses. This paper describes an implementation of wonglediff that checks the sensitivity of programs to random changes in the floating‐point rounding modes. It runs a program several times, ‘wongling’ it each time: randomly toggling the IEEE‐754 rounding mode of the program as it executes. By comparing the resulting output, one gets a poor man's numerical stability analysis for the program. Although the analysis does not give any kind of guarantee about a program's stability, it can reveal genuine instability, and it does serve as a particularly useful and revealing idiot light. In our implementation, differences among the output files from the program's multiple runs are summarized in a report. This report is in fact an HTML version of the output file, with inline mark‐up summarizing individual differences among the multiple instances. When viewed with a browser, the differences can be highlighted or rendered in many different ways. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A negotiation description language
Authors: Elfatatry Ahmed , Layzell Paul 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAs the software industry shifts towards a service‐oriented model of development and delivery, complex forms of interaction, such as negotiation, will become dominant. The design of a negotiation system in the context of an open service‐oriented model is a complex task and involves many interrelated issues. This paper presents a negotiation description language; the purpose of which is to provide a high‐level description of a negotiation situation in such a way that facilitates human reasoning about negotiation‐related aspects in a service‐oriented context. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compiler transformations for effectively exploiting a zero overhead loop buffer
Authors: Uh Gang‐Ryung , Wang Yuhong , Whalley David , Jinturkar Sanjay , Paek Yunheung , Cao Vincent , Burns Chris 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA Zero Overhead Loop Buffer (ZOLB) is an architectural feature that is commonly found in DSP processors. This buffer can be viewed as a compiler managed cache that contains a sequence of instructions that will be executed a specified number of times without incurring any loop overhead. Unlike loop unrolling, a loop buffer can be used to minimize loop overhead without the penalty of increasing code size. In addition, a ZOLB requires relatively little space and power, which are both important considerations for most DSP applications. This paper describes strategies for generating code to effectively use a ZOLB. We have found that many common code improving transformations used by optimizing compilers on conventional architectures can be easily used to (1) allow more loops to be placed in a ZOLB, (2) further reduce loop overhead of the loops placed in a ZOLB, and (3) avoid redundant loading of ZOLB loops. The results given in this paper demonstrate that this architectural feature can often be exploited with substantial improvements in execution time and slight reductions in code size for various signal processing applications. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Co‐existent cutaneous cryptococcosis of the forearm and cutaneous alternariosis of the leg in patient with metastatic thymoma
Authors: Courville P. , Favennec L. , Viacroze C. , Barrel A. , Young P. , Abboud P. , Thomine E. , Metayer J. , Nouvet G. 
Published: December 2004

Background:  Cryptococcosis and alternariosis are rare opportunistic infections often observed in immunocompromised patients. Because Cryptococcus and Alternaria are ubiquitous fungi found in soil, the presence of fungi in the dermis has to be observed on histological examination to confirm a real cutaneous, invasive, infection.Patient:  We report the first case of concomitant cutaneous cryptococcosis and cutaneous alternariosis, in an immunocompromised patient treated for a metastatic thymoma.Conclusion:  This observation underlines the fact that the possible co‐existence of several rare infections in immunocompromised patients should take into consideration pathogen identification in order to adapt the therapy to individual patient requirements.
Dermatofibroma with sclerotic areas resembling a sclerotic fibroma of the skin
Authors: Sohn In‐Bum , Hwang Sang Min , Lee Seung Hun , Choi Eung Ho , Ahn Sung Ku 
Published: December 2004

