bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VITAMIN C IN RELATION TO EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Sabin Albert B. 
Published: June 2004

In the experiments reported in the present communication it was found that vitamin C, both natural and synthetic preparations, had no effect on the course of experimental poliomyelitis induced by nasal instillation of the virus. The objection cannot be raised that too large an amount of virus was used, since recent studies (3) on the fate of the nasally instilled virus indicated that all but an undetectable amount of it is swallowed and disappears from the nasal mucosa within 3 hours or less, and that none is demonstrable in the central nervous system before the 3rd day. Vitamin C administration was begun immediately after the instillation of virus and if it were capable of exerting any effect on the virus or the tissues it could have done so even before multiplication of virus had begun. Monkeys whose store of vitamin C was depleted reacted in the same way as those receiving an adequate diet. There is no apparent explanation for the difference between these results and those reported earlier by Jungeblut (1,2).
During the present investigation it was found that monkeys on a scorbutic diet died of spontaneous acute infections, chiefly pneumonia and enterocolitis, while their mates receiving an adequate diet remained well. The surviving monkeys on the scorbutic diet developed the osseous and other changes of human scurvy, and the vitamin C used in this study was shown to produce healing and calcification in the bones as well as to check the edema and hemorrhagic diathesis.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF IMMUNITY IN TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Lurie Max B. 
Published: June 2004

1. The fate of bacilli of reinfection at the portal of entry and in metastatic foci, and also the associated host responses, are essentially similar in rabbits and guinea pigs.
2. However, in the guinea pig tubercle bacilli of reinfection are more effectively fixed at the portal of entry than in the rabbit.
3. The guinea pig fixes at the site of reinfection unrelated substances, such as trypan blue and agar particles, more effectively than the rabbit.
4. At the site of a local non-specific inflammation precipitins from the circulating blood accumulate in higher concentration in tuberculous guinea pigs than in tuberculous rabbits.
5. These differing fixing capacities of the two species are associated with differences of extracellular character in the inflammation resulting from reinfection. (a) In the guinea pig, whose tissues are highly sensitized and greatly injured by the tubercle bacillus, the lymphatics adjoining the site of reinfection become thrombosed. In the rabbit whose tissues are moderately sensitized and less injured by the tubercle bacillus the corresponding lymphatics remain open. (b) In the guinea pig the fibrinous network at the site of inflammation forms a fine sieve-like structure. In the rabbit this network forms a coarse sieve-like barrier.
6. In rabbits and guinea pigs primarily infected, the destruction of tubercle bacilli takes place first and most extensively at the portal of entry. At this time they are less effectively destroyed in the nearest metastatic foci. Simultaneously they are still growing without hinderance in such foci in remote internal organs.
7. The cell-free body fluids of normal animals support the growth of tubercle bacilli in vivo. The body fluids of tuberculous animals under the same conditions are bacteriostatic for this microorganism.
8. Tubercle bacilli often multiply by preliminary subdivision into non-acid-fast granules, from which the acid-fast rods sprout. This confirms the work of Kahn.
RADIOACTIVE IRON AND ITS METABOLISM IN ANEMIA
Authors: Hahn P. F. , Bale W. F. , Lawrence E. O. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Artificially produced radioactive iron is an extremely sensitive agent for use in following iron in the course of its changes in body metabolism, lending itself to studies of absorption, transport, exchange, mobilization, and excretion.
The need of the body for iron in some manner determines the absorption of this element. In the normal dog when there is no need for the element, it is absorbed in negligible amounts. In the anemic animal iron is quite promptly assimilated.
The plasma is clearly the means of transport of iron from the gastrointestinal tract to its point of mobilization for fabrication into hemoglobin.
The speed of absorption and transfer of iron to the red cell is spectacular. The importance of the liver and bone marrow in iron metabolism is confirmed.
ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS BETWEEN LAYERS ADSORBED ON BUILT UP STEARATE FILMS
Authors: Porter Eliot F. , Pappenheimer Alwin M. 
Published: June 2004

