bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of High-Velocity Inclined Profile-Bar Fish Screens Measured by Exclusion and Survival of Early Life Stages of Fathead Minnow
Authors: Bestgen Kevin R. , Bundy Jay M. , Zelasko Koreen A. , Wahl Tony L. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
We estimated exclusion and survival rates of fathead minnow Pimephales promelas exposed to four configurations of a high-velocity inclined profile-bar screen. These screens are functionally different from conventional positive-barrier designs because fish behavior and swimming ability are not design considerations. We tested screens inclined at 45° or 60° that had 1.0-mm or 0.5-mm slot widths and used 5–45-mm total length fathead minnow released high or low in the water column. The exclusion rate for 45.0-mm and 22.5-mm fathead minnow was 100%. Survival of 45.0-mm fish was 88%; latent mortalities were attributable to nonscreen causes. Survival of 22.5-mm fish was 100%. Exclusion rates for high- and low-release 12.5-mm fathead minnow were nearly 100%. Survival rates for high-release 12.5-mm fathead minnow were 62– 86% and were similar to or higher than those for low-release fish (15–71%). Exclusion rates of 7.5-mm and 5.0-mm fathead minnow in tests with the 0.5-mm screen were 88–95% regardless of release position. Exclusion rates for 7.5-mm and 5.0-mm fish tested with 1.0-mm screens were mostly lower (2–90%), especially for low-release fish. Survival rates for 7.5-mm fathead minnow in high releases were 26–62%, but survival rates for low-release 7.5-mm fish (0–9%) and 5.0-mm fish (28%) were low. The screen angles we tested had little consistent effect on exclusion or survival rates. The successful exclusion and survival we documented for various life history stages of fathead minnow, coupled with the high hydraulic efficiency and self-cleaning properties of high-velocity inclined profile-bar fish screens, indicates that this is a potentially effective tool for managers seeking to reduce entrainment loss of fish in aquatic ecosystems.
Temporal and Spatial Estimates of Adult Striped Bass Mortality from Telemetry and Transmitter Return Data
Authors: Young Shawn P. , Isely J. Jeffery 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Estimates of total mortality, fishing mortality, and natural mortality in the fishery for the adult striped bass Morone saxatilis in J. Strom Thurmond Reservoir, South Carolina–Georgia, were determined from long-term radiotelemetry data and high-reward radio transmitter return data using catch curve analyses. Annual total mortality rates were 0.81 ± 0.06 (mean ± SE) for year 1 (July 1999–June 2000) and 0.42 ± 0.04 for year 2 (July 2000–June 2001). We observed that the force of fishing was much greater than the force of natural death on total mortality in this fishery. Total exploitation of all implanted striped bass over the 2-year study period was 48%. Fishing mortality rates were 0.67 ± 0.04 for year 1 and 0.33 ± 0.02 for year 2, and natural mortality rates were 0.14 ± 0.02 for year 1 and 0.09 ± 0.02 for year 2. We also identified seasonal increases in total and fishing mortality rates from July to September. Fishing mortality was highest temporally and spatially during late spring and late summer near the tailrace below Richard B. Russell Dam owing to high angling pressure for striped bass while the fish were congregated in summer refugia. Natural mortality occurred only during mid to late summer in the middle section of the reservoir. These deaths were attributed to striped bass's becoming trapped in unsuitable summer habitat in the lower and middle sections of the reservoir. Mean postsurgery growth from 15 harvested study fish at large for a mean of 1.16 ± 0.81 years was estimated to be 1.71 ± 0.73 kg/year. Internal implantation of telemetry devices appeared to have no negative effect on long-term growth, health, and survival of adult striped bass and did not bias mortality and survival estimates.
Seasonal Movement of Brown Trout in the Clinch River, Tennessee
Authors: Bettinger Jason M. , Bettoli Phillip W. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
We used radiotelemetry to monitor the seasonal movements of trophy-size brown trout Salmo trutta in the Clinch River below Norris Dam, Tennessee, to determine whether establishing a special-regulation reach to reduce fishing mortality was a viable management option. Fifteen brown trout (size range, 430–573 mm total length) collected from the river were implanted with radio transmitters between November 1997 and May 1998. Forty-seven percent of these fish died or expelled their transmitters within 50 d postsurgery. The range of movement for surviving brown trout was significantly larger in fall (geometric mean range = 5,111 m) than in any other season. Four brown trout that were monitored for more than 1 year exhibited a limited range of movement (&lt;2 km) during the winter, spring, and summer, but they made extensive movements (&gt;5 km) during the fall season, presumably to spawn. Brown trout also moved more during the fall than in any other season. Harvest restrictions applied to a specific reach of the Clinch River would reduce the exploitation of brown trout in that reach for most of the year but not during the fall, when many fish undertake extensive spawning migrations.
