bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical treatment of pneumopericardium in the neonate
Authors: Emery Robert W. , Landes Ronald G. , Lindsay William G. , Thompson Theodore , Nicoloff Demetre M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPneumopericardium occurred in 28 neonates with respiratory distress syndrome at the University of Minnesota Hospitals and St. Paul Children's Hospital from July 1, 1972 through June 30, 1976. All patients developed this complication while on mechanical ventilatory support with positive end‐expiratory pressure (2–12 cm water). In 23 patients, pneumopericardium resulted in clinical pericardial tamponade that necessitated cardiac resuscitation. The clinical presentation of pericardial tamponade consisted of muffled, distant heart sounds, hypotension, bradycardia, and hypoxia with cyanosis. The diagnosis was confirmed by chest x‐ray. Pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and/or pneumoperitoneum were associated with the appearance of pneumopericardium in 93% of the cases. Treatment consisted of: (a) needle pericardial aspiration in 7 patients, of which 5 survived; (b) pericardial tube placement with application of suction in 10 patients, of which 8 survived; (c) no treatment in 16 patients, of which 5 survived. Overall, 13 patients (46%) survived pneumopericardium and 15 patients (54%) died. Complications of treatment developed in 5 patients; 3 developed pneumothorax and 2 developed myocardial lacerations from percutaneous placement of a plastic drainage catheter. Of 5 asymptomatic patients, 2 (40%) died as a result of pneumopericardium. Based on our experience, it is recommended that pneumopericardium be evacuated whenever it is diagnosed. Initially, needle aspiration of the pericardial sac should be performed to manage the acute episode and stabilize the patient, and then a chest catheter of No. 10 Fr. caliber should be placed under direct vision into the pericardial sac and maintained on suction until positive end‐expiratory pressure ventilation has been discontinued.
Regulation of gastrointestinal mucosal growth
Authors: Johnson Leonard R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis article reviews the possible mechanisms initiated by the ingestion and presence of food in the digestive tract that might regulate the growth of gastrointestinal mucosa. Emphasis is placed on direct local nutrition, pancreatic and biliary secretions, and gastrointestinal hormones. The strong and weak points of each of these are discussed in regard to its ability to account for experimental data. Areas of controversy are emphasized and, in some cases, attempts at reconciliation are made. Many of the data in this field of research are descriptive; future studies should focus on the actual mechanisms of regulation.
Thrombotic complications after valve replacement with porcine heterografts
Authors: Hetzer Roland , Gerbode Frank , Kerth William J. , Hill J. Donald , Adappa Gokuldas M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe incidence of thrombotic and thromboembolic (TE) complications after Hancock valve replacement was reviewed in 140 patients with mitral valve prostheses and 150 patients with aortic valve prostheses. In patients with aortic valves, 1 embolus occurred and another patient was found at autopsy to have thrombi on a degenerated valve. Both patients had been on aspirin treatment. There was no TE event in patients receiving no anticoagulant therapy.In patients with mitral valves, 16 showed pre‐ and/or postoperative low output syndrome (Group A); 8 of these patients died and 6 had autopsies that showed major thrombi in the heterograft. In 126 long‐term survivors, 9 thromboembolic events occurred (TE incidence 5.4% per patient year). All patients with emboli had atrial fibrillation. The majority (7/9) of emboli occurred during the first 3 postoperative months. Five occurred in patients who were not on anticoagulation (Group B), and 2 occurred in patients receiving warfarin therapy (Group C). There was no thromboembolic event in patients receiving aspirin treatment (Group D).It is concluded that patients with Hancock aortic valves have a very small risk of TE, and do not need anticoagulation. Patients with Hancock mitral valves with stable hemodynamics have a decreased risk of TE and do not require anticoagulation. Patients with atrial fibrillation have an increased risk of TE and should be on warfarin for 3 months after surgery and then on aspirin therapy.
