bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlled radical alternating copolymerization of N‐phenyl maleimide with ethyl α‐ethylacrylate by reversible addition fragmentation chain‐transfer process
Authors: Wei Jia , Zhu Zhonglian , Huang Junlian 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe alternating copolymerization of N‐phenyl maleimide (NPMI) with ethyl α‐ethylacrylate (EEA) by the reversible addition fragmentation chain‐transfer process was investigated. The monomer reactivity ratios were measured and r1 = 0.19 ± 0.03 for NPMI and r2 = 0.20 ± 0.04 for EEA. It was found that before about 45% of the comonomer conversion, the molecular weight of the copolymer increased with the conversion, the molecular weight distribution was rather narrow, and the molecular weight of the copolymer approached a constant value, irrespective of the length of the polymerization time. Electronic spin resonance determined that the radical signal disappeared quickly after the conversion of comonomer exceeded 45%, which may be attributed to the coupling termination of the propagating polymer chains with the EEA end with the intermediate radicals when the concentration of comonomers decreased. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 2376–2382, 2004
Miscibility and adhesive properties of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)‐based hot‐melt adhesives. I. Adhesive tensile strength
Authors: Takemoto Mototsugu , Kajiyama Mikio , Mizumachi Hiroshi , Takemura Akio , Ono Hirokuni 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA series of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA) were blended with some tackifier resins that are made from wood extracts, and possible relations between their miscibility and properties as hot‐melt adhesives (HMA) were investigated. From our previous report on miscibility of various EVA‐based HMAs, we chose some blends that represent some of typical miscibility types and measured their adhesive tensile strengths. When the blends were miscible at testing temperatures, the temperature at which the maximum value of adhesive tensile strength was recorded tended to move toward higher temperature as tackifier content of blends increased. This result corresponds to the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the blends that became higher as tackifier content of blends increased when blend components were miscible. In terms of HMA performances, we suggest that factors other than miscibility affect absolute values of adhesive tensile strength more directly than miscibility; this idea has to be investigated further in a future study. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 719–725, 2002
Development and characterization of poly(trimethylene terephthalate)‐based bicomponent meltblown nonwovens
Authors: Zhang Dong , Sun Christine , Beard John , Brown Houston , Carson Ian , Hwo Charles 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPoly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT)‐based mono and bico meltblown webs have been produced by using a Reicofil® Bi‐Component Meltblown Line at TANDEC, located at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. Thermal and flow properties of PTT were first examined by DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) and with a Melt Indexer for an effective experimental design through the Surface Response Methodology (SRM). The processability of meltblowing in a wide range of operating windows was extensively investigated. Melt temperature, melt throughput, air temperature, airflow rate, and DCD (distance of collector to die) were considered as primary process control variables. The produced webs were characterized for fiber diameter, bulk density, air permeability, hydrostatic head, tensile properties, and heat shrinkage. Non‐round and curly or twisted fibers were observed in the bico PP/PTT webs by SEM (scanning electrical microscope). The PTT grade studied is quite suitable for the meltblown process. The PTT/PP‐based bico webs showed enhanced barrier properties and heat resistance. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1280–1287, 2002
Synthesis of 1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane monomer by addition of acryloyl chloride and its polymer for specific transition metal binding
Authors: Salih Bekir 
Published: October 2004

Abstract1,4,8,11‐Tetraazacyclotetradecane (cyclam) was reacted with acryloyl chloride in a 1 : 2 molar ratio in dichloromethane in the presence of pyridine at 0°C. The modified cyclam was polymerized by adding an azobisisobutyronitrile initiator and irradiated with a UV lamp under reflux for 6 h. Precipitated cyclam containing polymer in the bulk structure was removed from the suspension by filtration. After washing and drying the final polymeric materials were used for transition metal ion adsorption and desorption studies. A Fourier transform IR spectrophotometer and thermogravimetric analyzer were used to characterize the polymeric structure. The affinity of the polymeric material for transition metal ions was used to test the adsorption–desorption of selected ions [Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Cd(II), Pb(II)] from aqueous