bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carboplatin‐epirubicin regimen for the treatment of hepatoblastoma
Authors: Blouin P. , Brugières Laurence , Tabone M.D. , Leverger G. , Rubie H. , Branchereau S. , De Kraker J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackgroundIn order to lower the long‐term toxicity of chemotherapy for hepatoblastoma patients, a prospective study was designed based on pre‐operative chemotherapy combining carboplatin and epirubicin (CE).ProceduresPatients under 16 years of age with an epithelial hepatic tumor diagnosed by ultrasound or CT scan and a high serum alpha‐foetoprotein (AFP) level were eligible. Patients were treated with a pre‐operative chemotherapy regimen combining carboplatin 600 mg/m2 and epirubicin 80 mg/m2. Tumor resectability was assessed after four courses given at 3‐week intervals. After surgery, patients were given two more courses of CE. Response was assessed based on a drop in serum AFP and tumor shrinkage.ResultsBetween July 1988 and August 1995, 27 patients with a hepatoblastoma were included. The initial PRETEXT group according to the SIOPEL classification was: group 2 (5 pts), group 3 (15 pts), group 4 (5 pts), and 2 pts were not assessed. Six patients had lung metastases. Response was partial response (PR) in 20/27 (74%) patients, disease was stable in 3 and 4 had progressive disease (PD). A complete surgical resection was performed in 21 pts. Five‐year overall and disease‐free survival (DFS) were respectively 56% (95%CI: 37–72%) and 63% (95%CI: 44–78%). During the same time period, 7 pts with a hepatocellular carcinoma were treated according to this protocol. Only one achieved a PR. Toxicity was mostly hematologic with ≥grade 3 leukopenia in 23% of the courses, ≥grade 3 thrombocytopenia in 29% of the courses and anemia in 22%.ConclusionThe CE protocol is feasible and efficient in hepatoblastoma. However, only a randomized study will permit a valid comparison of the efficacy of cisplatin and carboplatin for the treatment of these patients. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Medulloblastoma in childhood: Impact of radiation technique upon the outcome of treatment
Authors: Chojnacka Marzanna , Skowrońska‐Gardas Anna 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackgroundMedulloblastoma is an infratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumour, diagnosed in paediatric population. The radiotherapy is an essential method of treatment for these tumours. The impact of technical quality of radiation therapy on survival was recently considered. In this study treatment‐related variables are analysed with a special focus on radiotherapy technical factors.ProcedureThe population of 158 children with a diagnosis of medulloblastoma had been undergoing postoperative radiotherapy at MCMCC in Warsaw in the period 1983–1997. The medical data of these patients were analysed. Simulation films of the whole‐brain irradiation fields were retrospectively reviewed at 112 patients. The distance from the field margin to the cribriform plate and to the floor of the temporal fossa was assessed and correlated with supratentorial relapse.ResultsFive‐year overall survival (OS) and 5‐year disease free survival (DFS) were 46% and 40%, respectively. In multivariate analysis gender (P = 0.008), neurological status before radiotherapy (P = 0.029), M‐stage (P < 0.001) and sequence of craniospinal irradiation (P = 0.019) were significant prognostic factors for OS. For DFS significant factors were M‐stage (P < 0.001) and neurological status (P < 0.001). The cranial fields were not fully correctly covered at 43% patients. The field incorrectness was correlated with isolated supratentorial failure (P = 0.049).ConclusionsOur results are similar to those published in literature. M0‐stage was the most powerful favourable prognostic factor. Male gender and neurological status before radiation treatment were associated with poor survival. Also protracted radiotherapy and quality of radiation technique may have an impact on the outcome. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differentiated thyroid carcinoma in childhood and adolescence—clinical course and role of radioiodine