Effects of Absorbable Suture Strand Diameter on Retention of External Radio Transmitters by Juvenile Lake Sturgeon
Authors: Sutton Trent M. , Volkman Eric T. , Pangle Kevin L. , Rajchel Deborah A. , Duehr Jeremy P. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
We evaluated the effects of four absorbable suture strand diameters (numbers 3/0, 0, 1, and 2 [from smallest to largest diameter]) on the short-term retention of externally attached dummy radio transmitters by juvenile lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens (fork-length range, 257–293 mm; wet-weight range, 100–132 g). Four lake sturgeon were contained in each of 10 aquaria, and one fish in each tank was assigned to each of the four suture treatment groups. Transmitter retention was positively related to suture strand diameter, the mean retention duration for number 2 sutures being nearly twice as long (21 d) as that of number 3/0 sutures (11.8 d). The smallest suture (number 3/0) also exhibited the fewest number of days to transmitter loss (25% loss, 9 d; 50% loss, 11 d; and 75% loss, 14 d). In contrast, the largest suture (number 2) had the greatest number of days to transmitter loss (25% loss, 16 d; 50% loss, 21 d; and 75% loss, 26 d). Based on the diameter of sutures examined in this study, we recommend number 2 absorbable sutures for externally affixing radio transmitters to ensure adequate retention of short-term tags using this novel attachment approach for telemetry studies involving juvenile lake sturgeon.
Abundance and Size Distribution of Ocean-Type Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Upper Sacramento River Margin before and after Hatchery Releases
Authors: Weber Edward D. , Fausch Kurt D. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
If hatchery-reared salmon delay emigration after release, they may compete with wild salmon in freshwater rearing habitat. We measured the densities and size distributions of ocean-type juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in two rearing areas downstream of a hatchery in the Sacramento River, California, before, during, and after two large releases in both 2001 and 2002. Densities of juvenile salmon followed a unimodal trend through time, peaking at about 0.5–1.5 fish/m2 during late March or early April but declining by the time hatchery fish were released in mid to late April. Hatchery releases did not increase densities above the underlying trend, except after one release at one site. Density increased by 0.83 fish/m2 (SE, 0.30 fish/m2) after this release but returned to the baseline level within 3 d. Although hatchery fish were much larger than most wild fish, the mean size of fish captured did not increase appreciably after hatchery releases, even after the release when density increased. These data suggest that the strategy of delaying hatchery releases until many hatchery fish were smoltifying and many wild fish have emigrated was relatively effective in reducing potential interactions in freshwater rearing areas of the stream margin in the upper river.
Methods for Predicting Age-0 Crappie Year-Class Strength in J. Percy Priest Reservoir, Tennessee
Authors: St. John R. Todd , Black William Patrick 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
We evaluated the precision and efficiency of larval townets and trap nets and correlated estimates to hydrologic parameters (temperature and spring discharge) during 1998–2002 to determine the best method for predicting year-class strength of age-0 white crappie Pomoxis annularis and black crappie P. nigromaculatus in J. Percy Priest Reservoir, Tennessee. Both larval townet and fall trap-net samples effectively sampled age-0 Pomoxis spp. and accurately indexed year-class strength. The geometric mean density of larval Pomoxis spp. in townet samples for the 3-week period bracketing peak density provided a more precise estimate of larval crappie density than the geometric mean of the 1-week peak. Larval density in May was correlated to age-0 catches in fall trap nets, so density of larval Pomoxis spp. was positively related to year-class strength. However, fall trap-net samples of age-0 Pomoxis spp. provided a more precise and cost-effective index of year-class strength than larval townet samples. May discharge through the dam was an accurate predictor of age-0 abundance in fall trap nets. This negative relation provides an early prediction of year-class strength and will be useful for supplemental stocking strategies and harvest regulation proposals.
