bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of ergonomics to developing countries
Authors: Ong C N , Kogi K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ergonomics is derived from two Greek words, ‘ergon’ meaning work and ‘nomos’ meaning law or rule. One of the simplest definitions of ergonomics is ‘the science of making the job fit the worker’. Another definition is that it is ‘the study of man in his working environment’. The terms ‘ergonomics’ and ‘human factors’ are often used synonymously in the USA and Canada. The International Labour Organisation (IL O) defines ergonomics as ‘the application of human biological sciences in conjunction with engineering sciences to the worker and his working environment, so as to obtain maximum satisfaction for the worker which, at the same time, enhances productivity’. Ergonomics can, therefore, be regarded as a science which is concerned with the primary aim of adaptation of work to the physical and psychological capabilities and limitations of man.
Occupational lung diseases—vegetable dusts
Authors: Uragoda C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vegetable dusts may be defined as aerosols derived from plants emitted into the air during harvesting, processing, manufacture, and other related procedures. In addition to vegetable matter itself, these dusts may contain extraneous constituents such as biological contaminants, bacteria, and fungi, which are responsible for some of the pulmonary disorders. Insect components may also be present. Free silica derived from the soil is a common contaminant, but its coarse grains are unlikely to cause disease. Vegetable matter itself may contain biologically active principles such as histamine, acetylcholine, serotonin, peptides, and aflatoxins. Herbicides and pesticides may also be present as chemicals introduced by man. An example of such a complex aerosol is grain dust.
The export of industrial hazards to developing countries
Authors: Ladou J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The twentieth century has seen more technological advances than have occurred in the entire recorded history of mankind. New technologies, processes, and chemicals have proliferated year by year. Some have improved life, but many more threaten both human and animal life and the environment. The industrialized nations have been, and continue to be, largely responsible for this proliferation of hazards, and are now shipping them to less-developed nations. If steps are not taken to halt this trend, the mismanagement of hazardous industries and their waste products will seriously affect public health.
Health education and health promotion at the workplace
Authors: Chia K S , Koh D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many developing countries are caught in the vicious cycle of low productivity, low income, undernutrition and disease, and low work capacity. Low educational level and lack of housing and other public amenities aggravate the situation even further. Many of these countries have agriculture-based economies with up to 90 per cent of the economically active population engaging in subsistence agriculture. Of those that are rapidly industrializing, up to half the industrial enterprises are considered small-scale.
Tularaemia
Authors: Pearson Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tularaemia is a plague-like disease of animals and man caused by Francisella species. Sporadic human infection occurs in residents and travellers to endemic areas and may cause epidemics at times of rodent increase. Transmission is from bites of ticks and mosquitoes; water-borne outbreaks occur from drinking water in rural areas. Airborne outbreaks arise from moving rodent-contaminated hay, when threshing corn, or from laboratory accidents.
Other Trematode Infections
Authors: Lloyd S , Soulsby E J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A large variety of zoonotic trematodes produce at least 40 million human infections worldwide. Most infections occur in Asia, particularly the Far East and South- East Asia. Man may be an important definitive host or acquire infection only rarely. The life cycle involves an egg from which the miracidium hatches either into water or after ingestion by the first intermediate host, a snail. Snails are aquatic in fresh or brackish water, occasionally they are semiaquatic (Fasciola) or land (Dicrocoelium) snails.
Crisis of Empire
Authors: Gildea Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1945 France was a great power that had come within an ace of extinction. In 1940 it had suffered the worst defeat in its history, overwhelmed within the space of six weeks. It had been occupied by the Germans (and in small part by the Italians) for four years, the so-called unoccupied zone in the south itself invaded in November 1942. Despite the internal Resistance and combats of the Free French, it was liberated only with the help of the Allies, and was lucky to escape an Allied military administration of the kind that was imposed ort Germany.
Defeat was compounded by the time the Allies took to recognize de Gaulle’s provisional government as the legitimate government of France. The USA in particular had long hoped that the Vichy government would at some point end its policy of collaboration with Germany and swing onto its side. Not until after the Liberation of Paris in August 1944 was the French Committee of National Liberation officially recognized by the USA, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union, and France admitted to the Security Council of the newly formed United Nations along with these three powers and China. Even then, France was not admitted to the secret talks of the Allies about the post-war settlement.
Introduction to Tzvetan Todorov
Authors: Ferguson Niall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professor Tzvetan Todorov is Director of Research at the Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques in Paris, where he has lived since 1963. Besides his many books—I counted 63 entries in the Bodleian Library’s electronic catalogue—he has accumulated an impressive haul of academic honours: among them the Charles Leveque Prize of the Acadéemie des Sciences Morales et Politiques and the first Maugean Prize of the Académie Française. He also is an Officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.