Authors: Chow Sin‐Ming , Law Stephen C. K. , Mendenhall William M. , Au Siu‐Kie , Yau Stephen , Mang Oscar , Lau Wai‐Hon 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackgroundDifferentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) in childhood has a good prognosis despite a high incidence of relapse. The use of radioactive iodine (RAI) has not been well established.ProcedureThis is a review of 60 patients less than 21 years of age; mean follow‐up was 14 years.ResultsPatients had a higher relapse rate with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) than with follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC): 24.5 vs. 9.1%. Compared with 997 patients with age ≥ 21, patients <21 years of age had a higher female to male ratio (7.6 vs. 3.9), higher incidence of nodal metastasis (45 vs. 28%), and lung metastasis (15 vs. 7.8%), and improved 10‐year cause‐specific survival (CSS) (98.3 vs. 89.5%). The 10‐year rates of CSS, local‐regional failure‐free survival (LRFFS), and distant metastasis failure‐free survival (DMFFS) for the young patients were 98.3, 79.3, and 90.7%, respectively. In patients with no distant metastasis at presentation, RAI improved 10‐year LRFFS (71.9 vs. 86.5%; P = 0.04). At last follow‐up, 10 of 12 patients (80%) with local‐regional (LR) relapse and five of nine patients (55.6%) with distant metastasis were rendered disease‐free. No patient has experienced a second malignancy.ConclusionsPrognosis of DTC in young patients was good. Patients with LR relapse and distant metastasis had a high rate of remission after treatment. RAI treatment can reduce the rate of LR relapse in patients with no distant metastasis and result in complete remission in half of those with distant metastasis. No patient experienced a second malignancy. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Leukemic cells and the cytokine patchwork
Authors: Kiss Csongor , Benkő Ilona , Kovács Péter 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackgroundIn leukemia, the clonal population is characterized by a hierarchical organization. Although the majority of the leukemic population is generated after post‐determinic divisions, a subset of cells retain undifferentiated “blast” morphology. In addition, leukemic cells often have numerical or structural chromosomal abnormalities, aberrant gene expression patterns, and abnormal cell surface marker profiles. Despite these differences when compared to normal bone marrow and blood cells, leukemic cell survival and proliferation, just like that of normal progenitor cells, is influenced by hematopoietic growth factors. A major issue is whether differential regulation of normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells by cytokines can be exploited in antileukemic treatment or, in contrast, whether in vivo cytokine therapy may even be harmful to the patients.ProcedureHere we review the results of recent experimental and clinical observations that investigated the influence of cytokines on leukemic cell growth and differentiation in vitro and in vivo.ResultsThe majority of studies indicate that hematopoietic growth factors are involved in the regulation of proliferation and terminal differentiation of leukemic blast cells. Genetic aberrations involving cytokines or their receptors may contribute to leukemogenesis. Abundant interactions, cross‐lineage stimulation, and aberrant response patterns seem to transform the complex cytokine network regulation of normal hematopoiesis into an even more interlaced “patchwork” that controls leukemic hematopoiesis.ConclusionsSince hematopoietic growth factors are present in high serum concentrations in patients with acute leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes, consequences of possible interactions should be kept in mind even when well‐defined human recombinant factors in single application are to be involved in antileukemic protocols. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Malignant infantile osteopetrosis & primary pulmonary hypertension: A new combination?
Authors: Kasow Kimberly A. , Bonfim Carmem , Asch Julie , Margolis David A. , Jenkins Jesse , Tamburro Robert F. , Handgretinger Rupert , Horwitz Edwin M. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractMalignant infantile osteopetrosis (MIOP), a rare genetic disorder of the osteoclast, is fatal without hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), a rare progressive disorder of the pulmonary circulation, is predominately fatal in the absence of successful therapy. A clinical association between these two disorders has not been recognized and a pathophysiologic link between osteoclast function and pulmonary vascular pressure as a rationale for such an association is not readily apparent. Here, we report five infants with MIOP, without cardiac abnormalities, who were found to have PPH after undergoing stem cell transplantation. We suggest that PPH may be linked to a specific variant of MIOP and recognizing the potential for pulmonary hypertension in children with MIOP may lead to a more rapid diagnosis and life‐saving intervention. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased risk for aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndrome in individuals lacking glutathione S‐transferase genes