Dichroic dyes, and liquid crystalline side chain polymers
Authors: Schinidt Hans‐Werner 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFunctional guest molecules incorporated into LC‐side‐chain polymers lead to polymeric materials which combine the physical and optical anisotropic properties of liquid crystals with the special functions of the guest components. This contribution focused on dichroic dyes, but the results are transferable to other guest moieties. The covalent fixation of the dye to the polymer backbone affords several advantages. Liquid crystalline materials with high dye concentrations were obtained opening the way to the preparation of highly ordered, optical uniaxial films with adjustable thickness and optical density. Thin well aligned LC‐polymer films can in principle be used as an active medium for reversible optical information storage and mixtures of dye‐containing copolymers in low molar mass liquid crystals can be used in displays. Current developments in the area of ferroelectric chiral smectic‐C side‐chain polymers will further enhance interest in this area.
Production and application of Rapidly Quenched Materials
Authors: Warlimont Hans 
Published: December 2004

Amorphous metals produced by rapid quenching from the melt can be formed into ribbons (see figure) and can be greatly useful for speciality magnetic applications. In transformers, for example, power loss is greatly reduced when amorphous core transformers are used. This short review gives a taste of what can be achieved using Rapid Solidification Technology. magnified image
Materials for biomedical application– high long‐term success rates might pose new problems
Authors: Heimke Ganther 
Published: December 2004

The increasing functional lifetime of modern implants has been due to engineering successes in utilizing new materials. However, along with this progress has come the concern that some of these materials are not as biologically inert as expected and systemic damage may in some cases be caused. Second article in a quarterly series. magnified image
Structure‐Directed Synthesis of new organic materials
Authors: Kohnke Franz H. , Mathias John P. , Stoddart J. Fraser 
Published: December 2004

The synthesis of molecular cages, belts and strips opens up new areas of technology for exploitation. Solvent specific sensors are one possible use of cage molecules called carcerands (see figure). A series of Diels Alder reactions under tight stereochemical control are used in a remarkably efficient manner to produce the structures. magnified image
Siloxane copolymers with laterally and terminally attached mesogenic side chains
Authors: Gray G. W. , Hill J. S. , Lacey D. 
Published: December 2004

Liquid crystals based on polysiloxane copolymers (see figure) with well defined physical characteristics have been synthesized by varying the type and ratio of the laterally attached mesogenic side chains. Applications in integrated optics and optical storage are envisaged. magnified image
A semiconductive nickel‐‐phosphine coordination polymer**
Authors: Fox Marye Anne , Chandler Daniel A. 
Published: December 2004

Communication: Organometallic polymers with a transition‐metal ion incorporated into a conjugated chain are of potential interest as conductors and semiconductors. The structural criteria which are known to enhance conductivity, such as strong ligand–metal interactions, co‐planarity of aromatic ligands, and high molecular weight, are met by the new material shown in the Figure.magnified image
The methylation of arsenic in marine sediments
Authors: Reimer Kenneth J 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLaboratory studies have shown that microorganisms present in both natural marine sediments and sediments contaminated with mine‐tailings are capable of methylating arsenic under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.Incubation of sediments with culture media produced volatile arsines [including AsH3, (CH3)AsH2, and (CH3)3As] as well as the methylarsenic(V) compounds (CH3)nAs(O) (OH)3−n (n = 1, 2, 3). The concentration of the arsines increased and then decreased in a growth and decay pattern reminiscent of the methylation and demethylation of mercury. Thus, arsenic speciation varied with time, being controlled by the biochemical activity of the dominant microbe(s) at the time of sampling, and changing in response to the ecological succession within the microbial community.The analysis of the interstitial waters of sediments collected from several British Columbia (Canada) coastal sites gave results that were consistent with the culture experiments, in that the methylarsenicals were ubiquitous, but present only in small amounts. It is estimated that methylarsenic(V) species account for less than 1% of the arsenic present in porewaters. The actual proportion was dependent on a number of factors but, contrary to prevailing viewpoints, there was no relationship to the organic content of the sediments, nor did methylation occur only in the presence of high arsenic concentrations. Instead, all of the evidence was consistent with in situ microbial methylation and demethylation processes that are similar to the arsenic transformations that occur in soil ecosystems.The results are discussed in terms of the cycling of arsenic in the marine environment and within the marine food web.