By adsorbing antigens and antibodies on barium stearate multilayers immunological reactions at surfaces have been studied.
Pneumococcus polysaccharide specific antibody systems using purified antibodies from both horse and rabbit sera were investigated. The polysaccharides failed to show visible adsorption, but by alternate treatment with antibody and polysaccharide several layers of antibody could be specifically deposited.
With the diphtheria toxin-antitoxin system antitoxin was found to adsorb to layers of toxin but not conversely. The reaction, however, was not specific.
Molecular weights calculated from the thickness of adsorbed protein layers, using dissymmetry factors, roughly correspond to molecular weights calculated from sedimentation and diffusion constants.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS IN A MOUSE STOCK OBSERVED FOR FOUR YEARS
Authors: Traub Erich 
Published: June 2004

A small mouse stock in which lymphocytic choriomeningitis is endemic has been observed over a period of 4 years. The disease has persisted during that time, but it has become so mild that it can no longer be recognized by clinical observation. In spite of this fact, all of the stock mice tested, both young and old, carried considerable amounts of virus in their organs and blood. The females readily transmit the infection to their offspring. Intrauterine infection has become the only mode of transmission of the disease in contrast to the situation in 1935 when a certain number of mice were born virus-free and became infected by contact shortly after birth.
The present mildness of the disease appears to be due to two factors, namely, the change in its mode of transmission just mentioned, and a shift in the severity of the disease with regard to the age of the host at the time of infection. This shift has occurred gradually since 1935 when the mice infected in utero were the only ones to become sick. Since 1937, however, the virus is quite harmless for such animals and produces symptoms only in suckling mice from the virus-free stock exposed to contact infection. Evidence is presented which suggests that the shift in the severity of the disease was caused by a decrease of the pathogenicity of the virus for embryonic mouse tissue and a concurrent increase of the resistance to intrauterine infection of the mice from the infected stock.
Another change noted concerned the communicability of the experimental disease. In contrast to observations made in 1935 the experimental infection of mature mice from the virus-free colony is now very rarely transmitted by contact to healthy mice, young or old. Suckling mice from the same stock infected by intranasal instillation of virus, however, readily transmit the disease and continue to do so as they grow up. The same is true for mice infected naturally. The reason for this discrepancy has not been ascertained, but it has been shown that naturally infected mice capable of transmitting the disease in general discharge large amounts of virus through the nose for a longer period of time than mature mice infected experimentally which fail to transmit their infection. It may likewise be of significance in this connection that the virus can lose its communicability by animal passage.
A marked change (chiefly climatic and dietary) in the environmental conditions of the infected stock failed to influence the course and character of the epidemic.
AMOUNT AND DURATION OF IMMUNITY INDUCED BY INTRADERMAL INOCULATION OF CULTURED VACCINE VIRUS
Authors: Rivers Thomas M. , Ward S. M. , Baird R. D. 
Published: June 2004

Continued cultivation of vaccine virus in a medium consisting of minced chick embryo tissue and Tyrode's solution has resulted in a virus qualitatively changed to such an extent that considerable amounts of it can be injected intradermally into human beings without danger or inconvenience.
Individuals who are vaccinated intradermally with the cultured virus should be revaccinated dermally six months to a year later with a potent calf lymph virus in order to obtain a satisfactory immunity to smallpox without being subjected to the dangers and inconvenience associated with primary vaccinations with calf lymph virus.
THE BEHAVIOR OF POX VIRUSES IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