Background:  Dermatofibromas are common benign tumors that occur as single or multiple nodules on the extremities in adults. Sclerotic fibroma of the skin (SFS) is a benign tumor characterized histopathologically by a well‐demarcated, non‐encapsulated dermal nodule composed of hypocellular, sclerotic collagen bundles with prominent clefts. The pathogenesis of these two conditions is still in dispute.Methods:  We present a case of dermatofibroma with sclerotic areas resembling a sclerotic fibroma of the skin and a review of the literature.Results:  The tumor showed a well‐demarcated dermal, fibrocollagenous tumor with three different histopathological features. One‐fourth of the lesion was consistent with dermatofibroma. Another area adjacent to dermatofibroma revealed hyalinized eosinophilic collagen bundles arranged in the characteristic interwoven pattern with prominent clefts, as is described in sclerotic fibroma of the skin. One‐half of the lesion between the dermatofibroma and sclerotic fibroma showed transitional changes from dermatofibroma to sclerotic fibroma.Conclusion:  According to these findings, the possibility that sclerotic fibroma is an ancient or degenerated stage of dermatofibroma cannot be completely ruled out, but some authors still consider that dermatofibroma and sclerotic fibroma of the skin are completely different neoplasms.
Effect of selective logging on tree and understory regeneration in miombo woodland in western Tanzania
Authors: Schwartz M. W. , Caro T. M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTree regeneration and understory response to selective cutting of Pterocarpus angolensis DC, and Sterculia quinqueloba Sim, was measured outside Katavi National Park, Tanzania. Contrary to expectations, a selective harvest had no effect on tree recruitment for either species in this miombo woodland. In unlogged plots along transects taken at increasing distance from a main road, the stand densities of young trees declined away from the road. Since anthropogenic activity along the road results in a high fire frequency but low native ungulate densities, the increased rate of tree regeneration near the road may result from either reduced grazing and browsing pressure by native ungulates, or reduced fire intensity and severity along roads. These effects appear to mask any possible effect of selective harvest on tree recruitment. Currently, there is no evidence of compensatory recruitment of trees of any species into the canopy to replace logged trees and this will lead to a gradual thinning in overstory stand density.
Cenozoic stratigraphy and subsidence history of the South China Sea margin in the Taiwan region
Authors: Lin A. T. , Watts A. B. , Hesselbo S. P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSeismic reflection profiles and well data are used to determine the Cenozoic stratigraphic and tectonic development of the northern margin of the South China Sea. In the Taiwan region, this margin evolved from a Palaeogene rift to a latest Miocene–Recent foreland basin. This evolution is related to the opening of the South China Sea and its subsequent partial closure by the Taiwan orogeny.Seismic data, together with the subsidence analysis of deep wells, show that during rifting (∼58–37 Ma), lithospheric extension occurred simultaneously in discrete rift belts. These belts form a >200 km wide rift zone and are associated with a stretching factor,β, in the range ∼1.4–1.6. By ∼37 Ma, the focus of rifting shifted to the present‐day continent–ocean boundary off southern Taiwan, which led to continental rupture and initial seafloor spreading of the South China Sea at ∼30 Ma. Intense rifting during the rift–drift transition (∼37–30 Ma) may have induced a transient, small‐scale mantle convection beneath the rift. The coeval crustal uplift (Oligocene uplift) of the previously rifted margin, which led to erosion and development of the breakup unconformity, was most likely caused by the induced convection.Oligocene uplift was followed by rapid, early post‐breakup subsidence (∼30–18 Ma) possibly as the inferred induced convection abated following initial seafloor spreading. Rapid subsidence of the inner margin is interpreted as thermally controlled subsidence, whereas rapid subsidence in the outer shelf of the outer margin was accompanied by fault activity during the interval ∼30–21 Ma. This extension in the outer margin (β∼1.5) is manifested in the Tainan Basin, which formed on top of the deeply eroded Mesozoic basement. During the interval ∼21–12.5 Ma, the entire margin experienced broad thermal subsidence. It was not until ∼12.5 Ma that rifting resumed, being especially active in the Tainan Basin (β∼1.1). Rifting ceased at ∼6.5 Ma due to the orogeny caused by the overthrusting of the Luzon volcanic arc.The Taiwan orogeny created a foreland basin by loading and flexing the underlying rifted margin. The foreland flexure inherited the mechanical and thermal properties of the underlying rifted margin, thereby dividing the basin into north and south segments. The north segment developed on a lithosphere where the major rift/thermal event occurred ∼58–30 Ma, and this segment shows minor normal faulting related to lithospheric flexure. In contrast, the south segment developed on a lithosphere, which experienced two more recent rift/thermal events during ∼30–21 and ∼12.5–6.5 Ma. The basal foreland surface of the south segment is highly faulted, especially along the previous northern rifted flank, thereby creating a deeper foreland flexure that trends obliquely to the strike of the orogen.
Recent tectonics in the Turkana Rift (North Kenya): an integrated approach from drainage network, satellite imagery and reflection seismic analyses
Authors: Vétel W. , Le Gall B. , Johnson T. C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe Turkana rifted zone in northern Kenya is a long‐lived and polyphased rift system where the lack of well‐marked rift morphology makes it difficult to identify the zone of active deformation. A high‐density river network is exceptionally well developed over the study area and shows evidence of drainage anomalies that suggest recent fault‐induced movements at various scales. Correlation of surface drainage anomalies with Landsat remote sensing and deep seismic reflection data permits to characterize the deep geometry of the inferred fault structures. Seismic stratigraphy further allows distinction between the inherited (Oligocene–Pliocene) and the newly formed (<3.7 Ma) origin of the recent deformation. Evidence for neotectonics are observed (1) along a large‐scale transverse (EW) fault rooted at depth along a steep basement discontinuity (Turkwell), (2) along a rift‐parallel (NS) fault zone probably emplaced during the Pliocene–Pleistocene and currently bounding the Napedet volcanic plateau to the west and (3) over a round‐shaped uplifted zone caused by positive inversion tectonics (Kalabata). The major contribution of this work is the recognition of a broad (80 km wide) zone of recent/active extensional deformation in the Turkana Rift in contrast with the narrow (20 km wide) N10°E‐trending axial trough forming the Suguta valley to the south, and the Chew Bahir faulted basin to the north. These along‐strike variations in structural style are partly controlled by the occurrence of rejuvenated Oligocene–Miocene rift faults and long‐lived transverse discontinuities in the Turkana Rift area. More generally, this study has implications for the use of river drainage network about recent/active extensional domains with subdued topography and slow deformation rate.
The Fya, Fy6 and Fy3 epitopes of the Duffy blood group system recognized by new monoclonal antibodies: identification of a linear Fy3 epitope
Authors: Wasniowska Kazimiera , Lisowska Elwira , Halverson Gregory R. , Chaudhuri Asok , Reid Marion E. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryFour new anti‐Duffy murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs): two anti‐Fy6 (MIMA‐107 and MIMA‐108), one anti‐Fya (MIMA‐19) and one anti‐Fy3 (MIMA‐29) were characterized. Identification of epitopes by means of synthetic peptides (Pepscan) showed that the anti‐Fy6 reacted most strongly with peptides containing the sequence 19QLDFEDV25 of the Duffy glycoprotein, and less strongly with peptides containing LDFEDV (MIMA‐107) or LDF only (MIMA‐108). The anti‐Fya recognized epitope 38DGDYGA43 containing the Gly42 residue, which defines the Fya blood group antigen. MIMA‐29 is the first anti‐Fy3 reactive with a linear epitope 281ALDLL285 located in the fourth extracellular domain (ECD4, loop 3) of the Duffy glycoprotein. The four new antibodies extend the list of six anti‐Fy MAbs formerly characterized by Pepscan analysis that allow some general conclusions. Fine specificities of various anti‐Fya, or anti‐Fy6 are not identical, but all of them recognize linear epitopes located around, respectively, Gly42 or between two potential N‐glycosylation sites at Asn16 and Asn27. Anti‐Fy3 recognize either a linear epitope located in ECD4, or a conformational epitope that includes amino acid residues of ECD4 and of other ECDs.
Successful treatment without cranial radiotherapy of children receiving intensified chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: results of the risk‐stratified randomized central nervous system treatment trial MRC UKALL XI (ISRC TN 16757172)
Authors: Hill Frank G. H. , Richards Sue , Gibson Brenda , Hann Ian , Lilleyman John , Kinsey Sally , Mitchell Christopher , Harrison Christine J. , Eden Osborn B. ,   the UK Medical Research Council Working Party on Childhood Leukaemia
Published: December 2004