media containing different amounts of these metal ions (5–800 ppm) at different pH values (2.0–8.0). It was found that the adsorption rates were high and the adsorption equilibrium was reached in about 30 min. The uptake of the transition metal ions onto the polymer from solutions containing a single metal ion was 3.17 mmol/g for Cu(II), 0.98 mmol/g for Cd(II), 0.79 mmol/g for Co(II), 0.78 mmol/g for Ni(II), and 0.32 mmol/g for Pb(II). This polymer showed high affinity for Cu(II) compared to the other metal ions in the single ion solution and in the mixture of transition metal ions. The affinity order of the transition metal ions was Cu(II) ≫ Ni(II) > Cd(II) > Co(II) > Pb(II) for competitive adsorption. More than 95% of the adsorbed transition metal ions were desorbed in 2 h in a desorption medium containing 1.0M HNO3. Poly(cyclam) was found to be suitable for repeated use of more than five cycles without a noticeable loss of adsorption capacity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1406–1414, 2002
Fibers based on cellulose‐chitin blends
Authors: Marsano E. , Conio G. , Martino R. , Turturro A. , Bianchi E. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFibers made of cellulose (CE) and chitin (CH) in different proportion were wet spun from solutions in dimethylacetamide containing 5% LiCl (w/w). Polymer concentration was purposely maintained as low as possible (≅2.4% w/w). Moreover, dope temperature was 60°C to have good spinability. Comparison of the elastic modulus (E) of fibers “as spun” at different CE/CH ratio showed a synergy between the components: at CE/CH ≅ 50/50, E is ≅15 GPa with respect to ≅9 and ≅11 GPa for neat CE and CH fibers, respectively. Application of a pull‐off ratio during the coagulation allows the E value to increase further. These results, as well as the electronic microscopy of fibers section, agree with a complete miscibility of two polymers at the solid state, probably enhanced by the presence of LiCl. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1825–1831, 2002
Analysis of projections from the medial prefrontal cortex to the thalamus in the rat, with emphasis on nucleus reuniens
Authors: Vertes Robert P. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is involved in high‐order cognitive processes, including, but not limited to, decision making, goal directed behavior, and working memory. Although previous reports have included descriptions of mPFC projections to the thalamus in overall examinations of mPFC projections throughout the brain, no previous study has comprehensively examined mPFC projections to the thalamus. The present report compares and contrasts projections from the four divisions of the mPFC, i.e., the infralimbic, prelimbic, anterior cingulate and medial agranular cortices, to the thalamus in the rat by using the anterograde anatomic tracer Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin. We showed that (1) the infralimbic, prelimbic, anterior cingulate cortices distribute heavily and selectively to midline/medial structures of the thalamus, including the paratenial, paraventricular, interanteromedial, anteromedial, intermediodorsal, mediodorsal, reuniens, and the central medial nuclei; (2) the medial agranular cortex distributes strongly to the rostral intralaminar nuclei (central lateral, paracentral, central medial nuclei) as well as to the ventromedial and ventrolateral nuclei of thalamus; and (3) all four divisions of the mPFC project densely to the nucleus reuniens (RE) of the thalamus. The nucleus reuniens is the major source of thalamic afferents to the hippocampal formation. There are essentially no direct projections from the mPFC to the hippocampus. The present demonstration of pronounced mPFC projections to RE suggests that the nucleus reuniens is a critical relay in the transfer of information from the medial prefrontal cortex to the hippocampus. Our further demonstration of strong mPFC projections to several additional thalamic nuclei, particularly to the mediodorsal nucleus, suggests that these thalamic nuclei, like RE, represent important output stations (or gateways) for the actions of mPFC on diverse subcortical and cortical structures of the brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 442:163–187, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surface modification of an experimental silicone rubber aimed at reducing initial candidal adhesion
Authors: Price C. , Waters M. G. J. , Williams D. W. , Lewis M. A. O. , Stickler D. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSilicone rubber, which is a widely used biomaterial, is often used to make soft liners for permanent denture. Colonization of denture soft lining materials by Candida albicans can result in clinical problems. The aim of this study was to chemically modify the surface of an experimental silicone rubber in order to produce a silicone that was less susceptible to candidal colonization. Surface modification was carried out with the use of argon‐plasma bombardment followed by silane treatment, which caused the incorporation of either hydrophilic or hydrophobic functional groups onto the surface. Changes in water contact angles and chemical analysis of the materials with scanning ion mass spectroscopy confirmed surface changes. In vitro assays were carried out using C. albicans to measure levels of adherence to the surface‐modified silicone after 1 h. C. albicans exhibited very low adherence to all silane‐treated surfaces, whether hydrophobic or hydrophilic. This led to the conclusion that incorporated long‐chain functional groups were inhibiting the adherence of the yeast, possibly by the formation of a barrier between the surface of the material and the yeast. In conclusion, silane surface treatment of an experimental silicone rubber has been successful in reducing candidal adherence. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 122–128, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jbm.10094