Authors: Sutton Joanne F. , Stacey Michael , Kearns William G. , Rieg Thomas S. , Young Neal S. , Liu Johnson M. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackgroundAplastic anemia (AA) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are marrow failure states that may be associated with chromosomal instability. An absence of the glutathione S‐transferase (GST) enzyme may genetically predispose individuals to AA or MDS.Procedure and ResultsTo test this hypothesis, we determined the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes in a total of 196 patients using multiplex PCR. The GSTT1 null genotype was found to be overrepresented in Caucasian, Asian, and Hispanic patients with either AA or MDS. We confirmed a difference in the expected frequency of the GSTM1 null genotype in Caucasian MDS patients. The double null GSTM1/GSTT1 genotype was also overrepresented in Caucasian AA and MDS patients. In our population, 26% of AA patients and 40% of MDS patients had a chromosomal abnormality identified by karyotype or FISH analyses for chromosomes 7 and 8. Patients with AA and the GSTT1 null genotype had an increased frequency of chromosomal abnormalities (P = 0.003).ConclusionThere seems to be an increased risk for AA and MDS in individuals lacking GSTT1 or both GSTM1/GSTT1. Published 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of physical therapy intervention for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Marchese Victoria G. , Chiarello Lisa A. , Lange Beverly J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to examine the effects of physical therapy intervention in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).ProcedureTwenty‐eight children aged 4–15 years were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. The intervention group received five sessions of physical therapy and was instructed to perform an individualized home exercise program consisting of ankle dorsiflexion stretching, lower extremity strengthening, and aerobic exercise.ResultsAfter 4 months children who received physical therapy intervention had significantly improved ankle dorsiflexion active range of motion and knee extension strength (P < 0.01). Differences were not found between the two groups for any of the other dependent variables.ConclusionsPhysical therapy intervention for children with ALL receiving maintenance chemotherapy improved two body functions important for normal gait. Physical therapy programs initiated earlier in treatment and with greater emphasis on endurance activities may also improve stamina and quality of life (QOL). © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solarzellen aus Folien‐Silizium: Neue Materialien der Photovoltaik
Authors: Hahn Giso 
Published: January 2004

AbstractDie Photovoltaik wird auf absehbare Zeit vor allem kristallines Silizium als Baumaterial nutzen, mit Tendenz zu billigeren, multikristallinen Wafern. Allerdings werden heutige Wafer aus großen Silizium‐Blöcken gesägt, was viel Material „verpulvert”︁. Das treibt den Anteil des Wafers an den Gesamtkosten des Solarmoduls auf 50% hoch. Folien‐Silizium nutzt dagegen durch eine andere Herstellungstechnik das Material viel besser aus und senkt so die Waferkosten erheblich. Im Wirkungsgrad können Solarzellen aus Folien‐Silizium schon fast mit herkömmlichen Zellen konkurrieren. Ein weiterer Vorteil von Folien‐Silizium: Es kann relativ problemlos in die Produktionslinien heutiger Solarzellen aus kristallinem Silizium eingegliedert werden. Allerdings sind die attraktivsten Herstellungsverfahren noch nicht „serienreif”︁.
Wie die Sonne ins Kraftwerk kommt: Solarthermische Kraftwerke
Authors: Pitz‐Paal Robert 
Published: January 2004

AbstractSolarthermische Kraftwerke sammeln wie riesige Brenngläser die Sonnenstrahlung und treiben damit eine Wärmekraftmaschine an. Drei Konstruktionsprinzipien haben sich heute durchgesetzt. Bereits im kommerziellen Einsatz sind Systeme mit schwenkbaren, verspiegelten Parabolrinnen, die das Sonnenlicht auf ein zentrales Absorberrohr konzentrieren. Durch dieses fließt ein Wärmetransportmedium. Beim Zentral‐Receiver‐System fokussiert ein Feld verstellbarer Spiegel das Sonnenlicht auf die Spitze eines Turms. Dort sitzt ein Receiver, den ein Wärmetransportmedium durchströmt. Für kleine, dezentrale Anlagen eignen sich Dish‐Stirling‐Systeme. Das sind schwenkbare, paraboloide Spiegelschüsseln mit einem Stirling‐Motor im Brennpunkt. Zentral‐Receiver‐ und Dish‐Stirling‐Systeme sind noch im Entwicklungsstadium.
Kochen mit Zentimeterwellen: Die Physik der Haushaltsmikrowelle
Authors: Möllmann Klaus‐Peter , Vollmer Michael 
Published: January 2004

AbstractDie Physik der Haushaltsmikrowelle ist erstaunlich reichhaltig: Sie umfasst die Erzeugung von Mikrowellen in Magnetrons, Wellenleiter und Resonatoren für elektromagnetische Felder, die dielektrische Relaxation bei der Orientierungspolarisation von Wasser, und die Eindringtiefe elektromagnetischer Wellen in Materie. Eine Abschätzung der Bedingungen für Multiphotonenionisation und Dissoziation zeigt, dass Haushaltsmikrowellen Speisen chemisch nicht verändern können.
