bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of difference two‐electron density matrix between two states of magnetic molecules
Authors: Yamaki D. , Nagao H. , Yamaguchi K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPreviously, a method based on the two‐electron density matrix (2‐DM) has been used to obtain chemical interpretations with electron correlations. In the method, a 2‐DM is expanded by its natural geminals. These natural geminals are visualized to obtain their chemical interpretations. An electronic state is understood as the set of geminals that have various correlations of two electrons. In this work, a extension of previous 2‐DM‐based method is described to compare two states of a system. In this method, the difference 2‐DM between the two states is used instead of 2‐DM itself. The applications of the method to trans‐butadiene and trimethylene methane are shown. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2001
Variation of the ℏω with the particle number and the appearance of “kinks” for atomic clusters
Authors: Kotsos B. A. , Grypeos M. E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe dependence of the harmonic oscillator (HO) energy level spacing ℏω on the particle number N is studied analytically for atomic (metal) clusters on the basis of their electronic densities, parametrizing Ekardt's results (for sodium clusters) by means of a Fermi distribution. An interesting feature of such an approach is that it leads, under the assumptions made, to “kinks,” that is, to “marked discontinuities in the slope” of ℏω at the closed shells. These discontinuities diminish as N increases. For large N, ℏω becomes simply: ℏω≃c1N−1/3+c2N−1. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2001
Approximate solution of the representability problem
Authors: Panin A. I. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractApproximate solution of the ensemble representability problem for density operators of arbitrary order is obtained. This solution is closely related to the “Q condition” of A. J. Coleman. The representability conditions are formulated in orbital representation and are easy to use. A general scheme of construction of the contraction operator right inverses is proposed and the explicit expression for the right inverse associated with the expansion operator is derived as an example. Two algorithms of direct two‐density matrix determination are proposed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 85: 1–17, 2001
Identification of hemes and related cyclic tetrapyrroles by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization and liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Youn Hyung‐Sun , Burkhalter Robert S. , Timkovich Russell 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMass spectrometry has proven to be a powerful technique applicable on trace amounts for the identification of known hemes and cyclic tetrapyrroles, and for providing critical information for the structure of new and novel versions. This report describes investigations of the practical limits of detection for such bioinorganic prosthetic groups, primarily by liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS), including a survey of the utility of common matrices. The lower limit of detection under favorable conditions extends to low picomole amounts. Certain derivatization techniques, such as methyl esterification and chelation to zinc, both increase the sensitivity of analyses and provide spectroscopic signatures that enable heme/cyclic tetrapyrrole ions to be identified in the presence of contaminants. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Buffer management and rate guarantees for TCP over satellite‐ATM networks
Authors: Goyal Rohit , Jain Raj , Goyal Mukul , Fahmy Sonia , Vandalore Bobby , Kota Sastri , Butts Norm , vonDeak Thomas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFuture broadband satellite networks will support a variety of service types. Many such systems are being design with ATM or ATM‐like technology. A majority of Internet applications use TCP for data transfer. As a result, these systems must efficiently transport TCP traffic and provide service guarantees to such traffic. Several mechanisms have been presented in recent literature to improve TCP performance. Most of these can be categorized as either TCP enhancements or network‐based buffer management techniques. Providing minimum rate guarantees to TCP traffic has also been suggested as a way to improve its performance in the presence of higher priority traffic sharing the link. However, the relative performance of the TCP enhancements versus the buffer management schemes has not been analyzed for long latency networks. In this paper, we address three issues. First, we present a performance analysis of TCP over satellite‐ATM links using a best effort service—the ATM unspecified bit rate (UBR) service. This analysis shows that the relative impacts of buffer management, TCP policies and rate guarantees on TCP performance, depend heavily on the latency of the network. Second, we show through simulations that the buffer size required in the network for high TCP performance is proportional to the delay‐bandwidth product of the network. Third, we propose a buffer management scheme called differential fair buffer allocation (DFBA) and show how it is used to implement a service that provides minimum rate guarantees to TCP traffic. An example of such a service is the ATM guaranteed frame rate (GFR) service, which is being standardized by the ATM Forum and the ITU. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of triple‐orbital diversity performance in Earth‐space communication
Authors: Panagopoulos A. D. , Kanellopoulos J. D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOrbital diversity is considered to be an effective technique to overcome large fade margins in satellite communication links. This paper discusses triple‐orbital diversity, which uses three satellites and an Earth receiving site. A method for calculating the outage probability of a triple‐orbital diversity protection scheme is proposed. It is based on a model for convective raincells and the lognormal assumption for point rainfall rate statistics. Numerical results are compared with an available set of experimental data taken from a VSAT Earth‐station located in Japan. The agreement was found to be quite encouraging. Some useful conclusions, concerning the relative advantage of using triple‐ against the double‐orbital diversity scheme are also deduced. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Point and set reasoning in practical science measurement by entering university freshmen
Authors: Lubben Fred , Campbell Bob , Buffler Andy , Allie Saalih 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe procedural understanding of university students at the freshman level, prior to instruction, has been investigated in the context of experimental work in physics. A written instrument was used to explore students' ideas about data collection, data processing, and data comparison; in particular, the need to repeat measurements and the implications of the scatter associated with numerical and graphical data. Two types of reasoning used by students in the laboratory, viz. point and set reasoning, are proposed and used to classify students' responses. The findings show a high degree of consistency of these modes of reasoning across the experimental phases of data collection and data processing. A framework is suggested from which a laboratory teaching program may be developed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed 85:311–327, 2001.