Effects of low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound on proliferation and chondroitin sulfate synthesis of cultured chondrocytes embedded in Atelocollagen® gel
Authors: Nishikori T. , Ochi M. , Uchio Y. , Maniwa S. , Kataoka H. , Kawasaki K. , Katsube K. , Kuriwaka M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe effects of low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (US) on the proliferation and chondroitin sulfate synthesis of cultured chondrocytes embedded in Atelocollagen® gelin vitrowere examined. Articular cartilage was harvested from the hip, knee, and shoulder joints of 10‐week‐old Japanese white rabbits. Chondrocytes isolated by collagenase digestion were embedded in type I collagen gel, Atelocollagen gel, and were cultured in Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium for 3 weeks. The US apparatus, SAFHS® , was used to deliver an ultrasound signal with spatial and temporal average intensities of 30 mW/cm2(US group). The frequency was 1.5 MHz with a 200‐microsecond tone burst repeated at 1.0 kHz. US treatments were administered for 20 min per day under culture dishes, with the medium replaced twice a week. Another group of cells was exposed to sham ultrasound as a control. Cell number, histological findings, synthesis of isomers of chondroitin sulfate, and stiffness of the chondrocyte–collagen gel composites were analyzed. US exposure promoted synthesis of chondroitin sulfate, especially chondroitin 6‐sulfate, although it did not significantly enhance cell number and stiffness. In this three‐dimensional culture model, these results suggest that US exposure may be clinically useful in improving the quality of chondrocyte–Atelocollagen implants for transplantation into articular cartilage defects. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 59: 201–206, 2002
Bone response to radio frequency sputtered calcium phosphate implants and titanium implants in vivo
Authors: Ong J. L. , Bessho K. , Cavin R. , Carnes D. L. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of radio frequency sputtered calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings of titanium (Ti) implants on the bond strength at the bone–implant interface and percent bone contact length. Cylindrical coated or noncoated implants (4.0‐mm diameter by 8‐mm long) were implanted for 3 and 12 weeks. At 3 weeks after implant placement, the ultimate interfacial strengths for as‐deposited CaP‐coated and heat‐treated CaP‐coated implants were 2.29 ± 0.14 MPa and 1.28 ± 0.04 MPa, respectively. These ultimate interfacial strength values at 3 weeks were statistically greater than the mean ultimate interfacial strength for control Ti implants (0.67 ± 0.13 MPa). At 12 weeks after implant placement, no statistical differences in the mean ultimate interfacial strengths were observed between the as‐deposited CaP‐coated, heat‐treated CaP‐coated, and control Ti implants. Histomorphometric evaluation indicated greater percent bone contact lengths for the as‐deposited CaP‐coated implants compared with the heat‐treated CaP‐coated and control Ti implants 3 and 12 weeks after implant placement. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 59: 184–190, 2002
From theory to practice: School leaders' perspectives on resiliency
Authors: Bosworth Kris , Earthman Erik 
Published: October 2004

AbstractResiliency describes the ability of children to overcome adversity and become successful adults. School‐based programs, strategies, or policies designed to enhance resiliency are relatively new. School administrators (n= 10) who had attended an informational meeting about a community‐wide resiliency initiative were interviewed about their understanding of resiliency and their present and future plans to implement resiliency initiatives in their schools. Interviewees provided various definitions of resiliency, ranging from a relatively narrow focus on individual characteristics to a broad focus on various environmental factors. Only those administrators who uniformly held the belief that resiliency was an environmental phenomenon that could be promoted in a school setting decided to participate in the community‐wide initiative. However, the concept of resiliency has captured the imagination of these school administrators and is seen as a relevant organizing point for designing school programs and school environments. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 299–306, 2002.