Assessment of the in vitro broad‐spectrum antiviral activity of some selected antitumor metallocene and metallocenium complexes
Authors: Ward Sarah G , Taylor R Craig , Köpf‐Maier Petra , Köpf Hartmut , Balzarini Jan , De Clercq Erik 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSix neutral metallocenes and six metallocenium salts, all of which have demonstrated antiproliferative properties, were evaluated for their in vitro broad‐spectrum antiviral properties and cytotoxicities. The metallocenes include the compounds (η‐C5H5)2MCl2, Where MTi, V, Mo, Zr and Hf, and (η‐C5H5)2Tibis(hydrogen maleinate), whereas the metallocenium complexes include the three ferrocenium salts, (η‐C5H5)2Fe+X−, where X− = trichloroacetate, tetrachloroferrate(III) and picrate, and three recently discovered antitumor titanocenium complexes, i.e. [(η‐C5H5)2Ti(CH3CN)Cl+] [FeCl], [(η‐C5H5)2Ti(2,2′‐bipyridyl)2+][CF3SO]2, and [(η‐C5H5)2Ti(N‐methyl‐o‐aminothiophenolate+)] [I−]. These 12 species were evaluated against DNA viruses (herpes simplex virus type 1, type 2 and vaccinia virus), and RNA viruses [vesicular stomatitis virus, Coxsackie virus B4, Sindbis virus, Semliki forest virus, parainfluenza virus type 3 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1), the etiologic agent of AIDS]. In the case of HIV‐1, the complexes were evaluated for their ability to inhibit HIV‐associated reverse transcriptase activity and HIV‐1 induced cytopathogenicity in human T‐lymphocyte MT4 cells. Selectivity indexes [ratio of the minimum cytotoxic concentration (does) to the minimum (antiviral) inhibitory concentration (dose)] were determined for all complexes and viruses. In general, the netural metallocenes and the ferrocenium salts were only marginally active towards some specific viruses. However,[(η‐C5H5)2Ti(bipy)] [CF3SO]2 was active towards the DNA viruses at a concentration that was ten times lower than the cytotoxicity threshold. (η‐C5H5)2VCL2 was weakly inhibitory towards HIV reverse transcriptase. All species were ineffective in inhibiting HIV‐induced cytopathogenicity in human T‐lymphocyte MT4 cells.
Structural effects on the antitumour activity of a series of di(4‐substituted phenyl)tin dichloride complexes with nitrogen‐donor ligands
Authors: Biddle Brain N , Gray John S 
Published: December 2004

AbstractInvestigation of the antitumour activity of a series of diorganotin dichloride complexes (4‐ZC6H4)2SnCl2·L2, where Z = OMe, Me, F, Cl, and CF3 and L2 = 2,2′‐bipyridyl (bipy), 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) and 2‐aminomethylpyridine (amp) is reported. A number of these complexex are shown to exhibit reproducible activity in vivo towards P388 lymphocytic leukaemia in mice. 1H NMR data are reported for an extended series of (4‐ZC6H4)4Sn and the parent dichlorides (4‐ZC6H4)2SnCl2 of the above‐mentioned complexes. A correlation is reported between Hammett substituent constants and 1H chemical shift data. Attempts are made to relate the antitumour activity of the complexes to various structural factors. The dependence of antitumour activity on the electronic effect of group Z and the nature of the ligand L2 is demonstrated.
Photochemistry of iron pentacarbonyl in poly(vinyl chloride), polytetrafluoroethylene and low‐density polyethylene films at 12–298 K: Infrared spectroscopic evidence for the reversible formation of the carbon monoxide loss products iron tetracarbonyl and tricarbonyl, and their reactions with species in the films
Authors: Hooker Richard H , Rest Antony J 
Published: December 2004

AbstractInfrared spectroscopic evidence (CO stretching region) is presented to show that near‐UV irradiation (280 < λ < 350 nm) of Fe(CO)5 in lowdensity polyethylene (LDPE), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films at ca 12 K affords the coordimatively unsturated species Fe(CO)4 and Fe(CO)3. The species Fe(CO)3 recombines with CO at ca 60 K whilst Fe(CO)4 recombines at ca 80 K. The species also react with the polymeric medium and with residual solvent molecules [hexane, dichloroethane, tetrahydrofuran (THF)] in the films. The species Fe(CO)4…(PVC) and Fe(CO)4…(dichloroethane), in which the Fe(CO)4 fragments are probably coordinated by chlorine atoms in the PVC or solvent molecules, are less thermally stable than Fe(CO)4(THF) and are converted to Fe(CO)5 on warming the films to above ca 140 K. Similarly, the species Fe(CO)4(LDPE) and Fe(CO)4(hexane), arising from interaction of Fe(CO)4 with hydrogen atoms in the polymer or solvent molecules, are converted to Fe(CO)5 on warming the films from ca 100 K to ca 130 K. The major product formed in LDPE films at 298 K is probably Fe(CO)4(olefin) arising from olefin impurities in the poly(ethylene), whilst in the PVC films in the presence or absence of THF the major product resembles (η3–C3H5)Fe(CO)3Cl, i.e. Fe(CO)4 and Fe(CO)3 fragments bound to allyl chloride impurities in the PVC. The potential of polymer films for trapping and characterizing unstable species is discussed.
