bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Molecular Astrophysics of Stars and Galaxies
Authors: Hartquist Thomas W , Williams David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides a comprehensive survey of modern molecular astrophysics. It includes an introduction to molecular spectroscopy and then addresses the main areas of current molecular astrophysics, including galaxy formation, star forming regions, mass loss from young as well as highly evolved stars and supernovae, starburst galaxies plus the tori and discs near the central engines of active galactic nuclei. All chapters have been written by invited authors who are acknowledged experts in their fields. The thorough editorial process has ensured a uniformly high standard of exposition and a coherent style. The book is unique in giving a detailed view of its wide-ranging subject. It will provide the standard introduction for research students in molecular astrophysics. The book will be read by research astronomers and astrophysicists who wish to broaden the basis of their knowledge or are moving their activities into this burgeoning field. It will enable chemists to learn the astrophysics most related to chemistry as well as instruct physicists about the molecular processes most important in astronomy.
Dust Formation in M Stars
Authors: Gail Hans-Peter , Sedlmayr Erwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stars with initial masses between ≈2M0 and ≈8 M0 on the main sequence develop first through the red giant phase until they ignite central helium burning. Later they start to climb up the Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) where they alternately burn helium and hydrogen in two thin shells over a degenerated carbon-oxygen core. In this stage, the thermal pulsing AGB stage (TP-AGB), they are cool (Teff . ≈ 2000–2500 K),· luminous (L ≈104 £0) and very extended (R. ≈103 Rd giant stars. For further discussion see Chapter 11. Observationally they are found to be emitters of a strong infrared emission and a rich zoo of molecular microwave emission lines which originate in a dense and very extended (L ≈ 104 I(..) circumstellar shell of cool gas and dust. The central stars are usually obscured by the circumstellar dust and in many cases they are even optically invisible· and can only be identified by the IR-emission from warm dust and by microwave molecular line emission.
Models of Circumstellar Masers
Authors: Field David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maser emission involving SiO, H2O and OH has been observed in the direction of a large number of AGB stars. These stars have the characteristic that they lose mass with rates between 10-8 solar masses per year to as much as 10.,..4 solar masses per year. Maser emission may occur in the circumstellar envelope (CSE) of AGB. stars and is belived to be closely connected with the phenomenon of mass loss. Maser emission may be used as a sensitive probe of the number density, temperature and velocity fields in the CSE. In regions close to the photosphere SiO masers, to tens of stellar radii distant H20 masers and to hundreds of stellar radii distant OH masers provide information about physical properties. The evolution and development of the CSE may be studied in depth by combining models of masers with hydrodyna,mic pulsation models of the circumstellar envelope (CSE) of a M-Mira (Bowen 1988, 1989; Pijpers and Hearn 1989; Bowen and Wilsson 1991; Fleischer et al. 1991, 1992; Humphreys et al. 1996 (H96); Bessell et al. 1996; Haefner et al. 1996 and references therein). The present chapter outlines how this may be carried out for M-Miras, the largest class of AGB stars. We start with a brief review ot observational data.
Dust Formation in the Environments of Hot Stars
Authors: Beck Holger , Sedlmayr Erwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dust is a ubiquitous component of the interstellar medium (see Chapter 4 and 5) and plays a vital and indispensable role in the overall cycle of cosmic material processing. During stellar evolution, from stellar birth up to the late stages, the solid phase is intimately interwoven with the gas component and the radiation field (see Chapters 11–13). The processes of nucleation and grain growth are well known to occur in the outflows of cool late-type stars.
Excitation and Detectability of Molecules in Active Galactic Nuclei
Authors: Black John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is paradoxical that low-energy molecular processes might be important in the hostile, energetic environments near active galactic nuclei (AGNs). It now appears that observations of the molecular component of the central gas offer crucial insight into the physics of the AGN phenomenon. As reviewed in the preceding chapter, activity in galactic centres is displayed by nuclear starbursts on scales of 102 to 103 pc as well as the true AGNs, which are the compact, luminous sources that reside in the central 10 pc of quasi-stellar objects (QSOs), radio galaxies, and Seyfert galaxies. In this chapter we are concerned with the possible ways in which molecules can be used to investigate the inner workings of the true AGN. Observations throughout the electromagnetic spectnim now suggest that many AGN are buried inside small-scale discs or tori of gas and dust. These central gas systems reprocess the non-thermal continuum into complex emission-line spectra and shield the central source from view over much of the electromagnetic spectrum. Chapter 20 contains a brief introduction to a unification hypothesis, which has been proposed in order to explain the observations of Seyfert 1 and Seyfert 2 galaxies with a single model in which the spectroscopic differences reflect different orientations of the observer’s line of sight to the central obscuring disc or torus (see Antonucci 1993 for a review). There is some hope that the descriptions of radio galaxies, BL Lacertae objects, radio-quiet QSOs, and radio-loud QSOs (the true quasars) can be unified similarly. A compact system of gas and dust is central to the unification hypothesis. Theory suggests that such a system will exist as small dense clouds (Krolik and Begelman 1986, 1988), which will be partly molecular if the pressure is sufficiently high (Krolik and Lepp 1989; Maloney, Hollenbach and Tielens 1996). Photoionization of gas by a non-thermal X-ray source allows atoms in a wide range of states of ionization to co-exist with molecules. Molecules can respond to heating and ionization by X-rays with unusual abundances (e.g. Lepp and Dalgarno 1996) and distinctive excitation patterns (Draine and Woods 1990; Gredel and Dalgarno 1995; Tine et al. 1997).