A Construction Method for Picture Information Having a Recovery Function
Authors: Minami Noriaki , Wakasugi Koichiro , Kasahara Masao , Tazaki Saburo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere has been a recent trend for keeping important information on social activities by outputting it as picture information on the paper medium, which goes against the current trend of doing away with paper. Among the methods developed to follow this trend, those in which preserving the high quality of the picture image is desired are numerous. On the other hand, picture information processing is conducted in general from the point of view of information engineering in recovering the characters of ancient books, for example. However, there are limitations in the conventional methods since studies on recovering picture information have not been carried out for these methods. If the state of development of the signal processing technology in recent years is considered, conducting processing that supports the recovery of preserved picture in advance is considered to be most effective. In this paper, from the viewpoint of constructing a forward‐looking picture information system, conducting processing allowing the recovery function for digital picture information output on paper, and so on is proposed and a scheme for realizing it is discussed. In the proposed scheme, the original picture image information can be reproduced from the picture information preserved on paper with erasures. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 33(1): 64–76, 2002
Resistance and Transference in Intensive Short‐Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (IS–TDP) and Classical Psychoanalysis— Similarities and Differences: Part I
Authors: Davis David M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractClassical psychoanalysis and Davanloo's system of Intensive Short‐Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (IS–TDP) share similar goals. Their aim is to increase the relative strength of the ego in relation to the superego, id, and external world. While attempting to accomplish this purpose, psychological forces opposing this goal (resistance) are ubiquitous. Both therapies focus in depth upon the therapist/ patient relationship (transference). However, the psychotherapeutic setting and the technical interventions utilized by the two therapies to work with resistance and transference differ dramatically. Part I of this article discusses the evolution of the concepts of resistance and transference from Freud to the present, and how the changes in perspective regarding these clinical phenomena have subtly altered psychoanalysis. The clinical manifestations of resistance and transference in IS–TDP, and how they are managed clinically, are highlighted. The technical interventions utilized to manage the transference resistance in both techniques are compared and contrasted.
SAXS analysis of interface in organo‐modified mesoporous silica
Authors: Li Zhi Hong , Gong Yan Jun , Wu Dong , Sun Yu Han , Wang Jun , Liu Yi , Dong Bao Zhong 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA small‐angle x‐ray scattering (SAXS) technique using synchrotron radiation as the x‐ray source has been employed to characterize the microstructure of mesoporous silica prepared by one‐pot template‐directed synthesis methodology. The scattering of pure silica agreed with Porod's law. The scattering of organo‐modified mesoporous silica showed a negative deviation from Porod's law, suggesting that an interfacial layer exists between the pores and silica matrix. It was the organic groups comprising the interface, as shown by 29Si cross‐polarization magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (29Si CP MAS/NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), that caused this negative deviation of SAXS intensity from Porod's law, and the average thickness of the interfacial layer could be deduced from this negative deviation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Summary of ISO/TC 201 Standard: V ISO 14975:2000—Surface chemical analysis—Data information formats
Authors: Yoshihara K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis International Standard specifies a format to supplement ISO 14976: Surface chemical analysis—Data transfer format to transfer data for creation, expansion and revision of a surface chemical analysis spectral database. The format is applied to Auger electron spectroscopy(AES) and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectral data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐parametric analysis of covariance for confirmatory randomized clinical trials to evaluate dose–response relationships
Authors: Tangen Catherine M. , Koch Gary G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn confirmatory randomized clinical trials that are designed to compare multiple doses of a test treatment with a control group and with one another, there are often statistical issues regarding compound hypotheses and multiple comparisons which need to be considered. In most cases the analysis plan needs a clear specification for the proposed order for conducting statistical tests (or for managing the overall significance level), which statistical methods will be used, and whether adjustment for covariates will be performed. There are several benefits of specifying non‐parametric analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for performing the primary confirmatory analyses. Only minimal assumptions are needed beyond randomization in the study design, whereas regression model based methods have assumptions about model fit for which departures may require modifications that are incompatible with a fully prespecified analysis plan. Non‐parametric methods provide traditionally expected results of ANCOVA; namely, a typically small adjustment to the estimate for a treatment comparison (so as to account for random imbalance of covariates between treatment groups) and variance reduction for this estimate when covariates are strongly correlated with the response of interest. The application of non‐parametric ANCOVA is illustrated for two randomized clinical trials. The first has a (3×4) factorial response surface design for the comparison of 12 treatments (that is, combinations of three doses of one drug and four doses of a second drug) for change in blood pressure; and the second example addresses the comparison of three doses of test treatment and placebo for time‐to‐disease progression. This clinical trial has comparisons among treatments made for a dichotomous criterion, Wilcoxon rank scores and averages of cumulative survival rates. In each example, the non‐parametric covariance method provides variance reduction relative to its unadjusted counterpart. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computing ripple effect for software maintenance