Variola virus was cultivated in embryonated eggs from smallpox crusts and maintained through 85 passages. Therein it produced foci of cellular proliferation and necrosis on the chorioallantoic membrane but did not affect the embryo.
The virus from egg cultures was inactive in the skin of the rabbit on primary injection and in the testis both initially and on passage. In the monkey it provoked a cutaneous eruption of short duration after an incubation period of 5 days.
On nasal instillation in the mouse the virus caused no symptoms and failed to survive on the mucous membrane of the upper air passages. Beginning with the 64th egg passage it was regularly recoverable from the lung, on subinoculation in eggs, through the 5th day and occasionally through the 7th day. Its presence in the lung was attended by progressive pathological changes.
THE BEHAVIOR OF ABNORMAL HUMAN THYROID TISSUE CULTIVATED IN THE LINDBERGH APPARATUS
Authors: Foot N. Chandler , Baker Lillian E. , Carrel Alexis 
Published: June 2004

1. Human thyroid tissue may be kept alive and in good condition in the Lindbergh apparatus for at least 3 weeks, in usable condition from 1 to 2 months, provided that the vascular tree remain patent and functioning.
2. Experiments with altered amounts of iodin, adrenalin, hormones, and other substances show constant results only in connection with eschatin and pitressin which, in concentrations of 1:1000 in the perfusate almost invariably cause hyperplasia of the explanted tissue.
3. The original state of the tissue and the character of the symptom complex in the patient from which it was taken appeared to play no part in the subsequent behavior of the tissue explants.
4. In one experiment a most remarkable metaplasia was observed in the explanted thyroid tissue during the 6 to 8 weeks that it remained in two apparatuses. The cause of this is not evident.
A SOLUBLE ANTIGEN OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS
Authors: Smadel J. E. , Baird R. D. , Wall M. J. 
Published: June 2004

The virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis can be sedimented in the ultracentrifuge and washed repeatedly; the virus retains its activity provided that a small amount of normal serum is present in the diluent.
A soluble substance capable of fixing complement in the presence of immune serum can be separated from the virus. Washed virus fixes complement poorly.
The serologically specific soluble antigen is widely distributed in tissues of infected guinea pigs, mice, and monkeys.
LUNG EDEMA FOLLOWING BILATERAL VAGOTOMY
Authors: Lorber Victor 
Published: June 2004

1. Small animals (rat and guinea pig) vagotomized in the neck die within a period of hours, the lungs showing extensive congestion and edema.
2. Tracheotomy permits appreciably longer survival with minimal lung changes approximating those seen in the control animals.
3. Intrathoracic vagotomy (sparing the recurrent laryngeal nerve) on one side, and cervical vagotomy on the other, permits almost indefinite survival (guinea pig and rabbit), unless laryngeal paralysis from the unilateral denervation produces respiratory obstruction (rat, guinea pig, and rabbit).
4. Pulmonary edema following bilateral vagotomy probably results primarily from respiratory obstruction. It is suggested that circulatory failure may also be a factor of some importance. The rôle of vagotomy itself is considered in relationship to these two phenomena.
5. The reaction of smaller animals to bilateral vagotomy, with regard to lung changes, apparently differs in no way from that of the larger animals, but is less readily demonstrated because of the smaller diameters of the air passages.
IMMUNE RESPONSE OF RABBITS TO INJECTION OF PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. , Coggeshall L. T. 
Published: June 2004

Specific complement-fixing antibodies are produced in the serum of rabbits in response to injections of living or dead Plasmodium knowlesi.
Sera from rabbits receiving injections of either parasitized or normal monkey erythrocytes are parasiticidal in vitro for P. knowlesi. Because absorption of parasiticidal rabbit sera with normal monkey erythrocytes abolishes the parasiticidal effect, it is concluded that the effect is largely due to an antibody to the red cells. Normal rabbit serum is not parasiticidal.
Experiments on passive protection in monkey malaria with serum from rabbits which have received intraperitoneal injections of living or dead P. knowlesi yield no conclusive evidence that protective antibodies are formed.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FROG CARCINOMA IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Lucké Balduin 
Published: June 2004