Organopolysilanes as photopolymerization initiators of polymethylvinylsiloxanes and polydimethylsiloxanes
Authors: Semenov V V , Cherepennikova N F , Artemicheva S B , Razuvaev G A 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe organopolysilanes Me(Me2Si)nMe (n = 4–6), (Me2Si)6 and (Me3Si)2SiMePh are found to be effective photoinitiators for the polymerization of vinyl‐containing siloxane rubbers. The trisilanes Me(ME2Si)3Me and Me3SiSiMe2SiMe2Ph are slightly effective, while phenyldisilanes do not exhibit initiation activity in the process of photocuring. Polydimethylsiloxanes are cured at a slower rate under the same conditions than vinylcontaining derivatives. Two mechanisms of crosslinking are proposed: silylene–silirane–silanol and silylene–hydride–silanol.
A thermal analytical study of some mono‐ and di‐organotin oxides and carboxylates
Authors: Blunden S J , Hill R , Sutton S E 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSimultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis studies on a variety of mono‐ and di‐organotin oxides and carboxylates were performed; for the carboxylates, these studies followed 119Sn NMR spectroscopic investigation. All the organotin compounds thermally degrade to tin (;IV) oxide (;SnO2) in either air or oxygen, as was confirmed by Mössbauer spectroscopy in the cases of RSn(;O)OH (;R=butyl, octyl) and Bu2SnO.The organotins are less stable than previously believed since evidence for degradation was obtained in many cases at approximately 160–170 °C.In addition it was found that oxygen influences the thermal stability of the organotins, since Bu2SnO did not degrade when heated for 1 h at 280 °C under nitrogen, yet readily broke down at 170 °C in air. Furthermore, pure oxygen had the effect of lowering reaction temperatures by approximately 10–12°C compared with those in air.
Highly efficient formation of metal and metal alloy particles from methyl metal compounds by a single pulse laser irradiation
Authors: Shimo Nobuo , Fujita Masato , Kuma Hitoshi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHighly efficient processes for fine particle formation of metal alloys and metal oxides were developed using a high‐power laser. In these processes, laser light was used only for the ignition of a thermal chain reaction. This reaction was suppressed by adding inert gases, and the suppression effect was in the order C3H8 > C2H6 > CH4 > He > Ar > Xe. Oxygen accelerated the reaction because of the large exothermicity of the reaction of oxygen with methyl metal compounds.
Functionalization and further crosslinking of the nicalon polycarbosilane based on its metalation with the n‐butyllithium—postassium t‐butoxide reagent
Authors: Seyferth Dietmar , Lang Heinrich 
Published: December 2004

AbstractReaction of the Nicalon polycarbosilane with the n‐BuLi/Me3COK reagent resulted in metalation of approximately one CH2 group in four. Reaction of the metalated polymer with Me2 (CH2 = CH)SiCl gave a Me2(CH2 = CH)Si‐substitued Nicalon polycarbosilane. The polymer was heated with different amounts of the [(MeSiH)∼0.8(MeSi)∼0.2]n polysilane in the presence of azobisisobutyronitrile in refluxing benezene. Hydrosilylation by the SiH‐containing polysilane of the CH2CH groups of the Me2(CH2CH) Si‐substituted Nicalon polycarbosilane gave a new hybrid polymer (when appropriate quantities of reactant polymers were used) whose pyrolyis in a stream of argon to 1000°C left a ceramic residue in 77% yield whose elemental analysis indicated a nominal composition of 91% by weight SiC and 9% C.