Authors: Black Sue 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent software maintenance models have included impact analysis and accounting for ripple effect as one of their stages. This paper describes and explains the reformulation of Yau and Collofello's ripple‐effect algorithm and its validity within the software‐maintenance process. Completely automatic computation of ripple effect has until now proved troublesome; we show how our approximation algorithm helps to overcome this. Our Ripple Effect and Stability Tool (REST) which uses our approximated algorithm to compute ripple effect for C programs, is described. Eleven C programs are used in an initial investigation into whether our approximated algorithm can replace Yau and Collofello's original algorithm for the purpose of automatic computation of ripple effect. The Pearson correlation coefficient for the two versions of the algorithm across the eleven programs shows a high correlation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supporting human communication in network‐based systems engineering
Authors: Harris David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe increased globalization of systems engineering is spawning a range of activities in the support of systems engineering teams who are geographically dispersed. The primary focus is on ways in which these team members can exchange information easily, quickly, and accurately. This paper takes the view that a network agent in a systems engineering design team comprises a computer plus a person, the two combining to form the intelligent network agent. A great deal of current activity is being put into the communication of data between computers. Relatively little is being put into supporting the communication between the people who are the most significant component of the “intelligent agent.” This article investigates the fundamental reasons why the communication is taking place and concludes that its purpose is to transfer from one agent to another sufficient information for the receiving agent to, eventually, supply a satisfactory deliverable to the sending agent. This implies the transfer, in some form, of a set of requirements. In such a transfer, these requirements will always be interface requirements. The paper goes on to discuss the transfer of computer‐based data between dissimilar tools and the issues involved in this transfer. It then compares the domains of “expertise” of the tool and of the human user, and discusses the mutually supportive operation of these together. From this discussion, the paper proposes a first‐cut set of requirements for the data exchange mechanism and its supporting environment. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 4: 213–221, 2001
Integrating global wireless systems with IP
Authors: Lee David J. Y. , Lee William C. Y. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe propose several algorithms for a total IP‐based wireless networks. This includes any cellular system from TDMA and GSM to CDMA. Solutions for associated improvements that come with the new architecture are also discussed. One area is the IP inter‐networking among different cellular systems (GSM to GSM, GSM to CDMA, TDMA to GSM). First, an easy and fast means of establishing a total wireless IP network (including backhaul and core) is presented. Our solution is technology independent (TDMA, GSM, CDMA) and has minimal impact on the existing network. With this proposal, the signaling will be carried out through existing PLMN and limited IP‐based standard protocols. This is a pure packet‐based network and can support both data and voice. The mapping of PLMN and IP‐based addressing will be done through HLR to translate phone number‐based address (MIN) to IP‐based address. The PLMN provides services, such as an ISP, to support dynamic IP. For VPN application, the HLR and HLR can do the first‐level authentication. The e2e authentication will be done between the mobile terminal and the server. Second, the wireless vocoding‐based IP vocoder standards are discussed to further integrate the wireless network with the IP network. Third, the solution for wireless IP networks for single technology global markets (European GSM) is presented. Fourth, the solution for wireless IP networks for multiple technologies global markets is presented. Fifth, the one step vocoding conversion for inter systems (GSM to/from CDMA) is discussed. There is no vocoding and IP/PLMN/PSTN conversion needed for pure IP‐based intra‐GSM (or CDMA or TDMA) systems. In the inter‐system scenario (GSM to CDMA), a one‐step vocoding conversion can be performed through the intermobile systems vocoder gateway. This gateway or service bureau will be responsible for converting GSM to CDMA voice in one step. The delay and system resources can be drastically reduced. This definitely will increase the momentum for the wireless IP migration. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A software architecture for GPRS session management
Authors: Haung Yieh‐Ran , Lin Yi‐Bing 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGeneral packet radio service (GPRS) provides efficient access to the integrated services Internet from wireless networks. When the GPRS‐attached mobile station attempts to send or receive data, a packet data protocol (PDP) context shall be established. The GPRS session management (SM) supports the PDP context handling, which consists of PDP context activation, deactivation, and modification procedures. In this paper, we propose an SM software architecture for the serving GPRS support node. Our design goals are to achieve compatibility, modularity, and flexibility. More importantly, our approach can accommodate the design of the SM software architecture for third‐generation wireless networks. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Critical Analysis of the Treatment of Non‐palpable Breast Cancer:Toward a Less Invasive Future?
