bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of amphiphilic surfactant agents on the gastrointestinal absorption of albendazole in cattle
Authors: Virkel Guillermo , Imperiale Fernanda , Lifschitz Adrián , Pis Alejandra , Alvarez Ana , Merino Gracia , Prieto Julio , Lanusse Carlos 
Published: April 2003

AbstractAlbendazole (ABZ) is a widely used broad‐spectrum benzimidazole (BZD) anthelmintic. Low hydrosolubility and poor/erratic gastrointestinal (GI) absorption play against the systemic availability and resultant clinical efficacy of BZD compounds. Different strategies are currently investigated to improve their bioavailability and efficacy in different animal species and humans. Surfactant agents facilitate dissolution of lipophilic drugs and increase membrane permeability. The influence of amphiphilic surfactants on the pattern of absorption and systemic availability of ABZ and its metabolites in cattle was characterized in the current trial. Twenty (20) parasite‐free Holstein calves (100–120 kg) were randomly allocated into four groups and treated intraruminally (10 mg/kg) using one of the following ABZ suspensions: control without surfactant (75/25 dimetyl sulphoxide/saline solution) (group A), 5 mM sodium taurocholate (STC) in saline solution (group B), 8.27 mM sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) in saline solution (group C) and a commercial formulation (Valbazen®, Pfizer Inc. SA) (group D). Jugular blood samples were taken over 72 h post‐treatment and plasma analysed by HPLC. Albendazole sulphoxide (ABZSO) and sulphone were the metabolites found in plasma. STC did not affect ABZ absorption while increased ABZSO peak plasma concentration (Cmax) (158% higher, P<0.001) was observed following co‐administration of ABZ plus SLS, compared to the control group without surfactant. ABZSO plasma availability was significantly greater after the ABZ–SLS (164%) co‐administration compared to that obtained in the control group without surfactant. A similar ABZSO plasma availability was obtained following the treatments with the ABZ‐SLS and the commercially available formulation. SLS‐mediated enhanced dissolution and absorption of ABZ accounted for the observed increased systemic availability of the active ABZSO metabolite in cattle. These results should be considered among strategies to improve the use of BZD anthelmintics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potentiation of domperidone‐induced catalepsy by a P‐glycoprotein inhibitor, cyclosporin A
Authors: Tsujikawa Kenji , Dan Yukihiko , Nogawa Kiyoko , Sato Hitoshi , Yamada Yasuhiko , Murakami Hideyasu , Ohtani Hisakazu , Sawada Yasufumi , Iga Tatsuji 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe distribution of domperidone (DOM), a peripheral dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, to the brain is restricted by P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and for this reason, DOM rarely causes parkinsonian symptoms, such as extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), unlike other dopamine D2 antagonists. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether cyclosporin A (CsA), a P‐gp inhibitor, potentiates EPS induced by DOM.The intensity of EPS was assessed in terms of the duration of catalepsy in mice. D1, D2 and mACh receptor occupancies at the striatum were measured in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the distribution of DOM to the brain was investigated by using an in situ brain perfusion technique. The intensity of DOM‐induced catalepsy was significantly potentiated by the coadministration of CsA. The in vivo occupancies of D1, D2 and mACh receptors, as well as the brain distribution of DOM, were increased by CsA. These results suggest that CsA increases the brain distribution of DOM by inhibiting P‐gp at the BBB, and potentiates catalepsy by increasing the occupancies of the D1 and D2 receptors. The risk of DOM‐induced parkinsonism may be enhanced by the coadministration of CsA. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacokinetics and allometric scaling of levormeloxifene, a selective oestrogen receptor modulator
Authors: Østerberg O. , Kiehr B. , Erichsen L. , Poulsen H.E. , Ingwersen S.H. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics of a new selective oestrogen receptor modulator levormeloxifene was investigated in mice, rats, cynomolgus monkeys and humans by compartmental pharmacokinetics. Levormeloxifene was administered as an oral solution in all studies. Allometric scaling was used to predict human pharmacokinetic parameters and the performance of the approach was evaluated. Mean values of clearance confounded by F(CL/F) were 0.073, 0.29, 3.18 and 2.4 l/h in mice, rats, monkeys and humans, respectively. Values of distribution volume at steady state confounded by F(Vss/F) were 0.073 and 7.5 l in mice and rats. In monkeys, values of the central volume F(Vc/F) and volume at steady state F(Vss/F) were 28.9 and 57.9 l, respectively. In humans, values of Vc/F and Vss/F were 106 and 587 l, respectively. Predicted CL/F and Vss/F showed a linear relationship when plotted vs BW on a log–log scale; for CL/F, r was 0.95–0.98 and for Vss/F, r was 0.99. Using allometric scaling the predicted human Vss/F deviated 3‐fold from the experimentally determined values. Observed values of CL/F deviated 21–25 fold from the predicted, the latter depending on the scaling method. Confidence intervals for the predicted parameters showed major lack of precision for all the allometric scaling methods. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic profiles of the new testosterone topical gel formulation, Testim™, compared to AndroGel®
Authors: Marbury T. , Hamill E. , Bachand R. , Sebree T. , Smith T. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA two‐period, randomized, complete crossover study was performed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles of Testim™ (AA2500), a new 1% testosterone topical gel formulation, compared to AndroGel®, an already available 1% testosterone topical gel. Twenty‐nine hypogonadal subjects received a single dose (50 mg testosterone) of each formulation seven days apart. Cmax estimates for total testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and free testosterone were greater (30, 19 and 38%, respectively) following the application of Testim™ compared to AndroGel®. Similarly, AUC0−24 estimates for total testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and free testosterone were greater (30, 11 and 47%, respectively) following the application of Testim™ compared to AndroGel®. Confidence intervals for Cmax and AUC0−24 were not wholly contained within the bioequivalence limits for testosterone, therefore Testim™ and AndroGel® are not bioequivalent with Testim™ providing higher serum levels and greater bioavailability than AndroGel®. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gastrointestinal transit of liquids in unfed cynomolgus monkeys
Authors: Kondo Hiromu , Takahashi Yutaka , Watanabe Takashi , Yokohama Shigeharu , Watanabe Jun 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIn this study, the gastric emptying rate and oro‐caecal transit time of two liquid volumes (20 and 60 ml) were compared in unfed cynomolgus monkeys. First, the acetaminophen method was used to determine the gastric half‐emptying time (t50%). The mean t50% from seven monkeys was 21.2 min for the 20‐ml volume and 27.8 min for the 60‐ml volume. This mean t50% in monkeys is similar to that reported previously in fasting humans. Next, the sulfasalazine‐sulfapyridine method was used to determine median oro‐caecal transit times for the 2 liquid volumes; these times were 2.5 h for the 20‐ml volume and 2.3 h for the 60‐ml volume, which are about 1.5 h shorter than previously reported transit times in humans. An increase in volume administered did not significantly change either the t50% or oro‐caecal transit time. The data also show that variability in both t50% and oro‐caecal transit time within each monkey is not as great as the large variability between monkeys. Consequently, cynomolgus monkeys are good model animals to use for studies on the gastric emptying of drug‐containing liquids after fasting; however, analysis of results from bioavailability studies must compensate for differences in the oro‐caecal transit time between monkeys and humans. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deep thoughts and shallow frames: on the susceptibility to framing effects
Authors: LeBoeuf Robyn A. , Shafir Eldar 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper examines the occurrence of framing effects when more thought is given to problems. In Study 1, participants were presented with one of two frames of several decision problems. Participants' Need for Cognition (NC) scores were obtained, and half the participants were asked to justify their choices. Substantial framing effects were observed, but the amount of thought purportedly given to a problem, whether manipulated by justification elicitation or measured by NC scores, did not reduce the incidence of framing effects. In Study 2, participants responded to both frames of problems in a within‐subjects design. Again, NC scores were unrelated to responses on the first frame encountered. However, high‐NC, compared to low‐NC, participants were more consistent across frames of a problem. More thought, as indexed here, does not reduce the proclivity to be framed, but does promote adherence to normative principles when the applicability of those principles is detectable. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Searching for certainty in an uncertain world: the difficulty of giving up the experiential for the rational mode of thinking
Authors: Schul Yaacov , Mayo Ruth 
Published: March 2003