Begeisterung für opalgrünes Meerwasser
Authors: Loos Andreas 
Published: January 2004

AbstractSeine beiden Vornamen führen leicht zu Knoten in untrainierten europäischen Zungen. Deshalb kürzte sie der Physiker in der Regel zu zwei Buchstaben ab. Das war sehr freundlich. Und sehr vorteilhaft für ihn selbst: Es erleichterte ihm, in aller Munde zu sein.
Reger Elektronenverkehr in Vitamin C
Authors: Vilgis Thomas 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIn dieser nasskalten Jahreszeit wird der Ruf nach wärmender und vitaminreicher Kost laut, den die traditionelle Küche aber schnell verstummen lässt — und es uns erlaubt, genauer über physikalisch‐chemische Prozesse nachzudenken: im Sauerkraut.
Ringelreihen der Nanopartikel
Authors: Drach Volker 
Published: January 2004

AbstractNanopartikel zeichnen sich durch Ihre außergewöhnlichen, quantenmechanisch geprägten optischen und elektronischen Eigenschaften aus. Mit Cadmiumsulfid‐Nanopartikeln gelang es jüngst einer japanisch‐britischen Forschergruppe ringförmige Strukturen auf Silizium‐Substrat mittels eines selbst‐organisierenden Prozesses herzustellen [1]. Die Photolumineszenz dieser Nanoringe könnte sie in Zukunft zu einem Grundbaustein für optoelektronische Anwendungen werden lassen.
The discovery of polymer‐clay hybrids
Authors: Kawasumi Masaya 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe first successful example of a polymer‐clay hybrid was nylon‐clay hybrid (NCH), which is a nano‐meter‐sized composite of nylon‐6 and 1‐nm‐thick exfoliated aluminosilicate layers of the clay mineral. NCH was found and developed at Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratories over 17 years ago. The NCH containing a few weight percentages of clay exhibits superior properties such as high modulus, high strength, and good gas‐barrier properties. The key for the discovery of NCH was the polymerization of a nylon monomer in the interlayer space of the clay. This highlight presents the development of NCH from its discovery to its commercialization. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 819–824, 2004
Living anionic polymerization of lauryl methacrylate and synthesis of block copolymers with methyl methacrylate
Authors: Raghunadh V. , Baskaran D. , Sivaram S. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAnionic polymerization of lauryl methacrylate (LMA) with 1,1‐diphenylhexyl lithium in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at −40 °C resulted in a multimodal and broad molecular weight distribution (MWD) with poor initiator efficiency. In the presence of additives such as dilithium salt of triethylene glycol (G3Li2), LiCl, and LiClO4, the polymerization resulted in polymers with a narrow MWD (≤ 1.10). Diblock copolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and LMA were synthesized by anionic polymerization using DPHLi as initiator in THF at −40 °C with the sequential addition of monomers. The molecular weight distribution of the polymers was narrow and without homopolymer contamination when LMA was added to living PMMA chain ends. Diblock copolymers with broad/bimodal MWD were obtained with a reverse‐sequence monomer addition. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 875–882, 2004
Sulfonated naphthalene dianhydride based polyimide copolymers for proton‐exchange‐membrane fuel cells. I. Monomer and copolymer synthesis
Authors: Einsla Brian R. , Hong Young‐Taik , Seung Kim Yu , Wang Feng , Gunduz Nazan , McGrath James E. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA novel sulfonated diamine, 3,3′‐disulfonic acid‐bis[4‐(3‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]sulfone (SA‐DADPS), was prepared from m‐aminophenol and disodium‐3,3′‐disulfonate‐4,4′‐dichlorodiphenylsulfone. The conditions necessary to synthesize and purify SA‐DADPS in high yields were investigated in some detail. This disulfonated aromatic diamine, containing ether and sulfone linkages, was used to prepare N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone‐soluble, six‐membered ring polyimide copolymers containing pendent sulfonic acid groups by a catalyzed one‐step high‐temperature polycondensation in m‐cresol. These materials showed much improved hydrolytic stability with respect to phthalimides. High‐molecular‐weight film‐forming statistical copolymers with controlled degrees of disulfonation were prepared through variations in the stoichiometric ratio of disulfonated diamine (SA‐DADPS) in its soluble triethylamine salt form to several unsulfonated diamines. Three unsulfonated diamines, bis[4‐(3‐aminophenoxy)phenyl] sulfone, 4,4′‐oxydianiline, and 1,3‐phenylenediamine, were used to prepare the copolymers. The characterization of the copolymers by 1H NMR, Fourier transform infrared, ion‐exchange capacity, and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that SA‐DADPS was quantitatively incorporated into the copolymers. Solution‐cast films of the sulfonated copolymers were prepared and afforded tough, ductile membranes with high glass‐transition temperatures. Methods were developed to acidify the triethylammonium salt membranes into their disulfonic acid form, this being necessary for proton conduction in a fuel cell. The synthesis and characterization of these materials are described in this article. Future articles will describe the performance of these copolymers as proton‐exchange membranes in hydrogen/air and direct methanol fuel cells. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 862–874, 2004