The adenocarcinoma of leopard frogs may be cultivated with ease in plasma media. In such cultures two types of growth occur with regularity. The first is in the form of tubules which promptly grow out in the solid medium and retain their tubular form as long as they remain completely enveloped by plasma. When, however, they make contact with the surface of the glass, they adhere to it, the part in contact becomes flat, and its cells now grow no longer as tubules but as membranes.
The manner of growth in vitro resembles the growth of transplants of the same tumor in the anterior chamber of the living eye, thus suggesting that in each case the habit of growth is determined by the same morphogenetic factors, i.e. those inherent in the cells themselves, and those depending on interfacial forces.
The malignant cells of the frog carcinoma have the attributes which in general distinguish malignant cells from normal cells of corresponding type. In comparison with adult kidney cells, their normal homologues, the conspicuous properties of frog carcinoma cells are: larger and more variable size and shape of cell body, of nucleus, and nucleolus; coarser and denser structure of cytoplasm, of nucleoplasm, and of nuclear membrane; increase in number of mitochondria, and more frequent occurrence of mitosis. These cytological characteristics remain unaltered in cultures maintained for as long as six months.
Frog carcinoma is a transmissible disease due to an agent which induces inclusion bodies, and which has other attributes indicating that it is a virus. The general correspondence in character between its cells and the malignant cells of mammalian tumors of diverse origin suggests that neoplastic phenomena are essentially alike, no matter in what group of animals they occur or what their causal factors may be.
THE PASSAGE OF TYPE III RABBIT VIRULENT PNEUMOCOCCI FROM THE VASCULAR SYSTEM INTO JOINTS AND CERTAIN OTHER BODY CAVITIES
Authors: Shaffer Morris F. , Bennett Granville A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Within 24 hours following intravenous inoculation with rabbit virulent strains of pneumococcus Type III, most rabbits develop infections of one or both knees. The frequency of bilateral knee joint involvement increases as the duration of the disease is prolonged.
2. The spinal fluid, aqueous humor, and bladder urine remain sterile at a time when the knee joints contain pneumococci. Subsequently, however, they may be invaded.
3. The administration of a single dose of type specific horse immune serum, at a period when in all probability one or both knee joints contain organisms, appears to be ineffective in bringing about resolution of the infections process in these sites, even though horse serum constituents may be demonstrated serologically to be present within the joint cavities.
THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM AND HORMONE REFRACTORINESS
Authors: Gordon Albert S. , Kleinberg William , Charipper Harry A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Young splenectomized female rats, free of latent infection, show greater increases in ovarian weight in response to injections of pregnant mare's serum than do young normal rats with spleens intact.
2. The regression in ovarian weight which occurs after about a month in such injected splenectomized animals may be prevented by repeated injections of an agent like trypan blue which causes blockage of the compensating reticulo-endothelial elements.
3. The plasmas obtained from these splenectomized and splenectomized dye-blocked animals possess less antihormone substance than plasmas from similarly treated normal animals.
4. Young female rats, heavily infected with Bartonella muris, and therefore possessing an injured reticulo-endothelial system, develop heavier ovaries in response to injections of pregnant mare's serum than do normal uninfected rats.
5. Similar differences in effect on the testes and seminal vesicles of young normal, splenectomized, and bartonella-infected male rats have been obtained using pregnancy urine extract.
6. Young splenectomized, and splenectomized dye-blocked guinea pigs injected with thyrotropic extract, show heavier and more highly active thyroids than normal hormone-injected animals,
7. These results are explained on the basis that the reticulo-endothelial system participates in the production of antihormone substances.
HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS LYMPHADENITIS IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Seastone C. V. 
Published: June 2004