Introduction
Authors: Gibney Matthew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not long ago I was talking with an American-based Chinese anthropologist who had just presented a paper on the changing relationship between the people and state authorities in China. To illustrate the new terms of this relationship, he explained how it was increasingly common for those under arrest in China to appeal to their ‘rights’ when confronted by the police. He attributed this development to the powerful influence of imported television crime dramas, like Starsky and Hutch and Hawaii 5–0, on the country’s population. Taking their cue from the dubious characters apprehended by TV cops, the Chinese people were now vocally letting the authorities know that they too had rights. In a state renowned for its brutal suppression of freedom of speech, television had, ironically, elevated the ‘right to remain silent’ to popular prominence.
Response to Appiah
Authors: Rorty Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I agree with Anthony Appiah that ‘a world of cultural and social variety’ is ‘an essential precondition for the self-creation that is the heart of an individual human life’. But I am not sure about his next sentence: ‘And all of this, remember, is the working out of the notion that we are creatures equal in dignity.’
In a liberal cosmopolitan global society of the sort Appiah and I both hope for, all human beings will be treated as having dignity. But I do not see much point in saying that they are now, before such a society has been achieved, all equal in dignity. This doubt is a result of my more general suspicion of arguments of the form ‘We ought to seek to establish a utopia of the following sort, because such-and-such is presently the truth about us.’ My attitude is: let’s try to figure out what kind of utopia we want, and let the truths about us be whatever we have to believe in order to work together for its creation. To put it crudely, let your view of human dignity fall out from your politics; don’t milk your politics out of such a view.
Danger Again
Authors: Nazaroff Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In these reed-beds of the Chu there are deer and roe; wild sheep come down in winter and boar are particularly plentiful; tiger are still to be found, and the saigá (Saiga tartarica) antelope seeks refuge there from the blinding blizzards of the steppes. This is a most interesting animal, the last representative of an extensive group of antelopes with snouts which were numerous in the Miocene Period. The best known is the Sivatherium, a huge creature with a small trunk, found in the tertiary deposits of the Sewalik Hills in India.
The reveries of Keknlé
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
August Kekulé von Stradonitz was one of the founders of structural organic chemistry. Born in Darmstadt in 1829, he studied at the Lniversity ofGiessen with Justus von Liebig, greatest of all organic chemists, then in France, and finally in England. He later took the chair of chemistry at the Lniversity of Ghent and then in 1865 he moved to Bonn, where he remained for the rest of his life.
The Pauli principle
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wolfgang Pauli (1900-58)was one of the titans who presided over theoretical physics during its golden age in the early decades of the twentieth century. He was celebrated not only for his devastating intelligence but also for his indiscriminate rudeness, or perhaps more properly unyielding candour. He became known in his profession as The scourge of the Lord’. According to Victor Weisskopf [95], who served a happy term as Pauli’s assistant, one could ask him any question without worrying whether he might think it idiotic, for Pauli found all questions idiotic. In his most accommodating mood, and while still a student, Pauli began his remarks in the discussion that followed a lecture by Albert Einstein: ‘You know, what Einstein says is not so stupid!’ Weisskopf recalled what happened when he arrived in Zurich and called on Pauli in his office.
New ways with barometers
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following is a question in a physic, degree exam at the University of Copen hagen:
‘Describe how to determine the height of a skyscraper with a barometer.’
One student replied: ‘You tie a long piece of string to the neck of the barometer, then lower the barometer from the roof of the skyscraper to the ground, The length of the string plus the length of the barometer will equal the height of the building.’
This highly original answer ,o incensed the examiner that the student was failed. The student appealed on the grounds that his answer was indisputably correct, and the university appointed an independent arbiter to decide the case.
Dalton’s daltonism
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Dalton (1766-1844) was a Mancunian, who, in the closing years of the eighteenth century, gave rational expression to the atomic theory of matter. His conclusions were based on careful experimentation on combining weights of elements, from which he inferred that the atoms of any element were identical and that they combined in fixed proportions with those of other elements.