Sonographic features of polyorchidism
Authors: Chung Ta‐Jung , Yao Wei‐Jen 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe describe a case of polyorchidism diagnosed sonographically. Palpation revealed a nontender oval mass, about 1 cm large, inferior to the left testis. Sonography identified the mass as an accessory testis that measured 1.0 × 0.8 × 0.6 cm and had its own epididymis. The echotexture in the accessory testis was similar to that in the normal testes, and color Doppler sonography demonstrated that it had normal blood supply. MRI confirmed these findings. High‐resolution sonography is an effective, noninvasive means of accurately diagnosing polyorchidism without the need for exploratory surgery. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:106–108, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jcu.10031
Sonographic assessment of blunt abdominal trauma: A 4‐year prospective study
Authors: Richards John R. , Schleper Nicole H. , Woo Brian D. , Bohnen Paul A. , McGahan John P. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPurposeEmergency abdominal sonography has become a common modality worldwide in the evaluation of injuries caused by blunt trauma. The sensitivity of sonography in the detection of hemoperitoneum varies, and little is known about the accuracy of sonography in the detection of injuries to specific organs. The purpose of this study was to determine the overall accuracy of sonography in the detection of hemoperitoneum and solid‐organ injury caused by blunt trauma.MethodsFrom January 1995 to October 1998, 3,264 patients underwent emergency sonography at our institution to evaluate for free fluid and parenchymal abnormalities of specific organs caused by blunt trauma. All patients with intra‐abdominal injuries (IAIs) were identified, and their sonographic findings were compared with their CT and operative findings, as well as their clinical outcomes.ResultsThree hundred ninety‐six (12%) of the 3,264 patients had IAIs. Sonography detected free fluid presumed to represent hemoperitoneum in 288 patients (9%). The sonographic detection of free fluid alone had a 60% sensitivity, 98% specificity, 82% positive predictive value, and 95% negative predictive value for diagnosing IAI. The accuracy was 94%. Seventy patients (2%) had parenchymal abnormalities identified with sonography that corresponded to actual organ injuries. The sensitivity of the sonographic detection of free fluid and/or parenchymal abnormalities in diagnosing IAI was 67%.ConclusionsEmergency sonography to evaluate patients for injury caused by blunt trauma is highly accurate and specific. The sonographic detection of free fluid is only moderately sensitive for diagnosing IAI, but the combination of free fluid and/or a parenchymal abnormality is more sensitive. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:59–67, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jcu.10033
Can the apparent diffusion coefficient be used as a noninvasive parameter to distinguish tumor tissue from peritumoral tissue in cerebral gliomas?