Selection of patients for direct myocardial revascularization
Authors: Anderson Robert W. , Ring W. Steves 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe high incidence of ischémic heart disease and its associated mortality, morbidity, and socioeconomic implications have stimulated a great deal of interest and controversy regarding the relative roles of surgical and medical therapy. There is general agreement that stable angina pectoris can be substantially improved or relieved by coronary artery bypass grafting in at least 80% of patients, and that stable angina not responding to medical treatment is a firm indication for this procedure if adequate distal vessels for grafting are present. The effect of myocardial revascularization on longevity in stable angina patients is not certain except in the presence of significant obstruction of the left main coronary artery, where improved prognosis has been demonstrated. Evidence appears to be accumulating that surgical treatment improves prognosis in disease involving 3 vessels and 2 vessels, particularly if reversible left ventricular dysfunction is present. The prognosis in single‐vessel coronary artery disease does not appear to be influenced by surgical therapy.Unstable angina pectoris appears to be best managed initially by intensive medical therapy and coronary angiography, with urgent surgery being done for significant left main coronary artery disease or uncontrolled angina, and elective surgery being done for multiple‐vessel disease. Coronary artery bypass grafting for acute myocardial infarction remains of limited value unless complications such as cardiogenic shock occur, when the prognosis may be somewhat improved by an early aggressive surgical approach in selected cases.Improved selection of patients for direct myocardial revascularization in the future appears to depend on the development and application of diagnostic methods that will quantify the relationship between coronary artery obstructive disease and myocardial function.
The influence of coronary bypass grafting on longevity
Authors: Spencer Frank C. , Isom O. Wayne 
Published: April 2005

AbstractOf 1,219 patients who underwent elective coronary bypass grafting for severe angina between 1968 and 1975 at New York University, the 5‐year survival rate calculated by the life table method was 88%, suggesting that longevity was greatly improved. These data are far better than those reported in most nonoperative series. The data can be criticized, of course, as not being obtained from a randomized trial, but the fact that such a high survival rate was obtained in patients with angina not responding to medical therapy seems highly significant. Randomization studies are currently being done in collaboration with other universities under the auspices of the National Institutes of Health in patients with mild, stable angina and in asymptomatic patients following myocardial infarction.For the future, several goals may be projected, considering both the prevalence and the wide range in clinical severity of the disease. Undoubtedly, certain patients do not need operation because the disease process is mild and collateral circulation is adequate. Equally obvious is the fact that certain patients with disabling angina urgently need operation to survive. A current, somewhat conservative, approach is to employ medical therapy for 6–12 months after onset of symptoms if possible, and then determine if significant ischemia remains. If collateral circulation does not become adequate within this time, operation should be seriously considered. The importance of starting medical therapy beforehand is important not only to determine the necessity for bypass grafting but also to maintain medical therapy in the postoperative years. Of course, operation does nothing for the fundamental atherosclerotic process, so long‐term control of the disease depends on nonoperative methods of control of the atherosclerotic process. A particularly troublesome question at present, about which there are sharp differences of opinion, is whether asymptomatic patients with triple vessel disease demonstrated on angiography should be operated upon regardless of symptoms. This is a particularly important group for randomization. At New York University, we have usually not recommended operation unless significant symptoms were present.A noninvasive method of determining the severity of coronary disease, perhaps a modification of exercise electrocardiography and echocardiography, would greatly simplify both the diagnosis of the disease and the effectiveness of different forms of therapy. It is to be hoped that this will emerge in the near future, perhaps in combination with certain types of radioisotope scanning.
Operative technique of myocardial revascularization
Authors: Ochsner John L. , Mills Noel L. , Bethea Morrison C. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWith time and experience, improvements in the operative techniques of myocardial revascularization have evolved. Like operations in other areas, the individual preferences of different surgeons play a major role in the selection of the operative procedure or the technical maneuvers to be used. Employment of a systematic approach that encompasses adequate myocardial protection, principles of micro‐vascular surgery, precise correction, and complete revascularization has produced an operative mortality rate of less than 1%.
Myocardial protection during revascularization for myocardial ischemia
Authors: Wechsler Andrew S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractOperations that reestablish flow to proximally obstructed coronary arteries are being applied with greater frequency and greater success. The long‐term effects of such operations will ultimately be measured by increased longevity for patients with coronary artery disease, providing that perioperative injury is held to an absolute minimum and technical expertise is maintained at an absolute maximum. Application of myocardial protective techniques requires a knowledge of coronary and myocardial physiology. The use of nonrandomized applications of new protective techniques is strongly discouraged since such adventures provide little insight for the future. Further elucidation of the safe intervals for brief periods of ischemia in hearts with and without obstructed coronary arteries is needed, as are more refined measurements of physiologic and biochemical effects of revascularization techniques in regions of myocardium supplied by heterogeneously affected coronary arteries.