Dalton was a Quaker, who was supposed to have scandalized his soberly attired co-religionists by appearing in the streets of Manchester in his scarlet doctor’s gown. For Dalton was colour-blind and, indeed, gave his name to the French expression for the condition—le daltonisme—and to one who suffers from it—a daltonien. Here is how he eventually discovered his disability and its hereditary nature:
Mauled by the Bulldog
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most famous scientific drama of the Victorian era was the public confrontation between the forces of liberalism, led by ‘Darwin’s Bulldog’, Thomas Henry Huxley, and those of reaction in the shape of the high Tory Bishop of Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, more familiarly known as Soapy Sam. On the Origin of Species had appeared seven months earlier, but Charles Darwin was now a sickly recluse and made no public appearances. He followed the course of the debate about his work eagerly and was kept informed by letters from his friends, especially Huxley, Joseph Hooker, and Sir John Lubbock. Huxley (1825-95) was the most pugnacious of Darwin’s disciples; indeed he owned that controversy was to him as gin to a reformed drunkard. His adversary, the Bishop, was no fool: he was learned in mathematics and a keen ornithologist, but his views on religious and political matters were unyielding and out of tune with the liberalizing spirit that was then permeating the Church of England.
The clash took place in 1860 at the annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, held that year in Oxford. On Wednesday 27 June, Darwin’s most formidable opponent, Richard Owen, regarded as the foremost comparative anatomist of the day, had spoken. He had denounced the evidence for evolution of man from ape, citing his own new anatomical data on simian brains. Huxley had replied briefly from the floor.
Damping the canine rotor
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Clerk Maxwell was the presiding genius of nineteenth-century physics. He made revolutionary contributions in many areas of the subject, most famously in clarifying the nature of electromagnetic radiation. Maxwell, who died in 1879 at the age of 48, was also a man of humanity and wit. His name still has a secure place in anthologies of comic verse. From his obituary in Nature comes this example of his sense of fun: Maxwell liked to construct ingenious models, theoretical and practical, to illustrate physical principles and one such was an adjustable top; this had screws to alter its moment of inertia about its geometrical axes so that the angle of its| rotation could be varied and the mathematics governing its stability or instability made manifest.
Mathematician’s melodrama
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evariste Galois, one of the great mathematical geniuses of his time, had a brief and tragic life, for he was killed in a duel in 1832, at the age of 20. Passionate and irascible, his short temper and uncompromising nature kept him out of the leading French academies and brought him to the verge of despair. His paranoia had been fed by an unfortunate episode, when at the age of seventeen he submitted his work on the solution of quintic equations [equations in which the unknown quantity appears as its fifth power and for which there was at that time no known solution] to the Academic des Sciences. The reviewer was Baron Cauchy, one of the mandarins of the French mathematical establishment, who discerned in Galois’s work an exceptional talent, and suggested that it should be submitted for the Academy’s mathematics prize. Galois reworked his paper and despatched it to the secretary of the Academy, Joseph Fourier. But Galois was not awarded the prize, nor even a mention, for Fourier died before he could forward the manuscript, which was never afterwards found. A later paper, submitted to the Academy, was rejected by one of the pioneers of statistical analysis, Simeon- Denis Poisson, on the grounds that it was insufficiently clear or fully developed, although we have made every effort to understand [his] proof.
Fraternal fire
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here is a reminiscence by the biochemist Martin Kamen, from his student years at the University of Chicago. Jean Picard, the Swiss deep-sea explorer and inventor of the bathyscape, was visiting the university in 1933:
As a former professor of organic chemistry at the university, Picard was invited to lecture to his old colleagues and the students in the Kent Chemical Laboratory theater one afternoon. He arrived with his brother, Dr Auguste Picard, a physicist who pursued cosmic ray studies in the stratosphere. One could call Jean the ‘down-going Picard’ and Auguste the ‘up-rising Picard’. Professor Arthur Compton [who shared the 1927 Nobel Prize for his studies on cosmic rays] sat with Auguste in the back of the room as Jean delivered a speech on one of his favorite topics—explosions and explosives. To ensure that the audience knew what was meant by ‘explosion waves’, he began with great energy mimicking the operation of digging a hole in which to plant a stick of dynamite. After a while he paused, breathing heavily from his labors and appeared satisfied with the results. Then he went on to dig several more imaginary holes at appropriate intervals until he had traversed the whole width of the lecture platform.
The wages of sin
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To leave bottles of laboratory preparations unlabelled is an offence against the deities of research. The English physiologist A. S. Parkes, noted for his work on human and animal fertility, related how such a transgression led to an advance that changed the face of the field.
In the autumn of 1948 my colleagues, Dr Audrey Smith and Mr C. Polge [at the National Institute for Medical Research in London], were attempting to repeat the results which [others] had obtained in the use of laevulose [fruit sugar, now called fructose] to protect fowl spermatozoa against the effects of freezing and thawing. Small success attended the efforts, and pending inspiration a number of the solutions were put away in the cold-store. Some months later work was resumed with the same material and negative results were again obtained with all the solutions except one which almost completely preserved motility [the wriggling of the sperm] in fowl spermatozoa frozen at -79°C. This very curious result suggested that chemical changes in the laevulose, possibly caused or assisted by the flourishing growth of mould which had taken place during storage, had produced a substance with surprising powers of protecting living cells against the effects of freezing and thawing. Tests, however, showed that the mysterious solution not only contained no unusual sugars, but in fact contained no sugar at all. Meanwhile, further biological tests had shown that not only was motility preserved after freezing-thawing but, also, to some extent, fertilizing power.