AbstractOur research explores predictions that people make in a simple environment consisting of sequences of a binary signal followed by two possible outcomes. In order to optimize their prediction success, respondents should use a very simple decision rule, called maximization, whereby they consistently predict according to the signal. In line with past research, our findings show that even respondents who realized after the experiment that maximization is optimal failed to use it during the experiment itself. We discuss conditions that weaken or reinforce behaving according to the optimal rule in a repeated choice situation. Experiment 1 shows that individuals who are forced to plan their strategy and justify their actions are more likely to discover and use the optimal rule than those not forced to do so. Thinking about the appropriateness of one's performance can be done in two different orientations: focusing on the past (justifying past actions) or on the future (planning future action). Experiment 2 shows that planning induces rule‐base thinking, while justifying fails to do so. These findings are discussed within a theoretical framework which suggest an interplay between the experiential and the rational modes of processing. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of reasons on interpretations of probability forecasts
Authors: Flugstad Annette R. , Windschitl Paul D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWhen providing a probability estimate for an event, experts often supply reasons that they expect will clarify and support that estimate. We investigated the possible unintended influence that these reasons might have on a listener's intuitive interpretation of the event's likelihood. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that people who read positive reasons for a doctor's probability estimate regarding a hypothetical surgery were more optimistic than those who read negative reasons for the identical estimate. Experiment 3 tested whether a doctor's failure forecast for a surgery would result in differing levels of pessimism when the potential risk was attributed to one complication that had a probability of 0.30 versus three complications that had a disjunctive probability of 0.30. Overall, the findings are consistent with the argument that a probability estimate, albeit numerically precise, can be flexibly interpreted at an intuitive level depending on the reasons that the forecaster provides as the basis for the estimate. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of choice and relative frequency elicitation on overconfidence: further tests of an exemplar‐retrieval model
Authors: Sieck Winston R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAn experiment is reported in which participants rendered judgments regarding the disease states of hypothetical patients. Participants either reported likelihoods that patients had the target disease (no choice), or classified patients into disease categories and then reported likelihoods that their classifications were correct (choice included). Also, participants' likelihood judgments were made in response to either a probability probe question, or a relative frequency probe. Two distinct exemplar‐memory models were compared on their ability to predict overconfidence under these procedures. Both propose that people learn and judge by storing and retrieving examples. The exemplar retrieval model (ERM) proposes that amount of retrieval drives choice inclusion and likelihood probe effects. The alternative model assumes that response error mediates choice inclusion effects. Choice inclusion and the relative frequency probe reduced overconfidence, but the combined effects were subadditive. Only the ERM predicted this pattern, and it further provided good quantitative fits to these results. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reasonable reasons for waiting
Authors: Tykocinski Orit E. , Ruffle Bradley J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractRecent decision‐making research claims to establish that, in violation of Savage's normative sure‐thing principle, individuals often wait to acquire noninstrumental information and subsequently base their decisions upon this information. The current research suggests that characterizing individuals as pursuing noninstrumental or useless information may be overstated. Through a series of experiments we establish, first, that many people choose to wait, even when waiting provides no additional information at all. Second, the longer people are allowed to wait before having to decide, the more people prefer to wait rather than decide immediately. Third, those individuals who choose to wait are the ones less confident about committing themselves to a decision. For them, the benefit from waiting may be especially valuable by allowing them to come to terms with a less‐than‐ideal decision. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of freezing and thawing rates on denaturation of proteins in aqueous solutions
Authors: Cao Enhong , Chen Yahuei , Cui Zhanfeng , Foster Peter R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe freeze denaturation of model proteins, LDH, ADH, and catalase, was investigated in absence of cryoprotectants using a microcryostage under well‐controlled freezing and thawing rates. Most of the experimental data were obtained from a study using a dilute solution with an enzyme concentration of 0.025 g/l. The dependence of activity recovery of proteins on the freezing and thawing rates showed a reciprocal and independent effect, that is, slow freezing (at a freezing rate about 1°C/min) and fast thawing (at a thawing rate >10°C/min) produced higher activity recovery, whereas fast freezing with slow thawing resulted in more severe damage to proteins. With minimizing the freezing concentration and pH change of buffer solution by using a potassium phosphate buffer, this phenomenon could be ascribed to surface‐induced denaturation during freezing and thawing process. Upon the fast freezing (e.g., when the freezing rate >20°C/min), small ice crystals and a relatively large surface area of ice–liquid interface are formed, which increases the exposure of protein molecules to the ice–liquid interface and hence increases the damage to the proteins. During thawing, additional damage to proteins is caused by recrystallization process. Recrystallization exerts additional interfacial tension or shear on the entrapped proteins and hence causes additional damage to the latter. When buffer solutes participated during freezing, the activity recovery of proteins after freezing and thawing decreased due to the change of buffer solution pH during freezing. However, the patterns of the dependence on freezing and thawing rates of activity recovery did not change except for that at extreme low freezing rates (<0.5°C/min). The results exhibited that the freezing damage of protein in aqueous solutions could be reduced by changing the buffer type and composition and by optimizing the freezing–thawing protocol. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 82: 684–690, 2003.