SummaryConcern about late adverse effects of cranial radiotherapy (XRT) has led to alternative approaches to eliminate leukaemia from the central nervous system (CNS) in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The Medical Research Council UKALL XI trial recruited 2090 children with ALL between 1990 and 1997. Median follow‐up is 7 years 9 months; event‐free survival (EFS) and overall survival were 63·1% and 84·6%, respectively, at 5 years and 59·8% and 79·4% at 10 years. The isolated CNS relapse rate was 7·0% at 10 years. Patients were randomized for CNS‐directed therapy within white blood cell (WBC) groups. For WBC <50 × 109/l, high‐dose intravenous methotrexate (HDMTX) (6–8 g/m2) with intrathecal methotrexate (ITMTX) was compared with ITMTX alone, and was significantly better at preventing isolated and combined CNS relapse, but non‐CNS relapses were similar. There was no significant difference in EFS at 10 years, 64·1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 60·4–67·8] with HDMTX plus ITMTX, and 63·0% (95% CI 59·5–66·5) with ITMTX alone. For WBC ≥50 × 109/l, HDMTX with ITMTX was compared with XRT and a short course of ITMTX. CNS relapses were significantly fewer with XRT, but there was a non‐significant increase in non‐CNS relapses. EFS was not significantly different, being 55·2% (95% CI 47·8–62·6) at 10 years with XRT and 52·1% (95% CI 44·8–59·4) with HDMTX plus ITMTX.
Asymmetric multiplex‐polymerase chain reaction – a high throughput method for detection and sequencing genomic fusion sites in t(4;11)
Authors: Metzler M. , Brehm U. , Langer T. , Viehmann S. , Borkhardt A. , Stanulla M. , Schrappe M. , Harbott J. , Beck J. D. , Rascher W. , Repp R. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryChromosomal translocations are a characteristic feature of leukaemia and other malignant diseases. As clonal markers, they can be applied to identify and quantify the number of malignant cells by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. The translocation t(4;11) is present in >60% of infant leukaemia. In order to facilitate the sequencing of chromosomal breakpoints, we developed an optimized set of 30 PCR primers and a new approach, designated as asymmetric multiplex PCR (am‐PCR). Due to the high number of primers, small breakpoint‐spanning DNA fragments are obtained in one nested multiplex PCR reaction. All PCR products contain an identical binding site for the initiation of direct sequencing. By using am‐PCR, the translocation t(4;11) was examined in bone marrow and blood samples from children with acute leukaemia. Compared with previously described methods for the determination of genomic breakpoints, am‐PCR may be advantageous with regard to its simplicity and rapidity. Breakpoint‐spanning sequences were also evaluated with regard to their applicability as unique clonal markers to design primers and probes for minimal residual disease quantification by real‐time PCR. This approach can easily be adapted to other chromosomal translocations in malignant diseases for the detection and analysis of clone‐specific DNA markers.
Transplantation of a combination of CD133+ and CD34+ selected progenitor cells from alternative donors
Authors: Lang Peter , Bader Peter , Schumm Michael , Feuchtinger Tobias , Einsele Hermann , Führer Monika , Weinstock Christof , Handgretinger Rupert , Kuci Selim , Martin David , Niethammer Dietrich , Greil Johann 
Published: December 2004