Preoperative and postoperative management of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafts
Authors: Caves Philip K. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn the preoperative care of patients for coronary artery bypass grafting, emphasis is given to the need for good coronary arteriograms and left ventricular cineangiograms, and the proper timing of operation after these investigations. The special measures needed for dealing with unstable and variant angina are discussed, and it is recommended that betaadrenergic blocking drugs should not be discontinued before operation.Good postoperative care is easiest when the operation habeen correctly performed. The management of postoperative hypertension, arrhythmias, low output syndrome, and myocardial infarction is discussed. Following discharge from the hospital, it is important to minimize known risk indicators for coronary artery disease and to encourage the patient to achieve as complete functional rehabilitation as possible. Excellent relief of angina is obtained in about 80% of patients initially, but in those who have recurrence of chest pain postoperatively, the possibility of a second coronary artery bypass grafting operation may be considered. The need for long‐term follow‐up and aftercare of coronary artery surgical patients is stressed, so that the true benefit to the patient in terms of improved quality and quantity of life may be established.
Anastomotic leakage, stenosis, and reflux after esophageal replacement
Authors: Borst Hans G. , Dragojevic D. , Stegmann T. , Hetzer R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractEsophageal resection was performed in 119 patients between 1968 and 1977. The esophagus was replaced by stomach in 94 patients with a hospital mortality rate of 17%, and by an interposed segment of colon in 25 patients with a hospital mortality rate of 20%. Anastomotic leakage occurred in 10 patients (8.4%), of whom 6 died. Anastomotic leakage in the neck was not fatal, while two‐thirds of patients with intrathoracic leakage died. Stenosis of the anastomosis developed in 11 patients (9%), 6 of whom required dilatation or resection. The incidence of stricture was highest in patients with esophagocolic anastomoses in the neck. Development of esophageal reflux was investigated in 55 patients with gastroesophageal anastomoses 6–46 months postoperatively by questions about symptoms, x‐ray examination and, in 37 patients, by endoscopy. Mild symptoms of reflux occurred in 6 of 26 patients with high intrathoracic anastomoses, while regular symptoms of reflux were reported by 17 of 29 patients with low intrathoracic anastomoses and only 2 such patients were free of symptoms. Similarly, 25 of 26 patients with high anastomoses had no reflux on x‐ray or had reflux only in the head‐down position, while all 29 patients with low anastomoses had reflux on x‐ray, and 24 had reflux in the upright and/or supine positions. On endoscopy, 12 of 17 patients with high anastomoses had no esophagitis, while only 1 of 20 patients with low anastomoses had no esophagitis and in 9 patients, esophagitis was moderate or severe. There was a low incidence of reflux in patients with colon interposition. These results indicate that replacement of the esophagus with a high intrathoracic gastroesophageal anastomosis or with interposed colon is the preferable procedure.
Long‐term results of thoracoabdominal bypass graft for atypical coarctation of the aorta
Authors: Wada Juro , Kazui Teruhisa 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSeven patients with atypical coarctation of the aorta were treated with a long thoracoabdominal bypass graft. One of them had a right renal bypass at the same time. One patient who had undergone a patch angioplasty 4 years previously died of bleeding at the time of surgery. Five out of 6 patients who survived the operation have remained normotensive and free of symptoms for up to 12 years, with an average followup period of 4 years. One patient died 3 1/2 years postoperatively from rupture of a pseudoaneurysm. Our experience indicates that atypical coarctation of the elongated type can be treated satisfactorily by the long thoracoabdominal bypass graft. If associated lesions of renal stenosis are present, renal revascularization is also necessary to overcome hypertension.
Vacuum extraction and herpes simplex virus infection
Authors: Sadan O. , Dishi M. , Somekh E. , Kohelet D. , Lurie S. , Glezerman M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo search for an association between delivery by vacuum extraction and an increased neonatal risk for herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection.MethodsIn a cross‐sectional, descriptive, controlled study, the study (vacuum extraction) and control (spontaneous delivery) groups each included 50 consecutive women with no history of HSV infection. Cultures for HSV were obtained from the genital tracts of all parturient women and the scalps of their newborns.ResultsFollowing operative vaginal delivery, two newborns (4%) had scalp vesicles and cultures were positive for HSV for both mothers and newborns; two newborns (4%) had scalp vesicles and cultures were negative for HSV; and two newborns (4%) without scalp vesicles had cultures positive for HSV. Following spontaneous delivery, cultures were positive for HSV for four women and their newborns (8%).ConclusionHerpes simplex virus isolated from the scalps of newborns may often result from colonization rather than infection.
Introduction
Authors: Styers Randall G. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe introduction opens with an exploration of the prominence of magic in the scholarly literature of numerous modern academic disciplines and then offers a broad outline of the distinctive roles magic plays in this literature. Modern debates over magic turn on competing views of the nature of human subjectivity and the relation of the individual to society and to the material world. Scholars have used these debates as a site at which to articulate--and to challenge--norms for life in modernity.