Methodology for real‐time, multianalyte monitoring of fermentations using an in‐situ mid‐infrared sensor
Authors: Kornmann Henri , Rhiel Martin , Cannizzaro Christopher , Marison Ian , von Stockar Urs 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAn in‐situ, mid‐infrared sensor was used to monitor the major analyte concentrations involved in the cultivation of Gluconacetobacter xylinus and the production of gluconacetan, a food‐grade exopolysaccharide. To predict the analyte concentrations, three different sets of standard spectra were used to develop calibration models, applying partial least‐squares regression. It was possible to build a valid calibration model to predict the 700 spectra collected during the complete time course of the cultivation, using only 12 spectra collected every 10 h as standards. This model was used to reprocess the concentration profiles from 0 to 15 g/L of nine different analytes with a mean standard error of validation of 0.23 g/L. However, this calibration model was not suitable for real‐time monitoring as it was probably based on non‐specific spectral features, which were correlated only with the measured analyte concentrations. Valid calibration models capable of real‐time monitoring could be established by supplementing the set of 12 fermentation spectra with 42 standards of measured analytes. A pulse of 5 g/L ethanol showed the robustness of the model to sudden disturbances. The prediction of the models drifted, however, toward the end of the fermentation. The most robust calibration model was finally obtained by the addition of 34 standard spectra of non‐measured analytes. Although the spectra did not contain analyte‐specific information, it was believed that this addition would increase the variability space of the calibration model. Therefore, an expanded calibration model containing 88 spectra was used to monitor, in real time, the concentration profiles of fructose, acetic acid, ethanol and gluconacetan and allowed standard errors of prediction of 1.11, 0.37, 0.22, and 0.79 g/L, respectively. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 82: 702–709, 2003.
Bio‐mimetic hydrogen production from polysaccharide using the visible light sensitization of zinc porphyrin
Authors: Saiki Yoshinobu , Amao Yutaka 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA biohydrogen production system coupling the polysaccharide such as sucrose and maltose degradation with invertase and glucose dehydrognase (GDH) and hydrogen production with colloidal platinum as hydrogen‐evolved catalyst using the visible light‐induced photosensitization of water‐soluble zinc porphyrin, zinc tetraphenylporphyrin tetrasulfonate (ZnTPPS) has been investigated. Continuous hydrogen gas production was observed when the sample solution containing polysaccharide, invertase, GDH, nicotinamide adenine dinucreotide (NAD+), ZnTPPS, methylviologen (an electron relay reagent), and colloidal platinum was irradiated by visible light. After 240‐min irradiation, the amount of hydrogen production in the system using sucrose and maltose was estimated to be 3.1 and 0.35 μmol, respectively. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 82: 710–714, 2003.
Competition strategies for the decolorization of a textile‐reactive dye with the white‐rot fungi Trametes versicolor under non‐sterile conditions
Authors: Libra Judy A. , Borchert Maren , Banit Salima 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA variety of white‐rot fungi can oxidize textile dyes under sterile conditions; however, an important consideration for their use in treating wastewater containing textile dyes is whether similar degrees of treatment can be achieved under non‐sterile conditions. Four strategies were investigated for their potential in optimizing the use of the fungus Trametes versicolor in non‐sterile culture for treating wastewater containing the diazo textile dye C.I. Reactive Black 5 (RB5). Three strategies with suspended culture were designed to increase the decolorization activity in suspended culture from a given amount of T. versicolor inoculum based on its tolerance of low pH (pH reduction in medium), production of extracellular enzymes (use of suspended enzymes alone), and its ability to produce enzymes independent of growth (nitrogen limitation in medium). The results showed that reduction of the medium pH to 3 did not suppress bacterial growth, while enzyme production by T. versicolor ceased. The use of the extracellular enzymes alone would allow the decoupling of the process of fungal growth from wastewater treatment; however, the enzyme activity of an enzyme suspension decreased rapidly under non‐sterile conditions. The strategy of limiting nitrogen in the medium to suppress bacterial growth has potential together with the fourth strategy, the cultivation of fungi on organic solids to produce inocula for a decolorization process under non‐sterile conditions. A high degree of decolorization of RB5 under non‐sterile conditions was achieved with T. versicolor grown on grains as sole substrate. The rate of decolorization was dependent on the amount of fungal inoculum used. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 82: 736–744, 2003.
Value of the Van Nuys Prognostic Index in prediction of recurrence of ductal carcinoma in situ after breast-conserving surgery
Authors: Boland G P , Chan K C , Knox W F , Roberts S A , Bundred N J 
Published: April 2003

Abstract

Background
The Van Nuys Prognostic Index (VNPI), an algorithm based on tumour size, tumour grade, presence of necrosis and excision margin width, is claimed to predict local recurrence after breast-conserving surgery for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The aim of this study was to examine the validity of the VNPI in a UK population.

Methods
Clinicopathological data, including VNPI subgroups, for 237 patients who had breast-conserving operations for DCIS were examined. Multivariate data analysis was performed using a Cox regression model to examine the independence and relative importance of different variables in predicting recurrence, and to compare the data with those used in derivation of the VNPI.

Results
The median follow-up was 47 months. There were 37 ipsilateral local recurrences. Excision margin width (P &lt; 0·001) and tumour grade (by Van Nuys grading (P = 0·014) or simple nuclear grading (P = 0·004)) were the only independent risk factors for local recurrence. Excision margin width had three times more power than grade in predicting local recurrence. Subgrouping data by VNPI score predicted recurrence-free survival (P &lt; 0·001), but stratified 78 per cent of patients into a group with a moderate risk of local recurrence.

Conclusion
Excision margin width is the most important predictor of local recurrence after breast-conserving surgery for DCIS. The VNPI lacked discriminatory power for guiding further patient management.