General Presentation
Authors: Catto Isabelle , Bris Claude Le , Lions Pierre-Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a global presentation of the problems we are going to consider in this book, and also in a forthcoming work [17]. We therefore successively define the problem of investigating the thermodynamic limit of a given model in quantum molecular chemistry and survey the main mathematical difficulties encountered (Section 1.2), give some clues on the physical background of this mathematical problem (Section 1.3), and briefly review the state of the art of the mathematical knowledge on this type of problem (Section 1.4). Next, we introduce the thermodynamic limit problem for the Thomas-Fermi-von Weizsacker model for a crystal and some related models, detail the main results we have obtained in this setting, and indicate some extensions of our work to particular situations (Section 1.5).
Convergence of the Density for the Thomas-Fermi-Von Weizsä.Cker Model
Authors: Catto Isabelle , Bris Claude Le , Lions Pierre-Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we are concerned with the convergence of the electronic density when the size of the neutral molecular system goes to infinity, thereby approaching an infinite crystal whose nuclei are located at the points of a regular lattice.
Then, in Section 5.3, we establish a uniqueness result for the partial differential equations system obtained in the thermodynamic limit. The proof also applies to the Yukawa case, therefore providing another proof than the one given in Chapter 4. More precisely, in the point nuclei case we prove the following:
Convergence of the Energy Via the Convergence of the Density
Authors: Catto Isabelle , Bris Claude Le , Lions Pierre-Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapters 2-5, we have shown that, both for Yukawa interaction and Coulomb interaction, there exists a thermodynamic limit for the energy per unit volume and for the electronic density, when the nuclei are located on a periodic cubic lattice. In addition, the density obtained in this limit is periodic, of the same period as the lattice. However, in the case of Coulomb forces, we have used some additional assumptions on the shape of the cell and of the nuclei, and also on the behaviour of the Van Hove sequence (see the statement of Theorem 3.1). The first goal of this chapter is to show that using a different strategy of proof allows us to get rid of these assumptions (see Section 6.2).
Natural selection and random genetic drift as causes of evolution on islands
Authors: Barton N H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evolution on islands may differ in many ways from that on the mainland. A novel physical environment, and fewer competing species, may allow unusual adaptive radiations (Schluter 1996). The total number of individuals in the species may be low, giving fewer advantageous mutations, and allowing deleterious mutations to accumulate (Kondrashov 1995; Lynch et al. 1995). Finally, populations may be founded by one or a few colonists, giving an immediate burst of random drift (Mayr 1954). I will concentrate on this last aspect of evolution on islands, and in particular, on the idea that genetic drift in founder events may lead to the formation of new species. Because random drift is a well understood and ubiquitous process, its effects are most amenable to theoretical generalities; indeed, most discussions of speciation on islands (verbal and mathematical) have concentrated on drift in founder events. However, this should not lead us to neglect the importance of natural selection: while it is hard to say much in general, its importance in particular cases is clear (e.g. Schluter 1996; Chapters 5, 9-11).
Ecological and evolutionary determinants of the species-area relationship in Caribbean anoline lizards
Authors: Loso Jonathan B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Explaining differences in species diversity among areas has been a central goal of ecology with studies traditionally focusing either on historical or ecological factors (see recent reviews in Ricklefs and Schluter 1993; Brown 1995; Rosenzweig 1995). Studies of insular faunas and floras have played a prominent role in the development of theories of species diversity beginning with the work of the naturalists of the latter half of the nineteenth century and continuing to this day. MacArthur and Wilson ‘s (1967) equilibrium theory of island biogeography, which explained differences in diversity in terms of the ecological processes of colonization and extinction rates, was particularly influential. Nonetheless, as MacArthur and Wilson (1967, Chapter 7) noted, ecological factors are only part of the explanation
Lake level fluctuations and speciation in rock-dwelling cichlid fish in Lake Tanganyika, East Africa
Authors: Rüber Lukas , Verheyen Erik , Sturmbauer Christian , Meyer Axel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The East African Lakes Tanganyika, Malawi, and Victoria each harbour hundreds of endemic invertebrate and vertebrate species. The endemic cichlid fish faunas of the East African Lakes are biologically astonishingly diverse and each of the lakes contains its distinct species flock of cichlid fishes. These species flocks are viewed as the most spectacular example among living vertebrates for evolutionary phenomena termed adaptive radiation, and explosive speciation (Fryer and Iles 1972; Futuyma 1986; Coulter 1991; Martens et al. 1994) and provide ample opportunity of the study of the evolutionary mechanisms that might be responsible for the formation of these species flocks (Fryer and Iles 1972).