The poltergeist next door
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arthur Kornberg is one of the great biochemists of our time. His Nobel Prize in 1959 came for his work on the synthesis of DNA. The hallmark of his approach to his science has ever been the isolation of highly pure materials from biological tissues, and the analysis of their functions in minute and fastidious detail. He called his memoirs For the Love of Enzymes. Here is an episode that he has related from his apprenticeship in the New York laboratory of his mentor, the Spanish biochemist Severo Ochoa. The purification of an enzyme was (and often still is) an arduous undertaking, involving generally a long succession of treatments that, for instance, rendered some components (generally the unwanted proteins extracted from the tissue) insoluble, while other material remained in solution. The presence of the enzyme was recognized by its activity in the reaction that it catalysed in the cell, so as more and more of the contaminating components were eliminated the activity relative to the total protein in the preparation increased.
Vibrios in Vienna
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The agglutination test was for many decades one of the mainstays of laboratory and clinical immunology. It consisted in adding to a suspension of unknown bacteria, say, an antiserum against a known species of bacterium. If a solid mass formed and sank to the bottom of the tube then the identity of the bacterium was established. Cultures of unknown bacteria would be tested with a variety of antisera, prepared by immunizing animals, such as rabbits or sometimes goats or horses. A preparation from one animal could serve as a standard antiserum for years. The test was discovered in the laboratory of Max Gruber in Vienna by his English student, H. E. Durham. Durham remembered:
It was a memorable morning in November 1894, when we had all made ready with culture and serum provided by Pfeiffer to test his diagnostic reaction in vivo. Professor Gruber called out to me ‘Durham! Kommen Sie her, schauen Sie an!’ Before making our first injections of serum and vibrios | cholera bacilli] he had put a specimen under the microscope and there agglutination was displayed. A few days later, we had been making our mixtures in small sterilized glass pots; it happened that none were ready sterilized, so I had to make use of sterile test-tubes; these containing a mixture of culture and serum were left standing for a short time and then I called, ‘Herr Professor! Kommen Sie her, schauen Sie an!’ The phenomenon of sedimentation was before his eyes! Thus there were two techniques available, the microscopic and tlrje macroscopic.
The hounding of J. J. Sylvester
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Joseph Sylvester was a polymath, with a place in the history of his discipline as a mathematician of exceptional brilliance and versatility. He was also a qualified lawyer, a linguist, and man of letters, who wrote poetry and published a treatise on The Laws of Verse. He was born in humble circumstances in the Jewish East End of London and spoke with a marked cockney accent. It was probably anti-Semitism that denied him an academic position in England, although he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society while still in his twenties; and so in 1841, at the age of 27, he sailed for America to take up a professorial appointment at the University of Virginia.
The lucidity and sparkle of Sylvester’s lectures on pure and applied mathematics earned him instant popularity with the more discerning students, but soon anti-Semitism reared its head: the local church newspaper deplored the influence that a Jew and, to boot, an Englishman, who could be assumed to deprecate slavery, might exert over Christian youth. Sylvester was exposed to insults from a few loutish students, especially two brothers, whom he had taken to task for their ignorance. The faculty cravenly refused to censure the brothers, for fear that student riots might result. Matters came to a head after Sylvester had received threats of violence:
A case of night starvation
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At 2 o’clock one morning in 1940 Andrew Nalbandov, a physiologist at the University of Wisconsin, drove home from a party. His route led him past his laboratory and, looking up, he was surprised to observe that the lights were on in the animal house. Nalbandov had been grappling for some time with an intractable problem: he was attempting to discover the function of the pituitary gland (which we now know is the source of the group of essential hormones that control a range of bodily activities). The pituitary, or hypophysis as it used to be called, is located just beneath the brain and is hard to get at surgically. All attempts to extirpate the pituitary from animals, in particular chickens, had led to death in a matter of days, so there was no chance to see whether and in what manner the animals might malfunction when deprived of the pituitary. Nalbandov describes his predicament:
Neither replacement therapy nor any other precautions helped and I was about ready to agree with A. S. Parkes [49] and R. T. Hill who had done similar operations in England, that hypophysectomized chickens simply cannot live. I resigned myself to doing a few short-term experiments and dropping the whole project when suddenly 98% of a group of hypophysectomized birds survived for 3 weeks and a great many lived for as long as 6 months.