A group of guinea pigs carrying a chronic streptococcus cervical lymphadenitis has been studied. The chronic disease may be transmitted with pure cultures of streptococci isolated from the naturally occurring abscesses. Its probable mode of transmission under natural conditions was shown to be the ingestion of the infective agent.
The spontaneous appearance of an acutely fatal variant was observed. Infection with the chronic strains protected animals against the highly virulent strain. Such immunity could not be passively transferred to either mice or guinea pigs, nor could any opsonizing, precipitating, or bactericidal antibody be associated with it. The presence of allergy could not be correlated with this immunity.
The dissociation of the chronic and acute strains was investigated and non-invasive phases isolated. No precipitin reaction attributable to an antigenic virulence factor could be demonstrated. No protection was obtained with vaccines or aggressins.
EXPERIMENTAL MENINGOCOCCUS INFECTION OF THE CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: Buddingh G. John , Polk Alice D. 
Published: June 2004

1. A strain of meningococci obtained directly from the spinal fluid of a patient has been propagated in serial passage in 10 to 12 day old chick embryos without change in its essential characteristics.
2. The chick embryo is susceptible to infection with the meningococcus, and, depending on its stage of development, reacts to the infection with more or less specific lesions.
3. In chick embryos of 15 days incubation, following the utilization of definite portals of entry, such as the nasopharynx, or by inoculation of the amniotic fluid or by inoculation of the body wall, the meningococcus is localized in specific areas, namely in the cranial sinuses, the lungs or meninges, or in all of these areas.
4. The lesions of the meningococcus infection in man, a septicemia, sinusitis, pneumonia and meningitis can be reproduced in the chick embryo by choosing embryos at the proper state of development and utilizing the various portals of entry experimentally available.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF MENINGOCOCCUS MENINGITIS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: Buddingh G. John , Polk Alice D. 
Published: June 2004

1. A microscopic and bacteriological analysis of the meningitis produced in the chick embryo following inoculation of meningococci into the body wall or into the amniotic cavity indicates that the meninges are invaded by way of the blood stream.
2. There is no indication that a direct extension of the infection by way of the middle ear, the cranial sinuses or the pia-arachnoid sheath of the olfactory nerves to the meninges takes place.
ON THE NATURE OF THE PRESSOR ACTION OF RENIN
Authors: Page Irvine H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Tachyphylaxis occurs when renin is repeatedly injected into dogs and cats regardless of whether they are normal, anesthetized, pithed, hepatectomized, suprarenalectomized, nephrectomized, or eviscerated.
2. The pressor response to renin in brief experiments is independent of the height of the arterial pressure or the presence of the suprarenals. Evisceration and large doses of ergotamine reduce the response. It is largely uninfluenced by pithing, intracisternal injection of renin, cocaine, strychnine, caffeine, and infusion of sodium bicarbonate or hydrochloric acid. It may be slightly increased by large blood transfusions or hepatectomy but the result is short lived.
3. There is no parallelism between the pressor responses to carotid sinus stimulation, adrenine, and tyramine on the one hand and renin on the other.
4. Section of the brain may be followed by depressor responses to renin.
5. Intracisternal injection of renin elicits no significant rise in blood pressure or other circulatory manifestations.
6. Continuous infusion of renin produces a prolonged rise of arterial pressure in normal and chronically suprarenalectomized dogs, but the pressure ultimately falls despite continued infusion.
7. Tachyphylaxis develops in the isolated rabbit's ear perfused with blood and small doses of renin. The same blood perfused through a second ear causes no vasoconstriction when renin is added. Addition of renin-activator restores the ability of renin to cause constriction.
8. Renin alone causes no vasoconstriction when perfused with Ringer's solution, but renin plus renin-activator restores activity. Tachyphylaxis does not develop when Ringer's solution is employed instead of recirculating blood.
9. Blood from animals made tachyphylactic by repeated injections of renin is lacking in activator and also fails to cause vasoconstriction in the rabbit's ear when renin and renin-activator are added.
10. Renin-activator is lost and tachyphylaxis develops more slowly during continuous infusion of renin. Blood pressure may fall after a period of renin infusion despite the pressure in the blood of excess renin. Injection of partially purified activator restores the activator content of the blood as demonstrated in the rabbit's ear, but no rise in arterial pressure occurs.