Biotic drift or the shifting balance did forest islands drive the diversity of warningly coloured butterflies?
Authors: Mallet James L B , Turner John R G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to Stephen Hawking ‘God does throw dice ‘. Our question will be ‘When are the dice thrown? ‘ It has been customary to think of Wright ‘s shifting balance as a stochastic theory of evolution and Fisherian natural selection as deterministic; contrariwise both R. A. Fisher and Sewall Wright believed in fundamental stochasticity (Turner 1987, 1992). We propose a different dichotomy: that divergence can take place as an adaptive response either to stochastic changes in the genetic structure of the population, or to stochastic changes in the biotic environment, or of course, both. We will explore this through the spectacular evolutionary divergence of the colour patterns of South American butterflies, particularly Heliconius.
Introduction: The photon
Authors: Loudon Rodney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of the word ‘photon’ to describe the quantum of electromagnetic radiation can lead to confusion and misunderstanding. It is often used in the context of interference experiments, for example Young’s slits, in such phrases as ‘which slit does the photon pass through?’ and ‘where do the photons hit the screen when one of the slits is covered up’. The impression is given of a fuzzy globule of light that travels this way or that way through pieces of optical equipment or that light beams consists of streams of the globules, like bullets from a machine gun. Lamb has even argued that there is no such thing as a photon [11 and he has proposed that the word should be used only under licence by properly qualified people! It is, however, difficult to disagree with some of his concerns.
Conservation
Authors: Monk Kathryn A , Fretes Yance de , Reksodiharjo-Lilley Gayatri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the principles of conservation in Indonesia, especially reserve management and species protection in Nusa Tenggara and Maluku (NT&M). It also discusses problems and constraints in reserve management and species protection, and offers recommendations. More over, the chapter covers some basic principles on conservation biology and their application for the management of reserves and species in NT&M. Considering that many people in NT&M still greatly depend on the natural resources to fulfill their daily needs, the chapter offers ideas on how resources should be managed through wildlife trade or ecotourism, and points to the research needed to support conservation in NT&M.
Graphs: an introduction
Authors: Matoušek Jiří , Nešetřil Jaroslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For example, the points may represent participants at a birthday party and the joins correspond to pairs of participants who know each other. Or the points can represent street crossings in a city and the joins the streets. Also a municipal transport network or a railway network is usually displayed as a scheme of this type (see Fig. 3.1), and electrotechnical schemes often have a similar character as well. In such cases, the points are commonly called vertices (or also nodes) and the joins are called edges. If we disregard the length, shape, and other properties of the joins and we only pay attention to which pairs of points are joined and which are not, we arrive at the mathematical notion of a graph. Although very simple, a graph is one of the key concepts in discrete mathematics. This is also illustrated in the subsequent sections.
Trees
Authors: Matoušek Jiří , Nešetřil Jaroslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even very abstract and elusive concepts in mathematics are often given names from common language. Similarly as mathematical definitions are not at all arbitrary, the name for a notion may be quite important. Sometimes the name helps to communicate, on an intuitive level, some key property of the object which is not easy to notice behind the formal definition. Other names may sound quite illogical in today’s context without knowing their often convoluted history. For example, fields in mathematics are neither green fields nor strawberry fields nor any other kind of fields most people may be used to, and it is hard to imagine why something in the plane should be called a vertex (see Chapter 5 for the origin of this name). And, an unfitting name may lead one completely astray. In this chapter, the reader can judge how well mathematicians succeeded in choosing a name for a simple and fundamental graph-theoretic concept-a tree. While trees in mathematics perhaps cannot match those in nature for beauty or diversity, they still form quite a rich area in graph theory, and closely related concepts of trees appear in other branches of mathematics and of computer science as well.
Double-counting
Authors: Matoušek Jiří , Nešetřil Jaroslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In pre-computer ages, double-counting was used by accountants. When adding up the numbers in a table, they first found the sum of the row totals and then they compared it to the sum of the column totals. If their computation was correct, both results were the same. In other words, the order of summation in a double sum like this may be changed. This simple idea underlies many mathematical tricks and proofs; in more complex cases it is accompanied by other ideas, of course. The main difficulty is usually in figuring out what exactly should be double-counted.