SummaryPositive selected haematopoietic stem cells are increasingly used for allogeneic transplantation with the CD34 antigen employed in most separation techniques. However, the recently described pentaspan molecule CD133 appears to be a marker of more primitive haematopoietic progenitors. Here we report our experience with a new CD133‐based selection method in 10 paediatric patients with matched unrelated (n = 2) or mismatched‐related donors (n = 8). These patients received a combination of stem cells (median = 29·3 × 106/kg), selected with either anti‐CD34 or anti‐CD133 coated microbeads. The proportion of CD133+ selected cells was gradually increased from patient to patient from 10% to 100%. Comparison of CD133+ and CD34+ separation procedures revealed similar purity and recovery of target populations but a lower depletion of T cells by CD133+ selection (3·7 log vs. 4·1 log, P < 0·001). Both separation procedures produced >90% CD34+/CD133+ double positive target cells. Engraftment occurred in all patients (sustained primary, n = 8; after reconditioning, n = 2). No primary acute graft versus host disease (GvHD) ≥ grade II or chronic GvHD was observed. The patients showed a rapid platelet recovery (median time to independence from substitution = 13·5 d), whereas T cell regeneration was variable. Five patients are alive with a median follow‐up of 10 months. Our data demonstrates the feasibility of CD133+ selection for transplantation from alternative donors and encourages further trials with total CD133+ separated grafts.
Mismatch between trainees' subspecialist interest and advertised jobs; worrying implications for upper gastrointestinal trainees
Authors: Cameron I C , Johnson A G 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