Categories and Principles of the Understanding
Authors: Dicker Georges 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter introduces Kant’s theory of categories and corresponding principles. It explains and evaluates Kant’s attempt to derive his categories from forms of judgment. It also discusses in detail the principles that do not depend on the Transcendental Deduction–namely, the Axioms of Intuition, the Anticipations of Perception, the Postulates of Empirical Thought–and introduces those that do depend on the Transcendental Deduction–namely, the Analogies of Experience.
The Central Argument of the Analytic (II)
Authors: Dicker Georges 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter expounds on the distinction Kant makes in the Analogies between the subjective and the objective time-orders. Drawing on the work of P. F. Strawson, it shows how if this distinction can be established, it leads to the vindication of the categories of substance and cause. It then shows how the second version of the first edition Deduction can be developed to yield the two-time orders. It also offers a reconstruction of the second edition Deduction, showing how it too leads to the two time-orders.
The First Analogy
Authors: Dicker Georges 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter gives a detailed analysis of the First Analogy. It argues that Kant tries to establish both a Permanence Thesis according to which time requires a permanent perceptual stand-in, and a Permanence-of-Substance Thesis on which that stand-in must be sempiternal substance(s). It reconstructs and assesses the arguments for each of these distinct theses.
Kant's Refutation of Idealism
Authors: Dicker Georges 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter first reconstructs and criticizes the version of the Refutation of Idealism that Kant offers in the Critique. Next, it reconstructs and defends an improved version of the Refutation, found by Guyer in Kant’s later “Reflexions.” Finally, it discusses the relation of the Refutation of Idealism to both the strong on the weak versions of Transcendental Idealism.
Making Things Happen
Authors: Woodward James 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis book develops a manipulationist theory of causation and explanation: causal and explanatory relationships are relationships that are potentially exploitable for purposes of manipulation and control. The resulting theory is a species of counterfactual theory that (I claim) avoids the difficulties and counterexamples that have infected alternative accounts of causation and explanation, from the Deductive-Nomological model onwards. One of the key concepts in this theory is the notion of an intervention, which is an idealization of the notion of an experimental manipulation that is stripped of its anthropocentric elements. This notion is used to provide a characterization of causal relationships that is non-reductive but also not viciously circular. Relationships that correctly tell us how the value of one variable Y would change under interventions on a second variable Y are invariant. The notion of an invariant relationship is more helpful than the notion of a law of nature (the notion on which philosophers have traditionally relied) in understanding how explanation and causal attribution work in the special sciences.
Introduction and Preview
Authors: Woodward James 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter considers what the goal of a theory of causation and explanation should be and some of the constraints--epistemic and otherwise--that such a theory should satisfy. Causal and explanatory claims are central to science and to ordinary life. The role of such claims in ordinary life suggests that they must have some practical point or pay-off. A manipulability theory takes this pay-off to have to do with our interest in manipultion and control. A satisfactory account of causation and explanation need not be reductionist but it should clarify the differences among different causal concepts and illuminate the epistemology of causal inference.
Interventions, Agency, and Counterfactuals
Authors: Woodward James 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter clarifies the notion of an intervention and compares my version of this notion to the characterizations provided by other writers such as Glymour and Pearl. Very roughly, an intervention on a variable X with respect to a second variable Y is a special sort of causal process that changes the value of X in such a way that any change in the value of Y can occur only as a result of the change in Y. The chapter also discusses the relata of the causal relationship, causal realism, agency theories of causation, and the relationship between my account of causation and that of David Lewis.
A Counterfactual Theory of Causal Explanation
Authors: Woodward James 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis sets out my positive account of causal explanation. According to this account, successful explanations must answer what-if-things-had-been-different questions: they must cite conditions such that changes in those conditions (produced by interventions) are associated with changes in the phenomenon being explained. It follows from this account that nomothetic models of explanation according to which laws are required for sucessful explanation are mistaken. This is a highly desirable result since explanations that do not cite laws are common in the special sciences. Explanation has to do with the exhibition of relations of dependency, not with nomic subsumption.
Invariance
Authors: Woodward James 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter systematically explores the notion of invariance, which is the key feature that a generalization must possess if it is to figure in causal explanations. A generalization is invariant if it is stable in the right way under interventions. A generalization may be invariant even if it fails to satisfy such traditional criteria for lawfulness as exceptionlessness, expressability in ter m s of purely qualitative predicates, and wide scope. Laws are one kind of invariant relationship but not the only kind. Invariance is also different from Skyrms’ notion of resiliency, and satisfaction of the Mill-Ramsey-Lewis criteria for lawfulness is neither necessary nor sufficient for invariance.