Authors: Groenendijk Richard P.R. , ter Horst Han , Tinnemans John G.M. , van der Sluis Rigtje F. , Ruers Theo J.M. , Wobbes Theo 
Published: August 2002

Results and experience with the treatmentof non‐palpable breast cancer are reported and related to the future ofless invasive treatment of small breast cancers. The retrospectivestudy included 102 patients treated between 1980 and 1993 at theUniversity Hospital of Nijmegen. Most cancers were screen‐detected.Tumor sizes on pathological examination proved 3 mm (SD 7.7 mm) largerthan on mammography (p = 0.0029). pT1 tumors wereencountered in 77 patients (75%); pT2 tumors in 17 patients (17%).Seventy‐five patients were free of lymph node metastases, 26 patientsshowed stage pN1 (25%). Most patients had invasive ductal cancers.Only two patients died of breast cancer. A 10‐year disease‐freesurvival of 94% was calculated, after excluding four patients withknown systemic disease (M1) at diagnosis. T1a,T1b, and T1c had a 10‐year survival of 100%,96%, and 96%, respectively. Early detection and multimodalitytreatment of breast cancer have significantly improved survival. Inpatients with small breast cancer tumors future developments intreatment must be aimed at the use of less invasive techniques,reducing morbidity while maintaining high levels of disease‐freesurvival.
Early Gastric Cancer: Ten years of Experience
Authors: Nogueira Carlos , Silva António Sérgio , Santos Jorge Nunes , Silva António Gomes , Ferreira Joaquim , Matos Eduarda , Vilaça Hernani 
Published: August 2002

Gastric cancer is a disease in which themain treatment is surgical extirpation. The modifications introduced inthe surgical treatment over the last decades were accompanied by aclear increase of survival, which reaches global values of 61% at 5years in Japan. One of the reasons that contribute to this improvementis early diagnosis of the lesions. In the period between January 1,1990 and December 31, 1999 662 patients with gastric adenocarcinomawere treated in the Service of Surgery 1 of our hospital; 110 wererefused surgical treatment. Of the resected patients, 91 (21.4%) wereclassified as early gastric cancer according to the definition of theJapanese Society of Digestive Endoscopy. There were 30 women and 61men, with a median age of 60.2 ± 15 years; 3 patients had apreoperative diagnosis of gastric ulcer; 2 others were operatedwithout recent histology; and 1 patient was urgently resected for ableeding ulcer. In all the remaining patients biopsy confirmed thepresence of cancer (89%) or serious dysplasia (4.6%). The lesions hadbeen distributed essentially in the medium 1/3 (48.3%) anddistal 1/3 of the stomach.%Subtotal gastrectomy was accomplished in 48 patients, total gastrectomyin 40, total desgastrogastrectomy in 3, and in 9 patients thesurgery involved the spleen (8 patients) and the spleen and tail of thepancreas in 1 patient. Lymphadenectomy was not performed in 5 patients,lymph nodes by the first lymph node barrier were removed in 25 patientsand by the second barrier in 61 patients (67%). Median tumor size was26 ± 1.8 mm. The lesion reached the mucosa in 46 patients and themucosa and submucosa in 45. In 6 patients the removed lymph nodes weremicroscopically invaded (6.7%). Five patients died (5.7%). The medianfollow‐up of the patients is 41 ± 26 months; 7 patients died(8.1%) during this period; 4 died unequivocally of diseaseprogression. The median survival of patients was 85% at 5 years and80% at 10 years. In our series, survival was affected by the presenceof invaded lymph nodes, not by the penetration in depth of the lesionor the size of the tumor.