Authors: Pauleit Dirk , Langen Karl‐Josef , Floeth Frank , Hautzel Hubertus , Riemenschneider Markus J. , Reifenberger Guido , Shah N. Jon , Müller Hans‐Wilhelm 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPurposeTo determine whether the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) can be used to distinguish between tumor tissue and peritumoral brain tissue in cerebral gliomas.Materials and MethodsTwenty‐two patients with 44 biopsies were enrolled in this study. ADC maps calculated from a diffusion‐weighted (DW) multislice EPI sequence were coregistered with conventional MR images. Neuronavigated biopsies and intraoperative markers were used for correlation with the histologic specimens. ADC values and lesion‐to‐brain ratios of the different sequences were calculated and compared for tumor tissue and peritumoral brain tissue. A logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the diagnostic value of the ADC maps.ResultsThe ADC values and ratios demonstrated a large overlap between tumor tissue and peritumoral tissue. Group comparisons revealed a significantly (P = 0.03) lower ADC ratio in tumor tissue (mean = 1.28 ± 0.39) compared to peritumoral tissue (mean = 1.48 ± 0.30), whereas the absolute ADC values did not differ significantly. In the logistic regression analysis, the lesion‐to‐brain ratio of the gadolinium (Gd)‐enhanced T1‐weighted sequence was the most valuable predictor of the presence of tumor tissue. The ADC value and ratio were not identified as significant predictors.ConclusionThe ADC is not helpful for distinguishing tumor tissue from peritumoral brain tissue in gliomas. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:758–764. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phylogenetic analysis indicates transmission of hepatitis C virus from an infected orthopedic surgeon to a patient
Authors: Ross R. Stefan , Viazov Sergei , Roggendorf Michael 
Published: October 2004

AbstractDuring recent years, a controversial discussion has emerged in the medical community on the real number and possible public health implications of hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmissions from infected medical staff to susceptible patients. We report here on molecular virological and epidemiological analyses involving 229 patients who underwent exposure‐prone operations by an HCV‐infected orthopedic surgeon. Of the 229 individuals affected, 207 could be tested. Three were positive for HCV antibodies. Molecular and epidemiological investigation revealed that two of them were not infected by the surgeon. The third patient, a 50‐year‐old man, underwent complicated total hip arthroplasty with trochanteric osteotomy. He harbored an HCV 2b isolate that in phylogenetic analysis of the hypervariable region 1 (HVR 1) was closely related to the HCV strain recovered from the infected surgeon, indicating that HCV‐provider‐to‐patient transmission occurred intraoperatively. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of HCV transmission by an orthopedic surgeon. The recorded transmission rate of 0.48% (95% confidence interval: 0.09–2.68%) was within the same range reported previously for the spread of hepatitis B virus during orthopedic procedures. Since the result of our investigation sustains the notion that patients may contract HCV from infected health‐care workers during exposure‐prone procedures, a series of further retrospective exercises is needed to assess more precisely the risk of HCV provider‐to‐patient transmission and to delineate from these studies recommendations for the guidance and management of HCV‐infected medical personnel. J. Med. Virol. 66:461–467, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early and late morbidity associated with axillary levels I–III dissection in breast cancer
Authors: Ernst Miranda F. , Voogd Adri C. , Balder Willemijn , Klinkenbijl Jean H. G. , Roukema Jan A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAxillary dissection may cause substatial morbidity in breast cancer patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the value of a registration method of morbidity of the arm and shoulder, which is frequently used by surgeons and which includes the measurement of range of movement, strength, and pain.MethodsWe surveyed 148 patients who had received an axillary dissection as part of breast cancer surgery. Of these patients, 77 had undergone axillary dissection 6–12 months ago and 71 patients more than 5 years ago. In all patients, an objective measurement of shoulder movement and a subjective measurement of pain and arm strength was performed.ResultsA difference of more than 20 degrees in abduction, ventral elevation, or dorsal elevation occurred in 12% of the patients. Pain or loss of strength were measured in half of the patients. Shoulder movement, pain, and arm strength were not significantly different between the patients who underwent mastectomy or breast conserving surgery. Also, no significant difference could be found in shoulder movement, pain, and arm strength between the patients who underwent axillary dissection 6–12 months ago and those who underwent it more than 5 years ago.ConclusionsPain, loss of arm strength, and limitation of shoulder movement are frequent complaints after axillary dissection for breast cancer and appear to be independent of the length of follow‐up and the type of surgery (i.e., breast‐conservation or mastectomy). J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;79:151–155. © 2002 Wiley–Liss, Inc.