Aims
The aim of this study was first to assess the primary subspecialist interests of general surgical specialist registrars who were accredited and still looking for a consultant position, or who were within 3 years of their CCST (certificate of completion of surgical training). These interests were then compared with subspecialist interests declared in consultant vacancies advertised in the British Medical Journal over the preceding 16 months.

Methods
All trainees in general surgery holding a national training number in six regions (Mersey, North West, Trent, Yorkshire, Northern, West Midlands) were identified, and those accredited or within 3 years of their CCST (n = 136) were telephoned to ascertain their primary subspecialist interest, whether they had a higher degree and what their desired consultant job would be. The consultant vacancies advertised in the British Medical Journal between 3 January 1998 and 8 May 1999 were assessed according to the required subspecialist interest.

Results
Upper gastrointestinal surgery is the second most popular subspecialty (n = 37; 27 per cent of trainees) after colorectal surgery (n = 40; 29 per cent of trainees). However, there were fewer consultant vacancies in upper gastrointestinal surgery (31 of 226; 14 per cent of jobs) than in any of the other three main subspecialist areas of general surgery (colorectal, vascular and breast/endocrine). The ratio of percentage of jobs to percentage of trainees was lowest in upper gastrointestinal surgery (0·50), compared with colorectal (0·77), vascular (0·89) and breast/endocrine (2·23) surgery.

Conclusions
Upper gastrointestinal surgery appears to be the most competitive of the general surgical subspecialties at present, having by far the lowest ratio of jobs to trainees. In addition, 87 per cent of upper gastrointestinal trainees have or are completing a higher degree, and 43 per cent expressed a desire to work in a teaching hospital.
Current practice in the management of acute cholecystitis
Authors: Cameron I C , Chadwick C , Phillips J , Johnson A G 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

Aims
Several recent papers have advocated emergency cholecystectomy for patients with acute cholecystitis, stating that it is safe, cost effective and leads to less time off work. This study was designed to assess current practice in the management of acute cholecystitis in the UK.

Methods
A postal questionnaire was sent to 357 consultant surgeons who were thought to be involved in a general surgical on-call rota, to ascertain their current management of patients with acute cholecystitis. Replies were received from 250 consultants (70 per cent) of whom 242 (68 per cent) were involved in a general surgical take. Sixteen of these consultants, however, handed their patients with acute cholecystitis on to a different team the following day for further management.

Results
Twenty-seven consultants (12 per cent) routinely treat their patients by emergency cholecystectomy whenever possible, with 24 stating that they would do this within 72 h. Limiting factors to this practice were stated to be availability of surgical staff (15), theatre space (nine) and radiological investigations (four). The remaining consultants (n = 199) routinely manage their patients conservatively initially and providing they settle, either (1) book directly for cholecystectomy (n = 94, 47 per cent), (2) reassess as an outpatient (n = 65, 33 per cent), (3) either of above (n = 21; 11 per cent) or (4) refer on to a colleague (n = 19, 10 per cent). The commonest indications for acute cholecystectomy stated by consultants whose initial treatment policy is conservative are spreading peritonitis due to bile leak (93 per cent), empyema (89 per cent), unexpected space on a theatre list (28 per cent) and failure of an acute episode to settle (21 per cent). The laparoscopic method is the commonest for both elective and emergency cholecystectomy, but the percentage of consultants using an open method rises dramatically from 9 per cent in the elective situation to 48 per cent for emergency cholecystectomy.

Conclusions
Despite evidence to support the increased use of emergency cholecystectomy, this practice is routinely carried out by only 12 per cent of consultants. However, of the consultants who treat their patients conservatively, 28 per cent are prepared to undertake emergency cholecystectomy if an unexpected space appears on the theatre list.