The number of spanning trees
Authors: Matoušek Jiří , Nešetřil Jaroslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although T(Kn) can be expressed in such a nice and simple way, no completely straightforward method is known for deriving the formula. In the course of time, many proofs have been discovered. Their basic ideas differ substantially, but each of them involves a clever trick or follows from a nontrivial theory. We have collected several of these proofs into this chapter (by far not all known ones!), mainly as an illustration of the richness of mathematical thought.
Finite projective planes
Authors: Matoušek Jiří , Nešetřil Jaroslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mathematicians are often interested in objects that are highly regular in some sense. A good example is the regular Platonic solids we have seen in Section 5.3. They are scarce, beautiful, and also very useful. For instance, symmetry groups related to them play an important role in physics. In this chapter, we will consider certain very regular families of finite sets, the so-called finite projective planes. As the name suggests, this notion has a geometric inspiration. Finite projective planes are highly symmetric and also somewhat rare. Appreciating their mathematical usefulness, and maybe also their beauty, requires learning something about them first. Let us remark that the study of regular configurations of sets with a flavor somewhat similar to finite projective planes is an extensive branch of combinatorial mathematics (we will say a little more about such objects in Chapter 11).
Probability and probabilistic proofs
Authors: Matoušek Jiří , Nešetřil Jaroslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reader will most likely know various problems about determining the probability of some event (several such problems are also scattered in the other chapters). Textbooks often contain such problems taken “from real life”, or at least pretending to be real life problems. They speak about shuffling and drawing cards, tossing coins or even needles, or also about of defunct lightbulbs, defunct phone lines, or decaying radioactive atoms-depending on the author’s inclinations and fantasy. In this chapter we want to show a remarkable mathematical application of probability, namely how mathematical statements can be proved using elementary probability theory, although they don’t mention any probability or randomness. Alon and Spencer [10] is an excellent book for studying probabilistic methods in combinatorics in more depth, and Grimmett and Stirzaker [18) can be recommended as a probability theory textbook.
Linear Algebra
Authors: Kaye Richard , Wilson Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book covers the basic theory of matrices and vector spaces. The book's three main parts cover (i) matrices, vector spaces, bases and dimension; (ii) inner products bilinear and sesquilinear forms over vector spaces; (iii) linear transformations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, diagonalization, and Jordan normal form. An introduction to fields and polynomials over fields is also provided, and examples and applications are provided throughout. The approach throughout is rigorous, but without being unnecessarily abstract. In particular, this book would be suitable reading for a student with no prior exposure to abstract algebra. Although intended as a `second course', the book is completely self-contained and all the material usually given in a `first course' is presented fully in Part One, so the book provides a useful guide to the entire theory of vector spaces as usually studied in an undergraduate degree. Abstract methods are illustrated with concrete examples throughout, and more detailed examples highlight applications of linear algebra to analysis, geometry, differential equations, relativity and quantum mechanics. As such, the book provides a valuable introduction to a wide variety of mathematical methods.
Polynomials
Authors: Kaye Richard , Wilson Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter we saw how we can add and multiply linear transformations in ℒ (V,V), i.e. how ℒ (V,V) is given arithmetic operations analogous to the matrix operations of addition and multiplication. Much of the study of linear transformations f: V → V concerns their properties under these arithmetic operations, and before we can take this further we must review some material on polynomials and discuss how polynomials can be applied to linear transformations such as f.
Higher-Order Electroweak And Qcd Corrections
Authors: Bardin Dima , Passarino Giampiero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters each amplitude in the Standard Model (SM) has been written as the sum of an improved Born-like term plus a remainder. In the improved component we make a (partial) re-summation of potentially large one-loop terms while the remainder is expanded up to one-loop in perturbation theory to guarantee the proper cancellation of gauge parameter dependent contributions.
Qcd Corrections For Two-Fermion Production
Authors: Bardin Dima , Passarino Giampiero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The couplings to the fermion current can be considered as the Born ones or the effective ones, including the bulk of the electroweak radiative corrections. To this decay rate we have to add final state radiation, both QED and QCD. When the couplings are effective ones an additional problem arises. The naive factorization that effectively amounts to shrinking all weak corrections to a point before applying final state radiation is sometimes a poor approximation to the correct 𝒪 (α αs) result.
The Annihilation e+e-→ff Away From The Z-Resonance
Authors: Bardin Dima , Passarino Giampiero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Standard LEPl tests of the minimal Standard Model (MSM) involve a well-defined procedure where we start with pseudo-observables (PO), discussed in Chapter 9, and perform a fit to the MSM parameters at the Z peak (Grunewald 1998). There is a new situation when we compare with the first years of operation at LEP: the top quark mass now has the rank of a precision measurement, mt = 173.8 ± 5 GeV, and this will be accounted for in the fit by including the proper penalty function, as we have explained in Section 9.1.2.