Fully crosslinked poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) microspheres by precipitation polymerization and their superior thermal properties
Authors: Shim Sang Eun , Yang Sunhye , Choi Hyang Hee , Choe Soonja 
Published: January 2004

AbstractFully crosslinked, stable poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) microspheres, which are composed of various concentrations of divilylbenzene from 5 to 75 mol % based on styrene monomer, were prepared without a significant particle coagulation by the precipitation polymerization. The number‐average particle diameter ranged from 3.5 to 2.8 μm and decreased with an increasing concentration of divinylbenzene in monomer. In addition, the coefficient of variation of the microspheres was slightly reduced with the increasing concentration of divinylbenzene. The circularity and the measured specific surface area indicated that lesser particles are coagulated because of the improved stability of individual particles at a high divinylbenzene concentration and that the resulting particles have a smooth surface without micropores. The glass‐transition temperature was not observed for all microspheres formed from the range of divinylbenzene concentrations. In addition, the onset of the thermal‐degradation temperature was increased from 339.8 to 376.9 °C upon higher contents of divinylbenzene. On the basis of the DSC and thermogravimetric data, the polymer microspheres prepared by the precipitation polymerization possessed a fully crosslinked structure and highly enhanced thermal stability. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 835–845, 2004
Synthesis and characterization of a novel, fluoride‐releasing dimethacrylate monomer and its dental composite
Authors: Xu Xiaoming , Ling Long , Ding Xingzhe , Burgess John O. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA novel, fluoride‐releasing dimethacrylate monomer containing zirconium fluoride chelate for use in dental composites was synthesized by an efficient four‐step procedure starting from 4,4‐bis‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐pentanoic acid and was characterized by electrospray mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies. The synthesized monomer was photopolymerized with camphorquinone and 1‐phenyl‐1,2‐propane‐dione as initiators and N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate as an accelerator. The photopolymerization process was investigated by FTIR spectroscopy. The experimental composite containing 13.7 wt % of the synthesized monomer was tested for fluoride release, fluoride recharge, compressive strength, and flexure strength, each in comparison to three commercial flowable dental composites. The results showed that the experimental composite had significantly higher fluoride release and fluoride recharge capabilities than the commercial flowable composites. The flexure strength was comparable to the commercial materials. The water sorption and solubility met the requirements of the International Organization for Standardization 4049 and the American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association Specification Number 27. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 985–998, 2004
Photoluminescent and electrochemical properties of novel copoly(aryl ether)s with isolated fluorophores
Authors: Chen Shinn‐Horng , Hwang Shiao‐Wen , Chen Yun 
Published: January 2004

AbstractTwo, novel copoly(aryl ether)s (P1 and P2) consisting of alternate, isolated electron‐ and hole‐transporting fluorophores were synthesized and characterized. Furthermore, we investigated the optical, photoluminescent (PL), and electrochemical properties of copoly(aryl ether)s P1–P5. The PL spectra of these polymers in film states showed maximum peaks around 420–498 nm. However, compared with the PL spectra of corresponding model compounds M1–M5, the emissions of P1 and P2 were compositions of the two isolated fluorophores, and that of P3 was dominated by the fluorophores with a longer emissive wavelength via the energy transfer. The formation of an interchain interaction in P4 and P5 was also observed. The highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels of these copolymers were measured by cyclic voltammetry. Both the electron and hole affinities could be enhanced simultaneously because of the introduction of isolated hole‐transporting naphthalene (or fluorene) and electron‐transporting bis‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole segments. The single‐layer devices (Al/polymer/indium tin oxide) of P1, P2, and P4 revealed blue or blue‐green electroluminescence, but that of P3 emitted yellow light because of the excimer emission. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 883–893, 2004